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Sîn-šumu-līšir

Sîn-šumu-līšir or Sîn-šumu-lēšir' ( or Sîn-šumu-lēšir, meaning "Sîn, make the name prosper!"),  also spelled Sin-shum-lishir,' was a usurper king in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, ruling some cities in northern Babylonia for three months in 626 BC during a revolt against the rule of the king Sîn-šar-iškun. He was the only eunuch to ever claim the throne of Assyria.

Nothing is known of Sîn-šumu-līšir's background or family and he first appears as a prominent courtier and general in the reign of Aššur-etil-ilāni ((r. undefined – undefined)631–627 BC). After the death of Aššur-etil-ilāni's father and predecessor Ashurbanipal ((r. undefined – undefined)669–631 BC), Sîn-šumu-līšir was instrumental in securing Aššur-etil-ilāni's rise to the throne and consolidating his position as king by defeating attempted revolts against his rule. It is possible that Sîn-šumu-līšir, as a prominent general close to the king, was the de facto ruler of Assyria throughout Aššur-etil-ilāni's reign.

Aššur-etil-ilāni died in 627 BC after a very short reign and in the following year, Sîn-šumu-līšir rebelled against Aššur-etil-ilāni's brother and successor Sîn-šar-iškun, possibly due to feeling that his prominent position was threatened by the rise of the new king. Sîn-šumu-līšir successfully seized cities such as Nippur and Babylon but was defeated by Sîn-šar-iškun after just three months.

Biography
Nothing is known of Sîn-šumu-līšir's background or family.' He was a eunuch and probably already a prominent courtier during the reign of Ashurbanipal (r. 669–631 BC).' Eunuchs had often been appointed to prominent government positions in the Assyrian Empire because they could have no dynastic aspirations and thus in the mind of the Assyrians could not represent potential threats.' After Ashurbanipal's death, Sîn-šumu-līšir played a key role in securing the rise of his son Aššur-etil-ilāni to the throne, probably with the aid of his own private soldiers.' Sîn-šumu-līšir is then first mentioned in Assyrian sources as the rab ša rēši (great/chief eunuch)' of Aššur-etil-ilāni.' He is likely to have been the head of Aššur-etil-ilāni's household' and was probably a prominent general who had served the new king since his youth.'

As in many other successions in Assyrian history, Aššur-etil-ilāni's rise to the Assyrian throne in 631 BC was initially met with opposition and unrest. An official named Nabu-riḫtu-uṣur attempted to seize the Assyrian throne with the help of another official called Sîn-šar-ibni. As the king's rab ša rēši, it is likely that Sîn-šumu-līšir played a role in suppressing the conspiracy, which appears to have been crushed relatively quickly.' In addition to suppressing the revolt, there is also a preserved tablet which records a treaty imposed by Sîn-šumu-līšir on three private individuals, guaranteeing Aššur-etil-ilāni's sovereignty.' The text of this treaty is highly similar to the succession treaties created by Aššur-etil-ilāni's grandfather Esarhaddon in the 670s BC to ensure the succession of Ashurbanipal.' Sîn-šumu-līšir is also recorded as receiving land from Aššur-etil-ilāni, possibly as a rewards for his service to the king.'

It is possible that Sîn-šumu-līšir, as a prominent general closely tied to the king, was the de facto ruler of Assyria during Aššur-etil-ilāni's reign. Aššur-etil-ilāni died under obscure circumstances in 627 BC, after just four years as king. Aššur-etil-ilāni's Babylonian vassal king Kandalanu also died at roughly the same time and Aššur-etil-ilāni's brother Sîn-šar-iškun assumed rulership of the entire Neo-Assyrian Empire. Immediately after Sîn-šar-iškun became king, Sîn-šumu-līšir rebelled against him, possibly due to feeling that his prominent position was threatened by the rise of a new king.' Though a military leader attempting to claim the throne during a time of crisis and succession wasn't necessarily unusual, the possibility that a eunuch would do so had never been entertained prior to Sîn-šumu-līšir's attempt.' He was the only eunuch to ever claim the throne of Assyria.' It is possible that a set of undated seal impressions from Nineveh containing the image of a beardless king could depict Sîn-šumu-līšir, as Assyrian kings were always depicted with beards but eunuchs were always depicted beardless.'

Seeking to seize power for himself, Sîn-šumu-līšir quickly took some key cities in northern Babylonia, including Nippur and Babylon itself. Though his area of control was limited to parts of Babylonia, it is unclear if Sîn-šumu-līšir claimed the title "king of Babylon" in addition to "king of Assyria". Modern historians typically include him in lists of Babylonian kings, as did some ancient Babylonian king lists. Sîn-šumu-līšir never successfully took control of the Assyrian Empire and his tenure as "king" in Nippur and Babylon lasted only three months before Sîn-šar-iškun successfully defeated him. In a later Babylonian epic, the killing of Sîn-šumu-līšir, in the story called the "almighty commander of the eunuchs", is attributed to Nabopolassar (the first king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire), rather than Sîn-šar-iškun.

Despite being a usurper and not successfully taking control of the Assyrian heartland, Sîn-šumu-līšir is routinely listed in modern historiography as one of the final Assyrian kings, together with the legitimate rulers Aššur-etil-ilāni and Sîn-šar-iškun.

title: Sîn-šumu-līšir


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Socialist Environment and Resources Association

The Socialist Environment and Resources Association (SERA), founded in 1973, is an independent environmental association affiliated to the UK Labour Party as a socialist society. More recently it has used the name "SERA – the Labour Environment Campaign", rather than its full name.

SERA campaigns to promote progressive environmental policies within the Labour Party. SERA's co-Chairs are Lisa Trickett and Ken Penton.

SERA has members and local groups across the country, and has good links both within the UK Labour Party and outside the Labour Party with many environmental groups. SERA has contributed to policy development on transport, energy, water, waste, and biodiversity.

The SERA National Executive numbers 16 people, elected annually at an annual general meeting held in November. Executive members currently include Alan Whitehead, Daniel Zeichner, Alex Sobel, Sandy Martin, Leonie Cooper, and Huw Irranca-Davies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User:Wu Xianming

Hi! I'm Wu Xianming (吳羨明). My real name is Samuel Wicks is used to be a wiki-vandal but I've put the past behind me. If anyone can help me create a language I'd be glad if they could spare some time to help me. I have lost my password! Help!!!

title: User:Wu Xianming


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Shandwick

Shandwick (Seannduaig), a village near Tain in Easter Ross, and is in the Scottish council area of Highland, Scotland.

Hilton, Balintore, and Shandwick are known collectively as the Seaboard Villages. It is well known because of the nearby Clach a' Charridh or Shandwick Stone, a Class II Pictish stone.

title: Shandwick


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Fulwar Craven, 4th Baron Craven

Fulwar Craven, 4th Baron Craven (died 10 November 1764) was an English nobleman and sportsman.

He was educated at Rugby School and Magdalen College, Oxford. He became High Steward of Newbury, and was about to stand for Parliament for Berkshire when his brother William's death in 1739 brought him the Barony of Craven.

He was famously fond of racing and hunting, hunting on his Berkshire estates at Hamstead Marshall and Ashdown Park, keeping his own stud of racehorses and founding a racecourse at Lambourn. He and his brother William founded the Craven Hunt, and he appears in James Seymour's 1743 A Kill at Ashdown Park, a picture owned by the Craven family until 1968.

When not hunting, Craven resided at Coombe Abbey, near Coventry in Warwickshire. He continued to hunt until his death at old Benham Park in 1764 after a long illness. He was buried at Hamstead Marshall, and being unmarried and childless, was succeeded by his nephew William.

title: Fulwar Craven, 4th Baron Craven


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Template talk:PhilCOTW

Removed image - any eligible page will have a philosophy banner, and the image would be superfluous. Banno 11:09, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

See

I won't change this to COTM until I see some sort of general acceptance of this cahnge - then this page might be quick-deleted and replaced with a PhilCOTM template. Banno 09:49, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:PhilCOTW


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Chris Potter (actor)

Christopher Jay Potter (born August 23, 1960) is a Canadian actor. He is primarily known for his roles on soap operas and prime-time television. Potter is known for his roles as Peter Caine, the son of Kwai Chang Caine (played by David Carradine) on the 1990s crime drama Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, Sgt. Tom Ryan in Silk Stalkings, Dr. David Cameron on the first season of Queer as Folk, the voice of Gambit in the X-Men: The Animated Series, and for his recurring role as con-artist Evan Owen on The Young and the Restless. His most prominent role is as Tim Fleming on the long-running Canadian drama Heartland.

Early life
The oldest of three children, Potter was born in Toronto, Ontario, to Ron Potter, an ex-pro-football player and insurance executive, and Judith Potter, a singer. Potter was raised in London, Ontario and attended Oakridge Secondary School. He developed an interest in sports as well as in music and community theater.

Potter wanted a career as a professional athlete; however, his father would not permit it. He later quit college to start a career as a rock musician. He discovered a love for the theater and became a professional stage actor. He also worked on an oil rig in Northern Canada, sold cars, and later became an insurance salesman. He left the insurance company to start his career on TV, as an actor and a pitchman.

Career
After being a spokesman on many commercials in the 1980s, and his role in Material World, he finally made his mark in TV playing David Carradine's son and crime-fighting partner, Det. Peter Caine on Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, after receiving a contract with Warner Bros. in 1992, and remained close friends with Carradine until his death in 2009. His first role, in 1993, was a hit in both Canada and United States. From 1996 to 1999, he starred in the crime drama Silk Stalkings as Sgt. Tom Ryan He also provided the voice of Gambit for at least the first four seasons of X-Men: The Animated Series.

Potter was featured in Rocket's Red Glare (2000). He appeared on the first season as Dr. David Cameron on Queer as Folk opposite Hal Sparks, and he starred in a mini-series A Wrinkle in Time (2003) for ABC. He also co-starred with Joely Fisher in Wild Card from 2003 to 2005. Potter also appeared in Spymate (2006). He also played Graydon Jennings in the movie Thrill of The Kill.

