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Blakedown

Blakedown is a village in the Wyre Forest District lying along the A456 in the north of the county of Worcestershire, England. Following enclosures and the arrival of the railway, it developed both agriculturally and industrially during the 19th century. Due to its transport links, it now serves mainly as a dormitory for the neighbouring town of Kidderminster and for the cities of Birmingham and Worcester.

History
From the time of the Domesday book, the Blakedown (earlier Bleak Down) area formed part of Hagley Parish; originally it belonged to Clent Hundred and later to the lower division of Halfshire. In 1888 the growing village was separated administratively from Hagley to merge with the small adjacent parish of Churchill; there is now a combined Parish Council for both villages.

Much of Blakedown was originally an area of common land, only enclosed in 1832. With the coming of the railway line in 1852, and the consequent agricultural and industrial development, Blakedown eventually became larger than its companion, Churchill. The stream running to the south of it as an affluent to Churchill's Wannerton Brook had been dammed to make a roadside pool as early as 1367. Formerly known as Blakedown Pool, it was later named Swan Pool. More dams were built higher up to form Springbrook Pool (now Ladies Pool), and Wheatmill Pool, eventually called Forge Pool when the agricultural mill there was redeveloped for industrial use. Even after the mills and forges were demolished, workers came from Lancashire and Cumberland for two months each year to cut the willows surrounding them for withies and clogs until the 1930s.

There are still two public houses serving the road through Blakedown: the Swan Inn, dating from 1760, and the Old House at Home. The latter started as a cottage taproom in the 1830s, eventually growing to absorb two neighbouring cottages. The confluence of streams at the foot of the village provided power for ironworks. These included Samuel Bradley's Spring Brook Forge, which in its heyday had a workforce of 150. The forge began as a glassworks, before diversifying to the manufacture of axles, and was demolished in 1917. The other establishment was the Blakedown Foundry, on the site of which Mill Cottage was built after 1920. Further along was a smaller foundry which later became a saw mill.

Many of the village shops that used to serve this clientele have now closed, although a post office and general store remain, along with some other small businesses. One business that disappeared in 2000 was the formerly renowned Blakedown Nursery, where the new Gladstone apple variety was identified in 1868. The recent building development on the nursery site was named Gladstone Place in its honour. However, the greater part of the modern village was built on the other side of the railway line in the years following World War 2.

There are horse-riding stables along the Belbroughton Road and the village also has some excellent sports facilities. These include a golf club which was originally a 9-hole course, now extended to 18 holes; a tennis club; and football and cricket pitches. The snooker club that was established in 1904 has former World Billiard Champion and local resident Rex Williams as Honorary President. The 1920s Parish Hall with its modest Art Deco frontage houses an indoor performance space known as Theatre 282. Outside is a new bowling green completed in 2016 and below it a recreation area.

Road and rail
In ancient times the Roman road between Droitwich and Greensforge ran just east of Blakedown and later developed into a saltway supplying the West Midlands. Another road linking Kidderminster to Birmingham was made a turnpike in 1753, and a toll house was built above Blakedown Pool at the junction with the Belbroughton Road. A milestone from this era with an 1807 metal plate still exists on the first bend coming into the village from Kidderminster. The toll house income dwindled with the coming of the railway and the building was eventually replaced with a shop. One source of financial loss was Samuel Bradley, the owner of Spring Brook Forge, who made a short cut from Forge Lane to the station in order to avoid paying dues on his goods. Planted with trees, it is still known as The Avenue.

The Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway opened a station at the edge of the village in 1853 on land made available by the Squire of Harborough Hall. Originally it was named Churchill, then Churchill and Blakedown following the amalgamation of the two parishes. Now it is known simply as Blakedown railway station. In the station yard there still remain the single storey cottages built at the time for railway workers. The original viaduct over the wide valley of Wannerton Brook was built on wooden trestles. In 1885 what was by then the Great Western Railway replaced it with a parallel blue brick viaduct, although the red brick abutments of the old structure can still be seen on either side of the valley. The station was situated on Mill Lane, where level crossing gates were operated from a signal box. After that became redundant, it was acquired by the Churchill and Blakedown Historical Society for their headquarters and in 2016 was shifted across the road to a site adjoining the station.

Buildings
Settlement of the area along the Kidderminster road came slowly. The timber-framed Harborough Hall was built in 1635 for William and Anne Penn on land that had belonged to the family since the reign of Edward III. On William's death it was left to his two daughters, of whom the elder married Thomas Shenstone and was the mother of William Shenstone the poet. Damming produced a chain of pools below the house, curving round to Broome Mill, which was disused by the 1880s. Following shortly on the enclosure of Harborough Common in 1832, Harborough Farm was built on the other side of the main road, with two farm cottages further along the hillside.

At the opposite end of the village, beyond the parish boundary, there was once a half-timbered cottage on the slope, with the village smithy on the other side of the main road, both of which were demolished in the early 20th century. Springbrook House, dating from the turn of the 18th century, still survives, as does the contemporary Churchill corn mill beside Wannerton Brook. Along the village street there are two survivals from the end of the 18th century, Castle Ash and Jack's Cottage (which now adjoins the Post Office). Rose Cottage, near the Belbroughton Road, dates from 1820 but has since been combined with the former blacksmith's round the corner. Beyond the blacksmith on Belbroughton Road (which continued to be called by its old name of The Common for decades) there were the narrow plots of Victorian cottage developments, each with their peaked porch. On the other side of the road were the cottages built for foundry workers in the 1830s at the top of Forge Lane.

By 1860 there were enough inhabitants in the village for the church of St James the Great to be built to a design by Gothic revivalist George Edmund Street. At first it consisted of a simple nave and chancel with an ornamental bell-turret at the gable end. The sandstone for the church was quarried from the grounds of Hagley Hall, the residence of the Lyttelton lords of the manor at the time. In 1865 two Sunday morning services were held to accommodate the growing population and in the following year a rooftop wooden bell-tower was added (later renewed in 1915 at the same time as a new aisle and vestry were built). A school associated with the church was first housed in a tin hut in the churchyard, replaced in 1885 with a brick building which now functions as a nursery school. The new primary school occupies modern buildings on a site adjacent to the churchyard.

Among the 20th century houses in the area, Knoll Hill along the Belbroughton road is notable for having been the former home of the show jumping champion Dawn Wofford. Above the Kidderminster Road, Harborough Hill House was built in 1925; the much larger and more secluded Wannerton House dates from 1924 and is accessed by a private drive leading off Churchill Lane. And along New Wood Lane is a newly restored Art Deco house, known as Blakedown Rough when it was first built in 1934.

title: Blakedown


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Talk:UEFA Super Cup

Date format
What do people think the best way to date the European Super Cup is? I noticed on Liverpool players such as Steven Gerrard that the 2001 European Super Cup was said to have been won in the 2001/2002 season. (Liverpool won the UEFA Cup in the 2000/2001 season).

As such, I dated their recent Super Cup win as occurring in the 2005/2006 season (they won the Champions League in the 2004/2005 season), although someone changed it to being the 2004/2005 season for the Super Cup.

The more I think of it, the more I think it should probably just be listed as the single year in which the Super Cup took place (so the most recent Super Cup would be called 2005, rather than 2004/2005, or 2005/2006). That seems to be in keeping with the dates in this particular article. However, I don't know whether UEFA has any specific dating/naming for the year/season the cup took place. Does anyone know? KeithD (talk) 22:03, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

I would be careful about dating it by year. Taking 1985 as an example - due to fixture congestion the game now normally played in Aug 1984 didnt take place until February 1985. The game that didnt take place between Everton and Juventus would have taken place in November 1985 i.e. two 1985 games. It is unlikely to happen in the near future but not inconcievable.

Date Specification
I think they should specify exactly the date for the matches. For example = Aug 31, 2007 at 20:30 (2007 one) Duduman (talk)

trophies
When Ajax won this trophy in 1972 & 1973 there was an altogether different trophy which must hve preceded the plaque, this trophy was huge, bigger than either the UEFA cup or even the European Champions Cup. So there have been more than three trophies to represent this honour. I have pictures of this trophy if needed

Gaffer77 (talk) 09:44, 30 April 2008 (UTC) gaffer77

Link in Records and Statistics
This is a small thing. In the records and statistics section, the link to Milan leads to the city of Milan, not A.C. Milan. I'm not really sure how to change that, but somebody can. Thanks! 75.87.249.123 (talk) 17:49, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

Hello
Hello, please add UEFA Super Cup prize money, because is very important. All other european football competitions and fifa world cup have prize money in wikipedia. Thank you. Beratademaj21 (talk) 09:54, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 September 2020
Please change the linked team in the year 1986 from FC Fcsb to CSA Steaua București, FC Fcsb it's not Steaua Bucuresti. There have been 20+ trials that just proves this club (FC Fcsb) is not Steaua Bucharest, they don't have the name, the palmares(history), nothing and they are founded in 2003. --CristiCristii (talk) 12:16, 15 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Not Done: at present, UEFA still links the 1986 wins to the FCSB entity: the Super Cup entry only talks about "Steaua", but the European Cup page shows the FCSB badge, and the entity is given 'title points' for that win at the coefficients table page. Until UEFA disassociate FCSB from the achievements of Steaua in that era, it won't be changed here either. Crowsus (talk) 14:52, 15 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The decision is not definitive yet. FCSB still owns the record from 1947 to present. CSA has the name. That's definitive only so far.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:2F0F:301A:E400:D851:4F4B:99DE:6C0 (talk) 14:11, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

Ah yes, I know that story but if you think of it you can clearly understand who is the winner from 1986 if the name on the UEFA site is Steaua but the badge is of fcsb(since fcsb doesn't have the name Steaua). "They consider" fcsb as the winner from 1986 just because that's what they have been told from Federatia Romana de Fotbal, and FRF still at this day refused to inform UEFA who is Steaua. But it's ok, in this november will come the final answer about who has the history, and I think we all know who will win(the team that won it in the first place).

