text:
Cop Killer (song)

"Cop Killer" is a song by American heavy metal band Body Count. Released on the group's 1992 self-titled debut album, the song was written two years earlier, and was partially influenced by "Psycho Killer" by Talking Heads.

The song's lyrics about "cop killing" was criticized by then-President of the United States George H. W. Bush, as well as Vice President Dan Quayle. Ice-T has referred to it as a "protest record". Ice-T eventually recalled the album and re-released it without the inclusion of the song, which was given away as a free single.

Background
Ice-T, who wrote the song's lyrics, referred to "Cop Killer" as a "protest record", stating that the song is "[sung] in the first person as a character who is fed up with police brutality". Ice-T has also credited the Talking Heads song "Psycho Killer" with partially inspiring the song. "Cop Killer" was written in 1990, and had been performed live several times, including at the 1991 Lollapalooza tour, before it had been recorded in a studio.

The recorded version mentions then-Los Angeles police chief Daryl Gates, and Rodney King, a black motorist whose beating by LAPD officers had been caught on videotape. Shortly after the release of Body Count, a jury acquitted the officers and riots broke out in South Central Los Angeles. Soon after the riots, the Dallas Police Association and the Combined Law Enforcement Association of Texas (CLEAT) launched a campaign to force Warner Bros. Records to withdraw the album.

Reaction
Following its release, the song was met with opposition, with critics ranging from President George H. W. Bush to various law enforcement agencies, with demands for the song's withdrawal from commercial availability, citing concerns of promoting anti-police sentiment. Ice-T defended the lyrical content of the song as did various other proponents who did not believe that the song posed any risk and remained in support of the song continuing to be released and sold.

Criticism and controversy
The Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas (CLEAT) called for a boycott of all products by Time Warner in order to secure the removal of the song and album from stores. Within a week, they were joined by police organizations across the United States. Senators Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Lloyd Bentsen, and Al D'Amato protested Warner Bros. Records's release of the song by cancelling their planned cameo appearances in the 1993 Warner Bros. Pictures political film Dave.

Some critics argued that the song could cause crime and violence. Dennis R. Martin (Former President, National Association of Chiefs of Police) argued that:

"The misuse of the First Amendment is graphically illustrated in Time Warner's attempt to insert into the mainstream culture the vile and dangerous lyrics of the Ice-T song entitled "Cop Killer". The Body Count album containing "Cop Killer" was shipped throughout the United States in miniature body bags. Only days before distribution of the album was voluntarily suspended, Time Warner flooded the record market with a half million copies. The "Cop Killer" song has been implicated in at least two shooting incidents and has inflamed racial tensions in cities across the country. Those who work closely with the families and friends of slain officers volunteering for the American Police Hall of Fame and Museum are outraged by the message of "Cop Killer". It is an affront to the officers—144 in 1992 alone—who have been killed in the line of duty while the police was upholding the laws of our society and protecting all its citizens."

Defense of the song
Others defended the album and cited the fact that Ice-T had sympathetically portrayed a police officer in the 1991 film, New Jack City. Many people from the music world and other fields were supportive of the song. For example, in direct response to the criticism made by Dennis Martin above, Mark S. Hamm and Jeff Ferrell argued the following:

"Ice-T is not the first artist to put a "cop killer" theme in United States popular culture. This theme has been the subject of countless cinematic and literary works, and has appeared many times before in popular music. During the Great Depression, for example, people celebrated Pretty Boy Floyd and his exploits, which included murdering law enforcement personnel. Similarly, the highly respected fiddler Tommy Jarrell wrote and sang "Policeman", which begins, "Policeman come and I didn't want to go this morning, so I shot him in the head with my 44." But perhaps the best-known case is Eric Clapton's cover version of Bob Marley and the Wailers' "I Shot the Sheriff", which reached the top of the U.S. music charts in the mid-1970s (a feat not approached by Ice-T). "I Shot the Sheriff", though, never suffered the sort of moral and political attacks that "Cop Killer" did. How do we account for this difference?"

Ice-T stated of the song, "I'm singing in the first person as a character who is fed up with police brutality. I ain't never killed no cop. I felt like it a lot of times. But I never did it. If you believe that I'm a cop killer, you believe David Bowie is an astronaut".

In a July 1992 editorial in The Wall Street Journal defending his company's involvement with the song, Time Warner co-CEO Gerald M. Levin repeated this defense, writing that rather than "finding ways to silence the messenger", critics and listeners should be "heeding the anguished cry contained in his message".

The National Black Police Association opposed the boycott of Time Warner and the attacks on "Cop Killer", identifying police brutality as the cause of much anti-police sentiment, and proposed the creation of independent civilian review boards "to scrutinize the actions of our law enforcement officers" as a way of ending the provocations that caused artists such as Body Count "to respond to actions of police brutality and abuse through their music.... Many individuals of the law enforcement profession do not want anyone to scrutinize their actions, but want to scrutinize the actions of others."

Further controversy and decision to withdraw song
Over the next month, controversy against the band grew. Vice President Quayle branded "Cop Killer" "obscene", and President Bush publicly denounced any record company that would release such a product. Body Count was removed from the shelves of a retail store in Greensboro, North Carolina, after local police had told the management that they would no longer respond to any emergency calls at the store if they continued to sell the album.

In July 1992, the New Zealand Police Commissioner unsuccessfully attempted to prevent an Ice-T concert in Auckland, arguing that "Anyone who comes to this country preaching in obscene terms the killing of police should not be welcome here", before taking Body Count and Warner Bros. Records to the Indecent Publications Tribunal in an effort to get it banned under New Zealand's Indecent Publications Act 1963. This was the first time in twenty years that a sound recording had come before the censorship body and the first ever case involving popular music. After reviewing the various submissions, and listening carefully to the album, the Tribunal found the song "Cop Killer" to be "not exhortatory", saw the album as displaying "an honest purpose", and found Body Count not indecent.

At the July 1992 annual shareholders' meeting for Time Warner, actor Charlton Heston, who was a minor Time Warner shareholder, was given the opportunity to address the crowd, and, in a well publicized speech, recited lyrics from both "Cop Killer" and another song from Body Count, "KKK Bitch" – which namechecked PMRC head Tipper Gore – in an attempt to embarrass company executives into dropping the album.

In a press conference in Beverley Hills to announce a change in policy, Ice-T made journalists watch almost 40 minutes of a documentary on the Civil Rights Movement before he spoke. He said that he was taking the decision to withdraw the song from future copies of the album. Time Warner followed up quickly in New York to say that they were recalling copies with "Cop Killer" included, which led to panic buying of the album.

Some death threats were sent to Warner Bros. Records executives and some stockholders threatened to pull out of the company. According to his 1994 book The Ice Opinion: Who Gives a Fuck?, Ice-T decided to remove the song from the album of his own volition. Eventually, the album was re-issued with "Cop Killer" removed. Alongside the album's reissue, Warner Bros. issued "Cop Killer" as a free single. Ice-T left the label in 1993, following additional disputes over his solo album Home Invasion. The performer stated of the controversy that "When I started out, [Warner] never censored us. Everything we did, we had full control over. But what happened was when the cops moved on Body Count, they issued pressure on the corporate division of Warner Bros., and that made the music division, they couldn't out-fight 'em in the battle, so even when you're in a business with somebody who might not wanna censor you, economically people can put restraints on 'em and cause 'em to be afraid. I learned that lesson in there, that you're never really safe as long as you're connected to any big corporation's money."

Commentary on the decision
The Source magazine, which was central to American hip-hop at the time, dubbed the decision as "the beginning of the end of rap music", viewing it as a gateway to widespread censorship of hip-hop. An editorial by Reginald Dennis cast doubt on Ice-T's statement that it was his decision to withdraw the song. The Source became more critical of Ice-T in subsequent months, saying that he had avoided giving an interview on the subject in October and then giving him the "Ross Perot Award", which implied that he had made the decision to withdraw the song for business reasons, in their end-of-year awards. Ice-T responded by dissing The Source on his track "It's On". In his 2011 autobiography, he said that Source magazine had constantly criticised him for his decision to remove the track.

Warner Bros. Records chairman Mo Ostin said in a 1994 interview with the Los Angeles Times, "[Time Warner] got so thin-skinned after the incident at the shareholders' meeting. In the end, Ice-T decided to leave because he could not allow tampering with his work. And I can't blame him, considering the climate." Expressing regret at the circumstances leading to Ice-T's departure, Ostin praised him as "a terrific artist who spoke the truth".

