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CFB Trenton

Canadian Forces Base Trenton (also CFB Trenton), formerly RCAF Station Trenton, is a Canadian Forces base located within the city  of Quinte West, Ontario. It is operated as an air force base by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and is the hub for air transport operations in Canada and abroad. Its primary RCAF lodger unit is 8 Wing, commonly referred to as 8 Wing Trenton. CFB Trenton is Canada's largest Air Force base and most southerly air base.

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency. The use of the airport for civilian aircraft is permitted for emergencies or MEDEVACs only and the CBSA officers can only handle general aviation aircraft with up to 15 passengers.

1929–1939 Prewar
In 1929, 960 acre of farmland near Trenton were purchased by the federal government to establish a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) station to be called RCAF Station Trenton. The base was officially opened in August 1931. Lord Bessborough, the Governor General in 1931, laid the commemorative cornerstone of the airbase, which had the motto, "Per Ardua ad Rem," or "Through Adversity to the Good". This motto was the long-standing unspoken motto of the airmen of CFB Trenton. Trenton was intended as a smaller supporting base to RCAF Station Borden, which was the home of Canadian military aviation and a major training base at the time. By June 1937 it had replaced Camp Borden as the primary flying training centre; the older station was given over increasingly to technical and trades training. The location was chosen for being the midpoint between Ottawa and Toronto. It also provided the possibility of using the facility for seaplanes operating on Lake Ontario.

1939–1945 World War II
No. 1 Fighter and No. 3 Army Cooperation Flights, flying Siskin and Tiger Moth aircraft, were the first air elements to be hosted at Trenton. Trenton was the largest training centre of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) during the Second World War. Schools included the RCAF Central Flying School, No. 1 Air Navigation School (to 1942), No. 1 Flying Instructor School, and No. 1 Composite Training School. Along with the training schools, the No. 6 Repair Depot was based at Trenton. During the war the relief landing field for Trenton was located at Mohawk.

Trenton was home to RCAF 102 KU Flt - Central Air Command (CAC) Composite during the war. It flew Harvard, Mustang, Dakota, Expeditor, H-5.

Historical aerodrome information
In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as RCAF Aerodrome - Trenton, Ontario at 44.11667°N, -77.53333°W with a variation of 12 degrees west and elevation of 240 ft. The field was listed as "all hard surfaced" and detailed four runways as follows:

1945–1990 Cold War
Following the war, Trenton became home to transport and fighter aircraft, with transport aircraft from the base taking part in the Korean Airlift, as well as numerous other missions throughout the 1950s and 1960s.

On February 2, 1959, RCAF Station Trenton became the destination for CF-105 Arrow 25204, flying from the Avro Canada manufacturing facility at Malton Airport. A Trans-Canada Air Lines Vickers Viscount had crash landed during 25204's flight, temporarily closing the runways at Malton.

After World War II 102 Composite Unit became a search and rescue unit. It flew Piasecki H-42A and H-44. Canada upgraded its transport and search and rescue fleets during the 1960s when the RCAF purchased the CC-137 Husky, CC-130 Hercules, CH-113 Labrador and CC-115 Buffalo aircraft. RCAF Station Trenton became the home of training facilities for these aircraft. 102 would eventually merge into the reactivated 424 Transport and Rescue Squadron in 1968.

RCAF Station Trenton was renamed Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Trenton after the February 1, 1968 merger of the RCAF with the Royal Canadian Navy and Canadian Army to form the Canadian Forces.

Arrest and conviction of former base commander
CFB Trenton's former commander, David Russell Williams, was arrested in 2010, and convicted of serial rape and murder in 2010; some of his crimes were committed while in command of the base.

Use as a quarantine facility for COVID-19
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 that detected in Wuhan, China, on February 7, 2020, 215 Canadians (176 from the first plane, and 39 from a second plane chartered by the U.S. government) were repatriated from Wuhan, and brought to CFB Trenton to be quarantined for two weeks. On February 11, another plane of repatriated Canadians (185) from Wuhan landed at CFB Trenton. On February 21, a chartered flight of 131 Canadians who were quarantined on the Diamond Princess after an outbreak on the cruise ship in Japan, and who all tested negative for the virus, were brought to CFB Trenton for additional screening before being transported by bus to NAV Centre in Cornwall, Ontario, to be quarantined. On March 10, a chartered flight of 228 Canadians who were on the Grand Princess after an outbreak on the cruise ship in California, and who all did not test positive for the virus, were brought to CFB Trenton for a 14-day quarantine period. By March 24, 13 positive cases for the virus of the repatriated citizens at CFB Trenton were reported.

Charges against and removal of command of current base commander
On 28 August 2023 Colonel Leif Dahl, the commander of the base and the 8th Wing, was charged by the Ontario Provincial Police with charges related to firearms and illegal hunting. On 30 August 2023, MGen Iain Huddleston, Commander, 1 Canadian Air Division, temporarily removed Col Dahl from his command.

Heritage buildings
CFB Trenton has several recognized and classified Federal Heritage buildings on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.
 * Administration Building 29 Recognized – 1995
 * Hangars 3 Buildings 51; 5 Building 49 Recognized – 1991
 * Hangars 9 B112; 10 B52 Recognized – 2004
 * Hastings Hall / Officer's Quarters, Building 111 Recognized – 1995
 * Headquarters Buildings 22 & 23 Recognized – 1995
 * Junior Quarters, Buildings 21 & 56 Recognized – 1995
 * Officer's Mess Building 38 Recognized – 1995
 * VIP Private Married Quarters Building 42 Recognized – 1995

Current
The recapitalization of the northeast ramp was completed in summer 2008, and reconstruction of the southeast ramp was completed in the summer of 2009.

Construction of a new air traffic control tower was completed in July 2010.

The Canadian Forces Aerospace Warfare Centre is housed in a new building named after Air Marshal Clare Annis. Leed Gold Standard certification is underway from the Canada Green Building Council.

A new Material Distribution Centre opened on November 2, 2010. The $2.4-million project is an amalgamation and co-location of the Wing's Central Material Traffic Terminal of 2 Air Movement Squadron (2 Air Mov Sqn) with the material distribution centre of 8 Wing Supply.

A 17500 m2 Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME) and transportation garage valued at $75 million was completed in 2012.

The Air Mobility Training Centre project saw the construction of a 17000 m2 facility that houses the equipment and personnel required to train operators and maintainers of the CC-130J Super Hercules aircraft. Building construction was completed in 2011 and operations began in 2012. The building is now located on the south side of the base across the highway from the runway.

Future
The base could host CH-149 Cormorant Search And Rescue helicopters if Canada increases the CH-149 fleet as planned.

Present operations

The RCAF operates the majority of its fixed-wing tactical airlift and all of its strategic airlift aircraft from CFB Trenton.

The primary lodger unit of CFB Trenton is 8 Wing, which operates several aircraft types, including CC-130 Hercules, CC-150 Polaris and CC-177 Globemaster III transport aircraft, the CH-146 Griffon search and rescue helicopters, and the CC-144 Challenger VIP transport aircraft. The Challenger fleet, used to fly the Governor General, members of the Royal Family (when visiting Canada), the Prime Minister and members of the federal cabinet, is based at Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport but supported from CFB Trenton.

Current squadrons under 8 Wing include: Temporary storage facilities were built at the base for the CC-177 Globemaster III. Permanent hangars (Hangar 2 and 6) were built from 2012 to 2017.
 * 424 Transport and Rescue Squadron (424 Tiger Squadron) - Flying the CC-130H and CH-146
 * 426 Transport Training Squadron (426 Thunderbird Squadron) - Training for CC-130H, CC-150, CH-146
 * 429 Transport Squadron (429 Bison Squadron) - Flying the CC-177
 * 436 Transport Squadron (436 Tusker Squadron) - Flying the CC-130J
 * 437 Transport Squadron (437 Husky Squadron) - Flying the CC-150
 * 412 Transport Squadron - Flying the CC-144 (geographically separated unit based at Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport, ON)
 * 440 Transport Squadron - Flying the CC-138 (geographically separated unit based at Yellowknife Airport, NT)
 * 2 Air Movement Squadron (2 Air Mov Sqn)
 * 8 Air Maintenance Squadron (8 AMS)

CFB Trenton is also home to other RCAF lodger units independent from 8 Wing including:
 * Aerospace and Telecommunications Engineering Support Squadron (ATESS) - providing specialized engineering, training, and production/manufacturing in aerospace and telecommunications. Its capabilities encompass avionics, non-destructive testing (NDT), integrated health monitoring (IHM/HUMS), aircraft structures and more.
 * The Royal Canadian Air Force Aerospace Warfare Centre (RCAF AWC), the centre of excellence for air power development, including Concept Development and Experimentation (CD&E) and lessons learned. In addition, the RCAF AWC develops and maintains the Air Force air power knowledge repository and coordinates efforts to provide advanced synthetic environment and modelling and simulation services to assist CD&E, requirements definition, operational test and evaluation (OT&E) and mission rehearsal. The RCAF AWC is commanded by an RCAF Colonel.
 * 8 Air Communications and Control Squadron (8 ACCS) provides expeditionary communications and air traffic control capabilities under 2 Wing for the RCAF.

