text:
WASO (AM)

WASO (730 AM) was an American radio station that served the New Orleans, Louisiana, area. The station was assigned the WASO call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on August 18, 1992.

History
WASO, whose call letters stood for "Where America Speaks Out", was originally WARB, owned by the Blossman family who owned a local bank (the call letters stood for Alfred R. Blossman.) The station was sold in 1992 to Robert Namer, a conservative talk show host who launched the station after he left WSLA AM.

In 2005, the FCC transferred control of the license to the receiver liquidating the assets of America First Communications to satisfy a court judgement and the station went silent pending its possible sale.

The judgement was the result of non-payment of a $3 million award from a lawsuit brought and won by the Federal Trade Commission in 1991. The FTC brought the action and won at trial claiming "Namer and NBC [National Business Consultants] made numerous material misrepresentations to potential franchisees, made unsupported earnings claims, failed to provide required supporting documentation, and failed to make required disclosures.". That judgment was appealed and affirmed by the Fifth Circuit US Appeals Court in 2004.

On September 2, 2005 WASO was bought back on the air through executive emergency powers by the president of St. Tammany Parish, Kevin Davis, to assist in getting information and relaying messages to its residents and services in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.

On September 1, 2006, the FCC granted permission to the receiver for the station to resume broadcasting under the terms of the existing license.

As of October 25, 2007, the license for the station was transferred to MCDJ, LLC, a limited liability corporation with 4 individuals each owning a 25% share. The owners of MDJC, LLC also own a 40% stake in radio station WGSO in New Orleans. The purchase price was $578,100.

As of August 3, 2009, the station license was cancelled by the FCC, and the station is no longer listed on their website.

title: WASO (AM)


text:
Maine Green Independent Party

The Maine Green Independent Party is a state-level political party affiliated with the Green Party of the United States. It is the oldest state green party in the United States. It was founded following an informal meeting of 17 environmental advocates, including Bowdoin College professor John Rensenbrink and others in Augusta, Maine in January 1984. From 1994 to 2006, the party's gubernatorial nominees received between 6% and 10% of the vote.

On September 21, 2017, state representative Ralph Chapman switched party affiliation from independent to the Green Independent Party. He did not stand for re-election in 2018 because he was term-limited. A month later, non voting member Henry John Bear also switched his party affiliation to the Green Independent Party from the Democratic Party.

Ten Key Values
The party is based on the 10 Key Values of:
 * 1) Grassroots Democracy
 * 2) Social Justice and Equal Opportunity
 * 3) Ecological Wisdom
 * 4) Nonviolence
 * 5) Decentralization
 * 6) Community-Based Economics and Economic Justice
 * 7) Gender Equality
 * 8) Respect for Diversity
 * 9) Personal and Global Responsibility
 * 10) Future Focus and Sustainability

Party qualification
The party achieved its current ballot status in 1998. Previously the Maine Green Party achieved ballot status in 1994 with the Jonathan Carter gubernatorial campaign, but lost it in 1997 after Ralph Nader failed to get 5% of the vote for president in 1996, a requirement of state law that has since been changed.

In 1998, Pat LaMarche re-qualified the political party with her campaign for governor, but under the new name, the Maine Green Independent Party. LaMarche ran again in 2006 capturing almost 10% of the vote in a five-way race. The campaign's website was indexed by the Library of Congress and won a Golden Dot Award, because of the site's use of new ways to interact with voters.

The party (in terms of registered votes) is currently in a period of continuous growth stretching back to 1998 according to state records. As of December 4, 2008 there were 31,676 Greens in the state comprising 3.19% of the electorate.

As of November 6, 2012, 37,764 Maine voters were registered in the Maine Green Independent Party, representing 3.83% of the statewide electorate.

As of August 31, 2017, enrollment in the MGIP had increased to 43,996 (4.23%) of Maine voters.

In August 2015, the party decided to open its 2016 primary to unenrolled voters.

Portland Greens
The party realizes its greatest successes in the state's largest city, Portland. From 2002 to 2006, the highest-ranking elected Green in the United States was John Eder, who served in the Maine House of Representatives for Portland's West End neighborhood. Four of the state's elected Greens are Portland officeholders, including three School Committee members, and one City Councilor.

According to the Green Party of the United States, Portland holds the longest streak of elected Green officeholders, having Greens in office continuously since 2001.

The first Green elected in Portland was Ben Meiklejohn in 2001, as an at-large School Committee member. In 2002, city voters elected their second Green, Eder to the State Legislature. Meiklejohn was joined on the School Committee by Stephen Spring in 2003, Jason Toothaker in 2004 (a year Meiklejohn was re-elected), Susan Hopkins in 2005 and Rebecca Minnick in 2006.

The School Committee was once the second "Greenest" governing body in the United States, and from 2004 to 2006, significant media attention was attributed to conflicts between the committee's Greens and Democrats. The Greens successfully passed precedent-setting policy limiting military recruiters' access to city high schools, and were recognized by the National School Board Association.

The Board of Trustees of the Portland Water District became the next governing body in Portland to have Green members, after Erek Gaines was elected in 2003 and David Margolis-Pineo in 2006.

In 2006, Portland elected two under-30 Green councilors (David A. Marshall and Kevin Donoghue) in the inner city West End and East End districts. In 2007, John Anton was elected at-large, which brought the number of Greens on the Portland City Council to three. Both Anton and Donoghue later unenrolled from the party while serving their terms.

In 2008, John Eder was elected to the Cumberland County Charter Commission.

June to December 2009 marked a period when the most number of elected Greens in Portland (9) were serving simultaneously with overlapping terms, after Portland Charter Commission members were elected.

For the rewriting of the Portland charter, Greens Anna Trevorrow and Ben Chipman won seats on the Portland Charter Commission in June 2009. The two successfully pushed to include instant run-off voting in the new charter. They also supported extending voting rights in municipal elections to legal non-citizens. Trevorrow lead the 2010 campaign while also running for the East End seat in the Maine House of Representatives. Non-citizen voting was narrowly defeated as was Trevorrow.

In 2009, Donoghue and Marshall were both re-elected to the city council.

In the 2011 mayoral election, two Greens, (Eder and Marshall) ran for the expanded mayoral position, using the newly established instant run-off voting methods established by the charter commission and approved by voters the year before. In the closing days of the campaign, Eder endorsed fellow candidate and former Democratic State Senator Ethan Strimling, not party member Marshall, causing significant controversy within the Greens. Marshall ended up finishing in 4th place of 15 candidates.

In 2012, David Marshall (District 2) won re-election to the City Council. Holly Seeliger, a 26-year-old former Occupier and education activist, won election to the School Board (formerly School Committee) from District 2, the same district Stephen Spring had served in years before.

In March 2013, the Portland Green Independent Committee took out petitions to enact an ordinance which would make marijuana legal for adults 21 and older, though not in public spaces such as roads, schools and parks. Later, the Portland Greens were joined by the ACLU of Maine, the NAACP, the Libertarian Party of Maine, Fire Dog Lake, and the Marijuana Policy Project in endorsing the measure. The petition needed 1,500 valid signatures of Portland voters over 80 calendar days. The Portland Greens and their coalition partners turned in 2,508 valid signatures. On July 15, the City Council placed the ordinance on the November 5, 2013 ballot. On November 5, the Greens' legalization ordinance passed with 67% of the vote.

That same year, Anna Trevorrow was elected to an at-large seat on the School Board, joining Holly Seeliger. In 2014, John Eder was elected to the School Board, bringing the total number of Greens on the board to 3 for the first time since 2004. In 2015, six Greens sought office in Portland, including committee chair and economic justice activist Tom MacMillan, who ran for mayor and received over 10% in a three-way race with Michael Brennan and Ethan Strimling. That year, only Holly Seeliger, who sought a second term on the Portland Board of Education, won her race. In 2016 only one Green collected enough signatures to run for statewide office, Seth Baker was on the ballot as a Green Independent for State Senate District 27 in Portland.

