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Fixed action pattern

"Fixed action pattern" is an ethological term describing an instinctive behavioral sequence that is highly stereotyped and species-characteristic. Fixed action patterns are said to be produced by the innate releasing mechanism, a "hard-wired" neural network, in response to a sign/key stimulus or releaser. Once released, a fixed action pattern runs to completion.

This term is often associated with Konrad Lorenz, who is the founder of the concept. Lorenz identified six characteristics of fixed action patterns. These characteristics state that fixed action patterns are stereotyped, complex, species-characteristic, released, triggered, and independent of experience.

Fixed action patterns have been observed in many species, but most notably in fish and birds. Classic studies by Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen involve male stickleback mating behavior and greylag goose egg-retrieval behavior.

Fixed action patterns have been shown to be evolutionarily advantageous, as they increase both fitness and speed. However, as a result of their predictability, they may also be used as a means of exploitation. An example of this exploitation would be brood parasitism.

There are four exceptions to fixed action pattern rules: reduced response threshold, vacuum activity, displacement behavior, and graded response.

Characteristics
There are 6 characteristics of fixed action patterns. Fixed action patterns are said to be stereotyped, complex, species-characteristic, released, triggered, and independent of experience.

 * Stereotyped: Fixed action patterns occur in rigid, predictable, and highly-structured sequences.
 * Complex: Fixed action patterns are not a simple reflex. They are a complex pattern of behavior.
 * Species-characteristic: Fixed action patterns occur in all members of a species of a certain sex and/or a given age when they have attained a specific level of arousal.
 * Released: Fixed action patterns occur in response to a certain sign stimulus or releaser.
 * Triggered: Once released, a fixed action pattern continues to completion, even when there are changes in the surrounding environment.
 * Independent of experience: A fixed action pattern is not learned. This is known as a fixed action pattern is complete upon the very first release.

Sign stimulus
The sign stimulus, also known as a releaser, is the determining feature of a stimulus that produces a response. Sign stimuli are often found when observing a fixed action pattern (FAP) that is an innate behaviour with very little variance in the manner in which the actions are executed. Several examples of sign stimuli can be seen through the observation of animal behaviour in their natural environment. Experimenters have gone into these natural environments to better assess the stimuli and determine the key features of them that elicit a fixed action pattern. Scientists have also observed direct exploitation of sign stimuli in nature among different species of birds.

Fixed action patterns are released due to certain external stimuli. These stimuli are single or a small group of attributes of an object, not the object as a whole. These attributes may include color, shape, odor, and sound.

Exaggerated models of these attributes are called supernormal stimuli. A supernormal stimulus leads to an exaggerated response. Supernormal stimuli are more effective at releasing a response than a natural stimulus.

An external stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is termed a sign stimulus if the stimuli emanates from the environment. Whereas, a releaser emanates from one's own species.

Supernormal stimuli
When conducting further experiments, scientists came across the idea of supernormal stimuli. Nikolaas Tinbergen found that incubating geese when given the choice between performing the egg-rolling FAP with an egg versus a full-sized volleyball, they chose the volleyball. These supernormal stimuli, although not naturally occurring, gave insight into the process of natural selection and how it may be that some stimulus features such as the size of the egg result in an increased ability to trigger a FAP.

Male stickleback mating behavior
One example of fixed action patterns is the courtship and aggression behaviours of the male stickleback, particularly the three-spined stickleback, during mating season, described in a series of studies by Niko Tinbergen. During the spring mating season, male sticklebacks' ventrum turns red and they establish a territory to build a nest. They attack other male sticklebacks that enter their territory, but court females and entice them to enter the nest to lay their eggs. Tinbergen used models of sticklebacks to investigate which features of male and female sticklebacks elicited attack and courtship behavior from male sticklebacks. Tinbergen's main findings were that male sticklebacks responded in a relatively invariant way and attacked even the most crude of models with a red belly, but in contrast, courted a model with a swollen belly. He also found that when presented with both a real male stickleback and a crude model, if the model's stomach was more red, the stickleback would attack the model as opposed to the other real male stickleback.

Greylag goose egg-retrieval behavior
Another example of a behavior that has been described as a fixed action pattern is the egg-retrieval behavior of the greylag goose, reported in classic studies by Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. Like many ground-nesting birds, if an egg becomes displaced from the nest, the greylag rolls it back to the nest with its beak. The sight of the displaced egg is the sign stimulus and elicits the egg-retrieval behavior. First, the goose fixates its sight on the egg. Next, it extends its neck over the egg. Finally, it rolls the egg back to the nest using the underside of its beak. If the egg is removed from the goose during the performance of egg-rolling, the bird will continue with the behavior, pulling its head back as if an imaginary egg is still being maneuvered. It has been shown that the greylag will also attempt to retrieve other egg-shaped objects, such as a golf ball, door knob, or even a model egg too large to have possibly been laid by the goose itself (i.e. a supernormal stimulus).

The sight of the egg outside of the nest serves as the stimulus in this particular instance because it is only after the recognition of the egg's displacement that the fixed action pattern occurs.

The manipulation of the sign stimulus through a series of experiments can allow scientists to understand what specific component of the stimulus is responsible the innate behavioral sequence. If the egg were to be picked up and taken away after it is displaced from the nest, the goose still exhibits the same head moving motion even though there is no egg present. This was put to the test by using objects such as beer cans, and baseballs. Experimenters found that the stimulus merely had to be an object that was large enough in size, convex enough in shape, and comfortable enough for the goose to lay its neck around the edges of the object.

These features that the stimulus has to obtain in order to trigger a resulting FAP were then given the official term of Sign Stimuli. Scientists came to the realization that there must be an innate deciphering method that the goose goes through in order to determine a suitable sign stimulus. This was defined as an innate releasing mechanism (IRM). The goose's IRM when put to the test in the natural world not being manipulated by scientific experimentation is almost always efficient in getting the desired item of an egg back into the nest.

Other examples of sign stimuli
More examples of sign stimuli include:
 * The red mark on an adult's beak recognized by the chicks of various gull species.
 * Light polarization patterns recognized by mayflies when they are deciding where to drop their eggs.
 * The presence of a female sage grouse that causes males to exhibit a strut pattern display in order to attract the female during breeding season.

Evolutionary advantages
Most behaviors which are both fixed action patterns and occur in more complex animals, are usually essential to the animal's fitness, or in which speed (i.e. an absence of learning) is a factor. For instance, the greylag goose's egg-retrieval behavior is so essential to the survival of its chicks that the fitness of the parent bird is increased by the behavior being relatively invariant. A stickleback will attack any male fish who enters his territory while the female is sexually receptive, reacting to their red color, while the female stickleback triggers behavior in the male resulting in the fertilization of her eggs.

Evolutionary disadvantages
Fixed action patterns are predictable, as they are invariable, and therefore can lead to exploitation. Some species have evolved to exploit the fixed action patterns of other species by mimicry of their sign stimuli. Replicating the releaser required to trigger a fixed action pattern is known as code-breaking. A well-known example of this is brood parasitism, where one species will lay its eggs in the nest of another species, which will then parent its young. A young North American cowbird, for example, provides a supernormal stimulus to its foster parent, which will cause it to forage rapidly to satisfy the larger bird's demands. A nestling will provide higher levels of stimulus with noisier, more energetic behavior, communicating its urgent need for food. Parents in this situation have to work harder to provide food, otherwise their own offspring are likely to die of starvation.

