text:
User talk:NTP~enwiki

Hi NTP, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian! Andre ( talk ) 01:08, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Bazatii.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Apus frumos.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Apus frumos.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Nv8200p talk 01:34, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Digu iarna1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Digu iarna1.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 18:25, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called NTP. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name NTP~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:04, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:45, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:NTP~enwiki


text:
Hand rail (disambiguation)

A hand rail may refer to:
 * A banister on a stairway
 * A handrail on a stairway
 * A guard rail for safety or security

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hand rail (disambiguation)


text:
Handrail

A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand so as to provide safety or support. In Britain, handrails are referred to as banisters. Handrails are commonly used while ascending or descending stairways and escalators in order to prevent injurious falls, and to provide bodily support in bathrooms or similar areas. Handrails are typically supported by balusters or attached to walls.

Similar items not covered in this article include bathroom handrails—which help to prevent falls on slippery, wet floors—other grab bars, used, for instance, in ships' galleys, and barres, which serve as training aids for ballet dancers. Guard rails and balustrades line drop-offs and other dangerous areas, keeping people and vehicles out.

British specifications
British Standard and British Standard Code of Practice are harmonized to European Normal (EN) series. Handrail height is set between 0.9 and 1 m.

Dimensions
Various model codes—The International Code Council (ICC ) and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA )—and accessibility standards—ANSI A117.1 and the Americans With Disabilities Act Standards for Accessible Design (ADASAD)—refer to handrail dimensions. Current versions of these codes and standards now agree that handrail is defined as either a circular cross section with an outside diameter of 1+1/4 in minimum and 2 in maximum or a non-circular cross section with a perimeter dimension of 4 in minimum and 6+1/4 in maximum and a cross section dimension of 2+1/4 in) maximum. In addition, the International Residential Code (IRC) includes a definition of a "Type II" handrail that allows for handrail with a perimeter dimension greater than 6+1/4 in.

The IRC and residential portion of the 2009 IBC define Type II handrail as follows:

"Type II. Handrails with a perimeter greater than 6+1/4 in shall provide a graspable finger recess area on both sides of the profile. The finger recess shall begin within a distance of 3/4 in measured vertically from the tallest portion of the profile and achieve a depth of at least 5/16 in within 7/8 in below the widest portion of the profile. This required depth shall continue for at least 3/8 in to a level that is not less than 1+3/4 in below the tallest portion of the profile. The minimum width of the handrail above the recess shall be 1+1/4 in to a maximum of 2+3/4 in. Edges shall have a minimum radius of 0.01 in."

Handrails are located at a height between 34 and 38 in. In areas where children are the principal users of a building or facility, the 2010 ADASAD recommends that a second set of handrails at a maximum height of 28 in measured to the top of the gripping surface from the ramp surface or stair nosing can assist in preventing accidents.

Clearance

The distance between the wall and handrail gripping surface is also governed by local code with the most common requirement being 1+1/2 in minimum. The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) require that the distance between the wall and handrail be a minimum of 2+1/4 in.

The 1992 Americans With Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) stated that there was to be an absolute dimension of 1+1/2 in between a handrail and a wall. This was actually a "grab bar" dimension which was part of the 1986 ANSI A117.1. ANSI changed the notation to 1+1/2 in minimum in 1990. This was not corrected in 2010 with the approval of the new ADASAD which now calls for a 1+1/2 in minimum clearance.

Codes also generally require that there be a 1+1/2 in clearance between the underside of the handrail and any obstruction—including the horizontal bracket arm. There is an allowance however for variations in the handrail size—for every 1/2 in of additional perimeter dimension over 4 in, 1/8 in may be subtracted from the clearance requirement.

Strength
Handrails are to support a continuous load of 50 lb/ft or a concentrated load of 200 lb applied at the top of the handrail. As handrails come in different materials, the strengths can vary. From timber to stainless steel, it is best to pick a handrail that will be right for the area. Stainless steel will be stronger and more durable outside, whereas timber can be just as strong but less durable outside.

ADA height notations
ADA Handrail height requirements are issued to create a safe enjoyable space to enjoy for everyone. The ADA height of handrail requirements that will primarily be used by children have their own unique requirements.

The top of gripping surfaces of handrails shall be 34 inches minimum and 38 inches maximum vertically above walking surfaces, stair nosing, and ramp surfaces. Handrails shall be at a consistent height above walking surfaces, stair nosing, and ramp surfaces.

When children are the principal users in a building or facility (e.g., elementary schools), a second set of handrails at an appropriate height can assist them and aid in preventing accidents. A maximum height of 28 inches measured to the top of the gripping surface from the ramp surface or stair nosing. Sufficient vertical clearance between upper and lower handrails, 9 inches minimum, should be provided to help prevent entrapment.

Adult requirements
Top of gripping surfaces of handrails shall be between 34 and 38 in vertically above walking surfaces, stair nosings, and ramp surfaces. Handrails shall be at a consistent height above walking surfaces, stair nosings, and ramp surfaces.

Child recommendation
When children are the principal users in a building or facility (e.g., elementary schools), a second set of handrails at an appropriate height can assist them and aid in preventing accidents. A maximum height of 28 in measured to the top of the gripping surface from the ramp surface or stair nosing is recommended for handrails designed for children. Sufficient vertical clearance between upper and lower handrails, 9 in minimum, should be provided to help prevent entrapment.

Types of handrails

Handrails are available in several different varieties including wooden/timber, stainless steel or aluminium. Some varieties are more hard wearing than others, and the cost can vary depending on the style you choose. You can also choose various fixings to allow for a more modern/sleek look.

title: Handrail


text:
109th United States Congress

The 109th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, from January 3, 2005, to January 3, 2007, during the fifth and sixth years of George W. Bush's presidency. House members were elected in the 2004 elections on November 2, 2004. Senators were elected in three classes in the 2000 elections on November 7, 2000, 2002 elections on November 5, 2002, or 2004 elections on November 2, 2004. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 2000 United States census.

This is the most recent Congress to feature a Republican senator from Rhode Island, Lincoln Chafee, who lost re-election in 2006.

The Republicans maintained control of both the House and the Senate (slightly increasing their majority in both chambers), and with the reelection of President Bush, the Republicans maintained an overall federal government trifecta.

Major events

 * January 20, 2005 — President George W. Bush began his second term.
 * November 7, 2006 — California Representative Nancy Pelosi and Nevada Senator Harry Reid led the Democratic Party in taking control of both the House and the Senate in the 2006 congressional elections, the first time in 12 years the Democrats secure control of both houses of Congress simultaneously.
 * Prominent events included the filibuster "nuclear option" scare, the failure of the federal government to promptly respond to Hurricane Katrina disaster relief, the Tom DeLay corruption investigation, Plamegate, the rising unpopularity of the Iraq War, the 2006 immigration reform protests and government involvement in the Terri Schiavo case.
 * In addition to the DeLay indictment, this Congress also had a number of scandals: Bob Ney, Randy "Duke" Cunningham, William J. Jefferson, Mark Foley scandal, and the Jack Abramoff scandals.
 * This Congress met for 242 days, the fewest since World War II and 12 days fewer than the 80th Congress.  As the Congress neared its conclusion, some media commentators labelled this the "Do Nothing Congress",      a pejorative originally given to the 80th United States Congress by President Harry Truman, although the number of bills passed by Congress is no measure of its success.
 * The President vetoed only one bill, his first veto, the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005.

Enacted

 * February 17, 2005: Class Action Fairness Act of 2005,
 * March 21, 2005: Theresa Marie Schiavo's law,
 * April 20, 2005: Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act,
 * April 27, 2005: Family Entertainment and Copyright Act,
 * May 11, 2005: Real ID Act of 2005, Pub.L. 109-13
 * July 9, 2005: Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005, Pub.L. 109-21
 * July 29, 2005: Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005, Pub.L. 109-41
 * August 2, 2005: Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act (CAFTA Implementation Act),
 * August 8, 2005: Energy Policy Act of 2005,
 * August 10, 2005: Transportation Equity Act of 2005,
 * October 26, 2005: Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act,
 * December 1, 2005: Caribbean National Forest Act of 2005,
 * December 20, 2005: Stem Cell Therapeutic and Research Act of 2005, Pub.L. 109-129
 * December 22, 2005: Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005,
 * December 30, 2005: Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2006,
 * January 11, 2006: United States-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, Pub.L. 109-169
 * February 8, 2006: Deficit Reduction Act of 2005,
 * February 15, 2006: Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act, Pub.L. 109-173
 * March 8, 2006: USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2006,
 * May 17, 2006: Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005,
 * May 29, 2006: Respect for America's Fallen Heroes Act,
 * June 15, 2006: Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005, Pub.L. 109-235
 * July 24, 2006: Freedom to Display the American Flag Act of 2005, Pub.L. 109-243
 * July 27, 2006: Fannie Lou Hamer, Rosa Parks, and Coretta Scott King Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006, Pub.L. 109-246
 * July 27, 2006: Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act,
 * August 17, 2006: Pension Protection Act of 2006, Pub.L. 109-280
 * September 26, 2006: Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006,
 * September 26, 2006: United States-Oman Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, Pub.L. 109-283
 * September 29, 2006: Credit Rating Agency Reform Act, Pub.L. 109-291
 * September 30, 2006: Iran Freedom and Support Act, Pub.L. 109-293
 * October 4, 2006: Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007, Pub.L. 109-295
 * October 6, 2006: Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards (PETS) Act of 2006, Pub.L. 109-308
 * October 6, 2006: Trademark Dilution Revision Act, Pub.L. 109-312
 * October 13, 2006: Darfur Peace and Accountability Act, Pub.L. 109-344
 * October 13, 2006: Safe Port Act,, including title VIII, Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006
 * October 17, 2006: John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, Pub.L. 109-364
 * October 17, 2006: Military Commissions Act of 2006,
 * October 26, 2006: Secure Fence Act of 2006,
 * November 27, 2006: Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, Pub.L. 109-374
 * December 14, 2006: Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act of 2006, Pub.L. 109-394
 * December 19, 2006: Combating Autism Act of 2006, Pub.L. 109-416
 * December 19, 2006: Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness Act, Pub.L. 109-417
 * December 20, 2006: Tax Relief and Health Act of 2006,
 * December 20, 2006: Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act,
 * December 20, 2006: Stolen Valor Act of 2005,
 * January 12, 2007: Johanna's Law, Pub.L. 109-475
 * January 12, 2007: Telephone Records and Privacy Protection Act of 2006, Pub.L. 109-476

Proposed, but not enacted

 * — Personal Responsibility in Food Consumption Act
 * — Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005 (Vetoed)
 * — Jessica Lunsford Act
 * — Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005
 * — Digital Transition Content Security Act
 * — Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2005 (Akaka Bill)
 * — Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006

More information: Complete index of Public and Private Laws for 109th Congress at U.S. Government Printing Office

Hearings

 * Congressional response to the NSA warrantless surveillance program (Senate Judiciary; House Intelligence; Democrats of the House Judiciary)

Senate
The party summary for the Senate remained the same during the entire 109th Congress. On January 16, 2006, Democrat Jon Corzine resigned, but Democrat Bob Menendez was appointed and took Corzine's seat the next day.

House of Representatives
Due to resignations and special elections, Republicans lost a net of three seats; Democrats gained one seat; three seats were left vacant; and one seat which was vacant at the beginning of the Congress was filled. All seats were filled though special elections. (See Changes in membership, below.)

