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National Flood Insurance Program

The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is a program created by the Congress of the United States in 1968 through the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-448). The NFIP has two purposes: to share the risk of flood losses through flood insurance and to reduce flood damages by restricting floodplain development. The program enables property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance protection, administered by the government, against losses from flooding, and requires flood insurance for all loans or lines of credit that are secured by existing buildings, manufactured homes, or buildings under construction, that are located in the Special Flood Hazard Area in a community that participates in the NFIP. U.S. Congress limits the availability of National Flood Insurance to communities that adopt adequate land use and control measures with effective enforcement provisions to reduce flood damages by restricting development in areas exposed to flooding.

Flood insurance was generally provided by private insurers beginning in 1895, but after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, most private insurers concluded that flood risk was uninsurable at a price that consumers could afford given the catastrophic nature of flooding, as well as difficulties in creating accurate risk assessments for policy pricing and risks of adverse selection.

The NFIP is managed and administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) through the Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration (FIMA). The program is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to meet the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods. As of August 2017, the program insured about 5 million homes (down from about 5.5 million homes in April 2010), the majority of which are in Texas and Florida. The cost of the insurance program was fully covered by its premiums until the end of 2004, but it has had to steadily borrow funds since, primarily due to Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy, accumulating $25 billion of debt by August 2017. In October 2017, Congress cancelled $16 billion of NFIP debt, making it possible for the program to pay claims. The NFIP owes $20.525 billion to the U.S. as of December 2020.

Floodplain definition

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) defines the floodplain as the area that would be flooded by a base flood, which is "the flood which has a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year". In this sense, a base flood is synonymous with a 100-year flood and a floodplain is synonymous with a special flood hazard area. This base flood "is used in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to indicate the minimum level of flooding to be used by a community in its floodplain management regulations." FEMA explains regulatory floodplains in some places including hills as "critical determinations are made by evaluating your community’s rainfall and river flow data, topography, wind velocity, tidal surge, flood control measures, building development (existing and planned) and community maps."

Scientists and engineers use statistical analysis of streamflow data to determine the likelihood of flood elevations. Theoretically a 100-year flood has a 1 percent chance (1/100 = 0.01 or 1 percent) of occurring in any given year and a 500-year flood has as a 0.2 percent chance (1/500 = 0.002 or 0.2 percent) of occurring in any given year. However, these expected flood elevations actually occur more or less often than expected.

44 CFR § 9.4 defines parts of the floodplain as follows:
 * Floodway means that portion of the floodplain which is effective in carrying flow, within which this carrying capacity must be preserved and where the flood hazard is generally highest, i.e., where water depths and velocities are the greatest. It is that area which provides for the discharge of the base flood so the cumulative increase in water surface elevation is no more than one foot.
 * Flood Fringe means that portion of the floodplain outside of the floodway (often referred to as “floodway fringe”).

Implementation
Participation in the NFIP is based on an agreement between local communities and the federal government that states that if a community will adopt and enforce a floodplain management ordinance to reduce future flood risks to new construction in Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHA), the federal government will make flood insurance available within the community as a financial protection against flood losses. The SFHAs and other risk premium zones applicable to each participating community are depicted on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs). The Mitigation Division within FEMA manages the NFIP and oversees the floodplain management and mapping components of the Program.

The intent was to reduce future flood damage through community floodplain management ordinances and provide protection for property owners against potential losses through an insurance mechanism that requires a premium to be paid for the protection. In 2003, the GAO found that repetitive-loss properties cost the program about $200 million annually. Congress originally intended that operating expenses and flood insurance claims be paid for through the premiums collected for flood insurance policies. NFIP borrows from the U.S. Treasury for times when losses are heavy, and these loans are paid back with interest.

Between 1978 and 2014, the U.S. federal government paid more than $51 billion in claims under the National Flood Insurance Program.

From 2006, the NFIP has been directed by its Senior Executive, David Maurstad. A former Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska, he also serves as the Deputy Associate Administrator for FEMA's Federal Insurance and Mitigation (FIMA) division.

Amendments
The program was first amended by the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, which made the purchase of flood insurance mandatory for the protection of property within SFHAs. In 1982, the Act was amended by the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA). The CBRA enacted a set of maps depicting the John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS) in which federal flood insurance is unavailable for new or significantly improved structures. The National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994 codified the Community Rating System (an incentive program that encourages communities to exceed the minimal federal requirements for development within floodplains) within the NFIP. The program was further amended by the Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004, with the goal of reducing "losses to properties for which repetitive flood insurance claim payments have been made."

The Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (Biggert-Waters) modified the NFIP. At the conclusion of 2011, as Congress passed Biggert-Waters, the NFIP cumulative debt was over $17 billion. A core principle of Biggert-Waters was to change the NFIP premiums to match actuarial risk-based premiums that better reflected the expected losses and real risk of flooding. These changes included removing discounts to many policies which were being sold below actual actuarial risk targets and eliminating "grandfathering" of older rates.

In March 2014, President Obama signed the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2013. The bill changed the process used to alter subsidized premiums and reinstated grandfathering of lower rates; effectively delaying the increases in flood insurance premiums to obtain risk-based premiums under Biggert-Waters and spreading the cost of the lost premiums over all of the remaining policy holders.

The National Flood Insurance Program was $24 billion in debt at the beginning of 2014 as a result of Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Sandy. The passage of the HFIAA described above has concerned insurance and environmental observers that the delay in implementation of actuarial rates will leave taxpayers exposed to additional losses.

Letter of Map Amendment
Insufficient map topographic detail or accuracy can result in the unwarranted determination of Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). An application for a Letter of Map Amendment (LOMA) uses an Elevation Certificate (prepared by a Registered Land Surveyor or Registered Professional Engineer) to ask FEMA to remove the flood insurance requirement on individual properties.

Online Letter of map change
FEMA's website "Change a Flood Zone Designation - Online Letter of Map Change" says homeowners and other interested parties may submit an Online Letter of Map Change (LOMC). FEMA says this can be used for property that was incorrectly included in a flood zone or if the addition of fill has elevated the property above the flood zone. Information on the property's location, legal description, and use of fill are required for FEMA to determine if the property is located in a flood zone. FEMA might request additional information.

Letter of Map Revision
For multiple properties or a larger area, an application for a Letter of Map Revision can be submitted when the landscape topography is different from that shown on the floodplain boundary and/or flood heights shown on the FIRM and the Flood Insurance Study. A Letter of Map Revision based on Fill (LOMR-F) is used when landscape topography is altered by humans, usually to increase the land elevation and remove land from the floodplain. A Conditional Letter of Map Revision (CLOMR) and Conditional Letter of Map Revision Based on Fill (CLOMR-F) are strongly advised as a mechanism to obtain FEMA feedback on the project before site changes are made, especially in light of the increasing attention on the nexus between the NFIP and the Endangered Species Act. 44 C.F.R. § 65.6(10) says "A revision of flood plain delineations based on topographic changes must demonstrate that any topographic changes have not resulted in a floodway encroachment."

Proposed encroachments
FEMA says that justifiable encroachment within the floodplain might include “construction or modification of a bridge, culvert, levee, or similar measure”. The NFIP prohibits communities to issue variances "within any designated regulatory floodway if any increase in flood levels during the base flood discharge would result". However, a community may request FEMA's prior approval for a justifiable encroachment that would increase the base flood level. This community request must include seven required submittals such as a request for conditional approval of map change, an evaluation of alternatives, a request for revision of base flood elevation determination, and a request for floodway revision. All requests for revision of base flood elevations must include supporting data with "all the information FEMA needs to review and evaluate the request. This may involve the requestor’s performing new hydrologic and hydraulic analysis and delineation of new flood plain boundaries and floodways, as necessary.” Details of the required supporting data are listed in 44 C.F.R. § 65.7.

Outdated flood maps
The U.S. Geological Survey says increased runoff resulting from urban growth generally increases flood hazards to communities and that flood hazard maps based on data before urban growth may no longer be accurate. The U.S. Geological Survey gives the example that construction encroaching into the floodplain narrows the floodplain width thereby increasing the resistance to flow. Consequently, the water is at a higher stage as it flows past the construction causing backwater to flood a larger area upstream. FEMA's computer model image at right "represents the percent chance of flooding at least one time during a 30-year period for a given cell, or location, within the mapped floodplain".

Updating flood maps
NFIP regulation "Requirement to submit new technical data" says "A community’s base flood elevations may increase or decrease resulting from physical changes affecting flooding conditions. As soon as practicable, but not later than six months after the date such information becomes available, a community shall notify the Administrator of the changes by submitting technical or scientific data in accordance with this part. Such a submission is necessary so that upon confirmation of those physical changes affecting flooding conditions, risk premium rates and flood plain management requirements will be based upon current data." FEMA requires "Copies of the input and output data from the original and revised hydraulic analyses shall be submitted" with the hydraulic analysis supporting revisions to flood maps. A 2015 FEMA website identifies that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) computer program has been adopted for the preparation of studies and restudies for the NFIP.

Findings
The U.S. Congress finds annual flood losses are increasing at an alarming rate and forms of Federal assistance are often determining factors in the utilization of land and the location and construction of public and of private industrial, commercial, and residential facilities The purpose for such Federal assistance is frustrated where Federal assistance is exposed to flood risks. A U.S. District Court finds that FEMA determinations of which properties are within the regulatory floodplain affects the location of development:

U.S. Codes
The U.S. Code (USC) codification of the Public Law where Congress established the NFIP in the section "Congressional findings and declaration of purpose" includes: "It is the further purpose of this chapter to (1) encourage State and local governments to make appropriate land use adjustments to constrict the development of land which is exposed to flood damage and minimize damage caused by flood losses, (2) guide the development of proposed future construction, where practicable, away from locations which are threatened by flood hazards"

National Flood Insurance is limited to communities that adopted adequate land use and control measures with effective enforcement provisions consistent with these purposes. The USC section "Additional Congressional findings and declaration of purpose" says "property acquired or constructed with grants or other Federal assistance may be exposed to risk of loss through floods, thus frustrating the purpose for which such assistance was extended". This USC further says "The purpose of this Act, therefore, is to ... require States or local communities, as a condition of future Federal financial assistance, to participate in the flood insurance program and to adopt adequate flood plan ordinances with effective enforcement provisions consistent with Federal standards to reduce or avoid future flood losses". The specific prohibition is in the USC section "Prohibition against Federal approval of financial assistance" that says "No Federal officer or agency shall approve any financial assistance for acquisition or construction purposes on and after July 1, 1975, for use in any area that has been identified by the Administrator as an area having special flood hazards unless the community in which such area is situated is then participating in the national flood insurance program."

