text:
New wave music in Yugoslavia

New wave in Yugoslavia (Нови талас; Novi val; Novi val; Нов бран) was the new wave music scene of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. As its counterparts, the British and the American new wave, from which the main influences came, the Yugoslav scene was also closely related to punk rock, ska, reggae, 2 tone, power pop and mod revival. Some of its acts are also counted as belonging to the Yugoslav punk scene which already existed prior to new wave. Such artists were labeled as both punk rock and new wave (the term "new wave" was initially interchangeable with "punk").

Overview
The Non-Aligned socialist Yugoslavia was never part of the Eastern Bloc and it was open to western influences (the West to some extent even supported Yugoslavia as a "buffer zone" to the Warsaw Pact). The new wave scene in Yugoslavia emerged in the late 1970s and had a significant impact on the Yugoslav culture. The Yugoslav rock scene in general, including the freshly arrived new wave music, was socially accepted, well developed and covered in the media. New wave was especially advocated by the magazines Polet from Zagreb and Džuboks from Belgrade, as well as the TV show Rokenroler, which was famous for its artistic music videos.

This anti-establishment movement was even supported, although moderately, by the Communist authorities, particularly by the Communist youth organisation which often organized concerts, festivals, parties, exhibitions, and other cultural events. The lyrics that were criticizing and satirizing the flaws of the Yugoslav socialism were considered by the authorities as a "useful and friendly critique" and were often tolerated with certain cases of censorship. Especially the Zagreb-based band Azra, who were known for their political and social criticism in their songs. The Yugoslav new wave scene also cooperated with various conceptual or artistic movements related to pop art, avant-garde etc.

Important artists of Yugoslav new wave were: Azra, Šarlo Akrobata, Idoli (famous for their song "Maljčiki" and its respective video in which they ridiculed the Soviet soc-realism), Pankrti (first Yugoslav punk band), Prljavo kazalište (started as a punk unit; the title of their second album Crno-bijeli svijet, which means "the black and white world", holds a reference to the 2 tone movement), Električni Orgazam (punk at the beginning, they moved towards post-punk and psychedelia later and were described as "The Punk Doors"), Slađana Milošević, Haustor (mostly reggae, ska and similar influences, but with a more poetic and intellectual approach compared to some danceable bands), Buldožer, Laboratorija Zvuka, Film (one of the first Yugoslav new wave groups), Lačni Franz and many others. Some of them genuinely started as new wave bands, while others previously adhered other styles (for example the members of Azra were previously into a somewhat hippie style prior to becoming a new wave band).

With the decreasing popularity of 1970s hard rock and progressive rock among the youths after the expansion of punk and new wave, even the cult rock band Bijelo Dugme decided to change its rural folk-ish hard rock style and jump onto the new wave bandwagon. They adopted the 2 tone style for a short period of time while it was fashionable on their album Doživjeti stotu which featured the ska theme "Ha, ha, ha". The chorus lyrics were used as a title for the compilation album Svi marš na ples!.

Cult symbols of the Yugoslav new wave era are the compilation albums Paket aranžman, Novi Punk Val, Artistička radna akcija and especially the movie The Promising Boy.

Decline
As new wave perished in the late-1980s, some of the bands split or took different musical directions. The period around 1982 is considered especially crucial concerning the decline of new wave in Yugoslavia. There were several other reasons why Yugoslav new wave started to fade beside the notable general decline of new wave around the world: the economical crisis in Yugoslavia in the first half of the 1980s and the political instability, especially in the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo in 1981 after Josip Broz Tito's death. Also, the musical genres such as post-punk, dark wave and gothic rock, as well as New Romantic and synth-pop already saw a great expansion around the world, including Yugoslavia too.

Šarlo Akrobata changed from its initial ska and reggae-inspired period, embracing a deeper post-punk sound. They were also a support act of Gang of Four in Zagreb, before they finally split in 1981. Milan Mladenović, the band's notable vocalist and guitarist in 1982 formed the cult band Ekatarina Velika which was noted for its dark poetic post-punk style and intellectual attitude. In the same year, his bandmate Dušan "Koja" Kojić formed the group Disciplin A Kitschme (Disciplina kičme), a band influenced by a variety of music styles, which later rose to international prominence.

Idoli, Prljavo kazalište and Film (the latter under the moniker Jura Stublić i Film) later became pop or pop rock and all of them respectively achieved great mainstream success. During the 1980s, Azra gradually moved to more conventional rock with occasional use of folk rock elements. Johnny Štulić's poetic trademarks were still notable throughout their lyrics; Električni Orgazam soon became a successful mainstream rock band inspired mostly by the 1960s including artists such as The Rolling Stones.

Legacy
The Yugoslav new wave period is still considered the golden age of pop and rock music in the countries that emerged after the breakup of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav new wave scene gave birth to some of the most important Yugoslav acts ever and it was acclaimed by the Western media (notably by Melody Maker) for its quality and originality as well.

In 2004, Igor Mirković made a film titled Sretno dijete (Happy Child) named after a song by Prljavo kazalište. The movie covers the events in the former Yugoslav new wave scene.

Bands

 * In SR Slovenia:
 * Avtomobili (Nova Gorica) - early period
 * Borghesia (Ljubljana)
 * Buldožer (Ljubljana)
 * Demolition Group (Brežice)
 * Gast'r'bajtr's
 * Lačni Franz (Maribor)
 * Pankrti (Ljubljana)
 * Otroci Socializma (Ljubljana)
 * Videosex (Ljubljana)
 * In SR Croatia:
 * Aerodrom (Zagreb) - on album Tango Bango only
 * Animatori (Zagreb)
 * Azra (Zagreb)
 * Boa (Zagreb)
 * Denis & Denis (Rijeka)
 * Film (Zagreb)
 * Haustor (Zagreb)
 * Metak (Split)
 * Neki to vole vruće (Zagreb)
 * Parlament (Croatian band) (Zagreb)
 * Patrola (Zagreb)
 * Problemi (Pula)
 * Paraf (Rijeka)
 * Parni Valjak (Zagreb) - on album Vruće Igre only
 * Prljavo kazalište (Zagreb)
 * Stidljiva ljubičica (Vrbovec)
 * Termiti (Rijeka)
 * Zvijezde (Zagreb)
 * Xenia (Rijeka/Zagreb) - early period
 * In SR Serbia, including Vojvodina and Kosovo:
 * Bezobrazno Zeleno (Belgrade) - early period
 * Bigoti (Niš)
 * Boye (Novi Sad) - early period
 * Bulevar (Belgrade)
 * Čista Proza (Novi Sad)
 * Defektno Efektni (Belgrade)
 * Dobri Isak (Niš)
 * Doktor Spira i Ljudska Bića (Belgrade)
 * Električni Orgazam (Belgrade)
 * Grupa I (Belgrade)
 * Gjurmët (Pristina)
 * Idoli (Belgrade)
 * Kontraritam (Novi Sad)
 * Kozmetika (Belgrade)
 * Laki Pingvini (Belgrade) - early period
 * La Strada (Novi Sad) - early period
 * Luna (Novi Sad)
 * Laboratorija Zvuka (Novi Sad) - on album Duboko u tebi only
 * Max & Intro (Belgrade), including Max Vincent's solo career
 * Obojeni Program (Novi Sad) - early period
 * Pekinška Patka (Novi Sad)
 * Pasta ZZ (Belgrade)
 * Petar i Zli Vuci (Belgrade)
 * Piloti (Belgrade)
 * Profili Profili (Belgrade)
 * Propaganda (Belgrade)
 * Radnička Kontrola (Belgrade)
 * Slađana Milošević (Belgrade) - on album Neutral Design only
 * Šarlo Akrobata (Belgrade)
 * TV Moroni (Belgrade)
 * Urbana Gerila (Belgrade)
 * U Škripcu (Belgrade) - early period
 * VIA Talas (Belgrade)
 * Zana (Belgrade) - early period
 * In SR Bosnia and Herzegovina:
 * Bijelo Dugme (Sarajevo) - on album Doživjeti stotu only
 * Kongres (Sarajevo)
 * Zabranjeno Pušenje (Sarajevo) - on album Das ist Walter only
 * Bonton Baya (Sarajevo) - ELPI 1983
 * In SR Macedonia:
 * Cilinder (Skopje)
 * Haos in Laos (Skopje)
 * Mizar (Skopje) - early period
 * Badmingtons (Skopje)
 * Bastion (Skopje)
 * Padot na Vizantija (Skopje)- early period
 * Aleksandar Makedonski (Skopje)
 * Fol Jazik (Skopje)

Related movies

 * Sretno dijete
 * Davitelj protiv davitelja
 * Dečko koji obećava
 * Dezerteri Roka

title: New wave music in Yugoslavia


text:
Phil Parsons

Phillip Gregory Parsons (born June 21, 1957) is an American former professional stock car racing driver, team owner, and analyst for FOX NASCAR since 2003. After years racing in NASCAR Winston Cup, he returned to the Busch Series where he enjoyed modest success.

