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Epic (video game)

Epic (or Epic : The Adventure Begins) is a space combat simulation game developed by Digital Image Design and published by Ocean Software for the Commdore Amiga and Atari ST in early 1992. A port to MS-DOS also appeared in the same year, followed by a version for the NEC PC-9801 in 1993. A sequel, titled Inferno, was released in 1994 for PCs only.

Gameplay
Epic is an action-based space flight simulator game. It features eight completely different levels (including two in two phases), which take place either in space or over the surface of a planet. Each has a tight time limit to complete the mission (destroying the assigned targets); failure results in the loss of one of the player's ships, and may affect the gameplay in subsequent missions.

Plot
The plot borrowed heavily from the television series Battlestar Galactica, Star Trek and the Star Wars film franchise, focussing on a fleet of ships carrying the human inhabitants of a planet threatened by an imminent supernova. Their escape route leads through Rexxon Empire territory; however, the Rexxons doubt the humans' motives, and refuse safe passage. With no other option, the humans are forced to attempt a crossing anyway, leading to war between the two.

As the game progresses, it becomes apparent to the Rexxon scientists monitoring the humans' sun that the exodus is indeed genuine. However, the Rexxon military suppresses this knowledge and doubles down on their efforts to stop the humans' fleet, deepening the conflict.

The player controls the fleet's only hope, one of three experimental Epic class fighters. In the final mission, the fighter is also used to deploy a cobalt bomb.

Development
The game had been in development for about three years and had been repeatedly delayed. At first it was known under the working title Goldrunner 3D and was initially announced to be published by Microdeal as a spiritual sequel to the two Uridium-like Goldrunner top-down shooting games, before a publishing deal was signed with Ocean in 1989.

Much of the technology that was used to create F29 Retaliator had been used to create Epic. The action is viewed in 3D, with graphics being a mix of uniformly-coloured polygons and bitmaps (featuring 16 colours for Atari ST and 32 colours in the Amiga version, largely shades of grey). Cut-scenes that move the story along vary between the versions; the Atari ST and Amiga versions are largely the same, a combination of pre-rendered 3D artwork overlaid with dynamically generated ships, and more conventional artwork where characters are involved. On the Atari ST, some pre-rendered images have been dropped and replaced with similar, animated bitmap versions of the same scene. The PC release, which unlike the Amiga and Atari ST versions was only ever intended to be installed and run from a hard disk, has enhanced cut-scenes reflecting the extra resources available to the developers. Other graphics are more detailed, including the Epic fighter's cockpit and the in-game 3D ship models have been changed subtly. The Rexxon fighters, for example, are less angular.

In game music for both the Atari ST and PC features Mars, the Bringer of War and the Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity from The Planets by Gustav Holst, the Atari ST rendition being composed of samples. The Amiga received a new composition.

The game's box art was provided by Bob Wakelin, in one of his last commissions from Ocean. While approved by the publisher's management, it was not liked by the developers. Wakelin later alleged that one of them had given him his brief when intoxicated. The look of the pilot was based on both Harrison Ford and Mel Gibson.

Release
Epic was released by Ocean in the Spring of 1992 on home computer formats at a price of £25.99 in the UK. Some releases included a bonus anaglyphic 3D poster of the game's box art, complete with branded glasses. According to Amiga Power, the initial release version of Epic had a fatal glitch that caused the game to crash, leading to many returns of the game.

Later that year, it was included as the lead pack-in title by Commodore UK for their Amiga 600-focused Epic bundle, alongside Rome: Pathway to Power and Myth: History in the Making, squarely aimed at the Christmas buying market. Unlike the retail release, this version could only be run from the Amiga 600's hard disk.

Subsequently, the game received a budget re-release in 1994, on Ocean's Hit Squad label. In December 2019 the PC version of the game was re-released digitally, bundled with its sequel Inferno.

Reception
Critical reception of Epic was mixed. A number of magazines scored the game highly, including review scores of 92% for the PC version from Mega Zone, 91% from CU Amiga and Amiga User International, and 90% from Amiga Action. ACE, for instance, gave the Amiga and ST versions a score of 839 (out of a possible 1000), praising its fast 3D graphics and sense of scale, but disliking its longevity and lack of depth. In ST Format, the game received a score of 91% and was described as "the best blaster that the ST has seen in some time".

The title fared less well with Amiga Power which gave the game 34%, noting its many glitches and gameplay problems, such as mission time limits. The magazine's reviewer concluded that Epic felt "rushed" and "unfinished", and had prioritised looks over gameplay. Maff Evans in Amiga Format delivered a similar verdict and criticism, also awarding a score of 34%; he noted that the despite being two years late, the game felt rushed to release and expressed that the game was too short. The magazine also published feedback from players in the review, many of whom also completed the game shortly after purchase, complaining that a cheat mode for the game was included in the instructions.

With such a long gestation, the game was previewed to magazines long before release. The result was that some magazines included comments about features and shortcomings that were not present in the game that finally made it to the retailers. For example, CU Amiga referred to the Amiga version's music being from The Planets, although in the final release this was not the case.

Amiga Power 's review went as far as criticising other magazines for reviewing an incomplete game and by extension, misleading their readership."'Other reviews which you may have read in other magazines - usually glowing, we might add - which appeared up to six or seven months ago were based on fairly early demo versions, and are thus completely invalid. We'll say it now and say it loud - reviewing unfinished games does the reader no service at all, and if you suspect a magazine of doing so, and there are a lot which are guilty in this instance, you should either make their lives hell or simply stop buying their mag.'"On re-release, all magazines marked the game down, with Amiga Power providing a renewed rating of 30%, commenting that the game had not improved with age. CU Amiga was more generous in its scoring, awarding the title 70%, but less so in its comments highlighting the game's lack of depth, although the reviewer did mention that it played much better on the faster Amiga 1200, which was not released at the time the game first appeared.

Expansion pack
An expansion pack for the game, Epic Extra Missions, was included on the cover disk for issue 47 of The One which was only issued for the game on the Amiga. The magazine suggested that other packs would be made available for the game, however there was no commercial release.

title: Epic (video game)


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Talk:Investigative journalism

Untitled
Morning all. I think this article is a good start. It needs fleshing out quite a bit. In fact a few more bones could be added also. I am happy to collaborate with any other editors who have access to any solid information on investigative journalism. I am also doing some research into ethical standards and IJ. Any information from reliable sources will be much appreciated. AlanBarnet 08:19, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Hi again. Here are some sources that could be useful.

Investigative Journalism : Context and Practice by Hugo de Burgh (Paperback - May 2000)

This book is quite rigorous. It covers practice pretty well. Investigative Reporting: A Study in Technique (Journalism Media Manual,) by DAVID SPARK (Paperback - Dec 1999)

This book may help explain the methodologies of IJ.

The Investigative Reporter's Handbook: A Guide to Documents, Databases and Techniques by Len Bruzzese, Brant Houston, and Steve Weinberg (Hardcover - Feb 15, 2002)

They're pretty recent. I'll have a browse. Any input is much appreciated. AlanBarnet 04:46, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Adding some quotes and info
Hi if there is anyone out there who wants to verify my quotes I am placing them in right now. Thanks. AlanBarnet 06:25, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you've done an excellent job with the quotes. This one is especially true:  "There is no more important contribution that we can make to society than strong, publicly-spirited investigative journalism."  There is no more honorable writing in this world than investigative journalism.  This is the only form of journalism that ferrets out the crooks, the frauds, the shysters--all of the illegitimate people who think that a "right to privacy" will cloak their illegal doings.  I'm following a case now about a woman who is going to prison for welfare fraud and is going to lose her house.  Only through investigative journalism can the general public become aware of social problems that are crying out for a remedy. Qworty 00:23, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

merge in exposé?
The exposé (journalism) article doesn't seem to cover (or be likely to ever cover) anything not within the scope of this article. Any objections to merging? --Delirium 17:44, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Fine with me. Redirect it here. --Treekids (talk) 22:06, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Is "Investigative Journalist" as a synonym for "Muckraker"? Source says "no"
RJensen inserts today:

"In American journalism history, "investigative journalist" is a synonym for Muckraker,"

... and give a source of W. David Sloan; Lisa Mullikin Parcell (2002). American Journalism: History, Principles, Practices. McFarland. pp. 211–213.. (available at https://books.google.com/books?id=JOItkXKZ-3EC&pg=PA212#v=onepage&q=synonymn&f=false)

On page 212, second column, about half way down, I see (with my emphasis):

"The muckraker's ideological motivation, however well it is controlled, is the fundamental charactaristic that sets muckraking apart from today's pure investigative reporting"

... and then further on....

"Muckraking journalists were social activists.... Modern investigative journalism, in contrast...

... both passages which clearly demonstrates to me that the source says "investigative journalist" is absolutely NOT a "synonym for muckraker" but there are differences; differences which this source discusses.

