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WGSO

WGSO (990 AM) is a radio station licensed to New Orleans, Louisiana. The station is owned by Northshore Radio, LLC., a non-profit corporation. The station seeks donations on its website and on the air. It airs a mix of brokered programming and talk. It carries The Mark Levin Show from Westwood One weeknights and updates from USA Radio News. The radio studios are on Carondelet Street.

By day, WGSO is powered at 600 watts, using a non-directional antenna. But 990 AM is a clear channel frequency so WGSO must reduce power at night to 310 watts to avoid interference to other stations. The transmitter is off River Road in Jefferson, Louisiana, near the Mississippi River.

WJMR and WNNR
The station signed on the air on. It was originally a daytimer, required to go off the air at sunset. It used the call sign WJMR and was owned by George Mayoral, broadcasting from the Jung Hotel. WJMR was the sister station to FM outlet WRCM (now 97.1 WEZB) which actually went on the air the year before. In 1953, Mayoral added WJMR-TV, New Orleans' second television station, now WVUE-DT.

AM 990 went through a series of call letter and format changes over the years. In the mid-1950s it was home to disc jockey "Poppa Stoppa," whose program featured a new sound for its time, "Rock and Roll music." In 1964, when WJMR-TV was sold, AM 990's call sign was changed to WNNR (Winner Radio). It returned to the WJMR call letters between 1969 and 1972 but became WNNR again on January 24, 1972.

WLTS and WYAT
In the 1980s, it got approval from the Federal Communications Commission to stay on the air around the clock. The station briefly became WLTS in the fall of 1984. Those call letters lasted less than a year.

On June 4, 1985, 990 AM became WYAT. Those call letters capitalized on the local New Orleans expression "Where y'at?" The station aired a syndicated Oldies format with some local DJs during the day.

WGSO
On December 1, 1993 the station became WGSO, airing an all news radio format. It used an audio feed of CNN Headline News for national news, with some local news inserts. In 2001, the station gave New Orleans its first Business Talk format. The station was billed as "City Business 990," touting its relationship with the local City Business newspaper. From 2004 to 2006, it was known as "BizRadio 990." During this time there were local hosts most of the day discussing money and business topics for investors. The station used syndicated programming in the evening and CNN Headline News in late nights.

Post-Katrina (2007), the station used the "Voice of the Northshore" moniker, aiming its news & traffic reports at St. Tammany Parish. This was problematic, as the station's signal on the Northshore of Lake Pontchartrain is weak during the day and practically unlistenable at nighttime power.

By 2009, the station changed management and adapted "Speakin' Easy New Orleans Style" as the station moniker. The lineup included local programming during the day (including Jeff Crouere, Tom Fitzmorris and Tim McNally) and syndicated programs at night, such as Michael Savage, Dr. Joy Browne, and Dr. Ronald Hoffman.

title: WGSO


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You're in Love, Charlie Brown

You're in Love, Charlie Brown is the fourth prime-time animated television special based upon the comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schulz. It originally aired on CBS on June 12, 1967. This was the second non-holiday-oriented Peanuts special, following Charlie Brown's All Stars!.

Both  and He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown were nominated for an Emmy award for Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming in 1968.

Plot
With summer approaching, Charlie Brown is upset that he cannot enjoy himself like all the others, but when he sees the Little Red-Haired Girl on a passing bus, Linus figures out that Charlie Brown is in love.

Charlie Brown pines for the Little Red-Haired Girl, and during the next-to-last day of school, tries to get her attention. He is called up to read a report to the class but accidentally reads aloud a love note he wrote for her and is laughed at. He then goes to the pencil sharpener and unintentionally sharpens his ball point pen. Lunch hour is no better as he cannot summon the courage to go talk to her, and then panics when the Little Red-Haired Girl approaches him.

After school, Charlie Brown goes to Lucy's psychiatric booth for advice, but she is too busy longing for Schroeder. He later meets and talks it over with Peppermint Patty, but before he can explain, she tells him that she will arrange a meeting with her. She then informs Lucy that someone wants to meet her at the ball park that night. Lucy agrees, thinking the "someone" is Schroeder, and the arranged meeting ends in disaster.

The next day, Charlie Brown plans to get up early to meet the Little Red-Haired Girl at the bus stop, but he falls asleep on the bench and misses the bus. After blowing up at his teacher, Charlie Brown ends up in the principal's office. Later, he fails to impress the girl by solving a complex math problem.

When school lets out at noon, Charlie Brown dashes to the bus to catch her before she leaves, but he cannot find her in the clamoring crowd of students. As it pulls away, Charlie Brown is distraught until he finds a note in his hand that reads, "I Like You, Charlie Brown. signed Little Red Haired Girl".

Charlie Brown's anguish quickly turns into delight as he dances toward home, planning his days with her in the coming September. He then exclaims, "Good grief! How will I LIVE until September!?" as the scene ends.

Cast
3 and 4, Frieda, Patty, Pig-Pen, Schroeder, and Shermy appear, but are silent.
 * Peter Robbins as Charlie Brown
 * Sally Dryer as Lucy van Pelt
 * Chris Shea as Linus van Pelt
 * Gai DeFaria as Peppermint Patty
 * Ann Altieri as Violet
 * Kathy Steinberg as Sally Brown
 * Bill Melendez as Snoopy

Credits

 * Created and Written by: Charles M. Schulz
 * Produced and Directed by: Bill Melendez
 * Executive Producer: Lee Mendelson
 * Original Score Composed and Performed by: Vince Guaraldi
 * Arranged and Conducted by: John Scott Trotter
 * Graphic Blandishment by: Ed Levitt, Bernard Gruver, Frank Smith, Ruth Kissane, Dean Spille, Rudy Zamora, Beverly Robbins, Bob Carlson, Eleanor Warren, Frank Braxton, Faith Kovaleski, John Walker, Flora Hastings, Russ Von Neida, Gwenn Dotzler
 * Voices Directed by: Dick Beals
 * West Hillsborough School Choir Directed by: Al Clover
 * Editing: Robert T. Gillis
 * Assisted by: Steven Melendez
 * Sound by: Producers' Sound Service
 * Camera: Nick Vasu

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for  was composed by Vince Guaraldi (except where noted) and conducted and arranged by John Scott Trotter. The score was recorded by the Vince Guaraldi Sextet on May 17, 1967, at United Western Recorders, featuring Frank Rosolino (trombone), John Gray (guitar), Ronald Lang (woodwinds), Monty Budwig (double bass) and John Rae (drums).

 * 1) "It's Spring"
 * 2) "Charlie Brown Theme" (version 1) ( Vince Guaraldi, Lee Mendelson )
 * 3) "" (version 1, piano)
 * 4) "" (version 2, vocal) ( Guaraldi, Mendelson )
 * 5) "School Days" (version 1, piano) ( Will D. Cobb, Gus Edwards )
 * 6) "Red Baron"
 * 7) "Trio Ad-Lib"
 * 8) "Peppermint Patty" (vamp, version 1)
 * 9) "Love Will Come"
 * 10) "" (version 3, minor key)
 * 11) "" (version 4, theme parody vocal)
 * 12) "" (version 5, piano + flute)
 * 13) "Pomp and Circumstance March: No. 1 in D" ( Sir Edward Elgar )
 * 14) "Peppermint Patty" (vamp, version 2)
 * 15) "Schroeder Practices"
 * 16) "Schroeder Plays"
 * 17) "Peppermint Patty" (vamp, version 3)
 * 18) "Peppermint Patty" (piano + brass)
 * 19) "Peppermint Patty" (vamp, version 4)
 * 20) "" (version 6, harpsichord)
 * 21) "Charlie Brown and His All-Stars" (piano + brass)
 * 22) "Charlie Brown Theme" (version 2) ( Vince Guaraldi, Lee Mendelson )
 * 23) "School Days" (version 2, horns) ( Will D. Cobb, Gus Edwards )
 * 24) "" (version 7, piano + saxophone, end credits)
 * 25) "Fanfare Finish"

No official soundtrack for  was commercially released. However, "Peppermint Patty" (piano + horns) was made available as a bonus track on the 2005 CD release of Vince Guaraldi with the San Francisco Boys Chorus (1967). In addition, variations of "Red Baron", "Peppermint Patty", and the eponymous theme song were released on the 1968 album Oh Good Grief!.

Master recordings discovered
Shortly after producer Lee Mendelson died in December 2019, his children began searching through archives for any original music score recordings from the Peanuts television specials. It was during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown that original monaural analog session recordings for the majority of the specials, including , were discovered.

"The only silver lining for me from this horrible pandemic was it let me stop and look at things we hadn't looked at before," said Jason Mendelson. "We couldn't do very much, so one of the things we did do is I wanted to make some really good albums out of the Charlie Brown music." The Mendelsons searched the vaults with Melendez Films via FaceTime and found a quarter-inch reel labeled "" containing 90 minutes of music performed by the Vince Guaraldi Sextet.

All music will be remastered and released at a future date.

Notability
You're In Love, Charlie Brown is notable for at least two important firsts:
 * It marked the on-screen debut of Peppermint Patty, who first appeared in the comic strip the previous year.
 * It was the first special that used "tromboning" (a muted trombone) in place of adult voices, an idea suggested by Vince Guaraldi.

Additionally similar to the fight sequences of the 1966 Batman series, it was the only known Peanuts special in which the more intense sound effects are actually spelled out in onomatopoeic words: wiggly "R"s when Charlie Brown's alarm clock goes off, and very hard, straight words "Click Clack" and "Clack" when he opens some school doors silently getting to school late (however, in The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show episode "Linus and Lucy" the word "Pow" can be seen when Snoopy punches somebody in Sally's class).