After his racing career, Parsons also embarked on a career as a racing TV commentator, providing color analysis for the Mizlou Television Network. He was also a commentator for the DirecTV NASCAR Hot Pass during Sprint Cup races. Most recently he has been a color analyst for FS1's coverage of the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and, currently, the ARCA Menards Series.

He was the starter for the 2007 Daytona 500, waving the green flag. In 2008 he became a part-owner of a new Nationwide Series team, MSRP Motorsports.

Beginnings
Phil Parsons began racing in the Late Model Series and the NASCAR Goody's Dash Series. When the Late Model Series became the Busch Series in 1982, Parsons joined the circuit full-time, driving the No. 28 Skoal Pontiac for Johnny Hayes. He won his first career race, at Bristol Motor Speedway, and led the championship points early in the season. He won the pole in two of the last three races of the season and finished fifth in points. The following season, he competed in a limited schedule, 22 out of 35 races, but won four poles and had twelve top-tens, finishing fifth in the points. That season, he also ran five Winston Cup races with Hayes in the No. 66, posting two top-ten finishes.

Winston Cup
In 1984, Hayes and Parsons joined the Cup Series and ran twenty-two races, posting three top-eight finishes and ended the season placing 24th in the standings, second behind Rusty Wallace for NASCAR Rookie of the Year. The same year, his Busch ride was bought by Jack Ingram and Parsons ran five races for him, and had two top-five finishes. In 1985, he ran the full season, splitting time between Jackson Bros. Motorsports and Roger Hamby's car. Despite four top-tens, he failed to finish in thirteen races, and wound up 21st in points.

In 1986, Parsons ran seventeen races, and had a best finish of fifth at Talladega. He had four more top-tens, but finished twenty-seventh in the final standings. The following season, he got his first full-time Cup ride, with the Jackson brothers, when he signed on to drive their No. 55 Oldsmobile, garnering seven top-10s and a fourteenth-place finish in the final points standings. In 1988, Parsons led 52 laps at the Winston 500 and achieved his only Cup win. He also had a career-best points finish of ninth that season. The next season, however, he only had two top-five finishes and lost his ride at the end of the season.

He began 1990 driving the No. 4 car for Morgan-McClure Motorsports, but was released only three races into the season. He ran at Bristol for Jackson in a one-race deal, finishing the race in 25th, and also drove for Phil Barkdoll and Lake Speed. He made his most starts with the fledgling Diamond Ridge Motorsports, his best finish with them was a 21st at Darlington. He did not run the Cup series in 1991, but rather a handful of Busch races in his own equipment leased from Diamond Ridge. He had two top-10s, including a fourth-place finish at Darlington. After beginning 1992 with a tenth-place at the Daytona 500 with Melling Racing, he returned to Busch to run seven races, and had five top-10s.

In 1993, Parsons returned to the Cup series, running the No. 41 Chevy for Larry Hedrick Motorsports. Despite an eighth-place finish at North Carolina Speedway, Parsons was released near the end of the season. Phil ended the 1993 season with a ninth-place finish at Atlanta Motor Speedway while driving for Butch Mock Motorsports.

Return to Busch Series
In 1994, Parsons returned to the Busch Series on a limited schedule in a car owned by his wife Marcia. He won his second and final Busch race at the Champion 300, and finished 25th in points after running just seventeen races. He went back to full-time racing in 1995 in the No. 99 Luxaire Chevrolet for J&J Racing, posting nine top-tens and finishing eighth in points. The following season, he and Marcia returned to car owner duties with the No. 10 Channellock Chevrolet. He began the season with consecutive third-place finishes but moved down to ninth in points. The next season, he finished in the top-ten in each of the first six races of the season posted a best finish of sixth in points. He also made his final Cup start that season for SABCO Racing at Darlington, when he replaced Joe Nemechek, who was on bereavement leave (Nemechek's brother John was killed at Homestead the previous week). He finished 31st.

With sponsorship from Dura Lube in 1998, Parsons matched his 1997 points finish. Alltel joined as primary sponsors for 1999, but Parsons failed to qualify for the NAPA 200 and dropped to fifteenth in the standings. At the end of the season, he merged his team with ST Motorsports to drive the No. 59 Chevrolet, and finished twelfth in points despite just two top-tens. His last start in NASCAR competition came at Kentucky Speedway in 2001. Driving the No. 97 Curb Agajanian Performance Group car, Parsons started fifth but finished 34th after a wreck late in the race.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

ARCA Permatex SuperCar Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

24 Hours of Daytona
(key)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Phil Parsons


text:
1971 Palanca Awards

The 21st Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature was held to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca Sr. through an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country.

LIST OF WINNERS

The 1971 winners were divided into six categories, open only to English and Filipino [Tagalog] short story, poetry, and one-act play:

Short Story

 * First Prize: Cirilo F. Bautista, "The Ritual"
 * Second Prize: Resil Mojares, "Beast in the Fields"
 * Third Prize: Amadis Ma. Guerrero, "Children of the City"

Poetry

 * First Prize: Cirilo F. Bautista, "The Archipelago"
 * Second Prize: Wilfredo Pascua Sanchez, "Five Poems"
 * Third Prize: Federico Licsi Espino Jr., "From Mactan to Mendiola"

One-Act Play

 * First Prize: Maidan T. Flores, "The Grotesque Among Us"
 * Second Prize: Jesus T. Peralta, "Age of Prometheus"
 * Third Prize: Alfredo O. Cuenca Jr., "Operation Pacification"

Maikling Kwento

 * First Prize: Edgardo B. Maranan, "Ipis sa Guhong Templo"
 * Second Prize: Jose Reyes Munsayac, "Isang Araw sa Buhay ni Juan Lazaro"
 * Third Prize: Wilfredo Pa. Virtusio, "Maria, Ang Iyong Anak"

Tula

 * First Prize: Rogelio Mangahas, "Mga Duguang Plakard at Iba Pang Tula"
 * Second Prize: Lamberto E. Antonio, "Tatlong Awit ng Pagpuksa"
 * Third Prize: Cirilo F. Bautista, "Tinikling (Dalawang Tula)"

Dulang May Isang Yugto

 * First Prize: Victor V. Francisco, "Dugo sa Uhay ng Luntiang Palayan"
 * Second Prize: Fernando L. Samonte, "Langit at Lupa"
 * Third Prize: Alberto S. Florentino Jr., "Panahon ng Digma"

title: 1971 Palanca Awards


text:
User talk:Grutness/archive07

This file is an archive - please do not add new discussion here - add it to my Talk page

Lawson Images
Fantastic. I can really got to town on those, especially the chimneys of the boy's school disguised as pinnacles, don't see that very often, it's almost a renaissance trick, so to see it in the gothic is great. Funny to see your trees without leaves forget its winter with you, at least you have a blue sky, looking ut of the window here over Holland Park loads of leaves, but a grey miserable sky - what am I doing here! Supposed to be working at the moment but will have a go at Lawson later on. Giano | talk 30 June 2005 08:36 (UTC)
 * Briliant one of the back of the First Church exactly the shot required, I've just dumped them on the page for now, played for over an hour, but not happy with them, I know you like (and they are supposed to be) all down one side but it looks (to me) so sterile, also unsure about sizes - have a look see what you think, lot more to write yet, i found a great ols print of the loony bin at Seacliffe, which I'll upload - do you know if it's definitly demolished? Internet sources are at odds. Got to stop now for a few hours while I'm still in employment!! Giano | talk 30 June 2005 12:59 (UTC)
 * Shit I'm supossed to be working - I see that's a better theory - perhaps best to write the article and then play with the pictures. Right I'm turning this thing off so I can't keep looking at my watch page. I quite like the idea of putting the rear of the church up front, its beter than the portrait of him, but I suppose every one would object to that, anyway I don't think I'm overpopular at the moment with certain people on FA so if we want this on the main page this decade best to conform!!! Giano | talk 30

June 2005 13:22 (UTC)
 * "Threave". Hate to be a bore, but you said you had an image of Threave, is that a classical house, cos' the page need one to balance gothic Larnach Castle. A nice miniature Buckingham Palace would be perfect! failing that anything with a couple of pillars, failing even that anything with a sash window painted white! any ideas. I can't find anything suitable on the net, once I've got a picture I can b/s for a hundred words - just need one more classical, and its almost there - cheers 213.122.133.127 2 July 2005 09:43 (UTC)
 * Hi something wrong with the server it keeps logging me out: Giano

