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User:Pmadrid/temp1

A corporation is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law to those of a natural person. Civil law systems may refer to corporations as "moral persons;" they may also go by the name "AS" (anonymous society) or something similar, depending on language (see below).

The word "corporation" derives from the Latin corpus (body), representing a "body of people"; that is, a group of people authorized to act as an individual (Oxford English Dictionary). The word universitas also used to refer to a group of people but now refers  specifically to a group of scholars (see University). In the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, the term corporation was also used for the local government body in charge of a borough. This style was replaced in most cases with the term council in the United Kingdom in 1973, and in the Republic of Ireland in 2001. The sole exception is the Corporation of London which retains the title.

However, in colloquial usage "corporation" usually refers to a commercial entity set up in accordance with a governmental framework.

Churches, interest groups (both can form as not-for-profit corporations or can exist as voluntary associations), cities and townships (often chartered as public corporations), among others, may also have historically lengthy corporate identities.

The corporation simply as a legally separate entity
Older corporate entities gained incorporation as "the person/people of xx". This reflected the people who made up the "body" and also emphasised their legal identity. The law classifies a corporation either as a corporation sole (one person) or as a corporation aggregate (any other number).

Examples include (the link gives the legal name; the nickname appears in brackets with the nature of the corporation)
 * The Governor and Company of the Bank of England (Bank of England — corporation aggregate)
 * The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Cambridge (Cambridge University — corporation aggregate)
 * The President and Fellows of Harvard College (Harvard College — corporation aggregate)
 * Her Majesty the Queen in Right of New Zealand (New Zealand Government — corporation sole)
 * The Archbishop of Canterbury (corporation sole)
 * The Dean, Chapter and Students of the Cathedral Church of Christ in Oxford of the Foundation of King Henry VIII (Christ Church, Oxford — corporation aggregate)

Using strict definitions, universities and colleges count as corporations since they merely comprise groups of people.

Corporations in some jurisdictions do not need to make reference to their membership. For example:
 * The British Broadcasting Corporation
 * Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd (supermarket) — a subsidiary of a plc (J Sainsbury).

Modern usage tends not to refer to the membership when incorporating corporations.

Legal status
Within the official framework, a corporation, or in some jurisdictions a company, forms a legal, artificial entity with or without shareholders. In common law countries, the classic statement of this principle is found in Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915], where Lord Haldane said:
 * "My Lords, a corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind of its own any more than it has a body of its own; its active and directing will must consequently be sought in the person of somebody who is really the directing mind and will of the corporation, the very ego and centre of the personality of the corporation."

Humans, trusts, other corporations or other legal entities can hold shares. When no stockholders exist, a corporation may exist as a "non-stock corporation", a "membership corporation", or similar — this second type of corporation counts as a not-for-profit corporation. In either category, the corporation comprises a collective of individuals with a distinct legal status and with special privileges not vouchsafed to ordinary unincorporated businesses, to voluntary associations, or to groups of individuals. Corporations receive a charter from a state, and become regulated by the laws enacted by that state. The law of the state in which a corporation operates (if different from the state in which it originates) will generally regulate its activities.

Certain jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word "company" alone to denote corporate status, since the word "company" may refer to a partnership or to a sole proprietorship, or even, archaically, to a group of not necessarily related people (for example, those staying in a tavern).

Comments
Terms like those on the list above, known as words of limitation, obviously vary by jurisdiction and language. Their use puts all persons on constructive notice that they have to deal with an entity whose liability remains limited, in the sense that it does not reach back to the persons who constitute the entity; one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls at the time one obtains a judgment against it.

Generally speaking, any corporation, whether domestically created or foreign (from another jurisdiction) must register in order to conduct business in that jurisdiction. As part of this registration, it must designate the principal address of the corporation (where to contact it in the event of legal process).

The law typically views a corporation as a fictional person, a legal person, or a moral person (as opposed to a natural person); United States law recognises this as corporate personhood. Under such a doctrine (obviously a legal fiction), a corporation enjoys many of the rights and obligations of individual citizens, such as the ability to own property, sign binding contracts, pay taxes, have certain constitutional rights, and otherwise participate in society. (Note that corporations do not possess all the rights appertaining to individuals: in most jurisdictions, for example, a corporation cannot vote.)

Typically, a board of directors governs a corporation; that board has a fiduciary duty to look after the interests of the corporation. The corporate officers such as the CEO, president, treasurer, and other titled officers — manage the affairs of the corporation.

Benefits of forming a corporation
The most salient features of incorporation include:
 * 1) Limited Liability. Unlike in a partnership, stockholders of a corporation hold no liability for the corporation's debts and obligations. As a result their "limited" potential losses cannot exceed the amount which they paid for the stock. Not only does this allow corporations to engage in risky enterprises, but limited liability also forms the basis for trading in corporate stock. Without the limitation on the amount that an investor can lose, the time and effort required to determine whether the stock could wipe the investor out would render the stock market very illiquid (as one can observe in the very illiquid market for partnership interests). A lender can, however, require a personal guarantee on a loan to a corporation, thus introducing personal liability.
 * 2) Perpetual Lifetime. The assets and structure of the corporation exist beyond the lifetime of any of its shareholders, officers or directors. This allows for stability of capital, which thus becomes available for investment in projects of a larger size and over a longer term than if the corporate assets remained subject to dissolution and distribution. This feature also had great importance in the medieval period, when land donated to the Church (a corporation) would not generate the feudal fees that a lord could claim upon a landholder's death. In this regard, see Statute of Mortmain.

Origins
Early corporations of the commercial sort — such as the Dutch East India Company—formed under frameworks (set up by governments of states) to undertake tasks which appeared too risky or too expensive for individuals or governments to embark upon. Such corporations came to play a large part in the history of corporate colonialism.

Corporations have been present in some forms, however, as far back as Ancient Rome. Although devoid of some of the core characteristics by which corporations are known today, they nonetheless were enterprises, sanctioned by the state, with a form of shareholders who invested money for a specific purpose.

With the collapse of the Roman Empire, the rise of Christianity and the influx of Germanic tribes, the Roman conception of the corporation merged with other views. Germanic tribes for example, maintained that a group entity in and of itself could have a separate identity from that of its members.

These influences came together in the body of canon law built around the conception of the church as corporate structure in the Middle Ages. Different theories of the church as corporate body were favored by different individuals but all agreed on one key component: that the church was more than just its members and could maintain an existence perpetually, regardless of the death of any individual member. This together with discussion as to the relationship between the head of a corporation (such as the Pope) and its members contributed not only to the development of modern corporations and corporate theory but also set the stage for many ideas that would come to fruition during the enlightenment.

Kenneth Pomeranz, an economic historian, argues that the need to perform pseudo-governmental operations (such as the waging of war) accounts for the development of this economic structure in Europe but not in China or in the Middle East.

The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the Stora Kopparberg mining community in Falun, Sweden, reportedly obtained a charter from King Magnus Eriksson in 1347.

Non-profit organizations
Main article: non-profit organization

In modern economic systems, the corporate conventions of governance commonly appear in a wide variety of business and non-profit activities. Though the laws governing these creatures of statute often differ, the courts often interpret provisions of the law that apply to profit-making enterprises in the same manner (or in a similar manner) when applying principles to non-profit organizations — as the underlying structures of these two types of entity often resemble each other.

National features
There are various types of corporations throughout the world.

United States
In the United States, several corporate forms exist; the name of "corporation" generally applies to a business, run for profit, to which one of the states of the United States (or other governmental body with that power, including Congress and Puerto Rico) has granted a corporate charter. The federal government of the United States usually does not grant corporate charters to businesses (exceptions include public corporations such as the United States Postal Service and Amtrak). American corporations often charter as a Delaware Corporation in Delaware, which charges no tax on activities outside the state and has courts experienced in commercial law. Corporations set up for privacy or asset protection often charter in Nevada, which allows setting them up with no record of who owns them.

Historically, most U.S. states issued charters for fixed lengths of time (for example, a manufacturing corporation might receive a charter good for 40 years), and only by an act of the legislature. In theory, a limited charter forced corporations to remain accountable to government (that is, to the community) for the special privileges granted to them. Investors protested that it actually led to unhealthy amounts of political payoffs and graft. Most states now charter unlimited-term corporations for a small fee, and possibly for a yearly tax.

Legally, corporations are accorded some corporate personhood, i.e. Constitutional rights similar to those held by persons. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled on this question in the 1886 case Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad.

Canada
In Canada both the federal government and the provinces have corporate statutes, and thus a corporation may have a provincial or a federal charter. Many older corporations in Canada stem from Acts of Parliament passed before the introduction of general corporation law. The oldest corporation in Canada, and in North America, is the Hudson's Bay Company, chartered in 1670.

