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Il Penseroso

Il Penseroso ("the thinker") is a poem by John Milton, first found in the 1645/1646 quarto of verses The Poems of Mr. John Milton, both English and Latin, published by Humphrey Moseley. It was presented as a companion piece to L'Allegro, a vision of poetic mirth. The speaker of this reflective ode dispels "vain deluding Joys" from his mind in a ten-line prelude, before invoking "divinest Melancholy" to inspire his future verses. The melancholic mood is idealised by the speaker as a means by which to "attain / To something like prophetic strain," and for the central action of Il Penseroso – which, like L'Allegro, proceeds in couplets of iambic tetrameter – the speaker speculates about the poetic inspiration that would transpire if the imagined goddess of Melancholy he invokes were his Muse. The highly digressive style Milton employs in L'Allegro and Il Penseroso dually precludes any summary of the poems' dramatic action as it renders them interpretively ambiguous to critics. However, it can surely be said that the vision of poetic inspiration offered by the speaker of Il Penseroso is an allegorical exploration of a contemplative paradigm of poetic genre.

Background
It is uncertain when L'Allegro and Il Penseroso were composed, as they do not appear in Milton's Trinity College manuscript of poetry. However, the settings found in the poem suggest that they were possibly composed ca. 1631 shortly after Milton left Cambridge in 1629.

Poem
As prelude to his invocation of Melancholy, the speaker dismisses joy from his imagination. Its rhythm of alternate lines of iambic trimeter and iambic pentameter is identical to that of the first 10 lines of L'Allegro:

"Hence vain deluding Joys, The brood of folly without father bred,

How little you bested,

Or fill the fixed mind with all your toyes;

Dwell in som idle brain

And fancies fond with gaudy shapes possess,

As thick and numberless

As the gay motes that people the Sun Beams,

Or likest hovering dreams

The fickle Pensioners of Morpheus train."

The speaker invokes a Melancholy goddess, veiled in black:

"But hail thou Goddess, sage and holy, Hail divinest Melancholy

Whose Saintly visage is too bright

To hit the Sense of human sight;

And therefore to our weaker view,

O'er laid with black, staid Wisdoms hue."

... and, following the form of classical hymn, claims her heritage with the Roman pantheon:

"Thee bright-haired Vesta long of yore, To solitary Saturn bore;

His daughter she (in Saturn's reign,

Such mixture was not held a stain);"

Having invoked the Melancholy goddess, the speaker imagines her ideal personification:

"... pensive Nun, devout and pure, Sober, stedfast, and demure,

All in a robe of darkest grain,

Flowing with majestick train,

And sable stole of Cipres Lawn,

Over thy decent shoulders drawn.

Com, but keep thy wonted state,

With eev'n step, and musing gate,

And looks commercing with the skies,

Thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes:

There held in holy passion still,

Forget thy self to Marble, till

With a sad Leaden downward cast,

Thou fix them on the earth as fast."

The central action of the poem proceeds as poetic visions of Melancholy, imagined by the speaker:

"Thee Chauntress oft the Woods among I woo to hear thy even-Song;

And missing thee, I walk unseen

On the dry smooth-shaven Green,

To behold the wandring Moon,

Riding neer her highest noon,

Like one that had bin led astray

Through the Heav'ns wide pathles way;"

"... let my Lamp at midnight hour, Be seen in some high lonely Tow'r,

Where I may oft out-watch the Bear,

With thrice great Hermes, or unsphear

The spirit of Plato to unfold

What Worlds, or what vast Regions hold

The immortal mind hath forsook

Her mansion in this fleshly nook:

And of those Daemons that are found

In fire, air, flood, or under ground..."

"And if ought else, great Bards beside, In sage and solemn tunes have sung,

Of Turneys and of Trophies hung;

Of Forests, and inchantments drear,

Where more is meant then meets the ear.

Thus night oft see me in thy pale career,

Till civil-suited Morn appeer..."

"And when the Sun begins to fling His flaring beams, me Goddess bring

To arched walks of twilight groves,

And shadows brown that Sylvan loves

Of Pine, or monumental Oake,

Where the rude Ax with heaved stroke,

Was never heard the Nymphs to daunt,

Or fright them from their hallow'd haunt."

At the end of his reverie on poetic Melancholy, the speaker invokes the Muse's song; he imagines that his Muse will reward his studious devotion to her by revealing a heavenly vision:

"And as I wake, sweet musick breath Above, about, or underneath,

Sent by som spirit to mortals good,

Or th'unseen Genius of the Wood.

But let my due feet never fail,

To walk the studious Cloysters pale,

And love the high embowed Roof

With antick Pillars massy proof,

And storied Windows richly dight,

Casting a dimm religious light.

There let the pealing Organ blow,

To the full voic'd Quire below,

In Service high, and Anthems cleer,

As may with sweetnes, through mine ear...

Dissolve me into extasies,

And bring all Heav'n before mine eyes."

As the final ten lines reveal, the speaker aspires to a revelation of divine knowledge to inspire his great poetry:

"And may at last my weary age Find out the peaceful hermitage,

The Hairy Gown and Mossy Cell,

Where I may sit and rightly spell

Of every Star that Heav'n doth shew,

And every Herb that sips the dew;

Till old experience do attain

To somthing like prophetic strain.

These pleasures Melancholy give,

And I with thee will choose to live."

The final couplet issues an ultimatum to the Melancholy mood; the speaker will devote himself to the existence of a solitary hermit, staking his life upon the contemplative ideal he has illustrated throughout the poem, which he imagines will be rewarded by a vision of the divine.

Themes
According to Barbara Lewalski, Il Penseroso, along with L'Allegro, "explore and contrast in generic terms the ideal pleasures appropriate to contrasting lifestyles ... that a poet might choose, or might choose at different times, or in sequence". In particular, Il Penseroso celebrates Melancholy through the traditional Theocritan pastoral model. The setting focuses on a Gothic scene and emphasises a solitary scholarly life. The speaker of the poem invokes a melancholic mood main character wanders through an urban environment and the descriptions are reminiscent of medieval settings. The main character, in his pursuits, devotes his time to philosophy, to allegory, to tragedy, to Classical hymns, and, finally, to Christian hymns that cause him to be filled with a vision. Besides being set in a traditional form, there is no poetic antecedent for Milton's pairing.

Melancholy, in Il Penseroso, does not have the same parentage as Mirth does in L'Allegro; Melancholy comes from Saturn and Vesta, who are connected to science and a focus on the heavens. Melancholy is connected in the poem with the "heavenly" muse Urania, the goddess of inspiring epics, through her focus and through her relationship with Saturn. Furthermore, she is related to prophecy, and the prophetic account within the final lines of Il Penseroso does not suggest that isolation is ideal, but they do emphasise the importance of experience and an understanding of nature. The higher life found within the poem, as opposed to the one within L'Allegro, allows an individual to experience such a vision.

The poems have been classified in various traditions and genres by various scholars, including: as academic writing by E. M. W. Tillyard; as pastoral by Sara Watson; as part of classical philosophy by Maren-Sofie Rostvig; as part of Renaissance encomia by S. P. Woodhouse and Douglas Bush, and as similar to Homeric hymns and Pindaric odes. Stella Revard believes that the poems follow the classical hymn model which discuss goddesses that are connected to poetry and uses these females to replace Apollo completely.

Critical reception
During the eighteenth century, both Il Penseroso and L'Allegro were popular and were widely imitated. The poet and engraver William Blake, who was deeply influenced by Milton's poetry and personality, made illustrations to both L'Allegro and Il Penseroso.

L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato is a pastoral ode by George Frideric Handel based on the poem. In an attempt to unite the two poems into a singular "moral design", at Handel's request, Charles Jennens added a new poem, "il Moderato", to create a third movement.

Stella Revard believes that Milton, in his first publication of poems, "takes care to showcase himself as a poet in these first and last selections and at the same time to build his poetic reputation along the way by skillful positioning of poems such as L'Allegro and Il Penseroso."

The poem features in the Oxford Book of English Verse as edited by Arthur Quiller-Couch.

title: Il Penseroso


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Goth Gorshani

Goth Gorshani is a populated place located in Balochistan, on the route between the city of Quetta to Larkana in Sindh in Pakistan. It is located at 28°43'0N 68°15'0E. The name of the place is derived from a figure of Sufism.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Goth Gorshani


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1985 Liberian general election

General elections were held in Liberia on 15 October 1985. They were the first elections since the 12 April 1980 military coup that brought Samuel Doe to power. During 1984, a new draft constitutional was approved in a referendum, which provided for a 58-member civilian and military Interim National Assembly, headed by Samuel Doe as president. After a ban on political parties was lifted, four parties – Doe's National Democratic Party (NDP), the Liberian Action Party, the Unity Party and the Liberia Unification Party – contested the elections.

Polling was marred by allegations of widespread fraud and rigging. Official results showed that Samuel Doe won the presidential election with 50.9% of the vote, just enough to avoid a runoff. His NDP won large majorities in both houses of the Legislature. Many independent observers believed that the Liberian Action Party's Jackson Doe, who officially finished second, was the actual winner. It was later revealed that Samuel Doe had the ballots counted in a secret location by his handpicked staff. The period after the elections saw increased human rights abuses, corruption, and ethnic tensions, ultimately leading to the start of the First Liberian Civil War in 1989 and Doe's overthrow and murder in 1990.

