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Abbotsham

Abbotsham (pronounced Abbotsam) is a village and civil parish in the English county of Devon. In 2001 its population was 434 increasing at the 2011 census to 489.

Amenities
Abbotsham no longer has a Post Office and General Store but remains a vibrant community. There is a primary school, a Pre-School, a church a Chapel and a pub. There is also a village hall where a large range of activities take place. One bus service serves Abbotsham; the Stagecoach 319 from Barnstaple to Hartland. From May to October 2007, Stagecoach Devon ran a commercial service, the 21B, from Barnstaple to Westward Ho! via Abbotsham. However, this service was later withdrawn. The Big Sheep amusement farm park is located in Abbotsham.

History
The name Abbotsham is derived from 'Ham held by the abbot' [of Tavistock] (Old English abbodes + placename Ham). The area was called Hame in the Domesday Book and was later recorded as Ab(b)edisham in 1193 and 1269, and Abbodesham in 1282.

The village formed part of the original endowment of Tavistock Abbey in the late tenth century, from which it takes its name. St. Helen parish church, originally built by the Normans, was rebuilt in the thirteenth century and features many carved statues and bench-ends.

A mile to the north of the village is Kenwith Castle, built c. 1760 in the Georgian Gothic style and now part of a retirement complex with 31 stand alone bungalows and sheltered accommodation.

Abbotsham Village School
The local village school St Helen's C of E Primary School has been in existence for over 150 years. There is a wealth of information on the School's past available in the Abbotsham Archives including the School Register back to 1894 and many pictures of pupils, staff and villagers.

People
There are a number of valuable sources for family historians on the Village Website looking for references to particular families. These include the School Register from 1894 to 1997 listing pupils in alphabetic order, a transcription of the 1842 Tithe Register and a complete collection of press cuttings referring to the village from 1860 to 1978.

Thomas Arthur VC (real name McArthur), 1835–1902, recipient of the Victoria Cross during the Crimean War, was born in Abbotsham.

Abbotsham Road Station
Abbotsham once had its own railway station at Abbotsham Road on the Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore Railway, which was built entirely on this peninsula with no direct connection across the River Torridge to the British railway network. The locomotives were furnished with skirts to protect pedestrians as at one point the line ran along the quay at Bideford. The line had eleven halts which largely served visitors visiting the coast or travelling to swim off the beaches around Westward Ho!. The railway, authorised in 1896, was opened as far as Northam by 1901 and to Appledore in 1908. It closed in 1917.

Abbotsham Court and Racecourse
Outside of the village there was Shebbertown or Abbotsham Racecourse which was a horse racing, greyhound racing and whippet racing course built by Skidmore Ashby on his Abbotsham Court property in 1922. The course ran along the valley of Abbotsham Court and Cornborough Cliffs and closed in 1930.

title: Abbotsham


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Malabar, New South Wales

Malabar is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 12 kilometres south-east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Randwick.

Location
Malabar is a coastal suburb situated around Long Bay. Malabar is mostly residential, but with large plots of land devoted to the Randwick Golf Course, the ANZAC Rifle Range and the Long Bay Correctional Centre. A small group of shops is located at Prince Edward Street, close to the intersection with Anzac Parade. To the north, the suburb is bounded by Malabar Headland which features the Malabar Battery, a World War II fortification complex.

History
Malabar was named after a ship called the MV Malabar, a Burns Philp Company passenger and cargo steamer that was shipwrecked in thick fog on rocks at Miranda Point on the northern headland of Long Bay 2 April 1931. The ship itself was named after Malabar, a region in the Indian state of Kerala famous for its history as a major spice trade centre. Prior to the wreck, the suburb was known as either Brand or Long Bay. Long Bay is reputed to have been the local Indigenous community's principal camping/healing place between Sydney and Botany Bay. Malabar Headland is the site of a number of Aboriginal engravings. Historian Obed West claimed in 1882 that Aboriginal people referred to Long Bay as 'Boora' and that a rock overhang on the south side of Long Bay had been used as a shelter by Aboriginals suffering from a smallpox epidemic in the late 1700s.

Following a petition by local residents, the new name was gazetted on 29 September 1933. There have been five shipwrecks on the headland at Malabar – the St Albans in 1882, the MV Malabar in 1931, Try One in 1947 and SS Goolgwai in 1955 (and an unnamed barge in 1955).

The area was originally part of the land reserved for the Church and Schools Corporation; with the income intended to support clergy and teachers. In 1866 an attempt was made to create a village on Church and School Land at Long Bay when the surveyor general called for tenders for clearing timber and erecting posts for street names. This was followed by a sale of allotments in 1869. The suburb was proclaimed as the Village of Brand in 1899, though most people continued to refer to it as Long Bay. People were slow to take up residence in the area and it was not until the tram line was built to the Coast Hospital in 1901 that the suburb started to grow. By the early 1900s the village had two community halls; Anderson's Hall and Picnic Grounds on the corner of Victoria and Napier Streets and Dudley's Hall which provided a home for the school until Long Bay Public School opened in 1909.

During 1910–1920 a number of entrepreneurs bought cheap land at Long Bay and erected tents and huts as accommodation for visitors who flocked to the beach there at weekends. Residents complained about unsanitary conditions and the effect of these holiday camps on land values. During this period there were also a number of more permanent residents living in shacks in the sand dunes behind Long Bay, forced into these living conditions by a housing shortage in inner city Sydney.

Construction of the State Reformatory for Women began in 1902 on a 70-acre site south of the village. This was officially opened in August 1909, followed by the opening of the State Penitentiary for Men in 1914. The reformatory became part of the prison in the late 1950s, known as the Long Bay Penitentiary. The women's prison was vacated after Mulawa Correctional Centre opened in 1969 at Silverwater.

The Long Bay Life Saving and Amateur Swimming Club was formed at the end of World War I, meeting at the ambulance building on Bay Parade before a clubhouse was built in 1922. In 1916 the Ocean Outfall was constructed on Malabar Headland and by 1959 increasing sewage discharge had severely affected water quality at Long Bay. A number of club members left to found a new club at South Maroubra and by 1973 the Malabar club had to be disbanded. The commencement of the Deep Water Sewer Outfall in the 1990s saw some improvement in water quality, but the clubhouse was demolished in the same decade after suffering severe water damage.

The rifle range on the Malabar headland was originally known as the Long Bay Rifle Range, there is a long history of the site being used as a range dating back to when recreational and militia shooting first commenced on this site in the 1850s which contributed to local security. The original ANZAC Rifle Range at Holsworthy was closed in 1967 and the rifle clubs were transferred to the Long Bay Rifle Range at Malabar. The range at Malabar was renamed the ANZAC Rifle Range in 1970 in memory of the ANZAC soldiers who lost their lives during the World Wars and the Korea Campaign. The headland was shared by the Sporting Shooters Association of Australia, the NSW Smallbore and Air Rifle Association, the Sydney Model Aero Club and the Malabar Riding School until the Commonwealth Government terminated their leases in November 2011.

The western section of the headland was transferred from the Commonwealth to the NSW Government on 2 March 2012. This 17.7 hectare area contains remnants of the Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub, eucalypt woodlands and coastal heath land that now form part of a National Park. The (Gillard / Rudd) Labor Commonwealth Government had planned to convert the remainder of the headland to a National Park after relocating the rifle range and completing work to make the area safe for public use. However the NSW Rifle Association defeated the Commonwealth Government in court, scuttling the plans. A report submitted to the Abbott government in January 2015 recommended selling off the land for development but the plan met community outrage and was swiftly refuted by the Commonwealth Government. In March 2015, plans to commit more of the headland to National Park and to return the horses were announced The future of the remainder of Malabar Headland remains uncertain.

Heritage listings
Malabar has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 1250 Anzac Parade: Long Bay Correctional Centre
 * Franklin Street: Malabar Headland

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 5,420 people in Malabar.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 6.6% of the population.
 * 67.7% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 3.5% and China 2.2%.
 * 51.0% of people spoke only English at home.

Notable people

 * Braith Anasta, Australian rugby league player
 * Errol Gulden, AFL Footballer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Malabar, New South Wales


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Homa Sayar

Homa Sayar (born 1947, in Tehran) is an Iranian poet and writer who has lived in Paris since 1975. She studied Psychology in the Université Sorbonne – Nouvelle and her PhD thesis on Avant-garde poetry in Persian literature at the Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.

She has written several poetry books in Persian and has also translated the famous Shahnameh (the Epic of Kings) into French. Ms Sayar has also worked as a teacher of Persian and has published a Persian learning method in English, German and French.

title: Homa Sayar


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Maianbar

Maianbar is a village on the outskirts of southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 29 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. It is part of the Sutherland Shire.

Maianbar is adjacent to the village of Bundeena, less than kilometre away and linked by a bush track, and footbridge. It lies on the southern side of Port Hacking, opposite the suburbs of Burraneer, Dolans Bay, Port Hacking, Lilli Pilli and Cronulla. Maianbar is surrounded by the Royal National Park.

Name
Maianbar means deep tank or waterhole in the Gamilaraay language. The name initially referred to the site of local marine fish hatcheries and was probably chosen by the Trustees of the Royal National Park. Areas of today's suburb were known as Fishermans Bay Estate and Sand Spit Estate until 1951, when Sutherland Shire Council officially named it Maianbar.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 505 people in Maianbar. 83.0% of people were born in Australia and 93.4% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 45.0% and Catholic 25.0%.

Commercial area
There is a single shop in Maianbar which sells a small variety of goods. There is also a small community hall, Rural Fire Brigade station and local park.

