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Jonathan Oldbuck

Jonathan Oldbuck is the leading character in Sir Walter Scott's 1816 novel The Antiquary. In accordance with Scottish custom he is often addressed by the name of his house, Monkbarns. He is devoted to the study and collection of old coins, books and archaeological relics, and has a marked tendency to misogyny due to disappointment in an early love affair. His characteristics have been traced back to several men known to Scott, and to the author himself, an enthusiastic antiquary. Many critics have considered him one of Scott's finest creations.

His role in the novel
Jonathan Oldbuck is the laird of Monkbarns, a country house on the north-east coast of Scotland. Returning from a trip to Edinburgh he falls in with a young Englishman calling himself Lovel, befriends him, and spends time showing him the local historical sights, though Oldbuck's antiquarian gullibility is comically exposed by an acquaintance, the beggar Edie Ochiltree. Oldbuck quarrels with an old friend, an antiquarian dilettante called Sir Arthur Wardour, but they are reconciled after Wardour narrowly escapes death by drowning. He proposes that Lovel write a long historical poem to be called The Caledoniad, and offers to write the scholarly notes to it. They are invited on a trip to the ruins of Saint Ruth's Priory, where the party discuss a treasure rumoured to be buried there. When another member of the party, the fraudulent German alchemist Herman Dousterswivel, succeeds in getting money from Wardour to finance a search for the treasure Oldbuck warns his friend against the charlatan. Without Dousterswivel's help Oldbuck and Wardour discover a hoard of silver ingots. Oldbuck begins to find his troubles multiplying. On the one hand his hot-headed young nephew Hector M'Intyre, who has been shot by Lovel in a duel, is convalescing at Monkbarns and upsetting the smooth running of the household; on the other hand one of his tenants, the fisherman Steenie Mucklebackit, is drowned. Oldbuck attends his funeral, and on a later visit to the dead man's father's cottage encounters the Earl of Glenallan, awakening painful memories. We learn that Oldbuck had once loved a certain Eveline Neville, who had preferred to secretly marry Glenallan, but the marriage had ended with the wife's suicide, the husband's nervous breakdown, and the spiriting away of their only son. Now, after many years, Glenallan wants to find this son, and Oldbuck agrees to help him. He also has to help to get the beggar Ochiltree, who has been accused of an assault on Dousterswivel, freed from prison, and to advise the hapless Wardour on how to handle his impending bankruptcy. The novel ends with a rumour of impending French invasion, which rouses Oldbuck and the whole town of Fairport to take up arms and if necessary fight for their country together. This false alarm is suppressed by the arrival of a famous cavalry officer, Major Neville, who proves to be not only Oldbuck's friend Lovel but also Glenallan's son. So the Antiquary can return to his life of contented historical research.

His character
Oldbuck functions in the novel as a comic foil to the down-to-earth realist Ochiltree, the gothically tragic Glenallan, and the absurdly self-important Wardour. The most obvious aspect of his character is an obsessive devotion to the pursuit of antiquarianism. He writes on castrametation, the science of ancient fortification, and contributes papers on learned subjects to journals; he argues heatedly with his friends over the nature of the Pictish language; he buys overpriced land purely for the pleasure of owning the site of a Roman camp and of the battle of Mons Graupius. His devotion to his scholarship, and his celibacy, make him a modern equivalent of the monks of St. Ruth's Priory, as he recognises himself. But this enthusiasm can lead him into self-delusion, as with his supposed Roman camp which was in fact built as a shelter by local peasants only twenty years before, partly because his approach to the past is not that of a scientific historian, deducing hypotheses from solid evidence, but that of an antiquary, forming opinions first and justifying them with whatever evidence comes to hand afterwards. He also has a legal training, and believes strongly in its usefulness in all matters of business, but in the early stages of the novel both his antiquarian and his legal skills tend to be in practice of little use to him. He is, like his author, a Stoic, but this philosophy is compromised by his Scottish materialism. His rejection by Eveline Neville has left him with a marked lack of regard for “womankind”, but has not embittered him to the extent of drying up all capacity for human sympathy. His futility as an agent in human affairs is only ended when he begins to feel for the troubles of others, and to listen and observe rather than acting on preconceived theories. Then, as A. N. Wilson says, “Oldbuck's stature as a man is measured by the depth of his sympathies, by his Christian charity”. Though Oldbuck is in politics a Whig and a supporter of the French Revolution, yet at the novel's end when the Revolution seems to be coming too close to home he finds himself to be a patriot ready to fight for his country.

The origins of Oldbuck
The writer W. S. Crockett considered Jonathan Oldbuck to be more firmly based on real-life models than any other of Scott's characters, Edie Ochiltree alone excepted. Scott himself tells us that the character was loosely based on a friend of his father's, one George Constable, a retired lawyer who lived at a country house called Wallace-Craigie, near Dundee. Scott first got to know him when only six years old, and for the first time learned from Constable about Falstaff, Hotspur and other characters from Shakespeare. Scott's biographer Hesketh Pearson attributes to this the fact that The Antiquary contains more quotations from and allusions to Shakespeare than any other of his novels. The resemblance between the real and fictional characters was detected by a friend of Constable and of Scott's father, George Chalmers, much to Scott's astonishment, since he believed he had erased all such similarities as might be recognized. He claimed that

"there is not a single incident in the novel which is borrowed from his real circumstances except the fact that he resided in an old house near a flourishing seaport, and that the Author chanced to witness a scene betwixt him and the female proprietor of a stage coach, very similar to that which commences the history of The Antiquary. An excellent temper, with a slight degree of subacid humour; learning, wit, and drollery, the more piquant that they were a little marked by the peculiarities of an old bachelor; a soundness of thought rendered more forcible by an occasional quaintness of expression, were, the Author avers, the only qualities in which the creature of his imagination resembled his benevolent and excellent old friend."

George Gleig, one of Scott's early biographers, was certain that another model for Oldbuck was a Highlander called John Ramsay of Ochtertyre, whom Scott knew for many years. Ramsay was a keen collector of Roman and prehistoric antiquities, and was an authority on Scottish traditions concerning the Jacobite rebellion of 1745–6. However Ramsay, like Constable, by no means shared Oldbuck's contempt for “womankind”.

W. S. Crockett asserted that another figure behind the fictional Oldbuck was Alexander Gordon (1692?–1755), whose Itinerarium Septentrionale… Containing an Account of all the Monuments of Roman Antiquity [and] of the Danish Invasions on Scotland was much admired in its day, not least by Jonathan Oldbuck himself, who carries a prized copy of it home at the opening of the novel and goes on to quote his opinions approvingly in later chapters.

Scott's son-in-law and biographer J. G. Lockhart suggested that yet another model could be found in the character of John Clerk of Eldin, a naval writer; and certainly an incident in the life of Clerk's grandfather Sir John Clerk, 1st Bt. was the inspiration for an episode in chapter 4 of The Antiquary:

"[T]he old Baronet carried some English virtuosos to see a supposed Roman camp; and on his exclaiming at a particular spot, “This I take to have been the Praetorium”, a herdsman, who stood by, answered, “Praetorium here, Praetorium there, I made it wi' a flaughter-spade.”"

But he was also sure that Oldbuck's greatest resemblance was to his own author, and this view has been widely accepted by modern critics. Scott's pursuit of antiquities was every bit as enthusiastic as Oldbuck's, and he could easily have said with the laird of Monkbarns “My great-great-great-grandfather – it's a shame to the English language that we have not a less clumsy way of expressing a relationship of which we have occasion to think and speak so frequently.” A particular obsession of Scott's was the tracking down of Border ballads, which he edited in Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, and likewise Oldbuck was “a diligent collector of these scraps of ancient poetry”. In later years Scott repeatedly compared himself to Oldbuck when discussing his antiquarian pursuits in his letters. The two men were equally capable of being taken in by fraudulent impositions on their credulity, as when Scott accepted the fake ballad “Barthram's Dirge” and a manufactured Latin legend about a spectre knight from his friend Robert Surtees. They were also equally prone to buying land purely for its historical associations, Scott being in the process of completing his acquisition of the entire wide-ranging site of the battle of Melrose while he was writing The Antiquary. Oldbuck's preference for publishing his scholarly papers and the proposed notes for Lovel's Caledoniad anonymously or pseudonymously recall the fact that The Antiquary, like all the earlier Waverley novels, first appeared without Scott's name. Both men were careful in their daily expenditure, yet generous to others. Scott gave to his creation many of his own family circumstances, legal training, and experiences in love, with the young Oldbuck's rejection by Eveline Neville echoing quite closely Scott's own by Williamina Belsches, even to the retreat into antiquarianism as a distraction from his sorrows. John Sutherland has suggested that the name of Oldbuck's house, Monkbarns, is analogous to that of Scott's new home Abbotsford. Scott and his brainchild took opposite sides in politics – Oldbuck being a Whig, Scott a Tory – and many critics have been surprised at the defence of the French Revolution Scott allows Oldbuck to voice, but it has been claimed that Oldbuck's views on this question are identical with those expressed by Scott in his Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Revolution being for both of them a historical necessity. A. N. Wilson believed that if Scott had continued to quietly cultivate his friendships and the life of the mind like Oldbuck, rather than indulging a folie de grandeur like Wardour's, he would have died a happier man.

Later appearances
Scott did not wholly put Oldbuck to one side once he had completed the novel. His 1819 work Ivanhoe is prefixed by a “Dedicatory Epistle” from the fictional character Laurence Templeton to his friend Dr. Jonas Dryasdust, mentioned in The Antiquary as a correspondent of Oldbuck's, in which Templeton points out that a historical novel “might not suit the severer genius of our friend Mr. Oldbuck”. The 1825 Tales of the Crusaders has an Introduction describing a meeting between various characters from the Waverley novels, in which Oldbuck acts as Secretary. And when Scott compiled a guidebook to his home, Abbotsford, he used the pseudonym Jonathan Oldbuck, thus pointing up once more the extent to which he recognized himself in that character.

Critical assessment
Contemporary reviews had comparatively little to say about Oldbuck. The British Critic offered the opinion that “If his blunders cause amusement, his learning will afford instruction”. The British Lady's Magazine and John Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review agreed in thinking him a repetition of a character from an earlier Scott novel, though they differed as to whether this was the Baron of Bradwardine from Waverley or Counsellor Pleydell from Guy Mannering. The Edinburgh Review’s initial impression was that Oldbuck, as an “oddity”, was the great blemish on the novel, but later found that he “is so managed as to turn out both more interesting and more amusing than we had any reason to expect”. Lockhart agreed better with the second thoughts of the Edinburgh reviewer, Francis Jeffrey, than his first, going so far as to say that Scott had “nowhere displayed his highest art, that of skillful contrast, in greater perfection…than the oddities of Jonathan Oldbuck and his circle are relieved, on the one hand by the stately gloom of the Glenallans, on the other by the stern affliction of the poor fisherman”.