Later years
The studio version of "Cop Killer" has not been re-released, although a live version of the song appears on the 2005 release Body Count: Live in LA. According to Ernie C, the controversy over the song "still lingers for us, even now. I'll try to book clubs and the guy I'm talking to will mention it and I'll think to myself, 'Man, that was 17 years ago', but I meet a lot of bands who ask me about it too and I'm real respected by other artists for it. But it's a love/hate thing. Ice gets it too, even though he plays a cop on TV now on Law & Order SVU."

title: Cop Killer (song)


text:
Talk:Halo: First Strike

Revision as of 19 Jan 2006

 * I've reworked this article in hope of increasing grammar and the book's description. I've removed one speculative sentence (the one dealing with Dr. Halsey's whereabouts and reasons for kidnapping Kelly-87) as well as some details I believe are mostly secondary. I added mention to the Forerunners artifact found on Reach since I fell it is instrumental for some of the plot elements in the novel. Berserker79 14:30, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Not to be a stickler, but I was recently informed of a gaping plot hole within the book, but I'm not positive it's actually true. If you've read the book, re-read the part where MC is forced to go UAV because Keyes doesn't want to use Nukes. He's afraid that the Nukes will blow out the superconducting in the Mac guns. I've been told that technically Nukes wouldn't do that, anyone know for sure?--65.185.14.88 15:47, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you're getting confused: the scene you refer to is depicted in the novel Halo: The Fall of Reach, not in First Strike. As far as I recall, MC is worried the Electromagnetic pulse resulting from the nukes' explosion will screw the superconducting coils of the MACs. I don't know how a MAC might work, but I'm pretty sure EMP would wreck havoc upon its delicate electronics: explosions from real life nukes generate an EMP wave that can fry electronics, so I think it's pretty much the same in Halo. Hope this helps. Berserker79 09:08, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Editing
Would it be reasonble to mention (in the article) the book's apparent lack of editing? - The fact that there were many obvious spelling errors and grammar issues in the book itself?
 * If you can source it, then there's no problem. Peptuck 19:58, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Covenant AI?
I read somewhere that the Covenant don't create AI's because the prophets call it moral heresy or somthing. Then what is the Covenant AI in this book? Please clarify. ⊕ Assasin Joe talk 15:25, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Halo: First Strike


text:
James Matheson

Sir James Nicolas Sutherland Matheson, 1st Baronet, FRS (17 November 1796 – 31 December 1878), was a Scottish opium trader and taipan. Born in Shiness, Lairg, Sutherland, Scotland, he was the son of Captain Donald Matheson. He attended Edinburgh's Royal High School and the University of Edinburgh. He and William Jardine went on to co-found the Hong Kong-based trading conglomerate Jardine Matheson & Co. that became today's Jardine Matheson Holdings.

China and Hong Kong
After leaving university, Matheson spent two years in a London agency house before departing for Calcutta, India and a position in his uncle's trading firm, Mackintosh & Co.

In 1807, Matheson was entrusted by his uncle with a letter to be delivered to the captain of a soon-to-depart British vessel. He forgot to deliver the missive and the vessel sailed without it. Incensed at his nephew's negligence, the uncle suggested that young James might be better off back in Britain. He took his uncle at his word and went to engage a passage back home. However, a chance encounter with an old sea captain instead led to Matheson departing for Canton (Guangzhou).

Matheson first met William Jardine in Bombay in 1820. The two men later formed a partnership which also included Hollingworth Magniac and Daniel Beale. At first the new firm dealt only with trade between Canton, Bombay and Calcutta, at that time called the "country trade" but later extended their business to London.

In 1827 Alexander Matheson lent James a small hand press for the printing of the Canton Register which James founded as the first English language news sheet in China, which was edited by William Wightman Wood, an American from Philadelphia who would later work for rival trading house Russell & Co.

On 1 July 1832, Jardine, Matheson and Company, a partnership, between William Jardine, James Matheson as senior partners, and Hollingworth Magniac, Alexander Matheson, Jardine's nephew Andrew Johnstone, Matheson's nephew Hugh Matheson, John Abel Smith, and Henry Wright, as the first partners was formed in Canton, and took the Chinese name 'Ewo' (怡和 "Yee-Wo" Literally Happy Harmony). The name was taken from the earlier Ewo Hong founded by Howqua which had an honest and upright reputation.

In 1834, Parliament ended the monopoly of the British East India Company on trade between Britain and China. Jardine, Matheson and Company took this opportunity to fill the vacuum left by the East India Company. With its first voyage carrying tea, the Jardine ship Sarah left for England. Jardine Matheson began its transformation from a major commercial agent of the East India Company into the largest British trading hong, or firm, in Asia from its base in Hong Kong.

Jardine wanted the opium trade to expand in China and despatched Matheson to England to lobby the Government to press the Qing government to further open up trade. Matheson's mission proved unsuccessful and he was rebuked by the then British Foreign Secretary the Duke of Wellington. In a report, Matheson complained to Jardine over being insulted by an "arrogant and stupid man". Matheson expressed his views plainly, contemporaneously describing, "... the Chinese [as] a people characterised by a marvelous degree of imbecility, avarice, conceit and obstinacy..."

Matheson returned to Asia in 1838 and the following year Jardine left for England to continue lobbying.

Jardine's lobbying efforts proved more effective than his partner's and he succeeded in persuading the new British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston to wage war on Qing China. The subsequent First Opium War led to the Treaty of Nanking which allowed Jardine Matheson to expand from Canton to Hong Kong and Mainland China.

After Jardine died a bachelor in 1843, his nephews David and Andrew Jardine assisted James Matheson in running the hong as taipan. Matheson retired as taipan during the early 1840s and handed over to David Jardine, another nephew of Jardine.

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China
On 29 November 1834, Matheson became chairman of the newly formed "Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China". The committee members represented a wide section of the business and missionary community in Canton: David Olyphant, William Wetmore, James Innes, Thomas Fox, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Karl Gützlaff and John Robert Morrison. John Francis Davis, at that time chief superintendent of British trade in China, was made an honorary member.

Return to Scotland
In 1844 Matheson bought the Scottish Isle of Lewis for over half a million pounds and built Lews Castle, near Stornoway, clearing more than 500 families off the land by arranging their emigration to Canada. In 1845, he began a programme of improvements on the island, including drainage schemes and road construction. He increased the programme during the Highland Potato Famine and by 1850 had spent £329,000 on the island. Between 1851 and 1855 he assisted 1,771 people to emigrate.

When in London Matheson lived at 13 Cleveland Row. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1846. As a result of his actions during the Highland Potato Famine, Matheson was awarded a baronetcy in 1851. He became Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashburton from 1843 to 1852 on the death of William Jardine (the previous incumbent) and for Ross and Cromarty from 1852 to 1868. He led an active public life into his eighth decade, and for many years served as chairman of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. His nephews succeeded him as directors of Jardine Matheson and Matheson & Company.

Matheson died in 1878 at the age of 82 in Menton, France. He had married on 9 November 1843 Mary Jane Perceval the daughter of Michael Henry Perceval (1779–1829), illegitimate son of assassinated British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval, Commissioner of the Port of Quebec from 1826 and a member, from Spencer Wood, of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. The Mathesons had no children and the baronetcy became extinct. The Lewis estate passed to his widow and subsequently to his nephew Donald (1819-1901) and great-nephew Colonel Duncan Matheson (1850-1930).

His widow erected a memorial to him in the grounds of Lews Castle.

He left £1,500 to help pay for the construction of the harbour at Port of Ness.

title: James Matheson


text:
Ma Hada La Hada

Ma Hada La Hada (ما حدا لحدا) is Najwa Karam's seventh studio album.

Track listing

 * 1) "El Tahady" (The competition)
 * 2) "Habib el-Zein" (My love)
 * 3) "El-Helw" (The beautiful one)
 * 4) "Ma Hada La Hada" (No one is for anybody)
 * 5) "Bedy Mnagem" (I want a magician)
 * 6) "Bthouthiq Feeyi" (You believe in me)
 * 7) "Bgareb Ensa" (I try to forget)

title: Ma Hada La Hada


text:
Isotopes of helium

Although there are nine known isotopes of helium (2He) (standard atomic weight: $4.003$), only helium-3 (3Helium) and helium-4 (4Helium) are stable. All radioisotopes are short-lived, the longest-lived being 6Helium with a half-life of $806.92 milliseconds$. The least stable is 10Helium, with a half-life of $260 yoctoseconds$ ($0 s$), although it is possible that 2Helium may have an even shorter half-life.

In the Earth's atmosphere, the ratio of 3Helium to 4Helium is $0$. However, the isotopic abundance of helium varies greatly depending on its origin. In the Local Interstellar Cloud, the proportion of 3Helium to 4Helium is $0$, which is $121$ times higher than that of atmospheric helium. Rocks from the Earth's crust have isotope ratios varying by as much as a factor of ten; this is used in geology to investigate the origin of rocks and the composition of the Earth's mantle. The different formation processes of the two stable isotopes of helium produce the differing isotope abundances.

Equal mixtures of liquid 3Helium and 4Helium below $0.8 K$ separate into two immiscible phases due to differences in quantum statistics: 4Helium atoms are bosons while 3Helium atoms are fermions. Dilution refrigerators take advantage of the immiscibility of these two isotopes to achieve temperatures of a few millikelvins.

