text:
Babe Herman

Floyd Caves "Babe" Herman (June 26, 1903 – November 27, 1987) was an American professional baseball player and scout. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder between and, most prominently as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers who were known as the Robins at that time. After his most productive years with the Robins, he ended his playing career playing for the Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs, Pittsburgh Pirates and the Detroit Tigers.

Herman was one of the most impressive power hitters of the late 1920s and early 1930s, accumulating a career batting average of .324 and a number of Dodger franchise season records still in effect. At the time of his retirement in 1945, his .532 career slugging percentage ranked fourth among National League (NL) hitters with at least 5,000 at bats. His .393 batting average, .678 slugging percentage, 241 hits and 416 total bases produced during the season remain Dodgers franchise records, with his 143 runs being the post-1900 team record; he also set team records (since broken) that year with 35 home runs and 130 runs batted in. He also hit for the cycle a record three times during his career.

Along with his hitting ability, Herman was one of baseball’s most colorful characters whose occasional baserunning mishaps and defensive lapses infuriated, and later endeared him to Brooklyn fans. His reputation went beyond the playing field with his penchant for malapropisms. After his playing career, he served as a scout for the Pirates, Phillies, Mets, Yankees and Giants organizations.

Career
Born in Buffalo, New York and raised in Glendale, California, Herman signed with a minor league team in Edmonton, Alberta at age 18, and spent five years playing for six different teams, including tours in the farm systems of the Boston Red Sox and Detroit Tigers. In a 1922 spring training game, he was used as a pinch hitter for Ty Cobb; but the Tigers, with no outfield vacancies, returned him to the minors, where he hit .416. He was signed for Brooklyn in 1925 by a scout who said of him, "He's kind of funny in the field, but when I see a guy go 6-for-6, I've got to go for him." Herman made his major league debut as a first baseman with the Brooklyn Robins in 1926, hitting .319 as a rookie; he finished fourth in the National League in doubles (35), and seventh in home runs (11) and slugging (.500). In 1928, he placed fifth in the National League with a .340 batting mark.

Herman enjoyed an outstanding year in 1929, setting team records with a .381 batting average and a .612 slugging average (breaking club marks of .379 by Willie Keeler and .588 by Jack Fournier) while collecting 217 hits, 105 runs and 113 runs batted in (RBIs); but the National League was in the middle of an offensive explosion, and he finished behind Lefty O'Doul (.398) for the batting title and was only seventh in the league in slugging. He had two doubles and two triples on June 5, and came in eighth in the 1929 MVP voting. He followed up with his most spectacular year by improving his own batting and slugging records, with his .393 batting average again placing second in the league behind Bill Terry, who hit .401 – as of 2021, the last .400 season in the NL. Herman was also third in the National League in slugging, behind Hack Wilson and Chuck Klein; the league as a whole batted .303 in 1930, and while Herman's 241 hits were only third in the National League behind Terry and Klein, it was then the fifth-highest total ever in the league. Herman broke Fournier's 1924 club record of 27 home runs and tied his 1925 total of 130 RBIs. Gil Hodges broke his team record of 40 home runs in 1951, and Roy Campanella posted 142 runs batted in during 1953; Duke Snider was the first left-handed Dodger to break Herman's home run and runs batted in records. There was no MVP award given in 1930.

Herman was an outstanding hitter, but a markedly below-average fielder who led the National League in errors in 1927 as a first baseman and in each of the next two years playing in right field. Fresco Thompson, a 1931 teammate, observed: "He wore a glove for one reason: because it was a league custom." Herman developed a self-deprecating attitude about his shortcomings; when informed by a local bank that someone had been impersonating him and cashing bad checks, he said, "Hit him a few flyballs. If he catches any, it ain't me." His style of play, along with that of the entire team, led to Brooklyn being dubbed "The Daffiness Boys", with sportswriter Frank Graham noting, "They were not normally of a clownish nature, and some of them were very good ballplayers, indeed, but they were overcome by the atmosphere in which they found themselves as soon as they had put on Brooklyn uniforms."

In the seventh inning of a game on August 15, 1926, against the Boston Braves at Ebbets Field, Herman tried to stretch a double off the right-field wall into a triple with one out and the bases loaded. Chick Fewster, who had been on first base, advanced to third base – which was already occupied by Dazzy Vance, who had started on second base but became caught in a rundown between third and home and was dashing back to third. All three men ended up on third base, with Herman not having watched the play in front of him. The Braves third baseman, Eddie Taylor, tagged all three just to be sure of getting as many outs as possible. The slow-footed Vance had been a major contributor to the situation, but according to the rules, because he was the lead runner and not forced to advance, he was entitled to third base, so umpire Beans Reardon called Herman and Fewster out. Thus, Herman "doubled into a double play," although Hank DeBerry also scored the game's winning run on the play before the daffiness started. Herman later complained that no one remembered that he drove in the winning run on the play. The incident led to the popular joke:
 * "The Dodgers have three men on base!"
 * "Oh, yeah? Which base?"

On two occasions in 1930 – May 30 and September 15 – Herman stopped to watch a home run while running the bases and was passed by the hitter, in each case causing the home run to count only as a single. And on September 20 of the following year, he was thrown out trying to steal a base against the St. Louis Cardinals, even though the opposing catcher was 48-year-old Cardinals manager Gabby Street, appearing in his first game (as an emergency substitute) since 1912. Pitcher Vance dubbed him "the Headless Horseman of Ebbets Field" for his various mistakes.

In 1931, Herman's batting average fell to .313, and although he led the National League with 77 extra base hits, was third in total bases, and hit for the cycle on both May 18 and July 24, he was traded to the Cincinnati Reds before the 1932 season. He bounced back with a solid year, leading the National League with 19 triples and tying Sam Crawford's 1901 Reds' team record for left-handed hitters of 16 home runs, which was broken in 1936 by Ival Goodman with 17. Herman played for the Chicago Cubs in 1933–34, batting .304 in the latter season. On July 20, 1933, he hit three home runs, and on September 30 he hit for the cycle for the third time, a feat only he and Bob Meusel accomplished in the 20th century. (In 2015, Adrián Beltré also hit for the cycle a third time). After a brief stint with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1935, Herman was traded back to the Reds, staying with them through 1936. On July 10, 1935, he hit the first home run ever in a major league night game. He played briefly for the Tigers in 1937, hitting .300 in 17 games, and then returned to the minor leagues. Nine years later in 1945, Herman was re-signed by Brooklyn at age 42 and played his 37 final big league games with the team. He received a strong ovation from the Ebbets Field crowd in his first turn at bat and tripped over the first base after hitting a single. After retiring, he worked as a scout for several teams until 1964. Herman ended his major league career with a .324 batting average, 1,818 hits, 181 home runs, 997 RBIs, 882 runs, 399 doubles, 110 triples, and 94 stolen bases in 1552 games. Herman hit better than .300 in eight full major league seasons.

His son was a mathematics teacher at Herbert Hoover High School, the cross-town rival of Babe's high school Glendale High School, from the late 1960s through the early 1980s.

Herman was among the subjects interviewed for the 1966 book The Glory of Their Times. He died in Glendale, California at age 84 following a bout with pneumonia and a series of strokes. He is interred there in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.

title: Babe Herman


text:
Lindis Percy

Lindis Percy (born 1941, Leeds) is a peace activist in the United Kingdom and founding member and joint coordinator of the Campaign for the Accountability of American Bases. Reporting for The Guardian, journalist Rob Evans claimed that "there must surely be few Britons who have been arrested in political protests as many times as [Lindis Percy] has". She is a trained nurse, midwife and health visitor and has worked for the National Health Service her entire working life.

Methods
Percy attended the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford in the late 1980s. As an activist, she uses non-violent direct action and civil disobedience.