20th century critics, just like Francis Jeffrey, have debated how well Scott solved the problem of describing a pedant in a way that would make him more interesting to the reader than he is to his fictional compeers. The biographer Edgar Johnson found his humours entertaining, if “a bit prolonged and overindulged”, but Hesketh Pearson called him “the most entertaining bore in literature; his humour redeems him”. For Charles Harold Herford he was a great creation drawn from the heart of Scottish life. Some critics have found that the charm and the main sentimental interest of The Antiquary lies in the antiquary himself more than in any other character. Robert C. Gordon considered him to be “the most fully and extensively developed character” of Scott's first three novels. Virginia Woolf found that, like Shakespeare's and Jane Austen's characters, he is different every time one reads the novel. V. S. Pritchett declared that Oldbuck “stands solidly and aglow beside all the well-found comics of our literature”. Andrew Lang also had no doubts, calling him “perennially delightful”, and the scholar Aubrey Bell cited Oldbuck in support of his and Georg Brandes' view that Scott was one of the finest drawers of character ever to have lived.

title: Jonathan Oldbuck


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Thy Mighty Contract

Thy Mighty Contract is the debut studio album by Greek extreme metal band Rotting Christ, released in November 1993 on Osmose Productions.

It was re-released by Century Black in January 1998 with two bonus tracks originally released on the Apokathelosis EP and different artwork.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Sign of Evil Existence" – 2:00
 * 2) "Transform All Sufferings into Plagues" – 5:25
 * 3) "Fgmenth, Thy Gift" – 4:29
 * 4) "His Sleeping Majesty" – 5:50
 * 5) "Exiled Archangels" – 5:07
 * 6) "Dive the Deepest Abyss" – 3:33
 * 7) "The Coronation of the Serpent" – 4:06
 * 8) "The Fourth Knight of Revelation (I & II)" – 6:49
 * 9) "Visions of the Dead Lover" (bonus track on re-issue) - 4:45
 * 10) "The Mystical Meeting" (bonus track on re-issue) - 5:03

Contrary to popular belief that drum programming was used on this album, the drums were actually recorded live using an electronic drum kit.

Musical style
Rotting Christ plays fast black metal in the Greek style, which was, according to AllMusic journalist Eduardo Rivadavia, “slightly over-reliant on furious blastbeats”, but showing “a budding flair for melody”. Chad Bowar of About.com describes the style as black metal which “took on a melodic, slightly heavy metal-ish format“, with a “limited supply of rhythm blasting and lifeless tremolo riffing”.

Reviews
Allmusic journalist Eduardo Rivadavia called Thy Mighty Contract “a promising first long-player”, although “the album's production may have been somewhat subpar, and its songs slightly over-reliant on furious blastbeats, but none of this mattered a lick to hardcore extreme metal fans”. About.com featured the album as a Retro Recommendation and criticised the drums for being “too loud, and given the repetitive beats played, it becomes distracting at times. However, the bass is audible, which automatically makes the record something to cherish.“

Personnel

 * Nceromayhem: Vocals, guitars
 * George "Magus Wampyr Daoloth" Zaharapolous: Keyboards, backing vocals
 * Jim "Mutilator" Patsouris: Bass
 * Necrosauron: Drums

Production

 * Arranged by Rotting Christ
 * Produced by Rotting Christ, George Osmak and Anthony Delaportas
 * Recording and Mix Engineer: Anthony Delaportas; assisted by George Osmak

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thy Mighty Contract


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Richard Charlesworth

Richard Charlesworth may refer to:
 * Ric Charlesworth (born 1952), Australian cricketer and field hockey player and coach
 * Richard Charlesworth (swimmer) (born 1988), English swimmer

title: Richard Charlesworth


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Maesobotrya

Maesobotrya is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. It was first described as a genus in 1879  and is native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Maesobotrya: • Maesobotrya barteri - West and Central Africa

• Maesobotrya bertramiana - Central  Africa

• Maesobotrya cordulata - Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Maesobotrya fallax - Cameroon

• Maesobotrya floribunda - Central Africa

• Maesobotrya glabrata - São Tomé, Príncipe

• Maesobotrya griffoniana - Central Africa

• Maesobotrya klaineana - Central Africa

• Maesobotrya liberica - Liberia

• Maesobotrya longipes - Central Africa

• Maesobotrya oligantha - Gabon, Equatorial Guinea

• Maesobotrya pauciflora - Central Africa

• Maesobotrya pierlotii - Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Maesobotrya purseglovei - Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda

• Maesobotrya pynaertii - Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Maesobotrya scariosa - Cameroon

• Maesobotrya staudtii - Central Africa

• Maesobotrya vermeulenii - Central Africa

• Maesobotrya villosa - Democratic Republic of the Congo

 * Formerly included
 * Maesobotrya oblonga - moved to Antidesma oblongum
 * Maesobotrya stapfiana - moved to Protomegabaria stapfiana

title: Maesobotrya


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Trypanosoma suis

Trypanosoma suis is a species of excavate trypanosome in the genus Trypanosoma that causes one form of the surra disease in animals. It infects pigs. It does not infect humans.

Discovery
Trypanosoma suis was first encountered and described by Ochmann in 1905. He found the parasite in a herd of sick pigs in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Hence the name as the word suis means pig. Eventually it was lost in consecutive renaming of the parasite until the 1950s.

Rediscovered
Trypanosoma suis is rarely seen and has been lost and rediscovered several times. In the 1950s T. suis is rediscovered in Burundi by two Belgian researchers.

T. suis remains the most rare member of the Salivarian trypanosomes. The only isolated specimen known of this species is kept at the Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Nairobi.

The next detection was only made by Hutchinson and Gibson 2015. Newly developed molecular biology methods allowed the discovery of an uncertain Trypanosoma in samples from a few years prior from Tanzania and the Central African Republic. This molecular profile was then applied to blood smear slides from 1952 and 1953, a match was found, and the rediscovery of T. suis was declared.

Transmission
The parasite is known to be transmitted by the tsetse fly Glossina brevipalpis.

title: Trypanosoma suis


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John Christoforou

John Christoforou (10 March 1921 – February 2014 ) was a British painter of Greek heritage. He spent his childhood in Greece, but returned to England in 1938. With the outbreak of the war, he joined the Royal Air Force where he flew missions in the Far East.

Christoforou had his first exhibition in 1949. In 1957, he moved to Paris and participated in a show with Enrico Baj, Jorn and Mihailovitch at Galerie Rive Gauche. Galerie Birch (Copenhagen), with whom Christoforou worked for many years, paid tribute to his legacy with a solo exhibition, "Hommage à Christoforou", on 3 May 2014.

Collections include: Tate Gallery, London; Frissiras Museum, Greece; Nottingham City Museums and Galleries; Beaux Art Museum, Toulouse; Beaux Art Museum Nantes; Contemporary Art Society, London; Museum of 20th Century Art, Vienna; Kunst Museum, Randers, Denmark; Kunst Museum Silkeborg, Denmark; Fonds National d'Art Contemporain, Paris.

title: John Christoforou


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Saxmundham railway station

Saxmundham railway station is on the East Suffolk Line in the east of England, serving the town of Saxmundham, Suffolk. Situated between Wickham Market and Darsham, it is 22 mi down the line from Ipswich, and 91 mi from London Liverpool Street. Its three-letter station code is SAX.

It is managed by Greater Anglia, which operates all trains serving the station.

The signalling centre for the line is located in the signal cabin on the Lowestoft-bound platform, which formerly served as the control centre while the line was signalled using the Radio Electronic Token Block (RETB) system.

A branch line, which formerly ran to Aldeburgh on the coast from just north of Saxmundham, is still used for goods traffic to the nearby Sizewell nuclear power stations.

History
The station building suffered a devastating fire on 12 February 2018. Following the fire, the station was renovated with a new waiting room, refurbished platform canopies, a new shelter and seating on platform 2, and an enlarged car park. A ceremony marking the completion of the refurbishment took place on 27 September 2021.

Services
the typical Monday-Sunday off-peak service at Saxmundham is as follows:

Trains direct to and from London Liverpool Street were withdrawn in 2010.

One weekday early morning train is extended through to Harwich International and there is a return from there in the evening.

One service terminates at Saxmundham every weekday morning: the 06:20 from Ipswich, which includes a stop at Westerfield.

title: Saxmundham railway station


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Inside I'm Dancing

Inside I'm Dancing, also released under the title Rory O'Shea Was Here, is an 2004 Irish comedy-drama film directed by Damien O'Donnell and starring James McAvoy, Steven Robertson, Romola Garai, and Brenda Fricker. The film revolves around two disabled young men who pursue physical and emotional independence in direct defiance of "protective" institutional living and their society's prevailing standards and attitudes, especially pity.

The production was filmed in Dublin and Wicklow and involved production companies Working Title Films and StudioCanal with assistance from the Irish Film Board (Bord Scannán na hÉireann).

Plot
Michael Connolly is a 24-year-old with cerebral palsy who is a long-term resident of the Carrigmore Residential Home for the Disabled run by the formidable Eileen. His life, mundane and schedule-driven by the institution's authorities, is transformed when the maverick Rory O'Shea, who suffers from Duchenne muscular dystrophy, suddenly moves in. Michael is stunned to discover that fast talking Rory, prone to lewd and/or overt jokes at unpredictable intervals, and who can move only his right hand, can understand his almost unintelligible speech. Rory's dynamic and rebellious nature soon sparks a flame in Michael, introducing him to the wider world outside of Carrigmore.

On a day out in Dublin led by Carrigmore collecting for "the needs of the disabled", Rory leads Michael astray, sneaking off to a local pub with their donation bucket, charming a group of girls at a corner table at which sits Siobhán; later they see Siobhán again while traversing a neighbouring nightclub, which they get into only by Michael citing Irish and EU Disability Discrimination Law text to the bouncer.

Rory has meanwhile repeatedly failed in his application for the Independent Living Allowance; he is always denied that on the grounds of irresponsibility and poor judgement, but told to reapply in six months. Inspired by his example Michael applies for the allowance himself; with the help of Rory as his interpreter Michael gets the allowance but they struggle to find an apartment that is both wheelchair accessible and affordable. Rory convinces Michael to visit his estranged father who, out of guilt, gives them the money and property they need to set up on their own.

They interview for a care-giver with little success, but later they meet Siobhán working in a local supermarket, and try to convince her to take on the job. Despite not having any professional experience she reluctantly accepts. Seeing that Michael and Siobhán are platonically friendly to each other, Rory becomes jealous – culminating in a joyride with local kids in a stolen car, crashing it, subsequently getting briefly detained by the police.