Senate

 * President: Dick Cheney (R)
 * President pro tempore: Ted Stevens (R)

Majority (Republican) leadership

 * Majority Leader: Bill Frist
 * Majority Whip: Mitch McConnell
 * Republican Conference Chairman: Rick Santorum
 * Policy Committee Chairman: Jon Kyl
 * Republican Conference Secretary: Kay Bailey Hutchison
 * Republican Campaign Committee Chairwoman: Elizabeth Dole
 * Chief Deputy Whip: Bob Bennett

Minority (Democratic) leadership

 * Minority Leader: Harry Reid
 * Minority Whip: Richard Durbin
 * Democratic Conference Chairman: Harry Reid
 * Policy Committee Chairman: Byron Dorgan
 * Democratic Conference Secretary: Debbie Stabenow
 * Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Chuck Schumer
 * Steering and Outreach Committee Chair: Hillary Clinton
 * Chief Deputy Whip: Barbara Boxer

House of Representatives

 * Speaker: Dennis Hastert

Majority (Republican) leadership

 * Majority Leader: Tom DeLay, until September 28, 2005
 * Roy Blunt, September 28, 2005 – February 2, 2006 ("Interim Leader")
 * John Boehner, from February 2, 2006
 * Majority Whip: Roy Blunt
 * Senior Chief Deputy Whip: Eric Cantor
 * Deputy Whip Team: Kevin Brady
 * Assistant Deputy Whip Team: Doc Hastings
 * House Rules Committee Chairman: David Dreier
 * Republican Conference Chairwoman: Deborah Pryce
 * Republican Conference Vice-Chairman: Jack Kingston
 * Republican Conference Secretary: John T. Doolittle
 * Policy Committee Chairman: John Shadegg, until February 2, 2006
 * Adam Putnam, from February 2, 2006
 * Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Tom Reynolds

Minority (Democratic) leadership

 * Minority Leader: Nancy Pelosi
 * Minority Whip: Steny Hoyer
 * Senior Chief Deputy Whip: John Lewis
 * Minority Deputy Whip Team: Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, John Tanner & Maxine Waters
 * Democratic Caucus Chairman: Bob Menendez, until January 16, 2006
 * Jim Clyburn, from January 16, 2006
 * Democratic Caucus Vice Chairman: Jim Clyburn, until January 16, 2006
 * John Larson, from January 16, 2006
 * Assistant to the House Minority Leader: John Spratt
 * Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Rahm Emanuel
 * Steering Committee Co-Chairs: Rosa DeLauro, George Miller

Senate
In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 2006; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 2008; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 2010.

Alabama

 * 2. Jeff Sessions (R)
 * 3. Richard Shelby (R)

Alaska

 * 2. Ted Stevens (R)
 * 3. Lisa Murkowski (R)

Arizona

 * 1. Jon Kyl (R)
 * 3. John McCain (R)

Arkansas

 * 2. Mark Pryor (D)
 * 3. Blanche Lincoln (D)

California

 * 1. Dianne Feinstein (D)
 * 3. Barbara Boxer (D)

Colorado

 * 2. Wayne Allard (R)
 * 3. Ken Salazar (D)

Connecticut

 * 1. Joseph Lieberman (D)
 * 3. Christopher Dodd (D)

Delaware

 * 1. Tom Carper (D)
 * 2. Joe Biden (D)

Florida

 * 1. Bill Nelson (D)
 * 3. Mel Martinez (R)

Georgia

 * 2. Saxby Chambliss (R)
 * 3. Johnny Isakson (R)

Hawaii

 * 1. Daniel Akaka (D)
 * 3. Daniel Inouye (D)

Idaho

 * 2. Larry Craig (R)
 * 3. Mike Crapo (R)

Illinois

 * 2. Dick Durbin (D)
 * 3. Barack Obama (D)

Indiana

 * 1. Richard Lugar (R)
 * 3. Evan Bayh (D)

Iowa

 * 2. Tom Harkin (D)
 * 3. Chuck Grassley (R)

Kansas

 * 2. Pat Roberts (R)
 * 3. Sam Brownback (R)

Kentucky

 * 2. Mitch McConnell (R)
 * 3. Jim Bunning (R)

Louisiana

 * 2. Mary Landrieu (D)
 * 3. David Vitter (R)

Maine

 * 1. Olympia Snowe (R)
 * 2. Susan Collins (R)

Maryland

 * 1. Paul Sarbanes (D)
 * 3. Barbara Mikulski (D)

Massachusetts

 * 1. Ted Kennedy (D)
 * 2. John Kerry (D)

Michigan

 * 1. Debbie Stabenow (D)
 * 2. Carl Levin (D)

Minnesota

 * 1. Mark Dayton (DFL)
 * 2. Norm Coleman (R)

Mississippi

 * 1. Trent Lott (R)
 * 2. Thad Cochran (R)

Missouri

 * 1. James Talent (R)
 * 3. Kit Bond (R)

Montana

 * 1. Conrad Burns (R)
 * 2. Max Baucus (D)

Nebraska

 * 1. Ben Nelson (D)
 * 2. Chuck Hagel (R)

Nevada

 * 1. John Ensign (R)
 * 3. Harry Reid (D)

New Hampshire

 * 2. John E. Sununu (R)
 * 3. Judd Gregg (R)

New Jersey

 * 1. Jon Corzine (D), until January 17, 2006
 * Bob Menendez (D), from January 18, 2006
 * 2. Frank Lautenberg (D)

New Mexico

 * 1. Jeff Bingaman (D)
 * 2. Pete Domenici (R)

New York

 * 1. Hillary Clinton (D)
 * 3. Chuck Schumer (D)

North Carolina

 * 2. Elizabeth Dole (R)
 * 3. Richard Burr (R)

North Dakota

 * 1. Kent Conrad (D-NPL)
 * 3. Byron Dorgan (D-NPL)

Ohio

 * 1. Mike DeWine (R)
 * 3. George Voinovich (R)

Oklahoma

 * 2. James Inhofe (R)
 * 3. Tom Coburn (R)

Oregon

 * 2. Gordon Smith (R)
 * 3. Ron Wyden (D)

Pennsylvania

 * 1. Rick Santorum (R)
 * 3. Arlen Specter (R)

Rhode Island

 * 1. Lincoln Chafee (R)
 * 2. Jack Reed (D)

South Carolina

 * 2. Lindsey Graham (R)
 * 3. Jim DeMint (R)

South Dakota

 * 2. Tim Johnson (D)
 * 3. John Thune (R)

Tennessee

 * 1. Bill Frist (R)
 * 2. Lamar Alexander (R)

Texas

 * 1. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R)
 * 2. John Cornyn (R)

Utah

 * 1. Orrin Hatch (R)
 * 3. Robert Bennett (R)

Vermont

 * 1. Jim Jeffords (I)
 * 3. Patrick Leahy (D)

Virginia

 * 1. George Allen (R)
 * 2. John Warner (R)

Washington

 * 1. Maria Cantwell (D)
 * 3. Patty Murray (D)

West Virginia

 * 1. Robert Byrd (D)
 * 2. Jay Rockefeller (D)

Wisconsin

 * 1. Herb Kohl (D)
 * 3. Russ Feingold (D)

Wyoming

 * 1. Craig Thomas (R)
 * 2. Mike Enzi (R)

House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Alabama

 * Alabama's 1st congressional district. Jo Bonner (R)
 * Alabama's 2nd congressional district. Terry Everett (R)
 * Alabama's 3rd congressional district. Mike D. Rogers (R)
 * Alabama's 4th congressional district. Robert Aderholt (R)
 * Alabama's 5th congressional district. Bud Cramer (D)
 * Alabama's 6th congressional district. Spencer Bachus (R)
 * Alabama's 7th congressional district. Artur Davis (D)

Alaska

 * Alaska's at-large congressional district. Don Young (R)

Arizona

 * Arizona's 1st congressional district. Rick Renzi (R)
 * Arizona's 2nd congressional district. Trent Franks (R)
 * Arizona's 3rd congressional district. John Shadegg (R)
 * Arizona's 4th congressional district. Ed Pastor (D)
 * Arizona's 5th congressional district. J.D. Hayworth (R)
 * Arizona's 6th congressional district. Jeff Flake (R)
 * Arizona's 7th congressional district. Raúl Grijalva (D)
 * Arizona's 8th congressional district. Jim Kolbe (R)

Arkansas

 * Arkansas's 1st congressional district. Marion Berry (D)
 * Arkansas's 2nd congressional district. Vic Snyder (D)
 * Arkansas's 3rd congressional district. John Boozman (R)
 * Arkansas's 4th congressional district. Mike Ross (D)

California

 * California's 1st congressional district. Mike Thompson (D)
 * California's 2nd congressional district. Wally Herger (R)
 * California's 3rd congressional district. Dan Lungren (R)
 * California's 4th congressional district. John Doolittle (R)
 * California's 5th congressional district. Vacant, until March 9, 2005
 * Doris Matsui (D), from March 10, 2005
 * California's 6th congressional district. Lynn Woolsey (D)
 * California's 7th congressional district. George Miller (D)
 * California's 8th congressional district. Nancy Pelosi (D)
 * California's 9th congressional district. Barbara Lee (D)
 * California's 10th congressional district. Ellen Tauscher (D)
 * California's 11th congressional district. Richard Pombo (R)
 * California's 12th congressional district. Tom Lantos (D)
 * California's 13th congressional district. Pete Stark (D)
 * California's 14th congressional district. Anna Eshoo (D)
 * California's 15th congressional district. Mike Honda (D)
 * California's 16th congressional district. Zoe Lofgren (D)
 * California's 17th congressional district. Sam Farr (D)
 * California's 18th congressional district. Dennis Cardoza (D)
 * California's 19th congressional district. George Radanovich (R)
 * California's 20th congressional district. Jim Costa (D)
 * California's 21st congressional district. Devin Nunes (R)
 * California's 22nd congressional district. Bill Thomas (R)
 * California's 23rd congressional district. Lois Capps (D)
 * California's 24th congressional district. Elton Gallegly (R)
 * California's 25th congressional district. Howard McKeon (R)
 * California's 26th congressional district. David Dreier (R)
 * California's 27th congressional district. Brad Sherman (D)
 * California's 28th congressional district. Howard Berman (D)
 * California's 29th congressional district. Adam Schiff (D)
 * California's 30th congressional district. Henry Waxman (D)
 * California's 31st congressional district. Xavier Becerra (D)
 * California's 32nd congressional district. Hilda Solis (D)
 * California's 33rd congressional district. Diane Watson (D)
 * California's 34th congressional district. Lucille Roybal-Allard (D)
 * California's 35th congressional district. Maxine Waters (D)
 * California's 36th congressional district. Jane Harman (D)
 * California's 37th congressional district. Juanita Millender-McDonald (D)
 * California's 38th congressional district. Grace Napolitano (D)
 * California's 39th congressional district. Linda Sánchez (D)
 * California's 40th congressional district. Edward R. Royce (R)
 * California's 41st congressional district. Jerry Lewis (R)
 * California's 42nd congressional district. Gary Miller (R)
 * California's 43rd congressional district. Joe Baca (D)
 * California's 44th congressional district. Ken Calvert (R)
 * California's 45th congressional district. Mary Bono (R)
 * California's 46th congressional district. Dana Rohrabacher (R)
 * California's 47th congressional district. Loretta Sanchez (D)
 * California's 48th congressional district. Christopher Cox (R) until August 2, 2005
 * John Campbell (R) from December 7, 2005
 * California's 49th congressional district. Darrell Issa (R)
 * California's 50th congressional district. Randy "Duke" Cunningham (R) until December 1, 2005
 * Brian Bilbray (R) from June 13, 2006
 * California's 51st congressional district. Bob Filner (D)
 * California's 52nd congressional district. Duncan Hunter (R)
 * California's 53rd congressional district. Susan Davis (D)

