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User:Ijelisavcic/Bajina Bašta

Bajina Bašta

History
Bajina Bašta was established on the remains of the Turkish community of Pljeskovo which was situated on the right bank of the Drina River between the Rača and Pilica Rivers, on the east foot of Tara Mountain. By the end of the 19th century, in accordance with the Serbian-Turkish agreement, the local Muslims had to move out from this region directly across the Drina River into Bosnia, where they started to build houses in the villages of Skelani and Dobrak. In the favorable settings of fertile plain close to the Drina River soon settled the inhabitants of the nearby villages.

The name Bajina Bašta comes from the vast orchards and vegetable gardens, that used to be located on the left bank of the Pilica River, which belonged to Turkish feudal owner, Baja Osman, who established the town's modern image in the mid-19th century. In English, the name Bajina Bašta literally means "Baja’s Garden". In 1858 the town became the administrative center of the Ra&. On September 15, 1872, Prince Milan Obrenovi& issued a decree that officially gave Bajina Bašta status of a town. A decade later, as an already developed town, Bajina Bašta gets its urban plan, long before many places in Serbia.

The Rača’s region primarily became a part of Sokolska nahija, in other words a part of Zvornik Sandžak, and later on a part of U& nahija where it remained until its liberation from the Turks in 1834. Later on, this town belonged to the Užice District, canton, region and today again to the Zlatibor District. In 1875 a mixed craftsmen guild was founded with 88 different occupations, based on forestry and stock farming. In attempts to improve trade links between Serbia and Bosnia, in 1880, the first customs station was opened in Skelani. The following year, the first post office with a telegraph was opened. The number of inhabitants of 374 in 1864 grew to 1,306 by 1910. Residents of the village of Rača made a major contribution in liberation efforts between 1876-1878 when Serbia became an independent principality by the Congress of Berlin. In the following Balkan Wars and World War I (1912-1918), 304 people from this small town died for independence and Serbian freedom.

Regarding historical heritage, near Bajina Bašta, in the village of Pilica, there are archeological findings of Roman architecture dating from the 2nd and 3rd century and ornamented tombstones. There are other archeological sites in the valley of Kremna (43 tombstones), in Mokra Gora (38), in Peru&, Rasti& and Dub. The oldest cultural historical findings in this area date from the neolithic (5,000 year BC) – remains of the communities, Kremenilo and Jokin Breg in Vi&. It has been found that in this area people lived in about 2.3 m deep dugouts, on three underground levels. Judging by their characteristics, these remains are considered to belong to Star&. There is much evidence of material culture of the Iron Age that belonged to the Illiryc tribe of Autariat (after which Tara Mountain most probably got its name). During Roman, Byzantine and medieval period, the place used to be an important trade center and the cross-border with Bosnia.

Monastery Ra& (7 km from the town), the most significant historical treasure of the area, built by King Dragutin (1276-1282) was the center of the medieval rewritten literature. Abundant wall painting and iconostasis are considered most beautiful in Serbia. In the residence of the monastery there are a treasury and a library containing over 1,200 old books and manuscripts. In the village of Dub (10 km from Bajina Bašta) there is a wooden church from 1792, of a specific architecture, covered with shingle roof. Variety of ornaments and icons, a gate from 17th century, make this church one of the most beautiful wooden churches in Serbia.

During the unification of the Southern Slavs of Europe and creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Bajina Bašta continued its urban expansion. In 1926, a metal bridge was built, replacing the ferry that crossed the Drina River. The electrification of the town started in 1928 and two years later in 1930 the first town’s hospital was built. The utilization of forests and tobacco, construction of elementary schools in the region greatly helped improve the standard of living and educational level of the inhabitants. In 1940, the downtown area built its first water piping and sewerage system and cobblestone streets.

During World War II, Bajina Bašta was severely damaged. Events that marked world history in the period between 1939-1945, were reflected in this region as well in a form of civil war and liberation fights against the occupants. The Rača’s militia was formed in the first stages of the armed resistance against the occupants. Between August 3rd and August 23rd in 1941, the militia solidified into a military formation consisting of 62 soldiers. The first free territory in the occupied Europe - "The U&", brought only temporary liberation to Bajina Bašta. In this region, the first People's Liberation Committee NOO was formed. During the war, the occupants’ terror, especially in 1943 by the Bulgarian forces caused many civilian casualties. Bajina Bašta was liberated from Nazi and Četnik forces on September 12, 1944.

After the World War II ended, Bajina Bašta continued to develop into an economical, cultural and administrative center of the municipality which extended on 672 square kilometers (418 square miles). The first decade of the 20th century is marked by the expansion of trade, banking, agricultural cooperatives, sawmills and craftsmen guilds. Intensive economic growth began in 1966 when the Bajina Bašta Hydroelectric Power Plant in Peruć was put in operation. This is the second largest hydroelectric power plant in Serbia and Montenegro today, after & on the Danube.

Climate
Bajina Bašta's climate is moderate continental with four distinct seasons. Summers are warm and pleasant with cool nights, and winters are sunny, with snow levels high enough for widespread winter sports. However, the humidity of the air increased greatly after the construction of the power plant in Perućac and the formation of the artificial lakes above the dam and in Zaovine in the mountains. The average annual rainfall is 700-800 mm locally, making the hydrologic profile of the area very rich.

Demographics
According to the 2002 Census Data (PDF), the municipality of Bajina Bašta has 29,049 people. The city itself hosts 9,525 people while the other 19,524 live in thirty-five outlying villages and non-urban areas surrounding the city.

Most of the residing population are immigrants, who after the liberation of the area from the Turks in the 19th century, settled these areas, originally coming from Herzegovina, the north-western parts of Montenegro, Sand&, Osat (Bosnia), Dalmatia (Pepelj) and Kremna. At present, a considerable decrease in population is recorded due to economic migrations towards the regional centers of Serbia, such as Užice, Valjevo, &, and Belgrade.

Economy
The greatest natural resources of the municipality are the Drina River and Tara Mountain. The Drina is especially significant for its water power potentials. Specialists have estimated that it is possible to erect several hydroelectric power plants on this river. The annual flow of the Drina River is about 12.5 cubic kilometers of water. The Bajina Bašta Hydroelectric power plant was built on the Drina to harness that energy. The dam is located 12 km west of Bajina Bašta, near Perućac. Its average annual production amounts to 1,625 GWh of electric power. For the sake of better utilization of water power potential, the first reversible hydro-electric power plant in Europe was built in Zaovine, near the top of Tara Mountain.

Tara Mountain has long been a well-known tourist resort owing to its pleasant moderately continental and sub-continental climate. In 1981, Tara became a national park. It covers an area of 300 square kilometres and is the largest natural park in Serbia. The mountain has an abundance of flora and fauna. Apart from white pine tree, maple-trees and famous Serbian Spruce (Picea omorika), here you can find rare game including bear, roe deer, and chamois. The Drina River is a part of the local cultural identity and has great potential in rafting sports and fishing.

Moderate continental and mountainous climatic conditions are especially suitable for recovery and medical treatment of patients with bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, anemia and other diseases. Special attention is paid to tourism development and different tourist manifestations utilizing the clean and clear air of Tara Mountain.

Industry had developed fairly well in Bajina Bašta, but recently saw a major downturn due to economic hardships and the civil wars that raged across the region in the 1990s. The major employers before the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars were:

 * Crni Vrh, a wood-processing and furniture factory (Open)
 * IKL, a manufacturer of metal parts and ball bearings (Closed)
 * Kadinjača, a textiles corporation (Open, but with limited capacity)
 * Tarateks, a ready-wear manufacturer (Closed)
 * Sloboda a manufacturer of electronics and household appliances (Closed)
 * Elektroizgradnja Bajina Bašta, makers of power line towers and industrial electronic equipment (Open)
 * Razvoj, a construction corporation (Open)
 * Laminat, a manufacturer of cardboard and cardboard containers (Closed)
 * Zemljoradnička zadruga Bajina Bašta, a farmers' co-operative - production of highest grade raspberry, as well as different kinds of fruits (plums, pears, apples), vegetables (potatoes, beans, cabbage, corn) (Open)

The closing of some of these companies threw a majority of Bajina Bašta's and surrounding region's population into unemployment. The only company still functioning well is Drinske Hidroelektrane (Drina Hydroelectrics), headquartered in downtown Bajina Bašta, owners of the "Bajina Basta" Višegrad hydroelectric power plants.

Thanks to exceptionally good climatic conditions, Bajina Bašta has exceptional potential for agricultural profit. High-quality types of tobacco and medicinal herbs flourish in the valley of the Drina, grown by Bajinovac, an agriculture company. Plums, used for the making of Bajina Bašta’s own regional juniper brandy Klekovača, grow in abundance. Wheat is a mainstay of the valley, growing well during both the summer and winter growing seasons. The Bajina Bašta municipality is famous for its raspberry farms.

