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Burmese Way to Socialism

The Burmese Way to Socialism (မြန်မာ့နည်းမြန်မာ့ဟန် ဆိုရှယ်လစ်စနစ်), also known as the Burmese Road to Socialism, was the state ideology of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, the socialist state governed by the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) from 1962 to 1988.

The Burmese Way to Socialism was introduced by the Union Revolutionary Council (URC), the military junta established by Ne Win and his allies in the Tatmadaw (Burmese military) after they overthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister U Nu in a coup d'état on 2 March 1962. It ceased to be Burma's state ideology in 1988, when the pro-democracy 8888 Uprising pressured BSPP officials to resign and adopt a multi-party system. However, the Tatmadaw instigated a coup d'état shortly afterwards and established a new military junta, the State Law and Order Restoration Council.

The Burmese Way to Socialism led Burma to international isolation, and has been described as "disastrous". For example, the black market and income disparity became major issues. Burma's real per capita GDP (constant 2000 US$) increased from $159.18 in 1962 to $219.20 in 1987, or about 1.3% per year – one of the weakest growth rates in East Asia over this period. Despite this, significant gains were made in healthcare and education. The program also may have served to increase domestic stability and keep Burma from being as entangled in the Cold War struggles that affected other Southeast Asian nations.

Background
Burma under Prime Minister U Nu and the AFPFL-led coalition government in the Union Parliament had implemented left-wing economic and welfare policies, although economic growth remained slow throughout the 1950s. By 1958, Burma was largely beginning to recover economically, but was beginning to fall apart politically due to a split in the ruling AFPFL into two factions: the Clean AFPFL (သန့်ရှင်းဖဆပလ) led by U Nu and Thakin Tin, and the Stable AFPFL (တည်မြဲဖဆပလ) led by Ba Swe and Kyaw Nyein. This situation persisted despite the unexpected success of U Nu's "Arms for Democracy" offer taken up by U Seinda in the Arakan, the Pa-O, some Mon and Shan groups, but more significantly by the PVO surrendering their arms. The Union Parliament became very unstable, with U Nu barely surviving a no-confidence vote only with the support of the opposition National United Front (NUF), believed to have crypto-communists amongst them. Hardliners in the Burmese Army viewed this as a threat of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) coming to an agreement with U Nu through the NUF, and resulted in U Nu inviting General Ne Win, the Army Chief of Staff, to serve as interim prime minister to restore order in Burma. Over 400 "communist sympathizers" were arrested, of which 153 were deported to a penal colony on Great Coco Island in the Andaman Sea. Among them was the NUF leader Aung Than, older brother of Aung San. Newspapers like Botahtaung, Kyemon and Rangoon Daily were also closed down.

On 28 October 1958, Ne Win staged an internal coup d'état under the auspices of U Nu and successfully restored Burma's political stability, a period known as the "Ne Win caretaker government", until the February 1960 general election which returned U Nu's Clean AFPFL, renamed as the Union Party, with a large majority. Ne Win officially handed back power to the victorious U Nu on 4 April 1960. However, the situation in Burma did not remain stable for long due to petitions from the Shan federalist movement started by Sao Shwe Thaik, the first President of Burma from 1948 to 1952 and the Saopha of Nyaung Shwe. The Shan federalists were aspiring to create a "loose" federation in Burma, and were seen as a separatist movement for insisting on the Burmese government honouring the right to secession in 10 years provided for by the 1947 Constitution. Ne Win had already succeeded in stripping the Shan Saopha of their feudal powers in exchange for comfortable pensions for life in 1959, but the unresolved issues of federalism and social order continued.

1962 Burmese coup d'état
By 1962, the Burmese public perceived the elected civilian government as corrupt, inept at ruling the country, and unable to restore law and order, while the Burmese military were popular from stability created by Ne Win's caretaker government. On 2 March 1962, less than two years after returning to civilian rule, Ne Win launched a second military-backed coup d'état, this time without U Nu's blessing. Ne Win established Burma as a one-party socialist state under a military government with the Union Revolutionary Council replacing the Union Parliament as the supreme governing body. Ne Win became a dictator as both the Chairman of the Union Revolutionary Council and the Prime Minister, the head of state and the head of government in Burma, respectively. In April, the Union Revolutionary Council government adopted "Burmese Way to Socialism" as its official political and economic ideology for governing Burma. In July, the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) was founded as part of the Burmese Way to Socialism to be Burma's sole legal political party. The BSPP became the official ruling party with Ne Win as its Chairman.

Ideological features
The "Burmese Way to Socialism" has been described by some scholars as anti-Western, isolationist and socialist in nature, characterised also by an extensive dependence on the military, emphasis on the rural populace, and Burmese (or more specifically, Burman) nationalism. Despite the Union Revolutionary Council leaders' phraseology being socialist, their actions were those of ardent nationalists seeking to maximize the power of their state. In January 1963, the "Burmese Way to Socialism" was further elaborated in a political public policy called "The System of Correlation of Man and His Environment" (MY လူနှင့် ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်တို့၏ အညမည သဘောတရား), published as the philosophical and political basis for the Burmese approach to society and what Ne Win deemed as socialism, influenced by Buddhist, humanist and Marxist views.

The fundamentals of the "Burmese Way to Socialism", as outlined in 1963, were as follows:
 * 1) In setting forth their programmes as well as in their execution the Revolutionary Council will study and appraise the concrete realities and also the natural conditions peculiar to Burma objectively. On the basis of the actual findings derived from such study and appraisal it will develop its own ways and means to progress.
 * 2) In its activities the Revolutionary Council will strive for self-improvement by way of self-criticism. Having learnt from contemporary history the evils of deviation towards right or left the Council will with vigilance avoid any such deviation.
 * 3) In whatever situations and difficulties the Revolutionary Council may find itself it will strive for advancement in accordance with the times, conditions, environment and the ever-changing circumstances, keeping at heart the basic interests of the nation.
 * 4) The Revolutionary Council will diligently seek all ways and means whereby it can formulate and carry out such programmes as are of real and practical value for the well-being of the nation. In doing so it will critically observe, study and avail itself of the opportunities provided by progressive ideas, theories and experiences at home, or abroad without discrimination between one country of origin and another.

The subsequent discussion of the nature of ownership, planning and development strategy in Burma between 1962 and the mid-1970s indicates that while Burma formally established the structures of a socialist economy, it did not effectively implement those structures. Furthermore, since the mid-1970s due to economic failure, Burma had to accept policies that imply more private activity, including foreign investment.

According to a 1981 scholarly analysis, "there is little evidence that Burma either is now, or is in the process of becoming a socialist society". The study also stated that "the leadership, although demonstrating a certain social concern, clearly lacks the ability and the will necessary to build a socialist society".

Impact
The "Burmese Way to Socialism," while making significant strides in education and healthcare, also negatively affected the economy and the living standards of the Burmese people. Foreign aid organisations, like the American-based Ford Foundation and Asia Foundation, as well as the World Bank, were no longer allowed to operate in the country. Only permitted was aid from a government-to-government basis. In addition, the teaching of the English language was reformed and moved to secondary schools, whereas previously it had started as early as kindergarten. The government also implemented extensive visa restrictions for Burmese citizens, especially when their destinations were Western countries. Instead, the government sponsored the travel of students, scientists and technicians to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, in order to receive training and to "counter years of Western influence" in the country. Similarly, visas for foreigners were limited to just 24 hours.

Furthermore, freedom of expression and the freedom of the press was extensively restricted. Foreign language publications were prohibited, as were newspapers that printed "false propagandist news." The Press Scrutiny Board (now the Press Scrutiny and Registration Division), which censors all publications to this day, including newspapers, journals, advertisements and cartoons, was established by the RC through the Printers' and Publishers' Registration Act in August 1962. The RC set up the News Agency of Burma (BNA) to serve as a news distribution service in the country, thus effectively replacing the work of foreign news agencies. In September 1963, The Vanguard and The Guardian, two Burmese newspapers, were nationalized. In December 1965, publication of privately owned newspapers was banned by the government.

The impact on the Burmese economy was extensive. The Enterprise Nationalization Law, passed by the Revolutionary Council in 1963, nationalized all major industries, including import-export trade, rice, banking, mining, teak and rubber on 1 June 1963. In total, around 15,000 private firms were nationalized. Furthermore, industrialists were prohibited from establishing new factories with private capital. This was particularly detrimental to the Anglo-Burmese, Burmese Indians and the British, who were disproportionately represented in these industries.

The oil industry, which was previously controlled by American and British companies, such as the General Exploration Company and East Asiatic Burma Oil, were forced to end operations. In its place was the government-owned Burma Oil Company, which monopolized oil extraction and production. In August 1963, the nationalization of basic industries, including department stores, warehouses and wholesale shops, followed. Price control boards were also introduced.

The Enterprise Nationalization Law directly affected foreigners in Burma, particularly Burmese Indians and the Burmese Chinese, both of whom had been influential in the economic sector as entrepreneurs and industrialists. By mid-1963, 2,500 foreigners a week were leaving Burma. By September 1964, approximately 100,000 Indian nationals had left the country.

The black market became a major feature of Burmese society, representing about 80% of the national economy during the Burmese Way period. Moreover, income disparity became a major socioeconomic issue. Throughout the 1960s, Burma's foreign exchange reserves declined from $214 million in 1964 to $50 million in 1971, while inflation skyrocketed.

Significant gains were made in some of the social sectors. Adult literacy rate grew from 60% to 80% between the late 1960s and 1980s, and the number enrolled in primary schools as a percentage of the age group increased from 44% to 54% during the same period. In the health sector, life expectancy rose from 44% to 54%, infant mortality rate declined from 129 to 50, and the number of persons per physician, from 15,560 to 3,900 during the same period.

In the First Burmese Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) Congress in 1971, several minor economic reforms were made, in light of the failures of the economic policy pursued throughout the 1960s. The Burmese government asked to rejoin the World Bank, joined the Asian Development Bank, and sought more foreign aid and assistance. The Twenty-Year Plan, an economic plan divided into five increments of implementation, was introduced, in order to develop the country's natural resources, including agriculture, forestry, oil and natural gas, through state development. These reforms brought living standards back to pre-World War II levels and stimulated economic growth. However, by 1988, foreign debt had ballooned to $4.9 billion, about three-fourths of the national GDP, and Ne Win's later attempt to make the Kyat based in denominations divisible by 9, a number he considered to be auspicious, led to the wiping of millions of savings of the Burmese people, resulting in the 8888 Uprising.

