text:
Talk:Close front rounded vowel

 * A discussion on the close front compressed vowel has been moved to that talk page. kwami 07:42, 2005 September 12 (UTC)

Format problems
There are several problems with the formatting and structure of this article.
 * 1) You're not supposed to have two articles in the same wiki
 * 2) You're not supposed to use h1 at all
 * 3) What is a section called "Close front compressed vowel" doing on a page called "Close front rounded vowel"?

It seems to me there are various options for fixing the page:
 * 1) Move the whole page to Close front vowel, assuming that's correct terminology, and move all headers up by one (h1->h2, h2->h3). Then Close front rounded vowel will automatically redirect to Close front vowel; a redirect there for Close front compressed vowel should be added as well.
 * 2) Split Close front compressed vowel off into its own wiki. Remove the level-one header for "Close front rounded vowel" (introductory text should go above the first header).
 * 3) If close front compressed vowels are really a less-important subsidiary topic of close front rounded vowels, then remove level-one header for "close front rounded vowel" and change header for "close front compressed vowel" to level two.
 * 4) Or maybe something else, that people more familiar with the topic than I am might think of.

Linguists should decide which option is best, but it really can't be left as is. An encyclopedia needs a certain stylistic uniformity, at least to the level of font sizes in headers. --Trovatore 16:23, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd proposed creating three new articles for the three compressed vowels above, and the response I got was "Nah. A whole darned article just for compression seems over the top when we have so much room left in these." Your first suggestion would work, but would be completely out of line from all the other vowel articles, where there are separate articles for rounded and unrounded (well, except one, which has a similar problem to these three). The third option is no good, at least in my opinion; compression is not a subcategory of rounding phonetically, though it often goes by that name (inrounded vs. outrounded). I'll be happy to create the articles, as I'd offered before; I just didn't want to create a schism. kwami 05:41, 2005 September 12 (UTC)

 * Well, I think it would probably be a good idea to go ahead and create them, then. Very short articles might not be ideal, but they're certainly less problematic than level-one headers inside articles. --Trovatore 06:05, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. kwami 07:33, 2005 September 12 (UTC)

Scandinavian vs German French /y/
Question: What about the fact that there is a very significant difference between the Scandinavian y-sound, and the german/french y-sound? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.241.73.108 (talk • contribs)
 * There is? SpectrumDT 20:58, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * At least the Norwegian and Swedish y is different, I don't know about the Danish one. The rounding of the lips is different, thus making a different sound. Jonashm 13:48, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Hopefully this will take care of it. AFAIK, the Swedish & Norwegian /y/ is pronounced with pursed lips, and the French & German /y/ with compressed lips. But we really need someone like Peter Isotolo to confirm. kwami (talk) 12:41, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

The sounds I heard here are not the Tukish ü. --144.122.250.74 (talk) 11:49, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Everything is wrong!
Robert Lawrence Trask, A dictionary of phonetics and phonology, 1996:

p.180 "Inner rounding (also horizontal lip-rounding, outrounding) A version of lip-rounding in which the lips are projected forward ('pouted') and the channel between them is formed by their inner surfaces (it is endolabial). Inner rounding is typical of rounded back vowels like [u] and [o]. Cf. outer rounding."

P.252 "Outer rounding (also called vertical lip-rounding, lip compression, inrounding). A type of rounding in which the lips are vertically compressed and the channel is made by the outer surfaces of the lips (it is exolabial). Outer rounding is typical of front rounded vowels like [y]. Cf. inner rounding, and see the remarks there."

Also in Martin John Ball, Fiona E. Gibbon - 2002, Vowel Disorders, p.51. "Catford points out that it is useful to distinguish between different types of lip-rounding: He associates endolabial rounding (lip-pouting, with the rounding formed by the inner surfaces of the lips) with back rounded vowels, and exolabial rounding (lip-pursing, with the rounding formed by the outer surfaces of the lips) with front rounded vowels. These different types of rounding are useful to note in the description of vowels in different accents and languages. Iivonen (1994), for example, describes significant differences in the types of rounding found in Swedish [y:] and [ʉ]."

So it's the other way round as opposed to what the article says: exolabial rounding is normally associated with [y] and endolabial rounding with [u], and not vice versa. How are Swedish and Norwegian special then? Perhaps their [y]s are "even more exolabial"? I don't know. That's probably the bit that confused the Original Researcher who wrote that in the first place. But it was certainly clear, even intuitively, that they are not closer, rounding-wise, to [u] than the German and French [y]s are.--91.148.159.4 (talk) 16:32, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

Any further attempt to explain the peculiarity of Swedish and Norwegian /y/ should be sourced and not based on educated guesses. For the time being there is only a source (the one I gave above) for the general association of exolabial and endolabial with front rounded and back rounded respectively. I could have added that, but I don't think it is so essential.--91.148.159.4 (talk) 17:03, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, I got the terms backwards. I hadn't realized "inner rounding" meant "outrounding" and "outer rounding" meant "inrounding"—no wonder I was confused! (Part of posting here was in the hope that s.o. would confirm or correct it.) But what is special about Swedish is that there is both an exolabial /y/ and an endolabial /y/. Ladefoged & Maddieson confirm the essence of the description; they just didn't use the terms exo & endo. kwami (talk) 17:54, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * OK. Though technically, you still should add a reference for this whole distinction. It's not normal that the sources cited are still the same as before your addition and don't contain the new info. And of course, specifying all /y/s as exolabial (even with a footnote that adds "a grain of salt"), when we don't know it for sure, is redundant.
 * Frankly, my intuition still refuses to accept that the rounding of Swedish /y/ is in any way similar to the usual rounding of back rounded vowels; that may be because my sense of articulatory phonetics ain't that great, or perhaps the /u/ in my native language ain't that endolabial. To me, Swedish /y/ sounds simply less rounded and much closer to /i/ (historically, it has been a front vowel for a much longer time than /ʉ:/ has, it has turned into /i/ in various Nordic languages and dialects, and someone who has studied French before Swedish may still have initial problems in distinguishing between it and /i/). Of course, that is just my problem; I have to admit that the sources on Swedish do ascribe protrusion to Swedish /y:/ vs compression to /ʉ:/ and that the sources on rounding do ascribe protrusion (endolabiality) to back vowels and compression (exolabiality) to front vowels, so your wording in its present form probably isn't too OR-ish.
 * BTW, I'm pretty sure that there is an opinion that Swedish /ʉ:/ is actually a central vowel or something in-between, but I don't have many sources at home to cite; here's one link I found - (scroll down to the vowel chart). Greetings, --91.148.159.4 (talk) 15:04, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

North Frisian hüüs
It seems a bit suspicious that hüüs is supposed to mean hoarse. A few google hits suggest that it's used in the sense of house in tourism, however I'm not sure if I found any specifically North Frisian addresses. --Zahnradzacken (talk) 23:07, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Portuguese?
I think that the (Brazilian?) IP is confusing this sound with ⟨⟩ or ⟨⟩ (near-close near-back unrounded vowel), more commonly transcribed as (as in IPA for Portuguese and Galician), which is sometimes pronounced (ok, this is OR, but I heard both from Portuguese characters acted by real native speakers in telenovelas and from YouTube videos send by Portuguese people) in the place of an unstressed, not only schwi, unstressed  and  (taking the point of view of non-European Portuguese dialects), and which has a historic of making everyone confused. The ⟨⟩ (close front rounded vowel) would seem a weird feature in all other dialects of this language (it is hard for Brazilians to distinguish this sound from when learning French/German). Lguipontes (talk) 08:01, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Supposing it's true, I think we need to consider what the point of these examples is. If we have major languages like French, German, and Mandarin to illustrate [y], why in the world would we want some obscure Azorian Portuguese dialect? Shouldn't we only have such things because we can't attest the sound in any language our readers are likely to have heard of? I can see an exception for obscure English dialects, since this is WP-en. — kwami (talk) 08:22, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Really? I think it's all right to include sourced examples of dialects readers may be unfamiliar with. I'm not sure there is shared agreement on what the point of these examples are.  Once we do come to that understanding, we can pare down the overabundance of them at close front unrounded vowel.  — Æµ§œš¹  [ãːɱ ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɪ̃ə̃nlɪ]  22:49, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * For common sounds, there are potentially thousands of possibilities. I would think the point would be to illustrate them, not to list every language which has them. — kwami (talk) 22:55, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * That's a fair point. Though, at this point, the only discrimination we've made for examples has been whether the example is accurate, and whether it's a currently spoken, natural language.  I hesitate to apply other criteria in one place.  — Æµ§œš¹  [ãːɱ ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɪ̃ə̃nlɪ]  00:07, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