In 2017, School Board member and YouTube vlogger Holly Seeliger was criticized for giving credence to conspiracy theories including Pizzagate and the Murder of Seth Rich.

2010, 2014 and 2018 gubernatorial elections
Lynne Williams, a lawyer from Bar Harbor and former chair of the Party, announced that she intended to seek the Green Independent Party nomination for Governor of Maine in the June 2010 primary. Williams served on the planning board in Bar Harbor, Maine and was a 2004 candidate for the Maine House of Representatives. She dropped out of the race after failing to receive enough signatures to qualify for the Green Independent primary ballot for governor. Patrick Quinlan also filed the paperwork to run for the nomination but eventually withdrew.

In April 2014, former Maliseet tribal representative to the Maine House of Representatives and University of Maine graduate student David Slagger announced his intention to seek the Green nomination for Governor of Maine in 2014. Slagger addressed the 2013 Maine Green Independent Party Convention in Belfast on May 5. However, two months later, Slagger decided to withdraw from the race for governor.

Two candidates filed to run for the Green nomination for Governor in 2018: Bangor attorney Jay Parker Dresser, the 2016 Green candidate for Maine's 2nd congressional district, and activist Betsy Marsano of Waldo. Both withdrew before the 2018 primary, leaving the Green Independents without a candidate for the third straight gubernatorial election.

2020 elections
Following Maine's enactment of Ranked Choice Voting for elections, the spoiler effect was eliminated as a barrier for third parties.

In 2020, Green Senate nominee Lisa Savage received 4.95 percent of the vote, marking the best percentage for a third party in the state's history of electing Senate candidates (beginning in 1914). Unable to gather the requisite signatures to make the Green Independent primary ballot, Savage instead opted to run with the Independent ballot label. Her record-breaking vote share was credited partly to the state's ranked-choice voting system for statewide elections, first implemented in 2018. That year, K. Frederick Horch, the Green nominee for the Maine State House's 49th district, also came close to winning his race, receiving 48.06 percent of the vote against a Democratic opponent, with no Republican on the ballot. This marked the first time a Green candidate had come to winning a seat in a contested state legislature election since 2010, when a Green legislative nominee in Massachusetts received 45 percent of the vote.

Presidential nominee results
Since 1996, the national Green Party has run a candidate for President of the United States. In 1996, the Maine Green Party placed Ralph Nader, the nominee of the Green Party of the United States, on the statewide presidential ballot. The highest vote total came in 2000, when Ralph Nader received over 37,000 votes. The lowest vote total came in 2008, when Cynthia McKinney was the nominee. Her campaign received only 2,900 votes. Nader, who was also on the ballot as an independent candidate, received over 10,000 votes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maine Green Independent Party


text:
User talk:Tyrano

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more half-of-a-dinosaur-sounding names. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 21:21, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi. Can you please add source and copyright information to any images you have uploaded?  Thanks.  Jkelly 14:09, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Baseballfuries.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Baseballfuries.jpg. The image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. -- Carnildo 10:34, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Cyclopsgun.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Cyclopsgun.jpg. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an image tag applied to the image description page indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 14:06, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Venomangel.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Venomangel.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 16:10, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Cyclopsgun.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Cyclopsgun.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG 16:04, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mk2tower.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Mk2tower.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG 16:04, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Mayhemonhighseas.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mayhemonhighseas.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 20:48, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tyrano


text:
File:Mike Mulligan.jpg

Summary
This cover for Mike Mulligan by Virginia Lee Burton is used as book covers are believed to be fair use

title: File:Mike Mulligan.jpg


text:
Talk:Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa

Old talk
The original article under this title read, in full:

Baron Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa (1818-1899), generally known as von der Lasa, was a leading Prussian chess master.

He travelled widely, and collected about all known chess books at the time to his chess library.

I consider that article a stub, although not so labeled, and have treated it accordingly.J S Ayer 21:21, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

In the course of tracking down the current location of the Lasa Chess Library I have found dozens of transcriptions of the previous state of this article on other websites. I wonder whether this will also be copied.J S Ayer 04:11, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

I have moved the Handbuch des Schachspiels description to it's own article, so I can link to it from other articles. Also I think it makes good sense to have it in it's own article, after all Von der Lasa isn't even the only author of the book. --CygnusPius 21:52, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://xoomer.virgilio.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/matches/1850-64.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:35, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Diplomacy
It says that he retired from diplomacy in 1864, but he was actually appointed an official envoy of Prussia to Denmark right after the Second Schleswig War. This brought him to Copenhagen, where he was an active part of starting the Copenhagen Chess Club of 1865. There are several Danish and German sources of this, e.g. Letter from Bismarck to v. Heydebrand und der Lasa, Prussian envoy in Copenhagen. Feynman (talk) 08:02, 14 December 2022 (UTC)


text:
Patience (Guns N' Roses song)

"Patience" is a song by American rock band Guns N' Roses from their second studio album, G N' R Lies (1988), released as a single in April 1989. The song peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song is a ballad, played using three acoustic guitars and was recorded in a single session by producer Mike Clink. A music video of the song was shot and appears on the band's music video DVD, Welcome to the Videos.

The motivation for the track is generally accepted to be the troublesome relationship between Axl Rose and his now ex-wife Erin Everly, though this was never stated in the album or interviews. According to bass guitarist Duff McKagan, "Axl came up with a great lyric, seemingly out of nowhere, that of course became the story and melody of that song."

Steven Adler did not record on the track, although in some live performances prior to release of the album, such as their performance at the Orange County Fair in New York in the summer of 1988, percussion (and electric instruments) were used.

Music video
In the video, the band members are situated in a hotel where they are the only constant images, as all other people are present for a moment, then fade away. Directed by Nigel Dick, it was one of the numerous videos produced by the band. The video was filmed on Valentine's Day during 1989, some scenes being shot at the Record Plant. It was the last video in which Steven Adler appeared (even though he did not play on the recorded track) and the last before the Use Your Illusion videos. Mike Clink is also featured in the video, sitting at the mixing board. The video was shot in The Ambassador Hotel, made famous due to Bobby Kennedy's assassination in 1968. The hotel was inoperative and scheduled for demolition, but was not demolished until 2006.

Legacy and covers
The song is considered a classic hair metal ballad.

Rock musician Chris Cornell recorded a cover of the song, which was released posthumously on July 20, 2020.

Live performances
"Patience" has been a staple in Guns N' Roses' setlists on all tours since the song was released. When performed live, electric guitars are often used instead of acoustic. Despite the album version of the song featuring no drumming, the drummers make active use of their drum kits during performances, and keyboardist Dizzy Reed makes use of his keyboard as well. In the 21st century, the band's lead guitarist (Slash) would play electric guitar, while the second guitarist (Buckethead, Paul Tobias, Richard Fortus, Bumblefoot or Duff McKagan) would play acoustic. Live performances are available on Appetite for Democracy 3D and Made in Stoke 24/7/11.

 * The band performed the song live at the American Music Awards filmed at the Shrine Auditorium. Steven Adler was in rehab at the time of filming, and Don Henley filled in for him during the taping.

Personnel

 * W. Axl Rose – lead vocals, whistling
 * Slash – lead acoustic guitar
 * Izzy Stradlin – rhythm acoustic guitar, backing vocals
 * Duff McKagan – rhythm acoustic guitar, backing vocals

title: Patience (Guns N' Roses song)


text:
TIF (disambiguation)

TIF or Tag Image File Format is a file format for storing images.

TIF may also refer to:

 * Ta’if Regional Airport, IATA code TIF, in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia
 * Tax increment financing, a public financing method
 * Tokyo Idol Festival, a Japanese female idol music festival
 * Transport Innovation Fund, an English transport funding mechanism
 * Türkiye İzcilik Federasyonu, the Scouting and Guiding Federation of Turkey
 * Thessaloniki International Fair, a trade fair in Thessaloniki, Greece
 * Transoral incisionless fundoplication, a medical treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

title: TIF (disambiguation)


text:
Waterloo Station (TV series)

Waterloo Station was a short-lived Australian television soap opera created by Reg Watson and produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation for the Nine Network in 1983.