Siobhán invites Rory and Michael along to a costume party; but after Siobhán rejects Michaels advances she decides to bring in Peter, a qualified Personal Assistant to replace herself. Michael is distraught over Siobhán's departure from their lives, and considering suicide; Rory finds him on the edge of the James Joyce Bridge. Michael jokingly complains the edge is too high for him to throw himself off, and Rory talks him out of it, reminding him he has a future and to enjoy it.

Later, Michael finds Rory in his bed struggling to breathe, and calls for an ambulance. His disease having progressed, Rory is given only a few days to live. Michael visits Siobhán and with her help goes to the review board on behalf of Rory to argue his case, another chance having come up after six months. The board initially refuse, restating the same arguments, however Michael responds that "the right must exist independently of its exercising" and as a gesture the board approve Rory's independent living allowance in principle – but before they can get to the hospital to tell Rory the news, he has already died.

Michael and Siobhan attend Rory's funeral. Michael hears in his mind Rory's words "Well, then, are we going out?" and after saying goodbye to Siobhan, Michael heads out on his own.

Cast

 * James McAvoy as Rory Gerard O'Shea, a rebellious young man with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
 * Steven Robertson as Michael Connolly, a 24-year-old long-term resident with cerebral palsy
 * Romola Garai as Siobhán, a young woman they employ as a caregiver
 * Brenda Fricker as Eileen, a domineering care worker at Michael's care home
 * Gerard McSorley as Fergus Connolly, Michael's father who abandoned him at birth
 * Tom Hickey as Con O'Shea, Rory's father
 * Alan King as Tommy
 * Ruth McCabe as Annie
 * Anna Healy as Alice
 * Deirdre O'Kane (cameo) as a caregiver applicant
 * Tony Kenny as cabaret singer

Production
Writer Christian O'Reilly came up with the story after working with Martin Naughton, and Dermot Walsh, on a campaign for the Centre for Independent Living in Dublin.

Music
The film features Johnny Cash's cover version of "Hurt". Siobhan asks Rory "Were you born like this ... dodgy hair and shit taste in music?" and plays the Cash song for him.

 * "Beat for Two" – Elbow
 * "Frontier Psychiatrist" – The Avalanches
 * "Hurt" (Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails) – Johnny Cash
 * "Look of Love" – Dusty Springfield
 * "Easy" – Groove Armada

Critical response
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 49% based on 69 reviews, with a rating average of 5.8 out of 10. The site's general consensus is that "The dramatic aspects of Rory O'Shea Was Here veer into mawkish, formulaic sentiment, which undercuts the characters' individuality." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score gives the film 59% based on 23 reviews. Neil Smith, reviewing for the BBC, gave the film 4/5 stars but felt casting non-disabled actors undermined the film.

title: Inside I'm Dancing


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Wikipedia talk:No libel

More elaborated version of the comments at no legal threats, broken out into its own policy as recommended at Wikipedia_talk:no legal threats.

It's stupid to suggest that one can avoid legal action without dealing with the root cause of it, which is irresponsible unattributed comments

title: Wikipedia talk:No libel


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Passage to Arcturo

Passage to Arcturo is the first EP by Greek extreme metal band Rotting Christ, released in 1991. It was originally an MLP-pressing only: first edition in gatefold cover; second edition with normal cover. The EP was re-released in February 2011 with "The Old Coffin Spirit (Live)", "The Mystical Meeting (Live)" and "The Forest of N'Gai (Live)" as bonus tracks on MCD.

Original edition
In 2006, Unruly Sounds reissued Passage to Arcturo with the three above noted bonus tracks. Furthermore, the introduction was removed (bringing the Unruly Sounds version to 8 tracks total rather than the 9 it would be if the introduction were featured).

title: Passage to Arcturo


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Pinedale

Pinedale may refer to:

Geography

 * Pinedale, Alberta, Canada
 * United States:
 * Pinedale, Arizona
 * Pinedale, California
 * Pinedale, New Mexico
 * Pinedale, Wyoming

Science

 * Pinedale glaciation

title: Pinedale


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Patrick Madrid

Patrick Madrid (born November 8, 1960) is an American Catholic, author, and radio host. His many books include Why Be Catholic? (Penguin Random House), Life Lessons: 50 Things I Learned in My First 50 Years (Ignatius Press), and How to Do Apologetics (Our Sunday Visitor). His books have sold over one million copies, including foreign-language editions.

He hosts the “Patrick Madrid Show” radio program on Relevant Radio, three hours daily.

Aside from his radio presence, Madrid is best known for his work in Catholic apologetics. He worked for eight years (1988 to 1996) at Catholic Answers, serving as vice president. He has published numerous articles on Scripture, Church history, patristics, apologetics, and evangelization in various Catholic and Protestant periodicals and has contributed scholarly articles on apologetics in the New Catholic Encyclopedia.

He and his wife, Nancy, have 11 children and 28 grandchildren.

Early life
Patrick Madrid was born on November 8, 1960, in Lynwood, California, a near suburb of Los Angeles. His father, Bernard Madrid served for four years in the U.S. Coast Guard as a sailor, after which he had a long career as an electronics engineer. His mother, Gretchen, was a housewife. Madrid is the oldest of their eight children, one of whom died shortly after birth of pulmonary complications. Growing up in Southern California, Madrid was baptized at Saint Mary of the Assumption Catholic Church in Whittier and was raised primarily in Orange County, attending the Mission San Juan Capistrano Grammar School for several years.

Biography
Patrick Madrid has been a Catholic apologist since 1987. He hosts The Patrick Madrid Show on Relevant Radio weekdays 9-noon ET, discussing current events, modern culture, apologetics, and a variety of "God topics." Madrid does not have guests or conduct interviews on his show, but instead, engages listeners with personal commentary and interacts extensively with callers. He has conducted thousands of apologetics seminars in English and Spanish at parishes, conferences, and universities across the United States, as well as throughout Europe, Canada, in Latin America, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Israel. Since 1990, he has been a regular presenter at the Franciscan University of Steubenville's "Defending the Faith" summer apologetics conferences and has been a guest lecturer in theology at Christendom College in their "Major Speakers" program. Madrid has engaged in at least a dozen formal public debates with Protestant, Mormon, and other non-Catholic spokesmen.

He founded what is now known as the Envoy institute in 1996 with the launch of Envoy Magazine, which reached a peak circulation of approximately 12,000 paid subscribers. The magazine was discontinued in 2011 when it lost its institutional funding source.

Madrid earned a bachelor of science degree in business management from the University of Phoenix as well as a B.Phil in philosophy and an M.A. in dogmatic theology (cum laude) from the Pontifical College Josephinum in Columbus, Ohio. He did graduate studies in theology at the University of Dallas. He has taught undergraduate courses on apologetics and the sacraments as an adjunct professor on the theology faculty at Franciscan University of Steubenville. He currently serves as an adjunct professor of apologetics at Holy Apostles College and Seminary and at Saint Patrick's Seminary and University in Menlo Park, California.

A life-long avid fan of the Beatles, after playing trumpet in grammar school since the fourth grade, Madrid switched to the bass guitar at the age of 14, playing in various area garage bands, and eventually played bass for several years in Geneva Brown, an obscure Southern California rock band. He sometimes refers humorously on his radio show to his garage-band days by commenting on a particular word or phrase drawn news sources that he says would make for a "good garage band name."

Books

 * Surprised by Truth (Saint Benedict Press), 1994 ISBN 0964261081
 * Any Friend of God’s Is a Friend of Mine (Saint Benedict Press), 1996 ISBN 096426109X
 * Pope Fiction: Answers to 30 Myths and Misconceptions about the Papacy (Saint Benedict Press), 1999 ISBN 0964261006
 * Surprised by Truth 2 (Sophia Institute Press), 2000 ISBN 1928832180
 * Search and Rescue (Sophia Institute Press), 2001 ISBN 9781928832270
 * Where Is That in the Bible? (Our Sunday Visitor), 2001 ISBN 0879736933
 * Surprised by Truth 3 (Sophia Institute Press), 2002 ISBN 1928832598
 * Why Is That in Tradition? (Our Sunday Visitor), 2002 ISBN 1931709068
 * Answer Me This (Our Sunday Visitor) 2003 ISBN 1931709580
 * More Catholic than the Pope (Our Sunday Visitor), 2004 ISBN 1931709262
 * Does the Bible Really Say That? (Servant Books), 2006 ISBN 0867167742
 * A Pocket Guide to Apologetics (Our Sunday Visitor), 2006 ISBN 1592762085
 * A Pocket Guide to Purgatory (Our Sunday Visitor), 2007 ISBN 1592762948
 * 150 Bible Verses Every Catholic Should Know (Servant Books), 2008 ISBN 0867169028]
 * The Godless Delusion: A Catholic Challenge to Modern Atheism (Our Sunday Visitor), 2010 ISBN 1592767877
 * Envoy for Christ: 25 Years as a Catholic Apologist (Servant Books), 2012 ISBN 161636484X
 * A Year With the Bible: Scriptural Wisdom for Daily Living (St. Benedict Press), 2012 ISBN 1618904167
 * Why Be Catholic? 10 Answers to a Very Important Question (Penguin Random House, 2013) ISBN 0307986438
 * On a Mission: Lessons from Saint Francis de Sales (Servant Books), 2013 ISBN 161636436X
 * Scripture and Tradition in the Church (Sophia Institute Press), 2014 ISBN 1622822137
 * Now What? A Guide for New (and Not So New) Catholics (Servant Books), 2015 ISBN 1616367210
 * How to Do Apologetics (Our Sunday Visitor), 2015 ISBN 1612785832
 * Life Lessons: 50 Things I Learned in My First 50 Years (Ignatius Press), 2016 ISBN 1621641147
 * Surprised by Life (Sophia Institute Press), 2017 ISBN 1622823737
 * InQUIZition: Rack Your Brain & Stretch Your Knowledge (Sophia Institute Press, 2022)

 * FORTHCOMING BOOKS:
 * What Am I Doing Here?

title: Patrick Madrid


text:
Butterflies (Patti Page song)

"Butterflies" is a popular song, written by Bob Merrill and recorded by Patti Page in 1953.

It was released by Mercury Records as catalog number 70183.

It entered on the Billboard chart on July 18, 1953 and lasted 10 weeks, peaking at number 10. On the Cash Box charts, it peaked at number 11.

title: Butterflies (Patti Page song)


text:
Transport Research Laboratory

TRL Limited, trading as TRL (formerly Transport Research Laboratory) is an independent private company offering a transport consultancy and research service to the public and private sector. Originally established in 1933 by the UK Government as the Road Research Laboratory (RRL), it was privatised in 1996. Its motto or tagline is 'The Future of Transport'.

