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Michael Livesey

Sir Michael Livesey, 1st Baronet (1614 - circa 1665), also spelt Livesay, was a Puritan activist and Member of Parliament who served in the Parliamentarian army during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. He was one of the regicides who approved the Execution of Charles I in January 1649.

At the outbreak of the First English Civil War in August 1642, Livesey played a prominent role in securing Kent for Parliament, raising a regiment of cavalry and serving on the local administration. He resigned his commission in early 1645 and was appointed Member of Parliament (MP) for Queenborough in September. During the Second English Civil War in 1648, he once again displayed energy and commitment in suppressing Royalist risings in South East England.

Known as a Republican who opposed further negotiations with King Charles I, Livesey was one of the MPs retained after Pride's Purge in December 1648, and appointed a judge at Charles' trial. A strong believer in the sovereignty of Parliament, he became disillusioned after the establishment of the Protectorate in 1654, although he served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1655 and 1656.

Following the Stuart Restoration in 1660, he was condemned as a regicide and escaped to the Low Countries. Claims he was assassinated by Royalist agents shortly afterwards are incorrect; he appears to have died in Rotterdam around June 1665, although some biographies give an earlier date.

Personal details
Michael Livesey was the only surviving son of Gabriel Livesey (1567–1622) and his second wife Anne, daughter of Sir Michael Sondes, MP for Queenborough and High Sheriff of Kent. His paternal grandfather Robert was Sheriff of Sussex and Surrey in 1602 and 1603, who purchased estates in Kent at Hollingbourne and Eastchurch in 1571. These were transferred to Gabriel, who was Sheriff of Kent in 1618, making the family a leading part of the county gentry.

After Gabriel's death in 1622, Anne married her cousin Sir John Hayward (1591–1636), who sold his property in Shropshire and bought Hollingbourne. Hayward also served as Sheriff of Kent in 1623, an unusual move since such offices were normally held by an established member of the local community. He and his step-son do not appear to have been close; in 1632, Livesey unsuccessfully tried to recover Hollingbourne 'through a trick of law', rather than paying for it, and Sir John's will left it to a distant relative.

Livesey's marriage to Elizabeth Clinton-Fiennes (died 1666) produced two daughters, Deborah and Anne (1634–?), who later married Sir Robert Sprignell (1622–1688). His baronetcy was confiscated in 1660.

Career
Details on Livesey's life prior to 1640 are limited, other than the purchase of a baronetcy in 1627 and his appointment as Justice of the Peace in 1637. Known as a devout Puritan his marriage connected him to Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln and William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele, both leading opponents of Charles I. In February 1642, he organised and presented a petition to the Long Parliament on behalf of 'the Knights, Gentry and Commonalty of the County of Kent', which expressed support for the reforms carried out since November 1640.

When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, most of Kent supported Parliament and Livesey raised a regiment of local cavalry. His unit seized control of Rochester and Canterbury, although Livesey was forced to apologise for the damage they caused to the Cathedral. As part of the Army of the Southern Association commanded by Sir William Waller, he participated in the capture of Chichester in December 1642. He was also a member of the Kent County Committee which administered civil affairs, although he fell out with the more moderate members, allegedly due to the extremity of his views.

In late 1643, a Royalist army under Sir Ralph Hopton marched into Hampshire and Sussex, whose iron foundries were Parliament's main source of armaments. In late November, Livesey and 120 cavalry linked up with Waller at Farnham, where the Parliamentarian forces had concentrated to resist Hopton's advance. He missed the Battle of Alton on 13 December preventing an attack on Bramber, which controlled the road into East Sussex and Kent, important for its wealth and access to ports in Northern Europe. The furthest point reached by the Royalists, by January 1644 they had been forced back into Hampshire.

Livesey rejoined Waller and fought at Cheriton in March 1644 and Cropredy Bridge in June. A recurring problem for both sides was the reluctance of regiments to serve outside their home areas and many of Waller's men now deserted, including some in Livesey's unit. This led to accusations of cowardice and mutiny from his subordinate, Major Anthony Weldon, who had made similar accusations against his superiors when serving in Lincolnshire. Livesey was absolved by the Committee for Both Kingdoms but resigned his commission when his regiment was transferred to the New Model Army in early 1645.

In September 1645, Livesey replaced the Royalist William Harrison as MP for Queenborough. After the war ended in May 1646, he opposed negotiations with Charles and supported the Army Council in its clash with Parliamentarian moderates led by Denzil Holles. When pro-Royalist riots broke out in Kent in December 1647, Livesey was sent to quell them; he remained in South East England when the Second English Civil War began in April 1648, suppressing unrest in Sussex and supporting Sir Thomas Fairfax in the campaign which ended with the capture of Maidstone in June.

Despite this victory, Kent remained an area of concern, particularly after nine warships of the Parliamentary-controlled Royal Navy joined the Prince of Wales in Holland. On 4 July, a petition was presented to Parliament demanding the resumption of negotiations with Charles, and on the same day, the Earl of Holland raised 400 cavalry in an attempt to seize London. This was insufficient for the task and the Royalists retreated through Surrey, before they were intercepted and scattered outside Surbiton by a force led by Livesey. On 27 July, Fairfax reported his capture at Sandwich of one of the ships which had defected.

The main Royalist army was defeated at Preston on 17 August, but the revolt in Kent ended only after Deal and Sandown Castle surrendered in September. The Second Civil War was fought with greater bitterness than the first, with both sides executing prisoners, while it convinced Livesey, Oliver Cromwell and others that further talks with Charles were pointless. After MPs who supported continuing negotiations were excluded by Pride's Purge in December, Livesey was included in the reduced body known as the Rump Parliament. Appointed to the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I, he signed the death warrant for his execution on 30 January 1649.

Over the next few years, Livesey became disillusioned as Parliament's powers were first delegated to the English Council of State, before being dissolved and replaced by the Protectorate in 1654. He confined himself to local politics, serving as High Sheriff of Kent in 1655 and 1656 and when the Rump was reinstated in May 1659, he supported the civilian faction in Parliament against the Army's Wallingford House party. After Charles II was restored to the throne in May 1660, Livesey and his wife fled to the Low Countries. Claims that he was assassinated by Royalist agents are incorrect; he appears to have died in Rotterdam around June 1665, although some biographies give this as 1663.

title: Michael Livesey


text:
International Business Law Consortium

The International Business Law Consortium (IBLC) describes itself as an affiliation of independent law firms, tax and audit advisors and related professionals cultivating transnational legal knowledge to promote efficient and effective professional services and guide businesses in a global community.

The IBLC was established in 1996 under the auspices of the Center for International Legal Studies as a means of assisting law firms affiliated with the center to participate in and further the center's programs, and to translate these benefits to the delivery of transnational legal services. The former aim is promoted by members' participation in the center's research projects and the extension of special terms for their participation in its legal education and professional development programs. The IBLC offers members international business contacts and a platform from which to manage transnational business law knowledge and know how. It helps them to develop the most effective mechanisms for serving international business community. IBLC seeks to limit its membership to firms of impeccable professional reputation. In 2006, more than 100 firms in Europe, North, Central, and South America, Asia and the Pacific, and the Middle East were members of the IBLC. The IBLC stresses that it is not a network in the conventional sense, but its members collaborate to provide global reach and local expertise for their clients.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: International Business Law Consortium


text:
The Nth Degree (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

"The Nth Degree" is the 93rd episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 19th episode of the fourth season.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D.

Rob Legato directed and oversaw visual effects for the episode. He created a 3-D effect where the Cytherian's huge head appears to pop out of the screen, allowing him to have a face-to-face conversation with Picard.

Plot
The Enterprise is sent to investigate the shutdown of the Argus Array, a deep-space telescope and radio antenna. Geordi La Forge and Lt. Reginald Barclay take a shuttlecraft to examine the array closely, discovering the presence of an alien probe nearby; the probe fires a pulse as they near it, disabling the shuttlecraft and knocking out Barclay. The Enterprise crew recovers the shuttle and are forced to destroy the probe when it follows the ship, believing the Argus Array was affected by a similar pulse. Barclay recovers, but the crew finds him much more intelligent than before. His IQ continues to increase, and La Forge finds that he has spent the night in a holodeck arguing quantum physics with Albert Einstein.

The Array starts to undergo a series of catastrophic failures. Barclay, with his newfound intelligence, casually explains how they can use the Enterprise computers to prevent the failures in only two days, much to his colleagues' disbelief. Barclay's solution works temporarily, but the failure rate increases, and Barclay finds the Enterprise computer too slow to keep up with it. He goes to the holodeck and creates a device that allows him to interact directly with the Enterprise and array computer systems, putting an end to the Array's failures. The crew finds that Barclay has become too integrated with the computer, and when they try to shut down the computer, Barclay sends the ship into a "subspace inversion," sending the ship across a great distance at a velocity significantly faster than conventional warp drive.

They arrive at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, and are met by a representative of a race of beings called the Cytherians, who are far more advanced than humans and find amusement in their "bipedal locomotion" and "hierarchical collective command structure". They free Barclay from the computer, and, minus his heightened intelligence, he arrives on the bridge to help explain what happened. The Cytherians are friendly explorers like the Federation, but instead of traveling to meet other races, they have launched probes that convey the necessary technical knowledge for other beings to come to them. The probe was unable to reprogram the Argus Array or the Enterprise shuttlecraft, causing them to fail. But it was able to reprogram Barclay, giving him the power to accomplish the task.

