text:
Sidney Dean Townley

Sidney Dean Townley (April 10, 1867 – March 18, 1946) was an American astronomer and geodeticist. He was a professor at Stanford University from 1911 until 1932. Among many other posts, Townley served as an instructor of astronomy at the University of Michigan and the University of California, Berkeley he was also the president of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1916. Throughout the course of his career he published around 100 academic papers and edited many more, he was recognized for his excellent editorial skills.

Early life and education
Townley was born on April 10, 1867, in Waukesha, Wisconsin, to Reverend Robert Townley and his wife Mary Wilkinson. After the equivalent of a high school education in 1885, he gained a job as a clerk in the local town bank. A year and a half later he was admitted to the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

During his second year at the university he took a course in astronomy. He was also given a room at the Washburn Observatory and worked nights as an assistant. These would serve to shape his interest in astronomy. He studied astronomy under George Comstock. In his second year as a graduate student he was offered a Hearst fellowship at the Lick Observatory, which he accepted, arriving in 1892. In 1893, however, the fellowship funds were re-committed to an eclipse expedition to Chile, so he had to depart.

He would graduate with a B.S. degree in 1891 with distinction, and become a member of Phi Beta Kappa. After graduation that same year he visited his brother living in California, which made him interested in Lick Observatory.

Career
He became an instructor of astronomy, first at the University of Michigan, later followed by the University of California.

From 1893 until 1898 he worked at the Detroit Observatory, where he studied variable stars and comets. By 1897, he gained his Sc.D. from the University of Michigan with a thesis on the "Orbit of Psyche". In 1896, he spent a year on-leave to travel through Germany, visiting major observatories in Berlin, Leipzig, and Munich.

After his return from his travels he began teaching at the University of California, Berkeley, under Armin Otto Leuschner. He was later appointed director of the International Latitude Station at Ukiah, California. While there he developed an interest in geodesy, particularly seismology.

Townley was a member of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific during its early years and served as its president in 1916, and also spent time as director and on the publication committee. He also joined the Seismological Society, and served at various times as president, secretary-treasurer, and editor of the society journal.

In 1911 he became an assistant professor at Stanford University. By 1918, he became full professor, and would remain in that position until his retirement in 1932, thereafter becoming professor emeritus.

Death and legacy
Toward the end of his life he became an invalid, although he remained mentally alert until he died. He died March 18, 1946, at Stanford, California.

During his career he published roughly 100 academic papers, and edited the contributions of many others. He was widely recognized for his editorial skills.

The crater Townley on the Moon is named after Townley.

Private life
He married Frances May Wright on January 7, 1895, in Oregon. Together they had three daughters and at the time of retirement lived in Palo Alto, California.

His daughter Lucile Townley Clark, married architect, Birge Clark. Birge Clark's father was architect and Stanford University design professor Arthur Bridgman Clark who designed the Townley's residence at 613 Salvatierra (now 661 Cabrillo Avenue; built 1921) in Stanford, California. Another daughter, Isabel Townley Marx married the son of Stanford University mechanical engineering professor Guido Hugo Marx. Daughter Ruth Townley was born on February 13, 1908, and died on September 28, 1908. His youngest daughter, Frances Jane Townley was born on May 19, 1911. She married architect David Clark (her brother-in-law, Birge's Clark's brother).

title: Sidney Dean Townley


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Computing/List of books on the history of computing

Omitted from this list are:
 * Books for younger readers
 * Books about end-user computer applications

Bibliographies and dictionaries

 * . Contains over 280 book notations and over 250 periodical notations.
 * Compiled at the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory (there is also a 1956 edition)
 * |url= http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/ }} Contains 2500 entries.
 * Contains 4500 entries.
 * a directory to 5,000+ websites concerning the history of science, technology, and industry. You can search it, browse it according to category ...
 * {microfiche)
 * |url= http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/ }} Contains 2500 entries.
 * Contains 4500 entries.
 * a directory to 5,000+ websites concerning the history of science, technology, and industry. You can search it, browse it according to category ...
 * {microfiche)
 * a directory to 5,000+ websites concerning the history of science, technology, and industry. You can search it, browse it according to category ...
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)
 * {microfiche)

Chronologies, surveys

 * (British survey of DP managers)
 * (multiple editions, 6th edition - 1969/70}
 * (lists manufacturers, installations. multiple editions, 6th edition - 1968/69)
 * (republished 1950)
 * the online file does not include the Glossary, pages 247-272
 * Another online copy is available here.
 * online document includes pages 1–327, 375-378
 * (multiple editions, 6th edition - 1969/70}
 * (lists manufacturers, installations. multiple editions, 6th edition - 1968/69)
 * (republished 1950)
 * the online file does not include the Glossary, pages 247-272
 * Another online copy is available here.
 * online document includes pages 1–327, 375-378
 * (republished 1950)
 * the online file does not include the Glossary, pages 247-272
 * Another online copy is available here.
 * online document includes pages 1–327, 375-378
 * online document includes pages 1–327, 375-378

Biographies

 * Biographies appropriate to specific sections are generally placed in those sections. Those here are collections or for individuals whose activities span multiple sections.

 * (1992 edition, Underwood Books, ISBN 0-88733-084-3)
 * (the two Lee books are likely the same book, one printed in the U.S, the other in England)
 * (1992 edition, Underwood Books, ISBN 0-88733-084-3)
 * (the two Lee books are likely the same book, one printed in the U.S, the other in England)
 * (the two Lee books are likely the same book, one printed in the U.S, the other in England)
 * (the two Lee books are likely the same book, one printed in the U.S, the other in England)

General history (from earliest times to the present)

 * Fagen, M. D. (editor), National Service in War and Peace (1925-1975), Volume II of A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System (Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1978)
 * (trans. of 1994 French ed.)
 * (see also Herb Grosch's review inIEEE Annals of the History of Computing vol.15.1 1993)
 * Fagen, M. D. (editor), National Service in War and Peace (1925-1975), Volume II of A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System (Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1978)
 * (trans. of 1994 French ed.)
 * (see also Herb Grosch's review inIEEE Annals of the History of Computing vol.15.1 1993)
 * Fagen, M. D. (editor), National Service in War and Peace (1925-1975), Volume II of A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System (Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1978)
 * (trans. of 1994 French ed.)
 * (see also Herb Grosch's review inIEEE Annals of the History of Computing vol.15.1 1993)
 * Fagen, M. D. (editor), National Service in War and Peace (1925-1975), Volume II of A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System (Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1978)
 * (trans. of 1994 French ed.)
 * (see also Herb Grosch's review inIEEE Annals of the History of Computing vol.15.1 1993)
 * Fagen, M. D. (editor), National Service in War and Peace (1925-1975), Volume II of A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System (Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1978)
 * (trans. of 1994 French ed.)
 * (see also Herb Grosch's review inIEEE Annals of the History of Computing vol.15.1 1993)
 * (trans. of 1994 French ed.)
 * (see also Herb Grosch's review inIEEE Annals of the History of Computing vol.15.1 1993)
 * (trans. of 1994 French ed.)
 * (see also Herb Grosch's review inIEEE Annals of the History of Computing vol.15.1 1993)
 * (see also Herb Grosch's review inIEEE Annals of the History of Computing vol.15.1 1993)
 * (see also Herb Grosch's review inIEEE Annals of the History of Computing vol.15.1 1993)

Before digital computers (to about the 1940s)

 * . Extensive coverage of digital and analog computational devices, including a brief entry for the Zuse computer - a small digital computer constructed in Germany. Bibliography, pages 229-255
 * (Part 1 "Desk Calculators and Punched Card machines")
 * (Part 1 "Desk Calculators and Punched Card machines")
 * (Part 1 "Desk Calculators and Punched Card machines")
 * (Part 1 "Desk Calculators and Punched Card machines")
 * (Part 1 "Desk Calculators and Punched Card machines")

Digital calculators

 * Abacus

 * Mechanical Calculators

 * Translation 1992
 * Reprinted: Arno, 1972.
 * Reprinted: Arno, 1972.
 * Reprinted: Arno, 1972.

