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Kondraty Ryleyev

Kondraty Fyodorovich Ryleyev (Кондратий Фёдорович Рылеев,, September 29 (September 18 O.S.), 1795 – July 25 (July 13 O.S.), 1826) was a Russian poet, publisher, and a leader of the Decembrist Revolt, which attempted to overthrow the Russian monarchy in 1825.

Early life
Ryleyev was born in the village of Batovo, now part of Gatchinsky District, Leningrad Oblast. His father, Fyodor Ryleyev, was an impoverished nobleman, a small landowner, who was later employed as the manager of one of Prince Golitsyn's estates.

In spite of his family's pecuniary difficulties, Ryleyev was able to study at the Corps des Pages, an elite military academy attended only by members of the nobility, in Saint Petersburg. After his graduation, Ryleyev was awarded a commission in the First Cavalry Company of the First Reserve Artillery Brigade. He participated in the foreign campaigns of 1814 and 1815, seeing action in Poland, Germany and France, during the Napoleonic Wars.

In 1818, Ryleyev resigned his commission, and for a time was employed tutoring the children of a wealthy landowner named Tevyashev. A year later he married the landowner's daughter, Natalya Tevyasheva, and went on to father two children.

Career
He gained recognition in literary circles in 1820, for penning a satirical ode To the Favorite, addressing an unpopular Tsarist official, Alexey Andreyevich Arakcheyev. That same year he joined a Masonic lodge in Saint Petersburg, where he became acquainted with several future members of the Decembrist uprising.

In need of a regular income, from 1821 to 1824, Ryleyev worked as an assessor of the Saint Petersburg criminal court. He frequently used his position to aid common men and women in distress. One of those he assisted was twenty-year-old Alexander Nikitenko, an educated Ukrainian serf, working in Saint Petersburg, whom Ryleyev met in a bookstore. Nikitenko had been struggling for some time to obtain emancipation. He explained his dilemma to Ryleyev, who immediately set about convincing several influential cavalry officers, old comrades of his, to campaign for Nikitenko's freedom. Nikitenko's case became something of a cause célèbre in Saint Petersburg, and the pressure ultimately proved to be too much for Nikitenko's owner, Count Sheremetev, to bear. He granted Nikitenko his freedom on October 11, 1824.

Ryleyev did not completely abandon his literary pursuits, however. In 1821, he joined the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers (Вольное общество любителей российской словесности) — an influential association of Russian writers and intellectuals. Ryleyev also edited and co-published a popular annual literary almanac, The Polar Star (Полярная звезда), with Alexander Alexandrovich Bestuzhev between 1823 and 1825. The three issues that Ryleyev published contained contributions from many of the foremost Russian authors and poets of the age, among them: Alexander Pushkin, Pyotr Vyazemsky, Vasily Zhukovsky, and Evgeny Baratynsky. He also continued to write poetry during this period. His most well-known poems being Grazhdanskoe muzhestvo (Civic Courage), Grazhdanin (The Citizen), and Ispoved' Nalivaiki (Nalivaiko's Confession). Ryleyev's writing was influenced largely by his compatriots Pushkin, Derzhavin, Gnedich, and the British poet Lord Byron, whose verse and account of the Greek War of Independence served to inspire many Russian intellectuals and artists of Ryleyev's generation. Ryleyev was a minor poet, but his poetry was passionate, and popular at the time it was published.

Ryleyev could not support his family with his literary work alone, and after leaving the criminal court, he found employment with the Russian-American Company as a manager in the Saint Petersburg office.

Ryleyev the revolutionary
In 1823, Ryleyev was recruited by Ivan Pushchin to the revolutionary Northern Society, an organization of reform-minded individuals, mainly veterans of the Napoleonic Wars, dedicated to abolishing serfdom, and replacing the Tsar's government with either a democratic republic or a constitutional monarchy.

Ryleyev believed that the revolt was likely to fail and the participants would be executed. Still, he argued that their sacrifice would not be in vain, as the uprising might "awaken Russia." As Ryleyev explained prior to the uprising:

 * An upheaval is essential. The tactics of revolution may be summed up in two words—to dare. If we come to grief our failure will serve as a lesson to those who come after us.

Another Decembrist leader, Pavel Pestel, further elaborated on the motivations of the Society's members:

 * The desirability of granting freedom to the serfs was considered from the very beginning; for that purpose a majority of the nobility was to be invited in order to petition the Emperor about it. This was later thought of on many occasions, but we soon came to realize that the nobility could not be persuaded...we became even more convinced when the Ukrainian nobility absolutely rejected a similar project [proposed by] their military governor.

In his poem, Nalevaiko's Confession, Ryleyev makes veiled allusions to his own willingness to die for the Decembrists' cause:

 * Say not, thou holy man, again
 * That this is sin, thy words are vain,
 * Be it fearful mortal sin
 * Worse than all crimes that ever have been,
 * I care not - for could I but see
 * My native land at liberty,
 * Could I but see my race restored
 * To freedom from the foreign horde,
 * All sins would I upon me take...
 * Try not with threats my mind to shake,
 * Persuasive words no change can make...
 * I know full well the dire fate
 * Which must upon the patriot wait
 * Who first dare rise against the foe
 * And at the tyrant aim the blow.
 * This is my destined fate - but say
 * When, when has freedom won her way
 * Without the blood of martyrs shed,
 * When none for liberty have bled?
 * My coming doom I feel and know
 * And bless the stroke which lays me low
 * And, father, now with joy I meet
 * My death, to me such end is sweet.

In 1824, Ryleyev was appointed to the directorate of the Northern Society, and was destined to play a key role in the ill-fated uprising. He proved to be an inspirational speaker and talented recruiter. Fellow conspirator, Nikolay Bestuzhev, would later write of Ryleyev:

 * Physically his appearance was unattractive and he always spoke in a very simple way, but when he touched on his favourite theme--love of his country--his face lit up, his black glowing eyes shone with an unearthly light and his words flowed like a stream of lava.

During discussions among the Decembrists regarding what form of government should replace the monarchy, Ryleyev sided with Nikita Muravyev, favoring a government modeled after that of the United States. If the Imperial Family refused to go peacefully into exile, Ryleyev, like Pestel, was willing to support regicide in order to attain the goal of self-governance.

Ryleyev's friend, the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz, later recounted one Decembrist meeting that he was invited to attend at Ryleyev's apartment in October 1824:

 * There must have been more than a dozen people in the room, but at first I could not distinguish anything because of the dense blue haze of pipe and cigar smoke. They were sprawling on sofas and on the deep windowsills; young Alexander Odoevsky and (Alexander) Bestuzhev sat cross-legged, Turkish fashion on a Persian carpet...

 * An intense youth, pale-complexioned, with a prominent forehead, a face like Shelley, lifts a glass - "Death to the Tsar." The toast is received with emotion. Ryleyev's jet-black eyes light up with an inner flame...Everyone drink's except me, a Pole and a guest...They sing to the death of the Tsar...the rhythmic chant flows through the open windows for all to hear. A glow of a lantern out on the quay suddenly lights up the room. The chant stops abruptly, as fear sobers them up. The shadow of Radishchev in the Fortress crosses my mind.

Ryleev and Ukraine
In the early 19th century, Ryleev began working on a poetic novel entitled 'Nalyvaiko', inspired and based upon the leader of a late sixteenth century Cossack uprising in Ukraine. His verses were said to have inspired generations of revolutionaries and academics including Ukrainian exile Mykhailo Drahomanov, who wrote that in the 1850s-"The Confession of Nalyvaiko was copied in our secret notebook along with the works of Shevchenko and was read with equal zeal".

Upon his return to the Russian Empire, his unit was stationed first in Lithuania and then near Ostrogozhsk (Ostrohozk), a city founded by Ukrainian cossacks, where he spent almost three years. There he met his future wife, Natalia Teviashova, who was the daughter of a Cossack officer and came from a noble family.

Even after leaving the Russian Imperial Army at the end of 1818 and moving to St Petersburg he would regularly visit Ostrohozhk and the vicinity, to which he always referred to as 'Ukraine'. In December 1825 he wrote to his friend Mykola Markevych: "I am a Russian, but I have spent three years in Ukraine: a short time for me, but sufficient to fall in love with that land and its fine inhabitants. Moreover, Ukraine has presented me with an uncommon, incomparable wife. My good Ukrainian lady has now been making me happy for six years, and so my attachment is complemented with the gratitude of my soul".

Even after moving to St Petersburg, Ryleev did not forget his Ukrainian friends and connections from Ostrohozk and its surrounding vicinity. Ryleev dedicated a poem written in the Summer of 1831 to an old acquaintance, Mikhail Bedraga who had nobly served in the Okhtyrka hussar regiment during the Napoleonic Wars. The poem described a discussion between Ryleev and one of his friends in Ostrohozk surrounding the topic of the Zaporizhian Sich and the rebellion of the Greeks.

Ryleev has been noted as being highly inspired by the Ostrogozhsk Cossacks whose descendants he became acquainted with and of having found them as “champions of liberty inherited from their heroic past”.

Ryleev was known to have ransomed individuals out of serfdom, one of those rescued by Ryleev wrote that his grandfather, the first to be indentured was “taciturn, humble, and sensible when sober, once he had something to drink..was in the habit of holding forth on public affairs, recalling Cossackdom and the Hetman state; he was a harsh critic of the corruption of the rural administration”. The quote alludes to the possible enslavement of individuals for positive recollections of the Hetmenate and criticism of local administration.

In 1823, Ryleev wrote a poem surrounding the famed meeting of Tsar Peter I and Hetman Ivan Mazepa at Ostrogozhsk in 1696. Ivan Mazepa famously led the Ukrainian Cossacks in revolt against Peter I and joined forces with King Charles XII of Sweden. Ryleev did not avoid politically contentious topics or areas of history. In 1823 he began crafting yet another poetic novel surrounding Ivan Mazepa, this time the protagonist was his ambitious nephew Andrii Voinarovsky, who joined his uncle's uprising but on his way to the Ottoman Empire was imprisoned by Russian agents in the SS Peter and Paul Fortress and died in Yakutsk after being in exile for 16 years.