I'm going to go ahead and remove that assertion as completely contrary to the source. Marteau (talk) 20:52, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

NPOV
This article sounds too much like a promotion about investigative journalism, focusing only on its accomplishments but not its failures (everything has pros and cons; to selectively display only one side is biased). Similarly, there is a lack of background on the practice. I've already removed the parts promoting ICIJ, but it needs to be improved further. --2001:630:12:2E20:5445:CA99:BDD3:87FA (talk) 15:15, 11 May 2016 (UTC)
 * You need to take more time and care to establish your arguments. For instance, how is it "promotion" when brief information is presented about an official global organisation of 165 journalists in more than 65 countries? If you know about failures, you can add a section thereon. Please edit the article in a neutral and positive way. I await your more considered and evidenced views and in the meantime am reverting your over-hasty edits. Bjenks (talk) 16:18, 11 May 2016 (UTC)

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Manual Revert of Talk Page to 23 OCT 2021
I think I did this correctly - this talk page was blanked and vandalized in Jan 2022. I don't think there were any edits (other than bots re-tagging the page) in the meanwhile. Noblet97 (talk) 14:05, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Spyware using ADT. Com
This image was sent to my phone by ADT.com. The image isa residential address in Ringgold GA. I recognize the vehicle. This is stalking behavior. 64.18.126.16 (talk) 18:18, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Investigative journalism


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Iosif Grigulevich

Iosif Romualdovich Grigulevich (Иосиф Ромуальдович Григулевич; May 5, 1913 – June 2, 1988) was a Soviet secret police (NKVD) operative active between 1937 and 1953, when he played a role in assassination plots against Communist and Bolshevik individuals who were not loyal to Joseph Stalin. This included the murders of claimed and actual Trotskyists during the Spanish Civil War including Andreu Nin Pérez, and an initial, failed assassination attempt against Leon Trotsky in Mexico.

Under the false identity of Teodoro B. Castro, a wealthy Costa Rican expatriate living in Rome, Grigulevich served as the ambassador of Costa Rica to both Italy and Yugoslavia (1952–1954). His mission was to assassinate Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito but the mission was aborted following Stalin's death in 1953. Grigulevich then settled in Moscow, where he worked as an expert on the history of Latin America and on the Roman Catholic Church.

He was a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, served as editor-in-chief of the magazine Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost ("Social Sciences Today"), and published many books and articles about Latin American subjects.

Early life
Grigulevich was born in Vilnius, Russian Empire (present day Lithuania), to a family of Russian-speaking Crimean Karaites. His parents emigrated to Argentina when he was young. His father did well for himself and later sent Iosif to Europe to study. In 1933 he studied briefly at the Sorbonne. He was recruited by the NKVD and showed a gift for languages, soon picking up English, Spanish and French.

Secret agent
In the late 1930s, Grigulevich was sent to Spain to monitor the activities of the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM, the militia with which George Orwell served), during the course of the civil war in that country. Grigulevich worked under NKVD general Alexander Orlov, using the code names MAKS and FELIPE, and organized so-called "mobile groups" that killed, among other actual and suspected Trotskyists, POUM leader Andrés Nin. In this mission Grigulevich apparently collaborated with the assassin Vittorio Vidali, known in Spain as "Comandante Carlos Contreras."

Grigulevich was summoned back to Moscow in 1938. In January 1940 he was sent to Mexico, under the code name "Yuzek," to take part in the first attempt on the life of Leon Trotsky, again with Agent Vidali. In the wee hours of May 24, 1940, a group of Stalinist agents, led by Grigulevich and David Siqueiros, stormed Trotsky's compound at Coyoacan near Mexico City. They missed Trotsky and his wife altogether and managed only to wound their young grandson in the foot. However, during the operation, Robert Sheldon Harte, Trotsky's bodyguard, was captured and killed. The defector Walter Krivitsky managed to hear of this attempt and sent a warning to Trotsky through Dies Committee member J.B. Matthews. Trotsky acknowledged the warning. In a letter, he responded, "Krivitsky is right. We are the two men the OGPU is sworn to kill."

After the failed attempt to assassinate Trotsky, Grigulevich and two of his accomplices (Laura Araujo Aguilar and Antonio Pujol Jimenez) were helped by Pablo Neruda to escape from the Mexican police.

After Ramón Mercader killed Trotsky, Grigulevich was awarded with the Order of the Red Star.

Later, Grigulevich was sent to Argentina under the code name "Artur", where he remained during World War II and organized anti-Nazi sabotage operations. He married a Mexican woman named Laura Araujo Aguilar, who was also a Soviet secret agent, operating under the code name LUIZA.

During the late 1940s, Grigulevich's cosmopolitan Lithuanian Karaite Argentine background made him a potential target by Stalinist authorities during the campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", and according to his later statements during Perestroika, he was in constant fear during this time. In 1948, Grigulevich's Mexican-born wife was taken hostage by Soviet bosses. While his wife was imprisoned, Soviet intelligence officials ordered several loyalty tests from Grigulevich, who was sent to operate a dead drop for another Soviet spy, Rudolf Abel, in New York City. Following this, Grigulevich was ordered to smear the reputation of the orthodox Marxist historian Lev Zubok. After completing these tasks, Grigulevich was provided with a new espionage post in Italy.

Costa Rican diplomat

In 1949, with the help of Joaquín Gutiérrez, a Costa Rican writer who harboured very pro-Soviet and Communist sympathies and who worked in his country's diplomatic corps, Grigulevich procured a false passport identifying him as Teodoro Castro Bonnefil, and settled in Rome. Grigulevich pretended to be the illegitimate son of a wealthy Costa Rican coffee producer and styled himself Teodoro B. Castro (using a middle initial in the "American manner"). He successfully established an import-export business in Rome and made extensive personal contacts with business figures and prelates of the Catholic church. He also became a friend and business partner of former Costa Rican president José Figueres and in 1951 "Teodoro B. Castro" was appointed as chargé d'affaires of the Costa Rican embassy in Rome, serving also as advisor to the Costa Rican delegation to the sixth session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, in Paris. In 1952, he was appointed as ambassador to both Italy and Yugoslavia. In the meantime, Grigulevich was secretly granted Soviet citizenship and membership in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

In early 1952, the Soviet intelligence services assigned Grigulevich the task of conducting the assassination of Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito, who had broken with Stalin in 1948 over his insistence in maintaining Yugoslav independence from Soviet control (see Tito–Stalin split). In his role as the Costa Rican ambassador (he presented his credentials on April 25, 1953 ), Grigulevich met with Tito on several occasions, but the death of Stalin in March 1953 interrupted the assassination plans. Following Stalin's death, Alexander Orlov, Grigulevich's former colleague, began to publish The Secret History of Stalin's Crimes. For fear that his identity would be exposed, Grigulevich was eventually summoned back to Moscow, marking the end of his career as a Soviet secret agent. In Rome, the sudden disappearance of the Costa Rican ambassador, along with his wife and daughter, created a stir, with rumors of Mafia involvement circulating in diplomatic circles.

Historian
In Moscow, Grigulevich settled into a new life as an academic. He was awarded a doctorate in history without having to defend a thesis and worked as an expert on Latin America and the Catholic Church. He was the author of 58 books, some of which were published under his mother's maiden surname, Lavretsky (Лаврецкий). In 1976 he wrote a biography of Che Guevara. In 1979, he became a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Colleagues were puzzled by the lack of any biographical information about him before his 40s and by his refusal to be photographed. The details of Grigulevich's role as a Soviet agent were clarified only after the fall of the communist regime, particularly with the release of the "Mitrokhin archive" in the mid-1990s.

title: Iosif Grigulevich


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Samy Naceri

Saïd Naceri (سعيد ناصري; born 2 July 1961), known as Samy Naceri, is a French actor known for his work in the four Taxi films and The Code (La Mentale).

Early life and career
Naceri was born to an Algerian Berber Kabyle father and a French mother in the 4th arrondissement of Paris and spent his childhood in the Parisian suburb of Fontenay-sous-Bois. His brother is Bibi Naceri, who co-wrote and co-starred in international hit film District 13. He shared the award for Best Actor for his role in the film Days of Glory at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival.

Legal issues
Stemming from a substance abuse charge in 2003, Naceri was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment with deferment, had his driving licence suspended for three years, and was penalized with a €5,000 fine for a road rage incident in which he smashed a car and assaulted one of its occupants.

In November 2005, after waiting for a late guest, Naceri attacked a 22-year-old man with an ashtray at a Paris restaurant. The actor was convicted for assault and spent two months in jail. He was released in February 2006. Then, in December 2006 he was imprisoned for racially abusing police officers. In January 2007 he was accused of attempted murder after stabbing a security guard in Aix-en-Provence. He was sentenced to nine months in prison (six months suspended) for violence and was also sentenced to one month in prison for assaulting two guards at a medical center where he was being treated for overdosing on drugs.

