text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/October 2

October 2

 * 2009 – Swedish airline Feel Air is established.

 * 2009 – Boeing 737-4H6, registered 9M-MMR operated by Malaysia Airlines, is substantially damaged when the port main undercarriage collapses while the aircraft is parked at the gate at Kuching International Airport.

 * 2009 – Serbian airline Jat Airways resumes flights following the resolution of the dispute with their maintenance company.

 * 2009 – A Fuerza Aérea Mexicana Cessna 182S Skylane (FAM-5498) crashes near San José Querendaro, Michoacán, Mexico. The aircraft on a reconnaissance flight from Morelia Airport crashed in the mountains of Michoacán with 3 crew fatalities.

 * 2009 – A Yemeni Air Force Mikoyan MiG-21 Fishbed crashes during a low-flying exercise due to mechanical failure.

 * 2001 – Once known as the “Flying Bank” thanks to its exemplary financial stability, Swissair grounds its fleet after running out of cash. The failure is the culmination of a series of bad investments combined with the sales downturn following the September 11th attacks. Most of its routes and planes would eventually be taken over by Swiss.

 * 1997 – An Grumman F-14A-120-GR Tomcat, BuNo 161425, converted to F-14A+, later redesignated F-14B, of VF-101, based at NAS Oceana, Virginia Beach, Virginia, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the North Carolina coast Thursday afternoon, moments after the two crew eject. "A Coast Guard helicopter later plucked the Tomcat's radar intercept officer from 4- to 5-foot seas, but rescuers were still searching for the jet's pilot after nightfall. The Navy declined to identify either of the crewmen...until their families were notified. The radar intercept officer was undergoing a medical examination at Oceana Thursday night, and was reportedly in good condition."The U.S. Navy suspends search for the missing aviator on 5 October. The cause of the crash was not known, the Navy said in a statement. A failure of left horizontal stab linkage—while the trailing edge was down—threw the plane into violent right-hand rolls. When the pilot put in corrective stick, the plane would pitch down violently due to a stuck left-hand horizontal stab. This flight condition was unrecoverable. The RIO pulled the ejection handle at 7000 feet. The mishap pilot died when his ejection seat failed.

 * 1996 – Aeroperú Flight 603, a Boeing 757, crashes into the ocean off Pasamayo, Peru, because of a maintenance error. All 70 people on board are killed.

 * 1990 – (2-6) The U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Independence (CV-62) operates in the Persian Gulf, demonstrating the feasibility of such operations as the Coalition build-up in the confrontation with Iraq over Kuwait continues.

 * 1990 – In the Guangzhou Baiyun aircraft collision, the hijacked Xiamen Airlines Flight 8301, a Boeing 737, clips China Southwest Airlines Flight 2402, a Boeing 707, during landing at Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, and collides with China Southern Airlines Flight 2812, a Boeing 757, killing a total of 128.

 * 1984 – The US Navy awards McDonnell Douglas a $US 438 million contract to develop the T-45 Goshawk

 * 1981 – United States president Ronald Reagan restarts the B-1 program by announcing the order of 100 B-1Bs for the USAF.

 * 1980 – A Westland Sea King performs the rescue of 22 passengers from the Swedish ship Finneagle in the North Sea.

 * 1972 – An Aeroflot Il-18 crashes on takeoff in Adler, Russia, killing 109 people.

 * 1971 – British European Airways Flight 706, a Vickers Vanguard, breaks up in mid-air due to corrosion and crashes near Aarsele, Belgium, killing all 63 passengers and crew on board.

 * 1970 – In what is known as the Wichita State Crash, a Martin 4-0-4 aircraft crashes near Silver Plume, Colorado; it is one of two planes carrying the Wichita State University football team to Logan, Utah for a game; twenty-eight passengers, the plane's captain and a flight attendant die out of forty passengers on board.

 * 1969 – Introduction: Hawker Siddeley Nimrod

 * 1966 – First flight of the Grumman Gulfstream II

 * 1963 – Second of two Short SC.1 VTOL experimental testbeds, XG905, c/n SH. 1815, a compact tailless delta monoplane with five Rolls-Royce RB108 engines, one for propulsion and four for lift, crashes while attempting landing at Belfast, Northern Ireland. Gyros failed, producing false references which caused the auto-stabiliser system to fly the aircraft into the ground. The failure occurred at less than 30 feet, giving pilot J.R. Green no time to revert to manual control. Airframe impacted inverted, killing pilot.

 * 1957 – A Royal Canadian Navy McDonnell F2H-3 Banshee, BuNo 126403 of VF-870, suffers flight control problems during carrier qualifications on HMCS Bonaventure (CVL 22) off southeast coast of Nova Scotia. Commanders order pilot Lt. Howard Cooper to return to naval air station HMCS Shearwater, Nova Scotia 30 mi (48 km) north for repairs, but Cooper flies out to sea and runs out of fuel; a second Banshee pilot had determined the errant aircraft's approximate heading by tracking Cooper's radio signals, but the missing aircraft and pilot are not found after 4 days of intensive searching. On 2 June: 1964, Canadian fishing trawler Barbara Dawn snags a wrecked jet in her nets 70 mi (113 km) southwest of Sable Island; fishermen briefly observe entire aircraft before forward half breaks off and sinks, tail section is recovered, and RCN investigators are able to identify wreckage as 126403 based on serial-numbered parts.

 * 1956 – First flight of the Hughes TH-55 Osage

 * 1948 – In the Bukken Bruse disaster, a Det Norske Luftfartsselskap Short Sandringham flying boat, crashes upon landing in Trondheim, Norway; 19 are killed; Bertrand Russell is among the 24 survivors.

 * 1946 – The AFHQ selected Avro design for a new all-weather jet fighter to be named XC-100.

 * 1946 – First flight of the Vought F6U Pirate, a prototype of the F6U Pirate

 * 1945 – A U.S. Navy Martin PBM Mariner flying boat carrying Rear Admiral William Sample and eight others disappears near Wakayama, Japan while on a familiarization flight. The wreckage and their bodies will not be discovered under 19 November 1948.

 * 1944 – No. 435 (Transport) and 436 (Transport) Squadrons were formed in England.

 * 1944 – A B-25D bomber #41-30114 crashes in the Mojave Desert while on a pilot training mission. The plane stalls, spins and crashes into the ground, killing pilot 1st Lt George D. Rosado, copilot WASP Marie Michell Robinson, and crew chief S/Sgt Gordon L. Walker.

 * 1943 – Second prototype Arado Ar 234 V2 crashes at Rheine near Munster after suffering fire in port wing, failure of both engines, and various instrumentation failure, the airframe diving into the ground from 4,000 feet (1,200 m), killing pilot Flugkapitän Selle.

 * 1941 – Heini Dittmar sets a new airspeed record of 1,004 km/h (624 mph) in a Messerschmitt Me 163A. The record is unofficial because the flight (and the Me 163 programme) is kept secret.

 * 1940 – The first ground-radar-controlled aerial victory at night takes place as the Luftwaffe’s dunkele Nachtjagd (“dark nightfighting, ” abbreviated as Dunaja) technique – In which ground-based radar is used to control night fighters until they come within visual range of a target – has its first success. A Freya radar is used to coach the Dorner Do 17Z-10 night fighter of Leutnant Ludwig Becker to within visual range of a British Vickers Wellington bomber over the Netherlands, allowing him to shoot it down.

 * 1938 – First flight of the Dewoitine D.520

 * 1934 – A Hillman's Airways de Havilland Dragon Rapide crashes into the English Channel off Folkestone, Kent due to pilot error, killing all 7 on board.