Order of the performances table
It might an irrelevant issue but what is the order shown in the performances table? I changed (sorry I didn't ask anyone for it) Juventus with Valencia because Juventus latest title was before Valencia's one and if that is not the "rule", Chelsea should be above Bayern Munich... XMillennium94x (talk) 20:00, 12 August 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 May 2022
Rangers were runners up in the first Super Cup Final in 1972. Scotland should be updated to show one runner up 129.127.145.239 (talk) 05:19, 6 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. MadGuy7023 (talk) 05:45, 6 May 2022 (UTC)
 * 1972 was not official edition, and is not recognised by UEFA, check official website. Snowflake91  (talk) 09:29, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 April 2023
CHANGE in the "Throphy" section: It was designed and manufactured at the Bertoni workshop in Milan. TO It was designed by italian sculptor Silvio Gazzaniga and manufactured at the Bertoni workshop in Milan.

SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Gazzaniga Damianobonazzi (talk) 09:40, 9 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Another Wikipedia page cannot be used as a source, provide a reliable source for those changes. Snowflake91  (talk) 10:03, 9 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 31 July 2023
change

It was designed and manufactured at the Bertoni workshop in Milan

to

It was designed by Silvio Gazzaniga and manufactured at the Bertoni workshop in Milan

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Gazzaniga https://www.silviogazzaniga.com/ https://www.instagram.com/silviogazzaniga/ Damianobonazzi (talk) 13:35, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

 * @Damianobonazzi Please provide WP:SECONDARY reliable source that is WP:INDEPENDENT of the subject.  — Paper9oll  (🔔 • 📝)  13:51, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

Wrong info
the current champions league trophy holders are Man City, not Real Madrid. 85.200.239.2 (talk) 13:20, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

 * The sentence is clearly talking about super cup holders and not CL holders, everything is fine. Snowflake91  (talk) 13:35, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

Major trophy
The lead says that the UEFA Super Cup "It is not recognised as one of UEFA's major competitions." and gives two sources for it. The first source, speaking of Tottenham's chances on the UEFA Champions League says: Only five sides have lifted all three major club trophies – Tottenham could make it six. The second source mentions the following: Up-to-date booking lists – including the latest player suspensions – are available here for the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League, the continent's two major club competitions. Why not call it a major trophy since the source calls it that way? Nxavar (talk) 12:56, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Where do you see the sources calling it that way? Both sources are literally calling the Champions League, Europa League and Cup Winners' Cup as the "UEFA's major club competitions", and not Super Cup. Snowflake91  (talk) 13:49, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You're right. My mistake. Nxavar (talk) 06:41, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

Records section
As I said in the edit summary, only the records that are mentioned by UEFA or media reports should be added to the article per WP:VERIFY, and not any random statistics that you find on questionable websites with incomplete history.
 * "Most assists (since 2011)" – why on earth would we add some incomplete information by some random betting website, that has only selective and incomplete information? And its not even "since 2011", they have very selective assists reports - for example they have it for 2009 (because its Messi, of course), then for 2010 they don't have assist information, for 2011 they again have it (because its Barcelona - selective match reports), and then Atletico-Chelsea match from 2012 is again missing assist information. So no, we won't include those half-done information from some random website.
 * "Most wins with different clubs by player" – provide a source for this claim and stop re-adding unsourced claims. If none of the media websites or UEFA mentions this as a record, then you cannot add it to this article per WP:OR. Check Guardiola information - there are 2 different sources (UEFA, BBC) that mentions his record for winning the cup with 3 different clubs, while for Kovacic there are no such articles, so its apparently not notable.

So I will revert all your selective WP:OR and non-notable records that none of the media websites or UEFA finds it unworthy to mention, only the records from the official record book should actually be included. Snowflake91 (talk) 14:38, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

 * And I almost forgot, that same official UEFA source doesn't even recognize Kovacic as the four-time winner, so this should be removed as well. Check the official source above, updated as of 16 August 2023, they list only Alves, Benzema, Carvajal, Kroos, Maldini and Modric among the record winners, because apparently Kovacic isn't recognised as the winner in 2017 since he didn't play in the match. Snowflake91  (talk) 16:33, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm tired of arguing with you, and I'm tired of your bossiness, this is the last time I'm going to respond, and if you keep doing that, go and file a complaint against me.

 * The policy of "original research" states that we should not post information as long as it cannot be verified. All information that i have provided can be verified by anyone.

 * For example, Kovacic's information, you can see the players who have achieved three UEFA Super Cup titles and more, you will not find a player who won with three clubs other than Kovacic, so we can verify this information, and therefore it is not considered an original research!

 * Another exampleو look at this edit, it's just right with just a simple check! But at the same time, I did not find a source stating this information. Will we consider it an original research? of course not! Because the information is completely correct and we can check and watch the results of the team's matches from 2017.

 * As for the number of assists, it is natural that any statistic related to assists will not find a unified source for it. Look at the assists of the World Cup, even in the largest tournament there is a difference in the sources. I found a site that shows the number of assists since 1997 in the UEFA Super Cup, and anyone can verify This information is easily obtained, so the diligence of the editors is not considered original research as long as verification is possible. As for the fragmentation of history, there is nothing that contradicts the policies of the encyclopedia, and there are many, many statistics that have been mentioned from a specific date.

 * I don't want to get an WP:Edit warring with you, so please stop bothering the editors and making ridiculous excuses. --Mishary94 (talk) 08:06, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

 * What you did IS an original research, you now manually searched and calculated assists from each edition to come with your own conclusion who is the assist leader, and by the way the source you are using is unreliable and cannot be used (Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football/Archive 129). For the last time - if none of the reliable sources (UEFA, media...) doesn't keep a track of the assist leaders, then you CANNOT do this by yourself by combinating different sources, player profiles, and calculate things by yourself. And you re-instated unsourced claims about Kovacic for the third time when I asked you to provide a source two times, and furtheremore you even removed a reliable BBC source that I've added. And don't even bother me with WP:OTHERSTUFF, I don't care about European association football club records and statistics which is one big WP:OR and WP:SYNTH, you cannot use another Wikipedia page as a source in this article you know? "You will not find a player who won with three clubs other than Kovacic, so we can verify this information" – fine, give me a media source that would say "Kovacic is now the record holder for winning the cup with 3 teams", unless you will do this it will be reverted. And we already saw how "great" your original research is, when you were edit warring by trying to add Johan Cruyff as the only manager that contested 5 matches even though none of the sources confirmed that, while in fact it was also Alex Ferguson who managed 5 matches, you can't even do WP:OR and WP:SYNTH properly. Snowflake91  (talk) 09:30, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Why?
Why only picture is a Barcelona player hanging a trophy if Milan got it first an Madrid got the same and first in a row? 2A02:9130:9434:E305:17BC:2658:E69E:5853 (talk) 02:55, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 March 2024

 * Most wins by player: Mateo Kovacic and Nacho (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacho_(footballer,_born_1990)) are missing with also 4 wins

It needs to be added "Most wins with different clubs by player" similar to "Most wins with different clubs by coach"

 * Most wins with different clubs by player: Mateo Kovacic (three clubs), with Real Madrid (2016, 2017), Chelsea (2021) Manchester City (2023) Catbayarea (talk) 22:00, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * You are right, done. --Mishary94 (talk) 00:01, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Unsourced additions will be removed, do not use WP:OR for records, UEFA doesn't list Nacho and Kovacic as 4-time winners, see source Snowflake91  (talk) 10:43, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The necessary sources have been added. On the UEFA website, it was not mentioned that Kovacic and Nacho win four titles, because they did not participate in all of them, but in Wikipedia policies, according to the community discussion, the title is credited to the player only if he is called up, see the discussion here. Not mentioning a statistic by UEFA does not mean denying it. Kovacic won with three different clubs (this was proven by sources from the official websites of the three clubs). Please, do not retrieve the edit until you have used the talk page first. --Mishary94 (talk) 12:04, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Per that (rejected) proposal by the community, the verdict is "Consensus is clear that supercups should not be included in a player's trophy count if they were not called up for the match". So no, Nacho did not win it 4 times regarldess of what the biased primary source (Real Madrid website) says, he was in the squad 4 times and won it 3 times (2016, 2017, 2022, lost in 2018), so you are literally contradicting yourself and your own policies by adding this, it will be removed on sight. Snowflake91  (talk) 12:33, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * You're right, thanks for your edit. --Mishary94 (talk) 13:00, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:UEFA Super Cup


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Croesor Tramway

The Croesor Tramway was a Welsh, narrow gauge railway line built to carry slate from the Croesor slate mines to Porthmadog. It was built in 1864 without an Act of Parliament and was operated using horse power.