Architecture
The city has preserved its architecture from the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, which gets along well with modern urban structures. Rural settlements are mostly of closed type, among which the most attractive and significant ones are Roga&, the former center of the Rača district, as well as Kostojevi&, Pilica, and other localities.

The expansion and development of Bajina Bašta by the modern urbanization plan was directed along the main streets which represent a part of the main routes to Užice-Perućac (Kneza Milana Obrenovića Street) and Rogačica-Tara (Svetosavska Street), which intersect in the town’s center, where the rest of the town’s streets link. Bajina Bašta is considered a modern urban settlement with a potential for horizontal expansion. Downtown represents the residential area with buildings of different facades and height.

Tourism
There are some traces of the Neolithic Age, the Roman sacrificial altars and necropolis, which were left here by other cultures. The ruins of the ancient town Solotnik, the log cabin Church in the village Dub and Rača Monastery are important parts of Serbia's cultural legacy. Kaluđerske bare and the hotels Omorika (spruce), Javor (maple) and Beli bor (white pine), as well as Mitrovac with its children rest-home, are the representative tourist destination which offer swimming pools, skiing and sports facilities.
 * Tara National Park
 * Lake Peru&
 * Lake Zaovine
 * The Drina River
 * Monastery Ra&

Communications and Media

 * Radio Bajina Ba&
 * TV Bajina Ba&
 * Radio Primus
 * TV Prima
 * Bajinobaštanska Baština - a quarterly printed publication (In Serbian)

Sports organizations

 * Soccer Club "Sloga"
 * Soccer Club "Kosmos"
 * Indoor Soccer Club "Bajina Bašta"
 * Basketball Club "Bajina Bašta"
 * Karate Club "Bajina Bašta"
 * Karate Club "Omladinac"
 * Shooting Club "Radenko Jovanović-Raša"
 * Volleyball Club
 * Canoe Club "Drina"
 * Chess Club
 * Handball Club
 * Automobile Sports Club "GINA"
 * Scout Group "Bajina Bašta"

Education

 * Elementary School "Rajak Pavi&
 * Elementary School "Sveti Sava"
 * High School "Josif Pan&
 * Technical School

title: User:Ijelisavcic/Bajina Bašta


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Victory Day (Turkey)

Victory Day (Zafer Bayramı), also known as Turkish Armed Forces Day (Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Günü), is a public holiday in Turkey commemorating the decisive victory in the Battle of Dumlupınar, on 30 August 1922. It is also observed by Northern Cyprus.

Background
The holiday commemorates the decisive victory in the Battle of Dumlupınar, the last battle in the Greco-Turkish War, on 30 August 1922. Following the battle, Greek military presence in Anatolia ended. Victory Day has been celebrated as an official holiday since 1926, and was first celebrated on 30 August 1923.

Customs
Victory Day is celebrated across Turkey and in Northern Cyprus and is a celebration of the Turkish Armed Forces. The main celebration is held at Anıtkabir in Ankara, where the President of Turkey leads officials in laying wreaths and then delivers the keynote address.

One of the big commemorative events is also held at the War Academy in Istanbul, with all military promotions made on this day, while parades are held in major cities across the country with Ankara also hosting a national parade in honor of the holiday, currently small scaled, previously the national parade, in the presence of the President, was one of the biggest in Eurasia. August 30 is also the traditional the day of graduation ceremonies of military schools in Turkey - however the actual date in recent years has been before the 30th. The Turkish Stars performs an airshow over Dumlupınar. In the evening, holiday concerts are held in major cities to honor the men and women of the Armed Forces. President of Turkey, acting as the Commander-in-chief, hosts an event at the Presidential Complex.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Victory Day (Turkey)


text:
New Dragon Gate Inn

New Dragon Gate Inn is a 1992 Hong Kong wuxia film directed by Raymond Lee and produced by Tsui Hark, starring Brigitte Lin, Tony Leung Ka-fai, Maggie Cheung, and Donnie Yen. It was released as Dragon Inn in North America.

The film is a remake of Dragon Gate Inn (1967). New Dragon Gate Inn was shot as a standard wuxia action thriller, with fast-paced action including martial arts, sword fighting and black comedy set in ancient China.

Plot
This is a period film set during the Ming Dynasty in the desert region of China.

Tsao Siu-yan is a power-crazed eunuch who rules China as if he were the Emperor and not a mere official. He is the head of the Emperor's ruthless security agency known as the Eastern Depot (東廠 Dong Chang) and has built up significant forces including an elite unit of mounted archers and horsemen who receive intensive training and superior equipment.

When elements of his administration plot against him and his despotic rule, Tsao comes down ruthlessly. One such plotter is defence minister Yang Yu-xuan, who is executed along with most of his family. Tsao does spare two of the children and instead sentences them to exile in order to lure Yang's subordinate general, Chow Wai-on, into a trap.

Escorted by a couple of rather poorly Eastern Depot soldiers, the children are sent out into the desert. Rebels, led by Chow's lover, swordswoman Yau Mo-yan, arrive and free them, but are attacked by Eastern Depot troops. Tsao calls off the attack when he realises that Chow is not among the fighters, and instead orders his troops to pursue them to find out where they will be meeting with Chow. The rebels and the children then proceed to the Dragon Gate Pass through which they will cross the border.

They reach the Dragon Gate Inn, which is a meeting place run by brigands. The innkeeper, the lively Jade, runs a sideline in which she seduces and murders her guests. Jade also keeps whatever money the customer has, then drops them down a chute to the kitchen and have them served as the meat in buns. The cutting up is done by her cook Dao, an expert at deboning meat.

Mo-yan and her followers arrive at the inn. She is disguised as a man, but Jade is not fooled, claiming that only a woman would pass her without so much as a glance. That night she confronts Mo-yan and the pair engage in a lively acrobatic fight with both women trying to remain clothed, while stripping the other.

Rebel leader Chow arrives and is re-united with Mo-yan. They plan to cross the border with the children but the bad weather delays their departure. Furthermore, Jade takes a liking to Chow and resolves to get him for herself and is also attracted by the reward offered for his capture. Things are made even more complicated when Eastern Depot officials led by Cha arrive at the inn posing as merchants. The scene is set for a vicious battle of bodies and wits between both sides, with Jade trying to keep the peace and getting every advantage, monetary or otherwise, that she can get out of it. Meanwhile, the bulk of the Eastern Depot forces, led by eunuch Tsao himself, are on their way to the inn.

Chow believes that, like most dens of thieves, the inn has a secret passage through which his comrades can escape. Jade agrees to show them the passage if Chow will sleep with her. He agrees if they marry first. Jade, a practical woman, is rather surprised at having to marry for a one-night stand but proceeds anyway, with Cha acting as host for the wedding. The heart-broken Mo-yan drowns her sorrows in drink.

The growing tension inside the inn breaks out into open battle when Cha and his men realise that the rebels want to use the secret passage to escape. The fight that follows results in the deaths of all the Eastern Depot soldiers at the inn and most of the rebels and brigand hosts. Mo-yan herself is seriously injured.

Tsao and his army arrives and lays siege to the inn. Inside there is only a handful of survivors: Jade, Chow, Mo-yan, Dao the cook, and the children. They escape through the passage, but a loose ribbon gives them away and Tsao himself sets off in pursuit.

A vicious one-on-three battle amidst a desert storm as Tsao fights Jade, Chow and Mo-yan. Weakened by her wounds, Mo-yan perishes in quicksand. Just as Tsao is about to finish off Jade and Chow, Dao suddenly appears and takes him on with his carving knife. He carves away at Tsao, leaving the warlord with a skeletal arm and leg. Chow then moves in for the kill and Tsao is finished.

Chow and the children make their way to the border. Realising how much Chow means to her, Jade, accompaied by Dao, decides to follow him after burning down the infamous inn.

Cast

 * Brigitte Lin as Yau Mo-yan (邱莫言)
 * Tony Leung Ka-fai as Chow Wai-on (周淮安)
 * Maggie Cheung as Jade (金鑲玉)
 * Donnie Yen as Tsao Siu-yan (曹少欽)
 * Lau Shun as Cha (查捕頭)
 * Yuen Cheung-yan as Iron
 * Hung Yan-yan as Ngai
 * Yen Shi-kwan as Ho Fu
 * Lawrence Ng as Siu-chuen
 * Ngai Chung-wai as Dao (阿刀)

Themes
This was one of a number of films in which Brigitte Lin is a woman passing off as a man. Others included Peking Opera Blues and Swordsman II.

DVD releases
On 17 July 2000, the film was released on DVD by Hong Kong Legends in Europe in Region 2.

Four and a half years later, the Fantasy Swordplay Collection DVD was released on 14 February 2005 in a three-disc set. The set included two other films: The Swordsman and Moon Warriors.