 * 1929 – First flight of the Acme Sportsman

 * 1926 – An Air Union Blériot 155 catches fire in mid-air and crashes at Leigh, Kent while the pilot attempts to make an emergency landing at Penshurst Airfield. Both members of crew and all five passengers are killed. This is the first in-flight fire occurring on an airliner.

 * 1923 – First flight of the de Havilland Humming Bird

 * 1920 – U.S. Navy Lt. Cdr. William Merrill Corry, Jr. (5 October 1889 – 6 October 1920), of Quincy, Florida, designated Naval Aviator No. 23 in March 1916, while on a flight from Long Island, New York, with another pilot, the aircraft crashes, with Corry earning the Medal of Honor "for heroic service in attempting to rescue a brother officer from a flame-enveloped airplane near Hartford, Connecticut. On 2 October 1920, an airplane in which Lieutenant Commander Corry was a passenger crashed and burst into flames. He was thrown 30 feet clear of the plane and, though injured, rushed back to the burning machine and endeavored to release the pilot. In so doing he sustained serious burns, from which he died four days later." In 1923, Corry Field, a new satellite airfield for Naval Air Station Pensacola, is named in his honor. Three U.S. Navy destroyers have been named USS Corry, a Clemson-class in 1921, a Gleaves-class in 1941, and a Gearing-class, in 1945.

 * 1918 – The Kettering Bug pilotless airplane being developed by Charles F. Kettering makes its first successful unmanned flight test, albeit for only nine seconds.

 * 1910 – The first mid-air collision takes place near Milan. Both pilots survive, but one is badly injured.

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/October 2


text:
Bhavabhuti

Bhavabhūti (Devanagari: भवभूति) was an 8th-century scholar of India noted for his plays and poetry, written in Sanskrit. His plays are considered the equal of the works of Kalidasa. He is known as "Poet of Karun Rasa" for his work named as Uttararamacarita.

Bhavabhuti was born in Padmapura, Vidarbha, in Gondia district, on Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh border. He was born in a Deshastha Brahmin family of scholars. He is described as a scion of the Yāyāvara family, bearing the surname Udumbara. His Kāśyapa brahmin ancestors adhered to the Black Yajurveda and kept the five sacred fire.

His real name was Srikantha Nilakantha, and he was the son of Nilakantha and Jatukarni. He received his education at 'Padmapawaya', a place some 42 km South-West of Gwalior. Dayananidhi Paramahansa is known to be his guru. He composed his historical plays at 'Kalpi', a place on banks of river Yamuna.

He is believed to have been the court poet of king Yashovarman of Kannauj. Kalhana, the 12th-century historian, places him in the entourage of the king, who was defeated by Lalitaditya Muktapida, king of Kashmir, in 736 AD.

Malatimadhava
The play is set in the city of Padmavati. The king desires that his minister's daughter Malati marry a youth called Nandana. Malati is in love with Madhava ever since she saw him and drew his portrait. Madhava reciprocates, and draws a portrait of her in turn. Malati suspects her father's motives in falling in with the King's plans for her. A side plot involves the lovers' friends Makaranda and Madayantika. The latter is attacked by a tiger, and Makaranda rescues her, getting wounded in the process. After numerous travails, all ends well, with the two couples uniting. According to the renowned Sanskritist Daniel H.H. Ingalls, the Malatimadhava is a work that combines love and horror with a felicity never again equaled in Sanskrit literature.

Indebtedness to Kautilya and Arthashastra
According to Dasharatha Sharma, the dramatists Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti utilized the Arthashastra of Kautilya while composing their famous works. Kalidasa is indebted to Kautilya's Arthashastra for material in the Raghuvamsa. Similarly, Bhavabhuti utilizes words and ideas from the Arthashastra in the Malatimadhava and the Mahaviracharita. There is indeed a striking resemblance between the methods advocated by Ravana's minister, Malayavana  and the policies suggested by Kautilya in the Arthashastra.

Bhavabhuti's Native place
On the basis of Bhavbhuti's literature, it is said that he was born at  Padmapura  Village in Amgaon Tahsil of Gondia District of Maharashtra.

In this present era, local people around Padampura are trying to keep memories of Bhavbhuti's ancient existence alive with them. Late shri Laxmanrao Mankar Guruji named his education society as "Bhavbhuti Education Society" in 1950. Yashodabai Rahile founded "Bhavbhuti Mandal" (community) in 1996.

Historian & Principal Mr O. C. Patle has published a book "Bhavbhuti ab geeton mein" (Bhavbhuti, now in his songs), he also has published some audio CDs and cassettes to keep the legend's memories alive.

"Bhavbhuti Rang Mandir" has also been constructed at Gondia City in the Honour of Poet Bhavbhuti.

State's local TV channel, Sahyadri and E TV Marathi telecasts some documentaries on the life of this great poet. People and some non-profit groups have erected a few statues in the region where the poet was there once.

Literary works

 * Mahaviracharita (The story of the highly courageous one), depicting the early life of Rama
 * Malatimadhava, a play based on the romance of Malati and Madhava
 * Uttararamacarita (The story of Rama's later life), depicts Rama's coronation, the abandonment of Sita, and their reunion

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bhavabhuti


text:
User:Bob Hu

Here are some articles that I have created or made significant contributions to:
 * Sydney Technical High School
 * Medician_stars (the content of the article was later merged into the Galilean moons article)
 * Tatiana Kosintseva
 * Nadezhda Kosintseva
 * A Girl Like Me (documentary)
 * Longwall mining
 * Throwing knife
 * Treaty of Vienna
 * Isabell Masters
 * Tidal flow
 * Price point
 * Appeal to spite
 * Great Stop of the Exchequer

I've been reading and making minor edits to Wikipedia since around June 2005 but had been procrastinating over actaully making an account. In the end I was motivated to get an account when I experienced a situation where the I.P. I was using was banned due to someone else's vandalism.

While I accept that there are many cases where articles should be merged it is not always necessary to be militantly obsessed with cleaniness. If it is a useful subtopic that can stand alone then let it stand. The deletion and merging of articles also tends to break links from other parts of the web, which is frustrating for casual users.

The following abstract is taken from a published study found at this source: http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cpb.2007.0225

Abstract

Wikipedia is an online, free access, volunteer-contributed encyclopedia. This article focuses on the Wikipedians' (Wikipedia users) personality characteristics, studying Wikipedians' conceptions of Real-Me and BFI dimensions. To survey these aspects, we posted links to two online web questionnaires; one was targeted at Wikipedians and the second to non-Wikipedia users. One hundred and thirty-nine subjects participated in the study, of which 69 were active Wikipedia members. It was found that Wikipedia members locate their real me on the Internet more frequently as compared to non-Wikipedia members. Variance analysis revealed significant differences between Wikipedia members and non-Wikipedia members in agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness, which were lower for the Wikipedia members. An interaction was found between Wikipedia membership and gender: introverted women were more likely to be Wikipedia members as compared with extroverted women. The results of this study are discussed with special emphasis on the understanding of the motivators of Wikipedia members.

title: User:Bob Hu


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/November 14

November 14

 * 2012 – Israel begins Operation Pillar of Defense by launching its most intense air attacks against Hamas forces in the Gaza Strip since 2008, killing the Hamas defense chief in Gaza, Ahmed al-Jabari, and striking dozens of targets before dark.

 * 2009 – English Electric Lightning T5 ZU-BEX crashed during an airshow at AFB Overberg, Bredasdorp, South Africa after a hydraulic failure, killing the pilot.

 * 2008 – Launch: Space Shuttle Endeavour STS-126 at 19:55 EST. Mission highlights: ISS assembly flight ULF2: MPLM Leonardo, crew rotation.

 * 2006 – EasyJet announces an order for 52 Airbus A319.

