text:
Imagined Oceans

Released in 1998, Imagined Oceans is an album by Welsh composer Karl Jenkins. This work was inspired by thirteen lunar mare for which the tracks are titled. The musical style is similar to Jenkins's Adiemus compositions and each track explores the meaning of its Latin name through various musical techniques. Unlike most of the Adiemus pieces, the lyrics for Imagined Oceans consist of syllables from the tracks' titles rather than invented text.

Instrumentation

 * recorder
 * Two percussionists playing:
 * cymbals
 * bongos
 * tambourine
 * timbales
 * güiro
 * triangle
 * mark tree
 * wind chimes
 * sizzle cymbals
 * Chinese cymbals
 * bass drum
 * tam-tam
 * tablas
 * pandeiro
 * crotales
 * strings

Track listing

 * 1) "Mare Crisium Introitus" (Sea of Crises) – 2:51
 * 2) "Lacus Serenitatis" (Lake of Serenity) – 4:52
 * 3) "Mare Vaporum" (Sea of Vapours) – 4:27
 * 4) "Mare Australis" (Southern Sea) – 6:41
 * 5) "Lacus Somniorum" (Lake of Dreams) – 2:39
 * 6) "Lacus Pereverantiae" (Lake of Perseverance) – 8:41
 * 7) "Lacus Doloris" (Lake of Sorrow) – 4:55
 * 8) "Mare Undarum" (Sea of Waves) – 4:54
 * 9) "Palus Nebularum" (Marsh of Mists) – 3:09
 * 10) "Sinus Iridium" (Bay of Rainbows) – 2:13
 * 11) "Mare Imbrium" (Sea of Showers) – 4:46
 * 12) "Lacus Temporis" (Lake of Time) – 5:11
 * 13) "Lacus Lenitatis" (Lake of Tenderness) – 3:24
 * 14) "Mare Crisium" (Sea of Crises) – 5:39

Personnel

 * Karl Jenkins Ensemble
 * Nic Pendlebury – Conductor
 * Pamela Thorby – Recorder
 * Sarah Eyden – Soprano
 * Micaela Haslam – Mezzo-Soprano
 * Heather Cairncross – Alto

Alternate versions
Jenkins has used the theme from several tracks in his other works. "Lacus Pereverantiae" shares its theme with "The Dagda" from Adiemus IV: The Eternal Knot. "Palus Nebularum" shares its theme with "Isle of the Mystic Lake" also from The Eternal Knot.

title: Imagined Oceans


text: Category:User mw-2

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:User mw-2


text: Category:User mw-4

title: Category:User mw-4


text: Category:User mw-3

title: Category:User mw-3


text:
Portal talk:Sweden

Have a look into this matter
i wrote a article on the Swedish company "Abelco" on general agenda to promote Sweden overall perspective on Wikipedia, but some user have named "Sionk" have marked it for speedy deletion, If any administrator see this message, do have a look into the matter and discuss what can be done. Science.Warrior (talk) 21:12, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

Article Kept
This article was nominated for deletion here on 07:03, August 24, 2005. Following the debate, the article was kept. Bratsche talk 04:01, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Spelling of swedish people in wikipedia
After the latest debate in WP:HOCKEY there have been a proposal on how to name Swedes in wikipedia, I do not know where to make this know and this is the best place I found so I post here. See Naming_conventions_%28Swedish%29 for proposal and discussion. Stefan 00:23, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Adding to the portal
I feel it's a bit, to say the least, bare. So I'm going to update and spruce it up as time progresses. Sweden's done a lot of things noone's ever heard of, and we excell in so many thing people around the world are not aware of, so what better place is there than here to promote these things? I don't think there is any. Stay tuned for more updates. Dead-Inside 23:49, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Please help with informations
Dear friends and Sweden-experts, I would like to find out something and also find traces if it is true. A Crimean Tatar once told me about Tatars in Sweden. Usually they are immigrants from Finnland (Finnish Tatars) but also reached Finland not before the 19th century. But the Crimean Tatar insisted that at least a hand full of Tatars could had come to sweden much earlier and settled down. He mentioned There are any signs for that story or not? Thanks for your help, guys! --Roksanna 22:55, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * the wars about Poland in the middle of the 17th century, when Sweden acted together with the Ottoman Turks and picked out the Tatars among the Polish prisoners of war
 * the exile of Sweden´s King Charles in Bendery. from where he brought a few Tatars when he returned in the begin of the 18th century

Coat of arms images
Several coats of arms of Swedish municipalities have been proposed for deletion because of lacking information on the status of those images. Please go through Category:Images with unknown copyright status as of 29 December 2006 and other apropriate categories and add the needed information to prevent them from being deleted.Inge 14:01, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Help with The Emigrants articles
A couple of months ago I created five pages out the Emigrant series of Vilhelm Moberg:

 * The Emigrants (novels)
 * The Emigrants (novel) (1949)
 * Unto a Good Land (1952)
 * The Settlers (novel) (1956)
 * The Last Letter Home (1959)

It was my hope that the creation of these stubs would encourage other people to contribute to these books. Most of these hopes have however been crushed. I therefore ask fellow wikipedians to help me with these articles, which I consider to be very important considering the works have been named to be the best in the history of Swedish literature. --The monkeyhate 12:22, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

This page needs maintenance
This page is in serious need for maintenance. I've tried making a quick patch, but someone might wish update to more relevant topics to include in a stable (maintenance-free) version. If images are included here, please make sure to pick images that are unlikely to disappear. The image of Anna Lindh had been missing for half a year. Valentinian T / C 09:19, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Nordic cinema task force
A Nordic cinema task force has been proposed at WP:FILMS, which would include the cinema of Sweden. Interested editors are encouraged to sign up - if there is enough interest, then the task force will be created! Many thanks, Girolamo Savonarola (talk) 18:22, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Related portals

 * Why there are Estonia? --Kurlandlegionar (talk) 09:24, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Probably because Estonia was ruled by Sweden between 1561 and 1721, and someone historically interested put it there, and perhaps because of the Estonian Swedes. Tomas e (talk) 13:12, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

pronounciation
How do you pronounce Charles in Swedish? Do you pronounce the first syllable as /ʃ/ (like shoe) or /tʃ/ (like chair) or even /k/? and do you pronounce the last /s/? --Yoosef (talk) 12:51, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Wikinews
Portal:Sweden/Sweden news/Wikinews has been deactivated and will not be updated by bot. The source page specified in the configuration is not properly configured. Please see User:JJMC89 bot/tasks/5 for proper configuration. — JJMC89  (T·C) 10:47, 21 May 2016 (UTC)

Notice from the Portals WikiProject
WikiProject Portals is back!

The project was rebooted and completely overhauled on April 17th, 2018. Its goals are to revitalize the entire portal system, make building and maintaining portals easier, support the ongoing improvement of portals and the editors dedicated to this, and design the portals of the future.

As of May 2nd, 2018, membership is at 60 editors, and growing. You are welcome to join us.

There are design initiatives for revitalizing the portals system as a whole, and for improving each component of portals. So far, 2 new dynamic components have been developed: Template:Transclude lead excerpt and Template:Transclude random excerpt.

Tools are provided for building and maintaining portals, including automated portals that update themselves in various ways.

And, if you are bored and would like something to occupy your mind, we have a wonderful task list.

From your friendly neighborhood Portals WikiProject. Hope to see you there. Sincerely,    — The Transhumanist   07:46, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

Portal expanded
The portal has been expanded with the addition of new Good- and Featured article sections. The article selections listed below were added. Additional expansion, updating and cleanup was also performed. If anyone is interested, please feel free to discuss these changes here. North America1000 11:50, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Good articles
1 * Andreas Tegström 2 * Fredrik Reinfeldt 3 * Henry (bishop of Finland) 4 * Lokrume helmet fragment 5 * Breakin' Point (song) 6 * Andreas Tegström 7 * Old Tjikko 8 * Malin Åkerman 9 * Livonian War 10 * Hour of the Wolf 11 * Starbreeze Studios 12 * The Cottage (video game) 13 * Avalanche Studios 14 * Turuma

Featured articles
1 * Battle of Svolder 2 * Greece runestones 3 * IFK Göteborg 4 * Melodifestivalen 5 * Malmö FF 6 * Battle of Öland 7 * Vasa (ship) 8 * Opeth 9 * Harriet Bosse 10 * Hemmema 11 * Henrik Sedin 12 * Kronan (ship) 13 * Habits (Stay High) 14 * Meshugga 15 * Daniel Sedin

 * Additional articles for the portal can be considered from those available in the table listed below.

Selected articles

 * In addition to the articles listed above, the following articles are presently being displayed in the Selected article section using transclusion from articles. Consensus at VPP has approved using transclusion templates in portals, which provides users with up-to-date content that is verbatim to that in articles. North America1000 09:25, 14 February 2020 (UTC)

2020 updates
The portal was expanded today with the addition of the following GA-class articles listed below. North America1000 02:15, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Boden Fortress, Midvinterblot, Anna Bågenholm, Einar Jolin, Broe helmet, My Trigger, Markus Näslund, IFK Kristianstad, Swedish heraldry, Eleda Stadion, Greta Thunberg, Carl Michael Bellman.

title: Portal talk:Sweden


text: Category:User mw-1

title: Category:User mw-1


text:
Talk:Dnyaneshwari

Untitled
Dnyaneswari in 18th chapter discusses varnabhed. I wud like to know more on the subject from Expert.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dnyaneshwari. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070107140433/http://www.stanford.edu/~adeo/dnya.html to http://www.stanford.edu/~adeo/dnya.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:23, 14 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dnyaneshwari


text:
Xiaolan

Xiaolan is a town situated at the northwest periphery of the city of Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China.

Per a 2020 publication by the Zhongshan government, Xiaolan has approximately 333,000 permanent residents, but has just 181,988 registered hukou residents as of 2018. The town spans an area of 71.47 km2.

