text:
Saxe-Hildburghausen

Saxe-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Hildburghausen) was an Ernestine duchy and Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire in the southern side of the present State of Thuringia in Germany. It existed from 1680 to 1826 but its name and borders are currently used by the District of Hildburghausen.

History
After the duke of Saxe-Gotha, Ernest the Pious, died on 26 March 1675 in Gotha, the duchywas divided on 24 February 1680 among his seven surviving sons. The lands of Saxe-Hildburghausen went to the sixth son, who became Ernest II, the first duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. But the new duchy did not have complete independence. It had to depend on the higher authorities in Gotha for the matters of administration of its districts – the so-called "Nexus Gothanus" – because Gotha was the residence of Ernest II's oldest brother, who ruled as Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. Saxe-Hildburghausen did not become fully separate until 1702.

In the beginning, the duchy had the district and city of Hildburghausen, the district and city of Heldburg, the district and city of Eisfeld, the district of Veilsdorf and the half of the district of Schalkau. Two more districts were added – Königsberg in 1683 and Sonnefeld in 1705. When Albert V, the duke of Saxe-Coburg, died in 1699 without any surviving descendants, disputes arose over the inheritance but, eventually, in 1714, Saxe-Hildburghausen agreed to exchange the district of Schalkau for parts of the other Saxon duchies – a piece of the former Duchy of Saxe-Römhild, the District of Behrungen, including the winery, and the monastery estate of Milz as well as the former properties of the Echter family of Mespelbrunn.

In 1684 the city of Hildburghausen became the residence of the duke so it was developed to reflect its new status. However, the elaborate buildings and courtyards of the princes strained the finances of the duchy so much that, in 1769, a forced management of debts by an Imperial Debit commission had to be ordered. It was placed under the direction of the Regent, Charlotte Amalie of Saxe-Meiningen.

With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Saxe-Hildburghausen gained its full sovereignty as the Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen. A few months later, on 15 December 1806, it, along with the other Ernestine duchies, entered the Confederation of the Rhine. In 1815, it joined the German Confederation. In 1818, it was one of the first German states to receive a constitution.

The extinction of the oldest line, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in 1825 again led to inheritance disputes among the other lines of the Ernestine family. On 12 November 1826 the decision, from the arbitration of the supreme head of the family, King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, resulted in the extensive rearrangement of the Ernestine duchies. Saxe-Hildburghausen lost the Districts of Königsberg and Sonnefeld to the new Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and the rest of its territories to the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. But the last duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, Frederick, became the new duke of Saxe-Altenburg.

In 1868, four districts were established in the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. One of them was Hildburghausen, with boundaries very similar to those of the former duchy. It remained almost unchanged until 1993, when the District of Suhl was dissolved and most of its municipalities joined the District of Hildburghausen.

Dukes of Saxe-Hildburghausen

 * 1680–1715 Ernest
 * 1715–1724 Ernest Frederick I
 * 1724–1745 Ernest Frederick II, from 1724 to 1728 under the Regency of his mother, Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach
 * 1745–1780 Ernest Frederick III Carl, from 1745 to 1748 under the Regency of his mother, Countess Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau
 * 1780–1826 Frederick, since 1826 Duke of Saxe-Altenburg; from 1780 to 1787 under the Regency of his great-granduncle Prince Joseph Frederick

Notable residents

 * Sophie Henriette of Waldeck (1662–1702), Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen
 * Eugene of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1730–1795), Prince of Saxe-Hildburghausen
 * Louis Frederick of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1710–1759), Prince of Saxe-Hildburghausen
 * Prince Joseph Frederick (1702–1787), Prince of Saxe-Hildburghausen
 * Christiane Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1733–1757), Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen
 * Ernestine Auguste Sophie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1740–1786), Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen
 * Charlotte Georgine Luise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1769–1818), Duchess of Saxe-Hildburghausen
 * Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1787–1847), by marriage Princess of Württemberg, known as “Princess Paul of Württemberg” since then
 * Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1792–1854), by marriage Queen of Bavaria (who gave her name to a park in Munich, Theresienwiese and inspired, with her marriage, the Oktoberfest)
 * Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1794–1825), by marriage the Duchess of Nassau

title: Saxe-Hildburghausen


license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:H3llbent


text:
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld) was one of the Saxon Duchies held by the Ernestine line of the Wettin Dynasty. Established in 1699, the Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield line lasted until the reshuffle of the Ernestine territories that occurred following the extinction of the Saxe-Gotha line in 1825, in which the Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld line received Gotha, but lost Saalfeld to Saxe-Meiningen.

Saxe-Saalfeld 1680 to 1735
After the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, Ernest the Pious, died on 26 March 1675 in Gotha, the Principality was divided on 24 February 1680 among his seven surviving sons. The lands of Saxe-Saalfeld went to the youngest of them, who became John Ernest IV (1658–1729), the Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld. But the new Principality did not have complete independence. It had to depend on the higher authorities in Gotha for the matters of administration of its three districts, Saalfeld, Grafenthal and Probstzella – the so-called "Nexus Gothanus" – because that was the residence of John Ernest's oldest brother, who ruled as Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. Saalfeld was the residence of the Dukes of Saxe-Saalfeld from 1680 to 1735.

When Albert V, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg, died in 1699 without any surviving descendants, disputes arose over the inheritance, especially with Bernhard I of Saxe-Meiningen, and they were not settled until 1735. Most of the Saxe-Coburg properties were given to the new Ernestine line of Saxe-Saalfeld and the Principality of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was born with John Ernest as its Duke (not Prince). However, the Districts of Sonneberg and Neuhaus am Rennweg had to be handed over to Saxe-Meiningen and the District of Sonnefeld had to be given to Saxe-Hildburghausen. One-third of the District of Römhild and five-twelfths of the District of Themar remained with Saxe-Coburg.

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1735 to 1826
After the death of John Ernest IV in 1729, his sons Christian Ernest II and Francis Josias ruled the country, consisting of two distinct and separate areas, together, but at different residences. Christian Ernst remained in Saalfeld, while Franz Josias chose Coburg as his residence. In 1745, when Christian Ernest II died childless, his domains were inherited by his brother, Duke Francis Josias. In 1747 Francis Josias was able to anchor his birthright (primogeniture) in the Line of Succession laws and confer it on his rapidly growing family for the long-term survival of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. His youngest son Prince Frederick Josias made himself and the Duchy famous with his sieges and victories as an Imperial general and field marshal in the Austro-Turkish War and the War of the First Coalition against France. His brother and Regent Duke Ernest Frederick was known more for the perilous finances of his Duchy, which underwent from 1773 onwards a forced management of debts by an Imperial Debit Commission until 1802 and affected the fortunes of his successors.

Duke Francis Frederick Anton, who ruled for only six years (from 1800 to 1806), was forced in 1805, especially by his minister Theodor Konrad von Kretschmann, for the renewal of the ailing Duchy to make a contract between the two duchies, Coburg and Saalfeld, for a uniform state system with a state administration of the Principality, which regained its full independence in 1806 with the fall of the Holy Roman Empire.

It was the children of Duke Francis Frederick Anton who assured the dynastic success and survival of the House of Saxe-Coburg. The fame of Prince Frederick Josias led to the wedding of his daughter, Princess Juliane (later Grand Duchess Anna Feodorovna), with Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia. Another daughter, Princess Marie Luise Victoire, married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, in 1818, and became the mother of Queen Victoria. The youngest surviving son, Prince Leopold, was elected in 1831 as Leopold I, King of the Belgians. In 1816, his elder brother, Prince Ferdinand, married Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág, who came from one of the wealthiest aristocratic families in Hungary, and founded the Catholic line of Saxe-Coburg-Koháry. Their namesake son, Prince Ferdinand, became in 1837 Dom Fernando II, King of Portugal and the other son, Prince August, was the father of Ferdinand I, who became the Sovereign Prince of Bulgaria in 1887 and the Tsar in 1908. In addition, the heir to the throne of Saxe-Coburg was Prince Ernst, who became Duke Ernest III in 1806. He was the father of Prince Albert, who married his cousin, Queen Victoria, in 1840 and became The Prince Consort of Great Britain and Ireland.

On 15 December 1806, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, along with the other Ernestine duchies, entered the Confederation of the Rhine. From November 1806 until the Peace of Tilsit in July 1807, the Principality was occupied by the French. Only then Duke Ernst I was able to return from his exile in Königsberg in East Prussia. A border treaty with the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1811 led to a territorial swap of the disputed territories. The towns of Fürth am Berg, Hof an der Steinach, Niederfüllbach and Triebsdorf came to Saxe-Coburg; Gleußen, the Schleifenhan mill, Buch am Forst and Herreth went to Bavaria. In 1815, as the reward for fighting in 1813 on the Allied side against Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna sent an area left of the Rhine River, later called the Principality of Lichtenberg, a territorial gain as well as membership in the German Confederation for the sovereign. On 8 August 1821, the Duchy received a constitution.

