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Leslie Abramson

Leslie Hope Abramson (born October 6, 1943) is an American criminal defense attorney best known for her role in the legal defense of Lyle and Erik Menéndez. She is also a published author.

Education
Born in Flushing, Queens, New York, Abramson graduated from Queens College, and in 1969 received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from UCLA School of Law.

Early career
In 1970, Abramson was admitted to the State Bar of California. She began her career in the Los Angeles County Public Defender's office, where she worked for six years. She entered private practice as a defense attorney in 1976, and developed a reputation as a fierce advocate for her clients. She was twice named trial lawyer of the year by the L.A. Criminal Courts Bar Association. Over the course of her career, only one client that she represented received the death penalty - a multiple murderer named Ricky Sanders, who shot eleven people in a walk-in freezer in a Bob's Big Boy restaurant, killing four of them.

In 1988, Abramson was able to obtain a verdict of manslaughter with a sentence of probation, rather than murder, for 17-year old Arnel Salvatierra, who had killed his father. Abramson argued that the father had been abusive. In 1990, Abramson won the acquittal of Dr. Khalid Parwez, "a Pakistani-born gynecologist accused of strangling and dismembering his 11-year-old son", presenting an alibi for Parwez, and arguing that Parwez's brother, who had returned to Pakistan, was the likely culprit.

The Menéndez trial
Abramson gained national attention in the early 1990s, when she represented Erik Menéndez in his trial for the murder of his parents, again presenting parental abuse as the defense for the crime alleged. She stirred controversy when it was revealed during the trial that she had Erik's psychiatrist delete and rewrite passages of the doctor's notes. When asked by the judge about it, she twice invoked her Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, and later asserted that any discussions were protected by attorney-client privilege. As a result, an investigation was launched by the state bar. Following a three-year investigation, the state bar closed its case "after deciding that there was insufficient evidence to conclude she violated ethical rules in Menéndez brothers' retrial."

Post-Menéndez career
In 1997, Abramson published a book, The Defense Is Ready: Life in the Trenches of Criminal Law. In 2004, she was hired by Phil Spector, who was charged with fatally shooting actress Lana Clarkson at his suburban Alhambra, California mansion, replacing his former attorney, Robert Shapiro. She resigned from representing Spector over conflicts between them; he went on to be convicted of murder, under different counsel.

In popular culture
In 1993, while the trial was still ongoing, she was parodied on Saturday Night Live, where she was portrayed by Julia Sweeney, along with John Malkovich and Rob Schneider as Lyle and Erik Menéndez. Sweeney portrayed Abramson again the following year as a talk show host defending the actions of Tonya Harding (played by Melanie Hutsell) and Slobodan Milošević (played by Patrick Stewart).

In the 1994 television film Menendez: A Killing in Beverly Hills, Abramson is portrayed by Margaret Whitton.

In 2017, Edie Falco portrayed Abramson in the first season of Law & Order True Crime, based on the Menéndez trial. Falco was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for the role.

Personal life
Abramson was married to a pharmacist whom she divorced in 1969, with whom she had a daughter, Laine. She married Los Angeles Times reporter Tim Rutten, and the couple adopted a son. Rutten died in September 2022 after suffering a fall in his Alhambra, California home. Abramson and Rutten were divorced at the time of Rutten's death, although the two remained close.

title: Leslie Abramson


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Brøckhouse Brewery

Brøckhouse was a Danish micro brewery, located in Hillerød that was founded in 1995, (2002), by brewer Allan Poulsen. It reached a peak production capacity of 500.000 litres per year.

The brewery specialised in brewing beers that was influenced by beers based on Danish history. Among others the Esrum Abbey Ale with inspiration from beer brewed in the Danish Esrum Abbey which was released in the autumn of 2004.

It experienced financial difficulties in connection with the financial crisis of 2007–2010 and filed for bankruptcy February 2009.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brøckhouse Brewery


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'I' and the 'me'

The 'I' and the 'me' are terms central to the social philosophy of George Herbert Mead, one of the key influences on the development of the branch of sociology called symbolic interactionism. The terms refer to the psychology of the individual, where in Mead's understanding, the "me" is the socialized aspect of the person, and the "I" is the active aspect of the person.

One might usefully 'compare Mead's "I" and "me", respectively, with Sartre's "choice" and "the situation". But Mead himself matched up the "me" with Freud's "censor", and the "I" with his "ego"; and this is psychologically apt.

Characteristics
The "Me" is what is learned in interaction with others and (more generally) with the environment: other people's attitudes, once internalized in the self, constitute the Me. This includes both knowledge about that environment (including society), but also about who the person is: their sense of self. "What the individual is for himself is not something that he invented. It is what his significant others have come to ...treat him as being." This is because people learn to see who they are (man or woman, old or young, etc.) by observing the responses of others to themselves or their actions. If others respond to a person as (for instance) a woman, the person develops a sense of herself indeed as a woman.

At the same time, 'the "Me" disciplines the "I" by holding it back from breaking the law of the community'. It is thus very close to the way in a man Freud's 'ego-censor, the conscience...arose from the critical influence of his parents (conveyed to him by the medium of the voice), to whom were added, as time went on, those who trained and taught him and the innumerable and indefinable host of all the other people in his environment—his fellow-men—and public opinion'. It is 'the attitude of the other in one's own organism, as controlling the thing that he is going to do'.

By contrast, 'the "I" is the response of the individual to the attitude of the community'. The "I" acts creatively, though within the context of the me. Mead notes that "It is only after we have acted that we know what we have done...what we have said." People, he argues, are not automatons; Mead states that "the "I" reacts to the self which arises through the taking of the attitudes of others." They do not blindly follow rules. They construct a response on the basis of what they have learned, the "me". Mead highlighted accordingly those values that attach particularly to the "I" rather than to the me, "...which cannot be calculated and which involve a reconstruction of the society, and so of the 'me' which belongs to that society." Taken together, the "I" and the "me" form the person or the self in Mead's social philosophy. According to Mead, there would be no possibility of personality without both the "I" and the "Me".

Fusion
Mead explored what he called 'the fusion of the "I" and the "me" in the attitudes of religion, patriotism, and team work', noting what he called the "peculiar sense of exaltation" that belongs to them. He also considered that 'the idea of the fusion of the "I" and the "me" gives a very adequate explanation of this exaltation...in the aesthetic experience'.

In everyday life, however, 'a complete fusion of the "I" and the "me" may not be a good thing...it is a dynamic sort of balance between the "I" and the "me" that is required'.

Conventionality
When there is a predominance of the "me" in the personality, 'we speak of a person as a conventional individual; his ideas are exactly the same as those of his neighbours; he is hardly more than a "me" under the circumstances' —"...the shallow, brittle, conformist kind of personality..." that is "all persona, with its excessive concern for what people think." The alternative—and in many ways Mead's ideal—was the person who has a definite personality, who replies to the organized attitude in a way that makes a significant difference. With such a person, the I is the most important phase of the experience.

Dissociation
Mead recognised that it is normal for an individual to have 'all sorts of selves answering to all sorts of different social reactions', but also that it was possible for 'a tendency to break up the personality' to appear: 'Two separate "me's" and "I's", two different selves, result...the phenomenon of dissociation of personality'.

Literary examples
Walt Whitman 'marks off the impulsive "I", the natural, existential aspect of the self, from critical sanction. It is the cultured self, the "me", in Mead's terms, that needs re-mediation'.

title: 'I' and the 'me'


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Wikipedia:Peer review/London/archive1

London
Would love this to be featured, it's certainly worthy, but also it definitely needs work. Please comment, and please edit the article as much as you see fit! --PopUpPirate 23:23, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * In order for the article to make featured status, you'll need to get the image copyrights in order. In particular, the images Image:Tower Bridge.JPG and Image:Routemaster Bus, Piccadilly Circus.jpg need source and copyright information. --Carnildo 06:11, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Warning!! page too big. Cut down the size by moving the details into dedicated articles and summarising the same here. Bring it down to 25kb for the moment. Take a look at Mumbai, Chennai, Sarajevo, Johannesburg for ideas. Will critique after this is done. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  09:38, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Name the o2 arena and the King Tutenkamun exebition

title: Wikipedia:Peer review/London/archive1


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All Directions

All Directions is a 1972 album by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label, produced by Norman Whitfield. It reached number two on the Billboard 200, making it the band's most successful non-collaborative album on the chart, and became their twelfth album to reach number one on the Top R&B Albums chart.

Overview and background
The LP features the #1 hit "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", a twelve-minute cover of a Whitfield-produced Undisputed Truth single. "Papa" won three Grammy Awards in 1973: Best R&B Performance by a Group for the Temptations, Best R&B Instrumental Performance for Whitfield and arranger/conductor Paul Riser's instrumental version of "Papa" on the single's b-side, and Best R&B Song for Whitfield and lyricist Barrett Strong. All Directions was Strong's final LP as the Temptations' lyricist; Strong in fact had no direct involvement in the album as both of his compositions for it – "Papa was a Rollin' Stone" and "Funky Music Sho' 'Nuff Turns Me On", were both covers (originally by The Undisputed Truth and Edwin Starr, respectively). Strong left Motown to restart his career as a recording artist.

According to group leader Otis Williams, the Temptations fought "tooth and nail" not to record "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" or "Run Charlie Run", a socially conscious Black power track (dealing primarily with the phenomenon of white flight) that called for them to repeatedly call out, in an affected Caucasian accent, "the niggers are comin'!" According to legend, lead singer Dennis Edwards didn't want to sing "Papa's" opening lines, because his own father had died on the third of September, but in actuality, Edwards' father had died on the third of October. In addition, his father was a minister, "a good, steady, religious man", not a "rolling stone".