Analog computation

 * Analog computers

 * (Radiation Laboratory Series vol.27)
 * (Radiation Laboratory Series vol.27)
 * (Radiation Laboratory Series vol.27)
 * (Radiation Laboratory Series vol.27)
 * (Radiation Laboratory Series vol.27)

 * Slide Rules

 * (reprint of 1910 edition, with a 1920 paper added)

 * Graphical computation, Nomograms, Planimeter, Integrometer, Integraph, ...

Punched cards, unit record equipment

 * Compiled at the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory (there is also a 1956 edition)

Early giants, mechanical and vacuum tube calculators/computers (1940s, early 50s)

 * A contemporary book about computers.
 * (A contemporaneously-written book about the NORC.)
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.8, 0-262-01084-4
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.7, 0-262-08152-0
 * (A contemporaneously-written book about the NORC.)
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.8, 0-262-01084-4
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.7, 0-262-08152-0
 * (A contemporaneously-written book about the NORC.)
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.8, 0-262-01084-4
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.7, 0-262-08152-0
 * (A contemporaneously-written book about the NORC.)
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.8, 0-262-01084-4
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.7, 0-262-08152-0
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.8, 0-262-01084-4
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.7, 0-262-08152-0
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.8, 0-262-01084-4
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.7, 0-262-08152-0
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.8, 0-262-01084-4
 * Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing vol.7, 0-262-08152-0

Early ... Alan Turing

 * (Paperback: ISBN 978-0198747833.)
 * (Paperback: ISBN 978-0198747833.)
 * (Paperback: ISBN 978-0198747833.)

Early ... John von Neumann

 * reprinted in Stern, 1981
 * reprinted in Stern, 1981
 * reprinted in Stern, 1981

Modern history (from the 1950s to the present)

 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks - September 1991 single issue devoted entirely to the three subjects listed in the title.
 * (General Electric)
 * (General Electric)
 * (General Electric)
 * (General Electric)
 * (General Electric)
 * (General Electric)
 * (General Electric)
 * (General Electric)
 * (General Electric)
 * (General Electric)

Military and government

 * See the Early Giants, above for those early machines developed for military or government applications

Personal computers

 * . Contains over 280 book notations and over 250 periodical notations.

 * The docudrama Pirates of Silicon Valley is based on this book.
 * (revised ed. Microsoft Press, 1987, ISBN 0-914845-49-7)
 * The docudrama Pirates of Silicon Valley is based on this book.
 * (revised ed. Microsoft Press, 1987, ISBN 0-914845-49-7)
 * (revised ed. Microsoft Press, 1987, ISBN 0-914845-49-7)
 * (revised ed. Microsoft Press, 1987, ISBN 0-914845-49-7)
 * (revised ed. Microsoft Press, 1987, ISBN 0-914845-49-7)

Social history

 * (from the 1st ed. cover ... the relationship between law, cyberspace and social organization.)
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * (from the 1st ed. cover ... the relationship between law, cyberspace and social organization.)
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * (from the 1st ed. cover ... the relationship between law, cyberspace and social organization.)
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * (from the 1st ed. cover ... the relationship between law, cyberspace and social organization.)
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * (from the 1st ed. cover ... the relationship between law, cyberspace and social organization.)
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * (from the 1st ed. cover ... the relationship between law, cyberspace and social organization.)
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * (from the 1st ed. cover ... the relationship between law, cyberspace and social organization.)
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * (from the 1st ed. cover ... the relationship between law, cyberspace and social organization.)
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * (from the 1st ed. cover ... the relationship between law, cyberspace and social organization.)
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )
 * ( ...considered the definitive study of information technology in the workplace )

 * Conference Proceedings

 * International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Technical Committee 9 (TC 9): Relationship between Computers and Society, publications 1974-present (some proceedings are available online, see here).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
PH helmet

The P helmet, PH helmet and PHG helmet were early types of gas mask issued by the British Army in the First World War, to protect troops against chlorine, phosgene and tear gases. Rather than having a separate filter for removing the toxic chemicals, they consisted of a gas-permeable hood worn over the head which was treated with chemicals.

The P (or Phenate) Helmet, officially called the Tube Helmet, appeared in July 1915, replacing the simpler Hypo Helmet. It featured two mica eyepieces instead of the single visor of its predecessor, and added an exhale valve fed from a metal tube which the wearer held in his mouth. The exhale valve was needed because a double layer of flannel – one treated and one not – was needed because the solution attacked the fabric.

It had flannel layers of cloth-dipped in sodium phenolate and glycerin and protected against chlorine and phosgene, but not against tear gas. Around 9 million were made.

The PH Helmet (Phenate Hexamine) replaced it in January 1916, and added hexamethylene tetramine, which greatly improved protection against phosgene and added protection against hydrocyanic acid. Around 14 million were made and it remained in service until the end of the war by which time it was relegated to second line use.

The PHG Helmet appeared in January 1916 and was similar to the PH Helmet but had a facepiece made of rubber sponge to add protection against tear gas. Around one and a half million were produced in 1916–1917.

It was finally superseded by the Small box respirator in 1916, which was much more satisfactory against high concentrations of phosgene or lachrymators.

title: PH helmet


text:
Template talk:Infobox Missile

Weight/Mass
Why change the "mass" to "weight" ? Mass is technically more correct (mass is expressed in kilogrammes and weight in Newtons), and I very much doubt that having "mass" instead of "weight" makes the entry cryptic and ununderstandable to the common reader, does it ? Rama 17:05, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Just sticking to everyday language - after all we can only figure out the mass of it by weighing it? GraemeLeggett 16:24, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * By oscillations. Common method used in spacecrafts.
 * As for everyday language, it's defendable if the technical word is really uncommon, but in this case, I see no reason to chance from the correct word to the inexact one. Rama 16:38, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I note that commonly we talk about the take-off weight of aircraft GraemeLeggett 20:38, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Capacity
Wouldn't it make sense to include the missle's payload capacity in this infobox? --Pifactorial 06:46, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * that would be the meaning of the entry warhead would it not, its the way it has been filled in for both this and Weapon-missile templates. GraemeLeggett 08:42, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, I was thinking specifically of the Taepodong-2 article, where "Warhead" is listed only as "Conventional & non-conventional; Satellite", with no further information. The article mentions that the capacity is "less than 500 kg" at maximum range, and "700–1000 kg" at short range.  How would this data be properly incorperated into the userbox? --Pifactorial 17:21, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * how you just wrote it.GraemeLeggett 19:35, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Layout is broken and unreadable
In Safari, all of the content of this template, including the green bars, projects outside of it on the right side, beyond the bounds of the browser window. The windows does not get a horizontal scrollbar though, so about 1/4 of the content is completely impossible to read.

Oddly, the empty infobox on the template page looks fine. —Michael Z. 2006-09-10 14:48 Z

 * I believe I have fixed this, but I don't understand all of the code in the template. It looks fine now in the dozen articles I have checked.  The previous template code looked way too complicated, with a mix of wikitable and HTML table tags, and for some reason three columns used for a two-column table.—Michael Z. 2006-09-10 15:46 Z

Actually, this template is no longer officially sanctioned. Within the next year or two, we will be converting missile articles to use and. See WP:LV. Ingoolemo talk 17:30, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * What's the status of that effort? I was about to use infobox missile to improve the Standard Missile article.  If missile specifications is the successor, better lay claim to it quickly.  (See next section).  Wdfarmer (talk) 15:53, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion: missile specifications template
See missile specifications; it's been listed for speedy deletion as of February 12 2008 because "it is a deprecated or orphaned template that no longer serves a useful purpose". Is this true? Wdfarmer (talk) 15:53, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merger
Please discuss at Template talk:Infobox rocket. -- GW_SimulationsUser Page 13:30, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Image caption
There should be a separate field for the image caption. On RBS-15, I'd like to point out that its the missile on the right, for example.--Adamrush 21:51, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Done! --Rlandmann (talk) 19:28, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

References parameter
I've added a parameter that can be used to pass in tags that apply to the "General characteristics" section as a whole. Applying those tags to the parameter didn't work very well because the black reference tags didn't show up well against the green header background. Wdfarmer (talk) 23:03, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Stage4 parameter
I've extended the existing Stage1, Stage2, Stage3 parameters by adding a new Stage4 parameter. It was needed for RIM-161 Standard Missile 3. Wdfarmer (talk) 23:39, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Infobox Missile


text:
Bungee

Bungee may refer to:

 * Bungee cord, also called shock cord, an engineered stretchable cord
 * Bungee chair, a type of office or lounge chair made with bungee cords
 * Bungee jumping, an adventure sport
 * Bungee language or Bungi creole, a language and its related population, which exist mainly along the north–south trade routes of Manitoba, Canada

title: Bungee


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Computing/List of books on the history of computing

Formatting problem
help Look at the 1st entry of the article: "Allan, Roy ...". The text "Contains over 280 ..." starts a new line and is double-spaced. The entire section is double-spaced as are most other sections. If you use "history" to display the previous version, that version displays correctly. And if you use history to compare those two versions, the only change shown is a spelling correction "Greenword" to "Greenwood".

