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WDAF-TV

WDAF-TV (channel 4) is a television station in Kansas City, Missouri, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group, and maintains studios and transmitter facilities on Summit Street in the Signal Hill section of Kansas City, Missouri.

WDAF-TV also serves as an alternate Fox affiliate for the St. Joseph market (which borders the Kansas City market to the north), as the station's transmitter produces a city-grade signal that reaches St. Joseph proper and rural areas in the market's central and southern counties. WDAF previously served as the default NBC station for St. Joseph until it disaffiliated from the network in September 1994 (presently, NBC programming in St. Joseph is provided by KNPG-LD), and as the market's default Fox affiliate from that point on until KNPN-LD (channel 26) signed on as an in-market affiliate on June 2, 2012.

As an NBC affiliate
On January 30, 1948, The Kansas City Star Co. – the locally based parent company of the Kansas City Star, which operated as an employee-owned entity at the time – submitted an application to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit to build and license to operate a television station that would transmit on VHF channel 4. The FCC granted the license for the proposed television station to the Star Co. on the same day; the company subsequently requested to use WDAF-TV (standing for "Why Dial Any Further?") as its call letters, applying the base call sign originally assigned to its radio station on 610 AM (now KCSP; on radio, the WDAF calls now reside on 106.5 FM through a September 2003 format change that also saw the former's country music format move from the AM station, which adopted a sports talk format). (Channel 4 is among a handful of U.S. broadcast stations that is an exception to an FCC rule that assigns call signs prefixed with a "K" to television and radio stations with cities of license located west of the Mississippi River and call signs prefixed with a "W" to stations located east of the river. The anomaly in the case of the WDAF television and radio stations is due to the fact that Kansas City was originally located east of the original "K"/"W" border distinction defined by the FCC at the time that the WDAF call letters were assigned to both stations.)

The station commenced test broadcasts on September 11, 1949, with a three-day event held at Kansas City, Missouri's Municipal Auditorium on West 13th and Central Streets, which was presented by Kansas City Star Co. president Roy A. Roberts and WDAF-TV-AM general manager H. Dean Fitzer. Channel 4 informally signed on the air on September 29, when it broadcast coverage of President Harry S. Truman's speech at the Municipal Auditorium. WDAF-TV officially commenced regular programming two weeks later at 6 p.m. on October 16, 1949; the station's first broadcast was The Birth of a TV Station, a special 30-minute documentary inaugurating channel 4's launch, which featured speeches from Roberts and Fitzer as well as topical features on the station's development and a film outlining programs that would air on WDAF. It was the second television station to sign on in Missouri (after KSDK in St. Louis, which debuted in February 1947 as KSD-TV) and the first to sign on in the Kansas City market. WDAF-TV has maintained studio facilities based at 31st and Summit streets in Kansas City, Missouri's Signal Hill neighborhood since its sign-on; the station originally maintained transmitter facilities on a 724 ft broadcast tower located atop the building. (Since the transmitter facility was relocated to a tower across the street from the Summit Street studios, on Belleview Avenue near West 30th Street, in 1969, the original tower at the studio facility has remained in use for auxiliary transmissions).

Channel 4 originally operated as a primary affiliate of NBC – an affiliation that was owed to WDAF radio's longtime relationship with the television network's direct predecessor, the NBC Red Network, which it had been affiliated with since 1925 (when the station transmitted on 680 AM) as the network's westernmost affiliate – although it also maintained secondary affiliations with CBS, ABC and the DuMont Television Network. Under Star ownership, the station largely utilized WDAF radio employees to staff the television station; among the notable staffers employed with both stations in its early years included Randall Jessee (who served as WDAF-TV's first news anchor), Shelby Storck (who was the station's first weathercaster), and future Hollywood character actor Owen Bush (who served as an on-staff announcer during the early 1950s). Among the local programs that WDAF aired during its early years included the half-hour daytime talk program The Bette Hayes Show, the 90-minute-long daily children's program Dr. Inventor, and a weekly television program on religion hosted by Arthur Otto Ackenbom that ran from 1955 to 1956. For several years, WDAF-TV's daily sign-on and sign-off sequence was accompanied by a recording of Gordon MacRae's rendition of "The Lord's Prayer".

The station would lose affiliations with three of the networks from which it cherry-picked programs in the late summer of 1953, when WDAF gained its first commercial television competitors in the Kansas City market. Programming from CBS and DuMont moved to WHB-TV and KMBC-TV (channel 9; KMBC became the sole occupant of that channel in June 1954), which shared affiliations with the two networks when both stations signed on under a timesharing arrangement between their respective licensees, the Cook Paint and Varnish Company and the Midland Broadcasting Company, on August 2 of that year. Channel 4 shared the ABC affiliation with WHB/KMBC until September 27, when KCMO-TV (channel 5, now KCTV) signed on as the network's original full-time Kansas City affiliate (KMBC and KCMO would swap affiliations two years later in September 1955); this left channel 4 as an exclusive affiliate with NBC.

Also in 1953, the U.S. Department of Justice initiated an antitrust investigation against the Star over its ownership of WDAF radio and WDAF-TV; the investigation was reportedly opened at the behest of President Truman, who had been engaged in a long-standing feud with the newspaper over its opposition to the Kansas City native's presidency and his policy proposals. The investigation culminated in the Justice Department filing indictment charges against the Star on the grounds that it engaged in monopolistic practices in its sale of advertising for the newspaper and its television and radio stations. The case was taken to court in 1955, two years after the close of the Truman administration, a federal grand jury found the Star guilty at the end of the one-month restraint-of-trade trial. After attempts to appeal the ruling failed, the Star signed a consent decree in 1957 that required it to stop combining advertising and subscription rates for the newspaper and sell off its broadcasting interests. On May 18, 1958, the WDAF stations were sold to National-Missouri Broadcasters, the broadcasting division of National Theaters.

On July 13, 1960, National-Missouri Broadcasters merged with Buffalo, New York–based Transcontinent Broadcasting. Under Transcontinent ownership, the two stations were joined by an additional sister radio station, WDAF-FM (102.1, now KCKC). Transcontinent merged with Cincinnati-based Taft Broadcasting on February 19, 1964; the transaction was finalized on April 1, 1964.

On July 13, 1984, as NBC began transitioning away from using microwave relays for distribution of its programs to the more economically efficient downlink method, WDAF-TV became one of the first 20 NBC stations to begin receiving the network's programs via satellite transmission. In 1986, it also became the first television station in Kansas City to broadcast in stereo, initially broadcasting NBC network programs and certain syndicated shows that were transmitted in the audio format.

On October 12, 1987, company investors completed a hostile takeover of Taft Broadcasting from the family which owned the company; its new owners restructured the group into the Great American Television and Radio Company (also known as Great American Communications). By that year, WDAF-TV had overtaken KMBC as the dominant station in Kansas City, as was the trend during this period at many NBC-affiliated stations, buoyed by the stronger programming slate that helped the network retake first place in the ratings among the Big Three broadcast networks around that time. In December 1993, Great American Communications underwent another financial restructuring following the company's filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Great American then decided to put most of its television stations up for sale.

New World Communications ownership
On May 5, 1994, Great American Communications (which would later be renamed Citicasters following the completion of its restructuring) agreed to sell WDAF-TV and three other television stations – CBS affiliate KSAZ-TV in Phoenix, and ABC affiliates WBRC in Birmingham and WGHP in High Point, North Carolina – to New World Communications – for $350 million in cash and $10 million in share warrants;  Great American Communications, meanwhile, retained ownership of WDAF radio and sister station KYYS (102.1 FM, now KCKC) until the renamed Citicasters merged with Jacor on February 13, 1996, in a $770 million deal (due to FCC rules at the time that restricted broadcasting companies from owning more than twelve television stations nationwide, WBRC – also due to the agency's prohibition of television station duopolies; New World having purchased Birmingham's NBC affiliate, WVTM-TV, through the Argyle deal – and WGHP were placed in a blind trust and then sold directly to Fox's owned-and-operated station group, Fox Television Stations, in January 1995).

On May 23, 1994, as part of an overall deal in which network parent News Corporation also purchased a 20% equity interest in the group, New World signed a long-term affiliation agreement with Fox to switch thirteen television stations – five that New World had already owned and eight that the company was in the process of acquiring through separate deals with Great American and Argyle Television Holdings (which New World purchased one week later in a purchase option-structured deal for $717 million), including WDAF – to the network. The stations involved in the agreement – all of which were affiliated with one of the three major broadcast networks (CBS, ABC and NBC) – would become Fox affiliates once individual affiliation contracts with each of the stations' existing network partners had expired. The deal was motivated by the National Football League (NFL)'s awarding of the rights to the National Football Conference (NFC) television package to Fox on December 18, 1993, in which the conference's broadcast television rights moved to the network effective with the 1994 NFL season, ending a 38-year relationship with CBS.