His work was criticized for depicting Ivan Mazepa in a favourable light and for allowing him to appear in some scenes of the work as a devoted and ever loyal patriot of his fatherland and willing to sacrifice his life for it. The poetic novel was published in 1924 after numerous omissions were made by the acute censor.

During the highly prolific years of 1821–1823, Ryleev published a composition of numerous poems collectively titled 'Dumy'. Though the publication was said to have been inspired by Polish poet Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz and his work Historical Songs of 1816, Ryleev was firm that Niemcwicz was not the primary source of his inspiration-"The duma is an ancient inheritance from our southern brethren. The Poles took it from us. To this day the Ukrainians sing dumy about their heroes – Doroshenko, Nechai, Sahaidachny, Palii-and the composition of one of them is attributted to Mazepa himself."

It is believed that around the year 1824, Ryleev secured access to the Konysky History, "a fascinating source on the Cossack past". The brief excerpts that were available to him are said to of been the basis of his poem Nalyvaiko, this was rare information during that period.

Decembrist revolt
On the morning of December 26 (December 14 O.S.), 1825, a group of officers commanding some 3,000 men assembled in Saint Petersburg's Senate Square. They refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I, instead proclaiming their loyalty to his brother, Grand Duke Constantine, and to the Decembrists' constitution, crying "Constantine and Constitution." They expected to be joined by the rest of the troops stationed in Saint Petersburg, but this did not occur. The revolt was further hampered when its nominal leader, Prince Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy, suffered a last-minute change of heart and chose to hide in the Austrian Embassy during the confrontation. His second-in-command, Colonel Bulatov, was also nowhere to be found. After a hurried consultation, the rebels appointed Prince Evgeny Obolensky as their leader.

Ryleyev was heard to remark:

 * What we foresaw will happen. Our last moments are near, but they are the moments of our liberty. We have lived them and now I willingly forfeit my life.

For several long hours there was a standoff between the 3,000 rebels and the 9,000 troops loyal to Nicholas I stationed outside the Senate building, with some desultory shooting from the rebel side. Nearby stood a vast crowd of civilian on-lookers, who began fraternizing with the rebels, but whom the leaders of the revolt did not call upon to participate in the action. Eventually, the new Tsar appeared in person, at the square. He sent Count Mikhail Miloradovich, a hero of the Napoleonic Wars, who enjoyed great popularity with both officers and ordinary soldiers, to parley with the rebels. While delivering a speech encouraging the rebels to surrender, Miloradovich was shot dead by one of the rebels, Peter Kakhovsky. At the same time, a rebelling grenadier squad led by Lieutenant Nikolay Panov, entered the Winter Palace, but failed to seize it and retreated.

After spending most of the day in fruitless attempts to parley with the rebel force, the Tsar ordered a cavalry charge. However, the horses slipped on the icy cobbles and the officers retired in disorder. Eventually, as evening neared, the Tsar ordered three artillery regiments to open fire, with devastating effect. To avoid the slaughter the rebels broke and ran. Some attempted to regroup on the frozen surface of the Neva River, to the north of Senate Square. However, here, also, they were targeted by the artillery and suffered many casualties. The cannon fire broke the ice, sweeping away countless dead and dying soldiers into the Neva River. By dusk, that same afternoon, the revolt had been crushed.

Arrest and execution
On the night of December 27 (December 15 O.S.), 1825, Ryleyev was arrested for his role in the uprising, and charged with treason and attempted regicide. Along with four other Decembrists, judged to be the leaders of the rebellion, Ryleyev was sentenced to be drawn and quartered. The method of execution was changed to hanging after the Tsar refused to confirm the verdict, returning it for further deliberation.

During the many interrogations that followed his arrest, Ryleyev, unlike most of his fellow conspirators, never implicated anyone else in the rebellion. Ryleyev then went one step further, pleading with the Investigation Committee in April 1826, to execute him alone for the revolt, stating:

''If an execution is needed for the good of Russia, I am the only one who deserves it. I have long prayed that it will stop at me, and that the others will be returned by God's mercy to their families, their fatherland, and their noble Tsar.''

The date of execution was set for July 25 (July 13 O.S.), 1826. When the executioner attempted to hang the five men, three of them, Muravyov-Apostol, Kakhovsky, and Ryleyev, dropped through the trapdoor only to have the rope around their necks break. Ryleyev supposedly told the crowd watching the execution that Russia was an "unhappy country, where they don't even know how to hang you." Muravyov-Apostol is said to have made a similar exclamation. However, the most recent hanging in Russia before the Decembrists took place nearly 50 years earlier, so there was no more or less experienced hangman available. The Tsar simply ordered more rope, and the execution was carried out not long after the first attempt. Ryleyev died holding a book of Byron's poetry.

In popular culture
Vladimir Nabokov discusses Ryleyev's legacy in Batavo, which his maternal great grandmother owned, in Speak, Memory. In Batavo, Nabokov writes, Ryleyev was referred to as "the hanged one," and a path was called the favorite walk of the hanged one.

title: Kondraty Ryleyev


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Sarah Mellon

Sarah Cordelia Mellon Scaife (December 10, 1903 – December 28, 1965) was an American heiress, philanthropist, and Republican Party donor. Her legacy includes the Sarah Scaife Foundation.

Early life
Born on December 10, 1903, Sarah Cordelia Mellon was the daughter of Jennie Taylor Mellon (1870–1938; née King) and Richard B. Mellon (1858–1933), a noted banker, industrialist, and philanthropist.

Her paternal grandfather was Judge Thomas Mellon and her uncle was Andrew W. Mellon, a Secretary of the Treasury during the Great Depression and U.S. Ambassador to the Court of St. James'. She was one of the heirs to the Mellon fortune, including Mellon Bank and major investments in Gulf Oil and Alcoa. Her maternal grandparents were merchant Alexander King and Sarah Cordelia (née Smith) King.

In 1957, when Fortune prepared its first list of the wealthiest Americans, it estimated that Sarah Mellon, her brother Richard King Mellon, and her cousins Ailsa Mellon-Bruce and Paul Mellon were all amongst the richest eight people in the United States, with fortunes of between $400 and $700 million each.

Personal life
In 1927, Sarah was married to industrialist Alan Magee Scaife (1900–1958), president and chair of the Scaife Company. The couple had two children:

 * Cordelia Mellon Scaife (1928–2005), a reclusive philanthropist and founder of the Colcom Foundation. She was married for six months to Herbert Arthur May Jr. (1919–1969) before their divorce. In 1973 she married Allegheny County District Attorney Robert Duggan (1926–1974).
 * Richard Mellon Scaife (1932–2014), billionaire owner–publisher of the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review and funder of conservative causes such as The Heritage Foundation, mostly through the vehicle of private foundations that he controlled such as the Sarah Scaife Foundation.

Sarah Mellon Scaife drank alcohol heavily, as did her adult children. Her husband died in 1958, and she died at West Penn Hospital on December 28, 1965. After a funeral at the East Liberty Presbyterian Church (built with funds from her family), she was buried at Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh.

After her death, her collection of furniture and art was sold by Parke-Bernet in New York. Her jewelry was sold by William J. Fischer.

Philanthropy
During her lifetime, Sarah Mellon Scaife donated tens of millions of dollars to a variety of humanitarian causes and the arts, including family planning, hospitals, disability and poverty issues, environmental conservation, and museums in the Pittsburgh region. Perhaps her most impactful gift was $35,000 to equip a virus research lab at the University of Pittsburgh during the late 1940s. Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine in that lab in 1955.

In 1974, the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh opened the Sarah Scaife Gallery, named in her honor following a major donation from the Sarah Scaife Foundation. Constructed at a cost of $12.5 million, the gallery more than doubled the exhibition space of the Museum of Art. Before her death, Scaife had collaborated with the museum to purchase a number of major works (especially Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art by Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and other masters) for the museum's collection. Her son, Richard Mellon Scaife, chaired the museum's fine arts committee during the 1970s.

After Scaife's death, her son shifted the Scaife Foundations' giving away from the art world toward conservative and anti-immigration causes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sarah Mellon


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Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology

The Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology (SCET) is an engineering college that is a part of the Sarvajanik Education Society. Sarvajanik Education Society's proposal for state university was accepted by Gujarat assembly on 30 March 2021.

Founded in 1995, the college is situated in Surat, Gujarat, on RK Desai Marg in the Athwalines area, directly across from Jawaharlal Nehru Udhyan (Chaupaty). It is part of the Sarvajanik Education Society Campus, conveniently located near P.T. Science College, M.T.B. Arts College, and K.P. Commerce College.

Courses
When SCET opened in 1995, it had departments of Electronics Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Architecture, Textile Technology and Processing. It was the first college to offer engineering degrees in Textiles, which is the major industry of Surat.

In 1997, the college underwent a significant expansion, adding departments of Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Instrumentation & Control, and Information Technology. Additionally, a new department dedicated to Environmental Science was established.

Undergraduate
Courses of study include Bachelor of Engineering (B.E)
 * Chemical Engineering
 * Civil Engineering
 * Computer Engineering
 * Electrical Engineering - NBA Accredited since 2017
 * Electronics and Communication Engineering - NBA Accredited since 2017
 * Information Technology
 * Instrumentation and control engineering - NBA Accredited since 2017
 * Textile Technology - NBA Accredited since 2017
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.)

Postgraduate

 * Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering (Town & Country Planning)
 * Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering (Structure)
 * Master of Engineering in Computer Engineering
 * Master of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering (2011 to 2020)
 * Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering (2011 to 2020)
 * Master of Engineering in Environmental Engineering
 * Master of Computer Application (M.C.A.)
 * Master of Architecture (M.Arch.) in City Design

Affiliations and recognitions
SCET is affiliated to Gujarat Technological University (GTU), earlier it was affiliated to Veer Narmad South Gujarat University. It is approved by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) for all engineering courses and by Council of Architecture for B Arch and M Arch.