Related topics

 * Bylaw
 * Commercial law
 * Corporate governance
 * Delaware corporation
 * Preferred stock
 * Stock certificates

Multinational corporations
Following on the success of the corporate model at a national level, many corporations have become transnational or multinational corporations: growing beyond national boundaries to attain sometimes remarkable positions of power and influence in the process of globalising.

The typical "transnational" or "multinational" may fit into a web of overlapping ownerships and directorships, with multiple branches and lines in different regions, many such sub-groupings comprising corporations in their own right. Growth by expansion may favour national or regional branches; growth by acquisition or merger can result in a plethora of groupings scattered around and/or spanning the globe, with structures and names which do not always make clear the structures of ownership and interaction.

In the spread of corporations across multiple continents, the importance of corporate culture has grown as a unifying factor and a counterweight to local national sensibilities and cultural awareness.

Dynamics of a public corporation
The institution most often referenced when the word "Corporation" is used, as in the title of the movie The Corporation, is a publicly traded corporation. Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations. Publicly traded corporations have some distinct properties which shape the way they act, and which then shape the societies which they are a part of:

 * In general, management of publicly traded corporations are thought to have a fiduciary duty to always increase the amount of profit made. This is because the owners of the corporation, the stockholders, are interested in "buying low and selling high", and the main driver in the long term of a rising stock price is increasing profits (and the perception that the profits will continue to increase). Most corporations have set their entire focus and pay of all management to this focus, via things like stock options and other bonuses. Thus neither stockholders nor management are primarily concerned about how large or profitable a corporation currently is, but how much more profitable it can become. Critics of corporations say that this drive for increasing profitability puts pressure on corporations to break the bounds of morality and do things like harm the environment.

 * Since the focus of management and the stockholders is usually the concept of "buy low, sell high", and the current price of the stock of a company is primarily influenced by the level of belief in sustained future growth, corporations will often engage in actions designed primarily to increase this belief. For example, Altria Group (formerly Philip Morris) has been criticized by some for being a gigantic corporation owning a large number of brands sold in US stores. Yet, as said before, both the stockholders and management are only secondarily concerned with how big the company is. Some of its lines of business, such as the US tobacco business, are thought to be risky and have little potential for profit growth, while the majority of its other businesses are thought to be stable and contain potential for quick future growth. The dim prospects of the tobacco segment, however, are thought to disproportionately weigh down the stock price of the entire company. Thus, management is seriously considering splitting the company, for the primary reason of allowing each segment to be valued properly, which they feel will make the separate stock prices higher than the combined stock prices.

In the United States
In the US, business corporations owe taxes according to several different categories. The United States Internal Revenue Service classifies organizations as associations (taxable as corporations), partnerships (not limited to common-law partnerships) or trusts ("ordinary trusts"). [see 26 CFR §§301.7701-2 through 301.7701-4]

The United States federal taxation system recognises two types of corporations for taxation purposes:

C-Corp — The most common form of corporation, the C-corporation has few ownership restrictions and must pay corporate taxes; all publicly traded corporations have C-corporation status. C-corporations pay income taxes just as an individual does, and C-corporations do not receive a deduction on dividends they pay to stockholders. This leads to the so-called "double-taxation" of corporate profits: a given profit becomes subject to income tax twice, once at the corporate level, as an item of income, and once at the stockholder level, as a dividend.

S-Corp — Commonly used by small business proprietors, the S-corporation pays no corporate taxes, but instead passes profits and losses directly to its owners (the stockholders) who declare such profits and losses as part of their personal taxable income. In this manner S-coporations resemble partnerships, although some subtle differences in taxation exist. As a result, S-corporations do not become subject to the "double-taxation" that C-corporations must endure. However, not all corporations qualify for S-corporation treatment. An S-corporation must generally have no more than 100 stockholders, all of them natural persons (not other corporations or entities), and all of them residing in the United States; moreover, the S-corporation can only issue a single class of stock.

Partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships
A partnership comprises a contractual agreement between individuals and/or corporations which share profits and losses. It resembles a sole proprietorship, but it has multiple members, each called a "partner". A partnership does not constitute a separate entity and the partners all retain liability for the debts of each fellow-partner (if contracted to on behalf of the partnership). Usually a partnership will not survive the death of one of the partners (though it may undergo reorganization at that time).

A partnership can have general partners and limited partners (also known as "silent partners"). General partners retain liability for all of the debts and obligations of the partnership. Limited partners, on the other hand, retain liability only for the amounts they have specifically agreed to contribute to the partnership pursuant to the partnership agreement.

A U.S. limited liability partnership (LLP) comprises a partnership composed entirely of limited partners without any general partner. For historical reasons most U.S. jurisdictions restrict limited liability partnership to associations of learned professionals such as lawyers and doctors. However, this restriction has become fairly meaningless, since a limited liability company can achieve the same legal result.

Limited Liability Partnership (UK)
The UK Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) was introduced by the Limited Liability Partnerships (2000) Act with effect from 6 April 2001.

The UK LLP is not legally a partnership but is in fact a body corporate. A UK Limited Liability Partnership has members rather than partners, and a Limited Liability Partnership Agreement governs its activities. There is not even a requirement for this agreement to be in writing since simple default provisions based upon partnership principles apply by way of default.

The UK LLP has collective limited liability, so that Members cannot lose more than they have invested in the LLP.

Two or more Designated Members are responsible for complying with administrative provisions such as the maintenance and filing of Annual Accounts — where standards are based upon UK Companies Law.

For tax purposes the LLP is tax transparent which means that the UK Inland Revenue treats it as though it is a partnership, and no corporate taxes are therefore payable.

The UK LLP is based upon the earlier implementation by Jersey of an LLP form. The difference being that in Jersey, as in many other jurisdictions, partnerships may have a separate legal existence whereas in England and Wales they do not, which means that partnerships cannot legally own property nor contract in their own name. For this reason it was necessary to make the UK LLP a body corporate.

The UK LLP is probably the simplest, most flexible and effective corporate body yet devised.

Limited liability Company
The limited liability company (LLC) resembles a partnership in that it provides a very flexible structure. A limited liability company has members, rather than partners; and an operating agreement (rather than a partnership agreement) governs its activities. Otherwise an LLC very much resembles a partnership in that the members can contractually arrange in the operating agreement for the management and economic provisions that they wish.

Many lawyers and businesspersons prefer the limited liability company form of taxation because of its extreme flexibility and favorable tax treatment.

Business trusts
One other type of business entity can exist: the business trust, most often used as a vehicle for investment purposes. Only a few jurisdictions allow for the creation of business trusts, most notably Massachusetts; many mutual funds function as Massachusetts business trusts. In many jurisdictions the business trust has become popular as a vehicle for investing in real estate, forming real estate investment trusts or REITs (pronounced reets).

Taxation of non-corporate entities
Since 1996, United States partnerships and limited liability companies have had the right to elect whether the United States government will treat them as corporations or as "flow-through" entities under the IRS' check-the-box regulations (see form 8832). The income tax assessment process does not treat a flow-through entity as a person for income tax purposes; instead it divides its income and loss (and every other tax attribute) among its partners, who report them proportionately to the IRS. Some limits exist on an entity's ability to elect flow-through treatment: most importantly, a publicly traded company cannot elect flow-through treatment; in practice this means that publicly traded corporations remain subject to a more stringent tax régime than do closely held companies.

Unresolved issues
The nature of the corporation continues to evolve, both through existing corporations pushing new ideas and structures, and governments regulating them in response to new situations. A current question is that of diffused responsibility: for example, if the corporation is found liable for a death, then how should the blame and punishment for this be allocated across the shareholders, directors, management and staff of the corporation? The present law diffuses this responsibility. One may think that the owners of the business - the shareholders - should be ultimately responsible for such circumstances, but the modern corporation may have many millions of small-scale shareholders who know nothing about its business activities. Worse still, traders - especially hedge funds - may rapidly turn over their partial ownership of a corporation many times a day. One suggestion is that the directors should be passed the burden of moral and legal responsibility as part of their job of representing the shareholders. This is currently an active area of debate.

Quotes

 * Corporations have neither bodies to be punished, nor souls to be condemned, they therefore do as they like. —Lord Thurlow

 * An ingenious device for obtaining individual profit without individual responsibility. —"Corporation" as defined by Ambrose Bierce in The Devil's Dictionary

 * The opinion of the Court, after mature deliberation, is that this [a corporate charter] is a contract, the obligation of which cannot be impaired without violating the Constitution of the United States. —Chief Justice John Marshall, Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819).

Lists

 * Lists of companies

Documentary

 * The Corporation (a 2003 documentary film about "today's dominant institution")

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Talk:Live at the Aladdin Las Vegas

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This article was nominated for deletion on August 24, 2004. The consensus was to keep. The discussion is at Votes for deletion/Live at the Aladdin Las Vegas. [[smoddy ]] 19:54, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Live at the Aladdin Las Vegas


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Talk:Crazy in Love

Infobox genres
The song's genre has been the target of edit-warring activity. Let's take a look at what the published sources say about the song:
 * Vogue France said the song has the following "influences", not overall song genre: "Retro funk, R’n’B, dance-pop, rap verse..."
 * The Guardian UK presents the song as pop.
 * NME presents the song as pop.
 * Rolling Stone said the song was pop.