Filmography

 * 1980: Inspector Blunder (Extra)
 * 1989: La Révolution française directed by Robert Enrico and Richard T. Heffron (uncredited)
 * 1994: Léon directed by Luc Besson
 * 1994: Frères directed by Olivier Dahan
 * 1995: Coup de vice directed by Zak Fishman
 * 1995: Raï directed by Thomas Gilou
 * 1996: Malik le maudit directed by Youcef Hamidi
 * 1996: La Légende de Dede directed by Antonio Olivares
 * 1997: Bouge! directed by Jérôme Cornuau
 * 1997: Autre chose à foutre qu'aimer directed by Carole Giacobbi
 * 1998: Taxi directed by Gérard Pirès
 * 1998: Cantique de la racaille directed by Vincent Ravalec
 * 1999: Un pur moment de rock'n'roll directed by Manuel Boursinhac
 * 1999: Une pour toutes directed by Claude Lelouch
 * 2000: Taxi 2 directed by Gérard Krawczyk
 * 2000: Là-bas, mon pays directed by Alexandre Arcady
 * 2001: Le Petit Poucet directed by Olivier Dahan
 * 2001: Nid de guêpes (The Nest) directed by Florent Emilio Siri
 * 2001: La Merveilleuse Odyssée de l'idiot toboggan directed by Vincent Ravalec
 * 2001: The Repentant directed by Laetitia Masson
 * 2001: Féroce directed by Gilles de Maistre
 * 2002: La Mentale directed by Manuel Boursinhac
 * 2002: Concerto pour un violon directed by Gilles de Maistre
 * 2002: Disparu directed by Gilles de Maistre
 * 2002: Tapis volant directed by Youcef Hamidi
 * 2003: Taxi 3 directed by Gérard Krawczyk
 * 2003: Finding Nemo directed by Andrew Stanton (voice of Crush the sea turtle in the French dubbed version)
 * 2004: Bab el web directed by Merzak Allouache
 * 2006: Indigènes directed by Rachid Bouchareb
 * 2007: Taxi 4 directed by Gérard Krawczyk
 * 2008: Des poupées et des anges directed by Nora Hamidi
 * 2012: Ce que le jour doit à la nuit, directed by Alexandre Arcady
 * 2013: Tip Top
 * 2013: Günahsız Günahım (MV)
 * 2015: Heliopsis, directed by Sandra Kobanovitch
 * 2021: Redemption Day, directed by Hicham Hajji
 * 2023: Atoman, directed by Anouar Moatassim

Awards and nominations
Winner

2006: Cannes Film Festival - Best Actor

1995: Locarno International Film Festival - Best Actor

1995: Festival du Film de Paris - Special Mention

Nominated

1999: Cesar Award for Most Promising Actor

title: Samy Naceri


text:
Mike Wead

Mike Wead (born Mickael Vikström on 6 April 1967) is a Swedish guitarist who lives in Stockholm. Wead contributed to heavy metal bands such as Hexenhaus, Memento Mori, Abstrakt Algebra, The Haunted, Edge of Sanity, Candlemass, The Project Hate. Currently Wead is the guitarist of Mercyful Fate, King Diamond, and bibleblack.

With Mercyful Fate

 * 1) Dead Again (1998)
 * 2) 9 (1999)

With King Diamond

 * 1) Abigail II: The Revenge (2002)
 * 2) The Puppet Master (2003)
 * 3) Deadly Lullabyes Live (2004)
 * 4) Give Me Your Soul... Please (2007)
 * 5) Songs for the Dead Live (2019)
 * 6) The Institute (TBA)

With Hexenhaus

 * 1) A Tribute to Insanity (1988)
 * 2) At the Edge of Eternity (1990)
 * 3) Awakening (1991)
 * 4) Dejavoodoo (1997)

With Memento Mori

 * 1) Rhymes of Lunacy (1993)
 * 2) Life, Death, and Other Morbid Tales (1994)
 * 3) La Danse Macabre (1996)
 * 4) Songs for the Apocalypse Vol IV (1997)

With Abstrakt Algebra

 * Abstrakt Algebra (1995)

With Bibleblack

 * The Black Swan Epilogue (2009)

With Escape The Cult

 * All You Want To (2014)

Selected Guest Appearances
With Candlemass

 * Nightfall (1987)
 * As It Is, As It Was (1994)
 * Leif Edling The Black Heart of Candlemass  (2002)

With Memory Garden

 * Verdict of Prosterity (1998)

With Edge of Sanity

 * Crimson II (2003)

With Notre Dame

 * Demi Monde Bizarros (2004)

With In Aeternum

 * Dawn of the New Aeon (2005)

With Elvenking

 * The Scythe (2007)

With Her Whisper

 * The Great Unifier (2008)

With Sinners Paradise

 * The Awakening (2009)

With Kamlath

 * Stronger Than Frost (2010)

With The Project Hate MCMXCIX

 * The Lustrate Process (2009)
 * Bleeding The New Apocalypse (Cum Victriciis in Manibus Armis) (2011)

With Deadlands

 * Evilution (2012)

With Pharaoh

 * Bury the Light (2012)

With Snowy Shaw

 * Snowy Shaw is Alive! (2012)
 * Nachtgeist (2016)

With Minions

 * Soul Mirror (2013)

With Entombed

 * When in Sodom (2012)

With Zoromr

 * Corpus Hermeticum (2015)

With Devilish Impressions

 * The I (2017)

With Pigface Beauty

 * Love & Hate (2017)

title: Mike Wead


text:
Al Ashkharah

Al Ashkharah (الأشخرة) (named after a poisonous desert plant) is a town in the Ash Sharqiyah Region of Oman and is 80km from Ras al-Hadd and 90km from Ras al-Jinz. It is part of the J'alan area and can be considered as the key city of this area in addition to Ja'lan. The city's main economic activity is fishing and is famous for catching big fish from shore. Tides are very rough compared to shores in muscat.

In 1874, British diplomat Samuel Barrett Miles sailed to several Arabic-speaking countries including Al Ashkharah.

title: Al Ashkharah


text:
Samir Amin

Samir Amin (سمير أمين) (3 September 1931 – 12 August 2018) was an Egyptian-French Marxian economist, political scientist and world-systems analyst. He is noted for his introduction of the term Eurocentrism in 1988 and considered a pioneer of Dependency Theory.

Biography
Amin was born in Cairo, the son of a French mother and an Egyptian father (both medical doctors). He spent his childhood and youth in Port Said; there he attended a French high school, leaving in 1947 with a Baccalauréat.

It was at high school that Amin was first politicized when, during the Second World War, Egyptian students were split between communists and nationalists; Amin belonged to the former group. By then Amin had already adopted a resolute stance against fascism and Nazism. While the upheaval against British domination in Egypt informed his politics, he rejected the idea that the enemy of their enemy, Nazi Germany, was the Egyptians' friend.

In 1947 Amin left for Paris where he obtained a second high school diploma with a specialization in elementary mathematics from the prestigious Lycée Henri IV. He gained a diploma in political science at Sciences Po (1952) before graduating in statistics at INSEE (1956) and also in economics (1957).

In his autobiography Itinéraire intellectuel (1990) he wrote that in order to spend a substantial amount of time in "militant action" he could devote only a minimum to preparing for his university exams. The intellectual and the political struggle remained inseparable for Amin all throughout his life. Rather than explaining the world and its atrocities he meant to highlight and to be part of struggles aimed at changing the world.

After arriving in Paris, Amin joined the French Communist Party (PCF), but he later distanced himself from Soviet Marxism and associated himself for some time with Maoist circles. With other students he published a magazine entitled Étudiants Anticolonialistes. His ideas and political position were also strongly influenced by the 1955 Asian–African Bandung Conference and the nationalization of the Suez Canal. The latter even encouraged him to postpone his PhD thesis that was ready in June 1956 to take part in the political unrest.

In 1957 he presented his thesis, supervised by François Perroux among others, originally titled The origins of underdevelopment – capitalist accumulation on a world scale but retitled ''The structural effects of the international integration of precapitalist economies. A theoretical study of the mechanism which creates so-called underdeveloped economies''.

After finishing his thesis, Amin went back to Cairo, where he worked from 1957 to 1960 as a research officer for the government's "Institution for Economic Management" where he worked on ensuring the state’s representation on the boards of directors of public sector companies while at the same time immersing himself in the very tense political climate linked to the nationalization of the Canal, the 1956 war and the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement. His participation in the Communist Party that was clandestine at the time made for very difficult working conditions.

In 1960 Amin left for Paris where he worked for six months for the Department of Economic and Financial Studies - Service des Études Économiques et Financières (SEEF).

Subsequently, Amin left France, to become an adviser to the Ministry of Planning in Bamako (Mali) under the presidency of Modibo Keïta. He held that position from 1960 to 1963 working with prominent French economists such as Jean Bénard and Charles Bettelheim. With some scepticism Amin witnessed the growing emphasis on maximizing growth in order to “close the gap”. Although he abandoned working as a ‘bureaucrat’ after he left Mali, Samir Amin continued to act as an adviser for several governments, such as China, Vietnam, Algeria, Venezuela, and Bolivia.

In 1963 he was offered a fellowship at the UN's Institut Africain de Développement Économique et de Planification (IDEP) in Dakar. Within the IDEP Amin created several institutions that eventually became independent entities. Among them one that later became the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA), conceived on the model of the Latin American Council for Social Sciences (CLACSO).

Until 1970 he worked there as well as being a professor at the University of Poitiers, Dakar and Paris (of Paris VIII, Vincennes). In 1970 he became director of the IDEP, which he managed until 1980. In 1980 Amin left the IDEP and became a director of the Third World Forum in Dakar. In Amin's life and thinking the three activities have been closely connected: work in economic management, teaching/research, and the political struggle.

“Samir Amin has been one of the most important and influential intellectuals of the Third World”. Amin's theoretical pioneering role has been often overlooked because his thesis of 1957 was not published until 1970 in extended book form under the title L’accumulation à l’échelle mondiale (Accumulation at the global level).

Amin lived in Dakar until the end of July 2018. On July 31 he was, diagnosed with lung cancer, transferred to a hospital in Paris. Amin died on August 12 at the age of 86.

