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Panasqueira

Minas da Panasqueira or Mina da Panasqueira (English: 'Panasqueira mine') is the generic name for a set of mining operations between Cabeço do Pião (Fundão municipality) and the village of Panasqueira (Covilhã municipality), which has operated in a technically integrated and continuous manner practically since the discovery of ore there. Subsequently, it was agglomerated into a single administrative entity called Couto Mineiro da Panasqueira (English: 'Panasqueira Mining Reserve') which had its last demarcation on 9 March 1971 and later on in the present C-18 Mining Concession (16 December 1992). The mining facilities are currently centralized in the area of Barroca Grande – Aldeia de São Francisco de Assis (Covilhã) through which the current underground operation, ore extraction and processing facilities are accessed.

The mine has been operating nearly without interruption since 1901, with a strong impact on the identity, history and current society of Beira Interior in general and Cova da Beira in particular. It is also known worldwide in the tungsten (wolfram) industry, not only for its quality and volume of production, duration and adaptability of operation; but also due to the maturity of the technical solutions both underground and in ore processing.

Name origin
Minas da Panasqueira is named after the location of the initial mining operation. At the end of the 19th century, the area was covered with gorse, broom bush and several species of low-lying bushes and pines. The stony ground was totally unsuitable for grain cultivation. The population of the neighbouring village of Cebola (current São Jorge da Beira) used the folds in the slopes to make terraces where they planted potatoes, corn or pasture. In this manner, small cultivation areas divided into narrow terraces with some fruit trees and large chestnut trees were created in the three small valleys of Madurrada, Vale Torto, and Panasqueira.

In Panasqueira the ore mining work began and the first washing plant was built. The name of this valley derives from panasco, the common name given to various types of grass (Dactylis, Agrostis) very common in the region, especially in fields where rye was sown. The population called this new mine Minas da Panasqueira.

Pre-industrial period
There are records of extensive galleries in Vale da Ermida, Fontes Casinhas and Courelas associated with the exploitation of tin, but this period is poorly documented. There are records of alluvial exploitation of tin in the area of São Jorge da Beira, which is attributed to the Roman period.

Discovery
At the end of the 19th century, the region was covered with thick heather scrub, broom, arbutus and pine trees, which were used in the production of charcoal for sale in Fundão and Covilhã. One of these charcoal burners, known as "O Pescão de Casegas", found a shiny black stone and took it to Manuel dos Santos, in the parish of Barroca do Zêzere. After visiting the site, dos Santos went to Lisbon and asked Professor of Mineralogy and engineer Silva Pinto to examine the place where the sample had been discovered. On his return, dos Santos bought the land and began to mine for wolfram. The mining was done in an artisanal manner and supplemented by ore that the shepherds picked up elsewhere and sold to dos Santos.

When Pinto arrived at the site and saw the abundance of wolframite, he bought all the ore collected and the land from dos Santos, carrying out the first mining registration in the name of Firma Almeida Silva Pinto e Comandita. It was published on 25 November 1898.

The work proceeded on a larger scale with the mining of outcropping veins and a very rudimentary manual washing plant employing almost 100 people. At a later date, the concession was sold to the banker Henrique Burnay, 1st Earl of Burnay. The mine increased in size with the preparation of veins and expansion of surface facilities. In 1901 the concession was leased to an English company for a short period. Subsequently, the first mechanical steam-operated washing machine was assembled. The first galleries (numbers 10 and 13) date from this time. There are no production records but a shipping record dated 25 November 1909 which indicated 41 tons of wolfram concentrates; a notable amount for a mine of the time.

1911–1928: Wolfram Mining and Smelting
On 15 July 1911, a sale deed to the Wolfram Mining and Smelting Company Limited for 11 concessions and 125 ha of land was signed. The company's tenure was a time of great development with the opening of many galleries, expansion and modernization of the washing plants, and installation of a 5.1 km long aerial cable. The statements of 1912 are representative of a typical year of that time and indicate an annual production of 277 t of concentrates with 65% WO3, 1,078 m of galleries and a total of 244 workers. With the beginning of the First World War and the consequent increase in the price of wolfram, there was an increase in concentrate production which stabilized during this period at a value close to 30 t per month. The number of direct employees of the company stood at 800, plus around 200 self-employed workers.

At the end of the First World War (1918–1919) there was a drop in prices, production was paralysed, leaving the workforce reduced to 100 workers employed in accessory jobs. From 1920 to 1923 there was a period of intense mining, followed by a near stoppage in 1923, reactivation in 1924 and near complete paralysation in 1926. At this time tin mining began, first in Fontes Casinhas and later elsewhere.

1928–1973: Beralt Tin and Wolfram Limited
In 1928 with the entry of new shareholders, the name was changed and important work began, such as a new aerial cableway and a large washing plant in Rio (Cabeço do Pião). Production returned to values close to 30 t of concentrate per month, until another production stoppage period from 1931 to 1934. At this time a tin smelting furnace was installed in Rio.

In 1934 there was an increase in wolfram prices and consequent growth of the activity in the three main mining areas of the concession (Panasqueira, Barroca Grande and Rio). This cycle associated with the Second World War was notable with 750 workers in 1934; 4,457 in 1942 and 10,540 workers in 1943. The plant at Rio reached a capacity of 300 t per day and that of Panasqueira 1,000 t per day. The monthly production of concentrates reached 300 t at that time, more than the rest of the country combined. At that time the underground connection from Barroca Grande to Panasqueira took place. During the Second World War, Panasqueira was the largest mine in the country and one of the largest wolfram mines in the world. The price of wolfram dropped dramatically at the end of the war, only rising again in 1950 due to the Korean War. During this period there was a great modernization of the company with the introduction of scrapers and mechanical loaders. Mules were replaced by locomotives. Cassiterite production was increased to compensate for low wolfram prices. The production of copper concentrates began in 1962.

From 1957 to 1965 there was a further decrease in the price of wolfram which resulted in a reduction of production in order to control costs. In 1966, a positive price trend began that peaked in 1970 with a corresponding period of expansion. However, soon afterwards prices suddenly dropped again. During this period the production was stockpiled rather than sold below production price, but due to financial expenses it was decided to increase capital with the entry of new shareholders.

1973–1990: Beralt Tin and Wolfram Portugal
The company adopted a new name in 1973 with the acquisition of 20% of its capital by BNU (Banco Nacional Ultramarino). In 1974 when the price became more favorable the stockpile at the mine was sold. From 1974 onwards, there was a considerable increase in labour costs which accelerated of the mechanization of underground operations. During the 1970s various alternatives for deepening the mine were studied, and level 2 was opened and extraction was carried out through an inclined shaft that began operation in 1982. From 1983 the price began to fall again and Charter Consolidated, holder of 80% of the shares, sold its stake to Minorco in 1990.

1990–1993: Minorco
In 1993, due to several years of low wolfram prices, Minorco asked the General Directorate of Mines to close the mine, having submitted a request for authorization to sell the washing plant as scrap metal and to disconnect the sewage on level 3. Due to the reply from the General Directorate of Mines that the requested actions could only take place after establishing the conditions for closing the mine (a maintenance period for the two water treatment plants at the mine and a water quality monitoring program in the Bodelhão stream and Zêzere River), Minorco decided to sell the company to Avocet Mining.

1993–2004: Avocet Mining
Major changes took place during the initial period of Avocet, namely the reopening of the mine in January 1994, the transfer of the washing plant from Rio to Barroca Grande, the continuation of the opening of level 3 and the construction of an extraction shaft between levels 2 and 3, which began operating in 1998.

The final period of Avocet's management was of major economical difficulty due to the extremely low and persistent wolfram prices with a degradation of the mine's production capacity which, coupled with the termination on 31 December 2003 of contracts with customers that guaranteed the sale of production at a price above the market value, led the company to notify the General Directorate of Mines of its intention to close the mine as of 1 January 2004. Following negotiations, and based on well-founded expectations that within six months there would be an increase in prices, the State guaranteed the payment of workers' wages between March and August 2004 through the Wage Guarantee Fund, which created conditions for the recovery and acquisition of the mine by Almonty.

2004–2007: Almonty
From May 2004 to October 2007 the American group Almonty managed the mines through its representative Primary Metals. During this period the productive capacity of the mines was restored and production on level 2 was resumed.

2007–2016: Sojitz Corporation
The Japanese company Sojitz Corporation acquired the mine in October 2007 and sold it back to Almonty in January 2016. During this period the company changed its name to Sojitz Beralt Tin and Wolfram Portugal. Mining was done in a very large area of the mine, returning to previously abandoned levels, i.e. levels 1 and 0. Prospecting was carried out to identify additional reserves within and surrounding the mining concession. Tailings from the old Panasqueira village washing plant that contained interesting levels of wolfram were also mined. In 2008, part of the concession that was located south of the Zêzere River was detached, leaving the management of the old infrastructure in the hands of the Fundão city council, although the mining company maintained responsibility for monitoring the water in the Zêzere and the control of acid runoff.

2016 to present: Almonty Industries
Almonty Industries is the current owner of the mine, acquiring it on 6 January 2016 and once again changing the name to Beralt Tin and Wolfram. During this period mining continued throughout the mine between levels 0 and 3, resuming mining in an old tin-rich area in the northern zone of level 2, known as Panasqueira Deep. The possibility of recovering various metals contained in sludge dams, especially wolfram, tin and copper, is being studied at the moment.

Historical mining production
There are no reliable records of mining production between 1898 and 1933; however it is known, that it was relevant in some years of this period. In the period that is recorded (1934 to present), 128,110 t of wolfram concentrates, 6,576 t of tin concentrates and 32,410 t of copper concentrates were produced. The wolfram concentrates produced have an average of 75% WO3, the tin concentrates an average of 74% tin, and the copper concentrates an average of 28–30% copper. Along with these main products, minerals for collecting are also extracted and gravel is sold as inert material for the civil construction. Since 1985, the mine has been the only wolfram mine in Portugal, and from 1950 until the end of 2016, it was responsible for 77% of the country's total wolfram production.