A mix of the two isotopes spontaneously separates into -rich and -rich regions. Phase separation also exists in ultracold gas systems. It has been shown experimentally in a two-component ultracold Fermi gas case. The phase separation can compete with other phenomena as vortex lattice formation or an exotic Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov phase.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=2|[[Helium|2Helium]]
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 2
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 0
 * rowspan="2" | $2.016$
 * rowspan=2 | ≪ $s$
 * p (> $99.99 %$)
 * [[Hydrogen|1Hydrogen]]
 * rowspan=2 | 0+#
 * rowspan=2 |
 * rowspan=2 |
 * β+ (< $0.01 %$)
 * [[Hydrogen|2Hydrogen]]
 * [[Helium|3Helium]]
 * style="text-align:right" | 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 1
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 1/2+
 * [$3.016$, $0$]
 * [[Helium|4Helium]]
 * style="text-align:right" | 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 2
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * [$4.6$, $0$]
 * 5Helium
 * style="text-align:right" | 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 3
 * $4.003$ [$1$]
 * n
 * [[Helium|4Helium]]
 * 3/2−
 * rowspan=2|6Helium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 2
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 4
 * rowspan=2|$1$
 * rowspan=2|$1$
 * β− ($5.012$%)
 * 6Lithium
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−d ($6.02 s$%)
 * 4Helium
 * 7Helium
 * style="text-align:right" | 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 5
 * $758 keV$ [$6.019$]
 * n
 * 6Helium
 * (3/2)−
 * rowspan=3|8Helium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 2
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 6
 * rowspan=3|$806.92 ms$
 * rowspan=3|$100$
 * β− ($0$)
 * 8Lithium
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($7.028$)
 * 7Lithium
 * β−t ($2.51 s$)
 * 5Helium
 * 9Helium
 * style="text-align:right" | 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 7
 * n
 * 8Helium
 * 1/2(+)
 * 10Helium
 * style="text-align:right" | 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * $182 keV$ [$8.034$]
 * 2n
 * 8Helium
 * 0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($119.5 ms$)
 * 7Lithium
 * β−t ($83.1 %$)
 * 5Helium
 * 9Helium
 * style="text-align:right" | 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 7
 * n
 * 8Helium
 * 1/2(+)
 * 10Helium
 * style="text-align:right" | 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * $16 %$ [$0.9 %$]
 * 2n
 * 8Helium
 * 0+
 * 10Helium
 * style="text-align:right" | 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * $9.044$ [$2.5 s$]
 * 2n
 * 8Helium
 * 0+
 * 8Helium
 * 0+

Helium-2 (diproton)
Helium-2, or 2Helium, is an extremely unstable isotope of helium. Its nucleus, a diproton, consists of two protons with no neutrons. According to theoretical calculations, it would have been much more stable (although still undergoing β+ decay to deuterium) if the strong interaction had been 2% greater. Its instability is due to spin–spin interactions in the nuclear force and to the quantum mechanics described by the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that within a given quantum system two or more identical particles with the same half-integer spins (that is, fermions) cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state—all which presents for helium-2 that its two protons (of the diproton) have opposite-aligned spins and the diproton itself has a negative binding energy.

There may have been observations of 2Helium. In 2000, physicists first observed a new type of radioactive decay in which a nucleus emits two protons at once—perhaps a 2Helium nucleus. The team led by Alfredo Galindo-Uribarri of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory announced that the discovery will help scientists understand the strong nuclear force and provide fresh insights into the creation of elements inside stars. Galindo-Uribarri and co-workers chose an isotope of neon with an energy structure that prevents it from emitting protons one at a time. This means that the two protons are ejected simultaneously. The team fired a beam of fluorine ions at a proton-rich target to produce 18Neon, which then decayed into oxygen and two protons. Any protons ejected from the target itself were identified by their characteristic energies. There are two ways in which the two-proton emission may proceed. The neon nucleus might eject a "diproton"—a pair of protons bundled together as a 2Helium nucleus—which then decays into separate protons. Alternatively, the protons may be emitted separately but simultaneously—so-called "democratic decay". The experiment was not sensitive enough to establish which of these two processes was taking place.

More evidence of 2Helium was found in 2008 at the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, in Italy. A beam of 20Neon ions was directed at a target of beryllium foil. This collision converted some of the heavier neon nuclei in the beam into 18Neon nuclei. These nuclei then collided with a foil of lead. The second collision excited the 18Neon nucleus into a highly unstable condition. As in the earlier experiment at Oak Ridge, the 18Neon nucleus decayed into an 16Oxygen nucleus, plus two protons detected exiting from the same direction. The new experiment showed that the two protons were initially ejected together, correlated in a quasibound 1S configuration, before decaying into separate protons much less than a nanosecond later.

Further evidence comes from RIKEN in Japan and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where beams of 6Helium nuclei were directed at a cryogenic hydrogen target to produce 5Hydrogen. It was discovered that the 6Helium nucleus can donate all four of its neutrons to the hydrogen. The two remaining protons could be simultaneously ejected from the target as a 2Helium nucleus, which quickly decayed into two protons. A similar reaction has also been observed from 8Helium nuclei colliding with hydrogen.

Under the influence of electromagnetic interactions, the Jaffe-Low primitives may leave the unitary cut, creating narrow two-nucleon resonances, like a diproton resonance with a mass of 2000 MeV and a width of a few hundred keV. To search for this resonance, a beam of protons with kinetic energy T = 250 MeV and an energy spread below 100 keV is required, which is feasible considering the electron cooling of the beam.

2Helium is an intermediate in the first step of the proton–proton chain reaction. The first step of the proton-proton chain reaction is a two-stage process; first, two protons fuse to form a diproton:
 * Hydrogen atom + + $10.053$ → ,

followed by the immediate beta-plus decay of the diproton to deuterium:
 * → Deuterium + $+$ + $2.6 s$,

with the overall formula

The hypothetical effect of the binding of the diproton on Big Bang and stellar nucleosynthesis has been investigated. Some models suggest that variations in the strong force allowing the existence of a bound diproton would enable the conversion of all primordial hydrogen to helium in the Big Bang, with catastrophic consequences on the development of stars and life. This proposition is an example of the anthropic principle. However, a 2009 study suggests that such a conclusion cannot be drawn, as the formed diprotons would still decay to deuterium, whose binding energy would also increase. In some scenarios, it is postulated that hydrogen (in the form of deuterium) could still survive in relatively large quantities, rebutting arguments that the strong force is tuned within a precise anthropic limit.

Helium-3
3Helium is stable and is the only stable isotope other than 1Hydrogen with more protons than neutrons. (There are many such unstable isotopes, the lightest being 7Beryllium and 8Boron.) There is only a trace amount ($1.76 MeV$) of 3Helium on Earth, primarily present since the formation of the Earth, although some falls to Earth trapped in cosmic dust. Trace amounts are also produced by the beta decay of tritium. In stars, however, 3Helium is more abundant, a product of nuclear fusion. Extraplanetary material, such as lunar and asteroid regolith, has trace amounts of 3Helium from solar wind bombardment.

For helium-3 to form a superfluid, it must be cooled to a temperature of $1.25 MeV$, or almost a thousand times lower than helium-4 ($1.67 MeV$). This difference is explained by quantum statistics, since helium-3 atoms are fermions, while helium-4 atoms are bosons, which condense to a superfluid more easily.

Helium-4
The most common isotope, 4Helium, is produced on Earth by alpha decay of heavier radioactive elements; the alpha particles that emerge are fully ionized 4Helium nuclei. 4Helium is an unusually stable nucleus because its nucleons are arranged into complete shells. It was also formed in enormous quantities during Big Bang nucleosynthesis.

Terrestrial helium consists almost exclusively ($0.42 MeV$) of this isotope. Helium-4's boiling point of $0$ is the second lowest of all known substances, second only to helium-3. When cooled further to $0.003 K$, it transforms to a unique superfluid state of zero viscosity. It solidifies only at pressures above 25 atmospheres, where its melting point is $2.17 K$.

Heavier helium isotopes
Although all heavier helium isotopes decay with a half-life of less than one second, researchers have used particle accelerator collisions to create unusual atomic nuclei for elements such as helium, lithium and nitrogen. The unusual nuclear structures of such isotopes may offer insights into the isolated properties of neutrons and physics beyond the Standard Model.

The shortest-lived isotope is helium-10 with a half-life of $1$. Helium-6 decays by emitting a beta particle and has a half-life of $4.2 K$. The most widely studied heavy helium isotope is helium-8. This isotope, as well as helium-6, is thought to consist of a normal helium-4 nucleus surrounded by a neutron "halo" (containing two neutrons in 6Helium and four neutrons in 8Helium). Halo nuclei have become an area of intense research. Isotopes up to helium-10, with two protons and eight neutrons, have been confirmed. 10Helium, despite being a doubly magic isotope, has a very short half-life; it is not particle-bound and near-instantaneously drips out two neutrons.

title: Isotopes of helium


text:
Lynn Breeze

Lynn Breeze is a British illustrator and author who specialises in books for babies and toddlers. She has illustrated more than 100 books, and has also written many stories. Breeze is well known for her Pickle series of board books, which introduce infants to household objects, as well as the This Little Baby series. Her books have been translated into various European languages, and have been distributed internationally.