I've made thousands of edits, but can't find the problem here. Feeling dumb. tooold (talk) 19:52, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I have a feeling it's your browser, or possibly something funny with your personal CSS? I looked at it in Firefox and Google Chrome and the spacing looks fine for the Alan Roy entry and the same as the spacing throughout the rest of the article.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 20:14, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I use Windows XP, Firefox. Get the same display with IE8 (1st time I've tried it), get the same display with a WIkipedia logon or IP address.  My description may not have been adequate -- that the "Contains over 280 ..." starts a new line is the wrong formatting.  In the prior version (and all prior versions, I think), that text continues on the same line. I've also restarted my system - which had no effect.
 * If when you view the article, the "Contains over 280.." is on the same line, I'll just ignore the problem, believing the problem to be with my system. Thanks tooold (talk) 21:56, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I can believe this, which is not actually a nice thing to say in this case. That first line is a template for a book citation followed by text.  When a period was added immediately after the template, the formatting was correct!  When I then removed that period - thus back to the prior state - the formatting was still correct(!), the error did not repeat. Cost me a couple of hours; forget it and move on.  Thanks again. tooold (talk) 22:10, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, so the one extra character sent it over the edge? For me half the sentence is on the next line, which has to do which how large text formats on my screen. If you hit once or twice many of the lines which are wrapping will no longer.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 22:17, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

This is Wikipedia, not your private web page
I was really surprised at how bad this situation was. I expect this only on obscure pages that hardly anyone ever looks at. Please note: Manual of Style does exist. Michael Hardy (talk) 00:34, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

What is the point of the strings of hyphens?
They're used like  on this page. Someone obviously had some conscious intent with the way they used them, but that intent is not apparent to me. Please explain. Maybe it is already explained somewhere (I skimmed, I didn't read closely yet). The explanation needs to be more at-a-glance findable (in lede) if so. — ¾-10 18:47, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see any reason for them. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 22:57, 17 October 2010 (UTC)


text:
Edward Maynard

Edward Maynard (April 26, 1813 – May 4, 1891) was an American dentist and firearms inventor, most famous for his breechloading rifle design.

History
Edward Maynard was born in Madison, New York, on April 26, 1813. In 1831 he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point but resigned after only a semester due to ill health and became a dentist in 1835.

Maynard continued to practice dentistry for the rest of his life, becoming one of the most prominent dentists in the United States. Practicing in Baltimore and Washington, D.C., his clientele included the country's political elite, including Congressmen and Presidents, and it is reported that he was offered but declined the position of Imperial Dentist to Tsar Nicholas I. In 1857 he became professor of theory and practice in Baltimore College of Dental Surgery.

Maynard had two wives; his first was Sophia Ellen Doty (born 1826, and to which all of his known children were born) and Nellie Long (born 1845). Maynard's son, George Willoughby Maynard, was born in Washington, D.C., on March 5, 1843, and became a successful artist. His other children included John (born 1855), Ellen (born 1858), Josephine (born 1860), Marie (born 1852), Virginia (born 1854), and Edna (born 1870).

In 1845 Maynard patented the first of 23 firearms-related patents he was awarded during his life.

In 1888 he held the chair of Dental Theory and Practice at the National university in Washington. He died in Washington on May 4, 1891, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery.

Firearms inventions
Maynard invented many dental methods and instruments, such as the barbed broach—a demonstration of which prompted Czar Nicholas to offer Maynard the title of Actual Dentist to His Imperial Majesty. However, Maynard is more famous for his firearms inventions. He achieved lucrative fame for his first patent, an 1845 priming system which cycled a small mercury fulminate charge to the nipple of a percussion cap firearm. His  system used a magazine from which a paper roll, not unlike modern cap guns, advanced a charge over the nipple as the gun was cocked; this was intended to  accelerate the gun's rate of fire as the shooter could concentrate on loading and firing the gun. The system was quickly adopted by several commercial gun makers, and the United States government decided to test it.

In 1845 the Maynard system was installed on 300 converted percussion muskets and trials were considered successful. Maynard turned over the patent rights to his priming system to the United States Federal Government in exchange for a royalty of $1.00 per  weapon: a substantial sum at the time (the cost of making an entire 1861 Springfield was $18.00.) In 1855 the Maynard Tape Primer System was installed on all 1855 model .58 caliber military rifles and carbines made at Federal arsenals.

However the system was complicated and often malfunctioned in wartime conditions. During the Crimean War British cavalrymen had been equipped with 2,000 Greene carbines, a Maynard system firearm, and the system was found to be unreliable in the field. In 1860 U.S. ordnance officers recommended dropping the Maynard Tape Primer System, and the famous 1861 Springfield rifled muskets did not use it.

In 1851, however, Maynard had patented a more successful idea: a simple lever-operated breechloading rifle, which used a metallic cartridge his own invention. When the gun's lever was depressed the barrel rose, opening the breech for loading. Afterwards the lever was raised to close the gun's breech. Once cocked the loaded weapon could be primed by either placing a percussion cap directly on its nipple or by using Maynard's priming system to advance a primer to the nipple. The brass Maynard cartridge did not have an integral percussion cap; a small hole in the middle of its base fired it when the external cap was detonated. The cartridge, which had a wide rim permitting swift extraction, was reloadable up to 100 times. This was of particular advantage to the Confederacy, as the cartridges could be manufactured without the sophisticated equipment that the south generally lacked. Another significant feature was that the use of a metallic cartridge prevented gas escape at the breech, a serious concern for early externally primed breechloaders.

Production
The Springfield Armory manufactured a sample Maynard carbine in .48 caliber and it was tested in May 1856. The gun, fired at ranges from 100 to 500 yards, was considered the best breechloader tested. Subsequently, the cartridge's powder charge was raised from 30 to 40 grains, loaded behind a 343-grain lubricated bullet.

Maynard and his financial backers founded the Maynard Arms Company in 1857, contracting the Massachusetts Arms Company to manufacture the new gun for civilian and military use. The guns, known as Maynards, were offered in .35 and .50 caliber, and could be purchased with interchangeable smoothbore shotgun barrels. A second army test resulted in a military contract for four hundred .50 caliber Maynard carbines, with the original long-range aperture tang sight replaced with a barrel mounted open sight. The Revenue Cutter Service (later the United States Coast Guard) and United States Navy ordered smaller numbers.

The Maynard was highly praised in frontier service, but only four U.S. regiments appear to have been armed with the first model Maynard during the American Civil War. Between 1861 and 1863 only the 1st (later 4th) U.S., 9th Pennsylvania, and 1st Wisconsin Cavalry received the gun. This may have been because the Massachusetts Arms Company's factory burned down in January 1861. Rebuilt by 1863 the factory began producing 20,000 of the simpler Second Model Maynard carbines for the U.S. government but deliveries did not begin until June 1864, continuing through May 1865. As a result, few of the second model Maynards saw service, although some reached the 9th and 11th Indiana regiments and the 11th Tennessee Cavalry.

