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Marie-Galante

Marie-Galante (, Mawigalant or Marigalant) is one of the dependencies of Guadeloupe, an overseas department of France. Marie-Galante has a land area of 158.1 km2. It had 11,528 inhabitants at the start of 2013, but by the start of 2018 the total was officially estimated to be 10,655, with a population density of 62.5 /km².

Administration
Marie-Galante is divided into three communes (with populations as of 1 January 2013):
 * Grand-Bourg (5,564 residents),
 * Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante (3,389) and
 * Saint-Louis (2,575).

These three communes formed an intercommunal entity in 1994: the Community of Communes of Marie-Galante (communauté de communes de Marie-Galante). This is the oldest intercommunal structure of the overseas regions of France.

History
The Huecoids are the oldest known civilizations to have occupied Marie-Galante, followed by Arawaks, and then by the Island Caribs circa 850. The island was called Aichi by the Caribs and Touloukaera by the Arawaks.

Spanish exploration
Marie-Galante was the second island encountered by Christopher Columbus during his second voyage, after Dominica. On 3 November 1493, he anchored at the islet now called Anse Ballet in Grand-Bourg, and named the island in honor of the flagship Marigalante (‘gallant Mary’) of the second voyage.

During his second voyage to the West Indies, he designated the first island he found as La Deseada, both islands were registered under Spanish sovereignty in the respective acts. According to L. Martinez de Isasti, a century after the encounter, the name is due to Captain Vasco Martin Cotillos who chose the name of his wife for the island.

French colonization
On November 8, 1648, Governor Charles Houël du Petit Pré organized the first occupation: about fifty men lived near the site called Vieux Fort "Old Fort". Jacques de Boisseret bought the island back from the French Company of the Islands of America on September 4, 1649. In 1653, the Carib Indians slaughtered the few remaining colonists who had not surrendered to the harsh living conditions.

Sugarcane, which probably originated in India, had been imported to the West Indies by Christopher Columbus. As sugar became a commodity, it was cultivated in Guadeloupe from 1654 by deported Brazilian colonists who created the first sugar plantations equipped with small ox-powered mills to crush the cane.

In 1660, at Basse-Terre Chateau, a peace treaty was signed in which the Caribs authorized the French and British to settle on the islands of Dominica and Saint Vincent. With the island now at peace, the availability of mill technology was developing into a plantation-based economy by using enslaved Africans.

In 1664, Madame de Boisseret gave up her rights to Marie-Galante to the Company of the West Indies, and the island then had its first four ox-powered mills. In 1665, her son Monsieur de Boisseret de Temericourt became the island's governor. The map of the island he established carries his coat of arms. During the second half of the 17th century, the first enslaved people were brought from Africa to Marie-Galante to cultivate plantations. In 1671, 57% of the inhabitants were black. Jewish Dutch exiles from Brazil also settled, bringing new methods for the cultivation of cane sugar.

In 1676, a Dutch fleet abducted the population and plundered its facilities. After the repopulation of the island, its new inhabitants were attacked for the third time by the Dutch and by the British in 1690 and 1691. These raids, which resulted in the destruction of the mills, the refineries and the depopulation of the island, caused the Governor-General of Martinique to forbid the re-population of the island until 1696. The British retook the island from 1759 to 1763, during the Seven Years’ War.

Windmills were first seen in 1780. By 1830, 105 mills were put in place, half of which were still ox-drawn. Today, 72 mill towers are still standing. From November 1792 to 1794, Marie-Galante, which was Republican, separated itself from the royalist government of Guadeloupe. European enslavement of Africans was first abolished in 1794.

British occupation
The British captured Guadeloupe, and with it Marie-Galante, la Désirade, and all Guadeloupe's dependencies, in April 1794. The Treaty of Amiens in 1802 restored them to France. With the restoration, the enslavement of Africans too was reinstated in 1802.

In March 1808 the Royal Navy took possession of Marie-Galante to stop French privateers using its port. In August a small French force attempted to recapture the island but the British garrison, consisting of Royal Marines, augmented by Sir Alexander Cochrane's first Colonial Marines, newly recruited from escaped enslaved Africans of the island, and by some troops from the 1st West India Regiment, defeated and captured the French. The British returned the island to France in 1815.Enslavement of Africans finally came to an end in 1848, thanks to the combined efforts of abolitionists, such as Victor Schœlcher, and repeated revolts of enslaved Africans.

Modern history
The legislative elections of June 24 and June 25, 1849, the first time former enslaved Africans were permitted to vote, were disrupted by the bloody violence of protesters which had risen up out of the black majority in response to ballot-rigging orchestrated by wealthy white plantation owners. Many black people were killed during these uprisings which led to the dumping of rum and sugar from the Pirogue plantation into a nearby pond. Today this pond is known as la mare au punch (‘the Punch Pond’) in memory of these tragic events.

Guadeloupe (Grande-Terre and Basse-Terre), along with its dependencies (Marie-Galante, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy, Îles des Saintes and la Désirade), have been an overseas department since 1946 and a single-department overseas region since 1982. Within Marie-Galante the three communes are Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante, Grand-Bourg and Saint-Louis. Together, these were designated as an intercommunal entity on January 8, 1994, the first to be created in an overseas department. In 2007, Saint-Martin and Saint-Barthélemy each became an overseas collectivity, making them politically separate from Guadeloupe.

Steven Callahan, who was lost at sea in a small (5 ft inside diameter) Avon life raft for 76 days, was found alive on April 21, 1982, off the coast of Marie-Galante by local fishermen Paulinus Williams, Jules Paquet and Jean-Louis Paquet, from neighbouring Guadeloupe.

Geography
Marie-Galante comprises three communes of France: Grand-Bourg, Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante, and Saint-Louis, Guadeloupe, with a combined 1999 census population of 12,488 inhabitants. The island is more commonly known as la grande galette (‘the Big Biscuit’) due to its round shape and almost flat surface; its highest peak, the Morne Constant Hill, rises to 204 m. Formerly having over 106 sugar mills, it is also called "the Island of a Hundred Windmills" (lîle aux cent moulins). The island is undulating substrate calcareous, cooled by the trade winds and subject to cyclones and earthquakes.

The northern coast is characterized by a high cliff. A fault line called the "Bar" separates the northern quarter from the remainder of the island. To the west, beaches and mangroves extend along the Caribbean Sea. The rivers of Saint-Louis and the Vieux-Fort run through the plateau that sits at the centre of Marie-Galante. In the East and the South, the plateau descends sharply to a coastal plain skirting the Atlantic Ocean from which it is protected by a barrier coral reef.

Location
Marie-Galante is located in the northern hemisphere, it belongs to the Caribbean (or Antilles) archipelago, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Earth's equator. It is located at 15°56' north latitude and 61°16' west longitude.

The island is about 6,200 km from mainland France, about 2,200 km southeast of Florida, about 580 km from the coast of South America (Venezuela) and, more specifically, with Guadeloupe, in the heart of the Lesser Antilles.

Topography, geology and hydrography
The island of Marie-Galante is an elevated atoll resting on a rugged limestone substrate, located on the outer arc of the Caribbean plate. A fault called "la Barre" separates the northern quarter from the rest of the island. The north coast, facing Grande-Terre, is characterized by a high cliff, while the highest point, the Morne Constant (204 m altitude), is located to the east, in the territory of the municipality of Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante.

The island has one main islet:

 * l'îlet du Vieux-Fort or Vieux-Fort Islet.

Two rivers flow there after crossing the island's plateau from the heart of the island:

 * The Vieux-Fort River (the second most important river on the island) - located in the north in the territory of the commune of Saint-Louis, it flows from east to west of the island of Marie-Galante, flows into the Atlantic Ocean south of the place called Vieux-Fort, which was the first European settlement on the island,6 at the height of the Anse du Vieux-Fort.
 * Marie Galante - on the beach (407689602).jpg Saint-Louis River (formerly the Saint-François River), 17.3 km long, is the main river on the island. It rises to about 160 meters above sea level, at a place called Nesmond, in Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante, and then crosses the island from east to west through its middle and separates the municipality of Saint-Louis to the north from that of Grand-Bourg to the south. This watercourse, fed by the waters of many small ravines and streams, flows into the Atlantic Ocean south of the town of Saint-Louis, at the northern boundary of the Folle-Anse marsh.

Climate
Marie-Galante, like the rest of the Guadeloupe archipelago, enjoys a tropical climate tempered by the maritime influences and the trade winds to which it is subjected.

There are two seasons on Marie-Galante and the neighboring islands: a dry season locally called carême which runs from January to June, and a wet season locally called hivernage from July to December.

As for the temperature, with an average of 27 °C, there is little difference between the hottest months (from 25 °C to 32 °C) and the coldest (from 23 °C to 29 °C). Marie-Galante and its limestone plateaus can regularly suffer from severe droughts. The average seawater temperature is 28 °C.

Finally, the island is subject to hurricanes from May to November. These hurricanes form locally in the Antilles or off Cape Verde, in Africa, and drift in the trade winds from the east.

Landscape and environment
In the north of the island the landscape is characterized by the presence of a limestone cliff. To the east and south, the plateau becomes "mornes" to slope towards a coastal plain. The latter borders the Atlantic Ocean, from which it is protected by a barrier reef, the cays. To the west of the island, opposite Basse-Terre, beaches and mangroves extend along the Caribbean Sea and a natural coastal wetland extends into the part corresponding to the Folle-Anse Bay.

Marie-Galante is a biodiversity hotspot. Like the other Lesser Antilles, it emerged from the ocean less than five million years ago. This isolation has favored the emergence of a high rate of endemism. The archipelago was completely covered by forests before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century. This arrival was accompanied by biological invasions and land clearing that had a serious impact on biodiversity.

Many species have disappeared from the island, and the natural environments of Marie-Galante are suffering somewhat from the retreat of the forest, the accelerated urbanization of recent years and the development of crops, especially sugar cane, all of which have reduced the importance of the forest and even caused it to disappear in some places. The cultivation of sugar cane has left its mark on the non-mountainous landscapes. The agriculture (mainly exporting) of sugar cane, alcohol (rum) continues to be strongly encouraged, to make it more "sustainable" and to stop its recession by Europe, the French State and the local authorities (Region and Department).

Fauna and Flora
On the island of Marie-Galante you can find reptiles such as the red-footed tortoise or molokoï, a species of gecko locally called mabouia and small lizards called anolis.

Some sea turtles also come to lay their eggs.

A variety of crab locally called touloulou is quite common.

To the west of the island there is a coral bank at about 20 meters depth.

And seagrass beds populate the coastal sandy bottoms, discontinuously.

Preservation
In Marie-Galante, the mangroves have almost disappeared, but there is one located in Vieux-Fort, Saint-Louis. Part of the terrestrial animal and plant heritage has been degraded as a result of human activities, except in the west, northwest, towards Saint-Louis, where the poorly developed fringing reefs still harbor many marine species.

Since 1992, Marie-Galante has been part of the biosphere reserve of the Guadeloupe archipelago. Guadeloupe, thanks in part to its islands, has become the overseas department with the most protected areas, including a national park.

Important Bird Area
A 1,780 ha, 14 km long, stretch of Marie-Galante's northern coastline, encompassing the 120 m high cliffs, their inshore waters and the flat islet of Vieux Fort, has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports seabird breeding colonies of red-billed tropicbirds, brown noddies and bridled terns. The presence of Audubon's shearwaters has also been reported.

Natural Risks
Maria Galante is subject to many natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and tropical cyclones. It has been the subject of a specific risk prevention plan.

Earthquakes and tsunamis
On November 21, 2004, Marie-Galante, Guadeloupe and, in particular, the Saintes archipelago were hit by a violent earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale, which caused the death of one person and extensive material damage.

On November 29, 2007, an earthquake measuring between 6.8 and 7.3 on the Richter scale, with its epicenter southeast of Roseau, the capital of Dominica, shook the Antilles. The earthquake was felt strongly in Marie-Galante, but did not cause significant damage.

The earthquake of February 8, 1843 is, to this day, the most violent earthquake known. It caused the death of more than a thousand people, as well as very significant damage in Pointe-à-Pitre.

Volcanic eruptions
La Soufrière, a large volcano located on the island of Basse-Terre in the Guadeloupe archipelago.

Tropical cyclones and storm surges
The Caribbean islands are often in the path of tropical hurricanes. Located in a very exposed region, Marie-Galante has to face many cyclones. The island is subject to the passage of hurricanes from May to November. They form locally in the West Indies or off Cape Verde, in Africa, and drift in the easterly trade winds.

The deadliest hurricane to hit Guadeloupe and its islands was the Pointe-à-Pitre hurricane of 1776, which killed at least 6,000 people.12 On September 16, 1989, Hurricane Hugo caused severe damage to the islands of the archipelago. In 1995, three cyclones (Iris, Luis and Marilyn) hit the archipelago in less than three weeks. In September 2017, Marie-Galante faced Hurricane Maria, category 5, 4 deaths in Guadeloupe and sustained winds of up to 215 km/h, much higher gusts in Marie-Galante and Les Saintes.

