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Daria Werbowy

Daria Werbowy (born 19 November 1983) is a Canadian model. She became a spokesmodel for the French beauty brand Lancôme in 2005. According to Forbes, Werbowy has appeared on over 50 international Vogue covers. She retired after ten years in fashion while still one of the industry's top models. In a retrospective, Vogue dubbed her the "ultimate model muse."

Personal life
Werbowy, who was born in Poland, holds dual Canadian and Ukrainian citizenship. She has two siblings: a brother and sister. When she was three years old, the family moved to Mississauga, a city in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada, to escape the generational effects that the World Wars had on them. Werbowy considers herself grateful to Canada as she likely would not have had the same opportunities living in Europe.

She is an avid sailor and spent three months in 2008, sailing across the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In 2011, she embarked on a two-month expedition from Guatemala, travelling around Central America to Costa Rica.

Modelling career
Werbowy had never seriously considered modelling, being a tomboy, but it was frequently suggested to her by strangers. At age 14 and 5'11" in stature, she was signed by a local Toronto agency, Susan J. Model & Talent Management, and won a national modelling contest.

After switching to Elite Model Management, Werbowy landed several prominent bookings in Canada, but achieved little international success. Werbowy lived in England and Greece, where she did not find much work. Her first runway season was disrupted, and her bookings canceled due to the terrorist attacks on 9/11 in New York City. Thus, she went to Europe. After an exhausted eight months, Werbowy returned to Canada. She gave modelling a final shot as a means to fund her art school education, saying, "I returned to New York, met my agent and the next day I had an exclusive deal with Prada. From then on, it was all a bit of a blur."

When the Elite Toronto's head scout, Elmer Olsen, started his own agency, Werbowy followed and her career began to flourish. Within a few years, and under the guidance of IMG Models, Werbowy gained established her career internationally.

Werbowy holds the record for opening and closing the most shows in one season. In her first season, Fall/Winter 2003, Werbowy achieved two of modelling's highest feats: the cover of Vogue Italia, thrice (in July, August and October), and Prada's Fall/Winter ad campaign. In 2005, she was signed a contract with Lancôme, after a bidding war between them and Victoria's Secret which would have made her one of the brands Angels.

She has appeared on the cover of magazines such as international editions of Vogue, Elle, Harper's Bazaar, V, W, Marie Claire, Allure, Glamour, and Numéro.

Werbowy has walked the runways for Balenciaga, Givenchy, Dior, Tom Ford, Chloé, Marc Jacobs, Gucci, Versace, Miu Miu, Alexander McQueen, Prada, John Galliano, Louis Vuitton, Yves Saint Laurent, DKNY, Ralph Lauren, Chanel, Stella McCartney, Dolce & Gabbana, Karl Lagerfeld, Carolina Herrera, La Perla, Max Mara, Calvin Klein, Missoni, Zac Posen, Moschino, Oscar De La Renta, Roberto Cavalli, Tommy Hilfiger, Valentino, Fendi, Jean Paul Gaultier, Burberry, Celine, Hermès, Michael Kors, Balmain, and Lanvin.

She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent, Gucci, Hermés, Prada, Missoni, Versace, Celine, Louis Vuitton, Roberto Cavalli, Valentino, Dior, Lancôme, Zara, Balmain, Jean Paul Gaultier, David Yurman, Salvatore Ferragamo, Hugo Boss, Isabel Marant, DSquared2, Loewe, Diane Von Furstenberg, Mango, Balenciaga, Tiffany & Co., AG Adriano Goldschmied, H&M, and Bloomingdale's.

Photographed by Steven Meisel, she was presented on the September 2004 cover of American Vogue as one of the "Models of the Moment". In July 2007, Forbes listed Werbowy as the ninth-highest-earning model in the world after Karolina Kurkova, Natalia Vodianova, Carolyn Murphy, Alessandra Ambrosio, Adriana Lima, Heidi Klum, Kate Moss and Gisele Bündchen. Her earnings between June 2006 and June 2007 were in the order of $3.5 million.

On September 6, 2008, she was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. She is the second Canadian model, after Linda Evangelista, to have a star on the Canadian Walk of Fame. Earlier that year, Werbowy launched a three-piece makeup collection by Lancôme for Sephora. The proceeds went to the Vik Muniz charity Centrao Especial for underprivileged youth in Brazil. Werbowy was one of the faces on one of the fourteen covers of V magazine September 2008 issue. Each cover boasts a headshot of a famous model, either from the new crop of leading models (Agyness Deyn, Lara Stone, Natasha Poly, Anja Rubik, etc.) or the supermodel era (Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Eva Herzigová). The covers were photographed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin.

Vogue Paris declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s.

Werbowy has had conflicted feelings about her professional life. In a 2013 issue of Interview she was quoted as saying: "Sometimes I am still surprised that I'm a model and that people think I'm good-looking. I've gone through a lot of different phases on what I do and why I do it—morally and ethically. I've tortured myself about it, especially in dealing with success and money. I just had to learn to look at it as a job, as opposed to identifying myself as a model and thinking of myself as a part of this industry. I just thought, Okay, this is an opportunity to learn and see and meet people. Still, I am a Scorpio and I'm quite competitive. If I'm going to do something, I'm going to do it as best I can. I'm going to give it everything."

Werbowy was photographed alongside Lara Stone and Isabeli Fontana in the 2009 edition of the Pirelli Calendar photographed by Peter Beard and was also featured in the 2011 edition photographed by Karl Lagerfeld.

She ranked No. 6 on Forbes' "The World's Top-Earning Models" list, with estimated earnings of $4.5 million between May 2010 and May 2011.

For Vogue's September 2013 issue, in homage to her personal life in Ireland, Werbowy appeared in an editorial alongside American actor Adam Driver, photographed by Annie Leibovitz. In 2015, Werbowy fronted campaigns for Equipment, Salvatore Ferragamo and H&M. She also featured on the March and June covers of Vogue France. Werbowy ranked 12th on the 2015 Forbes list of highest-paid models, having earned an estimated USD$4.5 million. In 2016, Werbowy appeared on the October cover of Grazia France.

In 2016, while still an in-demand model, Werbowy retired to pursue her interests in photography and sailing. In a retrospective of her career, Vogue dubbed Werbowy the "ultimate model muse" while noting her "chameleonic qualities" as a model and the importance of her "nonchalant attitude" to her success.

In 2023, Werbowy returned to modelling for a Gucci campaign by the brand's new creative director Sabato de Sarno.

title: Daria Werbowy


text:
Talk:Dharmapala

Yes, it should be merged with "Dharma Protectors". Dharmapala literally means Dharma Protector.

Yes I agree also please merge it!

Fully agree they should be merged rudy

"Dharma Protector" re-directs to this article Chris Fynn (talk) 13:47, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Mahakala
Mahakala is not a single Dharma Protector but a class of Dharma Protector. See e.g. http://www.himalayanart.org/pages/mahakala/index.html. Chris Fynn (talk) 13:53, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Socalled Worldly Protectors
I would like to mention at least one of them within the article, but I don't know how and where exactly to get them inserted. There doesn't seem to be a place.
 * Buddhist Worldly Protector: Rahula
 * Austerlitz -- 88.75.211.138 (talk) 13:07, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Source

 * This source claims that the first Buddhist protectors originate with the Pali Sutras and later occur in the Mahayana Sutras. Is it possible to retrieve this kind of Sutras?
 * Austerlitz -- 88.75.202.224 (talk) 12:35, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

See also: Anonymous?
WP:See also suggests that "Editors should provide a brief annotation when a link's relevance is not immediately apparent." I would like to request this as the Anonymous group's relevance to this article is not apparent: they are not Buddhists, they are not motivated by bodhichitta (the wish to become a Buddha for the benefit of all sentient beings), Dharmapalas do not act "anonymously" behind masks/hidden identities, etc. Dharmapalas are the "guardian angels" of Tibetan Buddhism, protecting a person's spiritual realizations; as such, Dharmapalas have no interest in worldly concerns. So, I do not see how Anonymous is a modern-day example of a Dharmapala, neither in terms of motivation or method. It is a rather spurious comparison. Amplifying Life (talk) 14:19, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

Not primary topic
Dharmapala is a common name. See Dharmapala (disambiguation).

The obscure Buddhist deity described here (according to the creator of this page) cannot be the WP:PTOPIC for this name. So, I will rename it. What should the new name be? Please provide feedback. If there is no feedback, I will go with the first choice. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 07:46, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Dharmapala (Buddhism)
 * Dharmapala (Buddhist deity)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dharmapala


text:
Talk:Sam Donaldson

Untitled
You f-ing propagandists even deleted the edit summary wouldn't want people to get the facts would you you disgusting Orwellian scum.

The link at the Notable Names Database is openly satirical, and I'm not sure it should be included, especially if it is to be included as a citable source about who Sam Donaldson really is. --Pathogen 23:37, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

why does the president (small p) of the United States refer to Sam as a has been —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.226.149.131 (talk) 20:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

legal case against George Bush
I believe that Mr. Donaldson may have a legal case against George Bush for publicly addressing him as a "has been". Webster's defines Slander as " Spoken falsehood harmful to another." I am aware that they were in Washington D.C. but, California law states: Slander is a false and unprivileged publication, orally uttered, and also communications by radio or any mechanical or other means which:

1.Charges any person with crime, or with having been indicted, convicted, or punished for crime;

2.Imputes in him the present existence of an infectious, contagious, or loathsome disease;

3.Tends directly to injure him in respect to his office, profession, trade or business, either by imputing to him general disqualification in those respects which the office or other occupation peculiarly requires, or by imputing something with reference to his office, profession, trade, or business that has a natural tendency to lessen its profits;

4.Imputes to him impotence or a want of chasity; or

5.Which, by natural consequence, causes actual damage.

Mr. Donaldson could argue that his professional career was damaged by the inconsiderate remarks made by George Bush. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.103.145.27 (talk) 21:51, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Truth is an absolute defense against an allegation of slander or libel, however. 174.71.85.240 (talk) 07:48, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Ronald Reagan
What about anything about Donaldson's outspoken reporting and press coverage during the tenure of President Ronald Reagan? After all, that's what made him famous! The article mentiones nothing...Happyme22 04:32, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

If you can find anything as a source, by all means add it. WAVY 10 15:42, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Yes, I agree with all respect. The article mentions little about what might be considered the heart of Sam Donaldson's career: his White House press coverage of the Reagan Presidency. (John G. Lewis (talk) 06:37, 16 December 2014 (UTC))

Horrid toupee?
I am removing this reference. If someone can find a source for it and provide a good reason for its inclusion, feel free. But the simple fact that he wears a hairpiece hardly qualifies for inclusion in an entry such as this, IMO.VanPelt101 16:19, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

connection to dc hookers
November 27, 2007

In response to a story by online news source Big Head DC that a phone number belonging to ABC newsman Sam Donaldson appears in the phone records of former D.C. Madam Deborah Jeane Palfrey, Larry Flynt confirms that his researchers discovered the number months ago but chose not to reveal it.