Some Southern states had purchased Maynards for their state militias in late 1860 and early 1861. About 3000 Maynards were in Southern hands during the war, mostly in Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi units. The First Model Maynard was listed as an official firearm in Confederate ordnance manuals. The Maynard had a good reputation for long range accuracy and Confederate sharpshooters made extensive use of it, especially during the Siege of Charleston. Maynard cartridges were easily manufactured in the Confederacy, in contrast to the complex internally primed rimfire cartridges of captured Spencer and Henry rifles. The Maynard was easily adaptable to these newer cartridges and it was one of the few patent breechloaders to survive the Civil War. It continued in production as a highly regarded centerfire target and hunting rifle until 1890.

title: Edward Maynard


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Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs

The Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs (OCPA) is a conservative, state-based think tank in Oklahoma, US.

Founding, mission, and leadership
Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs (OCPA) was founded in 1993 as a public policy research organization focused primarily on state-level issues. The founders, led by Dr. David Brown, envisioned an organization that was capable of affecting the state's public policy similar to national level think tanks. Since its founding OCPA has conducted research and analysis of public issues in Oklahoma from a perspective of limited government, individual liberty and a free-market economy.

The group was founded following a meeting arranged by Tony Wyman, a Republican political staffer working in the Bill Price 5th District congressional primary campaign and the George H. W. Bush re-election campaign, who brought a representative from Iowans for Tax Relief to meet with local business and political leaders in the board room of Phillips Petroleum Company in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, in 1992.

OCPA headquarters is near the Oklahoma State Capitol in Oklahoma City. Jonathan Small serves as the organization's president.

A Ten Commandments outdoor monument tablet was installed at OCPA headquarters in 2015. The monument had been removed from the Oklahoma State Capitol as a reaction to an activist group's attempt to install a Satanic monument alongside the tablet.

title: Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs


text:
Talk:Sting (biology)

Wikitionary

re Proposed Merging
Merge with Venom (poison) which a decent enough article. It is less intuitive that it should be merged with the other suggestion made of Stinger (organ), and which is itself only a stub. David Ruben 00:42, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Oppose. These are different subjects. Like "Blood" and "Vein". Size is not a valid criterion. Subject is. mikka (t) 16:57, 24 December 2005 (UTC) Comment – A more appropriate merge may be venom (poison) with toxin, if any such merge is to be made at all. – ClockworkSoul 18:03, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point... Hmmm - on reflection I change my mind - I think the current contents need mostly to merge with Stinger (organ), yet the title of 'Sting (biology)' should remain but be rewritten from the point of the process, rather than any noun:
 * Venom (poison) & Stinger (organ) are indeed different, I did not mean imply in my comment above that my decission based on size - no harm for any topic start as a stub.
 * Firstly I suspect in general use, the word 'sting' is used primarily as the verb rather than the noun, and as such, what the victim experiences is the effects of having 'been stung' with a poison/venom rather than the process of something penetrating through the skin. The process of animals delivering a sting is best suited within the existing article on stinger organs and the effect in that on venoms.
 * Secondly 'stinging' also applies to the sensation/effects delivered by stinger glands, and not just organs. Examples are jellyfish, which as an animals deliver a venom, and stinging nettles which being a plant delivers a poison.  So the topic of 'sting' needs encompass both the results of both organs and glands.
 * 'Sting (biology)' perhaps should be a disambiguation page to direct the reader to Stinger (organ) of animals that deliver venom, and glands of plants/jellyfish delivering poisons.
 * PS the gland article is itself currently a stub... David Ruben 19:31, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

So...should the template be removed, then? Twilight Realm 02:34, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Seems that way. I'll remove it now. – ClockworkSoul 04:59, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sting (biology)


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User:Creepyguyinblack

Hi, I'm just a student in Seattle, studying science and biology, employed as a work study facilities assistant at SBRI and also working part time at Blockbuster. I enjoy playing first person shooters and strategy games on the computer, reading, watching dvds and tv shows.

title: User:Creepyguyinblack


text: Category:Mass media in Omaha, Nebraska

title: Category:Mass media in Omaha, Nebraska


text:
Character generation

Character generation may refer to:

 * Character creation, the process of creating a character for a role-playing game.
 * Character generator, a device or software that produces text for keying into a video stream.

title: Character generation


text:
Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)

The Imperial Guards of the Qing dynasty were a select detachment of Manchu and Mongol bannermen responsible for guarding the Forbidden City in Beijing, the emperor, and the emperor's family. The Imperial Guards were divided into three groups: the Guard Corps, the Vanguard, and the Imperial Bodyguard.

Guard Corps
The Guard Corps (Manchu: bayara; ) was assigned to protect the imperial palace. Soldiers from the Manchu and Mongol banners would be admitted to serve in the unit. The Guard corps was about ten times the size of the Vanguard and Imperial Bodyguards, and was the largest formation of the Imperial Guards.

Vanguard
The Vanguard (Manchu: gabsihiyan; ) corps was assigned to march ahead of the emperor when he left the palace. Soldiers from the Manchu and Mongol banners could join. The Vanguard consisted of about 1500 men.

Imperial Bodyguard
The Imperial Bodyguard (Manchu: hiya; ) corps was assigned to protect the emperor at all times. Only Manchu bannermen could join, and most members came from the upper three banners. Like the Vanguard, the Imperial Bodyguard consisted of about 1500 men.

title: Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)


text:
User:Anon The Editor

Will occasionally edit material contravening the following principle:-

Principle: accurate balanced reliable factual information, that does not also mislead.

Expects substantiation, cited sources and not opinion. Will dialogue and engage to resolve issues.

title: User:Anon The Editor


text:
File:Den of Thieves.jpg

Summary
Cover for album "Den of Thieves" by The Trews

title: File:Den of Thieves.jpg


text:
Mary (1931 film)

Mary (1931) is a British-German thriller film, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and is the German-language version of Hitchcock's Murder! (1930), shot simultaneously on the same sets with German-speaking actors. The film is based on the 1928 book Enter Sir John by Clemence Dane and Helen Simpson, and stars Alfred Abel and Olga Chekhova. Miles Mander reprises his role as Gordon Druce from Murder!, though the character's name was changed to Gordon Moore.

Plot
Mary Baring (renamed Diana in the English version) is a member of a touring acting troupe. When she is found one day with no memory next to the corpse of a colleague, all circumstances point to the fact that she committed the crime. At the murder trial, theater producer, writer and actor Sir John Menier is the only juror who has doubts about her guilt to the end. However, he bowed to pressure from the rest of the jury and finally voted guilty.

Driven by his bad conscience, Sir John sets out on his own to find the real culprit. He also feels complicit in her conviction, as it turns out he has known Mary, who once applied to be an actress at his theater - but he turned her down. With two assistants, an acting couple from Mary's troupe, he investigates and comes across Handel Fane, an actor and acrobat with transvestite tendencies who was engaged to Mary. Mary must not know his dark secret that he is an escaped convict (Fane is mixed-race in the original) who must expect to be caught again at any time. When the common colleague wanted to tell her, Fane killed her.

Since Sir John has no idea of this motive, but assumes that he is the perpetrator despite the lack of evidence, he wants to corner Fane. He lets him audition for a supposed new play. The text to be presented has clear references to the Mary Baring case. Fane panics and leaves Sir John's office. At a circus performance, which Sir John visits to question Fane again, the latter commits suicide while performing a trapeze stunt. He leaves a written confession. Mary Baring is thus free. She is picked up from prison by Sir John in a car. (The original ends with Mary and Sir John performing together at his theatre.)