Political theory and strategy
Samir Amin is considered a pioneer of Dependency Theory and World System Theory, while he preferred to call himself part of the school of Global Historical Materialism (see 2.1), together with Paul A. Baran and Paul Sweezy. His key idea, presented as early as 1957 in his Ph.D. dissertation, was that so-called ‘under-developed’ economies should not be considered as independent units but as building blocks of a capitalist world economy. In this world economy, the ‘poor’ nations form the ‘periphery’, forced to a permanent structural adjustment with respect to the reproduction dynamics of the ‘centres’ of the world economy, that is, of the advanced capitalist industrial countries. Around the same time and with similar basic assumptions the so-called desarrollismo (CEPAL, Raúl Prebisch) emerged in Latin America, which was developed further a decade later in the discussion on ‘dependencia’ – and even later appeared Wallerstein’s ‘world system analysis’. Samir Amin applied Marxism to a global level, using terms as ‘law of worldwide value’ and ‘super-exploitation’ to analyse the world-economy (see 2.1.1). At the same time his critique extended also to Soviet Marxism and its development program of ‘catching up and overtaking’. Amin believed the countries of the ‘periphery’ would not be able to catch up in the context of a capitalist world-economy, because of the system’s inherent polarization and certain monopolies held by the imperialist countries of the ‘center’ (see 2.1.2). Thus, he called for the ‘periphery’ to ‘delink’ from the world economy, creating ‘autocentric’ development (see 2.2) and rejecting the ‘Eurocentrism’ inherent to Modernisation Theory (see 2.3).

Global historical materialism
Resorting to the analyses of Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi, and Fernand Braudel, the central starting point of Samir Amin’s theories is a fundamental critique of capitalism, at the centre of which is the conflict structure of the world system. Amin states three fundamental contradictions of capitalist ideology: 1. The requirements of profitability stand against the striving of the working people to determine their own fate (rights of workers as well as democracy were enforced against capitalist logic); 2. The short-term rational economic calculus stands against long-term safeguarding of the future (ecology debate); 3. The expansive dynamics of capitalism lead to polarizing spatial structures - the Center-Periphery Model.

According to Amin, capitalism and its evolution can only be understood as a single integrated global system, composed of ‘developed countries’, which constitute the Center, and of ‘underdeveloped countries’, which are the Peripheries of the system. Development and underdevelopment consequently constitute both facets of the unique expansion of global capitalism. Underdeveloped countries should not be considered as ‘lagging behind’ because of the specific - social, cultural, or even geographic - characteristics of these so-called ‘poor’ countries. Underdevelopment is actually only the result of the forced permanent structural adjustment of these countries to the needs of the accumulation benefiting the system’s Center countries.

Amin identified himself as part of the school of global historical materialism, in contrast to the two other strands of dependency theory, the so-called dependencia and the World Systems Theory. The dependencia school was a Latin American school associated with e. g. Ruy Mauro Marini, Theotônio dos Santos, and Raúl Prebisch. Prominent figures of the World Systems Theory were Immanuel Wallerstein and Giovanni Arrighi. While they use a widely similar scientific vocabulary, Amin rejected, for example, the notion of a semi-periphery and was against the theorization of capitalism as cyclical (as by Nikolai Kondratiev) or any kind of retrojection., thus holding a minority position among the World System theorists.

For Amin, the school of global historical materialism was Marxism understood as a global system. Within this framework, the Marxist law of value is central (see 2.1.1). Nevertheless, he insisted that the economic laws of capitalism, summed up by the law of value, are subordinate to the laws of historical materialism. In Amins understanding of these terms that is to say: economic science, while indispensable, cannot explain the full reality. Mainly because it cannot account either for the historical origins of the system itself, nor for outcomes of class struggle.

''“History is not ruled by the infallible unfolding of the law of pure economy. It is created by the societal reactions to these tendencies that express themselves in these laws and that determine the social conditions in whose framework these laws operate. The ‘anti-systemic’ forces impact and also influence real history as does the pure logic of the capitalist accumulation.” (Samir Amin)''

Law of worldwide value
Amin's theory of a global law of value describes a system of unequal exchange, in which the difference in the wages between labor forces in different nations is greater than the difference between their productivities. Amin talks of “imperial rents” accruing to the global corporations in the Center - elsewhere referred to as “global labor arbitrage”.

Reasons are, according to Amin, that while free trade and relatively open borders allow multinationals to move to where they can find the cheapest labour, governments keep promoting the interests of ‘their’ corporations over those of other countries and restricting the mobility of labor. Accordingly, the periphery is not really connected to global labour markets, accumulation there is stagnant, and wages stay low. In contrast, in the centres accumulation is cumulative and wages increase in accordance with rising productivity. This situation is perpetuated by the existence of a massive global reserve army located primarily in the periphery, while at the same time these countries are more structurally dependent, and their governments tend to oppress social movements which would win increased wages. This global dynamic Amin calls „development of underdevelopment“. The aforementioned existence of a lower rate of exploitation of labor in the North and a higher rate of exploitation of labor in the South is further thought to constitute one of the main obstacles to the unity of the international working class.

According to Amin the “Global Law of Value” thus creates the “super-exploitation” of the periphery. Further, the core countries keep monopolies on technology, control of financial flows, military power, ideological and media production, and access to natural resources (see 2.1.2).

Imperialism and monopoly capitalism
The system of worldwide value as described above means that there is one imperial world system, encompassing both the global North and the global South. Amin further believed that capitalism and imperialism were linked at all stages of their development (as opposed to Lenin, who argued that imperialism was a specific stage in the development of capitalism). Amin defined Imperialism as: “precisely the amalgamation of the requirements and laws for the reproduction of capital; the social, national and international alliances that underlie them; and the political strategies employed by these alliances”.

According to Amin, capitalism and imperialism reach from the conquest of the Americas during the sixteenth century to today’s phase of what he referred to as “monopoly capitalism”. Further, the polarization between Center and Peripheries is a phenomenon inherent in historical capitalism. Resorting to Arrighi, Amin differentiates the following mechanism of polarization: 1. The capital flight takes place from the periphery to the centre; 2. selective migration of workers is heading in the same direction; 3. Monopoly situation of the central companies in the global division of labour, in particular, the technology monopoly and the monopoly of global finances; 4. Control of centres on access to natural resources. The forms of the Center-Peripheries polarization, as well as the forms of expression of imperialism, have changed over time - but always towards the aggravation of the polarization and not towards its mitigation.

Historically, Amin differentiated three phases: Mercantilism (1500-1800), Expansion (1800-1880) and Monopoly Capitalism (1880-today). Amin adds that the current phase is dominated by generalized, financialized, and globalized oligopolies located primarily in the triad of USA, Europe, and Japan. They practice a sort of collective imperialism by means of military, economic, and financial tools such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The triad enjoys the monopoly of five advantages: weapons of mass destruction; mass communication systems; monetary and financial systems; technologies; and access to natural resources. It wishes to keep these at any cost and thus has engaged in the militarization of the world in order to avoid losing these monopolies.

Amin further differentiated the existence of two historical phases of the development of monopoly capitalism: proper monopoly capitalism up to 1971, and oligopoly-finance capitalism after that. The Financialization and “deepened globalization” of the latter he considered a strategic response to Stagnation. Stagnation he considered as the rule and rapid economic growth as the exception under late capitalism. According to him, the rapid growth of 1945–1975 was mainly the product of historical conditions brought into being by the Second World War and could not last. The focus on Financialization, which emerged in the late 1970s, to him was a new more potent counter to stagnation “inseparable from the survival requirements of the system”, but eventually leading to the financial crisis 2007-2008.

According to Amin, as a result of imperialism and super-exploitation, political systems in the south are often distorted towards forms of autocratic rule. To maintain control over the periphery, the imperial powers promote backwards-looking social relations drawing on archaic elements. Amin argues for example that political Islam is chiefly a creature of imperialism. The introduction of democracy in the South, without altering the fundamental social relations or challenging imperialism, is nothing but a “fraud” and doubly so given the plutocratic content of the so-called successful democracies in the North.

Delinking
Amin forcefully stated that the emancipation of the so-called ‘underdeveloped’ countries can neither happen while respecting the logic of the globalized capitalist system nor within this system. The South would not be able to catch up in such a capitalist context, because of the system’s inherent polarization. This belief led Samir Amin to assign significant importance to the project adopted by the Asian–African countries at the Bandoeng (Indonesia) Conference in 1955.

Amin called for each country to delink from the world economy meaning to subordinate global relations to domestic development priorities, creating ‘autocentric’ development (but not autarky). Instead of defining value by dominant prices in the world – which result from productivity in the rich countries – Amin suggested that value in each country should be set so that agricultural and industrial workers are paid by their input into the society’s net output. Thereby a National Law of Value should be defined without reference to the Global Law of Value of the capitalist system (e.g. food sovereignty instead of free trade, minimum wages instead of international competitiveness, full employment guaranteed by government). Amin suggested that national states redistribute resources between sectors, and centralize and distribute the surplus. Full employment should be guaranteed, and the exodus from rural to urban areas discouraged.

After the decolonization on a state level, this should lead to economic liberation from neo-colonialism. However, Amin underlined that it is almost impossible to delink 100% and estimated a delinking of 70% already a significant achievement. Relatively stable countries with some military power have more leverage in this regard than small countries.

China’s development for example is, according to Amin, determined 50% by its sovereign project and 50% by globalisation. When asked about Brazil and India, he estimated that their trajectories were driven by 20% sovereign project, and 80% globalisation, while South Africa was determined by 0% sovereign project and 100% globalisation.

It was also clear to Amin that such decoupling also requires certain political prerequisites within a country. His country studies, initially limited to Africa, taught him that a national bourgeoisie geared towards a national project, neither existed nor was it emerging. Rather, he observed the emergence of a ‘comprador bourgeoisie’, who benefited from the integration of their respective countries into the asymmetrically structured capitalist world market. Regarding the project of an auto-centered new beginning (the decoupling) he hoped instead for social movements, which is why he was committed to numerous non-governmental organizations until the end.