Aside from Vogue who name influences but not the song's genre, the sources are in agreement that the song is pop. Binksternet (talk) 03:57, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Long-term abuse/MariaJaydHicky. (CC) Tb hotch ™ 15:34, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

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Portuguese Podengo

The Portuguese Podengo, also known as the Podengo Português or Portuguese Warren Hound, is a hound (sight and scent) breed from Portugal. As a breed, the Podengo is divided into three size categories that are not interbred: small (Pequeno), medium (Médio) and large (Grande). Their coats are either short and 'smooth', or longer and 'wired'. The smooth coated variety is traditional, whereas the wire coated variety is an outcome of the assimilation of various other breeds during the 20th century. In general, the breed is healthy; the Pequeno (small) variety has an average lifespan of approximately 15–17 years.

All Podengo types are hardy, intelligent and lively dogs, excelling at agility and making fine companions. Loyal and fearless, Podengos are also good house guards and are amenable to training by dog experienced people and those that enjoy primitive (unrefined, "less domesticated") dog behavior.

Keen hunting dogs, the Podengo has an affinity for game regardless of size. Typically, the dogs hunt in a pack with their handler following. When game is found, they kill and retrieve it, or flush it towards the hunter to be shot. Each size category traditionally hunts game appropriate to their size and temperament. (Pequeno: rabbits; Medio: rabbits and wild boar; Grande: deer and wild boar).

Description
The Portuguese Podengo is bred in three size varieties, the Large, Medium and Small (in Portuguese the Grande, Medio and Pequeno). According to the Clube Português de Canicultura's breed standard states the Large stands 55 to 70 cm at the withers and healthy adults weigh 20 to 30 kg, the Medium stands 40 to 54 cm at the withers and healthy adults weigh 16 to 20 kg, and the Small stands 20 to 30 cm at the withers and healthy adults weigh 4 to 6 kg.

General information
The Grande (large) was developed for deer and wild boar hunting. It will exhaust and hold down the prey and await the hunter's gun. The Grande is now very rare in its home country.

The Medio (medium) was developed for rabbit chasing, flushing, hunting and retrieval. Its hunting style includes catlike stalking and, similar to the Ibizan Hound, it often jumps above the prey before landing on or near it to flush it out of dense brush, rock crevices or burrows. It will dig if necessary to flush prey.

The Pequeno (small) was also developed for flushing rabbits from cover. It is also a good mouser.

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User:Hamadamas

From Kuwait.

title: User:Hamadamas


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Michèle Laroque

Michèle Laroque (born 15 June 1960) is a French actress, comedian, humorist, producer and screenwriter.

Early life
Michèle Laroque was born in Nice in the department of Alpes-Maritimes. She is the daughter of Romanian dancer and violinist Doina Trandabur, who fled to France to escape Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's regime in Communist Romania. Her father is French doctor Claude Laroque, who met Doina a year earlier during a tour. Michèle is also the niece of Pierre Laroque, the creator of Social Security in France. She studied economics and English, taking comedy classes at the same time in Antibes and then moving to America on a campus in Austin, Texas. In 1979, along with her best friend, she was victim of a car accident that resulted in two years of hospitalisation, a long convalescence and several months of reeducation. Following an extended coma and associated psychological trauma, she made the decision to become a comedian.

Career
She made her television début in 1988 in the humorous programme La Classe hosted by Fabrice every evening on FR3, where she met Pierre Palmade, Muriel Robin and Jean-Marie Bigard.

In 1989, she had her first role in the film Suivez cet avion and later had small roles in Le Mari de la coiffeuse (1990) by Patrice Leconte and Une époque formidable... (1991) by Gérard Jugnot and also starring him in the main role. She was nominated for the César Awards for Best Supporting Actress in La Crise (1992) and Pédale douce (1996).

She joined Les Enfoirés and is a member for the special tours and spectacles for Les Restos du Cœur. She is also the spokesperson for the association Enfance et Partage.

In 2002, she was the voice of Captain Amelia in the French version of the animated film Treasure Planet. In 2007, she appeared in an advertisement for the game Brain Age 2: More Training in Minutes a Day! on Nintendo DS.

Personal life
Michèle Laroque was married to theatre director Dominique Deschamps for a brief period and later divorced. She has a daughter named Oriane (born 12 July 1995), who acted alongside her mother in the film Hey Good Looking !

Since 2008 she has been in a relationship with politician François Baroin. Her tax exile in the USA ended in 2010, her partner becoming at that time the Budget Minister of France.

Michèle Laroque is 5' 7.5" (1.71 m) tall. She is a gay rights activist.

Box-office
Movies starring Michèle Laroque with more than a million of entries in France.

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Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking

Douglas Hewitt Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking (4 August 1884 – 29 July 1950) was a British Conservative politician.

Early life and military career
Educated at Giggleswick School and Manchester University, he was commissioned in the East Lancashire Regiment in August 1914 and served two years in France during World War I. He was mentioned in despatches and was appointed to the Order of the British Empire as an Officer (OBE) in the 1919 New Year Honours. In World War II, from 1940 to 1944, he served with the 5th Battalion Surrey Home Guard.

Political career
Hacking was elected as Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for the Chorley Division of Lancashire in December 1918 and sat for the constituency until June 1945.

He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Sir James Craig at the Ministry of Pensions in 1920 and at the Admiralty from 1920 to 1921; then to Sir Laming Worthington-Evans as Secretary of State for War from 1921 to 1922. He was Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 1922 to 1924 and from November 1924 to December 1925; Conservative Whip, 1922–1925.

He held junior ministerial office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, and Representative of the Office of Works in the House of Commons from 1925 to 1927; as Secretary for Overseas Trade, Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, and Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1927–1929; as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, 1933–1934; as Financial Secretary to the War Office, 1934–1935; and as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, 1935–1936.

He appointed to be a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for the County of Surrey in 1940. He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Chorley on 30 November 1946.

He was created a Baronet, of Altham in the County Palatine of Lancaster in the 1938 Birthday Honours, was sworn of the Privy Council in the 1929 Dissolution Honours and was raised to the peerage as Baron Hacking, of Chorley in the County Palatine of Lancaster in the 1945 Dissolution Honours.

Other positions held
He was a member of Empire Parliamentary Delegation to South Africa, 1924; chairman of Home Office Committee on Compensation for Silicosis, 1926; chairman of Home Office Committee on Taxicabs (Conditions of Licensing, etc.), 1927; chairman of Committee on redistribution of Royal Ordnance Factories, 1934; chancellor of the Primrose League, 1931; vice-chairman, National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1930–1932; government delegate to League of Nations, Geneva, 1933; chairman Conservative Party Organisation, 1936–1942; member General Medical Council, 1932–1947.

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Francesco Barozzi

Francesco Barozzi (9 August 1537 – 23 November 1604), in Latin Franciscus Barocius, was an Italian mathematician, astronomer and humanist.

Life

Barozzi was born on the island of Crete, at Candia (now Heraklion), at the time a Venetian possession. He was the son of Iacopo Barozzi, a Venetian nobleman, and Fiordiligi Dorro. Barozzi was educated at Padua, and studied mathematics at the University of Padua. The estate on Crete, inherited from his father, yielded him an income of 4,000 ducats, though he seems to have lived in Venice for most of his life. He was thus able to function as an independent scholar, and does not appear to have held any academic posts, although he did lecture on the De sphaera of Sacrobosco at the University of Padua in 1559.

Barozzi translated many works of the ancients, including Proclus’s edition of Euclid's Elements (published in Venice in 1560), as well as mathematical works by Hero, Pappus of Alexandria, and Archimedes.

Mathematics
Barozzi helped in the general reappraisal of the geometry of Euclid, and corresponded with numerous mathematicians, including the German Jesuit Christopher Clavius. His original works include Cosmographia in quatuor libros distributa summo ordine, miraque facilitate, ac brevitate ad magnam Ptolemaei mathematicam constructionem, ad universamque astrologiam institutens (1585), which he dedicated to the Duke of Urbino. This work concerns the cosmography and mathematical systems of Ptolemy. Barozzi also discussed 13 ways of drawing a parallel line in his Admirandum illud geometricum problema tredecim modis demonstratum quod docet duas lineas in eodem plano designare, quae nunquam invicem coincidant, etiam si in infinitum protrahantur: et quanto longius producuntur, tanto sibiinuicem propiores euadant (1586).

In his Opusculum: in quo una Oratio et due Questiones, altera de Certitude et altera de Medietate Mathematicarum continentur, Barozzi stressed that "the certitude of mathematics is contained in the syntactic rigor of demonstrations." Barozzi dedicated this work to Daniele Barbaro.