"We did not release the information because Donaldson did not meet our criteria for being a hypocrite," Flynt said. "Donaldson is not a politician and does not make the kind of daily decisions that affect our lives." Larry Flynt informed ABC so they would be prepared if the story came out elsewhere. Flynt assured the network that he had no plans to release the information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.194.243.180 (talk) 12:13, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Has-been / never-was exchange with the President
I'm the one who first added this to Donaldson's biography. As others have noted, the official white house transcript does not include Mr. Donaldson's: "Better to have been a has-been than a never-was,". I contacted Mr. Donaldson by email on 5 Aug 2006, and he confirmed that he did say it- or rather shouted it. I don't know why it isn't in the White House transcript, but it's probably beacuse of the crosstalk and guffaws after President Bush made the initial "has been" comment.

I put the comment back since I have the Washington Post citation. I also added a MLA styled citation to my email exchange with Mr. Donaldson. Citing an unpublished work is unusual (at least on Wikipedia anyway), but in this case I believe it is appropriate.

Mtp318 (talk) 10:11, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Has-been / never-was exchange with the President
Here's an interview with Donaldson where he says he did reply with the "better a has-been than a never was" comment:

http://youtube.com/watch?v=fUb-jzk3ldk&feature=related

If we can find the transcript for this interview we can probably cite that.

Mattjm (talk) 06:51, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Can we get a better picture?
This looks like he is flipping out or something. Jokem (talk) 13:53, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

 * (Though I'll probably get in trouble for this) I'll second that. It looks to me like some amateur photo-shop job trying to put Donaldson in the worst possible light (probably someone who hates him).  But no doubt, they will argue that using a better photo will violate fair use policies and will insist on keeping this horrible portrayal of him on here forever. Shanoman (talk) 22:01, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I was here specifically to say that someone needs to find a better pic. Thanks to the insanity of intellectual monopoly grants, I don't feel like going through the trouble of finding one that qualifies, and then having to worry that it'll get deleted anyway...but I'm hoping someone who's more skilled with Wikipedia IP red tape can do it. Nobody should have a pic that crazed-looking at the head of their article. — Kaz (talk) 17:11, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

 * This is so seconded. carturo222 (talk) 18:53, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

 * This kind of issue was also on the Jerry Pournelle page. It looked like he was drunk holding an invisible shot glass.  It got changed (but not by me).

I sent a message out to ABC News about this, here is the response.

"Thank you for your inquiry. The volume of requests such as yours makes it impossible for us to respond on an individual basis. You may not need our permission for non- commercial use if the nature of your use falls within "fair use" under copyright or trademark law. While we cannot give advice as to whether the particular use you contemplate would be "fair use", we urge you to consult your own legal advisor if you have any questions.

Note: The Company’s long-established policy does not allow us to accept for review or consideration any ideas, suggestions, or creative materials not solicited by us or our subsidiaries. Therefore, in the event that you have submitted such content, please be advised that the submission has been forwarded to the Company’s legal department for handling.

This email has been sent to you from an outbound email account that will not accept inbound mail. Therefore, please do not respond to this email."

OK, so I need to pay a lawyer $150/hr to find out what picture of Sam Donaldson is OK to post here, so he doesn't look like a lunatic? If ABC News wants this kind of impression of one of their news staff to be presented publicly, I think it is their business? What about the rest of you? Jokem (talk) 19:23, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

Are we allowed to use this photo? Looks much better to me. Jokem (talk) 17:50, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/spring07/articles/spring07pg7.html

 * Since it's produced by the US government, it should be in the public domain and thus acceptable. Also, apparently the picture currently on the page is a cropped version of a photo that looks a lot less crazy. Blaylockjam10 (talk) 12:02, 11 December 2013 (UTC)

I tried to change the picture, but I just don't know how. The edit instructions were kind of generic and did not get into specific 'how to'. Jokem (talk) 12:04, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 6 external links on Sam Donaldson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080112044505/http://www.ktep.org/history.sstg to http://www.ktep.org/history.sstg
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130129123201/http://www.mulchblog.com/2007/01/what-will-sam-donaldson-tell-the-farm-bureau-about-farm-subsidies.html to http://www.mulchblog.com/2007/01/what-will-sam-donaldson-tell-the-farm-bureau-about-farm-subsidies.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130602083747/http://www.creators.com/opinion/john-stossel/will-the-republicans-really-cut-this-time.html to http://www.creators.com/opinion/john-stossel/will-the-republicans-really-cut-this-time.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150427223222/http://www.jimhightower.com/node/2748 to http://www.jimhightower.com/node/2748
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081123054356/http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/bios/display_bios.aspx?bio_type=news_correspondents&bio_id=89 to http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/bios/display_bios.aspx?bio_type=news_correspondents&bio_id=89
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081201173823/http://www.courttv.com/trials/posey/022306_sentencing_ctv.html to http://www.courttv.com/trials/posey/022306_sentencing_ctv.html
 * Added tag to http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Latest-News-Wires/2013/1109/Sam-Donaldson-DUI-charge-dismissedref

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Sam Donaldson and my dad
My Father F. Adrian attended Texas Western with San Donaldson and worked with him on the KELP Radio Station 2600:1700:69F0:4FC0:3027:690:D472:2399 (talk) 01:00, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sam Donaldson


text:
Playoff (golf)

A playoff in the sport of golf is how a tie is resolved at the end of a match or competition, often by means of an extra hole, or holes, being played until a winner emerges.

Playoffs are a standard occurrence in match play and professional stroke play tournaments to determine a winner in the event of a tie at the completion of normal play. There are two types of playoff that are used: aggregate playoff and sudden death. They are usually played directly after completion of the final round, with the exception of 18 hole aggregate playoffs which may be held the following day.

In many amateur stroke play tournaments, and particularly in club competitions, competitors may not be readily available and other methods are used to determine the winner, such as scorecard count-back, whereby the player with the lowest cumulative score over the last 18, 9, 6, 3 or 1 hole(s) is declared the winner.

In 1976, the Pepsi-Wilson Tournament on the Japan Golf Tour, set a record for the longest sudden-death playoff on any men's professional tour. It took Peter Thomson 14 holes to defeat Graham Marsh, Brian Jones and Shozo Miyamoto. This record still stands today.

Sudden death
Sudden death is the most common playoff format in stroke play tournaments and even more so in match play tournaments. The tied participants play one extra hole at a time, with those still tied for the lowest score moving on to the next hole until a winner has been determined. All regular PGA Tour and European Tour tournaments use this system (except for The Players Championship starting in 2014), as does the Masters Tournament. The PGA Championship also used the sudden death format from 1977 to 1999. A player who wins in matchplay after n playoff holes is said to have won "at the (18+n)th hole" — or "(36+n)th hole" in the increasingly rare case of a 36-hole match.

Many supporters, including veteran golfer Kenny Perry, support this type of play, feeling that it is best to let momentum decide the match. Tiger Woods, when interviewed immediately after his 2008 U.S. Open victory at Torrey Pines, stated that "as a player who's playing well, you want to go more holes. The better player usually wins in more holes. That's how I've always approached it. The more holes you give me, if I'm playing well, I want more holes. Not just one hole, or even three." Others, such as professional golfer Chris DiMarco, claim that it is not fair to gruel through 72 holes and lose the tournament on one bad swing in sudden death.

Aggregate playoff
The aggregate playoff is the oldest playoff format in strokeplay tournaments, with the lowest cumulative score in a series of holes, most commonly three, four, or eighteen holes. This is widely considered to be the fairest way of deciding a winner, as one bad shot does not eliminate all chances of winning, and is used in the four men's major championships. One flaw of this system is shorter variants, used in two majors and The Players Championship, held immediately after the tournament, take longer to complete than sudden death, meaning that a tournament may risk not being over before sunset. In contrast, a full 18-hole playoff is held the next day. Should there still be a tie after the set number of holes, then sudden death is normally played.

The four men's majors originally used an 18-hole (or 36-hole) format. The men's U.S. Open changed in 2018 to a two-hole aggregate playoff. The Open Championship used this format until 1985, when it was reduced to four holes. The three-hole format is used for the men's PGA Championship (originally 18 holes, changed to sudden death in 1977, and adopted the three hole in 2000), The Players Championship, and the other three USGA-sanctioned tournaments for professionals, the U.S. Women's Open, U.S. Senior Open (both were 18-hole playoffs before shortened to three in 2007, and two in 2018 ), and the U.S. Senior Women's Open. The Masters Tournament used the 18-hole format until 1976 (the first sudden-death playoff was in 1979). The first playoff in The Masters in 1935 was contested over 36 holes, when Gene Sarazen overcame Craig Wood.

The Open Championship was the first major tournament to adopt the shortened aggregate playoff system when a 4-hole playoff was introduced in 1985. However it was not invoked until Mark Calcavecchia, Greg Norman and Wayne Grady tied at Royal Troon in 1989. Calcavecchia came out on top to win his only major title. Since 2000, the PGA Championship has made use of a 3-hole playoff, having previously used sudden death. Three-hole playoffs were expected to be used in the 2016 Summer Olympics if there were a tie in medal positions, but were not necessary. The 2020 Summer Olympics tournament playoffs used sudden death to break medal ties.

title: Playoff (golf)


text:
Head (The Jesus Lizard album)

Head is the debut studio album by The Jesus Lizard. It was released on Touch and Go Records in 1990. It was their first album to feature a drummer, Mac McNeilly.