Cast

 * Alfred Abel as Sir John Menier
 * Olga Chekhova as Mary Baring
 * Paul Graetz as Bobby Brown
 * Lotte Stein as Bebe Brown
 * Hermine Sterler as Miss Miller
 * Ekkehard Arendt as Handel Fane
 * Miles Mander as Gordon Moore
 * John Mylong as John Stuart

Copyright status and home media
Mary, like all of Hitchcock's other British films, is copyrighted worldwide but has been heavily bootlegged on home video. Despite this, various licensed, restored releases have appeared on DVD, Blu-ray, and video on demand from Optimum in the UK, Lionsgate and Kino Lorber in the US, and many others.

title: Mary (1931 film)


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Terry Fugate-Wilcox

Tery Fugate-Wilcox (born 1944) (also known as Terry Fugate-Wilcox before the 1980s when he "donated a surplus r to charity"), is a minimalist and natural-process postminimalist (Actual Art)-ist painter and sculptor best known for three monumental art works in New York City and surrounding region: the LMCC-sponsored Holland Tunnel Wall (dismantled circa 1989), the 3-storey Self-Watering Tetrahedrons fountain located in Prudential's Gateway 4 lobby until 1998, and the permanently installed 36-foot-tall 3000 A.D. Diffusion Piece in J. Hood Wright Park overlooking the George Washington Bridge. The latter is the subject of a New York City official historical sign. The artist is an NEA-laureate with creations in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, the National Gallery of Australia, NYC Parks, and several museums. His art at times led to tangles with the House Un-American Activities Committee, the New York City Department of Buildings, and magazine "Art in America". He was co-organizer of the Fulcrum Gallery (AKA Fvlcrvm Gallery, AKA Shakespeare's Fvlcrvm) located in the basement of the SoHo Branch of the Guggenheim Museum until both sites closed in 2002 in part due to the economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks on SoHo and TriBeCa.

Early life
According to his own autobiography, It's the Artists' Life for Me!, he was born with the name Raymond Terry Fugate in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and he never met his father (who was KIA during World War II). At age sixteen, Raymond was formally adopted by his stepfather, Dale Wilcox, becoming Raymond Terry Fugate-Wilcox. He attended military schools and some college. His autobiography also says that he married in 1963 to Valerie Monroe Shakespeare who convinced him to drop Raymond from his name; changing his name to Terry Fugate-Wilcox. Fugate-Wilcox and wife moved to New York City in December 1968.

Diffusing metal sculptures
Consistent with the artist's enthusiasm for the Actual Art concept that time and natural process should be able to change art's appearance, the most recognizable Fugate-Wilcox pieces involve same-sized flat rectangular slabs of chemically sensitive metals which are physically bolted together—with the intent that, over time (an estimated year indicated in the piece's title) the slabs would chemically bond together through diffusion or other means into one solid mass. Such pieces include the National Gallery of Australia's 2,500 A.D. (Cu & Zn), and Cu & C (3500 ad), and also Blue steel & brass (2500 ad) New York City's prominent 1974 outdoor sculpture, 3000 A.D. Diffusion Piece is such a work: in theory, the piece's various aluminum and magnesium slabs will join themselves into one continuous alloy block around the year 3000. (The geo-coordinates of the site of the 3000 A.D. Diffusion Piece are: 40.847283,-73.94205.)

Other sculpture
Fugate-Wilcox concrete sculptures typically consist of flat slabs of concrete in the elemental polygonal shapes so often favored by minimalist artists. Fugate-Wilcox peppers the exposed surfaces of the still-wet concrete with metallic powder or other substances likely to oxidize or otherwise chemically change with the passage of time, thus changing the surface colors. The artist's Weathering Triangle outdoor sculpture in New York City was meant to feature the changing colors brought about by chemical reactions over time; however, Smithsonian photos show that in fact the surface was usually just covered-over by unauthorized event posters and graffiti. (The piece was also a long-time "litigating triangle" as NY Buildings repeatedly fought to challenge in court the Triangle's erection without permits.)

Some Fugate-Wilcox flat steel creations have involved changes created by blast effects from explosives. The warping and spalling resulting from contact with detonating explosives is used for artistic effect. Fugate-Wilcox also designs lightning-modified art. Some of the artist's creations use furnace-burnt or otherwise deweaponized handguns obtained from municipal gun buyback programs.

Some sculptures have used bundles of vertically installed 2 by 4 lumber which would gradually fan-out slightly from their original rigidly compact vertical formation due to the swelling and warping effects of humidity. According to a 1983 New York Times article, a Fugate-Wilcox warping wood piece called Weathering Wood took advantage of variations in humidity to flex and "flower out" when dry, and then "close back up" when the environment became more humid.

A future sculptural design for which the artist acquired land and started a nonprofit organization to raise funds is his San Andreas Fault Sculpture Project: a proposed 1 acre monolith of concrete (20 ft) meant to straddle both sides of the San Andreas Fault so that over time the Earth's own plate-tectonic forces will crack the block into two golden rectangles that will continue to move past each other in opposite directions. The artist's intent would be to use "the Earth itself, as a tool to make the movement of massive continents visible on a scale that can be understood in human terms".

Paintings
Consistent with the artist's "Actual Art" philosophy, Fugate-Wilcox's abstract paintings often include in their creation, certain natural processes like weathering, rainfall evidence, or oxidation over time; sometimes the natural processes will (on purpose) cause additional colors to appear upon a once-monochromatic surface.

A notable example seen by millions of New York City motorists (during the decade or so it was installed) was the outdoor mural titled Holland Tunnel Wall —a painting larger than the entire facade of the neighboring national parish church Our Lady of Vilnius. located on the multistory parking tower on the northwest corner of Varick and Broome directly in view of vehicles entering the Holland Tunnel. This mural (formerly the site of a megabillboard now gone because the whole building was demolished in November 2015) at first appeared all white until, over time, it became ever more colorful as layers of water-soluble paint weathered away by rain revealed the artist's pigmented underlayers. The artist's intention was to use paints that were incompatible with each other, so that as the work weathered, different colors would emerge. The first layer was red epoxy paint; the second layer, yellow latex; the third layer was blue oil-based alkyd; the fourth layer was green-pigmented shellac, and the fifth (final) layer was whitewash of white water-soluble casein paint. (The geo-coordinates of the former site of the Holland Tunnel Wall mural are: 40.724455, -74.006305.)

Performance art
In an art prank which "Art in America" called "the conceptual artwork that ended conceptual art", in 1970 Fugate-Wilcox and wife picked a nonexistent address on 57th Street (then the center of the New York art world) and created the fictitious Jean Freeman Gallery. Like other significant galleries, the (secretly non-existent) Jean Freeman Gallery advertised in "Art in America"—but the advertising bills, mailed to the fake address, went unpaid. At the end of the 1970 art season, Fugate-Wilcox published an announcement from the Jean Freeman Gallery saying: "26 West 57th Street does not exist". An early 1971 New York Times article by Grace Glueck called "The Non Gallery of No Art" announced in public the story of Jean Freeman Gallery. In a televised appearance with Fugate-Wilcox on the "Today" show, "Art in America"'s Brian O'Doherty announced that the magazine would "donate" the costs of the unpaid advertising bills, and then discussed on-air the non-gallery as a conceptual artwork with Fugate-Wilcox and the show host.

In 1971, Terry Fugate-Wilcox donated a "surplus letter R" from his first name during a fundraiser for the Irish independence cause, thus going from Terry to Tery (still pronounced like "Terry"). Shortly afterward, "Art in America"'s Brian O'Doherty changed his name to "Patrick Ireland" in support of the same cause.

Also in 1971, Tery and his wife, Valerie submitted nude passport photos. Although the photos were taken from the shoulders up, the couple was refused passports and sparked an investigation by the House Un-American Activities Committee's new investigative branch called the Internal Security Commission.

At one point, Fugate-Wilcox and his wife, Valerie, found a lawyer willing to help them file for a "Conceptual Divorce" in which Mrs. Fugate-Wilcox would reclaim her maiden name to become Valerie Shakespeare; thereafter, couple would continue as before.

title: Terry Fugate-Wilcox


text:
Retrogaming

Retrogaming, also known as classic gaming and old school gaming, is the playing and collection of obsolete personal computers, consoles, and video games. Usually, retrogaming is based upon systems that are outmoded or discontinued, although ported retrogaming allows games to be played on modern hardware via ports or compilations. It is typically for nostalgia, preservation, or authenticity. A new game could be retro styled, such as an RPG with turn-based combat and pixel art in isometric camera perspective.

Retrogaming has existed since the early years of the video game industry, and was popularized with the Internet and emulation technology. It is argued that the main reasons players are drawn to retrogames are nostalgia for different eras, the idea that older games are more innovative and original, and the simplicity of the games.