History
TRL was originally established in 1933 by the UK Government as the Road Research Laboratory (RRL) under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), and later became the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) in 1972.

During the Second World War, the Laboratory contributed to the war effort. Among its contributions, under William Glanville, were research that aided the development of plastic armour, the bouncing bomb and the Disney bomb.

During governmental reorganisation in the 1970s, the TRRL moved from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to the Department of the Environment (DoE).

At the TRRL, Frank Blackmore developed the mini-roundabout and its associated 'priority rule', which was adopted in 1975.

With the encouragement of the UK Department of Transport, TRRL was instrumental in promoting cooperation with other European laboratories. In 1989, TRRL's initiative to create a Forum of European National Highway Research Laboratories led to its hosting of the inaugural meeting.

It became an executive agency of the UK Department for Transport (DfT) in 1992, and changed its name to the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL).

It was privatised in 1996, though earlier plans in 1994 for a proposed privatisation were criticised at the time, notably by former Transport Minister Barbara Castle.

Operations
TRL is based in Crowthorne, Berkshire, with additional offices in Edinburgh and Birmingham.

TRL's key areas of work include road, network and vehicle safety; traffic management; planning and control; investigations and risk management; transport infrastructure; and environmental assessment, including work on climate change, noise and air pollution.

Software
TRL has produced industry-standard software including Junctions, TRANSYT, SCOOT 7 and UTC, Powered by SCOOT 7.

Site redevelopment
The extensive Crowthorne site has been substantially scaled back, with many of the original buildings disused, creating an opportunity for redevelopment. In 2012, Bracknell Council identified the original site as a strategic area, suitable for a new mini-town of 1,000 homes.

Corporate affairs
To maintain its commercial independence and impartiality, TRL is owned by the Transport Research Foundation (TRF), a non-profit distributing foundation, overseen by 80 sector members from the transport industry. The TRF is classed as a non-profit distributing organisation (NPDO), a form of business structure where all profits are reinvested in services or business growth, rather than being distributed to shareholders. TRL's profits are invested in its own research programmes, selected by the TRF to enhance knowledge in critical areas such as safety, environmental impact and sustainable development.

title: Transport Research Laboratory


text: File:1drachmi 1973.jpg

title: File:1drachmi 1973.jpg


text:
Melton railway station (Suffolk)

Melton railway station is on the East Suffolk Line in the east of England, serving the village of Melton, Suffolk. It is 11 mi down the line from Ipswich and 80 mi measured from London Liverpool Street; it is situated between Woodbridge and Wickham Market. Its three-letter station code is MES.

The station was opened in 1859 but was closed in 1955 and remained so until 1984 when, after a local campaign, it was reopened. Today it is managed by Abellio Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains that call.

It is 1.25 miles from the ancient Anglo-Saxon burial site at Sutton Hoo, run by the National Trust.

History
The railway line connecting the East Suffolk Railway (ESR) at Halesworth to an extension of the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) at Woodbridge was built by the ESR. The line opened on 1 June 1859, and Melton station opened with the line. The ESR was absorbed by the ECR on opening day.

On 1 July 1862, the ECR and other small railway companies amalgamated to become the Great Eastern Railway (GER). At the 1923 Grouping, the GER was amalgamated with other companies to form the London and North Eastern Railway; this in turn was a constituent of British Railways at the start of 1948.

At the beginning of World War I, the 9th Field Company Royal Engineers were sent to Melton to prepare defences at the station and nearby Wilford Bridge (the first crossing point of the River Deben) against possible invasion.

The station is located outside the village centre and was vulnerable to bus competition which started in 1919.

During World War II Melton was the railhead for nearby RAF Bentwaters with a pipeline running from the station yard. This was supplied by tanker wagons kept in the yard. Remains of crashed aircraft from Orfordness and Sutton crash airfield were sent via Melton during 1943.

The station closed to passengers on 2 May 1955; the goods yard closed on 1 June 1972, although private sidings remained open for domestic coal traffic and roadstone between 1972 and 1976. During this time a small Ruston & Hornsby diesel shunter was based at the sidings. All freight traffic ceased in the early 1980s but after local campaigning the station was reopened for passengers on 3 September 1984.

With the privatisation of British Rail, ownership of the line and station passed to Railtrack on 1 April 1994. The franchise to operate the passenger services on this route was won by Anglia Railways in 1997; in 2004 National Express won the franchise and operated services using the branding 'one', which was renamed National Express East Anglia in 2008.

National Express East Anglia was succeeded as the operator of the Greater Anglia franchise in 2012 by Abellio.

Services
the typical Monday-Sunday off-peak service at Melton is as follows:

Trains direct to and from London Liverpool Street were withdrawn in 2010.

One weekday early-morning train is extended through to Harwich International and there is a return from there in the evening.

title: Melton railway station (Suffolk)


text:
Nothobaccaurea

Nothobaccaurea is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae, first described as a genus in 2000. It is native to various islands in the Pacific. The genus is named for its false resemblance with Baccaurea. Like Baccaurea, it is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

Nothobaccaurea grows in primary or secondary rain forest. In Fiji it is known by a number of local names, innoka, kailoa, midra, sinumbuta, and vurevure. Nothobaccaurea is a shrub or tree that grows between 2–20 metres in height, it flowers and fruits throughout the year.

 * Species
 * 1) Nothobaccaurea pulvinata (A.C.Sm.) Haegens - Viti Levu
 * 2) Nothobaccaurea stylaris (Müll.Arg.) Haegens - Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz Islands, Fiji, Vanuatu

title: Nothobaccaurea


text:
William Justin Kroll

 * See also German classic philologist, Wilhelm Kroll (philologist) (1869–1939).

William Justin Kroll (born Guillaume Justin Kroll; November 24, 1889 – March 30, 1973) was a Luxembourgish metallurgist. He is best known for inventing the Kroll process in 1940, which is used commercially to extract metallic titanium from ore.

Early life
In 1909, Wilhelm Kroll graduated from Luxembourg's Athenaeum High School, and in 1910, he registered at the faculty of metallurgy at the Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg in Berlin, graduating in 1914. He spent the next four years there to complete his doctoral thesis under the guidance of professor K. A. Hofmann.

European years
Working in Germany, in 1918, Kroll invented a very efficient bearing alloy based on lead, commercialized under the name Lurgi metal, and he was awarded various metallurgy related patents. In Austria in 1922, he developed alloys known as Alusil and Alsia used primarily for cast-aluminum pistons. In 1923, Kroll returned to Luxembourg and set up a private laboratory.

Kroll invented precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steel in 1929, when he added a small amount of titanium to stainless steel and strengthened it by thermally precipitating TiC particles.

In the 1930s he began focusing on the study of titanium and its alloys. At the time, titanium as a metal was a laboratory curiosity. In 1938, titanium was machined for the first time at the Cerametal factory in Bereldange, Luxembourg.

American years
Kroll visited the US, arriving in New York aboard the SS Queen Mary from Cherbourg, France on October 18, 1938. He called on various US non-ferrous industries, showing his titanium samples, but there was little to no interest in titanium at the time. Disappointed, he returned to Luxembourg. As the Nazi cloud began to spread over Germany in 1940 Kroll elected to emigrate to the United States. He arrived in New York on February 22, 1940, having sailed from Rotterdam aboard the SS Volendam on February 10, 1940. On May 10, 1940, German troops invaded Luxembourg, occupying the country for the next four years.

On June 25, 1940, the United States Patent and Trademark Office awarded for Kroll's method of manufacturing titanium and alloys thereof, filed on July 6, 1938. On December 4, 1940, Kroll applied for US citizenship. He worked as a consulting engineer for Union Carbide Research Laboratories at Niagara Falls, New York. As the US declared war on the Axis nations in December 1941, Kroll's patent was forfeited by the US government as falling under the Alien Property Custodian Act prompting a seven-year litigation, ending in favor of Kroll, though litigation fees of over $1 million ate up the compensation awarded. Slowly the US government and the industry began to recognize the potential of titanium. The US government established a research center in Boulder, Colorado in 1944, and in late 1948, Dupont de Nemours began the commercial production of titanium using the Kroll process.

Meanwhile, Kroll's focus had turned to zirconium. He became a consulting metallurgist to the United States, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines in 1945 at their research facility at Albany, Oregon. The first zirconium strip was rolled out there in August 1946. In 1951, William Kroll joined the faculty of Oregon State College, established a non-profit Metal Research Foundation awarding scholarships and grants in the USA and in Europe.

Legacy
Dr. William J. Kroll returned to Europe in 1961 where he died in Brussels on March 30, 1973.

One of his lasting legacies in the United States is the Kroll Institute at the Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, established in 1974:

"The Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy (KIEM) was established in 1974 in accordance with a bequest from William J. Kroll, world-renowned extractive metallurgist best known for his inventions of processes for the production of titanium and zirconium. The financial resources of Dr. Kroll's bequest were intended to provide for the establishment of a Center for Excellence in Extractive Metallurgy at the Colorado School of Mines. Since its inception, the Kroll Institute has provided financial support to both undergraduate and graduate students at CSM, many of whom, subsequently, have made important contributions, nationally and internationally, to the fields of mining, minerals, metals and advanced materials."

Honors and awards
Kroll was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2000. Among his other awards were the Francis J. Clamer Medal in 1954, the Albert Sauveur Achievement Award from the American Society for Metals in 1955 and the Perkin Medal in 1958. He was also awarded the Acheson Award by the Electrochemical Society in 1958.

Kroll has a street named after him in Luxembourg City, in the business district of Gasperich, and in Esch-sur-Alzette.

In September 2018, a vocational high school in Esch/Alzette in Luxembourg, Lycée technique d'Esch-sur-Alzette, changed its name to Lycée Guillaume-Kroll.

title: William Justin Kroll


text:
Tristan Prettyman

Tristan Ann Prettyman (born May 23, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter from San Diego, California. She was signed to Virgin Records until 2013 and released her first major label album Twentythree on August 2, 2005, followed by her second album Hello...x which was released on April 15, 2008. Her third studio album, Cedar + Gold, was released on October 2, 2012. On October 27, 2014, Prettyman independently released an EP, "Back To Home". She toured throughout the United States with Eric Hutchinson in support of his City and Sand tour during the fall of 2014.

Early life
Prettyman was born and raised in the town of Del Mar in San Diego County, California. Prettyman began taking surfing as an elective at her junior high school at the age of 12. She competed in the National Scholastic Surfing Association (NSSA) High School Division and earned fifth place in the state championship while still in middle school. She attended Torrey Pines High School in neighboring Carmel Valley.

Around the age of 15, Prettyman was given a mix tape of Ani DiFranco's music. She received Ani DiFranco‘s “Puddle Dive” album in 1993. Prettyman began playing around with her father's old acoustic guitar. Although her parents were initially angry with her for "taking" the guitar, they eventually became supportive of her interest in music.