Books

 * Eh Htoo, Saw and Tony Waters (2024). General Ne Win's Legacy of Burmanization in Myanmar.  Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.

Other

 * Burma—Growing Ever Darker Foreign Policy in Focus, 11 September 2007.
 * Burma—Growing Ever Darker Foreign Policy in Focus, 11 September 2007.

title: Burmese Way to Socialism


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Flint the Time Detective

Flint the Time Detective, known in Japan as Jikū Tantei Genshi-kun (時空探偵ゲンシクン), is a Japanese anime television series directed by Hiroshi Fukutomi. It was based on a manga by Hideki Sonoda and Akira Yamauchi and was published by Bros. Comics in Japan. A second manga running in Comic Bom Bom was also produced and was released as a special promo for the anime. The anime aired in Japan from 1998 to 1999 on TV Tokyo and ran for 39 episodes.

In the United States, Flint the Time Detective aired from 5 March to 5 November 2000 on the Fox Family Channel as part of the "Made in Japan Sundays" block. Reruns were also seen on Fox Kids.

The series also aired in the Philippines via GMA 7 and dubbed in Filipino language which runs from late 2000 until mid-2001.

Sanrio, the company best known for creating Hello Kitty, holds the license to Flint the Time Detective in Japan. It is the only title in the company's roster to date to be aimed at elementary school boys.

Plot
The series is centered around the adventures of Flint Hammerhead, a boy from prehistory who was resurrected from his fossil prison and became a Time Detective for the Time Police, although his competency as a detective is dubious. Much like Inspector Gadget, much of the heavy thinking is done by Flint's friends Sarah and Tony Goodman who accompany him on his adventures. Flint, however, pulled his weight in battle when he would fight with the aid of his father Rocky Hammerhead whose partial resurrection left him a sentient talking rock with a face. Rocky, fashioned into a stone axe for Flint, served Flint as both sturdy weapon and adviser, the latter both in and out of battle. Flint's job as a Time Detective was to go back in time and convince Time-Shifters, cute, collectible creatures to ally with him to protect the timeline.

Usually, he fought against Petra Fina and her cronies Dino and Mite (very reminiscent of Marjo, Grocky, and Walther from Time Bokan), servants of the Dark Lord. The Dark Lord himself sought to use the Time-Shifters' powers to invade the Land of Time, the creatures' home realm from whence he had scattered them. Similar to Pokémon or Digimon, Time-Shifters originate as small, cute creatures who can "shape-shift" into much stronger forms for a time before reverting. This usually took two forms: an evil form (induced by the Petra Stamp, Uglinator's mark, or Dark Lord's magic) called a Con form and a good one brought forth by Flint and his team called a Master form.

Heroes

 * Genshi (ゲンシ) / Flint Hammerhead
 * The main protagonist of the story. Flint is a young, strong caveboy who was fossilized by Petra Fina with his father upon discovery of Getalong. He was freed by Dr. Bernard Goodman's technology and became a member of the Time Police. His weakness is when his stomach runs on empty. He was originally referred to as "Primitive Boy Genshi" in the original manga.
 * The main protagonist of the story. Flint is a young, strong caveboy who was fossilized by Petra Fina with his father upon discovery of Getalong. He was freed by Dr. Bernard Goodman's technology and became a member of the Time Police. His weakness is when his stomach runs on empty. He was originally referred to as "Primitive Boy Genshi" in the original manga.

 * Sora Yamato (大和ソラ) / Sarah Goodman
 * A girl from the 25th century who is Dr. Goodman's niece and Tony Goodman's twin sister who accompanies Flint on his missions.
 * A girl from the 25th century who is Dr. Goodman's niece and Tony Goodman's twin sister who accompanies Flint on his missions.

 * Tokio Yamato (大和トキオ) / Tony Goodman
 * A boy from the 25th century who is Dr. Goodman's nephew and Sarah Goodman's twin brother who also accompanies Flint on his missions.
 * A boy from the 25th century who is Dr. Goodman's nephew and Sarah Goodman's twin brother who also accompanies Flint on his missions.

 * Professor Yamato (大和博士) / Dr. Bernard Goodman
 * A scientist who is the uncle of Sarah and Tony Goodman. He was the one who restored Flint and Getalong. Bernard has a crush on Jillian Gray and he is responsible in sending a time shifter to aid Flint. In the manga, he smokes. In the anime, he only smokes during his teenage years.
 * A scientist who is the uncle of Sarah and Tony Goodman. He was the one who restored Flint and Getalong. Bernard has a crush on Jillian Gray and he is responsible in sending a time shifter to aid Flint. In the manga, he smokes. In the anime, he only smokes during his teenage years.

 * Dad-tan (オトタン) / Rocky Hammerhead
 * Flint's caveman father who was fossilized alongside his son. When his son was de-fossilized, Rocky ended up as a flat stone rectangle. Dr. Goodman made him into a high-tech stone axe for Flint to use as a weapon. In this form, Rocky has a beam that can fossilize and de-fossilize anything except those with evil minds and can grow for his Hammerhead Rock attack.
 * Flint's caveman father who was fossilized alongside his son. When his son was de-fossilized, Rocky ended up as a flat stone rectangle. Dr. Goodman made him into a high-tech stone axe for Flint to use as a weapon. In this form, Rocky has a beam that can fossilize and de-fossilize anything except those with evil minds and can grow for his Hammerhead Rock attack.

 * Ptera / Puu (プテラ) / Pterry
 * A small robotic Pteranodon that accompanies Flint on his missions. He is responsible for his Memory Beam Erase Mode which erases the events of anyone who meets Flint and his friends. In the original Japanese version, Pterry is a female.
 * A small robotic Pteranodon that accompanies Flint on his missions. He is responsible for his Memory Beam Erase Mode which erases the events of anyone who meets Flint and his friends. In the original Japanese version, Pterry is a female.

 * Rei Jinguji (神宮寺レイ) / Jillian Gray
 * Exclusive to the anime, Jillian Gray is the chief of the Time Police. She sends Flint on his missions in time to retrieve the Time Shifters. Dr. Bernard Goodman has a crush on her and tries to get her to love him which doesn't work. In the manga, her position is filled by an old man.
 * Exclusive to the anime, Jillian Gray is the chief of the Time Police. She sends Flint on his missions in time to retrieve the Time Shifters. Dr. Bernard Goodman has a crush on her and tries to get her to love him which doesn't work. In the manga, her position is filled by an old man.

 * Kyoichiro Narugami (鳴神京一郎) / Merlock Holmes
 * A member of the Time Police who is descended from vampires and has a crush on Sarah. He is accompanied on his missions by Bindi. His English name is an obvious play on Sherlock Holmes. As he is descended from Vampires, he has above human strength and a high vitality, plus can put someone in a trance. He can also transform due to his Vampire heritage (called "Koumori-Kyoichiro" (蝙蝠京一郎, "Bat-Kyoichiro") in the Japanese dub). Unlike the rest of the cast, he first appears in vol. 2 of the Bros. Comics. In the Bom Bom manga, he is reluctant to become friends with Flint and his friends due to his heritage.
 * A member of the Time Police who is descended from vampires and has a crush on Sarah. He is accompanied on his missions by Bindi. His English name is an obvious play on Sherlock Holmes. As he is descended from Vampires, he has above human strength and a high vitality, plus can put someone in a trance. He can also transform due to his Vampire heritage (called "Koumori-Kyoichiro" (蝙蝠京一郎, "Bat-Kyoichiro") in the Japanese dub). Unlike the rest of the cast, he first appears in vol. 2 of the Bros. Comics. In the Bom Bom manga, he is reluctant to become friends with Flint and his friends due to his heritage.

 * Time-G (トキG) / Old Timer
 * A Father Time-esque man who handles the Land of Time and watches Flint's adventure while riding a floating pig. Using a cut-out of an old man, he would inform Jillian Gray about a Time Shifter sighting.
 * A Father Time-esque man who handles the Land of Time and watches Flint's adventure while riding a floating pig. Using a cut-out of an old man, he would inform Jillian Gray about a Time Shifter sighting.

 * Z•Z (ジー•ジー)
 * He is a Bom Bom Comics exclusive character and part of the Time Police. He was the one in this version of the manga to discover Bubblegum. He also tells Flint and his friends about Merlock.

Villains

 * Dark Lord (仮面の方)
 * Petra Fina's boss and one of the main antagonists of the series who resides in the Land of Dread. He is a blue-haired, white-skinned man who wears a mask that made him powerful, faster, and enabled him to pull off magical abilities. The Dark Lord was placed in charge of keeping the souls within the Land of Dread trapped. Eventually, the Dark Lord resented this task as he led a lonely life due to the fact that everything in the Underworld was frozen over. Due to the effects of the Land of Dread, he never grew old and remained a young man. He was the one responsible for scattering the Time Shifters across time following his attack on the Land of Time. He also turned four flowers into his Great Four. In the end, the Dark Lord's true form was revealed after Flint's attack was enough to knock off his mask. After the clock in the Land of Time was restarted, the Dark Lord returned to the Land of Dread.
 * Petra Fina's boss and one of the main antagonists of the series who resides in the Land of Dread. He is a blue-haired, white-skinned man who wears a mask that made him powerful, faster, and enabled him to pull off magical abilities. The Dark Lord was placed in charge of keeping the souls within the Land of Dread trapped. Eventually, the Dark Lord resented this task as he led a lonely life due to the fact that everything in the Underworld was frozen over. Due to the effects of the Land of Dread, he never grew old and remained a young man. He was the one responsible for scattering the Time Shifters across time following his attack on the Land of Time. He also turned four flowers into his Great Four. In the end, the Dark Lord's true form was revealed after Flint's attack was enough to knock off his mask. After the clock in the Land of Time was restarted, the Dark Lord returned to the Land of Dread.