Eurocentrism
Amin proposed a history of civilization in which accidental advantages of the “West” led to the development of capitalism first in these societies. This then created a global rift, arising from the aggressive outward expansion of capitalism and colonialism. Amin argues that it is a mistake to view Europe as a historical centre of the world. Only in the capitalist period has Europe been dominant.

For Amin, Eurocentrism is not only a worldview but a global project, homogenising the world on a European model under the pretext of ‘catching-up’. In practice, however, capitalism does not homogenise but rather polarises the world. Eurocentrism is thus more of an ideal than a real possibility. It also creates problems in reinforcing racism and imperialism. Fascism remains a permanent risk, because to Amin it is an extreme version of Eurocentrism.

Cambodia
Amin was long an influence on and supporter of the leaders of Cambodia's Khmer Rouge regime, becoming acquainted with the Khmer Rouge's future leaders in post-World War II Paris, where Pol Pot, Khieu Samphan, and other Cambodian students were studying. Khieu Samphan's doctoral thesis, which he finished in 1959, noted collaborations with Amin and claimed to apply Amin's theories to Cambodia. In the late 1970s, Amin praised the Khmer Rouge as superior to Communist movements in China, Vietnam, or the Soviet Union, and recommended the Khmer Rouge model for Africa.

Amin continued to actively praise the Khmer Rouge into the 1980s. At a 1981 talk in Tokyo, Amin praised Pol Pot's work as "one of the major successes of the struggle for socialism in our era" and as necessary against "expansionism" from the Soviet Union or from Vietnam. Some scholars, such as Marxist anthropologist Kathleen Gough, have noted that Khmer Rouge activists in Paris in the 1950s already held ideas of eliminating counter-revolutionaries and organizing a party center whose decisions could not be questioned. Despite contemporary reports of mass killings committed by the Khmer Rouge, Amin argued that "the cause of the most evil to the people of Kampuchea" lay elsewhere:"The humanitarian argument is in the final analysis the argument offered by all the colonialists... Isn't [the cause of evil] first of all the American imperialists and Lon Nol? Isn't it today the Vietnamese army and their project of colonizing Kampuchea?"

Views on world order
Samir Amin expressed view on world order and international relations: “Yes, I do want to see the construction of a multipolar world, and that obviously means the defeat of Washington’s hegemonic project for military control of the planet.”

In 2006, he stated: "Here I would make the first priority the construction of a Paris – Berlin – Moscow political and strategic alliance, extended if possible to Beijing and Delhi … to build military strength at a level required by the challenge of the United States... [E]ven the United States pales beside their traditional capacities in the military arena. The American challenge, and Washington’s criminal designs, make such a course necessary … The creation of a front against hegemonism is the number one priority today, as the creation of an anti-Nazi alliance was … yesterday … A rapprochement between the large portions of Eurasia (Europe, Russia, China and India) involving the rest of the Old World … is necessary and possible, and would put an end once and for all to Washington’s plans to extend the Monroe Doctrine to the entire planet. We must head in this direction … above all with determination.”"

He also stated: "The ‘European project’ is not going in the direction that is needed to bring Washington to its senses. Indeed, it remains a basically ‘non-European’ project, scarcely more than the European part of the American project … Russia, China and India are the three strategic opponents of Washington’s project... But they appear to believe that they can maneuver and avoid directly clashing with the United States." Hence, Europe must end its “Atlanticist option” and take the course of the “Eurasian rapprochement” with Russia, China, India and the rest of Asia and Africa. This “Eurasian rapprochement” is necessary for the head-on collision with the United States.

Views on political Islam
According to Samir Amin, political Islam leads its struggle on the terrain of culture, wherein "culture" is intended as "belongingness to one religion". Islamist militants are not actually interested in the discussion of dogmas which form religion, but on the contrary are concerned about the ritual assertion of membership in the community. Such a world view is therefore not only distressing, as it conceals an immense poverty of thought, but it also justifies Imperialism's strategy of substituting a "conflict of cultures" for a conflict between the liberal, imperialist centres and the backward, dominated peripheries.

This importance attributed to culture allows political Islam to obscure from every sphere of life the realistic social dichotomy between the working classes and the global capitalist system which oppresses and exploits them.

Besides, beyond being reactionary on definite matters (see the status of women in Islam) and responsible for fanatical excesses against non-Muslim citizen (such as the Copts in Egypt), political Islam even defends the sacred character of property and legitimises inequality and all the prerequisites of capitalist reproduction.

Political Islam has also always found consent in the bourgeoisie of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, as the latter abandoned an anti-imperialist perspective and substituted it for an anti-western stance, which only creates an acceptable impasse of cultures and therefore doesn't represent any obstacle to the developing imperialist control over the world system.

Hence, political Islam aligns itself in general with capitalism and imperialism, without providing the working classes with an effective and non-reactionary method of struggle against their exploitation.

It is important to note, however, that Amin was careful to distinguish his analysis of political Islam from islamophobia, thus remaining sensitive to the anti-Muslim attitudes that currently affect Western Society.

Awards

 * The Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought for the year 2009 in Berlin.

Publications

 * 1957, Les effets structurels de l'intégration internationale des économies précapitalistes. Une étude théorique du mécanisme qui an engendré les éonomies dites sous-développées (thesis)
 * 1965, Trois expériences africaines de développement: le Mali, la Guinée et le Ghana
 * 1966, L'économie du Maghreb, 2 vols.
 * 1967, Le développement du capitalisme en Côte d'Ivoire
 * 1969, Le monde des affaires sénégalais
 * 1969, The Class struggle in Africa
 * 1970, Le Maghreb moderne (translation: The Maghreb in the Modern World)
 * 1970, L'accumulation à l'échelle mondiale (translation: Accumulation on a world scale)
 * 1970, with C. Coquery-Vidrovitch, Histoire économique du Congo 1880–1968
 * 1971, L'Afrique de l'Ouest bloquée
 * 1973, Le développement inégal (translation: Unequal development)
 * 1973, L'échange inégal et la loi de la valeur
 * 1973, 'Le developpement inegal. Essai sur les formations sociales du capitalisme peripherique' Paris: Editions de Minuit.
 * 1974, Neocolonialism in West Africa
 * 1974, with K. Vergopoulos: La question paysanne et le capitalisme
 * 1975, with A. Faire, M. Hussein and G. Massiah: La crise de l‘impérialisme
 * 1976, ‘Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism' New York: Monthly Review Press.
 * 1976, L'impérialisme et le développement inégal (translation: Imperialism and unequal development)
 * 1976, La nation arabe (translation: The Arab Nation)
 * 1977, The lessons of Cambodia
 * 1977, La loi de la valeur et le matérialisme historique (translation: The law of value and historical materialism)
 * 1979, Classe et nation dans l'histoire et la crise contemporaine (translation: Class and nation, historically and in the current crisis)
 * 1980, L'économie arabe contemporaine (translation: The Arab economy today)
 * 1981, L'avenir du Maoïsme (translation: The Future of Maoism)
 * 1982, Irak et Syrie 1960–1980
 * 1982, with G. Arrighi, A. G. Frank and I. Wallerstein): La crise, quelle crise? (translation: Crisis, what crisis?)
 * 1984, 'Was kommt nach der Neuen Internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung? Die Zukunft der Weltwirtschaft' in 'Rote Markierungen International' (Fischer H. and Jankowitsch P. (Eds.)), pp. 89–110, Vienna: Europaverlag.
 * 1984, Transforming the world-economy? : nine critical essays on the new international economic order.
 * 1985, La déconnexion (translation: Delinking: towards a polycentric world)
 * 1988, Impérialisme et sous-développement en Afrique (expanded edition of 1976)
 * 1988, L'eurocentrisme (translation: Eurocentrism)
 * 1988, with F. Yachir: La Méditerranée dans le système mondial
 * 1989, La faillite du développement en Afrique et dans le tiers monde
 * 1990, with Andre Gunder Frank, Giovanni Arrighi and Immanuel Wallerstein: Transforming the revolution: social movements and the world system
 * 1990, Itinéraire intellectuel; regards sur le demi-siècle 1945-90 (translation: Re-reading the post-war period: an Intellectual Itinerary)
 * 1991, L'Empire du chaos (translation: Empire of chaos)
 * 1991, Les enjeux stratégiques en Méditerranée
 * 1991, with G. Arrighi, A. G. Frank et I. Wallerstein): Le grand tumulte
 * 1992, 'Empire of Chaos' New York: Monthly Review Press
 * 1994, L'Ethnie à l'assaut des nations
 * 1995, La gestion capitaliste de la crise
 * 1996, Les défis de la mondialisation
 * 1997, 'Die Zukunft des Weltsystems. Herausforderungen der Globalisierung. Herausgegeben und aus dem Franzoesischen uebersetzt von Joachim Wilke' Hamburg: VSA.
 * 1997, Critique de l'air du temps
 * 1999, "Judaism, Christianity and Islam: An Introductory Approach to their Real or Supposed Specificities by a Non-Theologian" in "Global capitalism, liberation theology, and the social sciences: An analysis of the contradictions of modernity at the turn of the millennium" (Andreas Mueller, Arno Tausch and Paul Zulehner (Eds.)), Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, Commack, New York
 * 1999, Spectres of capitalism: a critique of current intellectual fashions
 * 2000, L'hégémonisme des États-Unis et l'effacement du projet européen
 * 2002, Mondialisation, comprendre pour agir
 * 2003, Obsolescent Capitalism
 * 2004, The Liberal Virus: Permanent War and the Americanization of the World
 * 2005, with Ali El Kenz, Europe and the Arab world; patterns and prospects for the new relationship
 * 2006, Beyond US Hegemony: Assessing the Prospects for a Multipolar World
 * 2008, with James Membrez, The World We Wish to See: Revolutionary Objectives in the Twenty-First Century
 * 2009, 'Aid for Development' in 'Aid to Africa: Redeemer or Coloniser?' Oxford: Pambazuka Press
 * 2010, 'Eurocentrism - Modernity, Religion and Democracy: A Critique of Eurocentrism and Culturalism' 2nd edition, Oxford: Pambazuka Press
 * 2010, 'Ending the Crisis of Capitalism or Ending Capitalism?' Oxford: Pambazuka Press
 * 2010, 'Global History - a View from the South' Oxford: Pambazuka Press
 * 2011, 'Maldevelopment - Anatomy of a Global Failure' 2nd edition, Oxford: Pambazuka Press
 * 2011, 'Imperialism and Globalization' : Monthly Review Press
 * 2013, 'The Implosion of Contemporary Capitalism': Monthly Review Press
 * 2016, 'Russia and the Long Transition from Capitalism to Socialism': Monthly Review Press
 * 2018, 'Modern Imperialism, Monopoly Finance Capital, and Marx's Law of Value': Monthly Review Press
 * 2019, 'The Long Revolution of the Global South: Toward a New Anti-Imperialist International' (adapted translation of 'L'Éveil du Sud'): Monthly Review Press