Don't worry - just have to do without, don't worry either about the digital camera you just end up with a slow computer full of pictures you never look at, that might come in useful one day - and never do. Giano | talk 2 July 2005 14:31 (UTC)

Lawson
It is gradually getting there (slowly), but I think the time has come when it needs a pretty ruthless copyedit, prune and honest opinion - so if you have some time to spare....? I don't take offence very easily so do what you like! (more or less!) I don't want to put the footnotes in until it is finished as things will still move about, is there any way you could check the year he was elected a Vice president of the Otago Institute of Architects. Thanks and regards Giano | talk 11:27, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Right it is done! At least as far as I'm concerned, it is now open to the public as Robert Lawson (architect) it need some other people etc to look at with fresh eyes and ideas. The fotos look good though. Giano | talk 12:21, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Lawson (yet again)
Please change what you like, I have never even seen a single one of his works in real life - you have. Regarding Salisbury, take a look here which is the one I favour (ignore the two spires and the flying buttresses just foreign ostentatiousness!) I think this may have a greater similarity than Salisbury, and this (slightly un-English style was the inspiration. Compare with the rear views you took of First Church. Please edit heavily where you think necessary,  I've stared at the page for too long which is why I've dumped it in proper article territory. Regards: Giano | talk 20:46, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Great copyedit - good job. The faults I see are that the lead is too short, and his death sounds too perfunctory and abrupt at the end, but I suppose that's how sudden death is! I couldn't find out much more anyway. Do you think its ready for FA? I've seen worse there, but I am just not that happy with it, I can't quite put my finger on why - perhaps it's too long, but it's good information, and would be a shame to weed it out. I just don't know. Giano | talk 06:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, have you time to put it there now, I've a train to catch, if not I'm back in a few hours. I think its the length, while the subject is fascinating to me,I suspect it is probably less so to others. Cheers 213.122.216.18 06:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't worry about peer review for now, I've seen what's wrong, it needs to be explained that Lawson's work can be evaluated and explain d through a description of the 6 buildings in the text and why, than a bit about his style and talents regarding each building rather than just the present architectural description, the problem will be keeping out my POV - I really do prefer Petre's work Giano | talk 11:55, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Right, I've made a few changes and think I'll nominate it for FA, (a) because in my experience no-one reads long pages at peer review. (b) I like to live dangerously, (c) after the next few days I shall probably be disapearing for a month or so, or at best on reuced time, so here goes, if you feel like it muster the Kiwis, I want a NZ architecture 3x on the main page in a year. Giano | talk 18:47, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the plug and kind words. I seemed a good idea to nominate it last night after a coupe of glasses of wine, this morning perhaps a bit premature - Oh well what the hell Giano | talk 07:25, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I agree completely, I think the problem is, as I had ro research everything, it is probably better sourced, but that somehow hindered the spontaneity of the writing, perhaps a;so there is too mucgh info - I suppose encyclopeically its probably the better article? Giano | talk 13:01, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Your art
Wow, just had a look at your web site and I really like your painting style. --Doradus July 1, 2005 02:54 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that! Glad you like it! :) Grutness...  wha?

Allen3
Thank you for your support in my recent RfA nomination. I appreciate the vote of confidence you have provided me. --Allen3 talk July 1, 2005 14:24 (UTC)

Danny
Hi Grutness, thanks for supporting my RfA. It's encouraging to receive positive feedback, and I look forward to working with you in the future in stub sorting or wherever we run into each other! --Spangineer (háblame)  July 4, 2005 03:42 (UTC)

Thanks for your note. I have responded about the Nepal stub category where you indicated. Danny 4 July 2005 10:50 (UTC)

Thanks for offer (Moriori)
Hey Grutness, tks for offering to nominate me for admin, which I gladly accept. I've been part of Wikipedia since middish 2003, and registered October 03. I've sort of plodded along with a v-e-r-y slow computer but now have a newly acquired machine plus broadband so can more quickly get in and out of Wiki. My main goals in Wiki are to contribute informative general knowledge subjects, to improve content that needs editing, and to deal to vandalism. Cheers. Moriori 01:53, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

checking the calendar (MTG)

 * cough*mid-July*cough* GarrettTalk 06:03, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * My apologies. I hadn't realised that I was editing an archive.-gadfium 08:44, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Redwolf24
Hey Grutness, although I'm unfamiliar with you I would like to thank you for giving me a yes vote :D My RfA is looking pretty good... me and Essjay had a bet over whos RfA will end up looking better :) With Respect, Redwolf24 01:41, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Sorry for disturbing you, being a little tense
I (successfully) created the crime-book-stub, but it doesn't relay to the appropriate category (which I also created); whre am I going wrong ??? BTW,I must admit I'm a little tired right now, and I'm gonna log off in a minute or so THX in advance Lectonar 4 July 2005 13:05 (UTC)
 * Fixed (and replied). Grutness...  wha?  4 July 2005 13:15 (UTC)

 * THX for the instant help; regarding the civility: that's my credo...

and may a wager a little recommendation:

- Anno Dracula, and The Difference Engine by William Gibson are nice Lectonar 4 July 2005 13:23 (UTC) alias Sean O'Lochlainn

Template:stub
Hi. I wonder whether you might be inclined to offer something by way of an explanation for reverting my edit to this template? I get the feeling, with a summary as peremptory as "rv to Netoholic's last edit", that you think my edits are so clearly inappropriate that no reason is necessary, which I am confident is not the case. — Dan | Talk 5 July 2005 04:40 (UTC)

bio-stubs
Well I must admit I hadn't realized Wikipedia had entered a period of such bureaucratic morass that it was now necessary to receive permission prior to adding new form of categorization. Also beyond simply a means of categorization, it would seem radically POV to mark only some nations as "acceptable" choices for stub categorization. Particularly since it seems clear to me that the root category of bio-stub is choked and in need of additional categories. Frankly I see no reason to think I should need to ask before making such additions, and in fact would much rather abandon the matter entirely than touch the bureaucratic machine. So I suppose I'm done sorting these stubs, and if you would like to nominate any number of my stub types for deletion somewhere, I will not care enough to generate protest. Sarge Baldy July 5, 2005 11:51 (UTC)
 * Replied - at length. Grutness...  wha?

Asia-struct-stub
Sorry, I now realise I should have added Japan-stub, rather than replaced Asia-struct-stub. Kjlewis 5 July 2005 12:07 (UTC)
 * S'alright. Keeping it as an asia-struct-stub has the added advantage that it makes it easier to tell whether there will ever be need of a separate Japan-struct-stub. Grutness...  wha?  5 July 2005 12:15 (UTC)

From Blimpguy re stub templates
Thanks for the fix on stubs. Before using the template, I tried to be a good puppy and did some looking around for the list of stubs categories/templates, but didn't find it. After a while I gave up and just added the closest one I stumbled across in an existing article. You may want to add some information on the style and/or how-to articles for us template newbies. Regards. Blimpguy 5 July 2005 13:52 (UTC)

Software engineering Vs Computer science
Hi! I reverted your edits in. Just to make a note, software engineering is a -very- distinct branch of computer science. Hence, it needs it's own stub. Yes, I know it's currently used only in The Tao of Programming, but expect to be used more later on. Project2501a 03:01, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

moving Oceania stubs
Thanks for your hard work. I was unaware a new FP stub had been created. I don't know why it was felt necessary to spell out FrenchPolynesia in the stub name, as opposed to simply FP, but whatever. If you need help moving other stubs to appropriate places, let me know how I might be of assistance. I was thinking just the other day that it would be nice to divide up the Oceania stubs by at least micro- mela- and polynesian stubs. I see someone else has been thinking about this as well. :-p Tomer TALK  07:12, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no doubt in my mind whatsoever that the preponderance of FP geostubs in the Oceania-geo-stub cat was primarily my doing, as I think I probably created half of them... :-p Tomer TALK  07:24, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, you'll notice a great number of them are specifically Marquesas Islands stubs, for which I created Category:Marquesas Islands... speaking of which, I also created Category:Society Islands and Category:Tuamotu. This brings to the fore 2 almost-unrelated questions.  First, where does the 60-articles threshhold for categories come from, and second, what's the proper procedure for categorizing articles?  Presently, I believe, all articles within Category:Marquesas Islands (etc.) also contains links to Category:French Polynesia.  Should both cats be included, since the more specific extends the more general?  Or should only the most specific cat be included? Tomer TALK  08:48, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, so (shhhhh!) I'm officially on a wikibreak...but I think it would be more sensible to divide the stubs by political division, and when necessary, by geological/geographical division. I think it would be a travesty to let Tokelau stubs, for example, languish in Oceania stubs simply because there's highly-plausible rationale to believe that such a category will never exceed 20 stubs, indeed I can think of perhaps a maximum of about 40 articles for the group as a whole.  Where is the discussion of this properly engaged?  Tomer TALK  09:02, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Algeria stubs
Good work on the new stub cat! I've announced it on the little-frequented Wikiportal/Algeria. - Mustafaa 16:18, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Newfoundland and Labrador Stubs
Hey, no problem, I was just so glad to see a NL stub and then got carried away to move the appropiate articles into it. Hopefully I got 'em all. Wikipedia is relatively new to me, my first edit/article was in May, I really like it and have been enticing others to give it a go. HJKeats 12:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Stubs (Canada)
I thank you a lot for your hard work with the stubs. Next time you go through them, do you think you could look out for communities that don't have a province following their names? (i.e. if the article is at Kenora, move to Kenora, Ontario) I've had a look at the lists before, but you never know if I missed a few. If you have any questions in that regard, please let me know. (Use discretion, Bytown does not belong at Bytown, Ontario for historical purposes). -- Earl Andrew - talk 18:07, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes it is standard practice- except for the major cities of Toronto, Vancouver, Ottawa and Montreal. Don't go out of your way to fix them, that's my job- but if you come across one, it would help me out :) -- Earl Andrew - talk 02:49, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I should also let you know that neighbourhoods dont need the province following them either. -- Earl Andrew - talk 02:57, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

