text:
Isotopes of indium

Indium (49In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (~ 95.7%) nuclide (115In) being measurably though weakly radioactive. Its spin-forbidden decay has a half-life of 4.41×1014 years, much longer than the currently accepted age of the Universe.

The stable isotope 113In is only 4.3% of naturally occurring indium. Among elements with a known stable isotope, only tellurium and rhenium similarly occur with a stable isotope in lower abundance than the long-lived radioactive isotope. Other than 115In, the longest-lived radioisotope is 111In, with a half-life of 2.8047 days. All other radioisotopes have half-lives less than a day. This element also has 47 isomers, the longest-lived being 114m1In, with a half-life of 49.51 days. All other meta-states have half-lives less than a day, most less than an hour, and many measured in milliseconds or less.

Indium-111 is used medically in nuclear imaging, as a radiotracer nuclide tag for gamma camera localization of protein radiopharmaceuticals, such as In-111-labeled octreotide, which binds to receptors on certain endocrine tumors (Octreoscan). Indium-111 is also used in indium white blood cell scans, which use nuclear medical techniques to search for hidden infections.

Several proton-rich isotopes of indium (including indium-99) have been used to measure the mass of the doubly-magic isotope tin-100.

List of isotopes

 * 97In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 96.94954(64)#
 * 5# ms
 * 9/2+#
 * 98In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * 97.94214(21)#
 * 45(23) ms [32(+32−11) ms]
 * β+
 * 98Cd
 * 0+#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 98mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(500)# keV
 * 1.7(8) s [1.2(+12−4) s]
 * 99In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 98.93422(43)#
 * 3.1(8) s [3.0(+8−7) s]
 * β+
 * 99Cd
 * 9/2+#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 99mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 400(150)# keV
 * 1# s
 * 1/2−#
 * rowspan=2|100In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 51
 * rowspan=2|99.93111(27)
 * rowspan=2|5.9(2) s
 * β+ (96.1%)
 * 100Cd
 * rowspan=2|(6, 7)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (3.9%)
 * 99Ag
 * rowspan=2|101In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52
 * rowspan=2|100.92634(32)#
 * rowspan=2|15.1(3) s
 * β+
 * 101Cd
 * rowspan=2|9/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p
 * 100Ag
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 101mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 550(100)# keV
 * 10# s
 * 1/2−#
 * rowspan=2|102In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53
 * rowspan=2|101.92409(12)
 * rowspan=2|23.3(1) s
 * β+ (99.99%)
 * 102Cd
 * rowspan=2|(6+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (.00929%)
 * 101Ag
 * 103In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 54
 * 102.919914(27)
 * 60(1) s
 * β+
 * 103Cd
 * 9/2+#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 103mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 631.7(1) keV
 * 34(2) s
 * (1/2−)#
 * 104In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 55
 * 103.91830(9)
 * 1.80(3) min
 * β+
 * 104Cd
 * 5, 6(+)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 104mIn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 93.48(10) keV
 * rowspan=2|15.7(5) s
 * IT (80%)
 * 104In
 * rowspan=2|(3+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (20%)
 * 104Cd
 * 105In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 56
 * 104.914674(19)
 * 5.07(7) min
 * β+
 * 105Cd
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 105mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 674.1(3) keV
 * 48(6) s
 * IT
 * 105In
 * (1/2)−
 * 106In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 57
 * 105.913465(13)
 * 6.2(1) min
 * β+
 * 106Cd
 * 7+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 106mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 28.6(3) keV
 * 5.2(1) min
 * β+
 * 106Cd
 * (3+)
 * 107In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * 106.910295(12)
 * 32.4(3) min
 * β+
 * 107Cd
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 107mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 678.5(3) keV
 * 50.4(6) s
 * IT
 * 107In
 * 1/2−
 * 108In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 59
 * 107.909698(10)
 * 58.0(12) min
 * β+
 * 108Cd
 * 7+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 108mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 29.75(5) keV
 * 39.6(7) min
 * β+
 * 108Cd
 * 2+
 * 109In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 108.907151(6)
 * 4.2(1) h
 * β+
 * 109Cd
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 109m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 650.1(3) keV
 * 1.34(7) min
 * IT
 * 109In
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 109m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2101.8(2) keV
 * 209(6) ms
 * (19/2+)
 * 110In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 109.907165(13)
 * 4.9(1) h
 * β+
 * 110Cd
 * 7+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 110mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 62.1(5) keV
 * 69.1(5) min
 * β+
 * 110Cd
 * 2+
 * 111In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 110.905103(5)
 * 2.8047(5) d
 * EC
 * 111Cd
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 111mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 536.95(6) keV
 * 7.7(2) min
 * IT
 * 111In
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2|112In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 63
 * rowspan=2|111.905532(6)
 * rowspan=2|14.97(10) min
 * β+ (56%)
 * 112Cd
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (44%)
 * 112Sn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 112m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 156.59(5) keV
 * 20.56(6) min
 * β+
 * 112Cd
 * 4+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 112m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 350.76(9) keV
 * 690(50) ns
 * 7+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 112m3In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 613.69(14) keV
 * 2.81(3) μs
 * 8−
 * 113In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 112.904058(3)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 9/2+
 * 0.0429(5)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 113mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 391.699(3) keV
 * 1.6579(4) h
 * IT
 * 113In
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2|114In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 65
 * rowspan=2|113.904914(3)
 * rowspan=2|71.9(1) s
 * β+ (0.5%)
 * 114Cd
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (99.5%)
 * 114Sn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 114m1In
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 190.29(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|49.51(1) d
 * IT (96.75%)
 * 114In
 * rowspan=2|5+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (3.25%)
 * 114Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 114m2In
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 501.94(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|43.1(6) ms
 * IT (96.75%)
 * 114In
 * rowspan=2|(8−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (3.25%)
 * 114Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 114m3In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 641.72(3) keV
 * 4.3(4) μs
 * (7+)
 * 115In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 114.903878(5)
 * 4.41(25)×1014 a
 * β−
 * 115Sn
 * 9/2+
 * 0.9571(5)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 115mIn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 336.244(17) keV
 * rowspan=2|4.486(4) h
 * IT (95%)
 * 115In
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (5%)
 * 115Sn
 * rowspan=2|116In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 67
 * rowspan=2|115.905260(5)
 * rowspan=2|14.10(3) s
 * β− (99.98%)
 * 116Sn
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (0.02%)
 * 116Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 116m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 127.267(6) keV
 * 54.29(17) min
 * 5+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 116m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 289.660(6) keV
 * 2.18(4) s
 * 8−
 * 117In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 68
 * 116.904514(6)
 * 43.2(3) min
 * β−
 * 117Sn
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 117mIn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 315.302(12) keV
 * rowspan=2|116.2(3) min
 * β− (52.91%)
 * 117Sn
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (47.09%)
 * 117In
 * 118In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * 117.906354(9)
 * 5.0(5) s
 * β−
 * 118Sn
 * 1+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 118m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(50)# keV
 * 4.364(7) min
 * β−
 * 118Sn
 * 5+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 118m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 240(50)# keV
 * 8.5(3) s
 * 8−
 * 119In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * 118.905845(8)
 * 2.4(1) min
 * β−
 * 119Sn
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 119m1In
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 311.37(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|18.0(3) min
 * β− (94.4%)
 * 119Sn
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (5.6%)
 * 119In
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 119m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 654.27(7) keV
 * 130(15) ns
 * 1/2+, 3/2+
 * 120In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * 119.90796(4)
 * 3.08(8) s
 * β−
 * 120Sn
 * 1+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 120m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(60)# keV
 * 46.2(8) s
 * 5+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 120m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 300(200)# keV
 * 47.3(5) s
 * β−
 * 120Sn
 * 8(−)
 * 121In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 120.907846(29)
 * 23.1(6) s
 * β−
 * 121Sn
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 121mIn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 312.98(8) keV
 * rowspan=2|3.88(10) min
 * β− (98.8%)
 * 121Sn
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (1.2%)
 * 121In
 * 122In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 121.91028(5)
 * 1.5(3) s
 * β−
 * 122Sn
 * 1+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 122m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40(60)# keV