One year later, The Donnie Yen Collection DVD was released on 29 May 2006 in a four-disc set. The set included two other films: Once Upon a Time in China II, and a two-disc platinum edition of Iron Monkey.

title: New Dragon Gate Inn


text:
Talk:Jim Courtright (gunman)

Untitled
I have additional info at the temporary page I will add as time allows. --Bob 05:23, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jim Courtright (gunman)


text:
Talk:Pedro Carmona

POV
There are some obvious phrasing errors here which are anti-U.S, anti-Carmona and pro-Chavez. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.231.224.118 (talk • contribs) 05:25, 25 August 2005 UTC

 * Agreed. Made an edit that should be more NPOV. Adding more biographical information (like that provided in the BBC Mundo article) would round this out some. Deadsalmon 20:19, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't detect any anti-US or pro-Chavez POV in the current article, maybe someone changed it. I really see some of the opposite. The dissolving of the Venezuelan General Assembly was obviously unconstitutional. You think the Venezuelan Constitution has a provision for someone to walk in and seize power, fire everybody, and dissolve the congress? That's absurd. Also, the statement that the U.S. was slow to condemn the coup sort of understates the fact that the U.S. never did condemn the coup. I reviewed and searched for news articles that said so, found nothing. I surely don't remember any condemnation. I'm going to fix the article. If someone can cite a reference for any U.S. condemnation of the coup, I welcome the correction to my edit. DanielM 20:49, 10 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You make some good points, but I think it still doesn't reflect NPOV. You're correct in that there wasn't a provision in the Venz. constitution (both before and after revisions made by Chavez, to my knowledge) allowing the dissolution of Congress and other changes made by Carmona. However, the anti-Chavez camp would contend that Chavez's changes to the constitution were illegal in and of itself, and Carmona's actions were simply in the interest of undoing those changes. To look at it in another light, imagine the same situation in relation to the United States' revolution against British rule — nobody would contend that the creation of a new country was illegal in the eyes of the British government, but Americans would have a very different story on the "criminality" of the new constitution. Not a perfect parallel, of course, but you get my point. In any case, the wording needs to reflect a neutral point of view, so the interpretation of Carmona's actions by both sides should be included. By the way, the U.S. did not condemn the coup, per se, but rather the use of violence on the part of both parties. I don't think the wording has reflected that very well, both currently and prior to DanielM's revisions. Take a look at the official response; something mentioning the ambivalent response without such a condemnatory tone seems more appropriate. Deadsalmon 01:45, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

@DeadSalmon, well the article in its current form doesn't say anything about the constitutionality of Carmona's actions so I don't think this is an issue. I think the tone of the sentence mentioning allegations that the U.S. supported the coup is okay and is factual, not condemnatory. I don't think an "interpretation of Carmona's actions by both sides" needs to be included in this article, but if it were it should probably have its own section. DanielM 09:17, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I think removing the allegation of violating the constitution did the trick. You're right in saying that an interpretation belongs on another page (which already exists); as it is, the article seems fine to me. I'm removing the NPOV tag unless anyone objects. Deadsalmon 01:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Coup
Another issue here is whether a Coup d'état occured in Venezuela in 2002. Please refer to page 36 of the article in the following link: http://www.law.duke.edu/news/pdf/lawmagfall02.pdf and make your own conclusions. I strongly believe that no coup d'état occured then. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.248.230.172 (talk • contribs) 01:52, 28 August 2006 UTC

 * Of course there was no coup, but complex politics and events in Venezuela defy explanation for the simple-minded and uninitiated. The international press called it a coup, so a coup it must be on Wikipedia. Wiki relies on reliable sources, and there's no way around that problem:  it's verifiability, not truth, per WP:V.  We can probably thank the BBC for that word, as few other media outlets were even paying attention.  If Wikipedia were a print encyclopedia, with paid staff, these sorts of oversights would be fixed, but it's not.  Sandy 18:32, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Responsibility of Carmona in HR violations
As President, Carmona was the Commander of the Armed Force and therefore responsible for military actions during his regime. I Propose to restore this paragraph:

During the short-lived government of Pedro Carmona, military officers held President Chavez for 36 hours against his will and attempted to force his exile. Additionally, security forces conducted raids without warrants and took some Chavez supporters into custody illegally, including National Assembly deputy Tarek William Saab, a member of the Chavez-aligned MVR. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JRSP (talk • contribs) 20:18, 2 August 2006 UTC

 * That's a very interesting argument, since you cleansed all criticism from Hugo Chavez, claiming he (Chavez) wasn't responsible. Do you have some reliable source which directly implicates Carmona? Chavez is undeniably in charge:  Carmona was dubiously in charge during a power vacuum.  How can you argue this one way with Carmona, and the other with Chavez? Sandy 20:55, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * But Carmona made a decree stating that he was the president and the decree "Upheld all other laws both internal and international, as long as they do not disagree with the present Act". Therefore he was the Commander of the Armed Force...--JRSP 21:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * sure. Anyway, do you have a reliable source or not?   Sandy 21:32, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Let us say that the source provided is not pro-Chávez --JRSP 02:09, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Establish relevance to Carmona
Please establish some relevance of this statement to Carmona. The military officers are the ones who accepted Chavez's resignation *before* Carmona was sworn-in. What does the military holding Chavez have to do with Carmona?
 * During the short-lived government of Pedro Carmona, military officers held President Chavez for 36 hours against his will and attempted to force his exile. Additionally, security forces conducted raids without warrants and took some Chavez supporters into custody illegally, including National Assembly deputy Tarek William Saab, a member of the Chavez-aligned MVR.

Sandy 02:09, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I only report what the source says. If you have any questions, ask the source, not me JRSP 02:20, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Nice response. You add content with no context, and then wait for others to do the work?  Sandy 03:03, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Carmona is far from have being been a president
Carmona was never a president, because chavez never resigned his office. I think this article should be revised and corrected. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.56.155.7 (talk • contribs)

Absolutely right, well spotted, I have fixed it, SqueakBox 00:06, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You're going to need to make a much stronger case to introduce that kind of POV. For example, some reliable sources, rather than original research.  Perez Jimenez wasn't "president" either; he was a dictator.   Sandy 00:12, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Really, that is not POV, in the usual sense anyhow, it is a question of the meaning of President and who should be included in the line of Presidents for an historical record. Carmona was installed for two or three days and made some decrees and tried to fire the Congress and so on, but all of that never much had any effect as far as I know because of the short time until Chavez returned to power and then it was null and void in totality. It seems odd to me to include Carmona in the line of Presidents and I think Chavez' tenure should be shown in an unbroken way since the time he was elected, really I think he was still President for those two or three days they confined him. However I would like to hear from a Venzuelan editor on this, have we got any? Leave it to the Venezuelans to tell us if Carmona was really President or not. DanielM 10:14, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Over 60% of venezuela voted for chavez, i think that is a clear stamp for chavez to uphold his presidency. IF you dont know what happend during those few days when chavez was captured and the us landed a helicopter to kidnap him out of venezuela, i suggest you watch the following movie, and see the truth with your own eyes. Chavez never resigned. I think what happend those days was a disgrace to democracy.

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5832390545689805144

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.56.155.7 (talk • contribs)

I dont think this is a question of democracy but whether he was President, and certainly IMO he never was and for wikipedia to claim he was grossly violates NPOV as it is politicking, claiming something that never was, SqueakBox 17:32, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Carmona disbanded the entire democraticly functioning institutions directly after he was "inaugurated". I find that a disgrace to democracy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.56.155.7 (talk • contribs)

Anon, please sign your talk page entries with four tildes ( ~ ), and please use edit summaries on your article edits. Sandy 00:10, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