Education and early career
Breeze studied at the Kingston College of Art, and was influenced by the 1966 Aubrey Beardsley exhibition at the V&A Museum, as well as the work of Alan Cracknell. She started her career working at an advertising agency in Ipswich, and later worked as the art editor for East Anglia Magazine, where she also did all the illustrations. As a freelance artist, she designed greeting cards and album sleeves, in addition to illustrating books. Other projects included producing artwork for the BBC Jackanory series.

Books
The first book Breeze did all the illustrations for was Lost Baggage in 1982. She wrote and illustrated All Day Long and All Night Long, published by Hodder & Stoughton, and achieved success with the This Little Baby series of board books. These included This Little Baby Goes Out and This Little Baby's Playtime, which she wrote and illustrated, and This Little Baby's Morning, This Little Baby's Bedtime, and others published by Orchard Books and Little, Brown, written by Ann Morris and illustrated by Breeze.

The Pickle series written and illustrated by Lynn Breeze include books such as Pickle and the Ball, Pickle and the Blanket, Pickle and the Blocks, and Pickle and the Box, published by Kingfisher. Pickle is the name of a bald, bright-eyed baby who is curious about the world, and finds new uses for household objects.

Other board books by Breeze have included My First Tooth, My New Potty, My Day Out, and My New Baby (Orchard Books), which she illustrated using pencil, watercolour, and gouache. The rhyming text can be sung to tunes such as "Baa Baa Black Sheep", "Rock-a-bye Baby", and "Once I caught a fish alive".

She has illustrated books for many children's authors, working with Joyce Dunbar on Tomatoes and Potatoes (Ginn); Tony Bradman on Billy and the Baby (HarperCollins); Sue Nicholls on Bobby Shaftoe Clap Your Hands: Musical Fun with New Songs from Old Favourites (A & C Black); and Donna Bryant on the One Day series (Hodder & Stoughton).

US reviews
In 1993, School Library Journal called This Little Baby Goes Out and This Little Baby's Playtime, which were both written and illustrated by Breeze, "pleasant fare for toddlers", adding, "Their large formats and vividly colored subjects make them useful for story times." Meanwhile, Entertainment Weekly said that This Little Baby series offered babies "tender pictures of a familiar world", but argued that while "Breeze's drawings are upbeat...sometimes her smiling characters look not just happy but tipsy."

In 1999, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said in a widely syndicated review that the Pickle series of board books were "the very definition of simple, but just right for the youngest set." School Library Journal suggested that parents would find inspiration for games to play at home with their children.

UK reviews
In 1991, Child Education named This Little Baby Goes Out to its annual "Best Books" list, saying that the This Little Baby series was "well balanced and full of colour, depicting events within the experience of all children."

In 1995, TES magazine called Our Baby by Tony Bradman and Lynn Breeze a "lifeline" for parents who have toddlers and babies at the same time. The book makes toddlers aware of the things that they can do, which babies and even parents cannot, helping them deal with having a baby in the family "through a sense of fun, presenting illustrations with bold shapes that a toddler can easily recognise; good, strong colours and a tremendous sense of pattern", with curving text woven into the images.

In 1999, a review of This Little Baby's Morning in The Sunday Telegraph highlighted "Lynn Breeze's warm, happy pictures", in addition to Ann Morris's rhyming text.

Personal life
Breeze has two daughters, who were an inspiration for her work when they were very young. She has lived in many parts of the UK, and eventually settled in Hebden Bridge, where she has been part of the Upper Calder Valley artists' community.

title: Lynn Breeze


text:
Talk:Tokyo,Tokyo

Before Tokyo City was dissolved, it was a city in Tokyo-fu (東京府) and Tokyo, Tokyo was a reasonable name for the city in city, prefecture format.

See ja:東京府.

title: Talk:Tokyo,Tokyo


text:
User:DundeeLaddie

DundeeLaddie (a.k.a. Steve) is a 25 year old guy from Frankston, Victoria, Australia. His two main passions are indie-brit Music from the 90's and the greatest footy team of all, the Geelong Football Club, the mighty Cats!

His other interests are travelling, in particular to Scotland (his dad grew up in Dundee) and England (being a confessed Anglophile), although he hopes to one day travel all around Europe and Asia, although he is not particularly keen on visiting the United States, no particular reason!

He signed up to the site in August 2005 and has made only a few contributions, some substantial especially those regarding Geelong footy players Gary and Nathan Ablett and their father Gary Sr.

title: User:DundeeLaddie


text:
User talk:Aristar~enwiki

A Punk/Rock/Metal band from Bromsgrove/Worcester. The band is made up of four/five people. Ryan Stowe        - Lead Guitar/Vocals, Felix Turner      - Rhythm Guitar/Backing Vocals, Laurence Alexander - Bassist/Backing Vocals, (Sometimes) Jack Timmus       - Bassist/Backing Vocals, (sometimes) Sean Thomas       - Drums/Precussion.

The Band was Formed in 2004 through a love a music and a gathering of musical talent, at the RGS Worcester. The Band has recently started their Tour of England, supported by the agency Aural Pleasure. The Band started out with the Bassist Jack Timmus from Bromsgrove, who accompanied them for their first few practices but then was unavailable for their first gig and other practices however he is an accomplished bassist and the band will continue to use his skills in their style of music.

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you like the place and decide to stay.

The article Aristar has been marked for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. You may wish to comment at Votes for deletion/Aristar. Since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, there are many types of articles that are simply viewed as not appropriate for Wikipedia. Before spending more time on articles, you may want to review What Wikipedia is not.

Independent musicians have a wiki - Skwik, see their main page.

Of course, there is nothing wrong with learning to edit by writing articles on you or your friends, but you should do it in the Wikipedia sandbox or on your own user page.

Here are a few more good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Aristar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Aristar~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:06, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aristar~enwiki


text:
Fig leaf

In culture, a "fig leaf" or "fig-leaf" is a literal or figurative method of obscuring an act or object considered embarrassing or distasteful with something of innocuous appearance. The use of an actual fig leaf for the purpose originates in Western painting and sculpture, where leaves would be used by the artist themselves or by later censors in order to hide the genitalia of a subject. Use of the fig plant in particular came about as a Biblical reference to the Book of Genesis, in which Adam and Eve used fig leaves to cover their nudity after eating the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

A "fig-leaf edition" of a work is known as an expurgation or Bowdlerization.

History
Ancient Greek art was dominated by the tradition of heroic nudity and a more general normalization of male nakedness, including the genitals, although the female vulval area was generally covered in art for public display. This tradition continued in Ancient Roman art until the conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity, when such practices vanished entirely. During the Middle Ages, only the unfortunate (most often the damned) were usually shown naked, although the depictions were then often rather explicit. Adam and Eve were often shown wearing fig or other leaves, following the Biblical description. This was especially a feature of Northern Renaissance art.

From about 1530, the growing response of the Catholic church to the Reformation ideologies that swept Europe and that led to the Council of Trent also led to a number of artworks, especially in churches or public places, being altered to reduce the amount of nudity on display. Often, as in the famous case of Michelangelo's The Last Judgment, drapery or extra branches from any nearby bush was used. This has been dubbed the "fig leaf campaign". For free-standing statues this did not work well, and carved or cast fig leaves were sometimes added, such as with the plaster copy of Michelangelo's David displayed in Victorian era London. In the reign of Queen Victoria, display of male nudity was contentious and the Queen herself was said to find it shocking. The museum commissioned this fig leaf and kept it in readiness in case of a visit by the Queen or other female dignitaries: the fig leaf was then hung on the figure using a pair of hooks. Historian Daniel J. Boorstin said that: "The age of the rising middle class in Victorian England was, or course, the age of the fig leaf. 'The fig leaves of decent reticence' which Charles Kingsley described were applied not only to statuary but to literature as well." The Adam and Eve panels on the Ghent Altarpiece, already equipped with fig leaves by Jan van Eyck, were simply replaced with 19th-century panels copying the figures but clothed. Many of these alterations have since been reversed, damaging some of the statues.

Eugen Sandow, often considered the first modern-day bodybuilder, was an admirer of the masculine physique, encapsulated in a Greco-Roman musculature he termed the Grecian Ideal. In addition to strongman sideshows, he performed "muscle displays" by posing in the nude—save for a fig leaf that he would don in further emulation of statues he described seeing in Italy as a boy.

Modern era
The expression fig leaf has a pejorative metaphorical sense meaning a flimsy or minimal cover for anything or behaviour that might be considered shameful, with the implication that the cover is only a token gesture and the truth is obvious to all who choose to see it.

A metaphorical fig leaf is something visible but innocuous, as against a coverup in which the existence of something may be entirely hidden. In the context of negotiation, an offer might be characterized as a "fig leaf" if that offer is actually a ploy to conceal a sinister plan.

title: Fig leaf


text:
Riverstone, New South Wales

Riverstone is a suburb of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Riverstone is located 48 km north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the Blacktown local government area and part of the Greater Western Sydney region. Originally settled in 1803 as part of a government stock farm, Riverstone is one of the oldest towns in Australia.

As at the 2016 census, Riverstone had an estimated population of 7,248.