Background
The True Whig Party, founded in 1869, was one of the oldest political parties in the world and the oldest in Africa. In power from 1877, the party was mostly composed of Americo-Liberians, who constituted less than one per cent of the population in the census of 1962. President William Tubman ruled from 1947 until his death in 1971 and William Tolbert continued afterwards, winning the 1975 elections. However, in 1980 he was overthrown in a coup; Master Sergeant led a group of conspirators and removed Tolbert from office on 12 April 1980. According to his account, the group wanted to arrest Tolbert and when he resisted, he was shot dead. A counter-insurgency operation on 16 April was put down and Samuel Doe gained full control of the government. Doe's military People Redemption Council (PRC) invoked martial law and took control of all legislative and executive powers. This led to numerous executions, rampant corruption, increasing rates of unemployment and decreasing health conditions. At the UN General council, the new government announced that elections would be possibly held by 1983. Samuel Doe also built his image internationally by having border issues fixed with neighbouring countries and also promised a fair trial to the family of Tolbert.

During 1984, a new draft constitutional was approved in a referendum, which provided for a 58-member civilian and military Interim National Assembly, headed by Samuel Doe as president.

Electoral system
The bicameral Legislature consisted of a 26-member Senate and a 64-member House of Representatives. Each of the 13 counties elected two senators and at least two Representatives. Senators served a nine year term and were elected by first-past-the-post voting. Representatives were elected from single-member districts, also by first-past-the-post voting.

The voting age was 18. Persons of foreign origin, declared insane or and convicted of crimes were not eligible. Candidates for the House of Representatives were required to have been resident in the country for one year before the elections, be a taxpayer and be at least 25 years old. Senate candidates had to be at least 30.

Campaign
After the ban on political parties was lifted, four parties, namely, Doe's National Democratic Party of Liberia, the Liberian Action Party, the Unity Party and the Liberia Unification Party contested the elections.

Conduct
Polling was largely peaceful, but marred by allegations of widespread fraud and rigging. Many independent observers believed that the Liberian Action Party's Jackson Doe, who officially finished second, was the actual winner. It was later revealed that Samuel Doe had the ballots counted in a secret location by his handpicked staff. Though there was no official mission from the United States to validate the fair conduct of the elections, the American Assistant Secretary of State Chester A. Crocker acknowledged that there were widespread irregularities, but pointed out that the narrow margin of victory showed good amount of fair polling and the extended hours of voting proved effective in increasing the voter turnaround. He also pointed out that radio stations and newspapers provided fair coverage to all the four parties that competed.

Aftermath
Samuel Doe was sworn-in as the President on 6 January and a civilian cabinet on 15 January. The period after the elections saw increased human rights abuses, corruption, and ethnic tensions, ultimately leading to the start of the First Liberian Civil War in 1989 and Doe's overthrow and murder in 1990.

title: 1985 Liberian general election


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Troels Wörsel

Troels Wörsel (November 10, 1950 - December 12, 2018) was a Danish painter active in Cologne and Pietrasanta.

Biography
Troels Wörsel was born in Aarhus, Denmark. He was self taught. In the 1970s, he moved to Cologne and became interested in pop and conceptual art. His art usually addressed philosophical issues, such as the relationship between space and time. In 1981, he contributed to the pioneer exhibition Rundschau Deutschland in Munich and Cologne and at the Bildwechsel at Akademie der Künste in Berlin. He represented Denmark at the fifty-second Venice Biennale in 2007.

In 1995 Wörsel was awarded the Eckersberg Medal, and in 2002 he won Carnegie Art Award first prize, and in 2004, he received the Thorvaldsen Medal. He died in 2018 at Cologne, Germany. His work is displayed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and the Centre Pompidou in Paris.

title: Troels Wörsel


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text: User talk:80.74.162.67

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European Congress of Ethnic Religions

European Congress of Ethnic Religions (ECER) is an organisation for cooperation among associations that promote the ethnic religions of Europe. The primary goal of the ECER is the strengthening of pre-Christian religious traditions of Europe, emphasizing and fostering their ties with modern pagan movements.

History
A "World Pagan Congress" was hosted in June 1998 in Vilnius, Lithuania, organized by Jonas Trinkūnas of Romuva, a Lithuanian neopagan organization. It was attended by members from a number of neopagan organizations from Europe and North America, as well as observers from the academic field. At the meeting it was decided to make the congress an annual event and to form an organization around it.

The organization's name was the result of a day-long passionate debate. The words "pagan" and "heathen" were rejected because of their perceived cultural associations with immorality, violence and backwardness. The word "polytheistic" was also rejected as an oversimplification. "Indigenous" was seen as satisfactory on a linguistic level, but was voted down with regard to its established use by groups distinguished from European colonizers. Other suggestions were terms along the lines of "old religion" and "ancestral religion". "Ethnic", the Greek equivalent to the Latin paganus in early Christian sources, was eventually agreed on. The word's history and the connection to ethnology were things that appealed to the majority of the participants.

To avoid misunderstandings, the founding declaration of the organization makes clear that ethnic here does not refer to ethnic politics. The founding member Denis Dornoy also clarified this in the organization's newsletter The Oaks in 1999:

"Is ethnic connected with ethnic cleansing? Is it another pure race ideology? Do you have to belong to a long-lost people to be ethnic? Isn't ethnic a subject for white-haired academics?

Ethnic is none of the above, and its meaning is far simpler. Ethnos is Greek, meaning people, and ethnic means related to a particular people, i.e., anything that defines a people: its language, customs, daily behaviour, food ... or spiritual outlook. We call this last point ethnic religion. It is a set of traditions, worship, way of life, related to a people. It often, but not always, involves ancestor worship. Sometimes it is so integrated into everyday life that it cannot even be called "religion" (i.e., belief) according to Western standards."

The congress was held under the name "World Congress of Ethnic Religions" from 1999 to 2010. The 2006 and 2009 conferences were held in India, in the spirit of collaboration between Western Neopaganism and Hinduism. The intention of a worldwide scope was "more of a dream than reality", as the congress mostly consisted of representatives of neopagan movements in Europe. To reflect this, the organization was renamed "European Congress of Ethnic Religions" in 2010. The congress was an annual event until 2010, and has since then been held once every two years.

Members and leadership
ECER's website defines the scope of the organization: "By Ethnic Religion, we mean religion, spirituality, and cosmology that is firmly grounded in a particular people's traditions. In our view, this does not include modern occult or ariosophic theories/ideologies, nor syncretic neo-religions."

Since 2023, the president of the ECER is Uģis Nastevičs.

Member organizations represent Baltic, Slavic, Germanic, Greek, and Roman traditions. As of 2023, the member organizations of the ECER were:
 * Latvijas Dievturu sadraudze, Latvia
 * Associazione Tradizionale Pietas — Pietas, Italy
 * Groupe Druidique des Gaules, France
 * Objednannia ridnoviriv Ukrajiny, Ukraine
 * Związek Wyznaniowy Rodzima Wiara, Poland
 * Senovės baltų religinė bendrija Romuva, Lithuania
 * Sjamanistisk Forbund, Norway
 * Slovanský kruh, Czech Republic
 * Societas Hesperiana Pro Cultu Deorum, Italy
 * Werkgroep Traditie Vzw, Flanders (Belgium) and the Netherlands
 * Ýpato Symvoúlio ton Ellínon Ethnikón, Greece

title: European Congress of Ethnic Religions


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Ceramic forming techniques

Ceramic forming techniques are ways of forming ceramics, which are used to make everything from tableware such as teapots to engineering ceramics such as computer parts. Pottery techniques include the potter's wheel, slip casting and many others.

Methods for forming powders of ceramic raw materials into complex shapes are desirable in many areas of technology. For example, such methods are required for producing advanced, high-temperature structural parts such as heat engine components, recuperators and the like from powders of ceramic raw materials. Typical parts produced with this production operation include impellers made from stainless steel, bronze, complex cutting tools, plastic mould tooling, and others. Typical materials used are: wood, metal, water, plaster, epoxy and STLs, silica, and zirconia.

This production operation is well known for providing tools with dimensional stability, surface quality, density and uniformity. For instance, on the slip casting process the cast part is of high concentration of raw materials with little additive, this improves uniformity. But also, the plaster mould draws water from the poured slip to compact and form the casting at the mould surface. This forms a dense cast.

Slip casting
There are many forming techniques to make ceramics, but one example is slip casting. This is where slip or, liquid clay, is poured into a plaster mould. The water in the slip is drawn out into the walls of the plaster mould, leaving an inside layer of solid clay, which hardens quickly. When dry, the solid clay can then also be removed. The slip used in slip casting is often liquified with a substance that reduces the need for additional water to soften the slip (unless crazing is wanted); this prevents excessive shrinkage which occurs when a piece containing a lot of water dries; another approach is to dry items slowly.

Slip-casting methods provide superior surface quality, density and uniformity in casting high-purity ceramic raw materials over other ceramic casting techniques, such as hydraulic casting, since the cast part is a higher concentration of ceramic raw materials with little additives. A slip is a suspension of fine raw materials powder in a liquid such as water or alcohol with small amounts of secondary materials such as dispersants, surfactants and binders. Pottery slip casting techniques employ a plaster block or flask mould. The plaster mould draws water from the poured slip to compact and form the casting at the mould surface. This forms a dense cast removing deleterious air gaps and minimizing shrinkage in the final sintering process.

Additive manufacturing
See also Selective laser sintering.