History
According to some historical imperial records, a concubine of emperor Song Duzong of the Southern Song Dynasty, eloped from the palace to pursue her true love. The concubine fled south until she finally arrived in Xiaolan, where she was able to lose the imperial guards who were in pursuit of her. When she arrived in Xiaolan, the concubine and her helpers were so attracted to the area's landscape, which was scattered with yellow chrysanthemum flowers, that they decided to take up residence there.

In June 2010, a strike broke out at a Honda Lock plant in Xiaolan, with workers demanded a wage increase from 930 RMB per month to 1,600 RMB per month. Reuters reported that striking workers were intimidated by police forces, and published an image which appeared to depict riot police being deployed near the factory on June 11. In response, the plant's managers began hiring scabs in response to the strike, and offered monthly pay increases of 200 RMB. By July 2010, many of the plant's striking workers returned for such pay rise, while others quit in search of work elsewhere.

Administrative divisions
As of 2020, Xiaolan is divided into 15 residential communities.

 * Shakou Community
 * Xinshi Community
 * Dongqu Community
 * Jixi Community
 * Beiqu Community
 * Zhuyuan Community
 * Jidong First Community
 * Jidong Second Community
 * Shengfeng Community
 * Baofeng Community
 * Jiuzhouji Community
 * Yongning Community
 * Xiqu Community
 * Liexi First Community
 * Lianfeng Community

Economy
Xiaolan is home to over 40,000 individual enterprises, of which, over 14,000 are manufacturing enterprises. Over 99% of the firms in Xiaolan are privately-owned. Major brands headquartered in Xiaolan include Vatti,, Chant Group , and Forest Lighting. The city is a cluster for a number of industries, including hardware, underwear manufacturing, audio devices, locks, and lighting.

Primary sector
Agriculture is the main industry in the primary sector found in Xiaolan Town. The town is well-known for its Chrysanthemum plants, and is often called “Chrysanthemum City”, according to the town's government.

From October to November every year, Xiaolan hosts a chrysanthemum festival along its major streets and parks. The show features about 100,000 pots of over a thousand varieties. Every 60 years, a grand chrysanthemum exhibition will be held in Xiaolan.

Secondary sector
Xiaolan is dubbed “Lock City of the South” as well as “Electronic Acoustic Industrial Base” in China. The two industries are the pillar industries of Xiaolan.

Xiaolan controls 23% of the national market share. Indeed, there are production lines of such famous brands as Vantage gas stoves, Guli locks and St. Allen nail clippers in Xiaolan.

Locks
Over 30% of manufacturing enterprises in Xiaolan are engaged in locks and hardware production. Such production accounted for nearly 50% of the total industrial outputs of Xiaolan and employed more than 30,000 people in 2002. Xiaolan's success in this sector earned it a certification as a critical hardware industrial base by China National Hardware Association in 2002.

Audio devices
Meanwhile, a growth in the sector of electronic acoustics, which has taken place in recent years, has made Xiaolan the first "Electronic Acoustics Industrial Base" in China. Between 2000 and 2002, over a hundred enterprises started business in Xiaolan. Both local and foreign enterprises which specialize in production of domestic stereos, DVDs, laser heads, high-tech digital audio equipment, loudspeakers, circuit boards and aluminium panels are clustered in this small town. Production bases of such foreign brands as ADS and Boston operate in Xiaolan while Philips, Toshiba, JBL, Onkyo and Jamo also run their OEM production there. In 2002, the industrial outputs of this sector reached RMB 4.6 billion, accounting for almost one third of the town's industrial output.

Lighting
The town has a sizable lighting industry, specifically in the production of LED lights. This industry accounts for over ¥10 billion in value to the local economy. Major LED brands with a presence in Xiaolan include Forest Lighting, Everlight Electronics, Honbro Technologies , Poso Lighting , and Guangyang Appliances.

Tertiary sector
Xiaolan has 19 banks and about 100 financial institutions as a whole.

Research and development
To improve research and development for local firms, a technology development centre specializing in the production of locks and hardware was set up in February 2003, and post-doctoral work stations and partnerships with universities have also been established to aid the town's hardware industry. An enterprise-based technology development centre with investment from a US-based acoustics stereo enterprise, AVlight was also established in Xiaolan Industrial Zone in 2002.

Education
Xiaolan is home to 45 kindergartens, 15 public primary schools, 5 secondary schools, and 10 private schools.

Healthcare
The Xiaolan People's Hospital, and the Chen Xinghai Hospital are both located in the town. 98.85% of Xiaolan's population is insured.

Culture
Many residents in Xiaolan cultivate chrysanthemums. On occasion, they provide chrysanthemum-themed banquets. They also create a number of chrysanthemum-themed poems and drawings.

Sports
The town has more than 70 public sports facilities, and 21 gymnasiums.

The Xiaolan Integrated Sports Centre was established in 1994, and has hosted a number of national and international ping-pong tournaments since then.

Historical attractions

 * , a bridge built in 1368
 * Jihou Temple, a temple built during the reign of the Wanli Emperor (1572-1620)
 * Yinxiu Temple, a temple built during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (1661-1722)
 * Shuangmei Mansion, a mansion built during the 1940s

Transportation
The town's railway station, Xiaolan railway station is situated on the Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway.

title: Xiaolan


text:
Hanging Rocks

Hanging Rocks are perpendicular cliffs rising nearly 300 ft above the South Branch Potomac River in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Hanging Rocks are located four miles (6 km) north of Romney at Wappocomo on West Virginia Route 28. Hanging Rocks has also been known throughout its history as Painted Rocks and Blue's Rocks. When distinguished from the "Lower Hanging Rocks" along the South Branch at Blues Beach to the north, Hanging Rocks is referred to as Upper Hanging Rocks.

Geology
Hanging Rocks is arranged in the form of three anticlinal arches, of which the most eastern spans 250, the second 550, and the third 220 yards in width. Hanging Rocks consists of anticlinal stratified sandstone and limestone layers. The upper stratum of rocks is Monterey and Oriskany sandstone. Immediately below the Monterey and Oriskany (Ridgeley) sandstone lies a layer of cherty limestone known as Lewiston chert-lentil which consists of a conglomeration of brachiopods. Atop Hanging Rocks is a level bench of land devoid of stone and containing fine rich soil.

At the western end of the Hanging Rocks formation lies an exposure of fine black to drab shales also containing small concretions and some fossils. Contained in one of the shale layers are numerous specimens of Phacops cristata Hall. A volume of The Journal of Geology published by the University of Chicago in 1915 noted the following additional species collected in the layers of Hanging Rocks shale:
 * Stropheodonta sp.
 * Chonetes cf. lepidus Hall
 * Dalmanella lenticularis (Vanuxem)
 * Cyrtina hamiltonensis (?) Hall
 * Ambocoelia umbonata (Conrad)
 * Styliolina fissurella (Hall)

Of the aforementioned fauna, Dalmanella lenticularis (Vanuxem) is confined to the Onondaga formation; Cyrtina hamiltonensis Hall occurs in the Onondaga, Hamilton, and Portage formations; Ambocoelia umbonata (Conrad) from the Onondaga to the Chemung inclusive; Styliolina fissurella (Hall) in the southern Onondaga shale, Marcellus, Genesee, and Portage black shales; and Phacops cristata Hall elsewhere in the Onondaga. The Journal of Geology concluded that the Romney shales present at both Hanging Rocks and Mechanicsburg Gap represent the southwestern continuation of the Onondaga limestone, Marcellus shale, and Hamilton formation of New York.

The Hanging Rocks formation lies within a deep and narrow gap in Mill Creek Mountain formed by the South Branch Potomac River. The distance through the gap at Hanging Rocks is five-eighths of a mile. The South Branch flowed in its present course as Mill Creek Mountain formed and slowly cut away at the mountain to expose Hanging Rocks.

The gap at Hanging Rocks is one of four gaps in Mill Creek Mountain, the others being Mechanicsburg Gap, the Lower Hanging Rocks gap at Blue Beach, and the gap at the North Branch Potomac River to the west of its confluence with the South Branch to form the Potomac River.

Battle between the Lenape and the Catawbas
Hanging Rocks was originally the site of a Native American village, most likely either Lenape or Seneca. As such, it served as the scene of a fierce battle between the Lenape and Catawba Native Americans. A large party of Lenape had invaded the territory of the Catawbas, taken several prisoners, and commenced their retreat homewards. The retreating Lenape halted at Hanging Rocks and commenced fishing in the South Branch. The Catawbas, in close pursuit, discovered the Lenape and sent a party across the river to their rear and a party to their front, thus enclosing them. A bloody battle ensued resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Lenape. It is believed very few Lenape escaped the massacre.

Archaeological sites
At the time Samuel Kercheval's A History of the Valley of Virginia was written in 1833, a row of Indian graves, possibly belonging to the casualties of the aforementioned battle, existed between the public road and the perpendicular cliffs in the narrow margin of land along the South Branch. The graves Kercheval cites may have been reinterments of the human bones unearthed during the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad line along the base of Hanging Rocks in the 1880s.

Skeletons of "gigantic size" were exhumed from a purported village and burial site on the farm of Mr. Herriott opposite the South Branch and below Hanging Rocks, providing further evidence of a Native American presence at Hanging Rocks gap. In addition to skeletons, numerous fireplaces, iron hatchets, glass beads, and brass ornaments.

Persons well-versed in the history of the region assert that the Native American peoples occupying this village were a branch of the Seneca. There were formerly many stone mounds along the foot of the hill to the rear of this village, however, all of them have now been removed. Some of them were along the hillside a few feet above the margin of the level bottom; others were on the level but nowhere more than 50 or 60 ft from the foot of the hill. The mounds varied in height from two to eight feet in diameter from 12 or 15 to 40 or 50 ft and were composed entirely of stone. All except the smallest ones had a depression at the top as if they had contained a vault or pen of logs whose decay had allowed the rocks to settle. Fragmentary bones were found in many of the mounds lying on the original surface. Very few art relics were found at the mounds site. One contained a pipe with a wolf's head carved on it. A cairn on the hillside near the schoolhouse on the Herriott farm contained some decayed bones.