CFB Trenton plays a key support role for the National Search and Rescue Program, being home to Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Trenton (JRCC Trenton) which is jointly staffed by the RCAF and Canadian Coast Guard personnel who have responsibility for coordinating aircraft and marine rescue incidents in central and Arctic Canada. The RCAF also operates the Canadian Mission Control Centre (CMCC) from the base, which is tasked with monitoring the Cospas-Sarsat system that detects transmissions from emergency locating beacons on aircraft or marine vessels in distress through Canada's search and rescue area of responsibility.

The Canadian Army also operates the Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre, formerly known as the Canadian Parachute Centre.

In addition, the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU), a CBRN capability which is part of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command is based at CFB Trenton.

As of 2023, the commander of CFB Trenton and 8 Wing is Colonel Leighton James, who was sworn in as base commander on October 5, 2023.

Quinte International Air Show
In 2016, the former base commander, Colonel Colin Keiver and Chief Warrant Officer Darcy Elder, had recreated the Quinte International Air Show which had not been held since 2003. There had been plans for the air show to be held biennially, though there had been no air show in 2018. Mark Goulden, the commander at the time of the cancellation, stated "Operations at 8 Wing Trenton is our priority, whether it be helping Canadians during disasters such as the British Columbia wildfires, delivering humanitarian aid internationally, or supplying Canadian Armed Forces missions around the world. It is with these operational commitments in mind that 8 Wing Trenton has made the difficult decision to cancel the 2018 Quinte International Air Show." Throughout 2020, it was unclear whether or not there would be an air show any time in the future due to CFB Trenton being at the forefront of Canada's efforts to gain control over the COVID-19 virus.

In connection with the Royal Canadian Air Force's 100th anniversary the 2024 show is set to run at CFB Trenton through the Canada Day weekend.

Quinte International Air Show 2016
The 2016 air show attracted close to 80,000 visitors. The theme for that year was the commemoration of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) with it being the 75th Anniversary since the BCATP had commenced. Aircraft from multiple Air Forces around the world attended including the United States Air Force, Royal Air Force and Mexican Air Force.

Some of the aircraft performing at the air show included:
 * Boeing B-52 Stratofortress,
 * Avro Lancaster,
 * Interstate Cadet,
 * Lockheed C-130 Hercules,
 * Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor,
 * McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet,
 * North American B-25 Mitchell,
 * North American P-51 Mustang,
 * North American T-6 Texan,
 * Snowbirds,
 * Yakovlev Yak-52 and many more aircraft parked on the ramp.

CFD Mountain View
The Mountain View Detachment, a former World War II RCAF airfield located south of Belleville, is utilized as a storage and overhaul facility of older aircraft. A new gravel runway was constructed in 2006 to train Canadian Forces CC-130 Hercules aircraft crew in landing on unprepared landing strips. The Canadian Forces have also established a drop zone nearby. The detachment is also home to the Mountain View Cadet Flying Training Centre, cadet training centre for the Royal Canadian Air Cadets.

Trenton Cadet Training Centre
The Trenton Cadet Training Centre (CTC) is one of the oldest cadet training centres in Canada. At this CTC, there are cadet courses offered for all three elements of Army, Sea and  Air that are offered all year around. This portion of the base, located on the south side of the airbase, has multiple buildings for cadets to reside in during their summer training.

Other

 * The National Air Force Museum of Canada is on the base.
 * Trenton Military VOLMET Military Aeronautical Communications System (MACS) on 6754 and 15,034 kHz USB call sign "CHR"
 * The base hosts a bomb disposal team.

Economic impact on Trenton community
CFB Trenton, based on statistical data from the Fiscal Year 2004–2005, had an annual population impact (Regular Force members & dependants) of 8,185. The airbase also had an estimated local spending impact (direct and indirect) of $278,195,000 for that Fiscal Year. The airbase also directly employed 3,163 people and indirectly employed 437 people.

title: CFB Trenton


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jamoomba

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 01:15, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Jamoomba
Sigh. More silliness that can't be speedied. Denni ☯ 01:55, 2005 August 25 (UTC)

It is silly, as is much of the cultural heft that needs to be cataloged. The question is not whether it is silly or not but whether, first, if it is legitimate, which is appears to be, and second, whether it is large enough to warrant inclusion into Wikipedia. Now, granted, this thing's not getting as many hits as the Flying Spaghetti Monster (Nor is it pertinent to a particularly tawdry current affair) but it is something. As a historian, I have to say the worst part of studying primary sources is when the writer neglected to include information because, at the time, it was considered inconsequential to him. I say include it, until the Jamoombas of the world are overloading Wikipedia, at which point, if it becomes an issue of performance, then consider it for deletion. Were this a self-aggrandizing personal page or simply an attempt to create such a cultural indicator by seeding it within Wikipedia, then I'd be in favor of deleting. Otherwise, why expend so much effort to point out that a silly thing is silly.
 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.128.151.152 (talk • contribs) 02:01, 2005 August 25 (UTC)

 * Delete. Silly. Flowerparty  talk 02:09, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; nonsense. Jaxl | talk 02:18, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I thought that this was nonsense meeting speedy criteria."Healing power of cheese" -- WCFrancis 02:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too cheesey for me. Alf 02:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Mighty though his wrath may be, I vote delete. Capitalistroadster 03:14, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Deleting this drivel because it's so much smaller than the spaghetti monster would be wrong IMHO. Where do we draw the line? This seems to be genuine, why not keep it? I don't particularily want this to be in Wikipedia but I feel it needs to be. --Sturmy 9:14, August 25, 2005
 * Verily, O Roadster. Delete and consider blocking user as possible sockpuppet of that "Wiki-cheese" vandal that's been dropping by lately. - Lucky 6.9 03:22, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy sending it to BJAODN now. I expect "Healing Power of Cheese on Wheels" or "Cheese Grand Cru" will be coming around anyday now.Karmafist 03:42, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — total nonsense  Journalist  C. |undefined[[Image:Smilie.gif|30px]] Holla @ me!

I wrote the original, which has been edited by someone else, as a parody of the Flying Spaghettie Monster - cheese does actually have healing power!! See http://www.fitwise.com/Power_Foods.asp. I believe it deserves exactly the same fate as FSM. 04:37, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, don't BJAODN, unlike Flying Spaghetti Monsterism, this hasn't earned widespread media coverage and notice. (Plus it isn't as funny.) the wub  "?/!"  11:05, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete inane nonsense. Dottore So 16:13, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Give me break. If you want to write nonsense, go to Uncyclopedia. --Lomedae 00:31, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. This most certainly is a candidate for speedy deletion.  It's filled with patent nonsense, and amounts to little more than an advertisement for a gaming forum (check out the "external link").  I have no problem with it going to BJAODN, but the assertion that it can't be speedied verges on patent nonsense as well.  :-p  Tomer TALK  01:15, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What the hell? ~GMH 07:51, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment User 69.19.14.29 has been removing votes on this page and replacing them with his own nonsense. Please be aware. Denni ☯  19:22, 2005 August 26 (UTC)
 * Keep or Jamoomba's wrath will befall your pets and possessions. Jamoomba's wrath is usually focused on one's fridge, so beware, lest ye end up with a nasty intestinal infection.
 * BJAODN or Delete. Biased POV anyway. --Rschen7754 22:09, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Film noir

title: Category:Film noir


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Branches of Wing Chun

There are at least eight distinct lineages of the martial art Wing Chun. These are mostly little-known outside of China, and each has its own history of origin. In the West, Wing Chun's history has become a mix of fact and fiction due to the impacts of early secrecy and modern marketing. Additionally, there are competing genealogies within the same branch or about the same individual teacher.