For the production of complex shapes in small quantities, additive manufacturing (AM) represents an effective approach, and is the subject of significant research and development. Unlike the additive manufacturing of polymeric materials, the scope of AM of ceramics remains quite limited owing to materials processing challenges. Commercially available equipment for the AM of ceramics mostly relies on layer by layer sintering of powders and is rarely cost-effective. However, the difficulties in machining ceramic articles means that AM techniques can be attractive in situations where production volumes are too low to viably produce molds for slip casting methods. In particular the additive manufacturing of ceramics from preceramic polymers using techniques including stereolithography, with subsequent pyrolysis to yield polymer derived ceramics, represents an emerging approach to tackling the challenge of additively manufactured ceramics.

Ceramic shell casting
Ceramic shell casting techniques using silica, zirconia and other refractory materials are currently used by the metal parts industry for 'net casting', forming precision shell moulds for molten metal casting. The technique involves a successive wet dipping and dry powder coating or stucco to build up the mould shell layer. The shell casting method in general is known for dimensional stability and is used in many net-casting processes for aerospace and other industries in molten metal casting. Automated facilities use multiple wax patterns on trees, large slurry mixers and fluidic powder beds for automated dipping.

Technical ceramics
When forming technical ceramic materials from dry powders prepared for processing, the method of forming into the shape required depends upon the method of material preparation and size and shape of the part to be formed. Materials prepared for dry powder forming are most commonly formed by "dry" pressing in mechanical or hydraulic powder compacting presses selected for the necessary force and powder fill depth. Dry powder is automatically discharged into the non-flexible steel or tungsten carbide insert in the die and punches then compact the powder to the shape of the die. If the part is to be large and unable to have pressure transmit suitably for a uniform pressed density then isostatic pressing may be used. When isostatically pressed the powder takes the shape of a flexible membrane acting as the mould, forming the shape and size of the pressed powder. Isostatic presses can be either high speed, high output type of automatic presses for such parts as ceramic insulators for spark plugs or sand blast nozzles, or slower operating "wet bag" presses that are much more manual in operation but suitable particularly for large machinable blanks or blanks that will be cut or otherwise formed in secondary operations to the final shape.

If technical ceramic parts are needed where the length to diameter ratio is very large, extrusion may be used. There are two types of ceramic extruders one being piston type with hydraulic force pushing a ram that in turn is pushing the ceramic through the loaded material cylinder to and through the die which forms the extrudate. The second type of extruder is a screw, or auger, type where a screw turns forcing the material to and through the die which again shapes the part. In both types of extrusion the raw material must be plasticized to allow and induce the flow of the material in the process.

Complex technical ceramic parts are commonly formed using either the injection moulding process or "hot wax moulding." Both rely on heat sensitive plasticizers to allow material flow into a die. The part is then quickly cooled for removal from the die. Ceramic injection moulding is much like plastic injection moulding using various polymers for plasticizing. Hot wax moulding largely uses paraffin wax.

Other techniques
There are also several traditional techniques of handbuilding, such as pinching, soft slab, hard slab, and coil construction.

Other techniques involve threading animal or artificial wool fiber through paperclay slip, to build up layers of material. The result can be wrapped over forms or cut, dried and later joined with liquid and soft paperclay.

When forming very thin sheets of ceramic material, "tape casting" is commonly used. This involves pouring the slip (which contains a polymer "binder" to give it strength) onto a moving carrier belt, and then passing it under a stationary "doctor blade" to adjust the thickness. The moving slip is then air dried, and the "tape" thus formed is peeled off the carrier belt, cut into rectangular shapes, and processed further. As many as 100 tape layers, alternating with conductive metal powder layers, can be stacked up. These are then sintered ("fired") to remove the polymer and thus make "multilayer" capacitors, sensors, etc. According to D. W. Richerson of the American Ceramic Society, more than a billion of such capacitors are manufactured every day. (About 100 are in a typical cellular telephone, and about a thousand in a typical automobile.)

Gel casting is another technique used to create engineering ceramics.

title: Ceramic forming techniques


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Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto

Kamigyō-ku (上京区) is one of the eleven wards in the city of Kyoto, in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. The ward was a district of residences for the royalty, aristocrats and upper classes in the old capital of JapanーHeian-kyō. Located in the center of the present-day city of Kyoto, Japan, it previously occupied the northern region of the ancient capital of Kyoto. The Kamo River flows on the eastern border of the ward.

The ward is home to the Kyoto Imperial Palace, the Kitano Tenmangu Shinto shrine, the Seimei shrine, nishijin-ori textiles, and the headquarters of the Omotesenke and Urasenke schools of Japanese tea ceremony.

As of 2020, Kamigyō-ku had a population of 83,832 people.

The Masugata Shōtengai Shopping District, is the setting of the 2013 anime series, Tamako Market, produced by Kyoto Animation.

Education

 * Doshisha University
 * Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
 * Heian Jogakuin University
 * Imadegawa Campus of Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts

The Lycée Français de Kyoto, the French international school in Kansai, was in this ward.

Kyoto International School is also in this ward.

title: Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto


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Kinlyside, Australian Capital Territory

Kinlyside is a rural locality in the Australian Capital Territory. It was gazetted in 1991 as a planned outer suburb of Gungahlin. It was never released for development, and the governing Labor Party campaigned at the 2004 election and 2008 election on the policy of making Kinlyside a nature reserve instead. In 2013, it was set aside as a protected area that would remain undeveloped under an environmental offsets plan associated with increased development in Gungahlin. As of 2019, it remains a gazetted locality in the Territory Plan.

According to the ACT's Planning and Land Authority, the locality is named after George Kendall Kinlyside.

"From a well known pioneer family in the Ginninderra-Hall area; followed in his father's footsteps as wheelwright, coachbuilder and blacksmith at Hall; in 1907 he built a hall which served the Hall community for many years; active in local affairs and joint secretary of the Hall Progress Association when established in 1906."

Kinlyside is bounded by the village of Hall to the west, Nicholls to the south east, by Casey to the east and Clarrie Hermes Drive to the south. The suburb's other boundaries have been surveyed but not yet established.

Geology
Underneath Kinlyside are acid volcanic rocks from the middle Silurian period. These are from the Hawkins Volcanics. The hills in the west of the locality are mostly green grey dacite, and the valley bottom is mostly purple andesite covered in part by alluvium.

title: Kinlyside, Australian Capital Territory


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Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Slovenian vs Slovene)

A heated and long-running dispute has occupied this and other pages regarding the relative merits of the terms Slovene and Slovenian as both nouns and adjectives referring to Slovenia and its people. Various historical, etymological, cultural, aesthetic, and logical arguments can be made to support the "correctness" of either term. The inescapable conclusion, however, is that both are equally "correct" based on their wide and synonymous use in contemporary global English. Many purported authorities, in fact, use them interchangeably. Because consistency is valued and consensus unreachable, the editors turned to Wikipedia policy for guidance.

Naming convention
Naming conventions states that article names "should give priority to what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize." Preliminary research into which term is more recognized, using scientific samples of English usage known as "corpora" indicates that "Slovenian" is more common. (English Corpora). Therefore we are establishing style guidelines on this page for reference and dispute resolution on all Wikipedia articles and related project pages.

 * Articles with Slovene in the title should be redirected to main articles using Slovenian. (Exception: Articles about organizations that use Slovene)
 * For the sake of consistency, "Slovenian" in the title demands the same term be used throughout that article. "Slovene" in the title demands the opposite. (Exception: specific material that reasonably requires inconsistent usage.)
 * Naming conventions are not applicable to articles that use "Slovene" or "Slovenian" in the body text only. For these articles, either term is allowable, as long as its usage is consistent.
 * For the sake of consistency, it is preferred that subsequent editors respect the terminology used by the originator of the article.
 * Changes to subsequent material can be made to establish consistency with the originator, but please add a pointer to these guidelines on the talk page of the article to help prevent edit wars.
 * Edits made solely to change one term to the other, overturning the usage of the original contributor and in opposition to reasons given above are strongly discouraged.

Offline

 * Klinar, Stanko. Slovene ali Slovenian. Slava. Debatni list No. plus 1994/1995. Pg. 105. (in Slovenian)
 * Klinar, Stanko. (1994) Slovenska zemljepisna imena v angleških besedilih (Slovenian geographic names in English texts). (in Slovenian)
 * Klinar, Stanko. Slovene ali Slovenian - ali kako po Steibeckovem navdihu ("In dubious battle")bojujemo N/negotovo bitko. Vestnik. - ISSN 0351-3513. - #30, #No. #1/2 (1996), pp. 245-253. (in Slovenian)
 * Metcalfe, Roger. "Letter to the Editor: SLOVENE or SLOVENIA: a view from the rainy side of the Alps" Marketing Magazine. Autumn 1996. . Acquired on 27 July 2005.

Online

 * Mileusnić, Maja. "Slovene ali Slovenian". Izzivi jezika. 2008/2009. Department of Translation, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana.
 * Are people from Slovenia called Slovenes or Slovenians?, acquired on 27 July 2005.
 * Slovenija, slovenski, Slovenec, Slovenka, slovensko, slovenscina - Slovenian or Slovene? Sasha Ceferin. The Institute for Slovenian Studies of Victoria (Australia). Post to Thezaurs forum. Aug 05, 2003. Acquired on 27 July 2005.