 * Hitomi Aino (愛野 瞳), also known as Time Pilfer Lady or T.P. Lady (TPレディ) / Petra Fina Dagmar / Ms. Iknow
 * One of the main antagonists of the series. Petra Fina is an enemy of the Time Police wanted for stealing and messing up time and space. Originally a nice girl who grew up in a rich family, she was getting sick with her control freak mother. She eventually ran off from home and started a life of crime. Petra Fina allied herself with the Dark Lord out of having a "school-girl" infatuation with him. Though she eventually realized too late she was a pawn. Petra Fina and her henchmen travel through time in the Catamaran, a cat-shaped ship that can transform into a giant humanoid cat robot. When not on missions given to her, she takes the form of Ms. Iknow, a strict teacher of Flint, Sarah, and Tony's class. By the finale, she had a temporary truce with the heroes that only lasted until the Dark Lord was defeated. After that, Flint and the other heroes pursue Petra Fina through the timeline.
 * One of the main antagonists of the series. Petra Fina is an enemy of the Time Police wanted for stealing and messing up time and space. Originally a nice girl who grew up in a rich family, she was getting sick with her control freak mother. She eventually ran off from home and started a life of crime. Petra Fina allied herself with the Dark Lord out of having a "school-girl" infatuation with him. Though she eventually realized too late she was a pawn. Petra Fina and her henchmen travel through time in the Catamaran, a cat-shaped ship that can transform into a giant humanoid cat robot. When not on missions given to her, she takes the form of Ms. Iknow, a strict teacher of Flint, Sarah, and Tony's class. By the finale, she had a temporary truce with the heroes that only lasted until the Dark Lord was defeated. After that, Flint and the other heroes pursue Petra Fina through the timeline.

 * Mr. Dino / Dino Fishman (ダイナ)
 * An experimental eel who was freed from the lab he was in and made humanoid by Petra Fina. Dino serves as one of her lackies. When not on missions, he takes the form of a teacher named Mr. Dino.
 * An experimental eel who was freed from the lab he was in and made humanoid by Petra Fina. Dino serves as one of her lackies. When not on missions, he takes the form of a teacher named Mr. Dino.

 * Principal Mite / Mite (マイト)
 * An experimental frog who was freed from the lab he was in and made humanoid by Petra Fina. Mite serves as one of her lackies. When not on missions, he takes the form of Principal Mite.
 * An experimental frog who was freed from the lab he was in and made humanoid by Petra Fina. Mite serves as one of her lackies. When not on missions, he takes the form of Principal Mite.

Great Four
The Great Four are Dark Lord's own Time-Shifters, created from flowers. Just like the regular Time Shifters, all four can transform, in the Japanese dub this form is called "Super" despite being a form of bad transformation, whereas the English dub changes it to "kon" to match the other Shifters bad transformations. In the finale, the four decided to revert to their original selves on their own.

 * Super Ninja (ニオージャ)
 * An Oriental-themed warrior who fights with a staff. He fought Flint on different occasions. Super Ninja default form is of a pin that Dark Lord sent to Petra Fina. He was eventually withdrawn by his master following his defeat in his fight with Mosbee-Master, Coconaut-Master, and Dipper-Master. Super Ninja is patterned after the Nio. In the original Japanese version, he ends his sentences with "-Nyo". Super Ninja is also noted for his habit of talking in first person, when the normal way of addressing oneself in Japanese is in 3rd person. The English dub makes a mistake with his naming and he ends up being the only member to retain the use of "Super" in their transformations name. Additionally, he is also only called ever called "Super Ninja", even though just "Ninja" should be the default name. He also talks in first person in the Japanese dub, rather than in third person, when referring to himself; this is atypical of a Japanese speaker.
 * An Oriental-themed warrior who fights with a staff. He fought Flint on different occasions. Super Ninja default form is of a pin that Dark Lord sent to Petra Fina. He was eventually withdrawn by his master following his defeat in his fight with Mosbee-Master, Coconaut-Master, and Dipper-Master. Super Ninja is patterned after the Nio. In the original Japanese version, he ends his sentences with "-Nyo". Super Ninja is also noted for his habit of talking in first person, when the normal way of addressing oneself in Japanese is in 3rd person. The English dub makes a mistake with his naming and he ends up being the only member to retain the use of "Super" in their transformations name. Additionally, he is also only called ever called "Super Ninja", even though just "Ninja" should be the default name. He also talks in first person in the Japanese dub, rather than in third person, when referring to himself; this is atypical of a Japanese speaker.

 * Uglinator (デスダス)
 * A skull-type imp (with a chalk-white body, dark blue horns, red eyes and yellow fangs and nails) who first appeared in the form of Petra Fina's Petra-Stamp, which enabled her to turn any Time Shifter into her slave. His presence was soon revealed when he was awakened to replace Super Ninja and take over Petra Fina's group. He can head-butt Time Shifters for Petra Fina to control and can possess people (he once possessed Merlock which turned him into a monstrous version of himself). Uglinator-Con (スーパーデスダス) resembles a larger version of himself and can shoot beams in the ground which summons skeletons that obey his every command. In the original Japanese version, he ends his sentences with "-dasu".
 * A skull-type imp (with a chalk-white body, dark blue horns, red eyes and yellow fangs and nails) who first appeared in the form of Petra Fina's Petra-Stamp, which enabled her to turn any Time Shifter into her slave. His presence was soon revealed when he was awakened to replace Super Ninja and take over Petra Fina's group. He can head-butt Time Shifters for Petra Fina to control and can possess people (he once possessed Merlock which turned him into a monstrous version of himself). Uglinator-Con (スーパーデスダス) resembles a larger version of himself and can shoot beams in the ground which summons skeletons that obey his every command. In the original Japanese version, he ends his sentences with "-dasu".

 * Nascal (ナスカル)
 * A bird-like creature capable of teleportation, the only female among the Great Four. In the English dub, Nascal was changed to male. Flint had to fight her in order to get into Dark Lord's castle. Nascal-Con resembles a three-headed humanoid condor monster. In the original Japanese version, she ends her sentences with "-ka-ka-ka".
 * A bird-like creature capable of teleportation, the only female among the Great Four. In the English dub, Nascal was changed to male. Flint had to fight her in order to get into Dark Lord's castle. Nascal-Con resembles a three-headed humanoid condor monster. In the original Japanese version, she ends her sentences with "-ka-ka-ka".

 * Ominito (ゲラ)
 * A mushroom-type creature who uses video game-based attacks to prevent Flint, Dino, and Mite from reaching Petra Fina. In battle, he attacks with mushrooms where one of them had mushrooms that became evil versions of Flint's friends like a Bunny Sarah, a winged Tony, Rocky Hammerhead's Petra-Stamped form, and Merlock Holmes' monster form. Ominito-Con resembles an upside-down mushroom. In the original Japanese version, he ends his sentences with "-Gera".
 * A mushroom-type creature who uses video game-based attacks to prevent Flint, Dino, and Mite from reaching Petra Fina. In battle, he attacks with mushrooms where one of them had mushrooms that became evil versions of Flint's friends like a Bunny Sarah, a winged Tony, Rocky Hammerhead's Petra-Stamped form, and Merlock Holmes' monster form. Ominito-Con resembles an upside-down mushroom. In the original Japanese version, he ends his sentences with "-Gera".

Time Shifters
Time Shifters (時空モンスター) are creatures that help the Old Timer to run the Land of Time until the Dark Lord came and scattered most of them across time and space. Each one has its own special powers and can transform into Con forms (バッド変化) or Master forms (スーパー変身). Most of the Time Shifters' Master forms have a humanoid appearance (notable exceptions are Lynx and Unita), whereas their Con forms have a demonic appearance.

 * Getalong (ラブラブ)
 * An egg-shaped penguin-type Time Shifter who has a love beam that makes people "get along". Found in the Stone Age where she first met Flint Hammerhead. Getalong is the only one that has neither Con nor Master forms shown within the anime. Though she did try to transform in one episode. At the end of the series, she was the only Shifter to stay with Flint and the others instead of going back to the Land of Time. She was first introduced in vol. 2 of the original Bros. Comics manga as "Zabieha"(ザビエハ) and quickly became a favorite of Flint and his friends afterwards. In this manga, Zabieha was transformed into an evil version of herself.
 * An egg-shaped penguin-type Time Shifter who has a love beam that makes people "get along". Found in the Stone Age where she first met Flint Hammerhead. Getalong is the only one that has neither Con nor Master forms shown within the anime. Though she did try to transform in one episode. At the end of the series, she was the only Shifter to stay with Flint and the others instead of going back to the Land of Time. She was first introduced in vol. 2 of the original Bros. Comics manga as "Zabieha"(ザビエハ) and quickly became a favorite of Flint and his friends afterwards. In this manga, Zabieha was transformed into an evil version of herself.

 * Jitterbug (ハニハニ)
 * A Dogū-type Time Shifter who can make people dance. Jitterbug-Con (ハニワル) looks like a ceramic vase-like creature that can eat earthenware, can pull off the Petra-Stomp attack, and shoot them from his mouth. As Jitterbug-Master (スーパーハニハニ), he looks more humanoid with big arms and chest and he can perform the Power Whirl attack. Found in 2nd century AD Japan during the reign of Queen Himiko.
 * A Dogū-type Time Shifter who can make people dance. Jitterbug-Con (ハニワル) looks like a ceramic vase-like creature that can eat earthenware, can pull off the Petra-Stomp attack, and shoot them from his mouth. As Jitterbug-Master (スーパーハニハニ), he looks more humanoid with big arms and chest and he can perform the Power Whirl attack. Found in 2nd century AD Japan during the reign of Queen Himiko.

 * Eldora (エルドラ)
 * A winged snake-type Time Shifter who can turn anything to gold. Eldora-Con (ワルドラ) is a dragon-like creature protruding from a jewelry box that fires beams. Eldora-Master (スーパーエルドラ) is a humanoid version of herself with a feathered headdress, and that can fire gold-colored blinding beams. Found in Latin America in the 16th century when the Conquistadors invaded and where Petra Fina got to her first enough to get the Conquistadors on their side. The only character who introduced in this time is Lucas who is the son of one of the Conquistadors.
 * A winged snake-type Time Shifter who can turn anything to gold. Eldora-Con (ワルドラ) is a dragon-like creature protruding from a jewelry box that fires beams. Eldora-Master (スーパーエルドラ) is a humanoid version of herself with a feathered headdress, and that can fire gold-colored blinding beams. Found in Latin America in the 16th century when the Conquistadors invaded and where Petra Fina got to her first enough to get the Conquistadors on their side. The only character who introduced in this time is Lucas who is the son of one of the Conquistadors.