The tramway was absorbed into the Croesor and Port Madoc Railway in 1865 and later became the Portmadoc, Croesor and Beddgelert Tram Railway in 1879. Part of its route, from Croesor Junction to Porthmadog, was taken over by the Welsh Highland Railway in 1922, and upgraded to allow the operation of steam locomotives. The remainder of the line continued as a horse-drawn tramway, and operated as such until the mid-1940s.

History
Slate quarrying in the remote Cwm Croesor (Croesor valley) dates back to at least 1846 when the Croesor Quarry opened. Quarrying expanded in the early 1860s and transportation to the shipping wharfs at Porthmadog became a limiting factor. In 1862 discussion began to construct a tramway to connect the valley with the sea. An initial company, the Croesor Valley Railroad was proposed under the ownership of Hugh Beaver Roberts and two other quarry proprietors.

In the meantime, slate from the Croesor Quarry was being hauled by pack mule over to the adjacent Cwm Orthin and down to the Ffestiniog Railway at Tanygrisiau, a long and dangerous journey.

In 1863 Beaver Roberts commenced construction of the tramway, by now known as the Croesor Tramway. It opened to goods and mineral traffic on or before 1 August. 1864. The Rhosydd Quarry at the head of the valley was connected that year.

The Rhosydd quarry failed in 1873, but a new company was formed to reopen it as the New Rhosydd quarry in 1874.

In 1879 the railway company was renamed the Portmadoc, Croesor and Beddgelert Tram Railway Company and authorised to build a branch to Beddgelert, although this was never constructed. The company went into receivership in 1882 and was sold in 1902 to the Portmadoc, Beddgelert and South Snowdon Railway, one of the precursors of the Welsh Highland Railway.

The tramway continued to carry slate from the quarries along Cwm Croesor until 1944, when the last wagons were sent down the Rhosydd incline and on towards Porthmadog. The track from Croesor Junction to Croesor Village was lifted between 1948 and 1949. The remaining track, between Croesor and Blaen y Cwm continued in unofficial use by local farmers until the late 1950s.

Across Traeth Mawr
The Croesor Tramway ran from the wharves at Porthmadog to the quarries at the head of Cwm Croesor. The southern end of the line connected to the Ffestiniog Railway near a timber yard at Cornhill. The line swung to the north and ran through the western edge of the town. North of the Snowdon Mill it crossed the Cambrian Railways Machynlleth-Pwllheli line on the level before heading north across Traeth Mawr - the great polder behind The Cob. A short standard gauge branch from Porthmadog Station ran on the western side of the tramway to meet the narrow gauge at Beddgelert Sidings. This was an interchange point where much of the slate from the quarries was transferred to the Cambrian for shipment onwards.

From Beddgelert Siding, the line ran north east across Traeth Mawr. It crossed the Afon Glaslyn a mile north of Porthmadog. This was initially a wooden bridge, though later it was replaced with a substantial stone bridge that carried both the railway and the road over the river. The road and railway ran parallel almost as far as Croesor Junction. Croesor Junction did not exist before 1901, when the tramway was purchased by the Portmadoc, Beddgelert and South Snowdon Railway. After 1901 it became the junction between the tramway heading north east and what would become the Welsh Highland Railway heading north west. The tramway continued to Pont Garreg-Hylldrem where it ran alongside the Afon Maesgwm for a short distance. Here the tramway climbed the first of a series of inclines into Cwm Croesor.

Inclines to Croesor village
The first incline, the Lower Parc incline, rises around 200 ft past Beudy-Newydd farm house. At the top of the incline the tramway turns through a tight s-bend and immediately arrives at the foot of the Upper Parc incline. This rises another 300 ft and ends in a winding house that straddles the tramway - this has been preserved and converted into a home. The tramway continues to run north-east entering the village of Croesor where is crosses the main road into the village on the level.

Cwm Croesor
North from the village, the line crosses Afon Croesor on a low slate-built bridge then continues along the bottom of Cwm Croesor. The valley floor here is nearly level and the line travels almost straight to the north east. Apart from a shallow cutting near Croesor Uchaf farm, this section of the tramway has no significant engineering features. This section terminates at Blaen y Cwm. Here the tramway crosses Afon Croesor once more, again on a low slate bridge. Immediately on the left is Blaen y Cwm power station, a very early hydro-electric turbine, used to provide power to Croesor Quarry 600 ft above. This is also the foot of the Blaen y Cwm incline which rises 300 ft up the end wall of the valley.

North of Blaen y Cwm
From the top of the Blaen y Cwm incline the line turns sharply eastward and takes on a different character. It runs across the end of the valley, on well-built embankments and through cuttings, following the contours. About half a mile from the head of the incline it crosses a tributary of the Afon Croesor on a high bridge; the bridge was restored in the 1990s. Shortly afterwards the line curves to the north and reaches its upper terminus under the cliffs of Bwlch y Rhosydd. Here two extremely long inclines rise, one north to reach the Rhosydd Tramway and one east to reach Croesor Quarry.

Branches
A large number of branches from the tramway served the quarries of Cwm Croesor. The first of these branched off at the foot of the Lower Parc incline and served the Parc Slate Quarry, a significant source of traffic for the tramway. The branch ran along the east bank of the Afon Maesgwym and rose by a substantial incline to the quarry. The next branch was just south of Croesor village and served the separate Parc Slate and Slab Quarry. This branch curved away on the eastern side of the tramway and reached the quarry by a short incline.

Halfway between Croesor village and the foot of the Blaen y Cwm incline, another incline branched off to the east. This incline climbed directly up the side of the valley. At the head of the incline, two tramways ran north and south along the contour line of the hill. The northern line ran via a further incline to Pant Mawr Quarry, which lies at the head of Cwm Maesgwyn. The connection to Pant Mawr was short lived, being dismantled between 1891 and 1901. It was replaced by the line heading south, which went to Fron-Boeth Quarry which was also within Cwm Maesgwyn, and about a mile south-west of Pant Mawr. The tramway to Fron-Boeth went through a long tunnel beneath the Braich-Parc ridge that separates Cwm Croesor and Cwm Maesgwyn. A further incline and tramway connected Fron-Boeth to a mill and adit that served the former Pant Mawr mine. This line was still in use in the 1920s.

The final pair of branches ran from the northern terminus of the tramway proper. Two immense inclines began here, one climbing 700 ft directly eastwards to Croesor Quarry, the other heading nearly north and rising 750 ft to connect to a high tramway to Rhosydd Quarry. This latter incline formed a parabolic curve and at its head climbed at 1 in 0.97, one of the steepest inclines in Wales. From the head of the incline, the Rhosydd Tramway ran about a mile to the mill level. This tramway was particularly well engineered, running for much of its distance on high embankments hundreds of feet above Cwm Croesor.

Post closure
After the demise of the original Welsh Highland Railway, the stub of the tramway from Croesor village to the foot of the Blaen y Cwm incline continued in use to carry agricultural products for local farms, until the late 1950s. The rails from this section were recovered some time in the 1960s by members of the Welsh Highland Railway preservation society and were stored at the site of Beddgelert station.

The section from Croesor Junction to the slate quarries will probably never re-open as the quarries have long since closed. However the part of the Croesor tramway that ran from Croesor Junction to Porthmadog has been rebuilt as part of the resurrection of the Welsh Highland Railway from Caernarfon to Porthmadog. The section between Croesor Junction and Pont Croesor opened in May 2010. The section from Pont Croesor to Porthmadog reopened on 8 January 2011, whereby it linked up with the Ffestiniog Railway to allow through trains to Blaenau Ffestiniog railway station via the Porthmadog cross town link.

title: Croesor Tramway


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Jacques Cœur

Jacques Cœur (, ; c. 1395 in Bourges – 25 November 1456 in Chios) was a French government official and state-sponsored merchant whose personal fortune became legendary and led to his eventual disgrace. He initiated regular trade routes between France and the Levant. His memory retains iconic status in Bourges, where he built a palatial house that is preserved to this day.

Family and early life

He was born at Bourges, the city where his father, Pierre Cœur, was a rich merchant. Jacques is first heard of around 1418, when he married Macée de Léodepart, daughter of Lambert de Léodepart, an influential citizen, provost of Bourges and a former valet of John, Duke of Berry.

