text: User talk:69.248.204.41

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title: User talk:69.248.204.41


text:
Talk:Mario Runco Jr.

Untitled
I apologize for putting a copyvio tag on this page, it was really stupid of me to not read the message at the bottom and realize nasa material can be used like this. 81.224.41.93 20:31, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

I was attached to Oceanographic Unit Four with Mario Runco and the OCUNIT was embarked aboard USNS Chauvenet but the OCUNIT CO was not the CO of the ship; it had a civilian master. I have change that line to reflect this. Ray Trygstad (talk) 01:40, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mario Runco Jr.


text:
Talk:Hail Mary pass

Untitled
This page is very confusing for those unfamiliar with American football - I've never seen a game, and was very confused by the "The Play" section especially - eg, "took the snap, pump-faked left". I can't improve the article because I don't understand it! Someone who does, please help. 81.110.25.151 00:40, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Please read wiki article on American football for clarification on these terms. The terms are widely used in football writing and discussion, and are therefore "common" to football. Describing these terms in an article as specific as this one is not necessary. This article is about a specific catch, not football plays, descriptions thereof, methods, etc.209.115.232.65 22:37, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I made some pov changes to the "aftermath" section, and removed the uncited confession by Drew Pearson. Pearson in a recent interview denied this claim and said he never pushed illegally. The top section needs some minor editing as well, not just a Vikings pov.A.d.diamond 00:04, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Reason
It doesn't say why the pass is called a Hail Mary... ~ R.T.G 17:02, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

American football
I attended this game in 1975 when I was 18 years old and the catch made by Drew Pearson happened almost directly in front of me. I was maybe 40 or 50 rows up in the stands. I remember Pearson catching the ball and Nate Wright falling down, but the play hapened so fast( as all plays do) that I couldn't tell if there was offensive pass interference. And I say this as a former diehard Viking fan. I also remember seeing an orange object flying by in front of the play, and I thought it might be a penalty flag. Years later watching an NFL film on the game I saw the play from a different angle and it seemed that Pearson may have pushed off Wright's hip with one of his hands, and based on that film I think maybe the ref blew the call. Of course that doesn't excuse the behavior of the fans afterwards. I saw the referee get hit by the whiskey bottle in his face and it made me sick to my stomach. Johnhenney (talk) 23:00, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

History
I thought that the Hail Mary was invented at the University of Notre Dame? GregaR89 05:57, 5 November 2007 (UTC) The Hail Mary Play may trace it's origins back to 1922 when Notre Dame played Georgia Tech. Notre Dame players prayed a Hail Mary before each of 2 4th down plays which resulted in Touchdowns. Afterwards it was remarked that the Hail Mary Play was their best offensive play by some of the Notre Dame players. Hail Mary —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tex23bm (talk • contribs) 18:24, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Not to be a whiner or anything, but can we find a reliable source or two (possibly the full text of the articles mentioned in the blog themselves) that can be better trusted than a blog, no matter how decorated the blogger? 71.252.253.19 (talk) 22:04, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Other Links
How exactly is a lateral pass similar to a Hail Mary pass? Shouldn't that be removed?

 * Quite right. It's been removed.  R ADICAL B ENDER  ★  20:46, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

List of Hail Marys in American football
I just added this new page and moved all of the historical examples from this article to that one, except for Stabauch (coined term) and Flutie (most famous). If the list grows large, I suggest reintroducing some of the more famous examples of the play back into this article, but under a new section. Joeljunk 18:41, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Removed "5" from "with 4 or wide receivers in the singleback formation" as that would result in an intelligible receiver. 5+1+1 leaves only 4 linemen.

This list should be updated to feature the "Minnesota Miracle" hail mary that took place last NFL's seasons playoffs between the Saints and Vikings, where Vikings receiver caught a "prayer" (hail mary) past Saints corner back in order to win them the game with zero seconds left on the game clock. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmais1 (talk • contribs) 03:53, 14 November 2018 (UTC)

Origins
I'm not picking one side or the other, but I do want to call into question the "Origins" section, specifically talking about the receiver being guilty of a "push" that would constitute pass interference. The wikipedia article on that particular catch talks about a "trip" but never mentions a "push". The language in the section on this page seems iffy to me. Anyone have any non-biased sources that can clear that up (specific rulings, player admissions [even well after the fact], anything like that)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Whiteguy (talk • contribs) 05:39, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

==

The Offical ruling took place 30+ years ago! Offically what took place, the refs ruled pass was completed and no interference on the play, otherwise it would not have been a touchdown and a famous play!

Accounts (and one can watch the game films avail on video) is that Wright FELL there was no push. In any case the play stood and there was no penaly called on that play. It was a completed pass for a tochdown. Whoever added the push statment (which ahs since been reomved) was clearly a biased Vikings fan and a very sore loser to carry a 30 yuear grudge. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.74.155.50 (talk) 17:49, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

1972
The OED lists the Sporting News, January 15, 1972, page 8 column 2 as the first recorded print usage of the term "Hail Mary play". It's still Staubach, but it's not to Pearson in 1975. The text, as found on some listserv : His former Navy coach, Wayne Hardin, recalled recently: "I remember a game at Michigan.  We were on the 20 and Roger rolled right and got hammered in. He was bobbing and weaving and kept retreating, back to the 30.  He was surrounded and upended.

"He was parallel to the ground, his feet in mid-air and he threw a pass to Pat Donnelly, who made a one-yard gain. Afterward, I asked if he really saw Pat or if he was throwing it away.

"He said, 'Let's just call it my Hail Mary Play.'" I'm too lazy to fix the article with refs and all, but someone should do it. Certainly it appears the most famous Hail Mary play was Staubach's 1975 throw, but he had apparently used the term years before that. --76.28.238.29 (talk) 23:57, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

 * All well and good but the term far precedes the laughably and arrogantly assertive 1972 date above. The problem with any artifact that emerges from folkways is that it is not likely to have academically traceable roots. American Negro spirituals, for example, may or may not have "coded" messages in the lyrics texts, but the argument that they do not because there are no contemporaneous supporting published sources that indicates that there are is specious, blithely ignoring that the slaves who would have used and understood such "codes" were virtually all illiterate - that's why there were codes.

 * The term "Hail Mary" for a last minute desperation pass was in common use at the University of Notre Dame when I was there in the mid-1960s, and it was a term broadly understood in my father's time in college in the 1930s. Roger Staubach, a good Catholic boy who wanted to go to ND originally, may well have been the first person to use the term in a televised interview, but he no more invented it that Doubleday invented baseball. Both the term and the sport had been around for a long while before their supposed and claimed "origins."

 * I can't yet amend the article because my personal experience of it - absolute and irrefutable - constitutes WP:OR and isn't (and shouldn't be) acceptable sourcing. The "folkway" aspect of the term's origins make finding a WP:RS difficult - but not, I think, impossible. I'll bet that there is archival published material supporting the use at Notre Dame in the 20s - and I'm fairly sure much more broadly. More to come. Meanwhile, I will enjoy a good laugh at the expense of whoever thought that this traditional term was invented in 1972. Sensei48 (talk) 06:02, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * OK. There are references in print (Catholic Digest, 1931 and 1948; two histories of Notre Dame football published prior to 1966, and more) that include direct references to a last minute desperation pass play as a "Hail Mary," one by a priest writing in 1948 describing a play that he had seen one of Rockne's teams execute - Rockne died in 1931. The texts of these are not currently available online but should still be accessible in print in some libraries close by. When I find hard copies of these with full publishing info, I will revert with sourcing the error in the origins section.Sensei48 (talk) 07:24, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I feel the same way. I KNOW that I heard this term often as a child - in the 1960's - and I do not believe the term was anything new then. My mother even used the term - and she wasn't even a football fan, she just thought it was clever. My wife remembers hearing it when she was young, also in the 1960's. It was a very common term! —Preceding unsigned comment added by InsultComicDog (talk • contribs) 17:54, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Padding
Is it just me, or does there seem to be an excess of irrelevant information on this subject - considering it's around 1 specific play? You know, too many cooks and all that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by CaptainScaulding (talk • contribs) 9:30 am, 30 April 2015

Section Staubach to Pearson, 1975
Why is this section here? It's excessively detailed for an article on the Hail Mary pass. I'm inclined to remove it entirely, seeing that there is no background on it, and the next section says that "Arguably the most memorable and replayed Hail Mary pass came on November 23, 1984 ..." in another game. Banedon (talk) 02:17, 1 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Deleting section since it's been a week with no response. Banedon (talk) 01:14, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

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Ehrenfest theorem

The Ehrenfest theorem, named after Austrian theoretical physicist Paul Ehrenfest, relates the time derivative of the expectation values of the position and momentum operators x and p to the expectation value of the force $$F=-V'(x)$$ on a massive particle moving in a scalar potential $$V(x)$$, The Ehrenfest theorem is a special case of a more general relation between the expectation of any quantum mechanical operator and the expectation of the commutator of that operator with the Hamiltonian of the system where $A$ is some quantum mechanical operator and $⟨A⟩$ is its expectation value.

It is most apparent in the Heisenberg picture of quantum mechanics, where it amounts to just the expectation value of the Heisenberg equation of motion. It provides mathematical support to the correspondence principle.

The reason is that Ehrenfest's theorem is closely related to Liouville's theorem of Hamiltonian mechanics, which involves the Poisson bracket instead of a commutator. Dirac's rule of thumb suggests that statements in quantum mechanics which contain a commutator correspond to statements in classical mechanics where the commutator is supplanted by a Poisson bracket multiplied by $iħ$. This makes the operator expectation values obey corresponding classical equations of motion, provided the Hamiltonian is at most quadratic in the coordinates and momenta. Otherwise, the evolution equations still may hold approximately, provided fluctuations are small.