The following year, he landed another role opposite Amber Marshall in the CBC Television series Heartland playing the role of Tim Fleming. Also in 2007, Potter joined the cast of The Young and the Restless in a recurring role as Evan Owen, playing opposite Judith Chapman, with whom he had previously appeared on an episode of Silk Stalkings; Potter remained on The Young and the Restless until being written out in early 2008.

From 2008 to 2014 Potter was in a series of TV movies featuring The Good Witch, portraying Jake Russell. On three of the films, The Good Witch's Charm, The Good Witch's Destiny and The Good Witch's Wonder, he was co-executive producer. One of his co-stars Catherine Disher had previously worked with him, on the X-Men and two episodes of KF:TLC. Potter was unable to continue the role on the Good Witch television series because of scheduling conflicts with his work on Heartland.

Personal life
Potter is married to Karen, and they have four children.

Director

 * Heartland
 * episode #45: "The Happy List" - January 31, 2010
 * episode #64: "The River" - February 27, 2011
 * episode #65: "Never Surrender" - March 6, 2011
 * episode #98: "Waiting For Tomorrow" - February 10, 2013
 * episode #110: "Best Man" - November 17, 2013
 * episode #111: "Hotshot" - December 1, 2013
 * episode #128: "Walk a Mile" - November 9, 2014
 * episode #129: "The Family Tree" - November 23, 2014
 * episode #144: "Back in the Saddle" - November 1, 2015
 * episode #145: "Over and Out" - November 8, 2015
 * episode #164: "Riding Shotgun" - November 13, 2016
 * episode #165: "Here and Now" - November 20, 2016
 * episode #182: "Our Sons and Daughters" - November 12, 2017
 * episode #183: "Truth Be Told" - November 19, 2017
 * episode #194: "Dare to Dream" - January 6, 2019
 * episode #195: "Hearts Run Free" - January 13, 2019
 * episode #200: "Running Scared" - March 3, 2019
 * episode #211: "The Art of Trust" - November 3, 2019
 * episode #212: "Legacy" - November 10, 2019
 * episode #217: "Making Amends" - January 24, 2021
 * Silk Stalkings
 * episode #168: "It's The Great Pumpkin, Harry" - January 24, 1999
 * episode #160: "Hidden Agenda" - August 30, 1998
 * episode #154: "Genius" - April 19, 1998

title: Chris Potter (actor)


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Photonic force microscope

Photonic force microscopy (PFM) is an optical-tweezers-based microscopy technique. A small dielectric particle (20 nm to several micrometres) is held by a strongly focused laser beam.

The forward scattered light, i.e. the light whose orientation is slightly changed while passing through the particle, and unscattered light are collected by a lens and projected onto a Quadrant Photo-Diode (QPD), i.e. a Position sensitive device (PSD). These two components interfere in the detector and produce signals, which permit the detection of the bead's position in three dimensions. The precision is very good (as low as 0.1 nm) and the recording speed is very high (up to 1 MHz). Brownian motion deflects the bead from the resting position. A time sequence of measured positions allows one to derive the optical potential in which the particle is held.

The PFM is sensitive to the environment of the particle and has been used in a variety of different experiments that e.g. monitor space that can be filled by particles inside agarose or the fate of small latex beads captured by macrophages.

A similar concept of scanning a bead with an optical trap over a surface was invented in 1993 by Ghislain and W. W. Webb. The name of photonic force microscope was first used in 1997 by Ernst-Ludwig Florin, Arnd Pralle, J. Heinrich Hoerber and Ernst H.K. Stelzer during their stays at EMBL, when they developed 3D position detection and began using the Brownian motion as scanner.

Commercial PFM system

 * Elliot Scientific Ltd.
 * JPK Instruments

title: Photonic force microscope


text: User talk:217.60.73.6

title: User talk:217.60.73.6


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Hilton of Cadboll

Hilton of Cadboll, or simply Hilton, (Baile a' Chnuic) is a village about 15 km southeast of Tain in Easter Ross, in the Scottish council area of Highland. It is famous for the Hilton of Cadboll Stone.

Hilton of Cadboll, Balintore, and Shandwick are known collectively as the Seaboard Villages.

title: Hilton of Cadboll


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Walpole, Western Australia

Walpole is a town in the south-western region of Western Australia, located approximately 430 km south southeast of Perth, and 66 km west of Denmark.

Location and description
Walpole lies very close to the northern point of the 100 ha Walpole Inlet, from which it takes its name.

The inlet in turn is named for the Walpole River, discovered in 1831 by Captain Thomas Bannister, and named by Governor Stirling for Captain W. Walpole, with whom he had served aboard HMS Warspite in 1808.

The first European settlers to arrive in the area were Pierre Bellanger and his family in 1909. They travelled aboard the Grace Darling from Albany to take up 4000 acre of land.

Land in the Walpole area was reserved for a national park in 1910, and the area subsequently became a popular holiday destination. Major development began to occur in the 1930s as part of the land settlement scheme. The railway reached Nornalup in 1929, and the Walpole town site was gazetted in 1933. The local electricity grid is remote and fragile, and a 1.5 MW / 30 MWh (15 hours) pumped-storage hydroelectricity facility is being built to stabilize power for Walpole.

Name
Walpole was always the preferred name, but it was believed this was already in use in Tasmania. So the newly gazetted township was officially named Nornalup, but this caused confusion with the railway terminus 13 km east. Eventually the Post Office advised that there was no Walpole in Tasmania, and in 1934 the town reverted to its original name of Walpole.

Walpole is one of the few towns through which the Bibbulmun Track passes.

The area is famous for the giant tingle and karri trees of old growth forest. Another attraction is the Valley of the Giants Tree Top Walk in the Walpole-Nornalup National Park.

title: Walpole, Western Australia


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Berwyn station (SEPTA)

Berwyn station is a commuter rail station in Berwyn, Pennsylvania, United States, served by SEPTA Regional Rail. Located at Cassatt Avenue and Lancaster Pike, it provides service to the western suburbs of Philadelphia. Most Paoli/Thorndale Line trains run through the station.

The station was built in 1884 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, and currently houses The Frame Station Gallery, "a full service gallery and framing design center." The station, platforms, and canopy were recently restored. A bridge over the tracks that formerly carried cars on Cassatt Avenue was converted into a pedestrian-only bridge.

The ticket office at this station is open weekdays from 5:45 a.m. to 1:10 p.m. excluding holidays. There are 140 parking spaces including SEPTA permit parking at the station.

This station is wheelchair-accessible with short lengths of high-level platforms on both sides of the tracks. The platforms have bridge plates which allow a wheelchair to cross the gap between the platform and the train when it is stopped at the platform.

This station is 17.5 track miles from Philadelphia's Suburban Station. In 2017, the average total weekday boardings at this station was 363, and the average total weekday alightings was 329.

Station layout
Berwyn has two partially high-level side platforms with pathways connecting the platforms to the inner tracks.

title: Berwyn station (SEPTA)


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Marilyn Gambrell

Marilyn Gambrell is a parole-officer-turned-teacher who started the program No More Victims at the M.B. Smiley High School in Houston, Texas. The program was developed to assist children with incarcerated parents, hoping to prevent them from following in their parents' footsteps. Since the program's start in 1993, hundreds of children have graduated under her tenure.

Gambrell is also the author of a series of books entitled Cherish the Child Within, a curriculum used by educators, professionals, and social workers, and has recently completed a series of coloring books entitled My Feelings Are Real. She was played by Jami Gertz in the Lifetime movie Fighting the Odds: The Marilyn Gambrell Story.

title: Marilyn Gambrell


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Elvaston Castle

Elvaston Castle is a stately home in Elvaston, Derbyshire, England. The Gothic Revival castle and surrounding parkland is run and owned by Derbyshire County Council as a country park known as Elvaston Castle Country Park. The country park has 200 acres of woodlands, parkland and formal gardens.

The centrepiece of the estate is the Grade II* Listed Elvaston Castle. The castle has been neglected and is in need of restoration. Due to its condition, the building is not open to the public, and since 2008 has been listed on the Buildings at Risk Register. Derbyshire County Council estimates the castle and estate requires significant investment for both restoration and to support its longer-term maintenance. In 2017 The Elvaston Castle and Gardens Trust was created to manage the estate once these works, which are already underway, are completed.

History
Until the 16th century the estate was held by the Shelford Priory. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries the Crown sold the priory and its estates in 1538 to Sir Michael Stanhope of Rampton, Nottinghamshire. Sir John Stanhope (died 1611) granted the estate to his second son, also Sir John Stanhope (d .1638), High Sheriff of Derbyshire, in 1629.

The manor house was built for the latter Sir John in 1633. This Elizabethan-style house was redesigned and extended in a grand Gothic Revival style by James Wyatt in the early 19th century for Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington. Wyatt designed a new wing, a new great hall, and most of the interiors of the castle, but died before work was completed. His designs were carried out by Robert Walker between 1815 and 1829.

Further modifications were made in the 1836 by the architect Lewis Nockalls Cottingham; this work was on the Elizabethan-styled south front which was remodelled to match the rest of the now Gothic-styled castle.

In 1860–1861 there were further alterations. The Earl of Harrington contracted alterations carried out by Robert Bridgart's building company of Friar Gate Derby under the direction of Messrs Giles & Brookhouse, architects. Both newspaper articles have lengthy descriptions of all the alterations. Robert Bridgart died in 1860 during the alterations and his son (Robert Bridgart of Derby) took over the building works.

During World War II, the house was turned into a teacher training college after the original college in Derby was evacuated.

The college vacated the house in 1947, after which time it remained mostly empty for the next two decades until its sale, starting a steady decline that continues to this day.

The Gardens
The 3rd Earl, approached Capability Brown to remodel the grounds of the Castle. He turned down the commission due to the flatness of the estate, which he described as having 'no capability'. In 1830, Charles Stanhope, 4th Earl of Harrington commissioned landscape gardener William Barron to redesign the gardens. The Fourth Earl caused scandal by marrying an actress 17 years his junior: Maria Foote. Maria and Charles were described as "inseparable and besotted"; the Earl wanted the gardens to be a "private and secluded oasis of great beauty" for himself and the love of his life. Barron would spend the next 20 years working on the gardens; he even brought in full-grown trees using a tree planting machine he had designed (an example of which is on display at Kew Gardens) to try to give instant gratification to the Earl.

