text:
Talk:Tunisian Arabic

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 August 2021 and 10 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rodristeph. Peer reviewers: Sheasheas, Warddrew.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:48, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Latin substratum
Further study of the language show that there is a consequent number of words in Tunisian arabic with latin etymologies this hints at the possible persistance of the african romance within the language in the form of a subsratum. I would like to ask interested parties to gather here relevant studies concerning that matter so the article can be changed accordingly.

The part concerning Italian and Spanish loanwords is especially striking, considering that those language (along lingua franca) were probably spoken by a minority and for less time than the French language period that has less presence when excluding code-switching. This would suppose that at least for some, the Italian and Spanish loanword are in reality mislabelled part of the latin substratum with a more ancient presence in the language. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Asmodim (talk • contribs) 16:49, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

 * The examples proposed in recent edits are not plausible Latin loanwords, and are not supported by citations either. Particularly implausible is the attempt to derive karrūsa from Latin carrus (masculine), when Italian carrozza is already feminine, and knowing that words for "carriage" are borrowed from Romance even as far east as Egypt. Given the massive volume of recent Romance contact, Romance loanwords in Tunisia should be assumed to be recent until proven otherwise. (For examples of genuine Latin substratum words, try يناير "January" - already attested in early medieval texts - or برطلاق "purslane".) - Lameen Souag (talk) 16:03, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Tunisian also has "carrus" (m) in any case it is likely that basic concepts are the eldest as they are the least likely to change (as a substratum), you could also compare this with Tunisian "Qattus" --> Cattus (cat) or "Kayes" --> Callis (paved/roadway) that are different from modern Romances. The population is known to have spoken latin/romance in the past (afariqa), so it is quite logical to have vocabulary influences just as with Berber languages. Assuming by default that any word of latin etymology comes from later romances rather than being a local development is very unprobable and unscientifical considering the historical aspects and the influence of latin on remote languages such as berber. However, it is unfortunate that there isn't more researches on that matter to say more and with precision which is native latin and which is foreign Romance.Asmodim (talk) 12:47, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

"Caillasse", m.: Pierre meulière cassée et utilisée entre autres pour l'empierrement des routes. ( https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/caillasse ). Latin did not have the development ll to y; neither did Arabic; French, of course, does. Etymology is not something you can toss off casually; it needs close attention and care. And on Wikipedia, it needs something more - scholarly citations confirming that the connection is not original research. - Lameen Souag (talk) 11:00, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

I don't have immediate access to the references for the foreign loanwords, but I suspect that they are references for the meaning of the foreign word. They should point to works linking the Tunisian word to the original language. For example, the reference for sfinārya is actually a reference for the Greek word. It does not mention any Arabic derivation. How can we know (not just conjecture) that sfinarya comes from Greek and not through, say, Portuguese "safanoria". If the same happens with the other references, ḅaḅūr could come from Turkish or from Spanish "vapor" or from a common source (French?). fišta could be straight from Latin or from Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan. There could be a route through Judeo-Spanish or Mediterranean Lingua Franca. What is needed is some author explicitly establishing the link. Otherwise, your guess is as good as mine. --Error (talk) 16:05, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:53, 15 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Saliha - Ya laymi azin.ogg

Biased Edits on Tunisian Ethnicity and Language Articles
The edits tend to emphasize an exclusive Arabic identity while downplaying the diversity of Tunisian heritage.

The recent edits since 2023 on articles related to Tunisian ethnicity, language, and Berber ancestry. There have been consistent alterations that present a biased perspective, specifically promoting the exclusivity of Arabic identity while downplaying the diversity of Tunisian heritage. Asmodim (talk) 22:30, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * This lead to a conflict resolution on the administrator board, please refer to this archive Administrators' noticeboard/Archive356Asmodim (talk) 17:56, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

Something is very wrong with this reference. It doesn't look like this editor was involved with this book. So either the title of the book is wrong or the editor is wrong. Snowman304'|'talk 12:13, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tunisian Arabic


text:
Cultural Medallion

The Cultural Medallion (Pingat Budaya ) is a cultural award in Singapore conferred to those who have achieved artistic excellence in dance, theatre, literature, music, photography, art and film. It is widely recognized as Singapore's pinnacle arts award.

History
The award was instituted in March 1979 by Minister for Culture Ong Teng Cheong and administered by the National Arts Council. The awards was given by the Minister for Culture.

Since 2006, the award was presented by the President of Singapore instead of the Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts (previously known as Minister for Culture). On 20 October Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts Lee Boon Yang announced that project grant for the award is revised to S$80,000 upwards from S$50,000, giving recipients better opportunities to create major works.

From 2013, in an effort to recognise multi-disciplinary artists, it was announced that recipients of the Cultural Medallion and Young Artist Award will no longer be categorised according to art forms.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cultural Medallion


text:
Sharon Byatt

Sharon Byatt (born in Liverpool) is a British actress who has appeared on TV as Irenee in Carla Lane's Bread and Sue Freeman in Springhill, and on stage as both Linda and Mrs. Johnstone in Blood Brothers.

Biography
Byatt attended St Julie's Catholic High School in Liverpool, and trained at the Chiltern School of Dance and Drama in Croxteth, Liverpool. Her first stage appearance was in 1990 in the musical Blood Brothers in London's West End, playing "a sparky, tomboyish Linda". She reprised the role in regional tours of the show, and has also played the role of Mrs Johnstone in performances of Blood Brothers in York and Malvern. She has also appeared in leading roles in The Tommy Cooper Show in Blackpool and Sheffield, and A Midsummer Night's Dream and A Taste of Honey in Liverpool. She is artistic director of the Chiltern Youth Theatre Company.

title: Sharon Byatt


text:
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation

The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) is a main contractor for the Chinese space program. It is state-owned and has subsidiaries which design, develop and manufacture a range of spacecraft, launch vehicles, and ground equipment. It also has a division for strategic and tactical missile systems.

History
CASC was officially established in July 1999 as part of a Chinese government reform drive, having previously been one part of the former China Aerospace Corporation. Various incarnations of the program date back to 1956.

Along with space and defense manufacture, CASC also produces machinery, chemicals, communications equipment, transportation equipment, computers, medical care products and environmental protection equipment. CASC provides commercial launch services to the international market. By the end of 2013, the corporation has registered capital of CN¥294.02 billion and employs 170,000 people.

In December 2017, the CASC was restructured from a state-owned enterprise (全民所有制企业) to a state-owned enterprise with limited liability (国有独资公司) with the approval of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC). The sole shareholder is SASAC, the company's headquarters are still in Beijing, the business areas remained the same and nothing changed for the staff either.

In 2021, China's 14th five year plan included two low Earth orbit satellite constellations named “GW” featuring nearly 13,000 satellites was in development.

R&D and production complexes

 * China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT)
 * China Energine International (Holdings) Limited
 * Academy of Aerospace Solid Propulsion Technology (AASPT)
 * China Academy of Space Technology (CAST)
 * Academy of Aerospace Liquid Propulsion Technology (AALPT)
 * Sichuan Academy of Aerospace Technology (SAAT), maker of the Weishi rockets family
 * Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST)
 * China Academy of Aerospace Electronics Technology (CAAET)
 * China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics (CAAA)

Specialized companies

 * China Satellite Communications
 * APT Satellite International
 * APT Satellite Holdings
 * China Great Wall Industry Corporation Limited (CGWIC)
 * China Aerospace International Holdings
 * Beijing Shenzhou Aerospace Software Technology Co, Ltd.
 * China Spacesat Co. Ltd.
 * China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co, Ltd
 * China Aerospace Investment Holdings
 * Easy Smart Limited (易颖有限公司)

Directly subordinated units
The "directly subordinated units" of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation are:
 * China Astronautics Standards Institute
 * China Astronautics Publishing House
 * Space Archives
 * Aerospace Communication Center
 * China Space News
 * Chinese Society of Astronautics
 * Aerospace Talent Development & Exchange Center
 * Aerospace Printing Office
 * Aerospace Long-March International, a sales unit

United States
In 2006 the US Department of the Treasury accused Great Wall Industry and its partners of playing a lead role in the development of the Fateh missile system, as Iran had no previous experience with solid-fueled ballistic missiles.

In November 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting U.S. companies and individuals owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included CASC. In August 2022, CASC's 9th Academy 771 and 772 Research Institutes were added to the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List.


text:
Talk:Ammunition column

Untitled
It looks like this hasn't been modified from the 1911 article. It doesn't even mention that it's about the British military. Kjkolb 09:04, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * The British Army header was inserted later. I know nothing about military or I would attempt it. I am sure we have users who do know about military articles and access to military sources who can. Perhaps one of them will do it.--71.28.250.210 07:42, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Article expansion
Article still focuses on WWI British Army... can anyone please help expand it? Thanks, DPdH (talk) 13:37, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ammunition column


text:
Rein (disambiguation)

Reins are items of horse tack, used to direct a horse or another animal used for riding or driving.