History
Prior to settlement and colonisation of Australia, the area that was to become known as Riverstone was inhabited by the Darug tribe. Most of these people died due to introduced diseases following the arrival of the First Fleet, and the remainder were largely relocated to government farms and a series of settlements.

The Sydney Cove region originally settled in 1788 turned out to be unsuitable for farming, and after a number of years of near-famine in the colony, efforts were made to relocate food production inland to hopefully more climatically stable regions. In 1803 a government stock farm was established in what was to become the Riverstone/Marsden Park area, on the basis of the abundant water supply and good grazing land there.

In 1804, the infamous Castle Hill convict rebellion broke out in nearby Castle Hill. Those who took part in the armed convict uprising who then tried to escape to the Hawkesbury would have traversed the Riverstone district.

In 1810 Lieut-Col Maurice Charles O'Connell was granted 2,500 acres (10 km2) of land in the district, which he named "Riverston Farm", after his birthplace in Ireland. (The "e" at the end first appeared on railway timetables in the 1860s, an apparent misprint that has become the accepted spelling, although in the Sydney region the name is still pronounced as though the "e" is not present).

Originally, beef cattle farmed in the area were driven overland to the Hawkesbury River for transport by sailing ship to the convict settlement at Sydney Cove. The construction of the Sydney to Richmond Railway line in 1864 both eliminated the need for this and opened up the region to non-rural development. An important meatworks was established there in 1878, undergoing various stages of rebuilding and expansion until it closed permanently in 1992.

In 1970, a major fire at the Riverstone Meatworks killed six men, who were attempting to lead the animals to safety.

In 1988, as part of a Federal Government programme to commemorate the 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia, a heritage museum was established in the old Masonic hall.

In Riverstone, there has also been a major flood in 1961 and again in 2021. The flood of 2021 saw some homes along Marsden Road become completely submerged.

The suburb boundaries of Riverstone were changed in November 2020, shrinking the size of the suburb and creating the new suburbs of Grantham Farm in the east and Richards and Angus in the west. The suburb also no longer extended into the Hawkesbury local government area, with those areas absorbed into the suburb of Vineyard.

Heritage listings
Riverstone has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Riverstone railway station
 * Station residence
 * Riverstone Mosque Building

Developments

Mary O'Connell, formerly Putland nee Bligh died in 1864. Her estate was eventually sold off including most of the original grant from Governor Lachlan Macquarie. Later a pattern of intersecting streets was laid out, mostly named after famous streets in London (e.g. Piccadilly Street, Gladstone Parade etc). When the railway line was extended from Blacktown to Richmond, a railway station was constructed at Riverstone, opening in 1864. Other infrastructure was constructed such as a school, churches, hotel and stores. The presumption was that Riverstone was set to become an important regional centre but this did not eventuate.

Most of the allotments were eventually taken up for suburban housing but a few of the original 1880s blocks remain vacant to the present day. Riverstone terrace, erected in 1883, is a curious relic of the anticipated 19th century population boom. It was meant to be the first of a row of high-density terrace housing units that would run the length of Garfield road. However this single block and the small unit next to it were the only ones ever built. For many years the sight of a high density inner-city housing block situated in an empty country paddock remained a bizarre local landmark.

Riverstone remained a small country town until the beginning of the 21st century when the current housing boom swallowed it up as part of the urban sprawl. Large areas of former farmland have recently (2014) also been released for housing in Riverstone and surrounding suburbs. On its northern side Riverstone still has a large and thriving industrial area. Poultry farming and intensive market gardening are also still important activities in the area.

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 7,247 people in Riverstone.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 4.5% of the population.
 * 74.3% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were India 2.0%, Philippines 1.8%, England 1.8% and New Zealand 1.4%.
 * 78.2% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Maltese at 1.5%.
 * The most common responses for religion were Catholic 29.5%, No Religion 20.7% and Anglican 18.7%.

Schools
There are currently two public schools in Riverstone: Riverstone High School (Est 1963) and Riverstone Public School (Est 1882). Originally the school operated on the site now housing the Museum. For many years the Infants Department and Primary School were in separate buildings but are now located on the one site in Elizabeth Street. Riverstone also has three private schools: St Johns Catholic Primary School (Est 1950) https://www.stjohnsriverstone.catholic.edu.au/About/Who-We-Are, Norwest Christian College (1980) (formerly known as Coverdale Christian School) and Australian Christian College. ACC has two components: the on campus day school and the distance education school, which serves home educated students across New South Wales.

Churches

 * Riverstone Baptist Church - corner McCulloch and Regent Streets
 * Riverstone Community Church - corner Garfield Road East and Hamilton Street
 * Riverstone Anglican Church (St Pauls) - 19 Elizabeth Street
 * Riverstone Uniting Church - corner Oxford Street and Garfield Road East
 * St Johns Catholic Church - corner Garfield Road East and McCulloch Street
 * Voice of Victory Church - Sam Lane Centre, Park Street
 * Free Presbyterian - corner Oxford and Regent Streets

Transport
Riverstone is situated between the Richmond Road running from Blacktown to Richmond, and the Windsor Road running from Windsor to North Parramatta.

Riverstone railway station is on the Richmond branch. From dawn to about midnight, commuter trains to Sydney leave at approximately 30-minute intervals, in most cases coinciding with the arrival of a train from Sydney. They stay for two minutes because the next station, Vineyard, is single platform. After that they shift to an hourly schedule. Depending on the hour, train services running through Riverstone offer a varying number of "limited stops" to the Sydney CBD and the majority then continue over the Sydney Harbour Bridge to the North Shore line and Hornsby or Berowra. Apart from the city stations, transfer to most other lines is easily made at Strathfield, Redfern or Parramatta, and other stops that offer fewer choices. The peak-hour journey from Riverstone to Central takes a little over an hour, and another 20 minutes to the popular destination of Chatswood. Buses at Riverstone are run by Busways with route 757 that goes to Mount Druitt and 747 to Marsden Park and Rouse Hill.

Developments at the Garfield Rd traffic lights adjacent to the Railway Station have caused massive traffic disruptions.

Riverstone is one of the few suburbs left in the Sydney region with a level crossing with old-fashioned boom gates. This view looking west onto the undeveloped flood-prone paddocks is popular with Sydney film and TV commercial makers as a stand-in for a small country railway station. The final parting scene in the film Beneath Clouds was shot there.

The M7 Motorway can be accessed by the Richmond Road ramp to provide faster access from Riverstone to the city. Riverstone and surrounding suburbs have a continuous motorway link to Sydney Airport via the Lane Cove Tunnel.

Tallawong Metro Station is located just 10 minutes by car from Riverstone's CBD.

National Broadband Network (NBN)
Riverstone was named as one of the second release sites in the rollout of the optical fibre National Broadband Network. As of March 2014 most of the Riverstone residential streets were fitted with the NBN cable.

title: Riverstone, New South Wales


text:
Talk:Anna Mae Hays

Mae vs. Maye
There seems to be disagreement about the spelling of General Hays' middle name: is it Mae or Maye? The longer bio (external link) uses the latter while the other two external links use the former. Since the other two are from Army sites (and more importantly, I found those sites first), I've used their spelling. Phaunt 11:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Deceased?
This link says she died in 2013 >http://www.geni.com/people/Gen-Anna-M-Hays-13th-Chief-ANC/6000000018581633182 BUT it says the page was last updated in early December 2012? Anyone able to find a better source? --Jkaharper (talk) 01:21, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Anna Mae Hays


text:
Category talk:Test cricketers

Oh gosh, all of the sub-categories have lowercase "test" - Wikipedia standard (as discussed on WikiProject Cricket) is for uppercase. Do we need some sort of bot to change all of the underlying articles? -- ALoan (Talk) 11:23, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably, jguk 11:54, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Test cricketers


text:
Maghroumeh

Maghroumeh (also romanized as Maghroumah, مغرومة) is Najwa Karam's eighth studio album.

Track listing

 * 1) "Maghroumeh" (I'm in love)
 * 2) "Wada'ato" (I said goodbye to him)
 * 3) "Ghamzeh" (A wink)
 * 4) "Noqta al-Satr" (Point on the line)
 * 5) "Mahsoub Alayi" (I have to)
 * 6) "A'am Beqoulo" (They are saying)
 * 7) "Telt Malek" (A beautiful appearance)
 * 8) "El-Toba" (I'll never do it again)

title: Maghroumeh


text:
Rehburg-Loccum

Rehburg-Loccum is a town 50 km north west of Hanover in the district of Nienburg in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Geographical location
Rehburg-Loccum borders the Steinhude Lake. The closest cities are Wunstorf and Neustadt in the district of Hanover, Petershagen/Weser in the district of Minden-Lübbecke/North Rhine-Westphalia, Landesbergen in the district of Nienburg, and Niedernwöhren and Sachsenhagen in the district of Schaumburg.

Division of the town
Rehburg-Loccum was founded in 1974 out of the city Rehburg and the neighbouring villages Loccum, Münchehagen, Bad Rehburg, and Winzlar as a consequence of a community restructuring legislation enacted by the federal state government of Lower-Saxony. The Steinhude Lake Nature Reserve spans part of the city area.