The Enterprise stays with the Cytherians for ten days, exchanging knowledge that will take decades to fully understand. The Cytherians then return the Enterprise to the Argus Array. Barclay finds himself back to normal, although he keeps vivid memories of his temporary transformation.

Cultural references
The website Women at Warp compares the "sidekick-turned-supervillain" situation with the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Grave." "While Barclay's run as a supergenius in "The Nth Degree" is short lived and Willow's progression into a black magic wielding ultra-witch spans multiple episodes, their arcs are strikingly similar. Both Barclay and Willow (particularly in the first 4 seasons) are depicted as meek and shy, cast in their own minds as the 'sidekick' to their more powerful peers. When each is suddenly imbued with a terrifying amount of power, their friends fear how far they will go. Ultimately both must cope with returning to their former, less powerful states, but with the knowledge of the terror they inflicted on the people they cared about."

Reception
James Hunt, reviewing for the site Den of Geek!, jovially recaps the plot ("...they meet a giant floating head alien who speaks like he was bussed in from Hercules: The Legendary Journeys. Apparently the race in this star system are so lazy that they like to explore by bringing ships to them, so Barclay did exactly what they want. The Enterprise crew stick around to share information, and try not to think about the array they failed to repair."), remarks on trivia and passes judgment on the episode:

"Perhaps my favourite thing is that it didn't just go full Flowers For Algernon, which would've been the easy way out of the plot. Nope, the Enterprise crew completely loses control of the situation and basically they would've died if the circumstances had been less benevolent. In narrative terms it's probably not particularly satisfying for the lead characters to be passive observers to the story's climax, but as a sci-fi nerd I enjoyed the exploration of an idea through to its natural conclusion."

Keith DeCandido, in his review for Tor.com, gave the episode an 8 out of 10, writing, "It's an excellent episode that works on pretty much every level. It's a good sequel to 'Hollow Pursuits,' as it gives Barclay what he always wanted—confidence, creativity, intelligence—but yanks it away from him at the end. It provides a wonderfully alien species in the Cytherians, who are in the fine Star Trek tradition of aliens who seem menacing but turn out to be more complicated than that. It makes very good use of Cyrano de Bergerac, one of the greatest plays in the history of human theatre... Ultimately, what sells it is Dwight Schultz, who gives a superb performance..."

Jamahl Epsicokhan, also citing Daniel Keyes's classic science fiction novel in a review of 4 out of 4 stars, writes, "The character outline is Flowers for Algernon, except instead of taking a mentally challenged man and turning him into a genius, it takes a man of average intelligence (for this crew) and turns him into an ultra-confident, cosmic super-genius. In the opening scene, regular-Barclay is playing Cyrano de Bergerac in a performance that, let's face it, is pathetic despite his best efforts. Later, watch how genius-Barclay's acting is so mesmerizing that it practically makes Crusher weep." He goes on,

The way the crew reacts to all this is absolutely honest human nature; they fear what they cannot predict or understand... especially when Barclay puts an energy field off the starboard side of the ship and prepares to send the crew 30,000 light-years through it... The suspense of what waits at the other side is one of the true moments of unpredictable awe in the Trek canon.

What actually waits there, alas, cannot live up to that awe, but I did still enjoy the episode's sense of whimsical curiosity, in which it turns out that advanced aliens used Barclay as an implement to bring the Enterprise here in carrying out their own exploration of the galaxy. Barclay is of course returned to normal... "The Nth Degree" is a splendidly unique amalgam of tones and themes, plot and characterization, imagination and bemusement, and it ends up being one of the most fascinating hours in TNG's run. In 2020, ScreenRant ranked the Cytherians the 8th smartest aliens of the Star Trek franchise, highlighting their knowledge of subspace distortions.

Home video
This episode was released in the United States on September 3, 2002, as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation season four DVD box set.

CBS announced on September 28, 2011, in celebration of the series' twenty-fifth anniversary, that Star Trek: The Next Generation would be completely re-mastered in 1080p high definition from the original 35mm film negatives. For the remaster almost 25,000 reels of original film stock were rescanned and reedited, and all visual effects were digitally recomposed from original large-format negatives and newly created CGI shots. The release was accompanied by 7.1 DTS Master Audio. On July 30, 2013 "The Nth Degree" was released on 1080p high definition as part of the Season 4 Blu-ray box set in the United States. The set was released on July 29, 2013, in the United Kingdom.


text:
File:Hexstatic Listen&Learn albumcover.jpg

http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/B00007A3J2.02.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

This image is of the CD cover for the Solid Steel album mixed by Hexstatic entitled Listen & Learn. It is used in the article about the album, Listen & Learn. The image is therefore illustrative of, and directly relevant to, the article's content. The justification / rationale for using this image is:

 * The image is directly relevant to, or is representative of, the article in which it appears.
 * The presence of the image improves and/or gives clarity to the article in which it appears.
 * The image is of low size and quality.
 * The image depicts, or is used to promote, a product. Use of the image in an encyclopedic article relevant to that product does not harm or diminish the product, its creators, the original artist / designer of the image, the record company, publishers or studios that market the product, or any other personnel involved in its production in any way.
 * The image was taken from the website that is sourced above. On the source website, the image was used to advertise or review the product. Use of the image in a relevant encyclopedic article does not harm or diminish the source website's continued use of the image for their intended purposes.
 * The image is unlikely to have been edited. However, there are two circumstances where it may have been edited by the uploader:
 * 1) If the original image was large, the uploader may have reduced the size prior to uploading to Wikipedia.
 * 2) If borders, shadows or other effects had been added to the image on the source website, these may have been removed by the uploader purely for the purpose of returning the exact likeness of the original product.
 * Neither of these forms of editing affect the other points listed here.

Gram123 (talk) 14:27, 4 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
New Mexico State Road 80

State Road 80 (NM 80) is 32.416 mi north–south state road in southwestern New Mexico, between the Arizona state line near Rodeo and Interstate 10 (I-10) at Road Forks. Lying entirely within Hidalgo County, New Mexico, it is the only section of the old U.S. Route 80 (US 80) in New Mexico which still retains its number. The route was re-designated NM 80 in 1989. This is the reason why NM 80 has an even number designation despite the highway being north/south. From the south, SR 80 acts as a continuation of NM 80 into Arizona.

Route description
Despite being an even-numbered highway, NM 80 is signed as a north–south route. This is because NM 80 takes its number from the now-defunct US 80, which was an east–west highway, as well as the fact that the highway continues as SR 80 into Arizona. NM 80 begins at the Arizona state line and eastern terminus of Arizona State Route 80. The highway travels northeast alongside the town of Rodeo. On the north side of the highway is the now abandoned track bed of the former El Paso and Southwestern Railroad. On the northeast end of town at Shady Lane, Rivers Road curves off to the northeast. This older section of US 80 used to lead to a railroad overpass, when the EP&SW was still operational. After the line was abandoned, US 80, now NM 80, was rerouted to a gentle curve bisecting the old track bed. The old overpass has long since been demolished. NM 80 travels straight north from this point on.

8 miles from the Arizona border, NM 80 intersects the eastern terminus of NM 533. Four miles north of NM 533 is the western terminus of NM 9, which heads east to Animas and Columbus. Continuing north, NM 80 passes Rodeo Airport, then curves northeast, skirting the base of both Granite Peak and Blue Mountain. At the eastern base of Blue Mountain is the western terminus of NM 143. NM 80 then makes a straight shot north through a desolate flat desert landscape until it reaches Roadforks. The small unincorporated area has a few service stations and small businesses for both NM 80 and I-10 travelers. NM 80 continues for a few hundred feet north, before ending in a trumpet interchange at I-10 Exit 5. While NM 80 ends here, US 80 would have continued east along much of the current route of I-10 to the Texas border.

History
In 1903, New Mexico Territorial Road 4 (NM 4) was designated from the Arizona border near Rodeo through Lordsburg and Deming to NM 1 in Las Cruces. Upon creation of New Mexico's first state highway system in 1912, NM 4 was re-designated as New Mexico State Road 4. In Lordsburg, NM 4 passed the western terminUS of NM 42, which ran northeast to NM 11 in Silver City. In 1917 the Dixie Overland Highway auto trail was designated between San Diego, California and Savannah, Georgia over part of NM 4. The Dixie Overland Highway was joined by the Bankhead Highway in 1920 and the Old Spanish Trail in 1923. In 1923, NM 4 was truncated to Lordsburg, and NM 42 extended over its former route to Arizona.

On November 11, 1926, the U.S. Numbered Highway System was established in a joint effort by the United States Department of Agriculture and the American Association of State Highway Officials. NM 42 became part of U.S. Route 80 from Arizona to Lordsburg and U.S. Route 180 from Lordsburg to Silver City. Nationally, US 80 ran from San Diego to Savannah, replacing the earlier auto trails designated along NM 4 and NM 42. US 180 ran from Florence Junction, Arizona to the new U.S. Route 85 northeast of Silver City via Lordsburg. The arrival of the U.S. Highways in New Mexico caused the New Mexico State Highway Department to institute a statewide remembering in 1927 to better include the new routes. As such, NM 42 and the remainder of NM 4 were entirely removed from the state highway system in favor of US 80 and US 180. The route between Arizona and Lordsburg would continue to hold the US 80 designation for the next 63 years.