The group was certain that "Papa" and All Directions would flop, and that they would be back to singing ballads like "My Girl" and "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" again. Although the first single, "Mother Nature", charted at number 92 on the Billboard Pop Singles Chart, "Papa" was a number one hit and is today one of the Temptations' signature songs.

Also included on All Directions are the Edwin Starr cover "Funky Music Sho' 'Nuff Turns Me On" (the b-side to "Mother Nature", a Top 30 R&B hit), the Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell cover "Love Woke Me Up This Morning", and "I Ain't Got Nothin'", a rare lead showcase for Otis Williams.

Legacy
The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Personnel

 * Dennis Edwards – vocals (tenor/baritone)
 * Damon Harris – vocals (tenor/falsetto)
 * Richard Street – vocals (second tenor/baritone)
 * Melvin Franklin – vocals (bass)
 * Otis Williams – vocals (second tenor/baritone)
 * The Andantes – additional background vocals on "Love Woke Me Up This Morning"
 * Norman Whitfield – producer
 * The Funk Brothers – instrumentation
 * Billy Cooper, Joe Messina, Melvin Ragin (aka Wah Wah Watson), Robert Ward, Paul Warren, Robert White, Eddie Willis – guitars
 * Richard "Pistol" Allen, Uriel Jones, Aaron Smith, Andrew Smith – drums
 * Earl Van Dyke – piano
 * Johnny Griffith – organ
 * Bob Babbitt, James Jamerson, Leroy Taylor – bass
 * Jack Ashford – tambourine, maracas, sticks, etc.
 * Jack Brokensha – timpani, vibes, bells, gourd
 * Eddie "Bongo" Brown – bongo, conga
 * Maurice Davis – trumpet

title: All Directions


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Talk:Cūḷavaṃsa

When does the Culavamsa end?
I have found inconsistent information about the time period covered by the Culavamsa. Rhajiv Ratnatunga in his "Editors Note" on the Web version of the Mahavamsa, says it covers the period up to 1815, when the British took over Sri Lanka. A Britannica article, however, says it goes up to the "16th century". I went with Ratnatunga's information, because, first, he seems "closer to the source", second, the History of Sri Lanka article lists the "Great Dynasty" (that is, the Mahavamsa/Culavamsa works) as ending in 1815, and third, because the "16th" in the Britannica article could easily be a mistype of "19th". If anyone is sure I am wrong, please change this, both here and in the Mahavamsa article. — Nowhither 23:25, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Alternate names
Transliterating Pāli into English seems to be an inconsistent business. "Culavamsa", in particular, has three possible variations: the leading "c" can be "ch", the "v" can be a "w", and it might be two words ("Cula Vamsa"). Thus, there are a total of 8 possible transliterations. I did a Google search, and found that by far the most common is "Culavamsa", and so that is where I placed the main article. The next most common was "Chulavamsa", and so I mention this as an alternate spelling both here and in the Mahavamsa article. There were a few pages that used the single-word "w" forms ("Culawamsa" or "Chulawamsa"), and so I made these redirects, but did not mention these alternative spellings on the page. Lastly, I found exactly one page on the whole web that wrote the name as two words, so I did neither redirects nor mentions in the article for the two-word versions. — Nowhither 23:38, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cūḷavaṃsa


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Talk:Great Mother

"Great Mother" the archetype and "Mother goddess" are not the same. Though they should be cross-referenced, the two should not be combined, in my opinion.

I agree. There is a risk that one might link from Carl Jung's archetypes and pick up "Mother goddess." That, in my humble opinion, is unacceptable.
 * So do I. In general, the article "Great Mother" should take more reference to Jung's archetypology. Maybe also some examples, where the archetype of the Great Mother can be found in myths, legends, religions, tales and so on. I would do this job - if my English was good enough ;-). de:Benutzer:Dr. Meierhofer

I also agree. The phrase "Great Mother" enters the general vocabulary through Eric Neumann's 1955 book of the same name in reference to Jungian psychology. That the term was picked up by NeoPagans and applied to mother goddesses of various sorts is true, but conflating the two muddies things. Rorybowman 00:01, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

I also agree. I think there need to be three very separate entries: Tom Lougheed 2005-12-13.
 * the archetype of the Great Mother used in Jungian psychology
 * the generic idea of the mother goddess type used by mythographers
 * the Roman goddess Magna Mater, often translated into English "Great Mother", who like every mythologic entity has her own distinct identity.

I also agree. I think that the mother goddess is simply and example of Carl Jung's archetype in mythology. However, Carl Jung's archetypes also apply to the mind, so they should be kept seperate.

'archal' to 'lineal'
I changed the word 'matriarchal' to 'matrilineal', as there is no definite proof of any ancient matriarchal societies. In fact I would like to see this article expanded. I'm sure there's much room for more information about the idea of a 'Great Mother' in archaelogical thought. Anyhow, if anyone would like to discuss the changing of 'archal' to 'lineal' then by all means discuss :-) Ryan 09:40, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge suggestion
I believe that at the very least there needs to be a single coordinating entry for all Great Mother like entries. A classicist searching for the Magna Mater will likely go for Great Mother, where there is absolutely no mention of Magna Mater, despite that being one of her names. I suggest that this entry contain an overview of the Great Mother figure in general as applies to many different cultures with a list of links to specific kinds of mother goddesses. 24.22.45.52 06:36, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

cleanup needed: adding originalresearch tag
Much of this article does not portray the accepted scholarly understandings on the subject. That's OK, but the ideas need to be attributed to their sources, and the more commonly accepted view needs to be mentioned for comparison.

Furthermore, some of the ideas in this article I find very surprising, and they sound like original research. You need to cite reputable sources for these, or remove them. In particular, I'm thinking of Queen Mab/Medb and the tiny/impregnating theme. It sounds like it's trying to draw a comparison with myths like the Gwydion/Cerridwen myth, and from what I can see it's going way out on a limb: a) Mab isn't male; b) she isn't swallowed by women. I don't even know what it means when it is suggested that "her qualities as a fertility goddess were more pronounced and emphasized as she endured time". I'm rather surprised to see Medb held up as a prime example of the Great Mother at all - she seems to me more likely to have been a historical personage who was over time given fairy qualities similar to the Matronae (I'm thinking of the plaiting of the horses' manes), but was never widely worshipped as the "Great Mother".

The Cattle raid of Cooley seems better explained as a historical event than as a remnant myth of a war goddess.

There's really good scholarly evidence of widespread goddess worship available (try Carlo Ginzburg for instance); this article could be much more convincing if it used reputable theories. Fuzzypeg 10:10, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Heavenly Mother
Is She not great because she resides in heaven only?
 * Austerlitz -- 88.72.7.253 (talk) 18:28, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Although the article doesn't make this very clear, there is a theory that Asherah, the Heavenly Mother, was originally a Great Mother goddess until She was displaced by patriarchal religion. I'd be happy for there to be a link to Asherah, in fact that's a good suggestion of yours and I'll put it in. Fuzzypeg talk 22:25, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Prajnaparamita and Supreme being
"The last two additions are not meanings of "Great Mother"; they are associated concepts." What does this mean? I am sure it is wrong. Is it not?
 * Austerlitz -- 88.72.7.43 (talk) 06:01, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Prajñāpāramitā means "perfection of wisdom" and refers to a class of literature. The link Prajnaparamita is actually a redirect to the Perfection of Wisdom article, and there's nothing there to indicate that this class of literature is the Great Mother, or the perfection of wisdom is the Great Mother, or that the Great Mother is a class of literature, etc. If the connection is not clear from that article, then there shouldn't be a link.
 * Regarding the Supreme being link (actually a redirect to Monotheism): this is partly a matter of logic and partly a matter of theological point of view. In logical terms George Bush is a person, that's true, but the George Bush disambiguation page doesn't link to person, because George Bush is only one of many persons. George Bush and "person" are not the same thing. And here's where it becomes theological, because you may say that the Great Mother is the Supreme Being and the Supreme Being is the Great Mother, but that's only your theological perspective, which excludes other perspectives. Other people say Jehovah is the Supreme being, so does that make Jehovah the Great Mother?
 * In practical terms, if someone types "Great Mother" into the Wikipedia search box, they're not going to be looking for the Monotheism article, which says nothing about the Great Mother. If you think these are important concepts that people should be aware of, then by all means make sure they're properly discussed in the Mother goddess article or wherever you think it's appropriate. But cluttering up a disambiguation page with more than the bare essentials just makes it more laborious for people to find the information they're actually looking for.
 * I hope this clarifies things a bit for you. Fuzzypeg talk 22:15, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I have to change the article on Prjanaparamita. and no, the disambiguation page says that Great Mother may refer to, and of course, it may refer to the socalled supreme being, if there is one.
 * Austerlitz -- 88.75.65.63 (talk) 06:34, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

as the rest of your posting is concerned, I'll say some more words later.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.75.83.135 (talk) 20:22, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation pages are solely intended to help readers find the article they're looking for. If someone types "Great Mother" into the search box and ends up at this dab page, then we know they're not looking for the Monotheism article (which is what Supreme Being redirects to), because that article is not about the Great Mother, and in fact doesn't even mention goddess worship. That's not the article they'll be looking for, so it's not appropriate to link to it. I'm not going to revert your change, because I can't be bothered getting into an edit war. Fuzzypeg talk 04:32, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Monotheism article and the Supreme Being: I've added Architect of the Universe although nobody has ever thought him to be a woman, I think, only because there in the beginning of the text there is a wikilink Supreme being which does not redirect to Monotheism article, until now.
 * Austerlitz -- 88.75.95.115 (talk) 10:16, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

P.S. Do you understand me?

