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Multiferroics

Multiferroics are defined as materials that exhibit more than one of the primary ferroic properties in the same phase: While ferroelectric ferroelastics and ferromagnetic ferroelastics are formally multiferroics, these days the term is usually used to describe the magnetoelectric multiferroics that are simultaneously ferromagnetic and ferroelectric. Sometimes the definition is expanded to include nonprimary order parameters, such as antiferromagnetism or ferrimagnetism. In addition, other types of primary order, such as ferroic arrangements of magnetoelectric multipoles of which ferrotoroidicity is an example, were proposed.
 * ferromagnetism – a magnetisation that is switchable by an applied magnetic field
 * ferroelectricity – an electric polarisation that is switchable by an applied electric field
 * ferroelasticity – a deformation that is switchable by an applied stress

Besides scientific interest in their physical properties, multiferroics have potential for applications as actuators, switches, magnetic field sensors and new types of electronic memory devices.

History

A Web of Science search for the term multiferroic yields the year 2000 paper "Why are there so few magnetic ferroelectrics?" from N. A. Spaldin (then Hill) as the earliest result. This work explained the origin of the contraindication between magnetism and ferroelectricity and proposed practical routes to circumvent it, and is widely credited with starting the modern explosion of interest in multiferroic materials. The availability of practical routes to creating multiferroic materials from 2000 stimulated intense activity. Particularly key early works were the discovery of large ferroelectric polarization in epitaxially grown thin films of magnetic BiFeO3, the observation that the non-collinear magnetic ordering in orthorhombic TbMnO3 and TbMn2O5 causes ferroelectricity, and the identification of unusual improper ferroelectricity that is compatible with the coexistence of magnetism in hexagonal manganite YMnO3. The graph to the right shows in red the number of papers on multiferroics from a Web of Science search until 2008; the exponential increase continues today.

Magnetoelectric materials
To place multiferroic materials in their appropriate historical context, one also needs to consider magnetoelectric materials, in which an electric field modifies the magnetic properties and vice versa. While magnetoelectric materials are not necessarily multiferroic, all ferromagnetic ferroelectric multiferroics are linear magnetoelectrics, with an applied electric field inducing a change in magnetization linearly proportional to its magnitude. Magnetoelectric materials and the corresponding magnetoelectric effect have a longer history than multiferroics, shown in blue in the graph to the right. The first known mention of magnetoelectricity is in the 1959 Edition of Landau & Lifshitz' Electrodynamics of Continuous Media which has the following comment at the end of the section on piezoelectricity: "Let us point out two more phenomena, which, in principle, could exist. One is piezomagnetism, which consists of linear coupling between a magnetic field in a solid and a deformation (analogous to piezoelectricity). The other is a linear coupling between magnetic and electric fields in a media, which would cause, for example, a magnetization proportional to an electric field. Both these phenomena could exist for certain classes of magnetocrystalline symmetry. We will not however discuss these phenomena in more detail because it seems that till present, presumably, they have not been observed in any substance." One year later, I. E. Dzyaloshinskii showed using symmetry arguments that the material Cr2O3 should have linear magnetoelectric behavior, and his prediction was rapidly verified by D. Astrov. Over the next decades, research on magnetoelectric materials continued steadily in a number of groups in Europe, in particular in the former Soviet Union and in the group of H. Schmid at U. Geneva. A series of East-West conferences entitled Magnetoelectric Interaction Phenomena in Crystals (MEIPIC) was held between 1973 (in Seattle) and 2009 (in Santa Barbara), and indeed the term "multi-ferroic magnetoelectric" was first used by H. Schmid in the proceedings of the 1993 MEIPIC conference (in Ascona).

Mechanisms for combining ferroelectricity and magnetism
To be defined as ferroelectric, a material must have a spontaneous electric polarization that is switchable by an applied electric field. Usually such an electric polarization arises via an inversion-symmetry-breaking structural distortion from a parent centrosymmetric phase. For example, in the prototypical ferroelectric barium titanate, BaTiO3, the parent phase is the ideal cubic ABO3 perovskite structure, with the B-site Ti4+ ion at the center of its oxygen coordination octahedron and no electric polarisation. In the ferroelectric phase the Ti4+ ion is shifted away from the center of the octahedron causing a polarization. Such a displacement only tends to be favourable when the B-site cation has an electron configuration with an empty d shell (a so-called d0 configuration), which favours energy-lowering covalent bond formation between the B-site cation and the neighbouring oxygen anions.

This "d0-ness" requirement is a clear obstacle for the formation of multiferroics, since the magnetism in most transition-metal oxides arises from the presence of partially filled transition metal d shells. As a result, in most multiferroics, the ferroelectricity has a different origin. The following describes the mechanisms that are known to circumvent this contraindication between ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity.

Lone-pair-active
In lone-pair-active multiferroics, the ferroelectric displacement is driven by the A-site cation, and the magnetism arises from a partially filled d shell on the B site. Examples include bismuth ferrite, BiFeO3, BiMnO3 (although this is believed to be anti-polar), and PbVO3. In these materials, the A-site cation (Bi3+, Pb2+) has a so-called stereochemically active 6s2 lone-pair of electrons, and off-centering of the A-site cation is favoured by an energy-lowering electron sharing between the formally empty A-site 6p orbitals and the filled O 2p orbitals.

Geometric ferroelectricity
In geometric ferroelectrics, the driving force for the structural phase transition leading to the polar ferroelectric state is a rotational distortion of the polyhedra rather than an electron-sharing covalent bond formation. Such rotational distortions occur in many transition-metal oxides; in the perovskites for example they are common when the A-site cation is small, so that the oxygen octahedra collapse around it. In perovskites, the three-dimensional connectivity of the polyhedra means that no net polarization results; if one octahedron rotates to the right, its connected neighbor rotates to the left and so on. In layered materials, however, such rotations can lead to a net polarization.

The prototypical geometric ferroelectrics are the layered barium transition metal fluorides, BaMF4, M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, which have a ferroelectric transition at around 1000K and a magnetic transition to an antiferromagnetic state at around 50K. Since the distortion is not driven by a hybridisation between the d-site cation and the anions, it is compatible with the existence of magnetism on the B site, thus allowing for multiferroic behavior.

A second example is provided by the family of hexagonal rare earth manganites (h-RMnO3 with R=Ho-Lu, Y), which have a structural phase transition at around 1300 K consisting primarily of a tilting of the MnO5 bipyramids. While the tilting itself has zero polarization, it couples to a polar corrugation of the R-ion layers which yields a polarisation of ~6 μC/cm2. Since the ferroelectricity is not the primary order parameter it is described as improper. The multiferroic phase is reached at ~100K when a triangular antiferromagnetic order due to spin frustration arises.