Code of Federal Regulations
FEMA created a regulation that identifies the minimum flood plain management criteria for communities including the following: The Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) "Suspension of community eligibility" says communities that do not adequately enforce flood plain management regulations meeting the minimum requirements shall be placed on probation.Failure to correct the violation will result in the community losing eligibility for the NFIP.
 * utilize base flood elevation and floodway data
 * require permits for all development in Zone A
 * determine whether proposed developments will be reasonably safe from flooding
 * determine that all necessary permits have been received from Federal and State government agencies, including section 404 permits of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
 * require within flood-prone areas that new and replacement water supply systems to be designed to minimize or eliminate infiltration of flood waters into the systems
 * require within flood-prone areas that new and replacement sanitary sewage systems to be designed to minimize or eliminate infiltration of flood waters into the systems and to minimize or eliminate discharges from the systems into flood waters
 * require within flood-prone areas that onsite waste disposal systems to be located to avoid impairment to them or contamination from them during flooding
 * notify adjacent communities prior to any alteration or relocation of a watercourse
 * determine that the flood carrying capacity within the altered or relocated portion of any watercourse is maintained
 * require that manufactured homes must be elevated and anchored to resist flotation, collapse, or lateral movement

Optional stricter standards

The NFIP encourages communities to adopt floodplain management standards more restrictive than the NFIP minimum standards. Communities must consider the additional measures specified in 44 C.F.R. § 60.22. Some states and communities enforce a more protective "Regulatory Floodway" by limiting the cumulative increase in water surface elevation to a half-foot or tenth of a foot instead of the NFIP minimum standard increase of one-foot.

This 44 C.F.R. § 60.22 says community flood plain management regulations should permit only development in flood-prone areas that is appropriate with the probability of flood damage. Flooding can damage underground storage tanks (USTs) resulting in leaks of petroleum that contaminate soil, surface water, and groundwater. USTs may even float out of the ground during floods.

This 44 C.F.R. § 60.22 says community flood plain management regulations should prohibit public utilities to be installed in flood prone areas unless it is essential to be located there. Leakage from on-site sewage systems cause contamination problems during floods. Sanitary sewer overflows and combined sewer overflows also release sewage contaminates into flood water. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency advises "Avoid contact with flood water due to potentially elevated levels of contamination associated with raw sewage and other hazardous or toxic substances that may be in the flood water."

This 44 C.F.R. § 60.22 says community flood plain management regulations should divert development to areas safe from flooding to prevent environmentally incompatible flood plain uses. Ruptures of crude oil pipelines result in crude oil contamination of floodplains. Oil spills create numerous environmental harms. Releases of gasoline, oil, or natural gas during floods also create fire hazards.

This 44 C.F.R. § 60.22 says community flood plain management regulations should provide access requirements so that people do not become isolated by flood water. The Illinois Supreme Court found:

"Even if plaintiff were to successfully build the two proposed houses in the floodway at an elevation which would not flood, defendant points out, the homes would still be surrounded by moving water during the 100-year floods. Emergency vehicles would not have access to the homes, and the residents could find themselves stranded without food, clean water, or electricity."

Safety guidance for propane tanks in floods says propane tanks in floodplains need to be secured to prevent them from floating off during flooding. Propane tanks floating in floods break the connecting piping releasing the gas. Leaking propane tanks create fire hazards during floods.

A court finds that local governments might have immunity for negligent emergency response activities because in an emergency there may not be time to determine the best course of action. However, there may not be grounds for immunity for pre-emergency actions where negligence results in flooding.

In 2004 the Association of State Floodplain Managers stated "Most local governments have simply assumed that the federal floodplain management approaches embody a satisfactory standard of care, perhaps not realizing that they actually induce additional flooding and damage." In 2000, the Association of State Floodplain Managers recommended a “no adverse impact” goal to prevent one property owner from adversely impacting the properties of others.

Related floodplain regulations by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) identifies themselves as the Federal government's largest water resources development and management agency. USACE says they provide information, technical services, planning guidance, and planning assistance to guide the development of floodplains. USACE says their regulatory program after 1968 evolved to balance the national concerns for both the protection and utilization of important resources by public interest review. The 33 C.F.R. 320.4(l)(2) states: "In accordance with the requirements of Executive Order 11988, district engineers, as part of their public interest review, should avoid to the extent practicable, long and short term significant adverse impacts associated with the occupancy and modification of floodplains, as well as the direct and indirect support of floodplain development whenever there is a practicable alternative. For those activities which in the public interest must occur in or impact upon floodplains, the district engineer shall ensure, to the maximum extent practicable, that the impacts of potential flooding on human health, safety, and welfare are minimized, the risks of flood losses are minimized, and, whenever practicable the natural and beneficial values served by floodplains are restored and preserved."

FEMA shall consult with Federal, State, and local agencies
U.S. Congress requires FEMA to consult with other departments and agencies of the Federal Government, and with interstate, State, and local agencies responsible for flood control in order to make certain that those agencies' programs are consistent with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). For example, a U.S. District Court ordered FEMA to consult with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) on FEMA's mapping regulations and FEMA's revisions of flood maps to determine whether they jeopardize the continued existence of the Puget Sound chinook salmon:

Criticisms
Prior to the program, property losses resulting from flood damage were largely the responsibility of individual property owners, although some losses were sometimes mitigated through provisions for disaster relief aid. Today, owners of property in flood plains frequently receive disaster aid and payment for insured losses, which in many ways negates the original intent of the NFIP. Consequently, these policy decisions have escalated losses stemming from floods in recent years, both in terms of property and life.

Moreover, certain provisions within the NFIP increase the likelihood that flood-prone properties will be occupied by the people least likely to be in a position to recover from flood disasters, which further increases demand for aid. This is an example of adverse selection. Some factors contributing to increased demand for aid are:

 * Flood insurance for properties in flood prone areas is mandatory only to secure loans, which makes it somewhat more likely that flood prone properties will be owned by seniors who have paid off their mortgages, or investors who have acquired the property for rental income.
 * Flood insurance only covers losses for the owner of the property, and claims are subject to caps, which further increases the likelihood that the property will be occupied by renters rather than the property owner.
 * Flood prone properties are more likely to be offered for rent because of the owners' increased risks and/or costs associated with occupying the property themselves.
 * Flood prone properties are more likely to be offered for rent at a discount, which attracts lower income groups, seniors, and infirm groups.

Some critics want the NFIP restricted to primary residences, excluding secondary vacation homes and investment properties.

According to critics of the program, the government's subsidized insurance plan "encouraged building, and rebuilding, in vulnerable coastal areas and floodplains." Stephen Ellis, of the group Taxpayers for Common Sense, points to "properties that flooded 17 or 18 times that were still covered under the federal insurance program" without premiums going up. Critics say this program is underperforming because it is starved for funding compared to disaster response and recovery, and the process of applying for a buyout is unreasonably slow.

Another criticism is that FEMA does not administer all policies, instead outsourcing many policies to private insurance companies. When a disaster occurs, FEMA makes payments to those private insurance companies to offset their costs. However, there is little oversight and few rules as to how the money should be distributed. As a consequence, private insurers have been known to use FEMA payments to hire attorneys that fight policyholders in court. One law firm is estimated to have received US$29M from FEMA payments to fight Hurricane Sandy claims.

Flood risk management and climate change
President Barack Obama, on January 30, 2015, issued Executive Order 13690 requiring Flood Risk Management to anticipate flooding increases over time due to the effects of climate change.

During the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, just prior to the signing of the Paris Agreement, on December 9, 2015, Reforming the National Flood Insurance Program was presented to members of Congress by Marsh & McLennan CEO Peter Zaffino, urging policymakers to enact reforms.

A peer review study found climate change since 1900 may have increased the probability of extreme precipitation events like the August 2016 flooding in south Louisiana.

President Donald Trump, on August 15, 2017, issued Executive Order 13807 Section 6 of which revokes President Obama's Executive Order 13690.

In January 2021, a petition was filed by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and the Association of State Floodplain Managers requesting updates informed by climate change to the NFIP. In October 2021, FEMA issued a public request for information to upgrade the NFIP.

title: National Flood Insurance Program


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Voznesensk (disambiguation)

Voznesensk is a city in the eponymous raion in Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukraine.

Voznesensk may also refer to:

 * Voznesensk (air base), Voznesensk, Mykolaiv, Ukraine; a Ukrainian airforce base
 * Voznesensk Raion, an administrative district in Mykolaiv Oblast of Ukraine
 * Ivanovo, a city in Russia previously known as Ivanovo-Voznesensk

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Voznesensk (disambiguation)


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Oceansize

Oceansize were an English rock band from Manchester, formed in 1998. The band consisted of Mike Vennart (vocals, guitar), Steve Durose (guitar, backing vocals), Richard "Gambler" Ingram (guitar, keyboards), Mark Heron (drums) and Jon Ellis (bass guitar) for the majority of its career, with Steve Hodson replacing Ellis on bass guitar in 2006.

The band released four studio albums, in addition to a number of minor EPs and singles, displaying a wide array of influences from several genres including post-rock, math rock, psychedelic rock, and space rock. Following a twelve-year career, Oceansize announced their split in February 2011, with the members moving on to different projects.