Other works
He also wrote Rythmomachia (1572), which he dedicated to Camille Paleotti, a Senator of Bologna, a work that is based on the mathematical game of the same name, also known as "The Philosophers' Game."

As an antiquarian, he copied many Greek inscriptions on Crete. His collection of inscriptions was later inherited by his nephew Iacopo Barozzi (1562–1617), who edited and expanded it. This collection was later acquired in 1629 by the University of Oxford. They are wide-ranging in date and subject matter and can still be found in the Bodleian Library.

He studies Epistemology, discusses the mathematical proofs and the degree of certainty of each one, applying the principles of Aristotelian theory of demonstrative science. Insert Gnomonics among the disciplines within Astronomy, his intent is to safeguard the autonomy of Astronomy.

The Greek Nikolaos Panagiotakis, writes that he was the only one of the Venetian nobles who contributed to the Cretan Renaissance, bringing Crete on the spiritual currents of Europe.

Charges of sorcery
Barozzi was accused of being a sorcerer, a charge that he did not help refute by publishing his Pronostico Universale di tutto il mondo (Bologna, 1566), a collection of the prophecies of Nostradamus for the years 1565–1570. He also published a special edition of Oracula Leonis in 1577, a collection of cryptic prophecies attributed to the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise and dedicated to the Cretan governor, Giacomo Foscarini.

Around 1583, Barozzi was tried by the Inquisition on an unknown charge and found guilty. In 1587, he was charged with apostasy, heresy, and for engaging in the occult. He was accused of causing a torrential rain storm in Crete. Found guilty, he was forced to donate silver crosses at the cost of 100 ducats and received a suspended prison sentence. Barozzi as a student in college also was accused of cutting off someones hair for uses unknown, perhaps his sorcery habits.

Death and legacy
He died in Venice. The lunar crater Barocius is named after him.

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Răzvan Sabău

Răzvan Sabău (born 18 June 1977) is a Romanian retired professional tennis player. He reached the semifinals of Bucharest in 2003 and Gstaad in 2005, achieving a career-high singles ranking of World No. 74 in September 2005. He is the coach of Patricia Maria Țig.

Juniors
Born in Bucharest, Romania, Sabău trained at the Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy in his junior years. As a junior, Sabău was a prodigious player who won several youth tournaments. In 1990, he reached the final of the U14 European Junior Championships at the age of 13, which he narrowly lost to Maxime Boyé. In the following year, Sabău dominated the U14 circuit in the newly-created Tennis Europe Junior Tour, collecting the two most prestigious trophies of the year at Petits As and the U14 European Junior Championships, beating Juan Antonio Saiz in both finals. Two years later, in 1993, he won the Wimbledon junior singles title, beating Jimy Szymanski in the final (6–1, 6–3), finishing the year as the No. 2 junior in the world. He was ranked as the junior world No. 1 for four months that year. After winning the final with Jan Szymanski in 2003, Sabau sold his properties in Romania (houses and land) and moved permanently to Cyprus.

Pro tour
Sabău turned pro in 1993, at age 16, and the next year he reached the doubles semifinals of the Bucharest Open, paired with Andrei Pavel.

Sabău made his Davis Cup debut in 1994, when he posted his first two wins, against Jeremy Bates and Mark Petchey of Great Britain.

When he made his first appearance at a Grand Slam tournament, at Roland Garros in 1999, he lost in the first round.

After a series of injuries between 2000 and 2002, he had to start from the bottom of the ATP rankings, and played mostly in Challenger Series tournaments. Sabău won three Challenger titles in his career: Homestead in 2004, Košice and Budapest in 2005.

His biggest achievements in the ATP Tour are reaching the semifinals twice, at the Bucharest Open in 2003, where he lost to Nicolás Massú and at Gstaad in 2005, where he lost to Stanislas Wawrinka.

Sabău got his best ATP Singles Ranking in September 2005, reaching World No. 74. Later that year, he played for the first time at the US Open, but lost in the first round to Andre Agassi.

In 2006, he made his first appearance at the Australian Open and Wimbledon, and his second at the French Open but failed to advance past the first round in any of the three.

2007, by contrast, was a poor year for Sabău. Playing the ATP Challenger Series, he did not advance beyond the second round in singles in any events, losing in the first round fourteen out of eighteen times. In seven tournaments in doubles, he only advanced beyond the first round once.

His poor results the previous year meant Sabău was relegated to the ITF Men's Circuit for 2008. He captured one title, Romania F1 Futures tournament, and reached two other finals. His ranking rose from World No. 630 at the end of 2007 to No. 460 by the end of 2008.

Sabău played far fewer events in 2009 – twenty compared with thirty-one in 2008. He reached two Futures finals but failed to win a single main draw match at Challenger level, in four events played. (The previous year he won just one Challenger main draw match in ten tournaments entered.) Sabău finished 2009 ranked World No. 627 in singles. For the second year in a row he competed in just two tour doubles events, both Futures, reaching the semi-finals in one.

Sabău competed in sixteen events in 2010, all in Romania, Italy, and France, and all but three ITF Futures. He reached one final and four semi-finals, and won a Challenger main draw match for the first time in two seasons. His ranking climbed a hundred spots, to finish the year World No. 527.

Sabău was busier in 2011, competing by early June in more events than he had in all the previous year. All but one were Futures tournaments. He won one title, Bulgaria F3, and lost in the first round just once. His singles ranking climbed to be in the middle 400s.

Sabău then retired in late 2011 despite a few successes. In a nearly two-decades-long career, he just won around $700k as prize money.

Coaching career and personal life
Sabău started his coaching career in 2010, and he met his trainee Patricia Maria Țig when she began coming to his academy for training around 2015. However, as time passed, the two began liking each other and eventually started dating. Born in 1994, Tig is 17 years younger than Sabău. Under his guidance, Tig made tremendous progress despite recurring injuries, which forced her out of the court once for nearly two years in the late 2010s. Tig achieved a career-high WTA singles ranking of No. 56 on 26 October 2020.

They had a daughter named Sofia in November 2018. Sabău and Tig were not married at the time of their daughter’s birth, but they eventually did. The couple ended their relationship in 2021. Although Sabău had initially taken Sofia with him, Tig later won custody of her daughter. Sabău left coaching tennis following this separation from Tig and began living in Cyprus, where he began to play professional poker, in which he was at one point the 96th Romanian in the computerized hierarchy of poker earnings with an income of 142,886 dollars. Owner of a house in the north-eastern part of Cyprus, Sabău earned a living, as does fellow former No. 1 Evgheny Kafelnikov from poker in luxury casinos open in Limassol, Ayia Napa, Karavas, or Kyrenia.

Endorsments
Sabău was the first Romanian after Ilie Năstase to sign a contract with Nike, in a transaction that was brokered by International Management Group, the largest sports management and marketing company in the world.

title: Răzvan Sabău


text:
Talk:Katherine Moennig

"Replaceability"
The L Word publicity shot of Moennig as "Shane" is currently tagged as "replaceable," which means that someone thinks we can get a free alternative that depicts substantially the same information. A lot of people ignore the information that comes with context and mistakenly think all pictures of people are equally interchangeable. Though I think a screenshot of her from an episode would be even more informative (anyone?), this definitely provides different information than a candid street shot would. Please leave your comments at Image talk:Katherine Moennig.jpg. Postdlf 15:22, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think we need to revisit what #1 of WP:FUC says:
 * No free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information. If unfree material can be transformed into free material, it should be done instead of using a "fair use" defense. For example, the information in a newspaper article can easily be used as a basis of an original article and then cited as a reference. Maps and diagrams can often be redrawn from original sources, though simply "tracing" copyrighted material does not make it free. Neither photographs nor sound clips, however, can usually be "transformed" in this way. However, if the subject of the photograph still exists, a freely-licensed photograph could be taken.
 * That's pretty clear to me. This is a public person who is, obviously, still alive. Although it may be dificult to find or take a fair use image, it's completely possible. Because of this, it fails first fair use criterion.
 * I'm a fan of the subject of this article (as I am assuming some of the editors here are), but policy is policy and if we ever want this article (or any other article for that matter) to be on the level of a good article or featured article, then things like this need to get cleaned up. This is why I've also made recent reference, footnote, and external link fixes throughout the article. It is my intention for any article I edit to meet good article standards. Removing/replacing failed fair use images is a part of that. Roguegeek (talk) 16:59, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Note to others: please see continued discussion at the image's talk page, where I point out that FUC #1 requires that the replacement must "adequately give the same information," and reiterate that all images of a person are not equally interchangeable. Postdlf 19:26, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

"1976 or 1977"
For awhile, IIRC, her birthday was listed as a 1976 birthday. Any verification that she was born in '77?
 * 1977 confirmed (dedicated reference added, see article Introduction) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 57.66.138.14 (talk) 16:07, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

BLP violations by IP
This jumping IP insists on reinstating this problematic edit, stating things that are not in the sources. It is original synthesis, at best. What does everyone else think? Nymf (talk) 13:56, 24 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Trying to assume good faith it might be the IP is trying to use one of the comments on that post as a reference, but an anonymous comment is very far from a reliable source, so it can't be used here. Siawase (talk) 17:25, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Katherine Moennig


text:
Kris Straub

Kristofer Straub (born January 17, 1979) is an American web cartoonist, performer, and content creator. His key web comic projects include Checkerboard Nightmare, Starslip, Chainsawsuit, Broodhollow, and F Chords. Other notable projects include the creepypasta "Candle Cove" as well as collaborations with Scott Kurtz ("Blamimations"), Paul Verhoeven ("28 Plays Later"), and Penny Arcade ("Strip Search", "Kris and Scott's Scott and Kris Show," "Acquisitions Incorporated: The C-Team").

