text:
Zubarah

Zubarah (الزبارة), also referred to as Al Zubarah or Az Zubarah, is a ruined, ancient town located on the northwestern coast of the Qatar peninsula in the Al Shamal municipality, about 65 mile from the capital Doha. It was founded by Shaikh Muhammed bin Khalifa, the founder father of Al Khalifa royal family of Bahrain, the main and principal Utub tribe in the first half of the eighteenth century. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013.

It was once a successful center of global trade and pearl fishing positioned midway between the Strait of Hormuz and the west arm of the Persian Gulf. It is one of the most extensive and best-preserved examples of an 18th–19th century settlement in the region. The layout and urban fabric of the settlement have been preserved in a manner unlike any other settlements in the Persian Gulf, providing insight into the urban life, spatial organization, and the social and economic history of the Persian Gulf before the discovery of oil and gas in the 20th century.

Covering an area of circa 400 hectares (60 hectares inside the outer town wall), Zubarah is Qatar's most substantial archaeological site. The site comprises the fortified town with a later inner and an earlier outer wall, a harbour, a sea canal, two screening walls, Qal'at Murair (Murair fort), and the more recent Zubarah Fort.

Early history
Zubarah, derived from the Arabic word for 'sand mounds', was presumably given its name due to its abundance of sand and stony hillocks. During the early Islamic period, trade and commerce boomed in northern Qatar. Settlements began to appear on the coast, primarily between the towns of Zubarah and Umm Al Maa. A village dating back to the Islamic period was discovered near the town.

Between September 1627 and April 1628, a Portuguese naval squadron led by D. Goncalo da Silveira set several neighboring coastal villages ablaze. Zubarah's settlement and growth during this period is attributed to the dislodging of people from these adjacent settlements.

Arrival of Al Khalifa of Utub tribe
There remains some uncertainty over the earliest mention of Zubarah in written documents. Qatar's Memorial, a 1986 Arabic history book, alleges that a functional self-governing town existed before the arrival of the Utub. It supported this claim by invoking two purported historical documents, but they were later discovered to be forgeries produced by Qatar in an attempt to gain leverage over Bahrain in their long-standing dispute over the sovereignty of the town.

Zubarah was founded and ruled by the Al Khalifa branch of Utub tribe,   whom have migrated from Kuwait to Zubarah in 1732, helping to build a large town characterized by a safe harbour. It soon emerged as one of the principal emporiums and pearl trading centres of the Persian Gulf.

Al Khalifa rule of Zubarah
The Al Khalifa, migrated from Kuwait and settled at Zubarah in 1732, founded and ruled the town of Zubarah,   and its port making it one of the most important port and pearl trading centers in the Persian Gulf in the 18th century. They also expanded their settlements, and constructed walls and a fort outside the town of Zubarah called Qal'at Murair (Murair Castle), the name is derived from a water spring in the Bani Sulaim area next to Madina Al Munawara in today's Saudi Arabia also known as Herat Bani Sulaim.

The Al Khalifa were the original dominant group controlling the town of Zubarah on the Qatar peninsula, they were a politically important group that moved backward and forwards between Qatar and Bahrain, originally the center of power of the Bani Utbah. The Al Bin Ali, another branch of Bani Utbah, were also known for their courage, persistence, and abundant wealth.

Under their jurisdiction, the town developed trade links with India, Oman, Iraq and Kuwait. Many goods, including dates, spices, and metals, were transported through its ports. The town soon became a favorite transit point for traders after the Utub abolished trade taxes. The town's prosperity further increased after the 1775–76 Persian occupation of Basra when merchants and other refugees fleeing from Basra settled in Zubarah. Among these merchants was Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Husain ibn Rizq, who participated in the town's administration for a period. He had requested that his personal biographer, Uthman ibn Sanad al-Basri, come to the town to serve as the supreme judge. Al-Basri's biography, first published in 1813, provides the reader with much information pertaining to the development of the town under ibn Rizq's administration. He also makes note of several prominent scholars who migrated to the town, such as Abd al-Djalil al-Tabatabai.

Inhabitants from nearby settlements, including wealthy merchants, migrated to Zubarah en masse during the 1770s due to the prevalence of attacks and the plague in the Persian Gulf region. Ongoing wars between Bani Khalid and the Wahhabis were also a contributing factor that helped Al Zubara flourish into an important trade center. This prominent position led to conflicts with adjacent port towns.

1783 Al Khalifa expansion to Bahrain
A quarrel arose in 1782 between the inhabitants of Zubarah and Persian-ruled Bahrain. Zubarah natives traveled to Bahrain to buy some wood, but an altercation broke out, and in the chaos, a Utub sheikh's slave was killed. The Utub and other Arab tribes retaliated on 9 September by plundering and destroying Manama. A battle was also fought on land between the Persians and the Arab tribes, in which both sides suffered casualties. The people of Zubarah returned to the mainland after three days with a seized Persian gallivat that had been used to collect the annual treaty. On 1 October 1782, Ali Murad Khan ordered the sheikh of Bahrain to prepare a counter-attack against Zubarah and sent him reinforcements from the Persian mainland.

About 2,000 Persian troops arrived in Bahrain by December 1782 and attacked Zubarah on 17 May 1783. After suffering a defeat, the Persians retreated to their ships. An Utub naval fleet from Kuwait arrived in Bahrain the same day, setting Manama ablaze. The Persian forces returned to the mainland to recruit troops for another attack, but the Utub ultimately overran their garrisons in Bahrain.

It is well known that the strategist of this battle was Shaikh Nasr Al-Madhkur. His sword fell into the hands of Salama Bin Saif Al Bin Ali after his army collapsed and his forces were defeated.

The Al Khalifa conquered and expelled the Persians from Bahrain after defeating them. After the invasion, the Al Khalifa migrated to Bahrain, with Zubarah remaining under their jurisdiction. The Bani Utbah was already present in Bahrain at that time, settling there during the summer season and purchasing date palm gardens.

Despite the instability surrounding Zubarah after the siege of Zubarah and the conquest of Bahrain in 1783, it flourished as a trading centre and its port grew larger than that of Qatif's by 1790. Al Zubarah developed into a center of Islamic education during this century. The first almanac produced in Qatar, and one of the earliest preserved local literary works in the nation, was produced here in 1790 – the Zubarah Almanac, authored by the Maliki Sunni scholar ‘Abd al Rahman al-Zawāwī. This calendar outlined the months and days of the year, specified prayer times, and included observations on agriculture and seasonal variations.

The town came under threat from 1780 onward due to the intermittent raids launched by the Wahhabi on the Bani Khalid strongholds in nearby al-Hasa. The Wahhabi speculated that the population of Zubarah would conspire against the regime in Al-Hasa with the help of the Bani Khalid. They also believed that its residents practiced teachings contrary to the Wahhabi doctrine and regarded the town as an important gateway to the Persian Gulf. Saudi general Sulaiman ibn Ufaysan led a raid against the town in 1787. In 1792, a massive Wahhabi force conquered Al Hasa, forcing many refugees to flee to Zubarah. Wahhabi forces besieged Zubarah and several neighboring settlements two years later to punish them for accommodating asylum seekers. The local chieftains were allowed to continue carrying out administrative tasks but were required to pay a tax.

Communal life
Zubarah was at that time a well-organised town, with many of the streets running at right angles to one another and some neighbourhoods built according to a strict grid pattern. This layout suggests that the town was laid out and built as part of a major event, although seemingly constructed in closely dated stages. An estimate of the population at the height of the town has been calculated to a maximum number of between 6,000 and 9,000 people.

Most of the settler's dietary requirements were fulfilled by consuming livestock animals. Remnants of sheep, goat, birds, fish, and gazelle were among the waste collected from the palatial compounds. The wealthiest members of the community consumed mainly livestock, whereas the poorer residents relied on fish as their primary source of protein. Social, economic, and political activity was most likely centered in the souq. The discovery of numerous ceramic tobacco pipe bowls indicates a reluctant acceptance and growing social addiction to smoking tobacco. Coffee pots, mainly of Chinese origin, were used by Zubarah's inhabitants to drink Arabic coffee.

Later developments and decline (19th century)
The town was occupied by the Wahhabi in 1809. After the Wahhabi amir was made aware of advancements by hostile Egyptian troops on the western frontier in 1811, he reduced his garrisons in Bahrain and Zubarah to re-position his troops. Said bin Sultan of Muscat capitalized on this opportunity and attacked the Wahhabi garrisons in the eastern peninsula. The Wahhabi fortification in Zubarah was set ablaze and the Al Khalifa was effectively returned to power. Following the attack, the town was abandoned for a short period. However, later archaeological discoveries indicate that the town may have been partially abandoned shortly before the 1811 attack.

From c. 1810 onwards, the British Empire became more influential in the Persian Gulf area, stationing political agents in various ports and cities to protect their trading routes. In one of the first descriptions of the salient towns in Qatar, Major Colebrook described Zubarah as such in 1820:
 * "protected by a tower and occupied at present merely for the security of fishermen that frequent it. It has a Khor (creek) with three fathoms water which Buggalahs may enter."

Captain George Barnes Brucks also gave his account of Zubarah just four years later. He stated:
 * "(it was) a large town, now in ruins. It is situated in a bay, and has been, before it was destroyed, a place of considerable trade."

Zubarah was eventually resettled in the late 1820s. It remained a pearl fishing community but on a significantly smaller scale than previously. The reconstructed town barely covered 20% of its predecessor. A new town wall was constructed much closer to the shore than the earlier town wall. This phase of Zubarah was not as organized in the layout of the streets and its buildings. Houses were still built in the traditional courtyard form, but on a smaller scale and more irregular in their shape. Additionally, evidence of decorated plaster known from earlier buildings was not found in the newly constructed buildings.

In 1868, the Al Khalifa launched a major naval attack on the eastern portion of Qatar. In the aftermath of this attack, a sovereignty treaty was signed between the Al Thani and the British, uniting the entire Qatari Peninsula under the leadership of the Al Thani. Nearly all of the authority that the Al Khalifa held in Zubarah was diminished, except for informal treaties they had signed with a few local tribes.