 * 1990 – Alitalia Flight 404, a Douglas DC-9, crashes into Mt. Stadlerberg, Switzerland, killing all 46 on board.

 * 1987 – Air Transat began airline operations.

 * 1982 – A Mitsubishi T-2B, 19-5174, of the Blue Impulse (or 11 Squadron) air demonstration team of the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force fails to pull out of a descending bomb-burst manoeuvere following a formation loop, crashes into civilian house, Takaoka Town, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture, N of Hamamatsu Air Base, during base's 30th anniversary air show, killing pilot Capt. Takashima Kiyoshi. Thirteen civilians injured, 28 civilian houses and about 290 cars damaged. Footage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3-m8tIf97A&feature=related

 * 1981 – Landing: Space shuttle Columbia STS-2 at 21:23:11 UTC. Mission highlights: First reuse of a manned orbital space vehicle; first test of Canadarm robot arm; Truncated due to fuel cell problem.

 * 1974 – Entered Service: F-15 Eagle with the United States Air Force 555th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron at Luke Air Force Base

 * 1970 – First flight of the Aerosport Rail

 * 1970 – Southern Airways Flight 932, a chartered Douglas DC-9, crashes on approach at Tri-State Airport in Huntington, West Virginia, killing all 75 on board, including 37 players of the Marshall University football team and all but one of the coaching staff.

 * 1969 – NASA launches Apollo 12, the second manned mission to the surface of the Moon.

 * 1967 – Two McDonnell F-101B Voodoos of the 60th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, out of Otis AFB, Massachusetts, collide over Maine during a cross-country formation flight. Aircraft 57-376 is destroyed crashing on Mount Abraham after the two-man crew ejects with minor injuries. The uninjured crew of moderately damaged aircraft 57-378 makes an emergency landing at Dow AFB, Maine.

 * 1967 – A USMC Bell UH-1E Iroquois, BuNo. 153757, of VMO-3, callsign Scarface 1-0, departs Phú Bài, South Vietnam, at 1040 hrs. with three crew, pilot Capt. Milton George Kelsey, co-pilot 1st Lt. Thomas Anthony Carter, and crew chief Cpl. Ronald Joseph Phelps. At 1145 they pick up Major General Bruno Arthur Hochmuth, CG 3rd MARDIV, his aide Maj. Robert Andrew Crabtree and Liaison Maj. Nguyễn Ngọc Chương to visit ARVN Brig. Gen. Ngô Quang Trưởng in Huế, departing the hospital pad at Huế Citadel at 1145. En route to Đông Hà, the helicopter is chased by an HMM-364 UH-34 Choctaw piloted by Capt. J. A. Chancey. At 1150, the UH-1 is flying NW over Highway 1 at ~1500 feet. At YD672266, Capt. Chancey sees the aircraft’s nose yaw to the right twice and at the same instant the aft/engine section explodes in an orange fireball. The fuselage separates from the rotor and the aircraft falls in pieces. The fuselage lands inverted in a flooded rice paddy; the tail cone a short distance away. All on board are apparently killed on impact. Hochmuth was the only Marine Corps officer of General rank to die in Vietnam. Although many theories were postulated for the crash, from enemy gunfire, to ARVN gunfire, to U.S. "friendly fire", to sabotage, the most likely reason was the failure of the tail rotor gearbox and the official findings on the incident, submitted by Brig.Gen. Robert Keller in November, 1967, states “there is no evidence to indicate this mishap was caused either by hostile action or inadvertent friendly fire.”

 * 1965 – (14-18) The Battle of Ia Drang in South Vietnam is the culmination of the Ia Drang Valley campaign. The U. S. Army’s helicopter assault concept has made its combat debut as the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) undergoes its baptism of fire, losing only four helicopters to North Vietnamese fire during the campaign.

 * 1962 – Yukon aircraft from 437 Squadron began carrying dependants, as well as troops, to and from Canadian military forces in Europe.

 * 1961 – The 1961 Cincinnati Zantop DC-4 crash: A Zantop Air Transport DC-4 was on its final approach down to Greater Cincinnati Airport runway 18, when it clipped some trees, lost altitude and crashed into a wooded area near the airport.. This aircraft was the first of at least three aircraft on their final approach that failed to reach the safety of runway 18 at the Greater Cincinnati Airport, becoming victims of the area’s hilly terrain with steep changes in elevation from the Ohio River.

 * 1946 – In the 1946 KLM Douglas DC-3 Amsterdam accident, a Douglas DC-3 crashes while attempting to land at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands; all 26 passengers and crew on board are killed.

 * 1944 – (13–14) Task Force 38 carrier aircraft raid Luzon, sinking the Japanese light cruiser Kiso, four destroyers, and seven merchant ships and destroying 84 Japanese aircraft in exchange for the loss of 25 U. S. planes.

 * 1944 – RAF Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, his wife Dora, and eight aircrew are killed when Avro 685 York Mk. C.I, MW126, strikes ridge at the 6,300-foot (1,900 m) level in the French Alps between Belledonne and Seven Lakes Mountains, 30 miles (48 km) S of Grenoble, France, in a blizzard. Wreckage found by a villager in June 1945. Leigh-Mallory, originator of the "Big Wing" concept during the Battle of Britain, and younger brother of Everest mountaineer George Mallory, was en route to his new posting in Ceylon where he was to take over command of Allied air operations in South East Asia Command.

 * 1942 – First flight of the Lockheed XP-49

 * 1942 – During the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, U. S. Navy aircraft from the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) and U. S. Marine Corps aircraft from Henderson Field fatally damage the crippled Japanese battleship Hiei in Ironbottom Sound north of Guadalcanal in a series of air strikes during the day. Hiei sinks that evening.

 * 1941 – The aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal sinks due to torpedo damage from U 81 sustained on November 13.

 * 1940 – 14-15 – 437 Luftwaffe aircraft make a massed air raid on Coventry. 380 civilians are killed and some 800 wounded.

 * 1938 – A KLM DC-3 (registered PH-ARY) crashed on approach to Schiphol, Amsterdam in low visibility, killing 6 of the 19 on board.

 * 1935 – Prototype Noorduyn Norseman was tested at Pointe aux Trembles, Quebec by WJ McDonough. This was the first all-Canadian designed bush aircraft.

 * 1933 – Fred Haise, American astronaut, was born. Haise was the Lunar Module Pilot on the aborted Apollo 13 lunar mission 1970. He later flew five flights as the Commander of the space shuttle Enterprise, 1977, for the Approach and Landing Test Program at Edwards Air Force Base, and was selected to command the original STS-2 mission to rescue the Skylab space station 1979, but was cancelled due to the long delays in the Shuttle’s development as well as the break-up of the Skylab in mid-1979.

 * 1932 – 14-18 – Amy Johnson breaks the UK-Cape Town speed record, shaving 11 hours off Mollison's record in March. She flies a de Havilland Puss Moth.

 * 1930 – First flight of the Handley Page H.P.42

 * 1930 – Edward White (Lt.Col, USAF), American astronaut, was born (d. 1967). On June 3, 1965, he became the first American to conduct a spacewalk. White was killed during the Apollo 1 training accident and posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart Medal.

 * 1929 – U.S. Navy Naval Aircraft Factory PN-11, BuNo A-7527, delivered 26 October 1929, catches fire at NAS Anacostia, Washington, D.C., and is destroyed after only 13:06 flight hours.

 * 1919 – The American Railway Express Company hires a Handley Page V/1500 to carry 454 kg (1,000 lb) of parcels from New York to Chicago, but the attempt fails due to mechanical problems.