title: Samir Amin


text:
Talk:Samir Amin

Points for improvement of the 'Work' section
I don't feel that I can take up this task, because I am not familiar enough with Samir Amin's books, or rather, I haven't read any of his books, articles etc. (yet). However, I do have some recommendations for imporiving the 'work' section for those who are capable enough. Firstly instead of using references in the scientific way† just use the wikipedia system. Secondly the article has to be written more prosaic and less powerpoint-like. Thirdly, there are some unclear sentences which should be elucidated:

"For Samir Amin (1997), the ascent and decline is...". The ascent and decline of what?

"The economic performance over the last few years...". Specify period

"Let us recall, that for Dependency and World Systems theory in the tradition of Samir Amin (1975), there are four main characteristics of the peripheral societal formation". Begin the section by discussing depencency & WST and when later referring back to that discussion don't write "Let us recall", but rather "as discussed earlier", thus active over passive.

† E.g. "Samir Amin (1975)". --Tomvasseur (talk) 10:42, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
There is a far larger page of information on Samir Amin on the Spanish wikipedia (here), but my spanish is nowhere near good enough to translate more than the basics. Proto t c 09:16, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Influence on Pol Pot and the Khymer Rouge
It is a often repeated rumour that Samir Amin knew Saloth Sar (the future Pol Pot) as the two men were students in Paris at the same time. Samir Amin, however, refutes this relationship, stating (in "A Life Looking Forward", his autobiography p75, english edition, Zed Books): "...I only came across Saloth Sar on two occasions; he soon ended his studies and returned to Cambodia. Unscrupulous journalists have since embroidered on the issue of my 'relations' with Khieu Samphan, and I have even been described as his 'mentor'. That is a stupid calumny. He was exactly the same age as myself, and there is no way I could ever have been his intellectual guide."

Samir Amin here does not deny having relations with Khieu Samphan, indeed knowing they were so close in age may give the impression they were reasonably close. It is, however, worth noting that Samir Amin is keen to distance himself from the Khymer Rouge.

Guyt 11:54, 4 July 2007 (UTC) Guy Taylor

Adhominem Attack ' The inneundo here is that Samir has some links to the horrendus acts of the Kmymer Rouge.Yet the only real link is a " Certian rumor" as stated above.Also that Samir is somehow suspect for opposing such unsubstanciated linkages to one of the most brutal regimes in recent memory. What is the rational behind casting such flimsy insinnuations,on such a worthy opponent of the few who have bagged for themselves what rightfully belongs to many.Samir has dedicated a lifetime to the collective rather than partake of the spoils his education would have afforded him as part of the few.I think it is valid to critique one's ideas and quite naturally to also bring to light misguided associations if indeed such liasons shed a light in the directions of a scholar's involvement in someting as brutal as the wholescale slaughter of the khymer rouge,but such a claim should be substanciated with evidence of import inextricably linked to the scholar.This i believe is what should be accorded to all, especially  one of the interlectual giants bar none living today.Ad'hominem attacks on such scholars are indications of the frustrations that visit upon those who find it immposible to marshall a viable critique in the face of grand ideas/theory as in the case of the lucid, impeccable and deligent works of Samir Amin.

abdi latif ega 14 august 2007

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Section references in "Political theory and strategy" section?
There are references to sections (e.g., 2.1.1, 2.1.2, etc) throughout the "Political theory and strategy" section. Are these references to places in this page? If so, it is unclear how the sections being referenced relate to the content. Should they be removed? Wusuozuowei (talk) 20:06, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samir Amin


text: User talk:81.131.157.248

title: User talk:81.131.157.248


text:
Talk:Mexican standoff

"...and Reservoir Dogs, which depicts a standoff between four characters in the climactic scene."
The link actually describes the standoff in the climactic scene of "Pulp Fiction". Drsruli (talk) 07:15, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @Drsruli, the source describes standoffs in 6 of his films. An editor chose two of those for examples. Schazjmd   (talk)  14:16, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mexican standoff


text:
Chinese farmer

Chinese farmer may refer to:

 * One who practices agriculture in China
 * In online role-playing games, a gold farmer whose in-game behavior noticeably stands out in comparison to the majority of subscribers

title: Chinese farmer


text:
Talk:Jack Worrall

Football
The claim that he won Champion Of The Colony award is disputed as there is no evidence that such an award was ever given to Victorian footballers. RossRSmith (talk) 11:46, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Curious Desctiption
In the introduction, Worrall is described as "A small, nuggety man with broad shoulders, pink complexion and intense brown eyes." Is this a quote from somewhere? If not, it seems like a strangely poetic description. PurpleConjecture (talk) 21:57, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack Worrall


text:
Ga-Adangbe people

The Ga-Dangbe, Ga-Dangme, Ga-Adangme or Ga-Adangbe are an ethnic group in Ghana, Togo and Benin. The Ga and Dangbe people are grouped respectively as part of the Ga–Dangme ethnolinguistic group. The Ga-Dangmes are one ethnic group that lives primarily in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Ethnic Ga family names (surnames) include Nikoi, Amon, Kotey, Kotei, Adei, Adjei, Kutorkor, Okantey, Oblitey, Lartey, Nortey, Aryee, Obodai, Oboshi, Torgbor, Torshii and Lante. The following are names derived from the ethnic Dangme and common among the Ningos Nartey, Tetteh, Kwei, Kweinor, Kwetey, Narteh, Narh, Dugbatey, Teye, Martey, Addo, Siaw, Saki, Amanor, Djangba. These are aligned to the ethnic Ga as well: Lomo, Lomotey, Tetteh, Ankrah, Tetteyfio, Laryea, Ayitey, Okai, Bortey, Quaye, Quaynor, Ashong, Kotei, Sowah, Odoi, Ablor, Adjetey, Dodoo, Darku and Quartey. (Dawhenya royal family name: Darpoh)

Under their leader King Ayi Kushi (Cush) (1483–1519) they were led from the east in several states before reaching their destination in Accra. Oral traditions state the Ga came from the region of Lake Chad and reached their destination in the 16th century. It is also believed that by the 17th century they traveled down the River Niger and crossed the Volta to reach present day Ghana. This leader is the Moses of the Ga-Dangme people, with his seven puritan laws he gave them and that has formed the basis and philosophy of the state.

The Ga people were organized into six independent towns (Accra (Ga Mashie), Osu, La, Teshie, Nungua, and Tema). Each town had a stool, which served as the central object of Ga ritual and war magic. Accra became the most prominent Ga-Dangme towns and is now the heartbeat and capital of Ghana. The Ga people were originally farmers, but today fishing and trading in imported goods are the principal occupations. Trading is generally in the hands of women, and a husband has no control over his wife's money. Succession to most offices held by women and inheritance of women's property are by matrilineal descent. Inheritance of other property and succession to male-held public offices are by patrilineal descent. Men of the lineage live together in a men's compound, while women, even after marriage, live with their mothers and children in a women's compound. Each Ga town has a number of different cults and many gods, and there are a number of annual town festivals.

The Dangme people occupy the coastal area of Ghana from Kpone to Ada, on the Volta River and South Atlantic Ocean along the Gulf of Guinea and inland along the Volta River. The Dangme People include the Ada, Kpone, Krobo, Ningo, Osudoku, Prampram, and Shai, all speaking Dangbe of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family of languages. The Dangme People have the largest population among the two related Ga-Dangme People. About 70% of the Greater Accra Regional Land is owned by the Dangmes located in Dangme East and Dangme West Districts of Ghana. Also, in the Eastern Region and Volta Region of Ghana, about 15% of lands belong to the Dangme People. These are mainly in the Manya Krobo and Yilo Krobo Districts of the Eastern Region. In the Agotime Area of Volta Region and the Dangme Area in the Southern part of Togo.

