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South African Rugby Board

The South African Rugby Board was the rugby union governing body of white South Africans between 1889 and 1992. The governing of white and coloured rugby union was handled separately during South Africa under Apartheid.

On 23 March 1992 the non-racial South African Rugby Union (SARU) and the South African Rugby Board (SARB) were merged to form the South African Rugby Football Union (SARFU). The unified body changed its name in 2005 to the current South African Rugby Union.

Names
The Board had different names over the years. They are detailed below:

 * 1889: South African Football Board (SAFB);
 * 1894: South African Rugby Football Board (SARFB);
 * 1978: South African Rugby Board (SARB) – Suid-Afrikaanse Rugbyraad (SARR), absorbing the South African Rugby Football Federation (SARFF) and the South African Rugby Association (SARA).

title: South African Rugby Board


text:
Patángoro people

The Patángoro, also called the Pantágoro, were a Native American people of Colombia who lived on the banks of the Magdalena River. Instead of class strata, they were grouped by clans that practiced matrilineal succession. Artificial cranial deformation was a feature of Patángoro society.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Patángoro people


text:
Belton-Honea Path High School

Belton-Honea Path High School (BHP) is a comprehensive, co-educational, public secondary school located in Honea Path, South Carolina, United States. It is the only public high school serving Honea Path and Belton. The school is accredited by the South Carolina Department of Education and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

History
Belton-Honea Path High School was built in 1966, and renovations and additions were made in 1967, 1987 and 2003. The school originally opened as a merger of Belton High School and Honea Path High School. It merged with Geer Gant High School in 1969.

Athletics
Belton-Honea Path has teams for tennis, soccer, golf, wrestling, basketball, cross country, track and field, volleyball, baseball, competitive cheerleading, marching band, softball, and football.

Notable alumni

 * Mark Burns, pastor (did not graduate)
 * Matthew LeCroy, former MLB player
 * Dwight A. McBride, academic and president of The New School

title: Belton-Honea Path High School


text:
User:Geoffrey.landis

Geoffrey A. Landis has a Ph.D. in physics, as well as bachelors and masters degrees in electrical engineering. He currently works for the NASA John Glenn Research Center, and in his spare time writes science fiction.

More information at the (somewhat outdated) Geoffrey A. Landis homepage

title: User:Geoffrey.landis


text:
User:Wechselstrom

de:Benutzer:Wechselstrom es:Usuario:Wechselstrom

title: User:Wechselstrom


text:
Conspiracy of the Pintos

Conspiracy of the Pintos, also known as the Pinto Revolt or the Pinto Conspiracy, and in Portuguese as A Conjuração dos Pintos, was a rebellion against Portuguese rule in Goa in 1787.

The leaders of the plot were three prominent priests from the village of Candolim in the concelho of Bardez, Goa. They belonged to the Pinto clan, hence the name of the rebellion.

Principal characters

 * Caetano Vitorino de Faria, the mastermind
 * José Custódio de Faria, also known as Abbé Faria, his son who was also a priest
 * Caetano Francisco do Couto
 * José António Gonçalves, a priest from Divar
 * Ignacio Pinto, head of the Pinto clan and a fervent supporter of Fr. Faria, who was to be installed as the ruler of Goa post the revolt
 * José da Rocha Dantas e Mendonça, a Judge of the Goa High Court, who was in charge of the inquest into the conspiracy

Causes
P. Kamat writes that the protests of the various priests she studied for their non-submission to the Portuguese authority in Goa were by and large manifestations of their immediate personal grievances arising out of racial discrimination and administrative abuses.

José António and Caetano visited Rome and Portugal to plead for their appointment as Bishops in Southern India dioceses, but these Goan priests were bypassed in favour of Europeans and after continued pressure by Indians, the St. Thomas clerics (e.g. Bishop Joseph Kariattil) for the appointment to the vacant sees of Cranganore and Mylapore. As a result of this refusal, they hatched the conspiracy along with Abbé Faria. They also managed to obtain the sympathy of similarly disaffected Christians in the Army and local clergy.

The conspirators also negotiated secretly with Tippu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, inviting him to support their rule in Goa after they had thrown Goa into disorder.

The conspiracy was revealed by a Goan Catholic baker from Salcette to the authorities (the conspirators had approached him to poison the Army's bread supplies), thereby preventing invasion from the Muslim sultanate and similar ill-treatment of Goan Catholics as what was taking place during the Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam.

Aftermath
The conspiracy being made known to the authorities, they took vigorous steps to pre-empt it. Some of the conspirators fled in disguise to British territory. However, the authorities arrested and punished 47 persons, including 17 priests and seven army officers.

The area around the present day GPO (General Post Office) in Panjim is called São Tomé. The present GPO building used to be the old tobacco house, and the building to its right was the Government Mint. The area in front of these buildings was the old Panjim pillory and used to be the site of public executions, and was where fifteen conspirators of the failed revolt were executed.

Gonçalves fled to British territory and lived the remainder of his life as an English teacher in Calcutta. Abbé Faria teamed up with the French Revolutionaries and participated along with the "juring" clerics in the Revolutionaries' brutal persecution of the Catholic Church in France and elsewhere. Two Pinto brothers Lt. Col Francisco and Jose Antonio joined the army of the Maratha Empire.

For decades after, the Conspiracy was used as a stick to defame and denigrate Goan missionaries and priests in British India by their opponents, the Vicars Apostolic of the Propaganda party, Goans being of the Padroado party. The incident was used to represent the Goans to the British government and to the Christians in British India as untrustworthy, rebellious and willing to compromise with their own enemies (Tipu Sultan). This became Goa's black legend.

title: Conspiracy of the Pintos


text: User talk:69.143.1.0

title: User talk:69.143.1.0


text:
User:Jtdarlington

You have reached the user page for "Jtdarlington". Don't you feel special now? On the off chance that you're mildly interested, yes, I am Jeffrey T. Darlington, creator of General Protection Fault, the comic strip. I won't contribute all that often, but I do occasionally peruse the GPF and other webcomics-related articles, looking for minor mistakes that can be easily corrected. I was once a curator of the Keenspot private Wiki for Keenspot members (which is not accessible to outsiders, sorry). The official GPF Wiki, though, runs MediaWiki and is alive and kickin'; I'd link to it, but I've had external links removed from my user page in the past for some reason. Follow the obvious chain of links and you'll get there eventually.

I will be forever sad until the color of link for my name changes from red to blue (hint hint)....

title: User:Jtdarlington


text:
Lisa Girman

Lisa Girman is a former Pennsylvania State Police Trooper and former reservist in the United States Army.

Girman served 17 years in the reserves, and rose to the rank of master sergeant.

Girman was given an "other-than-honorable" discharge while serving as a prison guard at Camp Bucca in Iraq. Girman and three other guards are alleged to have beaten Iraqi prisoners in retaliation for the alleged mistreatment of Jessica Lynch.

Girman maintains she is innocent. Girman's case was never brought to a court martial, but instead to a non-judicial punishment hearing, where the convening officer found her guilty of maltreatment of prisoners. She then faced a Separation Board, which gave her an "other than honorable" discharge from the Reserves. Later, the charges were reviewed by the Army Discharge Review Board, and her "other-than-honorable" discharge was reversed.

title: Lisa Girman


text:
Sajjad Zaheer

Syed Sajjad Zaheer (5 November 1905 –  13 September 1973) was an Indian Urdu writer, Marxist ideologue and radical revolutionary who worked in both India and Pakistan. In the pre-independence era, he was a member of the Communist Party of India and the Progressive Writers' Movement. Upon independence and partition, he moved to the newly created Pakistan and became a founding member of the Communist Party of Pakistan.

Early life and education
Zaheer was born in Lucknow in 1905 and was the fourth son of Syed Wazir Hasan, a judge at the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad. He got his BA degree from the University of Lucknow in 1924. He then left for New College, Oxford for further studies. In his final year at Oxford, he contracted tuberculosis and was sent to a sanatorium in Switzerland. On returning to England, he was influenced by the communist leader Shapurji Saklatvala and joined the Oxford Majlis. He attended the second Congress of the League against Imperialism held in Frankfurt, where he met influential leaders like Viren Chattopadhyay, Saumyendranath Tagore, N. M. Jaisoorya and Raja Mahendra Pratap. He also started the newspaper Bharat in 1930 in England. He graduated from Oxford University with a degree in BA in 1931. After finishing his studies at Oxford he travelled through Germany, Italy, Denmark and Austria on his journey back to India in 1932.

In December 1932, Zaheer along with a group of friends published his first book Angarey. The book was met with outrage from both the religious and civil authorities in British India and was subsequently banned by the government. Following the uproar due to the release of Angarey, he was sent to London by his father in March 1933 to study law at Lincoln's Inn.

Political career
In 1935, he and novelist Mulk Raj Anand went to Paris to attend the International Congress for Defense of Culture organised by André Gide. Influenced by the conference he established the Indian Progressive Writers' Association in London. The first conference of the association was held on 9 and 10 April 1936. After returning to India, he organised the first conference of the Progressive Writers’ Association in Lucknow on April 9, 1936, and started working as its general secretary. He along with Sohan Singh Josh started the first Marxist journal in Urdu, Chingari, in Saharanpur.

He became Uttar Pradesh state secretary of the Communist Party of India (CPI) as well as a member of the working committee of the Congress in 1936. He was nominated in charge of the Delhi branch of the CPI in 1939 and was jailed for two years during the Second World War for opposing Indian participation in it. After his release in 1942, he became the editor of the CPI newspaper Qaumi Jung (People's War) and Naya Zamana (New Age) in Bombay. He also helped to organize the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA) and the All India Kisan Sabha.

After partition, Sajjad Zaheer along with Sibte Hasan and Mian Iftekhar-ud-Din started the Communist Party of Pakistan. They were appointed Secretary General of the party. In 1951, he was arrested in the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case along with Faiz Ahmed Faiz. He remained in jail for four years and upon release was given Indian citizenship by Jawaharlal Nehru.

