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Adapiformes

Adapiformes is a group of early primates. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now Europe, Asia and North America), reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They existed from the Eocene to the Miocene epoch. Some adapiforms resembled living lemurs.

Adapiforms are known from the fossil record only, and it is unclear whether they form a monophyletic or paraphyletic group. When assumed to be a clade, they are usually grouped under the "wet-nosed" taxon Strepsirrhini, which would make them more closely related to the lemurs and less so to the "dry-nosed" Haplorhini taxon that includes monkeys and apes.

In 2009, Franzen and colleagues placed the newly described genus Darwinius in the "Adapoidea group of early primates representative of early haplorhine diversification" so that, according to these authors, the adapiforms would not be within the Strepsirrhini lineage as hitherto assumed but qualify as a stem "missing link" between Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini. However, subsequent analysis on the Darwinius fossil by Erik Seiffert and colleagues rejects this "missing link" idea, classifying Darwinius and other adapiforms within the Strepsirrhini.

Boyer et al. found that the crown Strepsirrhini likely emerged deep in the Adapiformes tree, possibly as sister of a group which include e.g. Aframonius and Notharctidae. The Adapiformes are thus found not to be literally extinct (in the sense of having no living descendants), and becomes a junior synonym to the Strepsirrhini. Below is a simplified cladogram.

A 2018 study puts Donrussellia as sister to crown primates.

Classification
Adapiforms belong to the infraorder Adapiformes, which contains a single superfamily, Adapoidea. The group also is sometimes treated as a superfamily (Adapoidea) alongside the other living strepsirrhine superfamilies, Lemuroidea (lemurs) and Lorisoidea (lorises and galagos).

 * Infraorder Adapiformes
 * Superfamily Adapoidea
 * Family Notharctidae
 * Family Sivaladapidae
 * Family Adapidae
 * Infraorder incertae sedis
 * Superfamily incertae sedis
 * Family Azibiidae
 * Family Djebelemuridae

Rose (1995) suggests that early adapiforms and omomyiforms shared a common ancestor dating to the Thanetian age.

title: Adapiformes


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Robert Falconer

Sir Robert Alexander Falconer (10 February 1867 – 4 November 1943) was a Canadian academic, Calvinist and bible scholar.

Early life
Of Scottish descent, Falconer was born on February 10, 1867, in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, the eldest child of a Presbyterian minister and his wife. He attended high school in Port of Spain, Trinidad while his father was posted there and won a scholarship to the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. He graduated MA in 1889 and then spent three years at the divinity school of the Free Church of Scotland.

Career
Falconer was ordained in 1892 but never held a clerical position. He returned to Canada that year and took a lecturership in New Testament Greek and exegesis at the Presbyterian College in Halifax. He also began to publish articles in learned journals. In 1902 Falconer received a D.Litt. from Edinburgh University.

Advocacy and knighthood
In 1907 he became president of the University of Toronto. He steered a middle path, combining pure scholarship with practicality. Thus he introduced more vocational subjects, while also developing higher degree programmes. He sought to maximise the independence of the university, battling unsuccessfully to retain German faculty members in 1914. Nonetheless he was knighted in 1917 for his advocacy of wartime recruitment. Falconer believed in the need to increase public awareness of, and accessibility to, Canada's historical records. He was a long time member of The Champlain Society's Council, serving as its Vice-President (1909-1935) and President (1936-42).

Falconer wrote several books on current affairs, including The German Tragedy and its Meaning for Canada (1915), Idealism in National Character (1920) and The United States as a Neighbour (1925). He was an advocate of broad cooperation between the English speaking nations in international affairs, but was concerned to avoid American dominance of these relationships.

Retirement and death
Ill health obliged him to decline the principalship of the University of Edinburgh in 1929, and he retired in 1932. However he continued his scholarly work, becoming the first President of the Canadian Society of Biblical Studies in 1933 and producing Pastoral Epistles in 1937, his most notable work of religious scholarship.

Falconer died at the age of 76, on November 4, 1943.

Honours

 * Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (1916).
 * Yale University, Honorary Doctorate (1922).
 * University of Alberta, Honorary Doctorate (1936).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert Falconer


text: Category:Anthem stubs

title: Category:Anthem stubs


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User:Flood of SYNs

http://www.myspace.com/flood_of_syns

http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=879065216

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http://cclemmer.googlepages.com

I am 25 (04161983) and I received my CompTIA A+ Certification in my senior year (2002) of high school.

I like Computers (Networking, Coding, Repairing), Movies, WWI and WWII History, and WWII Reenacting.

I plan to add some Userboxes soon. (I got the idea from here.) *In the process as of Aug 1st 2006.

My extra user pages.

My Links

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ru:Участник:Flood of SYNs

title: User:Flood of SYNs


text:
Talk:Jedi Academy trilogy

Merged
The information on each separate novel was very sparse, so I moved it all here and made those pages redirect to this page. Probably better to keep all the information on the novels in the series in one article, anyway (if we ever get some good information).

Note that these pages need a lot of work, so if you're in the mood to add something, that'd be great. :) – Mipadi 03:07, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

Re-merge and clean up
I'm considering re-merging the individual book entries into this article, for three reasons: I've created a sample page, Jedi Academy trilogy edit. Please take a look and leave comments. – Mipadi 20:18, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) The individual book articles are really small.
 * 2) Usually the information in the books is linked to as a cohesive whole.
 * 3) Maintenance is easier.

 * I agree with the idea. Having all three books on one page will work well. --The Wookieepedian 21:09, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah. I guess we could split'em back out if need be. --maru  (talk)  contribs 07:01, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

11 BBY?
Should this reference be 11 ABY? 11 years before the Battle of Yavin, Luke would have been a child. Correct me if I'm wrong. JordeeBec 23:20, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Sun Crusher
Why was I redirected here for "Sun Crusher"? There is nothing about it here whatsoever! Seems stupid. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.143.35.189 (talk) 04:08, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jedi Academy trilogy


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Throwback, Vol. 1

Throwback, Vol. 1 is the seventh studio album by American R&B group Boyz II Men, released by Koch Records, and featuring covers of classic R&B songs (hence the album title) from such artists as Teddy Pendergrass, The Isley Brothers and Michael Jackson. The album was their first as a trio, after founding member Michael McCary left the group due to chronic back problems.

A rendition of Grandfather's Clock was included on the Taiwanese release as a bonus track.

Track listing

 * 1) "Let It Whip" (Dazz Band)
 * 2) "Let's Stay Together" (Al Green)
 * 3) "What You Won't Do for Love" (Bobby Caldwell, featuring MC Lyte)
 * 4) "Cutie Pie" (One Way)
 * 5) "Close the Door" (Teddy Pendergrass)
 * 6) "For the Love of You" (The Isley Brothers)
 * 7) "Sara Smile" (Hall & Oates)
 * 8) "Human Nature" (Michael Jackson, featuring Claudette Ortiz)
 * 9) "Time Will Reveal" (DeBarge)
 * 10) "I Miss You" (Klymaxx)
 * 11) "You Make Me Feel Brand New" (The Stylistics)
 * 12) "Grandfather's Clock" (bonus track)

It has been confirmed by one of the group members that a second CD will not be a part of The Throwback project. A Classic's CD was planned to be released later, potentially sometime in late 2007; this was later confirmed to be the Motown: A Journey Through Hitsville USA album, released in 2007.