Brood parasitism
The exploitation of sign stimuli can be seen when exploring the concept of brood parasitism. Other animals will learn the sign stimuli of different species and use it to manipulate the other animal into doing something for its own benefit. An example of this can be seen in the European cuckoo. This particular species of bird benefits by handing off the task of raising their young to other species of birds who will care for any egg that is found in its nest. In this case the sign stimulus is the presence of the eggs in the nest. If the other bird does not recognize the other bird's egg as foreign, it will continue on caring for it as its own by incubating it and hatching it. Once it is hatched, the young cuckoo ensures for itself a solid upbringing by instinctively pushing its neck around anything that is solid in the nest and pushing it over the edge. Thus classifying the sign stimulus as any solid object. This allows for the cuckoo's unwitting foster parents to have plenty of time to devote to caring for it without any other distractions.

Exceptions
There are 4 exceptions to fixed action pattern rules. These include reduced response threshold, vacuum activity, displacement behavior, and graded response.

Reduced response threshold
Fixed action patterns become easier to release as time increases between the last release.

Vacuum activity
After so long without being released, fixed action patterns are released in the absence of the sign stimulus or releaser. Vacuum activity is demonstrated in courtship behavior of ring doves. Male blond ring doves isolated from their own species will resort to courting a pigeon, then a human's hand, and finally expressing courtship activity alone in their box, if they are left alone for a long period of time.

Displacement behavior
Fixed action patterns may be performed that are irrelevant to the stimulus present. This can be seen in sticklebacks. Displacement behavior occurs when the fighting and mating urges are frustrated. A male stickleback chasing another male stickleback stops where their two territories meet and dives to the bottom of the tank, picking something up. This behavior resembles that of nest digging during mating season, but is not released by the proper sign stimulus.

Graded response
Fixed action patterns may vary in intensity instead of being triggered.

title: Fixed action pattern


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Talk:IRA Army Council

Untitled
Bank robbery section needs considerable cleaning.

I removed the POV speculation about what would happen to the IRA army council because of the northern bank robbery. Since the investigation seemed to go nowhere after money was found in a PSNI hangout in Febuary, there is no longer 'mounting' evidence. Also whether the PIRA commited the robbery or not, with other more recent events, its no longer likely that police forces will move against the (P)IRA Army Council.SCVirus 20:58, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

I've removed most of the names in the "Membership" section as no source was provided. As in the Slab Murphy case, allegations of IRA Army Council membership can lead to libel cases, so please don't add them back in without providing a reputable source. Demiurge 20:41, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

You will notice in (1) that Bernard Fox has stood down from the Army Council.

More than one "IRA"... more than one "Army Council"?
The article as it stands assumes that "IRA Army Council" only refers to the Provos. But surely the "Official" IRA also had an Army Council? And what about the IRA before the split? And the "old" IRA that fought in the War of Independence? Andrew Gwilliam (talk) 23:12, 13 June 2011 (UTC).

 * Agreed. Honestly it seems a lot more history must exist to this than the page currently contains, but it depends how secretive it was/is and as such how much would be OR. 90.198.253.144 (talk) 22:32, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

Updated PSNI / Irish / UK intelligence assessment
This article could be updated to refer to the more recent PSNI/Garda/MI5 intelligence assessments. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TheSquareMile (talk • contribs) 00:10, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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User talk:Oking83

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Hola
Great to see someone else from La Ceiba editing here. Happy editing. Thanks, SqueakBox talk 14:59, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

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Unreferenced BLPs
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WikiProject Pinball
Hey Brian! Sorry it took so long for me to set this up, but there is now finally a WikiProject Pinball. Would love to see you be a part of it! Sincerely, Fractalchez 18:37, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

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Talk:List of equipment of the Armed Forces of Croatia

Untitled
Shouldn't most of the "from Russias" be "from the Soviet Union"? —Michael Z. 2005-08-24 03:17 Z

 * Well, I'm going to assume they all were, unless anyone knows of Croatian purchases since 1991. —Michael Z. 2006-01-29 18:25 Z

SOKO J-22 Orao was never used by Croatia --Kos93 (talk) 08:35, 3 May 2011 (UTC)


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Butts Up

Butts Up or Wall Ball is a North American elementary school children's playground game originating in the 1950s or earlier.. It is slightly similar to the game Screen Ball, and began in the 1940s or 1950s as a penalty phase of various city street games. Butts Up is played with a ball (such as a tennis ball, handball, or racquetball) on a paved surface against a wall, with a variable number of participants—usually more than three and often likely to exceed ten. Butts Up tends to be played during recess, before or after school. . Popular in New England is another frequent variation of wall ball that usually differs a lot from the more widely known 'Butts Up'.

Players determine the variations of the game prior to start of play. Some of the rules of the game very loosely resemble the rules of baseball and racquetball.

Names
There are many alternate names for butts up, including "Butt Ball," "Fireball," and “Chunkus.”

Basic game
Players line up facing a wall, one of them throwing a tennis ball or similar-sized ball against it. If the thrower fails to catch the ball on its return, they must run and attempt to touch the wall - if another player can grab the ball and "hit them in the butt" with it before they reach the wall, the runner is out of the game until the next round. The game continues until two or three players remain.

Variations
In some variations of the game, there is no specific object of the game. Play continues until time runs out. In this variation, when players are "out" three times, they must lean against the wall and wait to be hit by the ball ("Butts Up").

The first player, usually the tennis ball owner, starts the game or "breaks the ice" (see terminology below) by throwing the ball against the wall with the objective of having the ball hit the wall without hitting the ground first or if someone catches the ball in the air before it hits the ground and yells ”poison” and throws the ball at the wall before the thrower touches the wall he’s out.

Under some rules, players must hit the wall rather than the runner to eliminate them, or may hit either.

If the ball is caught before hitting the pavement, the thrower is penalized with one "out", much like baseball. Some refer to this as a "cobra", or "ace". After three outs, a player leaves the game. Sometimes alternate words, such as "wall," are used instead. In some cases, such as in New York City, the catcher has to "peg" the thrower, while the thrower tries to touch the wall, if the thrower misses, the throwers doesn't get an out.

If the thrower's ball bounces before hitting the wall, the thrower must run to the wall and touch the wall before an opponent can pick up the ball and throw it to the wall. If the original thrower doesn't make contact with the wall before the ball reaches the wall, the original thrower is out. If the thrower reaches for the ball and makes contact with it before dropping it, this counts as missing the throw, and the thrower must run to the wall.

If a player catches the ball far from the wall, other players can yell "beartrap", which freezes the thrower in place. They can either throw the ball from where they are, or risk their chances by throwing the ball up or in front and run to the wall. If they don't make it to the wall in time, they are out.