While in India he continued to work in cultural activities organized by the Communist Party of India. He revived the All India Progressive Writers’ Association, became secretary of the Indian chapter of the Afro-Asian Writers' Association, and also worked as editor of Awami Daur (People's Era) and the daily Hayat

He died in 1973 while attending a literary conference in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan.

Literary career
Zaheer started his literary career with a collection of short stories, Angarey (embers) in 1932. It had stories by Sajjad Zaheer, Ahmed Ali, Rashid Jahan and Mahmud-uz-Zafar. It was banned in 1933 by the British Government of India "for hurting the religious susceptibilities of a section of the community." This gave rise to the All-India Progressive Writers' Movement & Association of which both Sajjad Zaheer and Ahmed Ali were co-founders. In 1935 he wrote a novel called London ki Ek Raat based on his experience of London. In 1944 a collection of letters to his wife from the prisons of Lucknow and Allahabad was published as Nuqush-e-Zindan. He also wrote Roshnai, a history-cum-memoir of the early days of the progressive movement (1956), Zikr-e-Hafiz, a critical look at the works of the legendary Persian poet Hafiz (1956), and a collection of poems in vers libre called Pighla Neelam (1964).

In addition, Zaheer also served as the editor of several papers and magazines throughout his career including Bharat, Chingari, Qaumi Jung, Naya Zamana, Awami Daur and Hayat. He was also an avid translator, producing Urdu versions of Tagore's Gora, Voltaire's Candide and Shakespeare's Othello.

Personal life
Sajjad and his wife Razia Sajjad Zaheer had four daughters, including Naseem Bhatia, who holds a PhD in history (ancient history) from a Russian university.

Published writings
The published works of Zaheer include.
 * Angarey (Nizami Press, Lucknow, 1932)
 * Beemaar (Jamia Press, Delhi)
 * London Ki Ek Raat لندن کی ایک رات - (Halqaye-e-adab, Lucknow, 1942)
 * Urdu, Hindi, Hindustani (Kutab Publishers, Bombay, 1947)
 * Letters: Naquoosh-e-Zindaan (Maktaba Shahrah, Delhi, 1951)
 * Zikr-e-Hafiz زکرِخافظ (Anjuman Tarraqui-e Urdu, Aligarh, 1956)
 * Roshnai روشنائی Roshnai (Maktaba Urdu, Lahore, 1956)
 * Pighla Nilamپِگھلا نیلم (Nai Roshani Prakashan, Delhi, 1964)
 * Meri Suno (Star Publishers, Delhi, 1967)
 * Mazzamein-e-Sajjad Zaheer (published posthumously by the UP Urdu Academy, Lucknow, 1979)
 * A translation of Shakespeare's Othello
 * A translation of Candide
 * A translation of Gora (novel written by Tagore)
 * A translation of The Prophet (written by Khalil Gibran)

title: Sajjad Zaheer


text:
Osvaldo de Jesus Serra Van-Dúnem

Osvaldo de Jesus Serra Van-Dúnem (8 August 1950 – 4 February 2006) was an Angolan politician and diplomat. His surname is of Flemish origin, from the well known Angolan Family, "the Van-Dúnem family". He was appointed Interior Minister on 16 December 2002 by Prime Minister Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos. From 1999 to 2002, he was the ambassador of Angola to Portugal. He left this post to become the minister. In May 2006, Van-Dúnem died while visiting Brazil.

title: Osvaldo de Jesus Serra Van-Dúnem


text:
Ivan Caryll

Félix Marie Henri Tilkin (12 May 1861 – 29 November 1921), better known by his pen name Ivan Caryll, was a Belgian-born composer of operettas and Edwardian musical comedies in the English language, who made his career in London and later New York. He composed (or contributed to) some forty musical comedies and operettas.

Caryll's career encompassed three eras of the musical theatre, and unlike some of his contemporaries, he adapted readily to each new development. After composing a few musical burlesques, his first great successes were made in light musical comedies, epitomised by the George Edwardes productions at London's Gaiety Theatre, such as The Shop Girl, The Circus Girl, The Gay Parisienne, and A Runaway Girl. He continued to write musical comedies throughout the next decade, including such hits as The Messenger Boy, The Toreador, The Girl From Kays, The Earl and the Girl, The Orchid, The Spring Chicken, The Girls of Gottenberg and Our Miss Gibbs. He also wrote some operetta scores, such as The Duchess of Dantzic. After this he moved to New York City, where he became an American citizen; his last works, including The Girl Behind the Gun (which became a London hit as Kissing Time), incorporated the new fox-trot and one-step rhythms. At the peak of his career, he had the unparalleled distinction of having five musicals running at the same time in the West End.

Life and career
Caryll was born in Liège, Belgium, the son of Henry Tilkin, an engineer. He studied at the Liège Conservatoire, where he was a fellow student of Eugène Ysaÿe. He then moved to France to study singing at the Paris Conservatoire, where a classmate was Rose Caron. He moved to London in 1882. He was married for a time in the 1890s to Gilbert and Sullivan star Geraldine Ulmar. Later, he married Maud Hill. He had a daughter named Primrose Caryll, who became an actress.

The dashing, moustachioed Caryll was known as one of the best dressed men in London. He was an extravagant spender and a popular and lavish host, entertaining his theatrical friends in princely style. Caryll's free spending ways caused him trouble occasionally, and he had a few narrow escapes from his creditors.

Early career
At first, Caryll earned a poor living by giving music lessons to women in the suburbs. Then he sold some songs to George Edwardes, who eventually hired him as the musical director for the Gaiety and Lyric Theatres. He attempted to raise orchestral standards by banning the deputy system, under which a player who was offered a lucrative engagement could send a substitute to perform in the theatre.

Caryll's first theatre piece was Lily of Léoville in 1886. He sent the score to Camille Saint-Saëns, who used his influence to have it staged at the Bouffes Parisiens. Violet Melnotte secured the English rights, and it was presented in London featuring a young Hayden Coffin. This was followed the same year by Monte Cristo Jr., a burlesque for the Gaiety and then by a number of shows produced for the Lyric, culminating with the very successful Little Christopher Columbus (1893). In 1890, he added numbers to the English-language version of La cigale et la fourmi. Caryll, known as a very expressive conductor, conducted W. S. Gilbert and Alfred Cellier's The Mountebanks at the Lyric in 1892. Cellier died during rehearsals for the piece, and Caryll wrote the overture, the entr'acte, and finished some of the orchestration. His work on the piece received critical praise. Also in 1892, with George Dance, Caryll adapted an opéra comique called Ma mie Rosette, based on a French piece by Paul Lacôme, starring Jessie Bond and Courtice Pounds at the Globe Theatre. Caryll recalled of this production that he had been much criticised for adding numbers to Lacome's original score, although Lacome had specially requested him to do so.

Caryll's first big success at the Gaiety was The Shop Girl (1894), which ran for an almost unprecedented 546 performances and heralded a new form of respectable musical comedy in London. The composer conducted the piece himself. Meanwhile, Caryll also had success elsewhere. The Gay Parisienne (1896), written with George Dance, ran for 369 performances at the Duke of York's Theatre, played in New York as The Girl from Paris (281 performances) and toured internationally. At the same time, he continued to compose shows at other theatres, including the comic opera Dandy Dick Whittington (1895), at the Avenue Theatre, with a libretto by George Robert Sims.

Caryll composed the music for almost all the Gaiety musical comedies over the next decade, in collaboration with Lionel Monckton, and also established himself as the most famous conductor of light music in England. Edwardes apparently liked to have the word 'girl' in the titles of the shows, so The Shop Girl was followed by My Girl, The Circus Girl (with over 500 performances in 1896 and 1897) and A Runaway Girl (1898). The Lucky Star was a less successful three-act comic opera (1899, produced by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, based on L'Etoile, an opéra-bouffe by Emmanuel Chabrier). It may have been too risqué for the Savoy Theatre audiences.

Caryll was said to compose very quickly in intense bouts. His scores were noted for swirling waltzes and semi-operatic finales. He often took trips to Paris and elsewhere in search of new musical plays that he could adapt into English. Caryll's output also included songs, dances and salon pieces for his own light orchestra, for which Edward Elgar composed his shapely Serenade Lyrique in 1899.

20th century London pieces
After the turn of the century, Caryll wrote more successful scores, including The Messenger Boy (1900), The Toreador (1901) (with well over 600 performances), The Ladies' Paradise (1901) (libretto by George Dance; the first musical comedy to be presented at the Metropolitan Opera in New York), The Girl From Kays (1902), The Cherry Girl (1902), The Earl and the Girl (1903; another success, starring Walter Passmore and Henry Lytton), The Orchid (1903), and The Duchess of Dantzic (1903), a comic opera based on the story of Napoleon and Madame Sans-Gêne, the washerwoman who married Marshal Lefebvre and became a duchess. During the Christmas season of 1903, he had what was at that time the unparalleled distinction of having five musicals running at the same time in the West End.

Despite these successes, Caryll began to grow jealous of Monckton, who often wrote the most popular numbers in the shows. Still, they continued to work together, producing several successes: The Spring Chicken (1905), The New Aladdin (1906), The Girls of Gottenberg (1907), and the even more popular Our Miss Gibbs (1909), which ran for 636 performances. Typical of the plots of these shows, Our Miss Gibbs concerns a shop girl, courted by an earl in disguise. During this period, Caryll also wrote the less successful The Little Cherub (1906).

Many of Caryll's musicals were given in Paris, Vienna, and Budapest at a time when the English-language musicals were largely ignored on the continent, and he composed original scores for Paris (S.A.R., or Son altesse royale, 1908) and Vienna (Die Reise nach Cuba, 1901).

