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Levee breach

A levee breach or levee failure (also known as dyke breach or dyke failure) is a situation where a levee (or dyke) fails or is intentionally breached, causing the previously contained water to flood the land behind the levee.

Causes of failure
Man-made levees can fail in a number of ways. The most frequent (and dangerous) form of levee failure is a breach. A levee breach is when part of the levee actually breaks away, leaving a large opening for water to flood the land protected by the levee.

Foundation failure
A breach can be a sudden or gradual failure that is caused either by surface erosion or by a subsurface failure of the levee. Levee breaches are often accompanied by levee boils, or sand boils. The underseepage resurfaces on the landside, in the form of a volcano-like cone of sand. Boils signal a condition of incipient instability which may lead to erosion of the levee toe or foundation or result in sinking of the levee into the liquefied foundation below. Some engineers think that boils lead to a form of internal erosion called piping which undermines the levee, but others consider them a symptom of generalized instability of the foundation.

Erosion and damage
Surface erosion of the surface of a levee is usually caused by the action of wind and water (waves but also normal flow). Erosion can be worsened by pre-existing or new damage to a levee. Areas with no surface protection are more prone to erosion. A levee grazed by certain types of animals, like sheep, can show trails used by the animals where grass does not grow.

Trees in levees are a special risk. A tree can become unstable after the soil of the levee has become saturated with water. When the tree falls the root system will likely take a chunk of the saturated soil out of the levee. This shallow hole can quickly erode and result in a breach. If the tree falls in the water and floats away it can damage the levee further downstream. Floating trees near levees should be quickly removed by the agency responsible for the maintenance of the levee.

Other forms of damage can be caused by ships or other (large) floating objects or from objects in the levee, like traffic signs or fences that are damaged or completely removed by wind or water. Barbed wire fences can collect large amounts of floating plant material, resulting in a large amount of drag from the water. Whole fences can be dragged away by the water.

Overtopping
Sometimes levees are said to fail when water overtops the crest of the levee. Levee overtopping can be caused when flood waters simply exceed the lowest crest of the levee system or if high winds begin to generate significant swells (a storm surge) in the ocean or river water to bring waves crashing over the levee. Overtopping can lead to significant landside erosion of the levee or even be the mechanism for complete breach. Often levees are armored or reinforced with rocks or concrete to prevent erosion and failure.

Kolk lakes
After a levee breach a kolk lake can often be seen. This is a crater-like depression just behind the breach where soil and other material has been violently scoured out by the rushing water. After a breach, a kolk lake can sometimes remain after the water level recedes.

Intentional breaches
In some cases levees are breached intentionally. This can be done to protect other areas, to drain flooded areas, or to give back land to nature. In most cases an intentional breach is not without discussion since valuable land is given up.

During the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 a levee was blown up with dynamite to prevent the flooding of New Orleans. Again during record-breaking flooding in 2011, the US Army Corps of Engineers blew up a section of a Mississippi River levee with dynamite to open the New Madrid Floodway. The floodway was used for farming and had about 200 residents at the time. The levee at Bird's Point was designed to be removed if necessary so that Mississippi water levels would be lowered, taking pressure off levees for miles upstream in more populated areas such as Cairo, Illinois, and New Madrid, Missouri.

Taking land from the cycle of flooding by putting a dike around it prevents it from being raised by silt left behind after a flood. At the same time the drained soil consolidates and peat decomposes leading to land subsidence. In this way the difference between the water level on one side and land level on the other side of the dike grows.

In some areas reclaimed land is given back to nature by breaching and removing dikes to allow flooding to occur (again). This restores the natural environment in the area. This happened in the Glory River in Iraq.

New Orleans
The words levee and levee breach were brought heavily into the public consciousness after the levee failures in metro New Orleans on August 29, 2005, when Hurricane Katrina passed east of the city. Levees breached in over 50 different places submerging 80 percent of the city. Most levees failed due to water overtopping them but some failed when water passed underneath the levee foundations causing the levee wall to shift and resulting in catastrophic sudden breaching. The sudden breaching released water at a high velocity that moved houses off their foundations and tossed cars into trees. This happened in the Lower Ninth Ward when the Industrial Canal breached and also in the Lakeview neighborhood when the 17th Street Canal breached. At least 1,464 people perished. In New Orleans, the United States Army Corps of Engineers is the Federal agency responsible for levee design and construction as defined in the Flood Control Act of 1965 and subject to local participation requirements, some of which were later waived. Fault has been aimed at the Corps of Engineers, their local contractors, and local levee boards.

North Sea
The St. Elizabeth's flood of 1421 was caused by a surge of seawater being forced upriver during a storm, overflowing the river dikes and submerging approximately 300 km2 of land in the Netherlands. Estimates of people having died range from 2,000 to 10,000. Parts of the submerged lands have still not been reclaimed resulting in the Biesbosch wetlands.

During the North Sea flood of 1953, in the night of 31 January – 1 February 1953, many dikes in the provinces of Zeeland, South Holland and North Brabant in the Netherlands were unable to withstand the combination of spring tide and a northwesterly storm. The resulting flood killed 1,835 people. A further 307 people were killed by dike breaches in the United Kingdom, in the counties of Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex. In the Netherlands this flood was a main reason for the construction of the Delta Works, probably the most innovative and extensive levee system in the world.