 * Talen (テイルン)
 * A shy fox-like Time Shifter (holding a Fatsia fan) that can enter any story books. Talen-Con (ワルルン) takes the form of a pink ball of fur with a fox-like oni mask, had five tails that it stood on and can use them to fire spikes. Talen-Master (スーパーテイルン) is a yamabushi-themed humanoid fox whose main attack involves throwing exploding necklaces. She was found in Edo-era Japan in 794 AD with Murasaki Shikibu.
 * A shy fox-like Time Shifter (holding a Fatsia fan) that can enter any story books. Talen-Con (ワルルン) takes the form of a pink ball of fur with a fox-like oni mask, had five tails that it stood on and can use them to fire spikes. Talen-Master (スーパーテイルン) is a yamabushi-themed humanoid fox whose main attack involves throwing exploding necklaces. She was found in Edo-era Japan in 794 AD with Murasaki Shikibu.

 * Mosbee (モスビー)
 * An elephant head-type Time Shifter that can freeze anything (whatever form he was in). Mosbee-Con (ワルビー) is a real woolly mammoth with an up-side down head and has a club attached to his trunk which fires a Petra-Freeze attack. Mosbee-Master (スーパーモスビー) is a humanoid mammoth, still with an upside-down head, who can freeze anything from his ears. Mosbee is also the brother of Dipper. He was found in 1812 Russia when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the country.
 * An elephant head-type Time Shifter that can freeze anything (whatever form he was in). Mosbee-Con (ワルビー) is a real woolly mammoth with an up-side down head and has a club attached to his trunk which fires a Petra-Freeze attack. Mosbee-Master (スーパーモスビー) is a humanoid mammoth, still with an upside-down head, who can freeze anything from his ears. Mosbee is also the brother of Dipper. He was found in 1812 Russia when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the country.

 * Coconaut (ココロン)
 * Coconaut was first introduced in vol.2 of the original manga and appeared in all versions of the series thereafter. A Time-Shifter whose only method of communicating is via telling people if something is right or wrong. He can sense the weather patterns. Coconaut-Con (ワルココロン) which takes the form of an egg-shaped yellow fish with a skull face who can call upon a deadly storm and shoot water from its mouth. Coconaut-Master (スーパーココロン) looks more "advanced" with a fish-like water gun for a left arm to perform the Tidal Wave attack. Found by Christopher Columbus in 1492 AD, somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean.
 * Coconaut was first introduced in vol.2 of the original manga and appeared in all versions of the series thereafter. A Time-Shifter whose only method of communicating is via telling people if something is right or wrong. He can sense the weather patterns. Coconaut-Con (ワルココロン) which takes the form of an egg-shaped yellow fish with a skull face who can call upon a deadly storm and shoot water from its mouth. Coconaut-Master (スーパーココロン) looks more "advanced" with a fish-like water gun for a left arm to perform the Tidal Wave attack. Found by Christopher Columbus in 1492 AD, somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean.

 * Bubblegum (タネガン)
 * A Time Shifter that can shoot bubbles. Bubblegum-Con (ワルガン) is a hermit crab who can trap people inside his shell and fires a machine-gun like attack. Bubblegum-Master (スーパータネガン) is a humanoid robot with machine guns for both arms which he uses to shoot stinging bubbles. His Japanese name is a play on dangan (弾丸). Found in Edo-era Japan in 1582 with Nobunaga Oda.
 * A Time Shifter that can shoot bubbles. Bubblegum-Con (ワルガン) is a hermit crab who can trap people inside his shell and fires a machine-gun like attack. Bubblegum-Master (スーパータネガン) is a humanoid robot with machine guns for both arms which he uses to shoot stinging bubbles. His Japanese name is a play on dangan (弾丸). Found in Edo-era Japan in 1582 with Nobunaga Oda.

 * Lynx (スフィン)
 * A Sphinx-type Time Shifter who's good at riddles. The snake head on Lynx's crown can also talk. Lynx-Con (ワルフィン) looks similar to a sarcophagus that can split in half. Lynx-Master (スーパースフィン) is depicted as a wemic with an Egyptian crown that was only shown as an image in Dr. Goodman's computer. He was found in Ancient Egypt in 323 BC where Petra Fina captured him first and used his power to turn her into a queen.
 * A Sphinx-type Time Shifter who's good at riddles. The snake head on Lynx's crown can also talk. Lynx-Con (ワルフィン) looks similar to a sarcophagus that can split in half. Lynx-Master (スーパースフィン) is depicted as a wemic with an Egyptian crown that was only shown as an image in Dr. Goodman's computer. He was found in Ancient Egypt in 323 BC where Petra Fina captured him first and used his power to turn her into a queen.

 * Artie (ホルルン)
 * A bird-like Time Shifter that can bring drawings to life. Artie-Con (ワルホルルン) is a vulture-like creature that has a long, sharp drill-like beak that can Petra-Drill into almost anything. Artie-Master (スーパーホルルン) is a slender, colorful humanoid bird that can really fly and has super-strength. Found by a young Auguste Rodin.
 * A bird-like Time Shifter that can bring drawings to life. Artie-Con (ワルホルルン) is a vulture-like creature that has a long, sharp drill-like beak that can Petra-Drill into almost anything. Artie-Master (スーパーホルルン) is a slender, colorful humanoid bird that can really fly and has super-strength. Found by a young Auguste Rodin.

 * Batterball (ネッケツ)
 * A baseball-themed Time Shifter who looks like a catcher's mitt. He can turn anything into a baseball and can hit fast balls at his opponents, no matter what his form was. Batterball-Con (レイケツ) looks like a four-armed umpire with a left arm for a head and neck who can throw baseballs at very fast speeds. Batterball-Master (スーパーネッケツ) resembles a baseball player who is equipped with a bat that can hit flaming home runs. Found by a young Babe Ruth in his hometown of Baltimore in the year 1906 and helped him out in his baseball training.
 * A baseball-themed Time Shifter who looks like a catcher's mitt. He can turn anything into a baseball and can hit fast balls at his opponents, no matter what his form was. Batterball-Con (レイケツ) looks like a four-armed umpire with a left arm for a head and neck who can throw baseballs at very fast speeds. Batterball-Master (スーパーネッケツ) resembles a baseball player who is equipped with a bat that can hit flaming home runs. Found by a young Babe Ruth in his hometown of Baltimore in the year 1906 and helped him out in his baseball training.

 * Bindi (アンモン)
 * An Ammonite-like Time Shifter that give or take life force. She became Merlock's partner. Bindi has feelings for him, which often take the form of being jealous when he seems to be paying more attention to someone or something else besides her. While she seems self-obsessed, it really comes from a deep-hidden fear of being alone. Bindi-Con (アンコーク) is a hermit crab-like monster that can drain the life force of her enemies and use this advantage to become stronger as well as having an ability to bring things to life like terracotta soldiers at the time when she was captured by Petra Fina. Bindi-Master (スーパーアンモン) is an angel-like fairy. Found in Transylvania by Vlad III Dracula. At the end of the series, Bindi chooses to remain Merlock's partner instead of returning to the Land of Time. In the Japanese dub, she refers to herself in first person as "Am-Chan", a play on the English word "am".
 * An Ammonite-like Time Shifter that give or take life force. She became Merlock's partner. Bindi has feelings for him, which often take the form of being jealous when he seems to be paying more attention to someone or something else besides her. While she seems self-obsessed, it really comes from a deep-hidden fear of being alone. Bindi-Con (アンコーク) is a hermit crab-like monster that can drain the life force of her enemies and use this advantage to become stronger as well as having an ability to bring things to life like terracotta soldiers at the time when she was captured by Petra Fina. Bindi-Master (スーパーアンモン) is an angel-like fairy. Found in Transylvania by Vlad III Dracula. At the end of the series, Bindi chooses to remain Merlock's partner instead of returning to the Land of Time. In the Japanese dub, she refers to herself in first person as "Am-Chan", a play on the English word "am".

 * Elfin (オモチャン)
 * A Santa Claus-themed Time Shifter who can turn anything into a toy. Elfin-Con (ワルチャン) took on a form of a centauroid reindeer with a skull-like head where it can summon large war-like toys like possessed carousel horses and runaway Ferris wheels. Elfin-Master (スーパーオモチャン) is a "super-powered" version of himself who is only shown on Dr. Goodman's computer. Found in 1651 in Paris, France during the Christmas season.
 * A Santa Claus-themed Time Shifter who can turn anything into a toy. Elfin-Con (ワルチャン) took on a form of a centauroid reindeer with a skull-like head where it can summon large war-like toys like possessed carousel horses and runaway Ferris wheels. Elfin-Master (スーパーオモチャン) is a "super-powered" version of himself who is only shown on Dr. Goodman's computer. Found in 1651 in Paris, France during the Christmas season.

 * Cardians (レッドマン)
 * Blademan
 * Thud
 * Arrowman
 * Snapper
 * A group of playing card-themed Time Shifters made up of Blademan the Swordsman (spade, red), Thud the All-Powerful (clover, green), Arrowman the Archer (diamond, blue), and Snapper the Camera Whiz (heart, pink). They are modeled on The Three Musketeers and J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai. The four can merge while transforming into their powered forms. Cardian-Con (アクマン) is a centipede monster that looks similar to a jester-like Grim Reaper with the four faces on its different segments. Though this form is vulnerable to being separated by being attacked in its different segments. Cardian-Master (スーパーレッドマン) on the other hand is a knight equipped with a sword and shield. Found in 2000 during Dr. Goodman's teenage time in Tokyo.