The extinction of the oldest line, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in 1825 again led to inheritance disputes among the other lines of the Ernestine family. On 12 November 1826 the decision, from the arbitration of the supreme head of the family, King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, resulted in the extensive rearrangement of the Ernestine duchies. Most of Saxe-Hildburghausen and Saalfeld were given to Saxe-Meiningen along with a few various cities. The Duchy of Saxe-Gotha was left without the Districts of Kranichfeld and Römhild, which fell to Saxe-Meiningen, and without the domain of Altenburg (Districts of Altenburg, Ronneburg, Eisenberg, Roda and Kahla), which turned the Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen into the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg. But Saxe-Coburg gained from Saxe-Hildburghausen the two Districts – Königsberg and Sonnefeld.

The new duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was born as a personal union of the two duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha. Ernest III, the last Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, then became Ernest I, the first Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Dukes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

 * 1680–1729 Johann Ernest IV, son of Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
 * 1729–1745 Christian Ernest II, son of the previous Duke (reigned with his brother Francis Josias with the residence in Saalfeld)
 * 1745–1764 Francis Josias, brother of the previous Duke (reigned until 1745, together with his brother Christian Ernest with the residence in Coburg)
 * 1764–1800 Ernest Frederick, son of the previous Duke
 * 1800–1806 Francis Frederick, son of the previous Duke
 * 1806–1826 Ernest III, son of the previous Duke (since 1826, Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, died 1844)

Prime Ministers of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

 * 1801–1808 Theodor Konrad von Kretschmann
 * 1808–1822 Johann Ernst Gruner
 * 1823–1824 Ludwig Hofmann
 * 1824–1840 Christoph Anton Friedrich von Carlowiz (until 21 January 1840)

title: Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld


text:
Police (1916 film)

Police is Charlie Chaplin's 14th film with Essanay Studios and was released in 1916. It was made at the Majestic Studio in Los Angeles. Charlie plays an ex-convict who finds life on the outside not to his liking and leads him to breaking into a home with another thief (Wesley Ruggles). Edna Purviance plays the girl living in the home who tries to change him.

Synopsis
Charlie is released from prison and is immediately approached by a man who claims to be a church pastor (Billy Armstrong) who'll help him go straight. In reality, however, he's a scammer who frequently does disguises and swindles many other innocent people, including a drunk (James T. Kelley) who seems to be in little possession of his faculties.

At first Charlie remains nonchalant, not wanting to take any chances, especially not when he was just out of prison. However, the man, a skilled actor, goads him to cry. Charlie breaks out into tears stemming from regret for "doing it against Jesus". Of course, the man takes advantage of the situation and slips out the five dollar note Charlie has been given upon being discharged, leaving him penniless.

Now broke, Charlie goes to a fruit shop and starts biting into all the fruits there. He knows he has to pay for them all in the end, but, unaware that he has been swindled by the fake church pastor, eats more and more until the fruitseller (Leo White) becomes visibly angry. Charlie tells him to calm down, "I'll pay for it." He searches his pockets for the money, but, unfortunately, cannot find it. This angers the man, who by now has decided he'll get the money, even if it took him a month of Sundays. Charlie, realizing that he's not in a very good situation, runs away.

He is approached by the fake church pastor again, this time in a clean-shaven disguise. Charlie looks at him, and recognizes him right away. When this man starts suggesting that he help him go straight, Charlie realizes that this man is a fraud and fights him. In no mood for a fight, the man starts running, but Charlie follows suit, to scare this man a bit.

Unfortunately, a nearby constable (Fred Goodwins) sees Charlie chasing this seemingly well-wishing man, and joins the chase after thinking that Charlie means the man harm. Charlie stops a while after, obviously; however, he sees the policeman on his trail. Another chase begins, except this time Charlie is the chased.

After a long span of running, Charlie is tired. He decides to watch a film in the nearby cinema hall. A man (Paddy McGuire) stands in front of him, obstructing his way to the hall. Charlie tries to cut in front of him, however, the man shoves him back. "Get in line and wait for your turn."

A mild fight ensues. In the middle of it, guests start piling into the hall, cutting ahead in line. However, this seemingly righteous man does not seem aware of it, him fighting with Charlie and all that. When he does shift his attention back, everybody has gone in, and therefore, he is suspicious of nothing. Eventually, Charlie does cut ahead of him and walk in.

Unfortunately, upon entering, Charlie realizes that the fruitseller from earlier also was the ticket keeper of this cinema hall. He hopes to slip by; however, the shopkeeper recognizes him, and demands money for the ticket as well as the groceries. When Charlie fails to pay off either, he gets kicked out of the cinema hall in a hilarious slapstick way.

While walking back, Charlie meets his cell-mate (Wesley Ruggles), who's also been discharged. He convinces Charlie to help him burglarize a house. Broke, and vulnerable, Charlie agrees. Unbeknownst to them, however, a cop in his rounds (John Rand), is watching their every move, and has gotten to know of their burgling plans.

They decide to rob the house nearest. However, complications arise as they start having trouble breaking into the house. They can't seem to break in - it's just too difficult. Things get worse when the cop spying on them walks in on them, catching them red-handed, and their time seems to be up. Charlie, however, comes up with a plan. He asks him for a hammer, and when he's given the same, he knocks the policeman down unconscious.

Then, he proceeds to simply open the front door, as more of a last resort than anything. They enter with great caution. However, Charlie, clumsy as he is, bungles the entire operation up by collapsing the many glass plates and glasses, which shatter with deafening noise. Edna, who lives in the house that is being robbed, comes down to investigate. She is scared stiff, however, when she sees the duo robbing the place.

Once she regains full possession of her faculties, she steadily slithers up to the telephone and calls the police. Barely a few seconds after, however, Charlie's cell-mate finds her, and has been left with no choice but to hold her at gunpoint. She admonishes him with a fib that her mother is very ill and she'd die of the shock they might induce. Charlie and his companion believe her, and have lunch with her.

However, during lunch, Edna notices Charlie's behaviour and table manners. She's so taken with said manners that, by the time the police arrive to investigate the crime, she lies to them, stating that Charlie is her husband, and that Charlie's cellmate is the actual criminal. The police believe her, and laugh and joke with him. Once his former cellmate is arrested, she gives Charlie a dollar and sends him happily on his way.

Barely a few steps later, however, Charlie soon encounters the same nosy policeman from earlier, who recognizes him. Another chase begins.

Cast

 * Charlie Chaplin as Charlie, Convict 999
 * Edna Purviance as Daughter of the Houseowners
 * Wesley Ruggles as Jailbird and Thief
 * James T. Kelley as Drunk with Pockets Picked/Second Flophouse Customer
 * Leo White as Fruitseller/Flop House Manager/Policeman
 * John Rand as Nosy Policeman
 * Fred Goodwins as Honest Preacher/Policeman with Monocle
 * Billy Armstrong as Crooked Preacher/Second Cop
 * Snub Pollard as Cop
 * Bud Jamison as Third Flophouse Customer
 * Paddy McGuire as Fifth Flophouse Customer
 * George Cleethorpe as Policeman at Station with Mustache

Review
Reviewer Oscar Cooper wrote in Motion Picture News, "Those who believe that Chaplin's abilities are limited to the mallet, the kick and the spinal curvature walk, should see this picture. They will be disillusioned.  They will see a touch of heart interest just at the end of the subject, and they will see that Charlie's stock pantomime includes pathos as well as fooling.  But of course, the picture is mainly clever horseplay, beginning with Charlie's exit from prison, and ending with his flight from a policeman."

title: Police (1916 film)


text:
Talk:Cruthin

Deletion of Infobox
An old infobox is being deleted by abusive editors pushing a revisionist point-of-view, using unilateral declarations of "nonsense" to enforce their edits & POV, etc. When I ran across this page years ago, it had the infobox. I was surprised by the information, so I began researching the topic and found many old histories. Recently I found references to the founder Ollamh Fodhla & his six successors being called "the seven Cruithnian kings that ruled over Ireland". I thought I would update the infobox, and my edit alerted new editors to begin vandalizing the page. 72.214.191.126 (talk) 22:59, 6 October 2018 (UTC)
 * On the contrary - an unhinged, POV-pushing, Original-Research peddling, user is acting in bad faith by continuing to re-insert unsourced, nonsensical material to the article, Cagwinn (talk) 00:38, 7 October 2018 (UTC)

Croats
''There seems to be a connection between the ALPS and ALB.ANIA, with the *ALP, *ALB root associated with mountains. Now, Celtic culture is thought to have arisen in the Alps (Haltstadtt culture), and to this day Britain is called Albion (cf. M. Gibson's war cry in Braveheart, "Alba gu brath!"). My point is, the CROAT people live in Albania.... and the Cruithne live in Albion... could there be a connection?'' —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.235.44.73 (talk • contribs).

 * No. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.152.97.195 (talk) 19:18, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

 * None whatsoever.104.169.26.177 (talk) 18:24, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Problems
There are a number of problems with the content as stated. In particular:

 * It is far from certain that the Picts spoke a Celtic (or even Indo-European) language, as the article on the Picts states.