It was selected by the Department of Science and Technology (India) to set up an environmental based project, Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council, Centre of Relevance & Excellence (TIFAC-CORE) under the mission REACH of the president of India Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam for his vision India Vision 2020. SCET has been identified as Resource Institute by the National Programme on Earthquake Engineering Education (NPEEE) launched by Ministry of Human Resource Development (India) to train teachers of architecture for introducing Earthquake Engineering in West and Central Zone with IIT Kanpur.


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File:QueenVicStatuePlaque2.JPG

Plaque from statue of Queen Victoria outside Queen Victoria Building Sydney. July 2005.

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title: User talk:151.205.113.93


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ravindra Swarupa

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. -- BD2412 talk 03:59, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Ravindra Swarupa
Delete - This gentleman does not meet the standards of a notable entry. 66.68.156.175 August 23, 2005
 * Completed broken listing, no vote — Lomn | Talk 02:18:28, 2005-08-24 (UTC)

 * Keep. Notable member of a notable religious movement. Pburka 02:52, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Only 196 google hits.  No references in the usual biographical databases.  No evidence of true notability in the article.  Gamaliel 03:50, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--Not as well-known as Dwight L. Moody, maybe, but seems more notable than your average high school. Google prefers the spelling "Svarupa," tho. --Tysto 06:26, 2005 August 24 (UTC)
 * keep please based on what pburka said earlier Yuckfoo 06:41, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I've added the more commonly used name of the religious movement. Since the movement is notable, its leaders are too. - Mgm|(talk) 07:49, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep short but informative article. Alf 12:32, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain, as I have no definite clue to his notability to be here. --Bhadani 14:43, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Appears to be a notable figure within his field.  Hall Monitor 17:38, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, seems potentially interesting. Trollderella 21:16, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Most people have heard of Hare Krishna. The religious leader of such a movement is notable enough. -- Klafubra 00:01, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per abover. Hare Krishna is a major movement
 * Weak Keep It is not clear how big a guy he is in the organisation. Tintin 05:21, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep He also wrote a chapter in a book, "The Hare Krishna Movement," published by Columbia University Press in 2004. Also, per a civil complaint I found online (case number 3-00CV1254-L U.S. District Court N. Dist. of Texas) he was the Chairman of the "Governing Body of Commissioners" of the "International Society For Krishna Consciousness" and was accepting service of process on their behalf at the time the document was prepared.
 * Delete nn. --tranquileye 19:23:44, 2005-08-29 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Rooty Hill historic site

Rooty Hill is a heritage-listed historic site and now parkland at Eastern Road, Rooty Hill, City of Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1802 to 1828. It is also known as The Rooty Hill and Morreau Reserve. The property is owned by the Presbyterian Church (NSW) Property Trust. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 June 2007.

History
Prior to European settlement the area was occupied by the Dharug people. A significant stone artefact scatter relating to pre-contact Aboriginal use has been identified on the site indicating the potential importance of the site for research. According to oral testimony, the significance of the site for Aboriginal people continued in post contact years as it provided an important unofficial or hidden gathering and camping site for people moving between Sydney Parramatta and the rest of the State.

A close examination of the documentation of Governor Phillip's first exploration of Parramatta's western hinterland in April 1788 reveals that the orthodox view that he went only as far as Prospect Hill or a little beyond is deeply flawed. His party is much more likely to have traversed Toongabbie, Seven Hills and Blacktown to climb Bungarribee Hill, Doonside and reaching Eastern Creek and Rooty Hill.

The hill was named the Rooty Hill by Governor King and was included in one of the four reserves of land for government stock runs. It is most likely that it was named after a hill of similar geological form on Norfolk Island where the Governor had been posted ten years prior to his appointment to New South Wales.

In order to build up the colony's stock reserves and as a failsafe against food shortages, Governor King reserved 15,672.72 hectares of land in the Prospect area. This reserve included the Hill and was known as the Rooty Hill Run.

There is much speculation about the source of the name Rooty Hill. Mr William Freame wandered much in these parts collecting information from old residents. In 1931 in an article in a country newspaper on place names he wrote regarding the name: "Old hands assure me that the hill received its name from the roots and other debris left around its bare fields when the Eastern Creek was in flood, and this appears to be a very reasonable deduction." Mrs Hawkins' description quoted later in the derivation does not appear reasonable. Captain J H Watson's version, he having been in India as a young man, derives the name from "ruti", the Hindustani word for bread. Governor Macquarie as a young man had also been in India, and if the settlement at the hill had been devoted to agriculture there would have been a connection, but it was a stock yard. A third and anonymous writer puts forward a Captain Thomas Rooty as a resident in the locality. Unfortunately no information can be found on him.

The district was used as a government stockyard, and in a lengthy list which Governor Macquarie prepared of the buildings and works erected during his regime between January 1810 and November 1821, we find the following:
 * "At Rooty Hill:
 * 1. a brick built house of two stories high for the residence and accommodation of the superintendent and principal overseer of the Government stock at the station, reserving one room for the use of the Governor, when occasionally there, with kitchen, stables and other necessary out-offices and kitchen garden enclosed;
 * 2. four paddocks of 50 acres, each enclosed for the grazing of young cattle and raising of wheat and maize for the use of the stock men;
 * 3. temporary log huts or barracks for the accommodation of 20 stockkeepers, with small kitchen garden attached thereto.
 * NB: The station at Rooty Hill is the next principal one to Camden for the grazing of the Government horned cattle and horses, and consists of about 2428 hectares of land of a very superior description, and, as this grazing ground is centrally situated, being on the Great Western Road and only 10 miles distant from Parramatta, it ought not to be on any account alienated from the Crown.

Macquarie seems to have forgotten that he had already carved a large slice off the reservation by giving Major Druitt in October 1821 a grant of 404 hectares 'out of the Rooty Hill Government allotment on Ross's Creek'. Mount Druitt is a permanent reminder of this grant.

In 1824 Captain P. P. King, son of Governor King, was given a grant of 607 hectares, also part of the Rooty Hill establishment.

The "brick built house of two stories" still stands (1935), with galvanised iron roof (seen in a photo) where once it was shingle-rooved. The oak tree (also shown in a photo) would have been small in Macquarie's time, but is now a veteran, ... a sturdy sample of the genus' (sic).

On January 11, 1822 T. H. Hawkins arrived in Sydney with wife and 8 children and mother in law. A few months later he received an appointment as commissariat store keeper at Bathurst, and on April 5 set out from Sydney, at the head of a cavalcade of bullock wagons, carts, drays and belongings over the Blue Mountains to their new home. Late that night the party reached Rooty Hill, a distance of 42 kilometres from Sydney, the Government House was ready to receive them.
 * ...Hawkins described the place "I could have been contented to remain there for ever - the house was good, and the land around like a fine wooded park in England".

Under Macquarie's governance the colony's stock farms were expanded and reorganised and were still seen as an important reserve of food for times of shortage and an effective means of wresting the stranglehold on food /meat prices from a "cartel of officers and wealthy settlers". In 1813 Macquarie instigated a system of government employed overseers and stock keepers to manage four government stock farms in the colony. He also ordered the construction of farm buildings, enclosures and accommodations.

Rooty Hill became the second-most important of the government stock farms and was allocated an overseer's residence with accommodation for the Governor and other visitors. The overseer's cottage was built in 1815 on the northern slopes of The Rooty Hill (now across Eastern Road from The Rooty Hill). This site was possibly chosen as the Hill would have as surely offered protection from the elements. The Rooty Hill remained a part of the stock farm at this stage.

An inquiry into the colony's agricultural development in 1822 criticised the expense of the government stock farms and resulted in the reduction of the size of the Rooty Hill farm through grants of land on the perimeter of the reserve. Under Governor Brisbane the Rooty Hill stock farm was reduced further and in 1828 Governor Darling closed the Rooty Hill station giving over ownership of the remaining lands, including the Hill to the Church and Schools Corporation. When the Corporation failed in 1832 the land reverted to government ownership and was leased for grazing until 1865 when 134.87 hectares including The Rooty Hill was sold into the private ownership of Charles McKay. McKay donated a parcel of land on the south west edge of the Hill to the Baptist Church. This was later came into the ownership of the Presbyterian Church which retains ownership to this day.

The Hill remained in private ownership from the time of McKay's purchase up until 1975 when the land was resumed by the Planning Department as part of the Eastern Creek Open Space Corridor. In the early 1980s a planting and landscaping project was initiated on the Hill and the sporting fields, Morreau reserve were established. In 1992 ownership of the Hill was given to Blacktown City Council in order to establish an historic park there.

The Rooty Hill was grazed right up until the 1960s. It has also had a continuous history of community usage from the 1890s when the then owners, the Angus family sponsored regular community events such as the Queen Victoria's Jubilee celebrations. It has been the site of "unofficial community activity" - a popular courting spot, a patch of bush for children's adventures, Empire night celebrations. Recently it has become a venue for more official uses such as Council-organised Australia Day celebrations and Carols by Candlelight. The Rooty Hill has had an important function as a meeting place and camping site for post contact Aboriginal people travelling between Penrith and Parramatta.

In post-contact years Aboriginal people continued to use Rooty Hill. During the years when Aboriginal movement away from missions and Aboriginal reserves was restricted and closely monitored, Rooty Hill remained an unofficial or hidden gather place and camping site for people moving between Sydney and the Blue Mountains and the rest of the State. One Dharug elder indicated that the "South Creek mob" and the "Toongabbie mob" camped at Rooty Hill about three times a year, adding that they were not supposed to be travelling and were meant to stay on the Hargreave Mission at Warwick Farm. The last gathering of this person's family at Rooty Hill was in about 1962 when they met and made a temporary camp in the vegetation at the foot of Rooty Hill.

