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Ashford railway works

Ashford railway works was a major locomotive and wagon construction and repair workshop in Ashford, Kent in England. Constructed by the South Eastern Railway in 1847, it became a major centre for railway works in the 19th and early 20th centuries. After years of decline, it closed in 1982.

South Eastern Railway
Ashford locomotive works was built by the South Eastern Railway on a new 185 acre site in 1847, replacing an earlier locomotive repair facility at New Cross in London. By 1850 over 130 houses had been built for staff (called Alfred Town by the railway but New Town by everybody else). The works employed about 600 people in 1851 increasing to about 950 by 1861, and around 1,300 by 1882. A carriage and wagon works was opened on an adjacent 32 acre site in 1850. The works led Ashford to be the largest industrial town in east Kent.

South Eastern and Chatham Railway
On 1 January 1899, the railway entered into a working union with the London Chatham and Dover Railway, forming the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR). Each antecedent company had its own locomotive works, but Ashford was larger than Longhedge works and so became the principal locomotive works for the new organisation. The latter facility was gradually run down and converted into a subsidiary works. The N class 2-6-0 locomotive was first constructed at Ashford in 1917, using a design by Richard Maunsell.

Southern Railway and British Railways
Following the grouping of the SECR with the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and the London and South Western Railway to form the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923, most new locomotive and carriage design and construction was transferred to both Ashford and Eastleigh Works. Ashford continued to operate both building and servicing locomotives and wagons until well after the nationalisation of the railways to form British Railways in 1948.

The locomotive workshops eventually closed on 16 June 1962, the last locomotive to be repaired at Ashford being the N class-2-6-0 no. 31400 on 9 June. The wagon works continued for a further two decades producing continental ferry vans, Freightliner vehicles, merry-go-round coal hopper wagons and the Cartic4 articulated car transporter. It became one of British Rail Engineering Limited's main wagon works, but as trade declined, primarily the construction of wagons for export markets, it operated on an ever-decreasing scale until it closed down in 1982.

Redevelopment
The site has sat derelict since closure. Ashford International Studios, a multi media studio, commercial and residential complex, is planned to be built on the site and opening in 2026.

Motive power depot
The SER opened a locomotive depot at Ashford in December 1842, sited to the East of the station adjacent to the works. This was demolished in 1931, when the SR built a much larger facility on the other side of the main line. This was closed to steam locomotives in 1962, but used to service diesels until 1968. Thereafter it was used for the Ashford Steam Centre for a period, but has now been demolished.

Locomotive building at Ashford
In 1853 the Locomotive Superintendent James I. Cudworth built the first of ten 'Hastings' class 2-4-0 locomotives there. In 1855 these were followed by two freight engines. (An unusual feature of these was a dual firebox, each side fired alternately.) Over the next twenty years, Cudworth built 53 freight locomotives at Ashford and around 80 larger ones with six foot driving wheels, plus the first eight of his sixteen express passenger locos, the 'Mails', with seven foot drivers. He also produced four classes of 0-6-0 tank locomotives.

In 1878 James Stirling, the brother of Patrick Stirling of the Great Northern Railway took over and introduced a deal of standardisation. He believed in the benefits of the bogie and produced a class of 4-4-0 with six foot drivers and his '0' class freight with five foot drivers. He also produced over a hundred 0-4-4 tank engines, and in 1898 the 4-4-0 'B' Class.

The first Locomotive, Carriage & Wagon Superintendent for the South Eastern and Chatham Railway was H.S. Wainwright who produced a series of successful and elegant designs at Ashford. Wainwright's tender engines built at Ashford included 0-6-0 freight locomotives of the 'C' class, and the 4-4-0 passenger engines of the 'D' and 'E' classes. His tank engines built at the works included the versatile and long-lived 0-4-4 'H' class, the larger 0-6-4 'J' class and the diminutive 0-6-0 tank engines of the 'P' class. Wainwright was followed by Richard Maunsell, who introduced the ultimately unsuccessful 'K' class 2-6-4 mixed traffic tank locomotives (which were later rebuilt into 2-6-0 tender locomotives), and the useful 'N' class 2-6-0 mixed traffic locomotives in 1917.

However, more of the 'N' class locomotives were produced at the works, and parts for 'K' class locos that were assembled by Armstrong Whitworth of Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1942 the works also built twenty of the Bulleid 'Q1' class 0-6-0, the remainder being built at Brighton Works. During the later war years the works also built a number of the LMS 8F type 2-8-0 freight locomotives for the War Department. The last of the 639 steam locomotives built there was LMSR 2-8-0 No. 8674.

In 1937 it was involved with in the English Electric company in the construction of three experimental diesel-electric shunters and after the war, Ashford Works continued manufacturing a further series of 350 hp 0-6-0 diesel-electric shunters. Under British Railways Ashford Works built the first two of the Southern Region prototype 1Co-Co1 diesel electric locomotives of the D16/2 class numbered 10201 and 10202 in 1951. In 1962 all locomotive production and repairs were moved to Eastleigh.

Locomotive classes built at Ashford
The class letters were allotted to older classes by James Stirling in September 1879. Classes without such a letter were either extinct, or in the process of withdrawal at that date.

Altogether, Ashford built 711 complete steam locomotives and finished 51 which were commenced elsewhere. There were 32 diesel and three electric locomotives, all of which incorporated parts made by outside contractors.

title: Ashford railway works


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User:Codemonkey

I'm not that active on WP anymore, keeping this account around if I ever become more active again.

---

Thanks for the Wii article reverts. You get the Working Man's Barnstar!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Codemonkey


text:
Stream capture

Stream capture, river capture, river piracy or stream piracy is a geomorphological phenomenon occurring when a stream or river drainage system or watershed is diverted from its own bed, and flows instead down the bed of a neighbouring stream. This can happen for several reasons, including: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream may accelerate erosion and encourage the development of a canyon (gorge).
 * Tectonic earth movements, where the slope of the land changes, and the stream is tipped out of its former course
 * Natural damming, such as by a landslide or ice sheet
 * Erosion, either
 * Headward erosion of one stream valley upwards into another, or
 * Lateral erosion of a meander through the higher ground dividing the adjacent streams.
 * Within an area of karst topography, where streams may sink, or flow underground (a sinking or losing stream) and then reappear in a nearby stream valley
 * Glacier retreat

The now-dry valley of the original stream is known as a wind gap.

Tectonic uplift

 * Barmah Choke: About 25,000 years ago, an uplift of the plains near Moama on the Cadell Fault first dammed the Murray River and then forced it to take a new course. The new course dug its way through the so-called Barmah Choke and captured the lower course of the Goulburn River for 500 km.
 * Indus-Sutlej-Sarasvati-Yamuna: The Yamuna earlier flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River (identified with the Sarasvati River) and later changed its course due to plate tectonics. The Sutlej River flowed into the current channel of the Ghaggar-Hakra River until the 13th century after which it was captured by the Indus River due to plate tectonics.

 * Barrier Range: It was theorised that the original course of the Murray River was to a mouth near Port Pirie where a large delta is still visible protruding into the calm waters of Spencer Gulf. It was suggested that an uplift of the land blocked the river near the southern end of the Flinders Ranges, and the river eventually found its way to a new mouth near Lake Alexandrina.  This has since been disproven in favour of findings that ancient Lake Bungunnia overflowed at Swan Reach and the current course is as a result of northward erosion.

Glacial damming

 * The River Thames in southern England originally entered the North Sea near Ipswich. About 450,000 years ago, an ice sheet expanding from the north pushed the course of the river southwards, forcing the Thames to cut a new mouth where the mouth of the River Blackwater, Essex now is, north of London. It later moved southwards again to its current position as a result of cutting through the Chiltern Hills at Goring-on-Thames, an event which created the Goring Gap.

Headward erosion

 * The Teays River, captured by the Ohio River.
 * The Rio Grande which before capture flowed into a closed basin, Lake Cabeza de Vaca, but after capture flowed into the Gulf of Mexico.
 * The ancestral Niger River captured what is now the upper reaches of the Niger which once flowed into an endorheic basin to the east northeast of Timbuktu.
 * The River Stour, Kent, largely captured by the River Beult, River Teise and others.
 * The River Wey, in southern England, the western arm of which is the former upper waters of the River Blackwater (River Loddon).
 * The River Rheidol in Wales which has captured the headwaters of other streams and now runs for part of its length in a deep gorge.
 * The River Lyd in Devon, England.
 * The Black River, in Kings County, Nova Scotia, Canada, captured by the Gaspereau River
 * The Casiquiare canal is a distributary of the Orinoco River that is currently in the process of capturing the upper reaches of the Orinoco.

Karst

 * The Donauversickerung (Danube Sink), currently developing in Germany, where a large portion of the upper part of the Danube river sinks into the limestone bedrock, and resurfaces in the Aachtopf spring, a tributary of the River Rhine.

Glacier retreat
The Slims River was previously fed by meltwater from the Kaskawulsh Glacier in the St. Elias Mountains in the Yukon and its waters flowed into Kluane Lake and on to the Bering Sea. Because of climate change, the glacier has rapidly receded and the meltwater no longer feeds the Slims. The water instead now feeds the Kaskawulsh River which is a tributary to the Alsek River and drains into the Gulf of Alaska.

Effect on freshwater life
River capture is a shaping force in the biogeography or distribution of many freshwater fish species.

New Zealand freshwater fish
Geological uplift in the southern South Island led to the divergence of freshwater galaxiid populations isolated by river capture.