Following the creation of the Interstate Highway System in 1956, Interstate 10 slowly replaced US 80. Starting in 1964, US 80 was truncated eastward in increments from San Diego. in 1989, Arizona and New Mexico requested AASHTO to remove US 80 west of Anthony, New Mexico. The request was approved. The remaining section of US 80 from Benson, Arizona to Roadforks became Arizona State Route 80 and New Mexico State Road 80 respectively. The remainder of US 80 was removed from New Mexico in 1991.

title: New Mexico State Road 80


text: User talk:203.128.10.178

title: User talk:203.128.10.178


text:
Talk:Ed Speleers

Speedy delete
Have posted the author a note -- Cdyson37 11:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Picture
Go to Google. They have tons of Speelers pics. Also, if you go to the Movie page for Eragon on Canmag.com, there is a good pic of Speelers as Eragon.

Done. We|class=Stub've got a picture of Speelers as himself. Dragix 07:32, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Tibecuador?
It says he lives in Tibecuador. Wasn't that country a fictional country created for an episode of theFairly Oddparents?

 * This issue must have been resolved as it is no longer mentioned in the article. Todayisdifferent 04:40, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Yes, it was for a Fairly Oddparents episode. The episode is called, 'Oh, Brother!" Tibecuador was supposedly were Tommy trained as a doctor. And were he is later wished away to. - Bronzeshurtugal November 2006 (UTC)

I bought a book about the making of the movie and it states his birthday is December 21, 1987. His official site, however, says he was born in 1988. No exact date is given. Lutherjw 13:57, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Yes and his birthday is in April becaue I remember celebrating it with him Benny45boy 23:54, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Although Ed Speleer's website states that Ed was born in 1988, several sources, including IMDB.com and Shurtugal.com state that his birthday is December 21st (1987). Since it is well publicized that he turned 18 during filming, it is likely that the 1987 date is correct. However, why would Ed's site list the incorrect year? Is there any way to verify what his correct date of birth is? Todayisdifferent 04:34, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I can change it to 1987 or 1988 for now.

His Birthday is the 7th April 1988, as he says in his blog. I have changed the date. was he born on april the 7 or december 21?!

Go to his website. There will be a click-able heading called Ed's Personal Blog (or something like that) and under 'Backpacking' it says HE (Ed himself) states he was born on 7th April. -Bronzeshurtugal

his birthday IS april 7th 1988, he says it on his website, on his blog

Side Bar
User:Gilliam removed our side bar/fact box. It looks like the primary reason was because it was messing up with the ambiguous year of birth, and it was nice of Gilliam to help keep the page clean. However, is there any other reason why we should not have the bar? If nobody objects, I can fix the box so that it is working properly and put it back on the page. Todayisdifferent 04:40, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, I didn't really understand how the infobox worked until I tried to fix it. I see that not knowing his date of birth makes it just shy of impossible to include. Todayisdifferent 04:49, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Edward was born on December 21 people, not April 4! I want to know where you found that out, because it's wrong.130.13.60.47 04:22, 27 March 2007 (UTC)wasnt-sure-how-to-edit-gurl130.13.60.47 04:22, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Typo
Do you guys realise that you have typo'd Ed's name in the title of this article? Its Speleers, not Speelers. Just to let you know. Is it possible to edit it? :)

 * The only way I can think of to edit it is to flip around the redirects, which I have just done. I also think that the Edward Speelers article should be nominated for deletion, since that is not his name. Stephe1987 04:15, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

 * hey, it doesn't mater, okay!!! no one is going to read this gay article about a lame movie star okay!? Smith Jones 01:20, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * If he's so lame then why are YOU looking at this article? LMAO!!! Stephe1987 00:06, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

{Personal attack removed} Smith Jones

 * sorry for yeling at you im just so sick of the rudeness that a few people (not everyne) but a few people ahve on the internet because their faces are not seeing. Smith Jones 22:21, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

YOU must be one of those people!!!!!!!

Sexuality
Since when has he been bisexual?Benny45boy 21:21, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

I don't think he's bisexual because Ed's not that way. Whoever said that must be going insane. P.S. Where does he it say that he is bisexual? If you can't show us the link or tell us how to get there, then you are lying.

also... we dont need a description of penis length ... thats disgusting —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.152.212.4 (talk) 23:43, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Name of Article
Since he goes by "Ed Speleers" in public, shouldn't the page be thaat as well, with the opening line revealing his actual name is Edward? Jacobshaven3 (talk) 14:07, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Birth date
The page says "April 7, 1988" with no references, but this article of The Philadelphia Inquirer dated 15 december 2006 says he will turn 19 the following week: according to this, he's born between 18 and 24 December 1987 (2006-19=1987). -- Chiya92 09:55, 22 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Found real date of birth.. I'll correct. -- Chiya92 10:25, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Searching in the England and Wales births 1837-2006, I found that Ed Speleers was born in 1988: here. Unfortunately, to view the record you have to pay. I'll look through the Net to find a confirmation. -- Chiya92 09:00, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ed Speleers


text:
File:Hexstatic Master-View albumcover.jpg

http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/B0002CH8NS.02.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

This image is of the UK CD cover for the Hexstatic album, Master-View. It is used in the article about the album, Master-View. The image is therefore illustrative of, and directly relevant to, the article's content. The justification / rationale for using this image is:

 * The image is directly relevant to, or is representative of, the article in which it appears.
 * The presence of the image improves and/or gives clarity to the article in which it appears.
 * The image is of low size and quality.
 * The image depicts, or is used to promote, a product. Use of the image in an encyclopedic article relevant to that product does not harm or diminish the product, its creators, the original artist / designer of the image, the film company, publishers or studios that market the product, or any other personnel involved in its production in any way.
 * The image was taken from the website that is sourced above. On the source website, the image was used to advertise or review the product. Use of the image in a relevant encyclopedic article does not harm or diminish the source website's continued use of the image for their intended purposes.
 * The image is unlikely to have been edited. However, there are two circumstances where it may have been edited by the uploader:
 * 1) If the original image was large, the uploader may have reduced the size prior to uploading to Wikipedia.
 * 2) If borders, shadows or other effects had been added to the image on the source website, these may have been removed by the uploader purely for the purpose of returning the exact likeness of the original product.
 * Neither of these forms of editing affect the other points listed here.

Gram123 16:39, 8 November 2007 (UTC)


text: User:Jai dit

title: User:Jai dit


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Value delivery network

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. The transwiki suggestion gathered no support. -Splash 01:44, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Value delivery network
Delete another definition of a business jargon term, neologism, no notability. --Russ Blau (talk) 11:50, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete only a definition DV8 2XL 13:03, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. surely there must be a firing squad somewhere for people who talk like this. i will donate. send me link. SaltyPig 15:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as per above Roodog2k 17:21, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to wiktionary -- everyone sure is delete happy for things that would be perfectly at home in wiktionary... (And yes, a person who would use this word is not my friend.)  --Quasipalm 20:45, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Why would wiktionary want this? Don't know if you have ever seen it, but this reminds me of the old Life cereal commercial where a bunch of little kids make faces at the bowl of cereal and say "I won't eat it, you eat it."  --Russ Blau (talk) 15:52, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * just had a great idea, RussBlau. let's make an article called "Why would wiktionary want this?", and we can throw wiktionary a bone with "mikey factor", an article we'll create and then VfD over to them. see how creative we all are? let's not delete anything! LOL. use it all. SaltyPig 16:04, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bon-y-maen

Bon-y-maen, sometimes spelt Bonymaen, (Bôn-y-maen) is a community in Swansea, Wales located about 1.5 mi north east of Swansea city centre. It falls within the coterminous Bonymaen ward for elections to Swansea Council.

Bôn-y-maen is Welsh for 'Base of the stone' and there are legends that the same stone ends in Penmaen (Stone End) on the Gower Peninsula.

Overlooking Bon-y-maen on top of Kilvey Hill is the main TV transmitter for Swansea.

The local rugby team is Bonymaen RFC.

In 2017 over 200 new homes were planned for the ex-Morris Brothers bus works in Pentrechwyth (part of Bonymaen).

Bonymaen was a Communities First area.

title: Bon-y-maen


text:
Talk:Tombolo

Question
Is it appropriate if the List of Tombolos section gets made into a list-type article? Trinitrobrick, 09:13, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

Spit vs bar
With reference to this sentence "a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar", is a spit that grows long enough to connect an island to the mainland not then defined as a bar (i.e. a spit, by definition, cannot join an island to the mainland)? Ccw34 (talk) 22:19, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

Chesil Beach
Actually, longshore drift was almost certainly not the way that Chesil Beach was formed. it is far more likely that chesil beach was formed when sea levels rose after the last ice age, and collected beach material from across Lyme Bay to form a barrier beach, parallel to the coast. Chesil beach stopped before it hit land as the sea levels stopped rising far enough for the beach to move right against the shore, and hence the Fleet lagoon was formed. Chesil beach is, beacause of this reason, not a standard orthodox tombolo, as it just happened to join to the north side of the Isle of Portland due to currents and the shape of the sea bed between Portland and the mainland. -Ross, portland.

