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White-footed mouse

The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) is a rodent native to North America from southern Canada to the southwestern United States and Mexico. In the Maritimes, its only location is a disjunct population in southern Nova Scotia. It is also known as the woodmouse, particularly in Texas.

Description
Adults are 90 – in length, not counting the tail, which can add another 63 –. A young adult weighs 20 –. While their maximum lifespan is 96 months, the mean life expectancy for the species is 45.5 months for females and 47.5 for males. In northern climates, the average life expectancy is 12–24 months. The species is similar to Peromyscus maniculatus.

Behavior and diet
White-footed mice are omnivorous, and eat seeds and insects. They are particularly voracious predators of the pupal stage of the invasive spongy moth (formerly termed the gypsy moth). They are timid and generally avoid humans, but they occasionally take up residence in ground-floor walls of homes and apartments, where they build nests and store food. White-footed mice spend substantial time in trees and bushes, sometimes taking unoccupied old bird nests and building roofs on them.

Diseases
Like the North American deer mouse, this species may carry hantaviruses, which can cause severe illness in humans. It has also been found to be a competent reservoir for the Lyme disease–causing spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. The white-footed mouse is the favored host for the parasitic botfly Cuterebra fontinella.

Interactions with humans
The white-footed mouse is one of the most common mouse species used as laboratory mice after the house mouse, and their domesticated version is called Peromyscus leucopus linville. Such domesticated mice are also kept as pets and have been bred to have many different colors.

Adaptations to urbanization in New York City
Native populations of P. leucopus in New York city are isolated by dense human infrastructure and are largely confined to small urban forest islands such as Prospect Park and Central Park. The limited gene flow caused by human activities and coupled with a bottleneck event in urban populations has been powerful enough to lead to evolutionary divergence of urban white-footed mice.

Metabolism
New York City mice exhibit local adaptations to diet-mediated selective pressures of urban habitats. Being opportunistic feeders, urban P. leucopus populations subsist on food discarded by humans as a readily available source of nutriment, thereby consuming a lot more fat and carbohydrates than rural populations. Results of a landscape genomics study showed evidence of positive selection in mitochondrial genes of urban mice that are responsible for lipid and carbohydrate breakdown and digestion. Isolated P. leucopus populations inhabiting NYC parks show signs of molecular-level adaptation to urban food resources. The differential evolution of metabolic processes in urban P. leucopus populations is thought to contribute to their success and survival in NYC urban forests. Furthermore, the morphology of urban white-footed mice may be changing to adapt to alternative food sources. For instance, the teeth of white-footed mice in New York City are shorter than the teeth of rural mice. This change in physical traits could be explained by the availability of higher-quality food sources in urban forests, which negates the need for long, powerful teeth.

Detoxification
Urban populations of P. leucopus may be under unique selective pressures due to increased routine exposure to pollutants and toxins. A comparative transcriptome study found evidence of positive selection acting on the genes of urban mice that play major roles in detoxification and xenobiotic metabolism. The genes under positive selection pressure include CYP1A1 and Hsp90, which are known to be involved in the metabolism of foreign substances and drugs. High concentrations of heavy metals such as lead and mercury in NYC park soils pose a unique selective pressure that likely led urban populations of P. leucopus to develop metabolic adaptations to the toxicity of urban forest environments. Furthermore, exposure of pollutants is known to induce hypermethylation of DNA. A study showed that in urban white-footed mice, a gene coding for a demethylase enzyme is under positive selection. This means that urban populations of white-footed mice that live in highly polluted environments uniquely benefit from an active demethylase enzyme that removes methyl groups from DNA.

Reproduction
City-dwelling white-footed mouse populations are densely concentrated in isolated urban parks, which makes sperm competition a particularly powerful source of selection in urban environments. Genetic studies have identified signs of molecular-level evolution of reproductive processes in urban white-footed mouse populations. Genes associated with spermatogenesis, sperm locomotion, and sperm-egg interactions in urban mice show a divergent pattern of regulation compared to their rural counterparts. Therefore, the intensified sperm competition of dense mouse populations in urban forests has driven them to develop faster, more efficient sperm than that of rural mice.

Immunity
Urban environments are saturated with large numbers of novel and familiar pathogens that are introduced by transportation, traffic, and trade. The elevated occurrence of pathogens is a driver of directional selection in which genetic variants that more efficiently resist infection are favored. The outcome of this selection can be seen in genetic divergence between urban and rural P. leucopus populations at loci that regulate the innate immune response and inflammation. Furthermore, a study has found evidence of positive selection acting on genes that modulate pathogen recognition in urban mice. Immunoregulatory proteins that are found on T lymphocytes are overexpressed in urban mice when compared to rural populations. These findings suggest that the immune systems of NYC white-footed mice may be evolving to recognize and respond to pathogens more efficiently. The divergence between rural and urban white-footed mice is especially prominent due to impeded gene flow between these populations, which is caused by landscape barriers including roads, highways, and pedestrian sidewalks. Monitoring the strength of immune defenses in P. leucopus is of special importance because they are commonly infected with dangerous pathogens such as hantaviruses and Borrelia burgdorferi.

General references

 * Ostfeld RS, Miller MC & Hazler KR (1996) Causes and consequences of tick (Ixodes scapularis) burdens on white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J Mammal ; 77:266–273.
 * Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM, Canham CD, Keesing F & al. (2001) Effects of acorn production and mouse abundance on abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence of nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis ; 1:55–63
 * Pederson AB, Grieves TJ (2008) 'he interaction of parasites and resource cause crashes in wild mouse population. J Anim Ecol ; 77:370–377
 * Schwan, TG, Burgdorfer, W, Schrumpf, ME, Karstens, RH. (1988) The urinary bladder, a consistent source of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J Clin Microbiol ; 26:893–895
 * Ostfeld RS, Miller MC & Hazler KR (1996) Causes and consequences of tick (Ixodes scapularis) burdens on white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J Mammal ; 77:266–273.
 * Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM, Canham CD, Keesing F & al. (2001) Effects of acorn production and mouse abundance on abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence of nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis ; 1:55–63
 * Pederson AB, Grieves TJ (2008) 'he interaction of parasites and resource cause crashes in wild mouse population. J Anim Ecol ; 77:370–377
 * Schwan, TG, Burgdorfer, W, Schrumpf, ME, Karstens, RH. (1988) The urinary bladder, a consistent source of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J Clin Microbiol ; 26:893–895
 * Ostfeld RS, Miller MC & Hazler KR (1996) Causes and consequences of tick (Ixodes scapularis) burdens on white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J Mammal ; 77:266–273.
 * Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM, Canham CD, Keesing F & al. (2001) Effects of acorn production and mouse abundance on abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence of nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis ; 1:55–63
 * Pederson AB, Grieves TJ (2008) 'he interaction of parasites and resource cause crashes in wild mouse population. J Anim Ecol ; 77:370–377
 * Schwan, TG, Burgdorfer, W, Schrumpf, ME, Karstens, RH. (1988) The urinary bladder, a consistent source of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J Clin Microbiol ; 26:893–895
 * Ostfeld RS, Schauber EM, Canham CD, Keesing F & al. (2001) Effects of acorn production and mouse abundance on abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence of nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis ; 1:55–63
 * Pederson AB, Grieves TJ (2008) 'he interaction of parasites and resource cause crashes in wild mouse population. J Anim Ecol ; 77:370–377
 * Schwan, TG, Burgdorfer, W, Schrumpf, ME, Karstens, RH. (1988) The urinary bladder, a consistent source of Borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). J Clin Microbiol ; 26:893–895

title: White-footed mouse


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Camden Park, New South Wales

Camden Park is just outside the metropolitan area of Sydney, Australia. It was named after John Macarthur's estate Camden Park. While most of the suburb is farmland in Wollondilly Shire, the northern part of Camden Park has recently undergone suburban development as an extension of the suburb of Camden South. Camden South is in the Camden Council area and is part of Greater Sydney. The new development is named Bridgewater Estate and features a comprehensive Development Control Plan to guide the style outcomes of the locality.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 2,238 people in Camden Park. 86.3% of people were born in Australia and 92.9% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 38.9%, Anglican 27.6% and No Religion 16.9%.