 * 1910 – Eugene Ely takes off from a temporary platform erected over the bow of the light cruiser USS Birmingham, the first take-off from a ship.


text:
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Use
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title: Template:User WikiProject Cryptography


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/December 23

December 23

 * 2012 – Over a period of 17 minutes, three waves of Syrian Air Force aircraft attack the only bakery operating in Halfaya, Syria, where hundreds of people had gathered to buy the first fresh bread available in the area for days, killing dozens. Opposition groups estimate the number of dead at anywhere from fewer than 100 to as many as 300 people.

 * 2009 – Thai Air Force Northrop F-5E (211 Sq. coded 21118/91681) fighter aircraft crashed in Thailand. Pilot Chatchawan Rassamee died.

 * 2005 – Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 217, an Antonov An-140, crashes 5 minutes after takeoff from Baku Airport due to instrument failure; all 23 on board die.

 * 2002 – A MQ-1 Predator is shot down by an Iraqi MiG-25, making it the first time in history that an aircraft and an unmanned drone had engaged in combat.

 * 1990 – First flight of the Boeing VC-25(No. 29000)

 * 1986 – Voyager, piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, lands at Edwards Air Force Base in California becoming the first aircraft to fly non-stop, non-refueled around the world.

 * 1982 – First flight of the Short C-23 Sherpa

 * 1979 – Turkish Airlines Fokker F28 crashes into a hillside near Kuyumcuköy, Ankara, Turkey while on approach to Esenboğa Airport; of the 45 on board, only 4 survive.

 * 1978 – Alitalia Flight 4128, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32, crashed into the Tyrrhenian Sea when on approach to Palermo International Airport in Palermo, Italy. 108 of the 129 passengers and crew on board are killed.

 * 1975 – LTV A-7D Corsair II, 67-14586, c/n D.005, while assigned to Eglin AFB, Florida's 3246th Test Wing, Air Development & Test Center for mission support, suffers engine failure on take-off from Tallahassee Municipal Airport, Florida and makes forced landing, coming down largely intact. Airframe is hauled back to Eglin AFB on a truck, where it is either scrapped or becomes a target hulk.
 * 1975 – General Dynamics FB-111A-CF, 68-290, c/n B1-62, crashes in the area of the Ashland forest in Maine, ~45 minutes after take-off from Loring AFB, Maine.

 * 1974 – First flight of the Rockwell B-1 Lancer

 * 1973 – First flight of the Aero Boero 260AG

 * 1972 – Braathens SAFE Flight 239, a Fokker F-28, crashes in Asker upon landing at Fornebu airport, Oslo, Norway, killing 40 of 45 people on board.

 * 1972 – Andrei Tupolev dies, aged 86

 * 1966 – First flight of the Dassault Mirage F1

 * 1961 – In Operation Chopper, U. S. Army helicopters airlift 1,000 South Vietnamese paratroopers to attack a suspected Viet Cong headquarters in South Vietnam 10 miles (16 km) west of Saigon.

 * 1950 – AU.S. Navy Lockheed P2V-3W Neptune, BuNo 124357, of VP-931, NAS Whidbey Island, crashes on McCreight Mountain, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Wreckage found 21 September 1961, according to Joe Baugher. Pilot Lt. Lalonde M. Pinne and ten crew KWF. Another source cites crash date of 18 December 1950. Yet another source lists discovery date as 21 October 1951, found by a Canadian aircraft that was off-course.

 * 1943 – American aircraft based at Tarawa strike Nauru.

 * 1943 – (23-25) Air Solomons (AirSols) aircraft strike Rabaul heavily, U. S. Navy carrier aircraft strike Kavieng on New Ireland, and Fifth Air Force aircraft attack Japanese positions at Cape Gloucester and Cape Hoskins on New Britain.

 * 1941 – First flight of the Douglas C-47 Skytrain

 * 1940 – The first U. S. all-cargo air service is inaugurated by United Air Lines when at 11:30 P. M. a flight leaves New York for Chicago, where it arrives at 3:40 A. M. local time the following morning after stopping in Cleveland.

 * 1940 – Eddie August Schneider dies in crash when his plane is clipped by a U. S. Navy bomber at Floyd Bennett Field.

 * 1939 – Anthony Fokker, pioneer in aviation and a Dutch-American aircraft manufacturer dies in New York, aged 49

 * 1938 – First flight of the Blackburn Roc

 * 1929 – Trans-Canada (McKee) Trophy was awarded to ‘Wop’ May for his flight carrying a diphtheria anti-toxin from Edmonton to Fort Vermillion, Alberta.

 * 1910 – Lt Theodore Ellyson of the United States Navy is assigned to flight training with the Curtiss company, making him the first naval aviator.


text:
Talk:Dizzy (series)

Dizzy and Russia
remakes on the PC (using game-maker tools). I'm not convinced that these are notable titles to include in the article: merely mentioning that there is a fan base making unofficial games should be enough. 86.131.99.148 12:00, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Table of fan games
I edited the article to remove the table of fangame. reverted my edit, suggesting it required discussion on the talk page. So, here we are.

My basic position is that while the existence of fan games for this series is notable, a huge table of all these fan games that dwarfs the rest of the article is not. It is sufficient for us to talk about their existence in general, and to provide a link to an external directory.

I will go into more detail about why I believe this to be the case if needed. Lowercaserho (talk) 12:32, 13 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree with Lowercaseho - the table is excessive, and technically unsourced. I think it's sufficient for the paragraph that's left to say that a game engine has been released and there are xxx number of games released for it.  IF readers want to know more - that's what the links and references are for.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 12:56, 13 July 2018 (UTC)
 * thanks for seeking consensus, I agree that an unsourced table of this nature is overkill and doesn't add value. Flat Out (talk) 13:11, 13 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Since it's been >48 hours with no disagreement, I'm just going to go ahead and remove it again. Lowercaserho (talk) 13:03, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

Removing External Links
(This was a disagreement between and I in edits. Bringing it here so we can discuss properly.)

There are four links now in the external links section:

 * Yolkfolk.com The Dizzy Fansite
 * The inside story of Dizzy at Codemasters software
 * Dizzy Stories - Fan games created using DizzyAGE

I pertain that none of them really belong there, as per WP:ELNO. Covering them one at a time:

Lowercaserho (talk) 18:33, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Yolkfolk.com -- this is a fansite, which is excluded under section 11. I don't believe that this qualifies as a recognised authority.
 * Bruce on games -- a blog, also excluded in section 11. What counts as a recognised authority for individuals is actually covered there, and suggests that an individual can only be considered a recognised authority if they at the very least meet notability standards for individuals. The author here doesn't seem to me to meet these standards; they don't have an article, for instance.
 * Dizzy Stories -- I can't actually access this page currently, which makes it somewhat harder for me to discuss. If it is regularly down, then it would be disqualified under section 16, but I'll assume that it's just an intermitent error. There are multiple issues that I see, here. First, it's a fansite (section 11 again). Second, it's a site about a specific subject (Dizzy fangames) on an article about a general subject (the Dizzy series), which disqualifies it under section 13.
 * Moby Games -- There's basically nothing here that wouldn't belong in our article, which disqualifies it under section 1. Anything that's there and doesn't belong here is because it's unverifiable (section 2).
 * ELNO doesn't say that links must be avoided, only that generally they should. Exceptions can be made.
 * Yollfolk is a fansite, but the fansite that hosts DizzyAge, and all the fan created games, which are referenced in the article.
 * Bruce Everiss may not have his own article, but he was heavily involved in the eighties software scene - he was for example one of the founders of Imagine Software, and marketing manager for Codemasters - the IP holders of the Dizzy brand.
 * I can't access Dizzystories either, but I think you're being too narrow-minded with regard to accusing it of failing section 13 - the Dizzy fan games are not tangentially related to the article topic.
 * Moby - meh, ambivalent, but it does contain a list of all games and the platforms. Is Moby considered a reliable source?  Not sure.
 * Additionally, section 16 of ELNO refers to information that is only temporarily available on the net, not the reliability of the server that hosts such information.
 * Chaheel Riens (talk) 17:11, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