 * What I think I understand is this: you're trying to underline the fact that the Great Mother is the supreme being, the source of all and origin of all. I don't dispute that. However this is descriptive information about the Great Mother, which should be included in the appropriate articles, and not the disambiguation (dab) page. The job of the dab page is to help people quickly find the article they want, so they can read these descriptions. They type in "Great Mother" presumably because they're looking for information on the Great Mother. Sending them to the Monotheism article or the Architect of the Universe article is not helpful to them. Adding all these links is not making the information easier to find, it's making it more laborious for them to sift through and find what they want.
 * I also wonder whether you've taken offense to me removing some of the links you added and are now simply trying to make a point to me. Well, I can't be bothered getting into an unproductive argument on that basis, which would be a waste of both of our energies. Perhaps another editor will come and fix this up; in the meantime I can't be bothered. Sorry, you've got me grumpy. Fuzzypeg talk 22:02, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

 * While I'm at it, I'll quote a couple of bits of the disambiguation page policy to you:
 * Do not pipe disambiguation links. Showing the entire linked article title avoids confusion, which is the reason for the link in the first place.
 * Only include related subject articles if the term in question is actually described in the target article.
 * And reading that policy page I see that it discourages the use of links for anything other than target articles; I might fix this page to conform to that, and I'll leave you to sort out your monotheisms and architects. Fuzzypeg talk 22:16, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Where does this belong to?
 * Austerlitz -- 88.75.72.16 (talk) 21:14, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * How about Shaktism? You may also want to put something in Shakti. It all depends on what information you want to incorporate, and which articles need more information... Not Great Architect of the Universe, though, please. Fuzzypeg★ 04:23, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your proposal, I've put it @shaktism.
 * Austerlitz -- 88.72.8.103 (talk) 22:05, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation
The rules are pretty strict on disambig pages. But I seriously sympathize with those users looking for goddess-related articles. Since the primary meaning is "mother goddess", I've put it at the top. I have only retained variation of strictly the phrase "Great Mother" for the disambig links, but placed a "See also" to aid users looking for less specific articles. The Category:Mother goddesses should cover any individual goddess otherwise overlooked. --Yamara ✉  23:09, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

I don't like it the way it is now.
 * Austerlitz -- 88.72.13.187 (talk) 05:51, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks Yamara, it looks good to me. I particularly like it the page links to Category:Mother goddesses, which means readers can find the article they're looking for, but we don't have to maintain identical lists in two separate places. Austerlitz, if you have a concern perhaps you'd like to explain it. Fuzzypeg★ 04:46, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Magna Mater disambiguation page created
A Magna Mater (disambiguation) page has now been created, with links to Cybele, Magna Mater (band), and (via a See Also section) to Great Mother (disambiguation). Previously, the band had been the Magna Mater page, which wasn't exactly what most (possibly any) of the articles linking there had meant. I've added a link to the Magna Mater (disambiguation) page in the See also of this page. Allens (talk) 08:08, 12 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed, good find. However, Magna Mater had been a redirect to Cybele, not a disambiguation page (the history is now at Magna Mater (band)). So, I've changed that back to Cybele and made Magna Mater (disambiguation) the dab page. For the most part, I've also reverted the changes to all the articles with Magna Mater links so they go back to Cybele via the Magna Mater redirect, rather than piping, rewording, or removing the links (in lieu of a see also link) to Magna Mater (disambiguation), Great Mother, Great Goddess, Cybele etc. The links shouldn't go to a disambiguation page. This way, if it's ever decided that Cybele isn't the WP:PRIMARY topic to which Magna Mater refers, that can be amended/hijacked without editing all the individual articles. Similarly, if editors chose Magna Mater over Great Mother for any reason, the choice is preserved. For example, Great Mother doesn't currently redirect to Cybele, it, itself, is a "dab page" (with no primary topic… to which Great Mother (disambiguation) redirects).—Machine Elf 1735  15:35, 12 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, Cybele is not the correct redirect for Magna Mater. The Maia (mythology) article states - with a reference - that this was also a term used for Maia. Therefore, there has to be a disambiguation page, and it is also useful to indicate to people the translation of Magna Mater. Thank you for catching my error on Rhea (mythology). I now see that, thanks to my being offline, people have messed things up yet further; great. Allens (talk) 17:56, 12 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I've Magna Mater (disambiguation) to the hat note on Cybele. Don't feel compelled to let that user revert your unrelated changes with such a lame excuse. Again, thanks for catching the hijacking in the first place. Once a linkable "list" gets worked up, it'll be even better.—Machine Elf 1735   03:31, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Mother


text:
Rhode Island Reds

Rhode Island Reds has been the name of three sports teams from Rhode Island:

 * RI Reds, a current team in the National Premier Soccer League
 * Providence Reds, a former team of the Canadian-American Hockey League and American Hockey League which later changed its name to Rhode Island Reds
 * Riverpoint Royals, a former team of the New England Collegiate Baseball League which used Rhode Island Reds as its original name

title: Rhode Island Reds


text:
List of places in Pennsylvania: D–E

This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

title: List of places in Pennsylvania: D–E


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Rita Angus

Rita Angus (12 March 1908 – 25 January 1970), known as Rita Cook early in her career, was a New Zealand painter who, alongside Colin McCahon and Toss Woollaston, is regarded as one of the leading figures in twentieth-century New Zealand art. She worked primarily in oil and watercolour, and became known for her portraits and landscapes.

Biography
Angus was born Henrietta Catherine Angus on 12 March 1908 in Hastings, New Zealand. She was the eldest of seven children of Scottish—English parents William McKenzie Angus and Ethel Violet Crabtree. In 1921, her family moved to Palmerston North and she attended Palmerston North Girls' High School from 1922 to 1926.

In February 1927, Angus began studying at the Canterbury College School of Art. She never completed her diploma in fine arts but continued to study until 1933, including classes at the Elam School of Fine Arts in Auckland. During her studies she was introduced to renaissance and medieval art and received traditional training in life drawing, still life and landscape painting.

Angus married Alfred Cook, a fellow artist, on 13 June 1930, but they separated in 1934, and divorced in 1939. Angus signed many of her paintings as Rita Cook between 1930 and 1946, but after she discovered in 1941 that Alfred Cook had remarried, she changed her surname by deed poll to McKenzie, her paternal grandmother's surname. As a result, some of her paintings are also signed R. Mackenzie or R. McKenzie, but the majority are signed Rita Angus.

After a short period teaching art in Napier, Angus lived mostly in Christchurch during the 1930s and 1940s. In a difficult financial position after her divorce she took on different jobs including teaching and as an illustrator for the Press. In the late 1940s she suffered from mental illness and entered Sunnyside Mental Hospital in 1949. In 1950 she moved to Waikanae to convalesce, and then settled in Wellington in 1955.

In the early 1940s, Rita Angus had an affair with composer Douglas Lilburn, whom she met in 1941; she became pregnant but miscarried. The affair as such was short, but the connection remained, with Lilburn in attendance when she died in 1970. The affair between the two only became known after letters were discovered in 2002.

Death
From December 1969, Angus' condition rapidly deteriorated; she died in Wellington Hospital of ovarian cancer on 25 January 1970, aged 61.

Art
Among Angus' influences were Byzantine art and cubism. She was also influenced by the English painter Christopher Perkins' 1931 painting of Mount Taranaki, a response to New Zealand's distinctive clear lighting. Her landscapes came in a time when many people were concerned to create a distinctly New Zealand style, but Angus herself was not interested in defining a national style so much as her own style. Her paintings are clear, hard-edged and sharply-defined. In the 1930s and 1940s she painted scenes of Canterbury and Otago. One of the most famous of these is Cass (1936) in which she portrayed the bare emptiness of the Canterbury landscape using simplified forms and mostly unblended colours arranged in sections in a style remiscent of poster art. Cass was voted New Zealand's most-loved painting in a 2006 television poll.

For a while, she lived next to the artist Leo Bensemann. Their adjacent flats became something of a hub of the local art scene and it is said that they spurred each other on in their art. It has been stated that Angus produced some of her finest pieces during this time including many portraits. She also produced comic art, signed with the name Rita Cook.

Angus' pacifist beliefs can be seen in her art of the 1940s, when she avoided any kind of war work. Angus stated, "As an artist it is my work to create life and not to destroy it." She created three goddess images symbolizing peace of which "Rutu" is the most well known.

In the early 1950s Angus spent some time travelling around New Zealand. One of her trips was to Central Otago, where she painted her well-known piece Central Otago. In 1955 Angus moved to Wellington and from this time her landscapes focused on Wellington and the Hawke's Bay which she visited regularly. Boats, Island Bay is one such iconic Wellington painting. She painted a large number of portraits, including "Head of a Maori Boy" (1938) and "Portrait (Betty Curnow)" (1942). She was able to capture the personality of her subjects, moving beyond a mere representation of their form. Angus also painted 55 self-portraits, particularly during her later years when she became afflicted with increasingly serious bouts of narcissistic disorder.

In 1958, she won a New Zealand Art Societies' Fellowship and travelled to London to study at the Chelsea School of Art and the Institute of Contemporary Arts. She also visited Scotland and Europe and studied modern and traditional European art. Angus devoted much of 1960 to the painting of a mural at Napier Girls' High School which can now be seen at the front of the school hall. The mural was commissioned to commemorate the girls who died in the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake.

Four of Angus's paintings were featured on a set of postange stamps issued by New Zealand Post in 1983 to mark the 75th anniversary of the artist's birth.