Other breaches

 * 1421 – The St. Elizabeth's flood of 1421 in the Netherlands was caused when dikes were breached in a number of places during a heavy storm near the North Sea coast and the lower lying polder land was flooded. A number of villages were swallowed by the flood and were lost, causing between 2,000 and 10,000 casualties.
 * 1570 – The All Saints' Flood caused dike breaches on the west coast of the Netherlands. The total number of dead, including in foreign countries, must have been above 20,000, but exact data is not available. Tens of thousands of people became homeless. Livestock was lost in huge numbers. Winter stocks of food and fodder were destroyed.
 * 1651 – During the St. Peter's Flood the city of Amsterdam was flooded after several breaches of the dikes, the coasts of Netherlands and Northern Germany were heavily battered.
 * 1686 – The St. Martin's flood flooded large parts of the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. 1558 people, 1387 horses and 7861 cows died. 631 houses were swept away and 616 houses damaged.
 * 1703 – The Great Storm of 1703 caused havoc between Wales and Friesland, it was the most severe storm or natural disaster ever recorded in the southern part of Great Britain. Several dikes were breached in the Netherlands. Between 8,000 and 15,000 lives were lost overall.
 * 1717 – The Christmas flood of 1717 was the result of a northwesterly storm, which hit the coast area of the Netherlands, Germany and Scandinavia on Christmas night of 1717. In total, approximately 14,000 people drowned. It was the last large flood in the north of the Netherlands.
 * 1809 – When De Biesbosch in the Netherlands froze, ice dams caused a rapid rise in waterlevels in the Meuse, Waal and Merwede, which resulted in dike breaches.
 * 1820 – The Alblasserwaard in the Netherlands flooded after a dike breach
 * 1825 – Parts of Groningen, Friesland and Overijssel in the Netherlands were flooded after dike breaches
 * 1855 – Large parts of the central Netherlands were flooded after the Lower Rhine was dammed by ice and dikes were breached
 * 1916 – A storm surge on the Zuiderzee coincided with a large volume of water flowing down the Rhine and Meuse rivers causing dozens of dike breaches
 * 1927 – The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 occurred when the Mississippi River breached levees and flooded 27000 sqmi, killing 246 people in seven states and displacing 700,000 people.
 * September 1928: Storm surge from the Okeechobee Hurricane breaches levees surrounding Lake Okeechobee, killing an estimated 2500 people.
 * 1938 Yellow River flood, voluntary destruction during the Second Sino-Japanese War, around 500,000 deaths.
 * 3 October 1944 – Inundation of Walcheren, deliberate military flooding by the Allies using air-dropped bombs
 * 17 April 1945 – Inundation of the Wieringermeer, military flooding, to cover the retreat of the German army
 * Dec 24, 1955 – Just after midnight, a levee on the west bank of the Feather River collapsed just south of Yuba City, Ca., resulting in the drowning of 38 residents.
 * Jan 3, 1976 – A dike failed on the Vliet, a tributary of the Rupel in Belgium. The village of Ruisbroek was flooded to a depth of 3m and over 2000 people had to be evacuated. This disaster prompted the drafting of Belgium's Sigma Plan as a counterpart to the Dutch Delta Plan.
 * Feb 20, 1986 – A levee on the south bank of the Yuba River collapsed at the northern Sacramento Valley community of Linda, California in Yuba County, inundating 36 sqmi and destroying 600 homes.
 * Jan 31, 1995 – 250,000 people were evacuated from central parts of the Netherlands after river dikes had become dangerously unstable. The dikes were not breached after intensive works to stabilize the embankments, aided by military engineers.
 * Jan 2, 1997 – A levee on the east bank of the Feather River collapsed at the northern Sacramento Valley community of Arboga, California in Yuba County, killing three people. More than 100,000 people in Yuba and Sutter counties were evacuated.
 * 26 Aug 2003 – A dike near Wilnis in the Netherlands failed and flooded that town due to the dike not having enough weight to withstand the water pressure of the canal after a long drought. 1,500 inhabitants were evacuated with no loss of life.
 * 3 June 2004 – Jones Tract, an inland island that is protected by a series of levees located in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, failed.
 * January 5, 2008 – A levee in Fernley, Nevada burst, flooding portions of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents.
 * September 14, 2008 – a levee in Munster, Indiana broke on the Little Calumet River resulting in flooding in most of Munster.
 * August 8, 2009 – Levees fail in Southern Taiwan due to Typhoon Morakot causing widespread flooding in many regions.
 * February 26, 2010 – Levees were submerged by wind and a huge tide in Vendée, in Western France because of the Xynthia storm.
 * April 26, 2011 – A levee on the Black River in Poplar Bluff, Missouri failed, sending water rushing into rural Butler County, Missouri.

title: Levee breach


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Category:Wimbledon F.C.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Wimbledon F.C.


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Sanne Salomonsen

Susanne Salomonsen (born on 30 December 1955) is a Danish singer and songwriter, better known under the nickname Sanne Salomonsen. Salomonsen joined a local rock band in 1967, and her first solo album was released in 1973. She became one of the most famous singers in Denmark during the 1980s. Various songs sung or written by her have been on the local charts.