The Fourth Earl and his Countess valued their garden for the romantic seclusion it afforded them, however following the death of their only son aged 4, the couple isolated themselves at the castle, never leaving and forbidding anyone from entering the grounds. (Some sources claim it was the Earl that instigated the seclusion and forbade his wife from leaving) Following the Fourth Earl's death in 1851, his brother, Leicester Stanhope, 5th Earl of Harrington, opened the gardens to the public. They became renowned as "a Gothic paradise", and are Grade II Listed.

The estate contains over 50 structures, including stables, kennels, a walled garden, a home farm, several cottages, gatelodges, an ice house and a boathouse. The gardens are listed Grade II* on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Country park
Following the Countryside Act 1968, the estate was sold in 1969 by William Stanhope, 11th Earl of Harrington to Derbyshire County Council. By The Countryside Act proposed the creation of "country parks", "for the enjoyment of the countryside by the public". The council opened the estate to the public in 1970 and have operated it since then, as Elvaston Castle Country Park. In 1969, Elvaston was also used as a location for Ken Russell's film adaptation of the D.H. Lawrence novel Women in Love.

Today
The deterioration of the castle and estate which started after World War II continued until the 1970s. Although restoration work was carried out and the gardens and park brought back into good heart, the operating costs were significant. With dwindling public funds available, and priorities elsewhere by 1990 the castle was considered unsafe and was closed to visitors. In 2000, the council estimated the country park's running costs were £500,000 a year, and that they were facing a backlog of restoration work which would cost £3,000,000. In 2006, Derbyshire County Council commissioned a report, which estimated the castle and estate required at least £6.1 million of work and materials in essential repairs. Whilst development partners were interested in the Castle, a combination of public opposition and difficulty creating a plan which would achieve a suitable balance of development and access meant that these plans fell through. The castle is thought by the credulous to be haunted and inspired a gothic "novel" entitled "Elvingstone" by J.P Reedman. In 2013 The County Council asked The National Trust for help to create a future vision for the estate. This led, in 2015, to the County Council recruiting a Project Development Board to help it shape a future for the Estate as a charitable enterprise, further developing the Masterplan and exploring options for a sustainable future. This led to the formation of a totally independent board of Trustees in 2017 - The Elvaston Castle and Gardens Trust - and to the beginning of a new era for the estate.

title: Elvaston Castle


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User talk:Br0d

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Br0d! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic Acid 11:14, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Br0d


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Category:Buddhist temples in Laos

This category contains articles relating to Buddhist temples in Laos.

title: Category:Buddhist temples in Laos


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Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)

Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan (Dari: ) (1857 – 7 April 1914) also known as The Victor of Maiwand or The Afghan Prince Charlie was, for a while, the governor of Herat Province in the Emirate of Afghanistan. He was Emir of Afghanistan from 12 October, 1879 to 31 May, 1880. He also led the Afghan troops during the Second Anglo-Afghan War and defeated the British Indian Army at the Battle of Maiwand. Following his defeat at the Battle of Kandahar, Ayub Khan was deposed and exiled to British India. However, Ayub Khan fled to Persia (now Iran). After negotiations in 1888 with Sir Mortimer Durand, the ambassador at Tehran, Ayub Khan became a pensioner of the British Raj and traveled to British India in 1888, where he lived until his death in 1914 in Lahore, Punjab. He was buried in Peshawar and had eleven wives, fifteen sons, and ten daughters. Two of his grandsons, Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi and Sardar Muhammad Ismail Khan, served as brigadiers in the Pakistan Army.

In Afghanistan, he is remembered as the "National Hero of Afghanistan."

Early life
Khan was born into a Pashtun family. His father was Sher Ali Khan and his mother was the daughter of an influential Mohmand chief of Lalpura, Saadat Khan. His brother was Mohammad Yaqub Khan.

Second Anglo-Afghan war
During the second Anglo-Afghan war, Afghans under the command of Ayub Khan clashed with Anglo-Indian troops at Maiwand on 27 July 1880 and emerged victorious. The Afghan victory at Maiwand was strategically significant for Afghanistan as it saved the country from getting dismembered by Britain, and saved Qandahar from a permanent British occupation. The defeat at Maiwand also compelled the British to withdraw from Qandahar. After the battle, the Afghans buried the dead Anglo-Indian soldiers and erected a monument in their honor and memory.

Ayub Khan later went on to besiege the better equipped British forces at Kandahar but did not succeed. On 1 September, 1880, he was defeated and routed by forces led by General Frederick Roberts at the Battle of Kandahar, which saw the end of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.

After second Anglo-Afghan war
A year later, Ayub again tried to take Kandahar, this time from Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, but again failed.

 * "Ayub Khan had an opportunity of realizing his strength as an independent ruler in Afghanistan. Certain tribes in Kushk district having revolted, he desired to send a force from Herat to punish them; but when he asked his men to march, they refused, because he had not paid them for a long time."
 * From The Twillingate Sun, Thursday, 3 February 1881.

He escaped to Persia (now Iran). After negotiations in 1888 with Sir Mortimer Durand, the ambassador at Tehran, Ayub Khan became a pensioner of the British Raj. A political officer, William Evans-Gordon, took charge of him on his arrival in India and escorted him with his entourage from Karachi to Rawalpindi. He lived in India until his death in 1914.

Death
He died in Lahore in 1914 and is buried in Peshawar near the shrine of Sheikh Habib at Durrani graveyard in Peshawar, Pakistan.

Legacy
In Afghanistan, he is remembered as the "National Hero of Afghanistan." He had eleven wives, fifteen sons, and ten daughters. Several of his descendants have served in various capacities in Pakistan. Two of his grandsons, Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi and Sardar Muhammad Ismail Khan, served with the rank of Brigadier in the Pakistan Army.

Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi
Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi was a grandson of Ayub Khan. He was the son of Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qadir Khan el-Effendi (born in Iraq, 1888 and died in 1976), the first son of Ayub Khan. He completed his education at Rashtriya Indian Military College in Dehra Dun, British India and was commissioned as second lieutenant on 15 July, 1939 in the British Indian Army. He fought in World War II and was initially posted in North Africa. El-Effendi was captured when his 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (PAVO) was overrun by German Afrika Korps, but managed to escape and rejoin his regiment. Later, he fought in the Burma Campaign. Following the independence of Pakistan, Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi opted to join Pakistan and served as a Brigadier in Pakistan Army.

After retiring from the military, he became a polo player and organised Pakistani polo for over twenty years, with leading teams invited to play from abroad. He died in August 1983 in Lahore, and had two sons. One of his sons, Sardar Azmarai Javaid Hissam el-Effendi, was a professional polo player. He also coached the Pakistani polo team from 2003 to 2007 and was awarded Tamgha-e-Imtiaz in 1996 by the government of Pakistan.

title: Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)


text:
Roughness length

Roughness length ($$z_0$$) is a parameter of some vertical wind profile equations that model the horizontal mean wind speed near the ground. In the log wind profile, it is equivalent to the height at which the wind speed theoretically becomes zero in the absence of wind-slowing obstacles and under neutral conditions. In reality, the wind at this height no longer follows a mathematical logarithm. It is so named because it is typically related to the height of terrain roughness elements (i.e. protrusions from and/or depressions into the surface). For instance, forests tend to have much larger roughness lengths than tundra. The roughness length does not exactly correspond to any physical length. However, it can be considered as a length-scale representation of the roughness of the surface.

Mathematical foundation
The roughness length $$z_0$$ appears in the expression for the mean wind speed $$u_z$$ near the ground derived using the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory:

$$u_z = \frac{u_*}{\kappa} \left[\ln \left(\frac{z-d}{z_0} \right) + \psi \left(\frac{z-d-z_0}{L} \right)\right],$$

where In the simplest possible case (statically neutral conditions and no wind-slowing obstacles), the mean wind speed simplifies to:
 * $$u_*$$ is the friction velocity
 * $$\kappa$$ is the Von Kármán constant
 * $$z$$ is the elevation (as measured from the ground)
 * $$d$$ is the elevation of the displacement plane (as measured from the ground), which is an offset that accounts for wind-slowing obstacles such as buildings, trees, or any other structures which impede flow
 * $$L$$ is the Monin-Obukhov length (which is defined to be the height at which buoyancy and wind shear are equally effective at creating turbulence)
 * $$\psi$$ is a correction factor for stability, with $$\psi = 0$$ indicating statically neutral conditions. Conditions are statically neutral when the temperature of the air monotonically increases with elevation.

$$u_z = \frac{u_*}{\kappa} \ln \left(\frac{z}{z_0} \right).$$

This provides a method to calculate the roughness length by measuring the friction velocity and the mean wind velocity (at known elevation) in a given, relatively flat location (under neutral conditions) using an anemometer. Of note is that, in this simplified form, the log wind profile is identical in form to the dimensional law of the wall.

If we don't know the friction velocity, one can calculate the surface roughness as follow

$$z_0=\exp\left(\frac{u(z_2)\ln(z_1)-u(z_1)\ln(z_2)}{u(z_2)-u(z_1)}\right)$$

Due to the limitation of observation instruments and the theory of mean values, the levels (z) should be chosen where there is enough difference between the measurement readings. If one has more than two readings, the measurements can be fit to the above equation to find the roughness length. When calculating the surface roughness, the displacement height can be neglected.

Application
As an approximation, the roughness length is approximately one-tenth of the height of the surface roughness elements. For example, short grass of height 0.01 meters has a roughness length of approximately 0.001 meters. Surfaces are rougher if they have more protrusions. Forests have much larger roughness lengths than tundra, for example. Roughness length is an important concept in urban meteorology as the building of tall structures, such as skyscrapers, has an effect on roughness length and wind patterns.