Synopsis
Waterloo Station focused on two sisters, both married to policemen, and their adult children starting careers in the police force. The main locations were a police station, a police training academy in Sydney, and a large boarding house that provided accommodation for several characters.

Waterloo Station was an attempt by Grundy's to reproduce for Channel Nine the success of their earlier shows The Restless Years and The Young Doctors which focused on youth situations. Like Crawford Productions' successful police series Cop Shop, Waterloo Station combined police procedural elements with domestic situations involving the police personnel and their families.

The series was recorded at the Eric Porter studios in North Sydney.

Cast

 * Ron Graham – Jack Edwards
 * Sally Tayler – Sally Edwards
 * Pam Western – Liz Edwards
 * Danny Roberts – Trevor Brown
 * Julianne White – Stacey Daniels
 * John Bonney – George Logan
 * Jenny Ludlam – Ann Logan
 * Bartholomew John – Tony Harris
 * Steven Grives – Steve Colby
 * Malcolm Cork – David Keller
 * Tex Morton – Harry McDowell
 * Gerry Sont – Rick Thompson
 * Paul Smith – Joey Daniels
 * Jennifer West – Rosie Wallace
 * Andrew Clarke – Chris Cooper
 * Jon Blake – Neil
 * Patrick Phillips – criminal
 * Ian Gilmour
 * Jude Kuring

Home Media
There is yet to be a DVD Release of Waterloo Station.

Screening
The series was programmed against the popular new series Carson's Law in key markets including Melbourne, and achieved only mediocre ratings. It was cancelled after 40 episodes. Andrew Clarke, Danny Roberts and Sally Tayler all subsequently found greater success as regular cast members of another Grundy produced soap opera, Sons and Daughters.

After Waterloo Station, on 18 April 1983, Grundy launched Starting Out which featured youthful characters attempting to enter the medical profession. This series was similarly short-lived.

During late 1987 while “The Midday Show” was taking a summer Christmas holiday break Nine network Sydney replayed Waterloo Station TV series weekdays at 12pm followed at 1.00pm “Private Benjamin” US comedy TV series. It has never been replayed since on commercial or pay TV here in Australia.

title: Waterloo Station (TV series)


text:
Talk:Lanczos algorithm

Old comments that did not have a section of their own
[] - an unfocused variety of Lanczos algorithm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.219.166.104 (talk • contribs) 21:23, 1 September 2005

This doesn't have much but it does have a reference to a book mathworld on Lanczos Algorithm] —Preceding unsigned comment added by RJFJR (talk • contribs) 23:36, 25 September 2005

I don't believe this is the Lanczos algorithm at all. It is the power method. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.126.55.123 (talk • contribs) 01:04, 5 August 2006

I don't know if the algorithm is correct, but it's certainly different than the power method, and presented pretty clearly. I think it's gotten me on the right track at least... Thanks. --Jjdonald (talk) 22:22, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It is not easy to say it's wrong or correct, since quite some information is missing in order to apply it: (a) how to choose v[1], (b) how to choose m, (c) how to recognize the eigenvalues of A among those of T_mm . Unfortunately, this vagueness is by no means eliminated by the Numerical stability section. — MFH:Talk 21:57, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It is certainly not completely correct: there's at least something faulty with the indices. — MFH:Talk 19:59, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

It should state that "it applies to Hermitian matrices" at the start of the article and not somewhere in the middle. limweizhong (talk) 09:54, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * There is a paper about Non-Symmetric Lanczos' algorithm (compared to Arnoldi) by Jane Cullum. — MFH:Talk 20:07, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

In Latent Semantic Indexing, for...
I really think that this sentense has nothing to do in the first paragraph! Please someone who understand anything about it should create a separate section and explain what this is about! Alain Michaud (talk) 16:52, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Block Lanczos algorithm
I suppose that Peter Montgomery`s 1995 paper was very good, but I do not see the need to inform everyone about its existence. This topic is much too advanced to be discussed at the top of the page. Please move this (second paragraph) towards the end of the page.

Alain Michaud (talk) 16:50, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Extracting information from tridiagonal matrix
So Lanczos gives you a tridiagonal matrix. I think a link would be helpful which explains how to extract low eigenvalues/eigenvectors from this matrix. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.6.144.249 (talk) 06:30, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Agree - or largest eigenvalues: anyway, the article starts by saying that it's for calculating eigenvalues, but then stops with the tridiag. matrix.
 * B.t.w., the algorithm calculates up to v[m+1], I think this could be avoided. (also, "unrolling" the 1st part of the m=1 case as initialization should allow to avoid using v[0].) — MFH:Talk 03:09, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
 * PS: also, it should be said what is 'm'...

 * Seconded — the article spends a lot of ink on the Lanczos iteration (but could do a better job at explaining it) for producing a tridiagonal matrix, says various other algorithms can be used for calculating eigenvalues and eigenvectors of that tridiagonal matrix, but is almost silent on how the two are related. As far as I can tell, early steps of the iteration tends to put most of the weight on the extreme eigenvalues (largest and smallest both, regardless of their absolute values), meaning those are fairly accurately reproduced in the tridiagonal matrix, and the algorithm proceeds towards less extreme eigenvalues the longer it is run; it's 'tends' because the initial weight distribution depends on the initial vector, which is chosen at random. What is not clear from mere thought experiments is how concentrated the distribution is … 130.243.68.202 (talk) 14:22, 2 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Thinking some more about this, I find it desirable to modify the way the algorithm is stated — partly to address the case $$\beta_{j+1}=0$$, and partly to do something about the "changes to" remark at the end, which is confusing in that no variable assigned in the algorithm is ever changed. It turns out the remark is boilerplate text in the algorithm-end template, and there is no option to omit it. Since WikiProject_Computer_science/Manual_of_style does not recommend using that template, and instead recommends using (numbered) lists with explicit input and output headings, a rewrite from scratch seems in order.
 * Said rewrite is now live in the article. It also addresses the gap of where to go when you've got the tridiagonal matrix. A remaining gap is the result that eigenvalues of $$T$$ approximates eigenvalues of $$A$$. 130.243.68.122 (talk) 15:48, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

Following up on the previous comment, the section "Application to eigenproblem" misleadingly implies that the eigenvalues of the mxm matrix T are exactly the eigenvalues of A, which is obviously false. (Indeed the equation in parentheses at the end of the first paragraph is only valid if m =n). The point is that these eigenvalues approximate the eigenvalues of A; more work needs to be done to understand why and how good the approximation is.

Define variables
It would be nice if variables are defined before (or just after) being used. For example, at the begining, $$U$$ and $$\sigma_i$$ are not defined and its confusing for non-expert public.

Felipebm (talk) 13:34, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

problematic matrix decomposition
In the section "Power method for finding eigenvalues", the matrix A is represented as $$A=U\text{diag}(\sigma_i)U'$$, which is true only for normal matrices. For the general case, SVD decomposition should be used, i.e. $$A=U\text{diag}(\sigma_i)V'$$ where U and V are some orthogonal matrices. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.139.52.157 (talk) 12:14, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

 * It's not stated explicitly at that point, but presumably $$A$$ is already taken to be Hermitian (as it needs to be for the Lanczos algorithm to work), which means it has an eigendecomposition of the form stated. Instead using the SVD decomposition in this argument won't work, because the entire point is that $$U' U = I$$ so that the product telescopes! Possibly it would be clearer to just use $$A = U \operatorname{diag}(\sigma_i) U^{-1}$$, i.e., hold off on requiring orthogonality — the reason being that the paragraph in question is about the plain power method, which applies in a greater generality. 130.243.68.202 (talk) 13:01, 2 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lanczos algorithm. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110314171151/http://www.graphlab.ml.cmu.edu/pmf.html to http://www.graphlab.ml.cmu.edu/pmf.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:26, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lanczos algorithm


text:
Kingsmill massacre

The Kingsmill massacre was a mass shooting that took place on 5 January 1976 near the village of Whitecross in south County Armagh, Northern Ireland. Gunmen stopped a minibus carrying eleven Protestant workmen, lined them up alongside it and shot them. Only one victim survived, despite having been shot 18 times. A Catholic man on the minibus was allowed to go free. A group calling itself the South Armagh Republican Action Force claimed responsibility. It said the shooting was retaliation for a string of attacks on Catholic civilians in the area by Loyalists, particularly the killing of six Catholics the night before. The Kingsmill massacre was the climax of a string of tit-for-tat killings in the area during the mid-1970s, and was one of the deadliest mass shootings of the Troubles.