I think that in the long run Carmona's presidency will be seen like a distant blip only relevant because of the the way it came into being and how it ended. For all practical purposes he was not president because there were no real consequences to his actions as president. However, for a few days (less than 48 hours) most Venezuelans (and also most outside Venezuela) believed that he had in fact become the new head of state. If perception is reality, then he was president. Of course all this was reversed when Chavez was brought back less than 2 days since he ___________ (fill whatever you like: 'resigned' or 'was illegally deposed'). The only reason we discuss this was because of the short time Carmona lasted as president. Had Chavez been away for, say, 5 weeks before being brought back, and had during that time Carmona remained in charge we wouldn't be discussing if he was or if he wasn't. But problem is that 1, 2, or 3 days looks like an extremely short and silly time for one to be listed as president. Anagnorisis 00:58, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Anagnorisis, I know you were involved in some of Saravask's original work. We're trying to figure out the whole mess, so we can fix it in all the templates and tables.  Do you know on what basis Octavio Lepage was left out of the List of Presidents of Venezuela, while Carmona was included?  That seems to be a contradiction, and it's not really explained in the sources or footnotes.  Sandy 01:05, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * We discussed the issue here JRSP 01:43, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * If you are thinking of him a president-in-charge (while he was minister of the interior) every time the president travelled abroad, then I do not think he should be in the list. Everytime the president went abroad, the minister of the interior would formally become president-in-charge during the time the president was actually away from Venezuela. This was kind of keeping the job for the president while he was away. This situation reverted automatically the moment the president returned to Venezuelan soil. This happened with all presidents. If Lepage was to be included (which I don't think he should) then many others should be included. However, if you think of him as president during the period he took over as a result of Perez being impeached, then I think he should be included. On that ocassion the minister of the interior did not take over (he could not), as the separation from the post was for a very different reason (minister wouldn't be keeping the post waiting for the president to come back) and of a very different nature. In this case the constitution (this was the old one, the one from 1961) made it so that the president of the congress would become interim president. However, most members of congres didn't want Lepage as president and thus after a couple of months elected Velasquez to become interim president. In this case I think Lepage could be in the list. Otherise, who would be listed as president of Venezuela between may and july 1993? Anagnorisis  01:39, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The old discussion pointed out by JRSP shows how Wiki has evolved.  Referencing requirements have gotten much tighter on Wiki, and the decisions taken there look rather informal, in retrospect (in other words, what we might call original research today, if the statements aren't referenced).  The References at the bottom of List of Presidents of Venezuela include one source that shows 40 presidents, one that shows 45, and one that shows 53 (all different ways of counting them).  It seems that Saravask's chart converted all of that information to 53 distinct presidential terms, vs. 40 or 45 distinct Presidents, and also showed the "interim" uncounted "caretaker" presidents, yet leaving out Lepage.  More info is better than less IMO, but whatever we do, we need to make our sources more clear, via better inline citations.  Anagnorisis, I'm not sure what your bottom line is?  Guess it's complex ... Sandy 01:59, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * My bottom line is one of selecting a criteria and keeping to it. If we put all presidents, including interim ones, then Lepage should be in for the time he assumed constitutionally (like Velasquez did) following Perez impeachment. If Velasquez is, Lepage should be. If Velasquez is not, then Lepage should not be. Anagnorisis  17:36, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

This issue has not been resolved, hence the new pov tag. This is one of the most pov articles I have seen in over 2 years working here, presumably manipulated by anti-Chavez supporters. This shows a grave disrespect to the Venezuealn authorities and the country as a whole. I have tried to balance it a bi, all the refs were anti chavez, for example, SqueakBox 00:50, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

If I walk to a bank with a gun, take the bank manager a hostage and force him to sign a resignation letter, and then declare myself to be the bank manager, should the history books say I truly was the bank manager, or that I was just a crook? --80.222.32.123 15:19, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

References, original research, and POV
Wiki reports according to reliable sources. The idea that Carmona wasn't President of Venezuela — regardless of circumstances — is original research and POV. Multiple reliable sources report that Carmona was interim president. Please do not delete referenced content; inserting original research and POV is against Wiki polices of WP:V and WP:NPOV, and can be considered vandalism. Sandy 21:47, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

the original research is to claim he was President, your claims are ridiculous, SqueakBox 21:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Reliable sources say he was President; Please refrain from deleting referenced content, as this can be considered vandalism.  Sandy 22:26, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Not when there is a genuine editorial dispute it isnt vandalism, as I am sure you know well. Making false vandalsim claims or threatening to is not the sign of a serious editor so if you want to negotiate seriously please dont talk rubbish or muddle a seriousd POV dispute with vandalism (policy is very clear on this and you are POV pushing by trying to distort policy), SqueakBox 00:17, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

What is clear is that some people will see Carmona as having been President and others definitely see him as having not been President (depending on whether one is sympathetic to Chavez or not). POV demands we give both sides of the story, and it equally demands that we dont present one side of the story (the anti Chavez side) as the only truth, that is POV pushing of thw worst kind, SqueakBox 00:32, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Anyway where are your references re Carmona as President. Do we have any from the Venezuelan Government? If not we should do or it could be argued as a term used by the critics and enemies of Venezuela and not the country itself. See this for instance, SqueakBox 00:51, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The references are where they are supposed to be: in the article, where you keep reverting them.  They are also on the List of Presidents of Venezuela, where the distinctions about the nature of Carmona's interim presidency are made clear.  Wiki reports according to reliable sources, not according to original research or how you want the world to be.  According to all reputable news media sources, Pedro Carmona was President, regardless of the circumstances.  We don't rewrite history on Wiki; we report it.  You have repeatedly deleted referenced sources, and inserted original research with no references.  Please stop, or it can be considered vandalism. Of course the NA didn't recognize Carmona:  he fired them.   Sandy 01:01, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Clearly, Carmona was not a de jure president. Now, to claim he was a de facto president we must show he was able to control the country but IMO he could not. There has been similar cases, for instance, Lady Jane Grey was Queen of England or not? JRSP 01:07, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Neither de jure or de facto are the issue: in fact, wasn't it you, JRSP, who inserted one of those words (I don't recall)?  He was an interim president.  De jure, de facto, you all can argue that all day, but he was a president.  I don't really care what adjectives you add, though.  Do you want to use de factor, de jure, or what?  I was pretty sure those were your insertions, where all I put was interim.  SqueakBox is trying to delete that he was a president at all, even though the circumstances are explained in the List of Presidents, and every reliable source says he was President, like it or not. Sandy 01:26, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Indeed. Sandy, please stop confusing a genuine POV conflict with vandalism, which is always in bad faith and is clearly not the case here. If you want to be taken seriously you must stop assuming terrible faith on my part and the part of the anon who also disagrees with you. Clearly we are not alone and your stance seems very POV by the mere fact that you are shouting vandalism at the first sign of opposition in what is clearly anything but a clear cut case, SqueakBox 01:19, 12 August 2006 (UTC) SqueakBox 01:18, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No, it is not a POV conflict: you are deleting referenced content, and inserting original research and POV.  That is a violation of policy. If you want to be taken seriously, you should have addressed the concerns on the talk page, and read the references, before deleting referenced content and inserting original research. I am not shouting vandalism at the first sign of something:  you reverted referenced content and inserted origiinal research several times, without a reasonable talk page discussion.  It is not good faith for you to start changing long-standing templates on Wiki with no prior discussion, as you are deleting Carmona as president in 3 different places.  Sandy 01:26, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

It's far from clear that "every reliable source says he was President," Sandy. In the references this interviewer Ray Suarez at PBS says "will take over as transitional President." The BBC does say in one of the references that he was "installed by military officers as Venezuela's interim President." Aha, and the US State Department website of all sources says Carmona "proclaimed himself as interim president." Do any of these convey sufficient legitimacy for the historical record? I don't think so. Your accusations of vandalism and lack of good faith are spurious, there is a reasonable debate occurring over this content.

Thinking about it, whether or not he was President depends on whether other governments recognized him and his government. I would give particular weight to whether Venezuela's neighbors recognized him. And then consideration to other countries, and also if other organizations like the UN and OAS recognized him. DanielM 11:29, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that labeling editors as "vandals", "disruptive",etc sounds as a "shoot the messanger" trick to diminish those with alternate points of view (see ,,) JRSP 12:27, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Here, a link to a list of Venezuelan Presidents through 2004 that does not include Carmona: http://www.luz-aldia.com.ve/biblioteca-virtual/public_html/presidentes_venezuela.htm. DanielM 18:07, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It appears that that website cannot count. I counted 50 presidents there, but VEpresidents counts 61. So... either Wikipedia is stating that there are eleven "presidents of VE" when there wasn't, or that site is censoring facts and not telling the true story. That is not reliable. And it even isn't in English. Iola k ana |T  11:02, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Well Kilo-Lima definitely reverted me due to his persoanl pursuit of me due to some some obscure dislike of me not because of his knowledge of Venezuelan politics (I know this sort of thing shouldn't be happening on wikipedia but it does) so it seems to me there is no consensus that Carmona was president and this incorrect anomaly should be removed, SqueakBox 18:12, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Actually Kil-Lima was directed here by Sandy who prefers to use trickery when he sees the debate is not going in his direction, SqueakBox 18:18, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The list provided by DanielM seems to be a pre-1999 constitution list considering the 1999-2004 term. However, I think DanielM has a point when he states the importance of recognition by other states, UN and OAS. As far as I know none of them recognized Carmona as president JRSP 18:53, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps that is true that it is pre-1999, but it could also be a 2004 list, which I took it to be. DanielM 19:17, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Daniel, self-published websites are not reliable sources. If you all provide here some reliable sources which discuss the POV that Carmona was not President, I will incorporate that info into the text.  Wikipedia reports based on WP:V and WP:RS, and avoids original research.  We can discuss the alternate points of view, within the allowance for due weight.  What we can't due is ignore the mainstream media (reliably-sourced) accounts that he was, albeit briefly, President.  Unless you have reliable sources upon which we can base alternate text, there is no reason for a POV tag on this article.  SqueakBox, please refrain from personal comments and personal attacks:  your version was a violation of WP:BLP, and did not conform to WP:V or WP:NPOV.  If you will provide reliable sources which present an alternate view, it can be incorporated into the text, but individual editors can't rewrite history as told by reliable sources.  JRSP, if you have reliable sources for the info you want to include, I'll be glad to write the text presenting the alternate view. Sandy 18:55, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the opinion of the National Assembly of Venezuela could help us in this issue JRSP 19:05, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Sandy, that's not a self-published website that I can see. It's a "virtual library" at an education-related website of some kind. And please, if you are going to quote rules, don't overlook WP:SELF (avoid self-references) which you evidently weren't aware of when you told us the Wikipedia list of Venezuelan Presidents supported the claim here that Carmona was President. DanielM 19:17, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * So Wikipedia is lying? Iola k ana |T  11:08, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