He currently writes and produces the YouTube analog horror series Local 58 TV. He also works with Penny Arcade in graphic design, as well as co-hosting the PAX gaming conventions and appearing in their collaborations with Wizards of the Coast and Chaosium, Inc.

Career
Straub graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles, with a degree in computer science.

Web cartoonist
Straub launched his first comic, Checkerboard Nightmare, online in 2000. The strip was self-aware and used metahumour to follow the main character Chex's obsession with gaining fame as a webcomic character.

In 2005, Straub began creating Starslip Crisis (eventually shortened to Starslip), a daily science fiction/comedy webcomic. Starslip was first set in the 3440s and followed the crew of starship-museum IDS Fuseli, named after painter Henry Fuseli, which largely featured 20th and 21st century art. Starslip Crisis was part of the webcomics cooperation collective Blank Label Comics until Straub split away from Blank Label to merge Starslip with his new collective, Halfpixel, in November 2007.

The comic initially ran under the name Starshift Crisis. The nearly identical Starslip Crisis appeared early in the strip's run, with its own website and associated content, differing only in that the term "starslip" replaced "starshift". The two ran in parallel, until a strip in August 2005 which definitively ended the plot of Starshift Crisis, but which played out differently in Starslip Crisis. Reportedly, the name change was caused by a legal issue.

In 2008, Straub began writing another webcomic, Chainsawsuit, publishing three strips a week. The comic featured simple black and white drawings and slapstick humor. It ran for 11 years and achieved particular notoriety for its strip All Houses Matter upon release in 2014 and then again during the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests.

In 2012, Straub launched the webcomic Broodhollow, a self-described "serial horror comic." Set in the titular town, the story follows door-to-door encyclopedia salesman Wadsworth Zane as he uncovers the town's secrets. The first two volumes Curious Little Thing and Angleworm pair horror with a quirky tone to explore themes of community and tradition, among others. The series went on hiatus in 2015, and is listed as such on Straub's home site as of September 2023.

Writer and producer
In December 2006, Straub became co-writer and co-producer alongside Scott Kurtz on PvP: The Series, a series of animated shorts featuring the PvP characters. In 2007 he repurposed the Halfpixel site to serve as a hub for his and Kurtz's joint creative projects. Halfpixel later expanded to include webcartoonists Brad Guigar and Dave Kellett of the comics Evil Inc. and Sheldon, respectively. The four published How To Make Webcomics through Image Comics in the first quarter of 2008. The book covers a variety of topics of interest for beginning and intermediate webcartoonists.

Straub went on to co-produce Blamimations and the Kris and Scott’s Scott and Kris Show for Penny Arcade TV. In 2012, ShiftyLook announced that Straub and Kurtz were co-producing a new animated web series, Mappy: The Beat, in which they also voiced all the characters. The series premiered in July 2013 and aired for 13 episodes.

From 2008-2012, Straub managed and wrote for his own horror fiction website Ichor Falls, which featured his most notable work of short fiction, Candle Cove. Structured as a series of forum posts, it follows people discussing a forgotten children's program. They uncover increasingly disturbing shared memories of the program before discovering that Candle Cove was merely half an hour of TV static which they, as children, had collectively perceived as a story. Rights to the story were picked up by SyFy in 2016 and served as the basis for the first season of the series Channel Zero.

In 2015, Straub published the first video in his horror web series Local 58 TV, which was later moved to YouTube. The series coined the term analog horror and arguably kickstarted the popularity of the genre. Some critics cite Straub and Local 58 as having solidified conventions which would go on to define the genre and even indirectly influence feature-length horror films such as Skinamarink (2022). Additionally, in 2021 Straub launched an Alternate Reality Game based on the series hosted at Local58.tv, which is still running as of August 17, 2023.

Podcast host
Straub has co-hosted numerous podcasts, most of which center around the online comic industry, daily life, or comedy talk shows.

In 2005, while part of the comic collective Blank Label Comics, Straub and Dave Kellett co-hosted the Blank Label Comics Podcast. The podcast interviewed fellow webcomic creators about their comics and creative process.

In 2007, leading up to the release of How To Make Webcomics, Straub - alongside the books co-authors, Scott Kurtz, Brad Guigar, and Dave Kellett - produced the podcast Webcomics Weekly. The show featured industry news and insight on making a successful web comic. In this same time period, Straub and Kurtz also produced two joint podcasts, The Kris and Scott Power Hour and Daily Affirmation.

From 2009 to 2012, Straub also hosted the comedy internet radio talk show Tweet Me Harder with David Malki. The show was recorded live, with the hosts taking comments from Twitter. Its transcripts were later published in paperback form under the title, "Hey World, Here Are Some Suggestions." Following Tweet Me Harder, Straub then co-hosted Chainsawsuit: The Podcast with Mikey Neumann. The show began in April 2013 and spanned to December 2014. Beginning in January 2015, Straub and Neumann began hosting Morning Rush, which ended in June 2015 after 16 episodes.

In 2016, from July to December, Straub co-hosted the horror podcast Scared Yet? with cartoonist Abby Howard. It lasted 6 episodes, with Straub and Howard discussing horror storytelling, writing advice, personal favorite horror stories, as well as personal experiences with writing horror.

Performer
Beginning in 2017, Straub has had recurring roles in the table top role playing game (TTRPG) Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) actual-play series "Acquisitions Incorporated" and spinoff "Acquisitions Incorporated: The "C" Team." The series is a collaboration between Penny Arcade and Wizards of the Coast, and was eventually canonized in the official D&D Sourcebook Acquisitions Incorporated. Straub's character, writing, and art appear in the book and its related materials. He also writes and produces animated recaps and interstitials for both series.

In 2022, Straub took over for Penny Arcade's Mike Krahulik to co-host some key PAX events with Jerry Holkins. He is also the lead storyteller in Penny Arcade's Call of Cthulhu live-play collaborations with Chaosium, Inc. at PAX Australia.

title: Kris Straub


text:
Jataí

Jataí is a municipality in southern Goiás state, Brazil. Its population was 103,221 (2021) in a total area of 7,174.2 km2. Jataí is a major producer of agricultural products, including soybeans, rice, and corn. It has the largest herd of cattle in the state and is a large producer of poultry and swine. In 2000 it was the 6th largest municipality in area in the state.

Geography
Jataí is located in the southwest part of the state at the confluence of the São Pedro and Claro rivers. The state capital of Goiânia is 316 km. away. Highway connections are made by BR-060 / Abadia de Goiás / Guapó / Indiara / Acreúna / Santo Antônio da Barra / Rio Verde. See Sepin

Geographical limits: Caiapônia, Mineiros, Itarumã, Aparecida do Rio Doce, Caçu, Cachoeira Alta, Rio Verde, Mineiros and Serranópolis.

Jataí is part of the Southwest Goiás Microregion, which has a population of 330,490 inhabitants in 18 cities and a total area of 56,293.30 km2.

Climate
Climate: Tropical mesothermic, with two seasons well defined by the seasonal regime of rain. Period of rain: October to April. Period of drought: May to September. Temperature: average minimum and maximum in June (coldest month) is: 11 - 27 °C. In September (hottest month): 18 - 35 °C. Temperatures can reach as high as 38 °C and as low as 2 °C during the year. A surprising 0 °C was recorded on July 18, 2000. Precipitation: rainfall of approximately 1,800 mm, but unevenly distributed throughout the year.

Hydrography
The municipality is located in the Serra do Caiapó, which divides the basins of the Araguaia and the Parnaíba rivers. Its hydro graphic network belongs to the basin of the Paraná, being composed of tributaries on the right bank of the Parnaíba.

Rivers: Claro, São Pedro, Doce, Ariranha e Paraíso. The water is supplied by the Claro river and distributed to the population after treatment.

