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Haxtur Award

The Haxtur Award (Premios Haxtur) is a Spanish award for comics published in Spain. It is awarded annually at the Salón Internacional del Cómic del Principado de Asturias (International Comics Convention of the Principality of Asturias). It takes its name from the heroic fantasy comics character with the same name, created by Spanish artist Víctor de la Fuente.

Award categories
Awards are made in several categories:

 * Mejor Historia Larga (Best Long Story), also known as Mejor Historieta Larga (Best Long Comic)
 * Mejor Historia Corta (Best Short Story), also known as Mejor Historieta Corta (Best Short Comic)
 * Mejor Guión (Best Script)
 * Mejor Dibujo (Best Drawing)
 * Mejor Portada (Best Cover, since 1989)
 * Mejor Editorial (Best Publisher, every 5–10 years since 1997
 * Haxtur al Humor (Haxtur for Humor, since 2000)
 * Autor que Amamos ("Author That We Loved", homenaje a la carrera de algún prestigioso creador; added in 1986)
 * Finalista más Votado (Finalist with the Most Votes, since 1990)
 * Special John Buscema Award, awarded in 2002 and 2004

Best Long Comic Strip

 * 1985: Camelot 3000, by Mike W. Barr and Brian Bolland (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1986: Dreadstar, by Jim Starlin (Ed. Fórum)
 * 1987: Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, by Frank Miller, Klaus Janson, and Lynn Varley (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1988: Watchmen, by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1989: Wonder Woman, by George Pérez
 * 1990: Cinder & Ashe, by Gerry Conway and José Luis García-López (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1991: Hawkworld, by Timothy Truman (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1992: Les Tours de Bois-Maury, by Hermann Huppen (Ed. Norma)
 * 1993: Eva Medusa, by Antonio Segura and Ana Miralles (Ed. Glanat)
 * 1994: La cró de Leodegundo ("The Chronicle of Leodegundo"), by Gaspar Meana (Ed. El Pexe)
 * 1995: Dropsie Avenue, by Will Eisner (Ed. Norma)
 * 1996: Largo Winch #5-6, by Jean Van Hamme and Philippe Francq (Ed. Grijalbo)
 * 1997: Preacher #1/2, by Garth Ennis and Steve Dillon (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1998: The Black Dragon, by Chris Claremont and John Bolton (Ed. Planeta de Agostini)
 * 1999: The Tale of One Bad Rat, by Bryan Talbot (Ed. Planeta)
 * 2000: Adolf, by Osamu Tezuka (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * 2001: The Crowned Heart, by Alejandro Jodorowsky and Jean Giraud (Ed. Norma)
 * 2002: A Journal of My Father, by Jiro Taniguchi (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * 2003: Usagi Yojimbo: The Dragon Below Conspiracy, by Stan Sakai (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * 2004: Monster, by Naoki Urasawa (Ed. Planeta deAgostini)
 * 2005: A History of Violence, by John Wagner and Vince Locke (Astiberri)
 * 2006: Yajiro Togane. Asa el ejecutor nº 5, by Kazuo Koike and Goseki Kojima (Planeta deAgostini)
 * 2007 (Ex aequo): Usagi Yojimbo: Duelo en Kitanoji by Stan Sakai (Planeta de Agostini) and "Lobo", El Rey, by Yoshiharu Imaizumi and Jiro Taniguchi (Ponent Mon)
 * 2008: Elric by Michael Moorcock and Walter Simonson (Planeta de Agostini)
 * 2009: El Gavilán (Primer ciclo) by Patrice Pellerin (IO Edicions)
 * 2010: Alicia en Sunderland by Bryan Talbot (Random House Mondadori)
 * 2011: Polina by Bastien Vivès (Diábolo Ediciones)
 * 2012: El bosque de los suicidas by El Torres and Gabriel Hernández  (Dib-Buks)
 * 2013 (Ex aequo): Tex: Sangre en Colorado by Claudio Nizzi and Ivo Milazzo and Tex: El gran robo  by Claudio Nizzi and José Ortiz (both  Editorial Aleta)
 * 2014 (Ex aequo): La propiedad by Rutu Modan (Ediciones Sins Entido) and Tex: Colorado Bell by Mauro Boselli and Alfonso Font (Editorial Aleta)
 * 2015: El Cantar de Teudan; Tomos I y II  by Gaspar Meana (Editorial UIB)