 * I'm willing to concede Yolkfolk. I still personally think they shouldn't be, but it's a close enough call that I don't feel the need to argue it. For Moby, I believe that our article ought to contain a complete list of games and platforms, comparable to Assassin's Creed or Super Mario. Would you be more comfortable with it being removed if we had such a table? (And no, Moby is considered unreliable, per WP:GAMESOURCES.) For Dizzystories, I still think that fangames are a very small aspect of the article as a whole. We already link to Dizzyage in the references of the relevant section, and if we're keeping the link to Yolkfolk then that already has an extensive section on fan games. Including Dizzystories as well seems like it gives undue weight to a minor aspect of the topic. Bruce Everiss's blog, I am undecided on. I still tend towards removing, but you make a reasonable argument. I will think on it some more. (I also wonder if he would be considered a sufficient authority that we could use his blog post as a reliable source (for the statements of fact, not the opinions).) Lowercaserho (talk) 19:23, 21 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm going to go ahead and remove Dizzystories again, since it's been almost two weeks and I haven't heard back from you. I've mellowed somewhat on the other three, so I'll keep them for now, but I still strongly feel that Dizzystories doesn't belong, given that Yolkfolk is there and there are direct links to DizzyAGE in the references. Lowercaserho (talk) 05:28, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dizzy (series)


text:
User talk:SalM

Hi, do you see anything that can be significantly expanded in PVO1? If not, it probably shouldn't be it's own article. At the most I think it should be defined in the duration article as a related term. See WP:NOT. Thanks - Taxman Talk 16:29, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I moved the content back to the bond duration page. Don't see how to delete the PVO1 page.--SalM 12:37, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Sal, I made PVO1 a redirect to Bond duration instead - this means that if anyone tries to go to PVO1 they will be automatically bounced to Bond duration instead. This is much simpler than trying to delete an article! Deleting an article requires you to go through a whole complicated process - see Deletion process. Redirects are easy and are described in Redirect. Hope that helps! Cje 17:24, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks!--SalM 15:33, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SalM


text:
Category:Mountains of Saint Lucia

 * Mountains of Saint Lucia, in the Caribbean.

title: Category:Mountains of Saint Lucia


text:
Kolkata district

Kolkata district (formerly known as Calcutta district) is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It only contains the entire city proper of Kolkata, the capital city of the state and therefore it is a city district. It is the smallest district in the state and also the most densely populated district.

Being a city district, the district itself is its own headquarters; it does not have further subdivisions like mahakumas or blocks that exist in all other districts of the state nor does it have a district magistrate. The sole local government of the whole district is Kolkata Municipal Corporation.

History
During seventeenth century Sutanuti was a major wool-trading center where had flourished the Basak, Sett, and a group of Portuguese merchants. In Dihi Kalikata, Armenian traders commanded significant influence. The first historical notice regarding Calcutta was found in Ain-i-Akbari of Abul Fazl in 1596. According to it, that Kalighat was a place within Saptagram, an old port on Hooghly River. With the decline of the once flourishing Saptagram port, traders and businessmen, such as the Basaks, the Sheths and others, started venturing southwards and settled in or developed places such as Gobindapur. They set up a cotton and yarn market at Sutanuti. Chitpur was a weaving centre and Baranagar was another textile centre. Kalighat was a pilgrimage centre. Across the Hooghly, there were places such as Salkia and Betor. Kalikata was a lesser known place. While both Sutanuti and Gobindapur appear on old maps like Thomas Bowrey's of 1687 and George Herron's of 1690, Kalikata, situated between the two, is not depicted. Around early March 1698, the East India Company (EIC) proposed to the Roy Choudhurys that Dihi Kalikata be subrented to them. The offer was rejected since then-Zamindar (anon.) of the Roy Chowdhurys feared permanently losing the properties to a far-powerful client. This led the EIC to negotiate for the rent-rights outright and at the Mughal quarters; one Nathaniel Walsh was dispatched to Prince Azim-ush-Shan, then-Viceroy of Bengal Subah. The negotiations proved successful. The zamindari rights, for Dihi Kalikata, Sutanuti and Govindapur, had been transferred to the Company paying Choudhury total of 2000 Rupees. Subsequent to the fall of Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, the English purchased 55 villages in 1758 from Mir Jafar. These villages were known en-bloc as Dihi Panchannagram.

After the Treaty of Allahabad, the East India Company was granted Diwani rights (the right to collect taxes), in 1765, in the eastern province of Bengal-Bihar-Odisha. In 1772, Kolkata became the capital of East India Company's territories, and in 1793, the English took full control of the city and the province. Development of Kolkata's infrastructure started and in the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained. In the 19th century, Kolkata was the epicentre of the epoch-changing socio-cultural movement, the Bengal Renaissance. The 20th century unfolded historical events in Kolkata – the Swadeshi movement, the first partition of Bengal along communal lines, shifting of the national capital from Kolkata to Delhi in 1911 – and Kolkata emerged as an important hub of the independence movement. With the experience and memories of the Bengal famine of 1943, the Great Calcutta Killings, the final partition of Bengal, and independence of the country, Kolkata moved on to a new era of challenges, with millions of refugees pouring in from neighbouring East Pakistan (later Bangladesh).

Before partition of Bengal, Kolkata had offered education and job opportunities to the people from East Bengal. Kolkata had taken in about a quarter of a million East Bengali migrants long before partition. After partition of Bengal, the number of refugees moving in from East Bengal were so high that large stretches of rural or semi urban habitation were transformed into towns, the density of population, particularly in areas with high refugee population, jumped by leaps. The outer limits of Kolkata were extended. The entire process of urbanisation was hastened. In the fifties 25% of the population of Metropolitan Kolkata were refugees. In 1975, a CMDA report suggested that there were 1,104 squatter colonies in West Bengal, out of which 510 were in Calcutta Metropolitan District. In 1981, a refugee rehabilitation committee set up by the state government put the figures for refugees in the state at 8 million. The break up for Kolkata is not available. The central government had decided that 25 March 1971 was the cut off date for entry of refugees from former East Pakistan into India and so, all those coming in after that date are either immigrants or infiltrators – there were no more refugees, at least officially/legally.

The socio-economic conditions that led to the growth of Kolkata, were urbanising a much larger territory. Right form the 16th century, a number of townships, based on trade and commerce, had sprung up along both banks of the Hooghly. None of these townships withered away as Kolkata gained supremacy, rather they got integrated with the core of the city. In 1951, census operations in West Bengal first recognised a continuous industrial area stretching from Bansberia to Uluberia on the west bank of the Hooghly, and from Kalyani to Budge Budge on the east bank. It was ultimately recognised as the Kolkata urban agglomeration, with the city as its core.

Kolkata has always been a city of migrants. They are the people who have made the city so large. In the first half of the 20th century the largest group of migrants were the working-class people from Bihar. After 1947, they were overtaken in numbers by the refugees from East Pakistan. A comparatively lesser number of people from the surrounding areas have migrated to the city, because a huge population commutes to the city for work and returns to their villages. They are not counted in the census data for Kolkata. The promise of a better quality of life may have been an initial attraction for the migrants, but bulk of the poorer sections soon realized that poverty in Kolkata was as severe and dehumanising as in the villages they left behind. However, many of them found opportunities of income in the urban economy. Some of them managed a place in industry, because of the preferential treatment they got as a result of people in their community vouching for them. A 1976 survey revealed that the proportion of workers from outside West Bengal were 71% in the jute industry, 58% in textile mills and 73% in iron and steel units. The Chamars from the Hindi heartland, many of whom work in the leather industry, have been here for more than a century. As per the 1951 census, only 33.2% of Kolkata's inhabitants were city-born. The rest, including a small group of foreigners, were migrants. 12.3% came from elsewhere in West Bengal, 26.3% from other states in India and 29.6% were refugees from East Pakistan.