--Saforrest 20:18, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is apparently false to say, as the article does, that the custom of body-painting had died out among all other Celts at the time of Roman contact. This custom was still practised among the British and Irish, as Caesar said in his Gallic Wars.

I've revised the bit about the Cruithne being identified with Picts to make it clear that this derives from O'Rahilly's model, which is influential but not universally accepted. As for the body-painting, it's true that Caesar refers to the practice in Britain (although he doesn't mention Ireland) in the 1st century BC. However the word Pict first appears in Roman writings about the 3rd century, so by the time the Romans were calling them that the practice had died out elsewhere. --Nicknack009 21:55, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

To the user (66.32.112.142) who changed this article to read that the Cruithne were non-Celtic and non-Indo-European, I've reverted what you wrote because it distorted O'Rahilly's argument. It may be that the Cruithne were not Celtic-speaking, but O'Rahilly argued that they were, and didn't claim they were the first ethnic group to inhabit the British Isles as you had him say. O'Rahilly's arguments are far from universally accepted and I'm sure other scholars claim otherwise, but I'd ask you to make their arguments without making a scholar you don't agree with appear to say something he didn't, and cite sources. --Nicknack009 18:10, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

I am afraid that the reliance of this article on a single view, one which which is not the mainstream view of scholars makes it highly unreliable. I suggest that a substantial rewrite will be required in order to represent current knowledge about the historical Cruithne.

Is there any historical evidence of a group called the Cruithne in Ireland, or of any non-Gaelic-speaking ethnic group, either in O'Rahilly's book or elsewhere? If so, can that be summarized in this article? At the moment it is vague on specifics. Lfp 20:43, 31 December 2006 (UTC)LFP.

 * To say that O'Rahilly's views are "not universally accepted" is today, I think, a huge understatement. It's unfortunate that he seems to be the major reference for this article.  ☸ Moilleadóir ☎ 00:40, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

The article states that the Annals of Ulster refers to a deceased County Down man in 698 as "nepos Predani", the Latin form of a "grandson of the Cruithne man". I've checked both the CELT translation and MS Rawl B 489 and cannot find that latin quote under the year 698 or proximate years. This statement would therefore seem to require correction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.132.239.233 (talk) 19:41, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

The article states that the P-Celtic Pruteni is recorded in Ancient Greek as pryteni and refers to O' Rahilly. Could anyone check whether in fact such a Greek form as 'πρυτενι' actually exists and whether O' Rahilly says it does? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.132.239.233 (talk) 20:11, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
IPA please? —Keenan Pepper 00:25, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Nobody? —Keenan Pepper 00:59, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not familiar with IPA tbh. Is there a list of people that do know it? Personally, I think phonetic spellings are far more useful to the average reader in any case. --Mal 15:01, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Um, IPA is a phonetic spelling. What part of IPA chart for English is hard to understand? —Keenan Pepper 18:13, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * oʊ ɑː dʒ ʍ θ and tʃ.. for example! --Mal 18:51, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Those are all right there in the chart... I don't understand the problem... —Keenan Pepper 20:34, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Probably because you are familiar with it. I, on the other hand, am not. I haven't a clue what dʒ is.. d3? .. dz..? Or oʊ.. what's that, o +upside-down omega? ɑː = a plus broken small capital I..? --Mal 05:55, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The point of the chart is that you don't have to know what the symbols mean already. You just find them in the chart and it tells you what sounds they correspond to... Look, this conversation is getting ridiculous. If you know how to pronounce it, just write the pronunciation in whatever form you want, and then I'll try to decipher what it means. —Keenan Pepper 23:29, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think its getting ridiculous. I was making a point - that point being that, by looking at the IPA symbols, I have no idea how to pronounce any given word. I would have to look up the IPA table, decypher each 'code' by looking back and forth between the table and the article, and then try to put it all together. By making this point I was trying to be helpful.
 * However, I suspect its either policy or a guideline that IPA exists alongside certain types of words. I'm not quite sure how to pronounce Cruithne (I've always said "Cru-ith-nee"), but the term Cruthin is more familiar to me. I'm pretty sure its pronounced as it appears: "Cruth-in". Hope that helps. --Mal 19:45, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

I had another look at my example, and I should have noted that the "cruth" part should be pronounced with a roo, as in crew - as opposed to a ruh sound as with rough. --Mal 01:03, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the article on the name of the asteroid 3753 Cruithne it's pronounced (English krew-een'-yə; Modern Irish ['krɪnʲə] krin'-nyə). Never having heard the word I can't comment either way~ Brother William 15:49, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

OK, after a short bit of research I've stumbled upon a pronounciation that rings a bell with me. The pronounciation could be "creen-ya" and apparently this later manifested itself as the pejorative word "creenie" in the Scots language. --Mal 01:00, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

I think that the perjoration was brought into Scotland to differentiate between Romanies and our own travellers and tinkers. What nobody seems to mention is the present day spread of the surname Walsh/Welch (modern Irish English Brannagh ie Briton) in Ireland. Surely descendants of the Cruithne/ Priteni, who if one goes by the traditions, are one and the same as Picts: the famous Penn/Ceann linguistic difference very obvious.Brendandh 22:19, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * What's your point about the Walsh surname? I always understood it was a Cambro-Norman import.--Shtove 21:55, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I've been researching the Cruithin for over 10 years. Although I had read the term from time to time in books mainly on the Celts: in 1996 I saw a multi-cultural project on display at the public library in Derry, N. Ireland in which living people identify themselves with the Cruithin. I later did research at the National Library in Dublin on the Cruithin and read the bood by Iain Adamson which is an amatuer effort worthy of consideration. Oddly there is resistance towards the Cruithin although they have been written of since serious studies of the Celts have been made. Skene collected most of the material in Gaelic and Latin and Greek which concern us nearly a 150 years ago. He uses the term. So do such diverse authors as the Chadwicks, the Lang's and P.B.Ellis as well as dozens of others. Why do some want to call them mythical? I'd love to read the myths, where are they? The Red Hand may qualify although I have yet to see a well written account of it.

Although the term Pict is widely used it is certainly not the end of the story. The history of the Western Islands is rather complex and dynamic. More needs to be recovered regarding the various cultures which co-existed for thousands of years together. I understand myself to be related to Celts and Cruithin. I personally am offended by the Cruithin being called "semi-mythical" how many references do a people make? Roger Anderson Hull

PS I think the term is related to the ancient trade language of Koine Greek and relates to the use of Barley,(Krithinou. This seems to be a cognate of Scotch as well perhaps. In other words, the Cruithin grew, malted and brewed beer earlier than much of the West. This is my personal speculation but I have discoused it with some authorities, especially those interestes in the Celts and the history of beer making. I think the Cruithin were also likely early converts to Christianity and were practiceing the common habit of people of writting themselves into the Bible. Please write,Cruthi@juno.com also I have a paper on Beer, the Celts and Cruithin that I am willing to E-mail.

 * As a native Irish speaker, I can tell you that Cruithne is pronounced /krihnə/ or /krihənə/. An Muimhneach Machnamhach 11:46, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Laois
The county was formerly known as Queen's County, but up till it's countification (?) in the 1550's the territory went by the anglicised name Leix (under the rule of the O'Moores, I think). Laois is hardly a revival of the name - the territory has always been known as such. Same applies to Breffni, the Owls, the Brenny, the Ards etc.--Shtove 17:00, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Merging
There seems to be no reason to merge this article with Picts. The Jackson quotation ("... were not Picts, had no connection with the Picts ...") is repeated approvingly by Ó Cróinín in Early Medieval Ireland at pp. 48–49. Marjorie Anderson, Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland, at p. 130, says that there were no Irish Picts until Conall Mageoghagan made a hash of translating the so-called Annals of Clonmacnoise. Angus McLellan (Talk) 12:00, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

I merged it because it was stubby. If there are objections, I'll leave a merge note up for further discussion, no hurry. If we can compile a discussion of the Cruithne as independent of the Picts, I have no objection to a standalone article. dab (𒁳) 12:14, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It's around 200 words. It would be much longer if we added something on "Cruthinian identity in modern Northern Ireland". Longer again if someone can find a discussion of the meaning of "Cruthin" in made-up Irish genealogies. And while we're here, I'd rename this either Cruthin or Cruithni because parentheses are ugly and cruithne appears to be wrong. Angus McLellan (Talk) 12:30, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

ok, let's do it then. I agree this can well remain a standalone article if expanded along these lines. Discussion of the name at Picts is still warranted, with a link to this article. dab (𒁳) 13:37, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I oppose merging. Significant changes would have to be made to the Picts article and it's not even clear what, if any, relationship there is between Picts and Cruithni.

☸ Moilleadóir ☎ 00:35, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It's been a month now and the proposal has had no support so I'm going to remove the merger tag.