Broadway musicals
Caryll relocated to New York City in 1910, where he became an American citizen and composed more than a dozen Broadway musicals, including The Pink Lady (1911, with Hugh Morton), Oh! Oh! Delphine!!! (1912), Chin-Chin (1914; including "Ragtime Temple Bells"), Jack o'Lantern (1917), and The Girl Behind the Gun (1918, with a book by P. G. Wodehouse and Guy Bolton; the following year, it was a hit in London as Kissing Time). According to Wodehouse, Caryll was widely known as "Fabulous Felix", and "lived en prince ... having apartments in both London and Paris as well as a villa containing five bathrooms overlooking the Deauville racecourse."

Caryll died of a haemorrhage in New York at age 60 while rehearsing the musical Little Miss Raffles, which, contrary to the title of his New York Times obituary, he had not finished composing. It was completed after his death, with a score mostly by Armand Vecsey, and produced under the title The Hotel Mouse on Broadway in 1922.

title: Ivan Caryll


text:
Talk:Milwaukee County Stadium

Football teams on same sideline
The comment intrigues me. The picture seems to show teams on both sides, and certainly there is enough room for a team on each side. One source I googled says teams occupied the same side because one side had poor sight lines. That's really hard for me to imagine. So what's the scoop? BlongerBros 23:51, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe what you're seeing is photographers and staff on the first base side - the teams did indeed sit on the same side of the field. I haven't heard that sightlines dictated this, but will look for reference.  --Chancemichaels 17:58, 21 November 2006 (UTC)Chancemichaels
 * My guess would be that the benches were on the outfield side so as not to block the sightlines of the spectators in the low-rise box seats on the first base side; and that this put both benches in the sunlight, which would have been a good thing to have on a cold late-fall day. Wahkeenah 18:04, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You could be right, but in the absence of any confirmable information we should stick to the facts and avoid speculation as to why. --Chancemichaels 22:25, 21 November 2006 (UTC)Chancemichaels
 * Including the statement "had to". It suffices to say that they occupied the same side of the field. Wahkeenah 23:12, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. If we can come up with any verifiable information as to why, then we should put it back.  Until then, I think the section works pretty well - thanks!  --Chancemichaels 15:01, 22 November 2006 (UTC)Chancemichaels

Name of Stadium
The article currently states that locally the stadium was just "County Stadium". Well, I'm a local, and I always called it Milwaukee County Stadium, as did most people I know. Not that we wouldn't refer to it as County Stadium for short... but that's like people saying, "the stick" instead of Candlestick Park. 69.215.145.185 (talk) 12:29, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The baseball guides of that era called it both ways, depending on the context. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 14:01, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I can accept that, but do we really need "in context"? Wouldn't "Milwaukee County Stadium (or just County Stadium) was a ballpark" be less awkward?  38.117.200.131 (talk) 14:44, 25 September 2008 (UTC)SixFourThree
 * How so? Is there only one "County Stadium" in the entire universe? Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 15:00, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Milwaukee's County Stadium should redirect to this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.81.1.45 (talk) 15:48, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Teepee
I recall an American Indian teepee where bernie brewers mug was. The Indian would come out of the teepee and dance every time the braves hit a home run. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.229.131.73 (talk) 22:08, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, that was Chief Noc-A-Homa. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 22:19, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup Request
I just noticed the following text in the Pink Floyd section: "To be more specific, (I was there) the clouds opened up at the very end of Dark Side Of The Moon, when the line, "And the sun is eclipsed by the moon" was sung, just wide enough to reveal the full moon, just to audience right, above the right field foul pole. The entire crowd gasped, and starting yelling at the band to check it out. Then as the heartbeat that ends the album faded, the clouds closed up, and as the last beat struck, the moon was gone, never to reappear the rest of the night. I still get goosebumps remembering that moment."

This is Wikipedia, not a place for personal recollections. 172.10.102.6 (talk) 19:30, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

Thank you for removing that, but then this was added: "Also in 1975, Pink Floyd performed at County Stadium. An urban legend has sprung up around this show – according to legend, the dark and brooding clouds parted and revealed a brilliant moon just as the band was launching into the line "I'll see you on the dark side of the moon."

It sounds strikingly similar, just worded differently. And a link to an urban legend? How is this still wiki worthy? 172.58.144.1 (talk) 18:07, 18 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:38, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Milwaukee County Stadium 2000.jpg

title: Talk:Milwaukee County Stadium


text: User talk:65.217.188.20

title: User talk:65.217.188.20


text:
WKCR-FM

WKCR-FM (89.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to New York, New York, United States. The station is owned by Columbia University and serves the New York metropolitan area. Founded in 1941, the station traces its history back to 1908 with the first operations of the Columbia University Radio Club (CURC). In 1956, it became one of the first college radio stations to adopt FM broadcasting, which had been invented two decades earlier by Professor Edwin Howard Armstrong. The station was preceded by student involvement in W2XMN, an experimental FM station founded by Armstrong, for which the CURC provided programming. Originally an education-focused station, since the Columbia University protests of 1968, WKCR-FM has shifted its focus towards alternative musical programming, with an emphasis on jazz, classical, and hip hop.

WKCR has been described as one of the premier stations for jazz in the United States, having been involved in the New York jazz scene from its founding; one of its first broadcasts was the earliest performance by Thelonious Monk on radio. Through The Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Show, it has played an instrumental role in the development of hip hop since the 1990s. It was also one of the first stations in the United States to broadcast salsa.

The station made its first AM broadcast out of John Jay Hall and its first FM broadcast from Philosophy Hall, where Armstrong had invented FM. In 1958, it moved its transmitter to the DuMont Building on Madison Avenue. Following a decade of bureaucratic struggle against the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the Federal Communications Commission, it began transmitting from an antenna atop the World Trade Center in 1985. After the towers' destruction in 2001, the station broadcast for a brief period of time from a backup transmitter on the roof of Carman Hall, before moving to 4 Times Square in 2003, where it remains today. Its studios are currently located in Alfred Lerner Hall.

Wireless Telegraphy Club
The first recorded instance of radio experimentation at Columbia took place in 1906, in the same year as the first AM radio transmission made by Reginald Fessenden. Records indicate that a Columbia University Experimental Wireless Station had set up a cagetype radio antenna between the chimneys of Havemeyer Hall and Schermerhorn Hall.

What is now WKCRFM originated as the Wireless Telegraph Club of Columbia University, now under the name Columbia University Amateur Radio Club. Founded in 1908, one year before the Harvard Wireless Club (W1AF) and the MIT Radio Society (W1MX), it is the oldest amateur radio society. It set up its first experimental station on the roof of University Hall, where Uris Hall now stands, in November of that year with the blessings of Professor Mihajlo Pupin, who donated a corner of his laboratory in Havemeyer Hall to the club, as well a large electromagnetic coil.

Originally intended only for catching stray signals from passing ships, the station was soon used to communicate with stations from other universities and other stations in New York City. It engaged in its first test with the Wireless Association at Princeton University in 1909, and in March of that year, it was used to receive the results of a basketball game against the University of Pennsylvania from The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, the first such use of radio by college students.

By 1915, the Wireless Club was known as the Columbia University Radio Club (CURC). The CURC made its first broadcasts with its ham radio station, W2AEE. The call sign was assigned to the CURC as early as 1931 and still operates under the Columbia University Amateur Radio Club. Its first recorded broadcast was in 1933, and the station received its license in 1938.

Carrier current AM station
In 1933, FM broadcasting was invented by Professor of Electrical Engineering Edwin Howard Armstrong in the basement of Philosophy Hall. As an undergraduate at Columbia, he had studied under Pupin and invented the regenerative circuit. Immediately after his graduation in 1913, he was offered a position at the university, and continued his experimentation with radios. In 1914, he strung up another antenna between Havemeyer and Schermerhorn Halls for a new radio. At the time, it was considered "one of the best on the eastern coast", and could reportedly receive signals from as far away as Honolulu, Hawaii. Following his invention of FM, Armstrong created W2XMN, the first regularly operated FM radio station, which made its first broadcast on July 18, 1939. Soon after its completion, the CURC began using W2XMN to test the potential of FM for college radio. The CURC made its first public and FM broadcasts on W2XMN, for which it provided programming.

WKCR proper was founded in 1940. The original station was built almost singlehandedly by electrical engineering student William Hutchins in his room in John Jay Hall. Armstrong donated a microphone and turntables to the fledgling station. While setting the station up, the Radio Club engaged in illegal experimentation, exceeding FCC minimum power regulations for carrier current transmission. Under the name CURC, the station made its unofficial debut on December 31, 1940, with a broadcast of audio from a New Year's Eve party in John Jay Dining Hall. Its official maiden broadcast was made on February 24, 1941, and opened with a recording of "Roar, Lion, Roar", followed by light classical music, a 15minute sports show, 40 minutes of jazz, a campus news summary, and symphonic music. The station soon moved its headquarters to the space between Hartley Hall and Hamilton Hall.

Within its first year, CURC was broadcasting 18 hours a day, including $10 1/2$hours of rebroadcasts from W71NY and W2XMN. After the FCC officially recognized college radio stations in 1946, the station received the official call sign of WKCR (standing for "King's Crown Radio"); the designation was originally used by a Merchant Marine ship, the SS Miramar.

WKCR-FM
In February 1956, Columbia University applied for a construction permit for a new 10-watt station at 89.9 MHz. The FCC approved on April 5, and the first tests of the new station were carried out on May 14; full-time programming did not begin until October 8 for New York's third noncommercial radio outlet. It used a tenwatt transmitter that once belonged to Armstrong, which it installed on the roof of Philosophy Hall, as well as $25,000 worth of mast control equipment donated by WMCA. A third of the student volunteers for WKCR-FM were women from the affiliated Barnard College.

Until the 1970s, the carrier current WKCR, focused largely on music broadcasting and restricted to campus, coexisted with WKCRFM, which covered the entire New York metropolitan area with a greater emphasis on education. Programming was largely university sports, lecture series, classical music, and broadcasts from the United Nations, including many interviews with representatives of foreign nations.