Dutch fuut?
I translated the Dutch "fuut" to the English "grebe" -- had no idea what that is, some kind of bird apparently. Can't we please have a more common Dutch word here, e.g. "u" (you), "nu" (now), or "uur" (hour)? I will leave it up to a native Dutch speaker to think of an appropriate example and to make sure it is the correct sound (not sure if e.g. tenseness or length is relevant).
 * In Dutch, "fuut" is quite a normal word. I'll also note that Dutch  is most typically a near-close central rounded vowel, not a close front rounded vowel. --JorisvS (talk) 22:13, 9 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Being a native I can confirm that "fuut" is indeed NOT a normal word, unless you're studying birds. u, nu, uur, vuur, duur, etc. would be better alternatives, as every Dutch person would immediately understand it. I too required a quick Google to understand what a "fuut" is.EratoNysiad (talk) 18:06, 29 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Also as a native, "fuut" is the word for a very common bird, which I've understood since childhood. Words ending in -r are not very good examples, because that tends to affect pronunciation. "Nu" could be an better alternative, though. --JorisvS (talk) 19:27, 29 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Also a native here - changing to "nu" is quite a good idea, as there may be more people not knowing exactly what "fuut" is. Martin sv 85 (talk) 02:28, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

ʉ: vs y: in swedish
On the page for Swedish phonology, they say that y: and ʉ: are different wovels in Swedish (ʉ: corresponding to the sound in du, and y: to the one in dy), but here and at the page for [ʉ] they treat them as the same? Why is this discrepancy?12stefje (talk) 07:14, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Close front rounded vowel


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File:J5-lookin-windows.JPG

Summary
Lookin' Through the Windows

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title: File:J5-lookin-windows.JPG


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Talk:Metro Pictures

Untitled
Welcome..

Let us all begin by believing in the dream.

Look at that tiny little hole in the wall. Look how simple; how tiny the space in which dreams begin.

Hail Ceasar!

Metro

Give 'em the bird
I heard, when MGM merged, Leo won out over Metro's bird. What was the name? Include it? Trekphiler 18:40, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metro Pictures


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User talk:Pbirney

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Engelbert II of Berg

Count Engelbert II of Berg, also known as Saint Engelbert, Engelbert of Cologne, Engelbert I, Archbishop of Cologne or Engelbert I of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne (1185 or 1186, Schloss Burg – 7 November 1225, Gevelsberg) was archbishop of Cologne and a saint; he was notoriously murdered by a member of his own family.

Early life
Engelbert was born in 1185 or 1186 in Schloss Burg (present ), the younger son of Count Engelbert I of Berg and his wife Margarete of Guelders. He was educated at the cathedral school in Cologne. From 1198 (at the age of twelve or thirteen) he held the office of provost of St. George in Cologne, and from 1199 to 1216 he also held the office of cathedral provost at Cologne Cathedral. He further acquired at various times a number of other provostships: in Cologne, Aachen, Deventer and Zutphen. He was elected Bishop of Münster in 1203, but he declined because of his age.

Engelbert was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III in 1206, on account of his support for his cousin Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne, in the interests of Philip of Swabia against Otto of Brunswick but was pardoned in 1208. In 1212, as an act of penance for his earlier rebellion, he took part in the Albigensian Crusade. He gave his allegiance to the future Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214.

Archbishop of Cologne and after
Engelbert was elected Archbishop of Cologne as Engelbert I on 29 February 1216 and was consecrated on 24 September 1217, in which office he remained until his death.

Engelbert came to enjoy the trust of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, becoming imperial regent (Reichsverweser) in 1220 and guardian of the Emperor's son Henry. In 1222, Engelbert crowned twelve-year-old Henry as King of the Romans in Aachen. Engelbert remained Henry's tutor and guardian until his death.

It is not clear to what extent Engelbert was personally involved with the Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis, a treaty with the ecclesiastical princes, which Frederick signed on 26 April 1220, although as Administrator of the German Kingdom (Gubernator Regni Teutonici) he must have had at least some input. Clearly, however, in the increased powers it gave to all ecclesiastical princes it was of benefit also to the archbishops of Cologne, and the establishment and development of the new powers was part of Engelbert's archepiscopal strategy.

When Engelbert succeeded, the rights and territories of the archdiocese were in bad order, following a long period of civil unrest in Germany. He engaged himself at once in a series of campaigns and strategies to win them back and safeguard them, principally against the Dukes of Limburg and their allies the County of Cleves. Engelbert in turn set up alliances with Brabant and Namur.

Engelbert also defended his personal inheritance as Count of Berg against Duke Waleran III of Limburg. In 1218 Engelbert's elder brother Count Adolf VI of Berg died on the Fifth Crusade without a male heir. Waleran considered himself entitled to inherit the County of Berg because his son Henry was married to Irmgard of Berg, Adolf's only daughter. According to the Salic law, however, Engelbert was the heir. He won the dispute in two feuds. In 1220 a peace was concluded and Waleran's claim settled by the payment of a year's revenues.

Engelbert granted town privileges to many places, including Wipperfürth, Attendorn, Brilon, Siegen, Werl and Herford, Vianden, Hamm, Neuerburg and Manderscheid.

During his incumbency as archbishop, Engelbert continued to fight for the re-establishment and security of the Archdiocese of Cologne both as an ecclesiastical authority and also as a secular territory. (It was said of him that despite his personal piety he was more of a monarch than a churchman). Not only did he constantly battle, by all means necessary, for the secular well-being of the lands of the archdiocese, of which he may be counted the de facto founder as a significant state; he also took energetic measures for the effective regulation of the City of Cologne itself; and he was a zealous champion of the religious throughout his archdiocese.

Death
Engelbert earned the respect and affection of his subjects through his devotion to justice and his energy in maintaining law, and took great pains to ensure the well-being of the religious within his authority. However, his effectiveness in achieving his goals by all means necessary, including military action, his allegiance to the pope and the emperor, and his uncompromising defence of the law and the rights of religious persons and bodies, brought him into conflict with the nobility, including his own family, and this led to his death.

His cousin Count Frederick of Isenberg was vogt of Essen Abbey, and abused his position by defrauding the nuns. Engelbert was determined to protect the nuns' interests and sought to bring Frederick to justice. On 7 November 1225 while they travelled together to Cologne from a judicial hearing in Soest, Engelbert was killed, possibly by Frederick, in a defile near present-day Gevelsberg near Schwelm.

It seems probable that a group of disaffected nobility was behind the attack which may have been intended to take Engelbert captive rather than kill him.

Engelbert's body was taken to Cologne on a dung-cart, and when examined, found to have forty-seven wounds.

Veneration
Engelbert's body was buried in Cologne Cathedral on 24 February 1226 by order of Cardinal Conrad of Urach, the papal legate, who declared him a martyr, though a formal canonization did not take place. His remains are preserved today in a Baroque shrine prepared on the authority of Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop of Cologne, who in 1618 also ordered the celebration of his feast on 7 November.

title: Engelbert II of Berg


text:
Talk:Daz Dillinger

Article
I've almost completly rewritten the article because of spelling, grammar, wierd neologisms and missing content. I leave the attention sign there because there's still improvements to be made. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.187.83.21 (talk • contribs) 20 August 2005

Daz
This kid Daz has constantly been on the grind in hip-hop. His production is off the hook, and if you put him around his DPG click with Snoop, Kurupt, and Nate Dogg, he's damn near impossible to touch. I'm waiting on his next solo album, hopefully it will get him some more time on TV and radio. His beats are tight, too. I love Tha Dogg Pound even though I live on the East Coast. —Preceding unsigned comment added by C-Info (talk • contribs) 17 May 2006
 * Hey!! It's not a fansite chat forum! Leave the space for professional matters.  Lajbi  Holla @ me   Who's the boss?  00:03, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