Transport
Maianbar is quite an isolated village but can be accessed by road - a twenty-five-minute drive from Sutherland, or by ferry. There is an hourly commuter ferry service from Cronulla to Bundeena. Cabbage Tree Creek and 'The Basin' separate Bundeena from Maianbar. A bush track and footbridge link the two villages, which is approx 30mins walk. There is a road link between Bundeena and Maianbar, approx 9 km.

Maianbar Bundeena Bus Service operates bus route 989 for local bus services between Maianbar and Bundeena on school days only. In addition there is one return trip every Wednesday to Engadine and one return trip every Friday to Miranda both from Bundeena via Maianbar.

Art Trail
There are many artists in both Bundeena and Maianbar. The residents host a monthly art exhibition in local artists' houses, called the Art Trail. The Art Trail is held on the first Sunday of every month. Art Trail Website The Art Trail is free of charge and provides local artists with an opportunity to sell their artwork.

Environment
During early colonial settlement, Indonesian rusa deer were introduced and have since become a large population in the area. Many residents see the deer as pests, the National Parks & Wildlife Service and Council are permitted to cull. However many residents also take delight in the deer, which causes much division and emotion in the affected townships.

title: Maianbar


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Abbotskerswell

Abbotskerswell is a village and civil parish in the English county of Devon. The village is in the north part of the parish and is located two miles (3 km) south of the town of Newton Abbot, 7 mi from the seaside resort of Torquay and 32 mi from the city of Plymouth. The A381 road between Newton Abbot and Totnes runs down the western side of the parish and the main railway line between these two towns forms part of its eastern boundary.

History
The settlement that is now Abbotskerswell was called Cærswylle in 956, Carsvelle in 1086 and Kareswill in 1242, meaning 'cress spring' from the Old English cærse + wylle. The name 'Abbotskerswell' itself is derived from 'Kerswell belonging to the abbot' [of Horton] and was recorded as Karswill Abbatts in 1285, Abbotescharswelle in 1314 and Abbots Keswell in 1675.

In the Domesday Book Abbotskerswell was listed as Carsuella in the ancient hundred of Kerswell, and was held by the abbot of Horton Abbey, Dorset. The name kerswell means cress spring. In 1086 it had a population of less than one hundred. The parish later became part of Haytor Hundred when it was derived from Kerswell Hundred. By 1901 the population had risen to 451 and to 1,515 by 2001.

The village church, dedicated to St Mary, was affected by the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. Old treasures, particularly a large badly damaged medieval statue assumed to be of the Virgin and Child, have been found within the church, and work has been undertaken to restore them. The north aisle is of the Perpendicular period and the western tower has diagonal buttresses and a stair turret in the centre of one side.

Abbotskerswell developed around the growing of apples and oranges for cider making. Henley's Devonshire Cider was made by a company based in nearby Newton Abbot from apples grown in the extensive orchards around the village, and their presses were here too.

In 1850, according to White's Devonshire Directory: "ABBOTSKERSWELL, or Abbot's Carswell, is a pleasant village, two miles S. of Newton Abbot, and has in its parish 433 souls and 1600 acres of land, including several scattered houses and the hamlet of Aller, where there is a paper mill, on a rivulet 1 ½ mile from the church. The soil is all freehold, and belongs to Sir W.P. Carew, Bart., the Hon. Mrs. Hare, W. Hole, Esq., Wm. and John Creed, and a few smaller owners. The Church (St. Mary,) is an ancient fabric in the perpendicular style, with a tower and three bells. It is about to be thoroughly repaired and beautified. The old pews are to give way to open benches, and the finely carved oak screen is to be restored and opened. . . . A cottage has been converted into a Baptist Chapel; and in the parish is a Quaker's Burial Ground, which was reserved for that purpose by a Mr. Tucket, when he sold Court Barton estate. Here is a small National School."

Today
The village has several listed buildings, a small shop with post office facilities, (with a hair salon (residents only) on the upper floor), a primary school and one pub. The Court Farm Inn was previously a farm, and was converted to a pub in the 20th century when the old Tradesmans Arms closed. The other pub was the older Butchers Arms, which was originally a smithy, it is now closed. The village post office was closed by Royal Mail in 2008, it is now a tearoom. There is a park with sports facilities and an all-weather pitch. The village has a local bus (Country Bus Devon). Also in the parish a minor road crosses the A381 road at Two Mile Oak Cross where there is a public house and a few houses.

The village hosts the annual "Abbfest" Beer and Food festival which celebrates Devon food and drink.

As of 2010, the village has two teams in the South Devon Football League: the main team is in the Premier Division, and the Reserves in Division Four. Their ground is at Abbots Park. Abbotskerswell Cricket Club has three adult teams, the first team playing at A division in the Devon Cricket League, the second team playing in the E division (West) and the newly reformed (2022) third team playing home games at Stover School in the H Division (West). There is a Sunday/Midweek friendly side and two youth teams and the Women's softball cricket team are (2022) Devon Super-8's and Devon County Women's Softball League Champions. The ground (known as 'The Oak') is situated on the main A381 Totnes Road just outside the village near the Two Mile Oak public house..

For over a hundred years, 1861 to 1983, Abbotskerswell Priory, situated just north of the parish boundary, was home to an Order of Augustinian nuns. When the nuns left in the 1980s, the buildings were converted into apartments and cottages for the elderly.

Landscape
Abbotskerswell's landscape is mainly hilly. The village lies in a valley and to the north there are fields and to the South there is a forest. Through the village run two streams which meet at the village park. After high rainfall, it sometimes overflows. Some of the fields are home to Cows, Sheep and Horses.

Transport
The A381 road provides the most direct route to Newton Abbot. Another nearby route is the A380 road to Exeter which also connects to the A3022 to Torbay and A385 to Totnes.

Nearby settlements
These are nearby settlements taken clockwise from Newton Abbot:
 * Decoy
 * Kingskerswell
 * Stoneycombe
 * Whiddon
 * Two Mile Oak
 * Ogwell
 * Wolborough

Twin cities/towns

 * 🇮🇪 – Ardmore, County Waterford, Ireland
 * 🇫🇷 – Le Pré-d'Auge and Les Monceaux, France

Notable people

 * John 'Babbacombe' Lee, known as "The Man They Couldn't Hang" was born in the village in 1864.
 * Arthur Judd, first-class cricketer, died here in 1988.
 * Jack Davey, ran the Court Farm public house in the village.

title: Abbotskerswell


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Targovishte

Targovishte (Търговище, also transliterated Tǎrgovište, , Eski Cuma) is a city in Bulgaria, the administrative and economic capital of Targovishte Province.

It is situated at the northern foot of the low mountain of Preslav on both banks of the Vrana River. The town is 335 km north-east of the capital Sofia and about 125 km west of the city of Varna and the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Targovishte is known as an old market settlement.

Name
The name comes from the Slavic root targ ("trade") + the Slavic placename suffix -ishte, "market town" (a calque of the Ottoman Turkish Eski Cuma, "old Friday", though the Turkish name may be derived from the earlier Bulgarian Sborishte "gathering place"). The name is etymologically and semantically the same as that of the city Târgoviște in Romania and Trgovište in Serbia.

City
Archaeological studies prove that in these places there were people in the Copper-Stone Age (Chalcolithic) – between the 5th and the 4th millennium BC. In the city's vicinity are the remains of Thracian settlements (5th–3rd century BC), a Roman settlement (2nd–4th century AD), and a fortress from the early Byzantine period (5th–6th century). A Bulgarian settlement was founded in the 10th century during the First Bulgarian Empire, however due to its proximity to the capital Preslav, it did not develop until the 12th century. In the 12th century, due to its location on a main road from the new capital Veliko Turnovo, a fortress by the name "Сборище" (Sborishte) was built.

In the 18th and 19th centuries it became a famous market for animals and craft products called Eski Cuma ("old bazaar" in Turkish). A monastical school was opened in the 18th century and a secular one, called the Slaveykov School and situated in the old Varosha Quarter was established in 1846, with Petko Slaveykov being a teacher there; a chitalishte was also built. Industrial development began after the Second World War. Factories producing car batteries and machines for the food industry were opened; later, furniture and textile industries developed. One of Bulgaria's largest wine production factories is located there. Targovishte is home to one of the largest glass factories in Europe. The investment in the factory was $380,000,000 and employs 1,500 people.

The town is a cultural centre. In 2000, ruins of an Ancient Roman town called Missionis (Мисионис) were unearthed near Targovishte. The town art gallery named after the eminent Bulgarian artist Nikola Marinov, who was born here, has a considerable collection of his works.

The local football team is called PFC Svetkavitsa ("lightning") and plays in the B PFG. The city is also noted for its shooting sports traditions. There is also a drama theatre and a puppet theatre.

Population
In January 2012, Targovishte was inhabited by 37,341 people within the city limits, while the Targovishte Municipality with the legally affiliated adjacent villages had 56,868 inhabitants. The number of the residents of the city (not the municipality) reached its peak in the period 1980-1990 when exceeded 45,000 with a highest rate in 1989 numbering 47,798. The following table presents the change of the population after 1887.

Ethnic, linguistic and religious composition
According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows: Total: 37,611
 * Bulgarians: 27,825 (79.4%)
 * Turks: 6,222 (17.8%)
 * Roma: 633 (1.8%)
 * Others: 138 (0.4%)
 * Indefinable: 235 (0.7%)
 * Undeclared: 2,558 (4.2%)

The ethnic composition of Targovishte Municipality is 33,229 Bulgarians, 14,883 Turks and 3,902 Roma among others.