3753 Cruithne
Am I the only one who came here looking for 3753 Cruithne, a.k.a. "Earth's second moon"? If not, it might be worth linking to it, disambiguifying, putting in a reference at the top, or whatever it is that the more wiki-versed among us tend to do. Cheers! Audionaut (talk) 09:00, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Ah. There is a link, I see. Sorry... Audionaut (talk) 09:02, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

King List of the Picts
The Pictish Chronicle has as the first King of the Picts as the eponymous "Cruidne filius Cinge, pater Pictorum habitantium in hac insula. C annis regnavit". This is entirely cognate with the eponymous founder of Gaeldom, Goídel Glas. The seven sons of Cruidne son of Cinge, also give their names to the ancient divisions of Alba (taken from the article on the Picts):
 * Cait, situated in modern Caithness and Sutherland
 * Ce, situated in modern Mar and Buchan
 * Circinn, perhaps situated in modern Angus and the Mearns
 * Fib, the modern Fife, known to this day as 'the Kingdom of Fife'
 * Fidach, location unknown
 * Fotla, modern Atholl (Ath-Fotla)
 * Fortriu, cognate with the Verturiones of the Romans; recently shown to be centered around Moray

There certainly should be more on this, in this article, than Ó Cróinín and Jackson's dismissal of the notion that the historic Cruthin were not in some way connected with the Picts. Brendandh (talk) 11:16, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

county Londonderry v. Derry
There seems to be disagreement over the use of county Derry or county LondonDerry. Which is correct, and why? Thanks Jim1138 (talk) 02:06, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

 * See DERRY. The policy is to use Derry for the city and Londonderry for the county. --Nicknack009 (talk) 08:00, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Derry is correct. Londonderry is the name given to it by the government of the gerrymandered British "state" which continues to occupy the north of Ireland. --SnorlaxMyther (talk 01:23, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * How is Derry correct for something, by your own admission, the British government created? Canterbury Tail   talk  03:08, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Because the British presence in Ireland is illegal as the state of "Northern Ireland" was created without the consent of the majority of the (at the time) 32 county state. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SnorlaxMyther (talk • contribs) 15:47, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Re the supposed "middle road" proposed by Brendandh - WP:DERRY is already a compromise, and one that's clear and works pretty well, so please don't undermine it. --Nicknack009 (talk) 10:15, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Cruthin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081121135501/http://www.lisburn.com/books/historical_society/volume8/volume8_3.html to http://www.lisburn.com/books/historical_society/volume8/volume8_3.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:21, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

Not trying to come off as agonistic here, but Alex Wolfs theory is really daft and why not included other theories on this page alongside wolfs?
I'm by no means an expert when it comes to this subject so feel free to correct me here, but from what I gathered skimming wolfs theory a while back his reasoning and evidence for connecting the kingdom of Dál Riata to the Cruthin and in-turn being descendant from the Epidi is really wafer thin and he makes countless leaps of supposition. I'm paraphrasing here, but from what I gather his theory can be reduced down into two basic points. The first is that the Dal raitans had a famous horse god as their deity and Epidii means horse, so therefore the Dal raitans were descended from the Epidii. This evidence is absolutely tissue paper thin and silly even at face value. Horse Deities in ancient Ireland where incredibly ubiquitous so to suggest there is a connection based on that is very unlikely. The second piece of evidence he puts forward is the idea that dal riatia was part of the same country as the chruthin this is to say that dal raita was part of the Cruthin, but this assumption is based on the idea that dal raita bordered in chruthin territory so it must have been part of the same country right? This assumption completely ignores the fact that in ancient Ireland kingdoms would often trade commerce and goods by boat and that links between a country where quite often created by sea routes as much as land especially in places that hug the Irish sea. It's no coincidence then that the most common surname in Ireland is Murphy/ó Murchadha meaning sea warrior, so Dal Raita bordering a cruthin kingdom doesn't mean it was part of the cruthin. There are many historical examples of other countries bordering another country on both sides. Finally the dal raita genealogy is very clear that the dal riatians ancestors where the Iverni and Darini, which are not cruthin. To simply wave away the importance of their genealogy with little regard because you have a suspicion that you think it was motivated by political means is very foolish and frankly disrespectful. As if to say I know more about these peoples history than they do You can't just ignore such an important genealogy and claim it's just a total fabrication so you can make your theory fit, if we are going to ignore Irish genealogies completely than what else do we have?

Anyway, I'm wondering why Alex-wolf is giving a whole section and other theories on the cruthin are not, especially when alot of those theories are actually more plausible.

title: Talk:Cruthin


text:
Paul Carpenter

Paul Carpenter may refer to:
 * Paul Carpenter (actor) (1921–1964), Canadian actor and singer
 * Paul Carpenter (baseball) (1894–1968), minor league baseball player
 * Paul B. Carpenter (1928–2002), American politician

title: Paul Carpenter


text:
A World Apart (film)

A World Apart is a 1988 anti-apartheid drama film directed by Chris Menges, and starring Barbara Hershey, David Suchet, Jeroen Krabbé, Paul Freeman, Tim Roth and Jodhi May. Written by Shawn Slovo, it is based on the lives of Slovo's parents, Ruth First and Joe Slovo. The film was a co-production between companies from the UK and Zimbabwe, where it was filmed. It features Hans Zimmer's first non-collaborative film score. The movie was filmed on location in northeastern Zimbabwe.

The film received acclaim, winning BAFTA Awards for Best Screenplay for Shawn Slovo and Best Supporting Actor for David Suchet, as well as the Special Grand Prize of the Jury at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
Set in Johannesburg in 1963, the film examines the abrupt ending of 13-year-old Molly's blithe childhood when her father, a member of the South African Communist Party, flees into exile. Ostracised by her peers, Molly draws closer to her mother who is part of the campaign against apartheid. Their relationship is challenged by hardship, political intimidation, and the mother's eventual arrest.

The film title references both the gap between the mother and her teenage girl, who fails to grasp why their family is so fixated with events beyond their comfortable white suburb, and another separating this world from that of South Africa's poverty-stricken black townships.

Essentially, the film is a tribute to Ruth First by her daughter and concludes in a moment of epiphany as Molly comes to terms with her mother's activism and understands that she too must play a part in the struggle against racial injustice.

Reception
The film opened at Cinema 1 in New York City on 17 June 1988.

A World Apart has an overall approval rating of 91% on Rotten Tomatoes from 11 critics.

The film was placed on 40 critics' top ten lists, making it one of the most acclaimed films of 1988.

Box office
The film grossed $20,815 in its opening weekend in New York and $35,835 (£21,200) for the week. Two months later it opened at the Curzon West End in London and sold out for the week, with a gross of £43,167. It went on to gross $8 million worldwide, including $2,326,800 in the United States and Canada and £800,000 at the UK box office.

title: A World Apart (film)


text:
Talk:Love triangle

Examples - need editing ?
I'm guessing the Homer/Marge/Moe thing is only one episode of the Simpsons? While I certainly don't object to using TV plotlines as examples, especially something as culturally relevant as the Simpsons, examples should probably be based on more than a single episode. Maybe Robin Hood/Maid Marian/Nottingham would be more appropriate to show this kind of hatred-based love triangle? Also, trying to keep a comprehensive list of love triangles is not the way we should go - that would not add any additional information, and would soon make this one of the longest articles in Wikipedia. Do we even need or want an additional examples section? PaulSSC 20:19, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Four examples from Yu-Gi-Oh! alone tell me that people are already using this page to post up links to their pet favorite works of fiction. Nipping this in the bud now would be a good idea. Perhaps we could pare the list down so that each type of love triangle has one or two examples. For example, "two enemies vying for the same person" is one type, as is "two friends vying for the same person". I'm sure there's better terminology to use, but you get the idea. We could no doubt come up with others. —BrianSmithson 18:16, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

On merging
I've noticed that there's been a request to merge the love rectangle article with this one. I think this merge would be justified because the term "love triangle" is much more common than "love rectangle," and that the latter term is basically a variant of the former; we could put it under a Variations section in this article, especially since the love rectangle article is so short. What do you think? Breed Zona 22:30, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I've done the merge. What does anybody else think about this (not that many people will even be interested...)? Breed Zona 06:16, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Support both merge of article and move to wiktionary.CholgatalK! 06:13, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

About the Additional Examples section
It appears that the Examples section has gotten way out of hand. I'm seriously considering just deleting the whole mess and adding prominent examples here and there in the article. We do not need that many examples of a love triangle, I believe. Feel free to argue with me about this if you believe I'm wrong. I'll be happy to listen.  Breed   Zona  01:10, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Done the delete.  Breed   Zona  01:20, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

No.
"While it can refer to two people independently romantically linked with a third, it usually implies that each of the three people has some kind of relationship to the other two."