In one variation of the game, a runner who does not reach the wall before the thrown ball hits must, in addition to receiving an out, stand facing the wall and allow the thrower to "peg" him or her with the ball (usually with all possible force).

In another variation, a player who is "out" three times must lean against the wall while other players take turns throwing the ball at them, until the out player is hit.

In the "three–out elimination", the game continues until all but one player have received three outs and left the game.

In New York City, the game is usually called "Asses Up", and the game is played exactly the same, the only major difference is that when ever a kid is "out", or doesn't touch the wall before the ball or is hit with the ball by another player, instead of eliminated after three "outs", they get eliminated when they complete the word "Asses Up" with each "out" is a letter in the game (I.e. A-S-S-E-S-U-P). This is similar with spelling out "Horse" in Basketball. Also, the term "Reach" is used when a catcher is far away, and the ball is usually thrown at the thrower as an alternative to "pegging" (usually when smaller kids are playing).

In a variation practiced widely in Santa Clara County, California elementary schools as late as the mid-1980s, each time a player earned an out, that player's "butt was up," and they would have to stand with hands against the wall, waiting to be pegged by the player who threw them out. If the player is hit in the "target area", they are convicted of the out, and gets a letter (B-U-T-T, for example), and leave the game. In this variation, at the ice breaker's discretion, play may pass by number, i.e., Player 1 breaks the ice, then Player 2 must retrieve and throw the ball, followed by Player 3, etc. In more physical games, the ball is not required to bounce after touching the wall, and aggressive players will stand near the wall, within arms' reach, pegging other players and quickly touching the wall, then retrieving the ball and throwing the other player out. Other rules included "handsies", which prohibits players from touching the ball with both hands at once (the ball could be tossed in the air and caught with the other hand, but typically a great show was made of this feat in order to avoid even the appearance of a foul). Also, a player with ball in hand must keep one foot planted at all times, or, in the interest of fairness, if a player was stranded well beyond throwing or relay distance (see "Savies"), that player could take one large step toward the wall. If a player knowingly mishandles the ball and thus must "hit the wall," and deliberately "spikes" the ball to avoid being sent out, the offending player's butt is automatically up; at the other players' discretion, they may each take a turn at throwing that player out. The attack does not cease simply because a pegger has successfully scored in the target area; each player throws nonetheless, usually with intent to cause injury or disfigurement.

In one variation of the game played in Huntington Beach, California, if the game has been going for a long time, the last two players enter "Sudden Death" mode, where additional rules are added. A player must catch the ball before it bounces, or they are eliminated. If the ball hits the wall above a certain area, then the thrower is out. In nearby Palos Verdes, California, players must alternate between catching with the right hand and the left hand, in order to avoid any bias against left-handed players.

In more recent variations of the game, a player only receives an out if they actually hit by the peg, rather than receiving it for having to be on the wall. Also, if a player wins without having gotten an out, the win is called a 'lockdown'.

In New England, specifically the Tri-State Area, another version of Wall Ball was invented. In this variation two or more people line up to take turns hitting the ball. The ball must bounce first, then hit the wall, then bounce; the next person in line must hit the ball before its second bounce on the ground, then the ball must hit the wall, then bounce. This repeats for however many people there are. It is usually played with three outs, but the number could vary depending on the number of people. There are also many variations in each school, but the overall premise is usually the same. Wall Ball in New England is usually considered a separate game from Butts Up. In some areas in Westchester county, this variant is called "Watermelon", which is named for the legal action of going completely under the ball as a hit.

In a Maryland version of wallball, the icebreaker starts the game, with all other players nearby. Players are allowed to catch the ball if it has not bounced, as well as catching other players' throws. Failing to catch the ball, taking too long to get a handle on the ball or any other type of "bobbling" is the "bobblers" cue to touch the wall. If a player is relatively far from the wall while holding the ball, other players may call "wallball" (hence the name), meaning the player with the ball has ten seconds to hit the wall, without moving or bouncing the ball off the ground. An out player must stand on the wall and get pegged by the player who got them out. If the peg is successful (player hit), play continues with the icebreaker throwing the ball first. If the peg is unsuccessful (player not hit), other players have the opportunity to get the thrower out. No penalty besides pegging occurs from an out. Fouls include kicking the ball, preventing a player from getting you out (kicking or throwing the ball after bobbling as opposed to dropping it), tampering with a throw or interfering with a peg (interference can also occur if a player running to touch the wall is obstructed by another player.) Interference is determined by the other players in the game.

Yet another playground version of the game (popular in southern Arizona) simply had all the participants apart from the first player line up against the wall, with the immediate goal of the first player to hit a participant with the ball (typically as hard as possible) and thus make that participant "it". This version resembles dodge ball but with the wall limiting the possible dodging moves to two dimensions rather than three. Any participant who strayed too far away from the wall during play was "punished" by a penalty shot, where the thrower would aim solely at him or her and throw the ball as hard as possible, although a hit in this case did not make the person "it". When a player became "it" by legal means, that player assumes the role of thrower. The object of this game—like many other playground games—was simply to inflict pain on classmates, and was thus often played in relatively obscure or off-limits areas of the playground.

Another version of wallball is that the ball is catchable off the wall and the catching player can move about freely as long as they throw the ball within the next few seconds. If the ball bounces very far away from the wall the other players may call "challenge" to the player with the ball. A call of challenge means the player may not move and must throw the ball and try to hit the wall. If the player chooses to drop the ball at their feet then the player is automatically out. The thrower, however, may choose to simply throw it at an object that would cause the ball to be hard to get before the thrower can be thrown out, possibly causing a successive number of challenges until a suitable throw has been made. If a player catches the ball they may run to the wall and place both their off hand and foot on the wall and call "bulldog." If the player does this they can freely throw the ball at whomever they wish. If they hit another player then the hit player must touch the wall before they are thrown out. "Bulldogs" are usually frowned upon by other players and considered a cheap way of getting other players out. If a player has committed a double touch another player may call the foul and is allowed a throw at the person. The offending player must be "spread eagle" as it is called, against the wall and may not move. The thrower is not allow a full force throw unless the person moves or flinches as it is usually taken from a short distance. This can either result in a peg or a double throw depending on the rules. If the thrower makes a full force throw without the offender moving then the thrower must be pegged by the original offender. In some games the thrower on "spread eagle" must touch the wall or they too will be out, unless they missed and hit the wall.

In Australian schools, most notably in Victoria and New South Wales, a variation, similarly called Fumble, is played. This game is indeed similar to Butts Up, but the main differences include:
 * Players can also get out if they are hit by the ball. If a player was to have a ball thrown at them, then that player, as well as the player who threw the ball, must run to the wall before the ball hits the wall.
 * If the ball hits the ground before it hits the wall, the player must touch the wall before the ball does. This is because the ball becomes anyone's ball, and therefore anyone can pick it up and throw it off the wall.
 * If you get out, you are placed in a waiting list. The first person to get out will be replaced by the person that gets out after him.
 * The ball is a normal handball, but can be varied, but usually it is a bouncy ball, that can repel off a wall at high speed.

Of course, the rules vary per match and per school. Between all the schools, the variations shown are generally what are the most basic variations.