Track listing

 * 1) "One Evening" – 3:01
 * 2) "S.D.B.J." – 2:27
 * 3) "My Own Urine" – 3:08
 * 4) "If You Had Lips" – 3:13
 * 5) "7 vs. 8" – 3:35
 * 6) "Pastoral" – 3:29
 * 7) "Waxeater" – 2:09
 * 8) "Good Thing" – 1:44
 * 9) "Tight n' Shiny" – 2:11
 * 10) "Killer McHann" – 2:16

CD version includes the Pure EP (1989):
 * 1) "Blockbuster" – 3:29
 * 2) "Bloody Mary" – 1:59
 * 3) "Rabid Pigs" – 2:09
 * 4) "Starlet" – 2:42
 * 5) "Happy Bunny Goes Fluff-Fluff Along" ("Breaking Up Is Hard to Do") – 3:54

Personnel

 * David Yow - lead vocals (all but 11)
 * Duane Denison - guitars
 * David Wm. Sims - bass, lead vocals (11)
 * Mac McNeilly - drums (1-10)

Additional personnel

 * Suzy Korn - backing vocals (2)
 * The Manger Mens Choir - backing vocals (7)

title: Head (The Jesus Lizard album)


text:
1776 (boardgame)

1776, subtitled "The Game of the American Revolutionary War", is a board wargame published by Avalon Hill in 1974 that simulates the American Revolutionary War. Its release was timed to coincide with the bicentenary of the Revolution, and for several years was a bestseller for Avalon Hill.

Description
1776 is a two-player wargame that contains elements of both strategy and tactical combat. It contains a campaign game plus four scenarios covering the invasion of Canada, the Saratoga campaign, Greene's Southern campaign, and the Yorktown campaign.

Components
The first edition game box contains:
 * 16" x 44" mounted hex grid map of colonial America from Quebec to Georgia
 * 416 die-cut counters
 * two sets of combat cards and several other player aids
 * 32-page rulebook
 * six-sided die

Gameplay
There are three levels of rules included: Basic, Advanced and Campaign.

In all levels of the game, attacking units must move into the same hex as the enemy unit in order to initiate an attack. This combat lasts as long as both sides wish to engage. If one side disengages, the other side has an opportunity to follow-up and attack, even if it is the attacker who is retreating and the defender who is following up. As Games & Puzzles noted, "Consequently, attacks should not be embarked upon lightly." Supply units must be in the same hex as a unit attacking or defending, otherwise all Combat factors are halved.

In the Advanced and Campaign games, each player has eight Tactical cards which have various strategies on them such as "Frontal Assault" or "Enfilade Left". During combat, each player chooses and reveals one; the results are cross-referenced on a table to reveal the result of the combat that round.

Scenarios
There are four scenarios included in the game: 1775, 1777, 1780 and 1781. (As Games & Puzzles pointed out, "the reason for calling the game 1776 is not quite clear."

Publication history
1776 was designed by Randell Reed and published by Avalon Hill in 1974 with artwork by Reed, Scott Moores, and Thomas N. Shaw. With interest in the Revolutionary War heightened by the approaching bicentennial, the game sold well for several years, although sales fell off as interest in the bicentennial waned.

Reception
In Issue 29 of Games & Puzzles, the game review panel noted that this was six games in one box: the Basic game, the four Advanced scenarios, and the overall Campaign game. The panel awarded the game an above-average rating of 5 out of 6, saying, "For those who enjoy this form of activity, this game has a great deal to offer."

In Issue 8 of Phoenix, Paul Hirst compared 1776 to The American Revolution: 1775-1783 by Simulations Publications Inc., and concluded, "both games achieve a realistic simulation of the revolutionary war. Both however, are less than complete [...] For simplicity and overall strategic clarity, American Revolution is the winner. For a detailed involved game, with tactical overtones 1776 is superior."

In his 1977 book The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming, Nicholas Palmer also compared 1776 to SPI's The American Revolution: 1775-1783, and noted that in a poll of wargames taken the previous year, 1776 had been considerably more popular than its rival. Palmer also noted that "1776 is certainly very much more complicated [...] A fine game requiring time, enthusiasm and concentration; definitely not for beginners." Palmer concluded that the game was unbalanced in favor of the British, saying, "if the players find the British winning too often, they should adjust the rules to cut down such unhistorical delights."

In The Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training, Martin Campion commented on his experiences with this game in the classroom, saying, "I used the short games and the long games in my 'War' course. The students were content with the limited accuracy of the short games, but they severely criticized the long game as being too tricky and too unrealistic with its allowing perfect coordination on the British side." Campion concluded, "In general, the long game is too detailed and too long for class play."

In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, game designer Jon Freeman noted that "When this game first appeared, it was widely criticized and generally disregarded. However, unlike most other games, 1776 has improved with age. The secret is to only play the Campaign Game with most of the optional rules." Freeman concluded, "The shorter scenarios simply don't do justice to the game; most are silly. The campaign, however, deserves more recognition than it has received."

Other recognition
A copy of 1776 is held in the collection of the Strong National Museum of Play (object 112.6185).

Other reviews and commentary

 * Boardgamer Vol.1 #2 and Vol.6 #4
 * Campaign #71
 * Fire & Movement #75
 * Moves #6
 * Outposts #7
 * Panzerfaust #63 and #64
 * Panzerfaust and Campaign #71 & #73
 * Paper Wars #35
 * Strategy & Tactics #34
 * The Wargamer Vol.1 #17

title: 1776 (boardgame)


text:
User talk:Antzes

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 23:39, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Antzes


text:
File:FlowersDirtCover.jpg

Summary

Fair use rationale for Flowers in the Dirt

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:FlowersDirtCover.jpg


text:
North American Fur Auctions

North American Fur Auctions (commonly known as NAFA) is a Canadian company that auctions on consignment fur pelts harvested in Canada and the United States. Its services are used by both large fur farms and small-time trappers. Its auctions are held three to four times a year in Toronto. It is the largest fur auction house in North America, and the second largest in the world.

In its May 2008 auction, NAFA handled nearly 3.5 million pelts. Animal types included otter, sable, beaver, raccoon, coyote, red fox, grey fox, lynx, bobcat, fisher, muskrat, mink, silver fox, badger, skunk, opossum, squirrel, ermine, timber wolf, wolverine and black bear.

NAFA is the successor to the Hudson's Bay Company's Canadian and U.S. fur auction businesses, which were spun off in 1987 and 1989, respectively. In 2019, NAFA filed for creditor protection (CCAA).

Communications
NAFA is a founding member of the North American Fur Industry Communications group (NAFIC), established in 2013 as a cooperative public educational program for the fur industry in Canada and the USA. NAFIC disseminates information via the Internet under the brand name “Truth About Fur”.

title: North American Fur Auctions


text:
Kummer–Vandiver conjecture

In mathematics, the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture, or Vandiver conjecture, states that a prime p does not divide the class number hK of the maximal real subfield  $$K=\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)^+$$ of the p-th cyclotomic field. The conjecture was first made by Ernst Kummer on 28 December 1849 and 24 April 1853 in letters  to Leopold Kronecker, reprinted in, and independently rediscovered around 1920 by Philipp Furtwängler and ,

As of 2011, there is no particularly strong evidence either for or against the conjecture and it is unclear whether it is true or false, though it is likely that counterexamples are very rare.

Background
The class number h of the cyclotomic field $$\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)$$ is a product of two integers h1 and h2, called the first and second factors of the class number, where h2 is the class number of  the maximal real subfield  $$K=\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_p)^+$$ of the p-th cyclotomic field. The first factor h1 is well understood and can be computed easily in terms of Bernoulli numbers, and is usually rather large. The second factor h2 is not well understood and is hard to compute explicitly, and in the cases when it has been computed it is usually small.

Kummer showed that if a prime p does not divide the class number h, then Fermat's Last Theorem holds for exponent p.

The Kummer–Vandiver conjecture states that p does not divide the second factor h2. Kummer showed that if p divides the second factor, then it also divides the first factor. In particular the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture holds for regular primes (those for which p does not divide the first factor).

Evidence for and against the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture
Kummer verified the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture for p less than 200, and Vandiver extended this to p less than 600. verified it for p < 12 million. extended this to primes less than 163 million, and extended this to primes less than 231.

describes an informal probability argument, based on rather dubious assumptions about the equidistribution of class numbers mod p, suggesting that the number of primes less than x that are exceptions to the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture might grow like (1/2)log log x. This grows extremely slowly, and suggests that the computer calculations do not provide much evidence for Vandiver's conjecture: for example, the probability argument (combined with the calculations for small primes) suggests that one should only expect about 1 counterexample in the first 10100 primes, suggesting that it is unlikely any counterexample will be found by further brute force searches even if there are an infinite number of exceptions.

gave conjectural calculations of the class numbers of real cyclotomic fields for primes up to 10000, which strongly suggest that the class numbers are not randomly distributed mod p. They tend to be quite small and are often just 1. For example, assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis, the class number of the real cyclotomic field for the prime p is 1 for p<163, and divisible by 4 for p=163. This suggests that Washington's informal probability argument against the conjecture may be misleading.

gave a refined version of Washington's heuristic argument, suggesting that the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture is probably true.

Consequences of the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture
showed that the conjecture is equivalent to a statement in the algebraic K-theory of the integers, namely that Kn(Z) = 0 whenever n is a multiple of 4. In fact from the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture and the norm residue isomorphism theorem follow a full conjectural calculation of the K-groups for all values of n; see Quillen–Lichtenbaum conjecture for details.

title: Kummer–Vandiver conjecture


text:
Talk:Caleb Carr

Unsourced Claim
The article previously stated, He wrote the prequel to "The Exorcist" called "Exorcist: Dominion", after this sequel was reshot by Renny Harlin as "Exorcist: The Beginning", he still received writer credit, despite having nothing to do with the re-writes and changes. Carr received a writing credit pursuant to Writers Guild rules; therefore, he had to contribute something substantial. The Writers Guild does not discuss credit arbitrations, so asserting Carr's contribution to the screenplay was "nothing" seems to be entirely speculative. Therefore, I removed the sentence in question.BehroozZ 23:58, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

B.A. in History
Just wondering if people actually get B.A. degrees in military and diplomatic history. If Mr. Carr chose to take the military offerings, (how many could there have been in the undergrad dept?) does that mean someone could say he majored in military history? Tabi55 16:16, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

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Insertion I made regarding Caleb's assertion regarding his father's relationship with David Kammerer
In order to bring the article in line with the Wikipedia article on Lucien Carr, I added information from the latter’s article. The way the article read beforehand, it makes it seem unchallenged that Caleb’s assertion that his father had been sexually molested by Kammerer is a statement of fact while the McNally biography of Kouerac material, included in Lucien’s article, states that such seemed to have been denied by no less an eminent source than Lucien Carr himself. From reading Caleb Carr’s response to Kill Your Darlings in The Daily Caller, one gets the impression that Caleb never actually discussed such matters with his father as Caleb refers to his “piecing things together.”  Caleb and his father had had a tumultuous relationship according to Caleb himself and might not have been on an emotional footing to discuss such deeply personal matters.