 * 10.3(6) s
 * 5+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 122m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 290(140) keV
 * 10.8(4) s
 * β−
 * 122Sn
 * 8−
 * 123In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 122.910438(26)
 * 6.17(5) s
 * β−
 * 123mSn
 * (9/2)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 123mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 327.21(4) keV
 * 47.4(4) s
 * β−
 * 123mSn
 * (1/2)−
 * 124In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 123.91318(5)
 * 3.11(10) s
 * β−
 * 124Sn
 * 3+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 124mIn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | −20(70) keV
 * rowspan=2|3.7(2) s
 * β−
 * 124Sn
 * rowspan=2|(8)(−#)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT
 * 124In
 * 125In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 124.91360(3)
 * 2.36(4) s
 * β−
 * 125mSn
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 125mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 360.12(9) keV
 * 12.2(2) s
 * β−
 * 125Sn
 * 1/2(−)
 * 126In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 77
 * 125.91646(4)
 * 1.53(1) s
 * β−
 * 126Sn
 * 3(+#)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(60) keV
 * 1.64(5) s
 * β−
 * 126Sn
 * 8(−#)
 * rowspan=2|127In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 78
 * rowspan=2|126.91735(4)
 * rowspan=2|1.09(1) s
 * β− (99.97%)
 * 127mSn
 * rowspan=2|9/2(+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.03%)
 * 126Sn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 127mIn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 460(70) keV
 * rowspan=2|3.67(4) s
 * β− (99.31%)
 * 127mSn
 * rowspan=2|(1/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.69%)
 * 126Sn
 * rowspan=2|128In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 79
 * rowspan=2|127.92017(5)
 * rowspan=2|0.84(6) s
 * β− (99.96%)
 * 128Sn
 * rowspan=2|(3)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.038%)
 * 127Sn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 128m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 247.87(10) keV
 * 10(7) ms
 * (1)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 128m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 320(60) keV
 * 720(100) ms
 * β−
 * 128Sn
 * (8−)
 * rowspan=2|129In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
 * rowspan=2|128.92170(5)
 * rowspan=2|611(4) ms
 * β− (99.75%)
 * 129Sn
 * rowspan=2|9/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.25%)
 * 128Sn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 129m1In
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 380(70) keV
 * rowspan=3|1.23(3) s
 * β− (97.2%)
 * 129Sn
 * rowspan=3|(1/2−)#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (2.5%)
 * 128Sn
 * IT (.3%)
 * 129In
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 129m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1688.0(5) keV
 * 8.5(5) μs
 * 17/2−
 * rowspan=2|130In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81
 * rowspan=2|129.92497(4)
 * rowspan=2|0.29(2) s
 * β− (98.35%)
 * 130Sn
 * rowspan=2|1(−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (1.65%)
 * 129Sn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 130m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(50) keV
 * 538(5) ms
 * 10-#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 130m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 400(60) keV
 * 0.54(1) s
 * (5+)
 * rowspan=2|131In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2|130.92685(3)
 * rowspan=2|0.28(3) s
 * β− (97.8%)
 * 131Sn
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (2.19%)
 * 130Sn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 131m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 363(37) keV
 * 0.35(5) s
 * (1/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 131m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4.10(7) MeV
 * 320(60) ms
 * (19/2+ to 23/2+)
 * rowspan=2|132In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83
 * rowspan=2|131.93299(7)
 * rowspan=2|206(4) ms
 * β− (94.8%)
 * 132Sn
 * rowspan=2|(7−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (5.2%)
 * 131Sn
 * rowspan=2|133In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2|132.93781(32)#
 * rowspan=2|165(3) ms
 * β−, n (85%)
 * 132Sn
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (15%)
 * 133Sn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 133mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 330(40)# keV
 * 180# ms
 * IT
 * 133In
 * (1/2−)
 * rowspan=3|134In
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=3|133.94415(43)#
 * rowspan=3|140(4) ms
 * β− (79%)
 * 134Sn
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (17%)
 * 133Sn
 * β−, 2n (4%)
 * 132Sn
 * 135In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * 134.94933(54)#
 * 92(10) ms
 * β−
 * 135Sn
 * 9/2+#
 * 136In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * 85 ms
 * β−
 * 136Sn
 * 137In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * 65 ms
 * β−
 * 137Sn
 * 125In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 124.91360(3)
 * 2.36(4) s
 * β−
 * 125mSn
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 125mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 360.12(9) keV
 * 12.2(2) s
 * β−
 * 125Sn
 * 1/2(−)
 * 126In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 77
 * 125.91646(4)
 * 1.53(1) s
 * β−
 * 126Sn
 * 3(+#)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(60) keV
 * 1.64(5) s
 * β−
 * 126Sn
 * 8(−#)
 * rowspan=2|127In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 78
 * rowspan=2|126.91735(4)
 * rowspan=2|1.09(1) s
 * β− (99.97%)
 * 127mSn
 * rowspan=2|9/2(+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.03%)
 * 126Sn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 127mIn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 460(70) keV
 * rowspan=2|3.67(4) s
 * β− (99.31%)
 * 127mSn
 * rowspan=2|(1/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.69%)
 * 126Sn
 * rowspan=2|128In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 79
 * rowspan=2|127.92017(5)
 * rowspan=2|0.84(6) s
 * β− (99.96%)
 * 128Sn
 * rowspan=2|(3)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.038%)
 * 127Sn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 128m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 247.87(10) keV
 * 10(7) ms
 * (1)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 128m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 320(60) keV
 * 720(100) ms
 * β−
 * 128Sn
 * (8−)
 * rowspan=2|129In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
 * rowspan=2|128.92170(5)
 * rowspan=2|611(4) ms
 * β− (99.75%)
 * 129Sn
 * rowspan=2|9/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.25%)
 * 128Sn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 129m1In
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 380(70) keV
 * rowspan=3|1.23(3) s
 * β− (97.2%)
 * 129Sn
 * rowspan=3|(1/2−)#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (2.5%)
 * 128Sn
 * IT (.3%)
 * 129In
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 129m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1688.0(5) keV
 * 8.5(5) μs
 * 17/2−
 * rowspan=2|130In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81
 * rowspan=2|129.92497(4)
 * rowspan=2|0.29(2) s
 * β− (98.35%)
 * 130Sn
 * rowspan=2|1(−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (1.65%)
 * 129Sn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 130m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(50) keV
 * 538(5) ms
 * 10-#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 130m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 400(60) keV
 * 0.54(1) s
 * (5+)
 * rowspan=2|131In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2|130.92685(3)
 * rowspan=2|0.28(3) s
 * β− (97.8%)
 * 131Sn
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (2.19%)
 * 130Sn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 131m1In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 363(37) keV
 * 0.35(5) s
 * (1/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 131m2In
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4.10(7) MeV
 * 320(60) ms
 * (19/2+ to 23/2+)
 * rowspan=2|132In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83
 * rowspan=2|131.93299(7)
 * rowspan=2|206(4) ms
 * β− (94.8%)
 * 132Sn
 * rowspan=2|(7−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (5.2%)
 * 131Sn
 * rowspan=2|133In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2|132.93781(32)#
 * rowspan=2|165(3) ms
 * β−, n (85%)
 * 132Sn
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (15%)
 * 133Sn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 133mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 330(40)# keV
 * 180# ms
 * IT
 * 133In
 * (1/2−)
 * rowspan=3|134In
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=3|133.94415(43)#
 * rowspan=3|140(4) ms
 * β− (79%)
 * 134Sn
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (17%)
 * 133Sn
 * β−, 2n (4%)
 * 132Sn
 * 135In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * 134.94933(54)#
 * 92(10) ms
 * β−
 * 135Sn
 * 9/2+#
 * 136In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * 85 ms
 * β−
 * 136Sn
 * 137In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * 65 ms
 * β−
 * 137Sn
 * rowspan=2|131.93299(7)
 * rowspan=2|206(4) ms
 * β− (94.8%)
 * 132Sn
 * rowspan=2|(7−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (5.2%)
 * 131Sn
 * rowspan=2|133In
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2|132.93781(32)#
 * rowspan=2|165(3) ms
 * β−, n (85%)
 * 132Sn
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (15%)
 * 133Sn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 133mIn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 330(40)# keV
 * 180# ms
 * IT
 * 133In
 * (1/2−)
 * rowspan=3|134In
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=3|133.94415(43)#
 * rowspan=3|140(4) ms
 * β− (79%)
 * 134Sn
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (17%)
 * 133Sn
 * β−, 2n (4%)
 * 132Sn
 * 135In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * 134.94933(54)#
 * 92(10) ms
 * β−
 * 135Sn
 * 9/2+#
 * 136In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * 85 ms
 * β−
 * 136Sn
 * 137In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * 65 ms
 * β−
 * 137Sn
 * 136In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * 85 ms
 * β−
 * 136Sn
 * 137In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * 65 ms
 * β−
 * 137Sn
 * 137In
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * 65 ms
 * β−
 * 137Sn
 * 137Sn