For urban areas, the roughness length changes with the wind direction

Relation to other roughness measures
The roughness length is one of many possible measures of the roughness of a surface. For example, in classical mechanics the coefficient of friction is commonly used to measure the roughness of a surface as it relates to the force exerted on another contacted object. And, in fluid dynamics, hydraulic roughness is a measure of the resistance water experiences when flowing over land or through a channel. All of these measures ultimately derive from frictional forces, which result from irregularities on the surfaces of relevance.

title: Roughness length


text:
Catastrophic kill

A catastrophic kill, K-Kill or complete kill is damage inflicted on an armored vehicle that renders it permanently non-functional (most commonly via fire and/or an explosion).

Among tank crewmen it is also commonly known as a brew-up, coined from the British World War II term for lighting a fire in order to brew tea. The expression arose because British troops used an old petrol tin with holes punched in the side as a makeshift stove on which to brew their tea. The flames licking out of the holes in the side of the tin resembled a burning tank, and thus the expression was coined.

Typically, a catastrophic kill results in the ignition of any fuel the vehicle may be carrying as well as the detonation (cooking off, or sympathetic detonation) of its ammunition. A catastrophic kill does not necessarily preclude the survival of the vehicle's crew, although most historical casualties in armored warfare were the result of K-kills.

This type of kill is also associated with the jack-in-the-box effect, where a tank's turret is blown skyward due to the overpressure of an ammunition explosion. Some tank designs employ blow-off panels, channeling such explosions outside of the vehicle, turning an otherwise catastrophic kill into a firepower kill.

By contrast, the term knocked out refers to a vehicle which has been damaged to the point of inoperability and abandoned by its crew, but is not obviously beyond the point of repair. A knocked-out vehicle may, however, be later determined to be irreparable and written off.

title: Catastrophic kill


text:
Oligoceras

Oligoceras is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae, first described as a genus in 1924. It contains only one known species, Oligoceras eberhardtii, endemic to Vietnam.

title: Oligoceras


text:
Chreese

Chreese is a vegan cheese substitute made with nutritional yeast. The product is manufactured by Road's End Organics, a U.S. company that specializes in food for people with special dietary needs. Chreese is organic, lactose-free, cholesterol and saturated fat-free. It comes in a number of varieties, including a powder mix, a queso dip alternative, and as part of a "Mac & Chreese" line of pasta products.

There are currently four different styles of Chreese powder mixes with a modified version for children: "Cheddar Style" and gluten-free cheddar style (used in grilled cheese sandwiches), "Mozzarella Style" (used on pizza), "Gluten Free Alfredo Style", and "KIDz Chreese" (less garlic and bright orange color). To make chreese, the powder mix is combined with boiling water and blended in a food processor which can then be stored in the refrigerator for up to two weeks.

The queso dip (nacho cheese) alternative is called "Nacho Chreese". It comes in mild and spicy flavors and may be used as a dip with tortilla chips. There are also five different "Mac & Chreese" pasta products, made with either semolina, whole wheat, or brown rice noodles.

Similar soy cheeses are also available from European manufacturers.

title: Chreese


text:
Talk:Meaning/Archive 1

Possible definition
What do you think about this definition:

Meaning is association between symbol and sense or idea.

Meaning and information
For some reason I did not find this page on my earlier trials. I do not think that meaning and information are synonyms in the way it is put down in the article.

Information and meaning are similar to the extent that both need a recepient to attribute meaning/information to something that such a recepient is looking at for meaning/information.

Whether you find meaning/information in anything studied depends greatly on the structure and content of your own experience/knowledge, the amount of which may not be measured as easily as in a hardware in binary terms.

Man is an animal characterised by his state determined by various needs, one of which is looking for meaning almost everywhere. As a corollary to this condition man assumes that meaning lies behind the surface, and there is a hiden message of Nature out of the range of human perception. Hence the analysis of the world by intrusion and force using a constantly improving precision technology of targeting and shooting on anything with a promise of economic gain.

Now meaning is most frequently attributed to verbal cues that are used to tag experience (mainly pictoral, or multi channeled in nature), words that are thus also devoid of context and details, except for the fragments that are mentally preserved by asociation, hoping that similar experience will be evoked in the listener on hearing such verbal cues and establishing thereby a seeming synchronisation of the focus of minds of the individuals.

Now in explaining the meaning of a word (verbal cues) by collecting them into a list for ease of reference/locating and placing in proximity other words that may be considered a recursion or another form of tagging of the same thing, one tries to reconstruct the original context of that verbal clue, the product of abstraction, and tries to reengineer the lost context that was not possible to share otherwise, but by abstracting (using a language).

Mental processes are pretty fast for us to pin down sequences of operations, but it appears that that you have intent first, preceeding formulasing your thought, then ample time to articulate what you can from your collection of experience tagged with verbal cues. Should you have experience that others do not share, or focus that is wider/narrower than what other people can handle you will have difficulties in communicating your thoughts, one of the most fearful experience of humans as a social being.

thread suspended for the time being Apogr 09:23, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

New introduction

 * I moved the following text here, for the time being:

Meaning is the core concept of semantics which still owes us a palatable definition of the term. Some recognized linguists tend to conclude that meaning is a relational term, or an (equity) relation expressed in abstract terms. Meaning is then best conceived as a function or equation, the two sides of which are considered to be equal, if not identical for some practical purpose. (This kind of approach is not unique in human practice, think of the example of the definition of fair market value. In my recollections it goes on like this: fair market value is a sum that a willing and serious buyer is ready to pay to a willing seller who is not acting under any constraints or force to sell its ware.) The function metaphor is widely used for the description of the syntax of formal languages. The BNF (Backus-Naur Form) notation and recursion discuss the subject in sufficient details to enable you to see the point. Meaning of verbal expressions, however is subject to chunking, the process of finding the right delimiters in the string of verbal cues. When you do chunking, in fact, you divide the input in two: the left side of the function, and the right side of the function, which rewrites metaphorically as focus and domus, or the symbol that you want the meaning of, and the (immediate) context that you need to consider, but keep separate. This process may also be called as abstraction. In most cases we rely on visual input that is not sequential, a feature we display in thinking and remembering, all taking place in time, therefore has to be rearranged, simplified, condensed or compressed, and linked, i.e. abstracted in short to fit the working of our mind. Thus context is essential for the understanding of meaning, yet there is no plausible theory or classification of context available for the time being. Obviously, context includes the mind of the reader or the listener as well so it is exposed to the interpretation of the interpreter (remember recursion?). There are thousand examples of how chunking and context influence meaning, a very telling word indeed. The meaning of meaning suggests two noteworthy points: a) meaning as exposed in the word, text, etc. spoken, written, etc. and the meaning (see intent) of the communicator, which is hidden, but may be inferred from various contextual clues. In the current Western civilization the issue of meaning is very well consolidated in a commonplace scene of any western where there are two guys facing each other in a challenge. The rules are clear but paradoxical: the one who reaches for his pistol first is a paranoid, because he assumes that the other guy wants to kill him. On the other hand, whoever shoots the other one is a psychopath, by the mere fact of killing another man. Since the two guys stand wide apart, normally it is impossible to make a fair judgment of what is happening and in what sequence. Conclusion? They are both sick and need medical attention. So much about one (pragmatic) aspect of the theme of current research into intentional programming (see. interview with Mr. Charles Simonyi)
 * My issues with it are as follows:
 * Much of the information should be incorporated into the section on semantics, which doesn't comprise the entirety of the inquiry on meaning.
 * Use of the word "guys".
 * Use of the first person: "In my recollection".
 * POV: "They are both sick and need mental attention."
 * The semi-sentence "Conclusion?"
 * It looks like a giant, run-on paragraph.
 * Basically, I think it is in need of some copyediting and some serious NPOVing, and then what's left needs to be incorporated into the appropriate sections, as it doesn't serve well as an introduction - it comprises one very questionable approach to meaning, rather than giving an overview to the many approaches. I am also concerned that it may be a copyvio or a paraphrasing of one person's work.  -Seth Mahoney 21:41, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)

-

=Run on #2=

Definition – triple aspects

 * I'm going to throw comments right into the text, so its easier to see what I'm talking about:

Meaning is an attribute of some external stimulus in terms of relevance to a living organism that the later establishes with the help of its mental capacities. (Attempt to define the term at an abstract level.)

 * This has the same problem (as an intro) that the above had: it attempts to define meaning according to one BUT VERY WIDE particular approach, when there have been and are several.
 * yes, it gives you a bird's eye view of the subject, since by mentioning living organisms, I have included all the possible participants of the issue of the meaning
 * But it gives you one particular birds eye view, of many. Are you saying that it isn't possible that non-living things can participate in the creation of meaning?  Artificial life, were it to exist, would certainly play as definitive a role as natural life.  Is God necessarily a living being?  Many think he is not only involved in, but the center of all meaning.

 * Non-living things, articifial life, etc. (e.g. computers) can also create/generate meaning, but so far I have only noticed that we are confined to an encyclopedia written for humans to read, who, as far as we can tell, can use various tools and devices to extend their senses and range of perception, yet are unable to be at two or more locations at the same time, hence all their experience and they as living organsims are confined to a single point in time and space. (In contrast to say God, who is thought to eb omnipresent, etc. therefore probable not a single person.... if you see what I mean)

It is a meaningful ’’’relation’’’ between the external stimulus and an organism ’’wired” to look for a meaning’’ and equipped with a capacity to make up any fragmented stimulus into a meaningful „message”, or a looming condition to adjust to. (Taking another turn)

 * The phrase "wired to look for meaning" here presumes:
 * # The existence of a biological predisposition toward making meaning, which has not been proven true.
 * # Meaning as a product of living beings, who are meaning-makers, which though I agree, has not been proven true. Platonism would be a philosophical position running counter to that, as would many religious positions.
 * looking for meaning means orientation. Mention one example where a living thing lacks that capacity
 * That doesn't really address the issues above. These can be boiled down to the following: it has not been proven that there is a necessary connection between living beings and the creation of meaning.  As mentioned above, Platonism is one example of a system wherein meaning is external to life.  Further, it is possible that non-living things might create meaning.  Further, and this is big, whether or not living things create meaning, there has been no proof that there is any predisposition toward meaning-creation.

Well, just rwead my garbled words and check out...