Municipality
Targovishte is the administrative centre for the Targovishte Municipality, one of five municipalities of the Targovishte Province. In addition to Targovishte, which has the status of town (in Bulgarian: град, transliterated as grad), the municipality contains 51 other localities with the status of village (in Bulgarian: село, transliterated as selo).

The following list shows the names of localities transliterated in Latin alphabet, followed in parentheses by the name in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet (which links to the corresponding Bulgarian Wikipedia article).

 * Aleksandrovo (Александрово)
 * Alvanovo (Алваново)
 * Bayachevo (Баячево)
 * Bistra (Бистра)
 * Bojurka (Божурка)
 * Bratovo (Братово)
 * Buhovtsi (Буховци)
 * Buynovo (Буйново)
 * Cherkovna (Черковна)
 * Dalgach (Дългач)
 * Davidovo (Давидово)
 * Draganovets (Драгановец)
 * Dralfa (Дралфа)
 * Golyamo Sokolovo (Голямо Соколово)
 * Golyamo novo (Голямо Ново)
 * Gorna Kabda (Горна Кабда)
 * Koprets (Копрец)

 * Koshnichari (Кошничари)
 * Kralevo (Кралево)
 * Krashno (Кръшно)
 * Lilyak (Лиляк)
 * Lovets (Ловец)
 * Makariopolsko (Макариополско)
 * Makovo (Маково)
 * Miladinovtsi (Миладиновци)
 * Mirovets (Мировец)
 * Momino (Момино)
 * Nadarevo (Надарево)
 * Osen (Осен)
 * Ostrets (Острец)
 * Ovcharovo (Овчарово)
 * Paydushko (Пайдушко)
 * Pevets (Певец)
 * Podgoritsa (Подгорица)

 * Preselets (Преселец)
 * Presian (Пресиян)
 * Presyak (Пресяк)
 * Probuda (Пробуда)
 * Prolaz (Пролаз)
 * Ralitsa (Ралица)
 * Razboyna (Разбойна)
 * Rosina (Росина)
 * Ruets (Руец)
 * Saedinenie (Съединение)
 * Strazha (Стража)
 * Tarnovtsa (Търновца)
 * Tsvetnitsa (Цветница)
 * Tvardintsi (Твърдинци)
 * Vardun (Вардун)
 * Vasil Levski (Васил Левски)
 * Zdravets (Здравец)

Honour
Targovishte Glacier on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Targovishte.

Churches

 * Sv. Uspenie Bogorodichno Church (Dormition of the Theotokos Church)
 * St. John of Rila Church

Schools

 * Sveti Sedmochislenitsi High School
 * Profesor Nikola Marinov High School
 * Mitropolit Andrey High School
 * Hristo Botev Comprehensive School
 * P.R.Slaveykov Comprehensive School
 * John Atanasov Vocational School
 * Nikola Simov Vocational(Sport) School
 * St. John of Rila School for children with hearing problems

Sport

 * The Stadion Dimitar Burkov is the home ground of the football team PFK Svetkavitsa 1922.

 * The Targovishte Speedway Stadium hosted important motorcycle speedway events, including qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Championship in 1980, 1982, 1985, 1986 and 1987 and a qualifying round of the 1979 Speedway World Pairs Championship. As of 2024, the stadium is not used and is in a state of disrepair but is still situated off ul. "Stefan Karadzha", adjacent to the Central Targovishte Cemetery (on the south side).

Notable people

 * Andrey, Metropolitan of New York
 * Nikola Marinov (artist)
 * Nikola Simov (revolutionary)
 * 100 Kila (musician)
 * Yordan Kamdzhalov (conductor)
 * Dr.Hristo Hristov (financist)
 * Rosen Vladimirov, former National Assemblyman for Targovishte
 * Tunalı Hilmi, Turkish politician

Twin towns – sister cities
Targovishte is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇦 Bolhrad, Ukraine
 * 🇩🇪 Cottbus, Germany
 * 🇬🇷 Kozani, Greece
 * Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
 * 🇷🇺 Smolensk, Russia
 * 🇫🇷 Suresnes, France
 * 🇷🇴 Târgovişte, Romania
 * 🇺🇸 Waterloo, United States
 * Utrecht,The Netherlands

title: Targovishte


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Hitomi Takahashi

Hitomi Takahashi may refer to:

 * Hitomi Takahashi (actress) (高橋 ひとみ), Japanese actress
 * Hitomi Takahashi (singer) (高橋 瞳), Japanese singer

title: Hitomi Takahashi


text:
Abbotsleigh, Devon

Abbotsleigh is a hamlet in the county of Devon, England. Abbotsleigh is in the civil parish of Blackawton, within the district council of South Hams in Devon. It is about 5 mi south-west of Dartmouth.

title: Abbotsleigh, Devon


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Targovishte Province

Targovishte Province (Област Търговище, transliterated Oblast Tǎrgovište, former name Targovishte okrug) is a province in northeastern Bulgaria, named after its main city - Targovishte. As of December 2009, it had a population of 129,675.

Municipalities
The Targovishte Province contains 5 municipalities (singular: община, obshtina - plural: общини, obshtini). The following table shows the names of each municipality in English and Cyrillic, the main town (in bold) or village, and the population of each as of December 2009.

Demographics
The Targovishte province had a population of 137,689 according to a 2001 census, of which 49.2% were male and 50.8% were female. As of the end of 2009, the population of the province, announced by the Bulgarian National Statistical Institute, numbered 129,675 of which 24.1% are inhabitants aged over 60 years.

Ethnic groups
Total population (2011 census): 120,818

Ethnic groups (2011 census): Identified themselves: 106,800 persons: A further 14,000 persons in Targovishte Province did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.
 * Bulgarians: 58,371 (54.65%)
 * Turks: 38,231 (35.80%)
 * Romani: 7,767 (7.27%)
 * Others and indefinable: 2,431 (2.28%)

Religion
Religious adherence in the province according to 2001 census:

Technical Infrastructure
The length of the road network is 1,171.3 km, 77.6 km of which are first class roads. There are two railway stations on the major railway line Sofia- Gorna Oryahovitsa - Varna.

Targovishte Airport is located 13 km from the city of Targovishte. However, it is not being used because of a lack of financial resources.

Towns and villages
The place names in bold have the status of town (in Bulgarian: град, transliterated as grad). Other localities have the status of village (in Bulgarian: село, transliterated as selo). The names of localities are transliterated in Latin alphabet followed in parentheses by the original name in Bulgarian Cyrillic script (which links to the corresponding Bulgarian Wikipedia article).

Antonovo municipality
The Antonovo municipality has one town (in bold) and 56 villages: Antonovo (Антоново)

Bankovets (Банковец)

Bogomolsko (Богомолско)

Bukak (Букак)

Velikovtsi (Великовци)

Velyovo (Вельово)

Glashatay (Глашатай)

Golyamo Dolyane (Голямо Доляне)

Gorna Zlatitsa (Горна Златица)

Devino (Девино)

Dlazhka polyana (Длъжка поляна)

Dobrotitsa (Добротица)

Dolna Zlatitsa (Долна Златица)

Dabravitsa (Дъбравица)

Izvorovo (Изворово)

Kapishte (Капище)

Kitino (Китино)

Konop (Коноп)

Kraypole (Крайполе)

Krusholak (Крушолак)

Kapinets (Къпинец)

Kyosevtsi (Кьосевци)

Lyubichevo (Любичево)

Malka Cherkovna (Малка Черковна)

Malogradets (Малоградец)

Manushevtsi (Манушевци)

Mechovo (Мечово)

Milino (Милино)

Moravitsa (Моравица)

Moravka (Моравка)

Orach (Орач)

Pirinets (Пиринец)

Poroyno (Поройно)

Prisoyna (Присойна)

Pchelno (Пчелно)

Ravno selo (Равно село)

Razdeltsi (Разделци)

Svirchovo (Свирчово)

Svoboditsa (Свободица)

Semertsi (Семерци)

Slanchovets (Слънчовец)

Stara rechka (Стара речка)

Starchishte (Старчище)

Stevrek (Стеврек)

Stoynovo (Стойново)

Stroynovtsi (Стройновци)

Taymishte (Таймище)

Tihovets (Тиховец)

Treskavets (Трескавец)

Halvadzhiysko (Халваджийско)

Chekantsi (Чеканци)

Cherna voda (Черна вода)

Cherni bryag (Черни бряг)

Shishkovitsa (Шишковица)

Yazovets (Язовец)

Yarebichno (Яребично)

Yastrebino (Ястребино)

Omurtag municipality
The Omurtag municipality has one town (in bold) and 41 villages: Belomortsi (Беломорци)

Balgaranovo (Българаново)

Velikdenche (Великденче)

Velichka (Величка)

Verentsi (Веренци)

Veselets (Веселец)

Visok (Висок)

Vrani kon (Врани кон)

Golyamo Tsarkvishte (Голямо Църквище)

Gorna Hubavka (Горна Хубавка)

Gorno Kozarevo (Горно Козарево)

Gorno Novkovo (Горно Новково)

Gorsko selo (Горско село)

Dolna Hubavka (Долна Хубавка)

Dolno Kozarevo (Долно Козарево)

Dolno Novkovo (Долно Новково)

Zelena morava (Зелена морава)

Zmeyno (Змейно)

Zvezditsa (Звездица)

Iliyno (Илийно)

Kamburovo (Камбурово)

Kestenovo (Кестеново)

Kozma Prezviter (Козма Презвитер)

Krasnoseltsi (Красноселци)

Mogilets (Могилец)

Obitel (Обител)

Omurtag (Омуртаг)

Panayot Hitovo (Панайот Хитово)

Panichino (Паничино)

Petrino (Петрино)