Al Khalifa contention
On 16 August 1873, assistant political resident Charles Grant falsely reported that the Ottomans had sent a contingent of 100 troops under the command of Hossein Effendi from Qatif to Zubarah. This report incensed the emir of Bahrain, as he had previously signed a treaty with the Naim tribe residing in Zubarah in which they agreed to be his subjects, and the report implied that the Ottomans were encroaching on his territory. Upon being questioned by the emir, Grant referred him to political resident Edward Ross. Ross informed the sheikh that he believed he had no right to protect tribes residing in Qatar. In September, the emir reiterated his sovereignty over the town and the Kubaisi and Naim tribe. Grant replied by arguing that there was no special mention of the Kubaisi and Naim or Zubarah in any British treaties signed with Bahrain. A government official agreed with his views and concurred "that it was desirable that the Chief of Bahrain should, as far as practicable abstain from interfering in complications on the mainland."

The Al Khalifa witnessed another opportunity to renew their claim on the town in 1874 after a Bahraini opposition leader named Nasir bin Mubarak moved to Qatar. They believed that Mubarak, with the assistance of Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, would attack the Kunaisi,s living in Zubarah as a prelude to an invasion of Bahrain. As a result, a body of Bahraini reinforcements were sent to Zubarah, much to the disapproval of the British who suggested that the emir was involving himself in complications. Edward Ross made it apparent that a government council decision advised the sheikh that he should not interfere in the affairs of Qatar. However, the Al Khalifa remained in frequent contact with the Naim, drafting 100 tribe members in their army and offering them financial assistance.

In September 1878, several Zubarans were involved in an act of piracy on a passing boat which resulted in the death of four people. Political resident Edward Ross demanded that the Ottoman authorities punish the townspeople for the crime, and extended an offer of British naval assistance. He met with wāli Abdullah Pasha in Basra to finalize the deal. Shortly after the British-Ottoman meeting, Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani and Nasir bin Mubarak attacked Zubarah with a force of 2,000 armed men. By 22 October, Jassim bin Mohammed's army, having sacked the town, now surrounded Murair Fort, which was fortified by 500 members of the Kubaisi tribe. The Kubaisi eventually surrendered to Jassim bin Mohammed's forces on unfavorable terms and most of the Zubarah's residents were relocated to Doha. The incident aggravated the ruler of Bahrain due to his treaty with the Kubaisi tribe. There were reports in 1888 that Jassim intended to restore the city so that it could serve as a base for his son-in-law to attack Bahrain, but he renounced his plans after being warned by the British.

Re-settlement of Al Bin Ali at Zubarah in 1895
At the request of Jassim bin Mohammed, several members of the Al Bin Ali, an Utub tribe, relocated from Bahrain to Zubarah in 1895 after renouncing their allegiance to the Bahraini sheikh. The Bahraini sheikh, fearful that Jassim bin Mohammed was preparing to launch an invasion, issued a warning to him and informed the political resident in Bahrain of the dispute. Upon being made aware of the proceedings, the British requested the Ottomans, who had been acting in concert with Jassim bin Mohammed, to abort the settlement. Much to the indignation of the Ottomans, the British sent a naval ship to Zubarah shortly after and seized seven of the Al Bin Ali's boats after the tribe's leader refused to comply with their directive. The Ottoman governor of Zubarah, under the belief that the British were infringing on Ottoman dominion, relayed the events to the Ottoman Porte, who began assembling a large army near Qatif. Jassim bin Mohammed also congregated a large number of boats near the coast. Subsequently, the governor of Zubarah declared Bahrain as Ottoman territory and threatened that the Porte would provide military support to Qatari tribes who were preparing to launch a naval invasion. This invoked a harsh reprisal from Britain, who, after issuing a written notice, opened fire on Zubarah's port, destroying 44 dhows. The incursion and subsequent Ottoman retreat prompted Jassim bin Mohammed and his army to surrender on unfavorable terms, in which he was instructed to hoist the Trucial flag at Zubarah. He was also ordered to pay 30,000 rupees.

Abandonment (20th and 21st century)
With its population already depleted, much of the remaining population migrated to other regions in Qatar in the early 20th century due to the inadequate water supply in the town.

J.G. Lorimer's Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf gives the following account of Zubarah in 1908: "'A ruined and deserted town on the west side of the Qatar Promontory, about 5 miles south of Khor Hassan. It stands at the foot of a deep bay of the same name, of which the western point is Ras 'Ashairiq and which contains a small island, also called Zubarah . The town was formerly the stronghold of the Al Khalifah ruling family of Bahrain : its site is still frequented by the Na'im of Bahrain and Qatar. The town was walled and some 10 or 12 forts stood within a radius of 7 miles round it, among them Faraihah, Halwan, Lisha, 'Ain Muhammad, Qal'at Murair, Rakaiyat, Umm-ash-Shuwail and Thaghab [...]. All of these are now ruinous and deserted, except Thaghab, which the people of Khor Hassan visit to draw water. Murair is said to have been connected with the sea by a creek which enabled sailing boats to discharge their cargoes at its gate, but the inlet is now silted up with sand.'"

In 1937, a conflict broke out between Qatari loyalists and the Naim tribe who had defected to Bahrain, precipitating Bahrain's subsequent territorial claims to Zubarah. A recent proposal that Zubarah becomes an oil terminal was a contributing factor in the conflict. Qatar's emir, Abdullah bin Jassim, referred to the Bahraini claim on Zubarah as "imaginary" and "not based on logic". He also alleged that Bahrain assisted the Naim in the form of arms and finances. That year, in the aftermath of the conflict and subsequent out-migration, Abdullah bin Jassim commenced the construction of Zubarah Fort to compensate for the reduced garrison. It was completed in 1938. Qal'at Murair, the hitherto principal fort of the town, was abandoned soon after Zubarah Fort was erected.

In the mid-20th century, the political adviser in Bahrain, Charles Belgrave, reported that just a few Bedouin of the Nua‘imi (Naim) tribe lived, albeit nomadically, in the ruined town. The area was gradually abandoned towards the end of the 20th century and was used primarily for beach camps. The fort also housed a coast guard station until the 1980s.

Geography
Zubarah encompasses a 400-hectare stretch on the northwestern coast of the Qatar peninsula and is located approximately 105 km from the Qatari capital Doha. It is situated over a low, coastal hillock. The two main habitat types are the sabkha and the stony desert. Historically, fresh water was of scarce availability. In an attempt to amass a water supply, Murair Fort was constructed 1.8 km eastward of the original settlement, on the margins of the desert scarp. The fort served to facilitate wells that tapped the shallow freshwater lenses.

Holocene deposits are densely scattered in the sabkha and mud plain areas located near the city ruins and the sea. Most of the buildings in Zubarah were constructed using materials from these deposits. An area encompassing the city ruins and the project, which is labeled a proto-sabkha habitat, also contains large quantities of Holocene fossils. Eocene limestone is predominant further inland where the habitat is a stony, arid desert.

Zubarah Beach is located near the archaeological site but is open only to those on guided tours.

Flora and fauna
Vegetation in Zubarah is sparse, although three of the most recurrent species of seagrasses in the Persian Gulf have been collected and recorded in the area. This includes Halophila ovalis, Halophila stipulacea and Halodule uninervis.

A total of c. 48 fish species, 40 mollusc species, 17 reptile species, and 170 arthropod species were recorded in the expanse of the town. A preliminary investigation of Zubarah uncovered four previously unknown species of tardigrades. Eleven species of Heterotardigrada, a class of the tardigrade, have been found to occur in the area. Spiny-tailed lizards are the most prominent reptile species in the area. They are commonly spotted on vegetation. Mesalina brevirostris, a species of short-nosed lizard, is another reptile species that is densely scattered throughout the area.

Pearling activities
Zubarah was primarily an emporium and pearling settlement that capitalized on its proximity to pearl beds, possession of a large harbour, and its central position on the Gulf routes. Its economy depended on the pearl diving season, which took place during the long summer months. Pearling would draw Bedouin from the interior of Qatar as well as the people from all over the Persian Gulf to dive, trade, and safeguard the town from attack while the town's men were at sea.

Boats from Zubarah would sail out to the pearl beds found all along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf, from Bahrain to the United Arab Emirates. The trips lasted several weeks at a time. Men would work in pairs to harvest mollusks potentially hiding pearls inside them. A man would dive for about a minute and the other remained on the ship to pull the diver back to safety with his harvest. The archaeological evidence for pearling on site comes primarily from the tools used by the divers such, as pearl boxes, diving weights, and small measuring weights used during trading.

Global trade
Zubarah was the focal point of an extensive regional trade network during its peak in the late eighteenth century. Until the introduction of the cultured pearl in the early 1900s, the trade in pearls constituted the Persian Gulf's most important industry, employing up to a third of the male population in the region. Zubarah, being one of the focal pearling and trading towns, contributed to the geopolitical, social, and cultural trajectories of Gulf history which shape the region today.

Ceramics, coins, and the remains of foodstuffs from the excavations attest to Zubarah's far-reaching trade and economic links in the late 18th century, with material deriving from eastern Asia, Persia, the Ottoman Empire, Africa, Europe, and the Persian Gulf. Diving weights and other material cultures show how closely the connection between the daily life in the town and the pearl fishing and trading were. The discovery of coffee cups and tobacco pipes in the excavations reveals the growing importance of these commodities all over the Persian Gulf during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The etching of a merchant's dhow, the traditional wooden boat of Arabia, found incised into the plaster in a room of a courtyard building, details how intimately the town's inhabitants associated their daily lives with long-distance maritime trade and commerce. Date trade also had an important role in the local economy.

Marketplace
A complex array of small storage rooms have been identified as part of the souq (market) of Zubarah. The wide variety of trade objects that have been found in the rooms points towards the area's classification as a place of trade. The souq would have been the centre of the town and of its economy. Various commodities, including ironsmithing, were sold at this souq.