Heritage listings
Camden Park has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Elizabeth Macarthur Avenue: Camden Park Estate

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Camden Park, New South Wales


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Mount Bishop (Fannin Range)

Mount Bishop is a mountain located on the northern border of Mount Seymour Provincial Park in the District of North Vancouver, British Columbia. It is a part of the North Shore Mountains, rising from the shores of Indian Arm to a summit of 1509 m. Mount Bishop is a rocky summit with bluffs and old growth on its lower slopes.

The mountain was named in honour of Joseph Charles Bishop, the first president of the British Columbia Mountaineering Club (BCMC), who died in 1913 after falling into a crevasse whilst climbing on Mount Baker.

History
The first ascent of Mount Bishop was made in 1909 by a party of climbers from the British Columbia Mountaineering Club led by Fred Mills. The mountain was approached by boat to the top of Indian Arm, opposite Crocker Island, where the group camped overnight. In the morning they broke into two groups, the others climbing Mount Elsay (then known as Mount Jarrett) and headed up Bishop Creek. Among the Bishop party was a Mr Cromie, former owner of the Vancouver News-Advertiser (which became the Vancouver Sun). Upon reaching the summits of the two mountains at about 9.30am, the two parties of climbers called to each other.

Hiking Routes
Although Mount Bishop is very close to Vancouver, it is seldom climbed. Hikers now approach this mountain from either the BCMC trail on the west shoulder of Mount Elsay, or the North Shore Rescue trail which runs up from the East side of the Seymour Dam. Both these trails bring one to Vicar Lake, then a steep climb brings the hiker up the west ridge of the mountain to the peak. The Peak is flanked closely by Mount Dickens on the North, with Elsay Lake and Mount Elsay to the South. This is rough backcountry and should be approached only with caution and experience.

title: Mount Bishop (Fannin Range)


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Talk:Cultural assimilation

SSCI 2831
This article is missing some citations and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Therefore, I will improve these issues by adding citations where needed and add facts about this topic where it can cover a worldwide view of this subject.

Issues
The article in question still has many issues. Can a more experienced user than myself look over it and highlight some of the issues? SuperAktinoidet (talk) 11.05, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cultural assimilation


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Talk:Albert Johnson (criminal)

Bio
I was watching an interview of Sgt H.F. Hersey on the Biography Channel. He was the person wounded by Albert Johnson during his last battle.

He was interviewed at age 98.

He stated that Albert Johnson was carrying multiple firearms including a sawed-off shotgun and his total gear weighed close to 150lbs! This makes the story of his flight even more amazing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.159.198.74 (talk) 21:13, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Bias
I don't think the tone of this article is unbiased. The term "petty criminal" appears to me to be a value judgement.

I guess the author assumes that he must have been a "petty criminal" otherwise the all mise mounties in their nascent Canadian police state wouldn't have been after him in the first place.

The fact remains, however, that he was never any evidence of a crime being committed up utill he fired on the mounties. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.226.172.189 (talk) 04:11, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well as the author of the article in its original form, I simply have to say that no value judgement was implied. However the claim that there was never any evidence of a crime being committed up utill he fired on the mounties is obviously incorrect as Johnson was being investigated for tripping the traps. That IS a petty crime, and why I called him that.
 * If anyone is showing a bias it's the author of the comments above. Statements like "I guess the author assumes" and "nascent Canadian police state" show this fairly painfully. Luckily he didn't actually change the article.
 * Maury 22:57, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Rat River or Rat Creek?
Hi, I thought Albert Johnson's title was the Mad Trapper of Rat Creek not Rat River. Any objections to that being changed? Kimbalee1 19:18, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm quite sure it is Rat Creek, I went to school in the area that used to be called that... they have a community paper called "Rat Creek Press"...but someone has changed it back to Rat River... so I guess that is what this article will call it.-Kimbalee1 14:16, 17 September 2006
 * You are a little confused about the geography...about 2000 miles. Rat Creek is in the North Saskatchewan River water system while Rat River is not far from Fort McPherson in the MacKenzie Delta. ⋙–Berean–Hunter—►  ((⊕)) 23:58, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

Search Warrant
The author makes the allegation twice that the search warrant for Johnson's cabin was illegal. Is there any evidence for this and if so what is it? It sounds like an opinion and not a fact. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by--64.233.226.119 19:15, 11 March 2007 (UTC) 64.233.226.119 (talk) 19:10, 11 March 2007 (UTC).

Assessment
I have assessed this as Start Class, as it contains more detail and organization than would be expected of a Stub, and of low importance as I do not feel that many people outside of Canada would be familiar with the subject of this article. Cheers, CP 15:53, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Redirect games
See: Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard for the mess created by User:The-G-Unit-Boss. Handicapper (talk) 14:27, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Other information
I have also heard that Albert Johnson was not actually killed at the final battle, but had cornered one of the 9 police and shot the man in the face, and then when the police heard the gunshot, they found the body of the dead officer, but thinking it was albert johnson, and he had gotten away.

A couple years later a student of a teacher of mine then looked in the phonebook after a story for an "Albert Johnson" living in Naramata, British Columbia, canada. He asked the old man during the call if he had ever been in those mountains (whatever the range/valley was called, he used the proper words but I don't remember) and the man said "How do you know?"... this doesn't matter so much though, his name is not listed anymore in Naramata, he probabled died as this was in 1995.

Also, he said they found a jar of golden teeth in albert johnson's backpack he carried with him, do we havve any sources on this? 24.129.237.34 (talk) 02:42, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello 24 - What you are relating sounds quite a bit like the plot (ending) of the early 80s Charles Bronson movie Death Hunt,
 * which includes the fictionalized point about the man with the face shot off being mis-identified as an escaping Johnson. But it's a :movie - the gold teeth element is taken from an account of another "mad trapper" and Johnson's fate is well-established. I believe you :information than he/we had later, it is still a fine read - it also deals with the gold teeth rumor. Most importantly, however, it :includes a number of full face photos of Johnson, shot - NOT in the face - several times on the frozen Rat River. The pictures make :the body clearly identifiable as the man known as Johnson, which you can clearly see in the included photos of AJ when alive and substantiated as the same man by highly technical facial imaging analysis. The ongoing autopsy on the remains in Aklavik started last summer should also help to establish identity. As for the AJ in Naramata who had been in the Richardson Mountains - remember that thousands of people every year are still convinced that they've seen Elvis alive, too. Sensei48 (talk) 06:02, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Initial Clean-Up, 4/10/09
My compliments to the several recent editors whose work has substantially expanded and improved this article.

However, in the process of so doing, a number of fundamental Wikipedia principles have been violated, especially WP:NPOV, WP:ADVERT, WP:OR, and various grammatical rules and stylistic conventions.