Since the passage of Hurricane Maria on September 18 in the Lesser Antilles, particularly in Dominica, where the eye of the cyclone passed, the archipelago of Guadeloupe, including "mainland Guadeloupe" and Marie-Galante saw the arrival of a mass exodus from Dominica, Dominiquais coming to take refuge on neighboring islands of their own, destroyed and almost unlivable. The archipelago also suffered the same phenomenon, this time coming from St. Martin, after the passage, from September 6 to 10, of Hurricane Irma, category 5, considered the most powerful hurricane in the North Atlantic since 1980.

Some of the most notable hurricanes to have hit Guadeloupe and the islands of the archipelago in the 20th and 21st centuries include

September 12, 1928: Okeechobee hurricane; August 11, 1956: Hurricane Betsy; October 26, 1963: Tropical Storm Helena; August 22, 1964: Hurricane Cleo, category 3, strong (14 deaths); September 27, 1966: Hurricane Inez; September 16–17, 1989: Hurricane Hugo; September 14–15, 1995: Hurricane Marilyn, September 6, 2017: Hurricane Irma; September 18 and 19, 2017: Hurricane Maria.

Economy
The colonial economy was based on the cultivation of tobacco, indigo, coffee and cotton. But from the 17th century, sugar cane became an important source of income. This continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, adapting to the abolition of the enslavement of Africans and the great sugar crisis.

During the dominance of the sugar cane industry, Marie-Galante acquired the nickname "the island with a hundred mills". In 1818 there were over one hundred mills to process sugar cane. The cane juice was transformed into sugar or rum. The mills were originally powered by oxen, replaced by windmills from 1780, in turn replaced by steam powered mills from 1883.

The 19th century brought the disappearance of the former economic model. Gradually the small-scale sugar refining was processed in larger factories, by 1885 the five sites controlled the industry. In 1931, eighteen sugar distilleries and four factories were in production. In the 20th century, the large enslaved African plantations were forcibly abolished and gave place to small farms, organized into co-operatives. But agriculture in the French West Indies is subject to global competition and by the beginning of the 21st century, one sugar refinery (usine de Grande-Anse) and three distilleries (Bellevue, Bielle, and Poisson) remained on Marie-Galante. The white rum they produced is subject to an appellation d'origine contrôlée. Organic sugar production could be an innovative development, but the current political situation ended European subsidies putting the current agricultural practices in jeopardy and thus threatens the economic future of Marie-Galante and its inhabitants.

Remnants of the old economy still exist and Marie-Galante's rich history is a tourist attraction: a nature trail with 70 points of interest including two restored windmills (the Bézard Mill and the Bellevue Distillery), colonial dwellings and old sugar refineries (the Murat House and Mill) produces a network of paths for hikers to discover the island and its people.

Like the other islands in the region, Marie-Galante has undergone the economic transformation accompanying tourism. But the tourism development is based on a policy of conserving nature and heritage, whether it is pre-Columbian, colonial or contemporary. Marie-Galante Airport is located on Pointe des Basses, halfway between Grand-Bourg and Capesterre making access to the airport difficult.

Demography
Marie-Galante had 25,400 inhabitants in 1930, 30,000 in 1946 and 30,200 in 1953. Due to an exodus of residents going to Guadeloupe and to Metropolitan France, the island's population was reduced to 12,009 inhabitants in the 2006 census. This population decline is related to the decline in the sugar cane economy. By the start of 2018 the population was estimated to be 10,655. The population density in 2018 was 62.5 /km².

Education
The territory of Marie-Galante is part of the Academy of Guadeloupe and is included in the Pôle Grande-Terre Nord which includes the districts of Grande-Terre Nord, Sainte-Anne and Saint-François.

The island has

 * Several elementary schools, including a private school.
 * Three collèges (junior high schools)
 * The Lycée Hyacinthe-Bastaraud (high school), which has the particularity of having a preparatory class for the entrance exam to the National Merchant Navy School, a Science-Po workshop and a fishing section

Health
Marie-Galante has :

 * A hospital (Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Marie) located in Grand-Bourg, which no longer has a maternity ward since September 2012
 * A clinic located in the same place
 * A home hospitalization establishment in May 2017

Administrative organization
The island of Marie-Galante is composed of 3 municipalities: Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante, Grand-Bourg (head) and Saint-Louis-de-Marie-Galante, grouped into the Community of Communes of Marie-Galante (C.C.M.G) whose headquarters is in the town of Grand-Bourg.

Marie-Galante is currently part of the Pointe-à-Pitre district.

While before the cantonal redistribution of 2014 the island territory was divided into 3 cantons, since 2015 it has only one canton: that of Marie-Galante.

Political history
Since the beginning of French colonization, Marie-Galante has been administratively attached to the district of Pointe-à-Pitre, except during the revolutionary period of 1793–1794. And during this short period, while the rest of the Guadeloupe archipelago remained monarchical, this territory was republican.

Marie-Galante Country
The term Country (Pays in French) is sometimes used to designate the typical and traditional characters that have developed in the territory of Marie-Galante.

Being designated as a country, according to the terms of the Community of Communes of Marie-Galante, should "allow a better definition and affirmation of the uniqueness and specificity of the territory of Marie-Galante, as well as its ethnocultural diversity".

Transport
The island has an airfield that is not served by any airline. The connection with the islands of Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique and other islands of the Lesser Antilles is made by boat.

In 2017, two major competing companies each run about three daily rotations between the seaports of Grand-Bourg, Saint-Louis and the seaport of Bergevin in Pointe-à-Pitre: Valferry and Island Express. Other services are available from Saint-Louis. The crossing takes about one hour.

Barges from the autonomous port of Pointe-à-Pitre and other vessels allow the daily transport of goods from the seaport of Folle Anse, which conducts its transatlantic trade with mainland France and the rest of Europe, as well as with other parts of America, including through the port of Pointe-à-Pitre and Jarry.

On the island, all common vehicles are allowed. A service of several buses connects daily the three municipalities. There are several cabs and numerous vehicle rental companies (cars and scooters).

Energy
The municipality of Saint-Louis has a subsidiary of the Pointe-à-Pitre Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and is developing an experimental photovoltaic plant project.

A wind farm is installed in the locality of Capesterre, on the site of morne Constant - the place of the island most exposed to prevailing winds - and participates in the objective of energy independence of the island (mainly against fossil fuels) as part of the development of Guadeloupe's electricity system. It consists of twenty-three two-bladed retractable wind turbines with a total installed power of 1,380 kW operated by the company Quadran 5.

While in 2017 more than two thirds of the electricity consumed on the island is produced by fossil fuel power plants in Guadeloupe and imported by a submarine cable, the elected officials of Marie-Galante have developed an energy autonomy project based on 100% local renewable energies combined with an energy sobriety model and the use of electric vehicles.

A 7.5 MW biomass power plant will be built, fueled by bagasse (residue from sugar cane crushing) and household waste. It will be complemented by 4 MW of photovoltaic and wind power and an electricity storage facility. In terms of mobility, electric vehicles and charging stations will be deployed. Energy production and consumption will be managed by a virtual power plant and a smart grid.

Sport
The Grand-Bourg municipal stadium is used for training and matches by the US Grand-Bourg soccer club. Cycling is represented by the Union vélocipédique marie-galantaise (UVMG).

The Saint-Louis de Marie-Galante municipal stadium hosts the training and matches of the Saint-Louis Athlétic Club (SLAC). Since January 2020, a three-day jet ski stage race, created by Eric Paulin, organizer of the "Karujet", has been held on the Saint-Louis waterfront. In addition, the city of Capesterre, after 10 long years of work, inaugurated on July 30 its stadium called Stade José Bade, with a capacity of at least 1,200 seats. It hosts the training sessions and matches of two soccer clubs:

 * Club Amical de Marie-Galante
 * Jeunesse-Sportive de Capesterre

Sports groups and associations

 * UVMG (Union Vélocipédique marie-galantaise)
 * Amical Club de Marie-Galante, soccer club
 * JSC (Jeunesse-Sportive de Capesterre), soccer club
 * USGB (Union Sportive de Grand-Bourg), soccer club
 * CMGVB (Comité de Marie-Galante du Volley Ball), volleyball club. Leslie Turiaf is a notable volleyball player from Marie-Galante.

Sporting events

 * The Tour of Marie-Galante Cycling Tour.
 * The Karujet - World Jet Ski Championship in Petit-Bourg, including Marie-Galante.

Cuisine
Marie-Galante's traditional dish is known as bébélé. The kilibibi is a delicacy native to the island. The caca-bœuf is a type of pastry also consumed in the region.

Festivities
At Christmas, families and friends gather at the chanté nowel and the Christmas Market, organized all over Marie-Galante. It is an opportunity to sing carols and celebrate. Carnival troupes parade every Sunday afternoon through the streets, from January until the carnival festivities in February or March. Every year, at the end of January, a big carnival parade is organized in the main city, Grand-Bourg since 2013, called WOY MI MASS. It gathers about 9,000 to 10,000 people each year and has several carnival groups (with "Po", "Ti Mass" and drums) which almost all participate in a contest for the best costumes, the best music or the best choreography whose theme is imposed by the carnival committees, on a red carpet in front of a podium under the gaze of spectators and filmed live.

There is also the Carnival in kabwèt of Marie-Galante, Saint-Louis, a practice that mixes the French tradition of fat oxen and the tradition of Carnival parades. It is an important moment for the safeguarding and promotion of the traditions of Marie-Galante and Guadeloupe. The parade consists of about thirty decorated wagons pulled by a couple of oxen, along 22 km in the countryside and in Saint-Louis de Marie-Galante. And since 2014, this carnival of Marie-Galante has been inscribed on the inventory of the intangible heritage of France by Unesco.

The Mardi Gras is the big festival in which carnival groups compete in one of the towns of Marie-Galante depending on the year. Then the next day, on Ash Wednesday, the day that ends the carnival, the mascot of the carnival king, nicknamed Vaval, is burned, marking the end of the festivities, everyone parades in black and white (to mark Vaval's mourning), and then the 40 days of Lent begin.

Most of the population is Catholic and respects this period, so the discos are empty, people avoid partying, some only eat fish or do without. But, given the great fondness for celebrations, on "Thursday of Lent" a parade is organized in red and black identical to that of the carnival, with groups of musicians preceded by people parading.

After this period of deprivation, the Easter celebrations take place, during which families often go camping on the beach and eat crab-based dishes: matété (rice cooked with crab), calalou (crabs with Madeira leaves accompanied by white rice) or dombrés aux crabes (flour dumplings cooked with crab). At this time, there are many ox-dragging competitions in which the ox is more than just an agricultural tool.

At Pentecost, the biggest festival in Marie-Galante and one of the biggest in the Caribbean, the Terre de Blues festival, a music festival that welcomes between 13,000 and 15,000 festival-goers each year, is held every year.

In August, the patronal feast of Grand-Bourg is celebrated, one of the largest patronal feasts in Guadeloupe. Apart from the patronal feasts of Capesterre and Saint-Louis, Grand-Bourg is the largest and most important of Marie-Galante. Generally, in mid-August, it welcomes about 15 000 spectators in one day.

October 28 is celebrated as International Creole Day.

The young people of Marie-Galante, concerned about their cultural heritage, have created a new trend called Galanta, derived from Marie-Galante, which young people give to the island. This expression is often found in their music or in graffiti on some old buildings, streets or T-shirts with the effigy of the island.

People

 * Constant d'Aubigné (1585–1647) was governor of Marie-Galante, accompanied by his daughter, Francoise d'Aubigné. Several years later she became Marquise de Maintenon, secret second wife of Louis XIV of France. Due to her time in the West Indies she was known by the nickname "Beautiful Indian".

title: Marie-Galante


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James O’keefe
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Reference to Brandeis/Al Quds Partnership
I saw my section about neighboring communities to Israel being deleted. I wanted to show that there neighboring communities with clear and obvious Nazi references. I am not sure why it was deleted. I can correct what needs to be corrected. It is a relevant issue because the article goes over theories, but there is a reliable, neutral, and unbiased reference to what Nazi symbolism exists in the West Bank. It seems adding it would be fair and balanced. Starlighsky (talk) 22:20, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

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Howard D. White

Howard D. White (born June 15, 1936 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is a scientist in library and information science with a focus on informetrics and scientometrics.

He has published on bibliometrics and co-citation analysis, evaluation of reference services, expert systems for reference work, innovative online searching, social science data archives, library publicity, American attitudes toward library censorship, and literature retrieval for meta-analysis and interdisciplinary studies.

After taking his Ph.D in librarianship at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1974, White joined the Drexel University College of Information Science and Technology, where he is now professor emeritus.