Infrastructure
The architecture consisted mainly of courtyard houses, a traditional form of Arabic architecture which can be found throughout the Middle East. A series of small rooms were organized around a large central courtyard, where the majority of daily activity took place. Typically, a portico opened out onto the courtyard on the south side, which offered shelter from the sun. The houses of Zubarah were constructed from soft local stone, or from limestone quarried from the northern settlement of Freiha. The stone was then protected by a thick gypsum plaster coating. Features such as doorways and niches were decorated with geometric stucco designs. Housing units were accessible by a doorway and a bent corridor, in order to avert unauthorized viewing into the household, and to prevent sand from blowing into the house. Traces of what seem to be tent placements and/or palm-leaf and palm-matt huts found near the beach may be associated with transient members of the Zubaran society. These interim dwellings likely housed the people who were the primary producers of Zubarah's wealth: the pearl fishers and mariners who harvested the pearl banks each season.

The most impressive and colossal of the building complexes measures 110 m by 100 m in size and is commonly referred to as 'the palace'. This structure follows the same form as the domestic architecture seen elsewhere in Zubarah, but on a much larger scale. Nine interconnected compounds, each comprising a courtyard surrounded by a range of rooms, made up the interior of this structure. Plaster stucco decoration was used to embellish internal entrances and rooms. The discovery of internal staircases indicates that the compounds were multi-storeyed. The nine compounds of the complex were enclosed by a high circuit wall with circular towers at the four corners, each of which was capable of supporting a small cannon. The size and visual dominance of the palatial compound suggest that it was occupied by a family of wealthy and powerful sheikhs who were community leaders in the social and economic life of the town.

Fortifications
The protection of the town and its people's wealth was a clear priority. A large wall was built in the late-18th-century town and its bay in a 2.5 km arc from shore to shore. The wall was defended by 22 semi-circular towers placed at regular intervals. It was faced by a parapet with a walkway, most likely to provide leverage for gunners. Access to the town was limited to a few defended gateways from the landside, or via its harbour. There was no sea wall, but a stout fort defended the main landing area on the sandy beach.

Despite its defensive fortifications, Zubarah was attacked on several occasions. In addition to two major attacks carried out at the behest of Nasr Al-Madhkur in 1778, and 1782, the residents of the town were engaged in a war with the Banu Kaab of Khuzestan during the late eighteenth century.

Industry
A large number of date-presses (madbassat) are found in houses throughout the town. They are small rooms with ridged plastered floors sloping to one corner where a jar would have been placed. Dates were packed in sacks and placed on the floor with weights on top to squeeze out the date juice - a sweet sticky syrup (dibs). The jar would collect and preserve the syrup for later consumption or use in cooking. In 2014, a site was excavated which revealed the largest yet-discovered date-pressing site in the country and region. There were 27 date presses found overall, including 11 found in one lone complex.

Zubarah Fort
Zubarah is well known for the fortress of 1938, which was officially named after the town. The Zubarah Fort follows a traditional concept with a square ground plan with sloping walls and corner towers. Three of the towers are round while the fourth, the southeast tower, is rectangular; each is topped with curved-pointed crenellations, with the fourth as the most machicolated tower. The fort's design recalls earlier features common in Arab and Gulf fortification architecture but varies by being constructed on concrete foundations. It marks the transition from solely stone-built structures to cement-based ones, albeit in a traditional design.

Originally, the fort was built as a base for the Qatari military and police to protect Qatar's northwest coast as part of a series of forts along Qatar's coastline. It was restored in 1987 with the removal of some much later auxiliary buildings erected to house the Qatari forces. After opening, the fort quickly became a major heritage attraction and, for a while, a local museum. Due to the unsuitable conditions in the fort for displaying and storing finds, the objects were relocated to Doha in 2010. Starting in 2011, the Qatar Museums Authority conducted a project of monitoring and restoration to ensure the upkeep of the fort. Between 2010 and 2013, parts of the fort were inaccessible to visitors.

Qal'at Murair
The Murair Fort (Qal'at Murair in Arabic), situated 1.65 km east of the town of Zubarah, was built shortly after the town's settlement. The fort served to espouse Zubarah and especially entrenched the town's primary freshwater source: groundwater reached by shallow wells. Within the fortification walls were a mosque, domestic buildings, and at least one large well. Around the fort, several enclosures attest to the presence of fields, plantations, or holding pens for animals, suggesting that this was also an agricultural settlement.

A brief instance after the foundation of Zubarah, two screening walls were constructed from the outer town wall toward Qal'at Murair. These two walls, oriented east-west, include round towers placed at regular intervals, which strengthened their defensive capabilities. The screening walls likely served to secure the transportation of water from the wells inside Qal'at Murair to Zubarah. In the harsh, hot summers of the Persian Gulf, water was a most valuable and beneficial commodity. The walls also channeled general traffic to and fro the town over open salt flats.

Tourism
Zubarah was added to UNESCO's World Heritage tentative list in 2008. Since 2009, the site has been the subject of joint research by the QIAH and Copenhagen University, and development as a protected heritage site. For protection, most of the site is enclosed within a fenced area. Additionally, visitors must pass a guard to enter the heritage town.

Prior to its addition to the World Heritage List, there was no visitor centre in the town. Other visitor facilities were sparse. In a parking lot next to the Zubarah fort, an information stand provided an overview and introduction to the site, fort, and town. There were restrooms located near the fort, but there were no refreshments available in the vicinity.

On June 22, 2013, UNESCO added the site to its World Heritage List. The UNESCO report stated that the town was distinguished by its degree of preservation and its evidenced sustainment by pearl diving and commerce. Following its inclusion in the list, the partially restored fort was transformed into a visitor centre and several rooms were designated for showcasing the subjects of pearling and astronomy.

Guided tours of the town are offered, and field trips to the site are being integrated into various schools' history curriculum. There is also a self-guided tour, where the visitor is guided by signposts. Tourism increased rapidly after the town's renovations were completed in 2014, attracting more than 30,000 visitors in the first three months of the year. This was a 170% increase from the entire 2013 season.

Sports
The town currently hosts the Tour of Al Zubarah, a men's one-day cycle race which was rated as 2.2 by the UCI and forms part of the UCI Asia Tour. It was selected as the host of the tournament to procure more media attention to the region, thereby amplifying tourism. In addition, Zubarah is one of the host cities of the ladies' and men's Tour of Qatar and has been described as one of the toughest and longest stages in the course.

A horse racing event known as Al Zubarah Cup is staged in the town. A horse breeding farm, which is planned to be one of the largest in the region, is currently being constructed in the town. The project is funded by the Qatar Racing and Equestrian Club.

Education
The following school is located in Zubarah:

Developments
The planned Qatar–Bahrain Friendship Bridge, slated to be the longest fixed link in the world, will connect the northwest coast of Qatar near Zubarah with Bahrain, specifically, south of Manama. Its location several kilometres south of Zubarah is planned so as to have negligible impact on the heritage site. It is expected to be constructed by 2022.

An expansion of Zubarah Road, a one-lane road leading to the archaeological site, was announced in 2014 by the Public Works Authority. It is planned to introduce three additional lanes.

Archaeology and conservation
In March 1956, the site of Zubarah was included in the first Danish expeditions of Qatar and a team of archaeologists from Aarhus University and Moesgård Museum provided preliminary reconnaissance of the area. In 1962, Moesgård Museum archaeologist Hans Jørgen Madsen returned to the ruins in Zubarah and conducted further surveys.

The Qatar Museums Authority (QMA) and its predecessor carried out two excavation projects in Zubarah, with the first during the early 1980s, and the latter in 2002–2003. The excavations in the 1980s were the more comprehensive of the two.

In 2009, the QMA jointly launched the Qatar Islamic Archaeology and Heritage Project (QIAH) with the University of Copenhagen. The QIAH is a ten-year research, conservation, and heritage initiative to investigate archaeological sites, preserve their fragile remains, and work towards the presentation of the sites to the public. The project is an initiative by the Qatar Museums Authority's chairperson H.E. Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani and vice-chairperson H.E. Hassan bin Mohamed bin Ali Al Thani.

The QIAH project carried out a complete topographic survey of the site of Zubarah, the adjacent site of Murair, and the Zubarah Fort. Archaeological excavations have been undertaken at Zubarah and Qal`at Murair, supported by landscape studies in the hinterland. Numerous sites belonging to different chronological periods have been identified and recorded, and exploratory excavations have been conducted at a number of important localities, especially Freiha and Fuwayrit.

A team from the University of Hamburg recorded the architectural remains of Zubarah in great detail with a 3D scanner. To preserve the architectural remains, a restoration program has been launched using a special, saline-resistant mortar and plasters to maximise the visitor experience, while abiding by UNESCO heritage guidelines. The conservation work aims to preserve the authenticity of the site, as well as to preserve areas that can be enjoyed by visitors to the site through, among other means, interactive displays on mobile devices.

Sovereignty disputes
There have been separate claims made by Qatar and Bahrain over the territory of Zubarah since the time of Ottoman rule. Following the signing of the 1868 sovereignty treaty by the Al Thani, the earliest recorded disagreement over ownership occurred in 1873, when the Bahraini emir claimed sovereignty over Zubarah after he received false news of a military party that was supposedly en route to sack Zubarah. In 1937, Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa of Bahrain alerted the local political resident to the long-running dispute. He, in turn, referred the issue to the political resident in Bushehr. The political resident in Bushehr wrote back, stating: Personally I am of opinion that Zubara definitely belongs to Qatar but I am writing to His Majesty's Government, pending their decision you should avoid giving any opinion at all to Bahrain Government on the matter including the fact that I am referring the question. Hamad ibn Isa wrote again to the political resident in Bahrain in 1939 to inform him that Abdullah Al Thani was constructing a fort in Zubarah. He contended that the construction was illegal because he held sovereignty over the land. A settlement was reached in 1944 during a meeting mediated by the Saudis, in which Qatar recognized Bahrain's customary rights, such as grazing, and visiting with no formalities necessary. However, Abdullah broke the accord when he constructed a fort in the town. The strenuous relationship between the two countries improved in 1950 after Ali Al Thani ascended to the throne.