Dangme occupations are fishing, trading and farming which is based on the Huza system. This was an early and innovative form of capitalism where an elaborate system of property ownership was established and subsequently shared. In this system a huge tract of land is acquired by a group of people but represented by a prominent member of the group, the group were usually members of an extended family; the land is subdivided among them according to the amount each has paid, and each individual thereafter has complete control of his own section. Negotiations with the seller are carried out by an elected Huzatse (“father of the Huza”), who later acts as the Huza leader and representative. Millet was formerly the staple food, but more common crops now include cassava, yams, corn (maize), plantain, cocoa, and palm oil. Lineage members generally return to the traditional lineage home from the Huza farms several times a year to participate in the festivals of their lineage gods. There are also many annual festivals.

The Ga-Dangme are organized into clans based on patrilineal descent; the clans are subdivided into localized patrilineages, the basic units of the Ga-Dangme historical, political, cultural tribal group.

Language
Linguistically, the Ga-Dangbe speak the Kwa languages Ga and Dangme and are a patrilineal people. Dangme is exclusively closer to the original Ga–Dangme languages than the Ga language.

Arts and culture
The Ga people celebrate the Homowo festival, which literally means "hooting at hunger". This festival originated several centuries ago. It is celebrated in remembrance of a great famine that hit the Ga people. It is mainly a food festival which celebrates the passing of that terrible period in the history of the Ga people. It takes place in August every year and is celebrated by all the Ga clans.

The Dangbe people from Ada celebrate the Asafotu festival, which is also called 'Asafotufiam', an annual warrior's festival celebrated by Ada people from the last Thursday of July to the first weekend of August. It commemorates the victories of the warriors in battle and is a memorial for those who fell on the battlefield. To re-enact these historic events, the warriors dress in traditional battle dress and stage a mock battle. This is also a time for male rites of passage, when young men are introduced to warfare. The festival also coincides with the harvest cycle, when these special customs and ceremonies are performed. These include purification ceremonies. The celebration reaches its climax with a durbar of chiefs, a colourful procession of the Chiefs in palanquins with their retinue. They are accompanied by traditional military groups called 'Asafo Companies' amidst drumming, singing and dancing through the streets and on the durbar grounds. At the durbar, greetings are exchanged between the chiefs, libations are poured and declarations of allegiance are made.

The Dangbe people from Odumase - Krobo also Celebrate the [Ngmayem] festival, An Annual Harvest festival to Celebrate the bounty harvest of their farmers is celebrated by the Krobo people throughout the last week (Seven days) of October with a visit to their famous Ancestral home, the Krobo Mountains [Kloyom] on the last Friday of October with a climax on the Saturday with a grand Durbar of Chiefs and People of the Krobo Traditional Area. the [Konor] who is the Paramount Chief sits in state as the overlord together with his sub-chiefs, Government officials, other traditional Authorities and Invited guests.

Music and sports
The Ga-Dangbe music includes drumming and dancing. One of their traditional music and dance styles (albeit a fairly modern one) is kpanlogo, a modernized traditional dance and music form developed around 1960. Yacub Addy, Obo Addy, and Mustapha Tettey Addy are Ga drummers who have achieved international fame. Music of the Ga-Dangbe people also include [Klama], [Kpatsa] and the Dipo dance all of the Krobo people.

In addition to music, the Ga-Dangbe people are known for their long history and successes in the sport of boxing. The fishing community of Bukom on the outskirts of Accra, is considered as the mecca of boxing in Ghana and has produced several notable boxers. It is the home of many famous boxing "clubs" and gymnasiums. Notable fighters include former WBC champion, David Kotei aka DK Poison, Alfred Kotey, Joshua "The Hitter" Clottey, and former WBA Welterweight champion boxer Ike "Bazooka" Quartey, and former multi-weight class champion Azumah "Zoom Zoom" Nelson aka Prof.

Rites of passage
For the Shai and Krobo people, the Dipo is the formal rite of passage. Originally designed as a formal marriage training for mature women in their twenties, Dipo has evolved into a pre-marital sexual purification rite that involves teenage girls conducting traditional religious rituals and putting on dance performances for the public. Initiates are partially nude throughout much of the ritual. In addition, they are each adorned with custom-made glass beads, colorful loincloths, and various forms of woven headgear. According to researcher and author Priscilla Akua Boakye, "[Dipo] was a form of vocational training for young women in which they were taught generally how to assume their roles as responsible women." Despite the ritual being designated for older teenaged girls, it is not uncommon for young pre-adolescent and even toddler aged girls to take part.

Funerals and "fantasy" coffins
The Ga people are known for their funeral celebrations and processions. The Ga believe that when someone dies, they move to another life. Therefore, special coffins are often crafted by highly skilled carpenters since this tradition spread in the 1950s. The pioneers of these artistic coffins were master craftsmen, such as Ataa Oko (1919–2012) from La, and Seth Kane Kwei (1925–1992) from Teshie.

The coffins can be anything wanted by relatives of the deceased from a pencil to an elephant. Coffins are usually crafted to reflect an essence of the deceased in forms such as a character trait, an occupation, or a symbol of one's standing in the community. For example, a taxicab driver is most likely to be buried in a coffin shaped as a car. Many families spend excessive amounts on coffins because they often feel that they have to pay their last respects to the deceased and being buried in a coffin of cultural, symbolic as well as expensive taste is seen as fitting. Prices of coffins can vary depending on what is being ordered. It is not unusual for a single coffin to cost $600. This is expensive for local families considering that it is not unusual to meet people with an income of only $50 a month. This means that funerals are often paid for by wealthier members of the family, if such a member exists, with smaller contributions coming from other working members of the family. This is needed as the coffin is only a portion of the total funeral cost that will be incurred.

Some foreigners are known to have been buried in Ga-styled coffins.

The use of these fantasy coffins is explained by the religious beliefs of the Ga people regarding their afterlife. They believe that death is not the end and that life continues in the next world in the same way it did on earth. Ancestors are also thought to be much more powerful than the living and able to influence their relatives who are still living (lucky as they are). This is why families do everything they can to ensure that a dead person is sympathetic towards them as early as possible. The social status of the deceased depends primarily on the size and the success of the burial service and of course the usage of an exclusive coffin. These coffins are only seen on the day of the burials when they are buried with the deceased. They often symbolise the dead people's professions, the purpose being to help them continue with their earthly profession in the afterlife. Certain shapes, such as a sword or chair coffin, represent royal or priestly insignia with a magical and religious function. Only people with the appropriate status are allowed to be buried in these types of coffins. Various creatures, such as lions, cockerels and crabs represent clan totems. Similarly, only the heads of the families concerned are permitted to be buried in coffins such as these. Many coffin shapes also evoke proverbs, which are interpreted in different ways by the Ga. Design coffins have been used since around the 1950s, especially in rural Ga groups with traditional beliefs, and have now become an integral part of Ga burial culture. Today, figural coffins are made in several workshops in Togo and Greater Accra. Popular coffinmakers are, for example, Cedi and Eric Adjetey Anang of Kane Kwei Carpentry Workshop, Paa Joe, Daniel Mensah and Kudjoe Affutu. Most of the figural coffins are used for funerals, only a few are exported for international art exhibitions.