Sanne Salomonsen was a member of Anne Linnet Band and Sneakers, and got the nickname Rock Mama as an enduring pop icon in Danish rock music. She thought at age 31 around the time she got the nickname from a journalist: "When I heard that piece of music [from OneTwo], I thought that now, I have become a mom for a generation in rock music." She said in 2011: "I am always asked what I think about being called Rock Mama, but when I look around on the Danish scene then, I can after all clearly see, that if there is a rock mama then, it is me. That is how it is."

Early achievements and later stardom
Sanne Salomonsen was born in Copenhagen, and her natural hair color is red. She is the daughter of ornithologist Finn Salomonsen. Sanne Salomonsen performed at the age of 6 in the ballet Elves' Hill. She moved to Holte at age 11 with her family. She debuted as singer by joining her first band in 1967, and then the band Curled Edges (with members of the bands Beefeaters, Maxwells and Thors Hammer ) in 1968. During 1970 to 1972, she performed in a musical named Touch, as well as Danish versions of the musicals Hair (as Sheila) and Godspell. She was called Lille Sanne Superstar (English: Little Sanne Superstar) by the time her first solo album was being recorded. Sanne Salomonsen's debut album was released in 1973, and she was in the group Flair from 1974 to 1977, and sang backing vocals for Sebastian and others.

Sanne Salomonsen became one of the most famous female rock singers in Denmark, as a member of Anne Linnet Band from 1979 to 1983, and Sneakers from 1979 to 1985 and subsequent commercial success as a solo artist. She became known as Rock Mama at around age 31 after a journalist came up with this nickname. Salomonsen had especially become a Danish pop icon by being the lead vocalist of Sneakers. Notably, her album Sanne from 1989 was the most sold Danish rock album that year.

During the 1980s, Sanne Salomonsen also starred in the movies Forræderne, Smugglarkungen and Svindlande affärer. After Sanne (1989), she continued the solo career with albums, such as Where Blue Begins (1991), Freedom (2003) and The Album (2005). Sanne was also in the country music group Cowgirls with Lis Sørensen and Tamra Rosanes, which released one album named Girls Night Out in 2001. This album sold 40 000 copies.

Disease and subsequent comeback
Sanne Salomonsen had an intracerebral hemorrhage on May 5, 2006 that made her paralyzed on one side of the face and in one arm, and interfered with her ability to speak and sing. She was able to call the ambulance herself, and there was no damage to her personality, except depression that required therapy. After partially recovering from paralysis and arduously being able to retrain her singing voice during the next few years, she got a Sanskrit tattoo on the right forearm that means: "Feel love and gratitude for everything and everyone every day".

Sanne Salomonsen later recounted in a news article, that she had tried to sing "Den jeg elsker elsker jeg" (a song written by her that became a big hit in the 1980s) while lying in the hospital, but could not. The muscles used for singing were paralyzed, she recounted and continued: "I was in distress, but very grateful to be alive at the same time". Her depression lasted ten months, where she struggled with social anxiety. Afterwards, the successful album Unico was released in March 2009, named after Sanne Salomonsen's horse. The album was on the Danish record chart for a year, and about 80 000 copies of the album were sold during the next few years. Unico was the fourth best selling Danish album in 2009.

Studio albums

 * 1973: Sanne Salomonsen (Label: Sonet) (Language: Danish)
 * 1977: Precious Moments (Label: EMI) (Language: English)
 * 1979: Hvide manke: Dyrepladen (Label: Elsound) (Language: Danish)
 * 1984: Linnet/Salomonsen (Label: CBS) (Language: Danish)
 * 1985: Sanne Salomonsen (Label: Virgin) (Language: Danish)
 * 1987: Ingen engel (Label: Virgin) (Language: Danish)
 * 1987: No Angel (Label: Virgin) (Language: English)
 * 1989: Sanne (Label: Virgin) (Language: Danish)
 * 1990: Love Is Gonna Call (Label: Virgin) (Language: English)
 * 1990: Krig og kærlighed (Label: Pladecompagniet) (Language: Danish)
 * 1991: Where Blue Begins (Label: Virgin) (Language: English)
 * 1994: Language of the Heart (Label: Virgin) (Language: English)
 * 1996: 1996 (Label: Virgin) (Language: Danish)
 * 1996: 1996 (Label: Virgin) (Language: English)
 * 1998: In a New York Minute (Label: Virgin) (Language: English)
 * 2001: Evita (Label: Virgin) (Language: Danish)
 * 2003: Freedom (Label: Medley Records) (Language: English)
 * 2005: The Album (Label: Copenhagen Records) (Language: English)
 * 2009: Unico (Label: Mermaid Records) (Language: Danish)
 * 2011: Tiden brænder (Label: Mermaid Records) (Language: Danish)
 * 2014: Hjem 2014 (Label: Mermaid Records) (Language: Danish)
 * 2017: Baby Blue (Label: Mermaid Records) (Language: Danish)

Live albums

 * 1994: Unplugged (Label: Virgin) (Language: Danish/English)
 * 2005: The Show (Label: Copenhagen Records) (Language: Danish/English)