The main commercialized product, wolfram concentrates (wolframite in the case of Panasqueira) are a reference in the industry as they have had the highest grade and purity in the world for decades. They are generally paid at a premium in relation to market prices and chosen by the manufacturers of intermediate or final products where a particular purity of the raw material is required.

Minerals for collection
The Panasqueira mine is also notable in mineral collection due to the size, excellent crystallization and variety of minerals from the mine. In the mine's veins almost all known silicates have been identified, as well as two minerals that have only been found in the mine, namely panasqueiraite and thadeuite. Several mineral collections around the world include specimens from the mine, especially the ferberite and fluorapatite varieties of wolframite. The collection of collectible-quality mineral samples is done daily, whenever possible, and as the underground mine work progresses. Most of the samples are found in cavities in the veins, which in mining slang are called rotos, of variable size (on a centimeter to meter scale) and random occurrence. The reason for the quality and perfection of the crystals is the high amount of volatile elements present in Panasqueira's veins, which allows the cavities to form under suitable temperature and pressure conditions.

Museum
As an initiative of the parish council of the Village of Saint Francis de Assisi, and in collaboration with the mining company, several spaces related to the mine have been turned into a museum, where photos and other objects related to the mine's history can be viewed. There is an old deactivated diesel tank that has been transformed into a 3-story building in the shape of a gasometer and which contains various exhibition spaces.

Since 2006 there has been a set of rooms with a permanent exhibition of the mine at the National Museum of Natural History and Science in Lisbon. There are mineral collections from the mine in other museums in Portugal such as the National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG) in São Mamede de Infesta. Many of the best museums worldwide with mineral collections have Panasqueira specimens. Good examples can be seen at the American Museum of Natural History in New York or at the Natural History Museum in London.

Location
Panasqueira is located in the municipality of Covilhã, Castelo Branco District between the mountain ranges of Serra do Açor and Gardunha. The mining concession is called the "C-18 Mining Concession" and has an area of 1,913ha. The lowest point of the concession is located along the Zêzere River at an elevation of 360m and the highest at the geographic landmark of Chiqueiro at 1,086m. The landscape is covered with extensive eucalyptus and maritime pine plantations with small terraces planted with olive trees, vines, and some fruit trees. The mine is the largest local employer with approximately 300 direct workers, who reside mainly in the surrounding villages, including Barroca Grande, São Jorge da Beira, Silvares (Fundão), Unhais-o-Velho and Dornelas do Zêzere.

Regional geology
Regarding the occurrence of wolfram and tin deposits in Portugal, the Iberian tin-wolfram metallogenic province extends east of the Porto-Coimbra-Tomar shear and northeast of the Juromenha thrust. With the exception of the deposits linked to the granite of St. Eulália in the Ossa Morena Zone, the remainder are located in the Central Iberian Zone (ZCI), Galicia-Trás-os-Montes Zone (ZGMTM) and West Asturian Leonese Zone. The Portuguese tin-wolfram metallogenic province develops throughout the central and northern region of Portugal where the vein deposits are of greatest economic importance. The ZGMTM and ZCI differ essentially by the occurrence of allochthonous and para-authochthonous thrust sheets in the ZGMTM. Most of the outcropping rocks are granites and schists of the greywacke schist complex. To a lesser extent Precambrian, Ordovician and Silurian rocks occur.

The distribution of tin and wolfram deposits is extensive and follows the location of Variscan granite outcrops, in addition to alignments parallel to the outcrops, and are generally found in halos of contact metamorphism reflecting the presence of granites at shallow depths (at Panasqueira, Argemela, Gois, Borralha, Vale das Gatas, Ribeira, and Argozelo, among others). Mineralization occurs both in the contact zone of intrusive granites and metasediments, and in the contact zone of intrusive granites in other older granites. The main occurrences of wolfram and tin are conditioned by structures inherited from early and late Variscan shears or fractures related to the installation of post-tectonic granites.

Local geology
Contact occurs between the greywacke schist complex of the Beiras group and the Variscan granite complex of northern Portugal. The Beiras group is formed by a dense series of thin lentils of marine origin, of clay and sandstone, which later underwent low-grade regional metamorphism (a facies of greenschist) during the initial compressive phases of the Variscan orogeny. The mines are located in the area of the greywacke schist complex in the ZCI. It is a region where metamorphosed sedimentary rock predominates, but where a large number of acidic and basic eruptive manifestations also occur. The age of the metasediments is attributed to the Cambrian or Upper Precambrian.

There are basic intrusive rocks identified as dolerites which occur as 0.5 to 3m thick veins, mainly oriented north to south and vertically inclined. They are dark grey, fine grained and micro-porphyritic, being altered in contact with the mineral veins. They present irregular fractures and polyhedral disjunction. Mineralogically they essentially consist of labradorite, hornblende, chlorite and pyroxene which is amphibolitized. They do not affect mineralization and are intersected by the vein system. These dikes follow the two deformation phases. In the eastern zone of the mining concession there are mottled schists with spots of biotite and chlorite, and less frequently chiastolite and cordierite which correspond to a contact metamorphism halo, which is considered to indicate the presence of an intrusion of an in-depth magmatic body.

Formation
The sub-horizontal layout of the vein field was controlled either by pre-existing fracturing due to early deformation, or by the stress field associated with the granitic intrusion mechanism. The intruding granite heated and elevated the fluid pressure of nearby rocks, causing a network of radial fractures to open around the intrusive massif, allowing entry of granitic rocks into the fractures to form dikes and sills.

In the next phase, when the pressure of the ascending magma and the resistance of the host rock to intrusion are equal, there is a decrease in fluid pressure and consequently the future ore body is sheared and further fractured. The fluids turn the interior of the granite dome into greisen. Finally, the massif enters a solidification phase and, due to cooling, the topmost zone contracts. This is the situation at the mine, where the inclined radial structures are the precursors of the "galo" veins and the reopening of the sub-horizontal fractures gave rise to the veins. Therefore, it is considered that the vein procession may be an example of a vein field installed during the consolidation phase, in which, due to the cooling of the intrusive massif and dynamic propagation of fractures, sub-horizontal tensile cracks are generated and existing ones reopened.

Morphology of veins
The Panasqueira deposit consists of an extensive field of quartz veins, notable for its size and the abundance of mineral paragenesis. The wolfram-tin-copper mineralized zone consists of sub-horizontal quartz dikes (usually with an inclination of less than 25º, increasing to 30–40º near the greisen dome) that overlap and fill in fractures mainly developed in schist rocks, with an average depth of 25 cm (ranging from 1 to 150 cm) and a width that can reach 200 m, with an average of 48 m. The most important mineral in economical terms is wolfram (wolframite); tin (cassiterite) and copper (chalcopyrite) are mining by-products.

In addition to these minerals, there is a great variety of other minerals such as: muscovite, topaz, fluorite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, sphalerite, apatite, siderite, calcite and dolomite.

There is also a very typical morphology in these veins called rabo de enguia (English: 'eel's tail'). This morphology consists of pressure-induced throttling, often resulting in the precipitation of wolframite and cassiterite at the ends. They regularly display a structure that suggests different filling phases related to reopening events.

The veins with the greatest inclination (30º to 40º), found in the vicinity of the greisen dome, are called "galo" veins. Usually these types of veins are also well mineralized. They sometimes show variable deviations of 1 to 5 m, and after dipping return to the horizontal. A different and relatively frequent structure in both the mine and the surrounding area are quartz structures called seixo bravo (English: 'wild pebbles'). This connotation is mainly due to their hardness and the fact that they do not contain useful minerals. These are lenticular, irregular veins, with a sub-vertical inclination whose arrangement is consistent with the main schistosity and can easily reach 3 m in width. It is a quartz of exudation, sterile, and a product of the segregation and recrystallization of quartz by regional metamorphism. They are prior to mineralized veins and often form 90º angles.

Mineral associations
Establishing a deposition sequence for the minerals from the mine is quite difficult due to the existence of different stages of formation and the fact that some of them only appear in certain areas of the mining concession, making their correlation very difficult. However, Kelly & Rye (1979) defined four stages of deposition for the mineralogy of the veins:

 * 1) Oxide and silicate formation stage: the most significant stage from an economical point of view, since wolframite and cassiterite form. In this stage most of the quartz and muscovite, as well as tourmaline, topaz and a large part of arsenopyrite, are formed in at least two generations.
 * 2) Major sulfide formation stage: the predominant minerals are sulfides, especially pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, stannite and pyrrhotite and, to a lesser extent, galena. New generations of arsenopyrite, already in a third generation, can be found, as well as muscovite and quartz. The final phase of this stage essentially corresponds to the end of apatite deposition.
 * 3) Pyrrhotite alteration stage: fundamentally characterized by the alteration of pyrrhotite, which results in marcasite and mainly siderite, due to the iron released in the alteration process. Added to this iron is the iron released in the dissolution of pyrite-I giving rise to a second generation of pyrite, magnetite and hematite. In this phase, there is also an alteration of stannite by reaction with siderite, forming covellite, chalcopyrite and cassiterite. It is also at this stage that the silver salts usually associated with bismuthinite and accompanied by sphalerite or chalcopyrite are deposited.
 * 4) Late carbonate formation stage: characterized by the formation of carbonates, mainly calcite and dolomite, the latter in mixed crystals, i.e. with a core of siderite as well as fluorite. It is in this stage that chlorite is formed. Later generations of sulfides are also observed, but always in small amounts.

Faults
From a structural point of view, the mine region is characterized by the occurrence of a large number of faults and fractures, locally well marked, both in the type of filling they have and in their orientation. There are two major fault systems: those belonging to the north–south system and those belonging to the NE-SW to ENE-WSW system. To the first belong the main, 3W, 1W, Fonte da Lameiras, and Vale das Freiras faults; the Cebola and 8E faults belong to the second. It is thought that the latter were initiated with strike-slip movements during the Variscan orogeny and reactivated during the Alpine orogeny. It is a complex of faults in the left shear zone, which affects the Ordovician formations of the Serra do Vidual in the southwest, and joins with the ManteigasUnhais da Serra fault in the northeast. There are no recognized outcrops of mineralized veins north-northwest of this accident, neither of wolframite nor cassiterite.