One little-known version of the game popular at schools in some areas of Toronto is called "redeye." Redeye, also called redass, or “Celery” involves throwing the ball at the wall and having to run to the wall in all circumstances. The other players try to throw the ball and have it touch the wall before the previous thrower makes it to the wall. If they do succeed in beating the thrower to the wall, the thrower is out and "gets a letter." The letter he gets depends on how many times he has gotten out. The letters spell out either R-E-D-E-Y-E or R-E-D-A-S-S. So if it's first out, he gets an R, second, E, third D, &c. Last one to get all letters, wins.

Terminology
In the Australian schoolyard variation, the following are also included in the list of terminology used:
 * Black Mail or Reach: (Some variations) Once the ball is caught (usually from a long distance) any player may yell "Black Mail!" The player with the ball must now throw the ball to the wall without moving feet.
 * Break the Ice: To start the game by making the first throw regardless of ball ownership.
 * Savies or Taxis or Relay: If a player feels he is too far from the wall to throw the ball and make wall contact, the thrower can throw the ball to another player and hope the receiver will wait until the thrower has run to the wall and touched it. However, Savies can backfire if the catcher betrays the thrower (or mis-times) by throwing the ball to the wall before the thrower has run and touched the wall. Normally, if the catcher drops the ball both players must run to the wall and hope to make it before being thrown out. Players are then individually ruled out, or safe. If the ball never makes it near the catcher or never touched it, then he has no obligation to throw it to continue play, unless he is the closest player. In some places, there is no betrayal aspect as, if you save them they don't have to run.
 * Chicken Drops: An alternative to Savies. If a player is too far from the wall to make a complete pass to hit the wall, he can drop the ball at his feet and head to the wall as quickly as he can to make contact. If another player picks up the ball that player can throw the runner out by getting the ball to the wall before the runner. This technique is frowned upon by Butts Up enthusiasts. If a player attempts a Chicken Drop but the ball is not dropped where standing, he can also be ruled out by a verbal majority.
 * Double Touch: The act of a player touching the ball twice, resulting in an automatic out. Typically this occurs when the ball is bobbled or tripped over.
 * Handsies: (Some variations) The act of a player touching the ball with both hands at once, resulting in an obligation to "hit the wall".
 * Hit the Wall: Alternative terminology for a player's obligation, upon committing "handsies," "chicken drops," "traveling," or other offense, failure to accomplish which before any other player has thrown the player out by causing it to hit the wall results in an out or the runner's butt being "up".
 * Over the Wall: (Some variations) If the ball is thrown over the wall, it is considered an automatic out. The ball must then be retrieved in a game time-out by a volunteer, usually by throwing the ball back over the wall and play immediately restarted (time-in) with the next throw by a player, as if the ball had never left play.  The volunteer walks or jogs back into the game and resumes playing as quickly as possible.
 * Peg: A player throws the ball at another player, usually resulting in an out for both players.
 * Self-Out: A player throws the ball to the wall and then catches it before the ball hits the pavement. This rule is optional and can be determined by the players prior to the start of the game.
 * Self-Peg: A thrower's ball bounces off the wall and hits the thrower. In this case the thrower must run to the wall and touch the wall before an opponent picks up the ball and throws it to the wall.
 * Stripping: In more physical iterations of the game, a player may attempt to strip the ball from the hand of another player. If successful, both players must run to the wall to avoid earning an out.
 * Tie Goes to the Runner: If there is a dispute among the players about whether a runner is safe or out, and the decision for and against is a 50/50 tie among players, the runner stays in the game.
 * Traveling: The act of a player moving both feet with ball in hand.
 * Lockdown: Occurs when a player wins the game without having gotten out.
 * Poison: When someone catches the ball without the ball hitting the ground. If they say "poison" the "poisoned" person must run to the wall before the person who caught the ball throws it to the wall.
 * Beartrap: Freezes the thrower in place.
 * Fumbled: Yelled out when a player has fumbled the ball.
 * Truce: Said to another player when they want to give them the ball due to distance.
 * Full: Yelled out when the ball has been caught on the full by another player.
 * Run to the Wall, Run to the Wall: Yelled out when people have touched the ball
 * Shoddy/Dibs service: Yelled out at the beginning of a game when a player wants to throw first
 * Peg: Denotes when a player intentionally throws the ball at another player, usually requiring both players to hit the wall prior to another player doing so.
 * Blocker: If another player blocks the thrower and the ball rebounds off the player, then both the thrower and blocker need to run to the wall.
 * Lost ball: If the ball is lost in a drain or a car park, then the thrower must go and get it, no matter how perilous it is.
 * Near Miss: If the ball comes close to hitting another person not playing the game, the thrower is warned.

title: Butts Up


text:
Wikipedia:Flux Rating

There is a problem with Wikipedia articles that are changing rapidly. Users can not tell from the main page if the information they are reading is new and being edited frequently, in significant dispute, or being systematically vandalised.

One indicator of a page that is in such states of flux is the number of substantial page edits in a short period of time (say, a month).

One potential solution to this would be a Edit Flux Rating for articles. The number substantial page edits in a period of time could be converted, by some automatic algorithm, to a rating that would be displayed on the page. The higher that number, the lower the confidence a user may have in the contents of the page. (an inverse flux may be easier for visitors to understand, making a stability rating, but a flux rating is a more direct reflection of what is being measured. A stability rating would first have to be a working flux rating.)

Over time, the flux of a newly stable page will naturally decrease, and the rating will fall. In this way the visitors to the page may have increasing confidence in the information on that page.

title: Wikipedia:Flux Rating


text:
Deferoxamine

Deferoxamine (DFOA), also known as desferrioxamine and sold under the brand name Desferal, is a medication that binds iron and aluminium. It is specifically used in iron overdose, hemochromatosis either due to multiple blood transfusions or an underlying genetic condition, and aluminium toxicity in people on dialysis. It is used by injection into a muscle, vein, or under the skin.

Common side effects include pain at the site of injection, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, hearing loss, and eye problems. Severe allergic reactions including anaphylaxis and low blood pressure may occur. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe for the baby. Deferoxamine is a siderophore from the bacteria Streptomyces pilosus.

Deferoxamine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1968. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Medical uses
Deferoxamine is used to treat acute iron poisoning, especially in small children. This agent is also frequently used to treat hemochromatosis, a disease of iron accumulation that can be either genetic or acquired. Acquired hemochromatosis is common in patients with certain types of chronic anemia (e.g. thalassemia and myelodysplastic syndrome) who require many blood transfusions, which can greatly increase the amount of iron in the body. Treatment with iron-chelating drugs such as deferoxamine reduces mortality in persons with sickle cell disease or β‐thalassemia who are transfusion dependent.

Administration for chronic conditions is generally accomplished by subcutaneous injection over a period of 8–12 hours each day. Administration of deferoxamine after acute intoxication may color the urine a pinkish red, a phenomenon termed "vin rosé urine". Apart from iron toxicity, deferoxamine can be used to treat aluminium toxicity (an excess of aluminium in the body) in selected patients. In US, the drug is not FDA-approved for this use. Deferoxamine is also used to minimize doxorubicin's cardiotoxic side effects and in the treatment of patients with aceruloplasminemia. Deferoxamine may be effective for improving neurologic outcomes in persons with intracranial hemorrhage, although the evidence supporting the efficacy and safety for this indication was weak.