So we now have one source (the BBC) who claim he was President and 2 sources that claim he wasnt. As far as I am aware no government including the US goivernemnt recognised this criminlal when he claimed to be President illegally for 36 hours. For weikipedia to then single handedly claim he was an official President is nothing more than rewriting history, SqueakBox 19:19, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * A virtual libary is not a reliable source. The BBC is by no means the only source which says Carmona was president:  it is merely easy to locate.  Daniel, perhaps you misread.  I told you the sources were also included in the List of Presidents article.  Squeak, you have included one biased source: of course the government which he dismissed refused to recognize him.  Please provide high-quality reliable sources upon which text can be based.  For example, media accounts of the issues JRSP raises would be sufficient to include the alternate point of view.  Please review WP:V and WP:RS.  Thanks, Sandy 19:23, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Here are 2 BBC articles and  neither of which claim that Carmona was President, so even the |BBC was only claiming that while he was in power. In these 2 articles it is clear that hje neber was President so perhaps you would like to find ome refs that wetrent the BBC, SqueakBox 19:38, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

teleSUR also call his regime al régimen de facto de Pedro Carmona Estanca so doesnt look like they recognise him as President either, SqueakBox 19:41, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You are still not understanding WP:V and WP:RS. Please provice a reliable source that says he was not President, and that view can be presented (without undue weight) as an alternative view, within the text.  Sandy 19:42, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Erm... Yes they do. "Mr Carmona proclaimed himself president after violent anti-government protests which resulted in 17 deaths." (first source) and "Pedro Carmona, the Venezuelan businessman who briefly replaced President Hugo Chavez" (second) both state, in one way or another, that he was president. I hope I do not have to file a RFC on this article just because you don't seem to understand the term "president of VE". As of just now, the article is protected. Iola k ana |T  19:46, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Kilo-Lima/lolakana, were you supposed to remove the "Neutrality Disputed" tag when you locked the article? Seems to me you should have left it to reflect the reasonable disagreement over the article content. DanielM 19:52, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Indeed. As an admin he is not also allowed to be an editor. Reverting to one's own version and then locking is clearly against the rules of how admins should act and should be reported at the incidents page if not as an Rfc for abuse of admin powers, SqueakBox 19:55, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Indeed. As an admin he is not also allowed to be an editor. Reverting to one's own version and then locking is clearly against the rules of how admins should act and should be reported at the incidents page if not as an Rfc for abuse of admin powers, see Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents, SqueakBox 19:55, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Protection is there for prevention. This is a dipute, and when disputes get out of hand (like now) protection comes in. Don't try and threated me. Iola k ana |T 20:00, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

No one is threatening you? How so? There is a dispute and you are a part of it. Why not ask another admin to lock the page. Gibven there is a dispute it might be an idea to leave in the dispute tag dont you think? SqueakBox 20:02, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Back to the point: Apart from not being recognized as president neither by the national assembly, nor by any country in the world, UN or OAS; Carmona never appointed a full cabinet JRSP 20:05, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * So, JRSP, I take it that you have no reliable sources, since you've provided none? (How can you appoint a cabinet in two days?)  Sandy 20:10, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

So what we have is Carmona's word for it backed up by the BBC at the time and the article locked in case anyone disagrees that he is President, SqueakBox 20:08, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I do not feel it is so. You're false facts... are... quite simply... false. Anyway, obviouslt the UN is not always up-to-date with VE. If Junichiro Koizumi resigned and someone else became prime minister, would the UN know in several minutes of this happening? Of course not. Iola k ana |T  20:09, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Chavez never resigned! Whatr false facts? The only false fact I see is the claim that he was President. Of course reputable sources never claimed he wasnt President of Venezuala, no need to state the obvious as such a statement would have played into the hands of Carmona supporters, SqueakBox 20:12, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know if a media report would be a valid source in this case. When someone that is not in the constitutional line of succesion and without a presidential resignation claims himself to be the president, this is an extraordinary claim and extraordinary claims require extraordinary sources. I don't think the BBC has more authority than the National Assembly of Venezuela on deciding who is President of Venezuela JRSP 20:40, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Original research: he didn't install himself.  Please provide some sources !!! Sandy 20:47, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you should provide us Chávez letter of resignation, Sandy JRSP 20:53, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Primary sources are not used as reliable sources on Wikipedia. Please provide a reliable source, JRSP, and we can incorporate the text which states that some believe Chavez never resigned. (By the way, have you not seen the transcripts of Chavez's statements while he was at Fuerte Tiuna?  If you want primary sources, that's one.) Sandy 20:57, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * And some specific sources that deal with this issue and claim he is President. The BBC were probably mistaken and are a pathetic source for an extremist claim (that he was President) as all we really have is that Carmona claims he was President. To claim that anyone opposing his claim is guilty of vandalsim is an abuse of this encyclopedia, SqueakBox 20:58, 12 August 2006 (UTC) SqueakBox 20:58, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The burden of proof is on those claiming Carmona was the president. Show us the resignation letter, please JRSP 21:01, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The burden of proof is to provide reliable sources, not primary soruce documents. The article has four BBC sources, and you have presented nothing which refutes the information.  Here are more. Latin Business Chronicle, PBS, CNN,CNN  Sandy 21:18, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * And, a transcript of Chavez's comments while being held by the military. Sandy 21:20, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Hugo Chávez's article implies he wasnt the former Prersident, neither he or his criminal accomplice who some claim was also President, so wikipedia has been claiming 2 different things for ages. Hadn't you better fix the "vandalism" on that page and send templates to the talk page of the vandal? SqueakBox 21:04, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

I hope that this set of sources clarifies that Carmona was indeed an interim president. Whether he was legally placed there or not, or who and how put him as the head of the government is another issue. What is sure is that he was a president: I hope this closes the case.--enano (Talk) 22:31, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * BBC News - "Pedro Carmona was installed by military officers as Venezuela's interim president on 12 April (...)"
 * CNN - "Provisional Venezuelan President Pedro Carmona (...)"
 * MSNBC - "(...) interim President Pedro Carmona (...)"
 * CBS News - "Carmona, who was president for less than 24 hours (...)"
 * CBS News - "Pedro Carmona, interim president"
 * CBS News - "(...) interim president installed by the military, businessman Pedro Carmona, (...)"
 * And for those who are still doubting, I even found an Al Jazeera article that calls Carmona a president: Al Jazeera - "(...) the businessman Pedro Carmona - who would briefly be named president during the coup (...)"

All we actually need is to source Chavez has been President since 1999 to prove the Chavez point. This is clearly stated in the info box to Chavez amongst other places, SqueakBox 22:41, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Please read WP:V and WP:RS. Info boxes on Wikipedia are not reliable sources.  Please note that the text in the Hugo Chávez article is accurate, even if the situation is too complex to present in the presidential info box.  There are about twelve sources now which state Carmona was interim president, very reliable. Sandy 23:01, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * One of the sources claims that Carmona was president for less than 24 hours while the article says he was president for 36h... JRSP 23:06, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * And ? Sandy 23:08, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

If infoboxes on wikipedia arent a reliable source why kick up the fuss about the removal of one as if (incorrectly) vital sources ahd been deleted by so doing. The Chavez box is like it is because people want it that way because they dont believe Carmona was President, as the Venezuelan gov doesn't believe it nor do most people, SqueakBox 23:23, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Sandy and enano on this one. There are various secondary sources stating that he was in fact an interim president.  Did we all of the sudden forget WP:V and all that talk about primary and secondary sources??  Spaceriqui 23:28, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem is that an usually reliable source needs not be reliable for anything. For instance, in scientific matters WP:RS says ordinary press should be avoided as source JRSP 13:32, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, and can we get Thomas Dewey put into the list of American presidents please? DanielM 22:26, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Except Dewey was never a president. Thomas_Dewey. That headline was speculated based on "miscalculations by pollsters and the press". --enano (Talk) 22:46, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