Selected Publications

 * White Howard D and Alesia A Zuccala. (2018). “Libcitations Worldcat Cultural Impact and Fame.” Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 1502–12.
 * White Howard D. (2017). “Relevance Theory and Distributions of Judgments in Document Retrieval.” Information Processing and Management 1080–1102.
 * White Howard D. (2015). “Co-Cited Author Retrieval and Relevance Theory: Examples from the Humanities.” Scientometrics : An International Journal for All Quantitative Aspects of the Science of Science Communication in Science and Science Policy 2275–99.
 * White Howard D. (2007). “Combining Bibliometrics Information Retrieval and Relevance Theory Part 1: First Examples of a Synthesis.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology: 536–59.
 * White Howard D. 2007. “Combining Bibliometrics Information Retrieval and Relevance Theory Part 2: Some Implications for Information Science.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 583–605.
 * White Howard D. (2005). “Information Science Fiction.” Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology: 14–15.
 * White Howard D. (1977). Machine-Readable Social Science Data. Philadelphia: Drexel University Graduate School of Library Science.

Awards
In 1993, he won the Research Award of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIST) for distinguished contributions in his field. In 1998, he and Katherine McCain won the best JASIS paper award for "Visualizing a Discipline: An Author Co-Citation Analysis of Information Science, 1972-1995".

He was a Drexel Distinguished Professor for 1998–2002, using the grant awarded to develop the AuthorMap system. In 2004, he won ASIST’s highest honor for career achievement, the Award of Merit. In 2005, the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics honored him with the biennial Derek de Solla Price Memorial Medal for contributions to the quantitative study of science.

title: Howard D. White


text:
Ed Edmondson (chess official)

Edmund Edmondson (13 August 1920 – 21 October 1982) was president of the United States Chess Federation from 1963 to 1966 and executive director of the United States Chess Federation from 1966 to 1975. He served as an officer in the United States Air Force, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Edmondson played a key role in Bobby Fischer's path to the World Chess Champion in 1972. He asked Pal Benko, who had qualified for the 1970 Interzonal, to yield his spot to Fischer. Benko realized that Fischer had a much greater chance of winning and agreed, receiving a fee of $2,000. Edmondson is also credited with greatly expanding the USCF. Edmondson served as Fischer's manager during the 1970 Interzonal, and during his winning 1971 Candidates Tournament' matches against Mark Taimanov, Bent Larsen, and Tigran Petrosian.

Edmundson was born in Rochester, New York, and died in Honolulu.

title: Ed Edmondson (chess official)


text:
User:Kirjtc2/NB2Exits

 * * At-grade intersection
 * ** At-grade intersection, exit number not posted (kilometre-post used)

title: User:Kirjtc2/NB2Exits


text:
Creedence (footballer)

Creedence Clearwater Couto (born March 6, 1979), known as Creedence and sometimes as Paulista, is a Brazilian former association footballer who played as a striker.

A journeyman, he has spent the majority of his career in the lower reaches of Brazilian football apart from one loan spell at Lierse of Belgium's Pro League in 2005. He also had an unsuccessful trial at Stabæk of Norway in 2006.

Name
He is perhaps best known for his unusual name, which has featured in many articles on extravagant sporting birth names. His parents were big fans of the American rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival and decided to adopt this name for their son.

title: Creedence (footballer)


text:
Sherman–Morrison formula

In linear algebra, the Sherman–Morrison formula, named after Jack Sherman and Winifred J. Morrison, computes the inverse of a "rank-1 update" to a matrix whose inverse has previously been computed. That is, given an invertible matrix $$A$$ and the outer product $$u v^\textsf{T}$$ of vectors $$u$$ and $$v,$$ the formula cheaply computes an updated matrix inverse $\left(A + uv^\textsf{T}\right)\vphantom)^{\!-1}.$

The Sherman–Morrison formula is a special case of the Woodbury formula. Though named after Sherman and Morrison, it appeared already in earlier publications.

Statement
Suppose $$A\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}$$ is an invertible square matrix and $$u,v\in\mathbb{R}^n$$ are column vectors. Then $$A + uv^\textsf{T}$$ is invertible iff $$1 + v^\textsf{T} A^{-1}u \neq 0$$. In this case,
 * $$\left(A + uv^\textsf{T}\right)^{-1} = A^{-1} - {A^{-1}uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1} \over 1 + v^\textsf{T}A^{-1}u}.$$

Here, $$uv^\textsf{T}$$ is the outer product of two vectors $$u$$ and $$v$$. The general form shown here is the one published by Bartlett.

Proof
($$\Leftarrow$$) To prove that the backward direction $$1 + v^\textsf{T}A^{-1}u \neq 0 \Rightarrow A + uv^\textsf{T}$$ is invertible with inverse given as above) is true, we verify the properties of the inverse. A matrix $$Y$$ (in this case the right-hand side of the Sherman–Morrison formula) is the inverse of a matrix $$X$$ (in this case $$A + uv^\textsf{T}$$) if and only if $$XY = YX = I$$.

We first verify that the right hand side ($$Y$$) satisfies $$XY = I$$.

 * $$\begin{align}

XY &= \left(A + uv^\textsf{T}\right)\left(A^{-1} - {A^{-1}uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1} \over 1 + v^\textsf{T} A^{-1}u}\right) \\[6pt] &= AA^{-1} + uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1} - {AA^{-1}uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1} + uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1}uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1} \over 1 + v^\textsf{T}A^{-1}u} \\[6pt] &= I + uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1} - {uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1} + uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1}uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1} \over 1 + v^\textsf{T}A^{-1}u} \\[6pt] &= I + uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1} - {u\left(1 + v^\textsf{T}A^{-1} u\right) v^\textsf{T}A^{-1} \over 1 + v^\textsf{T}A^{-1} u} \\[6pt] &= I + uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1} - uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1}\\[6pt] &= I \end{align}$$

To end the proof of this direction, we need to show that $$YX = I$$ in a similar way as above:

 * $$YX = \left(A^{-1} - {A^{-1}uv^\textsf{T} A^{-1} \over 1 + v^\textsf{T} A^{-1}u}\right)(A + uv^\textsf{T}) = I.$$

(In fact, the last step can be avoided since for square matrices $$X$$ and $$Y$$, $$XY = I$$ is equivalent to $$YX = I$$.)

($$\Rightarrow$$) Reciprocally, if $$1 + v^\textsf{T}A^{-1}u = 0 $$, then via the matrix determinant lemma, $$\det\!\left(A + uv^\textsf{T}\right)=(1 + v^\textsf{T} A^{-1} u) \det(A) = 0$$, so $$\left(A + uv^\textsf{T}\right) $$ is not invertible.

Application
If the inverse of $$A$$ is already known, the formula provides a numerically cheap way to compute the inverse of $$A$$ corrected by the matrix $$uv^\textsf{T}$$ (depending on the point of view, the correction may be seen as a perturbation or as a rank-1 update). The computation is relatively cheap because the inverse of $$A + uv^\textsf{T}$$ does not have to be computed from scratch (which in general is expensive), but can be computed by correcting (or perturbing) $$A^{-1}$$.

Using unit columns (columns from the identity matrix) for $$u$$ or $$v$$, individual columns or rows of $$A$$ may be manipulated and a correspondingly updated inverse computed relatively cheaply in this way. In the general case, where $$A^{-1}$$ is an $$n$$-by-$$n$$ matrix and $$u$$ and $$v$$ are arbitrary vectors of dimension $$n$$, the whole matrix is updated and the computation takes $$3n^2$$ scalar multiplications. If $$u$$ is a unit column, the computation takes only $$2n^2$$ scalar multiplications. The same goes if $$v$$ is a unit column. If both $$u$$ and $$v$$ are unit columns, the computation takes only $$n^2$$ scalar multiplications.

This formula also has application in theoretical physics. Namely, in quantum field theory, one uses this formula to calculate the propagator of a spin-1 field. The inverse propagator (as it appears in the Lagrangian) has the form $$A + uv^\textsf{T}$$. One uses the Sherman–Morrison formula to calculate the inverse (satisfying certain time-ordering boundary conditions) of the inverse propagator—or simply the (Feynman) propagator—which is needed to perform any perturbative calculation involving the spin-1 field.

One of the issues with the formula is that little is known about its numerical stability. There are no published results concerning its error bounds. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the Woodbury matrix identity (a general case of the Sherman–Morrison formula) may diverge even for seemingly benign examples (when both the original and modified matrices are well-conditioned).

Alternative verification
Following is an alternate verification of the Sherman–Morrison formula using the easily verifiable identity

 * $$\left(I + wv^\textsf{T}\right)^{-1} = I - \frac{wv^\textsf{T}}{1 + v^\textsf{T}w}$$.

Let

 * $$u = Aw, \quad \text{and} \quad A + uv^\textsf{T} = A\left(I + wv^\textsf{T}\right),$$

then

 * $$\left(A + uv^\textsf{T}\right)^{-1} = \left(I + wv^\textsf{T}\right)^{-1} A^{-1} = \left(I - \frac{wv^\textsf{T}}{1 + v^\textsf{T}w}\right)A^{-1}$$.

Substituting $$w = A^{-1}u$$ gives

 * $$\left(A + uv^\textsf{T}\right)^{-1} = \left(I - \frac{A^{-1}uv^\textsf{T}}{1 + v^\textsf{T}A^{-1}u} \right)A^{-1} = A^{-1} - \frac{A^{-1}uv^\textsf{T}A^{-1}}{1 + v^\textsf{T}A^{-1}u}$$

Generalization (Woodbury matrix identity)
Given a square invertible $$n \times n$$ matrix $$A$$, an $$n \times k$$ matrix $$U$$, and a $$k \times n$$ matrix $$V$$, let $$B$$ be an $$n \times n$$ matrix such that $$B = A + UV$$. Then, assuming $$\left(I_k + VA^{-1} U\right)$$ is invertible, we have

 * $$B^{-1} = A^{-1} - A^{-1}U \left(I_k + VA^{-1}U\right)^{-1} VA^{-1}.$$

title: Sherman–Morrison formula


text:
List of sister cities in the United States

This is a list of sister cities in the United States. Sister cities, known in Europe as town twins, are cities which partner with each other to promote human contact and cultural links, although this partnering is not limited to cities and often includes counties, regions, states and other sub-national entities.

Many jurisdictions work with foreign cities through Sister Cities International, an organization whose goal is to "promote peace through mutual respect, understanding, and cooperation."

Alabama
Athens
 * Stonehaven, Scotland, United Kingdom

Birmingham

 * 🇨🇳 Anshan, China
 * 🇬🇭 Apaaso, Ghana
 * 🇸🇳 Guédiawaye, Senegal
 * 🇯🇵 Hitachi, Japan
 * 🇯🇴 Al-Karak, Jordan
 * 🇯🇲 Kingston, Jamaica
 * 🏴 Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇯🇵 Maebashi, Japan
 * 🇨🇿 Plzeň, Czech Republic
 * 🇮🇱 Rosh HaAyin, Israel
 * 🇭🇺 Székesfehérvár, Hungary
 * 🇺🇦 Vinnytsia, Ukraine
 * 🇬🇭 Winneba, Ghana

Cullman
 * 🇩🇪 Frankweiler, Germany

Foley
 * 🇩🇪 Hennef, Germany

Huntsville
 * 🇹🇼 Tainan, Taiwan

Mobile

 * 🇮🇱 Ariel, West Bank
 * 🇵🇭 Bolinao, Philippines
 * 🇦🇺 Cockburn, Australia
 * 🇷🇴 Constanța, Romania
 * 🇮🇹 Gaeta, Italy
 * 🇨🇺 Havana, Cuba
 * 🇨🇳 Heze, China
 * 🇯🇵 Ichihara, Japan
 * iLembe, South Africa
 * 🇵🇱 Katowice, Poland
 * 🇸🇰 Košice, Slovakia
 * 🇰🇷 Pyeongtaek, South Korea
 * 🇨🇳 Tianjin, China
 * 🇲🇽 Veracruz, Mexico
 * 🇩🇪 Worms, Germany

Montevallo
 * 🇯🇵 Echizen, Japan

Montgomery
 * 🇮🇹 Pietrasanta, Italy

Tuscaloosa

 * 🇯🇵 Narashino, Japan
 * 🇩🇪 Schorndorf, Germany
 * 🇬🇭 Sunyani, Ghana
 * 🇬🇭 Techiman, Ghana

Alaska
Anchorage

 * 🇯🇵 Chitose, Japan
 * 🇦🇺 Darwin, Australia
 * 🇨🇳 Harbin, China
 * 🇰🇷 Incheon, South Korea
 * 🇷🇺 Magadan, Russia
 * 🇳🇴 Tromsø, Norway
 * 🏴 Whitby, England, United Kingdom

Fairbanks

 * 🇲🇳 Erdenet, Mongolia
 * 🇮🇹 Fanano, Italy
 * 🇯🇵 Monbetsu, Japan
 * 🇮🇳 Pune, India
 * 🇹🇼 Tainan, Taiwan
 * 🇷🇺 Yakutsk, Russia

Homer

 * 🇯🇵 Teshio, Japan
 * 🇷🇺 Yelizovo, Russia

Juneau

 * 🇵🇭 Kalibo, Philippines
 * 🇨🇦 Whitehorse, Canada
 * 🇷🇺 Vladivostok, Russia

Kenai
 * 🇯🇵 Akita, Japan

Ketchikan

 * 🇯🇵 Gero, Japan
 * 🇨🇦 Prince Rupert, Canada

Nome
 * 🇷🇺 Provideniya, Russia

Palmer
 * 🇯🇵 Saroma, Japan

Seward
 * 🇯🇵 Obihiro, Japan

Sitka
 * 🇯🇵 Nemuro, Japan

Wasilla
 * 🇯🇵 Uchiko, Japan

Arkansas
Conway
 * 🇩🇪 Quakenbrück, Germany

El Dorado
 * 🇯🇵 Zentsūji, Japan

Fort Smith
 * 🇮🇹 Cisterna di Latina, Italy

Gilbert
 * 🇮🇲 Bride, Isle of Man

Hot Springs
 * 🇯🇵 Hanamaki, Japan

Little Rock

 * 🇧🇷 Caxias do Sul, Brazil
 * 🇨🇳 Changchun, China
 * 🇰🇷 Hanam, South Korea
 * 🇹🇼 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
 * 🏴 Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom

North Little Rock
 * 🇰🇷 Uiwang, South Korea

Pine Bluff
 * 🇯🇵 Bandō, Japan

Subiaco
 * 🇦🇺 Subiaco, Australia

Delaware
Wilmington

 * 🇩🇪 Fulda, Germany
 * 🇸🇪 Kalmar, Sweden
 * 🇫🇷 Nemours, France
 * 🇮🇹 Olevano sul Tusciano, Italy
 * Osogbo, Nigeria
 * 🏴 Watford, England, United Kingdom

District of Columbia
Washington, D.C.

