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Population cycle

A population cycle in zoology is a phenomenon where populations rise and fall over a predictable period of time. There are some species where population numbers have reasonably predictable patterns of change although the full reasons for population cycles is one of the major unsolved ecological problems. There are a number of factors which influence population change such as availability of food, predators, diseases and climate.

Occurrence in mammal populations
Olaus Magnus, the Archbishop of Uppsala in central Sweden, identified that species of northern rodents had periodic peaks in population and published two reports on the subject in the middle of the 16th century.

In North America, the phenomenon was identified in populations of the snowshoe hare. In 1865, trappers with the Hudson's Bay Company were catching plenty of animals. By 1870, they were catching very few. It was finally identified that the cycle of high and low catches ran over approximately a ten-year period.

The most well known example of creatures which have a population cycle is the lemming. The biologist Charles Sutherland Elton first identified in 1924 that the lemming had regular cycles of population growth and decline. When their population outgrows the resources of their habitat, lemmings migrate, although contrary to popular myth, they do not jump into the sea.

Mouse plagues in Australia happen at intervals of about four years.

Other species
While the phenomenon is often associated with rodents, it does occur in other species such as the ruffed grouse. There are other species which have irregular population explosions such as grasshoppers where overpopulation results in locust swarms in Africa and Australia.

Relationships between predators and prey
There is also an interaction between prey with periodic cycles and predators. As the population expands, there is more food available for predators. As it contracts, there is less food available for predators, putting pressure on their population numbers.

Length
Each population cycle tends to last as long as a species' life expectancy (i.e. lemmings, rabbits and locusts)

Among humans
There is strong evidence that humans also display population cycles. Societies as diverse as those of England and France during the Roman, medieval, and early modern eras, of Egypt during Greco-Roman and Ottoman rule, and of various dynasties in China all showed similar patterns of political instability and violence becoming considerably more common after times of relative peace, prosperity, and sustained population growth. Quantitatively, periods of unrest included many times more events of instability per decade and occurred when the population was declining, rather than increasing.

Online references

 * Hutchinson Encyclopaedia article
 * University of Minnesota Extension Service article on wildlife populations containing a section on population cycles
 * Paper by Baltensweiler, W. & Fischlin, A., 1988. The larch bud moth in the Alps

Other references

 * Encyclopædia Britannica Online 25 August 2005 "Population Ecology" article section on Population Cycles
 * Errki Korpimaki and Charles J Krebs "Predation and Population Cycles of Small Mammals" Bioscience November 1996 Volume 46, Number 10

title: Population cycle


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User:Idaho2000~enwiki

Idaho 2000 I'm fifty years old, British and I've lived in the Netherlands for the past 25 years. My work experience (as manager and consultant to international companies) includes: - Consultancy to international companies - Organizational Change Management - Inter-personal and corporate communication - Translation - Learning/Training - Coaching - Human Resource Management - Business Process Management - Quality Management - Corporate IT

My personal interests include: - Psychology & Psychotherapy - Philosophy - Religions - Cultures - History - Photography - Music

My consultancy work for the past few years has been as a "communications consultant" to companies going through organizational change programs. I enjoy writing for others and I'm sure things will come up here that I'll want to contribute to. Either because I know something about the subject or because I'm interested in finding out.

BTW, I read and write Dutch fluently so I could help out in EN <> NL translations. I also have an account (with the same name)in the Wikipedia project in The Netherlands

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Idaho2000~enwiki


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Scarinish

Scarinish (Sgairinis ) is the main village on the island of Tiree, in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. It is located on the south coast of the island, between Hynish Bay to the southwest and Gott Bay to the northeast. The harbour was built in 1771. In 1961 it had a population of 103.

The village has the only bank on the island (a branch of the Royal Bank of Scotland), a Co-op grocery store, a hotel, and a Post Office.

The Tiree ferry terminal is located there, with a ferry service that runs to Oban on the Scottish mainland. A ferry shelter completed in March 2003 won the RIAS Andrew Doolan Best Building in Scotland Award that year.

title: Scarinish


text: Template:NBA arenas

title: Template:NBA arenas


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Diazonium compound

Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group [R\sN+\tN]X− where R can be any organic group, such as an alkyl or an aryl, and X is an inorganic or organic anion, such as a halide.

Arenediazonium cations and related species
According to X-ray crystallography the C\sN+\tN linkage is linear in typical diazonium salts. The N+\tN bond distance in benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate is 1.083(3) Å, which is almost identical to that for dinitrogen molecule (N≡N).

The linear free energy constants σm and σp indicate that the diazonium group is strongly electron-withdrawing. Thus, the diazonio-substituted phenols and benzoic acids have greatly reduced pKa values compared to their unsubstituted counterparts. The pKa of phenolic proton of 4-hydroxybenzenediazonium is 3.4, versus 9.9 for phenol itself. In other words, the diazonium group lowers the pKa (enhances the acidity) by a million-fold. This also causes arenediazonium salts to have decreased reactivity when electron-donating groups are present on the aromatic ring.

The stability of arenediazonium salts is highly sensitive to the counterion. Phenyldiazonium chloride is dangerously explosive, but benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate is easily handled on the bench.

SN1 and SN2 reactions do not occur.

The aromatic substitution reactivity of aryl diazonium salts is mainly characterized via aryl radicals, as shown in the reactions below.

Departure of dinitrogen from the diazonium salt can also yield aryl cations, which is an intermediate in some of its reactions like the Sandmeyer reaction. Such a departure is observed to be somewhat reversible, indicated by the isotope scrambling of the nitrogen atoms.

Arenediazonium salts are versatile reagents as described in the next sections After electrophilic aromatic substitution, diazonium chemistry is the most frequently applied strategy to prepare aromatic compounds.

Alkanediazonium cations and related species
Alkanediazonium salts are synthetically unimportant due to their extreme and uncontrolled reactivity toward SN2/SN1/E1 substitution. These cations are however of theoretical interest. Furthermore, methyldiazonium carboxylate is believed to be an intermediate in the methylation of carboxylic acids by diazomethane, a common transformation.

Loss of N2 is both enthalpically and entropically favorable:
 * [CH3N2]+ → [CH3]+ + N2, ΔH = −43 kcal/mol
 * [CH3CH2N2]+ → [CH3CH2]+ + N2, ΔH = −11 kcal/mol

For secondary and tertiary alkanediazonium species, the enthalpic change is calculated to be close to zero or negative, with minimal activation barrier. Hence, secondary and (especially) tertiary alkanediazonium species are either unbound, nonexistent species or, at best, extremely fleeting intermediates.

The aqueous pKa of methyldiazonium ([CH3N2]+) is estimated to be <10.

Preparation
The process of forming diazonium compounds is called "diazotation", "diazoniation", or "diazotization". The reaction was first reported by Peter Griess in 1858, who subsequently discovered several reactions of this new class of compounds. Most commonly, diazonium salts are prepared by treatment of aromatic amines with nitrous acid and additional acid. Usually the nitrous acid is generated in situ (in the same flask) from sodium nitrite and the excess mineral acid (usually aqueous HCl, H2SO4, p-H3CC6H4SO3H, or H[BF4]):
 * ArNH2 + HNO2 + HX → [ArN2]+X- + 2 H2O

Chloride salts of diazonium cation, traditionally prepared from the aniline, sodium nitrite, and hydrochloric acid, are unstable at room temperature and are classically prepared at 0 – 5 °C. However, one can isolate diazonium compounds as tetrafluoroborate or tosylate salts, which are stable solids at room temperature. It is often preferred that the diazonium salt remain in solution, but they do tend to supersaturate. Operators have been injured or even killed by an unexpected crystallization of the salt followed by its detonation.

Due to these hazards, diazonium compounds are often not isolated. Instead they are used in situ. This approach is illustrated in the preparation of an arenesulfonyl compound:
 * Preparation of m-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride.svg

Diazo coupling reactions
The first use of diazonium salts was to produce water-fast dyed fabrics by immersing the fabric in an aqueous solution of the diazonium compound, followed by immersion in a solution of the coupler (the electron-rich ring that undergoes electrophilic substitution). The major applications of diazonium compounds remains in the dye and pigment industry.