Dictionaries

 * American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 4th ed. (2000), prefers "Slovene" for the citizens of Slovenia, the ethnic group and their language, with "Slovenian" as an acceptable variant without a separate entry.
 * Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary 10th ed. (2008), prefers "Slovene" for the people and their language, with "Slovenian" as an acceptable variant without a separate entry.

Corpora

 * Wordcount, data from British national corpus. Acquired on 27 July 2005.
 * ANC First Release Frequency Data. Acquired on 27 July 2005.
 * English Corpora, a list of other English Corpora. Acquired on 27 July 2005.


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Adam Mars-Jones

Adam Mars-Jones (born 26 October 1954) is a British novelist and literary and film critic.

Early life and education
Mars-Jones was born in London, to Sir William Mars-Jones (1915–1999), a Welsh High Court judge, and Sheila Cobon (1923–1998), an attorney, daughter of Charles Cobon, a marine engineer. Mars-Jones attended Westminster School, and studied English at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.

Career
Mars-Jones is a regular contributor to The Guardian, The Observer, The Times Literary Supplement, and the London Review of Books. He also participated in BBC Television's Newsnight Review.

His first collection of stories, Lantern Lecture (1981), won a Somerset Maugham Award. In 1983, he edited the collection Mae West Is Dead: Recent Lesbian and Gay Fiction. His own short fiction was collected in The Darker Proof: Stories from a Crisis (1987), co-written with Edmund White, and in Monopolies of Loss (1992); both works address the AIDS crisis. His essay "Venus Envy", a polemic against Martin Amis, was originally published in the CounterBlasts series in 1990.

Mars-Jones' first novel, The Waters of Thirst, was published in 1993. His second novel, Pilcrow (2008), was followed by two sequels, Cedilla (2011) and Caret (2023), which together form the first three volumes of a projected series.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2007.

Noriko Smiling, a book concerning the Yasujirō Ozu-directed film Late Spring, was published in 2011.

In 2012, he was awarded the inaugural Hatchet Job of the Year Award for his review of Michael Cunningham's By Nightfall.

On 2 January 2015, Mars-Jones was captain of the winning team on Christmas University Challenge, representing Trinity Hall, Cambridge, who defeated Balliol College, Oxford, the University of Edinburgh and the University of Hull. His teammates were international rower Tom James, world champion cyclist Emma Pooley and actor Dan Starkey.

Personal life
Mars-Jones' 1997 "Blind Bitter Happiness" re-tells the difficult life of his mother and his relationship to her. His memoir Kid Gloves: A Voyage Round My Father (2015) deals with his father's struggle to come to terms with his son's homosexuality and his father's later slide into dementia in old age.

title: Adam Mars-Jones


text:
User talk:Miwunderlich

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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Teenz in da 'Hood
I've added the "prod" template to the article Teenz in da 'Hood, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Teenz in da 'Hood. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. -- Kinu t /c  07:38, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

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AfD nomination of Telly Awards
An article that you have been involved in editing, Telly Awards, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Telly Awards. Thank you. Enric Naval (talk) 17:44, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

License tagging for File:Tv8icon.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image File:Pop-Up Yelle.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of KBEV (TV)

The article KBEV (TV) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "High school tv station, fails WP:GNG"

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Bandersnatch
Thanks for fixing the does/doesn't typo. In regards to it being the only standalone film, "White Christmas" was a special episode but not a film. What exactly Bandersnatch is will take some debating—please contribute your thoughts at Talk:Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. — Bilorv(c)(talk) 14:42, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Miwunderlich


text:
Taylor, Australian Capital Territory

Taylor is a suburb in Gungahlin, Canberra, Australia. Development of the suburb began in 2017. It is named after magazine publisher Florence Mary Taylor, who was editor of and writer for several Australian building industry journals including the influential Building magazine. The suburb is approximately 4 km from the Gungahlin Town Centre and 16 km from the centre of Canberra and bounded to the south by Horse Park Drive. One Tree Hill lies to the northwest on the border with New South Wales. The suburb is located in north Gungahlin adjacent to the suburbs of Moncrieff, Casey, Jacka and Ngunnawal.

History
Until 1991, the suburb Taylor was part of the former 'Gold Creek' a 1,594–hectare rural property with the Gold Creek Homestead at its centre.

Local facilities
A public primary school, Margaret Hendry School, opened in 2019 and has capacity for 600 students. It caters to preschool through to year 6 students from the North Gungahlin suburbs of Taylor, Jacka, Moncrieff and Casey (a shared priority enrolment area for Gold Creek School).

Taylor District Playing Fields has 2 rectangle playing fields and is located directly adjacent to Margaret Hendry School.

Geology
The rocks in Taylor are from the late middle Silurian period. Hawkins volcanics green grey dacite and quartz andesite are in the west. The Canberra Formation is separated by a fault in the east side. It consists of slatey shale and mudstone, with north east trending bands of acid volcanics (dacite and andesite).

title: Taylor, Australian Capital Territory


text:
Talk:Coleshill, Warwickshire

RfC: inside/outside conurbation?
Definitely outside. The link deleted 14 Feb 2006 as blocked by WP spam filter, as cited by Pigsonthewing shows a chunky schematic Streetmap.co.uk map that vastly exaggerates the width of the motorways, giving the apparance of a join.
 * If you look at a more accurate map from the Ordnance Survey Get-a-map site, you can see that it's separated from the conurbation by a strip of empty farmland, now bounded by the motorways, in the region of the River Cole and Coleshill Hall Farm. 213.130.141.8 12:41, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * An adjacent map square shows the 'gap' to be less than the size of a small park, and comprise solely the inside of the loop of a motorway junction. Andy Mabbett 20:59, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This aerial photo makes things clearer, since OS maps at this scale still exaggerate the sizes of houses and roads. The narrow southern tip of Coleshill is about a kilometer from the conurbation. And zooming back a bit - like so - shows how it diverges even further as you go north. 213.130.142.7 22:57, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And zooming in further shows additional buildings inside the motorway junction, making the separation a matter of yards. There are bigger gardens in Birmingham, than the gap between these built up areas. Andy Mabbett 09:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

The "West Midlands Urban Area" is officially defined by the Office for National Statistics, and Coleshill was part of it as of the 2001 census. A Spreadsheet showing all of the areas included is available here and a map showing the area thus defined is here. The connection is a tiny one through Water Orton, but it is enough to count as 'continuously urban' according to the official UK definition (which is explained in the introduction to this ).

So what, it is still quite clearly seperate. I have an ordnance survey 'Explorer' 1:25000 scale map and carefully measured the gap between Birmingham and Coleshill which at its narrowest point is just under one mile. Saying it is part of the West Midlands conurbation without qualification is utterly misleading.

Secondly that definition is outdated as any 'urban continuity' there might have been between Water Orton and Coleshill in 2001 has been utterly destroyed by the M6 Toll.

Thirdly some of the definitions used by the ONS are utterly bizarre. For example Hinckley is defined as being part of the 'Nuneaton Urban area' ???????. G-Man 22:51, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have revised and updated the article to reflect more precisely and accurately the defined distances between adjacent settlements, with the land in between being in the Green belt, as taken from the Proposals Map of North Warwickshire Borough Council (adopted May 1995). Not available online AFAIK, but I am looking at a paper copy here in my office. DWaterson 11:06, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Article Protection
I've locked editing on this article until we can make some progress towards ending the frequent edit wars here on this page. I'm not taking sides, because until there is some meeting halfway on how to solve this dilemma and still maintain factual accuracy, I consider all users participating in the dispute on this article to be part of the problem. This notice will be posted to Requests for comment/Pigsonthewing, and Administrators' noticeboard/3RR. Karmafist 03:27, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * How can this be solved by "meeting halfway"? Do you suggest that "Coleshill is half in the WM conurbation"? Or perhaps "Coleshill is in the WM conurbation on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays?" Andy Mabbett 11:24, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

I suggest that you follow official Wikipedia Policy, and I quote, directly from WP:RULES. ''Wikipedia contributors come from many different countries and cultures, and have widely different views. Treating others with respect is key to collaborating effectively in building an encyclopedia.'' I'll be back to check on your progress meeting this goal. You might get some ideas on how to accomodate both sides from looking at articles on WP:FA.Karmafist 15:25, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There ought to be scope for compromise here. That Coleshill is a part of the conurbation is a simple matter of fact (as of the 2001 Census at least) and should be stated as such, but its situation is clearly different to that of Castle Bromwich, Yardley or other former country villages that have been completely swallowed up by sprawl.