Judging by several accounts of Kammerer’s behavior towards Lucien from the time the two met when Lucien was twelve, it seems likely in the extreme that Kammerer had been a pedophile. However, it is possible that Kamemerer, assuming he had had an unnatural sexual attraction to the boy (it might have been strictly a romantic infatuation, at least at first), managed to restrain himself out of fear of criminal and societal repercussions and losing Lucien in the process, contenting himself with the boy’s/teen’s company as his metaphorical “high.”HistoryBuff14 (talk) 15:28, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

Addendum: From The Daily Caller article:

"I guess what I’m saying, in sum, is that you’re right to consider my father the victim of a sustained campaign of criminal child abuse, and that is the real story behind 'the murder that united the Beats.' The irony about the movie, of course, is that the true story, insofar as I have pieced it together — and that’s as close, as I say, as anyone connected thinks it can be to reality...." Caleb CarrHistoryBuff14 (talk) 17:11, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

This article is way too long
There is absolutely no need for two different "Career History" sections. It's an incredibly cumbersome read and the length brings in POV issues. It really does read like an overly long bookjacket. We do not need these long quotes from reviews of his books. Overall it's way too literary with excessive verbiage that resembles a fawning biography that insists on the importance of its subject. I would suggest a full rewrite of this article, especially now that the Alienist is getting a TV adaptation. Honestly if Caleb Carr wants someone to write his biography he should commission whoever wrote the lion's share of this overwrought, excessive, and groveling Wikipedia article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.125.105.254 (talk) 17:42, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

Dupe material needs cleanup
Paragraphs beginning "Carr’s next fiction endeavor, an ambitious volume he had been tinkering with since the 1980" are repeated between sections. --107.15.191.8 (talk) 21:34, 22 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Noted. Duplicated material removed. Eldumpo (talk) 16:29, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

This Article Reads like the Author Wrote it Himself
This Article reads like the author wrote it himself. I'm in the middle of reading his book about an American Filibuster in China, and I thought I'd check out his article. This article is absurdly specific, it even details the species of cat that he has lived with since 2006. It's obviously written by the man himself, or some close associate, and needs to be trimmed. SmithSteve1123 (talk) 08:01, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

Nominated for the main page
-Ad Orientem (talk) 23:01, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caleb Carr


text:
Manitoba Cooperative Commonwealth Federation candidates in the 1953 Manitoba provincial election

The Manitoba Cooperative Commonwealth Federation existed from 1933 to 1961, and was the dominant socialist party in the province during its existence.

The party nominated 25 candidates in the 1953 provincial election, five of whom were elected. Some candidates have their own biography pages; information on other candidates may be found here.

The 1953 Manitoba election was conducted by instant-runoff voting in most constituencies. Three constituencies (Winnipeg North, Winnipeg Centre and Winnipeg South) returned four members by the single transferable vote (STV), with a 20% quota for election. St. Boniface returned two members by STV, with a 33% quota.

The CCF's 1953 platform contained fourteen points, foremost of which was a plan for a provincial hospital scheme similar to that undertaken by Tommy Douglas in neighbouring Saskatchewan. The party also supported state automobile insurance, a restructuring of the provincial municipalities, needs-based grants to municipalities for road repair, a provincial labour code, and lowering the voting age to eighteen. Party leader Lloyd Stinson later argued that the election was essentially about three things: hospitalization, education and electoral redistribution.

There is no doubt that the party was at a disadvantage as a result of their decision to run only 25 candidates. There were 57 seats in the Manitoba legislature, so a majority government for the CCF was mathematically impossible to win. Stinson later acknowledged that this situation hurt the party's image, and marginalized it with the electorate.

Tom Kobzey planned to run for the CCF in Emerson. He was reportedly threatened with violence from a vigilante group, and was forced to leave the area.

Alvin H. Mackling (Assiniboia)
Alvin H. Mackling served in the Manitoba legislature from 1969 to 1973 and again from 1981 to 1988, and was a prominent cabinet minister in the governments of Edward Schreyer and Howard Pawley. In the 1953 election, he place second out of four candidates on the first count with 3,078 votes (35.62%), and lost to Liberal-Progressive candidate Reginald Wightman on the second count. See his biography page for more information.

Frank Fulbrook (Dauphin)
Fulbrook was an automotive service manager, and a shop foreman at his garage. during his nomination meeting, the Dauphin CCF affirmed its support for a provincial hospital scheme and state automobile insurance. Fulbrook placed last in a field of four candidates with 785 votes (15.15%). The winner was William Bullmore of the Social Credit Party.

Harry Basaraba (Ethelbert)
Basaraba finished second out of four candidates with 1,368 votes (35.84%). The winner was Michael N. Hryhorczuk of the Liberal-Progressive Party, who won on the first count.

John A. McDonald (Fairford)
McDonald finished fourth out of four candidates with 249 votes (10.98%). The winner was Liberal-Progressive candidate James Anderson.

Elsie Lyon (Fisher)
Lyon received 211 votes (8.07%), finishing third out of four candidates. Liberal-Progressive candidate Nicholas Bachynsky was elected on the first count.

Robert J. Wilson (Gilbert Plains)
Wilson was a young farmer in Grandview at the time of the election, and was also known as a skilled baseball player. He defeated four other candidates for the CCF nomination. Wilson finished a strong second on the first count with 989 votes (31.57%), but lost to Liberal-Progressive candidate Ray Mitchell on transfers.

John C. Hilgenga (Iberville)
Hilgenga lived in Charleswood, and also owned a farm in Dominion City. He placed third out of four candidates on the first count with 665 votes (17.41%), and was eliminated. The winner was John McDowell of the Progressive Conservative Party.

Hilgenga later campaigned for the CCF's successor party, the New Democratic Party, in the 1969 provincial election. He placed third in Charleswood against Progressive Conservative candidate Arthur Moug.

Russell Paulley (Kildonan—Transcona)
Paulley was Mayor of Transcona at the time of the election. He won the CCF nomination over sitting MLA George Olive in early April 1953. In the general election, He placed first on the first count with 5,770 votes (47.68%), and was declared elected on the second count. Paulley became the leader of the Manitoba CCF in 1959. See his biography page for more information.

Hazel C. Allan (Lakeside)
Allan was a resident of Macgregor. She received 342 votes (8.38%), finishing fourth out of four candidates. The winner was Liberal-Progressive candidate Douglas Campbell, the Premier of Manitoba.

Joseph Perchaluk (Roblin)
Perchaluk finished second out of four candidates with 866 votes (29.53%). Liberal-Progressive candidate Ronald Robertson was declared elected on the first count.

Perchaluk contested Roblin again in the 1959 provincial election, and finished a second against Progressive Conservative candidate Keith Alexander with 1,569 votes. He ran a third time in the 1966 election, after the CCF had become the New Democratic Party, and once again finished second with 1,583 votes. The winner on this occasion was Progressive Conservative Wally McKenzie.

Michael J. Sotas (Russell)
Sotas was a farmer in Rossburn. He finished second on the first count with 1,190 votes (28.83%), and lost to Independent Liberal-Progressive candidate Rodney S. Clement on transfers.

Sotas later campaigned for the federal Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Marquette for the 1958 federal election, receiving 1,572 votes and finishing third against Progressive Conservative candidate Nicholas Mandziuk. He campaigned for the provincial CCF again in the 1959 provincial election, and finished third against Progressive Conservative candidate Robert Smellie in Birtle-Russell.

Sotas was also active with the CCF's successor party, the New Democratic Party. He ran for the national New Democratic Party in the 1963 federal election, and finished fourth in Marquette with 981 votes. Mandziuk was again the winner. Sotas contested Dauphin for the provincial NDP in the 1966 provincial election, and finished third against Progressive Conservative candidate Stewart McLean with 236 votes.

The NDP formed government in Manitoba following the 1969 election, and Sotas ran for the party again in Birtle-Russell in the 1973 provincial election. This was the closest he ever came to winning, finished a close second against Progressive Conservative candidate Harry Graham.

Ernest Draffin (St. Andrews)
Draffin served in the Manitoba legislature from 1945 to 1949. He finished third out of three candidates in 1953 with 838 votes (16.30%). Liberal-Progressive candidate Thomas Hillhouse was elected on the first count. See his biography page for more information

David Turner (St. Boniface)
Turner was endorsed by Winnipeg's labour movement, and made labour and health issues the primary focus of his campaign. He argued that the average wage-earner's housing problems were ignored under the Liberal-Progressive government, and that there was insufficient hospital space available. He placed fourth on the first count with 2,707 votes (13.84%), but improved to a third-place position on later counts. He narrowly missed election to the second position on the sixth and final count, losing to Liberal-Progressive candidate L. Raymond Fennell by 389 votes. Turner was later nominated for the federal Cooperative Commonwealth Federation candidacy in Winnipeg South for the 1953 Canadian election, but declined.

Kay E. McKinnon (St. Boniface)
Kay E. McKinnon was the daughter of Canadian labour pioneer Roger E. Bray. She served as secretary of the CCF for the Ontario riding of Kenora—Rainy River, and was a member of the World Government Association. She finished in sixth place on the first count with 1,293 votes, and was not elected (St. Boniface elected two members by a single transferable ballot during this period).

Edgar E. Smee (St. Clements)
Smee was a summer resort proprietor. He was nominated in Lac du Bonnet on May 8, 1953. He received 1,495 votes (25.77%), losing to Liberal-Progressive candidate Stanley Copp on the first count.

Smee campaigned for the national Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in the 1957 federal election, and finished fourth out of four candidates in Portage—Neepawa with 1,630 votes. The winner was George Fairfield of the Progressive Conservative.

Sam Einarson (Swan River)
Einarson was born in Iceland, and moved to Manitoba in 1910. He was educated in Arborg, and enlisted to serve in World War I at age 17. After the war, he worked as a farmer in Minitonas, Manitoba.

He first campaigned for the Manitoba legislature in the 1932 provincial election, as an independent candidate in Swan River. He finished second to Progressive Conservative George Renouf on the second count, losing by only 51 votes. Einarson joined the national Cooperative Commonwealth Federation when it was formed later in the year.