Formation and early years (1998–2000)
The band members met each other while attending music college in Salford, where the various members performed in a range of different musical acts very stylistically different from the band they would go on to create. "[The bands were] pretty terrible," said Mike Vennart. "We were in a grunge band. When I met Steve I asked him to be the new guitarist. I wanted to be experimental and unusual and still write pop songs. We were terrible at it. We didn't go anywhere for a while. When we got a new rhythm section, we re-thought what we were doing and got better. We had more vision. Although we don't all like the same music and have different tastes, we can see clearly where our music needs the most work."

The band formed after attending a Mogwai concert during their final year at University. Though known as a Manchester band, Vennart, Gambler and Ellis are originally from Yorkshire, Durose from Birmingham, and Mark Heron is Scottish. Steven Hodson, who joined the band later, is the only member of Oceansize to hail from the Manchester area.

The band subsequently named themselves after Jane's Addiction song, "Ocean Size". According to guitarist Gambler, the band's then-bassist Jon Ellis came up with the name: "I think, at the time, he was thinking what we would sound like. Jane's Nothing's Shocking album, which has the track "Ocean Size" on it, was definitely a big influence."

First EPs and Effloresce (2000–2005)
Over the next few years, Oceansize would release two self-released EPs Amputee and A Very Still Movement. This in turn led to interest from Beggars Banquet Records, who signed the band in 2000. The band's first release on the label was the Relapse EP titled after a very early composition that had been through many different reworkings.

Oceansize's debut album Effloresce was released on 29 September 2003 on Beggars Banquet. The album spawned the singles "Catalyst", "One Day All This Could Be Yours" and "Remember Where You Are", each of which featured a music video. The album garnered considerable critical acclaim, with music critic Ben Hogwood stating that: "with their broad harmonic language and fluctuating rhythms it's difficult to give an alternative to Oceansize, which is always a good sign. If pushed I would say they've taken a good liking to '70s rock but taken on board the works of bands such as Muse and The Cooper Temple Clause, along with the more expansive end of Seattle grunge music.".

Everyone Into Position and line-up change (2005–2007)
Two years later, the band released their second album, Everyone Into Position on 19 September 2005. The album track "Meredith" was featured on the popular television drama The O.C., and one of the album's singles, "Music For A Nurse", became the soundtrack to an Orange advertising campaign entitled Fish during summer 2006. "Music For A Nurse" was also featured in the motion picture The Invisible (2007), and both "Music For A Nurse" and "Meredith" have also been used in the BBC drama series Waterloo Road.

On the writing process for the record Vennart said "The writing process itself was interesting, we’d bought a computer and some mics and were making decent demos on our own, much to the delight of our record company. We started writing ‘onscreen’ for the first time ever. Songs like ‘Heaven Alive’ and ‘Meredith’ were pieced together. Steve worked up a 4-track demo for what became ‘Dirty Sweet Smell Of The Summer’. I brought in the chords for parts of ‘Charm Offensive’ and we designed it from scratch as the opening song. The whole album was, from my point of view, designed as the ideal festival headline set. We all went to Glastonbury every year and had some super-drugged up experience watching Radiohead or The Flaming Lips or Mogwai or Cardiacs or whoever. We, or rather i, wanted something that would work on that level. Yeah i know; i was smoking a lot of weed back then."

Oceansize had mixed views on the album as a whole. Despite the band's view on the record, critics and fans generally praised the release. The lukewarm review the album received from Pitchfork was the one that seemed to be the most consistent with the band's own thoughts on it. The review singled out the album's more progressive tracks such as "You Can't Keep a Bad Man Down" and "Ornament/The Last Wrongs" for praise while criticizing songs such as "Heaven Alive" for sticking too closely to alt rock conventions that the reviewer ultimately felt was holding the band back. Despite this, Mike Vennart has stated frequently that Everyone Into Position is his favourite Oceansize album.

Following the release of Everyone Into Position, Oceansize subsequently left Beggars Banquet. The band sought a new record deal that would better support the band in terms of promotion and financial backing for international touring. Mike Vennart implied in a recent interview that the record deal was contingent on the band writing two tracks "on order" for the company. These mp3s were released on the band's Myspace page around Christmas 2006 as a band-described gift to the fans. The two songs were "Red Rag to a Bear" and "Siberian Bullshit". In the posting of these mp3s, Vennart described these tracks as "warts an' all," and suggested that they would not show up on the new album.

On moving to new label, Superball Music, Vennart described the move as a chance for the band to move forward: "we reached a point when we'd gone as far as we could [with Beggars Banquet]. We needed a new home and these guys offered it to us on a plate. We're the only band on the label at the moment, so they can't do enough for us."

Everyone Into Position marked the final appearance of bassist Jon Ellis. On 4 December 2005, the band issued a press release, stating that Ellis was leaving the band, but would still contribute musically. On 16 January 2006 frontman Mike Vennart issued a short post on an Oceansize messageboard announcing Ellis' replacement, Steve Hodson – a member of the Oceansize side-project Kong and also the drummer in Capulet.

Frames and Home & Minor (2007–2009)
The band's third album, Frames, was released on 1 October 2007 on Superball Music. Artwork for the album was provided by Robin Finck of Nine Inch Nails and Guns N' Roses. Originally entitled The Frame, the band elected to alter the name slightly after an incidental suggestion; Vennart explained that "one of our friends, who's in Future of the Left, said 'I love the title... Frames, isn't it?' We just thought, 'well it wasn't, but that's a lot better. It's an angular title, it evokes strength and structure and it's quite cinematic." The album was trailed as featuring "a lot of songs about grudges and negative energy", with the song "Commemorative 9/11 T-Shirt", inspired by a gift to Vennart by band Cardiacs, which includes a time signature of "11/8 or 9/8, so when we were naming the song it was like 'it's in 11, it's in 9, it's got to be 9/11".

In May and June 2009, Oceansize supported Sydney band Cog on a national tour of Australia, along with other support act Calling All Cars, playing a string of dates which included shows in capital cities Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide & Brisbane. Of the tour, Mike Vennart spoke of the excitement, saying "from the moment (the tour) was mentioned, I was just hammering our manager, going 'make it happen!'"

On the 1 August 2009, the band played the Sonisphere festival at Knebworth, joining Linkin Park, Metallica, Nine Inch Nails, Alice in Chains and more for the weekend festival. On the 21 August 2009, Oceansize supported Biffy Clyro at the Edinburgh Corn Exchange and the reformed Faith No More on the 25th

The band released a live box set in September 2009, entitled Feed to Feed. The release is limited to 5000 copies. The live recordings are taken from a series of shows the band performed on three consecutive nights at the Roadhouse in Manchester. The band played each of their three studio albums from start to finish, one album each night, including related b-sides. The boxset contains three DVDs and four CDs.

A new EP, entitled Home and Minor, was released in October 2009. On the EP, Vennart has explained that the band have adopted a particular stylistic approach on the record.

Self Preserved While the Bodies Float Up (2009–2010)
The band started working on their fourth (and ultimately final) album, Self Preserved While the Bodies Float Up in fall 2009. In January 2010, the band embarked upon a UK tour, showcasing new material. According to Mike Vennart's Twitter, the recording of the album was completed on 17 April, with Vennart stating "Recording is complete! Album 4 is go! It's all on Chris Sheldon now". Mastering was completed at Abbey Road Studios on 18 May 2010 by Sean Magee. On 22 July 2010, Oceansize posted one of the album's songs, "SuperImposer", on their Superball website, and made it available for download via Twitter and Facebook.

Self Preserved While the Bodies Float Up was released on 6 September 2010. The album showcased a heavier side to the band, who stated that it probably was their heaviest studio album to date. However, Vennart claimed that the album still had the diversity found on other Oceansize albums. The band subsequently toured to promote the release.

Band break-up
On 25 February 2011, Oceansize announced via the band's Twitter and Facebook pages that they had split up. No explanations were provided. In an interview a year later in 2012, Vennart commented "It's tricky. I'd kind of like to tell the story but it's pretty dramatic. It would alter the sound of the records that we spent ages dreaming up, and to some people it might sound all a little petty. But it was so fucking ugly. Suffice to say it was a recurring problem that grew and grew and it couldn't be ignored or tolerated anymore." On 31 May 2013 Vennart finally put an end to most speculation via a post on Twitter, stating that after a disastrous band performance at a concert in Warsaw on 23 October 2010, Gambler had quit Oceansize and that this had broken up the band. In reply to a fan who tweeted a video of the performance, in which Mark Heron's drumming seems considerably affected, Vennart commented: "Stay off them drugs, kids".

While Vennart refused to blame any individuals in particular, he had previously said (in a May 2012 interview with the music blog Undersong) that persistent drug abuse by at least one band member had undermined Oceansize and led to the circumstances surrounding the split: "Whilst Oceansize had no delusions of grandeur, there were those in the band that just weren't up to the job. Put it like this, when you watch Biffy Clyro live you can rest assured that they are pretty much stone-cold sober. They're certainly not drunk, stoned, on downers or tripping their tits off ... They're easy to play for cos they know how to play the songs and they play them correctly every single night. There's an inherent trust there. There's also a respect for their audience – they understand that their fans may have travelled miles, saved up money for tickets, planned their life around a show. It's this respect for each other and their audience that has stood Biffy in good stead and it has helped take them to the top. That mindset has to be in place before you even consider a setlist. This respect and these qualities were, I'm sad to say, not consistent in the ranks of Oceansize. Even if the opportunity had ever presented itself, Oceansize simply was not allowed to move forward. Whenever we had to step up to the challenge, the same fucking turd was on the doorstep."

While Vennart has pointed to Heron's Warsaw performance as the primary impetus, Gambler also pointed to the end of a long-term relationship as a factor in his decision to quit the band. Gambler does not rule out a reunion in the future, though he does not believe it will happen any time soon. Vennart stated on Twitter in 2020 about the prospect of a reunion: "With every passing year, the inclination fades, the proposed fee grows. It'll never be enough." He also stated "It's been a very long time. Believe it or not, I'm a romantic kind of guy and I love the idea of a reunion show just like you do. But fuck, it would be tough."