The most widely practiced reaction of diazonium salts remains azo coupling, which is exploited in the production of azo dyes. In this process, the diazonium compound is attacked by, i.e., coupled to, electron-rich substrates. When the coupling partners are arenes such as anilines and phenols, the process is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution:
 * [ArN2]+ + Ar'H → ArN2Ar' + H+

 * [[Image:Azo-coupling-A-2D-skeletal.svg|600px]]

 * [[Image:Azo-coupling-B-2D-skeletal.svg|600px]]

Another commercially important class of coupling partners are acetoacetic amides, as illustrated by the preparation of Pigment Yellow 12, a diarylide pigment.
 * [[Image:PigmentYellow12corrected.png|480px]]

The resulting azo compounds are often useful dyes and in fact are called azo dyes. The deep colors of the dyes reflects their extended conjugation. For example, the dye called aniline yellow is produced by mixing aniline and cold solution of diazonium salt and then shaking it vigorously. Aniline yellow is obtained as a yellow solid. Similarly, a cold basic solution of Naphthalen-2-ol (beta-naphthol) give the intensely orange-red precipitate. Methyl orange is an example of an azo dye that is used in the laboratory as a pH indicator.

Displacement of the N2 group
Arenediazonium cations undergo several reactions in which the N2 group is replaced by another group or ion. Some of the major ones are the following.

Biaryl coupling
A pair of diazonium cations can be coupled to give biaryls. This conversion is illustrated by the coupling of the diazonium salt derived from anthranilic acid to give diphenic acid ((C6H4CO2H)2). In a related reaction, the same diazonium salt undergoes loss of N2 and CO2 to give benzyne.

Sandmeyer reaction
Benzenediazonium chloride heated with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide respectively dissolved in HCl or HBr yield chlorobenzene or bromobenzene, respectively.
 * [C6H5N2]+ + CuCl → C6H5Cl + N2 + Cu+

Gattermann reaction
In the Gattermann reaction, benzenediazonium chloride is warmed with copper powder and HCl or HBr to produce chlorobenzene and bromobenzene respectively. It is named after the German chemist Ludwig Gattermann.

 * 2 Cu + 2 [C6H5N2]+ → 2 Cu+ + (C6H5)2 + 2 N2 (initiation)
 * [C6H5N2]+ + HX → C6H5X + N2 + H+ (Cu+ catalysis)

Replacement by iodide
Arenediazonium cations react with potassium iodide to give the aryl iodide:
 * [C6H5N2]+ + KI → C6H5I + K+ + N2

Replacement by fluoride
Fluorobenzene is produced by thermal decomposition of benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate. The conversion is called the Balz–Schiemann reaction.
 * [C6H5N2]+[BF4]- → C6H5F + BF3 + N2

The traditional Balz–Schiemann reaction has been the subject of many motivations, e.g. using hexafluorophosphate(V) ([PF6]-) and hexafluoroantimonate(V) ([SbF6]-) in place of tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]-). The diazotization can be effected with nitrosonium salts such as nitrosonium hexafluoroantimonate(V) [NO]+[SbF6]-.

Replacement by hydrogen
Arenediazonium cations reduced by hypophosphorous acid, ethanol, sodium stannite or alkaline sodium thiosulphate gives benzene:
 * [C6H5N2]+Cl- + H3PO2 + H2O → C6H6 + N2 + H3PO3 + HCl
 * [C6H5N2]+Cl- + CH3CH2OH → C6H6 + N2 + CH3CHO + HCl
 * [C6H5N2]+Cl- + NaOH + Na2SnO2 → C6H6 + N2 + Na2SnO3 + NaCl

An alternative way suggested by Baeyer & Pfitzinger is to replace the diazo group with H is: first to convert it into hydrazine by treating with SnCl2 then to oxidize it into hydrocarbon by boiling with cupric sulphate solution.

Replacement by a hydroxyl group
Phenols are produced by heating aqueous solutions of arenediazonium salts:

 * [C6H5N2]+ + H2O → C6H5OH + N2 + H+

This reaction goes by the German name Phenolverkochung ("cooking down to yield phenols"). The phenol formed may react with the diazonium salt and hence the reaction is carried in the presence of an acid which suppresses this further reaction. A Sandmeyer-type hydroxylation is also possible using Cu2O and Cu(2+) in water.

Replacement by a nitro group
Nitrobenzene can be obtained by treating benzenediazonium fluoroborate with sodium nitrite in presence of copper. Alternatively, the diazotisation of the aniline can be conducted in presence of cuprous oxide, which generates cuprous nitrite in situ:
 * [C6H5N2]+ + CuNO2 → C6H5NO2 + N2 + Cu+

Replacement by a cyano group
The cyano group usually cannot be introduced by nucleophilic substitution of haloarenes, but such compounds can be easily prepared from diazonium salts. Illustrative is the preparation of benzonitrile using the reagent cuprous cyanide:
 * [C6H5N2]+ + CuCN → C6H5CN + Cu+ + N2

This reaction is a special type of Sandmeyer reaction.

Replacement by a trifluoromethyl group
Two research groups reported trifluoromethylations of diazonium salts in 2013. Goossen reported the preparation of a CuCF3 complex from CuSCN, TMSCF3, and Cs2CO3. In contrast, Fu reported the trifluoromethylation using Umemoto's reagent (S-trifluoromethyldibenzothiophenium tetrafluoroborate) and Cu powder (Gattermann-type conditions). They can be described by the following equation:

 * [C6H5N2]+ + [CuCF3] → C6H5CF3 + [Cu]+ + N2

The bracket indicates that other ligands on copper are likely present but are omitted.

Replacement by a thiol group
Diazonium salts can be converted to thiols in a two-step procedure. Treatment of benzenediazonium chloride with potassium ethylxanthate followed by hydrolysis of the intermediate xanthate ester gives thiophenol:

 * [C6H5N2]+ + C2H5OCS2- → C6H5SC(S)OC2H5 + N2
 * C6H5SC(S)OC2H5 + H2O → C6H5SH + HOC(S)OC2H5

Replacement by an aryl group
The aryl group can be coupled to another using arenediazonium salts. For example, treatment of benzenediazonium chloride with benzene (an aromatic compound) in the presence of sodium hydroxide gives diphenyl:
 * [C6H5N2]+Cl- + C6H6 → (C6H5)2 + N2 + HCl

This reaction is known as the Gomberg–Bachmann reaction. A similar conversion is also achieved by treating benzenediazonium chloride with ethanol and copper powder.

Replacement by boronate ester group
A Bpin (pinacolatoboron) group, of use in Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reactions, can be installed by reaction of a diazonium salt with bis(pinacolato)diboron in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (2 mol %) as an initiator:. Alternatively similar borylation can be achieved using transition metal carbonyl complexes including dimanganese decacarbonyl.

 * [C6H5N2]+X– + pinB\sBpin → C6H5Bpin + X\sBpin + N2

Replacement by formyl group
A formyl group, –CHO, can be introduced by treating the aryl diazonium salt with formaldoxime (H2C\dNOH), followed by hydrolysis of the aryl aldoxime to give the aryl aldehyde. This reaction is known as the Beech reaction.

Other dediazotizations

 * by organic reduction at an electrode
 * by mild reducing agents such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
 * by gamma radiation from solvated electrons generated in water
 * photoinduced electron transfer
 * reduction by metal cations, most commonly a cuprous salt.
 * anion-induced dediazoniation: a counterion such as iodine gives electron transfer to the diazonium cation forming the aryl radical and an iodine radical
 * solvent-induced dediazoniation with solvent serving as electron donor

Meerwein reaction
Benzenediazonium chloride reacts with compounds containing activated double bonds to produce phenylated products. The reaction is called the Meerwein arylation:
 * [C6H5N2]+Cl- + ArCH\dCH\sCOOH → ArCH\dCH\sC6H5 + N2 + CO2 + HCl

Metal complexes
In their reactions with metal complexes, diazonium cations behave similarly to NO+. For example, low-valent metal complexes add with diazonium salts. Illustrative complexes are [Fe(CO)2(PPh3)2(N2Ph)]+ and the chiral-at-metal complex Fe(CO)(NO)(PPh3)(N2Ph).

Grafting reactions
In a potential application in nanotechnology, the diazonium salts 4-chlorobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate very efficiently functionalizes single wall nanotubes. In order to exfoliate the nanotubes, they are mixed with an ionic liquid in a mortar and pestle. The diazonium salt is added together with potassium carbonate, and after grinding the mixture at room temperature the surface of the nanotubes are covered with chlorophenyl groups with an efficiency of 1 in 44 carbon atoms. These added subsituents prevent the tubes from forming intimate bundles due to large cohesive forces between them, which is a recurring problem in nanotube technology.