About 1429 he formed a commercial partnership with two brothers named Godard; and in 1432 he was at Damascus, buying and bartering, and transporting the wares of the Levant—gall-nuts, wools and silks, mohair, brocades and carpets—to the interior of France by way of Narbonne. In the same year he established himself at Montpellier, and there began the gigantic operations which have made him illustrious among financiers. Details are wanting; but it is certain that in a few years he placed his country in a position to contend fairly well with the great trading republics of Italy, and acquired such a reputation as to be able, mere trader as he was, to render material assistance to the knights of Rhodes and to Venice itself.

Rise to prominence

In 1436, Cœur was summoned to Paris by Charles VII and made master of the mint. This post was of great importance, and the duties onerous. The country was deluged with base monies from three reigns, charged with superscriptions both in French and English, and Charles was determined to make sweeping reforms. In this design he was ably seconded by the merchant, who, in fact, inspired or prepared all the ordinances concerning the coinage of France issued between 1435 and 1451. In 1438, he was made steward of the royal expenditure; in 1441 he and his family were ennobled by letters patent. He chose the motto A vaillans cuers riens impossible, "To a valiant heart, nothing is impossible". In 1444, he was sent as one of the royal commissioners to preside over the new parliament of Languedoc in Pézenas, where his house can still be seen, a position he held until the day of his disgrace. In 1445, his agents in the East negotiated a treaty between the sultan of Egypt and the knights of Rhodes; and in 1447, at his instance, Jean de Village, his nephew by marriage, was charged with a mission to Egypt. The results were most important; concessions were obtained which greatly improved the position of the French consuls in the Levant, and that influence in the East was thereby founded which, though often interrupted, was for several centuries a chief commercial glory for France. In the same year, Cœur assisted in an embassy to Amadeus VIII, former Duke of Savoy, who had been chosen Pope as Felix V by the council of Basel and in 1448 he represented the French king at the court of Pope Nicholas V where he was able to arrange an agreement between Nicholas and Amadeus, and so end the papal schism. Nicholas treated him with the utmost distinction, lodged him in the papal palace, and gave him special licence to traffic with the infidels. From about this time he made advances to Charles to carry on his wars and in 1449, after fighting at the King's side throughout the campaign, he entered Rouen in Charles' triumphal procession.

At this point, Cœur's glory was at its height. He had represented France in three embassies, and had supplied funding for the king's successful reconquest of Normandy. He was invested with various offices of state, and possessed a fortune that was viewed as colossal and unprecedented by his contemporaries. He had 300 managers in his employ, and business houses in many of the chief cities of France. He had built houses and chapels, and had founded colleges in Paris, at Montpellier and at Bourges. The Palais Jacques-Cœur in Bourges was exceptionally magnificent and remains today one of the finest monuments of the Middle Ages in France. He also built a sacristy and a family burial chapel in Bourges Cathedral. His brother Nicolas Cœur was made Bishop of Luçon, his sister married Jean Bochetel, the King's secretary, his daughter married the son of the Viscount of Bourges, and his son Jean Cœur became Archbishop of Bourges.

Cœur also actively acquired titles and properties during his heyday: e.g. the lordship of Ainay-le-Vieil in 1435, the Château de Boisy by Pouilly-les-Nonains in 1447, the Château de Menetou-Salon and the lordship of Barlieu in 1448, the lordship of Puisaye in 1450, the Château de Maubranche in 1451.

Downfall
Cœur's huge monopoly also caused his ruin. Dealing in everything (money and arms, furs and jewels, brocades and wool), and acting as a broker, banker, and farmer, he had absorbed much of the trade of the country, and merchants complained they could make no profit because of him. He had lent money to needy courtiers, to members of the royal family, and to the King himself, and his debtors, jealous of his wealth, were eager for a chance to cause his downfall.

In February 1450 Agnès Sorel, the King's mistress, suddenly died. Eighteen months later it was rumoured that she had been poisoned, and a lady of the court who owed money to Jacques Cœur, Jeanne de Vendôme, wife of François de Montberon, and an Italian, Jacques Colonna, formally accused him of having poisoned her. There was not even a pretext for such a charge, but for this and other alleged crimes, King Charles VII on 31 July 1451 gave orders for his arrest and for the seizure of his goods, reserving for himself a large sum of money for the war in Guienne. Commissioners extraordinary, several of which were among Cœur's enemies at the royal court, were chosen to conduct the trial and an inquiry began, the judges in which were either the prisoner's debtors or the holders of his forfeited estates. He was accused of having paid French gold and ingots to Muslim infidels, of coining light money, of kidnapping oarsmen for his galleys, of sending back a Christian slave who had taken sanctuary on board one of his ships, and of committing frauds and exactions in Languedoc to the King's prejudice. He defended himself with all the energy of his nature. His innocence was manifest but a conviction was necessary, and in spite of strenuous efforts on the part of his friends, after twenty-two months of confinement in five prisons, he was condemned to do public penance for his fault, to pay the king a sum equal to about £1,000,000 in 1911, and to remain a prisoner till full satisfaction had been obtained. His sentence also included confiscation of all his property, and exile during His Majesty's pleasure.

On 5 June 1453 the sentence took effect. At Poitiers, the shame of making honourable amends was accomplished and for nearly three years nothing is known of him. It is probable that he remained in prison. Meanwhile, his vast possessions were distributed among Charles VII's favorite courtiers.

Escape, Papal patronage and death
In 1455 Jacques Cœur contrived to escape into Provence. He was pursued, but a party headed by Jean de Village and two of his old managers, carried him off to Tarascon, whence, by way of Marseille, Nice and Pisa, he managed to reach Rome. He was honorably and joyfully received by Nicholas V, who was fitting out an expedition against the Turks. On the death of Nicholas, Calixtus III continued his work, and made his guest, Cœur, captain of a fleet of sixteen galleys sent to the relief of Rhodes. Cœur set out on this expedition, but was taken ill at Chios, and died there on 25 November 1456. After his death Charles VII showed himself well disposed to the family, and allowed Jacques Cœur's sons to inherit whatever was left of their father's wealth.

Aftermath
Following Cœur's disgrace and death, his heirs attempted to recover some of his former properties in legal procedures that lasted several decades. They had partial success when Antoine de Chabannes, who had appropriated and bought Cœur's domains in Puisaye, himself lost royal favor upon the accession of King Louis XI in the early 1460s. The reversal, however, was short-lived, and Chabannes recovered all the titles and properties by special provisions of the Treaty of Conflans in 1465. The procedures were finally settled in 1489 between the Cœurs and Jean de Chabannes, Antoine's son and sole male heir.

Legacy

The urban palace Jacques Cœur had built for himself in Bourges, or Palais Jacques-Cœur, is a major monument of French 15th-century civil architecture. It was converted into a court house in the 19th century, and carefully restored in the 20th century.

Other buildings are allegedly or inaccurately associated with Jacques Coeur. The maison de Jacques Cœur in Paris is generally viewed as having been built or purchased by Jacques Cœur's son Geoffrey, thus a misnomer. Other ancient houses are known as maison de Jacques Cœur, in Pézenas, Sancerre, and L'Arbresle.

During the Second French Empire, Jacques Cœur was celebrated as a precursor of the policy of economic expansion promoted by Napoleon III. He was portrayed by Élias Robert as one of a series of statues of illustrious Frenchmen in Napoleon III's Louvre expansion. Another public statue of Jacques Cœur, by sculptor Auguste Préault, was erected in 1879 in Bourges in front of the entrance to his palace.

He was portrayed on a French banknote, the Billet de 50 francs Jacques Cœur designed at the end of the Third Republic, in use under Vichy France and until June 1945.

Streets and squares named after Jacques Cœur exist in numerous French towns and cities, including Bourges, Montpellier, and Paris. Bourges honored its native son in multiple instances, e.g. the Lycée Jacques-Cœur (Cœur High School) and the Théâtre Jacques Cœur (Cœur Theater). In Montpellier, Jacques Cœur is associated with the development of the local port of Lattes. Several projects were named after him in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as the city expanded towards the sea along the river Lez. These include a marketplace in the Antigone neighborhood along the Lez; an artificial lake, the Bassin Jacques Cœur in the city's new Port Marianne district; and a theater in Lattes.

The Route Jacques Coeur is a scenic route that links together a number of sights and castles near Bourges, many of which however have no historical associations with Jacques Cœur.

Assessment
In a 1997 biography, French historian Jacques Heers revises the established view in French historiography, according to which Jacques Coeur exhibited outstanding skills and success as a merchant. He notes that there is no evidence that Cœur's ventures, e.g. in mining near Lyon, were particularly profitable, and that the fleet he established for Levantine commerce was modest in size (never more than four galleys) compared with those of prominent Italian or Catalan merchants. Instead, Heers suggests that Cœur's success was overwhelmingly due to his position at the royal court, and that his riches came from leveraging his privileged access to state resources. Thus, Heers implies that, rather than a brilliant merchant, Cœur is best viewed as a skilled technocrat and a predecessor to the likes of Nicolas Fouquet or Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

Cultural references
François Villon, in his poem Épitaphe, refers to Cœur's fabled wealth: De pauvreté me guermantant, Souventes fois me dit le cœur : "Homme, ne te doulouse tant Et ne démène tel douleur: Si tu n'as tant qu'eut Jacques Cœur, Mieux vaux vivre sous gros bureau Pauvre, qu'avoir été seigneur Et pourrir sous riche tombeau."