In 1953, Bahrain again reiterated its claims over Zubarah when it sent a party of students and teachers to Zubarah who proceeded to write 'Bahrain' on the walls of Zubarah Fort. Furthermore, the Bahrain Education Department published maps that alleged Bahraini sovereignty over the entire northwest coast of the peninsula. Ali responded by occupying the fort in 1954 and later added police in 1956.

Following the independence of Qatar in 1971 from the British Empire, Bahrain continued to dispute Qatari sovereignty over Zubarah until the case was settled in Qatar's favour with a ruling by the International Court of Justice in 2001.

The issue of sovereignty came up again following the onset of the Qatar diplomatic crisis. In June 2018, the Bahrain Center for Strategic, International and Energy Studies (DERASAT) held a conference on the history of the Al Khalifa family's control of Qatar until 1868, during which they urged the Bahraini government to renew its claims over Zubarah. In August, the King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa publicly met with the Naim tribe, natives of Zubarah who in the past professed allegiance to the King of Bahrain, and said in a statement that "we will not forget the illegal aggression against Zubarah", referring to Sheikh Abdullah Al Thani's excursion against the Naim tribe in 1937.

In popular culture
An independent and modernized Zubarah (spelled Zubara) is the setting for much of Larry Correia's and Micheal Kupari's military thriller Dead Six.

title: Zubarah


text:
USS Bibb

One ship of the United States Navy, two ships of the United States. Revenue-Marine and its successor the United States Coast Guard have been named Bibb, in honor of George M. Bibb, senator from Kentucky and briefly Secretary of the Treasury in the Tyler administration. Two of the ships also served in the United States Coast Survey.

 * USRC Bibb (1843), a Revenue-Marine cutter launched in Pittsburgh on 10 April 1845 and transferred to the Coast Survey in 1847; her engines were salvaged for use in the next Bibb.
 * USS Bibb (1853), a Coast Survey vessel, occasionally attached to the Union Navy during the American Civil War, and for six months in 1861, transferred to the Revenue-Marine. Retired in 1879; sometimes considered to be the same vessel as the first Bibb.
 * USCGC Bibb (WPG-31), a Coast Guard cutter commissioned 10 March 1937.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Bibb


text:
HSwMS Clas Fleming

HSwMS Clas Fleming was a cruiser-minelayer built before World War I for the Royal Swedish Navy. Completed in 1914, the ship performed limited neutrality patrols in the Sea of Åland and the northern reaches of the Stockholm Archipelago during the war. She was placed in reserve in 1917 to be modified to make laying mines safer and remained in that status until the beginning of World War II in 1939 to save money. Clas Fleming was activated for a short time that year to lay defensive minefields before she began a reconstruction that installed an early version of gas turbines, the first warship in the world to be so equipped. After her sea trials were completed in 1940, she was on active service for the rest of the war. Clas Fleming was again reduced to reserve at that time and did not leave the dockyard before she was stricken from the navy list in 1959. The ship briefly served as a target ship before being sold for scrap the following year.

Background and description
In 1908 the Swedish Board of Admiralty requested funding from the King in Council for a fast minelayer able to lay mines off the enemy coast at night when the ship would be less likely to be spotted. This decision was probably based on the very successful use of naval mines by both sides during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. This was granted the following year with the proviso that the ship be powered by steam turbines and be capable of conducting scouting for the fleet. The board requested bids in early January 1910 and awarded the contract to Bergsund on 21 January for a price of 1,493,350 Swedish krona.

Clas Fleming had an overall length of 80.2 m, a beam of 10.4 m and a draught of 4.3 m. The ship displaced was 1550 LT at standard load and 1800 LT at deep load. Eight Yarrow boilers fed steam at a pressure of 17 kg/cm2 to a pair of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines that each drove a single propeller shaft. The engines were rated at a total of 7000 shp which gave her a speed of 20 kn. Clas Fleming carried up to 265 LT of coal and had a complement of 8 officers and 153 ratings.

The ship was armed with four single Bofors 50-calibre 120 mm guns in superfiring pairs, one forward and another aft of the superstructure. These guns fired a 21 kg shell at a muzzle velocity of 860 m/s. A 3 m stereoscopic rangefinder was provided to feed the guns targeting data. Up to 190 mines could be carried on the main deck; they were dropped through doors in the stern. Clas Fleming was fitted with a nickel steel armoured deck that had a maximum thickness of 25 mm at the ends of the ship and 16 mm amidships. The conning tower was protected by 75 mm plates and its roof was 30 mm thick.

Modifications
Active service had shown that the ship's coal consumption was much higher than expected, making her deployments uneconomical at a time when good-quality steam coal had to be imported at great expense. The mine doors at the stern were too close to the water and posed a risk of flooding in a following sea. To remedy this issue the ship's stern was rebuilt in 1918–1919 so that mine doors were situated on the upper deck and the poop deck was extended to the stern. The guns at the stern and on the conning tower were accordingly moved to broadside positions amidships, which received small gun shields to protect their crews. In 1926 three Vickers 25 mm anti-aircraft (AA) guns were added, one on the conning tower and two just behind the amidships 120 mm guns.

During the early 1930s, Erik Johansson, an engineer at Götaverken, had developed a gas turbine powered by air compressors and diesel engine exhaust. The shipyard had successfully installed two of these systems in ships and offered to build one for Clas Fleming, the world's first warship powered by gas turbines. The Navy had no funding available for experimental propulsion systems until money for design work was made available through the Social Affairs Department for unemployment relief at the shipyard in 1934. Negotiations between the Navy and Götaverken began a few years later and a contract was finally signed in December 1939.

To accommodate the new propulsion machinery, the ship had to be lengthened with a 6 m section amidships. Six of the original boilers were removed with the remaining pair retained to operate the ship's steam-powered auxiliary machinery, although they were converted to burn fuel oil. The steam turbines were replaced by a pair of 3250 shp de Laval gas turbines that would give Clas Fleming a maximum speed of 20 knots. Power for the turbines was indirectly supplied by four 6-cylinder, two-stroke, diesel engines that operated four 3-cylinder, double-acting air compressors that delivered the mixture of diesel exhaust and air at a pressure of about 4 atm and a temperature of 400 - 500 °C to the turbines. The ship's coal bunkers were converted into fuel oil tanks for the new engines and modified boilers. The Navy decided to advantage of the ship's reconstruction and had a new bow installed together with modifications to the mine doors. The budget for the reconstruction was 889,300 kronor, but costs had increased to over a million kronor by the end of 1940. After the engineering trials were completed, other changes were made to the ship and its equipment, among which was modifying the elevation of the 120 mm gun mounts which increased their range to 16000 m and installing larger gun shields. A second rangefinder was installed on the aft superstructure, the mainmast was removed, and 40 mm Bofors guns replaced the Vickers AA guns. In addition two depth charge throwers were added on the stern and magazine was modified to hold 100 depth charges for them. Later, the Navy decided to add a dummy funnel between the existing funnels for aesthetic reasons. It was used for storage, carrying, amongst other equipment, the crew's skis for use in winter.

Construction and career
Named after the 17th-century Swedish admiral Clas Fleming, the ship was ordered from Bergsund Finnboda on 17 May 1910 at a cost of SEK 1,493,350. Laid down at the company's shipyard in Stockholm, Clas Fleming was launched on 14 December 1912, but completion was delayed by quality-control problems with the steel used in her hull and lengthy sea trials. She was finally commissioned into the active fleet in mid-1914. The ship conducted neutrality patrols until she was reduced to reserve in late 1917 in preparation for a refit that began the following year. Clas Fleming remained in reserve after the refit was completed.

On 24 August 1930, the coastal defense ship HSWMS Manligheten ran aground while sailing between Stockholm and Hårsfjärden in poor weather. Efforts by Clas Fleming and the coastal battleship HSWMS Drottning Victoria were unsuccessful in freeing the ship. Despite the minimal maintenance the ship had received while she was in reserve, she was mobilized after the beginning of World War II in 1939 to lay mines in the area of the Åland Islands and returned to reserve afterwards. In December Clas Fleming began a reconstruction that installed the first gas turbines used in a warship. The work was finished on 8 August 1940. The cruiser was to return to active service on 3 September but she did not rejoin the fleet until 22 days later. The new machinery proved to be unreliable and the cruiser was back in the dock in November for maintenance. She then served as part of the Coastal Fleet until 1944. It was clear, by this time, that the ship was in need of major work if she were to remain in service. After the end of the war in May 1945, Clas Fleming was placed in reserve in Stockholm, and was stricken in 1959. She was used as a target before being sold for scrap on 9 November 1960.

title: HSwMS Clas Fleming


text:
Wikipedia:People by year/Reports/No other categories/1/Bra-Bri

Brac-Brak

 * Michael Bracewell (born 1958)
 * Henri Braconnot (1780-1855)
 * James Dean Bradfield (born 1969), Musician_stubs,
 * Sidney Bradford (born 1907)
 * William Bradford (1590-1657) (1590-1657)
 * William Bradford (1663-1752) (1663-1752)
 * William Bradford (1719-1791) (1719-1791)
 * Andrew Bradley (born 1976)
 * George Granville Bradley (1821-1903), 1911_Britannica,
 * E. J. Brady (1869-1952)
 * Sarah Brady (born 1942)
 * William Brady (1899-1961), People_stubs,
 * Claude Fayette Bragdon (1866-1946)
 * Lakhdar Brahimi (born 1934)
 * Ajahn Brahm (born 1951)
 * Dennis Brain (1922-1957)
 * John Braine (1922-1986)
 * David Brainerd (1718-1747), 1911_Britannica,
 * Stan Brakhage (1933-2003)