title: Throwback, Vol. 1


text: User talk:202.45.110.99

title: User talk:202.45.110.99


text:
Wikipedia:Votes for undeletion/Religious persecution by Jews

Historical_persecution_by_Jews
I closed the debate for this one. It is at Votes for deletion/Religious persecution by Jews. I closed it as a "no consensus" keep. It was controversial. I got a lot of criticism for closing it as such, but I have recieved support for my position as well from User:SimonP, User:Rossami, User:Mindspillage among others. User:Neutrality has as far as I know, absolutely no authority to "overrule" me and delete this. If he wants this deleted, he should start a new VFD debate. I have no opinion as to whether or not this article merits inclusion, but the deletion was completely out of process as far as I know. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:52, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This isn't a VFU matter. An administrator who made a good faith VfD close has been arbitrarily overridden by another administrator.  That was  a shameful act. I have restored it.  If someone still wants to delete they should list for deletion again. --Tony Sidaway Talk  10:06, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Shameful act? It isn't clear to me that goodfaith was questioned. Let's aim for as moderate language as the situation warrants. El_C 10:39, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * While I agree that this one has no consensus, it does appear to me that far too many religious issues come up on VFD these days, and all turn into lengthy Violent Factionalizing Debates. Does anyone have a reasonable idea of what to do about that? Radiant_ >|< 10:21, August 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not much to do really except to admonish people to be civil, and follow rules tightly. When things are really hot and contentious, it is an excellent time to ignore WP:IAR. It is much better to upset people by following the rules than to upset people by bending or breaking them. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:28, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If User:Neutrality counted the tally differently it should be recorded on the VfD vote explaining why the original count was inaccurate. Since it was not, he should not have deleted it.  However, I don't see any "shameful act".  That is an overdramatization.  The vote was close enough that I could see why another admin would delete.  Doing so without any notice is improper.   -  Tεx  τ  urε  14:01, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Undelete User:Neutrality's obviously unintentional mistake, and assume good faith. Nandesuka 15:02, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep deleted. There was a valid, 2:1 consensus on VfD to delete. Sjakkalle made in error in keeping the article. This certainly constitutes a consensus to delete. Neutralitytalk 15:03, August 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem is that you violated process in deleting it after he closed it, and by doing so without notice. I don't think that's OK, even if you are right that Sjakkalle erred.  Admins should  at least try to follow the Caesar's wife dictum. IMHO. Nandesuka
 * I guess since it is deleted again I have to vote on this. I am torn between valid votes.  The deletion was outside of process.  But, imo, only because the VfD was not updated to reflect the admin's review of the closing.  (I don't believe that anyone can close a VfD and have it be beyond review.)  Neutrality should state in the VfD that it was closed upon later review.  Then, this vote would determine if the deletion was valid.  So, if he did so I would consider it a valid deletion.  My indecision is due to the fact that I would have voted to keep this. I should vote according to process and if Neutrality documents his review of the VfD I will vote keep deleted - No vote for now. -  Tεx  τ  urε  15:26, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Undelete now. Neutrality has abandoned all pretence of following process with the second deletion. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 15:34, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted or re-delete as the case may be. When the tally is disputed by two admins who both want to close it, a review by others is sensible. Neutrality himself could have brought the vfd here (or taken it elsewhere) for review; but now that it's here, let's go ahead and review it. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:27, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted or re-delete as per Wile E. Heresiarch --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  06:23, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think Wile's solution is sensible. So, KD. Radiant_ >|< 07:48, August 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * comment: There is absolutely no basis to override a validly closed VFD debate, and deciding that a result should be ignored is a clear subversion of process. Neutrality was a participant in the said debate (he voted "delete"), and has therefore no business in trying to close it anyway. The article has been properly undeleted. If someone wants this deleted, renominate it for deletion in a regualr VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:01, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There is certainly no sacred principle involved in being the first admin on the scene. It might just as well have been someone else instead of you. What matters is that there is disagreement among the admins who are more or less standing around, so a review by others is appropriate. Wile E. Heresiarch 13:47, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * After I got complaints of my closure here I asked two other regular VFD closers, User:SimonP and User:Rossami if they agreed with my decision. Both of them agreed with my decision. User:Neutrality was a participant in this VFD debate and therefore had a conflict of interest when he tried overruling my result. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:33, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted for now. Since this is a question of admin activity (who was right, etc.), I think this discussion should be shifted on WP:AN to get more admin feedback on how to interpret the VfD. --Deathphoenix 14:26, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It has been. See WP:AN/I Administrators%27_noticeboard/IncidentArchive38. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:10, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted For these reasons:
 * A second administrator is allowed to change a result. Nothing wrong with that.
 * The higher the number of votes, the less inclined I am to call a no consensus.
 * I think the article should have been deleted anyway. [[smoddy ]] 20:45, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * As a result of comments above and a discussion with Tony Sidway regarding his view that all votes are "binary" requiring a "keep" or "delete" decision, regardless of whether any votes are to keep, I am restoring my vote to keep deleted. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:24, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted for the above reasons. --Carnildo 23:20, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Restore Lapsed Pacifist 03:16, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Undelete. There was no clear consensus to delete.  If we want to reevaluate the keep decision, it should be resubmitted to VfD, not done here.  NoSeptember  08:21, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted or redelete. (Has anyone bothered to read the article in question? It's junky nonsense that clearly contravenes WP:NOR.) Given the sensitivity of this subject (i.e. Jews as "presecutors" -- what historical revisionism that is) and that two thirds of the original vote was to rightly and logically delete it (out of over 100 valid votes cast), it should have been dumped and banished, and certainly not "protected" by any admin which then resulted in the subsequent justified uproar. The sooner this article goes, the better. IZAK 08:33, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong "Make it so That it was Never Deleted in the First Place". I think Smoddy, Wile, and others miss an important issue. This is more than just a disagreement between two admins closing the debate. Neutrality was a voter in the debate, in fact, one with strong views. Let me quote Neutrality's vote: "Delete this filth." So then, after the debate was closed, he deleted it anyway. It is highly improper to close in which you are involved, especially overriding another uninvolved admin. VfU is about process, and this aticle was deleted out of process. In fact, why did we get mad at Stevertigo for editing a protected article he was involved in? Why were people mad at Ed Poor for closing Lucky's RFA when he himself had so emphatically voted in it? For the same reason this article was deleted improperly. An involved admin... give me a break. Dmcdevit·t 08:43, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, I hadn't quite grasped that. Nevertheless, I think all the above votes serve to validate Neutrality's point, even if he overstepped the mark originally. We're building an encyclopedia. End result above process, right?  [[smoddy ]] 10:01, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No. If violating process upsets people, we should follow process. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:02, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No. Process helps us maintain our objectivity and enables the end result.  Arbitrarily ignoring the process creates uncertainty, ambiguity and ill will between participants.  It makes us more susceptible to the whims of a few and degrades the total quality of our encyclopedia.  Rossami (talk)