Some published manuscripts suggesting the use of deferoxamine for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 because of the high level of ferritin among them.

Adverse effects
It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the baby.

Chronic use of deferoxamine may increase the risk of hearing loss in patients with thalassemia major.

Chronic use of deferoxamine may cause ocular symptoms, growth retardation, local reactions and allergy.

Mechanism
Deferoxamine is produced by removal of the trivalent iron moiety from ferrioxamine B, an iron-bearing sideramine produced by the actinomycetes, Streptomyces pilosus. Its discovery was a serendipitous result of research conducted by scientists at Ciba in collaboration with scientists at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and the University Hospital in Freiburg, Germany Deferoxamine acts by binding free iron in the bloodstream and enhancing its elimination in the urine. By removing excess iron from persons with hemochromatosis, the agent reduces the damage done to various organs and tissues, such as the liver. Also, it speeds healing of nerve damage (and minimizes the extent of recent nerve trauma). Deferoxamine may modulate expression and release of inflammatory mediators by specific cell types.

Research
Deferoxamine is being studied as a treatment for spinal cord injury and intracerebral hemorrhage. It is also used to induce hypoxia-like environment in mesenchymal stem cells.

Since the terminal amine group of Deferoxamine does not participate in metal chelation, it has been used to immobilize Deferoxamine to surfaces and substrates for various industrial and biomedical applications.

title: Deferoxamine


text:
User talk:Slothrop~enwiki

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Slothrop. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Slothrop~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:03, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:59, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slothrop~enwiki


text: User talk:69.170.88.166

title: User talk:69.170.88.166


text:
Sigeric

Sigeric (? – 22 August 415) was a Visigoth king for seven days in 415 AD.

Biography
His predecessor, Ataulf, had been mortally wounded in his stables at the palace of Barcelona by an assassin. The assassin was probably a loyal servant of Sarus, a Gothic noble and personal enemy whom Ataulf had earlier slain. At Ataulf's death, Sarus' faction, the Amali, violated the Gothic tradition of succession by immediately making Sigeric, the brother of Sarus, king.

After becoming the king, Sigeric murdered Ataulf's children by his first wife. He also forced Galla Placidia, widow to Ataulf and daughter of Roman Emperor Theodosius I and sister to Emperor Honorius to walk more than twelve miles on foot among the crowd of captives driven ahead of the mounted Sigeric. On the seventh day after his accession, Sigeric was assassinated and replaced him with Ataulf's relative, Wallia.

Because Sigeric was an Amali, a member of a rival clan-based subgroup among the Visigoths to the Balti (of which Ataulf and Wallia were part), Sigeric is the only one who does not belong in the succession of kings usually labeled the Balti dynasty, if the kingship is defined by Balti dynastic connections. Due to this, as well as to the fact that his reign was a usurpation, and brief, Sigeric does not appear on some Visigothic king lists.

References and external links

 * Henry Bradley, The Goths: from the Earliest Times to the End of the Gothic Dominion in Spain. Second edition, 1883, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, chapter 11.
 * Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 31

Specific

title: Sigeric


text:
User talk:R Romey

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Image Tagging Image:Pavlov's house today.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Pavlov's house today.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 14:42, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:R Romey


text:
Lake Tazawa

Lake Tazawa (田沢湖) is a caldera lake in the city of Semboku, Akita Prefecture, northern Japan. It is the deepest lake in Japan at 423 m. The area is a popular vacation area and several hot spring resorts can be found in the hills above the lake. Akita Prefecture's largest ski area, Tazawako Ski Area [ja], overlooks the lake.

Hydrology
Lake Tazawa has a surface elevation of 249 meters, and its deepest point is 174.4 meters below sea level. Due to this depth, there is no possibility that the lake will freeze in the dead of winter. At 423 m, it is slightly deeper than Lake Shikotsu in Hokkaidō (363 meters), and is the 37th deepest lake in the world. Lake Tazawa has no natural inflow or outflow, and in 1931, had a measured transparency of 31 meters, comparable with Lake Mashū, but with abundant aquatic organisms. However, due to the construction of hydroelectric power plant facilities and agricultural runoff, transparency has been reduced to less than 4 meters, and by the late 1940s, the lake had become so acidic (pH 4.3) that it could no longer support irrigated agriculture. Starting in 1972, the Japanese government has been attempting to rectify the acidity problem through the introduction of lime, with a new facility completed in 1991. However, in the year 2000, the lake still had an acidity of 5.14 at the 200 meter depth, and 4.91 at the 400 meter depth, indicating that full recovery has not yet been achieved.

Geology
Due to its extreme depth, and almost circular profile, Lake Tazawa was considered to be either a caldera lake caused by volcanic activity or a crater lake caused by a meteorite impact. The depth of the lake was first measured as 397 meters, using a hemp rope, by Japanese geologist Tanaka Akamaro in 1909. The Akita Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station survey indicated a depth of 413 meters in 1926 using a wire rope. During a three-year survey from 1937 to 1940, geologist Yoshimura Nobuyoshi surveyed the lake bottom, finding the deepest point to be 425 m. The survey also found two small volcanic cones and sedimentation deposits to the depth of around one kilometer on the north-west side of the lake bottom. These findings lend credence to the theory that the lake is indeed of volcanic origin, from an explosive eruption of 1.4 million years ago.

Natural history
Prior to 1940, the main species of fish in Lake Tazawa included the indigenous kunimasu (Oncorhynchus nerka kawamurae), Sockeye salmon, Japanese dace (genus Tribolodon), Japanese trout, char, carp, catfish and eel. However, after the acidic content of the lake changed in 1940, the only surviving fish is the dace, while most of the other species, including the kunimasu, are thought to have gone extinct.

History
Lake Tazawa was named in the Meiji period when its surrounding foothills were settled. However, the lake was known to the Ainu people, and the name “Tazawa” is thought to be derived from the Ainu language Tapukopu ("hill with a raised circular top")

The lake is also connected with the legendary maiden of beauty, Tatsuko, itself of unknown origin. Tazawa has a bronze statue of Tatsuko near its shore. Tatsuko, wishing for undying youth and beauty, is said to have been turned into a lake-goddess. The statue of Tatsuko by Yasutake Funakoshi stands with her back to the clear blue waters, a figure of pureness and beauty, and was unveiled on May 12, 1968.

title: Lake Tazawa


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Video games/Template:Wowwiki

on WoWWiki, a Warcraft wiki


text:
User talk:Heroicpenguin

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Welcome!

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title: User talk:Heroicpenguin


text:
Area codes 203 and 475

Area codes 203 and 475 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The numbering plan area (NPA) is mostly coextensive with the Connecticut portion of the New York metropolitan area, and comprises most of Fairfield County, all of New Haven County, and a small portion of Litchfield County.