The different branches of the Chinese martial art of Wing Chun can be thought of as describing both the differing traditions and interpretations of Wing Chun and the teacher-student relationships which perpetuate them.

History
This lineage has a legend in which the nun Ng Mui saw a fight between a crane and a snake. She incorporated their fighting styles into her Shaolin Kung Fu to develop an unnamed style. She taught this to one of her students Yim Wing-chun; she taught her husband Leung Bok-chao, who named the style Wing Chun Kuen (Wing Chun boxing) in his wife's honor and who passed it to Leung Lan-kwai of the Red Boat Opera Company (although other versions of this legend state that he was a scholar and herbalist), who passed it on to Wong Wa-bo and Leung Yee-tai, both of the Red Boat Opera, and who both taught the herbalist Leung Jan.

Leung Jan passed it on to his two sons Leung Chun and Leung Bik plus other students who included Chan Wah-Shun, who taught his own students including Yip Man.

In another legend, Yip Man was attending school in Hong Kong during the 1910s, where he was invited by a friend to challenge a highly skilled old man. Yip Man did not win, and the old man was Leung Bik. Yip Man studied under Leung Bik for a few years before returning home to Foshan where he opened his own school. His students there have passed on his style, which is still taught in Foshan today.

Yip Man moved to Hong Kong in 1949; his was the first Wing Chun system to be taught publicly, and it has grown to become one of the most popular of the Chinese martial arts. A claim that his eldest son Yip Chun is the only inheritor of Yip Man's system is disputed by a number of Wing Chun schools, including those in Foshan.

Lineage
Ng Mui → Yim Wing-chun → Leung Bok-chao → Leung Lan-kwai → Wong Wah-bo & Leung Yee-tai → Leung Jan → Chan Wah-shun & Leung Bik → Ip Man

Ip man's most notable students
Leung Sheung, Lok Yiu, Chu Shong-tin, Ho Kam-ming, Lo Man-kam, Wong Shun-leung, William Cheung, Bruce Lee, Victor Kan, Ip Ching, Ip Chun, Hawkins Cheung, Moy Yat, and Leung Ting.

Features
Per Chu, Ritchie and Wu, Yip Man Wing Chun is known for its simplicity, directness, economy of motion, and encapsulation of the essential Wing Chun principles.

History

 * According to this lineage, the "true founders of Wing Chun remain lost in time", with lineage originating from Red Boat Opera.
 * Yuen Kay-shan was a master in the martial art of Wing Chun, who lived from 1889 to 1956, known as an undefeated champion of 1000 death duels in Foshan during the 1920-1950s. The fifth of five brothers, he became known as "Foshan Yuen Lo Jia" (Yuen the Fifth of Foshan). Yuen Kay-shan combined the Wing Chun of both of his teachers, constable Fok Bo-chuen and body guard and bounty hunter Fung Siu-ching.
 * Currently the Yuen Kay-san lineage is centered at Guangzhou and spearheaded by Grandmaster Sum Nung.

Features
Additional emphasis on use of knives, six-and-a-half-point pole, and throwing darts.

Notable alumni
Sum Nung

History
This branch was taught by Leung Jan when he retired back to his native village of Gu Lao in Heshan County, Guangdong province, and is typically referred to by the village name to distinguish it from the doctor's Foshan teachings. Leung Jan grew weary of inactivity while in retirement and chose to teach a small group of students in a new variation of Wing Chun that focuses on short drills.

To learn a single form from now-elderly Leung Jan, the villagers needed to pay a significant amount of money. Tam Yeung was one of Leung Jan's students who would learn this system in entirety.

Features

 * The Gu Lao Wing Chun is referred to as Forty Points Wing Chun.
 * Guo Lao Wing Chun uses 40 short drills which are a loose expression and application of Wing Chun. It functions like normal Wing Chun, only deviating in the ways it is taught in.

Notable alumni
Tam Yeung, Kwan Jong-yuen, Robert Chu

History
According to this lineage of Wing Chun, the art was conceived at Red Boat Opera, being based on the knowledge of both Jee Shim (presenting the "Always Spring" variation) and Ng Mui (presenting the "Praise Spring" variation).

A Red Boat Opera performer identified as "Painted Face Kam" passed his Wing Chun knowledge to Cho Duk-sang, who came from a family known for Hung Ga Kuen. Duk-sang would be the first to venture outside the family martial art. The branch pioneer Cao Dean (Cho Dak-on, unrelated to Duk-sang) became a student of Cho Duk-sang after getting beaten in an altercation. Under elder Cho, Dean would eventually master Wing Chun as a young adult.

Cao Dean initially taught Wing Chun at Hong Kong, but unemployment forced him to move to Malaysia for the second time in his life. There, he would become a chef specializing in Cantonese cuisine. Word of Cao Dean's martial arts prowess started to spread, with locals wanting to learn Cao Dean's art. He initially began teaching smaller groups, but as willing students grew in numbers, Cao Dean would establish a dedicated Wing Chun school—the first in the Malay peninsula.

Cao Dean died in 1980s at 90 years old. Cao Dean's lineage was succeeded by S.Y. Liu and others. However, circa 2015, S.Y. Liu is no longer involved in martial arts. Presently, the Nanyang lineage is mainly headed by Y. Wu in Singapore and Sydney, Australia.

Lineages
Chi Sim → Red Boat Opera & Leung Bok-chao → Red Boat Opera
 * Red Boat Opera → Painted Face Kam → Cho Duk-sang → Cao Dean (Cho Dan-ok)
 * Cao Dean → S.Y Liu → Y. Wu (present head)

Features
Nanyang Wing Chun contains many forms and concepts. It has great amount of techniques, including strikes, joint-locks, throws, and weapon techniques.

History
According to this lineage, Wing Chun was a yet-unnamed martial art that was conceived by the anti-Qing-Empire Tiandihui, being combination of various Shaolin martial arts, such as Taijiquan, Ying Jow Pai, Tong Long Quan, gum gang jeung, Chin Na, and other martial arts.

A Siu Lam nun known as Yat Chum Um-jee (in Mandarin Chinese Yi Chen Anzhu) (Speck of Dust, Founder of Convent) would establish a convent in Hengshan, where she taught the nameless style to select students. Among these students was a man nicknamed "Tan Sao-ng", who handled costumes of the Hunanese Opera Company. Subsequently, he fled Hunan to Foshan. There, Tan Sao-ng's students would train Wong Wah-bo, Leung Yee-tai, Dai Fan Min-kam, and Lai Fook-shun. In this lineage, the "Wing" in Wing Chun comes from Chan Wing-wah, one of the founders of Hongmen.

Branch founder Pan Nam initially studied Hung Gar from 1934 to 1947 until he met Jiu Chow, a student of Chan Yiu-men, son of Chan Wah-shun. From there, he officially began his Wing Chun Kuen training. His classmates included Leung Lam, Jiu Wan, Lee Shing, Wong Jing, and other semi-famous Wing Chun masters. Jiu Chow had to relocate to Zhongshan, and Pan followed him to continue training.

In 1949 Pan Nam moved back to Fatshan and started teaching at the "Union of Cake Industry Workers of Fatshan". In either 1956 or 1957, Pan Nam attended Guangdong Provincial martial arts competitions, where he was introduced to Lai Hip-chai, a classmate of Ng Chun-so, Yip Man, and Chan Yiu-men, who was the second to last student accepted by Chan Wah-shun (Yip Man being the last). Lai Hip-chai had not only learned from Chan, but also from Lok Lan-goon's nephew.

Lai Hip-chai died in 1970. Pan Nam continued teaching Wing Chun in Foshan until his death in December 1995. Grandmaster Eddie Chong was Nam's final student, and he brought Nam's system to the United States in the early 1990s, where Chong is based in Sacramento, California. Chong has been vital in helping preserve the Pan Nam style of Wing Chun, which Chong has taught for many decades.