Education
The city council runs kindergartens in most parts of the city. There is one primary school each in Münchehagen and Rehburg. A secondary school is located in Loccum. The regional public library can be found in Rehburg.

Culture
A museum was established showing the history of hydrotherapy in the former health resort Bad Rehburg which was used by members of the House of Hanover.

The best-known institution of the city is the Cloister of Loccum (founded in 1163) hosting various classical concerts throughout the year.

The Evangelic Academy of Loccum organises congresses, colloquiums and several workshops about questions and conflicts of politics, culture, sciences and religion and ethics.

Rehburg, Loccum, and Münchehagen have youth clubs.

A social club focussing on customs, costumes, and heritage preservation runs a small local museum about the history of Rehburg. The museum shows historical pictures and exhibits.

The town hall in Rehburg is a popular venue for larger social and cultural events.

title: Rehburg-Loccum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Hornik

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 07:39, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

David Hornik
This person does not appear to be in any important, notary or indeed interesting and I see no reason for him to have an entry in any encyclopedia. Cdyson37 11:27, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --DrTorstenHenning 11:44, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Advertising for August Capital created by same anon user.  Dlyons493 11:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Dlyons493. --GraemeL (talk) 12:02, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Non-notable. --Quintin3265 13:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Modestly notable.Zotel - the Stub Maker 02:16, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable - Tεx  τ  urε  16:31, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Riverstone

Riverstone may refer to:

Places

 * Riverstone, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
 * Riverstone railway station, Sydney
 * Electoral district of Riverstone
 * Riverstone High School
 * Riverstone Terraces, a suburb of Upper Hutt, New Zealand
 * Riverstone (Fort Bend County, Texas), a master-planned residential community in Sugar Land, Texas and Missouri City, Texas

Companies and organizations

 * Riverstone Holdings, an energy and power focused private equity firm
 * Riverstone International School, a school in Boise, Idaho
 * Riverstone Networks, a computer networking company

Other

 * Patuxent River stone, a gem
 * Riverstone Pebble Tiles
 * Riverstone, an album by Ten Mile Tide

title: Riverstone


text:
User:Benne

"On ne se définit pas par des racines, mais par des routes. (We are not defined by our roots, but by our roads.) - Amin Maalouf"

af:Gebruiker:Benne az:İstifadəçi:Benne de:Benutzer:Benne.de es:Usuario:Benne eo:Vikipediisto:Benne fr:Utilisateur:Benne fy:Meidogger:Benne it:Utente:Benne kaa:Paydalanıwshı:Benne la:Usor:Benne nl:Gebruiker:Benne no:Bruker:Benne rm:User:Benne sv:Användare:Benne tk:User:Benne tr:Kullanıcı:Benne

title: User:Benne


text:
Starkweather

Starkweather may refer to:

People

 * Amelia Minerva Starkweather (1840–1926), American educator and author
 * Charles Starkweather (1938–1959), spree killer in 1957–58
 * David A. Starkweather (1802–1876), American politician and diplomat
 * Gary Starkweather (1938–2019), American engineer and inventor
 * George Anson Starkweather (Michigan businessman) (1826–1907), American merchant, teacher, and politician
 * George Anson Starkweather (New York politician) (1794–1879), American politician
 * George Anson Starkweather (Pennsylvania lawyer) (1821–1904), American lawyer, merchant, schoolteacher and public official
 * Henry H. Starkweather (1826–1876), American politician
 * John Amsden Starkweather (1925–2001), American clinical psychologist at University of California, San Francisco
 * John Converse Starkweather (1829–1890), brigadier general in the Civil War and Washington, D.C., lawyer from Wisconsin
 * Mary Ann Starkweather (1819–1897), American philanthropist
 * Norris Garshom Starkweather (1818–1885), American architect; see Potter Building
 * Samuel Starkweather (1799–1876), collector of the ports and mayor of Cleveland, Ohio

Other

 * Starkweather, North Dakota, United States
 * Starkweather (band), an American hardcore / metal (metalcore) band
 * Starkweather (film), a 2004 film based on Charles Starkweather
 * Starkweather (comics), a comic series from Arcana Studio and Archaia Studios Press

title: Starkweather


text: User talk:81.144.227.130

title: User talk:81.144.227.130


text:
Thibault de Montbrial

Thibault de Montbrial (born 1 September 1968) is a French lawyer.

Biography
He defended cyclist Bruno Roussel in the Festina affair. Most recently, he was involved in the Armstrong affair. He is the son of Thierry de Montbrial who directed the Center of Analysis and Prevision (CAP) of the French ministry of foreign affairs from 1973 to 1978 before Jean-Louis Gergorin, and of Marie-Christine de Montbrial.

Career
He is the lawyer of Jean-Louis Gergorin, vice-président of EADS mentioned in the second Clearstream affair.

The Canard enchaîné of 10 May 2006 says he gave on 3 May 2004 to judge Renaud Van Ruymbeke the letter of Jean-Louis Gergorin speaking of a major international plot against EADS and of his actors owning accounts in Luxembourg bank called Clearstream credited with illegal money. It's the origin of the affair Clearstream 2 that stroke the government of Dominique de Villepin in May 2006. He also worked with Jean-Pierre Mignard, the lawyer of Ségolène Royal. Montbrial was hired as an arbitrator in a case against Lance Armstrong made by SCA Promotions. In 2004 the company refused to pay $5 million of $10 million won by Armstrong, citing rumors of performance-enhancing drugs. At the time, Montbrial was also representing defendants in a libel and slander suit brought on by Armstrong. Judge Adolph Canales disqualified Montbrial, citing conflict of interest and violation of the rules of the American Arbitration Association, which requires all arbitrators to be "impartial and independent."

title: Thibault de Montbrial


text: Category:Slovak nobility

title: Category:Slovak nobility


text:
Talk:Overglaze

Charliez 11:30, 24 August 2005 (UTC) It's a stub, not a dictionary article. Expand it in stead of removing it. "Overglaze" as a technical part of pottery production, and as an important mean of decoration of the same, certainly belongs in an encyclopaedia.

title: Talk:Overglaze


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Chaka Seisay

Chaka Seisay known professionally as Chak La Rock is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, producer and DJ. He is the lead singer and founding member of urban soul rock music collective 'Frank Ernest'. He is one of Sweden's first professional hip hop artists.

1987-1989
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, he formed the Stockholm based hip hop duo Sure Shot Groove with MC Stranger.

Sure Shot Groove recorded with Swemix, a hot bed for the budding musical talents that would dominate the Swedish music scene throughout the 1990s and bring American style hip hop in to the mainstream of Swedish popular music.

In 1989, Sure Shot Groove release the single We'll Never Fess and the 12 inch single Rhymes Are Flowing.

1990s
In 1992, he appeared regularly on 'Clubhopping' a dance/hip hop music program on Swedish television network ZTV hosted by Rob'n'Raz.

In 1993, he appeared in the Daniel Fridell film 'Sökarna'.

He became a sought-after DJ in the mid-1990s organizing popular hip hop/soul and r&b clubs in Stockholm and rapidly scoring gigs around Europe.

2000s
In 2000, he co-wrote and performed backing vocals on the singel 'Friday Night Is Here' by D-Flex.

In 2008, he began a songwriting project with songwriter and bass player Nebosja 'Neb Malicious' Grujic, drummer Clemons 'C1' Mårtensson with contributions from rapper/guitarist Oliver 'Diplomatic' Hallqvist. They formed the band One. In 2009, 'The Fact Remains' the single he co-wrote and performed with One, was selected for the compilation album Groove.

In 2015, he founded urban soul rock collective Frank Ernest with Malicious. They teamed up with lead guitarist Stefan 'Grooveya' Grujic and drummer Clemons 'C1' Mårtensson began a new music project.

On September 30, 2016 Frank Ernest released their debut album 'One Time for the Mind' and the title track 'Revolution of the Mind' on iTunes and Spotify.

Discography

 * LPs
 * Way Out (2010) by One
 * One Time For The Mind (2016) by Frank Ernest

 * Singles
 * We'll Never Fess (1989) by Sure Shot Groove
 * Rhymes Are Flowin (1989) by Sure Shot Groove
 * Friday Night Is Here (2009) by Dflex
 * The Fact Remains (2009) by One
 * Are You Ready (2010) by One
 * Rings And Things (2010) by One
 * Revolution of the Mind (2016) by Frank Ernest

Websites
Chaka Seisay @ IMDb

Frank Ernest - Official website.

Frank Ernest on iTunes

Frank Ernest on Spotify

Frank Ernest Instagram

Frank Ernest Twitter

Frank Ernest Facebook Fanpage

title: Chaka Seisay


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Talk:SWiSH Max

SWiSHMAX is a program that utilises Macromedia Flash technology to create a variety of outputs.

These outputs range from moving and fading text and images to more complex effects. These effects come with the program and many people find it not only easier to use but also faster to use than Flash.

