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Byzantine law

Byzantine law was essentially a continuation of Roman law with increased Orthodox Christian and Hellenistic influence. Most sources define Byzantine law as the Roman legal traditions starting after the reign of Justinian I in the 6th century and ending with the Fall of Constantinople in the 15th century. Although future Byzantine codes and constitutions derived largely from Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis, their main objectives were idealistic and ceremonial rather than practical. Following Hellenistic and Near-Eastern political systems, legislations were tools to idealize and display the sacred role and responsibility of the emperor as the holy monarch chosen by God and the incarnation of law "nómos émpsychos", thus having philosophical and religious purposes that idealized perfect Byzantine kingship.

Though during and after the European Renaissance Western legal practices were heavily influenced by Justinian's Code (the Corpus Juris Civilis) and Roman law during classical times, Byzantine law nevertheless had substantial influence on Western traditions during the Middle Ages and after.

The most important work of Byzantine law was the Ecloga, issued by Leo III, the first major Roman-Byzantine legal code issued in Greek rather than Latin. Soon after the Farmer's Law was established regulating legal standards outside the cities. While the Ecloga was influential throughout the Mediterranean (and Europe) because of the importance of Constantinople as a trading center, the Farmer's Law was a seminal influence on Slavic legal traditions including those of Russia.

Influences and sources
Byzantium inherited most of its political institutions from the late Roman period. Similarly, Roman law constituted the basis for the Byzantine legal system. For many centuries, the two great codifications carried out by Theodosius II and Justinian respectively, were the cornerstones of Byzantine legislation. Of course, over the years these Roman codes were adjusted to the current circumstances and then replaced by new codifications, written in Greek. However, the influence of Roman law persisted, and it is obvious in codifications, such as Basilika, which was based on Corpus Juris Civilis. In the 11th century, Michael Psellos prides himself for being acquainted with the Roman legal legacy ("Ἰταλῶν σοφία").

Although Byzantine law structure had largely a Roman constitutional body, the main difference of Byzantine law from its Roman counterpart was both in its application and interpretation which were subject and applied under different Hellenistic and Orthodox principles shared between the Byzantine academic currículum, developing a legal system that encouraged different interpretations of law according to philanthropy and evergetia rather than the application of justice itself, acting for the well-being and benefit of the population rather than for the correct structuring of society.

The various philanthropics values of different classical philosophies intermixed with jurisprudence were already a fixed custom in the different code books and constitutions of the Ancient Hellenistic and Near-eastern kingdoms which practiced jurisprudence like a branch of literature and philosophy rather than a science of its own as pioneered by the Roman approach. Said customs and constitutions instituted greater influence at Christianity's arrival as most goals and ethics were mutual, being included in Justinian's novels which dictated that the law should be interpreted on the basis of philanthropy and piety as the emperors of the Macedonian dynasty had acted against the constant abuses and evasions of the dynatoi by imposing the allelengyon or through the different establishment of humanitarian and monastic institutions across the empire.

By the time the Ecloga and the Basilika were being codified, a further increase in Hellenistic and Christian values were also put into practice, all death penalties were replaced with amputations and severe economic sanctions while making further clarifications and references to the different Orthodox and Hellenistic concepts like that the judge should not only be the law incarnate, but also had to interpret it on the basis of "philanthrōpía" and "evergetikós". Thus, verdicts were applied being directly influenced by the different values, ethics and philosophies of their Orthodox social environment and not by the legal provisions of the code books, resulting in the misapplication and misinterpretation of a theoretically and strictly non-malleable Roman law.

In the absence of capable and efficient legal systems and the eclectic Byzantine approach to jurisprudence, most judges and legal processes across the empire were carried through simplified and vernacular laws such as The Farmers' Law, The Sea Laws, The Military Laws or the lesser known Mosaic Law, the different Orthodox and Hellenistic values or orally through the efficient and persuasive use of rhetoric rather than the legal provisions themselves, without Roman law seeing any proper fully systematized or continuing application whatsoever.

In accordance with the Orthodox-Hellenistic concepts of Kingship, the main source of law in Byzantium remained the enactments of the emperor since he himself was the law (nómos émpsychos). The latter initiated some major codifications of the Roman law, but they also issued their own "new laws", the Novels ("Novellae", "Νεαραὶ"). In the late Roman era the legislative interest of the emperors intensified, and laws were now regulating the main aspects of public, private, economic and social life. For example, Constantine I was the first to regulate divorce and Theodosius I intervened in faith issues, imposing a specific version of the Creed. From Diocletian to Theodosius I, namely during approximately 100 years, more than 2,000 laws were issued. Justinian alone promulgated approximately 600 laws. Gradually, the legislative enthusiasm receded, but still some of the laws of later emperors, such as Leo VI's Novels, are of particular importance. The custom continued to play a limited role as a secondary source of law, but written legislation had a precedence.

Early Byzantine period
There is no definitively established date for when the Byzantine period of Roman history begins. During the 4th, 5th, and 6th centuries the Empire was split and united administratively more than once. But it was during this period that Constantinople was first established and the East gained its own identity administratively; thus, it is often considered the early Byzantine period. These developments, nevertheless, were key steps in the formation of Byzantine Law.

Codex Theodosianus
In 438, Emperor Theodosius published the Codex Theodosianus, which consisted of 16 books, containing all standing laws from the age of Constantine I until then.

Corpus Juris Civilis
Soon after his accession in 527, Justinian appointed a commission to collect and codify existing Roman law. A second commission, headed by the jurist Tribonian, was appointed in 530 to select matter of permanent value from the works of the jurists, to edit it and to arrange it into 50 books. In 533 this commission produced the Digesta.

Although Law as practiced in Rome had grown up as a type of case law, this was not the "Roman Law" known to the Medieval, or modern world. Now Roman law claims to be based on abstract principles of justice that were made into actual rules of law by legislative authority of the emperor or the Roman people. These ideas were transmitted to the Middle Ages in the great codification of Roman law carried throughout by the emperor Justinian. The Corpus Iuris Civilis was issued in Latin in three parts: the Institutes, the Digest (Pandects), and the Code (Codex). It was the last major legal document written in Latin.

The world's most widespread legal system, civil law, is based on the Corpus (in, for instance, most of Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa, as well as in the mixed jurisdictions of South Africa, Scotland, Quebec, the Philippines and Louisiana).

Middle Byzantine period
Following Justinian's reign the Empire entered a period of rapid decline partially enabling the Arab conquests which would further weaken the Empire. Knowledge of Latin, which had been in decline since the fall of the West, virtually disappeared, making many of the old legal codices almost inaccessible. These developments contributed to a dramatic weakening of legal standards in the Empire and a substantial drop in the standards of legal scholarship. Legal practice would become much more pragmatic and, as knowledge of Latin in the Empire waned, direct use of Justinian's "Corpus Juris Civilis" would be abandoned in favor of summaries, commentaries, and new compilations written in Greek.

Ecloga
The changes in the internal life of the empire that occurred in the years following the publication of Justinian's code called for a review of the legislation, so as to meet the requirements of the times. It was introduced within the framework of the reforms of Leo III the Isaurian (the first Isaurian emperor), and he also provided the modification of current laws. In 726, he issued the "Ecloga", that had his name as well as the name of his son Constantine.

"Ecloga", referring to both the civil and criminal law constituted, as was declared in the title, a "rectification (of the Justinian legislation) towards a more philanthropic version". The membership of the editing committee is not known, but its primary mission was, on the one hand, to modify those dispositions not to be aligned with the current times and, on the other, to prevent judges from taking money for their actions and to help them to solve cases properly.

The dispositions of "Ecloga" were influenced by the Christian spirit, as well as by the common law, that protected and supported the institution of marriage and introduced the equality of all citizens in law. On the other hand, the penalties of amputation and blindness were introduced, reflecting the Byzantine concept in this period of changes. By means of his "Ecloga" Leo also addressed the judges, inviting them "neither the poor to despise nor the ones unjust to let uncontrolled". Besides, in his effort to deter bribery in the execution of their duties he made their payment local and payable by the imperial treasury. "Ecloga" constituted the basic handbook of justice dispensation up to the days of the Macedonian emperors, that also assumed legislative activity, whereas later it influenced the ecclesiastic law of the Russian Orthodox Church. Formerly the researchers attributed the juridical collections "Farmer's Law", "Rhodian Sea Law" and "Military Laws" to Leo III the Isaurian.

The structure of the act is original and it isn't taken from any other source, considering that Leon didn't want to complete layer legal reform. It seems that his goal was just to modify Justinian's legal tradition in the most important segments of legal life, while still adapting it to the needs and actions of the Middle Ages. It needed to be distinguished from its original model. Among the most important deviations from Justinian's Roman law are departure of consensuality when trading goods. So that a contract could exist, it was necessary for the object to either be given to the buyer or that a price be paid to the seller. As long as both sides finish their parts, the contract is not valid even if there is downpayment being given as validation element. Patria potestas is decreasing its power influenced by Hellenistic and canon laws and the rights of women and children are increasing. But Ecloga brings even bigger and more controversial changes in criminal law, which can be seen in the frequent use of physical punishments, not typical for Justinian's law.

The Farmer's Laws
With the exception of a few cities, and especially Constantinople, where other types of urban economic activities were also developed, Byzantine society remained at its heart agricultural. An important source regarding law, which reflects in a particularly characteristic way the internal life of the Byzantine villages during the Middle Byzantine Era (7th – end of 12th century) is the Nomos Georgikos, also known as the Lex Rustica or Farmer's Law. Due to its importance, the Farmer's Law roused the interest of researchers from a very early stage. Ever since it has been one of the most discussed texts concerning the internal history of Byzantium. It has been suggested that, because of the major influences caused by the influx of Slavs into the Empire at the time the Farmer's Law was established, various traditions were in fact an important influence of the Farmer's Law, both in terms of why it was developed and its content.