Rein may also refer to:

People

 * Rein (given name), a list of people with the given name or nickname
 * Rein (surname), a list of people

Other uses

 * Iwakura Rein, a character in of Serial Experiments Lain
 * JAC Rein, a compact sport utility vehicle produced by Chinese automaker JAC Motors
 * Rein Abbey, Austria
 * Rein Abbey, Norway
 * Rein orchid or Piperia, a genus of the orchid family Orchidaceae
 * Reins, an archaic term for kidneys
 * Repetitive electrical impulse noise (REIN), some interference found on problematic DSL internet connections

title: Rein (disambiguation)


text:
Republic Day (India)

Republic Day is a national holiday in India commemorating the adoption of the Constitution of India, and the country's transition to a republic which came into effect on 26 January 1950.

The constitution replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document of India, thus turning the nation from a dominion into a republic, following its independence from the British Raj in 1947. The constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950. The date was chosen because the Indian National Congress had proclaimed Purna Swaraj (complete independence) on that date in 1930.

Republic Day is commonly associated with parades, political speeches, cultural events and ceremonies, in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of India.

Background
India achieved independence from the British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the success of the Indian independence movement which was led by Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. This was enacted through the Indian Independence Act 1947, an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of the British Commonwealth. India became a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. Without a standalone constitution, its laws were based on the Government of India Act 1935 and governed by the Constituent Assembly of India.

On 29 August 1947, a seven-member drafting committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with B R Ambedkar as chairman. A draft constitution prepared by the committee was submitted to the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1948. After the draft was discussed and debated, the constituent assembly adopted the constitution on 26 November 1949. The major part of the constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950 with Rajendra Prasad becoming the first President of India and the constituent assembly became the Parliament of India under the transitional provisions of the new constitution. The date was chosen as the Indian National Congress proclaimed Purna Swaraj (complete independence) on this day in 1930.

Customs and celebrations
On the eve of the Republic Day, the President addresses the nation. On the Republic Day, the President of India unfurls the national flag in the national capital New Delhi with the Governors and Lieutenant Governors unfurling the flag at the respective states and union territories.

Parade
The main Republic Day celebrations are held in New Delhi, at the Kartavya Path, a ceremonial boulevard that runs from Rashtrapati Bhavan on Raisina Hill through India Gate. The event is hosted by the President of India with ceremonious parades and cultural events. The Delhi Republic Day parade held during the same is organized by the Ministry of Defence. The President who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute from various units of the army, navy, air force, para-military and police forces.

 * Chief-guest

Every year, a head of state or government of another country is invited as the state guest of honor for the Republic day celebrations in New Delhi. The guest country is often chosen on the basis of strategic, economic and political interests. French President Emmanuel Macron was the chief guest at the celebrations that marked India's 75th Republic Day.

Beating retreat
The Beating Retreat ceremony, conducted on the evening of 29 January marks the end of Republic day festivities. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the Indian armed forces at Vijay Chowk. The President of India is escorted by the President's Bodyguard and post a ceremonial salute, the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana is played. Military bands then play popular tunes like Abide With Me and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.

Awards
On the eve of Republic Day, the President of India distributes various civilian Padma Awards. These were instituted in the year 1954 and are awarded in three categories in decreasing order of precedence.
 * Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg Padma Vibhushan is awarded for "exceptional and distinguished service" and is the second highest civilian honor
 * Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg Padma Bhushan is awarded for "distinguished service of a high order" and is the third highest civilian honor
 * Padma Shri Ribbon.svg Padma Shri is awarded for "distinguished service" and is the fourth highest civilian honor

The decoration comprises a certificate and a medallion and unlike national honors, the awards do not include cash allowances, benefits, or special concessions. A commemorative brochure giving out brief details in respect of each award winner is also released on the day of the investiture ceremony.

title: Republic Day (India)


text:
Talk:Dental fluorosis

Vandalism
I just deleted the following sentence in the introduction: " and it is linked to bone & thyroid cancer, osteoporosis, bone fractures, dental fluorosis, it dumbs you down, causes mental disorders, sterilisation, organ failure.

The nazis used it in their water supply to keep the public docile and more easily controlled!"

While the first part lacks any citations, everything after "it dumbs you down" cannot be meant serious. See the second sentence.

I almost deleted the following from the external links section: "Fluoride does not reduce cavities and does causes(sic!) brittle bones and a soft brain http://harmonyhealth.wordpress.com/2008/02/29/floride-does-not-reduce-cavitie"

I'm not familiar with the criteria for deleting external links so I left it in. I'm not here to take a stance on the debate as well, but even if you are of the opinion described in that article, I suggest taking it down because it makes the whole thing (and wikipedia) look highly dubious. John M. Snow (talk) 22:48, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Bartlett et al 2005
I just saw this article:

Fluorosis: A New Model and New Insights J.D. Bartlett, S.E. Dwyer, E. Beniash, Z. Skobe, and T.L. Payne-Ferreira J Dent Res 2005;84 832-836 http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/9/832?etoc

that probably has bearing on this issue. Bedrupsbaneman 09:07, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

dental caries
I found a few sources that say flouridation *reduces* dental caries, which leads me to suspect that fluorosis does *not* come hand in hand with dental caries. The sources: this one says "fluoridation and fluoride toothpastes both substantially reduce the prevalence and incidence of dental caries." this other one says that fluorosis has a "mild association with lower caries". this last one says "Exposure to fluoride throughout life is effective in preventing dental caries."

Given that all the sources (including others) that i've seen say that caries are negatively associated with fluorosis, i'm going to delete the comment about carries. Fresheneesz 03:11, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

How is fluorsis contracted? Is it using too much fluoride products for too long? Or drinking too much water with fluoride and swallowing too much toothpaste?

POV
The article as written is blatantly biased. It only cites the same anti-fluoridation group over and over again, with a single stat from the CDC, accompanied by unsupported editorialization. I guess some people have no shame. 129.116.50.14 04:00, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Agreed. The first trial of water fluoridation was in 1945; of course the rate of dental fluorosis is going to be higher. And as long as we're talking about water fluoridation, we might as well mention that this is has always been a recognized trade-off for overall dental health. MrWallet 16:16, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Disagree. Article as it appears today is pretty NPOV. Removing the stopsign. Mike Ely 22:50, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Edit
Noticed some really sloppy sentences in this entry. For example: "If the food was watered with fluoridated water or the water mixed in pop has been it is easy for children and adults to consume large amount of fluoride leading to fluorosis." I think im just going to cut the offending sentences. PGRandom 17:38, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Hey, about a wierd bug
Despite the claim that flourosis occurs only in children 2 "The prevalence of fluorosis in permanent teeth in areas with fluoridated water has increased from about 10-15% in the 1940s to as high as 70% in recent studies..."

What's the 2 for? - Slash
 * I'm not sure if it is trying to refer to the second reference on the list, but thanks for pointing out another error because it is misleading to say that anyone claims fluorosis occurs only in children. You can see effects of fluorosis in adults, but the overexposure to fluoride would have had to occur during tooth development. - Dozenist  talk  13:23, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

bias pov
"If the water supply is fluoridated at the rate of 1ppm, it is necessary to consume one litre of water in order to take in 1mg of fluoride. It is highly improbable a person will receive more than the tolerable upper limit from consuming optimally fluoridated water alone.";

That sentence assumes that water fluoridation is optimal. A cause that is still up for debate.

What about: "… controllen fluoridated water alone."?

I could not find the adverb of 'control', but I think that works.

I've left the article as it is, for the time being.
 * I have edited thearticle, now, accordiy.Rob Del Monte 12:49, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I have reverted it back. "Controllen" is not a word, and "optimal" refers to the amount necessary to reduce caries while also lowering the incidence of dental fluorosis.  The term is used by many health organizations.  Thus, it should stay as is. - Dozenist  talk  13:27, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

FLUOROSIS A BIT CONFUSING ISSUE!
What realy causes severe dental fluorosis, many articles I read talks about fluorosis caused by too much consumption of fluoridated foods/water.........Others says too much consumption of the 'F' element reduces the risk of getting severe dental fluorosis............... whats the real thing ? I think this is subjected to more research.. MABHENA MB, UNIVERSITY OF VENDA —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.13.185.253 (talk) 15:40, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

clarification
First, I'm not convinced the images in this article are being used properly: the source website does not specifically mention that the images can be freely reused.