 * To both the above users: What is the most important part of Wikipedia? Answer: building an encyclopedia.  You are right that ignoring policy can have unfortunate effects.  But is not upsetting people more important than the content of the encyclopedia?  I don't think so.  Here, he article was rubbish, so deleting it was a good thing.  In addition, a huge majority of people did not want the article to remain, and plenty of people (including myself) are willing to accept Neutrality's judgement.  This is quite enough process for me.   [[smoddy ]] 16:45, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sticking to process is only a good idea in so much as the process has been validated. And that requires that the product of the process be established as reliably defect-free. Until that point, the process has to be malleable, and I don't think Wikipedia is anywhere near that point yet. Gzuckier 17:10, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, another thing that you're not really seeing. This is VfU, not VFD. We are not voting on the merits of the article and whether it should be deleted, and with good reason. Very few of the VfD voters have voted here and probably few even know about it. Neutrality deleted it improperly and it was restored; and now people here are trying to use Votes for Undeletion to get a properly closed VfD overturned and actually delete it. That's what VfD is for. Again this is not VfD. Take it back there if you want to. Dmcdevit·t 19:30, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you analyze the number of VfD decisions which are overturned, I think you will find that our process is remarkably close to defect-free. It may not be up to Six Sigma standards and it's certainly more time-consuming than any of us want but for such a contentious process, it renders a very high proportion of correct decisions.  I see no evidence supporting the need to bypass process in this case.  If you think the "keep" decision was in error, simply VfD it again.  Rossami (talk) 22:53, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete resp keep deleted. No merits, presently only contains unnotable incidents. JFW | T@lk  09:58, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted or redelete. Clearly the vote was in favour of deleting. Kuratowski's Ghost 10:03, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Undelete - as much as I object this article, which I find to be racist, original research and poorly substantiated, the act of deleting it by Neutrality was wrong because:(a) no concensus was reached; (b) Neutrality had no business overturning Sjakkalle's decision; (c) Neutrality was involved in the vote. The article should be properly deleted after a vfd, and until then, it will be a disgrace to Wikipedia.--Doron 11:06, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Leave it Undeleted. The discussion was properly closed with a "no concensus" decision.  If Neutrality or anyone else wants to have this article deleted, they must propose it through a new VfD discussion.  The first discussion did not meet the necessary standards of concensus.  (The arguments that say it should be deleted because of the mere vote-counts are just wrong.  Despite the name, "Votes for deletion" has nothing to do with "voting".)  Rossami (talk) 12:35, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted. Keeping it in the face of 2/3 delete vote was the improper move here. --Briangotts (talk) 16:17, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, keep deleted or redelete. I agree with Doron above that the article is a disgrace for Wikipedia. See my detailed comments on the article at the talk page. gidonb  18:16, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted. 66 votes in favour of deleting is strong consensus, even if it is "only" 2/3 of those who voted. Jayjg (talk) 18:47, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted. Tomer TALK 19:24, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * COMMENTS: (1) This is not the place to discuss whether or not Neutrality acted improperly by reinterpreting Sjakkale's decision that there was no consensus.  That belongs at WP:ANI.  (2) Sjakkale says this is being discussed there, but it is not.  (3) The discussion here is utterly moot since the article is not presently deleted.  (4)  Articles on VFU should not be undeleted until consensus is reached on the VFU page.  Doing so discourages comment and makes people wonder why the discussion is going on at all.  Clearly, there's no reason to vote for undeletion if the article isn't deleted.  (5) If someone deletes  the article, and spells out their rationale, then we can discuss whether or not their rationale was valid, and ONLY that discussion is appropriate here.  I believe Neutrality's rationale was valid, hence my vote above.   Tomer TALK  19:24, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Um, Teacher? Can you start over?  #3 seems to contradict #4 and #5 contradicts something, I'm sure.  Oh, and there doesn't seem to be anything there where your pointer is. (Making #2 contradict #1 or at least making it look embarrassed.) And I have to use the restroom - can I have a hall-pass while you explain it again?" -  Tεx  τ  urε  20:24, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Grrrr. so academic...are you really confused?  or just trolling?  Of course there's nothing there, that's my whole point.  Sjakkale says there is, and there isn't.  The discussion over whether to undelete is irrelevant, since the article isn't deleted.  If the article was deleted, it shouldn't have been undeleted while the VFU is still open.  (5) is just a restatement of the rules of VFU.  So much here is "out of process" and so much of the rest of it is just plain "out of place"...  The only part of #5 that contradicts anything is that I prattle on about how wrong this whole thing is, and then say "I'm going ahead and voting anyways".  It's only apparently contradictory, since I actually understand what's going on.  To expect everyone who happens by to understand, however, this entire messed up VFU, is unreasonable and unfair.  Hence (4).  Do I really need to clarify?  My clarification is quickly becoming a Mishnah Comments.  Tomer TALK  07:08, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep deleted. I saw a consensus to delete. SlimVirgin (talk) 19:33, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and keep deleted! Respectfully, Olve 22:02, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Undelete Discussion is not now on WP:ANI and the deletion was improper. Admins should be discouraged from being reckless. If someone wants to put the silly thing (and its present incarnation could be a lot worse) on VfD again, fine. Septentrionalis 22:36, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Deleted or Redelete. I intended to vote Delete in the Original VfD, but was unable to do that in time. The article is not worth keeping for reasons expressed in the Original VfD and here by numerous users. Had I and others like me done so, the result would have been a consensus to delete. -- Nahum 04:37, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I see Tomer is making a big deal out of the fact that the link I mentioned on the Administrator's Noticeboard has been archived. It was still on the "active" board when I added the link. The discussion is now here. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:45, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks Sjakkale. I wasn't "making a big deal out of [it]", I was just commenting.  The big deal came up in the prélude to my Misjna Comments.  :-)  Tomer TALK  09:31, August 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If it is ok for one admin to overrule the actions of a previous admin, then there is no reason why a third admin can't overrule the second admin and restore the article. And then a fourth admin can overrule the third admin and delete the article. This is now the new precedence here. Nevermore will their be a final decision on the closing of a VfD. The last admin to act makes the decision. :-)  NoSeptember  07:52, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that's what we're trying to avoid, actually, which is why I said, the parts of this that aren't "out of process" are entirely "out of place". Tomer TALK 09:31, August 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted. El_C 12:44, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted. Rachel1 14:12, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Considering the procedural position this is in, undelete. Sjakkalle read the results appropriately; if Neutrality disagreed, the way to handle that should have been to start a new vote for deletion. --Michael Snow 17:32, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted. The original decision was a mistake, as was Neutrality's deletion out of process — but we should be trying to do what's right, not undeleting as a signal to Neutrality.  --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:20, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Question: If this article is so awful, why has no one re-nominated it for deletion through a regular VfD discussion?  Why are so many people trying to insist on a special exception to the process for this one article?  Rossami (talk)
 * Keep deleted  Fear ÉIREANN \(caint)  01:31, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect somewhere. vfd had no consensus, so this whole discussion is out of line. it would be normal practice to redirect a title to a related subject if it transpires that this title does not warrant an independent article. To cite a quite unpolitical example, I redirected Minusa River to Minusinsk when it became clear that this "river" is just a minor brook. The Minusa River redirect as far as I care may remain part of Wikipedia until the heat death of the universe, no harm done. Similarly, it has transpired that there is no real basis for a Historical_persecution_by_Jews article. So, just redirect it to Religious persecution or something, and have that state that there is no evidence of such in Judaism after 500 BC, and have all direct links to Historical_persecution_by_Jews removed. No harm done, no vfd necessary. dab (ᛏ) 15:46, 13 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted, as per User:Texture above. There was a large number of votes, and the results arguably constituted a consensus.  It is quite unreasonable for Sjakkalle to claim that he has the final and only say on the interpretation of the results and that his judgment cannot be appealed short of doing over the entire VfD.  Nowhere else in Wikipedia does any one admin have the sole and final say on anything: for instance, if one admin blocks a user, another admin can unblock, and so forth. Undoing what another admin has done is usually done with care and courtesy, with an explanation on a talk page, but it is hardly unheard of. -- Curps 22:15, 13 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Undelete. If it needs to be deleted it should be relisted on VfD. - SimonP 17:42, August 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This article passed VfD and was then speedied a couple of times by an administrator who disputed the result.  This isn't the right way to do it; take it back to VfD if you want it deleted. --Tony Sidaway Talk  17:49, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Tony Sidaway. Shem(talk) 02:22, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Undelete. Improperly deleted. Christopher Parham (talk) 05:24, 2005 August 16 (UTC)
 * Undelete. Amalekite 11:17, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Undelete It was voted to be kept.Heraclius 01:43, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

At the end of 10 days on VfU, I count 17 "undelete" or "keep undeleted" vs 22 "delete" or "redelete". In addition, there were several very serious concerns raised here and elsewhere that the deletion was out-of-process. This is a very unusual case. Normally, a VfU requires a majority to undelete an article. This establishes that there is greater support for the deletion decision than the minimum standard for a VfD decision (where a mere third can effectively block deletion). In this case, there is actually a lower ratio to support deletion than there was in the original VfD discussion.