Meaning is established as a function or equation between two items so related, the two sides of which are considered to be equal, or identical for some practical purpose. For example in giving a name to an object, or translating any passages from one language into another, or finding a reason for an effort, etc. (Getting more specific now)

 * This seems really similar to Saussure's sign/signifier-signified system or Augustine's symbol/thing approach. Would the two sides of the equation be equal in the case of metaphor?

I do not need to quote big names, but accept any reference as an addition. Symbols and things may be equally be used as metaphors. In fact, all the linguistic symbols are metaphors, by the very anture of the use of symbols. (Rememebr recursion)
 * You don't need to quote big names, but you do need to provide references. There are all sorts of good reasons for this.  I don't need to quote big names here (though I tend to in articles, with good reason).  I did, however, think it would be helpful for you.  Guess I was wrong.

(Meaning is subject to common agreement, similarly to other definitions, such as that of a fair market value which is a sum that a willing and serious buyer is ready to pay to a willing seller who is not acting under any constraints or force to sell its ware. (or about)

 * I don't think the example here is necessary - "Meaning is subject to common agreement" would suffice, though I plan to cover that idea when I add the section on philosophical approaches to meaning.

Fine with me.

The above function metaphor is widely used for the description of the syntax of formal languages. The BNF (Backus-Naur Form) notation and recursion discuss the subject in sufficient details to enable you to see the point. Therefore to represent meaning one should indicate the equivalence between the two elements selected.

 * Generally, the use of the word "you" to refer to the reader is discouraged, if you're proposing this for inclusion in the article. This paragraph also seems pretty jargony.

Thank you, accepted.

On the left side of the expression there may be hundreds of items, mainly related to communication, the meaning of which may be described in more details (specific levels):

Means, modalities, genre and media of communications, including

 * Words
 * symbols
 * gestures
 * pictures
 * art objects
 * other forms of expression
 * allusions, etc.

 * I'm not quite sure what you're getting at here, though this reads like something related to semiotics.

I am trying to point out that the number of possible contexts that govern meaning is huge, just as many as the number of entities that meaning of which is sought.

 * Oh. That should be covered in the section on Pragmatics and the upcoming section on Semiotics.

 * I think I'd understand more where you're coming from if you added some references that I could browse, but as phrased this is beginning to read a bit like original research. Even if it is not, it still seems to be a single approach to the concept of meaning, and privileging one concept over others by including it as the introduction would make for a POV article.  If you can dig up some references, including some version of this as a section in the article would be appropriate though.  -Seth Mahoney 00:37, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

Now this is not research at all. Just lateral thinking in action. As a rule I am interested in defining lexicon entry words that extend oevr specialisations, that are used in various disciplines, quite often by the way of analogy, but more importantly with a chance to produce short-cuts to serv cross fertilisation among disciplines.

 * Right. I guess I should be more clear: Wikipedia has a special definition of "original research".  In Wikipedia, "original research" is pretty much a new theory put together by the author.  From No original research: "Individual ideas (eg. stuff made up) and unstable neologisms should either go to 'votes for deletion' [because they 'fail the test of confirmability' (not because they are false)], or be copyedited out."  If this is to be kept, you need to pull together some print references.

Some of the examples I have already found and tried to pin point include copying, translating, orderlyness (sorting, ordering) and a few others.

Thank you for the trouble you have taken.

Meaning of verbal expressions
Meaning of verbal expressions is subject to chunking, the process of finding the right delimiters in the string of verbal cues. When you do chunking, in fact, you divide the input in two: the left side of the function, and the right side of the function, which rewrites metaphorically as focus and domus, or the symbol that you want the meaning of, and the (immediate) context that you need to consider, but keep separate.

In contrast to disambiguation (which concerns homonyms only e.g. People Like Maria) Chunking may take larger segments or chunks that should be interpreted as one (e.g. idioms, phrasal verbs, syntagmas, nominal phrases denoting one entity, etc.)

All that is a function of the orientation, size of the immediate memory of the observer and his mental facilities. If you speak two languages, you can read a string (word or longer stretches) once in language A, and another time in language B. This process may also be called as abstraction.

In most cases we rely on visual input that is not sequential, a feature we display in thinking and remembering, all taking place in time, therefore has to be rearranged, simplified, condensed or compressed, and linked, i.e. abstracted in short to fit the working of our mind.

Thus context is essential for the understanding of meaning, yet there is no plausible theory or classification of context available for the time being. Obviously, context includes the mind of the reader or the listener as well so it is exposed to the interpretation of the interpreter (do you remember recursion?)

There are thousand examples of how chunking and context influence meaning, a very telling word indeed. The meaning of meaning suggests two noteworthy points: a) meaning as exposed in the word, text, etc. spoken, written, etc. and the meaning (see intent) of the communicator, which is hidden, but may be inferred from various contextual clues.

In the current Western civilization the issue of meaning is very well consolidated in a commonplace scene of any western where there are two antagonists facing each other in a challenge. The rules are clear but paradoxical: the one who reaches for his pistol first is a paranoid, because he assumes that the other guy wants to kill him.

On the other hand, whoever shoots the other one is a psychopath, by the mere fact of killing another man. Since the two antagonists stand wide apart, normally it is impossible to make a fair judgment of what is happening and in what sequence. What is the conclusion? The conclusion is that meaning is also subject to the urgency of making a decision, the most likely moment when it is the same thing as information. In other situations whether you find meaning/information in anything studied depends greatly on the structure and content of your own experience/knowledge, the amount of which may not be measured as easily as in a hardware in binary terms. In the above example the two antagonist are tube-sighted, and are not concerned with anything but the movement of their opponent. Information and meaning are similar to the extent that both need a recipient to attribute meaning/information to something that such a recipient is looking at for meaning/information.

Man is an animal characterized by his state determined by various needs, one of which is looking for meaning almost everywhere. As a corollary to this condition man assumes that meaning lies behind the surface, and there is a hidden message of Nature out of the range of human perception. Hence the analysis of the world by intrusion and force using a constantly improving precision technology of targeting and shooting on anything with a promise of economic gain.

Now meaning is most frequently attributed to verbal cues that are used to tag experience (mainly pictorial, or multi channeled in nature), words that are thus also devoid of context and details, except for the fragments that are mentally preserved by association, hoping that similar experience will be evoked in the listener on hearing such verbal cues and establishing thereby a seeming synchronization of the focus of minds of the individuals.

Now in explaining the meaning of a word (verbal cues) by collecting them into a list for ease of reference/locating and placing in proximity other words that may be considered a recursion or another form of tagging of the same thing, one tries to reconstruct the original context of that verbal clue, the product of abstraction, and tries to reengineer the lost context that was not possible to share otherwise, but by abstracting (using a language).

Mental processes are pretty fast for us to pin down sequences of operations, but it appears that that you have intent first, preceding formulating your thought, then ample time to articulate what you can from your collection of experience tagged with verbal cues. Should you have experience that others do not share, or focus that is wider/narrower than what other people can handle you will have difficulties in communicating your thoughts, one of the most fearful experience of humans as a social being.

Note. I am to be blamed for all this garbage is, and I am ready to consider your points and advice.

Apogr 15:35, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Meaning, revisited

 * My comments:

Meaning is the result of chunking whereby the interpreter of the meaning perceiving a whole set of signals separates a seqence (chunk) that he/she finds meaningful (relavant to his/her existence (awareness of) - and complete (a whole) thus an input to be used for orientation.

 * This is more-or-less fine. A bit of general cleanup is required, but nothing major, provided you can provide references.  This isn't just something I want from you, I'm pushing fairly hard for as many references as possible in all Wikipedia articles.

In finding the meaning of/in verbal input chunking is done to arrive at the shortest/smallest meaningful unit of the string of symbols, which is conventionally called a word or a lexeme or a morpheme, yet it is not.

 * "of/in", "shortest/smallest", etc. are perhaps not the most appropriate uses of language here. I'd choose one or the other.  Also, "yet it is not"?  Yet what is not what?

 * .. to arrive at the shortest meaningful unit (with a singel sense!!) (in terms of time available to chunk the input whether in writing or in audio) ... yet it is not a lexeme or a morpheme, because, they will then need to be disambiguated, which is not just sorting out homonyms, senses from n to z, but realizing and inferring from context that something is assumed to be known and felt redundant to put down, such as ... millions of examples....

The main point is that in chunking one should be able to see simultaneously the whole and the chunk of the whole, just as in slicing bread, where you get a whole slice of bread, a chunk, yet a whole (a slice).

 * Do you mean "a whole (a loaf)"? Regardless, this is pretty good.

What I mean is that in defining meaning (an attempt to restore a picture, a whole) you work with two focuses and in toggle mode. You have something in focus and you have the context (domus). Or less metaphoric examples: 983745969374 is a number and you will probably not be able to remeber it, becasue you have nowhere t conncet it.

But if yu know that is my phone number, then you feel you got the picture, and may decide to record it, etc. Now

Disambiguation is/should not be done just at word level (homonyms, senses) but longer streches, phrases, clusters until you arrive at an "alphabetic identifier" of some denoted entity.

 * Again, "is/should not be". In fact, this one is worse, as reads like a contradiction.  You may mean "is not/should not be", but that isn't clear from the text.  I'd just use "is not done", as an encyclopedia's place isn't to offer advice.

 * that's poor English: I meant to say "is not done" as you have infered illustrating my point, that one is looking for meaning and restires garbage. You will have known that scrambled (tipos) words are read out "prprly" and mutilated tapings are hear complete, etc..

Consequently, it is erroneous to make a (single) word to be the entry word/item or a unit of treaty of a dictionary and/or a lexicon, which is supposed to be a collection of knowledge associated with not words as lingustic units, but chunks of reality described.

 * I'd argue for disinclusion of this paragraph, as again, an encyclopedia's place isn't to offer advice or cultural criticism.

This is a note to the editors, who are very much against anything but taxoboxing, despite the fact that the general reader may need a compass on such difficult issues, including thinking, a stub for over two years in wikipedia... you can see now why.