Additionally, Ms. Percy also uses legal challenges, often assisted by solicitor Mark Stephens and barrister, Keir Starmer QC and sometimes acts as a litigant in person to make her protests.

Activism
Lindis Percy has been active since 1979, when cruise missiles were to be deployed at Greenham Common.

Legal cases arose from her actions in "uncovering and lawfully exercising ancient rights of way and the right to roam" across United States' NSA intelligence-gathering bases, such as Menwith Hill & Fylingdales located near her Yorkshire home, and further afield at RAF Mildenhall and RAF Lakenheath which, she claims, are actually USAF bases situated in the United Kingdom flagged to the RAF.

In June 1994, the newspapers reported that a series of meetings took place between representatives of the US and British governments "to discuss continuing incursions at US bases and how to deal with on-going US military concerns", as a result of Percy's persistent incursions into American and British bases and her campaigns in general.

The campaign against the Menwith Hill base was documented by Duncan Campbell in the Channel 4 documentary The Hill.

Policy Influence
In 2001, Percy submitted a memorandum to the House of Commons about an expansion of jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defence Police (MDP), which she opposed on several grounds, including what she denoted as an "extension of the jurisdiction of the MDP into areas not naturally within their stated role", thus essentially exposing "the citizen .... to a police force".

In 2002, Percy submitted for information held about her by the government under the Data Protection Act 1998. The MDP admitted that it held a "considerable amount of data" on Percy, but also that it was "so much" and scattered around its filing cabinets, that it would take "too much effort to dig it out". They suggested that she could identify specific incidents to narrow down their search for documents. She did so, but again the MDP refused to retrieve the information, arguing that the documents on her were exempted from release, as they contained "sensitive information" to help in the "prevention and detection of crime".

In 2002, Percy spoke at Levellers Day. She was a speaker at the Global Network 2008 conference, and the European Humanist Conference.

In 2008, Percy gave evidence to a Parliamentary inquiry into police tactics. She subsequently stated "It is becoming increasingly difficult to get satisfaction through the formal processes of our democracy."

She rallied support for the hunger strike of Czech activist Jan Tamas who, along with Jan Bednar, were protesting the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense facility at Brdy.

Percy was a supporter of and participant in the 2009 World March for Peace and Non-Violence.

Personal life
Lindis Percy is married, with three grown children and six grandchildren. She lives with her husband Christopher, a retired chaplain, in Harrogate, Yorkshire, where her father once worked as a Church of England scout master. She is a Quaker.

Percy was cast in The Mythologist, a film about Habib "Henry" Azadehdel, aka Dr Armen Victorian, a UFO conspiracy theorist.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lindis Percy


title: User:85.206.197.77


title: User:85.206.197.23


text:
Talk:Maastricht Rebels

Original talk
We could do with a list of all of them. It's clear that some MPs are claimed to be rebels and don't appear on our current list. It could be interesting if some claimed rebels aren't at all - but we need to make sure we have an authoritative list before we challenge the "Maastricht Rebel" tag on individual MP's pages. Secretlondon 13:02, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I can have a look at Major's autobiography. Morwen - Talk 13:40, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks - but I think we need to go back to Hansard and see who voted no on the key votes. (although Major's autobiography would be good as well)Secretlondon 13:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

OK. From Major, I find

Morwen - Talk 18:23, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * there were at 46 rebels on one vote, the worst at the time
 * Bill Walker should be added to the list
 * one of the people attending the rebel's meeting anonymously passed notes to the govt
 * on July 23 was the big crunch day - two votes:
 * the rebels allied with Labour to try to add the Social Chapter to the Treaty, the govt won this vote by 318 to 317.
 * the govt then lost the vote to actually ratify the treaty by 8 votes
 * he then called a Motion of Confidence, and pencilled in "early september" for a general election, if needed 1993.
 * the next day, they win the motion of confidence (that had the effect of ratifying the treaty), by 38 votes

Richard Body
I'm pretty sure that Richard Body didn't actually have the whip withdrawn in November 1994. I seem to recall that he supported the government in the vote but then resigned the whip because he could not support the policy. Perhaps there is something in Hansard on this? Damoo 06:32, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Glancing at Seldon's biography of Major, Body resigned the whip in protest at the treatment of the 8 who had the whip withdrawn. Although he was considered part of the "whipless 9" by the media, he was not part of the later negotiations to restore the whip. He stayed off it for another year. Timrollpickering 21:46, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:52, 28 July 2018 (UTC)
 * John Major Kendall.tif

Title
This article ought to be titled 'Maastricht Rebellion' and give a full account of the dispute that took place within the Conservative Party at the time. If not, then certainly the word 'Rebels' ought to be uncapitalized - I have never seen it written as given here. Harfarhs (talk) 13:52, 1 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maastricht Rebels


title: User:85.206.196.157


text:
The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club

The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club was a British television variety show produced by Granada Television from 1974 to 1977. It was set in a fictional working men's club in the North of England and was hosted by comedian Colin Crompton as the club's chairman. The show's compere was usually Bernard Manning, who as well as telling jokes and introducing acts often started and often finished the show with a song. Crompton was frequently the butt of his jokes, acting as Manning's stooge.

The set was arranged like a club, so that, rather than being arranged in terraced seating the studio audience would be seated around tables and be served beer and snacks, join in a singalong and otherwise engage in audience participation.

Crompton, as chairman of the club, would sit at a small table in the corner watching proceedings with apparent lack of interest. He had a large manual fire bell which he would wind and sound purportedly to attract the audience's attention after an act, with various notices from "the Committee" (that is, the officials of the social club of which he was chairman), usually misdemeanours by the club's members or the committee itself:

"On behalf of the Committee, I should like to tell you we made a mistake in offering the raffle prize of a diving suit. It is in fact a divan suite."

On New Year's Eve a special episode of Wheeltappers and Shunters New Year's Eve would be broadcast.

Acts
The show featured acts regularly seen on the Northern club circuits and often well-established performers who did well in theatres and clubs but did not succeed so well on British television, such as 1950s crooner Johnnie Ray. But it also gave newer acts their first television exposure, such as Cannon & Ball, the Grumbleweeds, the Dooleys and Paul Daniels. Some artists to appear on the show were:

 * Winifred Atwell
 * Alvin Stardust
 * The Bachelors
 * Brotherhood of Man
 * Bill Haley and His Comets
 * The Dubliners
 * Jim Bowen
 * Frank Carson
 * David Copperfield
 * Design
 * Stuart Damon
 * The Three Degrees
 * Lonnie Donegan
 * Karl Denver
 * Freddie Garrity
 * Buddy Greco
 * Kathy Kirby
 * The Krankies
 * Susan Maughan
 * George Melly and John Chilton's Feetwarmers
 * Nana Mouskouri
 * Roy Orbison
 * Lyn Paul
 * Terri Rogers
 * George Roper
 * Tessie O'Shea
 * Malcolm Roberts
 * The Kaye Sisters
 * The Dooleys
 * Gene Pitney
 * Lena Zavaroni
 * Dukes and Lee
 * Paul Daniels
 * Mrs. Mills

The show was produced by Johnnie Hamp at Granada Studios in Manchester, although it was once filmed at the Layton Institute, Blackpool.

Actress Elizabeth Dawn appeared as a waitress before she became more famous for her role as Vera Duckworth in Coronation Street (also recorded by Granada in Manchester).

A clip from the show can be seen in the film 24 Hour Party People, where Shaun Ryder, in his formative years, is seen watching Karl Denver perform "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" ("Wimoweh").

The music video to Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds' single "Black Star Dancing" depicts the band performing on the show.

Origins of the name
Wheeltappers and shunters are railway workers. They were commonly employed by steam railways in Britain and elsewhere, but are still found both on British railways and in Eastern Europe.