Lineage
Yat Chum Um-jee (Yi Chen Anzhu) → Cheung Ng / Tan Sao-ng

Jiu Chow
Chung Ng / Tan Sao-ng → Wong Wah-bo & Leung Yee-tai → Leung Jan → Chan Wah-shun → Chan Yiu-men → Jiu Chow → Pan Nam

Lai Hip-chi (Li Xiechi)
Lineage A: Chung Ng / Tan Sao-ng → Wong Wah-bo & Leung Yee-tai → Leung Jan → Chan Wah-shun → Lui Yiu-chai → Lai Hip-chi

Lineage B: Chung Ng / Tan Sao-ng → Dai Fa Min-kam → Lok Lan-gong & Lok's nephew → Lai Hip-chi
 * Lai Hip-chi → Pan Nam

Features
Pam Nam lineages have significant differences to the likes of the Ip Man and Yuen Kay-shan lineages. It is also uncertain if this lineage refers the style as Wing Chun or Weng Chun.

The Pan Nam lineage emphasizes more realistic, chaotic, and less-refined aspects of Wing Chun and features additional self-defense techniques based on ripping, tearing, and use of fingers.

Pan Nam has a set named "Five Petal Plum Flower", a classic five-part exercise set for tendon strength. It incorporates a partner practice known as Waist Pressing, a Push-Hands-like exercise where the partners try to unbalance one another.

History
This lineage of Wing Chun originates from a unspecified Shaolin Temple. Following the destruction of the temple at the hands of the Qing Empire, the survivors swore to use their knowledge to destroy them. According to this lineage, the name Wing Chun is a shortened form of the revolutionary motto "Wing yun chi jee; Mo mong Hon Juk; Dai dei wu chun." A secret code that allowed the anti-Qing revolutionaries to recognize each other. Eventually, the codeword was shortened to Wing Chun (Always Spring.)

Because of the secrecy of the anti-Qing rebellious activities, the exact details of Wing Chun's development were lost. At the turn of the 19th century, a monk identified as Dai Dong-fong emerged to support the anti-Qing rebellion. His martial skills earned the terror of Manchurian armies and as a result, the Qing authorities wished to apprehend Dai Dong-fong.

He would settle in Qingyuan, Guangdong where he encountered the Tse brothers - Tse Gwok-leung and Tse Gwok-cheung- who were Mandarins reluctantly fighting for the Qing government and took Dai Dong-fong to safety. In return for their kindness and seeing their good character, Dai Dong-fong taught the brothers his martial art, Wing Chun.

Dai Dong-fong would eventually leave to travel to northern China. Subsequently, the Tse brothers adopted an infant by the name of Lao Dat-sang. As a young man, Lao Dat-sang was an earnest woodworker, who earned various nicknames related to his line of work - eventually earning the famous nickname Pao Fa Lien or "Wood Planer Lien".

Features
Pao Fa Lien branch is unique for its emphasis on weapon-based combat. Contains 28 forms. 10 forms are dedicated for bare-handed fighting, with rest meant for weapon-based fighting and/or wooden dummy practice. Includes a kwan-dao form, that is not practised in other major lineages.

History
According to the legend of this lineage, before the destruction of the Shaolin temple the system called Wing Chun had already been developed there from generations of martial arts knowledge. To prevent Wing Chun from being misused, it was passed down to only a few disciples and was not documented.

During Manchurian massacres, two Siu Lam monks managed to flee; Yat Chum Dai-chi and his pupil, Cheung Ng. Before his death, Yat Chum Dai-si passed his full knowledge on Cheung Ng. Cheung Ng joined Red Boat Opera Company in order to keep his identity as a Siu Lam monk hidden, and to evade the Manchurian government. Within Red Boat Opera, Cheung Ng would become known as Tan Sao-ng, because of his martial arts mastery. Cheung Ng would come in contact with Hung Gu-biu, who was a secret society leader and successfully recruited Cheung Ng and became his student. To protect the true identity of Cheung Ng, they conceived the Ng Mui legend - in which a Siu Lam abbess would teach a girl named Yim Wing-chun the former's martial arts style.

The "Yim Wing Chun" name was chosen for specific reasons, as Yim could be understood as word for "Secret" or "Protected", and "Wing Chun" referring to Siu Lam Wing Chun Tong (the Always Spring Hall). With "Yim Wing Chun" being a secret code for "the secret art of Siu Lam Wing CHun Hall."

Hung Gu-biu was among the first generation of Wing Chun students under Cheung Ng. The other students of the first generation were Wong Wah-bo, Leung Yee-tai, Dai Fa Min-kam, Lo Man-gong, Siu Sang Hung-fook and Gao Lo-chung. Each of these students - based on their individual understanding of what Cheung Ng taught - would pass on their own renditions of Wing Chun, each having their own lineages with distinct emphasized elements.

Branch pioneer Hung Gu Biu's lineage would become known as Hung Suen Wing Chun. This lineage only passed down Wing Chun to their own family members, who would take a ceremonial oath of secrecy.

Lineage
Siu Lam Temple (where Wing Chun was already conceived at) → Yat Chum Dai-chi → Cheung Ng → Hung Gu-biu → Cheung Gung → Wang Ting → Dr. Wang Ming → Garrett Gee (Chu King-hung)

Features
Hung Suen Wing Chun aims to educate its students more on Wing Chun's underlying concepts, principles and theories over individual techniques.

History
According to the legend of this lineage, Wing Chun descends from Jee Shim, an abbot of the Shaolin Temple. Here, Jee Shim escaped with other Siu Lam Temple monks and would eventually settle as a cook aboard Red Boat Opera Company. Jee Shim's style was passed on Wong Wah-bo and Sun Kam (alias Dai Fa-nim or Painted Face Kam).

While in Foshan looking for new costumes, Sun Kam would get into an altercation with Fung Siu-ching, an apprentice of a local tailor. After defeating Fung, the latter would become Sun Kam's apprentice at Red Boat and learn Wing Chun. Subsequently, Fung Siu-ching would become a bounty hunter and would teach Jee Shim Wing Chun to various students.

In 1995, Andreas Hoffman was certified as a successor of Jee Shim Wing Chun.

Lineage
Chi Sim → Sun Kam (Painted-Face Kam) → Fung Siu-ching
 * Fung Siu-ching → Dong Suen → Dong Yik → Way Yan
 * Fung Siu-ching → Unspecified students → Lo Chiu-wan & Lo Hong-tai → Way Yan
 * Fung Siu-ching → Dong Jit → Chu Chong-man → Way Yan
 * Way Yan → Cheng Kwong → Andreas Hoffman (current head)

Features
This lineage contains techniques that deviate from contemporary Wing Chun, that was passed down by Ng Mui and/or Leung Bok-chao. The difference is pronounced enough that the Wing Chun style of this lineage is considered its own martial art, Weng Chun. This view is supported by Ip Man lineage.

Law-family / Snake-Pattern Wing Chun
This lineage was originates from Leung Bok-chau, husband of Yim Wing-chun. When in Guangxi, Leung Bok-chau taught his martial art to Law Man-gung, who was kung fu brother of Leung Lan-kwai. Law Man Gung would pass down the knowledge to Fok Bo-chuen, who would be one of the Wing Chun teachers of Yuen brothers. This lineage doesn't exist as its own lineage anymore. Elements of this lineage are mainly continued by Yuen Chai-wan and Yiu Choi/Yiu Kai lineages and has a strong presence in Vietnamese Wing Chun.

Lineage
Leung Bok-chau → Law Man-gung → Fok Bo-chuen

Technique
Per Leung Ting, the Snake-pattern technique is quite soft and imitates the movements of a snake. The Snake-pattern Wing Chun only contains a single bare-handed form, Siu Lin Tao (which is not the Siu Nim Tao.) The Double broadswords used by this lineage appear more machete-like than usual Wing Chun knives.

Yuen Chai Wan / Nguyen Te Cong / Vietnamese Wing Chun
Yuen Chai-wan - alias Nguyễn Tế-Công - Older brother of Yuen Kay-san, Yuen first learned Wing Chun Kuen under Fok Bo-chuen and later continued his studies with Fung Siu-ching. In 1936 he was invited to teach Wing Chun in Vietnam at the Nanhai and Shunde Expatriates Associations and moved to Hanoi, where he was known by the Vietnamese pronunciation of his name, Nguyen Te-cong. In 1954 he relocated to Saigon (now, Ho Chi Minh City) where he established a second school.