Australian freshwater fish
The formerly massive Great Dividing Range runs the length of the eastern coastline of Australia and has isolated native freshwater fish populations east and west of the range for millions of years. In the last two million years erosion has reduced the Great Dividing Range to a critical point where west-to-east river capture events have been possible. A number of native fish species that originated in the Murray–Darling river system to the west are (or were) found naturally occurring in a number of coastal systems spanning almost the entire length of the range.

None of the river capture events that allowed native fish of the Murray-Darling system to cross into and colonise these East Coast river systems seem to have formed permanent linkages. The colonising Murray-Darling fish in these East Coast river systems have therefore become isolated from their parent species, and due to isolation, the founder effect, genetic drift and natural selection, have become separate species (see allopatric speciation).

Examples include:
 * Golden perch (Dawson–Fitzroy river system, central Queensland).
 * Eel-tailed catfish (several rivers, northern New South Wales). However, note recent genetic research which now indicates eel-tailed catfish colonised east coast drainages in multiple colonisation events relatively recently (by evolutionary standards) and may subsequently have colonised the Murray–Darling system via an east-to-west river capture event, contrary to usual west-to-east capture events listed here.
 * Macquarie perch (Hawkesbury-Nepean rivers, Shoalhaven River, southern New South Wales).
 * River blackfish (multiple rivers, Victoria).
 * Murray cod, whose eastern species/subspecies are:
 * Eastern freshwater cod (Clarence River system, northern New South Wales. It was also found in the Richmond River system in New South Wales but that population is now extinct.)
 * Brisbane River cod (Brisbane River system, southern Queensland. That population is now extinct, and its exact taxonomic status is not known.)
 * The Mary River cod (Mary River, southern/central Queensland.)
 * The mountain galaxias species complex (multiple rivers, southern Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria).

Olive perchlet (Ambassis agassizii), western carp gudgeon (Hypseleotris klungzingeri), pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis) and Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni) also appear to have made crossings into coastal systems, the last two species seemingly many times as they are found in most or all coastal streams in south eastern Australia as well as the Murray-Darling system.

Unfortunately, with the exception of eastern freshwater cod and Mary River cod, it has not been widely recognised that these coastal populations of Murray–Darling native fish are separate species and their classifications have not been updated to reflect this. Many are threatened and two, the Richmond River cod and the Brisbane River cod, have become extinct.

title: Stream capture


text: Mission kill

title: Mission kill


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James St Clair-Erskine, 3rd Earl of Rosslyn

General James Alexander St Clair-Erskine, 3rd Earl of Rosslyn PC, DL (15 February 1802 – 16 June 1866), styled Lord Loughborough from 1805 to 1837, was a Scottish soldier and Tory politician. A General in the British Army, he also held political office as Master of the Buckhounds between 1841 and 1846 and again in 1852 and as Under-Secretary of State for War in 1859.

Early life
Rosslyn was the son of James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn, by his wife Harriet Elizabeth Bouverie, daughter of the Hon. Edward Bouverie (the second son of Jacob Bouverie, 1st Viscount Folkestone).

Career
Rosslyn entered the British Army in 1819. He purchased a captaincy in the 9th Light Dragoons in 1823 and a lieutenant-colonelcy in 1828. He was promoted to Major-General in 1854, to Lieutenant-General in 1859 and to full General on 20 April 1866.

In 1864 he was appointed Regimental Colonel of the 7th Queen's Own Hussars after the death of General Sir William Tuyll. Lord Rosslyn also commanded the Auxiliary Cavalry Regiment, The Fife Mounted Rifle Volunteers from 1860 until his death in 1866.

Political career
Rosslyn was returned to Parliament for Dysart Burghs, in Fife, in 1830, a seat he held until 1831, and then represented Grimsby from 1831 to 1832. He succeeded his father in the earldom in 1837. In 1841 he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Master of the Buckhounds under Sir Robert Peel, which he remained until the government fell in 1846. He held the same office from February to December 1852 under Lord Derby, and was briefly Under-Secretary of State for War under Derby from March to June 1859.

Lord Rosslyn was also a Deputy Lieutenant for Fife.

Personal life
In 1826, James married Frances Wemyss (1794–1858), daughter of Lt.-Gen. William Wemyss, of Wemyss Castle, Fife. Together, they were the parents of two sons and a daughter, including:

 * Hon. James Alexander George St Clair-Erskine (1830–1851), styled Lord Loughborough, a Lieut. who died unmarried.
 * Robert Francis St Clair-Erskine, 4th Earl of Rosslyn, who married Blanche Adeliza FitzRoy, great-granddaughter of Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton and widow of Col. Hon. Charles Henry Maynard.
 * Lady Harriet Elizabeth St Clair-Erskine (d. 1867), who married Prince Georg Münster, Hereditary Marshal of Hanover and Hanoverian Ambassador to London (d. 1902) in 1865.

Lady Rosslyn died on 30 September 1858 and Lord Rosslyn died, several years later, in June 1866, aged 64. He was succeeded in the earldom by his only surviving son, Robert.


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Kenneth Matiba

Kenneth Stanley Njindo Matiba (1 June 1932 – 15 April 2018) was a Kenyan politician and an activist for democracy. He came in at second place in the 1992 presidential election. In November 2007, he announced that he would stand as a presidential candidate in the December 2007 election. Matiba placed seventh, with 8,046 votes.

Early career
Matiba became a senior civil servant at age 31. Before Kenya attained its independence in December 1963, he became the first indigenous African Permanent Secretary for Education (in May of that year). Matiba was mentored by Carey Francis, headmaster of Alliance High School, who lobbied for his promotion to permanent secretary. In 1964, Matiba was appointed Permanent Secretary for Commerce under Minister Mwai Kibaki.

Matiba continued to succeed during the post-colonial period, helped by his connection to the Kiambu family of Musa Gitau, one of the first Africans to become a minister in the Kenyan Presbyterian Church (Matiba is Gitau's son-in-law). Gitau also influenced Jomo Kenyatta, having taught him at the PCEA Center, Thogoto, Kikuyu. In the patron-client reward system established by Kenyatta after independence, such connections were important to success in the public and private sectors. Matiba later left his civil-service career for one in the hospitality industry, establishing the Alliance Group of Hostels based on the South Coast. He also invested in exclusive private schools, including Hillcrest Preparatory (founded by Frank Thompson) and Hillcrest Secondary School.

Matiba was chairman of the Kenya Football Federation from 1974 to 1978, and was elected to the Kenyan Parliament in the 1983 general elections from the Mbiri Constituency (later renamed Kiharu) in the Muranga District. He served as Minister of Transport and Communications under the KANU administration led by President Daniel arap Moi, resigning in December 1988.

Political activism
At Moi's behest, Matiba was held without trial at the Kamiti Maximum Security Prison in 1990 with Charles Rubia, a member of the Kenyan Cabinet who also called for multiparty democracy. While in prison Matiba was refused medication and suffered a stroke, which affected half his body and incapacitated him for some time. Later, a multiparty system was instituted and Matiba was released.

He was part of the opposition alliance forming the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD). During the December 1992 election, Matiba was the candidate representing FORD-Asili, a party he helped found in splintering from the original FORD. President Moi won the election on the KANU ticket; Matiba placed second, winning the Kiharu Constituency parliamentary seat in the concurrent parliamentary elections. He boycotted the December 1997 election (citing a lack of democracy), burning his voter's card. Matiba has a long-standing rivalry with Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki. Before the December 2002 election Matiba was leader of the minor Saba Saba Asili party, which declined to join the NARC coalition; however, he did not run for the presidency or a parliamentary seat.

In his later years, Matiba was dogged by ill-health stemming from his 1990 imprisonment. His business holdings also suffered, with his hotel chain being briefly taken into administration (although he regained control) and Hillcrest School sold by administrators (a case he legally contested). Matiba regained control of the school, which he later sold to a consortium led by Fanisi.

He founded The People newspaper. It began as a weekly in 1992, becoming a daily in 1998; however, it was a drain on Matiba's finances.

As of 2008, he remained chairman of Saba Saba Asili and re-registered as a voter.

Personal life
In 2000 Matiba released his autobiography, Aiming High. As of 2010 he lived in Riara Ridge, Rironi (near Limuru), with his wife, Edith. Their son, Raymond, is a former chairman of the Kenya Tourist Board.

Matiba died on 15 April 2018 at the Karen Hospital after a long illness.

title: Kenneth Matiba


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Hat Rin

Hat Rin (หาดริ้น, ) is a peninsular beach area and town on the southern tip of Ko Pha-ngan, an island in the Gulf of Thailand. Its two main beaches are Sunset Beach (Hat Rin Nai) to the south and the larger Sunrise Beach (Hat Rin Nok) to the north. A Full Moon Party takes place on Sunrise Beach each month.

The town and beach first became popular for backpacker tourism since the 1980s. As the popularity of the beach and Full Moon Party have increased, the town has grown to accommodate the new visitors. The town is centred on Chicken Corner, a crossroads and popular meeting spot.

Entertainment

Most of the nightlife in the town is centred on beachfront spots. The original beach bars, Drop-In Bar and Cactus Bar attract the largest crowds, with nightly drinks promotions and fire shows. Here, popular chart tunes, R&B and club classics entertain the crowds. Other beach bars include Vinyl Club, Zoom (both playing psytrance, the original Full Moon Party style of music), Orchid (playing Drum and Bass and Jungle) and Boom Boom Bar (playing deeper house and trance music).

Fire shows
Apart from the music and bars on the beaches of Hat Rin, a regular feature of the Hat Rin are the nightly fire shows put on by individuals at the Cactus and Drop-In Bars. Various individuals specialize in the arts of Poi and Staff, performing tricks to entertain the crowds. The firesticks are ropes twisted around sticks and soaked in diesel which, when burned, emits choking clouds of toxic stench. Many tourists are inspired by the shows and opt to take up daytime lessons before joining the evening fire shows.