Prettyman began playing in front of friends and an employee of the production company The Moonshine conspiracy overheard Prettyman play and asked her to appear in the company's film Shelter. Prettyman's song "Anything at All" was eventually featured on the film's soundtrack.

Career
Prettyman began her career playing locally in clubs and bars throughout San Diego County before being invited to join Jason Mraz on his national tour. Prettyman spent winter 2004 in New York collaborating with producer Josh Deutsch.

Twentythree, Prettyman's first album, was released on August 2, 2005, when she was 23 years old. The title pays homage to the 23 Enigma, a concept referring to the abnormally high occurrence of the number 23 in daily life as described in the book Cosmic Trigger by Robert Anton Wilson. The album peaked at number 24 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart. Prettyman's second album, Hello...x, was released in 2008 and sold 18, 187 copies in its first week, debuting at 27 on the Billboard 200.

Prettyman plays and endorses Taylor Guitars, as well as Fender & Gretsch. A former Roxy model and avid surfer, Prettyman was interviewed by Men's Fitness in 2008 and questioned about surfing and staying active while on tour.

In June 2012, "My Oh My", the first single from Prettyman's third studio album Cedar + Gold was released. Cedar + Gold was released on October 2, 2012, and peaked at number 47 on the Billboard 200 and 19 on US Top Digital Albums. The music video for the album's second single, "I Was Gonna Marry You", also debuted on October 2. Prettyman toured with The Script in October and November 2012 in support of the album. "Say Anything" from Cedar + Gold is featured in the 2013 film Safe Haven and accompanying soundtrack of Nicholas Sparks's novel.

On October 27, 2014, Prettyman released her EP "Back to Home". It is her first independently released album in ten years.

Tristan played a show in March 2022 but she told The San Diego Union-Tribune she enjoys being a full time mother and she has no plans to tour or record until her son is older. She is still writing songs and one of them appeared in a 2021 episode of the TV series Love Island.

Personal life
Prettyman became engaged to fellow musician Jason Mraz on December 24, 2010; they broke off the engagement six months later. In December 2013, Prettyman announced on Twitter and Facebook that she was engaged to venture capitalist Bill Maris. On August 26, 2014, she announced on social media that she and Maris had married at Kruger National Park in South Africa. On February 17, 2015, she announced on social media that she was expecting their first child. Their son Kylo Evergreen Maris was born on August 26, 2015. In July 2018, Prettyman announced on her blog that she and Maris were ending their marriage.

Albums

 * 4-Track Demo CD (2002)
 * The Love EP (2003)
 * Twentythree (2005)
 * Hello...x (April 15, 2008)
 * Live Session (an iTunes Exclusive EP) (July 29, 2008)
 * Cedar + Gold (October 2, 2012)
 * Back to Home EP  (October 27, 2014)

Guest appearances

 * Brendan Borek Family, Volume 2 (2003)
 * G. Love, Lemonade (album) (2006)
 * Jason Mraz, "Shy That Way" (2005)

title: Tristan Prettyman


text:
Jahangir Khan (cricketer)

Dr Mohammad Jahangir Khan (1 February 1910 – 23 July 1988) was an international cricketer who played for British India. After the Partition of India, he served as a cricket administrator in Pakistan. He graduated from Islamia College, Lahore.

Cricket career
Dr Mohammad Jahangir Khan hailed from a Pashtun family that is famous in cricket for producing three Pakistan captains: Javed Burki, Majid Khan and Imran Khan. He was father of Majid Khan. Majid's son Bazid Khan also represented Pakistan for the first time in 2005, making the family the second, after the Headleys to have three consecutive generations of Test cricketers. Baqa Jilani, the brother-in-law of Jahangir Khan, also represented India in Test cricket.

Jahangir scored 108 on his first-class debut and took seven wickets in the second innings of the match. He represented British India in her first ever Test against England at Lord's in 1932. After the tour, he stayed back in England and took a doctorate from Cambridge University. He passed the final Bar from Middle Temple. In that time he was Cambridge blue in cricket for four years. He also made two appearances in Gentlemen v Players matches. In 1935 playing for Indian Gymkhana, he also scored 1,380 runs in two months, at an average of 70.

When British India toured England in 1936 he joined the team and appeared in all three Tests. His best bowling during his time at Cambridge was a 7 for 58 against the champion county Yorkshire. Back in British India, he played in the Bombay Pentangular in 1939. Jahangir was to captain British India in a tour of Ceylon in 1940–41 that was cancelled due to the war.

Selector
Jahangir was a selector between 1939–40 and 1941–42. After moving to Pakistan after 1947, he served a selector in Pakistan and managed the team that toured India in 1960–1961. He was a college principal and then served as the Director of Education in Pakistan before retiring. When Jalandhar hosted its first Test match in 1983, Jahangir was specially invited to attend the match.

Participation in athletics
In his younger days, he was also a champion javelin thrower of India. He represented India in AAA Championships in 1932 and British Empire Games 1934 in London.

Death
At the time of his death, he was the last survivor from the team that played for India in his first Test.

He was buried in his hometown.

The Lord's Sparrow
Khan played cricket for Cambridge University and during a match at Lord's Cricket Ground on 26 July 1936 against the M.C.C. he bowled a delivery to Tom Pearce that struck and killed a sparrow while in mid-flight. The sparrow was mounted on a plinth with the ball that killed it and is now on display at the M.C.C. museum. Neil Robinson, head of heritage and collections at the M.C.C. said "People expect to see balls, bats and gloves at the museum, not a sparrow" and "Those who don't know the story are always surprised."

title: Jahangir Khan (cricketer)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lara Roxx

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Fernando Rizo T/C 00:27, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Lara Roxx
I am placing a VFD on this and, probably, other articles concerning porn 'stars' simply because, all too often, there is confusion between 'notability' and 'notoriety' - this is a perfect example.

 * Lara Roxx, Darren James and their ilk are 'notorious'. That is, they are known, but in an unfavourable manner and in a restricted circle. They cannot be considered as 'notable' or 'noteworthy' as they have not added anything to the sum of human intellectual achievement or to the human condition. Nor are they particularly striking or worthy in their achievement.
 * They cannot be considered as 'actors' other than in the sense of their being participants in an act. They are not 'theatrical performers' in any sense - being filmed whilst having sex does not require any communicable skill.
 * Tough on Lara, but catching AIDS in your line of work does not make you notable either. I am sure that if one dug around, there are cases of medical professionals catching AIDS in their line of work - folk who are probably a good deal more 'socially useful' too (dons flamproof suit quickly).
 * Wikipedia can, does, and should have entries for 'notorious' persons (eg:Al Capone, Jeffrey Dahmer) who may be considered notable for their actions, the effect of those actions and the amount of interest garnered by those actions in a general social sense.
 * In the case of pornography, and with reference to the above paragraph, Larry Flynt and Hugh Hefner are good examples of those who may be considered notorious and notable.

Let the Games begin! Eddie.willers 13:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep I don't buy the distinction between between notable and notorious wrt the wikipedia standards for inclusion. "Adding to the sum of human intellectual achievement or human condition" seems to me to be a weasly way of excluding people whose behavior doesn't please the nominator; that is, it is an inherent POV value judgment. Therefore, there is no proposed valid reason for this to be on the table for deletion, so keep. Brighterorange 13:39, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Made the news, hence notable. Halo 13:40, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Would also like to say that it sounds like you are trying to use VFD to push an agenda, which I don't think is a good idea. Whatsmore, if we used your method of saying that someting is notable, we wouldn't have pages on murderers etc either because they haven't done anything other than "kill people" which has gone on for thousands of years. I don't think someone necessarily has to have done anything intelligent to be noteworthy as long as they are somewhat known in their field. Halo 13:50, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Eddie, please do not do this. This will be an annoying experience for all. Sdedeo 14:14, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep clearly notable. "Notoriety" is a POV on this Sliggy 14:36, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep even I heard about this. A 60 day work stoppage in the porn industry is notable. Klonimus 22:08, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Pah! Comments noted and VFD nomination withdrawn - having no wish to provoke "an annoying experience for all". Still, POV issues aside, I do not believe that porn 'stars' merit an encyclopeadic article. Eddie.willers 15:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Thanks for being understanding, Eddie. Sdedeo 15:13, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * VfDs cannot really be 'withdrawn' as such. For example, I wish to comment on the article now it has come to my attention, and others may also. -Splash 19:22, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This one has some minor interest per the start of the article. That does not apply to most porn-stars however, and I would be interested in a selective VfDing of those that are non-notable. Simply VfDing them all would not be appropriate however. -Splash 23:24, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Let's keep in mind that "lack of notability" has never been accepted by consensus as sufficient grounds for deletion of articles. We're not dealing with the assistant editor of a high school newspaper here. We're talking about perfomers who appear in movies that are widely distributed. Many of them also appear in magazines that are also widely distributed. This makes then public figures, and therefore worthy of a Wikipedia article, as long as it provides some relevant information beyond "Candy Blossom is a porn star." The "porn stars aren't notable" argument smacks of a bit of prurience. In an encyclopedia that has articles on fictional characters, TV show episodes, and reality show participants, it is hard to justify deleting articles on performers in a popular, mass market form of entertainment. Zeromacnoo 19:40, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The criteria outlined by Eddie Willers are NPOV and should be irrelevant to considering biographies. According to WP:Bio the relevant criteria is "Well known entertainment figures, such as TV/movie producers, directors, writers, and actors who have starring roles, or a series of minor roles, in commercially distributed work watched by a total audience of 5,000 or more." Ms Roxx meets these criteria. Capitalistroadster 20:02, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't buy the distinction between notorious and notable. Whether or not everything the proposer says is true, they're still notable and worth putting in Wikipedia. (And the fact is, much of what the proposer says, I consider to be nonsense and wrongfully judgemental, and I'm sure I could find fields of interest that I consider to be without skills and merely notorious among a restricted field that the proposer would disagree with.)--Prosfilaes 20:18, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Having looked at the article, I have to wonder what you were thinking. Yes, being the first person in four years to get AIDS in the porn industry and prompting potential government intrusion or changes from within to avoid government intrustion is notable.--Prosfilaes 22:39, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP as is (in)famous with many people, it's perfectly notable. Notorious would be a subset of notability in any case. Further, I remember a VfD on every Victoria Cross holder, since Victoria Cross awardees are imminently more notable than Congressional Medal of Honor recipients, ever CMH holder should also be VfD'd because they are inherently less notable. So... if being notorious is not good enough, we should VfD "Al Capone", "Caligula", "Nero", "Pol Pot", "Papa Doc" Duvalier, "Robispiere", "Elizabeth I", "Ivan the Terrible", "Vlad the Impaler", "Jesse James", "Billy the Kid", "Ulysses S. Grant", "Heinrich Himmler", "Marilyn Monroe", "Martin Luther", "Copernicus", ... 132.205.3.20 20:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Would you miss it? Really? Those of you who said "yes" just now, are you sure you weren't lying? Tsk-tsk. Fine, fine, deal this as Abstain then. --Agamemnon2 21:15, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * We are not building wikipedia for our own benefit, so the question of whether we would miss it is irrelevant. Kappa 22:20, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Keep I don't like what they do, but they are legally allowed to do it. Also, the inital "notable" vs. "notorious" argument implies a judgement, which is not what this is supposed to be about; it's about collecting information. Frankly, they are both "editorializing" in any context. Insisting someone is "notorious" as opposed to "notable" is forcing your values on this, this is not about that.
 * Delete Jachin 22:21, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A one month cessation in such a huge industry is notable, and if Ms. Roxx was a major contributing factor to that, then she is notable. Cnwb 00:35, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep, notoriety can = notability, but I don't want to let anybody think this is an endorsement of Halo's claim that everybody who ever made it into a newspaper deserves an article. Zoe 07:47, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep because she r0xxors. —RaD Man (talk) 07:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gamaliel 08:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep unconditionally. Hall Monitor 22:45, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Cnwb and Kappa. No opinion now about notoriety vis-a-vis notability; I'm going on "widespread media coverage" and on "significant effect on one's field".  Barno 00:08, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It will be such an hypocresy to deny this element of our society and culture. If the article was written it is because somebody thinks the topic is interesting.  At the end that is wikipedia a completely democratic source of information.
 * Keep Pornography is important in our society, and this should be reflected in Wikipedia too.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wickham Market railway station