Exhibitions

 * 1930: exhibition with Canterbury Society of Arts
 * 1932: exhibition with The Group
 * 1940: Cass and Self Portrait exhibited at the National Centennial Exhibition of New Zealand Art
 * 1957: Angus' first solo exhibition, at the Wellington Art Centre gallery followed by solo exhibitions in 1961, 1963, 1964, 1967
 * 1965: Commonwealth Institute, London (Contemporary Painting in New Zealand)
 * 1969: Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, (New Zealand Modern Art)
 * 1982–1983: Rita Angus retrospective at the National Art Gallery in Wellington, New Zealand.
 * 2008: a major retrospective of Angus' work at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (Rita Angus: Life and Vision) to celebrate the centenary of her birth, followed by a tour to main centres around New Zealand.
 * 2022: an exhibition celebrating 40 years of Angus's work - Rita Angus: New Zealand Modernist | He Ringatoi Hou o Aotearoa. The Museum of New Zealand | Te Papa Tongarewa.
 * 2023: Rita Angus: New Zealand Modernist Exhibition - Tauranga Art Gallery | Toi Tauranga (Te Papa touring exhibition)

title: Rita Angus


text:
The Centaur

The Centaur is a novel by John Updike, published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1963. It won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction. Portions of the novel first appeared in Esquire and The New Yorker.

The French translation of the novel won the Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger (Best Foreign Book Prize).

Plot summary
The story concerns George Caldwell, a school teacher, and his son Peter, outside of Alton (i.e., Reading), Pennsylvania. The novel explores the relationship between the depressive Caldwell and his anxious son, loosely based on John Updike's relationship with his father, Wesley Updike, a teacher at Shillington High School. George has largely given up on life; what glory he knew, as a football player and soldier in World War I, has passed. He feels put upon by the school's principal, and he views his students as hapless and uninterested in anything he has to teach them. Peter, meanwhile, is a budding aesthete who idolizes Vermeer and dreams of becoming a painter in a big city, like New York. He has no friends his age, and regularly worries that his peers might detect his psoriasis, which stains his skin and flecks his clothes every season but summer. One thing George and Peter share is the desire to get out, to escape their hometown. This masculine desire for escape appears in Updike's famed "Rabbit" novels. Similarly, the novel's image of Peter's mother alone on an untended farm is one we later see in Updike's 1965 novel Of the Farm.

Reception
Describing The Centaur as “a poor novel irritatingly marred by good features” literary critic Jonathan Miller in The New York Review of Books writes:

"In [a] sense it is another A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Updike’s didactic allegory suffers by contrast with the delicacy with which Joyce uses the myth of Daedalus...the book [is] damaged by the necessity which Updike makes out of his own virtue. His sly adjectival prose creates an extraordinary surface effect…"

Miller continues: “I say he has made a necessity out of his own virtue, but perhaps I should say virtuosity, since it is his enslavement to his own bravura skill which finally disqualifies this novel from genuine literary consideration.”

Author Anthony Burgess, noting evidence of “pedantry” in Updike’s mythological parallels, praises The Centaur as “a noble attempt at adding fresh dimensions to a contemporary story by calling on ancient myth.” Burgess writes:

"[T]he brilliance of the language seemed no longer to be functioning in a void, unrelated to the subject matter of the book: it was appropriate to the other all complexity of the overall image; it was the true link between the story and the myth."

Burgess closes with this fulsome praise for Updike: “He is one of America’s most exciting talents, but much of the excitement is still to come.”

Themes
Like James Joyce in Ulysses, Updike drew on the myths of antiquity in an attempt to turn a modern and common scene into something more profound, a meditation on life and man's relationship to nature and eternity. George is both the Centaur Chiron and Prometheus (some readers might see George's son Peter as Prometheus), Mr. Hummel, the automobile mechanic, is Hephaestus (AKA Vulcan); and so forth.

The novel's structure is unusual; the narrative shifts from present day (late 1940s) to prospective (early 1960s), from describing the characters as George, Vera, and the rest, to the Centaur, Venus, and so forth. It also is punctuated with a feverish dream scene and George's obituary. Near the end of the novel, Updike includes two untranslated Greek sentences. Their translation is as follows: Having an incurable wound, he delivered himself into the cave. Wanting, and being unable, to have an end, because he was immortal, [then with] Prometheus offering himself to Zeus to become immortal for him, thus he died.

This quote is from Bibliotheca 2.5.4, and describes the death of Chiron.

Novelist and literary critic Joyce Carol Oates reports that The Centaur represents a “balance” between “the classical-artistic-‘immoral’” aspects of Updike’s creative interests and his Calvanistic background. Oates writes:

"The Centaur, being a relatively early and emotionally biographical work, is valuable in its obvious statement of the dichotomy in the author’s imagination between the “pagan” and the “Christian”....surely the example of Joyce’s Ulysses was always in his mind…”"

Oates reports that Updike’s wished to provide his protagonist George Caldwell—and for himself—“another spiritual dimension in which they might be heroic without being heretical.”

title: The Centaur


text:
Talk:Frozen meal

2010 comments by User:Huw Powell
I suggest forking or splitting to the modern "skillet meal" which is referred to late in this article. Far from a "TV dinner", I think they should have their own "see also" article. Also, the last section in very UK-centric. Is their a template I can use to whine about that? Huw Powell (talk) 03:30, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Also, I don't think this talk page should have been archived. The archive is small, and contains threads I think are still currently pertinent. Huw Powell (talk) 03:36, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

UK
Birdseye marketed the frozen dinner for one in the UK from 1960s. It was in a covered aluminium tray which you lifted one corner to allow the Yorkshire pudding to rise. In the UK they were never referred to as TV dinner's though. (86.129.36.187 (talk) 19:14, 27 February 2011 (UTC))

Pewter Tray
I see there in the history section, this line "the pewter tray with aluminum foil covering could be heated directly in the oven..."

Is this true? Were "TV dinners" ever packaged in pewter trays? Isn't pewter kind of heavy and stiff? I realize that pewter is not particularly expensive, but is it too expensive to be used as a disposable container? I imagine if pewter TV dinner trays were built like pewter beer mugs then people might have saved them for other use. Unless you can make a pewter foil. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:140:8A00:2890:3D0E:DC30:530D:E06E (talk) 02:35, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Good point. Pewter would also melt at about the temperature that TV dinners were heated.  I've updated the page. Dan Bloch (talk) 06:08, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Original research?
The History section of this article has had a tag added to it that claims it may have original research. Unfortunately, since the section already has several sources cited (at least five), it is exceedingly difficult to ascertain which claims the tagger considers to be original research. There is one statement "Swanson far exceeded its expectations, and ended up selling more than 10 million of these dinners in the first year of production." that (appropriately) has a "citation needed" tag on it, but that's not original research-looking, it's lack of sourcing.

 * Then why post this statement at all? Did someone just pull it out of the air? It certainly reads that way, along with all the other breezy "facts" sprinkled through the article. Without a source, these statements have no validity or value. 73.173.114.38 (talk) 03:57, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

Frankly, when I see editors whose tagging of articles constitute in the neighborhood of 50% of their total edits, I wonder if they're helping us or not. At the very least, when someone comes along and leaves a nebulous tag like that on an article, I think they should be required to explain what their concern is. Of course, some tags do not need an explanation. For example, if a tag says that an article has "no sources, and indeed, it has none, then I can understand what's the problem. But tagging like this, without leaving an explanation, is just rude and ignorant. HuskyHuskie (talk) 04:35, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

TV dinners are generic and international. Therefore in referring to dessert options purely American desserts - "brownies" and "apple cobblers" should be avoided.Royalcourtier (talk) 01:02, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

When did Swanson stop using the name "TV Dinner"?
Article says 1962; hereis a Swanson ad from May 1968 which uses it. Relgif (talk) 20:48, 17 January 2012 (UTC)
 * My memory says that the term "TV Dinner" was still being used in the 1970s, but I have nothing to back it up but gray hairs. HuskyHuskie (talk) 03:39, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

Problem with History Section
Specifically the origin of the name. The claim that it's because of the shape may have a cite but it's obviously false: The original TV Dinner had three triangular sections, it did not have a "sidebar" arrangement like a television. This is even shown in the images used in the article. I can't access the cite to see if it's being misread or misrepresented, but there's a contradictory statement from Gerald Thomas here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzlkO8LIWrs

I don't know if it's a good enough source but the fact the remains that the article as it stands states something which is clearly false.

 * The photo, however (despite the caption) is not of a 1950s era TV dinner but a 1960s era one -- with the added 4th compartment for a dessert, as stated elsewhere in the article (and as accords with my personal memory). I can't speak to the very first TV dinners, but in the years immediately before the 4-compartment ones, they did have three roughly triangular compartments. --Gambaguru (talk) 03:10, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

Last foil tray?
It is mentioned that the first non-foil ("microwave-safe") tray was introduced in 1986. When was the last foil tray sold? How long did it take for the entire industry to switch from trays designed for "regular ovens" to those designed for microwaves? 24.14.200.215 (talk) 16:53, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

 * A number of oven-only ready meals are still sold in foil trays. I doubt they will go away any time soon. — Smjg (talk) 13:36, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

Swanson appears to have exited the frozen dinner market
While following a couple of the article's external links, I noticed that Pinnacle Foods has dropped the Swanson name from its Hungry Man line of frozen dinners, per the expiration of the 10-year brand-licensing agreement with Campbell Soup (Swanson's parent company). See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanson#Other_frozen_dinners Details on this might be added to the History section of this article, and the appropriate Swanson links updated. — DennisDallas (talk) 00:08, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

Move (2012)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Malcolmxl5 (talk) 03:05, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