 * Plumella (モナリス)
 * Plumella was originally introduced in vol.1 of the Bros. comics manga, but her appearance was changed in later versions. She is a squirrel-like Time Shifter that can trap anyone in their self-portraits. Plumella-Con (ワルリス) has large hands for ears where she cannot only use the Petra-Bash, but she can also trap her opponents in paint goo. Her Japanese name is a play on the Mona Lisa painting and risu (栗鼠). She was found in the time of Leonardo da Vinci (just before he begins painting the Mona Lisa) and was captured by Petra Fina first in order to paint a portrait of her.
 * Plumella was originally introduced in vol.1 of the Bros. comics manga, but her appearance was changed in later versions. She is a squirrel-like Time Shifter that can trap anyone in their self-portraits. Plumella-Con (ワルリス) has large hands for ears where she cannot only use the Petra-Bash, but she can also trap her opponents in paint goo. Her Japanese name is a play on the Mona Lisa painting and risu (栗鼠). She was found in the time of Leonardo da Vinci (just before he begins painting the Mona Lisa) and was captured by Petra Fina first in order to paint a portrait of her.

 * Wing (ウィング)
 * A propeller monoplane/bird-like Time Shifter that can put wings on anyone. Wing-Con (ワルイング) is a vulture-like flying fortress that attacks with flying propellers and darts. As Wing-Master (ジェットン), he becomes similar to a jet aircraft flying at great speeds and can be ridden by anyone. He was found in the care of the young Wright brothers.
 * A propeller monoplane/bird-like Time Shifter that can put wings on anyone. Wing-Con (ワルイング) is a vulture-like flying fortress that attacks with flying propellers and darts. As Wing-Master (ジェットン), he becomes similar to a jet aircraft flying at great speeds and can be ridden by anyone. He was found in the care of the young Wright brothers.

 * Moah (モアイワ)
 * A Moai-type Time Shifter who is the biggest of the Time Shifters. Moah-Con (ワルイワ) is a giant, floating Moai statue with hands which shoot magma and can even cause volcanic eruptions. As Petra Fina could not get the Petra-Stamp on Moah to assume this form, she had Dino and Mite fire the Petra-Stamp Missile from the Catamaran to do the job. Moah-Master (スーパーモアイワ) is a giant humanoid rock warrior who can summon the giant stone "Moai" by jumping on the ground to prevent a tidal wave using a seawall of Moai statues. He was found in the Pacific on what is now Easter Island.

 * Elekin (エレキン)
 * An Elekiter-type Time Shifter with power over electricity. Elekin-Con (ワルキン) can attack with electric shocks. Elekin-Master (スーパーエレキン) is bigger than his normal self (save for the addition of two arms and two legs like a real human) which looks like and is modeled on giant robots like Voltes V and Daimos. He was found in Edo-era Japan with Hiraga Gennai.
 * An Elekiter-type Time Shifter with power over electricity. Elekin-Con (ワルキン) can attack with electric shocks. Elekin-Master (スーパーエレキン) is bigger than his normal self (save for the addition of two arms and two legs like a real human) which looks like and is modeled on giant robots like Voltes V and Daimos. He was found in Edo-era Japan with Hiraga Gennai.

 * Muscles (マスルン)
 * A Time Shifter that can make anyone strong by simply touching them. He looks similar to a dumbbell in his normal form. Muscles-Con (ワルスル) is black and spiky and can attack people (especially Flint) with heavy, metallic balls and tie people up with ropes. The gladiator-like Muscles-Master (スーパーマスルン) has enormous strength. He was found in Ancient Greece in the year 4 BC with a runner named Damon.

 * Unita (ユニータ)
 * A telepathic Time Shifter that looks like a winged unicorn. As Old Timer's aid, he travels through time and space without any mechanical assistance. He is mostly shown in the form of Unita-Master (スーパーユニータ) which is a white flying unicorn. Unita-Con (ワルファー) is a black flying unicorn with a fiery mane and wings that can breathe fire. He was found in the Grand Canyon in an unknown period.
 * A telepathic Time Shifter that looks like a winged unicorn. As Old Timer's aid, he travels through time and space without any mechanical assistance. He is mostly shown in the form of Unita-Master (スーパーユニータ) which is a white flying unicorn. Unita-Con (ワルファー) is a black flying unicorn with a fiery mane and wings that can breathe fire. He was found in the Grand Canyon in an unknown period.

 * Raldo (ラルド)
 * A turtle-like Time Shifter that can trap anyone in his shell. Raldo-Con (ワルラルド) can shoot crystal spikes from his shell and can turn into a large rolling ball of crystal spikes. Raldo can also transform into Raldo-Master (スーパーラルド) who resembles a humanoid turtle knight who can freeze any enemy with his Raldo-Freeze. He was found in the time of Petra Fina's childhood and was her best friend.
 * A turtle-like Time Shifter that can trap anyone in his shell. Raldo-Con (ワルラルド) can shoot crystal spikes from his shell and can turn into a large rolling ball of crystal spikes. Raldo can also transform into Raldo-Master (スーパーラルド) who resembles a humanoid turtle knight who can freeze any enemy with his Raldo-Freeze. He was found in the time of Petra Fina's childhood and was her best friend.

 * Leafy (リーフィー)
 * A Time Shifter that has power over plants. Leafy-Con (ワルリュー) is a rose-themed dragon with dragon-like heads for hands who can breathe fire and her head is hard like diamonds as seen when she was unfazed by Rocky's attacks. She also can turn into Leafy-Master (スーパーリーフィー) which looks like a pink humanoid flower and attacks with pollen. Found in the time of young King Arthur. In the Japanese version, Leafy was a female. In the English dub, Leafy is a male.
 * A Time Shifter that has power over plants. Leafy-Con (ワルリュー) is a rose-themed dragon with dragon-like heads for hands who can breathe fire and her head is hard like diamonds as seen when she was unfazed by Rocky's attacks. She also can turn into Leafy-Master (スーパーリーフィー) which looks like a pink humanoid flower and attacks with pollen. Found in the time of young King Arthur. In the Japanese version, Leafy was a female. In the English dub, Leafy is a male.

 * Monk (ボウザン)
 * A Time Shifter that collects weapons (especially the naginata and the backsword) and is an expert samurai. As the metallic, multi-armed Monk-Con (ワルザン), he can shoot spikes from his body and relies too much on weapons which is one of his weaknesses. He resembles a modern version of samurai in his Monk-Master (スーパーブーザン) form as seen in his unused artwork. He helped Saito Musashibo Benkei.
 * A Time Shifter that collects weapons (especially the naginata and the backsword) and is an expert samurai. As the metallic, multi-armed Monk-Con (ワルザン), he can shoot spikes from his body and relies too much on weapons which is one of his weaknesses. He resembles a modern version of samurai in his Monk-Master (スーパーブーザン) form as seen in his unused artwork. He helped Saito Musashibo Benkei.

 * Nightcap (グースー)
 * A tapir-type Time Shifter that helps people sleep. Nightcap-Con (ワルグースー) uses an ability that can confuse his opponents enough to causes Flint and Talen-Master to fight each other. His Monk-Con form is dark and has a bell for a snout. His Nightcap-Master (スーパー姑蘇) form is more humanoid and wears a cape as seen in his unused artwork. He was found by the famous author Hans Christian Andersen who used Nightcap to sleep and his characters in his dreams helped Flint and Talen-Master to break free from Nightcap-Con's spell.

 * Musey (ミュージー)
 * A Time Shifter who resembles an eighth note symbol with a mouth of a bugle that can recognize beautiful music and can use it to overpower any person's emotions. Musey-Con (ワルミュージー) is a frog-like creature equipped with a pipe organ, using ultrasonic attacks. Musey-Master (スーパーミュージー) looks similar to a conductor that can wrap his enemies in sheet music. Found in the time of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a young Ludwig van Beethoven.
 * A Time Shifter who resembles an eighth note symbol with a mouth of a bugle that can recognize beautiful music and can use it to overpower any person's emotions. Musey-Con (ワルミュージー) is a frog-like creature equipped with a pipe organ, using ultrasonic attacks. Musey-Master (スーパーミュージー) looks similar to a conductor that can wrap his enemies in sheet music. Found in the time of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a young Ludwig van Beethoven.

 * Change (コゼニー)
 * A Time Shifter that looks like a walking purse. He can hypnotize people using the persuasion of wealth and can make real money by eating takoyaki. Change-Con (ワルゼニー) is a Dimetrodon/purse monster which is bigger and has spikes all over his body where it can shoot gold bullions as an attack. His Change-Master (スーパーコゼニー) form looks like a sultan covered in gold as seen in his unused artwork. Found in Edo-era Japan with Kinokuniya Bunzaemon.
 * A Time Shifter that looks like a walking purse. He can hypnotize people using the persuasion of wealth and can make real money by eating takoyaki. Change-Con (ワルゼニー) is a Dimetrodon/purse monster which is bigger and has spikes all over his body where it can shoot gold bullions as an attack. His Change-Master (スーパーコゼニー) form looks like a sultan covered in gold as seen in his unused artwork. Found in Edo-era Japan with Kinokuniya Bunzaemon.

 * Bugsy (ムッシュー)
 * A caterpillar-type Time Shifter that can turn anyone into an insect by looking at them through his magnifying glass. Bugsy-Con (ワルムッシュー) is a moth/mantis-like creature that attacks with sickle-like arms and a morphing ray that it shoots from its mouth. His Bugsy-Master (スーパームシュウ) form resembles an insectoid as seen in his unused artwork. Found in the period of a young Jean Henri Fabre.

 * Dipper (ジャバ)
 * An elephant-type Time Shifter and brother of Mosbee. He can locate water. As Dipper-Con (ワルムジャバ), he can shoot fire from his trunk. As Dipper-Master (スーパージャバ), he shoots fire from his hands. Both of Dipper's evolved forms bear some resemblance to his brother's. Found by Marco Polo.
 * An elephant-type Time Shifter and brother of Mosbee. He can locate water. As Dipper-Con (ワルムジャバ), he can shoot fire from his trunk. As Dipper-Master (スーパージャバ), he shoots fire from his hands. Both of Dipper's evolved forms bear some resemblance to his brother's. Found by Marco Polo.