title: Isotopes of indium


text:
Isotopes of silver

Naturally occurring silver (47Ag) is composed of the two stable isotopes 107Ag and 109Ag in almost equal proportions, with 107Ag being slightly more abundant (51.839% natural abundance). Notably, silver is the only element with all stable istopes having nuclear spins of 1/2. Thus both 107Ag and 109Ag nuclei produce narrow lines in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.

40 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 105Ag with a half-life of 41.29 days, 111Ag with a half-life of 7.43 days, and 112Ag with a half-life of 3.13 hours.

All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than an hour, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 3 minutes. This element has numerous meta states, with the most stable being 108mAg (half-life 439 years), 110mAg (half-life 249.86 days) and 106mAg (half-life 8.28 days).

Isotopes of silver range in atomic weight from 91.960 u (92Ag) to 132.969 u (133Ag). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 107Ag, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay products before 107Ag are palladium (element 46) isotopes and the primary products after are cadmium (element 48) isotopes.

The palladium isotope 107Pd decays by beta emission to 107Ag with a half-life of 6.5 million years. Iron meteorites are the only objects with a high enough palladium/silver ratio to yield measurable variations in 107Ag abundance. Radiogenic 107Ag was first discovered in the Santa Clara meteorite in 1978.

The discoverers suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a nucleosynthetic event. 107Pd versus 107Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have clearly been melted since the accretion of the Solar System, must reflect the presence of live short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=2 | 92Ag
 * rowspan=2 | 47
 * rowspan=2 | 45
 * rowspan=2 | 91.95971(43)#
 * rowspan=2|1# ms [>400 ns]
 * β+
 * 92Pd
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * p
 * 91Pd
 * rowspan=3 | 93Ag
 * rowspan=3 | 47
 * rowspan=3 | 46
 * rowspan=3 | 92.95019(43)#
 * rowspan=3| 228(16) ns
 * β+
 * 93Pd
 * rowspan=3|9/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * p
 * 92Pd
 * β+, p
 * 92Rh
 * rowspan=2| 94Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2| 93.94374(43)#
 * rowspan=2| 27(2) ms
 * β+ (>99.8%)
 * 94Pd
 * rowspan=2| 0+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (<0.2%)
 * 93Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 94m1Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1350(400)# keV
 * rowspan=2|470(10) ms
 * β+ (83%)
 * 94Pd
 * rowspan=2|(7+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (17%)
 * 93Rh
 * rowspan=4 style="text-indent:1em" | 94m2Ag
 * rowspan=4 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6500(550)# keV
 * rowspan=4| 400(40) ms
 * β+ (~68.4%)
 * 94Pd
 * rowspan=4| (21+)
 * rowspan=4|
 * rowspan=4|
 * β+, p (~27%)
 * 93Rh
 * p (4.1%)
 * 93Pd
 * 2p (0.5%)
 * 92Rh
 * rowspan=2|95Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=2|94.93569(43)#
 * rowspan=2|1.78(6) s
 * β+ (97.7%)
 * 95Pd
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (2.3%)
 * 94Rh
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 95m1Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 344.2(3) keV
 * <0.5 s
 * IT
 * 95Ag
 * (1/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 95m2Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2531.3(15) keV
 * <16 ms
 * IT
 * 95Ag
 * (23/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 95m3Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4860.0(15) keV
 * <40 ms
 * IT
 * 95Ag
 * (37/2+)
 * rowspan=2|96Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2|95.93074(10)
 * rowspan=2|4.45(3) s
 * β+ (95.8%)
 * 96Pd
 * rowspan=2|(8+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (4.2%)
 * 95Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 96m1Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(50)# keV
 * rowspan=2| 6.9(5) s
 * β+ (85.1%)
 * 96Pd
 * rowspan=2| (2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (14.9%)
 * 95Rh
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 96m2Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2461.4(3) keV
 * 103.2(45) μs
 * IT
 * 96Ag
 * (13-)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 96m3Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2686.7(4) keV
 * 1.561(16) μs
 * IT
 * 96Ag
 * (15+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 96m4Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6951.8(14) keV
 * 132(17) ns
 * IT
 * 96Ag
 * (19+)
 * 97Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 96.923881(13)
 * 25.5(3) s
 * β+
 * 97Pd
 * (9/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 97mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 620(40) keV
 * 100# ms
 * (1/2-#)
 * rowspan=2|98Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 51
 * rowspan=2|97.92156(4)
 * rowspan=2|47.5(3) s
 * β+ (99.99%)
 * 98Pd
 * rowspan=2|(6)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (.0012%)
 * 97Rh
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 98mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 107.28(10) keV
 * 161(7) ns
 * IT
 * 98Ag
 * (4+)
 * 99Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 52
 * 98.917646(7)
 * 2.07(5) min
 * β+
 * 99Pd
 * (9/2)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 99mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 506.2(4) keV
 * 10.5(5) s
 * IT
 * 99Ag
 * (1/2−)
 * 100Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 53
 * 99.916115(5)
 * 2.01(9) min
 * β+
 * 100Pd
 * (5)+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 100mAg
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 15.52(16) keV
 * rowspan=2|2.24(13) min
 * IT
 * 100Ag
 * rowspan=2|(2)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+
 * 100Pd
 * 101Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 54
 * 100.912684(5)
 * 11.1(3) min
 * β+
 * 101Pd
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 101mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 274.1(3) keV
 * 3.10(10) s
 * IT
 * 101Ag
 * 1/2−
 * 102Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 55
 * 101.911705(9)
 * 12.9(3) min
 * β+
 * 102Pd
 * 5+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 102mAg
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 9.40(7) keV
 * rowspan=2|7.7(5) min
 * β+ (51%)
 * 102Pd
 * rowspan=2|2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (49%)
 * 102Ag
 * 103Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 56
 * 102.908961(4)
 * 65.7(7) min
 * β+
 * 103Pd
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 103mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 134.45(4) keV
 * 5.7(3) s
 * IT
 * 103Ag
 * 1/2−
 * 104Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 57
 * 103.908624(5)
 * 69.2(10) min
 * β+
 * 104Pd
 * 5+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 104mAg
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6.90(22) keV
 * rowspan=2|33.5(20) min
 * β+ (>99.93%)
 * 104Pd
 * rowspan=2|2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (<0.07%)
 * 104Ag
 * 105Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * 104.906526(5)
 * 41.29(7) d
 * β+
 * 105Pd
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 105mAg
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 25.468(16) keV
 * rowspan=2|7.23(16) min
 * IT (99.66%)
 * 105Ag
 * rowspan=2|7/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.34%)
 * 105Pd
 * rowspan=2|106Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 59
 * rowspan=2|105.906663(3)
 * rowspan=2|23.96(4) min
 * β+
 * 106Pd
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (rare)
 * 106Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 106mAg
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 89.66(7) keV
 * rowspan=2|8.28(2) d
 * β+
 * 106Pd
 * rowspan=2|6+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (rare)
 * 106Ag
 * 107Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 106.9050915(26)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 1/2−
 * 0.51839(8)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 107mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 93.125(19) keV
 * 44.3(2) s
 * IT
 * 107Ag
 * 7/2+
 * rowspan=2|108Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 61
 * rowspan=2|107.9059502(26)
 * rowspan=2|2.382(11) min
 * β− (97.15%)
 * 108Cd
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (2.85%)
 * 108Pd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 108mAg
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 109.466(7) keV
 * rowspan=2|439(9) y
 * β+ (91.3%)
 * 108Pd
 * rowspan=2|6+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (8.96%)
 * 108Ag
 * 109Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 108.9047558(14)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 1/2−
 * 0.48161(8)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 109mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 88.0337(10) keV
 * 39.79(21) s
 * IT
 * 109Ag
 * 7/2+
 * rowspan=2|110Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 63
 * rowspan=2|109.9061107(14)
 * rowspan=2|24.56(11) s
 * β− (99.7%)
 * 110Cd
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.3%)
 * 110Pd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 110m1Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1.112(16) keV
 * 660(40) ns
 * IT
 * 110Ag
 * 2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 110m2Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 117.59(5) keV
 * rowspan=2|249.863(24) d
 * β− (98.67%)
 * 110Cd
 * rowspan=2|6+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (1.33%)
 * 110Ag
 * 111Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 110.9052968(16)
 * 7.433(10) d
 * β−
 * 111Cd
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 111mAg
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59.82(4) keV
 * rowspan=2|64.8(8) s
 * IT (99.3%)
 * 111Ag
 * rowspan=2|7/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (.7%)
 * 111Cd
 * 112Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 111.9070485(26)
 * 3.130(8) h
 * β−
 * 112Cd
 * 2(−)
 * 113Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 112.906573(18)
 * 5.37(5) h
 * β−
 * 113mCd
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 113mAg
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 43.50(10) keV
 * rowspan=2|68.7(16) s
 * IT (64%)
 * 113Ag
 * rowspan=2|7/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (36%)
 * 113Cd
 * 114Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 67
 * 113.908823(5)
 * 4.6(1) s
 * β−
 * 114Cd
 * 1+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 114mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 198.9(10) keV
 * 1.50(5) ms
 * IT
 * 114Ag
 * (6+)
 * 115Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 68
 * 114.908767(20)
 * 20.0(5) min
 * β−
 * 115mCd
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 115mAg
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 41.16(10) keV
 * rowspan=2|18.0(7) s
 * β− (79%)
 * 115Cd
 * rowspan=2|7/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (21%)
 * 115Ag
 * 116Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * 115.911387(4)
 * 3.83(8) min
 * β−
 * 116Cd
 * (0-)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 116m1Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 47.90(10) keV
 * rowspan=2|20(1) s
 * β− (93%)
 * 116Cd
 * rowspan=2|(3+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (7%)
 * 116Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 116m2Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 129.80(22) keV
 * rowspan=2|9.3(3) s
 * β− (92%)
 * 116Cd
 * rowspan=2|(6-)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (8%)
 * 116Ag
 * 117Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * 116.911774(15)
 * 73.6(14) s
 * β−
 * 117mCd
 * 1/2−#
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 117mAg
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 28.6(2) keV
 * rowspan=2|5.34(5) s
 * β− (94%)
 * 117mCd
 * rowspan=2|7/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (6%)
 * 117Ag
 * 118Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * 117.9145955(27)
 * 3.76(15) s
 * β−
 * 118Cd
 * (2-)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 118m1Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 45.79(9) keV
 * ~0.1 μs