European settlement
The area surrounding Hanging Rocks was settled by European settlers around the mid-18th century. Trees had been cleared from the rocks before the arrival of settlers. Early residents in its vicinity referred to Hanging Rocks as "Painted Rocks" because of the colorful figures and formations within its strata. The colors and figures, once thought to be Native American, were produced through geologic processes including the seepage of water through the rock. During the French and Indian War, two frontier stockades were constructed in close proximity to Hanging Rocks for the defense of the South Branch Valley: Fort Williams in 1754 two miles (3 km) to the north and Fort Foreman one mile (1.6 km) to the south.

Francis Asbury, one of the first two bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, passed by Hanging Rocks during his travels in the South Branch Valley, which he described as a country of "mountains and natural curiosities." Asbury gave a description of Hanging Rocks in his journal on June 10, 1781:

Transportation
The Moorefield and North Branch Turnpike (later known as the North and South Branches Turnpike) wagon road connecting Romney and Cumberland, Maryland, once occupied the narrow space between the South Branch and Hanging Rocks. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (currently the South Branch Valley Railroad) later shared the narrow space, which has varied between 40 ft and 100 ft in width, along with the pike after its completion to Romney from Green Spring in 1884. The pike later became West Virginia Route 28 and was rerouted to the east of Mill Creek Mountain. The old Romney and Cumberland Pike span at the base of Hanging Rocks was reclassified as West Virginia Secondary Route 28/15 and is currently named Harriott-Wappocomo Road.

American Civil War
On June 19, 1861, Captain John Q. Winfield wrote from his encampment at Hanging Rocks:

Captain Winfield's letter illustrated Hanging Rocks' proximity to some of Hampshire County's wealthiest families and their plantations including George William Washington and his son Robert M. Washington's Ridgedale, Colonel Isaac Parsons' Wappocomo, the Vance family's Ashbrook, and the Parsons and Inskeep families' The Rocks. General Turner Ashby and his command occupied the Washington family's Ridgedale to the north of Hanging Rocks.

Battle of Hanging Rocks Pass
A major skirmish, known as the Battle of Hanging Rocks Pass, took place at Hanging Rocks on Tuesday morning September 24, 1861. The skirmish took place between the Confederate Hampshire Militia led by Colonel Angus William McDonald and several companies of Union troops under the command of Colonel Cantwell of the 82nd Ohio Infantry.

On the evening of September 23, 1861, Colonel McDonald received information that Union forces planned an attempt to pass through the gap at Hanging Rocks early the next morning. Upon learning of this, McDonald and his 26 other men of the Hampshire Militia climbed to the top of Hanging Rocks in the early morning of September 24 in preparation for the arrival of Union troops. McDonald also sent a scouting party down the South Branch on the night of September 23.

Hanging Rocks was a strategic location during the American Civil War. Troops traveling between Romney and points north, including Cumberland and Green Spring, naturally utilized the Romney and Cumberland Pike at the base of Hanging Rocks. In addition, the shallow nature of the South Branch at Hanging Rocks created a crossing which allowed for a secondary connection of the Romney and Cumberland Pike to the Northwestern Turnpike at Mechanicsburg via Fox Hollow.

Upon taking to the summit, McDonald and his men piled boulders at the precipice of Hanging Rocks' cliffs to hurl at Union troops marching on the pike below. The Confederates completed their preparations by daybreak. McDonald instructed his men to be careful not to mistake their returning scouting party for the advancing Union troops.

Shortly after daybreak, Union cavalry (a company of Ringgold Cavalry) crossed the ford on the South Branch at the north end of Hanging Rocks pass and its columns marched onto the pike below the awaiting Confederate militiamen. Initially, the Confederates atop the rocks lay flat trying to ascertain through the fog whether the approaching cavalry was their returning scouting party. The Union troops at the base of Hanging Rocks were naturally suspicious of the strategic location and were on high alert as they crossed the ford and made their way onto the pike. The Union troops noticed heads of the Confederate militiamen peering over the cliffs and fired upon them. The Confederates responded to the firing by hurling the boulders onto the road below causing the Union cavalry to hastily retreat down the pike and across the ford. In their hasty retreat, several of the Union cavalry ran over their infantrymen forcing them into the river, where at least five drowned.

Sergeant H. B. Hedge of the Ringgold Cavalry Company made the following record in his journal about the incident:

The bodies of approximately a dozen Union soldiers were interred in the sand of the South Branch's western bank following the skirmish. High water the following Saturday September 28 washed additional bodies down the river which were also retrieved from the South Branch and buried.

The Confederates were unaware, because of the earlier fog and the false report of a Union advance, that the Union troops were actually in retreat upon their arrival at Hanging Rocks. The Confederates left Hanging Rocks gap and pulled back to Romney.

Poetry
Hanging Rocks was the inspiration of the poem "The Hanging Rocks" published in John C. Newman's The Harmonies of Creation or The Music of the Morning Stars: To Which are Added, Miscellaneous Poems, on Religious, Moral, and Patriotic Subjects in 1836.

title: Hanging Rocks


text:
User:BojiDebater

Welcome to my User Page.

I'm a new contributor to Wikipedia, but I've utilized the project for quite some time for school and other projects, I never realized what sort of community Wikipedia was and I am thoroughly excited to be involved. Hopefully you'll see me around quite a bit, but primarily I'll be spending my time on the behind the scenes sorts of tasks like Copy-editing, since my greatest strengths tend to lie there. Post something to my Talk page and I'd be happy to respond.

~Boji Debater

I Support the WikiProject Countereing systemic bias:

title: User:BojiDebater


text:
Douglas Vickers

Douglas Vickers (24 July 1861 – 23 November 1937) was an English industrialist and politician. His family owned the famous Sheffield firm Vickers, Sons & Co. Ltd.

Early life
Vickers was born on 24 July 1861 in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. He was a son of Frances Mary (née Douglas) Vickers (1841–1904) and Colonel Thomas Edward Vickers (1833–1915). His father commissioned John Singer Sargent to paint portraits of the family. Douglas' portrait was painted in 1914.

Career
He became Director of the family business in 1897, and was Master Cutler of Sheffield in 1908. He was elected as a Conservative MP for Sheffield Hallam in 1918, and held the seat until 1922.

In 1918, he succeeded his uncle as chairman of the armament firm Vickers Ltd. and served in that role until 1926 making "many valuable contributions to metallurgical science and provided funds for the investigation of new treatments for tuberculosis." He retired in 1926 when the firm merged with Sir W G Armstrong Whitworth & Co Ltd. to become Vickers Armstrongs, Ltd.

Personal life
In 1893, Vickers was married to Katharine Adelaide Chetwynd (1862–1944), a daughter of Capt. Hon. Henry Weyland Chetwynd and a granddaughter of Richard Chetwynd, 6th Viscount Chetwynd. Katharine's brother later succeeded as the 8th Viscount Chetwynd. Together, Douglas and Katharine were the parents of four children:

 * Oliver Henry Douglas (1898–1928), who married Barbara Kathleen Wallace, a daughter of Falconer Lewis Wallace, DL.
 * Felicity Ida Vickers (1901–1901), who died in infancy.
 * Sholto Douglas Vickers (1902–1939), who married Princess Olga Alexandrovna Galitzine.
 * Angus Douglas Vickers (1904–1990), a Lt. Col. in the British Army who married Phyllis Maud Francis.

He died on 23 November 1937 in Mayfair, London. He is buried in the family plot in Brookwood Cemetery.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Douglas Vickers


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article review/Chinatown

Chinatown

 * Article is no longer a featured article

There's no record of the discussion by which this came to be featured (or at least it's not linked from the appropriate place in the template on the talk page). Over time, the article has become a bit of a sprawling mess, circling around to some topics more than once, and with a good bit of mediocre writing. I put a little work into it myself a few months agoe, but it's more than I want to take on to get it back to FA quality.

Of course, I'd be very glad if someone does a rescue job, but it seems like no one has been "minding the store": that is, I'd guess that whoever once got this up to FA quality hasn't been keeping an eye on additions over time and integrating them into the article structure, and inevitably this article is a bit of a magnet for additions. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:06, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

I apparently originally forgot to place this on Featured article removal candidates, so the clock should start now. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:45, September 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * User:Hoary has now made some genuine stylistic improvements, but not enough, in my opinion, to get this back up to FA level. In fact, the fact that there are places where this user admits to not being able to decipher the intended meaning of a passage speaks volumes. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:21, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Remove. I had thought about nominating this article myself. Even if it was re-edited to FA quality, the article is edited way too often, especially by Wikipedia newbies, to keep it there. Just trying to keep the Chinatown article regularly spell-checked is an impossible task. Blank Verse   ∅  04:40, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment - fac was added by Dori on 10 April 2004. From poking around in the WP:FAC page history at around that date, here is the diff when Raul654 promoted it (actually a decent amount of discussion for that period). (The comment that the archived discussion cannot be found comes up so often, surely it should be in the FAQ...) -- ALoan (Talk) 12:03, 7 September 2005 (UTC)


text: Talk:Thomas Gradin

title: Talk:Thomas Gradin


text:
Talk:Sallen–Key topology

Not very encyclopaedic
This reads more like someone's university EE textbook than an encyclopaedia entry. It would only explain Sallen-Key filters to someone who already knows what they are and how they work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gordonjcp (talk • contribs) 06:47, 11 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree, they dive right into formulas without even defining terms! A bunch of gobbleygook, even to many EE students. The formulas are minimally useful if the terms are defined. MacroMyco (talk) 04:54, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Not very encyclopaedic is inappropriate and should be struck. This article is very well written and succinctly covers the topic.  The term Advanced topic might be more appropriate, with a link at the beginning of the article to an introductory wiki on active filters, of which there are several.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.201.178.210 (talk) 14:07, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

Figure 1 Node naming
The figure shows the non-inverting input of the amp as a node labeled V-. I would think that this would be labeled V+? Busfault (talk) 16:32, 15 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The image is trying to show that the operational amplifier in this negative-feedback configuration enforces that the non-inverting input and inverting input match. So the image's author used a $$v_-$$ at the non-inverting input to make the point that the amplifier has negative feedback, which simplifies the analysis. I agree that the image is a little confusing at first (especially if you don't know what to expect). Labeling it with the output voltage may have made more sense. Hopefully the accompanying analysis helps. —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 17:47, 17 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Relabeling the non-inverting input as Vin would better match the equations in the text. 2600:1700:A3A1:4380:85FC:BAF3:9130:C4BE (talk) 20:05, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Vin is always the input to the filter, not to the opamp. Constant314 (talk) 20:19, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

Low-pass circuit cutoff attenuation level
There is no set attenuation level for the cutoff of the lowpass circuit. Its 3db frequency is 10222 Hz, not ~15kHz.