It is also possible to functionalize silicon wafers with diazonium salts forming an aryl monolayer. In one study, the silicon surface is washed with ammonium hydrogen fluoride leaving it covered with silicon–hydrogen bonds (hydride passivation). The reaction of the surface with a solution of diazonium salt in acetonitrile for 2 hours in the dark is a spontaneous process through a free radical mechanism:

So far grafting of diazonium salts on metals has been accomplished on iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, zinc, copper and gold surfaces. Also grafting to diamond surfaces has been reported. One interesting question raised is the actual positioning on the aryl group on the surface. An in silico study demonstrates that in the period 4 elements from titanium to copper the binding energy decreases from left to right because the number of d-electrons increases. The metals to the left of iron are positioned tilted towards or flat on the surface favoring metal to carbon pi bond formation and those on the right of iron are positioned in an upright position, favoring metal to carbon sigma bond formation. This also explains why diazonium salt grafting thus far has been possible with those metals to right of iron in the periodic table.

Reduction to a hydrazine group
Diazonium salts can be reduced with stannous chloride (SnCl2) to the corresponding hydrazine derivatives. This reaction is particularly useful in the Fischer indole synthesis of triptan compounds and indometacin. The use of sodium dithionite is an improvement over stannous chloride since it is a cheaper reducing agent with fewer environmental problems.

Biochemistry
Alkanediazonium ions, otherwise rarely encountered in organic chemistry, are implicated as the causative agents in the carcinogens. Specifically, nitrosamines are thought to undergo metabolic activation to produce alkanediazonium species.

Safety
Solid diazonium halides are often dangerously explosive, and fatalities and injuries have been reported.

The nature of the anions affects stability of the salt. Arenediazonium perchlorates, such as nitrobenzenediazonium perchlorate, have been used to initiate explosives.

title: Diazonium compound


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Polish freedom fighters

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. [[smoddy ]] 16:48, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

List of Polish freedom fighters
Categorize and delete - can never be fully POV and the list will never be complete Halibutt 21:42, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--"freedom fighter" is so inherently problematic that this doesn't deserve an article. Meelar (talk) 04:29, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - inherently pov - Tεx  τ  urε  16:42, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Sailor Jerry

Norman Keith Collins (January 14, 1911 – June 12, 1973), known popularly as Sailor Jerry, was a prominent American tattoo artist in Hawaii who was well known for his sailor tattoos.

Biography
Norman Keith Collins was born on January 14, 1911, in Reno but grew up in Northern California. As a child he hopped freight trains across the country and learned tattooing from a man named "Big Mike" from Palmer, Alaska, originally using the hand-poke method. In the late 1920s he met Tatts Thomas from Chicago who taught him how to use a tattoo machine. He practiced on drunks brought in from Skid Row. He later sailed the Pacific Ocean before settling in Hawaii in the 1930s.

At age 19, Collins enlisted in the United States Navy. During his subsequent travels at sea, he was exposed to the art and imagery of Southeast Asia. During his career as a tattoo artist, he worked as a licensed skipper of a large three-masted schooner, on which he conducted tours of the Hawaiian islands.

In addition to sailing and tattooing, he played the saxophone in his own dance band and frequently hosted his own radio show, where he was known as "Old Ironsides".

Body artist
Sailor Jerry made significant contributions to the art of tattooing. He expanded the array of colors available by developing his own pigments. He created custom needle formations that embedded pigment with much less trauma to the skin. He became one of the first artists to utilize single-use needles. His tattoo studio was one of the first to use an autoclave to sterilize equipment.

Collins's last studio was at 1033 Smith Street in Honolulu's Chinatown. At the time, it was the only place on the island where tattoo studios were located. His studio became China Sea Tattoo after his death. His earlier studios were at 434 South State Street, 150 North Hotel Street and 13 South Hotel Street.

Among Sailor Jerry's most well-known designs were:

 * Bottles of booze
 * Snakes
 * Wildcats
 * The infamous "Aloha" monkey
 * Eagles, falcons and other birds of prey
 * Swallows
 * Motor heads and pistons
 * Nautical stars
 * Classically styled scroll banners
 * Knives, guns and other weapons
 * Dice
 * Anchors
 * Hawaii themes
 * Pin-up girls

Legacy
Sailor Jerry's influence on the art of modern tattooing is widely recognized.

Sailor Jerry wanted at least one of three protégés/friends – Ed Hardy, Mike Malone, or Zeke Owen – to take over his shop (or else burn it) when he died.

Since 2015, an annual independently produced event now takes place in Hawaii every June called the Sailor Jerry Festival to honor Collins's legacy and Chinatown roots on Oahu. The multi-venue event includes live music, DJs, cabaret performances, and an art show (featured artists have included Sailor Jerry's great-grand niece Madison Thomas, local artists, and Masami Teraoka), movie screenings, a pin-up fashion show (where models wear outfits designed from Sailor Jerry flash), neighborhood tours, and tattoos available at three area shops (including Sailor Jerry's last location). A portion of the proceeds from the event is donated every year to the Collins family by the festival founder (Jason Miller of 808shows.com/Hawaiian Express Records) and his co-host (Josh86, a popular musician and entrepreneur).

Image rights
In 1999, Ed Hardy and Mike Malone partnered with Steven Grasse from the Philadelphia-based creative agency, Quaker City Mercantile, to establish Sailor Jerry Ltd. The limited company, which owns the commercial rights to Collins' letters, art, and flash (tattoos), uses his designs on clothing and items such as ash trays, sneakers, playing cards, churchkeys and shot glasses.

Sailor Jerry Ltd. also produces a 92proof spiced "navy rum" featuring a quintessential Sailor Jerry hula girl on the label. As the bottle is emptied, additional pin-up girls designed by Sailor Jerry are visible on the inner side of the label.

None of Collins' family profit from his creations or the things that have come from them since. There is a legal disagreement as to his naming rights as initiated by Louise Collins.

Personal life
Sailor Jerry was married more than once and his widow Louise still resides in Hawaii, as do several of his children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren.

He is buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, a military cemetery located in Punchbowl Crater in Honolulu.

title: Sailor Jerry


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Competition aerobatics

Competition aerobatics is an air sport in which ground-based judges rate the skill of pilots performing aerobatic flying. It is practised in both piston-powered single-engine airplanes and also gliders.

An aerobatic competition is sanctioned by a national aero club, its designee, or in the case of international competitions, by CIVA, the Commission Internationale de Voltige Aerienne, which is a constituent body of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). The sanctioning body establishes the rules that apply to the competition, including entry qualifications for all participants, operating procedures, and judging criteria.

A pilot enters a competition in a category of his or her choice, which defines the level of difficulty of the aerobatic sequences to be flown. Within each category, a pilot flies one or more flight programs. Each flight receives a total score from the judges; ranking each pilot's combined total scores for all flight programs within each category determines that category's winner.

Categories
Five power categories are flown in the U.S. (and other countries that adopt the BAeA model). They vary by difficulty of the individual aerobatic maneuvers they contain, as well as the combination of those maneuvers within the sequence. In order of increasing difficulty, the power categories are:
 * Primary (elsewhere: Club, Espoir)
 * Sportsman (elsewhere Sports); earlier in the UK "Standard".
 * Intermediate/Yak-52
 * Advanced, Avancée
 * Unlimited

Some aero clubs include a Classic category for airplanes without inverted fuel and oil systems. The sequences flown are similar to those flown in the Sportsman category. A one-design Yak-52 class exists in many countries which is flown in conjunction with the intermediate class.

Four glider categories are:
 * Sportsman or Sports
 * Intermediate
 * Advanced
 * Unlimited

Categories flown in a competition are announced in advance.

Flight programs
Within each category, each pilot flies one or more flight programs. They are:
 * Known: Determined each year by the national aero club. It is flown by all competitors at all contests all year long.  In the past this was known as the Q (for qualifying) program.
 * Free Known: At FAI championships each pilot integrates 5 'Known' figures with 5 of their own that are freely selected from the Aresti Catalog so that together the 10 figures meet the specified overall versatility and total-K (difficulty) requirements.
 * Free: In this program, each pilot is given the opportunity to demonstrate his personal flying skills, creative talent and his aircraft performance by designing his own sequence.
 * Unknown: This program is made known to the contestants only about 12 hours before the competition. The figures are chosen by either teams or pilots, each submitting a single figure. Under CIVA rules pilots fly up to three Free Unknown sequences (see below). In Local contests often the governing body or the contest chief judge choose the unknown sequence. The pilots must not practice before flying the unknown sequence. (For classes Intermediate and above.)
 * Free Unknown: Teams or pilots together select 10 figures (7 for gliders) that they must all use in a similar fashion to the Free Known system, adding up to 4 additional figures (2 for gliders) that are employed principally to reposition or turn-around the aircraft to ensure smooth continuity of the whole sequence.
 * 4-minute Free or Final Freestyle: Only the top unlimited pilots might be invited to fly this final program. In this program pilots strive to display their creativity and superior skills as performers, the judging here being almost entirely subjective as opposed to objective assessments of figures according to the Aresti system as used for all other programs.