At the time the agreement was signed, the affiliation contracts of WDAF-TV and CBS affiliate WJW-TV in Cleveland were up for renewal as they were set to expire on or shortly after September 1, 1994. The timing of New World's purchase of channel 4 and the signing of its affiliation deal with Fox automatically gave NBC only a five-month span until the conclusion of its contract with the station to find another outlet to replace WDAF-TV as its Kansas City affiliate (by comparison, depending on the station, the existing affiliation contracts of most of the other New World stations that were slated to join Fox were not due to expire until as early as December 1994 to as late as September 1996, giving NBC, ABC and CBS more time to find a replacement affiliate). The network entered into negotiations with other area stations in the immediate weeks after the Fox-New World deal was announced, as the projected date of WDAF's switch to Fox was now fast approaching.

NBC first entered into discussions with KCTV for a contract; this concerned CBS, as New World planned to switch several of the network's stronger-performing affiliates in other markets to Fox, which often forced CBS to affiliate with either a former Fox affiliate or a lower-profile independent station, as many of the Big Three stations and – with the exception of Dallas–Fort Worth and Phoenix – some higher-rated independents it approached rejected offers to join CBS due to its faltering ratings and the older-skewing programming slate it had at the time. To prevent such a situation from happening in Kansas City, CBS decided to approach the Meredith Corporation on a proposal to switch two of KCTV's sister stations – NBC affiliate WNEM-TV in Bay City, Michigan, and independent station KPHO-TV in Phoenix – to that network as a condition of keeping the CBS affiliation on channel 5; KMBC-TV was automatically eliminated as an option for NBC as it was in the middle of a long-term affiliation agreement between ABC and that station's owner, Hearst Broadcasting. This left existing Fox station KSHB-TV (channel 41) as the only viable option with which NBC could reach an affiliation agreement; the station's owner, Scripps-Howard Broadcasting, would strike an agreement with NBC to affiliate KSHB with the network on August 1, 1994, agreeing to do so on the condition that it carry as much local news programming as WDAF had aired as an NBC affiliate (Scripps excluded KSHB from the affiliation deal it struck with ABC around the same time – which also renewed affiliation contracts with WEWS-TV in Cleveland and WXYZ-TV in Detroit, both of which were approached by CBS to replace newcomer Fox affiliates WJW and WJBK-TV, which had their CBS affiliations displaced through the Fox-New World deal – due to KMBC's existing agreement with the network).

New World finalized its purchase of WDAF-TV and KSAZ on September 9, 1994; WDAF-TV switched to Fox three days later on September 12, ending its affiliation with NBC after 45 years. The final NBC program to air on channel 4 was an NBC Sunday Night Movie premiere of Other People's Money on September 11, 1994, at 8 p.m. Central Time. WDAF-TV was the second New World station to switch its network affiliation to Fox through the agreement between the two companies (the first to switch was WJW, which traded affiliations with Cleveland's original Fox affiliate, WOIO, nine days earlier on September 3), and was the only one involved in the deal that had been an NBC affiliate prior to switching networks (WVTM-TV, now owned by Hearst Television and ironically now a sister station to WDAF rival KMBC-TV, and KNSD in San Diego, both of which New World later sold to NBC outright, remained with the network) – the other New World stations that joined Fox were previously affiliated with either CBS or ABC.

As with most of the other New World-owned stations affected by the affiliation agreement with Fox, WDAF-TV retained its existing branding – in its instance, Newschannel 4, which the station adopted as a universal brand in April 1992 as an NBC affiliate – upon the affiliation switch; branding references to Fox, both visually and verbally, were limited in most on-air imaging, with the exception of on-air IDs (which used the tagline "in Kansas City, Newschannel 4 is Fox") that aired until January 1997. In addition to expanding its local news programming, the station added additional syndicated talk shows as well as some reality series and off-network sitcoms to fill time periods that were occupied by NBC's daytime and late-night lineups beforehand, as well as syndicated film packages for broadcast in weekend afternoon timeslots on weeks when Fox did not provide sports programming.

Fox Television Stations ownership
On July 17, 1996, News Corporation announced that it would acquire New World in an all-stock transaction worth $2.48 billion, with the latter company's ten Fox affiliates being folded into the former's Fox Television Stations subsidiary, making them all owned-and-operated stations of the network (the New World Communications name continued as a licensing purpose corporation for WDAF-TV and its sister stations until 2007 under Fox, and from 2009 to 2011 under Local TV ownership); the purchase was finalized on January 22, 1997, making WDAF-TV the first owned-and-operated station of a major network in the Kansas City market since DuMont briefly operated KCTY (channel 25) from December 1953 until it shut down that station in February 1954. On January 26, coinciding with Fox's telecast of Super Bowl XXXI, WDAF-TV subsequently changed its branding from Newschannel 4 to Fox 4 under the network's branding conventions (with its newscasts concurrently rebranding as Fox 4 News).

On June 29, 2001, reports surfaced that Fox Television Stations had reached an agreement to sell WDAF and three of its other owned-and-operated stations – WGHP, WBRC and WHBQ-TV in Memphis, Tennessee (which Fox purchased through a separate agreement with Communications Corporation of America as an ABC affiliate in August 1994 ) – to New York City-based African American business executive Luther Gatling. The deal was reportedly would have been an effort to free ownership cap space (the four stations covered 2.7% of 40.74% of U.S. television households that Fox had access to one of its owned-and-operated stations) to allow Fox to get under the 35% national market reach allowed by any station group and clear enough room to acquire standalone UPN affiliates in four markets that Fox was in the process of acquiring from Chris-Craft Television. Although representatives at WDAF and WHBQ confirmed the sale, News Corporation stated on July 3 that it had only received an offer from Gatling and had not entered into formal sale negotiations. Fox ultimately never reached a deal with Gatling, and retained ownership of the four stations after the FCC raised the national ownership cap that restricted broadcast groups from owning television stations which reached a combined total of U.S. households from 35% to 39% following an order by the U.S. Court of Appeals issued to justify the limit.

Local TV and Tribune ownership
On December 22, 2007, Fox sold WDAF-TV and seven other owned-and-operated stations – WJW, WBRC, WGHP, KTVI in St. Louis, WITI in Milwaukee, KDVR in Denver and KSTU in Salt Lake City – to Local TV (a broadcast holding company operated by private equity firm Oak Hill Capital Partners that was formed on May 7 of that year to assume ownership of the broadcasting division of The New York Times Company) for $1.1 billion; the sale was finalized on July 14, 2008. On July 1, 2013, the Tribune Company (which in 2008, had formed a joint management agreement involving its Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary and Local TV to operate stations owned by both companies and provide web hosting, technical and engineering services to those run by the latter group) acquired the Local TV stations for $2.75 billion; the sale was completed on December 27.

Aborted sale to Sinclair Broadcast Group; sale to Nexstar Media Group
On May 8, 2017, Hunt Valley, Maryland-based Sinclair Broadcast Group announced that it would acquire Tribune Media for $3.9 billion, plus the assumption of $2.7 billion in debt held by Tribune. If the deal received regulatory approval, WDAF-TV would have been placed under common ownership with Sinclair's existing Missouri-based stations: CBS affiliates KRCG in Jefferson City, KHQA-TV in Hannibal and KTVO in Kirksville, the Cape Girardeau duopoly of Fox affiliate KBSI and MyNetworkTV affiliate WDKA, and ABC affiliate KDNL-TV in St. Louis (which was involved in an ownership conflict with WDAF's sister duopoly of KTVI and CW affiliate KPLR-TV, which Sinclair attempted to sell to the Meredith Corporation before rescinding that deal due to KPLR and Meredith-owned CBS affiliate KMOV both falling among the FCC's "top-four" ratings threshold for duopolies and the U.S. Department of Justice's Antitrust Division wanting to seek further review of the transaction). Less than one month after the FCC voted to have the deal reviewed by an administrative law judge amid "serious concerns" about Sinclair's forthrightness in its applications to sell certain conflict properties, on August 9, 2018, Tribune announced it would terminate the Sinclair deal, intending to seek other M&A opportunities. Tribune also filed a breach of contract lawsuit in the Delaware Chancery Court, alleging that Sinclair engaged in protracted negotiations with the FCC and the DOJ over regulatory issues, refused to sell stations in markets where it already had properties, and proposed divestitures to parties with ties to Sinclair executive chair David D. Smith that were rejected or highly subject to rejection to maintain control over stations it was required to sell. Had the deal been approved, it would have marked a re-entry into Kansas City for Sinclair, which previously owned KSMO-TV from 1994 to 2005, when it sold that station to Meredith to form a duopoly with KCTV.