Our rules were never intended to cover this situation. Given the controversy and observing that editors do seem to be working on the article in good faith, I am going call this as an "undelete" decision and, per policy, return the article to VfD for a second pass. Rossami (talk) 12:17, 18 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Chrism Mass

The Chrism Mass is a religious service held in certain Christian denominations, such as Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Anglicanism. It is usually celebrated each year on Maundy Thursday or on another day of Holy Week. During the ceremony, the holy oils used for sacraments and rituals are blessed or consecrated.

History
The Chrism Mass is one of the most solemn and important liturgies of the Christian liturgical calendar. The ancient Christian Apostolic Tradition (c. 200 A.D.) described a "ceremony taking place during the Easter Vigil at which two holy oils were blessed and one was consecrated." During this rite, two oils were "blessed by the bishop: the oil of the sick and the oil of exorcism".

Ceremony
Maundy Thursday is the usual day in which this Mass is celebrated in a diocese or archdiocese. During this Mass the Holy Oils are consecrated or blessed. The Holy Oils are:
 * Chrism – used in the sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation and Holy Orders, as well as for the consecration of altars and the dedication of churches.
 * the oil of catechumens (formerly known as the oil of exorcism)– also used in the sacrament of Baptism, and
 * the Oil of the Sick – used only in the rite of the Anointing of the Sick

The Oil of the Catechumens and Oil of Chrism are used on Holy Saturday during the Easter Vigil for the baptism and confirmation of adults or children over the age of 10 who wish to fully enter the Church.

Holy chrism is a mixture of olive oil and balsam, an aromatic resin. Balsam is poured into the oil, which gives it a sweet smell intended to remind those who encounter it of the "odor of sanctity" to which those who are marked with it, are called to strive. The bishop breathes over the vessel containing the chrism, a gesture which symbolizes the Holy Spirit coming down to consecrate this oil, and recalls the actions of Jesus in the Gospel account of, when he breathed on the apostles and said, "Receive the Holy Spirit..." The priests concelebrating the mass extend their hands toward the vessel containing the chrism and say the chosen "prayer of consecration" silently as the bishop pronounces it over the chrism.

Catholicism
Anciently, in the Latin Liturgical Tradition, a special Mass – the Chrism Mass – was celebrated on Maundy Thursday. But, as Dom Prosper Guéranger noted his Liturgical Year (writing in the 1800s), “for now many centuries, this great ceremony is celebrated at the single Mass, which is said on this day in commemoration of our Lord's Supper.” During the Pontificate of Pope Pius XII, a separate Mass for the blessing of the Holy Oils was promulgated.

The blessing of the Oils is traditionally celebrated in the diocesan/archdiocesan cathedral and generally held on the morning of Maundy Thursday. However, for practical reasons, many dioceses celebrate this mass on another day during Holy Week. It is often the largest annual gathering of clergy and faithful held in most dioceses. In some dioceses, attendance is sufficiently significant that, due to limited seating, tickets are distributed to parishes. The mass is a celebration of the institution of the priesthood with Jesus' words at the Last Supper, "Do this in memory of me." During the mass, all present are called to renew their baptismal promises; priests and deacons (the ordained) are further called to reaffirm their ministry by renewing the promises made at their ordination.

The Mass takes its name from the blessing of the holy oils used in the sacraments throughout the year, which are then given to priests or extraordinary lay ministers to take back to their parishes. During the part of the Chrism Mass called the Rite of Reception of the Oils, representatives from every diocesan/archdiocesan parish receive the three oils. This signifies each parish's unity with their bishop, archbishop or cardinal. Whenever the holy oils are used, the ministry of the bishop who blessed and consecrated them is symbolically present. The oils distributed are meant to last all year, although extra oil is also blessed during the mass and is kept at the cathedral as a reserve if a parish runs out.

The service is a 1967 restoration of the rite recorded in the early 200s by the historian Hippolytus who writes of a ceremony taking place during the Easter Vigil at which two holy oils were blessed and one was consecrated. In the fifth century, the ceremony of the oils was transferred from the Easter Vigil to Maundy Thursday. A separate mass for that purpose was instituted and made distinct from the Mass of the Lord's Supper. The change took place not only due to the large crowds that assembled for the Easter Vigil on Holy Saturday night, but to fully emphasize Christ's institution of the ordained priesthood during what is traditionally called The Last Supper. In the decree renewing this rite Pope Paul VI said “The Chrism Mass is one of the principal expressions of the fullness of the bishop’s priesthood and signifies the closeness of the priests with him.”

While the Oil of the Catechumens and the Oil of the Sick, are simply "blessed," the Sacred Chrism is "consecrated".

Lutheranism
On Maundy Thursday, Lutherans celebrate the Chrism Mass, which is presided over by a bishop. In the Chrism Mass, the holy oils are blessed and clergy renew their vows.

Anglicanism
The 1979 BCP (p. 307) calls for chrism to be consecrated by the bishop. This may be done when the bishop is present in the parish for Confirmation. In many dioceses, the consecration of chrism by the bishop may be done at a service of reaffirmation of ordination vows during Holy Week. Similar to the Roman Catholic ritual, during the Chrism Eucharist, the Bishop will bless the oils used throughout the next year for baptisms and healing. In addition, the Bishop and clergy in attendance will reaffirm their Ordination Vows.

title: Chrism Mass


text:
User:Esqg

About me
Hi, I'm an obscure Wikipedian. I don't intend to take on any major article-writing, I really just joined because grammatical errors bug me, and I love making minor edits, especially when it comes to adding or fixing links. Curious? Talk to me.

Interests, or What I Might Write About
Please read the link and some of the FAQ before dismissing the need for feminism in the USA.
 * Feminism, mostly in the USA.
 * Mathematics
 * Gender issues and being a trans ally in the US

title: User:Esqg


title: File:B2m-nateshawn-mike-wan.jpg


text:
David Eugene Edwards

David Eugene Edwards (born February 24, 1968) is an American musician. He is the lead singer of Wovenhand, and also the main songwriter and the principal musician on the recordings of the band. He is the former lead singer of 16 Horsepower. Their music contains elements of old-time, folk, punk, medieval, gypsy, Native American music, and most recently late 1980s and early 1990s Gothic Rock. Lyrically, it deals with pain, conflict, faith, and redemption, with Edwards' personal Christian beliefs influencing much of the lyrical imagery.

Early life
Edwards was born in 1968 in Englewood, Colorado, the grandson of a traveling Nazarene preacher. He grew up in the church and often traveled with his grandfather. The music of the church became a major influence on the music he produced as an adult. “The music in church as a kid was always the part of church that really spoke to me, just the words of the music and the music itself. And early on, it was real somber music, just an organ and singing, and singing hymns from the 1600s. That’s pretty much what I do now too. Yeah, that was a big influence, really, and I still love that music — probably it’s my favorite music, really," he told Issue magazine.