Notable alumni
Tran Thuc Tien

History
Yiu Choi first began learning Wing Chun Kuen from Yuen Chai-wan, the elder brother of Yuen Kay-san, in roughly 1920 and studied with him until Yuen moved to Vietnam in 1936, just after the death of his Sifu Fung Siu-ching.

Just before he left, Yuen introduced Yiu Choi to his friend and fellow Wing Chun Kuen practitioner, Chan Wah-shun, to continue his studies. At the same time, he also learned from Chan Wah-shun's student Ng Chung-so.

Technique
Per Leung Ting, out of the other lineages, the Yiu Choi / Yiu Kai branch is Wing Chun Kung Fu is the closest to Yip Man branch's.

Lineage
Lineage A: Red Boat Opera → "Painted Face Kam" → Fok Bo-chuen & Fung Siu-ching → Yuen Chai-wan → Yiu Choi Lineage B: Red Boat Opera → Wong Wah-bo → Leung Jan → Chan Wah-shun → Yiu Choi

Notable alumni: Fok Chiu

Fujian Wing Chun Kuen
Fujian Wing Chun is a group of associated martial arts originated from Fujian Shaolin Temple, where Jee Shim taught martial arts at the temple's Wing Chun Dien (Always Spring Hall). After destruction of the Fujian Shaolin Temple, the Fujian Wing Chun would be spread to Guangdong by Fong Sai-yuk and Hung Hei-gun.

Hung Suen - Hay Ban Wing Chun
This branch comes from Red Boat Opera of modern era, where style of Wing Chun perpetuated and never left the Red Boat Opera, where it would continue developing. This branch was introduced to United States by Yeung Fook.

Gu Lao - Pien San Wing Chun / Side Body Wing Chun
Originates from Leung Jan's Gu Lao Wing Chun. Wong Wah-saam was 23 years old when he became Leung Jan's student, but Leung Jan died quite early in Wong's training. Wong is the originator of Fung-family variation of Gu Lao Wing Chun.

Focuses on moving to the side of the attacking opponent for offense and defense. This is contrary to most other styles of Wing Chun, especially of Ip Man's lineage. It utilizes 36 small drills, compared to the 40 Point System of main Gu Lao Wing Chun.

Unique variants
Besides main lineages, there are highly specialized variations of Wing Chun system that have spawned from these lineages.

Practical Wing Chun
Advocated by Wan Kam-leung, student of Wong Shun-leung.

Jun Fan Gung Fu
Wing Chun variation conceived by Bruce Lee in 1962, before his creation of Jeet Kune Do. It is based on Ip Man lineage of Wing Chun, as Lee was instructed Ip Man and his senior student Wong Shun-leung. Following the 1964 encounter with Wong Jack-man, Bruce Lee distanced himself from Jun Fan Gung Fu, seeing that the reason why he failed to properly defeat Wong Jack-man was because he let guidelines of his own system compromise aliveness. In response, Bruce Lee ordered the closure of all Jun Fan Gung Fu schools, and instead focused on a new combat philosophy known as Jeet Kune Do.

Regardless, select early students of Bruce Lee - namely Jesse Glover, Taky Kimura, James Yimm Lee, Jerry Poteet and Ted Wong - preserved Jun Fan Gung Fu in its original form, after Lee had abandoned it.

title: Branches of Wing Chun


text: User talk:Andrewbarista

title: User talk:Andrewbarista


text: User talk:70.173.212.70

title: User talk:70.173.212.70


text:
User talk:Imdwalrus

Welcome,, to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful.

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To basically understand the principles and rules governing Wikipedia, you should take a look the Five Pillars that underlie all rules here.

Finally, here are some jobs that you can work on in your spare time:

Hope to see you around the Wiki! And if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! Bratsche talk 5 pillars 01:57, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Chrismahanukwanzakah
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Nomination of Jump drive for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Jump drive is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Jump drive until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 16:18, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Imdwalrus


text:
User:Cullinane/Shepler letter

Dear Mr. Cullinane,

Wikipedia is not a mathematics encyclopedia, correct? In that case, let me change the quote to make it more appropriate:

"The symmetry groups of the 5 Platonic solids (tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron) are generated by reflections and rotations in space. These symmetry groups are examples of reflection groups. A reflection group acts on a finite dimensional vector space and is generated by reflections: elements that fix a hyperplane in space pointwise.  Each reflecting hyperplane acts as a mirror for the reflection. Reflection groups include Weyl and Coxeter groups, complex (or pseudo) reflection groups, and groups defined over arbitrary fields.  Mathematical tools from geometry, topology, algebra, combinatorics, and representation theory are used to study reflection groups. For example, invariant theory (including modular), arrangements of hyperplanes, regular polytopes, Hecke algebras, Coxeter groups, Shephard Groups, and Braid Groups all play a prominent role in investigations on reflection groups. Reflection groups also appear in coding theory, physics, chemistry, and biology."

Best wishes, -- Anne V. Shepler

Anne V. Shepler Assistant Professor Department of Mathematics University of North Texas P.O. Box 311430 Denton, Texas 76203-1430, USA ph: 001-940-565-4943

title: User:Cullinane/Shepler letter


text:
User talk:Valmordae

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Valmordae


text:
User talk:Mukluk

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Journalist C. Holla @ me
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Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. -- khaosworks (talk • contribs) 03:46, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mukluk


text:
Talk:Simply Mortified

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 22:31, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Simply Mortified


text:
Tarbiat Modares University

Tarbiat Modares University (: Dāneshgāh-e Tarbiyat Modarres, lit. "Professor Training University") is a graduate public university located in Tehran, Iran.

Curriculum
Established in 1982, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) is a comprehensive graduate school. The school offers PhD programs in basic sciences and engineering. TMU currently offers MA and MSc degrees in 171 academic programs and Ph.D. degrees in 132 academic programs, with more than 8000 students and 775 academic staff.

Faculty of Agriculture
The Faculty of Agriculture was established in 1983. The primary objective was to train and educate graduate students at MSc and PhD levels to work as professionals in universities and research institutes as well as in the private sector. A wide range of science courses are offered for postgraduate students. Specialized seminars help students focus their research in areas related to their interests and solve agricultural challenges at the national and global scale.

Faculty of Art and Architecture
The faculty offers courses in various areas such as painting, animation, specific art studies, theatre, graphics, visual art literature, architecture, urban and regional planning, construction, and building management. Facilities include studios, a computer center, and a library. Many directors, professors, and lecturers in other universities and organizations are graduates of this college.

Faculty of Basic Sciences
The Faculty of Basic Sciences (FBS) was initially composed of the Departments of Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, and Physics. Rapid growth in student numbers and an accumulation of research facilities led to the Departments of Biology, Mathematics, and Top Technologies forming their corresponding faculties. The FBS covers the Departments of Chemistry, Geology, and Physics.

The Chemistry Department is active in four areas: Analytical, Inorganic, Organic, and Physical Chemistry. The Geology Department is active in four areas: Economics, Geology, Engineering Geology, Petrology, and Tectonics. The Physics Department is active in Atomic and Molecular Physics, condensed phase, and Particle Physics.

Faculty of Biological Sciences
The Faculty of Biological Sciences began with members of the Plant Sciences and Genetics departments, who the departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics later joined in the following year. The Department of Biology was formed into four groups consisting of plant sciences, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics, with the Nanobiotechnology and Biology being added later.

Faculty of Chemical Engineering
The Faculty of Chemical Engineering was established in 1983. The Faculty has six departments including Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, Polymer Engineering, Polymerization Processes Engineering, Biotechnology Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering. The faculty is known as the applied scientific hub for biotechnology and hydrocarbon processes across the country.

Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering
The Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering offers a variety of MSc and PhD degree programs.

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) provides for specialization in MSc and PhD levels in biomedical engineering, computer engineering, communications, control, electronics, power electronics, power systems and IT Engineering (E-commerce and ICT).

The ECE Faculty has taken part in several collaborations and joint planning activities and has obtained several strategic grants for developing research laboratories in Optoelectronics, VLSI, satellite communications, power electronics converters, and power systems.