Aerobatic box
The aerobatic box is a volume of airspace in which the aircraft must remain while performing a sequence. Its length and width are each 1000 m. Its height varies based on whether FAI, national aero club or local rules apply to the competition. White ground markers at each corner of the box make it visible to the pilot from the air. For most categories, penalties are assessed for flight outside the aerobatic box.

The box has two axes, the identification of which is based on the location of the judges. The X-Axis (called the A-Axis by some aero clubs), runs across the line of sight of the judges. It is along this axis that most figures are usually flown. In some contests a center line is marked along the middle of the X-Axis.

The Y-Axis (called the B-Axis by some aero clubs) runs perpendicular to the X-Axis, toward and away from the judges. This axis is used for cross-box position correction. The official wind direction is always declared by contest officials to be along the X-Axis. This, however, does not always reflect reality, and generally during the course of a sequence the competitor will drift either toward or away from the judging line. The competitor can extend or shorten maneuvers flown along the Y-Axis to obtain the desired positioning.

The box floor is as high as 460 m above ground level (AGL) for Primary level competitors and as low as 100 m AGL for Unlimited level competitors. The box ceiling is as high as 1000 m above its floor. Before a category starts, a competitor will mark the box by flying along its boundaries at its floor. This allows the judges to visualize the box in the sky and prepares them to adjudge an aircraft flying below the box floor.

At a groundspeed of 300 km/h the pilot has 12 seconds from entering the box on the one side before exiting the box on the other.

Judging
Each category within a competition may have between 3 and 9 grading judges, each of whom is accredited by the contest's sanctioning body. They are positioned between 150 and 250 m back from the edge of the box, at the center of the X-Axis and facing that axis. Each grading judge is assisted by an assistant judge, who reads Aresti notation and verbalizes to the grading judge each figure to be flown, and if possible also a recorder (also called a writer or scribe), who records the judges marks and comments, commentary and ancillary information on a competitor's score sheet. For some flight programs, a single individual may serve concurrently as assistant judge and recorder.

A grading judge assesses the quality of each figure flown according to well-defined criteria and assigns it a numerical mark in steps of 0.5 between 0 and 10. Under FAI and some national aero clubs' rules, the judge may also assign a mark of "Hard Zero" to indicate that the wrong figure was flown, or a "Perception Zero" if a mandatory though subtle element of the figure is perceived to have been missing. At the conclusion of each flight, the grading judge assigns a Presentation or Positioning mark based on the competitor's placement of figures within the aerobatic box throughout the sequence. A grading judge also determines if the competitor has flown below the floor of the box or above its ceiling. Each grading judge is further charged with assessing whether a competitor is flying safely and advocating for the competitor's disqualification if not.

A chief judge oversees the operation of the judging line. He or she is often responsible for sequencing competitors into the aerobatic box, identifying and resolving judging and safety issues, reviewing the judges marking sheets, assessing penalties, monitoring the aerobatic box for traffic conflicts, conducting briefings for pilots and judging line personnel, and certifying scores. A chief judge is typically assisted by 2 or more individuals. In some competitions, a chief judge may concurrently serve as a grading judge.

Corner judges (also called boundary judges or line judges) may also be used and are positioned at the edge of the buffer zones, 50 m along each axis beyond marked corners of the aerobatic box. They monitor and record each excursion beyond the buffer zone; the competitor earns a penalty for each such excursion. Each corner judge guards 2 of the 4 lines that define the box. In most competitions, 2 corner judges are used, located at opposing corners. Two judges guard each line; they must agree that a competitor has crossed a boundary in order for the competitor earn a penalty. In FAI championships more accurate electronic feedback systems are required to provide a constant measurement of the aircraft position, and hence its excursions beyond the buffer zone if these occur; if such equipment is not available this task is confined to the judge's position grade.

Deadline judges may be positioned along a deadline, if one has been established by the contest's sanctioning body. They monitor and record each infringement of the deadline. The competitor earns a penalty for each such infringement, that penalty being more severe than an excursion out of the aerobatic box.

Judging downgrades summary
Here is a précis of the principal "faults" that you should look for and the number of marks to deduct whilst you are applying standard CIVA rules of critique to sequence programmes at all levels.

In popular culture
Several of the aforementioned concepts are shown in the 1980 film Cloud Dancer, whose technical advisor and chief pilot was the former world champion aerobatic pilot Tom Poberezny.

Governing bodies
The FAI is the international governing body for all airborne sports. Its Commission Internationale de Voltige Aerienne (CIVA) governs competition aerobatics. While FAI itself oversees international competitions, it recognizes national aero clubs to regulate competition aerobatics locally. A national aero club often delegates this responsibility to an affiliate organization focused on aerobatics.

In the U.S., the International Aerobatic Club (IAC) is the National Aeronautic Association's delegate for aerobatics. In the UK, the Royal Aero Club designates the British Aerobatic Association (BAeA) to fill this role. In South Africa the FAI appoints the Aeroclub of South Africa which in turn appoints the Sport Aerobatic Club of South Africa to manage all aerobatic events.

title: Competition aerobatics


text:
User talk:Hezbollahi

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

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Image Tagging Image:Kizilbash.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Kizilbash.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Hello. The image was actually created by me and is saved on my computer. What is the necessary action to then include my own image on a page I created?

 * Not currently blocked, and never have been according to the block log. Wikibofh(talk) 04:14, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Anyone can save any image on their computer, but how did this same image get to appear on www.zorkot.org?--Cabin Member 01:39, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Kizilbash.jpg
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title: User talk:Hezbollahi


text:
Talk:Hongzhou, Prince He

Requested move
Prince He back to Hongzhou In accordance with new guidelines on History Standards for Chinese Articles, please move and Thanks. Colipon+(T) 01:21, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support. Arrigo 10:19, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. Dragons flight 06:12, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
It was 23 August 2005 requested that Prince He be moved back to Hongzhou Arrigo 12:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

From WP:RM page: * Talk:Prince He -- Prince He back to Hongzhou and
 * Talk:Prince Guo -- Prince Guo back to Hongshi In accordance with new guidelines on History Standards for Chinese Articles, please move and Thanks. Colipon+(T) Colipon+(T) 20:08, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * SECOND NOTICE: In accordance with new guidelines on History Standards for Chinese Articles, please move Prince He back to Hongzhou, and Prince Guo back to Hongshi. Thanks. Colipon+(T) 20:08, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * These problems had been caused by improper renamings by Gryffindor, which has then caused a lot of work to editors more expertized in Chinese issues. Requests should be granted. Arrigo 21:17, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Then please grant it! Colipon+(T) 01:18, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hongzhou, Prince He


text:
United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy

The United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) was a pro-government militia that participated in the First Liberian Civil War (1989–1996).

ULIMO was formed in May 1991 by Krahn and Mandingo refugees and soldiers who had fought in the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) fighters. It was led by Alhadji Kromah and Raleigh Seekie, a deputy Minister of Finance in the Doe government. After fighting alongside the Sierra Leonean army against the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), ULIMO forces entered western Liberia in September 1991. The group scored significant gains in areas held by another rebel group – the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), notably around the diamond mining areas of Lofa and Bomi counties.

From its outset, ULIMO was beset with internal divisions and the group effectively broke into two separate militias in 1994: ULIMO-J, an ethnic Krahn faction led by General Roosevelt Johnson, and ULIMO-K, a Mandingo-based faction led by Alhaji G. V. Kromah.

ULIMO-J was poorly ruled, which led to leadership struggles and general discontent among its fighters. It had approximately 8,000 combatants. ULIMO-K was relatively united under Kromah, in contrast to the fractious nature of the ULIMO-J. It had approximately 12,000 combatants.

The group, both before and after its breakup, committed serious violations of human rights.