Post-Oceansize
Following the breakup of Oceansize, various members went on to other work or continued with side projects which they had begun prior to the split. Gambler (under his real name of Richard A. Ingram) had already begun a solo career in parallel to Oceansize, while Steve Hodson and Mark Heron continued with Kong (and Hodson continued his ongoing solo work as Mild Eyes). In 2011, both Mike Vennart and Steve Durose took on work as touring guitarists for other bands – Vennart with Biffy Clyro and Durose with Amplifier. Durose joined Amplifier full-time in 2011, playing on the albums Echo Street (2013), Mystoria (2014), and Trippin' with Dr. Faustus (2017).

Further post-Oceansize projects emerged quickly after the breakup. Steve Hodson worked with the band Chandelier Swing while Mark Heron worked with improv band Shamefaced and released new music under his Kong alias of "Krem". Mike Vennart and Gambler reunited in the duo British Theatre, who have since released two EPs, EP (2012) and Dyed In the Wool Ghost (2012), and a full-length album, Mastery (2016). Vennart has released four solo albums, The Demon Joke (2015), To Cure a Blizzard Upon a Plastic Sea (2018), In the Dead, Dead Wood (2020) and Forgiveness & The Grain (2024).

In 2023, Vennart formed the heavy metal band Empire State Bastard alongside Biffy Clyro singer and guitarist Simon Neil. Their first album, Rivers of Heresy, was released in September 2023.

Style, influences and creative process
Associates of UK groups such as Amplifier, Biffy Clyro and Aereogramme, earlier in their career, Oceansize were also frequently grouped in with the space rock movement that had gained some underground popularity at the time – essentially heavy alternative rock with shoegaze leanings. One of the band's earliest major tours was with Cave In from Massachusetts, U.S., who they were frequently compared to especially in their earlier years. Oceansize often described their music as "progressive death indie". Durose said of the term, "I like that. It's pretty cool. Mike came up with that, and it's better than new prog."

Oceansize described eclectic sources of inspiration. Gambler has attested that everyone in the band had "such diverse influences. I think it would be a list a mile long. The obvious ones, especially for me, would be Radiohead, Mogwai, Aphex Twin, Nine Inch Nails and Tool; I think I could probably go on all day. I mean if you looked at our record collection you probably wouldn't think it."

An often-stated influence is Cardiacs, whose leader Tim Smith produced the Relapse EP in 2002. Vennart has said of the band, "It wasn’t until I saw Cardiacs three times that I realised they are the greatest band of them all. I don’t say that lightly. There’s simply no-one like them [...] once you understand them, and have felt them in your heart, you will struggle to find anything that will ever come so close for the rest of your life." In 2002, Oceansize supported Cardiacs at the London Astoria, and came on stage during Cardiacs' set to cover their song "Eat It Up Worms Hero". In 2010, Oceansize contributed a cover of "Fear" by Tim Smith's Spratleys Rats (formerly Spratleys Japs) to the tribute album Leader of the Starry Skies: A Tribute to Tim Smith, Songbook 1. The album was released to raise funds for Smith's ongoing care and recovery after a heart attack in 2008.

Another influence is Black Sabbath, of whom Vennart said: "It’s impossible to quantify what this band means to me. I can literally bring myself to tears imagining what would’ve become of me had they never existed. They were my first musical obsession from age 8, and they haven’t left me throughout this whole topsy turvy freakshow of a life." The title of the Oceansize song "I/B/O/W" is an abbreviation of the surnames of each member of Black Sabbath's original lineup (Tony Iommi/Geezer Butler/Ozzy Osbourne/Bill Ward).

Oceansize often stated that the bulk of their writing was the product of fruitful jam sessions, with Steve Durose saying after the release of Effloresce that "our sound has just evolved really, but right from the first rehearsal, we kind of had it in the bag. We were on mushrooms and just jammed for ages, and then we listened back to the tapes. About three songs from Effloresce were born in that one rehearsal, and we just realized we had something special happening. Everything comes from jams, though. That's the way we write." In regards to structure and time signature, Durose cites drummer Mark Heron as a key collaborator; "Mark's very into strange beats, so what will start off as a very simple idea, once it's been through the Oceansize washing machine will come out as something sounding quite bizarre at the other end." Gambler has advocated a 'no strings' approach with the creative process, saying that "I think we have been tied into the whole progressive thing for quite a bit now. When we formed the band we didn't think we were going to be this or that sort of band. We're forward thinking as far as our music is concerned".

Vennart and Gambler have both regularly stated that the album Alloy, by electronic experimental band Silo, is an influence on their work.

Legacy
Since their breakup, Oceansize have been cited as an influence by a wide variety of artists. Russian band iamthemorning took their name from the Oceansize song "I Am the Morning". The title of 2018 album Effloresce by American band Covet was an homage to the album of the same name by Oceansize. Other bands and artists who have cited them as an influence include Charlie Barnes, Rose Kemp, The Longcut, The Pineapple Thief, Rosetta, Black Peaks, and Alpha Male Tea Party. Among the artists who have expressed admiration for their work are Steven Wilson of Porcupine Tree, who ranked Everyone Into Position and Frames as two of his favourite albums of the 2000s, and Mike Portnoy of Dream Theater, calling them "probably the best [band] in the alternative-prog vein".

Side projects and collaborations
Oceansize shared camaraderie with the fellow Mancunian band Amplifier, who referred to Oceansize as "Amplifier's brothers-in-amps". Mike Vennart and Steve Durose supplied backing vocals on two tracks on Amplifier's self-titled debut album. Vennart also provided backing vocals for their 2010 album The Octopus. Amplifier's front-man Sel Balamir produced and mixed the Oceansize EP A Very Still Movement, also contributing guitar to the song "Sizeofanocean". Balamir also co-mixed the Relapse EP in 2002.

Kong (consisting of Steven Hodson and Mark Heron) recorded their debut album Snake Magnet in the summer of 2007 at The Works Recording Studio in Bredbury (where Oceansize recorded Everyone Into Position). Kong signed with Los Angeles-based label White Drugs, home of The Bronx and released Snake Magnet in 2009, with two singles preceding the release (on Brew Records). Hodson later formed the band Rubbing with fellow Kong bandmate Jon-Lee Martin on guitar/vocals and Charlie Hartley (Then Thickens/Boy Genius) on drums, with Hodson on bass/vocals. Their debut EP, Vocal Harmony Trio, was released on March 4, 2022.

Under his real name of Richard A. Ingram, Gambler released a solo album Consolamentum in May 2010 on a small Manchester label called WhiteBox. He has also sometimes played bass guitar with the post-punk band Pocketknife, and released a couple of CD-Rs independently consisting of solo piano music.

In 2010, Mike Vennart joined long-time friends Biffy Clyro as the band's second guitarist on all live dates. He has continued to play as a Biffy Clyro touring musician and supplied additional guitar and vocals for their 2013 album Opposites. Gambler also joined the Biffy Clyro live band in 2012.

On May 7, 2010, Steven Hodson filled in as bassist of Future of the Left as the short-term replacement for the recently departed Kelson Mathias. He later co-wrote their song "Dry Hate", which appeared on the Polymers Are Forever EP.

In 2014 Hodson formed the band USA Nails with ex Hawk Eyes drummer Matt Reid, Gareth Thomas of Silent Front, Stuart Plant from Death Pedals and Daniel Holloway of Dead Arms. They have released four albums, Sonic Moist (2014), No Pleasure (2016), Shame Spiral (2017), and Character Stop (2020).

On May 1, 2017, Hodson and his USA Nails bandmate Daniel Holloway launched the Sad Tapes label with the release of Dead Arms' 4 Track Masters EP. They said of the label: "SAD TAPES record and release music for those who prefer the quality of demos or live sessions. No fuss, no frills." Ex-bassist Jon Ellis is recording and producing tracks from underground Manchester band "The Marivaux".

Durose has produced two albums by Charlie Barnes (Bastille/Amplifier), More Stately Mansions (2015), and Oceanography (2018). Barnes described working with Durose as "a bona fide teenage dream" in the liner notes of Oceanography.

In 2021, Vennart and Durose contributed gang vocals to the KK's Priest album Sermons of the Sinner.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Effloresce (2003)
 * Everyone into Position (2005)
 * Frames (2007)
 * Self Preserved While the Bodies Float Up (2010)

EPs
 * Amputee (1999)
 * A Very Still Movement (2001)
 * Relapse (2002) – UK No. 99 UK Indie No. 27
 * Music for Nurses (2004)
 * Home & Minor (2009)

Box sets and deluxe editions
 * Frames Deluxe Edition (2008, includes Frames Live DVD recorded in Manchester in 2007 and other extras)
 * Feed to Feed (2009, recorded between October 16 and 18, 2008, at the Roadhouse, Manchester (UK))

Singles
 * "Saturday Morning Breakfast Show" (1999) (7-inch Vinyl Only, includes Amputee)
 * "One Day All This Could Be Yours" (2003) (CD/10" Vinyl, includes Breed Siamese and Massive Bereavement (Live), live track recorded at The Witchwood, Ashton-under-Lyne, 31/12/02) UK Indie No. 30
 * "Catalyst" (2003) (Single/Maxi-Single/Vinyl/Download, some versions includes Breed Siamese or Women Who Love Men Who Love Drugs (Live), live track recorded at The Witchwood, Ashton-under-Lyne, 31 December 2002) UK No. 73 UK Indie No. 13
 * "Remember Where You Are" (2003) (CD/7" Vinyl, includes I Haven't Been... ...The Claw For Ages) UK No. 94 UK Indie No. 20
 * "Heaven Alive" (2005) (CD/7" Vinyl, includes The Dirty Sweet Smell Of The Summer and/or I/B/O/W) UK No. 78
 * "New Pin" (2006) (CD/7" Vinyl, includes Superfluous To Requirements or Emp(irical) Error) – UK Indie No. 20
 * "Walking in the Air" (Cover version) (2007) (Free Christmas Single, Web Only)
 * "SuperImposer" (2010) (7-inch Vinyl/Digital Download, includes Ransoms (RAi Reboot))