Pollution
Hat Rin is polluted with litter, but given the constant parties, it is relatively clean. There are sewage works and the sewerage is not pumped into the sea. However, owing to the vast number of tourists frequently visiting the island to enjoy the Full Moon Party, the amount of trash is unbearable. The following day can be described as total carnage. Intoxicated travellers are sleeping off their hangover, whilst the beach is covered in plastic cups, bottles, and other plastic materials.

Popular culture
Hat Rin Beach has featured in many media such as the Danny Boyle film adaption of The Beach, The Backpacker by John Harris, and songs by The Klaxons and by S-Kay.

title: Hat Rin


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St. Davids station

St. Davids station is a commuter rail station located in the western suburbs of Philadelphia at the intersection of Chamounix Road & Glynn Lane, Wayne, Pennsylvania. Named for the nearby historic Episcopal church, the station is served by most Paoli/Thorndale Line trains. There is no ticket office at this station. There are 107 parking spaces at the station (57 SEPTA spaces, 50 non-SEPTA spaces). There are also 5 bike racks available that can accommodate up to 20 bikes. It is in Radnor Township. St. Davids station is 13.7 track miles from Philadelphia's Suburban Station, and was originally built in 1890 by the Pennsylvania Railroad. The station depot was demolished in 1966 and replaced with the existing structure. In 2017, the average total weekday boardings at this station was 242, and the average total weekday alightings was 278.

There is currently an ongoing effort to raise funding for a planned restoration of the station shelters to their original 19th-century condition. This restoration includes replacing later woodwork that utilized simple designs not matching original specifications, return of cast-iron Pennsylvania Railroad station signage, and repainting the station shelters to historically accurate colors.

Station layout
St. Davids has two low-level side platforms with pathways connecting the platforms to the inner tracks.

title: St. Davids station


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Bao'an, Shenzhen

Bao'an District is one of the nine districts comprising the city of Shenzhen, Guangdong province. It is one of the districts formerly lying outside the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone.

History
Bao'an was the historical name of Bao'an County (also known as Xin'an County) of the Qing dynasty, which included area of modern-day Shenzhen and Hong Kong. The area of today Bao'an District, was integrated into Shenzhen in 1979, which the Bao'an County was promoted as a city.

Bao'an was reverted into county status in 1981, as the administrative unit of the area that belongs to Shenzhen, but now belongs to Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. Border patrols were also established in the border of the Economic Zone. In 1991, Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, located in Bao'an County, was opened.

Finally Bao'an district was established on January 1, 1993. Two New Districts were created as sub-districts of Bao'an district, namely Guangming and Longhua new districts, in 2007 and 2011 respectively.

In 2010, Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was enlarged to cover the whole Shenzhen city.

Bao'an became the final filming spot in the experimental Swedish documentary Logistics.

Rapid development occurred in the Bao'an District. Longhua District was separated from Bao'an and became a district on 11 October 2016. In 2018, Guangming District was also separated from Bao'an District.

Demographics
The district had a population of 4,476,554 by November, 2020. About 85% of Bao'an's population are migrants from other parts of China, most speaking Standard Chinese (Standard Mandarin). Hence this made Standard Chinese the primary Chinese variety spoken in the district. Cantonese is also widely spoken, between locals and migrants from around Guangdong Province (Canton Province).

Public Safety
Bao'an has, as of 2008, a notoriously bad safety record. Since the turn of the millennium, the district has seen a string of high-profile abductions, robberies, and other cases of violent crime. However, in the last four years, this has become less of an issue with an increased police presence and higher average income in the district.

Subdistricts
Bao'an District comprises ten subdistricts:

Economy
Bao'an is predominantly a secondary sector economy as industrial center famous for having a concentration electronics factories, mostly in Xixiang and Guanlan sub-districts. There is also a sizable service industry. Agriculture, which used to dominate the economy, has diminished in recent years. Like many parts of Shenzhen, high-rises can be found all over Bao'an.

Four airlines are headquartered on the grounds of Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport: Shenzhen Airlines, Jade Cargo International, Shenzhen Donghai Airlines, and SF Airlines.

Transportation
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport is situated in this district. Guangzhou–Shenzhen intercity railway also travel through the district. Shenzhen metro lines 1, 5, 6, 11, 12 and 20 go through the district at some point.

Regional Railway

 * Shenzhen Airport, Shenzhen Airport North, Fuhai West, Shajing West

Shenzhen Metro
Bao'an is currently served by six metro lines operated by Shenzhen Metro:

 * - Xin'an, Bao'an Center, Bao'an Stadium, Pingzhou, Xixiang, Gushu, Hourui, Airport East
 * - Baohua, Bao'an Center, Fanshen, Lingzhi , Honglang North, Xingdong
 * - Songgang, Xitou, Songgang Park, Shangwu, Guantian
 * - Bitou, Songgang, Houting, Shajing, Ma'an Hill, Tangwei, Qiaotou, Fuyong , Airport North , Airport, Bihaiwan, Bao'an
 * - Xin'an Park, Lingzhi, Shangchuan, Liutang, Bao'an Passenger Transport Terminal, Baotian 1st Road, Pingluan Hill, Xixiang Taoyuan, Zhongwu South, Huangtian, Xingwei, Airport East , Fuwei, Huaide, Fuyong , Qiaotou West, Fuhai West, Shenzhen World , Shenzhen World North , Waterlands Resort South, Waterlands Resort East
 * - Convention & Exhibition City, Shenzhen World North, Shenzhen World , Shenzhen World South, Airport North

Education
Primary schools include:
 * Xiwan Primary School (西湾小学)

 * Schools operated by the Shenzhen Municipal government
 * Shenzhen No. 7 Senior High School (深圳市第七高级中学) - Shajing Subdistrict

title: Bao'an, Shenzhen


text:
Talk:Peter Shilton

(No subject)
Don't think Shilts is coaching the goalkeepers for 'Boro anymore

Dead?
The article mentions a date of death, but has no specifics User:zls44 02:03, 2 June 2007 (EST)

PFA player of the year when?
according to PFA Players' Player of the Year he was player of the year in 1978, but here it says later than that. which is true? F1list 08:48, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

World Cup Debut
If he was born in '47 and played in the '86 World Cup, then the information at the top saying he made his WC debut at 32 must be wrong.

Samuel Shilton
I don't think Peter's son Samuel is still playing at Burton Albion. This may need to be changed.

Greatest Goalkeeper
I have noticed that most articles on International goalkeepers claim "He is considered one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time". MortimerCat 11:59, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Hinckley
According to the article on Hinckley United he isn't playing for them anymore Cavie78 16:13, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The reference in the article is to his son, Sam Shilton, who is still on Hinckley United's books Daemonic Kangaroo 17:32, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Peter Shilton is not the most capped England Footballer Rachel Yankey
There is no distinction between men's football / women's football here. As there is no distinction the assertion that Peter Shilton "currently holds the record for playing more games for England than anyone else" is false, see Rachel Yankey's stats to prove http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Yankey.

Amend this as a point of urgency! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.159.178.33 (talk) 19:13, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Shilton


text:
Talk:Bicol Region

Editorial Tone
''The Bicol region is often seen as the epicenter of the counterculture and liberal politics in the Philippines. As many of its inhabitants seem to oppose many right-wing governments and ideology in which they blame for corruption. The region has a political reputation of being the most liberal region in the highly conservative Archipelago. It is also a stronghold for the National Democratic Front.''

Any citations?? 125.60.241.139 06:58, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

- I agree. I suggest that this block of text be removed if no citations are made. --202.86.204.197 13:28, 13 February 2007 (UTC) f'ls;kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.71.109.21 (talk) 10:53, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Biased in favor of Naga
Markxvi (talk) 18:00, 13 August 2014 (UTC)It is quite observable that the article was made to favor the city of Naga while sacrificing the partiality of the article. I've made an extensive editing of the article in order to make it look less favorable to Naga and make it more academically competent. I hope no pro-Naga will make unwarranted edits over this page. Remember this is Bicol's page and not Naga city. User:Jacob Frostwhinner 10:24, August 24, 2014. Thae article appears only to be in favor of Naga City since most of the details in Bicol are related to the city. Furthermore, this statements are sourced and not unsourced nor doubtful. The statements appear to be true, based on the sources placed. Also, with more facts about the article, the article becomes more ACADEMICALLY COMPETENT, so adding facts about Naga City related to the article does not mean incompetence of the article.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 5 one external links on Bicol Region. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100416052024/http://bicol.da.gov.ph:80/Statistics/regional_profile.html to http://bicol.da.gov.ph/Statistics/regional_profile.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20140826114555/http://www.philippine-islands.ph/en/legazpi_city-albay-philippines.html to http://www.philippine-islands.ph/en/legazpi_city-albay-philippines.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100416052024/http://bicol.da.gov.ph:80/Statistics/regional_profile.html to http://bicol.da.gov.ph/Statistics/regional_profile.html
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Hindi na Tayo Bata para mag laro laro 112.202.249.140 (talk) 12:15, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bicol Region


text:
Pluriharmonic function

In mathematics, precisely in the theory of functions of several complex variables, a pluriharmonic function is a real valued function which is locally the real part of a holomorphic function of several complex variables. Sometimes such a function is referred to as n-harmonic function, where n ≥ 2 is the dimension of the complex domain where the function is defined. However, in modern expositions of the theory of functions of several complex variables it is preferred to give an equivalent formulation of the concept, by defining pluriharmonic function a complex valued function whose restriction to every complex line is a harmonic function with respect to the real and imaginary part of the complex line parameter.