You figured it out. DanielM 22:50, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Regarding confusion in presidential succession numbers
I see a number of statements above that don't take into account the problems with counting presidents, presidential terms, and succession order in Venezuelan presidents. Please read the discussion at Talk:List of Presidents of Venezuela. We need to get this right, rather than willy nilly deleting and changing information that is covered in a number of places. Because of the complexity of its history with respect to presidential succession, the table at Lists presents three different ways of counting presidents in Venezuela. Venezuela does not have clean, well-numbered lines of succession as, for example, the USA does. For example, there is a certain number of people who were President, and another number of presidential terms, as well as a number of "caretaker" "Presidents" in between. The List reflects all of those. SqueakBox should rest assured that Carmona, Cabello, and all of the other "interim" or "caretaker" presidents are not included in the tally of 53, but they are included to show a historical record that "something" happened there. The goal is to inform the Wiki reader via reliable sources. Can we please work together on this, rather than deleting material which was carefully constructed by prior editors? Deletionist editing without reviewing all of the issues and building consensus with all of the editors just creates extra work for everyone and foments discord. There is a long history around these articles and templates: let's figure it out, work together, and make any changes needed only once, after building consensus. Sandy 13:38, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Consensus
A good place to start building consensus would be to unlock the article and restore the NPOV tag, without this I dont see how any consensus can be built as consensus requires good faith on all sides and one side on this argument is not showing it. This is the US version of history and not a credible encyclopedia article, SqueakBox 17:07, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Why should we? Not until it is stable and everyone agrees, including you; because if I un-protect it right now then you will just do what you done and insert your "sources" and remove the infobox. So, I assume you wish to make a poll; something along the lines of:

 * Those who agree to keep the infobox and actually tell the facts that he was president, or
 * Those who seem to think that Pedro was not a president and remove the infobox? Iola k</b> ana |<sup style="color:orange;">T  18:54, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

The article does not currently reflect any POV. It reflects a broad number of reliable sources, which is what Wiki is based on. If you want to balance the article by adding information stating that some say Carmona was never president, you still have not given us a reliable source upon which to base that content addition. If you provide it, it can be added.

There are *numerous* issues to be addressed on all of the articles about Venezuelan presidential info. I don't see any reason to unprotect the article if SqueakBox isn't willing to respect WP:V and WP:RS. It's not just this article that needs to be fixed, and we needn't be destructing carefully constructed tables and templates without broad consensus.

I can suggest, based on the discussions we've had at Talk:List of Presidents of Venezuela, a number of compromises that might satisfy SqueakBox. However, I'm not going to take the time to type up some ideas for developing a broader consensus including many editors of the Venezuelan articles, unless Squeak shows some interest in working via consensus, and respecting Wiki policies. If there is interest, I will type up some proposals at Talk:List of Presidents of Venezuela, for how we can handle all of these issues throughout the Venezuelan presidential articles. However, if we do that, I hope we will allow time for a number of editors to register their opinions and build consensus. The trend on the Venezuelan articles of deletionist, obstructionist editing without building consensus is tiring.

(Kllo-Lama, thank you for cleaning up the refs.) Sandy 19:30, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

One thing I do not understand is how the same people that say Diosdado Cabello was president, say Carmona wasn't. Then how could Diosdado have "replaced" Carmona as "interim President" after Chavez ___________ (fill whatever you like "was overthrown in a coup d'etat" or "resigned"). Anagnorisis 07:02, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

No I think the same rules should apply to both Cabello and Carmona, SqueakBox 22:44, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Cabello, Carmona, Lepage, and a whole host of older interim or caretaker or "whatever" presidents. Squeak, anytime you want to start working on this, I have a number of proposals and compromises I can type up on the Lists talk page.  It will take some work to get this right throughout Wiki, and I don't want to undertake the work if you're not on board.  Sandy 22:51, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Admin abuse
Editing an article one has protected is against the rules of how admins should act. Clearly yet another case of a rogue admin, SqueakBox 19:28, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * All he did was introduce the system, the content remains the same. --enano (Talk) 21:32, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Squeak, can we get on to the issues of fixing the things that need to be fixed? If you can provide a reliable source, we can adjust the text according to what you want it to say, and then move on to looking at some other problems in the Lists and template.  I can't imagine why you object to the insertion of ref tags in a protected article.  Sandy 21:37, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

What I object to is a user playing both admin and editor at the same time. he could have asked you to put those refs in or he could have asked another admin to lock the article or he could just have unlocked the article, which would have been the best bet. Failure to keep to the rules by admins when acting as admins undermines any structure wikipedia has and makes the non-admin feel something dodgy is going on. I am happy with the text but not the info box for either Cabello or Carmona as I feel it legitimises their claim to have been Presidents, SqueakBox 22:49, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * As I've said for a while now, the problems with the Presidential lists, templates and infoboxes is pervasive throughout Wiki, and we need to fix the whole thing, not just one aspect of it. Again, if you are willing to work on it, via consensus, I can type up lots of ideas and proposals on the Lists talk page, and we can bring in all the editors working on the Venezuelan articles for consensus, and get it fixed everywhere.  Part of my proposal would be limit the use of the Presidential infobox.  On the other hand, if your interest is only in making Carmona "the leader of the coup", that won't help us solve the bigger problem, and the article should stay protected. Sandy 22:55, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

No I am not interested in making out Carmona to be the bad guy, as I hope you saw with the Ortega article my interest is in NPOV not in slating the opposition to Chavez. I certainly think a full discussion of whther he was or was not President with arguments and refs from both sides is entirely desirable. My own angle is that I dislike Chavez socialism so am not a supporter of that side of his ideology but I love his Latin American integration and patriotism stuff and this includes the right of Venezueala to be an independent soverign nation and state whose POV should absolutely be taken into account, and I am certain that the current gob(ierno) doesnt recognise Carmona as having actually been a President. For a basically US centred encyclopedia (certainly in terms of physical location and who owns it) to be claiming he was President (and the problem with the infobox is it makes that into a black and white statement) seems to me to be POV. If the article were unlocked I would want to put in a POV tag but not remove the infobox again without consensus, and indeed that was how I left it after my last edit before it got locked. I hadn't realised until yesterday that these infoboxes are a potential POV nightmare though I had realised that Venezuelan issues are highly touchy and had kept away from the subject but with the growing importance of Venezuela on the world stage and new TV channels from that country here in Honduras to watch I decided to get involved. And ouch! I have never vandalised an article intentionally in almost 2 years on the project and 20,000 odd edits and did feel narked to be accused of wrongly having done so. So do make some proposals and lets see what we can come up with, really it should be the list article and not this that deserves a POV tag, SqueakBox 00:15, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll put together my ideas on the Lists talk page, but I've been hard at work on some other articles for three days, so I'll take a bit of break before starting on that sometime tomorrow. With respect to Carmona specifically, again, it's not POV or a US-centric POV.  It's the way Wiki works:  reliable sources. We can certainly present the alternate view (that not all consider he was ever president at all), but we need a reliable source upon which to base that content.  I'll get on the other tomorrow.
 * On a separate note, I'm surprised to have learned that reverting referenced content and inserting unreferenced content nine times is not considered vandalism, and that my use of the vandalism template was wrong. I apologize to you for that:  I truly believed that was exactly what was labeled as vandalism.   Sandy 00:33, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Well it certainly wasnt 9 times, 2 or 3, also as far as I am aware I didn't delete the refs (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Carmona&diff=69099105&oldid=69097552], and for me vandalsim is always mal intentioned, ie I dont believe it is possible for a well intentioned user acting in good faith to deliberatley commit vandalism (no accidents here), but cheers for the apology, I will be busy myself this week with a colleague from the UK due tomorrow but will certainly keep engaged on this one and will be relatively free again by Sunday (though this last week has been a holiday), I will also see what I can do about references. I think in terms of uinfo boxes that the Chavez box needs to concur with the Carmona/Cabello ones, SqueakBox 00:46, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I was counting 3 different articles; you deleted/reverted nine times, I responded six times. Anyway ... water under the bridge ... Yes, we need consistency.  Sandy 01:06, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Resolving this dispute
Getting down to resolve this dispute: How can we resolve it? Perhaps Pedro Carmona/temp is what we are looking for. I have removed, on the temp version, things about raided house illegaly because there were no sources cited for them. Obviously, some people (weasel word) still think that he was not president, but this is not backed up with sources. So, is the temp fine? Or are there still further edits needed to it? Iola <b style="color:#50C878;">k</b> ana • T 14:27, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure we can resolve the dispute by looking only at this article. To me, the whole problem involves two much bigger issues:  1) the problems at List of Presidents of Venezuela, and the construct of introducing Presidential infoboxes into articles about a country without clear lines of presidential succession.  Those bigger issues need to be resolved, and with SqueakBox blocked for an extended period, we may just see problems resurface when he's back.  The real problem at the end of the day is going to be what to do with the presidential infoboxes, and we need to decide that across all Presidents, not just the Carmona situation.  As to the changes you made in Sandbox, there's no diff there, so I'm not sure what you've done.  I find it helpful to first place the current content in a sandbox, then make the changes, so we can see what you changed.  Sandy 14:34, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, yes, I never changed very much because the article currently is what it should be. So, where should the discussion be about presidents of all countries. Iola <b style="color:#50C878;">k</b> ana • T  15:24, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I was thinking we should tackle the bigger problem at List of Presidents of Venezuela, which is where the problems originate. By first addressing a number of issues there, we can hopefully come to some consensus about what to do about Presidential infoboxes, which is the problem here.  Sandy 15:28, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Sandy. We need to look at the bigger picture: the List of Presidents. Similar situations have happened in the history of Venezuela and we have to be consistent JRSP 16:03, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * JRSP, I have been hesitatnt to take this on, as it will be such a big problem. To cut to the chase, my (preliminary) recommendation is that we try to develop consensus to 1) get rid of all numbering in the  Presidential list (lose the 53, which makes no sense), 2) indicate all people who served (even under controversial circumstances) in the list, but indicating controversy with footnotes, 3) include everyone in the template (both of these include, for example, Carmona and LePage), but 4) reserve Presidential infoboxes for only those who ... I don't know how to define it ... were more "traditionally" named.  In other words, no presidential infobox for Carmona, which helps us avoid that whole problem of line of succession, dates, order of succession, etc., while still making mention in the List and template, with footnotes for clarity.  Chavez's infobox would be footnoted, to make mention of a "disruption" in order of succession on April 11-14.  Some will object to this, as it lowers Carmona's standing as President, and is biased towards a pro-Chavez view.  But we need to compromise somewhere, or this problem will never end.  Do you think consensus and compromise along these lines will be attainable ???  I fear not, so am not sure I want to take this on.  Can we find historical precedents to justify this approach ?  Sandy 17:27, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Anyway we should move the debate to List of Presidents of Venezuela. Perhaps we could also try to contact some wikipedian/s with expertise in History JRSP 22:44, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know of any Venezuela Wikipedian historians. I could check with lots of the folks on the Military History Project, as they do lots of bios of people around the world, and may have encountered similar situations.  I'm expecting this project to be long and arduous, and not anxious to undertake it right now.  How about October ?  Sandy 23:25, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, in fact I would prefer a non-Venezuelan to avoid POV JRSP 23:42, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Here's a list of the History WikiProjects.] Most of them are inactive. The only active group — and they are very active, I see them all the time on FAC and FAR — are the Military History guys. I could query them.  I thought of looking at Italy, and found that they do have a somewhat similar situation (that is, no numbers, lots of footnotes):  List of Presidents of the Italian Republic.  But, they use presidential infoboxes, too.  Sandy 00:55, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Carmona
Pedro carmona was never a president, because hugo chavez never resigned. Lets delete this article.