 * How about "Although Coleshill is part of the West Midlands conurbation, it has not been completely enveloped by it and large areas of open countryside remain between Coleshill and Birmingham"?
 * JimmyGuano 22:30, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * "Coleshill is next to the border with the West Midlands just outside Birmingham, but a part of the West Midlands conurbation. It has not been completely enveloped by the latter, and a narrow wedge of open countryside lies between Coleshill and Birmingham, north of the point where Coleshill meets Solihull" would be more accurate. I note, BTW, that no action has yet been taken, over yesterday's breach of 3RR. Andy Mabbett 22:50, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. Now see, was that so hard? I assume you're talking about the G-Man thing, Andy. It's unlikely that it'll get very far as you and him are currently butting heads in that RfC. Most users will see it as a spurious attempt to get back at G-Man since you opened it a week after he opened the RfC. My advice is let it go and move on. I'll be intentionally vague with how much countryside is between Coleshill and Birmingham (until there's an external reference verifying) and i'll add the conurb link if it isn't red, but the rest i'll copy word for word from your entry above, Andy. Good work, unprotecting now. Let's make sure any future edit wars are stopped here on the talk page before they start. Karmafist 08:29, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Most users will see it as a spurious attempt to get back at G-Man: What evdience do you have, that "most users" would be so delsuional? Was 3RR rule breached, or not? As to stopping edit wars, I suggest you address your comment to the user whose edit sumamrieds include "rm twaddle" and "rv unverified factual innacuracy". Andy Mabbett 09:19, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Response to Save On Colons
Here you go on the evidence...
 * 1) Like you said nothing has happened there yet, and there appears to be no rush by anyone to do anything there yet. You can think what you like on why that's happening, but the most likely reason why is what I said above, the apparent tit for tat timing of it. You can see for yourself when both the RfC and the 3RR notice were posted.
 * 2) If you took the high road in the first place, you would have had a better shot. I quote this directly from WP:AN/3RR. We really do mean this; this is not the page to bring up accusations of bad faith, or POV pushing. And when they talk about POV pushing, they're talking about the person who puts the notice up there, not the person being reported on.
 * 3) From the History Page, I count 3 reverts by you on October 13, and 2 by G-Man. Then on October 17 there were another 3 reverts by you and 3 by G-Man, 4 depending on technicalities(he had the first edit of that day, so it's unlikely covered under 3RR policy.) You're just as guilty as 3RR as he is, so people are less likely to take your claim seriously.

I'm reverting your edit now since apparently you decided to ignore verification before changing most of the edit we reached by consensus above. I should block you for this, but i'll be nice and let you revert again without punishment if you can define "narrow" and show proof(a link, a newspaper article, a government report, etc.) and you can do the same with the 1970s takeover, which wasn't part of the discussion above, but I'm going you that homework assignment to give you some practice with adding verification to diffuse tense situations. If you revert that without adding proof, you'll be blocked. Karmafist 16:13, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You have no authroity to make such a threat. Furthermore, there was no such consensus.Andy Mabbett 10:30, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Pigs, that was not a threat, it's my job as an admin. An apparent consensus was made, and I told you what would be needed to be done to allow your edit to be allowed in there without violating WP:NPOV. I'm sorry, but I can't continue to be as nice as before, you'll have to be blocked for edit warring. During that time, either please either work with other users to find a version that suits everyone(which from what it looked like above, was achieved), stop editing this article, or prepare for longer blocks. Karmafist 21:07, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Sigh. Ok, let's try this again
Let's try to gain consensus over here on what the conurbation status should either be fairly general or have attributions over what it is seen as. Let's please stay away from WP:WEASEL... Karmafist 16:40, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have been trying to stay out of this for a while, but the present wording isn't too bad. I have no idea why Andy is objecting to it being pointed out that Coleshill is seperated from Birmingham by a gap, as can be confirmed by any map. Stating that Coleshill 'is part of the West Midlands conurbation' without this qualification is utterly misleading. G-Man  21:00, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Yep, 80% or so of what Pigs said was kept in there, but the "narrow" part or even that there's a gap won't work unless there's some proof, and Pigs has refused to show this proof -- that seems to be the big problem.I'm not going to go out of my way to search for that proof in the hopes that this can be resolved without even more of a Deus Ex Machina presence, which has been necessary to a certain extent up to this point due to Pigs' reversion. Karmafist 01:10, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have, and have told you that I have, provided such proof already. Your assertion otherwise, especially in the light of your recent abuse of your admin powers; false accusation of vandalism, and threats, could be seen as a personal attack.Andy Mabbett 09:06, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Pigs, the only person who believes i've abused my role as an administrator is you, as evidenced here and here. The block was clearly within policy, as evidenced by those two pages. As for the 3RR, both you and G-Man 3RRed the first day of the edit war since it was a POV rather than vandalism, and on the second day, you 3RRed and G-Man 2RRed. It was very unclear who was actually the instigator there, so no action was taken by anyone.

Hopefully this is out of the way and you can explain what "narrow" means and give clarification and verification on your claim or stop editing the article otherwise. Once that happens, the problem is solved and we can move on. Karmafist 21:26, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Karmafist, your claims are lies. Andy Mabbett 22:01, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Free editing
PLEASE READ

What I'm going to do now is unprotect the article and permit a bit of free editing. I'm going to ask editors to try this: if you disagree with what the current version of the article says at any time, don't just revert to an older version if you can possibly avoid it. Instead, try to work out what it is that the person who wrote the wording you disagree with meant, and see if you can find a way of putting it that you can live with. The idea is that, instead of all trying to make our version win, we try to write a version together that we're all reasonably happy with. Meanwhile feel free to add any other edits on the way, and please respect changes that other people have made. If you must go back to an earlier wording for whatever reason, don't remove any other changes from the article that have been added since. --Tony Sidaway Talk 02:01, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Copyvio concerns
The paragraph which talks about the stocks in the market square is actually a copyvio from this website. So I'm going to have a go at rewriting it. Please feel free to make any other changes to it though. Also, I think we probably need some clarification about the post box. Cheers Paul20070 10:52, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I wonder if it is worth adding an IPA guide for the local pronunciation of the town name, which to my ear usually sounds something like "Coal-zl" or even "Co-zl". Does look right? DWaterson (talk) 21:10, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Seems ok to me. Most of the people I know from the town seem to pronounce it "Co-zl". I lived there myself when I was a nipper, but never seemed to pick up the dialect. Paul Largo (talk) 22:32, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Good info to add. I only had ancestors there that left >100 years ago (well, some are buried in the cemetery) Casliber (talk · contribs) 22:39, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I've now added the pronunciation to the introduction as it's useful information to include. I hope it works all right. Paul Largo (talk) 22:20, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Needs a photo
I know there's already one of the railway station, but a picture of the town itself would be nice - Coleshill Church or the High Street perhaps. Paul Largo (talk) 19:41, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
 * There is this one of the church that can be used. Church photo. Keith D (talk) 20:30, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

That's a great picture and would enhance the article. I notice there are pictures for most of the places I requested photos for on that site. Are we allowed to upload anything from there? Paul Largo (talk) 11:35, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Any images from that site can be uploaded for use in wiki projects as it is licensed in a similar way to wiki. It is recommended that they are put directly on to Commons so that they can be used on any of the projects. They will eventually get migrated there but that is more effort than putting them there in the first place. Your login should be valid for use on commons now we have a unified login. If you have a problem let me know and I will see what I can do to help. Keith D (talk) 18:22, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Thanks. I'll have a go at uploading a few images there in the next few days (probably over the weekend). Paul Largo (talk) 13:42, 15 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I have ancestors buried in the Churchyard (not on my desktop currently - think it is St Pauls???) Casliber (talk · contribs) 20:48, 15 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, St Peter and St Paul. Just discovered they even have their own website And I'm informed by someone who lives in Coleshill that a minister recently came over from the US as part of an exchange programme with the local vicar - the guy's name is Father Ted. :) TheRetroGuy (talk) 12:34, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * File now uploaded. Not as quickly as I planned unfortunately, but done eventually. There's quite a lot of useful stuff on that site so I think I'll be uploading a few more from there. Paul Largo (talk) 18:40, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I also just found this image of the Church. I think the other one is better though because the article talks about the steaple and that picture better emphasizes its height. Paul Largo (talk) 19:16, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Coleshill, Warwickshire


text:
User talk:Ed Poor/Paul Klenk

Paul Klenk: help with a dispute
User Imdaking has been ganging up on me with other users. He admits on his user page that Unike is his AKA. I tagged both pages as sock puppets. He has been using Unike as a sock puppet to revert pages, and attack and annoy me. One moment, he says it's an old account, then next moment he's using that account. I'm getting fed up. I also suspect Chriss P. and others to be sock puppets of the same account. Can you please help me take care of this, as several users are not threatening me on my own talk page, and some of them are doing it anonymously. Paul Klenk 05:28, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

I blocked Paul Klenk for 12 hours for vandalising user pages and making personal attacks despite warnings. --Ryan Delaney talk 05:42, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Ed, there's really no need to help, I think it's a dispute between the two users which other users accidentally got dragged into, for example he accused User:FreplySpang and me of being socks including putting the sock tag on our pages and I think he went a bit overboard on a sock hunt, I've left a note on his userpage explaining this and also volunteering to answer any questions he might have the subject, I think that will be the end of it. Jtkiefer  T - 05:52, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ed, Paul Klenk here. I really need your advice on how to handle this situation.  Regardless of what Jtkiefer said above, I never accused FreplySpang of being a sock (although I did tag Jtkiefer's page for reasons which I can explain).  The incident started after I made edits at Dirty Jobs; the originator of the page, Imdaking, started making rude comments, reverting my edits, and adding my name on his user page under the title "List of Annoying People."  He told me to leave his work along and edit my own pages.  I tried repeatedly to explain the reasons I was making the changes, which you can see if you read the history of that page.  Then, another user, Unike started making changes as well.

 * I read Imdaking's user page, noticed he was using Unike as a sock puppet, and did some research about the practice. After determining he was sock puppeting for the purpose of hiding his identity from me (as both Unike and 69.227.31.39), I tagged the pages of Imdaking, Unike and Chriss P. (also the same user, logging in and out as different users during the evening) as socks.  They immediately started reverting the pages to remove the tags.  Then, in almost no time whatsover, Jtkiefer joined in the reverting.  As I realized I was dealing with someone using three user names and one or two anonymous IP addresseses, I had no alternative but to assume that Jtkiefer was the same person as the three-in-one user Imdaking, Unike, and Chriss P.