Question: in the first image (mild fluorosis where the white-speckled teeth are shown), is the effect of fluorosis the white speckles or the yellowish background? That is, does fluorosis cause darker-colored teeth except in a few spots where it "missed" the teeth which are a normal white color, or does it cause bright white speckles on normally darker teeth. The article does not make this clear (though it is sort of addressed in the section on Dean's index--or Deans index?). 128.197.81.41 (talk) 20:19, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * To your second question, the white speckles are the resulting effect of the mild fluorosis. The yellowish background is the normal tooth color. To the first question, I am uncertain whether the pictures should be freely used here. It looks suspicious to me. - Dozenist  talk  12:47, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Photos
This article used to have much better and accurate photos of more typical cases. Or would you say that the current pic looks much like this? The current pic in the article is very old and b/w, so ancient it makes it look as if a side-effect of fluorosis would be one's gum turning totally black. Just a misleading, bad pic of an untypical case, while the pic at the link I gave looks much more like a typical case. What happened to those modern digital photos that used to be in this article anyway? --79.193.123.99 (talk) 21:42, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

 * File:Fluorosis-mild.jpg and File:Fluorosis-severe.jpg were removed because they were copyright violations; please see commons:Commons:Deletion requests/Image:Fluorosis-mild.jpg and commons:Commons:Deletion requests/Image:Fluorosis-severe.jpg, respectively. I agree that http://www.fluoride-history.de/fluorosis3.jpg would be a much better image of severe fluorosis; however, it's also copyrighted so we can't use it. I also agree that File:FluorosisFromNIH.jpg is so horribly misleading that it's worse than having no image at all, so I just now removed the image from the article. Eubulides (talk) 22:05, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

"Most-typical"?
I'd like to note that Eubulides has moved the severe picture further down by calling the other one "more typical". Just why do you think that the colloquial term for the common form of dental fluorosis is "mottled teeth" and "Colorado brown stain"? You can see a much more typical case here (where you also find describtions of common dental fluorosis such as "'black stains on their teeth", "similar to the polished areas in caries nigra'", "black teeth [...] or teeth with black markings", "yellow or brown spots or areas", "usually darkly discolored", "brown stain", "copper teeth", "a blackish or brownish color", "the Brown Stain problem", "These teeth were also observed to grow into abnormal positions") than what is called "mild" here (which latter I'd rather consider a questionable case, if anything). You can find more about the "severe case" being closer to the common form here. --79.193.38.159 (talk) 02:06, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Most dental fluorosis cases are mild, so the mild case is more typical. Cases such as the one shown in the severe image are quite rare. There's nothing questionable about the mild case; many cases are milder than that. The Colorado brown stain came from water naturally fluoridated to levels well above recommended levels, and it was more severe than what is typically experienced nowadays. Today, most dental fluorosis (in western countries anyway) comes from too much toothpaste-swallowing by young children. Eubulides (talk) 02:30, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * More pictures and websites on the common modern form being yellow to brown from even just 5 minutes of googling for fluorosis:, , , , , , , , , , , , . --79.193.38.159 (talk) 03:19, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * There are many web sites posting misinformation about fluoride (for more on this please see Armfield 2007, ), but this article, like all Wikipedia articles, should be based on reliable sources. Eubulides (talk) 03:23, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * So Oralhealtheducation.com, TheFreeDictionary's Medical dictionary (main sources The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary, Second Edition and Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Care Consumers), Dr. Kamsiah Gulam Haider (also see ) are "unreliable sources"? All of those report yellow to brown teeth as primarily due to industrial water fluoridation. You might call the other links biased misinformation I guess, as no matter how many peer-reviewed studies they're quoting, they're communal public health campaigns educated by the existing professional literature in print. And could non-prescription doses of fluoride legal for and expressedly measured for daily toddler consumption in a Western country be that much higher than in water? The exposure in the pictured "severe case" was even extremely short compared to lifelong intake from water and other dietary standards. --79.193.38.159 (talk) 04:05, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Oralhealtheducation.com doesn't work for me. It gives an advertisement for Hanyang Women's College, but no info about dental fluorosis. TheFreeDictionary's Medical dictionary doesn't work for me either. That page does not contain the word "fluorosis". Dr. Kamsiah Gulam Haider says "Fortunately, in most cases, fluorosis is so minor that it doesn’t warrant any treatment.", which agrees with my point that typical cases are mild. says nothing about fluorosis.
 * None of these sources (the ones that work for me, anyway) talk about "primarily due to industrial water fluoridation". In developed countries most fluorosis is due to children swallowing too much fluoride toothpaste.
 * None of the sources you've cited are particularly reliable in the sense needed for biomedical information in Wikipedia. Reliable sources would be published in peer-reviewed medical, dental, or scientific journals. And they should be reviews, so that they're secondary sources. For more on this subject, please see Reliable sources (medicine-related articles).
 * "could non-prescription doses of fluoride legal for and expressedly measured for daily toddler consumption in a Western country be that much higher than in water" Yes, of course. And the problem with fluoride drops (or whatever they were) is that it's very easy to mistakenly give a child much more fluoride than the dentist or doctor ordered.
 * "The exposure in the pictured "severe case" was even extremely short" Not particularly. Children are at risk for dental fluorosis only during a relatively short window. You can't get dental fluorosis after you're about 8 years old.
 * Eubulides (talk) 05:45, 3 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with Eubulides -- the "extreme" image shown above is not at all representative of the effects of water fluoridation. Putting it into the article for water fluoridation would be misleading. -- Jrtayloriv (talk) 06:40, 3 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The reason those links "don't work for you" is that after linking the exact sub-pages above, I linked you to those sites's homepages a post further down. Oralhealtheducation.com is the homepage to, TheFreeDictionary's Medical dictionary is to and  (the text to the picture of brown teeth reads "from fluoridated drinking water", "due to ingestion of too much fluoride in drinking water over a long period", "usually from drinking water"), and Dr. Kamsiah Gulam Haider is to  ("darkened teeth", "main characteristic of fluorosis is the stains which form on the teeth when yellow and brown spots appear", "drinking an excess of fluoridated water", "fluoridated water consumption"). The first two are standard medical dictionaries (clearly secondary sources), and the third is a certified Master in Dental Science. Right now, I don't have the time to copy-paste you the amount of peer-reviewed sources, such as from medical journals, from the eight other links. Just how many scientific sources do you even need? You have but one source agreeing with your opinion on prevalence of yellow and brown fluorosis, and yet you keep re-uttering your belief in spite of a two-digit number of sources giving you the fact that the prevalent form of fluorosis is yellow and brown. --79.193.38.159 (talk) 07:54, 3 March 2010 (UTC)
 * "Oralhealtheducation.com is the homepage to " That may be an image of dental fluorosis, but that image by itself says nothing about water fluoridation, or about the frequency of mild vs severe fluorosis.
 * TheFreeDictionary's Medical dictionary is to Again, nothing to do with water fluoridation, or with the frequency of mild vs severe fluorosis.
 * " (the text to the picture of brown teeth reads "from fluoridated drinking water", "due to ingestion of too much fluoride in drinking water over a long period", "usually from drinking water")" I don't see that text in the image you gave. All I see is the image. From the quotes you gave, the text (whatever it is from) could well be talking about water naturally fluoridated to levels above recommended levels.
 * "Dr. Kamsiah Gulam Haider is to ("darkened teeth", "main characteristic of fluorosis is the stains which form on the teeth when yellow and brown spots appear", "drinking an excess of fluoridated water", "fluoridated water consumption")" First, that page agrees that "in most cases, fluorosis is so minor that it doesn’t warrant any treatment", so it supports the point that most cases of dental fluorosis are mild, not severe. Second, that page doesn't say water fluoridation caused the more-severe cases. Third, under "Preventing Fluorosis" that page talks only about toothpaste (which is appropriate, since most dental fluorosis in western countries is caused by children swallowing too much toothpaste).
 * "The first two are standard medical dictionaries (clearly secondary sources), and the third is a certified Master in Dental Science." Even if these sources agreed with you that severe dental fluorosis is a common consequence of water fluoridation (which they do not), they are weak sources compared to what's already cited in Water fluoridation and Dental fluorosis. Please cite sources that meet the standards in Reliable sources (medicine-related articles), which ask for "general or systematic reviews in reputable medical journals, widely recognised standard textbooks written by experts in a field, or medical guidelines and position statements from nationally or internationally reputable expert bodies".
 * Eubulides (talk) 08:47, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Eubulides, it is irrelevant to say that "severe flurosis pictures cannot be used because they are caused by higher than recommended levels of fluoride". If for example I went to the wiki for obesity and removed all the pictures of fat people and claimed that they were "examples of people who ate more than the recommended amount of food", you would realize how ridiculous the argument is. This page is about dental fluorosis, not water fluoridation. "Colorado Brown Stain" is a notable instance of widespread dental fluorosis and therefore is justified in being represented here in full glory. Colorado Brown Stain is possibly more notable than mild cases of fluorosis. Eubulides has claimed here and elsewhere that most fluorosis is not a problem. So why is the common case of fluorosis (which is not a problem for Eubulides) pictured first? If it is notable at all, it is logically of less note than the Colorado Brown Stain. Colorado Brown Stain should be pictured first.

Eubulides also states that most fluorosis in the west is cause by swallowing toothpaste. The CDC reports that 70% of fluoride intake is through water fluoridation. I would like to know how Eubulides has come to his conclusion. Thank you.

New Data from the CDC
The CDC poll on fluorosis prevalence is outdated. Here is a newer CDC poll: http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2007orleans/techprogram/abstract_92598.htm As of 2004, 48.42% of humans 12 to 15 have fluorosis! If no one gets around to updating the chart, I will look into how to do it myself.

That chart focuses on wee ones younger than 12 to 15 years old. You might want to hold off on modifying it. Docjay8406 (talk) 11:33, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

fluorosis impossible in adults
It is not clear from the introduction if fluorosis can also occur in adults ?