My edits to day are designed to accomplish the following:

a) Correct misused semicolons and replace contractions, which are not acceptable in formal or encyclopedic style.

b) Conflate the "Notes" section with "In Popular Culture" since they were covering the same ground. All entries in both sections have been included.

c) Break up the monolithic section "Manhunt" into logical and more readable paragraphs.

d) Make the article internally consistent. The end of "Manhunt" states that Johnson's identity is still debated - which it is - but the identity section starts with a flat statement that Dick North has established AJ's identity. I spent a good amount of time with North in Dawson City YT in the summers of 1991 and 1992 and I admire him and his work. Until there is a positive DNA identification of AJ's remains (which may have been done and certainly could be in the manner that Anna Andersen was proven not to be Princess Anastasia Romanov by comparing the DNA of her son [I believe] with that of the Duke of Edinburgh, a relative of the Romanovs - this before the conclusive evidence of finding Anastasia's remains), North's theory may well be the best. But it is not the only credible one, as the two contributions following that paragraph indicate. Wiki policy is that when a controversy exists, all sides must be presented equally and dispassionately. Thus, while it may be appropriate to give North the lead here (and I point out that his The Mad Trapper of Rat River was published in 1972, 17 years before Trackdown), he cannot be said to have definitely proven AJ's identity when there exist two sourced competing theories.

e) Give prorper credit and perspective to the project sponsored by The Discovery Channel but remove promotional material including all caps designation and blatant advertisement for an upcoming program Please see WP:ADVERT.

More to be done here, and I am certain that other editors have more to add - but the neutrality and integrity of the article must be preserved. regards, Sensei48 (talk) 18:18, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Wop May
Wop May eventually became involved in the creation of Canadian Pacific Airlines, and has an entry already. Should be linked up. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wop_May —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.109.109.244 (talk) 19:48, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Criminal
I'm not comfortable with the one word disambiguation of Albert Johnson (criminal). While obviously shooting police officers is not legal, the use of the word implies that in life, crime was what Johnson did. We have no evidence that he was a criminal in any such sense. Indeed, his actions look more like those of a rather paranoid and antisocial survivalist. Albert Johnson (trapper) perhaps? 200.121.18.57 (talk) 15:16, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

Another "Albert Johnson"
It's a bit of a long-shot, but I was just reading about the case of Frank McCullough, who in 1918 shot and killed a Toronto police officer in 1918. He was associating with a "petty criminal" named "Albert Johnson," who fled after the shooting and, from what I have read, was never found. Kscheffler (talk) 18:11, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Is this a proposal to add a note about that?
 * Thanks, Dwightol102 (talk) 16:27, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Albert Johnson (criminal). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090522032026/http://www.wassigvaldthemadtrapper.com/booknews to http://www.wassigvaldthemadtrapper.com/booknews
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150512163509/http://www.wopmay.com/adventures/madTrapper.htm to http://www.wopmay.com/adventures/madTrapper.htm

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Additional sources for further cleanup: https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/02/17/105781439.html (contemporary account of the aerial search) https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/02/01/109771789.html?pageNumber=38 (contemporary account of the final shootout in NYT)

Criticism
One part of this story that is missing & is important enough to be included, is the subsequent notoriety of this incident. People with sketchy backgrounds get in conflict with the law frequently enough that this would not meet WP's criteria for notability alone. But it's clear from all of the books listed -- which are not at all used in this article -- that Albert Johnson & his clash with the RCMP made the news of the time & provoked continued curiosity into his birth name & prior life. None of which are covered in this article; "Albert Johnson in Popular Culture" needs to be part of this article. -- llywrch (talk) 16:38, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Albert Johnson (criminal)


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Talk:Beijing Bailie University

Does this school still exist and if yes, what is it's original Chinese name? Babelfisch 01:13, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beijing Bailie University


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Talk:Codariocalyx motorius

I just removed this from the main article because I couldn't find a source for these studies anywhere, and don't think that (source?) is very encyclopedic. If anyone can find a source, please return this to the article and link to the source.
 * The leaves of this plant are sometimes used to make tea. Studies performed in the 1960s (source?) suggest that the leaves and roots of Desmodium motorium contain psychedelic compounds, like N,N-dimethyltryptamine.

--Explodicle 01:14, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

When I added that section, I had hoped someone would take the bait and expand properly. My original source for the statment is, but I can't see citing Salon as an authorative source. A quick google for "Desmodium gyrans dimethyltryptamine" produces a bunch of hits- but I'm not versed enough in the field to glean useful links. --14:44, August 19, 2005 (UTC)Mr.Logic

I have removed some vandalism, including the name "hippie grass" and the reactivity to sound. Cacycle 20:42, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

The "hippie grass" reference wasn't vandalism. Same goes for the reactivity to sound I've seen it in a couple of sources, including (IIRC) the above Salon article. I won't argue the point until I find a good trusted source, or have a good specimine growing in my possesion. -Mr.Logic 19:29, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

I changed "junior synonyms" to "nomenclatural and taxonomic synonyms" because not all the names in the list that follows are junior synonyms. I am basing this conclusion on the epithets and authors listed, which imply that either "Hedysarum motorium" or "Hedysarum motorius" is the basionym. I did not research the validity or dates of the names. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.17.180.56 (talk) 20:06, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

I've seen the sound reactivity on the Science Channel before. The plant would "dance" until touched. 68.80.67.62 (talk) 11:25, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Seeds
"This plant reproduces using seeds". Well it says "Angiosperms" in the taxonomy box to the right, doesn't it? I am removing this superfluous sentence. --Wdanbae (talk) 16:36, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

Tamil name
I have not changed anything, but the 4th paragraph states "The Tamils call this plant ThozhukaNNi (Tamil: தொழுகண்ணி). The plant is known as Praanajeewa - ප්රාණජීව in Sri Lanka, due to its movements resembling that there is a life within the plant.[3]" Could someone please clarify what in the heck Praanajeewa translates to? -some random dude in here 11/17/2016 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.0.93.58 (talk) 21:40, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Codariocalyx motorius


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Fastigial nucleus

The fastigial nucleus is located in each hemisphere of the cerebellum. It is one of the four deep cerebellar nuclei.

Although it is one dense mass, it is made up of two sections: the rostral fastigial nucleus and the caudal fastigial nucleus.

Anatomy
The fastigial nucleus is situated atop the roof of the fourth ventricle (thence its name: "fastigus" is Latin for "summit").

The fastigial nucleus is a mass of gray matter nearest to the middle line at the anterior end of the superior vermis, immediately over the roof of the fourth ventricle (the peak of which is called the fastigium), from which it is separated by a thin layer of white matter.

It is smaller than the nucleus dentatus, but somewhat larger than the nucleus emboliformis and nucleus globosus.

Afferents
The fastigial nucleus receives afferents vestibulocerebellar fibres (containing first-order axons from the vestibular nerve as well as second-order axons from the vestibular nuclei), and from Purkinje cells of the cortex of the vestibulocerebellum.

Efferents
The fastigial nucleus projects efferents to: the medial, lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus, and cerebellar cortex. It gives rise to fastigiovestibular fibres and fastigioreticular fibres: both leave the cerebellum via the juxtarestiform body of the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

 * fastigiovestibular fibres project principally to the lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei to influence the vestibulospinal tract bilaterally;
 * fastigioreticular fibres project to the (pontine and medullary) reticular formation to influence the reticulospinal tracts (bilaterally, but mainly contralaterally).