When the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) established the first nationwide numbering plan in 1947, Connecticut received only a single area code, 203, of the 86 original North American area codes. On August 28, 1995 the state was divided into two NPAs, reducing the area of 203 to today's extent and adding area code 860 for the region outside. Area code 860 was eventually overlaid with 959, and NPA 203 received a second area code when 475 was added on December 12, 2009. This overlay was first proposed by the Connecticut Department of Public Utility Control in August 1999.

Even though area code 475 overlays only 203, all callers in Connecticut (including those in area code 860) had to dial all calls with ten digits, effective November 14, 2009; this was in preparation for the overlay of area code 959 on area code 860 that was implemented in 2014.

The first range of telephone numbers made available in Connecticut's third area code was (475) 882-4xxx, in the Huntington section of Shelton.

Service area
The counties included in the numbering plan area are:
 * Fairfield (except the Town of Sherman), New Haven, and Litchfield (the towns of Woodbury, Bethlehem, and a small part of Roxbury).

This serves the following cities and towns:
 * Ansonia, Beacon Falls, Bethany, Bethel, Bethlehem, Branford, Bridgeport, Brookfield, Cheshire, Danbury, Darien, Derby, East Haven, Easton, Fairfield, Greenwich, Guilford, Hamden, Madison, Meriden, Middlebury, Milford, Monroe, Naugatuck, New Canaan, New Fairfield, New Haven, Newtown, North Branford, North Haven, Norwalk, Orange, Oxford, Prospect, Redding, Ridgefield, a small part of Roxbury, Seymour, Shelton, Southbury, Stamford, Stratford, Trumbull, Wallingford, Waterbury, West Haven, Weston, Westport, Wilton, Wolcott, Woodbridge, Woodbury

The city of Meriden is notable as the only place in Connecticut from where one can call towns in either the Hartford or New Haven exchanges toll-free from a landline telephone.

title: Area codes 203 and 475


text: Talk:On a Sensual Note

title: Talk:On a Sensual Note


text:
Talk:Parkersburg, West Virginia

I removed the Bush's 2004 visit to Parkersburg from the intro to this article, which, given the dearth of other details about the town's history, suggested it was the most important thing ever to have happened in the town. The details could be retrieved from the earlier edit and put in a "Presidential visits to Parkersburg" section, along with Kennedy's, Reagan's vists, and Bush's 2005 visit, if so desired.

Added about water pollution
I added the NY Times story by Nathaniel Rich about DuPont polluting the water with PFOA, which is a dangerous chemical. I know this is not a very becoming addition to a city's article, but it is very important nonetheless. My hometown is also polluted by industry and i made sure that this is covered in the article according to reliable sources. Anyway, i am confident that this knowledge is useful to the readers. SageRad (talk) 12:12, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

Railroad history
I am a wiki novice...

current article states

In 1857 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad built a branch line south to the town from Wheeling, West Virginia.

B&O page shows period map 1876:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad#/media/File:1876_B%26O.jpg

B&O page states

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad

From there it was extended to the Ohio River at Wheeling and a few years later also to Parkersburg, West Virginia.

suggested correction to Parkersburg page:

The rail line connected from Grafton to Wheeling on January 1 1853.

The rail line was extended to Parkersburg from Grafton in 1857, not from Wheeling.

Transportation from Wheeling to Parkersburg was via the Ohio River. There was no railroad connection.

A steel and stone bridge was built across the Ohio River between Bellaire, Ohio and Wheeling, West Virginia in 1871, connecting the B&O to the Central Ohio Railroad, which the B&O had leased starting in 1866. This provided a direct rail connection to Columbus, Ohio, and the lease marked the beginning of a series of expansions to the west and north.

thx DK — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.88.201.173 (talk) 23:15, 16 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Proposed merge with Blennerhassett Junior High School
Non-notable middle school. Tacyarg (talk) 17:09, 16 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose While I agree that the school is not notable, I am opposed to a merger as I see nothing worth merging into the city's article. The school is listed by name with the city's other middle schools in the Parkersburg article. That seems to be enough. I suggest this article be deleted outright, even if it is from the infancy of Wikipedia. Farragutful (talk) 23:50, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:52, 23 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Flag of Parkersburg, West Virginia.svg

title: Talk:Parkersburg, West Virginia


text: User talk:210.193.53.1

title: User talk:210.193.53.1


text:
Hit List (TV series)

The Hit List (aka Hit List or YTV's Hit List) was a music video television program that aired on YTV, a Canadian specialty television network aimed at children. The series first started in 1991, hosted by Tarzan Dan and had 14 seasons in all. The first 6 seasons of The Hit List were hosted by "Tarzan" Dan Freeman, while there were numerous hosts to follow from Aashna Patel, Leslie Bosacki and Exan Auyoung to Rob Fournier and Danielle McGimsie. As of fall 2005, The Hit List went on an indefinite hiatus. On the air, it was claimed it was due to the increase in more mature music videos that they are unable to show, naming I'm a Slave 4 U, Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake song) and Dirrty as examples. The show was later cancelled.

At The Hit List's peak, two compilation CDs were released by YTV and MCA in 1994 and 1996, each featuring pop, R&B, rap, and dance songs aired on the show's countdown. The later Big Fun Party Mix compilation album series, which debuted in 2000 through Universal, can be seen as a spiritual successor to the Hit List CDs.

The celebrities include "Weird Al" Yankovic, Backstreet Boys, Christina Aguilera, *NSYNC, Take That, The Smashing Pumpkins, Spice Girls, Five, No Doubt, Britney Spears, Blur, Kim Stockwood, The Moffatts, Hanson, O-Town, Eiffel 65, Aaron Carter, Shawn Desman, Lillix, Simple Plan, Avril Lavigne, Busted, Rachel Stevens, Clay Aiken, Alanis Morissette (back when she was Alanis) and many others.

title: Hit List (TV series)


text:
Nursing ethics

Nursing ethics is a branch of applied ethics that concerns itself with activities in the field of nursing. Nursing ethics shares many principles with medical ethics, such as beneficence, non-maleficence and respect for autonomy. It can be distinguished by its emphasis on relationships, human dignity and collaborative care.

Development of subject
The nature of nursing means that nursing ethics tends to examine the ethics of caring rather than 'curing' by exploring the everyday interaction between the nurse and the person in care. Early work to define ethics in nursing focused more on the virtues that would make a good nurse, which historically included loyalty to the physician, rather than the focus being on nurse's conduct in relation to the person in the nurse's care. In recent times, the ethics of nursing has also shifted more towards the nurse's obligation to respect the human rights and dignity of the patient and this is reflected in a number of professional codes for nurses, such as in the latest code from the International Council of Nurses.

Distinctive nature
Although much of nursing ethics can appear similar to medical ethics, there are some factors that differentiate it. Breier-Mackie suggests that nurses' focus on care and nurture, rather than cure of illness, results in a distinctive ethics. Furthermore, nursing ethics emphasizes the ethics of everyday practice rather than moral dilemmas. Nursing ethics is more concerned with developing the caring relationship than broader principles, such as beneficence and justice. For example, a concern to promote beneficence may be expressed in traditional medical ethics by the exercise of paternalism, where the health professional makes a decision based upon a perspective of acting in the patient's best interests. However, it is argued by some that this approach acts against person-centred values found in nursing ethics.