 * IT
 * 118Ag
 * 1(−) to 2(−)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 118m2Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 127.63(10) keV
 * rowspan=2|2.0(2) s
 * β− (59%)
 * 118Cd
 * rowspan=2|(5+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (41%)
 * 118Ag
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 118m3Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 279.37(20) keV
 * ~0.1 μs
 * IT
 * 118Ag
 * (3+)
 * 119Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 118.915570(16)
 * 6.0(5) s
 * β−
 * 119mCd
 * 1/2−#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 119mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(20)# keV
 * 2.1(1) s
 * β−
 * 119Cd
 * 7/2+#
 * rowspan=2|120Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2|119.918785(5)
 * rowspan=2|1.52(7) s
 * β− (>99.997%)
 * 120Cd
 * rowspan=2|4(+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<.003%)
 * 119Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 120m1Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(50)# keV
 * 940(100) ms
 * (0−, 1-)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 120m2Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 203.0(10) keV
 * rowspan=2|384(22) ms
 * IT (68%)
 * 120Sn
 * rowspan=2|7(−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (32%)
 * 120Cd
 * rowspan=2|121Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 74
 * rowspan=2|120.920125(13)
 * rowspan=2|777(10) ms
 * β− (99.92%)
 * 121Cd
 * rowspan=2|7/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.076%)
 * 120Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 121mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(20)# keV
 * 200# ms
 * 1/2-#
 * rowspan=2|122Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 75
 * rowspan=2|121.92366(4)
 * rowspan=2|529(13) ms
 * β− (>99.814%)
 * 122Cd
 * rowspan=2|(3+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.186%)
 * 121Cd
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 122m1Ag
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80(50)# keV
 * rowspan=3|550(50) ms
 * β−
 * 122Cd
 * rowspan=3|(1-)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (rare)
 * 121Cd
 * IT (rare)
 * 122Ag
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 122m2Ag
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80(50)# keV
 * rowspan=3|200(50) ms
 * β−
 * 122Cd
 * rowspan=3|(9-)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (rare)
 * 121Cd
 * IT (rare)
 * 122Ag
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 122m3Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 171(50)# keV
 * 6.3(1) μs
 * IT
 * 122Ag
 * (1+)
 * rowspan=2|123Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 76
 * rowspan=2|122.92532(4)
 * rowspan=2|294(5) ms
 * β− (99.44%)
 * 123Cd
 * rowspan=2|(7/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.56%)
 * 122Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 123m1Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59.5(5) keV
 * rowspan=2|100# ms
 * β−
 * 123Cd
 * rowspan=2|(1/2-)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (rare)
 * 122Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 123m2Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1450(14)# keV
 * 202(20) ns
 * IT
 * 123Ag
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 123m3Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1472.8(8) keV
 * 393(16) ns
 * IT
 * 123Ag
 * (17/2-)
 * rowspan=2|124Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77
 * rowspan=2|123.92890(27)#
 * rowspan=2|177.9(26) ms
 * β− (98.7%)
 * 124Cd
 * rowspan=2|(2-)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (1.3%)
 * 123Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 124m1Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(50)# keV
 * rowspan=2|144(20) ms
 * β−
 * 124Cd
 * rowspan=2|9-#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n
 * 123Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 124m2Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 155.6(5)# keV
 * 140(50) ns
 * IT
 * 124Ag
 * (1+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 124m3Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 231.1(7)# keV
 * 1.48(15) μs
 * IT
 * 124Ag
 * (1-)
 * rowspan=2|125Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 78
 * rowspan=2|124.93074(47)
 * rowspan=2|160(5) ms
 * β− (88.2%)
 * 125Cd
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (11.8%)
 * 124Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 125m1Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 97.1(5)# keV
 * 50# ms
 * (1/2-)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 125m2Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 97.1(5)# keV
 * 491(20) ns
 * (17/2-)
 * rowspan=2|126Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 79
 * rowspan=2|125.93481(22)#
 * rowspan=2|52(10) ms
 * β− (86.3%)
 * 126Cd
 * rowspan=2|3+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (13.7%)
 * 125Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126m1Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(100)# keV
 * 108.4(24) ms
 * 9-#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126m2Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 97.1(5)# keV
 * 27(6) μs
 * IT
 * 126Ag
 * 1-#
 * rowspan=2|127Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
 * rowspan=2|126.93704(22)#
 * rowspan=2|89(2) ms
 * β− (85.4%)
 * 127Cd
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (14.6%)
 * 126Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 127m1Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(20)# keV
 * 20# ms
 * (1/2-)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 127m2Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1938(17) keV
 * rowspan=2| 67.5(9) ms
 * β− (91.2%)
 * 127Cd
 * rowspan=2| (27/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (8.8%)
 * 127Ag
 * rowspan=2| 128Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81
 * rowspan=2| 127.94127(32)#
 * rowspan=2| 60(3) ms
 * β− (80%)
 * 128Cd
 * rowspan=2| 3+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (20%)
 * 127Cd
 * rowspan=2| 129Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2| 128.94432(43)#
 * rowspan=2| 49.9(35) ms
 * β− (>80%)
 * 129Cd
 * rowspan=2| 9/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<20%)
 * 128Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 129mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(20)# keV
 * 10# ms
 * 1/2−#
 * 130Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 129.95073(46)#
 * 40.6(45) ms
 * β−
 * 130Cd
 * 1-#
 * rowspan=3| 131Ag
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=3| 130.95625(54)#
 * rowspan=3| 35(8) ms
 * β−
 * 131Cd
 * rowspan=3| 9/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n
 * 130Cd
 * β−, 2n
 * 129Cd
 * 132Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * 131.96307(54)#
 * 30(14) ms
 * β−
 * 132Cd
 * 6-#
 * 133Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * 132.96878(54)#
 * 6-#
 * rowspan=2|294(5) ms
 * β− (99.44%)
 * 123Cd
 * rowspan=2|(7/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.56%)
 * 122Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 123m1Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59.5(5) keV
 * rowspan=2|100# ms
 * β−
 * 123Cd
 * rowspan=2|(1/2-)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (rare)
 * 122Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 123m2Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1450(14)# keV
 * 202(20) ns
 * IT
 * 123Ag
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 123m3Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1472.8(8) keV
 * 393(16) ns
 * IT
 * 123Ag
 * (17/2-)
 * rowspan=2|124Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77
 * rowspan=2|123.92890(27)#
 * rowspan=2|177.9(26) ms
 * β− (98.7%)
 * 124Cd
 * rowspan=2|(2-)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (1.3%)
 * 123Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 124m1Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(50)# keV
 * rowspan=2|144(20) ms
 * β−
 * 124Cd
 * rowspan=2|9-#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n
 * 123Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 124m2Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 155.6(5)# keV
 * 140(50) ns
 * IT
 * 124Ag
 * (1+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 124m3Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 231.1(7)# keV
 * 1.48(15) μs
 * IT
 * 124Ag
 * (1-)
 * rowspan=2|125Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 78
 * rowspan=2|124.93074(47)
 * rowspan=2|160(5) ms
 * β− (88.2%)
 * 125Cd
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (11.8%)
 * 124Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 125m1Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 97.1(5)# keV
 * 50# ms
 * (1/2-)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 125m2Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 97.1(5)# keV
 * 491(20) ns
 * (17/2-)
 * rowspan=2|126Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 79
 * rowspan=2|125.93481(22)#
 * rowspan=2|52(10) ms
 * β− (86.3%)
 * 126Cd
 * rowspan=2|3+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (13.7%)
 * 125Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126m1Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(100)# keV
 * 108.4(24) ms
 * 9-#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126m2Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 97.1(5)# keV
 * 27(6) μs
 * IT
 * 126Ag
 * 1-#
 * rowspan=2|127Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
 * rowspan=2|126.93704(22)#
 * rowspan=2|89(2) ms
 * β− (85.4%)
 * 127Cd
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (14.6%)
 * 126Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 127m1Ag
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(20)# keV
 * 20# ms
 * (1/2-)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 127m2Ag
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1938(17) keV
 * rowspan=2| 67.5(9) ms
 * β− (91.2%)
 * 127Cd
 * rowspan=2| (27/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (8.8%)
 * 127Ag
 * rowspan=2| 128Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81
 * rowspan=2| 127.94127(32)#
 * rowspan=2| 60(3) ms
 * β− (80%)
 * 128Cd
 * rowspan=2| 3+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (20%)
 * 127Cd
 * rowspan=2| 129Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2| 128.94432(43)#
 * rowspan=2| 49.9(35) ms
 * β− (>80%)
 * 129Cd
 * rowspan=2| 9/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<20%)
 * 128Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 129mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(20)# keV
 * 10# ms
 * 1/2−#
 * 130Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 129.95073(46)#
 * 40.6(45) ms
 * β−
 * 130Cd
 * 1-#
 * rowspan=3| 131Ag
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=3| 130.95625(54)#
 * rowspan=3| 35(8) ms
 * β−
 * 131Cd
 * rowspan=3| 9/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n
 * 130Cd
 * β−, 2n
 * 129Cd
 * 132Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * 131.96307(54)#
 * 30(14) ms
 * β−
 * 132Cd
 * 6-#
 * 133Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * 132.96878(54)#
 * 6-#
 * β−, n (20%)
 * 127Cd
 * rowspan=2| 129Ag
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2| 128.94432(43)#
 * rowspan=2| 49.9(35) ms
 * β− (>80%)
 * 129Cd
 * rowspan=2| 9/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<20%)
 * 128Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 129mAg
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(20)# keV
 * 10# ms
 * 1/2−#
 * 130Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 129.95073(46)#
 * 40.6(45) ms
 * β−
 * 130Cd
 * 1-#
 * rowspan=3| 131Ag
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=3| 130.95625(54)#
 * rowspan=3| 35(8) ms
 * β−
 * 131Cd
 * rowspan=3| 9/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n
 * 130Cd
 * β−, 2n
 * 129Cd
 * 132Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * 131.96307(54)#
 * 30(14) ms
 * β−
 * 132Cd
 * 6-#
 * 133Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * 132.96878(54)#
 * 6-#
 * 132Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * 131.96307(54)#
 * 30(14) ms
 * β−
 * 132Cd
 * 6-#
 * 133Ag
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * 132.96878(54)#
 * 6-#
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * 132.96878(54)#
 * 6-#
 * 6-#
 * 6-#
 * 6-#