It is a private collection, continuously enriched, and refers to specific cases relevant to rural property within the framework of the Byzantine rural "community". As evident by the dispositions of the "Law", peasants were organized in "communities" and collectively responsible for the payment of the total tax the "community" was liable for, being obliged to pay as well the amounts corresponding to indebted members of the community. As for the chronology of its writing, since the text itself bears no specific date, it is placed somewhere in between the second half of the 6th century and the middle of the 14th. Very early on, it was acknowledged as a legal handbook of great importance and greatly influenced much of the law of the Slavic countries and especially Serbia, Bulgaria and Russia.

The Sea Laws
Dating problems, similar to the ones of the "Farmer's Law", presents a code of equal character, the "Rhodian Sea Law" (Nomos Rhodion Nautikos). In the Digesta seu Pandectae (533) codification ordered by Justinian I (527–565) of the Eastern Roman Empire, an opinion written by the Roman jurist Paulus in approximately 235 AD at the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284) was included about the Lex Rhodia ("Rhodian law") that articulates the general average principle of marine insurance established on the island of Rhodes in approximately 1000 to 800 BC, plausibly by the Phoenicians during the proposed Dorian invasion and emergence of the purported Sea Peoples during the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1100–c. 750 BC) that led to the proliferation of the Doric Greek dialect. It is a collection of maritime law regulations divided into three parts. The first part refers to the ratification of the "Naval Law" by the Roman emperors. The second specifies the participation of the crew in maritime profits and the regulations valid on the ship, while the third and largest refers to maritime law, as for example to the apportionment of responsibility in case of theft or damage to the cargo or the ship. The "Naval Law" was included in the Basilika of Leo VI the Wise as a complement to book 53.

Ecclesiastical law
In accordance with the model of the secular legal associations, the canons of the ecclesiastic councils concerned ecclesiastic issues and regulated the conduct of the clergy, as well as of the secular as concerned matters of belief. The "In Trullo" or "Fifth-Sixth Council", known for its canons, was convened in the years of Justinian II (691–692) and occupied itself exclusively with matters of discipline. The aim of the synod was to cover the gaps left in canon law by the previous Fifth (553) and Sixth Ecumenical Councils.

This collection of canons was divided into four parts:

a) The canons ratifying the doctrinal decisions of the first six ecumenical councils along with the teachings of the Fathers of the Church.

b) The canons specifying the obligations of the ministrational clergy.

c) The canons referring to the monks.

d) The canons referring to the secular. The influence of these canons carried on in the future and they were extensively annotated by Balsamon, Zonaras and Aristenos, the three great ecclesiastic jurists of the 12th century.

Editions

 * The Didache, from the 2nd century
 * The Apostolic Church-Ordinance, from the 3rd century
 * The Apostolic Constitutions, from 375 to 380 AD
 * The Canons of the Apostles

There were also other Ancient Church Orders no longer extant in Greek. Later, more-scientific collections emerged, including:

 * The Nomocanon of John Scholasticus, from the 6th century
 * The Nomocanon in 14 titles of Heraclius, from the 7th century
 * The Nomocanon of Photios, from the 9th century
 * The Syntagma of Theodore Balsamon and his Scholia to the Nomocanon of Photios, from the 12th century
 * The Synopsis Canonum by Alexios Aristenos, from the 12th century

All of these books were compiled later by the Athonite monk Saint Nicodemus the Hagiorite and became the basis of the modern Eastern Orthodox canon law, his Pedalion.

Later Byzantine law
The following legal texts were prepared in the later Byzantine Empire: Other jurists (including at least one Emperor) prepared private collections of cases and commentaries, but these did not form the body of law used by jurists at large. It is held that the 113 Novels of Leo the Wise fall into this category.
 * The Prochiron of Basil the Macedonian, c. 870 or 872, which invalidates parts of the Ecloga and restores Justinians Laws, as well as Hellenising arcane Latin expressions.
 * The Epanagoge (repetita proelectio legis), also of Basil the Macedonian, together with his sons, a second edition of the Prochiron, c. 879–886
 * The Eisagoge of Photios, which includes novel law, c. 880
 * The Basilicae (repurgatio veterum legum) or Basilics of Leo the Philosopher, together with his brother Alexander and Constantine VII, c. 900 or 906–11, which attempts to synthesise 6th century commentaries and glosses on Justinians laws by headings, and remove contradictions. By the 11th century, the Basilics had replaced Justinian's laws as the primary source of Roman law.
 * The Synopsis (Basilicorum) maior, an abridgment of the Basilika from the late 9th century
 * The Epitome Legum, later known as the Epitome ad Prochiron mutata, a synthesis of Justinian and the Epanagoge, c. 920–1
 * The Epanagoge aucta, a revision of the 9th century Epanagogue from c. 11th century.
 * The Prochiron aucta, a revision of the 9th century Prochiron from c. 13th century.
 * The Hexabiblos, a 14th-century compilation of the above books made by Constantine Harmenopoulos, a judge in Thessalonica
 * The Hexabiblos aucta, a late 14th century revision of Harmenopoulos' work by Ioannes Holobolos

Lokin argues that while later legal texts tended to rearrange or explain the 6th century work of Justinian, rather than create new law, they did alter the locus of authority for law (legis vigor) from the Emperor to God. In Justinian's work, Mosaïc Law and God's authority support the Emperor, and are consultative, but do not temper his absolute authority. This process has already begun in the Ecloga, which states law is God-given by way of Isaiah 8:20, and is made explicit first in the Prochiron. There was, however, 'legislative creep' over this period, where the redaction of old laws and case law created new laws in effect, although not explicitly cited as such.

The Law School of Constantinople
The best known center for legal teaching in the Byzantine Empire was the Law School of Constantinople. Founded in 425, it was closed in 717 as Constantinople was besieged by the Umayyads, reopening in 866 only. It then probably remained open until the Sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204.

Legacy
During the early Middle Ages Roman/Byzantine Law played a major role throughout the Mediterranean region and much of Europe because of the economic and military importance of the Empire.

The Syro-Roman Law Book, a Syriac translation of a Greek original from the 5th century, was highly influential in eastern Christian communities after the early Muslim conquests. It was based on Roman case law and imperial statutes from the east of the empire.

After the Islamic conquests of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Islamic caliphates gradually codified their legal systems using Roman/Byzantine law as an important model. It has been suggested in fact that it was the Ecloga’s publication that spurred the first major codification of Islamic imperial law.

Slavic legal traditions, including countries ranging from Bulgaria to Russia, were substantially influenced by the Farmer's Law. To a lesser extent the Ecloga and other Byzantine codices influenced these areas as well. During the 18th and 19th centuries, as Russia increased its contact with the West, Justinian's Code began to be studied thus bringing in this influence.

In Western Europe, following the fall of the Roman Empire, the influence of Roman/Byzantine law became more indirect though always significant during much of the Middle Ages. During the European Renaissance, Western scholars embraced Justinian's Code as a basis for jurisprudence, shunning many of the later legal developments of the Byzantine Empire such as the Ecloga. This was to a great extent affected by the East/West (Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodox) split in the Church. The perception in the West was that Roman law that was recorded in Latin was truly Roman whereas later laws written in Greek was distinct and foreign.

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Riograndense Republic

The Riograndense Republic, often called the Piratini Republic (República Rio-Grandense or República do Piratini), was a de facto state that seceded from the Empire of Brazil and roughly coincided with the present state of Rio Grande do Sul. It was proclaimed on 11 September 1836 by general Antônio de Sousa Neto as a direct consequence of the victory obtained by gaúcho oligarchic forces at the (1836) during the Ragamuffin War (1835–1845). It had a constitution adopted in 1843 and was recognised only by the United Kingdom, France, and Uruguay.

In 1839, the Riograndense Republic formed a confederation with the short-lived Juliana Republic (República Juliana) which proclaimed its independence in the same year. November 1839, however, saw the war result in the defeat and disappearance of the Juliana Republic. The Riograndense Republic had five capitals during its nearly nine years of existence: the cities of Piratini (for which it is often called Piratini Republic), Alegrete, Caçapava do Sul (official capitals), Bagé (for only two weeks), and São Borja. The war between the Gaúchos and the Brazilian Empire was ended by the Ponche Verde Treaty.

Background
The economy of the then Province of São Pedro of Rio Grande do Sul of the Empire of Brazil was mainly focused on the production of jerky and leather. The province depended entirely on the domestic market, but the overvalued exchange rate and the tariff benefits then offered meant that imported beef was cheaper. Thus, the estancieiros of the region, among them the famous Bento Gonçalves, began a rebellion against the Imperial Government. After a meeting, it was decided that armed militias would be formed under the leadership of Gonçalves inside the province to take over the provincial government.

The initial objective to take over the province's government was successfully achieved, the rebels then planned to enter into negotiations with the imperial regent Diogo Antônio Feijó to demand a new provincial government acceptable to the regional elite. Meanwhile, the newly appointed Imperial Governor of the Province, José de Araújo Ribeiro, completely rejected by that elite, took office nevertheless. This was seen by the landowners as a declaration of war. Araújo Ribeiro then began gathering his soldiers who had been scattered since October, and hunting down Farroupilhos. He ordered the Provincial Assembly to be closed and removed Bento Gonçalves from the command of the National Guard. In Rio de Janeiro the imperial government closed the customs house in the provincial capital Porto Alegre for as long as the city was in the hands of the rebels, restricting the arrival of ships. Soon open conflict began, as imperial forces secured the city and rebels fought back against them.