Relation to classical physics
Although, at first glance, it might appear that the Ehrenfest theorem is saying that the quantum mechanical expectation values obey Newton’s classical equations of motion, this is not actually the case. If the pair $$(\langle x\rangle,\langle p\rangle)$$ were to satisfy Newton's second law, the right-hand side of the second equation would have to be $$-V'\left(\left\langle x\right\rangle\right),$$ which is typically not the same as $$-\left\langle V'(x)\right\rangle.$$ If for example, the potential $$V(x)$$ is cubic, (i.e. proportional to $$x^3$$), then $$V'$$ is quadratic (proportional to $$x^2$$). This means, in the case of Newton's second law, the right side would be in the form of $$\langle x\rangle^2$$, while in the Ehrenfest theorem it is in the form of $$\langle x^2\rangle$$. The difference between these two quantities is the square of the uncertainty in $$x$$ and is therefore nonzero.

An exception occurs in case when the classical equations of motion are linear, that is, when $$V$$ is quadratic and $$V'$$ is linear. In that special case, $$V'\left(\left\langle x\right\rangle\right)$$ and $$\left\langle V'(x)\right\rangle$$ do agree. Thus, for the case of a quantum harmonic oscillator, the expected position and expected momentum do exactly follow the classical trajectories.

For general systems, if the wave function is highly concentrated around a point $$x_0$$, then $$V'\left(\left\langle x\right\rangle\right)$$ and $$\left\langle V'(x)\right\rangle$$ will be almost the same, since both will be approximately equal to $$V'(x_0)$$. In that case, the expected position and expected momentum will approximately follow the classical trajectories, at least for as long as the wave function remains localized in position.

Derivation in the Schrödinger picture
Suppose some system is presently in a quantum state $Φ$. If we want to know the instantaneous time derivative of the expectation value of $A$, that is, by definition $$\begin{align} \frac{d}{dt}\langle A\rangle &= \frac{d}{dt}\int \Phi^* A \Phi \, d^3x \\ &= \int \left( \frac{\partial \Phi^*}{\partial t} \right) A\Phi\,d^3x + \int \Phi^* \left( \frac{\partial A}{\partial t}\right) \Phi \, d^3x +\int \Phi^* A \left( \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial t} \right) \, d^3x \\ &= \int \left( \frac{\partial \Phi^*}{\partial t} \right) A\Phi\,d^3x + \left\langle \frac{\partial A}{\partial t}\right\rangle + \int \Phi^* A \left( \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial t} \right) \, d^3x \end{align}$$ where we are integrating over all of space. If we apply the Schrödinger equation, we find that $$\frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial t} = \frac{1}{i\hbar}H\Phi$$

By taking the complex conjugate we find $$\frac{\partial \Phi^*}{\partial t} = -\frac{1}{i\hbar}\Phi^*H^* = -\frac{1}{i\hbar}\Phi^*H.$$

Note $Φ$, because the Hamiltonian is Hermitian. Placing this into the above equation we have

$$\frac{d}{dt}\langle A\rangle = \frac{1}{i\hbar}\int \Phi^* (AH-HA) \Phi~d^3x + \left\langle \frac{\partial A}{\partial t}\right\rangle = \frac{1}{i\hbar}\langle [A,H]\rangle + \left\langle \frac{\partial A}{\partial t}\right\rangle.$$

Often (but not always) the operator $H$ is time-independent so that its derivative is zero and we can ignore the last term.

Derivation in the Heisenberg picture
In the Heisenberg picture, the derivation is straightforward. The Heisenberg picture moves the time dependence of the system to operators instead of state vectors. Starting with the Heisenberg equation of motion, $$\frac{d}{dt}A(t) = \frac{\partial A(t)}{\partial t} + \frac{1}{i \hbar}[A(t),H],$$ Ehrenfest's theorem follows simply upon projecting the Heisenberg equation onto $$ |\Psi\rangle $$ from the right and $$ \langle\Psi| $$ from the left, or taking the expectation value, so $$\left\langle\Psi\left|\frac{d}{dt}A(t)\right|\Psi\right\rangle = \left\langle\Psi\left|\frac{\partial A(t)}{\partial t}\right|\Psi\right\rangle + \left\langle\Psi\left|\frac{1}{i \hbar}[A(t),H]\right|\Psi\right\rangle,$$

One may pull the $H = H ^{∗}$ out of the first term, since the state vectors are no longer time dependent in the Heisenberg Picture. Therefore, $$\frac{d}{dt}\langle A(t)\rangle = \left\langle\frac{\partial A(t)}{\partial t}\right\rangle + \frac{1}{i \hbar}\left\langle[A(t),H]\right\rangle .$$

General example
For the very general example of a massive particle moving in a potential, the Hamiltonian is simply $$ H(x,p,t) = \frac{p^2}{2m} + V(x,t) $$ where $H$ is the position of the particle.

Suppose we wanted to know the instantaneous change in the expectation of the momentum $A$. Using Ehrenfest's theorem, we have $$ \frac{d}{dt}\langle p\rangle = \frac{1}{i\hbar}\langle [p,H]\rangle + \left\langle \frac{\partial p}{\partial t}\right\rangle = \frac{1}{i\hbar}\langle [p,V(x,t)]\rangle,$$

since the operator $x$ commutes with itself and has no time dependence. By expanding the right-hand-side, replacing $p$ by $d⁄dt$, we get $$\frac{d}{dt}\langle p\rangle = \int \Phi^* V(x,t)\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\Phi~dx - \int \Phi^* \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (V(x,t)\Phi)~dx ~.$$

After applying the product rule on the second term, we have $$ \begin{align} \frac{d}{dt}\langle p\rangle &= \int \Phi^* V(x,t) \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\Phi~dx - \int \Phi^* \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x} V(x,t)\right)\Phi ~dx - \int \Phi^* V(x,t) \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\Phi~dx \\ &= - \int \Phi^* \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x} V(x,t)\right)\Phi ~dx \\ &= \left\langle - \frac{\partial}{\partial x} V(x,t)\right\rangle = \langle F \rangle. \end{align}$$

As explained in the introduction, this result does not say that the pair $$(\langle X\rangle,\langle P\rangle)$$ satisfies Newton's second law, because the right-hand side of the formula is $$\langle F(x,t)\rangle,$$ rather than $$F(\langle X\rangle,t)$$. Nevertheless, as explained in the introduction, for states that are highly localized in space, the expected position and momentum will approximately follow classical trajectories, which may be understood as an instance of the correspondence principle.

Similarly, we can obtain the instantaneous change in the position expectation value. $$\begin{align} \frac{d}{dt}\langle x\rangle &= \frac{1}{i\hbar}\langle [x,H]\rangle + \left\langle \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}\right\rangle \\[5pt] &= \frac{1}{i\hbar} \left \langle \left [x,\frac{p^2}{2m} + V(x,t) \right ] \right \rangle + 0 \\[5pt] &= \frac{1}{i\hbar} \left \langle \left [x,\frac{p^2}{2m} \right] \right \rangle \\[5pt] &= \frac{1}{i\hbar 2 m} \left \langle [x,p] \frac{d}{dp} p^2 \right\rangle \\[5pt] &= \frac{1}{i\hbar 2 m}\langle i \hbar 2 p\rangle \\[5pt] &= \frac{1}{m}\langle p\rangle \end{align}$$

This result is actually in exact accord with the classical equation.

Derivation of the Schrödinger equation from the Ehrenfest theorems
It was established above that the Ehrenfest theorems are consequences of the Schrödinger equation. However, the converse is also true: the Schrödinger equation can be inferred from the Ehrenfest theorems. We begin from $$\begin{align} m\frac{d}{dt} \left \langle \Psi(t) \right | \hat{x} \left | \Psi(t) \right \rangle &= \left \langle \Psi(t) \right | \hat{p} \left | \Psi(t) \right \rangle, \\[5pt] \frac{d}{dt} \left \langle \Psi(t) \right | \hat{p} \left | \Psi(t) \right \rangle &= \left \langle \Psi(t) \right | -V'(\hat{x}) \left | \Psi(t) \right \rangle. \end{align}$$

Application of the product rule leads to $$\begin{align} \left \langle \frac{d\Psi}{dt} \Big | \hat{x} \Big | \Psi \right \rangle + \left \langle \Psi \Big | \hat{x} \Big | \frac{d\Psi}{dt} \right \rangle &= \left \langle \Psi \Big | \frac{\hat{p}}{m} \Big | \Psi \right \rangle, \\[5pt] \left \langle \frac{d\Psi}{dt} \Big | \hat{p} \Big | \Psi \right \rangle + \left \langle \Psi \Big | \hat{p} \Big | \frac{d\Psi}{dt} \right \rangle &= \langle \Psi | -V'(\hat{x}) | \Psi \rangle, \end{align} $$ Here, apply Stone's theorem, using $p$ to denote the quantum generator of time translation. The next step is to show that this is the same as the Hamiltonian operator used in quantum mechanics. Stone's theorem implies $$i\hbar \left | \frac{d\Psi}{dt} \right \rangle = \hat{H} | \Psi(t) \rangle ~,$$ where $p$ was introduced as a normalization constant to the balance dimensionality. Since these identities must be valid for any initial state, the averaging can be dropped and the system of commutator equations for $x$ are derived: $$im [\hat{H}, \hat{x}] = \hbar \hat{p}, \qquad i [\hat{H}, \hat{p}] = -\hbar V'(\hat{x}).$$

Assuming that observables of the coordinate and momentum obey the canonical commutation relation $⟨p⟩$. Setting $$\hat{H} = H(\hat{x}, \hat{p})$$, the commutator equations can be converted into the differential equations $$m \frac{\partial H (x,p)}{\partial p} = p, \qquad \frac{\partial H(x,p)}{\partial x} = V'(x),$$ whose solution is the familiar quantum Hamiltonian $$\hat{H} = \frac{\hat{p}^2}{2m} + V(\hat{x}).$$

Whence, the Schrödinger equation was derived from the Ehrenfest theorems by assuming the canonical commutation relation between the coordinate and momentum. If one assumes that the coordinate and momentum commute, the same computational method leads to the Koopman–von Neumann classical mechanics, which is the Hilbert space formulation of classical mechanics. Therefore, this derivation as well as the derivation of the Koopman–von Neumann mechanics, shows that the essential difference between quantum and classical mechanics reduces to the value of the commutator $⟨xt^{2}⟩$.