Charge ordering
Charge ordering can occur in compounds containing ions of mixed valence when the electrons, which are delocalised at high temperature, localize in an ordered pattern on different cation sites so that the material becomes insulating. When the pattern of localized electrons is polar, the charge ordered state is ferroelectric. Usually the ions in such a case are magnetic and so the ferroelectric state is also multiferroic. The first proposed example of a charge ordered multiferroic was LuFe2O4, which charge orders at 330 K with an arrangement of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Ferrimagnetic ordering occurs below 240 K. Whether or not the charge ordering is polar has recently been questioned, however. In addition, charge ordered ferroelectricity is suggested in magnetite, Fe3O4, below its Verwey transition, and (Pr,Ca)MnO3.

Magnetically-driven ferroelectricity
In magnetically driven multiferroics the macroscopic electric polarization is induced by long-range magnetic order which is non-centrosymmetric. Formally, the electric polarisation, $$\mathbf{P}$$, is given in terms of the magnetization, $$\mathbf{M}$$, by

$$\mathbf{P} \sim \mathbf{M} \times (\nabla_{\mathbf{r}} \times \mathbf{M})$$.

Like the geometric ferroelectrics discussed above, the ferroelectricity is improper, because the polarisation is not the primary order parameter (in this case the primary order is the magnetisation) for the ferroic phase transition.

The prototypical example is the formation of the non-centrosymmetric magnetic spiral state, accompanied by a small ferroelectric polarization, below 28K in TbMnO3. In this case the polarization is small, 10−2 μC/cm2, because the mechanism coupling the non-centrosymmetric spin structure to the crystal lattice is the weak spin-orbit coupling. Larger polarizations occur when the non-centrosymmetric magnetic ordering is caused by the stronger superexchange interaction, such as in orthorhombic HoMnO3 and related materials. In both cases the magnetoelectric coupling is strong because the ferroelectricity is directly caused by the magnetic order.

f-electron magnetism
While most magnetoelectric multiferroics developed to date have conventional transition-metal d-electron magnetism and a novel mechanism for the ferroelectricity, it is also possible to introduce a different type of magnetism into a conventional ferroelectric. The most obvious route is to use a rare-earth ion with a partially filled shell of f electrons on the A site. An example is EuTiO3 which, while not ferroelectric under ambient conditions, becomes so when strained a little bit, or when its lattice constant is expanded for example by substituting some barium on the A site.

Composites
It remains a challenge to develop good single-phase multiferroics with large magnetization and polarization and strong coupling between them at room temperature. Therefore, composites combining magnetic materials, such as FeRh, with ferroelectric materials, such as PMN-PT, are an attractive and established route to achieving multiferroicity. Some examples include magnetic thin films on piezoelectric PMN-PT substrates and Metglass/PVDF/Metglass trilayer structures. Recently an interesting layer-by-layer growth of an atomic-scale multiferroic composite has been demonstrated, consisting of individual layers of ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic LuFeO3 alternating with ferrimagnetic but non-polar LuFe2O4 in a superlattice.

A new promising approach are core-shell type ceramics where a magnetoelectric composite is formed in-situ during synthesis. In the system (BiFe0.9Co0.1O3)0.4-(Bi1/2K1/2TiO3)0.6 (BFC-BKT) very strong ME coupling has been observed on a microscopic scale using PFM under magnetic field. Furthermore, switching of magnetization via electric field has been observed using MFM. Here, the ME active core-shell grains consist of magnetic CoFe2O4 (CFO) cores and a (BiFeO3)0.6-(Bi1/2K1/2TiO3)0.4 (BFO-BKT) shell where core and shell have an epitaxial lattice structure. The mechanism of strong ME coupling is via magnetic exchange interaction between CFO and BFO across the core-shell interface, which results in an exceptionally high Neel-Temperature of 670 K of the BF-BKT phase.

Other
There have been reports of large magnetoelectric coupling at room-temperature in type-I multiferroics such as in the "diluted" magnetic perovskite (PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3)0.6–(PbFe1/2Ta1/2O3)0.4 (PZTFT) in certain Aurivillius phases. Here, strong ME coupling has been observed on a microscopic scale using PFM under magnetic field among other techniques. Organic-inorganic hybrid multiferroics have been reported in the family of metal-formate perovskites, as well as molecular multiferroics such as [(CH3)2NH2][Ni(HCOO)3], with elastic strain-mediated coupling between the order parameters.

Type-I and type-II multiferroics
A helpful classification scheme for multiferroics into so-called type-I and type-II multiferroics was introduced in 2009 by D. Khomskii.

Khomskii suggested the term type-I multiferroic for materials in which the ferroelectricity and magnetism occur at different temperatures and arise from different mechanisms. Usually the structural distortion which gives rise to the ferroelectricity occurs at high temperature, and the magnetic ordering, which is usually antiferromagnetic, sets in at lower temperature. The prototypical example is BiFeO3 (TC=1100 K, TN=643 K), with the ferroelectricity driven by the stereochemically active lone pair of the Bi3+ ion and the magnetic ordering caused by the usual superexchange mechanism. YMnO3 (TC=914 K, TN=76 K) is also type-I, although its ferroelectricity is so-called "improper", meaning that it is a secondary effect arising from another (primary) structural distortion. The independent emergence of magnetism and ferroelectricity means that the domains of the two properties can exist independently of each other. Most type-I multiferroics show a linear magnetoelectric response, as well as changes in dielectric susceptibility at the magnetic phase transition.

The term type-II multiferroic is used for materials in which the magnetic ordering breaks the inversion symmetry and directly "causes" the ferroelectricity. In this case the ordering temperatures for the two phenomena are identical. The prototypical example is TbMnO3, in which a non-centrosymmetric magnetic spiral accompanied by a ferroelectric polarization sets in at 28 K. Since the same transition causes both effects they are by construction strongly coupled. The ferroelectric polarizations tend to be orders of magnitude smaller than those of the type-I multiferroics however, typically of the order of 10−2 μC/cm2. The opposite effect has also been reported, in the Mott insulating charge-transfer salt –. Here, a charge-ordering transition to a polar ferroelectric case drives a magnetic ordering, again giving an intimate coupling between the ferroelectric and, in this case antiferromagnetic, orders.

Symmetry and coupling
The formation of a ferroic order is always associated with the breaking of a symmetry. For example, the symmetry of spatial inversion is broken when ferroelectrics develop their electric dipole moment, and time reversal is broken when ferromagnets become magnetic. The symmetry breaking can be described by an order parameter, the polarization P and magnetization M in these two examples, and leads to multiple equivalent ground states which can be selected by the appropriate conjugate field; electric or magnetic for ferroelectrics or ferromagnets respectively. This leads for example to the familiar switching of magnetic bits using magnetic fields in magnetic data storage.