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 * Added tag to http://www.hhworlds.com/forum/hip-hop/18035-08-01-08-daz-dillinger-offers-record-videos-dogg-food.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:50, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

WikiProject assessments
I have added and assessed the WikiProject Crime banner and assessed for the WikiProject Organized crime banner primarily on the basis of this artist's musical genres including gangsta rap and the article being assigned to the Gangsta rappers and Crips categories. Aside from his art, there is no indication in the article that this artist has been directly involved in any sort of crime or criminal organization. Apart from this artist's genre of music-making, there is nothing in the article content to indicate why this article should be of interest to these assigned WikiProjects. If you are aware of additional sources of information not included in the article that further support these WikiProject assignments, please identify those source(s) and add that additional information to the article. If you disagree with this assessment for these WikiProjects, please explain your disagreement and justify why these WikiProjects should be removed, if you do remove them. - Cameron Dewe (talk) 11:44, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daz Dillinger


text:
User:Altersun

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

I've also stubbed Dave Lowry. To put the martial arts stub tag, add. There's a big list of stub types at WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types, but nobody's expected to have memorized them all. :p If you don't know the specific stub type, just add and someone will eventually categorize it. My sincere welcome to Wikipedia to you. :) Coffee 20:31, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Altersun


text:
John H. Gillespie

John H. Gillespie is an evolutionary biologist interested in theoretical population genetics and molecular evolution. In molecular evolution, he emphasized the importance of advantageous mutations and balancing selection. For that reason, Gillespie is well known for his selectionist stance in the neutralist-selectionist debate. He is widely considered the main proponent of natural selection in molecular evolution. He had a well-known feud with the father of the neutral theory of molecular evolution, Motoo Kimura, initiated by a 1984 review in Science of Kimura's book in which Gillespie criticized Kimura for "using the book as a vehicle to establish for himself a niche in the history of science." Gillespie had only four Ph.D. students during his career: Richard Hudson, James N. McNair, David J. Cutler, and Andrew Kern, but mentored many more. Gillespie was a professor in the College of Biological Sciences at the University of California, Davis until his retirement in 2005.

title: John H. Gillespie


text:
Hiram Berdan

Hiram Berdan (September 6, 1824 – March 31, 1893) was an American engineer, inventor, military officer, marksman, and guiding force behind and commanding colonel of the United States Volunteer Sharpshooter Regiments during the American Civil War. He was the inventor of the Berdan rifle, the Berdan centerfire primer and other weapons and accessories.

Early life
Berdan was born in Phelps, a small town in Ontario County, New York. A mechanical engineer in New York City, he had been the top rifle shot in the country for fifteen years prior to the Civil War. He invented a repeating rifle and a patented musket ball before the war. He had also developed the first commercial gold amalgamation machine to separate gold from ore. He invented a reaper and a mechanical bakery. His inventions had brought him wealth and international fame.

Civil War
In the summer and fall of 1861, he was involved in the recruiting of eighteen companies, from eight states, which were formed into two sharpshooter regiments with the backing of General Winfield Scott and President Abraham Lincoln. Berdan was named as Colonel of the resultant 1st and 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters on November 30, 1861. His men, who had to pass rigorous marksmanship tests, were dressed in distinctive green uniforms and equipped with Sharps breech-loading rifles. Even when assigned to a brigade, the regiments were usually detached for special assignments on the field of battle. They were frequently used for skirmish duty. Berdan fought at the Seven Days Battles and Second Battle of Bull Run. In September 1862, his sharpshooters were at the Battle of Shepherdstown. Berdan commanded the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 3rd Corps, Army of the Potomac in February and March 1863, then he commanded the 3rd Brigade at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Although Berdan was an innovative officer, as a leader he proved unpopular with the officers and soldiers under his command. In 1862, several of the sharpshooters' officers formally complained to General Daniel Butterfield, Berdan's immediate commander, that Berdan was both dishonest and a coward. In July 1862, General Fitz John Porter condemned Berdan as incompetent.

Gettysburg
At the Battle of Gettysburg, his two regiments of sharpshooters played an important role in delaying Confederate attacks on Devil's Den and the Peach Orchard. In a sharp encounter in Pitzer's Woods on Seminary Ridge, the 1st U.S. Sharpshooters stalled the advancing Alabama brigade of Cadmus Wilcox. Berdan assumed command of J. H. Hobart Ward's brigade when the latter became acting division commander (David B. Birney having become acting corps commander following the wounding of Daniel Sickles) and led the division throughout the rest of the campaign, as well as during the subsequent Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns.

Post-war career
Berdan resigned his commission on January 2, 1864, and returned to his career as an engineer and inventor. On December 8, 1868, President Andrew Johnson nominated Berdan for appointment to the brevet grade of brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, for the Battle of Chancellorsville, at which he led a brigade, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on February 16, 1869. Although President Johnson also nominated Berdan for appointment to the brevet grade of major general of volunteers to rank from the same date for his services at the Battle of Gettysburg, at which he also led a brigade, the U.S. Senate did not confirm that appointment. Despite the lack of necessary Senate confirmation of the appointment to make it official, many sources refer to Berdan as a brevet major general and even his grave stone in Arlington National Cemetery indicates he was a brevet major general.

He was considered by many to be a crack marksman and innovator, but unfit for field command. Berdan subsequently invented numerous engines of war, including a twin-screw submarine gunboat, a torpedo boat for evading torpedo nets, a long-distance rangefinder and a distance fuse for shrapnel.

He is also an inventor of the Berdan rifle for the Russian army which is colloquially known in Russia as "berdanka".

Death
Berdan died unexpectedly on March 31, 1893, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Fictional portrayals
The part of Hiram Berdan was played by Kurtwood Smith in the 1986 ABC miniseries.

A film created by Silver Domino Productions was based on Berdan and his men.

title: Hiram Berdan


text:
Kraslice

Kraslice (Graslitz) is a town in Sokolov District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 6,600 inhabitants. It was a large and important town until World War II. It is known for the manufacture of musical instruments.

Administrative parts
The town parts and villages of Černá, Čirá, Hraničná, Kámen, Kostelní, Krásná, Liboc, Mlýnská, Počátky, Sklená, Sněžná, Tisová, Valtéřov and Zelená Hora are administrative parts of Kraslice.

Etymology
The roots of the name derive from the medieval German Graz, meaning "trimmed conifer twigs". The name Graslitz was then a diminutive of the word Graz. The Czech name Kraslice is a transliteration of the German name and also literally means "blown easter egg".

Geography
Kraslice is located about 18 km north of Sokolov and 26 km northwest of Karlovy Vary. It lies on the border with Germany, adjacent to the German town of Klingenthal. It is situated in the western part of the Ore Mountains. The highest point is the mountain Počátecký vrch at 819 m above sea level. The built-up area is situated in the valley of the Svatava River and its tributary, the stream Stříbrný potok.

Kraslice lies in an area known for swarm type seismic activity. The last strong earthquake swarm was in 1986.

History
The area was settled by German monks from Waldsassen Abbey in the 12th and 13th centuries. In the mid-13th century, a guard castle was built here and settlements were established around it. The first written mention of Kraslice is from 1272, when King Ottokar II of Bohemia donated it to Jindřich the Elder of Plavno. During the rule of the lords of Plavno in the 14th century, tin, lead and silver mining has developed in the area, and Kraslice became a prosperous settlement. In 1370, it was promoted by Charles IV to a royal town.

At the beginning of the 15th century, Kraslice became the seat of the robber knights, and in 1412 the town was looted by the army, which aimed to rid the region of robbers. The town did not recover until 1527, when it was acquired by Jeroným Schlick and made it a free mining town. Ore mining in the vicinity of Kraslice has been declining since the 17th century. From 1666 to 1848, the town was owned by the Nostic family. Mining was replaced by folk crafts, the textile industry, and the manufacture of musical instruments and toys. In 1886, the railway was built.

From 1938 to 1945 it was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of Reichsgau Sudetenland. In 1944 a women's subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was established here. The German-speaking population was expelled in 1945 and the town was resettled with Czechs.

Economy
Kraslice is known for the Amati Kraslice company, a manufacturer of musical instruments. The tradition of this manufacture dates back to 1631.

Transport
Kraslice is located on the railway line Sokolov–Klingenthal. Passenger services are provided by the railway company of GW Train Regio.