Independence
With the overwhelming victory of the rebels, led by Antônio de Sousa Neto, the separatist idea took shape. At night ideological questions were revised and Lucas de Oliveira and Joaquim Pedro, ardent republicans, convinced Neto, arguing that there was no other way out but to embark on the path of independence and that there was no other popular desire but desire of freedom, of abolition of slavery and of democracy under the republican system. Neto came to sympathize with the idea but resisted before a probable disapproval of his peers. He thought that such a proclamation of a new Republic should come from Bento Gonçalves, the great commander of the rebelled. They contended that Bento had already decided on the republic, that "rigid hierarchy was a custom of the empire, and that the republican system was centered on the people, their wants and needs, and not on the governing elite".

Finally, with the acquiescence of Colonel Neto, they began to write the Proclamation of the Riograndense Republic that he would read out before his assembled troops, on 11 September 1836. Bento Gonçalves was informed of this and was later proclaimed President.

Here is the text read by General Antônio de Sousa Neto in front of his ranks: ''Brave comrades of the 1st Cavalry Brigade! Yesterday you obtained the most complete triumph over the slaves of the Court of Rio de Janeiro, which, envious of the local advantages of our province, makes mercilessly pour the blood of our compatriots, in order to make her prey to her ambitious sights. Miserable! Whenever their satellites have appeared before the free forces, they have succumbed, without this fatal disappointment making them give up their infernal plans. There are countless injustices made by the Government. Its despotism is the most atrocious. And shall we suffer so much shame? No, comrades, the Rio Grande is willing, like us, not to suffer for the longer time the arrogance of a tyrannical, arbitrary, and cruel government like the present one. In every corner of the province there is no other echo than that of independence, republic, freedom or death. This echo, majestic, which they constantly repeat, as a part of this soil of free men, makes me declare that we proclaim our provincial independence, for which our work for liberty and the triumph we obtained yesterday, over these miserable slaves of absolute power. Comrades! We who are the 1st Brigade of the Liberal Army, must be the first to proclaim, as we proclaim, the independence of this province, which is disconnected from the rest of the Empire, and forms a free and independent state, with the title of Riograndense Republic, and whose manifesto to the civilized nations will be done competently. Comrades! Let's shout for the first time: Long live the Riograndense Republic! Long live the independence! Long live the Republican Army of Rio Grande!''

Campo dos Menezes, 11 September 1836 - Antônio de Sousa Neto, colonel-commander of the 1st cavalry brigade.

The other Brazilian provinces were called to unite as federated entities in the republican system. A national anthem was adopted, along with a flag, still used by the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The capital was also established in the small city of Piratini, from which came a new nickname, the Republic of Piratini.

From this moment on, the immediate end of the Ragammuffin Revolution occurred and the Ragamuffin War began.

Confederation
As the war progressed with successive ragamuffin victories, the Riograndense Navy led by the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi and the gaucho David Canabarro advanced to the Province of Santa Catarina to attack the city of Laguna. Laguna was taken, with the help of the Laguna people themselves, on 22 July 1839. On 29 July the Juliana Republic was proclaimed an independent country, linked to the Riograndense Republic by ties of confederalism, and David Canabarro became its first President.

With the capture of Laguna, half of the imperial province was in the hands of the republican separatists, however, the rampage was contained by entrenched imperial troops. Shortly afterwards the empire reacted with full force, destroying the Riograndense Navy and advancing rapidly on the rebels in Santa Catarina. The retaking of Laguna on 1 November 1839 put an end to the Juliana Republic.

Dissolution
Until the year 1840, one could perceive a period of ascent ragamuffin, with several victories in the military field. After this period, a situation of decay, beginning with the fall of Laguna, was perceptible. With the Imperials controlling the great cities, the rebels were retained in the interior, and soon internal quarrels began.

Bento Gonçalves, still in the year 1840, due to the failures, waved to the empire with the possibility of an agreement. Bento asked the imperials for safeguards so that his comrades could cross with impunity the places conquered by the empire, in order to settle with the imperial chiefs the details of a collective surrender of the ragamuffin rebels. They actually carried a letter of this design. But there was another oral message to be given to those leaders, which could not be written. The maneuver, however, was so well thought out and executed that it would fool even his fellow combatants, and motivated a letter of disapproval written by Domingos José de Almeida, then vice-president and Minister of Finance of the Riograndense Republic. The fighting continued on several fronts. Meanwhile, a Constituent Assembly had been called on 10 February 1840, but maneuvers of Bento Gonçalves, who did not want to lose power, led to the promulgation only in 1842 of the Constitution of the Republic.

Facing internal conflicts, economic and military problems against the forces of the Empire, the Republic was forced to start the peace negotiations. In 1844, Fructuoso Rivera proposed to broker peace between legalists and republicans. Manuel Luís Osório was sent to the camp of Rivera, where he met with Antônio Vicente da Fontoura, to inform that the Duke of Caxias, leader of the imperial forces, rejected the proposal of peace, but that there could be negotiations with the government without third parties. Vicente da Fontoura was sent to court to discuss peace.

Caxias received instructions from the empire, which feared the advance of Juan Manuel de Rosas in the disputed territory, to propose honorable conditions to the rebels, such as an amnesty of officers and men, incorporating them into the Imperial Brazilian Army with their ranks preserved, allowing the Governor of the Province to be elected by the Provincial Assembly, and raising taxes on meat imported into Brazil from the Platine region.

However, one question remained unanswerable, that of slaves freed by the Republic to serve in the Republican army. For the Empire of Brazil, it was unacceptable to recognize the freedom of slaves given by a sedition, although it did annihilate the leaders of the same revolt.

Finally, on 1 March 1845, peace was signed: the Ponche Verde Treaty, after almost ten years of war. Among its main conditions were the complete amnesty to the rebels, the liberation of the slaves who fought in the Republican Army and the election of a new provincial president by the ragamuffins. Partial or full compliance with the treaty still raises discussions to this day. The impossibility of a regionally restricted abolition of slavery, the persistence of animosity between local leaders and other administrative and operational factors may have at least hindered, if not prevented, full compliance with it. Such discussion is referred to in the main article of this subject. The Riograndense Republic was reincorporated into the Brazilian Empire.

Flag
The official flag of the Riograndense Republic was green, yellow and red. There were differing accounts for its design: one version indicated that the colors-symbols of Brazil, yellow-green and red, symbolized the republic, intersecting them; another that the green represented the forest of the pampas, the red, the revolutionary ideal, and the yellow the riches of the gaucho territory; another still that it combined the green of the Portuguese flag and the yellow of the Spanish flag (respectively, the most important and second most important colonizers of the territory of the state of Rio Grande do Sul), interspersed by the vertical red stripe symbolising federation in the platine region from the time of Jose Gervasio Artigas (1764-1850). However, green would only be added to the Portuguese flag in 1910, 65 years after the end of the Farroupilha Revolution, which discards this latest version. Likewise, the current flag of the state of Rio Grande do Sul comes to have the same colors, having been added the coat of arms of the Riograndense Republic in the middle of the flag.

Government
The Riograndense Republic was created as a constitutional presidentialist republic. Its first President, Bento Gonçalves, was appointed by the Ragamuffin Assembly and took office on 6 November 1836, along with 4 vice presidents:
 * Antônio Paulino da Fontoura
 * José Mariano de Matos
 * Domingos José de Almeida
 * Inácio José de Oliveira Guimarães

In 1841 Bento Gonçalves was imprisoned by the imperial forces in Bahia, far away from his army, and it a new president, José Gomes de Vasconcelos Jardim, was elected and immediately appointed the new ministry of the republic:
 * Domingos José de Almeida - Minister of Interior and Finance
 * José Pinheiro de Ulhoa Cintra - Minister of Justice and Foreign Relations
 * José Mariano de Matos - Minister of War and Navy

Throughout the war they were named generals of the republic:
 * João Manuel de Lima e Silva
 * Bento Gonçalves
 * Antônio de Sousa Neto
 * Bento Manuel Ribeiro
 * Davi Canabarro
 * João Antônio da Silveira

The Constitution of the Riograndense Republic was completed in 1843, after seven years of independence from the Brazilian Empire. It was signed, "by the very fist of all the deputies" in Alegrete (when it was still a town), on 8 February 1843. The document includes the names of José Pinheiro de Uchôa Cintra, Francisco de Sá Brito, José Mariano de Matos, Serafim dos Anjos France, Domingos José de Almeida.

Among its articles was written: Detached the Riograndense people of the Brazilian communion, resumes all the rights of primitive freedom, makes use of these imprescriptible rights constituting an independent Republic, takes in the extensive scale of the sovereign states the place that is responsible for the sufficiency of their resources, civilization and natural riches that assure you the full and complete exercise of your independence, eminent sovereignty and dominion, without objection to the sacrifice of the smallest part of this same independence or sovereignty to another nation, government or any strange power. Piratini, 29 August 1838

This legacy of ragamuffin, came to be considered as the legitimate cradle of Brazilian Republican law.

Armed forces
The Imperial Brazilian Navy controlled the main communications media of the province, the Patos Lagoon, between Porto Alegre, Pelotas and Rio Grande, and most of the navigable rivers. In spite of this, it was constantly attacked by ragamuffins, when near the ravines of the rivers. On 1 February 1838, a troop of two thousand rags and a battery of artillery were able to attack two gunboats and a barge on the Caí River, killing almost all the sailors, imprisoning one of the commanders and capturing their ships, thus beginning the creation of the Riograndense Navy.

In 1838 Giuseppe Garibaldi had known Bento Gonçalves still in his prison, in Rio de Janeiro, and gave him a corso letter to imprison imperial ships. On 1 September 1838, Garibaldi was appointed captain-lieutenant, commander of the Riograndense navy.