SWiSHMAX outputs into the .swf format. Which is a format created by Macromedia for the purposes of displaying their content on the web within the parameter set by the W3C. The .swf output can be integrated into ASP.NET, PHP and SQL which makes it very handy as a GUI for database systems.

Many oasdfpensource forums exist which help beginners to understand how it works and supply downloads to illustrate this. These forums also push the boundries of how SWiSHMAX can be applied and are updated regularily.

PLEASE SIGN YOUR TALK PAGE SUBMISSIONS. I don't think NSR was inviting you to rewrite the article here. The idea was to either simply rewrite the article or to explain its significance on the talk page so that someone else could rewrite the article. Since the anon IP submission on this page covers the subject well enough for a stub, I am going to do some copyediting to it and move it to the article page. Canonblack 17:41, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

POV and unencyclopedic content
Wikipedia is not a software review site, nor is it the place to post sales brochures. The "Features" section (which I have just removed) was POV and lifted buzz words and catch phrases directly from the publisher's website (e.g., "create stunning flash animations in a matter of seconds," "create dazzling text animations with ease," "a huge list of preset effects," etal.). There was not a single sentence of quantifiable objective fact. The "Limitations" section directly contradicted the "Features" section, even though both were posted by the same user. The download link is also inappropriate; the website is already linked in the "External Links" section, if anyone is interested in trying the software they can find the download there. Links within a Wikipedia article should lead to additional information on the topic, not places to download and purchase commercial software. The "Requirements" should have been incorporated into the article text in complete sentences, not run off like the data on the end panel of a software package. In future, please adhere to the Wikipedia content guidelines. And SWiSH Max is TWO WORDS. If you're going to steal from a website, steal the spelling correctly. Canonblack 14:56, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Useless article. Unreferenced. Written like an advertisement. Notability unestablished. Should be deleted.-- Lester  08:10, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

Build release and cleanup
The latest build release is much later than 2006.06.29, as it says in the infobox, if you include Swish Max2 as a build release. Also, the external links need major cleanup. I updated the image screenshot, because the old one was of the original Swish Max (not version 2). Actually, I think the whole article needs some editing to include the release of Swish Max2, adding things such as updated features. Lastly, the original Swish Max definitely allows the user to export in macromedia flash player 8, and version 2 support Adobe flash player 9 (I just fixed this false info). Perhaps the article should be renamed "SWiSH Max2"? --Jet66 (talk) 00:06, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Small Text

'...can run on a PC with a Pentium III 300 MHz processor'
Umm, I doubt it; those don't exist! Read the article, PIIIs start at 450mhz. Pipedreambomb (talk) 17:44, 26 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The software is so sophisticated it can create a 300 MHz processor in seconds. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.203.215.1 (talk) 13:11, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

Swishzone.com now closed
There's a note on the company's home page that indicates they closed for business in Oct 2016. I added this to the main article but probably should have just added it here. Feel free to remove or edit it in the main article. Macromark (talk) 14:59, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:SWiSH Max


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Bobby Slayton

Robert Michael Slayton (born May 25, 1955) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. Slayton is probably best known for a supporting role in the 2001 film Bandits, and as a frequent guest on The Adam Carolla Show (2006–2009).

Career
Slayton is known for his intense style of stand-up comedy. He adopts a mixed style of complaining, insulting, personal story-telling, not entirely unlike Sam Kinison.

He has been featured on many popular radio shows across the country including Howard Stern, Kevin and Bean, Tom Leykis, and Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw. He played Joey Bishop in the 1998 movie The Rat Pack and a character named simply "Slayton" in The Mind of the Married Man. He also appeared as himself on the IFC television show "Maron" in 2013. Slayton also played a TV comedian in Tim Burton's film Ed Wood, and as a casino manager, asking "Chili Palmer", John Travolta, for help locating a late paying casino player, in Get Shorty.

Slayton has a distinctive gravelly voice. He performed voiceovers on animated shows like Family Guy and Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist.

He has appeared on many television shows including The Tonight Show, Politically Incorrect, as well as Comic Relief and his own stand-up special on HBO.

Personal life
Slayton was raised in a Jewish home and often jokes about his own Jewish ethnicity. He lives in Los Angeles and has one daughter, singer Natasha Slayton, from the girl group G.R.L.

In 1988, Slayton married Teddie Lee Tillett. Tillett died in March 2016. In June 2017, Slayton and his daughter sued the Sherman Oaks Hospital for wrongful death, claiming the doctors did not properly diagnose her pneumonia. In November 2017, the two sides settled.

Discography

 * Raging Bully – CD, 1998
 * I've Come For Your Children – CD, 2003
 * Built For Destruction – CD, 2006
 * Born To Be Bobby – DVD, 2010

title: Bobby Slayton


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OFFICIO ASSASSINORUM (Warhammer 40,000)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 07:39, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

OFFICIO ASSASSINORUM (Warhammer 40,000)
Delete. This was obviously written by a fan of the game but is completely non-sensical to the average browser. I'd say merge to Warhammer 40,000 but that would at best consist of a single sentence which probably already exists; I don't think a sub-plot or sub-category in a sci-fi game deserves more than that Marskell 11:35, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nom. -- Ryan Norton T 11:40, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Imperium_%28Warhammer_40%2C000%29. (Sheesh, there are SIX temples in Officio Assassinorum! They forgot Venenum and Vanus!) --Agamemnon2 21:39, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. If not that, then merge. If not that, then BLOODY USE LOWER CASE mate! *grins* - UtherSRG (talk) 18:44, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - as above - Tεx  τ  urε  16:32, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete; too granular to be worth merging. Shimgray 19:34, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Isotopes of neptunium

Neptunium (93Np) is usually considered an artificial element, although trace quantities are found in nature, so a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all trace or artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized and identified was 239Np in 1940, produced by bombarding 238Uranium with neutrons to produce 239Uranium, which then underwent beta decay to 239Neptunium.

Trace quantities are found in nature from neutron capture reactions by uranium atoms, a fact not discovered until 1951.

Twenty-five neptunium radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 237Neptunium with a half-life of 2.14 million years, 236Neptunium with a half-life of 154,000 years, and 235Neptunium with a half-life of 396.1 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4.5 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 50 minutes. This element also has five meta states, with the most stable being 236mNeptunium (t1/2 22.5 hours).

The isotopes of neptunium range from 219Neptunium to 244Neptunium, though the intermediate isotope 221Neptunium has not yet been observed. The primary decay mode before the most stable isotope, 237Neptunium, is electron capture (with a good deal of alpha emission), and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before 237Neptunium are isotopes of uranium and protactinium, and the primary products after are isotopes of plutonium. Neptunium is the heaviest element for which the location of the proton drip line is known; the lightest bound isotope is 220Np.