This special was rebroadcast yearly on CBS from June 1968 to June 1972. It was first released on home video in 1981 on RCA's SelectaVision CED format as part of the A Charlie Brown Festival compilation. The special was released on VHS by Kartes Video Communications in 1987. It was also paired with Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown on a 2-pack in 1989. Paramount Home Media Distribution would release the special along with It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown on the Snoopy Double Feature: Volume 4 VHS on January 11, 1995.

Along with the special It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown, this was released to DVD as a bonus feature on the Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown-Remastered Deluxe Edition DVD on January 15, 2008. On July 7, 2009, it was re-released on DVD, in remastered form as part of the DVD box set, "Peanuts 1960s Collection." It was released on the Happiness is Peanuts: Friends Forever DVD on December 27, 2011.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: You're in Love, Charlie Brown


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Willard Saulsbury Jr.

Willard Saulsbury Jr. (April 17, 1861 – February 20, 1927) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party who served as U.S. Senator from Delaware and President Pro Tempore of the U.S. Senate.

Early life and family
Saulsbury was born in Georgetown, Delaware, son of Willard Saulsbury, Sr., and nephew of Gove Saulsbury and Eli Saulsbury. He married May Lammot du Pont, the granddaughter of Charles I. du Pont. He attended private schools and the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, where he was a member of St. Anthony Hall. Subsequently, he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1882, and commenced practice in Wilmington, Delaware.

He was president of the New Castle Bar Association and chairman of the board of censors.

Political career
Saulsbury was a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1908 until 1920. He ran for U.S. Senator in 1899, 1901, 1903, 1905, 1907, and 1911, but Republicans controlled the state legislature and he was unsuccessful.

Democrats were in control of the legislature in 1913, the last time U.S. Senators were chosen by state legislators. Saulsbury was the preference of most Democrats and obtained the required majority after several days of balloting. During this term, he served with the Democratic majority in the 63rd, 64th, and 65th Congresses from March 4, 1913, until March 3, 1919. He was the President Pro Tempore of the Senate during the 64th and 65th Congresses. In the 63rd, 64th, and 65th Congresses he was Chairman of the Committee on Coast and Insular Survey, and in the 65th Congress he was also a member of the Committee on Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico.

By the time his term expired, the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had been enshrined, so he had to face voters for the first time. In the election of 1918, he lost to Republican L. Heisler Ball, a former U.S. Senator. This loss has been attributed to his opposition to women's suffrage in the United States and his refusal to support the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Later years
After leaving the Senate, he was a member of the advisory committee of the Conference on Limitation of Armaments in Washington, D.C., in 1921 and 1922, and a member of the Pan American Conference in Santiago, Chile, in 1923.

He continued the practice of law in Wilmington and Washington, D.C., until his death.

Saulsbury died in Wilmington and is buried in the Christ Episcopal Church Cemetery at Dover.

title: Willard Saulsbury Jr.


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Malaysian nationality law

Malaysian nationality law details the conditions by which a person is a citizen of Malaysia. The primary law governing nationality requirements is the Constitution of Malaysia, which came into force on 27 August 1957.

All persons born in Malaysia between 31 August 1957 and 1 October 1962 automatically received citizenship by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country since that date receive Malaysian citizenship at birth if at least one of their parents is a citizen. Foreign nationals may become Malaysian citizens by naturalisation after residing in the country for at least 10 years, renouncing any previous nationalities, and showing proficiency in the Malay language.

Malaysia is composed of several former British colonies and protectorates acquired in the 18th and 19th centuries whose residents were British subjects and British protected persons. After federation of its western states in 1948, the country became independent in 1957.

While Malaysian citizens no longer hold British nationality, they continue to hold favoured status when residing in the United Kingdom; as Commonwealth citizens, Malaysians are eligible to vote in UK elections and serve in public office there. However, restrictions in Malaysian law on exercising citizenship rights in a foreign country would result in the loss of Malaysian citizenship, effectively negating these entitlements.

History
Britain first established a foothold on the Malay Peninsula with the settlement of Penang in 1786. Over the course of the 18th century, the British presence expanded throughout the region. British Malaya was broadly divided into three political groupings: the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States, and the Unfederated Malay States. The Straits Settlements were directly administered by the British government while the Malay states were areas ruled by local monarchs given limited autonomy in exchange for accepting British suzerainty. Residents of the Straits Settlements were British subjects, but subjects of the Malay state rulers were considered British protected persons instead.

Although Britain had jurisdiction in all three types of holdings, domestic law treated the Malay states as foreign territory. British protected persons were treated as aliens in the United Kingdom, but both Malay British subjects and protected persons could be issued British passports. Protected persons could not travel to the UK without first requesting permission, but were afforded the same consular protection as British subjects when travelling outside of the Empire. A person with connections both to directly governed portions of British Malaya and one of the Malay states could be a British subject and British protected person simultaneously.

Until 1867, the Straits Settlements were governed as part of British India. Legislation enacted in India prior to that year was applicable locally, including regulations on naturalisation. The Indian Naturalisation Act 1852 allowed foreigners residing in territory governed by the East India Company to naturalise as British subjects by application to the government. There was no minimum residence requirement and candidates simply needed approval from a relevant official. The oath of allegiance administered to successful applicants required them to swear loyal service to the company, as well as allegiance to the British monarch. After separation from India, the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements passed the Naturalization Act, 1867 that contained virtually the same naturalisation requirements. Any person born in the Straits Settlements, the United Kingdom, or anywhere else within Crown dominions was a natural-born British subject.

Following the Second World War, colonial authorities merged the Malay states with Penang and Malacca to form the Malayan Union in 1946. A federal Malayan citizenship was created at its inception, although the union lasted only two years before reforming into the Federation of Malaya. Malayan citizenship existed simultaneously with the subject statuses of the individual Malay states and British nationality in the Straits Settlements. Federal, state, and British regulations for obtaining these statuses differed and this multilayered approach to citizenship continued until Malayan independence in 1957.

Penang and Malacca
Several early independence acts did not contain any provision for the loss of citizenship of the United Kingdom and Colonies by citizens of the newly independent states. A notable case is that of the former Settlements (colonies) of Penang and Malacca in what is now Malaysia. These were combined in 1948 with the nine Malay states (which were protected states rather than colonies) to form the Federation of Malaya. On independence on 31 August 1957, British protected persons (BPP) from the Malay states lost their BPP status. However, as a result of representations made by the Straits Chinese, known as the "Queen's Chinese", it was agreed by the Governments of the United Kingdom and Malaya that no provision should be made for the withdrawal of Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC) status from the inhabitants of Penang and Malacca, who would consequently be allowed to remain CUKCs as well as citizens of Malaya.

On 16 September 1963, the colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore were joined with Malaya to form Malaysia (Singapore subsequently left Malaysia in 1965). CUKC was withdrawn from those acquiring Malaysian citizenship in 1963, but this did not affect existing citizens of the Federation.

Hence, persons connected with Penang and Malacca prior to 31 August 1957, together with those born before 1983 in legitimate descent to fathers so connected, form the largest group of British Overseas citizens (estimated at over 1 million). Most also hold Malaysian citizenship.

Entitlement by birth or descent (Citizenship by operation of law)
All persons born in Malaysia between 31 August 1957 and 30 September 1962 automatically received citizenship by birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country 1 October 1962 receive Malaysian citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a citizen and both parents are legally married to each other at the time of birth.

Children born in wedlock overseas are eligible to become Malaysian citizens by descent only if the father is a citizen. The birth of eligible persons must be registered at a Malaysian diplomatic mission within one year after birth for citizenship to be granted. Individuals born overseas to a Malaysian mother and a foreign father can only apply for citizenship by registration under Article 15(2), Article 15A, or by naturalisation, which is subjected to government approval and does not guarantee successful application.

Persons born to unmarried parents by default inherit their mother's citizenship. A child of a Malaysian father and non-citizen mother who are not married or whose marriage is not recognised in Malaysian law cannot acquire citizenship by descent. However, they may apply for citizenship by registration subject to the government's discretionary approval.

Voluntary acquisition (Citizenship by registration or naturalisation)
Foreign women who marry Malaysian men may also register as citizens after living in the country for at least two years with the intention of permanently settling in Malaysia. All other foreigners (including non-citizen husbands of Malaysian women) may become Malaysian citizens by naturalisation after residing in the country for at least 10 years, 12 months of which must be continuous residence immediately preceding their applications. Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in the Malay language and intend to reside in the country permanently. Anyone acquiring Malaysian citizenship through naturalisation or registration must renounce any previous nationalities.

Approvals for naturalisation and registration are given at the government's discretion. Applications are frequently rejected with no stated reasons and no process exists to appeal these decisions. Out of 4,029 citizenship applications between 2000 and 2009, only 1,806 were successful.

Relinquishment and deprivation
Malaysian citizenship can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation, while any Malaysian citizen who voluntarily acquire a foreign nationality will automatically have their citizenship revoked. For naturalised citizens, if they reside overseas for more than five years and have not annually registered at a Malaysian diplomatic mission to retain citizenship (other than those employed in the civil service), their citizenship may be deprived by the government. Naturalised citizens may also be stripped of citizenship for: committing an act of disloyalty against the state, aiding an enemy nation with which Malaysia is at war, being sentenced to incarceration for longer than 12 months in any jurisdiction, serving in any capacity for a foreign government, or being fined RM5,000 for any offence within five years of acquiring citizenship.

While holding multiple nationalities by birth is not technically prohibited by Malaysian law, a person who exercises any rights derived from those alternative statuses would be stripped of their Malaysian citizenship. This includes voting in elections or applying for passports in any jurisdiction outside Malaysia. Children who were registered as Malaysian citizens may also be deprived of their citizenship if a parent voluntarily renounces or is stripped of their citizenship.