For sure not President of Venezuela
Since years this article states that Pedro Carmona was once President of Venezuela. A total ridicoules claim.

If you exclude hereditary or similar transition of power (such as by testament, see Pergamon etc.) there are only two possible ways to get president of a nation, or in other words "head of state". The WP is quite clear on this definitions (see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head of state)

The first way is quite common: You win elections according to the laws and traditions of the said country and you get recognized by the political bodies of the state you´re "presiding". This is in every single case accompanied by rituals/inaugurations where the major players in the political game are present. The general acceptance of your status by the society you presiding is the legitimitaion for your title and comes through the law. This is basically the same if you get the presidency by succesion according the constitution because of death or resignation of the previous person in office.

The second way isn´t that usual but there are several quite famous cases: You achieve dictatorial power within a country and after its consolidation you claim yourself President, neglecting the previous legal frameworks and replacing them with new ones. It is actually quite controversial if people of this type are real presidents (or in other words: if dictators can be presidents). Famous "presidents" in this way were or are: Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Pervez Musharraf, Abdel Nasser, Idi Amin, Francesco Franco, Kim Jong Il (actually he is it still, even he is dead) and others. The only legitimation for your title in this case is the power you have, especially because you can´t use the law you broke to legitimate yourself. This is the reason why most of those "presidents" search possibilities to achieve aswell a societal/law based legitimation by national (manipulated) elections.

So lets face the facts

-> To be called "officially" or in other words by law "President" you need the approval of the major political players. You can´t just proclaim yourself president by decree ignoring the established constitution and then claim that the state you wanted to control call you a former president after you failed to change its laws. This would be ridicoulus.

-> To be called president "by history" you would need the attributes attached to this term. You would need to have been the head of state of a country and fulfill the role of a president to get this label attached.

Carmona for sure fails the first option. There was never a for this entitled political institution inside Venezuela which called him president and there is no one now. Officially, Carmona was never president of Venezuela (Only fools could dispute that). But of course still Carmona could still be called president by the WP if he actually would have been one (But we would never call a demissioned or dead dictator a president after he left office, would we, so Carmona would need to have been a president, not just a representative of a Junta or a dictator). But Carmona never had executive Power inside Venezuela nor the recognition by other countries or international organizations what means executive power outside Venezuela. He only squated the presidential palace and broadcasted some speeches on television, this is no de facto presidency. So, in reality, Carmona was never a head of state and therefore never the president of Venezuela.

That Wikipedia actually tolerates this kindergarden-play to call that guy a "president" and to include him in Lists etc. is a sad thing. Just watch the talk-round broadcasted by pro-Coup-forces after the overtaking of the presidential palace. Carmona and his friends believed, they achieved control, but they never did. 83.180.231.8 03:04, 21 July 2007 (UTC) ( - a swiss, on de as Fairfis)

PS: To mix the "Carabello" discussion with this one is actually senseless. The Carabello case is determined if his inauguration was actually according to the constitution (due to the fact that the official president claims he never resigned from its office and therefore couldn´t be replaced, if it was, he gets the legitimation by law, if not (most likely), he´s just a guy which was falsly proclaimed president.

 * Concur. Carmona was not President in my view. DanielM 22:58, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree 100% (and I am no fan of Chavez) but a great respecter of sovereign governments. I got endless bad faith accusations saying this in the articel months ago eg and, SqueakBox 23:05, 30 September 2007 (UTC)
 * If you are saying that Carmona was not president (by removing the presidential infobox), then why does the article's second sentence say he is (with six refs (with four of them from the BBC), no less)? How are these things reconciled? Saravask 00:17, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
 * At least one of those references does not refer to Carmona as president. If you search BBC for more recent reference to Carmona you will find a timeline http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229348.stm that refers to him but does not use the term president. I think we should consider the possibility that media accounts at the time of the coup were incorrect in referring to Carmona as president. DanielM 10:17, 11 October 2007 (UTC) PS: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/at0069_4s.jpg (Dewey Defeats Truman)
 * Then shouldn't the phrase "occupied the office of President" be removed? Saravask 18:22, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I just read four of them. They call him a "caretaker president" or "interim president". Maybe we should make that distinction here. Saravask 18:44, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the current version is fine, ie no President infobox and stating that he was briefly declared President, SqueakBox 18:48, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I also think present version reads fine. If we put Carmona in the List of Presidents of Venezuela we would have to dig in XIX century Venezuelan history to look for all "presidents for a day", a situation that has happened before. I think we should only include legal (de iure) presidents and those who illegally but effectively took control of the power (de facto). JRSP 22:34, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:30, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Pedrocarmona.jpg

title: Talk:Pedro Carmona


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Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Casito