This is not true. It generally refers to a situation where Person A is interested in Person B, but Person B is only interested in Person C. Person A and Person C do not necessarily have any kind of relationship. 98.222.156.76 (talk) 23:47, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

The Love Triangles/Rectangle/Hexagon problem
I have a question that I just have to ask about. Lets say if person J is interested in person A but their friend person C has feelings for person A as well but person J thinks that both persons A and C are having an affair with each other Vice Versa person A thinking that person J is cheating with their other friend person M who currently is in a relationship with another person person T and both A and C state that their just friends but person C secretly is in love with person A and A feels the same way about person C but person C still has feelings for the previous relationship before person A came along another person name T and what if persons M and J are secretly in love with each other but don`t want to admit it and everyone else thinks that their all cheating on each other. How do you think the six people should solve this love conflicting problem ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.80.106.105 (talk) 13:32, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * everyone should give up, go home and masturbate —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.194.190.179 (talk) 23:51, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * There's only 5 people : A, C, J, M, T. This can't be a love hexagon, but ultimately, A+C and J+M should pair off, and T should go home. Alec250 (talk) 15:45, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

italics?
--Splashen (talk) 04:00, 6 May 2016 (UTC) In the first paragraph of the "History and definitions" section, the latter half of the paragraph is in italics. I looked at the Wikipedia manual of style (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(text_formatting)#Italic_face) and couldn't find a reason. I don't want to change it since there might still be a reason I'm unaware of. So, ummmm... why's it in italics? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.198.232.115 (talk) 04:54, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Equiangular?
The claim "For additional terms, the word "love" can be prefixed to other equiangular polygons" seems bizarre, as the defining data is combinatorial rather than metric. The given examples make no reference to equiangular figures, and no citation is given. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.114.72 (talk) 03:36, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

In entertainment/Bloomsbury
Can't see if this subsection follows the idea of the entire section. Needs to be improved with other historically significant triangles or entirely removed I guess. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.80.211.120 (talk) 12:29, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
The article mentions that Romeo and Juliet featured a love triangle of Romeo, Juliet, and Paris. Yes, but, there was also a love triangle between Romeo, Juliet, and Rosalyn, as Romeo was originally in love with Rosalyn, before meeting Juliette.--Splashen (talk) 04:00, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Love triangle. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080515053238/http://www.lovecoachblog.com/lovetrianglesurvival/ to http://www.lovecoachblog.com/lovetrianglesurvival/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:28, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Love triangle


text:
Ted Irvine

Edward Amos Irvine (born December 8, 1944) is a Canadian former professional hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League from 1964 to 1977.

Career
Irvine was a left winger. He amassed a total of 331 points in 774 games played over a 15-year professional career. In his NHL career, Irvine played for the Boston Bruins, Los Angeles Kings, New York Rangers, and St. Louis Blues between 1964 and 1977. His jersey number was 27.

Irvine appeared on an episode of the professional wrestling television show AEW Dynamite, on November 27, 2019. He was revealed as a surprise guest for his son, professional wrestler Chris Jericho, to celebrate Thanksgiving. During the appearance, Irvine learned that they were in Chicago, and went on to taunt the crowd by mentioning the number of times the New York Rangers defeated the Chicago Blackhawks.

Personal life
Irvine is of Scottish ancestry. He is married to Bonnie Davis. He is the father of professional wrestler and musician Chris Irvine, better known by his ring name Chris Jericho, and also has a daughter, Vanessa Gerads, a music teacher.

Awards and achievements

 * MJHL Co-Goal Scoring Leader (1963)
 * MJHL First All-Star Team (1964)
 * CPHL Championships (1966 and 1967)
 * Honoured Member of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
 * In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Irvine at No. 74 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.

title: Ted Irvine


text:
User talk:SpongeBobDude

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Friday (talk) 20:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Test
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Friday (talk) 20:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. - Lucky 6.9 21:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

I am sorry for doing all this, It is just that I think that these features are so cool! I'm trying to see what is acceptable that I can bring you. I am very sorry. - SpongeBobDude

Your edits on Krabs vs. Plankton
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Krabs vs. Plankton, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. For more information about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, take a look at our Five Pillars. Happy editing! --JoanneB 13:56, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, I now see that you have been adding lots of information to a lot of the SpongeBob articles. I'm pretty sure that that information is all copyright. But also, Wikipedia is not the place for complete transcripts of shows... --JoanneB 14:11, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I was too quick with my previous remark. The other information you added consisted mostly of other information than transcripts. --JoanneB 14:52, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * For all of your images, please provide copyright information using copyright tags. If you have questions, ask me on my talk page.  You can see a list of all the images you've uploaded here.  Also, please use more descriptive names for your images. Superm401 | Talk 00:31, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I tagged several images that you had downloaded by now. is the right tag for SpongeBob screenshots, if screenshots are essential for the article and not just decorations. Then it isn't fair use any more.

 * Another question: is Image:1 1.jpg going to be used somewhere. It currently seems that it isn't in use, so someone could delete it in the future. -Hapsiainen 12:46, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Copyright of Image:Frieza8.jpg
Hi there, thanks for uploading Image:Frieza8.jpg. I noticed that there is some required information missing from the image description. The Wikimedia Foundation has to be very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law. We need you to specify two things on the image description page:
 * who created the image
 * the copyright status

If you created the image: If you haven't already, please add a note in the description of the image saying that you created it. Next you need to choose a copyright license so that people on Wikipedia know what they can and cannot do with your image. There are only a few tags that apply to images you created yourself. Once you have decided which one you wish to use, simply copy the tag exactly as shown into the image description. Please note that you MUST allow people to freely use and copy your image (you may apply some conditions to that), else it may not be used on Wikipedia.

If you didn't create the image: If you haven't already, please provide a URL to the site it came from (or the name of the source if it didn't come from a website) and the name of the person or organisation that owns the copyright. You next need to add a copyright tag so that other users know how the image may be used. Please browse the list of image copyright tags and determine which applies to the image. If, after browsing this page, you are unsure of the tag to add, please add a Don't know tag to the image description and someone will help you choose the correct tag.

Please note that if you do not choose a copyright tag for the image within seven days, it will be deleted. Please could you ensure that any other images you have uploaded also have the above information in the description - you can see a list of the images you've uploaded by clicking on My Contributions and selecting Image from the drop-down box. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask on my talk page. Thanks! --David Johnson [ T|C ] 01:47, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

http://100megsfree4.com/abcsofdbz/gallery/frieza8.jpg

Image copyright problem with Image:Gogeta.jpg.w300h435.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Gogeta.jpg.w300h435.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me or ask for help at Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. Thank you. -- Carnildo 13:08, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Go ahead, delete it. I tried to use it but it was a failure. I'm just upset about the fact that you hardly change pictures, they are starting to bore me! But, anyway, I did give it one copyright! I chose one of them, but it probably wasn't the right one. Or, maybe I forgot about it.

Image tagging for Image:Dbz3_golden_oozaru_1big.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Dbz3_golden_oozaru_1big.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 09:02, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:1 1.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:1 1.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Aksibot 15:34, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:SpongeBobDude


text:
Al pastor

Al pastor (from Spanish, "herdsman style"), tacos al pastor, or tacos de trompo is a preparation of spit-grilled slices of pork originating in the Central Mexican region of Puebla and Mexico City, although today it is a common menu item found in taquerías throughout Mexico but most prominently is from these two parts of the country, where it is largely found. The method of preparing and cooking al pastor is based on the lamb shawarma brought by Lebanese immigrants to the region. Al pastor features a flavor palate that uses traditional Mexican adobada (marinade). It is a popular street food that has spread to the United States. In some places of northern Mexico and coastal Mexico, such as in Baja California, taco al pastor is known as taco de trompo or taco de adobada.

A variety of the dish uses a combination of Middle Eastern spices and indigenous central Mexican ingredients and is called tacos árabes.

Name
The name “al pastor”, which literally translates to as “herdsman”, “cowherd” or “shepherd” style, comes from «Asado al Pastor», which can be translated as “spit roast” or “spit barbecue” over an open fire. The Asado al Pastor, also known as “asado del pastor”, “carbonada” and “asado a la estaca”, was one of the styles for roasting or “barbecuing” meats in the Mexican countryside, the other one being barbacoa. Whole animals, commonly veal, bull, cow, or mutton, or pieces of meat, were skewered with a “spit” or “estaca” (stake) and place over an open fire to be roasted.

In the Mexican cookbook -Diccionario de Cocina o El Nuevo Cocinero Mexicano en Forma de Diccionario (1845)— Manuel Galvan Rivera explains that there are different classes or types of asados (roasts or barbecues) in Mexican cuisine:

"“ASADO: There are different types of asados: over fire or del pastor; on a gridiron or over a grill; in an oven or fried with lard, butter or oil.”"

Galvan Rivera also explains that “carbonada” (which can be translated as “over coal”) was another name for an “Asado del Pastor”:

"“CARBONADA: this name is given to lean slices of bull, pork, cow, etc., roasted after being cooked or raw, over embers or on the grill. Meats roasted like this are also often called asado del pastor.”"

The asado al pastor was widely prepared in Mexico at countryside festivities, such as rodeos (cattle roundups), herraderos (cattle branding celebrations), jaripeos and bull-fights, patron saint festivities of the hacienda, or family picnics. 19th century Mexican writer Domingo Revilla wrote in 1844 and 1845, respectively, that the “banquet” at the herraderos was reduced to asados al pastor and barbacoa of whole calves (veal), bull or mutton, and explained that asados al pastor were more common in Tierra Adentro or the Bajío region, western Mexico, and beyond, while barbacoa was more common in the Mezquital and Apan valleys and surrounding areas in central Mexico.