However, under Article 23(2), citizens are not allowed to renounce their citizenship during times of war, unless they acquire the approval of the Federal Government of Malaysia.

Children born overseas to Malaysian mothers
Malaysia is one of 25 countries that does not give mothers and fathers equal rights under the country’s citizenship law. Children born outside Malaysia to a Malaysian mother and a foreign national father are not entitled to automatic citizenship as citizen by operation of law under Article 14 and Part II of the Second Schedule of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, while children born overseas to a Malaysian father enjoy automatic citizenship under the same aforesaid provisions.

A landmark ruling by the Kuala Lumpur High Court on 9 September 2021 ruled that Malaysian mothers to pass their citizenship to their children born overseas – a privilege previously only granted to fathers. The judge ruled that the word "father" in the Federal Constitution shall also be interpreted to include the meaning of "mother", and be read harmoniously with Article 8 of the Constitution, which guarantee equality before the law and prohibit discrimination based on gender. The change would help ease access to residency, education and healthcare for families. It was hailed by activists as a giant step toward gender equality.

However, on 5 August 2022, the KL High Court's ruling was overturned by the Court of Appeal in a 2-1 majority decision after successful appeal by the government. The two judges who are in the majority ruled that the word "father" in the Second Schedule of Part II of the Federal Constitution meant the biological father and cannot be extended to include the mother or parents. The two judges also stated that it was up to Parliament, not the court, to rewrite the Constitution.

On 17 February 2023, the Anwar Ibrahim Cabinet confirmed that it would amend the Malaysian Constitution to enable children born overseas to Malaysian mothers, who are married to foreigners, to obtain Malaysian citizenship automatically. Legislations was originally expected to be tabled in March 2023. However, it was not until 25 March 2024 that the constitutional amendment was finally tabled for its first reading in the Dewan Rakyat by the Minister of Home Affairs, Saifuddin Nasution Ismail.

Despite this, the plaintiffs, which consist of Association of Family Support and Welfare Selangor and Kuala Lumpur (Family Frontiers) and six Malaysian women, have pressed on with their appeal to the apex court of the country, the Federal Court. The Federal Court has initially fixed 25 June 2024 as the date of hearing of the appeal, but the hearing was then deferred to 5 September 2024. This is to allow the government to have time to complete the constitutional amendment process on the citizenship provisions in the Parliament, as the potential amendments will have impact on the ongoing appeals once passed.

Repealed provisions
Provisions mentioned below are pathways to citizenship that were once contained in the Federal Constitution, but have been repealed and are no longer in effect.

Citizenship by military service
Under Article 20 of the Federal Constitution, anyone who has served satisfactorily in the armed forces of Malaysia for at least 3 years in full-time service, or at least 4 years in part-time service, and intends to reside permanently in Peninsular Malaysia, can make a naturalisation application to the government to become a citizen of Malaysia. The naturalisation application can be made while the applicant is still in service of the armed forces, or within 5 years after he is discharged. If a person has served both in full-time and part-time service, then any of his two months of part-time service will be treated as one month of full-time service.

Article 20 and citizenship by military service in Malaysia has repealed by Constitution (Amendment) Act 1962 [Act 14/1962], with effect from 1 February 1964.

Sabah and Sarawak
Permanent residency in the states of Sabah and Sarawak are distinct from the other 11 Malaysian states. While Sabah and Sarawak each has autonomy in immigration affairs (which includes imposing immigration restrictions on Peninsular Malaysia residents), permanent residents of Sabah and Sarawak are exempted from the immigration controls of their own states. A Malaysian citizen born to a Sabah or Sarawak permanent resident would have Sabah or Sarawak permanent residency, regardless of where the person was born. Birth in Sabah or Sarawak alone does not make a person a permanent resident unless one of their parents is a permanent resident. A person may become a Sabah or Sarawak permanent resident by obtaining Permanent Residence (PR) status issued by the respective state immigration departments. The permanent residency status of a person is indicated by a letter on their MyKad below the photo, with H for Sabahans, K for Sarawakians, and none for Peninsular Malaysians. A similar scheme is also used in Malaysian passports, differentiated by the letter prefix of the passport number: H for Sabahans, K for Sarawakians, and A for Peninsular Malaysians.

title: Malaysian nationality law


text: User talk:203.13.41.6

title: User talk:203.13.41.6


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Worm, From Ed's Room

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was userfy to User:Sparkyfry/temp. -- Phroziac (talk) 01:47, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

Worm, From Ed's Room
Non-notable vanity page. Delete Extreme Unction 02:16, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hmm, perhaps the user is confused, and means to put this on his user page? (But, it's about 'Worm' and was created by Sparkyfry?) Either way, it does not belong where it now stands, and should be deleted. --DavidConrad 03:23, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. No claim of notability. I've tagged the article as such. Pburka 03:39, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy to Sparkyfry if he so wishes. Alf 10:11, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as a nn-bio. Writing an apparently unpublished book is not an assertion of notability.  Even if this were a notable person, there's no way this is the correct name for the article.  Friday (talk) 19:37, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:16-bit computing

Untitled
Hello Friends.

Can any body explain a little that what is the basic difference between 16-bit and 32-bit words. I just want to know that what is the actual advantage of 32-bit word over 16-bit.

regards

Raheel
 * Sure.
 * It's basically like this. If the word size of a machine is 16-bit, then you can store at most 2^16 = 65536 different combinations in one word. These combinations are often taken to be the numbers 0 to 65535 or -32760 to 32759 or memory locations.
 * If you need larger numbers, or if you need to keep track of more data that needs more memory, you'll need to use two words.
 * Using two words for storing numbers increases the time it takes to do calculations with them. This is because instead of one operation to for instance add two numbers, more operations are needed.
 * If you use a 32-bit machine however, you can use 4294967296 different combinations. That means you can use a single word to contain larger numbers or references to a wider range of memory locations.
 * Therefore a 32-bit machine will perform better at the same clock speed, with the added bonus of making the lives of programmers easier. (The last bit has also got a lot to do with the way some processor manufacturers (Intel springs to mind) and OS developers (Microsoft for instance) chose to overcome the restrictions of 16-bit words.)
 * I hope this helps.
 * Yours sincerely,
 * Shinobu 07:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

16-bit DOS and Windows 1.0/2.0 applications
Those applications were 16-bit, not 8-bit. The 8088 was a processor with a 16-bit instruction set and an 8-bit bus; it's the instruction set, not the bus width, that matters to the "width" of applications. Guy Harris (talk) 18:56, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Memory Adressing
So how many kilobytes can 16 bit processor address?--169.232.119.28 (talk) 02:11, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

 * From looking at this and other pages, it appears it can address $$2^{16}=65536$$ bits, which is 8192 bytes (octets) or 8 kibibytes. If by "kilobyte" you mean "1,000's of bytes," then it's 8.192 KB, but if you meant "1,024's of bytes," which is what Windows and I think Macintosh now use, then it's 8 KiB.  Eebster the Great (talk) 05:04, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Its actually 65,536 bytes, which is 64 kilobytes. Using certain techniques, a CPU can address more memory than the width of its ALU. An example of this would be the Intel 8086, which is a 16-bit microprocessor with a 20-bit physical address capable of addressing 1 megabyte. Rilak (talk) 07:58, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Eebster made the assumption that every single bit has its own address, but addressing is done per byte. Therefore Eebster was a factor eight off. Shinobu (talk) 03:03, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Good call; sorry. I guess I'll try restrict myself to answering questions to which I actually know the answer.  Eebster the Great (talk) 05:12, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * But if we stuck with what we already know, how would we ever learn anything? I agree that, with a flat memory model, 16 bit addresses can be used to specify at most one of $$2^{16}=65536$$ addressable locations. With byte-addressable memory, that gives 64 KiB. But some 16 bit digital signal processors use 16 bit word addressable memory, and so they can directly address the equivalent of 128 KiB. However, some systems don't have a flat memory model -- as Rilak implied, some systems have hardware that uses bank switching or memory segmentation to allow the CPU to indirectly address significantly more memory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.0.124.33 (talk) 20:20, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Good point! I think we should clarify the article, and perhaps all n-bit articles. Rilak (talk) 08:48, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Shouldn't the Z80 and the 6809 go here since you still consider 68000 as being 32-bit?
You always consider 68000 being 32-bit for no other reason other than it's registers being 32-bit, regardless of it having a 16-bit ALU and data bus, but you never call the Z80 and the 6809 16-bit, despite them having the same reasoning? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.57.174.145 (talk) 16:06, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Add list of 16-bit CPUs/MPUs?
I believe that it would be beneficial to have a consolidated list of 16-bit CPUs and MPUs on this page, much like the 8-bit page's list. This would make it very easy for readers to browse through all the 16-bit architectures and processors without having to fish around. Therefore, I am adding an incomplete list to this article with the processors and architectures I am aware of. If there is a more preferable way to do this, or if you know of something to add to the list, please feel free to help. Daivox (talk) 03:10, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

16-bit application
Is an improvement? I do not see an improvement. BTW, I hastily used rollback and destroyed some other changes. I object only against “On the x86 architecture, a 16-bit application normally means any software written for…” and am indifferent to changes in other parts of the article. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 21:35, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm still looking for documentation, but there might have been 16-bit applications written for UNIX System V/286 that ran, along with 32-bit applications, on UNIX System V/386, and the same might have applied to pre-386 and 386 Xenix, so there might have been 16-bit applications not written for "MS-DOS, OS/2 1.x or early versions of Microsoft Windows". The term largely applies to DOS, OS/2, and Windows applications, but it might not exclusively apply to them, even if there were relatively few UNIX applications for x86 at that time. Guy Harris (talk) 22:28, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

 * In addition, in theory, there might have been versions of some of those OSes that ran on machines other than PC compatibles and to which the 16-bit vs. 32-bit distinction applied.