 * Knuckle (ナックル)
 * A Chinese dragon-like Time Shifter who's an expert of mystic martial arts whom can discharge shockwaves from his fists. Knuckle also makes for a great kenpo master where he and anyone he trains can perform a powerful remote punch attacks. One of the most powerful Time Shifters even when he becomes Knuckle-Con (ワルナックル), where he resembles a blue red-eyed Chinese dragon and has the strength enough to defeat Musey-Master. His Knuckle-Master (スーパーナクル) form is a Chinese dragonoid with four arms and a nunchaku as seen in his unused artwork. Found in Hong Kong in 1972 by a man named Lee. Knuckle could be a reference to the film Enter the Dragon, while his owner could be a reference to actor Bruce Lee.
 * A Chinese dragon-like Time Shifter who's an expert of mystic martial arts whom can discharge shockwaves from his fists. Knuckle also makes for a great kenpo master where he and anyone he trains can perform a powerful remote punch attacks. One of the most powerful Time Shifters even when he becomes Knuckle-Con (ワルナックル), where he resembles a blue red-eyed Chinese dragon and has the strength enough to defeat Musey-Master. His Knuckle-Master (スーパーナクル) form is a Chinese dragonoid with four arms and a nunchaku as seen in his unused artwork. Found in Hong Kong in 1972 by a man named Lee. Knuckle could be a reference to the film Enter the Dragon, while his owner could be a reference to actor Bruce Lee.

 * Doron (ドロン)
 * A Time Shifter that looks like a pumpkin-headed ghost. He can scare people by spitting out luminous spooks. Doron-Con (バッドロン) is a gigantic pumpkin with ivy branches for arms and legs and attacks with throwing axes. His Doron-Master (スーパードロン) form dresses like a witch, has bat wings, and holds a staff with blue fire on top that gives it the appearance of a broom as seen in unused artwork. Found in the time of Thomas Edison.
 * A Time Shifter that looks like a pumpkin-headed ghost. He can scare people by spitting out luminous spooks. Doron-Con (バッドロン) is a gigantic pumpkin with ivy branches for arms and legs and attacks with throwing axes. His Doron-Master (スーパードロン) form dresses like a witch, has bat wings, and holds a staff with blue fire on top that gives it the appearance of a broom as seen in unused artwork. Found in the time of Thomas Edison.

 * Shadow (カゲニン)
 * A fox-like Time Shifter who can make shadow clones of anyone. When he is under Petra's control, Shadow-Con (ワルカゲ) has a black face and blazing fire on its head, and attacks with shurikens and creates evil shadow doubles. His Shadow-Master (スーパーカゲニン) form looks like his Shadow-Con form, but with a kinder face and more robotic look as seen in unused artwork. Found by a cowardly Miyamoto Musashi.

 * Orbit (コメット)
 * A star-type Time Shifter who has the power of encouragement. Orbit is the only missing Time Shifter not to be found in any time period as Flint, Dino, and Mite came across her while on a mission to rescue Petra Fina from Dark Lord. Orbit-Con (ワルコメット) has a tank-like bottom with cannons that can break through walls. Orbit-Master (スーパーコメット) is a humanoid version of herself that controls light.
 * A star-type Time Shifter who has the power of encouragement. Orbit is the only missing Time Shifter not to be found in any time period as Flint, Dino, and Mite came across her while on a mission to rescue Petra Fina from Dark Lord. Orbit-Con (ワルコメット) has a tank-like bottom with cannons that can break through walls. Orbit-Master (スーパーコメット) is a humanoid version of herself that controls light.

 * Wolfen (ウルフェン)
 * A wolf-type Time Shifter who only appears in the Bom Bom comics promo manga. He can walk on air and is fond of Getalong. Wolfen also wears a collar around his neck which the Old Timer can contact him through. Wolfen-Con is a demon wolf that shoots a tornado blast from his mouth. Wolfen-Master is a werewolf swordsman who is swift and fast where he can also use his sword like a boomerang.

 * Haniwani (はにワニ)
 * A crocodile-like Time Shfiter that appeared in the original Bros. Comics in vol.1. He is able to eat anything and was the very first Time Shifter introduced in the series. Haniwani is often depicted as chewing on things, even clothes and people.

 * Hanasaka (ハナサカ)
 * A Time Shifter who first appeared in the original manga in vol.1. Hanasaka has the appearance of a dead tree stump. His powers are identical to Leafy's.

 * Funga (フンガー)
 * A Time Shifter who first appeared in the original manga in vol.2. His appearance is of a giant stone imp-like creature carrying a large tray on his head.

 * Dollymon (ドリーモン)
 * Appeared in the Sanrio Puroland "Dream Time Machine" (夢のタイムマシン) cinema as an exclusive special only to the theme park.

English adaptation
Saban Entertainment licensed & did the English adaptation for Flint, which is very different from the original Japanese version.

All the original Japanese music score is replaced with a new American-made soundtrack; all the sound effects are changed as well. The series was Americanized, with characters names and some places being altered, Flint explains in episode 6 that they come from the USA instead of Japan. Many characters, such as Pterry, changed genders. Parts of each episode were cut and some filler scenes were added. Art edits were only minor, with Dr. Bernard Goodman's lab receiving one of the few noticeable changes.

Bros. Comics
The original manga was released over the course of 3 volumes. It features many prototype ideas and concepts that never featured in the anime.

Bom Bom comics
A 6 chapter manga was produced as a promotion for the anime. It features a slightly different approach to the storyline.

 * Chapter 1: Old Timer is attacked by Petra under the command of the Dark Lord. She is attacked by Wolfen who has transformed into his master form. As he attacks, Petra stamps him which cancels out his master form and transforms him into his kon form. Later due to Flint's interference, Wolfen-kon attacks Flint. Petra is beaten by Flint and in turn fossilizes him, his father and Getalong. Petra drops the fossil-gun in the process.
 * Chapter 2: In the fall out of the attack, Bubblegun appears. Flint rescues him after defeating his kon form.
 * Chapter 3: This chapter features Flint rescuing Jitterbug.
 * Chapter 4: Talen is the focus as Petra begins to rewrite the stories of Hans Christian Andersen.
 * Chapter 5: Time Detective Merlock encounters Coconuat who lands on a ship. When Flint appears, Merlock rejects any attempts that Flint makes to befriend him due to the way Vampires are prosecuted by humans, making Flint feel bad for Merlock. Petra stamps Coconuat who transforms into Coconuat form. During the attack by Coconuat-kon, Merlock is knocked out. The chapter ends with Coconuat being defeated and Merlock taking note of his new friends.
 * Chapter 6: Batterball is the focus of the chapter. The chapter ends with the final pages taking about the upcoming anime. The characters are shown holding scripts.

Openings

 * 1) Power Nakimochi (パワーなきもち)

Endings

 * 1) Moshimo... (もしも…) (1-14)
 * 2) Kirakira (きらきら) (15-26)
 * 3) Boku no Shirushi (僕のシルシ) (27-38)
 * 4)  (時空の彼方へ) (39)

Japanese cast

 * Yukiji as Genshi-kun
 * Nana Mizuki as Sora Yamato
 * Chiaki Morita as Tokio Yamato
 * Chinami Nishimura as Puu-chan
 * Katsumi Suzuki as Time-G
 * Kappei Yamaguchi as Kyoichiro Narugami
 * Yumi Touma as T.P. Lady/Hitomi Aino
 * Toshiyuki Morikawa as Masked Man/Dark Lord
 * Wataru Takagi as Nioja
 * Sachiko Sugawara as Nascal
 * Mitsuo Iwata as Gera
 * Takuma Suzuki as Desudasu

English cast

 * R. Martin Klein - Flint Hammerhead
 * Bob Papenbrook - Rocky Hammerhead, Blademan of The Cardians
 * Greg Berg - Pterry, Arrowman of the Cardians
 * Steve Blum - Change, Hans Christian Andersen (ep. 27)
 * Richard Cansino - Bernard Goodman, Thud of the Cardians, Raldo
 * Tifanie Christun - Sarah Goodman, Plumella
 * Brian Donovan - Tony Goodman, Monk
 * Mari Devon - Jillian Gray
 * Doug Erholtz - Merlock Holmes, Bubblegum, Lucas (ep. 3), Auguste Rodin (ep. 9)
 * Melissa Fahn - Bindi
 * Tom Fahn - Leafy, Hiraga Gennai (ep. 20), Super Ninja
 * Anna Garduno - Wing
 * Barbara Goodson - Petra Fina Dagmar/Ms. Iknow
 * Lex Lang - Dino/Mr. Dino
 * David Lodge - Mite/Principal Mite
 * Wendee Lee - Dipper, Orbit, Nashimi (ep. 2)
 * Dave Mallow - Coconaut
 * Mona Marshall - Getalong, Snapper of The Cardians
 * Joe Ochman - Nascal, Uglinator
 * Derek Stephen Prince - Batterball, Elekin, Young Orville Wright (ep. 17), Jean Henri Fabre (ep. 30)
 * Philece Sampler - Jitterbug, Queen Himiko (ep. 2)
 * Joshua Seth - Unita (Basic Form)
 * Brianne Siddall - Mosbee, Doron
 * Michael Sorich - Lynx, Ominito, Young Babe Ruth (ep. 11)
 * Melodee Spevack - Eldora, Artie
 * Kim Strauss - The Old Timer, Elfin
 * Laura Summer - Talen, Young Petra Fina (ep. 24)
 * Kirk Thornton - Knuckle
 * Tom Wyner - Dark Lord

Additional voices

 * Michael Lindsay - Young Wilbur Right (ep. 17), Thomas Edison (ep. 34)
 * Peggy O'Neal -
 * Colleen O'Shaughnessey - Murasaki Shikibu (ep. 4)
 * Michael Reisz - Bruce Lee (ep. 33)
 * Dave Wittenberg - Young King Arthur (ep. 25), Marco Polo (ep. 31)

English Crew

 * Richard Epcar - Voice Director
 * Mary Elizabeth McGlynn - Voice Director
 * Michael Sorich - Voice Director

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Flint the Time Detective


text:
Fight Music

"Fight Music" is a hip hop single by the rap group D12 from their debut album Devil's Night. The song features various lyrics about violence and dangerous street fighting except in two verses: Bizarre's, which features various graphic subjects, namely oral sex with his grandmother, and Eminem's, which talks about the youth, how they feel and how they relate with this song and other songs. The song was produced by Dr. Dre. "Fight Music" is also included on the greatest hits disc of Shady Records' 15th anniversary compilation, Shady XV, which was released on November 24, 2014. The song was also used as an outro in the 2012 movie Project X.

