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Talk:Click of death

...of death
I'm not very familiar with the term "click of death" but presumably it must have been derived from the blue screen of death, or visa versa? -- MacAddct1984 21:21, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Possibly, but I believe it has to do more with the fatalistic view that data on the ZIP disk and the ZIP drive is unrecoverable and unrepairable, respectively.--Kevin586 22:26, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

mouse clicks of death
Mention other clicks of death. E.g., I almost clicked my mouse on a virus infected link, etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.201.31.246 (talk • contribs) 22:04, 11 March 2006

 * No. That already has a name -- PEBKAC. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.25.37.170 (talk) 21:17, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

"head crash" or "servo failure"
"The term is also used more broadly to refer to failures of several other kinds of disk storage systems. In all cases, the click of death is characterized by a noticeable clicking or buzzing sound and is usually caused by a head crash."

"On non-Zip systems (usually a hard disk), the click of death refers to a similar phenomenon; when a hard disk has a hard error or servo failure, the head actuator will buzz and click as the drive tries to recover from the error"

Which one is it??

--Johnny 0 18:58, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd venture that both conditions could cause this sound. --Kaze0010 03:44, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Better links?
I really fail to see the relationship between the Blue Screen of Death and Ping of Death to the Click of Death. Just because they have "of Death" at the end doesn't actually imply a relationship. Especially considering that Click of Death is essentially a hardware issue while BSOD is, well, a software response (albiet sometimes to a hardware issue) and Ping of Death isn't even comparable since it's just an old networking/Internet exploit that has nothing to do with hardware (unless you count the fact that you must have a network device or a modem to actually receive the pings.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.146.0.32 (talk • contribs) 04:20, 3 May 2006

 * Agreed, and the Zip of Death is similar to the PoD. They're all software issues, which don't belong on a page about hardware failures. Any opposition to removing those links? Kanhef (talk) 03:22, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

wrong internal link
"when a hard disk has a hard error or servo failure"

The link for Servo takes me to a disambiguation page. It should be changed to go directly to the correct article, but I don't know which one it should be. Does it refer to Servomechanism or Servo drive?

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.49.165.209 (talk • contribs) 03:37, 22 July 2006

Zip drive disection
Back when the Zip click of death was still being blown off by Iomega, there was a website that showed a Zip drive taken apart and it also showed that an external magnetic field, even a fairly weak one from something like a poorly shielded CRT monitor, could cause the linear head servo of the drive, causing enough misalgnment for it to miss the tracking.

The site was later updated with info on a revised version of the Zip drive. When taken apart, it was discovered to have much larger magnets in the head servo and magnetic fields that would cause the original drives to malfunction didn't bother the revised version.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.136.145.196 (talk • contribs) 06:27, 11 September 2006

Origin of the term
I do not believe the "click of death" term originated with Iomega's Zip drives. This was a common failure in desktop 3.5" HDDs, and although I do not hve empirical evidence of this, rest assured that anyone who was involved in technical work with computers in the 1990s could attest to this.
 * The ZIP drives were introduced in 1994 with the current earliest reference to "Click of Death" (COD) in ZIP drives of May 1998. Any reliable source for the usage of the term COD in other than ZIP drives prior to May 1998 would be interesting and any prior to 1994 would be dispositive; in the absence the article should remain unchanged.  FWIW my first recollection of COD as a term of art in the disk storage industry was ZIP.  Tom94022 (talk) 18:44, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

Possible cause and cure
The click can also be heard on underpowered hard disks. Since high power consumption is very short in duration, during movement of the head, current is being drawn from a capacitor. Capacitors often dries out and their capacitance falls. Thus the peak current to move the head can not be achieved. This problem can be solved by replacing the capacitors or by connecting the disk to a stronger power supply. David Jonsson 10:51, 31 October 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Davidjonsson (talk • contribs)

The Click of Death Virus
I read somewhere (I think it was PC Magazine sometime in the late 1990s) that the Click of Death problem in the Iomega Zip drive was contagious via this chain of events:
 * 1) A disk would be inserted into a drive with a damaged or badly misaligned head.  When the drive attempts to read the disk, it hits the edge of the disk and warps and/or shreds it.
 * 2) Suspecting a problem with the drive and that the disk might be okay, the user would try the now badly damaged disk in a known good drive.
 * 3) On attempting to read the damaged disk, the good head would hit the warped/shredded edge of the disk while crossing to the disk's interior, and that was the end of the "good" drive.

I honestly believe that the problems with the Zip drive were the main reason why the 1.44MB floppy disk persisted until 2004, when USB thumb drives finally killed it. Featherwinglove (talk) 06:24, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

 * This "virus" is mentioned in the article and according to the article apparently led Iomega to place a warning label on their cartridges. Tom94022 (talk) 18:35, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I noticed that just a bit later. I was hoping more for a conversation about whether this problem, specifically or generally, extended the 3.5" floppy disk's life so far into its obsolescence that I still have two drives in my house... 216.197.154.241 (talk) 20:34, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

 * FWIW, IMO there was no way the ZIP drive was going to replace the FDD in the mass market due to the price to an OEM System Manufacturer of a ZIP drive versus the price of a FDD. OEMs did not make either in the 1990s, so an OEM was faced with buying a commodity FDD from multiple suppliers versus a proprietary from Iomega, with a price difference of maybe $40 which adds up when an OEM System Product Manager is thinking in terms of millions of systems. The OEM price of FDDs and CDD/DVDDs was and/or is way under $10 - which is one reason why CDDs replaced FDDs; for several reasons there is no way Iomega could come close to the price of an FDD or later a CDD.  Tom94022 (talk) 00:59, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Click of death


text:
User talk:Chris.s

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Chris.s


text:
Blessed Trinity Catholic High School

Blessed Trinity Catholic High School, also known as Blessed Trinity or, informally BT, is an Archdiocesan Catholic high school in Roswell, Georgia, United States, a northern suburb of Atlanta.

The multi-level curriculum provides Advanced Placement, Honors, Advanced, and Academic classes to fit the needs of each student. The curriculum grew over the first four years to over 130 courses, including 20 Advanced Placement offerings.

The fine arts program, which began with study in visual art, dance and vocal music, expanded to include a comprehensive drama program and 65-piece symphonic band. Meet Me in St. Louis was the first musical performed by the Blessed Trinity Theatrical Alliance, staged in April 2004.

History
The growth in the Catholic population in the metropolitan Atlanta area during the 1990s caused the demand for quality Catholic education to increase. In response to this demand, Archbishop John Francis Donoghue established Catholic Construction Services, Inc. (CCSI) in the fall of 1997, to facilitate the construction of additional Catholic schools.

On January 29, 1999, Archbishop Donoghue broke ground onto a new archdiocesan high school, Blessed Trinity. Construction was briefly halted by the discovery of a shallow grave of Confederate soldiers from the Civil War, but was ultimately resumed and completed in 2000. The construction of the school was overseen by Project Manager Allen Kronenberger of CCSI, who commissioned Hussey, Gay, Bell and DeYoung International, Inc. of Savannah as architects for the project.

Blessed Trinity opened in August 2000 with a total enrollment of 219 students; 164 freshmen and 55 sophomores. The school's reputation led to its rapid growth, with enrollment increasing to 465 by the second year, 680 in the third, 840 in the fourth, and 875 in the fifth. The school's first graduation occurred on May 24, 2003. In 2014, Blessed Trinity was recognized with a blue ribbon award given to schools with overall academic excellence.

Athletics
The athletic program kept pace with the school's growth, and by the fourth year fielded 19 varsity teams, which was expanded to 22 in 2004–2005 with the addition of competition cheerleading and boys' and girls' lacrosse.

Blessed Trinity has risen in the ranks of the state's athletic programs since beginning a varsity athletic program in 2002. BT won the 2004 and 2009 Directors Cup for class AA for having the top athletic program in AA. The school's first state Championship was won by the girls' golf team in May 2003, and the first state championship won by a boys' team was cross country in October 2003. As of November 2019, the school has won 46 state championships. Blessed Trinity was featured on highfive sports team of the week before the football championship in 2014.