Colorado

 * Colorado's 1st congressional district. Diana DeGette (D)
 * Colorado's 2nd congressional district. Mark Udall (D)
 * Colorado's 3rd congressional district. John Salazar (D)
 * Colorado's 4th congressional district. Marilyn Musgrave (R)
 * Colorado's 5th congressional district. Joel Hefley (R)
 * Colorado's 6th congressional district. Tom Tancredo (R)
 * Colorado's 7th congressional district. Bob Beauprez (R)

Connecticut

 * Connecticut's 1st congressional district. John Larson (D)
 * Connecticut's 2nd congressional district. Rob Simmons (R)
 * Connecticut's 3rd congressional district. Rosa DeLauro (D)
 * Connecticut's 4th congressional district. Chris Shays (R)
 * Connecticut's 5th congressional district. Nancy Johnson (R)

Delaware

 * Delaware's at-large congressional district. Mike Castle (R)

Florida

 * Florida's 1st congressional district. Jeff Miller (R)
 * Florida's 2nd congressional district. Allen Boyd (D)
 * Florida's 3rd congressional district. Corrine Brown (D)
 * Florida's 4th congressional district. Ander Crenshaw (R)
 * Florida's 5th congressional district. Ginny Brown-Waite (R)
 * Florida's 6th congressional district. Cliff Stearns (R)
 * Florida's 7th congressional district. John Mica (R)
 * Florida's 8th congressional district. Ric Keller (R)
 * Florida's 9th congressional district. Michael Bilirakis (R)
 * Florida's 10th congressional district. Bill Young (R)
 * Florida's 11th congressional district. Jim Davis (D)
 * Florida's 12th congressional district. Adam Putnam (R)
 * Florida's 13th congressional district. Katherine Harris (R)
 * Florida's 14th congressional district. Connie Mack IV (R)
 * Florida's 15th congressional district. Dave Weldon (R)
 * Florida's 16th congressional district. Mark Foley (R), until September 29, 2006, vacant thereafter
 * Florida's 17th congressional district. Kendrick Meek (D)
 * Florida's 18th congressional district. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R)
 * Florida's 19th congressional district. Robert Wexler (D)
 * Florida's 20th congressional district. Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D)
 * Florida's 21st congressional district. Lincoln Diaz-Balart (R)
 * Florida's 22nd congressional district. Clay Shaw (R)
 * Florida's 23rd congressional district. Alcee Hastings (D)
 * Florida's 24th congressional district. Tom Feeney (R)
 * Florida's 25th congressional district. Mario Diaz-Balart (R)

Georgia

 * Georgia's 1st congressional district. Jack Kingston (R)
 * Georgia's 2nd congressional district. Sanford Bishop (D)
 * Georgia's 3rd congressional district. Jim Marshall (D)
 * Georgia's 4th congressional district. Cynthia McKinney (D)
 * Georgia's 5th congressional district. John Lewis (D)
 * Georgia's 6th congressional district. Tom Price (R)
 * Georgia's 7th congressional district. John Linder (R)
 * Georgia's 8th congressional district. Lynn Westmoreland (R)
 * Georgia's 9th congressional district. Charlie Norwood (R)
 * Georgia's 10th congressional district. Nathan Deal (R)
 * Georgia's 11th congressional district. Phil Gingrey (R)
 * Georgia's 12th congressional district. John Barrow (D)
 * Georgia's 13th congressional district. David Scott (D)

Hawaii

 * Hawaii's 1st congressional district. Neil Abercrombie (D)
 * Hawaii's 2nd congressional district. Ed Case (D)

Idaho

 * Idaho's 1st congressional district. C. L. Otter (R)
 * Idaho's 2nd congressional district. Michael K. Simpson (R)

Illinois

 * Illinois's 1st congressional district. Bobby Rush (D)
 * Illinois's 2nd congressional district. Jesse Jackson Jr. (D)
 * Illinois's 3rd congressional district. Dan Lipinski (D)
 * Illinois's 4th congressional district. Luis Gutiérrez (D)
 * Illinois's 5th congressional district. Rahm Emanuel (D)
 * Illinois's 6th congressional district. Henry Hyde (R)
 * Illinois's 7th congressional district. Danny K. Davis (D)
 * Illinois's 8th congressional district. Melissa Bean (D)
 * Illinois's 9th congressional district. Janice D. Schakowsky (D)
 * Illinois's 10th congressional district. Mark Steven Kirk (R)
 * Illinois's 11th congressional district. Jerry Weller (R)
 * Illinois's 12th congressional district. Jerry Costello (D)
 * Illinois's 13th congressional district. Judy Biggert (R)
 * Illinois's 14th congressional district. Dennis Hastert (R)
 * Illinois's 15th congressional district. Timothy V. Johnson (R)
 * Illinois's 16th congressional district. Donald Manzullo (R)
 * Illinois's 17th congressional district. Lane Evans (D)
 * Illinois's 18th congressional district. Ray LaHood (R)
 * Illinois's 19th congressional district. John Shimkus (R)

Indiana

 * Indiana's 1st congressional district. Pete Visclosky (D)
 * Indiana's 2nd congressional district. Chris Chocola (R)
 * Indiana's 3rd congressional district. Mark Souder (R)
 * Indiana's 4th congressional district. Steve Buyer (R)
 * Indiana's 5th congressional district. Dan Burton (R)
 * Indiana's 6th congressional district. Mike Pence (R)
 * Indiana's 7th congressional district. Julia Carson (D)
 * Indiana's 8th congressional district. John Hostettler (R)
 * Indiana's 9th congressional district. Mike Sodrel (R)

Iowa

 * Iowa's 1st congressional district. Jim Nussle (R)
 * Iowa's 2nd congressional district. Jim Leach (R)
 * Iowa's 3rd congressional district. Leonard Boswell (D)
 * Iowa's 4th congressional district. Tom Latham (R)
 * Iowa's 5th congressional district. Steve King (R)

Kansas

 * Kansas's 1st congressional district. Jerry Moran (R)
 * Kansas's 2nd congressional district. Jim Ryun (R)
 * Kansas's 3rd congressional district. Dennis Moore (D)
 * Kansas's 4th congressional district. Todd Tiahrt (R)

Kentucky

 * Kentucky's 1st congressional district. Ed Whitfield (R)
 * Kentucky's 2nd congressional district. Ron Lewis (R)
 * Kentucky's 3rd congressional district. Anne Northup (R)
 * Kentucky's 4th congressional district. Geoff Davis (R)
 * Kentucky's 5th congressional district. Hal Rogers (R)
 * Kentucky's 6th congressional district. Ben Chandler (D)

Louisiana

 * Louisiana's 1st congressional district. Bobby Jindal (R)
 * Louisiana's 2nd congressional district. William J. Jefferson (D)
 * Louisiana's 3rd congressional district. Charlie Melançon (D)
 * Louisiana's 4th congressional district. Jim McCrery (R)
 * Louisiana's 5th congressional district. Rodney Alexander (R)
 * Louisiana's 6th congressional district. Richard H. Baker (R)
 * Louisiana's 7th congressional district. Charles Boustany (R)

Maine

 * Maine's 1st congressional district. Tom Allen (D)
 * Maine's 2nd congressional district. Mike Michaud (D)

Maryland

 * Maryland's 1st congressional district. Wayne Gilchrest (R)
 * Maryland's 2nd congressional district. Dutch Ruppersberger (D)
 * Maryland's 3rd congressional district. Ben Cardin (D)
 * Maryland's 4th congressional district. Albert Wynn (D)
 * Maryland's 5th congressional district. Steny Hoyer (D)
 * Maryland's 6th congressional district. Roscoe Bartlett (R)
 * Maryland's 7th congressional district. Elijah Cummings (D)
 * Maryland's 8th congressional district. Chris Van Hollen (D)

Massachusetts

 * Massachusetts's 1st congressional district. John Olver (D)
 * Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district. Richard Neal (D)
 * Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district. Jim McGovern (D)
 * Massachusetts's 4th congressional district. Barney Frank (D)
 * Massachusetts's 5th congressional district. Marty Meehan (D)
 * Massachusetts's 6th congressional district. John Tierney (D)
 * Massachusetts's 7th congressional district. Ed Markey (D)
 * Massachusetts's 8th congressional district. Mike Capuano (D)
 * Massachusetts's 9th congressional district. Stephen Lynch (D)
 * Massachusetts's 10th congressional district. Bill Delahunt (D)

Michigan

 * Michigan's 1st congressional district. Bart Stupak (D)
 * Michigan's 2nd congressional district. Peter Hoekstra (R)
 * Michigan's 3rd congressional district. Vern Ehlers (R)
 * Michigan's 4th congressional district. David Lee Camp (R)
 * Michigan's 5th congressional district. Dale Kildee (D)
 * Michigan's 6th congressional district. Fred Upton (R)
 * Michigan's 7th congressional district. Joe Schwarz (R)
 * Michigan's 8th congressional district. Mike Rogers (R)
 * Michigan's 9th congressional district. Joe Knollenberg (R)
 * Michigan's 10th congressional district. Candice Miller (R)
 * Michigan's 11th congressional district. Thaddeus McCotter (R)
 * Michigan's 12th congressional district. Sander Levin (D)
 * Michigan's 13th congressional district. Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (D)
 * Michigan's 14th congressional district. John Conyers (D)
 * Michigan's 15th congressional district. John Dingell (D)

Minnesota

 * Minnesota's 1st congressional district. Gil Gutknecht (R)
 * Minnesota's 2nd congressional district. John Kline (R)
 * Minnesota's 3rd congressional district. Jim Ramstad (R)
 * Minnesota's 4th congressional district. Betty McCollum (DFL)
 * Minnesota's 5th congressional district. Martin Olav Sabo (DFL)
 * Minnesota's 6th congressional district. Mark Kennedy (R)
 * Minnesota's 7th congressional district. Collin Peterson (DFL)
 * Minnesota's 8th congressional district. James Oberstar (DFL)

Mississippi

 * Mississippi's 1st congressional district. Roger Wicker (R)
 * Mississippi's 2nd congressional district. Bennie Thompson (D)
 * Mississippi's 3rd congressional district. Chip Pickering (R)
 * Mississippi's 4th congressional district. Gene Taylor (D)

Missouri

 * Missouri's 1st congressional district. Lacy Clay (D)
 * Missouri's 2nd congressional district. Todd Akin (R)
 * Missouri's 3rd congressional district. Russ Carnahan (D)
 * Missouri's 4th congressional district. Ike Skelton (D)
 * Missouri's 5th congressional district. Emanuel Cleaver (D)
 * Missouri's 6th congressional district. Sam Graves (R)
 * Missouri's 7th congressional district. Roy Blunt (R)
 * Missouri's 8th congressional district. Jo Ann Emerson (R)
 * Missouri's 9th congressional district. Kenny Hulshof (R)