Organization of mining infrastructure
Mining at Panasqueira has always been done by underground methods, with the exception of a small mixed method tin mine (glory hole) in Vale de Ermida in the 1950s. The mine galleries are horizontal and since the joining of the two main historical mining areas (Panasqueira and Barroca Grande) with the main gallery of Barroca Grande; it was renamed level 0. Later level 1 was traced and then levels 2 and 3. The spacing between these levels is 60 m as previously the opening systems for chimneys (raises) were complex and dangerous. With the acquisition in 1974 of a raise borer, the spacing between levels (level 3) increased to 90 m. There is a mine drainage level (level 530), 30 m below level 2 where historically ore was also extracted. All mine drainage exits through this gallery. Water from higher levels flows by gravity, while water below the drainage level is sent to a pumping station installed below level 3. Horizontally, the galleries of the various levels form a grid in which the north–south galleries are called panels and the east–west galleries are called drives.

Extraction of ore to the surface was done by tunnels above level 0 and then through several vertical shafts. With the relocation of the production zones to the southwest of the washing plant, in order to reduce the operational complexity of the various extraction shafts, increase capacity and centralize extraction by modern means closer to the new centre of the mining area, an underground crushing chamber was installed at 530 m elevation. A 17º incline conveyor belt transports the crushed ore to several surface storage pits that feed the washing plant and allow the necessary flexibility between the mine and the plant. This system, which began operation in 1981 is still in use today. For ore extraction below level 2 (level 3) a vertical shaft was installed in 1996, which brings the ore up to level 2 (at 560 m elevation).

Mining methods

The ore is extracted in stopes by drilling and blasting with explosives, and loaded by LHDs into storage and extraction bins which are regularly arranged and fill 4 ton minecarts. The minecarts circulate between levels 2 and 3, dumping the ore into the crushing chamber on level 2. The minecarts are pulled by battery or diesel locomotives. The large size of the vein field and the fact that Panasqueira's veins are very homogeneous throughout the mineralized zone allowed the systematization and mechanization of mining from the beginning. This was essential for the survival of the mine in a sector that has experienced notable difficulties in recent decades due to changing mining industry patterns in the European Union.

The stoping methods used in the mine have varied over time:

Longwall
During the 1950s the longwall method was widespread throughout the mine. Depending on the inclination of the veins, parallel fronts (for sub-horizontal veins) or irregular fronts, also known in the mine as modas e bordados (English: 'fashions and embroidery'; for veins with an inclination between 7º and 12º), were used. Within the stope, manually filled wooden minecarts circulated that transported the disassembled ore to the pits where it dropped by gravity to the lower rolling level. Mechanical drilling was done with jackhammers and the start-up was done, as today, with explosives. When filling the minecarts the overburden was chosen to remain as a wall that accompanied the progress of the excavation, forming the structure responsible for supporting the cavity. This method had several drawbacks such as a high labour demand and the loss of a large part of the finer fraction of the ore when it was violently projected against the stone walls. The method evolved in order to find solutions for the loss of this finer and consequently more mineralized fraction.

Longwalls with converging faces
The year 1958 marked a fundamental evolution in the longwall mining method, due to a lack of manpower caused by immigration. Mechanization was necessary with the adaptation of haulers or scrapers that had high capacity, versatility and range. For the use of scrapers the stopes were adapted into a system of faces converging at the storage and extraction chimney. This variant that in the mine was known as bacalhau ('cod') was doubled. This was the system used throughout most of the 1960s and that resulted in a 40% increase in productivity compared to the initial longwall method.

Room and pillar: initial phase
The construction of walls to support the ceiling was a completely manual job and consumed about 60% of the labour used in stoping. The importance of investigating another support system that would at the same time allow greater mechanization of the remaining stoping operations resulted in the transition to the room and pillar method. The pillars were successively reduced in size, and for the final phase of stoping two support methods were tested: reinforced concrete columns formed by overlapping tiles, and piles of wood stacked in various ways. The concrete columns were abandoned almost immediately due to their cost and lack of elasticity that led to sudden breaks. The wooden piles gave better results and were implemented first in combination with stone walls and then alone.

Room and pillar: later method
The room and pillar method allowed an increasing mechanization of the stoping operations that led to the use of drilling machines, first with compressed air and then with electro-hydraulic systems. It also allowed the use of loaders, first compressed air, then electrical and currently diesel. The cost of labour and materials associated with using wood piles for total ore recovery is the reason why residual pillars containing 16% of the ore are left behind, leading to a deposit recovery of 84%.

Currently all stope work is mechanized and the stoping sequence proceeds in five phases:

 * 1) Recognition galleries are opened along the vein (inclines) to confirm the real value of a vein or zone of the vein as well as its exact geometry (measured resources). In this phase the infrastructure such as electrical supply, compressed air, and ventilation are set up.
 * 2) Exploration galleries are opened in a grid pattern, leaving 11 by 11 m columns between them. This is done until the full definition of the exploitable zones of a given vein is determined.
 * 3) At the end of the 2nd Phase and when the veins above have already been mined, the 11 by 11 m pillars are cut in half by galleries, which are always 5 m wide, resulting in 11 by 3 m rectangular pillars.
 * 4) The rectangular pillars are cut in half by new galleries, leaving 3 by 3 m residual pillars.
 * 5) The 3 by 3 m pillars are unstable in the long term, but they allow for a 6-month period in which it is possible to work safely in the last phase of stoping, which is the extraction by small excavators of the finer material that accumulates on the floor (threshold) and has an appreciable amount of wolfram due to the friability of wolframite. This phase is monitored with a visual assessment of the pillars and measurement of roof-floor convergences to verify the safety conditions within the stope. Once the clean-up work is complete, the stope is abandoned and access is prohibited.

Ore processing
For decades there were three independent processing plants which later complemented each other, Panasqueira, Cabeço do Pião and Barroca Grande. Panasqueira Plant began to be built in the 19th century and was progressively transferred, from 1928, to Barroca Grande which has a more central location, more available area, greater access to water and other advantages that led to the Panasqueira plant being completely deactivated in the 1960s. The Cabeço do Pião plant, like the one at Panasqueira, began to be built at the end of the 19th century. With the abandonment of this vein exploitation zone, and due to the greater availability of water from the Zêzere River, this plant only treated the pre-concentrates that came first by aerial cable and later by truck from the Barroca Grande plant. At the end of the 1980s, the Panasqueira mine was large enough that its drainage water was sufficient to supply the necessary flow to the entire industrial structure; thus between 1992 and 1996, in order to rationalize costs and due to environmental reasons all ore concentration operations were centralized at the Barroca Grande plant.

The ore enrichment process has evolved greatly over time. In the beginning it started in the stopes with manual selection of the ore, reaching the plant with an enrichment of approximately 6 times in relation to the rock with which it was stoped. This manual sorting operation was difficult to carry out in the stopes, so a rougher sorting was done in the stopes, with the finer sorting being done in the Barroca Grande plant on ore that had already been washed and screened, and in good lighting conditions. The pre-concentration continued by jigging and the pre-concentrate then went to the Cabeço do Pião plant.

With the increase in stope height due to increasing mechanization from the 1960s to the 1990s, more waste was produced for the same amount of ore, resulting in higher amounts of low grade ore reaching the plant. It was necessary to replace the pre-concentration done by manual sorting and jigging with a more efficient method and one with a greater capacity to deal with the greater volume of waste rock that reached the plant. In 1971 a dense media (HMS) was installed for this purpose, which performs pre-concentration very effectively and with minimal losses. Due to improvement in the mine stoping method and the greater need for fragmentation for the dense media, a fine ore recovery circuit was installed in the 1960s which was improved and expanded in the 1980s.

Currently, the ore leaves the stope with a grade of approximately 0.15% WO3. Its concentration in the first stages is completely hydrogravitic. For this purpose, advantage is taken of the fact that the minerals to be used (wolframite, cassiterite and chalcopyrite) are dense, and in the case of Panasqueira of very heavy mineralization. After secondary crushing to 20 mm the ore is enriched through dense media and shaking tables until a pre-concentrate with approximately 6% WO3 is obtained. This pre-concentrate is then concentrated to levels close to those of the final concentrate on flotation tables, for the simultaneous enrichment of dense particles and separation of sulfides, which are then floated to obtain a final copper concentrate (chalcopyrite). The dense pre-concentrate is then separated on tables and by electromagnetic separation into wolfram (wolframite) and tin (cassiterite) concentrates.

Environmental installations
Drainage water from the mine is conducted to the surface through the Salgueira gallery. The water has a pH of around 4 and contains heavy metals above the emission limit values. In the 1950s a wastewater treatment plant was installed, which, by alkalinization via the addition of lime, treats the water until heavy metals are precipitated into sludge which is then stored in the tailings dams. The treated water is pumped for use as industrial water in both the processing plant and the mine. Since the 1950s, the mine has expanded and the effluent flow has increased proportionally. In 2011 the water treatment plant was expanded and improved to treat all the water coming from the mine, the plant and runoff from the tailings. The non-reusable effluent resulting from the process is dumped into the Bodelhão stream, complying with the monitoring program defined in the Environmental License, with monthly reporting to the relevant authorities. The plant almost completely reuses the water it uses due to the use of several decanters installed for this purpose. The sludge resulting from water treatment, as well as the finer fraction of tailings from the plant, are stored together in tailings dams. Any effluent from these dams is redirected to the water treatment plant. Tailings in the form of sand and gravel are sold as construction aggregate. The part that is not sold serves as a barrier for the tailings dams.

title: Panasqueira


text:
Internet radio device

An Internet radio device, also called network music player is a hardware device that is capable of receiving and playing streamed media from either Internet radio stations or a home network.