Fine arts
The Blessed Trinity Fine Arts Department focuses on the five aspects of the arts. Students' work is showcased in many ways throughout the school year. Artwork is on display in the hallways and there are frequent art shows during intermissions of dance, band, choral, and theatrical shows. There are three opportunities for students' work to be displayed throughout the year, at the midpoint and end of the fall semester, and at the end of the spring semester, and this artwork includes a variety of works from the 12 different Visual Arts classes BT offers: graphic design, photography, drawing I, A.P. Studio Art, etc. Dance, band, and choir are also classes and rehearse during the school day. The school's a cappella group, the Blessed Trinitones, rehearses after school.

Blessed Trinity Theatrical Alliance
The BTTA performs three annual shows: a fall comedy, a winter production, and a spring musical. The winter production is auditioned and rehearsed in Musical Theatre Conservatory, a class which is offered in the fall semester.

Past fall comedies have included The Werewolf's Curse (2012), Noises Off (2013), The Birds: A Modern Adaptation (2014), Reckless (2015), Figments (2016), and Puffs (2020).

The winter production is the only BTTA production rehearsed during school hours. In the fall semester, an elite group of the school's most talented performers rehearse a particularly difficult piece. These have included  Into The Woods (2019), The Jungle Book (2018), Chicago (2017), 12 Angry Jurors (2016), Little Women (2014), Working (2013), Metamorphoses (2012) and The Dead (2011).

The spring musical is by far the largest production. Over time, the musicals have grown in size and difficulty. The biggest musical to date was Cats, with a cast of 112. Its opening night also set the record for largest audience, with more than 650 viewers. This production combined the BTTA with the dance program to create the most spectacular production in Blessed Trinity history to date.

Some of the other spring musicals include:

 * Urinetown, 2019
 * The Wizard of Oz, 2018
 * BIG: The Musical, 2017
 * 9 to 5, 2016
 * Pippin, 2015
 * Cats, 2014
 * How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, 2013
 * All Shook Up, 2012
 * The Drowsy Chaperone, 2011
 * Sweet Charity, 2010
 * Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, 2009
 * The Pajama Game, 2008
 * Barnum, 2007
 * Annie Get Your Gun, 2006
 * Once Upon a Mattress, 2005
 * Meet Me In St. Louis, 2004

Notable alumni

 * CJ Abrams (2019) - professional baseball player
 * JD Bertrand (2019) - professional football player
 * Steele Chambers (2019) - college football player
 * Tyler Flowers (2004) - professional baseball player
 * Matt Skole (2008) - professional baseball player

title: Blessed Trinity Catholic High School


text: Talk:UK Postcode Lottery

title: Talk:UK Postcode Lottery


text:
Road Wars (TV series)

Road Wars is a British police reality television programme created by Raw Cut TV for British Sky Broadcasting and broadcast on Sky1 from 2003 to 2010. From Series 1 the show was narrated by actor Lee Boardman. The 2nd half of series 7 was narrated by actress Claire Goose.

As of 2023, the show has repeats on Sky Showcase, Sky Replay, Sky Mix, Sky Witness and Sky Crime.

Format
Road Wars followed the work of police officers, documenting the changing tactics of criminals and the response of the UK police forces. For six seasons the show followed officers in the Thames Valley, but moved to Devon and Cornwall for the last series in 2009. The programme also features some police videos both in the UK and US.

Mancunian Lee Boardman narrated the show until the second half of series 7, employing a light-hearted and pun-intended approach. At the opening narration Boardman says "In Road Wars, the unexpected is always just around the corner".

The title music was composed by Nainita Desai and Malcolm Laws. Other music was made by the series' co-creator Bill Rudgard. In series 1 the title card consisted of 'ROAD WARS' in red dot-matrix form. A new title card was made for series 3, which was slightly edited with yellow accents for series 6. The first two seasons had six episodes, series 3 and 4 had eight episodes each, and series 5 and 6 had 20 episodes each.

For series 7 as the show moved to another police force, a new title card and new music was composed. Boardman left his position as narrator and the last 8 episodes were narrated by Claire Goose.

Thames Valley Police
For series 1–6, the programme followed the fourteen members of the Thames Valley Police's roads policing proactive unit (Road Crime Unit) – known as "Tango Victor". They are also said to be known to fellow officers as "Tango Vulture", taken from their callsign prefix TV (Tango Victor) and the joke that they swoop to steal arrests from other officers while they carried out their duties.

The footage from this team is combined with video footage from police forces around the world (though largely UK and US forces).

Officers
Officers involved in Road Wars are listed below. As a specialist unit, officers tended to appear in a couple of series, or just for one series.

Vehicles
The Thames Valley Police unit operates high-specification, unmarked 3.2L V6 Vauxhall Omegas (B2 model), replaced in later series by unmarked 2.8L Turbo V6 Police Special Vauxhall Vectras. The unit is tasked with taking a proactive role in fighting crime especially targeted towards street robbers and burglars, but also undertaking general traffic policing (the officers are drawn from normal Roads Policing teams).

Devon & Cornwall Police
In October 2008 the Thames Valley Police pulled out from the show after concerns on how its officers are depicted. From Series 7, the show moved on to follow the Road Crime Unit and the front line Dog Squad of Devon and Cornwall Police. The Road Crime Unit operates marked BMW 3 Series along with unmarked 2.5L Ford Focus STs.

Transmissions
There have been eight series of Road Wars. Four special episodes have been shown including two American episodes (known as Road Wars USA), which aired in 2005, where British police from the series travel to the U.S. to see the difference in police and criminal behaviour and two Christmas specials shown in 2003 and 2004. Three compilation editions entitled "Ultimate Road Wars", featuring action from the first six series, first aired on Sky1 on 11 November, 13 November and 1 December 2008.

Special
In a special two part series called Road Wars USA, Andy Samuels and Chris Piggott spent a couple of months attached to a Gang Unit in Cicero, Illinois, near Chicago, to note how law enforcement is practised in the United States.

International broadcasts
The Road Wars series has also been sold to these television networks and stations:

Notes:
 * 1)  Broadcast under the name 'De Politie Op Je Hielen

title: Road Wars (TV series)


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Dreyfus Records

Dreyfus Records (Disques Dreyfus, ) is a record label which released the work of artists such as Jean-Michel Jarre who was part of the label for more than 20 years.

Francis Dreyfus founded Disques Dreyfus in 1985. The label was a part of the Dreyfus family company owned by Dreyfus Records, French music distributor. On January 4, 2013 the company ceased its operations and its catalog was absorbed by BMG Rights Management Group.

Dreyfus Jazz was founded in 1991 in Paris as a division of the Francis Dreyfus Music company to reissue albums by Charlie Haden, Eddy Louiss, Red Mitchell, Michel Portal, Bud Powell, John Lewis, and Martial Solal. In 1992 Dreyfus produced new recordings by Philip Catherine, Richard Galliano, Steve Grossman, Roy Haynes, Didier Lockwood, the Mingus Big Band, and Michel Petrucciani. There were also albums of unreleased music by Bill Evans, Stan Getz, and Art Pepper.

Partial roster

 * Adan Jodorowsky
 * Franck Avitabile
 * Philip Catherine
 * Christophe
 * Anne Ducros
 * Hadrien Feraud
 * Richard Galliano
 * Steve Grossman
 * Roy Haynes
 * Ari Hoenig
 * Ahmad Jamal
 * Jean-Michel Jarre
 * Bert Joris
 * Olivier Ker Ourio
 * Biréli Lagrène
 * Sara Lazarus
 * Didier Lockwood
 * Eddy Louiss
 * Sylvain Luc
 * Marcus Miller
 * Mingus Big Band
 * Térez Montcalm
 * Lucky Peterson
 * Michel Petrucciani
 * Jean-Michel Pilc
 * Aldo Romano
 * Luis Salinas
 * Dorado Schmitt
 * Alan Stivell
 * Trio Esperança
 * Klement Julienne
 * Rocky Gresset

title: Dreyfus Records


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/August 26, 2005


text:
Budaun

Budaun (romanised: Badāʾūn or Badāyūn, pronounced bədaːjuː) is a medieval city and headquarters of Budaun district, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located about a mile east of the Sot river, and 27 km north of the Ganges, in the Rohilkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 159,221, which is projected at 161,555 at present. Budaun rose to historical importance as the capital of the Delhi Sultanate for four years from 1210 CE to 1214 CE during the reign of Sultan Iltutmish. It was the most important post of Northern Frontier during Mughal reign. Budaun is a big market, historically famous and religiously important city. Budaun is 230 km south-east of New Delhi and 245 km north-west of Lucknow, both taking about 6 hours by road.