nobility stubs
Ashur-uballit_I, an Assyrian king, is put into the nobility stub category, which is interesting. If you sample the active pages listed here, Kings_of_Assyria, you get a very irregular categorization. I'm not wiki-wise enough to tackle this issue, but there is a problem with consistency. They are certainly kings. And yeah, you need to archive.--FourthAve 06:56, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * replied, and yes I do. it's nearly two weeks since I last did that. add another hour to the day and I'll consider it! :) Grutness...  wha?

I created this stub as part of a WikiProject that I started, WikiProject Broadway. I haven't been working with the project in a little while, but I've been intending to go back and get the stub used on more articles. There are a fair amount of articles (and articles that need writing) on Broadway Theatres, Broadway shows, and other topics (actors, notable Broadway directors and designers), that I've been planning to work on, and was hoping to use the stub for. I apologise for not submitting the stub for consideration to WP:WSS/C, I hadn't been by that page previously, and didn't realize that was expected. If you would consider rescinding the STfD, I would be delighted to submit the stub for consideration, however I do not want to submit the stub concurrently with an open deletion vote.Thanks for your time and consideration. EvilPhoenix talk 03:06, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * replied Grutness...  wha?
 * Well, I think that splitting out by type of play has certain limitations that using the stub I created addresses, which I have made a brief discussion of on the deletion debate page. EvilPhoenix talk 06:30, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

AR-geo-stub
can you arrange an AR-geo-stub for Argentina? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 22:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * did it myself, hope this is fine.
 * nooo! Grutness...  wha?

 * little known? I think every internet user in Argentina knows AR. lot of people in geography will know it as well. Arizona can only be the idea of US-centric people. Aruba? Please compare size of Aruba and Argentina. There is also US-geo-stub. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 01:38, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Armin Rotenbauch is known by me as AR. Do I think I can use this in wikipedia as abbrev. for him? I know, some people in the US tend to think the US is all and then maybe cannot imagine there is anything else in GEO-STUB with AR. use of ISO 3166-1 is something that can be done worldwide. type AR in google, first is Arkansas followed by lots of hits in Argentina. No Aruba anywhere. I saw you talking for BrColumbia. What's that? Shall we use arg-geo-stub? would be fine for me. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 02:08, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * All replied to. Grutness...  wha?
 * you are wrong: British Columbia is not known as BrColumbia througout the world, at least not here in my flat. Why AR? Why BrColumbia if there is a perfectly usably British_Columbia-geo-stub possibility? What is that? I mean why do you handle BrColumbia different to AR? What about UKW wales? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 02:53, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * maybe you can reply to this UKW/UKS thing at Category_talk:Geography_stubs Tobias Conradi (Talk) 02:58, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Your concerns have been addressed. If you wish, Argentina could have a redirect at SouthAmericaA-geo-stub, since that would keep it in line with the others you mention.
 * after this post I think talking with you is nonsens. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 11:01, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Nonsense begets nonsense, my friend. However, at least my nonsense followed logically from your arguments. Grutness...  wha?

Template:TOCright
Just in case you haven't seen it, have a look at the revision of W. Mark Felt. - Ta bu shi da yu 5 July 2005 02:11 (UTC)
 * Also recommend you look at Daniel Pipes. - Ta bu shi da yu 5 July 2005 02:12 (UTC)
 * And (sorry to keep posting here), see Windows 2000 with the template. - Ta bu shi da yu 5 July 2005 02:14 (UTC)
 * Well, the Windows one doesn't work because the infobox is above the TOC, rather than the other way round. I agree about the others though - they look really good! Even more reason to keep the template. Grutness...  wha?
 * Look, no offense (I have always respected you and will continue to do so even though I am pretty adamant on this issue), but why should a change like this be applied that is not in the stylesheet? I think it looks godawful - can I change this in my stylesheet? What about the standard practice of having the image on the right hand side of the screen - a standard design principle (look at any advertisment)? - Ta bu shi da yu 5 July 2005 02:39 (UTC)
 * The feeling's mutual as to the respect, but I see nothing wrong with this. As to standard advertising practice, what of articles that have no lead picture but have nmany sections? It looks far better to have the contents where they are most logical (again, for the reasons chosen in advertising practice, the main text body starts at top left), and certainly we don't need tons of white space at the top of the page. It doesn't work with all articles - it may not work with more than a small minority - but it is a useful option to have. I've tried it on my user talk page, and it clearly doesn't work there, but consider a page like List_of_volcanoes - imagine how that would look without some form of floating right-hand TOC. Grutness...  wha?
 * Bingo. You said it yourself - the eyes look to the left for text. With TOCright, the image will be on the left. Sorry, a bit busy. Will message in a few minutes. - Ta bu shi da yu 5 July 2005 02:57 (UTC)
 * OK, have had a look at List of volcanoes and agree that it does look better there. However, what about articles that are not lists? Articles that have such a large TOC need to be shortened and split up into subarticles anyway. - Ta bu shi da yu 5 July 2005 03:27 (UTC)
 * Okay, well two things here - first, the eyes do look to the left for text, which is why having the main body of the text start on the left is preferable to having a table of any sort there. As for "what about articles that are not lists:, well, some of them would work better with the TOC on the right, too. As I said earlier, I'm not suggesting it becomes compulsory, simply that it be retained as an option for the minority of cases where it does look better floating to the right. I think maybe this time we're just going to have to agree to disagree... Grutness...  wha?
 * Of course :-) However, there has been no guidelines on when and when NOT to use this template. For instance, I'd be mighty pissed off if it was used on Windows 2000 - I feel that it would be totally inappropriate. And on Daniel Pipes, there was no need to use it at all because the article is a) not large enough, and b) an article with a picture that is now on the left hand side of the page. Maybe my listing it on TFD was a tad premature: I'm willing to conceed that it might be useful on some pages (list lists), and will make my comments there soon; however without a style guideline I think we're in for some lovely edit wars between editors (don't worry, I won't participate: I will merely stop editing the article). - Ta bu shi da yu 5 July 2005 03:44 (UTC)

Spanish West Africa
Of course, you are right. In addition, I said basically the same thing earlier. I don't know what my problem was... Thank you. Justin (koavf) July 5, 2005 05:32 (UTC)

my message to alkivar
Hi - Sounds like you didn't actually read the message I left for Alkivar. It's distinctly not the standard one. -- Rick Block (talk) July 7, 2005 15:09 (UTC)
 * Oh, and BTW, although there was a single edit summary there were at least 3 "standard" versions based on previous nominations (including declined offers to nominate in talk history) and current activity based on user contributions. I took about two weeks to work through the list of nearly 300 names BECAUSE I didn't just mindlessly slap messages on talk pages.  In case you're having any trouble reading my tone, I'm offended by the implication of mindlessness. --Rick Block (talk) July 7, 2005 15:40 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry I caused you offence. I had wrongly assumed, since the messages all had identical titles that they would be identical. I still think it wasn't the best timing, but I apologise for thinking that you had stuffed up. Grutness...  wha?
 * Apology accepted. The point of the message to Alkivar was to politely offer him an opportunity to remove the asterisk if he decides he'd rather never go through rfa again (I made the same offer to Eequor shortly after her recently failed nom as well).  At a broader level, the point of the whole exercise is to try to raise the general sensitivity to the desires of the folks on the list.  It's almost unbelievably ironic to be accused of being insensitive. -- Rick Block (talk) July 8, 2005 00:36 (UTC)

NZ map images.
Hello James. Good to see your maps of NZ localities. I run Netscape 7.02 and Win98. The maps cause the text to be compressed since the image is not right justified even though it has the appropriate parameter set. If I give the image a label the problem goes away ie. the image is displayed to the right. Do you know if this a bug in the Wiki software? I have put a label on the image at Manapouri Alan Liefting 8 July 2005 05:06 (UTC)
 * Replied, and problem taken to VP(T). Grutness...  wha?
 * I checked the one at Orewa. It does not have the justification problem. I prefer the maps with a border and a caption. They look a little unfinished without a border. Do you think they could also do with a scale? Alan Liefting 9 July 2005 05:50 (UTC)

NZ Images
hey cool NZ images! I hope you dont mind but i made one for Cheviot, New Zealand using your template.