Formal definition
$$. Let $G ⊆ Cn$ be a complex domain and $f : G → R$ be a $C$ (twice continuously differentiable) function. The function $f$ is called pluriharmonic if, for every complex line

 * $$\{ a + b z \mid z \in \Complex \} \subset \Complex^n$$

formed by using every couple of complex tuples $a, b ∈ Cn$, the function

 * $$z \mapsto f(a + bz)$$

is a harmonic function on the set

 * $$\{ z \in \Complex \mid a + b z \in G \} \subset \Complex .$$

$$. Let $M$ be a complex manifold and $f : M → R$ be a $C$ function. The function $f$ is called pluriharmonic if
 * $$dd^c f = 0.$$

Basic properties
Every pluriharmonic function is a harmonic function, but not the other way around. Further, it can be shown that for holomorphic functions of several complex variables the real (and the imaginary) parts are locally pluriharmonic functions. However a function being harmonic in each variable separately does not imply that it is pluriharmonic.

Historical references

 * . Notes from a course held by Francesco Severi at the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (which at present bears his name), containing appendices of Enzo Martinelli, Giovanni Battista Rizza and Mario Benedicty. An English translation of the title reads as:-"Lectures on analytic functions of several complex variables – Lectured in 1956–57 at the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica in Rome".
 * . Notes from a course held by Francesco Severi at the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (which at present bears his name), containing appendices of Enzo Martinelli, Giovanni Battista Rizza and Mario Benedicty. An English translation of the title reads as:-"Lectures on analytic functions of several complex variables – Lectured in 1956–57 at the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica in Rome".
 * . Notes from a course held by Francesco Severi at the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (which at present bears his name), containing appendices of Enzo Martinelli, Giovanni Battista Rizza and Mario Benedicty. An English translation of the title reads as:-"Lectures on analytic functions of several complex variables – Lectured in 1956–57 at the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica in Rome".
 * . Notes from a course held by Francesco Severi at the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (which at present bears his name), containing appendices of Enzo Martinelli, Giovanni Battista Rizza and Mario Benedicty. An English translation of the title reads as:-"Lectures on analytic functions of several complex variables – Lectured in 1956–57 at the Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica in Rome".

title: Pluriharmonic function


text:
Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman

Solomon "Solly" Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman (30 May 1904 – 1 April 1993) was a British public servant, zoologist and operational research pioneer. He is best remembered as a scientific advisor to the Allies on bombing strategy in the Second World War, for his work to advance the cause of nuclear non-proliferation, and for his role in bringing attention to global economic issues.

Early life and education
Solomon Zuckerman was born in Cape Town in the British Cape Colony (modern-day South Africa) on 30 May 1904, the second child and eldest son of Moses and Rebecca Zuckerman (née Glaser). Both his parents were the children of Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire.

He was educated at the South African College School. After studying medicine at the University of Cape Town and later attending Yale University, he went to London in 1926 to complete his studies at University College Hospital Medical School.

He began his career at the London Zoological Society in 1928, and worked as a research anatomist until 1932. In this period he founded the intellectual dining club, Tots and Quots. He denied, as early as 1928, that Australopithecus was a genealogical link between apes and humans and maintained this belief throughout his career. In 1932, Zuckerman published his most noteworthy pre-war work, Social Life of Monkeys and Apes.

Zuckerman taught at the University of Oxford from 1934 to 1945, during which time he was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Society.

Second World War
During the Second World War, Zuckerman worked on several research projects for the British government, including the design of a civilian defence helmet (colloquially known as the Zuckerman helmet) and measuring the effect of bombing on people and buildings and an assessment of the bombardment (Operation Corkscrew) of the Italian island of Pantelleria in 1943. He was thus one of the pioneers of the science of operational research. He was given an honorary commission as a wing commander in the Administrative and Special Duties Branch of the Royal Air Force on 13 May 1943, and promoted to honorary group captain on 20 September 1943.

Zuckerman's suggestion, made when he was Scientific Director of the British Bombing Survey Unit (BBSU), and accepted by Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder and Supreme Allied Commander U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower in the lead-up to the Normandy landings, that the Allies concentrate on disrupting the German-controlled French transportation system through heavy aerial bombing of rail lines and marshalling yards, was officially called the Transportation Plan, but was privately referred to by its opponents as "Zuckerman's Folly". A focus of Zuckerman's plan, learned in Italy, was to target locomotives and the capacity to service them due to a shortage in France prior to the Normandy campaign. This had the effect of pushing railheads back from the front causing trucks to be diverted from a role of manoeuvre to one of logistics, which resulted in greater petrol consumption.

Later career

After the war, Zuckerman was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1946 New Year Honours. He left the Royal Air Force on 1 September 1946, and was then Professor of Anatomy at the University of Birmingham until 1968, chief scientific adviser to the Ministry of Defence from 1960 to 1966, and the first chief scientific adviser to the British Government from 1964 to 1971. He was also a member of a Royal Commission investigating environmental pollution from 26 February 1970. In 1951 Zuckerman published his paper summarizing the existing data both for and against the possibility of postnatal oogenesis.

He taught at the University of East Anglia from 1969 to 1974, where he was involved in setting up a school of environmental sciences. He served as Secretary of the London Zoological Society from 1955 to 1977 and as its president from 1977 to 1984. Some of Zuckerman's achievements include being a pioneer in the study of primate behaviour. His more notable publications include The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes published in 1931, and Scientists and War in 1966. Zuckerman wrote two volumes of autobiography: From Apes to Warlords and Monkeys Men and Missiles.

He is also credited for making science a normal part of government policy in the Western world and wrote many articles on this topic, including some formal lectures, collected in Beyond the Ivory Tower. There Zuckerman wrote about the role of science in policy, and how it developed in public (i.e. large funded collaborations) and in private (i.e. behind closed doors in laboratories). He was concerned that the public should understand the contested and serendipitous process of scientific discovery, in contrast to the discovery accounts which were popular, illustrating with hoax and eminent disagreements, at the frontiers of science, because ultimately science ought to serve the public. This led to a concern about the policy for investing in science, or Foresight, which could not, in his view, expect to know what scientific discovery was likely to occur, and therefore how to choose projects for funding. He also advanced the case for engineers and other scientists to adopt an oath, similar to the Hippocratic Oath, to consider the impacts of their work and avoid damaging the world, particularly the natural environment.

Awards and honours
Zuckerman was knighted in the 1956 New Year Honours, promoted Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1964 New Year Honours, elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1965, appointed to the Order of Merit on 23 April 1968, elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1970, and was awarded a life peerage on 5 April 1971, taking the title Baron Zuckerman of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1943.

Family life
Zuckerman met his future wife, Lady Joan Isaacs, daughter of Gerald Isaacs, 2nd Marquess of Reading, in Oxford. They married in 1939 and had two children, a son, Paul, and a daughter, Stella. Stella Zuckerman died in 1992, predeceasing her parents. Joan, Lady Zuckerman entertained and did landscapes using pastels. She died in 2000.

Martha Gellhorn described Zuckerman in a letter written to his wife Joan in 1993, shortly after Zuckerman died in London following a heart attack, aged 88: "No doubt he was a strain as a husband, even as a father, but what a wonder he was in himself. The tirelessly inquiring mind, the energy for work, the variety of his thinking. As he grew old, his vanity was touching, as if he didn't really know his own unique value and he had to reassure himself with the names of all the important people he was seeing, when he was far more unusual and far brainier than any of them."

title: Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman


text:
Salmon Gums, Western Australia

Salmon Gums is a small town in Western Australia located 106 km north of Esperance on the Coolgardie-Esperance Highway. The name is derived from a prominent stretch of Eucalyptus salmonophloia (Salmon Gum) trees which formed a landmark in the town's early days. The town is part of the Shire of Esperance. At the 2016 census, Salmon Gums had a population of 191.

The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

History
The first potential use of a townsite was as a watering spot for the proposed Esperance to Norseman Railway, since Salmon Gums is roughly halfway between these two towns. Land for a town-site was set aside in 1912 and the name was recommended in 1916. This land lay within the tribal boundaries of the indigenous Kalaako. The town was gazetted in 1925, when the Esperance to Salmon Gums section of the railway was completed.

Settlement of the area received a boost after the First World War when returning soldiers were given grants of land in this and many other areas around the state. These grantees became known as soldier settlers. At the time Salmon Gums was regarded as being on the fringe of arable land. The low soil fertility and marginal average rainfall meant that yields were poor prior to the 1950s. As a result, the land was not in high demand, so the opportunity cost to the government was quite small.

Agricultural research was boosted prior to the Second World War by the establishment of the Salmon Gums Research Station. In 1949 a similar station, the Esperance Downs Research Station was established near Esperance. Research at the latter quickly led to the discovery that soil in the Esperance region was deficient in trace elements, reportedly phosphorus, copper and zinc, and the addition of these greatly improved fertility and crop yields. Since then the region, including Salmon Gums, has become a successful producer of wheat, sheep and cattle.

Mining
In 2001 a Perth-based iron ore company announced an investigation into a large lignite deposit at Salmon Gums for use reducing its phosphorus-rich iron ore currently being mined at Koolyanobbing. As of 2009 all plans for the mining of the lignite has been suspended indefinitely due to the stock market collapse in early 2009. The sudden drop in oil prices would make the refinement of the oil suspended in the lignite financially unviable.