TV dinner → Ready-made meal – This article doesn't specifically detail the dinner by Swanson, but rather discusses all ready-made meals, so I think we should move to the page to "Ready-made meal". KVDP (talk) 09:08, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
 * It is like band-aid or any of many other brands that started out as a brand and ended up as the defacto name of the item. Apteva (talk) 09:57, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Support More in the interest of defining the article's scope. A ready-made meal can take many forms, such as takeaway food from a supermarket. This article depicts and describes such meals as well. A "TV dinner" is almost always going to mean a frozen meal prepared in a microwave, and sounds a bit informal anyway. --BDD (talk) 19:22, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose use frozen dinner instead, since not all of them are microwave dinners, though they are all now microwave dinners (early TV dinners went in the regular oven). But they are frozen. Although, "TV dinner" is still widely used. And the article specifically says that "TV dinner" has been genericized, so whatever else, it doesn't make it a Swanson term anymore. (like "Personal Computer" and the IBM PC, "aspirin" and Bayer Aspirin, etc)-- 70.24.247.127 (talk) 22:40, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Not so. The Gastropub meal depicted in the article doesn't appear to be frozen, and there are many ready-made meals like that in supermarkets, at least here in the United States. I suspect these meals are more often microwaved than they are frozen, though certainly some might be eaten cold, such as salads. --BDD (talk) 22:52, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose The article is not really about supermarket "takeaway food" that you can eat without reheating. Even reheated (as distinct from frozen microwave) stuff is mentioned only briefly.  I agree with Apteva that it's a generic trademark.  I also find many more google results for "TV dinner" than "ready made meal" (which I think includes "ready-made meal") although honestly I don't have much experience with researching COMMONNAME questions.  AgnosticAphid  talk 19:59, 22 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Why would anyone think that a TV Dinner is the main article for a ready made meal?  The two are quite different. Vegaswikian (talk) 23:59, 26 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Name
It is stated as a fact that the name TV dinner came "from the shape of the tray it was served on". I always thought that it was so-called because it was often eaten in front of the TV. Can either origin be ruled out?Royalcourtier (talk) 01:05, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

 * @Royalcourtier - Could be a circular citation (from Wikipedia), but there is this. - Swiss Mister in NY (talk) 17:07, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 22 November 2014

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move the page back to TV dinner, for the time being, per the discussion below; if another move is still desired, please feel free to initiate a new move request. Dekimasu よ! 07:18, 4 December 2014 (UTC)

Prepackaged meal → TV dinner – This was an undiscussed move ("TV dinner" move to "prepackaged meal"); so should be reverted as a speedy revert. An older discussion occurs on the talk page, where no other term was found to be acceptable for various reasons. And the topic of the article is not prepackaged meals, it does not cover such things as canned meals or MRE-style meals, or ration bar meals, so it is not about "prepackaged meals" it is about TV dinner style prepackaged meals; nor should it be expanded to cover all types of prepackaged meals, since TV dinners are notable in themselves. – 67.70.35.44 (talk) 08:01, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 10:12, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment this should have gone through as a RMTR speedy revert, since the move away from "TV dinner" to "prepackaged meal" occurred without discussion, and a prior discussion already covered many alternate titles. -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 05:10, 23 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Given that the move happened a year ago, it's hard to blame Anthony for not processing this as a reversion request. Dekimasu よ! 22:18, 23 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Suggest Ready meal. It gets approaching the hits of "TV dinner" but you can don't feed it to a TV and you can have it for lunch or even breakfast - as per WP:AT.  The 21st Century version might be mobile device meal. TV dinners would fit into a category such as ready meals.  Gregkaye  ✍ ♪  23:55, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose. "TV dinner" used to be overwhelmingly the most common name in the US, even for generic meals. I'm not convinced that it is any longer, however. "Ready meal", on the other hand, seems to be completely unknown in the US (I don't know about elsewhere). so it's not an improvement. I'd suggest moving to frozen dinner, and refining the scope so that it only covers frozen dinners. Other types of convenience meal can be covered elsewhere. 209.211.131.181 (talk) 05:00, 23 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I have never encountered "ready meal" in Canada -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 07:30, 24 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment I'd prefer to use TV dinner with a moritorium on moves for, say, a year rather than use Prepackaged meal. In the form of WP guidelines that have been chosen, rightly or wrongly, it is not Wikipedia's role to invent new terminologies.
 * "TV dinner" gets "About 442,000 results" on Web
 * "ready meal" gets "About 381,000 results" on Web
 * "Frozen meal" gets "About 308,000 results" on Web
 * "Prepackaged meal" gets "About 12,200 results" on web
 * ngrams in books overwhelmingly support "TV dinners"
 * Support a change, any change but with weak preference for Ready meal.
 * Gregkaye ✍ ♪  13:40, 23 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Support It shuold be reverted as it was if it was a undiscussed move — Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.65.196.20 (talk • contribs) 11:29, 25 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment. To add the British view, "TV dinner" is rarely heard here. "Ready meal" is the norm. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:20, 26 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Support ready meal - Although I speak American-English - between "ready meal", "TV dinner", and "frozen meal" - "ready meal" is the most descriptive and general. "Prepackaged meal" would be even better, if only it was in common usage.    A rbitrarily 0    ( talk ) 04:08, 29 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Support for procedural reasons (to revert an undiscussed move) and on the merits ("TV dinner" is the most common of several title options; the current title is quite uncommon). —  AjaxSmack   05:25, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support. This is needed to simply reverse the undiscussed move.  Changes to the name can be considered afterwards.  Other name changes being discussed at this time simply complicate which should be a simple correction.  Oh, if renamed, block further name changes. Vegaswikian (talk) 20:42, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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 * Tvdinner.jpg

why "TV dinner"?
An ad introducing the turkey dinner in the Boston Globe, March 26, 1954, includes the line "Skip cooking entirely the night of your favorite TV shows." It goes on to also suggest serving them to your bridge club and eating one when you're home alone, so the main thrust is it's a labor-saving convenience. Still, the connection is there between watching TV and not having to cook while your shows are on. Does it make sense to cook the dinner while watching TV, then stop watching to eat it? Sounds to me like the point is you cook and then you eat, all while you're watching TV, hence the name. 108.20.114.62 (talk) 01:09, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
 * The proper approach on Wikipedia is to research name origins and (especially) document what secondary sources describe to us about how names have come about. "Sounds to me" is not only not a sufficient approach, it's also not encouraged. Additionally, 1954 may not be far enough back to get to the core, original motivations behind naming. I'm going to be trying to really investigate this "name origin" matter, as it does appear to have some possible embellishments added by people or entities who may have some motivations of self influencing them. - Swiss Mister in NY (talk) 22:47, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 24 March 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Overall, most editors oppose the previous name of "TV dinner", and the option that has the most support is Frozen meal, on the grounds that it covers other meals besides dinners. After relisting for a week, no more comments appeared so this close is final (barring appeals to WP:MR). (t · c)  buidhe  21:28, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Frozen meal → ? – Current name appears to be a non-generic trademark which was only used in a particular region. Previous move requests seem to have gotten hung up on the "common" part of WP:COMMONNAME while ignoring the "recognisable" part. The current title is not particularly descriptive and could easily refer to numerous subjects (is it a dinner you order through a teleshopping programme? Is it a meal whose recipe was provided by a celebrity chef in a TV appearance? etc.) and a more WP:PRECISE title, possibly a WP:NDESC, which allows for international WP:COMMONALITY in understanding should probably be found. HumanBodyPiloter5 (talk) 17:39, 24 March 2021 (UTC) —Relisting. Vaticidalprophet 21:13, 3 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: this page was renamed from to Frozen meal, then this request was reopened and relisted, which resulted in a malformed request. So this move request has been altered to reflect the title change.  P.I. Ellsworth    ed.  put'r there 04:45, 4 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Move to Frozen dinner. "TV dinner" appears to be a North American name only, and not used as frequently in the 21st century.  "Frozen Dinner" is easily recognizable (unlike former title Prepackaged meal and other suggestions from previous RMs). FWIW, Hungry-Man's website refers to its products as frozen dinners. 162.208.168.92 (talk) 18:07, 24 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Move to Frozen meal, since the article covers meals other than dinners. BD2412  T 05:08, 25 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Just to throw some more chaos into the mix, the fact that there are so many alternate names listed and that no single title seems to be working out is an argument that we have two related but separate topics - the slightly more historical concept of a "TV dinner" (think aluminum pans and heated in the oven) vs. the more modern "microwave meal" which grew in popularity alongside the new appliance since you cant use metal in them ("microwave meal" I think is a better title than both "frozen meal" or "frozen dinner" both because not all are frozen nor for dinner only). I suggest keeping the article here at the current title, and moving "microwave meal" content to a new draft. -- Netoholic @ 20:21, 25 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Alternately, we can keep content concerning frozen dinners at this article, and move other content to Convenience food. 162.208.168.92 (talk) 23:39, 25 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Disagree. The first edit was clearly about "TV dinners", and so the most consistent edit history should stay here. -- Netoholic @ 04:03, 26 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Looking at the first edit it seems that this article was originally about the specific brand known as "TV Dinners". It may make sense to keep this article as an article about that topic while creating a separate article for "Microwave Meals". The current article is a mess and that's likely due to a lack of a clear subject matter. HumanBodyPiloter5 (talk) 07:11, 26 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Mild Oppose. "TV dinner" is extremely WP:PRECISE.  It's what the word means.  It's in the dictionary.  Dan Bloch (talk) 04:22, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

 * How is it WP:PRECISE? A term appearing in the dictionary does not establish recognisability either. As I stated before, a "TV Dinner" could easily be numerous other things, and since this article doesn't refer to dinners which are made using televisions (but rather just dinners which a marketer in the 1950s believed people may want to eat while watching television) it doesn't seem appropriate. Looking at others concerns I'm starting to believe that splitting most of this article's contents into separate "Frozen meal" and "Microwave meal" articles, while retaining the current title (possibly with a change of capitalisation) for an article specifically about the original brand would be most appropriate. HumanBodyPiloter5 (talk) 12:31, 29 March 2021 (UTC)
 * TV dinner is WP:PRECISE because it clearly identifies the topic of the article. The claim that it can mean other things was wrong, which is why I brought this up.  The argument could still be made that "Frozen dinner" or "Frozen meal" better identify the topic. Dan Bloch (talk) 00:42, 30 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Move to Frozen meal – per BD2412. Ajshul  😃 13:09, 29 March 2021 (UTC)