 * While this was going one, anonymous people were leaving Warnings on my talk page, telling me to "stop harassing users and vandalising their pages". Well, I think you can see that I was harassing no one, and the only changes I made to pages were in good faith, and the users were ADMITTEDLY the same.  I was vandalizing no one.  If you disagree with this, and think I was vandalizing, please show me where.  Well, as I was getting anonymous users posting warnings on my page, Ryan came to Imdaking's rescue, and without telling me who he was, started posting the same warnings as Imdaking was posting.  Knowing I was only tagging pages that merited it, and not having any idea who Ryan was, I continued reverting pages when the sock tags were removed.

 * Then Ryan had me blocked for 12 hours. The "blocked user" page invited me to communicate to Ryan via e-mail, which I did, and he has never replied to me.  Further, Jtkiefer has made little effort to answer my questions about this whole affair.  I'm a relatively new user and do good work; I take care to make edits to others' work that is appropriate.  I would like to discuss this with you, Ed.  It is unthinkable to me that Ryan and Jtkiefer have come to the defense of Imdaking, an admitted sock, and blocked me, accusing me of vandalism when it is VERY clear the only changes I made were to add sock tags to the pages of admitted socks.  Thanks.  Paul Klenk 21:35, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Paul, I don't know what this is all about. Is there some improvement you'd like to make to this encyclopedia? What specific improvement is being thwarted? Uncle Ed 14:40, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I just told you what it's all about. Did you even read what I wrote?  I'd like to create and edit articles without having crackpots complain when I edit "their" articles, and without having them use multiple identities to harass me, vandalise my page, and complain to their buddies, and without getting some absentee, unaccountable admin to block me for 12 hours.  This started when I rewrote an article Dirty Jobs that was plagiarized whole-hog from an Internet promotion of the show.

 * The nineteen-year-old miscreant was sockpuppeting in order to revert my edits and complain to/about me, so I tagged his three identities as socks. Then some admin, who has since refused to explain himself, blocked me for 12 hours.  What part of this don't you understand?  Afterwards, he vandalised my talk page.  Now, last night, another crackpot complained that I improperly tagged for deletion his efforts at 1] creating pages for one single scene in a movie; and 2] creating category tags for "characters who excel at anal sex in the movies".  I'd like to improve Wikipedia by creating original new articles, editing existing articles, and tagging patent nonsense for deletion without having teenage bullies round up their friends to gang up on me .   If you can do something about it great; if not, let me know so I don't waste your time.  Paul Klenk 15:02, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

It's annoying to have your account blocked. It even happened to *me* once. But you have to give the encyclopedia priority over your personal feelings. Please avoid personal remarks when discussing articles or administrative actions. Rather, focus on what contributions you plan to make to specific articles.

I've marked with strikeout tags a few phrases above which (in my opinion) detract from your argument because they verge on being personal attacks. Uncle Ed 10:17, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ed Poor/Paul Klenk


text:
Jacka, Australian Capital Territory

Jacka is a suburb of Gungahlin, Canberra, the National Capital of Australia. The suburb was gazetted on 25 April 2001 and development began in 2013. It had some residents at the beginning of 2014. The suburb is named after Albert Jacka, the first Australian to be decorated with the Victoria Cross during the First World War, receiving the medal for his actions during the Gallipoli Campaign. Jacka is located in north Gungahlin adjacent to the suburbs of Amaroo, Taylor, Bonner and Moncrieff. The suburb is located approximately 4 km from the Gungahlin Town Centre and 16 km from the centre of Canberra.

Development
The suburb when finished is expected to accommodate approximately 1500 blocks and contain a variety in housing types including:
 * Standard residential;
 * Medium and higher density residential;
 * Compact block housing in the locations identified in the Compact Block Housing for New Estates; and
 * "Affordable housing" in accordance with the Affordable Housing Action Plan.

Heritage
An important feature within the suburb is the Horse Park Wetlands located in the southern central part of the central valley. The Wetlands along with the 'Horse Park Homestead Complex, Sedgeland and Surrounds' are now listed on the Register of the National Estate. The Wetland is an important habitat for Latham's snipe Gallinargo hardwickii, a small bird that migrates annually from South East Australia to north half a semi-sphere away to the climes of Japan and China. The Wetlands and Homestead have also been nominated for inclusion on the ACT Heritage Register.

Geography
Jacka's concept plan specifies green buffers along creeklines, and the inclusion of bushland parks. Jacka's southern boundary where two creeks drain the suburb into Amaroo is its lowest point 628 metres. The suburb rises 80 metres to 708 metres on its eastern boundary. Mostly the suburb covers a valley floor with a line of three hills in a north west line in the western side.

Geology
The rocks of the area are late middle Silurian period. They are called Canberra Formation and consist of slate, shale, and mudstone with a patch each of dacite, ashstone and tuff.

title: Jacka, Australian Capital Territory


text:
Rock the House (album)

Rock the House is the debut album from the hip hop duo DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. The album was released on April 7, 1987 in Europe and the United States, and was subsequently re-issued in 1988 in Europe and the United Kingdom. Three tracks from the album were released as singles: "The Magnificent Jazzy Jeff", "A Touch of Jazz" and "Girls Ain't Nothing But Trouble". When the album was released on CD in 1988, the rerecorded version of "Girls Ain't Nothing But Trouble", which was released as a single after He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper ran its course, replaced the original 1986 recording.The art work for the Album cover was done by a local Philadelphia Artist Charles Gossett.

Samples
"Girls Ain't Nothing but Trouble" "Just One of Those Days" "Rock the House" "Takin' It to the Top" "The Magnificent Jazzy Jeff" "Just Rockin'" "Guys Ain't Nothing But Trouble" "A Touch of Jazz"
 * Sample credits
 * Theme from I Dream of Jeannie (1985 recording for Television's Greatest Hits: 65 TV Themes! From the 50's and 60's)
 * "Catch the Beat" by T-Ski Valley
 * "Puttin' on the Ritz" by Taco
 * "Change the Beat (Female Version)" by Beside
 * "Ben" by Michael Jackson
 * Theme From Sanford and Son
 * "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" by Diana Ross
 * "The Big Beat" by Billy Squier
 * "Cold Sweat" by James Brown
 * "Kool Is Back" by Funk, Inc.
 * "Good Times" by Chic
 * "Change the Beat (Female Version)" by Beside
 * "Def Jam" by Jazzy Jay
 * "Get Fly" by T.J. Swann & Company
 * "Kool Is Back" by Funk, Inc.
 * "Dance to the Drummer's Beat" by Herman Kelly and Life
 * "Here We Go" by Run-DMC
 * "Punk Rock Rap" by The Cold Crush Brothers
 * "Roxanne's Revenge" by Roxanne Shante
 * State of the Union speech by Ronald Reagan
 * "Girls Ain't Nothing But Trouble" by DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince
 * "Death Mix (Part II)" by Afrika Bambaataa
 * "The Saga of Roxanne ('It's Fresh')" by Korner Boyz
 * "19" by Paul Hardcastle
 * "(Nothing Serious) Just Buggin'" by Whistle
 * "Funky Drummer" by James Brown
 * "The Big Beat" by Billy Squier
 * "Shout" by Tears for Fears
 * "Reading the Comics - July, 1945" by Fiorello La Guardia
 * "Change the Beat" (Female Version) by Beside
 * "Rocket In The Pocket (Live)" by Cerrone
 * Theme From I Dream of Jeannie
 * "Westchester Lady" by Bob James
 * "'T' Plays It Cool" by Marvin Gaye
 * "Harlem River Drive" by Bobbi Humphrey
 * "Mr. Magic" by Grover Washington Jr.
 * "Change (Makes You Want to Hustle)" by Donald Byrd

title: Rock the House (album)


text: Category:Will Smith albums

title: Category:Will Smith albums


text:
User:Libro

Libro
The word Libro has in Italian, Spanish und Esperanto the meaning book. I haven chosen this user name because I love reading.

de:Benutzer:Libro cs:Wikipedista:Libro fr:Utilisateur:Libro

title: User:Libro


text:
Talk:Slovenes

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Slovenes. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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2010s: Slovenian disillusionment with socio-economic elites
Wouldn't this section be much better on a History of Slovenia page? I'm not sure it's relevant enough to merit it's own section on the ethnic group page...--Yalens (talk) 05:03, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Category:Slavic countries and territories
It is currently being proposed that Category:Slavic countries and territories be deleted. This article is related to that category. The relevant discussion is located at Categories for discussion/Log/2020 January 8. The discussion would benefit from input from editors with a knowledge of and interest in Slovenes. Krakkos (talk) 11:12, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

Slovenes in Socialist Yugoslavia
Much of the information in this part including entire subsections don't provide any information about Slovenes as a people, but are more about Slovenia itself during the period. If I clean this up, I will have to make big removals so I wanted some opinions first. --Juicy Oranges (talk) 18:37, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slovenes


text:
KingsIsle Entertainment

KingsIsle Entertainment, Inc. is an American video game developer based in Round Rock, Texas. Founded in January 2005 by Elie Akilian, the company operates a development studio in Round Rock, Texas, which hosts the majority of its staff. KingsIsle is best known for its massively multiplayer online role-playing games, Wizard101 and Pirate101. After Media and Games Invest acquired KingsIsle in January 2021, Akilian spun off the mobile games segment as Wimo Games.