Faculty of Humanities
The Faculty of Humanities was established in 1982. The Faculty holds two language laboratories, a library, a computer center, and laboratories for geography, psychology, and physical education.

Faculty of Industrial and Systems Engineering
The Faculty of Industrial and Systems Engineering has five departments including Electronic Marketing and Business, Industrial Engineering, IT Engineering, Socio-Economic Systems Engineering, and Systems and Productivity Management.

Faculty of Law
The Faculty of Law was established in 2012 and always focused its attention on promoting education and research, especially at the doctoral level. To accomplish this mission, feasibility studies are carried out to assess the legal principles used in judicial proceedings for research projects.

Faculty of Management and Economics
The Establishment of the Faculty of Management and Economics commenced in 2009.

Faculty of Mathematical Sciences
The Faculty of Mathematical Sciences has four departments: Applied Math, Pure Math, Statistics, and Computer Sciences. Department of Applied Mathematics is active in Mathematical Modeling, Numerical Analysis, and Optimization. The research areas in the Department of Pure Mathematics include Algebra (Group Theory and Non-Commutative Algebra), Analysis (Harmonic and Functional Analysis), Dynamical systems, Topology-Geometry (Algebraic and Differential), and Logic. The Department of Statistics is involved in Spatial and Environmental Statistics, Statistical Shape Analysis, Multilevel Data Analysis, Bayesian Inference, and Official Statistics. Departments of Pure Math., Applied Math, and Statistics offer admission to students in MSc and PhD programs.

The Department of Computer Sciences is active in image processing, machine learning, data mining, and computational aspects of artificial intelligence

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineering is regarded as a leading founding member of the faculty. It now embraces a wide range of scientific disciplines organized in four different groups including manufacturing engineering, applied design, energy conversion, and aerospace engineering. The department is mostly research-oriented though the curriculum is implemented by both course and research.

Faculty of Medical Sciences
The Faculty of Medical Sciences was established in 1982. Doctoral courses began in 1988 by admitting 26 PhD students in six fields of medical sciences including Biostatistics, Parasitology, Anatomy, Bacteriology, and Biochemistry. This faculty consists of 18 departments.

Faculty of Engineering and Technology
The Faculty of Engineering works in the areas of materials and mining engineering.

Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences
The Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences was founded in 1982 in the city of Noor beside the Caspian Sea. The faculty offers a wide range of research opportunities in nine specialized areas. The faculty includes the academic departments of Watershed Management, Forestry, Fishery, Wood and Paper Science, Environment, Range Management, Marine Biology, and Physical Oceanography.

Notable alumni and faculty

 * Ali Ahmadzadeh, Iranian Politician and lawyer, Governor of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province.
 * Mir-Hossein Mousavi, Iranian reformist politician and the leader of the "Green Movement".
 * Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, speakers of the Parliament of Iran.
 * Asghar Farhadi, Iranian film maker and writer who has won two Academy Awards and one Golden Globe for his films A Separation (2011) and The Salesman (2016).
 * Hashem Aghajari, Iranian historian.
 * Emad Afroogh, politician and sociologist.
 * Mohammad Mehdi Zahedi, former Minister of Science and Technology.
 * Ata'ollah Mohajerani, former Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance (Iran).
 * Mohsen Kadivar, Iranian philosopher, university lecturer, cleric and activist.
 * Mohammad Reza Hafeznia, full professor of political geography.
 * Jafar Towfighi, Iranian chemical engineer, academic and politician who served as minister of science, research and technology in the cabinet headed by then president Mohammad Khatami from 2003 to 2005.
 * Farhad Daneshjoo, the former president of the Azad University and the current president of TMU.
 * Masoumeh Ebtekar, a scientist, journalist and politician, the first woman vice president of Iran.
 * Gholamali Montazer, deputy director of Iran's National Elites Foundation.
 * Behrouz Boochani, Kurdish journalist, human rights defender, poet and film producer.

Science and Technology Park

MSTP is a comprehensive Science and Technology Park in Tehran which was launched in 2003 by the directive of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. This organization possesses two campuses of 60 and 4.8 hectares in North-East (Shahid BaBaee) and West (Pajouhesh Campus) of Tehran, respectively.

In addition, a central office and six incubators (including technology, basic sciences, arts, humanities, agriculture and natural resources, health and medical sciences) are located in downtown Tehran.

title: Tarbiat Modares University


text:
User talk:Reda ben

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Journalist C. Holla @ me
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title: User talk:Reda ben


text:
North York (disambiguation)

North York is a dissolved municipality within the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
 * North York Centre, a district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * North York Centre (TTC), a subway station in North York Centre

North York may also refer to:

America

 * North York, Pennsylvania
 * North York, Wisconsin

Britain

 * North York Moors, England
 * North Yorkshire, England

title: North York (disambiguation)


text:
Vatakku Vasal

Vatakku Vasal (which means "north entrance") is the north entrance of Swamithoppe pathi. It was here Lord Vaikundar performed his Tavam. This is considered sacred by the followers of Ayyavazhi. During the Eleven-day festival in Swamithoppe, on the eight day after the Kali vettai, scene of austerity (Ekanai) of Lord Vaikundar was performed.

title: Vatakku Vasal


text:
User talk:MRoblivious1bmf

blah blah blah

title: User talk:MRoblivious1bmf


text:
Talk:Machina (Final Fantasy X)

For discussion of this page being merged into Mythology of Final Fantasy X, please visit the Mythology of Final Fantasy X Talk Page.

title: Talk:Machina (Final Fantasy X)


text:
User talk:HipHopJames

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Journalist C. Holla @ me
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title: User talk:HipHopJames


text: Talk:Paine

title: Talk:Paine


text:
Talk:Via Purifico

 * I agree with the concensus that this article should be merged with Spira. Besides, its not notable enough to warrant its own page, and doesn't contain enough information to be more than a stub.-MegamanZero |transerver 17:44, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

I don't think the Via Purifico is notable enough to mentioned in a separate entry Spira, and especially not its own article. The player is only there for a few minutes at best, and it plays no real role in the story at all. The small entry we have now in the Bevelle section should suffice.PiccoloNamek 17:58, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Via Purifico


text:
Corneal abrasion

Corneal abrasion is a scratch to the surface of the cornea of the eye. Symptoms include pain, redness, light sensitivity, and a feeling like a foreign body is in the eye. Most people recover completely within three days.

Most cases are due to minor trauma to the eye such as that which can occur with contact lens use or from fingernails. About 25% of cases occur at work. Diagnosis is often by slit lamp examination after fluorescein dye has been applied. More significant injuries like a corneal ulcer, globe rupture, recurrent erosion syndrome, and a foreign body within the eye should be ruled out.

Prevention includes the use of eye protection. Treatment is typically with antibiotic ointment. In those who wear contact lenses a fluoroquinolone antibiotic is often recommended. Paracetamol (acetaminophen), NSAIDs, and eye drops such as cyclopentolate that paralyse the pupil can help with pain. Evidence does not support the usefulness of eye patching for those with simple abrasions.

About 3 per 1,000 people are affected a year in the United States. Males are more often affected than females. The typical age group affected is those in their 20s and 30s. Complications can include bacterial keratitis, corneal ulcer, and iritis. Complications may occur in up to 10% of people.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of corneal abrasion include pain, trouble with bright lights, a foreign-body sensation, excessive squinting, and reflex production of tears. Signs include epithelial defects and edema, and often redness of the eye. The vision may be blurred, both from any swelling of the cornea and from excess tears. Crusty buildup from excess tears may also be present.

Complications
Complications are the exception rather than the rule from simple corneal abrasions. It is important that any foreign body be identified and removed, especially if containing iron as rusting will occur.

Occasionally the healed epithelium may be poorly adherent to the underlying basement membrane in which case it may detach at intervals giving rise to recurrent corneal erosions.

Causes
Corneal abrasions are generally a result of trauma to the surface of the eye. Common causes include being poked by a finger, walking into a tree branch, and wearing old contact lenses. A foreign body in the eye may also cause a scratch if the eye is rubbed.