In a simple question:Is it true that as an adult you can eat 1 tube of fluoride toothpaste every day and still you will not get fluorosis ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.89.72.183 (talk) 01:41, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

It's true that an adult can eat 1 tube of fluoride toothpaste every day and still not get fluorosis, though that adult would probably have a terrible case of diarrhea! The diarrhea is due to the sodium lauryl sulfate. Anyway, the adult will not get fluorosis because fluorosis occurs in developing teeth, not teeth that have already erupted from the gums. I've clarified the part of the article on adult dentition to point out that fluorosis risk occurs up to the age of 8. After that the risk of developing dental fluorosis is typically over. Dental fluorosis occurs in adults, but develops in children. So an adult with dental fluorosis will have had it since they were a child! Hope this helps. Docjay8406 (talk) 06:40, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

Put "severe" image at the top
According to the CDC, most people who have fluorosis have it "severe". According to, 30-50% of youths aged 12-19 in the years 1999-2004 were suffering of "severe" fluorosis, compared to only 2-10% with "very mild and mild" cases. Therefore, the severe photo should be at the top. Also, many images of mostly *BLACK* teeth you'll find when googling for dental fluorosis       suggest that what's presented here as a "severe" case (and upon its first introduction was immediately removed as an allegedly unrealistic, propagandistic "scare image", even) is, with its *YELLOW* and slightly brownish teeth, actually a rather moderate one. The way it is now, what we have at the top corresponds to a small minority of only 2-10% of cases at best, as it may even be considered a questionable case. Looking at it, most people would ask you what's wrong with that "mild" picture at all! --79.193.59.135 (talk) 04:57, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Is there any evidence the "severe" image is even fluorosis? I'm having trouble finding anything that confirms it as legit.  Micahmedia (talk) 19:57, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

 * As said one section further below, I as the owner of the teeth in the image could scan and post my official medical records of 15 years in a row that all read fluorosis due to prior dentist malpractice when I was a toddler and preteen (where my original dentist had prescribed me adult dosages of fluoride pills for years, a prophylactic "fluoride treament" to prevent cavities in my front teeth from the start), but I think it's a bit beyond usual privacy standards on Wikipedia. Also see all the official fluorosis medical photos I have linked above that look just like my teeth did until my insurance paid for purely cosmetic enamel replacement. --2003:71:4E33:E513:6493:E9A2:DDD1:289A (talk) 23:10, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

 * The link is dead. In any event, the 1999-2004 CDC study did not say that at all. Though it did indicate an extremely high rate of fluorosis among adolescents 12-15: 41% had definite cases and an additional 20% had "questionable" cases(!).  I have added this info to the article.JustinReilly (talk) 16:20, 19 September 2016 (UTC)

Removed bogus image
Hi, I've removed the unsourced image which did NOT show dental fluorosis but rather, decay. It was clearly there to push POV. To see what severe fluorosis really looks like, see here: http://healthvermont.gov/family/dental/fluoride/formula.aspx#fluorosis — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.224.111.128 (talk) 03:34, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Images of fluorosis not found at link given. Please link to correct page. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 06:36, 23 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but you've removed a picture of a case that was certified by at least five dentists to be due to a documented case of a high fluoride intake in the form of prescribed fluoride pills as a toddler and preteen, where the amount prescribed to the child for years equalled an adult dosage due to malpractice of the original dentist. Due to this very case history, the patient never suffered from cavities in his front teeth as the fluoridation treatment had been prescribed to prevent exactly that, but suffered from the case of Colorado brown stain seen in the photo that you have deliberately removed. The picture was taken when the patient was in his late 20s, when not a single case of cavities had ever been identified by a long line of dentists that had examined the condition for almost two decades, and shortly before the patient had his tooth enamel replaced simply out of cosmetic reasons (as he had suffered from severe social stigma due to Colorado brown stain, and his medical insurance paid for his artificial new enamel as just that: A COSMETIC TREATMENT simply for optical reasons!). The patient is now in his mid-30s and still has all his original teeth, only with artificial enamel in the front which had become necessary because of fluorosis. Never once has a single dentist suspected or treated any case of cavities in the patient's frontal teeth during his entire life, while many cavities were identified and treated in his molars during the same time span. What more do you want? Scans of all my official medical records of 15 years in a row where it reads fluorosis all over until I had my enamel replaced? I have them here, but I think that goes a tad beyond Wikipedia's usual modes of privacy. --2003:71:4E33:E513:6493:E9A2:DDD1:289A (talk) 21:59, 21 March 2017 (UTC)
 * And just in case anybody's wondering, we're talking about this picture here: . --2003:71:4E33:E513:6493:E9A2:DDD1:289A (talk) 22:28, 21 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Interesting. We are talking about just this kind of thing at WT:MED now. Will put a link to this, there. Jytdog (talk) 02:05, 22 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Yup just got another position from a dentist. They say this is a mix of severe dental fluorsis and dental caries. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 12:39, 24 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Tooth substance which shows mild fluorosis is actually more resistant to decay than "healthy" tooth surfaces. This would correspond to the "snow-capped" teeth where there are white opacities. However, more severe fluorosis can be affected by hypoplasia of enamel, e.g. pitting, which would predispose to decay. I would agree with whoever added the arrows that this seems to be a reasonable analysis of the image, however it is important to state that without more info there could be other cause of tooth discoloration at work. Matthew Ferguson (talk) 23:37, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
 * As said, being the person whose teeth are pictured, at least five dentists over a period of 15 years found no cavities in my front teeth, including at the state pictured, even though my then-dentist's photographer who made photos for my insurance as an amateur suspected cavities and expected my dentist would pull all my teeth, when in fact he only replaced my enamel. What's seen in the image is chipping combined with color change, which is why my insurance refused to pay for my enamel replacement as a medical treatment, only as cosmetic treatment. When the picture was taken, the visual state had deteriorated further than it had been for years because I'd lately begun using whitening toothpaste, which, as can be seen in the picture, only makes everything worse with fluorosis because the few spots with natural enamel became brighter, making the parts made of pure fluoride appear even darker. --2003:71:4E33:E576:D161:9B02:FBB2:87CF (talk) 15:55, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

Your story is interesting but the statement that no cavities (I read this as tooth decay) are present in the image is surprising. The picture strongly gives the appearance of decay, these lesions having been highlighted already by someone else with red arrows. However, the information you have is the result of a clinical examination and so must be correct, compared to only limited guesswork that can be gained from looking at the picture and without a full case history. I explain below.

"Cavities" could refer to any loss of tooth substance, not just as a hole caused by tooth decay. For example, tooth wear can cause loss of tooth substance. So there are definitely holes in the image shown, there has been loss of tooth substance here. From what you describe -- chipping -- this is likely to have been enamel which was so weakened (termed enamel hypocalcification/hypomineralization) or malformed (termed enamel hypoplasia) by fluorosis that it broke down rapidly during life and left these holes in the enamel. Also inside the holes, what appears to be dental plaque, a main requirement for decay to occur. Whether we can say there is any decay in these holes and under the plaque would require a clinical examination, importantly by pressing gently inside the holes with a small probe to see if it is softened or hard. If the surface is hard, it also does not rule out the possibility of arrested decay (once soft, now hardened again under more favourable conditions such as less sugar frequency in diet and improved oral hygiene). Arrested decay leaves a stained, but re-hardened surface inside the cavity.

Whitening toothpaste is just a more abrasive type of toothpaste, it removes surface stains (tea, coffee), it does not contain any bleach which can increase the shade of the tooth surface beyond its underlying shade. If there is intrinsic staining from e.g. fluorosis then yes whitening toothpaste will not change this.

When you say replaced the enamel, I image this as placing white filling material to restore the natural contour of the tooth surface. It seems harsh that insurance considered this cosmetic. You can see in the image holes which have plaque inside. Even if there was no decay under this plaque at the time as you say, then this situation would have been very risky to develop decay in future. Generally speaking wherever plaque is allowed to stagnate, decay rapidly follows. So such treatment could be considered preventative rather than cosmetic. Matthew Ferguson (talk) 20:00, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

NIDR and CDC findings on children
For the chart labeled "NIDR and CDC findings on children", shouldn't the 17% result for both "Questionable fluorosis" and "Very mild fluorosis" be listed twice? Bringing the 1987 total to 39.3%? Looking at the numbers side by side, it doesn't seem like that big of a difference, but the totals at the end seem extreme.

Maybe that table shouldn't be included at all, since they apparently collected different sets of data, or maybe it could be presented more clearly in another way?

While we're on the topic, shouldn't infant Amoxicillin exposure be included in this article? http://www.news-medical.net/news/2005/10/04/13528.aspx "The results show that amoxicillin use during early infancy seems to be linked to dental fluorosis on both permanent first molars and maxillary central incisors," the authors report. "Duration of amoxicillin use was related to the number of early-erupting permanent teeth with fluorosis."

Sorry if this submission doesn't follow the standard format. This is my first time ever commenting on wikipedia.

174.111.231.166 (talk) 17:07, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dental fluorosis. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123429/http://www.nmji.in/archives/Volume-12/issue-3/editorials-2.pdf to http://www.nmji.in/archives/Volume-12/issue-3/editorials-2.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:47, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dental fluorosis


text:
Giles Watling

Giles Francis Watling (born 18 February 1953) is a British Conservative politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Clacton from 2017 until 2024. He was an actor prior to entering politics, mainly active on television.

Early life and education
Giles Watling was born on 18 February 1953 at Chingford, London. His parents Patricia Hicks and Jack Watling were actors. Watling was privately educated at Forest School, Walthamstow.