He finished third in 1953 with 757 votes (15.67%). Renouf again won the constituency.

Arthur W. Thompson (The Pas)
Thompson was a civil engineer, and was 52 years old at the time of the election. He had been a member of the Ontario Labour Party from 1927 to 1933, and joined the national Cooperative Commonwealth Federation upon its founding. After moving to Manitoba, he worked for the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company. Thompson finished third with 1,526 votes (18.91%). Liberal-Progressive candidate Francis Jobin won on the first count.

Donovan Swailes (Winnipeg Centre)
Swailes finished in first place on the first count with 3,910 votes (19.01%), and was declared elected to the first position on the fifth count. See his biography page for more information.

Gordon R. Fines (Winnipeg Centre)
Fines served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly from 1949 to 1953. He finished seventh on the first count in 1953 with 1,080 votes (5.25%), and was eliminated following the seventh count with 1,339 votes (6.51%). Fines's chances for re-election in 1953 were hurt by the independent candidacies of Stephen Juba and Lewis Stubbs. See his biography page for more information.

G.S. Borgford (Winnipeg Centre)
Borgford was the regional director of the Canadian Congress of Labour, and a prominent figure in the Winnipeg labour movement. He won the third CCF position for Winnipeg Centre on May 12, 1953, after E.H. Cove, Walter Seaberg and A.E. Vandurme withdrew from the contest. He finished tenth on the first count with 541 votes (2.63%), and was eliminated after the fourth count with 558 votes (2.71%).

Borgford was nominated by Lloyd Stinson to serve on the Winnipeg Police Commission in 1969, but was defeated by a vote of the Winnipeg City Council.

Morris Gray (Winnipeg North)
Gray finished in first place on the first count with 4,642 votes (21.48%) and was declared elected to the first position. See his biography page for more information.

John Hawryluk (Winnipeg North)
Hawryluk finished third on the first count with 2,857 votes (13.22%). He later overtook second-place candidate Bill Kardash of the Labour Progressive Party and was elected for the second position on the seventh count with 4,793 votes (22.18%). See his biography page for more information.

Len Aylen (Winnipeg North)
At the time of the election, Aylen led the United Packinghouse Workers Local 216 in Winnipeg and was chair of the political action committee of the Winnipeg Labour Council. He finished ninth on the first count with 1,122 votes (5.19%), and was eliminated after the fourth count with 1,325 votes (6.13%).

''Gray, Hawryluk and Aylen were nominated on March 11, 1953. The CCF initially planned to nominate a fourth candidate in Winnipeg North, but did not follow up on this.''

Lloyd Stinson (Winnipeg South)
Stinson was chosen as CCF leader shortly before the election. He finished third on the first count with 4,934 votes (16.94%), and was declared elected on the sixth count with 5,972 votes (20.50%). See his biography page for more information.

A. Montague Israels (Winnipeg South)
Israels was the vice-president of the Manitoba CCF at the time of the 1953 election, and was active in the Winnipeg labour movement. At his nomination meeting, he criticized the tax status of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Winnipeg. He finished seventh on the first count with 1,117 votes (3.83%), and was eliminated after the fifth count with 1,234 votes (4.24%).

Israels delivered the cleverest line of the campaign shortly before election day, when he said that Progressive Conservative leader Errick Willis had been "too recently in Mr. Campbell's arms to be now at his throat". This referred to the fact that Willis and Premier Douglas Campbell had been partners in the coalition government of the 1940s, implementing many of the policies which Willis now described as insufficient.

After the election, Israels was named as labour's representative on the Winnipeg Wage Survey Board.


text: Category:Years in Iraq

title: Category:Years in Iraq


text:
Franz Tausend

Franz Seraph Tausend, "Der Goldmacher" (July 5, 1884 – July 9, 1942) was a 20th-century German alchemist, who was able to raise significant funding from senior Nazi Party figures for his project. He was arrested in 1929 and convicted of misappropriation, serving a prison sentence. He died in prison in 1942, while serving a sentence for a separate crime.

Biography
During the 1920s and 1930s, Tausend said he had developed a process for extracting gold from base metals, a prospect of interest to the Nazi Party, which was desperate for funding in a Germany struggling with hyperinflation. The Nazis invested heavily in the project, through a number of Hitler's inner circle of friends introduced to Tausend.

Tausend, who had liquidated and invested his family's entire fortune into the venture, raised approximately half a million dollars (roughly $5.6 million in 2005 dollars) to fund five laboratories, one research institute and one mining operation. However, the process proved to be economically unfeasible and possibly fraudulent, and most of the money went instead to fund the extravagant lifestyles of the four main business partners. Many investors, including pensioners in Tausend's home village, lost their entire savings, while he purchased castles and country homes.

Tausend's three partners fled Germany: one each to South America, Spain and Russia. Tausend fled to a castle he had purchased in his wife's name in Appiano, South Tyrol. In January 1929, after being involved in a car accident, he was recognized by Italian authorities, arrested and extradited to Germany to face trial for conspiracy to commit fraud.

Following a highly sensationalized trial that required Tausend to demonstrate his gold-extraction process first hand, he was convicted and sentenced to prison, not because the process itself was proven to be fraudulent, but because of the misappropriation of venture capital invested in the project. Tausend's remaining property was confiscated by the German state.

Upon his release from prison after serving a four-year sentence, Tausend began promoting his next "get-rich-quick" scheme. He was arrested again in 1937 and sentenced to prison in 1938 for check and money fraud. He died in prison at Schwäbisch Hall on July 9, 1942.

Literature

 * Wegener, Franz: Der Alchemist Franz Tausend. Alchemie und Nationalsozialismus. Kulturförderverein Ruhrgebiet e.V., Gladbeck 03/2006, ISBN 3-931300-18-8.

Books
180 Elemente, deren Atomgewichte und Eingliederung in das harmonisch periodische System by Franz Tausend

title: Franz Tausend


text:
Solar apex

The solar apex, or the apex of the Sun's way, refers to the direction that the Sun travels with respect to the local standard of rest. This is not to be confused with the Sun's apparent motion through all constellations of the zodiac, which is an illusion caused by the orbit of the Earth.

Direction
The solar apex is in the constellation of Hercules near the star Vega

For more than 30 years before 1986 the speed of the Sun towards the solar apex was taken to be about 20 km/s but all later studies give a smaller component in the vector toward galactic longitude 90°, reducing overall speed to about 13.4 km/s. This speed is not to be confused with the orbital speed of the Sun around the Galactic Center, which is about 220 km/s and is included in the movement of the Local standard of rest. Thus the Sun moves towards the apex (a relatively local point) at about $1/13$ our spiral arm's orbital speed. The Sun's motion in the Milky Way is not confined to the galactic plane; it also shifts ("bobs") up and down with respect to the plane over millions of years.

History
The nature and extent of the solar motion was first demonstrated by William Herschel in 1783, who also first determined the direction for the solar apex, as Lambda Herculis, 10° away from today's accepted position.

Many calculations of the solar apex have been published as new catalogues of stars were published. The catalog from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite and measurements with  objective prisms lead to a new set of values. These two results do not agree. The calculation of the local standard of rest itself is subject issues due to inhomogeneous stellar velocities and high sensitivity to parameters.

Solar antapex
The solar antapex, the direction opposite of the solar apex, is located near the star Zeta Canis Majoris.

title: Solar apex


text:
Talk:Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies

Why posit a link to an article to be called "bad mathematics"? Unless its the name of a rock band or something, "bad mathematics" is no more notable a subject of its own article than bad gymnastics or bad history, both of which will also likely stay red.

I'm removing the brackets from this story.

Reportedly, some of Arp's calculations seem to be simply "bad mathematics".

 * could someone provide an example? I'd like to check this claim myself -- 216.234.56.130 19:55, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

I haven't found any, but Arp also reported similar claims. About small number statistics - in the link it is described as induction based on insufficient evidence. In the book Arp presented some examples from which he originally made the conclusion as a hypothesis, and a search for quasars in an area not searched for them before with the purpose of a statistical test. This resembles rather the Popper's method than induction. Some observations even don't need statistics: galaxies connected to quasars or higher redshift galaxies. From an interview - Arp first found that radio sources tend to be paired across galaxies and concluded they had been ejected (this part is now accepted); when he found some of them were quasars he took it as falsifying the conventional interpretation of redshift. In both this book and Seeing Red he warned that those who tried to disprove his results with bigger statistics made more important mistakes, e.g. in the search for multiply interacting groups without anomalous redshifts there weren't more than one redshift measured per a group, and the sample size was overestimated with bad images. --88.102.183.204 (talk) 20:31, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

Quasar or Quasars?
I think the correct title of the book is "Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies", that is, Quasars not Quasar. A Google search shows 343 hits for "Quasar, Redshifts and Controversies" - but on the first two Google pages, I couldn't find a single hit that wasn't either quoting this review verbatim, or just citing the book without commenting on it. There are 773 Google hits for "Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies", including Amazon.com and other booksellers, who presumably have a copy of the book on hand.

Therefore, I suggest that this page be renamed "Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies". As with all Wikipedia moves, anyone searching for, or linking to the old title, will be redirected to the new one. Mentions of the book throughout Wikipedia should also have an "s" added. Art LaPella 01:11, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Thank you, Zundark. Art LaPella 22:32, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

Do We Really Need the Redbourne Review
Our bibligraphy contains a review of one of Arps books by Redbourne, which is utterly uninformative about the book or attendent controversies. Redbourne is saying, "Arps thinks the establishment is wrong. I think so too. Now I will talk about my own pet theories without further reference to Arps' book."

Okay,that's his right, but is it notable enough to be included here? --Christofurio 16:55, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Nobody reacted, so I have removed it. When someone wants to put it back, please supply a reason. After having followed the link, I couldn't find one to keep it in. Qarel 06:36, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

references behind paywall
Change them or mirror them. Period. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Crusty007 (talk • contribs) 23:51, 7 February 2008 (UTC)


text: Template:Office of Management and Budget


text: User talk:70.66.244.236

title: User talk:70.66.244.236


text:
Whither Canada?

Whither Canada? may refer to:

 * Whither Canada?, a proposed title for Monty Python's Flying Circus
 * "Whither Canada?", an episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus

title: Whither Canada?


text:
Proserpina (disambiguation)

Proserpina is the Roman goddess of springtime and wife of Pluto.