Ferroics are often characterized by the behavior of their order parameters under space inversion and time reversal (see table). The operation of space inversion reverses the direction of polarisation (so the phenomenon of polarisation is space-inversion antisymmetric) while leaving the magnetisation invariant. As a result, non-polar ferromagnets and ferroelastics are invariant under space inversion whereas polar ferroelectrics are not. The operation of time reversal, on the other hand, changes the sign of M (which is therefore time-reversal antisymmetric), while the sign of P remains invariant. Therefore, non-magnetic ferroelastics and ferroelectrics are invariant under time reversal whereas ferromagnets are not.

Magnetoelectric multiferroics are both space-inversion and time-reversal anti-symmetric since they are both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric.

The combination of symmetry breakings in multiferroics can lead to coupling between the order parameters, so that one ferroic property can be manipulated with the conjugate field of the other. Ferroelastic ferroelectrics, for example, are piezoelectric, meaning that an electric field can cause a shape change or a pressure can induce a voltage, and ferroelastic ferromagnets show the analogous piezomagnetic behavior. Particularly appealing for potential technologies is the control of the magnetism with an electric field in magnetoelectric multiferroics, since electric fields have lower energy requirements than their magnetic counterparts.

Electric-field control of magnetism
The main technological driver for the exploration of multiferroics has been their potential for controlling magnetism using electric fields via their magneto electric coupling. Such a capability could be technologically transformative, since the production of electric fields is far less energy intensive than the production of magnetic fields (which in turn require electric currents) that are used in most existing magnetism-based technologies. There have been successes in controlling the orientation of magnetism using an electric field, for example in heterostructures of conventional ferromagnetic metals and multiferroic BiFeO3, as well as in controlling the magnetic state, for example from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic in FeRh.

In multiferroic thin films, the coupled magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters can be exploited for developing magnetoelectronic devices. These include novel spintronic devices such as tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors and spin valves with electric field tunable functions. A typical TMR device consists of two layers of ferromagnetic materials separated by a thin tunnel barrier (~2 nm) made of a multiferroic thin film. In such a device, spin transport across the barrier can be electrically tuned. In another configuration, a multiferroic layer can be used as the exchange bias pinning layer. If the antiferromagnetic spin orientations in the multiferroic pinning layer can be electrically tuned, then magnetoresistance of the device can be controlled by the applied electric field. One can also explore multiple state memory elements, where data are stored both in the electric and the magnetic polarizations.

Radio and high-frequency devices
Multiferroic composite structures in bulk form are explored for high-sensitivity ac magnetic field sensors and electrically tunable microwave devices such as filters, oscillators and phase shifters (in which the ferri-, ferro- or antiferro-magnetic resonance is tuned electrically instead of magnetically).

Cross-over applications in other areas of physics
Multiferroics have been used to address fundamental questions in cosmology and particle physics. In the first, the fact that an individual electron is an ideal multiferroic, with any electric dipole moment required by symmetry to adopt the same axis as its magnetic dipole moment, has been exploited to search for the electric dipole moment of the electron. Using the designed multiferroic material (Eu,Ba)TiO3, the change in net magnetic moment on switching of the ferroelectric polarisation in an applied electric field was monitored, allowing an upper bound on the possible value of the electron electric dipole moment to be extracted. This quantity is important because it reflects the amount of time-reversal (and hence CP) symmetry breaking in the universe, which imposes severe constraints on theories of elementary particle physics. In a second example, the unusual improper geometric ferroelectric phase transition in the hexagonal manganites has been shown to have symmetry characteristics in common with proposed early universe phase transitions. As a result, the hexagonal manganites can be used to run experiments in the laboratory to test various aspects of early universe physics. In particular, a proposed mechanism for cosmic-string formation has been verified, and aspects of cosmic string evolution are being explored through observation of their multiferroic domain intersection analogues.

Applications beyond magnetoelectricity
A number of other unexpected applications have been identified in the last few years, mostly in multiferroic bismuth ferrite, that do not seem to be directly related to the coupled magnetism and ferroelectricity. These include a photovoltaic effect, photocatalysis, and gas sensing behaviour. It is likely that the combination of ferroelectric polarisation, with the small band gap composed partially of transition-metal d states are responsible for these favourable properties.

Multiferroic films with appropriate band gap structure into solar cells was developed which results in high energy conversion efficiency due to efficient ferroelectric polarization driven carrier separation and overband spacing generation photo-voltage. Various films have been researched, and there is also a new approach to effectively adjust the band gap of the double perovskite multilayer oxide by engineering the cation order for Bi2FeCrO6.

Dynamical multiferroicity
Recently it was pointed out that, in the same way that electric polarisation can be generated by spatially varying magnetic order, magnetism can be generated by a temporally varying polarisation. The resulting phenomenon was called Dynamical Multiferroicity. The magnetisation, $$\mathbf{M}$$ is given by

$$\mathbf{M} \sim \mathbf{P} \times \frac{\partial \mathbf{P}}{\partial t}$$

where $$\mathbf{P}$$ is the polarisation and the $$\times$$ indicates the vector product. The dynamical multiferroicity formalism underlies the following diverse range of phenomena:

 * The phonon Zeeman effect, in which phonons of opposite circular polarisation have different energies in a magnetic field. This phenomenon awaits experimental verification.
 * Resonant magnon excitation by optical driven phonons.
 * Dzylaoshinskii-Moriya-type electromagnons.
 * The inverse Faraday effect.
 * Exotic flavours of quantum criticality.

Dynamical processes
The study of dynamics in multiferroic systems is concerned with understanding the time evolution of the coupling between various ferroic orders, in particular under external applied fields. Current research in this field is motivated both by the promise of new types of application reliant on the coupled nature of the dynamics, and the search for new physics lying at the heart of the fundamental understanding of the elementary MF excitations. An increasing number of studies of MF dynamics are concerned with the coupling between electric and magnetic order parameters in the magnetoelectric multiferroics. In this class of materials, the leading research is exploring, both theoretically and experimentally, the fundamental limits (e.g. intrinsic coupling velocity, coupling strength, materials synthesis) of the dynamical magnetoelectric coupling and how these may be both reached and exploited for the development of new technologies.

At the heart of the proposed technologies based on magnetoelectric coupling are switching processes, which describe the manipulation of the material's macroscopic magnetic properties with electric field and vice versa. Much of the physics of these processes is described by the dynamics of domains and domain walls. An important goal of current research is the minimization of the switching time, from fractions of a second ("quasi"-static regime), towards the nanosecond range and faster, the latter being the typical time scale needed for modern electronics, such as next generation memory devices.