Although often called "working men's clubs", most such clubs admitted the wives and other women family of the working man, at least some days of the week. This is echoed in the programme's audience being as much female as male.

Episode guide
Series 1
 * Episode 01: Original Air Date—13 April 1974
 * Episode 02: Original Air Date—20 April 1974
 * Episode 03: Original Air Date—27 April 1974
 * Episode 04: Original Air Date—4 May 1974
 * Episode 05: Original Air Date—11 May 1974
 * Episode 06: Original Air Date—18 May 1974
 * Episode 07: Original Air Date—25 May 1974

Series 2

Special: Series 3
 * Episode 08: Original Air Date—27 July 1974
 * Episode 09: Original Air Date—3 August 1974
 * Episode 10: Original Air Date—10 August 1974
 * Episode 11: Original Air Date—17 August 1974
 * Episode 12: Original Air Date—24 August 1974
 * Episode 13: Original Air Date—31 August 1974
 * Episode 14: Original Air Date—7 September 1974
 * Episode 15: Original Air Date—31 December 1974

 * Episode 16: Original Air Date—15 February 1975
 * Episode 17: Original Air Date—22 February 1975
 * Episode 18: Original Air Date—1 March 1975
 * Episode 19: Original Air Date—8 March 1975
 * Episode 20: Original Air Date—15 March 1975
 * Episode 21: Original Air Date—22 March 1975
 * Episode 22: Original Air Date—29 March 1975
 * Episode 23: Original Air Date—5 April 1975

Series 4

Special: Series 5
 * Episode 24: Original Air Date—19 July 1975
 * Episode 25: Original Air Date—26 July 1975
 * Episode 26: Original Air Date—2 August 1975
 * Episode 27: Original Air Date—9 August 1975
 * Episode 28: Original Air Date—16 August 1975
 * Episode 29: Original Air Date—23 August 1975
 * Episode 30: Original Air Date—30 August 1975
 * Episode 31: Original Air Date—31 December 1975

Special: Series 6
 * Episode 32: Original Air Date—15 May 1976
 * Episode 33: Original Air Date—22 May 1976
 * Episode 34: Original Air Date—29 May 1976
 * Episode 35: Original Air Date—5 June 1976
 * Episode 36: Original Air Date—12 June 1976
 * Episode 37: Original Air Date—19 June 1976
 * Episode 38: Original Air Date—26 June 1976
 * Episode 39: Original Air Date—23 February 1977

 * Episode 40: Original Air Date—14 April 1977
 * Episode 41: Original Air Date—21 April 1977
 * Episode 42: Original Air Date—28 April 1977
 * Episode 43: Original Air Date—5 May 1977
 * Episode 44: Original Air Date—12 May 1977
 * Episode 45: Original Air Date—19 May 1977
 * Episode 46: Original Air Date—26 May 1977
 * Episode 47: Original Air Date—2 June 1977
 * Episode 48: Original Air Date—9 June 1977

The series was, for at least part of its run, confined to a midnight slot by London Weekend Television and Southern Television, who felt it did not suit their, perceived, more upmarket demographics.

DVD releases
The complete first series of The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club was released on DVD in September 2009 and the second series (including the New Year's Eve Special) was released in July 2010 with the complete third and fourth series being released in February and June 2011. The complete fifth series was released on 23 April 2012. The complete sixth (and final) series is now available as well. The format for the sixth series has changed, each episode being 30 minutes with just one major performer in each.


text:
Zavolzhsk

Zavolzhsk (Заво́лжск) is a town and the administrative center of Zavolzhsky District in Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Volga River, opposite Kineshma, and 113 km northeast of Ivanovo, the administrative center of the oblast. It is one of the towns of the Golden Ring. Population:

History
It was established in 1934 as an urban-type settlement of Zavolzhye, conglomerated from several industrial settlements. It was granted town status and renamed on October 4, 1954.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Zavolzhsk serves as the administrative center of Zavolzhsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. Prior to the adoption of the Law #145-OZ On the Administrative-Territorial Division of Ivanovo Oblast in December 2010, it used to be incorporated separately as an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.

As a municipal division, the town of Zavolzhsk is incorporated within Zavolzhsky Municipal District as Zavolzhskoye Urban Settlement.

title: Zavolzhsk


title: User:85.206.18.161


text: User:Hansolocousin

title: User:Hansolocousin


text:
List of museums in Egypt

Egypt has one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Thus, it has been in contact with many other civilizations and nations and also has been through so many eras, starting from pre-historic age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. Because of this wide variation of ages and the continuous contact with other nations, many museums may be found in Egypt, covering a wide area of these ages.

Following is a sortable list of museums in Egypt.

title: List of museums in Egypt


text:
Talk:Vegetable

Citation #5 no longer accurate
The quoted definition does not appear on Dictionary.com 38.101.95.140 (talk) 15:25, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

 * The article still accurately reflects the meaning of the source, we don't say it's a direct quote, so I don't think it matters that they've made their definition more granular than ours. There's a 1:1 relationship between 'Parts of a plant' and ' fruit, seeds, roots, tubers, bulbs, stems, leaves, or flower parts' Jeff UK  12:43, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

Removal of Venn diagram
— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.36.103.36 (talk) 12:24, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

The Venn diagram supporting the fruits/vegetables explanation has been serving this article for more than one decade, and it has been removed without discussion. Please reinstate and discuss rationale for removal. Thanks. 2.36.103.36 (talk) 07:41, 3 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to support your removal, but could you explain this to IP user? Lemonaka (talk) 12:12, 3 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Of course, thanks for pinging me.
 * I simply don't think it adds any information to the article. It purports to "show the overlap in the terminology of "vegetables" in a culinary sense and "fruits" in the botanical sense." however all it does show is that tomatoes are both culinary vegetables and botanical fruits.
 * Also, the image is low quality, it looks dated with the various different resolutions and scales; I have, in its place, put in a photo that's also on the Fruit page, which I think is more illustrative and better quality.
 * Jeff UK 12:57, 3 January 2023 (UTC)
 * So, in essence, WP:JUSTDONTLIKEIT. End of the discussion then. 92.4.168.91 (talk) 22:55, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

Drill
please change ((drill))s to ((Drill (agriculture)|drills)) 2601:541:4580:8500:54F4:1F4E:C7F4:8429 (talk) 02:34, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Done. Thanks for pointing out the error. HiLo48 (talk) 02:52, 14 January 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 April 2024
CHANGE the link to the ISO standards in reference n.45 https://web.archive.org/web/20120922003203/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=67 TO https://www.iso.org/ics/67.080/x/ (use current URL instead of the web archive URL). Gigipri (talk) 14:25, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Both the original and archive URLs were in the old reference; it was just because the original URL was dead that the template shows the archive URL before the original. The new site seems better though, so I've replaced the reference. Liu1126 (talk) 17:16, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vegetable


text: Category:D12 songs

title: Category:D12 songs


text:
Shit on You

"Shit on You" also known by the clean versions as either "Sh*t on You" or "S*** on You", is a song by American hip hop group D12. It was their commercial debut single, released on December 5, 2000. It achieved moderate success by reaching the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart. It was not included on the American vinyl, CD, digital, or streaming editions of their 2001 debut studio album Devil's Night, but was included as a bonus track on the cassette version, UK, European, and Australian releases, and on the deluxe version of Eminem's greatest hits album, Curtain Call: The Hits.

Background
The song features references to John Candy, JonBenét Ramsey, Richard Pryor, Steve Stoute, Deebo and Peabo Bryson. Eminem's line referring to the band as "five more zany-actin' maniacs in action" hearkens back to his first album Infinite. Detroit rapper Royce Da 5'9", who at the time was beefing with D12, made a song called "Shit on U" as a diss track using the "Shit on You" beat. Proof, the only group member not to rap in the original song, also utilised the beat in a solo cover version called "Shoot At You" in 2002, available from his website. The song was also a B-side on the follow-up single Purple Pills in some countries.