WKCRFM began broadcasting from the DuMont Building on Madison Avenue in 1958, and in 1964 it became the first noncommercial radio station to broadcast in stereo. During the 1960s, the station would continue to develop its educational content. Members of the news department would travel to Washington, D.C. annually to interview political figures, while WKCR became the only station in the New York area to carry United Nations General Assembly meetings in full. While the station's musical programming mainly focused on classical, it also played jazz, folk, bluegrass, and show tunes. Guests who were interviewed on the station during this time period included Martin Luther King Jr., William F. Buckley Jr., and Jimmy Hoffa.

The protests of 1968
During the Columbia University protests of 1968, WKCR was the only source of live news from the university. With 50 or 60 students working in shifts, it was able to provide near-nonstop coverage for the week of protests. During the protests, the station had several "special operations" groups—student experts on telephone systems, key collectors who were able to open every lock on campus, and experts in acquiring telephone equipment that, according to station engineer Jon Perelstein, "a college radio station probably shouldn't have had"—which, by breaking into telephone distribution panel rooms through the university tunnel system, were able to appropriate campus phone lines so that reporters could instantly communicate with station headquarters from any of the occupied buildings. According to one story, when the police stormed Low Memorial Library, a staff member picked up one of the phones and began reporting on the events. When a policeman came over and destroyed the phone he was using, the student simply picked up the phone on the next desk over and continued his report. Station staff also tapped a New York City Police Department phone line that ran from a university telephone distribution panel to a command vehicle outside, and, on radios loaned from W2AEE, stalked frequencies known to be used by the NYPD when planning large operations.

WKCR coverage only stopped for a period of time on April 26, when the university ordered the station to suspend operations. Students demanded the station be allowed to return to the air, and within half an hour the administration relented. The New York Times described WKCR's reporting as "clear and concise with a sound of informality and immediacy". The station contradicted the narratives offered by commercial news outlets, which only broadcast statements made by politicians and university administrators, by offering student perspectives to its audience. When civil rights activists H. Rap Brown and Stokely Carmichael joined the protests, they were interviewed on WKCR. Following the station's involvement in the protests, the university administration has treated the station with animosity.

After 1968, WKCR sought to rid itself of its reputation as a "classroom of the air". The AM carrier current service was discontinued, while the FM station shifted its emphasis from education to music, particularly jazz. The station sought to provide a platform for music that was neglected by commercial radio, adopting the slogan "The Alternative". In a time when most Latin programming focused on older music and romantic ballads, it became one of the first stations in the United States to broadcast salsa. It also welcomed experimental and contemporary classical music, featuring musicians including Karlheinz Stockhausen, John Zorn, Zeena Parkins, and John Cage, who, in 1987, used the WKCR studios once to remix opera music. During a May 29, 1978, minimalist music marathon hosted by staff member Tim Page, the station presented the radio premiers of several leading minimalist compositions, including Einstein on the Beach by Philip Glass and Music for 18 Musicians by Steve Reich. Page also organized a WKCR charity concert which was held on April 1, 1979, in Carnegie Hall, and featured Glass and Reich, in addition to John Cale, Leroy Jenkins, and Ursula Oppens. David Bowie also made a brief appearance to play a duet with Cale on the viola.

The blues and jazz record label Oblivion Records was based at the WKCR studio from 1972 until 1976, when it ceased initial operations. The label was founded by staff member Fred Seibert, who would later go on to found MTV, along with Dick Pennington and folk musician Tom Pomposello. During his time at WKCR, Seibert recorded and published live performances made at the station; notable albums that were recorded or edited at WKCR include Live in New York, featuring Mississippi Fred McDowell and Blues from the Apple, featuring Charles Walker and the New York City Blues Band.

Move to the World Trade Center
WKCR began making plans in 1975 to move its transmitter to 1 World Trade Center, citing deteriorating signal quality due to the construction of the nearby Citigroup Center. Fundraising was completed in September, and the station was given until March 31, 1976, to build its new transmitter. Due to a bureaucratic stalemate, the deadline was missed, and the station had to apply for a new lease. The Columbia Daily Spectator reported on September 14, 1976, that negotiations with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey were in their final stages, and that the move was projected to take place before January 1, 1977. In July 1977, The New York Times announced that WKCR would move by September 15 of that year, and would the first station to transmit from the World Trade Center. A nine-day, 200-hour long Louis Armstrong festival was planned to inaugurate the station's new transmitter.

The move was delayed again when the Port Authority declared two of the application forms to be incomplete. The applications were resubmitted, and in November, the Port Authority announced that the station would be able to make the move within a month. However, a day before the station was to install its new antenna, the Port Authority intervened, stating that the antenna was not built to withstand strong enough winds. Despite an earlier agreement that the Port Authority would cover the costs for any transmitter and antenna modification or replacement, when confronted by station officials, the Port Authority refused to pay, denying that the agreement was ever made in the first place. A new antenna, built to the Port Authority's specifications, was constructed in September 1978, and the Port Authority announced that it would grant the station its approval again in a few weeks. In January 1979, WKCR received a $43,912 grant from the Office of Education of the United States Department of Health and Human Services to aid in its move to the Twin Towers. The move was delayed once more until 1981, due to a legal dispute with an unnamed New Yorkbased station over transmitter interference.

WKCR's Madison Avenue transmitter continued to deteriorate until it finally broke down on July 17, 1981. By then, the World Trade Center antenna had already been installed, though the station's FCC permit to finally move had recently expired while it was dealing with a hum which had interfered with broadcasts for the past three weeks. The station began transmitting from the Twin Towers for the first time at 9:30am on July 20, though the broadcast was shut down after 45 minutes by the FCC, forcing WKCR to repair and continue to use its old antenna. In July 1982, the FCC fined the station $8,000 for violations of federal equipment and licensing regulation, which were discovered during an allegedly routine and random inspection. The station was accused of failing to replace broken equipment, which had caused the station's frequency to creep up from 89.9 to 89.95. WKCR Manager Andy Caploe responded that the station could not have known whether there were any problems with the transmitter in the first place, because its testing equipment was also broken.

The station finally made the move in April 1985, where it would continue broadcast from for the next sixteen years.

Recent history
From 1990 to 1998, WKCR broadcast The Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Show, hosted by DJ Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Garcia. The show served as an alternative to commercial hip hop radio, airing mostly obscure, unsigned artists, a number of whom would later dominate the hip hop scene in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The show has been credited with introducing the world to Biggie Smalls, Eminem, Jay-Z, Big L, Big Pun, Fat Joe, Wu Tang Clan, Mobb Deep, and the Fugees, among others. The Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Show was voted the "best hip-hop show of all time" by The Source in 1998.

WKCR's transmitter was destroyed on September 11, 2001, when a hijacked plane destroyed the North Tower of the World Trade Center. For the next two years, the station broadcast from its backup transmitter atop Carman Hall. Its range was severely reduced, its signal barely reaching past a 20-mile radius until 2003, when the station was able to set up a new antenna at 4 Times Square, where it remains today.

WKCR was one of four FM radio stations that transmitted from the World Trade Center at the time of its destruction, the others being WNYC-FM, WKTU, and WPAT-FM. For three weeks beginning on September 17, WKCR loaned its new studio in Lerner Hall to WNYC, which continued broadcasting over its AM adjunct but could not access its headquarters in the Manhattan Municipal Building due to the attacks. WKCR had been planning on moving to Lerner Hall from its temporary studio in Riverside Church before the attacks.

In 2011, The New York Times reported that it was considering a move back to the World Trade Center.

The station was fined $10,000 in 2012 due to a lapse in its record-keeping from 2001 to 2006, which WKCR directors attributed to the turmoil at the station after the 9/11 attacks. WKCR was one of several college radio stations which had been fined by the FCC in recent years, a practice that was criticized as punitive for its lack of distinction between commercial stations and those run by students, which are generally characterized by high turnover and lower budgets. The FCC's policy towards college stations was relaxed in 2013.

In April 2024, the station suspended its regular programming to cover the pro-Palestinian campus occupation.

Early jazz
Jazz has been a staple of WKCR's programming since its very founding, in part due to its proximity to Harlem, where bebop was developing during the 1940s. Its first broadcast as an official station with FCC approval began with "Swing is Here", a record with Gene Krupa and Roy Eldridge. After the 1968 protests at Columbia, the station started to heavily emphasize the genre, and has since hosted numerous prominent jazz musicians at its studio. By the 1990s, it had become one of the premier stations for jazz in the United States. , about 40% of WKCR's airtime is dedicated to jazz.

In June or July 1941, within five months of its official debut, CURC aired the first radio performance by pianist Thelonious Monk. Jerry Newman, a 23yearold student, had begun frequenting and recording performances at Minton's Playhouse, where Monk was the house pianist, in 1940 after being introduced by bassist and vocalist Duke Groner. The 23 acetate disc recordings he made over 1941 constitute the earliest recordings ever made of Monk's playing. The broadcast recording was made by Newman and several CURC members on one afternoon, with Newman and another student alternating as master of ceremonies. Four sets were recorded featuring Monk, Don Byas, Joe Guy, Kenny Clarke, and Helen Humes, and were rushed back to Columbia and played on CURC in the evening. The recordings were later released as Midnight at Minton's in 1973. In a review, WEMU broadcaster Michael G. Nastos described the recordings as "priceless, the document of a transitional period from swing to bop".

WKCR made the first stereo live broadcast of jazz music in 1960. The performance was by Red Allen's band, in which J. C. Higginbotham was the trombonist at the time, and was broadcast from the university sundial.