Curonian spit
Is Curonian Spit in Lithuania a tombolo in (wide or narrow) sense of the word? If so, it should be mentioned, as it would certainly make one of the world's largest. If not, why? Thanks. Duja 12:18, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Erm, forget it, I found the answer in Spit (landform). Duja 12:19, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Merger proposal
An article has been created at Tombola (island), which appears to be a mis-spelling or variant spelling of Tombolo. It looks as if they need to be merged. PamD (talk) 19:09, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's a mispelling, it's likely as not a diminutive. --MacRusgail (talk) 17:59, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Chesil Beach
The linked page Chesil Beach says that it is a barrier beach that has rolled backwards giving the appearance of a tombolo, it is without reference however, so if any new information appears verifying this information then it may be appropriate to remove Chesil Beach from this list. --Carf1 (talk) 15:57, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Tied island
I'm trying to figure out the distinction here; is a tombolo the spit of land that attaches the tied island? Or are they synonyms? Even if not synonyms, if you don't have one without the other, then these should be merged. postdlf (talk) 18:55, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

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Dadan Island
I think the middle part of this island may be a tombolo. Maybe we should make a category that includes locations that have tombolos? Geographyinitiative (talk) 09:04, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

Wellington Point
I note that Wellington Point, Redland, Queensland, Australia appears to be a tombolo, extending to King Island whose tombolo might be visible only at low tide. It doesn't appear on this list. There's a photo supposedly from 1895 which shows the tombolo out to King Island. I'm not sure how to link that photo here though: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_239803_Low_tide_at_Wellington_Point.jpg — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tzali (talk • contribs) 11:31, 2 September 2020 (UTC) I found a recent photo of he tombolo connecting Wellington point to King Island here: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:King_Island_joined_to_the_Wellington_Point_by_a_sand_and_muddy_causeway_at_low_tide_01.jpg  AND also here: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wellington_Point_seen_from_a_sand_causeway_which_joins_the_point_with_King_Island_at_low_tide.jpg  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tzali (talk • contribs) 09:04, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

... an island becomes attached to the mainland ...
I reverted your "good faith revert" to reinstate my change. This may seem aggressive to you - if so I apologise. Let me explain cf. in same para And in following section
 * is a deposition landform
 * Once attached, the island is then known as a tied island.  which implies that a process of attachment occurs, so that the ismand become attached
 * ... shoreline moves toward the island (or detached breakwater) due to accretion of sand ...
 *  the sand is built up ... eventually ... will connect

All of this informs us that an island becomes a tied island. If you have a better word than becomes then feel free ! I hope we can manage to find consensus/agreement :-) -- jw (talk) 18:54, 3 April 2021 (UTC) See also which states Definition A tombolo is a sediment deposit at the coast formed by wave refraction and diffraction at the edges of an obstacle (natural or artificial) originally detached from the mainland. Description The formation of a tombolo is caused by the diffraction of the wave at the ends of an obstacle, creating a convergence of opposing flows of sediment transport. Depending on the input of sediments and sea-level trends, the accumulation of sediments (sands or gravels) leads to continuous progradation of the coastline towards the detached obstacle (usually an island). A smaller sediment protrusion can also be developed in the back side of the obstacle. The final phase of this process is the complete coalescence between these sediment features and the blockage of the water body located behind the obstacle, with the consequent formation of a connection between the obstacle and the mainland (i.e., the tombolo)... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jwikip (talk • contribs) 18:57, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Ah I see. Thank you for your care. I wasn't aware of that distinction. I've added some refs to the article. I think some of those "tombolos" listed may not have that heritage, and would just be classified as a sandy isthmus rather than a tombolo. But I don't know enough geology to go through them all. peterl (talk) 04:00, 5 April 2021 (UTC)
 * thank you, we agree now ... we will have to find specialists to check those 'tombolos'/'isthmus(es)' | any ideas how to reach them ? -- jw (talk) 19:18, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

List of tombolos
Hello fellow Wikipedians

The list Tombolo needs a general review.
 * 1) As previously pointed out by other readers (see above), as some of the isthmuses named may not be tombolos.
 * , the recent addition of Gibraltar is not strictly accurate as this is not the placename of the tombolo joining the Rock of Gibraltar to the mainland.
 * 1) There may be other misleading identifications in the list.

jw (talk) 11:09, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tombolo


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Category:User ceb-N

These users are native speakers of Cebuano.

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text:
Byzantine dress

Byzantine dress changed considerably over the thousand years of the Empire, but was essentially conservative. Popularly, Byzantine dress remained attached to its classical Greek roots with most changes and different styles being evidenced in the upper strata of Byzantine society always with a touch of the Hellenic environment. The Byzantines liked colour and pattern, and made and exported very richly patterned cloth, especially Byzantine silk, woven and embroidered for the upper classes, and resist-dyed and printed for the lower. A different border or trimming round the edges was very common, and many single stripes down the body or around the upper arm are seen, often denoting class or rank. Taste for the middle and upper classes followed the latest fashions at the Imperial Court.

As in the West during the Middle Ages, clothing was very expensive for the poor, who probably wore the same well-worn clothes nearly all the time; this meant in particular that any costume owned by most women needed to fit throughout the full length of a pregnancy. Even for the better-off, clothing was "used until death and then reused", and the cut was generous to allow for this.

On the body
In the early stages of the Byzantine Empire the traditional Roman toga was still used as very formal or official dress. By Justinian's time this had been replaced by the tunica, or long chiton, for both sexes, over which the upper classes wore other garments, like a dalmatica (dalmatic), a heavier and shorter type of tunica, again worn by both sexes, but mainly by men. The hems often curve down to a sharp point. The scaramangion was a riding-coat of Persian origin, opening down the front and normally coming to the mid-thigh, although these are recorded as being worn by Emperors, when they seem to become much longer. In general, except for military and presumably riding-dress, men of higher status, and all women, had clothes that came down to the ankles, or nearly so. Women often wore a top layer of the stola, for the rich in brocade. All of these, except the stola, might be belted or not. The terms for dress are often confusing, and certain identification of the name a particular pictured item had, or the design that relates to a particular documentary reference, is rare, especially outside the Court.

The chlamys, a semicircular cloak fastened to the right shoulder continued throughout the period. The length fell sometimes only to the hips or as far as the ankles, much longer than the version commonly worn in Ancient Greece; the longer version is also called a paludamentum. As well as his courtiers, Emperor Justinian wears one, with a huge brooch, in the Ravenna mosaics. On each straight edge men of the senatorial class had a tablion, a lozenge shaped coloured panel across the chest or midriff (at the front), which was also used to show the further rank of the wearer by the colour or type of embroidery and jewels used (compare those of Justinian and his courtiers). Theodosius I and his co-emperors were shown in 388 with theirs at knee level in the Missorium of Theodosius I of 387, but over the next decades the tablion can be seen to move higher on the Chlamys, for example in ivories of 413-414. A paragauda or border of thick cloth, usually including gold, was also an indicator of rank. Sometimes an oblong cloak would be worn, especially by the military and ordinary people; it was not for court occasions. Cloaks were pinned on the right shoulder for ease of movement, and access to a sword.

Leggings and hose were often worn, but are not prominent in depictions of the wealthy; they were associated with barbarians, whether European or Persian. Even basic clothes appear to have been surprisingly expensive for the poor. Some manual workers, probably slaves, are shown continuing to wear, at least in summer, the basic Roman slip costume which was effectively two rectangles sewn together at the shoulders and below the arm. Others, when engaged in activity, are shown with the sides of their tunic tied up to the waist for ease of movement. <!-- Hide and sort out later. Rather a mess

Historical Review and Influence in Today's Fashion
Byzantine clothing styles have influenced modern fashion in a similar way to how other aspects of Byzantine culture have influenced modern civilization as a whole. Traditional Byzantine fashion started in the fourth century A.D. when the emperor Constantine transferred the capital from Rome to Byzantium. From that point onwards, a person's style of dress became important because it was used to signify social status. Only people of high class could afford to use garments rich in colour and quality fabric. The Byzantines tended to prefer simple, flowing clothes to the winding and draping of the toga. They chose as their most basic of garments the dalmatica, a long, flowing men's tunic, or shirt, with wide sleeves and hem, and the stola for women. Designs were usually quite simple. The Byzantines still used the regular, rectangle shape to make cloaks and tunics, but enhanced its shape by adding ornaments, quilting and any materials were used but the prominent ones were the encrusted diamonds on garments to create embroidery.

The discovery of silk also made a great impact in Byzantine society, especially on emperors and people from the highest class level. Especially during the early years, silk was exceedingly rare and expensive. Then, two monks smuggled silkworms out of China and began to produce silk within the Byzantine Empire. Later on, many details began to appear, like decorative collars, armbands, hems, and broad sleeves with embroidered cuffs. Most garments were of silk embroidered with silver and gold threads and attached gems. Outer cloaks were circular, semicircular, and trapezoidal in shape.

Religion and power also played an important effect on Byzantine society, due to emperor Constantine being widely regarded as the first Christian emperor. Because of this, the fashion designers for Dolce and Gabbana, Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana, grabbed inspiration from the various paintings of important religious figures of the empire, especially from the period known as The Justinian Golden Era, when the emperor Justinian I enjoyed the use of gold and sophisticated objects. Byzantine art was greatly admired, desired, imitated, and even appropriated by others. These designers took inspiration from the important figures of the Byzantine period, but also from a common technique called tiling (which consists of creating a mosaic and/or tessellation). They also incorporated details such as the jewelry and crowns to portray wealth and prestige.