The distinction can be examined from different theoretical angles. Despite the move toward more deontological themes by some, there continues to be an interest in virtue ethics in nursing ethics and some support for an ethic of care. This is considered by its advocates to emphasise relationships over abstract principles and therefore to reflect the caring relationship in nursing more accurately than other ethical views. Themes that emphasize the dignity of the patient by promoting a respectful and caring attitude from nurses are also commonly seen.

Some themes in nursing ethics
Nurses seek to defend the dignity of those in their care. Being able to respond to the vulnerability of patients in a way that provides dignifying care is a key concept in the field.

In terms of standard ethical theory, respecting dignity can also be aligned with having a respect for people and their autonomous choices. People are then enabled to make decisions about their own treatment. Amongst other things this grounds the practice of informed consent that should be respected by the nurse, although much of the debate lies in the discussion of cases where people are unable to make choices about their own treatment due to being incapacitated or having a mental illness that affects their judgement. A suggested way to maintain autonomy is for the person to write an advance directive, outlining how they wish to be treated in the event of their inability to make an informed choice, thus avoiding unwarranted paternalism.

Another theme is confidentiality and this is an important principle in many nursing ethical codes. This is where information about the person is only shared with others after permission of the person, unless it is felt that the information must be shared to comply with a higher duty such as preserving life. Related to information giving is the debate relating to truth telling in interactions with the person in care. There is a balance between people having the information required to make an autonomous decision and, on the other hand, not being unnecessarily distressed by the truth. Generally the balance is in favour of truth telling due to respect for autonomy, but sometimes people will ask not to be told, or may lack the capacity to understand the implications. Finally, the role of empirical ethics has become prominent in recent years.

By giving consideration to the themes above, the nurse can endeavour to practice in an ethical way. This key outcome in nursing practice is sometimes challenged by resource, policy or environmental constraints in the practice area, which can lead to moral distress.

Awards for nursing ethics excellence

 * The National Nursing Ethics Conference (NNEC) awards an annual Nursing Ethics Leadership Award
 * Massachusetts Nursing Association (MNA) offers an Image of the Professional Nurse Award
 * American Nursing Association Massachusetts offers an annual Living Legends in Massachusetts Nursing Award

title: Nursing ethics


text: User talk:69.232.201.148

title: User talk:69.232.201.148


text:
Ted Remerowski

Ted Remerowski, an award-winning documentary filmmaker, was born in Poland in 1948. After a rather circuitous passage through the Middle East and Europe, his family arrived in Canada in 1951. Growing up in Montreal, he graduated from McGill University's School of Architecture.

In 1979, he produced a documentary on the underwater excavation of HMS Sapphire in Bay Bulls, Newfoundland for the National Film Board of Canada. His later works include contributing to The Canadian Establishment, a series of one-hour documentaries first aired on CBC Television in 1980 for which he won the ACTRA Award for Best Television Program for that year. Earlier, he had won the Canadian Film Award as Best Editor for his work on Donald Brittain's The Champions. He won a Gemini and a Gemeaux as producer for The Struggle for Democracy. He won the Yorkton Short Film Festival award for his work on Frankensteer. He has been nominated numerous times for the Canadian Gemini Awards, including Best Writer for God's Dominion and Shanghai: A Tale of Two Cities, Best Sports Documentary for Dying to Win and Best Television Series for Legendary Sin Cities for which he was also nominated at the Canadian Screenwriting Awards in the Documentary category. He opened his own production company called Tremer Productions in 2006. In 2008 his documentary Dubai: Miracle or Mirage? was nominated for another Canadian Screenwriting Award. His next documentary Google World which premiered on CBC's Doc Zone examined Google and its move into cloud computing.

title: Ted Remerowski


text: User talk:63.19.135.105

title: User talk:63.19.135.105


text:
User:Sampo Smolander

I am a biologist working at Princeton University.

title: User:Sampo Smolander


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Video games/Template:Wowwiki

TfD debate
This template survived a discussion at TfD. See Templates for deletion/Log/2006 February 3. -Splash talk 23:31, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Change?
Should the links now point to Wowpedia? — MK (t/c) 11:34, 1 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes. I tried to change it myself but don't know if I did it right. Andreona (talk) 03:10, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * No, a new template should be created for the new site. Even then, the "Wowpedia" name should link to WoWWiki, in the format Wowpedia . --- Barek (talk • contribs) - 03:21, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I've begun the process of delinking this template in light of the move then. Unfortunately, it gives me a message about spammers. Andreona (talk) 03:25, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * You should not replace the links the way you're doing it - makes it harder to add the new template once created. Better to create a new template first, then replace the old one with the new one at that point. --- Barek (talk • contribs) - 03:49, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I guess Template:Wowpedia already exists. I'll replace it with that instead. Andreona (talk) 04:00, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * By the way, in case someone from Wikia comes along and protests the changes, I would be happy to take a vote or whatever the required process would be in the case of a dispute. I am in no way attempting to vandalize or otherwise be disruptive. Andreona (talk) 04:24, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Having a Wowwiki template point to its competitor, Wowpedia, is clearly vandalism. --71.141.246.140 (talk) 04:21, 27 May 2012 (UTC)

Noticeboard
Administrators'_noticeboard/Incidents. --71.141.246.140 (talk) 01:21, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Deprecating the template
After the content fork and move to WowPedia, the editorship of Wowwiki has significantly dropped from it's height. I'd like to add the to this to encourage the use of the wowpedia template and to discourage the use of this template. As it's a significant change, I'll advertise it at the Village Pump (Proposals), WikiProject Video Games, and the above mentioned ANI thread. I'd like to implement the change in 14 days so as to get the ball rolling. Thoughts? Hasteur (talk) 02:57, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Your changes seem logical to me. If your suggestions do get the go ahead, I'm willing to help out.--Rockfang (talk) 06:01, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, this template is superceded in fact by Template:Wikia, as WoWWiki can be linked to using wikia:wow:Main Page. --Izno (talk) 18:31, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Agree this template should be deprecated and discouraged. Wowpedia appears to be the officially acknowledged wiki (linked by Blizzard on its site) and it certainly should be encouraged to use that template instead. In cases where the wowwiki one is essential, Izno's suggestion seems appropriate. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  22:59, 30 May 2012 (UTC)


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Talk:John Bigelow

What is the "Bigelow Manoeuvre"???
I have nominated the bottom section as a candidate for cleanup. The second "Bigelow" description reads like a vanity page entry, and I was unable to find anything on Google about a "Bigelow manoeuvre" except citations of this Wikipedia entry. This Bigelow, who was added by an anonymous user, may be legitimate, but in either case I hope someone who knows about him (or knows this section is bogus/does not belong) can do some cleanup on this. Thanks. -MollyTheCat 03:27, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * My first thought was that it's likely to be bogus: the originating address has a history of vandalism. However, this Bigelow genealogy page does refer to a "John G. Bigelow ... a senior pilot with Pan-Am". Doesn't look very notable though, and there's still no confirmation of the alleged Bigelow Manoeuvre. Tearlach 15:07, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for these comments, Tearlach, and thanks also to Awyllie for editing out this second Bigelow. I agree with the above remark that this other Bigelow is unlikely to be a notable figure at least by Wikipedia standards. -MollyTheCat 03:46, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * FYI, Bigelow Maneuver is a medical procedure for hip dislocation. AND, I added a comment and link for John Bigelow, Jr. Jrcrin001 (talk) 06:34, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Bigelow


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Category:Indigenous languages of California

 * Languages of the Indigenous peoples of California. —Of tribes belonging to indigenous California cultures as defined by ethnographers: see Classification of indigenous peoples of California and Native American tribes in California. —The area of this culture does not necessarily correspond with the State of California.