Retrogaming and retrocomputing have been described as preservation activity and as aspects of the remix culture.

Games
The distinction between retro and modern is heavily debated, but it usually coincides with either the shift from 2D to 3D games (making the fourth the last retro generation, and the fifth the first modern), the turn of the millennium and the increase in online gaming (making the fifth the last retro generation, and the sixth the first modern), or the switch from analog to digital for audiovisual output and from 4:3 to 16:9 aspect ratio (making the sixth the last retro generation, and the seventh the first modern). They can be played on original hardware or in modern emulation.

Retrogaming methods
With increasing nostalgia and success of retro compilations in the fifth, sixth, and seventh generations of consoles, retrogaming has become a motif in modern games. Modern retrogames impose limitations on color palette, resolution, and memory well below the actual limits of the hardware, to mimic the look of old hardware. These may be based on a general concept of retro, as with Cave Story, or an attempt to imitate a specific piece of hardware, as with MSX color palette of La Mulana.

This concept, known as deliberate retro and NosCon, gained popularity due part to the independent gaming scene, where the short development time was attractive and commercial viability was not a concern. Major publishers have embraced modern retrogaming with releases such as Mega Man 9 which mimics NES hardware; Retro Game Challenge, a compilation of new games on faux-NES hardware; and Sega's Fantasy Zone II remake, which uses emulated System 16 hardware running on PlayStation 2 to create a 16-bit reimagining of the 8-bit original.

Vintage retrogaming
Vintage retrogaming can involve collecting original cartridge and disc media and arcade and console hardware, which can be expensive and rare. Most are priced lower than their original retail prices. The popularity of vintage retrogaming has led to counterfeit media, which generally lack collectible value. During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, prices for vintage hardware began spiking to much higher levels than pre-pandemic, mostly attributed to the millennial generation pursuing the hobby during the lockdown due to boredom and nostalgia.

Retrogaming emulation
Retrogaming may involve older game systems being emulated on modern hardware. It bypasses the need to collect older consoles and original games. Read-only memory (ROM) files are copied by third parties, directly from the original media. They are then typically put online through file sharing sites. They are often sold as re-releases, typically in compilations containing multiple games running on emulation software. The accessibility of emulation popularized and expanded on retrogaming.

Ported retrogaming
Ported retrogaming involves original games being converted to native on new systems, just as emulation but without original ROM files. Ported games are available through official collections, console-based downloads, and plug and play systems. Ported retrogaming is comparatively rare, since emulation is a much easier and more accurate method.

Remakes
Modern retrogaming may be more broadly applied to retro-style designs and reimaginings with more modern graphics. These enhanced remakes include Pac-Man: Championship Edition, Space Invaders Extreme, Super Mega Worm, and 3D Dot Game Heroes. Some are based directly upon the enhanced emulation of original games, as with Nintendo's NES Remix.

When remakes are created by an individual or a group of enthusiasts without commercial motivation, such games sometimes are also called fangames. These are often motivated by the phenomenon of abandonware, which is the discontinuation of sales and support by the original producers. Examples of fan-made remakes are King's Quest I: Quest for the Crown, King's Quest II: Romancing the Stones, and Freeciv.

The nostalgia-based revival of past game styles has also been accompanied by the development of the modern chiptune genre of game music. Chiptunes are characterized by severe limitations of sound imposed by the author's self-restriction to using only the original sound chips from 8-bit or 16-bit games. These compositions are featured in many retro-style modern games and are popular in the demoscene.

Re-releases
With the new possibility of the online distribution in mid-2000, the commercial distribution of older games became feasible, as deployment and storage costs dropped significantly: "... we can put something up on Steam [a digital distributor], deliver it to people all around the world, make changes. We can take more interesting risks ... Retail doesn't know how to deal with those games. On Steam there's no shelf-space restriction. It's great because they're a bunch of old, orphaned games"

A digital distributor specialized in bringing older games out of abandonware is GOG.com (formerly called Good Old Games) who started 2008 to search for copyright holders of older games to re-release them legally and DRM-free. Other companies have also been established to rerelease retro games, including Limited Run Games and iam8bit.

Online platforms for older video games re-releases include Nintendo's Virtual Console and Sony's PlayStation Network.

Mobile application developers have been purchasing the rights and licensing to re-release older arcade games on iOS and Android operating systems. Some publishers are creating spinoffs to their older games, keeping the core gameplay while adding new features, levels, and styles of play.

Plug-and-play systems
Plug-and-play systems have been released or licensed by companies such as Atari, Sega, and Nintendo. These systems include stand-alone game libraries and plug directly into the user's television.

Retrogaming community
The retrogaming market is active with online and physical spaces where retrogames are discussed, collected, and played.

Online
Several websites and online forums are devoted to retrogaming. The content on these online platforms typically includes reviews of older games, interviews with developers, fan-made content, game walkthroughs, and message boards for discussions. Many gameplay videos posted online feature attempts at breaking speedrun or high score records.

Fighting games
The competitive Fighting game community comes from arcades, such as Street Fighter and Mortal Kombat. Some fighting games have continued to receive arcade releases after the end of the arcade era. Face-to-face competition of Super Street Fighter II Turbo has been featured in the Evolution Championship Series.

Exhibitions
Events typically include vendors, gameplay, tournaments, costumes, and live music. The Classic Tetris World Championship has been streamed online to millions of views and recaps have been broadcast on ESPN2.

Museums
Retrogaming is recognized by museums worldwide. For example, the RetroGames arcade museum of Karlsruhe, Germany was founded in 2002 and the Computerspielemuseum Berlin was founded in 1997. Some classical art museums bear a video gaming retrospective, as with 2012's Smithsonian American Art Museum exhibition titled The Art of Video Games or as part of the Museum of Modern Art "Applied Design" exhibition in 2013. Starting in 2015, The Strong National Museum of Play adds games annually to the World Video Game Hall of Fame. In 2016, the first museum dedicated solely to the history of the videogame industry, The National Videogame Museum, was opened in Frisco, Texas.

Legal issues
An exemption in the United States' Digital Millennium Copyright Act allows consumers to modify video games they already own to make them playable. However, the duration of copyright on creative works in most countries is far longer than the era of home computing, leading to criticism that software piracy is the only way to preserve some titles. In some cases, such as No One Lives Forever, the rights remain ambiguous, preventing legal distribution.

Emulators are typically created by third parties, and the software they run is often taken directly from the original games and put online for free download. While it is completely legal for anyone to create an emulator for any hardware, unauthorized distribution of the code for a retro game is an infringement of the game's copyright. Some companies have made public statements, such as Nintendo, stating that "the introduction of emulators created to play illegally copied Nintendo software represents the greatest threat to date in the intellectual property rights of video game developers". However, video game developers and publishers typically ignore emulation. One reason for this is that at any given time, most of the games illegally distributed for emulation are not presently being sold by the company which owns the game, and so the financial damages in a successful lawsuit would likely be negligible.

Nintendo of America Inc. v. Tropic Haze LLC, No.
Nintendo filed a lawsuit in 2024 against Tropic Haze, claiming Yuzu, Tropic Haze's emulator, infringed copyright by reverse engineering Nintendo's hardware. The settlement included Tropic Haze paying $2.4 million and halting their emulator projects.

Nintendo of America Incorporated v. Mathias Designs LLC.
Nintendo sued the owner of LoveROMs.com and LoveRETRO.co in 2018 for hosting copyrighted game files and facilitating piracy. The court awarded Nintendo $12,230,000 in damages, leading to the shutdown of the sites.

Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. v. Connectix Corp.
In 1999, Sony sued Connectix, the court issued a preliminary injunction against Connectix for copyright infringement on their Virtual Game Station, an emulator enabling PC users to play PlayStation games, violating Sony's BIOS copyright.

Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc.
Sega Enterprises sued Accolade in 1992 for reverse engineering Sega's technology to develop compatible games for the Sega Genesis console. The court sided with Accolade, supporting certain reverse engineering efforts for compatibility.

Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.
In 1992, Lewis Galoob Toys was sued by Nintendo over the Game Genie, a device allowing game modifications for personal use. The 9th District Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Lewis Galoob Toys, stating such modifications did not infringe copyright, permitting the continued sale of the Game Genie.

title: Retrogaming


text:
User talk:Fred2028

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Additions of http://.wikibboy.com
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title: User talk:Fred2028


text:
Parfleche

A parfleche is a Native American rawhide container that is embellished by painting, incising, or both.

Envelope-shaped parfleches have historically been used to contain items such as household tools or foods, such as dried meat or pemmican. They were commonly made in pairs and hung from saddles. Their designs may have once served as maps. In contemporary usage, they may carry social, spiritual, and symbolic meaning, or be part of dance or parade regalia.

The bags are usually decorated with a distinctive style of graphic artwork, often symbolizing landscape features such as rivers and mountains. Historically women were the main creators of parfleches, first painting stretched-out raw hides, then shaping them into their final form. In the 21st century, both women and men make them.

Overview
The increased mobility among the post-contact Plains Indians horse culture required that essential goods such as preserved foods (including pemmican), clothing, medicines, and ceremonial items be transported efficiently in lightweight and weatherproof packaging. While the most common form of the parfleche was the folded envelope or flat wallet, they were also constructed as laced flat cases, cylinders, and trunks.

The production of parfleche bags declined drastically when mercenaries hired by the US federal government slaughtered the buffalo herds to the brink of extinction. The federal government forced Indigenous peoples to relocate onto government-partitioned reservations. While less visible to the colonists who were collecting them for museums, some tribes, particularly the Nez Perce were able to continue hunting and making parfleches throughout the 20th century. The Niisitapi and Lakota people continue to produce parfleches today.

Etymology
The name "parfleche" was initially used by French fur traders in the region, and derives from the French language parer meaning "to parry" or "to defend", and flèche meaning "arrow". "Parfleche" was also used to describe tough rawhide shields, but later used primarily for these decorated rawhide containers. Different Indigenous peoples have their own names for these versatile packages, including ho'sēō'o (Cheyenne), bishkisché (Apsáalooke) and ho'úwoonó3 (Hinono'eino).

Construction
Historically parfleches were almost exclusively made by women. Creation began with “fleshing”, or the removal of the hide from animals such as elk, deer, and most commonly buffalo. Craftswomen employed bone tools fashioned as chisels for fleshing. The hide was stretched by staking it above the ground, and scraped to an even thickness. A glutinous wash (prepared of prickly pear cactus juice or animal glue) was applied for protection before the moist hide was painted. Until the 1890s, natural paints were overwhelmingly used, formed using substances such as charcoal for black, algae for green, and yellow ochre for red. Because artists had a limited amount of time to paint the parfleche design, they had to work with boldness and expertise as revisions were not possible. Once the paint was dry, the craftswomen de-haired the opposite side of the hide using a “stoning” method, and cut the outline of the parfleche using a flint or metal knife. Lastly, the container was folded into its chosen shape and holes were cut or burned to insert ties and laces.

Craftswomen's guilds
Historically, the Native women with the most talent in producing parfleches, the painted designs, and similar items, have held respected positions in their communities. These women historically formed local guilds, choosing elders to oversee the preservation, practice and teaching of these skills to their proteges. The guilds can also be credited with the consistency in parfleche design across multiple nations, as they preserve and pass down the customary designs, symbolism, meanings, and techniques.

While parfleches have been stolen, collected, and admired as art pieces, their 19th-century creators (renowned in their own communities during their own times) have remained largely unknown to colonial anthropologists, collectors, and museum curators, and thus their names tend not to be known.

title: Parfleche


text:
Parnaíba

Parnaíba is a city in the Brazilian state of Piauí. Having a population of over 150,000 inhabitants according to IBGE's 2020 report, it is the second most populous city in the state, after the capital Teresina. It is one of the four coastal municipalities in Piauí (besides Ilha Grande, Luís Correia, and Cajueiro da Praia).

Besides the natural environment, Parnaíba has historical value for Piauí; near Porto das Barcas several historic buildings reflect the importance of Parnaíba, coming at that time to be more important than the former capital Oeiras and taking up same references in Europe.

History
In 1699, the region between the Igaraçu river and the Serra da Ibiapaba, inhabited by indigenous people, was pioneered by Leonardo de Sá and his companions, who obtained a land grant on the banks of that river. Under the name of Parnaíba, toponym that arose, according to some, from the desire of the first explorers of Piauí to pay homage to the then São Paulo district of Parnaíba, and, according to others, from the Tupi word that means 'great unnavigable river'. From 1761 onwards its development began. At that time, there was a charqueada owned by Domingos Dias da Silva, Portuguese founder of Porto das Barcas and pioneer in the region, mainly in the commercial and agricultural sectors. The governor of the province, colonel João Pereira Caldas, was installed in the municipality in 1762, which has a name of São João da Parnaíba.

Geography
Parnaíba is located at Parnaíba River basin and is cut by that which divides into several arms forming the famous Delta of the only offshore of the Americas and the third largest in the world, second only to the Nile in Egypt and Mekong in Southeast Asia. One of these arms is the "river" Igaraçu where the port is located from barcase. Most of the city is on the right bank of the Igaraçu since the rest is in Big Island of Santa Isabel, now in Parnaíba River delta. The only beach of the city is the Pedra do Sal, ideal for surfing, kite surfing and wind surfing. Another source is the city Portinho Lagoon, one of the most famous tourist attractions, that due to the advance of the dunes may disappear. The city is located on land Cenozoic Quaternary and has altitude of about 5 meters in areas of the urban center which is away from the coast. It lies on the coastal plain and the topography is fairly regular. Mangrove vegetation and scrub predominates in the creeks and on river banks, coca crops in the rest of the territory. Megathermal semi-humid tropical climate predominates in the region, with high rate of rainfall due to the mass action Equatorial Atlantic during the months from January to June.

The municipality contains part of the 313800 ha Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, created in 1996.

Economy
Second city in the state of Piauí, Parnaíba distinguished by beautiful landscape, marked by Carnaubais, and the relatively moderate commercial and industrial activity. Parnaíba is located on the right bank of the "river" Igaraçu, which actually is the southernmost arm of the Parnaíba River delta. Located near the coast, altitude 13m, lies 366 km from Teresina, the state capital of Piauí. The main economic activity is the export of Parnaíba carnauba wax, babassu oil, coconut oil, sheet jaborandi, cashew nuts, cotton and leather. The municipality also has industries of food and perfumery. For example, Vegeflora, Delta Cooperative Milk Long, Cobrasil, Q-Odor recycling Tannery Romao, Q-Odor and PVP SA. Parnaíba was honored with a zone processamente exports (ZPE). An area reserved for companies wishing to settle in the city produce for Brazil and the world. The Capital of Lower Parnaíba also has been increasing in agribusiness with production of camaraoes, fruit and milk. Tourism is gaining strength, and the city center of "rota das emoções" which is a tourist route between Lencois Maranhão, Parnaíba Delta Jericoacoara. In south of the city tourists can visit the National Park Ubajara (CE) and Sete Cidades (PI). There are several projects of resorts and hotels to be built in the city and region. In 2009, Parnaíba was considered the most dynamic city in the state, 5th in the Northeast and 32 of Brazil. It was the fastest growing city of Brazil in 2011, with a recorded growth rate of 229%. The city has invested R$34 million in 2011 from R$10.3 million that were applied in 2010.

Main sights

 * Parnaíba Delta is situated between the Brazilian states of Maranhão and Piauí, Rio Parnaíba is one of the few rivers in the world with mouth open sea delta, formed by the Rio Parnaíba, which has 1485 km in length, the Delta of opens into five arms, with 73 river islands, their lush, full of dunes, mangroves and river islands, idyllic setting ensures that region of Maranhão and Piauí.
 * Pedra do Sal beach, being located 15 km from the county seat parnaibano, the beach of Pedra do Sal is in the Ilha Grande de Santa Isabel, river island in the Parnaíba Delta. Access is available through the PI-116, is divided into two parts: the quiet side has few waves, is slow moving and good conditions for fishing and rest and hand busy is useful for sports like surfing and hang gliding. The beach is also an installed wind power plant with 18 MW production, strengthening the energy matrix of the city.
 * Portinho Lagoon is one of the most beautiful landscapes of Piauí and the advantage that the blue waters can turn green depending on the light of the sun, the dunes, surrounding a whiff of fresh water, ideal for practicing water sports on banana boat, jet skiing and windsurfing.
 * Porto das Barcas, the origin of the City of Parnaíba is directly connected, located at Riverside Igaraçu arm Parnaíba River, Porto is right off the bridge that connects the city to the Big Island of Santa Isabel. Constructions of the 18th century played a preponderant role in the economy of the region, being built huge warehouses used for storage of imported goods and export, especially trade with Portugal, Spain, England and Germany.