His family later attended a Baptist church. Through these experiences, he developed an early and intensely personal relationship with Christianity. "I never felt holy or anything like that. But I knew I was saved. I was saved when I was five years old. And I've never had a doubt since then. It stays with me now. It's all dealt with by the Son. One day, the sun was coming through the window. I was in a basement, and up there at the top the sun was coming through the window. It was morning and the sun was just coming up. And the Lord showed me who he was," he told Cross Rhythms.

Edwards worked in a variety of jobs before becoming a full-time musician, including ditch digger, dishwasher, carpenter and janitor. He did not finish high school.

Career
Edwards, along with Jean-Yves Tola and Pascal Humbert (together as 16 Horsepower) performed on the soundtrack to the Jim White-inspired film Searching for the Wrong-Eyed Jesus, playing the traditional "Wayfarin' Stranger." He also appears in the film, playing a fragment of "Phyllis Ruth," a 16 Horsepower song from 1997's Low Estate.

In 2012, he became a member of Crime & the City Solution. In 2018, Edwards and co-member Alexander Hacke released an album called Risha.

In 2020, Edwards collaborated with Carpenter Brut, a French synthwave artist. They created a song and video called Fab Tool, to which Edwards contributed lyrically as well as vocally.

In August 2023, Edwards announced his first album as a solo artist, titled Hyacinth, produced by Chelsea Wolfe backing band musician Ben Chisholm. The album was released on September 29, 2023, with the first single "Lionisis" having been released on August 3, alongside a music video.

Faith
Edwards remains deeply Christian, and occasionally talks to the press about his faith and its relationship to his music. “Religion is kind of a weird word today … you know I grew up in the Church. My Grandfather was the preacher of the Church that I went to. It was small and he led the music. Socially, that was a major part of my life. There are a lot of people that grow up in the Church or whatever and they don’t care about it or they don’t follow it. Just because your parents believe doesn’t mean you are going to. But I have always believed in it, in the Bible, and it’s a huge part of my life, it affects everything I do. There is no separation between it and my regular life … you know what I mean … That’s what I sing about," he told Issue.

When asked by another journalist about his beliefs, Edwards said, "Christ is the gate out of Hell. He is the way. He is the Son. He is the virgin-born one. He is the shepherd king. He is the son of God. All of this is man's imagery that God has entered into. This is how he has shown himself to be who he is. And this is just because of the fallen state that we are in. That's what he has had to do. It's as simple as that. He shows himself to be other, and his world and his life is other, and it's not going to take place in this reality right here. This reality has been given to another. The gifts and the callings of God are irrevocable."

Despite the Christian themes that run through Edwards' music with 16 Horsepower and Wovenhand, he says Christian music communities have never embraced his work—and neither has the secular music world. “The Christian community has never liked my music, and the secular world has never accepted it because it has a Christian bent to it. So neither camp wants it. There’s nothing I can do about it. It’s just what I do. I’m not gonna try to appease either side.”

Personal life
Edwards is married; his wife's name is Leah. He has two children: Asher, born in 1987; and Elijah, born in 1997. Asher played strings on 16 Horsepower's album Secret South and appears in the videos for the band's songs "Haw" and "Clogger."

Albums

 * With 16 Horsepower:
 * Horsepower EP (CD/vinyl - 1995)
 * Sackcloth 'n' Ashes (CD - 1995)
 * Low Estate (CD - 1997)
 * Secret South (CD/vinyl - 2000)
 * Hoarse (CD - 2000)
 * Folklore (CD/vinyl - 2002)
 * Olden (CD/vinyl - 2003)
 * With Wovenhand:
 * Woven Hand (2002)
 * Blush Music (2003)
 * Blush (Original Score) (2003)
 * Consider the Birds (2004)
 * Mosaic (2006)
 * Puur (2006)
 * Ten Stones (2008)
 * The Threshingfloor (2010)
 * Live at Roepaen (2012)
 * The Laughing Stalk (2012)
 * Refractory Obdurate (2014)
 * Star Treatment (2016)
 * Silver Sash (2022)
 * With Alexander Hacke:
 * Risha (2018)
 * As a solo act:
 * Hyacinth (2023)

Singles

 * 16 Horsepower:
 * "Shametown" (vinyl 7" - 1994)
 * "Black Soul Choir" (CD - 1996)
 * "Haw" (vinyl - 1996)
 * "For Heaven's Sake" (CD - 1997)
 * "Coal Black Horses" (CD - 1997)
 * "The Partisan" (CD - 1998)
 * "Clogger" (CD - 2000)
 * "Splinters" (CD - 2001)

Video

 * 16 Horsepower/Woven hand
 * Black Soul Choir and Haw (1995)
 * 16HP DVD (2005)
 * Live DVD (2006)
 * Live at Roepaen DVD+CD (2012)

title: David Eugene Edwards


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Feegit

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 01:08, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Feegit
Neologism/dicdef. Take your pick. Denni ☯ 03:12, 2005 August 18 (UTC)
 * Deleegit per nom. --Alan Au 03:56, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologistic dic def. - Mgm|(talk) 08:14, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. But Mgm's been selfish and taken all the options. -Splash 02:30, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Feegit


text:
Shina language

Shina (ݜݨیاٗ,شِْنْیٛا, ) is a Dardic language of Indo-Aryan language family spoken by the Shina people. In Pakistan, Shina is the major language in Gilgit-Baltistan spoken by an estimated 1,146,000 people living mainly in Gilgit-Baltistan and Kohistan. A small community of Shina speakers is also found in India, in the Guraiz valley of Jammu and Kashmir and in Dras valley of Ladakh. Outliers of Shina language such as Brokskat are found in Ladakh, Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir, Palula and Sawi in Chitral, Ushojo in the Swat Valley and Kalkoti in Dir.

Until recently, there was no writing system for the language. A number of schemes have been proposed, and there is no single writing system used by speakers of Shina language. Shina is mostly a spoken language and not a written language. Most Shina speakers do not write their language.

Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Shina like other languages of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words. It has close relationship with other Indo-Aryan languages, especially Standard Punjabi, Western Punjabi, Sindhi, and the dialects of Western Pahari.

In Pakistan
There are an estimated 1,146,000 speakers of both Shina and Kohistani Shina in Pakistan according to Ethnologue (2018), a majority of them in the province of Khyber-Pakhtunkwa and Gilgit-Baltistan. A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in Neelam valley of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

In India
A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in India in the far north of Kargil district bordering Gilgit-Baltistan. Their population is estimated to be around 32,200 according to 2011 census.

Phonology
The following is a description of the phonology of the Drasi, Sheena variety spoken in India and the Kohistani variety in Pakistan.

Vowels
The Shina principal vowel sounds:

All vowels but /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found. /æ/ is heard from loanwords.

Diphthongs
In Shina there are the following diphthongs:
 * falling: ae̯, ao̯, eə̯, ɛi̯, ɛːi̯, ue̯, ui̯, oi̯, oə̯;
 * falling nasalized: ãi̯, ẽi̯, ũi̯, ĩũ̯, ʌĩ̯;
 * raising: u̯i, u̯e, a̯a, u̯u.

Consonants
In India, the dialects of the Shina language have preserved both initial and final OIA consonant clusters, while the Shina dialects spoken in Pakistan have not.

Tone
Shina words are often distinguished by three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones. Here is an example that shows the three tones:

"The" has a level tone and means the imperative "Do!"

When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling. Thée means "Will you do?"

When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising. Theé  means "after having done".

Orthography
Shina is one of the few Dardic languages with a written tradition. However, it was an unwritten language until a few decades ago. Only in the late 2010s has Shina orthography been standardized and primers as well as dictionaries endorsed by the territorial government of Gilgit-Baltistan have been published.