 * 🇪🇹 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 * 🇹🇷 Ankara, Turkey
 * 🇬🇷 Athens, Greece
 * 🇹🇭 Bangkok, Thailand
 * 🇨🇳 Beijing, China
 * 🇧🇪 Brussels, Belgium
 * 🇸🇳 Dakar, Senegal
 * Pretoria, South Africa
 * 🇰🇷 Seoul, South Korea
 * 🇸🇻 San Salvador, El Salvador
 * 🏴 Sunderland, England, United Kingdom

Georgia
Americus
 * 🇯🇵 Miyoshi, Japan

Athens

 * 🇬🇷 Athens, Greece
 * 🇮🇹 Cortona, Italy
 * 🇷🇴 Iași, Romania
 * 🇺🇦 Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine

Atlanta

 * 🇧🇪 Brussels, Belgium
 * 🇷🇴 Bucharest, Romania
 * 🇧🇯 Cotonou, Benin
 * 🇰🇷 Daegu, South Korea
 * 🇯🇵 Fukuoka, Japan
 * Lagos, Nigeria
 * 🇯🇲 Montego Bay, Jamaica
 * 🏴 Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇩🇪 Nuremberg, Germany
 * 🇬🇷 Olympia, Greece
 * 🇹🇹 Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
 * 🇮🇱 Ra'anana, Israel
 * 🇧🇷 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * 🇩🇴 Salcedo, Dominican Republic
 * 🇹🇼 Taipei, Taiwan
 * Tbilisi, Georgia
 * 🇫🇷 Toulouse, France

Augusta

 * 🇫🇷 Biarritz, France
 * 🇯🇵 Takarazuka, Japan

Brunswick
 * 🇨🇳 Ganzhou, China

Chamblee
 * 🇺🇦 Kovel, Ukraine

Cobb County
 * 🇰🇷 Seongdong (Seoul), South Korea

Columbus

 * 🇷🇴 Bistrița, Romania
 * 🇯🇵 Kiryū, Japan
 * 🇹🇼 Taichung, Taiwan
 * Zugdidi, Georgia

Dalton
 * 🇧🇪 Dilbeek, Belgium

Decatur

 * 🇧🇫 Boussé, Burkina Faso
 * 🇧🇫 Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso
 * 🇵🇪 Trujillo, Peru

Hinesville

 * 🇰🇪 Marsabit, Kenya
 * 🇨🇳 Yichun, China

LaGrange

 * 🇯🇵 Aso, Japan
 * Craigavon, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
 * Poti, Georgia

Macon

 * 🇬🇭 Elmina, Ghana
 * 🇹🇼 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
 * 🇯🇵 Kurobe, Japan
 * 🇫🇷 Mâcon, France
 * 🇷🇺 Ulyanovsk, Russia

Marietta

 * 🇨🇷 Heredia, Costa Rica
 * 🇩🇪 Linz am Rhein, Germany

Newnan
 * South Ayrshire, Scotland, United Kingdom

Rome
 * 🇯🇵 Kumamoto, Japan

Savannah

 * Batumi, Georgia
 * 🇩🇪 Halle, Germany
 * 🇨🇳 Jiujiang, China
 * 🇧🇫 Kaya, Burkina Faso
 * 🇬🇷 Patras, Greece

Tifton
 * 🇨🇳 Linyi, China

Hawaii
Hawaii County

 * 🇵🇭 Cabugao, Philippines
 * 🇰🇷 Gokseong, South Korea
 * 🇯🇵 Kumejima, Japan
 * 🇯🇵 Nago, Japan
 * 🇵🇭 Ormoc, Philippines
 * 🇯🇵 Ōshima, Japan
 * 🇷🇪 Réunion, France
 * 🇨🇱 La Serena, Chile
 * 🇯🇵 Shibukawa, Japan
 * 🇯🇵 Sumoto, Japan
 * 🇯🇵 Yurihama, Japan

Honolulu

 * 🇵🇭 Baguio, Philippines
 * 🇦🇿 Baku, Azerbaijan
 * 🇫🇷 Bruyères, France
 * 🇨🇴 Cali, Colombia
 * 🇵🇭 Candon, Philippines
 * 🇻🇪 Caracas, Venezuela
 * 🇵🇭 Cebu City, Philippines
 * 🇨🇳 Chengdu, China
 * 🇯🇵 Chigasaki, Japan
 * 🇯🇵 Edogawa (Tokyo), Japan
 * 🇨🇳 Fengxian (Shanghai), China

 * Funchal, Portugal
 * 🇨🇳 Fuzhou, China
 * 🇨🇳 Haikou, China
 * 🇨🇺 Havana, Cuba
 * 🇯🇵 Hiroshima, Japan
 * Huế, Vietnam
 * 🇰🇷 Incheon, South Korea
 * 🇹🇼 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
 * 🇵🇭 Laoag, Philippines
 * 🇲🇭 Majuro, Marshall Islands
 * 🇵🇭 Mandaluyong, Philippines
 * 🇵🇭 Manila, Philippines
 * 🇰🇪 Mombasa, Kenya
 * 🇯🇵 Nagaoka, Japan
 * 🇯🇵 Naha, Japan
 * 🇨🇳 Qinhuangdao, China
 * 🇲🇦 Rabat, Morocco
 * 🇯🇵 Sakai, Japan
 * 🇵🇷 San Juan, Puerto Rico
 * 🇰🇷 Seoul, South Korea

 * 🇯🇵 Uwajima, Japan
 * 🇵🇭 Vigan, Philippines
 * 🇨🇳 Zhangzhou, China
 * 🇨🇳 Zhongshan, China

Kauai County

 * 🇵🇭 Bangued, Philippines
 * 🇵🇭 Davao City, Philippines
 * 🇯🇵 Ishigaki, Japan
 * 🇯🇵 Iwaki, Japan
 * 🇵🇭 Laoag, Philippines
 * 🇯🇵 Moriyama, Japan
 * 🇵🇫 Papenoo, French Polynesia
 * 🇵🇭 Santa, Philippines
 * 🇯🇵 Suō-Ōshima, Japan
 * 🇵🇭 Urdaneta, Philippines
 * 🏴 Whitby, England, United Kingdom

Maui County

 * 🇦🇸 American Samoa
 * 🇵🇪 Arequipa, Peru
 * 🇵🇭 Bacarra, Philippines
 * 🇵🇭 Badoc, Philippines
 * 🇵🇭 Cabugao, Philippines
 * 🇨🇱 Easter Island, Chile
 * Embo, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * 🇯🇵 Fukuyama, Japan
 * Funchal, Portugal
 * 🇰🇷 Goyang, South Korea
 * 🇯🇵 Hachijō, Japan

 * 🇵🇭 Manila, Philippines
 * 🇹🇼 Pingtung, Taiwan
 * 🇵🇭 Puerto Princesa, Philippines
 * 🇵🇭 Quezon City, Philippines
 * 🇲🇵 Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands
 * 🇵🇭 San Juan, Philippines
 * 🇵🇭 Santa, Philippines
 * 🇨🇳 Sanya, China
 * São Miguel Island, Portugal
 * 🇵🇭 Sarrat, Philippines
 * 🇵🇭 Zambales, Philippines

Idaho
Boise

 * 🇪🇸 Gernika-Lumo, Spain

Coeur d'Alene
 * 🇨🇦 Cranbrook, Canada

Idaho Falls
 * 🇯🇵 Tōkai, Japan

Ketchum

 * 🇮🇹 Lignano Sabbiadoro, Italy
 * 🇩🇪 Tegernsee, Germany

Moscow
 * 🇳🇮 Villa El Carmen, Nicaragua

Pocatello

 * 🇯🇵 Iwamizawa, Japan
 * 🇧🇫 Kwaremenguel, Burkina Faso

Sun Valley

 * 🇦🇹 Kitzbühel, Austria
 * 🇯🇵 Yamanouchi, Japan

Indiana
Anderson

 * 🇩🇪 Bernburg, Germany
 * 🇨🇳 Yuhang (Hangzhou), China

Bloomington

 * 🇳🇮 Posoltega, Nicaragua
 * 🇨🇺 Santa Clara, Cuba

Carmel

 * 🇮🇹 Cortona, Italy
 * Jelgava, Latvia
 * 🇯🇵 Kawachinagano, Japan
 * 🇫🇷 Rueil-Malmaison, France
 * 🇩🇪 Seiffen, Germany
 * 🇮🇳 Visakhapatnam, India

Columbus

 * 🇩🇪 Löhne, Germany
 * 🇯🇵 Miyoshi, Japan
 * 🇮🇳 Pune, India
 * 🇨🇳 Xiangyang, China

Elkhart

 * 🏴 Burton upon Trent, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇧🇬 Kardzhali, Bulgaria
 * 🇨🇳 Tongxiang, China

Evansville

 * 🇩🇪 Osnabrück, Germany
 * 🇲🇽 Tizimín, Mexico
 * 🇯🇵 Tochigi, Japan

Fishers
 * 🏴 Billericay, England, United Kingdom

Fort Wayne

 * 🇩🇪 Gera, Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Płock, Poland
 * 🇨🇳 Taizhou, China
 * 🇯🇵 Takaoka, Japan

Franklin
 * 🇯🇵 Kuji, Japan

Gary
 * 🇨🇳 Fuxin, China

Goshen
 * 🇩🇪 Bexbach, Germany

Greenfield
 * 🇯🇵 Kakuda, Japan

Hammond

 * 🇷🇴 Galați, Romania
 * 🇨🇳 Shahe, China

Indianapolis

 * 🇧🇷 Campinas, Brazil
 * 🇩🇪 Cologne, Germany
 * 🇨🇳 Hangzhou, China
 * 🇮🇳 Hyderabad, India
 * 🇮🇹 Monza, Italy
 * 🏴 Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom
 * Onitsha, Nigeria
 * 🇸🇮 Piran, Slovenia
 * 🇲🇽 Querétaro City, Mexico
 * 🇹🇼 Taipei, Taiwan

Jasper
 * 🇩🇪 Pfaffenweiler, Germany

Kokomo
 * 🇨🇳 Dongyang, China

La Porte
 * Grangemouth, Scotland, United Kingdom

Lafayette

 * 🇨🇳 Longkou, China
 * 🇯🇵 Ōta, Japan

Mishawaka
 * 🇯🇵 Shiojiri, Japan

Muncie

 * 🇹🇼 Changhua, Taiwan
 * 🇨🇳 Deyang, China
 * 🇹🇷 Isparta, Turkey
 * 🇰🇿 Taraz, Kazakhstan
 * 🇨🇳 Zhuji, China

Newburgh
 * 🏴 Newburgh, England, United Kingdom

Noblesville

 * 🇮🇹 Cittadella, Italy
 * 🇧🇷 Nova Prata, Brazil

Richmond

 * 🇷🇺 Serpukhov, Russia
 * 🇯🇵 Unnan, Japan

Shelbyville
 * 🇯🇵 Shizuoka, Japan

South Bend

 * 🇩🇪 Arzberg, Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Częstochowa, Poland
 * 🇲🇽 Guanajuato, Mexico