Career
Watling has worked extensively in British theatre and on television, and is probably best known for his portrayal of the vicar Oswald in Carla Lane's series Bread. He has also directed several UK touring theatre productions, and took on the role of Bob in the UK tour of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert in 2013. Watling serves on the board of directors of the Royal Theatrical Fund, a charity which aids those who have professionally practised or contributed to the theatrical arts.

Watling served as a Conservative councillor for Frinton ward on Tendring District Council until 2016, having been first elected in the 2007 United Kingdom local elections.

Parliamentary career
On 10 September 2014 Watling was shortlisted in the Conservatives' Clacton open primary to select the party's candidate for the Clacton by-election and was adopted following a public meeting on 11 September 2014. At the by-election, Watling came second with 24.6% of the vote behind the incumbent UK Independence Party (UKIP) MP Douglas Carswell.

At the 2015 general election, Watling again contested Clacton as the Conservative candidate coming second behind Douglas Carswell who won 44.4% of the vote.

Watling was elected to Parliament as MP for Clacton at the snap 2017 general election with 61.2% of the vote and a majority of 15,828. He was returned as MP for Clacton at the 2019 general election with an increased vote share of 72.3% and an increased majority of 24,702.

Following an interim report on the connections between colonialism and properties now in the care of the National Trust, including links with historic slavery, Watling was among the signatories of a letter to The Daily Telegraph in November 2020 by the Common Sense Group of Conservative parliamentarians, which accused the National Trust of being "coloured by cultural Marxist dogma, colloquially known as the 'woke agenda.

Watling lost his seat in the 2024 general election to Reform UK candidate and leader Nigel Farage.

Personal life
Married to Vanda June in 1979, the younger brother of the actress Deborah Watling and younger half-brother of actress Dilys Watling, Watling is a member of the Garrick Club, an exclusive gentlemen's club which in 2024 opened its doors to women, Frinton cricket club, Walton and Frinton yacht club and Frinton War Memorial Club.

title: Giles Watling


text:
Petar Preradović

Petar Preradović (19 March 1818 – 18 August 1872) was a Croatian poet, writer, and military general. He was one of the most important Croatian poets of the 19th century Illyrian movement and the main representative of romanticism in Croatia.

He was also the paternal grandfather of the Austrian writer and poet Paula Preradović, who is best known for composing the lyrics of the Austrian national anthem.

Early life and education
Petar Preradović was born to a family of Serb origin in the village of Grabrovnica near the town of Pitomača in modern-day Croatia, which was a part of the Croatian Military Frontier at the time. He was born to Ivan and Pelagija (Ivančić) Preradović, and spent his childhood in his fathers' hometown of Grubišno Polje and Đurđevac. In autobiography Crtice moga života, Preradović wrote of himself as a Croat. He had two sisters, Marija (20 December 1812 – 25 February 1867) and Ana (11 February 1820 – 5 April 1822).

Following his fathers' death in 1828, Preradović, like many from the Military Frontier area, chose to become a professional soldier. He enrolled at the military academy in Bjelovar and later Wiener Neustadt where he converted from Eastern Orthodox Church to Catholicism and went on to excel as one of the school's best students. During the training, all Academy students were conducted as Roman Catholics, which could have been changed at the express request of the soldier. However, this has rarely occurred. Thus Preradović, tacitly signed as a Roman Catholic convert from the Orthodox Christianity which was legitimized by a formal act of conversion. His loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church was later increased since both he and his wife were Roman Catholics. While at the Academy, he began writing his first poems in German with distinctive features of romanticism.

Career
After graduation, he was stationed in Milan where he met Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, a fellow officer from Croatia, who inspired him to start writing in Croatian. This stimulated his interest in Croatian culture and Croatia's political and economic situation. After Milan, Preradović was posted to Zadar where he wrote his first song in Croatian, Poslanica Špiri Dimitroviću (Epistle to Špiro Dimitrović). His writings were published in the local Croatian-language newspaper Zora dalmatinska in 1846. He then went to Zagreb where he met the leading figures of the Illyrian movement. At the request of Ante Kuzmanić, who was then-editor of the Zora dalmatinska, Preradović wrote the song "Zora puca, biche dana" ("Dawn breaks, the day is coming") for the first issue of the paper, published on 1 January 1844. Like most of his songs, this one speaks of the emergence of Croatian national consciousness and suggests a new, prosperous era for the Croatian people. Since then, he had systematically continued his poetry in Croatian and has also advocated official acceptance of Ljudevit Gaj's grammar in southern Croatia.

In 1848, he was again stationed in Italy where he took part in the Wars of Italian Unification. In September 1848, he traveled to Dubrovnik, where a month later he married Zadar native Pavica de Ponte. In 1849, he was transferred to Zagreb where he was assigned to the military department of the Ban's Court (Government of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia). In 1851, Ban Josip Jelačić appointed him deputy commander of the military department and Ban's adjutant. At the end of 1852, he moved to Cremona, in 1853 to Verona, in September of that same year to Pančevo, and afterward to Kovin, Arad and Transylvania. In 1854, he was assigned to the Supreme Command in Vienna. In 1855, his wife Pavica committed suicide which sparked his interest in spiritism in his later years. In 1865, he married Emma Regner and was sent to Verona to fight in a war with Italy.

On 24 February 1864, Emperor Franz Joseph I awarded Preradović with the nobility, and also gave him a part of his personal treasury as Preradović was at the time in a bad financial situation. Preradović wrote a song in his honor. In 1866, he became a general. In mid-1871, he participated in the military exercises at Bruck and was in the same year suggested for the position of Croatian ban, but he was very sick and wrote in a letter that he was not interested. As his health continued to deteriorate at the end of 1871, he was sent to treatment in Mariabrunn near Munich and then in the Austrian town of Fahrafeld. Petar Preradović died on 18 August 1872 from dropsy. He was buried on 21 August 1872 in Vienna. Viennese youth organization Velebit, proposed that his remains should be transferred to Zagreb. On 11 July 1879, his remains were removed from the Vienna cemetery and transferred to the arcades of Mirogoj cemetery where he was buried on 14 July 1879. Mayor of Zagreb August Šenoa held an inspired speech and stirred up the hymn to Preradović, which was inaugurated by Ivan Zajc. The gravestone monument to Petar Preradović, depicting Croatia in a form of a woman that lays flowers on his grave, was made by sculptor Ivan Rendić.

He had eight children: Čedomil (8 July 1849 – 24 September 1849), Milica (b. 24 September 1850), Slavica (17 August 1852 – 23 March 1854), Dušan (18 September 1854 – 30 September 1920), Radovan Josip Petar (24 August 1858 – 11 February 1908), Milan (5 February 1866 – 6 August 1879), Zora (13 December 1867 – 10 May 1927) and Jelica (13 June 1870 – 27 December 1870). One of his grandchildren was Paula von Preradović, Austrian poet and the author of the Austrian national anthem.

Lyrical poetry
While attending the military academy in Vienna, Preradović began writing his first poems (Der Brand von Neustadt, 1834) in German. In 1840, he met Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, who awoke his interest in Croatian culture and encouraged him to write in his native Croatian. In 1841, in Zagreb's German magazine Croatia he published the song Das Uskoken-Mädchen. On the initiative of Špiro Dmitrović, in 1843, Preradović wrote the first poem in Croatian, Poslanica Špiri Dimitroviću. His first published song written in Croatian Zora puca, bit će dana was published in 1844 in the first issue of Zora dalmatinska. Preradović remained one of the constants of Croatian romanticism by its very nature.

Translator
Preradović translated during schooling the song Máy by Czech poet Karel Hynek Mácha to German. He published in Prevenci his translations of works by Lanau, Scmidt, Lübeck, Gleim, Wieland, Goethe and Bürger. Under Kukuljević's advisement, he translated part of Ivan Gundulić's Osman to German. Preradović translated from French to Croatian Allan Kardec's L’Évangile selon le Spiritisme (Zagreb, 1865). He also translated works by V. J. Pick, George Gordon Byron, Dante Alighieri and Alessandro Manzoni. Preradović translated from Croatian to German Franjo Rački's Rieka prema Hrvatskoj (Fiume gegenüber von Croatien, Dr Franz Rački, Aus dem kroatischen übers von X.Y., Zagreb, 1869). He spoke German, Italian, French, English and almost all Slavic languages.