Today, many designers take inspiration from the mosaics of the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Ravenna, depicting the court of Justinian I and his wife Empress Theodora. Some of these designers are Veronica Etro for her 2009 collection, Nicole Miller’s Fall 2006, Chanel for Pre-Fall 2011 and the extravaganza of Alexander McQueen, reinterpreting some of the garments of the Byzantine era. -->

Iconographic dress
The most common images surviving from the Byzantine period are not relevant as references for actual dress worn in the period. Christ (often even as a baby), the Apostles, Saint Joseph, Saint John the Baptist and some others are nearly always shown wearing formulaic "pseudo-Biblical dress", consisting of a large himation, a large rectangular mantle wrapped round the body (almost a toga), over a chiton, or loose sleeved tunic, reaching to the ankles. Sandals are worn on the feet. This costume is not commonly seen in secular contexts, although possibly this is deliberate, to avoid confusing secular with divine subjects. The Theotokos (Virgin Mary) is shown wearing a maphorion, a more shaped mantle with a hood and sometimes a hole at the neck. This probably is close to actual typical dress for widows, and for married women when in public. The Virgin's underdress may be visible, especially at the sleeves. There are also conventions for Old Testament prophets and other Biblical figures. Apart from Christ and the Virgin, much iconographic dress is white or relatively muted in colour especially when on walls (murals and mosaics) and in manuscripts, but more brightly coloured in icons. Many other figures in Biblical scenes, especially if unnamed, are usually depicted wearing "contemporary" Byzantine clothing.

Female dress
Modesty was important for all, and most women appear almost entirely covered by rather shapeless clothes, which needed to be able to accommodate a full pregnancy. The basic garment in the early Empire comes down to the ankles, with a high round collar and tight sleeves to the wrist. The fringes and cuffs might be decorated with embroidery, with a band around the upper arm as well. In the 10th and 11th century a dress with flared sleeves, eventually very full indeed at the wrist, becomes increasingly popular, before disappearing; working women are shown with the sleeves tied up. In court ladies this may come with a V-collar. Belts were normally worn, possibly with belt-hooks to support the skirt; they may have been cloth more often than leather, and some tasselled sashes are seen. Neck openings were probably often buttoned, which is hard to see in art, and not described in texts, but must have been needed if only for breast-feeding. Straight down, across, or diagonally are the possible options. The plain linen undergarment was, until the 10th century, not designed to be visible. However at this point a standing collar starts to show above the main dress.

Hair is covered by a variety of head-cloths and veils, presumably often removed inside the home. Sometimes caps were worn under the veil, and sometimes the cloth is tied in turban style. This may have been done while working - for example the midwives in scenes of the Nativity of Jesus in art usually adopt this style. Earlier ones were wrapped in a figure-of-eight fashion, but by the 11th century circular wrapping, possibly sewn into a fixed position, was adopted. In the 11th and 12th centuries head-cloths or veils began to be longer.

With footwear, scholars are more certain, as there are considerable numbers of examples recovered by archaeology from the drier parts of the Empire. A great variety of footwear is found, with sandals, slippers and boots to the mid-calf all common in manuscript illustrations and excavated finds, where many are decorated in various ways. The colour red, reserved for Imperial use in male footwear, is actually by far the most common colour for women's shoes. Purses are rarely visible, and seem to have been made of textile matching the dress, or perhaps tucked into the sash.

Dancers are shown with special dress including short sleeves or sleeveless dresses, which may or may not have a lighter sleeve from an undergarment below. They have tight wide belts, and their skirts have a flared and differently coloured element, probably designed to rise up as they spin in dances. A remark of Anna Komnene about her mother suggests that not showing the arm above the wrist was a special focus of Byzantine modesty.

Although it is sometimes claimed that the face-veil was invented by the Byzantines, Byzantine art does not depict women with veiled faces, although it commonly depicts women with veiled hair. It is assumed that Byzantine women outside court circles went well wrapped up in public, and were relatively restricted in their movements outside the house; they are rarely depicted in art. The literary sources are not sufficiently clear to distinguish between a head-veil and a face-veil. In addition, the early 3rd-century Christian writer Tertullian, in his treatise The Veiling of Virgins, Ch. 17, describes pagan Arab women as veiling the entire face except the eyes, in the manner of a niqab. This shows that some Middle Eastern women veiled their faces long before Islam.

Colour
As in Graeco-Roman times, purple was reserved for the royal family; other colours in various contexts conveyed information as to class and clerical or government rank. Lower-class people wore simple tunics but still had the preference for bright colours found in all Byzantine fashions.

The races in the Hippodrome used four teams: red, white, blue and green; and the supporters of these became political factions, taking sides on the great theological issues—which were also political questions—of Arianism, Nestorianism and Monophysitism, and therefore on the Imperial claimants who also took sides. Huge riots took place, in the 4th to 6th centuries and mostly in Constantinople, with deaths running into the thousands, between these factions, who naturally dressed in their appropriate colours. In medieval France, there were similar colours-wearing political factions, called chaperons.

Example

A 14th-century mosaic (right) from the Kahriye-Cami or Chora Church in Istanbul gives an excellent view of a range of costume from the late period. From the left, there is a soldier on guard, the governor in one of the large hats worn by important officials, a middle-ranking civil servant (holding the register roll) in a dalmatic with a wide border, probably embroidered, over a long tunic, which also has a border. Then comes a higher-ranking soldier, carrying a sword on an untied belt or baldric. The Virgin and St Joseph are in their normal iconographic dress, and behind St Joseph a queue of respectable citizens wait their turn to register. Male hem lengths drop as the status of the person increases. All the exposed legs have hose, and the soldiers and citizens have foot-wrappings above, presumably with sandals. The citizens wear dalmatics with a wide border around the neck and hem, but not as rich as that of the middle-level official. The other men would perhaps wear hats if not in the presence of the governor. A donor figure in the same church, the Grand Logothete Theodore Metochites, who ran the legal system and finances of the Empire, wears an even larger hat, which he keeps on whilst kneeling before Christ (see Gallery).

Hats
Many men went bareheaded and, apart from the Emperor, they were normally so in votive depictions, which may distort the record we have. In the late Byzantine period a number of extravagantly large hats were worn as uniform by officials. In the 12th century, Emperor Andronikos Komnenos wore a hat shaped like a pyramid, but eccentric dress is one of many things he was criticised for. This was perhaps related to the very elegant hat with a very high-domed peak, and a sharply turned-up brim coming far forward in an acute triangle to a sharp point (left), that was drawn by Italian artists when the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos went to Florence and the Council of Ferrara in 1438 in the last days of the Empire. Versions of this and other clothes, including many spectacular hats, worn by the visitors were carefully drawn by Pisanello and other artists. They passed through copies across Europe for use in Eastern subjects, especially for depictions of the three kings or Magi in Nativity scenes. In 1159 the visiting Crusader Prince Raynald of Châtillon wore a tiara shaped felt cap, embellished in gold. An Iberian wide brimmed felt hat came into vogue during the 12th century. Especially in the Balkans, small caps with or without fur brims were worn, of the sort later adopted by the Russian Tsars.

Shoes
Not many shoes are seen clearly in Byzantine Art because of the long robes of the rich. Red shoes marked the Emperor; blue shoes, a sebastokrator; and green shoes a protovestiarios.

The Ravenna mosaics show the men wearing what may be sandals with white socks, and soldiers wear sandals tied around the calf or strips of cloth wrapped round the leg to the calf. These probably went all the way to the toes (similar foot-wrappers are still worn by Russian other ranks).

Some soldiers, including later Imperial portraits in military dress, show boots nearly reaching the knee - red for the Emperor. In the Imperial Regalia of the Holy Roman Emperors there are shoes or slippers in Byzantine style made in Palermo before 1220. They are short, only to the ankle, and generously cut to allow many different sizes to be accommodated. They are lavishly decorated with pearls and jewels and gold scrollwork on the sides and over the toe of the shoe. More practical footwear was no doubt worn on less formal occasions.

Outside labourers would either have sandals or be barefoot. The sandals follow the Roman model of straps over a thick sole. Some examples of the Roman caligae or military boot are also seen on shepherds.

Military costume
This stayed close to the Greco-Roman pattern, especially for officers (see Gallery section for example). A breastplate of armour, under which the bottom of a short tunic appeared as a skirt, often overlaid with a fringe of leather straps, the pteruges. Similar strips covered the upper arms, below round armour shoulder-pieces. Boots came to the calf, or sandals were strapped high on the legs. A rather flimsy-looking cloth belt is tied high under the ribs as a badge of rank rather than a practical item.

Dress and equipment changed considerably across the period to have the most efficient and effective accoutrements current economics would allow. Other ranks' clothing was largely identical to that of common working men. The manuals recommend tunics and coats no longer than the knee. As an army marches first of all on its feet, the manual writers were more concerned that troops should have good footwear than anything else. This ranged from low lace up shoes to thigh boots, all to be fitted with "a few (hob) nails". A head-cloth ("phakiolion" or "maphorion") which ranged from a simple cloth coming from below the helmet (as still worn by Orthodox clergy) to something more like a turban, was standard military headgear in the Middle and Late Empire for both common troops and for ceremonial wear by some ranks; they were also worn by women.