Etymology and archaeology
Prof. Goti John referred this city was named Bedamooth in an ancient inscription based on stone scripts at the Lucknow Museum. Later this region was called Panchal. According to the lines on stone scripts there was a village Bhadaunlak near the city. The Muslim historian Roz Khan Lodhi said that Ashoka The Great built a Buddh Vihar and Quila; he named it BuddhMau (Budaun Fort). According to George Smith, Budaun was named after the Ahir prince Budh.

Recent Archaeology- Though it is an ancient as well as archaeological-rich city yet it do not get much more importance in terms of archaeology. Recently, in a village in Budaun known as Kheda Jalalpur village, fragments of Hindu temple idols, ancient bricks have been recovered from the mound of that village. According to the ASI, these remains belong to the post-Gupta period (7th-8th century).

History
According to the (Budaun District, Govt. Of Uttar Pradesh) mythological stories, Budaun was named after Ahir prince Budh. The local tradition regarding this city is that it was founded in 905 A.D. by an Ahir prince whose name was Budh. and after whom it was called Budaun. and an inscription, probably of the 12th century, gives a list of twelve Rathore kings reigning at Budaun then called Vodamāyuta. Kanauj was conquered after 1085 by Mahmūd, the son of the Ghaznavid Sultān, driving out the Rāshtrakūta chief. This the Rāshtrakūta chief then move their capital to Vodamāyuta, where they ruled until conquered by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.

The first authentic historical event connected with it, however, was its capture by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1196, after which it became a very important post on the northern frontier of the Delhi empire. In 1223, a mosque of imposing size, crowned with a dome, was built. In the 13th century two of its governors, Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, the builder of the mosque referred above, and his son Rukn ud din Firuz, attained the imperial throne. In 1571 the town was burnt, and about a hundred years later, under Shah Jahan, the seat of the governorship was transferred to Sahaspur-Bilari. Budaun and its district was ceded to the British government in 1801 by the Nawab of Oudh.

In 1911, Budaun was a town and district of British India, in the Rohilkhand division of the United Provinces. At the time, an American Methodist mission maintained several girls schools and there was a high school for boys.

Politics
Aditya Yadav is the MP of the Budaun Constituency and is the son of Shivpal Singh Yadav. Budaun has large population of Ahirs which according to British historian Matthew Atmore Sherring came from Hansi and Hisar which is in Haryana.

Demographics
census, Budaun City had a population of 159,221 (83,475 male 75,746 female = 1000/907), 39,613 (12.3%) of whom were aged 0–6. The adult literacy rate was 73.%. The widely spoken language in the city is Hindi and Awadhi. The sex ratio of Budaun city is 907 per 1000 males. Child sex ratio of girls is 882 per 1000 boys. The area of the city is 81 square km. Budaun Metro Area have a population of around 417000 and an area of 103 sqkm With Badaun City, it includes Shekhupur, Bahedi, Islamganj, Chandanpur, Salarpur, Salarpur Industrial Estate, Shekhupur Firing Range, Padauna and Khera Buzurg.

Tourism
Budaun is considered to be of immense religious significance among both Hindus and Muslims. At the first glance, with its dusty avenues and sleepy streets, it seems nothing more than a secluded small town. But there are numerous ruins and monuments that reveal many legends from its past. Casting a nostalgic charm, Budaun transports visitors to an era of mighty rulers and mystic Sufi saints like Nizamuddin Auliya - a Sufi saint. Adding to its allure is an aura of spirituality throughout the town. Budaun is home to a number of ruins that can be traced back to the Mughal era. The Budaun Fort and the iconic clock tower Ghanta Ghar, are among the prominent attractions, as are the tombs of rulers such as Iltutmish and Ala-ud-Dīn Alam Shah, who was the last ruler of the Sayyid dynasty. The 13th century Jama Masjid, which was built by Iltutmish and the Qadri Dargah are among the popular shrines in Budaun. Budaun also hosts the ancient Gauri Shankar Temple dedicated to Hindu god Shiva, it is India's first rasling a Shivling made by amalgamation of liquid mercury and gold.

Education
Higher Education institutions in the city include the Government Degree College, Government Girls Degree College and NMNS Dass College, all affiliated to Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly. The Budaun Medical College, a full-fledged tertiary government Medical college and hospital was established in 2019. The college is affiliated with the Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University, Lucknow and is recognized by the National Medical Commission.

Transport
Badaun is well connected with the rest of the state through roads and rail services, however the city lacks an airport. The nearest airport is the Bareilly Airport – a civil enclave at the Indian Air Force's 'Trishul Air Base' in Izzatnagar neighborhood of Bareilly, which is located at a distance of 60 km from the city. The Indira Gandhi International Airport, located in Delhi is the nearest International Airport.

The Budaun railway station is the primary railway station serving the city. Budaun is a Category-'NSG 05' station of the Indian Railways, and is located on the Bareilly-Kasganj Rail line under the Izzatnagar railway division of the North Eastern Railway zone. Train Services in Budaun were startes after the completion of the 63 mi long Kasganj Extension Line from Bareilly to Soron in 1885 by the Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway.

The National Highway 530B passes through the city and connects it with Bareilly and Mathura. A number of State Highways also pass through the city. Prominent among them are the UP State Highway 18, connecting Budaun with Meerut, UP State Highway 43, connecting Budaun with Moradabad & Farrukhabad and UP State Highway 51, which connects Budaun with Gajraula & Bijnor. Inter-city bus services to and from the city are operated from the Budaun bus station by the Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation and private operators. The Budaun bus station as well as the Budaun Depot come under the Bareilly region of UPSRTC.

Notable people
• Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni

• Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni

• Ada Jafri

• Ale Ahmad Suroor

• Alhaj Shamim Uddin

• Begum Abida Ahmed

• Bekhud Badayuni

• Dilawar Figar

• Fani Badayuni

• Ghulam Mustafa Khan Hindustani classical vocalist

• Iltutmish

• Inayat Hussain Khan

• Iqbal Hussain Khan Bandanawazi

• Ismat Chughtai

• Jeelani Bano

• Moulvi Fakhrey Alam

• Mahesh Chandra Gupta

• Nakhshabi

• Nissar Hussain Khan

• Nizamuddin Auliya – Sufi saint

• Rashid Khan

• Razia Sultana

• Rukn ud din Firuz

• Shabnam Romani

• Shakeel Badayuni

• Urmilesh Shankhdhar

• Zamir Ali Badayuni

title: Budaun


text: Wikipedia:POTD/August 26, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/August 26, 2005


text: Category:Mexican radio personalities

title: Category:Mexican radio personalities


text:
Eric Go

Eric Go (, born January 12, 1984) is an American male badminton player of Chinese-Filipino descent.

Early life
Go has been the best badminton player for his age in the United States. Since age thirteen he had always kept his name on top of the rankings among the elite juniors in the US. In the 2001 USA Junior Nationals, for under 19 doubles, he and Raju Rai, another USA team member defeated George Liao and Han Wen in the first round and later defeated Isaac Alwine and Adam Scholl in the finals. That year Go also won the singles event for under 19, beating Raymond Wong in the finals.

In the 2000 World Junior Championship Go lost in the first round, but was the best performing American player in the tournament, giving the strong Indonesian player a challenge, while other American players barely scored against weaker European players. In 2006 Go competed in many prestigious tournaments, including Japan Open, China Open, Chinese Taipei Open, Thailand Open, Macau Open, Korea Open, and the US Open. Go performed well in the US Open, making it to the quarter final.

Go attended Palo Alto High School before he moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado, to train at the United States Olympic Training Center. After the training center refused to provide the badminton team the facility, Go moved to Orange County to train at the Orange County Badminton Club. Go enrolled in University of California, Riverside since 2003.

title: Eric Go


text:
An Essay on Censorship

An Essay on Censorship is a lengthy letter, in verse, by Anthony Burgess addressed to his fellow novelist Salman Rushdie. Published in the wake of the 1989 Iranian fatwa against Rushdie and the Bradford book-burnings that followed, Burgess's letter has been compared to the Essay on Man of Alexander Pope.

title: An Essay on Censorship


text:
Public Transport Security Command

The Public Transport Security Command (TransCom) is a specialised transit police unit of the Singapore Police Force (SPF). It was first established as the Police MRT Unit (PMU) in 2005 as a component unit of the Special Operations Command in response to the need for greater security in public transport operations in Singapore influenced by security concerns at the time. On 15 August 2009, the unit was upgraded into a separate specialist division and took its present name.