Terre Haute

 * 🇯🇵 Tajimi, Japan
 * 🇷🇺 Tambov, Russia

Tippecanoe County
 * 🇯🇵 Ōta, Japan

Vincennes

 * 🇫🇷 Vincennes, France
 * 🇩🇪 Wasserburg am Inn, Germany

West Lafayette
 * 🇯🇵 Ōta, Japan

Iowa
Cedar Falls
 * Ferizaj, Kosovo

Cedar Rapids
 * 🇨🇳 Tangshan, China

Clarinda
 * 🇯🇵 Tamana, Japan

Council Bluffs

 * 🇲🇦 El Hajeb, Morocco
 * 🇦🇫 Herat, Afghanistan
 * 🇦🇫 Kandahar, Afghanistan
 * 🇮🇶 Karrada (Baghdad), Iraq
 * 🇷🇺 Tobolsk, Russia

Davenport

 * 🇮🇪 County Carlow, Ireland
 * 🇧🇷 Ilhéus, Brazil
 * 🇩🇪 Kaiserslautern, Germany

Des Moines

 * 🇯🇵 Kōfu, Japan
 * Pristina, Kosovo
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Étienne, France
 * 🇨🇳 Shijiazhuang, China

DeWitt
 * 🇩🇪 Bredstedt, Germany

Dubuque

 * 🇦🇹 Dornbirn, Austria
 * 🇨🇳 Handan, China

Eldridge
 * 🇩🇪 Schönberg, Germany

Elkader
 * Mascara, Algeria

Fort Dodge
 * Gjakova, Kosovo

Fort Madison
 * 🇩🇪 Prüm, Germany

Johnston
 * Peja, Kosovo

Laurens
 * 🇫🇷 Laurens, France

Marshalltown

 * 🇷🇺 Budyonnovsk, Russia
 * 🇯🇵 Minami-Alps, Japan

Mason City
 * 🇮🇹 Montegrotto Terme, Italy

Muscatine

 * 🇺🇦 Drohobych, Ukraine
 * 🇯🇵 Ichikawamisato, Japan
 * 🇷🇺 Kislovodsk, Russia
 * 🇵🇱 Łomża, Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Ludwigslust, Germany

 * 🇵🇸 Ramallah, Palestine
 * 🇨🇳 Zhengding, China

Newton

 * 🇺🇦 Smila, Ukraine
 * 🇹🇼 Wuqi (Taichung), Taiwan

Norwalk
 * Vushtrri, Kosovo

Orange City
 * 🇯🇵 Shibata, Japan

Osage
 * 🇷🇺 Lermontov, Russia

Shenandoah
 * 🇸🇰 Tisovec, Slovakia

Sioux City

 * Gjilan, Kosovo
 * 🇺🇸 Lake Charles, United States
 * 🇯🇵 Yamanashi, Japan

Storm Lake
 * 🇲🇽 Ayotlán, Mexico

Walcott
 * 🇩🇪 Bredenbek, Germany

Waterloo
 * 🇩🇪 Giessen, Germany

Waverly
 * 🇩🇪 Eisenach, Germany

West Des Moines
 * 🇮🇱 Mateh Asher, Israel

Winterset
 * 🇯🇵 Minami-Alps, Japan

Kansas
Abilene
 * 🇯🇵 Omitama, Japan

Hays

 * 🇵🇾 Santa María de Fe, Paraguay
 * 🇨🇳 Xinzheng, China

Kansas City

 * Karlovac, Croatia
 * 🇮🇪 Limerick, Ireland
 * 🇦🇹 Linz, Austria
 * 🇲🇽 Uruapan, Mexico

Lawrence

 * 🇩🇪 Eutin, Germany
 * 🇯🇵 Hiratsuka, Japan
 * 🇬🇷 Oiniades, Greece

Leavenworth

 * 🇯🇵 Omihachiman, Japan
 * 🇦🇺 Wagga Wagga, Australia

Leawood

 * 🇮🇱 Gezer, Israel
 * 🇹🇼 Yilan, Taiwan

Lindsborg
 * 🇸🇪 Munkfors, Sweden

Manhattan
 * 🇨🇿 Dobřichovice, Czech Republic

Olathe

 * 🇲🇽 Ocotlán, Mexico

Overland Park
 * 🇩🇪 Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany

Prairie Village
 * 🇺🇦 Dolyna, Ukraine

Shawnee

 * 🇩🇪 Erfurt, Germany
 * 🇮🇪 Listowel, Ireland
 * 🇧🇪 Pittem, Belgium

Wichita

 * 🇲🇽 Benito Juárez, Mexico
 * 🇨🇳 Kaifeng, China
 * 🇫🇷 Orléans, France
 * 🇲🇽 Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico

Kentucky
Bardstown
 * 🇫🇷 Billom, France

Bowling Green
 * 🇯🇵 Kawanishi, Japan

Campbellsville
 * 🇮🇪 Buncrana, Ireland

Danville
 * Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

Elizabethtown
 * 🇯🇵 Koori, Japan

Frankfort
 * 🇯🇵 Shimamoto, Japan

Georgetown
 * 🇯🇵 Tahara, Japan

Hopkinsville
 * 🇫🇷 Carentan-les-Marais, France

Lexington

 * 🇫🇷 Deauville, France
 * 🇮🇪 County Kildare, Ireland
 * 🏴 Newmarket, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇯🇵 Shinhidaka, Japan

Louisville

 * 🇹🇷 Adapazarı, Turkey
 * 🇨🇳 Jiujiang, China

 * 🇩🇪 Mainz, Germany
 * 🇫🇷 Montpellier, France
 * 🇷🇺 Perm, Russia
 * 🇦🇷 La Plata, Argentina
 * 🇪🇨 Quito, Ecuador
 * 🇬🇭 Tamale, Ghana

Madison County
 * 🇯🇵 Hokuto, Japan

Morehead

 * Ballymena, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
 * 🇨🇳 Yangshuo, China

Morgantown
 * 🇯🇵 Nanao, Japan

Owensboro

 * 🇯🇵 Nisshin, Japan
 * 🇨🇿 Olomouc, Czech Republic

Paris
 * 🇫🇷 Lamotte-Beuvron, France

Pikeville
 * 🇮🇪 Dundalk, Ireland

Radcliff
 * 🇩🇪 Munster, Germany

Shelbyville
 * 🇩🇪 Bitburg, Germany

Louisiana
Arnaudville
 * 🇫🇷 Jausiers, France

Baton Rouge

 * 🇫🇷 Aix-en-Provence, France
 * 🇲🇽 Córdoba, Mexico
 * 🇹🇷 Malatya, Turkey
 * 🇹🇼 Taichung, Taiwan

Crowley
 * 🇧🇪 Vaux-sur-Sûre, Belgium

Gonzales
 * 🇫🇷 Meylan, France

Hammond
 * 🇫🇷 Jouars-Pontchartrain, France

Lafayette

 * 🇨🇮 Agnibilékrou, Ivory Coast
 * 🇫🇷 Le Cannet, France
 * 🇲🇽 Centla, Mexico
 * 🇨🇦 Longueuil, Canada
 * 🇨🇦 Moncton, Canada
 * 🇧🇪 Namur, Belgium
 * 🇫🇷 Poitiers, France

Napoleonville
 * 🇫🇷 Pontivy, France

Natchitoches
 * 🇫🇷 La Roque-d'Anthéron, France

New Orleans

 * 🇭🇹 Cap-Haïtien, Haiti
 * 🇻🇪 Caracas, Venezuela
 * Durban, South Africa
 * 🇦🇹 Innsbruck, Austria
 * 🇮🇹 Isola del Liri, Italy
 * 🇫🇷 Juan-les-Pins (Antibes), France
 * 🇻🇪 Maracaibo, Venezuela
 * 🇯🇵 Matsue, Japan
 * 🇲🇽 Mérida, Mexico
 * 🇫🇷 Orléans, France
 * Pointe-Noire, Congo
 * 🇦🇷 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
 * 🇹🇼 Tainan, Taiwan
 * Tegucigalpa, Honduras

Shreveport
 * 🇨🇿 Ostrava, Czech Republic

St. Martinville

 * 🇨🇦 Bouctouche, Canada
 * 🇧🇪 Chaudfontaine, Belgium
 * 🇸🇳 Gorée, Senegal
 * 🇺🇸 Madawaska, United States

Thibodaux
 * 🇫🇷 Loudun, France

Minnesota
Bloomington
 * 🇯🇵 Izumi, Japan

Brainerd
 * 🇸🇪 Leksand, Sweden

Brooklyn Park

 * Banjul, Gambia
 * 🇱🇷 Kakata, Liberia
 * Udu, Nigeria

Cambridge

 * Beli Manastir, Croatia
 * 🇸🇪 Rättvik, Sweden
 * 🇯🇵 Yuasa, Japan

Columbia Heights
 * 🇵🇱 Łomianki, Poland

Duluth

 * 🇯🇵 Isumi, Japan
 * 🇷🇺 Petrozavodsk, Russia
 * 🇮🇶 Ranya, Iraq
 * 🇨🇦 Thunder Bay, Canada
 * 🇸🇪 Växjö, Sweden

Elbow Lake
 * 🇳🇴 Flekkefjord, Norway

Fergus Falls
 * 🇳🇴 Nordhordland, Norway

Fridley
 * 🇫🇷 Fourmies, France

Hibbing
 * 🇩🇪 Walsrode, Germany

Lindström
 * 🇸🇪 Tingsryd, Sweden

Little Canada
 * 🇨🇦 Thunder Bay, Canada

Little Falls
 * 🇫🇷 Le Bourget, France

Melrose
 * 🇩🇪 Legden, Germany

Minneapolis

 * 🇸🇴 Bosaso, Somalia
 * 🇲🇽 Cuernavaca, Mexico
 * 🇰🇪 Eldoret, Kenya
 * 🇨🇳 Harbin, China
 * 🇯🇵 Ibaraki, Japan
 * 🇫🇮 Kuopio, Finland
 * 🇮🇶 Najaf, Iraq
 * 🇷🇺 Novosibirsk, Russia
 * 🇨🇱 Santiago, Chile
 * 🇫🇷 Tours, France
 * 🇸🇪 Uppsala, Sweden
 * 🇨🇦 Winnipeg, Canada

Montevideo
 * 🇺🇾 Montevideo, Uruguay

New Ulm
 * 🇩🇪 Neu-Ulm, Germany

Paynesville
 * 🇱🇷 Paynesville, Liberia

Red Wing

 * 🇯🇵 Ikata, Japan
 * 🇨🇳 Quzhou, China

Rochester

 * 🇳🇵 Kathmandu, Nepal
 * 🇩🇪 Moosburg an der Isar, Germany
 * 🇰🇷 Siheung, South Korea
 * 🇨🇳 Xianyang, China

Saint Paul

 * 🇨🇳 Changsha, China
 * 🇸🇻 Ciudad Romero (Jiquilisco), El Salvador
 * 🇲🇽 Culiacán, Mexico
 * 🇩🇯 Djibouti City, Djibouti
 * George, South Africa
 * 🇲🇽 Manzanillo, Mexico
 * 🇮🇹 Modena, Italy
 * 🇸🇴 Mogadishu, Somalia
 * 🇯🇵 Nagasaki, Japan
 * 🇩🇪 Neuss, Germany
 * 🇷🇺 Novosibirsk, Russia
 * 🇮🇱 Tiberias, Israel

Saint Peter
 * 🇲🇽 Petatlán, Mexico

Scandia
 * 🇸🇪 Mellerud, Sweden

Shoreview
 * 🇩🇪 Einhausen, Germany

St. Anthony
 * 🇫🇮 Salo, Finland

St. Cloud

 * 🇯🇵 Akita, Japan
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Cloud, France
 * 🇩🇪 Spalt, Germany

Winona

 * 🇵🇱 Bytów, Poland
 * 🇯🇵 Misato, Japan

Worthington
 * 🇩🇪 Crailsheim, Germany

Mississippi
Clarksdale
 * 🇳🇴 Notodden, Norway

Clinton
 * 🇺🇿 Zarafshan, Uzbekistan

Jackson

 * 🇹🇷 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
 * 🇸🇳 M'Bour, Senegal

Madison
 * 🇸🇪 Sollefteå, Sweden

Oxford
 * 🇫🇷 Aubigny-sur-Nère, France

Missouri
Cape Girardeau
 * 🇨🇳 Shaoxing, China

Columbia

 * 🇯🇵 Hakusan, Japan
 * Kutaisi, Georgia
 * 🇨🇳 Laoshan (Qingdao), China
 * 🇷🇴 Sibiu, Romania
 * 🇰🇷 Suncheon, South Korea

Hermann
 * 🇩🇪 Bad Arolsen, Germany

Independence
 * 🇯🇵 Higashimurayama, Japan

Jefferson City
 * 🇩🇪 Münchberg, Germany

Joplin
 * 🇵🇸 Bethlehem, Palestine

Kansas City

 * 🇹🇿 Arusha, Tanzania
 * 🇸🇱 Freetown, Sierra Leone
 * 🇲🇽 Guadalajara, Mexico

 * 🇯🇵 Kurashiki, Japan
 * 🇲🇽 Morelia, Mexico
 * Port Harcourt, Nigeria
 * 🇮🇱 Ramla, Israel
 * 🇪🇸 Seville, Spain
 * 🇹🇼 Tainan, Taiwan
 * 🇨🇳 Xi'an, China
 * 🇨🇳 Yan'an, China