Imperial costume

The distinctive garments of the Emperors (often there were two at a time) and Empresses were the crown and the heavily jewelled Imperial loros or pallium, that developed from the trabea triumphalis, a ceremonial coloured version of the Roman toga worn by Consuls (during the reign of Justinian I Consulship became part of the imperial status), and worn by the Emperor and Empress as a quasi-ecclesiastical garment. It was also worn by the twelve most important officials and the imperial bodyguard, and hence by Archangels in icons, who were seen as divine bodyguards, its main purpose was ideological, representing the different Hellenistic political values such as the deification of the monarch and his role as the sole legislator and administrator of the commonwealth. In practice it was only normally worn a few times a year, such as on Easter Sunday, but it was very commonly used for depictions in art.

The men's version of the loros was a long strip, dropping down straight in front to below the waist, and with the portion behind pulled round to the front and hung gracefully over the left arm. The female loros was similar at the front end, but the back end was wider and tucked under a belt after pulling through to the front again. Both male and female versions changed style and diverged in the middle Byzantine period, the female later reverting to the new male style. Apart from jewels and embroidery, small enamelled plaques were sewn into the clothes; the dress of Manuel I Comnenus was described as being like a meadow covered with flowers. Generally sleeves were closely fitted to the arm and the outer dress comes to the ankles (although often called a scaramangion), and is also rather closely fitted. The sleeves of empresses became extremely wide in the later period.

The royal daily robe was a simpler and more idealized regalia of the various Hellenistic kings, depicted in various frescoes and miniatures, which featured the emperor in a simple "chiton" robe, a "chlamys" of various sizes, a royal diadem and the imperial boots Tzangion of which elaborated examples are evidenced in imperial works such as the Paris psalter or the David plates, idealizing the concept of philanthropy and beneficence as the main roles of the perfect Hellenistic and Byzantine monarch.

The superhumeral, worn throughout the history of Byzantium, was the imperial decorative collar, often forming part of the loros. It was copied by at least women of the upper class. It was of cloth of gold or similar material, then studded with gems and heavily embroidered. The decoration was generally divided into compartments by vertical lines on the collar. The edges would be done in pearls of varying sizes in up to three rows. There were occasionally drop pearls placed at intervals to add to the richness. The collar came over the collarbone to cover a portion of the upper chest.

The Imperial Regalia of the Holy Roman Emperors, kept in the Schatzkammer (Vienna), contains a full set of outer garments made in the 12th century in essentially Byzantine style at the Byzantine-founded workshops in Palermo. These are among the best surviving Byzantine garments and give a good idea of the lavishness of Imperial ceremonial clothing. There is a cloak (worn by the Emperors with the gap at the front), "alb", dalmatic, stockings, slippers and gloves. The loros is Italian and later. Each element of the design on the cloak (see Textiles below) is outlined in pearls and embroidered in gold.

Especially in the early and later periods (approximately before 600 and after 1,000) Emperors may be shown in military dress, with gold breastplates, red boots, and a crown. Crowns had pendilia and became closed on top during the 12th century.

Court dress
Court life "passed in a sort of ballet", with precise ceremonies prescribed for every occasion, to show that "Imperial power could be exercised in harmony and order", and "the Empire could thus reflect the motion of the Universe as it was made by the Creator", according to the Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, who wrote a Book of Ceremonies describing in enormous detail the annual round of the Court. Special forms of dress for many classes of people on particular occasions are set down; at the name-day dinner for the Emperor or Empress various groups of high officials performed ceremonial "dances", one group wearing "a blue and white garment, with short sleeves, and gold bands, and rings on their ankles. In their hands they hold what are called phengia". The second group do just the same, but wearing "a garment of green and red, split, with gold bands". These colours were the marks of the old chariot racing factions, the four now merged to just the Blues and the Greens, and incorporated into the official hierarchy. At this period a court official could be required to wear five different outfits over a single festival day, his costumes being provided as part of his pay package.

Various tactica, treatises on administrative structure, court protocol and precedence, give details of the costumes worn by different office-holders. According to pseudo-Kodinos, the distinctive colour of the Sebastokrator was blue; his ceremonial costume included blue shoes embroidered with eagles on a red field, a red tunic (chlamys), and a diadem (stephanos) in red and gold. As in the Versailles of Louis XIV, elaborate dress and court ritual probably were at least partly an attempt to smother and distract from political tensions.

However this ceremonial way of life came under stress as the military crisis deepened, and never revived after the interlude of the Western Emperors following the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204; in the late period a French visitor was shocked to see the Empress riding in the street with fewer attendants and less ceremony than a Queen of France would have had.

Clerical dress
This is certainly the area in which Byzantine and classic clothing is nearest to living on, as many forms of habit and vestments still in use (especially in the Eastern, but also in the Western churches) are closely related to their predecessors. Over the period clerical dress went from being merely normal lay dress to a specialized set of garments for different purposes. The bishop in the Ravenna mosaic wears a chasuble very close to what is regarded as the "modern" Western form of the 20th century, the garment having become much larger, and then contracted, in the meantime. Over his shoulder he wears a simple bishop's omophorion, resembling the clerical pallium of the Latin Church, and a symbol of his position. This later became much larger, and produced various types of similar garments, such as the epitrachelion and orarion, for other ranks of clergy. Modern Orthodox clerical hats are also survivals from the much larger and brightly coloured official headgear of the Byzantine civil service.

Hair
Men's hair was generally short and neat until the late Empire, and often is shown elegantly curled, probably artificially (picture at top). The 9th century Khludov Psalter has Iconophile illuminations which vilify the last Iconoclast Patriarch, John the Grammarian, caricaturing him with untidy hair sticking straight out in all directions. Monk's hair was long, and most clergy had beards, as did many lay men, especially later. Upper-class women mostly wore their hair up, again very often curled and elaborately shaped. If we are to judge by religious art, and the few depictions of other women outside the court, women probably kept their hair covered in public, especially when married.

Textiles
As in China, there were large Byzantine Imperial workshops, apparently always based in Constantinople, for textiles as for other arts like mosaic. Although there were other important centres, the Imperial workshops led fashion and technical developments and their products were frequently used as diplomatic gifts to other rulers, as well as being distributed to favoured Byzantines. In the late 10th century, the Emperor sent gold and fabrics to a Russian ruler in the hope that this would prevent him attacking the Empire.

Most surviving examples were not used for clothes and feature very large woven or embroidered designs. Before the Byzantine Iconoclasm these often contained religious scenes such as Annunciations, often in a number of panels over a large piece of cloth. This naturally stopped during the periods of Iconoclasm and with the exception of church vestments for the most part figural scenes did not reappear afterwards, being replaced by patterns and animal designs. Some examples show very large designs being used for clothing by the great - two enormous embroidered lions killing camels occupy the whole of the Coronation cloak of Roger II in Vienna, produced in Palermo about 1134 in the workshops the Byzantines had established there. A sermon by Saint Asterius of Amasia, from the end of the 5th century, gives details of imagery on the clothes of the rich (which he strongly condemns): "When, therefore, they dress themselves and appear in public, they look like pictured walls in the eyes of those that meet them. And perhaps even the children surround them, smiling to one another and pointing out with the finger the picture on the garment; and walk along after them, following them for a long time. On these garments are lions and leopards; bears and bulls and dogs; woods and rocks and hunters; and all attempts to imitate nature by painting.... But such rich men and women as are more pious, have gathered up the gospel history and turned it over to the weavers.... You may see the wedding of Galilee, and the water-pots; the paralytic carrying his bed on his shoulders; the blind man being healed with the clay; the woman with the bloody issue, taking hold of the border of the garment; the sinful woman falling at the feet of Jesus; Lazarus returning to life from the grave...."

Both Christian and pagan examples, mostly embroidered panels sewn into plainer cloth, have been preserved in the exceptional conditions of graves in Egypt, although mostly iconic portrait-style images rather than the narrative scenes Asterius describes in his diocese of Amasia in northern Anatolia. The portrait of the Caesar Constantius Gallus in the Chronography of 354 shows several figurative panels on his clothes, mostly round or oval (see gallery).

Early decorated cloth is mostly embroidered in wool on a linen base, and linen is generally more common than cotton throughout the period. Raw Silk yarn was initially imported from China, and the timing and place of the first weaving of it in the Near Eastern world is a matter of controversy, with Egypt, Persia, Syria and Constantinople all being proposed, for dates in the 4th and 5th centuries. Certainly Byzantine textile decoration shows great Persian influence, and very little direct from China. According to legend agents of Justinian I bribed two Buddhist monks from Khotan in about 552 to discover the secret of cultivating silk, although much continued to be imported from China.

Resist dyeing was common from the late Roman period for those outside the Court, and woodblock printing dates to at least the 6th century, and possibly earlier - again this would function as a cheaper alternative to the woven and embroidered materials of the rich. Apart from Egyptian burial-cloths, rather fewer cheap fabrics have survived than expensive ones. It should also be remembered that depicting a patterned fabric in paint or mosaic is a very difficult task, often impossible in a small miniature, so the artistic record, which often shows patterned fabrics in large-scale figures in the best quality works, probably under-records the use of patterned cloth overall.

title: Byzantine dress


text:
Jóhannes Harðarson

Jóhannes "Joey" Harðarson (born 28 July 1976) is an Icelandic football coach and former player. He was most recently the head coach of Norwegian First Division club Start.