BTW, what is up with "This user is a fluent speaker of Patent nonsense."???

Supersaiyanplough|(talk) 9 July 2005 10:25 (UTC)

 * Oh bother, my computer doesn't have Geneva. What font should I use, Arial ok? - Supersaiyanplough|(talk) 9 July 2005 10:39 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks for the award. I was wondering when I would get one of those :-D. I shall add it to the 'ol trophy case. Hope I haven't created too much work for you :) -- Earl Andrew - talk 8 July 2005 09:44 (UTC)
 * It's amazing what a minor typo edit to an obscure politician can do, eh? :) Well there's lots more work to do, by the time I'm done with the wikipedia, every community in Canada will have a page! muhahaha *evil* Cheers! -- Earl Andrew - talk 8 July 2005 09:54 (UTC)

Abu Qir Bay
Hi Grutness. I noticed you changed "Abu¯ Qi¯r Bay" to "Abu¯ Qi¯r Bay". Why is that? There are lots of Google hits for "Abu¯ Qi¯r Bay" (even with the special characters), but not for "Abu¯ Qi¯r Bay". (I'm afraid I don't know much about Arabic.) – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) July 9, 2005 14:42 (UTC)
 * Replied. Same old problem, even with MW 1.5... Grutness...  wha?
 * That's fine. Thanks for the info! – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 00:28, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

Please stop using an unsafe browser, now
Please stop using the Macintosh version of Internet Explorer to edit pages. It damages both text and links. As such, it could be seen as damaging the encyclopedia’s integrity, and your persistence in doing so might even be seen as bad faith. You shouldn’t be lumping it with Windows IE either; as far as Wikipedia is concerned, they are quite different.

Don’t go on about “browser-unsafe characters” either; direct characters are there so that anyone editing the source or comparing versions can see what’s going on. MediaWiki 1.5 allows the nearly all Unicode characters to be used without entities, and this is the normal and expected way to enter them. There are bots such as Chobot and RobotE stripping entities out of interwiki links, and there will probably a more general bot soon.

If you’re stuck at a computer without a safe browser, you could trying using the “Show changes” button for all edits; however, you will to be very careful never to save unless you’re satisfied that you are only making the changes you intend to make. Otherwise, you will really need to wait until you can find a computer that is safe to use. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 12:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I am using Mozilla Firefox, and have been for some time. I read wikipedia with IE, but I edit with Firefox. Grutness...  wha?

The deeper meaning of liff
I wonder if you are aware that Douglas Adams defines Grutness in The Deeper Meaning of Liff as;

Grutness (noun)

The resolve with which the Queen sits through five days of polynesian folk dancing.

Bluemoose 08:59, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * :)) I didn't know that (I have copy of the original version of the book, but not the bigger version). That makes sense, and is apt for someone living where I do in NZ. Thanks for that! Grutness...  wha?

Can't remember where to report this
Hi,

Sorry to put this on your page, but I noticed the other day that you seem to know what's happening in this community (voting on RfA, etc).

There's a user I'm concerned about - 212.44.58.161. I noticed what they did on the Teletubbies page on 18th July - changing the female characters to male and using the word d!ck where inappropriate.

Looking at some of their other posts, I am very concerned about the change to the Arcade Game page - changing the year on Space Invaders. Maybe they corrected this year, but I have no idea.

Do you know where I should report this?

I will revert the Teletubbies changes.

--JimmyTheWig 12:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the advice. I've reported it as an "incident".

Wasn't totally by chance I picked you. I noticed that you made a change on Barnet F.C. and wondered what else you did. --JimmyTheWig 13:51, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Bernwood Forest
I gotta love your comment. Made me chuckle anyway. Back to hitting trolls with sticks... -- Francs2000 | Talk 19:43, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

WPSS-cat
Hey there, Grutness. Would you mind explaining me what exactly is Template:WPSS-cat? DESiegel has been inserting some information regarding it into the guideline, but I sincerely have no idea about the use of the template to actually give a proper reply to him. Cheers. --Sn0wflake 22:43, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grutness/archive07


text:
Talk:The Northern Way

More information needed
The article says things like "...capitalise on the North's new-found confidence..." without clarifying where North is, I for one am unsure whether it is North England or North Scotland or north something else the article refers to. Akamad 13:04, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've tried to add a little clarity about why this initiative was started, and also make clear we're talking about England. It still needs substantially more information, though, so I've put the stub tags in. MrTrev 00:39, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

I've comprehensively updated this entry, but am not fully familiar with Wikipedia conventions, so I invite anyone to tidy my entry up...

Vague, woolly, meaningless
This article is little more than a promotional piece for whatever it is these various quangoes get up to. It would help if there were some explanation of why the Northern Way (TM) is deemed necessary. And why is "North" always capitalised?

This is a propaganda piece I think 81.249.217.222 (talk) 09:22, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Northern Way


text:
Latin American debt crisis

The Latin American debt crisis (Crisis de la deuda latinoamericana; Crise da dívida latino-americana) was a financial crisis that originated in the early 1980s (and for some countries starting in the 1970s), often known as La Década Perdida (The Lost Decade), when Latin American countries reached a point where their foreign debt exceeded their earning power, and they could not repay it.

Origins
In the 1960s and 1970s, many Latin American countries, notably Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, borrowed huge sums of money from international creditors for industrialization, especially infrastructure programs. These countries had soaring economies at the time, so the creditors were happy to provide loans. Initially, developing countries typically garnered loans through public routes like the World Bank. After 1973, private banks had an influx of funds from oil-rich countries which believed that sovereign debt was a safe investment. Mexico borrowed against future oil revenues with the debt valued in US dollars, so that when the price of oil collapsed, so did the Mexican economy.

Between 1975 and 1982, Latin American debt to commercial banks increased at a cumulative annual rate of 20.4 percent. This heightened borrowing led Latin American countries to quadruple their external debt from US$75 billion in 1975 to more than $315 billion in 1983, or 50 percent of the region's gross domestic product (GDP). Debt service (interest payments and the repayment of principal) grew even faster as global interest rates surged, reaching $66 billion in 1982, up from $12 billion in 1975.

History
When the world economy went into recession in the 1970s and 1980s, and oil prices skyrocketed, it created a breaking point for most countries in the region. Developing countries found themselves in a desperate liquidity crunch. Petroleum-exporting countries, flush with cash after the oil price increases of 1973–1980, invested their money with international banks, which "recycled" a major portion of the capital as syndicated loans to Latin American governments. The sharp increase in oil prices caused many countries to search out more loans to cover the high prices, and even some oil-producing countries took on substantial debt for economic development, hoping that high prices would persist and allow them to repay their debt.

[[File:USD to Argentina Currency Exchange Rates.webp|thumb|325px|USD / Argentina Currency Exchange Rates
 * From January 1970 to May 1983: pesos ley 18188
 * From June 1983 to May 1985: peso argentino
 * From June 1985 to December 1991: australes

]] US Dollar Index DXY.webp {{legend|#00A2FF|outline=#0076BA|US Dollar Index (DXY)}}

]] As interest rates increased in the United States of America and in Europe in 1979, debt payments also increased, making it harder for borrowing countries to pay back their debts. Deterioration in the exchange rate with the US dollar meant that Latin American governments ended up owing tremendous quantities of their national currencies, as well as losing purchasing power. The contraction of world trade in 1981 caused the prices of primary resources (Latin America's largest export) to fall.

While the dangerous accumulation of foreign debt occurred over a number of years, the debt crisis began when the international capital markets became aware that Latin America would not be able to repay its loans. This occurred in August 1982 when Mexico's Finance Minister, Jesús Silva-Herzog, declared that Mexico would no longer be able to service its debt. Mexico stated that it could not meet its payment due dates, and announced unilaterally a moratorium of 90 days; it also requested a renegotiation of payment periods and new loans in order to fulfill its prior obligations.