History
In April 2005, during the annual Police Workplan seminar of the Singapore Police Force in April 2005, Minister for Home Affairs Wong Kan Seng announced plans to set up a specialised unit. The unit was called the Police MRT Unit (Abbreviation: PMU; Unit Polis MRT; ) and was part of the Special Operations Command. Officers began operational patrols on the Mass Rapid Transit network from 15 August 2005.

Plans to enlarge the PMU into an independent unit within the SPF was announced in 2008. The transition was completed on 15 August 2009 when the unit was upgraded took its present name, reflecting its expanded role to police the entire public transportation network in Singapore. In 2008, it shifted from its base at Queensway Base to the former Geylang Police Division headquarters building.

Manpower and equipment
TransCom draws its manpower from the regular as well as the conscript full-time national servicemen (NSF) resources, with the build of officers amongst the selection criteria. Taller and well-built officers are chosen to project a tougher presence. Officers are trained to conduct policing work in confined and crowded spaces, and are familiarised with the MRT system's operations. In 2007, the unit began to include Volunteer Special Constabulary officers in its ranks.

Each TransCom officer is armed with a revolver, T-baton, set of handcuffs and portable radio. Regulars, as well as selected NSFs, are trained in the use of the Taser, as a less-than-lethal option to defuse situations where lethal force would not be deemed necessary. Officers are dressed in dark blue tactical uniforms similar to those worn by Police Tactical Unit officers. Officers initially wore blue-coloured berets, but were given light grey-coloured berets on 30 December 2009, with the dual purpose of signifying their distinction as an independent department and increasing visibility during operations.

Operations
TransCom officers currently operate in pairs or larger groups in and around stations and trains on the MRT network. These patrols, which may include the inspection and searching of suspicious packages and persons, are deliberately kept random to retain an element of surprise for greater operational effectiveness.

Initially deployed only on the MRT system, TransCom Officers now have their area of operations extended to the bus interchanges and terminals, which were previously patrolled by Neighbourhood Police Centre officers.

title: Public Transport Security Command


text:
Ken Bastida

Ken Bastida (born December 30, 1956) is a former broadcast journalist who most recently anchored at KPIX-TV, the CBS station in San Francisco.

Bastida holds a bachelor's degree in Broadcast Communication Arts from San Francisco State University and was inducted into the university's Hall of Fame in May 2008. Bastida began his career as a Bay Area radio host in 1978. Since then, he held on-air positions at numerous Bay Area radio stations, including KFRC, KGO, KMEL, K101, KFYI and KCBS. For a time, Bastida hosted Landscape Smart, a landscaping show on HGTV.

He joined KPIX as a reporter in 1990 and retired from television news after his final broadcast at the station on October 29, 2021.

Public and industry awards

 * 1989 Peabody Award for coverage of the Loma Prieta earthquake
 * 2004 Emmy Award for outstanding achievement in continuing coverage for his series "Inside the Middle East"
 * 2007 Emmy Award for Best Newscast Large Market

title: Ken Bastida


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Bernd Schuster

Bernd Schuster (born 22 December 1959) is a German former professional footballer of the late 1970s through early 1990s, who won club titles playing for the Spanish sides FC Barcelona (1980–1987) and Real Madrid (1988–1990). He played as a midfielder and was nicknamed "der Blonde Engel" (the Blond Angel). After retiring as a player, he managed a number of European clubs, including Real Madrid, taking them to the league title in the 2007–08 season.

Club career
Schuster started his professional career with 1. FC Köln at age 18 in 1978 after a number of promising performances with the West German Under-18 National team. Schuster left Köln after the 1980 European campaign to sign with Spain's FC Barcelona, where he flourished. During his career, he played for clubs Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid and Bayer Leverkusen. At his final team, the Mexican side Pumas de la UNAM he appeared in ten matches in spring 1997.

Barcelona
Schuster was an important part of the FC Barcelona team during the 1980s, leading the game from midfield and scoring many goals. His club president Josep Lluís Núñez and some trainers like Helenio Herrera, Udo Lattek, Terry Venables and Luis Aragonés had difficult relations with him. While in Barcelona, though, he won the European Silver Ball in 1980 and the Bronze Ball in 1981 and 1985.

At age 21, in 1981, he was badly injured on his right knee by Athletic Bilbao defender Andoni Goikoetxea, who was known for his physically very hard way of playing.

In 2024, Pep Guardiola, was asked in an interview to name the five players he'd pick from football history to play in a five-a-side and, among them, picked Schuster, whom, he said, he used to watch as a ball boy at the stadium and "was completely in love" with his playing.

Real Madrid
Schuster's move to Real Madrid was controversial due to the strong rivalry between Barcelona and Madrid. His style complemented the group of home-grown Madrid players known as la Quinta del Buitre who led the team to a dominance of the Spanish Championship through the 1980s.

Atlético Madrid
Schuster signed with Atlético Madrid in autumn 1990 and helped improve the performance of Atlético. His long precise passes helped restore Atlético Madrid as a prominent club.

Bayer Leverkusen
In 1993, Schuster returned home to Germany to play for three seasons with Bayer Leverkusen. Despite his contributions, the club was unable to capture Bundesliga and German Cup titles but his performances inspired much of the country to push for a place for him in the 1994 World Cup squad. In the national TV-Station ARD "Goal of the year" election Schuster won the first three places in 1994. In the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll to name the finest European players of the last five decades, Schuster finished 40th.

International career
Schuster was part of the West Germany national team that won the 1980 UEFA European Football Championship in Italy, appearing in two of West Germany's four matches. His performances there helped him earn the Silver Ball Trophy honour as the Europe's second best player in 1980 behind Golden Ball winner, and West Germany team-mate Karl-Heinz Rummenigge. His refusal to take part in a match against Albania to be home for the birth of his second son David caused a sporting scandal at the time. Schuster retired from the West German national team at the age of 24, due to his repeated disagreements with the German Football Association, then national team manager Jupp Derwall, and teammates including Paul Breitner. According to Schuster, it was due to a major disagreement with the managements of both Barcelona and the West German national team on either side of a friendly match against Brazil. Overall Schuster won 21 caps for the West German national team

Fortuna Köln
Schuster was the coach of Fortuna Köln between 1 July 1997 and 30 June 1998.

1. FC Köln
Schuster was coach of 1. FC Köln from 1 July 1998 to 30 June 1999. Schuster was unable to get the club promoted. In 2000, he applied for the manager job at Scottish club Dundee FC, but the Dundee chairman rejected his application.

Xerez
Schuster became coach of Xerez on 26 June 2001. Schuster coached the team successfully for two seasons. The second and third best seasons in the history of the club. However, he could not get the club promoted to La Liga.

Shakhtar Donetsk
In June 2003, he accepted a deal to coach Shakhtar Donetsk starting on 1 July 2003. Schuster established a club record number of consecutive victories. However, the team did not win the championship and did not reach the final round of the Champions League with a match against Lokomotiv Moscow. Schuster was sacked on 5 May 2004, one week before his team played and won the Ukrainian Cup final in 2004.

Levante
Schuster returned to Spain in summer 2004 to coach Levante. Schuster was sacked on 1 May 2005. The sacking came with a 5-point advantage over the relegation zone with five matches remaining. However, Levante could not win a game and fell to the Segunda División again.

Getafe
Schuster moved to Getafe in the summer of 2005. Schuster led them to their best season in team history under his guidance. Schuster coached Getafe in their second successful season and the team did even better, seventh in La Liga. Getafe also secured entry to the 2007–08 UEFA Cup as a result of reaching the final of the Copa del Rey after overcoming a 5–2 first leg semi-final defeat against Barcelona, beating them 4–0 in the second leg.

Real Madrid
Schuster was appointed coach of Real Madrid on 9 July 2007. As manager, he made a successful start with Real Madrid, taking them to top of the La Liga standings. Attacking football returned again to the Santiago Bernabéu stadium with Madrid having the strongest offence, not beaten at home from the start of the league and defeating their arch rival Barcelona at their home ground Camp Nou, increasing their lead to seven points between them and second place (Barcelona).