This brings us on to another aspect of the city. The slum population has grown at a much faster rate than the total city population, thereby indicating a growing ratio of the impoverished working population of the city. "Geographically, Calcutta is in a unique position vis-à-vis the whole of eastern India. The growth and prosperity of the region must involve Calcutta. How it will grow… is the great question to be answered." P. Thankappan Nair writes, “The six square miles within the Maratha Ditch (the original core of Calcutta) thus came to have the world’s highest density of population in that age. It was a heterogeneous population, sinking differences of caste, creed and colour under the sheer compulsion to interact and survive together. The compulsion has grown stronger ever since, as has the spirit it fostered. Hence Calcutta did not disintegrate when the capital was shifted to New Delhi in 1912. It has kept growing and living by the ever-renewed confidence and vitality of its inherent human forces.”

Geography
Kolkata district lies between 22.037’ and 22.030’ North latitude and 88.023’ and 88.018’ East longitude. It occupies the east bank of the Hooghly in the lower Ganges Delta. The alluvial plain has an average elevation of 6.4 metres (17 feet) above mean sea level. A large part of the district comprises land reclaimed from wetland. The existing East Kolkata Wetlands has been designated a “wetland of international importance” by the Ramsar Convention.

Kolkata district is bounded by the North 24 Parganas district on the north and on the east, South 24 Parganas district on the south and Howrah district, across the Hooghly, on the west.

In terms of area, it is the smallest amongst all the districts of West Bengal but has the highest density of population. It is the only district in the state with cent percent urban population. It has the lowest Scheduled Caste (5.38%) and Scheduled Tribe (0.24%) population in the state. Kolkata district is the only district in the state with a negative growth rate (−1.7%) for the 2001–2011 decade. Kolkata district has the second highest literacy rate (86.3%) in the state.

Kolkata metropolitan area, extending over an area of 1851.41 km2, is one of the six metropolitan areas in India. It includes the entire Kolkata Municipal Corporation area.

The Kolkata district collector is responsible for several citizen centric services which are neither being provided by the KMC nor Kolkata Police.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Kolkata district has a population of 4,496,694, roughly equal to the nation of Croatia or the US state of Louisiana. This gives it a ranking of 35th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 24252 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was −1.88%. Kolkata has a sex ratio of 899 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 87.14%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 5.38% and 0.24% of the population respectively.

Religion
Kalighat Temple, 1887.jpg, in 1887 with Adi Ganga

Hinduism]] The small minorities were Jains, who numbered 21,178 and formed 0.5% of the population. Sikhs numbered 13,849 and formed 0.3% of the population. Buddhists numbered 4,771 and formed 0.1% of the population. Persons following other religions numbered 1,452. Persons not stating religion numbered 48,982 and formed 1.1% of the population.

The proportion of Hindus in Kolkata district decreased from 83.9% in 1961 to 76.5% in 2011. During the same period Muslims increased from 12.8% to 20.6%.

Languages
Bengali is the most spoken language, with 61.45% of the population. Another 22.19% speak Hindi and 13.04% Urdu. Odia, Gujarati, Punjabi, Marwari and Bhojpuri are also spoken by more than 10,000 people.

The proportion of persons having Bengali as a mother tongue in Kolkata district decreased from 63.8% in 1961 to 59.9% in 1971 to 58.5% in 1981 and then increased to 63.6% in 1991, but again dropped to 62.0% in 2001 and dropped further to 61.5% in 2011. The proportion of persons having Hindi as mother tongue increased from 19.3% in 1961 to 23.2% in 1971, but then started declining to 22.2% in 1981, 20.9% in 1991 and 20.3% in 2001, but rose to 22.2% in 2011. The proportion of persons having Urdu as mother tongue has increased from 9.0% in 1961 to 13.6% in 2001 but decreased to 13.0% in 2011. The proportion of persons having English as mother tongue has dwindled from 1.0% in 1961 to 0.2% in 2001 and now only 8,900 people speak English as mother tongue, mainly Anglo-Indians.

Livelihood
As per the 2011 census, Kolkata district has 1,795,740 total workers (main and marginal) forming 39.93% of the district population. The remaining population of 2,700,954 (60.07%) belongs to the non-workers category. While amongst the males 59.93% are total workers and 40.07% are non-workers, amongst the females 17.91% are total workers and 82.09% are non-workers.

94.61% of the total workers in urban Kolkata earn their livelihood as other workers, followed by 3.81% as household workers. Only 0.89% of total workers are engaged as cultivators and 0.69% are engaged as agricultural labourers. The type of workers that come under the category of “other workers” include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers,information technology workers,those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport, banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, and so on.

Infrastructure
Power supply: In 1895, the Government of Bengal passed the Calcutta Electric Lighting Act and in 1897 Kilburn & Co., as agents of The Indian Electric Company Limited, secured the license for electric lighting in Kolkata. The company soon changed its name to Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation. It commissioned the first thermal power plant in India, at Emambagh Lane, near Prinsep Ghat, in 1899. The switching over from horse-drawn carriages to electricity by Calcutta Tramways Company in 1902, provided further impetus to the rise in power consumption. The years of power shortage in the 1970s and 1980s, have been left behind. Now, CESC serves 2.8 million consumers. Total electric consumption in Kolkata district has gone up from 6,424 million KWH in 2006–07 to 8,135 million KWH in 2010–11.

Water supply: Newspaper reports, quoting KMC officials, say that in 2023 water demand from KMC was 360 million gallons per day and on an average, it supplied 300 mgd. 94 per cent of the city is supplied piped water, almost all of it free. The city is serviced by a 5,000 km network of pipes. As per KMC, it has 5 water treatment plants at Palta, Watgunge, Jorabagan, Dhapa and Garden Reach. There are reports that officially 15% of Kolkata's core water supply comes from ground water, in reality 25–30% of water used in households is ground water.

Roads: An estimated 6% of Kolkata's area is under roads, whereas a standard modern city demands 25–30% of the area be under roads. Pucca (surfaced) road construction started in Kolkata only after 1839, and pavements were provided along the main roads only to facilitate erection of gas lights. In 2010–11 KMC maintained 1,909 km of roads (1,670 km surfaced and 239 km unsurfaced). In 2020, the number of registered motor vehicles (including two and three wheelers) on the roads of Kolkata was 1024,000.

Drainage: Kolkata district was traditionally drained by two channels and various minor water ways. Human efforts tried to supplement the natural system. William Tolly tried to develop an eastward drainage-cum-communication channel by excavating the almost dead bed of the Adi Ganga. The 27 km long Tolly's Nullah was completed in 1777. The Lake Channel was cut through the Salt Lake later on. Some of the other channels were; Beliaghata Canal (1800), Circular Canal from Entally to Hooghly river (1820), Bhangor Khal (1897–98) and the 16 km long Krishnapur Khal, a navigational channel connecting Kolkata with Nona-Gang-Kulti Gang in South 24 Parganas (1910). Since 1742 the Bidyadhari served as an outlet for the drainage of the city, but with deterioration of the Jamuna, Bidyadhari lost much of its fresh water flow. Dr. Birendranath Dey renovated and revived the Bidyadhari in 1943. Kolkata was pioneer in introducing the underground drainage system in 1878. There are 88 km of man-entry big sewers and 92 km of non-man entry brick sewers.