Plastina (Плъстина)

Ptichevo (Птичево)

Padarino (Пъдарино)

Parvan (Първан)

Rositsa (Росица)

Ratlina (Рътлина)

Stanets (Станец)

Tapchileshtovo (Тъпчилещово)

Tsarevtsi (Царевци)

Tserovishte (Церовище)

Chernokaptsi (Чернокапци)

Opaka municipality
The Opaka municipality has one town (in bold) and 5 villages: Golyamo Gradishte (Голямо Градище)

Gorsko Ablanovo (Горско Абланово)

Garchinovo (Гърчиново)

Krepcha (Крепча)

Lyublen (Люблен)

Opaka (Опака)

Popovo municipality
The Popovo municipality has one town (in bold) and 34 villages: Aprilovo (Априлово)

Baba Tonka (Баба Тонка)

Berkovski (Берковски)

Braknitsa (Бракница)

Voditsa (Водица)

Gagovo (Гагово)

Gloginka (Глогинка)

Goritsa (Горица)

Dolets (Долец)

Dolna Kabda (Долна Кабда)

Drinovo (Дриново)

Elenovo (Еленово)

Zavetno (Заветно)

Zarevo (Зараево)

Zahari Stoyanovo (Захари Стояново)

Zvezda (Звезда)

Ivancha (Иванча)

Kardam (Кардам)

Kovachevets (Ковачевец)

Kozitsa (Козица)

Konak (Конак)

Lomtsi (Ломци)

Manastiritsa (Манастирица)

Marchino (Марчино)

Medovina (Медовина)

Osikovo (Осиково)

Palamartsa (Паламарца)

Pomoshtitsa (Помощица)

Popovo (Попово)

Posabina (Посабина)

Sadina (Садина)

Svetlen (Светлен)

Slavyanovo (Славяново)

Trastika (Тръстика)

Tsar Asen (Цар Асен)

Targovishte municipality
The Targovishte municipality has one town (in bold) and 51 villages: Aleksandrovo (Александрово)

Alvanovo (Алваново)

Bayachevo (Баячево)

Bistra (Бистра)

Bojurka (Божурка)

Bratovo (Братово)

Buhovtsi (Буховци)

Buynovo (Буйново)

Cherkovna (Черковна)

Dalgach (Дългач)

Davidovo (Давидово)

Draganovets (Драгановец)

Dralfa (Дралфа)

Golyamo Sokolovo (Голямо Соколово)

Golyamo novo (Голямо Ново)

Gorna Kabda (Горна Кабда)

Koprets (Копрец)

Koshnichari (Кошничари)

Kralevo (Кралево)

Krashno (Кръшно)

Lilyak (Лиляк)

Lovets (Ловец)

Makariopolsko (Макариополско)

Makovo (Маково)

Miladinovtsi (Миладиновци)

Mirovets (Мировец)

Momino (Момино)

Nadarevo (Надарево)

Osen (Осен)

Ostrets (Острец)

Ovcharovo (Овчарово)

Paydushko (Пайдушко)

Pevets (Певец)

Podgoritsa (Подгорица)

Preselets (Преселец)

Presian (Пресиян)

Presyak (Пресяк)

Probuda (Пробуда)

Prolaz (Пролаз)

Ralitsa (Ралица)

Razboyna (Разбойна)

Rosina (Росина)

Ruets (Руец)

Saedinenie (Съединение)

Strazha (Стража)

Targovishte (Търговище)

Tarnovtsa (Търновца)

Tsvetnitsa (Цветница)

Tvardintsi (Твърдинци)

Vardun (Вардун)

Vasil Levski (Васил Левски)

Zdravets (Здравец)

title: Targovishte Province


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Homa Sayar

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Tito xd 23:18, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Homa Sayar
Another article that keeps picking up bad speedies. Listed here to decide the issue properly. For guidance, Votes for deletion/Precedents says: "Authors and writers are notable if they have released a book (other than through vanity press)"
 * Keep and expand. Seems to satisfy the criteria for notability. --Tony Sidaway Talk  07:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This should go to cleanup, not to VfD. If it doesn't improve it can be deleted in due course. Pilatus 07:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * To be fair, it was tagged for speedying only once, and at that point it didn't have the list of books and ISBN numbers attached. As it stands now, looks notable enough to me, so keep. Why is this nominated for deletion if the nominator wants it kept? Radiant_ >|< 08:44, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Another sysop wants it deleted; that's good enough reason for me to bring it to VfD. --Tony Sidaway Talk  17:23, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * WP:MUSIC supports the assertion that any author who has a book published through any publisher is NOT inherently notable. Let's speedy keep this for now. Pilatus 09:29, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Does this mean that I am notable? I've had two books published by a non-vanity press  and although they didn't sell, they exist. I'd vote to Keep the sickeningly trendy Homa Sayar (an Iranian living in Paris! and a poet!) on the condition that Editions l'Harmattan is not a vanity press. -Ashley Pomeroy 12:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Editions l'Harmattan's submission notes for authors are here. It looks kosher to me. --Tony Sidaway Talk 17:23, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, I vote to keep. She makes me sick to the stomach, and I haven't even met her, but I can separate my mind from my guts. -Ashley Pomeroy 22:29, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Published author DV8 2XL 13:00, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand, duh. (and I like the speedy keep idea Pilatus) HoratioVitero 15:30, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please this one does not make sense to me Yuckfoo 17:29, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone has been tagging this for speedy deletion. Tony Sidaway VFD'ed it to get a proper debate, instead of just having a revert war over the tag. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 19:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, basically this is Warren Benbow take two. Same sysop. --Tony Sidaway Talk  20:11, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Exactly. The admin who is edit warring instead of using established channels...
 * 07:36, 31 August 2005 Tony Sidaway restored "Homa Sayar"
 * 00:21, 30 August 2005 Geogre deleted "Homa Sayar" (Undeleted out of process. Use VfU or create it fresh.)
 * 00:08, 28 August 2005 Tony Sidaway restored "Homa Sayar"
 * 16:20, 27 August 2005 TheCoffee deleted "Homa Sayar" (non-notable bio)
 * brenneman (t) (c) 00:36, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * And the datestamp for the first version of this VfD, which I created, is five minutes after I restored the article for the second time. Sounds like it's exactly the way A Man In Black  said.
 * The original article as wrongly speedied is here.  It clearly lists the major works published by this author.  The article was not a speedy deletion candidate. The first sysop made an error. The second sysop has a Warren Benbow-shaped axe to grind. --Tony Sidaway Talk  04:19, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * What happened to WP:FAITH? It's poor form to assign questionable motives to another as cover for your own actions.  If in fact this was improperly speedied, what's wrong with using established channels as indicated in the edit summary?  VfU is a proper debate.  brenneman (t) (c)  04:37, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Because Tony has already indicated that VfU is not incumbent upon him and he will do whatever he feels like doing regardless of what anybody else thinks. Speedy delete, nn writer.  Just having published is not a valid keep criterion.  I shudder to think of the consequences.  Zoe 06:10, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Just count the keep votes, Zoe. If I'm on my own in this, where did those keep votes come from?  And don't say it's because I added a bibliography.  The original article already enumerated her published works. At the very least it should have been listed on VfD, not speedied. RC patrollers are good, they get rid of a lot of nonsense, but sometimes a good article gets caught in the crossfire, and that's where I come in. --Tony Sidaway Talk  12:17, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. This was an incorrectly speedied article. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:31, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mistakenly speedied by somebody, and then correctly undeleted by Tony. I don't see why Aaron and Zoe are wasting time contesting this. "She has written several Poetry books in Farsi and has also translated the famous Shahnameh (the Epic of Kings) into French" (in addition to being a Ph.D. from a French elite institution) may or may not make her notable (depending on the quality and reception of the publications), but is, at the very least, an assertion of notability. BTW, the article doesn't currently list her Persian production. It would be useful if somebody could make a Persian Google and library search and add that to the article. Uppland 07:49, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, thanks for catching the bad speedy Tony. Kappa 13:49, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Just like VfU would have, without Tony's "heroic" efforts. - brenneman (t) (c)  23:31, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Then I take it you agree we can skip the unnecessary instruction creep since I almost invariably only rescue and improve articles that are capable of surviving a VfD. I refuse to get involved in VFU because (1) Wikipedia undeletion policy says I don't have to and (2) it would be asking people to vote on the status of an article few of them could see and none of them could edit.  It would be silly to engage in editing an encyclopedia with one hand tied behind one's back. Arbcom can make arbitrary decisions, we grant it that right.  I won't grant WP:VFU the right to make arbitrary and unaccountable decisions, permitting it to rubber stamp a deletion by one sysop, without the right of general scrutiny by all editors. When I undelete, we can all see what I've done and act accordingly.  I don't take on cases I am likely to lose. I do not lose many cases.  I win many. --Tony Sidaway Talk  00:14, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you Tony for demonstrating the actual problem far better than I could: To you this is about winning. brenneman (t) (c)  01:23, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * So the issue is Tony's motivations, not his actions and their consequences? Kappa 01:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It appears to be about the fact that I am able to perform actions of which he, personally, disapproves. I'm not required to jump through his hoops, so I don't, and this appears to annoy him immensely. --Tony Sidaway Talk
 * Clearly, it's all three. By his admission, he's keeping score, so this restoration was in violation of WP:POINT. What is so wrong with Tony doing what has been suggested to him by numerous editors and administrators in good standing: Use VfU.  Stop acting as though his opinion matters more than others.  Stop revert warring. Is that too much to ask? Just because you are able to perform an action doesn't mean that you should.  brenneman (t) (c)  02:08, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This could go on forever. At 04:37 last night Aaron asks what happens to WP:FAITH and at 02:08 this morning he falsely accuses me of disrupting Wikipedia to make a point... Go figger.... -D --Tony Sidaway Talk  02:18, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * One thing which you can do if you are worried about other users not being able to see the content when listing things on VFU is to make a temporary undeletion. That is, undelete, replace with a -template, and protect. That way, the voters on VFU will be able to make a fully informed decision. Sjakkalle  (Check!)  07:04, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep and delist from VfD.  —RaD Man (talk) 06:59, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. KissL 09:50, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Guys, I'm lucky enough not to know much about either Tony or Aaron or any of the others involved in the above discussion. What I can see is this:
 * The page was created with enough content for a stub and two assertions about notability ((1) the subject having published poetry and (2) her having translated the Epic of Kings). Note that assertion not proof of notability is required.
 * The page was speedy deleted per criterion A7, although it does not fulfill that criterion (because there are assertions). WP:CSD explicitly states: "If the assertion is disputed or controversial, it should be taken to VFD instead."
 * The page was directly undeleted by Tony Sidaway. Given that the deletion was out of process (as shown above), this action is acceptable. The undeletion policy explicitly states: "If the page was obviously deleted "out of process" (i.e. not in accordance with current deletion policy), then a sysop may choose to undelete immediately. In such a case, the sysop who deleted the page should be informed of the undeletion and the reason for it. If deletion policy dictates that the undeleted page is a VfD candidate, please list it there." From his contribution list though, Tony seems to have failed to inform the deleting sysop of the undeletion; also, he didn't immediately list the page here.
 * The page was deleted again (this time by another admin) with the rationale "Undeleted out of process", which is not a speedy deletion criterion. Tony restored it again, which is therefore again acceptable; but he did not inform the deleting sysop, which is again a mistake. This time, he listed the page here.
 * So, the three sysops involved all made mistakes. But I think those mistakes alone haven't caused much harm to Wikipedia (we are here discussing the article, a consensus is going to emerge, and that's that). I think the most harm is caused by the above violations of WP:FAITH and WP:NPA by sysops. Please. This kind of discussion would have belonged to your user talk pages, or nowhere. I'm amazed that a plain editor like myself has to say this. KissL 09:50, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well put. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:47, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right. I shouldn't let myself be provoked into responding.  On the idea of listing the page the first time I undeleted, I don't think that would be in order.  Since the article was obviously a good one and the precedents strongly suggested notability, there was no reason at that time to consider a VfD listing. --Tony Sidaway Talk  11:03, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You could try to play well with others. User:Lucky 6.9 deleted two articles which I thought should be kept, and I wrote him a note asking him if he would mind if I undeleted them, giving my reasoning.  He agreed and thanked me for asking beforehand.  If you had just communicated with the other admin involved beforehand, giving your reasoning, none of this kerfuffle would have occured.  But you prefer, as you indicated above, to score points against others instead of working as a community.  You are on record as having nothing but scorn for the VfU process, which others feel works just fine, and prefer to cowboy it alone instead of trying to garner consensus.  Zoe 19:49, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Abbotsley