A 2011 report by the Historical Enquiries Team (HET) found that members of the Provisional IRA carried out the attack, despite the organisation being on ceasefire. The HET report said that the men were targeted because they were Protestants and that, although it was a response to the night before, it had been planned. The weapons used were linked to 110 other attacks.

Following the massacre, the British government declared County Armagh to be a "Special Emergency Area" and hundreds of extra troops and police were deployed in the area. It also announced that the Special Air Service (SAS) was being moved into South Armagh. This was the first time that SAS presence in Northern Ireland was officially acknowledged.

Background
On 10 February 1975, the Provisional IRA and British government entered into a truce and restarted negotiations. The IRA agreed to halt attacks on the security forces, and the security forces mostly ended its raids and searches. However, there were dissenters on both sides. Some Provisionals wanted no part of the truce, while British commanders resented being told to stop their operations against the IRA just when they claimed to have had the Provisionals on the run. The security forces boosted their intelligence offensive during the truce and thoroughly infiltrated the IRA.

There was a rise in sectarian killings during the truce, which 'officially' lasted until February 1976. Loyalists feared they were about to be forsaken by the government and forced into a united Ireland. Protestant paramilitaries, hoping to provoke the IRA into retaliation and thus end the truce, stepped up their attacks on Catholic civilians, murdering 120 in 1975. Some IRA units concentrated on tackling the loyalists. The fall-off of regular operations had caused unruliness within the IRA and some members, with or without permission from higher up, engaged in tit-for-tat killings. According to a police intelligence report, the Provisional IRA leadership reprimanded its South Armagh Brigade for carrying out sectarian killings.

Between the beginning of the truce (10 February 1975) and the Kingsmill massacre, loyalist paramilitaries killed 35 Catholic civilians in County Armagh or on its borders. In that same period, republican paramilitaries killed 16 Protestant civilians and 17 members of the security forces in the same area. Many of the loyalist attacks have been linked to the Glenanne gang; an alleged secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers from the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), and police officers from the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). A former member of the group said they wanted to provoke a civil war, believing that when civil war erupted, they could then "crush the other side".

 * On 31 July, loyalists shot five members of an Irish pop band at Buskhill, killing three. Like the Kingsmill massacre, the band's minibus had been stopped at a fake military checkpoint by gunmen in army uniform. Loyalists carried out two similar attacks over the following month.
 * On 1 September, gunmen burst into Tullyvallan Orange Hall and shot dead five Protestant civilians, all members of the Orange Order. The attack was claimed by a group calling itself the "South Armagh Republican Action Force". This was the first time the name had been used.
 * On 19 December, two Catholic civilians were killed and twenty injured when loyalists detonated a car bomb outside a pub in Dundalk, a few miles across the Irish border. Hours later, they killed three more Catholic civilians and injured six in a gun and bomb attack on a pub in Silverbridge. An RUC officer later admitted involvement and detectives believed other RUC officers and a UDR soldier were also involved.
 * On 31 December, three Protestant civilians were killed in a bomb attack on a pub in Gilford. The "People's Republican Army" claimed responsibility. It is believed this was a cover name used by members of the INLA.
 * Four days later, on 4 January 1976, loyalists shot dead six Catholic civilians in two co-ordinated attacks. They killed three members of the Reavey family at their home in Whitecross and three members of the O'Dowd family at their home in Ballydougan. The Irish News reported that the killings were revenge for the bombing in Gilford. RUC officer Billy McCaughey admitted taking part and accused another officer of being involved. His colleague, John Weir, said that two police officers and a British soldier were involved.

The HET report found that while the Kingsmill massacre was in "direct response" to the Reavey and O'Dowd killings, the attack was planned before that. Following the earlier loyalist attacks, republicans had apparently decided to "dramatically retaliate" if loyalists struck again. The report said "The murderous attacks on the Reavey and O'Dowd families were simply the catalyst for the premeditated and calculated slaughter of these innocent and defenceless men".

Attack
On 5 January 1976, just after 5:30 pm, a red Ford Transit minibus was carrying sixteen textile workers home from their workplace in Glenanne. Five were Catholics and eleven were Protestants. Four of the Catholics got out at Whitecross and the bus continued along the rural road to Bessbrook. As the bus cleared the rise of a hill, it was stopped by a man in combat uniform standing on the road and flashing a torch. The workers assumed they were being stopped and searched by the British Army. As the bus stopped, eleven gunmen in combat uniform and with blackened faces emerged from the hedges. A man "with a pronounced English accent" began talking. He ordered the workers to get out of the bus and to line up facing it with their hands on the roof. He then asked "Who is the Catholic?". The only Catholic was Richard Hughes. His workmates, now fearing that the gunmen were loyalists who had come to kill him, tried to stop him from identifying himself. However, when Hughes stepped forward the gunman told him to "Get down the road and don't look back".

The lead gunman then said "Right", and the others immediately opened fire on the workers. The eleven men were shot at very close range with automatic rifles, which included Armalites, an M1 carbine and an M1 Garand. A total of 136 rounds were fired in less than a minute. The men were shot at waist height and fell to the ground; some fell on top of each other, either dead or wounded. When the initial burst of gunfire stopped, the gunmen reloaded their weapons. The order was given to "Finish them off", and another burst of gunfire was fired into the heaped bodies of the workmen. One of the gunmen also walked amongst the dying men and shot them each in the head with a pistol as they lay on the ground. Ten of them died at the scene: John Bryans (46), Robert Chambers (19), Reginald Chapman (25), Walter Chapman (23), Robert Freeburn (50), Joseph Lemmon (46), John McConville (20), James McWhirter (58), Robert Walker (46) and Kenneth Worton (24). Alan Black (then 32) was the only one who survived. He had been shot eighteen times and one of the bullets had grazed his head. He said, "I didn't even flinch because I knew if I moved there would be another one".

After carrying out the shooting, the gunmen calmly walked away. Shortly after, a married couple came upon the scene of the killings and began praying beside the victims. They found the badly wounded Alan Black lying in a ditch. When an ambulance arrived, Black was taken to a hospital in Newry, where he was operated on and survived. The Catholic worker, Richard Hughes, had managed to stop a car and was driven to Bessbrook RUC station, where he raised the alarm. One of the first police officers on the scene was Billy McCaughey, who had taken part in the Reavey killings. He said "When we arrived it was utter carnage. Men were lying two or three together. Blood was flowing, mixed with water from the rain". Some of the Reavey family also came upon the scene of the Kingsmill massacre while driving to hospital to collect the bodies of their relatives. Johnston Chapman, the uncle of victims Reginald and Walter Chapman, said the dead workmen were "just lying there like dogs, blood everywhere". At least two of the victims were so badly mutilated by gunfire that immediate relatives were prevented from identifying them. One relative said the hospital mortuary "was like a butcher's shop with bodies lying on the floor like slabs of meat".

Nine of the dead were from the village of Bessbrook, while the bus driver, Robert Walker, was from Mountnorris. Four of the men were members of the Orange Order and two were former members of the security forces: Kenneth Worton was a former Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier while Joseph Lemmon was a former Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) officer. Alan Black was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2021 New Year Honours, for his cross-community work since the massacre.