Club career
Before the 2004 season, he moved to Norwegian club IK Start and helped secure their promotion. His previous clubs include IA Akranes and the Dutch team FC Groningen. When leaving Start, he joined the smaller local club Flekkerøy IL.

Coaching career
Harðarson became interim head coach at IK Start, after Kjetil Rekdal left the position in April 2019. On 10 July 2019, Start announced that Harðarson would coach the team for the rest of the season. On 23 October 2019, Start announced that Joey Harðarson had agreed to a contract as head coach on permanent basis till the end of the 2021 season. Start finished the 2019 season in third place and qualified for promotion play-offs. Harðarson's Start won promotion to Eliteserien on the away goals rule after a 5–5 draw on aggregate against Lillestrøm in the play-off final. He was sacked on 14 June 2021.

International career
Harðarson has been capped twice for Iceland.

title: Jóhannes Harðarson


text:
East Perth, Western Australia

East Perth is an inner suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located next to the Perth central business district. Claise Brook and Claisebrook Cove are within the suburb. Formerly characterised by industrial land uses and urban blight, the redevelopment of East Perth was, and remains, the largest inner-city urban renewal project in the state. The design of the new residential neighbourhoods was strongly influenced by the new urbanism movement.

Land use
Primarily an industrial area in the early twentieth century, it was the location of the East Perth Gas Works, East Perth Power Station (which was decommissioned and the building is being renovated for other purposes), the East Perth railway yard, and engine sheds.

From the early 1980s, virtually all of the residential real estate on the western side of Lord Street became home to commercial enterprises; the buildings remain, either single or duplex dwellings previously inhabited mostly by migrant families.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 10,596 people in East Perth. 30.3% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 6.7%, China 4.0%, India 3.7%, Malaysia 3.4% and South Korea 2.9%. 47.6% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 6.6%, Korean 2.7%, Cantonese 2.6%, Portuguese 2.0% and Spanish 1.9%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 33.3% and Catholic 18.4%.

Cemetery
East Perth is the location of Perth's significant early colonial era cemetery, which contains graves of many early colonial families. Its condition is marginal due to the loss of many headstones and lack of adequate record of graves, only 800 of the estimated 10,000 grave sites have been identified.

Transport
The former East Perth railway yard and engine sheds were removed in the 1960s and have been redeveloped into the Railway headquarters - consolidating a very scattered system of offices and sections for the railways.

East Perth serves as the main hub for country and interstate rail services and Road Coach services. Departing from the station are services such as the Prospector, AvonLink, tourist trains, and the Indian Pacific.

The original East Perth railway station is now called Claisebrook, and while it has the same number of platforms that it did in the 1960s, the original buildings have given way to modern shelters.

It is also the location of the Goongoongup Bridge on the railway to Bunbury for the South Western Railway.

The Causeway is a road linking East Perth to Victoria Park on the other side of the Swan River. Under construction is the Causeway Pedestrian and Cyclist Bridges as well, which is expected to open by the end of 2024.

Redevelopment Authority
East Perth Redevelopment Authority (EPRA) was established in 1991 to manage the redevelopment and urbanisation of the suburb. In 2012 EPRA merged with other redevelopment authorities to become the Metropolitan Redevelopment Authority (MRA). In 2019, the MRA became part of DevelopmentWA. Many parts of East Perth that have been fully developed have been “normalised”—meaning returned to the City of Perth for administration.

Sports
Sporting attractions include the WACA Ground and Gloucester Park trotting ground.

Education
Educational facilities include Trinity College, a day school for boys, years 4–12.

title: East Perth, Western Australia


text:
Frederick J. Pohl

Frederick Julius Pohl (August 18, 1889 – February 21, 1991) was a prolific playwright, literary critic, editor and book author. He is best known for his books espousing speculative and controversial historical theories of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact by Europeans, including the Vikings and others.

Biography
Pohl was the husband of playwright/author Josephine McIlvain Pollitt (October 15, 1890 - August 1978; married Frederick in May 1926) and later Loretta M. Baker (née Champagne, 1906 - April 27, 2002; married Frederick in 1980). He graduated from Amherst College in 1911 and from Columbia University in 1914 with a Master of Arts.

Pohl's claims for Norse voyages to America
In a review of Pohl's The Viking Settlements of North America Einar Haugen points out that Pohl's interpretation of the Vinland Map, now proven to be a hoax, "puts the Vikings in Cuba and the Gulf of Mexico. Haugen says that "On every page the author asserts that some notion has been "proved" beyond doubt or confirmed by "unquestionable evidence" when in fact the proof is achieved bt neglecting counterevidence or by sheer fiat."

Other works

 * Amerigo Vespucci: Pilot Major (New York: Octagon Books, 1966).
 * Like to the Lark: The Early Years of Shakespeare (New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1972).
 * William Shakespeare: A Biography (Rochester, NY:  Dupont Books, 1983).
 * The New Columbus (Rochester, NY: Dupont Books, 1986).

title: Frederick J. Pohl


text:
State Library of Queensland

The State Library of Queensland is the main reference and research library provided to the people of the State of Queensland, Australia, by the state government. The Library is governed by the Library Board of Queensland, which draws its powers from the Libraries Act 1988.  It contains a significant portion of Queensland's documentary heritage, major reference and research collections, and is an advocate of and partner with public libraries across Queensland. The Library is at Kurilpa Point, within the Queensland Cultural Centre on the Brisbane River at South Bank.

History
The Brisbane Public Library was established by the government of the Colony of Queensland in 1896, and was renamed the Public Library of Queensland in 1898. The library was opened to the public in 1902.

In 1934, the Oxley Memorial Library (now the John Oxley Library), named for the explorer John Oxley, opened as a centre for research and study relating specifically to Queensland. The Libraries Act of 1943 established the Library Board of Queensland to manage the Public Library of Queensland; three years later, under the terms of The Oxley Memorial Library of Queensland Act, it took over management of the Oxley Memorial Library as well. In March 1947, James L. Stapleton was appointed Queensland's first State Librarian. Stapleton advocated for a new building for the library and that library services should be free to the public. He remains the longest-serving CEO (1947–1970), and has been followed by five others: Sydney Lawrence (Lawrie) Ryan 1970–1988, Des Stephens 1988–2001, Lea Giles-Peters (the first woman to be appointed to the position), 2001–2011, Janette Wright, 2012–2015 and from 2016, Vicki McDonald OA FALIA.

In 1971, the "Public Library" became the "State Library". The following year, the Public Library Service was established to liaise with Queensland local authorities regarding their public libraries; a subsidy for employing qualified staff in public libraries was also established. A few years later the Country Lending Service was established to provide book exchange and other services to public libraries in Queensland's smaller local government areas. Under the new name of Rural Libraries Queensland, the service is still going strong today, administered by the State Library's Public and Indigenous Library Services program.

In 2003, the State Library began a new mission of establishing Indigenous Knowledge Centres (IKCs) in the Cape York and Torres Strait areas. There is now a network of 22 IKCs in remote and regional communities: across Cape York, the islands of the Torres Strait, Central Queensland and at Cherbourg in South East Queensland.

In early 2011, the library donated 50,000 pictures to Wikimedia Commons.

Collection and services
The State Library holds general collections, including books, journals and magazines, newspapers, audio-visual items, family history, maps, music, ephemera, Internet and electronic resources. There are research collections and services – including the John Oxley Library and the Australian Library of Art.

State Library's collection holds 7 significant collections, recognised for their importance by UNESCO's Australian Memory of the World Register:

 * Margaret Lawrie Collection of Torres Strait Islands, 1964–1998
 * Manifesto of the Queensland Labour Party, 1892
 * The Convict Records of Queensland, 1825-1842
 * James Tyson Papers, 1834-1965
 * Anzac Day Commemoration Committee, 1916–1922
 * The Johnstone Gallery Archive, 1948-1992
 * Dr Barbara Piscitelli AM Children's Art Archive 1986-2016; 2020

State Library holds a number of significant collections of material documenting Queensland history;

 * Queensland election-related material, including websites, posters, flyers and how-to-vote cards.;
 * Frank and Eunice Corley House Photographs Collection, which contained more than 60,000 photographs of Brisbane suburbia;
 * Richard Stringer Architectural Photography Archive, includes over 63,000 photographic negatives and approximately 100,000 digital images, providing a substantial documentary record of Queensland’s built heritage from 1967-2021.

Services

 * Access to collections, including access to 50,000 Copyright-free Queensland images through Wikimedia Commons
 * Provides books and other resource material to public libraries throughout Queensland.
 * Specialist services to public libraries in a number of areas, including services to young people and multicultural communities
 * Public programs and exhibitions, including exhibition loans to schools, museums and other community organisations.
 * Outreach programs in reference, research, information literacy, Internet training and digitisation throughout Queensland for public library staff and the general community.
 * Library services to Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders including the establishment of Indigenous Knowledge Centres primarily in Cape York and Torres Strait regions and increasing the employment and training opportunities for Indigenous peoples in the library industry.
 * A digital culture centre called The Edge, for young people.
 * A free coworking space, the Business Studio, supports startups, entrepreneurs and small business.
 * kuril dhagun Indigenous Knowledge Centre
 * The Corner, an activities area for children under 8, their parents, carers, educators and friends.
 * a free 'Ask a Librarian' enquiry service

Exhibitions
The library has hosted a number of prominent exhibitions, including:
 * 100 not out: a century of Queensland sporting memories (3 August - 17 November 2002)
 * A Few of our Favourite Things (25 November 2006 – 11 March 2007)
 * Bold but Faithful: John Oxley Library at work (4 April - 11 October 2009)
 * Transforming Tindale (6 September 2012 - 9 December 2012)
 * Hot Modernism (9 July – 12 October 2014)
 * Islands: hidden histories from Queensland Islands (30 Jun 2018 – 27 January 2019)
 * Home: A Suburban Obsession (7 December 2018 – 14 July 2019)
 * Plantation Voices (16 February - 8 September 2019)
 * Legacy: Reflections on Mabo (28 May 2022 – 9 October 2022)
 * Working Country (24 June 2023 – 28 January 2024)
 * Purpose Built: Architecture for a better tomorrow (2 September 2023 - 14 April 2024)

Tours
Free guided tours of the building are available. In 2010, a total of 3730 school students participated in a tour.