Compilations

 * 2000: De bedste af de bedste (Label: Virgin) (Language: Danish/English) released same year in Sweden as Sannes bästa
 * 2000: De bedste af de bedste vol. 2 (Label: Virgin) (Language: Danish/English) released same year in Sweden as Sannes bästa vol. 2
 * 2006: The Hits (Label: Virgin) (Language: Danish/English)
 * 2009: Sanne Salomonsen: 8 originale studio albums (Label: EMI) (Language: Danish/English)

Filmography

 * 1974: Den stjålne brud
 * 1983: Forræderne
 * 1985: Smugglarkungen
 * 1985: Svindlande affärer
 * 2005: The Show
 * 2005: Sanne: Et portræt af hele Danmarks rock-mama
 * 2010: Parterapi
 * 2019: Valhalla

title: Sanne Salomonsen


text: User talk:81.131.106.58

title: User talk:81.131.106.58


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Latife Uşaki

Latife Uşaklıgil (born Fatıma-tüz Zehra Latife Uşakîzâde; with the honorifics, Latife Hanım) (17 June 1898 – 12 July 1975) was Mustafa Kemal's (later Atatürk) wife between 1923 and 1925. She was related from her father's side to Turkish novelist Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil.

Biography
Lâtife Hanım was born in 1898 in Smyrna (now known in English as İzmir) to one of the most prominent Turkish trading families of the city, with roots in the city of Uşak, whence their unofficial family name of Uşakizâde. She completed her high school studies in Smyrna and in 1919 she went abroad to study Law in Paris and London. When she came back to Turkey, the Turkish War of Independence was nearing its end.

On 11 September 1922, upon returning to her family mansion in Smyrna, she was confronted by soldiers who notified her that the Pasha (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) had taken the house as General Headquarters in Smyrna. After convincing the soldiers that she actually belonged to the household, she was allowed in.

Lâtife Hanım and Mustafa Kemal Pasha married on 29 January 1923 when he had returned to Smyrna just after his mother Zübeyde Hanım's death. For two and a half years, Lâtife Hanım symbolized the new face of Turkish women as a first lady who was very present in public life which, in Turkey, was a novelty by the standards of her day. She had a significant influence on the reforms which began in Turkey in the 1920s for the emancipation of women.

However, the relationship between her and her husband was not happy; after frequent arguments, the two were divorced on 5 August 1925. Lâtife Hanım lived the rest of her days in Izmir (as Smyrna came to be known in English after the 1930s) and Istanbul (known as Constantinople in English prior to the 1930s), in virtual seclusion, avoiding contacts outside her private circle until her death in 1975. She never remarried, and remained silent about their relationship throughout her life. In 2005, the Turkish Historical Society was to make her diaries public "except for the most private ones, taking the views of her family into consideration". However, her family publicly claimed that they had the right to the ownership of the letters and stated that they did not wish the diaries to be published. Consequently, the society decided against the publication.

A comprehensive but also controversial biography of Latife Hanım by the veteran Cumhuriyet journalist İpek Çalışlar was published in 2006.

title: Latife Uşaki


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RSSSF

The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) is an international organisation dedicated to collecting statistics about association football. The foundation aims to build an exhaustive archive of football-related information from around the world.

Website
The RSSSF website contains football-related statistics in the form of lists without commentary and it is maintained by volunteer contributors. It is considered one of "the most complete" publicly available statistical football databases in the world, and has virtually every piece of historical information.

This enterprise, according to its founders, was created in January 1994 by three regulars of the Rec.Sport.Soccer (RSS) Usenet newsgroup: Lars Aarhus, Kent Hedlundh, and Karel Stokkermans. It was originally known as the "North European Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation", but the geographical reference was dropped as its membership from other regions grew.

The RSSSF has members and contributors from all around the world and has spawned seven spin-off projects to more closely follow the leagues of that project's home country. The spin-off projects are dedicated to Albania, Brazil, Denmark, Norway, Romania, Uruguay, Venezuela and Egypt. In November 2002, the Polish service 90minut.pl became the official branch of RSSSF Poland.

Player of the Year award
The Rec.Sport.Soccer Player of the Year Award was an annual football award presented by the organisation. First presented in 1992, the readers of the newsgroup voted in a format similar to that of the France Football Ballon d'Or award. It recognised the best player in the world and was discontinued after the 2005 edition.

title: RSSSF


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User talk:Madhu4125

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I notice you uploaded, nice image, you need to be aware that it needs a 'tag', please take a look at image copyright tag and add the relevant tag, if you need help with this, please ask.

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If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 12:32, 2 September 2005 (UTC).

Image Tagging Image:Avj32 1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Avj32 1.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Arnie587 23:00, 3 October 2005 (UTC) YOU NEED TO EMAIL THE WEBSITE OWNER AND ASK HIM IF HE ALLOWS HIS PHOTOS ON WIKIPEDIA

title: User talk:Madhu4125


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The Journal (Newcastle upon Tyne newspaper)

The Journal is a daily newspaper produced in Newcastle upon Tyne. Published by ncjMedia, (a division of Reach plc), The Journal is produced every weekday and Saturday morning and is complemented by its sister publications the Evening Chronicle and the Sunday Sun.

The newspaper mainly has a middle-class and professional readership throughout North East England, covering a mixture of regional, national and international news. It also has a daily business section and sports page as well as the monthly Culture magazine and weekly property supplement Homemaker.