Notable Ga-Adangbe people

 * Ebenezer Ako-Adjei (17 June 1916 – 14 January 2002) was a lawyer and politician, who served as foreign minister and in other leading cabinet roles during the first Republic of Ghana as a member of the Convention People's Party. He was a founding member of the United Gold Coast Convention and is one of the "Big Six", who were arguably the most famous people in Ghana's fight for independence from British rule.
 * Tetteh Quarshie (1842 – 25 December 1892) was a pre-independence agriculturalist and the person directly responsible for the introduction of cocoa crops to Ghana, which today constitute one of the major export crops of the Ghanaian economy.
 * Carl Christian Reindorf (31 May 1834 – 1 July 1917) was a Euro-African-born pioneer historian, teacher, farmer, trader, physician and pastor who worked with the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast. He wrote The History of the Gold Coast and Asante in the Ga language, considered a pioneering work and a "historical classic". The work was later translated into English and published in 1895 in Switzerland. He used written sources and oral tradition, interviewing more than 200 people in the course of assembling his history.
 * Nii Tackie Tawiah III (6 October 1940 – December 2012) was the monarch of the Ga State from 2006 to 2012.
 * John William Hansen (23 February 1927 – 7 April 2012), popularly known as Jerry Hansen, was a highlife musician. He was a singer, a composer, an arranger, a saxophonist and a pioneer of highlife music. He was the bandleader and founder of the Ramblers International Band. He was a founding member and the first president of the Musicians Union of Ghana (MUSIGA)
 * Lieutenant General Joseph Arthur Ankrah (18 August 1915 – 25 November 1992) served as the first commander of the Ghana Armed Forces, the Chief of the Defence Staff of Ghana and from 1966 and 1969 as the second President of Ghana. Ankrah also served as Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity from 24 February to 5 November 1966.
 * Mustapha Tettey Addy, traditional drummer & composer (b. 1942)
 * Nii Narku Quaynor is a scientist and engineer who has played an important role in the introduction and development of the Internet throughout Africa.
 * Raphael Nii Amaa Ollennu, JSC, FGA (21 May 1906 – 22 December 1986) was a jurist and judge who became a Justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana, the acting President of Ghana during the Second Republic from 7 August 1970 to 31 August 1970 and the Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana from 1969 to 1972.
 * Obo Addy, traditional and contemporary drummer, composer and educator; NEA National Heritage Fellow 1996 U.S.A. (1936–2012)
 * Yacub Addy, traditional drummer, composer, choreographer and educator: NEA National Heritage Fellow 2010 U.S.A.; collaborated with Wynton Marsalis (1931–2014)
 * Christian Tsui Hesse, popularly known as Chris Hesse (born 29 August 1932) is a cinematographer, filmmaker, film administrator, photographer and Presbyterian minister who is known for his cinematography in several films such as Love Brewed in the African Pot (1980) and Heritage Africa (1989). He was the personal photographer of Ghana's first President, Dr Kwame Nkrumah. Chris Hesse helped to document the visual history of the political leadership and development of the country. He also worked for the United Nations, serving as a photographer, documenting the Congo crisis in 1960.
 * Atukwei John Okai (15 March 1941 – 13 July 2018) was a poet, cultural activist, and an academic. He was Secretary-General of the Pan African Writers' Association, and a President of the Ghana Association of Writers. His early work was published under the name John Okai. With his poems rooted in the oral tradition, he is generally acknowledged to have been the first real performance poet to emerge from Africa, and his work has been called "also politically radical and socially conscious, one of his great concerns being Pan-Africanism". His performances on radio and television worldwide include an acclaimed 1975 appearance at Poetry International at Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, where he shared the stage with US poets Stanley Kunitz and Robert Lowell, and Nicolás Guillén of Cuba.
 * Justice Jacob Hackenburg Griffiths-Randolph (6 September 1914 – 25 July 1986) was a judge and also the Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana during the Third Republic. In 1959, during the First Republic of Ghana, President Kwame Nkrumah appointed him as Commissioner of Income Tax, the first African to hold that position. In 1966, he was appointed a Superior Court judge by the new government and served in Bolgatanga, Cape Coast, Tamale and finally Accra, where he was until he retired from the Bench in 1979. In September 1979, the 3rd Republic was born, and he was unanimously selected to be Speaker of Parliament. He served as Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana from 24 September 1979 – 31 December 1981
 * Ernestina Naadu Mills (née Botchway) is an educator and a First Lady of Ghana. She was the wife of President John Atta Mills (21 July 1944 – 24 July 2012) and is the recipient of a humanitarian award from the Health Legend Foundation.
 * Rebecca Akufo-Addo (née Griffiths-Randolph) is a public figure and a First Lady of Ghana. She is the wife of President Nana Akufo-Addo.
 * Ayi Kwei Armah, writer (b. 1939)
 * Nii Ayikwei Parkes (born 1 April 1974), is a performance poet, writer, publisher, and sociocultural commentator. He is one of 39 writers aged under 40 from sub-Saharan Africa who in April 2014 were named as part of the Hay Festival's prestigious Africa39 project
 * Emmanuel Tettey Mensah aka E. T. Mensah, musician (1919–1996) who was regarded as the "King of Highlife" music. He led the band "The Tempos", a group that toured widely in West Africa
 * Warren Gamaliel Kpakpo Akwei, also known as Guy Warren or Kofi Ghanaba (4 May 1923 – 22 December 2008) was a musician, best known as the inventor of Afro-jazz — "the reuniting of African-American jazz with its African roots"[1] — and as a member of The Tempos, alongside E. T. Mensah. He also inspired musicians such as Fela Kuti. Warren's virtuosity on the African drums earned him the appellation "The Divine Drummer". At different stages of his life, he also worked as a journalist, DJ and broadcaster.
 * John William Hansen, a singer, a composer, an arranger, a saxophonist, and a pioneer of highlife music. He was the founder of Ramblers International Band
 * King Bruce, (3 June 1922 – 12 September 1997), a composer, band leader, musician, arranger, band leader, and multi-instrumentalist who made his mark on Ghana's dance band highlife tradition in a variety of ways.
 * Saka Acquaye (2 November 1923 – 27 February 2007), a musician, playwright, sculptor and textile designer. He founded the African Ensemble while in the US and as its leader, recorded an album under the ELEKTRA label. He was a member of Ramblers International Band
 * Grace Nortey is an actress who played multi-character lead roles on Ghanaian television in the 1990s.
 * Mac Jordan Amartey (1936–2018) was a popular actor.
 * Emmanuel Armah (born 22 April 1968) is a retired football defender. He played for Hearts of Oak in Ghana, except for the 1994–95 season at Sportul Studențesc București in Romania. He represented Ghana at the 1992 Africa Cup of Nations.
 * Augustine Abbey, also known as Idikoko, is an actor and movie maker known for comedy. He is also known for his main roles as a house boy or gate man. He has produced and starred in a BBC documentary and also directed and produced a film on HIV and AIDS in partnership with UNESCO and Esi Sutherland-Addy's MMOFRA Foundation.
 * Theresa Amerley Tagoe, Minister of Parliament (1943–2010)
 * Azumah "The Professor" Nelson, boxer (b. 1958)
 * Neville Alexander Odartey-Wellington, army commander
 * Nii Amaa Ollennu, former Interim President of Ghana (1906–1986)
 * Ike "Bazooka" Quartey, boxer (b. 1969)
 * Ben Tackie, boxer (b. 1973)
 * Justice Daniel Francis Annan, first Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana in the Fourth Republic. (b. 1928)
 * George Commey Mills-Odoi, first Ghanaian Attorney General of Ghana; Justice of Supreme Court of Ghana (1962–1966)
 * Justice E.N.P. Sowah, Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Ghana (1986–1990)
 * Ebenezer Akuete, former diplomat
 * Joshua Clottey, boxer, Former IBF Welterweight Champion.
 * Richard Commey, boxer, International Boxing Federation (IBF) Lightweight World Champion
 * Frank Gibbs Torto, chemist
 * Daniel McKorley, the founder and chief executive officer of McDan Group of Companies
 * Lesley Naa Norle Lokko is a Ghanaian-Scottish architect, academic, and novelist. She says: "I live almost simultaneously in Johannesburg, London, Accra and Edinburgh.
 * Adjetey Anang, actor, popularly known as "Pusher", which was his screen name in the television series 'Things We Do for Love, and most recentry, Yolo'
 * Nii Addo Quaynor, better known by his stage name Tinny, a rapper
 * Boris Frederic Cecil Tay-Natey Ofuatey-Kodjoe (born 8 March 1973), better known as Boris Kodjoe, is an Austrian-born actor of German and Ghanaian descent known for his roles as Kelby in the 2002 film Brown Sugar, the sports-courier agent Damon Carter on the Showtime drama series Soul Food and was a recurring character on FOX's The Last Man on Earth. He currently co-stars on BET's Real Husbands of Hollywood and the Grey's Anatomy spin-off, Station 19.
 * Abraham Nii Attah (born 2 July 2001). He made his feature film debut in Beasts of No Nation (2015). For his leading role of child soldier Agu, Attah was awarded the Marcello Mastroianni Award for Best Young Actor at the 72nd Venice International Film Festival. He was made an ambassador for the Free Education Policy in Ghana, after having supported the policy with a picture endorsement. In 2017, he appeared in the Marvel Studios film Spider-Man: Homecoming. He has joined the ensemble cast of Shane Carruth's third film, The Modern Ocean.
 * Joselyn Dumas, television show host and actress
 * Berla Addardey Mundi aka Berla Mundi, media personality, women's advocate and voice artist
 * Naa Ashorkor Mensah-Doku, actress, radio/TV broadcaster and public relations professional
 * Charles Nii Armah Mensah Jr. aka Shatta Wale, formerly known as Bandana, music producer and reggae-dancehall artiste
 * Yvonne Nelson, actress, model, film producer and entrepreneur
 * Chris Attoh (born Christopher Keith Nii Attoh; 17 May 1974) is an actor, on-air personality, television presenter and producer. He is best known as "Kwame Mensah" in Nigerian soap opera Tinsel.
 * Odartei Mills Lamptey, popularly known as Gasmilla or International Fisherman, is a hiplife artist.
 * Theophilus Tagoe (born 1 May 1982, disappeared 6 July 2014), popularly known as Castro or Castro Under Fire is a hiplife recording artist and musician.
 * Nii Kwate Owoo, (born 1944) is an academic and filmmaker, described by Variety as "one of the first Ghanaians to make a 35mm film". His name has also appeared in film credits as Kwate Nee-Owoo.
 * Eddie Nartey, (born 6 November 1984) is an actor, director, and film producer. His supporting role in Frank Rajah's "Somewhere In Africa" earned him a nomination at the Nollywood and African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA), and Ghana movie awards. He was nominated in the best actor category for Kiss Me If You Can.
 * The Tagoe Sisters is the name of a musical duo consisting of twins Lydia Dedei Yawson Nee Tagoe and Elizabeth Korkoi Tagoe. They have been singing in the gospel music industry since 1983
 * Nii Okai (Ernest Nii-Okai Okai, born 19 September 1977) is a contemporary gospel singer and choir leader.
 * Danny Nettey (19 September 1968 – 15 July 2016) was a musician and songwriter. He was best described as one of the pioneers of Contemporary Gospel music in Ghana.
 * Virgil Abloh (born 30 September 1980) is a Ghanaian-American fashion designer, entrepreneur, artist, and DJ who has been the artistic director of Louis Vuitton's men's wear collection since March 2018. Abloh is also the CEO of Milan-based label Off-White, a fashion house he founded in 2013. A trained architect, Abloh, who also worked in Chicago street fashion, entered the world of international fashion with an internship at Fendi in 2009 alongside rapper Kanye West. The two then began an artistic collaboration that would launch Abloh's career into founding Off-White. The first American of African descent to be artistic director at a French luxury fashion house, he was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2018.

title: Ga-Adangbe people