Music video
The video was shot on location in Detroit, the group performing in various locations around their home city, including Fox Theatre, Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects, the Joe Louis Memorial, Michigan Central Station, Comerica Park, and Runyon Avenue. The entire video is shot in black-and-white, apart from some cutaway sequences, including Bizarre as an abusive alcoholic living in a run-down house, Eminem as an angry old man, a cutscene where Eminem is at his old house and when Proof is with the chicks. Although Proof does not appear in the record, he provides a spoken introduction to the video, and appears alongside his fellow MCs.

Track listing
European CD single and UK Cassette

UK and European Maxi single

American CD single

UK 12" vinyl

American 12" vinyl

 * Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies a co-producer.
 * $undefined$ signifies an additional producer.

title: Shit on You


text:
The Shay

The Shay is a multi-purpose sports stadium in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. It is home to the F.C. Halifax Town football club and the Halifax Panthers rugby league team.

The stadium is owned by the Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council and leased by the Shay Stadium Trust, a not-for-profit company set up to preserve the ground as a sports stadium.

The Shay lies on the south side of Halifax, about a quarter of a mile from the town centre. The four stands at the stadium include the North Stand, the East Stand, the South Stand and the Skircoat Stand. The North and South stands were built in the mid-1990s. The Skircoat Stand is the oldest stand in the stadium.

Etymology
'Shay' is derived from the old English word 'shaw', which means a small wood, thicket or grove. The two words are used interchangeably in ancient references to the property upon which the stadium was eventually constructed.

Earliest sources
References to the name Shay have been traced as far back as 1462, when on 6 July of that year a wealthy local man named William Brodley recorded that upon his death, property belonging to him just west of Shaghe Lane should pass to his son, John Brodley. At the time of the third year of Henry VIII's reign (this means either 1511 or 1512), the Subsidy Roll (effectively the equivalent of our present income tax) had recorded William Brodley junior as being assessed on goods to the value of £20, and by 1545 the property was still in his possession. This may seem a small sum today but it is worth noting that only five people locally were assessed at £20 (including the wealthy Vicar Haldesworth who was once robbed of £1,000), so it is fair to say that William Brodley was a man of influence and money. Indeed, at this time, only one man was assessed at more than £20, and he was the wealthy merchant John Hardy who paid 44 shillings (£2.20) tax on goods assessed at £66. What this goes to prove is that the Shay Estate was one of the finest areas of 16th century Halifax. Just when William Brodley died is not clear but we do know that the Shay descended to his daughter and heiress Grace Hely in 1580, and in turn to her husband John Booth in 1587. This was recorded in the Halifax Court Rolls as Booth becoming the owner of 'Shaw and Nether Shaw'. At about this time, conservation of water and the maintenance of its purity were matters of extreme importance, and in 1588 John Booth arranged for a small dam to be constructed within the Shay Estate so as to provide enough water for his needs. This supply was later diverted away from the Shaw Syke in 1602 and within two years Booth surrendered ownership of 'Over and Nether Shaw' to the use of Simon Bynnes of Broadbottom. As there are no records of subsequent owners after Bynnes, or of the houses they would have lived in, this gives us the opportunity to jump forward to the 18th century to introduce the name of perhaps the Shay's most noted owner, John Caygill.

John Caygil
John Caygill financed the construction of the Shay mansion and two other landmarks in Halifax. The first of these was the building of houses on a piece of land known as the Square. Construction was finished around 1758. Designed by John Carr of York. In 1923 the Halifax Corporation purchased the land and the buildings were demolished in 1959.

John Caygill provided the land and £840 for the construction of the Piece Hall, a monument which still stands today as a tourist attraction.

Ibbetson Family
John Caygill junior's only child, the aforementioned 'Jenny', became sole heiress to her father's estates, including the Shay. She would marry Sir James Ibbetson, Baronet of Leeds and Denton on 8 February 1768, and thus the ownership of the Shay Estate passed into the Ibbetson family. It is clear that the Ibbetson family did not live at the Shay - they did not need to, and so in the Halifax Journal of 18 April 1807, the mansion built by John Caygill was advertised for letting. The same advertisement in the Halifax Journal also gave details of the mansion itself. On the ground floor was a dining room 29 by and 13 ft, breakfast room, and parlour, housekeeper's room, butler's pantry, servants' hall, a large kitchen and gallery 'fitted with every modern improvement for cooking on the steam principle', a spacious passage 12 ft wide and 44 ft, an elegant staircase with a double flight of stone steps. There was a landing 13 ft and a spacious gallery on the second floor, while the drawing room and the five 'lodging rooms' with dressing rooms adjoining, were on the same scale as the rooms below. The doors were of solid mahogany and it was evidently well fitted for its purposes.

The addresses given to all the houses on the Shay Estate in the census returns. The Shay mansion's address is down as 'The Shay, Caygill's Walk' in two reports whilst addresses for the other houses are termed variably as the Shay, Shay Stable Yard, Shay Yard, Caygill's Walk and Shay Farm, though there is no doubt that they all refer to the same appropriate buildings, and are not new or separate ones. From the 1840s until 1903, there were six owners of the Shay Estate. William Boocock was the Shay mansion's last owner, though he only lived there for a few years up to 1903. By this time the Shay Estate was in the hands of the Halifax Corporation, and with the completion of the new Skircoat Road, the future of the Shay must have looked very much in doubt.

Redevelopment of the Shay Estate
Up until 1890 any traffic heading in the direction of Huddersfield travelled along the main route which ran from the town centre along the bottom of the Shay, up Shaw Hill to Huddersfield Road. It was the idea of John Booth to develop the pleasant Caygill's Walk, which ran along the top of the Shay, into what is now the busy Skircoat Road. At the time his scheme came under heavy criticism from local people. This dramatic period in the Shay's history continued when, two years later, on 29 August 1891, Skircoat Road was opened for traffic for the first time. In 1903, with the Shay mansion no longer being used for residential purposes, the Corporation saw fit to demolish it.

From the time of the demolition of the mansion, what was left of the Shay Estate became the object of many schemes. On 9 November 1898, it was announced that a proposal had been put forward to run goods trains to the Shay Estate and build a goods depot there. On 31 May 1902 an agreement was made by the Midland Rail Company for the purchase of the estate, the company having sought powers to construct a loop line at Low Moor railway station and to run a part of the Lancashire and Yorkshire line to Halifax. However, shortly after this, "owing to the present position of railways and the condition of the money market", there was no reasonable prospect of the proposed railway being constructed in the immediate future, and all plans were abandoned.

Work had actually been started on a tunnel to run under the newly constructed Skircoat Road, on the Well Head side of the road, and this tunnel is still in evidence today, though many people are unaware of its existence. The only purpose for which it was intended for use after this was as one of many air raid shelters in Halifax during the Second World War. Between 1908 and 1910 it was proposed to build a slaughterhouse on the Shay.

During the First World War the Shay was used by the local Territorial Army to practice trench digging. About 1920, rumours started to circulate that the Shay could be transformed into a football ground. Even then, there was some criticism of the idea, but the board of Halifax Town made an official approach to the Shay's owners, the Corporation, and it was accepted.

Football ground
At a public meeting on 9 July 1920, the then Halifax Town chairman Dr A.H. Muir stated: "Speaking from inside information I know that if, in February 1921, we can produce a ground that will meet league requirements, and if we can show financial backing that is worthy of a town this size, our position as members of the English League with all that means, is absolutely secure."

In that same speech Dr. Muir announced that the Town directors were to meet members of the Corporation's Improvements Committee with a view to the leasing of the Shay, so that they could prepare it in time for the 1921-22 season. Halifax Town, formed in 1911, had earlier played at Sandhall Lane and then Exley – an unsuitable venue. On Wednesday 4 August 1920, a recommendation was put to the committee which was passed and the Halifax Courier set up a fund to help get the Shay ready. Timber was delivered to the Shay for work to begin on Saturday 16 October 1920.