 * I can confirm that. Where it says "the circuit in Figure 3 has an $$f_c\,$$ of $$15.9\,\text{kHz}\,$$ and a $$Q\,$$ of $$0.5\,$$", the resistor and capacitor values inserted in the transfer function given yield a -3dB cutoff frequency of ~10.2kHz, not 15.9 kHz as stated. Furthermore, I did start out with $$f_c$$ as 15.9kHz, Q = 0.5, R = 10kHz and C = 1nf, determined m and n from that (which did yield R1 = R2 = 10k and C1 = C2 = 1nf as stated) but still results in a -3dB cutoff at ~10.2 kHz. So something seems to be wrong here (unless I miscalculated somehow). I used m = (1/(2pi*fc*R*C*Q))-1 and  n = ( (Q*(m+1))^2 )/m  as derived from the formulae for fc and Q. Octave code:    ( Neels (talk) 14:21, 6 April 2011 (UTC) )
 * {| class="wikitable"

close all; clear all;

f = logspace(log10(1), log10(250e3), 250);

w = 2*pi*f; s = j*w;

fc = 15.9e3; Q = 0.5; R = 10e3; C = 1e-9;

m = 1/(2*pi*fc*R*C*Q) - 1; n = Q^2 * (m + 1)^2 / m;

R1 = m*R R2 = R C1 = n*C C2 = C

H = 1./( 1 + (R*C*(m+1)).*s + (m*n*R^2*C^2).*(s.^2) );

figure; hold on;

title('freq gain'); H_db = 20*log10(abs(H)); H_ph = mod( arg(H) .* 180 ./ pi, 360) - 180;

semilogx(f, H_db, 'g'); line([fc, fc], [min(H_db), max(H_db)]); line([1 250e3], [-3, -3]); grid on;

hold off; figure; hold on; semilogx(f, H_ph, 'g'); title('phase'); grid on;
 * }

 * Hints would be appreciated. (And if anyone knows how to indent this box, please go ahead) -- Neels (talk) 14:18, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * You are confusing natural frequency and cut-off frequency (note: if you look at the phase of the transfer function, I think you'll clearly see that it crosses -90 degrees closer to the expected location). The system has an undamped natural frequency that is sometimes confused with the typical definition of cutoff frequency. As the second-order system becomes damped, its initial tendency to oscillate at its natural frequency is still evident, but those oscillates die out quickly and appear to oscillate more slowly. Consequently, the cutoff frequency of the system shifts toward lower frequencies. —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 17:39, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

 * For more information about natural frequency (damped and undamped) and resonant frequency (which is a frequency of maximum gain), you should see the article on Damping. —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 18:07, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Transfer function
It'd probably be useful to list the transfer function here. 68.6.101.96 06:46, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * $$ H(s) = \frac{V_{out}(s)}{V_{in}(s)} = \frac{R_1 R_2}{R_1 Z_1 + Z_1 Z_2 + Z_2 R_1 + R_1 R_2} $$
 * where the Z's are the s-domain impedances of the capacitors.
 * I think thats correct. Fresheneesz 22:57, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I just added a generic image that includes a generic transfer function (in terms of $$Z_1$$, $$Z_2$$, $$Z_3$$, and $$Z_4$$). --TedPavlic | talk 17:32, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

High-pass configuration transfer function
Any particular reason the transfer function is given in terms of r1, r2, c1, c2 for the lowpass filter and in terms of the q factor, cutoff frequency and stuff for the highpass filter? If no one objects before monday morning utc I'll add the transfer function in terms of the component values.

The current transfer function:

$$ G = \frac{s^2}{s^2+2\pi(\frac{F_c}{Q})s+4\pi^2(F_c^2)} $$

Here's what I get for the component value transfer function:

$$ G = \frac{s^2}{s^2+\frac{s}{\sqrt{C_1C_2R_1R_2}}+\frac{1}{C_1C_2R_1R_2}} $$ 131.252.212.137 21:34, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Also, isn't the formula for Q differant depending on if the filter is butterworth, chebyshev, or otherwise?131.252.212.135 17:33, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The choice of Q is different for the different filter types. For example, a Butterworth has a Q of $$1/\sqrt{2}$$. The form of the filter is always the same -- it's a generic second-order topology. --TedPavlic | talk 17:31, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

First Image Op-Amp
I'm a bit confused by the first image (showing the circuit diagram). I'm accustomed to seeing a resistor along a feedback connection, not just a wire (on the non-inverting side). Is this an omission, is this how the circuit really works, or is the resistor just conventionally implied? Thanks. --joe056

 * Are you speaking of the feedback loop from the output to the inverting input, or from the output to the junction of R1 and R2? If the former, the usual reason for the inclusion of a resistor when the op-amp is used as a voltage follower (as here) is to control its offset by making sure that the resistance "seen" by each input is identical.  In this case, such a resistor would be the sum of R1 and R2, or 20K ohms.  If the latter, no resistor is necessary or desirable.  This is because the capacitor located between the output and the resistor junction provides just the right amount of frequency-dependent positive feedback to provide the filter's characteristic transition from the passband into the stopband.  If a resistor were placed in series or in parallel with the capacitor, the transition characteristic would be compromised.Anoneditor 20:57, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I was talking about the former, and that clarifies. --joe056

 * Remember that shorting the output of an OpAmp to its inverting input makes the output a "follower" of the non-inverting input. In fact, other followers (like an emitter follower) will work just as well. You may want to look into "complementary transformations" for another spin on the analysis of a SK filter. Alternatively, look into "bootstrapping"--it's a better way to view the "positive feedback" here. --TedPavlic | talk 19:38, 16 November 2007 (UTC)
 * In my understanding, whether an emitter follower will work as well as an op amp wired as a gain of 1 buffer depends on the circuit in which it is utilized. For example, emitter followers have a DC offset that is temperature dependent.  This could be a problem if the follower-powered filter must be DC coupled to the next circuit.  Also, the gain of a standard emitter follower is slightly less than one, and it has a much lower input impedance and a much higher output impedance than the gain of 1 op-amp.  These factors could compromise its performance in a filter circuit that requires precise shaping of the transition from the passband into the stop band, at least if no adjustment of the standard resistor and capacitor values is made.  And, of course, the emitter follower cannot be made to have a gain greater than one, a quality that is useful in creating equal component value Sallen-Key filters.Anoneditor (talk) 06:00, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
 * All of these are standard issues involving the use of transistor amplifiers regardless of application. That is, they are irrelevant to the *pure* discussion of Sallen-Key filters. Additionally, an SK filter should never be used to drive a heavy load anyway, and so the base-emitter drop of an emitter-follower should be fairly constant (i.e., no thermal runaway). The fact that there is a small DC component is important to the small-signal properties of the filter. It's true that an emitter-follower's gain will be slightly less than one (and non-linear) because of the dependence on collector current, but the input impedance will be fairly constant (and high) and the output impedance will be fairly low; that's the important thing.
 * The point is that SK filters have nothing to do with operational amplifiers. All they require is some form of amplifier (unity-gain or not) to buffer the output onto the "bottom" of the first divider. All that's important is that the buffer has low output impedance (at relatively all frequencies) and high input impedance (at relatively all frequencies).
 * A SK filter is nothing more than two cascaded voltage dividers with an output buffer that "bootstraps" its output back onto the first divider in order to improve the corner frequency. --TedPavlic | talk 14:03, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Ah, you're talking about *purity*. Now I get it.  However, the magnitude of the amplifier input and output impedances isn't awfully relevant to the pure SK filter unless you're worried about the shape of the transition into the stop band, which is a practical problem and pretty much the point of using active filters.  So, I think it should be said that the amplifier's input and output impedances should be high and low, respectively, when compared to the impedances of the passive components used in the circuit if an easily produced filter characteristic is desired. Anoneditor (talk) 17:14, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * This is the standard assumption when using any amplifier (e.g., operational amplifier, transistor, etc.). The operational amplifiers drawn here are already assumed to be ideal (i.e., no input leakage). Similarly, BJT versions of these designs would also be assumed to be ideal (i.e., infinite current gain). It can confuse the point of the article to introduce these other issues. Yes, they're important, but they're important to EVERY operational amplifier/BJT design and thus implied whenever these active components are used. --TedPavlic | talk 17:29, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I added an ideal before "operational amplifier" in the discussion of the derivation of the expressions. --TedPavlic | talk 17:38, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I updated the new section on practical implementation details. Added some images and new sections. Clarified some language. Tried to make format more wikipedia-ish. --TedPavlic | talk 14:48, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Ted, I am planning to substitute the following "Implementation" section for your "Real filter implementation" section and I thought it proper etiquette to give you a chance to comment before I do. The reason is that I don't think an article on Sallen-Key filters is the appropriate place for a sort of abbreviated filter construction cookbook. My own earlier piece on "Engineering considerations," though much briefer, had some of the same problems and I probably would not have written some of it had I thought it through. I believe it is sufficient simply to note that "real world" departures from the ideal components assumed by the calculations result in approximation of the filter characteristics predicted by the math, and leave it at that.Anoneditor (talk) 03:53, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

 * As I said before, I would be much happier without ANY of this stuff being talked about here. Electronic filter implementation is a HUGE subject, not a footnote, and generic filter implementation is even bigger.