A shipyard was set up next to a weapons and ammunition factory in Camaquã, at the resort of Ana Gonçalves, sister of Bento Gonçalves. There Garibaldi coordinated the construction and armament of two war-craft. At the same time, Luigi Rossetti went to Montevideo, seeking the help of Luigi Carniglia and other indispensable professionals. After a few weeks, the equipment of masters and workers was complete. Some sailors came from Montevideo and others were recruited around. After the construction of the boats and launched into the water, they captured some merchant ships, but there was not much success against the powerful imperial navy. The Riograndense Navy was completely destroyed in 1839 after their defeat in Santa Catarina.

International recognition
The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata at the time were being unified by the dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas and tried to recover the Uruguayan territory (Platine War), not excluding also the possibility of aid to the Riograndense separatists. Juan Manuel de Rosas, the Argentine dictator, offered support so that David Canabarro continued the fight. Juan Manuel de Rosas was removed from power in Argentina in a confrontation involving Brazilian troops.

Alongside the de facto recognition by the Argentine Confederation, Uruguay started to recognize the independence and sovereignty of the Riograndense Republic, but the diplomatic process was not completed. The United Kingdom and France recognised the new republic under the condition that its port would be open to French and British ships.

Religious schism
The parishes of Rio Grande do Sul were linked to the bishopric of Rio de Janeiro, which brought several obstacles to the Riograndense Republic. To break with the Empire of Brazil, the farroupilhas separated completely from the court. On 22 June 1838, they named Father Chagas as apostolic vicar, denying obedience to the bishop of Rio de Janeiro, creating a schism in the Catholic Church of the then Province of St. Peter of Rio Grande do Sul. The apostolic vicar had true religious authority: and appointed priests and dispensed marriages. Father Chagas was excommunicated and his acts were declared unlawful by the bishop of Rio de Janeiro - the maximum authority of the Catholic Church in Brazil. Likewise, most of the Gaucho clergy adhered to the new ecclesiastical authority.

The situation lasted until the end of the Ragamuffin Revolution (1835–45). With the defeat, the priest Chagas sought a reconciliation with the bishop of Rio de Janeiro, having been secretary of the new bishop of Porto Alegre.

After the end of the revolution, Father Fidêncio José Ortiz was entrusted by the bishop of Rio de Janeiro to review all the acts practiced and other documents.

Legacy

The Riograndense Republic is symbolically perennial in the flag and coat of arms of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, just as other Brazilian states maintained in their civic symbols evocations of relevant deeds. Its territory derived from the partial split of the Province of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, which had its limits totally defined in relation to Uruguay only after the end of the Ragamuffin War (1835–45). After the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic (1889), the whole territory of the Province became one of the federal units of Brazil, the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Question about document of the Ponche Verde Treaty
In a hypothesis of invalidity of the Ponche Verde Treaty, because of the lack of formalities or incompetence of the signatories, the Republic remaining in the following days would lack sovereignty since it did not have the requisites that legitimize it:

 * It did not hold the monopoly of force since it no longer had its own army: it hosted the Southern Military Command of the Imperial Brazilian Army.
 * Its administration was not independent of the Imperial Government, within the Brazilian unitary state, and was there no subsequent nomination or election of another national president of the republic other than Bento Gonçalves and Gomes Jardim.
 * Finally, the inhabitants of the territory declared themselves Brazilian and participated in Brazilian political life, thus lacking the third fundamental element for the legitimate existence of any national state.

Among the many understandings about what is a state, at Convention of Montevideo on 26 December 1933, Brazil was one of the signatories. In the convention, the definition of a state included the following:

 * Government
 * Permanent population
 * Defined territory
 * Ability to relate to other nation-states

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Riograndense Republic


text:
User:Jasón

Hi, after my first contribution to the English Wikipedia, it's time to start with my user page. For little more details about myself, please see my user page in Spanish Wikipedia

title: User:Jasón


text:
Talk:Economy of Haiti

Help needed
This article needs dividing up, the text is one big huge section. Need more information about ideas to repair the economy. More information is needed in general.--MateoP 23:21, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Willing to resort
If no one objects, I would like to go through this article and sort it better. --MateoP 01:57, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Not ready for featured
I have contributed to this article some, I added the Labor section at the bottom and the graph, for example. However the majority of the text is copied from a public domain resource (not sure where) so I don't think the article is ready yet. I'm going to check out a couple of books from the library this weekend and hopefully contribute a little more. --MateoP 02:55, 15 December 2005 (UTC)
 * In light of the comment that the majority of the text is copied, I have delisted it as a good article. CanadianCaesar The Republic Restored 21:22, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

"A legal minimum wage of 36 gourds a day (about U.S. $1.80) applies to most workers in the formal sector."
 * I hope that there is a problem with the line:

Please tell me you were typing too fast, that it is 36 Haitian dollars= 180 gourds = 4.89 USD.

Please?

 * It appears the 36 gourds figure was correct for 1995, and was later raised to 70 gourds. -- Beland 18:47, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This is dated information. The minimum wage has been raised considerably, I believe it is now 200 HTG per day. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.7.27.194 (talk) 20:47, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Capitalism or socialism?
The WTO et al try to make Haiti to follow their restrictions, obligations and programs so that Haiti would be able to realize growth and modernization of it's economy. I ask: Why wouldn't Haiti create a democratically controlled economy independent of the global capitalist system? It isn't fully part of it now, so they would only have to choose to develop a socialist system instead of a capitalism one. It would be easier than in other countries, where the private ownership and utilization of the resources is already in place. Haiti would need democratic reforms and political apparatus to enable worker's control over the means of production, rather than a typical representation system, which makes bious agreements with the global capitalists. Teemu Ruskeepää 16:30, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a forum for political debate. We simply document the history, existing conditions, and notable proposals, and let readers decide for themselves what policies are best. -- Beland 18:49, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

GDP chart requested
A chart showing the history of the country's GDP would be informative. -- Beland

18:52, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

As was requested by user Beland I added some days ago the chart showing the history of GDP of Haiti. I made it as a part of an activity in a Design course at Politecnico di Milano. I hope it's going to work for the community. As written on it I took the GDP data from the World Bank Database. -- giovi_boy (talk) 19:46, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

Updated stats
Updated economic statistics are available from the CIA World Factbook. -- Beland 19:05, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Factbook
Much of this is copied directly from the CIA factbook (word for word). Is that allowed? NO added by firered July 2019

"economic history" beginning in 1986
Seems a rather short history for a country that has existed for hundreds of years. Esn (talk) 11:10, 14 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I was coming here to say the same thing. Lets not just use US and IMF sources.--TM 18:07, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Economy of Haiti
The article mentions that Haiti is the "poorest in the Western Hemisphere." This issue has to be seriously addressed because the whole world (literally) is being misled as to what technically is also included in the Western hemisphere, which includes countries in Africa like Sierra Leone or Mauritania that are poorer than Haiti. It must be revised to "the poorest in the Americas" because that is factually accurate. This whole notion of Haiti being the poorest in the Western Hemisphere is simply not true! Let's get Wikipedia to be the first page on the internet that actually gets this fact right! Mbhskid520 (talk) 07:59, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Flagged as unbalanced: Explanation
I added the unbalanced tag in August, 2018, because I noticed in the references that "Much of this article is based on [public domain] material from the U.S. government." This could be improved with reliable, secondary sources. The U.S. has a history of interference in Haiti's trade and economy and thus should not be considered an unbiased source.

Haiti as a "free market economy"
Neither Forbes or cia.gov provide any source to back up the claim of Haiti as a "Free market economy". They might be primary sources, and doubting their validity is out of the scope of this talk. But they seem to state Haiti is a "free market economy" as a purely political statement. Haiti ranks bottom at Economic Freedom and Ease of Business, so using WP:COMMON I can see there's a clash of primary sources. I cannot find sources to back up the state of Haiti as a free market, other than Forbes or CIA. Are Forbes and cia.gov primary sources, even? Greenlucid (talk) 13:58, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of Haiti


text:
Talk:Bette Midler

Clean Up
These two sentences under "1990-2000: Continued Success" are grammatically off and don't make sense; can someone who knows what "and a piano soon after" means fix these?

Another memorable event occurred that night, Midler began singing "Here's That Rainy Day," Carson's favorite song. Carson then joined a few lyrics later, and a piano soon after.

Jwarhol (talk) 21:15, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

At the very least, can someone fix the "charted singles" section. It looks so...nasty. I'm not familiar enough with the website/html to create a chart...76.112.102.98 11:50, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

This is the thinnest bio of Bette I've ever read. What about her guest appearance on Murphy Brown? Or a more complete list of award nominations/wins? There are a lot of holes to be filled. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.191.140.101 (talk) 20:14, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

There is no mention of her in the movie "Isn't She Great" with Nathan Lane based on the events of the life of Jacqueline Susann the author of Valley of the Dolls. Please update this information to be included! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.192.10.50 (talk) 22:55, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

The "Bette" TV show
I came here to look up stuff about the "Bette" TV show that aired in 2000; particularly about its ratings and why it was cancelled so soon. If anyone could add something about it, I'd appreciate it. Thanks.

Eje211 11:09, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Picture
I can't believe we don't have a picture for Bette Midler. There's got to be a picture that's GFDL friendly. … G u y M … (soapbox) 05:21, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I tagged the article, and left a request at Requested pictures. Hopefully someone has something suitable. Michael 08:30, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

This picture of Bette Midler is 11 years old! There has to be a new picture of her that we can use on her page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.15.30.125 (talk) 23:46, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

Divine Madness Link
Just Noting that the link to the Album Divine Madness refers to an album by Madness (band).