History
During the 19th century, variations of a vertically grilled meat dish doner, now known by several names, started to spread throughout the Ottoman Empire. Levantine version of doner called shawarma (deriving from the Turkish word "çevirme", to turn), was brought to Mexico in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by a wave of Lebanese immigrants, mainly Christians such as the Maronites who have no religious dietary restrictions on eating pork.

In the 1920s in the state of Puebla, lamb meat was replaced by pork. Mexican-born progeny of Lebanese immigrants began opening their various restaurants. Later, in Mexico City, they began to marinate with adobo, and using corn tortillas, which resulted in the al pastor taco. It is unknown when they began to be prepared as we know it today, however, some agree that it was in the 1960s when they became popular.

Preparation
Pork is marinated in a combination of dried chilies, spices, pineapple, and typically achiote paste, then slowly cooked with charcoal or gas flame on a vertical rotisserie called a trompo (lit. 'spinning top'), the meat is shaved off as the outside is browned, and made into tacos. Guajillo chile, garlic, cumin, clove, bay leaf, and vinegar are common ingredients, with cinnamon, dried Mexican oregano, coriander, and black peppercorns found in many variants. Meat is thinly sliced off the spit with a large knife into a small corn tortilla and served with finely chopped onions, cilantro, and diced pineapple. A wedge of lemon or lime and a salsa are optional condiments. This meat is also a common ingredient in gringas, alambres, huaraches, tortas, burritos, and pizza.

Varieties

In some places of northern Mexico, such as Nuevo León, Durango and Chihuahua, these are usually called tacos de trompo if served on corn tortillas, and gringas if they are served with cheese on flour tortillas.

A similar dish is called tacos árabes (lit. 'Arabic tacos'), which originated in Puebla in the 1930s from Arab-Mexican cuisine. Tacos árabes use shawarma-style meat carved from a spit, but are served in a pita-style bread called pan árabe (lit. 'Arabic bread'). These tacos have been brought by Mexican immigrants to the United States in the past few years and have become popular in cities such as Chicago and Los Angeles, two of the largest Mexican/Mexican-American population centers in the United States.

A chicken version marinated in the al pastor style was brought back to the Middle East in the early 2000s, and sold as "shawarma mexici". It is typically served in the Middle Eastern style, wrapped with garlic mayonnaise, dill pickle, and french fries in a thin flatbread.

title: Al pastor


text:
Caleb Atwater

Caleb Atwater (December 1778 – March 13, 1867) was an American politician, historian, and early archaeologist in the state of Ohio. He served several terms as a state politician and was appointed as United States postmaster of Circleville, Ohio. He was known best during the 19th century for his publication History of the State of Ohio (1838), the first book-length history of the new state. It also included much natural lore.

Atwater was recognized by contemporaries as a pioneer of the study of the mounds or massive earthworks in the Ohio Valley; he published an account during 1820. These are now known to have been constructed by ancient Native Americans of the United States. At the time, Atwater and other scholars developed various theories of origin; he thought a culture other than ancestors of Native Americans created such monuments. He helped publicize a theory by John D. Clifford, an amateur of Lexington, Kentucky, who suggested that people related to Hindus of India had migrated by sea and built the mounds, to be replaced by ancestors of contemporary Native Americans.

Early years
Caleb Atwater was born in North Adams, Massachusetts during 1778 during the American Revolutionary War. He was the son of a carpenter and his wife, and educated at local schools. He graduated from Williams College in 1804. After failing as a schoolmaster in New York City, he studied theology and became a Presbyterian minister. His first wife Diana Lawrence died after the birth of their first child.

Dissatisfied with the ministry, the widower Atwater studied law, studying and working with a judge in Marcellus, New York. He was admitted to the state bar. Instead of practicing, he entered into business and soon became bankrupt.

As a result of this failure, during 1815 he moved with his new wife (Belinda Butler) to Circleville in Ohio, founded during 1810. They had nine children together.

Career
Atwater practiced law for six years, and gained an assured income when appointed as United States postmaster of the town. He was elected to the state legislature during 1821. Circleville was developed at a site of circular earthworks built by the ancient Hopewell culture. Initially, it was planned with streets of concentric circles to fit into the remains of the monument. The county courthouse was erected in the center circle. During the late 1830s, people decided they wanted an ordinary town with a grid pattern, and the remnants of the circular works were destroyed.

Elected to the state’s house of representatives during 1821, Atwater endorsed internal improvements, including legislation that authorized the Ohio and Erie Canal. It was intended to improve the waterways for connection to the Erie Canal in New York State and thereby to the major market of New York City. Atwater promoted tax-funded public schools, equal education for boys and girls, and better teachers’ pay. After several terms, he was not re-elected during 1828.

An enthusiastic Jacksonian Democrat, Atwater was appointed by President Andrew Jackson during 1829 as one of three federal commissioners to negotiate the Third Treaty of Prairie du Chien with the Ho-Chunk in Wisconsin. His journey to the western frontier stimulated his interest in Native American issues and history, and he began to study them.

Atwater wrote and published books after this period. His journey to Wisconsin and meeting with Native Americans stimulated him to write about his experiences in the west: Remarks Made on a Tour to Prairie du Chien (1831), which includes an interview with the noted Sauk leader Quashquame.

A decade later he wrote An Essay on Education (1841), which contained his most mature thoughts on the subject.

During the nineteenth century, Atwater was known best for his publication History of the State of Ohio (1838), the first book-length history of the new state. Both Atwater's Tour to Prairie du Chien and his History contained much natural history lore as well as civil history. He also contributed articles on this topic to the American Journal of Science.

Archaeological career
Atwater is known as one of the first researchers to undertake a serious study of the prehistoric Adena and Hopewell culture earthworks, and their associated artisan artifacts found throughout the Ohio Valley. He was fascinated by the ancient circular works found in Circleville, and studied others in the area. The Hopewell culture is now known to have flourished from BCE200 to CE500.

During 1820 Atwater published Description of the Antiquities Discovered in the State of Ohio and Other Western States, a 160-page report in the first volume of the Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society. This account, considered the first scientific treatment of the monuments, is illustrated with woodcuts of artifacts and with engraved maps of prehistoric sites. Included is one of Circleville (Plate v), where some earthworks had been plowed under, but the city's plan had been made to conform to Hopewell circles. This circular plan was later changed during the late 1830s, and all traces of the Hopewell works were destroyed.

Although the maps were stylized and likely not too accurate, they preserve all that is known today of some other prehistoric sites since destroyed by development. Atwater’s acquaintances contributed some of the maps and their descriptions in this book.

Additionally, Atwater speculated about who had built the elaborate, complex earthworks and what had happened to them. Contemporary Indians in the area did not have direct knowledge of the mounds’ origins. Americans tended to consider the Indian societies as primitive and did not believe the builders of the mounds could have been part of the same culture.

Atwater had learned that John D. Clifford, a Lexington, Kentucky merchant, and his naturalist friend C.S. Rafinesque, a polymath and professor at Transylvania University, were also working on these topics. Clifford found documentation in the university library and town archives from which he built a theory about builders of the earthworks. Rafinesque identified, measured and mapped many of these sites in the Ohio Valley and developed his own theories; his manuscripts contained identification of 148 sites in Kentucky, all of which were later featured in E. G. Squier and Davis in their 1848 work on the monuments.

Clifford published "Indian Antiquities,” eight long letters in Lexington’s short-lived Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine (1819-1820), with material from Rafinesque. He proposed a theory, circulated more widely by Atwater, that the mounds were the work of ancient people related to the Hindus of India, who had reached North America by sea. He proposed that they had built the mounds and an elaborate culture but were driven south into Mexico by the more warlike Indians who followed them (and who became known to Europeans). He died soon after publishing this material.

Rafinesque had contributed to Clifford's letters, adding that the warring Indians were ancestors to such contemporary tribes as the Lenape. He theorized that the later Indian ancestors had crossed to North America over the frozen Bering Strait from Asia.

During 1819 Atwater published a memoir of his archaeological career to date in the journal Archaeologia Americana.

Controversy
When a tepid and anonymous review of Atwater's 1820 work in the American Antiquarian Society’s Transactions appeared in the magazine Western Review, Atwater guessed correctly that Rafinesque was its author. He was angered by what he thought was unjustified criticism, and the two exchanged statements. Atwater’s adaptation of the Clifford thesis was promulgated in Europe when Vicomte François René de Chateaubriand appended a translation of Atwater’s report to his Voyage en Amérique et en Italie (1828).

title: Caleb Atwater


text:
Chautauqua County/Jamestown Airport

Chautauqua County/Jamestown Airport at Robert H. Jackson Field is a county-owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) north of the central business district of Jamestown, in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. It is mostly used for general aviation.