The team qualified to the second round of the UEFA Champions League leading their group which contained Olympiacos, Werder Bremen and Lazio. He changed Real Madrid's style of play, switching from the defensive football during the reign of Fabio Capello to fast paced, attacking football. After losing 2–1 to Roma in the second leg of the UEFA Champions League which meant the elimination of Real Madrid, many doubted that Schuster would continue to be Madrid's coach, but the club denied the allegations. On 4 May 2008, Schuster guided Real Madrid to their 31st title with three games to spare.

On 18 May 2008, Schuster's Real Madrid achieved the highest point total (85 points) a record that was set by rivals Barcelona. He went on to win the Supercopa de España. Although enjoying a successful season with Madrid, Schuster had frequent confrontations with the media. Sometimes refusing to answer questions, making controversial or sarcastic statements and walking out of press conferences. On 9 December 2008, Schuster stepped down as coach after a 4–3 defeat to Sevilla FC, and speaking out publicly about his team standing no chance of beating Barcelona (Coached by Pep Guardiola at the time) in the El Clásico derby match. He was replaced by Juande Ramos.

Beşiktaş

On 10 June 2010, Turkish club Beşiktaş announced that Schuster had agreed to become the club's new coach on a two-year contract. Among his first signings for the club were Portuguese winger Ricardo Quaresma, Roberto Hilbert and former Real midfielder Guti, who was coached by Schuster at Madrid. Later he bolstered the squad with three additional Portuguese stars Simão Sabrosa, Hugo Almeida and Manuel Fernandes. Schuster resigned on 15 March 2011 from Beşiktaş after the bad results, having frequent confrontations with the media, making controversial statements and walking out of press conferences. He was criticised by the Turkish media for trying to implement a reckless attacking style of play.

Málaga
Schuster became head coach at Málaga on 12 June 2013. In May 2014 his contract was terminated after he failed to achieve a top-half position in the league.

Dalian Yifang
On 19 March 2018, Chinese Super League team Dalian Yifang officially appointed Schuster as the coach. He was replaced by Choi Kang-hee in 2019.

Personal life
During his time as a player, Schuster and his wife Gaby were celebrities in Germany. Gaby had a controversial reputation, which worsened when she took over the job as her husband's manager. During the Schusters' stay in Spain, she was also notorious for her often public comments directed towards FC Barcelona coach Udo Lattek and national coach Jupp Derwall when her husband played for them. The couple have four children. In 2008, Schuster separated from Gaby Schuster. In 2012, after his divorce, he married Elena Blasco, a Spanish lawyer.

Player
Barcelona
 * La Liga: 1984–85
 * Copa del Rey: 1980–81, 1982–83, 1987–88
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1981–82
 * Copa de la Liga: 1983
 * European Cup runner-up: 1985–86

Real Madrid
 * La Liga: 1988–89, 1989–90
 * Copa del Rey: 1988–89
 * Supercopa de España: 1989

Atlético Madrid
 * Copa del Rey: 1990–91, 1991–92

West Germany
 * UEFA European Championship: 1980

Individual
 * UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1980
 * Ballon d'Or runner-up: 1980; third place: 1981, 1985
 * Sport Ideal European XI: 1980
 * La Liga: Don Balón Award for Best Foreign Player: 1985, 1991
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1993–94
 * Goal of the Year (Germany): 1994

Manager
Getafe
 * Copa del Rey runner-up: 2006–07

Real Madrid
 * La Liga: 2007–08
 * Supercopa de España: 2008

Individual
 * La Liga: Miguel Muñoz Trophy for Best Coach of the Year: 2006

title: Bernd Schuster


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Halang language

Halang, also known as Salang, is a Bahnaric language of the Mon–Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family. It is spoken in the southern Laotian province of Attapu by approximately 4,000 people and in the neighboring Kon Tum Province of Vietnam by approximately 13,000 people. In Vietnam, Halang is spoken in Đắk Na Commune, Đắk Tô District, Kon Tum Province (Lê et al. 2014:175)

In more specific usage, Halang refers to the dialect spoken in Vietnam, whereas Salang refers to the dialect spoken in Laos. Halang or Salang may also serve as an ethnonym for members of the ethnic group that speak the language. However, in Vietnam, the Halang speakers are officially classified as a subgroup of the larger Sedang ethnicity.

title: Halang language


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Nanuya Levu

Nanuya Levu (pronounced ) is a privately owned island of the Yasawa Group in Fiji and the site of the Turtle Island Resort, a sustainable luxury resort and also the locale for the romance adventure film The Blue Lagoon (1980). The island is owned by American entrepreneur Richard Evanson.

title: Nanuya Levu


text: User talk:70.81.231.32

title: User talk:70.81.231.32


text:
Mammoth Mart

Mammoth Mart was a discount department store chain, located in the northeastern United States, primarily in the New England area. The chain was founded by Max Coffman and Henry Gornstein in Framingham, Massachusetts in 1956, and was something of a prototype for the large, downscale department store, selling housewares, hardware and clothing in stark, unfussy buildings, usually in suburban shopping center locations. Other discount department store retailers like K-Mart, Zayre, and Bradlees would subsequently expand on this concept.

Their advertising mascot was Marty the elephant, a smiling, blazer-wearing mammoth.

History
In 1956 Max Coffman and Henry Gornstein opened the first Mammoth Mart (at the time known as Mammoth Mills) in Framingham, MA. It was originally called Mammoth Mills due to the first store being in a mill building that used the same name. The name was changed to Mammoth Mart in 1962.

By 1969 the chain had 35 stores. In March 1970 Mammoth Mart diversified their holdings by acquiring the eight-unit Boston Baby chain of juvenile merchandise stores, eventually expanding the division to fifteen stores. This venture was a failure, and the chain liquidated in 1973. In September 1970 Mammoth Mart acquired two locations from Key Stores. The cost of liquidating Boston Baby, combined with the economic effects of the Energy Crisis of 1973, rising inflation, increased shrinkage and Phase IV of the Nixon Administration's program of Wage and Price Controls, forced the company to file for bankruptcy protection under Chapter XI of the Bankruptcy Act of 1898—one of the precursors (along with Chapter X of the 1898 Bankruptcy Act) of today's Chapter 11— on June 17, 1974. The chain was acquired by now-defunct King's Department Stores for $43 million (~$ in ) on June 15, 1977. The final locations were rebranded to King’s by Spring 1979.

title: Mammoth Mart


text: Category:Pakistani judges

title: Category:Pakistani judges


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Afro rock

Afro rock is a style of rock music with African influences. Afro rock is a dynamic interplay between Western rock music and African musical elements such as rhythm, melodies and instrumentation. Afro rock bands and artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s included Osibisa, Assagai and Lafayette Afro Rock Band.

Influences
Afro rock borrows heavily from traditional African music styles and genres such as Afrobeat, Highlife, Juju and Soukous. It is also influenced by psychedelic rock, funk and blues. Western rock bands and artists such as The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Santana, La Fayette and Jimi Hendrix have contributed to the development of Afro rock through their innovative approaches to rock music. Fela Kuti also heavily influence Afro rock. Kuti was also shaping Afrobeat as a genre, which served as a precursor to Afro rock. Political and social movements advocating for liberation and independence inspired the socially conscious lyrics used in Afro rock.

Characteristics
Afro rock combined traditional African elements of music such as indigenous rhythms, melodies, instruments such as Mbira and talking drums and vocal styles with Western instruments such as electric guitars, bass, drums, keyboards and synthesizers. The sound is guitar-driven since the electric guitar plays a very crucial role, often serving as the lead instrument. Guitarists frequently employ techniques such as riffing, improvisation and layering to add on to the texture. Rhythmically, Afro rock is complex and features polyrhythms, irregular meter and syncopated beats derived from traditional African music and newer African genres such as highlife, soukous and juju. Afro rock lyrics mostly addressed social and political issues relevant to most African countries such as poverty, colonialism, politics and poor leadership and inequality and also celebrated African heritage and resilience hence reflecting the diverse cultural landscape of the continent. Afro rock performances were very engaging because the performers delivered soulful and expressive performances, often delivered in traditional African languages and English and coupled that with their exceptional improvisational skills. They extended their performances using instrumental solos, jam sessions and spontaneous arrangements making the music exciting and danceable.