Modifications and dates

 * 1802- reservation of 15672.8 hectares of land including the Rooty Hill for use as a stockrun
 * 1815 - clearing of the Rooty Hill and surrounds for grazing and cropping
 * 1865 - 1869 Establishment of Eastern road on the northern slope of the Hill
 * c. 1890 - donation of a small lot of land on the South West edge to the Baptist Church and subsequent establishment of the Baptist church building
 * Late 1890s the Rooty Hill is used for community events
 * 1960s - cessation of grazing on the Hill
 * c. 1980 Greenspace tree planting and landscape project - sporting field created and called Morreau Reserve

Description
The curtilage includes the Rooty Hill, the Morreau Reserve and the parcel of land owned by the Presbyterian Church facing Rooty Hill Road South. It is bound by Rooty Hill Road South, Church St, Curry Street and Eastern Road. The Rooty Hill is a cleared grassy hill with patches of regrowth Cumberland Plainwoodland to the eastern, southern and south western lower slopes of the hill. It is one of the highest points between Parramatta and the Blue Mountains and its peak affords an expansive view of the Cumberland Plain.

The character of The Rooty Hill, as at 1 April 2005, as a grassy topped hill is the result of colonial land clearing and grazing activity during the years it was part of the stock farm and later when owned by the Church and Schools Corporation and then in private ownership (i.e.. 1802 - 1975). The donation of a parcel of land in the south west perimeter of the hill to the Baptist Church in 1890 and consequent cessation of grazing there, led to regrowth of Cumberland Plains Woodlands in that parcel of land. Since the 1960s grazing activity ceased over the whole of the area and there has been some associated regeneration of bushland.

While no archaeological investigations have taken place on the Hill, based on its landscape character, land use history and previous regional research, the Rooty Hill has been assessed as having moderate archaeological potential relating to Aboriginal and European artefacts and places.

Heritage listing
The Rooty Hill is of State heritage significance as a remnant of one of the four Government Depots and stock farms first selected by Governor King in 1802 and further developed by Governor Macquarie after 1810. Under Macquarie, Rooty Hill Depot and stock farm developed as the second most important of the stock farms in colonial NSW. It functioned to provide an important reserve food supply for the colony during its establishment when it frequently faced crop failures, drought and other difficulties. The stock farm also enabled the government to control livestock prices and so prevent exploitation of the market by private graziers and contributed to the establishment of colonial breeding herds. An open stone artefact scatter has been located on the site indicating the site's potential as a research resource for Aboriginal history in the area. The hill also has significance to the Aboriginal community as a post contact camping and meeting place for those travelling over the Blue Mountains and into Parramatta and Sydney.

Rooty Hill was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 June 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

The Rooty Hill is of heritage significance at a State level as a remnant of the Rooty Hill Government Depot and stock farm. It was established as the second most important of the stockfarms which were established by Governor King as a reserve for food in times of shortage. Macquarie further developed the stock farm as a place to strengthen and increase the colonial herds and as a mechanism of government intervention to control the supply and price of meat, grain and livestock and market monopolies by wealth property owners and military officers in the early years of the colony. It also represents the history of colonial government intervention in the release of land for settlement and private tenure.

The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.

The Rooty Hill has historic associations at a State level with Governor King. King named the Hill Rooty Hill and declared the colonial reserve which included the Hill. The later development and history of the Stock farm which included the Rooty Hill is associated with Governor Macquarie,.

The Rooty Hill has local heritage significance for its association with several early local families including Dr Charles McKay who through a series of shrewd purchases became a large landowner in the area. His holdings included much of the land between the Western Highway, the Great Western Railway, Rooty Hill Road South and Rupertsworth Road. He was responsible for developing the Minchinbury vineyards. Another important association is with James Angus who purchased many of McKay's holdings and including Rooty Hill and the Minchinbury Estate which he continued to successfully develop. He is credited with establishing the Champagne industry in NSW.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

The Rooty Hill has aesthetic significance at a State level for its landmark qualities. It is one of the highest points between Parramatta, Penrith and the Blue Mountains. Its role as a distinguishing feature of the landscape is demonstrated by the fact that the government reserve of which the Hill was part, was named the Rooty Hill Run. In addition, the Hill and associated overseer's cottage provided a stopping point for colonial travellers on their way to the western areas of the state.

The landmark qualities of the Hill were also utilised by local Aboriginal people in post contact years. Groups of Aboriginal people travelling between Penrith and Paramatta used the Hill as a gathering place and camping site.

The appearance of the hill as a balded topped peak has remained and provides a strong visual link to its historical function as part of a colonial pastoral grazing run.

The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The Rooty Hill has high local significance as a place of special social associations for the local community. The hill figures in locals' memories as a place of informal recreation and gathering as well as its historic role as a venue for community events which began in the 1890s at the instigation of its then owner, James Angus.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The existence of an Open Stone Artefact Scatter site on the south eastern slopes of the Rooty Hill enhances its State Heritage Significance as a resource for archaeological research and makes it an important resource of technical and archaeological information relating to pre-contact Aboriginal culture. The existence of this site makes it highly likely that further evidence of Aboriginal archaeological resources will be found in investigation. Its close proximity and association with the Government and Stock farm makes it a potential site for European archaeological finds such as artefacts associated with grazing and farming.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The Rooty Hill contains regrowth Cumberland Plain Woodland in the Presbyterian church site on the southern perimeter of the Hill. This vegetation is important to the maintenance of the gene pool of local species.

title: Rooty Hill historic site


text:
Talk:Rooty Hill, New South Wales

Page move
This page was moved from "Rooty Hill" to "Rooty Hill, New South Wales" as per the naming convention set out at Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places) -- Ianblair23 02:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Irrelevant reference
The reference numbered #1 which purportedly supports the statement "the Rooty Hill RSL is the Vegas of the West" does not make any such statement.59.101.40.40 (talk) 02:38, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rooty Hill, New South Wales


text:
Deepak Shodhan

Roshan Harshadlal "Deepak" Shodhan (18 October 1928 – 16 May 2016) was an Indian Test cricketer.

Background
Shodhan was a left-handed batsman and occasional medium pace bowler. He was the second Indian batsman, after Lala Amarnath, to score a hundred on Test debut. He was selected against Pakistan on the weight of the 89* that he scored for West Zone against the Pakistanis earlier in the tour. Named as 12th man for the 1952 Calcutta test, he took the field after Vijay Hazare was unable to play. At Calcutta in a curious Indian innings where every batsman reached double figures, Shodhan scored 110 batting at No.8. In an interview Shodhan later reminisced about his hundred: "I was an attacking player myself. I relished the attacking field set by Pakistan. Even when the ninth wicket was lost, I managed to hit two consecutive boundaries to reach 100". He added 40 runs for the last wicket with Ghulam Ahmed.

Shodhan scored 45 and 11 in the first Test at Port of Spain against West Indies that followed. He missed the next three Tests, and when picked for the last match of the series he fell ill. He scored an important 15* in the second innings batting at No.10. That turned out to be his last Test as he was never again selected to play for India.

Odd explanation
The exclusion of Shodhan from the Indian team thereafter has never been convincingly explained. It is sometimes attributed to the eccentricities of the selectors. In his book The Covers Are Off published in 2004, Rajan Bala interviewed the various people involved, and it seems to indicate that it was the animosity between Shodhan and Vinoo Mankad that ended his career. Mankad, a senior player in the side, was apparently not on good terms with Vijay Hazare who had captained India in the series in West Indies.

"There was a story doing the rounds that Mankad asked him (Shodhan) as to which side he was on – on his or Hazare's. And when Shodhan replied that he was on the Indian side, Mankad had the knives out for him". The West Indian tour was to be Hazare's last series and he was succeeded by Mankad.

Hazare once told Bala that he was "not aware of the exchange between him (Shodhan) and Vinoo, but I must say that Vinoo was not too keen that Deepak play. I suppose Vinoo found Deepak's attitude casual. ... (Shodhan) was not interested in touring (after the final Test of the series) ... Maybe it had to do with his business commitments. He had made himself unavailable for the tour of Pakistan and it might have been because Vinoo was the captain."

Shodhan also hinted at the same : "All I can tell you is that no youngster could hope to play for long at that time because he had to ally himself to one camp or the other. One had to know how to survive. What did I know about the politics? The captain Vijay Hazare was not a strong personality and the truth is, Vinoo Mankad was. He always had his way... I would have loved to play on. But then Hazare called quits and Mankad became captain. I made myself unavailable for the tour to Pakistan in 1954/55. It is unlikely that I would have been chosen".

Highest record
Deepak Shodhan's 60.33 still remains the highest average in a completed career by an Indian batsman. He represented Gujarat for most of his Ranji career before switching to Baroda. As a youngster, he was a good hockey player. But being a left-hander he needed a specially made 'left-handed hockey stick' which dissuaded him.