 * B-Sides/Bonus Tracks
 * "Ebb" – 11:05 (from Amputee)
 * "A Very Still Movement" – 3:26 (from A Very Still Movement)
 * "Sizeofanocean" – 5:19 (from A Very Still Movement)
 * "Relapse" – 10:14 (from Relapse, later version of Ebb)
 * "Breed Siamese' 7:04 (from Catalyst or One Day All This Could Be Yours)
 * "I Haven't Been... ...The Claw for Ages 5:48 (from Remember Where You Are'')
 * "The Dirty Sweet Smell of the Summer" 6:47 (from Heaven Alive)
 * "I/B/O/W" 4:31 (from Heaven Alive)
 * "Superfluous to Requirements" 5:52 (from New Pin)
 * "Ransoms (RAi Reboot)" 3:58 (from SuperImposer)
 * "Siberian Bullshit", "Red Rag to a Bear" (demo) (Frames demos released on bands' Myspace space)
 * "Voorhees" 11:10 (from Frames Digipak)
 * "Intro", "Ketemine Van", "Scribble Pad", "Day Off", "Only Twin Strings", and "Savant Strings" (from 'Frames Live' DVDAudio)
 * "Ransoms" (RAi Reboot) 3:58 (from SuperImposer)
 * "Cloak" 3:39 (from Self Preserved While the Bodies Float Up special edition)
 * "Massive Bereavement" (Live) [Recorded at The Witchwood, Ashton-under-Lyne, 31/12/02] (from One Day All This Could Be Yours)
 * "Women Who Love Men Who Love Drugs" (Live) [Recorded live at The Witchwood, Ashton-under-Lyne, 31 December 2002)] (from Catalyst)

Music videos
 * "One Day All This Could Be Yours" (2003)
 * "Catalyst" (2003)
 * "Heaven Alive" (2005)
 * "New Pin" (2006)
 * "Legal Teens" (2009)
 * "SuperImposer" (2010)

Other appearances
 * "Fear" (Tim Smith's Spratleys Rats cover) (Leader of the Starry Skies: A Tribute to Tim Smith, Songbook 1) (2010)
 * "Fear" (as above) (Stoneage Dinosaurs / Fear, split 7-inch single with Steven Wilson) (2011)

Members

 * Mike Vennart – lead vocals, guitar, bass (1998–2011)
 * Steve Durose – guitar, backing vocals (1998–2011)
 * Richard "Gambler" Ingram – guitar, keyboards (1998–2011)
 * Jon Ellis – bass, keyboards (1998–2005)
 * Steven Hodson – bass, keyboards, guitar (2006–2011)
 * Mark Heron – drums (1998–2011)

title: Oceansize


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Michele Birch Conery

Michele Birch Conery is one of four women who claim to have been ordained to the priesthood of the Catholic Church on 25 July 2005, against the wishes of ecclesiastical authorities.

A further five women chose to be ordained as deacons at that time. The ceremony took place aboard a boat on the border between U.S. and Canadian waters in order to avoid the jurisdiction of any particular archdiocese. They were ordained by women who had been ordained in 2002 by a bishop on the Danube River, between Germany and Austria. The Roman Catholic Church does not consider that an ordination has taken place.

In addition to the women, nearly five hundred spectators were present at the event, having purchased seats in advance. Conery is a former nun from British Columbia who teaches feminist literary analysis at North Island College on Vancouver Island.

title: Michele Birch Conery


text: Template:Battle-stub

title: Template:Battle-stub


text: Category:Battle stubs

title: Category:Battle stubs


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Talk:Natalia Sedova

Burial place
She's now buried in Coyoacan, Mexico, next to the ashes of her husband. Her name is also in the plate. A very recent picture of the monument will show her name. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.44.93.16 (talk) 05:42, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

The Attempt to Rehabilitate Trotsky
Didn't Natalia Sedova unsuccessfully appeal to Nikita Khrushchev to have Leon Trotsky rehabilated at the time of the De-Stalinization in the Soviet Union. User:Leon Trotsky 14:35 28 August 2005

 * Yes. This is mentioned in Wyndham & King's "Trotsky: A Documentary."  Trotsky's granddaughter Yulia Akselrod also wrote to a few Soviet leaders making similar requests.

 * Not really. See http://marxists.org/archive/sedova-natalia/1961/11/09.htm. --85.212.10.10 19:13, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Where did they meet?
The article Aleksandra Sokolovskaya claims that Trotsky and Natalia met in Paris, is that correct? Or was it London? It also claims that the first marriage fell apart because of Natalia. Could someone please confirm with a reliable source and fill in these details? --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 00:50, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

Passport Image
It's a picture of a woman in what possibly could be a Mexican passport (no evidence of that, either). I'll take the picture down tomorrow if no one comes up with any proof that it's Sedova. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Madler (talk • contribs) 12:41, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Wrong picture?
The picture used in the article (right) may not be of Natalia Sedova. Here is a picture claimed to be her many years later. Even accounting aging, it does not seem to be the same person. If you have a reliable source, please check and either confirm or replace the picture. Thanks... --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 06:33, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Natalia Sedova


text: File:NetStorm Cover.jpg

title: File:NetStorm Cover.jpg


text: Talk:Typhoon Tip

title: Talk:Typhoon Tip


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File:A Tale of Two Sisters film.jpg

A Tale of Two Sisters film poster

Fair use in A Tale of Two Sisters (2003 film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:A Tale of Two Sisters film.jpg


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James R. Keene

James Robert Keene (February 8, 1838 - January 3, 1913) was a Wall Street stockbroker and a major thoroughbred race horse owner and breeder.

Biography
He was born in London, England in 1838. He was fourteen years of age when his family immigrated to the United States in 1852. As a young man he made a fortune through shrewd investments in California and Nevada mining companies and was eventually appointed president of the San Francisco Stock Exchange.

Wanting to expand his business opportunities, in 1876 he relocated to the heart of the country's financial center in New York City. While living there, he became interested in horse racing and began investing heavily in a stable of Thoroughbred race horses. His colt Spendthrift won the 1879 Belmont Stakes, and after Pierre Lorillard had shipped some of his American-bred horses to race in England and became the first American owner to win The Derby, Keene followed suit. In 1881, his horse Foxhall, named for his son, became the first American horse to win the Grand Prix de Paris, then the most important race in France. The following year Foxhall, trained in England by William Day, won England's Ascot Gold Cup.

However, in 1884 huge losses in the Chicago grain market cost him everything he owned, leaving him with nothing but heavy debts. He began a remarkable comeback a few years later after being hired by Wall Street investor William Havemeyer to manage a stock fund. Such were his talents at market manipulation that he was soon engaged by J. P. Morgan and William Rockefeller to manage funds for them and Keene emerged once again as a wealthy and powerful force in the New York financial community.

By 1891 James R. Keene was back to investing in racehorses and his Castleton Farm near Lexington, Kentucky became one of the most important breeding operations in the history of American horse racing. In the early 1890s, Keene bought over forty English mares and shipped them to Castleton for breeding. Keene hired his brother-in-law, Major Foxhall Daingerfield, to run Castleton Farm and for his racing stable he hired James G. Rowe Sr. as a trainer. He returned to racing in England, this time involving his son Foxhall P. Keene in the racing stable. Their filly Cap and Bells II won the 1901 Epsom Oaks. In 1908, London Sportsman magazine wrote that Keene possessed, "the greatest lot of racehorses ever owned by one man."

James R. Keene bred National Museum of Racing and Hall of Famer Kingston and owned Domino, as well as breeding and owning future Hall of Famer inductees Colin, Peter Pan, Commando, Maskette, and Sysonby. Keene owned six Belmont Stakes winners but at a time when transporting horses south to other racetracks via railroad was a long, costly, and often risky venture, he never entered his horses in the Kentucky Derby, and won the Preakness Stakes only once.

He died on January 3, 1913, of an acute stomach ailment at Miss Alston's House for Private Patients in Manhattan. He was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx. He was vice-Chairman of The Jockey Club at the time of his death.

Family
In 1863 he married Sara Jay Daingerfield of Virginia with whom he had son Foxhall and a daughter, Jessica. Sara Keene died in 1916 and is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery next to her husband. Biographer Alden Hatch collaborated with Foxhall Keene to write James R. Keene's biography titled Full Tilt that was published in 1938 by Derrydale Press.

Racing
In 2019, James R. Keene was voted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame as one of its esteemed Pillars of the Turf.

 * Preakness Stakes winner:
 * 1894 : Assignee

 * Belmont Stakes winners:
 * 1879 : Spendthrift
 * 1901 : Commando
 * 1904 : Delhi
 * 1907 : Peter Pan
 * 1908 : Colin
 * 1910 : Sweep

title: James R. Keene


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The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra

The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34, is a 1945 musical composition by Benjamin Britten with a subtitle Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell. It was based on the second movement, "Rondeau", of the Abdelazer suite. It was originally commissioned for the British educational documentary film called Instruments of the Orchestra released on 29 November 1946, directed by Muir Mathieson and featuring the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Malcolm Sargent; Sargent also conducted the concert première on 15 October 1946 with the Liverpool Philharmonic in the Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool, England.

Instrumentation
The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra is scored for symphony orchestra:

Structure
The work is based on the Rondeau from Henry Purcell's incidental music to Aphra Behn's Abdelazer, and is structured, in accordance with the plan of the original documentary film, as a way of showing off the tone colours and capacities of the various sections of the orchestra.

In the introduction, the theme is initially played by the entire orchestra, then by each major family of instruments of the orchestra: first the woodwinds, then the strings, then the brass, and finally by the percussion. Each variation then features a particular instrument in-depth, generally moving through each family from the higher-pitched instruments to the lower-pitched (the order of the families is slightly different from the introduction). For example, the first variation features the piccolo and flutes; each member of the woodwind family then gets a variation, ending with the bassoon. The woodwinds are followed by the strings, brass, and finally the percussion.