Eco system: Kolkata is a highly polluted district. According to an Institute of Ecological Exploration Report, in 1984, there are only 21 trees per km in Kolkata, far below the standard mark of 100 trees per km. The per capita open space at 20 feet2 is too low. With these handicaps, the smoke from vehicles and industrial units, coupled with winter fogs, create a polluted environment. Noise pollution levels are also high. The noise tolerance level of average human beings is 60–65 decibels. The noise pollution levels in some areas are as follows: Binay–Badal–Dinesh Bag 80 – 85 dB,  Esplanade 70 – 84 dB,  Park Street 78 – 81 dB,  Gariahat 80 – 82 dB and  Shyambazar 80 – 82 dB. Spread over 12,500 hectares the East Kolkata Wetlands play a very vital role in maintaining the ecological balance in the neighbourhood of Kolkata. KMC dumps 2,600 tons of solid waste daily. In addition liquid sewage, toxic effluents and polluted air are recycled into clean air, fresh water, organic nutrients and a daily supply of fresh fish and green vegetables for Kolkata kitchens. The surrounding countryside continues its subsistence living with the help of this eco-system.

Industry
The East India Company secured the license for trading in Bengal from the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In the absence of road and air transport, in those days, water transport flourished and a port was established at Kolkata. The first telegraph line was installed as early as 1839. A pioneering pharmaceutical company, Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works was established in 1893. The film industry, based in Tollygunge, also had an early start. The first silent Bengali feature film, Bilwamangal, was produced in 1919 and the first Bengali talkie, Jamai Shashthi, was released in 1931. There were other sectors which had an early start and were subsequently followed up. Kolkata district had 1,012 registered factories in 2010. The three most important goods manufactured in Kolkata district in 2009 were: engineering goods, leather products and rubber products. There was a boom in information technology sector since 2001 with more and more companies being set up in Salt Lake Sector V and later in New Town.

Trade and Commerce: While there were only a handful of Marwaris in Kolkata's trade and commerce towards the end of the 18th century, they came in larger numbers with the turn of the century and particularly after opening of the railways (1860) and dominated Kolkata's economy. During the 1830s some of the best-known Marwari families, well established in business, were the Singhanias, the Sarafs, the Kotharis and the Bagris. By the turn of the century more Marwari families were in the business limelight: the Poddars, the Mundhras, the Dalmias, the Dugars, the Jalans, the Jhunjhunwalas, the Jaipurias, the Rampurias and the Birlas. Burrabazar became a stronghold of Marwari businessmen from the middle of the 19th century but their operations remained subservient to British business interests. Business opportunities during World War I transformed the Marwaris from a trading community to entrepreneurs and they started challenging the British economically. They gained entry into British economic strongholds like the jute and cotton industries. After World War II, as the British left India, the Marwaris acquired most of their business interests. With political ‘delinquency’ prevailing in Kolkata from the sixties many Marwaris, particularly the elite, started looking for greener pastures elsewhere. The Marwaris “could not stop incorrigible Calcutta from getting poorer; Calcutta, in turn, could not stop them from getting richer.”

Electoral constituencies
Lok Sabha (parliamentary) and Vidhan Sabha (state assembly) constituencies covering Kolkata district are as follows:

title: Kolkata district


text:
User talk:Badgerworks

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title: User talk:Badgerworks


text:
Al Cowens

Alfred Edward Cowens, Jr. (October 25, 1951 – March 11, 2002) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball. From through, Cowens played for the Kansas City Royals (1974–79), California Angels (1980), Detroit Tigers (1980–81) and Seattle Mariners (1982–86). He batted and threw right-handed.

Baseball career
A native of Los Angeles, California, Cowens was a product of the Kansas City Royals farm system, having been selected by the team in the 1969 MLB draft. He made his major league debut with the Royals in 1974 and played for them through 1979. His most productive season came in 1977, when he batted .312 with 23 home runs and 112 RBI, earned a Gold Glove, and finished second to Rod Carew in balloting for the American League MVP Award.

Cowens was traded along with Todd Cruz from the Royals to the California Angels for Willie Aikens and Rance Mulliniks at the Winter Meetings in Toronto on December 6, 1979, with Craig Eaton being sent to the Angels to complete the transaction four months later on April 1, 1980. The need for Cowens was the result of injuries to Joe Rudi and Dan Ford which hurt the Angels' chances of winning the American League pennant. A shortage of power hitters due to injuries to Don Baylor and Brian Downing by the second month of the 1980 season led to Cowens being dealt from the Angels to the Detroit Tigers for Jason Thompson on May 27, 1980. He played with the Tigers through the end of the 1981 season. In March 1982, the Tigers sold his contract the Seattle Mariners, where he played until the team released him on June 12, 1986.

Overall in 13 MLB seasons, Cowens appeared in 1584 MLB games, batting .270 with 108 home runs and 717 RBIs. He played in three postseason series, appearing in 14 total games with the Royals in the American League Championship Series of 1976 through 1978, each of which the team lost to the New York Yankees.

Farmer incidents
Early in the 1979 season, a notable feud started between Cowens, then with the Royals, and pitcher Ed Farmer, then with the Texas Rangers. On May 8, a Farmer pitch thrown in the top of the fifth inning fractured Cowens' jaw and broke several teeth, causing him to miss 21 games. Farmer later said that Cowens had attempted to steal signs from the catcher and thought the pitch would be a breaking ball away, but it was actually an inside fastball. At the start of the same game, Farmer had also hit Royals second baseman Frank White and broke his wrist, which kept him sidelined for a month.

The next season, on June 20‚ 1980, Farmer and Cowens faced each other again; Farmer now with the Chicago White Sox and Cowens now with the Tigers. In a game at Comiskey Park, with Farmer pitching, Cowens hit a ground ball to shortstop. While Farmer watched his infielders make the play, Cowens ran to the mound rather than first base, and tackled the pitcher from behind, landing several punches before the benches cleared and the two were separated. American League president Lee MacPhail suspended Cowens for seven games, and Farmer filed a criminal complaint, resulting in a warrant being issued for Cowens in Illinois. Later, Farmer agreed to drop the charges in exchange for a handshake‚ and the two players brought out the lineup cards before a game in Detroit on September 1, and shook hands. A later appearance by Cowens at Comiskey Park was greeted by fans with a "Coward Cowens" banner.

Death
Cowens died in Downey, California, on March 11, 2002, at the age of 50 from a heart attack. At the time of his death, Cowens had been scouting players for the Kansas City Royals. He is buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.

title: Al Cowens


text:
Korochun

Koročun or Kračun (see other variants below) is one of the names of Slavic pagan holiday Koliada. In modern usage, it may refer to the winter solstice in certain Eastern European languages, and also to the holiday of Christmas.

Names and etymology

 * Belarusian: Карачун, Karačun;
 * Крачон, Kračon or Крачунек, Kračunek
 * Крачун, Kračun;
 * Old Russian:, Koročunŭ;
 * Корочун, Koročun or Карачун, Karačun;
 * Корочун, Koročun or Карачун, Karačun;

 * Ruthenian: К(е)речун, K(e)rečun or Ґ(е)речун, G(e)rečun;
 * Крачун, Kračun;
 * Kračún;
 * Karácsony;
 * Crăciun.

Max Vasmer derived the name of the holiday from the Proto-Slavic *korčunŭ, which is in turn derived from the verb *korčati, meaning to step forward. Gustav Weigand, Alexandru Cihac and Alexandru Philippide offer a similar Slavic etymology, based on kratŭkŭ (curt, short) or kračati (to make steps). On the other hand, Hugo Schuchardt, Vatroslav Jagić, and Luka Pintar proposed a Romanian origin of the word, as does also the Romanian Etymological Dictionary, tracing its roots back to the Latin creatio,-nis. However, most probably the Romanian word, as well as the Hungarian, are loanwords with Slavic roots.