On December 3, 2018, Irving, Texas-based Nexstar Media Group—which had previously owned ABC affiliate KQTV in St. Joseph from April 1997 until January 2017—announced it would acquire the assets of Tribune Media for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. The deal—which made Nexstar the largest television station operator by total number of stations upon the sale's closure on September 19, 2019—would put WDAF-TV under common ownership with Nexstar's existing virtual clusters in the adjacent markets of Topeka (among NBC affiliate KSNT, Fox affiliate KTMJ-CD and ABC-affiliated SSA partner KTKA-TV) and Joplin (between NBC affiliate KSNF and ABC-affiliated SSA partner KODE-TV). Channel 4 would also retain WHO-DT in Des Moines as a sibling, with Nexstar's current duopoly in that market of WOI-DT and KCWI being sold to Tegna Inc.

Programming
WDAF-TV currently carries the majority of the Fox network schedule; however, it delays the network's Saturday late night block (consisting of reruns of Fox prime time reality series) by a half-hour in order to air its 10 p.m. newscast. Channel 4 has only aired Fox's prime time, late night, news and sports programming since it joined the network in September 1994, with the only content it has aired involving Fox's children's programming having been of fall preview specials and network promotions for those blocks that aired within the network's prime time lineup for the final twelve years that Fox carried programming aimed at that demographic. The only notable program preemption outside of the network's children's blocks has been that of the secondary Sunday morning NFL pre-game show Fox NFL Kickoff, of which WDAF had declined carriage for the 2015 regular season (the program moved to Fox from Fox Sports 1 in September 2015), with the station's second digital subchannel airing it instead in its network-recommended time slot; WDAF began clearing Fox NFL Kickoff in September 2016.

During its first four decades with NBC, WDAF-TV preempted moderate amounts of the network's programming, usually consisting of some daytime shows and an occasional prime time program. Among the notable programs that were preempted by channel 4 included Days of Our Lives (which was preempted by the station from its November 1965 debut until 1971), the 1967 reboot of Dragnet (which was dropped by WDAF-TV after the police procedural's first season, before the station decided to re-permit clearance of the program at the start of its third season in September 1969, albeit airing on delay on Saturday afternoons; the station eventually began airing the show in pattern on Thursdays towards the end of its run), I Dream of Jeannie (which the station began preempting partway through its first season in 1966, before it resumed carrying the show in the fall of 1968), and The Name of the Game (which it replaced with the country music programs Country Hayride and The Stan Hitchcock Show during its second season). Although NBC had long been less tolerant of affiliates preempting its programming than the other broadcast networks were, it usually did not raise objections to those made by WDAF-TV. The issue was rectified between 1969 and 1971, as most of the NBC shows that the station chose to preempt would air instead on independent station KCIT-TV (channel 50, now Ion Television owned-and-operated station KPXE-TV; the KCIT calls now reside on a Fox-affiliated television station in Amarillo, Texas).

As with most of its sister stations under its former New World ownership (with the subverted exception of St. Louis sister station KTVI), WDAF-TV has always declined carriage of Fox's children's programming; it opted not to run the Fox Kids weekday and Saturday blocks when it affiliated with the network, airing children's programs acquired via syndication on Saturday mornings instead (the preemptions of Fox Kids by the New World stations led the network to change its carriage policies to allow Fox stations uninterested in carrying the block the right of first refusal to transfer the local rights to another station, restructuring Fox Kids as a network-syndicated program package; by 2001, affiliates were no longer required to run the Fox Kids lineup even if Fox had not secured a substitute carrier). Fox Kids aired locally on KSMO-TV from 1994 to 1998; KCWE (channel 29, now a CW affiliate) from 1998 to 1999; and finally – along with its successor blocks FoxBox and 4Kids TV – on KMCI (channel 38) from 1999 to 2008. Fox ended its network-supplied children's programming on December 28, 2008, replacing it thereafter with the paid programming block Weekend Marketplace, which is not carried by any Kansas City area station. On September 13, 2014, WDAF began carrying Xploration Station, a live-action educational program block distributed by Steve Rotfeld Productions that is syndicated primarily to Fox stations, on Saturday mornings through an agreement involving Tribune's Fox-affiliated stations.

Sports programming
WDAF-TV began serving as the unofficial "home" television station of the Kansas City Chiefs in 1965, when NBC obtained the television rights to the American Football League (AFL), which was annexed into the National Football League (NFL) – as the American Football Conference (AFC) – when the two professional football leagues merged in 1970. The station carried most regional or national Chiefs game telecasts aired by NBC through the 1993 season; the local rights to the Chiefs broadcasts transferred to KSHB after it assumed the NBC affiliation from WDAF in September 1994 and remained there until the network's contract with the AFC expired after the 1997 season (KSHB would resume airing certain regular season games involving the Chiefs in 2006, when NBC obtained the rights to the Sunday Night Football package). The loss of primary broadcast rights to the Chiefs by WDAF – one of two Fox affiliates affected by the New World agreement that is located in an AFC market, alongside WJW, which is located in the home market of the Cleveland Browns – differs from the situations in other former New World markets, mainly where it bought or already owned stations that were previously affiliated with CBS, in which the affected stations continued their relationships with a local NFL franchise after they switched to Fox (albeit with brief interruptions in these arrangements in cities such as Milwaukee, Atlanta and Dallas, where Fox's assumption of the NFC rights predated some of the stations' affiliation switches by several months).

As a Fox station, since the network obtained partial broadcast rights to the NFL in 1994, Chiefs game telecasts on WDAF during the regular season have been limited to regionally televised interconference games against opponents in the National Football Conference (NFC), primarily those held at Arrowhead Stadium, and since 2014, cross-flexed games originally scheduled to air on CBS in which the team plays against a fellow AFC team. However, Channel 4 held broadcast rights to preseason games involving the team from 1997 to 2001 through a partnership with the Chiefs Television Network; during this period, the on-air production presentation of the locally exclusive telecasts was upgraded to network quality standards by way of WDAF's then-ownership under Fox. Currently, most regular season and some preseason games shown over-the-air locally are televised by KCTV, which has served as the Chiefs' preseason broadcaster since 2002, four years after CBS took over the AFC television rights when that station became the team's primary local broadcaster and carrier of analysis and magazine programs produced by the team's production unit. WDAF-TV also carried the Chiefs' victories in Super Bowls LIV (the team's first championship in 50 years) and LVII.

WDAF-TV also served as the over-the-air flagship station of the Kansas City Royals from 1979 to 1992; this relationship continued long after many Big Three-affiliated stations discontinued regular coverage of local sporting events, including those involving Major League Baseball (MLB) franchises. In addition, from 1969 until the network lost the rights to the MLB Game of the Week in 1989 and sporadically during part of the strike-shortened 1994 season, the station also carried certain regular season and postseason games featuring the Royals that NBC televised nationally (it also aired any nationally televised games of the city's first MLB team, the Kansas City A's from 1955 to 1967). Since Fox obtained the partial (now exclusive) over-the-air network television rights to the league in 1996, WDAF has carried certain Royals games that have been regionally televised (and, since 2013, select national telecasts scheduled during prime time) by the network during the league's regular season and postseason. Notable Royals telecasts that the station has aired during its tenures with NBC and Fox have included the team's World Series appearances in 1980, 2014 and 2015, the first having been aired by NBC and the two most recent appearances being carried by Fox, the latter of which saw the franchise win its first world championship title since 1985.

News operation
, WDAF-TV presently broadcasts 67 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with $11 1/2$ hours on weekdays, $4 1/2$ hours on Saturdays and five hours on Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the highest local newscast output among the Kansas City market's commercial television stations. WDAF-TV's Sunday 5 p.m. newscast is subject to preemption due to network sports coverage, as is standard with Fox stations that carry early-evening newscasts on weekends (though the Saturday 5 p.m. newscast is usually delayed to 6 p.m. during the baseball or college football seasons, if Fox is only scheduled to air a daytime game telecast). The station operates a Hummer, branded as "Storm Fox", which the station primarily uses as a storm chasing vehicle to cover severe weather events affecting its viewing area.

News department history
Local news has always maintained an important presence at WDAF-TV throughout its history, an ideology fitting of a station that was founded by a newspaper. Dating back to its NBC affiliation, channel 4 has long battled KMBC-TV (and at times, KCTV as well) for the most-watched local television newscast in the Kansas City market for the better part of four decades. During the late 1970s and 1980s, WDAF-TV's newscasts sat in second place in the ratings, behind KMBC; however, coinciding with the rise of NBC's ratings fortunes during that period, it ended the latter decade in first place, overtaking KCTV for the top spot. In 1982, WDAF-TV became the first television station in Kansas City to use a helicopter for newsgathering; the helicopter (originally known as "Chopper 4" until 1992, then as "NewsChopper 4" from 1992 to 1999, and later "Sky Fox" thereafter) was used to provide aerial coverage of breaking news and severe weather events, and periodically for traffic reports during its weekday morning and 5 p.m. newscasts; the helicopter was grounded by station management on August 31, 2009, citing budget issues with the leasing of the helicopter.