 * That being said, if that information is not mentioned elsewhere, perhaps it could be offloaded into a different article. Or just trash it? Thoughts? --TedPavlic | talk 12:41, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Implementation
 * The calculations above assume that all components used are ideal. This means that each amplifier shown has infinite input impedance, no output impedance and no phase shift from input to output at any frequency of interest.  It also means that all resistors and capacitors are exactly the values stated, with no tolerance for error.  It also means that the filter is driven by a signal source that has no impedance at any frequency of interest.  Most of these assumptions are invalid in the actual implementation of these circuits because these ideal components do not exist.  Therefore, the response of an actual filter will only approximate the theoretical response indicated by these calculations.  How close this approximation is depends on how close the components utilized approximate the ideal.

 * I think even this snippet is too much. Once you start listing some of the assumptions, you run the risk of not listing them all. Adding a "For example" might help. However, most texts that I use that refer to Sallen Key filters say something like "Using ideal operational amplifier theory" before calculations and nothing else. I think something that simple would probably be best. I think it's wrong to imply that Sallen Key filters have anything to do with operational amplifiers. I like Horowitz and Hill's (The Art of Electronics) treatment of SK filters, as they simply use a generic "x1" buffer and (if I remember correctly) they mention that the buffer gain is arbitrary.

 * ''So, why don't we just take the snippet, add your "For example" qualifier, refer to "any kind of amplifier" to eliminate the inference that it has to be the op-amps shown in the article, and make it look like this?
 * ''Implementation
 * ''The calculations above assume that all components used are ideal. This means, for example, that any kind of amplifier used in the implementation of the filter has infinite input impedance, no output impedance and no phase shift from input to output at any frequency of interest.  It also means that all resistors and capacitors are exactly the values stated, with no tolerance for error.  And it also means that the filter is driven by a signal source that has no impedance at any frequency of interest.  Most of these assumptions are invalid in any actual implementation of these circuits because these ideal components do not exist.  Therefore, the response of an actual filter will only approximate the theoretical response indicated by these calculations.  How close this approximation is depends on how close the components utilized approximate the ideal.
 * That way, we get something in the article that directly points out the issue and gives most, if not all, of the parameters in question. Anoneditor 22:31, 1 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's necessary to say anything about phase shift. Because the buffer is simply a real gain (i.e., no imaginary part), it's implied that there is no INTERNAL phase shift at any frequency. Adding that there is zero output impedance (at all frequencies) reinforces that there is no phase shift. Otherwise, such a caveat sounds fine. --TedPavlic | talk 14:06, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I've substituted the snippet for your earlier work, with the parameter of phase shift removed. Though I don't agree with you if you're saying that real-world buffers have no phase shift from input to output, leaving it out doesn't make much difference because the factors listed are merely examples, rather than all parameters. Anoneditor 23:39, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's necessary to say anything about phase shift. Because the buffer is simply a real gain (i.e., no imaginary part), it's implied that there is no INTERNAL phase shift at any frequency. Adding that there is zero output impedance (at all frequencies) reinforces that there is no phase shift. Otherwise, such a caveat sounds fine. --TedPavlic | talk 14:06, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I've substituted the snippet for your earlier work, with the parameter of phase shift removed. Though I don't agree with you if you're saying that real-world buffers have no phase shift from input to output, leaving it out doesn't make much difference because the factors listed are merely examples, rather than all parameters. Anoneditor 23:39, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps there needs to be an "operational amplifier examples" section that includes the four (generic/LPF/HPF/BPF) examples on the page. At the top of THAT section could be something saying that the operational amplifiers are assumed to be ideal. That would satisfy me because it doesn't imply that Sallen Key filters must be implemented with OA's, plus it acknowledges the idealization assumptions. --TedPavlic | talk 12:41, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps, but that will require a significant rewriting of the article and, maybe, a change in the illustrations. Don't you think it would be enough to mention specifically that operational amplifiers are shown in the schematics because that is usually the way these filters are implemented but that other types of amplifiers can be used as well? Anoneditor 22:31, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think it would be a significant rewriting. I certainly wasn't talking about generating new images. All I was saying is that the existing article's presentation of the OpAmp material could be changed so that it was more explicit that OpAmps are being used AS AN EXAMPLE.

 * Putting so much emphasis on "operational amplifiers" gives the young reader the impression that an analog designer picks a 741 off the shelf whenever an active filter is needed. Technically, any difference amplifier with near infinite gain (with frequency compensation as needed for feedback) will be an adequate operational amplifier. Because the operational amplifier will be connected as a buffer (possibly with some gain), the "OA" design can be simplified significantly on silicon. Thus, for modern designers, it's more important that a unity gain buffer amplifier is used than an operational amplifier.

 * That being said, because OA's come in such well-known and easy-to-use-in-the-lab packages, the OA provides a good teaching tool for explaining active filter implementation.

 * So, I think a good way to go is to introduce the SK filter in terms of buffers and then present the content that makes up most of the current page as "operational amplifier examples." No additional content is needed. Someday, if someone could replicate the buffer graphic from Horowitz and Hill, that might be useful. However, in the meanwhile just changing the language will suffice. --TedPavlic | talk 14:06, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think I have any argument with such a change. Have at it! Anoneditor 23:39, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Q Expressions Wrong
The expressions for Q seem wrong for the filters here. In particular, it looks like "1/Q" is what's meant here, and I think that (at least for the low-pass case) the C2 needs to be swapped for C1. Thoughts? --TedPavlic | talk 19:43, 16 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Everything is fixed now (and improved?). --TedPavlic | talk 17:24, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

High pass example possibly misleading
Figures 2,3,4 renumber the Z3/Z4 components from Figure 1 in reversed order. For the low-pass calculations there is a compensation Z3=1/sC2, Z4=1/sC1 (swaps C1 and C2). This leads to compensation in the calculation for 'n' which makes up for it. For the high-pass filter it is however not trivial that 'm' needs to be calculated differently from what is described in the low-pass section. For high-pass the following holds: R1 = R, R2 = mR, C1 = C, C2 = nC. As I'm not all that familiar with filters, I haven't applied this on the page yet and want your opinion on it first. Would it maybe be easier to modify the images, so both high/low pass can use the same 'm' and 'n' formulas? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.27.11.131 (talk) 16:32, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I also find the index nr swapping irritating. Neels (talk) 01:40, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The indexes on the first image can be changed easily. It's an SVG file, and so they can be changed with a text editor. The changes would then just have to be pushed down through everything else in the page. —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 16:43, 17 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Changes have been made. Ordering should be consistent throughout. Hopefully I caught all of the text fixes. —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 17:02, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Band-pass filter
1. Is there an expression for the quality factor for the band-pass filter? How do you reduce the bandwidth of the response and narrow the spike? ICE77 (talk) 21:41, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm a little confused. There are several links (probably too many) to Q factor throughout the article. The bandwidth is set by $$\omega_0$$, and the peak response is set by the Q factor (or damping ratio). Just as in the low-pass and high-pass examples, there are several parameter choices that can be used for each desired bandwidth and peak shape. It is up to the designer to choose one set of parameter values. Having said that, the resistor and capacitor component choices all depend on each other. In general, a change of two components (for example, to change the gain of the VCVS) will require a change in many other components to maintain the prior properties of the device. —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 23:09, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Your comment does not answer my question. Beside, I only see two expression for Q and not even one link. The choice of values for C and R will certainly change the location of the center frequency. Still, no expression for Q is given for the band-pass circuit.
 * ICE77 (talk) 18:42, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Q factor is discussed several times throughout the page above the bandpass filter section, and the treatment of the Q factor is essentially identical. The bandpass filter section is still a second-order filter, and so it still has a second-order characteristic equation in the denominator of its rational transfer function. You can read the Q factor straight out of the linear coefficient (i.e., the coefficient of the pure $$s$$ term in the middle of the characteristic equation). Consequently, the $$H(s)$$ equation already given in the bandpass section had an underbrace pointing out that that coefficient was $$\omega_0/Q$$. So if you know $$\omega_0$$ (from the constant part of the characteristic equation, which is $$\omega_0^2$$), and you have a desired $$Q$$, you can choose the other components to make the linear coefficient give you your $$Q$$. I've added one line under the $$f_0$$ description breaking out the Q factor as well. Is that more like what you were looking for? —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 05:41, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

2. I'm not sure if this is a comment or if this should be part of the text of the article: "Caution, The Rb and Ra in the figure above have been swapped around, this causes a gain differant to expected when using this circuit design." If it should be part of the text, I think the sentence should start with "Caution: the Rb ...". ICE77 (talk) 21:41, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, certainly something should be changed. If the text doesn't match the figure, then the text should be changed. On first glance though, I don't understand the "Caution". The $$R_a--R_b$$ divider has $$R_a$$ going to ground, and so the $$(1 + R_b/R_a)$$ gain makes sense. That is, $$V_- = V_{out} R_a / (R_a + R_b)$$ which means $$V_{out} = (1 + R_b/R_a) V_-$$. So I'm not sure what the "Caution" text is complaining about. Do you? Either way, something should be changed. At a minimum, the "Caution" stuff should be removed. —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 23:09, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * For example, if resistor A is made to be an open circuit (as in the unity-gain case), then $$R_a \approx \infty$$. Consequently, the gain $$(1 + R_b/R_a) \approx 1$$ is correct. —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 23:12, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Regarding the "caution" sentence, I noticed you removed it. I don't know why it was there. Either way, if the image is consistent with the definition of G, it really doesn't matter. The caution was probably there to warn about a mismatch but I really don't see it anyway. I made some simulations with PSpice and I confirm that the equation is consistent to the image. I also agree on your last statement. When the value of RA is very large, the op-amp is in a buffer mode and the VCVS circuit becomes a SK circuit. In fact I see that the frequency response drops by 12bB/octave at the center frequency with Q=0.5 because of two poles (just like for low and high pass circuits).
 * ICE77 (talk) 18:42, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