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Isotopes of silver


text:
Isotopes of cadmium

Naturally occurring cadmium (48Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and three others are predicted to be radioactive but their decays have not been observed, due to extremely long half-lives. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half-life is 8.04 × 1015 years) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.8 × 1019 years). The other three are 106Cd, 108Cd (double electron capture), and 114Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their half-life times have been set. Three isotopes—110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd—are theoretically stable. Among the isotopes absent in natural cadmium, the most long-lived are 109Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and 115Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2.5 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 12 known meta states, with the most stable being 113mCd (t1/2 14.1 years), 115mCd (t1/2 44.6 days) and 117mCd (t1/2 3.36 hours).

The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94.950 u (95Cd) to 131.946 u (132Cd). The primary decay mode before the second most abundant stable isotope, 112Cd, is electron capture and the primary modes after are beta emission and electron capture. The primary decay product before 112Cd is element 47 (silver) and the primary product after is element 49 (indium).

A 2021 study has shown at high ionic strengths, Cd isotope fractionation mainly depends on its complexation with carboxylic sites. At low ionic strengths, nonspecific Cd binding induced by electrostatic attractions plays a dominant role and promotes Cd isotope fractionation during complexation.

List of isotopes

 * 95Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 94.94987(64)#
 * 5# ms
 * 9/2+#
 * 96Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 95.93977(54)#
 * 1# s
 * β+
 * 96Ag
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|97Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2|96.93494(43)#
 * rowspan=2|2.8(6) s
 * β+ (>99.9%)
 * 97Ag
 * rowspan=2|9/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (<.1%)
 * 96Pd
 * rowspan=2|98Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 50
 * rowspan=2|97.92740(8)
 * rowspan=2|9.2(3) s
 * β+ (99.975%)
 * 98Ag
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (.025%)
 * 97Ag
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 98mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2427.5(6) keV
 * 190(20) ns
 * 8+#
 * rowspan=3|99Cd
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 51
 * rowspan=3|98.92501(22)#
 * rowspan=3|16(3) s
 * β+ (99.78%)
 * 99Ag
 * rowspan=3|(5/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+, p (.21%)
 * 98Pd
 * β+, α (10−4%)
 * 95Rh
 * 100Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 52
 * 99.92029(10)
 * 49.1(5) s
 * β+
 * 100Ag
 * 0+
 * 101Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 53
 * 100.91868(16)
 * 1.36(5) min
 * β+
 * 101Ag
 * (5/2+)
 * 102Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 54
 * 101.91446(3)
 * 5.5(5) min
 * β+
 * 102Ag
 * 0+
 * 103Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 55
 * 102.913419(17)
 * 7.3(1) min
 * β+
 * 103Ag
 * 5/2+
 * 104Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 56
 * 103.909849(10)
 * 57.7(10) min
 * β+
 * 104Ag
 * 0+
 * 105Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 57
 * 104.909468(12)
 * 55.5(4) min
 * β+
 * 105Ag
 * 5/2+
 * 106Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * 105.906459(6)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0125(6)
 * 107Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 59
 * 106.906618(6)
 * 6.50(2) h
 * β+
 * 107mAg
 * 5/2+
 * 108Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 107.904184(6)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0089(3)
 * 109Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 108.904982(4)
 * 461.4(12) d
 * EC
 * 109Ag
 * 5/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 109m1Cd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59.6(4) keV
 * 12(2) μs
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 109m2Cd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 463.0(5) keV
 * 10.9(5) μs
 * 11/2
 * 110Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 109.9030021(29)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.1249(18)
 * 111Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * 110.9041781(29)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 1/2+
 * 0.1280(12)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 111mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 396.214(21) keV
 * 48.50(9) min
 * IT
 * 111Cd
 * 11/2−
 * 112Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 111.9027578(29)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.2413(21)
 * 113Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 112.9044017(29)
 * 8.04(5)×1015 y
 * β−
 * 113In
 * 1/2+
 * 0.1222(12)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 113mCd
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 263.54(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|14.1(5) y
 * β− (99.86%)
 * 113In
 * rowspan=2|11/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (.139%)
 * 113Cd
 * 114Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 113.9033585(29)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.2873(42)
 * 115Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 67
 * 114.9054310(29)
 * 53.46(5) h
 * β−
 * 115mIn
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 115mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 181.0(5) keV
 * 44.56(24) d
 * β−
 * 115mIn
 * (11/2)−
 * 116Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 68
 * 115.904756(3)
 * 2.8(2)×1019 y
 * β−β−
 * 116Sn
 * 0+
 * 0.0749(18)
 * 117Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * 116.907219(4)
 * 2.49(4) h
 * β−
 * 117mIn
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 117mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 136.4(2) keV
 * 3.36(5) h
 * β−
 * 117mIn
 * (11/2)−
 * 118Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * 117.906915(22)
 * 50.3(2) min
 * β−
 * 118In
 * 0+
 * 119Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * 118.90992(9)
 * 2.69(2) min
 * β−
 * 119mIn
 * (3/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 119mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 146.54(11) keV
 * 2.20(2) min
 * β−
 * 119mIn
 * (11/2−)#
 * 120Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 119.90985(2)
 * 50.80(21) s
 * β−
 * 120In
 * 0+
 * 121Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 120.91298(9)
 * 13.5(3) s
 * β−
 * 121mIn
 * (3/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 121mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 214.86(15) keV
 * 8.3(8) s
 * β−
 * 121mIn
 * (11/2−)
 * 122Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 121.91333(5)
 * 5.24(3) s
 * β−
 * 122In
 * 0+
 * 123Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 122.91700(4)
 * 2.10(2) s
 * β−
 * 123mIn
 * (3/2)+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 123mCd
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 316.52(23) keV
 * rowspan=2|1.82(3) s
 * β−
 * 123In
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT
 * 123Cd
 * 124Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 123.91765(7)
 * 1.25(2) s
 * β−
 * 124In
 * 0+
 * 125Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 77
 * 124.92125(7)
 * 0.65(2) s
 * β−
 * 125mIn
 * (3/2+)#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 125mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(70) keV
 * 570(90) ms
 * β−
 * 125In
 * 11/2−#
 * 126Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 78
 * 125.92235(6)
 * 0.515(17) s
 * β−
 * 126In
 * 0+
 * 127Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 79
 * 126.92644(8)
 * 0.37(7) s
 * β−
 * 127mIn
 * (3/2+)
 * 128Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 80
 * 127.92776(32)
 * 0.28(4) s
 * β−
 * 128In
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|129Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81
 * rowspan=2|128.93215(32)#
 * rowspan=2|242(8) ms
 * β− (>99.9%)
 * 129In
 * rowspan=2|3/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (<.1%)
 * 129Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 129mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(200)# keV
 * 104(6) ms
 * 11/2−#
 * rowspan=2|130Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2|129.9339(3)
 * rowspan=2|162(7) ms
 * β− (96%)
 * 130In
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (4%)
 * 129In
 * 131Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 130.94067(32)#
 * 68(3) ms
 * 7/2−#
 * 132Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * 131.94555(54)#
 * 97(10) ms
 * 0+
 * 122In
 * 0+
 * 123Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 122.91700(4)
 * 2.10(2) s
 * β−
 * 123mIn
 * (3/2)+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 123mCd
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 316.52(23) keV
 * rowspan=2|1.82(3) s
 * β−
 * 123In
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT
 * 123Cd
 * 124Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 123.91765(7)
 * 1.25(2) s
 * β−
 * 124In
 * 0+
 * 125Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 77
 * 124.92125(7)
 * 0.65(2) s
 * β−
 * 125mIn
 * (3/2+)#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 125mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(70) keV
 * 570(90) ms
 * β−
 * 125In
 * 11/2−#
 * 126Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 78
 * 125.92235(6)
 * 0.515(17) s
 * β−
 * 126In
 * 0+
 * 127Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 79
 * 126.92644(8)
 * 0.37(7) s
 * β−
 * 127mIn
 * (3/2+)
 * 128Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 80
 * 127.92776(32)
 * 0.28(4) s
 * β−
 * 128In
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|129Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81
 * rowspan=2|128.93215(32)#
 * rowspan=2|242(8) ms
 * β− (>99.9%)
 * 129In
 * rowspan=2|3/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (<.1%)
 * 129Cd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 129mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(200)# keV
 * 104(6) ms
 * 11/2−#
 * rowspan=2|130Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2|129.9339(3)
 * rowspan=2|162(7) ms
 * β− (96%)
 * 130In
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (4%)
 * 129In
 * 131Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 130.94067(32)#
 * 68(3) ms
 * 7/2−#
 * 132Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * 131.94555(54)#
 * 97(10) ms
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 129mCd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(200)# keV
 * 104(6) ms
 * 11/2−#
 * rowspan=2|130Cd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2|129.9339(3)
 * rowspan=2|162(7) ms
 * β− (96%)
 * 130In
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (4%)
 * 129In
 * 131Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 130.94067(32)#
 * 68(3) ms
 * 7/2−#
 * 132Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * 131.94555(54)#
 * 97(10) ms
 * 0+
 * 7/2−#
 * 132Cd
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * 131.94555(54)#
 * 97(10) ms
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * 131.94555(54)#
 * 97(10) ms
 * 0+
 * 0+
 * 0+

 * Hyperdeformation is predicted to be found in 107Cd.

Cadmium-113m
Cadmium-113m is a cadmium radioisotope and nuclear isomer with a half-life of 14.1 years. In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield, plus its large neutron capture cross section means that most of even the small amount produced is destroyed in the course of the nuclear fuel's burnup; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste.

Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides will produce 113mCd at higher yields.

title: Isotopes of cadmium


text:
Talk:Hitscan

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:44, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
This article needs a lotta work. it's includes a section on games which include non-hitscan weapons is now useless, because it's standard to use projectiles now.--Kitten 13:19, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Surely "... laser beam travels at the speed of light, which is the fastest way that information can be transmitted. This is actually faster than a hitscan shot in computer games, since a computer can not process all necessary commands as fast as light travels from one point to another ..." can't be said to be always right? What if the distance in the game is 1 million light years? Tharg uk (talk) 12:50, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Sniper rifles can take up to 2 seconds to reach the target in real world situations (depending on distance)