Ultrafast processes operating at picosecond, femtosecond, and even attosecond scale are both driven by, and studied using, optical methods that are at the front line of modern science. The physics underpinning the observations at these short time scales is governed by non-equilibrium dynamics, and usually makes use of resonant processes. One demonstration of ultrafast processes is the switching from collinear antiferromagnetic state to spiral antiferromagnetic state in CuO under excitation by 40 fs 800 nm laser pulse. A second example shows the possibility for the direct control of spin waves with THz radiation on antiferromagnetic NiO. These are promising demonstrations of how the switching of electric and magnetic properties in multiferroics, mediated by the mixed character of the magnetoelectric dynamics, may lead to ultrafast data processing, communication and quantum computing devices.

Current research into MF dynamics aims to address various open questions; the practical realisation and demonstration of ultra-high speed domain switching, the development of further new applications based on tunable dynamics, e.g. frequency dependence of dielectric properties, the fundamental understanding of the mixed character of the excitations (e.g. in the ME case, mixed phonon-magnon modes – 'electromagnons'), and the potential discovery of new physics associated with the MF coupling.

Domains and domain walls

Like any ferroic material, a multiferroic system is fragmented into domains. A domain is a spatially extended region with a constant direction and phase of its order parameters. Neighbouring domains are separated by transition regions called domain walls.

Properties of multiferroic domains
In contrast to materials with a single ferroic order, domains in multiferroics have additional properties and functionalities. For instance, they are characterized by an assembly of at least two order parameters. The order parameters may be independent (typical yet not mandatory for a Type-I multiferroic) or coupled (mandatory for a Type-II multiferroic).

Many outstanding properties that distinguish domains in multiferroics from those in materials with a single ferroic order are consequences of the coupling between the order parameters. These issues lead to novel functionalities which explain the current interest in these materials.
 * The coupling can lead to patterns with a distribution and/or topology of domains that is exclusive to multiferroics.
 * The order-parameter coupling is usually homogeneous across a domain, i.e., gradient effects are negligible.
 * In some cases the averaged net value of the order parameter for a domain pattern is more relevant for the coupling than the value of the order parameter of an individual domain.

Properties of multiferroic domain walls
Domain walls are spatially extended regions of transition mediating the transfer of the order parameter from one domain to another. In comparison to the domains the domain walls are not homogeneous and they can have a lower symmetry. This may modify the properties of a multiferroic and the coupling of its order parameters. Multiferroic domain walls may display particular static and dynamic properties.

Static properties refer to stationary walls. They can result from
 * The reduced dimensionality
 * The finite width of the wall
 * The different symmetry of the wall
 * The inherent chemical, electronic, or order-parameter inhomogeneity within the walls and the resulting gradient effects.

Synthesis
Multiferroic properties can appear in a large variety of materials. Therefore, several conventional material fabrication routes are used, including solid state synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel processing, vacuum based deposition, and floating zone.

Some types of multiferroics require more specialized processing techniques, such as

 * Vacuum based deposition (for instance: MBE, PLD) for thin film deposition to exploit certain advantages that may come with 2-dimensional layered structures such as: strain mediated multiferroics, heterostructures, anisotropy.
 * High pressure solid state synthesis to stabilize metastable or highly distorted structures, or in the case of the Bi-based multiferroics due to the high volatility of bismuth.

List of materials
Most multiferroic materials identified to date are transition-metal oxides, which are compounds made of (usually 3d) transition metals with oxygen and often an additional main-group cation. Transition-metal oxides are a favorable class of materials for identifying multiferroics for a few reasons:

 * The localised 3d electrons on the transition metal are usually magnetic if they are partially filled with electrons.
 * Oxygen is at a "sweet spot" in the periodic table in that the bonds it makes with transition metals are neither too ionic (like its neighbor fluorine, F) or too covalent (like its neighbor nitrogen, N). As a result, its bonds with transition metals are rather polarizable, which is favorable for ferroelectricity.
 * Transition metals and oxygen tend to be earth abundant, non-toxic, stable and environmentally benign.

Many multiferroics have the perovskite structure. This is in part historical – most of the well-studied ferroelectrics are perovskites –  and in part because of the high chemical versatility of the structure.

Below is a list of some the most well-studied multiferroics with their ferroelectric and magnetic ordering temperatures. When a material shows more than one ferroelectric or magnetic phase transition, the most relevant for the multiferroic behavior is given.

Talks and documentaries on multiferroics
France 24 documentary "Nicola Spaldin: The pioneer behind multiferroics" (12 minutes) Nicola Spaldin: The pioneer behind multiferroics

Seminar "Electric field control of magnetism" by R. Ramesh at U Michigan (1 hour) Ramamoorthy Ramesh | Electric Field Control of Magnetism

Max Roessler prize for multiferroics at ETH Zürich (5 minutes): Nicola Spaldin, Professor of Materials Theory at ETH Zurich

ICTP Colloquium "From materials to cosmology; Studying the early universe under the microscope" by Nicola Spaldin (1 hour) From Materials to Cosmology: Studying the early universe under the microscope - ICTP COLLOQUIUM

Tsuyoshi Kimura's research on "Toward highly functional devices using mulitferroics" (4 minutes): Toward highly functional devices using multi-ferroics

"Strong correlation between electricity and magnetism in materials" by Yoshi Tokura (45 minutes): 4th Kyoto Prize Symposium [Materials Science and Engineering Yoshinori Tokura, July 2, 2017]

"Breaking the wall to the next material age", Falling Walls, Berlin (15 minutes): How Materials Science Heralds a New Class of Technologies | NICOLA SPALDIN

title: Multiferroics


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Armenian Genocide resources

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:25, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Armenian Genocide resources
Wikipedia is not a list links, whether they're books or URLs. References belong in the appropriate articles. --fvw *  19:08, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Comment Have moved the article from Armenian Genocide ressources to the correct spelling of Armenian Genocide resources. I'll check that all the VfD links are updated accordingly. KeithD (talk) 19:12, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The ressources section is pretty long in the Armenian genocide section, and many others will be added. As well, there are various cathegory of studies regarding the Armenian genocide, and their relevant books, which will be added. As it is, including this in the Armenian Genocide section, would make of it way too long, only for the ressources. Besides the footnoting is still pending, and once added, it'll increase its size even more. The Holocaust has its section for ressources too, and the only reason I can't work on the ressources section, is because being it included with the Armenian genocide, make of it very limitative. I agree that Wikipedia is not a list, but what do you propose? Fadix 19:17, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If the resources listed are sources for the armenian genocide article they belong in that article's sources section. It's not a problem if it gets long, wikipedia is not paper. The resources that aren't needed as references there, you shouldn't put a list of them on wikipedia, wikipedia is not an indiscriminate information repository, just an encyclopaedia. --fvw *  19:22, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't disagree, but if you think you can go and delete sites and references not mentioned in the article in question, go ahead, you'll get a revert war by some that will add them back even when those resources have nothing to do with the article in question. Right now, all I know is that I want to expend the article, and because of it, adding in the resources section the references, which will increase the size of that section, without considering that footnoting will probably take over 1/3 of the articles size. Fadix 19:37, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What if, I add it in a sub-page of the article? Somewhere like, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide/resources would that be not considered as part of the article? Fadix 19:45, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is probably too large for the main article but it's also a useful list of resources. --Tony Sidaway Talk  20:16, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This is a useful part of the work on the Armenian genocide, and it is too long to keep in the main article. Perhaps there should be a general rule for where to put bibliographies/resource lists like this.  I guess subpages are frowned upon, though....  --Macrakis 22:16, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No subpages please. I would prefer this being part of the main page, but I can see that it would make it overly long. Hm. How about some expert removes half of these links (I'm sure some of them are more valuable than others) and merge it back? WP:NOT a web directory. Radiant_ >|< 07:21, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Useful and informative. Compare Holocaust (resources), created for similar reasons. -- Naive cynic 08:35, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:69.192.84.208