Religious and mythological significance
Koročun or Kračun was a pagan Slavic holiday. It was considered the day when the Black God and other spirits associated with decay and darkness were most potent. The first recorded usage of the term was in 1143, when the author of the Novgorod First Chronicle referred to the winter solstice as "Koročun".

It was celebrated by pagan Slavs on December 21, the longest night of the year and the night of the winter solstice. On this night, Hors, symbolizing old sun, becomes smaller as the days become shorter in the Northern Hemisphere, and dies on December 22, the winter solstice. It is said to be defeated by the dark and evil powers of the Black God. On December 23, Hors is resurrected and becomes the new sun, Koleda.

Modern scholars tend to associate this holiday with ancestor worship. On this day, Western Slavs lit fires at cemeteries to keep their loved ones warm, and organized feasts to honor the dead and keep them fed. They also lit wooden logs at local crossroads. In some Slavic languages, the word came to denote unexpected death of a young person and the evil spirit that shortens life.

title: Korochun


text:
Talk:Christian Academy in Japan

Untitled
This does not appear to me to have a neutral point of view. (And anonymous author shows up twice with no other contribs, FWIW) ;Bear 16:33, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I wouldn't go so far as to say it isn't neutral, but at least it isn't going on about how "Christ will save us all" or something... What would you recomend be done with it? I don't know much about this particular church so I personally cannot expand it... I'll mark it for expert attention and see where that goes. kvidell 00:43, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I detected a slight POV also, and I went to the school! I re-worked the first paragraph a little in an attempt to remove the bias. It's not perfect yet, but hopefully better. RNavigator 18:31, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Maria Ozawa
Could a reference please be provided for this bit of trivia? RNavigator 14:11, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Another editor was bold and removed the reference. --Siobhan Hansa 09:11, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * A reference has been provided for this claim on the Maria Ozawa page, so it has been restored. MightyAtom 04:39, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I could not find the reference on the Maria Ozawa page and asked User:MightyAtom to point us directly to it, since we need the reference on this page too. This hasn't been forthcoming so I think we should be deleting this claim at least until that reference is supplied.  -- Siobhan Hansa 23:29, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

I readded the Maria Ozawa trivia reference. If this edit is to be removed then same should be applied to the rest of the trivia entry of notable graduates as they are all at this time unverifiable ( while Ozawas entry seems the most plausible compared to the others for which no one has provided anything close to a citation as of yet).--Creationist Phil 04:49, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * You're quite right, those fact tags have been up there for a while and no-one seems to be able to provide anything reliable. I had a search on google for each of them but was unable to find anything that linked any of them with the school (could be in Japanese though - which I wouldn't be able to find). Mark Joseph doesn't even appear to be particularly notable. I've nixxed the lot. -- Siobhan Hansa 08:31, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Good. Happy to see we could come to an agreement.--Creationist Phil 08:52, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * CAJ alums Dann Zinke and April have anecdotal evidence of attending CAJ with Maria: Maria Ozawa and Other Classmates - Years Later --76.3.152.232 (talk) 12:11, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

Mediation Cabel
Hello, I've decided to take up this case. The user who filed the request, W4wan doesn't seem to have a page of their own, so I'm on this page. Should the issue be discussed here, on the article's talk page, or on the Cabel page here ?--Mechcozmo 21:35, 26 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Case is now closed. Comment is at the end of the Mediation Cabel page.  Before making any further changes to that section of the article, please read the discussion. --Mechcozmo 03:11, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Image
The Image of CAJ apparently didn't have adequate copyright information. I believe it was taken from the school website, which it is no longer on.

Could somebody:
 * 1) Add the copyright info or
 * 2) Take their own picture of CAJ and upload it?

Thanks --Davidkazuhiro 03:50, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Japanese script
Done. --Nightshadow28 04:04, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Cajlogo.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 14:13, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Christian Academy in Japan. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://coreminimalist.blogspot.com/2009/03/maria-ozawa-and-other-classmates-years.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:42, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christian Academy in Japan


text:
Talk:Windows 2000 Datacenter Server

Power

 * Its system requirements are normal, but are compatible with vast amounts of power.

What does that mean? :) AlistairMcMillan 16:34, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Article unneeded
It seems rather pointless to have Datacenter Server in a article of its own, as there's very little to say about it. I recommend just merging the info into the existing Win2k-Server article. --Mike 22:42, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Windows 2000 Datacenter Server


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Trains/Todo/Disambig/dlink

(←)


text:
Course: Oblivion

"Course: Oblivion" is the 112th episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager, the 18th episode of the fifth season. It is a sequel to the fourth-season episode "Demon".

In this episode a spaceship is making its way back to Earth, after being flung to the other side of the Galaxy. However, on the journey the crew begin to experience medical and technical problems.

The episode was written by Bryan Fuller and Nick Sagan, and directed by Anson Williams. It aired on UPN on March 3, 1999.

Plot
The Voyager crew celebrates the wedding of Lt. Torres to Lt. Paris, as well as the successful use of their enhanced warp drive that will cut the remaining time to the Alpha Quadrant down to two years. Their celebration is short-lived, as systems across the ship start to fail, and Torres comes down with a crippling disease that is breaking down her cellular structure, eventually succumbing to death. Between the Doctor's findings and readings taken from the various systems, the crew quickly discovers that they and the ship are duplicates of the real Voyager crew, created when the ship landed on a Class Y "demon planet" within the last year ("Demon"). The biomimetic compound that makes up the crew and the ship has become unstable within the enhanced warp field.

As more crewmembers and ship systems fail, Captain Kathryn Janeway orders the crew to look for another Class Y planet, hoping that exposure to its atmosphere will stabilize the biomimetic compound. They come across one after some searching, but it is protected by a mining ship; though Voyager could destroy the mining ship, Janeway orders Voyager to retreat, putting Starfleet values above their own preservation. With no other choice, Janeway orders the ship to turn around, and engage the enhanced warp drive, hoping to reach the previous Class Y planet before their ship collapses. En route, Janeway suggests the construction of a time capsule of materials not made of the biomimetic material, storing their personal and mission logs in case they do not make it.

Some time later, with only a skeleton crew remaining and much of the ship uninhabitable, the remaining crew realize they will no longer be able to make it to the planet. Attempts to launch the time capsule fail. The failing sensors detect a ship just in communications range, but their communication array is all but non-functional. Harry Kim, now acting as captain, orders the warp core ejected to bring the ship out of warp and allow them time to contact the ship for help, knowing this may tear the ship apart.

The real Voyager receives a distress call and heads towards the coordinates, but finds only remnants of the biomimetic liquid drifting in space. Janeway makes a note of their rescue attempt, and orders the ship to continue on course to home.

Reception
In 2016, John Andrews writing for Den of Geek, said this was the 2nd best episode that Bryan Fuller wrote, noting it "packs a punch" and has poignant ending.

In 2017, ScreenRant ranked this episode the 6th thematically darkest episode of the Star Trek franchise.

In 2020, Den of Geek ranked this episode the 27th most scary episode of all Star Trek series up to that time.

Releases
"Course: Oblivion" was released on LaserDisc in Japan on June 22, 2001, as part of 5th Season vol.2, which included episodes from "Dark Frontier" to "Equinox, Part I". The episode had two audio tracks, English and Japanese. This set had 6 double sided 12" optical discs giving a total runtime of 552 minutes.

It was also released on VHS paired with "The Disease".

On November 9, 2004, this episode was released as part of the season 5 DVD box set of Star Trek: Voyager. The box set includes 7 DVD optical discs with all the episodes in season 5 with some extra features, and episodes have a Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound audio track.

title: Course: Oblivion