Misc
Maybe all the redlinks be removed and just left as plain text? -- KaiAdin 12:56, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Not unless you know that all of them are unworthy of articles! WP is a work in progress; don't disrupt that part of the work just bcz it isn't done. --Jerzy•t 21:29, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Red links? I'm working on some of them, although they keep getting quick deleted. Surely a sub stub when clicking on them is better than a page saying "BEEEEP does not exist" JayKeaton 06:04, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

In any case I've been recreating them with JUST enough info in them to escape the evil deleting machine JayKeaton 06:04, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Birthplace
Was she born in NJ or on Oahu? Both are stated in the biography, which is impossible. Guille 09:51, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Bootleg Betty has a thorough bio w/ the HI PoB, and agrees. Changed accordingly. --Jerzy•t 21:29, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Allmusic.com lists Paterson, New Jersey as her birthplace. Does anyone has access to books or other offline records that could help solve this mystery?--Alphae 17:59, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Seems like it's a misunderstanding that her parents were from Paterson, but she was born in Honolulu. I found a Dec. 4, 1973 NY Times article that begins "Despite Bette Midler's Honolulu birthplace, New York has always regarded her as homegrown and hometown." I found a later 1978 NY Times profile that stated "daughter of a house painter from Honolulu by way of Paterson, N.J... The family originally settled there, she said, when her father selected it as the place farthest away from his domineering mother in Paterson, N.J. The Circumstances of her birth have given Midler a series of one-liners about being the only Jewish girl in a Samoan Neighborhood." BETTE MIDLER GOES HOLLYWOOD by Warren Hoge Dec 10, 1978. p. SM26 Ando228 17:13, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * These sound like good references to add in. Wikipedia:Citation templates is quite helpful if you want to add these as footnotes.-- Ashley VH 19:41, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

IT seems from the above and from http://www.e-hawaii.com/stars/index/bette_midler/default.htm that born and raised in HI is the fact. I changed the text, though the info box is already correct.Rsugden (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 04:53, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Allmusic is a reliable source, and it now says Honolulu.[ http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bette-midler-mn0000053739/biography] WIkipedia disallows IMDB for biographical claims, and e-Hawaii appears to be a commercial, non-journalistic site, with the link given just above no longer active. --Tenebrae (talk) 19:26, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

Compilation albums
Somebody had placed her Rosemary Clooney, Peggy Lee, and Xmas albums in the "compilations" section when these are actually studio albums. A compilation album is a collection of work that the same artist has already previously recorded and released (such as "Experience The Divine" is a compilation of Midler's greatest hits). MassassiUK 08:17, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

"Feud" with Manilow
Reference? Source? Can't find any other evidence of a 'feud"- either it should be sourced or changed. 216.194.2.75 (talk) 02:39, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

The Best Of Bette
Tour by Bette Midler 2012: The Best Of Bette

Awards
The opening paragraph says she won 4 Golden Globes, however the filmography here, and the imdb.com page list only three wins. UndDerMarlena (talk) 12:16, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

4 golden globes 2 for the rose, 1 for for the boys and 1 for gypsy — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.124.76.227 (talk) 23:55, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Salary for Showgirl Must go On
''Midler had a Vegas show entitled Bette Midler: The Showgirl Must Go On at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace. The show comprised The Staggering Harlettes, 20 female dancers called The Caesar Salad Girls and a 13-piece band. Midler was reportedly paid $120 million per year for her 200 shows.[29]''

$120 million seemed like a crazy number and the citation doesn't actually say that (or anything about how much she made) but probably references the lines immediately before it. $120 is so far disputable then, and I'm going to guess it means to say a number significantly lower since --no one-- is making that much money for a show in Vegas. 12.162.122.5 (talk) 19:24, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

Awards
I think there should be a section of her awards and nominations similar to what was done in the grammys section.

Up to date photo
I think there should be a new up to date photo of Bette since this one is 20 years old such as this one http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?q=bette+midler&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&biw=1024&bih=763&tbs=isz:m&tbm=isch&tbnid=zTQ094-d1XWiKM:&imgrefurl=http://www.celebritiesheight.com/bette-midler-height-and-weight/&docid=EG9fcerKPNyYCM&imgurl=http://www.celebritiesheight.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Bette-Midler.jpg&w=398&h=600&ei=E_A3T_-4FKOu0QW58dTEAg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=93&vpy=211&dur=589&hovh=276&hovw=183&tx=121&ty=135&sig=116378058650465294149&page=2&tbnh=133&tbnw=89&start=19&ndsp=35&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:19 This is her at the premiere of the 2004 film stepford wives

Betteisdivine (talk) 17:03, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
 * ❌, we can't just copy a photo from another website, it's against copyright. They need to be uploaded and meet our copyright requirements-- Jac 16888 Talk 17:18, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

Birthplace Pt 2
Her birthplace appears to be disputed, and the only source for Honolulu is the search page for a subscription site. Wikipedia disallows search pages (as opposed to search results) as a reference source. I'm removing the disallowed cite and add a cite-request tag. In addition, how would a genealogy site support a claim about how much her parents paid to rent a house? --Tenebrae (talk) 19:22, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Two RS cites added for Honolulu. All good. --Tenebrae (talk) 02:34, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your work on this . I have seen a couple other errors by that "Filmreference.com" website over the years so I am not sure how reliable they are. One thing - I am not seeing where you added into the article the two references that you found. Please feel free to do so and you might even remove the one that says NJ but I will leave that up to you. Thanks again and cheers. MarnetteD|Talk 03:26, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Hi, MarnetteD. It's been a while . Hope you're well. I added the cites under "Early life and family." And actually, FilmReference is much more reliable than a lot of sites precisely because it aggregates bibliographic sources that it cites at the bottom of each page, and unlike many places will note discrepancies in those sources. That last in itself makes it valuable. I've seen errors at TV Guide, Biography.com, books and elsewhere, so that's an unfortunate part of any research sourcing. But thank you for the kind words! --Tenebrae (talk) 18:34, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Heehee I am such a maroon (old Bugs Bunny cartoon reference) . I was looking at the edits that came after this one and completely missed that you had added the refs in question before. So I just have to say good work again. MarnetteD|Talk 19:16, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks. And I totally get "What a maroon!"  : )   --Tenebrae (talk) 19:26, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

Life years of parents
Twice recently, latest here, the years of birth and death of Midler's parents have been removed. The latest edit summary is not acceptable, since (a) the re does not need to be an article does not need to be about either of them and (b) the years are sourced, and if the source is not sufficient, it can easily be given more clearly. I will reinstate the information again unless better reasons for its removal, such as Wikipedia guidelines, can be shown to hinder that. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 13:02, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
 * a) I did not state that there had to be articles about her parents. Per WP:INDISCRIMINATE the dates if her parents birth and death are not relevant to the article. b) Which reference is being used as a source for those dates? c) Declaring that you are willing to edit war over something is not the way to go. MarnetteD|Talk 15:32, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I corrected my one error.
 * Nothing in WP:INDISCRIMINATE covers this issue. If the parents are named, as they should be, it's only natural to give their dates, and I've see it for many years as common practice on Wikimedis projects. Indiscriminately citing WP:INDISCRIMINATE is not helpful.
 * So, the remaining issue is whether or not her parents' years, if well sourced, should be included. I see now that they actually are not. I will find the sources I had access to when I added them here last year.

Proposal: reinstate parents' years of birth and death with a cite tag after them. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 10:38, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

 * WP:INDISCRIMINATE does apply as does WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS. Your proposal is a non-starter. Any and all info added to articles MUST come with a reliable source. Adding info with a "cn" tag simply does not work. MarnetteD|Talk 16:15, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Neither WP:INDISCRIMINATE nor WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS applies to birth years of a very famous person's parents. We'll Rfc that when we've solved the source issue. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 15:06, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi, I read about the dispute on WP:3PO. This is a source for the father's life years: . He died aged 78 on Saturday 3 May 1986, according to the Orlando Sentinel. Wakari07 (talk) 16:28, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Now for mom. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 17:46, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

3O Response: I'm trying to think of what purpose the information serves. Does it help the reader's understanding of the subject? Midler was born when they were 29 and 33, and they died in their 60s and 70s. That does not seem in any way remarkable. Her parents aren't mentioned elsewhere in the article, so the information doesn't seem relevant to understanding what follows. If the information is difficult to source (ie: not carried by major reliable sources), that could be an indication that it isn't that notable. Remember, we're trying to provide an encyclopedic summary of notable information about the subject, and including details of non-notable people related to her seems beyond that. WP:NOTPUBLICFIGURE says that with people who are not well known, to "exercise restraint and include only material relevant to the person's notability, focusing on high-quality secondary sources." The major remaining argument I can see for inclusion would be disambiguation, if there is a famous person named Ruth Schindel/Midler or Fred Midler, and you want to distinguish her parents from such a person. I don't have strong feelings about this, but I would tend to say that it is not necessary to state their birth/death years. This is a non-binding third opinion, but I hope it helps. For broader opinion, an RfC would be the way to go. Until you have consensus, though, please sandbox any proposal rather than making contested edits to the article. – Reidgreg (talk) 17:00, 14 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you! In editing Wikpipedia since 2006, I've often left such info in, and even added it myself on occasion, re: non-notable parents, children & spouses. Royalty and ex-royalty, for example, often have had their non-notable children and grandchildren added, and I have routinely left the life years of their children in, while removing the name-dropped grandchildren completely. After the outcome of this, whatever it ends up being, while lacking a specific WP guideline on it, I may start removing a lot more. A guideline would be helpful, and I'm going to propose one today in what I think is the best forum. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 02:59, 15 December 2018 (UTC)
 * This isn't relevant here but it's important enough that I will add that for living people, we should be extra cautious for privacy and not state too much about the living relatives of a famous person. Essentially, to summarize only what has already been widely published in reliable sources, per Biographies of living persons. – Reidgreg (talk) 15:21, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 August 2022
I was recently looking at her infobox and I noticed that there are two years active info listed twice in her infobox, is there any chance of someone could remove her years active from her "musical career" section in her infobox? Because its kinda unnecessary to have years active listed twice in her infobox, because her years active information is already listed above in "infobox person" section. Just having one years active info already covers both information of both her acting and music career. 50.78.30.101 (talk) 20:35, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Sirdog (talk) 13:33, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 October 2022
The article states that Midler was a member of Delta Phi Epsilon sorority, and is now an alumna, at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. There was never a chapter of Delta Phi Epsilon that this university, according to the Delta Phi Epsilon International Sorority Headquarters chapter list. Please fix this. 2600:8807:E8D:8A00:698D:FE98:824F:D586 (talk) 04:52, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: The page's protection level has changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. MadGuy7023 (talk) 17:56, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

scenes from a mall another movie w woody allen??
scenes from a mall 2601:182:C80:90D0:2066:512F:B6B7:5736 (talk) 22:40, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