Lee's Summit
 * 🇯🇵 Aizuwakamatsu, Japan

Liberty
 * 🇱🇺 Diekirch, Luxembourg

Neosho
 * 🇫🇲 Pohnpei, Micronesia

Rolla
 * 🇩🇪 Sondershausen, Germany

Springfield

 * 🇯🇵 Isesaki, Japan
 * 🇲🇽 Tlaquepaque, Mexico

St. Charles

 * 🇮🇪 Carndonagh, Ireland
 * 🇩🇪 Ludwigsburg, Germany

St. James
 * 🇯🇵 Shibata, Japan

St. Louis

 * 🇮🇹 Bologna, Italy
 * 🇮🇩 Bogor, Indonesia
 * 🇧🇦 Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 🇮🇪 County Donegal, Ireland
 * 🇮🇪 Galway, Ireland
 * 🇬🇾 Georgetown, Guyana
 * 🇫🇷 Lyon, France
 * 🇨🇳 Nanjing, China
 * 🇦🇷 Rosario, Argentina
 * 🇸🇳 Saint-Louis, Senegal
 * 🇷🇺 Samara, Russia
 * 🇲🇽 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
 * 🇩🇪 Stuttgart, Germany
 * 🇯🇵 Suwa, Japan
 * 🇵🇱 Szczecin, Poland

Washington
 * 🇩🇪 Marbach am Neckar, Germany

Montana
Bozeman
 * 🇲🇳 Mörön, Mongolia

Butte

 * 🇩🇪 Altensteig, Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Bytom, Poland

Great Falls
 * 🇨🇦 Lethbridge, Canada

Helena
 * 🇲🇽 Isla Mujeres, Mexico

Livingston
 * 🇯🇵 Naganohara, Japan

Havre
 * 🇨🇦 Maple Creek, Canada

Missoula

 * 🇩🇪 Neckargemünd, Germany
 * 🇳🇿 Palmerston North, New Zealand

Nebraska
Boys Town
 * 🇮🇪 Ballymoe, Ireland

Chadron
 * 🇨🇿 Přeštice, Czech Republic

Gering
 * 🇦🇫 Bamyan, Afghanistan

Kearney

 * 🇧🇷 Dourados, Brazil
 * 🇨🇿 Opava, Czech Republic

Lincoln
 * 🇹🇯 Khujand, Tajikistan

Omaha

 * 🇩🇪 Braunschweig, Germany
 * 🇮🇪 Naas, Ireland
 * 🇯🇵 Shizuoka, Japan
 * 🇱🇹 Šiauliai, Lithuania
 * 🇲🇽 Xalapa, Mexico
 * 🇨🇳 Yantai, China

Scottsbluff

 * 🇦🇫 Bamyan, Afghanistan
 * 🇷🇴 Galați, Romania

Stromsburg
 * 🇸🇪 Ockelbo, Sweden

Wilber
 * 🇨🇿 Telč, Czech Republic

Nevada
Fallon
 * Vani, Georgia

Las Vegas

 * 🇵🇭 Angeles City, Philippines
 * 🇰🇷 Ansan, South Korea
 * 🇨🇳 Huludao, China
 * 🇹🇭 Phuket, Thailand

Reno

 * 🇮🇱 Hatzor HaGlilit, Israel
 * 🇪🇸 San Sebastián, Spain
 * 🇹🇼 Taichung, Taiwan
 * 🇹🇭 Udon Thani, Thailand
 * 🏴 Wirral, England, United Kingdom

New Jersey
Atlantic City

 * 🇫🇷 Cabourg, France
 * 🇨🇳 Zhanjiang, China

Belmar
 * 🇮🇪 Balbriggan, Ireland

Bridgeton
 * 🇸🇪 Eskilstuna, Sweden

Elizabeth
 * 🇯🇵 Kitami, Japan

Evesham
 * 🏴 Evesham, England, United Kingdom

Hackettstown
 * 🇮🇪 Hacketstown, Ireland

Jersey City

 * 🇮🇳 Ahmedabad, India
 * 🇮🇱 Beit Shemesh, Israel
 * 🇰🇷 Changwon, South Korea
 * 🇵🇪 Cusco, Peru
 * 🇬🇭 Gomoa West District, Ghana
 * 🇳🇵 Indrawati, Nepal
 * 🇮🇱 Jerusalem, Israel
 * 🇬🇷 Karpathos, Greece
 * 🇮🇳 Kolkata, India
 * 🇨🇳 Nantong, China
 * 🇮🇳 New Delhi, India
 * 🇪🇸 Oviedo, Spain
 * 🇵🇭 Ozamiz, Philippines
 * 🇺🇸 Palatka, United States
 * 🇦🇬 Saint John's, Antigua and Barbuda
 * 🇮🇹 Sant'Arsenio, Italy

Lakewood
 * 🇮🇱 Bnei Brak, Israel

Lyndhurst
 * 🇦🇱 Kukës, Albania

Marlboro

 * 🇯🇵 Nanto, Japan
 * 🇨🇳 Wujiang (Suzhou), China

Montclair

 * 🇮🇹 Aquilonia, Italy
 * 🏴 Barnet, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇷🇺 Cherepovets, Russia
 * 🇦🇹 Graz, Austria

Newark

 * Banjul, Gambia
 * 🇧🇷 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
 * 🇪🇨 Cuenca, Ecuador
 * 🇨🇲 Douala, Cameroon
 * Freeport, Bahamas
 * 🇦🇿 Ganja, Azerbaijan
 * 🇧🇷 Governador Valadares, Brazil
 * 🇬🇭 Kumasi, Ghana
 * 🇱🇷 Monrovia, Liberia
 * 🇧🇷 Porto Alegre, Brazil
 * 🇧🇷 Reserva, Brazil
 * 🇧🇷 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

 * Umuaka, Nigeria
 * 🇨🇳 Xuzhou, China

New Brunswick

 * 🇭🇺 Debrecen, Hungary
 * 🇯🇵 Fukui, Japan
 * 🇮🇪 County Limerick, Ireland
 * 🇯🇵 Tsuruoka, Japan

Perth Amboy
 * Caldas da Rainha, Portugal

Princeton
 * 🇫🇷 Colmar, France

Tewksbury
 * 🏴 Tewkesbury, England, United Kingdom

Toms River
 * 🇮🇹 Matera, Italy

Trenton
 * 🇧🇷 Jundiaí, Brazil

Woodbury
 * 🏴 Bury, England, United Kingdom

New Mexico
Albuquerque

 * 🇪🇸 Alburquerque, Spain
 * 🇹🇲 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
 * 🇲🇽 Chihuahua, Mexico
 * 🇲🇽 Guadalajara, Mexico
 * 🇩🇪 Helmstedt, Germany
 * 🇹🇼 Hualien, Taiwan
 * 🇨🇳 Lanzhou, China
 * Lusaka, Zambia
 * 🇮🇱 Rehovot, Israel
 * 🇯🇵 Sasebo, Japan

Angel Fire
 * Quảng Trị, Vietnam

Clovis
 * Kasama, Zambia

Las Cruces

 * 🇲🇽 Lerdo, Mexico
 * 🇩🇪 Nienburg, Germany

Los Alamos
 * 🇷🇺 Sarov, Russia

Magdalena
 * 🇨🇱 San Pedro de Atacama, Chile

Ruidoso
 * 🇲🇽 Puerto Peñasco, Mexico

Santa Fe

 * 🇺🇿 Bukhara, Uzbekistan
 * 🇲🇽 Hidalgo del Parral, Mexico
 * 🇨🇺 Holguín, Cuba
 * 🇰🇷 Icheon, South Korea
 * Livingstone, Zambia
 * 🇲🇽 San Miguel de Allende, Mexico
 * 🇪🇸 Santa Fe, Spain
 * 🇮🇹 Sorrento, Italy
 * 🇯🇵 Tsuyama, Japan
 * 🇨🇳 Zhangjiajie, China

North Dakota
Fargo

 * 🇳🇴 Hamar, Norway
 * 🇸🇰 Martin, Slovakia

Grand Forks
 * 🇳🇴 Sarpsborg, Norway

Minot
 * 🇳🇴 Skien, Norway

Oklahoma
Edmond

 * 🇷🇺 Engels, Russia
 * 🇨🇳 Qingyang, China

Enid
 * 🇳🇪 Kollo, Niger

Lawton
 * 🇩🇪 Güllesheim, Germany

Norman

 * 🇮🇹 Arezzo, Italy
 * 🇫🇷 Clermont-Ferrand, France
 * 🇲🇽 Colima, Mexico
 * 🇯🇵 Seika, Japan

Oklahoma City

 * 🇨🇳 Haikou, China
 * 🇷🇼 Kigali, Rwanda
 * 🇵🇪 Piura, Peru
 * 🇲🇽 Puebla, Mexico
 * 🇧🇷 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * 🇹🇼 Tainan, Taiwan
 * 🇹🇼 Taipei, Taiwan

Owasso
 * 🇫🇷 Chaumont, France

Pawhuska
 * 🇫🇷 Montauban, France

Ponca City
 * 🇨🇳 Baiyin, China

Shawnee
 * 🇯🇵 Nikaho, Japan

Stillwater

 * 🇦🇿 Gədəbəy, Azerbaijan
 * 🇯🇵 Kameoka, Japan

Tulsa

 * 🇫🇷 Amiens, France
 * 🇩🇪 Celle, Germany
 * 🇨🇳 Beihai, China
 * 🇹🇼 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
 * 🇲🇽 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
 * 🇮🇱 Tiberias, Israel
 * 🇯🇵 Utsunomiya, Japan
 * 🇷🇺 Zelenograd, Russia

Oregon
Ashland
 * 🇲🇽 Guanajuato, Mexico

Astoria
 * 🇩🇪 Walldorf, Germany

Beaverton

 * 🇷🇺 Birobidzhan, Russia
 * 🇰🇷 Cheonan, South Korea
 * 🇫🇷 Cluses, France
 * 🇯🇵 Gotemba, Japan
 * 🇹🇼 Hsinchu, Taiwan
 * 🇩🇪 Trossingen, Germany

Boring

 * 🇦🇺 Bland, Australia
 * Dull, Scotland, United Kingdom

Corvallis

 * 🇪🇹 Gondar, Ethiopia
 * 🇺🇦 Uzhhorod, Ukraine

Eugene

 * 🇷🇺 Irkutsk, Russia
 * 🇰🇷 Jinju, South Korea
 * 🇯🇵 Kakegawa, Japan
 * 🇳🇵 Kathmandu, Nepal

Florence
 * 🇯🇵 Yamagata, Japan

Forest Grove
 * 🇯🇵 Nyūzen, Japan

Grants Pass
 * 🇷🇺 Rubtsovsk, Russia

Gresham

 * 🇯🇵 Ebetsu, Japan
 * Owerri, Nigeria
 * 🇰🇷 Sokcho, South Korea

Hillsboro

 * 🇯🇵 Fukuroi, Japan
 * 🇵🇱 Krapkowice, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Morawica, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Zabierzów, Poland

Hood River
 * 🇯🇵 Tsuruta, Japan

Klamath Falls
 * 🇳🇿 Rotorua Lakes, New Zealand

Lake Oswego
 * 🇯🇵 Yoshikawa, Japan

Madras
 * 🇯🇵 Tōmi, Japa

Medford
 * 🇮🇹 Alba, Italy

Newberg
 * 🇯🇵 Asago, Japan

Newport
 * 🇯🇵 Mombetsu, Japan

Ontario
 * 🇯🇵 Ōsakasayama, Japan

Oregon City
 * 🇯🇵 Tateshina, Japan

Portland

 * 🇮🇱 Ashkelon, Israel
 * 🇮🇹 Bologna, Italy
 * 🇲🇽 Guadalajara, Mexico
 * 🇹🇼 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
 * 🇷🇺 Khabarovsk, Russia
 * 🇿🇼 Mutare, Zimbabwe
 * 🇯🇵 Sapporo, Japan
 * 🇨🇳 Suzhou, China
 * 🇰🇷 Ulsan, South Korea

Roseburg

 * 🇪🇸 Aranda de Duero, Spain
 * 🇯🇵 Kuki, Japan

Salem

 * 🇰🇷 Gimhae, South Korea
 * 🇯🇵 Kawagoe, Japan

The Dalles
 * 🇯🇵 Miyoshi, Japan

South Carolina
Anderson
 * Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

Charleston

 * 🇶🇦 Doha, Qatar
 * 🇫🇷 Flers, France
 * 🇸🇱 Freetown, Sierra Leone
 * 🇵🇦 Panama City, Panama
 * 🇧🇧 Speightstown, Barbados
 * 🇮🇹 Spoleto, Italy