News coverage about farming is also an important part of the paper with a high readership in rural Northumberland.

It was the named sponsor of Tyne Theatre on Westgate Road during the 2000s, until January 2012.

The first edition of the Newcastle Journal was printed on 12 May 1832, and subsequent Saturdays, by Hernaman and Perring, 69 Pilgrim Street, Newcastle. On 12 May 2007, The Journal celebrated its 175th anniversary and 49,584th issue.

The Journal was named North East Newspaper of the Year in 2007 and 2008 at the Tom Cordner North East Press Awards and Newspaper of the Year nationally in its category in 2013 and 2014.

Newcastle United FC ban
In October 2013, the Chronicle, Journal and Sunday Sun were banned from Newcastle United F.C. for over a year due to the papers' coverage of a fans' protest march.


text:
Category:Milton Keynes Dons F.C.

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title: Category:Milton Keynes Dons F.C.


text: User talk:71.240.254.24

title: User talk:71.240.254.24


text:
User talk:Yargo

User categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Switzerland page as living in or being associated with Switzerland. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Switzerland for instructions. --Army1987 12:34, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 02:43, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yargo


text:
User:Holderca1

 * /Arizona State Routes
 * /Florida State Roads
 * /Indiana State Roads
 * /Texas State Highways
 * /Shields
 * /National Parks
 * /Sandbox
 * /Lists

Work to do
Get these topics featured:

title: User:Holderca1


text:
Category:Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players

This is a category for Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players past and present since 2004.
 * For players who played for Wimbledon F.C. before 2004, see Category:Wimbledon F.C. players.


text:
User talk:Herbertxu

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

You might like some of these links and tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
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 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 12:36, 2 September 2005 (UTC).

Notability of System Wide Upgrade
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on System Wide Upgrade, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because System Wide Upgrade seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting System Wide Upgrade, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. --Android Mouse Bot 2 22:11, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

June 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to China national football team has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thanks. :-)  Stwalkerster  [  talk  ]  00:44, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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title: User talk:Herbertxu


text:
Detection limit

The limit of detection (LOD or LoD) is the lowest signal, or the lowest corresponding quantity to be determined (or extracted) from the signal, that can be observed with a sufficient degree of confidence or statistical significance. However, the exact threshold (level of decision) used to decide when a signal significantly emerges above the continuously fluctuating background noise remains arbitrary and is a matter of policy and often of debate among scientists, statisticians and regulators depending on the stakes in different fields.

Significance in analytical chemistry
In analytical chemistry, the detection limit, lower limit of detection, also termed LOD for limit of detection or analytical sensitivity (not to be confused with statistical sensitivity), is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value) with a stated confidence level (generally 99%). The detection limit is estimated from the mean of the blank, the standard deviation of the blank, the slope (analytical sensitivity) of the calibration plot and a defined confidence factor (e.g. 3.2 being the most accepted value for this arbitrary value). Another consideration that affects the detection limit is the adequacy and the accuracy of the model used to predict concentration from the raw analytical signal.

As a typical example, from a calibration plot following a linear equation taken here as the simplest possible model:

 * $$f(x) = ax + b $$

where, $$f(x)$$ corresponds to the signal measured (e.g. voltage, luminescence, energy, etc.), "$b$" the value in which the straight line cuts the ordinates axis, "$a$" the sensitivity of the system (i.e., the slope of the line, or the function relating the measured signal to the quantity to be determined) and "$x$" the value of the quantity (e.g. temperature, concentration, pH, etc.) to be determined from the signal $$f(x)$$, the LOD for "$x$" is calculated as the "$x$" value in which $$f(x)$$ equals to the average value of blanks "$y$" plus "$t$" times its standard deviation "$s$" (or, if zero, the standard deviation corresponding to the lowest value measured) where "$t$" is the chosen confidence value (e.g. for a confidence of 95% it can be considered $t$ = 3.2, determined from the limit of blank).

Thus, in this didactic example:

$$\text{LOD for } x = \frac{\left(f(x)-b\right)} {a} = \frac{\left(y + 3.2s - b\right)} {a}$$

There are a number of concepts derived from the detection limit that are commonly used. These include the instrument detection limit (IDL), the method detection limit (MDL), the practical quantitation limit (PQL), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ). Even when the same terminology is used, there can be differences in the LOD according to nuances of what definition is used and what type of noise contributes to the measurement and calibration.

The figure below illustrates the relationship between the blank, the limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) by showing the probability density function for normally distributed measurements at the blank, at the LOD defined as 3 × standard deviation of the blank, and at the LOQ defined as 10 × standard deviation of the blank. (The identical spread along Abscissa of these two functions is problematic.) For a signal at the LOD, the alpha error (probability of false positive) is small (1%). However, the beta error (probability of a false negative) is 50% for a sample that has a concentration at the LOD (red line). This means a sample could contain an impurity at the LOD, but there is a 50% chance that a measurement would give a result less than the LOD. At the LOQ (blue line), there is minimal chance of a false negative.

Instrument detection limit
Most analytical instruments produce a signal even when a blank (matrix without analyte) is analyzed. This signal is referred to as the noise level. The instrument detection limit (IDL) is the analyte concentration that is required to produce a signal greater than three times the standard deviation of the noise level. This may be practically measured by analyzing 8 or more standards at the estimated IDL then calculating the standard deviation from the measured concentrations of those standards.