Through the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts, the fastigial efferents are involved in regulation of balance and posture as well as axial and proximal limb musculature activity.

Rostral fastigial nucleus
The rostral fastigial nucleus (rFN) is related to the vestibular system. It receives input from the vestibular nuclei and contributes to vestibular neuronal activity. The rFN interprets body motion and places it on spatial planes to estimate the movement of the body through space. It deals with antigravity muscle groups and other synergies involved with standing and walking.

Caudal fastigial nucleus
The caudal fastigial nucleus (cFN) is related to saccadic eye movements. The Purkinje cell output from the oculomotor vermis relays through the cFN, where neurons directly related to saccadic eye movements are located.

title: Fastigial nucleus


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Godai (Japanese philosophy)

Godai (五大) are the five elements in Japanese Buddhist thought of earth (chi), water (sui), fire (ka), wind (fu), and void (ku). Its origins are from the Indian Buddhist concept of Mahābhūta, disseminated and influenced by Chinese traditions before being absorbed, influenced, and refined into and by Japanese tradition, culture, and indigenous folk religions.

The Japanese Buddhist concept of gogyo, which stems from Chinese wuxing, is distinguishable from godai by the fact that the functional phases of wood and metal within gogyo are replaced by the formative elements of void and the wind (air) in godai. similar to the classical Greek philosophical elements''. Godai attributed to esoteric Japanese Buddhism during the eleventh century CE in relation to the idea of gorin'' (the "five wheels" or the "five rings"). Godai and gorin are also seen within the practice of ninjutsu, where these principles became an essential aspect of the esoteric ninja teachings (the ninpo-mikkyo); whereas the theory of gogyo moved into the functional theory of traditional Japanese medicine and exoteric Buddhism.

The elements
The godai is a static or inert philosophical understanding of the traditional Japanese elements and study. The four main elements or building blocks are Earth, Water, Fire, and Wind, while Void is non substantial.

"[ mikkyo ] teaches that all physical aspects of existence originate from a common source and can be classified in one of the godai five elemental manifestations of physical matter. Chi, or the earth, symbolizes solid matter. Sui, the water, symbolizes liquids. Ka, the fire, is the symbol of combustion, or the elements in an energy-releasing state. Fu, the wind, symbolizes gases. Ku, the void, is representative of the formless subatomic energy that is the basis for the structure of all things. This godai symbolism is also used to describe the emotional nature of human beings, and to provide a symbolic structure for the teaching of effective physical combat principles in ninjutsu."

- Stephen K. Hayes

As such, these may describe an individual's response to direct confrontation, such as in martial arts associations with physical center, footwork.
 * 1) Chi: stability/stubbornness; holding ground and using strength and presence (source: strength)
 * 2) Sui: flexibility/emotionalism; defensive angling and footwork to overextend the attacker before counterattacking (source: power)
 * Ka: Using high energy attacks defensively (source: energy)
 * Fu: Evasive, elusive methods that redirect attacks away from their targets (source: resiliency)
 * Ku: Spontaneous and inventive fighting

Earth
地 Chi (sometimes ji) or tsuchi, meaning "Earth", represents the hard, solid objects of Earth. The most basic example of chi is in a stone. Stones are highly resistant to movement or change, as is anything heavily influenced by chi. In people, the bones, muscles and tissues are represented by chi. Emotionally, chi is predominantly associated with collectiveness, stability, physicality, and gravity. It is a desire to have things remain as they are; a resistance to change. In the mind, it is confidence when under the influence of this chi mode or "mood", we are aware of our own physicality and sureness of action. This is a separate concept from the energy-force, pronounced in Chinese as qì (also written ch'i) and in Japanese as ki, and written alternatively as 気, 氣, or 气.

Water
水 Sui or mizu, meaning "Water", represents the fluid, flowing, and the formless things in the world. Outside of the obvious example of rivers and the lake, plants are also categorized under sui, as they adapt to their environment, growing and changing according to the direction of the sun and the changing seasons. Blood and other bodily fluids are represented by sui, as are mental or emotional tendencies towards adaptation and change. Sui can be associated with thought, defensiveness, adaptability, flexibility, suppleness, and magnetism.

Fire
火 Ka or hi, meaning "Fire", represents the energetic, forceful, moving things in the world. Animals, capable of movement and full of forceful energy, are primary examples of ka objects. Bodily, ka represents our metabolism and body heat, and in the mental and emotional realms, it represents drive and passion. Ka can be associated with security, motivation, desire, intention, and an outgoing spirit.

Wind
風 Fū or kaze, meaning "Wind", represents things that grow, expand, and enjoy freedom of movement. Aside from air, smoke and the like, fū can in some ways be best represented by the human mind. As we grow physically, we learn and expand mentally as well, in terms of our knowledge, our experiences, and our personalities. Fū represents breathing, and the internal processes associated with respiration. Mentally and emotionally, it represents an "open-minded" attitude and carefree feeling. It can be associated with will, elusiveness, evasiveness.

Void (Aether)
空 Kū or sora, most often translated as "Void", but also meaning "sky", "heaven" or environment, it represents those things beyond and within our everyday comprehension, particularly those things composed of pure energy before they manifest; the emptiness that the energy is made up of. Bodily, kū represents spirit, thought and creative energy. It represents the creation of phenomena. It can also be associated with the potential of power, creativity, spontaneity and inventiveness.

Kū is of particular importance as the highest of the elements. In martial arts, particularly in fictional tales where the fighting discipline is blended with magic or the occult, one often invokes the power of the Void to connect to the quintessential creative energy of the world. A warrior properly attuned to the Void can sense their surroundings and act without using the mind, and without using their "physical senses".

Representations of the godai
The most common representations today of the five elements, outside of martial arts and fictional references, are found in Buddhist architecture. "Many temples in Japan have beautiful goju-no-to, or five storied towers [pagodas]. Five roofs of graceful curves make the towers architectural beauties...of wooden construction built without any nails or bolts. ...Though they are beautiful, they are not erected merely as architectural ornaments for temples.

The five stories stand for...godai, or Five Greats in Buddhism. They are the elements in the Universe from which are produced all things. ...Thus the towers symbolize the Universe and everything existing in it."

Japanese gorintō (五輪塔) (from 五 'five', 輪 'ring shape', and 塔 'tower') can be seen in Zen gardens and Buddhist temples, represented as stupas. They have five divisions to represent the five elements, although the five segments can be hard to discern. Touching the ground, the bottom-most piece represents chi; the next section represents sui; ka is represented by the middle section, while fū and kū are represented by the top-most two sections, pointing towards the sky. A gorintō is composed, from bottom to top, of a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, a crescent, and a shape resembling a lotus flower. These shapes also relate to the meanings described above.

The stone lanterns or tōrō (灯籠), which are similar in form to the gorintō, are stone towers of modest size put on a center line for the approach mainly to the Buddhist temples and cemeteries. The function of the toro is different from the gorintō: they are intended to illuminate the approach to the temple like lighthouses, with a flame encased in the section representing ka, for Buddhist ceremonies taking place at night.

title: Godai (Japanese philosophy)


text:
Rumburk

Rumburk (Rumburg) is a town in Děčín District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 11,000 inhabitants. It lies on the border with Germany.

Administrative parts
Rumburk is made up of the town parts of Rumburk 1, Rumburk 2-Horní Jindřichov and Rumburk 3-Dolní Křečany.

Geography
Rumburk is located about 30 km northeast of Děčín. It lies in the salient region of Šluknov Hook, on the border with Germany. It is situated in the Lusatian Highlands. The highest point is the hill Dymník at 515 m above sea level. The Mandau river flows through the town.