 * You can verify the $$(1 + B/A)$$ gain with a simple node-voltage analysis as well (similar to what was done in the unity-gain case at the top of the page, but without the unity gain). —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 05:41, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

Passband Non-Unity Gain
This article would be a bit more complete were it to point out that passband gain can be altered by simply overlaying the gain resistors from a Non-Inverting Amplifier []. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.140.49.200 (talk) 13:19, 3 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Please read the lead (i.e., the first paragraph) of the article. Then read the section with the title "VCVS Example: Bandpass configuration". Did you miss these sections? Perhaps your point is that these things could be highlighted more to make it more obvious? —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 16:51, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Some feedback on article
Good work, Ted. I just worked on a Sallen–Key (SK) filter wizard at work and had to go from knowing zero to being able to automate SK design. This is the first site I used, and it got me started. Anyway, here's three places that this article could have been more helpful to me. First, the low pass and high pass examples do not discuss the gain resistors, which of course I had to support. It is in the band-pass discussion, so I don't understand why it's not in low-pass and high-pass. Second, the benefits of SK filters are somewhat buried. Another site says SK filters are relatively insensitive to component values and that component values are fairly close to each other. Pole control is low, making high $$Q$$ difficult to control. Third, and this is a complaint I have with all SK sites I found, the simplification described by letting $$R_1 = m R_2$$ and $$C_1 = n C_2$$ is not nearly as good as letting $$R_1 = m R$$, $$R_2 = R/m$$, $$C_1 = n C$$ and $$C_2 = C/n$$. The formulas for $$Q$$ and $$f_c$$ become:
 * $$f_c = \frac{1}{2 \pi R C}$$
 * $$Q = \frac{mn}{m^2 + 1 + (mn)^2 (1 - K)}$$

where $$K$$ is the gain when we add the negative feedback resistors. This eliminates the dependence between $$f_c$$ and $$Q$$ calculations. In this case $$R = \sqrt{R_1 R_2}$$ and $$C = \sqrt{ C_1 C_2 }$$. Further simplification comes when I assume $$R_1 = R_2$$ (i.e., $$m = 1$$), although in my case I care mostly about the area on an IC occupied by the passives. $$R_1 = R_2$$ comes very close to the best possible minimum for gains up to $$20 \times$$. Board-level users may care more about minimizing the cost of the capacitors, and might prefer to use $$C_1 = C_2$$. WaywardGeek (talk) 11:09, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comments, WaywardGeek. If I recall correctly, much of the basic features of the web page (e.g., the examples picked) were present before I touched the page. I just cleaned up some of the math and (hopefully) some of the presentation. The gain is non-unity only for the band-pass case because a Sallen–Key (SK) filter is unity gain by definition. Once you add non-unity gain, the filter becomes a more general VCVS filter. This is explained briefly in the lede of the article. Certainly the introductory information on SK filters could (and probably should) be expanded to make their relevance more clear; however, this encyclopedia article should not turn itself into a guide on SK design. Finally, regarding the design choice of letting $$R_1 = m R_2$$ (etc) instead of setting $$R_1 = m^2 R_2$$ and introducing a fictitious $$R$$ (and $$C$$), I think many references avoid this approach so that the effect of the actual components are clear. Again, because the encyclopedia article is not meant to be a design guide, different choices are made. The clarity of the content might be compromised by introducing symbols for components that only exist in the abstract. —TedPavlic (talk/contrib/@) 16:59, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Super-Unity-Gain
This is the most useless set of links. Does this phrase just mean 'a gain greater than 1'? If you search for "super unity gain" in google you just get lots of identical sentences about sallen-key topology filters! Can someone who understands this article adjust the phrasing :) thank you! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.116.245.123 (talk) 09:29, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Bandpass filter simulates as a bandstop filter
The section claims to detail a bandpass filter. However, the schematic given in Figure 5 simulates as a notch/stopband filter. Can someone confirm or possibly correct this?

Edit: Never mind, capacitor was in Farads, not micro or nano Farads.

Design Choices
Although it is questionable whether this section really belongs to an encyclopedic article, if it is present, even when just intended as an example, it would be wise to introduce a procedure that is feasible in practice. I experienced that undergraduate students, who tried to follow the previous version as a design guideline, got stuck with a few equations from which they were unable to obtain the component values. By the relative simple modification that I made to this section, the dimensioning of $$f_0$$ becomes independent from $$Q$$.WimdeValk (talk) 20:55, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sallen–Key topology


text:
Konrad

Konrad is a German (with variants Kunz and Kunze) given name and surname that means "bold counselor" and may refer to:

Surname

 * Alexander Konrad (1890–1940), Russian explorer
 * Antoine Konrad (born 1975), birth name of DJ Antoine, Swiss DJ
 * Carina Konrad (born 1982), German politician
 * Christoph Werner Konrad (born 1957), German politician
 * Edmond Konrad (1909–1997), Rear Admiral, United States Navy
 * Franz Konrad (racing driver) (born 1951), Austrian racing driver
 * Franz Konrad (SS officer) (1906–1952), German SS officer executed for war crimes
 * Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (1852–1925), Chief of the General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army at outbreak of World War I
 * Franz Konrad von Rodt (1706–1775), Bishop of Constance
 * György Konrád (1933–2019), Hungarian writer
 * Rudolf Konrad (1891–1964), German general during World War II
 * Michaela Konrad (born 1972), Austrian artist
 * Otto Konrad (born 1964), Austrian football player
 * Paul Konrad (1877–1948), Swiss geometrician and mycologist
 * Rob Konrad (born 1976), American football player
 * Ulrich Konrad (born 1957), German musicologist
 * Franz Konrad von Stadion und Thannhausen (1679–1757), Prince-Bishop of Bamberg

Royalty

 * Konrad I of Germany (890–918)
 * Konrad II, Holy Roman Emperor of the German People (990–1039)
 * Konrad III of Germany (1093–1152)
 * Konrad IV of Germany (1228–1254)
 * Konrad II of Germany and Italy (1074–1101)
 * Konrad I of Masovia (1187–1247)
 * Konrad I, Count of Württemberg (died 1110)
 * Konrad II, Count of Württemberg (died 1143)

Fiction

 * Konrad Saga, a series of novels by David Ferring – see §The Konrad Saga
 * Konrad (assassin), a character in the 1999 novel All Tomorrow's Parties by William Gibson
 * Konrad Curze, a character in Warhammer 40,000 and Primarch of the Night Lords Space Marine Legion that serves Chaos Undivided
 * John Konrad, American Lieutenant Colonel from video game Spec Ops: The Line
 * Konrad, the protagonist of the poem "Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher" from Struwwelpeter
 * Konrad, a video game character from The Battle for Wesnoth

Other uses

 * Konrad KM-011, a sportscar
 * Operation Konrad, during the Battle of Budapest in January 1945
 * Sankt Konrad, Austria
 * Schacht Konrad, proposed radioactive waste repository in Germany

title: Konrad


text:
Elections in Kerala

Elections in Kerala are regularly held to appoint government officials at various levels, both within the state of Kerala and in India as a whole. These elections encompass national elections as well as regional elections for local bodies and panchayats.

The Kerala Assembly has the authority to enact laws concerning the conduct of local body elections independently. However, any modifications made by the state legislature to the procedures of state-level elections require approval from the Parliament of India. In addition, the state legislature may be dismissed by the Parliament according to Article 356 of the Indian Constitution and President's rule may be imposed.

State Election Commission prepares the electoral rolls of Panchayats, Municipalities and Municipal Corporation and conduct their elections. The State Election Commissioner is also the Chairman of the Delimitation Commission.

Types of elections
Elections in Kerala include elections for:
 * Members of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
 * Members of Parliament in the Lok Sabha (Lower House)
 * Members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly (State Assembly)
 * Members of local governance bodies (municipal bodies and panchayats)
 * A by-election is held when the seat-holder of a particular constituency dies, resigns, or is disqualified.

Loksabha elections
Members of parliament in the Lok Sabha (Lower House) from Kerala are directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the state from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of Kerala can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called "Members of Parliament" and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the president of India on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chamber of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once every five years to elect 20 members from Kerala. The leader of the majority party or alliance in the country takes oath as prime minister of India. Indian General Elections in Kerala has been mainly contested between two political parties since the formation of the state. The Indian National Congress which currently leads United Democratic Front (UDF) alliance and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) which currently leads Left Democratic Front (LDF) alliance. The Indian National Congress has been in lead, 11 out of 16 election from 1957 in Kerala. The elections for both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are conducted by the Election Commission of India (ECI).

 * +style="text-align:left;"|Legislative Assembly election results
 * Kerala Constituency wise Loksabha Results 2009.svg (2009)]]
 * Kerala Constituency wise Loksabha Results 2014.svg (2014)]]
 * Constituency wise Loksabha Results 2019 - Kerala.svg (2019)]]
 * 2024 Lok Sabha Kerala Result Map.svg (2024)]]

State Legislative Assembly Elections
Members of the Kerala legislative assembly are directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the state from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of Kerala can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the legislative assembly elections are called "Members of the Legislative Assembly" and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the governor of Kerala on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Assembly Chamber of the Chief Secretariat in Thiruvananthapuram on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of Kerala. Elections take place once every five years to elect 140 members to the legislative assembly. The leader of the majority party or alliance takes oath as chief minister of Kerala.