Climate
Salmon Gums has a mild semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk). According to both the Köppen and Trewartha classifications for humid climates it is thermally subtropical, the months of January and February exceeding 22 C and all months exceeding 10 C on average, though by the Köppen criteria for arid climates and the classification used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology its yearly average (being less than 18 C) is insufficient to qualify as such.

Like many near-coastal areas of Australia, the climate is dominated by periodic exchanges between hot, dry air from the desert interior and cooler, humid air from the ocean, exemplified by the very large gulf between its averages and extreme high temperatures, the 1991–2020 normals placing the average yearly record high as 43.0 C and the highest ever recorded being 46.3 C on 28 January 2011. With its semi-arid, relatively high-latitude and mildly-elevated location from the moderating influences of the ocean, Salmon Gums can be one of the coldest places in Western Australia—its record low minimum of -6.1 C on 15 August 1970 is the fourth coldest record low and sixth coldest temperature recorded in the state, while its record low maximum of 5.6 C on 16 July 1946 is tied for the coolest in the state. Per the 1991–2020 normals, the average yearly record low is -3.0 C, placing it within USDA hardiness zone 9b and Australian National Botanic Gardens hardiness zone 3. An average of 70 days per year reach or exceed 30 C, putting it within American Horticultural Society heat zone 7.

Precipitation is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year, but is dramatically more erratic and heavier per event on average in the summer than in the winter.

title: Salmon Gums, Western Australia


text:
Robert St Clair-Erskine, 4th Earl of Rosslyn

Robert Francis St Clair-Erskine, 4th Earl of Rosslyn (2 March 1833 – 6 September 1890), styled Lord Loughborough from 1851 until 1866, was a British Conservative politician. He served as Captain of the Gentlemen-at-Arms under Lord Salisbury between 1886 and 1890.

Early life
Rosslyn was the son of James St Clair-Erskine, 3rd Earl of Rosslyn, and Frances (née Wemyss). He succeeded his father in the earldom in 1866.

He served under Lord Salisbury as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms from 1886 until shortly before his death in September 1890. He was a minor poet and published "Sonnets" in 1883, "A Jubilee Lyric" in 1887 (dedicated to Queen Victoria) and "Sonnets and Poems" in 1889.

Freemasonry
Robert joined Lodge Oswald of Dunnikier together with James Townsend Oswald on 8 April 1867. In addition to being a Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland between 1870 and 1873, he became Depute Master of Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No. 2, on 1 August 1853. Lord Rosslyn was the Grand Master of the modern Masonic Great Priory of Scotland from 1884 until his death in 1890.

Personal life
Lord Rosslyn married Blanche Adeliza (née Fitzroy) Maynard (1839–1933), a great-granddaughter of Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton and widow of Colonel Hon. Charles Henry Maynard (son and of the 3rd Viscount Maynard), on 8 November 1866. They had five children:

 * Lady Millicent Fanny St Clair-Erskine (1867–1955), whose first hubvand was Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland
 * James Francis Harry St Clair-Erskine, 5th Earl of Rosslyn (1869–1939)
 * Hon. Alexander FitzRoy St Clair-Erskine (1870–1914), who married Winifrede Baker, a daughter of Henry William Baker of California, in 1905
 * Lady Sybil Mary St Clair-Erskine (1871–1910), who married Anthony Fane, 13th Earl of Westmorland
 * Lady Angela Selina Bianca St Clair-Erskine (1876–1950), who married Lt-Col James Stewart Forbes, of Asloun, Aberdeenshire

Lady Rosslyn had two daughters by her first marriage: Frances Evelyn "Daisy" Maynard (who married Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick) and Blanche "Blanchie" Maynard (who married Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox and was the mother of Ivy Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland).

Lord Rosslyn died in Dysart, Fife on 6 September 1890, aged 57. He was buried on 11 September, just west of Rosslyn Chapel, which traditionally has very strong masonic links. The monument is carved in two different types of sandstone. His wife Blanche was later buried with him.

Lady Rosslyn survived her husband by over 40 years and died at York Terrace, Regent's Park, London, in December 1933. She was described in her obituary in The New York Times as "one of the last survivors of the great Victorian hostesses". She knew personally many of the most famous people of the Victorian era, including Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone.


text:
Talk:Montbéliard

Citation [3]
The citation [3] of https://www.thomasgraz.net/glass/gl-2426.htm seems to be circular, because the material cited is stated as "adapted from from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Château_de_Montbéliard"

2001:8003:DC0E:F201:8D99:498C:7B66:594C (talk) 11:45, 19 July 2021 (UTC)Kaitlyn

title: Talk:Montbéliard


text:
Ken Arok

Ken Arok (or Ken Angrok), Rajasa (died c. 1227), was the founder and first ruler of Singhasari (also spelled Singosari), a medieval Indianized Hindu–Buddhist kingdom in the East Java area of Indonesia. He is considered the founder of the Rajasa dynasty of the Singhasari and Majapahit line of monarchs. He came from humble origins but subsequently rose to be the most powerful ruler in Java. His life was coloured with adventures, treacheries, and tragedies.

Early life
According to the Pararaton, a semi-mythical literary work on the kings of Java, Ken Arok was born to a poor peasant family on the bank of the Brantas River in East Java. He was the son of a Brahmin Gajahpura and his mother Ken Endok.

The infant Ken Arok was placed in the Brantas by his parents who hoped he would be found by a wealthier family and get a better life. However, the baby Ken Arok was found by a thief called Lembong. His foster father taught him all his criminal skills and young Ken Arok grew to be the most cunning thief in Kediri. Doing much mischief and crimes, he was known to the capital. Many people were sent to catch him, but none were successful.

One day Ken Arok met with Mpu Lohgawe, an Indian rishi who patiently taught Ken Arok to abandon his sinful life and start a new life. Lohgawe proclaimed Arok as an avatar of Vishnu. His effort was successful and later he managed to get Ken Arok to become an attendant of Tunggul Ametung, a powerful regional leader of the Tumapel area.

By chance, Ken Arok accidentally saw Ken Dedes, a beautiful wife of Tunggul Ametung, when she was taking a bath. Legend says when the wind blew over her dress and revealed her legs, Ken Arok said that he saw a beautiful light shining. He later told this to his teacher, who stated that it was a sign that Ken Dedes would bear a royal dynasty and any man that took her as wife would be a King. Ken Arok, already infatuated by her beauty, became even more eager to take her by any means —including killing Tunggul Ametung if necessary. By this time, Ken Arok had a wife, a woman named Ken Umang from his village, and left her pregnant. .

Kris of Mpu Gandring
Tunggul Ametung however was a very powerful man and held an important position. Thus, Ken Arok needed an exceptionally strong weapon to defeat him and also had to find a way to do so without himself being punished for the crime. He managed to get this by ordering a kris from a famous smith called Mpu Gandring. However, the Kris casting took a very long time. After several months, an impatient Ken Arok visited Mpu Gandring to check on the kris's progress. He saw that the kris had already taken shape and was strong enough to be called an exceptional weapon. However, Mpu Gandring stated that he still needed several months to perform rituals to imbue the kris with more magical power, not only to make it strong but also to prevent it from becoming an evil weapon.

Ken Arok became furious on hearing this. Knowing that Ken Dedes was pregnant, and determined to murder Tunggul Ametung before his wife gave birth to a possible son and heir, Ken Arok took the kris from its maker and stabbed Mpu Gandring. With his last breath, Mpu Gandring famously cursed Ken Arok, foretelling that he himself and seven generations of his descendants would be killed by that cursed kris.

Now owning an exceptional weapon, Ken Arok got ready for the next step of his plan. He gave the kris to Kebo Ijo, another attendant of Tunggul Ametung, a greedy man known to be fond of collecting krises. As Ken Arok expected, Kebo Ijo showed his new kris to every man he met. The kris was not only strong but also had a unique pattern that made it easily recognized. It wasn't long before almost everyone in Tumapel knew about kris.

One night, Ken Arok stole the kris back from Kebo Ijo while he was asleep. He then secretly went to Tunggul Ametung's room stabbed him to death, and left the kris at the scene. In the morning, everyone in Tumapel was shocked to hear of Tunggul Ametung's death. When they found the kris, they accused Kebo Ijo of being the assassin, just as Ken Arok had planned. Before Kebo Ijo was able to defend himself, Ken Arok stabbed him to death, on the pretext of avenging Tunggul Ametung.

And so Ken Arok was able to kill Tunggul Ametung, take Ken Dedes to be his wife, and proclaim himself the new ruler of Tumapel.

The ambition of Ken Arok did not stop in Tumapel. In 1222, at the battle of Ganter, he defeated King Kertajaya of Kediri and founded the new kingdom of Singasari. Kediri became a fief under the kingdom of Singasari.

Rule and his death
Ken Arok thus founded a new kingdom and started a new dynasty. He took the title Sri Ranggah Rajasa Bhatara Amurwabhumi (The rainbow king of the universe and all lands), and his dynasty was called the Rajasa dynasty. His new kingdom was centered in Singasari (now in Malang municipality), about 50 kilometres east of Kediri. To legitimate his ascension, he claimed to be a son of Siwa.

Ken Arok's rule however was short. Anusapati, son of Ken Dedes and Tunggul Ametung and thus Ken Arok's stepson, had suspected for a long time that Ken Arok was responsible for his father's death. One day, after finding out the truth, he went after and killed Ken Arok. Legend says that Anusapati used the kris of Mpu Gandring to kill Ken Arok; the same kris that Ken Arok used to kill Tunggul Ametung thus fulfilling the beginning of Empu Gandring's curse. In the end, Anusapati was also killed by his stepbrother, Panji Tohjaya with the same kris.