Injuries can also be incurred by "hard" or "soft" contact lenses that have been left in too long. Damage may result when the lenses are removed, rather than when the lens is still in contact with the eye. In addition, if the cornea becomes excessively dry, it may become more brittle and easily damaged by movement across the surface. Soft contact lens wear overnight has been extensively linked to gram negative keratitis (infection of the cornea) particularly by a bacterium known as Pseudomonas aeruginosa which forms in the eye's biofilm as a result of extended soft contact lens wear. When a corneal abrasion occurs either from the contact lens itself or another source, the injured cornea is much more susceptible to this type of bacterial infection than a non-contact lens user's would be. This is an optical emergency as it is sight- (in some cases eye-) threatening. Contact lens wearers who present with corneal abrasions should never be pressure patched because it has been shown through clinical studies that patching creates a warm, moist dark environment that can cause the cornea to become infected or cause an existing infection to be greatly accelerated on its destructive path.

Corneal abrasions are also a common and recurrent feature in people with specific types of corneal dystrophy, such as lattice corneal dystrophy. Lattice dystrophy gets its name from an accumulation of amyloid deposits, or abnormal protein fibers, throughout the middle and anterior stroma. During an eye examination, the doctor sees these deposits in the stroma as clear, comma-shaped overlapping dots and branching filaments, creating a lattice effect. Over time, the lattice lines will grow opaque and involve more of the stroma. They will also gradually converge, giving the cornea a cloudiness that may also reduce vision. In some people, these abnormal protein fibers can accumulate under the cornea's outer layer—the epithelium. This can cause erosion of the epithelium. This condition is known as recurrent epithelial erosion. These erosions: (1) Alter the cornea's normal curvature, resulting in temporary vision problems; and (2) Expose the nerves that line the cornea, causing severe pain. Even the involuntary act of blinking can be painful.

Diagnosis
Although corneal abrasions may be seen with ophthalmoscopes, slit lamp microscopes provide higher magnification which allow for a more thorough evaluation. To aid in viewing, a fluorescein stain that fills in the corneal defect and glows with a cobalt blue-light is generally instilled first.

A careful search should be made for any foreign body, in particular looking under the eyelids. Injury following use of hammers or power-tools should always raise the possibility of a penetrating foreign body into the eye, for which urgent ophthalmology opinion should be sought.

Prevention
Prevention is the best method to avoid recurrence of corneal abrasions. Protective eyewear should be worn by people who work with hazardous machinery, metal, wood, or chemicals, as well as those who perform yard work or participate in certain contact sports. The appropriate type of protective eyewear depends on the specific circumstances, but all should provide shielding, good visibility, and a comfortable fit. Some examples include polycarbonate glasses or goggles, plastic safety glasses, face shields, and welding helmets. Specifically, welders should use a helmet with a lens that blocks UV light to avoid UV keratitis. It is important to notice that people with one eye are especially vulnerable to potentially blinding injuries, and should pay special attention to protecting their eyes. In these cases, protective eyewear can ensure some degree of safety while also allowing people to participate in their normal day-to-day activities.

Ensuring both a proper contact lens fit and the compliance of the person with care measures can prevent contact lens-related complications. As it has been stated previously, these can cause both mechanic damage to the cornea and be a risk factor for the development of microbial keratitis. Thus, an emphasis should be placed on reducing lens contamination by using effective disinfecting solutions, as well as antimicrobial contact lenses and cases. It is important to avoid swimming with contact lenses, because this increases the frequency of bacterial infections, primarily from Staphylococcus epidermidis and other organisms found in contaminated water. Finally, people who use contact lenses can also avoid both mechanical and infectious trauma by not using contacts beyond the length of their intended use.

Treatment
The treatment of corneal abrasions aims to prevent bacterial superinfection, speed healing, and provide symptomatic relief. If a foreign body is found, it needs to be removed.

Foreign body

 * Positioning: The person is laid in a comfortable position with the affected eye closest to the physician. Loupes can be used if available and the eye can be illuminated with a medical light or, alternatively, with an ophtalmoscope held in the non-dominant hand. The person is then asked to focus on a particular point on the ceiling so that the foreign body sits as centrally between the eyelids as possible. This accounts for a more sterile procedure by keeping the eyelashes as far as possible, and reduces the chance of eliciting a blink reflex. If necessary, the eyelids can be kept open using an eyelid speculum, the examiner's fingertips, a cotton tip or an assistant.
 * Anaesthetic and pupil dilator: Local anaesthetic is instilled into both eyes in order to reduce blepharospasm. Topical oxybuprocaine 0.4% is the preferred choice as it has an onset of action of 20 seconds and a half-life of 20 minutes. A drop of topical pupil dilator such a cyclopentolate 1%, if available, can be helpful to reduce ciliary spasm after removal of the foreign body. Atropine is generally avoided due to its long-lasting mydriatic effects.
 * Removal techniques: There are mainly two types of techniques, the choice of which will depend on the nature of the foreign body. The first technique is the cotton tip removal, which is indicated in superficial foreign bodies with no surrounding corneal reaction, and the second is the hypodermic needle or nº15 blade removal with which the complete foreign body and any surrounding rust ring can be removed.
 * Irrigation of the ocular surface and upper and lower fornices can be performed after the procedure to wash out any residual loose foreign body material. A 10 mL ampoule of sterile saline is usually sufficient.

Medications
Current recommendations stress the need to use topical and/or oral analgesia and topical antibiotics. One review has found that eye drops to numb the surface of the eye such as tetracaine improve pain; however, their safety is unclear. Another review did not find evidence of benefit and concluded there was not enough data on safety. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are useful to reduce the pain caused by corneal abrasions. Diclofenac and ketorolac are the most used, one drop four times a day. It is worth noting, however, that diclofenac may delay wound healing and ketorolac should be avoided in people who wear contact lenses. Some studies do not recommend using topical NSAIDs due to the risk of corneal toxicity. There is no direct evidence regarding the use of oral analgesics, but because pain relief is the main concern for people with corneal abrasions, these are prescribed according to individual's characteristics.

Topical antibiotics are used to prevent concomitant infections, which result in slower healing of corneal abrasions. Ointments are considered the first-line treatment, as they are more lubricating than drops. If the person uses contact lenses, an antibiotic with anti-pseudomonal activity is preferred (ciprofloxacin, gentamicin or ofloxacin), and the use of contact lenses should be discontinued until the abrasion has healed and the antibiotic treatment has ended. This is because contact lens wearers are often colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which may cause corneal perforations and subsequent permanent vision loss.

If the mechanism of injury involves contact lenses, fingernails or organic/ plant matter, antibiotic prophylaxis should be provided with topical fluoroquinolone drops 4 times a day, and a fluoroquinolone ointment, typically ciprofloxacin, at night. If the abrasion was caused by another mechanism, the recommended treatment includes antibiotic ointments (erythromycin, bacitracin or bacitracin/polymyxin B every 2 or 4 hours) or antibiotic drops, usually polymyxin B and trimethoprim 4 times a day.

Patching
Eye patching is not generally recommended as they do not help with healing or pain. Furthermore, it can result in decreased oxygen delivery, increased moisture and a higher chance of an infection. Another measure that is no longer recommended is the use of mydriatics, formerly used to relieve the pain caused by ciliary muscle spasm.

title: Corneal abrasion


text:
Talk:List of Final Fantasy VIII locations

Expansion of this page
I've just sectioned this page out into the regions found in the game, and brought the page into line with the very excellent List of Final Fantasy VII locations page. I'd recommend having a good look at that page to help guide further additions to this one.Gamemaker 14:53, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