Abbotsley is a village and civil parish within the Huntingdonshire district of Cambridgeshire, England. It is three miles from St Neots and 14 miles from the county town of Cambridge. At the time of the 2001 census, the resident population was 425 people living in 164 households. increasing to a population of 446 at the 2011 Census.

History
The village's name is derived from 'woodland clearing of a man called Ealdbeald' (Old English personal name Eadbald + lēah) The name is recorded as Adboldesl’ in the 12th century, as Adboldeslee and Albedesleg in the 13th century, Albo(t)deste(g), Albo(t)desley and Abbodesle in the 13th-14th century, and Abbot(t)esle(y) from late 13th to late 15th century.

Government
As a civil parish, Abbotsley has a parish council. Abbotsley parish council comprises seven councillors, a chairman and clerk. The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Abbotsley is a part of the district ward of Gransden and The Offords and is represented on the district council by two councillors. The highest tier of local government for Abbotsley is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. Abbotsley is a part of the electoral division of Buckden, Gransden and The Offords and is represented on the county council by one councillor.

Abbotsley was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Abbotsley became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

At Westminster, Abbotsley is in the parliamentary constituency of Huntingdon. Since 2001 the village has been represented in the House of Commons by Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative).

Geography
Abbotsley village is 14 miles from the county town of Cambridge and 47 miles from London. It is on the B1046 road between Great Gransden and St Neots. The elevation of the parish is between 22 and 60 metres (72–197 feet) above sea level. The subsoil is Oxford and Ampthill clay.

Population
In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Abbotsley was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 287 (the lowest in 1801) and 498 (the highest in 1871).

From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War).

All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight.

In 2011, the parish covered an area of 5676 acre

The ethnic group of all residents was white; 78% described themselves as Christian.

Landmarks
A war memorial which stands in the churchyard commemorates Abbotsley men who died in the First and Second World Wars.

19 buildings in Abbotsley are listed (including the church). Among them are four houses along Blacksmiths Lane, nine houses along the High Street, a red telephone box and a table tomb in the churchyard.

Religious sites
St Margaret's Church has stood in Abbotsley since around 1300, though there was a church in the village as early as 1138. The current building was restored in 1854 and 1861 and the tower in 1884; it is a Grade II* listed building. Abbotsley is part of the deanery of St Neots and diocese of Ely.

Culture and community
A village hall is used for meetings, events and private functions. An annual Feast Week and Scarecrow Festival is held to raise money for maintenance of the village hall. Residents construct themed scarecrows and place them outside their houses for a week while there are various fundraising events held.

Michael Palin, the writer, Monty Python comedian and TV personality, was married at Abbotsley Church.

title: Abbotsley


text:
Category:Airlines by former country

This category lists the national airlines of states which no longer exist.

title: Category:Airlines by former country


text:
Tackler

A tackler was a supervisor in a textile factory responsible for the working of a number of power looms and the weavers who operated them. The title derived from the job, which was to "tackle" any mechanical problems encountered with the looms in their charge. Invariably male, they had a reputation for gullibility and were the butt of many jokes.

title: Tackler


text:
Abbotstone

Abbotstone is a hamlet in the United Kingdom in English county of Hampshire. It is located 2 miles from the nearest town, New Alresford, 6 miles from Winchester and 54 miles from London. It lies at an elevation of 67 metres within the district of the City of Winchester, and the closest town is New Alresford. It is now in the parish of Itchen Stoke, but was formerly its own parish. Abbotstone lies along the Ellisfield to Itchen Abbas portion of the Three Castles Path, a hiking path. Abbotstone contains an abandoned medieval village, and evidence of fortifications, as well as several abandoned quarries.

Abbotstone is home to 32 residents.

Governance
The hamlet is part of the civil parish of Itchen Stoke and Ovington and is part of the City of Winchester non-metropolitan district of Hampshire County Council.

title: Abbotstone


text:
Emperor Wu of Chen

Emperor Wu of Chen (503– 9 August 559 ), personal name Chen Baxian (陳霸先), courtesy name Xingguo (興國), childhood name Fasheng (法生), was the founding emperor of the Chen dynasty of China. He first distinguished himself as a Liang dynasty general during the campaign against the rebel general Hou Jing, and he was progressively promoted. In 555, he seized power after a coup against his superior, the general Wang Sengbian, and in 557 he forced Emperor Jing of Liang to abdicate the throne to him, thereby establishing the Chen dynasty. He died in 559, and as his only surviving son Chen Chang was held by the Northern Zhou dynasty, he was succeeded by his nephew Chen Qian (Emperor Wen).

Background and early career
Chen Baxian was born to Chen Wenzan (陳文讚) and Lady Dong in 503, the second year of the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang (the founding emperor of Liang dynasty). He was from Wuxing Commandery (吳興, roughly modern Huzhou, Zhejiang). His family traced its ancestry to Chen Shi (陳寔), a county magistrate and Confucian scholar during the Han dynasty. During the lineage that was traced, Chen's ancestors generally served as officials, although several were important figures in imperial governments of the Jin dynasty and the subsequent Southern dynasties, including Chen Baxian's grandfather Chen Daoju (陳道巨).

When Chen Baxian was young, he was considered ambitious, not caring about managing properties. As he grew older, he studied military strategies and learned various fighting techniques. Initially, he married a daughter of Qian Zhongfang (錢仲方), who was also from Wuxing Commandery, but she died early. After Lady Qian's death, he married Zhang Yao'er, likewise from Wuxing Commandery. They had at least one son, Chen Chang. It is known that he had five sons before Chen Chang, but all, including Chen Ke (陳克), the only one whose name is preserved in history, appeared to have died early; it is not known who their mothers were.

In the late 530s, when Xiao Ying (蕭映) the Marquess of Xinyu, a nephew of Emperor Wu, was the governor of Wuxing Commandery, he had the chance to see Chen Baxian and was impressed by him. When Xiao Ying was made the governor of Guang Province (廣州, modern Guangdong) around 540, he invited Chen to serve on his staff, and subsequently, Xiao Ying made him an acting commandery governor.