title: User talk:69.192.84.208


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Talk:List of Purdue University alumni

Alumni Status
Is Glenn Robinson actually an alumnus?

 * Since Alumnus just means a former student, then yes he qualifies. You don't have to graduate to be considered an alumnus. Nowimnthing 19:10, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for clearing that up Dpu2002 19:11, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Too many redlinks?
In recent months we've started collecting a number of "accomplished alumni" who appear only as redlinks. If someone is currently listed here but not worthy of a Wikipedia article, I have to question whether they belong on the list. Comments, anyone? - Engineer Bob 01:38, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't mind them so much. It seems they are mostly CEOs of large companies. I could see the list being an inspiration and idea generator for students. Maybe somone will get around to creating stub articles for them. If it continues to grow much more we may want to do some selective weeding. Just so long as we don't start getting people who are the night manager at Red Lobster on there. Nowimnthing 04:01, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The entry that finally exceeded my tolerance level was Chuckie Nwokorie, who apparently had a very short (35 games over 5 seasons) and undistinguished career in the NFL. I do agree that an alum who leads a large company or university is someone to be proud of! -Engineer Bob 06:20, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh Chuckie was my fault, someone added him to the Lafayette page since he went to Jeff, I just saw NFL (I don't really follow players) and added him here too. I guess no matter how short your NFL career it is a big deal for a high school but not notable in the Purdue sense. Feel free to remove him. Nowimnthing 13:43, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * About professors specifically, is this an attempt to collect all alumni from Purdue who have become professors, or is this a selection of notable professors? I am aware of at least a few professors (at R1's) who are not on this list who are alumni of Purdue. Nearingg (talk) 08:51, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

astronaut pictures
Do we really need these on here? The list is kind of long as it is and the pics are readily available on the individual pages. If we did keep them, I would prefer to shrink them and put them next to the names. Nowimnthing (talk) 14:46, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * since there are no comments I am going to go ahead and remove the pics, they add little and clutter the page, which is long enough without them. Nowimnthing (talk) 12:37, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

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Life of Crime

Life of Crime may refer to:

 * Life of Crime (album), a 1990 album by Laughing Hyenas
 * Life of Crime (TV series), a 2013 British television police procedural
 * Life of Crime (film), a 2013 crime comedy-drama, starring Jennifer Aniston
 * "Life of Crime", an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Kingpin: Life of Crime, a 1999 first-person action video game developed by Xatrix Entertainment

title: Life of Crime


text: Talk:Anderson University (Indiana)

title: Talk:Anderson University (Indiana)


text:
Talk:List of colleges and universities in Indiana

Where is/was Wendell College?
I'm trying to track down the college mentioned in Monica Sone's memoir, Nisei Daughter. She says that during WW2, she was allowed to enroll in Wendell College in Indiana--but I can't find any mention of this school online other than her book. She says the school was in the southern part of the state, on the Ohio River, and affiliated with the Presbyterian church. Did the school change its name or close? Thanks. Aristophanes68 (talk) 15:11, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

A: The only currently active college in the state of Indiana affiliated with one of the Presbyterian churches is Hanover College. It is near the Ohio river. http://www.hanover.edu/abouthanover/facts/ I found this by searching http://www.campuspicker.com. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.20.171.175 (talk) 03:56, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

There are more than 46 colleges in Indiana
http://www.free-4u.com/Colleges/Indiana-Colleges.html

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Category:Carlisle United F.C.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Carlisle United F.C.


text:
Vasily Radlov

Vasily Vasilievich Radlov or Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (Васи́лий Васи́льевич Ра́длов; 17 January 1837 in Berlin – 12 May 1918 in Petrograd) was a German-Russian linguist, ethnographer, and archaeologist, often considered to be the founder of Turkology, the scientific study of Turkic peoples. According to Turkologist Johan Vandewalle, Radlov knew all of the Turkic languages and dialects as well as German, French, Russian, Greek, Latin, Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese, Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew.

Career
Working as a schoolteacher in Barnaul, Radlov became interested in the native peoples of Siberia and published his ethnographic findings in the influential monograph From Siberia (1884). From 1866 to 1907, he translated and released a number of monuments of Turkic folklore. Most importantly, he was the first to publish the Orhon inscriptions. Four volumes of his comparative dictionary of Turkic languages followed in 1893 to 1911. Radlov helped establish the Russian Museum of Ethnography and was in charge of the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersburg from 1884 to 1894. One of the works he published was a Kyrgyz version of the epic Er Töshtük

Radlov assisted Grigory Potanin on his glossary of Salar language, Western Yugur language, and Eastern Yugur language in Potanin's 1893 Russian language book The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia.

During the Stalinist repressions of the late 1930s, the NKVD and state science apparatus accused the late (ethnically German) Radlov of Panturkism. A perceived connection with the long-dead Radlov was treated as incriminating evidence against Orientalists and Turkologists, some of whom were executed, including Alexander Samoylovich in 1938.