In the wake of Mexico's sovereign default, most commercial banks reduced significantly or halted new lending to Latin America. As much of Latin America's loans were short-term, a crisis ensued when their refinancing was refused. Billions of dollars of loans, which previously would have been refinanced, were now due immediately.

The banks had to somehow restructure the debts to avoid financial panic; this usually involved new loans with very strict conditions, as well as the requirement that the debtor countries accept the intervention of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). There were several stages of strategies to slow and end the crisis. The IMF moved to restructure the payments and reduce government spending in debtor countries. Later it and the World Bank encouraged open markets. Finally, the US and the IMF pushed for debt relief, recognizing that countries could not fully repay the large sums they owed.

Effects
[[File:Argentina Inflation.webp|thumb|300px|Argentina Inflation {{legend|#F69F68|Year over Year inflation|outline=#F27200}}

{{legend|#00A2FF|Month over Month inflation|outline=#00A2FF}} ]]

The debt crisis of 1982 was the most serious of Latin America's history. Incomes and imports dropped; economic growth stagnated; unemployment rose to high levels; and inflation reduced the buying power of the middle classes. In fact, in the ten years after 1980, real wages in urban areas actually dropped between 20 and 40 percent. Additionally, investment that might have been used to address social issues and poverty was instead being used to pay the debt. Losses to bankers in the United States were catastrophic, perhaps more than the banking industry's entire collective profits since the nation's founding in the late 1700s.

In response to the crisis, most nations abandoned their import substitution industrialization (ISI) models of economy and adopted an export-oriented industrialization strategy, usually the neoliberal strategy encouraged by the IMF, although there were exceptions such as Chile and Costa Rica, which adopted reformist strategies. A massive process of capital outflow, particularly to the United States, served to depreciate the exchange rates, thereby raising the real interest rate. Real GDP growth rate for the region was only 2.3 percent between 1980 and 1985, but in per capita terms Latin America experienced negative growth of almost 9 percent. Between 1982 and 1985, Latin America paid back US$108 billion.

Before the debt crisis, the creditor countries of the Paris Club were unwilling to provide debt reduction or forgiveness, and would only consider rescheduling, refinancing, or restructuring debt. As a result of the Latin American debt crisis, the Paris Club began to gradually re-evaluate its unwillingness to provide debt forgiveness or reduction over the course of the 1980s. By the late 1980s, the Paris Club concluded that it was not possible to avoid a vicious cycle of debt without a willingness on the Paris Club's part to write-off non-performing loans. It provided its first partial debt reduction in 1988.

International Monetary Fund
Before the crisis, Latin American countries such as Brazil and Mexico borrowed money to enhance economic stability and reduce the poverty rate. However, as their inability to pay back their foreign debts became apparent, loans ceased, stopping the flow of resources previously available for the innovations and improvements of the previous few years. This rendered several half-finished projects useless, contributing to infrastructure problems in the affected countries.

During the international recession of the 1970s, many major countries attempted to slow down and stop inflation in their countries by raising the interest rates of the money that they loaned, causing Latin America's already enormous debt to increase further. Between the years of 1970 to 1980, Latin America's debt levels increased by more than one thousand percent.

The crisis caused per capita income to drop and also increased poverty as the gap between the wealthy and poor increased dramatically. Due to plummeting employment rates, children and young adults were forced into the drug trade, prostitution and terrorism. Low employment also worsened many problems like crime and generally reduced quality of life in the affected countries. Frantically trying to solve these problems, debtor countries felt constant pressure to repay their debts, increasing the difficulty of rebuilding ruined economies.

Latin American countries, unable to pay their debts, turned to the IMF (International Monetary Fund), which provided money for loans and unpaid debts. In return, the IMF forced Latin America to make reforms that would favor free-market capitalism, further aggravating inequalities and poverty conditions. The IMF also forced Latin America to implement austerity plans and programs that lowered total spending in an effort to recover from the debt crisis. This reduction in government spending further deteriorated social fractures in the economy and halted industrialisation efforts.

Latin America's growth rate and living standards fell dramatically due to government austerity plans that restricted further spending, creating popular rage towards the IMF, a symbol of "outsider" power over Latin America. Government leaders and officials were ridiculed and some even discharged due to involvement and defending of the IMF. In the late 1980s, Brazilian officials planned a debt negotiation meeting where they decided to "never again sign agreements with the IMF". The result of IMF intervention caused greater financial deepening (Financialization) and dependence on the developed world capital flows, as well as increased exposure to international volatility. The application of structural adjustment programs entailed high social costs in terms of rising unemployment and underemployment, falling real wages and incomes, and increased poverty.

2015 levels of external debt
The following is a list of external debt for Latin America based on a 2015 report by The World Factbook.

title: Latin American debt crisis


text:
User:Matsuhito

hi i am from japan originaly and i am interested in article of wikipedia and editing it. I can have more information about articles related to history of japan. also i can give info on history of russia, china and some other places. Also i am interested in american cars, especially suvs (too bad they eats too much fuel to drive in japan). I am 22 years old.

so far i did not edit many but i hope i will with time. Leave sayings if you want so.

title: User:Matsuhito


text:
User:Nick1915

Hello! I'm a stew --> please see my userpage on meta

Résumé
Nothing.

it:User:Nick1915

title: User:Nick1915


text:
Soomaa National Park

Soomaa National Park (Soomaa rahvuspark) is a national park in south-western Estonia. Soomaa ("land of bogs") protects 390 km2, the park was created in 1993. Soomaa has been an Important Bird Area since 1989, a Ramsar site of protected wetlands since 1997 and a Natura 2000 area since 2004.

Geography
The national park, situated in Vahe-Eesti (aka Meso-Estonia), was created in 1993 to protect large raised bogs, flood plain grasslands, paludified forests, and meandering rivers. The territory of the national park is mostly covered with large mires, separated from each other by the rivers of the Pärnu River basin — the Navesti, Halliste, Raudna and Lemmjõgi rivers. Of the raised bogs, the most noteworthy is the Kuresoo Bog, whose steep southern slope, falling into Lemmejõgi, rises by 8 metres over a distance of 100 m.

On the eastern margin of the national park, lie the highest dunes on the Estonian mainland, situated some 50 kilometres off the contemporary coastline. The most characteristic coastal formations of the predecessor of the present Baltic Sea, the Baltic Ice Lake (11,200–10,600 years ago), which marks the one-time water level, are situated on the north-western and western edges of the Sakala Upland. The Ruunaraipe Dunes are the highest of the area. The dune ridge, winding from northwest to southeast is a 1.2 km-long sand ridge, whose maximum height is 12 metres.

In 2009, the Soomaa National Park, as the largest intact peat bog system in Europe preserved as wilderness, joined the PAN Parks network of wilderness areas, as it proved excellence in combining wilderness protection and sustainable tourism development.

Floods
When vast amounts of water run down the Sakala Upland, the rivers of Soomaa cannot contain it all. The water flows over flood plain grasslands and forests, and covers roads, disrupting connection with the outer world. In some years the spring floods have risen by a meter a day for 3–4 days.

The Riisa flood area is formed in such a way; with a surface area covering 175 square kilometres at its largest, it is the biggest regularly flooded area in Estonia and whole Northern Europe. At the maximum flood level the water-covered area can be 7–8 km across. Steep-sloped, raised bogs stand as islands in the water. The flood is often called the "fifth season" in Soomaa.

Flora and fauna

Soomaa National Park is the most valuable part of the remaining extensive wilderness area in South-West Estonia. Kuresoo Bog is one of the two best surviving large bogs in Estonia with species diversity amongst the highest.

The alluvial meadows and forests that cover the riverbanks are of great botanical value. Approximately 200 species have been recorded, including Gladiolus imbricatus, iris sibirica, and Sedum telephium. The unique swamp forests (carrs) surrounding the site are also of special interest.
 * Flora

The site regularly supports more than 1% of the individuals in relevant populations of Bewick's swan and common crane, and the composition of bird species in these bogs, especially Kuresoo, is one of the most representative in Estonia. Species recorded include golden eagle, Eurasian whimbrel (more than 100 pairs), European golden plover (ca. 150 pairs), dunlin (ssp. schinzii), merlin, willow ptarmigan, and Montagu's harrier.
 * Fauna

During the autumn migration, it is a stopover and roosting site for common cranes (ca. 1,000) and Bewick's swan (ca. 500), and during spring migration there are around 2,000 Bewick's swans. Corncrakes are still numerous on floodplain meadows (50-100 pairs). It is an important spawning ground for the northern pike.

As a large wilderness area, Soomaa is a home and breeding area for several mammals that are extinct or very rare in other parts of Europe. The most numerous large mammal species are the roe deer, elk, and wild boar. Eurasian beaver, Eurasian lynx, grey wolf, brown bear, are also commonly found.