Works

 * Pervenci: različne piesme od P. Preradovića, Zadar, 1846.
 * Nove pjesme, Zagreb, 1851.
 * Proslov k svečanom otvorenju Narodnoga kazališta dne 29. siječnja 1852. Od P. P. Brzotiskom dra. Ljudevita Gaja., Zagreb, 1852.
 * Prvi ljudi, 1862.
 * Poesie di Pietro Preradović., Traduzione di Giovanni Nikolić. Tip. Demarchi-Rougier. Zadar, 1866.
 * Opera libreto Vladimir i Kosara (in 4 acts)
 * Lopudska sirotica
 * Pustinjak

Published posthumously
Incomplete list :
 * Pjesnička djela Petra Preradovića, Izdana troškom naroda, Zagreb, 1873
 * Gedichte / Peter Preradović; treu nach dem Kroatischen übersetzt von H. [Herman] S. [Sommer], Druck von I. Franck, Osijek, 1875
 * Izabrane pjesme, Intro by Milivoj Šrepel, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 1890
 * Izabrane pjesme Petra Preradovića / ed. Franjo Bartuš, Zagreb, 1896
 * Básně / Petr Preradović; z chorvatštiny přeložil Frant. Veverka, J. Otto, Prag, 1904
 * Život i pjesme Petra Preradovića, ed. Rudolfo Franjin Magjer, Klub hrvatskih književnika Osijek, Osijek, 1916
 * Djela Petra Preradovića / ed. Branko Vodnik, volume 2, Zagreb, 1918–1919
 * Pesme / Petar Preradović [ed. Andra Žeželj], Beograd, 1940
 * Preradovićeva pisma Vatroslavu Bertiću / ed. Ivan Esih, HAZU, Zagreb, 1950
 * Izabrane pjesme / Petar Preradović, ed. Dragutin Tadijanović, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 1956
 * Petar Preradović. Pozdrav domovini: izabrane pjesme, ed. Dragutin Tadijanović, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 1968
 * Rodu o jeziku / Petar Preradović, ed. Dragutin Tadijanović), Preradovićev muzej u Grabrovnici, Grabrovnica, 1972
 * Izabrane pjesme / Petar Preradović,ed. Mirko Tomasović, Erasmus, Zagreb, 1994
 * Izabrana djela, ed.Cvjetko Milanja, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 1997
 * Petar Preradović. Izabrane pjesme, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 1999
 * Putnik, izabrane pjesme, Kršćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb, 2004

title: Petar Preradović


text:
Republican News

Republican News was a longstanding newspaper/magazine published by Sinn Féin. Following the split in physical force Irish republicanism in the late 1960s between the Officials (Official Sinn Féin — also known as Sinn Féin Gardiner Place — and the Official IRA) and the Provisionals (Provisional Sinn Féin — also known as Sinn Féin Kevin Street and now most commonly simply as Sinn Féin — and the Provisional IRA) Republican News was eclipsed by An Phoblacht, a new magazine launched by Provisional Sinn Féin in 1970. "An Phoblacht" came first and then in early 1970, Joe Graham and Proinsias Mac Airt put together  "The Republican News" and it functioned  independently for quite a while. Graham worked on only three issues of it before starting "The Vindicator". The magazines merged under the name An Phoblacht/Republican News in 1979.

Editors

 * 1970: Jimmy Steele
 * 1970: Proinsias Mac Airt
 * 1973: Leo Martin
 * 1974: Sean Caughey
 * 1975: Danny Morrison

title: Republican News


text:
Haymarket Square (band)

Haymarket Square was a Chicago-based psychedelic rock band in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Their album, Magic Lantern, released in 1968, was pressed in an edition of 80 - 100 copies, and despite its rarity is well considered by fans of psychedelic rock music even today. The music of the album was used to accompany the Baron and Bailey Light Circus at the Museum of Contemporary Art. Magic Lantern was reissued on CD by Gear Fab Records in 2001.

History
In 1967, drummer John Kowalski and guitarist Bob Homa were in a Chicago-area garage band called the Real Things. When the Real Things broke up, they decided to form a new band, and placed ads in several newspapers, seeking additional musicians. On the strength of their auditions, Marc Swenson became the lead guitarist, and Gloria Lambert the lead vocalist. Homa switched from guitar to bass.

The new band named themselves Haymarket Square, a reference to the 1886 Haymarket Square Riot. They soon became popular and played at various venues in the Chicago area. They performed on the same bill as more well-known groups, including the Yardbirds and Cream. In 1968, they played as part of the Baron and Bailey Light Circus, a sound and light show that was produced by two college professors, and which was performed at Chicago's Museum of Contemporary Art. Later that year, the band's only album, Magic Lantern, was released by Chaparral Records, but not put on general sale, instead being used for promotion and handed out to some MCA visitors.

After the recording of Magic Lantern, Homa left the band, and was replaced by bassist Ken Pitlik. Robert Miller joined the band and played rhythm guitar. This reconfigured lineup stayed together until Haymarket Square disbanded in 1974.

Gloria Lambert and Marc Swenson married, had two sons, and subsequently divorced. Lambert works at a high school in Wisconsin as a Spanish and English teacher. Bob Homa received his bachelor's degree in architecture and has spent most of his career managing projects in shopping mall development and renovation.

Critical reception
On Allmusic, Dean McFarlane wrote, "From the opening cut, it is fairly apparent why the original album is so sought after — Magic Lantern is as fine a display of American psychedelia as late-'60s albums by It's a Beautiful Day and Jefferson Airplane. This will appeal to fans of the fuzzed-out guitar antics of Cream and Blue Cheer."

Track listing
Side 1 Side 2
 * 1) "Elevator" (Gloria Lambert) – 7:06
 * 2) "Train Kept A-Rollin' (Tiny Bradshaw, Howard Kay, Lois Mann) – 7:20
 * 3) "Ahimsa" (Marc Swenson, John Kowalski, Robert Homa) – 8:14
 * 1) "Amapola" (Swenson) – 10:43
 * 2) "Phantasmagoria" (Lambert) – 4:08
 * 3) "Funeral" (Lambert) – 9:23

Haymarket Square

 * Gloria Lambert – vocals
 * Marc Swenson – guitar, vocals
 * Robert Homa – bass, vocals
 * John Kowalski – drums

Production

 * Recording engineer – Laddie Oleson
 * Photography – Bill Bailey, Bill Baron, Gerald Wenner
 * Management – Dan Kovacevic
 * Equipment manager – John Rantz

title: Haymarket Square (band)


text:
Will Kane

William "Will" Kane is the protagonist of the film High Noon (1952). He was first played by Gary Cooper, then by Lee Majors in High Noon, Part II: The Return of Will Kane (1980), and by Tom Skerritt in High Noon (2000), a remake for cable television.

Appearances
Gary Cooper originated the character in High Noon in 1952. Cooper briefly reprised his High Noon role in an uncredited cameo appearance in the 1959 Bob Hope comedy Alias Jesse James. Lee Majors took over the role for in a made-for-TV sequel, High Noon, Part II: The Return of Will Kane (1980). Tom Skerritt played Kane in a 2000 remake of High Noon for the US cable channel TBS.

Fictional biography
In High Noon, Will Kane is a town marshal of the fictional Hadleyville, New Mexico Territory. It is both his wedding day and his last day as a marshal. He is about to leave town with his bride, Amy, to start a new life as a store clerk when the clerk of the telegraph office brings bad news: a man he sent to prison some years earlier, Frank Miller, has been released from prison and is arriving on the noon train. Kane, and the townsfolk who remember Miller, know Miller's visit is for one reason: revenge. Upon his conviction years earlier, Miller swore he would kill Will Kane. Kane's friends tell him to leave town, which he does briefly, but he feels that running away is not a solution, so he returns to face Miller and the gang. Will tries to find support from his friends and others, but none wants to help - they all tell him to leave town or offer reasons why they can't (or won't) help. Will chooses to stand up against this gang alone, even though it could result in his own death. After a brief gun fight in town, Kane kills three of the four men, while Amy also saves his life by giving up her pacifist religion to kill one of the men. As townspeople come out to offer congratulations, Kane takes off his tin star and throws it in the dirt. The film ends with Kane and his bride driving out of town to destinations unknown.

In High Noon, Part II: The Return of Will Kane, Kane returns to the town of Hadleyville, a year after the events of High Noon, and finds that the town is now in the hands of a corrupt marshal and his two aides. J.D. Ward, the man that replaced Kane as marshal, is a tyrant who shoots up the horses Will has just purchased. Ward is after Ben Irons and his men in order to get the bounty on them, even though Ward knows they are innocent. Ben gets away. Ward pursues him, and Kane decides to help Ben. Ben dies from a gunshot wound. Ward is going to arrest Kane for helping Ben, but the town rallies together and issues a warrant for Ward's arrest. Kane then again puts on the tin star and shoots Ward to death.

Development
Despite the iconic portrayal of the character by Gary Cooper (see below), "Cooper was not producer Stanley Kramer's first choice to play Marshal Will Kane." Nevertheless, Will Kane is "one of Cooper's most famous roles." Lee Majors explained that he accepted the role in the sequel, because "I've always admired Gary Cooper. And I wanted to do a Western again." Ron Hardy, who directed the recent remake, argued that Tom Skerrit was an ideal actor to take over the role in the remake. Hardy explained that like "Cooper, he is Mr. Everyday. People know who Tom Skerritt is.  They don't treat him like a superstar.  They feel he's approachable."

Reception
In 1952, Gary Cooper won a Golden Globe Award and his second Academy Award for his portrayal of Will Kane.

While The Washington Post refers to the character as "A Classic Role," Entertainment Weekly ranked the character fourteenth on its list of the top twenty "All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture" in April 2009. The magazine included him on its list because in "High Noon, Gary Cooper's retiring lawman faces down a killer and his goons despite being deserted by the rest of the town." Entertainment Weekly went on to cite his most heroic move as when "Kane's last ally gets cold feet, he tells him to go to his family, and then refuses the help of a teenager." Kane was also ranked by the American Film Institute as the fifth greatest movie hero of all time.