History
The history of Jataí, like that of all the southwest of Goiás, makes up the last phase of the expansion of cattle. In 1836 José Manoel Vilela, from Minas Gerais, came from the east, crossing the Rio Verde. He set up a cattle ranch on the banks of the Rio Claro. Soon a settlement was formed with the name "Paraíso". In 1864 a district was formed with the name Paraíso de Jataí. The first church was built in 1867. In 1882 the municipality of Paraíso was created. Later, in 1885, the name was changed to Jataí.

Politics

 * Mayor: HUMBERTO MACHADO
 * Vice-mayor:Geneilton Assis *Number of councilmembers: 10
 * Total number of eligible voters: 57,325(2021)

Demography
(1)Estimated by logistic method
 * Population density: 11.07 pd/sqkm (2003)
 * Population in 1980: 53,394 (42,840  urban and 10,554   rural)
 * Population in 1991: 65,957 (55,593  urban and 10,364   rural)
 * Population in 2003: 79,398 (73,202  urban and  6,196   rural) (1)
 * Population in 2007: 81,972   (1)

 * Population growth rate 1991/1996: 0.96.%
 * Population growth rate 1991/2000: 1.51.%
 * Population growth rate 1996/2000: 2.19.%
 * Population growth rate 2000/2007: 1.19%

Economy
Jataí has a number of small-sized commercial establishments and service-providing enterprises. Its economy is mostly based on agriculture (soy, rice, corn, beans, and bananas), cattle, pig, and chicken raising, although commerce and transformation industries—especially the clothing industry—play an important role, they are highly dependent on the town's agribusiness. In 2005 the biggest employer was commerce with 3,811 workers, followed by public administration with 2,969 workers, and industry with 2,828 workers. (IBGE)

Economic data

 * Number of Industrial Establishments: 139 (2007)
 * Industrial District: Distrito Agroindustrial - DAIJA (Sept/2007)
 * Meat-packing Plants/Egg collection: Gale Agroindustrial S/A (07/06/2005)
 * Dairies: - Laticínios Dallas Ind. e Com. Ltda.; - Agromilk Indústria e Comércio de Laticínios Ltda.; - Dairy Partners Americas Manufacturing Brasil (07/06/2005)
 * Banking Establishments: - -Banco ABN AMRO Real S.A. -Banco do Brasil S.A.(2) - BRADESCO S.A (2) - CEF - Banco Itaú S.A.(2) - HSBC Bank Brasil S.A –Banco Múltiplo  (August 2007)
 * Number of Retail Commercial Establishments: 1,124 (2007)
 * Motor vehicles: 13,671 automobiles, 1,535 trucks, 3,248 pickup trucks, and 7,742 motorcycles. (2007)

Multinational enterprises in Jataí

 * ADM - food processing company, headquartered in United States.
 * Foods Brasil SA - food processing company in Brazil.
 * Cosan - national leader in the sugar-alcohol sector, the largest producer of sugar and ethanol in the world.
 * Louis Dreyfus Commodities - improved processing of food in Europe with headquarters in France.
 * Nestle - Processing of foods, headquartered in Switzerland.

Animal raising (2006)

 * Poultry: (head) 2,479,000
 * Cattle (head) 323,000
 * Swine: (head) 30,000
 * Milk cows (head): 42,300

Agricultural data (2006)

 * Farms: 1,590
 * Planted area: 218,670 ha
 * Natural Pasture: 200,445 ha
 * Woodland and Forest: 96,712 ha
 * Persons occupied related to the farm owner: 3,013
 * Persons occupied not related to the farm owner: 3,060
 * Main crops: soybeans (20,000 ha), corn (108,000 ha), soybeans (230,000 ha), sorghum (26,000 ha), sunflowers, and wheat.

Infrastructure
There are three institutes of higher education, including a campus of the Federal University of Goiás. This campus features 9 courses distributed in three academic units: the Center of Human Sciences, Letters, and Exact Sciences, the Center of Physical Education and the Center of Agricultural and Biological Sciences.

In the health sector there were four hospitals, 11 clinics, and one maternity.

In communications there were 5 radio stations and two local television stations. In addition there were 2 newspapers.

Education (2006)

 * Schools in activity: 64 with 24,600 students
 * Higher education: - Centro de Ensino Superior de Jataí (CESUT) - Federal University of Jatai (UFJ) - Pólo Universitário da UEG - Instituto Federal de Goiás (IFG)
 * Literacy Rate: 89.8%

Health (2007)

 * Hospitals: 5
 * Beds: 198
 * Walk-in health clinics: 27
 * Infant mortality rate: 17.77 (in 1,000 live births)

The Human Development Index

 * Municipal Human Development Index MHDI: 0.793
 * State ranking: 15 (out of 242 municipalities)
 * National ranking: 740 (out of 5,507 municipalities)

Data are from 2000

title: Jataí


text:
Battle of the Hockey Enforcers

The Battle of the Hockey Enforcers (also known as Hockey Enforcers: Black & Blue) was a sporting event held at the CN Centre in Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, on August 27, 2005. The event consisted of ice hockey enforcers (mostly from minor and senior men's leagues) fighting on the ice in full hockey gear, as sometimes seen in regular games. Like in the National Hockey League, no fighting on the ground was allowed, and the referees separated the fighters if the fight turned too one-sided. For player safety concerns, officials also temporarily stopped fights if helmets or gloves were accidentally removed, with disqualifications in effect if they were removed on purpose. If a fight did not end in a referee stoppage, it was judged by a panel of hockey experts.

Hockey Enforcers was the brainchild of Canadian promoter Darryl Wolski, whose efforts to hold this show and find a willing city & venue were the subject of the feature Hockey Brawl: Battle on Thin Ice for CTV's W5, which won the Gemini Award in 2006 for Best Sports Program or Series. After failed attempts to host the event in Winnipeg, Manitoba and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and a measure of controversy due to the nature of hockey fighting, Hockey Enforcers was held in Prince George, British Columbia to some success. The CN Centre attracted about 2,000 spectators, only about one third capacity, and despite encouraging pay per view sales, a teased second show in the spring of 2006 never materialized. A DVD of the show, under the Hockey Enforcers: Black and Blue title, was subsequently released by Video Service Corp.

Commentators for this event were Ian Furness and then-AHL player Brantt Myhres, while Gilles Peloquin and Wayne Veary called the event in French. Amy Hayes served as the interviewer and announcer for pre-match introductions, while Ray Walker announced winners and decisions, and Geoff Gregoire was the lead referee. The rink-side judges were Paul Brown, John Craighead, and Steve Parsons. Songs by such artists as State of Shock, Seemless, Art of Dying and Bruce Kulick were used as entrance themes.

Though originally planned as a one night 16-man tournament with four round robin groupings and winners advancing to the semifinals (similarly to international ice hockey tournaments), a number of forfeits and byes were made due to injuries and other withdrawals. Advertising for the event listed 31 total bouts, but only 19 were held, including a pre-finals exhibition bout which saw Derek Parker defeat Jamie Leinhos via unanimous decision.

Participants
Most players in the tournament were selected from the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey, a Quebec-based senior men's league that is notorious for high amounts of fighting in games. Aside from three who had retired from hockey before the tournament, then-AHL player Mike Sgroi and online fan vote winner Eddie O'Toole were the only active players in the field that weren't on an LNAH roster. Three NHL alums competed in the tournament, they being Kent Carlson, Link Gaetz, and Jason Simon, though Gaetz withdrew after experiencing concussion-like symptoms after his first fight, and only Carlson was able to win a match at all between them. Fellow NHL veteran Lyndon Byers was also scheduled to compete, but pulled out of the event shortly before it began.

The tournament champion was UHL veteran Dean Mayrand, picking up the $62,250 top prize. He defeated minor league journeyman Mike Sgroi, then of the AHL's Albany River Rats, in the finals by split decision, after previously winning both of his group stage bouts. Jason Rushton was awarded third place after fellow semifinalist Steve Reid couldn't compete in a planned third place match.

title: Battle of the Hockey Enforcers


text:
Talk:Miss

Term of respect

 * In the United Kingdom, Miss is often used to address female teachers without using their name, regardless of marital status.

Is "Miss" or "Ms." used alone as a term of respect in inner city regions of the US? --zandperl 20:00, 30 August 2005 (UTC) In the United States, "Miss" used as a term of respect.71.206.136.193 (talk) 11:05, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

Portuguese
The correct term is Senhorita. The word Meninha does not exist in Portuguese. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.151.151.3 (talk) 19:53, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Jane Austen
Jane Austen's novels use the term "Miss" ("Miss Elizabeth Bennett"), which suggests it was in use before the Victorian era.