Proserpina may also refer to:

 * Proserpina (gastropod), a genus of land snails in the family Proserpinidae
 * Proserpina Dam, a Roman gravity dam in Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain
 * 26 Proserpina, an asteroid discovered in 1853
 * Proserpina, an 1879 book by John Ruskin about wayside flowers
 * "Proserpina", a 2012 song by Martha Wainwright from Come Home to Mama

title: Proserpina (disambiguation)


text:
Ron Fair

Ronald Fair is an American record producer, record executive, musical arranger, recording engineer and conductor. A traditional record producer since 1970, Fair is credited with orchestral instrumentation for his productions of numerous hit songs.

Fair discovered and mentored recording artists and including Christina Aguilera, Vanessa Carlton, Keyshia Cole, Black Eyed Peas, Fergie, and the Pussycat Dolls. He has held positions including chairman of Geffen Records, president of A&M Records, and chief creative officer (CCO) of Virgin Records.

Early career
Fair was born in Los Angeles, California, United States to a Jewish family. Fair's childhood played an important role in his eventual career direction, saying in an interview with HitQuarters, "My grandfather was a broadcaster who had built a remote facility for the purpose of producing a daily radio broadcast. Ever since I was two years old I was around microphones and consoles." During his childhood Fair was actively encouraged to pursue this career path, receiving various music tuition and being encouraged to take on the job training in multi-track recording. By the time he was 17 years old he was, in his words, "Very skilled with microphone technique and able to make a pretty convincing sounding recording." Fair's first job in the music industry was a short stint in the mailroom of Far Out Productions, in September 1979. Far Out Productions was the production company headed by Jerry Goldstein and Steve Gold, and produced albums by, most notably, War and Tanya Tucker.

Fair taught recording production at the University of Sound Arts in Hollywood while at the same time developing a reputation as a motion picture musical soundtrack coordinator, with the multi-platinum successes of Pretty Woman and Reality Bites. In addition, during the early 1980s Fair worked as a recording engineer on such projects as the Slayer album Hell Awaits.

A&R career
During his career, Fair has produced various hit singles on the pop and R&B charts, including "Lady Marmalade" (Christina, Pink, Mýa, Lil' Kim), "Be Without You" (Mary J. Blige), "One" (Mary J. Blige & U2), "Big Yellow Taxi" (Counting Crows), "A Thousand Miles" (Vanessa Carlton), and "Where Is the Love?" (Black Eyed Peas). He was also the executive producer of "Beautiful" (Christina Aguilera), "Big Girls Don't Cry" (Fergie), "Let's Get It Started" (Black Eyed Peas), among others. He is credited with executive production on recordings that have won several Grammy Awards, including those of Christina Aguilera, The Black Eyed Peas, Mary J. Blige and Queen Latifah.

In 2009, Fair engineered Lady Gaga's single "Speechless," from her album The Fame Monster. That same year, he also collaborated with Indian film composer A.R. Rahman to produce an English version of "Jai Ho", the hit song from the 2009 film Slumdog Millionaire.

Fair held the position of chairman at Geffen Records until joining Virgin Records. Prior to running Geffen Records, Fair was President of A&M Records for five years, and held senior A&R positions at RCA Records, Chrysalis Records, EMI Records, and Island Records-London.

In 2013, Fair was named the chief creative officer and Executive Vice President of Virgin Records. At this position, he was in charge of a major corporate restructure. After a year with the label, he left in October 2014.

Fair was a celebrity judge on the Canadian television talent program Cover Me Canada.

In 2015, Fair served as executive producer for TLC's self-titled fifth and final studio album.

Personal life
Ron Fair married singer-songwriter Stefanie Ridel, a member of the teen girl group Wild Orchid, on September 4, 2001. They have four children together. Fair enjoys gardening and has notably climbed Mount Kilimanjaro.

Discography
Notable Productions
 * 1990: Pretty Woman Soundtrack (Executive producer)
 * 1992: White Men Can't Jump Soundtrack (Executive producer)
 * 1994: Reality Bites Soundtrack (Executive producer)
 * 1994: Dumb & Dumber Soundtrack (Executive producer)
 * 2001: Legally Blonde Soundtrack (Executive producer)
 * 2002: Christina Aguilera - "Beautiful" (Executive producer)
 * 2002: Vanessa Carlton - "A Thousand Miles"
 * 2003: The Black Eyed Peas - "Where Is The Love?"
 * 2004: Vickie Natale - Like No Other (Executive producer)
 * 2004: The Black Eyed Peas - "Let's Get It Started" (Executive producer)
 * 2005: Keyshia Cole - The Way It Is (Executive producer)
 * 2005: Pussycat Dolls - PCD (Executive producer)
 * 2006: Fergie - "Big Girls Don't Cry"
 * 2006: Gwen Stefani - The Sweet Escape (Executive producer)
 * 2007: Keyshia Cole - Just Like You (Executive producer)
 * 2008: Keyshia Cole - A Different Me (Executive producer)
 * 2009: Lady Gaga - "Speechless"
 * 2009: Pussycat Dolls - "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)"
 * 2010: Keyshia Cole - Calling All Hearts (Executive producer)

Filmography
Film and television

title: Ron Fair


text:
Istihlal

Istihlal (استحلال istiḥlāl) is a term used in Islamic jurisprudence, or fiqh, to refer to the act of regarding some action as permissible, or halaal, although it is haraam; the implication is that such a regard is an erroneous and improper distortion of Islamic law. The word "istihlal" is derived as Stem X of the Arabic consonantal root ح-ل-ل meaning "to untie", "to solve", "to dissolve", "to open", "to release", etc.

The term "istihlal" came to prominence in the Western news media on 11 March 2005, the first anniversary of the Madrid bombing attacks of 2004, when the Islamic Commission of Spain (La Comisión Islámica de España) issued a fatwa, or religious opinion, denouncing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda for engaging in istihlal with respect to the waging of jihad through terrorism, and the killing of women, children, and noncombatants.

title: Istihlal


text:
Chinese poker

Chinese poker is a card game based on poker hand rankings. It is intended as a beginner-friendly game, with only a basic knowledge of poker hand rankings needed to get started. The format allows for frequent unexpected outcomes due to the large element of luck involved, meaning a beginner has a good chance of winning in the short term against even experienced opponents.

Gameplay
Chinese poker is typically played as a four-person game, though it can also be played with two or three.

Playing a hand

In Chinese poker, each player receives a 13-card hand from a standard 52-card deck. Each player then has to divide their cards into three poker hands (known as "setting"): two containing five cards each (known as "the middle" and "the back"), and one containing three cards ("the front"); the back must be the highest-ranking hand, and the front, the lowest-ranking hand (note that straights and flushes do not count in the three-card hand). The back hand is placed face down on the table in front of the player, then the middle hand is placed face down in front of the back hand, and the front hand is placed face down in front of the middle hand. After all the players have set their hands, each player will announce in turn (clockwise, starting from the left of the dealer) whether or not they are playing their hand. All players then announce their royalties, before revealing their hands.

If a player makes three flushes or three straights they automatically win the hand, regardless of the other players' hands. As shown in the photo, the middle player has made all three hands flush and is an automatic winner.

Scoring
The stakes played for in Chinese poker are known as units: an amount of money agreed on before the game starts. Basic scoring rules dictate that a player collects one unit from each opponent whose front, middle or back hand is beaten by their own corresponding hand. Thus, unlike most poker games, being second-best at the table is good enough to win money. In some variants players are also paid an additional unit if they win in two or three of the hands. In other variants players only get an additional unit if they win all three hands (known as a scoop). Also, due to the head-to-head nature of the comparisons, it is possible for different players to play for different stakes. For example, A and B could play for $100 per unit versus each other, while all other player pairings play for $10 per unit.

The two most common scoring systems used in Chinese poker are the 2–4 scoring method, and the 1–6 scoring method.

In the 2–4 method the player receives 1 unit for each of the three hands they win, and 1 unit called the overall unit is awarded to the player who wins two out of the three hands, or all of the three hands. In the event of a tie in one of the hands, no money is exchanged for this particular hand. If one player wins both of the other two hands, they collect 3 units (1 for each hand, and 1 overall). If they each win one hand, no units are exchanged (each win 1 unit, and there is no overall).

In the 1–6 method the player receives 1 unit for each of the three hands they win, and 3 bonus units (on top of the three for the hands) if they win all three hands.

Example
In the 2–4 method, Bob would pay Amy two units; Amy receives two points for winning front and back, loses one for losing middle and receives one as the overall unit for winning two out of three hands. In the 1–6 method, Bob would pay Amy one unit; again Amy receives two points for winning front and back and loses one for losing middle, but they do not receive any bonus units.

Royalties
Royalties, or bonuses as they are sometimes called, are extra units that may be awarded to players with particularly strong hands.

Royalties must be declared prior to the revealing of the hands.

Some hands and combinations of hands that are commonly awarded royalties are:

 * Straight flush
 * Four of a kind
 * Full house in the middle
 * Three of a kind in the front

Naturals

Naturals are special types of royalties where if dealt to a player, the player is rewarded immediately (prior to anyone surrendering), and the player does not set their hand:

 * Three straights
 * Three flushes
 * Six pairs (counting all three hands)
 * Four Three of a kind
 * Three Four of a kind
 * Three Straight flush
 * 13 unique cards (i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K, A) known as a Dragon

Naturals variants
 * No picture cards (Ace counts as a non-picture card)
 * All picture cards (including Ace)
 * Six and above (Ace counts as above)
 * 12 or 13 of one colour

Players with the stronger natural wins and takes the bonus. If two players have six pair the player with the highest six pair wins otherwise it is a tie and no bonus is awarded. With flushes and straights the player with the highest back hand wins if that ties then the middle hand is compared. If that also ties then the front is compared.

In some variants all royalties are worth the same amount (e.g., 1 unit per royalty). In other variants each royalty is given a different payout (e.g., 1 unit for a four of a kind in the back, and 2 units for a straight flush in the back). Normally only the winner may be awarded a royalty (e.g., four sevens in the back beats four sixes in the back; therefore, only the player with sevens is awarded a royalty). Some modified rule sets allow the royalty bonus to cancel out and only the point for the hand/row is added. In some games players are allowed to break up straight flushes or four of a kinds and still receive royalties (e.g., a player is dealt four sevens; they may use three of them for a three of a kind in the front, and one as part of a straight in the middle). Some rules say that players are only allowed to claim one royalty per hand. The standard royalties point structure is listed below.