Death
Shodhan died at the age of 87 on 16 May 2016 at his Ahmedabad home after suffering from lung cancer, which was detected in February 2016. He was India's oldest former Test cricketer at time of his death.

title: Deepak Shodhan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Stofa

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. -- BD2412 talk 04:01, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

John Stofa
Non Important QB lifelong backup. Delete. Aranda56 01:42, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. NFL player has notability; besides, his stats are better than those of Ryan Leaf.  — Lomn / Talk / RfC 02:23:11, 2005-08-24 (UTC)
 * Keep, NFL players are notable. "Lifelong backup" is probably misleading. 177 attempts in a season seems unlikely for a guy who never started a game. Christopher Parham (talk) 03:47, 2005 August 24 (UTC)
 * Keep as professional NFL player. Capitalistroadster 05:47, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please why should this be erased he is a professional football player Yuckfoo 06:34, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, agree that NFL players are generally notable enough for inclusion. Everyking 06:54, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all major-league professional athletes. --Scimitar parley 13:57, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Quintin3265 17:31, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Professional NFL players are well above the bar for inclusion.  Hall Monitor 17:41, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. NFL player. Optichan 20:54, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment — We keep all professional NFL players, but reject average professors? That seems very inconsistent. My personal opinion is that we should only need to keep players who have started in at least one regular season game. *shrug* — RJH 16:12, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This player did start regular season games for the Bengals. Christopher Parham (talk) 23:49, 2005 August 25 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Sweetwater

Sweetwater or Sweet Water may refer to:
 * Freshwater

In the United States

 * Sweet Water, Alabama
 * Sweetwater, Arizona
 * Sweetwater River (California), San Diego County
 * Sweetwater Dam, a dam across the Sweetwater River
 * Sweetwater Reservoir, an artificial lake, formed by the Sweetwater Dam
 * Sweetwater Mountains a small mountain range in California and western Nevada
 * Sweetwater Formation, a geologic stratigraphic formation in California
 * Sweetwater, Miami-Dade County, Florida
 * Sweetwater, Duval County, Florida, a place in Florida
 * Sweetwater Ranch, Florida, an unincorporated community in Hardee County
 * Sweetwater, Liberty County, Florida, a place in Florida
 * Sweet Water, Illinois
 * Sweetwater, Georgia
 * Sweetwater, Idaho
 * Sweetwater, Missouri
 * Sweetwater, Nebraska
 * Sweetwater, Nevada
 * Sweetwater, New Jersey
 * Sweetwater, Oklahoma
 * Sweetwater, Tennessee
 * Sweetwater, Texas
 * Sweetwater Swatters, a baseball team based in Sweetwater, Texas
 * Sweetwater County, Wyoming
 * Sweetwater River (Wyoming)
 * Sweetwater Township, Michigan
 * Sweetwater Township, Clay County, North Carolina

Elsewhere

 * Sweetwater, London, a town to be built on the site of Olympic Park, London

Film and television

 * Sweetwater (2023 film), an American sports biographical film
 * Sweetwater (2013 film), an American western film
 * Sweetwater (1983 film), an American film starring Diane Ladd
 * Sweetwater (1988 film), a Norwegian film starring Petronella Barker
 * Sweetwater, a fictional ranch in Once Upon a Time in the West
 * Sweetwater, a fictional town in Westworld

Literature

 * Sweetwater, 1973 novel by Laurence Yep
 * Sweetwater, 1976 novel by Knut Faldbakken
 * The Sweetwater, 1976 novel by Jean Rikhoff
 * Sweetwater, a character in At Heaven's Gate by Robert Penn Warren
 * Ned Sweetwater, a character in the Mandie series by Lois Gladys Leppard

Music

 * Sweetwater (band), a 1960s band
 * Sweetwater (album)
 * Sweet Water (band), a 1990s American band, or their debut album
 * Sweetwaters Music Festival, a festival in New Zealand

Schools

 * Sweet Water High School, Sweet Water, Alabama
 * Sweetwater High School (National City, California)
 * Sweetwater Union High School District, California
 * Sweetwater City Schools, a school district of Sweetwater, Tennessee
 * Sweetwater Independent School District, Sweetwater, Texas
 * Sweetwater County School District Number 1, Wyoming
 * Sweetwater County School District Number 2, Wyoming

Other uses

 * Sweetwater (grape) or Chasselas, a grape varietal
 * SweetWater Brewing Company a brewery in Atlanta, Georgia
 * Sweetwater Brewery, a brewery in Green River, Wyoming
 * Sweetwater Casino, a casino in Mullica Township, New Jersey
 * Sweetwater Inn, an inn in McDuffie County, Georgia
 * Sweetwater Mansion, a plantation house in Florence, Alabama
 * Sweetwater Sound, a musical instrument and equipment retailer

 * Nathaniel Clifton or Sweetwater (1922–1990), American basketball player
 * Sweet Water, a fictional ruined city in Might and Magic VI: The Mandate of Heaven
 * Sweetwater Dam Naval Outlying Landing Field

title: Sweetwater


text: File:TheLostAgebox.jpg

title: File:TheLostAgebox.jpg


text:
Black rot (grape disease)

Grape black rot is a fungal disease caused by an ascomycetous fungus, Guignardia bidwellii, that attacks grape vines during hot and humid weather. “Grape black rot originated in eastern North America, but now occurs in portions of Europe, South America, and Asia. It can cause complete crop loss in warm, humid climates, but is virtually unknown in regions with arid summers.” The name comes from the black fringe that borders growing brown patches on the leaves. The disease also attacks other parts of the plant, “all green parts of the vine: the shoots, leaf and fruit stems, tendrils, and fruit. The most damaging effect is to the fruit”.

Grape black rot affects many grape growers throughout the World, therefore, it is important to understand the disease life cycle and environmental conditions to best manage the disease. Once infection takes place, different methods are available to control the disease.

Disease cycle
The disease cycle begins with the overwintering structures. The grape black rot pathogen overwinters in many parts of the grape vine, especially mummies and lesions, and is able to overwinter on the vineyard floor. In fact, "Viable lesions capable of producing conidia can persist in wood for at least 2 years." Spring rains release the ascospores and conidia contained in the overwintering structures and these spores are “spread by wind and rain‐splash to infect leaves, blossoms and young fruit”. Some of the mummies on the ground can have a significant discharge of ascospores that begins about two to three weeks after bud breaks and will mature one to two weeks after the start of bloom. In the presence of moisture, these ascospores germinate slowly, taking 36 to 48 hours, but eventually penetrate the young leaves and fruit stems (pedicels). The infections become visible after 8 to 25 days. The period that overwintering spores require to cause infection depends on the inoculum source. If there is a large source of inoculum, the infection will set in earlier. The second type of spore, conidia, “are dispersed short distances (centimetres to metres/inches to feet) by splashing rain drops" in rain storms throughout the summer. Infection occurs when either of the two spore types lands on green grape tissue and the tissue remains wet for a "sufficient length of time, which is dependent on temperature." For example, at 45 F no infection will occur regardless of moisture, while at 50 F it takes 24 hours of leaf wetness for a spore to germinate and infect the green grape tissue. When a leaf or berry becomes infected, pycnidia form and produce conidia, contributing to repeated cycles of infections in summer rains. At the end of the season, the fungus overwinters as pycnidia or pseudothecia within cane lesions or mummified fruit. In the spring, the pycnidia will produce conidia once again and the pseudothecia produce ascospores.

Environmental conditions for infection
When the weather is moist, ascospores are produced and released throughout the entire spring and summer, providing continuous primary infection. The black rot fungus requires warm weather for optimal growth; cool weather slows its growth. A period of two to three days of rain, drizzle, or fog is also required for infection. "Conidia spores can also form, within cane lesions or on mummies that have remained within the trellis, and these are dispersed by splashing rain drops.” Raindrops transfer these spores by moving the spores to different plant parts, especially susceptible young leaves. “If water is present, the conidia germinate in 10 to 15 hours and penetrate young tissue. New black rot infections continue into late spring and summer during prolonged periods of warm, rainy weather. The conidia are capable of germinating and causing infection several months after being formed. During August, the pycnidia are transformed into an overwintering stage that, in turn, gives rise to pseudothecia within which the spring spores (ascospores) are produced. This ascospore is "forcibly discharged into the air and can travel considerable distances." "Research has shown that ascospores are an important source of primary infections in the spring." In the spring during wet weather, the "pycnidia on infected tissues absorb water and conidia are squeezed out." "Conidia are splashed about randomly by rain and can infect any young tissue in less than 12 hours at temperatures between 60 to 90 F." A film of water on the vine surface is necessary for the infection to inoculate. This completes the disease cycle.

Symptoms
Relatively small, brown circular lesions develop on infected leaves and within a few days tiny black spherical fruiting bodies (pycnidia) protrude from them. Elongated black lesions on the petiole may eventually girdle these organs, causing the affected leaves to wilt. Shoot infection results in large black elliptical lesions. These lesions may contribute to breakage of shoots by wind, or in severe cases, may girdle and kill young shoots altogether. This fungus bides its time. Most plants show very little signs of infection until it's too late. They will look very healthy until fruit sets. Even flowering will be normal.

Infection of the fruit is the most serious phase of the disease and may result in substantial economic loss. Infected berries first appear light or chocolate brown; it will have a spot that looks very round, like the eye of a bird. That spot will get larger and infect more of the fruit bunch and more of the plant. This creates masses of black pycnidia developing on the surface. Finally, infected berries shrivel and turn into hard black raisin-like bodies that are called mummies.

Control and management
A mixture of cultural and chemical control practices can manage grape black rot disease caused by Guignardia bidwellii. Cultural control aspects involve the basics in plant care and field sanitation as well as cleanup after an infectious outbreak. Chemical control has a large influence to prevent but not eliminate disease.

Cultural control

Cultural control consists of the management of the fields and sanitation methods to optimally grow grape crops.

Many universities and professors suggest the following cultural control practices:

The first cultural control method is to choose the right grape cultivar for the region that the grape will be grown in. Grape cultivars differ in their susceptibility to diseases, including differences in the disease black rot. Some varieties are less susceptible, while others are more prone to the disease when the right environmental conditions occur. Through research, many lists of grapes varieties will show the amount of resistance a variety has to disease and how the variety should be grown. A list of grape varieties is a good place to start for selecting the right grape variety.

Proper grape management in the field is important to control black rot disease. The placement of the grape plants is important to provide for proper aeration and lighting. “Choose a planting site where the vines will be exposed to full sun and good air circulation.” Proper training of grape vines should be practiced. Many people use trellising to keep the vines off the ground. Trellising is a form of plant training, which is the arrangement of plant parts spatially to optimize productivity. Having the grape vines off the ground “reduces the time that vines remain wet from dew and rain and thus limits the amount of infection”. As the current seasons growth occurs, tie the new growth in a spatial manner to allow for air circulation and sunlight to affect the whole grape plant.