 * A participant in this discussion requested its reopening. I considered making a procedural MR, but have done so instead. Vaticidalprophet 21:13, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

Frozen
We are now in a ridiculous position where we have an article called Frozen meal which spends a lot of its time describing products that are not frozen meals. The dreaded "all the world's America" syndrome seems to have struck yet again, as often happens with WP food articles. Ef80 (talk) 13:31, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Reading the TP archive, it seems obvious that the article merge in 2006 was a huge mistake. --Ef80 (talk) 18:01, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Ef80, how would you quantify "a lot of its time"? When I scan the article as a typical reader would (heavy attention to the lead, with much less attention to the following sections), I get the impression that maybe 10% of the content addresses non-frozen pre-packaged or ready-made meals. I would agree, generally, though -- if there are sentences or paragraphs that unduly focus on non-frozen meals (especially if unsourced), they could be trimmed or removed. There's no reason non-frozen products cannot be mentioned here, but they should not consume an undue portion of the overall content. - Swiss Mister in NY (talk) 22:53, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the article was created to describe 'TV Dinners', a specifically 1950s American concept and originally a proprietary product. TV dinners were frozen and subsequently cooked in an oven. It's since had lots of stuff about various sorts of pre-prepared food added and merged in, some of which can be cooked in a microwave, some in a conventional oven, some in both. Some are in foil containers, some in plastic, some in cardboard. Most are not frozen. As merges have taken place, misleading redirects have been created to the article - Ready meal redirects here, despite having no connection with the American 'frozen roast dinner on a tinfoil tray' concept. Finally the article was renamed to 'Frozen meal', which is actually worse than calling it 'TV dinner'. I guess how you react to the article does depend on your perspective though - maybe it reads better if you're from the US. --Ef80 (talk) 14:45, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I was just thinking that myself. Furthermore, the lead sentence is a mess:
 * "A frozen meal (also called TV dinner in Canada and US), prepackaged meal, ready-made meal, ready meal (UK), frozen dinner, and microwave meal is ultra-processed food portioned for an individual."
 * This gives the impression that all of these terms are synonymous, which they aren't, though of course there is significant overlap. The basic definition seems to be a prepackaged food product designed to constitute a full main course of a meal, which comes ready to be heated and then served.  However:
 * Not all are frozen - they are probably just as likely to be chilled. All the major UK supermarkets have extensive ranges of chilled ready meals.
 * While the majority are designed to be microwaved, many can alternatively be heated in a conventional oven, and there are even some that are not microwavable.
 * Surely being ultra-processed isn't part of the definition? It seems to me it can still be a ready meal if it's only moderately processed, or even if it's composed entirely of fresh ingredients.
 * While the majority are portioned for an individual, ready meals portioned for two people are also common. There are probably some portioned for three or four.
 * I've heard of the term "TV dinner" but am not familiar with it. It still isn't clear to me where the modern definition begins and ends.
 * I think what's needed is to tidy up the article generally to:
 * describe primarily the overall concept
 * refer to the concept by the most generic term possible, and have that term as the title
 * give the other terms as other terms, carefully distinguishing between synonyms and subcategories
 * The problem is that nobody seems sure what the "most generic term possible" is. "TV dinner", aside from being a bizarre term in itself, would be very confusing to us Brits, who are generally not familiar with the term and would probably interpret it as meaning something totally different: a meal prepared according to a recipe from a TV cookery programme.  This may be what I thought for years the term meant.  I'm not sure how readily understandable "ready meal" would be.  Could "prepackaged meal" or "ready-made meal" be considered a sufficiently generic term?  Wiktionary has "heat-and-eat" which isn't in common use here, but I don't know how widely used that term is in the Anglosphere as a whole. — Smjg (talk) 23:50, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

Images used in the article
The images currently adorning this article seem to be of lower quality than what we should aim for.

 * The Currywurst and fries platter has a ripped tray, and there seems to be a stray slice of sausage resting with the fries.
 * The country fried chicken meal seems appropriate, though the lighting feels industrial/cafeteria quality, rather than what one might find in a home where these meals are eaten.
 * The carbonara container on a plate seems darkly lit, and it's more of an entree, not a "meal" (if one thinks of meals as having multiple courses).

If it were up to me, I would suggest maybe keeping the "Country fried chicken" image, removing the other two images, and perhaps including other images, like:

 * Top view to present a standard member of the class
 * The "after heating" version of the country fried chicken meal, which if repurposed as a "before" and "after" collage, would better serve the reader's understanding
 * A grocery freezer featuring different frozen meals
 * Historical advertisement for an iconic brand

I'd be happy to hear what others think before I go chopping away at the article. - Swiss Mister in NY (talk) 23:11, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frozen meal


text:
List of places in Pennsylvania: H–I

This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

title: List of places in Pennsylvania: H–I


text:
Category:Terpsiphone

Terpsiphone is a genus of the family Monarchidae.

title: Category:Terpsiphone


text:
Poultice

A poultice, also called a cataplasm, is a soft moist mass, often heated and medicated, that is spread on cloth and placed over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body. It can be used on wounds, such as cuts.

'Poultice' may also refer to a porous solid filled with a solvent used to remove stains from porous stone such as marble or granite.

The word "poultice" comes from the Greek word "poltos" transformed in the Latin puls, pultes, meaning "porridge".

Types

 * Some Native Americans used mashed pumpkin or devil’s club as a poultice.
 * Native Americans have thousands of plants for the making of poultices. The known tribes who utilize(d) plants for poultices include the Abnaki, Aleut, some Algonquin bands, Anticosti, some Apache tribes,  Atsugewi, Bella Coola, Blackfoot, Cahuilla, California Indian, Carrier bands,   Catawba, Chehalis, Cherokee, some Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Chippewa, Choctaw, Clallam, Coahuilla, some Cocopa, Comanche, Concow, and many more.
 * In addition to bread and cereals, bran may also be used as a poultice because of its absorbent quality. It is packed into the wound and then covered with a piece of sacking or similar material before being bandaged onto the site of the wound.
 * There are also many commercial poultices that are ready-made. Some of these may be labeled as "drawing salves".
 * Ash poultices can cause a chemical burn.

Inflammation treatment
A poultice is a common treatment used on horses to relieve inflammation. It is usually used on the lower legs, under a stable bandage, to focus treatment on the easily injured tendons in the area. Poultices are sometimes applied as a precautionary measure after the horse has worked hard, such as after racing, jumping, or a cross-country run, to prevent heat and filling. They are also used to treat abscess wounds, where a build-up of pus needs to be drawn out.

Poultices may also be heated and placed on an area where extra circulation is desired.

A poultice is a cooling product that is commonly used for show-jumpers and racehorses, as it is often cheaper and easier to administer than many other cooling products. A poultice is applied to the horse's distal limbs after exercise, for 9–12 hours. The intended effect of the poultice is to cool the horse's legs over a long period of time, by drawing heat out of the leg through evaporation. It is a common practice to bandage over the poultice, using bandages and bandage fillers, and to place either wet newspaper or cellophane wrap between the poultice and bandages, yet bandaging over the poultice may also prevent the action of heat evaporation and, therefore, prevent cooling—i.e., heat can't escape. It is also worth noting dry poultice stores heat.

title: Poultice


text:
Dvārakā–Kamboja route

The Dvārakā–Kamboja route is an ancient land trade route that was an important branch of the Silk Road during antiquity and the early medieval era. It is referred to in Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain works. It connected the Kamboja Kingdom in today's Afghanistan and Tajikistan via Pakistan to Dvārakā (Dvaravati) and other major ports in Gujarat, India, permitting goods from Afghanistan and China to be exported by sea to southern India, Sri Lanka, the Middle East and Ancient Greece and Rome. The road was the second most important ancient caravan route linking India with the nations of the northwest.

The route
The Kamboja–Dvārakā trade route began at the seaport of Dvārakā. It passed through the Anarta region to Madhyamika, a city near Chittor. South of Aravalli, the road reached the Indus River, where it turned north. At Roruka (modern Rodi), the route split in two: one road turned east and followed the river Sarasvati to Hastinapura and Indraprastha, while the second branch continued north to join the main east-west road (the Uttarapatha Route across northern India from Pataliputra to Bamyan) at Pushkalavati.

From Pushkalavati, the Kamboja-Dvārakā and Uttarapatha routes ran together to Bahlika through Kabul and Bamyan. At Bahlika, the road turned east to pass through the Pamir Mountains and Badakshan, finally connecting with the Silk Road to China.

Land trade
Both the historical record and archaeological evidence show that the ancient kingdoms in the northwest (Gandhāra and Kamboja) had economic and political relations with the western Indian kingdoms (Anarta and Saurashtra) since Ancient times. This commercial intercourse appears to have led to the adoption of similar sociopolitical institutions by both the Kambojas and the Saurashtras.

Historical records
References in both Hindu and Buddhist scriptures mention trading activities of the ancient Kambojas with other nations:

 * It is referred to in the Pali work called Petavatthu, wherein it is said that traders went with caravans with wagons loaded with goods from Dvāravati to Kamboja.
 * The Arthashastra by Kautiliya, a treatise on statecraft written between the 4th century BCE and the 4th century CE, classifies the Kamboja and Saurashtra kingdoms as one entity, since the same form of politico-economic institutions existed in both republics. The text makes particular mention of warfare, cattle-based agriculture and trade. The description tallies with those in the Bṛhat Saṃhitā, a 6th-century CE encyclopedia and the major epic Mahabharata, which makes particular reference to the wealth of the Kambojas.