After the whole orchestra has been taken apart in this way, it is reassembled using an original fugue which starts with the piccolo, followed by all the woodwinds, strings, brass and percussion in turn. Once everyone has entered, the brass are re-introduced (with a strike on the tamtam) with Purcell's original melody.

The sections of the piece and instruments introduced by the variations are as follows.

 * Theme: Allegro maestoso e largamente
 * Tutti (D minor), woodwinds (F major), brass (E♭ major), strings (G minor), then percussion (written in A major)

 * Variation A: Presto
 * Flutes and piccolo

 * Variation B: Lento
 * Oboes

 * Variation C: Moderato
 * Clarinets

 * Variation D: Allegro alla marcia
 * Bassoons

 * Variation E: Brillante: alla polacca
 * Violins

 * Variation F: Meno mosso
 * Violas

 * Variation G: Lusingando
 * Cellos

 * Variation H: Cominciando lento ma poco a poco accel. al Allegro
 * Double basses

 * Variation I: Maestoso
 * Harp

 * Variation J: L'istesso tempo
 * Horns

 * Variation K: Vivace
 * Trumpets

 * Variation L: Allegro pomposo
 * Trombones and tuba

 * Variation M: Moderato
 * Percussion (timpani; bass drum and cymbals; tambourine and triangle; snare drum and woodblock; xylophone; castanets and tam-tam; whip; percussion tutti)

 * Fugue: Allegro molto

Narration
The narration for the documentary film was written by Eric Crozier, the producer of the first production of Britten's opera Peter Grimes, and is sometimes spoken by the conductor or a separate speaker during performance of the piece. The composer also arranged a version without narration. The one without narration is more often recorded. The commentary often differs among recordings.

A new narration was written by Simon Butteriss for the Aldeburgh Festival and broadcast live by CBBC presenter Johny Pitts with the BBC Symphony Orchestra for the Britten 100 celebrations in 2013.

Comedian and author John Hodgman wrote a new narration of The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra in 2015 for a series of performances with the Boston Pops Orchestra.

Jazz orchestra versions
Duncan Lamont wrote an equivalent suite of variations (using the same Purcell theme) for jazz orchestra and narrator, The Young Person’s Guide to the Jazz Orchestra. Mike Westbrook's After Smith's Hotel, subtitled The Young Person’s Guide To The Jazz Orchestra, was commissioned by the Snape Maltings Foundation and performed there in October 1983.


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Ilsenburg

Ilsenburg is a town in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. It is situated under the north foot of the Harz Mountains, at the entrance to the Ilse valley with its little river, the Ilse, a tributary of the Oker, about six 6 mi north-west of the town of Wernigerode. It received town privileges in 1959. Owing to its surrounding of forests and mountains as well as its position on the edge of the Harz National Park, Ilsenburg is a popular tourist resort. Since 2002, it is officially an air spa.

History
The old castle, Schloss Ilsenburg, lying on a high crag above the town, was originally an imperial stronghold and probably built by King Henry I. In 995 Emperor Otto III resided in Elysynaburg, which Henry II bestowed in 1003 upon the Bishop of Halberstadt, who converted it into a Benedictine monastery. The school attached to it enjoyed a great reputation towards the end of the 11th century. The abbey was finally devastated during the German Peasants' War in 1525.

After the Reformation the castle passed to the counts of Wernigerode, who restored it and made it their residence until 1710. Higher still, on the edge of the plateau rises the Ilsenstein, a granite peak standing about 500 ft above the valley, crowned by an iron cross erected by Count Anton von Stolberg-Wernigerode in memory of his friends who fell in the Napoleonic Wars of 1813-1815. Numerous legends cluster around this rock.

Geography
Ilsenburg is between Wernigerode (Saxony-Anhalt) in the east and Bad Harzburg (Lower Saxony) in the west through the Ilsetal. The Brocken is reachable through the Heinrich-Heine-Weg, that goes along the Scharfenstein and Kleiner Brocken. Ilsenburg is near the Harz National Park. To the west, there is the Harzer Grenzweg at the Green Belt Germany, which goes along the inner German border.

Town divisions
The town Ilsenburg consists of Ilsenburg proper and the Ortschaften (municipal divisions) Darlingerode and Drübeck. Darlingerode and Drübeck were independent municipalities until they were absorbed by Ilsenburg in July 2009. Other localities within the town are Plessenburg (part of Ilsenburg proper) and Oehrenfeld (part of Drübeck).

Places of interest

 * Am Kruzifix
 * Ilsenburg Abbey
 * Ilsenburg House
 * Ilse valley and Princess Ilse
 * Ilsestein
 * Froschfelsen
 * Market place and chemist's
 * Krug Bridge over the Ilse
 * former Ilsenburg Factory, today used as a residence
 * Bremen Hut, a checkpoint on the Harzer Wandernadel and refuge hut in the Ilse valley

Transport
Ilsenburg has access to the Bundesstraße 6 federal highway leading from Goslar and the Bundesautobahn 395 to Halle and the Bundesautobahn 14.

At the Ilsenburg train station rail transport is available to Vienenburg and Hanover as well as to Halle and Berlin by Regional-Express trains of the Deutsche Bahn and trains of Veolia.

Twin town

 * 🇩🇪 Bad Harzburg, Germany

title: Ilsenburg


text:
CBS catalyst

The CBS catalyst or Corey–Bakshi–Shibata catalyst is an asymmetric catalyst derived from proline. It finds many uses in organic reactions such as the CBS reduction, Diels-Alder reactions and (3+2) cycloadditions. Proline, a naturally occurring chiral compound, is readily and cheaply available. It transfers its stereocenter to the catalyst which in turn is able to drive an organic reaction selectively to one of two possible enantiomers. This selectivity is due to steric strain in the transition state that develops for one enantiomer but not for the other.

Synthesis
The CBS catalyst can be prepared from diphenylprolinol, condensed with a phenylboronic acid, or with borane (as shown below). The CBS catalyst then complexes in situ with borane to give the active catalyst.

Use
The general outline for the organic synthesis of a CBS catalyst is shown below. The first leg of the reaction sequence starts from the azeotropic dehydration of a boronic acid (1) such as one based on toluene to a boroxine (2). This boroxine reacts with the proline derivative (3d) to form the basic oxazaborolidine CBS catalyst (4). The oxazaborolidine was first developed as a ketone reducing agent by the laboratory of Itsuno, and thus is more properly called the Itsuno-Corey oxazaborolidine. Proline derivative 3d is prepared in a separate leg from a Grignard reaction with Grignard reagent 3c and proline ester 3b. A Lewis acid superacid salt (6) can be obtained with the aid of triflic acid (5). Many other such catalysts exist with different derivatives of these reactants.

title: CBS catalyst


text:
Talk:German Army

Requested move
Heer → German Army, Heer is the German word of for army. The article is about the German Army it should be under the English name Naming conventions. --Philip Baird Shearer 17:35, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

 * Support Heer is also a general word for army and is unacceptably ambiguous. I would also support German army. Septentrionalis 23:40, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. It is obvious this article is about the German Army and should be named as such. – AxSkov ( ☏ ) 05:34, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Proteus (Talk) 13:41, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. SoLando 18:36, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. Dragons flight 07:38, September 10, 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

Why are there absolutely no references to WW2 in this entire article? 5:22, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Very simple - this German Army has been created in 1955 - at that time WWII was over since ten years. --Sardines en huile (talk) 11:43, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The translations of German Army organizations, units and agencies WERE NOT in line with official translations used by the Bundeswehr. I have edited most of the Army structure and changed incorrect translations into the terms used in numerous official translations. Hacktranslator (talk) 10:04, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

How can anyone with such rudimentary knowledge of the English language, grammar, and syntax, let alone military terminology, be allowed to create entries in this encyclopedia. If you don't know how to spell "battalion" or "lieutenant general" and don't know any of the official translations of German military units and agencies, please desist from further disseminating such faulty information.--Manfred Hacker 11:57, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

There is a also the option of "German army" but other army pages use caps for both words eg Australian Army Philip Baird Shearer 17:42, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The common name of the German Army is the German Army not Heer. It would also be a bit strange to use "German army" when other army pages capitalise "Army". If Heer is German for army, wouldn't Austria use Heer too?
 * I'd like to add that the German Navy is not located at Marine. Also shouldn't Luftwaffe be moved to German Air Force too? – AxSkov ( ☏ ) 05:46, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Luftwaffe, at least in Britain, is a borrowed word which all are familar with (amazing how being bombed by an adversery does that!) When the bombing of Kosova startaed in March 1999 The Sun ran the headline "Allies at last" and used the phrase "German Luftwaffe" rather than "German Air Force" (and the Sun is said only to use uses the most common 500 words English words). This German article shows that at least some Germans did not get the Sun's humour. Philip Baird Shearer 17:17, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Are those German soldiers? If so, please clarify. I am getting the impression those are US since the photo is from the US Navy.

Heer is one possible word for Army and the Austrians do use it too, but most of the time both just say Armee. One only realy needs to use Heer if one wants to make a destinction between ground forces and others(eg. Air Force, Navy...). And yes, at least the two in front are german infantrymen, easily identifiable by their Weapon(G36) and their BDU("Flecktarn"). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 87.202.27.205 (talk • contribs).