Background
Streaming media became mainstream with the advent of portable music players / MP3 player and the convenience of converting and compressing CD music into music file by the computer or the acquisition of products in such formats using on-line music stores like Amazon, iTunes, and 7digital.

The network music player is connected to a home router. For convenience a wireless router is often used. The router is connected to the internet and thus enables access to Internet streaming resources. Alternatively, the home network can access the user's collection of music on a computer or on a network-attached storage (NAS) device dedicated to store a user's music files.

Audio streaming
Audio streaming is one way of transmitting audio files on a continuous feed to a network music player. A common way today is to stream the audio from the computer to a network music player over the more convenient wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi in a networked environment. The computer, which is typically used for storing the music file, acts as a music server by means of server software, often compliant to DLNA (Digital Living Network Alliance) standard. And the network music player is a typical receiver which starts playing an audio file as soon as some of the data has been received so that one does not have to wait for the entire audio file to finish downloading.

The MP3 music file is streamed to the network music player in digital format, commonly in the original MP3 format. Therefore, the audio details of the MP3 music are sent wirelessly in the home to the network music player as it is stored on the computer and without loss.

The MP3 music files are then converted back into audio signal by the network music player and played. As the MP3 music files are organized by the music server on the computer, the information is also sent to the network music player where the user can see all of the music track information. Many companies working actively in bringing Internet radio into devices are organized in the Internet Media Device Alliance IMDA. In addition to the home networking standards of DLNA, IMDA compatibility standards dedicated to all aspects of Internet radio distribution.

Internet radio
Internet reaches many areas in the world, and thus does Internet radio. It has expanded enormously with an estimated 19,000 stations currently available, including many traditional FM /AM simulcasting their content over the Internet.

Online music services
Online music services usually offer millions of songs and thousands of artists for users to choose from. Network music players that support online music services let users access this vast selection of music tracks.

Station directory services keep a current list of active Internet radio stations, their URI and streaming formats and list them sorted by genre, location, language and other criteria. Many devices use either proprietary vendor-specific station list servers or dedicated directory services.

Categories
There are generally two types of network music players:
 * Those without speakers that need to be connected to an audio system in order to listen to the music. Examples of commercial devices are the Philips Streamium NP1100 and NP2500, the Logitech Squeezebox, the Roku SoundBridge (M500, M1000, M2000 and M1001), and the Grace Digital IRDT200.
 * Those with their own speakers. Examples of commercial devices are the Connected Flow range of devices from Pure Digital, TerraTec Noxon family, Philips Streamium NP2900 the Logitech Squeezebox Boom, the Roku SoundBridge Radio (R1000), and Grace Digital models IR1000-IR2500. Also many higher-end audio devices such as AVRs and systems from Denon, Pioneer and Onkyo include Internet radio capability.

Hardware
Network music players usually have:
 * Broadband connection: an Ethernet and/or Wi-Fi network interface, with TCP/IP support for access to the Internet
 * USB port, where the user can connect an external MP3 player like iPod or external harddrive for MP3 files
 * LCD, remote control
 * Built-in amplifier/speaker, or AUX-out port, that can be used to connect to a HiFi or similar audio device
 * Rechargeable batteries for mobility with internal charger integrated
 * Favorite streams & contents can be saved as presets
 * Clock with lighted display, some with alarm settings and auto-time-sync

Some devices also have:
 * Memory card reader: SD or even SDHC card
 * XLR connectors
 * (MP3) stream encryption

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Internet radio device


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SEGA boards

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 01:57, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

SEGA boards
While Sega is obviously notable, their webpage might be, but the forums on that webpage is getting a bit too trivial. (See also WP:WEB) Radiant_ >|< 10:47, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Radiant. --Scimitar parley 20:32, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per above Dottore So 20:39, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Radiant. K1Bond007 21:02, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Radiant!. -Splash 02:51, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Sega and redirect. Don't see any point in removing verifiable information from an encyclopedia, don't think there's enough to merit an article on its own. --Tony Sidaway Talk 17:40, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and direct, as per TS. Alai 21:30, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Hungary at the 1952 Summer Olympics

Hungary competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. 189 competitors, 162 men and 27 women, took part in 107 events in 15 sports.

Medalists
Hungary finished in third position in the final medal rankings, behind only the United States and Soviet Union.

 * style="text-align:left; width:78%; vertical-align:top;"|

Default sort order: Medal, Date, Name

 * style="text-align:left; width:22%; vertical-align:top;"|

Multiple medalists
The following competitors won multiple medals at the 1952 Olympic Games.

Basketball

 * Men's Team Competition
 * Qualification Round (Group B)
 * Defeated Greece (75-38)
 * Lost to Philippines (35-48)
 * Defeated Greece (47-44)

 * Main Round (Group A)
 * Lost to United States (48-66)
 * Lost to Uruguay (56-70)
 * Lost to Czechoslovakia (39-63) → did not advance, 15th place

 * Team Roster
 * László Bánhegyi
 * Pál Bogár
 * György Bokor
 * Tibor Cselkó
 * Tibor Czinkán
 * János Greminger
 * László Hódy
 * Tibor Mezőfi
 * Péter Papp
 * János Simon
 * Gyula Telegdy
 * Tibor Zsíros

Boxing
Men's Flyweight:
 * Kornél Molnár
 * First Round – Lost to William Michael Toweel of South Africa (0 - 3)

Men's Featherweight:
 * János Erdei
 * First Round – Defeated Georges Malézanoff of Bulgaria (2 - 1)
 * Second Round – Defeated Kurt Schirra of Saarland (3 - 0)
 * Third Round – Lost to Jan Zachara of Czechoslovakia (1 - 2)

Men's Lightweight:
 * István Juhász
 * First Round – Defeated Luis Albino Acuña of Uruguay (3 - 0)
 * Second Round – Defeated Clayton Orten Kenny of Canada (2 - 1)
 * Third Round – Lost to Aureliano Bolognesi of Italy (1 - 2)

Light-welterweight
 * Béla Farkas
 * First Round – Lost to Pavle Šovljanski of Yugoslavia (0 - 3)

Men's Welterweight:
 * Pál Budai
 * First Round – Lost to Günther Heidemann of Germany (1 - 2)

Men's Light-Middleweight:
 * László Papp → [[Image:Gold medal.svg|16x16px]] Gold Medal
 * First Round – Defeated Ellsworth Webb of United States (KO 2R)
 * Second Round – Defeated Charles Chase of Canada (KO 2R)
 * Third Round – Defeated Petar Stankoff Spassoff of Bulgaria (3 - 0)
 * Semifinal – Defeated Eladio Oscar Herrera of Argentina (3 - 0)
 * Final – Defeated Theunis Jacobus van Schalkwyk of South Africa (3 - 0)

Men's Middleweight:
 * Mátyás Plachy
 * First Round – Lost to Nelson de Paula Andrade of Brazil (1 - 2)

Men's Light-heavyweight
 * István Fazekas
 * First Round – Lost to Toon Pastor of Netherlands (0 - 3)

Men's Heavyweight:
 * László Bene
 * Second Round – Lost to Ilkka Koski of Finland (KO 2R)

Cycling
Men's Individual Road Race (190.4 km)
 * Road Competition
 * István Lang — did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * István Schillerwein — did not finish (→ no ranking)
 * Lajos Látó — did not finish (→ no ranking)

Men's 1.000m Time Trial
 * Track Competition
 * István Lang
 * Final — 1:16.9 (→ 18th place)

Men's 1.000m Sprint Scratch Race
 * Béla Szekeres — 6th place

Fencing
17 fencers, 14 men and 3 women, represented Hungary in 1952.

 * Men's foil
 * Endre Tilli
 * Lajos Maszlay
 * Endre Palócz

 * Men's team foil
 * Endre Tilli, Aladár Gerevich, Endre Palócz, Lajos Maszlay, Tibor Berczelly, József Sákovics

 * Men's épée
 * József Sákovics
 * Barnabás Berzsenyi
 * Béla Rerrich

 * Men's team épée
 * Lajos Balthazár, Barnabás Berzsenyi, Béla Rerrich, József Sákovics, Imre Hennyei

 * Men's sabre
 * Pál Kovács
 * Aladár Gerevich
 * Tibor Berczelly

 * Men's team sabre
 * Aladár Gerevich, Tibor Berczelly, Rudolf Kárpáti, Pál Kovács, László Rajcsányi, Bertalan Papp

 * Women's foil
 * Ilona Schachererné Elek
 * Magdolna Nyári-Kovács
 * Margit Elek

Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Hungary in 1952. They won gold in the team event with Gábor Benedek winning silver and István Szondy winning bronze in the individual event.

 * Individual
 * Gábor Benedek
 * István Szondy
 * Aladár Kovácsi

 * Team
 * Gábor Benedek
 * István Szondy
 * Aladár Kovácsi

Rowing
Hungary had 15 male rowers participate in three out of seven rowing events in 1952.

 * Men's coxed pair
 * László Halász
 * József Sátori
 * Róbert Zimonyi (cox)

 * Men's coxless four
 * László Decker
 * Imre Kaffka
 * János Hollósi
 * Imre Kemény

 * Men's eight
 * István Sándor
 * Csaba Kovács
 * Miklós Zágon
 * Tibor Nádas
 * Rezső Riheczky
 * Pál Bakos
 * László Marton
 * Béla Zsitnik
 * Róbert Zimonyi (cox)

Shooting
Six shooters represented Hungary in 1952. In the 25 m pistol event Károly Takács won gold and Szilárd Kun won silver. Ambrus Balogh won bronze in the 50 m pistol.