Best Short Comic Strip

 * 1985: "Primer amor" {First Love}, by Carlos Giménez, in Ilustración+Comix Internacional #45 (Ed. Toutain)
 * "Aventura Amorosa en el metro" {Adventures in Love in the City}, by Will Eisner, in Ilustración+Comix Internacional #45 (Ed. Toutain)
 * "Juegos de azar" {Games of Chance}, by Zentner & Pellejero, in Cairo #32 (Ed. Norma)
 * Viceversa {Vice Versa}, by Jan (Caja de Ahorros de Sevilla)
 * 1986: Los Pecados de Cupido {The Sins of Cupido}, by J. Zentner & R. Pellejero (Ed. Norma)
 * Daredevil, by Dennis O'Neil & David Mazzucchelli (Ed. Fórum)
 * "Llegada [Arrival]", by Jim Shooter, Al Milgrom, & Steve Leialoha, in Secret Wars #13 (Ed. Fórum)
 * El rubí de Abu Talib Halim {The Ruby of Abu Talib Halim}, by J.L. Cruces, in Cairo #46 (Ed. Norma)
 * 1987: Barcelona 1992, by Montesol (Ed. Norma)
 * "Fantasmas" {Ghosts}, by John Byrne & Dick Giordano, in Superman #5 (Ed. Zinco)
 * "Esclara de vecinos" {Stairs of Neighbors}, by Pons, in Historias Completas de El Víbora {Complete Histories of the Vibora} #1 (Ed. La Cúpula)
 * Superman: For The Man Who Has Everything, by Alan Moore & Dave Gibbons (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1988: Macao, by Mique Beltrán (Ed. Norma)
 * "Metrópolis 900 Mi.", by John Byrne, in Superman #23 (Ed. Zinco)
 * En clase de religion {In Class of Religion}, by Mediavilla (El Víbora; La Cúpula)
 * "El valle de la luna azul" {The Valley of the Blue Moon}, by A. Buylla, in El Wendigo #42
 * 1989: "La rosa de Abisinia" {The Abyssinian Rose}, by V. Mora & Víctor de la Fuente, in Gran Aventurero #1 (Ediciones B)
 * "Chiaroscuro", by Ann Nocenti & David Mazzucchelli, in Patrulla X Especial Verano [X-Men Summer Special] (Ed. Fórum)
 * Como la vez del jamón ("Like the Time of Jamón"), by Giancarlo Berardi & Ivo Milazzo (Ed. Norma)
 * El todopoderoso ("The Almighty"), by Pons, César, & Galiano (El Víbora; La Cúpula)
 * 1990: La sangre del volcán ("The Blood of the Volcano"), by Alfonso Font (Ed. Norma)
 * "El jefe [The Head]", by Dave Gibbons, in Cimoc #110 (Ed. Norma)
 * "Cien Millones muerte incluida" [The Million Dollar Hit], by Leonard Starr & Stan Drake, in Gran Aventurero #11 (Ediciones B)
 * "Las lágrimas de Tjahzi" {The Tjahzi Tears}, by Jean van Hamme & Grzegorz Rosinski, in Cimoc #110 (Ed. Norma)
 * 1991: Mechanics, by Jaime Hernandez (Ed. La Cúpula)
 * Bianco Natale (Tom's Bar), by Birardi & Milazzo (Ed. Toutain)
 * "Sabor a menta" {Flavor to Mint}, by Carlos Giménez, in Totem el Comix #53 (Ed. Toutain)
 * Loba {She-Wolf}, by Jean van Hamme & Grzegorz Rosinski (Ed. Norma)
 * 1992: "El Santo Maldito" ("The Bloody Saint"), by Jamie Delano & Bryan Talbot, in Hellblazer #1 (Ed. Zinco)
 * "Dream of a Thousand Cats", by Neil Gaiman & Kelley Jones, in Sandman #11 (Ed. Zinco)
 * Abraham Stone, by Joe Kubert (Ed. Norma)
 * "Encuentro Nocturno" {Nocturnal Encounter}, by Daniel Torres, in Cimoc #136 (Ed. Norma)
 * 1993: "Seasons of Mists Part 4", by Neil Gaiman & Matt Wagner, in Sandman #18 (Ed. Zinco)
 * "Secrets from the Surfer’s Past", by Jim Starlin, in Silver Surfer #12 (Ed Fórum)
 * El ladrón de almas {The Thief of Souls}, by Alfons Font (Ed. Norma)
 * "Violador" {Rapist}, by Carlos Giménez, in Comix Internacional #5 (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1994: "Gon Lives with the Penguins", by Masashi Tanaka, in Gon #2 [Gon Again] (Ed. La Cúpula)
 * Dolar de muelas (Cochina Publicidad) {Dolar of Teeth (Dirty Publicity), by Daniel Solana (Ed. Publicaciones Profesionales S.A.)
 * Discovering America, by Dave Mazzucchelli (Ed. F.M.C. Gijón)
 * Harry la cabeza {Harry the Head}, by Brian Bolland (Ed. Norma)
 * 1995: Batman: Mad Love, by Paul Dini & Bruce Timm (Ed. Zinco)
 * Hombre Grande {Big Man}, by David Mazzucchelli (El Wendigo)