Sights
The main landmark of the town centre is the Church of Corpus Christi. It was built in the neo-Romanesque style in 1893–1896 and replaced a dilapidated church from 1619. It is a three-aisled basilica with a prominent tower.

Municipal slaughterhouse is a unique complex of Art Nouveau buildings, created in 1904. It is protected as a technical and cultural monument. Today it is privately owned and gradually reconstructed.

Notable people

 * Julius Meinl I (1824–1914), Austrian businessman, founder of Julius Meinl AG
 * Rudolf Dellinger (1857–1910), German Bohemian composer
 * Roland Bauer (1928–2017), German politician
 * Petr Drozda (born 1952), wrestler and stuntman
 * Eliška Staňková (born 1984), discus thrower
 * Kateřina Zohnová (born 1984), basketball player
 * Michael Krmenčík (born 1993), footballer

Twin towns – sister cities
Kraslice is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Klingenthal, Germany

title: Kraslice


text: User talk:69.200.246.45

title: User talk:69.200.246.45


text:
User:Zoomzoom

A 16 year old from Dix Hills, NY. Future World Conqueror.

title: User:Zoomzoom


text:
User:Timothy J. Watkins

Timothy Joel Watkins (born January 31, 1990) is the bassist for the  band Fortunate Downfall. He was born and raised in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia. He attends Terry Fox Secondary School, currently in his senior year.

Tim is the the second oldest member of Fortunate Downfall, and co-songwriter for the band. Some of Tim's main musical influences are Switchfoot, U2, and The Beatles. Tim has been playing guitar since grade 5, bass guitar since grade 7, and piano since grade 11, but has never taken any formal lessons for any of the three instruments.

Gear Used
Tim Watkins uses an Ibanez Roadstar 2 vintage bass guitar, given to him by his father, along with a Yorkville XM100 bass amp. He uses Ernie Ball strings.

Tim Watkins

title: User:Timothy J. Watkins


text:
Pechiparai Reservoir

Pechiparai Reservoir is the largest dam in Kanyakumari district. It is located in the foothills of the Western Ghats in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu at Pachiparai. It is located 43 kilometers (27 mi) from the district capital Nagercoil. This dam is built across the Kotai river. This dam was built during the period 1897-1906 by the European engineer Mr. Minchin by the then Maharaja of Travancore during the Thirunal period. This dam fulfills the agricultural and drinking water needs of Kanyakumari district. This river is the Western GhatsBuilt at the base. The height of this dam was originally 42 feet. Then in 1964 it was decided to add 6 more feet and in 1969 the height of the dam was 48 feet. stone pool, Agatheeswaram, Thovalai and Radhapuram circles are benefited by this. About 50 thousand acres of land gets irrigation facility. The Pachiparai Dam, which was 42 feet, was raised to 48 feet. 6 feet of raised water and Radhapuram was raised for this purpose. An additional 3.75 TMC of water is added after the dam is raised. The 42 feet Pachipara dam was raised to 48 feet by Kamaraj. 6 feet of raised water was also raised for Radhapuram area. An additional 3.75 TMC of water is added after the dam is raised.

There is no permanent river or canal irrigation in Radhapuram taluk. Till now the situation is that the agricultural activities in the district can continue without interruption only if the wells are filled. Taking this into consideration, the Radhapuram Chittaru Pattanagalwai was constructed to benefit the farmers of Radhapuram taluk during Kamaraja's rule in order to improve agriculture.

The total capacity of these three dams namely Pachiparai, Perunchani and Chittaru is 4450 million cubic feet. If these dams hold more than 1300 million cubic feet of water (33 percent water in the dams), the excess water will have to be released into the Radhapuram tributary to the Pattanag Canal. Government Order No. 2584 dated 16-12-70 states this.

Through this, about 15 thousand 597 acres of land in Radhapuram taluk of Nellai district will be directly benefited. Indirectly 1013 acres of land is irrigated through 52 ponds, the required water for all 52 ponds can be filled with one TMC of water.

Every year, the first day of july, water is released to the Perunchani Reservoir for irrigation purposes. Additionally, every year, 16th of july, water is released to Radhapuram canal for irrigation purpose.

The catchment area of this dam is little in the ghats of Panakudi, Kalakad of Tirunelvei dist. Its catchment area is 207.19 square kilometers and depth is 14.6 meters (48 feet). . The length of the dam is 425.5 meters and the height is 120.7 meters. A small temple has been built here at Pachiyamman Beil and worship of the deity is also taking place.

title: Pechiparai Reservoir


text:
List of West Indies ODI cricketers

This is a list of West Indian One-day International cricketers. A One Day International (ODI) is an international cricket match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC). An ODI differs from Test matches in that the number of overs per team is limited, and that each team has only one innings. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his first ODI cap. Where more than one player won his first ODI cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname.

Players
Statistics are correct as of 6 February 2024.

Notes:
 * 1 Clayton Lambert, Xavier Marshall and Hayden Walsh Jr. also played ODI cricket for United States. Only their records for West Indies are given above.
 * 2 Brian Lara and Chris Gayle also played ODI cricket for ICC World XI. Only their records for West Indies are given above.

Captains
This is a complete list of every man who has captained the West Indies in at least one One Day International. Updated to 6 February 2024..

title: List of West Indies ODI cricketers


text:
Talk:San Francisco State University

Userbox
A userbox has been created for SFSU students and alums amongst the Wikipedian hordes. The userpage code is:  --Dynaflow 12:48, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Controversy section should be revisited
Not sure if my recent addition re: Riley Gaines will remain on the article, but if it does, the last four events listed in History would be more accurately categorized as controversies. SmolBrane (talk) 15:47, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I prefer to remove Gaines from the article entirely. But, definately take it out of the "history" section.  It looks absurd how four items in history are full paragraphs of contemporary news, and we have just brief notes on all the real history before.  For example, starting BA's or getting University status seems historically significant for a University.  It's an unavoidable bias, that we always think what we heard about yesterday is somehow extra special, compared to all the stuff in the past, most of which is forgotten, despite being a big deal at the time.  Also, I dislike contentious material about a contemproary person being spread around in a way, that makes it a lot easier for somebody to sneak in bad edits, that would be missed in the central BLP.  I'm not complaining about the current content, as it seems to match Riley Gaines article, but there is that danger.  Are we going to write a news summary of every campus protest?  Anytime a "history" section refers to an "ongoing" investigation, you know this is probably not history, but just news.  --Rob (talk) 01:23, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The Riley Gaines incident is pretty unique with the barricading and PEN America commenting on it. Also the sourcing is robust.  I agree content could be better organized. SmolBrane (talk) 14:44, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Behrooz incident should be added. https://reason.com/volokh/2023/04/06/san-francisco-state-univ-investigating-professor-for-showing-image-of-muhammad-in-class/, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11948413/Iranian-history-professor-San-Fran-State-University-investigated-showing-drawing-Muhammad.html , https://www.thecollegefix.com/sfsu-doubles-down-on-investigation-of-professor-who-showed-class-muhammad-depiction/ , https://goldengatexpress.org/102628/campus-original/freedom-of-speech-in-classrooms-is-in-debate-after-professor-shows-muhammad-portrait/ Kdammers (talk) 19:16, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

Project Rebound
A search on Google Books for "project rebound" "San Francisco" gets coverage from several independent book sources, so those would be good to use for that section instead of primary sources, I'll try to add some. Left guide (talk) 07:44, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Mariwlqs (talk) 07:45, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No problem, I also think the John Keith Irwin article might have some good references to use for the Project Rebound section of this article, so that’s another idea. Left guide (talk) 07:51, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Main campus buildings
I don't think there needs to be a list of every single building. Maybe there could be a separate article titled Main Campus of San Francisco State University where the list could go and the main campus buildings section could be replaced with a section called Main campus and have a description of the campus. Thoughts? Mariwlqs (talk) 07:53, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:San Francisco State University


text:
User:Trailblazer~enwiki

Trailblazer was born on September 22, 1986 in Hanoi, Vietnam. He attended Trung Vuong Primary School and Hanoi-Amsterdam High School before migrating to Singapore under the ASEAN Secondary School Scholarship awarded by the Ministry of Education, Singapore. Here he attended Raffles Institution before moving on to Anglo-Chinese Junior College. At the moment he is preparing for his A-Level Examinations due in November 2005.