Montana

 * Montana's at-large congressional district. Denny Rehberg (R)

Nebraska

 * Nebraska's 1st congressional district. Jeff Fortenberry (R)
 * Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. Lee Terry (R)
 * Nebraska's 3rd congressional district. Tom Osborne (R)

Nevada

 * Nevada's 1st congressional district. Shelley Berkley (D)
 * Nevada's 2nd congressional district. Jim Gibbons (R), until December 31, 2006, vacant thereafter
 * Nevada's 3rd congressional district. Jon Porter (R)

New Hampshire

 * New Hampshire's 1st congressional district. Jeb Bradley (R)
 * New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district. Charlie Bass (R)

New Jersey

 * New Jersey's 1st congressional district. Rob Andrews (D)
 * New Jersey's 2nd congressional district. Frank LoBiondo (R)
 * New Jersey's 3rd congressional district. Jim Saxton (R)
 * New Jersey's 4th congressional district. Chris Smith (R)
 * New Jersey's 5th congressional district. Scott Garrett (R)
 * New Jersey's 6th congressional district. Frank Pallone (D)
 * New Jersey's 7th congressional district. Mike Ferguson (R)
 * New Jersey's 8th congressional district. Bill Pascrell Jr. (D)
 * New Jersey's 9th congressional district. Steve Rothman (D)
 * New Jersey's 10th congressional district. Donald M. Payne (D)
 * New Jersey's 11th congressional district. Rodney Frelinghuysen (R)
 * New Jersey's 12th congressional district. Rush D. Holt Jr. (D)
 * New Jersey's 13th congressional district. Bob Menendez (D), until January 17, 2006
 * Albio Sires (D), from November 13, 2006

New Mexico

 * New Mexico's 1st congressional district. Heather Wilson (R)
 * New Mexico's 2nd congressional district. Steve Pearce (R)
 * New Mexico's 3rd congressional district. Tom Udall (D)

New York

 * New York's 1st congressional district. Tim Bishop (D)
 * New York's 2nd congressional district. Steve Israel (D)
 * New York's 3rd congressional district. Peter T. King (R)
 * New York's 4th congressional district. Carolyn McCarthy (D)
 * New York's 5th congressional district. Gary Ackerman (D)
 * New York's 6th congressional district. Gregory Meeks (D)
 * New York's 7th congressional district. Joseph Crowley (D)
 * New York's 8th congressional district. Jerry Nadler (D)
 * New York's 9th congressional district. Anthony Weiner (D)
 * New York's 10th congressional district. Edolphus Towns (D)
 * New York's 11th congressional district. Major Owens (D)
 * New York's 12th congressional district. Nydia Velázquez (D)
 * New York's 13th congressional district. Vito Fossella (R)
 * New York's 14th congressional district. Carolyn Maloney (D)
 * New York's 15th congressional district. Charles Rangel (D)
 * New York's 16th congressional district. José E. Serrano (D)
 * New York's 17th congressional district. Eliot Engel (D)
 * New York's 18th congressional district. Nita Lowey (D)
 * New York's 19th congressional district. Sue W. Kelly (R)
 * New York's 20th congressional district. John E. Sweeney (R)
 * New York's 21st congressional district. Michael R. McNulty (D)
 * New York's 22nd congressional district. Maurice Hinchey (D)
 * New York's 23rd congressional district. John M. McHugh (R)
 * New York's 24th congressional district. Sherwood Boehlert (R)
 * New York's 25th congressional district. Jim Walsh (R)
 * New York's 26th congressional district. Tom Reynolds (R)
 * New York's 27th congressional district. Brian Higgins (D)
 * New York's 28th congressional district. Louise McIntosh Slaughter (D)
 * New York's 29th congressional district. Randy Kuhl (R)

North Carolina

 * North Carolina's 1st congressional district. G. K. Butterfield (D)
 * North Carolina's 2nd congressional district. Bob Etheridge (D)
 * North Carolina's 3rd congressional district. Walter B. Jones (R)
 * North Carolina's 4th congressional district. David Price (D)
 * North Carolina's 5th congressional district. Virginia Foxx (R)
 * North Carolina's 6th congressional district. Howard Coble (R)
 * North Carolina's 7th congressional district. Mike McIntyre (D)
 * North Carolina's 8th congressional district. Robin Hayes (R)
 * North Carolina's 9th congressional district. Sue Wilkins Myrick (R)
 * North Carolina's 10th congressional district. Patrick McHenry (R)
 * North Carolina's 11th congressional district. Charles H. Taylor (R)
 * North Carolina's 12th congressional district. Mel Watt (D)
 * North Carolina's 13th congressional district. Brad Miller (D)

North Dakota

 * North Dakota's at-large congressional district. Earl Pomeroy (D-NPL)

Ohio

 * Ohio's 1st congressional district. Steve Chabot (R)
 * Ohio's 2nd congressional district. Rob Portman (R) until April 29, 2005
 * Jean Schmidt (R), from September 6, 2005
 * Ohio's 3rd congressional district. Mike Turner (R)
 * Ohio's 4th congressional district. Mike Oxley (R)
 * Ohio's 5th congressional district. Paul Gillmor (R)
 * Ohio's 6th congressional district. Ted Strickland (D)
 * Ohio's 7th congressional district. Dave Hobson (R)
 * Ohio's 8th congressional district. John Boehner (R)
 * Ohio's 9th congressional district. Marcia Kaptur (D)
 * Ohio's 10th congressional district. Dennis Kucinich (D)
 * Ohio's 11th congressional district. Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D)
 * Ohio's 12th congressional district. Pat Tiberi (R)
 * Ohio's 13th congressional district. Sherrod Brown (D)
 * Ohio's 14th congressional district. Steve LaTourette (R)
 * Ohio's 15th congressional district. Deborah Pryce (R)
 * Ohio's 16th congressional district. Ralph Regula (R)
 * Ohio's 17th congressional district. Tim Ryan (D)
 * Ohio's 18th congressional district. Robert W. Ney (R) until November 3, 2006, vacant thereafter

Oklahoma

 * Oklahoma's 1st congressional district. John Sullivan (R)
 * Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district. Dan Boren (D)
 * Oklahoma's 3rd congressional district. Frank Lucas (R)
 * Oklahoma's 4th congressional district. Tom Cole (R)
 * Oklahoma's 5th congressional district. Ernest Istook (R)

Oregon

 * Oregon's 1st congressional district. David Wu (D)
 * Oregon's 2nd congressional district. Greg Walden (R)
 * Oregon's 3rd congressional district. Earl Blumenauer (D)
 * Oregon's 4th congressional district. Peter DeFazio (D)
 * Oregon's 5th congressional district. Darlene Hooley (D)

Pennsylvania

 * Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district. Bob Brady (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district. Chaka Fattah (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district. Phil English (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district. Melissa Hart (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district. John E. Peterson (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district. Jim Gerlach (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district. Curt Weldon (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district. Mike Fitzpatrick (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district. Bill Shuster (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district. Don Sherwood (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district. Paul Kanjorski (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district. John Murtha (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district. Allyson Schwartz (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district. Michael F. Doyle (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district. Charlie Dent (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district. Joseph R. Pitts (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district. Tim Holden (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district. Tim Murphy (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district. Todd Russell Platts (R)

Rhode Island

 * Rhode Island's 1st congressional district. Patrick J. Kennedy (D)
 * Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district. James Langevin (D)

South Carolina

 * South Carolina's 1st congressional district. Henry E. Brown Jr. (R)
 * South Carolina's 2nd congressional district. Joe Wilson (R)
 * South Carolina's 3rd congressional district. Gresham Barrett (R)
 * South Carolina's 4th congressional district. Bob Inglis (R)
 * South Carolina's 5th congressional district. John Spratt (D)
 * South Carolina's 6th congressional district. Jim Clyburn (D)

South Dakota

 * South Dakota's at-large congressional district. Stephanie Herseth (D)

Tennessee

 * Tennessee's 1st congressional district. William L. Jenkins (R)
 * Tennessee's 2nd congressional district. John Duncan (R)
 * Tennessee's 3rd congressional district. Zach Wamp (R)
 * Tennessee's 4th congressional district. Lincoln Davis (D)
 * Tennessee's 5th congressional district. Jim Cooper (D)
 * Tennessee's 6th congressional district. Bart Gordon (D)
 * Tennessee's 7th congressional district. Marsha Blackburn (R)
 * Tennessee's 8th congressional district. John S. Tanner (D)
 * Tennessee's 9th congressional district. Harold Ford Jr. (D)

Texas

 * Texas's 1st congressional district. Louie Gohmert (R)
 * Texas's 2nd congressional district. Ted Poe (R)
 * Texas's 3rd congressional district. Sam Johnson (R)
 * Texas's 4th congressional district. Ralph Hall (R)
 * Texas's 5th congressional district. Jeb Hensarling (R)
 * Texas's 6th congressional district. Joe Barton (R)
 * Texas's 7th congressional district. John Culberson (R)
 * Texas's 8th congressional district. Kevin Brady (R)
 * Texas's 9th congressional district. Al Green (D)
 * Texas's 10th congressional district. Michael McCaul (R)
 * Texas's 11th congressional district. Mike Conaway (R)
 * Texas's 12th congressional district. Kay Granger (R)
 * Texas's 13th congressional district. Mac Thornberry (R)
 * Texas's 14th congressional district. Ron Paul (R)
 * Texas's 15th congressional district. Rubén Hinojosa (D)
 * Texas's 16th congressional district. Silvestre Reyes (D)
 * Texas's 17th congressional district. Chet Edwards (D)
 * Texas's 18th congressional district. Sheila Jackson-Lee (D)
 * Texas's 19th congressional district. Randy Neugebauer (R)
 * Texas's 20th congressional district. Charlie Gonzalez (D)
 * Texas's 21st congressional district. Lamar S. Smith (R)
 * Texas's 22nd congressional district. Tom DeLay (R), until June 9, 2006
 * Shelley Sekula-Gibbs (R), from November 13, 2006
 * Texas's 23rd congressional district. Henry Bonilla (R)
 * Texas's 24th congressional district. Kenny Marchant (R)
 * Texas's 25th congressional district. Lloyd Doggett (D)
 * Texas's 26th congressional district. Michael C. Burgess (R)
 * Texas's 27th congressional district. Solomon P. Ortiz (D)
 * Texas's 28th congressional district. Henry Cuellar (D)
 * Texas's 29th congressional district. Gene Green (D)
 * Texas's 30th congressional district. Eddie Bernice Johnson (D)
 * Texas's 31st congressional district. John Carter (R)
 * Texas's 32nd congressional district. Pete Sessions (R)

Utah

 * Utah's 1st congressional district. Rob Bishop (R)
 * Utah's 2nd congressional district. Jim Matheson (D)
 * Utah's 3rd congressional district. Chris Cannon (R)

Vermont

 * Vermont's at-large congressional district. Bernie Sanders (I)