Nevertheless, although Cooper's performance has received considerable praise as indicated above, Majors and Skerritt's performances have not been so positively received. The New York Daily News referred to Lee Majors as "sadly miscast" as Kane in the sequel. Entertainment Weekly also contrasted Cooper with Skerritt to Skerritt's disadvantage. Reviewer Ken Tucker reminisces upon "the all-purpose image of Cooper that's taken hold in the popular imagination: the gaunt, chiseled stone face, a stoic deadpan that rendered Cooper the leading-man, romantic-actor equivalent of Buster Keaton....By contrast, Skerritt saunters through the new Noon as if he were still the easygoing, ironic lawman of Picket Fences."

title: Will Kane


text:
United Secession Church

The United Secession Church (or properly the United Associate Synod of the Secession Church) was a Scottish Presbyterian denomination which existed between 1820 and 1847.

History
The First Secession from the established Church of Scotland had been in 1732, and the resultant "Associate Presbytery" grew to include 45 congregations. A series of disputes, in 1747 over the burgesses oath, and in the late 18th century over the Westminster confession, led to further splits. In 1820 two of the resulting groups, the New Licht Burghers and the New Licht Anti-Burghers, united to form the United Secession Church. The denomination existed until 1847 when it merged with the Presbytery of Relief to form the United Presbyterian Church.

Theological Professors

 * 1) John Dick - Professor of Theology - 1820-1833.
 * 2) John Mitchell - Professor of Biblical Criticism (Biblical Literature from 1834) - 1825-1843
 * 3) John Brown - Professor of Exegetical Theology - 1834-1847
 * 4) Alexander Duncan - Professor of Pastoral Theology - 1834-1843
 * 5) Robert Balmer - Professor of Systematic Theology - 1834-1844.
 * 6) James Harper - Professor of Pastoral Theology - 1843-1846 and Professor of Systematic Theology - 1846-1847.
 * 7) John Eadie - Professor of Biblical Literature - 1843-1847.

Other notable members

 * John Jamieson (died 1838)

title: United Secession Church


text:
Battle of Talikota

The Battle of Talikota, also known as that of Rakkasagi–Tangadagi, (23 January 1565) was a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and an alliance of the Deccan sultanates. Despite the Vijayanagara army being larger, they were comprehensively defeated. The battle resulted in the defeat and death of Rama Raya, the de facto ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, which led to the immediate collapse of the Vijayanagara polity and reconfigured South Indian and Deccan politics.

The specific details of the battle and its immediate aftermath are notoriously difficult to reconstruct in light of the distinctly contrarian narratives present across primary sources. The defeat in this battle is usually blamed on the gap in relative military prowess of the combatants. Orientalist and nationalist historians claimed the battle as part of a clash of civilizations between Hindus and Muslims; Contemporary scholars reject such characterizations as flawed.

Background
Rama Raya, after his installation of a patrimonial state and emerging as the ruler, adopted a political strategy of benefiting from the internecine warfare among the multiple successors of the Bahmani Sultanate, and it worked well for about twenty years of his reign.

However, after a series of aggressive efforts to maintain hold over Kalyan and diplomatic dealings with the Sultanates laden with insulting gestures by the Sultanates, the four Muslim Sultanates – Hussain Nizam Shah I and Ali Adil Shah I of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur to the west, Ali Barid Shah I of Bidar in the center, and Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali of Golkonda to the east – united in the wake of shrewd marital diplomacy and convened to attack Rama Raya, in late January 1565.

Description
The exact venue of clash has been variously mentioned as Talikota, Rakkasagi-Tangadigi and Bannihatti, all on the banks of river Krishna. There exists debate as to the precise dates. Span-lengths vary from hours to days; descriptions of battle formations and maneuvers vary too.

Outcome
Rama Raya was eventually beheaded either by Sultan Nizam Hussain himself or by someone acting on his behest despite Adil Shah, who had friendly relations with Raya, intending against. In the resultant confusion and havoc, Raya's brother Tirumala deserted with the entire army; he did try to regroup in Vijaynagara but failed and moved to the outskirts. His other brother Venkatadri was blinded and likely killed in action.

Analysis of defeat
Vijayanagara side was winning the war, state Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund in a survey of Indian history, until two Muslim generals of the Vijayanagara army switched sides.

Aftermath

The Sultanates' armies went on to plunder Vijayanagara, unopposed. Popular accounts and older scholarship describe Vijayanagara falling to ruins, in light of the widespread desecration of sacred topography; however, this view has been contested. Contemporary historians and archaeologists warn against conflating the state with the town as little evidence exists about any damage inflicted beyond the Royal Center; they further underline the politically strategic nature of destruction and arson, since sites associated with sovereignty, royal power, and authority were subject to more wanton means.

Nonetheless, the battle caused a political rupture for the state of Vijayanagara and permanently reconfigured Deccan politics. Patronage of monuments and temples ceased, the Vaishnava cult perished from the city of Vijayanagara due to the cessation of royal patronage, and the Royal Center was never rebuilt. The Bijapur Sultanate reaped maximum gains but their alliance with the other Deccan sultanates did not last long. Tirumala went on to establish the Aravidu dynasty, which held sway over fragments of the erstwhile empire and even operated out of Vijayanagara for two years, before shifting to Pengonda. But faced with succession disputes, rebellions by multiple local chieftains—primarily Telugu Nayak houses—who did not wish for the reemergence of any central authority, and continuous conflicts with the Bijapur Sultanate—who might have been invited by Rama Raya's son—, it moved southwards before disintegrating in the late 1640s.

Historiography
Colonial era historiography (e.g. the work of Robert Sewell and Jonathan Scott), drawing from the accounts of Firishta and others, placed this battle within the context of a larger "Clash of civilizations" metanarrative. In this account, the battle pitted, on the one hand, Hindu civilization, represented by the "Rama-rajya" of Vijayanagara, against Islamic civilization on the other hand, represented by the alliance of Deccan sultanates. The result of the battle, according to this view, was the fall of the last "Hindu bastion" of South India to "Mohammed" zealotry and expansionism. In the modern post-colonial era, a number of South Indian nationalist historians (Aluru Venkata Rao, B. A. Saletore, S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, K. A. Nilakanta Sastri) have continued to endorse this view or one like it. This view has been associated with the far-right Hindutva ideology.

However, in recent decades, a number of historians have criticized or rejected this view. For example, Richard M. Eaton denies any religious motives behind the battle and describes the clash of civilizations hypothesis as emblematic of flawed Orientalist scholarship. In support of his position, Eaton cites a number of lines of evidence, including the multiple alliances of Rama Raya with various Muslim rulers at different points in time, (motivated by political rather than religious factors); the thorough perfusion of Persian Islamate culture within the Vijaynagara Kingdom, as evident from court sanction and patronage of Islamic art, architecture and culture; and the strategic alliances of Rama Raya's heirs (the Aravidus) with the heirs of the Deccan Sultans that fought at Talikota. Romila Thapar, Burton Stein, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Muzaffar Alam, and Stewart N. Gordon have concurred with this perspective on the basis of similar analyses. Additional arguments include the fact that the Muslim Berar Sultanate did not join the battle, the fact the Sultanate-alliance dissipated soon after the battle, and the existence of harmonious Hindu-Muslim relations in the Vijayanagara Empire, which extended to the placement of Muslims in high positions in the royal court of Vijaynagara.

Popular culture
The battle has been adopted into a play by Girish Karnad titled "Rakkasa Tangadi" (English title: "Crossing to Talikota"). Karnad based it on Eaton's analysis.

title: Battle of Talikota


text:
Li Weifeng

Li Weifeng (born 1 December 1978) is a Chinese football manager and former international footballer.

Tianjin Locomotive
Li Weifeng started his football career with Tianjin Locomotive's youth academy before he was spotted by the Chinese national youth program to study football abroad in a training program sponsored by Jianlibao. This then saw him called up to the Chinese under-20 national team and given a chance to play in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship.

Loan to Everton
Upon his return from the tournament, Li was returned to his initial youth team of Tianjin Locomotive until top tier club Shenzhen Ping'an showed an interest in him, not wanting to lose a promising young player a contract dispute would arise until a fee of 800,000 yuan was reportedly agree upon. In the 1998 league season he made his debut for the club and quickly established himself at the heart of the team's defense, guiding them to a 12th-place finish and doing enough to avoid relegation. In the following seasons with Shenzhen, Li establish himself as an integral member of the team and would go on to represent his country in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. With the exposure of the tournament, a short trial at Premier League side Everton immediately followed as part of an Everton deal with Chinese sponsor Kejian. His time at Everton he only made two appearances, playing once in the league against Southampton and once in the League Cup against Wrexham. He was unable to make an impact at the club and returned to Shenzhen after the 2002-03 season.

In the 2003 league season, Li returned from his loan spell at Everton and was immediately incorporated back into the team. He was soon made club captain by then manager Zhu Guanghu and within his second spell at the club he would lead them to the 2004 Chinese Super League title for the first time in the club's history. After that success, Zhu Guanghu was offered the Chinese Head coach position and Chi Shangbin came in as his replacement. Unfortunately for Chi, results significantly deteriorated under his reign and Li along with several other members of the team in Li Yi and Yang Chen publicly criticized his management which resulted in his resignation.