 * (BTW, I put back all of HLachman's changes other than the one to which you object.) Guy Harris (talk) 22:36, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks to both of you for your attention to this issue. I'm OK with either wording (they're both mine!).  Was my 2nd wording an improvement?  I borrowed it from the 32-bit application article because it sounded more concise than my 1st wording, while being synonymous (although I'm not certain of that).  Either way, my main intent is to make sure that if the paragraph is PC-centric then it declare itself as such, because prior to my 1st wording (04:46, 11 June 2012) it merely said, "A 16 bit application is any software written for... (various PC platforms)...."  That seemed to imply that PDP-11 programs, for example, cannot be called "16-bit applications" (even while they might run on a VAX in compatibility mode).  So I'm fine with leaving the wording as-is.  As for the remaining issues in the paragraph (Xenix, etc.), I'm not too clear what to do about those.  Thanks also to Guy for restoring my other edits. HLachman (talk) 23:59, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

Lead and title
I did this at 64-bit computing years ago, but nobody followed up. So now I've done it here. Nounized the title and ditched the lead template. I invite comments, and invite others to do something as good or better at 32-bit and elsewhere. Dicklyon (talk) 06:36, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

reverted the move and the edit, and in edit summary says Amazing how people who describe things as "stupid" often fail to divine the purpose of what is described as "stupid".  I still think it's stupid, and I think I understand that the point is to make all the articles follow the same pattern, but the pattern itself is stupid, and hard to fix. Since he hasn't come to talk about it, I'll revert to get his attention to the discussion. Dicklyon (talk) 02:11, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Hi. It is with major difficulty that I am writing this. While was composing this message the other day, Dick Lyon not only violated WP:BRD but also called me "Asshole", effectively going against pillar #2. So, I aborted midway. Discussion is for people who are here to edit encyclopedia and Dick Lyon is definitely a case of WP:NOTHERE, as shown by his edit warring. Still, I had never before shirked from a discussion if my dispute party has started one. I don't want this case to be an exception. In the interest of having an actual discussion, I am asking user and  to join this discussion; the former is contributor to many CPU-related articles and the latter is the primary author of MOS:COMPUTING.

 * The issue with Dick Lyon's edit is twofold: First, "16-bit computing" has WP:COMMONNAME problem. The reason for the rename, on the other hand, is ... well, none is provided except saying status quo is "stupid". And he seems to hold some unexplained value in the title being a noun group. (Well, "16 bit" is a noun group and doesn't have WP:COMMONNAME problem.) Second, the re-written lead is outright wrong. It contends:"In computer architecture, 16-bit computing is the use of primarily 16-bit data, including integers and memory addresses. That is, data elements are at most 16 bits (2 octets) wide. CPU and ALU architectures based on registers, address buses, and data buses of 16-bit width have been popular for decades."Not true because:
 * Updated 15:23, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

 * 1) "Primarily" is a weasel word and wrong; a 16-bit app must use a combination of 8-bit and can strictly use 16-bit registers; there is absolutely no other options.  CPU registers in 16-bit mode are strictly 16-bit. On the other hand...
 * 2) The data elements have no obligation to be at most 16-bit. They can be of any length, e.g. 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits. Strings have arbitrarily unlimited lengths. (Their practical length has been initially 64 KB.) Length of the data elements is an issue of programming, not CPU architecture.
 * 3) 16-bit CPUs and ALUs have not been popular for decades; they weren't even around for one decade (1978–1985), and even then, they were not popular. Back then, computer was not a consumer's product.  Both "decades" and "popular" are weasel words that need source and clarification. How many decades exactly? One, two, four, eight, or a hundred? And does "popular" means "general popularity" or "popular in some specialized field"? If the latter, please define the field.
 * Best regards,
 * Codename Lisa (talk) 11:25, 15 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Greetings, Codename Lisa. Actually, I'd like to hear what and  have to say first before taking sides. Jeh knows a great deal more than me. But I can tell that Dick has long cross the line of disrupting Wikipedia to make a point. Instead of reverting for a second time, he must have dropped you a line and asked why you disagree. Or... at least this is the standard to which I am always held. Fleet Command (talk) 22:07, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

 * First, a couple of nits re CNL's criticisms:
 * 1. "Primarily" is wrong; a 16-bit app must use a combination of 8-bit and 16-bit registers; there is absolutely no other options.
 * Not so. There are many 16-bit architectures (HP 2100, Data General Nova, PDP-11) that have no 8-bit registers. Even if you do have 8-bit registers, this does not preclude the correctness of the "primarily" claim.
 * 2. The data elements have no obligation to be at most 16-bit. They can be of any length, e.g. 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits. Strings have arbitrarily unlimited lengths. (Their practical length has been initially 64 KB.)
 * I believe Dicklyon was referring to data items that fit within a machine "word" and the processor's arithmetic and logical instructions that operate on such data. Yes, you can deal with 32-bit integers in a 16-bit CPU, but all of your basic operations are going to need more than one instruction. Of course any architecture can be used to work on data structures larger than its word size, but that's not a matter of architecture, it's a matter of programming.
 * 3. 16-bit CPUs and ALUs have not been popular for decades; they weren't even around for one decade (1978–1985), and even then, they were not popular. Back then, computer was not a consumer's product.
 * They were certainly popular in terms of the overall market for computers. As for longevity, the HP 2100 series was introduced in 1967 and lasted (renamed to HP 1000) about thirty years; similarly, DEC shipped the first PDP-11 in 1970, and it was a healthy business for them for at least twenty years. It's true that in the personal computing world 16-bit machines (8086 through 80286) were but stepping stones on the way to 32 bit-hood, but the personal computing world is not all there is to computing. Jeh (talk) 23:00, 15 December 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a very shortsighted view of computer history—equating computer with "microcomputer". The IBM 1130 and the 360/20 were very popular 16-bit machines dating from the mid 1960s.  I'm not sure of the dates of other systems, but somewhere here there's a list. Peter Flass (talk) 17:00, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi. As told Jeh below, "popular" and "employed in key locations" must not be confused. When something is popular, every person on the street knows about it. Did 1130 had this state for several decades? How many people in the street even know what IBM is? Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 17:39, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Popularity is relative. Both machines I mention were widely used.  Obviously this was before the age of a computer on every desk, but both were very popular by the standards  of the times, with the 1130 selling over 10,000 systems.  The PDP-11 was undoubtedly much more popular yet. Peter Flass (talk) 20:20, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Hello, . Thanks for joining in. First, I've fixed a year in my comments and your quotation and made the quotation part of your post to quote my list numbers as well, for ease of referring to it and commenting. I hope it is not construed as undue intrusion into your message. Now, moving forwards:
 * Actually, you might be surprised that I agree with you. Totally. In fact, I know that x86 didn't have 8-bit address registers either; CS, DS, SS and ES are 16-bit. It does have general-purpose 8-bit registers but they are either available under 64-bit mode (R8 through R15) or are taken as a whole of their 16-bit parents, AX, BX, CX and DX. So, if I am going to fix my sentence according to your review, it would become: "Primarily" is wrong; a 16-bit app must use strictly 16-bit integers and address registers; there is absolutely no other options. Still, "primarily" is wrong. (Please bear in mind that integers can't be 8-bit; on the other hand, the 8-bit aspect of byte order is always present.) In fact, "primarily", even when correct, has the potential to be WP:WEASEL.
 * Again, surprisingly, I agree with you completely and fully. However, what you didn't address is that Dicklyon's wording leaves absolutely no room to believe he is referring to architecture only. It is not even ambiguous; he is unwittingly talking about programming.
 * Well, here, there be dragons; You see, Dick's contribution doesn't address longevity alone. (Otherwise, I'd apologize and agree with you.) It says they were "popular for decades". First, let's address the intrinsic WP:WEASEL issue: How many decades? Two? Ten? One hundred? Second, let's say these computers were adopted in 2000 universities and research institutes; in world with 2 billion computers, that's not popular; that's "employed in key locations and roles". Mind you, this is more important than being popular. That's what was Microsoft's business plan: Instead of selling to masses, they sold to those few who buy en masse. Now, this fact itself shows the prospect for a correction and a compromise, don't you think?