Publications

 * Radloff W. (1883). Aus Sibirien, Leipzig: T.O. Weigel Aus Siberien : vol.1 Aus Siberien : vol.2
 * Atlas der Alterthümer der Mongolei : vol.1 (1892)
 * W. Radloff. Versuch eines Wörterbuch der Türk-Dialekte.
 * Band I, 1. 1893
 * Band I, 2. 1893
 * Band II, 1. 1899
 * Band II, 2. 1899
 * Radloff W.; trans. (1930). Suvarṇaprabhāsa: aus dem Uigurischen ins Deutsche übersetzt, Leningrad: Akad. Nauk SSSR.
 * Radlov, Vasilij V (1913–1917). Suvarṇaprabhāsa: (sutra zolotogo bleska) ; tekst ujgurskoj redakcij, Sanktpeterburg. Imperatorskaja Akad. Nauk. XV. Reprint, Osnabrück. Biblio-Verlag 1970.
 * Aus Sibirien. Lose Blätter aus meinem Tagebuche (1893)
 * Tisastvustik; ein in türkischer Sprache bearbeitetes buddhistisches Sutra. I. Transcription und Übersetzung von W. Radloff. II. Bemerkungen zu den Brahmiglossen des Tisastvustik-Manuscripts (Mus. A. Kr. VII) von Baron A. von Stäel-Holstein (1910)

title: Vasily Radlov


text: Category:RF connectors

title: Category:RF connectors


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Renotalk

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:26, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Renotalk
del nonnotable website. mikka (t) 19:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It doesn't seem to be a notable web forum, because it has only 975 registered members. -Hapsiainen 10:13, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Cmbrooks

Welcome for Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! User:Journalist (talk • contribs)
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title: User talk:Cmbrooks


text:
Cytomegalovirus retinitis

Cytomegalovirus retinitis, also known as CMV retinitis, is an inflammation of the retina of the eye that can lead to blindness. Caused by human cytomegalovirus, it occurs predominantly in people whose immune system has been compromised, 15-40% of those with AIDS.

Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of cytomegalovirus retinitis have it usually starting in one eye (and also have the possibility of retinal detachment), presenting as:
 * Blurred vision
 * Blind spots
 * Specks in your vision

Cause
Cytomegalovirus (a type of herpes virus) is what causes cytomegalovirus retinitis. Other types of herpes viruses include herpes simplex viruses and Epstein-Barr virus. Once an individual is infected with these viruses they stay in the body for life. What triggers the virus to reactivate are the following (though CMV can also be congenital).
 * Leukemia
 * AIDS
 * Immunosuppressive chemotherapy

Mechanism
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV or CMV) is a DNA virus in the family Herpesviridae known for producing large cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, CMV infects around 40% of the population worldwide.

Those areas infected by cytomegalovirus have cells evolve to necrosis, though inflammation within the retina is not great. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments can occur following the development of holes in areas of healed retinitis (retina may be atrophic). Proliferative vitreoretinopathy has been observed in cases of retinal detachment.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of CMV retinitis can be done via the following:
 * Ophthalmic screening frequency is based on CD4 count,(CD4 < 50 cells/mL, 0- 35% possibility of CMV retinitis)
 * BUN
 * CD8+ T-lymphocyte count
 * CMV DNA capture ( polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test)
 * DNA PCR ( ocular fluids)
 * Viral load
 * Complete blood count

Treatment
In terms of the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis, oral valganciclovir, intravenous ganciclovir, IV foscarnet, and IV cidofovir are all efficient in the treatment of this condition. Also intravitreal injections, an injection of medicine into the vitreous near the retina, of foscarnet in concomitance with oral valganciclovir can be used for treatment as well.

Often individuals with CMV retinitis will need surgery for either retinal detachment or intravitreal instillation of ganciclovir. Retinal detachment occurs in up to 29% of affected eyes, repair being most effective with endolaser and silicone oil endotamponade. Intravitreal ganciclovir implant has the benefit of less systemic toxicity. An adverse effect of this is retinal detachment (and vitreous hemorrhage), also there is no systemic beneficial effect for cytomegalovirus organ disease.

title: Cytomegalovirus retinitis


text:
User talk:Thinkgeek

Image Tagging Image:Openroad.gif
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Image Tagging Image:Bryan Adams - Main Photo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bryan Adams - Main Photo.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Jkelly 04:06, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thinkgeek


text:
Talk:Bethel University (Indiana)

Shape it up
Alright, folks, lets get this article into shape! Whoever copy/pasted from the Bethel main site should know better. I have changed enough that this article is nearly neutral, so I am removing that tag. We need sourcing here, though, so that tag remains. Aaron Nagy
 * I totally removed the history section due to the copyright violation from the Bethel main site. Piguy101 (talk) 19:59, 27 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bethel University (Indiana)


text:
Denis Betts

Denis Charles Betts (born 14 September 1969) is an English rugby league coach and former player. He is the head-coach of Wigan Warriors Women and a former assistant coach of the England national team.

A, Betts played in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s for the Wigan Warriors, with whom he won numerous titles, and for the Auckland Warriors. He won four caps for England and 32 for Great Britain, setting a record for a forward. He played in two Rugby League World Cups, in 1989-92 and 1995, including playing in the finals of both.

Early life
Betts was born on 14 September 1969 in Salford, Lancashire and attended Clarendon High School. He has a younger brother, Darren Betts – also a talented rugby and footballer who played for Salford in the 1990s. Betts was himself a former Manchester United youth team player.

Betts signed for Wigan from Leigh Miners ARL (also known as Leigh Rangers) on 14 October 1986.

Playing career
Betts was a part of the hugely successful Wigan team of the 1980s, and 90's, his own medal haul including six Championships, seven Rugby League Challenge Cups, three Premierships, four John Player/Regal Trophies, and two Lancashire Cups. He also received the Lance Todd Trophy (1991) and the coveted Man of Steel Award (1995). He featured in three World Club Challenge matches for Wigan, winning two, against Penrith Panthers in 1991 and Brisbane Broncos in 1994.

In 1995, at the height of the Super League War he signed a lucrative deal with the Auckland Warriors, one of the new clubs, coached by former Wigan coach John Monie.

Later that year Betts became the first player to win both England and Great Britain caps while not playing in the English leagues. With former Wigan team-mate Shaun Edwards ruled out by injury, Betts captained England from the second row in the 1995 Rugby League World Cup final at Wembley Stadium, but Australia won the match 16–8 and retained the World Cup. Betts' selection as captain of England meant he was the first player given the honour while not playing in the English leagues.

During the 1996 Auckland Warriors season Betts captained the club. He was selected as vice captain for the 1996 Great Britain Lions tour of Papua New Guinea, Fiji and New Zealand, playing in all Tests against host nations at. The 1997 season was Betts' last with the Auckland Warriors as he returned to England to continue playing for Wigan.

Betts returned to play in the 1998 Wigan Warriors season in Europe's Super League competition, and played in the side which lost the 1998 Challenge Cup Final to Sheffield Eagles. He missed Wigan's 1998 Super League Grand Final victory that year through injury. Betts scored Wigan's opening try in the last game at Central Park, and their first try at the JJB Stadium.

At the end of 1999's Super League IV, Betts was selected to play for Great Britain in the 1999 Tri-Nations tournament in both of their matches against New Zealand and Australia.

Betts played for Wigan in their 2000 Super League Grand Final loss to St. Helens, and their 2001 Grand Final loss to the Bradford Bulls. He was persuaded to retire from playing at the age of 32, to help Wigan get under the salary cap.