After 1968
Spearheading WKCR's post-1968 transition into a jazz-oriented radio station was Phil Schaap, one of the foremost jazz experts of the late 20th century. He became a disc jockey at the station as a freshman in 1970, and continued to work there pro bono after his graduation until his death in 2021. He was most well known on the station for Bird Flight, a show focusing on Charlie Parker that he started in 1981 and hosted every weekday for about forty years. The New Yorker described Bird Flight as "plac[ing] a degree of attention on the music of the bebop saxophonist Charlie Parker that is so obsessive, so ardent and detailed, that Schaap frequently sounds like a mad Talmudic scholar who has decided that the laws of humankind reside not in the ancient Babylonian tractates but in alternate takes of 'Moose the Mooche' and 'Swedish Schnapps.' " The red Naugahyde armchair for visitors in the WKCR studio is named the "Dizzy Gillespie chair", after the trumpeter sat there during an hours-long conversation with Schaap.

Beginning in 1970, WKCR has held several jazz festivals a year, each one focusing on the presentation of the entirety of a single artist's recorded work, in addition to interviews and educational programming. Festival broadcasts generally last 150 hours or longer, and the longest festivals have included the 2000 Louis Armstrong Centennial Festival Part I, which lasted for 184 hours non-stop from June 30 to July 7, and the 1999 Duke Ellington Centennial Festival, which lasted for 240 hours from April 23 to May 1. Musicians that have participated live in their own festivals include Ornette Coleman (February 1975), Roy Eldridge (January 1978), Sonny Rollins (March 1978), Cecil Taylor (March 1979), Max Roach (March 1981), Steve Lacy (November 1981), Benny Carter (August 1982), Eddie Durham (Summer 1986), Sun Ra (April 1987), Dizzy Gillespie (May 1987), Art Blakey (November 1989), Lionel Hampton (May 1990), and Don Cherry (May 1992). In one notable incident, during the March 1976 festival dedicated to Thelonious Monk, a guest expert was explaining how Monk was able to create extraordinary music by playing "wrong notes" on the piano. Monk, who by this point had become a recluse, called the station and instructed them to "tell the guy on the air, 'The piano ain't got no wrong notes' ", before hanging up.

WKCR annually celebrates the birthdays of prominent jazz musicians, including Monk, Louis Armstrong, and Charlie Parker, by playing the entire catalogue of the artist's work in one broadcast. The station also holds jazz marathons on prominent death anniversaries and other special occasions, such as the beginning of a concert series featuring the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians held at Columbia, which the station celebrated with a ninetyhour broadcast starting on May 14, 1977, of the completed recorded works of every member of the organization.

Poet and critic Molly McQuade has praised WKCR's jazz programming, stating that "WKCR's inspired programming feels more like dream logic than traditional radio" and that she is "willingly indebted and harmlessly addicted" to several of the station's programs.

Incidents
When Sputnik 1 was launched on October 4, 1957, WKCR staff recorded its signal during the satellite's first pass over the United States and became the first North American radio station to rebroadcast this signal. The next morning, two FBI agents walked into the station and confiscated the tape. A Freedom of Information Act request was filed on June 28, 2018, requesting the declassification of all documents related to the confiscation of the tapes and their whereabouts. The request was rejected on account of the records having been destroyed in 1975.

WKCR was allegedly hijacked mid-broadcast once around 1995. The interruption reportedly began with eerie screeches and was followed by silence, then by a woman reciting obituaries, including those of Frank Oppenheimer and several victims of the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. After a couple of minutes, the station took control and came back on air as usual. A recording of the incident was uploaded to 4chan in 2013.

List of staff

 * Jon Abbott, media executive and CEO of the WGBH Educational Foundation
 * Adrian Bartos, co-host of The Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Show on WKCR
 * Timothy Brennan, cultural theorist and literature professor
 * Ken Bloom, Grammy-winning theater historian, playwright, and director
 * Laura Cantrell, country singer-songwriter and DJ
 * Gary Cohen, sportscaster; radio and television play-by-play announcer for the New York Mets
 * Stephen Donaldson, bisexual rights and prison reform activist
 * Bobbito Garcia, co-host of The Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Show on WKCR
 * Jim Gardner, news anchor for WPVI-TV; reported on 1968 protests
 * David Garland, singer-songwriter and radio personality on WNYC and WQXR
 * Geologist, member of Animal Collective
 * Ted Gold, member of the Weather Underground who died in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion
 * Mark S. Golub, rabbi; founder of the Jewish Broadcasting Service
 * Ed Goodgold, known as the "father of trivia"; started one of the first trivia shows in the United States on WKCR after coining the term in 1965
 * Alan Goodman, original producer for MTV; creator of Nick-at-Nite and VH-1
 * Ashbel Green, book editor and vice president at Alfred A. Knopf
 * Albie Hecht, president of film and television entertainment for Nickelodeon; president of Spike TV
 * Gary Heidt, conceptual artist, experimental poet, and musician
 * Maria Hinojosa, Mexican-American journalist, anchor and executive producer at National Public Radio
 * Dick Hyman, jazz pianist and composer
 * Soterios Johnson, radio journalist and local host for Morning Edition on WNYC
 * Erica Jong, novel, satirist, and poet; author of Fear of Flying
 * Clark Kent, hip hop producer and music executive
 * Leonard Lopate, radio show host on WBAI and WNYC
 * Melissa Mark-Viverito, speaker of the New York City Council
 * Peter Mauzey, electrical engineer and developer of electronic music technology
 * Joe Mensah, Ghanaian singer, founder of The African Show on WKCR
 * Pete Nice, rapper and basketball historian
 * Tim Page, music critic for The Washington Post; 1997 Pulitzer Prize for Criticism
 * Ted Panken, jazz journalist
 * Ayn Rand, conservative writer and author of The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged; hosted lecture series on WKCR from 1962 to 1966
 * Phil Schaap, six-time Grammy-winning radio host, historian, archivist, and producer
 * Martin Scheiner, inventor and founder of Electronics for Medicine
 * Fred Seibert, original producer for MTV; creator of Nick-at-Nite and VH-1
 * Andrew Setos, engineer; former President of Engineering, Fox Group
 * Robert Siegel, radio journalist; host of All Things Considered on NPR; reported on 1968 protests
 * George Stephanopoulos, senior advisor to President Bill Clinton; co-anchor on Good Morning America
 * Brooke Wentz, record producer and music director for ESPN
 * Pete Wernick, bluegrass musician
 * Stefan Zucker, opera connoisseur

In popular culture

 * WKCR appears in the 2015 film Miles Ahead, in a scene where Miles Davis rebukes Schaap, who played himself, in an angry phone call. The scene was based on a real incident, which took place during the station's 125hour long Miles Davis Festival on July 6, 1979, where Miles, who had already made dozens of "mad, foul, strange calls" to the station during the festival's run, discussed Agharta and reviewed his discography with Schaap for nearly three hours before ordering him to play Sketches of Spain.
 * The station also appeared in the 2015 documentary film Stretch and Bobbito: Radio That Changed Lives, which depicted Adrian Bartos (DJ Stretch Armstrong) and Bobbito Garcia's time as hosts of The Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Show on WKCR.

title: WKCR-FM


text:
Sagarat

Sagarat is a place in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, near Dessie. It is part of the Dessie Zuria woreda and is very close to Kutaber town and Boru Selassie Church to one side. It faces the amba of Miderwasha (on top of which the Church of Saint George is found) in Ambassel. The churches of Sagart Mikael in Sagarat and Miderwasha Giyorgis in Ambassel face each other, the former from the western side and the later from eastern side of the valley of Esmano, which marks the border between the two woredas.

Tradition has it that Emperor Yekuno Amlak of Ethiopia as a young boy was educated in Lake Hayq's Istafanos Church (located in Ambassel), which later became a monastery after he became Emperor of Ethiopia.

title: Sagarat


text:
Talk:Porsche Panamera

Which Continental?
Is it competing against the Continental GT or the Continental Flying Spur ? Hektor 19:30, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

It's more of a competitor to the Continental GT, which is sportier in nature than the Flying Spur, which is larger and softer. Even the GT is a poor cpmpetitor to the Panamera, as the Panamera is going to be lighter weight and more sports-focused.

Current image
That image is only a guess of what its going to look like. It also has a huge water mark in the middle of it. I think it needs to be replaced. X360 00:22, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

I think the picture isn't free. So it shouldn't be used here (intellectual property rights). Please set a link to the picture on the source page. Paule 23:53, 7 December 2006 (MEZ)

 * FYI, I added a factory-sanctioned promotional image which is licensed as Public Domain because pictures like these are. I have also added new reputable External Links which contain new information on the car which has been publicly revealed on the Internet as of 2:00 AM Nov 23, 2008 (GMT + 08:00).