The detection limit (according to IUPAC) is the smallest concentration, or the smallest absolute amount, of analyte that has a signal statistically significantly larger than the signal arising from the repeated measurements of a reagent blank.

Mathematically, the analyte's signal at the detection limit ($$S_{dl}$$) is given by:

 * $$ S_{dl} = S_{reag} + 3 \ \sigma_{reag} $$

where, $$S_{reag}$$ is the mean value of the signal for a reagent blank measured multiple times, and $$\sigma_{reag}$$ is the known standard deviation for the reagent blank's signal.

Other approaches for defining the detection limit have also been developed. In atomic absorption spectrometry usually the detection limit is determined for a certain element by analyzing a diluted solution of this element and recording the corresponding absorbance at a given wavelength. The measurement is repeated 10 times. The 3σ of the recorded absorbance signal can be considered as the detection limit for the specific element under the experimental conditions: selected wavelength, type of flame or graphite oven, chemical matrix, presence of interfering substances, instrument... .

Method detection limit
Often there is more to the analytical method than just performing a reaction or submitting the analyte to direct analysis. Many analytical methods developed in the laboratory, especially these involving the use of a delicate scientific instrument, require a sample preparation, or a pretreatment of the samples prior to being analysed. For example, it might be necessary to heat a sample that is to be analyzed for a particular metal with the addition of acid first (digestion process). The sample may also be diluted or concentrated prior to analysis by means of a given instrument. Additional steps in an analysis method add additional opportunities for errors. Since detection limits are defined in terms of errors, this will naturally increase the measured detection limit. This "global" detection limit (including all the steps of the analysis method) is called the method detection limit (MDL). The practical way for determining the MDL is to analyze seven samples of concentration near the expected limit of detection. The standard deviation is then determined. The one-sided Student's t-distribution is determined and multiplied versus the determined standard deviation. For seven samples (with six degrees of freedom) the t value for a 99% confidence level is 3.14. Rather than performing the complete analysis of seven identical samples, if the Instrument Detection Limit is known, the MDL may be estimated by multiplying the Instrument Detection Limit, or Lower Level of Detection, by the dilution prior to analyzing the sample solution with the instrument. This estimation, however, ignores any uncertainty that arises from performing the sample preparation and will therefore probably underestimate the true MDL.

Limit of each model
The issue of limit of detection, or limit of quantification, is encountered in all scientific disciplines. This explains the variety of definitions and the diversity of juridiction specific solutions developed to address preferences. In the simplest cases as in nuclear and chemical measurements, definitions and approaches have probably received the clearer and the simplest solutions. In biochemical tests and in biological experiments depending on many more intricate factors, the situation involving false positive and false negative responses is more delicate to handle. In many other disciplines such as geochemistry, seismology, astronomy, dendrochronology, climatology, life sciences in general, and in many other fields impossible to enumerate extensively, the problem is wider and deals with signal extraction out of a background of noise. It involves complex statistical analysis procedures and therefore it also depends on the models used, the hypotheses and the simplifications or approximations to be made to handle and manage uncertainties. When the data resolution is poor and different signals overlap, different deconvolution procedures are applied to extract parameters. The use of different phenomenological, mathematical and statistical models may also complicate the exact mathematical definition of limit of detection and how it is calculated. This explains why it is not easy to come to a general consensus, if any, about the precise mathematical definition of the expression of limit of detection. However, one thing is clear: it always requires a sufficient number of data (or accumulated data) and a rigorous statistical analysis to render better signification statistically.

Limit of quantification
The limit of quantification (LoQ, or LOQ) is the lowest value of a signal (or concentration, activity, response...) that can be quantified with acceptable precision and accuracy.

The LoQ is the limit at which the difference between two distinct signals / values can be discerned with a reasonable certainty, i.e., when the signal is statistically different from the background. The LoQ may be drastically different between laboratories, so another detection limit is commonly used that is referred to as the Practical Quantification Limit (PQL).

title: Detection limit


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User:Davebenson32

All about me
I enjoy mathematics, business, and engineering. Since getting access to the Internet, my subjects of interest have increased dramatically because now I can access information on a whim. Without my computer and the Internet, I'd still probably be watching other people have success but now they're watching me.

My interests are in genetics, psychology, and computers, and I enjoy doing volunteer work in my community.

I like people to respond in a respectful manner, and I hope we can all work together to ensure Wikipedia is fair and balanced.

NB If you wish to criticise this section, please do so on the talk page

Criticisms of Christianity
Critics of Christianity have included philosophers, journalists, scientists and other people from all walks of life.

Allegations of Intolerance
Some critics have argued that Christianity can be an intolerant religion. Bertrand Russell argued that "the puritanism of Christianity has played havoc with the moderation that an enlightened and tolerant critical spirit would have produced." Voltaire said that "of all religions, Christianity is without a doubt the one that should inspire tolerance most, although, up to now, the Christians have been the most intolerant of all men"

Critics argue that some christians are so intolerant that they wish to supress the reality of criticism, and pretend that no criticism exists.