List of ULIMO Commanders

 * Mohammed Jabbateh aka "Jungle Jabbah" (ULIMO-K since 1994)
 * Roosevelt Johnson (ULIMO-J since 1994)
 * Kunti Kamara
 * Alieu Kosiah
 * Alhadji Kromah (ULIMO-K since 1994)
 * General Butt Naked (ULIMO-J since 1994)
 * Raleigh Seekie
 * Armah Youlo


text:
User talk:Seanbert

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alf 21:44, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
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CUAS
I can understand your frustration, please have another look at the page, I've re-written and wikified it bit, also I note you've voted once to keep and once to delete, so you may like to decide which one you really want. I could only find one site mentioning a founding date, are you are able to confirm that? Alf 22:20, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Patrick Moore, operetta composer?
Hi. Can you tell me why you have listed Patrick Moore as an operetta composer? Regards. - Kleinzach 23:29, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your note. The titles certainly sound like musical plays rather than operettas. There is no orchestra is there? By the way you can sign with four tildes thus ~ ~ ~ ~ but without the spaces! Best. - Kleinzach 13:09, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Seanbert


text:
Category:Ptilonorhynchidae

 * Ptilonorhynchidae is a family of the suborder Passeri, with the common name bowerbirds.

title: Category:Ptilonorhynchidae


text:
Talk:Jamahiriya (disambiguation)

What does this word really meam?
I note, from other pages on Wikipedia, that "Arab Republic of Egypt" in Arabic is "Ǧumhuriyat Misr al-ˁArabiyah"; that "Tunisian Republic" in Tunisian is "El-joumhouriyya et-Tounisiyya"; that "Syrian Arab Republic" in Arabic is "Al-Jumhuriya al-`Arabiya as-Suriya"; and that "Republic of Lebanon" in Arabic is "Al Jumhuriyah Al Lubnaniyah". I also note that "Republic of Turkey" in Turkish is "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti", and "Islamic Republic of Iran" in Persian is "Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran."

Now, I'm no Arabic linguist, but from looking at this list, it appears to me that all of these Arabic words for "republic"-- Ǧumhuriyat, joumhouriyya, Jumhuriya, Jumhuriyah -- are pretty much the same word, with minor differences the result of different transliteration schemes or perhaps dialectial differences. The similiar words in Turkish and Persians for "republic" (Cumhuriyeti and Jomhuri) are no doubt loan words from Arabic. Again, my eyes are untrained, but "Jamahiriya" looks to me like just another variation on this Arabic word for "republic." So, my question is: is this really a distinct word from the others? Or is it the same Arabic word and Khaddafi is just insisting that it be translated differently? --Jfruh 21:45, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Jfruh, for writing a great deal of what I was going to write. You are right, these are different transliterations of the same word. In addition it is also used for Yemen, the UAE, Western Sahara, Tripoli, the Czech Republic, Syria, Greece and Italy. At least those are the ones I found when I did a search of الجمهورية on the Arabic Wikipedia.

 * I suspect that this page is politically motivated. It should probably be deleted. -LambaJan 13:55, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi LambaJan-

 * If you look at the edit history, this page actually saw significant revisions after I posted the above material on the talk page, though it was never talked about here.  Take a look at the main article page again -- jamahiriya is derived from jumhuriya, but they are not the same word.  (The key is that there is another vowel between the "m" and "h" sounds.)  As a different word -- and, more to the point, as the word that is often used even in English by official Libyan sources to describe the Libyan government -- it deserves an article of its own.

 * Can I ask what you find to be "politically motivated" about the article? --Jfruh 14:03, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I see. This shows the value of taking a closer look. I skimmed it over and made a not entirely educated decision. The 'politically motivated' accusation was based on the assumption that it was the same word and this person was writing all of this because they did not like the current government of Libya. I'll remove the tag. -LambaJan 14:13, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Honestly, it would be like some English-speaking leader declared that his country would be called, say, the "Republics of Malta" rather than the "Republic of Malta" -- its a neologism that I bet sounds pretty odd to native Arabic speakers. But it does seem to be what they call the place. :) --Jfruh 14:17, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Could it not translate to something like the quite common 'People's Republic' ? --Richiau
 * it insults me as an Egyptian that you didn't even thought about consulting an Arab on that topic before deciding. But then again, who said that sand niggers knows of a something called internet?--41.237.101.170 (talk) 02:18, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

This is a real linguistic difference
Due to the nature of the grammar of the Arabic language, related words in Arabic will often have the same consonants, but with different vowels in different places. This is highly-systematic within the Semitic languages, as discussed in article Triliteral (though Jumhuriyya and Jamahiriyya are actually technically Quadriliteral forms...). AnonMoos 16:45, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Jamhuri
Is the where the Swahili word Jamhuri came from? Michael Hardy (talk) 03:40, 21 March 2011 (UTC)
 * No. Jamhuri comes from the related word jamhuriya (republic). Jamhuriya and jamahiriya come from the same root, but have different meanings. Jamahiriya, which doesn't have any exact translation in English, is a concept not adopted outside Libya. --Soman (talk) 06:25, 21 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Michael Hardy (talk) 22:28, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

what is this article about?
If it is about the state, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, merge it there (or into Libya under Gaddafi). If it is about the political philosophy of Muammar Gaddafi, merge it there. If it is simply about the Arabic word jamahiriya, move it to wiktionary, wikt:Jamahiriya. --dab (𒁳) 10:48, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jamahiriya (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Sylphette

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

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title: User talk:Sylphette


text:
User talk:Mozkill

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

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Image copyright problem with Image:BR249.jpg
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The American Heritage Dictionary Pronunciation Key
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:BR249.jpg)
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Currency Image:BR249.jpg
Hi, To assist global anti-counterfeiting efforts you may wish to consider marking images of banknotes you upload as "Specimen" in some way, if those banknotes represent legal tender.ShakespeareFan00 17:16, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

December 2007
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Proposed deletion of The Mandrake Mechanism
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Preview button
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Proposed deletion of "Signing a SSL certificate with an authority"
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Thank you.  Mattie TK  01:13, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mozkill


text: User talk:195.3.113.142

title: User talk:195.3.113.142


text: User talk:195.3.113.152

title: User talk:195.3.113.152


text: User talk:84.25.1.217

title: User talk:84.25.1.217


text: User talk:83.160.5.254

title: User talk:83.160.5.254


text:
Talk:St Malachy's College

[Untitled]
Can we get rid of the long list of people of no importance just because they were in somebody's class? Gerry Lynch 21:47, 24 August 2005 (UTC) (St. Mac's 1988-95)

John MacBride
Why did someone remove John McBride?

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Oneillsb (talk • contribs) 01:17, 6 April 2007 (UTC).

No idea - he's a fairly famous pupil and should be included before many others who are listed. Puffyshirt 20:58, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Latin based
Because Latin won't be taught in St Malachy's College by the end of the school year, I thought I would add it to the main page. Beanochris 20:27, 1 September 2005 (UTC) (St Mac's 2001-???)

Cardinal William Conway did not attend St Malachy's College; he went to St Mary's on the Glen Road. He did teach in the College briefly. Similarly, of recent bishops Bishop Walsh, Bishop Philbin, Bishop MacRory (altogether covering 60+ of the last 100 years) did not attend St Malachy's. Get your facts right!

I would like to add that the reference made to the school encouraging classical studies laughable. Who wrote that one, Doctor Morrin. I have first hand experience of how far the school will go for those wishing to study classics, it simply doesn’t happen, and is just another case of this out of date school blowing its self righteous trumpet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Small mats (talk • contribs) 03:16, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Full list of teachers
Is this necessary? Especially the little comments in the margins?

PS - BA is now the school disciplinarian? Scary! You know he'll love all that stuff in the article! Gerry Lynch 17:43, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Categories for discussion: nomination of various 'Alumni' categories
The 'alumni' category associated with this school has been nominated for renaming, along with all similar categories in Northern Ireland. Comments are invited at the categories' entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Occuli (talk) 00:21, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 4 August 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: page moved. (non-admin closure) Celia Homeford (talk) 14:51, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

St. Malachy's College → St Malachy's College – Over redirect. See Manual of Style. The "St." form is preferred in American English, while the "St" form is used on the other side of the Atlantic (or, as that policy indicates, "Dr." and "Dr"). Most of those listed in Category:Girls' schools in the Republic of Ireland, Category:Boys' schools in the Republic of Ireland, etc. use the form "St X School". The school itself uses the form "St Malachy's College". Newspaper reports which use the form include this (The Irish News), this (The Belfast Telegraph) and this (The Irish Times). 2001:BB6:A93:FE58:9CE7:4466:26D7:E125 (talk) 21:42, 4 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:43, 7 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:St Malachy's College


text:
Talk:Marriage in Islam

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Mahr
There have been a large section about mahr in this article, and it does not belong here. Mahr belongs to all weding forms, and it is supposed to be covered in Islamic Marriage Contract.

Please move your mahr editions to that article.