 * Best regards,
 * Codename Lisa (talk) 14:02, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Why can't integers be 8 bits? Peter Flass (talk) 17:00, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * For the same reason that my Wikipedia username can't be "Peter Flass"! You see "Integer" is a name given to a certain thing. "8-bits" are already called a "Byte". Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 17:24, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, "integer", in computing, is a name given to data types whose possible values are subranges of the integers. -128 to 127 is a subrange of the integers, so an integer data type could be 8 bits long. And, on many platforms, 16 bits are called a "halfword" or "word", so the fact that a byte is 8 bits does not prevent an integral value being stored in a byte. Guy Harris (talk) 22:23, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * CNL, you are flatly wrong about this. In computing, "integer" is not the name of a specific data type of a particular size; it is more generic than that. What you're claiming is equivalent to saying that you can't be called a WP editor because you already are called . An 8-bit datum, even though stored in what is commonly called a "byte" (or "octet" in some places), can most certainly contain a value that is interpreted as, and manipulated by machine instructions as, an integer. Note that C (just for example) uses the name "char", and allows both unsigned and signed chars, and allows ordinary integer arithmetic to be performed on them. If those aren't integers, then what are they? Certainly not floating point! Jeh (talk) 23:52, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Acknowledged. Struck through. Anything else here? Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 14:38, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not pushing for any particular wording, just for something more flexible, readable, meaningful, relevant, and interesting than what the current stupid template generates. As for popularity, I'd bet that 16-bit systems are still more popular than any but 8-bit systems.  You're just not looking at a very wide scope if you're not seeing that.  Every car and house probably has more than a few of each.  Dicklyon (talk) 17:09, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * 1960's/1970's 16-bit minicomputers weren't adopted in a world with 2 billion computers. Are you saying that, prior to the introduction and widespread use of personal computers, no computer could be described as "popular"? Guy Harris (talk) 22:27, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Agree with GH here too. The Tektronix 465 can legitimately be called a very "popular" 'scope of its day, even though the average person on the street never heard of it and probably is not even aware of the product category. Jeh (talk) 23:52, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I am on your side about both the integer types and the popularity. First, I have Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual in front of me, opened at page 4-3 Vol. 1, which defines integers as numeric data types without floating components. She seems to have confused the point about the two-byte alignment of integers with the definition of integers. Second, I believe Codename Lisa's idea about popularity is closer to that of Bill Gate's 2002 one, when he contended that computers had never before been popular because they were expenses instead of strategic assets. Because both ideas are valid in their own domains and use different set of parameters, Codename Lisa's argument of invalidity is null and void.
 * However, I still believe that CL's objections #1 and #3 still hold because of their other reasons. We serious have WP:WEASEL and WP:BURDEN problems here. All in all, it appears that Dick Lyon has converted the article from one without problems to a highly problematic one, while maintaining the reproachable attitude worthy of his namesake. So, I support keeping the original version until a better one is written and all objections addressed. Fleet Command (talk) 01:18, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * BTW, the only change to 48-bit resulting from ing the template and editing it was changing "In computer architecture, 48-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are at most 48 bits (6 octets) wide." to ""In computer architecture, 48-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 48 bits (6 octets) wide.", i.e. removing "at most" from before "48 bits (6 octets) wide". Guy Harris (talk) 03:30, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Objection #1:
 * A 16-bit app on a register-oriented machine must, obviously, not use registers wider than the maximum register width. :-) However, that doesn't prevent it from having data items wider than the maximum register width.  Late-1970's versions of C on the 16-bit PDP-11 had a 32-bit integral data type long int.
 * The template just says "In computer architecture,   -bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are at most  bits  wide."  That specifically refers to computer architecture, so it allows for wider integer arithmetic, which would have to be done with multiple arithmetic instructions.
 * 64-bit computing, which doesn't use that template, says "In computer architecture, 64-bit computing is the use of processors that have datapath widths, integer size, and memory addresses widths of 64 bits (eight octets)." This is similar; it speaks of "processors", but it's still talking at the instruction set level.
 * I'm not convinced that "In computer architecture, 16-bit computing is the use of primarily 16-bit data, including integers and memory addresses. That is, data elements are at most 16 bits (2 octets) wide.", from Lyon's version, is an improvement.  It doesn't change it from something that doesn't allow, for example, a 32-bit long llong int to something that does.  It might better handle the PDP-11, in which one of the floating-point instruction sets (the one introduced with the 11/45's floating point processor) provided limited support for 32-bit integers (converting to and from floating-point, but no arithmetic), or the 80286, with its 24-bit segmented addresses, but it does so by adding the somewhat weasel-wordish "primarily".
 * Objection #3:
 * "Popular" varies with time and with market segment. 16-bit minicomputers were quite popular in the computing market throughout the 1970's, and 16-bit personal computers were quite popular during at least the first half of the 1980's.  However, you won't find many 16-bit minicomputers or personal computers these days.  You may find lots of 16-bit microprocessors in embedded applications now.  I'd say that any talk of "popularity" belongs in text giving more detail than just "CPU and ALU architectures based on registers, address buses, and data buses of 16-bit width have been popular for decades.", giving some historical background.  That can, BTW, be done whilst still using the  template - put it in another section, another paragraph, or another sentence in that paragraph, after the template.
 * So, for now, I'd say "leave things as they are, pending further discussion". Lyon's rationale for the rename of 64-bit to 64-bit computing, and some discussion of the issues with the  template can be found at Talk:64-bit computing.  More of his arguments against the template can be found at Template talk:N-bit.  I would suggest that further discussion of the merits of the template be done there, and that replacing the template in this or other "n-bit" articles not be done until something approximating a consensus is reached there.  I'm not sure where the merits of renaming "n-bit" to "n-bit computing" should be discussed, but I'd like to see that discussed a bit more and, again, something approximating a consensus reached before renaming any other articles. Guy Harris (talk) 03:18, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not crazy about "16-bit computing", but WP:TITLE does say that titles should be nouns or noun equivalents. This certainly suggests that "16-bit" by itself will not do. Jeh (talk) 08:54, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Very well. If you support "16-bit computing", I am conceding my opposition to it as well. It wasn't part of my original three objections anyway. Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 15:02, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I completely agree with everything you said in this thread. (Yes, agreeing with what is written under "Objection #3" means I am conceding my validity point as FC requested. As for what is written under "Objection #1", the first paragraph is actually my objection #2. As Jeh said, programming issues must not be confused with architecture issues. But we can have this article cover both separately, e.g. 16-bit arch and 16-bit data types.) Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 15:02, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

 * OK, I was a bit miffed that he went elsewhere editing rather than response to the conversation I started here beore his first revert of my edits, and I was a bit more miffed when he decided to revert my edits a second time before taking up my suggestion to join the conversation. Thinking that an "asshole" move, I said so.  Of course, there's no excuse for this particular loss of self control, even though I was beset elsewhere; so I apologize.  Now back to the point.  The template is "stupid" as I said in my edit summary.  It makes it very hard for an editor to improve the lead, which is awkward and pointless to the extreme.  And as to the title, if "computing" is not the ideal noun, find another one.  The current adjective title is just silly.  The "computing" move was accepted at 64-bit computing; what's a good alternative?  Dicklyon (talk) 04:49, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Yet you seem intent on continuing your reproachable behavior: . Your apology would have looked more genuine if you didn't. Frankly, I don't find her reason for revert any less plausible than your reason for making the edit. (You don't see me going around changing g from 9.8m/s2 to 28 because I think 9.8 is stupid and insult Newton in process!) And you had no rights to counter-revert 15 minutes after her revert. Like I said, the right thing to do was dropping her a polite note. Fleet Command (talk) 01:18, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * So now reverting a refactoring of talk page comments in "reprehensible"? OK, I'll go away and let you guys sort it out or leave it for a few more years.  Dicklyon (talk) 01:27, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Your pointy edit summary clearly shows that such was not your intention; harassment was your intention and yes, harassment is reprehensible. Our dear Mr. Flass shouldn't have tampered with other people's messages and if I were CL, I'd hit the revert button. (But CL treated it as fair as I can tell.) Of course, if you love such interjections, I can gladly follow you around Wikipedia an interject in the middle of your messages. But the more civil way is that you get the point I don't be dick to make a point. Fleet Command (talk) 01:54, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

Popular, common, or whatever
The section above about fixing the title and getting away from the stupid lead template seems to have been largely derailed by my suggestion that 16-bit computers long were and still are very popular. Of course what I really meant was widely used, widely chosen and designed in, etc., not widely known to consumers. At least one source, cited at List_of_common_microcontrollers, says a 16-bit micro is the "most popular", but I doubt that. Almost certainly the 8-bit 8051 and PIC are more popular. Dicklyon (talk) 01:12, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

Request to revert to my version of the page.
The section can actually be challenged due to misleading information that I found in the section. In the section it stated that 16-bit applications can run only on MS-DOS operating systems. That is totally wrong. A 32-bit Windows XP or Windows 7 which both ate not MS-DOS, can run a 16-bit application. For this reason I am stating that there must be references cited in that section. Also, the section is too small in what its main purpose is in talking about 16-bit applications, there are many other things that can be put into that section, ranging from why they are not made anymore, to why it can not run on a 64-bit operating system. That is why I placed the expand section tag. This why I am asking to revert to my version of the page. Thank you in advance. Doorknob747 (talk) 01:20, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Where in

 * In the context of IBM PC compatible and Wintel platforms, a 16-bit application is any software written for MS-DOS, OS/2 1.x or early versions of Microsoft Windows which originally ran on the 16-bit Intel 8088 and Intel 80286 microprocessors. Such applications used a 20-bit or 24-bit segment or selector-offset address representation to extend the range of addressable memory locations beyond what was possible using only 16-bit addresses. Programs containing more than 216 bytes (64 kilobytes) of instructions and data therefore required special instructions to switch between their 64-kilobyte segments, increasing the complexity of programming 16-bit applications.

 * (the current version of that section) does there appear anything about 16-bit applications only being able to run on certain operating systems? It speaks of them as being written for certain operating systems, but, heck, some applications "written for" MS-DOS can, apparently, run on Android using DOSBox - i.e., can run on an operating system that has a Linux kernel and that's probably running on an ARM processor rather than an x86 processor!  The point is that people don't write 16-bit applications for 32-bit or 64-bit Windows - there's no point (other than to learn something about 16-bit DOS, OS/2, or WIndows, or "just because") to write a 16-bit application if you don't care whether it'll run on anything other than Win32 or Win64. Guy Harris (talk) 01:40, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

I'm not sure if it is amusing or sad that the lede...
I am not sure if it is amusing or sad that the lede doesn't define the value of 16 binary bits. I'm not even sure it is defined anywhere in the article. I SHOULD be amused, but I find it just sad. I am going to add the sentence: "Mathematically, 16 binary bits can represent up to 2^16, or 65536, different values." While not used commonly, I also note that tri- and other multi-state possibilities exist. That is, there is a reason it is formally called a BINARY bit. I'd also like to comment that "16-bit integers" aren't part of "computer [cpu] architecture", at least in the classical sense. (CPU architectures which include (16-bit) arithmetic units would of course operate on/with them.) I also note that the mention of the bus width should be as prominent in the lede (or the several busses) as memory is. It is really misleading to imply (as I think the lede does) that 16-bit integers are the same as 16-bit memory addresses. Also the really unhelpful phrase "or other data units" should be removed. 16-bits means 16 binary bits, with each bit either representing 1 or 0, or + and - (or occassionally "on" and "off", "high" and "low", or -1 and +1) with a total of 65536 possible combinations. (The integers 0, 1, ..., 65535 are the most that can be represented using 16-bits at any one time.) In modern digital electronics, transistors (or other binary logic devices) are the dominant means of storing (and processing) information. The transistors storing data are usually combined into larger groupings of bits for more efficient and quicker data processing. Similarily, the connections between various parts of a digital electronic chip (the bus) usually transfer data in groups of bits. Bits are by definition abstract, since the physical embodiment can be voltage, current, resistance, marks on a page, magnetic polarization, spin polarization, and on and on. So this article should refer to Information Theory, Digital electronics, TTL, digital logic (which has unfortunately been named boolean algebra here), and logic gate.216.96.78.101 (talk) 17:58, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

 * People who call it a "binary bit" must be members of the Department of Redundancy Department, as the "b" in "bit" is for "binary", as in "Binary digIT". Presumably you meant "binary digit".