Point structure for royalties
While the royalty structure varies from game to game, the most common agreed-upon royalty structure is as follows:

Surrendering
If a player chooses to surrender their hand, they will pay an amount greater than the amount paid when losing at least two hands, but less than the amount paid when getting scooped. When surrendered, a player is not required to pay any royalties to their opponents. In some variations surrendering is not an option.

Scoop/Home-run
In a Taiwanese variant, When a player loses all three hands to a certain player, it is considered scooped (打槍; Dǎqiāng) and is paid double of the base points. If a player scoops all three players, it is considered home-run (全壘打; Quánlěidǎ) and the payment is further doubled. However, calling a natural hand exempts it from scooping and thus scored separately.

Mis-set hand
If a player mis-sets their hand (e.g., they put three of a kind in the front, but only two pair in the middle)(aka "相公") then they must pay each of their opponents still in the hand (players who have not surrendered) an amount equal to being scooped. In some variations players are still required to play their hands.

Current status
Chinese Poker was played at the 1995 and the 1996 World Series of Poker. In 1995, the $1,500 event was won by John Tsagaris, and the $5,000 event by Steve Zolotow. In 1996 the $1,500 event was won by Gregory Grivas, and the $5,000 event by Jim Feldhouse. There have been no Chinese Poker events at the World Series of Poker since 1996.

Open-face Chinese poker
In this variation the players are dealt five cards in the beginning. These cards are arranged faceup on the table to the back, middle, and front hands. The cards cannot be rearranged later. Then the players receive a single card at a time for the remaining 8 cards. This means it is possible to make an illegal hand. This variation originates from Finland.

Other variations

 * Low in the middle—In this variation, the middle hand is played as a deuce-to-seven low hand.
 * Criss Cross—This variation is played heads up: each player is dealt two 13 card hands and plays each of their hands against each of their opponents' hands. Players' hands are to be treated as two independent hands; they cannot exchange cards between the two hands.
 * In this variation, The Wheel (A, 2, 3, 4, 5) is the second highest straight. Therefore, it is ranked above a 9, 10, J, Q, K straight, but below a 10, J, Q, K, A straight.
 * Another variation scores the game 1 point per hand, with the winner of the game being the first to 11 points. If a player wins all 3 hands and there are 4 players, the winning player gets a 4th point.

title: Chinese poker


text: User talk:68.161.8.176

title: User talk:68.161.8.176


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Savoir-faire

I have moved this from the front page.

 * Upon review, the result of the debate was clearly Delete with many requesting transwiki. Transwiki has been performed and article is deleted. - Tεx  τ  urε  18:37, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

The VfD is closed. If you have a good reason to think this article should be deleted, list it for deletion again. Don't try to do DIY closes when an administrator has made a good-faith close and reached a result you disagree with. --Tony Sidaway Talk 23:49, 17 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Razol2

I am a student. I live in Perth. I don't update this because I have a life outside of my house. Get bent.

title: User:Razol2


text:
Field dressing (bandage)

A field dressing or battle dressing is a kind of bandage intended to be carried by soldiers for immediate use in case of (typically gunshot) wounds. It consists of a large pad of absorbent cloth, attached to the middle of a strip of thin fabric used to bind the pad in place. Field dressings are issued in sealed waterproof pouches to keep them clean and dry; the pouch can be torn open when required.

In combat, each soldier carries one field dressing ready for immediate use. Standard doctrine is that a casualty's dressing should be used rather than the rescuer's – the rescuer may need to help another casualty, or be helped himself, whereas the original casualty is not going to make any other use of his own dressing. Because of this, it is important that soldiers know where to find their comrades' field dressings, and infantry units typically have their own SOP stating where they should be carried. British Army uniforms issued in the past included dedicated field dressing pockets. During the Great War, this pocket was in the front left skirt of the tunic, with the introduction of Battledress (1937), it was moved to the trousers, but the current clothing does not. Instead, a common location for field dressings is the left shoulder-strap of the webbing, either held in place with gaffer tape or contained in a small pouch that is not issued but can be purchased from several civilian suppliers.

Some combat medical technicians make use of field dressing wrappers in the management of "sucking" chest wounds. In such wounds, the working of the chest sucks air through the wound into the space around the lung, rather than sucking air down the throat and into the lung. The hole must be sealed to enable the casualty to breathe properly. As a battlefield interim measure, the waterproof wrapper of a field dressing can be placed over the hole, with the clean inside against the wound, and taped in place. Tape is applied to the sides and top of the wrapper, leaving the bottom edge free. The wrapper then acts as a simple flapper valve, preventing air being sucked in but allowing any that has already entered to be forced out as the casualty exhales.

US Army First-Aid Packet, Carlisle Dressing
US Army First-Aid Packet, Carlisle Dressing AKA "First-aid Packet, U.S. Government Carlisle Model" was originally designed at, and took its name from the Carlisle Barracks Military Reservation, Pennsylvania in the early 1920s, where the "Medical Department Equipment Laboratory" was first established. First Aid Packets had been in use with the US Military since before World War I in the form of the FIRST AID PACKET – U.S. ARMY. Every soldier carried one in a web pouch on his equipment belt. It was one of the most common items of military use and supply. The dressing carried inside the pouch was intended as an immediate compress to stop bleeding from a wide variety of wounds and establish a sterile covering. It consisted of a white linen gauze pad with long gauze tails so it could be tied around an arm or even the chest.

Development
This dressing, already developed in 1904, and subsequently introduced in 1906, was supplied to the troops in a sealed brass casing, to protect the bandage inside against gas attacks, and to also ensure that it remained sterile. An improved version was introduced in 1940, designated First-Aid Packet, U.S. Government – Carlisle Model to tackle the problem of front line wounds and casualties. The Carlisle Bandage underwent a number of changes in its development during WW2. In summer of 1940, U.S. Army, Carlisle Model Small First-Aid Dressing made its appearance. It was contained in a waxed rectangular tuck-end carton, printed with the required markings. Considerable difficulty was encountered in the procurement of the first aid packet. During the Army expansion of 1940, approximately eight million were required for initial stock of equipment In the middle of 1941, the Medical Department decided to amend their specifications, and placed purchase orders for containers made out of tin (instead of brass). The new version was introduced by fall of 1941, together with the very first Sulfanilamide Shaker Envelopes. During the early part of 1943, a plastic container (called Tenite) was developed and put into production, but under field conditions the package warped and broke open. In the course of 1943 the items were wrapped in laminated paper, reinforced with aluminum or lead foil, and covered internally with either pliofilm, cellophane, or polyvinyl butyral and placed inside an appropriate waxed cardboard shell. The small Carlisle model first aid dressing measured approximately 4"X2"X1". When opened, its 1/2"-thick pad measured 7"X4" and had two long gauze tietapes. The Large Carlisle model first aid dressing measured approximately 11 3/4"square. Brief instructions were stenciled on the bandage in red ink. Most packaging included the word "Sterile" and the directions "Red color indicates back of dressing – put other side next to wound." If a dressing was "camouflaged" it was olive drab in color. Detailed explanations and photos concerning the application of dressing to wound were included in a printed manuals for US soldiers.

title: Field dressing (bandage)


text:
Atari Mindlink

The Atari Mindlink is an unreleased video game controller for the Atari 2600, originally intended for release in 1984. The Mindlink was unique in that its headband form factor controls the game by reading the myoneural signal voltage from the player's forehead. The player's forehead movements are read by infrared sensors and transferred as movement in the game.

Specially supported games are similar to those that use the paddle controller, but with the Mindlink controller instead. Three games were in development for the Mindlink by its cancellation: Bionic Breakthrough, Telepathy, and Mind Maze. Bionic Breakthrough is basically a Breakout clone, controlled with the Mindlink. Mind Maze uses the Mindlink for a mimicry of ESP, to pretend to predict what is printed on cards. Testing showed that players frequently got headaches due to moving their eyebrows to play the game. None of these games were ever released in any other form.

title: Atari Mindlink


text:
Renault Fiftie

The Renault Fiftie was a concept car presented by Renault at the March 1996 Geneva Auto Show to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the launch of the 4CV. The concept used a bright metallic yellow color, honoring the 4CV's "butter pat" nickname.

Styled by Benoît Jacob under the direction of Patrick le Quément, Renault's vice president of corporate design at the time, the Fiftie used a mid-engine/rear-wheel-drive layout, with its exterior styling drew heavily on its ancestor's — though with a two-door, mid-engine configuration rather than the 4CV's four door, rear-engine/rear-drive layout. The Fiftie was part of a trend toward retrospective designs, including the VW New Beetle, Mini Cooper and Fiat 500.

Overview
The Fiftie used an aluminum frame from the Renault Sport Spider and a carbon fiber body. Its interior used cotton, linen, and rattan extensively, with a picnic basket concealed in the boot/trunk. Front styling recalled the horizontal chrome 'mustache bars' of the original 4CV, with the addition of distinctive apostrophe-shaped headlights. The targa-style roof used four removable roof panels that could store beneath the flat-folding rear window.

The Fiftie was fully roadworthy, sharing most of the Renault Sport Spider's chassis, suspension, and mechanics as well as Renault's D7F 1.2-liter, 8-valve four-cylinder engine, which was subsequently introduced as a production engine in the Twingo.

After introducing the Fiftie, Renault chose not to develop the concept further.

title: Renault Fiftie


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Questioning

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to question. – Alphax τεχ 05:51, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Questioning
Delete. At best, it's a dictionary entry. In reality, it is probably a hoax. This users edits don't help it's credibility. Wikibofh 23:51, August 17, 2005 (UTC)
 *  Delete , Redirect to question (disambiguation) per Sean Curtin. Peter Grey 15:52, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I believe it's mostly accurate, but limited. Maybe the title would be more useful as a dab page pointing to the relevant part of Homosexuality and to Interrogation. Ben-w 00:20, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to question; already covered at bi-curious and disambiguated at question (disambiguation). -Sean Curtin 05:28, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge any extra information, if there is any, into bi-curious, say that in the edit summaries, but then point the redirect at to Question, as per Sean Curtin. CanadianCaesar 05:31, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Lee S. Dreyfus

Discussion
References for positions held and health:  Kyle Andrew Brown 23:53, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Photo Copyright help?
I long ago submitted a photo for this article, it was a scan of a photo that was printed on the back of a Wisconsin Highway Map that was issued for 1981. I thought I had the right copyright info supplied but I must not have and it was removed by OrphanBot a few weeks later. I am admittedly a novice when it comes to photo copyrights, but I think it would qualify as a fair use because it was on a map issued for free distribution by the State of Wisconsin. Does anyone know if this would qualify as fair use, and how I would properly submit this image? If so, please respond here. Thank you!Bigfitz79 (talk) 02:23, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lee S. Dreyfus


text:
Terumah (disambiguation)

Terumah is a Hebrew word, originally meaning lifted apart, but meaning donation in modern Hebrew. It can refer to:
 * Terumah (offering), a type of sacrifice in the Hebrew Bible
 * Terumat hamaaser, a tithing obligation arising from the Terumah sacrifice still regarded as obligatory by Orthodox Judaism on produce
 * Terumot, the plural of Terumah, and a section of the Mishnah concerning tithing obligations
 * Terumah (parsha), the nineteenth weekly portion of the Torah. It primarily contains the instructions on how to create the Tabernacle

title: Terumah (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Shanghai rum

Untitled
Have been playing this game for 20+ years with four generations of the family. It's great to see the rules all documented somewhere. Tmberwolff (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:36, 27 March 2009 (UTC).