The implications of the Ehrenfest theorem for systems with classically chaotic dynamics are discussed at Scholarpedia article Ehrenfest time and chaos. Due to exponential instability of classical trajectories the Ehrenfest time, on which there is a complete correspondence between quantum and classical evolution, is shown to be logarithmically short being proportional to a logarithm of typical quantum number. For the case of integrable dynamics this time scale is much larger being proportional to a certain power of quantum number.

title: Ehrenfest theorem


text:
Mid-South

Mid-South may refer to:

Places

 * Mid-South (region), a region of the United States including portions of Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Missouri, and Kentucky
 * East South Central States, a region of the United States
 * Memphis metropolitan area, Tennessee, United States
 * Mid-South District (LCMS) in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
 * Mid-South District of the Unitarian Universalist Association

Facilities and structures

 * Mid-South Bible College, now Victory University, a Christian liberal-arts college in Memphis Tennessee
 * Mid-South Coliseum, a multi-purpose arena in Memphis, Tennessee
 * Mid-South Community College, a public community college in West Memphis, Arkansas

Groups, companies, organizations

 * Mid-South Conference, an American college athletics conference
 * Mid South Conference (MHSAA), an American high school athletics conference in Michigan
 * Mid-South Management Company, an American newspaper company
 * Mid-South Pride, an LGBT non-profit association in Memphis, Tennessee
 * MidSouth Rail Corporation, now part of the Kansas City Southern Railway
 * Mid-South Wrestling, an American former professional wrestling promotion
 * Midsouth FC, former name of Belizean football club Nizhee Corozal

Other uses

 * Mid-South Fair, a fair formerly held in Memphis, Tennessee

title: Mid-South


text:
Talk:Manalapan High School

Mike Iacono, an 03 alumni, made headlines nationwide recently when he single handedly rounded up and delivered to the CIA four members of Al Queda.

Then why do I see no Google hits for "'mike iacono' cia" or "'mike iacono' al qaeda"? The same goes for this "Ken[neth] Widmer" .Rmky87 20:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

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Nils Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp

Nils Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp (March 25, 1646 – August 16, 1723) was a Swedish soldier and Governor-General of Swedish Estonia from 1706 to 1709.

He was born with the family name Brattman which was ennobled to Strömberg in 1674, and after receiving the title of baron (friherre) in 1699, wrote himself "Stromberg". In 1703, he was appointed lieutenant general and in 1706 became a count while in Estonia. He added the "af Clastorp" after the family mansion Clastorp in Södermanland (in present-day Katrineholm Municipality).

During 1710, he had to defend Riga for several months during the Great Northern War, until surrendering and being held captive for a few months. He returned to Stockholm in 1711, where he was appointed president of the Swedish National Judicial Board for Public Lands and Funds (Kammarkollegiet) and its sub-organisation, the Swedish Agency for Public Management (Statskontoret).

title: Nils Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp


text:
User talk:Sam Spade/ - archive/August 2005 4

New Article
Sam,I've created a new article Kosas.Please have a look. Thank You.

வைகுண்ட ராஜா

 * Ok, I'm there now :) ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 21:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have made many edits, have a look and see if I did ok? :) ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 21:46, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you for the welcome. As I said on talk affirmative action That other person may not be reasonable but is not incredibly unreasonable. Race Reality 20:33, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I am less sure. Are you banned yet? See USer:Amalekite. Tasks you can do 00:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

hinduism
Hi Sam, allow me to introduce myself, i'm Dosey. Subramanian to me you are the one who mainly deals with the writing of the hinduism article. I was reading over the different views of God. And i felt that it was too long and sometimes unreadable. If you have the time, i was wondering, how many views do you think we need? I really felt some where uncessacry and inappropiate for a synoptical article. I'm a Hindu, but i really felt uncomfortable with the terms in the article. I was hoping you could perhaps give me a helping hand, so to speak.

Cheers

Dosey

 * I made an edit, have a look. ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 22:59, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Vivekananda
Sam, The fact that Vivekananda only after visiting swamithoppe, wear head gear is a major claim among some of Ayyavazhi, particularly among old people.The old people says that their father had seen Vivekananda in Swamithoppe.In that time, during the late 19th century wearing head gear is a matter of pride and low castes were not alowed to wear that.But in Ayyavazhi Only with that one will be allowed in side the worship centers.It was ment by Vaikundar to propose that all people were kings to rule. I think that this fact is closely related to Vivekananda's way, Advaita. On the other hand on my point of view, in this matter of Vivekananda's head gear the reason preasented by Vedantha society is too hard to digest.In one of their book I read that he first worn it,by a suggestion from the king of Khetri, during a desert journey, and from that he found it more comfort and thereby continued.You might have heared about Vivekananda.Though he was a saint undoubtfully he was a man of extra-ordinary thought. And all my suggestion is such a skilled man dosn't do any thing without reason.

Also the main teaching of Vivekananda is to bring Advaita in practice or Practical Advaita. In Ayyavazhi the practice of wearing headgear, the worship in front of mirror are seeming match to practical Advaita. Then the philosophy of Ayyavazhi is mostly monistic which was similar to Advaita. Then the date which was presented on which Vivekananda visited Kanyakumari (24th December, Tamil month 'Margazhi- 9, saturday.)is the 16th day of the 'seventeen day festival', Thiru Edu Vasippu in Swamthoppe.(Thiru Edu Vasippu is the festival of melodiouse reading of Akilattirattu Ammanai and completing). Then with the headgear he went to Suchindrum Temple. There he was asked to remove the head gear. When he refused he was not allowed to enter the temple. So Vivekananda called Kerala, (This area is thaen the part of Travancore,Kerala) as 'tent of mads'. This is a proof that when Vivekananda leaves Kanyakumari he had gear in his head. Then the opinion of Vivekananda is, it is from a thought all the uiverse originated. In Akilam several times the same thing repeated that by 'destroying the thought' all will become one. Also, I've read many speeches of Vivekananda and found, many concepts of him revolves around the thoughts of Akilam, especially the concept of origin of time and place. All these created a deep thought in my mind that Vivekananda must be influenced with Ayyavazhi.

Besides all these few days before I found that Dr.C.Poulose in his research book 'Advaita Philosophy of Brahmasri Chattampi Swamikal', had notted that Atmananda Swamikal was a deciple of Ayya Vaikundar, and he learned the Marmavidya in Sidha vidya and ghecherividya (Chinmudra) from Ayya Vaikundar. And Atmanada Swamikal taught all these vidyas to his disciple Sri Chattambi Swamikal. When Swami Vivekananda was arriver in Ernakulam, Sri Chattambi Swamikal taught this chinmudra to him. He also noted that Narayana Guru, Sri Nilakanta Tirthapada and Tirthapada Paramahamasa were all the disciples of Atmananda Swamikal. But none of them were mentioned in Akilattirattu.

By here as Raj2004, I think that Vivekananda was indirectly a disciple of Ayya Vaikundar.

What is your opinion? Can we use this as reference in the article Vivekananada and show his influence to Ayyavazhi? Please place your opinion.

Also this was discusssed with Raj2004 earlier. - வைகுண்ட ராஜா

 * Yes, you can certainly cite Dr.C.Poulose in his research book 'Advaita Philosophy of Brahmasri Chattampi Swamikal', and anyone can believe him or not as they wish. You have done a very good service with your attention to rigour, providing some proof even when it was not needed. This is very good of you, and should go in the article. ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 23:23, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
I see you left me a welcome message at my talk page (either that or I'm terrible confused by this Talk Page business. Since you can tell I'm new in this place - I've been using Wikipedia for some time and only recently began contributing. I would like to thanks for the links to pages and all that. It makes one feel rather at home.

-Bigsleepj

 * wunderbar! Tasks you can do 00:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Hate Speech
Sam, your edits to Opposition to Mormonism regarding hate speech are unusual. Specifically, that the use of the LDS Temple garment displayed by Anti-Mormon protestors at General Conference is a form of hate speech. I may be ignorant of some of the broader definitions of the term, hate speech, but I agreed with a previous editors change to it being sacrilegious. Their manner of display, waving the garment in the air, at times passing it between their legs as if wiping their backside is offensive to the majority of LDS people. I think I must have a more narrow defniition of hate speech; it is used to denigrate or defame a people, but not a specific belief. Although many LDS people hold the cloth of the garment sacred, I believe most of LDS people place a greater value on the covenants made that the garment represents. For another who has no understanding of the covenants, their abuse of the garment is more sacrilege than hate speech. I would appreciate your thoughts. Storm Rider 17:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't believe in hate speech at all, and find it a spurious concept. I only made the edit6 under the assumption that mormons felt that way. If they don't, then it was wisely replaced. ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 17:28, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Ha. Exploding Boy 22:06, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * ? ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 22:18, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

pantheist or panentheistic
Hey, Sam are you pantheist or panentheistic? I lean towards panentheism because of my interpretation of certain verses in the Gita.