An appeal was made in the Halifax Courier that night for people to help on the following Monday. Fans, players and directors worked together to get the ground ready, and on 7 December the first grass sods were laid on the playing pitch. It was a successful venture.

In March 1921, Halifax Town were elected to the Football League, and along with clubs such as Accrington Stanley, Ashington, Durham City and Nelson, became founder members of the newly formed Division Three North. So the people of Halifax waited eagerly for League soccer. It arrived at the Shay on 3 September 1921 when Halifax Town, in front of 10,000 spectators, rose to the occasion and defeated a Darlington side 5–0 (avenging a 2–0 defeat by the same club the previous Saturday). And thus the Shaymen were born.

Whilst the club never reached the upper tiers of the football pyramid, the Shay has been the scene of some historic matches, not least its very first Football League game on 3 September 1921. It is history now, of course, that Town defeated Darlington 5–0 in front of a crowd of over 10,000, although as Town slipped towards the bottom of the table during the course of the season, attendances fell also.

The record attendance for the Shay was 36,885 on 14 February 1953 in the 5th round of the FA Cup against Tottenham Hotspur. It is fair to say with confidence that the 36,885 figure that watched the Spurs game will never be bettered. Though the Shay could once hold 40,000, safety measures dictate that it never will again. In fact, the capacity put on the Shay has reduced dramatically since the early 1970s: in 1970 it was 38,000, 1972 it was 25,000, 1977 it was 23,000, 1979 it was 16,500.

The capacity stood at 16,500 until 1985 at which time the Popplewell Report into ground safety was released following the Valley Parade disaster in May of that year. All standing areas at the Shay were closed, and for a time, while it remained seating only, the new capacity was set at 1,777. Safety work was subsequently carried out and the capacity raised to 3,600. When Halifax Town were paired up with Nottingham Forest in the FA Cup in January 1988, in an effort to keep the tie at the Shay, more work was carried out and the capacity was raised further to 4,021. A little over four thousand people attended said Forest game. When the council took over the Shay in 1987 it became part of Calderdale Leisure Services (CLS) and in July 1988 new plans were announced for the ground. A new stand was purchased from Scunthorpe United and other major ground improvements were being made.

Financial troubles
On 27 October 1986, then chairman John Madeley announced that the club was close to collapse. Many people looked to Calderdale Council to help save the club as it still owned the lease on the ground and any plans for the Shay from private companies would have to be given the council's go-ahead. However, on 17 November it rejected two plans to save the club. One proposal was from a London property firm wanting to build shops on the Shay. The other, involving the development of a sports complex, including a ground for the club, was turned down because of difficulties over the conditions demanded by the Edinburgh property firm behind the move. These 'difficulties' concerned the lease of the Shay. With the council unwilling to part with the lease, it came as no surprise when the Edinburgh firm pulled out of its bid to save the club. On 26 November, the Inland Revenue gave Halifax Town just six days to come up with proposals for paying the £76,000 tax debt.

The situation became so serious that Halifax Town manager Mick Jones resigned for a more secure position at Peterborough United. On 23 December, John Madeley announced he had signed an agreement with a property company which, he said, would safeguard soccer at the Shay until the end of the season. They were prepared to put money into the club, but wanted to move it out of the Shay so they could develop it after the season's close.

In February 1987 it came to light that this property company was a local firm, Marshall Construction of Elland. They wanted to build a superstore for Gateway Foodmarkets on the Shay. On 4 March 1987, councillor Geoffrey Butler put forward a plan to split the Shay – one half as a soccer ground with the other to be developed. The scheme seemed exciting but like the plans of Marshall's and others, it was rejected by the council. Marshall's offered to build Halifax Town a 4,500 capacity stadium next to the nearby North Bridge Leisure Centre, though they still wanted to build a superstore on the Shay. On 18 March, the new plan was also rejected. Though many people in Halifax were not too bothered about the club's plight, soccer fans cried out to the council to make a positive move.

2008 and new developments
Although Halifax Town went into liquidation in the summer of 2008, newly formed FC Halifax Town replaced them, albeit at three levels below Halifax Town's position when they dissolved. These days the Shay has quickly changed beyond recognition. The two new blocks of terracing at the north and south ends of the pitch have brought the once run-down stadium up to date. The Skircoat Stand has been turned into an all-seated and the East Stand takes the stadium's capacity above 10,000 for the first time since the 1980s. The Shay is no longer just a football ground and is now home to not only FC Halifax Town, but also the town's rugby league club, Halifax. They moved to the Shay in 1998 after their historic home at Thrum Hall had, like the Shay, fallen into a state of disrepair. Redevelopment has come at a cost, the majority of which has been provided through grants.

Speedway
Before the Shay, the Halifax Dukes used a track at Thrum Hall, and on 8 February 1949 construction began on a new Motorcycle speedway track at the Shay. This meant that the football pitch had to be reduced in size and each goalpost was moved three yards into the playing area so an agreement was reached by the speedway and soccer clubs whereby the Halifax Dukes had to pay the Halifax Town AFC 10% of all speedway gate receipts.

The first speedway meeting was held on Wednesday 6 April 1949, and the opponents were Yarmouth Bloaters. The track was officially opened by Major R.E. Austin, commanding officer of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment at Halifax. Speedway at the Shay was not popular and poor attendances saw the club struggling financially. On 10 November 1951 speedway promoter Bruce Booth brought midget car racing to the Shay to boost funds. 15,000 spectators attended this one-off venture; 3 times higher that the average speedway gate. On 31 March 1952, Booth announced the end of speedway, "while rates and taxation remains at the present levels."

In November 1962 Middlesbrough speedway promoter Reg Fearman saw the Shay for the first time, and in 1963 he made a formal application to Halifax Town for use of the ground to revive the sport. At the beginning of 1965 work began on constructing the ground and speedway returned. The second time around it proved successful, and remained at the ground for the next twenty years. By the 1970s people valued it greater than football for family entertainment, with the Dukes producing such renowned riders as Eric Boocock and Kenny Carter. Attendances became regularly higher than those of the football club and the Shay often hosted speedway internationals.

In 1986, after disputes over money with Halifax Town AFC, the speedway club moved out of town to neighbouring Bradford and the Odsal Stadium, becoming known as the Bradford Dukes.

The shale surfaced speedway track at the Shay was 370 m long.

Rugby League
In 1998 rugby league club Halifax sold their historic home ground Thrum Hall, which had been their home since 1886 for £1.5 million to the retail chain Asda and moved their base to the Shay.

There have been many top players for Halifax over the years, including internationals, tourists and overseas stars. The leading 36 of these are featured in a "Hall of Fame" in the Weavers Bar at the Shay Stadium.

During 2011 as a result of pitch renovation work at the Kirklees Stadium in Huddersfield, Huddersfield RLFC played three home fixtures of Super League XVI at the Shay.

2013 Rugby League World Cup

The Shay played host to a Group C game as part of the 2013 World Cup between Tonga and Italy.

North Stand
The North Stand was completed first (before the South Stand), which enabled Halifax Town to return to the Football League when it won the Conference in 1998. The South Stand was completed within the next year. The stand is usually where away fans are housed. In recent times the stand hasn't been used as Halifax Town's opponents don't tend to bring a large following of supporters. For rugby league the stand is usually open. It is a terraced stand.

South Stand
The South Stand is generally where the home fans stand. It was once the away stand. The stand has a bar in its concourse and catering facilities are situated outside.