Wickham Market railway station is on the East Suffolk Line in the east of England, located in Campsea Ashe, Suffolk, approximately 2 mi east of Wickham Market itself. The station is 15 mi down the line from Ipswich and 84 mi measured from London Liverpool Street; it is situated between Melton and Saxmundham. Its three-letter station code is WCM.

It is managed by Abellio Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains that call.

Wickham Market was formerly a junction for the Framlingham branch line. The branch closed to passenger services in November 1952, and to freight in April 1965.

History
The railway line connecting the East Suffolk Railway (ESR) at Halesworth to an extension of the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) at Woodbridge was built by the ESR, as was the Framlingham branch. The main line and the Framlingham branch both opened on 1 June 1859, and Wickham Market station opened at the same time. The ESR was absorbed by the ECR on opening day.

On 1 July 1862, the ECR and other small railway companies were amalgamated to form the Great Eastern Railway (GER). Upon the 1923 Grouping, the GER was combined with other railways into the London and North Eastern Railway; this in turn was a constituent of British Railways at the start of 1948.

The Framlingham branch closed to passenger trains in November 1952; it retained freight services until April 1965. In the meantime, the goods yard at Wickham Market closed in July 1964.

With the privatisation of British Rail, ownership of the line and station passed to Railtrack on 1 April 1994. The franchise to operate the passenger services on this route was won by Anglia Railways in 1997; in 2004 National Express won the franchise and operated services using the brand name 'one', which was renamed National Express East Anglia in 2008. In February 2012, the operation of the train service was taken over by Abellio Greater Anglia, a company run by Abellio, the trading name of Dutch railways.

Services
the typical Monday-Sunday off-peak service at Wickham Market is as follows:

Trains direct to and from London Liverpool Street were withdrawn in 2010.

One weekday early-morning train is extended through to Harwich International and there is a return from there in the evening.

title: Wickham Market railway station


text:
NBG

NBG may refer to:

 * Namibian Black German, a pidgin variant of the German language native to Namibia
 * Natal Border Guard, a military unit of the Colony of Natal during the Anglo-Zulu War
 * National Bank of Georgia
 * National Bank of Greece
 * Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans, by IATA airport code
 * NBG Radio Network, defunct American radio network based in Portland, Oregon
 * von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory in mathematics
 * Nibong LRT station, Singapore, by LRT station abbreviation
 * Nordic Battle Group
 * North Bengal Grey cattle
 * Nuremberg, a city in Bavaria, Germany
 * Non-binary gender, a gender identity (also abbreviated as "NB")
 * Natural burial ground, a cemetery dedicated to natural burial
 * Bible Society for the Netherlands and Flanders (Nederlands-Vlaams Bijbelgenootschap)

title: NBG


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Talk:Eleanor of Castile (disambiguation)

Untitled
In English, apparently two versions of this christian name are used: Leonora and Eleanor. Besides, I think English allows the use of Latin-like Eleonora and French-based Eleonore. The version "Leonora" is closest to the original Spanih name these women originally bore, before marriages. Thus I chose it to be the place of list of them, i.e disambiguation page.

The fact that the queen consort of England is best known by version Eleanor of Castile is well established, afaik. She is thus at that place. There is also a small note at the start of the article, guiding to check the others. Arrigo 13:32, 29 August 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:82.117.192.173

title: User talk:82.117.192.173


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Protomegabaria

Protomegabaria is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1911. It is native to western and central Africa. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

 * Species
 * 1) Protomegabaria macrophylla (Pax) Hutch. - Nigeria, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea Islands
 * 2) Protomegabaria meiocarpa J.Léonard - Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * 3) Protomegabaria stapfiana (Beille) Hutch. - West Africa (Liberia to Republic of the Congo)

title: Protomegabaria


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title: Category:Argentine film directors


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Talk:Louise Fletcher

"Eleven year break from acting"?
Article says that when her sons were born in the mid-70s she took an 11 year break from acting, but her filmography shows she worked pretty much every year until the 2010s, even allowing for eccentric release schedules. 109.155.26.185 (talk) 08:32, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

Died?
The only confirmation I can find of this is IMDb. Nothing in Google (web, news, groups), A9, the NY Times hasn't updated its page on her. I find it very difficult to believe an oscar winning actress can die with absolutely no coverage anywhere. I think we should remove her death date until we can find better confirmation than IMDb. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 13:34, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * I also checked the Las Vegas news pages as linked by google (since the imdb source says she died in Las Vegas) and there is nothing. --Syrthiss 18:02, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * It was a mixup. An author named Louise Goodman Fletcher died, and IMDb accidentally updated the wrong profile. --Fallout boy 06:56, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah ha !! The truth at last. JackofOz 07:22, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

More on this. She now has a Premature Obituaries template. I'm going to remove this because as far as I can tell there has never been an obituary written about her. IMDB stated she was dead, then corrected it. That's all. JackofOz 22:26, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Fixed Links
I fixed some of the links in the Career section so that they would go directly to the movie page and not to related pages or disambiguation pages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.82.180.24 (talk) 20:04, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Guest star on Heroes S04 EP 3(ink)?
I just saw Heroes S04 EP3. I'm sure she plays the role of a doctor in this episode. The IMDB page seems to indicate her involvement in this episode.

see ->

Should this be added? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.202.39.222 (talk) 02:49, 30 September 2009 (UTC) The link to Predator: The concert is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_II:_The_Predator — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.180.128.124 (talk) 21:26, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

Career start, TV & film
The first line of the career section says 'Fletcher began appearing in several television productions...', with no reference to films. The second sentence says 'In 1974, she returned to film...'. I take this to mean she was in films sometime before this, possibly before the TV appearances. Does anyone have any information on this that can be put in. It kind of sounds like this section starts part way through. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dannman (talk • contribs) 12:38, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Untouchables season 1 episode 2. In "ma barker and her boys", she played the part of a girlfriend/wife of one of her boys, 'doc'. Excelant performance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.104.244.173 (talk) 02:06, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

 * She played in The Twilight Zone in 1988. An episode called "The Hunters" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1011:B112:A577:B403:D456:24FA:BB18 (talk) 22:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

Personal feelings on Nurse Ratched?
There was an interview she did a couple years back where she talked about how painful it is for her to watch One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest because of how sadistic and cruel Nurse Ratched is. I thought it might be an interesting side note to add to the information about her Oscar-winning role, but I'm not sure if it qualifies as encyclopedic enough. For reference, the interview can be found at HuffPo. Thoughts? MikeFTM (talk) 16:59, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

Inconsistent Information
The Filmography section of this article says that Louise Fletcher played Louise Fletcher in the 1992 movie "The Player". But if you follow the link to the Wikipedia article on "The Player", you will find that that article makes no mention of Louise Fletcher. 2A00:23C4:9183:4901:3945:68FF:4E62:4469 (talk) 11:26, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

 * If she indeed appeared in "The Player", feel free to add her to that article. If she didn't, feel freel to remove "The Player" from this one. 331dot (talk) 11:27, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

"Orator"
The article says: "Her parents were deaf and worked with the deaf/hard-of-hearing, but Fletcher and her siblings, Roberta, John, and Georgianna, were all hearing normally, so her hearing aunt was her orator."

What does the word "orator" mean here exactly? I guess that it's someone who helps deaf and hearing people communicate, but this is not clearly explained in the Wikipedia article Orator or in English dictionaries I have (MW, AH, Wiktionary). Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 00:03, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Louise Fletcher


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Richeria

Richeria is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1797. It is native to Central America, South America, and the West Indies. Richeria is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

 * Species
 * 1) Richeria australis - São Paulo, Mato Grosso
 * 2) Richeria dressleri - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Ecuador
 * 3) Richeria grandis - Panama, N South America, E West Indies
 * 4) Richeria obovata  - Costa Rica to Bolivia
 * 5) Richeria tomentosa - Colombia, Ecuador

moved to Podocalyx
 * Formerly included
 * Richeria loranthoides - Podocalyx loranthoides

title: Richeria


text:
Jonathan Pereira

Jonathan Pereira FRS (22 May 1804, in London – 20 January 1853) was a pharmacologist, author of the Elements of Materia Medica, a standard work. He was examiner on the subject in the University of London.

Life
Pereira graduated as apothecary in 1823 after studying at the Aldersgate General Dispensary and St Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1826 he became lecturer on chemistry at the Royal College of Surgeons and in 1832 he was an established physician in London, being appointed professor of materia medica and lecturer in chemistry at the Aldersgate Medical School. In 1839 he became professor and lecturer at the London Hospital, where he received the position of assistant physician in 1841. Jonathan Pereira delivered the introductory lectures on Materia Medica in 1842 at the Pharmaceutical Society and one year later he was appointed as Professor of Materia Medica by this institution, examining the subject in the School of Pharmacy of the University of London.

His subject area was the forerunner of pharmacology and he published a series of research papers on plant drugs. Pereira later resigned in 1852, the result of a dispute between the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society following the illegal publications of his lecture material. After this incident another teacher in materia medica was not appointed, instead Robert Bentley, who was a professor of botany at the time, was asked to combine the lectures with his botany lectures.