To ease my poverty, my heart sometimes says to me: "Don't fret so and go crazy with pain: If you haven't as much as Jacques Cœur, it's better to live in your coarse burrel, poor, than to have been lord and rot in your rich tomb."

Jacques Cœur appears in Fulcanelli's Mystère des Cathédrales (1926) where the "master alchemist" speculates that Cœur was a successful alchemist or associated with alchemists and that he was a silversmith in the literal sense, i.e. that he could transmute base metals into small quantities of silver.

Jacques Cœur (referred to simply as “Monsieur Jacques”) appears in Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita  as the first guest at Woland's grand ball.

He is the titular protagonist of Le Grand Cœur, a 2012 novel by Jean-Christophe Rufin who was also born in Bourges.

Publications

 * Jean-Pierre Clément, Jacques Cœur et Charles VII (Paris, 1866)
 * Hendrik de Man, Jacques Cœur, argentier du Roy (Jacques Cœur, der konigliche kaufmann Paris, 1950) (Tardy, 1951)

title: Jacques Cœur


text:
Petitcodiac, New Brunswick

Petitcodiac (, sometimes shortened to ) is a former village in Westmorland County, New Brunswick, Canada. It held village status prior to 2023 and is now part of the village of Three Rivers.

History
It is named after the Petitcodiac River, which begins in the village at the junction of the North River and Anagance River. The name is believed to be derived either from a Mi'kmaq word meaning "bends like a bow" or from a Maliseet word meaning "sound of thunder". Petcoucoyee (Franquelin, 1686); Pacoudiac (deCouagne, 1749); present spelling from mid 19th century.

On 1 January 2023, all or parts of four local service districts were annexed to Petitcodiac as part of the 2023 local governance reforms to establish a new village named Three Rivers. The community's name remains in official use.

Present day
The Community Centres around Route 890, Route 885, Route 905, Route 106 and Route 1.

The village features a regional school, an outdoor swimming pool, an arena, a bowling alley, as well as several family-owned shops and churches servicing the surrounding area. There is also a Royal Canadian Air Cadet Squadron.

The Westmorland County Agricultural Fair, established by William Balzer in 1967, is an agricultural fair with a horse show, a sheep show, a produce contest, crafts and baked goods, and a beauty pageant.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Petitcodiac had a population of $1,476$ living in $609$ of its $630$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $1,383$. With a land area of 17.18 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Population trend

Income (2016)

Mother tongue (2016)

Neighbouring communities

 * Intervale
 * River Glade
 * The Glades
 * Pollett River
 * Anagance
 * Hillgrove
 * Glenvale

title: Petitcodiac, New Brunswick


text:
User talk:Reino Baptista

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed you uploaded an excellent photo of Paphos Castle, can you add the correct image copyright tag to it. Ask me for advice if your unsure. The image is called Image:Paphos-Cyprus_castle.jpg

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 22:06, 27 August 2005 (UTC).

Image Tagging Image:Paphos-Cyprus castle.jpg
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Coordinates style
You seem to be trying to enforce a change in style of coordinates to all decimal, as you did here. Unless there is a guideline or some other consensus somewhere that says this should be done then it is really a breach of WP:STYLEVAR to do this. SpinningSpark 00:18, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

Thank you, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord states: "...Features / Latitude and longitude may be specified (with appropriate precision) either in decimal notation or as degrees/minutes/seconds...". Never the less, I understand people feel uncomfortable with Coordinates style changing from degrees/minutes/seconds to decimal notation. I will refrain myself from doing that again. Concerning articles without coordinates, but in need for them, I see no problem using decimal notation in the future. Do you agree? Reino Baptista (talk) 10:15, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
 * If there is a style already established in the article, you should follow that style, otherwise, you are free to choose the style. SpinningSpark 14:33, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

Scottish sites
Please STOP these undiscussed moves of Scottish sites, which are against policy and need reversing. UNESCO is not the last word on these matters. WP:COMMONNAME is the wp policy that applies, and the names used by the local government agency are at least as important, as well as general WP:RS. UNESCO names are often rather odd, and not used as titles by our articles. Johnbod (talk) 14:53, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for the input concerning: "UNESCO names are often rather odd, and not used as titles by our articles." Reino Baptista (talk) 15:57, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Draft:Stone circle Monte das Figueiras concern
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Draft:Stone circle Monte das Figueiras concern
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title: User talk:Reino Baptista


text:
Destruction by Definition

Destruction by Definition is the debut album by the Detroit, Michigan, punk rock band the Suicide Machines, released in 1996 by Hollywood Records. It was the band's first full-length album and established their presence in the mid-1990s punk rock mainstream revival alongside the third wave ska movement. The album's musical style blends elements of hardcore punk and ska, which contributed to the band's style being described as ska punk or "skacore." Music videos were filmed for the singles "No Face" and "S.O.S.," with "No Face" reaching #31 on Billboard's Modern Rock charts while "New Girl" was featured on the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater soundtrack, alongside “No Face” and “S.O.S.” being featured in the soundtrack for the PlayStation fighting game Vs. “Break The Glass” was also featured in the soundtrack to the film An American Werewolf in Paris.

To promote the album several promotional clips were created featuring footage from a show at St. Andrew’s Hall in February of 1996 mixed with skateboarding footage. The songs featured were “New Girl”, “S.O.S.”, and “Break The Glass”. The album’s title was decided by Navarro, and it basically refers to the fact that if you place a label on something you destroy it since the band didn’t like being labeled as a ska band.

Track listing
All songs written by The Suicide Machines except where noted.

Performers

 * Jason Navarro - vocals
 * Dan Lukacinsky - guitar, backing vocals
 * Royce Nunley - bass, backing vocals
 * Derek Grant - drums, hammond organ, clavinet, piano, backing vocals
 * Vinnie Nobile - trombone
 * Larry Klimas - tenor saxophone

Album information

 * Record label: Hollywood Records
 * Produced by Julian Raymond, Phil Kaffel, and The Suicide Machines
 * All songs written by The Suicide Machines except "I Don't Wanna Hear It" by Minor Threat
 * Recorded November–December 1995 by Phil Kaffel with assistance by Alex Reed and Krish Sharma
 * Mixed January 1996 at Conway Studios by Jerry Finn with assistance by Shawn O'Dwyer
 * Art direction by Todd Gallopo
 * Design by Todd Gallopo and The Suicide Machines
 * Lyrics drawn by Jef Petruczkowycz
 * Back cover art by Steve Toth
 * Photos by Bob Alford

title: Destruction by Definition


text:
Sucre State Anthem

The anthem of the Sucre State, Venezuela, has lyrics written by Ramón David León; the music was added by Benigno Rodríguez Bruzual.

Lyrics in Spanish Language
Chorus ¡Pueblo altivo! Blasona la Historia de tus hijos la gesta marcial, te da Sucre su nombre de gloria y Ayacucho su lauro inmortal.

I Tres cuarteles tu Escudo prestigian, y en el oro, el zafir y escarlata de tu pueblo figuran la grata armonía de dones de paz; en el cuerno colmado de frutos, la bondad prodigiosa del suelo, y en la palma que se alza hacia el cielo, ¡heroísmo, virtud, libertad!

II El dorado esplendor de tus playas es promesa de pan laborioso, como es tu pasado glorioso, de un futuro de pródigo bien; la más bella porción de Oriente en fronteras cordiales encierras y es silvestre en tus pródigas tierras el prestigio marcial del laurel.

III En ti se une por gracia remota el laurel al olivo sagrado, convertiste la espada en arado y tus dianas en himnos de amor. Como en cumbre eminente culmina de tus pueblos la fama procera, y es el nombre de Sucre, bandera en perenne demanda de ¡Unión!

title: Sucre State Anthem


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Beerbonie

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 11:53, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Beerbonie
Nonnotable neologism. IceKarmaॐ 22:08, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete and block user.  Paul Klenk 22:17, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I tried twice for a speedy. First removed by the creator, then User:Ryan Delaney with the comment "not a speedy". IceKarmaॐ 23:25, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom Groeck 22:28, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. -- DS1953 23:47, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Andrew pmk | Talk 01:39, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. Mindmatrix 21:19, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bug (Dinosaur Jr. album)

Bug is the third studio album by American alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr., released in October 1988 through SST Records. Blast First and Au Go Go Records released the album in the United Kingdom and Australia, respectively. It was the last Dinosaur Jr. album with original bassist Lou Barlow until Beyond in 2007.

Despite it being a favorite of many Dinosaur Jr. fans, J Mascis has said it is his least favorite Dinosaur Jr. album. The version of 'Keep The Glove' included on the 2005 reissue is not the same as the version on the b-side of the 'Freakscene' single or the 'Fossils' compilation.

Critical reception

NME critic Jack Barron deemed Bug "the most comprehensive rock statement of the year so far" in a 1988 review for the magazine, noting Dinosaur Jr.'s predominantly "torpid" approach and commenting that the music "trepidates everyday reality away", while rating the album "8.999999" on a ten-point scale.