War with Vạn Xuân
In 541, the people of Giao Châu Province (in modern northern Vietnam), dissatisfied with the cruel rule of Xiao Zi (蕭諮) the Marquess of Wulin (another nephew of Emperor Wu), rebelled under the leadership of Lý Bôn. Xiao Ying sent the generals Sun Jiong (孫冏) and Lu Zixiong (盧子雄) to attack Lý Bôn, with Xiao Ying overseeing the operations. In spring 542, Xiao Ying and Xiao Zi ordered Sun and Lu to attack, despite Sun and Lu's request to delay the attack to fall 542 due to fears that hot temperature could cause illnesses. When Lý Bôn crushed their forces with heavy casualties, Xiao Zi falsely accused Sun and Lu of working in concert with Lý Bôn, and Emperor Wu ordered Sun and Lu to commit suicide. Lu Zixiong's brothers Lu Zilüe (盧子略) and Lu Zilie (盧子烈) and subordinates, the brothers Du Tianhe (杜天合) and Du Sengming and Zhou Wenyu, attacked the capital of Guang Province, wanting to kill Xiao Zi and Xiao Ying to avenge Lu Zixiong. Xiao Ying ordered Chen to engage them, and he defeated them, killing Du Tianhe and capturing Du Sengming and Zhou. Believing that Du Sengming and Zhou were both good soldiers, he released them and retained them on his staff. For this accomplishment, Emperor Wu created Chen the Viscount of Xin'an, and while he did not summon Chen to the capital Jiankang, he had an artisan draw a portrait of Chen and deliver it to him.

In January 544, Lý Bôn proclaimed himself emperor and named the country Vạn Xuân, ending the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam. In winter 544, Xiao Ying died, and initially, Chen started escorting Xiao Ying's casket back to Jiankang for burial. On the way, while he was still at Dayu Mountain (大庾嶺, on the borders of modern Jiangxi and Guangdong), he was ordered to rendezvous with the new governor of Giao Châu Province, Yang Piao (楊瞟), and another nephew of Emperor Wu's, Xiao Bo (蕭勃), to attack Lý Bôn. Xiao Bao did not want to set out on the campaign, and therefore tried to persuade Yang not to advance. Chen persuaded Yang otherwise, and in spring 545, Yang, with Chen as his lieutenant, attacked Lý Bôn, defeating him and forcing him to flee into the mountains and conduct guerilla warfare instead. In 548, Lý Bôn's subordinates killed Lý Bôn, and when Lý Bôn's brother Lý Thiên Bảo succeeded him and attacked Ai Province (愛州, centered on modern Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam), Chen defeated Lý Thiên Bảo. Emperor Wu made Chen the governor of Gaoyao Commandery (高要, roughly modern Zhaoqing, Guangdong) as well as the commander of the forces of the surrounding commanderies.

During the Hou Jing Disturbance
In summer 548, Hou Jing, formerly a general of Eastern Wei (a branch successor state of Northern Wei) whose defection Emperor Wu had accepted, rebelled, and in 549 captured Jiankang, taking Emperor Wu and his son and crown prince Xiao Gang hostage. After Jiankang's fall, Hou, who had initially claimed that he wanted to restore Northern Wei's imperial clan to power, from the control of the regent Gao Cheng, enticed the governor of Guang Province, Yuan Jingzhong (元景仲), a member of Northern Wei's imperial Yuan clan, to join him, and when Chen received the news, he publicly announced Yuan's treachery and gathered the troops of the nearby generals to attack Yuan. Yuan committed suicide, and Chen welcomed Xiao Bo, then the governor of Ding Province (定州, roughly modern Guigang, Guangxi) to take over Guang Province. In winter 549, against Xiao Bo's request, Chen took his troops and embarked on a campaign to join the fight against Hou, sending messengers to Emperor Wu's son Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, the governor of Jing Province (荊州, modern central and western Hubei), pledging support and loyalty to Xiao Yi, then commonly viewed as the leader of the remaining Liang provinces not under Hou's control.

For the next year, Chen advanced north through modern Jiangxi, fighting the various local warlords and generals loyal to Hou, with his main struggle against Li Qianshi (李遷仕). In spring 551, he captured and killed Li. Xiao Yi made him the governor of Jiang Province (江州, roughly modern Jiangxi). By fall 551, he had rendezvoused with Xiao Yi's main general, Wang Sengbian, at Xunyang (尋陽, in modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi). In 552, after they had sworn a solemn oath to Liang, they advanced east toward Jiankang, where Hou had killed Xiao Gang (who had succeeded Emperor Wu as Emperor Jianwen) and taken the throne himself as Emperor of Han. Chen was instrumental in the subsequent siege of Jiankang, and they defeated Hou together, causing Hou to flee. Subsequently, Hou was killed by his own men. For Chen's contributions, Xiao Yi created Chen the Marquess of Changcheng—Chen's home county. Wang put Chen in charge of the important city Jingkou (京口, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). For the next two years, Chen was several times involved in border battles against Northern Qi (Eastern Wei's successor state). At times, when Xiao Yi (who had by now taken the throne as Emperor Yuan but set up his capital at his headquarters of Jiangling rather than at Jiankang) summoned Wang on campaigns, Wang would put Chen in charge of Jiankang.

Seizure of power
In 554, Western Wei launched a major attack on Jiangling, and Emperor Yuan summoned Wang to come to his aid, putting Chen in charge of Jiankang. Before Wang could reach Jiangling, however, Western Wei had already captured Jiangling, killing Emperor Yuan and declaring his nephew Xiao Cha emperor instead (as Emperor Xuan). (Xiao Cha's state is known in history as the Western Liang.) Wang and Chen refused to recognize Emperor Xuan; instead, in spring 555, they welcomed Emperor Yuan's 11-year-old son Xiao Fangzhi the Prince of Jin'an—Emperor Yuan's only surviving son—to Jiankang, preparing to make him emperor and first having him take the title Prince of Liang. (When Jiankang fell, Chen's son Chen Chang and nephew Chen Xu, who had been serving in the imperial administration, were captured and taken to the Western Wei capital Chang'an as honored captives.)

At this time, however, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi had other ideas, and he sent his brother Gao Huan (高渙) the Prince of Shangdang to command an army to escort Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang—whom Eastern Wei had taken captive in 547—back to Liang to be emperor. Wang initially rejected Xiao Yuanming, but after his forces lost a few battles to Northern Qi forces, changed his mind and decided to accept Xiao Yuanming as emperor after extracting a promise from Xiao Yuanming to make Xiao Fangzhi crown prince. In summer 555, Xiao Yuanming arrived at Jiankang to take the throne, and he created Xiao Fangzhi crown prince. Wang and Chen continued to be in charge of the military.

Chen, however, was unhappy about the situation, believing Xiao Yuanming to be unworthy of the throne. Despite Wang Sengbian's knowledge of Chen's displeasure, however, Wang did not suspect Chen of having any rebellious intentions, as they had been friendly, and Wang and Chen had agreed on having Wang Sengbian's son Wang Wei (王頠) marry Chen's daughter, although the marriage had not been established on account of the recent death of Wang Sengbian's mother. in fall 555, believing reports that Northern Qi was going to attack, Wang sent his secretary Jiang Gan (江旰) to Jingkou to alert Chen. Chen instead detained Jiang and started a surprise attack on Wang. With Wang not suspecting that an attack would occur, Chen quickly reached Wang's headquarters at Shitou (a fortress near Jiankang), capturing and killing Wang Sengbian and Wang Wei. He took over control of the imperial government, forcing Xiao Yuanming to abdicate and making Xiao Fangzhi emperor (as Emperor Jing).

Immediately, Chen faced resistance from the generals Xu Sihui (徐嗣徽), Ren Yue (任約), and Hou Tian (侯瑱), and Wang Sengbian's brother Wang Sengzhi (王僧智) and son-in-law Du Kan (杜龕). (Du was the governor of Chen's home commandery of Wuxing, and the historian Bo Yang had speculated that Du's disrespect for Chen and his curbing of special privileges that Chen's clan was exerting in Wuxing might have been an impetus for Chen's rebellion against Wang.) Chen initially sent his nephew Chen Qian and his general Zhou Wenyu against Du and Du's ally Wei Zai (韋載), but the campaign was inconclusive, and Chen subsequently went to attack himself. Meanwhile, Xu and Ren, aided by Northern Qi, made a surprise attack on Jiankang, nearly capturing it, but were repelled by Chen's general Hou Andu. Soon, Chen defeated Wei and Wei surrendered, and Chen returned to Jiankang, leaving Zhou to face Du.

Despite Northern Qi aid, Xu and Ren could not defeat Chen, and Chen put Shitou, which the Northern Qi general Liu Damo (柳達摩) had captured, under siege. Liu sought peace, but requested Chen to send his relatives as hostages to Northern Qi. Most officials advocated peace, and Chen, despite his skepticism about such a peace holding, agreed, and sent his nephew Chen Tanlang (陳曇朗), Emperor Yuan's grandson Xiao Zhuang the Prince of Yongjia, and Wang Min (王珉), the son of the key official Wang Chong (王沖), as hostages, permitting Northern Qi forces to withdraw, and Xu and Ren withdrew with them.

By spring 556, Du had either been captured or surrendered to Zhou and Chen Qian, and Chen Baxian executed Du. Wang Sengzhi fled to Northern Qi, and the capital region was largely under Chen Baxian's control. Meanwhile, Northern Qi forces were preparing another attack, but they invited Xiao Yuanming to their camp to discuss peace. Chen sent Xiao Yuanming to Northern Qi camp, but before talks could begin, Xiao Yuanming died from a severe infection on his back. By summer 556, Northern Qi forces were again descending on Jiankang, but once there, their forces stalemated with Chen's forces. Northern Qi forces' food supplies soon ran out, and Chen defeated them, killing Xu and capturing a number of Northern Qi generals, whom Chen executed. (In response, Northern Qi executed Chen Tanlang, although Chen Baxian never found out during his lifetime.) Meanwhile, Hou Tian, having been defeated by another general, Hou Ping (侯平), chose to submit to Chen.