--Striver 21:47, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Reverting Lao Wai's Edits
Lao Wai, could you cite sources for "The most important feature of a marriage in Islamic law is the giving of mahr which makes sexual intercourse legal." There are no other hadiths written here, why are you adding those? Why are you adding info on slaves to an article on Nikah? --Irishpunktom\talk 10:04, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * I did cite sources for it, but because Striver asked I moved it. You have now reverted me three times (thus breaking the 3RR rule) for something I have already moved.  I added them precisely because there are no hadiths there - the article could do with some evidence.  The bit on slavery was added because, of course, Islamic law says you can marry four wives and as many slave women as you like.  Oddly enough I think that belongs in an article on marriage in Islam.  Although I will admit it may be in the wrong article.  And the paternal cousins is not something in the past.  Please argue a sensible case for revertions, don't just go and do it, especially not repeatedly.  Lao Wai 10:13, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The 3RR says you can not revert more than 3 times, that is 4 times. We have loads of articles on slavery, this is an item on marraige and shold deal with marraige, Husband and wive.  As for the paternal bit, In places liek Gujarat and the frontier it occours amongst Maternal Cousins too, thus, leaving it simply at First Cousins makes more sense. --Irishpunktom\talk 10:22, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * I will accept the removal of slavery bit. Perhaps this was the wrong place.  I will think about it anyway.  But 4 times only makes it worse.  If you break Wikipedia rules there will be consequences in the end.  Don't keep doing it.  Talk first anyway.  It is not the paternal bit, it is the passive tense.  Leave it please. Lao Wai 10:27, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thats fair enough, I didn't see it that way, but your last edit makes it clearer. The edits you made seem to be designed to add your own POV spin into the article.  You should never at that "x" is most important, but what is most important in some sections is almost always disputed in others.  --Irishpunktom\talk 10:58, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well the paternal bit is important, but I will think it over. As it happens I do have a POV on marriage, but my edits are complete separate.  I will not accept being reverted just because you think you know why I do what I do.  Argue a proper case and I'll be reasonable.  It is not my opinion that mahr is most important.  It is Muhammed's and hence most Islamic scholars.  I did not say so. He did.  Hence it belongs - if not here then elsewhere.  As can be seen by the case of Ali and Fatimah (although I expect Striver would dispute that hadith). Lao Wai 11:13, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Lao
You just added that virging can be married away without consent. That is false. Please source or remove it. --Striver 17:43, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well actually there is a source on Wikipedia, in the article Islamic View of Marriage that says "The woman needs her juridical guardians consent if she is a virgin." I could probably  have phrased that better. "A widow shall not be married until she be consulted, nor shall a virgin be married until her consent be asked." The Companions said, "In what manner is the permission of a virgin? " He replied," Her consent is by her silence." From the dictionary of Islam "Liberty is allowed a woman who has reached the age of puberty, to marry or refuse to marry a particular man, independent of her guardian, who has no power to dispose of her in marriage without her consent or against her will; while the objection is reserved for the girl, married by her guardian during her infancy, to ratify or dissolve the contract immediately on reaching her majority."  A girl under the age of puberty cannot consent in any meaningful way.  The question is, if she does not want to be married, and the marriage is dissolved, has her husband been committing adultery?  Obviously not - it is a valid marriage between the age it is contracted on her behalf and the time she gets it dissolved.  But I would be happy if you rephrased it to make it clear that very young girls, who cannot in any rational sense consent, can be married as long as they are silent.  After all Muhammed married a wife who was too young to even understand what was going on. Lao Wai 18:37, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I dont belive aisha was 6, more like 14. What you are refering to is bethorasal, not marriage. They are not allowed to have intercourse until the betrothal is solemnized in a marriage, and that only happens if the girl is post pubescent and concenting. Sunni claim she was bethrod at six and married at nine. She can be bethrod at young age, but not married. --Striver 03:16, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Addition of Pipes link
Daniel Pipe's article is not about Nikaah. It's about "Arabian Sex Tourism". Your characterization of it as being about Nikah is original research. In fact, the article mentions "nikaah" only twice, and both of the times its in a quote by a Muslim that is saying how the sex tourism is totally unlawful under nikaah. Pipes usually doesn't write about Islamic marriage rules because he is not an Islamic theologian, and here he wasn't either, as he didn't even use the word in his own writing. Please find a better article. Yuber(talk) 16:07, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yuber. The Article is about using the practice of using Nikah as a front for sex tourism. That is entirely relavent to understanding the role of Nikah in Arabian/muslim society. Klonimus 17:30, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Erm, no it's not. You wrote this as the subtitle of the article:"on the abuse of Nikaah as a front for prostitution".  Pipes never wrote that.

 * Other people who regularly edit this article have been informed. Yuber(talk) 17:36, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * That's nice, now you are trying to start multi user edit wars. Klonimus 07:27, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * No, but there are people much more knowledgeable than you on this subject who also edit this article, and their opinion counts as well.Yuber(talk) 13:50, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

The link added is only another article by Pipes that uses speculation and his own personal opinions (without any sources btw) to create criticism on just about anything to do with Islam. Just the title of the article shows how much Pipes has speculated and then reading it shows that he has started making up his own stories. The article barely relates to Nikah at all, it talks mainly about men who stalk women and then marry them. The word occurs about once in the entire article (in a quote too) and barely focuses on Nikah as a principle; only an occurence in one society. It has nothing to do with Nikah itself, it only talks about "sex tourism". I don't know why klonimus relies on pipes for information on everything. -- a.n.o.n.y.m  t 18:32, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The reason the article is such a bad source is that Pipes never uses the word nikaah. In fact, it's only in one or two quotes by Muslims condemning the sex tourism industry as going against nikah. Pipes himself calls these corrupt acts "sham marriages", and isn't commenting on nikah itself. So I'd like to know, how isn't it original research that Klonimus says this article is "on the abuse of Nikaah as a front for prostitution"?Yuber(talk) 18:39, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Klonimus, Karl... I saw your post on Jayjg's talk page (Klonimus) and I figured I'd address it, well, at least the issue on this page. I more or less agree with Anonymous... it's not really related, at least, not really more related than sex slavery in the Phillipines is related to the Catholic view of marriage. It also definitely does not belong on this page because of the scope of the issue. So, I would ask you (Karl and Klonimus) to please move this issue to Islamic view of marriage. I think I will still disagree with you or at least ask for some kind of better presentation, but that is about the marriage process, and this is an exploitation of the marriage process not a contractual issue, which is pretty much what nikah is. Can we agree to move this issue to Islamic view of marriage as that article's scope is large enough to cover this issue? gren グレン 00:24, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The Article in question is about muslims using Nikah as front for sex tourism. It is entirely relevent to an article on Nikah because it is about how that islamic instution is being used by real muslims in the real world. If nikah is being used innapropraitly, that merits coverage on the nikah page.
 * I might further add that several editors have been acting here in bad faith, espeically who has engaged in  actions proscribed by his RfAr(revert warring), and Anonyme who is doing the same buffing/reverting that cost him his RfA. Klonimus 07:27, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * My point was that this issue is about more than Nikah, it's about the Islamic marriage system because it involves the divorce too. I also don't think it's notable, representative or whatnot and merits clarification.  In the end it's not a big deal as long as it's portrayed in a way not making any normative claims, because, those claims would have to be seriously backed up.

 * I haven't read over Yuber's RFAr ever but since you informed Jayjg he mentioned he'd look at it and something about contacting and arbitrator and action should be taken if it's in violation. I also would not consider any of this necessarily bad faith.  You added a link a while ago that when noticed by Yuber and Anon was reverted... each of you is making your claims and that leads to revert wars... I would hesitate saying that you are right and they are wrong because there really is no consensus on the issue.  I would encourage you to work this out and I think one of the best ways might be through expansion, because (it seems to me) that it sticks out unwarrantedly and glaringly in an article this short, however, in a longer article it would fit.  I do understand both sides and I wouldn't strongly agree with either.  I still do feel that it belongs on Islamic view of marriage a lot moreso than here. gren グレン 09:01, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Yuber's objections to this link seem to me to be sound. The link is a short, poor-quality article of very dubious relevance to the subject of this article. The mention of nikah is only part of a quote from another article in a newspaper. The author of the piece linked to is a controversial polemicist. I'm sure that with a bit of work, the article could be expanded and improved and that would be a much better use of people's time than a revert war over an at best not-very-useful link. Palmiro | Talk 14:37, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Would we add a section on beating your wife to an article on Marriage under the Christian tradition? I dont think so. Lets not try to rubbish each other religions in wikipedia please. the link has no place - and should stay off. Unbehagen 19:47, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Klonimus, it is relevant. Queeran

link vote
(here was s deleted voting sugestion by Striver)

Don't_vote_on_everything. While this may not be everything, I believe a vote here is of no real use and should be solved by other means. Voting doesn't make things more encyclopedic or anything. gren グレン 05:01, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

POV
More common among the rednecks? Source? Accuracy? I thought it was the Saud dollar rich shaykhs..