 * Red marquis (talk) 18:20, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Promotional pictures are not PD, so don't try to pretend they are. In addition these ones are in violation of an embargo. So I remove it. Hektor (talk) 10:26, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

 * FYI, Red marquis has been blocked for image copyright violation. Be cautious of any images he might add after the block expires. swa  q  16:53, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Current Picture is still pretty poor - largely obscured. I thought I'd crop this (http://www.flickr.com/photos/magillicuddy/2956405256/) image and use it instead as it seams better. I'm confident the rights would allow this, but thought I'd give people a chance to object in case it is seen as technicaly a worse image becasue of the angle or something, despite the lack of obstruction. Let me know if I should go ahead. Gul e (talk) 00:32, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Is anyone ever going to change that horrible spyshot image? The car has been out for some time now. Porsche has released dozens of pictures and surely one of you have taken an image of it out and about with no camo. Oh, and the images I posted were not violating an embargo. It had been released via Autoblog, after which, every other automotive news channel followed suit - they're the ones who violated the embargo. Not me. Red marquis (talk) 02:53, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Calendar
This sentence is incredibly vague: "On the 2009 calendar, the Panamera turbo can be seen on the September page." What 2009 calandar? The 2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Calendar? 2009 Playboy Calendar? The 2009 NFL Calendar? Whoever added that sentence needs to specify who's (what publisher) calendar they are speaking of. Otherwise the sentence makes no sense and should be deleted. --Patriotic dissent (talk) 08:03, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Biased and outdated
It seems that the article is in general biased against the appearance of the Panamera. This stems in part from the ugliness of the test mule that was seen months before the release of official Panamera pictures. However, now that official pictures have been released, and that some journalists have already seen the car in person (and found it to be not as ugly as initially thought... just different and controversial), I think that this article should:
 * Cut back on talking about the ugliness of the test mule
 * Remove information on artists impressions and speculation on how the car might look
 * Adopt a more objective tone when talking about the car's appearance.
 * Update the information in general.
 * Maybe add its so ugly it makes me sick to look at for a long time

Oh and by the way, it seems that the Lamborghini Estoque isn't going into production so the sentence claiming that the Panamera is going to compete with the Estoque should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.6.232.179 (talk) 03:15, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Very out of date now in 2015. Urgently needs updating with new models. Philsy (talk) 17:45, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Weird wording
"Porsche will keep production rate at around 20,000 cars per year." What does that mean? Will they scrap those cars that they cannot sell of the 20000? Or do they seriously expect to get more than 20000 orders per year, for a car starting at about 100000 Euro? That would effectively double (?) the market segment of high-price luxury saloons. Maybe the statement should be redrafted. Thyl Engelhardt 213.70.217.172 (talk) 11:26, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

US Market
Aren't the offerings different in the US market? I.E. No V6, PDK standard, manual not available? Bcworkz (talk) 18:32, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Is it a sedan or a hatchback?
The article states Panamera is a sedan/saloon. Isn't it a hatchback? North wiki (talk) 06:54, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

 * As noted at Talk:Porsche, it should be identified in the article as it is in the references, i.e., sedan. Alanraywiki (talk) 04:06, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

This car is not a 4 door sedan, it's a 5 door liftback: http://www.arpem.com/coches/coches/porsche/panamera/fotos/porsche-panamera-s-estatica3.jpg http://www.lastautonews.com/last-auto-news/porsche-panamera-sedan-launched-shows-a-liftback-bodystyle/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.60.32.45 (talk) 20:54, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

There is another classification that specifically is a 4 door with a hatch....it's called a station wagon. 207.81.141.208 (talk) 03:21, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

Move
I nominate that this article be moved to Porsche Panamera Gran Turismo as it is the car's full name. In fact Porsche calls it as such in their promotion. -Red marquis (talk) 09:19, 26 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't agree with this move. We should stick with the common name which is just Porsche Panamera. Just downloaded the brochure from here and it makes no mention of this name. By the way you didn't nominate the move you just went ahead and did it. Bjmullan (talk) 12:48, 26 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Moved the article back to the original title, pending consensus. GoldDragon (talk) 14:56, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

In depth tour
Most detailed video tour of the car: here 124.149.112.100 (talk) 04:47, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

You can do a sweatpants (Porsche Panamera) and jeans (Lexus ES) comparison. That's ok!
First of all, the Lexus ES is sportier in nature than the Toyota Camry. Secondly, the Lexus will be executive sport-focused! And finally, between these two pants is that the sweats are sporty while the jeans are built for photogenic and style.

Sweats -- sporty, warm, cute, soft, exercise and warm-up wear, etc

Jeans -- just to commute in, for looks, etc. A lot of them are really, really cute because they make you photogenic like a celebrity.

70.135.110.135 (talk) 23:36, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm not quite sure what you are talking about. The Panamera competes in a certain market segment.  The Camry/Lexus ES350 is not in that market.  The references cited do not include the Lexus.  And, the number changes you made were not sourced (games are not a reliable source.) 72Dino (talk) 23:40, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

 * The Panamera and the Lexus ES don't seem to be in the same class.

 * Obviously the Panamera is a luxury sport scar that happens to have 4 doors and the ES is a luxury car with no sporting pretentions at all. Therefore the Lexus ES is not in the same class.  Stepho  talk 02:42, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Lexus is not Daewoo, so it does belong on the list!
Panameras compare to bigger pants, while Daewoos compare to pajamas and very small clothes you grew out of.

70.135.110.135 (talk) 00:44, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Try loosening the pajama pants tied around your neck; they seem to be constricting bloodflow to your brain.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  00:10, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

Earlier Porsche sedan(s)?
Porsche considered a sedan in the 60s or early 70s. Didn't a Porsche executive build his own? Would this be something to feature in this article? I think it would fit great. --RThompson82 (talk) 00:28, 9 September 2012 (UTC)
 * There is a section and image at the Porsche 928 article about the four-door Study H50 based on the 928 (it's towards the bottom of the article.) 72Dino (talk) 00:35, 9 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I meant an earlier model, its a 911-derived car, as I recall. Anyone remember that? --67.171.164.195 (talk) 04:41, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

Publicity - Taxamera
I have removed the sentence on the "Taxamera" as this isn't an official Porsche model or even acknowledged by Porsche, and the reference just appears to point to an auto blog commenting on a Panamera being used as a taxi. Buyoof (talk) 17:13, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

Engine background colors
The background coloring of the engine specs for each generation is very distracting, biased, and childish. Please, go ahead and add different colored backgrounds to all of Wikipedia. Also that 2014 fuel cost chart is pretty dumb, but funny. Because nothing says going green like a giant hole in the ground, toxic water from lithium run off, toxic heavy metals leaking from solar panels, and wind turbine blades being recycled by burning to produce energy. Sorry, went into a rant. Point, dump the colored backgrounds on the engine specs. I'll never check this, so there is no point in a reply about my rant. 73.228.222.112 (talk) 08:08, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Porsche Panamera


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John Bischoff (musician)

John Lee Bischoff (born December 7, 1949) is an American composer, musical performer, teacher and grassroots activist best known as an early pioneer of live computer music. He also gained fame for his solo constructions in real-time synthesis as well as his ground-breaking work in computer network bands.

Early life
A native of San Francisco, John Bischoff is the son of painter Elmer Bischoff. After earning his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from California Institute of the Arts in 1971 and his Master of Fine Arts from Oakland's Mills College in 1973, he studied composition with Robert Moran, James Tenney and Robert Ashley.

Career
He became active in the San Francisco Bay Area experimental music scene where he spent over 25 years performing, composing and teaching. He has participated in San Francisco's New Music America festival in 1981 and New York City's in 1989, where he also performed at Experimental Intermedia and Roulette Intermedium as well as at Los Angeles' Beyond Music Festival.

Bischoff's performance venues in Europe have included the Festival d'Automne in Paris, Akademie der Kunst in Berlin, Fylkingen in Stockholm, and TUBE in Munich. In 1978 he was a founding member of the League of Automatic Music Composers, considered to be the world's first Computer Network Band, and he co-authored an article on the League's music that appears in Foundations of Computer Music (MIT Press, 1985). He was also a founding member of the network band The Hub with which he performed and recorded from 1985 to 1996. Bischoff received a 1999 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award.

John Bischoff has continued as a visiting professor and composer at Mills College and is associated with its Center for Contemporary Music.

Recordings
Recordings of John Bischoff's work are available on:
 * Lovely Music
 * Frog Peak
 * Artifact Recordings

A solo album, APERTURE is available on:
 * 23FIVE INC

title: John Bischoff (musician)


text: User talk:147.253.139.17

title: User talk:147.253.139.17


text:
Pategi

Pategi or Patigi is a town and local government in Kwara State, Nigeria with the headquarters located at the town. The town is the headquarters of Pategi Emirate. It is inhabited by the Nupe people who speak the Nupe language. They are farmers, aquatic sellers/fishers and traders. They are known to be governed by a monarch.

Currently, a new Monarch, in the person of Umar Bologi II, was appointed, by the Government of the State, who happened to be a custom officer in before his appointment to the Office as the leader of Etsu Community.

Settlement
Pategi is a Nupe town along the banks of the Niger River. The township is located within Pategi Local Government Area. The local government is one of the largest Fadama lowlands in the state with River Niger as the primary source of water.

The people
The Nupe people of Pategi are majorly farmers- harvesting cassava, millet, rice, guinea corn, melon. They also make a lot of local snacks such as "efan", "gbankuru", "liala", Kuli-kuli, "dankuwa" "banbara", "alewa" etc. The people of Pategi also engage in fishing. They are also very industrious.

Climate
The temperature varies during the dry season, partly cloudy and partly hot, rarely dropping below 58°F or above 102°F.

History
The settlement of Pategi had existed before the founding of Pategi Emirate but the growth and importance of Pategi grew as a result of the movement of the Edegi ruling house from Gbara and Bida to Pategi, forming a new emirate.

Pategi Emirate
The history of the town is linked with the history of Pategi Emirate. The emirate's formation came as a result of the British conquest of Bida.

Bida was originally the home of the Tsoede Nupe dynasty. However, in 1857, Mallan Dendo who was a Fulani itinerant preacher and a follower of Uthman Dan Fodio and his followers dislodged the Nupe rulers who were already split into factions and established a Fulani emirate. However, there were intermittent opposition by some indigenous or Nupe groups to the rule of Dendo descendants in Bida. Among these rebel groups was the Yissazzhi faction, originally led by Jimada a claimant to the Bida throne prior to the Fulani dynasty of 1857 and in 1897, by Idrissu Gana. They had reluctantly supported the Fulani Emir of Bida in battles against other indigenous rebel groups but when the British waged was against the Fulani emirate of Bida, the group laid down their arms and refused to join Bida. After the British conquest, the Yissazhi under Idrissu Gana were allowed to have their own emirate at Pategi.

During colonial rule, Pategi was a district within Ilorin province and it is the location of the first successful mission of the Sudan Interior Mission.