Party wise election results
{|class="wikitable"

 * +style="text-align:left;"|Legislative Assembly election results
 * 2011 Kerala election result.svg (2011)]]
 * 2016 Kerala election result.svg (2016)]]
 * 2021 Kerala election result.svg (2021)]]

State-level elections are held to fill the Kerala Legislative Assembly. The latest Assembly elections were held on 6 April 2021.

Local Body elections
The elections for local self-government institutions, such as panchayats and municipalities, are conducted by the Kerala State Election Commission, which is an independent constitutional authority.

Panchayat Elections is a term widely used in Kerala, India, for the polls that are held to select the Local Self-government Representatives. There are three branches of local self-government institutions in Kerala, officially known as Panchayati Raj Institutions, responsible for rural governance. They are Grama Panchayat which can be translated as Village Government, Block Panchayat and District Panchayat. A Grama Panchayat is almost an equivalent to City administration and, Block Panchayat is for a rural block (which includes several gram panchayats) District Panchayat to a County (excluding statutory cities and towns).

There are two more wings namely Municipality which is the urban local government that exists only in major towns and Municipal Corporations that come only in six major cities. Consequent to the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India, the local self-government institutions (LSGIs) are to function as the third tier of government.

At present, there are 1200 local governments in Kerala, which includes 941 Grama Panchayats, 152 Block Panchayats, 14 District Panchayats, 87 Municipalities and 6 Municipal Corporations.

The last Election to the Local Self-government Institutions in Kerala (Panchayat Elections) was held in 2020 december. The results were announced on 16 december 2020. Next local body elections are scheduled to be held in 2025.

title: Elections in Kerala


text:
User:Deaf Hobbit

Long time lurker, who wastes his free time reading random articles here. Before creating an account, i made several small edits to various star wars, honorverse, and policy debate articles, and i don't see a point to tracking them all down just to show them off to whoever it is who'se reading this. Created an account to help with the expansion of honorverse articles which i have observed over the past few months, as well as to improve my HTML a bit.

title: User:Deaf Hobbit


text:
Talk:List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes

Significance of extra tropical storms in the age of climate change
I'm disappointed with the editors at Wikipedia for reversing the information added regarding hurricane Dorian reaching the cost of Nova Scotia. I was adding fact and cited NOAA as my source of information. I did not make up this information. There is absolutely no valid reason for editor's to reverse this information. Dorian was one of the most historic storms to hit the Atlantic in recorded history. It was downgraded to an extra-tropical storm when it hit Nova Scotia but it was still very significant in wind speed and strength. Canada has to contend with an increase of storms like these hitting its coast due to climate change. I insist that Wikipedia reconsider reinstating the extra-topical storm column information as this information is considered significant enough for NOAA to list and mark as part of the path of hurricane tracking.

 * Another point I would like to make is that Wikipedia deemed it significant to list tropical depressions which are of less impact and significance to the historical nature of the storm as it's classification as an extra-tropical storm of cat2 strength. It's status before it had formed into a hurricane is just as important historically as it's status after it was a hurricane.  And NOAA's tracking chart and bulletins reflect this.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.255.71.24 (talk) 16:26, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * This article is called "List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes". That means extratropical storms are out of its scope. We keep track of extratropical storms in articles like 2018–2019 North American winter; if you wish to compile a full list of extratropical landfalls then be my guest. We aren't here to WP:RIGHTGREATWRONGS.--Jasper Deng (talk) 03:24, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

I have reverted you per the same reasoning here; please get consensus first. Jasper Deng (talk) 19:43, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

Areas Affected Change to Cat 5?
Seems others might disagree given its persistence here, but to be meaningful and match the topic, it would seem (if possible) that either Areas Hit By Cat 5 Conditions or at least Areas Affected As a Cat 5 might be more meaningful and consistent in the first list? In a list of total solar eclipses, you wouldn't just list all the places that saw the partial eclipse, if listing consecutive PGA victories by one player, you wouldn't list all the tournaments they played the rest of the season. I get that it may be difficult\uncertain with past storms (and even current ones) to decisively say which areas actually saw Cat 5 conditions, but given we have advisories (and best track equivalents), it should be easy enough to isolate to the locations actually under the impacts when the storm was a Cat 5 (and limit it to places seeing significant impacts at the time, given we tend to do that on every TC... not listing Canada in impacts of a hurricane just because they saw outflow clouds or minor post-tropical rains)? I get there's always blurry lines and imperfect data, but having Greenland on the main list for Dorian or Florida on the main list for Irma [and not the rest of the southeast and other locations listed in its article?] seems entirely arbitrary and truly unrelated to the elite levels of a category 5 storm being reached and misleading\confusing to uninformed people coming upon the list? List 2 covers the wider effects, but being the primary one, would think list 1 should only include the category 5 effects as much as possible? Since we only include the dates it was cat 5, not its entire life. [As such, would think as suggested before the pressure should also be adjusted for Matthew to only the cat 5 values to match consistency]. The damage and deaths wouldn't as easily be able to be isolated... perhaps they could be more explicitly indicated as overall by saying "storm total deaths" or "overall storm deaths" or such (or even removed). But would seem for a leadoff list, it should focus on the particular details of the cat 5 portion of the storm as much as possible? If such changes sounds tenable to those of you who have long curated, I can certainly try to rework it. JeopardyTempest (talk) 17:51, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

170 mph?
Why hasn't a single hurricane in either the Atlantic or Pacific peaked at exactly 170 mph? That seems odd. 24.115.255.37 (talk) 01:56, 13 November 2022 (UTC)
 * It's an artifact of the primary unit for measuring tropical cyclone winds being knots. The conversions with rounding to the nearest five leads to some values being "skipped" in mph and km/h. 145 knots converts to 165mph (270km/h) and 150 knots to 175mph (280km/h). ~ Cyclonebiskit (chat) 04:12, 13 November 2022 (UTC)
 * ok good to know have a nice day 24.115.255.37 (talk) 19:49, 13 November 2022 (UTC)


text:
Membertou

Membertou may refer to:

 * Membertou, Nova Scotia, a First Nations community near Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada.
 * Henri Membertou, a sakamow (Grand Chief) of the Mi'kmaq First Nations tribe situated near Port Royal, Nova Scotia, Canada.

title: Membertou


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dusted

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 10:44, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Dusted
Neologism/dictdef. Flowerparty 04:15, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete And a stupid, non-notable one at that. --Blackcap | talk 04:18, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Should be done and dusted by next week. Capitalistroadster 05:02, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and it has link spamming on top of that. - Mgm|(talk) 08:11, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete fubar'd __earth 08:53, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, linkspam DV8 2XL 12:25, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dusted


text:
Titas River

The Titas (তিতাস Titāsa; also Romanized Titash) is a transboundary river that merges into the Meghna river and forms part of the Surma-Meghna River System. Titas starts its journey from the Tripura State, with Haora as one of its right tributaries. The river is 98 km long and joins Meghna river near Ashuganj, Brahmanbaria. Bangladesh's first Y-shaped bridge is over this river connecting Comilla and Brahmanbaria.

Geography
Titas Gas, the biggest natural gas reserve of Bangladesh located in Brahmanbaria, which supplies gas to capital Dhaka, is named after this river. One of the offshoots of the Meghna river is also named as the Titas which branches out from the Meghna at Chatlapur and again meets the Meghna at Nabinagar Upazila The river has become narrow and shallow in many places due to siltation.

Depiction in popular culture
Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (A River Called Titas) is a 1956 novel by Bengali writer Adwaita Mallabarman and adapted into the 1973 film of the same name by Ritwik Ghatak. It is a depiction of the lives of a fishing community dependent on the Titas River.

authors: قمر بحجم الشمس

title: Titas River


text:
Talk:Konrad

Merge to All Tomorrow's Parties
This article should be merged with All Tomorrow's Parties (novel), as it makes no sense to have individual character pages for a book that has such a small article. It could easily fit under a "Characters" section, and should. --Blackcap | talk 04:16, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's a good idea Tarkovsky

Looks like the merge is done. --Blackcap | talk 06:48, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

-- what's all this about Edo Konrad in Much Ado? Aprt from the fact the date of the play is 80 years out there doesn't seem to be such a character that I can find!

Poem?
Is this really relevant?

"There once was a man named Konrad.

He liked fire, weed and cookies.

His name was close to a bongrat.

And he loved to watch wookies." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.45.174.58 (talk) 04:03, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

Cannot link to Wikipedia
Why is it against the rules to link to other wikipedia articles? Every article I ever read does this! Also, the English version only lists a tiny fraction of the Konrads.HeinrichMueller (talk) 14:06, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Konrad


text:
June McCarroll

June McCarroll (June 30, 1867 – March 30, 1954) is credited by the California Department of Transportation with the idea of delineating highways with a painted line to separate lanes of highway traffic, although this claim is disputed by the Federal Highway Administration and the Michigan Department of Transportation as two Michigan men painted centerlines before her. She was born in Lewis County, New York. She was a nurse (later a physician) with the Southern Pacific Railroad in the early 20th century. According to a historic marker in Indio, California, after a near-collision in her Model T in 1917, "She personally painted the first known stripe in California on Indio Boulevard, then part of U.S. Route 99, during 1917."