 * You are correct. Problem fixed.  Yvh11a 03:26, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Wow. Ended up here from the Devil May Cry 3 article. I've never heard this term before, and while I can guess from the article that the term is used in FPS, it's not stated where it came from, or why it means what it means... And googling the term doesn't produce anything useful either. So, has the origin of the term been lost in the (relatively short) antiquity of FPS gaming, or is it just some elitist you-know-it-or-you-don't sort of thing? -- Rablari Dash 02:07, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Everything that follows is speculation, not fact. My guess is that it's a programmer's term.  In the early days of first person shooters, some programmer probably wrote a function called hitscan that would be run every time the player fired a gun, and which would scan the area within the player's crosshairs to see if any valid targets existed.  If so, they were hit, if not, nothing happened.  The term probably caught on and spread from there, which would explain it's relative obscurity; by the time you knew the term, you already knew what it meant.  Speculation ends here. Yvh11a 18:00, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah. You're right. When You program games simply You do hitscan. You're young and learning. You don't call it that way because You've never heard the term before. It has been done in 80's in most of basic (and BASIC? ;) ) games (not a space shooters ;) ... ). Reason is that it is much simpler to do that this way. Or better to say it is immediate. You call "hitscan" function and it will get You what was hit. Right now, right on this place. Immediately. If You wanted to have more "realistic" aka projectile You had to create bullet "aside". Simulate it together with player and rest of moving objects (enemies, rain, ...) .......... There are 2 main reason, I can think of, for doing hitscan a) You don't know of anything better b) You know what're You doing (silent hill 1 most certainly used hitscan projectiles might have been expensive for PSX's memory and cpu) ......... What is so hard on projectiles then? The trouble is that they travel on a smooth line and time in any (due to nature of computers!) game is not smooth. This means You have to cut this line and You will have some troubles with precision. That on itself is not such a big deal. You have to also find all thing which can hit this line. Find nearest of them. In nutshell it is like doing hitscan many times a second, depending on how much is time sliced in a game. It can of course be predicted whether it is needed for some time and make it little faster. But as You can seed doing just hitscan is much easier. Just ask some more experienced programmer. .... There's also little gem ;). The code which looks like a hitscan can be in fact projectile code. It can be done, thought I don't know of anyone who does it. It needs the code to be re-entered until hitscan is needed. You need to make a variable telling You "hey You have a bullet fired from Your gun somewhere" and it helps separating player from weapon, where the projectile code looking like hitscan one will take place. ;) 86.61.232.26 (talk) 08:13, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

 * There are numerous functions in different games with similar names. The Unreal engine (or at least UE1 and UE2) uses the TraceHit function. I think Hitscan comes from either the Build3d or the DooM engine. Of course, if you look that up and put it on the page, it'll probably get deleted for containing original research. :-P Like Rablari Dash I tried finding articles on it with google, but it's such a common term most pages you find just use the word in some context, as opposed to explaining what it is and where it comes from. 213.10.112.111 17:44, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Does Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45 deserves a mention under "Games entirely without hitscan weapons"? It's a good example of a game with proper ballistics. The ballistics simulation in it is pretty sophisticated. --MattyDienhoff 18:42, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Wikified
Well, I divided the article in sections and added an image of the Shock Rifle's artwork in UT2007. I hope that's good enough to take out the Wikify request. (Now I'm really thinking about registering =P)

Fair use rationale for Image:UT3 2007-01 trailer Shock Rifle.jpg
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BetacommandBot 19:58, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Games entirely without hitscan weapons?
If it's true that hitscan is in fact an obsolete concept, then I agree with Kitten that the growing list of games that don't use it should be culled. However, if it's removed, it should be replaced with a section describing in general why and how hitscan weapons have become antiquated.

I understand why using only projectiles is desirable, but what I don't understand is how it's feasible. In theory, the original Quake could have supported projectiles for everything without skipping a beat. The problem is that netplay would have ground to a halt. Hitscan is useful because the server doesn't need to send all these projectile entities to clients every server frame.

What I'd like to know is how modern games overcome the bandwidth difficulties inherent in using so many entities. I suppose it's possible they don't even worry about it. If that's the case, though, am I to conclude that modern games simply expect a broadband connection to be even marginally playable online?

--99.241.97.241 (talk) 13:54, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

 * As an avid Gamer, and fan of several genres of games, to include FPS, I can't recall seeing 56k as a minimum requirement for online/multiplayer on new games, since probably 2003-4. I'd say that the majority of online games do expect broadband, especially FPS, where realistic ballistics is becoming the norm, and generally preferred. Take this for what it's worth. --71.9.106.176 (talk) 00:50, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * There are some games without hitscan weapons, but obsolete is a bit of a stretch. Unless you're going for the slow motion effect or not trying to be realistic, hitscan is just fine for anything that doesn't move slow (rocket launcher) or very long range (sniper rifle).  as for bandwidth, I'm guessing the client just passes a vector to the server which passes it to all the other clients, and the visuals are calculated client-side and hits server-side.  Unless you're shooting thousands of bullets per second it probably isn't a problem.  also, some games with automatic weapons only send start and stop signals and the server calculates the individual bullets.  that's why semi-auto is usually better because there's less chance that lag will mess up your aim.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.112.99.5 (talk) 03:43, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * In multiplayer Quake guesses what will happen. If someone has slow connection his actions are predicted. It does not work all the time and it can create lots of weird situations - player magically ressurected ...

Other games either mask hitscan or simulate. 86.61.232.26 (talk) 03:14, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Reworked
Thanks for all the things You all gathered I appreciate it. You all made splendid job here. Although it seems like I left not much of former article I just liked to make it cleaner.

This photon laser section is good. It has to do something with perception and that is the point. CG fakes lots of stuff - "it is good when it looks good" ;) . BUT (!!!) it seem like it is from some Star Trek ;). I am just not eager to rework it ,sorry. But it is NOT BAD, it is JUST LONG for something that "dead simple" as hitscan is. And it doesn't mentions lag of perception, I think (?). Which of course makes this light travel, like slow-motion or interstellar thing quite doubtful analogy ....... Infinite speed is fine by me. And it is is heck of a shorter ;) . I removed it You can take it back if You wish but I have just stated my reason why it is not necessary. It would be nice if it was about how our eyes or senses can be faked instead.

The original definition definition was not bad, but was not exact either.

I have cleaned a lot of stuff. And this hitscan. It is about a function. Hitscan IS NOT what it was reffered to. It IS a function to test whether a hit occured. And it is NOT necessary to have infinite speed. It just happened to be called that way since ??? . This term is very influenced and used in pop-culture. Therefore You just don't (usually) mean something else when You say it. But taking it verbatim it is much broader issue than this article tried to capture.

Ballistics is doubtful. Yes You can do hitscan with ballistics. Why not? If You just don't take line and You use parabola instead. If we take it as a line than hitscan has at least 2 conditions. Speed and trajectory. Verbatim just linear trajectory is BS. Verbatim just infinite speed is BS. This whole hitscan issue is pop-culture BS.

Deriving something from this fuzzy definition {infinite speed AND linear trajectory}, like I wanted (disadvantage - ) is BS. I just think that it needs someone who will nurture it because this article is inherently fuzzy.

Also who said it has to be projectiles? What about swords? And arrows. Hexen, Heretic and all those old slashers certainly used it. It was how far away is someone at what angle to center of the view. Yes it is not exactly good example, but in case of those games there were no aiming cursor to start with. Even Doom used some range for weapons so that player had it easier. It might be mentioned but I am not sure about it. There's source of Doom and Wolf, I or anyone may dig it one day ;) . Whether it makes a good point or not. Moves article somewhere out of this fuzzyness.

Good example might have been System Shock's pipe?

Does it needs another condition? Like {infinte speed, linear trajectory, (no?) range}.

There's also nothing about distance ;). Hitscan is, in fact used in all (?) the games mentioned there, but in small scale - at one engine timestep.

Also is it projectile AND hitscan article? Because Max Payne has nothing to do here unless it is counter example. Which it is. Brilliant one, btw ;).

Some examples seems to propagate certain (rather unknown) games and one of them used EA or some other publisher while other did not. It seems quite like a advertisement. I believe there should be as small amount of games as possible. On the other hand if it contained BIG list of games which use it it would be nice. These days they rather do it by havok and kill some other nice stuff which could have been there instead of this mostly useless simulation.

Also good point should be to make it is good if used properly.

I had problems how to structure this whole thing. There are lots thing which needs better naming. Categories are little fuzzy too. It needs pictures or something. Like some diagrams or tables. I don't know how much it'd helpu usabilty though ;)

Cheers 86.61.232.26 (talk) 10:43, 22 March 2009 (UTC)
 * SS pipe might have worked like that if I remember ??? 86.61.232.26 (talk) 10:45, 22 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I liked previous definition very much shouldn't there be popular culture definion and from programmers perspective or something along that line ??? I'd be happy if it came back it was maybe better for casual gamer. Who knows? But I liked it ;). 86.61.232.26 (talk) 10:50, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

slow motion - Half life 2
If it has it then I believe it is an example of the fact that it can be fired any time. Because it was disputed based on slow motion mod. I don't know but if it has hitscan, then it is used (hitscan) in the middle of blazing of a gun and it fools the eye to think it is not hitscan.

Q: Is there a chance half life uses ballistics - parabola - and it means definition has to exclude linear pat ? I remember having it some offsets for projectiles in distance thought I can't tell whether they weren't random and proportional to distance.

I am adding it (half 2 blazing in the middle that is) - FIXME. 86.61.232.26 (talk) 10:59, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

sorry man, but bullshit article. even contains spelling errors —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.2.178.78 (talk) 23:56, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Ballistics
From the article: "The hitscan method precludes ballistics, as it cannot simulate any kind of movement of the bullet, such as a parabolic arc". There aren't any citations yet, and I don't see any reason why a hitscan function necessarily has to shoot a straight ray as opposed to a parabola or any other simple mathematical space curve that can be intersected with targets. --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 02:41, 7 March 2011 (UTC)
 * It has to be a straght line actually, thats the standard algorithm (its actually called RAYCAST and not hitscan, at least thats a wider term - raycasts are used not only to detect hits but for many many many things in any game, like - to calculate distances between any two given objects for the A.I. stuff, or to detect if your charactes is in fron of a door to open it) - but a parabolic line can be simulated. E.g. you can create a temporary dummy object in the point where the bullet came from, and once per every frame you calculate how far the bullet goes and how much would it drop, create another temporary dummy object there and make a raycast between the first dummy and this object to detect any collision with objects that may be between this two points, - and so on for each frame. So this is not a true parabolic line, but its good enough to simulate it for most purposes. There are also different models. But most likely they also employ the "hitscan"/raycast algorithm. 95.79.219.43 (talk) 14:07, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

 * No, Damian is right. "Hitscan" just means working out the target hit by a weapon, in the same game "tick" as the trigger is pulled. The point is, the effect happens instantly, the line to target is worked out there and then. But the line doesn't have to be a straight one. It can be any function you like. So the article is wrong. And that's not the only error in it. 92.40.253.186 (talk) 15:31, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

Frame rate issue
When you people describe the "non-hitscan" model, it seems that you describe it as a straightforward phisical simulation with collision detection between bullets and objects. It is not an accurate description, because hit detection based solely on solid body collisions is not plausible, nor viable. Any action in games is divided into frames. Usually you have about 60-80 frames per second (the "frame rate"). That is, about 1/60th of a second between two given frames, right ? Bullets move fast - during this 1/60th of a second a pistol bullet would travel as much as 5 meters, and a rifle bullet - up to 10 meters. So, in this frame the bullet is 5 meters from the target - and in the next frame it would be 5 meters BEHIND it, just not hitting anything that is between. That is why solid bidy collision detection in games DOES NOT work for bullets (but may be viable for arrows which are larger and travel much slower). You have to use some other methods, e.g. what I've described before. Some of them actually employ a phisical bulet, but solely for ballistic calculations< and not hit detection. For example, you may have a balistic bullet and in each of the frames you make a raycast from it to detect if it is anything in front of it. 95.79.219.43 (talk) 14:07, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Not necessarily. The game's frame-rate, for rendering, and it's "tick-rate", for working out movement and gameplay, are usually independent. Otherwise games would play slower on slower systems, rather than just being jerkier.