Learned this game from my grandma of all places-haven't been able to get the rules since she died...thanks for having them here! I want to pass this very fun game on to my sons and grandkids :)

I also learned this from my family and Grandma... Juanita Philips. Brian Evarts, Sacramento, California

My family sometimes called this game Escalaro. As time went on and we forgot the correct sets for each round, we made up our own requirements. My grandfather, who was normally so quiet and shy, got so excited over buying cards or preventing other players from buying.

I learn this game growing up with my family here in Kentucky. My uncle would buy my bids out from under me all the time. It was a fun game that all the family could play together. We've often have so many players we would have to have four decks of cards to play and you had to have someone help you shuffle the cards when it was your turn.

I don't think the hands are right here, Isn't It supposed to go that each successive hand needs 1 more card for the meld? If thats the case why are there two hands that need 8 cards?? We play the game this way:

 * 1. 2 Sets of 3
 * 2. 1 Run of 4 - 1 Set of 3
 * 3. 2 Runs of 4
 * 4. 3 Runs of 3
 * 5. 1 Run of 7 - 1 Set of 3
 * 6. 1 Run of 5 - 2 Sets of 3
 * 7. 3 Runs of 4
 * 8. 1 Run of 10 - 1 set of 3
 * 9. 1 Run of 5 - 3 Sets of 3
 * 10. 3 Runs of 5

Can anyone else confirm this??

 * We've always played with seven rounds using the following hands:
 * 1. 2 Sets of 3
 * 2. 1 Set of 3, 1 Run of 4
 * 3. 2 Runs of 4
 * 4. 3 Sets of 3
 * 5. 2 Sets of 3, 1 Run of 4
 * 6. 1 Sets of 3, 2 Runs of 4
 * 7. 3 Runs of 4
 * but I'm not sure I count as a reliable source. :-) Kmusser (talk) 19:09, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

I learned this game about 16 years ago. I don't know where the name came from, but we always called it 'Liner Pool Run'. There are a few hands that are identical but here are the hands we played

 * 1. 2 sets of 4
 * 2. set of 4 run of 5
 * 3. 2 runs of 5
 * 4. 3 sets of 4
 * 5. 2 sets of 3 run of 5
 * 6. 2 sets 3 run of 7
 * 7. 3 runs of 4
 * 8. set of 3 run of 10
 * 9. 3 sets of 3 run of 5
 * 10. 3 runs of 5

Everyone gets dealt 11 cards and play begins from the left of the dealer (the youngest player always begins the deal). Points for the cards we had were: 3-9 5 points 10-A 10 points deuces were always wild and were 50 points. I believe we played with Jokers wild as well (also worth 50 points) but not sure. you were allowed 3 buys per hand and if you happended to buy 4 times (by accident or intentionally) you were given 50 points for an illegal hand. An illegal hand is one that has more than 18 cards at any one time (after discarding).

My friends and I, and some family members, would play this game for hours on end and have alot of great memories from it. Hope this helps. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikiwonderkid (talk • contribs) 22:09, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

I used to have tremendous fights about the bonus. I seemed to recall it was 50 from when I was a kid, but lately my family is claiming it's 25. I'm not surprised that there are so many variants on this game. Here is the sequence that I learned:

 * 1. 3 sets of 3
 * 2. 2 sets of 3 and 1 run of 4
 * 3. 1 set of 3 and 2 runs of 4
 * 4. 2 sets of 4
 * 5. 1 set of 4 and 1 run of 4
 * 6. 4 sets of 3 (must buy at least once)
 * 7. 1 set of 6 and 1 run of six (player is dealt 12 cards)

In this game, we are not allowed to put down additional sets or runs to help us go out after forming the required meld. We can also say "rummy" to prevent people from picking up a discard...but not if that discard could be used on a meld that's already down.

We also played a similar game called "Aggravation" in which there is no buying, no "rummying", but additional sets and runs can be put down to help the player go out. It is played with 13 cards with the following sequence.

 * 1. 3 sets of 3
 * 2. 2 sets of 3 and 1 run of 4
 * 3. 1 set of 3 and 2 runs of 4
 * 4. 2 sets of 4
 * 5. 1 set of 4 and 1 run of 4
 * 6. 2 runs of 4
 * 7. 1 run of 7
 * 8. 1 set of 3 and 1 run of 7
 * 9. 1 set of 4 and 1 run of 6
 * 10. 1 run of 10

74.13.82.202 (talk) 12:43, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

My family's rules count 8s and 9s as 10 points, Aces and wild cards are 20. 3-7 = 5. There's also an unwritten rule about discarding a playable card before you've played your meld. I've lost a game because I was bullied into hanging onto a wild card when I was trying to shed points in a last hand that was a lost cause. We also do not allow buying in the first three hands. Interesting to see that we've been doing some things different. We usually play with money, with a payout going to the winner of each hand.76.172.108.232 (talk) 03:41, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

We also play by the no discarding of a playable card before you've melded. I've played the other way and found it made the game a lot easier and not as fun. 11 cards, 10 rounds, 3 buys 1 thru 8, and 4 buys 9 & 10. We vary on the sets for rounds, we figure as long as the card count per round is correct the sets are not that important. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Madkin1 (talk • contribs) 00:24, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shanghai rum


text:
User:Est Xplosif

Est lives in Summer Hill, a suburb of Sydney, Australia.

He is a big fan of the webcomics Scary Go Round, Questionable Content and Diesel Sweeties.

title: User:Est Xplosif


text:
Category:Cypsiurus

Cypsiurus is a small genus of swifts.

title: Category:Cypsiurus


text: Category:Educational stages

title: Category:Educational stages


text:
Hermeric

Hermeric (died 441 ) was the king of the Suevi from at least 419 and possibly as early as 406 until his abdication in 438.

Before 419
Nothing is known for sure about Hermeric before 419, the year in which he is first mentioned; namely, he became king of the Suebi (or Suevi) in the city of Braga (Bracara Augusta) according to bishop Hydatius (who wrote his chronicle around the year 470). Although bishop Isidore of Seville, writing his Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum two centuries after the fact, claims that Hermeric was already king of the Suebi from 406, Isidore based himself on primarily on Jerome, Hydatius, Prosper of Aquitaine and Orosius, none of whom mentions Hermeric prior to 419.

Hermeric was a pagan and an enemy of the Roman Empire throughout his life. He is given a reign of thirty-two years in most manuscripts of Isidore of Seville's Historia Suevorum, but one manuscript does list his reign as fourteen years.

According to Thompson (1982)'s interpretation of Isidore, Hermeric led the Suevi across the Rhine along with the Vandals and Alans in December 406. They crossed Gaul and the Pyrenees and settled in Hispania. Kulikowski (2000 & 2015) argued that the Suebi probably stayed in northern Gaul throughout 407 to 409, and moved to Galicia between 409 and 411. While Theodore Mommsen believed the Suevi were foederati and Ernst Stein seconded the notion by believing they had made an agreement with the Roman usurper Magnus Maximus whereby they received the western half of Iberia, there is no primary evidence for any alliance between the Suevi and Rome. In 411 (according to Ludwig Schmidt) or 417 (according to Felix Dahn), Hermeric made a treaty with the Roman emperor Honorius, but in fact the only event of note in 411 was the division of Iberia sorte (by lot) between the barbarian peoples. The west of the province of Gallaecia with its capital of Braga (Bracara Augusta) fell to the Suevi, while the east of the province went to the populous Hasdingi. Between 416 and 418, the Visigoths under Wallia made war on Hermeric on behalf of Rome.

After 419
In 419, after a personal dispute between Hermeric and the Vandal king Gunderic, the Vandals attacked the Suevi and trapped Hermeric in the Narbasian (Erbasian) Mountains before the Roman general Asterius intervened and the Vandals retreated. Thereafter, until the Vandals left Iberia for Africa in 429, Hermeric remained peaceful, but in 430 he began to raid Gallaecia.

In 431 a Gallaecian named Hydatius went to Flavius Aëtius to plead for help against the Suevi, but Aëtius delayed until 432 the sending of the comes Censorius. According to Hydatius' Chronicle of contemporary events, the Gallaecian plebs in the better-fortified strongpoints defeated Hermeric and his men, inflicting heavy casualties and taking many prisoners, which forced the Sueves to release the Gallaecian families they had taken captive (430).

In 435, "on episcopal intervention", possibly Hydatius', Hermeric made peace with the Gallaecians. In that same year, Hermeric negotiated through the Catholic bishop Symphosius directly with the Western Roman Emperor. In 437, Censorius made a second expedition accompanied by Fretimund.

After seven years of illness, Hermeric was forced to retire from the kingship in 438 and pass it on to his son Rechila. The story, recorded in Isidore, that Hermeric sent Rechila to Baetica to defeat Andevotus, Romanae militiae dux, is false, as there is no contemporary evidence that Hermeric retained any authority after his abdication. There appears to have been no principle of elective monarchy among the Suevi and the successes of their raids may have accounted for the contentment of their people. Hermeric's royal line lasted until 456.

In 429, there appeared briefly a Suevic military leader named Heremigarius operating in Lusitania who may have been a joint monarch with Hermeric, but there is no primary source to prove it.

Misspelling issues
Hermeric has been sometimes misspelled as or confused with Hermeneric in written documents. This is a quite significant issue among scholars and in academia.

title: Hermeric