East Stand
The East Stand is now the main stand at the Shay. In the past it has been the main problem at the Shay as when the Family Stand was demolished in 2000, construction on the new East Stand started but stopped when Halifax Town were relegated in 2002.The stand remained in this state until late 2008 when Calderdale Council agreed to put money into completing the stand. The stand was redesigned by Sheffield-based architects Ward McHugh Associates prior to the commencement of works. Main structural work on the stand was completed in December 2009, it then needed to go through safety checks and to be furnished inside. 28 March 2010; the new East Stand opened taking the overall ground capacity to over 10,000, as well as providing six executive boxes overlooking the pitch, which can accommodate up to 12 people per box and also new facilities as listed below.

Skircoat West Stand
The stand used to be half-seating half-standing but became all-seater in 1998. It is the oldest part of the ground and is not the full length of the pitch. Like the North Stand it was built on the side of a slope and backs onto the main road.

Facilities
The East Stand will house new shops for the local football and rugby teams, as well as new home and away changing rooms, a physio room and new food and beverage kiosks for fans. The brand new East Stand, conference facilities and car park at Halifax's Shay Stadium place the venue back at the heart of Calderdale's sporting and community life. There are 11 function rooms, ranging in size to accommodate every type of event, from one-to-one interviews to larger conferences, weddings and meetings for up to 350 guests.

There is also a 5-a-side pitch next to the southern turnstiles that can be hired.

Community usage
In June 2007, Shay Stadium Community Football was formed. The community scheme was set up as a non for profit organisation using the stadium as a main hub. The leader of the project was Lee Ashforth who drove the company forwards and set up a committee based on 4 directors who previously had been involved with the Shay Stadium Trust. The company started by delivering sessions aimed at primary school children and delivering holiday courses throughout every school holiday.

Since the company then grew and included nurseries and adult sessions aimed at fitness and socialising. The community scheme also delivers a BTEC education course at 16–18 years of age.

The future
Although no plans for future redevelopment have been confirmed, there has been talk of a new west stand, replacing the current Skircoat Stand. The plan was to build a two-tier stand with shops that backed onto Skircoat Road, however nothing has been officially announced.

Within the original East Stand designs there were plans for hospitality and media facilities in the south-east corner of the stadium. This stand (which is adjoined to the East Stand and of the same height) has been in a partially constructed state since work halted on the East Stand in 2002. This corner was omitted from the 2008 redesign and subsequent completion of the East Stand. Although there are no finances in place nor the demand to finish this corner, if there is ever the need many would imagine that this corner would be completed first as there would be less planning/construction issues, and would thus be a quick way of increasing capacity/facilities. Some might argue that the unfinished stand detracts from the overall look of the ground.

title: The Shay


text:
Killyloch

Killyloch is a malt whisky which was distilled at the Glenflagler Malt Distillery and was first distilled and bonded in February 1965. It was in the Moffat Complex which also housed Glenflager and Garnheath (grain) distilleries.

Glenflagler Malt Distillery was a historic "Lowland" malt distillery and was closed and demolished by Inver House Distillers Limited in July 1985. The whisky was produced mainly as a filling for blends and was never officially bottled as a single malt. However, there was once instance of a 36-year-old released by Inver House in 2003. Very little of Killyloch's liquid remains in existence. In the 2010s, a bottle of 36-year-old Killyloch 1967 Limited Edition sold on an online auction for £1,550.

The name Killyloch is a corruption of a local loch, Lillyloch and is believed to have occurred as a result of an incorrect stencil being used to mark the early barrels.

Killyloch™ first used in commerce 18 December 1964 and initially trademark by Continental Distilling Corporation on a registration date of 24 May 1966. Currently is under a trademark 494039800079 and copyright VA00181898 by Veni-Vidi-Vici LLC.

title: Killyloch


text:
Talk:Subsistence economy

Question
Question to Sarge Baldy: If you define subsistence economy as you do in the first paragraph: Looking at an agrarian society/early state which raises taxes in kind (like UR III in Mesopotamia) and otherwise meets all other criteria you stipulate would you still term this a 'subsistence economy'? And if so, why? Greetings - Popeye2 — Preceding undated comment added 13:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't say so, but maybe just because it doesn't quite make sense to me. If there are taxes, wouldn't there have to be a surplus? After all, it's taking necessary resources from a group, and that means forcing overproduction of at least one resource so as to alleviate that tax burden. So no, unless there's something I'm missing I don't see how they could be. Sarge Baldy 20:44, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Greetings again & Thanks.
 * To pinpoint the problem: Any agrarian economy - even a subsistence economy as defined by you - needs a regular periodical surplus for seeds in the coming season. An even greater suplus is necessary if the population is growing in between harvests - as must have been the case in the neolithic. From this point of view it is only a gradual difference to originate an additional surplus for "taxes in kind" to feed a hierachy of religious or political "officials" managing the increasing complexity of a growing community.
 * I am not critical about your definition. I am struggeling with a different problem related to the origin of state and the role of staple food storage in subsistence economies and its effect upon stratification. (See for example: Testart, Alain, The Significance of Food Storage among Hunter-Gatherers....Current Anthropology, 1982 (33), 523-537). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.210.159.229 (talk) 19:49, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * True, and I suppose it's a matter of where you draw the line. But I think an important ingredient is that production exists for the sake of consumption and not for exchange. Taxes, being a means of massively redistributing resources, would seem unnecessary to me if the economy was truly subsistent; there is a reliance on the production of others, and at some stage an instability in these transfers could prove fatal to an economy. Although note that I'm a bit distanced from the field of anthropology, and cannot offer anything other than speculative assistance relating to the topic. Nor can I look into it further right now, not presently having access to an academic library. Sarge Baldy 20:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

No Currency?
Is that the only definition of a subsistence economy, that there is no currency? A better definition is needed. Fresheneesz 01:12, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Motives for changing definition: rely on an encyclopedic definition (perhaps not the best) to stress subsistence. The word 'basic' is used in that encyclopedia, perhaps because subsistency is ambiguous (basic or not). Reference to 'subsistence agriculture' was a circular definition. The possibility of trade ruled out the non-monetary character, which should not be part of the core definition. Please clarify what 'economic surplus' is and why it would be minimum: in hunting and gathering societies there often is an abundance of resources, which therefore would not count as economic surplus. Ramosama (talk) 12:25, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

More accurate definition
To Whom it may concern: In the reference cited the following can be found:  ..."In a subsistence economy, enough is grown, hunted and crafted to provide for the basic needs of the people. A surplus is only created if there is a need or a desire to trade with neighboring people...." Would it therefor not be more accurate to define subsistence economy along the lines of: "In a subsistence economy all production [of agricultural and of any other technological nature ( see above grown, hunted and crafted..)not just food]is for group consumption or needs. Only surplus is created and used to trade with." I believe broadening the definition would allow for moving away from the underlying inference that subsistence economy by necessity has to be primitive and poor. Altera vista (talk) 15:26, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

Proposed edit
I propose deleting "is an economy which refers simply to the gathering or amassment of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. Capital can be generally defined as assets invested with the expectation that their value will increase, usually because there is the expectation of profit, rent, interest, royalties, capital gain or some other kind of return. However, this type of economy cannot usually become wealthy by virtue of the system, and instead requires further investments to stimulate economic growth. In other words, a subsistence economy",

and "to be used by a particular nation"

and "Therefore,"

"Capital can be generally defined as assets invested with the expectation that their value will increase, usually because there is the expectation of profit, rent, interest, royalties, capital gain or some other kind of return." may be true but why is capital being defined here when it is not mentioned beforehand?

and how can an economy refer to something? Does the writer mean "is a term which refers simply to ..."?

And what is the relevance of a nation to the explanation? Surely a subsistence economy could be operated by a community of any type or size. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.7.53.2 (talk) 17:29, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

Why does subsistence redirect here ?
Why does subsistence even redirect here ? The term is worth having its own page, it is extremely poorly defined here and put into an economical straightjacket. I ve tried working this out in a few edits here, but it clearly needs deep work and attention, as a salient term and topic. Wuerzele (talk) 11:58, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Subsistence economy


text:
Kingdom of EnenKio

The Kingdom of EnenKio is a claimed micronation near the Marshall Islands run by Robert Moore.