Since the first attempts at accurately representing Shina's phonology in the 1960s there have been several proposed orthographies for the different varieties of the language, with debates centering on how to write several retroflex sound not present in Urdu and whether vowel length and tone should be represented.

There are two main orthographic conventions now, one in Pakistani-controlled areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Kohistan, and the other in Indian-controlled area of Dras, Ladakh.

Below alphabet has been standardized, documented, and popularized thanks to efforts of literaturists such as Professor Muhammad Amin Ziya, Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel, and Razwal Kohistani, and it has been developed for all Shina language dialects, including Gilgit dialect and Kohistani dialect, which There are minor differences, such as the existence of the letter ڦ in Kohistani dialect of Shina. Furthermore, variations and personal preferences can be observed across Shina documents. For example, it is common to see someone use سً instead of ݜ for, or use sukun ◌ْ (U+0652) instead of small sideway noon ◌ࣿ (U+08FF) to indicate short vowels. However, these variations are no longer an issue. Another issue is that of how to write loanwords that use letters not found in Shina language, for example letters "س / ث / ص", which all sound like [s] in Shina. Some documents preserve the original spelling, despite the letters being homophones and not having any independent sound of their own, similar to orthographic conventions of Persian and Urdu. Whereas other documents prefer to rewrite all loanwords in a single Shina letter, and thus simplify the writing, similar to orthographic conventions of Kurdish and Uyghur.

Shina vowels are distinguished by length, by whether or not they're nasalized, and by tone. Nasalization is represented like other Perso-Arabic alphabets in Pakistan, with Nun Ghunna (ن٘ـ / ـن٘ـ / ں). In Shina, tone variation only occur when there is a long vowel. There are conventions unique to Shina to show the three tones. In Shina conventions, specific diacritics are shown in conjunction with the letters alif, waw, buṛi ye, and ye'' (ا، و، یـ، ی، ے), as these letters are written down to represent long vowels. The diacritics inverted damma ◌ٗ (U+0657) and superscript alef ◌ٰ (U+0670) represent a rising tone and a falling tone respectively. Another diacritic, a small sideway noon ◌ࣿ (U+08FF) is used to represent short vowels when need be.

Consonants
Below table shows Shina consonants.

Vowels
There are five vowels in Shina language. Each of the five vowels in Shina have a short version and a long version. Shina is also a tonal language. Short vowels in Shina have a short high level tone. Long vowels can either have "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone, a long rising tone , or a long falling tone (.

All five vowels have a defined way of presentation in Shina orthographic conventions, including letters and diacritics. Although diacritics can and are occasionally dropped in writing. Short vowels [a], [i], and [u] are solely written with diacritics. Short vowels [e] and [o] are written with letters waw and buṛi ye. A unique diacritic, a small sideway noon ◌ࣿ (U+08FF) is used on top of these letters to indicate a short vowel. Long vowels are written with a combination of diacritics and letters alif, waaw or ye.

Below table shows short vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word.

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone.

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long rising tone.

Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long falling tone (.

Text sample
Below is a short passage of sample phrases.

title: Shina language


text:
Marietta Voge

Marietta Voge, née Mariette Jirku (1918–July 1984) was a noted parasitologist, author and educator at the University of California, Berkeley.

Born in an area that became Yugoslavia soon after her birth, Voge received her Ph.D. in 1950 from UC Berkeley. She co-authored a textbook with Edward Markell on the subject of medical parasitology, in its ninth edition as Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology (ISBN 978-0721647937). At the time of its first publication in 1958, Voge was an assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine. Voge served in 1976 as president of the American Society of Parasitologists.

Voge was married to Noel Voge and was the daughter of Augustina Stridsberg, who worked for Soviet intelligence during World War II. Voge worked for the KGB's San Francisco office according to the Venona project reports.

title: Marietta Voge


text:
Talk:Constraint counting

Periods at end of in-line equations
Paul Halmos famously did not like them. I can hardly even see the one Oleg put in. Halmos advocated avoided writing sentences ending in an in-line equation, but omitting them when this does happen.---CH (talk) 03:15, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Students beware
I created the original version of this article and had been monitoring it for bad edits, but I am leaving the WP and am now abandoning this article to its fate.

Just wanted to provide notice that I am only responsible (in part) for the last version I edited; see User:Hillman/Archive. I emphatically do not vouch for anything you might see in more recent versions.

Good luck in your seach for information, regardless!---CH 23:08, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Can somebody take a look at this article?
I just don't think I can trust an article that begins with "Everybody knows that..." Wtf is that shit? srsly? The article is story-like and seems a little opinionated. I appreciate that it's here in the first place I suppose.

The Einstein stuff is written really badly86.174.43.63 (talk) 11:33, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constraint counting


text: File:DepecheModeJustCantGetEnough.jpg

title: File:DepecheModeJustCantGetEnough.jpg


text:
Nathan Michael Shawn Wanya

Nathan Michael Shawn Wanya is the fifth album by R&B group Boyz II Men in 2000. The only LP issued during the group's brief contract with Universal Records, its title reflects the album's ambitions; unlike previous records, the majority of the tracks were written and produced by Boyz II Men themselves. The two singles, "Pass You By" and "Thank You in Advance", both performed below expectations on the charts.

Track listing

 * Credits adapted from liner notes.

title: Nathan Michael Shawn Wanya


text: Talk:Nathan Michael Shawn Wanya

title: Talk:Nathan Michael Shawn Wanya


text:
Clarkia amoena

Clarkia amoena (farewell to spring, godetia, or satin flower; syn. Godetia amoena) is a flowering plant native to western North America, found in coastal hills and mountains from British Columbia south to the San Francisco Bay Area of California.

Description
It is an annual plant growing to 1 m tall, with slender, linear leaves 2–7 cm long and 2–6 mm broad. The flowers are pink to pale purple, with four broad petals 1.5–6 cm long. The fruit is a dry capsule, which splits open when mature to release the numerous seeds.

Taxonomy
Five subspecies are currently recognised, although intermediate forms are commonly found:
 * Clarkia amoena subsp. amoena (Lehm.) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr. – (farewell to spring)
 * Clarkia amoena subsp. caurina (Abrams) C.L. Hitchc. – (northwestern farewell to spring)
 * Clarkia amoena subsp. huntiana (Jeps.) F.H. Lewis & M.E. Lewis – (Hunt's clarkia)
 * Clarkia amoena subsp. lindleyi (Dougl.) C.L. Hitchc. – (Lindley's clarkia)
 * Clarkia amoena subsp. whitneyi (A. Gray) H. Lewis & M. Lewis. – (Whitney's farewell to spring)

Cultivation
Farewell to spring is commonly cultivated as a garden plant, and cultivated varieties are known.

It a cool season plant and will tolerate temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) in gardens or greenhouses. It is a facultative long day plant, i.e., it flowers faster under long day conditions but long days are not necessary for flowering. The plants grow best with minimal fertilizer rates compared to most other cut flower and flowering potted plant species. Sakata Seed Co. developed cut flower (tall; 'Grace') and flowering potted plant (short; 'Satin') cultivars introduced in the 1980s that offer great performance and uniformity.

A gallery of satin flower cultivars is presented below.

title: Clarkia amoena


text:
Svema

Svema (Свема, Светочувствительные материалы) was a major Soviet-era state-owned manufacturer of photographic film, magnetic tapes and cassettes, based in Shostka, Sumy Oblast, Ukraine. The manufacturing was started in 1931, at the time, in Ukrainian SSR, USSR. Svema had a registered trade mark and formerly was referred as "NPO Svema" of the Shostka Chemical Plant.