Also in 1982, WDAF launched a feature titled "Thursday’s Child", a segment that aired weekly during its 10 p.m. newscast, which highlighted Kansas City area children in the foster care system who were seeking adoptive families; the segment was produced by the WDAF news department, in conjunction with the Love Fund for Children, a charity founded through a $1,200 endowment from several WDAF-TV employees. In September 1984, the station debuted a 20-minute local sports news program within the Sunday edition of its 10 p.m. newscast, The Kansas City Sports Machine, which borrowed its title from the syndicated The George Michael Sports Machine, which aired on WDAF from 1982 until it concluded its syndication run in September 2007; the WDAF version lasted until 1999, when it evolved into a conventional sports segment within the Sunday 10 p.m. newscast.

When WDAF-TV adopted the Newschannel 4 brand in April 1992, the station also implemented the "24-Hour News Source" concept (which was enforced in the promotional slogan used by the station until 1999, "Kansas City's 24-Hour Newschannel"). Its iteration of the concept involved both the production of 30-second news updates that aired at or near the top of each hour during local commercial break inserts – even during prime time network and overnight programming – and five-second end-of-break weather updates (consisting of an image of the station's Doppler radar, then known as "Doppler 4 Radar", usually accompanied by a brief voiceover by one of the station's meteorologists illustrating the short-term forecast or teasing the weather segment in an upcoming newscast), during time periods when the station was not airing its regularly scheduled, long-form newscasts. In September 1992, WDAF became the first television station in Kansas City to launch a weekend morning newscast, with the debut of two-hour-long Saturday and Sunday broadcasts that initially aired from 8 to 10 a.m. (both editions would later move to 7 to 9 a.m. in September 1997, with the Saturday edition moving one hour earlier on April 23, 2016).

After WDAF became a Fox affiliate on September 12, 1994, the station underwent a major shift in its programming philosophy that more heavily emphasized its local news programming. It retained a news schedule similar to the one it had as an NBC affiliate, but increased its news output from about 25 hours to nearly 45 hours per week by expanding existing newscasts and adding ones in new time periods (with its weekday news schedule expanding from $3 1/2$ hours to seven hours per day). In its early years with Fox, local news programming on the station ran on weekdays from 6 to 9 a.m., noon to 1 p.m. and 5 to 6:30 p.m. and nightly from 9 to 10:30 p.m., as well as on weekend mornings and early evenings. The station retained the "24-Hour News Source" format after the affiliation switch, continuing to offer news updates on an hourly basis during commercial breaks until it discontinued the concept in May 1999. With New World Communications heavily investing in the news department's expansion, WDAF increased its news staff from 80 to 120 employees; it hired up to 40 additional employees (including additional reporters and behind-the-scenes staff members) to handle the expanded news coverage that the new news-intensive lineup would allow.

The weekday morning newscast's expansion from one to three hours – with the addition of a two-hour extension from 7 to 9 a.m. – and the consolidation of its half-hour weeknight 5 and 6 p.m. newscasts into a single 90-minute block – although the early-evening block was structured as three separate half-hour broadcasts – filled timeslots vacated by the departures of Today and NBC Nightly News from its schedule as Fox, unlike NBC, does not have daily national news programs. The weekday morning newscast would gradually expand over time, eventually attaining its current 5½-hour format with the addition of an hour-long block at 9 a.m. on March 24, 2011, and a half-hour early extension at 4:30 a.m. on October 3 of that year. Since Fox does not provide network programming during that hour, Channel 4 also added an hour-long prime time newscast at 9 p.m. – originally titled Newschannel 4 Primetime until January 1997 and then Fox 4 News: Primetime at 9 until September 1999, when it was renamed as simply Fox 4 News at 9 – to lead into its existing 10 p.m. newscast (WDAF is one of several Fox stations that offer newscasts in both the final hour of prime time and the traditional late news time slot – as well as one of the few affiliated with the network that runs a nightly newscast in the latter slot – and one of ten that continued its Big Three-era late-evening newscast after switching to Fox); the addition marked the first time WDAF had aired a local newscast at that hour since its days as a hybrid NBC/ABC/CBS/DuMont affiliate, when the station aired its late-evening newscast at 9:30 from its sign-on in September 1949 until the program moved to 10 p.m. after the station became a full-time NBC affiliate in September 1953.

On January 15, 1996, WDAF-TV reformatted its 5:30 p.m. newscast as Your World Tonight, a program focusing primarily on national and international news headlines that was modeled similarly to the national news programs of ABC, CBS and NBC (as with the national newscasts that Your World Tonight competed directly against, the program maintained a single-anchor format, with Phil Witt – who joined WDAF in August 1979 as a weekend evening anchor/reporter, before being promoted to main co-anchor of the weekday evening newscasts in 1981, a role in which he remained until Witt retired from broadcasting on June 20, 2017   – at the helm). Because Fox did not have a news division – and by association, an affiliate news service – at the time WDAF joined the network, the program – as was the case with WDAF's news department as a whole since the September 1994 switch to Fox – initially relied mainly on external video feeds from CNN Newsource for coverage of national and international news stories, although with the associated launch of Fox News Channel that August, it also added content sourced from Fox's in-house affiliate video service Fox News Edge. The Your World Tonight concept was not successful, and the 5:30 p.m. broadcast was retooled as a traditional local newscast, formatted as an extension of its lead-in 5 broadcast, on January 6, 1997.

Not long after WDAF-TV switched to Fox, KMBC made a short resurgence in news viewership amid viewer confusion caused by the switch, overtaking it for first place among the market's local television newscasts; this situation would further intensify the ratings rivalry between the two stations. Since the late 1990s, WDAF-TV's newscasts have rotated between first and second place with either KMBC or KCTV depending on the time slot, with the station's strongest ratings being logged in the morning and at 9 p.m., where WDAF regularly finishes at No. 1 (in time periods where that station does not have an absolute hold in that position, WDAF competes for second place with CBS affiliate KCTV). Channel 4 has maintained its status as the ratings leader in the 9 p.m. hour, even as it has faced added competition in recent years from a KCTV-produced newscast on MyNetworkTV-affiliated sister station KSMO-TV (which premiered on the latter station as a WB affiliate on September 12, 2005) and a KMBC-produced newscast on that station's CW-affiliated sister KCWE (which began as a half-hour program on September 14, 2010 ).

In February 2003, WDAF-TV launched an investigative reporting unit, the "Fox 4 Problem Solvers", which conduct investigative reports centering on businesses that have ripped off local consumers and uncovers various consumer scams. In April 2007, fellow Fox affiliate KTMJ-CA in Topeka began simulcasting the 7 to 9 a.m. block of WDAF-TV's weekday morning newscast and its nightly 9 p.m. newscast (ironically, the over-the-air signals of WDAF-TV and several other Kansas City area stations adequately cover most of the nearby Topeka market due to the close proximity of the two markets, Topeka being located 55 mi due west of Kansas City). The simulcasts were dropped in November 2008, when KTMJ's earlier purchase by New Vision Television led to their replacement by locally based newscasts produced by its NBC-affiliated sister station KSNT.

On October 12, 2010, WDAF-TV became the fourth (and last) television station in the Kansas City market to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. On April 11, 2011, the station extended its existing pre-Fox-era late newscast, with the debut of a separate 10:30 p.m. news program on Sunday through Friday nights (Fox late night programming airs on Saturdays during that half-hour); as a result, it became the first Fox station – and one of only a handful of television stations in the Central and Mountain time zones – to expand its 10 p.m. newscast to a full hour, a format more common in that timeslot with prime time newscasts aired on Fox stations and non-major-network outlets in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Mark Alford – weekday anchor (1998–2021; now elected to the United States House of Representatives in MO's 4th congressional district)
 * Owen Bush – station announcer (1950s; deceased)
 * Jack Cafferty – news and weather anchor (later became news commentator for CNN)
 * Harris Faulkner – evening anchor (1992–2000; now at Fox News Channel)
 * David Schechter – reporter (1995-1996); CBS News correspondent and host of On The Dot with David Schechter
 * Gayle King – anchor/reporter (1978–1981; now at CBS News as co-host of CBS Mornings)
 * Stacy Smith – evening anchor (1977–1983; moved to KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh, retired in May 2021)
 * Shelby Storck – weather anchor (1950s–1960s; deceased)
 * Bob Wells – announcer and weekend weatherman (1959–1965; later at WJW-TV in Cleveland, now an actor/announcer in the Tampa Bay area)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Analog-to-digital conversion
WDAF-TV's digital signal was upgraded to full-power high definition on September 23, 2005, increasing its HD signal strength from 1.2 kW to 1,000 kW. The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 4, on June 12, 2009, at 9:01 a.m., the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. WDAF continued to transmit its digital signal on its pre-transition UHF channel 34, using virtual channel 4.

title: WDAF-TV


text:
Übach-Palenberg

Übach-Palenberg (Ripuarian: Übach-Pallebersch) is a town in the Heinsberg district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was formed by the merger of two villages, Palenberg and Übach.