A proper pruning technique is another cultural control method to limit diseases. Prune each vine every year during the dormant period. This dormant pruning is heavily researched to provide the term-balanced pruning. This is done by using the weight of the previous year’s cane growth (1- yr-old canes) to determine how many buds should be retained for the current production year. Up to 4 lb of pruning can occur during the season. Remove excess growth, diseased and overwintering berries, leaves, and tendrils from the vineyard, and burn or otherwise destroy them. This practice reduces inoculum of the fungus, thus limiting disease. During the season, minor pruning to train the canopy growth may occur to help with aeration.

The last cultural control method would be to maintain clean fields once infected. Keep the field well managed, do not allow overgrowth of weeds or plants near the grapes. Once the plants have been infected “Remove all mummies from the canopy during the dormant pruning process. Mummies produce spores next to the susceptible grapevine tissues throughout the season; even relatively few can cause significant damage.” Another technique to rid of infection can be to “cultivate the vineyard before bud-break to bury the mummified berries. Diseased berries covered with soil do not produce spores that will reach the developing vines”.

Chemical control

The use of chemical control is widely available for agricultural purposes. To apply chemical applications, look at the fungicide label for proper use. Be sure that the conditions are optimal to spray to avoid drift and inefficiencies of the fungicide due to application. Fungicide guidelines must be followed. There are a wide variety of chemicals that are available for both regular and organic growers.

Commercially, application of fungicides may be costly. To cut down on costs, one must understand the life cycle of the pathogens. Different fungicides are more effective at certain infection stages. Understand that throughout the development of the plant, different fungicides should be considered to protect plant health. In order to cut down on spraying costs, it is important to understand life cycle of the pathogen. “Research in New York demonstrated berries of most varieties become resistant to black rot infection 3-4 weeks after bloom, therefore, sprays for black rot should not be needed at this time”. Understanding times to limit application is important for good production practices. This shows that preventative chemical measures before the three to four weeks would be optimal. Each region should develop their own fungicide application program in correlation with cultural practices.

The most common fungicides that prove to be excellent for certain regions of the United States for controlling black rot are Sovran 50WG, Flint 50WG, Abound Flowable (2.08F), and Pristine 38WDG. Some of these fungicides may only be available for commercial use, however homeowners may go to a hardware store or fungicide distributor for similar fungicides.

Sovran 50WG is registered for control of black rot. The Sovran label gives different use rates for control of different diseases. For black rot the rate is 3.2 - 4.8 oz/acre. Sovran is excellent for control of black rot.

Flint 50WG is in the same general class of chemistry as Abound and Sovran. It is registered for the control of black rot, powdery mildew and suppression of downy mildew. For black rot the rate is 2 oz/acre.

Abound is in the same general class of chemistry as Sovran and Flint (strobilurin). Abound is recommended at the rate of 11 - 15.4 USoz/acre. In university tests, the rate of 11 - 12 USoz/acre provided good control of the mentioned diseases above. Abound Flowable is very phototoxic to apples of the variety McIntosh or related varieties. Do not allow spray to drift from grapes to apples.

Pristine 38WDG contains a combination of two active ingredients (pyraclostrobin, 12.8% and boscalid 25.2%).Pyraclostrobin, a strobilurin, is in the same general class of chemicals as Abound, Sovran, and Flint (strobilurin Pristine is registered for use at the rates of 6-10.5 oz/A. A maximum of six applications may be made per season). The label states, “Do not use on Concord, Worden, Fredonia, or related varieties due to possible foliar injury. Experience in New York suggests that Corot noir and Noiret may also be sensitive to Pristine.”

Black Rot Control for Organic Growers''

Excerpt from Dr. Wayne Wilcox’s Grape Disease Notes, 2009 suggests a possible way for controlling black rot on grapes in organic farming.

Black rot is probably the “Achilles heel” for organic grape production in the East. In the only good trial that we’ve run with copper, it provided 40% disease control when applied at 2-week intervals, versus essentially 100% control with Nova. To try to avoid this, implement a rigorous program to remove mummies during pruning, and spray copper once a week throughout much of the growing season. This was hard on some of the hybrid vines and runs counter to the thinking of many with a “sustainable” orientation (after all, copper is an element and doesn’t break down into anything else, so it stays in the soil forever), but it did control the disease in an organically acceptable manner. Limit inoculum within the vineyard. Ideally, this would include removing or burying any mummies that you might encounter at the site. All mummified clusters should be removed from the trellis during pruning and from 2 to 6 weeks after cap fall and prune out any affected clusters before they allow the disease to spread, all the better (spores for disease spread are dispersed by rain primarily within the canopy, so should pose little risk of causing new infections if said clusters are simply dropped to the ground).

title: Black rot (grape disease)


text:
Talk:Alfa Romeo GTV and Spider

Untitled section
GTV picture needed--— Typ932T 08:39, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Doesn't look very NPOV compliant to me... --SoWhy

I don't see a probelem with NPOV. All seems quite factual. Cricism that the spider shakes like a tumble drier and goes wrong all the time (mine did), could be included, but as there is no significant parise in the article to counterbalance it I don't see a neutrality problem. Epeeist smudge

There is some discussion going on about possible merger of articles between the Giulia Coupe and Sedan. It affects this article to some degree as the engine information may be moved into Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine. Anyway, if anyone has ideas on this please head here Talk:Alfa Romeo Sprint GT (Veloce) it would be much appreciated. qwertytam 06:28, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Gtv is officially spelt with a capital G and mall tv, not as GTV! 217.87.84.72 (talk) 20:30, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Do you have source for this spelt? --— Typ932T  14:29, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Official spell is GTV, as is on the brochures: http://www.bozhdynsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Page34.jpg YBSOne (talk) 20:19, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Photo's

 * There should be a better photo of the 2003 facelift model. The current angle from which the picture was taken is not so nice (it should be at least taken from a lower position), the car has a publicity sticker on it. It would also be nicer if the photo is taken from the right side of the car (so that the numberplate isn't so visible) and if the spider roof and windows were down. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.81.28.30 (talk) 07:49, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * yep its bad photo, but the only one available.. --Typ932 T·C 21:49, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

The photo of the red Gtv Cup is not an original Cup model, the wheels are very wrong (should be Teledials), brake discs are wrong (looks like aftermarket upgrades) and the Quadrifoglio Verde badge is not part of the Cup specification. RogerM (talk) 23:36, 21 May 2012 (UTC)
 * but is it upgraded/modified Cup? -- >Typ932 T·C 05:22, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

No, i have seen other pics of this particular car, its just standard car with aftermarket aero-kit YBSOne (talk) 20:18, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

NPOV compliance
This article is littered with instances of non-compliance with NPOV - eg, 'in common with most Alfa - Romeo cars, extremely well equipped as standard'; 'Neat detail touches included...', etc, etc. It's fine to objectively describe what the equipment the car came with, etc, but to offer commentary is not encyclopedic. It's not a review, it's an encyclopedia article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.11.72.4 (talk) 10:19, 19 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Ye it should be written to be more enclyclopedic style... --— Typ932 T  10:30, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

article cleaning
The whole article needs some overhauling, more citings, cleaning, removing "modifications " things, wikify (make links to wikipedia articles) and so on. Same things addressed on the post top of this message ... --Typ932 T·C 06:28, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

 * If noone mind i'd like to rewrite this article and put everything in order

 * there are things in desing part that should be in specifications

 * there is no more needed facelifts part etc. YBSOne (talk) 20:26, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

 * What is the need to change the timeline from list to prose? now it's more clearer YBSOne (talk) 20:26, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Its better to have real article than list type article, its the preferred style of Wikipedia, a list is not article. That is so short list it should be easy to convert/place it to the main text and add maybe decent headers. -- >Typ932 T·C 05:29, 13 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Here are some good example articles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cars/Selected_article  -- >Typ932 T·C 05:32, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Gtv Cup
There are basically 2 Gtv Cup versions 155 cars in red with 218hp 3.0 engines and all in RHD more cars in silver, although some are in red, with 150hp 2.0 TS and LHD http://www.autoscout24.pl/ListGN.aspx?vis=1&state=A&atype=C&make=6&model=1612&version=cup&fregfrom=1998&page=1&results=20&ustate=N,U&sort=price&mmvco=1&mmvmk0=6&mmvmd0=1612&flzh=1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ybsone (talk • contribs) 15:47, 13 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Seems so, what about the spell of the car name, Gtv or GTV, where does that Gtv spell comes from? We need to use same style thru the article-- >Typ932 T·C 17:45, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Both are correct Gtv comes from the tailgate of the car, and GTV is just how it was spelled in last 2 series, so if You type Gtv You know its 916, so it's just used to differenciate form other GTV's, but GTV is also correct, maybe even more official then Gtv — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ybsone (talk • contribs) 18:34, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Yellow limited spider
There is a slight problem, i have found 2 seperate limited editions, both yellow, one with black dash from 1999-2000, second from 2001-2002 with blue-style dash and limiuted edition plaque, and the first one is called a millennium, don't know the name of the second one, which is more likely to find on any autoscout and car selling portals YBSOne (talk) 19:35, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Production
Pininfarina production seems to be between 2000-2004, so maybe we need to change the production years 1995-2004, they probably made those to stock and sold until 2006. -- >Typ932 T·C 07:09, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

Yes there is a problem with pininfarina claiming none were produced in 2005, but i think there might be a mistake maybe. nonetheless the production years will mean the sell years in this matter. it is important to give the information that the car was available in those years YBSOne (talk) 09:44, 7 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I changed it to 2005, would need another source to verify actual years. -- >Typ932 T·C 10:12, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

I have contacted Alfa Romeo and will again later, to get some information about production manifests, but it's not easy YBSOne (talk) 10:13, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