In a retrospective review of Bug for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine described "Freak Scene" as the album's "masterpiece" and opined, "Although the majority of the album is firmly situated in the sprawling, noisy metallic fusion of hard rock and avant noise, Bug also demonstrates that J Mascis has a talent for winding folk-rock". While finding its songs "quite uneven", Erlewine concluded that the album nonetheless constitutes "a major step forward for Mascis".

Writing for Drowned in Sound in 2005, Mike Diver said of Bug, "The songwriting has increased tenfold since You're Living All Over Me ... really, if you like music – be it grunge, indie, punk, whatever – you will love this. Period. Go spend some money already." Keith Cameron of Mojo wrote, "Bug marks the emergence of Mascis writing by rote. When applied to such an outlandishly great song as 'Freak Scene' his skills still blazed, however, and as formulaic exercises in discordant alienation go, Bug is better than most."

Bug is included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Beats Per Minute ranked it the 41st best album of the 1980s.

Track listing
All songs written by J Mascis.

Personnel

 * Dinosaur Jr.
 * J Mascis – vocals, guitar
 * Lou Barlow – bass, vocals on "Don't"
 * Murph – drums

 * Additional personnel
 * Sean Slade – engineering
 * Paul Q. Kolderie – engineering
 * Maura Jasper – cover art

title: Bug (Dinosaur Jr. album)


text:
Ferdinando de' Medici

Ferdinando de' Medici may refer to various members of the Medici ruling family of Tuscany:

 * Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1549–1609)
 * Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1610–1670)
 * Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (1663–1713)

title: Ferdinando de' Medici


text:
Talk:Nuclear physics

Clarification?
About gamma decay; "The element is not changed in the process." Gamma decay happens only to product element of previous decay that has changed element? --anon 62.134.199.5 (talk) 13:49, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

This is an article about nuclear physics, not about the uses of nuclear energy
There is too little physics in this article! --Philipum 08:56, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

I have removed the contents which I believe do not belong here. The History part was moved to radioactivity and rewritten. --Philipum 12:21, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Avoid reproducing copyrighted text
When I wrote the history part of the article, I took parts of the sentences from the book (see reference), but the text is copyrighted by Wiley&Sons. I think the contents are appropriate for this article, but we would need to "disguise" it in some way, i.e., rewrite the same thing using slightly different words or expressions. However, I am not an expert in literal english, so I don't dare touch it by fear it will become awkward. --Philipum 08:20, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

This has been remedied now by David R. Ingham. Thanks! --Philipum 15:20, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Contents to be swapped with that of Atomic nucleus?
Suggesting to swap contents between Nuclear physics and Atomic nucleus. See Talk:Atomic nucleus.

Lars Ruoff (talk) 20:47, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Problem noted above, now addressed
In absense of rabid comment, I have been WP:BOLD and done a lot of the swapping suggested above. I moved a lot of stuff on the structure and composition of atomic nuclei to the atomic nucleus article, while moving a lot of stuff about nuclear physics that was in the atomic nucleus article, to the nuclear physics article. I also removed some "personal physics theory" personal research POV-pushing (which had also been noted by another author) from the nuclear physics article. A nuclear physicist really needs to go through this stuff. The job is not done, but most of the big chunks are now where they belong, I think. S B Harris 18:34, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Removed text
I removed the following:

 * It must not be confused with atomic physics, that studies the combined system of the nucleus and its arrangement of electrons, even if both terms are sometimes used synonymously in standard English.

I can see the need for a redirect to this page from the atomic physics article, but surely the confusion is only one-way? Djr32 (talk) 20:13, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

The Lost Prestige of Nuclear Physics
Read an article somewhat related to nuclear physics (more of the social aspects/view of nuclear physics on society) and thought I post it here for anyone that wants to utilize somewhere in the article (as appropriate). Cheers!Calaka (talk) 06:17, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Wrong link, don't know how to fix it
The Herbert L. Becker link links to some random clown that did not observe the proton as far as I know. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.240.234.67 (talk) 15:39, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Herbert L. Becker link
This looks like vandalism to me. I am guessing the link should be to Henri Becquerel. Pelkabo (talk) 19:11, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

Atomic Physics as of 1907
To read a discussion of the concepts of Atomic Physics, circa 1900, read "The evolution of Matter" (English translation), by Dr. Gustave Le Bon, by Charles Scribner & Sons (1907). Which talks about the variation of mass with velocity, and other matters at the same time as did Einstein et al.WFPM (talk) 01:24, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Explanations of Actions
i removed from the template the names of Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller because in my understanding their contribuitions do not fit with the meaning of Science but Technology plus they are not being mentioned in the section history. Feel free to edit if you want, but do not revert my editions , they took hard work.(Thepalerider2012 (talk) 01:40, 11 May 2013 (UTC))

"TMS (nuclear physics)" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect TMS (nuclear physics). The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 December 16 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 08:05, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

what is the role of nuclear physics in manufacturing of weapons.
Please give me answer in detail of the question which I asked to you. 2402:E000:649:C187:0:0:0:1 (talk) 17:28, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

Nuclear physics
all on this topic 154.160.0.249 (talk) 19:01, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nuclear physics


text:
Bug (Dave Davies album)

Bug is a solo album by Dave Davies (best known as lead guitarist and co-founder of British rock band The Kinks), released in May 2002. It was his fourth true solo studio album, almost 20 years after the release of his third effort Chosen People.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Dave Davies.

 * 1) "Whose Foolin' Who"
 * 2) "It Ain't Over, 'Till It's Done!"
 * 3) "Lie! .........."
 * 4) "Let Me Be"
 * 5) "Displaced Person"
 * 6) "Rock You, Rock Me"
 * 7) "Flowers in the Rain"
 * 8) "Fortis Green"
 * 9) "Why?!!"
 * 10) "True Phenomenon"
 * 11) "Bug........"
 * 12) "De-Bug"
 * 13) "Life After Life (Transformation)"

Personnel

 * Dave Davies – guitar, vocals
 * Bryan Myers – percussion
 * David Nolte – bass
 * Kristian Hoffman – piano
 * Jim Laspesa – bass, drums, vocals

title: Bug (Dave Davies album)


text: Category:1995 awards

title: Category:1995 awards


text:
Hurst-Euless-Bedford Independent School District

Hurst-Euless-Bedford Independent School District (HEB ISD) is a K-12 public school district based in Bedford, Texas (USA). The district serves the city of Bedford, most of the cities of Euless and Hurst, and small parts of North Richland Hills, Colleyville, Fort Worth, and Arlington. The district operates twenty-one elementary schools, five junior high schools, two traditional high schools, and additional specialized facilities.

HEB ISD offers "Schools of Choice" programs, which provide unique opportunities for students to develop skills beyond standard primary and secondary school curriculum. The district was named by Education Resource Group in 2008-2011 as the top district in the state and has been recognized for achievements in academics and student performance, music education, public relations practices, operating efficiency, and teacher salaries. In August 2018, HEB ISD was rated "A" by the Texas Education Agency, placing it in the top quintile of Texas school districts.

History
Before the creation of the Hurst-Euless-Bedford school district, many schools and school districts served the area's education needs. Notable early schools included:

 * Bedford College (1882–1893) A private combined high school and junior college that attracted students from out of state. The quality of education dwindled and became more like a public elementary and secondary school before it burned down in 1893 amidst rumors of arson.
 * Bedford School (1912-current) This two-story brick building was restored after a fire in January 1991 and houses the Bedford School Museum. The school is also commonly known as the Old Bedford School.
 * Euless School (1913–1970) Another two-story brick schoolhouse, the cornerstone was laid for Euless School in 1913 (on the site of present-day South Euless Elementary). Beginning in 1934 the school served as a high school, until 1955 when a new high school was built and Euless School was renamed South Euless Elementary. In 1970, the original building was demolished and replaced by the current building. In 2010, a historical marker was placed at South Euless Elementary.
 * Mosier Valley School (1883–1968) In 1949–1950, a local crisis centered on Mosier Valley School, as parents and school employees struggled against state law requiring racial segregation. Mosier Valley School was organized in 1883 as part of Evatt School District and met in buildings shared with Oak Grove Baptist Church. In 1918, the school moved into its own schoolhouse. The school was closed in 1949; the wooden frame building was in poor condition and still had no heating, lighting, or sanitary facilities.  In June 1950, a federal judge ordered the Euless School District to provide a separate school for African American children.  To comply, the district temporarily re-opened Mosier Valley School. By September 1951, classes were moved into a new brick building. In 1968, the Mosier Valley school was closed when students integrated into other district schools. In 1984, a historical marker was dedicated at the original location of the school. The original wooden school house was moved to Bedford in May 1984. In 2014, the city of Fort Worth acquired the site of the school for the future creation of a city park.

Combined districts
The Euless and Hurst school districts merged in 1955. The combined district served 1,418 students and grew to almost 2,300 students in the next two years. In 1955, Lawrence D. Bell High School also known as L.D. Bell was founded.