Shanghai Shenghua
In the beginning of the 2006 season, Li left Shenzhen due to the club's financial difficulties and followed many of his teammates out of the club. Shanghai Shenhua bought him for 6 million yuan despite reported interest from Serie A side Fiorentina.

Wuhan Guanggu
In 2008, Li transferred from Shanghai to Wuhan Guanggu due to a lack of playing time for the league runners-up, reuniting him with his former manager Zhu Guanghu who also coached him in the Chinese national team as well as in Shenzhen. Soon after the transfer, Li was involved in an on-the-field scuffle with Lu Jiang which resulted in him being suspended for eight games by the Chinese Football Association. Already on the verge of relegation, Wuhan amounted protests against this ruling which the club deemed to be unjust and extremely damaging to its chance to survive in the top flight. After its efforts were proven to be futile, Wuhan withdrew from the league and was disbanded and Li did not appear in any games for the rest of the season.

Suwon Samsung Bluewings
Because of Wuhan's withdrawal, most of its non-local and highly paid players were put on the transfer list at the end of the season, with Li among them. Because of his reputation, high wage demands, gigantic transfer fee, and the unserved eight-game suspension, Li was a hard commodity to move despite being perceived as heads and shoulders above the rest of the Chinese defenders. But the new AFC Champions League rule came to his rescue as it allowed all tournament participants to have one foreign Asian player. Attracting heavy interest from both the Japanese and Korean leagues, Li moved to K-League side Suwon Samsung Bluewings in January 2009, signing a two-year contract for a reported $400,000 and reuniting him with another one of his former managers. Some pundits suggested that Li moved on a free transfer because Wuhan's withdrawal made all of its players free agents under FIFA's rules. However, Wuhan immediately released statements announcing its intention to obstruct the move if it was not at least partly remunerated and media reports stated that Li would pay his former club himself in order to play for the Korean outfit. In his debut appearance, he was sent off against Sparta Prague in a friendly match in Hong Kong; however, Li redeemed himself in his first official match for Suwon in an AFC Champions League match in a 4-1 win against Kashima Antlers by scoring the opening goal.

Tianjin Teda
On 18 January 2011, Li signed with Chinese Super League side Tianjin Teda and was named as the club captain. On 20 July 2015, Li was released by the club midway through the 2015 season.

Tongji University
In 2015, Li joined Tongji University in Shanghai before retiring at the end of the year.

International career
Li made his first appearance for the Chinese national team on 22 November 1998 in a friendly match against South Korea, which ended in a 0-0 draw. His performances for the national team would see him called up to China's squads for the 2000 AFC Asian Cup and 2002 FIFA World Cup. In 2003, he was promoted to team captain by then manager Arie Haan and would lead China to a runners-up position at the 2004 AFC Asian Cup. In September 2006, he was banned from the national team for attacking an opposing player and hence earning his sixth red card in fourteen months during an AFC Champions League game with Shanghai Shenhua. His position as captain of the national team was stripped and later assigned to Zheng Zhi. The ban was removed after a year, but since then he never had any significant role in the national team anymore. He returned as Captain during the 2014 World Cup qualifying, but his return could not help China pass through the Third Round, after two shocking losses to Iraq.

Managerial career
Li was appointed as the vice managing director of Tianjin Quanjian in September 2015.

Playstyle
He has strength in a strong fighting spirit and an interpersonal mark. And the timing of the jump and heading is really good, so the ability to take control of the airborne ball is excellent.

International goals

 * Results list China's goal tally first.

Club
Shenzhen Ping'an
 * Chinese Super League: 2004

Shanghai Shenhua
 * A3 Champions Cup: 2007

Suwon Bluewings
 * Korean FA Cup: 2009

Tianjin Teda
 * Chinese FA Cup: 2011

International
China PR national football team
 * East Asian Football Championship: 2005

Individual

 * Chinese Super League Team of the Year: 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004

title: Li Weifeng


text:
User:Dr Marvin

Hi Marv, havnt seen you for a while? Come around some time. You should contribute to Wiki some more..

Hi.

Im not a real doctor.

title: User:Dr Marvin


text:
Li Jinyu

Li Jinyu (born 6 July 1977) is a former international player who is currently the head coach of Liaoning Tieren.

As a player he represented Liaoning Whowin and Shandong Luneng in the Chinese Super League and spent one season on loan at French club AS Nancy. He is also currently the top goalscorer in Chinese professional league history and won the Golden Boot Award three times in the process.

Club career
One of the premier strikers in China, Li Jinyu earned his reputation early when he was the stars of the Chinese youth team that studied in Brazil for a training programme sponsored by Shenzhen Jianlibao. This then saw him called up to the Chinese under-20 national team and gave him a chance to play in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship which attracted the interests of French side AS Nancy who acquired him on loan for one season. Li's time at AS Nancy was not successful and he would return to China to sign with Liaoning Whowin, immediately showing his potential that was missing at AS Nancy when he became an integral member of the team that narrowly lost out on the league title in 1999. While he would personally win his first Golden Boot award in 2002, he did not win any trophies with his club Liaoning during his time with them.

At the beginning of the 2004 league season, Shandong Luneng were willing to pay 4,900,000 yuan to make him the most expensive signing in Chinese football transfer history at the time. He would immediately become an integral member of the team and would repay them by helping them win the Chinese FA Cup and Chinese Super League Cup at the end of the season. The 2006 league season would see him reach his peak when he won the league title, the Chinese FA Cup, and the Golden Boot award with the team. The 2007 league season would see him officially become the most prolific player within the league when he broke Hao Haidong's goal record, however he could not aid Shandong to another league title. Despite his tradition in scoring, his prolific goalscoring dropped during the 2008 league season when he only scored six goals, nevertheless he was still able to win another league title. By the 2010 league season, Li would become a fringe player within the team, however he would still go on to win the league title once more and decided to retire at the end of the season.

International career
After playing in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship for the Chinese under-20 national team, Li would immediately move to the senior team and would make his debut in a friendly against the United States in a 1-1 draw on 1 February 1997. This then saw him become a regular with the Chinese national team and saw him play in several unsuccessful World Cup qualifiers. His biggest achievement came in the 2004 AFC Asian Cup where he was an integral member of the team that was runners-up in the tournament. When China qualified for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, then manager Zhu Guanghu dropped him from the squad to take part in the tournament because he believed that his performances were not convincing enough to be included in the squad.

Management career
Li started his managerial career by becoming the assistant coach of the Chinese women's national team and Shenyang Shenbei. On 13 May 2013, he was appointed as the new manager of China League One side Shenyang Shenbei, replacing Liu Zhicai who was sacked from the club on the same day after a string of poor results.

Club
Shandong Luneng
 * Chinese Super League: 2006, 2008, 2010
 * Chinese FA Cup: 2004, 2006
 * Chinese Super League Cup: 2004

International
China PR national football team
 * East Asian Football Championship: 2005

Individual

 * Chinese Super League Top goalscorer: 2006, 2007
 * Chinese Super League Team of the Year: 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007

title: Li Jinyu


text:
User talk:Dr Marvin

Hi, leave a message after the beep........ *beep*

Hi Marv
Welcome to Wikipedia! - UnlimitedAccess 14:56, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

AMV
Thats not good, anything I can help you with? - UnlimitedAccess 11:11, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dr Marvin


text: User talk:81.183.150.231

title: User talk:81.183.150.231


text:
User:Gurubrahma

I am a Wikipedia administrator. Leave me a message on [ my talk page] if you need help that requires an admin's attention. If I am not available and you are looking for an admin, have a look at Requests for administrator attention or List of administrators. Thank You. Hi, welcome to the userpage of Gurubrahma - am young on wikipedia; registered on 30 April, 2005 but became hyperactive from August. I've become an admin effective 7 December, 2005. For the past 7 years, I've been a resident of Bangalore. While I've been contributing to all articles, my focus has been on India-related articles since that is the place I'm from. Please don't mind if I don't answer your messages - I can assure you that I wd have already acted on it or probably not yet seen it.

About my User name
A widely quoted Sanskrit sloka goes thus:

Guru Brahma Guru Vishnu Guru Devo Maheshwara Guru Sakshath Parambrahma Tasmai Shri Gurave Namaha

meaning

''The teacher is creator Brahma; he is preserver Vishnu; he is also the destroyer Siva and he is the source of the Absolute. I offer all my efforts to that great teacher.''

My idea of emphasising on the Gurubrahma part is that I am primarily on wikipedia to create knowledge; I'd of course step into the roles of Vishnu, the preserver by reverting and Siva, the destroyer by deleting, but I foresee that these roles wd take less of my time & inclination given my interest in knowledge creation & assimilation.

Appreciation
It is always thrilling to know that someone from the community believes that you are doing good work.

Cool Guides to Self

 * Kate's edit counter
 * Interiot's edit counter
 * Interiot's interesting tool
 * good stats tools
 * Manifesto
 * Tasks
 * Reading
 * Blocking
 * copyvios
 * Requested moves 1
 * Requested moves 2
 * Requested moves 3
 * help 1
 * help 2

te:User:Gurubrahma

title: User:Gurubrahma