Background
The Republic of the Marshall Islands has claimed Wake Island, which it calls "Ānen Kio" ("Enen-Kio" in older Marshallese orthography). In 1973, Marshallese lawmakers meeting in Saipan at the Congress of Micronesia, the legislative body for the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, asserted that "Enen-Kio is and always has been the property of the people of the Marshall Islands." Their claim was based on oral legends and songs. "EnenKio" means "Island of the orange flower" and comes from the Kio flower that is native to the island. The island is currently controlled and administered by the United States.

Claimed micronation
The self-declared "Kingdom of EnenKio" has also claimed Wake Island as a separate sovereign nation and has issued passports. The Kingdom of EnenKio is not recognized in any international forum as a sovereign state, nor does any internationally recognized state recognize it. In 1997 the Dominion of Melchizedek, a micronation engaged in financial fraud, reported that the two had entered into relations. The Kingdom of EnenKio is characterized as a scam by anti-fraud website Quatloos! In 2000, Robert Moore, who claimed to be the head of state, was prevented by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from fraudulently issuing bonds for the non-existent nation.

On 23 April 1998 the Marshall Islands government issued Circular Note 01-98, which vigorously denied the Kingdom of EnenKio and the Dominion of Melchizedek's claims, stating:

"The Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands condemns the claims and activities asserted by representatives of the "Kingdom of EnenKio" and the "Dominion of Melchizedek". The representatives making claims of separate sovereignty are not citizens of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and have no right to make claims on behalf of Marshallese landowners. Furthermore, these representatives are making fraudulent assertions that violate the Republic of the Marshall Islands' constitution. The area of land and ocean which the "Kingdom of EnenKio" asserts as a sovereign nation separate from the Marshall Islands and the area of land and ocean which the "Dominion of Melchizedek" is asserting control over are areas within the geographical and political boundaries of the Republic of the Marshall Islands.

The Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands discourages all independent sovereign nations having diplomatic relations with the Republic from acknowledging any fraudulent claims made by representatives of the "Kingdom of EnenKio" and the "Dominion of Melchizedek"."

- Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of the Marshall Islands

title: Kingdom of EnenKio


text:
Frost (disambiguation)

Frost may refer to two distinct weather phenomena:
 * Frost (temperature), a value of air temperature less or equal than the freezing point of water (0 °C, 32 °F)
 * Frost, a solid deposition of ice on surfaces and objects

Frost may also refer to:

People

 * Frost (surname)
 * David Frost (1939–2013), British broadcaster and presenter
 * Nick Frost, English comedian and actor
 * Robert Frost, an American poet

United States

 * Frost, Louisiana, an unincorporated community
 * Frost, Minnesota, a town
 * Frost, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Frost, Texas, a city
 * Frost, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Frost Township, Michigan, United States

Elsewhere

 * Frost (crater), a lunar crater

Performers

 * Frost (Australian band), a pop rock band
 * Frost (Norwegian band), an electronica band
 * Frost (musician), Kjetil-Vidar Haraldstad, Norwegian drummer for Satyricon
 * Frost (rapper), American rapper
 * Frost*, an English neo-progressive rock supergroup
 * The Frost, a late-1960s American psychedelic rock band

Albums

 * Frost (album), an album by Enslaved
 * Frost (Monofader album)

Other media

 * Frost (collection), stories by Donald Wandrei featuring detective I.V. Frost
 * Frost (comics), a character from the Noble Causes series published by Image Comics
 * Frost (Mortal Kombat), a character in the Mortal Kombat fighting game series
 * Frost, a 6th Universe counterpart of Frieza in the Dragon Ball Super manga and anime
 * Mary Elizabeth Bartowski, code named "Frost" in the U.S. TV series Chuck
 * Emma Frost or simply Frost, a character from Marvel Comics
 * Frost (Bernhard novel), a novel by Thomas Bernhard
 * Frost (Bailey novel), a novel by Robin Wayne Bailey
 * Frost (2017 film), a Lithuanian film
 * Frost (2012 film), a Canadian short drama film
 * Killer Frost, the name of 2 fictional villains in DC Comics
 * Tina "Frost" Lin Tsang, a playable Operator in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege
 * Frost, a playable character in Warframe
 * A Touch of Frost, a British television show about a police detective
 * A Touch of Frost (novel), a 1987 crime novel

Other uses

 * Frost House (disambiguation), any of several places
 * Frost Art Museum at Florida International University
 * Frost heaving, the process by which the freezing of water-saturated soil causes the deformation and upward thrust of the ground surface
 * Frost National Bank, a bank based in San Antonio, Texas, USA
 * Frostenden, Suffolk, England

title: Frost (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Hansolocousin

Tork 2 me

title: User talk:Hansolocousin


text: User:Icydid

title: User:Icydid


text:
Eastercon

Eastercon is the common name for the annual British national science fiction convention. The convention is organised by voluntary self-organising committees, rather than a permanent entity.

Overview
Eastercon attracts 800-1200 fans of science fiction, fantasy and similar genres. Programme events usually include panels, workshops, talks, quizzes, competitions, an art show, and a Dealers room selling books and other items. Events range from hard science through writing workshops to the fun and silly. People are encouraged to take part.

History
The very first British science-fiction convention was held in Leeds on 3 January 1937. Similar events were held in London on 10 April 1938 and 21 May 1939, Leicester as "Midvention" over the Easter bank holiday weekend of 23–26 April 1943, and in London over the Easter weekend of 8–9 April 1944.

Eastercon sees its first official convention as being held in 1948 in London. It was held over the three-day Whitsun bank holiday at the end of May with an attendance of 50 people. The conventions were held annually over Whitsun until the 1960s, when the decision was made to move the event to the four-day Easter holiday.

The pre-1960s conventions are generally considered to have been "Eastercons" even though they were not held over Easter.

Finances
Eastercons are fan-run/not-for-profit events, with the money raised by membership, advertising, etc., spent on running the convention. It is traditional that any surplus is used for the benefit of the convention members, fandom in general or donated to charity. This may include sponsoring items at other conventions, buying equipment for use by other conventions, donating to the RNIB to get works of SF literature converted to talking books for the blind, donating to the Science Fiction Foundation to fund a variety of educational projects relating to science fiction, and funding international fan visits (often through The League of Fan Funds).

Two-year bidding
Groups of fans (typically 5-8 in number) get together to form "bid committees" and plan where they want to hold the Eastercon, who they want to be their guests of honour, what the theme of the convention will be, etc. They circulate their proposals and the winning bid is chosen by a vote among the people who attend the bid session at the Eastercon two years in advance, or one year if no bid was successful at the bid session two years out. Until the early 1990s, there were commonly several bids to hold the Eastercon, but organising this event involves a lot of resources, and now it is normal for there to be only one serious bid - Reclamation in 2022 saw the first contested bid (for 2023) in some 30 years.

Eastercon traditions
The Doc Weir award is voted on and presented each year at Eastercon to an "unsung hero" of British fandom.

The George Hay Memorial Lecture, a presentation on a scientific topic by an invited speaker, has been held every Eastercon since 2Kon in 2000. The lecturer and subject are selected and paid for by the Science Fiction Foundation who offer this programme item to each year's Eastercon. Since 2009 the British Science Fiction Association has presented a similar lecture and an award, drawing speakers from the arts and humanities.

Trademark
In 2003 at Seacon, a fan offered to obtain the UK trademark for "Eastercon" on behalf of UK fandom and this was agreed by that year's convention. This trademark was subsequently obtained, meaning that any group that now wants to use the "Eastercon" name must obtain permission from the trademark holder first.