Descendants
The kings of Majapahit were believed to be descended from Ken Arok, as also were the Mataram rulers. Ki/Kyai Ageng Pemanahan, the founder of Mataram, claimed himself to inherit the royal blood of Majapahit. This makes all subsequent Mataram kings descendants of Ken Arok who is also believed to be the ancestor of the new Mataram Empire founded in the 17th century which split into two in 1755 to become the kingdoms of present-day Surakarta, and Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (The Sultanate of Jogjakarta or Jogja), thus making Ken Arok and Ken Dedes the ancestors of all Javanese monarchs.

In popular culture
The story of Ken Arok has been enduringly popular in Central and East Java. He has been the subject of several books, movies, and traditional Javanese theater (ketoprak). Ken Arok is remembered both as a cunning and treacherous person but also as a man with a strong will to pursue his dream.

title: Ken Arok


text:
Peg Putt

Margaret Ann Putt (born 5 June 1953) is a former Australian politician and parliamentary leader of the Tasmanian Greens.

Early life
Putt was born in Sydney and attended school at Hornsby High School. At the age of 16, she won a scholarship to the Australian International Independent School in Epping. At this time, Putt was also part of organising High School Students against Vietnam. She then travelled to the United Kingdom where she studied a Bachelor of Arts, majoring in international relations, at the University of Sussex, graduating with Honours.

After completing her degree, Putt travelled back to Australia through Asia, and in 1975 got a job developing pollution control programs at Botany, at a time when the NSW Environment Protection Agency had just been set up. In the late 1970s Putt moved up to Nimbin, and camped at a commune. She later moved to the Northern Territory to work with Aboriginal communities on Elcho Island in Arnhem land. She then moved to live on Dangar Island in the Hawkesbury, NSW.

She moved to Tasmania in 1986 with her partner and two daughters, where she became spokesperson for the Huon Protection Group which succeeded in stopping development of a new woodchip mill on the Huon River. She also founded the Tasmanian Threatened Species Network and was director of the Tasmanian Conservation Trust.

Political career
In 1992, Bob Brown asked Peg to be a support candidate for the Green Independents at the impending state election after the first Labor-Green accord collapsed. Putt entered the Tasmanian House of Assembly in 1993 after Bob Brown resigned and votes in the Hobart electorate of Denison were recounted. The 1996 state election gave the Greens the balance of power and Putt was one of four Greens to be in parliament during the period of balance of power. In 1998 the Labor and Liberal parties restructured the Tasmanian Parliament, reducing the number of House of Assembly members from 35 to 25. In the 1998 state election, called one week after the restructure, she was the only one out of four Greens to retain a seat and became leader as a result. Four years later in the 2002 election she recorded the second highest vote of 12,036 (20.0%) after Tasmanian premier Jim Bacon and became one of four Greens elected. In doing so, she outpolled the leader of the Liberal Party, Bob Cheek, in their electorate of Denison. Putt became the Greens parliamentary leader.

Putt was re-elected in the 2006 election, receiving 18.4% of first preferences, a decrease compared to her previous result, but the highest of any Denison candidate. On 7 July 2008, Putt announced her retirement as leader of the Tasmanian Greens, and as a Member of the House of Assembly. She was replaced as Greens leader by the party's deputy leader, Nick McKim.

After politics
After her resignation, Putt left the state and has since returned to focus on international work, representing the Wilderness Society at UN climate change and forest negotiations. In 2012, Putt was appointed CEO of anti-logging group Markets for Change and has since publicly criticised the Wilderness Society.

In 2011, Putt was placed on the Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women for her environmental advocacy.

title: Peg Putt


text:
Tom Horabin

Thomas Lewis Horabin (28 December 1896 – 26 April 1956) was a British Liberal Party politician who defected to the Labour Party. He sat in the House of Commons from 1939 to 1950.

Early life
Horabin was born in Merthyr Tydfil and educated at Cardiff High School, and during the First World War he served from 1914 to 1918 with the Cameron Highlanders. After the war he went into business, and became chairman of Lacrinoid Ltd, which made buttons and other synthetic products. Later he worked as a business consultant, and worked with a company formed in 1948 to develop trade with Yugoslavia.

Political career
Following the death of Liberal Member of Parliament (MP), Sir Francis Acland in 1939, Horabin was selected by North Cornwall Liberals to defend the marginal seat at the resulting by-election. Along with his party leader, Sir Archibald Sinclair, he was a vocal opponent of Chamberlain's Nazi appeasement policy. This issue was central to the debate in the by-election, which he won with an increased majority of 1,464 in a straight fight with the Conservatives. He was also a strong advocate, along with Sir Stafford Cripps, of a Popular Front of left-of-centre parties coming together to defeat the Conservative led National government. He continued to hold the seat until 1950.

In 1944 he authored ''Politics Made Plain. What the next general election will really be about'', a book published by Penguin which urged voters to reject Churchill and the Conservatives at the general election. He was re-elected in 1945 and appointed Liberal Chief Whip by the new Liberal leader, Clement Davies. However, he became frustrated with some of the pro-Conservative sympathies of some of his colleagues. He resigned his post and his party's whip in 1946 to sit as an Independent.

In January 1947, he was seriously injured when a BOAC aircraft in which he was a passenger crashed in Kent. He later sued BOAC for damages, and after hearings in the High Court, the case was settled in November 1952 when he accepted £3,017 in damages.

In November 1947 Horabin took the Labour whip. The North Cornwall Liberals wanted him to resign the seat and seek re-election, but he refused, saying that the principles for which he stood had been set out clearly in his address to voters at the general election.

At the 1950 election, Labour invited him to defend North Cornwall as a Labour candidate, but he refused on the grounds that he would then be campaigning against people who had previously campaigned for him. A further factor was that his injuries in the crash had been severe, keeping him away from Parliament for a year, and a campaign in the scattered North Cornwall constituency might have been too great a strain. Instead he fought Exeter as the Labour candidate, but lost to the sitting Conservative MP John Cyril Maude.

Horabin died in Folkestone on 26 April 1956, aged 60. Having married in 1920, he left a widow, two sons and a daughter.

title: Tom Horabin


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Metropolitan Community Church of New York

The Metropolitan Community Church of New York (MCCNY) is an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) Christian church in New York City, located at 446 36th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenue in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan.

Mission
While catering mainly to the LGBT population, the church is open to persons of all sexual orientations. MCCNY is affiliated with the Metropolitan Community Church (MCC), a worldwide fellowship of churches catering to LGBT persons and affirming LGBT-supportive theology.

The senior pastor is Pat Bumgardner, a minister and social justice activist. She lives in the West Village. Edgard Danielsen-Morales serves as the assistant pastor for congregational Life.

A newsletter titled The Query is published by the church.

History
The church itself was first established in Los Angeles in 1968 by Reverend Troy Perry. Its location changed four years later to New York, inside the Lesbian and Gay Services Center (now the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center), the address where it remained from 1983 to 1994. The church moved once again in 1994 to its current location at West 36th Street.

MCCNY charities
Sylvia Rivera Food Pantry: MCCNY Charities operates three weekly food pantry services. Tuesday to Friday hot meals/PWA food pantry and the Thursday morning client-choice groceries.

Sylvia's Place: MCCNY Homeless Youth Services is committed to turning the short time (up to 90 days) that youth spend as residents into a time of growth, safety and opportunity. MCCNY Homeless Youth Services provides:
 * Drop in services provided six days a week 5–9 Mon–Sat
 * Emergency overnight services
 * Connections to long-term housing
 * Case management
 * Advocacy groups
 * Showers
 * Hot meals
 * Reverend Pat Finishing School.
 * Q Clinic: Columbia Medical Student Run Clinic for LGBTQ+ Individuals.

Current and former funders of MCCNY Charities have included Ran Murphy Productions, Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, and The Citizens Committee for New York City.

Notable parishioners

 * Sylvia Rivera


text:
Pluripolar set

In mathematics, in the area of potential theory, a pluripolar set is the analog of a polar set for plurisubharmonic functions.

Definition
Let $$G \subset {\mathbb{C}}^n$$ and let $$f \colon G \to {\mathbb{R}} \cup \{ - \infty \}$$ be a plurisubharmonic function which is not identically $$-\infty$$. The set

 * $${\mathcal{P}} := \{ z \in G \mid f(z) = - \infty \}$$

is called a complete pluripolar set. A pluripolar set is any subset of a complete pluripolar set. Pluripolar sets are of Hausdorff dimension at most $$2n-2$$ and have zero Lebesgue measure.

If $$f$$ is a holomorphic function then $$\log | f |$$ is a plurisubharmonic function. The zero set of $$f$$ is then a pluripolar set.

title: Pluripolar set


text:
Bibi Andersson

Berit Elisabet Andersson (11 November 1935 – 14 April 2019), known professionally as Bibi Andersson, was a Swedish actress who was best known for her frequent collaborations with filmmaker Ingmar Bergman.

Early life and career
Andersson was born in Kungsholmen, Stockholm, the daughter of Karin (née Mansion), a social worker, and Josef Andersson, a businessman.

Her first collaboration with Ingmar Bergman came in 1951, when she participated in his production of an advertisement for the detergent Bris. She also worked as an extra on film sets as a teenager, and studied acting at the Terserus Drama School and at the Royal Dramatic Theatre School (1954–1956). She then joined the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm.

In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, Andersson starred in 10 motion pictures and three television films directed by Bergman. With Ingrid Thulin, Eva Dahlbeck and Barbro Hiort af Ornäs, she shared the Best Actress Prize at the 1958 Cannes Film Festival for the director's Brink of Life, a film set in a maternity ward. The other films included The Seventh Seal, Wild Strawberries, The Magician, The Passion of Anna, The Touch, and Persona.