 * Daredevil/Black Widow: Abattoir, by Jim Starlin & Joe Chiodo (Ed. Fórum)
 * El Círculo del poder {The Circles of Power}, by Pierre Christin & Jean-Claude Mézières (Ed. Grijalbo)
 * 1996: "Volver a casa" [Homecoming], by Dennis O'Neil & Rick Burchett, in Las crónicas de Batman #1 {The Batman Chronicles} #1 (Ed. Zinco)
 * Superman: Kal, by Dave Gibbons & José L. García López (Ed. Zinco)
 * Conan: El Depredador [Conan: The Predator], by Don Kraar & John Severin (Ed. Fórum)
 * "Los padres de Valerie" {Valerie's Parents}, by Peter Bagge, in Hate #2 (Ed. La Cúpula)
 * 1997: La quimera del oro {The Gold Chimera}, by Don Rosa (Ediciones B)
 * "Petty Crimes", by Howard Chaykin, in Batman Black & White #1 (Ed. Zinco)
 * "Two of a Kind", by Bruce Timm, in Batman Black & White #1 {Ed. Zinco}
 * "Felicidad tamañ familiar" [Great Familiar Happiness], by Rumiko Takahashi, in La tragedia de P [The tragedy of P] (Ed. Planeta de Agostini)
 * 1998: Hellblazer: Confession, by Garth Ennis & Steve Dillon (Ed. Norma)
 * Vampire Boy, by Carlos Trillo & Eduardo Risso (Ed. Meridiana-Glenat)
 * Preacher: Cry Blood, Cry Erin, by Garth Ennis & Steve Dillon (Ed. Norma)
 * Hulk: La muerte de Brian Banne [Hulk: The Death of Bruce Banner], by Pater David & A. Kubert (Ed. Fórum)
 * 1999: Usagi Yojimbo: Daisho, by Stan Sakai {Ed. Planet}
 * Preacher: Blood & Whiskey, by Garth Ennis & Steve Dillon (Ed. Norma)
 * Louder than Words, by Sergio Aragonés (Ed. Planeta)
 * ¡A por el imprevisto!, by François Boucq (Ed. Norma)
 * 2000: La maquinación Voronov {The Voronov Machination}, by Yves Sente & André Juillard (Ed. Norma)
 * "Cagapoco", in  #3, by Carlos Giménez (Ed. Glenat)
 * Heartland, by Garth Ennis & Steve Dillon (Ed. Norma)
 * "Excursión", in Xenozoic Tales #6, by Mark Schultz (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * 2001: Superman For All Seasons: Winter, by Jeph Loeb & Tim Sale (Ed. Norma)
 * "Firmes... ¡Ar!", in  #4, by Carlos Giménez (Ed. Glenat)
 * Wild Bill ha muerto {Wild Bill Has Died}, by Hermann (Imágica cómics)
 * "Caricaturas", in Eightball #4, by Daniel Clowes (Ed. La Cúpula)
 * 2002 (tie):
 * Un anillo de boda especial {A special wedding ring}, by Will Eisner (Ed. Norma)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man #36, by J. Michael Straczynski & John Romita, Jr. {Ed. Planeta DeAgostini}
 * "A Dios rogando..." {To God Requesting...}, in  #5, by Carlos Giménez (Ed. Glenat)
 * Bois-Maury: Rodrigo, by Hermann (Ed. Norma)
 * 2003: "Gentlemen’s Agreement", in Spider-Man's Tangled Web #7, by Bruce Jones, Lee Weeks & Josef Rubinstein {Ed Planeta DeAgostini}
 * "Plagiarism", Greyshirt: Indigo Sunset, by Rick Veitch & Russ Heath {Ed. Planeta DeAgostini}
 * A Bitch Is Born, by Roberta Gregory {Recerca-Alecta Editorial}
 * "Conversation", in Amazing Spider-Man V2#38 {Ed. Planeta DeAgostini}
 * 2004: Lone Wolf and Cub #4, Kazuo Koike and Goseki Kojima (Ed. Planet deAgostini)
 * Thorgal. The Barbarian, Jean Van Hamme & Grzegorz Roskinski (Ed. Norma)
 * Usagi Yojimbo: Circles, Stan Sakai (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Lone Wolf and Cub #2, Kazuo Koike and Goseki Kojima (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * 2005: The Elm Tree of the Caucasus, Utsumi and Taniguich {Ponent Mon}
 * Pumori (k), Tosaki and Tanighuchi {Otaukuland}
 * Thorgal: Kriss de Valnor, Grzegorz Rosinski and Jean Van Hamme {Ed. Norma}
 * "The Courtesan", in Usagi Yojimbo: Shades of Grey, Stan Sakai {Ed. Planeta DeAgostini}
 * 2006: Amor de juventud/Tim Sale. Solo, Diana Schutz and Tim Sale {Planeta deAgostini}
 * Regaliz/ Barrio 3, Carlos Giménez {Glénat}
 * Prólogo (Usagi Yojimbo. Segadora 3), Stan Sakai {Planeta deAgostini}
 * "Mala Suki/Modesty Blaise nº 4", Peter O'Donnell and Jim Holdaway {Planeta deAgostini }