Instrumentation
The central instrument in Afro rock was the electric guitar. It drove the melody and at times rhythm. One distinct effect that was adopted in Afro rock was the wah-wah pedal which is an effects pedal that changed the timbre of the guitar by creating a sound that imitated the human voice saying “wah-wah”. The bass guitar formed the foundational groove and rhythm. It also played melodic lines and had some solo sections in some cases. Drums were also an essential part of the rhythmic section. Western drumkits or African drums such as congas, bongos, djembe and talking drums were used. Other percussive instruments such as shekeres and tambourines were used to add depth to the rhythm section. Afro rock bands incorporated horns such as saxophones, trumpets and trombones to add an expressive element to the music as well as powerful accents and bright solos. Keyboards and synthesizers were frequently used for melodic and harmonic accompaniment and to create atmospheric and psychedelic effects. Additionally, traditional instruments we not left out. For instance, the Kora, Balafon, Kalimba and Mbira were used depending on the cultural influences of the bands. The instruments added some authenticity and cultural dimension to the music.

Style
The style relies on the use of rock string instruments (electric guitars and electric bass) and guitar effects like wah wah pedal. Songs are based around a rock chordal structure and progression with a horn section, and keyed instruments such as electric piano, organ, and clavinet. The rhythmic elements of the music are drums and bass, but other characteristically African and Afro-Cuban elements are the percussion instruments including congas, bongos, claves, whistles and other Latin percussion. In the late 1960s, Super Eagles and Psychedelic Aliens were pioneers of the genre. Osibisa and Assagai were founded in England.

Themes
Afro rock encompasses a plethora of themes that shed light on the experiences, beliefs and cultural contexts of the artists as well as the audience. The main theme that appeared regularly was social injustices and political activism. Artists understood the power of music in influencing the masses and used the platforms to critique oppression, corruption, bad governance and other social injustices; calling for a reformation. Afro rock artists often celebrated their African heritage and cultural identity, promoting resilience and solidarity. They drew inspiration from traditional folklore, spiritual practices and traditional music. Sometimes Afro rock was an expression of longing for freedom since colonialism was often mentioned in songs. In some cases, the struggle for independence from colonial rule was celebrated hence empowering the masses.

Afro rock in Nigeria
This new genre that emerged in the 1960s served as a way for youth to voice out their resistance during political unrest in Nigeria. The Hykkers were formed in the early 60s by young students who experimented with sound of Nigeria and the West.They started with playing covers of British records. They gained support from Fela Kuti and major critical acclaim. In the late 60s, the band was captured by the Nigerian army when the war broke out and their music was used to raise morale and celebrate victory over Biafra. One of their tracks is “ I wanna break thru” Wrinkar Experience dominated the Afro rock in Nigeria. Some members were also from Cameroon and Ghana. They released a single, “Fuel for love” which became the highest selling Nigerian single at that time. The band toured West Africa and eventually broke up in 1977. Another notable track of theirs was “Ballad of a Sad Young Woman” Soki Ohale Uzzi blended elements of highlife and jazz to his music. They released their debut album, “Chicken Fled” in 1977 Ofege was a group that broke out at a young age and released their first album in high school. Their guitar solos were inspired by Hendrix and Santana over afrobeats rhythms and disco elements. Some of their albums include “Try and Love”, “Higher plane breeze” , “How do you feel” and “The last of the origins” Lijadu sisters, twins Taiwo and Kehinde Lijadu emerged in the late 60s. They were influenced by Miriam Makeba,Aretha Franklin and Fela Kuti who was their cousin. They experimented with pop synthesisers, acid-fried funk elements afrobeat rhythms, funk, soul, disco and psychedelic rock progressions. They toured in Nigeria, Western Europe and the US and recorded with Ginger Baker They made music with a political message. Some of their albums include “Danger”, “Horizon Unlimited”, “Sunshine” and “Mother Africa”. The Strangers were formed in 1970 after the end of the civil war by guitarist and organist Bob Miga.They released three singles, funk rock tunes driven by fuzz guitar and organ riffs. They released a full album before they split up. Osayomore Joseph pioneered Afro rock and was a political activist. He got inspiration from psychedelic rock and Highlife. Blo was formed in the early 1970s by Berkley "Ike" Peters and Mike Odumosu. Blo's debut album, "Chapter One," released in 1973, showcased their signature blend of funk, highlife, and rock, earning them widespread acclaim. Tracks like "Preacher Man" and "Don't Take Her Away" exemplified Blo's unique sound, combining infectious grooves with poignant social commentary. Monomono was led by the visionary musician Joni Haastrup. With albums like "Give the Beggar a Chance" (1972) and "Dawn of Awareness" (1974), Monomono pushed the boundaries of Afrorock, incorporating elements of jazz, blues, psychedelia and traditional Yoruba music. Haastrup's soulful vocals and intricate guitar work captivated audiences, cementing Monomono's legacy as trailblazers of the genre.

Afro rock in Zambia
Afro rock in Zambia was known as Zamrock or Zambian rock in full. It emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a dynamic fusion of traditional Zambian rhythms and Western rock influences. It was during this period of post-colonial optimism that Zambia's music scene flourished and its people's desire to carve out a unique identity through music. WITCH (We Intend To Cause Havoc) formed in the early 1970s, blended traditional Zambian rhythms with psychedelic rock. Their music came to life after the first president of Zambia decided that 95% of music be played on Zambian radio had to be of Zambian origin. Their albums, including "Introduction" and "In the Past," showcased their experimental approach to music, incorporating elements of funk, soul, and blues. Amanaz, led by Isaac Mpofu, also contributed significantly to the development of Zamrock with their introspective lyrics and fuzzy guitar riffs. Their album "Africa" is considered a classic of the genre, featuring socially conscious themes and catchy grooves that resonate with audiences to this day. Ngozi Family, led by Paul Ngozi, brought a raw energy and rebellious spirit to Zamrock with their high-energy performances and infectious melodies. Some of their songs include "Hi Babe" and "Day of Judgement”

Afro rock in Ghana
Afro rock emerged in the 60s and 70s in Ghana and was influenced by Highlife and several artists helped to develop it. Osibisa was formed in London by Teddy Osei. They blended Afrobeat, highlife, funk and rock influences. They released a self-titled debut album in 1971, featured hits like "Music for Gong Gong" and "Sunshine Day,"which were some of their greatest hits. Ebo Taylor, a Ghanaian guitarist, composer, and bandleader, also made significant contributions to the development of Ghanaian Afro-rock. His album "Ebo Taylor and the Pelikans" exemplifies his unique blend of highlife, funk, and rock, with tracks like "Come Along" and "Mondo Soul Funky" showcasing his virtuosic guitar playing and catchy melodies. The Psychedelic Aliens also known as The Magic Aliens was led by guitarist and vocalist Ade "Witch" Rocha, excitement to Ghanaian Afro-rock with their electrifying performances and experimental sound. Some of their tracks include "We're Laughing" and "Extraordinary Woman".

Afro rock now
Afro rock seemed very promising but unfortunately faded out over the years. The rebellious nature of rock promoted by mainstream media was frowned upon by most Africans because it went against collectivism. Currently, various artists continue to incorporate rock and African musical elements. Such artists include winners of the Best Artist, Duo or Group in African Rock at the yearly All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA); Dear Zim (Zimbabwe) – 2014, M'vula (Angola) – 2015 and 2016, Gilad (Kenya) – 2017, Maryam Saleh (Egypt) – 2018, Rash (Kenya) – 2021, Clayrocksu (Nigeria) – 2022. The 2022/23 winner, Clayrocksu, has gained international acclaim with features in New York Times, BBC News, and Reuters for her voracious consistency in blending traditional African sounds with contemporary rock, thereby creating a unique and captivating musical experience that resonates with diverse audiences worldwide. Her innovative Afro-rock approach, fusing Igbo language and local pidgin folk elements with punk rock, has established her as a pioneering figure in the global music scene. Toronto Star defines her as "Magnetic" for "her ability to fuse rock music with Afropop, the predominant contemporary sound in Lagos, Nigeria".

Another contemporary west African rock band is Dark Suburb from Ghana, built on a concept of the Alkebulanian masquerade culture and the skeleton. A distinguished and arguably the most decorated African rock band is Tinariwen, a collective of Tuareg musicians from the Sahara region of northern Mali. Considered pioneers of desert blues, the group's guitar-driven style combines traditional Tuareg and African music with Western rock music. They have released nine albums since their formation and have toured internationally.The group has been nominated for Grammy Awards three times, and their 2012 album Tassili won the award for Best World Music Album in 2012. NPR calls the group "music's true rebels", AllMusic deems the group's music "a grassroots voice of rebellion", and Slate calls the group "rock 'n' roll rebels whose rebellion, for once, wasn't just metaphorical".