I see that this page doesn't actually have a link from the parent Final Fantasy VIII page as yet. I know there is a drive against article sprawl but I think it would be helpful to bring the FF8 pages more into line with the perhaps tidier ones of FF7? I suggest moving the specific location information currently on the parent page onto this one, and instead entering a more general and concise overview of the FF8 world in their place, together with a link to this page (as seen on the Final Fantasy VII page). If there are no objections, I'll make a start on this sometime.Gamemaker 10:21, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In all honesty, I'd rather have the locations list here than on the main FF8 page, which is probably better served by a brief prose summary. I don't think article sprawl is a major concern in this situation: the real problem arises when individual locations are given their own article. Thanks for taking the lead here; I'll help out where and when I can. – Seancdaug 20:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Location headings
Some of the recent updates have renamed the major article headings - while the new names are accurate, I want to point out that they were originally intended to represent the geographical nature of the article: that is, we're discussing the layout of the landmasses, not their political makeup. I'm going to change them so they they follow this theme again; other opinions welcomed. --Gamemaker 13:53, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Subsections
I'm trying to give each location its own subsection, and see how it looks... But I apologize for the blankness beside the table of contents, and the messy pictures under Balamb Island, as I'm pretty new at all this Wikipedia formatting (or actually any site formatting), so I would appreciate any solutions to fixing everything up. As of the time of this post, I'm currently browsing the editing pages. Thanks. --70.25.168.90 22:39, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * To be honest I don't like this formatting style. Because the paragraphs for each area aren't particularly large, we're now devoting almost as much page space to the headings themselves as we are to the actual descriptive text, and the quantity of headings on-screen makes it hard to see anything else. For the same reason, the image thumbnails are too large for their respective paragraphs. While there are solutions to these problems (enlarging the wordcount of each locations and/or reducing the image size) I don't think they will help the page. I'd like to see it return to its previous format, which incidentally wasn't chosen on a whim: the Final Fantasy project is an attempt to bring all FF articles up to a professional and cohesive standard; this article's format mirrored that of the FF7 locations page, and together they were two of the most complete and standardised article lists. Gamemaker 02:09, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Aye, I'll revert it to the List of Final Fantasy VII locations page's format. However, albeit now I understand this is a Final Fantasy project, I don't find it necessary to have the format of this article cohere to that of its Final Fantasy VII counterpart.  When I look at the current format of FF7's location page, sure it suits it best in my eyes because of the very short descriptions.  But, I can't imagine it looking as good to me as it could because of FF8's lengthier descriptions; I think there should be at least some space between each location.  When I have the time to resume my current FF8 file and add more information (which will be a lot) to this article, would you approve of a different format? --70.25.168.90 06:04, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually I quite liked the format you introduced back on the 20th (using a simple list heading), this gave the paragraphs the spacing you mention while not overcrowding the contents list or overwhelming the text of the article. Its a fair point that perhaps a different format would better suit a much wordier article, but before you add "a lot" of information to this page, please consider whether it doesn't already exist on the other FF8 pages or, indeed, if its even required - Wikipedia isn't Gamefaqs. Why not visit the FF Project pages so you can discuss your ideas with the other members? And register too, so we know what to call you ;) Gamemaker 13:07, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Merge Shumi with Eastern Continent?
I'm pretty sure that they could be considered the same continent. Also, aren't Trabia and Esthar considered different continents? Just wondering. Deckiller 00:27, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I think Trabia and Esthar are different continents, but I haven't touched that in the article yet. Somebody already tried to put Trabia Garden in its own continent but it was reverted, so I just want to verify it in the game before I do anything, when I have time. And for Shumi, I too think it belongs to Esthar, but only if Trabia isn't a continent. --70.25.168.90 01:26, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Trabia and Esthar are, if anything, different countries but they undoubtably share the same continent (the latter simply being 'a principal landmass'). Regarding Shumi Island, true it is located very close to the eastern continent (though to be honest not a whole lot closer than Balamb island) but I initially treated it seperately because it holds a discrete location of its own (Shumi village). I admit it does look a little lonely listed out there on its own, maybe it could fall under the Eastern Continent heading if people wish it. Gamemaker 11:09, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not very sure about this, but I think the game referred to the Trabia region as the Trabia continent. Well, I'll need to pay close attention for this detail when I get back to the game to verify this.  Regarding Shumi Island, I for one prefer not to have it to stand as a continent, with only Shumi Village.  If Shumi Village isn't moved to a particular continent, I think it would belong in Other. --70.25.168.90 03:10, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to confirm that Shumi Island is part of the Eastern Continent (if Trabia is not a continent). I landed on the island and what read in the menu was "Trabia- Winter Island". (Off-topic: By the way, I think I will have much more information to add to the article once I keep in mind that I promised a large contribution.) --70.25.168.90 11:03, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Jinu
It is so pleasing to realize that other FF fans around the world are as observant in an almost obsessive way to very complex element of final fantasy VIII story. This just goes to show that there should obviously be a Final Fantasy VIII-2 (a sequel, a prequel or even a re-make who cares! As long as its FF)

Icy? It’s a Salt lake!

wow there are a whole lot of mistakes here, seriously

Lol Final Fantasy X Coins!

Jinu 8:06, 7 January 2006 (GMT)

 * You're welcome to correct any errors! It would also help if you could at least point out the mistakes to us. And please use the four tildes ~ to create your signature instead of manually creating one for a username that does not exist here. --70.25.168.90 08:30, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, I remember seeing that "icy Salt lake" change go in but I then forgot it needed reverting =) >Gamemaker 10:56, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Large southern island
I had some confusion about which continent to which Edea's House belonged because I landed on the large southern island and the menu read Esthar-. I found out later that Edea's House does belong to Centra because this southern island is split about halfway; Centra is to the west and Esthar to the east. This also means that Cactuar Island is not part of Centra; I've moved it to Other, as the Island Closest to Heaven is under Other instead of Eastern Continent and also the Island Closest to Hell instead of Western Continent (Galbadia). --70.25.168.90 00:44, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah; initially, I moved it back to Centra, but I was starting to wonder myself (I do remember it saying Esthar somewhere). I think Esthar had to push into Centra territory far enough to obtain the Lunatic Pandora. Deckiller 00:46, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Laguna and the Shumi
I edited a small detail in the section about Shumi Village. Laguna went there while he was searching for Ellone, not during the time before he went to Winhill. When Squall speaks to the Elder, the Elder says Laguna was searching for Ellone. I do have a screencap to back this up. --MimiSard 21:22, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

The Space Station?
Why is there not a section somewhere in this for the space station? --MimiSard 14:09, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Ultimecia
Why does someone keep reverting that Ultimecia is the antagonist to "main antagonist". I think that there's no one else that fits the description. Any thoughts? Does anyone mind if I revert it? I'd really appreciate feedback. -Eileen-
 * Because she is the main antagonist of the story, maybe? There are other antagonists (deling, Seifer, etc) but Ultimecia is the main one. Peptuck 23:01, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

She's the that manipulates/possesses everyone else, so that's why I put her as the antagonist. That's why I changed it back. Now I deleted antagonist entirely and left it as final boss. That way everyone's happy. I'm sure people can infer that a final boss is the antagonist. -Eileen-
 * I agree, and I'm making a slight change to reflect her position as the "ultimate villain and final boss" of the game. Both of these are true, and she is the real, ultimate villain of the entire plotline. Is this fine? Peptuck 03:07, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

It's perfect. -Eileen-

Dollet ressembling Venice
The streets of Dollet are described as ressembling those of Venice. I was in Venice in summer 2006 and, really, the comparison is false. First of all, Venice has no streets, it has canals. There are narrow areas bordeing the canals on which you can walk and even narrower alleys. No motor vehicule, except of boats, exist in Venice. Even the architecture isn't that similar.

It's highly possible that Dollet is based on a European city, but I highly doubt it's Venice. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Xibys (talk • contribs) 20:14, 27 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Seconded. To me, it looks and feels a lot like, say, some Eastern European city. In fact, from images I've seen of places like Prague, it looks very similar to the design of those areas. Peptuck 07:24, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Significant Locations vs. Other
Does anyone care if I change the locations known as "Other" to "Significant Locations"? I think other is just kinda vague. -Eileen-
 * I think "other Significant Locations" works well for this. Agree? Peptuck 22:42, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Ok, I don't have a problem with it. -Eileen-

A lot of unsourced images
So what exactly happened with all the images with a clear copyright status? most of the images available in this article right now will be deleted in a week, if this happens I will revert the page back to those old versions, what I mean is all this unsourced images must get the copyright status right by then or all your work will be lost. -Dark Dragon Flame 03:18, 13 February 2007 (UTC)


text: User talk:216.161.40.1

title: User talk:216.161.40.1


text:
Talk:List of Final Fantasy V locations

I think the OVA locations should be seperated from the in-game ones.

title: Talk:List of Final Fantasy V locations


text: User talk:63.19.210.195

title: User talk:63.19.210.195