Pereira's Materia Medica
His interest in the area of crude drugs began when he realised that little was known about those imported into Britain. After years of research he acquired an extensive knowledge of the history of origin, morphology and histology of crude drugs where he was later appointed professor of materia medica at the London Hospital. His book on Materia Medica was the first great English work on Pharmacology and he was foremost in putting the knowledge and use of drugs on a scientific footing.

During one of his first lectures held at the School of Pharmacy he spoke about ‘material medica consisting of three parts: (1) pharmacognosy, pharmacology, pharmacopathia or the history of simple drugs; (2) pharmacy, and (3) pharmacodynamics. It was here that he referred to the study of crude drugs under the name pharmacognosy instead of materia medica in what appeared to be the first time in which it was used, when in fact it was introduced by Seydler in 1817. It took many years until the term was officially used as the name of the subject taught to pharmacy students. Students of Pharmacy studying for their major examinations were given the opportunity of examining the drugs further as well as being introduced to the microscope as another method for the examination of drugs in their powdered form such as starch, with the exception of vegetable drugs. Although where not being examined on authenticity and quality, Pereira encouraged his students to investigate authenticity and quality of drugs, something that he was carrying out a lot of research on at the time. This was considered an important part ofon 20 the pharmacists role as Jacob Bell pointed out ‘the reputation of pharmacy depended upon pharmacists having this expertise.

Pereira was named a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1838. Two years later he received the degree of M.D. "honoris causa" from Erlangen University. In his memory a marble bust was erected in the London Hospital and the Pharmaceutical Society founded the Pereira Medal and a scholarship fund with his name.

Death and Grave
He died on 20 January 1853 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. His monument was designed and created by Charles Harriott Smith.

Works

 * 1838: Vorlesungen über Materia medica, oder über die Herkunft, die Qualität, die Zusammensetzung und die Wirksamkeit der Arzneistoffe, geh. 1835-1836 in der Aldergate's Schule zu London . Vol. 2 . Kollmenn, Leipzig 1838 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * 1843: ''The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics : in 2 Vol. - Philadelphia : Lea & Blanchard, Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * 4. ed., enl. and impr. including notices of most of the medicinal substances in use in the civilised world and forming an encyclopaedia of Materia Medica: Vol. 1-2.2 - London : Longman [u.a.], 1854-1857. Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * 1854: Lectures on Polarized Light, 2nd edition, Baden Powell editor, via HathiTrust

title: Jonathan Pereira


text:
Bellevalia

Bellevalia is a genus of plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. It was first described as a genus in 1808. The approximately 65 species are found from the Mediterranean: Turkey (about 12 species) and Israel (12 species), to central Asia: Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan (two species).

Description
Bellevalia species are perennial herbaceous plants. As geophytes, they form bulbs with a membranous sheath ("tunic"). The simple, parallel-veined leaves are basal. Grape-like inflorescences grow terminally on smooth cylindrical flower stems. The numerous flowers are located in the axils of small, membranous bracts. The hermaphroditic flowers are triple. The six identically shaped bracts are one-third to one-half their length and deformed tubular, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped in form. The color of the bracts ranges from white to cream to brown or more rarely from blue to purple. The fruit capsule is triangular in cross section with winged edges. The seeds are more or less spherical, rarely elongated and glossy.

Taxonomy
The genus Bellevalia was first described in 1808 by Philippe-Isidore Picot de Lapeyrouse. The genus name honors the French botanist Pierre Richer de Belleval (1564-1632). A synonym for Bellevalia is Strangweja Bertol. The homonym genus Bellevalia Roem. & Schult. is a synonym of the genus Richeria Vahl from the family Phyllanthaceae.

Some species formerly belonged to the genus Hyacinthus. The genus Bellevalia is placed in the tribe Hyacintheae in the subfamily Scilloideae within the family Asparagaceae.

Species
According to the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, there are 65 Bellevalia species: • # Bellevalia anatolica B.Mathew & Özhatay

• # Bellevalia assadii Wendelbo

• # Bellevalia aucheri (Baker) Losinsk.

• # Bellevalia brevipedicellata Turrill

• # Bellevalia ciliata (Cirillo) T.Nees

• # Bellevalia clusiana Griseb.

• # Bellevalia crassa Wendelbo

• # Bellevalia cyanopoda Wendelbo

• # Bellevalia cyrenaica Maire & Weiller

• # Bellevalia decolorans Bornm.

• # Bellevalia densiflora Boiss.

• # Bellevalia desertorum Eig & Feinbrun

• # Bellevalia dolichophylla Brullo & Miniss.

• # Bellevalia douinii Pabot & Mouterde

• # Bellevalia dubia (Guss.) Schult. & Schult.f.

• # Bellevalia edirnensis Özhatay & B.Mathew

• # Bellevalia eigii Feinbrun

• # Bellevalia feinbruniae Freitag & Wendelbo

• # Bellevalia flexuosa Boiss.

• # Bellevalia fominii Woronow

• # Bellevalia galitensis Bocchieri & Mossa

• # Bellevalia glauca (Lindl.) Kunth

• # Bellevalia gracilis Feinbrun

• # Bellevalia hermonis Mouterde

• # Bellevalia heweri Wendelbo

• # Bellevalia hyacinthoides (Bertol.) K.Perss. & Wendelbo

• # Bellevalia koeiei Rech.f.

• # Bellevalia kurdistanica Feinbrun

• # Bellevalia leucantha K.Perss.

• # Bellevalia lipskyi (Miscz.) Wulff.

• # Bellevalia longipes Post

• # Bellevalia longistyla (Miscz.) Grossh.

• # Bellevalia macrobotrys Boiss.

• # Bellevalia mathewii Özhatay & Koçak

• # Bellevalia mauritanica Pomel

• # Bellevalia modesta Wendelbo

• # Bellevalia montana (K.Koch) Boiss., syns Bellevalia albana Woronow, Bellevalia makuensis Woronow ex Grossh. , Bellevalia wilhelmsii (Steven) Woronow

• # Bellevalia mosheovii Feinbrun

• # Bellevalia multicolor Wendelbo

• # Bellevalia nivalis Boiss. & Kotschy

• # Bellevalia olivieri (Baker) Wendelbo, syn. Bellevalia latifolia Feinbrun

• # Bellevalia palmyrensis Feinbrun

• # Bellevalia paradoxa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Boiss. , syn. Bellevalia pycnantha (K.Koch) Losinsk.

• # Bellevalia parva Wendelbo

• # Bellevalia pelagica C.Brullo, Brullo & Pasta

• # Bellevalia rixii Wendelbo

• # Bellevalia romana (L.) Sweet

• # Bellevalia salah-eidii Täckh. & Boulos

• # Bellevalia saviczii Woronow

• # Bellevalia sessiliflora (Viv.) Kunth

• # Bellevalia shiraziana Parsa

• # Bellevalia sitiaca Kypriotakis & Tzanoud.

• # Bellevalia speciosa Woronow ex Grossh. , syn. Bellevalia sarmatica (Pall. ex Georgi) Woronow

• # Bellevalia spicata (Raf.) Boiss.

• # Bellevalia stepporum Feinbrun

• # Bellevalia tabriziana Turrill

• # Bellevalia tauri Feinbrun

• # Bellevalia trifoliata (Ten.) Kunth

• # Bellevalia tristis Bornm.

• # Bellevalia turkestanica Franch. , syn. Bellevalia atroviolacea Regel

• # Bellevalia validicarpa Ponert

• # Bellevalia warburgii Feinbrun

• # Bellevalia webbiana Parl.

• # Bellevalia wendelboi Maassoumi & Jafari

• # Bellevalia zoharyi Feinbrun

moved to Alrawia Althenia Hyacinthella Leopoldia Muscari Pseudomuscari • # B. aleppica - Hyacinthella nervosa
 * Species formerly included

• # B. aperta - Muscari armeniacum

• # B. atchleyi - Hyacinthella leucophaea subsp. atchleyi

• # B. australis - Althenia filiformis var. barrandonii

• # B. azurea - Pseudomuscari azureum

• # B. bellii - Alrawia bellii

• # B. bouriana - Leopoldia comosa

• # B. calandriniana - Leopoldia comosa

• # B. caucasica - Leopoldia caucasica

• # B. coelestis - Pseudomuscari coeleste

• # B. coerulea - Pseudomuscari coeruleum

• # B. comosa - Leopoldia comosa

• # B. cupaniana - Leopoldia gussonei

• # B. dalmatica - Hyacinthella dalmatica

• # B. dichroa - Alrawia bellii

• # B. fontanesii - Leopoldia maritima

• # B. forniculata - Pseudomuscari forniculatum

• # B. fuliginosa - Muscari fuliginosum

• # B. graeca - Leopoldia comosa

• # B. graminifolia - Leopoldia comosa

• # B. haynei - Hyacinthella nervosa

• # B. heldreichii - Hyacinthella heldreichii

• # B. hispida - Hyacinthella hispida

• # B. holzmannii - Leopoldia comosa

• # B. leucophaea - Hyacinthella leucophaea

• # B. lineata - Hyacinthella lineata

• # B. longipes (Boiss.) Bornm. 1939 not Post 1895 - Leopoldia longipes

• # B. maritima - Hyacinthella maritima

• # B. maritima subsp. weissii - Leopoldia weissii

• # B. micrantha - Hyacinthella micrantha

• # B. millingenii - Hyacinthella millingenii

• # B. monophylla - Muscari latifolium

• # B. muscarioides - Muscari latifolium

• # B. nervosa - Hyacinthella nervosa

• # B. oxycarpa - Alrawia bellii

• # B. pallens - Pseudomuscari pallens

• # B. persica - Hyacinthella persica

• # B. pharmacusana - Leopoldia comosa

• # B. pinardii - Leopoldia comosa

• # B. pseudomuscari - Pseudomuscari chalusicum

• # B. sartoriana - Leopoldia comosa

• # B. tenuiflora - Leopoldia tenuiflora

• # B. tenuiflora subsp. constricta - Leopoldia comosa

• # B. theraea - Leopoldia weissii

• # B. turkewiczii - Pseudomuscari coeleste

• # B. weissii - Leopoldia weissii

title: Bellevalia


text:
Guarania

Guarania may refer to:

 * Guarania (music), a Paraguayan musical style
 * Guarania (plant), a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae

title: Guarania


text:
Melton, Suffolk

Melton is a village in Suffolk, England, located approximately one mile northeast of Woodbridge. The 2001 census recorded a population of 3,718, the population increasing to 3,741 at the 2011 Census. The village is served by Melton railway station on the Ipswich-Lowestoft East Suffolk Line. The parish contains 'Woodbridge' Melton, an area of building contiguous with Woodbridge but separated from most of Melton by the wood, 'Village' Melton, centred around the A1152 and A1438, Melton Park or Melton St Audry's, a housing estate converted from an asylum, and various outlying hamlets.