title: User:Trailblazer~enwiki


text:
Talk:Elliot Stabler

Order
The original article was informative, but poorly-organized. Without changing much, I rearranged the article so it flows chronologically, added wikilinks, and removed a line of spoiler information about an episode in the current season. Also, I do not know which episode in which he was forced to kill a suspect, it would be nice if someone edited that information in. Marikology 05:52, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Children
Doesn't his character have 3 daughters? I one episode, I thought he had a son, so maybe the discrepancies in his children could be considered for trivia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.66.188.90 (talk) 12:16, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Stabler has three daughters and one son, and his wife has recently been revealed to be pregnant with his fifth child. —Mears man 01:29, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Edited that Stabler's son's name is Elliot Jr., named in Paternity when he was born, but nicknamed Eli. --Nelliebellie (talk) 04:25, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Injuries
In the second season, (I'm not sure of the episode) Stabler is cut on his hand and is later exposed to infected water on the same injury, placing him at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. I think that's worthy of a mention under the injuries section.58.172.209.140 14:18, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

I think he also got injured in that episode involving the FBI agent, where Benson left for a short while. Didn't he get hurt from an explosion involving dynamite in that episode?207.14.79.81 01:42, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

If someone doesn't reply today, then I am going to search for the name of this episode and add this information into the article. 207.14.79.71 21:27, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Ages
Does anyone know the age (or at least the approximate age) or Elliot Stabler and/or the rest of his family? I believe a relative age is given for Maureen at one point, but neither the age of Elliot nor the ages of his wife and other children seem to appear anywhere in the article. Also, some sort of source for this would be nice so that the information could be incorporated into the article. —Mears man 01:35, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I know that Maureen is 22 in the ninth season. and his other two daughters I have no idea. I know he has twins, a boy and a girl, ages I do ot know, and then there is the newest member who was recently borne. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.162.172.53 (talk) 02:50, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

His background information on the show is inconsistent - he joined the NYPD in either 1986 or 1989 depending on which statement you go by, meaning he would have to be born no later than 1965 or 1968 respectively as the minimum age for the police force is 21. He has a high school-aged daughter in 1999 and no mention is made of unusual circumstances such as him still being a minor when his wife became pregnant, which means he should be at least 33 years old (birth 1966 or earlier). There's no real way to reconcile him being a Desert Storm veteran with the timeframe of him joining the police department other than assuming he was a reservist, even though the way he talks about his time in the Marines strongly implies he was a full-on enlisted member of the military. He also somehow fit a full four-year degree in evening classes into this, despite the fact that his family was in poor financial circumstances and the NYPD didn't require police officers to have college degrees until after 1993. The timeframe that fits best with what's presented of his character probably has him getting married and having his first child right out of high school, which would make him born in 1965 and span the ages of 34 to 46 on the show. It somewhat strains credulity that Stabler in 2020 would be 55 years old and yet somehow still a detective and doing street-level work on the task force, but suspension of disbelief and all that. This is all WP:SYNTH and won't have a source that can put it into the article, though I can source a published book by a TV critic that lays out the "the timeline doesn't make sense" problem if you want. Predestiprestidigitation (talk) 15:04, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

As an addendum to the above, the most likely age for him joining the police is 22. NYPD applicants must have completed two years of either college or military service. We know Stabler was in the Marines, which has a minimum four-year hitch for enlistees, and then went to school at night during his time as a uniformed officer. Most likely he entered the military right out of high school. He's certainly never alluded to having any other job. This would put his birth year at 1962. That means he's 59 in 2021 which is two years from retirement age, and I'd expect the show to retcon this a bit if Organized Crime lasts more than two seasons. 16:19, 23 March 2021 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Predestiprestidigitation (talk • contribs)

Aggression
Shouldn't there be a section noting the number of times he has gotten aggressive with suspects? Like the episode I saw last night with RDK, he nearly choked RDK to death. Anyone else agree? 207.14.79.74 (talk) 18:11, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

In-universe
The majority of the article currently written as if Stabler was a real person and this is his biography. I believe Manual of Style/Writing about fiction discourages this sort of presentation and instead asks editors to balance information about the fictional characteristics with more information about production, and information about the character's real-world reception, etc. Mz7 (talk) 03:29, 4 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elliot Stabler


text:
File:ConduitKB.jpg

Fair use rationales
Conduit as he appears in Adventures of Superman #0. Pencils: Barry Kitson. Colors: Glenn Whitmore.

title: File:ConduitKB.jpg


text:
N. S. Rajaram

Navaratna Srinivasa Rajaram (22 September 1943 – 11 December 2019) was an Indian academic.He is notable for propounding the "Indigenous Aryans" hypothesis, asserting that the Vedic period was extremely advanced from a scientific view-point, and claiming of having deciphered the Indus script. Academics find his scholarship to be composed of dishonest polemics in service of a communal agenda.

Personal life
Rajaram was born on 22 September 1943 into a Deshastha Madhva Brahmin family in Mysore. His grandfather Navaratna Rama Rao was a colonial scholar and vernacular author of regional fame. He graduated from National High School in Bangalore. He received a PhD degree in mathematics from Indiana University Bloomington in 1976 and taught in American universities for over 20 years, including stints at Kent State University and Lockheed Corporation. He died in Bengaluru on 11 December 2019 at the age of 76.

Indology
Rajaram extensively published on topics related to ancient Indian history and Indian archaeology, alleging a Eurocentric bias in Indology and Sanskrit scholarship. He advocated the Indigenous Aryans hypothesis and rejected Indo-Aryan migration theory as a fabricated version of history devised for missionary and colonial interests, and later propounded by left-liberals and Marxists. Dating the Vedas to circa 7000 BC, he also propounded that the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley corresponds with the end phase of the Vedic Age and thus hypothesized it to be a part of Vedic era.

In Puratattva, the journal of the Indian Archaeological Society, Rajaram claimed that "Vedic Indians" might have taught the Pharaohs of Egypt to build the Pyramids. He also asserted the concept of secularism to be irrelevant to a pluralistic state, which ancient Hindu India was. He also claimed to have deciphered the Indus script and equated it to late Vedic Sanskrit.

Criticism
In 2000, Rajaram flaunted a horse on an Indus seal as a path-breaking discovery that supposedly lend credence to the belief that Aryans were the actual inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization, until Michael Witzel and Steve Farmer exposed the fraud in the Frontline magazine later that year. Asko Parpola, professor of Indology at Helsinki University, commented:

It is sad that India's heritage should be exploited by some individuals – usually people with little or no academic credentials – who for political or personal motives are ready even to falsify evidence. In order to vindicate their ideology and promote their own ends, these persons appeal to the feelings of the 'common man' who, with full reason, is proud of his or her country's grand heritage. Thus far Rajaram has got away with this dishonesty because the scholarly community has not considered this work worthy of consideration: it has been taken more or less for granted that any sensible person can see through this trash and recognize it as such. However, the escalation of this nonsensical propaganda now demands the issue to be addressed.

His claims of having deciphered the Indus script were universally rejected. Noted epigraphist and an expert in Indus scripts-- Iravatham Mahadevan dismissed Jha-Rajaram work as a "non-starter" and "completely invalid", that even mis-analysed the direction of reading. Speaking from the chair of the President, on the occasion of the 2001 session of Indian History Congress, as to the recent advances in the deciphering of the Indus Script, Mahadevan noted:

.....He recognises that he has to demolish the current theories if the model of decipherment presented by him is to be accepted. And he goes about the job of demolition with gusto in his inimitable polemical style......

Rajaram's outbursts speak for themselves and need no annotation. The first part of the book is not about academic research on the technical problem of deciphering an unknown script. It is crude communal propaganda with obvious political overtones, betraying deep mistrust of foreigners and alien ideologies and intolerance towards religious and linguistic minorities......

It is claimed that some of the mathematical formulas of the Sulbasutras are found in the Indus inscriptions... The method is so flexible and easy to follow that one can, without much effort, read into the Indus texts almost any mathematical formula...