Geography
The town is located at the border with the Netherlands, at approx. 10 km east of Heerlen and 15 km north of Aachen. The river Wurm flows through the area. The town has an area of 26.106 km2. More than half the area is agricultural.

History

 * 867 the village Palenberg was first mentioned in a written document, 1172 the village Übach. 1794 three Bürgermeistereien were created - Übach, Scherpenseel, Frelenberg - which were merged into one municipality in 1935. It received town rights in 1967.
 * 1917 coal mining was started in the town, until in 1962 the Carolus Magnus coal-mine was closed.

Twin towns – sister cities
Übach-Palenberg is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Rosny-sous-Bois, France (1990)
 * Landgraaf, Netherlands (2000)

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the town is subdivided into three fields. In the top blue field are two crossed golden scepters with lily heads, with a black letter T on top. Both symbols refer to the Grundherrschaft Thorn. In the left golden field is a black lion, the symbol of Jülich, as both Frelenberg and Palenberg belonged to the county Jülich. To the right is a silver lion on a red field, the symbol of Heinsberg, which Scherpenseel historically belonged to. The coat of arms was granted on December 2, 1937 by the Oberpräsident of the province Rhineland.

Economy
In addition to international companies such as SLV, Neuman & Esser, Schlafhorst or Spanset the company Solent GmbH & Co. KG has been producing chocolate, nuts and dried fruit for various brands in Übach-Palenberg since 2010. Its sister company, Bonback GmbH & Co. KG, a wholesale bakery, produces at the same location.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Übach-Palenberg


text:
User talk:Dsda

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 11:35, 30 August 2005 (UTC).

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Butterfly Temple
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title: User talk:Dsda


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daug, Artchil C.

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was USERFY. Since the user has edited a little apart from these articles, I'll move it there and delete the redirects. -Splash 00:41, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Daug, Artchil C. and Artchil C. Daug
Vanity created by User:Artchil, highly suspect them to be the same person. Francs2000 | Talk 11:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Note there is also Artchil C. Daug, I have just noticed. -- Francs2000 | Talk 11:47, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy if Artchil so wishes, unless further relevance is made clear. Alf 11:40, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, vanity. jni 10:08, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy --Saluyot 03:43, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Muerte(Delete), let him userfy if he wants to.--Jondel 04:24, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Michael D'Asaro Sr.

Michael D'Asaro Sr. (March 14, 1938 – December 12, 2000) was an American fencing master and coach.

D'Asaro was a Pan American Games, U.S., and World Military Sabre Champion, and had the particular distinction of being perhaps the last top-level three-weapon competitor. He was also a fencing coach at San Jose State University.

Sabre

 * 1960 Summer Olympics – 4th place US team.
 * Pan American Games – 1st in individual and team, 1963.
 * Nationals – 1st, 1962, medalist in '60, '66, and '67.
 * NCAA – 1st 1960.

Foil
Nationals – 3rd, 1963, 1st (team) 1959.

Épée
Pan American Games – 2nd (individual), 1st (team), 1959. Martini-Rossi – 3rd, 1963.

Coaching
Olympic Coach and member of the National Coaching Staff: 1976 Olympics, 1977 World University Games, 1975 and '79 Pan American Games, and 1973 and '74 Junior World Championships.

Honors
D'Asaro was inducted into the USFA Hall of Fame in 2002.

He finished his coaching career at Westside Fencing Center in Los Angeles.

Miscellaneous
His former wife, Gay Jacobsen D'Asaro, was a member of the 1976 and 1980 US Women's Olympic Foil Teams. His son, Michael D'Asaro Jr., coached in California at California Institute of Technology, Santa Barbara Fencing Academy and his soon to open club, Salle D'asaro. Michael Jr. has now relocated to Trophy Club, Texas. He's also made mention of a new fencing club.

Former students

 * Jeff Richardson
 * Darrell Bluhm
 * Michael D'asaro Jr.
 * Thom Cate
 * Soren Thompson, two-time Olympian in epee and world champion

title: Michael D'Asaro Sr.


text:
Hemsedal Bygdetun

Hemsedal Bygdatun is a small museum in Ulsåk in Hemsedal municipality in Buskerud county, Norway. The museum is a subsidiary of Hallingdal Museum.

title: Hemsedal Bygdetun


text:
Top Gear

Top Gear may refer to:
 * "Top gear", the highest gear available in a vehicle's manual transmission

Television

 * Top Gear (1977 TV series), a British motoring magazine programme
 * Top Gear (2002 TV series), a relaunched version of the original show
 * Top Gear (2011 TV series), a Chinese adaptation
 * Top Gear (2014 TV series), another Chinese adaptation
 * Top Gear (American TV series), 2010–2016
 * Top Gear America, 2017–2022
 * Top Gear Australia, 2008–2012, 2024-
 * Top Gear France, from 2015
 * Top Gear Italia, 2016
 * Top Gear Korea, from 2011
 * Top Gear Russia, 2009

Other uses

 * Top Gear (magazine), a British magazine based on the TV show
 * Top Gear (Indian magazine)
 * Top Gear (radio programme), BBC radio music programme 1964–1975
 * Top Gear (retailer), clothes boutique of the 1960s in London
 * Top Gear (video game series)
 * Top Gear (video game), for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System
 * Top Gear, an unrelated LaserDisc video game by Taito.

title: Top Gear


text:
Energy Brands

Energy Brands, also doing business as Glacéau, is a privately owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company based in Whitestone, Queens, New York, that manufactures and distributes various lines of drinks marketed as enhanced water. Founded in May 1996 by J. Darius Bikoff with an electrolyte enhanced line of water called Smartwater, Energy Brands initially distributed its products to health food stores and independent retailers in the New York area. Adding Fruitwater and Vitaminwater to its line in 1998 and 2000, respectively, the company expanded to nationwide distribution in the early 2000s.

By 2002, the Glacéau line of waters was the top-selling enhanced water brand in the United States, with the company's Vitaminwater being its best-selling product. In 2006, the company earned US$350 million in revenue. The company then began its global expansion, launching its products in the United Kingdom and Australia in 2008, France in 2009 and Argentina in 2011.

Energy Brands is owned primarily by Bikoff, employees, and small investors. Rapper 50 Cent obtained a minority share of the company as part of an endorsement deal in the company. Thirty percent of the equity was sold to LVMH sometime in the 2000s, which in turn sold those shares. The shares eventually were sold to India-based Tata Group in August 2006, which held the shares until May 2007 when The Coca-Cola Company purchased the company as an independent subsidiary, leaving its actual operations with its existing management including Bikoff.

History
J. Darius Bikoff, a self-proclaimed health nut born on September 21, 1961, first conceived of the idea of vitamin-enhanced water in 1996. According to him, he was feeling "run down" and concerned he was catching a cold, so he took some Vitamin C and drank some mineral water. As he consumed the items, he started thinking about the idea of having them together instead of having to take them separately. He founded Energy Brands in May 1996 using his personal savings and contracting with an aquifer in Connecticut for the base water used. The individual products carried the Glacéau name, with the company's first product being Glacéau Smartwater.

Reflecting on the company's early history, Bikoff notes that it was "very tough" as he struggled with founding the company having no actual experience in beverage manufacturing, beyond working in an aluminum fabrication factory. While launching his company, he was also having to deal with personal struggles including a divorce and having to file for bankruptcy. He started by personally introducing Smartwater to smaller independent natural food stores around New York, moving to a statewide launch when the product became successful. He used this same basic method, adding in "mom-and-pop stores", for the launches of Fruitwater and Vitaminwater in 1998 and 2000, respectively. By 2001, the company's drinks were sold in over 4,000 retail stores in the New York area. According to Bikoff, this enabled his products to go unnoticed by the large beverage makers until the product was firmly established, when he could then cultivate relationships with various independent distributors, opening the way for nationwide distribution.

Bikoff eventually allowed LVMH to buy a 30% equity share in the company. LVMH later sold the stake to another investor, who in turn sold it again. The shares ended up in the hands of India-based Tata Group in August 2006, which paid $677 million for the 30% equity, seeking to expand its American business interests.

Acquisition by Coca-Cola
On May 25, 2007, the company was acquired by The Coca-Cola Company for $4.1 billion in cash.