26 Lockwood dr
I live in your anuts house and would love for you to come buy to see the house 2600:4040:A5F9:DF00:2D5D:9A90:35D9:9D9F (talk) 03:42, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bette Midler


text:
Talk:Hiram Fong

Resting Place Edit
Senator Fong is buried at Nuuanu Memorial Park, not Oahu Cemetery. https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=9335016&PIpi=100067683 Notice also the headstone is consistent with others at Nuuanu Memorial Park, including his wife, Ellyn Lo Fong https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=fong&GSiman=1&GScid=2194119&GRid=128390757&. The adjacent Oahu Cemetery does not use headstones like those seen in the linked photographs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SirMontego (talk • contribs) 01:34, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

Find a Grave as a reference
Removed Find a Grave as a reference and placed in external links. Find a Grave as a reference fails one or more of the following Wikipedia policies as a reliable source;
 * 1)-WP:SOURCES; Articles should be based on reliable, third-party, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy.
 * 2)- WP:NOTRELIABLE; Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for checking the facts, or with no editorial oversight.
 * 3)- WP:SELFPUBLISH; Find a Grave is user edited and uses anonymous or pseudonymous editors.
 * 4)- WP:SPS; This includes any website whose content is largely user-generated, including the Internet Movie Database, Cracked.com, CBDB.com, and so forth, with the exception of material on such sites that is labeled as originating from credentialed members of the sites' editorial staff, rather than users. Find a Grave is not currently specifically named as is IMBd but falls under "and so forth". Rational dictates that Find a Grave, while not specifically listed by name in WP:SPS, certainly falls under the criteria. Otr500 (talk) 01:11, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

Chinese descent
There is no information about his Chinese descent. --77.1.152.115 (talk) 07:00, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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incorrect parentage
"Ellyn Lo" is given as both his wife's and his mother's name. It is his wife's name; I have been unable to find his mother's name. Igodard (talk) 09:00, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hiram Fong


text:
NetworkManager

NetworkManager is a daemon that sits on top of libudev and other Linux kernel interfaces (and a couple of other daemons) and provides a high-level interface for the configuration of the network interfaces.

Rationale
NetworkManager is a software utility that aims to simplify the use of computer networks. NetworkManager is available for Linux kernel-based and other Unix-like operating systems.

How it works

To connect computers with each other, various communications protocols have been developed, e.g. IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), IEEE 802.11 ("wireless"), IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth), PPPoE, PPPoA, and many many more. Each participating computer must have the suitable hardware, e.g. network card or wireless network card and this hardware must be configured accordingly to be able to establish a connection.

In case of a monolithic kernel all the device drivers are part of it. The hardware is accessed (and also configured) through its device driver by the configuration utility to configure the hardware, and programs like the web browser/SSH/NTP-client/etc. to send and receive network packets.

Configuration of network interfaces without NetworkManager
On Linux and all Unix-like operating systems, the utilities  and the newer   (from the iproute2-bundle) are used to configure IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.11 hardware. These utilities configure the kernel directly and the configuration is applied immediately. After boot-up, the user is required to configure them again.

To apply the same static configuration after each boot-up, the PID1-programs are used: System V init executes shell scripts and binary programs, systemd parses its own conf-files (and executes programs). The boot-up configuration for network interfaces is stored in  for Debian Linux distributions and its derivatives or   files in   for Fedora and its derivatives, and DNS-servers in. or  can define a static IP-address or   to be used, and all kinds of VPN can be configured here as well.

In case the configuration has to be changed, DHCP-protocol goes a long way to do so automatically, without the user even noticing.

Configuration of network interfaces with NetworkManager

 * NetworkManager is accessible via dbus.
 * Configuration is stored in

But as we've transitioned from physically large servers to more portable hosts that may be plugged and unplugged (or moved from WiFi hotspot to WiFi hotspot) at the user's discretion, dynamic configurations (i.e., not stored in a static configuration file but taken from outside the host, and potentially changing after boot) have become a more prevalent configuration. Bootp was an early protocol used for this, and to this day its descendant DHCP is still very common. Many Unix-like systems include a program called dhclient to handle this dynamic configuration. Given a relatively static or simple dynamic configuration, static configuration modified by dhclient works well. However, as networks and their topologies get more complex, a central manager for all the network configuration information becomes more essential.

Software architecture
NetworkManager has two components:
 * 1) the NetworkManager daemon, the actual software which manages connections and reports network changes
 * 2) several graphical front-ends for diverse graphical desktop environments, such as GNOME Shell, GNOME Panel, KDE Plasma Workspaces, Cinnamon, etc.

Both components are intended by the developers to be reasonably portable, and the applet is available to desktop environments which implement the Freedesktop.org System Tray Protocol, including GNOME, KDE Plasma Workspaces, Enlightenment (software) and Xfce. As the components communicate via D-Bus, applications can be written to be “link-aware”, or to replace the provided applet entirely. One example is KNetworkManager, a KDE frontend to NetworkManager developed by Novell for SUSE Linux.

Graphical front-ends and command line interfaces

 * nm-applet
 * nm-applet is the GNOME applet for NetworkManager.

 * nmcli
 * nmcli is NetworkManager's built-in command-line interface added in 2010. nmcli allows easy display of NetworkManager's current status, manage connections and devices, monitor connections.

 * nmtui
 * nmtui is a built-in text-based user interface. nmtui is relatively basic compared to nmcli, which only allows users to add/edit a connection, activate a connection, and set the hostname of the system.

 * cnetworkmanager
 * cnetworkmanager command-line interface for NetworkManager.

Mobile broadband configuration assistant
Antti Kaijanmäki announced the development of a mobile broadband configuration assistant for NetworkManager in April 2008; it became available in NetworkManager version 0.7.0. Together with the package mobile-broadband-provider-info the connection is easily configured.

History
Red Hat initiated the NetworkManager project in 2004 with the goal of enabling Linux users to deal more easily with modern networking needs, particularly wireless networking. NetworkManager takes an opportunistic approach to network selection, attempting to use the best available connection as outages occur, or as the user roams between wireless networks. It prefers Ethernet connections over “known” wireless networks, which are preferred over wireless networks with SSIDs to which the user has never connected. The user is prompted for WEP or WPA keys as needed.

The NetworkManager project was among the first major Linux desktop components to utilize D-Bus and HAL extensively. Since June 2009, however, NetworkManager no longer depends on HAL, and since 0.9.10 (ca. 2014), neither does it require the D-Bus daemon to be running for root operation.

title: NetworkManager


text:
User:Rick Norwood

User:Rick Norwood is spending way too much time writing for Wikipedia, but enjoying the hell out of it. His areas of expertise are algebraic topology, fifties science fiction, and comic strips.

title: User:Rick Norwood


text:
Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown

Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown is the 28th prime-time animated television special based on the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. It was originally aired on the CBS network on March 20, 1985.

Plot
Snoopy is performing guard duty for Peppermint Patty, but gets sidetracked when he meets a beautiful poodle named Fifi (called Genevieve in this special). Soon after, Snoopy decides to get married, and wants his brother Spike to be the Best Beagle at his wedding, resulting in Spike traveling a long way from Needles, California and trying to earn money by competing in a dog race, only to be disqualified for being a beagle and not a greyhound.

Snoopy is at first excited, but soon grows nervous at the prospect of marriage, acting miserable at his own bachelor party, and even breaking down into tears hours before the wedding. At the ceremony, everything is in order, until it seems Genevieve is late. Lucy soon arrives with news that Genevieve fell in love with a golden retriever and ran off with him, meaning that the wedding is off. Snoopy is heartbroken at first, but soon lightens up at the prospect of remaining a bachelor, and enjoys salad with Woodstock. Spike returns home to his residence, a gigantic hollowed-out cactus with electricity and modern amenities, and the show ends by Spike enjoying part of the wedding cake by himself.

Production
Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown was based on a comic strip story in 1977 (later published as The Beagle Has Landed). In the original strip, Snoopy's bride-to-be is never seen, and it is Spike that the bride falls for.

Voice actors
Patty and Roy appear in silent roles. Franklin and Pig-Pen were voiced by Carl Steven, but they were not spoken as well.
 * Brett Johnson as Charlie Brown
 * Jeremy Schoenberg as Linus van Pelt
 * Stacy Ferguson as Sally Brown and Violet
 * Dawnn D.Leary as Sally Brown's singing voice
 * Heather Stoneman as Lucy van Pelt
 * Gini Holtzman as Peppermint Patty
 * Keri Houlihan as Marcie
 * Danny Colby as Schroeder
 * Bill Melendez as Snoopy, Woodstock and Spike

Home media
Kartes Video Communications released the special on VHS in 1987. In 1989, the special was released on a double feature VHS with You're in Love, Charlie Brown from the same company. On January 9, 1996, Paramount Home Video released the special on a double feature VHS with Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown. On June 14, 2011, Warner Home Video released the special on DVD for the first time as part of the compilation Happiness is... Peanuts: Snoopy's Adventures. Warner Home Video would release the special again on September 15, 2015, as part of the Peanuts: Emmy Honored Collection DVD.

title: Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown


text: Template:AS-FedRep

title: Template:AS-FedRep


text:
Interactive Connectivity Establishment

Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) is a technique used in computer networking to find ways for two computers to talk to each other as directly as possible in peer-to-peer networking. This is most commonly used for interactive media such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), peer-to-peer communications, video, and instant messaging. In such applications, communicating through a central server would be slow and expensive, but direct communication between client applications on the Internet is very tricky due to network address translators (NATs), firewalls, and other network barriers.