They made black-and-white photographic film, photographic paper, B&W motion picture film until 2010s, colour photographic and motion picture film until 1995 and magnetic tapes until 2014. Svema products were known among enthusiasts as an easy and study product for beginners in home film development and printing.

The use of Svema color film was common for Soviet and post-Soviet cinema from the late 1960s until the late 1990s with some student works being shot on Svema up until 2010s.

Svema lost its market share in former Soviet Union countries to imported products during late 1990s when magnetic tapes were superseded by compact discs. The enterprise went bankrupt in 2015 and its main buildings were demolished in 2019.

History
The manufacturing plant was founded in 1928 as a joint venture between Soviet government and French company Lumière that signed a contract to start production of celluloid photographic film in the Soviet Union.

Color photographic films

 * Svema DS-4 Color Negative Film ISO/ASA 50
 * Svema CO-32D Color Reversal film ISO/ASA 32
 * Svema CO-50d Color Reversal film ISO/ASA 50
 * Svema CND 64 Color Negative Film ISO/ASA 64
 * Svema TsNL 65 Color Negative Film ISO/ASA 80
 * Svema LN-9 Color Negative Film, 35mm motion picture film stock
 * Svema DS-5M Color Negative Film, 35mm motion picture film stock

Tape
Reel to reel tapes

Black-and-white photographic films
Before 1987 (old GOST speed scale)
 * Svema Foto 32; 32 GOST, ISO 40/17°
 * Svema Foto 65; 65 GOST, ISO 80/20°; sheet films 6.5×9 cm - 30×40 cm, KB, 6×9", bulk
 * Svema Foto 130; 130 GOST, ISO 160/23°; KB, bulk
 * Svema Foto 250; 250 GOST, ISO 320/26° (Daylight); 350 GOST, ISO 400/27° (Tungsten); KB, bulk

1987-1990 (new GOST speed scale, same as ASA)
 * Svema Foto 32; ISO 32/16°
 * Svema Foto 64; ISO 64/19°
 * Svema Foto 125; ISO 125/22°
 * Svema Foto 250; ISO 250/25° (Daylight); ISO 320/26° (Tungsten)
 * Svema Reporter; 200 GOST, ISO 200/24° (actually cinematographic filmstock); KB, bulk

After 1990 (ISO speed scale)
 * Svema Foto 50; ISO 50/18°
 * Svema Foto 100; ISO 100/21°; KB, 6×9", bulk
 * Svema Foto 200; ISO 200/24°; KB, bulk
 * Svema Foto 400; ISO 400/27°; KB, bulk

title: Svema


text:
Floyd River

The Floyd River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 112 mi long, in northwestern Iowa in the United States. It enters the Missouri at Sioux City, and is named for Charles Floyd, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Course
The Floyd River rises in northwestern O'Brien County near the town of Sanborn and flows generally southwestwardly through Sioux, Plymouth and Woodbury counties, past the towns of Sheldon, Hospers, Alton, Le Mars, Merill, and Hinton. At Merrill the Floyd collects its largest tributary, the West Branch Floyd River, which is about 40 mi (65 km) long. The West Branch rises near Boyden in northeastern Sioux County and flows generally southward into Plymouth County, past Maurice and Struble. The Floyd enters Woodbury County near the Leeds neighborhood of Sioux City.

The Floyd River has come out of its banks on several occasions, causing disastrous flooding in Sioux City in 1892 and 1953. The river has since been the focus of an intensive flood control project. The Floyd's lower channel through Sioux City has been straightened, channelized, lined with riprap and banked by a high earthen levee.

The Floyd River is the site of frequent fish kills caused by runoff of massive amounts of animal waste from farm feedlots into the river.

Charles Floyd

Charles Floyd, for whom the river is named, was a U.S. Army sergeant who was born in Kentucky and was one of the first to enlist in the Lewis and Clark Expedition. On August 19, 1804, just three months into the two-year journey, Floyd became violently ill and died the next day of what is believed to have been a ruptured appendix. He was buried on a hill overlooking an unnamed river on the Iowa side of the Missouri River. In his honor, the expedition's leaders, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, named the river Floyd River and the hill Floyd's Bluff. Floyd was the expedition's only casualty, despite the many dangers encountered in the 8,000 miles traveled in reaching the Pacific Ocean and returning to St. Louis.

title: Floyd River


text:
Talk:Umbrella Corporation

Elite Python
The phrase "Elite Python A modification for a Colt Python .357 Magnum made by Umbrella." is used on multiple websites, and as far as I could see had no source. It is possible that Wikipedia had it first, then other sites just copied the list (the rest of the list is on most of those other sites), which has happened before. However, I have a couple questions... 1. Did it ever have a source? 2. In which game/movie/book/comic/whatever was this "Elite Python" featured? 3. Also, the thing about the RE0 magnum was interesting, but again what's the source? I don't want to just erase any of it, but ... it's all unsourced. In fact, now that I look at it, I don't think the article has any sources at all...

Separate Canon
I think we should sperate all movie cannon from game cannon. Its way too confusing. And update the picture of the BOW developement team.

History... Information
Where is all this history from? It should be listed under ==References==

We need to find more information about this theeres gotta be some more background out there from the other games; it seems liek this all derives from on or 2 games.

and what about hte umbrella corporation as depicted in the resident evil movies? how is the different hte same and so on?
 * from the beginning of the first film: At the beginning of the 21st century, the Umbrella Corporation had become the largest commercial entity in the United States. Nine out of every ten homes contain its products. Its political and financial influence is felt everywhere. In public, it is the world's leading supplier of computer technology, medical products, and healthcare. Unknown, even to its own employees, its massive profits are generated by military technology, genetic experimentation and viral weaponry.

History
I have completly removed "History" seeing as no reference is given and the info is clearly taken from other web-sites, books etc. Example site Please feel free to re-add the section once sources and permission has been granted. Havok (T/C) 23:44, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow. It is very stubby without the History section. Optichan 15:01, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It sure is, I think we should re-add it in; I couldnt find any references to it as from original sources; but im sure its fair use, So im for putting it back in.... --larsinio 15:53, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Seeing as we don't know if it's fair use it should stay down. Not only that, but much of the info was cluttered and repetitive. Feel free to re-write and chop down the history though, maybe write much of it in "your" words.  Havok  (T/C) 23:26, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. We should keep the history, just condense it. For example, we don't need a header for every date - maybe three sections, like Early History, Later History, and Current History? --User:Morgan695
 * Good idea, I'm for that. Havok  (T/C) 10:41, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Please do not re-add "History", it is believed to be copyright violation. I have checked the history for the the edit, and it was added by Driz at |10:39, on the 16 of April 2005 with no notice if it was his or what not. I have found the same information on www.rehorror.com and, so until the information is found to NOT be in violation of any copyright, it stays off the article. If it is reverted again I will have to report the article as a possible copyright violation. Thank you. Havok (T/C) 18:51, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I am contacting the apparent creator of this history REBORN to find out about the creation of this and obtain permission to use this. You could have done the same thing havok instead of just trying to get people in trouble :P --larsinio 19:14, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

I'm not trying to get people in trouble, I'm sorry if I sounded harsh. But in my eyes it was a clear violation, and as such should not be added until permission is either obtained, or the article is heavily re-written. Sorry if anyone missunderstod my agenda. Havok (T/C) 19:25, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Umbrella in Dino Crisis 2

 * Somebody should have a reference to the Umbrella which was also used in Dino Crisis 2. Empty2005 11:56, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Why? Eluchil  00:44, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Umbrella in the Real World
I don't think the material in this section is relevant or noteworthy enough to be included in this article. It ought to be deleted. Does anyone disagree? If not, I will eventually remove this section. Teflon Don 01:13, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. Teflon Don 06:55, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

you know the umbrella corp is real i done research —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.169.240.211 (talk) 11:47, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

A single Mega-Corporation owning all the other corps. wouldn't advertise its own existence. Anon 23.XI.2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.19.165.71 (talk) 15:01, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

In-Universe tag
I agree with whoever removed the corporation infobox, but how can this article be improved in terms of describing a fictional corporation as such? It notes the company's fictional nature in the first paragraph, it has a section on "Umbrella in other media," and even a mention of Umbrella in the evil megacorporation archetype. Other than adding a list of references (which should be done anyway) or inserting the word "fictional" into every paragraph, what else could be done? Teflon Don 04:26, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * First things first, check out WP:WAF.