 * 25 m pistol
 * Károly Takács
 * Szilárd Kun

 * 50 m pistol
 * Ambrus Balogh
 * Ferenc Décsey

 * 300 m rifle, three positions
 * Ambrus Balogh
 * Ferenc Décsey

 * 50 m rifle, three positions
 * Imre Ágoston
 * János Dosztály

 * 50 m rifle, prone
 * Imre Ágoston
 * János Dosztály

title: Hungary at the 1952 Summer Olympics


text:
Pei Yaoqing

Pei Yaoqing (681–743), courtesy name Huanzhi (渙之), formally Marquess Wenxian of Zhaocheng (趙城文獻侯), was a Chinese diplomat, poet, and politician of the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. He had a friendly relationship with fellow chancellor Zhang Jiuling, and when another chancellor, Li Linfu, managed to convince Emperor Xuanzong that both Zhang and Pei were engaging in factionalism, both were removed, although Pei continued to serve in important positions in the imperial administration until his death in 743. He was known for improving the food transportation system between the capital Chang'an and the eastern capital Luoyang, obviating the need for the emperor to periodically move between the two capitals.

Background
Pei Yaoqing was born in 681, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. He was from "The Wu Pei from south" of the prominent Pei clan of Hedong. Pei Yaoqing's grandfather Pei Shen (裴慎) served as a county magistrate during Tang, and his father Pei Shouzhen (裴守真) served as a prefectural prefect.

Pei Yaoqing was said to be intelligent well-learned even in childhood, being able to read complex text when he was only a few years old. He later passed a special imperial examination for boys,  and in his youth became an assistant secretary at the Palace Library. He later served as the communications for Emperor Gaozong's son Li Dan the Prince of Xiang. Li Dan respected him, and made him and his colleague Wei Liqi (韋利器) consultants. After Li Dan, a former emperor, returned to the throne in 712 (as Emperor Ruizong), he made Pei Guozi Zhubu (國子主簿), the secretary general at the imperial university.

During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
Early in the Kaiyuan era (713-741) of Emperor Ruizong's son Emperor Xuanzong, Pei Yaoqing was made the magistrate of Chang'an County—one of the two counties making up the Tang capital Chang'an. At that time, Chang'an County put governmental funds in trust with rich households to have them manage the funds for the government, leading to much trouble for both government and the people. Pei ended the practice and retrieved the funds from the rich households, reducing both corruption and burden on these households. He served as magistrate of Chang'an County for two years, and it was said that he drew a balance between strictness and laxity. When he left that office, the people missed him greatly.

In 725, Pei became the prefect of Ji Prefecture (濟州, roughly modern Liaocheng, Shandong). That year, Emperor Xuanzong offered sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai, and as he went through the various prefectures, the prefectural prefects were rushing to offer him tributes—but Emperor Xuanzong was impressed by three prefects—Wang Qiu (王丘), Cui Mian (崔沔), and Pei, who offered no luxury items—and in Pei's case, what he offered was several hundred suggestions, all of which were aiming toward correcting Emperor Xuanzong's behavior. Emperor Xuanzong was particularly impressed with one of the suggestions, which stated, "If you cause great harm to the people, then you cannot say that the realm is peaceful." Emperor Xuanzong promoted the three of them—in Pei's case, to be the prefect of the more important Ding Prefecture (定州, roughly modern Baoding, Hebei). At the time that his promotion was announced, he was overseeing a project to repair the Yellow River levees. Instead of departing immediately for Ding Prefecture, he delayed his departure to make sure that the levees would be complete. He later successively served as the prefect of Xuan (宣州, roughly modern Xuancheng, Anhui) and Ji (冀州, roughly modern Hengshui, Hebei, note different prefecture than his previous post) Prefectures, before being recalled to Chang'an to serve as the deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang).

In 732, Emperor Xuanzong commissioned his second cousin Li Hui (李褘) the Prince of Xin'an to command an army against Khitan and Xi tribes which would not submit to Tang suzerainty, with Pei as Li Hui's deputy. After Li Hui scored a major victory over both the Khitan and the Xi, Emperor Xuanzong ordered Pei to tour the Xi tribes that were submissive and which had participated in the campaign, to award a large amount of silk to them. Pei, realizing that such a journey would be filled with danger as other tribes might become aware and might attack, proceeded quickly on the trip and divided his train into several groups, awarding the silk quickly and then returning to Tang territory. Indeed, hearing about Pei's tour, Eastern Tujue and Shiwei forces launched a raid against him, but by the time that they arrived, Pei had already returned to Tang territory. In winter 732, he was made the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆府), which encompassed Chang'an.

In fall 733, there was much raining in the Guanzhong region (i.e., the region around Chang'an), causing flooding and rise in food prices. Emperor Xuanzong considered going to the eastern capital Luoyang, to decrease the need to requisition food supplies, and he summoned Pei to discuss with him. Pei suggested revising the food shipment scheme at that time to reduce the need for such journeys. Pei's proposal included several points:

 * At that time, most of the food supply was coming from south of the Yangtze River and were shipped by ships from the region, which were unfamiliar with the waters in the Yellow River region, the journeys were often slow, often causing thefts or embezzlement. Under Pei's proposal, a large food storage would be built at Hulao, where Bian River (汴水, a major shipping route from the Yangtze to the Yellow) joined Yellow River, and the ships from the Yangtze region would offload their supplies at Hulao.
 * The food supply would then be shipped from Hulao to Luoyang on either the Yellow River or the Luo River (洛水, flowing near Luoyang).
 * One large food storage would be built on each side of Sanmenxia. The food supplies intended for Chang'an would be shipped from Luoyang to Sanmenxia and stored there.
 * A road would be built from Sanmenxia upstream to the Wei River, allowing food to be shipped on land when the water flow was unsuitable for shipping on water.
 * Once the food supply had been shipped to the Wei River either on land or on water, the food could then be shipped easily to Chang'an.

Emperor Xuanzong agreed with the proposal. Later that year, when he removed the chancellors Xiao Song and Han Xiu from their chancellor positions, he made Pei and Zhang Jiuling new chancellors to succeed them. Specifically, Pei was made Huangmen Shilang (黃門侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng) with the chancellor de facto designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事). He was also made the director of food supply shipments (轉運使, Zhuanyun Shi).

In 734, Zhang proposed that private citizens be allowed to mint money. Pei opposed, pointing out that the quality of the coins would be greatly reduced. Emperor Xuanzong, with opposition also from Liu Zhi, decided not to allow private minting. Later that year, Pei was made Shizhong (侍中), the head of the examination bureau and a post considered one for a chancellor. Pursuant to Pei's proposal, a shipping station was built at the point where the Yellow River and the Bian River joined, with two large food storages—Heyin Storage (河陰倉) to the east and Boyai Storage (柏崖倉) to the west. At Sanmenxia, Jijin Storage (集津倉) was built to the east, and Yan Storage (鹽倉) was built to the west. A road 18 li long (roughly nine kilometers) was built from Sanmenxia to the Wei River. With Pei's plan implemented, the government received considerably savings during the next three years, and Pei's subordinates suggested that he submitted the surpluses to the emperor as a tribute. Pei stated, "This is money saved for the government. How can I use it to ingratiate the emperor?" Instead, he saved the money for future transportation improvements.

By 736, however, Pei was caught in the middle of palace intrigue, with fellow chancellor Li Linfu beginning to gain favor at the expense of Pei and Zhang, who were friendly with each other. At that time, there were several incidents for which the blunt Zhang had offended either Emperor Xuanzong—who was described to have begun to tire of governance and started seeking luxuries in earnest—or Li Linfu, who was described to be ingratiating the emperor:

 * In fall 736, when Emperor Xuanzong was at Luoyang, he had set to return to Chang'an on March 7, 737. However, at that time, an incident occurred where there were strange apparitions appearing in the Luoyang Palace, and Emperor Xuanzong did not want to stay at Luoyang. On or right before November 9, 736, he summoned the chancellors to ask them whether he could depart for Chang'an immediately. Pei and Zhang, pointing out the fact that it was harvest season and that the imperial train would interfere with harvest, requested a one-month delay. After Pei and Zhang exited, however, Li Linfu remained personally and stated his agreement with the departure, arguing that the farmers could be compensated by relieving their taxes. Emperor Xuanzong was pleased and immediately departed for Chang'an.
 * Emperor Xuanzong was, then, impressed with Niu Xianke, the military governor (jiedushi) of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia), wanted to make him the minister of defense. Zhang, who pointed out that Niu was not well-learned and had started from the ranks of low-level administrators—contrary to the Tang tradition of going through the imperial examinations—opposed, and then further opposed the creation of a title. Eventually, despite Zhang's opposition, Emperor Xuanzong, with concurrence from Li LInfu, created Niu the Duke of Longxi.
 * Li LInfu was associating with Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine Consort Wu and trying to have Emperor Xuanzong make her son Li Mao (李瑁) the Prince of Shou crown prince to replace Emperor Xuanzong's then-crown prince Li Ying, who had long lost Emperor Xuanzong's favor. With Zhang strenuously opposing such a move, Li Ying remained in his position.
 * The deputy minister Xiao Jiong (蕭炅), whom Li Linfu recommended, was demoted on the suggestion of Zhang and Zhang's friend Yan Tingzhi (嚴挺之), who further offended Li Linfu by refusing to meet with him. Soon thereafter, there was an incident where Wang Yunyan (王元琰), the husband of Yan's ex-wife, was accused of corruption. Yan tried to intercede on Wang's behalf, and this was discovered.

Li Linfu thus made accusations to Emperor Xuanzong that Zhang and Pei were engaging in factionalism. Around the new year 737, Emperor Xuanzong removed Pei and Zhang from their chancellor posts, making them Chengxiang (丞相) -- the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng) instead. Niu was made chancellor to replace them, serving with Li Linfu. At the same time, Pei was created the Marquess of Zhaocheng.

Later in 737, there was an incident in which the Yang Jun (楊濬) the prefect of Yi Prefecture (夷州, roughly modern Zunyi, Guizhou), was accused of corruption and received a death sentence. Emperor Xuanzong commuted the sentence to caning for 60 times and exile to Gu Prefecture (古州, roughly modern Lạng Sơn Province, Vietnam). Pei submitted a petition, pointing out that while caning instead of death was grace already, public caning nevertheless was undignified for someone who had been an honored official. Emperor Xuanzong agreed and commuted the caning as well.