Raj2004 15:03, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Placing users in danger
Sam, FYI Wikipedia talk:Blocking policy SlimVirgin (talk) 02:32, August 26, 2005 (UTC)\

Anal sex
Sam, what on earth is your issue with this page? We have discussed these issues before, and your constant reverts are simply restoring information that is unnecessary and contradictory. Why do you persist in editing this topic about which you have very little knowledge and a personal disgust? Leave it alone. Exploding Boy 16:07, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Why do you persist in your attempt to own wiki pages? Move on, if your point has any validity someone else will surely make the needed revert. Tasks you can do 19:44, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Question oh how to proceed with a page I consider biased
I was reading the page on Michael Manley and the tone is anything but neutral but I particularly objected to the line "Manley was Prime Minister when Jamaica experienced a significant escalation of its infamous political culture of violence. In a bid to achieve political power, his opponent Edward Seaga actively supported and funded many of Jamaica's vicious street gangs. Manley soon found himself drawn into the hostilities as supporters of his People's National Party (PNP) took up guns in retaliation." I wanted to edit it but in all honesty felt that someone who would write that an think it a neutral point of view would simply revert my edits. What would be the best way for me to proceed? Annet 16:18, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You've done the right thing in coming here. Make the edit, I'll keep an eye on the page. Tasks you can do 19:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

RE: your ever-changing signature
Wikipedia user names are intended in part to assist in identifying registered users. This is partially for your own protection, but it's also, in part, so that other users can be aware of the edits a particular user makes. Your last several signatures really make this difficult. In particular, your most recent one makes it appear that you are not Sam Spade at all. I am requesting that you immediately alter your signature to clearly reflect your user name, and use it to sign your posts. Exploding Boy 19:56, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought of making a colorful counter-request, but I've decided the proper thing to do is simply to tell you "no", and ask you to go away. Tasks you can do 19:59, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Typical. Well, you may wish to make your views known at Requests for comment/User name games. Exploding Boy 20:10, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Dear Sam:

I always highly respected you for your objectivity and intellect. Please change back to your old signature, Sam Spade.

I understand if you don't want to change. It's your signature, but perhaps exploding boy may have a point.

What do you think?

Raj2004 01:00, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I like this signature. I chose it because someone complained about last signature (¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,) You may wonder why I chose these signatures, despite the complaints. I have alot of reasons. The most important is that I provide more options for those who read them. Another is that, at least on talk pages, a certain amount of self expression is allowed. Similar to other users, I make use of that option. My expression in this case is clearly to advise other users to find an encyclopedic task to work on. That is particularly applicable because I see that often volunteers are judged by who they are seen to be, rather than what they do. A simple way to put this is "judge the edit, not the editor". There is little opportunity to commit an Ad hominem when you don't notice who it is that is making the edit.

 * Exploding Boy has been stalking me ever since I opposed his nomination of gay bathhouse for featured article status. We got along perfectly well before that, but ever since he finds reasons to persecute me. This is only the latest in a series of events. For that reason alone, I am not prepared to make any change regarding my signature, at this juncture. Tasks you can do 01:28, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Sam, thanks for the detailed explanation. I appreciate your explanation even though you had no reason to explain. Those reasons are very good reasons to continue what you are doing! I did not know the dispute with exploding boy.

Thanks,

Raj2004 01:46, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

By the way, do any of my significantly edited articles qualify for featured article status (i.e., Madhva, Karma in Hinduism and avatar?

I do not know if they are good enough.

Raj2004 01:48, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Sam the problem with the template sig is that it doesn't identify you. A signature should identify the person who is signing, otherwise it's not a sig! Why not include the template as part of you sig but also have something that links to you user page so we know who you are? Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 01:53, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

With regard to this: ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ Bravo for creativity. Bravo for individualality. Bravo for standinding up to group think. Bravo!!!!!!! Contributions should be judged on their own merits and not on WHO is making them. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION It's a shame you brits don't have a constitution. With regard to this: Tasks you can do A signiture that doesn't identify isn't a signature. WAS 4.250 02:51, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sam's claim that I have been "stalking" him because he opposed the FA nom for gay bathhouse is false, and amounts to the type of personal attack he frequently accuses others of making. I do not "stalk" anyone; I have better things to do. We did not get along perfectly well before that; Sam has always been a controversial editor. My problem with Sam's latest signature is that it neither identifies him nor links to his user/talk/email as all other user sigs do. This is clearly not acceptable. I'm not against having a little fun with sigs--I always enjoy Theresa's, for example. I am against this sig, because it's very misleading, makes it difficult to know who is posting, and makes it hard to contact the user. I also have a problem with Sam constantly changing his sig for the same reasons. If you want to give people more information, as you claim, you can easily do that on your user or talk pages. Exploding Boy 03:26, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Bureaucratship
I'm letting you know that I've just nominated myself for bureaucratship for the second time. If you didn't care to know about this, I apologize for the inconvenience.  Andre  ( talk ) 02:41, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Please sign your posts
It is a proper wikiquette to sign your posts on the talk pages. This is an essential aspect of communication here. It helps other users to understand the progress and evolution of a dialog. It is also a requirement for your votes to be counted in polls. Thank you. -- Naive cynic 18:17, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And it's arguable that it's a violation of wikiquette and the spirit of wikipedia to sign your posts with a confusing or misleading signature. Several users have weighed in on the matter at Requests for comment/User name games. I'm once again requesting that you change your signature back to your user name. Exploding Boy 21:07, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Article Vivekananda
Sam, Please take a look, Swami Vivekananda. Is it enough or need more? - வைகுண்ட ராஜா

 * Very nice! I think it is good, but time will show what ot hers think, of course. Cheers, Tasks you can do 21:03, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Featured articles
Sam, thanks for the praise. Yes, I think the title, Karma in Hinduism is fine but reasonable people can differ. Karma(Hinduism) is also a good title.

Raj2004 20:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * My self I think the best is something a reader can easilly find. Tasks you can do 01:00, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

nazipedia?
Hi, Sam. Just curious, what is a "nazipedia", and what vandalisms did Wikipedians do to it? Func( t, c, @,) 00:37, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

pseudodoxia is the name, here is a discussion of it on Vanguard News Network Forum, here a couple of links to threads where wikipedians discuss their vandalism of it, and here is a link to it (altho its now down)

Tasks you can do 00:59, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the info, Sam. I keep wondering if it would be worth it to join the wikien-l mailing list, or if it would just waste my time like my other mailing lists. ;-) Func( t, c, @,) 02:54, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

It really depends on how important the wikipedia is to you, and in what way. If you are mainly interested in editing articles, and don't feel a need to discuss or be intimately aware of major policy decisions, there’s no reason to join. If, however, you'd like to hear Jimbo's opinions directly, and say things he might read or even comment on, joining might be a good idea. I did it because I have had so many unpleasant experiences w wikipedia admins, and decided it might be wise to jump ranks a few steps and discuss w the "cabal" directly. So far, I've found them to be more thoughtful and reasonable than the average loose cannon admin, but sadly possessed of the same general ideas at bottom, such as: IAR's is a good policy, admins are almost always right, and NPOV and other foundation issues have exceptions (like in the case of banning nazi's). While I may not always like what I hear, I occasionally enjoy knowing whats going on, and placing my opinion before the old timers whose opinions really matter here. Cheers, Tasks you can do 15:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Human Rights Servey on Wikipedia (The final post of I_sterbinski)

 * Dear all,

 * Wikipedia was recently a subject of intensive research of an huge international human right organization. A team of people from different nationalities and ages were acting on Wikipedia for 20 days, investigating previously noted anomalities of Wikipedia free editing and forming a final report, which (between the others similar reports) will later be a guide to all future moves of the organization concerning Wikipedia. Acting under an account of a real person, their privacy is to be held private. Therefore, very few private information will be revealed.
 * Also, this is a result of the lack of final possition of the organization concerning Wikipedia and human rights, which was still not formed.

 * The team's final post on Wikipedia, where they explain their actions can be found on the following addresses:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:I_sterbinski
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Macedonia#Human_Rights_Servey_on_Wikipedia_.28The_final_post_of_I_sterbinski.29

 * The team would like to thank to all the persons who took part in the correspondence with us.
 * We also want to appologise for keeping our identity secret for a longer period.

 * Best regards,
 * Aleksandar, Biljana, Asparuh, Christos, Valjon, Michael and Ana Luiza
 * I sterbinski 01:41, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm am currently write a speech on racism and and ended up on this sight i think it's great that there are sights like this acessable for people like me that just need some help!

A HUGE THANKS HOLLY HEART!

Vishnu sahasranama, a featured article
Sam, do you think the Vishnu sahasranama could be a featured article?

Names of God in Judaism currently is a featured article.

Raj2004 14:04, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think Vishnu sahasranama is very close, I suggest submitting it for Peer review. I think some sections might be a bit bigger, and there could be more images, but it is extremely close, I agree. Peer review not only helps get ideas, but often encourages people to come and help w edits and etc... Cheers, Tasks you can do 15:39, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, Sam

Raj2004 19:08, 28 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Autopilots/Sandbox

=My Personal Sandbox=

No Longer Holds my interest
This page exists to serve has a teaching tool, for me, to learn wiki-markup and other tips and tricks. My profile is here.