Archaeological evidence
Numerous precious objects discovered in excavations in Afghanistan, at Bamyan, Taxila and Begram, bear evidence to a close trade relationship between the region and ancient Phoenicia and Rome to the west and Sri Lanka to the south.

Because archaeological digs in Gujarat have also found ancient ports, the Kamboja–Dvārakā Route is viewed as the logical corridor for those trade items that reached the sea before traveling on east and west.

The seaport and international trade
From the port of Dvārakā at the terminus of the Kamboja–Dvārakā Route, traders connected with sea trading routes to exchange goods as far west as Rome and as far east as Kampuchea. Goods shipped at Dvārakā also reached Greece, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, southern India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, the land of Suwannaphum (whose location has still not been determined) and the Indochinese peninsula.

Dvārakā was, however, not the only port at the route's terminus. Perhaps more important was Barygaza or Bharukaccha (modern Bharuch, located on the mainland to the east of the Kathiawar peninsula on the river Narbada.

Horse dealers from north-west Kamboja traded as far as Sri Lanka, and there may have been a trading community of them living in Anuradhapura, possibly along with some Greek traders. This trade continued for centuries, long after the Kambhojans had converted to Islam in the 9th century CE.

The chief export products from Kamboja were horses, ponies, blankets embroidered with threads of gold, Kambu/Kambuka silver, zinc, mashapurni, asafoetida, somvalak or punga, walnuts, almonds, saffron, raisins and precious stones including lapis lazuli, green turquoise and emeralds.

Historical records: western sea trade
The sea trade from the southern end of the Kamboja–Dvārakā Route to the west is documented in Greek, Buddhist and Jain records:

 * The 1st-century CE Greek work The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions several seaports on the west coast of India, from Barbarikon at the mouth of the Indus to Bharakuccha, Sopara, Kalyan and Muziris. The Periplus also refers to Saurashtra as a seaboard of Arabia.
 * A century later, Ptolemy's The Geographia also refers to Bharakuccha port as a great commercial center situated on the Narbada estuary. Ptolemy also refers to Saurashtra as Syrestrene.
 * The 7th-century CE Chinese traveler Yuan Chwang calls Saurashtra Sa-la-ch'a and refers to it as "the highway to the sea where all the inhabitants were traders by profession".
 * Undated ancient Jain texts also refer to heavy trade activity in Saurashtran seaports, some of which had become the official residences of international traders. Bharakuccha in particular is described as donamukha, meaning where goods were exchanged freely. The Brhatkalpa describes the port of Sopara as a great commercial center and a residence of numerous traders.
 * Other ports mentioned in texts include Vallabhi (modern Vala), a flourishing seaport during the Maitraka dynasty in the 5th through 8th centuries CE. The existence of a port at Kamboi is attested in 10th-century CE records

The commerce of the western Indian coast was lucrative. Bharukacchan and Soparan traders who established settlements or trading posts in the Persian Gulf reaped enormous profits from the Indo-Roman trade and, according to the Vienna Papyrus, written in the mid-2nd century CE, paid high rates of interest.

Archaeological evidence: western sea trade
There is good archaeological evidence of Roman trade goods in the first two centuries CE reaching Kamboja and Bactria through the Gujarati peninsula. Archaeologists have found frescoes, stucco decorations and statuary from ancient Phoenicia and Rome in Bamian, Begram and Taxila in Afghanistan.

Goods from Rome on the trade route included frankincense, coral of various colors (particularly red), figured linen from Egypt, wines, decorated silver vessels, gum, stone, opaque glass and Greek or European slave?women. Roman gold coins were also traded and were usually melted into bullion in Afghanistan, although very little gold came from Rome after 70 CE. In exchange, ships bound for Rome and the west loaded up in Barbaricum/Bharukaccha with lapis lazuli from Badakshan, green turquoise from the Hindu Kush and Chinese silk (mentioned as reaching Barbaricum via Bactria in The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea).

Historical records: eastern sea trade
The eastern and southern sea trade from the ports at the southern terminus of the Kamboja–Dvārakā Route is described in Buddhist, Jain and Sri Lankan documents.

The Pali work called Petavatthu says that traders went with caravans with wagons loaded with goods from Dvāravati to Kamboja. The Pali work Apadāna refers to a saint named Bāhiya Dārucīriya who was born in the port of Bharakuccha and according to a commentary who made several trade voyages. He sailed the length of the Indus seven times, and also travelled across the sea as far as Suvannabhumi and returned safely home. Also, the 4th century CE Pali text Sihalavatthu refers to Kambojas being in the Province of Rohana on the island of Tambapanni, or Sri Lanka.
 * Ancient Buddhist references attest that the nations from the northwest, including the Kamboja as well as the Gandhara, Kashmira, Sindhu and Sovira kingdoms were part of a trade loop with western Indian sea ports. Trade ships regularly plied between Bharukaccha, Sopara and other western Indian ports, and southern India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Suvannabhumi and the Indochinese peninsula.
 * An undated Jain text mentions a merchant sailing from Bharukaccha and arriving in Sri Lanka in the court of a king named Chandragupta..
 * There is also a tradition in Sri Lanka, (recorded in the Pujavaliya) that Tapassu and Bhalluka, the two merchant brothers, natives of Pokkharavati (modern Pushkalavati) in what then was ancient Kamboja-Gandhara and now is the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan, "visited the east coast of Ceylon and built a Cetiya there.". In addition, several ancient epigraphic inscriptions found in a cave in Anuradhapura refer to Kamboja corporations and a Grand Kamboja Sangha (community) in ancient Sinhala, as early as the 3rd century BC.
 * Several Iranian records mention an embassy from a Sri Lankan king to the Iranian emperor Anusharwan (531–578). The Sri Lankan monarch is reported to have sent the Persian emperor ten elephants, two hundred thousand pieces of teakwood and seven pearl divers.

Archaeological evidence: eastern sea trade
Archaeological digs in Sri Lanka have turned up coins, beads and intaglios from Bactria and Afghanistan. A fragment of a Gandhara Buddha statue in schist was recently unearthed from the excavations at Jetavanaramaya in Anuradhapura. Other finds in Sri Lanka, such as lapis lazuli of the Badakshan type, connect that island with Kamboja, ancient source of the material.

Facts in the original Pali sources
According to Malalasekara, in the entry 'Kamboja' in Dictionary of Pali Proper Names: 'The country was evidently on one of the great caravan routes, and there was a road direct from Dvāraka to Kamboja (Pv.p. 23).' The Pali work called Petavatthu that Malalasekera refers to (as Pv.p. 23) says that caravan wagons loaded with goods went from Dvāraka to Kamboja. The introductory story as given in the Petavatthu Commentary says that the thousand caravan carts that went from Dvāravatī to Kamboja passed through an arid desert where they got lost.

With regards Bāhiya Dārucīriya, Malalasekara writes that he 'engaged himself in trade, voyaging in a ship. Seven times he sailed down the Indus and across the sea and returned safely home. On the eighth occasion, while on his way to Suvaṇṇabhūmi, his ship was wrecked, and he floated ashore on a plank, reaching land near Suppāraka.'

The Apadāna verses of Bāhiya say that he was born in the town of Bhārukaccha ( modern Bharuch) and departed on a ship from there. After being on sea for a few days, he fell into the sea due to a frightful, horrible sea-monster (makara), but on a plank managed to reach the port of Suppāraka.

The source for Malalasekera's statement that Bāhiya sailed down the Indus and went to Suvaṇṇabhūmi is the Udāna Commentary of Dhammapāla, which says that Bāhiya was born in the country of Bāhiya, and was a merchant. Masefield translates the commentary as follows: 'He filled a ship with abundant goods, ..., for the purposes of trade, entered upon the ocean and, in successively roaming about, on seven occasions approached his own city via an expedition up the Indus. But on the eighth occasion, he embarked into his ship with his goods loaded on board thinking he would go to Suvaṇṇabhūmi. Having ventured deep into the Great Ocean, the ship went off-course in the midst of the ocean, without reaching the desired destination, with the people (on board) becoming a meal for fish and turtles. But Bāhiya, being tossed about ever so slowly by the motion of the waves as he made his way (to safety) after grabbing hold of a ship’s plank, on the seventh day reached the shore in the locality of the port of Suppāraka.'

The port of Suppāraka, is either modern Sopara near Bhārukaccha or modern Bharuch, or Vasai near Mumbai, about 290 kilometers south of Bhārukaccha.

title: Dvārakā–Kamboja route


text:
Tom Werner

Thomas Charles Werner (born April 12, 1950) is an American television producer and businessman. Through his investment in Fenway Sports Group, he is currently chairman of both Liverpool and the Boston Red Sox.

Werner first became a part owner of the San Diego Padres in 1990, later was part of a group that purchased the Boston Red Sox, and has served as chairman of the Red Sox since February 27, 2002. Since then, the team has won four World Series—the 2004 title ending an 86-year championship drought—and qualified for the postseason ten times. In 2018, the Red Sox won a franchise-record 108 games and went on to win a ninth World Series title. Werner became chairman of Liverpool in 2010. In his time in office, Liverpool have won nine trophies, the league cup in 2012, 2022 and 2024, the UEFA Champions League in 2019, the UEFA Super Cup in 2019, the FIFA Club World Cup also in 2019, the FA Cup in 2022, the FA Community Shield in 2022 and the Premier League in 2020 under coach Jürgen Klopp.

As a television producer, Werner formed a partnering with producer Marcy Carsey to create Carsey-Werner. The company produced several shows including The Cosby Show, Roseanne, 3rd Rock from the Sun and That '70s Show. Werner served as executive producer for the reboot of Roseanne and was the executive producer for The Conners.