 * Then, attribute each claim about Umbrella to a game, and try to describe its development in the real world instead of its fictional development. For example, why is the founding of Umbrella first, when it wasn't revealed until after about at least four games (depending on how many spin-offs you count)? Why are all these "products of Umbrella" and facilities and paramilitary units listed without attribution to a specific game?

 * This article still needs a lot of work, and reads more like a fansite (or, worse yet, an encyclopedia article somehow transported from the RE universe) than an encyclopedia article. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 19:06, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I took the liberty of rewriting the section on paramilitary units. I don't have as much time as I'd like, so I might not get to any other sections for a while.  Teflon Don 23:20, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks good. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 23:21, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Victory
Remove any more corpoate info boxes and I shall avenge.

Shanequinlan01

Before replacing this infobox, please read WP:WAF, which discourages use of real-world infoboxes on fictional subjects. Please don't add the Corporation infobox to this article. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 07:06, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Spoliers
Two beginnings, no ends. Being as I haven't played the game, I can't close them, but I can snicker at you guysfor not doing it. /snicker. Lovok 13:59, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

BOW development team
Anyone else think that the BOW Development team photo looks fake and the heads are pllastered on by graphic editing programs? Jamesino 00:46, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

No, because the picture is actually from the first original Resident Evil video game, which is displayed in the labs and in the "Visual Data Room". - *.:.`ShadowFox` S.T.A.R.S..:.* 04:22, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Allusion to Citigroup?
Is there any information on the inspiration for the Umbrella corporation name and logo? I'm thinking Citigroup, since they are the largest company in the world, and have an umbrella logo as well. 165.230.46.150 17:48, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Location
Why is the location in the infobox set as America? It's pretty clearly referenced that there are branches across the globe and it was founded by a European? It is absolutely clear that Umbrella is in Europe, not in the U.K. but in Europe, so please, leave your American patriotism for a while and admit that Umbrella is supposted to be in our continent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.54.29.118 (talk) 12:36, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Point of Origin
Excuse me, I am confused. Where exactly did the Umbrella Corporation originate from. I know it is a world-wide corporation. I just don't think it was in France. Perhaps I am wrong as I might very well be. Nevertheless, my understanding was that it was founded in the Americas...more specifically in the United States. After all, isn't that why "Racoon City" was founded. I can only think of a few possibilities:

1) It is a corporation originally headquartered in the United States in the founded location of Racoon City.

2) It is a corporation originally headquartered in the United States founded in another location other than Racoon City.

3) It is a corporation originally headquartered in Europe. (Where exactly would it have originated from? From France? I don't recall seeing France in the picture. Please remind me.)

4) It is a corporation originally headquartered in another location not mentioned above.

I know there are other facilities in other diverse location (Arklay Mountains, etc.) I want to know the corporations point of origin. Any help would be greatly appreciated! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 198.213.170.39 (talk) 23:22, 24 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Frankly, I don't know where this bizarre info came from either. Certainly, there is a Paris Laboratory, but I have not seen anything to suggest that the headquarters is there. Wolf ODonnell 16:28, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * In the games, Chris set off to take down the Umbrella HQ in "Europe". Parjay ► Talk 16:29, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Exactly. It could have been in Spain, for all we know. I'm removing all references to Umbrella's HQ being in Paris. Wolf ODonnell 13:54, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Logo
HI, Any chance we could get the Umbrella Logo implanted into the Info box? [Pagren 01/07/07]

Fair use rationale for Image:UBCS mark.PNG
Image:UBCS mark.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 10:17, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Spencer estate front.jpg
Image:Spencer estate front.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:38, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Who is the vandal that destroyed U.B.C.S. article?
Alright, explain why the U.B.C.S. article was destroyed (literally! It wasn't even merged with the Umbrella Corporation article. --Kurt Leyman (talk) 22:57, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MTR UMBUspirim.jpg
Image:MTR UMBUspirim.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 13:02, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Anon IP POV pushing
86.143.125.14 seems rather obsessed with pushing his own views of what was used to destroy the city on this article and the Raccoon City article. No sources given. Geoff B (talk) 22:24, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

I don't see any sources from you. You are putting out of date info on pages I am correcting it and will continue to do so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.125.14 (talk) 22:28, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * My sources are the games themselves. The games show a missile or missiles being launched at Raccoon City.  None of the games show a bomb being dropped.  So, where's your source?  Geoff B (talk) 22:55, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

My sources are also the game themselves and the more recent ones. A fuel air bomb can be deployed in as a bomb droped from a plane or lauched in a missile. RE4 shoes this as the bomb at the starts blast radiuce is to small to ba a nuke ( or one of any use in stopping an out break ) and there is no EMP. UC also says that it is a conventioal missile that deastroys raccoon. The only convential missle that air bursts is a fuel air bomb. Your edits are vandalium and I will remove them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.125.14 (talk) 23:34, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

RE4 shoes this as the bomb at the starts blast radiuce is to small to ba a nuke ( or one of any use in stopping an out break ) and there is no EMP. - This is original research, unless you are a nuclear weapons expert and have a particular work of yours you can quote. The only convential missle that air bursts is a fuel air bomb. - This is just plain wrong. There are plenty of explosive weapons, from the man-portable on upwards, that are capable of airbursting. And a missile is not a bomb. Geoff B (talk) 01:01, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

No mention of Umbrella's history as it appears in the films.
The information in the article appears to be exclusivly about Umbrella's history in the games. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.230.237.156 (talk) 23:07, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Considering that we know almost nothing on Umbrella in the films, what other reasons do you have?-- OsirisV (talk) 11:56, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Listed AFD
I read the article and talk and see problems but it was tagged AfD. The reasoning is no Google search hits and no 3rd party verification, although apparently at least one was found, along with other problems (see: #Umbrella Corporation ). I have seen that certain violations have been dealt with (image violations, POV, etc...) but do feel the title should be, Umbrella Corporation (Fictional game), as I dislike getting such unwarranted hits on a search result. This would also deal with the above mentioned statement concerning the use of "fictional" at every turn. This is not the main problem and will not matter if the article is deleted.
 * As the problems listed on the AfD are fixable this means that someone should take an interest or risk possible deletion. I have weighed in on "tag removal" only on the grounds that I feel the tag was premature, and not per Wikipedia accepted process, which would include appropriate tags for issues and resolution or not. Otr500 (talk) 00:24, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 19 February 2017
should be added to the page. George Ho (talk) 04:03, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

Also, should be added. George Ho (talk) 04:15, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅ — xaosflux  Talk 04:48, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 30 August 2023
Please remove R fully protected. It is handled by the banner template and at the moment twice on the list. Christian75 (talk) 13:41, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 20:57, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Umbrella Corporation