History
KingsIsle Entertainment was founded in January 2005 by Elie Akilian. Inspired by his teenage son, who was a fan of video games, Akilian established KingsIsle in Plano, Texas, and started hiring former employees of id Software and Ubisoft to work on what would become Wizard101. To do so, Akilian used funds generated from the 2004 sale of his communications software company Inet Technologies to Tektronix for US$325 million. J. Todd Coleman, who had sold his company, Wolfpack Studios, to Ubisoft in 2004, joined KingsIsle in December 2007 after being introduced to Akilian through mutual contacts. Coleman became the company's third employee and the first to be located in Austin, Texas, where he was joined by former Wolfpack Studios co-founder Josef Hall shortly after.

On April 25, 2008, KingsIsle formally announced its existence after "three years of lock down secrecy". At this point, the company had 100 employees in Plano and Austin, and was run by Akilian as chairman and chief executive officer, and David Nichols, formerly of Midway Games, as president. For the company's first project, Wizard101, Coleman headed the development, while Tom Hall, the co-founder of id Software and Ion Storm, served as creative director. Later that year, KingsIsle released Wizard101 as a card-battling massively multiplayer online role-playing game aimed towards children and teenagers, in which players take on the role of student witches and wizards in a fantasy world. In September 2012, Wizard101 had over 30 million registered users.

To accommodate the growth of its Austin studio, KingsIsle leased 18,000 square feet of office space in the Domain 5 building of Austin's The Domain complex in December 2008. In February 2010, KingsIsle released WizardBlox, a free game based on the Sorcery Stones mini-game from Wizard101, for iOS. By September 2010, Austin hosted the majority of KingsIsle's 120 staff. The employee count rose to 135 by February 2011, and to 220 by August 2012.

In October 2012, KingsIsle released its second online game, Pirate101, which takes place within the same universe as Wizard101. The following November, KingsIsle released Grub Guardian, a tower defense game where players defend their towers with guard animals. Grub Guardian was released on iOS, as well as for personal computers and Android devices as a browser game, and later as a native Android application.

In January 2013, Coleman announced his departure from KingsIsle. In 2014, Tyler, Texas-based company Smartflash LLC sued KingsIsle, alongside Apple Inc., Game Circus, and Robot Entertainment, for infringement on three patents filed by Smartflash's founder and part-owner, Patrick Racz, that related to digital distribution of game content, primarily in-app purchases. All defendants, except for Apple, were dismissed from the case later that same year under undisclosed circumstances. It is believed that the companies either settled out of court or had their liabilities absorbed by Apple.

On May 12, 2016, KingsIsle laid off 72 employees from its Austin studio, citing the cancellation of several unreleased mobile games and a shift in product strategy. In May 2017, KingsIsle released EverClicker for Android and iOS. In September 2017, the company leased 19,871 square feet of office space at 301 Sundance Parkway in Round Rock, Texas. In August 2018, KingsIsle released Animal Cove: Match 3 Adventure for Android and iOS. In September 2018, Dave Rosen and Craig Beers joined KingsIsle's executive team as vice-president of marketing and vice-president of product management, respectively.

In January 2021, KingsIsle was acquired by the Malta-based holding company Media and Games Invest for US$126 million and further US$84 million as earn-out. Akilian subsequently spun off the company's mobile games segment as Wimo Games, heading it as executive chairman. In December, the studio signed an economic development agreement with the Round Rock City Council to move into new 33000 sqft headquarters in Round Rock. The new offices facilitated all of the studio's employees, including the 80 from the former Round Rock location, and aimed at employing 150 further people within three years.

title: KingsIsle Entertainment


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rolia

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 15:11, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

Rolia
This page has been listed on Pages needing translation into English for over two weeks. It does not appear to have much encyclopedic potential. Comments from WP:PNT (not votes):
 * Xrce says: Chinese. Sietse 20:04, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
 * :Looks like an ad for a chat site targeted at Chinese immigrants to Canada. -Adjusting 20:13, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rolia


text:
Kirdi

The Kirdi are the many cultures and ethnic groups who inhabit northwestern Cameroon and northeastern Nigeria.

The term was applied to various ethnic groups who refused to convert to Islam after Islamic conquests of the region and was a pejorative, although some writers have reappropriated it. The term comes from the Kanuri word for pagan; the Kanuri people are predominantly Muslim.

In the eleventh century, people such as the Fulani converted to Islam and spread throughout West Africa in the following centuries. They had also begun migrating to Cameroon, where they had attempted to convert the pre-existing peoples. Therefore, the kirdi, have fewer similarities culturally or linguistically as they do in their general geographic dispersal, primarily situated in the arid steppe and savannahs of North and Far North regions of Cameroon

Estimates of how many groups may be described as Kirdi vary, with estimates ranging from 26 (2007) to more than 40 (1977).

The Bata, Fali, Fata, Gemjek, Guidar, Giziga, Hurza, Kapsiki, Mada, Mafa, Massa, Matakam, Mofou, Mora, Mousgoum, Muyang, Ouldeme, Podoko, Toupouri people, Vame and Zulgo are all considered Kirdi, due to their resistance to Islam. They speak Chadic and Adamawa languages.

The first mentioning of Kirdi is by Denham in 1826 (1985:145) who translates the word Kerdies as "Negroes who have never embraced the Mohammedan faith".

Generally, the Kirdi have been underrepresented in the Cameroonian political system. Based on the frequently quoted CIA World Factbook, the Kirdi represent 11 percent of the Cameroon population, compared to the predominantly Muslim and more culturally homogeneous Fulani at 10 percent of the Cameroon population; then Cameroon Highlanders 31 percent, Equatorial Bantu 19 percent, Northwestern Bantu, 8 percent, and Eastern Nigritic 7 percent, and other African and non-Africans representing 14 percent. Given their historical under-representation, the Kirdi has never constituted a political voting bloc. Seeking to gain Kirdi votes, the Fulani, while historically they despise the Kirdi, cajole them into boosting their electoral chances, such as for the Cameroonian Union or UC. Although the Kirdi community is vastly diverse in cultures, based on pressures from rival groups, such as the Fulani, they have come to see themselves as a single group of people, and have had an increasing interest in representation in the political system.

Bata
The Bata people of Northern Cameroon number only approximately 13,500 persons in their current historical region. They are Chadic people. The language that they speak is Bata, from the Chadic language family. Many Bata people have converted to Islam, while those that remain in their historic region continue pagan practices.

Fali
The Fali people are concentrated in mountainous areas of Northern Cameroon and some live in northeastern Nigeria. In Nigeria, they are called the Bana people. They speak various unrelated languages. These people have origins from the Ngomma people, who founded an ancient capital of their once sovereign land, Timpil. They are monotheistic and atavistic but later became Christian. The Fali are distinguished from the other Kirdi for their vibrant ornately decorated textiles and clothing.

Kapsiki
The Kapsiki people, also known as the Kamwe people, live in villages of 2000–6000 people, and subsist on livestock farming, agriculture and, in the village of Rumsiki in particular, on tourism. In Nigeria, the Kapsiki people live on the slopes of the mountains and the western plains. The Kapsiki have been living in this area for five centuries, long before the great slave hunts of the 19th century, but due to their isolated habitat they have been able to maintain themselves against the Fulbe people. Other peoples of the Mandara region, such as the Mafa, Mofu, Podoko Guisiga, or Daba peoples have also remained protected due to their isolated habitat.

Mafa
The Mafa people are located in the Far North Cameroon region and are known for many agricultural technological achievements. These ethno-engineering procedures include: small-scale irrigation, canalization, and drainage systems. In addition, the Mafa practice an extensive variety of soil fertility management procedures, including: crop rotation and mixed cropping, Agroforestry, biomass, nutrient management. They speak the Mafa language of the Chadic language family.

Mofu
The Mofu people primarily exist in the extreme North Province of Cameroon. Their languages are separate languages of the Biu–Mandara branch of the Chadic language family.

Mousgoum
The Musgum people (Musgum or Mulwi) are a Chadic ethnic group in Cameroon. Many Musgums engage in agriculture with staple crops including: ground nuts and cotton which are sold for commercial use.

Tupuri
The Tupuri people, also known as the Tupouri, have historically resided east of Kaélé in the Kaele division and in the Kar-Hay subdivision of the Mayo-Danay division of the Far North Province. They are a kirdi ethnic group and language, that stretches from northern Cameroon into Chad. This language is from the Chadic language family. The language they speak is also called Tupuri.

Zulgo
While being a Chadic people, their language is from the Zulgu-Gezmek apart from the Chadic language family.

Name origins
There is controversy regarding the name “Kirdi”, as it has come to be associated as a pejorative. This derogatory term has been adopted by Fulani and other Cameroonian languages. The term has an origin from Kanuri and is ultimately thought to be derived from the Arabic language word for "monkey". Although some writers have considered the name as a proper moniker for the collection of peoples. Presently, Kirdi bears the general meaning "pagan," in opposition to the Fulani and other Muslim groups. In recent years, many have reclaimed the label as a means of identification and political unity, giving rise to the “kirditude” movement.

Kirditude is thought to have been kickstarted as a movement in opposition to the largely Muslim Fulani political base for Maigari Bello Bouba’s UNDP during the 1991 election campaign. The term is only recognized in the Extreme North and North regions, while it is not used in the Adamawa region, the Fulfulde term Matchoubé, meaning "slave" or "servant," is used instead. Most groups, that are recognized under the umbrella term that is the kirdi peoples speak Afro-Asiatic languages, though some speak Niger-Congo Languages, this depends on the geographic dispersal of the groups, while there are still groups considered kirdi that have remained within the governance of Nigeria as opposed to Cameroon. Like Cameroon, the kirdi are a vast multitude of many diverse languages, some of which vary by entire language families.