Clover
 * Larne, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

Columbia

 * 🇬🇭 Accra, Ghana
 * 🇷🇺 Chelyabinsk, Russia
 * 🇷🇴 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
 * 🇩🇪 Kaiserslautern, Germany
 * 🇧🇬 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
 * 🇹🇼 Taichung, Taiwan
 * 🇨🇳 Yibin, China

Greenville

 * 🇮🇹 Bergamo, Italy
 * 🇧🇪 Kortrijk, Belgium
 * 🇨🇳 Tianjin Free-Trade Zone, China
 * 🇮🇳 Vadodara, India

Myrtle Beach

 * 🏴 Keighley, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇮🇪 Killarney, Ireland
 * 🇦🇷 Pinamar, Argentina

Pendleton
 * Stornoway, Scotland, United Kingdom

South Dakota
Rapid City

 * 🇩🇪 Apolda, Germany
 * 🇯🇵 Nikkō, Japan

Sioux Falls

 * Newry, Mourne and Down, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
 * 🇩🇪 Potsdam, Germany

Vermillion
 * 🇩🇪 Ratingen, Germany

Tennessee
Athens
 * 🇯🇵 Isahaya, Japan

Chattanooga

 * 🇰🇷 Gangneung, South Korea
 * 🇮🇱 Givatayim, Israel
 * 🇩🇪 Hamm, Germany
 * 🇷🇺 Nizhny Tagil, Russia
 * 🇯🇵 Tōno, Japan

 * 🇨🇳 Wuxi, China

Franklin

 * 🇩🇪 Bad Soden, Germany
 * 🇨🇦 Carleton Place, Canada
 * 🇮🇪 County Laois, Ireland

Germantown
 * 🇩🇪 Königs Wusterhausen, Germany

Hendersonville
 * 🇯🇵 Tsuru, Japan

Johnson City

 * 🇪🇨 Guaranda, Ecuador
 * 🇸🇪 Ronneby, Sweden
 * 🇷🇺 Rybinsk, Russia
 * 🇩🇪 Teterow, Germany

Knoxville

 * 🇵🇱 Chełm, Poland
 * 🇹🇼 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
 * 🇬🇷 Larissa, Greece
 * 🇯🇵 Muroran, Japan
 * 🇰🇷 Yesan, South Korea

La Vergne
 * 🇫🇷 La Vergne, France

McMinnville
 * 🇯🇵 Mikawa, Japan

Memphis

 * Kanifing, Gambia
 * 🇮🇱 Shoham, Israel

Nashville

 * Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
 * 🇫🇷 Caen, France
 * 🇨🇳 Chengdu, China
 * 🇨🇦 Edmonton, Canada

 * 🇩🇪 Magdeburg, Germany
 * 🇦🇷 Mendoza, Argentina
 * 🇨🇳 Taiyuan, China
 * 🇦🇺 Tamworth, Australia

Oak Ridge

 * 🇯🇵 Naka, Japan
 * 🇷🇺 Obninsk, Russia

Smyrna
 * 🇯🇵 Zama, Japan

Utah
Cedar City
 * 🇰🇷 Gapyeong, South Korea

Magna
 * 🇯🇵 Yuzawa, Japan

Midway
 * Trubschachen, Switzerland

Murray
 * 🇹🇼 Chiayi, Taiwan

Ogden
 * 🇩🇪 Hof, Germany

Orem
 * 🇨🇳 Ürümqi, China

Park City
 * 🇫🇷 Courchevel, France

Provo

 * 🇩🇪 Meissen, Germany
 * 🇨🇳 Nanning, China

Salt Lake City

 * 🇺🇦 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
 * 🇷🇺 Izhevsk, Russia
 * 🇹🇼 Keelung, Taiwan
 * 🇯🇵 Matsumoto, Japan
 * 🇮🇹 Turin, Italy

Sandy

 * 🇲🇽 Piedras Negras, Mexico
 * 🇩🇪 Riesa, Germany

St. George
 * 🇯🇵 Ibigawa, Japan

Tooele
 * 🇷🇺 Kambarka, Russia

West Valley City

 * 🇲🇽 Boca del Río, Mexico
 * 🇹🇼 Nantou, Taiwan

Virginia
Alexandria

 * 🇫🇷 Caen, France
 * Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
 * 🇸🇪 Helsingborg, Sweden

Arlington County

 * 🇩🇪 Aachen, Germany
 * 🇲🇽 Coyoacán (Mexico City), Mexico
 * 🇺🇦 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
 * 🇫🇷 Reims, France
 * 🇸🇻 San Miguel, El Salvador

Chesapeake
 * 🇧🇷 Joinville, Brazil

Charlottesville

 * 🇫🇷 Besançon, France
 * 🇧🇬 Pleven, Bulgaria
 * 🇮🇹 Poggio a Caiano, Italy
 * 🇬🇭 Winneba, Ghana

Chesterfield County
 * 🏴 Gravesham, England, United Kingdom

Fairfax County

 * 🇨🇳 Harbin, China
 * 🇹🇷 Keçiören, Turkey
 * 🇰🇷 Songpa (Seoul), South Korea

Fredericksburg

 * 🇮🇹 Este, Italy
 * 🇫🇷 Fréjus, France
 * 🇳🇵 Kathmandu, Nepal
 * 🇬🇭 Princes Town, Ghana
 * 🇩🇪 Schwetzingen, Germany

Gordonsville
 * 🇫🇷 Thoré-la-Rochette, France

Hampton

 * 🇰🇷 Anyang, South Korea
 * Msunduzi, South Africa
 * 🏴 Southampton, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇫🇷 Vendôme, France

Herndon
 * 🏴 Runnymede, England, United Kingdom

Hopewell
 * 🏴 Ashford, England, United Kingdom

Jamestown

 * 🏴 Lyme Regis, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇧🇲 St. George's, Bermuda

Leesburg
 * 🇰🇷 Samcheok, South Korea

Loudoun County

 * 🇰🇷 Goyang, South Korea
 * 🇹🇷 Karşıyaka, Turkey
 * 🇩🇪 Main-Taunus (district), Germany
 * 🇹🇼 New Taipei, Taiwan
 * 🇨🇳 Shunyi (Beijing), China

Lynchburg
 * 🇩🇪 Glauchau, Germany

Newport News

 * 🇩🇪 Greifswald, Germany
 * 🇯🇵 Neyagawa, Japan
 * 🇨🇳 Taizhou, China

Norfolk

 * 🇵🇭 Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
 * 🇨🇦 Halifax, Canada
 * 🇷🇺 Kaliningrad, Russia
 * 🇯🇵 Kitakyushu, Japan
 * 🇮🇳 Kochi, India
 * 🏴 Norfolk, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇬🇭 Tema, Ghana
 * 🇫🇷 Toulon, France
 * 🇩🇪 Wilhelmshaven, Germany

Portsmouth

 * 🇳🇿 Dunedin, New Zealand
 * 🇰🇪 Eldoret, Kenya
 * 🏴 Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom

Richmond

 * 🏴 Richmond upon Thames, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇯🇵 Saitama, Japan
 * 🇲🇱 Ségou, Mali
 * 🇳🇦 Windhoek, Namibia
 * 🇨🇳 Zhengzhou, China

Roanoke

 * 🇧🇷 Florianópolis, Brazil
 * 🇰🇪 Kisumu, Kenya
 * 🇨🇳 Lijiang, China
 * 🇵🇱 Opole, Poland
 * 🇷🇺 Pskov, Russia
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Lô, France
 * 🇰🇷 Wonju, South Korea

Stafford County
 * 🏴 Stafford, England, United Kingdom

Suffolk

 * 🇮🇹 Oderzo, Italy
 * 🏴 Suffolk, England, United Kingdom

Virginia Beach

 * Ards and North Down, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
 * 🇯🇵 Miyazaki, Japan
 * 🇳🇴 Moss, Norway
 * 🇵🇭 Olongapo, Philippines
 * 🇩🇪 Waiblingen, Germany

Winchester
 * 🏴 Winchester, England, United Kingdom

Wise
 * 🇹🇷 Çeşme, Turkey

Yorktown

 * 🇫🇷 Port-Vendres, France
 * 🇩🇪 Zweibrücken, Germany

West Virginia
Charleston
 * 🇸🇰 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

Harpers Ferry
 * 🇨🇦 Chatham-Kent, Canada

Morgantown

 * 🇲🇽 Guanajuato, Mexico
 * 🇨🇳 Quanshan (Xuzhou), China

Princeton
 * 🇷🇺 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia

Wisconsin
Appleton

 * Chinandega, Nicaragua
 * 🇯🇵 Kanonji, Japan

Brookfield
 * 🇩🇪 Seligenstadt, Germany

Crivitz
 * 🇩🇪 Crivitz, Germany

De Pere
 * 🇸🇪 Åmål, Sweden

Dodgeville
 * 🏴 Oakham, England, United Kingdom

Door County
 * 🇨🇳 Jingdezhen, China

Eau Claire
 * 🇦🇺 Lismore, Australia

Green Bay
 * 🇲🇽 Irapuato, Mexico

Hayward
 * 🇳🇴 Lillehammer, Norway

Kenosha

 * 🇮🇹 Cosenza, Italy
 * 🇫🇷 Douai, France
 * 🇵🇭 Quezon City, Philippines
 * 🇩🇪 Wolfenbüttel, Germany

La Crosse

 * 🇮🇪 Bantry, Ireland
 * 🇷🇺 Dubna, Russia
 * 🇫🇷 Épinal, France
 * 🇳🇴 Førde, Norway
 * 🇩🇪 Friedberg, Germany
 * 🇱🇺 Junglinster, Luxembourg
 * 🇨🇲 Kumba, Cameroon
 * 🇨🇳 Luoyang, China

Madison

 * 🇸🇻 Arcatao, El Salvador
 * 🇪🇹 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
 * 🇨🇺 Camagüey, Cuba
 * 🇩🇪 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
 * 🇬🇲 Kanifing, Gambia
 * 🇮🇹 Mantua, Italy
 * 🇯🇵 Obihiro, Japan
 * 🇲🇽 Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
 * 🇱🇹 Vilnius, Lithuania

Manitowoc
 * 🇯🇵 Kamogawa, Japan

Marshfield

 * 🇦🇷 Jáuregui, Argentina
 * 🇨🇳 Zhangjiagang, China

Menomonie

 * 🇷🇺 Konakovo, Russia
 * 🇯🇵 Nasukarasuyama, Japan

Milwaukee

 * 🇰🇪 Bomet, Kenya
 * 🇮🇪 Galway, Ireland
 * 🇺🇦 Irpin, Ukraine
 * 🇹🇿 Tarime District, Tanzania
 * Zadar, Croatia

Mineral Point
 * 🏴 Redruth, England, United Kingdom

New London
 * 🇮🇪 Killaloe, Ireland

Oconomowoc
 * 🇩🇪 Dietzenbach, Germany

Port Washington
 * 🇩🇪 Sassnitz, Germany

Racine

 * Aalborg, Denmark
 * 🇫🇷 Montélimar, France
 * 🇯🇵 Ōiso, Japan
 * 🇲🇽 Zapotlanejo, Mexico

Rice Lake

 * 🇯🇵 Miharu, Japan
 * 🇨🇿 Žamberk, Czech Republic

Richland Center

 * 🇳🇮 Santa Teresa, Nicaragua
 * 🇨🇳 Yueqing, China

Sheboygan

 * 🇩🇪 Esslingen am Neckar, Germany
 * 🇯🇵 Tsubame, Japan

Stevens Point

 * 🇵🇱 Gulcz (Wieleń), Poland
 * 🇷🇺 Rostov, Russia

Stoughton
 * 🇳🇴 Gjøvik, Norway

Superior
 * 🇯🇵 Ami, Japan

Two Rivers
 * 🇨🇿 Domažlice, Czech Republic

Waukesha
 * 🇰🇿 Kokshetau, Kazakhstan

Waupaca

 * 🇯🇵 Mitoyo, Japan

West Bend

 * 🇯🇵 Aishō, Japan
 * 🇩🇪 Heppenheim, Germany
 * 🇧🇬 Pazardzhik, Bulgaria

Wisconsin Dells
 * 🇯🇵 Iwaizumi, Japan

Wyoming
Cheyenne

 * 🇬🇭 Accra, Ghana
 * 🇺🇸 Bismarck, United States
 * 🇹🇳 Hammam Sousse, Tunisia
 * 🇺🇸 Lompoc, United States

 * 🇮🇹 Voghera, Italy
 * 🇹🇼 Taichung, Taiwan
 * 🇺🇸 Waimea, United States

Gillette
 * 🇨🇳 Yulin, China

Jackson
 * 🇦🇹 Lienz, Austria


text:
El Palmar

El Palmar may refer to:

Mexico

 * El Palmar, a community in San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec, Oaxaca
 * El Palmar, a community in Carrillo Puerto, Veracruz
 * El Palmar (Maya site), in southeastern Campeche; see Apoch'Waal

Spain

 * El Palmar, Murcia
 * El Palmar, a village on Macizo de Teno, Tenerife
 * El Palmar, Valencia
 * El Palmar de Troya, Seville province

Elsewhere

 * El Palmar National Park, Argentina
 * El Palmar, Dominican Republic
 * El Palmar, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
 * El Palmar, Coclé, Panama
 * El Palmar, Bolívar, Venezuela

title: El Palmar


text:
Slidredomen

Vestre Slidre Church (Vestre Slidre kirke or Slidredomen) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Vestre Slidre Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located on a hill in the village of Slidre at the northern end of Slidrefjord. It is the church for the Slidre parish which is part of the Valdres prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The old stone church was built in a long church design around the year 1170 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 200 people.