Bram-Brat

 * William de Braose, 1st Lord of Bramber (died 1096)
 * William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber (died 1180)
 * William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber (died 1211)
 * Livingstone Bramble (born 1960)
 * Barão do Rio Branco (1845-1912), Brazil-related_stubs, People_stubs,
 * Henry Brand (1814-1892)
 * Oscar Brand (born 1920), Musician_stubs,
 * Dorothea Brande (1893-1948)
 * Irma Brandeis (1905-1990)
 * Barbara Branden (born 1933)
 * Mark Brandis (1931-2000)
 * James Brandon (born 1980)
 * R. Joe Brandon (born 1967), Scientist_stubs,
 * Richard Brandon (died 1649), People_stubs,
 * Luis Brandoni (born 1940), Actor_stubs,
 * Marianne Brandt (1893-1983), People_stubs,
 * Charles F. Brannan (1903-1992), People_stubs,
 * Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme (1540-1614)
 * Jean-Pierre Brard (born 1948), Politician_stubs,
 * Princess Brassova (1880-1952)
 * Edith Bratt (1889-1971), People_stubs,

Brau-Braz

 * Lily Braun (1865-1916)
 * Otto Braun (1872-1955)
 * Harold von Braunhut (1926-2003)
 * Elisabeth Christine von Braunschweig-Bevern (1715-1797), European_nobility_stubs,
 * Josephine Brawley Hughes (1839-1926)
 * Edward William Brayley (1801-1870), People_stubs,
 * T. Berry Brazelton (born 1918)

Bre

 * Spike Breakwell (born 1968)
 * George Brecht (born 1924), Artist_stubs,
 * Peter Breck (born 1929), Actor_stubs,
 * Henry, Count of Bréderode (1531-1568), 1911_Britannica,
 * Paul Breisach (1896-1952), Musician_stubs,
 * James Bremner (b 1784, d 1856) (1784-1856)
 * Christopher Brennan (1870-1932)
 * Louis Brennan (1852-1932), Scientist_stubs,
 * Victor Brenner (1871-1924)
 * Vytas Brenner (1946-2004), Musician_stubs,
 * Herbert Brenon (1880-1958), People_stubs,
 * Elinor Brent-Dyer (1894-1969), Writer_stubs,
 * Howard Brenton (born 1946), Writer_stubs,
 * Cuthbert A. Brereton (1850-1910)
 * John Le Gay Brereton (1871-1933), People_stubs,
 * George Howard Brett (military) (1886-1963)
 * Simon Brett (born 1945)
 * John Sherren Brewer (1810-1879)
 * Richard M. Brewer (1852-1878)
 * Benjamin H. Brewster (1816-1888), People_stubs,
 * Henry Percy Brewster (1816-1884)

Bri

 * Alphonse Briart (1825-1898)
 * Henry Herschel Brickell (1889-1952), People_stubs,
 * Pam Bricker (died 2005), People_stubs,
 * Shirley Brickley (1944-1977)
 * Malcolm Bricklin (born 1939)
 * Calvin Bridges (1889-1938)
 * Lindsay Brien (born 1976), Journalist_stubs,
 * Walter VI of Brienne (1304-1356)
 * Ted Briggs (born 1923)
 * Bill Bright (1921-2003)
 * Lilya Brik (1893-1978), People_stubs,
 * Ben Bril (1912-2003), People_stubs,
 * Hermann Brill (1895-1959)
 * Wilford Brimley (born 1924)
 * Rolf Dieter Brinkmann (1940-1975)
 * Valerie Brisco-Hooks (born 1960)
 * Andrew Briscoe (1810-1849), American_people_stubs,
 * Stuart Brisley (born 1933)
 * William Bristol (1779-1836)
 * Britta Becker (born 1973), Sportspeople_stubs,
 * Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (1184-1241)
 * Morgan Brittany (born 1951)


text:
Hugo Dyson

Henry Victor Dyson Dyson (7 April 1896 – 6 June 1975), generally known as Hugo Dyson and who signed his writings H. V. D. Dyson, was an English academic and a member of the Inklings literary group. He was a committed Christian, and together with J. R. R. Tolkien he helped C. S. Lewis to convert to Christianity, particularly after a long conversation as they strolled on Addison's Walk at Oxford.

Academia
Dyson taught English at the University of Reading from 1924 until obtaining a fellowship with Merton College, Oxford, in 1945. His students at Oxford included the later cultural theorist Stuart Hall, whom he tutored in the early 1950s. Dyson retired in 1963 but returned as emeritus fellow in 1969, teaching the newly introduced "modern" literature paper. His tutorials were notable because many of the writers he discussed had been personal friends.

Works
Dyson was not a prolific writer, but the quality and voluminous quantity of his lectures and general conversation had quite an effect on people. He wrote the introduction of his first published book Poetry and Prose (1933), which is a collection of works of Alexander Pope with notes by Dyson. Another of his few publications is Augustans and Romantics, 1689–1830 (1940), a survey of contemporary English literature with a bibliography by Professor John Butt.

Dyson preferred talk at Inklings meetings to readings. He had a distaste for J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and complained loudly at its readings. Eventually Tolkien gave up reading to the group altogether.

Television and film
Dyson, an expert on Shakespeare, was asked during the early 1960s to host some televised lectures and plays about the writer. Dyson's relaxed style resulted in him being cast in a small part in the 1965 film Darling as Professor Walter Southgate, a major literary character.

Personal life
Hugo Dyson lived at 32 Sandfield Road in the east Oxford suburb of Headington until his death. He is buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford.

title: Hugo Dyson


text:
Super Sunday (British TV programme)

Super Sunday is Sky Sports' flagship live association football programme, broadcasting live Premier League football on most Sundays over the course of a season. The main live game will typically kick off at 4:30 pm, often following a 2:00 pm game, on the Sky Sports Premier League channel.

It had been presented since its debut in August 1992 by former TV-am host Richard Keys alongside a variety of guest match pundits until January 2011. From the 2005–06 season, former Liverpool player Jamie Redknapp joined Keys as a regular pundit. The commentary team of Martin Tyler and former Scotland striker Andy Gray became synonymous with Sky's football coverage, although other commentators were also used. Gray was sacked in January 2011 ‘unacceptable and offensive behaviour’ and in April 2011 former Manchester United defender Gary Neville was confirmed as his replacement. Former Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher joined in 2013.

Innovation
The first match shown on Super Sunday was between Nottingham Forest and Liverpool on 16 August 1992, a match Forest won 1-0. This first broadcast featured a digital on-screen graphic (DOG) throughout the game showing the score and match time. It was the first time a UK broadcaster had done such a thing and DOGs are now part of coverage of virtually all televised sports worldwide.

Broadcast times
In the first four seasons of the programme, Ford Super Sunday – the title due to major sponsorship with the Ford Motor Company – used to start at 2 pm, giving viewers two hours build-up before the slightly untraditional kick-off time of 4 pm, as opposed to a Saturday kick-off at 3 pm. Eventually, Sky decided this was a bit too much, and in 1996 decided to start the programme at 3 pm instead. From the 2004–05 season, some Super Sunday coverage started as early as 1:00 pm if two live games were shown that day. From the 2005–06, coverage began at 3:30 pm if only one live game was shown.

Sometimes, three live games are shown on Super Sunday, with the games kicking off at 12 pm, 2:15 pm and 4:30 pm respectively. This can happen because of one of two reasons, either Sky selecting three matches for live broadcasting on a Sunday during the three time slots or the Saturday 12:30 pm game being rescheduled for Sunday at 12:00 pm due to the team featured playing in the UEFA Europa League or the UEFA Europa Conference League the preceding Thursday night. Sunday noon kick-offs are sometimes broadcast on TNT Sports instead.

Sky advertise Super Sunday as showing the Premier League's biggest match of the weekend, but, although they have first pick of live Premier League games on most weekends, there are numerous restrictions which mean the best game does not necessarily kick off at 4:30 pm, or is even broadcast on Sky. Police restrictions mean many derby matches must kick off earlier while there are restrictions on the number of times Sky can show each team per season. Additionally, Sky can not move a game to take place on Super Sunday if one of the teams involved is playing in the UEFA Champions League the following Tuesday, in order to give the team time to recover. As Sky are also the broadcasters of the EFL Cup, the final takes centre stage on the network on a Sunday mid-afternoon (usually 4:30pm) in late February/early March, meaning on that particular day, only one Premier League match is broadcast live, usually at 2 pm. This was changed to 1:30pm from the 2022-23 season.

In the 2020-21 season, when fans were not allowed to attend matches due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in all matches being televised, Super Sunday was sometimes expanded to broadcast three matches. The matches at 2 pm, 4:30 pm were retained, with an extra match that kicked off at 7 pm or 7:15 pm, depending on the scheduled games that day.

Presentation
Richard Keys had hosted the programme from one of the grounds, usually from that of the second game, alongside Jamie Redknapp and at least one more guest. The panel often introduce the first game with an empty stadium behind them because of the staggered kick-off times. This was until 27 January 2011 when Keys resigned from Sky Sports following allegations of sexist remarks and unacceptable behaviour in the workplace.

Martin Tyler and Andy Gray have been the most regular commentators on Super Sunday, appearing either as a team or split over two matches. When there were two matches, Gray would commentate on the main match and act as a studio pundit for the other game as well as appearing on The Last Word discussion programme alongside Keys immediately after Super Sunday on Sky Sports 1.

However, following sexist comments towards assistant referee Sian Massey in a conversation prior to a match between Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. and Liverpool on Saturday, 22 January, Gray was sacked by Sky and soon after Richard Keys handed in his resignation. Keys said: It would be impossible to go on without Andy.

Keys was permanently replaced by Ed Chamberlin for the 2011-12 season, after Sky were impressed by his presenting on the Survival Sunday coverage at the end of the 2010-11 season. The Last Word discussion programme has been dropped since Keys and Gray's departures. Since Chamberlin's departure from Sky, David Jones is the now current host of Super Sunday.

On some occasions for the final day of the league season, which usually takes place on the Sunday, the programme is presented from the Sky Sports studios in London instead of from one of the grounds hosting a key match that is being broadcast by Sky. During the 2020-21 season, the programme was largely presented from Sky's London studio due to COVID-19 restrictions on the number of personnel that can be in attendance at matches. Presentation from a football ground was only done at matches of a significant interest during that season.