To Do
1. ==Learn to Drop center the pictures, creating a more aesthetic profile.==

 * [[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|30px]] Wikipedia Inclusionist

 * [[image:opera.png|Opera Internet Browser]] Opera Internet Browser user

 * [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|35px]] American

 * Democrat

 * [[image:Film_reel_and_film.jpg|30px|Film Reel]] Film and [[image:Early portable tv.jpg|40px|Television]] Television Buff

 * [[image:Microsoft.Certified.Systems.Administrator.png|60px|MCSA Logo]] MCSA

Complete
1. right justify a table, labled My Tools, which includes interwiki links 2. ==figure out why == == didn't work as a sub-heading in this context

title: User:Autopilots/Sandbox


text:
Talk:Pākehā

Pakeha as Offensive?
This article notes that pakeha is considered highly offensive by some, but is there any research into quantifying this? The New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study reported that they found no evidence the term was derogatory and yet their own article Ethnic Group Labels and Intergroup Attitudes in New Zealand: Naming Preferences Predict Distinct Ingroup and Outgroup Biases lists a letter to the editor asking why it is acceptable for Maori to call the writer or his non-Maori associates Pakeha when for him to call Maori [text omitted] would cause outrage. According to the study it would appear that the warmer a New Zealander is towards Maori the more like they are to favour the term Pakeha, and vice versa. Similarly, ethnic identity is slightly more important to those identifying as New Zealand European than those identifying as Pakeha. (Kiwi and straight New Zealander are even less ethnically significant). Whilst interesting neither fact reveals much of significance about those deeming Pakeha offensive. 118.208.1.18 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:23, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

 * The term Pakeha is widely used within Maoridom, politics, academia and media and although it's not often used in a positive context, I can't see an obvious example where offence intendended by it's use. However, as with the term "Eskimo" it's well known that a certain section of the population do find the word offensive, archaic or divisive. It is widely considered that the etymology of the word is offensive though research shows that it's not, nonetheless there was a huge negative reaction when they added it to the census. The bottom line is that 88% of New Zealanders surveyed simply don't identify themselves as Pakeha and as a people we should respect that. 119.224.17.35 (talk) 01:31, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Politics in New Zealand Richard Mulgan, Peter Aimer full extract shows that the article as it stands is deliberately misquoting Mulgan and Aimer who write: "As for ‘Pakeha’, some reject it on the ground that it is supposedly offensive in origin, others because they do not like to be named in a language other than their own (Sharp, 1990: 64–69). But among those wanting to talk in terms of a ‘bicultural’ society, or of a partnership based on the Treaty of Waitangi, ‘Pakeha’ has increasingly become the favoured term for defining the dominant cultural group of European origin. As such, it has narrowed its original Maori meaning, which includes as Pakeha all people of European descent anywhere in the world." Kelly222 (talk) 03:38, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

 * If you have at least 2 groups rejecting the term pakeha, and presumably a third that aren't fussed over its usage (neutrals), why is that the fourth group - those who are 'pro-bicultural' or 'pro-Treaty' are the ones dictating its usage in this article? It seems silly to me for instance for Trump or the Queen to be classified as pakeha, which is what the post above argues. You might be able to argue that in a Maori language context - I've no idea how that language defines and uses the term, but it seems absurd in English. The Jonathan Mane-Wheoki quote would seem to reinforce this as it'd exclude New Zealanders who are proud of their colonial ancestry, who wish to preserve their cultural inheritance, and to learn and teach their history and origins for instance. Just seems to me that the controversy over the term and the groups to which it is applied could be addressed better.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 人族 (talk • contribs) 06:24, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

 * There is a certain demographic of people who tend to dominate Wikipedia so that leads to a certain slant to articles. Certainly people from politics, media and academia have a large influence here. Everyone is free to try and improve any article though so go ahead if you think you can help. Oddly, there is a large body of reliable sources denying that the word is offensive yet there are virtually none which claim that it actually is offensive. 202.89.158.188 (talk) 20:42, 30 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Surely the fact that there are large number of sources (which will, due to left-wing dominance of universities and media, be mostly written from a sympathetic viewpoint) claiming it isn't racist is evidence that there are a large number of people who find it racist? There aren't many studies on the racism of the word "potato" because nobody thinks it is racist. 122.58.69.24 (talk) 04:39, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * no, the fact that there's a large body of evidence stating that it isn't racist doesn't prove that it is. only racists find it offensive. 2404:4402:3306:3800:C097:81CF:606E:AEFE (talk) 08:30, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

External links modified
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IPA in heading
Kia ora koutou, I'm trying to change the pronunciation guide to better reflect how I think people pronounce the word. I think that the english pronunciation should be spelled /ˈpɑːkehɑː/, with the /e/ vowel. Previously said /ɪ/ which is wrong. Anyway, when I changed this, it came up with an error message of "invalid input: 'e'" - why is this? Is it because /e/ isn't on the list of english ipa vowels? It's definitely in NZ English - see (Te Ara. How do I fix this? I've changed it to /ɛ/ for now, cos that's closer to /e/ than /ɪ/. Anyone know how to fix this? cheers TreeReader (talk) 01:22, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

Attitudes to the use of the word 'Pakeha' in the early 20th Century
Researching the ships built by the famous Belfast shipyard Harland and Wolffe I came across one of the liners built in 1910 with the express purpose of transporting British emigrants to Australia and New Zealand via Cape of Good Hope, and on the return voyage carrying frozen meat back to the UK. Built in 1910 for the Shaw, Savill & Albion Line the ship was named 'Pakeha'. There are Australian records of her voyages between 1912 and 1947. She ran Liverpool/Freemantle/Wellington from 1911-1913. During WW1 she was requesitioned by the Navy and carried troops to the Gallipoli campaign. She was used in WW2 as 'HMS Revenge' then later as a transport vessel and named 'Empire Pakeha' and then in 1946 the Shaw, Savill & Albion Line bought her back and renamed her back to 'Pakeha'. I think this shows that in the days of Britain as a Colonial power and throughout the 2 World wars the British did not see the word 'Pakeha' as a derogatory term otherwise they would not have taken this word to name a ship used to transport British emigrants to Australasia, in fact quite the reverse in that to name the ship 'Pakeha' must have implied that this was an familiar and likeable term for those seeking to emigrate to NZ. Andrew ranfurly (talk) 16:35, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

Etymology
In the etymology section, most of the final paragraph is supported by a list of four sources, provided without page numbers; (1) Williams, H. W. (1971). A dictionary of the Maori language (7th ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer. (2) Ngata, H. M. (1993). English-Maori dictionary. Wellington, New Zealand: Learning Media. (3) Ryan, P. (1997). The Reed dictionary of modern Maori (2nd ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: Reed. (4) Biggs, B. (1981). Complete English–Maori dictionary. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.

I only have access to the 2012 edition of the 4th source, but I cannot find Pākehā in it, and I question whether it could support the paragraph, as it seems to be a simple translation book and provides no information on etymology. Could an editor quote the relevant sections from those sources to support the claims in that paragraph? BilledMammal (talk) 05:25, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pākehā


text:
O' Sailor

"O' Sailor" is a song written by American singer Fiona Apple and recorded for her third studio album Extraordinary Machine (2005). On August 15, 2005 (see 2005 in music), ahead of the album's release in early October, Epic Records made available for streaming both "Parting Gift" and "O' Sailor" on Apple's website. The following day, the songs were released for digital download at the online iTunes Music Store.

The single's video, directed by Floria Sigismondi, was filmed aboard the RMS Queen Mary and premiered on VH1 on November 7. It was nominated for eight Music Video Production Company Awards — in the categories of "Direction of a Female Artist", "Director of the Year", "Art Direction", "Cinematography", "Choreography", "Styling", "Hair" and "Make-Up" — and won two: "Direction of a Female Artist" and "Hair".

Formats and track listing
Acetate promo CD single:

1. O' Sailor (Radio Edit) (4:39)

2. O' Sailor (Album Version) (5:36)

Personnel

 * Piano by Fiona Apple
 * Drums by Abe Laboriel Jr.
 * Bass by Mike Elizondo
 * Tack piano, pump organ, vibes, clavinet, Chamberlin, Farfisa and arp string ensemble by Zac Rae
 * Yamaha Portasound and 360 Systems by Jebin Bruni
 * Flute by Glenn Berger

title: O' Sailor


text: User talk:69.247.139.77

title: User talk:69.247.139.77


text:
Je me souviens

Je me souviens is the official motto of Quebec, and translated literally into English means: "I remember." The exact meaning of this short sentence is subject to several interpretations, though all relate to the history of the Quebec people. The motto can be found on all Quebec licence plates, among other things.

Origins
Étienne-Paschal Taché is credited with having popularized the phrase. In 1883, his son Eugène-Étienne Taché, Assistant Commissioner for Crown lands in Quebec and architect of the provincial Parliament building, had the motto carved in stone below the coat of arms of Quebec which appears above the Parliament Building's main entrance door. The motto then came into official use, even though the coat of arms was not adopted until 1939.

Meaning
Taché appears not to have left an explanation of the motto's intended meaning but he wrote a letter to the deputy minister of public works, Siméon Lesage, that showed what he intended to accomplish with the statues on the building's façade and described what they were intended to remind people of.

All around the Parliament building are 24 statues of historical figures. They originally included founders (Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain and de Maisonneuve), clerics (de Laval, de Brébeuf, Marquette and Olier), military figures (de Frontenac, Wolfe, de Montcalm and de Levis), First Nations Peoples, French governors (D'Argenson, de Tracy, de Callières, de Montmagny, d'Ailleboust, de Vaudreuil) and, in the words of Taché, "some English governors the most sympathetic to our nationality" (Murray, Dorchester, Prevost and Bagot) and Lord Elgin, who was given a special place for he was seen as an important player in obtaining "responsible government". Taché left empty spaces to allow future generations to add their own statues.

His contemporaries, however, offered their own interpretations, including historian Thomas Chapais and civil servant Ernest Gagnon.

Chapais, during a speech given for the occasion of the unveiling of a bronze statue honouring de Lévis, on June 24, 1895, said: "The province of Quebec has a motto of which she is proud and which she likes enough to carve it on her monuments and palaces. This motto has only three words: Je me souviens; but these three words, in their simple economy of expression, are worth more than the most eloquent speeches. Yes, we remember. We remember the past and its lessons, the past and its misfortunes, the past and its glories."