The historical meaning of the word, kirdi, can be best translated to mean the following, ‘all those who were non-Muslims and who could therefore be subjected to slavery’. Those that rejected conversion to Islam or to be relegated as merely a tributary during the Adamawa Emirate were capture as slaves. This is where the term kirdi earned its use. However, writers have repurposed the term to encompass a general collective group not united with language, customs, or religion, but of the specific negation of one religion, as well as being historical peoples of the Mandara Mountains. From this, Kirdi has come to be interpreted in the context of a group of people united by the social ideology that emphasizes resistance overall.

History
The Republic of Cameroon, the locus of most Kirdi began at the start of colonization from insurgent Muslim groups. By the 1400s Europeans started their occupation, such as from the Kamerun then split between north and south regions by France and Britain. Following the Second World War came under the United Nations as UN Trusteeships, anticipating that the Kirdi would be granted their own self-governance, which seemed perspective as most political groups began to form from the people groups. During the eleventh century and onwards into the nineteenth century Muslim Fulani from the Niger basin have migrated to Cameroon, this continued into the nineteenth century. The Fulani population grew at the coast and southern area of Cameroon and converted the pre-existing inhabitants. During the late 1770s and the early 19th century, the Fulani, an Islamic pastoral people of the western Sahel, conquered most of what is now northern Cameroon, subjugating or displacing its largely non-Muslim inhabitants.

In 1960, Cameroon declared its independence and adopted a constitution by popular referendum. By 1972, the constitution was redrafted essentially establishing a one-party state. Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo, a Fulani Muslim from French Cameroons, would remain in power from 1960 to his death in 1989. The kirdi have sought representation in recent years from minority parties like the Social Democratic Front (SDF) in opposition to the Fulani-dominated Union Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Progrès (UNDP). Christian missionaries have had some success among the Kirdi in recent years. Major Kirdi personalities include Luc Ayang and Etienne Hollong.

Religion
Christian missions have had some success among the Kirdi in recent years. While kirdi generally bears the meaning "pagan," in opposition to the Fulani and other Muslim groups, they do not all practice atavistic customs and pagan rituals, many have converted to Christianity and are increasingly self-identifying as a Christian political bloc, to contrast the Muslims opposing blocs.

Islamisation during the Fulani jihad
The Kirdi are the historical people of the Mandara mountains, as well as the historical peoples of the Far North Region, Cameroon. In the nineteenth century the Islamic scholar and jihad, Modibbo Adama, began the Fulani colonization. This mass migration led to more than 60 percent of the region's total population being of Fulani peoples, not native to that region. The great displacement of the historical residents of these regions started in the early nineteenth century, from what would come to be known as the Adamawa Emirate. The Fulani colonization would eventually lead to the Fulani becoming the preeminent people in the region. Given that the Fulani are not native to the region, it is a remarkable achievement that they became the dominant population. Modibbo Adama was a Fulani scholar and holy warrior. Before leading the jihad, he was a student of the school of Islam. He was mentored under the teachings of Fulani mystic Usman dan Fodio. Adama's reign lasted from 1806 to his death in 1847. Modibbo Adama conquered the region of Fombina, which presently makes up the areas of modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria. His actions opened the opportunity for more of his people to enter into the region and claim the territory as theirs. After declaring his own jihad, as Usman had done in Northern regions in Chad, Adama entered into the region accompanied with a legion of people dedicated to converting the region under which these tribes resided. Adama met Usman in 1806, probably in Gwandu. There, they learned that his intention was to extend his jihad eastward, into Fumbina. The goal was ostensibly to convert various Kirdi (pagan) peoples to Islam. Once under the control of the region, Adama gave enemy nations two options: either convert to Islam or submit to losing autonomy and becoming a tributary state. Those groups that both formed their own formidable resistance but lacked the structural integrity available under nations gifted with a centralized government, had but one option: become slaves. The kirdi then became the group that lacked a government to resist Fulani intrusion and so became slaves to the Fulani and placed under their oppressive reign until they submitted to Islam. To this day, many of the nations that resisted conversion at the time of the Adama Emirate, still are not Muslim now. Major changes occurred based on the legacy of Modibo Adama even after the sovereignty of his caliphate was lost to other powers from the south. New converts to Islam learned Arabic writing and studied the Qur'an (DeLancey, 2010). This introduced increased rates of literacy in a region that had virtually no literacy. While the Kirdi tended to be sedentary cultivators of their land, the Fulani and associated groups were primarily pastoralists, which led to the land changing starkly to one that better suits cattle. Deforestation by the Fulani had permanently altered the land of the Northern plateau.

Disenfranchisement
In line with many sub-Saharan African states Cameroon has had a tumultuous history under authoritarian ruling powers, their first president a Muslim Fulani, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo. The kirdi has had to battle with discrimination and disenfranchisement from many other powers particularly those groups who had a history of campaigns to convert the collection of communities towards Islam. As it currently stands, the religious demographic of the Republic of Cameroon is just under half Muslim, mostly concentrated by the coast by Bantu people communities, while the Kirdi tend to state in the savanna further inland in the north.

Food
Located in West Africa, Cameroon the elongated triangle has popularly been known as miniature Africa, or the microcosm of all of Africa. Many of the staple foods of the Kirdi have been influenced through trade and exploitation from European powers. These influences came first with the arrival of the British in 1800, followed by the French, then the Germans. Although other cuisines from China, Italy, and Russia have crept into the Northern region of Cameroon, as the capital of Cameroon, Yaoundé, is a highly metropolitan city in Africa. The kirdi have some traditional foods specific to their specific region, which reflect some of the many staples common to West Africa. The most popular staple is fufu, which generally refers to a dough made from boiled and pounded starchy provisions such as mandioca, plantains, yams, cassava, or malanga. In some recipes, fat is added to fufu for added fortification. This fat can derive from animals or plants. Local ingredients include the following staple foods in Cameroon: cassava, yams, rice, plantain, potato, sweet potatoes, maize, beans, millet, a wide variety of cocoyams, and many vegetables. Melons, pumpkins, and beans are also cultivated.

Medicinal practices
Cameroon like other West African countries has a pattern of mortality that far outstretches that of the developed world. This has been slowly improving with the help of global initiatives that have aided in bringing vaccines, and western medicine to the region. Diligent workers came to the local communities to assist professionals and provide equipment, establishing a link between traditional medicine and western medicine. However, continuing high rates of mortality indicate the significant impact of infectious diseases and the high risks of death during pregnancy and childbirth. Respiratory diseases remain one of the leading causes of death. To mitigate the harsh conditions that pastoral communities of Far North Region, Cameroon have to deal with, international health organizations have invested in understanding the ethnobotany of this region, and the thousands of years of traditional medicinal practices that have provided some relief before multilateral health initiatives. These medical practices include the consumption of raw plants, crude extraction methods, decoctions, and fermentation processes. Plants used for medicinal practices include Cissus quadrangularis, which is significant to Fali in Cameroon, who are reported to wash their dead in a decoction of the plant.

Spiritual practices
The kirdi, in keeping with their traditional practices prior to the jihad, had practiced pagan beliefs. These beliefs had been identified as monotheistic. The followers of the Fali religion have kept this faith for thousands of years. Their beliefs include that there is a creator god that is omnipotent. This superior overarching character to the Fali and similar branches have dubbed it as Muttaf, although other names have also been adopted for the same general concept. As well as the creator god, the Fali believe, there is another by the name of Ona, which has come to signify mother earth. The Ona deity has been used interchangeably with the planet Earth. When the Fali speak of the planet, the soil, the natural resources, and the passing of time, they do so in respect to Ona. Ona, together with Muttaf, is responsible for the creation of all things. These creations credited to the deity known as Muttaf, range from relatives, ancestors, the individual, the natural resources of the Earth, the Earth included, the sky, and everything else. However, Muttaf is not singularly the creator of all things, such as the monotheistic god adopted by Abrahamic religions, but rather they identify him as purely one who is undetectable to human intelligence. An area where Islamic thought bleeds into other religious sects, the god Muttaf is prohibited from being drawn, as by its very nature he is opposed to being limited by any and all modes of expression. There have been cases where violence has ensued spurred from drawings of Muttaf. Additionally, the religion includes supernatural beings, as people that have fought to keep their atavistic beliefs while being influenced under the subjugation of religions such as Islam. They establish one realm where the humans inhabit, and another realm of holy deities, and a third intermediary universe that interacts with both where the supernatural beings exist. These spirits can be summoned and communicated with the Fali followers, so as to make pardons for the holy deities on the believer's behalf. Some of these supernatural deities of the intermediary realm include genies capable of granting wishes, sacred crocodiles that are to be coveted and praised, and the black snake. By 2009, a growing proportion of Fali Kirdi had converted to Christianity, although many of these converts still maintain their syncretic dogmatism. The population of Fali in total is well over 250, 000 people, or roughly the same as the population of Suriname (2017). Currently, 99 percent of Fali are Christian. The most prominent churches in Fali land, being in the northwestern region of Cameroon, are Catholic, Baptist, and EYN with few Pentecostal churches emerging in recent days.

title: Kirdi