 * The Hungatrian author Mr. Kiefer on semantics and meaning has plenty of References (from all around the world) in is book, that did not help him by any inch to get closer to a defintiion.

Apogr 05:52, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * All in all, this is much better than before - much more encyclopedic in style, and much more readable, also much more coherent and concise. With references, I'd feel fine with its inclusion in a section in the article, though still not as the introduction.  -Seth Mahoney 20:35, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)

Introduction to meaning: two subjects: recursion and fractals - without them it amy be futile to see the woods behind the trees....

Apogr 06:34, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

But it may also be very enlightening to read parsing, the analysis of the syntax of formal language, together with BNF, thyt I could use to illustrate my point, provided taht it were bnot too technical to lay (non computer)people.

Rolling on
This is what you get n the internet for meaning: The encyclopedic bit must look familiar :-)

noun:  the idea that is intended (Example: "What is the meaning of this proverb?") noun:  the message that is intended or expressed or signified (Example: "What is the meaning of this sentence") See mean Encyclopedia article

Meaning, studied in philosophy of language and linguistics, as well as being central to the fields of literary theory and critical theory and the philosophical field of epistemology, is a difficult concept to pin down. (continued at Wikipedia)

 * That does look familiar!

1. I have read a whole book on meanning by the most famous Hungarian linguist on the subject and there is no single definition of meaning at all. At one junction he goes as far as saying that "meaning is a relation". In our univeristies it is taught that meaning is the set of rules of using a symbol.

 * That's pretty much my issue with having any sort of meaningful introduction to meaning - there is no single definition. In the entire history of Western civilization, we've yet to come up with a single, lasting, useful definition of meaning.  Therefore, we should avoid trying to insert one in an article.  We should instead give an overview of the various approaches to meaning.

You should appreciate that I am trying to fill up a gap here and I am not likely to come up with references, partly, because I am certain that meaning is a function of recursion, a claim that may cost "my life", because it is like saying "the king is nude". Also, meaning can be beautifully illustrated by bringing up the subject of fractals, that explains that yu have various distances from the entity you want to define the meaning of, but in between two established scales, your focus is blurred, and you cannot grasp anything verbal, nor pictoral for that mater. Thinking seems to be pictorally driven, and transfer to a verbal plane is a problem of changing bandwidth.

 * The thing is, if you can't come up with references, this is original research. I don't think you're far from a practical definition of meaning, though many people have come close and found it more elusive than they had expected.  Even if you do come up with *the* definition of meaning, though, it is still original research and thus inappropriate for inclusion in Wikipedia unless you manage to get it published in a book somewhere, and even then it can only be documented here as one approach to meaning, among many.  : /  -Seth Mahoney 07:11, Sep 24, 2004 (UTC)

New intro #2
Here are my issues with the new new intro, most of which I'd like to see incorporated into the existing intro:
 * A meaning is, roughly, a kind of abstract object or property carried by any of various linguistic expressions, artifacts, and actions.
 * The article is about meaning, not a meaning. There's a subtle difference: a meaning prefers a linguistic, semiotic, or psychoanalytic interpretation, where meaning is any of a number of properties a thing may have which reflect its relationship to a human being.  The alternate philosophical interpretation presumes that meaning is something that certain things may have, a thing shared, not a set of possible things.

 * This is only a useful distinction if the classification of articles used here permitted there to be a separate article for the singular noun "meaning". But beginning the article with "A meaning" doesn't imply that it's about 'a meaning'; it implies that the use of the noun supposed by the article is singular; that it is a count-noun.  This is only mildly contentious, and the sentence you replaced it with is, by contrast, unimformative, rambling, and merely confusing. I presume, in any case, that you don't object to the article on Sea beginning with "A sea is...", on the grounds that the article is about sea, not a sea.   Nonetheless, your point that "meaning" functions both as a count-noun and as a non-count-noun is duly noted.  Both should be remarked on in the introduction.

 * I'm fine with your taking issue with the existing text, but I'd appreciate it if you would copy and paste, pointing out exactly what the issue is as I have done above, rather than simply saying "uninformative, rambling, and merely confusing". What information that isn't there already would you like it to have?  That is not, what would you like the sentence to be, but what information would you like it to contain?  How could it possibly be more rambling than, say, The most common secondary sense of "meaning" is to say that an object, person, event, etc., is meaningful to someone, i.e. is important to them, usually in an emotionally significant respect.?  As far as its being confusing that is purely your POV, but let's hash it out?  How does it confuse you?

 * Meanings are studied primarily in philosophy, logic, and linguistics. Meanings also figure centrally in literary theory, critical theory, and some branches of psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis, history, and computer science.
 * The article is about meaning, not meanings, and there is the same subtle difference here noted above. I also think a section on meaning in computer science may be more appropriate in semantics.
 * Again with the singular-general point. Alright, but the sentence would be better emended that replaced with the run-on one with multiple nested clauses on the page.  Furthermore, this was not a section on meaning in computer science, but a passing remark, in an appropriate place for such a remark, that the concept plays a role there too.

 * This article primarily discusses the meanings of linguistic expressions: words and sentences, (as well as, indirectly, the meanings of other things usually thought to be analogous to linguistic expressions, such as thoughts).
 * Announcing beforehand what the article is about is, IMHO, not so good stylistically. The reader came here because he or she wants to know something about meaning - they know what the article is about, and anything they don't know they will learn by reading the article.
 * It may not be great, but exists on thousands of other pages where words have multiple uses, especially where some uses are and some are not suited to encyclopedia articles. If you think it would be appropriate for this page also to include, say, talk about how friendships and pets are meaningful, then perhaps this should be removed, but if the article isn't going to discuss those, it's a pretty established convention here to redirect people who would otherwise waste their time.
 * Lots of things exist on lots of other pages that absolutely should not be there. That's not a good reason to keep doing it.  I do actually think that the page should include information on how, say, friendships and pets are meaningful.  As far as redirecting people who would waste their time, a quick scan of the table of contents will inform people that, currently, there is little coverage of many areas of meaning.  The sentence just isn't necessary and isn't good stylistically.  Like I said earlier, I'd like to end up with an article that includes much of what you've written, but I don't want to end up with an article that is just poor stylistically (lots of parenthesis, etc.s, i.e.s, and sentences like this).  There's no reason to argue here for every sentence, and my goal here isn't to insult you or your writing style.

 * The most common secondary sense of "meaning" is to say that an object, person, event, etc., is meaningful to someone, i.e. is important to them, usually in an emotionally significant respect.
 * This is a statistical claim. Do we have statistics to back it up?  No?  Then it doesn't belong in an article.  I would like to see something, maybe in a section on psychology or possibly semiotics, about this way of meaning, though.  For the record, Wikipedia's style convention is to surround the word in two single quotes (which renders it in italics) when the sentence is talking about the word as a word, not double quotes.

-Seth Mahoney 02:06, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact it need not be read as a statistical claim at all; but even if it were, it's hardly the sort of statistical claim that needs backing up. It's not making a point about statistics of usage; it's a supplement to the preceding sentence, indicating the foremost among the senses of the word not being treated here. As such it needs no more support than the background knowledge of an informed speaker of English.
 * No, it is, like all other claims, statistical or otherwise, one that needs to be backed up. I absolutely disagree with it, in fact.  I would say that the primary meaning of meaning is that "X is meaningful [emotionally or psychologically] to someone" and that linguistic or other discussions of meaning are secondary.  Further, again, there's no reason to argue for the sentence as is - we could just as easily replace it with a sentence that discusses this other use of meaning without making the claim that it is the second most common or most common use of the word, and this would give the reader just as much information about meaning - how and how often it is used is in the end unimportant to the article.  -Seth Mahoney 16:58, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meaning/Archive 1


text:
Vaupesia

Vaupesia is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1955. It contains only one known species, Vaupesia cataractarum, native to southeastern Colombia and northwestern Brazil.

title: Vaupesia


text:
Van Onselen

van Onselen is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Charles van Onselen, South African historian
 * Peter van Onselen (born 1976), Australian academic
 * Gareth van Onselen, South African political strategist

title: Van Onselen


text:
J. Hugh Edwards

(John) Hugh Edwards (9 April 1869 – 14 June 1945) was a British Liberal Party politician and author.

Aberystwyth-born Edwards was an author, having written a history of Wales and three biographies of David Lloyd George. He was a governor of University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and University College Cardiff. He was the editor of the magazines Young Wales, Welsh Review and Wales: a National Magazine, Liberal Welsh nationalist magazines. Prior to this, he served as a Congregationalist Minister in Montgomeryshire and London.

Edwards was a supporter of the 'Cymru Fydd', or 'Young Wales' Movement of the 1890s, one of a number of South Walians who supported Lloyd George's attempt to create a united Welsh nationalist movement. He was present at the Newport Meeting of the South Wales Liberal Federation, in which the scheme for unity went down to defeat.

Edwards was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Mid Glamorgan at the December 1910 general election, with a majority of more than 1,500 over a Labour Party candidate. In the years before the First World War, J. Hugh Edwards became well known for his anti-Socialist campaigning. In 1918, after extensive changes to the Glamorgan Parliamentary boundaries, J. Hugh Edwards was returned for Neath with a majority of more than 8,000 votes over the Labour candidate. At the 1922 general election, Edwards lost his seat to William Jenkins, a miners' leader and chairman of Glamorgan County Council who won a 6,235 majority over Edwards. Although a Welsh nationalist, J. Hugh Edwards would never sit for a Welsh seat again, a sign of the weakening Liberal grip on Wales.

Edwards was elected Member of Parliament for Accrington in 1923. In 1924 he was one of a small number of Liberals, including Winston Churchill and Hamar Greenwood, to contest the General Election as Constitutionalist candidates. These Liberals advocated closer ties between Liberals and Conservatives. Edwards' candidature in Accrington was supported by both parties' local associations. After the elections when it appeared that there was no prospect of formal closer ties between the two parties, Edwards re-took the Liberal whip.