In 740, Emperor Xuanzong, impressed at the military accomplishments of the general Gai Jiayun (蓋嘉運), the military governor of Hexi (河西, headquartered in modern Wuwei, Gansu) and Longyou (隴右, headquartered in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) Circuits, summoned him to the capital to reward him and commissioned him to plan an attack on Tufan. Gai, happy about the imperial favor, lingered in Chang'an and did not immediately depart. Pei submitted a petition, pointing out that while Gai was brave, he was becoming arrogant and unattentive in light of imperial favors. He suggested that Gai's commission be cancelled, or, in the least, that Emperor Xuanzong order Gai to immediately return to his command. Emperor Xuanzong did the latter. Later, as Pei predicted, Gai was unable to prevail over Tufan.

Pei continued to serve as Pushe for the next several years. He died in 743 and was given posthumous honors.

Notes and references

 * Old Book of Tang, vol. 98.
 * New Book of Tang, vol. 127.
 * Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 212, 213, 214.

title: Pei Yaoqing


text:
Pancharatra

Pancharatra (IAST: Pāñcarātra) was a religious movement in Hinduism that originated in late 3rd-century BCE around the ideas of Narayana and the various avatars of Vishnu as their central deities. The movement later merged with the ancient Bhagavata tradition and contributed to the development of Vaishnavism. The Pancharatra movement created numerous literary treatises in Sanskrit called the Pancharatra Samhitas, and these have been influential Agamic texts within the theistic Vaishnava movements.

Literally meaning five nights (pañca: five, rātra: nights), the term Pancharatra has been variously interpreted. The term has been attributed to a sage Narayana who performed a sacrifice for five nights and became a transcendent being and one with all beings. The Pancharatra Agamas constitute some of the most important texts of many Vaishnava philosophies including the Madhva Sampradaya or Brahma Sampradaya of Madhvacharya and the Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya of Ramanuja. The Pancharatra Agamas are composed of more than 200 texts; likely composed between 600 CE to 850 CE.

The Shandilya Sutras (~100 CE) is the earliest known text that systematized the devotional Bhakti pancharatra doctrine and 2nd-century CE inscriptions in South India suggest Pancharatra doctrines were known there by then. The 8th-century Adi Shankara criticized elements of the Pancharatra doctrine along with other theistic approaches stating Pancaratra doctrine was against monistic spiritual pursuits and non-Vedic. The 11th-century Ramanuja, the influential Vaishnavism scholar, developed a qualified monism doctrine which bridged ideas of Pancharatra movement and those of monistic ideas in the Vedas. The Pancharatra theology is a source of the primary and secondary avatar-related doctrines in traditions of Hinduism.

History
Pancharatra has likely roots in 3rd-century BCE, as a religious movement around the ideas of a sage Narayana, who much later becomes identified as an avatar of Vishnu.

The earliest use of the word Pancharatra is found in section 7.1.10 of the Taittiriya Samhita, a Vedic text. The section describes a person going through a Pancharatra ritual to become a master of rhetorics. The section 13.6 of the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa mentions Nārāyaṇa as the primordial divinity who performs this offering. The Narayaniya section of the Mahabharata (XII, 335–351) refers to seven rishis who say the Pancharatra ritual was made consistent with the Vedas. Though the five day ritual is mentioned along with many other sacrifices in the Vedic text, the origins of Pancaratra devotees and their tradition is unclear. The movement merged with the ancient Bhagavata tradition also around Krishna-Vāsudeva, and contributed to the development of Vaishnavism.

According to J. A. B. van Buitenen, the word "Pancharatra" is explained in Naradiya Samhita as referring to a tradition of "five knowledges". Similarly, Jan Gonda states that the term "nights" in "five nights" in the Pancharatra tradition may be a metaphor for inner darkness, and "came to mean – how, we do not know", though indeed there have been many interpretations such as "five systems", "five studies" and "five rituals".

The 1st-century works by Shandilya are the earliest known systematization of the Pancharatra doctrine. This doctrine was known and influential around then, as is attested by the 2nd-century CE inscriptions in South India. Evidence suggests that they co-existed with the Bhagavata tradition in ancient times.

The Advaita Vedanta scholars, such as Adi Shankara, criticized elements of the Pancharatra doctrine along with other theistic approaches stating it was against monistic spiritual pursuits and non-Vedic. According to Suthren Hirst, Shankara supported the use of icons and temple worship if it focussed as a means to comprehend Brahman as the sole metaphysical reality. However, he opposed devotional theism as an end in itself and the goal of spiritual pursuits. The Pancharatra tradition has historically disagreed with claims of it being non-Vedic, states Gonda, and Pancharatra texts explicitly state that, "Pancharatra is Vedic, it originates in the Sruti" and that the "Pancharatra precepts and practices should be observed by anyone who has allegiance to the Vedas".

The 11th-century Ramanuja, the influential Sri Vaishnavism scholar, was born in Pancharatra tradition, disagreed with Shankara, and developed a qualified monism doctrine which integrated ideas of Pancharatra movement and those of monistic ideas in the Vedas. Ramanuja stated that the Vishnu of Pancharatra is identical to Vedanta's Brahman, where Purusha reflects the eternal soul that is Vishnu, and Prakriti the impermanent ever changing body of Vishnu.

Vishnu worshipers of today, represented in a wide spectrum of traditions, generally follow the system of Pancharatra worship. The concept of Naḍa and Naḍa-Brahman appear already in Sāttvata Samhita or Sāttvata Tantra and in Jayākhya Samhita, two texts considered most canonical of Pancharatra texts.

Ānanda Tīrtha the founder of Madhva line has written in his commentary on Mundaka Upanishad: "In Dvapara Yuga, Vishnu is exclusively worshiped according to the principles of the Pancharatra Scripture, but in this age of Kali Yuga, the Supreme Lord Hari is worshiped only by the chanting of his Holy Name."

Jiva Gosvami had stated in his Paramātma Sandārbha, forming part of six principal Sandārbhas, or philosophical treatises of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, that, "Seeing that the imperfect scriptures in the modes of passion and ignorance bring only a host of troubles, and also seeing that the original Vedas are very difficult to follow properly, and thus being very dissatisfied with both of these, the all-knowing scripture authors affirm the superiority of the Pancharatras, which describe the pure absolute truth, Narayana, and the worship of the Lord, which is very easy to perform."

Divine Manifestation
The Pancharatra theology developed over time. It presents a dualistic theory on how creation manifested from a godhead, as the Purusha-Prakriti and as the masculine-feminine manifestations of the divine. It states that the creation emerged through vyuhas (arrangements). In the beginning, states Pancharatra doctrine, there was only Narayana as the highest changeless god and as explained by their concept of Caturvyuha, this supreme god-head transformed into four earthly emanations, the first of which was Vāsudeva-Krishna (Vāsudeva literally means "indwelling deity") Further arrangements or emanations followed, secondly into Saṅkarṣaṇa (Balarama) as the lord over all life, thirdly into Pradyumna creating mind, and lastly into Aniruddha as ego (ahamkara). Thereafter, Brahma emerged from Aniruddha who created the empirical universe. Thus, the divinity was and is everywhere in Pancaratra, but in different aspects, one form or phase emerging from the previous.

During the 11th century CE Ramanuja, a founder of Sri Vaishnava traditions of Vaisnavism had established the Pancharatra system of Vaisnavism for his followers. His philosophy of worship of Narayana was based on the pancaratric teachings.

Ramanuja taught that the deity absolute, Parabrahman, manifests in five possible aspects: Para, Vyuha, Vibhava, Antaryamin, and Archa. Living beings can interact with the divine through one or another of these five:

 * Para: the invisible, eternal supreme ;
 * Vyuha: the invisible, impermanent supreme in form;
 * Vibhava: also called the Avatara, are the incarnations of the supreme in various yuga (eras in Hindu cosmology) such as the Dashavatara;
 * Antaryamin: not directly perceptible but can be inferred, the aspect of supreme whose presence can be felt by the devotee;
 * Archa: visible icon form, filled with symbolism, consecrated in temples or revered images inside home (Shalagrama, conch shell, festive decorations), a means to remember and meditate on the supreme.

Influence
The Vyuha-related Pancharatra theology is a source of the primary and secondary avatar-related doctrines in traditions of Hinduism, particularly Sri Vaishnavism. According to Barbara Holdrege, a professor and comparative historian of religions, the Pancharatra doctrines influenced both Sri Vaishnavism and Gaudiya Vaishnavism, albeit a bit different. In Sri Vaishnavism, Vishnu-Narayana is supreme, while Vāsudeva, Samkarsana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha are the four Vyuhas. In Gaudiya Vaishnavism, the Vyuha theory is more complex, Krishna (Vāsudeva) is "Svayam Bhagavan" (the ultimate or Para Brahman) who manifests as Vyuhas, and he along with Samkarsana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha are the Vyuhas and the Purusha-avataras of the material realm.

Practices
The Pancharatra tradition taught the Panchakala or five observances practiced every day:
 * 1) Abhigamna or ablutions and morning prayers to god.
 * 2) Upadana or collecting worship materials.
 * 3) Ijya or worship with offerings.
 * 4) Svadhyaya or daily study.
 * 5) Yoga and meditation.

The significance of divine manifestation theology in Pancaratra tradition is it believes that an understanding of the process by which Vishnu-Narayana emerged into empirical reality and human beings, can lead one to reverse the process. Through practicing the reversal and moving from the empirical to ever more abstract, according to Pancaratra, human beings can access immanent Vāsudeva-Krishna and thereby achieve salvific liberation (moksha).

Temples
The Vaishnava temples and arts since the Gupta Empire, states Doris Srinivasan, attempted to present the Pancaratra ideas. In this system, states Srinivasan, "Vāsudeva, literally, "the indwelling deity," is the first emanation and the fountainhead of the successive emanations, which may be represented either anthropomorphically or theriomorphically in Hindu art". As one circumambulates the ancient and medieval Vaishnava cave temples, the devotee walks past from the icon representing Vāsudeva (most abstract) and then the successive Vyuhas (literally, "orderly arrangement").