Perpetrators
The next day, a telephone caller claimed responsibility for the attack on behalf of the "South Armagh Republican Action Force" or "South Armagh Reaction Force". He said that it was retaliation for the Reavey–O'Dowd killings the night before, and that there would be "no further action on our part" if loyalists stopped their attacks. He added that the group had no connection with the IRA.

The IRA denied responsibility for the killings and was on a ceasefire at the time. It stated on 17 January 1976:

"The Irish Republican Army has never initiated sectarian killings, and sectarianism of any kind is abhorrent to the Republican Movement [...] If the loyalist elements responsible for over 300 sectarian assassinations in the past four years stop such killing now, then the question of retaliation from whatever source will not arise."

However, a 2011 report by the HET concluded that Provisional IRA members were responsible and that the event was planned before the Reavey and O'Dowd killings which had taken place the previous day, and that South Armagh Republican Action Force was a cover name. It added: "There is some intelligence that the Provisional IRA unit responsible was not well-disposed towards central co-ordination but there is no excuse in that. These dreadful murders were carried out by the Provisional IRA and none other". Responding to the report, Sinn Féin spokesman Mitchel McLaughlin said that he did "not dispute the sectarian nature of the killings" but continued to believe "the denials by the IRA that they were involved". SDLP Assemblyman Dominic Bradley called on Sinn Féin to "publicly accept that the HET's forensic evidence on the firearms used puts Provisional responsibility beyond question" and to stop "deny[ing] that the Provisional IRA was in the business of organising sectarian killings on a large scale".

According to journalist Toby Harnden, the British Military Intelligence assessment was that the attack was carried out by local IRA members "who were acting outside the normal IRA command structure". According to Harnden, RUC files suggest that 14 IRA members – including future 'Real IRA' leader Michael McKevitt – had met on New Year's Eve to plan the attack. Harnden quotes an alleged South Armagh IRA member, Volunteer M, who said that "IRA members were ordered by their leaders to carry out the Kingsmill massacre". Harnden also quotes Sean O'Callaghan, an IRA member who worked for the security forces as a double agent. O'Callaghan claims that IRA Chief of Staff, Seamus Twomey, authorised the attack after Brian Keenan argued it was the only way to prevent more Catholics from being killed. However, O'Callaghan says the two men did not consult the IRA Army Council about the attack. Ruairí Ó Brádaigh claims that he and Twomey only learned of the Kingsmill attack after it had happened. According to a police intelligence report, the IRA Army Council reprimanded the South Armagh Brigade six weeks before the massacre for carrying out sectarian killings.

Two AR-18 rifles used in the shooting were found by the British Army in 1990 near Cullyhanna and forensically tested. It was reported that the rifles were linked to 17 killings in South Armagh from 1974 to 1990. Further ballistic studies found that guns used in the attack were linked to 37 killings, 22 attempted killings, 19 non-fatal shootings and 11 finds of spent cartridges between 1974 and 1989. The attacks all took place within the same area and it is likely they were carried out by the same small group.

Informer claims
In 2012, a secret Royal Military Police (RMP) document shown to the Sunday World newspaper revealed that the gunman who finished off the dying men could have been arrested five months later. The document says that the man (referred to as 'P') was wounded when British soldiers engaged an IRA unit near the Mountain House Inn in South Armagh on 25 June 1976. He managed to flee over the border and was treated at Louth County Hospital, but the other three IRA members were captured within hours. According to the RMP document, two of them named 'P' as the fourth member. Two of the guns captured had been used in the Kingsmill massacre. The RMP document reveals that the security forces knew 'P' was being treated at the hospital but "made no attempt to have him arrested and extradited". This has led to suspicions that 'P', "who has never been prosecuted despite extensive paramilitary involvement", was a British agent.

Alan Black, the only survivor of Kingsmill, believes that IRA members involved in the massacre were double agents working for the British authorities. He believes there was a "cover-up" and that British security forces knew the massacre was going to happen but allowed it to. Karen Armstrong, sister of victim John McConville, said: "A lot of people were being protected back then and they still are". It has been suggested that the gunman with the English accent could have been Robert Nairac. John Weir, a former RUC officer and member of the "Glenanne gang", claims he discovered that the intelligence services, through Nairac, was "playing republican and loyalist paramilitaries off against each other".

However, an inquest carried out by Judge Sherrard found "no evidence that informers were protected after the Kingsmill massacre". He went on to say that these rumours were "unevidenced and unhelpful conspiracy theorising. There was no evidence of anyone being allowed to continue in criminal ventures in order to protect informers,". Judge Sherrard added that "Captain Nairac was based in London, fully engaged in duties and was not in south Armagh, at the time". He added that these rumours were "largely allayed" and concluded by stating, "The notion that he would have been able to infiltrate the IRA is the stuff of utter fantasy, The inquest is entirely satisfied he had no role whatsoever."

Ian Paisley's claims
Immediately after the Kingsmill attack, some members of the security forces began a campaign of harassment against the Reavey family, and accused Eugene Reavey of organising the massacre.

In 1999, Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) leader Ian Paisley stated in the House of Commons that Eugene Reavey was a "well-known republican" and had "set up the Kingsmills massacre". Paisley made the claims under parliamentary privilege, which meant he could not be prosecuted for his remarks. He claimed to be quoting from a "police dossier" but RUC chief constable Ronnie Flanagan denied Paisley was quoting a police dossier and stated he believed it to have originated from the Ulster Defence Regiment.

Paisley's claims were flatly rejected by Reavey and by the only survivor of the massacre, Alan Black. Susan McKay wrote in The Irish Times that, on hearing Paisley's accusations, Black went straight to the Reaveys' house and told Reavey that he knew he was innocent. The deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, the SDLP's Seamus Mallon, expressed outrage at Paisley's claims. Ronnie Flanagan, chief constable of the RUC, said there was "no evidence whatsoever" to connect Reavey with the massacre, and that no police file contained any such allegation.

In January 2007, the HET apologised to the Reavey family for the British security force's allegations that Reavey had been involved in the Kingsmill attack. Despite this, the allegation continued to be promoted by local unionist activist Willie Frazer of Families Acting for Innocent Relatives (FAIR). In May 2010, the HET released a report which exonerated the three Reavey brothers and their family of any links to paramilitarism, leading Eugene Reavey to demand an apology from Paisley for his comments. Paisley died in 2014 without withdrawing his allegations.

Reactions and aftermath
The massacre was condemned by the British and Irish governments, the main political parties and Catholic and Protestant church leaders. Merlyn Rees, the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, condemned the massacre and forecasted that the violence would escalate, saying "This is the way it will go on unless someone in their right senses stops it, it will go on".

The British government immediately declared County Armagh a "Special Emergency Area" and deployed hundreds of extra troops and police in the area. A battalion of the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) was called out and the Spearhead Battalion was sent into the area. Two days after the massacre, the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced that the Special Air Service (SAS) was being sent into South Armagh. This was the first time that SAS operations in Northern Ireland were officially acknowledged. It is believed that some SAS personnel had already been in Northern Ireland for a few years. Units and personnel under SAS control are alleged to have been involved in loyalist attacks.

The Kingsmill massacre was the last in the series of sectarian killings in South Armagh during the mid-1970s. According to Willie Frazer of FAIR, this was a result of a deal between the local UVF and IRA groups.

Loyalist response

There were no immediate revenge attacks by loyalists but in the 2000s it emerged that local UVF members had plotted to kill 30 Catholic schoolchildren as retaliation, by attacking St Lawrence O'Toole Primary School in Belleeks. The loyalists were members of the "Glenanne gang", which had carried out the Reavey–O'Dowd killings and included RUC and UDR members. The attack was allegedly called off because the UVF leadership ruled it would be "morally unacceptable" and would lead to a harsh IRA response and likely civil war. Allegedly, the leadership also suspected that the member who suggested the attack was working with British Military Intelligence and that Military Intelligence were seeking to provoke a civil war. The plot was revealed by two former Glenanne gang members, including Billy McCaughey, who admitted the plot in a 2004 documentary.