Christianity and Reason
Some critics, such as Richard Dawkins argue that Christianity has sought to suppress rational enquiry and hence the quest for truth. He cites the story of Doubting Thomas from the Bible and argues that the Bible actively discourages believers from making rational enquiries about their faith. Dawkins has said that he is against religion "because it teaches us to be satisfied with not understanding the world."

Chrstianity and Inconsistency
It is hardly controversial to note that much of Christianity is inconsistent.

Christianity and Morality
Some critics have argued that the Bible's insistence on absolute right and wrong have led misguided people to fight wars on the basis of that religion, such as the Crusades. Linguist and political radical Noam Chomsky, for example, has argued that the Bible "is one of the most genocidal books in history." George Monbiot has also argued that Christian fundamentalists are driving the United States's current foreign policy, to the detriment of all concerned. ''

Beginning of a section on Christianity and Hiv/AIDS
NB If you wish to criticise this section, please do so on the talk age

The fact that some parts of the Christian Church are opposed to condom use has lead to sharp criticsm.

For example Peter Tatchell of OutRage has said that "Millions of children in developing countries are orphans; having lost their parents to Aids because of the Pope's anti-condom dogma,"

I hope that his passing will see a new dawn in the Church Mark Leech, Prisons Handbook editor

"Pope John Paul II waged a ceaseless war against the human rights of women and gay people - opposing the right of women to control their own fertility, blocking women's equality in the church and endorsing state-sponsored discrimination against lesbians and gay men."

As a human being and, may I say it as a Catholic, I mourn the passing of John Paul II... but thank God he's gone," he said.

"He represented so much of what is an anathema to those of us who have lived in the modern world that he has left behind.

"As a gay man, and as a Catholic, looking forward to marrying my partner under the new Civil Partnership Act that comes into force in December 2005, I hope that his passing will see a new dawn in the Church," Mr Leech said.

'Destroying lives'

He criticised the Pope's belief that wearing a condom was a sin and that homosexuals were immoral.

"I am sad that he has died, but I cannot hide the fact that with his passing I hope we will see a new era in the Church," Mr Leech said.

Anne Quesney, director of London-based campaign group Abortion Rights, said she believed the Catholic Church would not change its conservative view on abortion.

OutRage's Peter Tatchell Gay activist Peter Tatchell criticised the Pope's anti-condom stance

"Under John Paul II the Vatican's views on reproductive health and reproductive rights have been consistently extremely conservative," she said.

"He was opposed to any form of contraception including condoms and this, especially at a time when Aids is destroying hundreds of thousands of lives."

She said the Pope's views showed he had "little regard" for women's lives.

Condoms The new pope has "given no indication that he intends to soften -- even "one iota" -- the Vatican's ban on the use of contraception, despite the World Health Organization's stance that condom use is the most effective means of stopping the spread of HIV in Africa, AFP/Channel News Asia reports (AFP/Channel News Asia, 4/20). However, some observers say a change in the church's ban on condom use to prevent HIV transmission is the "best hope" for doctrinal change, in part because a "first cautious step" has been made by some African churches, which have condoned condom use between married couples when one partner is HIV-positive, AFP/Yahoo! News reports (AFP/Yahoo! News [1], 4/19). Others, including HIV/AIDS and gay rights advocates, are less optimistic about a possible change in doctrine, AFP/Philippine Daily Inquirer reports. They believe the new pope might be "even more rigid" on the issue than the late Pope John Paul II, according to AFP/Philippine Daily Inquirer. "The former positions taken by the Catholic Church had already prevented the use of condoms and helped the spread of AIDS," Italian lawmaker Franco Grillini, who is honorary president of the Italian gay association Arcigay, said, adding, "We are very worried" (AFP/Philippine Daily Inquirer, 4/20).

title: User:Davebenson32


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Category:Wimbledon F.C. players

This is a category for players who played for Wimbledon F.C. up to 2004.
 * For Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players, see Category:Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players.
 * For AFC Wimbledon players, see Category:AFC Wimbledon players.

title: Category:Wimbledon F.C. players


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File:Ground control 2 box.jpg

Summary
This is the front cover art Ground Control II: Operation Exodus, a real-time strategy developed by Massive Entertainment.

Fair use rationale
This image, Ground control 2 box.jpg, is believed to be covered by fair use laws, because:
 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this video game.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, and could not be used as artwork on illegal copies of this video game.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the video game in any way.
 * 4) This is the artwork, intended for wide distribution. As such, it has future historical significance, and is a more appropriate choice than any other image available.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is.
 * 6) The cover is being used for informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original video game in any way.
 * 7) The information could not provided without this image.
 * 8) The image is being used purely to illustrate an aspect of the article.

Copyright owned by Massive Entertainment.

title: File:Ground control 2 box.jpg


text:
Acha, Coll

Acha (An t-Achadh, tranlsating to "The Field") is a small hamlet on the Scottish island of Coll.

title: Acha, Coll


text: Category:Jazz stubs

title: Category:Jazz stubs


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Bureau of Construction and Repair

The Bureau of Construction and Repair (BuC&R) was the part of the United States Navy which from 1862 to 1940 was responsible for supervising the design, construction, conversion, procurement, maintenance, and repair of ships and other craft for the Navy. The bureau also managed shipyards, repair facilities, laboratories, and shore stations.

On 20 June 1940, Congress passed a law which consolidated the Bureau's functions with those of the Bureau of Engineering (BuEng), creating the Bureau of Ships (BuShips).