In 1896, Gagnon wrote that the motto "admirably sums up the raison d'être of Champlain and Maisonneuve's Canada as a distinct province in the confederation."

In 1919, seven years after Taché's death, the historian Pierre-Georges Roy underlined the symbolic character of the three-word motto: "which says so eloquently in three words, the past as well as the present and the future of the only French province of the confederation." This sentence would be cited or paraphrased several times afterwards.

Various scholars have attempted to discover the source of Taché's words. The ethnologist Conrad Laforte has suggested that they might derive from the song Un Canadien errant, or possibly Victor Hugo's poem "Lueur au couchant". Writer André Duval thought the answer was simpler and closer at hand: In the hall of the Parliament building in which the motto is carved above the door, are the arms of the Marquess of Lorne whose motto was ne obliviscaris ("do not forget"). Consequently, Duval believed "the motto of Quebec to be at the same time the translation of the Marquess of Lorne's motto and the answer of a French-Canadian subject of Her Majesty to the said motto."

Research published in English before 1978 led to the same conclusions regarding the motto's origin, the number of words it has and its interpretation. A 1934 biographical notice about Taché reads: "M. Taché is also the author of the beautiful poetic and patriotic motto which accompanies the official coat of arms of the Province of Quebec — Je me souviens — the full significance of which cannot perhaps be readily expressed in English words but which may be paraphrased as conveying the meaning 'We do not forget, and will never forget, our ancient lineage, traditions and memories of all the past'."

Encyclopedias and quotation dictionaries, including those of Wallace, Hamilton, Colombo, and Hamilton and Shields, all provide the same information as the French-language sources.

In 1955, the historian Mason Wade wrote: "When the French Canadian says Je me souviens, he not only remembers the days of New France but also the fact that he belongs to a conquered people."

Replacement of la belle province
In 1978, Je me souviens replaced the tourism-oriented motto La belle province ("the beautiful province") on Quebec's vehicle registration plate. According to the historian Gaston Deschênes, this event marks the start of a new period of attempts to reinterpret the meaning of the motto in the mainstream media of Canada.

On February 4, 1978, Robert Goyette signed an article entitled "Car owners argue over motto" in The Montreal Star. This article attracted the attention of a reader, Hélène Pâquet, a granddaughter of Taché who replied on February 15 in an open letter entitled Je me souviens. It reads in part:

"According to [Goyette's] article, there is confusion about the Quebec motto. As you mentioned, it was written by E. E. Taché. "Je me souviens" is only the first line, which may be the cause of the confusion. It goes like this:

Je me souviens/ Que né sous le lys/ Je croîs sous la rose.

I remember/ That born under the lily/ I grow under the rose."

The lily refers to France while the rose refers to England, both relating to the floral emblems of the nations. The idea that the motto had a lesser known second part spread widely. This new piece of information had a long life in the media before it was investigated by Deschênes in 1992.

When Deschênes contacted Hélène Pâquet in 1992, she was unable to specify the origin of text she quoted in her letter. Her statements were not conformable to those of her father, Lieutenant-Colonel Étienne-Théodore Pâquet Jr., who on March 3, 1939, wrote in a letter to John Samuel Bourque, Tâché's son-in-law, and Minister of Public Works, that "the one who synthesized in three words the history and traditions of our race deserves to be recognized" as much as Routhier and Lavallée who composed the "O Canada".

The origin of the second part is today known to be a second motto, created by the same Eugène-Étienne Taché, many years after the first one, and originally destined to be used on a monument honouring the Canadian nation, but which was never built. The monument was to be a statue of a young and graceful adolescent girl, an allegoric figure of the Canadian nation, bearing the motto: "Née dans les lis, je grandis dans les roses / Born in the lilies, I grow in the roses". While the project was never realized, the idea was "recycled" in a commemorative medal for the 300th anniversary of the foundation of Quebec City, created by Taché, on which is written "Née sous les lis, Dieu aidant, l'œuvre de Champlain a grandi sous les roses" ("Born under the lilies, God helping, Champlain's work has grown under the roses").

Other uses
Je me souviens appears on the badge of the Royal 22e Régiment, a francophone regiment of the Canadian Forces. The first version of the badge was designed in 1914.

title: Je me souviens


text: Template:I-29 aux

title: Template:I-29 aux


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of all single-letter-single-digit combinations

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. I tried to find ways to make it a delete. :) Not going to happen. 17-12 from my count. Woohookitty 08:12, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

List of all single-letter-single-digit combinations
Non notable, non encyclopaedic. Woodstone 20:36:17, 2005-08-31 (UTC)
 * Delete - No content and no point to this. - Tεx  τ  urε  20:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete silliness. Johntex 20:58, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP, this exists for the same reason that List of all two-letter combinations does. If this is deleted, then so should that list, and TLAs from AAA to DZZ, TLAs from EAA to HZZ, TLAs from IAA to LZZ, TLAs from MAA to PZZ, TLAs from QAA to TZZ, TLAs from UAA to XZZ, TLAs from YAA to ZZZ, List of TLA-Dabs, the categories Category:Lists of two-letter combinations and Category:Lists of two-letter combinations... (like various articles contained in the categories) 132.205.3.20 21:05, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed it would just make sense to delete those all. −Woodstone 21:31:01, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

 * COMMENT, This list is the result of a TfD vote to consolidate a template into a list article. 132.205.3.20
 * Do you mean this? There is a heavy vote to delete but no interest in what you are doing. There is no support for your action.  Stop adding links to all the number articles (0-9) -  Tεx  τ  urε  21:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It appears there needs to be a split to create 0 (character)... articles then, to match up with A..Z, as 0..9 are used in writing, not just for numerical concerns. The letter pages all have links to similar lists (which are mostly on this day's AfD page) 132.205.3.20 19:30, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete What possible purpose could this serve? If someone's interested in this nonsense then they can sit down and think up some combinations themselves. The list has absolutely no encyclopedic value. Soltak | Talk 21:48, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. DV8 2XL 22:32, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * DeleteI see no point to this kind of article. I agree with 132.205.3.20 so I am trying to put the above list on VFD as well.  Psy Guy 23:36, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-encyclopedic. I fear the consequences of keeping this. How about a List of all 10-letter-20-digit combinations? Or am I violating WP:BEANS, again? -Splash 23:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per WP:NOT. --Carnildo 23:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * clear Delete. I agree with Woodstone.  These pointless lists should be purged. Dottore So 23:40, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom and others above. DES (talk) 23:58, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete...The Quick Index pointed out by User:Titoxd renders this page obsolete and redundant. Keep . I am the creator of this particular page, and I appreciate the input from folks who wish to delete it as well as those who wish to keep it. This and related pages serve two purposes.  First, a technical purpose: to assist in keeping disambiguation pages from showing up at Orphaned pages, which therefore means it assists in the goals of the pages related to Links_to_disambiguating_pages.  Second, a content purpose: considering Wikipedia's role as both a comprehensive encyclopedia as well as a repository of almanac-like content, pages of this kind assist in determining the extent of coverage and point toward gaps in article coverage, particularly with regard to disambiguation and acronym-based redirects.  I would suggest that if there is a consensus to delete, which I doubt will emerge in the end, that rather than being deleted outright these various pages be transwiki'd to Wiktionary as appendices (similar to the appendices Names, Types of companies and Concordances). Another option that is actually more consistent with the two points I made above is to move these into the Wikipedia-namespace, where they would serve their technical and QC/administrative purposes outside the main article space; this change would be accomplished by a simple move-action, an action that I would consider taking if a delete consensus is reached.  Considering these alternatives, I would appreciate your not acting to "terminate with extreme prejudice" this and related pages. Courtland 00:17, 1 September 2005 (UTC) I made a modification that conflicted with the edit/comment below ... it doesn't impinge on the interpretation of the edit below
 * I'm sure quite an effort did go into the making of these pages and I can appreciate that; I just don't think it was worth it. Soltak | Talk 00:09, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful to some, does not harm by being in Wikipedia. - SimonP 00:23, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Silly trivia, but it's only a page long and the fact that most of the links actually exist gives it some redeeming social importance. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:19, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep unless the lists of TLAs are also deleted. -Sean Curtin 01:45, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sean, I'd like to ask you to reconsider this vote. If we start using quid pro quo as our guiding principle here, we can only go downhill.  Do you think this should be deleted, just like TLA?  Then I ask you to vote delete. 00:39, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this list provides absolutely no information for readers of Wikipedia. Maybe move to creator's User: space? CDC   (talk)  04:13, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment this suggests that it belongs in the wikipedia namespace, not stuffed into my backyard (my user namespace) as the creator; after all, this particular page (VFD) provides asolutely no information for readers of Wikipedia either, CDC, and guess where it is ... the wikipedia namespace. Courtland 08:43, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's useful and doesn't violate any policies. --Apyule 05:54, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful list. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:05, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, people are making a WP:POINT in a bid to get the TLA lists deleted. They should stay; this should go. Proto t c 10:57, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- What SimonP said. Atlant 11:38, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I am unconvinced that this is of any value. Peeper 12:55, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- It is useful to have articles on all possible words (to start with the articles that are discussed here). The distinction between a dictionnary/glossary and an ambitious encyclopedia like Wikipedia is not that obvious. Or maybe there should be - like the Wiktionary - a separate Wiki webpage/project called Wikiglossary (including Glossaries on Wikipedia (Category:Glossaries)), with links to Wikipedia. Brz7
 * Keep. Excellent.  They're all there, F1, Q6, K2.  All my favorites. --Tony Sidaway Talk  18:20, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You sank my battleship! --DavidConrad 09:28, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unencyclopedic pointcruft. Nandesuka 21:45, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, pointless. - brenneman (t) (c)  23:48, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per SimonP. -- DS1953 00:35, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to wikipedia namespace. As a reader I find it useless. As an editor it may be useful to keep. Nabla 01:11:43, 2005-09-02 (UTC)
 * Keep as per WP:NOT.  —RaD Man (talk) 07:06, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this is getting too silly. Radiant_ >|< 08:56, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's about as useful as the TLA lists. Just remove it from your watchlist if you don't want to see it. -- User:Docu
 * Keep and move to Wikipedia namespace. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 16:55, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There's no point in these pages, we already have the Quick Index! Tito xd 07:03, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Thanks! I had no idea this page existed, or that the indices set of pages were there. I'm changing my opinion from "Keep" to "Delete" based on this new information. The technical issue around appearance of pages on Orphaned Pages remains, but that could be dealt with by another means, such as altering the mechanics of Orphaned Page detectection, such as excluding articles with titles of 1, 2, or 3 characters (just a thought). Courtland 11:52, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Broad Green railway station

Broad Green railway station is a railway station serving the Broadgreen district of Liverpool, England, 3+1/2 mi east of Liverpool Lime Street. Established in 1830, it is the world's oldest actively operating railway station. Electrically powered trains have been operating through the station since March 2015, using Class 319 EMUs.