Virginia

 * Virginia's 1st congressional district. Jo Ann Davis (R)
 * Virginia's 2nd congressional district. Thelma Drake (R)
 * Virginia's 3rd congressional district. Robert C. Scott (D)
 * Virginia's 4th congressional district. Randy Forbes (R)
 * Virginia's 5th congressional district. Virgil Goode (R)
 * Virginia's 6th congressional district. Bob Goodlatte (R)
 * Virginia's 7th congressional district. Eric Cantor (R)
 * Virginia's 8th congressional district. Jim Moran (D)
 * Virginia's 9th congressional district. Rick Boucher (D)
 * Virginia's 10th congressional district. Frank Wolf (R)
 * Virginia's 11th congressional district. Thomas M. Davis (R)

Washington

 * Washington's 1st congressional district. Jay Inslee (D)
 * Washington's 2nd congressional district. Rick Larsen (D)
 * Washington's 3rd congressional district. Brian Baird (D)
 * Washington's 4th congressional district. Doc Hastings (R)
 * Washington's 5th congressional district. Cathy McMorris (R)
 * Washington's 6th congressional district. Norm Dicks (D)
 * Washington's 7th congressional district. Jim McDermott (D)
 * Washington's 8th congressional district. Dave Reichert (R)
 * Washington's 9th congressional district. Adam Smith (D)

West Virginia

 * West Virginia's 1st congressional district. Alan Mollohan (D)
 * West Virginia's 2nd congressional district. Shelley Moore Capito (R)
 * West Virginia's 3rd congressional district. Nick Rahall (D)

Wisconsin

 * Wisconsin's 1st congressional district. Paul Ryan (R)
 * Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district. Tammy Baldwin (D)
 * Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district. Ron Kind (D)
 * Wisconsin's 4th congressional district. Gwen Moore (D)
 * Wisconsin's 5th congressional district. Jim Sensenbrenner (R)
 * Wisconsin's 6th congressional district. Tom Petri (R)
 * Wisconsin's 7th congressional district. Dave Obey (D)
 * Wisconsin's 8th congressional district. Mark Green (R)

Wyoming

 * Wyoming's at-large congressional district. Barbara Cubin (R)

Non-voting members

 * American Samoa's at-large congressional district. Eni Faleomavaega (D)
 * District of Columbia's at-large congressional district. Eleanor Holmes Norton (D)
 * Guam's at-large congressional district. Madeleine Bordallo (D)
 * Puerto Rico's at-large congressional district. Luis Fortuño (Resident Commissioner) (R/PNP)
 * United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district. Donna Christian-Christensen (D)

Changes in membership
Members who came and left during this Congress.

Senate
(1)
 * New Jersey
 * New Jersey
 * | Jon Corzine (D)
 * Incumbent resigned to become Governor of New Jersey on January 17, 2006. Successor appointed on January 18, 2006, and later elected for a full six-year term.
 * | Bob Menendez (D)
 * January 18, 2006
 * }

House of Representatives

 * California's 5th congressional district
 * None
 * style="font-size:80%" | Representative Bob Matsui (D) died January 1, 2005 — before the end of the previous Congress. A special election was held March 8, 2005
 * | Doris Matsui (D)
 * March 10, 2005
 * Ohio's 2nd congressional district
 * | Rob Portman (R)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned April 29, 2005, to become the United States Trade Representative. A special election was held August 2, 2005
 * | Jean Schmidt (R)
 * September 6, 2005
 * California's 48th congressional district
 * | Christopher Cox (R)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned August 2, 2005, to become chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. A special election was held December 6, 2005
 * | John Campbell (R)
 * December 7, 2005
 * California's 50th congressional district
 * | Duke Cunningham (R)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 1, 2005, after pleading guilty to conspiracy for bribes and tax evasion. A special election was held June 6, 2006
 * | Brian Bilbray (R)
 * June 13, 2006
 * New Jersey's 13th congressional district
 * | Bob Menendez (D)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 16, 2006, to become a U.S. Senator. A special election was held November 7, 2006
 * | Albio Sires (D)
 * November 13, 2006
 * Texas's 22nd congressional district
 * | Tom DeLay (R)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned June 9, 2006, after a series of criminal indictments. A special election was held November 6, 2006
 * | Shelley Sekula-Gibbs (R)
 * November 13, 2006
 * Florida's 16th congressional district
 * | Mark Foley (R)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned September 29, 2006, after a teen sex scandal.
 * colspan=2 rowspan=3 | Remained vacant until the next Congress.
 * Ohio's 18th congressional district
 * | Bob Ney (R)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned November 3, 2006, after pleading guilty to conspiracy.
 * Nevada's 2nd congressional district
 * | Jim Gibbons (R)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 2006, to become Governor of Nevada.
 * }
 * Ohio's 18th congressional district
 * | Bob Ney (R)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned November 3, 2006, after pleading guilty to conspiracy.
 * Nevada's 2nd congressional district
 * | Jim Gibbons (R)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 2006, to become Governor of Nevada.
 * }
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 31, 2006, to become Governor of Nevada.
 * }

Senate

 * Aging (Special) (Gordon H. Smith, Chair; Herb Kohl, Ranking Member)
 * Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry (Saxby Chambliss, Chair; Tom Harkin, Ranking Member)
 * Forestry, Conservation and Rural Revitalization (Mike Crapo, Chair; Blanche Lincoln, Ranking Member)
 * Marketing, Inspection and Product Promotion (Jim Talent, Chair; Max Baucus, Ranking Member)
 * Production and Price Competitiveness (Mitch McConnell, Chair; Kent Conrad, Ranking Member)
 * Research, Nutrition and General Legislation (Rick Santorum, Chair; Patrick Leahy, Ranking Member)
 * Appropriations (Thad Cochran, Chair; Robert C. Byrd, Ranking Member)
 * Agriculture, Rural Development and Related Agencies (Robert F. Bennett, Chair; Herb Kohl, Ranking Member)
 * Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies (Richard Shelby, Chair; Barbara A. Mikulski, Ranking Member)
 * Defense (Ted Stevens, Chair; Daniel K. Inouye, Ranking Member)
 * District of Columbia (Sam Brownback, Chair; Mary Landrieu, Ranking Member)
 * Energy, Water and Related Agencies (Pete Domenici, Chair; Harry Reid, Ranking Member)
 * Homeland Security (Judd Gregg, Chair; Robert C. Byrd, Ranking Member)
 * Interior and Related Agencies (Conrad Burns, Chair; Byron Dorgan, Ranking Member)
 * Labor, Health, Human Services, Education and Related Agencies (Arlen Specter, Chair; Tom Harkin, Ranking Member)
 * Legislative Branch (Wayne Allard, Chair; Richard Durbin, Ranking Member)
 * Military Construction, Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies (Kay Bailey Hutchison, Chair; Dianne Feinstein, Ranking Member)
 * State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs (Mitch McConnell, Chair; Patrick Leahy, Ranking Member)
 * Transportation, Treasury, the Judiciary, Housing, Urban Development and Related Agencies (Kit Bond, Chair; Patty Murray, Ranking Member)
 * Armed Services (John Warner, Chair; Carl Levin, Ranking Member)
 * Airland (John McCain, Chair; Joe Lieberman, Ranking Member)
 * Emerging Threats and Capabilities (John Cornyn, Chair; Jack Reed, Ranking Member)
 * Personnel (Lindsey Graham, Chair; Ben Nelson, Ranking Member)
 * Readiness and Management Support (John Ensign, Chair; Daniel Akaka, Ranking Member)
 * Seapower (Jim Talent, Chair; Edward Kennedy, Ranking Member)
 * Strategic Forces (Jeff Sessions, Chair; Bill Nelson, Ranking Member)
 * Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs (Richard Shelby, Chair; Paul Sarbanes, Ranking Member)
 * Economic Policy (Jim Bunning, Chair; Chuck Schumer, Ranking Member)
 * Financial Institutions (Robert F. Bennett, Chair; Tim Johnson, Ranking Member)
 * Housing and Transportation (Wayne Allard, Chair; Jack Reed, Ranking Member)
 * International Trade and Finance (Mike Crapo, Chair; Evan Bayh, Ranking Member)
 * Securities and Investment (Chuck Hagel, Chair; Chris Dodd, Ranking Member)
 * Budget (Judd Gregg, Chair; Kent Conrad, Ranking Member)
 * Commerce, Science and Transportation (Ted Stevens, Chair; Daniel K. Inouye, Ranking Member)
 * Aviation (Conrad Burns, Chair; John D. Rockefeller IV, Ranking Member)
 * Consumer Affairs, Product Safety and Insurance (George Allen, Chair; Mark Pryor, Ranking Member)
 * Disaster Prevention and Prediction (Jim DeMint, Chair; Ben Nelson, Ranking Member)
 * Fisheries and the Coast Guard (Olympia Snowe, Chair; Maria Cantwell, Ranking Member)
 * Global Climate Change and Impacts (David Vitter, Chair; Frank Lautenberg, Ranking Member)
 * National Ocean Policy Study (David Vitter, Chair; Frank Lautenberg, Ranking Member)
 * Science and Space (Kay Bailey Hutchison, Chair; Bill Nelson, Ranking Member)
 * Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine (Trent Lott, Chair; Daniel K. Inouye, Ranking Member)
 * Technology, Innovation and Competitiveness (John Ensign, Chair; John F. Kerry, Ranking Member)
 * Trade, Tourism and Economic Development (Gordon H. Smith, Chair; Byron L. Dorgan, Ranking Member)
 * Energy and Natural Resources (Pete Domenici, Chair; Jeff Bingaman, Ranking Member)
 * Energy (Lamar Alexander, Chair; Byron Dorgan, Ranking Member)
 * National Parks (Craig Thomas, Chair; Daniel Akaka, Ranking Member)
 * Public Lands and Forests (Larry E. Craig, Chair; Ron Wyden, Ranking Member)
 * Water and Power (Lisa Murkowski, Chair; Tim Johnson, Ranking Member)
 * Ethics (Select) (George V. Voinovich, Chair; Tim Johnson, Vice Chair)
 * Environment and Public Works (Jim Inhofe, Chair; Jim Jeffords, Ranking Member)
 * Clean Air, Climate Change and Nuclear Safety (George V. Voinovich, Chair; Thomas R. Carper, Ranking Member)
 * Fisheries, Wildlife and Water (Lincoln Chafee, Chair; Hillary Rodham Clinton, Ranking Member)
 * Superfund and Waste Management (John Thune, Chair; Barbara Boxer, Ranking Member)
 * Transportation and Infrastructure (Kit Bond, Chair; Max Baucus, Ranking Member)
 * Finance (Chuck Grassley, Chair; Max Baucus, Ranking Member)
 * Health Care (Orrin Hatch, Chair; John D. Rockefeller IV, Ranking Member)
 * International Trade (Craig Thomas, Chair; Jeff Bingaman, Ranking Member)
 * Long-Term Growth and Debt Reduction (Gordon H. Smith, Chair; John F. Kerry, Ranking Member)
 * Social Security and Family Policy (Rick Santorum, Chair; Kent Conrad, Ranking Member)
 * Taxation and IRS Oversight (Jon Kyl, Chair; Jim Jeffords, Ranking Member)
 * Foreign Relations (Richard Lugar, Chair; Joe Biden, Ranking Member)
 * African Affairs (Mel Martinez, Chair; Russ Feingold, Ranking Member)
 * East Asian and Pacific Affairs (Lisa Murkowski, Chair; John Kerry, Ranking Member)
 * European Affairs (George Allen, Chair; Joe Biden, Ranking Member)
 * International Economic Policy, Export and Trade Promotion (Chuck Hagel, Chair; Paul Sarbanes, Ranking Member)
 * International Operations and Terrorism (John E. Sununu, Chair; Bill Nelson, Ranking Member)
 * Near Eastern and South African Affairs (Lincoln Chafee, Chair; Barbara Boxer, Ranking Member)
 * Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps and Narcotics Affairs (Norm Coleman, Chair; Chris Dodd, Ranking Member)
 * Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (Mike Enzi, Chair; Edward M. Kennedy, Ranking Member)
 * Bioterrorism and Public Health and Preparedness (Richard Burr, Chair; Edward M. Kennedy, Ranking Member)
 * Education and Early Childhood Development (Lamar Alexander, Chair; Chris Dodd, Ranking Member)
 * Employment and Workplace Safety (Johnny Isakson, Chair; Patty Murray, Ranking Member)
 * Retirement Security and Aging (Mike DeWine, Chair; Barbara A. Mikulski, Ranking Member)
 * Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (Susan Collins, Chair; Joe Lieberman, Ranking Member)
 * Federal Financial Management, Government Information and International Security (Tom Coburn, Chair; Tom Carper, Ranking Member)
 * Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce and the District of Columbia (George V. Voinovich, Chair; Daniel Akaka, Ranking Member)
 * Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (Norm Coleman, Chair; Carl Levin, Ranking Member)
 * Indian Affairs (John McCain, Chair; Byron Dorgan, Vice Chair)
 * Intelligence (Select) (Pat Roberts, Chair; John D. Rockefeller IV, Vice Chair)
 * Judiciary (Arlen Specter, Chair; Patrick Leahy, Ranking Member)
 * Administrative Oversight and the Courts (Jeff Sessions, Chair; Chuck Schumer, Ranking Member)
 * Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights (Mike DeWine, Chair; Herb Kohl, Ranking Member)
 * Constitution, Civil Rights and Property Rights (Sam Brownback, Chair; Russ Feingold, Ranking Member)
 * Corrections and Rehabilitation (Tom Coburn, Chair; Richard Durbin, Ranking Member)
 * Crime and Drugs (Lindsey Graham, Chair; Joe Biden, Ranking Member)
 * Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship (John Cornyn, Chair; Edward M. Kennedy, Ranking Member)
 * Intellectual Property (Orrin Hatch, Chair; Patrick Leahy, Ranking Member)
 * Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security (Jon Kyl, Chair; Dianne Feinstein, Ranking Member)
 * Rules and Administration (Trent Lott, Chair; Chris Dodd, Ranking Member)
 * Small Business and Entrepreneurship (Olympia Snowe, Chair; John F. Kerry, Ranking Member)
 * Veterans' Affairs (Larry E. Craig, Chair; Daniel K. Akaka, Ranking Member)