I would revert it to the previous 2006 year because we know that it was in sale, and the production end date will put down when clarified YBSOne (talk) 10:23, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Quality and Importance scales
We have achieved higer importance and quality level, my special thanks to Typ932 for help and contributions, and of course to all other (many) contributors. Now the quality is at C-class, and was at Start-class. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ybsone (talk • contribs) 10:11, 7 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Yep, no the article seems much better it was, good work -- >Typ932 T·C 10:13, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Interiors design
Dear BaboonCar, the interiors were designed by Centro Stile Alfa Romeo not by Pininfarina. Don't change that again.YBSOne (talk) 12:25, 19 November 2012 (UTC) Source: interview of Enrico Fumia: "Well, about Spider/Gtv interior, it was designed by Centro Stile Alfa Romeo under Mr.De Silva direction." YBSOne (talk) 12:26, 19 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Ok, but please reference that properly, in accordance with WP:REF. BaboneCar (talk) 12:46, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

Remove ampersand from title
Because this article has had the title "Alfa Romeo GTV & Spider" for so long I wanted to bring a title change to the talk page instead of unilaterally moving it. Per WP:AMPERSAND, I recommend changing the title to "Alfa Romeo GTV and Spider". Anyone against this move? Thanks, 72Dino (talk) 17:39, 25 November 2012 (UTC)
 * You are probably right, it should have "and"YBSOne (talk) 10:59, 28 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I haven't seen any opposition, so I'm moving it. 72Dino (talk) 04:30, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

2.0 V6 TB power
From numerous sources: 200PS (147kW) is the power Do not change it again YBSOne (talk) 17:15, 18 January 2014 (UTC) 147km from some sources of phase 1, but from a lot of sources (not only on the web but officials Alfa Romeo papers) is with 148kw and sometimes 151 (as 166) for the versions from 05/1998 and 2000. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.27.126.147 (talk) 22:19, 19 November 2015 (UTC) This is my website http://www.bozhdynsky.com/alfa-romeo-gtv-spider-history/ This is GTV Phase 1b, power is 147kW http://www.bozhdynsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Untitled-2.jpg This is a phase 2 Spider, power is still 147kW http://www.bozhdynsky.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/10947438.jpg If You claim to know more on GTV Spider than I do please reveal the sources. YBSOne (talk) 21:46, 28 November 2015 (UTC) 1999 model source (08 March 1999): http://www.alfaromeopress.com/press/article/2946 "and the 200 bhp-147 kW 2.0 V6 turbo petrol unit. " again... 147kW YBSOne (talk) 21:59, 28 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Is this what recently happened on the Alfa Romeo Giulia (952) article? Another editor decided to create 2 separate engine tables, because he (wrongly) reasoned that the Quadrifoglio's engine for the USA was differently tuned: 505 HP vs 510 HP in Europe. The difference was just due to what engineering standard was used: SAE in the USA vs CE in Europe (DIN being a predecessor). Something to consider here too? CtrlXctrlV (talk) 11:23, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

 * There is no issue here as all sources (owners manuals, brochures, press releases, workshop manuals) state 147kW, so there should be no problem translating it into hp, bhp, CV or PS. Also GTV spider were not exported do USA. YBSOne (talk) 11:35, 29 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Sounds like you have the correct data then :) CtrlXctrlV (talk) 11:39, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

Predecessor
Anyone care to explain why and not of the '66-'93 Spider 105? Thanks. Cloverleaf II (talk) 16:40, 30 June 2014 (UTC)
 * 105-series spider is giulia-based. Giulia spider You are thinking of is a giulietta-based, giulia-engined car.YBSOne (talk) 21:25, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Bozhdynsky.com
Is not at RS, it should stop being reinserted (see []). Consensus has found it to be not reliable as a SPS by a non expert.Slatersteven (talk) 15:52, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

 * So far I can see that it is used in one instance on this article. But as I have an IBAN the maintainer and he thinks he owns the content out here, please remove that.  U1 quattro   TALK  23:46, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

1993 production?
1993??? The production version of Spider was first show at Paris Motor Show in September 1994 ad full production start in March 1995! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.75.232.102 (talk) 09:27, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,26/articleid,0699_01_1995_0079_0028_10328848/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.75.232.102 (talk) 09:32, 29 March 2020 (UTC)
 * That source won't resolve for me. While we discuss this date discrepancy please stop edit warring.  Can you find any others sources to support this claim?  Chaheel Riens (talk) 13:20, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Are you a old Alfa Romeo engineering? You have a source? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.75.237.106 (talk) 07:52, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

For info contact http://www.registroalfaromeo.com/it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.75.237.106 (talk) 07:55, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Based on the link provided and your geolocation I'm assuming English isn't your first language - I don't fully understand what you're trying to say in the first sentence, and the second link - apart from being in Italian - doesn't seem to show anything pertinent. Chaheel Riens (talk) 08:46, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

https://www.autonews.com/article/19950403/ANA/504030810/alfa-introduces-gtv-spider-for-europe-only

April 1995, i’m Italian, i don’t speak english. I work at the ItalStampi in 1992-1998 and in 1995 we start to produce the door of 916. ItalStampi produce the door and at Arese are assembled. Sorry for my english. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.75.237.106 (talk) 15:00, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Please see enclosed article. Just because Alfa Romeo outsourced the door production in 1995, does not mean they did not have means to produce the doors themselves. According to production records, up to 1995 Alfa Romeo manufactured 111 cars of 916 type, and presented some of them at Paris Motor Show, and sold some of them to customers... without doors? YBSOne (talk) 09:47, 9 May 2020 (UTC)

Too much trivial detail
Too much trivial detail, eg in History section: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Too_much_detail

This is an encyclopedia, not a car mag. If people want trivial detail, they can go elsewhere.

title: Talk:Alfa Romeo GTV and Spider


text:
Talk:Uesugi Kenshin

Form Edit
My edit of this page (which is listed under the user 70.245.226.26 due to my forgetting to log-in at the time), while possibly appearing quite drastic, is almost entirely dealing with matters of form. You will notice that very little of the original content has been changed, but the earlier draft was repetitive due to two seperate accounts of basically the same story being written. I have tried to rectify that here, and have gone into details on a few points I thought deserved it. At the moment, almost all of my information is provided through the external link at the bottom of the article, and if there is a point of contention, feel free to bring it up either here or on my personal page. Pellinore 02:15, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

Takeda and Shingen
I don't plan to edit it or dispute the point for the moment, but I am curious as to the source of the statistics presented recently for the Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima (Kenshin losing 60% of his forces and Takeda losing 40%). Many thanks. Pellinore 00:26, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Those statistics came from Stephen Turnbull's "The Samurai Sourcebook", or perhaps from his "War in Japan: 1467-1615 ." I don't have the books in front of me right now to check which one, but I distinctly remember it coming from one of those two sources. Thanks for asking, and checking my facts. LordAmeth 16:21, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Ah, thank you for that information. I am still curious, should you find the original source, what references he provides for these figures. Granted, my own information found at "samurai archives" could certainly be inaccurate (though cross-references seem to largely support it); I was aware of only one source of information written on the fourth battle of Kawanakajima, that being the Koyo Gunkan, a rather disjointed and questionable record of Takeda affairs during Shingen's rule. To my knowledge, the only information provided on the outcome of this battle was that Shingen had managed a stalemate, though he led a victory cheer after the event. It is interesting that, while two major Takeda generals were killed, no major Kenshin generals suffered the same fate (that I'm aware of). Also, it was very shortly after the battle that Kenshin was fighting again in the Shimosha Province. Just a note of curiousity, should you find the time to look into it. Appreciations. Pellinore 02:28, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Now that I look it up again, Turnbull (in his 'Samurai Sourcebook') gives the numbers as a 72% loss for the Uesugi, and 62% loss for Takeda, as a percentage of the number of troops present at the beginning of the battle. His primary source is likely the Koyo Gunkan; Shall I change the article to reflect these figures? LordAmeth 04:18, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

It might help for clarification purposes, especially considering Wikipedia's own page on the battle supports these other figures as well. As for the validity of the percentages, I'm not really in a position to judge on the matter in any case considering I have never read the Koyo Gunkan myself; I had just been unaware it provided such information. I assume you won't mind if I take the liberty of changing those two figures myself to save time. My own curiosity is sated on the matter, thank you for the information. Pellinore 20:16, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Religious Affiliations
I am just curious if anyone is aware of the precise sect of Buddhism Uesugi Kenshin entered. His dedication to Bishamonten is often mentioned, but if I remember correctly this is a Shinto deity and unrelated. I had always assumed his to be a form of Zen Buddhism, but this is just assumption on my part. Thanks. Pellinore 02:28, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

A woman?
Allan Lee, you make some compelling and logical arguments towards the idea of Uesugi Kenshin being a woman. I have never heard of this theory, however, and am curious as to your source. LordAmeth 03:55, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Kenshin a Woman?
Why has this section deleted? The reasons cited were very logical and compelling. It seems like it would have been perfectly reasonable to include a "resources needed" link to show that this is merely a theory. LauraOrganaSolo 02:55, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I did not delete it, but I can imagine it might have been because it was sitting there for over a month with no sources to back it up. Something as absurd as that, with no citations, borders on vandalism, no matter how logical and compelling it may be. Besides, Wikipedia forbids original research, so sources would be required in order to put forth such a theory. LordAmeth 13:30, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I come bearing sources that address this theory! Thanks to NHK's upcoming Fuurin Kazan drama, Uesugi Kenshin is getting some spotlight action in Japan right now. This book has information on the fictionalized account in addition to historical information and theories -- including the theory that Kenshin might have been a woman. LauraOrganaSolo 05:18, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

The Japanese wikipedia talks about the theory Kenshi may have been a woman here: 上杉謙信女性説, and there are sites that go into here (上杉謙信は女性！？). Basically everything that was in the woman theory section is written on that site (which includes its bibliography at the bottom), so it should be re-added and that site could be the reference. And, the fact the Japanese wikipedia has an article on the woman theory should show it's not "vandalism." on camera 15:41, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

The entire thesis of this book: 上杉謙信は女だった (Uesugi Kenshin was a Woman - available on amazon.co.jp) is obviously that Kenshin was a woman. I haven't read the book, and so can't comment on the validity. --Kuuzo 07:46, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * As stated, I simply translated what is on the Japanese version of wikipedia and put it here, as it seems to be a section that is wholy missed in the English version. The citations and sources are presented in the Japanese version... I recall I added them in, but it could be due to my mistake on the reference wiki-tags. In any event, if there are no other objections, I will re-edit the section in. Allan Lee (talk) 20:38, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes please, I think it is worthwhile. Chris (クリス • フィッチュ) (talk) 08:12, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

It has been a while since this discussion, and still there is only one sentence in the article about this topic and without any sources. May I add a translation of the Japanese article? Shuzen Akuha (talk) 12:06, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Uesugi and Takeda - wording
The final paragraph in the section titled "Uesugi and Takeda" seems to have been informally translated from another language. Perhaps grammar correction would be in order, to make it more comprehensible? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Digital Oni (talk • contribs) 14:27, 4 May 2007 (UTC).