History
The oldest passenger station in the world was Crown Street railway station on the Liverpool and Manchester passenger railway opening on 17 September 1830. The trains set out on the first day at the Liverpool end. The second station on the line was the original Edge Hill railway station, the third was Broad Green station. In 1836 Crown Street station was demolished and Edge Hill decommissioned. A new Edge Hill station opened to the north of the original station in the grounds of the Edge Hill junction. This leaves Broad Green station as the oldest used railway station in the world. The current station buildings are not original, dating from 1972.

About 110 yd to the east of the station the abandoned North Liverpool Extension Line passes under the lines, which is currently part of the Trans Pennine Trail.

Facilities
The ticket office is located on the Liverpool-bound platform (platform 1) and like most Merseytravel-sponsored stations is staffed throughout the hours of service, seven days per week. A waiting shelter is provided on platform 2 and there are digital display screens and customer help points provided on both sides. The platforms are linked by a subway with steps, but level access is available to both sides via nearby streets.

Merseytravel announced in April 2019 that they had been successful in a bid for funding lifts being installed at the station under the Department for Transport's ‘Access for All’ programme. The lifts are expected to be installed at some point over the following five years.

The station is located very close to junction 4 of the M62 motorway however it is not a 'parkway' or an 'interchange' station. It has recently introduced a 'Park and Ride' scheme, with a large car park situated on the south side of the station. Broadgreen Hospital is a little under half a mile away.

Services
This station is operated and managed by Northern. The station receives three trains per hour in each direction Monday-Saturday, during the off-peak.

3tph to Liverpool Lime Street, calling at Wavertree Tech Park and Edge Hill. 1tph to Manchester Airport, via Lea Green, Newton-le-Willows and Manchester Piccadilly. 2tph to Wigan North Western via St Helens Central. During peak hours, additional services operate to Manchester Victoria and Blackpool North via Preston.

On Sundays, there are 2 trains per hour in each direction, with the Wigan NW service extending to Blackpool North, and the Manchester Airport service extending to Wilmslow.

title: Broad Green railway station


text:
Talk:Hurricane Katrina effects by region

Update
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Nathaniel Hale Pryor

Nathaniel Hale Pryor (1772–1831) was an American explorer, who served as Sergeant in the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Early life and family
Nathaniel Pryor was born in Amherst County, Virginia and was a cousin of fellow expedition member Charles Floyd. A letter written by Sam Houston to President Andrew Jackson on Pryor's behalf noted that Pryor was a first cousin to John Floyd, governor of Virginia. Nathaniel was the son of John Pryor and his wife Nancy Floyd. The Pryor and Floyd families moved to Kentucky when he was eleven. Both parents were deceased by 1791 when Nathaniel and his brother Robert were recorded as orphans in Jefferson County court records, and apprenticed to Obediah Newman. It is interesting to note that Nathaniel, Robert, and their other Floyd cousins, were great-grandchildren (x3) of Nicketti, identified as a daughter of Powhatan and sister of Pocahontas.

Nathaniel married Margaret Patton on May 17, 1798, it is believed she died young, but they were still married in October 1803 when he was recorded as the only married member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In 1821 Pryor married an Osage Indian woman, her name is not known, they had several children. Additionally, 1848 marriage records at Mission San Gabriel, California, identify a man named Nathaniel Pryor (aka Miguel Pryor), born about 1806 in Kentucky, as the son of Nathaniel Pryor of Louisville and Mary Davis. No other information on this relationship has been found, it is not known if Pryor and Davis were married. This information indicates that Nathaniel possibly returned to Kentucky, fathering a son, after his journey westward.

Lewis and Clark Expedition
He joined the expedition on October 20, 1803, in Clarksville, Indiana; he was one of the "nine young men from Kentucky" who joined the Corps. It was the rule not to hire married men, but an exception was made for Pryor, this says much for his abilities and the high esteem in which he was held. Pryor was made sergeant in 1804, and led the First Squad of six privates. William Clark later wrote, "Capt. Pryor served with me, on an expedition to the Pacific ocean in 1803, 4, 5, and 6 in the capacity of 1st Sergeant." Lewis and Clark considered Pryor "a man of character and ability." In June, 1804 he presided over a court martial of privates John Collins and Hugh Hall, accused of theft of whiskey and drinking on duty; the men were found guilty and sentenced to a flogging. Nathaniel's cousin, Charles Floyd, died on August 20, 1804, the only member of the Corps of Discovery to die during the expedition.

After the Expedition
In 1807 he was put in charge of an expedition to return Mandan chief Sheheke to his tribe, but he was forced to turn back when attacked by Arikaras.

Pryor resigned from the army in 1810, secured an Indian trader's license and established a fur trading post and lead-smelting furnace along the Upper Mississippi at the mouth of the Galena River. Pryor was secretly recruited about 1811, at the request of William Clark, then Indian agent in the Missouri Territory, to gather reconnaissance on the Shawnee Indian Chief Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet. The information he provided probably lead to the November 7, 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe. On January 1, 1812, a party of Winnebago Indians, that had been caught up in the battle at Tippecanoe, and intent on revenge, attacked Pryor's establishment and that of a fellow trader, George Hunt. Pryor was able to escape only with the help of a resident Sauk Indian woman. His establishment was a total loss, burned to the ground. Nathaniel crossed the frozen Mississippi to Missouri, found refuge for the winter in a village of French farmers, and only returned to St. Louis in the spring of 1812. This resulted in an erroneous report of his death in national newspapers in 1812: "Gen. Wm. Clark, of St. Louis, has written to his brother at Louisville, informing him, that a party of Puant Indians, who reside on the waters of the Illinois river, and who belonged to the Prophet's party, has robbed the trading houses of Mr. G. hunt, and Nathaniel Pryor, Esq. killed Pryor, and two of Hunt's men—Hunt escaped."

War of 1812
Pryor rejoined the army during the War of 1812 and, with help from Clark, was commissioned a Captain, serving in the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. Later that same year his regiment was disbanded and Pryor resumed trading with the Indians but relocated to the Arkansas River. In 1825-28 Clark listed former Expedition members and recorded Pryor at Fort Smith.

Living on the Frontier
In 1819 Pryor was given permission to trade with the Osage Nation. He returned to the fur trade after the war, and in 1820 established a trading post on present-day Grand River near Pryor Creek, Oklahoma. Another erroneous report of his death appeared in the press in February 1822, stating he had been killed by a group of Cherokees. He married an Osage woman and had several children. With Sam Houston in 1829 and 1830, Pryor met with Claremont the Osage chief, and Matthew Arbuckle to avoid a war between the Osage and Delaware tribes. Houston was instrumental in recommending Pryor to President Andrew Jackson for a government post as an Indian agent. He served briefly as government agent for the Osages, and represented the tribe in negotiations with the military at nearby Forts Smith and Gibson, from 1830 to his death in 1831.

Pattie's Expedition and California
Nathaniel Pryor was recorded as part of an expedition of fur traders now known as the Pattie's Expedition, that left Santa Fe, Mexican Territory, in 1827. Arriving at Santa Catarina Mission, Alta California, then Mexico, the traders were arrested on March 22, 1828, as Spanish spies by Mexican governor, Jose de Maria Echeandia, and brought to San Diego. The party remained captive until February 1829. This Nathaniel Pryor is sometimes reported to be the same man who traveled with Lewis and Clark, and sometimes reported to be his son, the one found living at San Gabriel Mission in 1838. Considering Nathan Hale Pryor's vast experience with the fur trade, his experience and skill with frontier survival and Indian languages, the fact that he was repeatedly used by the US Army in the capacity of spy and to reconnoiter information, it is very plausible that it was he that was part of the Pattie Party. It was during this period that the United States made attempts to buy Texas and floods of people left the United States for the newly formed Mexican territories of Nuevo México and Alta California. Pryor could well have been sent, as a spy for the U.S. not Spain, to gather intel about the region for the US Army. Released in February 1829, he could have easily returned to Pryor Creek, Oklahoma in time to assist Sam Houston in his Osage negotiations.

Legacy
Pryor Creek, Oklahoma, Pryor, Montana, and the Pryor Mountains are named for him.

title: Nathaniel Hale Pryor


text:
Najam Sheraz

Najam Sheraz (Urdu: نجم شیراز) is a Pakistani pop singer and songwriter.