Early life
Werner was born to a Jewish family of German origin, in New York City; one of three children born to Elizabeth (née Grumbach) and Henry Werner. He has one sister, Patsy Werner Hanson, and one brother, Peter Werner. He was educated at St. Bernard's School in Manhattan, The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut, and graduated from Harvard University in 1971.

Television career
In 1973, Werner entered television by working for ABC-TV. In 1975, he became the Director of East Coast Prime Time Development. Werner was promoted to senior vice president of the prime-time development department in 1979. While at ABC, Werner was involved in the development of Mork & Mindy, Bosom Buddies, Soap and Taxi.

Werner left the network in 1980 and co-founded The Carsey-Werner Company with Marcy Carsey the same year. In this capacity he served as executive producer of such television programs as The Cosby Show, A Different World, Roseanne, 3rd Rock from the Sun, That '70s Show and Grounded for Life. In 1996, Werner was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.

In 2000, Werner, Carsey and longtime partner Caryn Mandabach joined Oprah Winfrey to start Oxygen, a 24-hour cable channel which catered to the lifestyle and entertainment interests of the "millennial woman". In 2007, NBC Universal purchased the network for $925 million, and in 2017, it was rebranded as a multiplatform site with a focus on true-crime programming for women.

San Diego Padres
Werner's entry into sports team ownership came when he and 14 other Southern California-based investors purchased the San Diego Padres from McDonald's heiress Joan Kroc for US$75 million on June 14, 1990. As holder of the largest financial stake in the ballclub, he served as the team's general managing partner. It was a difficult period economically in Major League Baseball, which was riven by the financial disparity between small- and large-market franchises and ultimately cancelled the 1994 World Series because of a work stoppage that carried into the following season. Werner was appointed to Major League Baseball's Executive Council and was chairman of MLB's television negotiating committee, where he was an early proponent of the wild-card format that was first implemented in 1995.

Just under six weeks into his new ownership role, he attempted to cross-promote the team with one of his television series in between games of a twi-night doubleheader versus the Cincinnati Reds at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25, 1990. He had invited Roseanne Barr, the eponymous star of one of his sitcoms, to perform The Star-Spangled Banner on an evening billed as Working Women's Night at the ballpark. She comically sang the national anthem with a loud, screechy voice. After finishing her rendition, she grabbed her crotch and spat at the ground in an attempt to parody baseball players. The publicity stunt was met with condemnation from baseball fans and sportswriters, some of whom called it either the "Barr-Mangled Banner" or the "Barr-Strangled Banner."

The Padres missed capturing the National League (NL) West title by three games in 1989, a year prior to the start of Werner's tenure. Its 89–73 record was then the second best in franchise history. After a pair of winning seasons with third-place finishes in 1991 and 1992, the team fell precipitously into the NL West cellar at 61–101 in 1993, six games behind the expansion Colorado Rockies. It was on its way to a second consecutive last-place finish at 47–70, but a players strike prematurely ended the 1994 campaign.

Critics at the time attributed this sudden free fall in the standings to cost-cutting measures ordered by Werner and his fellow investors. The so-called Fire Sale of 1993 began on August 31, 1992, when Craig Lefferts was traded to the Baltimore Orioles. In the offseason, Randy Myers and Benito Santiago were allowed to become free agents, Tony Fernández and Mike Maddux were dealt to the New York Mets and Jerald Clark was selected by the Rockies in the expansion draft. Gary Sheffield was sent to the Marlins on June 24, 1993, Fred McGriff was shipped to the Atlanta Braves. Bruce Hurst and Greg Harris were moved to the Rockies on July 26. The trade of Darrin Jackson to the Toronto Blue Jays on March 30, 1993, resulted in a class action filed against the Padres. During the previous December, the team sent a letter to season-ticket holders assuring them that the maximum effort would be made to retain Jackson. Economic circumstances changed, however, after Jackson won a $2.1-million arbitration award in February. Refunds were offered to ticket holders involved in the lawsuit.

Werner's term as majority owner ended when John Moores acquired an 80% interest for $80 million on December 22, 1994. Werner retained a 10% share in the franchise until he sold it to Moores before the start of the 2007 season.

The Boston Red Sox and Fenway Sports Group
Werner returned to baseball in 2001, part of a group that included former Orioles and Padres CEO Larry Lucchino and Florida Marlins owner John W. Henry which made a successful bid to purchase the Boston Red Sox. Their bid, which totaled $700 million (including $40 million in assumed debt) was accepted by MLB on December 20, 2001, with formal approval coming on February 27, 2002. Henry served as principal owner, Werner was named chairman and Lucchino became club president and CEO, a collaboration that generated a historic level of success.

The new ownership group had been the only prospective purchasers committed to saving Fenway Park, the team's historic home, and after three years of making substantial improvements to the ballpark, the owners made a long-term commitment to remain in Fenway, leading to more than $400 million in improvements during the first 17 years of their tenure.

After the ballclub spent the 2002 season under interim GM Mike Port, who replaced Dan Duquette, the new ownership group promoted 28-year-old Theo Epstein, making him the youngest GM in baseball history. The Red Sox lost the 2003 ALCS in seven games to the New York Yankees in Epstein's first season, but under new manager Terry Francona overcame a three games to none deficit to the New York Yankees to win the 2004 ALCS, then defeated the St. Louis Cardinals for their first World Series title since 1918. World Series titles followed in 2007, 2013 and 2018.

After leaving the Red Sox in 2011, Francona criticized Werner for his focus on TV ratings, quoting Werner in an 2010 meeting as saying: "We need to start winning in a more exciting fashion." Francona also criticized Werner for exaggerating his role in Red Sox management:"Werner was constantly trying to assert his importance. When the Henry group first purchased the Red Sox, Werner hired a public relations firm to get his name in the local newspapers. When stories were written about Henry or the Red Sox, he was known to call writers and ask, 'Why didn't you mention me in your story?'"

Liverpool
In 2010, the ownership group of Henry, Lucchino, and Werner bought Premier League team Liverpool from lawyers acting on behalf of the Royal Bank of Scotland, the lenders to former owners George N. Gillett, Jr. and Tom Hicks. On November 25, 2010, Liverpool announced that Werner would be installed as chairman, replacing Martin Broughton, beginning December 1, 2010.

In May 2012, Werner made a controversial decision by sacking coach and club icon Kenny Dalglish citing the club's poor league results. This was regarded as a poor decision by experts such as BBC's Alan Hansen, given Dalglish's success in lifting the club from four points above the relegation zone to a League Cup win and an FA Cup final appearance in just over a season. Swansea City's former coach, Brendan Rodgers, filled Dalglish's boots, helping Liverpool finish second in the 2013–14 Premier League that also earned a spot in the UEFA Champions league after a five-year absence. Rodgers was sacked just over a year later, after failing to qualify for the Champions League a second time, due partially to the sale of Luiz Suarez to Barcelona, and a disappointing start to the subsequent season.

German coach Jürgen Klopp was named his replacement. According to El País, co-owner John Henry did not trust public opinion, so he looked for a mathematical method very similar to Moneyball, which turned out to be Cambridge physicist Ian Graham's mathematical model to select the coach and players essential for Liverpool to win the UEFA Champions League. In his first year in charge, Klopp led the team to the Football League Cup Final and the UEFA Europa League during the 2015–16 season. In 2017–18, despite the sale of Philippe Coutinho to Barcelona mid-season, Liverpool reached the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final which was their first time in eleven years. In the 2018–19 season, Liverpool finished second to Manchester City in the Premier League race by one point, and went on to win the 2019 UEFA Champions League Final to claim their sixth title in the competition, which was also the first trophy under Klopp's management. After the European Cup win, Klopp signed a contract extension to 2024. In June 2020, following a prolonged season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Liverpool won the Premier League, their first ever Premier League title and their first top division league title since 1990.

Community and philanthropy
Werner is the founding Chairman of the Red Sox Foundation, the charitable arm of the Boston Red Sox. Since its creation in 2002, the Red Sox Foundation has donated to more than 1,780 organizations, helped 288 Boston public school students with college scholarships through the Red Sox Scholars program, and supported hundreds of youth baseball programs in New England.

In 2008, Werner was involved in the creation of the Home Base Program, a partnership between the Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital to help veterans and their families cope with PTSD and traumatic brain injuries.

In November 2011, the Red Sox Foundation received Major League Baseball's first-ever "Commissioner's Award for Philanthropic Excellence" for the foundation's "Red Sox Scholars" program.

In January 2013, Werner received the Dave Winfield Humanitarian Award from the Professional Baseball Scouts Foundation at the organization's annual "In the Spirit of the Game" Sports and Entertainment Spectacular.

On October 30, 2014, Werner received the "Outstanding Civilian Service Award" from the United States Army for his creation of the Home Base Program.

From 2016 to 2020, Werner donated $113,250 to Democratic candidates and causes.

Personal life
Werner lives in Los Angeles. He is divorced from his first wife Jill Troy Werner; they have three children: Edward "Ted" (born 1976), Carolyn (born 1979), and Amanda (born 1988). In January 2022, he became engaged to ABC News correspondent Jennifer Ashton. They were married on November 5, 2022, at the Harmonie Club in New York City.

title: Tom Werner


text:
Frits Went

Friedrich August Ferdinand Christian Went (June 18, 1863 – July 24, 1935) was a Dutch botanist.

Went was born in Amsterdam. He was professor of botany and director of the Botanical Garden at the University of Utrecht. His eldest son was the Dutch botanist Frits Warmolt Went, who in 1927 as a graduate student worked on plant hormones, specifically the role of auxin in phototropism.

He became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1898.

Went died, aged 72, in Wassenaar.

title: Frits Went