In total, Betts made 32 appearances for Great Britain, the joint highest ever for a forward, and toured three times, in 1990, 1992 and 1996. He also captained England in the 1995 World Cup final, which they lost to Australia at Wembley in front of 66,540 fans.

Coaching career
At the end of 2001, Betts moved into coaching as Under-18s coach at the Wigan Warriors, and progressed to under-21s, which he led to victory in the 2003 U21 Grand Final. In July 2003, Stuart Raper was sacked as the Wigan Warriors coach, and he was replaced by Mike Gregory. Gregory then appointed Betts as his assistant. the Wigan Warriors' results improved and they went on reach the Grand Final, only to lose to Bradford Bulls. The following season, the Wigan Warriors reached another final, losing this time to St. Helens in the Challenge Cup Final. Betts then took temporary charge in May 2004 when Gregory stepped down due to illness. He held the position for a year before he was moved sideways by the club to make way for the appointment of new head coach Ian Millward, who had left St. Helens just two weeks earlier and was recruited for his experience. Betts continued to work under Millward until the end of the 2005's Super League X but left in November after refusing to take a post as coach of the academy Under-21 team.

In January 2006 he took up a post as skills and development coach with Guinness Premiership rugby union club Gloucester, a position which he left during June 2010, despite having another year on his contract. Speaking about his time at Gloucester, he said "It's a really passionate place and I hope they can get the success they deserve. I really enjoyed the place, especially the match-day atmosphere and the Shed."

While at Gloucester, Betts emerged as a surprise contender for the vacant England coaching job, which he applied for in March 2010, ultimately losing out to Bradford Bulls' Steve McNamara.

In November 2010, Betts was appointed coach of Championship club; the Widnes Vikings. In May 2011, he was reappointed to manage the Widnes Vikings into the Super League in 2012.

Betts was appointed assistant coach to Wayne Bennett with England in April 2016. England finished third in the 2016 Four Nations, and were runners-up in the 2017 World Cup.

In May 2018 the Widnes Vikings terminated Betts' contract with immediate effect. Due to the Widnes Vikings poor run with winning only three games out of twelve.

title: Denis Betts


text:
User:Amccaf1

Pages I created

 * The Giant of Marathon
 * Slainte
 * Shinola (Energy Orchard album)
 * Pain Killer (Energy Orchard album)
 * Heaven's Fire
 * Stop the Machine
 * Energy Orchard (album)
 * The Chicken of Tomorrow
 * Anthony Cardoza
 * Soultaker (film)
 * Each Man Kills the Thing He Loves
 * Adam 'n' Eve
 * Shag Tobacco
 * Wild Honey (U2 song)
 * Spite Marriage
 * Elvis Presley and America

Membership

 * WikiProject U2

title: User:Amccaf1


text:
Tintin – Le Temple du Soleil – Le Spectacle Musical

Tintin – Le Temple du Soleil, subtitled Le Spectacle Musical, is a 2002 Belgian musical in two acts with music by Dirk Brossé, lyrics and scenario by Seth Gaaikema and Frank van Laecke and adapted to French by Didier Van Cauwelaert, based on two of The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé: The Seven Crystal Balls (1948) and Prisoners of the Sun (1949). It is the French-language version of the Dutch show Kuifje – De Zonnetempel that premiered in 2001. It premièred in Charleroi in 2002 and was scheduled for Paris in 2003 but was cancelled.

Act 1
An expedition of seven scientists, the Sanders-Hardiman expedition, discovers the tomb of the Incan mummy Rascar Capac and provokes the anger of the Sun God. A curse descends upon them. Meanwhile, Tintin and Snowy arrive on the train at Marlinspike, and Tintin talks to another traveller about the recent return of the expedition from Peru. He says that all will end badly, desecrating the burial chambers of the Incas like Tutankhamen's – five members of the expedition have already been mysteriously struck down.

Tintin and Snowy go to Marlinspike Hall where Captain Haddock lives, and they meet Nestor the butler. He says that Haddock is currently horse riding, but he shortly returns minus the horse. Haddock introduces their old friend Professor Calculus, and then tries to show Tintin a magic trick to turn water into whisky, which fails. Angry at not being able to do it, he takes Tintin to the music hall to see Bruno the magician perform the trick.

That evening at the music hall, Tintin and Haddock watch a performance by the opera singer Bianca Castafiore, which Snowy turns into an impromptu duet. Haddock storms out from the show because of Castafiore's singing. Ragdalam the fakir and Yamilah the clairvoyant perform after Castafiore; after a few novelty predictions, Ragdalam asks Yamilah to tell him about a woman in the audience, Mrs Clarkson. She says that her husband, Clarkson, is a photographer, and that he has been struck down by the curse of Rascar Capac. Mrs Clarkson must leave the show with her daughter, Fleur, when she receives a message that her husband is indeed ill. The magician's act is on, and Haddock stumbles onto the stage with a stage prop of a cow's head on his, after having got lost backstage trying to find his way out.

Tintin, Haddock, and Calculus go to the home of Professor Hercules Tarragon to protect him, as he and Calculus were students together. The police detectives Thomson and Thompson have also been sent to protect Tarragon. Tarragon reveals the mummy of Rascar Capac, and Tintin reads the prophecy that the expedition found in his tomb. A storm comes, a ball of lightning comes down the chimney, destroys the mummy, and Bergamotte realises that the prophecy is true. He is then struck down by the curse like the others.

At the hospital, Fleur and her mother sit by the bed of Clarkson. Tintin arrives following Bergamotte's attack, and Fleur asks him to help her father. Tintin says he will, and leaves the hospital, whilst Fleur reassures her mother that everything will be alright because Tintin will help them. In the garden, Calculus mysteriously disappears following his donning the bracelet.

Later at Marlinspike, Haddock is depressed because of Calculus's disappearance. Castafiore, her accompanist Igor Wagner, and her maid Irma arrive; Castafiore announcing she will be staying for a period. Tintin, Haddock and Snowy manage to escape and head to the docks, where they discover that Calculus has been spotted on the ship «Pachacamac» and is going to Peru. They catch a flying boat to Peru, and as it flies into the distance, the curtain closes on Act One.

Act 2
In Peru, Tintin and Haddock ask whether anyone has seen Calculus, but are met with "No sé" ("I don't know") from everyone. Tintin and Snowy intervene to stop two men bullying a child. The child, Zorrino, reveals that he is an orphan living on the streets. Tintin cheers him up by making him a little boat out of newspaper. Zorrino reveals that he knows where Calculus is – he has been taken to the Temple of the Sun. Zorrino leads them on a trek to the temple, with many perils against them. Snowy is taken by a condor, and Tintin climbs to the top of a cliff to look for him. He is attacked by the condor and, hanging onto its legs, is carried to the ground where he discovers Snowy.