Infrastructures
Parnaíba has an international airport with a runway of 2500m. The airport and administered by INFRAERO. Starting on December 30, 2020, Azul airlines, the third largest airline carrier in Brazil, will fly every Sundays and Wednesdays straight (3 hours and 10 minutes) from Campinas (São Paulo) to Parnaíba (Piauí), these flights from Campinas (main Hub of Azul in Brazil) to Parnaíba will enable people from Lisboa, Miami, Orlando, Buenos Aires, Paris and southeast, mid-west, and south Brasil plus Manaus and Belém to arrive faster in Parnaíba Delta and Piauí cost much faster. On October, 2021, the Government of Piauí announced that Voepass airlines started this Friday (29th) the sale of airline tickets to two destinations that make up the Rota das Emoções: Parnaíba, in Piauí, and Jericoacoara, in Ceará. The routes will be made from the cities of Fortaleza (CE) and Teresina (PI), both of which are part of the list of new cities operated by the company.

City also has a large irrigated perimeter, which has attracted people from different parts of Brazil to produce.

Two shopping centers, cinemas and bowling, and a theater are being erected in the city in the main boulevard, the Avenida São Sebastião.

Sports Stadiums

 * Stadium Petrônio Portela, considered the birthplace of football in Parnaíba, the history of the Petrônio Portela stadium is intertwined with the history of Parnahyba. Built in the 1920s by Casa Inglesa, it was originally named Estádio Internacional. Its architectural style similar to English stadiums at the time, unique in Brazil, was a symbol of the glamor of the Parnahybano Championship disputes in the last century.
 * Stadium Pedro Alelaf, formerly Mão Santa Stadium, known by the nickname "Piscinão", has a capacity for 4,700 people.
 * Gymnasium Verdinho, stadium owned by Federação das Indústrias do Piauí (FIEPI), has a capacity of 4,500 people.

Football Teams

 * Parnahyba Sport Club (PSC), is the biggest soccer club in the city of Parnaíba and with the biggest fans, being known with the nickname of Tubarão do Litoral. Founded in 1913, the club is the oldest in the state.
 * Ferroviário Atlético Club (FAC), nicknamed Ferão, it was founded in 1946 by employees of the then Estrada de Ferro Central do Piauí.
 * Paysandu Esporte Clube, founded on August 12, 1928, by Cauby, Moarcy and Pharmacy, from Belém, it was known as "brasinha", but has been without professional activities since 2001.

title: Parnaíba


text:
List of Malayalam-language newspapers

Rajyasamacharam was the first newspaper in Malayalam. This was started by Hermann Gundert under the Christian missionaries of Basel Mission in June 1847 from Illikkunnu in Thalassery. Pashchimodayam was the second newspaper in Malayalam. It started in October 1847 from Thalassery. Deepika, the oldest Malayalam newspaper now in circulation, was established in 1887. Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Deshabhimani, Janayugom, Siraj Daily, Suprabhaatham, Janmabhumi, Chandrika, Kerala Kaumudi, General, Veekshanam, Madhyamam and Varthamanam are major newspapers in Malayalam. Malayala Manorama holds the record for the largest-selling regional language newspaper in India. It is also the 11th most circulating newspaper in the world.

List of newspapers (defunct)

 * Al Ameen (edited and published by Mohammed Abdur Rahiman; 1929-1939)
 * Deenabandhu (edited by V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan; 1941 - 1962)
 * Kerala Janatha (edited by Pattom A. Thanu Pillai and K. Krishna Pillai, estd. 1957)
 * Kerala Mithram (edited by Kandathil Varghese Mappila and published by Devji Bhimji)
 * Kerala Pathrika (edited by Chengalathu Kunhirama Menon; estd. 1885)
 * Malayala Rajyam (edited by K. G. Shankar; estd. 1929)
 * Mithavadi (edited by Moorkoth Kumaran, Mithavaadi Krishnan; estd. 1907)
 * Paschimodayam (Hermann Gundert; estd. 1847)
 * Rajyasamacharam (Hermann Gundert; 1847-1850)
 * Swadeshabhimani (edited by Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai and published by Vakkom Moulavi)
 * Thejas (edited by P. Koya)

title: List of Malayalam-language newspapers


text: User talk:199.79.168.160

title: User talk:199.79.168.160


text:
User:Sidam/Magnetoelectric force

'Magnetoelectric force' – the phenomenon of mechanical (ponderomotive) action or interaction of a magnetic current by the own electric field, owing to the magnetoelectric induction.

The ponderomotive action of the magnetoelectric force on the charged macroscopic body in the first time experimentally was presented by O. Lodge (1889) [1] in the experiment with an orientation of the “electric needle”, similarly to the known experiment of H. Ch. Oersted (1820) with an orientation of the “magnetic needle”, though the itself such fact of a production of a curl electric field and electromotive force, acting on electric charges, is known from 1831 year (the time of the discovery of the phenomenon of magnetoelectric induction by M. Faraday). The return mechanical (ponderomotive) action of an external electric field on a magnetic with a magnetic current of polarisation, in the form the phenomenon of magnetodynamic forces, was experimentally (in the first time) investigated for the macroscopic systems in 1984 – 1988 years (A. M. Sidorovich, V. A. Sichik [3]) and theoretically substantiated, as a verification of the Heaviside’s hypothesis (1893) [2]. The magnetoelectric forces, along with the electrostatic forces, are classified as the ponderomotive forces, which action in an electric field. Together with this they occur no only in the contour with a magnetic current, placed in an external electric field, but and in a solitary contour, when the electric field is defined by the magnetic current in the same contour. The characteristic generality of the nature of the magnetoelectric forces (magnetodynamic forces [2, 3]) and electrostatic forces exists, the unity of which in the first time was partly noted by H. Hertz (1884) [4] (with the use of another terminology), similarly to the known Ampere’s Principle of unity forces for electrodynamic forces (electromagnetic forces) and magnetostatic forces. The mechanical forces, leaving on the dielectric bodies and the charged particles in an inhomogeneous electric field of magnetic currents, also are classified as the magnetoelectric forces. Therefore, the magnetoelectric forces are classified in the composition of the mechanical forces of interaction of magnetic currents of polarisation and the contained its bodies with one another and with the external electric field (in a dielectric or conductive intermediate medium) and with the charged bodies (involving the electrets), the forces in a solitary contour with a magnetic current. The direct objects of an action of the magnetoelectric forces are the displacing carriers of magnetic moment (the magnetic polarisation currents) and the contained its bodies, and also electric charges and its carriers (the electrically charged particles or bodies). In common case the value of the magnetoelectric forces and moments, acting in an electric field, is determining (according to the method of the virtual displacements) by the possible rate of a change of the potential energy, accumulated in the electric field, at displacement of a movable path of the object of the force action, namely:

$$F_{x}=\frac{\partial {A_e}}{\partial {x}}$$

where: $$F_{x}\ $$ is the general force (the ponderomotive force or torque); $$x\ $$ is the general co-ordinate (the linear or angular displacement).

The concrete analytical relationships (in accordance with the above-presented common expression) for the various cases of the magnetoelectric ponderomotive interactions have sufficiently much of the variants. At interaction of the magnetic current with an external electric field or with one another the magnetoelectric forces [1] are equivalent to the electrodynamic forces [2, 3], also as the analytical relationships for them are identical.

title: User:Sidam/Magnetoelectric force


text: File:House of Ill Fame Album.jpg

title: File:House of Ill Fame Album.jpg