History
The first written mention of Rumburk is from 1298. In 1377 it is already referred to as a town. In 1566, a Renaissance castle replaced an old keep and Rumburk became the centre of the Tolštejn estate.

Between 1713 and 1764, English merchants settled here and foreign capital has contributed to long-term development of the town. In 1869, the railway was built.

Rumburk was the scene of the Rumburk rebellion in May 1918. Until 1918, the town was part of Austria-Hungary, in the district of the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.

During the Paris Peace Conference after World War I, American, British, and Italian diplomats agreed that the Rumburk corner should be given to Germany for to economic and ethnographic reasons. Eventually, the Conference followed the Czechs' demand based on alleged indivisibility of Bohemia.

In 1938, it was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland. After World War II, the German-speaking population was expelled and replaced by Czech settlers.

Economy
Following a number of years of depression after the fall of communism, the region is now poised to become an industrial centre again. The largest employer with headquarters in Rumburk is Benteler Automotive Rumburk, a manufacturer of automotive parts with more than 500 employees.

Transport
Rumburk has a road border crossing with the German town of Seifhennersdorf.

The town is the starting point of the regional railway line to Kolín and of two local lines to Děčín (one via Česká Kamenice and one via Sebnitz).

Sights
Rumburk has historical centre with many valuable houses. In the town there are also important monuments of folk architecture – half-timbered houses. The area with 18 half-timbered houses is protected by law as a village monument reservation.

The main landmark is the baroque Loreta chapel. It was built by plans of Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt in 1704–1707. It is surrounded by a cloister with a rich ceiling painting from the life of the Virgin Mary, four chapels and a restored Chapel of the Holy Steps (built in 1768–1770). Loreta in Rumburk was an important Marian pilgrimage site for the region of northern Bohemia and Upper Lusatia.

The former Capuchin monastery and its Church of Saint Lawrence were built in 1683–1685. The monastery was abolished in 1950. The valuable building now serves as a library. The church still serves cultural and religious purposes.

The original wooden Church of Saint Bartholomew was built in the late 12th or early 13th century, the oldest written mention dates from 1352. The building was severely damaged by fires in 1515, 1624 and 1744. Its current appearance is from the reconstruction in 1755.

Notable people

 * Johann Nepomuk Fischer (1777–1847), Austrian ophthalmologist
 * Josef Emanuel Fischer von Röslerstamm (1787–1866), Austrian entomologist
 * Franz Xaver Chwatal (1808–1879), pianist, composer and music teacher
 * Viktor Tietz (1859–1937), German chess player
 * Rudolf Pitschak (1902–1988), Czech-German chess master
 * Helmut Baierl (1926–2005), German playwright and vice president of the DDR Academy of Arts
 * Jaroslav Falta (1951–2022), motocross racer

title: Rumburk


text:
Talk:John G. Bennett

Copyright
Although parts have been rewritten and expanded from other sources, this is skating a bit close to copyvio from. Tearlach 01:17, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. Previously, it was a direct, unadulterated lift from . Now it's compiled from various sources, but still very much a work in progress . Feel free to rewrite bits. Personally, I think it needs a good editor with an objective, fresh eye to extensively reshape it. TheMadBaron 09:59, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Such extensive plagiarism can't be left. Regretfully, I'm going to delete the material copied straight from that copyrighted sourced.   Will Beback    talk    23:11, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, the copying was throughout the article. The only real alternative was to blank most of the article. I urge anyone interested in this topic to start again, using their own writing.   Will Beback    talk    04:19, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Um, I've just come here and found the same problems William M. Connolley (talk) 17:53, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * But only because some anon reverted your removal. I've restored your cut-down text William M. Connolley (talk) 19:14, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Djamichunatra
The author notes the destruction of the remarkable building but gives no further information. Didn't it have some connection with Frank Lloyd Wright?  Vernon White 17:01, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

He went to see it - there's a frequently reproduced photograph of Wright and Bennett in a group near the building, which at least affords one the chance to see its great size. He wasn't involved in its construction, which was a part of the work at Coombe Springs. Grangousier 08:15, 5 September 2006 (UTC) The photograph was taken by a John Donat

 Thanks for the further info on the Djamee at Coombe Springs. I wonder why the author of this article has not used Bennett's book Witness as a source. I recall being very impressed by his tone of humility in Witness, for instance, when he found he had been given the skill to learn Turkish with amazing rapidity.

 Some 'bot thinks this article is too long, but it is difficult to know how it could be split up. There could certainly be a separate entry for Coombe Springs. It's a pity Bennett has not got an ODNB article.Vernon White 21:36, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Re the destruction of the Djamichunatra: construction was completed finally by January 13th 1966, in time for a last party including a concert, a performance of Gurdjieff movements and of Bennett's play about the construction of Chartres Cathedral. A push was made to construct the audience gallery in time for the gig. Thereafter the community moved out, finally vacating completely by June 1966. When Shah decided to sell the property to developers a year later, the Djamichunatra was dismantled. Buyers were sought for the great five sided stained glass windows, but eventually these were broken up as well. The foundations were so solid that dynamite had to be used to demolish them to make way for upmarket townhouses. My source is that I was there - I'm John Bennett's son.Ben Bennett 16:30, 19 February 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bbennett9000 (talk • contribs)

Information about Claymont
I attended one of the basic courses at Claymont a long time ago, and wonder if anyone has any electronic information about it that you can share with me. I was also curious about the mention of the self-styled leader that took charge in the 80's, and wondered if anyone could expand on that. 141.157.251.148 (talk) 21:03, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Check Claymont's own page — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bbennett9000 (talk • contribs) 03:33, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

Missing info
- Where did he die? - What did he die of? - What is his familiar background, who were his parents et al.?

- a link is given to a photo of the exit visa but the link is broken. Who added the link and please can we see the photo? Pvortex (talk) 11:35, 10 April 2014 (UTC)pvortex

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.188.92.55 (talk) 16:14, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Lack of balance (and lack of references)
This article is worrying. I will try and alert other editors with the time (and also lack of bias) to come and help clean it up:

 * First, although plenty of sources are listed, the majority of the text is not referenced so one can't tell what comes from where, or indeed what is the assertion (or even original research - see WP:NOR) of an individual editor

 * Second, given the controversial nature of the subject, some more balanced sources are urgently needed

 * Third, the article gives every impression of being in the hands of various sectarian interests (or, as I would call them in a less than scholarly manner, fruitcakes) who follow these "teachings" - see WP:NPOV

As an example of what's going on, see this (sourced and referenced) paragraph which was deleted some time ago and not replaced by anything which would give a similar impression of the flavour of the man and his "work":

 * A notable illustration of the thinking around Bennett is provided by the account of the "strange circumstances of his death" given by actress and Bennett enthusiast Diane Cilento in her autobiography "My Nine Lives". Cilento writes that Dr Chandra Sharma, a homeopathic healer and associate of Bennett's, was in his consulting rooms in London when he saw Bennett (at that time physically located at Sherborne, Dorset, some 100 miles away). According to Sharma, Bennett spoke to him, confirmed he had died and then vanished. Sharma telephoned Sherborne and asked to speak to Bennett but was told he had been found dead that morning in his armchair.