At the 1929 general election, Edwards stood as the Liberal candidate and was again not opposed by the local Conservatives; however he was narrowly defeated by Labour. After leaving Parliament Edwards married Doris, daughter of Sir Samuel Faire, a Leicester industrialist and local politician at a ceremony attended by David Lloyd George. The couple lived at Hindhead where Edwards was an active member of the Free Church Council. He died in a nursing home at Virginia Water, Surrey, aged 76, having suffered senile dementia in his last years. In his will, Edwards left a bequest to Martyn Lloyd-Jones.

Selected works

 * From Village Green to Downing Street - the Life of the Rt Hon D. Lloyd George with Spencer Leigh Hughes, London, George Newnes & Co, 1908
 * The Life of David Lloyd George, with A Short History of the Welsh People with an introduction by David Brynmor Jones, 4 volumes, London, The Waverley Book Company, 1913
 * David Lloyd George - The Man and the Statesman with an introduction by the Marquess of Lothian, 2 volumes, London, The Waverley Book Company, 1930

title: J. Hugh Edwards


text:
Daylesford station

Daylesford station is a commuter rail station located in the western suburbs of Philadelphia at Glenn Avenue and Lancaster Avenue in Berwyn, Pennsylvania. It is served by most Paoli/Thorndale Line trains.

Description
The Daylesford station has no station building. There is a shelter for eastbound waiting passengers. This station replaced an older wooden shelter built by the Pennsylvania Railroad that was located on Lincoln Highway and Conestoga Lane. It was razed in 2000.

There is no ticket office at this station. There are 152 parking spaces at the station. This station is 18.6 track miles from Philadelphia's Suburban Station. In 2017, the average total weekday boardings at this station was 258, and the average total weekday alightings was 232.

The station is best known to commuters by the iconic station announcement "Dayles-ford" by the SEPTA conductors to signify arrival at the station. Emphasis is placed on the "Dayles" rolling into "ford" with a soften 'd'. In 2012, new SEPTA trains implemented a computerized announcement system leaving long time riders of the Paoli/Thorndale line nostalgic for the spirited human voice.

Station layout
Daylesford has two low-level side platforms with pathways connecting the platforms to the inner tracks.

title: Daylesford station


text:
Ariamnes

Ariamnes I (Ἀριάμνης Ariámnēs; fl. 4th century BC; ruled 362–350 BC) was satrap of Cappadocia under Persian suzerainty. Son of Datames and father of Ariarathes I and his brother Orophernes (Holophernes), Diodorus states that Ariamnes governed fifty years although it is unclear how this could be correct given the dates that his father Datames (ruled 385-362 BC) and his son Ariarathes I (ruled 350-331 BC) were satraps of Cappadocia.

title: Ariamnes


text:
Talk:Non-monotonic logic

Article
This article is impenetrable to anyone who doesn't already know what "monotonic logic" is, and the article on "monotonic logic" is equally opaque. Arguably, this article is useless. How can it be improved? Examples? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.156.145.5 (talk) 17:52, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Seven years later and I have to agree, it remains completely impenetrable and largely useless. It requires someone who understands the concept to break it down in simple language. At the moment it's pretty much an archetypal example of how not to write a Wikipedia article. 2.121.223.8 (talk) 08:29, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

Logic Definition
This used to be the first paragraph of the article:

When declaiming a line of reasoning, it is the custom to present a case for the object of discourse. During the argument, the propositions are steadily built up, monotonically increasing. But, in non-monotonic logic, the propositions are defeasible; that is, if an impasse is reached, the propositions can be abandoned; thus the number of valid propositions no longer has to increase steadily, but can even decrease and further fluctuate.

And this used to be the second one:

This form of reasoning can be used to model thought, as in the scientific method, where hypothetical explanations can be abandoned in the light of further evidence from observation, inference, and experiment.

My point is that "non-monotonic logics" are formal logics, that is, are a way of formalizing the more general issue of "non-monotonic reasoning", which should have a separate article (but currently has not). Since the non-monotonic logics are family of logics, I have changed the incipit of the article with the formal logic definition of a non-monotonic logic (i.e., a logic not having the monotonicity property).Paolo Liberatore 11:22, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Semantics
Anyone feel like adding some discussion of the semantics and representations theorems for non-monotonic logic? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.121.170.218 (talk) 16:23, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

It seems that my Model and Information pages could offer an input for informal semantics from psychological perspective. Reading other pages might be necessary for better understanding, though. I am also adding weights to new vs. old and transformation of successful methods into more abstract symbols that may result in dropping some less abstract symbols later. I have also recently published a book "My Stories" you might be interested to read.

I am not often intervening at Wikipedia, but if my suggestion results in a discussion here, please invite me. The best place to invite me, would be discussion group related to my website.

Kind regards, Damir Ibrisimovic (talk) 06:01, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Non-monotonic logic


text:
Charles van Onselen

Charles van Onselen (birth 14 August 1944, Boksburg) is a researcher and historian based at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Education
Van Onselen holds a B.Sc. and U.E.D. from Rhodes University, a B.A. Hons. from the University of the Witwatersrand, a D.Phil. from Oxford University and a D.Lit.(Honoris Causa) from Rhodes.

Academic career
He is based at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Recognition and awards
He received the Alan Paton Award for The Seed is Mine in 1997.

Personal life
Charles was married to Belinda Bozzoli, and their three children including Gareth van Onselen.

Selected works

 * The Seed is Mine: The Life of Kas Maine, a South African Sharecropper 1894–1985 (1996), described as a "detailed and compelling history of the effect of South Africa's Land Laws on one man and his family"
 * New Babylon New Nineveh: Everyday life on the Witwatersand 1886–1914, a social and economic history of the late nineteenth/early twentieth century Witwatersrand
 * The Fox and the Flies (2007), a social, political, and economic history of the Trans-Atlantic underworld from about 1890 until 1918, the year Joseph Silver was executed by the Austro-Hungarian military, in which Van Onselen speculates that Silver could have been Jack the Ripper

title: Charles van Onselen


text:
Tablespace

A tablespace is a storage location where the actual data underlying database objects can be kept. It provides a layer of abstraction between physical and logical data, and serves to allocate storage for all DBMS managed segments. (A database segment is a database object which occupies physical space such as table data and indexes.) Once created, a tablespace can be referred to by name when creating database segments.

Overview
Tablespaces specify only the database storage locations, not the logical database structure, or database schema. For instance, different objects in the same schema may have different underlying tablespaces. Similarly, a tablespace may service segments for more than one schema. Sometimes it can be used to specify schema so as to form a bond between logical and physical data.

By using tablespaces, an administrator also can control the disk layout of an installation. A common use of tablespaces is to optimize performance. For example, a heavily used index can be placed on a fast SSD. On the other hand, a database table which contains archived data that is rarely accessed could be stored on a less expensive but slower magnetic hard drive.

While it is common for tablespaces to store their data in a filesystem file, a single file must be part of a single tablespace. Some database management systems allow tablespaces to be configured directly over operating-system device entries, called raw devices, providing better performance by avoiding the OS filesystem overheads.

Oracle stores data logically in tablespaces and physically in datafiles associated with the corresponding tablespace.

title: Tablespace


text:
Wendell Sailor

Wendell Jermaine Sailor (born 16 July 1974) is an Australian former professional rugby footballer who represented his country in both rugby league and rugby union – a dual code international.

In rugby league Sailor was a member of the successful Brisbane Broncos team of the 1990s, with whom he won Premierships in 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2000. A, his large frame and powerful running made him a formidable opponent and prolific try-scorer. He represented Queensland in State of Origin and played for Australia (the Kangaroos) 16 times, including winning the 2000 Rugby League World Cup, where he was the top try-scorer and player of the tournament. He also played 3 times for the Super League Australia side.

In 2001, he moved to the Queensland Reds in rugby union, and later to the New South Wales Waratahs after the 2005 Super 12 season. He made his debut for Australia (the Wallabies) in 2003 and won 37 caps, including at the 2003 Rugby World Cup, where Australia lost in the final. In 2006 he failed a drugs test and received a two-year suspension from all forms of rugby. His contract with the ARU was terminated, ending his rugby union career.

He returned to rugby league in May 2008 with NRL club the St George Illawarra Dragons after his ban expired, playing for two seasons (the second of which was under his old Brisbane coach, Wayne Bennett), before retiring.

Since retiring, Sailor has worked in television presenting and has appeared in reality TV shows.

Background
Sailor was born in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. He is South Sea Islander specifically descendent from the Solomon Islands and West Indies descent. Sailor's son Tristan also plays in the NRL.

Early life
Sailor grew up with his adoptive parents in Sarina, Queensland. He never knew his father and knew nothing of him apart from his West Indian heritage. His adoptive father is Torres Strait Islander.

1993–2001: Rugby league
In his inaugural year for the Brisbane Broncos, Sailor played in a handful of games, scoring three tries in his first season, though Sailor had limited involvement that year, the club won the premiership, defeating the St. George Dragons 14–6. After his impressive debut season, he won the Rookie of the Year award at the Broncos club.

The following season Sailor took part in more games, scoring 14 tries. Such a rapid improvement over the course of two seasons saw Sailor become a regular in the Broncos ranks. He quickly became a home crowd favourite in Brisbane because of his speed and power and would soon become a household name in the rugby league world. During the 1994 NSWRL season, Sailor played on the wing for the defending premiers Brisbane when they hosted British champions Wigan for the 1994 World Club Challenge. At the end of the 1994 season he was selected for the 1994 Kangaroo Tour of Europe. He played in the opening fixture against a Cumbrian side where he scored two tries. He then started off the bench in a warm up match against Leeds, before earning a starting wing spot in the next match against Wigan and then playing off the bench again against Castleford. Sailor was again promoted to a starting wing position for the match against Halifax, scoring two tries. He then earned his first Test cap against Great Britain, as a starting wing in their loss at Wembley Stadium in late October.

At the outbreak of the Super League war in 1995, Sailor along with the rest of his Broncos teammates and players of several other clubs, was aligned with Super League and so ineligible for selection in the 1995 State of Origin series or the end of season 1995 Rugby League World Cup. The following year, when all players were again allowed to be selected for representative football, Sailor's debut for the Queensland Maroons came in Game I of the 1996 State of Origin series. In Game II he played at fullback.