In 1963, Andersson won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 13th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance in Vilgot Sjöman's The Mistress.

From the mid-1960s onwards
Andersson's intense portrayal of a nurse in the film Persona (1966) – in which actress Elizabet Vogler (Liv Ullmann), suffering from a psychosomatic condition, is mostly mute – involved her delivering the majority of the dialogue. For her performance in Persona, she won the award for Best Actress at the 4th Guldbagge Awards. That year, she was seen alongside James Garner and Sidney Poitier in the Western Duel at Diablo. More Bergman collaborations followed, and she worked with John Huston (The Kremlin Letter, 1970) and Robert Altman (Quintet, 1979, with Paul Newman). She was actor Steve McQueen's co-star in his only film with credit as a producer, a   stage adaptation by Arthur Miller of Henrik Ibsen's An Enemy of the People (1977).

Andersson made her debut in American theatre in 1973 with a production of Erich Maria Remarque's Full Circle. Her most famous American film is I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977), which also starred Kathleen Quinlan.

In 1990, Andersson worked as a theatre director in Stockholm, directing several plays at Dramaten. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, she worked primarily in television and as a theatre actress, working with Bergman and others. She was also a supervisor for the Road to Sarajevo, a humanitarian project.

Personal life
In 1996, Andersson published her autobiography, Ett ögonblick (A Moment, or, literally, A Blink of the Eye). She was married first to the director Kjell Grede (1960, divorced) with whom she had a daughter; and secondly to politician and writer Per Ahlmark (1979, divorced). Andersson then married Gabriel Mora Baeza on 29 May 2004. In 2009, she had a stroke; an article published the following year says that from that time on she had been hospitalized and was unable to speak.

She was the younger sister of Swedish film actress Gerd Andersson.

Andersson died on 14 April 2019, aged 83 from complications of a stroke.

Selected filmography
Andersson appeared in the following films:

 * Miss Julie (1951) as Dancing girl (uncredited)
 * U-Boat 39 (1952) as Girl on the train (uncredited)
 * The Beat of Wings in the Night (1953) as Student at Tornelius' party (uncredited)
 * Stupid Bom (1953) as Elvira
 * Sir Arne's Treasure (1954) as Berghild
 * A Night at Glimmingehus (1954) as Maj Månsson
 * The Girl in the Rain (1955) as Lilly
 * Smiles of a Summer Night (1955)
 * Egen ingång (1956) as Karin Johansson
 * Last Pair Out (1956) as Kerstin
 * The Seventh Seal (1957) as Mia / Mary - Jof's wife
 * Mr. Sleeman Is Coming (1957, TV Movie) as Anne-Marie
 * Summer Place Wanted (1957) as Mona Dahlström
 * Wild Strawberries (1957) as Sara / Hitchhiker
 * You Are My Adventure (1958) as Christina Blom
 * Brink of Life (1958) as Hjördis Petterson
 * Rabies (1958, TV Movie) as Eivor
 * The Magician (1958) as Sara Lindqvist
 * The Beloved Game (1959) as Lena
 * The Wedding Day (1960) as Sylvia Blom
 * The Devil's Eye (1960) as Britt-Marie
 * Karneval (1961) as Monika
 * Square of Violence (1961) as Maria
 * The Pleasure Garden (1961) as Anna, Fanny's Daughter
 * The Mistress (1962) as The Girl
 * Pan (1962) as Edvarda
 * All These Women (1964) as Humlan
 * Juninatt (1965) as Britt
 * Ön (1966) as Marianne
 * About Love (1966) as Woman at the aerodrome
 * My Sister, My Love (1966) as Charlotte / Sister
 * Duel at Diablo (1966) as Ellen Grange
 * Persona (1966) as Alma
 * Pardon, Are You for or Against? (1966) as Ingrid
 * Le viol (1967) as Marianne Séverin
 * The Girls (1968) as Liz Lindstrand
 *  (1968) as Elin Pappila
 * Tænk på et tal (1969) as Jane Merrild / Alice Badram
 * Blow Hot, Blow Cold (1969) as Margit Lindmark
 * The Passion of Anna (1969) as Eva Vergérus / Self
 * The Kremlin Letter (1970) as Erika Kosnov
 * Story of a Woman (1970) as Karin Ullman
 * The Touch (1971) as Karin Vergerus
 * Chelovek s drugoy storony (1972) as Britt Stagnelius
 *  (1972)
 * Afskedens time (1973) as Elsa Jacobsen
 * Scenes from a Marriage (1974) as Katarina
 *  (1974) as Blanche Huysman
 * It's Raining on Santiago (1975) as Monique Calvé
 * Blondie (1976) as Patricia Tauling
 * I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977) as Dr. Fried
 * An Enemy of the People (1978) as Catherine Stockmann
 *  (1978) as Catherine Dumais
 * Quintet (1979) as Ambrosia
 *  (1979) as Laura
 * The Concorde ... Airport '79 (1979) as Francine
 * Barnförbjudet (1979) as The Mother
 * Marmalade Revolution (1980) as Anna-Berit
 * Jag rodnar (1981) as Siv Andersson
 * Exposed (1983) as Margaret
 * Svarta fåglar (1983) as Simone Cambral
 * A Hill on the Dark Side of the Moon (1983) as Ann-Charlotte Leffler
 * Sista leken (1984) as Viktor's Wife
 * Wallenberg: A Hero's Story (1985, TV Movie) as Maria 'Maj' Wallenberg
 * Huomenna (1986) as Singer
 * Poor Butterfly (1986) as Gertrud
 * Los dueños del silencio (1987) as Marie-Louise Wallén, Ambassador
 * Babette's Feast (1987) as Swedish Lady-in-Waiting
 * Creditors (1988) as Tekla
 * Una estación de paso (1992) as Lise
 * The Butterfly's Dream (1994) as La madre
 * Dreamplay (1994) as Victoria
 * Det blir aldrig som man tänkt sig (2000) as Solveig Olsson
 * Anna (2000) as Annas Mor
 * Elina: As If I Wasn't There (2002) as Tora Holm
 * The Lost Prince (2003, TV Movie) as Queen Alexandra
 * När mörkret faller (2006) as Svärmodern
 * Arn – The Knight Templar (2007) as Moder Rikissa
 * Arn – The Kingdom at Road's End (2008) as Moder Rikissa
 * The Frost (2009) as The Widow Rat

Awards and honours

 * 2006: Ibsen Centennial Commemoration Award
 * 73767 Bibiandersson, a minor planet discovered by Eric Walter Elst, is named after her.

title: Bibi Andersson


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Wayne station

Wayne station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station located in the western suburbs of Philadelphia in Wayne, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It is served by most Paoli/Thorndale Line trains. It is in Radnor Township.

Wayne has two partially high-level side platforms with pathways connecting the platforms to the inner tracks.

History
The Wayne station was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1882 to 1884, on a design by Washington Bleddyn Powell. The original builder was William H. Bilyeu. It consists of two Victorian buildings flanking the rail lines and connected by a tunnel. The station building was restored from 1998 to 2010 with significant local community support and funding. The year after this restoration project began, the station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The restoration included repair or replacement of the chimney, masonry, windows, doors, and the retaining wall.

SEPTA began a $22.7 million second phase of improvements that replaced the roof, repaired masonry and structural members, and made other upgrades to the station building. The outbound shelter, dating from about 1890, was rebuilt, mostly with new materials. Also installed were accessible-mandated improvements including new high-level platforms, stairs and ramps to the platforms, building modifications, lighting, handrails, and signage. The new platforms, on both the inbound and outbound sides east of the station building, meant that trains no longer stop in front of the station itself, except in special cases.

title: Wayne station


text:
James St Clair-Erskine, 5th Earl of Rosslyn

James Francis Harry St Clair-Erskine, 5th Earl of Rosslyn (16 March 1869 – 10 August 1939), styled Lord Loughborough until 1890, was a Scottish soldier, author and aristocrat.

Early life
Lord Rosslyn was the eldest son of Robert St Clair-Erskine, 4th Earl of Rosslyn and the former Blanche Adeliza (née FitzRoy) Maynard (the widow of Col. the Hon. Charles Henry Maynard, eldest son and heir apparent of Henry Maynard, 3rd Viscount Maynard). His mother was described as "one of the last survivors of the great Victorian hostesses" and personally knew many of the most famous people of the Victorian era, including Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. His siblings were Lady Millicent St Clair-Erskine (wife of 4th Duke of Sutherland), Hon. Alexander St Clair-Erskine (who married an American), Lady Sybil St Clair-Erskine (wife of Anthony Fane, 13th Earl of Westmorland), and Lady Angela St Clair-Erskine (wife of Lt.-Col. James Stewart Forbes). From his mother's first marriage, he had two elder half-sisters, including Daisy (later Countess of Warwick from her marriage to Francis Greville, 5th Earl of Warwick), who inherited the Maynard estates, including Easton Lodge.

His paternal grandparents were James St Clair-Erskine, 3rd Earl of Rosslyn, and Frances (née Wemyss), Countess of Rosslyn. Through his mother, he was a direct descendant of Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton.

Career
From 1886 to 1890, he served as Lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion Northamptonshire Regiment and in 1890, he was Second Lieutenant with the Royal Horse Guards.

Lord Rosslyn succeeded his father in the earldom on 6 September 1890, inheriting the family seat, Rosslyn Castle in Midlothian, Scotland and Rosslyn Chapel, collieries at Dysart, a luxury steam yacht, and assets of £50,000. His mother, the dowager Countess of Rosslyn, survived his father by over 40 years before her death at Regent's Park, London, in December 1933.