Afro rock musicians

 * Osibisa
 * Assagai
 * Tinariwen
 * Demon Fuzz
 * Ofege
 * Lijadu Sisters
 * Arka'n
 * Skinflint
 * Crackdust
 * Blo
 * MATATA
 * Ofo and the black company
 * Clayrocksu
 * Monomono
 * Remi Kabaka, drummer
 * Nova Twins

title: Afro rock


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Talk:Training effect

Article name
Are we calling this a named theory of Dr. Cooper's or is the claim that this is a well established scientific effect? If the former, the article should stay so, and the capitalized title "Training Effect" is fine. If the latter, then the title should be "Training effect" per the naming conventions. So far both external links and the article simply espouse Dr. Cooper's POV, which violates the WP:NPOV policy. In one of the links Dr Cooper claims this is well established science, and if so, if shouldn't be hard to find more rigorous sources that support the article. In any case the article makes a lot of claims with little support, so that needs some work. - Taxman Talk 21:26, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Basically what I am concerned about is that this is an overly specific term for the general effects of exercise. The general effects of exercise are well established in the field of exercise physiology. Yes our exercise article is a bit short on them, but I'm not convinced this article is the place for it. - Taxman Talk 21:38, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * I can see your point. Yes, Dr. Cooper seems to be the only one using this term for this effect.
 * The effect is quite real and pronounced, having been in it a dozen times myself.
 * The effect probably should be merged into exercise or possibly aerobic exercise, but I didn't feel comfortable enough with the subject to do either.
 * There is more on the effect in.
 * I suggest we let this gell a couple of days before merging it.
 * Simesa 00:52, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have written to the Cooper Aerobics Center in Dallas, and one of their staff has promised to send me information on this topic and a bio of Dr. Cooper. Simesa 18:52, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Cooper Center will send more info on the Training Effect and a bio of Dr. Cooper next week. Simesa 21:02, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

I think the title is not unjustified. Try a Google on 'endurance training' and 'VO2 max'. (There's quite a useful pdf from a University of Nevada (?) site - KIN491 'Exercise Physiology). I guess the fact that no one directly relates it to Cooper's 1968 book a and aerobics anymore is a sign of the times.

 * As of this morning I have not received materials from the Cooper Center and have written them a note. Simesa 11:58, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

I amended a small part of the article to suggest that an effect on metabolism was/would be small or minimal (incidentally but very much an academic no-no: the reference no 1) was assigned incorrectly and by another party to my amendment). I am unhappy with the entire article and think it should be returned to the originator. I would dispute whether there is any meaning in the term 'Training Effect'. The one reference is about VO2 inheritability. The variables referred to in the article do not include metabolic rate, related in certain ways though they may be. (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Training_effect&action=edit&section=1# Mpmdbt) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mpmdbt (talk • contribs) 23:14, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Exercise Hypertension
If we're in the business of adding cautionary notes, then one on the possibility of Exercise Hypertension and similar effects in us 'old codgers' might be helpful. Linuxlad 23:07, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you're correct - I rephrased the "caution" into encyclopedic format.:However, I think you're also right about Exercise hypertension. It appears to merit an article of its own!  I found it in  and  and posted a request for an article. Simesa 00:46, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

There's also some German work (D Klaus, Drugs 1989), referring to people whose systolic rises above 220mm and/or whose diastolic rises by more than 10mm on exercising fairly vigorously (100W level). 'Management of hypertension in actively exercising patients'

 * Using that title I got hits under and . With the first two references above, there may be enough for an article. Simesa 14:13, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

The last I'd not seen - good find. (Personally useful too - I'd need to keep my heart rate down to 135, but I can nearly live (!?) with that)80.177.213.144

I've roughed out a first stub, just to collect contributions - feel free to totally hack. The 4th paper needs a careful precis I think.Linuxlad 11:49, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Training Effects Disputed??
I'm a little puzzled by what I'm meant to understand from mpmdt's addition, (saying something like it is now 'univerally accepted' that there is no medium term effect of exercise on metabolic rate etc.). I doubt that many things in life can be described as 'universally accepted' (especially the marginal effects of moderate exercise on metabolic rate) -. And to understand just _what_ of Dr Cooper's claims is being so confidently confuted I'd rather like a REFERENCE please.This contribution needs more carefully working into the article, prefereably after some debate, if it is not to confuse (at least me) Bob aka Linuxlad 13:05, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

from mpmdt talk page__________________________

Could you clarify the point you've added, on the talk page, or edit it into the main article? A reference would also be nice Linuxlad 15:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

No

Well then I'm afraid I don't know for sure what you're saying, especailly in the 2nd para - what effects are you saying you consider to occur and ewhich do not ?

And in the the first para, well there certainly is more than a transitory effect on metabolic rate in at least one case (mine) - my heart rate etc are still elevated from a lunch time run (crawl) some few hours after the event :-) So the universality of it as only a transitory effect seems questionable.

And can we continue this converssation on the article talk page please. Bob Linuxlad 22:29, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Bob: I think I used the term "generally" rather than "universally". Heart rate (as a correlate of cardiac work, in turn as a correlate of metabolic rate) is of course used as a measure of aerobic "fitness" either when waking or by the rate at which it returns to normal-for-you after exercise. Stating the obvious perhaps, heart rates do take a while to come down - but that does not negate what I've said. To paraphrase my comment, an individual exercise session invokes an energy cost during that exercise: it is proportionate to the duration and intensity of the exercise. The raised metabolic rate after exercise (or energy cost resulting from that exercise) is, in comparison, small and transitory. Flicking through a general ex physiol text, the effect seems to be about 10% above resting for about 12 hours - there are references which I'd be happy to add or pass to you to validate or comment on. The implication of Cooper's quoted work is that athletic activity (either on a one-off basis or after a high level of aerobic fitness is gained) confers a state akin to mild hyperthyroidism, ie a permanently raised metabolic rate. There are comments, rather than any hard evidence, scattered in the literature that this is the case. I phrase it in that way because the comments are usually linked to the finding that dieting (after a while) and especially established anorexia nervosa confers a lower resting metabolic rate. If you are confused by that linkage or find it highly implausable, then so am I; if not then I'd welcome any clarification. What may be clouding the issue is the fact that, in lay terms, trained individuals burn a lot of calories - because they can. An elite runner, for example, runs much faster than me at the same level of % of VO2 max. I am new to the wiki concept but think it's a suberb idea and have learnt a lot. It's great advantage over fixed enyclopaedias or texts can also be a problem: it is highly referenced, cross-referenced and by definition dynamic and "open". To fully expand on all the issues associated with the Training Effect (Cooper) entry on wikipedia would need a further entry the size of an entire textbook. My aim was to make a small uncontroversial addendum. As this is dynamic and open, by all means I'll change/remove/edit it as advised on the discussion page. Best, David.

David - If you go to history for the main article and pick up the version with your edit referenced on the rhs, you'll see you did actually write 'universally' :-). (And I don't think 10% for 12 hours is small and transitory, especially since others have claimed larger effects over the years). So I thought you were being rather absolute in an area where even the best data can often conflict.

That said, I'm a bit concerned that the heightened metabolic rate, if any, should NOT be the main point of the article - I agree it's not the most important message from Cooper's earlier work. I would have hoped we could have developed the physiological basis for the Cooper Points System (or is this another area you consider is now refuted), which is what most of the article is in fact about. Let's see if we can hack it into agreed shape in easy steps. Linuxlad 14:37, 18 October 2005 (UTC) Later - small initial change made in 'your' bit - (tell me if I've misinterpreted you)

Bob - no problem with your comments or the changes you've made. I too am a bit concerned about the message but also the style/content of the main article. I'd need to look at the original work in detail. An example of the latter possible problem is the use of the word "strengthened" re the heart - that would not be seen in a physiology journal. That may be trivial, as the term I suppose (?) would be understood by lay people and specialist alike. As both of these groups should benefit from wikipedia, I'd want to know whether the term is from the original work or the writer of the article? Without drifting into another area (the philosophy of science and information dissemination), my point is not dissimilar to your very correct (and wiki's) emphasis on references/sources and the validity of original work. Regards the message, one question might be - are people going to think that exercise (of itself) leads to significant weight loss in those who wish to go a reducing diet? - I have an interest in this area so I have a view about the answer. But my main point is that, if the original work is not subtantially repeatable/refuted/validated, ie is not based on a solid foundation, then any message is even more open to question. - And these considerations I think should be built into the article. In summary....I agree (!).