$1.2 billion of the sales went to the Tata Group for its 30% minority ownership, which Tata agreed to sell. Under the purchase agreement, Energy Brands remains nearly autonomous as a subsidiary of Coca-Cola, with Coca-Cola primarily operating with a hands-off method, leaving Bikoff and Energy Brands principal operating officers in charge. In discussing the role of Coca-Cola, Bikoff states: "We run independently, we have our own offices. If Coca-Cola don't call me, I don't call them."

Energy Brands began launching its products in the United Kingdom and Australia in 2008, with France following in 2009 and Argentina in 2011. The company eventually plans to expand to Canada and Mexico.

Legal disputes
On April 5, 2006, Energy Brands filed a lawsuit against PepsiCo in the U.S. District Court in Manhattan alleging that PepsiCo's SoBe "Life Water" packages infringed its trade dress for similar drinks. In the subsequent settlement Pepsi agreed to change its packaging.

On January 14, 2009, the Center for Science in the Public Interest filed a class-action lawsuit against Energy Brands' parent company in the Northern District of California Court. The suit alleges that the marketing of the drink as a "healthful alternative" to soda is deceptive and in violation of Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The consumer group states that "according to CSPI nutritionists, the 33 grams of sugar in each bottle of Vitaminwater do more to promote obesity, diabetes and other health problems than the vitamins in the drinks do to perform the advertised benefits listed on the bottles". Coca-Cola dismissed the allegations as "ridiculous," on the grounds that "no consumer could reasonably be misled into thinking Vitaminwater was a healthy beverage" and an attempt by the group to increase its readership.

In 2011, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered the coordination of different lawsuits against Coca-Cola Co. that alleged it misled the public about the nutritional benefits of Vitaminwater.

Financials
As a privately owned company, Energy Brands has never been required to release information about its sales figures or other financial information. Bikoff himself never stated what percentage of the company he owned before it was sold. Forbes magazine once reported that he owned only 25% of the company, but in an interview with The Times, he denied this stating: "Did anyone say I had less than 50%? Look, I maintained control of the company and I maintain it today. But I don’t talk about my share as every story becomes one about personal wealth." In 2006, the company was reported to have an annual sales revenue of $350 million.

Before the sale to Coca-Cola, 70% shares of the company were held by company employees and smaller investors, with 30% held by the Tata Group. In October 2004, rapper Curtis Jackson—known as 50 Cent—was given a minority share in the company in exchange for becoming a spokesperson after learning that he was a fan of the beverage. The health-conscious Jackson noted that he first learned of the product while at a gym in Los Angeles, and stated that "they do such a good job making water taste good." After becoming a shareholder and endorser, Jackson worked with the company to create a new grape-flavored "Formula 50" variant of Vitaminwater and mentioned the drinks in various songs and interviews. It's unknown how much Jackson made from the purchase of his shares by Coca-Cola, with estimates in the financial press mainly in the $100 – 400million range. Though he no longer has an equity stake in the company, Jackson continues to act as a spokesperson for Vitaminwater, enthusiastically supporting the product, including singing about it at the BET Awards and expressing his excitement over the company's continuing to allow his input on products.

Products
Energy Brands' first product was Glacéau Smartwater, vapor-distilled water with added electrolytes, which was released at the company's launch in 1996. Glaceau Fruitwater, adding zero-calorie fruit flavors to the core Smartwater, followed in 1998. In 2000, Vitaminwater was launched, adding vitamins and natural flavors with Smartwater. Designed to "fill the gap" between soft drinks and water for people who knew they should be drinking more water but weren't, Vitaminwater was targeted primarily at adults. With fewer calories than soda, the company states that the drink both hydrates consumers and provides nutrients they are likely to be missing.

In 2002, Energy Brands' Glacéau drinks were the top-selling brand of enhanced water. Vitaminwater is considered its most successful of the four products. On April 2, 2009, Glacéau Vitaminwater introduced a new line for the weight-conscious market called Vitaminwater10 that has 10 calories per eight-ounce serving, and later Vitaminwater Zero, a calorie-free drink, down from the older line that serves 50 kilocalories. Both drinks include Truvia as a sweetener. Vitaminwater Zero also used Erythritol until March 2023, when two new flavors, coconut lime and raspberry dark chocolate, were announced along with a change to stevia and monk fruit as sweeteners. In September 2010, a rebranded version of the 10 calorie drink was introduced to the Canadian market, although Vitaminwater Zero is still exclusively a US product.

vitaminwater
vitaminwater is a mineral water product distributed by Energy Brands, introduced in 2000. Some ingredients are added according to the flavor and intended purpose of the drink.

Misleading advertising
In 2008, the Australian consumer organisation Choice gave one of its annual 'Shonky' awards to vitaminwater, saying that, despite the claim that the drinks were healthy, "one bottle contains about a third of the recommended daily sugar intake for an average adult woman ... and none contains more than 1% fruit juice". Choice also noted that the label on one flavour blatantly mocked food regulations designed to protect consumers by stating, "We are prohibited from making exaggerated claims about the potency of the nutrients in this bottle", before making exaggerated claims about the potency of the nutrients in the bottle.

In 2009, brand owner The Coca-Cola Company was sued by the Center for Science in the Public Interest. The suit alleged that the marketing of the drink as a "healthful alternative" to soda is deceptive and in violation of Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The consumer group stated that "according to CSPI nutritionists, the 33 grams of sugar in each bottle of Vitaminwater do more to promote obesity, diabetes and other health problems than the vitamins in the drinks do to perform the advertised benefits listed on the bottles". Coca-Cola criticized the suit as "ridiculous" because "no consumer could reasonably be misled into thinking Vitaminwater was a healthy beverage" and that the suit was an attempt by the group to increase its readership. In 2013, a federal judge ruled that the lawsuit could move forward as a class-action lawsuit.

In January 2011, the United Kingdom's Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) ruled that an advertisement that claimed vitaminwater was "nutritious" was misleading due to the high sugar content (23 g per 500 ml) of the drink. The ruling banning the advertisement stated: "Because Vitamin water contained about a quarter of a consumer's GDA (guideline daily amount) for sugar as well as the added vitamins, we considered that the description of Vitamin water as 'nutritious' was misleading".

Flavors

 * 1st generation: Revive, Power-C, Energy, Focus, Essential
 * 2nd generation: Defense, Formula 50, B-Relaxed, XXX, Multi-V
 * 3rd generation: Balance, Endurance, Vital-T, Rescue, Charge
 * 4th generation: Dwnld, Tranquilo, Connect, Spark, Stur-D

Discontinued flavors

 * Power-C – acerola (first to be discontinued)
 * Perform – lemon-lime
 * Defense – raspberry-apple
 * Stress-B – lemon-lime
 * Endurance – peach-mango
 * B-Relaxed – jackfruit-guava
 * Tranquilo – tamarind-pineapple
 * Formula 50 – grape
 * Drive – blood-orange mixed-berry
 * Spark - grape-blueberry
 * Glow - strawberry-guanabana
 * Rescue - green tea
 * Stur-D - blue agave-Passionfruit-Citrus
 * Fire - spicy watermelon

Smartwater
Smartwater is vapor-distilled water with electrolytes added for taste. It was introduced in 1996 as Ice Mountain Spring Water and was renamed Smartwater in 1998. It is available in 600 mL, 700 mL, 850 mL, 1 L, 1.5 L, and 20 oz bottles.

Jennifer Aniston was the spokesperson of the brand from 2007 to 2020, being succeeded by Gal Gadot. In June 2022, Zendaya was announced as the new ambassador, replacing Gadot

vitaminenergy
vitaminenergy is an energy drink which consists of many of the same ingredients as vitaminwater, such as crystalline fructose (a sugar), electrolytes, natural flavors, and vitamins (Vitamin B3, B5, B6, B12, and C) along with natural caffeine and ribose. Specific ingredients are added according to the flavor of the drink. Either 16 oz, 200 calories and 150 mg caffeine per can, or 2 oz, no calories. The vitaminenergy website does not show ingredients or amount of caffeine for the 'shot' product.

Flavors

 * Dragonfruit
 * Tropical Citrus
 * Fruit Punch

fruitwater
fruitwater was a less sweetened, sparkling version of Vitaminwater drink that was sold from 2013 to 2015. It consisted of the same ingredients only with a light fruit flavor and less crystalline fructose. Aside from “natural flavor,” fruitwater does not contain any actual fruit juice. Ingredients include Guarana seed, which has twice as much caffeine as coffee. Coca-Cola discontinued the drink in 2015 due to poor sales.

Flavors

 * Black Raspberry
 * Strawberry Kiwi
 * Lemon-Lime
 * Orange Mango
 * watermelon Punch

title: Energy Brands


text:
Cat Soup

Cat Soup (ねこぢる草) is a 2001 Japanese animated experimental short film directed by Tatsuo Satō, based on the manga created by Nekojiru. The surreal film follows Nyata, an anthropomorphic kitten, on his travel to the land of the dead and back in an effort to save his sister's soul. Cat Soup was released direct-to-DVD in Japan on 21 February 2001. Central Park Media licensed the film in North America under its Software Sculptors label and was released on DVD on September 9, 2003.