Soomaa National Park and its surroundings are one of the main research areas for large carnivores and herbivores in Estonia. Starting from 2004 several cooperation projects have been organised between State Nature Conservation Centre and universities in Estonia and abroad. The main goal within these studies has been telemetric observation of species like Eurasian lynx and grey wolf.
 * Research

"In 2009 Soomaa receives PAN Parks certification" for its excellence in combining wilderness protection and sustainable tourism development.

Traditional culture
In last 70 years, Soomaa National Park area has faced dramatic changes due to the economic and political situation in the 20th century from what human habitation has decreased more than 10 times (87 people according to local municipalities in 2011). With a loss of human inhabitants, a lot of tangible and intangible cultural heritage has been lost as well. To preserve as much of what is left or has been gathered to museums throughout the years a web page http://maastikud.ee/ was created in 2007. Project carried out by local NGOs http://mardu.ee/ and Estonian Literary Museum has brought back several toponyms crucial for the area to reveal its past. Such toponyms play a vital role in modern conservation. Knowledge of traditional landscape usage, read out from these names, can give us a better understanding also on the changes in regions ecology.

Due to its remote location, Soomaa is probably the only place in Europe where the tradition of making dugout canoes (Estonian haabjas) survived into the 20th and 21st centuries. In recent decades, a new surge of interest in making dugouts has revitalized the ancient tradition.

To support Soomaa National Park and its administration, http://keskkonnaamet.ee several NGOs have taken action in different fields:
 * Estonian Fund For Nature is one of the initiators on creating of Soomaa NP. Organiser of different monitoring works and conservation holidays today http://talgud.ee.
 * Estonian Fund For Nature is one of the oldest NGOs in the region, dealing mostly with different conservation issues and people living in Tipu village.
 * Tipu Nature School is responsible for nature educational programs
 * Mardu Studio is trying to bring back life to one of the few farms left in Soomaa area. Studying local intangible heritage and building an open studio for artists and designers

Visitor Centre
The Soomaa National Park Visitor Centre is situated in South-West Estonia between Pärnu and Viljandi county, being located in the middle of the park 44 km away from the centre of Viljandi and Pärnu cities. Building of the visitor centre was finished in 1998 and has been placed on the historical crossroad of ancient winter ways that were used up to the beginning of 20th century for transporting goods from Pärnu to Viljandi.

The aim of the Visitor Centre is to give all information needed for those tourists, who come to explore the nature of Soomaa. There are printed out information for several nature trails as well as media guides, films and small public library. It is also possible to order nature educational lectures and participate in different workshops and programs.

Activities
There are several hiking and study trails, placed all over the National Park to explore the nature at its best:
 * Hiking and study trails
 * Riisa hiking trail: 5 km / ca 3 h / Riisa bog / watch tower /
 * Ingatsi hiking trail: 4,5 km / ca 3 h / Kuresoo bog / watch tower /
 * Beaver trail: 2 km / ca 1,5 h / Beaver habitat and paludified forest /
 * Oksa track: 800 m / ca 45.min / culture heritage object and meadows /
 * Kuuraniidu hiking trail: 1,2 km / ca 1.5 h / old forest habitat / watch tower /
 * Mulgi meadow: camping site / flood plain grasslands / rich bird habitat /
 * Tõramaa hiking trail: 2,5 km / ca 3 h / Halliste meadow, rich bird habitat / bird watchtower /
 * Meiekose hiking trail: 2,8 km / ca 3 h / old cart road through abandoned Tõramaa village / semi natural habitats /
 * Kuresoo hiking trail: 32 km / 2 days / various landscape and culture historical sites /
 * Hüpassaare study trail: 5 km / 2,5 h / Kuresoo bog / semi-natural habitats / museum of Mart Saar
 * Tipu study trail: 3 km / 2 h / culture historical sites / traditional rural landscape / semi-natural habitats

 * ''More detailed information about Soomaa nature- and hiking trails from State Forest Management Centre homepage

There are five seasons in Soomaa – spring, summer, autumn, winter and high-water season. Canoeing season lasts from April until October. Canoeing is also one of the best ways to get acquainted with Soomaa. Canoeing on the flooded area is an adventurous experience, floods are common in the end of March or at the beginning of April. Guided trip on a traditional dugout canoes is an exclusive way of paddling, log-boat building camps are organised in summer.
 * Tours

Bog walks can be undertaken in the area, walkways on wooden boards give visitors the opportunity to observe the special flora and fauna of the deep peat bogs.

In winter, when the whole wetland is frozen, snowshoe and sledge tours are being organised over the frozen bogs and in the case of snow also cross-country skiing trips.

In the year 2009 Soomaa National Park was awarded by European Commission as a supreme nature holiday destination.

title: Soomaa National Park


text:
User talk:KingAndy

Welcome! Bienvenue! Willkommen!
Hi KingAndy, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Please don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Gryffindor  13:10, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Betty Clawman

The article Betty Clawman has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. TTN (talk) 11:51, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Betty Clawman for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Betty Clawman is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Betty Clawman until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. TTN (talk) 17:07, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:KingAndy


text:
User talk:Ctmeyers

Welcome! Bienvenue! Willkommen!
Hi Ctmeyers, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Please don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Gryffindor  13:10, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ctmeyers


text:
Talk:Windows Server Essentials

Premium edition features?
Shouldn't that read "Frontpage server extensions"? You generally wouldn't run FrontPage itself on the server, but I haven't ever actually used SBS. Can anyone with experience clarify? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.14.89.164 (talk) 15:38, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Windows 2000 Small Business Server included Windows Sharepoint Services (later WSS 1.0) and would install MSDE (Microsoft Database Engine; an Embedded or Express edition of SQL Server 2000) unless you had the Premium version of SBS which included SQL Server 2000 (limited version). WSS were free downloads for Windows Server (Server 2003, WSS 2.0 support 2003-2008) and could be run on Workstation (through WSS 3.0 sp1) for development purposes (q.v. Sharepoint Designer). WSS 3.0 is near end of life and current free version is SharePoint Foundation 2010. Some differences between Office SharePoint Server and Windows SharePoint Services that I can think of offhand is Active Directory integration, Email integration with Exchange, and site size limitations. Note that networking best practices requires not putting Exchange et al on your Primary Domain Controller (Server Limitation in SBS is PDC only). Supposed to use multiple server boxes in SBS 2008. MIIS (lite version of Microsoft Identity Integration Services) used in Microsoft Online Services migration cannot run on PDC.

Shjacks45 (talk) 04:13, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

 * From memory, the premium edition included Frontpage, so that you could develop websites to put on your SBS server, using the Frontpage extensions. Generally, SBS2000 include both Server and Workstation components. 203.206.162.148 (talk) 03:39, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

4.0 release date
Most people identify December 1999 as the release date, but that was just the date that Microsoft announced it. See the press release here. The press release says "General availability is expected in late January 1998.", but I can't find any source that says for certain when it was actually released. AlistairMcMillan 13:11, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I was using Microsoft Support Lifecycle
 * Also this page says it was on October 22, 1997 --tyomitch 13:45, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Just realised that press release I was looking at was for "BackOffice Server 4.0" not "BackOffice Small Business Server 4.0". Found the correct press release .  So the October 22 1997 date seem to be correct. AlistairMcMillan 16:05, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Uhm... And what are the release dates at Microsoft Support Lifecycle, for that matter? They are all different from PressPass dates. I thought initially that PressPass list just 'announcement' dates, but now I'm confused. --tyomitch 07:41, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no idea why they thought it was "generally available" in Oct 1997 in Oct 1997 but now in May 2005 they think it was generally available in Dec 1997. But since they have this to say about their Product Lifecycle, I'd prefer to just go with the original press release...

 * Because we must respond to changing market conditions and are constantly evaluating how to better work with our customers and partners, such documents should not be interpreted as legally binding commitments, but rather as flexible documents subject to change occasionally. Similarly, we cannot guarantee that any information in such documents will be error-free or kept up to date after they are posted.

 * I'm pretty sure they aren't allowed to go back and rewrite press releases. AlistairMcMillan 14:27, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Service packs "Since the release of SBS 2008"
I've changed that to read "SBS 2003". The references I've given are for 2003 SP2 and 2003 SBS SP1. You will notice that 2003 SP2 is for products including SBS. and if you look carefully at the SP1 article you will notice that the SBS SP1 service packs consists of the seperate service packs for Server 2003 and for the other server services.

Note that IN GENERAL, when discussing new editions (like SBS 2008) MS will list features that are ALSO in old editions (lie SBS 2003). When MS says that SBS 2008 is updated with standard service packs, that DOES NOT necessarly mean that previous editions required special service packs. This is a general feature of MS marketing material that you should be aware of.