 * The first two sentences of the first paragraph come from the template N-bit, and should be discussed on that template's talk page. Guy Harris (talk) 18:17, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

 * It is indeed sad and amusing that these articles with odd adjective titles can't even be edited to make more sense, due to the odd template that constrains them. Dicklyon (talk) 20:23, 31 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:16-bit computing


text:
Jane Cowl

Jane Cowl (December 14, 1883 – June 22, 1950) was an American film and stage actress and playwright "notorious for playing lachrymose parts". Actress Jane Russell was named in Cowl's honor.

Biography
Cowl was born Jane Bailey in Boston, Massachusetts, to Charles Bailey and Grace Avery. She attended Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, New York City, followed by some courses at Columbia University.

She made her Broadway debut in New York City in Sweet Kitty Bellairs in 1903. Her first leading role was Fanny Perry in 1909 in Leo Ditrichstein's Is Matrimony a Failure?, produced by David Belasco, and then she played stock. This was followed by The Gamblers (1910), her first great success, and by Within the Law (1912), Common Clay (1915), and other successes (New International Encyclopedia). She was known for her interpretation of Shakespearean roles, playing Juliet, Cleopatra, and Viola on Broadway. She made Broadway history by playing Juliet over 1000 consecutive performances in 1923; critic George Jean Nathan declared her "not ... the best Juliet that I have seen, but she is by all odds the most charming". Cowl's affecting performances led her to be described as having a "voice with a tear." Biographer Charles Higham admired Cowl's "marvelous bovine eyes and exquisite genteel catch in the voice ..."

In June 1911, Cowl traveled on the maiden voyage from Southampton of the RMS Olympic, sister ship of the Titanic which was lost in a famous disaster the following April.

In 1930, Cowl appeared with a young Katharine Hepburn in the Broadway production of Benn W. Levy's play Art and Mrs. Bottle, and in 1934, she created the role of Lael Wyngate in S.N. Behrman's Rain from Heaven opposite actor John Halliday. Noting the challenges posed by Behrman's heightened dialogue, critic Gilbert Gabriel noted approvingly that their scenes together were "models of aristocratic parlando." She also starred in Noël Coward's Easy Virtue. Cowl was the lead in two silent films, The Garden of Lies (1915) and The Spreading Dawn (1917). Then, after nearly 30 years away from films, she returned for several supporting roles in the 1940s. Her final film was Payment on Demand (1951) with Bette Davis.

Jane Cowl died of cancer in Santa Monica, California, on June 22, 1950, aged 66. Following cremation, her ashes were buried at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery.

A biography about Cowl, titled Jane Cowl: Her Precious and Momentary Glory, was published in 2004. It was written by Richard Abe King, who had formerly worked with Cowl.

Family
On June 18, 1906, at her father's apartment on Riverside Drive and 95th Street in New York City, Cowl married Adolph Edward Klauber, the drama critic of The New York Times. A former actor and son of a prominent Jewish photographer in Louisville, Kentucky, Klauber left the Times in 1918 to become a theatrical producer and manager. He and Cowl separated in 1930, shortly after his health began to fail. Klauber returned to live "in strict seclusion" in Louisville, where he died in 1933. The couple had no children.

Works
Cowl wrote several plays in collaboration with Jane Murfin. They often used the joint pseudonym Allan Langdon Martin. Their works include:

 * Lilac Time - 1917
 * At Daybreak - 1917
 * Information Please - 1918
 * Smilin' Through - 1919
 * The Jealous Moon - 1928

Filmography

 * The Garden of Lies (1915)
 * The Spreading Dawn (1917)
 * Once More, My Darling (1949)
 * No Man of Her Own (1950)
 * The Secret Fury (1950)
 * Payment on Demand (1951)

title: Jane Cowl


text:
Shizuo Kakutani

Shizuo Kakutani was a Japanese and American mathematician, best known for his eponymous fixed-point theorem.

Biography
Kakutani attended Tohoku University in Sendai, where his advisor was Tatsujirō Shimizu. At one point he spent two years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton at the invitation of the mathematician Hermann Weyl. While there, he also met John von Neumann.

Kakutani received his Ph.D. in 1941 from Osaka University and taught there through World War II. He returned to the Institute for Advanced Study in 1948, and was given a professorship by Yale in 1949, where he won a students' choice award for excellence in teaching.

Kakutani received two awards of the Japan Academy, the Imperial Prize and the Academy Prize in 1982, for his scholarly achievements in general and his work on functional analysis in particular. He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1950 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Kakutani was married to Keiko ("Kay") Uchida, who was a sister to author Yoshiko Uchida. His daughter, Michiko Kakutani, is a Pulitzer Prize-winning former literary critic for The New York Times.

Work
The Kakutani fixed-point theorem is a generalization of Brouwer's fixed-point theorem, holding for generalized correspondences instead of functions. Its most important uses are in proving the existence of Nash equilibria in game theory, and the Arrow–Debreu–McKenzie model of general equilibrium theory in microeconomics.

Kakutani's other mathematical contributions include Markov–Kakutani fixed-point theorem, another fixed point theorem; the Kakutani skyscraper, a concept in ergodic theory (a branch of mathematics that studies dynamical systems with an invariant measure and related problems); his solution of the Poisson equation using the methods of stochastic analysis.

The Collatz conjecture is also known as the Kakutani conjecture.

Selected articles

 * "A generalization of Brouwer's fixed point theorem." Duke Mathematical Journal (1941): 457–459.
 * "Concrete representation of abstract (L)-spaces and the mean ergodic theorem." Annals of Mathematics (1941): 523–537.
 * "Concrete representation of abstract (M)-spaces (A characterization of the space of continuous functions)." Annals of Mathematics (1941): 994–1024.
 * "On equivalence of infinite product measures." Annals of Mathematics (1948): 214–224.

List of books available in English

 * Selected papers / Shizuo Kakutani; Robert R. Kallman, editor (1986)

title: Shizuo Kakutani


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Metroblogging

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. - Mailer Diablo 08:05, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Metroblogging
I believe this article is just vanity material. Almost all of User:Sean Bonner's contributions (under his name and IPs) appear to take the form of advocating himself, or his sites by inserting links to his name or externals to the blogs he runs. In the vast majority of cases editors have simply removed his additions without paying attention to the systematic nature of his changes. Because of the nature of interlinking blogs, I feel I am not qualified to judge the merit of this article (I can't gauge the site's popularity because its linkspammed all over the internet), but Sean's pattern of self promotion make me strongly suspect that this article is just more vanity material. Gmaxwell 02:19, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Please note: Sean has put out a call to the blogosphere effectively asking people from his community to come vote on this VFD. Gmaxwell 12:55, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Discussion about the call for votes moved to the talk page