In 1958, the residents of the Bedford School District voted to merge with the Hurst-Euless School District by 212 to 189. (Similar attempts to combine the cities themselves have not succeeded.) The tri-city district served 3,116 students during its first year, including 68 high school seniors, at seven schools:

 * Bell High School (at the current site of Central Junior High)
 * Bedford Elementary (the afore-mentioned Bedford School, now City of Bedford property)
 * South Hurst (no longer district property)
 * North Hurst (now Hurst Junior High)

 * Mosier Valley Elementary (now a community building)
 * Euless Elementary (now South Euless Elementary)
 * West Elementary (now West Hurst Elementary).

Later that school year, North Euless Elementary opened and Pennington Field was completed. The next decade brought Oakwood Terrace Elementary (1962) Wilshire Elementary (1964), the current L.D. Bell High School campus (1965), Donna Park Elementary (1966), Midway Park Elementary (1967), Bell's Driver's Education Facility (1968), and in 1969 Trinity High School, Bell Manor Elementary and Hurst Hills Elementary. Racial integration began in the summer of 1965 in a Head Start class. HEB ISD desegregated in 1968.

Events since 1997
In 1997, voters approved a municipal bond of $170 million, the largest bond package that the district had ever proposed. The package included nearly $50 million for technology alone, allowed major renovations at nearly all campuses, and funded the construction of the Pat May Center administration building. The District called River Trails Elementary (opened August 2002) a "bonus" from the bond; the school's $7.5 million construction was paid for entirely by interest and investment of the bond fund.

HEB ISD's grade configuration of elementary (K-6), junior high (7-9), and high school (10-12) differs from the most common alignment among school districts in Texas (K-5, 6-8, 9-12). In September 2006, a task force of parents, teachers, and other district staff was created to study 10 possible grade configurations in anticipation of future growth. Their scientific opinion poll found that 80% of parents were either very satisfied or satisfied with the district's configuration; however, 68% of parents would support a district decision to change the configuration if the district believed it was best for students. On June 19, 2007, the board of trustees unanimously approved the Grade Alignment Task Force's recommendation to keep the established grade configuration.

During the 2006-2007 school year, fifth-grade students at Bellaire, Midway Park, Shady Brook, Bell Manor, Shady Oaks, and Wilshire elementary schools participated in the pilot of a ballroom dance program called "Dancing Classrooms". A survey conducted by the University of Texas at Arlington kinesiology program and the comments of staff at the elementary schools indicate that students who participated in the program experienced major improvements in self-esteem and social skills. The following school year, the District began to offer Dancing Classrooms during physical education classes at all elementary schools. HEB ISD and nearby Fort Worth Independent School District were among eight cities in the nation that offered the program, begun by Pierre Dulaine in New York City and made famous in the movies Mad Hot Ballroom and Take the Lead. Due to cuts in funding from the state, the Dancing Classrooms program was discontinued after the 2010-2011 school year.

On May 14, 2011, voters approved two bond proposals for a total of $136.5 million. Proposition 1 outlined $112.8 million for building repairs, classroom technology upgrades, and relocation of two buildings due to expansion of Texas State Highway 183. Proposition 2 allowed for the construction of activity centers to house extracurricular programs at L.D. Bell and Trinity High Schools, and for renovations to re-purpose the spaces those extracurricular programs were using, at a cost of $23.7 million.

In August 2014, the Hurst-Euless-Bedford ISD opened Viridian Elementary in north Arlington and the Gene A. Buinger Career and Technical Education Academy, replacing the Technical Education Center.

In a May 2018 election, more than 71% of voters approved a $199 million bond issue that focused on accommodating continuing growth in the school district. The proposal's plans included building two new elementary schools, repurposing an existing elementary school, expanding junior high schools, and upgrading technology infrastructure.

Voters approved both bond propositions on the ballot in November 2023, for a combined total of $997.3 million. Funds from the largest bond package in the school district's history will be used to completely replace aging buildings, including L.D. Bell and Trinity High Schools and four elementary schools, and fund smaller projects supporting KEYS High School, technology, and school safety.

Academics
Students in Hurst-Euless-Bedford ISD typically outperform local region and statewide averages on standardized tests. In 2015–2016 State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) results, 85% of students in HEB ISD met Level II Satisfactory standards, compared with 77% in Region 11 and 75% in the state of Texas. The average SAT score of the class of 2015 was 1488, and the average ACT score was 22.2. In 2016, 23 high school juniors were recognized through the National Merit Scholarship Program and the National Hispanic Recognition Program based on PSAT/NMSQT scores. In 2017 and 2018, HEB ISD was among the 5% of school systems that received Texas Education Agency's post-secondary readiness distinction.

Demographics
In the 2015-2016 school year, the school district had a total of 22,780 students, ranging from early childhood education and pre-kindergarten through grade 12. The class of 2015 included 1,469 graduates; the annual drop-out rate across grades 9-12 was less than 1%.

HEB ISD has been recognized as the second most diverse school district in Texas and the 18th (of 7,719 total) most diverse school district in the country. As of the 2015-2016 school year, the ethnic distribution of the school district was 39.2% White, 29.3% Hispanic, 18.3% African American, 6.9% Asian, 2.3% Pacific Islander, 0.5% American Indian, and 3.4% from two or more races. Economically disadvantaged students made up 52.8% of the student body.

Curriculum and "Schools of Choice" Programs
Curriculum programs offered are generally uniform throughout district schools. Core classes are supplemented by "Schools of Choice" or "Edge" programs, which focus on providing unique opportunities for students to develop their skills to compete in the global job market. These internationally oriented electives have been recognized for the unique opportunities they offer to students. "Schools of Choice" programs accept applications from students who live outside of Hurst-Euless-Bedford ISD's boundaries; residents of the HEB area are given first priority. Students who are not residents must provide transportation and, for elementary programs, pay tuition.

A Core Knowledge-based curriculum has been offered at every elementary school in the district since 2005. Core Knowledge curriculum covers a broad and consistent range of topics that include large amounts of culturally significant works, people, events, and concepts. Students in grades 7-8 at Central Junior High and Harwood Junior High also participate in Core Knowledge-based classes. Meadow Creek, Spring Garden, and Viridian elementary schools offer full-day tuition-based Core Knowledge Pre-Kindergarten.

University-level courses
The District has offered the International Baccalaureate (IB) diploma program at both its high schools since fall 2002, graduating the first class of IB students in spring 2004. The program is the highest academic curriculum offered; students study six subjects in college-level classes that culminate in comprehensive exams or artistic portfolio assessments. HEB ISD was the first district in Tarrant County to offer the program and is the only multi-high school district in Texas where all high schools have an IB program. In 2012, students in HEB ISD had a passing rate of 83% on IB exams, higher than the US national passing rate (66.9%) and the global passing rate (78.4%).

Advanced Placement (AP) classes are offered at both high school campuses, with a Pre-AP curriculum available at the junior high and elementary school levels. Students in AP courses, like IB, complete college-level work throughout the year and take tests in May; many universities will award college credit for high enough test scores. Each student in an AP class is required to take a qualifying exam, and if the student meets the standard in that subject, the district pays the test fee.

Language and cultural study
Beginning in the 2007-2008 school year, Hindi and Mandarin Chinese language classes are offered at Central Junior High. HEB ISD was the second school district in the nation to offer Hindi, and the first in Northeast Tarrant County to offer Mandarin Chinese. Starting in the 2011-2012 school year, the program was expanded to include Arabic language classes. Viridian Elementary began an elementary world languages program in 2014, allowing HEB ISD students to complete an aligned course of Arabic, Hindi, or Mandarin Chinese study from first grade through high school graduation.

Spanish Immersion is offered to English-speaking students entering first grade at Bedford Heights and Meadow Creek elementary schools with the goal of fluency in Spanish by completion of sixth grade. Classes attended by participants in the program – including math, science, and social studies – are taught in Spanish; English is studied and read at home. Students continue in the program throughout elementary school, and in the 2007-2008 school year, the first Spanish Immersion class continued their studies in seventh grade.

Career and technical education
The district has offered automotive technician training programs since 1971. In 2006, the program received certification from the National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation for brake repair, electrical electronic systems, engine performance, and suspension and steering. The Automotive Collision Repair program has also been certified in Non-Structural Analysis/Damage Repair and Painting and Refinishing. These certifications are awarded after on-site evaluations of instruction, facilities, and equipment and are recognized by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence. On May 10, 2009, the Automotive Collision Repair program's first entry in the Houston Art Car Parade won the parade's People's Choice Award, one of three grand trophies that are the parade's highest honors, by earning more votes than the parade's 263 other entries.

Orchestra
Students at Bellaire, Hurst Hills, Lakewood, North Euless, River Trails, Shady Brook, South Euless, Spring Garden, Viridian, and Wilshire elementary schools can participate in orchestral instruction based on the Suzuki method. Beginning in the 2005-2006 school year, students could continue the program at Central Junior High and, starting in the 2008-2009 school year, at L.D. Bell High School.