According to Denaun Porter, Eminem considers this song his "best vocal performance ever, in his whole career. From the verse to the hook, he felt like that was his best."

Music video
The beginning of the video features Ice-T and different styles of music, a play on the beginning of the film The Warriors. The quotes, "can you count?" and "can you dig it?" are taken directly from the movie. The cut-scene where the radio DJ speaks is also a reference to The Warriors. The video features cameos by Fat Joe and Obie Trice. There are two versions of the video. One is the explicit version. The explicit version starts with Ice-T talking about the styles of music. However, the beginning where he says "Can you count, suckers?" has been cut. Also, instead of Eminem starting the chorus outside, he starts inside of what seems to be a city bus, with the rest of D12 seen in the background. The explicit version alters throughout the video. The clean version includes Ice-T yelling "Can you count, suckers?". The clean version also starts with Eminem starting the chorus outside with the rest of D12, instead of inside a bus. Some words have been changed or muted throughout the clean version's audio. Part of the video was shot in Coney Island, Brooklyn, and Melrose, Bronx.

Track listing
The European CD single and Europe and Australia Maxi single are available with six different covers - one of each of the D12 band members.

UK CD single

European CD single

Europe and Australia Maxi single

US 12" vinyl

UK 12" vinyl and Cassette

UK DVD single

 * Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies a co-producer.

title: Fight Music


text:
Talk:RL

RL = NL?
This article claims that RL=NL. I believe this is not known to be true. The lecture notes cited here specifically say that RL is not known to equal NL. Therefore, I think this section should be removed. Comments?
 * RLP, which some authors call RL, is not known to equal NL. This RL is the class that Goldreich calls badRSPACE(log n), and his Proposition 6.1 is what I outline in the article. This is why the introduction is careful to point out this naming difference. Nevertheless, if this point confused you, there are probably others who are confused - what do you think is the best way to avoid this naming mixup in the future? Deco 05:21, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I see - sorry for my confusion. Looking at a couple of other websites (eg. www.complexityzoo.com) it seems that most people use "RL" to describe what you call "RLP". So I might suggest switching to this terminology, or if not, linking to a different reference that uses the same names for these classes that this article does. A third option would be to specifically point out on this page that "RLP" is not known to be equal to NL.
 * Agreed (to moving the page). See also the discussion at Lance Fortnow's weblog from Sept 08 2005. Wikipedia shouldn't adopt minority POV naming conventions (even though they are well-intentioned). Arbor 19:43, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

RL != RLP?
I'm rather confused. I know that for deterministic machines, we have DSPACE(f(n)) \subset DTIME(2^f(n)) because in 2^f(n) steps, we can step through every possible configuration of the tape (since is bounded in size by f(n)). So running any longer than that means entering a previously tape configuration, which is useless.

There are polynomially many configurations of logarithmic space; this is why L \subseteq P. What makes the above argument invalid for randomized time? That is, how could RL take more than polynomial time? --Saforrest 05:27, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently I should RTFA. --Saforrest 05:31, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * That's okay - the article also gives an example of an RL algorithm that takes expected exponential time, the coin-flipping algorithm in the NL=RL proof. Deco 05:34, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Requested move
} move Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:24, 10 May 2009 (UTC) As "Rl" is not a word, the dab page for the two letters should be in caps - see WP:DABNAME. Even stronger argument in this case, as lower case "L" looks so like capital "I". PamD (talk) 07:03, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The most (all?) of the uses listed are initialisms, and therefore the correct capitalization is RL. Jafeluv (talk) 08:46, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Support as acronym usage. -- JHunterJ (talk) 12:18, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Return Loss
RL may also stand for return loss (see article).

I think that it should be added to this list. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.191.232.71 (talk) 08:32, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

Reduced Level
RL may also stand for reduced level (see article). Is it significant enough to add to the list? --RyanCu (talk) 00:58, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:RL


text:
User talk:Tom Brodrick

Good work with Cleveland Brown

hi Tom. muah ha ha. hope you're well... avalonVermiculus 14:20, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Tom Brodrick! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current  article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 16:37, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Yuri Kasparyan -

File permission problem with File:Livic.JPG
Thanks for uploading File:Livic.JPG. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

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WP:MOSIS
Please do not add Indic Scripts to India-related articles. Please check WP:MOSIS. Chaipau (talk) 15:49, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:List of counties of the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1964 by highest point
Hello, Tom Brodrick. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:List of counties of the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1964 by highest point, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Draft space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for article space.

If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion under CSD G13. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it.

If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available here.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. Bot0612 (talk) 02:47, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:List of counties of the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1964 by highest point

Hello, Tom Brodrick. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "List of counties of the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1964 by highest point".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

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Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! CommanderWaterford (talk) 16:12, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Livic

The article Livic has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No claim to notability; no sources"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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May 2022
Hello, I'm Mattythewhite. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Roy Hodgson, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Mattythewhite (talk) 19:11, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tom Brodrick


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Poolball

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to Billiards. - 17:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Poolball
Non-notable "sport" created by a bunch of high school students. We played similar games when I was a youth, but it is certainly not encyclopedic. Al 13:31, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Proto (changed from 'Comment'). Are there any leagues of this game at any level, if not the vote is delete. Alf 14:04, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No, not that I can find. Google results for "poolball" and "poolball league", discounting the billiards results, returns a variety of different home-grown games played in a swimming pool. Al 14:15, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess it could be thought of as a typo of pool ball, which should redirect to billiards (which has the section on billiards/snooker/pool balls - how they're made, etc). Alternately, I suppose it could be what an idiot would call water polo.  But I'd have it redirecting to billiards. Proto t c 14:25, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Proto. Jaxl | talk 17:09, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Namibia Breweries Limited

Fair use rationale for Image:Namib Breweries Limited.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 15:18, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum caution and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform the project members on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 07:28, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Drink under soft drink
Under 105.232.247.77 (talk) 14:07, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Namibia Breweries Limited


title: User:85.206.194.232


text:
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash

The Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash was the 1982 stock market crash of Kuwait's unofficial stock market, the Souk Al-Manakh (سوق المناخ). The Al-Manakh market was housed in an air-conditioned parking garage in the historic area of Jibla, Kuwait City. The market was specialized in highly speculative and unregulated non-Kuwaiti companies. At its peak, its market capitalization was the third highest in the world, behind only the U.S. and Japan, and ahead of the U.K. and France.

Background
The large oil revenues of the 1970s left many private individuals with substantial funds at their disposal. These funds prompted a speculation boom in the official stock market in the mid-1970s that culminated in a crash in 1977. The government's response to this crash was to bail out the affected investors and to introduce stricter regulations. This response unintentionally contributed to the far larger stock market crash of the 1980s by driving the least risk-averse speculators into the technically illegal alternate market, the Souk Al-Manakh. The Souk Al-Manakh had emerged parallel to the official stock market, which was dominated by several older wealthy families who traded, largely among themselves, in very large blocks of stock. The Souk Al-Manakh soon became the market for the new investors and, in the end, for many old investors as well.

By 1979, the year Souk Al-Manakh was established, Kuwait already had a robust financial sector and more stocks than any other Gulf country. However, due to the crash that happened in 1977 and the followed strict regulations for enlisting and trading companies, some Kuwaiti businessmen went to founding companies in nearby Gulf countries and enlist them on this new non-official market. After a couple of years, this lucrative unregulated market attracted many investors and had 70 enlisted companies, including around 40 companies based in other Gulf countries. The next year, the market capitalization of all shares jumped in a few months from $5 billion to $100 billion.

Crash
Share dealings using postdated checks created a huge unregulated expansion of credit. The crash of the unofficial stock market finally came in August 1982, when a dealer presented a postdated check from a young Passport Office employee for payment and it bounced. By September 1982, the Kuwaiti Ministry of Finance ordered all dubious checks to be turned in for clearance, and shut down the Souk Al-Manakh. The official investigation summed the value of worthless outstanding checks at the equivalent of US$94 billion from about 6,000 investors. Kuwait's financial sector was badly shaken by the crash, as was the entire economy.

The crash prompted a recession that rippled through society as individual families were disrupted by the investment risks of particular members made on family credit. The debts from the crash left all but one bank in Kuwait technically insolvent, held up only by support from the Central Bank. Only the National Bank of Kuwait, the largest commercial bank, survived the crisis intact. In the end, the government stepped in, devising a complicated set of policies, embodied in the Difficult Credit Facilities Resettlement Program. The implementation of the program was still incomplete in 1990 when the Iraqi invasion changed the entire financial picture.

Effects
Coupled with reduced oil revenues caused by the ongoing Iran–Iraq War, the Souk Al-Manakh crash helped to push the entire Gulf region into a recession.

Popular culture
The crash was depicted in the 1983 play Fursan Al-Manakh (The Knights of Al-Manakh) starring Abdulhussain Abdulredha.

General and cited references

 * Library of Congress Country Studies - Kuwait
 * A detailed description of the Kuwait stock market crash from stock-market-crash.net
 * Darwiche, Fadwa Adel (1986). The Gulf Stock Exchange Crash: The Rise and Fall of the Souq Al-Manakh. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 0-7099-4534-5..

title: Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash


text:
Thomas Kelly (cricketer, born 1844)

Thomas Joseph Dart Kelly (3 May 1844 – 20 July 1893) was an Australian cricketer who played in two Test matches between 1877 and 1879. Kelly played domestic cricket for Victoria for 17 seasons, first appearing in the summer of 1863–64, and gained a reputation as a fine fielder.