Further, the pree aranged marriage section is inaccurate and needs a prose check. --Striver 00:09, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Why just not spit it out: three Muslims have fewer sexual partners in a lifetime than one westerner. Much better to something like that in a factual and sourced manner than saying "no, we dont do that, maybe some hillbilly, but not we in the city".... --Striver 00:28, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you sure, maybe three muslims have more sexual partner's than three westerner, but they keep it a secret. This sort of lame speculation has no place in an encyclopedia. It's also well known that even saudi arabia is having a bit of an AIDS problem. Klonimus 01:03, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Either way, if we are going to make an assertion there should be some kind of study backing it up. gren グレン 02:04, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.01% (2001 est.) --Striver 05:01, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It's probably *alot* higher than that. That figure reminds me of China reporting that they had a total of 8 cases of HIV in 1990. Here's a link to an AFP articleHealth-AIDS-Saudi: Saudi Arabia has 6,787 HIV/AIDS cases, up five-times from 16 months ago, December 1, 2003. Just based on that data in that article the rate of infection in saudi citizens is at least 0.07% and is probably much higher. Given the sexually repressed nature of saudi society, I would be wholly unsurprised to see many cases go unreported.

Klonimus 08:12, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

It is advisable that any issue not relating to Nikah ceremony not added to this article.

Siddiqui 19:41, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Talk about actual customs?
Hey lovely people, I'm marrying into a Muslim family and came to this page to better understand the Nikah. Rather than just discussing polgamy--which is a rather Western-centric, Orientalist perspective--why not talk about the Nikah itself, perhaps the different variation in different cultures (e.g., India, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, etc.)? I'm trying to understand what is expected of me in the Nikkah, and this page offered absolutely zero. Poo!

I believe this site gives info on aspects other pages may not. Are you saying that poligamy is something that you will not mind in your marriage, since it's Western-centric? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.113.227.146 (talk) 06:07, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

"requires the consent of both parties very strictly if they are adults"
Under the section "societal role" there is an unsourced claim that consent is required when the people are adults. How is adult defined? Is a 13 year old an adult, as in Judaism, for example?

Newman Luke (talk) 11:45, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Pakistani Custom
Removed this portion because this is a local Pakistani custom, not necessarily Islamic.

Also, the word "Nikah" is very improper for Marriage, in Arabic, Nikah is having sexual intercourse. Marriage in Arabic is "Gawaz"

Please remove external web sites, not related and not reliable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paul Lewison (talk • contribs) 05:11, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Please give a better reference than the one you gave while making such a claim -- Raziman T V's Alternate account (Talk - Contribs) 10:22, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Correction***

"Nikah" is a marriage according to Islamic Law as well as Pakistani Law. Anyone who performs Nikah, has to be a registrar and must hold a license issued by Govt. of Pakistan. Once Nikah is performed, Registrar must place his Registered stamp on Nikah or marriage Certificate with his license number. And is responsible for validating the marriage. in case of dispute this person can be asked to present in front of court of law.

Note: there are many rituals like Mehndi, Manyo etc. that are performed in marriage by various communities to make marriage memorable but they are not mandatory they are traditional and cultural events.

Majority of Pakistani strongly believe that once Nikah is performed the man and woman get into a bond of life. Saying that "Nikah means having sexual intercourse" that's not totally true, using a woman only for sexual need is haram in Islam (It becomes Adultery). According to Quran a man is not allowed to touch a woman until and uless he gave a woman a right of his wife, by performing a Nikah or Zawj(Gawz),by doing so Muslim man claim that respected woman is now his wife. (Note: There is whole section in Islam that talks about Wife's Rights and responsibilities of man towards his wife)

And according to last sermon of Holy Prophet Mohammad Peace and Blessing be upon him, "Treat your woman with dignity and give them their rights, they are for your help, respect them."

Another says of Prophet Mohammad Peace and Blessing be upon him: "Allah, Almighty God has placed one's heaven under the feet of his/her Mother."

If we combine the above statements it is clear that respect for woman has greater importance, and having sex with woman is a necessity of life, not just a desire to have sex. Islam also holds and preach spirituality as well.

(Oh God help us to understand the values of life and Message, and provide us protection from Devil and its shadow)

Following are some links that might help in understanding the context http://www.jannah.org/sisters/marr.html http://www.nikah.com/marriage/sahih_marriage_nikah.asp —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.39.197.209 (talk) 04:27, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

ayesha married muhammad when she was 6 and consummated (had sex) marriage at age 9 when muhammad was 53
so was she considered an "adult" as used loosely in this obviously biased article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.112.246.119 (talk) 23:13, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Need Citation ****

It is right of wife to have a sex with his man, according Islam. Yes Mohammad had a Sex at age 9. But it was permitted by Ayesha.

To help you understand the life cycle, refer to following website http://www.avert.org/puberty-girls.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.39.197.209 (talk) 04:41, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

Usage of words Heterosexual and Legal contract
There is no need to differentiate Islamic marriage with these words as done by Mhakcm. It is already written in the lede that marriage is between a man and woman (which implies heterosexuality). Further, the contrast with different religions needs to be well-supported by validated references. Shaad lko (talk) 06:50, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Cousin Marriages
Cousin Marriages are also allowed in Judaism and Protestant Christianity. They were allowed in Catholic Christianity, why single out Islam? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr.sam.oliver (talk • contribs) 09:37, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

Watching
Is anybody watching this article?

Every now and then you need to check back-edits, not just the current one. Several unnamed editors have made recent deletions with no edit summaries. A new editor added material. The work of new editors always needs checking and perhaps adjusting.

Amandajm (talk) 01:49, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

Biased passage
"Children in some Muslim sub-cultures who defy their parents' wishes may in practice, suffer penalties supported by the community but this is only due to the lack of knowledge of the Sunnah, as the Prophet would never agree to force a woman to marry somebody she doesn't want. The family should try to find somebody that suits her better, as the following Hadith illustrates."

What? This is common practice in many parts of Muslim society, it's very easy to dismiss it as a misunderstanding of the books without citing sources. --189.70.241.12 (talk) 22:36, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

Divorce
Hello EvergreenFir! Where do you get your informations about divorce from? Your changes just do not reflect the classical positions of the main madhahib. --Metron (talk) 12:32, 21 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Nowhere. Your edit just seemed odd... something about saying a word three times.  If you'd give some citations from reliable sources, that would be great. So far, none of your edits are cited. EvergreenFir (talk) 20:32, 21 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but "just seemed odd" is not realy an argument. Just doing a litte resaerch on the internet would show, that show you, that saying tree times talaq by the husband results in divorce. A Look into e.g. The Encyclopaedia of Islam would show you, that what I wrote s the traditional ruling concerning divorce.

 * Here some quick examples from the internet: http://www.missionislam.com/family/talaq.htm, http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Quran/005-triple-talaq.htm, http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_151_200/triple__talaq.htm. So would you please restore my edit, thanks. As soon as I'm in a library I'll add the source from the The Encyclopaedia of Islam. --Metron (talk) 08:55, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

Removal of sourced material and insertion of unsourced material
User:Metron, you recently deleted a citation of The Globe and Mail, widely regarded as a reliable source. You also inserted the personal viewpoint that divorce is very difficult for women in Islam and that the marriage contract is only between the groom and the bride's guardian; the first is a personal judgment unbefitting an encyclopedia and the second isn't a universal view among Muslims - in fact the Hanafi schools, numerically the largest Sunni school, doesn't require a guardian at all so there are different opinions on the issue. Perhaps there is something I have missed, but would you care sharing what the rationale behind these two edits was? MezzoMezzo (talk) 12:24, 8 April 2014 (UTC)