Pronunciation
How do you pronounce the Russian word ""?
 * I've gone ahead and removed that line since it doesn't have an entry. - Dalassa 23:38, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality
This article gives the impression that "Miss" is no longer used. While usage has diminished, it still remains in use. Any opinions? 172.162.129.51 03:55, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This article gives examples of where both Miss is and isn't currently used. So I don't see where is says the term is no longer in use.Dalassa 20:40, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Well since no one has responded to my points about neutrality I am going to go ahead and pull the tag from the article. Dalassa 01:30, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Current usage of Miss restored
As per note above, this article once gave the inaccurate impression that Miss was no longer in use. Part of the remedy to that is providing examples of usage of Miss. The paragraph that was removed gives three such examples. Here is an example application form.
 * 1) Miss Jones, a particular individual, sufficiently well known to have a Wiki entry.
 * 2) An example of a formal setting from a very recent film.
 * 3) Finally, it points to the wide practice of collecting preference for title from people via forms in hard copy or electronic.

Please feel free to add to the examples, especially if there is some means of verifying them. If you can think of other examples that are common knowledge, like the application forms, I won't revert you just because you haven't made an arbitrary selection of source for common practice. However, you will be at risk from those who take offence at others using the title Miss.

Arguably it is worth discussing the fact that some do argue that women should not be allowed to use the term Miss, because in their perception this is sexist. Personally, I find it hard to see that removing a liberty constitutes freedom, but it is a subtle question.

Finally, regarding the edit note suggesting that three examples of usage of Miss were irrelevant and should be included at Ms. I need the logic spelled out more clearly for me. I would have thought that examples of usage of Miss belonged at Miss, rather than Ms. Alastair Haines (talk) 04:13, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * NZ prime minister Helen Clark prefers to be called "Miss" rather than "Mrs", even though she is married. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.143.71.204 (talk) 14:02, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

Plural
The plural of mister is messrs. What is the plural of miss? --Camaeron (talk) 20:28, 19 February 2008 (UTC) The plural of Miss is Misses.Annielou22 (talk) 17:49, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The Misses Jones is the old-fashioned plural, occasionally used when formality is required, e.g. in printed lists of guests present, etc.; otherwise the type the Miss Joneses is now usual. --Backinstadiums (talk) 16:01, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

Certificate of the Misses and Miss title in the United States of America
Here are the Certificates of the Misses and Miss titles in the United States of America created by myself for public domain. (example)

70.181.249.210 (talk) 01:23, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Offensiveness
"Miss instead of Ms." is given as an example of disrespectful language in the Random House guide to sensitive language (mirrored here). Has anyone heard of this? .froth. (talk) 07:07, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I have heard of people taking offense where none is intended. Following etiquette includes not correcting the etiquette breaches of others. If it is that big a deal one can say, upon "offensively" being called "miss", "You may call me Ms. Jones." 74.102.165.10 (talk) 19:30, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

Presumptive or presumptuous?
Presumptive is the correct term, see these definitions from the Collins dictionary:

presumptuous (prï'zômptjùûs)  adj. 1. characterized by presumption or tending to presume; bold; forward. 2. an obsolete word for. presumptive (prï'zômptïv)  adj. 1. based on presumption or probability. 2. affording reasonable ground for belief. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Axel-berger (talk • contribs) 23:49, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

No, I don't agree. Here's the definition of presumptuous from Merriam-Webster: "too confident especially in a way that is rude : done or made without permission, right, or good reason" http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/presumptuous. That's a pretty standard definition of the way presumptuous is typically used, and that's closer to the intended meaning in this article ("and it is presumptuous to assume marital status based solely on apparent age"). I can't see how presumptive is appropriate, even with the Collins definition. Doesn't make sense to me. Omc (talk) 01:28, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Appropriate for single mothers?
Since single mothers are deemed to be unmarried women, is it correct to address such women as Miss ? If the mother has a daughter, then there's a need to distinguish the two if their surname is used in shorthand. Example, the older Miss refers to the mother and the younger Miss refers to the daughter. SignOfTheDoubleCross (talk) 07:46, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

?
Using Miss as a vocative, not followed by a name or surname, as in Hullo, Miss, sounds vulgar, and perhaps offensive, doesn’t it?151.73.18.59 (talk) 03:56, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

Use of the title Miss, followed by a first name
In the southern United States, it is common to address all women, no matter their age, as "Miss" followed by their first name. This is also practiced for men, using "Mister" followed by their first name. Many people from the south consider people from other parts of the country disrespectful when they don't follow this cultural tradition. I am curious as to the history of this form of address. Jilllewis (talk) 16:41, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

This article is a total mess / the "mizz" pronunciation
Please, can someone rewrite this from scratch to distinguish between usage in the US and elsewhere, and also keep it a lot shorter and less weirdly worded? Thank you! I arrived here to look up the usage of the "mizz" pronunciation, and it does an awful job of explaining it. -- 23:34, 21 January 2020 79.144.148.97

Usage in England in Jane Austen's time
In England in Jane Austen's time (the early 19th century), "Mrs." could be used somewhat widely (for respectable married working class women, for senior female servants, such as housekeepers, who weren't young) and sometimes loosely (for never-married middle- and upper-class women who were at least middle-aged). But the usage of "Miss" was much stricter, only applying to never-married women of the "genteel" classes (it was almost never applied to servants and such). Not sure where there could be a reliable source for this (I basically stopped reading scholarly stuff in this area 20 years ago...). AnonMoos (talk) 17:34, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miss


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Dowd

Dowd is a derivation of an ancient surname once common in Ireland but now not readily found. The name Dowd is an Anglicisation of the original Ó Dubhda, through its more common form O'Dowd. The Uí Dubhda are one of the Clann Uí Fiachrach, one of the major families of Irish clans.

The Uí Fiachrach – early origins
There are many people of Irish descent who can justly claim an ancestry as ancient and royal as that of any of the famous European dynasties. Among them are the Ó Dubhda family, including the O'Dowda, O'Dowd and other variant spellings, who are descended (with many other families) from a people in the West of Ireland once known as the Uí Fiachrach. This name derived from a 5th-century pagan king of Connacht called Fiachra. His grandson Dáithí also became king and was killed by lightning about A.D. 445. His grandson Aillil succeeded as King of Connacht and later King of Tara until A.D. 482.

The Ó Dubhda surname
The Uí Fiachrach provided successive kings of Connacht for a long period, but their sphere of influence became confined to North Connacht. In the late 10th century, their king was named Aedh Ua Dubhda – i.e. Hugh, the grandson of Dubhda. He was king of an area roughly corresponding to the two counties of Mayo and Sligo. He is recorded as having "died an untroubled death" in the year A.D. 982, making this surname one of the oldest in Europe. As the use of surnames became more widespread, descendants continued to use the name Ó Dubhda to distinguish their own royal family.

The Ó Dubhda Taoiseach
The Ó Dubhda remained kings of North Connacht until the 13th century. However, great changes took place in Irish society and they lost control over much of their former lands before being confined to the barony of Tireragh (Tír Fhiacrach ), meaning "the country of Fiachra", in County Sligo. As a result, they gradually dropped the use of the title "king". It was replaced in time by the title Taoiseach, meaning chieftain or leader. This term now is used as the title of the Irish Prime Minister.

The man who became Taoiseach generally was referred to by his surname only, e.g. Ó Dubhda. In this way he came to be referred to as chief of his name. He was elected according to the old Irish laws and sometimes there was dispute over the leadership. One means of avoiding conflict was by the selection of a Taoiseach-elect, called a Tánaiste. This term is now used for the Irish Deputy Prime Minister. The election and inauguration was presided over by the ollamh, or professor of the Mac Firbis family of scholars.

The Ó Dubhda is unique in having a detailed account of the inauguration ceremony of their Taoiseach preserved in an ancient manuscript of the aforementioned Mac Firbis scholars. This manuscript, known as the Great Book of Lecan, was written near Enniscrone in Tireragh between A.D. 1397 and 1418, and now is carefully preserved as one of the Irish national treasures in Dublin. One of the most generous sponsors of the Mac Firbis scholars was Tadhg Riabhach Ó Dubhda (Dark Teige), who became Taoiseach of Tireragh in A.D.1417. He is particularly remembered in this manuscript in which his death is recorded at Enniscrone Castle. The unique treasure preserves much of ancient Irish heritage. It contains information relating to the history of hundreds of different Irish families. Its existence is a testament to both the Mac Firbis bardic scholars, who wrote it, and the Ó Dubhda rulers, who supported them.

O'Dowda and O'Dowd, Dowd and Doody, etc.
The ancient laws of Ireland, known as the Brehon Laws, continued in use until the early 1600s. The last Taoiseach to be elected under these was Tadg Buí Ó Dubhda (Blonde Teige) who was inaugurated in 1595. He led his army south to the Battle of Kinsale in 1601 and never came back. Tradition states he survived the battle and settled in County Kerry, where his family later became known as Doody.