Pancharatra Texts
The Bhaktisūtras of Shandilya were one of the earliest systematic treatises on the Pancaratra doctrine. The Pancaratra literature constitutes the Āgama texts of Vaishnavism. Like the Shaivism counterpart, it not only presents the theology, but describes the details, symbolism and procedures of Vaishnava temples building and rituals. According to the Pancharatra tradition, there are 108 samhitas, but its texts list over 200 samhitas. Many Pancaratra texts have been lost. Some surviving Pancaratra texts, with their general focus, are:
 * Sasvata Samhita: treatise on divine manifestations (vyuhas), fourthy six incarnations of Vishnu, and worship methodology
 * Ahirbudhnya Samhita: discusses philosophy, vyuha theory, alphabet and rituals
 * Hayashirsha Samhita: rituals and deities
 * Padma Samhita: Panchakala practices for the devotee, festivals and mantras
 * Paushkara Samhita: iconography and worship, believed to be a gem along with Satvata Samhita
 * Maha Sanatkumara Samhita: a large text on religious practice
 * Isvara Samhita: meditation, worship and rituals.
 * Valmiki Samhita: Vishishtadvaita, important in the worship of Rama and Sita.

List of agamas
The Pancharatra texts are samhitas and tantras which both classify as Agama due to subject matter. The Agamas are predominantly divided into Saiva, Sakta and Vaishnava Agamas. The Vaishnava Agamas are Pancharatra Agama and Vaikhanasa Agama and they conclude Brahman as Narayana or Vishnu. The Mahabharata subscribes to the Pancharatra philosophy in its Narayaniya section. Author Vishnulok Bihari Srivastava says, "Pancharatra has been discussed in the Narayanopakhyana section of Mahabharata. It has been mentioned that Narada had imbibed the essence of this tantra from Sage Narayana. It has been accepted as part of Veda named Ekayana. As many as 215 Pancharatra Samhitas have been mentioned in Kapinjala Samhita". Given is a list of Saṃhitās based on the list of published and unpublished, complete and incomplete Saṃhitās from the catalogue prepared by Sadhu Parampurushdas and Sadhu Shrutiprakashdas:

 * Agastya-saṃhitā
 * Anantākhya-saṃhitā
 * Aniruddha-saṃhitā
 * Ahirbudhnya-saṃhitā
 * Ānanda-saṃhitā
 * Īśvara-saṃhitā
 * Īśvara-saṃhitā (Nṛsiṃhakalpa)
 * Upendra-saṃhitā
 * Umā-saṃhitā
 * Aupagāyana-saṃhitā
 * Kaṇva-saṃhitā
 * Kapiñjala-saṃhitā
 * Kapila-saṃhitā
 * Kāśyapa-saṃhitā
 * Kāśyapottara-saṃhitā
 * Khagapraśna-saṃhitā
 * Khagendra-saṃhitā
 * Khageśvara-saṃhitā
 * Gajendra-saṃhitā
 * Garga-saṃhitā
 * Govinda-saṃhitā
 * Gautama-saṃhitā
 * Citraśikhaṇḍi-saṃhitā
 * Jayākhya-saṃhitā
 * Jayottara-saṃhitā
 * Jñānāmṛtasāra-saṃhitā
 * Jñānārṇava-saṃhitā
 * Tantratilaka-saṃhitā
 * Trayaśatottara-saṃhitā
 * Dūrvāsā-saṃhitā
 * Narasiṃhapādma-saṃhitā
 * Nalakūbara-saṃhitā
 * Nārada-saṃhitā
 * Nāradīya-saṃhitā
 * Nārasiṃha-saṃhitā
 * Nārāyaṇa-saṃhitā
 * Pañcapraśna-saṃhitā
 * Padmanābha-saṃhitā
 * Padmodbhava-saṃhitā
 * Parama-saṃhitā
 * Paramapuruṣa-saṃhitā
 * Parāśara-saṃhitā
 * Pādma-saṃhitā
 * Pādma-saṃhitā-tantram
 * Pārameśvara-saṃhitā
 * Pārameṣṭhya-saṃhitā
 * Pārāśarya-saṃhitā
 * Purāṇa-saṃhitā
 * Puruṣottama-saṃhitā
 * Pūrṇa-saṃhitā
 * Pauṣkara-saṃhitā
 * Pradyumna-saṃhitā
 * Prahlāda-saṃhitā
 * Balapauṣkara-saṃhitā
 * Bṛhadbrahma-saṃhitā
 * Bṛhaspati-mahātantram
 * Bodhāyana-tantram
 * Brahma-tantram
 * Brahma-saṃhitā
 * Bhāgavata-saṃhitā
 * Bhāradvāja-saṃhitā
 * Bhārgava-saṃhitā
 * Maṅkaṇa-saṃhitā
 * Mahākāla-pañcarātram
 * Mahālakṣmī-saṃhitā
 * Mahāsanatkumāra-saṃhitā
 * Māyāvaibhava-saṃhitā
 * Mārkaṇḍeya-saṃhitā
 * Māheśvara-tantram
 * Lakṣmī-tantram
 * Vālmīki-saṃhitā
 * Varāha-saṃhitā
 * Vāmana-saṃhitā
 * Vāyu-saṃhitā
 * Vāsiṣṭha-saṃhitā
 * Vāsudeva-saṃhitā
 * Viśva-saṃhitā
 * Viśvāmitra-saṃhitā
 * Viśveśvara-saṃhitā
 * Viṣṇu-tantram
 * Viṣṇu-saṃhitā
 * Viṣṇutattva-saṃhitā
 * Viṣṇutilaka-saṃhitā
 * Viṣṇumandira-saṃhitā
 * Viṣṇurahasya-saṃhitā
 * Viṣṇusiddhānta-saṃhitā
 * Viṣvaksena-saṃhitā
 * Vihagendra-saṃhitā
 * Vihageśvara-saṃhitā
 * Vṛddhapādma-saṃhitā
 * Vaihāyasī-saṃhitā
 * Vyāsa-saṃhitā
 * Śāṇḍilya-saṃhitā
 * Śukapraśna-saṃhitā
 * Śeṣa-saṃhitā
 * Śaunaka-saṃhitā
 * Śaunakīya-saṃhitā
 * Śrī-śāstram
 * Śrīkālaparā-saṃhitā
 * Śrīdhara-saṃhitā
 * Śrīpraśna-saṃhitā
 * Saṅkarṣaṇa-saṃhitā
 * Sanaka-saṃhitā
 * Sanat-saṃhitā
 * Sanatkumāra-saṃhitā
 * Sananda-saṃhitā
 * Sātyaki-tantram
 * Sātvata-saṃhitā
 * Sārasamuccaya-saṃhitā
 * Sāṃvarta-saṃhitā
 * Sudarśana-saṃhitā
 * Suparṇapraśna-saṃhitā
 * Hayagrīva-tantram
 * Hayaśīrṣa-saṃhitā
 * Haṃsapārameśvara-saṃhitā
 * Hiraṇyagarbha-saṃhitā
 * (Śrī)kālottara-saṃhitā
 * (Śrīman)nārāyaṇa-saṃhitā

Many more Samhitas, of which only the name is known and are non-extant, are listed in the work as well.

In the Ranganathaswamy Temple of Srirangam, the Paramesvara Samhita, a variant of the Paushkara Samhita, is in adherence.

In the Varadaraja Perumal Temple of Kanchipuram, the Jayakhya Samhita is followed.

In the Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple of Melukote, the Ishvara Samhita is followed.

In the Pundarikaksha Swamy Temple of Tiruvellarai, the Padma Samhita is followed.

In Tirukkudantai of Kumbakonam, Aravamudhan Sarangapani, a form of Vishnu, is worshipped with the Sriprasna Samhita.

Gaudiya Vaishnavas follow the Brahma Samhita and the Naradiya Samhita.

The Sreevallabha Temple of Kerala follows the Durvasa Samhita and the Ahirbudhnya Samhita.

title: Pancharatra


text:
The Weather Man

The Weather Man is a 2005 American dark comedy-drama film directed by Gore Verbinski, written by Steve Conrad, and starring Nicolas Cage as a chicago weatherman who is in a midst of a mid-life crisis even as his career is potentially about to take off with a new job on a national television morning show. The film also stars Michael Caine and Hope Davis in supporting roles.

The film was released on October 28, 2005, and grossed $19 million worldwide. It received mixed reviews upon release.

Plot
A successful weatherman at a Chicago news program, David Spritz is well paid but garners little respect from people in the area who throw fast food at him, David suspects, because they're resentful of how easy his high-paying job is. Dave also feels overshadowed by his father, Pulitzer Prize-winning author Robert Spritzel, who is disappointed in Dave's apparent inability to grow up and deal with his two children. The situation worsens when Robert is diagnosed with lymphoma and given only a few months to live. As he becomes more and more depressed, Dave takes up archery, finding the activity a way to build his focus and calm his nerves.

David later remembers a conversation between himself and his father, where his father explains to him that "the harder thing to do and the right thing to do are often the same thing" and that "nothing that has meaning is easy". David appreciates this advice but struggles to implement it.

To prove himself to his father and possibly reconcile with Noreen, his estranged wife, Dave pursues a weatherman position with a national talk show called Hello America. The job would nearly quadruple his salary, but means relocating to New York City. When Hello America invites him to New York, he takes his daughter, Shelly, with him and bonds with her by helping her shop for a more suitable wardrobe. While away, Dave learns that his son Mike attacked his counselor, Don Bowden, claiming that the man wanted to perform oral sex on him. Despite this stress and an all-night drinking binge, Dave impresses the Hello America interviewers and is eventually offered the job.

When he returns, Dave slaps Russ, Noreen's boyfriend, when he finds him dealing with his son's predicament. Dave later confronts the counselor at his home, beating him up and warning him that he is in store for worse.

The family holds a living funeral for Robert organised by Dave's mother, Lauren, in which Dave asks Noreen to reconcile and move to New York, but she has decided to marry Russ. Dave and Robert have one final talk, in which Dave breaks down in tears, unsure of his life's choices. Robert consoles him, telling him that he has time to "chuck" the garbage of his life. Robert dies soon after.