Casito
[ Vote here] (10/5/3) ending 05:26 31 August 2005 (UTC) - Cassito is very hepful he helped me learn how to archive my pages and he also edits a lot and he should be an admin I think for his help on here thank you good afternoon--Wiki brah 05:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I am honored to accept this nomination. My friend, Brian0918 was going to nominate me when I hit 2000 edits, but I guess I am nearly there. ⇝Casito⇝Talk 17:09, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Support Oppose
 * 1) Support been around a looooooooooooong time -- Ryan Norton T 05:40, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Merovingian (t) (c) 18:30, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support - meets my standards. Just because he won't be able to allocate as much time to the project doesn't mean he'll stop. He looks a responsible user and won't use his powers badly if slightly more infrequntly. No reason in my mind to oppose. Good luck! --Celestianpower hab 18:36, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support - D. J. Bracey (talk) Image:St. Petersburg, Florida seal.png 18:43, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support, good candidate. The nominator's newness should not reflect on him, and he has both the number of edits and the time here required by most people's standards.-gadfium 19:49, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Meets my guidelines. android  79  20:45, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) BRIAN 0918  • 2005-08-26 23:15
 * 8) Support His answers are well considered and have the ring of truth. Hamster Sandwich 09:02, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support, no reason to oppose. Christopher Parham (talk) 17:57, 2005 August 27 (UTC)
 * 10) Support I'm having a hard time finding any reason to oppose. Limited involvement once school starts should not be held against you. There are over 400+ admins, most of them active. If you can only come on once in a while, that's fine. Wikipedia will not lose anything if this user becames an admin. Acetic Acid  ( talk  ) 14:16, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Andre ( talk ) 17:56, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose reluctantly. I think this nominee's heart is in the right place and is a good candidate except...more than 60% of the nominee's edits were done on 10 days. 10. Ok, maybe he is contributing huge amounts in single edits. That's certainly possible. There's also the note below in his answer to question 1 where he says he available time to work on Wikipedia will go down as he starts grad school. I have real concerns about a lack of day to day, week to week involvement in Wikipedia that he would most likely have as an admin. I would like to see the nominee clarify just what his level of commitment to being an admin is, and whether he truly thinks he will have time to wield the mop. If adequate explanations are forthcoming, I would consider changing my vote. --Durin 18:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Explanations
 * The huge number of edits over the ten day period were mainly from a catagorization project. I submit that, even without them, my edit history is substantial enough to merit my adminship.
 * At this point I do not know how much my education will effect my Wikipedia involvement. It may not effect it it all, or it may be significant; I just don't know. It would have been dishonest, however, for me not to report this possibility. ⇝Casito⇝Talk 20:15, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Good explanations. At this point, I think it would be better for you to understand the impact grad school will have on your available wiki-time before becoming an admin. As such, I retain my vote as oppose, for now. --Durin 21:07, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose. I don't do rigid guidelines on RfA, and I prefer quality over the various quantities. But there isn't enough experience in Wikipedia: space and Talk: space and the like, and given the length of time that's really not so many edits — the graph also shows rather sporadic participation. And while we have the rather unfortunate nominations process, the nominator might give some consideration to offering that kind of nomination — although it is not among the reasons for my opposition. -Splash 21:07, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If you could, could you explain the last sentence? It don't understand it... Ryan Norton T 21:12, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, only just saw this. I mean that the nomination statement doesn't make this sound like a serious nomination, but that, when voting on RfA I make my own mind up. Nevertheless, the nominator's off-colour behaviour and off-center nomination rather clouded my view of this a priori. -Splash 13:11, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose, agreeing with the above. Lack of experience in Wikispace. Radiant_ >|< 07:54, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose, the second edit of his which I checked was an error (marked as minor) which I had to fix: compare his diff and my diff. If it wasn't made by an admin nominee, I'd be thinking about issuing a vandalism warning. Three isn't two! Uncle Ed 01:26, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) *You're opposing because he miscounted and changed a couple words? Are you serious???? — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-08-30 04:23
 * So, I made a mistake. I've probably made many more, and so have you. I had added wave drag to the list of types of drag, then I saw it below, and forgot to fix the numbering. It pains me to say it, but this was obviously a mistake; issuing a valdal warning for it would have been extremely overzealous; doing so while neglecting my long history of good edits to articles would have shown bad faith. ⇝Casito⇝Talk 04:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * Will support when Casito accepts. --Merovingian (t) (c) 11:36, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Neutral as of now. Share concerns of Durin. Would definitely support if Casito demonstrated that his edits can be in a variety of topics, thereby connoting that he'll keep his eyes on a variety of topics once an admin. – Friejose 13:06, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Neutral ditto. --Chris S. 02:08, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Neutral. Same as other neutral votes; that's all that needs to be said. Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 15:33, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Neutral. Um firstly is this a joke? The nominator on his user page has many articles he has written that were put up for votes for deletion and/or speedy deletion. Not to mention templates for deletion. The nominator is also a recent vandal having warnings dated August 14 at earliest. The nominator is too sketchy for me to give complete support. Jobe  6  04:34, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) *I have no idea what Wiki brah's intentions were in nominating me. I only spoke with him once, and I agree that some of his edits were dubious. I considered declining on those grounds, but since I was planning to make a serious run in the comming weeks, it would have really hurt his feelings (and appeared a bit suspect) if I had turned down his nomination only to accept an other a few weeks later. ⇝Casito⇝Talk 04:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * A chart showing this user's edits along with an total # of edits line is available here: Image:Casito-edits.gif. I offer this not as a more refined version of editcountitis, but as just one tool to help evaluate an admin nominee with a somewhat low edit count on Wikipedia. --Durin 18:08, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * How'd you make that? Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy) 21:30, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * See User_talk:Rhymeless for my answer. --Durin 22:03, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Question I would like to know, what percentage specifically (within 5%) would you consider to be consensus when closing a VfD or related function? Hamster Sandwich 20:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no hard and fast rule, but WP:CON describes some rules of thumb for telling if a consensus is reached. ⇝Casito⇝Talk 21:06, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I am mainly interested in dealing with new pages. When I find time, I watch Special:Newpages and improve pages I believe were created by new users. As an admin, I will be able to delete the spam and nonsence which is always cropping up. Furthermore, If I become an admin, I plan to follow CAT:CSD. Also, I will probably pay attention to current backlogs. Lastly, I want to be able to help users who have problems. At least twice, users have assumed (based on my time here and contributions) that I was an admin and wanted my intervention. It was painfull to tell them that I couldn't help. I should probably disclose that I am starting graduate school, so I won't have as much time to work on Wikipedia as I have in the past.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A.
 * Lattimer Massacre was mentioned in Did you know....
 * Archery, my first major contribution, and was a really bold edit to an article.
 * The rendered images I created for Stream capture and MacPherson strut
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A. Deconstruction is a topic that only specialists (not me) really know a lot about. Unfortunatly, this tends to narrow the POV. I have been debating with its primary editors for some time, and I have grown tremendiously as a result. I was initially a bit coarse, but I quickly learned that that there was a better way. I am most proud that the discussion has remained polite and civil while there is still strong disagreement. In a different incident, I was recently caused a great deal of stress by a user who made repeated personal attacks against me, and other users who eventually took him to arbitration. I tried my best to ignore him and focus on copyediting and adding content. Becomming an admin really won't change my stand on edit conflicts. I would never use admin powers agains a user who had a genuine difference of opinion. On the other hand, I would not shy away from dealing with obvious vandals and trolls, especially when an other user asked for my help.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Casito


text:
Savonlinna Opera Festival

Savonlinna Opera Festival (Savonlinnan oopperajuhlat) is held annually in the city of Savonlinna in Finland. The Festival takes place at the medieval Olavinlinna (St. Olaf's Castle), built in 1475. The castle is located amid spectacular lake scenery.

Origin
The birth of the Savonlinna Opera Festival ties in closely with the emerging Finnish identity and striving for independence at the beginning of the 20th century. Attending a nationalist meeting in Olavinlinna Castle in 1907, the Finnish soprano Aino Ackté, already famous at opera houses the world over and an ardent patriot, immediately spotted the potential of the castle as the venue for an opera festival.

The first opera festival was held in 1912. Aino Ackté directed the festival for five summers, staging four Finnish operas. The only opera by a non-Finnish composer was Charles Gounod’s Faust, with Ackté herself in the leading female role of Marguerite.

In 1917 the festival ran into difficulties because of First World War, Finnish Declaration of Independence and the ensuing Finnish Civil War.

For fifty years, the opera festival was dormant, but in 1967, Savonlinna Music Days decided to organise an opera course for young singers. The high point of the course was a performance of Beethoven's Fidelio in the castle. Therefore, 1967 is nowadays regarded as the start of the present Festival; since then it has had steady growth of both audience and reputation.

Present-day festival
The Savonlinna Opera Festival has grown into an internationally recognised festival lasting a month. Each year it performs to a total audience of around 60,000, an estimated quarter of whom come from abroad. Each year the Festival has, in addition to staging leading works from classical operatic repertoire, staged its own productions.

Premieres
Thirteen operas have been premiered at the Savonlinna Opera Festival since 1967: The Horseman (1975), The King Goes Forth to France (1984, commissioned jointly by Covent Garden and the BBC), The Palace (1995) and Linna vedessä (2017) by Aulis Sallinen, The Knife (1989) by Paavo Heininen, Aleksis Kivi (1997) by Einojuhani Rautavaara, The Age of Dreams (2000–2001) by Herman Rechberger, Olli Kortekangas and Kalevi Aho, Koirien Kalevala (2004) by Jaakko Kuusisto, Hui kauhistus (2006) by Jukka Linkola, Isän tyttö (2007) by Olli Kortekangas, Seitsemän koiraveljestä (2008) by    Markus Fagerudd, La Fenice (2012) by Kimmo Hakola, and Norppaooppera (2013) by Timo-Juhani Kyllönen.

Visits by foreign opera companies
For over a decade, the Savonlinna Opera Festival has hosted foreign opera companies: The first of these was the Estonia Theatre from Tallinn. This was followed for the next three seasons by the world-famous Mariinsky (Kirov) Theatre from St. Petersburg, by Covent Garden from London in 1998, the Opéra national du Rhin from Strasbourg in 1999, the New Israeli Opera in 2000, Los Angeles Opera in 2001, the Deutsche Oper am Rhein in 2002, and the Choir and Orchestra of the Municipal Theatre of Santiago in 2003, with a staging of Sergio Ortega's Fulgor y Muerte de Joaquín Murieta, after a libretto by Nobel Prize winner Pablo Neruda. The Welsh National Opera (UK) performed Nabucco and Manon Lescaut at the festival in 2014.

title: Savonlinna Opera Festival


text:
St. George's School, Brunei

St George's School is a private, Roman Catholic, co-educational school in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei-Muara, Brunei. It was established in 1937.

Notable alumni

 * Yassin Affandi (1922–2012), politician
 * Umar Apong (1940–2023), police officer
 * Siti Saerah (1922–2013), nobility
 * Zaini Ahmad (born 1935), politician
 * Steven Chong Wan Oon, judge
 * Abdul Aziz Umar (born 1936), politician

title: St. George's School, Brunei