STEM education
Central Junior High has offered accelerated biology and physics classes (where students are able to take high school biology in 8th grade and high school physics in 9th grade) since the 2013-2014 school year. However, after a 2015-2016 pilot program at Stonegate Elementary and Central Junior High involving hands-on projects and project-based learning, the school was officially designated a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) School of Choice for the 2016-2017 school year. The program continues through the high school level at the Buinger Career and Technical Education Academy with many STEM classes such as Engineering Design and Honors Aerospace.

In conjunction with Bell Helicopter Textron and other local companies, HEB ISD also hosts an annual drone camp at the Buinger Career & Technical Education Academy.

Schools and facilities

The district has 21 elementary schools, 5 junior high schools, 2 traditional high schools, one non-traditional high school, and a career and technical education academy. Students are assigned to elementary schools, junior high schools, and high schools based on the location of their home but may apply to transfer to other schools if they would like to participate in certain programs. Students at both traditional high schools can travel during the school day to the academy to participate in specialized career training programs. Unique among area districts, the two HEB ISD high schools consist of Grades 10 through 12; 9th graders remain at the junior high level, but can try out and compete for high school teams.

HEB ISD schools have been recognized four times by the Blue Ribbon Schools Program: Harwood Junior High was recognized in 1986–1987, L. D. Bell High School in 1994–1996, and both Central and Hurst Junior High Schools in 2010.

The school district also owns and operates Pennington Field, a stadium used by both of the district's high schools, the DFW Tornados PDL soccer team, and the Dallas Diamonds football team.

Leadership
The District is led by a Superintendent chosen by the Board of Trustees.

On January 27, 1964, the Board of Trustees replaced at-large elections with elections for designated district-wide positions. The seven members of the Board of Trustees are elected in May of odd-numbered years to serve staggered four-year terms. They meet at least twice each month to discuss policy, bond elections and tax rates, approving district personnel, and governing the management of the District. During at least one board meeting each month, an Open Forum session is held, which invites public participation and comments similar to a town hall meeting.

Board of Trustees
 * Place 1 - Julie Cole (2013–2027)
 * Place 2 - Dawn Jordan-Wells (2012–2025)
 * Place 3 - Matt Romero (2013–2025)
 * Place 4 - Rochelle Ross (2017–2025)
 * Place 5 - Chris Brown (2021–2025)
 * Place 6 - Andy Cargile (2008–2027)
 * Place 7 - Fred Campos (2015–2027)

Former superintendent Dr. Gene Buinger planned to retire on June 30, 2012, as announced on the District's official website. The former Deputy Superintendent of Educational Operations, Steve Chapman, succeeded Dr. Buinger. Chapman was officially appointed at a February 2013 board meeting. Steve Chapman announced his own retirement on December 14, 2021. On March 28, 2022, the HEB ISD school board approved Joe Harrington as the school district's new superintendent.

Honors
The HEB ISD School Board of Trustees was the eighth Texas school board (out of 1,050) ever to be recognized with an award from the Texas Association of School Boards for Good Governance and "walking the talk", including voluntarily participating in and passing a governance audit, supporting a fiscally responsible school district, and undergoing school board training.

Both of HEB ISD's high schools are ranked on Newsweek's 2007 list of the top 1,200 high schools in the country: L.D. Bell High School is listed 210th (4th highest in Tarrant County) and Trinity High School is listed 304th (6th highest in Tarrant County). The rankings are based on the number of Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate tests taken by graduating seniors.

SchoolMatch named HEB ISD a What Parents Want Award-winner for the first time in 1992 and again every year from 1994 through 2012. The honor is given to the top 16% of the 15,571 public school districts that SchoolMatch monitors, based on criteria compiled through over 97,000 parent questionnaires: academics, instructional expenditures, secondary-level programs, and more.

After being named a "Best Practices" district in March 2007 and a top four district in August 2007, HEB ISD was named the top school district in the state in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011 by the Education Resource Group (ERG). The awards are based on a combination of student performance and operating efficiency.

In 2007 through 2017, the American Music Conference (sponsored by the NAMM Foundation) named HEB ISD one of the "Best Communities for Music Education". Applicant districts provided information about funding, enrollment, student-teacher ratios, music class participation, instruction time, facilities, support for the music program, private music lesson participation, and more.

The Texas Education Agency (TEA) has awarded the District "Superior" ratings in the Financial Integrity Rating System of Texas (FIRST) for eight years in a row (2003–2010). These ratings are based on criteria including low administrative spending, low student-teacher ratios, and more.

In October 2006, United Educators Association of Texas (UEA) presented to the HEB ISD Board of Trustees a special proclamation in honor of the Board's history of support for teacher salaries at all levels. Out of 32 school districts in the western Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex area, HEB ISD ranked in the top three in every category compared (including teachers with a bachelor's or master's degree, and years of experience varying from none to 30).

In March 2005, the District received the Lone Star Award for best public relations practices in the state from the Texas Public Relations Association, recognizing outstanding ethics and business operations when communicating with stakeholders.


text:
Category:Awards by year

 * This category gathers subcategories on awards by the year in which they were given.
 * See also: Category:Awards by year of establishment, which gathers subcategories on awards by the year in which the award was established.

title: Category:Awards by year


text:
Morquio syndrome

Morquio syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type IV (MPS IV), is a rare metabolic disorder in which the body cannot process certain types of sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans (AKA GAGs, or mucopolysaccharides). In Morquio syndrome, the specific GAG which builds up in the body is called keratan sulfate. This birth defect, which is autosomal recessive, is a type of lysosomal storage disorder. The buildup of GAGs in different parts of the body causes symptoms in many different organ systems. In the US, the incidence rate for Morquio syndrome is estimated at between 1 in 200,000 and 1 in 300,000 live births.

Signs and symptoms
Patients with Morquio syndrome appear healthy at birth. Types A and B have similar presentations, but Type B generally has milder symptoms. The age of onset is usually between 1 and 3 years of age. Morquio syndrome causes progressive skeletal changes to the ribs and chest, which may lead to neurological complications such as nerve compression. Patients may also have hearing loss and clouded corneas. Intelligence is usually normal unless a patient has untreated hydrocephalus.

Physical growth slows and often stops around age 8. Skeletal abnormalities include a bell-shaped chest, widely spaced teeth with thin enamel, a flattening or curvature of the spine, shortened long bones, and dysplasia of the hips, knees, ankles, and wrists. The bones that stabilize the connection between the head and neck can be malformed (odontoid hypoplasia); in these cases, a surgical procedure called spinal cervical bone fusion can be lifesaving. These bone abnormalities often lead to abnormalities in gait and a tendency to fall. Restricted breathing, joint stiffness, and heart disease are also common. Children with the more severe form of MPS IV may not live beyond their twenties or thirties.

Some additional signs and symptoms of Morquio syndrome include a short stature, scoliosis, kyphosis, hypermobile joints, knock-knees, pectus carinatum, misshapen limbs, unstable vertebrae, cord compression, hepatomegaly, hearing problems, vision problems, and heart problems.

Cause
Morquio syndrome is inherited from an autosomal recessive inherited gene. Every person has two copies of the genes needed to break down keratan sulfate, but only one healthy copy is needed. Both parents pass down one defective copy to their child, resulting in a child with no functional copies of the gene. As such, the body is incapable breaking down keratan sulfate for disposal. The incompletely broken down GAGs remain stored in cells in the body, causing progressive damage. Babies may show little sign of the disease, but as more and more cells become damaged, symptoms start to appear.

Classification
This syndrome has two forms, A and B, referred to as Morquio A and Morquio B syndrome or MPS IVA and MPS IVB. The two forms are distinguished by the gene product involved; Type A involves a malfunction in the GALNS gene, while Type B involves a malfunction of the GLB1 gene.

Treatment
The treatment for Morquio syndrome consists of prenatal identification and of enzyme replacement therapy. On 12 February 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the drug elosulfase alfa (Vimizim) for treating Type A. Currently, there is no treatment for Type B.

Prognosis
The lifespan of patients with Morquio syndrome is variable and depends on the subtype. Type A is generally severe, with a life expectancy in the 20s to 30s. In 2016, a man with Morquio syndrome died at the age of 81.

One study found that the mean life expectancy for patients in the United Kingdom was 25.30, with a standard deviation of 17.43 years. On average, female patients lived 4 years longer than male patients. Respiratory failure was the primary cause of death in 63% of patients. Other causes of death were cardiac failure (11%), post-traumatic organ failure (11%), complications of surgery (11%), and heart attack (4%). Life expectancy has been increasing since the 1980s. The average age at death due to respiratory failure improved from 17.42 years old in the 1980s to 30.74 years old in the 2000s.

History
The condition was first described, simultaneously and independently, in 1929, by Luis Morquio (1867–1935), a prominent Uruguayan physician who discovered it in Montevideo, and James Frederick Brailsford (1888–1961), an English radiologist in Birmingham, England. They both recognized the occurrence of corneal clouding, aortic valve disease, and urinary excretion of keratan sulfate. Morquio observed the disorder in four siblings in a family of Swedish descent and reported his observations in French.

title: Morquio syndrome