From 1890 to 1897, he was Captain of the Fifeshire Light Horse Volunteers, serving with Alexander Thorneycroft's Mounted Infantry during the Second Boer War where he was taken prisoner twice, which he wrote about in his book Twice Captured. After his bankruptcy, he resigned his commission in the Fife. Lord Rosslyn was war correspondent for the Daily Mail in 1900. In 1904, he was Secretary to the Secretary of State for Scotland and from 1915 to 1917, he was Major in the King's Royal Rifle Corps.

Gambling problem
Lord Rosslyn was a notorious gambler, betting £15,000 on Buccaneer to win the Manchester Cup, which lost. He played the roulette tables at Cannes and Monte Carlo, which he wrote about in his autobiography My Gamble With Life. By 1896, he had lost everything and was declared bankrupt, which led to the family silver, gold and silver plate being sold at a three-day auction in Edinburgh.

In 1902, he lost £310 while playing poker. In 1903, he was in Court for refusing to pay a $150 draft. In 1908, Rosslyn and Sir Hiram Maxim were in the news for a gambling duel in Monte Carlo to "break the bank".

Personal life
On 19 July 1890, Lord Rosslyn was married to Violet Aline Vyner (d. 1945), the second daughter and co-heiress of Robert Charles de Grey Vyner of Gautby Hall and Newby Hall by his wife Eleanor Shafto (a daughter of Rev. Slingsby Duncombe Shafto). At their wedding the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, proposed the health of bride and groom. Lord Rosslyn was a close friend of the Prince who became godfather to his son. Before their divorce in 1902, they were the parents of:

 * Lady Rosabelle Millicent St Clair-Erskine (1891–1956), who married Lt. David Cecil Bingham, second son of Maj.-Gen. Hon. Sir Cecil Edward Bingham (second son of George Bingham, 4th Earl of Lucan) in 1912. After he was killed in action in 1914, she married Lt.-Col. John Charles Brand, eldest son and heir of Maj. Hon. Charles Brand (fourth son of Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden), in 1916.
 * Francis Edward Scudamore St Clair-Erskine, Lord Loughborough (1892–1929), who was known as "the man who broke the bank at Monte Carlo". He married Margaret Sheila Mackellar Chisholm (d. 1969), a daughter of Harry Chisholm in 1915. They divorced in 1926 and she married Sir John Milbanke, 11th Baronet in 1928. They also divorced and she married Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia in 1954. She was one of a series of society beauties photographed as classical figures by Madame Yevonde.

After their divorce, Lady Rosslyn married the English race car driver Charles Jarrott in 1903 (they were the parents of director Charles Jarrott).

On 21 March 1905, he was married to an American actress, Anna Robinson (d. 1917), the second daughter of George Robinson of Minneapolis, Minnesota. They divorced in 1907 and Anna later died on 4 October 1917.

His third marriage took place on 8 October 1908 to Vera Mary Bayley (d. 1975), a daughter of Eric Edward Bayley of Little Moyle in County Carlow. Together, they were the parents of:

 * Maj. Hon. James Alexander Wedderburn St Clair-Erskine (1909–1973)
 * Lady Mary Sybil St Clair-Erskine (b. 1912), who married Sir Philip Dunn, 2nd Baronet (1905–1976), a son of Sir James Dunn, 1st Baronet, in 1933. They divorced in 1944 and she married, secondly, Capt. Robin Francis Campbell, only son of Rt. Hon. Sir Ronald Hugh Campbell in 1946. They divorced in 1958 and she married Charles Raymond McCabe in 1962. They divorced in 1969 she remarried her first husband, Sir Philip.
 * Maj. Hon. David Simon St Clair-Erskine (1917–1985), who married Antonia Mary Kelly (d. 1965), the only daughter of Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Donald Kelly in 1948. They divorced in 1958.

Lord Rosslyn died on 10 August 1939 and was succeeded by his grandson, Anthony. His widow, the dowager Countess of Rosslyn, died on 24 February 1975.

Descendants
Through his eldest son, Lord Loughborough, he was a grandfather of Anthony Hugh Francis Harry St Clair-Erskine, 6th Earl of Rosslyn (1917–1977), who married Athénaïs de Mortemart, only daughter of Louis Victor de Mortemart, Duc de Vivonne, and the Hon. Peter George Alexander St Clair-Erskine (1918–1939) of the Royal Air Force.

Through his youngest daughter, Lady Mary, he was a grandfather of Serena Mary Dunn (1934–2019), who married Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild; and Nell Mary Dunn (b. 1936), who married Jeremy Sandford and became a playwright and author.


text:
Jonathan Hoefler

Jonathan Hoefler (born 1970) is an American type designer. Hoefler founded the Hoefler Type Foundry in 1989, a type foundry in New York.

Early life
Jonathan Hoefler was born on August 22, 1970, in New York City to Doreen Benjamin and Charles Hoefler, a theatrical set designer and producer. Growing up, it was the Gill Sans text on boxes of custard that drew him to typography design. He is largely self-taught, and worked with magazine art director Roger Black prior to forming the Hoefler Type Foundry in 1989.

Career
Hoefler's Champion Gothic was inspired by 19th-century wood type. It was commissioned for Sports Illustrated shortly after founding the company in 1989. In 1997, his path crossed with type designer Tobias Frere-Jones when both were trying to purchase German type foundry catalogs. In 1999, Hoefler began working with Frere-Jones, and from 2005 to 2014 the company operated under the name Hoefler & Frere-Jones as a partnership. In 2000, the firm, under Frere-Jones' direction, designed its ubiquitous Gotham typeface for GQ magazine and received wide recognition for their work and in the last 20 years is one of the most successful typefaces.

Hoefler's process when designing typefaces begins with research into historical records and then utilize the programming language Python to automate repetitive tasks. Their typefaces are systematic and logical and incorporate specific features based on their research. Hoefler has designed original typefaces for Rolling Stone, Harper’s Bazaar, The New York Times Magazine, Sports Illustrated, and Esquire and several institutional clients, including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and alternative band They Might Be Giants. Perhaps his best-known work is the Hoefler Text family of typefaces, designed for Apple Computer and now appearing as part of the Macintosh operating system. He also designed the current wordmark of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

In January 2014, Frere-Jones sued Hoefler for $20 million in the New York Supreme Court accusing him of scamming Frere-Jones. Frere-Jones claimed that in 1999, Hoefler agreed to a verbal 50–50 partnership that was legally binding. In light of the lawsuit, Hoefler changed the name back to Hoefler & Co claiming Frere-Jones had only been an employee, citing an agreement that they were not partners but "independent entities" and asked the court to dismiss the case. Fans of the foundry were shocked by the news of the lawsuit. A settlement was subsequently filed in September 2014.

On September 15, 2021, Monotype announced the acquisition of Hoefler & Co. and its font assets. Jonathan Hoefler also announced his intention to retire from the company.

Awards and recognition
In 1995, Hoefler was named one of the forty most influential designers in America by I.D. magazine, and in 2002, the Association Typographique Internationale (ATypI) presented him with its most prestigious award, the Prix Charles Peignot for outstanding contributions to type design.

Hoefler's work is part of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum's permanent collection. In 2011, the Museum of Modern Art acquired two of Hoefler's typefaces: Mercury, and HTF Didot.

In 2013, Hoefler and Frere-Jones were awarded the AIGA Medal for "their contributions to the typographic landscape through impeccable craftsmanship, skilled historical reference and insightful vernacular considerations."

Typefaces
Jonathan Hoefler's typefaces include:

 * Gestalt, 1990
 * Champion Gothic, 1990
 * Hoefler Text, 1991
 * Ideal Sans, 1991
 * Ziggurat, 1991
 * Leviathan, 1991
 * Mazarin, 1991
 * HTF Didot, 1992
 * Requiem Text, 1992
 * Saracen, 1992
 * Acropolis, 1993
 * NYT Cheltenham, 1993
 * Knox, 1993
 * Historical Allsorts, 1994
 * Knockout, 1994
 * Fetish, 1994
 * Neutrino, 1994
 * Quantico, 1994
 * Oratorio, 1994
 * Troubadour, 1994
 * William Maxwell, 1994
 * Deseret, 1995
 * Jupiter, 1995
 * Pavisse, 1995
 * Verlag (formerly Guggenheim), 1996
 * Giant (formerly They Might Be Gothic), 1996
 * New Amsterdam, 1996
 * Hoefler Titling, 1996
 * Plainsong, 1996
 * Kapellmeister, 1997
 * Numbers (with Tobias Frere-Jones), 1997–2006
 * Mercury, (with Tobias Frere-Jones), 1997
 * Radio City, 1998
 * Vitesse, (with Tobias Frere-Jones), 2000
 * Deluxe, 2000
 * Cyclone, 2000
 * Topaz, 2000
 * Lever Sans, (with Tobias Frere-Jones), 2000
 * Archer, (with Tobias Frere-Jones), 2001
 * Chronicle, (with Tobias Frere-Jones), 2002
 * Sentinel, (with Tobias Frere-Jones), 2002
 * Operator, (with Andy Clymer), 2016
 * Inkwell, (with Jordan Bell), 2017
 * Decimal, 2019
 * Sentinel Ornaments (an extension of Sentinel), 2021
 * Sagittarius, 2021

General references

 * HoeflerCo.
 * Friedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. ISBN 1-57912-023-7.
 * Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. ISBN 0-300-11151-7.
 * “The I.D. Forty,” I.D. magazine, Jan/Feb 1995.

title: Jonathan Hoefler