During the next year, Chen began to receive greater and greater titles and offices, progressing from being the Marquess of Changcheng to Duke of Changcheng to Duke of Yixing to Duke of Chen to Prince of Chen. In 557, Xiao Bo declared a resistance against Chen from Guang Province. Soon, however, Zhou defeated Xiao Bo's general Ouyang Wei (歐陽頠), and Xiao Bo was killed by his own generals. At the same time, Wang Lin, who controlled modern Hunan and eastern Hubei, suspicious of Chen's intentions, refused his summon to Jiankang and prepared for battle instead. Chen sent Zhou and Hou Andu against Wang Lin. In winter 557, Chen had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, establishing Chen dynasty as its Emperor Wu. He created Emperor Jing the Prince of Jiangyin. He posthumously honored his parents emperor and empress, his deceased wife Lady Qian empress, and his deceased son Chen Ke crown prince. He created his wife Zhang Yao'er empress.

Reign
While it is not known when Emperor Wu became a Buddhist, once he became emperor he immediately took steps to officially sanction Buddhism, as he displayed a relic believed to be a Buddha's tooth and held a major Buddhist festival. He also, following the lead of Liang's Emperor Wu, offered himself to Buddha's service on one occasion. He made several requests to Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou to return Chen Chang and Chen Xu, and while Northern Zhou promised to do so, they would actually not be returned in Emperor Wu's lifetime.

Meanwhile, news that Emperor Wu had accepted the throne had reached the front where Zhou Wenyu and Hou Andu were engaging Wang Lin, greatly depressing Zhou and Hou's forces, as this removed a major appeal that they had—that Wang was being a rebel for refusing to follow Emperor Jing's orders. Wang defeated Zhou and Hou and captured them. After doing so, however, both Chen forces and Wang Lin's forces were stalemated by the fact that the general Lu Xida (魯悉達), who controlled Northern Jiang Province (北江州, roughly modern Anqing, Anhui), was accepting overtures from both sides but refusing to actually obey either side. Not able to make progress in his campaign against the new Chen state, Wang sought help from Northern Qi and requested that it return Xiao Zhuang to be emperor. Soon, Northern Qi returned Xiao Zhuang, and Wang Lin declared Xiao Zhuang emperor at Ying Province (郢州, modern eastern Hubei).

In summer 558, Emperor Wu had the former Emperor Jing of Liang killed. He sent Hou Tian and Xu Du (徐度) to attack Wang Lin, but soon negotiated a peace with Wang Lin, after Wang's general Yu Xiaoqing (余孝頃) was defeated by the independent general Zhou Di (周迪), satrap of Linchuan (Jiangxi). (Meanwhile, Zhou Wenyu and Hou escaped from Wang's custody and returned to Chen, although Zhou was soon assassinated by the independent general Xiong Tanlang (熊曇朗), on 19 July 559 .)

In summer 559, Emperor Wu suffered a major illness and died suddenly. At that time, the only close relative of his in Chen territory, his nephew Chen Qian the Prince of Linchuan, was away building a fort at Nanhuan (南皖, in modern Anqing, Anhui). Empress Zhang, after consulting the officials Du Leng (杜稜) and Cai Jingli (蔡景歷), chose not to announce Emperor Wu's death and summoned Chen Qian back from Nanhuan. The imperial officials decided to support Chen Qian as emperor, and while Empress Zhang was initially hesitant, hoping that Chen Chang would return, she eventually agreed, and Chen Qian took the throne as Emperor Wen.

Family
Consorts and Issue:
 * Empress Zhao, of the Qian clan (昭皇后 錢氏)
 * Chen Ke, Crown Prince Xiaohuai (孝懷皇太子 陳克)
 * Empress Xuan, of the Zhang clan (宣皇后 章氏; 506–570), personal name Yao'er (要兒)
 * Chen Chang, Prince Hengyangxian (衡陽獻王 陳昌; 537–560), sixth son
 * Princess Yuhua (玉華公主)
 * Unknown
 * Chen Li, Prince Yuzhangxian (豫章獻王 陳立)
 * Chen Quan, Prince Changshasi (長沙思王 陳權)
 * Princess Yongshi (永世公主), first daughter
 * Married Qian Chan (錢蕆), and had issue (one son)
 * Princess Kuaijimu (會稽穆公主)
 * Married Shen Junli of Wuxing, Marquis Wangcai (吳興 沈君理; 525–573), and had issue (Lady Shen Wuhua)

Reading

 * Book of Chen, vols. 1, 2.
 * History of Southern Dynasties, vol. 9.
 * Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167.

title: Emperor Wu of Chen


text:
Talk:HMS Hermes (1898)

Untitled
There appears to be a 15-year gap between the launch of this ship and its commissioning in 1913, so we can probably assume she was commissioned twice and the article is mistitled. I've fixed some of the other dates, but cannot find a reliable date for her first commission, though I assume it's 1900. Can anyone confirm this? Bastie 07:45, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * More information is given here (though "April 31" is clearly a nonsense date). Bastie 07:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I was going to explain that I thought she was commissioned three times and the date I used was the one for when she was made a seaplane carrier, but your (rather informative) link appears to cover that in more detail than I knew! There does not appear to be much else to say about this ship without digging up some primary sources, but I might try and integrate some of that website material into the article on aircraft carriers. Cheers! Wiki-Ed 08:54, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:HMS Hermes (1898)


text:
Pseudocyst

Pseudocysts are like cysts, but lack epithelial or endothelial cells. Initial management consists of general supportive care. Symptoms and complications caused by pseudocysts require surgery. Computed tomography (CT) scans are used for initial imaging of cysts, and endoscopic ultrasounds are used in differentiating between cysts and pseudocysts. Endoscopic drainage is a popular and effective method of treating pseudocysts.

This is not to be confused with the so-called "pseudocystic appearance", mainly radiographically, of other lesions, such as Stafne static bone cyst and aneurysmal bone cyst of the jaws.

Signs and symptoms
Pseudocysts are often asymptomatic. Symptoms are more common in larger pseudocysts, though the size and time present usually are poor indicators of potential complications.

Pancreatic pseudocysts may cause abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, a bloated feeling, and trouble eating or digesting food. They also may become infected, rupture, or block part of the intestine. Rarely, the infected pseudocyst causes jaundice or sepsis.

Mediastinal pseudocysts, a rare form of pancreatic pseudocysts in the abdomen, may cause dysphagia, dyspnea, airway obstruction, or cardiac tamponade.

Adrenal pseudocysts may cause abdominal pain, along with various gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation.

Cause
Pancreatic pseudocysts are often caused by acute or chronic pancreatitis. They may also be caused by trauma to the abdomen, with a higher frequency in children. Pseudocysts are more often present in chronic pancreatitis patients than acute pancreatitis patients. Also, if the pancreatitis is alcohol induced, there is a higher incidence of pseudocysts. These alcohol-related pseudocysts account for 59%-78% of all pancreatic pseudocysts. Actual pancreatic pseudocyst incidence is small, at around 1.6%-4.5%, or .5-1 per 100,000 adults per year.

Types of adrenal cysts include parasitic cysts, epithelial cysts, endothelial cysts, and pseudocysts. 56% of all adrenal cyst-like changes are pseudocysts, and only 7% of those pseudocysts are malignant or potentially malignant.

The cause of adrenal pseudocysts is unknown. A few theories exist, but it is believed that repeated episodes of trauma, infection, or bleeding may cause collagen formation leading to the formation of a fibrous lining.

Retinal pseudocysts may be related to geographic atrophy. A study found that 22% of eyes with geographic atrophy contained pseudocysts.

In American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease), the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi forms pseudocysts, particularly within muscular and neurological tissue. Within these pseudocysts the parasites enter their amastigote stage, reproducing asexually, before rupturing from the pseudocyst and entering the bloodstream.

Description
A pseudocyst is a cystic lesion that may appear as a cyst on scans, but lacks epithelial or endothelial cells. An acute pancreatic pseudocyst is made of pancreatic fluids with a wall of fibrous tissue or granulation. Pseudocysts may form in a number of places, including the pancreas, abdomen, adrenal gland, and eye.

Pancreatic pseudocysts
The most common and effective method of diagnosing a pancreatic pseudocyst is with a CT scan. A pseudocyst generally appears as a fluid-filled mass. In some instances, other methods must be used to distinguish between a normal cyst and a pseudocyst. This is usually accomplished with endoscopic ultrasound or with fine needle aspiration.

Transabdominal ultrasound can be used to identify pseudocysts, which appear on the scan as echoic structures associated with distal acoustic enhancement. They tend to be round and enclosed in a smooth wall. Pseudocysts may appear more complex when young, hemorrhaged, or when complicated due to infection. The transabdominal ultrasound has a sensitivity rate in detection of pancreatic pseusocysts of 75%-90%, making it inferior to a CT scan, which has a rate of 90%-100%.

CT scans are more accurate, and provide more detail regarding the pseudocyst and its surroundings. The CT scan's weakness is its lack of differentiation between pseudocysts and cystic neoplasm. Also, the intravenous contrast given at the time of the CT scan may worsen kidney dysfunction.

MRI and MRCP are effective methods of detecting pseudocysts, but are not regularly used because CT scans offer most of the needed information. These scans do, however, provide better contrast, which allows for better characterization of fluid collections, depicting debris within the collections, and detection of bleeding.

Endoscopic ultrasound is generally used as a secondary test to further evaluate the cysts found in other tests, and is used when determining if a cyst is a pseudocyst or not.

Adrenal pseudocysts
Adrenal pseudocysts are found in much the same way as pancreatic pseudocysts, with CT scans. In addition, adrenalectomies are used to diagnose the lesion and sometimes relieve pain.