Encyclopaedia of Islam is not an authoritative source
Encyclopaedia of Islam is not an authoritative source --Qdinar (talk) 13:15, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
 * according to wikipedia, it says there is forcing bride into marriage is possible in islam, but that is not true, because consent of bride is mandatory , according to hadithes, so, this shows this book is not authoritative, even if there are some scholars of islam with that idea, that should be shown, and may be wikipedia author did not bring/pass/transmit meaning of text of the book fully and correctly enough. --Qdinar (talk) 13:46, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
 * You'd have to bring up the issue with WP:RSN if you feel that the encyclopedia is not a reliable source. On Wikipedia, we report on what others say, not the "truth". EvergreenFir (talk) 18:22, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
 * see also Talk:Wali mujbir --Qdinar (talk) 10:36, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
 * i have posted in that discussion though its article is removed now. i said this : i cross-post here without blockquotes : "i have found something from hadithes but that is not main idea of the hadithes but the idea of possibility of forcing into marriage can be taken from words of some hadithes : http://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/11/29 - so, it is said that widow has has more right, it look like it means that non-widow, virgin has less rights than her wali , but , there are other hadithes that strictly say that her permission is mandatory: http://sunnah.com/muslim/16/80 http://sunnah.com/bukhari/67/72 http://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/11/28" --Qdinar (talk) 11:10, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

marriage not "compulsory"
very misleading sentence in the header. Marriage is an important part of the religion. Using Jesus as an example for being single is not right. Islam is based on the Prophet Muhammad not Jesus. Zekenyan (talk) 19:46, 8 June 2015 (UTC) Muslims do not differentiate among prophets whether he is Jesus, Moses, Muhammad or Abraham. Those who differentiate among God and his messengers are not Muslim. (Al-Quran 2:285 and 4:150-151) furthermore marriage is only recommended and not compulsorySmatrah (talk) 13:26, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

Bogus source
the used source "Mouhamadou, Shaykh. "Women in Islam". Noor Ala Noor." is bogus and useless. Pages of claims without references (and lacking knowledge, pure jahiliyya). Historical claims unfounded. And used wrongly by author (nobody in Old Arabia decided anything about women in 586, that refers to Gaul). Kipala (talk) 13:41, 26 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Will raise this........ Swingoswingo (talk) 15:17, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * ..I also have doubts if any such 586 AD event ever happened in France. But let's see if we find something better on the cited claims. Swingoswingo (talk) 15:31, 29 November 2016 (UTC)

Wrong Info
If bride's free consent is not oibtained; the marriage IS VOID. Wrong info is provided. --Maadikhah (talk) 17:21, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Can you please provide some reliable sources supporting your claim?  Eve rgr een Fir  (talk) 17:28, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Khomeini's risalah is only one of them. --Maadikhah (talk) 17:39, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * FYI: Saying that in Islam, a walee (guardian) can make a girl marry a man is a claim itself that needs to be proven by reliable sources. --Maadikhah (talk) 18:05, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * We are discussing marriage-related stuff in Islam, so Islamic scholar's works can be used as resources stating one side/one point of view. --Maadikhah (talk) 19:50, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

Islamophobia?! Or am I cynic/skeptic?! :/
I really read WP:Assume good faith many times and I don't want to read contributors' minds; I am sorry; but I think Islamophobia has had at least a hidden unconscious role in preparing some pieces of this article's text. I agree and am sure that in many poor/under-developed Islamic countries, marriage without consent/minors' marriage happen; but this is not Islam's whole system of laws. This is inhumane, but it shouls be given attention that Islam, like any other religion, has interpretations and subverisions --Maadikhah (talk) 18:10, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * And, according to many Muslims, common people and clergy, it is NOT Islamic to marry off people in this way. --Maadikhah (talk) 18:21, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

Nikkah
I would just like to say that the meaning of "Nikkah" is to get married and not sexual intercourse. Please remove that word. We want people to know information that's real not fake. Plum3600 (talk) 08:01, 19 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Then prove that it is fake. Swingoswingo (talk) 06:52, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Your proof.

https://discover-the-truth.com/2014/02/11/arabic-word-nikah-and-its-meaning/
 * This is not an RS and, even if it were, a cursory glance easily brings to the fore its errors and intellectual bankruptcy. We can continue discussing this site and its claims if the need be. Nearly all authors of pro-Islamic books are taqiya authors anyway. Therefore even 5,000 books saying "Nikah does not mean sex" won't change the facts about its word origin. Swingoswingo (talk) 08:36, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Looks like someone stacked up a few fake citations in an effort to make that point stick. Here's a standard reference: "Nikāḥ - marriage (properly, sexual intercourse, but already in the Ḳurʾān used exclusively of the contract of marriage)." The standard Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic doesn't include the older sense: "nikah - marriage; marriage contract; matrimony, wedlock". Anyway, these etymological details don't belong in the lead. Eperoton (talk) 01:12, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I support 's merge proposal. One could imagine two different articles existing under the current titles, with one corresponding to a subsection of another, but that layout isn't compatible with the current state of these two articles. They are both organized by different aspects of marriage, rather than a legal/non-legal division. They are also both of poor quality, so they would benefit from a merge and cleanup. Eperoton (talk) 00:43, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

I oppose the merge. One article goes more in detail into the legal aspect in the religion. The other is broader and includes culture, history and some politics. This would be like the difference between The jurisprudence article is consitent in style with other Islamic jurisprudence articles that makeup an umbrella under Fiqh Other articles within the jurisprudence umbrella like Salah, Muslim hygienical jurisprudence and Adab seem consistent in style and section splitting. The merge would create a hole in that umbrella. CaliphoShah (talk) 07:32, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

 * In that case, all the material relating to jurisprudence would need to be moved to the other article and reduced here to a single WP:SUMMARY section. Otherwise, the overlapping scope is a WP:CFORK. Eperoton (talk) 22:37, 18 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Not all just most. Keep it to a concise summary. CaliphoShah (talk) 22:10, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

The Quran
Could we please include a little more on the Quran's teachings and stances on marriage? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:E000:1E06:C2F7:A45A:28A8:FCB6:23F8 (talk) 03:42, 15 November 2018 (UTC)

Draft:Hermeneutics of feminism in Islam
Hi,

I came across this promising Draft:Hermeneutics of feminism in Islam (relating to women's rights) and myself supported the same editorially too. IMO since topic potential is vast many Reliable sources on Google scholar seem to be available hence the article needs more editorial hands for some more update and expansion along with appropriate references.

Pl. do join to update and expansion, your help will be most welcome.

Thanks and regards

Bookku (talk) 15:07, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

There is some very subjective/partial languages within this article.
This is my first time making any sort of contribution to wikipedia, so you will forgive me for lack of completely proper conduct, but this articles has some instances of impartial/moral language: Mainly this one: "In unfortunate cases where the agreement was to postpone payment of the mahr, some husbands will bully their wives and insist on the return of what he gave her in order to agree to the dissolution of the marriage, this is un-Islamic and cruel."

If I am not mistaken, language that expresses value statements, and such words as "unfortunate" or "cruel", regardless of whether many, or most, agree that it is such things, is supposed to be discouraged (prohibited?). I'm not even sure on words like 'bully', which has an innately negative moral connotation. To my knowledge, wikipedia is not for the writers opinions, but rather the opinions and words of third party sources, who may or may not use this language. If the editor of this section wants to express that it is incongruent with Islam, or that a specific scholar (or multiple people) believes this is unfortunate and cruel, than I would think they ought to find and cite people (who actually believe that) to support this opinion.

65.26.65.200 (talk) 16:51, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
 * You are absolutely correct, this kind of language is never allowed on Wikipedia and I will take care of it. Thank you, - Wretchskull (talk) 19:48, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

Same sex marriage in islam
The topic of marriage between members if the same sect never makes a single appereance int he whole article (and there is a section exclusively prohibitations of marriage). Can we do anything to fix this? Akivahebrew (talk) 10:27, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marriage in Islam


text:
Suzanne Vos

Suzanne Vos was a South African politician. She was a member of the Inkatha Freedom Party and Parliament.

Vos was also a member of the Pan-African Parliament and rapporteur of the Committee on Transport, Industry, Communications, Energy, Science and Technology, one of its Permanent Committees. Vos is currently sitting on the board of the South African Broadcasting Commission (SABC).

title: Suzanne Vos


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List of Nashville Predators head coaches

The Nashville Predators are an American professional ice hockey team based in Nashville, Tennessee. They play in the Central Division of the Western Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The team joined the NHL in 1998 as an expansion team. The Predators have played their home games at the Bridgestone Arena since their inaugural season. The Predators are owned by Predators Holdings LLC, Barry Trotz is their general manager.

Until the end of the 2013–14 season, the Predators franchise had only had one head coach, Barry Trotz. Trotz was then replaced by Peter Laviolette on May 6, 2014. Laviolette helped the Predators capture their first Clarence S. Campbell Bowl as well as making the team's first Stanley Cup Finals appearance. John Hynes replaced Laviolette during the 2019–20 season; after three and a half seasons, he was fired on May 30, 2023. The following day, former Predator Andrew Brunette was named head coach.

Coaches
Note: Statistics are correct through the 2023–24 season.