Television contract
Although Sky lost its monopoly on broadcasting the Premier League from the 2007–08 season, with Setanta Sports winning 46 games as a result of a European Commission recommendation, Sky retained the rights to all 4 pm kick-offs as part of their renewed £1.4 billion contract. The former Setanta rights were passed on to ESPN from the 2009–10 season, typically showing Saturday evening games.

From the 2010–11 to the 2012–13 seasons, Sky had the vast majority of live Sunday Premier League fixtures, in addition to Saturday lunchtime kick-offs, Monday night games and exclusive rights to midweek fixtures. ESPN could show 23 live matches for each season of which 18 must be shown on a Saturday evening.

From the 2013–14 to the 2015–16 seasons, Sky have the rights to broadcast 116 matches each season, which are broadcast on Sundays, Saturday evenings and Monday nights. BT Sport broadcast 38 matches each season, the majority of which are on Saturday lunchtime, midweek and bank holidays.

From 2016 Sky will show 126 live matches. Fridays at 7.45/8.00 pm, Saturdays at 12.30 pm, Sundays at 1.30 pm and 4 pm and Mondays at 8 pm, as well as any and all bank holiday fixtures. Sky Sports Friday Night and Monday Night Football programmes will be sponsored by bet365, with Renault sponsoring the Saturday and Sunday broadcasts. in 2019/20 the contract was extended until the 2021/22 season.

List of sponsors

Ford 1992-2016 The programme was also known as "Ford Escort Super Sunday" in a 2 year stint which lasted from August 1994 to May 1996 where the programme was then reverted back to Ford Super Sunday

Nissan 2016-2018

Renault 2018-2022

No sponsor (2022 Present) [Sponsorship for Super Sunday is shared between EA Sports, Bet365 and We Buy Any Car]

title: Super Sunday (British TV programme)


text:
Nonlinear gameplay

A video game with nonlinear gameplay presents players with challenges that can be completed in a number of different sequences. Each player may take on (or even encounter) only some of the challenges possible, and the same challenges may be played in a different order. Conversely, a video game with linear gameplay will confront a player with a fixed sequence of challenges: every player faces every challenge and has to overcome them in the same order.

A nonlinear game will allow greater player freedom than a linear game. For example, a nonlinear game may permit multiple sequences to finish the game, a choice between paths to victory, different types of victory, or optional side-quests and subplots. Some games feature both linear and nonlinear elements, and some games offer a sandbox mode that allows players to explore an open world game environment independently from the game's main objectives, if any objectives are provided at all.

A game that is significantly nonlinear is sometimes described as being open-ended or a sandbox, and is characterized by allowing players to measure progress through self-determined goals, independent of scripted game elements.

Level design

A game level or world can be linear, nonlinear or interactive. In a linear game, there is only one path that the player must take through the level, but in games with nonlinear gameplay, players might have to revisit locations or choose from multiple paths to finish the level.

As with other game elements, linear level design is not absolute. While a nonlinear level can give the freedom to explore or backtrack, there can be a sequence of challenges that a player must solve to complete the level. If a player must confront the challenges in a fixed order nonlinear games will often give multiple approaches to achieve said objectives.

A more linear game requires a player to finish levels in a fixed sequence to win. The ability to skip, repeat, or choose between levels makes this type of game less linear. Super Mario Bros. is an early example of this, where the player had access to warp zones that skipped many levels of the game.

In some games, levels can change between linear design and free roaming depending on the objective of the stage. Super Mario 64 is an example where the main stages are free roam, while the levels where Bowser is encountered follow a straight path to the end.

Open worlds and sandbox modes
When a game is sufficiently large and open-ended, it may be described as an open world or as a sandbox game. Open-world game designs have existed in some form since the 1980s, such as the space trading game Elite, and often make use of procedurally generated environments.

In a game with a sandbox mode, a player may turn off or ignore game objectives, or have unlimited access to items. This can open up possibilities that were not intended by the game designer. A sandbox mode is an option in otherwise goal-oriented games and is distinguished from open-ended games that have no objectives, such as SimCity, and Garry's Mod.

Branching storylines
Games that employ linear stories are those where the player cannot change the story line or ending of the story. Many video games use a linear structure, thus making them more similar to other fiction. However, it is common for such games to use interactive narration in which a player needs to interact with something before the plot will advance, or nonlinear narratives in which events are portrayed in a non-chronological order. Many games have offered premature endings should the player fail to meet an objective, but these are usually just interruptions in a player's progress rather than actual endings. Even in games with a linear story, players interact with the game world by performing a variety of actions along the way.

More recently, some games have begun offering multiple endings to increase the dramatic effect of moral choices within the game, although early examples also exist. Still, some games have gone beyond small choices or special endings, offering a branching storyline (also known as an interactive narrative outside of a video game context), that players may control at critical points in the game. Sometimes the player is given a choice of which branch of the plot to follow, while sometimes the path will be based on the player's success or failure at a specific challenge. For example, Black Isle Studios' Fallout series of role-playing video games features numerous quests where player actions dictate the outcome of the story behind the objectives. Players can eliminate in-game characters permanently from the virtual world should they choose to do so, and by doing so may actually alter the number and type of quests that become available to them as the game progresses. The effects of such decisions may not be immediate. Branches of the story may merge or split at different points in the game, but seldom allow backtracking. Some games even allow for different starting points, and one way this is done is through a character selection screen.

Linear stories cost less time and money to develop, since there is only one fixed sequence of events and no major decisions to keep track of. For example, several games from the Wing Commander series offered a branching storyline, but eventually they were abandoned as too expensive. Nonlinear stories increase the chances for bugs or absurdities if they are not tested properly, although they do provide greater player freedom. Some players have also responded negatively to branching stories because it is hard and tedious for them to experience the "full value" of all the game's content. As a compromise between linear and branching stories, there are also games where stories split into branches and then fold back into a single storyline. In these stories, the plot will branch, but then converge upon some inevitable event, giving the impression of a nonlinear gameplay through the use of nonlinear narrative, without the use of interactive narratives. This is typically used in many graphic adventure games.

A truly nonlinear story would be written entirely by the actions of the player, and thus remains a difficult design challenge. As such, there is often little or no story in video games with a truly nonlinear gameplay. Facade, a video game often categorized as an interactive drama, features many branching paths that are dictated by the user's text input based on the current situation, but there is still a set number of outcomes as a result of the inherent limitations of programming, and as such, is non-linear, but not entirely so.

Visual novels
Branching storylines are a common trend in visual novels, a subgenre of interactive narrative and adventure games. Visual novels frequently use multiple branching storylines to achieve multiple different endings, allowing non-linear freedom of choice along the way. Decision points within a visual novel often present players with the option of altering the course of events during the game, leading to many different possible outcomes. Visual novels are popular in East Asia, especially in Japan where they account for nearly 70% of personal computer games released there. A recent acclaimed example is 999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors, where nearly every action and dialogue choice can lead to entirely new branching paths and endings. Each path only reveals certain aspects of the overall storyline and it is only after uncovering all the possible different paths and outcomes through multiple playthroughs that everything comes together to form a coherent well-written story.

It is not uncommon for visual novels to have morality systems. A well-known example is the 2005 title School Days, an animated visual novel that Kotaku describes as going well beyond the usual "black and white choice systems" (referring to video games such as Mass Effect, Fallout 3 and BioShock) where the players "pick a side and stick with it" while leaving "the expansive middle area between unexplored". School Days instead encourages players to explore the grey, neutral middle-ground in order to view more interesting, "bad" endings.

It is also not uncommon for visual novels to have multiple protagonists giving different perspectives on the story. C's Ware's EVE Burst Error (1995) introduced a unique twist to the system by allowing the player to switch between both protagonists at any time during the game, instead of finishing one protagonist's scenario before playing the other. EVE Burst Error often requires the player to have both protagonists co-operate with each other at various points during the game, with choices in one scenario affecting the other. Fate/stay night is another example that features multiple perspectives. Chunsoft sound novels such as Machi (1998) and 428: Shibuya Scramble (2008) develop this concept further, by allowing the player to alternate between the perspectives of several or more different characters, making choices with one character that have consequences for other characters. 428 in particular features up to 85 different possible endings.

Another approach to non-linear storytelling can be seen in Cosmology of Kyoto. The game lacks an overall plot, but it instead presents fragmented narratives and situations in a non-linear manner, as the player character encounters various non-player characters while wandering the city. These narratives are cross-referenced to an encyclopedia, providing background information as the narratives progress and as the player comes across various characters and locations, with various stories, situations and related information appearing at distinct locations. It provides enough freedom to allow for the player to experiment with the game, such as using it as a resource for their own role-playing game campaign, for example.

Role-playing games
Branching storylines are also often used in role-playing video games (RPGs) to an extent. An early example, published in 1999, is the fantasy role-playing game Might and Magic VII: For Blood and Honor, where players have to choose between Light and Dark. While the dark side wants to destroy the world of Enroth, the light side tries to save it. The choice determines which grandmaster levels the player characters can obtain and the quests they have to do in that part of the game. Earlier in the game, the player already has to choose sides in a border conflict between Elves and Humans, or remain neutral. This affects the flag in their Castle Harmondale and a few quests, but not the outcome.

A second example is Obsidian Entertainment's Fallout: New Vegas, where the player's decisions influence whether one of three different factions gain control of the area surrounding post-apocalyptic Las Vegas. These factions include Caesar's Legion, a group of Roman-esque slavers; the New California Republic (NCR), an expansionist military government; and Mr. House, the enigmatic de facto ruler of New Vegas, in command of an army of robots that patrols the city. Each of the three sides aim to control Hoover Dam, which is still operational and supplying the American Southwest with power and clean, non-irradiated water; thus, control of the dam means effective control of the region. A fourth option, siding with a robot named Yes Man and prevailing upon or eliminating the other faction leaders, enables the player to go solo and take over the Hoover Dam for themselves.