Testbed (talk) 08:27, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

(Dr Chandra Sharma was Bennett's personal physician and Bennett was physically located in Sherborne Gloucestershire, not Dorset. I would not put too much store by Dr Sharma's assertion—this is typical of his conversational style. This is John Bennett's son verifying.)Ben Bennett 16:36, 19 February 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bbennett9000 (talk • contribs)

One mistake I notice immediately is the date of Bennett's first encounter with Gurdjieff, which should be altered to October 1920. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.163.136.118 (talk) 16:13, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

COPYVIO
Seven years after this issue was first raised, the article still contains a great deal of word-for-word copyright violation (see top item for original complaint). This really is not good enough; we cannot expect others to respect us if we do not respect them. The source is the same: Macdonald-ross (talk) 21:44, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

Could you give examples? 1Z (talk) 13:34, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

 * The entire section on Subud in this article is just a slight rewrite of the paragraphs "Subud"-"Psychokinetic Studies" on the page linked above. --JBirken (talk) 11:07, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

Ben Bennett says he is not happy about the Subud reference because of bias. He says it is "quite untrue" to say that one of Bennett's pupils suffered a "violent death." However, I have a copy of the first edition of his father's autobiography, 'Witness,' and in it his father, John G. Bennett, actually uses the word "violent" in his description of the death of a student from practicing latihan; moreover, John G. Bennett indicates in words that the Subud 'latihan' was in fact the proximate cause of death of the student. From page 345 of the 1962 edition of John G. Bennett's autobiography, 'Witness:' "A man who was opened early in July reacted so powerfully to the latihan that he ignored the signal to stop... For twenty days he would not eat or wear any clothes. He refused to see a doctor, and became dangerous violent when it was suggested... Several men volunteered to stay with him day and night... At times he was so violent that he would smash down doors... On the twenty-first day, the crisis ended... but this intermission lasted only a few hours... [Two days later] his breathing had gradually slowed down and his body was cold..." Yes, I would call that a "violent" death, myself. Kitty Grimnirs (talk) 13:53, 18 April 2016 (UTC) Marnie Tunay

I am not very happy about the Subud reference, not so much because of copyvio, but because of bias. It is quite untrue to say that one of Bennett's pupils suffered a "violent death" this has been extensively researched by the man's family, mainly his eldest son, and was the subject of a coroner's enquiry, which returned an open verdict. There is a detailed account in the first 1960 edition of Bennett's autobiography, excised in later editions.. Ben Bennett 16:42, 19 February 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bbennett9000 (talk • contribs)

I want contradict the above sentences by Ben Bennett re the reference to one one "Bennetts pupils suffered a violent death" I am the eldest son of the said pupil who mysteriously died at Coombe Springs. My in-depth research into the death of my father JD Ross at Coombe Springs on the 5th of July 1957 reveals that it is highly likely that it was indeed a "violent death". There was an inquest and asphyxia is on the death certificate but the coroner stated he had concerns about death. I hope the reference to a violent death is not removed because the origional writer had been told of a violent death and I uncovered enough believe he was correct. [User:concraigie] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Concraigie (talk • contribs) 17:56, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:John G. Bennett


text: User talk:144.135.138.156

title: User talk:144.135.138.156


text:
List of Salvadorans

This is a list of notable people born in El Salvador or of Salvadoran descent (also see Salvadoran American).

Arts

 * Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry, painter, sculptor, and author; wife of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
 * Fernando Llort, painter and sculptor
 * Noe Canjura, painter
 * Nicolas F. Shi, painter
 * Patricia Chica, filmmaker
 * Ana Maria de Martinez, artist
 * Toño Salazar, caricaturist
 * Retna, graffiti artist
 * Giovanni Gil, painter, engraver and watercolorist
 * Rubén Martínez Bulnes, sculptor, architect

Scholars, authors and educators

 * Alberto Masferrer, intellectual
 * Alfredo Betancourt, educator, philosopher
 * Ana Sol Gutiérrez, educator
 * Claribel Alegría, writer
 * Claudia Lars, poet
 * René Núñez Suárez, engineer
 * Ignacio Martín-Baró, social psychologist and priest
 * José Matías Delgado, writer, father of the Salvadoran fatherland
 * Juan José Cañas, writer, the national anthem
 * Manlio Argueta, novelist
 * Marcos Villatoro, author
 * Martin Guardado, applied linguist, sociolinguist, educator
 * Matilde Elena López, poet, essayist, playwright
 * Pedro Geoffroy Rivas, poet, scholar
 * Roque Dalton, poet
 * Salarrué (Salvador Salazar Arrué), novelist, poet, painter

Entertainment

 * Ana Villafañe, actress
 * Gerardo Celasco, Miami-born Italian-Salvadoran actor
 * Álvaro Torres, singer
 * Cáthia, singer, season 4 of the American The Voice
 * Sabi, singer
 * Efren Ramirez, actor
 * Isabel Dada, actress
 * J.D. Pardo, actor
 * DJ Keoki, techno DJ
 * Martina Topley-Bird, vocalist and songwriter
 * Pescozada, Latino rap artist
 * Pete Sandoval, drummer for the group Morbid Angel
 * The Fabulous Wonder Twins, entertainment personalities
 * Fernanfloo, Comedy YouTuber
 * Julio Torres, writer, comedian, actor, and producer

Fashion designers and models

 * Christy Turlington, American-Salvadoran supermodel
 * Francesca Miranda, internationally renowned fashion designer

Politicians

 * Alfredo Cristiani, former president
 * Álvaro Magaña, banker and interim president
 * Ana Maria, guerrilla leader
 * Anastasio Aquino, King of the Nonualco tribes, who defeated the government army in 1833
 * Antonio Saca, former president
 * Armando Calderón Sol, former president
 * Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova, defense minister, convicted of human rights abuses
 * Cayetano Carpio, leader of the leftist insurgency, founder of the FPL.
 * Egriselda López, diplomat, Permanent Representative to the UN
 * Domingo Monterrosa, military commander of the Armed Forces of El Salvador during the Salvadoran Civil War
 * Farabundo Martí, revolutionary
 * Francisco Flores, former president
 * Gerardo Barrios, liberal president
 * Guillermo Ungo, opposition leader and former vice-president
 * Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán, national hero
 * Joaquín Villalobos, noted guerrilla leader during Salvadoran civil war
 * José Inocencio Alas, former priest and activist
 * José Matías Delgado, national hero
 * José Napoleón Duarte, former president
 * Juan Rafael Bustillo, former Head of the Salvadoran Air Force
 * Manuel José Arce, decorated General, president of the Federal Republic of Central America, 1825–1829
 * Mauricio Funes, former president
 * Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, dictator-president
 * Nayib Bukele, current president
 * Roberto D'Aubuisson, politician, ARENA
 * Rutilio Grande, martyred priest
 * Marisol Argueta de Barillas, chancellor, ARENA, Senior Director World Economic Forum

Humanitarians and activists

 * María Álvarez de Guillén, women's rights activist, writer, and businessperson
 * Prudencia Ayala, social activist and writer
 * José Castellanos Contreras, humanitarian
 * Rosa Amelia Guzmán, suffragette and journalist
 * Vicky Guzman, doctor and humanitarian
 * Morena Herrera, women's rights activist
 * José Gustavo Guerrero, lawyer, diplomat, humanitarian, first president of the International Court of Justice
 * María Teresa Rivera, women's rights activist
 * Óscar Arnulfo Romero, humanitarian, fourth Archbishop of San Salvador