History
The Bureau was staffed by officers of the Construction Corps (called constructors) with advanced degrees in naval architecture. Six civilian constructors were hired by the Navy in 1794 to supervise construction of the frigates authorized by Congress that year. The Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repairs was established in 1842 as one of the five original material bureaus replacing the former Board of Navy Commissioners. In 1862, Congress decided to replace the Bureau into three new organizations: the Bureau of Construction and Repair, the Bureau of Steam Engineering (later called the Bureau of Engineering), and the Bureau of Equipment. The Bureau of Construction and Repair was established by Congress by an act of July 5, 1862 (12 Stat. 510). The new organization, headed by a Chief of the Bureau, was responsible for all aspects of ship construction, except for propulsion systems, which were the responsibility of the Bureau of Engineering; and equipage, which fell under the Bureau of Equipment.

The Construction Corps was created in 1866 to be staffed by constructors graduated from the United States Naval Academy cadet-engineer curriculum implemented in 1864. The Construction Corps provided permanent naval status for personnel who had formerly been employed in a civilian capacity on an as-needed basis. Naval constructors gained the rank and recognition previously available to doctors of the Medical Corps and pursers of the Supply Corps. Two cadet-engineers of the Naval Academy class of 1879, Frances Bowles and Richard Gatewood, set the standard for postgraduate education of Construction Corps officers. Bowles and Gatewood completed postgraduate work in England in the developing science of naval architecture. The postgraduate program shifted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1901. The Bureau of Equipment was discontinued in 1910, and formally abolished in 1914. Its functions were divided between the Bureau of Construction and Repair and the Bureau of Steam Engineering. These two bureaus were placed under the supervision of the Coordinator of Shipbuilding in 1939, and were superseded by the Bureau of Ships in 1940. The "engineering duty only" (EDO) designation of Bureau of Engineering officers expanded to include naval architects of the Construction Corps when the Bureau of Ships was formed in 1940.

The consolidation with BuEng into BuShips had its origins when USS Anderson (DD-411), first of the Sims-class destroyers to be delivered, was found to be heavier than designed and dangerously top-heavy in early 1939. It was determined that an underestimate by BuEng of the weight of a new machinery design was responsible, and that BuC&R did not have sufficient authority to detect or correct the error during the design process. Initially, Acting Secretary of the Navy Charles Edison proposed consolidation of the design divisions of the two bureaus. When the bureau chiefs could not agree on how to do this, he replaced both chiefs in September 1939. The consolidation was finally effected by a law passed by Congress on 20 June 1940.

Chiefs of the Bureau
Individuals who served as Chief of the Bureau include:
 * Commodore David Conner, September 1, 1842 - March 1, 1843
 * Captain Beverly Kennon, March 2, 1843 - April 9, 1844
 * Commodore Charles Morris, April 10, 1844 - May 31, 1847
 * Commodore Charles W. Skinner, June 1, 1847 - February 28, 1852
 * Commodore William B. Shubrick, March 1, 1852 - June 30, 1853
 * Chief Naval Constructor Samuel Hartt, July 1, 1853 - November 16, 1853
 * Chief Naval Constructor John Lenthall, November 17, 1853 - January 22, 1871
 * Chief Constructor Isaiah Hanscom, January 23, 1871 - April 27, 1877
 * Chief Constructor John W. Easby, April 28, 1877 - December 13, 1881
 * Chief Constructor Theodore D. Wilson, March 3, 1882 - July 7, 1893
 * Rear-Admiral Philip Hichborn, July 23, 1893–
 * Rear Admiral Washington L. Capps, served 1903-1910
 * Chief Constructor Richard Morgan Watt, served 1910-1914
 * Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, (December 14, 1914 - July 1, 1922)
 * Rear Admiral John D. Beuret, (July 1, 1922 - November 21, 1929)
 * Rear Admiral George H. Rock, (November 21, 1929 – October 1, 1932)
 * Rear Admiral Emory S. Land, (October 1, 1932 – March 16, 1933) - acting
 * Rear Admiral Emory S. Land, (March 16, 1933 – March 16, 1937)
 * Rear Admiral William G. DuBose, (March 16, 1937– ?)
 * Rear Admiral Alexander H. Van Keuren, (- July, 1940 (Last Chief of BuC&R. Thereafter, also July, 1940, became Vice-Chief of new Bureau of Ships [BuShips] which supplanted BuC&R)

title: Bureau of Construction and Repair


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Ulnar deviation

Ulnar deviation, also known as ulnar drift, is a hand deformity in which the swelling of the metacarpophalangeal joints (the big knuckles at the base of the fingers) causes the fingers to become displaced, tending towards the little finger. Its name comes from the displacement toward the ulna (as opposed to radial deviation, in which fingers are displaced toward the radius). Ulnar deviation is likely to be a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis, more than of osteoarthritis. Consideration should also be given to pigmented villonodular synovitis, in the setting of ulnar deviation and metacarpophalangeal synovitis.

Ulnar deviation is also a physiological movement of the wrist, where the hand including the fingers move towards the ulna. Ulnar deviation is a disorder in which flexion by ulnar nerve innervated muscles is intact while flexion on the median nerve side is not.

title: Ulnar deviation