Meanwhile, Thomson and Thompson have found Calculus's pendulum and attempt to use it to locate him. They mistake the indications given by the pendulum, and travel to the North Pole and meet an eskimo, to the Far East, and to Scotland. Eventually they realise that the pendulum is pointing to Peru, where Tintin and Haddock are, and head off in pursuit.

Tintin, Haddock and Zorrino reach a waterfall. Zorrino and Haddock cross without incident, but as Tintin crosses, with Snowy in his rucksack, the rope snaps and they fall through the waterfall. He survives the fall and Haddock and Zorrino join him on the other side of the waterfall, in a cavern. At the same time, an Incan ceremony is taking place. Suddenly, Tintin, Snowy, Haddock and Zorrino crash through a hidden door in the wall.

They are blindfolded, and the Grand Inca declares that their punishment for profaning the temple is to die at the stake, but grants them one last wish: they are allowed to choose the day and hour of their deaths. Zorrino is separated from the others as they are imprisoned, visits them in their cell, and unfolds the little boat that Tintin had made for him. Tintin reads the newspaper and finds their salvation. He tells the Incan guard that they wish to die in eighteen days' time. When the day comes, they are bound to the stake on the funeral pyre whilst a ceremony takes place. Thomson and Thompson arrive, having finally found Calculus; they are also tied up. As they are about to be sacrificed, Tintin "commands" the Sun; everything goes dark as the Moon moves in front of the Sun's face. Tintin reveals to a startled Haddock what he read in the newspaper: the impending solar eclipse!

The Grand Inca begs Tintin to make the Sun show its light again, and he does so. The Inca sets them free, as they have the favour of the Sun. Tintin asks for the curse of Rascar Capac to be lifted, and in Europe, the expedition members awake, to the delight of Mrs Clarkson and Fleur, who thank Tintin. Back in Peru, the Grand Inca adopts Zorrino, and as everyone comes home in Brussels together, the cast takes their bows. The curtain falls.

Scenes and songs
Charleroi Cast

 * Act 1
 * La grotte de l'Inca, Pérou – Rascar Capac
 * La gare – Tintin et Milou
 * Le château de Moulinsart – Rien dans les manches
 * Théâtre du variété palace – Ah, je ris (duo pour diva et chien) ; L'hypnose ; Rien dans les manches (reprise) ; Les 7 boules de cristal
 * La bibliothèque du professeur Bergamotte – La valse des professeurs ; Contrôle total
 * La clinique – Contaminées ; Tintin, aide nous
 * Le jardin du professeur Bergamotte – Soleil ; Promenade avec Tournesol
 * Le château de Moulinsart – Le rossignol milanais ; Tonnerre de Brest
 * Le port – Tonnerre de Brest (reprise)

 * Act 2
 * Le marché de Callao, Pérou – No sé ; Contrôle total (reprise) ; L'empire des riches
 * La loge d'opéra de Bianca / Le voyage – La vie est un opéra ; Milou et moi
 * La cabine téléphonique – Le pendule
 * La loge d'opéra de Bianca / La jungle – Feu de joie
 * La chute d'eau
 * Le Temple du Soleil – Rascar Capac (reprise) ; Le Temple du Soleil ; Prière de Zorrino
 * La prison – Adieu au whisky ; Le bateau-journal
 * Le bûcher – Le bûcher ; Soleil (Finale)

Paris Cast

 * Act 1
 * Rascar Capac
 * Tintin et Milou
 * Ah, je ris
 * Contrôle total
 * La victoire du coeur
 * Le soleil (solo)
 * Mille millions de mille sabords

 * Act 2
 * No sé
 * L'empire des riches
 * Milou et moi
 * Feu de joie
 * Adieu au whisky
 * Soleil (final)

Music
The show boasts an orchestral score composed by Dirk Brossé with lyrics by Seth Gaaikema (adapted to French by Didier Van Cauwelaert and performed by l'Orchestre National de Belgique (the Belgian National Orchestra). There are around twenty different songs in the show, and a few reprises. The two main themes that run throughout the show are Haddock's (first heard when he performs the trick with the whisky, later heard in full at Moulinsart and the port) and Soleil, or Tintin's theme, sung first after his leaving the hospital and as a finale.

A CD release, containing 18 studio-recorded songs sung by the original cast, appeared in 2002. Most songs were present in their full versions as heard in the show. Some songs were not featured, partly because they were variations on others already present (for example, Rien dans les manches being a pared-down version of Mille millions de mille sabords). A notable omission was Promenade avec Tournesol, a cheerful tune that would have appeared between tracks 9 and 10 on the CD.

Staging & effects
The show features an incredible array of special effects and imaginative staging, including :
 * A cliff parting to reveal the mummy of Rascar Capac
 * A train steaming into the station
 * The seven explorers trapped inside revolving crystal balls
 * Ball lightning lifting Tournesol into the air on his chair
 * A flying boat taking off
 * A condor in flight, with Tintin hanging from the legs
 * A waterfall drawn from a 6.5 tonne reservoir
 * A total solar eclipse

The Paris affair
After the resounding success of the show in Belgium, the show was scheduled to be performed in Paris at the Hippodrome d'Auteil in 2003 as the highlight of the Christmas playbill. The cast was to remain the same as for Charleroi, with the exception of Frayne McCarthy (Haddock) being replaced by Patrick Rocca. It was a hotly anticipated performance, with a theatre being renovated to house the ambitious special effects. Tickets were sold in advance and a CD was produced (featuring the Belgian cast), a stripped-down version of the Charleroi release. A DVD was scheduled for release in January 2004.

Divisions began to appear between the investors and the producers. Although it was not clear who was to blame – a main investor was rumoured to have pulled out, or hadn't the proposed capital – events came to a head in October 2003 and a press release issued on 20 October declared that the show was cancelled. It was a major blow to everyone involved: thousands of ticket-buyers had to be refunded, the CD had already been launched and a huge media campaign had to be cancelled (which would have incorporated amongst others France 2, RTL and Télérama). Owing to the risk taken – and arguably demonstrating foresight on behalf of the management – the actors' contracts stipulated they would not be paid until the show had been performed.

The future
Tabas&Co and Moulinsart had chosen the wrong business partners, yet the Paris affair did not spell the permanent end of the show. Moulinsart is reportedly examining the feasibility of launching the show in other countries, with the Dutch city of Rotterdam apparently being considered.

Recordings
Tabas & Co. has released a recording.


text:
User talk:Lustig~enwiki

Image Tagging Image:Opentoepumps.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Opentoepumps.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --Secretlondon 19:13, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Also: Image:Opentoeslides2.jpg, Image:Opentoeslides3.jpg, Image:Opentoeslides4.jpg, Image:Opentoeslingbacks.jpg. Secretlondon 19:15, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lustig. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lustig~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:27, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:40, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lustig~enwiki