List of Eastercons
Notes:
 * Early conventions did not always have a particular name, and sometimes were given a name retrospectively when another Eastercon was held in the same town, eg, Brumcon only acquired its name when Brumcon II was held.
 * The 1957 convention held in Kettering has acquired a semi-mythical status among British fandom, as there does not appear to be any surviving contemporary documentation from the con itself; however, there is just enough evidence from fanzines of the time and other fan memorabilia to suggest that it did, in fact, take place.
 * The official numbering of the conventions has been somewhat adjusted, following the naming of the 1972 convention as "Eastercon 22" which necessitated the counting of 21 previous Eastercons, which is why the 1951 Festivention is not counted.
 * Convoy, the 2007 Eastercon elected by members of Concussion, was cancelled at the end of October 2006. Contemplation was formed at the 2006 Novacon by Chris O'Shea and Fran Dowd as a very short notice emergency replacement. Convoy's guests of honour were invited to attend, and Sharyn November initially accepted, but she was ultimately unable to attend due to work commitments.
 * Pasgon was elected at Dysprosium to be the 2017 Eastercon to be held in Cardiff, but had to be cancelled in March 2016 due to issues with its planned venue. Eastercon 2017/Innominate in Birmingham was elected in its place at Mancunicon.
 * The 2020 convention, Concentric was cancelled less than a month before it was scheduled, due to recently announced UK Government guidelines related to the coronavirus pandemic. An online bidding session was held, with ConFusion selected for the 2021 Eastercon. 846 members had registered before the convention was cancelled.
 * The 2021 Eastercon, ConFusion was originally planned as an in person event, but was converted to an online event when it became clear that an in person convention would not be possible. 466 people took part in the online convention.
 * The 2022 convention, Reclamation had 797 registered members. 659 were physically present. 80 people viewed streamed panels, 41 of those were not present at the convention.

Future Eastercons

 * 2024: The 2024 Eastercon, Levitation, is planned to be held from the 29th of March to 1 April weekend, at Telford International Centre and online. This is the first time the convention will be at that location, and marks a divergence from tradition, in that the convention will be in a conference centre rather than in a hotel.
 * 2025: The 2025 Eastercon, Reconnect, is planned to be held in the Hilton Lanyon Place in Belfast, Northern Ireland; this is the first time the convention will be held on the island of Ireland. Guests announced include Lauren Beukes, Rebecca Roanhorse, Jeannette Ng, Derek Landy, Will Simpson and Ian McDonald.

title: Eastercon


text:
Moulsey Hurst

Moulsey Hurst is in West Molesey, Surrey on the south bank of the River Thames above Molesey Lock. It is one of England's oldest sporting venues and was used in the 18th and 19th centuries for cricket, prizefighting and other sports. This area is now called Hurst Park; the area currently called Molesey Hurst is smaller, and some 500m to the south.

The site can be reached from Hampton across the river by Hampton Ferry when it is running in the summer.

Sporting venue
When James VI and I became King of England in 1603, he introduced the sport of golf to the country. The first games of golf in England were played at Molesey, in Westminster and Greenwich Park which were large open spaces near to royal palaces.

This venue is considered to be one of the oldest used for organised cricket. The earliest known use of the site for the game was in 1723 for a match between a Surrey side and London. One of cricket's most famous paintings is Cricket at Moulsey Hurst, by Richard Wilson in 1780. The painting is owned by MCC and on display at Lord's.

It hosted for some decades Hurst Park horse race course, evinced by an 1872 Ordnance Survey map. The cricket ground probably remained in the centre of the racecourse, which was common practice in the 18th century. It was at this ground where the now modern-day East Molesey CC began; the current ground now lies off Graburn Way, about 1/3 mi east and a short walk from Hampton Court Palace.

Molesey Hurst Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1907. The club disappeared at the onset of WW2.

Other sports and activities included ballooning, sprinting and archery. In May of 1810, Dutch Sam defeated Ben Medley in front of a reported ten thousand spectators at Moulsey Hill.

Moulsey Hurst today
In 2004, Hurst Park Residents Association laid out a "heritage marker" close to the river, which contains a number of illustrations of the history and activities of the area.

Chronology of events

 * 871 – Vikings sailed up the Thames here to sack Chertsey Abbey
 * 1723 – the earliest known use of the site for cricket: Surrey v. London
 * 1733 – earliest known use of the site for an inter-county match when Surrey played Middlesex
 * May 1785 – James Sadler made a hot air balloon ascent near here, accompanied by a member of parliament, about a year after the success of the Montgolfier Brothers balloon
 * Autumn 1787 – a professional runner named Powell ran a mile in 4 minutes and 3 seconds at Moulsey Hurst in preparation for an attempt on the 4-minute mile
 * August 1795 – in a cricket match at Moulsey Hurst, John Tufton was dismissed leg before wicket by John Wells, the first time the mode of dismissal is recorded.
 * 1798 – a Mr Troward, a member of the Toxophilite Society, shot an arrow on a level piece of ground on Moulsey Hurst seventeen score, or 340 yards
 * 1806 – last known use of Moulsey Hurst for a first-class cricket match was a Surrey v England match.

title: Moulsey Hurst


text:
1990 FIFA World Cup squads

This article lists the national football squads for the 1990 FIFA World Cup final tournament held in Italy, between 8 June and 8 July 1990. Each country's final squad consisted of 22 players and had to be confirmed by 29 May.

Replacement of injured players was permitted during the tournament at the discretion of FIFA. Two goalkeepers (for Argentina and England) were allowed to replace their injured counterparts under this ruling. Players marked (c) were named as captain for their national squad. Number of caps counts until the start of the World Cup, including all pre-tournament friendlies. A player's age is also at the start of the tournament.

Austria
Head coach: Josef Hickersberger

Czechoslovakia
Head coach: Jozef Vengloš

Italy
Head coach: Azeglio Vicini

Note: with the exception of the goalkeepers, who were assigned the traditional shirt numbers for the role (1, 12 and 22) the Italian team was numbered alphabetically within their respective positions: Defenders (from 2 to 8), Midfielders (from 9 to 14) and Forwards (from 15 to 21).

United States
Head coach: Bob Gansler

Argentina
Head coach: Carlos Bilardo

 * * Following a rupture of goalkeeper Pumpido's tibia and fibula, the Argentine team was authorized to replace him with Comizzo, who joined the team as third goalkeeper.

Cameroon
Head coach: Valery Nepomnyashchy

Romania
Head coach: Emerich Jenei

Soviet Union
Head coach: Valeriy Lobanovskyi

Brazil
Head coach: Sebastião Lazaroni

Costa Rica
Head coach: Bora Milutinović

Scotland
Head coach: Andy Roxburgh

The Scotland squad was numbered according to the number of caps that each player had won at the time. The exception to this was Goalkeeper Jim Leighton who was given the traditional number 1 jersey.

Sweden
Head coach: Olle Nordin

Colombia
Head coach: Francisco Maturana

United Arab Emirates
Head coach: 🇧🇷 Carlos Alberto Parreira

West Germany
Head coach: Franz Beckenbauer

Yugoslavia
Head coach: Ivica Osim

Belgium
Head coach: Guy Thys

South Korea
Head coach: 🇰🇷 Lee Hoe-taik

Spain
Head coach: Luis Suárez

Uruguay
Head coach: Óscar Tabárez

Egypt
Head coach: Mahmoud Al-Gohari

England
Head coach: Bobby Robson

 * * David Seaman was originally selected, but after the first game in Italy, he had to pull out of the squad due to a thumb injury and was replaced by Dave Beasant.

Netherlands
Head coach: Leo Beenhakker

Republic of Ireland
Head coach: 🏴 Jack Charlton

title: 1990 FIFA World Cup squads