Casualties in 4th Battle of Kawanakajima
The article for the Battles of Kawanakajima state different casualty rates than this page does. I'm not sure how to reconcile them, would anyone else like to take a stab? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Citrus538 (talk • contribs) 11:33, 5 May 2007
 * The figures given on this page match those given by Stephen Turnbull, in his "Samurai Sourcebook", p272. However, I do not imagine that the numbers are truly known, and thus these are somewhat estimates based on scholarly interpretation of primary documents which may have exaggerated the numbers present, and the numbers lost. (I also don't fully trust Turnbull to get everything right all the time.) LordAmeth 16:17, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Popular culture references
I think this is one of a number of articles which tend to run a bit out of control with the pop culture references. I trimmed them last week or so, and thank god there was no indignant uproar, but they inevitably creep back in. I don't think that it is my place (my right, nor my responsibility - after all, who am I but an anonymous editor like everyone else) to dictate what does and doesn't belong, nor to maintain the list, cutting off whatever I personally think is irrelevant.

Long story short, I should simply like to express my concern on the issue, and whoever is keeping a closer eye on this page than myself, whoever feels a closer feeling of ownership or protectiveness of the page, please do keep an eye out for this. Cheers. LordAmeth 01:18, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Koei.jpg
Image:Koei.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 00:35, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:UesugiKenshin.jpg
Image:UesugiKenshin.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 20:21, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Death poem
I think the given death poem may be wrong, or at least incomplete. It's much shorter than the one list here, which reads:

Even a life-long prosperity is but one cup of sake; A life of forty-nine years is passed in a dream; I know not what life is, nor death. Year in year out-all but a dream. Both Heaven and Hell are left behind; I stand in the moonlit dawn, Free from clouds of attachment.

--Gwern (contribs) 03:25 13 March 2008 (GMT)

Amour
removed the picture, since i am not able to find evidence that it is not only fictional promotion material from the videogame "samurai wars" for psp3, as the "TGS" (Tokyo Gameshow) suggests, for more game related infos see http://koei.wikia.com/wiki/Kenshin_Uesugi 87.162.62.201 (talk) 19:25, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Father's death
I'm confused about this and I don't think I'm the only one. On this page it says Tamekage's death took place in 1536, whereas the Tamekage page has both 1542 and 1536. Meanwhile the Japanese Tamekage page says he died in 1543 (though there is also a theory he died in 1536). There seems to be some uncertainty at any rate, which is not currently reflected in the first section of the life.--Rsm77 (talk) 22:59, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:52, 22 September 2019 (UTC)
 * 信玄謙信一騎討ちの像 Figure of Shingen vs Kenshin 2011.1.1 - panoramio.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:24, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * JoetsuMyoko Station East 002 statue.jpg

title: Talk:Uesugi Kenshin


text:
Zirconium nitride

Zirconium nitride (ZrN) is an inorganic compound used in a variety of ways due to its properties.

Properties
ZrN grown by physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a light gold color similar to elemental gold. ZrN has a room-temperature electrical resistivity of 12.0 μΩ·cm, a temperature coefficient of resistivity of 5.6·10−8 Ω·cm/K, a superconducting transition temperature of 10.4 K, and a relaxed lattice parameter of 0.4575 nm. The hardness of single-crystal ZrN is 22.7±1.7 GPa and elastic modulus is 450 GPa.

Uses
Zirconium nitride is a hard ceramic material similar to titanium nitride and is a cement-like refractory material. Thus it is used in cermets and laboratory crucibles. When applied using the physical vapor deposition coating process it is commonly used for coating medical devices, industrial parts (notably drill bits), automotive and aerospace components and other parts subject to high wear and corrosive environments.

Zirconium nitride was suggested as a hydrogen peroxide fuel tank liner for rockets and aircraft.

title: Zirconium nitride


text:
Scott Hairston

Scott Alexander Hairston (born May 25, 1980) is a Mexican-American former professional baseball left fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Arizona Diamondbacks, San Diego Padres, Oakland Athletics, New York Mets, Chicago Cubs and Washington Nationals. He bats and throws right-handed.

Hairston comes from a noted baseball family, with his grandfather, Sam Hairston, father, Jerry Hairston, Sr., and his brother, Jerry Hairston Jr. having been Major League players.

High school years
Hairston attended Canyon del Oro High School in the Tucson suburb of Oro Valley, Arizona and was a letterman in baseball. While there, he was a teammate of former second baseman Ian Kinsler.

College
He played college baseball at Central Arizona College alongside future major leaguer Ian Kinsler.

Arizona Diamondbacks
Hairston was drafted by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the third round of the 2001 MLB Draft. He started at second base for part of his rookie season of 2004, but played mostly a reserve role since then. On July 27, 2007, the Diamondbacks traded him to the San Diego Padres for Leo Rosales.

San Diego Padres
During his first game as a San Diego Padres starter (August 3, 2007), Hairston hit two consecutive home runs. The first was a three-run blast in the eighth inning that pushed the game against the Giants into extra innings, and the second was a walk-off blast in the 10th inning. Hairston was placed into the game to substitute for Milton Bradley. The following day in his first at-bat, Hairston hit another home run, making it three home runs in three consecutive at-bats (just the seventh Padre to homer in three straight at-bats). The first game was also the game in which Barry Bonds hit his 755th home run to tie the all-time record previously held by Hank Aaron.

Hairston became a fan favorite in San Diego, well known for his clutch home runs and late-inning heroics. He hit three walk-off home runs for the Padres, in addition to other walk-off hits. From 2007 to 2009, he hit 12 home runs in late and clutch situations. These are classified as at-bats in the 7th or later with the batting team tied, ahead by one, or the tying run at least on deck. He was particularly tough against the Giants, with 11 of his 58 career homers coming off San Francisco, as well as 23 RBI, by far the most against any team he's faced.

Hairston hit a home run to break a 6–6 tie in the top of the 13th inning against the Colorado Rockies in the 2007 Wild Card tie-breaker game. The Rockies won the game in the bottom half of that inning.

Hairston represented Mexico at the 2009 World Baseball Classic alongside his brother Jerry. Hairston's mother was born in Mexico, making him eligible to play for the Mexican team.

Oakland Athletics
On July 5, 2009, Hairston was traded to the Oakland Athletics for Sean Gallagher and minor leaguers Ryan Webb and Craig Italiano.

Second stint with San Diego Padres
On January 16, 2010, Hairston was traded back to the San Diego Padres, along with outfielder Aaron Cunningham in exchange for third baseman Kevin Kouzmanoff and minor leaguer Eric Sogard.

New York Mets
On January 20, 2011, Hairston signed a one-year contract with the New York Mets. He resigned with the Mets on January 5, 2012, to a one-year contract worth $1.1 million. On April 27 in Colorado, Hairston became the 10th Met in history to hit for the cycle.

On October 3, 2012, Hairston hit his 20th home run (a personal first) of the season off Tom Koehler in the Mets regular season finale against the Miami Marlins.

Chicago Cubs
Hairston became a free agent following the 2012 season. He agreed to a two-year, $5 million contract with the Chicago Cubs in January 2013 with up to $1 million in performance bonuses. The contract became official on February 10, 2013. He began the year in a platoon in right field with Nate Schierholtz and was used as a pinch-hitter when he didn't start. He went 3–31 with two home runs in April, 8–31 with two home runs in May, and 6–31 in June and the beginning of July with four home runs before being traded.

Washington Nationals
On July 7, 2013, Hairston was traded to the Washington Nationals for minor league pitcher Ivan Pineyro. Used mostly off the bench in 2013 with Washington, he did start in left field against most left-handed starters, spelling Bryce Harper or Denard Span. He finished July going 2–17 with no home runs, went 6–23 with one home run in August, and went 5–18 with one home run in September. In 85 games combined in 2013, he hit .191 with 10 home runs and 26 RBI in 157 at bats.

Chicago White Sox
On November 18, 2015, Hairston signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox. He was released on March 31, 2016.

Family
Hairston comes from the biggest Major League Baseball family. He is the brother of Jerry Hairston Jr., the son of Jerry Hairston Sr., the nephew of Johnny Hairston, and the grandson of Sammy Hairston, a former Negro leaguer who later became the first African American player in Chicago White Sox history. The five Hairstons who have played in the majors set a record; in addition, Sam Hairston, Jr spent a year in the minors as part of the Chicago White Sox organization; Johnny Hairston had three sons, Johnny Jr Jeff and Jason who had brief minor league careers. Two other three-generation MLB families have four members each: the Boone family (Ray, Bob, Bret and Aaron) and the Bell family (Gus, Buddy, David, and Mike). Hairston is of Mexican descent on his mother's side. He and his wife, Jill, and sons, Landon and Dallas, reside in Gilbert, Arizona.

title: Scott Hairston