Regatta
Pategi hosts a boat Pategi Regatta Festival on the terrain of the Niger River in Pategi Beach. In a paper by late Prof. Idrees Aliyu A. "The Patigi Regatta Festival: its origin, historical significance and tourism prospects"; the idea of the Pategi Regatta Festival was conceived in 1950 by the traditional Council of Pategi Emirate under the leadership of Etsu Umaru Bologi and Ahman Pategi, and was inaugurated in 1953. It is a biennial event involving the people of Pategi Emirate and residents living along the banks of the Niger in Kwara, Niger and Kogi states. The main part of the festival consists of canoe races and displays on the Niger at Gbaradogi on the west bank; the second part of the festival takes place in the palace of the Etsu of Pategi and involves a variety of Nupe cultural displays. The festival attracts many tourists from far and wide.

title: Pategi


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A Runaway Girl

A Runaway Girl is an Edwardian musical comedy in two acts written in 1898 by Seymour Hicks and Harry Nicholls. The composer was Ivan Caryll, with additional music by Lionel Monckton and lyrics by Aubrey Hopwood and Harry Greenbank. It was produced by George Edwardes at the Gaiety Theatre, London, opening on 21 May 1898 and ran for a very successful 593 performances. It starred Hicks's wife, Ellaline Terriss and the comic actor Edmund Payne.

The work had stiff competition in London in 1898, as other successful musical comedy openings included A Greek Slave and The Belle of New York. A Runway Girl ran at Daly's Theatre in New York City in 1898 and again in 1900.

The story concerns an Englishwoman who joins a group of musicians in Italy who are really bandits. It is set in Corsica and Venice.

Roles

 * Brother Tamarind (A Lay Brother of St Pierre) – Harry Monkhouse
 * Guy Stanley (Lord Coodle's Nephew) – W. Louis Bradfield
 * Lord Coodle (A Tea House Keeper) – Fred Kaye
 * Signor Paloni (Consul at Corsica) – Robert Nainby
 * Mr. Creel (An Entomologist) – Willie Warde
 * Sir William Hake (A Cook's Tourist) – Fred Wright
 * Leonello (Head of a Wandering Troupe of Musicians) – John Coates
 * Pietro Pascara (Also of the Troupe) – Edward O'Niell
 * Flipper (A Jockey) – Edmund Payne
 * Alice (Lady Coodle's Maid) – Katie Seymour
 * Dorothy Stanley – Ethel Hayden (replaced by Grace Palotta)
 * Carmenita (A Street Musician) – Connie Ediss
 * Lady Coodle – M. Talbot
 * Fraulein Ehrenbreitstein Von Der Höhe (A Cook's Tourist) – Grace Palotta
 * Winifred Grey (An Orphan) – Ellaline Terriss

Musical numbers

 * Act I
 * No. 1 - Opening Chorus and Scene" - "Breathe soft, wind of the South..."
 * No. 2 - Song - Winifred and Chorus - "The Sly Cigarette."
 * No. 3 - Song - Leonello and Chorus - "Sea-girt land of my home..."
 * No. 4 - Chorus - "Hark, the Convent Bell is ringing..."
 * No. 5 - Scene II - Opening Chorus and Scene - "Bright and blue our sunny skies..."
 * No. 6 - Song - Guy and Chorus - "There are girls of every station..."
 * No. 7 - Song - Winifred and Chorus - "I'm only a poor little singing girl..."
 * No. 8 - Duet - Winifred and Guy - "Of all the maids I've ever seen..."
 * No. 9 - Concerted Piece an Dance - "The Man from Cook's."
 * No. 10 - Duet - Carmenita and Tamarind - "We've left Barcelona society..."
 * No. 11 - Finale - Act I - "To Venice."

 * Act II
 * No. 12 - Act II Opening Chorus and Scene - "In Venice when fêtes are swinging..."
 * No. 13 - Trio - Winifred, Guy and Flipper - "We have left pursuit behind us..."
 * No. 14 - Song - Hake and Chorus - "When you're out on the spree..."
 * No. 15 - Song - Dorothy and Chorus - "Soldiers in the Park."
 * No. 16 - Song - Winifred and Chorus - "The lazy town is dreaming..."
 * No. 17 - Carnival Chorus - "Welcome to the Water Fête..."
 * No. 17a - Song - Leonello and Chorus - "Comrades all! Come, see the sight..."
 * No. 18 - Song - Winifred and Chorus - "There was once a little boy..."
 * No. 19 - Duet - Alice and Flipper - "When de twilight's fallin'..."
 * No. 20 - Song - Carmenita and Chorus - "Though my family's pedigree..."
 * No. 21 - Finale - Act II - "I'm only a poor little singing girl..." and "Soldiers in the Park."
 * Addendum 1 - Song - Winifred and Chorus - "When the little pigs begin to fly..."
 * Addendum 2 - Song - Carmenita and Chorus - "I thought it my duty to say so."
 * Addendum 3 - Song - Winifred and Chorus - "Merry little gipsy maid." (marked as "No. 4.")
 * Addendum 4 - Song - Carmenita and Chorus - "Pussy Jumps." (2 verses only)

title: A Runaway Girl


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Hiroshige

Utagawa Hiroshige (, also ; 歌川 広重 ), born Andō Tokutarō (安藤 徳太郎; 1797 – 12 October 1858), was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist, considered the last great master of that tradition.

Hiroshige is best known for his horizontal-format landscape series The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō and for his vertical-format landscape series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo. The subjects of his work were atypical of the ukiyo-e genre, whose typical focus was on beautiful women, popular actors, and other scenes of the urban pleasure districts of Japan's Edo period (1603–1868). The popular series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji by Hokusai was a strong influence on Hiroshige's choice of subject, though Hiroshige's approach was more poetic and ambient than Hokusai's bolder, more formal prints. Subtle use of color was essential in Hiroshige's prints, often printed with multiple impressions in the same area and with extensive use of bokashi (color gradation), both of which were rather labor-intensive techniques.

For scholars and collectors, Hiroshige's death marked the beginning of a rapid decline in the ukiyo-e genre, especially in the face of the westernization that followed the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Hiroshige's work came to have a marked influence on western European painting towards the close of the 19th century as a part of the trend in Japonism. Western European artists, such as Manet and Monet, collected and closely studied Hiroshige's compositions: Vincent van Gogh, for instance, painted copies of some Hiroshige prints.

Early life and apprenticeship
Hiroshige was born in 1797 in the Yayosu Quay section of the Yaesu area in Edo (modern Tokyo). He was of a samurai background, and is the great-grandson of Tanaka Tokuemon, who held a position of power under the Tsugaru clan in the northern province of Mutsu. Hiroshige's grandfather, Mitsuemon, was an archery instructor who worked under the name Sairyūken. Hiroshige's father, Gen'emon, was adopted into the family of Andō Jūemon, whom he succeeded as fire warden for the Yayosu Quay area.

Hiroshige went through several name changes as a youth: Jūemon, Tokubē, and Tetsuzō. He had three sisters, one of whom died when he was three. His mother died in early 1809, and his father followed later in the year, but not before handing his fire warden duties to his twelve-year-old son. He was charged with prevention of fires at Edo Castle, a duty that left him much leisure time.

Not long after his parents' deaths, perhaps at around fourteen, Hiroshige—then named Tokutarō— began painting. He sought the tutelage of Toyokuni of the Utagawa school, but Toyokuni had too many pupils to make room for him. A librarian introduced him instead to Toyohiro of the same school. By 1812 Hiroshige was permitted to sign his works, which he did under the art name Hiroshige. He also studied the techniques of the well-established Kanō school, the nanga whose tradition began with the Chinese Southern School, and the realistic Shijō school, and likely the linear perspective techniques of Western art and uki-e.

Hiroshige's apprentice work included book illustrations and single-sheet ukiyo-e prints of female beauties and kabuki actors in the Utagawa style, sometimes signing them Ichiyūsai or, from 1832, Ichiryūsai. In 1823, he passed his post as fire warden on to his son, though he still acted as an alternate. He declined an offer to succeed Toyohiro upon the master's death in 1828.

Landscapes, flora, and fauna
It was not until 1829–1830 that Hiroshige began to produce the landscapes he has come to be known for, such as the Eight Views of Ōmi series. He also created an increasing number of bird and flower prints about this time. About 1831, his Ten Famous Places in the Eastern Capital appeared, and seem to bear the influence of Hokusai, whose popular landscape series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji had recently seen publication.

An invitation to join an official procession to Kyoto in 1832 gave Hiroshige the opportunity to travel along the Tōkaidō route that linked the two capitals. He sketched the scenery along the way, and when he returned to Edo he produced the series The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō, which contains some of his best-known prints. Hiroshige built on the series' success by following it with others, such as the Illustrated Places of Naniwa (1834), Famous Places of Kyoto (1835), another Eight Views of Ōmi (1834). As he had never been west of Kyoto, Hiroshige-based his illustrations of Naniwa (modern Osaka) and Ōmi Province on pictures found in books and paintings.

Hiroshige's students
Hiroshige II was a young print artist, Chinpei Suzuki, who married Hiroshige's daughter, Otatsu. He was given the artist name of "Shigenobu". Hiroshige intended to make Shigenobu his heir in all matters, and Shigenobu adopted the name "Hiroshige" after his master's death in 1858, and thus today is known as Hiroshige II. However, the marriage to Otatsu was troubled and in 1865 they separated. Otatsu was remarried to another former pupil of Hiroshige, Shigemasa, who appropriated the name of the lineage and today is known as Hiroshige III. Both Hiroshige II and Hiroshige III worked in a distinctive style based on that of Hiroshige, but neither achieved the level of success and recognition accorded to their master. Other students of Hiroshige I include Utagawa Shigemaru, Utagawa Shigekiyo, and Utagawa Hirokage.