Prevention
Because pseudocysts are closely related to other conditions, such as pancreatitis and alcohol use, the prevention of pseudocysts lies in the prevention of the main problem.

Treatment
Not all cysts require treatment. Many pancreatic pseudocysts improve and disappear by themselves. If the cysts are small and are not causing symptoms, careful observation with periodic CT scans is often done. Pseudocysts that persist over many months or that cause symptoms require treatment.

Supportive medical care used to help small pseudocysts go away includes the use of intravenous fluids, analgesics, and antiemetics. Doctors often recommend a low-fat diet for those who can tolerate oral intake.

Surgery is usually required in the treatment of pseudocysts with symptoms or complications. There are three main methods for draining a pancreatic pseudocyst: endoscopic drainage, percutaneous catheter drainage, or open surgery. Endoscopic drainage tends to be the preferred method due to it being less invasive and having a high long-term success rate.

Percutaneous drainage involves the guidance of a CT scan or ultrasound. A drainage catheter is placed into the fluid cavity to drain the fluid, which is then collected over several weeks into an external collection system. The catheter is removed when the drainage becomes minimal. Once the catheter is removed, contrast is injected into the cyst cavity to determine the remaining size and to monitor progress. The success rate is around 50%, and the unsuccessful drainages are mostly caused by large ductal leaks or blockage of the main pancreatic duct. This method is not recommended when patients cannot manage a catheter at home or with patients whose cysts contain bloody or solid material.

Surgical drainage of a pseudocyst involves creating a pathway between the pseudocyst cavity and the stomach or small bowel. This method is generally only used if the patient cannot tolerate or failed percutaneous or endoscopic drainage. This method is more risky than the others.

Endoscopic drainage is becoming the preferred method of draining pseudocysts because it is less invasive, does not require external drain, and has a large long-term success rate. Drainage is usually achieved with a transpapillary approach with ERCP. Sometimes a direct drainage across the stomach or duodenal wall is used instead. The transpapillary approach is used when the pseudocyst is in communication with the main pancreatic duct, and is also successful in patients with pancreatic duct disruption. Transgastric or transduodenal approaches are used when the pseudocyst is next to the gastro-duodenal wall. Endoscopic ultrasound is the most commonly used test to gather the needed information about the pseudocyst for this method.

The endoscopic method depends on the presence of a bulge into the stomach or duodenum to determine the site for catheterization. Inherent risks include missing the pseudocyst, injuring nearby vessels, and inefficient placement of the catheter. In patients with chronic pseudocysts, this approach has a 90% success rate. Recurrence after drainage is around 4%, and the complication rate is below 16%.

To treat adrenal pseudocysts, an adrenalectomy or laproscopy may be used.

title: Pseudocyst


text:
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Gândul

Gândul (, "The Thought") is a Romanian online newspaper published in Bucharest. It was founded in May 2005 by Mircea Dinescu, who used to write a daily editorial called "Vorba lu' Dinescu", and Cristian Tudor Popescu, who was also the editor-in-chief until January 2008. Its initial circulation was about 52,000. In 2006, Publimedia acquired Gândul and subsequently changed the format, nameplate and design.

Gândul ceased print publication on 8 April 2011.

Gândul Media Network buys Gândul from Adrian Sârbu, the owner of Mediafax Group, in 2019.

title: Gândul


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of indexes to tables of contents

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Nufy8 20:33, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

List of indexes to tables of contents
Apart from encouraging mass copyright violations (a table of contents of a copyrighted work is copyrighted), Wikipedia is not an indiscriminant collection of information. --Carnildo 07:48, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Re-direct and merge to Directory of lists of indeces to tables of contents. Naw, delete, as above. --Demogorgon's Soup-taster 10:16, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Just delete. KissL 11:10, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination. --Apyule 11:11, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination DV8 2XL 12:09, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete ne --TimPope 17:35, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Rhyddfrydol, 20:34, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nomination. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 06:21, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, the indexes themselves have already been speedy deleted leaving this article with no useful content, and little hope of having any as per nominator. --Metropolitan90 07:34, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Ingleburn, New South Wales

Ingleburn is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 45 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of City of Campbelltown. It is part of the Macarthur region. Ingleburn is located approximately halfway between the two commercial centres of Liverpool and Campbelltown.

History
The land in the Ingleburn area was originally inhabited by the Tharawal people prior to the arrival of settlers from the First Fleet in 1788. The first land grants in the area were made in 1809 to William Neale, Joshua Alliot, all previously soldiers in the NSW Corps. As such, the area became known as "Soldier Flat".

In 1869, a rail platform was built on the old Neale grant and given the name Macquarie Fields Station after a property to the north. However, in 1881 the Macquarie Fields estate subdivided to become the new village of Macquarie Fields. The fact that the station was a long way from the village caused confusion so a new name was sought for the station and Ingleburn was chosen in 1883. One theory has it was named after a local house formerly owned by Mary Ruse, daughter of pioneer James Ruse. Other records indicate it was named after a British town although the corresponding town has not been identified. Ingleburn is Scottish for "bend in the river", referring to the significant bend in the nearby Georges River.

The village of Ingleburn was established in 1885 when the land owned by a developer called Fitz Stubbs was subdivided. A public school was opened in 1887. Ingleburn Post Office opened on 15 November 1886. By 1896, the town was large enough to have its own municipal council. Town improvements such as street lights and water did not arrive until after World War I. In 1948 the Council was merged with the City of Campbelltown Council.

In the mid 1970’s, a large area west of the railway line was rezoned to become an industrial estate. Protests from local residents saw the plan halted temporarily but within ten years, the west side of the town had become largely industrial and remains so to this day. Multiple changes of zoning has occurred over lime from light industrial to heavy industrial. This was despite reassurances from the council that it would not affect the remaining residents. More housing subdivisions were made on the outskirts of town in the 1970s including Housing Commission developments.

Heritage listings
Ingleburn has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Campbelltown Road: Ingleburn Military Heritage Precinct and Mont St Quentin Oval
 * 196 Campbelltown Road: Robin Hood Farm

Commercial areas
Ingleburn's central business district is adjacent to the railway station and includes two shopping centres called Ingleburn Village and Ingleburn Town Centre as well as a small shopping area on Lagonda Drive. In 2017 Ingleburn Mall was renovated and many new stores were added and relocated.

Ingleburn is the home of television playout centre MediaHub, a facility established through a joint partnership with WIN Television and ABC Television. Apart from the two networks, it also houses HD-ready playout for Seven, Imparja Television, and Fox International channels.

Transport
Ingleburn is home to the heritage-listed Ingleburn railway station. The station is on the Main Southern railway line.

Ingleburn is serviced by six Interline bus routes:

 * 868 Ingleburn Station to Edmondson Park Station
 * 869 Ingleburn Station to Liverpool Station
 * 870 Campbelltown Hospital to Liverpool Station
 * 871 Campbelltown Hospital to Liverpool Station
 * 872 Campbelltown Hospital to Liverpool Station
 * 873 Ingleburn Station to Minto Station

Street names
Ingleburn has many themes for the naming of streets. Chester Road, Cumberland Road, Cambridge Street, Oxford Road, Suffolk Street, Carlisle Street, Norfolk Street Raglan Avenue, Belford Street, Salford Street and Phoenix Avenue were some of the first streets in the town and are named after English localities.

Birds are another theme with the main thoroughfares Warbler Avenue, Lorikeet Avenue, Currawong Street, Kingfisher Street, Oriole Place, Wagtail Crescent and Kookaburra Street, and smaller streets named after the magpie, jabiru, falcon, lark, ibis, dove, egret, kestrel, swift, heron, miner, jacana, honeyeater, lyrebird, whistler, fantail, swallow, sitella, brolga, swan, owl, quail, and triller.

There is also a car theme with Lancia Drive, Lagonda Drive, Bugatti Drive, Mercedes Road, Maserati Drive and Peugeot Drive becoming main thoroughfares and Fiat, Ferrari, Cadillac, Ford, Alfa, Renault, Rambler, Vauxhall, Buick, Leyland, Delaunay, Daimler, Stutz, Morgan, Sunbeam Place, Pontiac Place, Chevrolet Place, Delage Place and Oldsmobile Place being named after cars too.

Schools

 * Ingleburn Public School
 * Ingleburn High School
 * Sackville Street Public School
 * Holy Family Primary School

Parks and recreation
Milton Park, shared by the boundaries of Ingleburn and Macquarie Fields is a popular venue for football and softball teams. It is also used as the presentation area for the annual Ingleburn Alive festival's evening fireworks.

Other sporting parks include Wood Park, behind Ingleburn High School where rugby league and cricket are played.

Smaller recreational reserves and parks are located between Kingfisher Road and Currawong Street, on Matthew Square, on Currawong Street behind Holy Family Catholic School and another behind Sackville Street Public School.

Memorial Oval can also be found on the western side of the railway line adjacent to the Ingleburn RSL Club.

Ingleburn RSL is located on Chester Road. Annually at dawn on ANZAC Day, a service is held to remember those that lost their lives serving for Australia.

Population
At the 2021 Australian census, there were 15,264 residents in Ingleburn. 52.5% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were Bangladesh 5.4%, India 5.3% Philippines 4.2%, Nepal 4.1% and New Zealand 2.6%. 52.1% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Bengali 7.2%, Hindi 4.8%, Tagalog 2.5% and Arabic 2.0%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 22.1%, No Religion 19.5%, Islam 11.7%, Anglican 10.2% and Hinduism 9.7%.

title: Ingleburn, New South Wales