Thapar noted Rajaram's writings to resemble nineteenth century tracts that were evidently unfamiliar with tools of historiography but were sprinkled with programming references; so as to suggest scientific objectivity. She also noted that anybody who disagreed with him was branded a Marxist. K. N. Panikkar criticized his works to be a communal intervention in historiography that was not an academic exercise in quest of truth but rather a political project knowingly undertaken with a cavalier attitude to the established norms of the discipline, so as to hamper the secular fabric of the society and lead to the establishment of a Hindu state. Endowed with the support of the ruling party, this succeeded in floating an alternative narrative of history and turning history into a contentious issue in popular discourse.

Sudeshna Guha notes him to be a sectarian non-scholar. Cynthia Ann Humes criticized Rajaram's Politics of History as a polemic work whilst Suraj Bhan noted it to be a demonstration of historical revisionism. Michael Witzel noted him to be an autochthonous writer, whose books were a mythological rewrite of history and were designed for the expatriate Indians of the 21st century, who sought a " largely imagined, glorious but lost distant past".

title: N. S. Rajaram


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arabic Linguist

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 09:26, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Arabic Linguist
It's an advertisement, pure and simple. RJFJR 20:41, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. He is touting for business :: flush it down the businessatory. Anthony Appleyard 22:32, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Delete. Obvious. Good catch. ≈ jossi ≈ 03:31, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete' Blatant advert. Alf 08:01, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete' Blatant ad. --Cje 10:08, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * SPEEDY Why is this page still up?? Dottore So 21:17, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:List of University of Maryland, College Park notable others

Format is: Name, relation (benefactor, graduate, etc). How they relate (building named for them, etc.). What they did in life (aircraft pioneer, etc.).


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Party for National Rebirth

The Party for National Rebirth (French Parti pour la renaissance nationale, PARENA) is a Malian political party, created in 1995 by activists from the National Congress for Democratic Initiative (CNID). The Party for National Rebirth is headed by Tiébilé Dramé, who ran for the presidency in 2002, gaining 4% of the votes, coming in fourth place. In February 2007, he was again nominated as the party's presidential candidate for the April 2007 presidential election, receiving third place and 3.04% of the vote.

In the communal elections on 30 May 2004, the Party for National Rebirth placed fourth, with around 700 of its candidates elected as local councillors.

PARENA won four seats in National Assembly in the July 2007 parliamentary election. Following the election, PARENA formed a parliamentary group with the African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence (SADI).

The party's symbol is a white ram.

title: Party for National Rebirth


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Giles Foden

Giles Foden (born 11 January 1967) is an English author, best known for his novel The Last King of Scotland (1998).

Biography
Giles William Thomas Foden was born in Warwickshire in 1967, the son of Jonathan, an agricultural adviser, and Mary, a farmer. On his grandfather's death, the family sold their farm and in 1972 moved to Malawi in south-eastern Africa. Foden was educated at Yarlet Hall and Malvern College boarding schools, then at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, where he read English, and at St John's College, Cambridge.

Foden first worked as a journalist for Media Week magazine. He later became an assistant editor on The Times Literary Supplement and, between 1995 and 2006, was deputy literary editor at The Guardian. Formerly a Fellow in Creative and Performing Arts at Royal Holloway, University of London, and now Professor of Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia, he continues to contribute to The Guardian and other journals.

Foden's first novel, The Last King of Scotland (1998), is set during Idi Amin's rule of Uganda in the 1970s. It won the Whitbread First Novel Award, a Somerset Maugham Award, a Betty Trask Award and the Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize. The feature film, The Last King of Scotland (2006), starring Forest Whitaker, is based on Foden's novel with considerable differences, and Foden himself makes a brief cameo as a journalist at one of Amin's press conferences. His second novel, Ladysmith (1999), is set during the Anglo-Boer War in 1899 and tells the story of a young woman, Bella Kiernan, who becomes caught up in the Siege of Ladysmith. The book was inspired by letters written by Foden's great-grandfather, Arthur Foden, a British soldier in the Imperial Yeomanry in South Africa during the conflict.

Giles Foden edited The Guardian Century (1999), a collection of the best reportage and feature-writing published in the newspaper during the twentieth century, and he contributed a short story to The Weekenders: Travels in the Heart of Africa, a collection of short fiction set in Africa by various contemporary writers. Zanzibar (2002), is set in east Africa and explores the events surrounding the bombings of American embassies in 1998. Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika, was published in 2004.

In 2009, he donated the short story "(One Last) Throw of the Dice" to Oxfam's Ox-Tales project, four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Foden's story was published in the Water collection. His latest book, Turbulence, is a novel about the military interest in meteorology in the Second World War.

Selected bibliography

 * 1998: The Last King of Scotland
 * 1999: Ladysmith
 * 2002: Zanzibar
 * 2004: Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika
 * 2009: Turbulence

Awards and prizes

 * 1998: James Tait Black Memorial Prize (for fiction) (shortlist) for The Last King of Scotland
 * 1998: Whitbread First Novel Award for The Last King of Scotland
 * 1999: Betty Trask Award for The Last King of Scotland
 * 1999: Somerset Maugham Award for The Last King of Scotland
 * 1999: Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize for The Last King of Scotland

title: Giles Foden


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Hordes

Hordes may refer to:

 * Social and military structures of nomadic Turkic peoples in the Middle Ages; see:
 * Golden Horde
 * Mongol and Tatar states in Europe
 * The miniature war game Hordes (game)

title: Hordes


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Grand Crossing

A Grand crossing is a bridge or tunnel at a major water body.

Grand Crossing may also refer to a place in the United States:

 * Grand Crossing, Florida
 * Greater Grand Crossing, Chicago, Illinois

title: Grand Crossing


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Peter Engel

Peter Engel (born c. 1936 ) is an American television producer who is best known for his teen sitcoms that appeared on TNBC, a former Saturday morning block on NBC which featured all teenage-oriented programs for educational purposes. His most well known work was the teen sitcom Saved by the Bell which inspired the birth of the TNBC block for his other shows such as California Dreams, Hang Time and City Guys in the 1990s.

Life and career
After producing teen-focused series for NBC, Engel transitioned to producing reality television series. A reality television project that Engel executive produced is the NBC reality series Last Comic Standing. He has been announced as executive producer and creator of the E! Network reality show Chasing The Saturdays, starring the British girl group The Saturdays.

Religiously, Engel was raised Jewish, and has converted to Christianity.

Engel released a memoir titled I Was Saved by the Bell: Stories of Life, Love, and Dreams That Do Come True.

Production filmography

 * Good Morning, Miss Bliss (1988–1989)
 * Saved by the Bell (1989–1993)
 * California Dreams (1992–1996)
 * Saved by the Bell: The College Years (1993–1994)
 * Saved by the Bell: The New Class (1993–2000)
 * Hang Time (1995–2000)
 * USA High (1997–1999)
 * City Guys (1997–2001)
 * One World (1998–2001)
 * Malibu, CA (1998–2000)
 * All About Us (2001)
 * Last Comic Standing (2003)

Associated production companies

 * NBC Productions (1988–1996)
 * NBC Studios (1996–2001)
 * NBC Enterprises (1996–2001)

title: Peter Engel


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Sokolov, Czech Republic

Sokolov (, until 1948 Falknov nad Ohří; Falkenau an der Eger) is a town in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 22,000 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The villages of Hrušková and Novina and the area of the former village of Vítkov are administrative parts of Sokolov.

Etymology
The meaning of the original German name Falkenau was "falcon's riparian forest", the original Czech name Falknov was created by transcription of the German name. According to legend, it was related to hobby of knight Sebastian, who is said to have been the founder of the town, of falconry. After World War II, when it was customary to change names of German origin, the town was renamed Sokolov. According to communist propaganda at the time, the name was not related to a falcon (i.e. sokol in Czech), but to the Battle of Sokolovo in which Czechoslovak soldiers had fought alongside Soviet soldiers on the Eastern Front in World War II.

Geography
Sokolov is located about 16 km southwest of Karlovy Vary. It lies mostly in the Sokolov Basin. The eastern part of the municipal territory extends into the Slavkov Forest and includes the highest point of Sokolov, the hill Zelený močál at 797 m above sea level. The Ohře River flows through the town.

On the eastern outskirts of the town there is Lake Michal, an artificial lake created by flooding of former coal quarry. It has an area of 30 ha and serves recreational purposes.