Early life
Najam Sheraz was born in Multan, Pakistan on 2 August 1969. He played professional cricket. He graduated from the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore in civil engineering. He formed his first band with his elder brothers Booby and Joji called "Brother Rhythm" in 1987. His first Urdu Nasheed, “Na Tera Khuda Koi Aur Hai” was very popular.

title: Najam Sheraz


text:
ZEBRA (computer)

The ZEBRA (Zeer Eenvoudige Binaire Reken Automaat translated Very Simple Binary Automatic Calculator) was one of the first computers to be designed in the Netherlands, (the first one was the "ARRA") and one of the first Dutch computers to be commercially available. It was designed by Willem van der Poel of the Netherlands Post, Telegraph and Telephone, and first delivered in 1958. The production run consisted of fifty-five machines, manufactured and marketed by the British company Standard Telephones and Cables, Ltd.

The ZEBRA was a binary, two-address machine with a 33-bit word length. Storage was provided by a magnetic drum memory holding 8K words organised as 256 tracks of 32 instructions; accumulators were also implemented as recirculating drum tracks in a manner similar to that used in the Bendix G-15. Peripherals included paper tape reader and punch, and a teleprinter.

In 1967, six Zebra computers were in use in UK universities and technical colleges.

Programming
Large parts of the code and operating systems for ZEBRA were written by deafblind mathematician Gerrit van der Mey.

In contrast to most processors, the ZEBRA didn't have different types of instructions. Instead, the operation of an instruction was controlled by fifteen bits in the operation field. Also, it didn't have a program counter in the traditional sense. The ZEBRA instruction word is 33 bits, consisting of a 13-bit drum address, referencing one of the 256 tracks of 32 entries on the memory drum, a five-bit register (or I/O) address, and the 15-bit operation field.

Each bit of the operation field had a distinct meaning and could be used in nearly any combination, leading to many elegant tricks that today might be considered the domain of microprogramming. The operation bits determined things as the sign of the data to be used; if the accumulator was cleared (changing an addition into a load), if a rotation was to be applied, and so on. Also, there was an operation bits that determined if the next instruction would come from register or memory, or the sum of both.

Some bits made an instruction conditional on the accumulator state, as with the Zuse Z22 or Electrologica X1. Multiplication, division, square root, as well as all floating-point operations, were performed by subroutines, using the underlying serial computer ALU primitives add, subtract, shift right, shift left, and increment.

Thanks to a clever design, the multiplication routine needed only one instruction per bit, and the division routine two instructions per bit, so that multiplication and division were relatively fast, with a minimum of hardware. Programming aids included the Normal Code (assembler), trace utility, a floating-point interpretive system, the Simple Code, the Matrix Interpretive Scheme, and an Algol compiler.

Since a magnetic drum does not support random access, some time is lost waiting for an instruction or piece of data become available. In a poorly written program, the average wait time could be half the drum rotation time, but there were ways to reduce this. A notable feature of the ZEBRA was a meter that measured how much of the machine's time was spent in non-wait states; this was called the "efficiency meter." When running the floating-point interpretive system, the efficiency meter tended to show around 50%, but if prospective customers were visiting, a more efficient program could be loaded for demonstration purposes.

title: ZEBRA (computer)


text:
Crespi

Crespi (the Italian form of "Crispus") is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Benedetto Crespi (d. 725 AD), archbishop of Milan
 * Consuelo Crespi (1928–2010), model and editor of Vogue Italia
 * Cristoforo Benigno Crespi (1833–1920), Italian entrepreneur who founded the factory and village of Crespi d’Adda
 * Daniele Crespi (1590–1630), Italian painter
 * Domenico Passignano (born Cresti or Crespi) (1559–1636), Italian painter
 * Frank Angelo Joseph Creepy Crespi (1918–1990), American Major League Baseball player
 * Giovanni Battista Crespi called Il Cerano (1573–1632), Italian painter, sculptor, and architect
 * Giulia Maria Crespi (1923–2020), Italian media proprietor
 * Giuseppe Maria Crespi, called Lo Spagnuolo (1665–1747), Bolognese genre painter of the Baroque period
 * Juan Crespí (1721–1782), Spanish missionary and explorer in California
 * Martí Crespí (born 1987), Spanish footballer

Fictional characters:
 * Martina Crespi, character from the anime/manga Strike Witches

title: Crespi


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Eugenio Calò

Eugenio Calò (July 2, 1906 – July 14, 1944) was an Italian Jewish resistance fighter during World War II. Born in Pisa to an old Sephardi family, he was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal for Military Valour, Italy's highest honor for heroism. Eugenio Calò was an Italian partisan, second in command of the Pio Borri partisan division that fought the Germans in the Casentino mountains in Tuscany. As a Jewish victim of fascist Italy during the Second World War, Calò had lost his workshop, his home, and his family. Finally, at the age of 38, he was captured, tortured and murdered by the Germans.

German occupation
After the German invasion in 1943, the anti-Semitic persecutions increased. The Fascists and the Germans began arresting the Jews and sending them to concentration camps. When Calò had learned about the capture of his family and the fact that they had been kept in Florence's Le Murate prison, he tried to organize their escape. His efforts were in vain. In May 1944 they were all deported to a concentration camp in Fossoli, and on the 16th of that month were sent on a transport to Auschwitz. His wife Carolina Lombroso gave birth to their fourth son while on the train. His family was killed by the Germans immediately upon arriving at Auschwitz.

Two months later, Calò and his fellow partisans captured a group of some thirty German soldiers. Acting on his moral authority as commander and as a human being, Calò opposed his fellow partisans who asked for a summary trial and execution of the prisoners. Instead, he insisted on treating the German soldiers as prisoners of war. He volunteered to take the prisoners across German lines, and extradite them to the hands of the allied forces. The Germans soldiers were notorious for their revenge and reprisal massacres of the civilian population. It was quite obvious to the partisans that if captured with German prisoners, they would be tortured and killed along with some innocent villagers. On July 2, 1944, the prisoners were transferred by Calò and other partisans - among them, Angelo Recapito and Luigi Valentini – to the Allied Headquarters in Cortona across the frontline.

General Mark Clark, commander of the US Fifth Army, asked for two volunteers who would take messages back to the partisans in order to coordinate their activities towards the liberation of the city of Arezzo which was planned for July 14. Calò and Angelo Recapito volunteered to go back and deliver the message. They succeeded in their mission and rejoined their friends, but were captured on July 14 along with a group of civilians and other partisans at Molin dei Falchi, where they had intended to spend the night with some more German prisoners. One of the German prisoners had managed to escape and informed the German Army and some Italian fascist collaborators of the camp's existence. The Germans attacked and there was a fierce battle in which many partisans died. The survivors were transferred to the village of San Polo di Arezzo where all the men of the village were collected as well for the reprisal action. The captured partisans were brutally tortured and murdered.

San Polo massacre
After September 8, 1943, the German invasion army was ordered by the highest authorities not to obey the Geneva Convention nor normal rules of war, and to show no mercy towards the civilian population. The high German command promised to give complete protection against all accusations of brutality. A specific order was issued to torture and kill everyone found with weapons and to terrorize the unarmed civilian population. For every German killed, ten Italian civilians were to be killed.

As per these commands, all the men of San Polo were gathered and brought to Villa Mancini where the German officers were quartered. There, the partisans were brutally beaten with rubber hoses and tortured. Eugenio Calò and Angelo Recapito, who both had information pertaining to the Allied forces' military plans, maintained their silence. At the end of the day, the partisans, wounded and barely alive, along with the captured men of the village — forty-eight in all — were taken to a nearby field on the backyard of Villa Gigliosi that the German soldiers had requisitioned. The civilians were made to dig three pit graves and were then thrown in still alive. The partisans were placed in the pits with their heads above ground and with explosive charges attached to their bodies. They were then blown apart. The Germans did not allow anyone to bury the dead.

Gold medal for military valour
Calò had spared the lives of some thirty captured German soldiers and insisted on acting in a humane way, even though his own family (his wife Carolina Lombroso, daughter Elena and sons Renzo and Albertino) had been captured and sent to Auschwitz only a couple of months earlier.

For his military activities against the Germans as a member of the Italian resistance movement, for his contribution as second in command of the Pio Borri partisan division that patrolled the Casentino mountains in Tuscany, for his bravery, and for his humanity, Eugenio Calò was awarded in 1947 the highest honor for military heroism in Italy, the "Gold Medal for Military Valour".

Remembering Eugenio Calò
The San Polo massacre is commemorated every year, as is the liberation of Arezzo on July 16, 1944. The local religious, civilian and military authorities participate in the ceremony.

There are streets in Arezzo and Florence bearing the names of Eugenio Calò and Angelo Recapito and in the town of Quarata, near Arezzo, there is a school named after him.

The county of Reggello named the Cascia square in memory of Carolina Lombroso Calò, In May 2016 a plaque commemorating her memory and her deportation and murder in Auschwitz with her children, was set in the square.

San Polo trials
Former NSDAP member Herbert Handsk, who took part in the San Polo massacre, was released from prison in 2007 by the Italian justice. Aged 87, he was the only survivor of the perpetrators of the massacre. Klaus Konrad had died on August 15, 2006. He had also been indicted by the magistrates in the same trial. Konrad, who became after the war a deputy of the Bundestag from 1969 to 1980 as a member of Willy Brandt's SPD, had already been indicted by the Italian justice in 1967 and 1972, but the complaints had been classified.

References and bibliography

 * Original research by Eugenio Calo's nephew Tullio Sonnino and Shmulik Suhami.
 * Fuochi sui Monti dell'Appennino Toscano:Antonio Curina ; D. Badiali, Arezzo 1957.
 * Arezzo distrutta 1943-44: Enzo Droandi ; Calosci editore, Cortona, 1995.

title: Eugenio Calò