House of Representatives

 * Agriculture (Bob Goodlatte, Chair; Collin C. Peterson, Ranking Member)
 * Conservation, Credit, Rural Development and Research (Tim Holden, Chair; Frank D. Lucas, Ranking Member)
 * Department Operations, Oversight (Gil Gutknecht, Chair; Joe Baca, Ranking Member)
 * General Farm Commodities and Risk Management (Jerry Moran, Chair; Bob Etheridge, Ranking Member)
 * Livestock and Horticulture (Robin Hayes, Chair; Ed Case, Ranking Member)
 * Speciality Crops and Foreign Agriculture Programs (William L. Jenkins, Chair; Mike McIntyre, Ranking Member)
 * Appropriations (Jerry Lewis, Chair; David R. Obey, Ranking Member)
 * Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration and Related Agencies (Henry Bonilla, Chair; Rosa L. DeLauro, Ranking Member)
 * Defense (C. W. Bill Young, Chair; John P. Murtha, Ranking Member)
 * Energy, Water Development and Related Agencies (David Hobson, Chair; John P. Murtha, Ranking Member)
 * Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Agencies (Jim Kolbe, Chair; Nita Lowey, Ranking Member)
 * Homeland Security (Harold Rogers, Chair; Martin Olav Sabo, Ranking Member)
 * Interior, Environment and Related Agencies (David L. Hobson, Chair; Pete Visclosky, Ranking Member)
 * Labor, Health, Human Services, Education and Related Agencies (Ralph Regula, Chair; David R. Obey, Ranking Member)
 * Military Quality of Life and Veterans' Affairs and Related Agencies (James T. Walsh, Chair; Chet Edwards, Ranking Member)
 * Science, The Departments of State, Justice and Commerce and Related Agencies (Charles H. Taylor, Chair; Norman D. Dicks, Ranking Member)
 * Transportation, Treasury, HUD, The Judiciary, District of Columbia and Independent Agencies (Joe Knollenberg, Chair; John Olver, Ranking Member)
 * Armed Services (Duncan Hunter, Chair; Ike Skelton, Ranking Member)
 * Military Personnel (John M. McHugh, Chair; Vic Snyder, Ranking Member)
 * Projection Forces (Roscoe G. Bartlett, Chair; Gene Taylor, Ranking Member)
 * Readiness (Joel Hefley, Chair; Solomon P. Ortiz, Ranking Member)
 * Strategic Forces (Terry Everett, Chair; Silvestre Reyes, Ranking Member)
 * Tactical Air and Land Forces (Curt Weldon, Chair; Neil Abercrombie, Ranking Member)
 * Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities (Jim Saxton, Chair; Marty Meehan, Ranking Member)
 * Budget (Jim Nussle, Chair; John M. Spratt Jr., Ranking Member)
 * Education and the Workforce (John Boehner, Chair; George Miller, Ranking Member)
 * Education Reform (Michael Castle, Chair; Lynn Woolsey, Ranking Member)
 * Employer-Employee Relations (Sam Johnson, Chair; Robert E. Andrews, Ranking Member)
 * Select Education (Patrick Tiberi, Chair; Ruben Hinojosa, Ranking Member)
 * 21st Century Competitiveness (Buck McKeon, Chair; Dale Kildee, Ranking Member)
 * Workforce Protections (Charlie Norwood, Chair; Major Owens, Ranking Member)
 * Energy and Commerce (Joe Barton, Chair; John D. Dingell, Ranking Member)
 * Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection (Cliff Stearns, Chair; Janice D. Schakowsky, Ranking Member)
 * Energy and Air Quality (Ralph M. Hall, Chair; Rick Boucher, Ranking Member)
 * Environment and Hazardous Materials (Paul E. Gillmor, Chair; Hilda Solis, Ranking Member)
 * Health (Nathan Deal, Chair; Sherrod Brown, Ranking Member)
 * Oversight and Investigations (Ed Whitfield, Chair; Bart Stupak, Ranking Member)
 * Telecommunications and the Internet (Fred Upton, Chair; Ed Markey, Ranking Member)
 * Financial Services (Mike Oxley, Chair; Barney Frank, Ranking Member)
 * Capital Markets, Insurance and Government-Sponsored Enterprises (Richard H. Baker, Chair; Paul Kanjorski, Ranking Member)
 * Domestic, International Monetary Policy, Trade and Technology (Deborah Pryce, Chair; Carolyn Maloney, Ranking Member)
 * Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit (Spencer Bachus, Chair; Bernie Sanders, Ranking Member)
 * Housing and Community Opportunity (Bob Ney, Chair; Maxine Waters, Ranking Member)
 * Oversight and Investigations (Sue W. Kelly, Chair; Luis Guiterrez, Ranking Member)
 * Government Reform (Tom Davis, Chair; Henry Waxman, Ranking Member)
 * Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources (Mark Souder, Chair; Elijah Cummings, Ranking Member)
 * Energy and Resources (Darrell E. Issa, Chair; Diane E. Watson, Ranking Member)
 * Federal Workforce and Agency Organization (Jon C. Porter, Chair; Danny K. Davis, Ranking Member)
 * Federalism and the Census (Michael R. Turner, Chair; William Lacy Clay, Ranking Member)
 * Governmental Management, Finance and Accountability (Todd Russell Platts, Chair; Edolphus Towns, Ranking Member)
 * National Security, Emerging Threats and International Resources (Chris Shays, Chair; Dennis J. Kucinich, Ranking Member)
 * Regulatory Affairs (Candice S. Miller, Chair; Stephen F. Lynch, Ranking Member)
 * Homeland Security (Christopher Cox, Chair; Bennie Thompson, Ranking Member)
 * Economic Security, Infrastructre Protection and Cybersecurity (Dan Lungren, Chair; Loretta Sanchez, Ranking Member)
 * Emergency Preparedness, Science and Technology (Peter King, Chair; Bill Pascrell Jr., Ranking Member)
 * Intelligence, Information Sharing and Terrorism Risk Assessment (Rob Simmons, Chair; Zoe Lofgren, Ranking Member)
 * Management, Integration and Oversight (Mike Rogers, Chair; Kendrick Meek, Ranking Member)
 * Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack (John Linder, Chair; James R. Langevin, Ranking Member)
 * House Administration (Bob Ney, later Vern Ehlers, Chair; Juanita Millender-McDonald, Ranking Member)
 * Hurricane Katrina (Select)
 * Intelligence (Select) (Peter Hoekstra, Chair; Jane Harman, Ranking Member)
 * International Relations (Henry Hyde, Chair; Tom Lantos, Ranking Member)
 * Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations (Chris Smith, Chair; Donald M. Payne, Ranking Member)
 * Asia and the Pacific (Jim Leach, Chair; Eni Faleomavaega, Ranking Member)
 * Europe and Emerging Threats (Elton Gallegly, Chair; Robert Wexler, Ranking Member)
 * International Terrorism and Nonproliferation (Edward R. Royce, Chair; Brad Sherman, Ranking Member)
 * The Middle East and Central Asia (Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Chair; Gary Ackerman, Ranking Member)
 * Oversight and Investigations (Dana Rohrabacher, Chair; William D. Delahunt, Ranking Member)
 * The Western Hemisphere (Dan Burton, Chair; Robert Menendez, Ranking Member)
 * Judiciary (Jim Sensenbrenner, Chair; John Conyers, Ranking Member)
 * Commercial and Administrative Law (Chris Cannon, Chair; Mel Watt, Ranking Member)
 * The Constitution (Steve Chabot, Chair; Jerrold Nadler, Ranking Member)
 * Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property (Lamar S. Smith, Chair; Howard L. Berman, Ranking Member)
 * Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security (Howard Coble, Chair; Bobby Scott, Ranking Member)
 * Immigration, Border Security and Claims (John N. Hostettler, Chair; Sheila Jackson-Lee, Ranking Member)
 * Resources (Richard W. Pombo, Chair; Nick J. Rahall, Ranking Member)
 * Energy and Mineral Resources (Jim Gibbons, Chair; Raul Grijalva, Ranking Member)
 * Fisheries Conservation, Wildlife and Oceans (Wayne T. Gilchrest, Chair; Frank Pallone Jr., Ranking Member)
 * Forests and Forest Health (Greg Walden, Chair; Tom Udall, Ranking Member)
 * National Parks, Recreation and Public Lands (Devin Nunes, Chair; Donna Christian-Christensen, Ranking Member)
 * Water and Power (George P. Radanovich, Chair; Grace F. Napolitano, Ranking Member)
 * Rules (David Dreier, Chair; Louise M. Slaughter, Ranking Member)
 * Legislative and Budget Process (Lincoln Diaz-Balart, Chair; Alcee Hastings, Ranking Member)
 * Rules and Organization of the House (Doc Hastings, Chair; Jim McGovern, Ranking Member)
 * Science (Sherwood Boehlert, Chair; Bart Gordon, Ranking Member)
 * Energy (Judy Biggert, Chair; Michael M. Honda, Ranking Member)
 * Environment, Technology and Standards (Vernon J. Ehlers, Chair; David Wu, Ranking Member)
 * Research (Bob Inglis, Chair; Darlene Hooley, Ranking Member)
 * Space and Aeronautics (Ken Calvert, Chair; Mark Udall, Ranking Member)
 * Small Business (Donald A. Manzullo, Chair; Nydia M. Velazquez, Ranking Member)
 * Regulatory Reform and Oversight (W. Todd Akin, Chair; Madeleine Bordallo, Ranking Member)
 * Rural Enterprises, Agriculture and Technology Sam Graves Chair; John Barrow, Ranking Member)
 * Tax, Finance and Exports (Jeb Bradley, Chair; Juanita Millender-McDonald, Ranking Member)
 * Workforce, Empowerment and Government Programs (Marilyn Musgrave, Chair; Daniel Lipinski, Ranking Member)
 * Standards of Official Conduct (Doc Hastings, Chair; Alan B. Mollohan, Ranking Member)
 * Transportation and Infrastructure (Don Young, Chair; James L. Oberstar, Ranking Member)
 * Aviation (John Mica, Chair; Jerry Costello, Ranking Member)
 * Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation (Frank A. LoBiondo, Chair; Bob Filner, Ranking Member)
 * Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management (Bill Shuster, Chair; Eleanor Holmes Norton, Ranking Member)
 * Highways, Transit and Pipelines (Tom Petri, Chair; Peter DeFazio, Ranking Member)
 * Railroads (Steve LaTourette, Chair; Corrine Brown, Ranking Member)
 * Water Resources and Environment (John Duncan Jr., Chair; Eddie Bernice Johnson, Ranking Member)
 * Veterans' Affairs (Steve Buyer, Chair; Lane Evans, Ranking Member)
 * Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs (Jeff Miller, Chair; Shelley Berkley, Ranking Member)
 * Economic Opportunity (John Boozman, Chair; Stephanie Herseth Sandlin, Ranking Member)
 * Health (Henry E. Brown Jr., Chair; Michael Michaud, Ranking Member)
 * Oversight and Investigations (Michael Bilirakis, Chair; Ted Strickland, Ranking Member)
 * Ways and Means (Bill Thomas, Chair; Charles B. Rangel, Ranking Member)
 * Health (Nancy Johnson, Chair; Pete Stark, Ranking Member)
 * Human Resources (Wally Herger, Chair; Jim McDermott, Ranking Member)
 * Oversight (Jim Ramstad, Chair; John Lewis, Ranking Member)
 * Select Revenue Measures (Dave Camp, Chair; Michael McNulty, Ranking Member)
 * Social Security (Jim McCrery, Chair; Sander Levin, Ranking Member)
 * Trade (E. Clay Shaw Jr., Chair; Ben Cardin, Ranking Member)
 * Whole