Early life
McCarroll was born and raised in the Adirondacks. McCarroll's mother Adaline died December 9, 1867, when McCarroll was only five months old. By the 1880 census, her now remarried father, and his family was living in Emporia, Kansas, where he served a time as mayor. By 1888 her father had abandoned his second wife and son in Kansas and moved to Los Angeles, California,    where McCarroll later joined him. On December 31, 1896, June Adaline Whittelsey, age 29, married Timothy Preston Hill, age 36, in Los Angeles, in a ceremony performed by Rev. J. Thomson of the Unity Church. Hill was a Massachusetts native living in Los Angeles as early as 1888. It was a short-lived relationship, and by 1900 they had separated. The 1900 Los Angeles census shows McCarroll as June Hill, physician, married three years but no husband in household. According to the 1910 census, 1900 was the same year of McCarroll's second marriage to James R. Robertson. As the final divorce from Hill did not take place until November 1915, likely her marriage to Robertson was common-law.

McCarroll attended a medical college in Chicago, then eventually moved back to Southern California in 1904 with her second husband, James R. Robertson. They had hoped that the desert climate would help him recuperate from tuberculosis, but Robertson died in 1914. Within two years, she had remarried, this time to Frank Taylor McCarroll, the local station manager for the Southern Pacific Railroad. From 1907 to 1916, she was the only physician regularly practicing in the vast desert between the Salton Sea and Palm Springs. She was also the only physician serving the five Indian reservations in the area on behalf of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Highway marking
In the fall of 1917, McCarroll was driving on the road leading to her office near Indio, California, on a stretch of highway that would later be incorporated into U.S. Route 99; the highway remains today as part of Indio Boulevard. She was run off the road by a truck, as she recalled many years later: "My Model T Ford and I found ourselves face to face with a truck on the paved highway. It did not take me long to choose between a sandy berth to the right and a ten-ton truck to the left! Then I had my idea of a white line painted down the center of the highways of the country as a safety measure."

McCarroll soon communicated her idea to the local chamber of commerce and the Riverside County Board of Supervisors, with no success. Finally, she took it upon herself to hand-paint a white stripe down the middle of the road, thus establishing the actual width of the lane to prevent similar accidents. Through the Indio Women's Club and many similar women's organizations, McCarroll launched a vigorous statewide letter writing campaign on behalf of her proposal. In November 1924, the idea was adopted by the California Highway Commission and 3,500 mi of lines were painted at a cost of $163,000 (equivalent to $ in ). Later the idea was adopted worldwide.

On April 24, 2002, to honor her contribution to road safety, California officially designated the stretch of Interstate 10 near Indio east of the Indio Boulevard/Jefferson Street exit as "The Doctor June McCarroll Memorial Freeway." In October 2003, a memorial plaque honoring McCarroll was placed on a small concrete obelisk next to the intersection of Indio Boulevard and Fargo Street in Indio, California. The plaque is located at GPS coordinates 33.721°N, -116.21733°W.

The Federal Highway Administration has acknowledged Kenneth I. Sawyer of the Marquette County Road Commission in Michigan for painting the first highway centerline in 1917 on what was then M-15 (part of the modern County Road 492). Photographs from 1917 of the Michigan location clearly show the centerline in place during that summer, before McCarroll's fall 1917 incident. The first centerline was painted by Edward N. Hines in the Detroit area in 1911 on a city street, so neither can lay claim to the very first centerline in the country; for his efforts, Hines was awarded the first Paul Mijksenaar Design for Function Award in Amsterdam in 2011.

title: June McCarroll


text:
Mark Isham

Mark Ware Isham (born September 7, 1951) is an American musician and film composer. A trumpeter and keyboardist, Isham works in a variety of genres, including jazz and electronic. He is also an actor.

Life and career
Isham was born in New York City, the son of Patricia (née Hammond), a violinist, and Howard Fuller Isham, a professor of humanities. He is a Scientologist and is married to Donna Isham.

His discography is extensive and varied, including participation with artists including David Sylvian, Group 87, Art Lande, Pharoah Sanders, Van Morrison, David Torn, and sessions with people like Brian Wilson, Joni Mitchell, Terry Bozzio, Bill Bruford, XTC, and Siouxsie Sioux. His musical styles include crossover jazz, post-bop, ambient, progressive electronic, chamber jazz, and new age.

He is also a film composer, having worked on numerous films and television series, including The Hitcher, Point Break, A River Runs Through It, Of Mice and Men, Warrior, Nell, Blade, Crash, The Black Dahlia, The Lucky One, October Sky, and Once Upon a Time.

Isham acted as well in Made in Heaven by Alan Rudolph (1987) and directed The Cowboy and the Ballerina in 1998.

Studio albums and compilations

 * 1983 Vapor Drawings
 * 1985 Film Music
 * 1987 We Begin (with Art Lande)
 * 1988 Castalia
 * 1989 Tibet – a soundtrack
 * 1990 Mark Isham
 * 1991 Songs My Children Taught Me (music only, from the first four Rabbit Ears titles, see below)
 * 1995 Blue Sun
 * 1998 Mark Isham: A Windham Hill Retrospective
 * 1999 Miles Remembered: The Silent Way Project
 * 2009 Bittersweet with Kate Ceberano
 * 2015 The Longest Ride (Original Score Album).

Rabbit Ears Storybook Classics

 * 1987 The Steadfast Tin Soldier (Narrated by Jeremy Irons)
 * 1988 The Emperor and the Nightingale (Narrated by Glenn Close)
 * 1989 Thumbelina (Narrated by Kelly McGillis)
 * 1990 The Emperor's New Clothes (Narrated by John Gielgud)
 * 1992 The Boy Who Drew Cats (Narrated by William Hurt)
 * 1994 The Firebird (Narrated by Susan Sarandon)

Other

 * 2000 Hymn of Asia: L. Ron Hubbard (Instrument Orchestration and Choral Arrangements)
 * 2006 Theme to the United States Army's Army Strong campaign
 * 2007 Human the Death Dance by Sage Francis (Production on "Good Fashion" and "Water Line")
 * 2009 Dallas et Kate with Kate Ceberano

As member

 * With Group 87
 * Group 87 (Columbia Records, 1980)
 * A Career in Dada Processing (Capitol Records, 1984)

As sideman

 * With Art Lande
 * Rubisa Patrol (ECM, 1976)
 * Desert Marauders (ECM 1978)
 * With Pharoah Sanders
 * Journey to the One (Theresa, 1980)
 * With Van Morrison
 * Into the Music (Mercury, 1979)
 * Common One (Mercury, 1980)
 * Beautiful Vision (Mercury, 1982)
 * Inarticulate Speech of the Heart (Mercury, 1983)
 * Live at the Grand Opera House Belfast  (Mercury, 1984)
 * With David Sylvian
 * Brilliant Trees (Virgin, 1984)
 * Secrets of the Beehive (Virgin, 1987)
 * With David Torn
 * Cloud About Mercury (ECM, 1987)
 * With Andy Summers
 * Charming Snakes (Private Music, 1990)

Filmography
As director As screenwriter

As actor

title: Mark Isham


text:
North Fork New River

The North Fork New River is a river in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It rises in Northern Watauga County, and flows northeast to Ashe County where it joins with the South Fork New River to form the New River.

title: North Fork New River


text:
Rosemeadow, New South Wales

Rosemeadow is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Rosemeadow is located 56 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown and is part of the Macarthur region.

History
Rosemeadow owes its name to early settler Thomas Rose, who in 1818 bought a farm called Mount Gilead which covered parts of modern-day Rosemeadow and neighbouring Gilead. Rose was a baker and publican as well as a farmer, building a mill on his property and a couple of large dams which helped him and his neighbours survive the drought of 1829.

The area remained farmland until the mid-1970s when Sydney's urban sprawl reached it and the suburb was officially named in 1976. The Rosemeadow public housing estate is an example of the American Radburn design for public housing which turns houses around so they back on to streets with the fronts facing each other. This design has been criticised in Sydney as contributing to social problems and following an incident of street violence in 2009 orders were made to partially demolish the estate. Since the partial demolishing of the suburb, the streets have begun to be renamed.

Streets in Rosemeadow are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare, such as:

 * Hamlet Crescent
 * Macbeth Way
 * Othello Avenue
 * Donalbain Circuit
 * Romeo Crescent
 * Juliet Close
 * Cleopatra Drive
 * Anthony Drive
 * Antonio Close
 * Desdemona Street

Commercial area
Rosemeadow Marketplace, on the corner of Copperfield Drive and Fitzgibbon Lane, is a medium-sized shopping centre. The local post office sits within the Marketplace and nearby is a community health centre, fire station, high school and an Anglican church.

Schools
John Therry Catholic High School is the oldest school in the suburb, having opened in 1981. Next door is its feeder school, Our Lady Help of Christians Parish School. Public schools include Rosemeadow Public, Ambarvale High and Mary Brooksbank Special School. The oldest school built in the suburb is Rosemeadow Public School, located on Anthony and Copperfield Drive.

Parks & Reserves
There are a number of parks and reserves within or boarding Rosemeadow. These are:

 * Canidius Reserve
 * Octavia Reserve
 * Demetrius Reserve
 * Greco Reserve
 * Flagstaff Reserve
 * Oswald Reserve
 * Heydon Park
 * Rizal Park
 * Rosemeadow Reserve

Transport
Rosemeadow can be accessed via Appin Road or via surrounding suburbs of Ambarvale and Glen Alpine. The main road passing through Rosemeadow would be Copperfield drive. The suburb is serviced by TransitSystems buses, which provide links to Macarthur and Campbelltown railway stations as well as occasional services to Appin and Wollongong via the 888 and 887 buses.

Notable residents

 * Current Matildas and Sydney FC footballer Alanna Kennedy.

People
According to the 2006 census, Rosemeadow had a population of 7,415 people. There were higher than average numbers of families with children (77%) and common occupations included technicians and tradespeople (18%), clerical and administrative (16%), labourers (13%) and machinery operators and drivers (13%). Three-quarters of the suburb is detached housing with the remaining semi-detached or townhouses. More than half the homes are being purchased while around a fifth are rented from the Department of Housing.

title: Rosemeadow, New South Wales