Late life
In his declining years, Hiroshige still produced thousands of prints to meet the demand for his works, but few were as good as those of his early and middle periods. He never lived in financial comfort, even in old age. In no small part, his prolific output stemmed from the fact that he was poorly paid per series, although he was still capable of remarkable art when the conditions were right — his great One Hundred Famous Views of Edo (名所江戸百景 Meisho Edo Hyakkei) was paid for up-front by a wealthy Buddhist priest in love with the daughter of the publisher, Uoya Eikichi (a former fishmonger).

In 1856, Hiroshige "retired from the world," becoming a Buddhist monk; this was the year he began his One Hundred Famous Views of Edo. He died aged 62 during the great Edo cholera epidemic of 1858 (whether the epidemic killed him is unknown) and was buried in a Zen Buddhist temple in Asakusa. Just before his death, he left a farewell poem: "東路に 筆を残して 旅の空 西のみくにの 名所を見む

I leave my brush in the East, And set forth on my journey. I shall see the famous places in the Western Land."

(The Western Land in this context refers to the strip of land by the Tōkaidō between Kyoto and Edo, but it does double duty as a reference to the paradise of the Amida Buddha).

Despite his productivity and popularity, Hiroshige was not wealthy—his commissions were less than those of other in-demand artists, amounting to an income of about twice the wages of a day labourer. His will left instructions for the payment of his debts.

Works

Hiroshige produced over 8,000 works. He largely confined himself in his early work to common ukiyo-e themes such as women (美人画 bijin-ga) and actors (役者絵 yakusha-e). Then, after the death of Toyohiro, Hiroshige made a dramatic turnabout, with the 1831 landscape series Famous Views of the Eastern Capital (東都名所 Tōto Meisho) which was critically acclaimed for its composition and colors. This set is generally distinguished from Hiroshige's many print sets depicting Edo by referring to it as Ichiyūsai Gakki, a title derived from the fact that he signed it as Ichiyūsai Hiroshige. With The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō (1833–1834), his success was assured. These designs were drawn from Hiroshige's actual travels of the full distance of 490 km. They included details of date, location, and anecdotes of his fellow travelers, and were immensely popular. In fact, this series was so popular that he reissued it in three versions, one of which was made jointly with Kunisada. Hiroshige went on to produce more than 2000 different prints of Edo and post stations Tōkaidō, as well as series such as The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kisokaidō (1834–1842) and his own Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (1852–1858). Of his estimated total of 5000 designs, these landscapes comprised the largest proportion of any genre.

He dominated landscape printmaking with his unique brand of intimate, almost small-scale works compared against the older traditions of landscape painting descended from Chinese landscape painters such as Sesshu. The travel prints generally depict travelers along famous routes experiencing the special attractions of various stops along the way. They travel in the rain, in snow, and during all of the seasons. In 1856, working with the publisher Uoya Eikichi, he created a series of luxury edition prints, made with the finest printing techniques including true gradation of color, the addition of mica to lend a unique iridescent effect, embossing, fabric printing, blind printing, and the use of glue printing (wherein ink is mixed with glue for a glittery effect). Hiroshige pioneered the use of the vertical format in landscape printing in his series Famous Views of the Sixty-odd Provinces. One Hundred Famous Views of Edo (issued serially between 1856 and 1859) was immensely popular. The set was published posthumously and some prints had not been completed — he had created over 100 on his own, but two were added by Hiroshige II after his death.

Influence

Hiroshige was a member of the Utagawa school, along with Kunisada and Kuniyoshi. The Utagawa school comprised dozens of artists, and stood at the forefront of 19th century woodblock prints. Particularly noteworthy for their actor and historical prints, members of the Utagawa school were nonetheless well-versed in all of the popular genres.

During Hiroshige's time, the print industry was booming, and the consumer audience for prints was growing rapidly. Prior to this time, most print series had been issued in small sets, such as ten or twelve designs per series. Increasingly large series were produced to meet demand, and this trend can be seen in Hiroshige's work, such as The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kisokaidō and One Hundred Famous Views of Edo.

In terms of style, Hiroshige is especially noted for using unusual vantage points, seasonal allusions, and striking colors. In particular, he worked extensively within the realm of meisho-e (名所絵) pictures of famous places. During the Edo period, tourism was also booming, leading to increased popular interest in travel. Travel guides abounded, and towns appeared along routes such as the Tōkaidō, a road that connected Edo with Kyoto. In the midst of this burgeoning travel culture, Hiroshige drew upon his own travels, as well as tales of others' adventures, for inspiration in creating his landscapes. For example, in The Fifty-three Stations on the Tōkaidō (1833), he illustrates anecdotes from Travels on the Eastern Seaboard (東海道中膝栗毛 Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige, 1802–1809) by Jippensha Ikku, a comedy describing the adventures of two bumbling travelers as they make their way along the same road.

Hiroshige's The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō (1833–1834) and One Hundred Famous Views of Edo (1856–1858) greatly influenced French Impressionists such as Monet. Vincent van Gogh copied two of the One Hundred Famous Views of Edo which were among his collection of ukiyo-e prints. Hiroshige's style also influenced the Mir iskusstva, a 20th-century Russian art movement in which Ivan Bilibin and Mstislav Dobuzhinsky were major artists. Dobuzhinsky confessed of Hiroshige's influence "I liked to choose a viewpoint of my own so that the composition would be striking, unusual; in that, I had the constant example of Hiroshige before my eyes". Cézanne and Whistler were also amongst those under Hiroshige's influence. Hiroshige was regarded by Louise Gonse, director of the influential Gazette des Beaux-Arts and author of the two volume L'Art Japonais in 1883, as the greatest painter of landscapes of the 19th century.

title: Hiroshige


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Category:Jidaigeki films

The "jidaigeki" film genre corresponds to the "period drama" of other nations. "Chambara" corresponds to sword fighting films. Though Samurai films make up the bulk of these films, there are many others which also fit this group.

title: Category:Jidaigeki films


text:
User talk:Mohaas05

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! EdwinHJ | Talk 19:27, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
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AfD nomination of Holmes Middle School (Fairfax County, Virginia)
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title: User talk:Mohaas05


text:
Borley

Borley is a village and civil parish in rural north Essex, England close to the border with Suffolk. It is located near the River Stour. The closest town is Sudbury, Suffolk, approximately 3 km southeast of Borley; Sudbury is also the Post Town used by Royal Mail for Borley. The neighbouring parishes are Foxearth, Belchamp Walter and Bulmer.

History
The name Borley may be a compound of the Saxon words "Bap" and "Ley", that is "Boar's Pasture". Recent local research suggests that the name Borley may be derived from the Celtic ‘borle’, meaning ‘summer meadows’ which are still a prominent feature of the area. A smaller parish, Borley Parva, was joined with Foxearth in the Middle Ages.

In the 11th century, the manor of Borley was held by a freeman called Lewin; by 1086, the Domesday Book records Borley manor in the hands of Adeliza, Countess of Albemarle (half-sister of William the Conqueror); it was subsequently transferred to Edward I.

A document from 1308 sets out the 'Extent' of the manor, listing the main occupants and the rental income. Forty-six people are named in the extent: seven as free tenants, seven as molmen, 27 as villeins and five as cotemen – with an estimated population of 230. In 1346, the manor of Borley was transferred to the priory of Christ Church, Canterbury.

From the 16th century, Borley was associated with the Waldegraves, one of the leading Essex Catholic families. Sir Edward Waldegrave, a courtier to Queen Mary, purchased the manor of Borley in 1546 and it became his principal residence. He died in the Tower of London in 1561 aged forty-four having fallen out of favour with Queen Elizabeth; his widow, Lady Frances Neville, later erected a monument to him and herself in Borley Church.

From early times until local government reforms in 1894, Borley was one of the parishes in the Hinckford Hundred. It then became an area in Belchamp Rural District Council until that, in turn, was abolished in 1974 with the creation of Braintree District Council.

Local government
Due to its small population, decision-making at parish level is through a Parish Meeting open to all electors rather than an elected council. Borley is in part of England having two tiers of "principal" local authorities. It is one of 12 parishes making up Stour Valley North Ward, which is represented by a district councillor on Braintree District Council. It is also within the area of Essex County Council, represented by one county councillor as part of the Hedingham County Electoral Division.

For elections to the UK Parliament, Borley is in the constituency of Braintree.

Natural and built environment
Borley consists of three clusters of buildings: one closest to the River Stour, including the village hall; one around the parish church; and a third at Borley Green. In 2012, there were 89 voting residents in a total of around 110, occupying 49 dwellings. Borley is notable for the high proportion of Listed Buildings. There are 15 Grade II listed houses, including Borley Hall (the fragment of a once much larger house), Borley Place (at one time the rectory) and Borley Lodge. The Grade I listed church (dedication unknown) is a small building of stone originally in the Romanesque/Early English style of the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Pevsner notes that a "topiary walk to the porch is the most notable feature of the church".

There is no "defined village envelope" and therefore for planning purposes, Borley and Borely Green (an area of grassland owned by Braintree District Council) are considered to be "countryside". Borley is located within Natural England's South Suffolk and North Essex Clayland National Character Area, with "an ancient landscape of wooded arable countryside with a distinct sense of enclosure".

Borley in popular culture
During the 20th century, Borley became well known for the 'Borley Rectory Affair', involving the supposed haunting of a Victorian rectory (demolished in 1944). Beginning in 1929, psychical researcher Harry Price generated a story that captured the attention of the nation and convinced many of the proof of the permanence of the spirit after death. His supposed activities were reported widely by the press of that time, and Price published several popular books on the subject that brought him considerable fame. After Price's death, the story began to unravel under the scrutiny of experts from the Society for Psychical Research. The Society went through the records with great tenacity, suspecting that Price had exaggerated evidence to sensationalise events and to suggest supernatural causes for mundane phenomena. Any possible evidence of ghosts was irredeemably contaminated by Price's behaviour and the manipulation of the facts in his two books, The Most Haunted House in England and The End of Borley Rectory, produced during and immediately after the Second World War.

title: Borley