Another UVF gang, the "Shankill Butchers", also planned retaliation for the massacre. This gang, led by Lenny Murphy, operated in Belfast and was notorious for its late-night kidnapping, torture and murder (by throat slashing) of random Catholic civilians. Murphy planned to attack a lorry that ferried Catholic workmen to Corry's Timber Yard in West Belfast, shooting all on board. Murphy abandoned the plan after the workers changed their route and transport. Some loyalists claim the Kingsmill massacre was the reason they joined paramilitary groups, notably Billy Wright, who said,

"I was 15 when those workmen were pulled out of that bus and shot dead. I was a Protestant and I realised that they had been killed simply because they were Protestants. I left Mountnorris, came back to Portadown and immediately joined the youth wing of the UVF."

He became commander of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade in the early 1990s; Wright later founded the breakaway Loyalist Volunteer Force in 1996. He was suspected of at least 20 sectarian killings of Catholics in the 1980s and 1990s.

Another with similar claims was RUC Special Patrol Group officer Billy McCaughey, who was one of the first RUC officers on the scene of the massacre. He told Toby Harnden, "the sides of the road were running red with blood and it was the blood of totally innocent Protestants". Afterwards, McCaughey says, he began passing RUC intelligence to loyalist militants and also to participate in their operations. McCaughey was convicted in 1980 of a sectarian killing, the kidnapping of a Catholic priest and an attempted bombing. McCaughey had colluded with loyalists before the Kingsmill attack and later admitted taking part in the Reavey killings the day before, he claimed he "was at the house but fired no shots". McCaughey also gave his view on how the massacre affected loyalists,

"I think Kingsmills forced people to ask themselves where they were going, especially the Protestant support base, the civilian support base – the people who were not members of the UVF but would let you use a building or a field. Those people, many of them withdrew. It wasn't because of anything the UVF did. It was fear of retaliation."

No one was charged with the Kingsmill massacre. In August 2003, there were calls for the Police Service of Northern Ireland to reopen the files relating to the massacre.

Republican response
The IRA denied involvement in the attack but the double agent Sean O'Callaghan and others have alleged it was ordered by two IRA leaders; other republican leaders were reported to be very unhappy about it. According to O'Callaghan, Gerry Adams said in an Army Council meeting, "there'll never again be another Kingsmill". One South Armagh IRA member allegedly resigned in disgust at the massacre.

Toby Harnden said that IRA members in South Armagh who talked to him in the late 1990s generally condemned the massacre. One, Volunteer G, was quoted as saying that he "never agreed with Kingsmill". Another, Volunteer M, was quoted as saying that it was "a gut reaction [to the killing of Catholics] and a wrong one. The worst time in my life was in jail after Kingsmill. It was a dishonourable time". Republican activist Peter John Caraher said that those ultimately responsible were "the loyalists who shot the Reavey brothers". He added, "It was sad that those people [at Kingsmill] had to die, but I'll tell you something, it stopped any more Catholics being killed". This view was reiterated by a County Tyrone republican and Gaelic Athletic Association veteran who spoke to Ed Moloney. "It's a lesson you learn quickly on the football field... If you're fouled, you hit back". Colin Worton, whose brother was killed in the massacre, said "Kingsmill did stop Catholics being killed in South Armagh, but that doesn't justify it".

In 2018 Sinn Féin politician John O'Dowd condemned the massacre as "shameful" and was backed by his party colleagues. O'Dowd's uncle and two of his cousins had been shot dead by loyalists in the day before the massacre.

Inquest
An inquest held to review the Kingsmill massacre found that it was "an overtly sectarian attack mounted by the IRA". The coroner, Judge Sherrard said it was an attack planned well in advance by a unit consisting of at least 12 IRA members. It found that the attack was "carried out by the IRA operating under the authority of the Army Council which had, in April 1975, given wide authorisation to IRA units". Judge Sherrard added that the IRA failed to engage with the inquest and that there was "no acknowledgement by the IRA of the utter wrongness of the atrocity, its impact on those bereaved or the damage caused to the entire community".

Commemoration
There is a memorial in Bessbrook dedicated to 'The Innocent Victims Murdered at Kingsmills'. For many years after the massacre there was a small memorial at the site of the massacre. A new and much larger memorial was built there in 2012. This memorial has been vandalised and it is claimed there was an attempt to "intimidate" the builders. The following year, Northern Ireland's Environment Minister Alex Attwood (of the SDLP) apologised after his department mistakenly sent a letter to the landowner demanding it be removed for lack of planning permission. Unionist politician William Irwin criticised the department and said it had not taken action against "illegal roadside terrorist memorials" erected by republicans.

In February 2012, controversy arose when Willie Frazer of FAIR proposed a "March for Justice" in which the victims' relatives, along with 11 loyalist bands, would follow the route taken by the workmen the night they were killed. This would have meant passing through the mainly Catholic village of Whitecross and past the homes of the Reavey family, where the three brothers had been killed the night before the massacre. Over 200 people opposed the march at a meeting with the Parades Commission in Whitecross. Local SDLP and Sinn Féin politicians also opposed it, saying it would raise sectarian tension in the area. The Parades Commission approved the march on condition that there be no marching bands, flags, banners or placards. One organiser received a death threat telling him that he would be shot and his church would be burnt if the march went ahead. The organisers postponed the march; a move that was welcomed by local nationalist politicians and by Ulster Unionist politician Danny Kennedy.

title: Kingsmill massacre


text:
Template:Refer

 :

title: Template:Refer


text:
User talk:Malfita

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image copyright problem with Image:Airshowfan-dot-com--by-Bernardo-Malfitano--Image-of-USAF-Thunderbirds-3.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Airshowfan-dot-com--by-Bernardo-Malfitano--Image-of-USAF-Thunderbirds-3.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:. If you have not already done so, please also include the source of the image. In many cases this will be the website where you found it.

Please specify the copyright information and source on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 13:49, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

File:Skunkworks-logo.jpg
Hello, your work File:Skunkworks-logo.jpg has been transferred to the Commons by me just now, since you have published it on English wikipedia in the template:PD-self. I'm here to give you this information and thanks for your beautiful work. --WWbread （Open Your Mouth?） 05:17, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Malfita


text:
Nicolas François, Count Mollien

Nicolas François, Count Mollien (born 28 February 1758 in Rouen, Seine-Inférieure – died 20 April 1850 in Paris, Seine), was a French financier. The son of a merchant, he early showed ability, and entered the ministry of finance, where he rose rapidly; in 1784, at the time of the renewal of the arrangements with the tax-farmers-general, he was practically chief in that department and made terms advantageous to the national exchequer.

Under Calonne he improved the returns from the farmers-general; and he was largely instrumental in bringing about the erection of the octroi walls of Paris in place of the insufficient wooden barriers. He, however, advocated an abolition of some of the restrictions on imports, as came about in the Anglo-French commercial treaty of 1786, to the conclusion of which he contributed in no small measure.

The events of the French Revolution threatened at times to overwhelm Mollien. In 1794 he was brought before the revolutionary tribunal of Évreux as a suspect, and narrowly escaped the fate that befell many of the former farmers-general. He retired to England, where he observed the financial measures adopted at the crisis of 1796–1797.

After the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (November 1799) he re-entered the ministry of finance, then under Gaudin, who entrusted to him important duties as director of the new caisse d'amortissement. Napoleon, hearing of his abilities, frequently consulted him on financial matters, and after the Proclamation of the Empire (May 1804) made him a councillor of state (Napoleon also had regular affairs with Mollien's wife ). The severe financial crisis of December 1805 to January 1806 served to reveal once more his sound sense. Napoleon, returning in haste not long after the Battle of Austerlitz, dismissed Barbé-Marbois from the ministry of the treasury and confided to Mollien those important duties.

He soon succeeded in freeing the treasury from the interference of great banking houses. In other respects, however, he did something towards curbing Napoleon's desire for a precise regulation of the money market. The conversations between them on this subject, as reported in Mollien's Mémoirs, are of high interest, and show that the ministry had a far truer judgement on financial matters than the emperor, who often twitted him with being an ideologue.