 * You also don't need to calculate the projectile at each possible position for collision with objects. Instead of a point, make your bullet a line, between the start and end-positions of the bullet's travel in this "tick". Detect if that line passes thru an object. Ta-da! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.40.253.186 (talk) 15:38, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

Small edits
Removed Halo Reach from the examples list. Halo is an example of early crude non-hitscan ballistics. RomanK79 (talk) 19:24, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

Close paraphrasing of major source
The most recent rework is largely composed of close paraphrasing. As the rework was the work of one editor working in good faith in a Wiki Education Foundation–supported course (referenced in the infoboxes at the top of this Talk page), I’m hesitant to revert it wholesale. The article likely needs new experts in the topic to review the recent additions and the new source they use, and rewrite, replace, or remove them as appropriate. — Saxifrage ✎ 20:29, 20 August 2019 (UTC)

What's the origin of this term, hitscan?
It would be great to include it in the article. "Hit" and "Scan" isn't exactly obvious as something like instant-hit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bbcjamie (talk • contribs) 07:40, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

Good question. As the author of the Build Engine, I suspect it may have been (partially) my invention. If you download KENBUILD.ZIP (the original release of Build Source code) and look at ENGINE.C, you'll see a hitscan function for exactly the purpose of this article - to instantly check what a bullet hits by means of ray tracing. BUILD.TXT mentions "hitscan" as early as March 31, 1994. I would guess that the function was likely coined and implemented a few weeks earlier - between February 18 and March 4 of 1994. The story is during my first long trip to Garland, Texas, I got a phone call from Todd Replogle (Duke 3D programmer), who was in need of a function to perform an instant hit check. It didn't make sense to use projectiles for all weapons. I think he was trying to implement pistol code at the time. I don't remember if it was Todd or myself (Ken Silverman) who connected the 2 words ('hit' and 'scan'). I think he came up with the 'hit' part. Looking at old source code of mine, it is likely that I came up with the 'scan' part, as I do have a lot of functions with 'scan' in the name, such as: ceilscan, florscan, and scansector. Note that these 3 were internal functions that nobody else would have seen, and I wasn't exactly sharing my engine source code at the time - not even with other developers at Apogee!

It is really strange to hear this term being used in common speech today .. well, among video game enthusiasts anyway. I'm not sure how it crossed over to pop culture, but I'm guessing it may have been mentioned in a README file or hint manual of one (or more) of the Build Engine games.Awesoken (talk) 15:31, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hitscan


text:
Tyrnyauz

Tyrnyauz (Тырныауз; Тырныаўуз, Tırnıawuz) is a town and the administrative center of Elbrussky District of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Russia, located on the main road leading to the Upper Baksan valley area and on the main climbing route for Mount Elbrus. Population: Tyrnyauz is the largest town in the Baksan Valley and an essential provisioning point for trips into the Elbrus region.

History
The city was founded as the village of Gerkhozhan in 1934, at the discovery of the Tyrnyauz tungsten-molybdenum deposit. Prior to that, on the territory of the modern city there were villages - Gerkhozhan, Kamuk, Totur and El-Dzhurt.

In 1937, the construction of the first plants began in the upper reaches of the Baksan Gorge. In the same year, the village of Gerkhozhan was renamed the working settlement of Nizhny Baksan.

On February 8, 1941, a corrective labor camp began to function at the Tyrnyauz Combine, with direct subordination to the Main Directorate of Camps for Mining and Metallurgical Enterprises. The deposit came under the control of the NKVD. The prisoners of the camp were engaged in servicing the Tyrnyauz plant: ore mining, production of molybdenum concentrate, construction of the 2nd and 3rd stages of the plant, geological exploration. The labor of prisoners was also used for the construction of the Bylymskaya power plant and the Bylymskoye coal deposit.

In November 1942, the prisoners of the camp and the rest of the workers of the plant were evacuated to Georgia in connection with the offensive of the German troops. In the village of Verkhny Baksan, after returning from evacuation, in 1943, the administration of the Tyrnyauz combine and a labor camp was located. On March 8, 1944, the indigenous population of the region, the Balkars, was forcibly deported to Central Asia. The camp continued to operate until September 24, 1945. In the last year of the existence of the corrective labor camp in Tyrnyauz, it contained 5301 prisoners

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of June 10, 1955, the working settlement of Nizhniy Baksan, Elbrus District, Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was transformed into a city of regional subordination, giving it the name Tyrnyauz. In 1957, after the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the removal of restrictions on the legal status of the Crimean Tatars, Balkars, Turks - citizens of the USSR, Kurds, Hemshils and members of their families evicted during the Great Patriotic War", the Balkars returned to their native places. Residents of the village of Nizhny Baksan (Gerkhozhan) and the villages adjacent to it settled in Tyrnyauz. In 1963, the city received the status of a city of republican (ASSR) subordination.

In 1958, the restored settlements located higher up the gorge were included in the Tyrnyauz city council. In 1995, Tyrnyauz was transferred to a city of regional subordination and transformed into the administrative center of the newly formed Elbrus region. At the same time, rural settlements - Nizhny Baksan and Elbrus - were separated from the Tyrnyauz City Council into independent administrative units.

With the collapse of the USSR and the closure of the Tyrnyauz molybdenum plant, there was a rapid outflow of population from the city, and during the census period from 1989 to 2002, the city lost a third of its population. A series of mudflows in the summer of 2000 also contributed to the rapid decline in the city's population.

In 2017, Elbrus Mining Plant LLC was established as a subsidiary of the Rostec State Corporation. The company plans to resume the exploitation of the Tyrnyauzskoye field by 2025. The project will be implemented in several stages. At the first stage, a license for the right to use subsoil was obtained, reserves were estimated and a feasibility study was developed, the property of the Tyrnyauz Tungsten-Molybdenum Combine was acquired. At the second stage, in 2021, the construction of buildings and structures, the improvement of roads will begin.

Tyrnyauz tragedy
On July 18, 2000, at 11:15 p.m., a powerful mudflow flooded from the Gerkhozhan tract to Tyrnyauz. According to the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, on July 18 and 19, as a result of the passage of mudflows, residential buildings were flooded and an automobile bridge across the Baksan River was destroyed. Due to the threat of a repeated mudflow, it was decided to temporarily resettle the residents of three houses. In total, 930 people were resettled from the damaged houses. The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations restored a pedestrian bridge in the central part of the city, and installed a pontoon bridge across the Gerkhozhan-Su River. The complex of measures taken made it possible to restore the life support system. During mudflows, 8 people died, 8 were hospitalized. Nearly 40 people were reported missing.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tyrnyauz serves as the administrative center of Elbrussky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Tyrnyauz is incorporated within Elbrussky Municipal District as Tyrnyauz Urban Settlement.

Demographics
Population:.

Ethnic composition
As of the 2002 Census, the ethnic distribution of the population was:
 * Balkars: 47.3%
 * Russians: 25.3%
 * Kabardins: 16.1%
 * Ukrainians: 1.4%
 * Ossetians: 1.0%
 * Other ethnicities: 8.9%

Notable residents
Tyrnyauz is the birthplace of Valery Kokov, former President of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.

title: Tyrnyauz


text:
Isotopes of palladium

Natural palladium ($46$Pd) is composed of six stable isotopes, $102$Pd, $104$Pd, $105$Pd, $106$Pd, $108$Pd, and $110$Pd, although $102$Pd and $110$Pd are theoretically unstable. The most stable radioisotopes are $107$Pd with a half-life of 6.5 million years, $103$Pd with a half-life of 17 days, and $100$Pd with a half-life of 3.63 days. Twenty-three other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 90.949 u ($91$Pd) to 128.96 u ($129$Pd). Most of these have half-lives that are less than 30 minutes except $101$Pd (half-life: 8.47 hours), $109$Pd (half-life: 13.7 hours), and $112$Pd (half-life: 21 hours).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, $106$Pd, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay product before $106$Pd is rhodium and the primary product after is silver.

Radiogenic $107$Ag is a decay product of $107$Pd and was first discovered in the Santa Clara meteorite of 1978. The discoverers suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a nucleosynthetic event. $107$Pd versus Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have clearly been melted since accretion of the Solar System, must reflect the presence of short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System.