War crimes
German army was implicated in massive war crimes including assisting the genocide of Jewish people during the The Holocaust. Molobo added these few words on war crimes to the Wehrmacht paragraph, could this be rewritten by someone with a better command of the English language? This could also be a little less sensationalist, based on the following sentence from the 'War Crimes of the Wehrmacht' article he links to: The Nuremberg Trials of the major war criminals at the end of World War II found that the Wehrmacht was not an inherently criminal organization, but that it had committed crimes in the course of the war. Colonel Mustard 23:53, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

World War I 1914-1918
Information on the treaty of Versailles written in this article is completely wrong. This version of the end of the first World War, as written by the author, is related to as the Dolchdstoßlegende. It was commonly used by german soldiers and rightist extremists, who claimed that their army would still have a chance to win the war, which is wrong, as even germany's highest generals, i.e. Hindenburg and Ludendorff, were already negotiating with President Wilson about a german surrender, as they knew that the Reichswehr was about to break down, and still every month 250.000 american soldiers were shipped to France to fight for the french and the english. Furthermore, all of Germany's allies had already capitulated and german seamen on several battle ships were mutinying when they were sent to battle. The treaty of Versailles took place after the germans had surrendered and was injust only due to the fact that especially the french had lost millions of soldiers, and was some kind of revenge. German politicians would never have signed a capitulation if there would have been only the slightest chance of winning this war.It is true that the German Reichsheer was still holding enemy territory, but if they had waited longer than they did, a massacre would have been likely to take place if their enemies would have been able to break through their trenches. 84.147.77.207 16:32, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Edits by 219.88.171.118
The user with IP address 219.88.171.118 keeps vandalizing the article. Request a ban? Edward Sandstig 06:41, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

14th Panzer Division
I temporarily removed a line added by an anon user that went: "The 14th Panzer Division staioned near Wiesbaden in Hessia (Des Hessischer Loewe)(The Hessisch Lion) is also a very professional tank unit. The Original 14th Panzer Division was destroyed in WW2 at Stalingrad while assigned to the 6th Army." It seemed out of place in the Armoured Corps section, since, if I'm not mistaken, the individual divisions do not come directly under control of one specific combat arm. Someone please correct me if I'm wrong. --Edward Sandstig 13:24, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

That user mixed something up and refered to the 14th Tank Brigade (14. Panzerbrigade) called "Hassian Lion" (Hessischer Löwe), that went out of service in June 2008. A 14th Panzer Division never existed in the modern German Army. However such personal opinions are not the business of an encyclopedia in any way. So it is a correct decision to remove that line. 87.178.74.152 (talk) 00:45, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

7th Pz and 14th PzG missing in article?
I checked out the site of the Heer and they listed five divisions, instead of the three listed in this article. Were those two units left out because they were recently reactivated or were they left out because they would be deactivated in the near future? --Edward Sandstig 13:37, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

--- I second that and changed the article. Some units were misarranged, and additionally the Army Troops Command was missing in the structure. The 7th Amoured Division has been put out of service, but the 14th Mechanised Division is still active. The structure in the article before I changed it was a suggested structure design of the "Heer 2010", and not the current one.

Quick sandbox

 * NVA-KdoLSK> BwKdo OST> TerrKdo OST> IV Corps (now EinsFüKdo)
 * NVA-MB 3 > 13. NVA-MB 3> 13 PzGrenDiv: PzGrenDiv:
 * NVA-7. NVA-7. PD > HSchBrig 37 > PzGrenBrig 37 > JgBrig 37 > demnächst PzGrenBrig 37 PD> HSchBrig 37> PzGrenBrig 37> JgBrig 37> soon PzGrenBrig 37
 * NVA-4. NVA-4. MSD > HSchBrig 38 > PzGrenBrig 38 > bereits aufgelöst! MSD> HSchBrig 38> PzGrenBrig 38> dissolved already!
 * NVA-11.MSD > HSchBrig 39 > PzBrig 39 > bereits aufgelöst! NVA-11.MSD> HSchBrig 39> PzBrig 39> dissolved already!
 * NVA-MB 5 > 14. NVA-MB 5> 14 PzGrenDiv (wird aufgelöst!): PzGrenDiv (to be resolved):
 * NVA-8.MSD > HSchBrig 40 > PzGrenBrig 40 > bereits aufgelöst! NVA-8.MSD> HSchBrig 40> PzGrenBrig 40> dissolved already!
 * NVA-9. NVA-9. PD > HSchBrig 41 > PzGrenBrig 41 PD> HSchBrig 41> PzGrenBrig 41
 * NVA 1. NVA 1st MSD > HSchBrig 42 > PzBrig 42 > bereits aufgeöst! MSD> HSchBrig 42> PzBrig 42> already aufgeöst!

Merge of Heer into German Army
I strongly propose a merge of the Heer article into German Army, and a permanent redirect page from Heer to German Army. I’ve seen in the discussion that in 2005 a move from Heer to German Army was decided by the community. Unfortunately, it seems that after this move a new separate Heer article was started.

In my opinion this new Heer article is of minor quality compared to the German Army article, it’s main content is related to the Wehrmacht not to the Heer as such. But maybe some content can be used for the German Army article. MikeZ 16:14, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. I'd say go ahead, and have Heer redirect to Germany Army.Michael Dorosh 18:10, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

I don't know much about the German Army, but couldn't find much information on Heer that wasn't already in this article. I've merged the one bit of information that wasn't in this article. Heer is now a disambig page. Sukh | ਸੁਖ | Talk 19:30, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Consistent Nomenclature
It is my opinion that unit names etc. should either be consistently English OR German. Since I found that there was a mixture of both s.v. "structure" (e.g. 1. Panzerdivision AND Armoured Brigade X) I decided to use English terminology all the way and hope that this will meet with agreement from the rest of you. Aquinate 23:46, 29 Sep 2006 (CEST)

Translation of Truppengattung
There have been several edits by user 70.21.67.52, changing the word corps to troops. I would like to point out that this is NOT the correct translation of the word Truppengattung. There is a clear difference between the word "Truppen" (meaning troops, i.e. an (otherwise undefined) body of soldiers. e.g. "ground troops") and "Truppengattung" (meaning several different military unist which share the same task).

Both leo.org and Langenscheidt cite the correct translation as either "branch (of service)" or "corps".

I'm reverting this. Aquinate 10:44, 3 Oct 2006 (CEST)

Someone obviously hasn't read or understood what I wrote in October and has changed back corps into troops. As stated above, that is complete and utter nonsense. Could you please stop doing that?? I'm changing this **incorrect** terminology **again**. Sheesh. Some people. Falls Du Deutsch sprichst, greif Dir bitte erstmal ein englisches Wörterbuch oder schau auf die offizielle Webseite der BW, bevor du an der Terminologie rumfrickelst, ok? Aquinate 17:11, 31 Mar 2007 (CEST)

Regardless of what "Truppengattung" means -- can someone improve the English of this section. It looks like it was not written by a native speaker. The syntax and use of words is both incorrect, and difficult to understand.

Germany army in Afghanistan today
Does anyone know what German army units are currently in Afghanistan? Chwyatt 08:54, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

G36 picture looks false
The G36 picture shows a Marui G36C airsoft gun, not the real gun. Just have a look at the fire selector or a the bullet magazine...

 * Given that there are bullets in the magazine, I think you're wrong. Otto Tanaka 15:59, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

World War I 1914–1918
A Imperial German Army by that name never exists. The four kingdoms had its own armies in peacetime and the Commander in Chief of each single army was the king. After war was decleared, the german Emperor got supreme command. Only the Navy the Colonial Corps and the Marine Infantry were always named "kaiserlich" (imperial).

Ranks?
So what are the ranks of the Army, and why does this article neither list them, nor link to a list of them? Listings for other countries' armies do, what makes this one inferior?

i think that the comparison between german army and us army ranks is completely wrong! just check out the NATO standardization agreement on military ranks (STANAG 2116). i'm afraid of changing this, since i'm not familiar with writing on wikipedia plus my english isnt that good... :) 87.176.106.169 (talk) 23:25, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. Referencing and appropriate inline citation guidelines not met. With proper inline citations, this article would easily qualify as a B if not GA.  --dashiellx (talk) 19:10, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Wehrmacht
Suggest paragraph on 'war crimes' of German Army World War II be eliminated altogether; all armies committed war crimes, and World War II combat was complicated as well by bands of terrorists, partisans, resistants or whatever they called themselves, virtually all communist, including those in western European countries. These persons engaged in atrocities, combat, sabotage and so on against recognized national armies, and fighting back was only judged a war crime after the war by the special interest groups. In the paragraph on the composition of the Wehrmacht in the 1939-1945 period, you omit any reference to some 34 combat divisions who fought under the command of the Wehrmacht, i.e., the Waffen SS, mostly famed as armored and mountain troops, and a branch of the German armed forces to a far greater extent than the Kriegsmarine was. If a country has a police and security service called the SS under one civil hierarchy, and an entirely separate combat force called the Waffen-SS fighting under Wehrmacht command, one set are cops, the other soldiers. "Conquered lands" should not be used when in fact, after Great Britain, France (Canada, Australia, etc.) declared war on Germany, and Great Britain sent the Expeditionary Force into France (and lost) and the British invasion force to Norway to keep the North Sea open (and lost), and the Soviet Union entered/invaded the Versailles-created territory then called Poland from the east, at the same time Germany entered from the west what had been Germany, (i.e., the German border territory lost when Versailles created Poland out of it), many would call that defensively occupying a portion, such as in France to hold the Channel ports, by negotiated agreements with the French government (Belgian, etc.), which is not the same as "conquered." And since since the populations of such countries as Austria and Soviet-hating Ukraine welcomed the German armed forces (Army, Waffen, and later Luftwaffe fighting as ground troops under Wehrmacht command and as part of the Wehrmacht Order of Battle), would not call that 'conquering' either.72.81.65.59 (talk) 00:45, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

small changes to nomenclature
i slightly corrected the denomination of two airborne battalions since their main duty is in the field of support and their official bundeswehr denomination is "Luftlandeunterstützungsbataillon" (Airborn Support Battalion), while the fighting units are called "Fallschirmjägerbataillon" (Airborn Battalion). --swexx 87.176.106.169 (talk) 23:32, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

additionally, i corrected the name of the Special Warfare School to special operations training centre. i'm not shure if i should change the name of the 209th special warfare training company because its bundeswehr denomination just is "ausbildungskompanie 209" (209th training company). what do you think? furthermore i deleted the 909th Training and Trial Company (Airborne) since it was dissolved/combined with the HQ company of the airborne school at the end of 2007. This new unit's name is Stabsquartier, for which i don't find any good english translation. -swexx 87.176.106.169 (talk) 23:49, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Recent edits
To achieve a better visibility, I have edited and rearranged the entire article. Also I've corrected some grammatical and spelling mistakes as good as I could. My sources were "Our Army" (ISBN: 3932385020) and http://www.deutschesheer.de/portal/a/heer/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLNzSLtzAIA8lB2c76kXDRoJRUfW99X4_83FT9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQBALId7/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82XzE2XzhCRg!! I removed some images as well. This happened because some of them have shown basically the same (such as two helicopters on the ground in different angles) and thus did not contribute much informations to the article. Maybe someone could look over it and correct minor errors I might have made. -Mitch818 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mitch818 (talk • contribs) 16:49, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Wrong linking
The Wikilinks that should led to an article about the german town of Munster (like in http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_(%C3%96rtze)) lead to an article about the irisch province of Munster. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.139.88.98 (talk) 07:43, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * you will find it here: Munster, Lower Saxony
 * --Sardines en huile (talk) 16:25, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Overseas permanent deployments
I understand the army has forces stationed in the UK and the USA. Chould not a section be set up to reflect this? Also, a brief history of permanent deployments could be helpful: German tanks in Wales is not a well known fact and deserves a place in Wikipedia. (Gaccha (talk) 08:12, 13 October 2008 (UTC))