Sports

 * Ronnie Aguilar, basketball player
 * Dennis Alas, soccer player
 * Jaime Alas, soccer player
 * Rafael Alfaro, swimmer
 * Arturo Alvarez, soccer player
 * Frank Avelar, boxer
 * Juan Barahona, soccer player
 * Pamela Benítez, swimmer
 * Léster Blanco, soccer player
 * Nelson Bonilla, soccer player
 * Junior Burgos, soccer player
 * Rosemary Casals, tennis player
 * Darwin Cerén, soccer player
 * Óscar Cerén, soccer player
 * Mauricio Cienfuegos, soccer player
 * Jose Cortez, former NFL football player
 * Raúl Díaz Arce, soccer player
 * Roberto Domínguez, soccer player
 * Carlos Figueroa, judoka
 * Edwin Figueroa, mixed martial arts fighter
 * Andrés Flores, soccer player
 * Evelyn García, cyclist
 * Mágico González, soccer player
 * Tomás Granitto, soccer player
 * Carlos Hernandez, boxer
 * Emerson Hernández, racewalker
 * Gladys Landaverde, runner
 * Roberto López, rower
 * Ivan Menjivar, mixed martial arts fighter
 * Melissa Mikec, sports shooter
 * Alfredo Pacheco, soccer player
 * Denis Pineda, soccer player
 * Steve Purdy, soccer player
 * Joaquín Rivas, soccer player
 * Steve Rodriguez, baseball player
 * Ramón Sánchez, soccer player
 * Ricardo Saprissa, athlete, coach, and sport promoter
 * Rodolfo Zelaya, soccer player

Other

 * Ingmar Guandique, undocumented U.S. immigrant convicted in the death of Chandra Levy and two other American women
 * Jose Domingo Medrano, doctor and medical inventor
 * Adela del Rosario Cabezas de Allwood early woman doctor
 * José Salvador Alvarenga, claimed to have spent 13 months adrift in a fishing boat in the Pacific Ocean

title: List of Salvadorans


text:
Murray Barr

Murray Llewellyn Barr (June 20, 1908 – May 4, 1995) was a Canadian physician and medical researcher who discovered with graduate student Ewart George Bertram, in 1948, an important cell structure, the "Barr body".

Born in Belmont, Ontario, he was educated at the University of Western Ontario, where he received his Bachelor of Arts in 1930, M.D. in 1933, and Master of Science in 1938. He was an RCAF wing commander between 1939 and 1945. From 1936 to 1977, he served as a faculty member at the University of Western Ontario. He was a member of The Harvey Club of London, the oldest medical club in Canada, which consisted of other noteworthy physicians in southwestern Ontario, and was loosely associated with the University of Western Ontario.

In 1955, he collaborated with K.L. Moore to introduce a buccal smear test. This test used cells rubbed from the lining of the mouth to identify individuals with abnormal numbers of sex-chromosome bodies, thereby determining whether they had errors in their sex-chromosome complex. Karyotyping and chromosome studies were then used to study these errors further. This research provided a major advancement in understanding the cause of various congenital syndromes.

Murray Barr published two books, The Human Nervous System and A Century of Medicine at Western. "The Human Nervous System" was used as the primary neuroanatomy textbook by medical students for several years.

He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

In 1968, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1959, he received the Royal Society of Canada's Flavelle Medal. In 1962, he won a Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation Award for his contributions to the understanding of the causes of mental retardation. In 1963, he received the Gairdner Foundation International Award and in 1972 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1998, he was posthumously inducted into Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.

title: Murray Barr


text:
Ben Fogle

Benjamin Myer Fogle, (born 3 November 1973 ) is an English broadcaster, writer and adventurer, best known for his presenting roles with British television channels Channel 5, BBC and ITV.

Early life
Fogle is the son of English actress Julia Foster and Canadian veterinarian Bruce Fogle. He was educated at two independent schools: The Hall School, Hampstead in London, and Bryanston School in Blandford Forum, Dorset.

Fogle went to Ecuador for a gap year, working in an orphanage teaching English. He then took a second year working on a turtle conservation project on the Mosquito Coast of Honduras and Nicaragua.

Fogle studied for a degree in Latin American studies at the University of Portsmouth, before studying for a year at the University of Costa Rica.

During this time, Fogle was a member of the University Royal Naval Unit (URNU). He became a Midshipman in the Royal Naval Reserve, serving as an officer on HMS Blazer (P279) and delivering aid to war-torn Bosnia and Croatia.

Magazines
Fogle's initial jobs included picture editor at Tatler magazine.

Television
Fogle first came to public notice when he participated in the BBC reality show Castaway 2000, which followed a group of thirty-six people marooned on the Scottish island of Taransay for a year, starting 1 January 2000. This was a social experiment aimed at creating a fully self-sufficient community within a year.

Fogle is a television presenter who has worked for the BBC, ITV, Channel 5, Sky, Discovery and the National Geographic channels in the UK. He has hosted Crufts, One Man and His Dog, Countryfile, Country Tracks, Extreme Dreams with Ben Fogle, Animal Park, Wild on the West Coast, Wild in Africa, "Ben Fogle – African Migration" and Ben Fogle's Escape in Time.

In 2010, Fogle made a film about the facial deforming disease noma for a BBC Two documentary Make Me A New Face which followed the work of the charity Facing Africa and Great Ormond Street Hospital.

Fogle has produced films about naval history and the Royal National Lifeboat Institute (RNLI) for the History Channel and followed Princes William and Harry on their first joint Royal Tour in Botswana and made an exclusive documentary called Prince William's Africa. He marked the centenary of Captain Scott's expedition to the South Pole with The Secrets of Scott's Hut. Fogle is popular on the motivational and corporate speaking circuit. His two-part documentary, Swimming with Crocodiles aired on BBC Two in 2012. Production commenced in 2011 for Storm City in 3D on Sky One and National Geographic. Fogle was hired for two years as a special correspondent for NBC News in the United States, in 2011. Their purpose was to cover the April royal wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton and the 2012, London Olympics.

Fogle appeared on the programme Countryfile with John Craven from 2001 to 2008, during which he reported on a number of UK rural pastimes. He rejoined the programme in 2014.

Since 2013, Fogle has presented two series of Harbour Lives, a documentary series on ITV. In 2014, Fogle joined the presenting team on ITV series Countrywise with Liz Bonnin and Paul Heiney, which covers aspects of the British coast and country.

Since 2013, Fogle has presented his show for Channel 5 called Ben Fogle: New Lives in the Wild, that sees him follow the stories of people living "off grid" in the wild and isolated from society. In 2024, he interviewed musician Vanessa Forero in her Colombian cabin about the kidnapping of her mother Marina Chapman, and has expressed his hope to make a film about Chapman's life story.

Fogle took over as the host of recommissioned and re-titled, 'Ben Fogle's Animal Clinic' on Channel 5, replacing disgraced presenter, Rolf Harris.

Atlantic Rowing Race
Fogle was the first to cross the line in the pairs division of the 2005–2006 Atlantic Rowing Race in "Spirit of EDF Energy", partnered by Olympic rower James Cracknell. While competing in the 3,000-mile race, the pair had their boat fully capsized by huge waves. They made landfall in Antigua at 07.13 GMT on 19 January 2006, a crossing time of 49 days, 19 hours, 8 minutes. After penalties, they were placed second in the pairs and fourth overall. In 2007, the BBC series that followed the pair, Through Hell and High Water, won a Royal Television Society award.