Plot
Nyaako, the older sister of Nyata, lies very ill in her room. By accident, Nyata drowns in the bathtub and, while dead or unconscious, sees his sister leaving the house holding hands with the psychopomp Jizō and follows them. He tries to take his sister back from Jizō but it holds on to her, refusing to let go. Nyaako splits in two, leaving Jizō with half of her soul while her brother runs away with the other half. A word bubble with a flower inside comes from Jizō‘s lips, and it leaves with the other half of Nyaako’s soul.

Meanwhile, Nyata's father finds him in the bathtub and revives him. The whole family gathers in Nyaako's room where a doctor pronounces her dead. Nyata approaches carrying the half-soul and it enters through her nose. She comes back to life, but her eyes are dull and half-open and she seems half-alive. The siblings are sent out by their mother to retrieve fried tofu. On the way, they attend the Big Whale Circus. During the final act, a giant transparent bird containing a sky and clouds is accidentally popped by members of the audience, causing an all-encompassing flood. The two find refuge on a sampan with a pig. Nyata partially butchers the pig by unzipping it and removing pieces, and cooks the pieces for the group, including the pig, to eat. God holds the world above his head to drain its water down his arm, leaving the three lost in a desert. Nyata hits the pig on the head and cuts off and eats one of the bumps that form, which taste gross and make him throw up. Nyata beats the pig more, and Nyaako joins in, but the pig bites off Nyata's arm. They leave the pig and arrive at a shack where a woman in a patchwork cloak sews Nyata’s arm back on. The siblings leave when they find cat pieces in a sack in the house.

Traveling across the desert, they are brought to a house by the smell of food and are invited inside by a man. They are fed, and when full the man attempts to turn them into soup, attacking them with a pair of scissors. He ends up falling into the cauldron, Nyata cuts him into pieces with the scissors and the cats escape. Wandering further across the desert dehydrated, Nyata digs and finds an elephant made of water, which cools them off and travels with them, though the elephant eventually evaporates from the heat. God accidentally stops the flow of time and disrupts space, and the cats play with the time-frozen scenes. Father Time turns time back on, shooting it forward and reversing it, showing various scenes of random events either rapidly going forth in time or back. Eventually, the cats find themselves back on their boat in the ocean. After dusk, they drift into a shallow marsh filled with tin sculptures of plants and mechanical animals. There they chance upon the flower containing the other half of Nyaako’s soul. Nyata places the flower on Nyaako's face, which restores her to normal. Together, they go back home.

The entire family of cats is gathered in their house leisurely watching TV. Nyata leaves them to visit the toilet, and while he is gone, the other family members disappear one by one into thin air. The show on the TV also disappears, leaving only a flashing screen behind. Nyata returns to find everyone gone. Outside the nearby lamppost extinguishes, leaving the house in darkness. The film also "turns off", leaving behind a flashing screen of static.

Background
The characters of Nyaako and Nyata first appeared in the June 1990 issue of the monthly manga magazine Garo. They also appeared in a series of 27 two-minute television episodes, collectively titled Nekojiru Gekijō (ねこぢる劇場). The series appeared in 1999 as a segment on TV Asahi's Bakushō-Mondai no Boss-Kyara-Ō (爆笑問題のボスキャラ王).

Nekojiru (the artist) was born on January 19, 1967, and committed suicide on May 10, 1998. Her real name was Chiyomi Hashiguchi (橋口 千代美).

Awards
Cat Soup won an Excellence Prize (Animation Division) at the 2001 Japan Media Arts Festival, the "Best Short Film" award at the 2001 Fantasia Festival and the Silver Award for Animation 2003 New York Exposition of Short Film and Video.

title: Cat Soup


text:
Talk:Cilium

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 August 2018 and 14 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): C15880782.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:42, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I remember reading that smoking paralyzes the cilia in your lungs (or, apparently, windpipe). --Jack (Cuervo) 11:41, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

There is plenty of info here on the structure of Cilia but ridiculously little on their function.

 * As far as I can recall, they're responsible for the "tickle" when you need to cough, but I can't verify this or elaborate at all. --Johnny (Cuervo) 21:22, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Plasmodium falciparum
The mechanism of Intraflagellar transport constructing cilia has now become a focus of attention, as discussed in some detail here. Apparently a Jekely and Arendt (2006) cilium evolution paper p. 193 describes Plasmodium falciparum as an exception that lacks IFT – "species with cilia that do not rely on IFT (in the parasite Plasmodium cilia assemble in the cytoplasm(48))". I've added a brief mention of this, using the panda's thumb link as I don't have access to the paper or the expertise to work from it. .. dave souza, talk 19:43, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

biology
Adv. Biology is hard. I blinked and was a half a chapter behind.

PS. Write an interesting response.

Some info moved from "nose hair"- please merge it if necessary
Cilia of the nasal cavity consist of cells that form microscopic strands in the nasal passages that moisten the inhaled air (via mucosa), warm it, and trap foreign objects that flutter in its stream. Healthy cilia beat in a coordinated backward-&-forward motion on an average of sixteen times per second, unlike nasal hairs that have no coordinated motion. They draw mucus up from the epithelium by capillary action to maintain humidity in the nasal passages. This is accomplished by trapping moisture in exhaled air and humidifying its evaporation via inhaled air. Also unlike nasal hairs, ciliated cells push mucus back in towards the oropharynx where it can be either swallowed or ejected. This mechanism is much like the system by which cilia in the ear canal remove cerumen and other detritus; visible ear hairs have no such use.

Cilial motility regularly declines with advancing age, a fact that may be implicated in the higher incidence of respiratory infections in this group of individuals.\

Biology Response
I totally agree. Biology is very hard. I thought that studying the cell was the hardest chapter. Our teacher actually made us take a test on how to hold a microscope.--69.196.197.190 (talk) 02:18, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

cilium vs. flagellum
The present article reads: Along with flagella, they make up a group of organelles known as undulipodia. I thought that cilia are structurally identical to flagella. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.64.166.91 (talk) 12:18, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I am not a biologist but I had understood that to be the case also. Someone will need to find a verifiable source to clarify it for the article.  I had understood the that both a cilium and a flagellum were structurally similar organelles but that the name given was 'flagellum' in the case of single celled organisms and 'cilia' in the case of multiple-cell organisms.  There function is similar as well, handling protein transport and, in the case of the motile cilia and most flagella, having an ability to move as well through some sort of rotor/stator protein arrangement in the basal body of the cell.  N2e (talk) 11:40, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Flagella and Cilia differ in the fact that cilia are shorter and more numerous. They also look like hairs.  Their motion is similar to a rowboat.  Flagella look alot like sperm cells.  They have a tail that moves them along instead of hairs.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.196.197.190 (talk) 02:21, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I happen to be a biologist and I have always been told that eukaryotic cilia and prokaryotic flagella are mechanistically different (as can be easilly seen by looking at the artcile illustrations); also, the proteins they are made of are not homologous as far as I know. Hence, the sentence "Eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to Prokaryotic flagella, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and/or length" is 100% wrong! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.77.192.140 (talk) 08:15, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Eukaryotic flagella ARE different from prokaryotic flagella. However, even within eukaryotes, both terms cilia and flagella are used to describe the structures. The terminology is considered to be interchangeable since the underlying structures are the same, but some people still use the terms differently based on the function and number of the cilia/flagella, as outlined by 69.196.197.190 (talk) above.--AaronM (talk) 11:33, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, the sentence "Eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to Prokaryotic flagella, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and/or length" is 100% wrong. I concur with anon editor 140.77.192.140.   Cheers.  N2e (talk) 18:34, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

History
If someone is going to write something on the scientific history, it may be interesting to know that it was discovered in 1898, and the article that is usually referenced, is "Beiträge zur Kenntnis einiger Drüsen und Epithelien" by Zimmerman in "Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie", 9, pp. 163-168. Probably ISSN 0176-7364 or ISSN 0176-7356. I haven't been able to get it online, yet. --WvEngen (talk) 10:09, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Primary cilia
There is a misconception that primary cilia are non-motile. Primary cilia refers to the structure of an axoneme WITHOUT the central pair, i.e. 9+0. --kupirijo (talk) 12:22, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Length
The article has cilia length as 5-10 micrometres, but the length is given as 2-3 in the histology texts I have to hand [e.g., Junqueira & Carneiro]. Can someone confirm this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.1.104.2 (talk) 13:45, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I removed the uncited assertion that cilia length are 5-10 micrometres in the lede paragraph. If you have a verifiable source you can cite, like a book or journal article, I hope that by all means you will correct the article with your information and add the citation.  Cheers. N2e (talk) 00:38, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Please but the length info back, it is roughly correct. Alberts:Molecular biology of the cell should do as a reference. Cilia are found in all 5 domains of life! So some variability in length should come as no surprise at all. In its current state the article does not state diameter, length, no scalebar, ... ~ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.240.227.15 (talk) 21:26, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