As per the Federal Aviation Administration, this airport had 4,415 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 3,560 in 2009, and 3,679 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a non-primary commercial service airport.

Until 2018, the airport was subsidized by the Essential Air Service to provide passenger air service. The EAS funding was terminated in January 2018, as not enough passengers were utilizing the airport.

Facilities and aircraft
Chautauqua County/Jamestown Airport covers an area of 788 acres (319 ha) at an elevation of 1,723 feet (525 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with asphalt surfaces: 7/25 is 5,299 by 100 feet (1,615 x 30 m) and 13/31 is 4,500 by 100 feet (1,372 x 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2009, the airport had 16,394 aircraft operations, an average of 44 per day: 84% general aviation, 16% scheduled commercial, and <1% military. At that time there were 25 aircraft based at this airport: 76% single-engine, 20% multi-engine, and 4% helicopter.

Airlines and destinations
After the suspension of the EAS funding, Southern Airways Express, the lone operator at the airport, withdrew its service, leaving the airport without any permanent airline tenants. Boutique Air has requested to restore service to the airport but is insisting on EAS funding to do so. The Federal Aviation Administration rejected any restoration of EAS funding to the airport in February 2019, reiterating its previous stance in withdrawing the funds.

Ground transportation
The airport is served by New York State Route 60 and the Southern Tier Expressway.

Various taxis have access to and from the airport. The Hertz Corporation has a car rental counter.

Shops and restaurants
The airport currently has no permanent shops. The Tarmac Cafe, which previously provided meal services, closed in 2016.

Other sources

 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-2003-14950) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Order 2006-3-17 (March 24, 2006): selecting RegionsAir to provide essential air service (EAS) with 30-passenger Saab 340 aircraft at Bradford, Pennsylvania, and Jamestown, New York, for two years. Service will be three round trips a day to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, and the annual subsidy rate will be set at $1,649,913.
 * Order 2006-9-20 (September 21, 2006): tentatively vacating Order 2006-3-17 that selected Regions Air, Inc., to provide essential air service at Bradford, Pennsylvania, and Jamestown, New York, for two years. In addition, the Department is tentatively selecting Colgan Air, Inc., d/b/a US Airways Express to provide essential air service at both communities under its Pittsburgh option, i.e., three round trips each weekday and weekend to Pittsburgh at an annual subsidy rate of $2,434,827.
 * Order 2006-10-3 (October 4, 2006): finalizes Order 2006-9-20, which tentatively vacated our earlier selection of RegionsAir, Inc. to provide EAS at Bradford and Jamestown, and instead selects Colgan Air, Inc. d/b/a US Airways Express to provide EAS at both communities from October 1, 2006, through September 30, 2008, at an annual subsidy rate of $2,434,827. The subsidy rate is based on service to Pittsburgh, although Colgan has stated it is evaluating serving Washington Dulles International Airport instead of Pittsburgh, the service originally supported by both communities, at the same subsidy rate.
 * Order 2008-6-37 (June 30, 2008): selecting Gulfstream International Airlines, Inc. to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) at Bradford, Pennsylvania, and Jamestown, New York, at a total annual subsidy of $2,701,865, for the two-year period from October 1, 2008, through September 30, 2010. However, if Gulfstream does not inaugurate full EAS by October 1, 2008, the selection defaults to Colgan Air, Inc. d/b/a United Express for the same two-period, for a total annual subsidy of $3,826,587.
 * Order 2010-9-12 (September 9, 2010): re-selecting Gulfstream International Airlines to provide essential air service (EAS) at Bradford, DuBois, and Oil City/Franklin, Pennsylvania, and Jamestown, New York, for a combined annual subsidy of $5,870,657 ($1,639,254 for Jamestown), from October 1, 2010, through September 30, 2012.
 * Order 2012-9-23 (September 27, 2012): selecting Silver Airways to provide Essential Air Service (EAS) at Bradford, DuBois, Franklin/Oil City, Pennsylvania, Jamestown, New York, and Parkersburg, West Virginia/Marietta, Ohio, for a combined annual subsidy of $10,348,117 ($1,940,272 for Bradford; $2,587,029 for DuBois, $1,293,515 for Franklin, $1,940,272 for Jamestown, and $2,587,029 for Parkersburg), from October 1, 2012, through September 30, 2014.
 * Notice of Intent (February 14, 2014): of Silver Airways Corp. to discontinue scheduled air service between Cleveland, Ohio (CLE) and: Jamestown, New York (JHW), Bradford, Pennsylvania (BFD), DuBois, Pennsylvania (DUJ), Franklin/Oil City, Pennsylvania (FKL), and Parkersburg, West Virginia/Marietta, Ohio (PKB).

title: Chautauqua County/Jamestown Airport


text:
The Halloween Tree

The Halloween Tree is a 1972 fantasy novel by American author Ray Bradbury, which traces the history of Samhain and Halloween. The novel was adapted as a 1993 film, and an annual Halloween Tree has been exhibited at Disneyland in California since 2007.

Plot summary
A group of eight boys set out to go trick-or-treating on Halloween, only to discover that a ninth friend, Pipkin, has been whisked away on a journey that could determine whether he lives or dies. Through the help of a mysterious character named Carapace Clavicle Moundshroud, they pursue their friend across time and space through Ancient Egyptian, Ancient Greek, and Ancient Roman cultures, Celtic Druidism, the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Medieval Paris, and The Day of the Dead in Mexico. Along the way, they learn the origins of the holiday that they celebrate, and the role that the fear of death, ghosts, and the haunts has played in shaping civilization. The Halloween Tree itself, with its many branches laden with jack-o'-lanterns, serves as a metaphor for the historical confluence of these traditions.

Background
The novel originated in 1967 as the screenplay for an unproduced collaboration with animator Chuck Jones. Bradbury later wrote and narrated Hanna-Barbera's 1993 feature-length animated version of the novel for television, for which he won an Emmy Award. A longer 2005 limited-edition "author's preferred text" of the novel was compiled and edited by Donn Albright. This edition also included both the 1967 and 1992 screenplays.

Bradbury dedicated The Halloween Tree to Man'ha Garreau-Dombasle (1898–1999), a French writer and translator who was the maternal grandmother of the actress and singer Arielle Dombasle and the wife of Maurice Garreau-Dombasle, a French ambassador to Mexico.

Illustrations
The Halloween Tree is illustrated by Joe Mugnaini, one of Bradbury's many collaborators over the years. Mugnaini illustrated many novels with Bradbury, and Bradbury owned many examples of Mugnaini's artwork.

Adaptations

 * Bradbury wrote the script for the 1993 film The Halloween Tree based upon the book. The script won the 1994 Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program.
 * A film adaptation of the book is in development at Warner Bros. with Will Dunn screenwriting and Charlie Morrison overseeing the project.

Disneyland
On October 31, 2007, Bradbury attended the presentation of a Halloween Tree at Disneyland in California, to be included as part of its annual park-wide Halloween decorations every year.

title: The Halloween Tree


text:
Talk:Dirac comb

Shah function
This is the same as the so-called Shah function, right? -- Pgabolde 20:23, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

I think so - I don't know if

 * $$\sum \delta(t-nT) $$

is the Shah function or whether it needs T=1. Anyway, I created a redirect for Shah function to here. PAR 21:27, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, that's what I meant to do. -- Pgabolde 15:41, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

i changed the symbol for the Dirac comb...
... to ΔT(t) or $$ \Delta_T(t) \ $$ to differentiate it from the "nascent" impulse functions in the Dirac delta function article which have the same symbol with subscript as the former symbol for the Dirac comb. two qualitatively different functions, same symbol --- bad. r b-j 05:44, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * oh, and i forgot to mention that i looked up all of the articles linked to Dirac comb and fixed any reference there so we're consistent. r b-j 05:45, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Scaling property
Is the "scaling property" mentioned somewhere in the literature? I don't see the point of mentioning it here or how it can be of immediate used, even if it appears to be correct. In fact, they way it is presented now does not even mention the Dirac comb function explicitly. A more interesting scaling property is the following:

 * $$\Delta_{T}(t) = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta(t - k T) = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta(T[t/T - k]) = \frac{1}{|T|} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta(t/T - k) = \frac{1}{|T|} \Delta_{1}(t/T)$$

which means that any Dirac comb function $$\Delta_{T}$$ can be obtained by an appropriate scaling of the normalized Dirac comb function $$\Delta_{1}$$. This property is useful since it can simplify certain derivations, and we only need to remember the Fourier transform of $$\Delta_{1}$$ from which the Fourier transform of $$\Delta_{T}$$ easily can be derived. --KYN 21:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * knock yourself out. there is a mention of this scaling at Dirac_delta_function. r b-j 20:59, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Yes, I see it, but can you please tell me what information the "Scaling property" section of the article provides about the comb function? --KYN 21:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