ICE is developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force MMUSIC working group and is published as RFC 8445, as of August 2018, and has obsolesced both RFC 5245 and RFC 4091.

Overview
Network address translation (NAT) became an effective technique in delaying the exhaustion of the available address pool of Internet Protocol version 4, which is inherently limited to around four billion unique addresses. NAT gateways track outbound requests from a private network and maintain the state of each established connection to later direct responses from the peer on the public network to the peer in the private network, which would otherwise not be directly addressable.

VoIP, peer-to-peer, and many other applications require address information of communicating peers within the data streams of the connection, rather than only in the Internet Protocol packet headers. For example, the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) communicates the IP address of network clients for registration with a location service, so that telephone calls may be routed to registered clients. ICE provides a framework with which a communicating peer may discover and communicate its public IP address so that it can be reached by other peers.

Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) is a standardized protocol for such address discovery including NAT classification. Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) places a third-party server to relay messages between two clients when direct media traffic between peers is not allowed by a firewall.

IETF specifications

 * RFC 5389: Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN).
 * RFC 8656: Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to STUN.
 * RFC 6544: TCP Candidates with Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE)
 * RFC 8445: Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) Traversal

title: Interactive Connectivity Establishment


text: Template:GU-FedRep

title: Template:GU-FedRep


text:
User:Linuxbeak/monobook.js

function addPurgeLink { // Adds a "Purge page" link to the toolbox

// remove "action" variable from the URL and insert new one

myURL = window.location; var myGetVars = myURL.search.substring(1,myURL.search.length).split("&"); var myCleanGetVars = Array; for (i=0;i<myGetVars.length;++i) { if (myGetVars[i] && myGetVars[i].substr(0,6) != "action") { myCleanGetVars.push(myGetVars[i]); } }  myCleanGetVars.push("action=purge"); var myNewGetVars = "?" + myCleanGetVars.join("&"); myURLString = myURL.protocol + "//" + myURL.hostname + myURL.pathname + myNewGetVars + myURL.hash;

addToToolbox('Purge page', myURLString, 'Purge this page', 't-purge'); }

function addEditCountLink { // Add "Count User edits" link to toolbox if (window.location.pathname.indexOf('index.php') > 0) { // GET mode myTrigger = window.location.search; } else { // Path mode myTrigger = window.location.pathname; } if (myTrigger.indexOf('User:') > 0) { // We're in User space myUName = extractUName('User:', myTrigger); } else if (myTrigger.indexOf('User_talk:') > 0) { // We're in User_talk space myUName = extractUName('User_talk:', myTrigger); } else if (myTrigger.indexOf('Special:Contributions') > 0) { // We're viewing contributions myUName = extractUName('Special:Contributions/', myTrigger); } else { // Bail out return false; } myEscapedUName = myUName.replace(/_/, "+"); myClearUName = myUName.replace(/_/, " "); myURLString = 'http://kohl.wikimedia.org/~kate/cgi-bin/count_edits.cgi?user='+ myEscapedUName +'&dbname=enwiki'; addToToolbox('Count user edits', myURLString, 'Count edits by ' + myClearUName, 't-ucount'); myBlockString = 'http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Blockip&ip='+myClearUName; addToToolbox('Block user', myBlockString, 'Block ' + myClearUName, 't-ublock'); }

function addCrossWPSearchLink { // Search article in other WPs link to toolbox if (window.location.pathname.indexOf('index.php') > 0) { // GET mode myTrigger = window.location.search; } else { // Path mode myTrigger = window.location.pathname; } if ( myTrigger.indexOf('User:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('User_talk:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Wikipedia:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Wikipedia_talk:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Category:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Category_talk:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Template:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Template_talk:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Image:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Image_talk:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Help:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Help_talk:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('MediaWiki:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('Special:') < 0 && myTrigger.indexOf('MediaWiki_talk:') < 0 ) { // We're in Article space myArticleName = extractUName('/wiki/', myTrigger); } else if (myTrigger.indexOf('Talk:') > 0) { // We're in Talk space myArticleName = extractUName('Talk:', myTrigger); } else { // Bail out return false; }

myURLString = 'http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/globalwpsearch.pl?timeout=30&minor=1&search='+ myArticleName;

addToToolbox('Other Wikipedias', myURLString, 'Look up ' + myArticleName + 'in other language Wikipedias', 't-uotherwp'); }

function StubConvert {

document.getElementsByName("wpSummary")[0].value = "{" + "{Egypt-stub}} => {" + "{Ancient-Egypt-stub}} as per WP:SFD"; document.getElementsByName("wpMinoredit")[0].checked = "checked"; oldArticleText = document.getElementsByName("wpTextbox1")[0].value; newArticleText = oldArticleText.replace(/\{\{[E|e]gypt-stub\}\}/, "{" + "{Ancient-Egypt-stub}}"); document.getElementsByName("wpTextbox1")[0].value = newArticleText;

document.editform.submit;

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function addStubConvLink { addToToolbox('Ancient Egypt convert', 'javascript:StubConvert;', 'Ancient Egypt convert', 't-AEConv'); }

function extractUName(namespace, myString) { myCleanedString = myString.substring(myString.indexOf(namespace) + namespace.length,myString.length); if (myCleanedString.indexOf('/') > 0) { mySliceEnd = myCleanedString.indexOf('/'); } else { mySliceEnd = myCleanedString.length; } myCleanerString = myCleanedString.substring(0,mySliceEnd); return myCleanerString; }

function addToToolbox(label, link, title, id) { // Create new child node of the toolbox object

var myLinktext = document.createTextNode(label); var myLink = document.createElement("a"); myLink.href = link; myLink.title = title; myLink.appendChild(myLinktext); var myListItem = document.createElement("li"); myListItem.id = id; myListItem.appendChild(myLink); document.getElementById('p-tb').getElementsByTagName("ul")[0].appendChild(myListItem);

}

function reformatMyPage { // execute all formatting functions... addPurgeLink; addEditCountLink; addCrossWPSearchLink; // addStubConvLink; }

// when the page is loaded

if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load",reformatMyPage,false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload",reformatMyPage);

title: User:Linuxbeak/monobook.js


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mangalick

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 16:24, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Mangalick
Wikipedia is not a geneology project. No evidence of notability. Unfortunately, WP:CSD A7 does not, as I read it, apply to articles about families, any more than it does to bands or ohter groups of non-notable people. Delete. DES (talk) 23:28, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above DV8 2XL 00:03, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Template:VI-FedRep

title: Template:VI-FedRep


text: Template:PR-FedRep

title: Template:PR-FedRep


text:
Bočar

Bočar (Бочар) is a village located in the Novi Bečej municipality, in the Central Banat District of Serbia. It is situated in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The village has a Serb ethnic majority (80.26%) with a present Hungarian minority (11.34%) and its population numbering 1,895 people (2002 census).

Name
In Serbian, the village is known as Bočar (Бочар), in Hungarian as Bocsár, and in German as Botschar.

Historical population

 * 1961: 2,620
 * 1971: 2,328
 * 1981: 2,095
 * 1991: 2,007
 * 2002: 1,895

title: Bočar


text:
Freedom Ride (Australia)

The Freedom Ride of 1965 was a journey undertaken by a group of Aboriginal Australians in a bus across New South Wales, led by Charles Perkins. Its aim was to bring to the attention of the public the extent of racial discrimination in Australia, and it was a significant event in the history of civil rights for Indigenous Australians.

Description
Inspired by the Freedom Riders of the American Civil Rights Movement, in 1964 students from the University of Sydney formed a group called the Student Action for Aborigines, led by Charles Perkins (the first Indigenous Australian to graduate tertiary education) among others, and travelled into New South Wales country towns on what some of them considered a fact-finding mission. What they encountered was de facto segregation; the students protested, picketed, and faced violence, raising the issue of Indigenous rights. They commonly stood protesting for hours at segregated areas such as pools, parks and pubs which raised a mixed reception in the country towns. Australia overwhelmingly passed a 1967 referendum removing discriminatory sections from the Australian Constitution and enabling the federal government to take direct action in Aboriginal affairs.

At the time of the Freedom Ride in 1965, some Aboriginal People of Australia were counted separately in the census and their rights as citizens were regularly ignored. In 1964 a University of Sydney protest against racial segregation in the United States had brought comments from members of the public urging students to look to their own backyard if they wanted to draw attention to racial discrimination.

Participants
The original Freedom Riders were: Charles Perkins, Gary Williams, Aidan Foy, Alan Outhred, Alex Mills, Ann Curthoys, Barry Corr, Beth Hansen, Bob Gallagher, Brian Aarons, Chris Page, Colin Bradford, Darce Cassidy, David Pepper, Derek Molloy, Hall Greenland, Helen Gray, Jim Spigelman, John Butterworth, John Gowdie, John Powles, Judith Rich, Louise Higham, Machteld Hali, Norm Mackay, Paddy Dawson, Pat Healy, Ray Leppik, Rick Collins, Robyn Iredale, Sue Johnston, Sue Reeves, Warwick Richards, and Wendy Golding.