Another RPG example is tri-Ace's Star Ocean series, where the storyline is not affected by moral alignments like in other role-playing games but, inspired by dating sims, by friendship and relationship points between each of the characters. Star Ocean: The Second Story in particular offers as many as 86 different endings with hundreds of permutations, setting a benchmark for the number of possible outcomes of a video game. Another unique variation of this system is the Sakura Wars series, which features a real-time branching choice system where, during an event or conversation, the player must choose an action or dialogue choice within a time limit, or not to respond at all within that time; the player's choice, or lack thereof, affects the player character's relationship with other characters and in turn the direction and outcome of the storyline. Later games in the series added several variations, including an action gauge that can be raised up or down depending on the situation, and a gauge that the player can manipulate using the analog stick depending on the situation. A similar type of conversation system later appeared in a more recent action role-playing game also published by Sega, Alpha Protocol.

Another unique take on the concept is combining non-linear branching storytelling with the concepts of time travel and parallel universes. Early attempts at such an approach included Squaresoft's Chrono role-playing game series (1995–1999) and ELF's visual novel YU-NO: A girl who chants love at the bound of this world (1996). Radiant Historia takes it further by giving players the freedom to travel backwards and forwards through a timeline to alter the course of history, with each of their choices and actions significantly affect the timeline. The player can return to certain points in history and live through certain events again to make different choices and see different possible outcomes on the timeline. The player can also travel back and forth between two parallel timelines, and can obtain many possible parallel endings. The PSP version of Tactics Ogre featured a "World" system that allows players to revisit key plot points and make different choices to see how the story unfolds differently. Final Fantasy XIII-2 also features a similar non-linear time travel system to Radiant Historia.

Early examples
Early examples (pre-1983) of nonlinear gameplay include:

 * Colossal Cave Adventure (1976)
 * Zork (1977/1980)
 * MUD1 (1978)
 * Akalabeth (1979)
 * Star Raiders (1979)
 * Superman (1979)
 * Temple of Apshai (1979)
 * Computer Bismarck (1980)
 * Flight Simulator (1979/1980)
 * Mystery House (1980)
 * The Prisoner (1980)
 * Rogue (1980)
 * Adventure (1980)
 * 005 (1981)
 * Bosconian (1981)
 * Castle Wolfenstein (1981)
 * Crush, Crumble and Chomp! (1981)
 * Ultima (1981)
 * Star Warrior (1981)
 * Venture (1981)
 * E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
 * Haunted House (1982)
 * The Hobbit (1982)
 * Pitfall! (1982)
 * Raiders of the Lost Ark (1982)
 * Snipes (1982)
 * Time Pilot (1982)
 * Ultima II (1982)

title: Nonlinear gameplay


text:
Tukeit Hill frog

The Tukeit Hill frogs are three species of frog in the genus Allophryne. Originally erected for the species Allophryne ruthveni, the genus was placed as the only member of the subfamily Allophryninae, which was in turn placed in the family Centrolenidae, but they are now considered as the only genus in the monotypic family Allophrynidae.

These frogs live in Guyana, Venezuela, Suriname, Brazil and Bolivia. The holotype was discovered at Tukeit Hill, below Kaieteur Falls, Guyana, hence the common English name.

Description
The Tukeit Hill frog is a small frog of variable colouration, either black, with stripes and spots which can be golden or dull yellow, or a dull yellow or golden ventral surface, with black strips and spots. It has a flat body, and small, flat head. It has a single, submandibular vocal sac. The toe pads are enlarged, wider than the fingers, and the tympanum is visible. The Tukeit Hill frog is superficially similar to the tree frogs, but the ends of their phalanges differ in shape.

Taxonomy
Allophryne ruthveni is part of a hitherto (see below) monotypic subfamily of anurans: Allophryninae. The evolutionary relationships of this species have always been controversial. It has been joined to families such as Hylidae, Bufonidae, and Leptodactylidae, but until recently, its closer relatives were unknown.

Allophryne is similar in its general shape to tree frogs of the family Hylidae, but differs by having the last phalanges of fingers and toes T-shaped, a character found in glassfrogs, while tree frogs have claw-shaped ones. When herpetologist G. K. Noble examined Allophryne, he suggested it was closely related to glassfrogs, a hypothesis later confirmed by recent phylogenetic studies, which have found Allophryne is the sister taxon of the glassfrog clade Centroleninae.

The glassfrogs differ from Allophryne by having much more delicate skulls and by possessing intercalary elements between the last phalanges of fingers, a process on the third metacarpal, and nonexplosive breeding, among other characteristics. Both glassfrogs and the Allophrynidae are closely related to Leptodactylidae.

Recently, an undescribed species of frog, which probably belongs to the genus Allophryne, was discovered in Peru. This suggests the genus is actually more widespread and more species await discovery. As A. ruthveni was assumed to be a northwestern Amazonian endemic, the Peruvian frog indicates the Allophrynidae might have been more widespread in prehistoric times, only later on disappearing from most of the Amazon Basin, and are actually a relict group. Alternatively, they might occur in the western Amazonas lowlands and simply have not been found yet, though this seems less likely.

Behaviour
The Tukeit Hill frog is semiarboreal, spending some times low in the trees, 1–3 m high, and some of the time on the ground. They are explosive breeders, taking advantage of small water ponds formed on the forest floor after periods of rain. This frog inhabits sparse forest, and may be restricted to forested areas, avoiding cleared land.

title: Tukeit Hill frog


text:
Desire (manga)

Desire (ヤバイ気持ち) is a yaoi manga written by Maki Kazumi and illustrated by Yukine Honami. It was published in October 2004 by Digital Manga Publishing, Inc. A novelisation, called Desire: Dangerous Feelings was also produced.

General book information
The original Japanese edition was published by Tokuma Shoten Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo in 2001. Digital Manga Publishing, Inc published an English version in the U.S. and Canada, translated by Kumiko Yuasa under license granted by Tokuma Shoten Publishing Co., Ltd. in 2004. Digital Manga, Inc. owns the English translation copyright for "Desire".

The English First Edition (ISBN 1-56970-979-3) was printed in October, 2004 in Canada and was rated 'M' for mature audiences 18 years and over. The book story consists of four chapters titled "Desire" (which is the story of the manga), including a special additional episode titled "Not That Deviant" (epilogue) and two small chapters titled "Free Talk" were the writer talks about the story and some of the characters in the manga.

Plot
The story is about Toru, an extremely quiet and shy high school student who has a crush on Ryoji, a popular member of the high school swimming team known for his sexual escapades. Further complicating this matter is that Toru and Ryoji are very close friends, thus forcing Toru to hide his real feelings for Ryoji and pretend to be just one of his good friends, while being torn between his love for Ryoji and the facade he has to keep up when he sees him every day.

But all that changes one day when Ryoji makes an indecent proposal to Toru, asking him if he would like to experiment with him sexually, and admitting that he had been aroused by thoughts of him during sexual intercourse with his girlfriend. Toru unhappily accepts, pressured by his feelings for Ryoji, but as time passes Toru becomes even more aggravated as he realizes that his sexual affair with Ryoji was just a fling based on Ryoji's sexual curiosity, and not on actual romantic attraction.

Toru is so depressed about the one-sided situation between him and Ryoji that he confides with a close friend named Kashiwazaki about his emotional turmoil. Together, they come up with a plan to discover Ryoji's true intentions by secretly deciding to lie to him about them being in a romantic relationship together.

After learning of this, Ryoji becomes very angry and jealous about Toru and Kashiwazaki's alleged relationship, and tries to break them up. The plan apparently has worked, but Toru is now in a serious love triangle between Ryoji and Kashiwazaki when he begins to realize that Kashiwazaki has been in love with him for a very long time. As the story progresses, he begins to understand that he and Ryoji were not the only ones that were hiding their true feelings.

Reception
Desire sold 6,000 copies between September 2004 and July 2005. It has been described as "over-the-top soap opera with plenty of steamy bits". It has been praised for not showing a stereotypical seme-uke relationship, and being a "damn good story about being a teenager". Patricia Beard, writing for Mania.com regarded the manga as better than the novelisation, but still enjoyed the novelisation. Michelle Smith, writing for Pop Culture Shock thought that the non-consensual scenes were worse to read about in the novelisation than in the manga, as it was "more clear" in showing Toru's pain. The second half of the novelisation is not adapted from the manga, and the boys misunderstand each other and have sex. Smith regarded the novelisation as unexciting. In 2008, Desire won an American Library Association award in the Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults division, under the category "Sex Is...".

title: Desire (manga)


text:
Talk:Heather Graham

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 20:23, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Photo
That first picture is very sub-par. Awful lighting, a candid-esque expression, and a dress that appears to have gone see-through under the flash. Add to that the unknown copyright status, and we need to find a new one. --70.30.213.3 00:34, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

It should probably be mentioned that she had a major role in Twin Peaks in 1991; the article currently seems to be pretty light on the pre-late-90s stuff. --Delirium 09:14, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Sumac in Virginia?
Can this be right? This states that Sumac is in Virginia:

''Growing up in Virginia where her father worked as an FBI agent, she attended Sumac Elementary School. Her family then moved to the Conejo Valley in California where she attended Lindero Canyon Middle School, and finally, Agoura High School.''

But Sumac Elementary is in the Conejo Valley - a member of the same school district as LCMS and AHS. -Eric 02:08, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Filmography
Some one needs to put the Filmography section in proper order

Can we put up a nude picture of her? It's relevant to her career. ~Hamster

 * This is Wikipedia, not MySpace. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.242.114.77 (talk) 18:06, 24 February 2007 (UTC).

The filmography problem is done, and about the picture, it sounds nice to, put you need to ask more people what they think.(Trampton 13:16, 24 February 2007 (UTC)).