Marathon des Sables
He has also completed the six-day Marathon des Sables for the World Wide Fund for Nature across 160 mi of the Sahara Desert and the Safaricom Marathon in Kenya for the Tusk Trust, with Longleat Safari Park keeper Ryan Hockley. Fogle has completed the Bupa Great North Run in 1 hour 33 minutes, the London Marathon and the Royal Parks Half Marathon. He beat EastEnders actor Sid Owen in a three-round charity boxing match for BBC Sport Relief under the training of Frank Bruno and he recently re-ran the Safaricom marathon in Kenya with the injured Battleback Soldiers.

Amundsen Omega 3 South Pole Race
Fogle teamed up with Cracknell once again, together with Ed Coats, a Bristol-based doctor, as Team QinetiQ to take part in the inaugural "Amundsen Omega 3 South Pole Race". Six teams set out to race across the Antarctic Plateau to commemorate the historic race of 1911 between Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott. Having led the race for much of the time, the team took 18 days, 5 hours and 10 minutes to complete the 770 km race, coming second overall, 20 hours behind the Norwegian team, who commended them on making it "a fantastic race", and over two days ahead of the next placed team. Fogle suffered hypothermia and frostbite to his nose and the team experienced temperatures as low as -40 C. The race was filmed by the BBC for the series On Thin Ice and was aired in Summer 2009. Five episodes of On Thin Ice were broadcast on BBC Two Sunday evenings receiving a peak record of 3.7 million viewers. Macmillan published an account of their journey, Race to The Pole, which became a top-10 best-seller in the UK.

In October 2009, Fogle and Cracknell cycled a rickshaw 423 miles from Edinburgh to London non-stop. They took 60 hours to reach the capital, raising money for SSAFA (Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen and Families Association). The event was filmed as part of The Pride of Britain Awards. Fogle and Cracknell planned to take part in the Tour Divide race in 2010, a 3,000-mile mountain-bike race across the Rocky Mountains, from Banff in Canada to the border of Mexico. The world record is held by American Matthew Lee and stands at 17 days. The race was put on hold after Cracknell received life-threatening injuries after being knocked from his bicycle in America while training. In 2013, Fogle and Cracknell teamed up again for their third and final expedition across the Empty-quarter of Oman for a new BBC Two series.

Mount Everest
On 16 May 2018, Fogle summited Mount Everest, completing the climb over a six-week period whilst accompanied by two sherpa guides and Kenton Cool. His trek also included former Olympic cyclist Victoria Pendleton, who abandoned her attempt due to severe altitude sickness. A film Our Mount Everest Challenge (The Challenge: Everest) documented by CNN, aired in June 2018, to highlight environmental issues around mountains in his new role as UN patron of the wilderness. The whole project was made possible by Fogle's good friend, Princess Haya Bint Al Hussein of Jordan, in memory of her father alongside raising awareness and money for The Red Cross.

Writing
Fogle has written ten books; The Teatime Islands (2004) in search of the remaining islands in the British Empire in which he travels to Saint Helena, Ascension Island, the Falkland Islands, the British Indian Ocean Territories and Tristan da Cunha. He also tried to visit Pitcairn Island by private yacht, but when the inhabitants learned that he was a journalist they refused to let him land. Fogle claims that they suspected that he was a spy, and after six hours of interrogation he was refused permission to visit and deported. He was also accused of attempting to smuggle a breadfruit on to the island. The book was short-listed for the WHSmith's people's award for Best Travel Book.

He has also written Offshore (2006), published by Penguin Books, in which he travelled around Britain in search of an island of his own. He visited the Principality of Sealand and attempted to land on Rockall in the North Atlantic. In 2006 he published The Crossing, published by Atlantic books and co-written with Cracknell followed their Transatlantic rowing bid. In 2009, The Race to the Pole was published by Macmillan and spent ten weeks in the best-seller list. His seventh book Labrador was released in 2015. In it, he explores the origin, characteristics and exploits of the breed.

In 2016, Land Rover: The Story of the Car that Conquered the World was published. English: A Story of Marmite, Queuing and Weather, which was published in 2017, examines the English national character. He published his tenth book, Up, in October 2018. Co-written with his wife, Marina, Up documents his planning, training and eventual summit of Mount Everest.

In 2019 Fogle launched a children's book series, co-written by best-selling children's author Steve Cole (author) and illustrated by Nikolas Ilic. Inspired by Fogle's real-life encounters with animals, the series follows the character of Mr Dog and his many sidekicks and friends. Between March 2019 and January 2020, four Mr Dog books were published, with two more billed for late 2020.

Fogle writes a weekly Country Diary for the Sunday Telegraph and is a regular columnist for The Daily Telegraph and travel writer for The Independent and has contributed to the Evening Standard, The New York Times, the Sunday Times and Glamour magazine. He has interviewed Gordon Brown and Prince William for the Mail on Sunday's LIVE magazine. He is guest director of Cheltenham Literary Festival and a regular at the Hay-on-Wye festival.

Activism
Fogle is the UN Patron of the Wilderness, a role that sees him highlight the pressure and impact on the Earth's wildest corners. His aim is to focus more attention on the conservation cause and inspire greater global action to ensure our actions do not damage the environment.

He is the President of the Campaign for National Parks. Fogle is also: an ambassador for the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Tusk; a supporter of the Duke of Edinburgh award scheme, and Hearing Dogs for Deaf People. He is a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. He is also a patron for the British Hedgehog Preservation Society, the Prince's Trust, the Royal Parks Foundation, Child Bereavement UK and ShelterBox.

Alongside the historian Philippa Gregory, Fogle is a patron of the UK Chagos Supporters Association, fighting for the islanders' rights to return to the British Indian Ocean Territory. He has described "the story of the Chagos islanders' treatment at the hands of the UK government" as "one for which I am ashamed to be British [...] a story of deceit [... which has] shaken my very principles on conservation and democracy".

In August 2014, Fogle was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

On 11 May 2020 Fogle announced that his Twitter account would henceforth be donated to a different charity on a rolling, weekly basis. The first charity selected was WECare, a UK and Sri Lankan registered veterinary charity. The repurposing of Fogle's Twitter account followed an incident of widespread trolling of Fogle following his suggestion of a nationwide sing-along to mark the 94th birthday of Queen Elizabeth II on Tuesday 21 April 2020.

Filmography

 * Television

Personal life
In 2006, Fogle married Marina Charlotte Elisabeth, daughter of Jonathan Hunt (son of John, Baron Hunt of Fawley) and Monika (daughter of Herbert Kuhlmann, of Schloss Urstein, Salzburg, Austria). Their first child, a boy named Ludovic Herbert Richard Fogle, was born in 2009. Their second child, a girl named Iona, was born in 2011. In 2014, they had a stillborn son, Willem; Marina also nearly died after suffering an acute placental abruption at 33 weeks.

While filming a series of Extreme Dreams in Peru in 2008, Fogle contracted leishmaniasis, which left him bedridden for three weeks on his return home. He was treated at London's Hospital for Tropical Diseases. Fogle went on to make a documentary, Make Me a New Face, about children in Ethiopia suffering from flesh-eating bacteria called noma. The documentary was broadcast on BBC Two in 2010.

Fogle has had an acting cameo on the television programme Hotel Babylon.

On 20 February 2013, BBC Newsbeat published an article stating that he had claimed that his drink had been spiked at a pub in Gloucestershire. He described the effects as making him try to jump out of a window, and he subsequently spent a night in hospital.

Honours
In 2010, Madame Tussauds modelled him as a waxwork. He was awarded the Freedom of the City of London in 2013.

Fogle was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters (DLitt) degree by the University of Portsmouth in 2007.

title: Ben Fogle