Communities visited
The first two towns they went to were Wellington and Gulargambone. Protests were not conducted there. Instead the locals were asked questions which affirmed perceptions of how bad discrimination against Indigenous Australians was in rural areas. Moving on to Walgett, some clear cases of racial discrimination were apparent. It proved to be the first real showdown for the Freedom Riders. They spent their first day conducting interviews to obtain information about segregation and racial discrimination and found that the cinema, the Returned Servicemen's League (RSL) club, the town's two hotels and a frock shop were all segregated. The Freedom Riders picketed the Walgett RSL club from noon until sunset, holding placards stating "Walgett: Australian's disgrace", "Bar the Colour Bar", "Good enough for Tobruk - why not Walgett RSL?". While their protest did little to change the attitudes of the townsfolk, they encouraged the Aboriginal community to push for change. Aboriginal people who participated in pickets were bitter at the ongoing discrimination they experienced in their town and they continued to protest and agitate for desegregation in the establishments that still upheld a colour ban after the protesters left. However, a report by Bruce Maxwell, a cadet reporter for The Herald, brought the SAFA Freedom Ride into the national spotlight. The Sydney Morning Herald and The Daily Mirror newspapers as well as TV and radio now began to report on the next stage of the Freedom Ride in Moree. After leaving Walgett, an unidentified driver rammed the bus, forcing it off the road. Because cadet reporter Bruce Maxwell had come along, the incident made headlines in the Sydney Morning Herald, attracting the attention of international media. Some reports compared the treatment of Aboriginal Australians to the racism and segregation in the Deep South of the United States. Moree was the site of a violent conflict during the Freedom Ride when the students tried to assist children from a nearby reserve to enter the Moree Swimming Baths, and were obstructed by supporters of the race-ban. At that time, Aboriginal people were not allowed in pubs or clubs or at the swimming pool, or to walk on the sidewalk, or play football in the local team. The local cinema was segregated - Blacks had to sit in the front rows. The Freedom Riders collected a number of children from the local mission, including nine-year-old Dan Moree (son of Lyall Munro Snr, brother of Lyall Munro Jnr, who was 13 at the time ), and tried to gain entry into the Moree Swimming Baths. Lyall Munro Snr told NITV in 2017 that he and the Moree Aboriginal Advancement Committee had been fighting to change the town's segregationist by-laws for years before the Freedom Riders arrived, but not in a confrontational way. "...So we stood and watched in the crowd. It was their day and it was an ugly scene, pretty rowdy, pretty wild — a lot of violence". The event was widely covered by the media at home and internationally, and it caught the attention of the Australian public, proving to be a "seminal moment" in the history of Australia. A public meeting took place in the town afterwards, and the decision was taken to lift the colour bar on the pool.

Other towns that were visited include Lismore, Bowraville, Dubbo, and Kempsey.

During and immediate aftermath
The Freedom Ride resulted in Aboriginal children having full access to the Moree Baths and Swimming Pool.

Crux, the Australian Student Christian Movement journal, ran a special issue on "Aborigines", which included a guest editorial on the significance of the Freedom Ride. Cartoonists including John Frith also addressed the topic.

The New York Times and other overseas newspapers reported on the events.

Later that year, Perkins later related what happened to the 200 people attending the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI) conference in Canberra.

Soon after the Freedom Ride, the NSW Aborigines Welfare Board announced that it would spend £65,000 on housing in Moree.

The Australian Black Power movement emerged in Redfern in Sydney, Fitzroy, Melbourne, and South Brisbane, following the Freedom Ride, and there followed a period of Aboriginal activism across Australia.

Perkins and other activists returned to Walgett later in to assist in the fight against the colour bar applied at the Oasis Hotel.

Ongoing impact
It opened the eyes of non-Indigenous Australians, especially those living in cities, the racial segregation that was occurring in their country, as well as revealing it to a world audience. is today remembered as a significant event in the history of civil rights for Indigenous Australians, and a turning point for race relations. It has continued to serve as an inspiration for Aboriginal rights activists.

2005
In 2005 another ride travelled through New South Wales. The aim was to determine how much had changed in 40 years and foster debate on reconciliation. Although the 2005 event focussed on reconciliation, experiences of discrimination were reported and the poor housing conditions for some Aboriginal People were noted. The Minister for Aboriginal Affairs Andrew Refshauge was presented with the findings of the 2005 ride which visited more than 13 communities.

2015
To mark the 50th anniversary of the Freedom Ride, two coaches re-ran the route with several of the original participants and a group of present-day University of Sydney students. This was featured in an episode of the SBS programme Living Black.

title: Freedom Ride (Australia)


text: Template:DC-FedRep

title: Template:DC-FedRep


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TLAs from AAA to DZZ (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. 19 keep votes vs. 9 delete votes and 2 move votes. — J I P | Talk 05:49, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

TLAs from AAA to DZZ, TLAs from EAA to HZZ, TLAs from IAA to LZZ, TLAs from MAA to PZZ, TLAs from QAA to TZZ, TLAs from UAA to XZZ
Non notable, non-encyclopaedic, meaningless collection Psy Guy 23:29, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is missing from the list: TLAs from YAA to ZZZ 132.205.3.20 19:26, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak keep only because I've used it from time to time. -- Reinyday, 23:37, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: see prior VFD: Votes_for_deletion/TLAs_from_AAA_to_DZZ. -- Bobdoe (Talk) 23:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: hardly a facinating read but enough people find them useful. Zeimusu | Talk page 23:51, 2005 August 31 (UTC)
 * Keep - see note below.
 * delete what is this list doing that a search with a three letter argument wouldn't do better and faster? DV8 2XL 00:11, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, these pages have cleared VfD on more than one occassion and are quite useful. - SimonP 00:18, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep! Totally useful for browsing through TLAs, and someone put in a lot of effort here. I actually find this kinda interesting.  --Quasipalm 00:03, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Very strong keep. Guanaco 00:49, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful for finding pages that need disambiguation. -Sean Curtin 01:42, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful. Proto t c 10:53, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to wikipedia namespace. As a reader I find it useless. As an editor it is useful, from time to time I pick a red link and turn it into a live one, that's how I found this VfD. Nabla 14:07:10, 2005-09-01 (UTC)
 * COMMENT please note deletion notices for Two-Letter-Abbreviations at: Articles for deletion/List of all two-letter combinations and Articles for deletion/List of all single-letter-single-digit combinations 132.205.3.20 19:09, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Move out of article namespace. I can see this possibly being useful for an editor, but as a reader I'd wonder why this existed. Carbonite | Talk 19:28, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * COMMENT, As I recall, these lists emerged from a CfD on a TLA category. 132.205.3.20 19:41, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We don't keep articles just because they survived a previous VfD, or because someone knows how to write a nested loop. - brenneman (t) (c)  23:56, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  It's cute and all but not actually useful.  Nandesuka 00:41, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all. -- DS1953 00:42, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This sort of thing is very useful to editors. I've also used to make glossaries at my work Mjchonoles 06:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all of them, they are useful for seeing which TLAs have articles and which don't. — J I P | Talk 06:39, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and delist. Frivolous nomination.   —RaD Man (talk) 07:08, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Several people support deletion and a few more (including me) support moving it out of the article namespace. Please don't throw around the term "frivolous nomination"; often the nominator will take it personally. Carbonite | Talk 10:19, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep them all. If you move your scroll wheel really fast, you can make PURPLE!, yeee haa. Alfredo the sane. 11:28, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Completely useless and unencyclopaedic, just blindly generated lists −Woodstone 16:27:22, 2005-09-03 (UTC)
 * Delete. Of no real value, and creates many redirects. McPhail 21:01, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This causes the only redirect for Southern Utah University. Grrr! --fpo 22:20, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I've created a couple of these redirect pages. It;s useful for editors and fun for readers to see how many we've done. --Rayc 00:14, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to Wikipedia namespace. How many more times is this going to be nominated for deletion? -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 16:49, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Tεx  τ  urε  17:53, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I like them, and they can't use much disk space. If it creates redirects, they should probably be there anyway. N (t/c) 18:41, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete en masse, we already have the Quick Index. Tito xd 07:04, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. For most of the reasons listed above, and it's harmless. It gives the reader a visual picture of how many 3-letter combinations there are. Nonenmac 23:02, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (and move to namespace) Simple and useful, mostly for editors. --Allstar86 02:43, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Thomas Hart

Thomas Hart or Tom Hart may refer to:

Sportsmen

 * Thomas Hart (civil servant) (1909–2001), Scottish cricket and rugby union international
 * Thomas Hart (rugby league), see List of Castleford Tigers players
 * Tom Hart (Australian footballer) (born 1896), Australian rules footballer
 * Tom Hart (baseball) (1869–1939), 19th-century baseball player
 * Tom Hart (sportscaster), sports announcer
 * Tommy Hart (born 1944), American football player

Politics

 * Thomas Hart (chief of staff) from Jack Abramoff
 * Thomas Hart (mayor of Davenport) from History of Davenport, Iowa
 * Thomas Hart (New York politician), in 29th New York State Legislature
 * Thomas Hart (North Carolina politician), senator from Orange County, N.C., in the North Carolina General Assembly of 1777
 * Thomas N. Hart (1829–1927), mayor of Boston, 1889–1890 and 1900–1902
 * Tom Hart (Australian politician) (1904–1972), member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia

Others

 * Thomas C. Hart (1877–1971), U.S. naval admiral and Senator
 * Tom Hart (businessman), Scottish businessman, former chairman of Hibernian F.C., see Willie MacFarlane (footballer born 1930)
 * Tom Hart (cartoonist) (born 1969), U.S. comics creator
 * Thomas Hart, character in Hart's War
 * Thomas Hart (Shakespeare) from Shakespeare's Birthplace
 * Thomas Hart (screenwriter) for Care Bears: Oopsy Does It!
 * Tom Hart (literary agent) from Amelia Atwater-Rhodes

title: Thomas Hart