History
The first written mention of Sokolov is from 13 April 1279 under the name Falkenau / Falknov. The town was a property of noble families of Nothaft and later Schlick. The Schlick family built here a small castle, which was rebuilt in the 16th century.

After the Battle of White Mountain the Nostitz family gained Sokolov. During the Thirty Years' War the town and the castle was repeatedly burned out. The town and the castle was recovered in the 1760s by Johann Hartwig of Nostitz-Rieneck. In the 18th century, there was a great expansion of urban crafts and hop growing.

From 1867 to 1918, the town was part of Austria-Hungary, head of the Falkenau an der Eger District, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia. In 1919, the town, being part of the continuous German Sprachraum, was proclaimed part of the Republic of German-Austria, but shortly afterwards became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic.

From 1938 to 1945, the town was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as part of Reichsgau Sudetenland. During World War II, in April 1941, the Stalag 359 prisoner-of-war camp was established in the town by the occupiers, however, it was relocated to Poniatowa in German-occupied Poland in September 1941. The town was also the site of a sub-camp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp, which was liberated the U.S. 1st Infantry Division on 6 May 1945. Nearly all of the town's population, being Germans, were expelled after 1945 in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement.

Economy
The region is known for mining of lignite. The largest employer based in the town is Sokolovská uhelná, a major Czech mining company.

Transport
The D6 motorway from Karlovy Vary to Cheb runs through the town.

Sokolov is located on the major railway lines Prague–Cheb and Plzeň–Karlovy Vary. The town is also the starting point of a railway line heading to Kraslice and Mehltheuer in Germany.

Sport
The town is home to a football club, FK Baník Sokolov. It used to play in the second tier of the Czech football team, but today it plays in lower amateur tiers.

Sights
The Church of Saint James the Great is one of the landmarks of the town centre. It was first documented in the 13th century and rebuilt in the late Renaissance style in 1632–1637. In 1671–1681, it was modified in the early Baroque style. The church tower is built in the spirit of the Saxon Renaissance.

The Sokolov Castle was built on the site of a former water fortress in late Renaissance and early Baroque styles. In 1800–1805, the building was modified in the Neoclassical style. Since 1960, the castle has been the seat of the Regional Museum, focused mainly on the development of mining and the history of the region.

A cultural monument is the former Capuchin monastery with the Church of Saint Anthony of Padua. It dates from the end of the 17th century. Today, the premises of the monastery are privately owned and the premises of the church serves as a concert and exhibition hall.

Notable people

 * Ernst Hammer (1884–1957), German military officer
 * Václav Blažek (born 1959), historical linguist
 * Štefan Füle (born 1962), diplomat
 * Markéta Vondroušová (born 1999), tennis player

Twin towns – sister cities
Sokolov is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Saalfeld, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Schwandorf, Germany

title: Sokolov, Czech Republic


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Antonia Okonma

Antonia Okonma (born 24 July 1982) is a British actress. She is best known for playing the role of Darlene Cake in the ITV series Bad Girls from 2004–2006.

Early life
Okonma was born and raised in London. She was born into a Nigerian Igbo family.

Career
In 2003, Okonma was cast in role of Darlene Cake in the ITV prison drama series Bad Girls, first appearing in the sixth series, which broadcast in 2004. The character of Darlene Cake was of Jamaican origin, which required Okonma to speak with a Jamaican accent. She appeared in the sixth, seventh and eighth series, making her final appearance in the penultimate episode in 2006, when Darlene attempts suicide by setting herself on fire. Although, she is seen to have survived, her fate is left unknown and was not explained in the final episode. Following the conclusion of the sixth series, a behind-the-scenes special, titled Bad Girls: Most Wanted, was broadcast on ITV2 and ranked the top 10 greatest characters as voted for by viewers; Darlene Cake was voted at fourth place. In 2004, Okonma won a Gathering of Africa's Best (GAB) award for Best Newcomer and a Screen Nation award for Best Emerging Talent for her work in Bad Girls.

Following her role on Bad Girls', Okonma received roles in the British feature films Screaming Blue Murder and Rabbit Fever, and a minor role on the BBC miniseries Moses Jones in 2009.

On stage, Okonma has acted at the Royal Court and the Riverside Studios. She starred in Torn at the Arcola Theatre alongside Brooke Kinsella and Jocelyn Jee Esien. She is currently playing the title role in the production of Iya Ile (The First Wife) at Soho Theatre.

Okonma has also taken part in the reality TV programmes Strictly African Dancing. She also performed as Tina Turner on celebrity Stars in Their Eyes. In late 2007, she was a contestant on the second series of Cirque de Celebrité on Sky One.

Personal life
Okonma trained with the Royal Court's Young People's Theatre for two years.

title: Antonia Okonma


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Mid-Cities

The Mid-Cities is a suburban region filling the 30-mile (48 km) span between Dallas and Fort Worth. These communities include the cities of Arlington, Bedford, Colleyville, Coppell, Euless, Flower Mound, Grand Prairie, Grapevine, Haltom City, Hurst, Irving, Keller, Lewisville, Mansfield, North Richland Hills, Richland Hills, Southlake, and Watauga.

Cities
The list features cities that are considered part of the Mid-Cities. Most of these communities are predominantly in Tarrant County, with minor exceptions lying in Dallas and Denton counties. Some of these communities with a population over 100,000 are considered principal or major cities, despite being between Dallas and Fort Worth.

 * Arlington (Tarrant County)
 * Irving (Dallas County)
 * North Richland Hills
 * Haltom City
 * Watauga
 * Keller
 * Colleyville
 * Southlake
 * Hurst
 * Bedford
 * Euless
 * Grapevine
 * Lewisville (Denton County)
 * Flower Mound (Denton County)
 * Coppell (Dallas County)
 * Richland Hills
 * Dalworthington Gardens
 * Pantego
 * Grand Prairie (Dallas County)
 * Mansfield

Airports

 * DFW International Airport
 * Grand Prairie Municipal Airport
 * Arlington Municipal Airport

Rail

 * Trinity Railway Express
 * TEXRail
 * DART Orange Line

Major shopping centers in the Mid-Cities

 * Grapevine Mills
 * Irving Mall
 * North East Mall
 * Parks Mall
 * Southlake Town Center

Major sports
Arlington hosts two major teams. The Texas Rangers baseball team have played at Arlington Stadium from 1972 to 1993, at Globe Life Park in Arlington from 1994 to 2019, and at Globe Life Field since 2020. Meanwhile, the Dallas Cowboys football team has played at the Texas Stadium in Irving from 1971 to 2008 and at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington since 2009.

The International Bowling Campus, which houses the United States Bowling Congress, International Bowling Museum and the International Bowling Hall of Fame, is also located in Arlington.

The Four Seasons Resort and Club Dallas at Las Colinas hosts the Byron Nelson Championship, an annual PGA Tour golf tournament. The Las Colinas Country Club hosts the LPGA Tour's Volunteers of America Texas Shootout each spring as well.

Other sports teams in the Mid-Cities are:

 * Grand Prairie AirHogs
 * Lone Star Brahmas
 * Texas Jr. Brahmas
 * Dallas Derby Devils
 * Vitesse Dallas

Amusement parks

 * Six Flags
 * Hurricane Harbor
 * NRH2O
 * Great Wolf Lodge
 * Epic Waters Indoor Water Park

Notable museums

 * Ripley's Believe It or Not!

Gambling

 * Lone Star Park

Venues

 * Texas Trust CU Theatre at Grand Prairie
 * Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas
 * Toyota Music Factory

Higher education

 * Arlington Baptist College
 * Dallas Christian College (Farmers Branch)
 * Dallas College
 * Brookhaven Campus (Farmers Branch)
 * North Lake Campus (Irving)
 * Tarrant County College
 * Northeast campus (Hurst)
 * Southeast campus (Arlington)
 * Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (Mansfield)
 * University of Dallas (Irving)
 * University of Texas at Arlington

High schools
This list features high schools that serve the Mid-Cities communities. Some of the campuses' city limits are within either Dallas or Fort Worth, examples such as Keller ISD have a significant amount of their high school campuses predominantly in Fort Worth city limits, despite being based in Keller.