History
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1264 in a letter from the Pope, but the church was not new that year. The church at Slidre was built around the year 1170. It is a Romanesque stone church, which has a rectangular nave and a narrower, square choir. The stone walls of the nave are 160-170 cm thick, except for the west wall which is approximately 215 cm thick. The church roof was repaired or replaced around 1266-1268 (according to 20th century dendrochronological dating). There is a tower on the roof of the nave. Interestingly, there is no entrance on the west end of the nave as is common in most churches in Norway (probably because the terrain on that side of the church is quite steep). The main entrance is on the south side of the nave, with another entrance on the north side. During the Middle Ages, this was the parish church for all of Slidre as well as the seat of the Valdres prosti.

In 1620, the north entrance to the church was closed up and filled in with stone to match the rest of the walls. Around 1700, the old tower was removed and a new tower was built on the same location. In 1736, the original narrow entrance from the nave to the choir was enlarged and made much wider.

In 1814, this church served as an election church (valgkirke). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.

During the late-1800s, a small wooden sacristy was built on the south side of the choir. The sacristy was enlarged in 1935 including putting a small basement underneath it. In 1955, plans were made for a comprehensive renovation of the building itself. As part of the repair, electric lighting and heating systems were installed. Also, the floors and ceilings were insulated and the sacristy was enlarged again. The architect for the work was Jens Dunker. The church was rededicated after the work on 26 September 1956. In 1961, the old north entrance to the church was re-opened (it had been walled over in 1620).

Interior
The altarpiece dates to 1665 and was painted by Ola Hermundsson Berge (1768-1825) in 1797. Berge performed significant painting in the church between 1797 and 1798. The pulpit was carved by Hans Jonassen Felde in 1797. An organ was built by German-born organ builder Albert Hollenbach (1850-1904) in 1891. It was replaced in 1983 by a new mechanical organ from Norsk Orgel- og Harmoniumfabrikk of Snertingdal in Gjøvik.

title: Slidredomen


text:
George R. Coldwell

George Robson Coldwell (4 July 1858 – 24 January 1924) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1907 to 1915, and was a cabinet minister in the government of Rodmond Roblin. Coldwell was a member of the Conservative Party.

Coldwell was born in Darlington Township, Durham County, Canada West (now Ontario). He moved with his family to Hullett Township in Huron County in 1860, and lived on his parents’ farm until he was twenty-one years old. He was educated at public schools in Kilburn, at Trinity College School in Port Hope, and at Trinity College in Toronto. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the latter institution, and entered the office of Holmstead & McCaughey in Seaforth as a law student. He also worked for Foy & Tupper in Toronto before moving to Manitoba in 1882, where he completed his legal studies at the firm of Kennedy & Sutherland in Winnipeg. He was called to the bar in November 1882, and briefly practiced in Winnipeg before moving to Brandon in February 1883. He joined T.M. Daly in a law business, and continued this partnership for twelve years before forming the firm of Coldwell, Coleman & Curran. Coldwell was involved in Brandon municipal affairs, and was a member of the Brandon City Council for twenty years.

Coldwell was also active in a variety of community pursuits. He was rector warden at the Anglican Church. He was a founder of the Brandon Opera House Company and a director of the Brandon Winter Fair. He was active in the Law Society of Manitoba and the founding of the Union of Manitoba Municipalities.

He entered provincial politics in 1907, following the death of local Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) Stanley McInnis. McInnis was Provincial Secretary and Municipal Commissioner in Roblin's government. Coldwell was appointed as McInnis's successor in cabinet on November 14, 1907, and entered the legislature after winning a by-election in Brandon City a few days later. Coldwell was elected without opposition.

Coldwell was also named Minister of Education on March 14, 1908, and stepped down as Provincial Secretary on November 6 of the same year. He was easily re-elected in the 1910 election.

In 1912, Coldwell introduced a series of amendments to the province's education act. He insisted these were only meant to clarify existing provisions, but many Manitobans believed that the Roblin government wanted to reintroduce funding for separate Catholic schools. The issue cost the government support in the 1914 provincial election, which they won with a reduced majority. Coldwell was personally re-elected, defeating Liberal candidate Stephen Emmett Clement by 163 votes.

In 1915, the Roblin administration was forced to resign from office after a report commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor found the government guilty of corruption in the tendering of contracts for new legislative buildings. Coldwell resigned from cabinet on May 12, and was not a candidate in the general election which followed.

Coldwell was indicted on charges of fraud for his role in the contracts scandal, but the first trial resulted in a hung jury and charges against Coldwell were later dropped.

He died in Brandon at the age of 65.

The Rural Municipality of Coldwell was named for him.

title: George R. Coldwell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tokpela

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep in new form, remove copyvio from history.

Tokpela
It appears to be a copyvio, and it should be marked as a requested article. Delete. --WikiFan04Talk 18:28, 27 Aug 2005 (CDT) This was listed again on August 28th, 2005, but was already listed. So here, it is re-listed.
 * Copyvio is what copyvio tags are for. Kappa 02:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - copyright violation. Content taken from . Rob Church Talk 04:07, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and improve I also saw the copyright violation, but it does seem to be a real Hopi legend... Brendan OShea 04:17, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * List as copyvio or delete. If a new article is written, this copyvio should be removed from the history. - Mgm|(talk) 17:19, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per MGM.  Paul Klenk 23:36, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I have removed the copy-vio and marked as a stub however I'm not sure how procedure for copy-vio goes, does this article first need to be deleted to get rid of the copy-vio in the history then be re-created or can the previous edits simply be deleted? Lochaber 10:11, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tokpela


text:
Template:Foilsword

 Congratulations, ! My great opponent, I dub thee a knight and award you this mighty Tin Foil Sword of Great Justice for use in your tireless crusade defending articles against whatever it is you perceive as being the enemy, for certainly there are many. When next time we meet in editorial combat, I know with this mighty sword you will be doing it to my edits as hard as you can.

title: Template:Foilsword


text: User talk:157.30.168.17

title: User talk:157.30.168.17


text: User talk:24.163.93.253

title: User talk:24.163.93.253


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Face Down

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Scimitar parley 19:44, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Face Down
More patent nonsense from the creator of Beerbonie. IceKarmaॐ 23:29, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity/neologism. Andrew pmk | Talk 01:38, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete and block user with prejudice.   (Hope I'm not jumping the gun.)  Paul Klenk 03:53, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comments only : Is this encyclopedic? I am not sure. --Bhadani 13:58, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..


title: Template:Tfd2


text:
Hoff Church

Hoff Church (Hoff kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Østre Toten Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Kraby, just east of the municipal centre of Lena. It is the church for the Hoff parish which is part of the Toten prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The white, stone church was built in a long church design during the 12th century using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 332 people.

The church is known for its excellent acoustics and is often used for concerts.

History
Tradition states that a wooden post church or stave church was built at Hoff around the year 1021 on the orders of King Olaf II of Norway. This site had long been a site of pagan worship and when King Olav brought Christianity to Norway, a church would have been built here. Not much is known about that church. During the 11th century, the old wooden church was torn down and replaced with a new building of limestone. The new stone church is similar in construction to the old cathedrals at Hamar, Nikolai Church in Gran, Old Aker Church, and Ringsaker Church. The joint model for these churches was the historic St. Hallvard's Cathedral, the main church of medieval Oslo. After 1658, Hallvard's Cathedral was demolished with only ruins left of the former cathedral. The original stone church was designed as a basilica with a ceiling height of 12 m in the nave and a ceiling height of 6 m in the side aisles. The church had a transept that reached to the outer walls of the aisles, giving it a cruciform floor plan. The church had a tower on the central part of the roof. The church originally did not have windows on the north side.

In 1508, there was a local peasant uprising. The church was used as a fortification and was set on fire. The church was rebuilt afterwards, with some changes made. The altarpiece dates to 1664 and was designed by Laurits Lauritsen from Nes. In the center of the altarpiece is a painting believed to be by parish priest Knud Sevaldsen Bang (1633-1694). The church has a distinctive collection of paintings dating from the late 17th century including works believed to be by priest and artist Didrik Muus (1633–1706). There was also a major renovation in 1700-1703. This time, the old wooden tower was removed, and a new tower on the west end of the building was erected with a church porch at the base of the tower. A high spire had been planned, but the base of the tower was said to be too weak and not built together with the church walls, so the high spire was not built. The year 1702 is painted on the lime plaster under the eaves, marking the year of construction on that addition. In connection with the removal of the old tower, the entire roof of the nave was also removed. The exterior walls of the nave were built higher before rebuilding the roof, giving the nave flat ceiling as opposed to the original with a higher central part. The short transepts were removed, giving the church a long church floorplan. The baptismal font dates to 1703 and was designed by Lars Jensson Borg (d. 1710). A tower clock with a dial was set up on the north tower wall in 1713. In 1807, there were major repairs to the floor and ceiling.

In 1814, this church served as an election church (valgkirke). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.

The pulpit was made by Kristian Kloppen in 1829. In the 1850s, the south wall was reported to be fragile and the floor worn, and roof tiles had to be replaced, so a large renovation was planned. In 1861, the church was renovated. This project included replacing the floor and installing a new roof. A wooden ball from 1812 that was at the top of the tower was replaced with a cross. In 1894-1895, the church underwent another renovation led by architect Johan Meyer. In addition to the work being done, the church was carefully examined and it was historically documented. New windows on both the north and south side were installed during this project. Cement mortar was used for a lot of work, although this was not how the stone church was historically built. In 1952, a restoration of the interior led by Finn Bryn began. The church got new doors and the main entrance got a new limestone frame. The second floor seating galleries were rebuilt (not for the first time), and new tile floors were laid in the church porch and new wooden floors were installed elsewhere.

title: Hoff Church


text:
Campeonato da Cidade de Campos

The Campeonato da Cidade de Campos (Campos City Championship in English), also known as Campeonato de Campos (Campos Championship in English), Campeonato Campista (Campista Championship in English) and Liga Campista (Campista League in English) was the football league of the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

From 1914 to 1951, was the amateur era of the competition. In 1952, started the professional era.

The league ended in 1979, because it was suffering the competition of the more popular Campeonato Carioca.

List of champions

 * 1914 Goytacaz
 * 1915 Americano
 * 1917 Rio Branco
 * 1918 Campos
 * 1919 Americano
 * 1920 Goytacaz
 * 1921 Americano
 * 1922 Americano
 * 1923 Americano
 * 1924 Campos
 * 1925 Americano
 * 1926 Goytacaz
 * 1927 there was no champion, and the competition was annulled.
 * 1928 Rio Branco
 * 1929 Rio Branco
 * 1930 Americano
 * 1931 Rio Branco
 * 1932 Campos and Goytacaz¹
 * 1933 Goytacaz
 * 1934 Americano
 * 1935 Americano
 * 1936 Aliança
 * 1937 Aliança
 * 1938 Aliança
 * 1939 Americano
 * 1940 Goytacaz
 * 1941 Goytacaz
 * 1942 Goytacaz
 * 1943 Goytacaz
 * 1944 Americano
 * 1945 Goytacaz
 * 1946 Americano
 * 1947 Americano
 * 1948 Goytacaz
 * 1949 Rio Branco
 * 1950 Americano
 * 1951 Goytacaz
 * 1952 São José
 * 1953 Goytacaz
 * 1954 Americano
 * 1955 Goytacaz
 * 1956 Campos
 * 1957 Goytacaz
 * 1958 Rio Branco
 * 1959 Goytacaz
 * 1960 Goytacaz
 * 1961 Rio Branco
 * 1962 Rio Branco
 * 1963 Goytacaz
 * 1964 Americano
 * 1965 Americano
 * 1966 Goytacaz
 * 1967 Americano
 * 1968 Americano
 * 1969 Americano
 * 1970 Americano
 * 1971 Americano
 * 1972 Americano
 * 1973 Americano
 * 1974 Americano
 * 1975 Americano
 * 1976 Campos
 * 1977 Americano and Goytacaz²
 * 1978 Americano
 * 1979 Americano

¹There were two champions, because there were two different competitions, promoted by two differente leagues.

²Because of the lack of dates to the finals, the league proclaimed the two clubs as champions;.

Titles by team

 * Americano 27 times
 * Goytacaz 20 times
 * Rio Branco 8 times
 * Campos 5 times
 * Aliança 3 times
 * São José 1 time

title: Campeonato da Cidade de Campos