The shah symbol
The article refers to Bracewell and he uses the shah-symbol $$III(t)$$ to denote the Dirac comb function. If Bracewell is the base reference, why not stick to that symbol and why not call it the shah function, instead of using $$\Delta$$ and mainly call it the Dirac comb function? In principle, it doesn't matter much to me which notation and names are used as long as they can be motivated. If we are going to use $$\Delta$$ and Dirac comb function, I would like to see a reference which establishes this notation and name. --KYN 21:00, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Bracewell isn't the only reference about the Dirac comb. Oppenheim and Schafer is an authorative reference and they call it s(t). your "shah" function is just three letters: "I" and what we should really get is the cyrillic symbol. r b-j 21:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

OK, I agree that the shah symbol may appear somewhat shaky through the pseudo-latex renderer, even though it may be possible to make the wiki-guys to implement a proper shah symbol. Why not stick to s(t) and add Oppenheim and Schafer to the reference list? Where does the $$\Delta$$ symbol comes from? --KYN 22:36, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The only way I've found to make the symbol is to use three upright 'I' letters:
 * $$\mathrm{III}_T(t)$$
 * However, the hinting causes these 'I's to have odd spacing. --Tweenk (talk) 01:36, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

I've replaced "III" with "\text{Ш}", which produces a slightly-smaller-size letter but otherwise works. cherkash (talk) 00:31, 26 February 2020 (UTC)

Fourier transform
Why $$\quad {1\over T}\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta \left( f - {k\over T} \right) \quad = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-i2\pi fnT}$$? Thank you. --Abdull 18:52, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Let x(t) be periodic, so that x(t) = x(t-T) for all t. Then the Fourier series for x(t) is

 * $$ x(t) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} c_n e^{i 2 \pi n f_0 t} \ $$

 * where

 * $$ f_0 \equiv \frac{1}{T} \ $$

 * and

 * $$ c_n = f_0 \int_{t_0}^{t_0 + T} x(t) e^{-i 2 \pi n f_0 t} dt \ $$

 * and where

 * $$ - \infty < t_0 < + \infty \ $$ can be anything.

 * Now set

 * $$ x(t) = \frac{1}{T} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta (t-kT) \ $$

 * and solve for cn. You'll find that all cn = 1 so that

 * $$ x(t) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} e^{i 2 \pi n f_0 t} \ $$.

 * Then ask yourself: What is the Fourier Transform of $$ e^{i 2 \pi n f_0 t} \ $$ ?

 * 207.190.198.135 20:05, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I found this very useful, but personally took me a little time to digest so want to clarify a little more.
 * First look at the function:
 * $$x(f) = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta (f - \frac{k}{T})$$
 * obviously it is a periodic function with period 1/T (as it is a sum of evenly spaced delta functions, each 1/T apart in f-space).  Next take the Fourier series of x(f) by the ansatz of the form:
 * $$ x(f) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} c_n e^{i 2 \pi n f T} $$
 * where the coefficients $$c_n$$ determined by the standard Fourier trick (of multiplying and then integrating orthogonal functions since $$\int_{f_0}^{f_0+1/T}e^{i 2\pi m f T} e^{-i 2\pi n f T} df = \frac{1}{T}\delta_{mn}$$) to get
 * $$ c_n = \frac{1}{T} \int_{f_0}^{f_0 + 1/T} x(t) e^{-i 2 \pi n f T} df$$ or
 * $$ c_n = \frac{1}{T} \int_{f_0}^{f_0 + 1/T} \left(\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta (f - \frac{k}{T})\right) e^{-i 2 \pi n f T} df $$
 * Remembering that $$e^{-i 2 \pi n f T}$$ is periodic over 1/T, we can choose a simple range with $$f_0=-1/2T$$, so the only value of $$k/T$$ that is in the range we are integrating (-1/2T,1/2T) over is with $$k=0$$, giving us $$c_n = \frac{1}{T}$$
 * Therefore we have shown that $$\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta (f - \frac{k}{T}) = \frac{1}{T} \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} e^{i 2 \pi n f T}$$ which is the desired eqn. 24.58.159.5 (talk) 07:44, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Since you have no problem with:

 * $$1 = \int_{-\frac{1}{2T}}^{\frac{1}{2T}} \delta (f) e^{-i 2 \pi n f T} df

= \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \delta (f) e^{-i 2 \pi n f T} df, $$

I assume you're OK with the transform pair:  $$1 \ \stackrel{\mathcal{F}}{\Longleftrightarrow}\ \delta(f).$$

Then just write out the Poisson summation formula (row 602, Relationship between functions and their Fourier Transforms):

 * $$\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} F\left(\nu + \frac{k}{T}\right) = T \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} f(nT)\ e^{-i 2\pi n T \nu}$$

explicitly for the case $$F(\nu) = \delta(\nu).\quad \quad \mbox{QED}\,$$

The proof of the Poisson summation formula is worth knowing.

--Bob K (talk) 17:19, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

--User:rdsomma I changed the variables in this section, the left hand sides were given as a function of t and the right hand sides were given as a function of $$f$$ or $$\omega $$. Also, the (unitary) Fourier transform of the comb was incorrect. The period is $$ 2 \pi/T $$, not $$ \sqrt{2\pi}/T $$. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rdsomma (talk • contribs) 19:37, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

Bed of nails?
Should the article say something about what Bracewell calls the "bed of nails" function? This and its natural higher-dimensional analogs are very important in crystallography. It's surprising that, as far as I can tell, Wikipedia lacks an article on them. Sławomir Biały (talk) 14:41, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

A fact
It can be shown that

 * $$\delta(\sin x)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta(t - n \pi),$$

in case if someone is interested...  Zitterbewegung Talk  23:42, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

 * This seems to beg the question a bit, depending on what one means by the composition of δ with a smooth function. This identity is a trivial consequence of the usual definition (see Dirac delta function) although it is possible that there are other ways of defining the composition in which the statement becomes more interesting (I don't know).  Sławomir Biały  (talk) 17:06, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Directional statistics
Can someone help here - The Dirac comb of period 2π is to circular statistics what the Dirac delta function is to linear statistics. E.g see wrapped distribution. The links in this article to circular statistics articles are constantly being removed because the relationship is not clear to some editors from reading this article. I have added some information in the intro, but any other ideas would be welcome. PAR (talk) 09:48, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * It would help if the article gave a proper indication of the supposed relationship to Directional statistics.... there was nothing at all there before this latest edit. It would be good at least to have a section headed "use in directional statistics", or some such thing, even if it does little more than point to the article you mentioned. And there isn't an immediate analogue with the Dirac delta function  as that can be treated as equivalent to a probability distribution in it own right, whereas a Dirac comb cannot ... because it integrates to infinity and so is not equivalent to a probability distribution. Melcombe (talk) 15:12, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

 * First there was the probability nav box, which was removed. So I put back the nav box along with a short explanation. I will expand the explanation, and include the nav box.

 * Directional (or wrapped, or circular) probability distributions are never integrated over the real number line (from negative infinity to positive infinity), they are always integrated over the unit circle (an interval of length 2π), as explained in the wrapped distribution article. Since all wrapped distributions are periodic with period 2π the limits of integration are irrelevant as long as the length of the interval is 2π. As a result, the Dirac comb of course integrates to unity. In linear statistics, the variable x often extends from -infinity to infinity. In directional statistics, the angle is in some interval of length 2π In other words the angles θ and θ+2π are considered identical. The analog of x in linear statistics is usually taken to be z=exp(θ), which has a period of 2π. PAR (talk) 22:14, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Deletion of Scaling property section.
I have to fully agree with the IP who deleted the Scaling property section. It was contributed long ago with one of many edits by an editor who often thinks he's making the article better and isn't. Undoing his "improvements" over the project's scope would be a full-time job. The equation could make sense, but as it was, is just incorrect. One quick look at the period of the the periodic function on the two sides of the equation would immediately reveal the error. 71.169.185.162 (talk) 03:59, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I restored the scaling property, expressed properly, with justification. PAR (talk) 04:33, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

Schwartz distribution?
Now this needs source or proof. Is it really a Schwartz distribution? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.52.10.154 (talk) 12:17, 26 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Added "citation needed" tag. -- intgr [talk] 13:07, 26 December 2014 (UTC)

Terms need defining
The very first equation already introduces $$\delta$$, $$t$$ and $$T$$ defining only $$T$$. $$\delta$$ and $$t$$ should be defined as well. $$t$$, by implication is time of course, and $$\delta$$ one presumes is the Dirac delta function, but this is not a page in the middle of text on signal processing, rather a standalone page that should, in manner of such pages introduce terms as needed, not assume understanding. Of course I know the challenge is always where to draw the line and some level of assumed knowledge is inescapable (we're not going to define $$\Sigma$$ or $$k$$ in this context for example). But $$\delta$$ and $$t$$ here are not in that category, IMO. --Bwechner (talk) 04:11, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

Shouldn't we inform readers that the imaginary terms cancel out?
I am puzzled by the absence of any mention that the Fourier series of the Dirac comb can be expressed purely as a sum of cosine terms. This belongs in the article. 2601:200:C000:1A0:60BA:5A24:E2E8:77BF (talk) 03:33, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dirac comb