Never knew anything about German tanks in Wales. Got a source for that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.138.126.188 (talk) 13:00, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Certainly have: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1996/10/16/ntan16.html (The Daily Telegraph, UK). They pulled out 16 October 1996: "Their presence ensured that one small corner of Wales has had a distinctly German air with Leo's Supermarket stocking sauerkraut..." (Gaccha (talk) 08:37, 19 October 2008 (UTC))

Don't forget the training centre for Eurocopter Tiger in France whose commanding officer currently is a German colonel. --Ekki01 (talk) 08:52, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Rank Naming
From my experience with the more-or-less identical structure of the Royal Netherlands Army (although I agree the latter is slightly less complicated than the German sister), the correct equivalent of Faehndrig (which in the article is currently deemed equivalent to a (U.S.?) 'Sergeant') is "Warrant Officer". Can anybody with applicable experience confirm or deny this?

PS: I should've added that the Faehndrig rank is the last rank before commissioning (i.e., it is the last rank an officer cadet holds before he gets his 'field' rank) - I believe that corresponds to the Warrant Officer rank in U.S. terms.Mfhulskemper (talk) 17:20, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Faehnrich is an Officer Candidate Rank, and its literal translation is "Ensign". A Faehnrich may either become an Officer or a Warrant officer. The rank is equivalent to NCO at level OR-6, which is Feldwebel. 88.73.243.167 (talk) 17:57, 7 April 2017 (UTC)

German Army (Heer) has 102,000 active troops
look at this source .... http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443cTQCSYGYxgEh-pEwsaCUVH1fj_zcVH1v_QD9gtyIckdHRUUATi3qcg!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0NfNENM ....

Ill make the edit and add the referance to it, as i Noticed there is no info to back the 135,000 claim. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bro5990 (talk • contribs) 15:42, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

The Heer has 102.000 soldiers. But also 35.000 ACTIVE reserve forces, 2.500 of which train each day at regular army bases. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.37.61.100 (talk) 14:00, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

 * According to this |source there are indeed 35.000 thousand places for reserve forces. Please note, however, that in the source it only says that the possibility exists to summon up to 35.000 reserve troops; it does not say that they are permanently on active duty. My preference therefore would be to use the 102.000 for the strength of the German Army and to mention the 35.000 possible reserve troops at a prominent place in the text (or infobox). Just my five eurocents. Cheers, --Ekki01 (talk) 16:26, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Faulty history
I guess the problem stems from merging: The Deutsches Heer and the Bundeswehr have no history before 1955. There is no continuation from prior German armies or armed forces. -- Tomdo08 (talk) 03:42, 27 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. The Article in its introduction already gives a wrong image of how the history of a German Army is to understand. It states "The German Army" would have taken part in World War I, World War II, and has missions in Aghanistan today. The Bundeswehr is not the successor of the Third Reich's Wehrmacht. That urgently needs to be adjusted. -- Von Hochtraben (talk) 18:05, 20 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Older stuff, such as medieval "Heer", "Kaiserliches Heer", "Schwere Reiter" etc. are missing as well because there is no direct connection to this. Even photographs of late Chancellor Helmut Schmidt had to be removed from barracks, because inspite of being a Social Democrat, he served wearing the wrong uniform. What a shame. 188.105.240.71 (talk) 12:12, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Centralised sandbox on Bundeswehr lineage links

 * 'The Bundeswehr actually does see itself partly in the tradition of the Reichwehr - however the only officially recognized examples for the Bundeswehr are the Prussian military reformers and the members of the military resistance against the nazi regime. also some units can request to carry on traditions of units of Napoleonic units if the units were based at the same towns as today's units. however this is kind of an informal tradition thing - not an officially endorsed... basically it is always best to treat the German units as only in existence since the founding of the Bundesweht - anything else would need careful referencing.'
 * No attempt has been made to perpetuate or revive links with the regiments or corps of the past, as Seekt tried to do after 1921; though individual infantry and cavalry/armoured units stationed in appropriate districts nevertheless unofficially adopt the identities of vanished Imperial regiments, the adoption of these fictional ancestries is heavily disfavoured by the Defence ministry. (John Keegan, Page 247 of "World Armies")
 * http://www.panzerbataillon24-traditionsgemeinschaft.de/TradVerb/Index-Tradverb.html
 * Catherine M. Kelleher, ‘Fundamentals of German Security: The Creation of the Bundeswehr: Continuity and Change,’ in Stephen F. Szabo (ed.), The Bundeswehr and Western Security, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1990.
 * Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Military_history/Archive_106
 * Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Military_history/Archive_99
 * Donald Aberheim, Reforging the Iron Cross: The Search for Tradition in the West German Armed Forces, Princeton, NJ, 1988.
 * See Bundeswehr traditions regulations

Current German Army and previous German armies
I think this article has serious issues. As visible from the infobox, this article clearly gives the impression that it deals with the current German Army, that is the land component (Heer) of the armed forces (Bundeswehr) of the Federal Republic of Germany. Nevertheless, half of the introduction and a significant part of the main text is written about historical German armies and not the current one. I don't think this is a good solution.

The German Army was founded in 1955. It would be OK to mention some historic lines prior to that date, but this should be kept much shorter than the detailed information given in the current article.

However, if this is meant as a general article on German land armies, then the current infobox should be removed. The article should then also deal with much more detail with the historic German armies, e.g. the land component of the NVA, the military of the GDR. Levimanthys (talk) 13:50, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree. As there are specific articles for the other German armies the material regarding those should be moved there and deleted here; safe for some little intro. The other articles are: German Army (German Empire), Reichswehr, German Army (1935–1945) and Land Forces of the National People's Army. A good example would be the German Air Force article, as it deals exclusively with the current Air Force. noclador (talk) 14:05, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I began to clean the article up now. There are also a lot of errors in there! especially syntax and article errors. noclador (talk) 01:41, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

Personnel
Surely people realise there are more than 66,000 personnel in the Army, the support services provide additional troops split between the main 3 services (with the majority going to the army). There are actually around 90,000 personnel in the Army structure.Osama is Obama (talk) 17:13, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned references in German Army
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of German Army's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Bundeswehr": From Joint Medical Service (Germany):  From German Air Force: Die Stärke der Streitkräfte (10 November 2014)  From Bundeswehr:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 13:14, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050330111634/http://www.tulipacademy.org/gew/ddhob/ to http://www.tulipacademy.org/gew/ddhob/

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Mistkaes
Hi, we've received the following e-mail (OTRS Ticket#2017102510009501) from the editor-in-chief of the German Army's website, listing following errors in the article:

Can someone knowledgeable about the topic address these concerns? utcursch | talk 18:22, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Fixing it. noclador (talk) 15:27, 26 October 2017 (UTC)

What's the difference between the Germany Army and Bundeswehr?
Shouldn't they be just one article put together? Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 21:30, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

 * The Heer (German Army) is the army, while the Bundeswehr is the armed forces which includes the air force, army and navy. We wouldn't merge the British Army and British Armed Forces articles for the same reason. BilCat (talk) 21:54, 8 August 2022 (UTC)
 * @BilCat Correct, but in addition it should be mentioned that with Bundeswehr in the general usage only the army is meant. When someone in Germany says I'm going to the Bund, he means: I go to the army. Otherwise, the person will almost certainly say I'm going to the Marine or the Luftwaffe. Mr.Lovecraft (talk) 12:14, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

false relations
"The present-day German Army was founded in 1955 as part of the newly formed West German Bundeswehr together with the Marine (German Navy) and the Luftwaffe (German Air Force)." Sorry, the upper unit is the "Bundeswehr"/German Federal Forces. It has an army (Heer), navy (Marine), and airforce (Luftwaffe), among some more units. See de.wikipedia/Bundeswehr. Regrettably, in spite of another post before in the same sense, the original author did not update the text. Please eventually correct. Thank You. (regrettably, my login failed today)2A02:8108:9640:1A68:DDA6:CB7:EAE5:CF5 (talk) 19:32, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure exactly what you think is incorrect here. It could be rewritten for clarity, but the current text is saying the same thing as what you're staying is correct. BilCat (talk) 06:35, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:German Army


text:
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Re: Thank you for editing "List of best selling video games"
Well, I mostly repair the references, most of them have already been there. Thanks to you for bring new references, the list will never be complete, so even more important than formatting is bringing new references. Thanks to you as well! It is also a way of demonstrating it is possible to build an article without relying in a single site like VGCharts, too. -- ReyBrujo 22:09, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

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A tag has been placed on Story Manga, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. If you plan to expand the article, you can request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material. To do this, affix the template   to the page and state your intention on the article's talk page. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Brusegadi 01:41, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Starkawa