 * Keep. As much as I sympathise with your dealing with Sean Bonner's spam, this does seem to pass the notability test. Alexa rank is 74,000, and they have notable contributors. User:Sdedeo 02:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Metroblogging is a big one-of-kind community and definitely Wikipedia-worthy. User:Stabilo Stabilo
 * Keep. Metroblogging is a great community run by real people talking about real things.  It's definitely Wikipedia worthy. Removing it from the encyclopedia seems to me to be something of a folly. User:tbridge
 * Keep. It could use some expanding and tightening up, but it's certainly a valid subject User:josephfinn
 * Delete, vanity. Proto t c 13:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but needs some expansion on what sort of writing it actually involves to be notable. So far, all we have is that some well-known people do it. --Zetawoof 16:00, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and needs expansion. By the way. There are a ton of links from metblogs to wikipedia. Are those spam links too? --Illtillwillkillbill 16:09, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. DV8 2XL 18:09, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, first off, let me say that I'm a friend of Sean's and write for a Metroblogging site, just to be up front about it. I think that a good argument can be made that Sean hasn't added this for vanity reasons since he doesn't even have a page about himself on Wikipedia.  I also think that various Metroblogging sites have become sources for up to the minute news during some disasters.  The current devastation in New Orleans from Hurricane Katrina and the two attacks on London's subway system are good examples.  They are sites that are linked to and quoted from major publications and some of the biggest sites on the web.  The page needs improvement, but it is defiantly Wikipedia worthy.--Grant 19:14, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn website, vanity.  Alexa ranking is nowhere near what WP:WEB wants.  Having a blog is about as notable as having a goldfish.  Several of the keep votes seem to be by editors who created accounts just to come vote on this.  Friday (talk) 19:33, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * For the record, the Alexa rank stated above is for metroblogging.com which is only a hub, all metroblogging sites are hosted on metblogs.com which has an Alexa rating of 29,200 - Sean Bonner 19:55, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Too add a bit, that is the cumulative rank for the last 3 months, the current rank as of today is 7,706 . Sean Bonner 20:56, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep I'm a Metroblogging author and I think that information about this blogging community should be available on the Wikipedia. Weblogs, Inc. and Gawker Media have Wikipedia pages, and the Metroblogging concept is similar, so why delete this article? - Mostlymuppet 20:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP It is not vanity, Sean has his own blog: http://www.seanbonner.com/. unisigned comment by User:12.111.139.2
 * Delete as nonnotable vanity spam. I would hope that all votes of newbies being dragged in as sockpuppets or meatpuppets would be ignored as an attempt to game the system. DreamGuy 22:40, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * KEEP Metroblogging is notable. It's a large community that spans many hundreds of authors across the world. They cover most of the major cities   in the western world. Users contributing are considered to be quite note worthy as well. ioerror
 * Keep Alexa ranking far above threshhold. --Arcadian 23:25, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment In alexa, high numbers represent low traffic. Lower number are better.  Friday (talk) 00:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The previous threshold was far too low. I have made it something sane. 12.111.139.2 01:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep The article appears (mostly) verifiable and NPOV. The participation of notable bloggers speaks for the notability of the network. Mr. Bonner's appeal to the "blogosphere" does not appear to be in bad faith. New users are to be treated with civility and their comments considered, even if their votes are not tallied (per VfD precedent). Dystopos 23:40, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable enough despite sock invasion. Capitalistroadster 00:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep - Blogging, the most overrated thing ever, now everyone has their 15 minutes of fame, from other bloggers who read yours, it's like your opinion is important!. At least Sean Bonner actually cares about this entry, unlike that Cyrus guy, who keeps on claiming he doesn't care, yet constantly blogging about it all the time.  But if it really has had the international attention like the article says, it's probably worth keeping.  But remove the links to individual blogs, and just link to metablogging. - Hahnchen 00:57, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep, though if the socks keep it up I'll change my vote. Gamaliel 01:04, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If there is to be any debate it should be on why we are wasting our time on Wikipedia, which allows anyone to goof up your words rather than on Metroblogging. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ospheric (talk • contribs) 22:09, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable vanity spam. I hope the sock- and meatpuppets stay around and write useful articles, instead of just showing up to stuff the "ballotbox" Nandesuka 11:58, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've posted a question concerning notablity/non-notablity on the talk page and would appreciate some insight. Thank you. Sean Bonner 15:44, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Conditional keep, under the condition of reducing the linkspam. The list of links in the article is  as long as the article itself, certainly such a notable blog must have its own link list page that could be referenced here? The Hokkaido Crow 16:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I removed the links to individual blogs. They are all, in fact, linked from the home page of the main metroblog site. Dystopos 16:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

--Aranda56 02:45, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trivial, even without the linkspam. Pilatus 16:40, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete, Hate Sockpuppets Delete all Pages with Them Also Varsity
 * I don't believe there is a single sockpuppet that voted. All of the new users that came on to vote I know, so I know they are not just dupicate accounts that Sean has made.  Now, that doesn't mean we have to count their votes, but they aren't sockpuppets.--Grant 17:14, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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David Black (historian)

David William Black (born 1936) is a Western Australian historian. He has lectured and written extensively on Australian and Western Australian history, especially political history. He was Professor in History and Politics in the School of Social Sciences and Asian Languages at Curtin University of Technology until his retirement in 2002, and is now professor emeritus. He is currently Chairperson of the Parliamentary History Advisory Committee, and a Parliamentary Fellow (History). He has had numerous publications and considerable media exposure in regard to parliamentary history in Western Australia.

Black was appointed Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2010 Australia Day Honours for "service to education and to the social sciences, particularly through the promotion and preservation of the political and parliamentary history of Western Australia".

Publications

 * Cohen, Barry and Black, David (1966). Australia: A Topical History. Carroll's, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Black, David and Wood, Michael (1979). Western Australian Elections and Politics, 1965-1978: A Handbook and Guide. WAIT Press, Bentley, Western Australia.
 * Black, David and Peachment, A. (1982). Values and Votes: The 1980 Western Australian Election. Western Australian Institute of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia.
 * Black, David (1989). An index to Parliamentary Candidates in Western Australian Elections, 1890–1989. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Black, David (1989). Legislative Council of Western Australia: Membership Register, Electoral Law and Statistics 1890-1989. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Mandy, John and Black, David (eds) (1990). The Western Australian Parliamentary Handbook. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Black, David (ed) (1991). The House on the Hill: A History of the Parliament of Western Australia 1832-1990. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Black, David (ed) (1995). In His Own Words: John Curtin's Speeches and Writings. Paradigm Books, Curtin University of Technology.
 * Black, David (1996). Women Parliamentarians in Australia 1921-1996: A Register of Women Members of Commonwealth, State and Territory Parliaments in Australia. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Black, David (1997). Election statistics, Legislative Assembly of Western Australia, 1890-1996. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Black, David (2000). Making a Difference: Women in the Western Australian Parliament 1921-1999. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Black, David and Bolton, Geoffrey (2001). Biographical Register of Members of the Parliament of Western Australia, Volume One, 1870–1930. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Black, David and Bolton, Geoffrey (2001). Biographical Register of Members of the Parliament of Western Australia, Volume Two, 1930–1990. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Black, David (2001). 'Friendship is a Sheltering Tree': John Curtin's Letters 1907 to 1945. John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia.
 * Black, David (2001). Reflections on Foundation Day Western Australia: Past, Present and Future. in Early Days 12(1).
 * Black, David and Mandy, John (eds) (2002). The Western Australian Parliamentary Handbook. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.
 * Pendal, Phillips and Black, David (2004) House to House: The Story of Western Australia's Government and Parliament Houses over 175 years. Parliament of Western Australia, Parliament House, Perth, Western Australia.

title: David Black (historian)


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Assateague Light

Assateague Light is the 142 ft lighthouse located on the southern end of Assateague Island off the coast of the Virginia Eastern Shore, United States. The lighthouse is located within the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge and can be accessed by road from Chincoteague Island over the Assateague Channel. It is owned by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and operated by the U.S. Coast Guard and is still used as an active aid in navigation. The keeper's quarters are used as seasonal housing for refuge temporary employees, volunteers, and interns. Constructed in 1867 to replace a shorter lighthouse 45 ft built in 1833, the lighthouse is conical in shape and is painted in alternating bands of red and white.

A $1.5 million renovation was completed in October 2013. This included replacement of the lower gallery deck, removal & replacement of glass, restoration of the widow's walk & painting of the exterior.

History
Originally, no light existed between Cape Henlopen, Delaware and Cape Charles, Virginia. In 1830 the United States Congress appropriated money for a light in the general vicinity of Chincoteague Island. The following year, the Collector of Customs in Norfolk selected Assateague Island. The original Assateague Lighthouse was built on the southern tip of the island. Since barrier islands like Assateague shift and change, it is no wonder that the island has grown approximately 5 miles since the site was first designated. Over the years, a hook has developed to the south and the cove created by that hook has been gradually filling with sand.

It originally housed a first-order Fresnel lens which has since been replaced with a more powerful electronically powered beacon. The first-order Fresnel lens from the lighthouse is on display at the Museum of Chincoteague Island. The grounds also contain a keeper's house and oil house.

The lighthouse is depicted on the 2003–2004 Federal Duck Stamp, designed by Ron Louque.

The lighthouse is open for public climbs on Saturdays during the summer.

title: Assateague Light


text: User talk:69.230.84.57

title: User talk:69.230.84.57


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Harry A. Richardson

Harry Alden Richardson (January 1, 1853 – June 16, 1928) was an American businessman and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party, and was U.S. Senator from Delaware.

Early life and family
Richardson was born in Camden, Delaware, the son of Alden B. Richardson and Lucy R. Richardson. His family moved to Dover, Delaware when he was a small child in 1858. He attended the common schools there and the Kent Academy in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. In 1876 he married Priscilla Walker. They were members of the Baptist Church.

Professional and political career
Richardson worked in his father's canning and packing business in Dover, eventually becoming a partner and assuming control in 1894. He continued in this business throughout his life, was President of the First National Bank of Dover, and was also interested in various public-service corporations.

In his first attempt at public office, he ran for the office of Governor of Delaware in 1890, but lost to Democrat Robert J. Reynolds. Then, many years later, in 1907, he was elected to the U.S. Senate. During this term, he served with the Republican majority in the 60th, 61st, and 62nd U.S. Congress. In the 61st Congress, he was Chairman of the Committee to Examine Branches of the Civil Service, and in the 62nd Congress he was Chairman of the Committee on Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico, and a member of the Committee on Printing. He did not seek reelection in 1913, and in all, served from March 4, 1907, to March 4, 1913, during the administrations of U.S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William H. Taft.

Death and legacy
Richardson died at Dover is buried there in the Lakeside Methodist Episcopal Cemetery.

Ancestry
Richardson is a direct descendant of Major General Humphrey Atherton.

Almanac
The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who took office March 4 for a six-year term.

Images

 * Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress

title: Harry A. Richardson


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There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown

There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown is the ninth prime-time animated TV special based upon the comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schulz. This marks the on-screen debut of Marcie, who first appeared on the comic strip in 1971. The special originally aired on the CBS network on March 11, 1973. The first half of the special is presented as a series of sketches based on various Peanuts strips, while the second half depicts Charlie Brown's erroneous trip to a supermarket, mistaken for an art museum.

The special was released on DVD as a bonus feature (along with another Peanuts special Someday You'll Find Her, Charlie Brown) on January 6, 2004. It was also released in remastered form as part of the DVD box set, Peanuts 1970's Collection, Volume One. It had been previously released on CED in 1981, and on VHS by Kartes Video Communications in 1987, and by Paramount on January 11, 1995. The special occasionally saw airings on the American TV channel Nickelodeon from 1998 to 2000 as part of Nickelodeon's umbrella branding for Peanuts programming, You're on Nickelodeon, Charlie Brown!