 * Arlington ISD
 * Arlington High School
 * Bowie High School (Arlington, TX)
 * Lamar High School (Arlington, Texas)
 * Martin High School (Arlington, TX)
 * Sam Houston High School (Arlington, Texas)
 * Seguin High School (Arlington, Texas)
 * Birdville ISD
 * Birdville High School (North Richland Hills, TX)
 * Haltom High School
 * Richland High School
 * Carroll ISD
 * Carroll High School (Southlake, TX)
 * Carrollton-Farmers Branch ISD
 * Ranchview High School(Irving Texas)
 * Coppell ISD
 * Coppell High School
 * Grand Prairie ISD
 * Grand Prairie High School
 * South Grand Prairie High School
 * Grapevine-Colleyville ISD
 * Colleyville Heritage High School
 * Grapevine High School
 * Hurst-Euless-Bedford ISD
 * L. D. Bell High School (Hurst, TX)
 * Trinity High School
 * Irving ISD
 * Irving High School
 * Jack E. Singley Academy (Irving, Texas)
 * MacArthur High School (Irving, Texas)
 * Nimitz High School (Irving, Texas)
 * Keller ISD
 * Central High School (Fort Worth, TX)
 * Fossil Ridge High School (Fort Worth, TX)
 * Keller High School (Keller, Texas)
 * Timber Creek High School (Fort Worth, TX)
 * Mansfield ISD
 * Mansfield High School (Mansfield, Texas)
 * Mansfield Summit High School (Arlington, Texas)
 * Mansfield Timberview High School (Arlington, Texas)
 * Mansfield Legacy High School (Mansfield, Texas)
 * Mansfield Lake Ridge High School (Mansfield, Texas)
 * Northwest ISD
 * Byron Nelson High School (Trophy Club, TX)

title: Mid-Cities


text:
Manex Visual Effects

Manex Visual Effects (MVFX) was a motion picture special visual effects company located in Alameda, California. Though a small company active only for a short period of time, it provided visual effects for a number of high-profile movies and the company received international recognition including two Best Visual Effects Oscars and one Academy Award for Technical Achievement. As the company that created bullet time for The Matrix their work has been highly influential and still is referenced in many media outlets as recently as November 2022.

Founding and first works
In 1995 Cinergi Pictures acquired an effects company from visual effects pioneer Doug Trumbull. It was originally known as Cinergi F/X but was subsequently named Mass Illusions. Mass.Illusion operated as a special-effects house owned by Cinergy, an independent movie studio. By 1997, Cinergy needed to sell Mass.Illusion for financial reasons, and began looking for investors to buy the company. Mass.Illusion had $1 million in debt, but had assets including artists and a $7.5 million contract to produce What Dreams May Come special effects. It had also submitted well-received test shots for The Matrix. In 1997 Cinergi pulled out of Mass Illusion. The company was rescued from liquidation by the Columbus, Ohio based company Manchester Exchange & Investment Company Inc, (or Manex Group), with Manex agreeing to assume the firm's debt. Robert Bobo began running the company in November 1997. In 1998 it was renamed, to Manex Visual Effects (MVFX), headed by managing director Robert Bobo. In August 1997, it was moved to Alameda Naval Air Station.

In 1998 Manex completed work on the movie What Dreams May Come. This featured an extended sequence in which the character played by Robin Williams entered a painted world. Manex provided the visual effects for this sequence and partly as a result of this work the movie was awarded an Academy Award for Visual Effects. In 1999, Manex's creative director received an Oscar for What Dreams May Come.

In 1999 Manex completed work on The Matrix which received an Academy Award. The team at Manex, led by John Gaeta, created the signature bullet time sequences from the movie. They also developed a system for image-based rendering allowing choreographed camera movements through computer graphic reconstructed sets (also known as Virtual Cinematography) for which Manex was awarded an Academy Award for Technical Achievement. In November 1998, Manex filed for injunctive relief against three individuals claiming to be shareholders. They sued Manex and Managing Director Robert Bobo, arguing he had defrauded them and was using the company for personal gain. Plaintiffs included Michael Van Himbergen, Roger Davis, and Steven Gillam. After losing in their initial efforts, the three plaintiffs settled for an undisclosed sum in a swap for public stock owned by them that was transferred to Manex Entertainment in March 2000. Robert Bobo was free thereafter to try to sell Manex for about $20 million if desired. Bobo stressed at the time that the company was not being sold and was instead upgrading and bringing in investors. The company did raise a significant amount of investment and continued to expand but was eventually sold by Bobo and management to an investor group from Trenton, New Jersey. After that, Bobo and key management left with no further contracts awarded to the company.

Expansion and acquisitions
In 1999 Manex expanded, acquiring the Los Angeles operations of the Computer Film Company. The company underwent reorganization including the formation on an interactive division headed by Bill Dawson, formerly of Softnet, Xoom.com and Apple. Dawson recruited Kawika Maszak, also from Softnet and formerly of Gannett, as the division's executive producer. Manex Interactive received a New York International Independent Film & Video Festival award for its experimental short film Seriality.

Another division, Manex Studios, also converted thousands of square feet in old hangar space to film studios where dozens of commercials, special events and feature films were shot.

The firm designed effects for the 2000 movies Romeo Must Die and Mission: Impossible 2. Manex further developed their virtual cinematography work in movies such as Michael Jordan to the Max in 2000. In February 2000, the firm announced it had hired a veteran from Industrial Light & Magic as its president, and had garnered millions in investment capital. In May 2000, the United States Army announced that it was studying the feasibility of using Manex's "bullet-time" technology to build a "holodeck" for training and simulation.

After the sale in late December 2000, Manex closed its Manex Interactive division, and a number of executives left the company, including Bobo.

Change of staff
In March 2001 and under new ownership, it was reported that "financial woes" at Manex had prompted Warner Bros. to award the $30 million contract for the second Matrix film to ESC Entertainment. ESC Entertainment was a new company which had been founded by Manex effects employees who had worked on the first Matrix. Manex had already put in "extensive" pre-production work on the two sequels, and it was reported that the company was pursuing legal options to be involved in the project in some way. Manex were, however, credited on The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions for their work leading to the effects.

By March 2001, Manex was still working on the Warner Bros. films 13 Ghosts and Queen of the Damned, and Warners was shooting part of both Matrix sequels at Alameda Naval Station, operated by Manex. It had also recently created visuals for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and worked on American Beauty.

Manex subsequently moved to Trenton, New Jersey and in early 2002 became involved in a project to build movie production facilities in the city. The company intended to convert a 7-acre property into a film production and equipment rental facility for $35 million, with plans to employ several hundred people. Manex fell behind on payments to the county, and in 2006, a judge ruled that Manex had lost the rights to use the property, with Manex then losing an appeal in 2008. Subsequently, to management and key staff leaving in 2001 there has been little or no creative output from Manex.

Film credits

 * Judge Dredd (1995)
 * Eraser (1996)
 * What Dreams May Come (1998)
 * The Matrix (1999) (visual effects)
 * Deep Blue Sea (1999) (visual effects)
 * Romeo Must Die (2000) (visual effects)
 * Almost Famous (2000) (special visual effects)
 * Wo Hu Zang Long (special visual effects)
 * Michael Jordan to the Max (2000) (visual effects)
 * Mission: Impossible 2 (2000) (visual effects)
 * Bless the Child (2003) (visual effects) (Lead animator: Michael "Ffish" Hemschoot)
 * The Animal (2001) (visual effects)
 * Exit Wounds (2001) (2nd unit visual effects)
 * The Man Who Wasn't There (2001) (special visual effects)
 * Thir13en Ghosts (2001)
 * Queen of the Damned (2002) (visual effects)
 * The Matrix Reloaded (2003) (recognized)
 * The Matrix Revolutions (2003) (recognized)

title: Manex Visual Effects


text: User:Argy~enwiki

title: User:Argy~enwiki


text:
Sirte (disambiguation)

Sirte is a city in Libya

Sirte may also refer to:

Military

 * First Battle of Sirte (17 December 1941), World War II
 * Second Battle of Sirte (22 March 1942), World War II
 * Battle of Sirte (2011), Libyan Civil War

Other uses

 * Sirte Basin, an oilfield beneath Sirte province and the Gulf
 * Sirte Declaration, a 1999 resolution to create the African Union
 * Sirte Oil Company, a Libyan oil company
 * Gulf of Sirte, on Libya's coast

title: Sirte (disambiguation)