Light Micrographs
I am removing this image again. I think that this image would be very confusing for a lay reader, especially without any labels. For someone who doesn't know any better, they would probably confuse the bands of connective tissue as the "cilia" in the picture without knowing to look at the apical surface of the cyst. And even they, you can't see the cilia at the apical surface very well. Is this the best light micrograph we have access to in order to represent cilia to the wikipedia reader? I think we should keep looking.--AaronM (talk) 10:06, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that the image, as it stood, was not fully ready for prime time in a lay-reader encyclopedia. I could imagine that the image could be enlarged and labelled to clearly illustrate the ciliac cross-sections, but then that is not what that image had.  And better images could and probably should be found to illustrate the axial cross sectioned cilia.  Thanks AaronM for being bold to improve Wikipedia. N2e (talk) 00:44, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I think you guys are being to rigid. Also, I'll point-out that:
 * The SEM doesn't have a label either.
 * A longer caption for the image could just as well do... or you could have labeled the image. I think the LM is actually quite informative - you see the cilia in relation to the rest of the cell's structure and how darn small they really are, i.e. the LM makes the point that they can be over looked.  Neither of the images in the article show how small the cilia are in relation to the nucleus, or the cell as a whole.
 * I think you underestimate what the Wikipedia reader can understand.
 * Why not put the image into a gallery at the bottom?
 * I think you ask the wrong question. The image may not be perfect... but there isn't one at all.  The image has a good deal of information.
 * The micrograph is close to the limit of LM -- without going to oil and fancy techniques, - I have one at slightly higher mag but it isn't oriented as well, I'd have to re-shot it.
 * You didn't mind WP:AGF and WP:REVERT. WP:REVERT makes the point that you shouldn't just up and revert something - WP:REVERT.
 * In any case... to answer your question more to the point (Is this the best light micrograph we have access to in order to represent cilia to the wikipedia reader?) Currently, yes... and I made an effort to address a need. If I were a noob... this would be called a bite. Nephron T|C 02:40, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Nephron, if you have any images that could show cilia as clearly as this, then I think it should absolutely be part of this article. I have nothing against light microscopy! Of course none of my comments were meant to be taken personally - I just don't think the image that you loaded before added much to the page. And sorry if my use of reverting was outside of the bounds...I'm not a full-time wikipedian, and may not be up to date on the polite way to do things. --AaronM (talk) 12:30, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Illustration
In the initial image, there is nothing labeling the axoneme. I presume that the purpose of the image is to illustrate the axoneme, but the reader would have to be an expert already to identify the axoneme in the image.

If it's not possible to alter the labeling within the image, the subscript text needs to be expanded so as to clarify which part is the axoneme. Since I am not an expert, I leave it to the author(s) to make the changes. Thanks. KC 20:25, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

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Location within the human body
Due to the significance for the diagnostics of Covid-19 I would like to add a new section about the location of cilia in the human body (especially about the location in the nose itself). Does anybody know good sources for that? Greetings, Tresznjewski (talk) 12:40, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Try the respiratory epithelium page.--Iztwoz (talk) 06:49, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cilium


text:
Mr Motivator

Derrick Errol Evans (born 15 November 1952), better known as Mr Motivator, is a Jamaican-born British fitness instructor. He rose to fame in 1993 through appearances on the UK breakfast television show GMTV, where he performed live fitness sessions and offered tips and advice to viewers. Following the rise in popularity of his fitness sessions, he released a number of fitness and workout videos in the 1990s.

Early life
Evans was born on 15 November 1952 in Manchester Parish, Jamaica, to a single mother who gave him away when he was three months old. His adoptive father, Stanford Rose, was a farmer on a small farm in Jamaica. Evans said he was sexually abused as a child. In 1961, his adoptive family moved to Leicester in the UK, where his father worked as a labourer in a knitwear factory. His mother, Teresa, left the UK after two years because of the climate, but his adoptive father stayed until Evans was 17.

Pre-fitness career
Evans' first job at 17 was working for the East Midlands Gas Board in the customer complaints department. He sold costume jewellery in high street shops and became financially secure.

Origins of Mr Motivator
In 1983, he taught exercise classes at a church hall in Neasden, North West London. His classes became popular and he was asked by the British Heart Foundation to give classes throughout the country. He applied repeatedly to be taken on by ITV and In 1992 his friend Tessa Sanderson recommended him to the producer of the Thames TV health education series the Full Treatment, where he appeared giving fitness advice for one series. In 1993, Greg Dyke hired him for the breakfast show GMTV.

Evans said the name Mr Motivator came from street performances he, Richard Madeley and Judy Finnigan gave to crowds in shopping centres and streets. Finnigan shouted that Evans was a motivator and the name stuck.

GMTV (1993–2000)
Evans found fame on the British breakfast programme GMTV in 1993 as Mr. Motivator, promoting health and fitness as a way of life. He performed fitness routines live on-air in highly coloured outfits, which quickly became his trademark. His appearances on GMTV led to Evans becoming (as Mr Motivator) well known in the UK. Evans' popularity on GMTV led to the release of a number of fitness videos including Mr. Motivator's 10 Minute BLTs, Mr. Motivator's 10 Minute Workouts, Body Conditioner: Shot in Barbados, BLT2: Shot in Australia, and Bums Legs & Tums. He is reported to have sold the most fitness DVDs in the UK.

Evans left GMTV in 2000, and went back to Jamaica because his daughter had breathing problems.

After settling back down in Jamaica, Evans then started up a tourism business called H'Evans Scent, which offers activities such as ziplining and paintballing. Evans continued to make personal appearances at events in the UK for the following decade. After leaving GMTV, and together with his son Benjamin, Evans formed his production company "Wicked Productions" and continued to release fitness videos.

GMTV return (2009)
In 2009, Evans returned to GMTV as Mr Motivator for a three-week-long special to promote the public health programme Change4Life. This led to Evans meeting the then British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, in promotion of the NHS Change4Life campaign. Evans also released in 2016 his autobiography The Warm Up, which chronicled his story of growing up in Jamaica.

Return to television (2014–2016)
In June 2014, the BBC announced that Evans would compete on a new Saturday gymnastics competition programme Tumble, but he had to withdraw after dislocating his knee, necessitating surgery.

Since 2015, Evans has performed fitness routines on stage at the annual Y Not Festival held in Pikehall, Derbyshire.

In 2016, Evans appeared on Lorraine to promote his new book titled The Warm Up.

Coronavirus pandemic period (2020–2021)
In 2020, he joined BBC television's HealthCheck UK Live to "keep Britain fit in lockdown" during the COVID-19 pandemic, in line with the resurgence in home-based workout routines. Evans also worked with in May 2020 performed live workouts on Ideal World for a workout routine all in aid of AgeUK.

In February 2021, Evans announced a partnership with Umbrella Training, where Evans hosted a series of online exercise classes, titled "No More Banana Bread", to help support the mental and physical wellbeing of Umbrella Training's apprentices, business partners and the wider hospitality industry.

Also in February 2021, he recorded a special video message of support for Swindon's famous Oasis Leisure Centre, which permanently closed due to the pandemic.

In April 2021, Evans worked with Colchester Borough Council and the Essex FaNs Network to deliver a series of online exercise classes for staff and residents in over 70 care homes throughout Essex. Evans also joined British Olympians Greg Rutherford, Nicola Adams, and Kelly Smith in launching the 'Energy Fit for the Futurend' campaign by Smart Energy GB, which aimed at encouraging people to install smart meters in their homes.

In May 2021, Evans worked with Oasis, The Children's Society and Applause for Thought for their "Body and Soul" campaign, which encouraged over 30,000 taking part in online workout routines in schools, performing arts colleges and community centres across the United Kingdom. As part of "Get Travelling Week", Evans worked with TTG and ABTA to provide a series of online exercise classes, aimed at encouraging businesses in the tourism industry to focus on employee wellbeing.

Later that month, Evans also provided a morning workout routine for people taking part in Centrepoint's STAY:UP campaign to raise money to support young homeless people.

Personal life
Evans lives with his wife Sandra Palmer and youngest daughter in St Ann, Jamaica, dividing his time between Jamaica and the United Kingdom. He has been married three times and has previously been in a relationship with Olympic javelin champion Tessa Sanderson. Evans lost his 12-year-old grandchild to meningitis in November 2021, saying "the past few months were the darkest of my life".

Evans was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to health and fitness.

title: Mr Motivator