List of isotopes

 * 91Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * 90.94911(61)#
 * 10# ms [>1.5 μs]
 * β+
 * 91Rh
 * 7/2+#
 * 92Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * 91.94042(54)#
 * 1.1(3) s [0.7(+4−2) s]
 * β+
 * 92Rh
 * 0+
 * 93Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 92.93591(43)#
 * 1.07(12) s
 * β+
 * 93Rh
 * (9/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 93mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0+X keV
 * 9.3(+25−17) s
 * 94Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 93.92877(43)#
 * 9.0(5) s
 * β+
 * 94Rh
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 94mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4884.4(5) keV
 * 530(10) ns
 * (14+)
 * 95Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * 94.92469(43)#
 * 10# s
 * β+
 * 95Rh
 * 9/2+#
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 95mPd
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1860(500)# keV
 * rowspan=3|13.3(3) s
 * β+ (94.1%)
 * 95Rh
 * rowspan=3|(21/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * IT (5%)
 * 95Pd
 * β+, p (.9%)
 * 94Ru
 * 96Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 95.91816(16)
 * 122(2) s
 * β+
 * 96Rh
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 96mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2530.8(1) keV
 * 1.81(1) μs
 * 8+
 * 97Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 51
 * 96.91648(32)
 * 3.10(9) min
 * β+
 * 97Rh
 * 5/2+#
 * 98Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 52
 * 97.912721(23)
 * 17.7(3) min
 * β+
 * 98Rh
 * 0+
 * 99Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 53
 * 98.911768(16)
 * 21.4(2) min
 * β+
 * 99Rh
 * (5/2)+
 * 100Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 54
 * 99.908506(12)
 * 3.63(9) d
 * EC
 * 100Rh
 * 0+
 * 101Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 55
 * 100.908289(19)
 * 8.47(6) h
 * β+
 * 101Rh
 * 5/2+
 * 102Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 56
 * 101.905609(3)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0102(1)
 * 103Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 57
 * 102.906087(3)
 * 16.991(19) d
 * EC
 * 103Rh
 * 5/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 103mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 784.79(10) keV
 * 25(2) ns
 * 11/2−
 * 104Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * 103.904036(4)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.1114(8)
 * 105Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 59
 * 104.905085(4)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 5/2+
 * 0.2233(8)
 * 106Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 105.903486(4)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.2733(3)
 * 107Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 106.905133(4)
 * 6.5(3)×106 y
 * β−
 * 107Ag
 * 5/2+
 * trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 107m1Pd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 115.74(12) keV
 * 0.85(10) μs
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 107m2Pd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 214.6(3) keV
 * 21.3(5) s
 * IT
 * 107Pd
 * 11/2−
 * 108Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 107.903892(4)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.2646(9)
 * 109Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * 108.905950(4)
 * 13.7012(24) h
 * β−
 * 109mAg
 * 5/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 109m1Pd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 113.400(10) keV
 * 380(50) ns
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 109m2Pd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 188.990(10) keV
 * 4.696(3) min
 * IT
 * 109Pd
 * 11/2−
 * 110Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 109.905153(12)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.1172(9)
 * 111Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 110.907671(12)
 * 23.4(2) min
 * β−
 * 111mAg
 * 5/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 111mPd
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 172.18(8) keV
 * rowspan=2|5.5(1) h
 * IT
 * 111Pd
 * rowspan=2|11/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−
 * 111mAg
 * 112Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 111.907314(19)
 * 21.03(5) h
 * β−
 * 112Ag
 * 0+
 * 113Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 67
 * 112.91015(4)
 * 93(5) s
 * β−
 * 113mAg
 * (5/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 113mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 81.1(3) keV
 * 0.3(1) s
 * IT
 * 113Pd
 * (9/2−)
 * 114Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 68
 * 113.910363(25)
 * 2.42(6) min
 * β−
 * 114Ag
 * 0+
 * 115Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * 114.91368(7)
 * 25(2) s
 * β−
 * 115mAg
 * (5/2+)#
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 115mPd
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 89.18(25) keV
 * rowspan=2|50(3) s
 * β− (92%)
 * 115Ag
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (8%)
 * 115Pd
 * 116Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * 115.91416(6)
 * 11.8(4) s
 * β−
 * 116Ag
 * 0+
 * 117Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * 116.91784(6)
 * 4.3(3) s
 * β−
 * 117mAg
 * (5/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 117mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 203.2(3) keV
 * 19.1(7) ms
 * IT
 * 117Pd
 * (11/2−)#
 * 118Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 117.91898(23)
 * 1.9(1) s
 * β−
 * 118Ag
 * 0+
 * 119Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 118.92311(32)#
 * 0.92(13) s
 * β−
 * 119Ag
 * 120Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 119.92469(13)
 * 0.5(1) s
 * β−
 * 120Ag
 * 0+
 * 121Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 120.92887(54)#
 * 285 ms
 * β−
 * 121Ag
 * 122Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 121.93055(43)#
 * 175 ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 122Ag
 * 0+
 * 123Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 77
 * 122.93493(64)#
 * 108 ms
 * β−
 * 123Ag
 * 124Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 78
 * 123.93688(54)#
 * 38 ms
 * β−
 * 124Ag
 * 0+
 * 125Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 79
 * 57 ms
 * β−
 * 125Ag
 * 126Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 80
 * 48.6 ms
 * β−
 * 126Ag
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126m1Pd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2023 keV
 * 330 ns
 * IT
 * 126Pd
 * 5−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126m2Pd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2110 keV
 * 440 ns
 * IT
 * 126m1Pd
 * 7−
 * 127Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 81
 * 38 ms
 * β−
 * 127Ag
 * 128Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * 35 ms
 * β−
 * 128Ag
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 128mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2151 keV
 * 5.8 μs
 * IT
 * 128Pd
 * 8+
 * 129Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 31 ms
 * β−
 * 129Ag
 * 117Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * 116.91784(6)
 * 4.3(3) s
 * β−
 * 117mAg
 * (5/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 117mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 203.2(3) keV
 * 19.1(7) ms
 * IT
 * 117Pd
 * (11/2−)#
 * 118Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 117.91898(23)
 * 1.9(1) s
 * β−
 * 118Ag
 * 0+
 * 119Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 118.92311(32)#
 * 0.92(13) s
 * β−
 * 119Ag
 * 120Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 119.92469(13)
 * 0.5(1) s
 * β−
 * 120Ag
 * 0+
 * 121Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 120.92887(54)#
 * 285 ms
 * β−
 * 121Ag
 * 122Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 121.93055(43)#
 * 175 ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 122Ag
 * 0+
 * 123Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 77
 * 122.93493(64)#
 * 108 ms
 * β−
 * 123Ag
 * 124Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 78
 * 123.93688(54)#
 * 38 ms
 * β−
 * 124Ag
 * 0+
 * 125Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 79
 * 57 ms
 * β−
 * 125Ag
 * 126Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 80
 * 48.6 ms
 * β−
 * 126Ag
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126m1Pd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2023 keV
 * 330 ns
 * IT
 * 126Pd
 * 5−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126m2Pd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2110 keV
 * 440 ns
 * IT
 * 126m1Pd
 * 7−
 * 127Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 81
 * 38 ms
 * β−
 * 127Ag
 * 128Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * 35 ms
 * β−
 * 128Ag
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 128mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2151 keV
 * 5.8 μs
 * IT
 * 128Pd
 * 8+
 * 129Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 31 ms
 * β−
 * 129Ag
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126m1Pd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2023 keV
 * 330 ns
 * IT
 * 126Pd
 * 5−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 126m2Pd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2110 keV
 * 440 ns
 * IT
 * 126m1Pd
 * 7−
 * 127Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 81
 * 38 ms
 * β−
 * 127Ag
 * 128Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * 35 ms
 * β−
 * 128Ag
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 128mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2151 keV
 * 5.8 μs
 * IT
 * 128Pd
 * 8+
 * 129Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 31 ms
 * β−
 * 129Ag
 * β−
 * 128Ag
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 128mPd
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2151 keV
 * 5.8 μs
 * IT
 * 128Pd
 * 8+
 * 129Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 31 ms
 * β−
 * 129Ag
 * 129Pd
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 31 ms
 * β−
 * 129Ag
 * 129Ag

Palladium-103
Palladium-103 is a radioisotope of the element palladium that has uses in radiation therapy for prostate cancer and uveal melanoma. Palladium-103 may be created from palladium-102 or from rhodium-103 using a cyclotron. Palladium-103 has a half-life of 16.99 days and decays by electron capture to rhodium-103, emitting characteristic x-rays with 21 keV of energy.

Palladium-107
Palladium-107 is the second-longest lived (half-life of 6.5 million years ) and least radioactive (decay energy only 33 keV, specific activity 5 Ci/g) of the 7 long-lived fission products. It undergoes pure beta decay (without gamma radiation) to 107Ag, which is stable.

Its yield from thermal neutron fission of uranium-235 is 0.14% per fission, only 1/4 that of iodine-129, and only 1/40 those of 99Tc, 93Zr, and 135Cs. Yield from 233U is slightly lower, but yield from 239Pu is much higher, 3.2%. Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides[which?] will produce palladium-107 at higher yields.

One source estimates that palladium produced from fission contains the isotopes 104Pd (16.9%),105Pd (29.3%), 106Pd (21.3%), 107Pd (17%), 108Pd (11.7%) and 110Pd (3.8%). According to another source, the proportion of 107Pd is 9.2% for palladium from thermal neutron fission of 235U, 11.8% for 233U, and 20.4% for 239Pu (and the 239Pu yield of palladium is about 10 times that of 235U).

Because of this dilution and because 105Pd has 11 times the neutron absorption cross section, 107Pd is not amenable to disposal by nuclear transmutation. However, as a noble metal, palladium is not as mobile in the environment as iodine or technetium.

title: Isotopes of palladium


text:
Dichostemma

Dichostemma is a flowering plant genus in the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1896. It is native to tropical western and central Africa.

 * Species
 * 1) Dichostemma glaucescens Pierre - Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Cabinda, Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * 2) Dichostemma zenkeri Pax - Cameroon

title: Dichostemma