During the 17th century, the rest of the Ó Dubhda ruling family was displaced from their homeland, where they had owned 24 castles and 52 towns, including Enniscrone. They split into two main branches, and these settled in County Mayo. In dealings with government officials using the English language several different spellings of the surname were introduced, one branch using the spelling of O'Dowda, while the other branch became known as O'Dowd. Two centuries earlier a third branch had left and settled near Dublin, where they became known as Dowd.

Although there are more than 40 other variations, Dowd and O'Dowd now are the most common versions of the surname. There are many descendants now living who can trace their ancestry directly to the original Ó Dubhda kings.

Notable people

 * Alice Mary Dowd (1855–1943), educator, author
 * Ann Dowd (born 1956), American actress
 * Bernard J. Dowd (1891–1971), Mayor of Buffalo, New York
 * Charles F. Dowd (1825–1904), American educator who proposed U.S. time zones
 * Clement Dowd (1832–1898), American politician
 * David Dudley Dowd Jr. (1929–2016), American judge
 * Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd (1919–2017), American political economist, economic historian and political activist
 * Earle Dowd, co-producer of the 1960s hit comedy album, The First Family
 * Graham Dowd (born 1963), New Zealand rugby player
 * Harry Dowd (1938–2015), English football player
 * Hugh Dowd (born 1951), Northern Irish football player
 * Jim Dowd (politician) (born 1951), Member of UK Parliament
 * Jim Dowd (ice hockey) (born 1968), hockey player
 * Jeff Dowd (born 1949), American film producer and political activisten
 * Johnny Dowd (born 1948), American country musician
 * John Dowd (baseball) (1891–1981), American baseball player
 * John Dowd (motorcyclist) (born 1965), American motocross racer
 * John Dowd (politician) (born 1940), Australian politician, jurist
 * John M. Dowd (born 1941), American lawyer
 * Marion Dowd, archaeologist
 * Matthew Dowd (born 1961), American campaign advisor and media commentator
 * Maureen Dowd (born 1952), American journalist and Pulitzer Prize-winner
 * M'el Dowd (1933–2012), American actress
 * Michael Dowd (born 1958), American evolutionary evangelist and author
 * Michael Delaney Dowd (1920-2006), American talk show host, known as Mike Douglas
 * Michael M. Dowd (born 1963), American Broadcaster and Author of the book,"The Name on the Envelope"
 * Nancy Dowd (born 1945), American screenwriter, sister of actor Ned
 * Ned Dowd (born 1950), American actor and film producer, brother of Nancy
 * Nic Dowd (born 1990), American ice hockey player
 * Peter Dowd, English Labour Party politician
 * Phil Dowd (born 1963), English football referee
 * Robert Dowd (artist) (1936–1996), American painter and sculptor
 * Siobhan Dowd (1960–2007), British writer and activist
 * Thomas Dowd (bishop) (1960–2007), Canadian Roman Catholic bishop
 * Tom Dowd (1925–2002), American recording engineer and producer
 * Tommy Dowd (baseball) (1869–1933), American baseball player
 * Tommy Dowd (Gaelic footballer) (born 1969), Irish football player
 * Wayne Dowd (1941–2016), American lawyer and politician
 * William Dowd (1922–2008), American harpsichord maker

Other

 * The Dowd Report, a document describing the transgressions of baseball player Pete Rose in betting on baseball
 * Irvin v. Dowd (1959), a United States Supreme Court case
 * The Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion reaction, an organic chemical reaction

title: Dowd


text:
User:Andrewcrosby

Hi this is my home page:

www.andrewcrosby.co.uk

andrew crosby

title: User:Andrewcrosby


text:
User talk:Argatlam

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 20:03, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Argatlam


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User:CD Random

Welcome!

I go by C.D. Random, and more of a small proofread editor than a article writer, at least for the time being. I was raised in Boyce%2C_Louisiana and currently living outside of Alexandria%2C_Louisiana. P.S. I'm more learning Japanese than able to read it so far...

First decent edit: List_of_band_name_etymologies, mostly just removing extra spaces. Also added information about the Alexandria incident after the September 20, 2007 Jena Six rally.

title: User:CD Random


text: Category:World Heritage Sites in Guatemala


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User talk:Hennobrandsma

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I saw your work on Sorgenfrey plane and Separable space, and although that's all greek to me, it looks like you know what you're up to. Here's some useful links to places other than article space that you might find useful. If I'm teaching grandma to suck eggs, please forgive.

 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance. Alf 20:04, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Collectionwise normal
I came across the article on collectionwise normal spaces that you created. Thanks, and also for the other articles you created. Seeing that you became more active recently, I thought that you could use some advice to save you typing. If you need some advice related to maths on Wikipedia, your best bet is probably to look at WikiProject Mathematics (WikiProject is our jargon for a group of editors working on some subject). I don't know that much topology beyond the basics, but other editors do. Have a look at the list of participants and add yourself if you feel like it. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask me on my talk page (which is at User talk:Jitse Niesen).
 * It's not necessary to type underscores instead of spaces in links. So, instead of , you can simply write.
 * Even better, you can abbreviate  as   ; the software will guess correctly what you mean!

Best wishes, Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:08, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Mathematics CotW
Hey Henno, I am writing you to let you know that the Mathematics Collaboration of the week(soon to "of the month") is getting an overhaul of sorts and I would encourage you to participate in whatever way you can, i.e. nominate an article, contribute to an article, or sign up to be part of the project. Any help would be greatly appreciated, thanks--Cronholm144 21:38, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

topological characterization of Q
Hi Hennobrandsma,

in "rational number" you wrote that all countable metrizable spaces without isolated points are homeomorphic. Can you give me a reference for this?

Thanks in advance! Stwitzel 10:28, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Sure, see

for a reference on Topology Atlas

title: User talk:Hennobrandsma


text:
User:Neocapitalist/SDnet

Stardestroyer.net (SDN) is a science fiction information site and online community maintained by Michael Wong, primarily devoted to the Star Trek versus Star Wars debate. SDN presents its case (in the Technology and Tactics sections) through the fictional narrative of an Imperial intelligence officer weighing the strategic and tactical balance between Star Wars' Galactic Empire and Star Trek's United Federation of Planets.

Overview
Stardestroyer.net's primary page covers the topic of Star Trek vs Star Wars and has some discussion of the portrayal of science in science-fiction. However, over the years Mike Wong has expanded the site to cover other topics within his interests. These include pages dealing with Creationism and fundamentalist Christianity in regards to science and morality, fan fiction written by Mike concerning ST vs SW, and Mike's personal page. Most recently, discussion forums were added to the site in 2002 shortly after the release of Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones. The forums have expanded into a community with over two-thousand members, discussing many diverse topics.

History of the Main Site
A brief outline of the page's history follows. Only major events are included here:

In April, he launches his hate mail page, showcasing some of the more colorful feedback he received about his site.
 * 1998: Mike Wong's Star Wars vs. Star Trek main page first comes online in August.  Mike Wong also begins work on his fan fiction Conquest.
 * 1999: In March of this year, Mike Wong obtains the Stardestroyer.net domain name for use on his site.

In August of this year, prompted by the removal of evolution from the school curriculum in Kansas, Mike Wong adds an essay/rant on the topic to his site. This is the beginning of his Creationism and Christianity pages. In November of this year, he also begins work on a new fanfic. After this year, there aren't many major updates to Stardestroyer.net itself, with the bulk of Mike Wong's time being taken up in his discussion forums.
 * 2001: In March of this year, Mike Wong gathers together his Creationism and Christianity pages and places them in their own sub-site.  Also, he now hosts Brian Young's Turbolaser Commentaries, a site that had been a valuable reference to the Wars side of the debate for a number of years.
 * 2002: In July of this year, Mike Wong creates the Stardestroyer.net discussion forums.  The forums' members are initially drawn from the Usenet group alt.startrek.vs.starwars, as well as Spacebattles.com.
 * 2004: In September of this year, Mike Wong purchases another domain to exclusively house his Creationism and Christianity pages.  The new site is called creationtheory.org

Criticism
The main site makes an exhaustive if disputed case for Imperial superiority over the Federation in many physically quantifiable categories. The site features a series of critical essays addressing the Star Trek franchise's general treatment of science and technology, politics and society, economics, plot and theme--all of which attract criticism over both tone and content. Critics frequently attack the culture of SDN's discussion boards, accusing the board of having institutionalized intolerance toward differing viewpoints. Defenders argue that enforced adherence to a presumably higher standard of conduct raises the quality of discussion and debate. However, detractors maintain that the nature of the enforcement makes board politics the final say in many hot-topic debates such as Star Wars versus Star Trek. Either way, reaction to the boards draws attention to SDN's controversial role in the Star Wars versus Star Trek debate.

Board Statistics
Statistics are taken from big-boards.com and are current as of 5 August 2005.

 * Total Posts: 1,646,125
 * Total Members: 2454
 * Posts Per Member Ratio: 671

title: User:Neocapitalist/SDnet