___________________________________________________________

To-date I have received no help from the Cooper Center, and will have to re-obtain Dr. Cooper's book(s). This I can do Monday, as I'm working an event this weekend. Simesa 00:51, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Suggestion
I suggest a new article be created that is dedicated to Ken Cooper and that the material dealing with elevated post-exercise metabolic rate be merged with the article on endurance training. I believe that Cooper has gotten far too much credit in the Wiki articles dealing with exercise physiology. We have been measuring oxygen comsumption during exercise since the 1920's (see the work of AV Hill and his peers of the time) and many, many very influential and well-published scientists have since contributed to the discipline in the area of the effects of training. This article is unfocused, badly written, wrought with questionable interpretations of information taken from quite unacademic sources.--162.129.44.19 14:50, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Dubious statements
The article claims that Cooper coined the term "training effect" in the late 1960s. I've found a couple references from 1959 using the same term. An effect of training is a training effect; I'm sure he wasn't the first to "discover" this. Location (talk) 01:47, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Training effect


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Jacobabad

Jacobabad ( and جيڪب آباد; formerly Khanger or Khangarh) is a city in Sindh, Pakistan, serving as both the capital city of Jacobabad District and the administrative centre of Jacobabad Taluka, an administrative subdivision of the district. The city itself is subdivided into eight Union Councils. Sitting far to the northwest of the province, near the provincial boundaries of Sindh and Balochistan, Jacobabad became a city on the site of an existing village (Khangarh), and is crossed by the Pakistan Railways and many main roads of the province. It is the 43rd most populous city in Pakistan.

The city is one of the hottest places on earth, with summer temperatures regularly rising to a mean temperature of 37 C. In particular, compounded by the humidity and climate change, Jacobabad has several times exceeded a wet-bulb temperature of 35 C, above which the human body cannot sufficiently cool itself. Jacobabad has been cited as one of the world's most vulnerable places to global warming, and one where the difference between 1.5 °C and 2 °C can be the difference between life and death.

Etymology
The city is named after Brigadier-General John Jacob CB (1812–1858), an officer of the British East India Company who ruled this region during the last decade of his life. He is also known for the cavalry regiment called 36th Jacob's Horse. Jacobs was a graduate of Addiscombe Military Seminary. He was commissioned into the Bombay Artillery (Bombay Army) on his 16th birthday, and subsequently sailed for India in January 1828, never to set foot in England again. According to travel writer Salman Rashid, it was local residents "who took to calling the new settlement ‘Jekumbad’", later renamed to Jacobabad by the British rulers. The scale of progress and prosperity Jacob's works brought to the region can be appreciated by comparing those regions' relative prosperity at the time, compared to areas which were not under his administrative jurisdiction.

History
In 1847 Jacob was placed in political charge of the frontier and established his headquarters at the village of Khangurh (or Khanger). He started building infrastructure for the town around the village. Being an architect and an engineer himself, he designed and then executed the plans of laying a wide road network around the town that measured a good 600 miles (965 km). In that he resolved the problem of unavailability of potable water for the residents by excavating a tank that contained water brought from Indus through a canal. His biggest and most important feat was the excavation of Begaree Canal, originating from Guddu barrage on river Indus, going round the district irrigating thousands of acres of land previously uncultivated, thereby providing means of living to thousands of people.

After the British Raj, the city was ruled by a Sardar, Taj Dero Khan Odho.

In November 2010, then Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani announced that University of Information Technology would be established in Jacobabad.

Climate
Jacobabad has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. The city is well known for consistently having among the highest temperature in South Asia, with a mean summer temperature of 37 C. The highest recorded temperature is 52.8 °C, and the lowest recorded temperature is -3.9 °C. Rainfall is low and mainly occurs in the monsoon season (July–September). The average annual rainfall of Jacobabad is 202.5 mm as per 1991-2020 period. The highest annual rainfall ever is 838.7 mm, recorded in 2022, and the lowest annual rainfall ever is 3.3 mm, recorded in 1922.

In the 2022 South Asian heat wave, Jacobabad's mean temperature for the month of May broke the all-time record with 43 °C, reaching or exceeding 50 °C on four days. The city struggles to provide heat-mitigation measures. Many residents who are able to, migrate to higher-elevation Quetta during the summer school break.

Airport and airbase
The commercial airport at Jacobabad, about 300 mi north of Karachi and 300 mi southeast of Kandahar, is located on the border between Sindh and Balochistan provinces. The Shahbaz Air Base (co-located with the commercial airport in Jacobabad) was one of three Pakistani air bases used by U.S. and allied forces to support the Operation Enduring Freedom campaign in Afghanistan and reportedly ongoing drone strikes in North Western Pakistan tribal regions.

title: Jacobabad


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User talk:Aversion86

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Talk:History of astronomy

Untitled
On what currency note was the satellite Aryabhata Printed?
 * Do your own research.

Sagan and the like
See http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Nave-html/Faithpathh/galileomyth.html. Sagan said that Galileo was in a dungeon.
 * See "The Sleepwalkers", published in 1959, on page 492. Koestler says, "The "formal prison" took the form of a sojourn at the Grand Duke's Villa at Trinita del Monte".
 * Galileo seems to have been in an ordinary apartment for a day, before he moved to the Duke's Villa.

Is it really the "oldest of the natural sciences"?
How about a reference? Jyg (talk) 06:35, 15 May 2021 (UTC)

 * It also depends on the time period in which you think the natural sciences began. Did astronomy as a natural science already begin in the 6th century BC with Thales? Did the natural sciences begin in the 4th century BC with Aristotle? Did astronomy as a natural science begin in the 16th century with Copernicus? Or in the early 17th century with Kepler? Or in the late 17th century with Newton? Can you already speak of astronomy as a natural science in prehistory? Was Ptolemy already a scientist? These are tricky questions. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 05:02, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Astronomy is commonly called the oldest science, at least in popular media. Personally, I think that's silly -- agriculture is 10,000s of years older, isn't that a science? But perhaps they mean people have been looking at stars since the dawn of time? That seems less than serious, akin to "the world's oldest profession."
 * Not sure why you're skipping thousands upon thousands of years of astronomy by the Egyptians and Babylonians, especially since most Greek astronomy was plundered from Babylon, including 800+ years of eclipse and planetary data. And Thales seems to have learned astronomy from Babylon. Having visiting Babylon, per one source. Even the famed Antikythera mechanism used Babylonian System A calculations.
 * Why would the science not be a science until the 1600s? That makes no sense to me. If scientific data has been gathered for thousands of years, and that data analyzed and made into complex mathematical models that are testable and falsifiable, and those models are highly accurate, how is that science not science? Skintigh (talk) 03:59, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

Acme of corruption? WTF?
Article seems to think geocentric models are evil, which is silly, and seems to blame Ptolemy for inventing them, which is false, and seems to misunderstand the history of astronomy, and then blames unnamed historians for these ahistorical statements. All to dismiss arguably the most important astronomer for thousands of years.

Regarding the geocentric model, unless you believe the ancient Greeks were launching spacecraft to explore other planets, it was 100% irrelevant if the "center of the universe" was the Earth or Sun. (...both of which are wrong, BTW, as the sun orbits the center of the galaxy. Though, in a way, every point is the center of the universe, so geocentrism was also right). They are simply different frames of reference for the same thing, and the math works out exactly the same. There was no way to test which one was "right" until millennia later. Thus, with exactly zero input on the subject by science, and exactly zero real-world importance, it came down to a guess based on philosophy.

To say Ptolemy corrupted all astronomy because he didn't make a non-scientific guess on an irrelevant subject the right way seems absurd. It seems like saying Newton was "the acme of corruption of physics" because he guessed wrong about how many angles could dance on the head of a pin.

Anyway, if you want to trash Ptolemy, talk about his plagiarism of data he claimed to record... hundreds of years before he was born. Or problems and solutions he copied... poorly. Skintigh (talk) 03:43, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

The starting point
I don't understand this revert. It is merely placing the context in which the study of astronomy first started, and it is referenced even if most of the things pointed are quite obvious (after all, You do need to cite that the sky is blue). Which is the "opinion"? Cambalachero (talk) 00:53, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of astronomy