List of isotopes

 * 219Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 126
 * 219.03162(9)
 * α
 * 215Pa
 * (9/2−)
 * 220Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 127
 * 220.03254(21)#
 * α
 * 216Pa
 * 1−#
 * 222Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * α
 * 218Pa
 * 1-#
 * 223Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 223.03285(21)#
 * α
 * 219Pa
 * 9/2−
 * rowspan=2|224Neptunium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 131
 * rowspan=2|224.03422(21)#
 * rowspan=2|$0.15 ms$
 * α (83%)
 * 220m1Pa
 * rowspan=2|1−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (17%)
 * 220m2Pa
 * 225Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 225.03391(8)
 * 6(5) ms
 * α
 * 221Pa
 * 9/2−#
 * 226Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 133
 * 226.03515(10)#
 * 35(10) ms
 * α
 * 222Pa
 * rowspan=2|227Neptunium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134
 * rowspan=2|227.03496(8)
 * rowspan=2|510(60) ms
 * α (99.95%)
 * 223Pa
 * rowspan=2|5/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.05%)
 * 227U
 * rowspan=3|228Neptunium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=3|228.03618(21)#
 * rowspan=3|61.4(14) s
 * β+ (59%)
 * 228U
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * α (41%)
 * 224Pa
 * β+, SF (.012%)
 * (various)
 * rowspan=2|229Neptunium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136
 * rowspan=2|229.03626(9)
 * rowspan=2|4.0(2) min
 * α (51%)
 * 225Pa
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (49%)
 * 229U
 * rowspan=2|230Neptunium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 137
 * rowspan=2|230.03783(6)
 * rowspan=2|4.6(3) min
 * β+ (97%)
 * 230U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (3%)
 * 226Pa
 * rowspan=2|231Neptunium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138
 * rowspan=2|231.03825(5)
 * rowspan=2|48.8(2) min
 * β+ (98%)
 * 231U
 * rowspan=2|(5/2)(+#)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (2%)
 * 227Pa
 * rowspan=2|232Neptunium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 139
 * rowspan=2|232.04011(11)#
 * rowspan=2|14.7(3) min
 * β+ (99.99%)
 * 232U
 * rowspan=2|(4+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.003%)
 * 228Pa
 * rowspan=2|233Neptunium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 140
 * rowspan=2|233.04074(5)
 * rowspan=2|36.2(1) min
 * β+ (99.99%)
 * 233U
 * rowspan=2|(5/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.001%)
 * 229Pa
 * 234Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 234.042895(9)
 * 4.4(1) d
 * β+
 * 234U
 * (0+)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" |234mNeptunium
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |
 * rowspan=2|~9 min
 * IT
 * 234Np
 * rowspan=2|5+
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC
 * 234U
 * rowspan=2|235Neptunium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 142
 * rowspan=2|235.0440633(21)
 * rowspan=2|396.1(12) d
 * EC
 * 235U
 * rowspan=2|5/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.0026%)
 * 231Pa
 * rowspan=3|236Neptunium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 143
 * rowspan=3|236.04657(5)
 * rowspan=3|1.54(6)×105 y
 * EC (87.3%)
 * 236U
 * rowspan=3|(6−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (12.5%)
 * 236Pu
 * α (.16%)
 * 232Pa
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 236mNeptunium
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 60(50) keV
 * rowspan=2|22.5(4) h
 * EC (52%)
 * 236U
 * rowspan=2|1
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (48%)
 * 236Pu
 * rowspan=3|237Neptunium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 93
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 144
 * rowspan=3|237.0481734(20)
 * rowspan=3|2.144(7)×106 y
 * α
 * 233Pa
 * rowspan=3|5/2+
 * rowspan=3|Trace
 * SF (2×10−10%)
 * (various)
 * CD (4×10−12%)
 * 207Tl 30Mg
 * 238Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 238.0509464(20)
 * 2.117(2) d
 * β−
 * 238Pu
 * 2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 238mNeptunium
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2300(200)# keV
 * 112(39) ns
 * 239Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 239.0529390(22)
 * 2.356(3) d
 * β−
 * 239Pu
 * 5/2+
 * Trace
 * 240Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 240.056162(16)
 * 61.9(2) min
 * β−
 * 240Pu
 * (5+)
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 240mNeptunium
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(15) keV
 * rowspan=2|7.22(2) min
 * β− (99.89%)
 * 240Pu
 * rowspan=2|1(+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (.11%)
 * 240Np
 * 241Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 148
 * 241.05825(8)
 * 13.9(2) min
 * β−
 * 241Pu
 * (5/2+)
 * 242Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 149
 * 242.06164(21)
 * 2.2(2) min
 * β−
 * 242Pu
 * (1+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 242mNeptunium
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(50)# keV
 * 5.5(1) min
 * 6+#
 * 243Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 150
 * 243.06428(3)#
 * 1.85(15) min
 * β−
 * 243Pu
 * (5/2−)
 * 244Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 151
 * 244.06785(32)#
 * 2.29(16) min
 * β−
 * 244Pu
 * (7−)
 * 239Pu
 * 5/2+
 * Trace
 * 240Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 240.056162(16)
 * 61.9(2) min
 * β−
 * 240Pu
 * (5+)
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 240mNeptunium
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(15) keV
 * rowspan=2|7.22(2) min
 * β− (99.89%)
 * 240Pu
 * rowspan=2|1(+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (.11%)
 * 240Np
 * 241Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 148
 * 241.05825(8)
 * 13.9(2) min
 * β−
 * 241Pu
 * (5/2+)
 * 242Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 149
 * 242.06164(21)
 * 2.2(2) min
 * β−
 * 242Pu
 * (1+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 242mNeptunium
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(50)# keV
 * 5.5(1) min
 * 6+#
 * 243Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 150
 * 243.06428(3)#
 * 1.85(15) min
 * β−
 * 243Pu
 * (5/2−)
 * 244Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 151
 * 244.06785(32)#
 * 2.29(16) min
 * β−
 * 244Pu
 * (7−)
 * 1.85(15) min
 * β−
 * 243Pu
 * (5/2−)
 * 244Neptunium
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * style="text-align:right" | 151
 * 244.06785(32)#
 * 2.29(16) min
 * β−
 * 244Pu
 * (7−)
 * 244Pu
 * (7−)

Neptunium-235
Neptunium-235 has 142 neutrons and a half-life of 396.1 days. This isotope decays by:
 * Alpha emission: the decay energy is 5.2 MeV and the decay product is protactinium-231.
 * Electron capture: the decay energy is 0.125 MeV and the decay product is uranium-235

This isotope of neptunium has a weight of 235.044 063 3 u.

Neptunium-236
Neptunium-236 has 143 neutrons and a half-life of 154,000 years. It can decay by the following methods:
 * Electron capture: the decay energy is 0.93 MeV and the decay product is uranium-236. This usually decays (with a half-life of 23 million years) to thorium-232.
 * Beta emission: the decay energy is 0.48 MeV and the decay product is plutonium-236. This usually decays (half-life 2.8 years) to uranium-232, which usually decays (half-life 69 years) to thorium-228, which decays in a few years to lead-208.
 * Alpha emission: the decay energy is 5.007 MeV and the decay product is protactinium-232. This decays with a half-life of 1.3 days to uranium-232.

This particular isotope of neptunium has a mass of 236.04657 u. It is a fissile material; it has an estimated critical mass of 6.79 kg, though precise experimental data is not available.

236Neptunium is produced in small quantities via the (n,2n) and (γ,n) capture reactions of 237Neptunium, however, it is nearly impossible to separate in any significant quantities from its parent 237Neptunium. It is for this reason that despite its low critical mass and high neutron cross section, it has not been researched extensively as a nuclear fuel in weapons or reactors. Nevertheless, 236Neptunium has been considered for use in mass spectrometry and as a radioactive tracer, because it decays predominantly by beta emission with a long half-life. Several alternative production routes for this isotope have been investigated, namely those that reduce isotopic separation from 237Neptunium or the isomer 236mNeptunium. The most favorable reactions to accumulate 236Neptunium were shown to be proton and deuteron irradiation of uranium-238.

Neptunium-237
237Neptunium decays via the neptunium series, which terminates with thallium-205, which is stable, unlike most other actinides, which decay to stable isotopes of lead.

In 2002, 237Neptunium was shown to be capable of sustaining a chain reaction with fast neutrons, as in a nuclear weapon, with a critical mass of around 60 kg. However, it has a low probability of fission on bombardment with thermal neutrons, which makes it unsuitable as a fuel for light water nuclear power plants (as opposed to fast reactor or accelerator-driven systems, for example).

Inventory in spent nuclear fuel
237Neptunium is the only neptunium isotope produced in significant quantity in the nuclear fuel cycle, both by successive neutron capture by uranium-235 (which fissions most but not all of the time) and uranium-236, or (n,2n) reactions where a fast neutron occasionally knocks a neutron loose from uranium-238 or isotopes of plutonium. Over the long term, 237Neptunium also forms in spent nuclear fuel as the decay product of americium-241.

237Neptunium is considered to be one of the most mobile radionuclides at the site of the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository (Nevada) where oxidizing conditions prevail in the unsaturated zone of the volcanic tuff above the water table.

Raw material for production
When exposed to neutron bombardment 237Neptunium can capture a neutron, undergo beta decay, and become 238Plutonium, this product being useful as a thermal energy source in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG or RITEG) for the production of electricity and heat. The first type of thermoelectric generator SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) was developed and used by NASA in the 1960's and during the Apollo missions to power the instruments left on the Moon surface by the astronauts. Thermoelectric generators were also embarked on board of deep space probes such as for the Pioneer 10 and 11 missions, the Voyager program, the Cassini–Huygens mission, and New Horizons. They also deliver electrical and thermal power to the Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover) and Mars 2020 mission (Perseverance rover) both exploring the cold surface of Mars. Curiosity and Perseverance rovers are both equipped with the last version of multi-mission RTG, a more efficient and standardized system dubbed MMRTG.

These applications are economically practical where photovoltaic power sources are weak or inconsistent due to probes being too far from the sun or rovers facing climate events that may obstruct sunlight for long periods (like Martian dust storms). Space probes and rovers also make use of the heat output of the generator to keep their instruments and internals warm.

Shortage of stockpiles
The long half-life (T$25 μs$ ~ 88 years) of 238Plutonium and the absence of γ-radiation that could interfere with the operation of on-board electronic components, or irradiate people, makes it the radionuclide of choice for electric thermogenerators.

237Neptunium is therefore a key radionuclide for the production of 238Plutonium, which is essential for deep space probes requiring a reliable and long-lasting source of energy without maintenance.

Stockpiles of 238Plutonium built up in the United States since the Manhattan Project, thanks to the Hanford nuclear complex (operating in Washington State from 1943 to 1977) and the development of atomic weapons, are now almost exhausted. The extraction and purification of sufficient new quantities of 237Neptunium from irradiated nuclear fuels is therefore necessary for the resumption of 238Plutonium production in order to replenish the stocks needed for space exploration by robotic probes.

Neptunium-239
Neptunium-239 has 146 neutrons and a half-life of 2.356 days. It is produced via β− decay of the short-lived uranium-239, and undergoes another β− decay to plutonium-239. This is the primary route for making plutonium, as 239U can be made by neutron capture in uranium-238.

Uranium-237 and neptunium-239 are regarded as the leading hazardous radioisotopes in the first hour-to-week period following nuclear fallout from a nuclear detonation, with 239Np dominating "the spectrum for several days."

title: Isotopes of neptunium