The film ends several months later, after Dave has accepted the job and moved to New York. People have ceased throwing things at him though, he muses, this may be a pleasant side-effect of his archery hobby, for which he carries a bow.

Cast
The film also includes cameos from media figures such as Bryant Gumbel, Ed McMahon, Cristina Ferrare, and Wolfgang Puck.
 * Nicolas Cage as David Spritz (real name David Spritzel)
 * Michael Caine as Robert Spritzel
 * Hope Davis as Noreen
 * Nicholas Hoult as Mike Spritzel
 * Gemmenne de la Peña as Shelly Spritzel
 * Michael Rispoli as Russ
 * Gil Bellows as Don Bowden
 * Judith McConnell as Lauren Spritzel
 * Tom Skilling as WGN Assistant Director

Reception
The Weather Man received an overall score of 60% on Rotten Tomatoes and has an average rating of 6.1/10 based on 136 reviews. The site's consensus states: "With fine performances and a dark, dry sense of humor, The Weather Man is mostly cloudy with occasional rays of sunshine." It has a 61 out of 100 score on Metacritic, sampled from 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The film was released in North America on October 28, 2005, and ran for nearly eight weeks (precisely 54 days). It grossed $12.5 million in the US and $6.6 million internationally, for a total of $19 million.

title: The Weather Man


text:
Ofo Uhiara

Ofo Uhiara (born 13 December 1975) is a British actor of Nigerian descent. He is most noted for his role as Police Constable Lance Powell in the ITV soap opera The Bill. He grew up in east London and is the brother of actress Ony Uhiara.

title: Ofo Uhiara


text:
Talk:John Keane (hurler)

Untitled
What do I have to do to get an article published on Wikipedia? I wrote an article about John Keane on my website http://members.tripod.com/waterfordhistory and copied it to wikipedia, giving full attribution. Please note that I am the creator, copyright holder and webmaster of the above website from which the article was copied. Please let me know how I can prove that I hold the copyright?

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN I am the original author and I release this article under the GFDL license

 * Following up. --Ngb?!? 08:45, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Permission confirmed. --Ngb?!? 08:13, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Removed Content
This followin content was removed as i feel it was un wiki-ifyble. Please feel free to wiki-ify and readd it.

ONE OF THE GREATES
In 1984 the Sunday Independent held a competition to select the greatest hurling team of the century and John was selected at centre half back. What is not generally known is that his vote was split between centre back and centre forward and it was said that he finished second in the poll for centre forward.

In the year 2000, to mark the Millennium, the Cork Examiner asked a select panel of hurlers and journalists to select the greatest Munster team of all time and John was again selected at centre back.

The ultimate honour came his way later in the year 2000 when a distinguished body of hurling men, comprising the past Presidents of the GAA and hurling journalists selected the Hurling Team of the Millennium and, again, John was selected at centre back, copper-fastening his place as one of the all-time greats of the game.John Keane died in October 1975 and many were the tributes paid to him in the national press.

A TRIBUTE
The following is an extract from an article in An Déiseach, 1971 written by John’s great friend and colleague Pat Fanning, GAA President 1970-73.

He never spared himself. He turned out in match after match, county and inter-county, championship, challenge and tournament, winter and summer, never counting the personal cost where the honour of his club or his county were concerned. Still the coveted All-Ireland medal evaded him.

For years the Waterford defence had defied the might of Munster, but a lack of decisiveness in attack could not command the victory a sterling defence deserved. The advent of John Keane to the forty yards made all the difference. He brought a new type of play to the attack and turned his great experience as a defender to good account in outwitting the best backs in Clare, Cork, Galway and, finally, Dublin in the great victorious All Ireland of 1948. Looking back briefly in one final glance at the saga of one man’s herculean efforts in the cause of Gaeldom, memories come crowding in.

The writer recalls 1937 at Clonmel. The strapping figure in white and blue thwarting the great Mick Mackey; the blonde, curly head bobbing as Keane threw back attack after attack in one of the truly great games of the Munster championship.

Then came the greatest display of courage and determination and, perhaps, his greatest personal triumph – his epic display at Dungarvan in 1943 against Tipperary, when with a badly injured ankle he stood at centre half and almost alone broke the back of every Tipperary attack.

Well do I remember cutting the boot from his swollen leg at the end of that excruciating hour. And I recall, too, the old wizened man of Tipperary who pushed his way through the crowd to where John lay, to shake, as he said, the hand of John Keane, the greatest man in Ireland.

The following was first published in Gaelic Sport, November 1975 edition.

OBITUARY
by Séamus óBraonáin

Since the strength of the hurling game anywhere lies, at least partly, in the collective wisdom, experience and enthusiasm of the past generations of the great exponents of the game, there is no doubt at all that Munster in general, and Waterford, in particular, are weaker and poorer for the death of John Keane.

We heard the news, rough and ready, when we went to buy the morning paper on an early October Tuesday. The newsagent gave it out straight from the shoulder: “Did you hear that John Keane is dead? He had taken ill the previous evening at Tarbert … (was) then rushed to Limerick Hospital but he died on the way.

John’s sentiment which we had several times heard him express - If I couldn’t live in Waterford, then Limerick is where I would chose - had proven true in death rather than in life. We, too, died a little that grey October morning.

For John Keane was not only a valued and a dear friend for a number of years: not only one of the most marvellously exciting men to spend hours in conversation with, listening to his analysis, thesis and synthesis on hurling and hurlers: not only one of the greatest (many say THE greatest!) hurlers of all time who could play anywhere with equal magnificence: not only a great trainer, teacher, motivator of younger hurlers: not only a kindly and sensitive gentleman: he was also our original boyhood hero, the sandy-blond, clean-cut, classicist for whom we would have fought, with tooth and nail, anyone who dared cast the slightest aspersion on his perfection. And heroes ought not grow old. And heroes simply should not die.

So we died a little as the lost youth still hidden out of sight within us died at last. We were not alone: it was easy to see at the massive homecoming funeral in the rain and at the burial overlooking the broad sands of Tramore.

There is an inherent danger in making the acquaintance of one’s boyhood heroes: they tend, on closer contact, to have feet of clay. Idolatry does not suit human beings for they are by nature unable to sustain the ideals which little boys build about them. It was, therefore, many a long day before we met and spoke to John Keane on any basis of friendship. It has been a cause of deep regret ever since that we did not seek out his company earlier, for no man lived up to what one’s boyhood ideal made him as did John.

He had an insatiable thirst for hurling, so he never, never tired of talking with total absorption to even the most repetitious bores. He could leave one after an hour of enthusiastic discussion and meet another as he walked away and would still greet him as a long lost friend and begin to talk all over again. And it wasn’t diplomacy, tact or advantage. It was simply that John Keane loved hurling so much and knew and understood, deep in his heart, the way the people felt about hurling and how they wanted to touch the edge of the garment of the man who made them feel so proud.

There are many stories that illustrate this. One of the best is probably that of the man who had cycled the thirty or so miles to one of those epics in the late thirties at Clonmel, which Waterford lost. Steering along the street after the game, he suddenly spotted Keane in his ordinary clothes walking to the team’s hotel. In his excitement at recognising him and never having seen him except in hurling uniform, he lost all his bearings and shouting out: "Poor John Keane, it wasn’t your fault, anyway," he cycled straight up on the pavement and crashed into a shop-front, his eyes still on his hero. Keane went to his rescue with the others nearby. [The man] was patched up and brought home. But John went to the trouble of finding out … the man’s name, where he lived, and from that day until he died used to drop in to the home of that man to say a few words when he was in the area.

You see, it doesn’t matter at all whether they put Keane up at No. 1 or 2 or 3 on the All-Time-Greats, or whether he is put, undeservedly, lower down. Hurling alone did not make the man. As the modern phrase goes: he was a great human being, apart from the hurling. Yet, the hurling is important for those who did not know him personally or for the record of history. And in this regard we remember once questioning him about Mick Mackey, and how it was that he managed to subdue him – the only man to do so, it is said.

"Well," he said, "I was a terribly long time thinking about it. God forgive me, even at Mass it used to come into my head. But, in the end I decided that there was only one possible way to beat Mackey – get out in front of him for every ball and never let it reach him at all."

"But, John," we said, "weren’t you taking a terrible risk. Supposing you missed the ball, Mackey would be through on his own." "Ah, but that’s the thing, you see," said John, as though speaking to a rather dense child, "I wouldn’t miss."

I, Urbsintacta, am the original author of this article and photos (and of the website from which they were taken) and I release them under the GFDL license

(Gnevin 15:58, 26 April 2006 (UTC))

title: Talk:John Keane (hurler)


text: Talk:Glenside, South Australia

title: Talk:Glenside, South Australia


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Adelaide/Suburbs

Just wondering, would it be possible for someone to lay out a general suburb template for people to follow? I've been arranging mine under titles such as "Reserves and Parks, "Schools and Churches, "Residents", etc... Michaelgabrielsen 10:49, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

What is the feeling about southern suburbs like Moana, Sellicks, o'sullivans beach? are they considered part of adelaide? Stubs do not exist for these suburbs. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Pallen1 (talk • contribs).

 * I think these all are as they are part of the City of Onkaparinga which has lots of redlinks. - Peripitus (Talk) 06:06, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think, per the Adelaide article, most of us are operating under the assumption that Adelaide's southern reach extends to Sellicks Beach. I suppose the Government's urban growth boundary (map) could be an authority on the matter, but the exact delimitations require investigation. Nevertheless, if you can start useful articles on any of the suburbs, or indeed improve existing ones, please do.--cj | talk 07:47, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Upper Hermitage
Upper Hermitage, South Australia is a suburb with an article, but it's not on the list... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.45.26.165 (talk) 10:20, 14 June 2009 (UTC)


text:
File:Fedrelandspartiet Norge.png

Summary
Logo of the Fatherland Party (Norway).

title: File:Fedrelandspartiet Norge.png