Plot
There are three months of school left and all of the Peanuts gang are under pressure from too many tests and homework assignments. They now have to make preparations to write a report on a field trip to an art museum.

Charlie Brown's grades are falling from A to C and he has to receive a big grade on his museum report in order to salvage his grades for the entire term. Simultaneously, he must fight off the distraction of Peppermint Patty and her classmate Marcie (in her animated debut), both of whom have feelings for him. On the way to the art museum, Charlie Brown, his sister Sally, Peppermint Patty, Marcie, and Snoopy inadvertently arrive at a supermarket and mistake it for the museum. When Linus shows Charlie Brown and Lucy slides that resemble the works he took pictures of, Charlie Brown's hopes of salvaging his grades are shattered. As he waits for his grade, he expects nothing less than expulsion from school. However, everything works out for the best, as his teacher assumes his report is a description of an art museum described through the metaphor of a supermarket and she gives him an A.

Peppermint Patty later apologizes to Charlie Brown for snapping at him, saying that it was not easy for a girl to talk like that to a boy. But Peppermint Patty angrily blows Charlie Brown away after Charlie Brown brings up the Little Red-Haired Girl. Marcie reminds Peppermint Patty that she said the wrong thing again. Peppermint Patty then asks Marcie if she knows how annoying it is being called 'sir' a lot when she tells her not to. Marcie responds, "No, ma'am".

Cast and characters
Violet, Patty, and Frieda made cameo appearances but they are silent.
 * Chad Webber as Charlie Brown
 * Stephen Shea as Linus van Pelt
 * Robin Kohn as Lucy van Pelt
 * Hilary Momberger as Sally Brown
 * James Ahrens as Marcie
 * Todd Barbee as Franklin
 * Christopher DeFaria as Peppermint Patty
 * Bill Melendez as Snoopy

Music score
The music score for  was composed by Vince Guaraldi and conducted and arranged by John Scott Trotter. The score was performed by the Vince Guaraldi Quintet on January 15, February 22 and 26, 1973, at Wally Heider Studios, featuring Tom Harrell (trumpet), Pat O'Hara (flute), Seward McCain (bass) and Glenn Cronkhite (drums).

 * 1) "Early Wake-Up"
 * 2) "" (version 1, opening credits)
 * 3) "Pitkin County Blues"
 * 4) "" (version 2)
 * 5) "Play It Again, Charlie Brown" (aka "Charlie's Blues" and "Charlie Brown Blues")
 * 6) "African Sleigh Ride"
 * 7) "Joe Cool" (Lead vocal: Vince Guaraldi)
 * 8) "Peppermint Patty" (brass version)
 * 9) "Apple Jack" (variation of “Linus and Lucy”)
 * 10) "Bus Me"
 * 11) "" (version 3, electric keyboard version)
 * 12) "Linus and Lucy" (electric guitar version)
 * 13) "Incumbent Waltz" (piano + electric guitar version)
 * 14) "" (version 4, brass)
 * 15) "" (version 5, wah-wah guitar/end credits)

No official soundtrack for  was released. However, recording session master tapes for seven 1970s-era Peanuts television specials scored by Guaraldi were discovered by his son, David, in the mid-2000s. The songs "Pitkin County Blues", "Play It Again, Charlie Brown" (aka "Charlie's Blues" and "Charlie Brown Blues"), "African Sleigh Ride", "Peppermint Patty", "Joe Cool" and "" (version 3, electric keyboard version) were released in 2007 on the compilation album, Vince Guaraldi and the Lost Cues from the Charlie Brown Television Specials.

In addition, a live version of "" was also released in 2008 on Live on the Air from a Vince Guaraldi Trio concert originally recorded on February 6, 1974 (exactly two years to the day before Guaraldi's death). The song was also covered by New Age pianist George Winston on Love Will Come: The Music of Vince Guaraldi, Volume 2 (2010).

Credits

 * Written and Created by: Charles M. Schulz
 * Directed by: Bill Melendez
 * Produced by: Lee Mendelson and Bill Melendez
 * Original Music Composed and Performed by: Vince Guaraldi
 * Music Supervision by: John Scott Trotter
 * Graphic Blandishment: Ed Levitt, Evert Brown, Dean Spille, Frank Smith, Bernard Gruver, Carole Barnes, Ellie Bogardus, Phil Roman, Don Lusk, Bob Carlson, Sam Jaimes, Bill Littlejohn, Al Pabian, Rod Scribner, Hank Smith, Beverly Robbins, Eleanor Warren, Manon Washburn, Faith Kovaleski, Adele Lenart, Joanne Lansing, Dawn Smith, Joice Lee Marshall, Carla Washburn, Debbie Zamora
 * "Joe Cool" Sung by: Vince Guaraldi
 * Editing: Robert T. Gillis, Charles McCann, Rudy Zamora
 * Recording:
 * Voices: Radio Recorders, Coast Recorders
 * Music: Wally Heider Recording
 * Mix: Producers' Sound Service
 * Camera: Dickson-Vasu, Tony Rivetti
 * in cooperation with United Feature Syndicate, Inc. and Charles M. Schulz Creative Development, Corp., Warren Lockhart, President

title: There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown


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Slovak koruna

The Slovak koruna or Slovak crown (slovenská koruna, literally meaning Slovak crown) was the currency of Slovakia between 8 February 1993 and 31 December 2008, and could be used for cash payment until 16 January 2009. The ISO 4217 code was SKK and the local abbreviation was Sk. The koruna was subdivided into 100 haliers (abbreviated as "hal." or simply "h", singular: halier). The abbreviation is placed after the numeric value.

Slovakia switched its currency from the koruna to the euro on 1 January 2009, at a rate of 30.1260 korunas per euro. Both currencies could still be used for a two-week transitional period until 16 January 2009.

In Slovak, the nouns koruna and halier both have two plural forms. "Koruny" and haliere appear after the numbers 2, 3 and 4 and in generic (uncountable) context, with korún and halierov being used after other numbers. The latter forms are genitive.

Modern koruna
In 1993, the newly independent Slovakia introduced its own koruna, replacing the Czechoslovak koruna at par.

Coins
In 1993, coins were introduced in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 haliers, 1, 2, 5 and 10 korunas. The 10 and 20 halier coins were taken out of circulation on 31 December 2003. In 1996 the 50 halier coin was made smaller and instead of aluminium it was made with copper plated steel.

The obverse of the coins feature the coat of arms of Slovakia, with motifs from Slovak history on the reverses.
 * 10 halierov (silver-coloured) – Octagonal wooden belfry from Zemplín (early 19th century) = €0.0033
 * 20 halierov (silver-coloured) – the Kriváň peak in the High Tatras = €0.0066
 * 50 halierov (copper-coloured) – Renaissance polygonal tower of Devín Castle = €0.0166
 * 1 koruna (copper-coloured) – Gothic wooden sculpture of the Madonna with child (c. 1500) = €0.0332
 * 2 koruny (silver-coloured) – Earthen sculpture of the sitting Venus of Hradok (4th millennium BC) = €0.0664
 * 5 korún (silver-coloured) – Reverse of a Celtic coin of Biatec (1st century BC) = €0.166
 * 10 korún (copper-coloured) – Bronze cross (11th century A.D.) = €0.332

Coins were exchangeable for euros at the National Bank of Slovakia until January 2, 2014.

Banknotes
At midnight on 31 December 1992, the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic bifurcated into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. In 1993, the newly independent Slovakia introduced its own koruna, replacing the Czechoslovak koruna at par. Provisional banknotes were issued in denominations of 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 korún by affixing stamps bearing the coat of arms of Slovakia and the denomination to Czechoslovak banknotes. Later that year Slovakia issued its own set of banknotes. The main motifs on the obverses of the banknotes represent important people living in the territory of the present Slovakia in various historical eras. On the reverses, these motifs are completed by depicting places where these people lived and were active.

Slovak banknotes denominated in koruny can be exchanged for euros indefinitely.

Historical exchange rates
The graph shows the value of the euro in korunas from 1999 to December 2008. As may be seen, the currency strengthened as Slovakia's economy did. The koruna joined the ERM II on 28 November 2005 at the rate of € = 38.4550 Sk with a 15% band. On 17 March 2007, this rate was readjusted to 35.4424 Sk with the same band, an 8.5% increase in the value of the koruna. On the same day, 1 euro traded at 33.959 Sk. The central rate of koruna was then adjusted once more on 28 May 2008 to 33.8545 with no change in the band.

title: Slovak koruna


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Maotherium

Maotherium is a genus extinct symmetrodont mammal that was discovered in Early Cretaceous rocks in Liaoning Province, China, in 2003. Its scientific name directly translates to "fur beast", in reference to the impressions of fur around the fossil. Maotherium belongs to an extinct group of Mesozoic mammals called symmetrodonts. Though little is known about this group, the symmetrodonts have several similarities - specifically their teeth. They have tall pointed, but simple molars in a triangular arrangement. Originally symmetrodonts were known since the 1920s. Now a vast majority have been restored, such as Zhangheotherium and Akidolestes, during the early 21st century. One of the fossils of Maotherium preserved the imprints of fur, like the mammals Eomaia and Sinodelphys.

A species described in 2009, Maotherium asiaticus, sheds light on the evolution of the mammalian middle ear. In modern mammals, the Meckel's cartilage appears during development but disappears before adulthood. In Maotherium asiaticus, that cartilage not only remained, but turned into bone. This event in evolution may be an example of heterochrony, a change in the timing of development.

title: Maotherium


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User:Footsoldier

A humble footsoldier in the Army of Information.

title: User:Footsoldier