Kelly made his Test debut in the Second Test of the 1876–77 season. In the second innings of the Test, Kelly hit 35 – his highest Test score – of which all but three runs came from boundaries.

title: Thomas Kelly (cricketer, born 1844)


text:
Wikipedia:People by year/Reports/No other categories/1/Ad-Ak

Ada-Add

 * Joseph Franklin Ada (born 1943), American_politician_stubs,
 * Masao Adachi (born 1939), Japanese_people_stubs,
 * Rodolphe Adada (born 1946)
 * Adam Manley (born 1978), Sportspeople_stubs,
 * Adam Willis Wagnalls (1843-1924), American_people_stubs,
 * Adam de Brome (died 1332), British_people_stubs,
 * Dave Adam (born 1961)
 * Eugen Adam (1817-1880), People_stubs,
 * Charles Francis Adams IV (born 1910), People_stubs,
 * Charles Kendall Adams (1835-1902), People_stubs,
 * Curtis Adams (born 1984)
 * Edwin Adams (1834-1877), People_stubs,
 * Evangeline Adams (born 1868)
 * George Adams (optician) (died 1795), People_stubs,
 * James Truslow Adams (1878-1949), People_stubs,
 * John Adams (scientist) (1920-1984), People_stubs,
 * John Michael Geoffrey Manningham Adams (1931-1985), Politician_stubs,
 * Lee Adams (born 1924)
 * Robert McCormick Adams Jr. (born 1926), People_stubs,
 * Robert Addie (1960-2003)
 * Lancelot Addison (1632-1703)
 * Hugh Joseph Addonizio (1914-1981), People_stubs,

Ade-Adr

 * King Sunny Ade (born 1946)
 * Adelaide of Aquitaine (945-1004), European_nobility_stubs,
 * Adelaide of Holland (1222-1284)
 * Adele of France (died 1063)
 * Bas Jan Ader (born 1942), Artist_stubs,
 * Titus Martins Adesoji Tadeniawo Aderemi I (1889-1980), People_stubs,
 * Man Mohan Adhikari (1920-1999), People_stubs,
 * Janet Elaine Adkins (1935-1990), People_stubs,
 * Trace Adkins (born 1962)
 * Alexandra Adler (1901-2001), Scientist_stubs,
 * Cyrus Adler (1863-1940), People_stubs,
 * Julius Ochs Adler (1892-1955), American_people_stubs,
 * Kurt Herbert Adler (1905-1988)
 * Maurice Adler (1909-1960), People_stubs,
 * Peter Herman Adler (1899-1990), People_stubs,
 * Richard Adler (born 1923)
 * Steve Adler (born 1965), Musician_stubs,
 * Gustaf Adlerfelt (1671-1709)
 * Francis Glenn Adney (1902-1983), People_stubs,
 * John Adolphus (1768-1845), A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature,
 * Adriana Caselotti (1916-1997)
 * Adriana of Antwerp (born 1522), Year_of_death_missing,

Ae-Ah

 * Franz Aepinus (1724-1802), 1911_Britannica,
 * Africa Sexx (born 1981)
 * Sadruddhin Aga Khan (1933-2003)
 * Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz (1822-1907), People_stubs,
 * Amir Ageeb (1969-1999)
 * Agnès of Valois (1345-1349), European_nobility_stubs, French_people_stubs,
 * Johannes Agricola (1494-1566)
 * Rodolphus Agricola (1443-1485)
 * Grace Aguilar (1816-1847), 1911_Britannica, A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature,
 * Joey Aguilar (born 1971), People_stubs,
 * Juan Pedro Julián Aguirre y López de Anaya (1781-1837), People_stubs,
 * Elfego Hernán Monzón Aguirre (1912-1981), People_stubs,
 * Karl Gustav Ahlefeldt (1910-1985)
 * Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad (born 1948)
 * Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (born 1982)
 * Ahmet Adnan Saygun (1907-1991), Composers_stubs, Musician_stubs,
 * Vilson Ahmeti (born 1951), People_stubs,
 * Lynn Ahrens (born 1948)

Ai-Ak

 * Robert Aickman (died 1981)
 * Yoshisuke Aikawa (1880-1967), Business_bio_stubs, Japanese_people_stubs,
 * William Aikman (1682-1731), Artist_stubs, British_people_stubs,
 * Stephen Ailes (born 1912), People_stubs,
 * Aimeric de Peguilhan (1170-1230)
 * Alfred Ainger (1837-1904), A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature,
 * John Mark Ainsley (born 1963), Musician_stubs,
 * Henry Ainsworth (1571-1622), 1911_Britannica,
 * William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1882), A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature,
 * Aksel Airo (1898-1985)
 * Edward Hamilton Aitken (1851-1909)
 * Askar Aitmatov (born 1959), People_stubs,
 * Kosmas Aitolos (1714-1779), People_stubs,
 * Akasegawa Genpei (born 1937)
 * Yasushi Akashi (born 1931), Japanese_people_stubs, Politician_stubs,
 * Carl Akeley (1864-1926)
 * George Edward Akerson (1889-1937), People_stubs,
 * John Stephen Akhwari (born 1938)
 * Zoe Akins (1886-1958)
 * Yutaka Akita (born 1970), Football_(soccer)_player_stubs,
 * Kumiko Akiyoshi (born 1954), Japanese_people_stubs,
 * Moustapha Akkad (born 1935)


text:
The Killing Zone

The Killing Zone is an unauthorised James Bond novel by Jim Hatfield. It was privately published in paperback in 1985 under the guise that it was officially sanctioned by Glidrose Publications (later Ian Fleming Publications), the company that held the rights to publish James Bond literary works. At the time, the official author of the Bond series was John Gardner who wrote from 1981 to 1996.

It was first published in the United Kingdom as "A Charter Book" but is no longer in print.

Plot
The novel begins with the murder of Bill Tanner by Klaus Doberman, a German-South American drug lord. Enraged by his friend's death, Bond disobeys his official orders to get revenge. According to the cover blurb on the back of the book, "In this new high voltage spy thriller, Secret Agent 007 must "liquidate" ruthless billionaire kingpin Klaus Doberman. But James Bond has his hands full as he battles a luscious lady assassin who offers lethal love Russian style and a slit-eyed Oriental sadist who is an elusive and deadly Ninja. Aided by his confederate Lotta Head and his old CIA buddy Felix Leiter, 007 is pitted against Klaus Doberman in his heavily armed fortress high in the Mexican Sierra Madres ... in the most bloodcurdling death duel in the great Bond saga."

title: The Killing Zone


text:
Raymond Weinstein

Raymond A. Weinstein (born April 25, 1941) is an American chess master from Brooklyn, New York, who was awarded the FIDE International Master title in 1962. He has been detained in a psychiatric hospital since killing a man in 1964.

Chess career
Weinstein attended Erasmus Hall High School, where he was two grades ahead of Bobby Fischer. He won the 1958 U.S. Junior Chess Championship in Homestead, Florida. Weinstein played first board on the Brooklyn College chess team which became national collegiate champions. He played a total of five times in the U.S. Chess Championship. Weinstein played for the American team, led by William Lombardy, that won the 1960 World Student Team Championship in Leningrad, USSR, the first time the U.S. team had ever won that title. Weinstein tied for the gold medal on his board in that event. Weinstein played on the U.S. team in the 1960 world Chess Olympiad in Leipzig, East Germany.

Weinstein defeated many top American players, including Samuel Reshevsky and Pal Benko. He never defeated Fischer, although he drew one game of four with him (in the 1959–60 US Championship).

Weinstein's best tournament result came in the 1960–61 U.S. Championship, where he finished third, after Fischer and Lombardy. As this was a zonal year, this result qualified Weinstein to play in the Interzonal tournament, held in Stockholm in 1962, though neither he nor Lombardy played, with their places being taken by Benko and Arthur Bisguier. This result also gave Weinstein the automatic International Master title. Weinstein defeated Lombardy, Reshevsky, Bisguier and Robert Byrne in this tournament.

Illness
In 1963, he graduated from Brooklyn College with a degree in psychology and travelled to Amsterdam, Netherlands, to attend graduate school. By this time, however, he had apparently developed a severe mental illness. He was reportedly arrested for assault; Dutch chess author Tim Krabbe has identified the victim as the Dutch psychology professor and International Master Johan Barendregt.

Soon after this incident, he was deported to the United States. There, he was detained in a half-way house, where he killed his 83-year-old roommate with a razor after an argument. Weinstein was deemed incapable to stand trial, and remanded to a psychiatric hospital. He is currently detained at the Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center on Manhattan's Wards Island. Blogger Sam Sloan visited him in 1996, and reported that he was thoroughly institutionalized and very uncommunicative.

title: Raymond Weinstein


title: User:85.206.195.99


text:
Counter (typography)

In typography, a counter is the area of a letter that is entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/the hole of). The stroke that creates such a space is known as a "bowl". Latin letters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Latin letters containing open counters include c, f, h, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also have counters. An aperture is the opening between an open counter and the outside of the letter.

Open and closed counters
Open or closed counters are sometimes a source of typographic variants. The digit '4', for example, has two typographic variants: the closed-top variant '4' has a closed counter, and an open-top (e.g. handwritten) '' has an open counter.

Storey
Storey refers to the number of open or closed stacked counters, especially in the context of the letters a and g and their typographic variants.

The lowercase 'g' has two typographic variants: the single-storey form (with a hook tail) has one closed counter and one open counter (and hence one aperture); the double-storey form (with a loop tail) has two closed counters. Typically, the letter is given a loop tail in serif typefaces but a hook tail in sans-serif faces (e.g., Times New Roman: g, Helvetica: g ).

Open and closed apertures
Different typeface styles have different tendencies to use open or more closed apertures. This design decision is particularly important for sans-serif typefaces, which can have very wide strokes making the apertures very narrow indeed.

Fonts designed for legibility often have very open apertures, keeping the strokes widely separated from one another to reduce ambiguity. This may be especially important in situations such as signs to be viewed at a distance, materials intended to be viewed by people with vision problems, or small print, especially on poor-quality paper. Fonts with open apertures include Lucida Grande, Trebuchet MS, Corbel and Droid Sans, all designed for use on low-resolution displays, and Frutiger, FF Meta and others designed for print use. This design trend has become increasingly common with the spread of humanist sans-serif designs since the 1980s and the 1990s and the use of computers requiring new fonts which are legible on-screen.

Grotesque or neo-grotesque sans-serif fonts like Helvetica use very closed apertures, folding up stroke ends to make them closer together. This gives these designs a distinctive, compact appearance, but may make similar letterforms hard to distinguish. Closed letterforms on highly condensed grotesque designs such as Impact and Haettenschweiler make characters such as 8 and 9 almost indistinguishable at small print sizes. Designer Nick Shinn has suggested that the cause of this design trend, similar to the Didone serif typefaces of the nineteenth century, may have been the desire to distribute the pressure of the printing press on the type, reducing wear.

title: Counter (typography)


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