In 1808 Mollien was awarded the title of count. He soon came to see the impossibility of the measures termed collectively the Continental System; but his warnings on that subject were of no avail. After the first abdication of the emperor (11 April 1814), Mollien retired into private life, but took up his ministerial duties at the appeal of Napoleon during the Hundred Days (1815), after which he again retired. Louis XVIII wished to bring him back to office, but he resisted these appeals. Nominated a peer in 1819, he took some part in connection with the annual budgets. He lived to see the election of Louis-Napoleon as president of the Second Republic, and died in April 1850; with the exception of Étienne Denis Pasquier, he was the last surviving minister of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Legacy
Several elements of Napoleon III's Louvre expansion bear Mollien's name, including a monumental staircase and several exhibition rooms (escalier Mollien, galerie Mollien, salle Mollien).

title: Nicolas François, Count Mollien


text:
Talk:55th Wing

Untitled
This sounds a lot like something taken from a book or other source. -Trump

Insert from Strategic Air Command wings temporarily: Buckshot06 03:11, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Why is 55th Medical Group listed as a 'former' rather than a current unit under the 55th Wing? JCSeer 04:14, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Touching on above question, why is the 55th ECG listed as a previous component? While located at DMAFB and not Offutt AFB, the 55th ECG still reports to the 55th Wing.  Comnavchaos (talk) 17:18, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

55th Wing

 * Redesignated in: 1 September 1991.
 * At: Offutt AFB, NE.
 * Assigned to: Second Air Force.
 * Equipment: C-135s, EC-135s, KC-135s, NKC-135s, RC-135s, TC-135s, E-4s
 * Reassigned to: Air Combat Command, Second Air Force on 31 May 1992

 * Responsible for an Atlas missile complex, Aug. 1964-Mar. 1965.
 * Became responsible for SAC's airborne command post and post-attack command and control operations, Aug. 1966. In addition, flew SAC logistic support missions after Sept. 1971. Conducted K/E/RC-135 pilot training as required.
 * Began Airborne Launch Control operations in 1978 using EC-135Cs as flying launch/control platforms for Minuteman, and later, Peacekeeper strategic missile systems.
 * Operated from bases in the U.S., Mediterranean, Europe, and the Pacific.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on 55th Wing. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120224090140/http://www.offutt.af.mil/units/ to http://www.offutt.af.mil/units/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

--Lineagegeek (talk) 19:55, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:32, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on 55th Wing. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150824013415/http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123455798 to http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123455798&source=GovD

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:52, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on 55th Wing. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090708121111/http://www.offutt.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4607 to http://www.offutt.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4607

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:54, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Units Previously Assigned
In the Compenents section, there is a pretty good lengthy list of units both past and present. However, only the flying squadrons that were ever assigned to the wing are listed. None of the supporting units that reported directly to the wing are on this list. For instance, when I was stationed as part of the 55th SRW during the early 80s, there were 3 maintenance squadrons that were assigned directly to the wing headquarters; 55th Avionics Maintenance Sq (AMS), 55th Field Maintenance Sq (FMS), and the 55th Organizational Maintenance Sq (OMS). The problem here is, in order to list these on Wikipedia, we must have a "source" to reference in a citation. I've scoured the internet checking fact-sheets and 55th Wing historical sites, and it's as if these maintenance units never existed. Yet, we see from this article that maintenance is (and always has been) at least a major role of the wing. How can we correctly account for these essential units in this article? Is this article still on anyone's Watchlist? TadgStirkland401 (talk) 06:56, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
 * If you want to spend the time will let you search for abstracts of histories mentioning support units for wings.  If you intend to include maintenance squadrons (1952-1991), don't forget that when the tri-deputy system was implemented in the 1970s, other support units were assigned directly to the wing (not to mention the bouncing back and forth of supply squadrons between the Air Base/Combat Support Group and the Wing). --Lineagegeek (talk) 23:39, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
 * , I checked the link you attached above and didn't find anything useful. To be honest, I am having troubke finding any mention of the units I talked about (55th AMS/FMS/OMS) anywhere on the web at all. It's like they never existed, which I find incredibly strange. I suppose at this point, it may be a lost cause... The only potential help might be to contact the Wing Historian's office. But any information he/she provides would be hard to properly cite in the article. TadgStirkland401 (TadgTalk) 03:09, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi TadgStirkland401, no. It would be PD-USGOV, so no copyright problems; just go through the WT:OTRS ticket process. Buckshot06 (talk) 00:42, 7 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi again. I think I mighta misstated the problem. I’m not worried about copyright per se. i was worried about how I could reliably cite an email response from the wing. I wrote to the Public Affairs office and they responded today that they forwarded my request to the wing historian. If that person sends me a full list of the units in question via email, how would I properly cite that? My understanding of citing material is that the source should be publicly available, as a book, magazine, newspaper, website, etc.. I think citing an email will be difficult. Thoughts? TadgStirkland401 (TadgTalk) 02:08, 7 August 2018 (UTC)
 * That is specifically what WT:OTRS can be used for. Stick a query in over there, and the e-mail, with your identifying information removed, can be uploaded to Wiki. Haven't used it myself. Can't remember whether it's Wikipedia or Commons, but the OTRS ticket process is how we get around that kind of problem. Buckshot06 (talk) 04:58, 7 August 2018 (UTC)
 * That is not correct. The no original research policy requires all information to come from published, reliable sources. For this reason, we cannot cite emails if they have not been published by a reliable source. OTRS is primarily for responding to questions/concerns about Wikipedia raised by readers who don't know how to edit. Additionally, if you have received permission to upload an image or other file to the Wikimedia Commons under a free copyright license, we also use OTRS to document that permission on file description pages. However, we cannot cite OTRS tickets for actual article content, unfortunately. Mz7 (talk) 00:56, 9 August 2018 (UTC)
 * , thanks for the quick response. I also got the email response from you. I'll contact the Wing Historian and let him know I can't use his information. He stated because of the way the info is stored, it would take him a while to compile it, so better to know now than later. TadgStirkland401 (TadgTalk) 01:27, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:55th Wing


text:
User talk:Whoustonfan05

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Whitney Houston Image
Hello!

Thanks for uploading some pictures to Wikipedia. I wanted to make sure you were aware of some of the requirements and good practices for uploaded images.

 * Pick an image name.
 * When uploading an image, pick a file name that is short, descriptive, and unique. Remember that many images may be uploaded about the same topic, and remember that names are case sensitive.

 * Source the image.
 * On the image description page, explain where the image came from. If you created the image yourself, then say so.  If it's from the web, give a URL.  If it's a screenshot of a movie or game, or a scan from a book, give the title.

 * Provide copyright and license information.
 * This part is a little bit trickier, but it's very important. The copyright of the image generally belongs to whomever created it.
 * If it's a photograph you took, or an image you created (modifying an image that already exists doesn't count) in software like Photoshop or GIMP, then you own the copyright. To upload it to Wikipedia, you must agree to license it under the GFDL (which allows anyone to use it, but requires that they give credit to the original author and requires that any further edit to the image be licensed under the GFDL as well) or release it into the public domain (which allows anyone to use it for any purpose without restriction.)  Do this by placing an appropriate tag on the image description page, like {{GFDL}} or {{PD}}.  Be sure to mention that you created the image.  If you're using {{PD}}, you may also want to use {{NoRightsReserved}}, since there is some dispute as to whether one may grant items into the public domain.
 * If you didn't create the image, or the copyright somehow belongs to another party (like a screenshot, which you might "create", but the copyright belongs to the author of the movie or video game), then you need to find another tag that describes the copyright status of the image. Images used on Wikipedia need to be free for our use and the use of sites which reproduce our content.  This means that images cannot have a restriction such as "only for use by Wikipedia", or "for non-commercial use only", or "for educational use".  Images without a free license may be usable in certain articles under fair use, but such a use should be justified on the image description page.