Melton was the effective capital of the Liberty of St Etheldreda and housed a gaol and various other buildings.

History
Melton is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. In 1765 a local Act established the Loes and Wilford Hundred Incorporation at Melton. The House of Industry (workhouse) operated until its disincorporation in 1826. From 1826 the building became the Suffolk County Asylum for Pauper Lunatics. Much altered during the 19th and early 20th centuries, in 1916 the asylum became known as St Audry's Hospital, which was closed in 1993 (approx date). The buildings have been converted into residential accommodation.

Melton was originally settled around the old church in the north east of Melton, later moving to Yarmouth Road, which is the old road between Great Yarmouth and London.

The bestselling Victorian novelist Henry Seton Merriman died at Melton in 1903, aged 41.

Musician Brian Eno was born in the village on 15 May 1948.

Governance
Melton is part of the electoral ward called Melton and Ufford. The population of this was 4,883 at the 2011 Census.

title: Melton, Suffolk


text:
Damien O'Donnell

Damien O'Donnell (born 1967 in Dublin) is an Irish film director and writer.

He has directed East is East (1999), Heartlands (2002) and Inside I'm Dancing (2004), amongst others.

He is from Coolock, Dublin. He has also directed advertisements for Bulmers Original Dry Irish Cider, which is brewed in Clonmel, County Tipperary.

He won the Empire Award for Best Newcomer and received a British Independent Film Awards nomination for East is East.

title: Damien O'Donnell


text:
Jahangir Khan (disambiguation)

Jahangir Khan (born 1963) is a Pakistani squash player.

Jahangir Khan may also refer to:
 * Mirza Jahangir Khan (1875–1908), Iranian journalist and politician
 * Jahangir Khan (cricketer) (1910–1988), played cricket for India during British rule
 * A. K. Mohammad Jahangir Khan (1939–2020), Bangladeshi film producer
 * Jahangir Alam Khan (born 1952), Bangladeshi agricultural economist and researcher
 * Jahangir Khan (footballer) (born 2000), Pakistani football midfielder
 * Jahangir Khan, antagonist of the 2003 Indian film Maqbool, based on King Duncan from Macbeth

title: Jahangir Khan (disambiguation)


text:
Vladimirci

Vladimirci (Владимирци) is a village and municipality located in the Mačva District of western Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, the population of the village is 1,662, while population of the municipality is 17,462.

Name
The name of the settlement in Serbian is plural.

History
On 11 December 1924, King of Yugoslavia Alexander I declared Vladimirci a municipality.

Settlements
Aside from the village of Vladimirci, the municipality includes the following settlements:

 * Belotić
 * Beljin
 * Bobovik
 * Debrc
 * Dragojevac
 * Jazovnik
 * Jalovik
 * Kaona
 * Kozarica
 * Krnić
 * Krnule
 * Kujavica
 * Lojanice
 * Matijevac
 * Mesarci
 * Mehovine
 * Mrovska
 * Novo Selo
 * Pejinović
 * Provo
 * Riđake
 * Skupljen
 * Suvo Selo
 * Trbušac
 * Vlasenica
 * Vukošić
 * Vučevica
 * Zvezd

Demographics
According to the 2011 census results, the municipality of Vladimirci has 17,462 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
The ethnic composition of the municipality:

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2017):

title: Vladimirci


text:
Aperture (botany)

Apertures are areas on the walls of a pollen grain, where the wall is thinner and/or softer. For germination it is necessary that the pollen tube can reach out from the inside of the pollen grain and transport the sperm to the egg deep down in the pistil. The apertures are the places where the pollen tube is able to break through the (elsewhere very tough) pollen wall.

The number and configuration of apertures are often very exactly characteristic of different groups of plants. In Gymnosperms, pollen is usually sulcate, i.e. has a single aperture placed distally compared to the placement of the pollen grains in the meiotic tetrad. The largest clade of angiosperms, the Eudicots, usually have three apertures that run from the proximal side of the pollen grain to the distal side: this apertures are named colpi, and the pollen type of the Eudicots is called tricolpate.

title: Aperture (botany)


text:
Westerville

Westerville may refer to one of the following places in the United States:

 * Westerville, Ohio, the largest Westerville
 * Westerville, Nebraska, an unincorporated community
 * Westerville Township, Custer County, Nebraska

title: Westerville


text:
Campsea Ashe

Campsea Ashe (sometimes spelt Campsey Ash) is a village in Suffolk, England located approximately 5 mi north east of Woodbridge and 6 mi south west of Saxmundham.

The village is served by Wickham Market railway station on the Ipswich-Lowestoft East Suffolk Line.

The modern village covers two medieval villages, Campesia and Esce. The former was the site of an Augustinian nunnery Campsey Priory, suppressed in 1536, of which only the Mill and Mill house still exist as Grade II* listed buildings.

The Campsea church of St John the Baptist dates from the 14th century, and survives as the local parish church. It is a grade II* listed building.

Campsea has an Auction Room, dating to the 1920s, with a weekly auction held on Mondays.

The name
The name has long been recognized by toponymists as being of difficult etymology. Skeat, in his 1913 book on the Place-names of Suffolk, suggested that Campsey was Kampi's island', with a Norse personal name Kampi, and Old English ēg. This has not been accepted by any later scholar. Gelling, in her 1988 work Signposts to the past (pages 77–78), included Campsey in a group of names including the Old English word camp, meaning `field' but of Latin derivation and so probably associated with earlier Roman settlement. This is the etymology in the current standard place-name dictionaries. But there is still doubt, because there is no obvious island for the ēg element to refer to. It is possible that the second element is not ēg at all, but that the name is camp-esce, where *esce is a collective noun for a group of ash trees. Historically, Campsey is the more correct spelling (despite the doubts over etymology) and was used on all Ordnance Survey maps up to the 1960s. The spelling Campsea perhaps originated in 1921 when James Lowther was created Viscount Ullswater of Campsea Ashe, where the spelling Campsea was felt to be more archaic and therefore appropriate to a heraldic name.

Origins and medieval period
In the Domesday Survey of 1086, where the manor of Campesia was flourishing and covered some 200 acres, while Esca was smaller neighbouring settlement. Granted by William the Conqueror to his supporters, their holders included Alan Rufus, Lord of Richmond Robert Malet, Hervey de Berre and the Bigod family, the latter being relatives of the King.

The possession and tenancy of the lands, including the small Manor of Ashe, underwent various permutations during the succeeding centuries, by death, reversion to the crown, inheritance and marriage. For example, the once powerful Bigod family died out in 1310. Passing through the hands of the Plantagenets, Segraves and de Mowbrays, it merged into the lands of the Fitzalan and Howard clan, to become Dukes of Norfolk. It was in their possession until about 1640. It is believed that the small parcel of land in the Manor of Ashe continued to be part of the estate. The Priory, founded in 1195, ended its days abruptly in 1536 with the Dissolution and much of its lands and other property was granted to Sir William Willoughby of Parham, who had gravitated to the honeypot represented by the household set up for Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of Henry VIII, who died on him in July 1536.

Elizabethan and later times
The Priory property was then subject after 1536 to sale through a string of owners, including the Lane family, the Scotts and the Loudhams. Other local lands were not part of the Priory estates, but some of these were purchased by Sir William Willoughby, later Lord Willoughby, before he sold it on the owners such as the Greshams, Wentworths, Stringers and Jenneys. John Glover, purchaser of the Manor of Campsea and other local lands, lived at Ash Moorhall, the manor house, around 1558 and built a distinguished Elizabethan house on his lands, the four-storeyed Ash High House, completed by his son William around 1600. The family sold out to John Sheppard of Mendlesham, Suffolk in 1652.

The Manor of Ashe and Chantry Hall, (the manor house) were bought by the local John Brame, who also acquired the Manor of Valence, Blaxhall. The whole later passed by inheritance and sale to the Revetts.

Ashe High House was the home from 1652 to 1882 of the Sheppard family, part of the house damaged by fire in 1865 being rebuilt in congruent style by the architect Anthony Salvin. In 1882 house and estate were sold to the diplomat William Lowther, for a time MP for Westmorland. At its next sale, in 1949, Ashe High House was described as having 31 bedrooms and dressing rooms, 6 bathrooms, 6 reception rooms and a library. The estate in 1882 amounted to 4,100 acres, 144 acres of deer and home parks and 240 acres of woods and plantations, with 13 farms. The new owners were residents of Campsea Ashe for the next 66 years. The property passed in 1912 to Lowther's son, James, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1905 until 1921, created subsequently Viscount Ullswater of Campsea Ashe. He died at the High House in March 1949, aged 94.

After repeated sales following the Second World War, Ashe High House fell into ruin and only the foundations now survive.

Parish church
At the present parish church of St John the Baptist Norman stonework has been uncovered. In the 14th century came the addition of the tower, which is 76 feet (23m) high. The church probably dates largely from this period and the first known advowson was presented in 1312 and a rector was appointed at that time. Like many other village churches, this church was extensively restored in the 18th and 19th centuries: restored and frankly altered between 1789 and 1792 under the then incumbent, the Rev Kilderbee, and around 1869 further refurbished and modified under the Rev. Reginald Bridges Knatchbull-Hugessen,  the son of Rt. Hon. Sir Edward Knatchbull, Bt.

Bells were here to be rung from at least 1553 but by 20th century could no longer be safely used. Interventions took place in 1999 to permit them to ring in the new millennium, and then in 2010, a full restoration was carried out, the bells being increased from 4 to 6 bells and the earlier gallery, removed in 1878, belatedly replaced to constitute a ringing gallery.

The former Rectory, a handsome Georgian house, situated on the west-side of the churchyard, is first mentioned in 1765 but it is likely that the site was occupied by a parsonage prior to this. Refurbished in 1826, it was in bad repair by 1906, when the thatched roof was replaced by tiles. Having been used as a hostel by the Woman's Land Army during the last War, it was sold into private hands shortly afterwards.

Former Campsey Priory
See Campsey Priory

A prominent feature of local history was Campsey Priory, an Augustinian nunnery founded by a powerful local lord and landowner Theobald de Valoines in 1195 and endowed with extensive lands. The Priory housed as a nun for several years in the 14th century the redoubtable and well-connected Maud of Lancaster, Countess of Ulster but despite these auspicious times, like all other monasteries in England it was confiscated by the crown for financial gain under Henry VIII, the nunnery being in effect forced to close in 1536. As was the policy, the buildings were largely demolished and little survived.

title: Campsea Ashe