Joint committees

 * Economic (Rep. Jim Saxton, Chair; Sen. Robert F. Bennett, Vice Chair)
 * The Library (Rep. Bob Ney, Chair; Sen. Ted Stevens, Vice Chair)
 * Printing (Sen. Trent Lott, Chair; Rep. Bob Ney, Vice Chair)
 * Taxation (Rep. Bill Thomas, Chair; Sen. Chuck Grassley, Vice Chair)

Legislative branch agency directors

 * Architect of the Capitol: Alan M. Hantman
 * Attending Physician of the United States Congress: John F. Eisold
 * Comptroller General of the United States: David M. Walker
 * Director of the Congressional Budget Office: Douglas Holtz-Eakin, until December 29, 2005
 * Donald B. Marron Jr., from December 29, 2005
 * Librarian of Congress: James H. Billington
 * Public Printer of the United States: Bruce James, until 2006
 * vacant, from 2006

Senate

 * Chaplain: Barry C. Black (Seventh-day Adventist)
 * Curator: Diane K. Skvarla
 * Historian: Richard A. Baker
 * Parliamentarian: Alan Frumin
 * Secretary: Emily J. Reynolds
 * Librarian: Greg Harness
 * Sergeant at Arms: William H. Pickle
 * Secretary for the Majority: David J. Schiappa
 * Secretary for the Minority: Martin P. Paone

House of Representatives
Employees include:

 * Chaplain: Daniel P. Coughlin (Roman Catholic)
 * Chief Administrative Officer: James M. Eagen III
 * Clerk: Jeff Trandahl, until November 18, 2005
 * Karen L. Haas, from December 1, 2005
 * Historian: Robert V. Remini
 * Parliamentarian: John V. Sullivan
 * Reading Clerks: Paul Hays (R), Mary Kevin Niland (D)
 * Sergeant at Arms: Wilson Livingood
 * Inspector General: James J. Cornell

Elections

 * 2004 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
 * 2004 United States presidential election
 * 2004 United States Senate elections
 * 2004 United States House of Representatives elections
 * 2006 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
 * 2006 United States Senate elections
 * 2006 United States House of Representatives elections

Membership lists

 * List of new members of the 109th United States Congress

title: 109th United States Congress


text:
Guard rail

Guard, Guard rails, guardrails, railings or protective guarding, in general, are a boundary feature and may be a means to prevent or deter access to dangerous or off-limits areas while allowing light and visibility in a greater way than a fence. Common shapes are flat, rounded edge, and tubular in horizontal railings, whereas tetraform spear-headed or ball-finialled are most common in vertical railings around homes. Park and garden railings commonly in metalworking feature swirls, leaves, plate metal areas and/or motifs particularly on and beside gates.

High security railings (particularly if in flat metal then a type of palisade) may instead feature jagged points and most metals are well-suited to anti-climb paint.

A handrail is less restrictive on its own than a guard rail and provides support.

Guardrails also apply in a technology context.

Public safety

Many public spaces are fitted with guard rails as a means of protection against accidental falls. Any abrupt change in elevation where the higher portion is accessible makes a fall possible. Due to this responsibility and liability, rails are placed to protect people using the premises. Guardrails in the US are generally required by code where there is a drop of 30 in or more.

Examples of this are both architectural and environmental. Environmental guard rails are placed along hiking trails where adjacent terrain is steep. Railings may also be located at scenic overlooks.

Guard rails in buildings can be numerous, and are required by building codes in many circumstances. Handrails along stairways may be supported by balusters forming a balustrade, and catwalks (a type of footbridge) and balconies are also lined with them. An example of a common residential guard rail (US) handrail (Brit.) is a wood railing around a deck or patio. In the US this is typically built on-site from pressure treated lumber thus featuring a simplistic design of vertical baluster spaced every 3.5 in demonstrating compliance with Building Codes (Standards).

Cable railings typically use stainless steel cables strung horizontally. Glass balusters and glass panels open the view while still providing safety, as at the Grand Canyon Skywalk. With the increasing popularity of composite lumber for decking, manufacturers, like TimberTech are providing composite railing components. Wrought iron is another choice that is traditional and sturdy. Decorative examples are considered ironwork.

Building codes also require that no opening in a guard be of a size such that a 4 in sphere may pass. There are three exceptions according to the 2003 International Building Code Section 1012.3 which allow openings to not exceed 8 or depending on occupancy groups or special areas.

A major architect imaginatively used handrails representing social stability, Alvar Aalto. The guard rails of an observation tower such as the Space Needle or Eiffel Tower become exaggerated to the point of becoming a fence or cage. This is also done on bridges and overpasses to prevent accidents and suicides.

Facility safety
The majority of safety guardrails used in industrial workplaces are made from fabricated steel. Steel guardrail was originally developed by Armco (The American Rolling Mill Company) in 1933 as highway guardrail but is often used in the factories and warehouses of the industrial sector, despite not being intended for this application. Simultaneously, another version of steel guardrail was developed by Kee Clamp Steel for restraining cattle in the agriculture industry, this was released in 1934 and, like Armco guardrail, is still often used in industrial environments. Box beam steel and I-beam steel are other examples of fabricated steel commonly used to make safety guardrails.

As governments around the world courted the voting power of working people and trade unions in the 1980s, the health and safety rights of workers became of greater importance. This set the governmental procedures in motion that would see a flurry of regulations and legislation around workplace safety being introduced in industrialized countries in the 1990s. In the US and UK, these introductions, combined with the demonstrable success of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 (US), and Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (UK), led to workplace safety being taken more seriously at industrial facilities. Businesses worldwide began to see the value of effective workplace safety, in both the direct commercial sense of protecting assets, but also in the improved productivity levels of a protected workforce. Part of this increase in desire for industrial workplace protection, was a growth in demand for safety guardrails.

In the US, under OSHA Standard 1910.28(b)(15), employees who work on surfaces that are 4 ft or higher off of the ground must have personal fall protection systems in place, such as handrails or guardrails. Although the OSHA standard calls for a guardrail or guardrail system to protect workers on elevated work areas, current industry terminology would refer to that type of safety system as a handrail system or safety rail system.

The term "guardrail" as used in industry and distribution facilities refers to floor mounted systems consisting of horizontal rails attached to upright posts that resemble outdoor highway guardrail. The facility safety guardrails control in-plant vehicular traffic and protect areas where errant vehicle contact may cause harm to property or personnel. Common uses for guardrail systems may be along an aisle or building wall. Often guardrails are placed around equipment installations to prevent inadvertent contact from lift trucks. The guardrail provides a safety barrier preventing lift trucks or other in-plant vehicles from traveling into equipment, building walls, or personnel.

There are different types of "industrial" or "facility safety" guardrail systems, each with its own advantages.

Steel Ribbed Rail
The most common industrial or facility safety guardrail systems are constructed of steel, where the upright posts are made of heavy wall steel tubing-either round or square, with heavy gauge ribbed steel rails mechanically attached to the uprights by bolts or other fasteners. The uprights may be welded to baseplates and anchored to the floor, or set and concreted into the floor. In industrial and distribution facilities the steel guardrail systems provide solid protection for property and personnel by restricting and controlling where in-plant vehicular traffic may operate. These guardrail systems also serve as a warning for people to be aware of hazardous in facility vehicular traffic. Some facility safety steel guardrail systems utilize one horizontal rail, where others employ two or three rails. While a single rail safety guardrail located some 15 in above floor level may be sufficient to control vehicle traffic, it could present a trip hazard to pedestrians since it is not as noticeable as a double or triple guardrail system where the top rail is some 40 in above the floor level.

Manufacturers produce several grades of steel safety guardrail. Each grade is suited to a different application which may be determined by size and type of vehicles used in the facility, the volume of traffic to be controlled, or the value/risk associated with the areas being guarded.