 * Describe the image.
 * To another reader, the image may not be immediately understood. A caption in an article doesn't explain the image to a visitor who sees it on its image page.  Put a brief explanation of what is in the image on the image description page, similar to what you might include in a caption on an article.

Some links to Wikipedia pages on this subject:

Copyrights, Copyright tags, Fair use, Image description page, Public domain, Images for deletion, Possibly unfree images, Copyright problems, Uploading images

Thanks again for your contributions. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask me at my talk page. Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined

Whitney Houston
Per Manual of Style (headings), you should capitalise the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns in headings, but leave the rest lower case. Also, avoid using special characters in headings, such as an ampersand (&). For example, "Career Development & Controversy" becomes "Career development and controversy". Additionally, people are generally referred to in articles by their surnames, except in special cases (e.g. Madonna, Bjork etc.). Anyway, thanks for contributing to Wikipedia! Extraordinary Machine 20:44, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Just_Whitney.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Just_Whitney.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. -- Carnildo 00:13, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Whoustonfan05


text:
Template talk:Disambig0

Usage
Template:Disambig0 is a complement to Template:Disambig

* item * item

title: Template talk:Disambig0


text:
Talk:Morpeth, Northumberland

Structural issues
Can I nominate the following paragraph for the most out-of-place sentence ever.

Today the town is a thriving local centre. It is a commuter town for Newcastle upon Tyne, and benefits from excellent transport links ... its railway station has direct trains to London taking a little over three hours. Several fatal rail crashes have occurred at Morpeth. The school facilities are also highly rated, ...

Tyrhinis 21:25, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair comment - I came across the page about the rail crashes but it was previously not linked from the Morpeth article, which of course it needed to be. At the time, I didn't have much time to do anything other than include a quick link - and the most obvious place was next to the only mention of railways. Reading all the positive stuff before and after, it does look a bit out of place.  I'll look at including it in a slightly less "sudden" manner! Halsteadk 11:58, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Added a photo Farmer erik 01:06, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Surely the most out-of-place sentence ever is this cheesy specimen: "It was a very sad/bleak day in the history of such a prestigious old town but it showed the courage and love that this community has for one another and has made everyone more friendly towards each other."93.158.79.70 (talk) 15:48, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Why is Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, the victor in Battle of Trafalgar, not mention in the paragraph "People associated with Morpeth"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.177.253.226 (talk) 19:15, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Morpeth, Northumberland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.durham.gov.uk/durhamcc/K2P.nsf/K2PDetail?readform&PRN=N13457
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092402/http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/our-landmarks/properties/morpeth-castle-9471 to http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/our-landmarks/properties/morpeth-castle-9471
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130210040322/http://www.parishofmorpeth.org.uk/stjames/index.html to http://www.parishofmorpeth.org.uk/stjames/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050905052453/http://www.morpethmhc.com/ to http://www.morpethmhc.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080917125714/http://www.genuki.bpears.org.uk/NBL/Morpeth/index.html to http://www.genuki.bpears.org.uk/NBL/Morpeth/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:59, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Morpeth, Northumberland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090615094443/http://www.gmdt.net/index2.php?id=62 to http://www.gmdt.net/index2.php?id=62

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:25, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

Improvements to this article
I will be making improvements to this article so that it can meet the GA article criteria. I have already created an image montage and removed some unsourced claims. Please message me if you are planning to review for GA. Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me | my contributions 11:36, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

Off topic, up tower, but local editors might have a view
Hello Morpethists! Obviously I'm thinking of people like and  but all comments are welcome, natch. Yes, this is offtopic for here but I think you might be the right people to ask ... please have a quick look at Cockle Park Tower and its recent edit history and let me know – perhaps at Talk:Cockle Park Tower rather than here? – if you think I have been stupid there? Or, even better, if not stupid!? – Thanks and best wishes DBaK (talk) 10:40, 18 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi, I don't really know much about this Cockle Park Tower, but I've taken a quick look over your edits and the sources and your edits look very helpful to me. Dreamy Jazz may know more about this. Cheers, -- SkyGazer 512 Oh no, what did I do this time? 15:50, 18 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the helpful response. Much appreciated. Cheers DBaK (talk) 10:01, 21 February 2019 (UTC)
 * , sorry for the late reply. Looks good. I have seen it before, but don't know about it. Thanks, Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me | my contributions 12:01, 25 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Hoping to go and have a look at it over the Easter holiday ... our great, great, great grandfather was born there in 1772 so might be interesting. Maybe he left us a note or something? Cheers DBaK (talk) 21:04, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

Questionable lead image
Is there any good reason why the lead image for this article is a road sign pointing to a property 12 miles distant from Morpeth? - your work? What's the story here? --Tagishsimon (talk) 06:15, 18 December 2019 (UTC)
 * , i think it was because it was an interesting image to me which was taken in morpeth (the sign is on one of the main roads in morpeth) and there wasn't many suitable images allowing the lead image to be licensed freely (had to be landscape and an image which would still look fine a lot smaller). No particular need for it to be this image (I could change it using the original project files I used to create the image, in a couple of days time when I am back to my computer). If you have any suggestions, feel free to suggest them. If not, I'll see what I can find to replace it when I'm back at my computer. Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me | my contributions 16:51, 18 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks DJ. I see the issue; Morpeth isn't over-blessed with a collection of images, other than yet another building the same colour as the last building. Perhaps File:Morpeth, Northumberland (14447107850).jpg by way of colour & impressing on the reader that the town has a river? Poor unphotographable town; it must look at Category:Alnwick and seethe ;) --Tagishsimon (talk) 17:28, 18 December 2019 (UTC)
 * , I could probably take some more photographs of the town given some time. I'll go with your suggestion; the rowing boats in morpeth are a particularly important thing to some of the locals. Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me | my contributions 22:39, 18 December 2019 (UTC)
 * done. Also now is a PNG image for better quality. Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me | my contributions 20:17, 19 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Good job, DJ; thank you. Much improved. --Tagishsimon (talk) 09:05, 20 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Caption/explanation for the rowing boats in lead image perhaps for non-Morpeth people, e.g. "Wansbeck river at Carlisle Park"? Helmardine (talk) 11:16, 20 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Agreed, and done - also the imagemap extended to provide a link beneath the boat image ... DJ, please feel free to amend any and all of this should you wish. --Tagishsimon (talk) 11:35, 20 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morpeth, Northumberland


text:
Tiff

TIFF is an acronym for Tagged Image File Format, a file format for storing images.

Tiff or TIFF may also refer to:

Film festivals

 * Tagore International Film Festival, held in Kolkata, India, since 2017
 * Tbilisi International Film Festival, held in Tbilisi, Georgia, since 2000
 * Thessaloniki International Film Festival, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, since 1960
 * Tigerland India Film Festival, held in India, since 2014
 * Tokyo International Film Festival, held in Tokyo, Japan, since 1985
 * Toronto International Film Festival, held in Toronto, Canada, since 1976
 * Transilvania International Film Festival, held in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, since 2001
 * Tromsø International Film Festival, held in Tromsø, Norway, since 1991

Given name or nickname

 * Tiff Joy, stage name of American gospel singer Tiffany Joy McGhee (born 1986)
 * Tiff Lacey (born 1985), British singer
 * Tiff Macklem (born 1961), Canadian banker and Governor of the Bank of Canada
 * Tiff Needell (born 1951), British racing driver and television presenter
 * Timothy Findley (1930–2002), Canadian novelist and playwright nicknamed "Tiff"

Surname

 * Milan Tiff (born 1949), American track and field athlete

Places

 * Tiff, Missouri, an unincorporated community in Washington County, Missouri, U.S.
 * Tiff City, Missouri, an unincorporated community in McDonald County, Missouri, U.S.

Other uses

 * Baryte, or tiff, a mineral consisting of barium sulfate
 * "Tiff" (song), a 2013 song by Simi
 * Tiff, a character in the Kirby franchise
 * Tooth interior fatigue fracture (TIFF), a type of gear failure

title: Tiff