Rural Libraries Queensland
Rural Libraries Queensland (formerly the Country Library Service) is a collaboration between the State Library of Queensland and approximately 30 of the local government councils to provide library libraries to rural communities.

National edeposit (NED)
As a member library of National and State Libraries Australia, the organisation collaborated on the creation of the National edeposit (NED) system, which enables publishers from all over Australia to upload electronic publications as per the 2016 amendment to the Copyright Act 1968 and other regional legislation relating to legal deposit, and makes these publications publicly accessible online (depending on access conditions) from anywhere via Trove.

Architecture

The Brisbane Public Library moved into the Old State Library Building in William Street, Brisbane in 1899. This building had formerly been occupied by the Queensland Museum.

The Library originally shared accommodation in the building with an art gallery. In the late 1950s, an extension, with a distinctive tiled mural by Lindsay Edward on the exterior, was built onto the building to provide more space. The mural was the winning design in a national competition held in 1958.

In 1988, the year of Brisbane's World Expo 88, the State Library of Queensland moved to a new home within the Queensland Cultural Centre at South Bank, near the Queensland Museum and the original Queensland Art Gallery, on the site of the former St Helen's Methodist Hospital, South Brisbane. This new building, a C-shaped edifice of straight-faced concrete and glass built around a mature Poinciana tree overlooking the Brisbane River, was the work of architectural firm, Robin Gibson and Partners, and marked the completion of Gibson's ambitious Queensland Cultural Centre project.

In 2004, work began on the Millennium Library Project - a major redevelopment of the existing State Library building. After three years of extensive redevelopment, the South Bank building officially re-opened on 25 November 2006 as "a new cultural and knowledge destination" and a fitting showcase for the collections.

This major redevelopment was the work of Brisbane-based architecture firms Donovan Hill and Peddle Thorp. Their work earned them several awards - the prestigious RAIA Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture, 2007 (award for best public building in Australia), the RAIA Emil Sodersten Award for Interior Architecture, 2007, the RAIA Queensland Architecture Award for Brisbane Building of the Year 2007, the RAIA FDG Stanley Award for Public Buildings Architecture 2007, and the AIB Queensland Award for Project of the Year + Sustainability Commendation, 2007.

The Donovan Hill/Peddle Thorp additions transformed the State Library building, reconfiguring the entrance, adding another level and doubling its size with an additional 12,000 sqm of new space. Although the elements of the original Gibson scheme were preserved in the renovation, the building was deemed too altered to be included in the 2015 State Heritage Listing of the Cultural Centre.

The State Library building has since been described as an “open, generous knowledge place,” and one of Australia's "most cherished public living rooms".

The building overlooks Stanley Place between the Queensland Art Gallery and the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art.

Governance
The State Library of Queensland is governed by the Library Board of Queensland, which draws its powers from the Libraries Act 1988. The Library comprises the following program units:

 * Content Development

 * Queensland Memory
 * Discovery
 * Information Communications and Technology Services

Regional Access and Public Libraries
 * Literacy and Young People
 * Public Library Development
 * Regional Partnerships
 * SLQ Cairns

Engagement and Partnerships
 * Indigenous Services
 * Visitor Experience
 * Learning and Participation
 * The Edge
 * Asia Pacific Design Library
 * Business Studio
 * Government Research and Information Library

Corporate Services
 * Finance, Facilities & Administration
 * HR Consultancy
 * Strategic Reporting
 * People and Planning

Office of the State Librarian
 * Communications
 * Queensland Library Foundation

Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame
In 2009 State Library of Queensland, the Queensland Library Foundation and QUT Business School at Queensland University of Technology collaborated to establish the Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame initiative. The QBLHOF recognises outstanding contributions made by organisations, companies and individuals to develop the Queensland economy and society, both contemporary and historical. A governing committee determines a list of inductees based on a set of criteria including: The inductees are announced each year in July at a gala event. Since 2014 the QBLHOF has also awarded an annual Fellowship, to recipients working on a research project that utilises the resources of the John Oxley Library to produce new interpretations of Queensland's business history.
 * Sustained leadership
 * Major financial contribution
 * Pioneering
 * Outstanding contribution
 * Achievement of iconic status

Queensland Memory Awards
State Library hosts the annual Queensland Memory Awards. The program recognises contributions to the documentation, preservation, and celebration of Queensland’s memory – past and present – through fellowships and awards.

Fellowships support researchers and creatives of all kinds to interpret the significant collections of the John Oxley Library. Through deep engagement and interaction with the collections, these interpretations provide new insights into the collection and contribute new knowledge about Queensland’s history. The premier fellowship, the John Oxley Library Fellowship has been awarded since 2004. Other fellowships with a historical focus include:

 * Monica Clare Research Fellowship (First Nations history)
 * Rainbow Research Fellowship (LGBTIQA+ history)
 * Queensland Heritage Register Fellowship (Built heritage)
 * Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame Fellowship (Business and economic history)
 * Digital Collections Catalyst (Use of digital collections and data)
 * Christina Boughen OAM Fellowship (Use of the Robert Boughen OBE and Christina Boughen OAM Collection)
 * Letty Katts Fellowship (Music history)

Research outcomes are published on the John Oxley Library blog.

The John Oxley Library Awards recognise outstanding contributions of individuals and organisations in the advancement of our understanding of Queensland’s cultural heritage. Some notable past recipients include: Dr Robert (Uncle Bob) Anderson OAM, Jackie Huggins, Richard Stringer, Matthew Condon, Professor Raymond Evans.

title: State Library of Queensland


text: User talk:84.217.141.205

title: User talk:84.217.141.205


text: User talk:70.162.13.2

title: User talk:70.162.13.2


text:
Côte d'Or (escarpment)

The Côte d'Or is a limestone escarpment in Burgundy, France, and the namesake of the department in which it is located. It stretches from Dijon in the north to the river Dheune to the south, overlooking the valley of the Saône to the east.

The east-facing slope of the Côte d'Or is home to Burgundy wines such as Gevrey-Chambertin, Clos de Vougeot, Meursault and Montrachet. The northern half, the Côte de Nuits, produces red wine almost exclusively. To the south, the Côte de Beaune produces a mix of white wine and red wine. The Route des Grands Crus (Route Nationale 74) runs along the foot of the ridge and is popular with tourists.

History
The area was settled by the Celts, and there is considerable evidence of Roman occupation in the area. Later it came under the influence of the Dukes of Burgundy, with the Cistercians from Cîteaux Abbey playing a prominent role in the development of the vineyards.

Geology
If the Paris hydrological and geological basin is viewed as a saucer with Paris at its centre, the Côte d'Or may be seen as a segment of its south-eastern rim; the counterpart of the chalk cliffs of the Pays de Caux, on the English Channel coast to the north-west. The River Seine rises near the Côte d'Or and enters the sea near the Pays de Caux, having passed through Paris.

The Côte d'Or scarp arises where a broad, relatively shallow graben has formed as a result of an interaction between the forces raising the alpine ridges and the Massif Central. The Jurassic limestone contributes the chemically basic component of the mixture of requirements for a good vineyard, while the scarp provides the drainage and aspect.

At the Côte d'Or, the middle and upper Jurassic rocks overlook the Oligocene, Pliocene and Quaternary rocks of the plain through which the Saône flows southward towards the Mediterranean Sea. The côte therefore forms part of the watershed between northern and southern Europe. On the far side of the plain rise the Jura Mountains, for which the Jurassic period was named.

Comblanchien stone
Near Nuits-Saint-Georges, part of the middle Jurassic limestone has been metamorphosed into marble. The metamorphism seems to have arisen from the volcanic disturbances in the already existing (Variscan) Massif Central, set off by the Alpine orogeny. The Massif Central is represented locally by its northern extension, the Morvan, which lies between Nevers and the Côte d'Or.

There is a famous vein of fine-grained marble called Pierre de Comblanchien extending from the village of Comblanchien, just south of Nuits-Saint-Georges. The quarries lie in the Côte north and south of the village, overlooking Route Nationale 74. The stone comes in a variety of shades, from beige to the pink of bindweed (Convolvulus). It is not susceptible to frost damage and is capable of accepting a polish.

title: Côte d'Or (escarpment)


text:
Henry Dean

Henry Dean may refer to:

 * Henry Clay Dean (1822–1887), U.S. 19th century anti-war activist and clergyman
 * H. Trendley Dean (1893–1962), American dentist
 * Henry Roy Dean (1879–1961), professor of pathology

title: Henry Dean