Polymer Guardrail
In 1992 a yellow polymer cover sleeve for steel guardrails was introduced by a Detroit-based company which enhanced the visibility of steel safety guardrails in industrial environments and removed the need for continual repainting. This polymer cover was the beginning of polymer guardrail in the industrial environment. At the turn of the 21st century, several companies developed safety products constructed with polymer designed specifically for industrial environments and in 2001 a dedicated industrial alternative to steel guardrail was invented by a British-based company, and thus the first fixed flexible polymer safety guardrail was introduced to the market. In the early 2000s, an Italian company added a version of a polymer bumper  providing small bumpers for walls and equipment in the food industry. A Belgian company also introduced a flexible barrier in 2010 and in 2014 a US based company introduced a hybrid polymer-steel guardrail for industrial environments.

There are many types of polymer used in manufacturing safety guardrail. Polymer grains may be blended as part of the production process in order to enhance the natural properties of polymer in different ways. The most common types of polymer used are: polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Using these types of polymer, there are three basic design philosophies for polymer guardrails:

 * Impact Dispersal, which applies multi-component engineering to enable guardrails to bend on impact, absorbing and dispersing energy, before returning to their original shape.
 * Hybrid, which features a steel core encased in polymer.
 * Central Fix, which utilizes a solid polymer post fixed into the ground with cement and steel subterranean fixings.

The Polymer Impact Dispersal Safety Guardrail design offers an advantage over steel guardrails. Steel guardrails, if impacted with sufficient energy, will permanently deform and require repair or replacement to the impacting vehicle, the guardrail itself, and even the floor substrate. Where the Impact Dispersal Safety Guardrail design allows the guardrail to bend on impact, disperse the energy, and return to its original shape. Resulting in no damage to the guardrail or the impacting vehicle.

Test Standards for Industrial or Facility Safety Guardrail
Until 2017 there were no accepted standards for how safety guardrail tests were conducted, or how the results were communicated. In 2017, the BSI (British Standards Institution) published the publicly available specification, PAS 13:2017 Code of Practice for safety barriers used in traffic management within workplace environments with test methods for safety barrier impact resilience (commonly referred to as PAS13). This outlines test method guidelines for comparing like-for-like guardrail products, as well as being the current best practice traffic management procedures for a workplace and providing a standard for the safety guardrails within them.

In the US, there is no ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Standard for testing guardrails. Steel guardrail system manufacturers test their systems to withstand impacts from a 10000 lb load moving at 4 mph,   whereas manufacturers of polymer safety guardrail systems  rate and test their products at varying impact levels due to variation in guardrail product systems they offer, which can range from simple low impact energy pedestrian guardrail systems to high impact energy industrial traffic guardrail systems. In order to standardize testing for both steel and polymer guardrails, the Protective Guarding Manufacturers Association (ProGMA) industry group of the Material Handling Industry (MHI) trade association is currently working with ANSI to develop an industry endorsed testing and reporting standard.

Automotive safety

In traffic engineering, a highway guardrail may prevent an errant vehicle from hitting roadside obstacles, which may be either man-made (sign structures, culvert inlets, utility poles) or natural (trees, rock croppings), running off the road and going down a steep embankment, or veering off the roadway into oncoming traffic (commonly referred to as a median barrier). Roadside obstacles are typically referred to as fixed objects. A secondary objective is keeping the vehicle upright while deflected along the guardrail. Variables such as motorist speed and vehicle orientation when striking the guardrail are crucial factors in the effectiveness of guardrail performance.

The most common type of guardrail in use today is the Blocked-Out W-beam (Strong Post). The strong-post W-beam guardrail consists of wood posts and wood blockouts or steel posts with wood or plastic blockouts. The wood or plastic blockouts reduce or minimize a vehicle snagging on the posts upon impact. In addition, a blockout may be used to increase the offset of guardrail with an obstacle such as a curb. The posts' primary purpose is to maintain the height of the guardrail during the initial stages of post deflection. Maintaining guardrail height also reduces the potential for a vehicle to vault over the guardrail upon initial impact.

The posts also play a role in the amount of resistance and deflection a guardrail may experience during impact. Resistance in a strong post system results from a combination of tensile and flexural stiffness of the rail and the bending and shearing resistance of the posts.

One of the main concerns with strong-post W-beam guardrail has been the ability of the system to contain and redirect modern vehicles that have a higher center of gravity along with the increased weight of those vehicles. The problem with this is that a guardrail of the optimum height for a car might not keep a truck from toppling over it, while a motorbike might slip under a higher rail. To address these concerns, significant research and development of a system that could contain and redirect vehicles of varying weights and heights was developed and crash tested (both controlled and simulated). As a result, the Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) was developed and successfully crash tested per NCHRP Report 350 TL-3 criteria. The MGS has a higher mounting height, uses larger posts and blockouts as compared to the strong-post W-beam guardrail. One other significant difference is that MGS rail splices occur at mid-span compared to at the posts like the strong-post W-beam guardrail.

In most cases, a guardrail would not be able to withstand the impact of a vehicle just by the strength of the individual posts in the area hit by the vehicle. Guardrailing functions as a system with the guardrail, posts, connection of the rail to the posts and to each other, and the end anchors (or terminals) all playing an integral role in how the guardrail will function upon impact. Soil conditions, height of rail, presence of curb or dike, weight of impacting vehicle, distance from back of post to hinge point and depth of post within soil can all determine how well the system will function upon impact.

A guardrail is effectively one strong band that transfers the force of the vehicle to the rail elements, posts, and end terminals or anchors. A run of guardrail must be anchored at each terminating end either by transitioning the rail into a fixed anchor such as a bridge rail or with an end terminal or end anchor placed in the ground or within an embankment. Newer concrete barriers, while usually strong enough to withstand direct hits by cars, still work on a similar principle in deflecting heavier vehicles such as trucks.

Though they have usually prevented far more serious accidents, guardrails are considered roadside obstacles as well and transportation engineers must weigh whether placing a guardrail will reduce the severity of an impact as compared to what may be impacted if the guardrail were not placed. In general, the minimum length of guardrail with an end anchor at the trailing end and an end terminal on the approach end will be 62.5 to 75 ft in length. An example would be where an overhead roadside sign structure is placed within what is considered the clear recovery zone—an engineer would need to determine that the structure has a potential to be impacted and the impact of a vehicle with that structure would be much more severe than impacting the guardrail.

Guard lrails are intended to deflect. The amount of deflection is dependent on a number of factors, some of which include the type and weight of impacting vehicle, height the guardrail is placed, type of soil the posts may be embedded within, length of embedment of the posts, and distance of the hinge point to the face of the guardrail are just a few. A guardrail that deflects significantly can causes pocketing, which has the potential to snag a vehicle, which may cause it to flip, roll, or cause the rail to fail entirely, allowing a vehicle to penetrate the guardrail.

Modern installations of guardrails are designed to allow the guiderail to deform under the load of the crash, and safely redirecting a vehicle back onto the roadway at a somewhat shallow angle. It is important that the approach grades to a guardrail system be very flat (typically 10:1 or flatter) and that grades and fixed objects behind guardrail be placed at a distance so that it will not affect the performance of the guardrail upon impact and deflection.

Absorption is when the force of impact is directly transferred between the vehicle and guardrail, which may cause the end to puncture the vehicle. This is most common where a "whale tail" or blunt end treatment exists. To mitigate this a number of guiderail end treatments exist such as "extruder end treatments", "eccentric loaders" and "driveway wrap treatments" which result in blunt ends rarely being left exposed in modern installations.

Lastly, a vehicle can become airborne upon striking a guardrail with a buried end treatment if the slope to which the end anchor is buried is relatively flat (3:1 or flatter), which may negate the purpose of the guardrail, if the vehicle continues beyond the guardrail and strikes the object the guardrail was protecting. Additionally, an airborne vehicle is likely to collide in a manner that the vehicle was not designed for, increasing the risk of failure in the vehicle's collision safety systems. A guardrail will have some give and deflection upon impact. The amount of deflection depends on many factors of which speed and weight of vehicle, type of guardrail installed, height of rail, length of posts, soil conditions and a number of other factors can all play a role. Guardrailing must be installed so that it is not so rigid that the rail will fail upon impact or the posts will snap off at the point where they are embedded within the ground.

Transportation engineers limit the amount of guardrail placed as much as possible, as guardrails should only be placed when the roadside conditions pose a greater threat than the guardrail itself. In fact, in the hierarchy of five roadside safety treatments, shielding with guardrails ranks fourth. Therefore, while guardrails are often added as a retrofit to existing roads, newer roads are designed to minimize roadside obstacles, whether that may include aligning a road on a smoother curve or filling in a ravine which would eliminate the need for guardrail altogether. In addition to new research into end treatments, public awareness among both drivers and engineers has been gradually reducing injuries and fatalities due to guardrails.

There are four general types of guardrail, ranging from weakest and inexpensive to strongest and expensive; cable and wood posts, steel and wood/metal posts, steel box-beam, and concrete barriers. While cheaper guardrail is the weakest, often being destroyed from the impact of a light vehicle, it is inexpensive and quick to repair, so this is frequently used in low-traffic rural areas. On the other hand, concrete barriers can usually withstand direct hits from a larger variety of vehicle types, making them well suited for use on high volume routes such as freeways. While rarely damaged, they would be considerably more expensive and time-consuming to repair. Concrete barriers are frequently installed in the median, being expected to withstand frequent impacts from both sides, while the shoulders of the road often have cheaper guardrail. Although the use of concrete barriers on the right side of highway is becoming a much for frequent occurrence in areas where guardrail may be sustaining frequent impacts and the ability for maintenance repairs may be restricted by the general area or work windows due to high traffic volumes for most of the day.

Traffic dangers
In cities occasionally pedestrian railings (and barriers) are installed at the immediate side of a roads. However, cyclists have died when crushed against them by motor vehicles. Close "safety barriers" to roads have been found to increase the chances of injury to pedestrians for a number of reasons including increasing inattention of drivers and pedestrians. For these reasons some councils in the United Kingdom have removed their pedestrian railings. This was after London's Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea did so and found that the rate of injury to pedestrians decreased three times faster than elsewhere in the city.

The removal of barriers divorcing wheeled traffic from pedestrians is an essential of the shared space paradigm and philosophy in urban design. Security barriers have been introduced on a number of the world's major bridges and around key areas of congregation.

Railways
Railway trackage has guard rails (aka check rails) to guide wheels through possible catch points on turnouts or diamonds. Similarly, guard rails may be installed inside the innermost running rails on very sharp curves. The other most common usage is to prevent damage to other structures, especially bridges, in a derailment.

Technology
In a technology context, a guardrail is an artifact that defines the boundaries in which technology change can be executed in a manner that is aligned with organisational strategy, risk, architecture, operational and cyber security requirements. Examples of technology guardrails are: Each of these guardrails constrain what technology teams can do within approved boundaries (the scope of the guardrail). For example, a technology standard may define a certain database as the standard to use within an organisation. The approved standard would have a commercial agreement, operational and delivery capability established, functional and non-functional fit for purpose assessments undertaken, and a cyber security assessment completed. Technology delivery teams are constrained by the Guardrail to use that particular database technology, but can do so confidently for the scenarios in which usage has been defined and approved. If a technology delivery team chose a different database technology that is not defined within the technology standards, they could be introducing commercial, organisational or operational risk as the pre-requisite due diligence has not been undertaken.
 * Principles
 * Policies
 * Strategies
 * Technical Standards
 * Patterns
 * Guidelines
 * Reference Architectures (conceptual, logical, physical)

title: Guard rail