Following the 1997 defection Super League and all its clubs, Wendell had a stellar year in the rebel competition. He was the top try-scorer for the Broncos and helped them win Super League's expanded 1997 World Club Championship tournament and then the premiership, defeating the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 26–8 in the grand final. In the 1997 post season, Sailor was selected to play for Australia on the wing in all three matches of the Super League Test series against Great Britain.

After the Super League war ended, the Broncos won the inaugural competition of the National Rugby League, defeating the Canterbury Bulldogs 38–12 in the 1998 NRL grand final, in which Sailor scored a try. He then spent the Australian summer in England, playing rugby union for Leeds Tykes and scoring 15 tries in 13 games. Sailor also appeared in two of the Leeds Rhinos trial games, including the 'Festive Challenge' on Boxing Day in 1998. Playing Halifax, he had had a torrid time until the closing stages of the game when he inspired Leeds to grab a draw. England's Wigan club had tried to sign Sailor for a large amount, but he decided to stay with the Broncos.

In 1999 Sailor put in a man-of-the-match performance in the deciding match of the 1999 State of Origin series which saw Queensland retain the shield. At the end of the year he scored the match-winning try against New Zealand to clench the 1999 Tri-nations title for Australia. The following year Sailor was again the Broncos' top try-scorer (along with Lote Tuqiri). At the conclusion of the 1999 season, while on and end of season trip in Darwin, Sailor made a pact with his long time friend Kevin Walters to win the 2000 NRL Grand Final. He played for the Broncos on the wing and scored a try in their 2000 NRL grand final win over the Sydney Roosters, gaining himself another premiership ring. He was named the 2000 Brisbane Broncos season's Player of the Year and Best Back. In addition he received the Australian Sports Medal for his contribution to Australia's international standing in the sport of rugby league.

More success followed for Sailor as he traveled to Europe to compete in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup for Australia. He finished as the tournament's top try-scorer as well as boasting two tries in the victory over the Kiwis in the final. He was named best player of the tournament. Following the victory, Kangaroo coach Chris Anderson stated that "he's up there with Eric Grothe among the best of all time".

Following the World Cup, many speculated that Sailor, who was off contract with the Broncos after the 2001 NRL season, would sign for a club in the Super League competition, as many Australian rugby league stars do. Shortly before travelling to England with Brisbane for the 2001 World Club Challenge, Sailor declared he was "leaning towards" switching codes following advice from rugby union convert and former Broncos teammate Peter Ryan. Talks also apparently began with leading English Super League clubs Wigan, Leeds and Bradford. Having won the 2000 NRL Premiership, the Broncos traveled to England to play against 2000's Super League V Champions, St Helens R.F.C. for the 2001 World Club Challenge, with Sailor playing on the wing in Brisbane's loss. The Australian Rugby Union were able to put up the funds to lure Sailor to rugby union, making him the first incumbent Australian test rugby league player to change to the 15-man game after decades of the opposite trend. Sailor ran 4,452 metres with the ball over the 2001 NRL season, more than any other player in the competition.

Sailor is one of a handful of elite players to score over 100 tries for the club. He became the record co-holder of most tries in a Broncos match, with four.

During the 2007 season at the Broncos' 20-year anniversary celebration, the club announced a list of the 20 best players to play for them over the two decades since their inception in 1988 which included Sailor.

2001–06: Rugby union
On 7 February 2001, it was announced by the Australian Rugby Union that they had reached an agreement with Sailor regarding a switch to Rugby union. Sailor signed a letter of intent with the ARU in February as well as signing with the Queensland Reds. The deal, worth approximately $700,000 per year, was formally completed in July, with Sailor set to leave League on the first day of November. He scored his first try in the Super 12 in his seventh match, where he scored twice and narrowly missed out on a hat-trick.

Sailor made his Wallaby debut with former Queensland Maroons teammate and league convert Mat Rogers in a Test match against France in June 2002. Collectively at that point they became the 41st and 42nd Australian dual code internationals. Sailor then released his book, Crossing Over which details the troubles he had in changing codes and describes the differences between the two. The following season he thrived and showed that he had made some good adaptations to his new game.

In 2003, Sailor was selected for the Wallabies to participate in that year's World Cup. He played in the opening match between Australia and Argentina, where he scored the first try of the tournament. Sailor played several games during the World Cup including the final.

Sailor came off contract with the Reds after the 2005 Super 12 season, the media speculated that he would either move to Japan or sign with new franchise Western Force. However, he signed with the New South Wales Waratahs to play in the 2006 season. The Waratahs won the opening game of the 2006 season at Suncorp Stadium against Queensland.

Cocaine controversy
On 13 May 2006, hours before the final pool match of the Super 14 competition, it was announced that Sailor was to be suspended indefinitely from representing either the NSW Waratahs or Australian Rugby Team after returning a positive drug test for cocaine. Sailor's manager confirmed in a statement it was a doping offence.

After the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) tests confirmed that Sailor's urine 'A' sample from the pre-match test had contained indicators of cocaine, Sailor chose to have the second half of his sample retested. The second test results were not published to the media within the timeframe expected, leading to speculation that Sailor's 'B' sample had proved inconclusive or been mishandled, thereby providing an opportunity for appeal. Eventually the 'B' sample results were announced, and proved to be positive.

The ARU immediately imposed a provisional suspension. When the matter was heard in the ARU Judicial Body, his legal team argued that he had not ingested cocaine within the 96 hours prior to the urine sample being taken. He further argued that he received no performance-enhancing benefits from cocaine, and that the clear scientific evidence is that cocaine is a short-acting stimulant that has effect for no more than two hours at most and that neither it nor its metabolites could have any performance enhancing benefit if taken more than 96 hours before a match.

When quizzed by counsel for the ARU, Sailor admitted that during previous drug tests he had received anti-doping information cards which carry the warning that all elite athletes are responsible for any banned substance in their system. When asked whether he was aware that cocaine is a banned substance, he confirmed that he did. The ARU upheld that whether Sailor considered the substance performance-enhancing or not, Sailor was aware that cocaine was a banned substance at the time of ingestion, and refused to reduce or overturn the ban.

On 23 July, Sailor penned a column in the Sunday Telegraph explaining his actions and apologising to his fans and family.

2008–09: Rugby league comeback
Since his exit from rugby union, several new streams of income have emerged for Sailor. He appeared on the television series, Dancing with the Stars. In addition, he provided NRL commentary for Channel Nine.

Speaking to a Sydney radio station in March 2007, Wendell stated he did not intend to let his career end in drug shame and that a number of NRL clubs had approached him in talks for his services once his ban ended in April 2008. He would not disclose which clubs had approached him. At the time, media speculation linked Sailor to the South Sydney Rabbitohs but in June 2007, it was announced that Sailor would be joining the St George Illawarra Dragons on a two-year incentive based contract when his ban expired in April 2008. Many former NRL players supported the move, believing that Sailor would have a positive impact on the young Dragons squad. On Monday, 12 May 2008, Sailor officially commenced his contract with the St. George Illawarra Dragons.

Sailor returned to rugby league playing initially for the Shellharbour Marlins (Dragons feeder team) in the New South Wales Cup. On 17 May, he scored two tries playing on the wing for Shellharbour at Ron Costello Oval. He played there for a further two weeks before moving up to the Dragons' NRL team. On 6 June, on the weekend preceding State of Origin game two, Sailor made his NRL comeback in a depleted St. George Illawarra lineup against his former club, the Brisbane Broncos.

Sailor played a few more games for the Dragons as well as the Burleigh Bears in the Queensland Cup whenever he did not make the St. George Illawarra NRL side. He scored his first NRL try since he left the League in 2001 against his former team the Brisbane Broncos in round 23. He later scored a hat-trick in the Dragons' 40–14 victory over the Eels in round 25.

Sailor was named in the 70-man Indigenous Australia squad alongside fellow Dragon Jamie Soward for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. The Celtic Crusaders and French Rugby Union were looking to sign him for 2009, despite him having one more year on his contract with the Dragons.

For the 2009 season Sailor was re-united with the coach whom he began his professional career and won three premierships with, Wayne Bennett who had left the Brisbane broncos to coach the St. George Illawarra Dragons. Sailor was an influential figure in the Dragons side as he helped his side finish first in the regular season to gain the Minor Premiership. Sailor was recognised for his efforts as one of four nominees for the Dally M Winger of the year.

Sailor's 16-year career in professional sport came to an end when he announced his retirement at a press conference on 12 November 2009 at the age of 35. His final game for the Dragons was, fittingly, at Suncorp Stadium against his old side, the Broncos, in a match the Dragons lost 24–10. Coincidentally, his first game for the Dragons was also against the Broncos in a match won by the Dragons, but Sailor was injured in that match.

Sailor's final match was the 2010 All Stars game for the Indigenous team played at Skilled Park on the Gold Coast on 13 February 2010. He scored the opening try for the inaugural match and celebrated the try by picking up the corner post and played it like a didgeridoo with teammates dancing in the way of a corroboree.

Television career
Sailor was a contestant on Dancing with the Stars in 2006. In 2010, Sailor became a regular panelist on Channel Nine's The NRL Footy Show and was contestant on Australia's Greatest Athlete. He came last out of eight sporting competitors. In 2011, he became the co-host of Channel Seven's Australia's Greatest Athlete, alongside Mark Beretta, and was a panelist on Foxtel's NRL on FOX. In 2011 Sailor participated in The Celebrity Apprentice Australia. In 2012, Sailor appeared Monday and Friday mornings on Channel Ten Breakfast to preview and review all the NRL action. On 11 June 2015, Sailor appeared on an episode of The NRL Footy Show, where he competed in an 'Iron Arm Challenge' to raise money for charity, against former NRL player Ben Ross. During the proceedings, an accident occurred and Ross broke his arm before being immediately rushed to hospital.

In 2018, Sailor is to be sideline reporter on sports entertainment series Australian Spartan. .

In 2019, Sailor appeared as 'the Rhino' in the first season of Network 10's The Masked Singer Australia.

title: Wendell Sailor


text: Category:Cornwall geography stubs

title: Category:Cornwall geography stubs