Links

 * Californiaprehistory.com: Map of Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families, and Dialects of the California region in 1770.


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Thai pop music

Thai pop or T-pop, is a genre of Thai music roughly equivalent to western pop. It emerged in the 1970s–80s, during which it was known as string music (เพลงสตริง), before gaining mainstream popularity during the 1990s and has since dominated the Thai music industry. The term is extremely broad, covering Thai rock, dance music, rap and western-influenced popular music in general, though normally excluding the folk and rock-influenced phleng phuea chiwit.

The origins of string lie in American R&B, surf-rock artists like The Ventures and Dick Dale, Exotica, rockabilly and country and western brought to Thailand by American and Australian soldiers serving in Vietnam in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It also drew heavily on genres from the British Invasion, including rock and roll, garage rock and Hollywood film soundtracks. Since the 1980s, it has mixed with other genres, such as disco, funk and dance.

T-Wind
T-Wind (Thai Wind) is a term used to describe the phenomenon of Thai pop culture internationally. It is a term created in reference to the Korean Wave. In the 21st century, Thailand has been exporting many kinds of cultural products overseas, especially in Southeast Asia, such as lakhon (television drama), movies and BL series from GMMTV – GDH and lukkwad-pop (Thai teen pop).

title: Thai pop music


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Amanita caesarea

Amanita caesarea, commonly known as Caesar's mushroom, is a highly regarded edible mushroom in the genus Amanita, native to southern Europe and North Africa. While it was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772, this mushroom was a known favorite of early rulers of the Roman Empire.

It has a distinctive orange cap, yellow gills and stipe. Organic acids have been isolated from this species. Similar orange-capped species occur in North America and India. It was known to and valued by the Ancient Romans, who called it Boletus, a name now applied to a very different type of fungus.

Although it is edible, the Caesar's mushroom is closely related to the psychoactive fly agaric, and to the deadly poisonous death cap and destroying angels.

Taxonomy
Amanita caesarea was first described by Italian mycologist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772 as Agaricus caesareus, before later being placed in Amanita by Persoon in 1801. The common name comes from its being a favourite of the Roman emperors, who took the name Caesar (originally a family name) as a title. It was a personal favorite of Roman emperor Claudius. The Romans called it Bōlētus, derived from the Ancient Greek βωλίτης for this fungus as named by Galen. Several modern common names recognise this heritage with the English Caesar's mushroom and royal amanita, French impériale, Polish cesarski and German Kaiserling. In Italian, it is ovolo (pl. ovoli), due to its resemblance to an egg when very young. In Albanian it is kuqëlorja from its colour (< Albanian kuqe 'red'). Other common names include Amanite des Césars and Oronge.

It has also been classified as A. umbonata. A. hemibapha is a similar species originally described from Sikkim, India. It is widely eaten in the Himalayas and the Tibetan areas. Also North American collections have been labeled in the past as A. hemibapha. The relationship of the similar North American species A. arkansana and A. jacksonii to A. caesarea is not clear. The edibility of some of these similar species is also unclear, though A. jacksonii is eaten by many and there have been no reports of illness from it. A similar mushroom can also be found in La Esperanza, Honduras, where a festival is celebrated annually in its honor. A. caesarea was first domesticated in 1984.

Description
This mushroom has an orange-red cap, initially hemispherical before convex and finally flat. The surface is smooth, and margins striated, and it can reach 15 cm or rarely 20 cm in diameter. The free gills are pale to golden yellow, as is the cylinder-shaped stipe, which is 8 – tall and 2 – wide. The ring hangs loosely and is lined above and smooth below. The base of the stipe is thicker than the top and is seated in a greyish-white cup-like volva, which is a remnant of universal veil. The spores are white.

It could be confused with the poisonous fly agaric (Amanita muscaria). Though A. muscaria has a distinctive red cap dotted with fluffy white flakes, these tend to fall off as the mushroom ages and the bright red tends to fade to a yellowy orange. The latter mushroom will always have white gills and stalk with a ringed volva rather than a yellow stalk and is typically associated with spruce (Picea), pine (Pinus) or birch (Betula). Certain varieties (e.g. A. muscaria var. guessowii) are close to yellow even at the juvenile stage.

Chemical properties
A study of isolates from the fruit bodies of A. caesarea showed that the radial growth (increases in axon's diameter) of this species was possible at pH 6–7, and optimal growth was in a temperature of 24 - 28 C, depending on the isolate.

An investigation of the heavy metal content of mushroom samples found cadmium levels in A. caesarea four times greater than allowed in cultivated mushrooms by European Union standards. The amount of lead in A. caesarea also exceeded allowed levels. The study concluded that the accumulation of heavy metals may be a species-specific property of mushrooms, and that chronic consumption of some mushroom types could potentially be harmful.

A study of the organic acid composition of mushrooms found a relatively high level, about 6 g/kg, in A. caesarea. Malic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, ketoglutaric acid, fumaric acid, shikimic acid and traces of succinic acid were detected. Malic and ascorbic acids were the most abundant compounds. Ergosterol has also been isolated from A. caesarea.

Distribution and habitat

It is found in southern Europe and North Africa, particularly in the hills of northern Italy. It is thought to have been introduced north of the Alps by the Roman armies as it is most frequently found along old Roman roads. The mushroom is also distributed in the Balkans, Hungary, India, Iran and China (Sichuan Province). Although the species is not known to exist in the United States and Canada, it has been collected in Mexico.

In Europe, A. caesarea inhabits primarily oak forests (Quercetum troianae Em. et Ht., Quercetum frainetto-cerris Rudsky. and Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum Oberd., e.g.). It grows individually or in groups from early summer to mid autumn. In warmer climates this mushroom fruits in higher oak woodlands, sometimes mixed with conifers. Thus, in Mexico its natural habitat is oak, pine or fir forests at altitudes of 2200 - 3000 m above sea level, where it prefers plains and can occur at slopes of 20 degrees.

A. caesarea is listed in the Red Data book of Ukraine, and it is protected by law in Croatia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic and Germany.

Uses
A. caesarea is a highly appreciated edible mushroom in Europe. It is traditionally gathered and consumed in Italy, where it is known as ovolo or ovolo buono or "fungo reale". It has been traditionally taken as food in Mexico. There it is consumed roasted with a bit of the herb epazote, Dysphania ambrosioides. The international export market developed in the 1990s.

title: Amanita caesarea