Although the SBS2000 service pack "contained" the standard server service pack, I haven't gone looking for more details, so I don't have any references or exact information. 203.206.162.148 (talk) 03:37, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Earlier SBS editions like BOS 4.0 or SBS 4.2 or SBS 2000 DID require separate service packs or else functionality was compromised. (It was recommended that admins use the SBS Console because dependent user settings are changed together.) The downgraded Exchange, SQL, NT Server, et al did not always accept default registry changes and files of full version upgrades. In fact, read the articles about SBS functionality problems after install Windows Server 2003 R2 atop SBS 2003 (or SBS 2003 R2 which is based on Windows Server 2003)which has had Windows Server 2003 SP1 installed. (Windows update has hosed several of the SBS2011 servers I maintain because of full version updates and dependencies in SBS). Shjacks45 (talk) 13:02, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

R2
SBS 2003 R2 is based on Server 2003, not Server 2003 R2. For this reason, "Windows Server 2003 R2 UNIX Interoperability" is not available on SBS 2003 R2: you have to use SFU 3.5 http://www.winserverkb.com/Uwe/Forum.aspx/windows-server-sbs/79342/sbs-2003-R2-and-SFU

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/sfu/archive/2007/04/12/services-for-unix-vs-windows-server-2003-r2-unix-interoperability.aspx —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.162.148 (talk) 03:53, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

4GB RAM
"All Windows Small Business Server versions up to SBS 2003 are limited to 4 GB of RAM."

That is not entirely true. It was a service pack which introduced the hard limitation, ostensibly because some drivers assumed that no memory existed beyond 4GB203.206.162.148 (talk) 04:01, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

SP2 for Windows Small Business Server 2003
is missed. Patches only the Server component of the SBS but is for the SBS also! --> MUST for migration to SBS 2011!

MS PR Department
This article reads like it's a press release. It needs re-written to neutrality, without "It is ideal as a first server for small businesses with up to 25 users. It provides a cost-effective and easy-to-use solution" and "For more information about Windows Server Essentials, see the External Links section on this page." 76.180.138.185 (talk) 03:59, 30 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Please do! -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 07:43, 30 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh please! Novell Small Business Server had the same advertising byline. Shjacks45 (talk) 13:04, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

Server essentials need a caveat before being listed as SBS
Server essentials need a caveat before being listed as SBS version. From initial Small Business Server (Microsoft BackOffice Server) there was included Exchange and SQL (and SharePoint since 2000) (lite versions) as well as other add-on components (and limited Windows Server). Admittedly the SQL Express and WSS features are free downloads, but Exchange has been a constant in all versions except Essentials. Although "Aurora" or SBS 2011 Essentials was listed in Microsoft's roadmap for SBS, Server 2012 Essentials is listed in the server roadmap as a limited version of Windows Server somewhere between Foundation and Standard versions. The Office365 Microsoft Cloud Services federation services (server version of single sign-on tool) is built in to 2011 Essentials but an optional add-on for 2012 Essentials. Shjacks45 (talk) 13:22, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi. Did you say "caveat"? Are you sure you know the meaning of "caveat"? Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 15:53, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Was the meaning of his comment unclear? Windows Server Essentials seems to be a very different product from the Small Business Server (SBS) products of the past. Maybe he meant a warning at the start of the page, maybe he meant a disambiguation page that makes you choose between either a proper SBS page or a Server Essentials page (again, imho, they're different products / product lines). But how about you respond to the actual issue, instead of rudely remarking that someone's choice of words is slightly off? 84.245.1.252 (talk) 20:49, 23 February 2014 (UTC)
 * His comment is unclear, because i still got no clue what "Caveat" is supposed to be. It looks like an attempt to find stupid replacements for already existing words. So i suggest you get the whoozy stick out of your butt and accept it. --217.91.169.64 (talk)

title: Talk:Windows Server Essentials


text:
Tigon British Film Productions

Tigon British Film Productions or Tigon was a film production and distribution company, founded by Tony Tenser in 1966.

It is best remembered for its horror films, particularly Witchfinder General (directed by Michael Reeves, 1968) and The Blood on Satan's Claw (directed by Piers Haggard, 1971). Other Tigon films include The Creeping Flesh, The Sorcerers and Doomwatch (1972), based on the TV series of the same name. Its name derives from the animal of the same name. The animal also appears in the logo.

History
Tigon was based at Hammer House in Wardour Street, London, and released a wide range of films from sexploitation (Zeta One), to an acclaimed television adaptation of August Strindberg's Miss Julie (1972) starring Helen Mirren. The largest part of its output, however, was made up by low-budget horror films in direct competition for audiences with Hammer Film Productions and Amicus Productions.

In February 2005, a DVD box set of Tigon films was released by Anchor BayUK. The box set contains only Witchfinder General, The Body Stealers, The Haunted House of Horror, The Blood on Satan's Claw, The Beast in the Cellar, and Virgin Witch, and consists of UK rather than US prints, in Region 2 – PAL format. Providing an audio commentary on a number of the films, as well as writing the productions notes, was the author and film critic John Hamilton.

The same year, FAB press in the UK published John Hamilton's biography of Tony Tenser, a comprehensive look at the career of Tigon's founder and the man dubbed "the Godfather of British Exploitation". Hamilton had access to production files, diaries and personal correspondence, as well as recording a number of exclusive interviews with the likes of Vernon Sewell, Michael Armstrong, Christopher Lee, Ian Ogilvy and Peter Sasdy. He also recorded over 18 hours of interviews with Tony Tenser himself, all of which went to create an in-depth look not only at the making of the films but the machinations involved with running a film company. The book was critically acclaimed in a number of newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times and The Independent, as well as Film Review and SPFX (the latter dubbed it the "best single volume history ever written on British horror").

Hamilton has gone on to write a number of articles on Tigon film productions, published in magazines like The Darkside, Shivers and Little Shoppe of Horrors; in 2015, Hemlock Books published Tigon: Blood on a Budget, the author's look at the studio's horror and fantasy movies.

As production company

 * Mini Weekend (1967)
 * The Sorcerers (1967)
 * The Blood Beast Terror (1968)
 * Witchfinder General (1968)
 * Love in Our Time (1968)
 * Curse of the Crimson Altar (1968)
 * The Body Stealers (1969)
 * What's Good for the Goose (1969)
 * The Haunted House of Horror (1969)
 * 1917 (1970)
 * Monique (1970)
 * Zeta One (1970)
 * Black Beauty (1971)
 * The Beast in the Cellar (1971)
 * The Blood on Satan's Claw (1971)
 * Hannie Caulder (1971)
 * The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins (1971)
 * Virgin Witch (1972)
 * Doomwatch (1972)
 * For the Love of Ada (1972)
 * Au Pair Girls (1972)
 * Neither the Sea Nor the Sand (1972)
 * The Creeping Flesh (1973)

As distributor

 * Castle of the Living Dead (1964)
 * Terror-Creatures from the Grave (1965)
 * Sandy the Seal (1965 - released 1969)
 * Snow Treasure (1968)
 * O.K. Yevtushenko (1968 – released 1975)
 * Love Variations (1969)
 * Simon, Simon (1970)
 * Permissive (1970)
 * Clegg (1970)
 * The Nude Vampire (1970)
 * Stork (1971)
 * Miss Julie (1972) (TV movie)
 * Wrong Way (1972 – released 1981)
 * Sex, Love and Marriage (1972)
 * The Fiend (1972)
 * The Flesh and Blood Show (1972)
 * The Sex Thief (1973)
 * A Candle for the Devil (1973)
 * Murder Inferno (1973)
 * The Great McGonagall (1974)
 * Double Agent 73 (1974)
 * All I Want Is You... and You... and You... (1974)
 * Sizzlers (1976)
 * Intimate Games (1976)
 * Erotic Confessions (1976 – released 1981)
 * The Red Nights of the Gestapo (1977)
 * Come Play With Me (1977)
 * Tänzerinnen für Tanger (1977)
 * The Playbirds (1978)
 * The Violation of the Bitch (1978)
 * Confessions from the David Galaxy Affair (1979)
 * Queen of the Blues (1979)
 * The Ecstasy Girls (1979)
 * Sex with the Stars (1980)
 * Come Play with Me 2 (1980)
 * Rude Boy (1980)
 * Emanuelle: Queen Bitch (1980)
 * Hotel Paradise (1980)
 * Mary Millington's World Striptease Extravaganza (1981)
 * Emmanuelle in Soho (1981)
 * Ring of Desire (1981)
 * Electric Blue - The Movie (1982)
 * Hellcat Mud Wrestlers (1983)

title: Tigon British Film Productions