Move? (2008)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was Move. —Wknight94 (talk) 16:32, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Requested move (2008)
Per discussion at Talk:Heather Graham, the disambiguation page is unnecessary and this article should be at that title. Any objections? Powers T 15:09, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Support, makes perfect sense to me. Terraxos (talk) 03:20, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * No objections. - TexMurphy (talk) 07:50, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Very very weak support I agree that there is no need for a dab page when there are only two articles. But I was surprised when I compared the actress with the authoress for webhits: 466,000 to 388,000 That is very close, so I would not like to declare one to be the "primary use". But since authoress can be disambiguated using married name I will support. Fatsamsgrandslam (talk) 19:54, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. Iamaleopard (talk) 19:29, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

BLP concerns
Hey Tony, NO we do not write in the biography of a living person that she is estranged from her parents and then say citation needed. We either have one or we don't print it. And the other sentence is stupid and wrong- she is naked in DRUGSTORE COWBOY eight years earlier so the connection doesn't add up. The truth- It's GRREEEAT Tony. ThoughUnlessUntilWhether (talk) 06:01, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * O.K.--TonyTheTiger (t/c/bio/WP:CHICAGO/WP:LOTD) 05:42, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

 * This information comes up in quite many places. So I think she has probably said it herself somewhere. Or what? Strange that no source can be found. 85.217.21.113 (talk) 05:20, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I found this at http://www.celebrity-mania.com/news/view/00002686.html:

 * Heather, 37, told the Weekend magazine: "'Boogie Nights' was quite explicit and my parents were horrified. They didn't really want to hear my point of view, and thought that, because I took the part, then I was like that in real life. It would be nice if I did have a good relationship with my family, and yes, part of me longs to have a mum and dad who love and accept me for who I am. But if they never do, it's OK. I've learnt to take care of myself."

 * So she has told about it in a magazine, apparently in 2007. 85.217.21.113 (talk) 05:25, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

Hindu?
Where oh where does it say that Ms Graham is Hindu? Sparaig (talk) 09:14, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Filmography section redirected to somewhere else
I am new to wikipedia, when I clicked "Guilty as charged" 1991 film, I get redirected to some wrestling event, if the film page dosen't exist, shouldn't the link be red? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.30.36.83 (talk) 20:14, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

 * -- John Broughton (♫♫) 18:22, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Move? (2010)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved per request. Dab page deleted and hatnotes added to both articles--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 03:29, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Heather Graham (actress) → —
 * Looking at the page histories, there was a previous move request that was closed on 16 February 2008, in which consensus was to get rid of a "Heather Graham" disambiguation page, and make the actress the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Later, the move was reverted and the disambiguation page was recreated on 30 October 2008 without any other discussion I can find. Therefore, I request that the page be moved back to Heather Graham to undue a move that was done without consensus (even though it is almost two years later). Zzyzx11 (talk) 07:58, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Support move to Heather Graham. Nymf hideliho! 11:28, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Sockpuppet Support Jack Merridew 11:37, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Support as no evidence of a newer consensus to override the old one, this should be speediable 76.66.193.119 (talk) 05:25, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Support, and suggest deleting the disambiguation page; a hatnote to Heather Graham Pozzessere is sufficient. Powers T 14:04, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Line through infobox
Is anyone else seeing a line through the infobox? I haven't seen this issue before; I don't see anything unusual in the setup.-- Kubigula (talk) 03:53, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

There needs to be a section or at least an addition to this wiki pertaining to her role as Queen Antonia Bayle (voice) in the MMORPG Everquest II. There are various places in the game where her voice is prominent, including a statue you can interact with which has various phrases using her voice work. I would add these myself but I still can't understand ALL the ins and outs of editing a wiki and would rather leave it to the experts. Thanks NativeSonKY (talk) 13:59, 4 August 2013 (UTC)

Confusing sentence in the lead
First sentence of the second paragraph "In the 2000s, Graham starred in a number of movies ranging from studio films to major films...". Is this meant to say independent and studio films? I am of the belief that major films are usually studio films ( but independents can become majors) so see no differentiation between studio and major films. I may be wrong but it doesn't make sense to me.139.218.177.138 (talk) 07:36, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Heather Graham. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131110130524/http://collider.com/entertainment/interviews/archive_detail.asp/aid/3630/tcid/1/pg/2 to http://collider.com/entertainment/interviews/archive_detail.asp/aid/3630/tcid/1/pg/2

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:38, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Heather Graham. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120728223053/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/festival/lineup/off-sel/venezia69 to http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/festival/lineup/off-sel/venezia69/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081218134603/http://defamer.com/hollywood/heather-graham/heather-grahams-permanent-weekend-151250.php to http://www.defamer.com/hollywood/heather-graham/heather-grahams-permanent-weekend-151250.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:35, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Heather Graham. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140903201707/http://www.kalaajkal.com/biography/Heather-Graham to http://www.kalaajkal.com/biography/Heather-Graham

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:44, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

Twins 1988
Noticed today that Heather Graham played the young mother in the flash back sequence in the film Twins. 2601:14D:4B80:D560:B1DC:D24F:5374:680 (talk) 22:26, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heather Graham


text:
User talk:Jorlyn

Please refrain from adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. -- Francs2000 | Talk 00:34, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This message is regarding the article Porgy and Bess. Please stop removing content from Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism.  If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox.  Thank you. -- < drini | ∂drini > 23:41, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 23:42, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This message is regarding the article User:Drini. Please stop removing content from Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism.  If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox.  Thank you. -- < drini | ∂drini > 23:44, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This message is regarding the article Porgy and Bess. Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -- < drini | ∂drini > 23:44, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Please stop
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Fire Star 23:43, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 23:43, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Stop_hand.png|left|30px]] This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, as you did to African American, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.   -- < drini | ∂drini > 23:46, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. FreplySpang (talk) 23:46, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. Please note that page blanking, addition of random text, deliberate misinformation, and repeated and blatant violation of WP:NPOV are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires.

Semi-automated template substitution

 * This page was modified to semi-automatically substitute templates using Pathoschild's template list. // Tawker 11:16, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jorlyn


text:
Lists of places in Kansas

These are lists of places in the U.S. state of Kansas.

Lists

 * Communities
 * List of counties in Kansas
 * List of townships in Kansas
 * List of cities in Kansas
 * List of unincorporated communities in Kansas
 * List of ghost towns in Kansas

 * Places
 * List of Kansas landmarks
 * List of Kansas rivers
 * List of Kansas state parks
 * List of lakes, reservoirs, and dams in Kansas
 * List of museums in Kansas
 * List of Registered Historic Places in Kansas

 * Schools
 * List of high schools in Kansas
 * List of unified school districts in Kansas
 * List of colleges and universities in Kansas
 * List of defunct colleges and universities in Kansas
 * List of oldest buildings on Kansas colleges and universities

 * Other
 * List of hospitals in Kansas
 * List of Kansas state prisons

 * People
 * List of people from Kansas

Topical lists

 * List of Kansas county name etymologies
 * Kansas locations by per capita income

title: Lists of places in Kansas


text:
HSwMS Wachtmeister (10)

HSwMS Wachtmeisterwas the second and last of the Wrangel-class destroyers built for the Royal Swedish Navy during World War I. Completed in 1918, the ship was rammed by another Swedish destroyer four years later. At the beginning of World War II in 1939 she was assigned to the Gothenburg Squadron. Wachtmeister was decommissioned in 1947 and was subsequently sold for scrap in 1950.

Background and description
The Wrangel class ships were improved versions of the preceding Hugin-class destroyer and were the first Swedish destroyers to use single-reduction geared turbines. The Wrangel class had a standard displacement of 415 t and 498 t at full load. The destroyers measured 69.6 m long at the waterline and 72.0 m overall with a beam of 6.9 m and a mean draught of 2.8 m.

The Wrangels were powered by a pair of de Laval geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by four coal-fired Yarrow boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 11000 shp, but actually produced 13000 shp that gave them a maximum speed of 34 kn. The ships carried 105 t of coal. The destroyers had a complement of 81 officers and ratings.

The destroyers were armed with four 75 mm m/12 guns in single mounts. One gun was situated fore and aft of the superstructure and the other two were on the broadside amidships. They also mounted two 6.5 mm M1914 machine guns. The torpedo armament of the Wrangel-class destroyers consisted of 457 mm (18 in) torpedoes fired from two twin-tube mounts located on the centreline aft of the funnels and one single tube on each broadside between the second and third funnels.

Modifications
The boilers of the Wrangels were converted to use fuel oil in 1927. They were rearmed in 1940, adding one Bofors 25 mm M32 anti-aircraft gun and two 8 mm M36 machine guns that replaced the 6.5 mm weapons while having their two single torpedo-tube mounts removed. In addition, two depth charge racks were added with 16 M/24 depth charges. This increased their standard displacement to 498 t.

Construction and career
Wachtmeister, named after the Wachtmeister noble family, was authorized in 1914 and was launched on 19 December 1917 by the Lindholmens Shipyard in Gothenburg. After fitting out and trials she was commissioned on 19 October 1918.

During an exercise on the evening of 8 June 1922, Wachtmeister was rammed just forward of the bridge by the destroyer HSWMS Vidar (23). Three men aboard Vidar were seriously injured; one later died during transport to the hospital. 20 meter of Wachtmeister's hull was damaged; three men were knocked into the water, but were quickly rescued. Vidar had to be towed into Bergkvara while Wachtmeister reached Karlskrona under her own power. Both destroyers were repaired and returned to service the following year.

From 28 June to 2 July 1923, Wachtmeister and her sister ship HSWMS Wrangel (25) escorted the three Sverige-class coastal defence ships from Karlskrona to Sheerness, England to celebrate the engagement of Crown Prince Gustav Adolf to Lady Louise Mountbatten. A few days later, the squadron proceeded to Rosyth, Scotland, where they were hosted by the British Atlantic Fleet before returning to Sweden.

On 24 August 1930, the coastal defense ship HSWMS Manligheten ran aground while sailing between Stockholm and Horsfjärden in poor weather. Despite efforts by the minelayer HSWMS Clas Fleming and coastal battleship HSWMS Drottning Victoria, the vessel could not be towed off. Wachtmeister, by sailing past at full speed over and over again, succeeded in freeing the ship using her bow wave.

World War II
At the beginning of World War II, Wachtmeister was assigned to the Gothenburg Squadron. During the winter of 1940–1941, the ship was re-boilered, but by late autumn 1943, she was put into material reserve in Stockholm. Wachtmeister was stricken from the navy list on 13 June 1947 and she was sold for scrap in 1950 to a company in Karlstad.

title: HSwMS Wachtmeister (10)