Best Script

 * 1985: Giancarlo Berardi, for "Las Crías", in Cimoc Extra 4: Especial Aventuras (Ed. Norma)
 * Mike W. Barr, for Camelot 3000 (Ed. Zinco)
 * Carlos Giménez, for "Primer amor" {First Love}, in Ilustración+Comix Internacional #45 (Ed. Toutain)
 * Tom DeFalco & Barry Windsor-Smith, for Machine Man (Ed. Fórum)
 * 1986: Walt Simonson, for Thor: The Sutur Sata {Ed. Fórum}
 * John Byrne, for Alpha Flight (Ed. Fórum)
 * Sánchez Abulí, for Torpedo 1936 (Ed. Toutain & Ed. Fórum)
 * Jim Starlin, for Dreadstar (Ed. Fórum)
 * 1987: Frank Miller, for Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (Ed. Zinco)
 * Daniel Torres, for La estrella lejana {The Distant Star} (Ed. Norma)
 * Alan Moore, for Superman: For The Man Who Has Everything (Ed. Zinco)
 * Pons, for "Esclara de vecinos" {Stairs of Neighbors}, in Historias Completas de El Víbora {Complete Histories of The Vibora} #1 (Ed. La Cúpula)
 * 1988: John Byrne, for "Metrópolis 900 Mi.", in Superman #23 (Ed. Zinco)
 * Beto Hernandez, for "Pasión en la frontera" {Passion in the Border}, in Historias Completas de El Víbora {Complete Histories of the Viper} (Ed. La Cúpula)
 * Alan Moore, for Watchmen (Ed. Zinco)
 * A. Buylla, for "El valle de la luna azul" {The Valley of the Blue Moon}, in El Wendigo #42
 * 1989: Alan Moore, for "La Maldición" {The Curse}, in La cosa del pantano #5 Swamp Thing #5} (Ed. Zinco)
 * Mike Baron, for Nexus (Ediciones B)
 * Giancarlo Berardi, for Como la vez del jamón {Like the Time of Jamón} (Ed. Norma)
 * Dennis O'Neil, for "Santa Prisca" & "Transformation", in Question #10-11 (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1990: Jean van Hamme, for XIII (Ed. Grijalbo)
 * Walter Simonson, for "La canción de Mjolnir" {The Song of Mjolnir}, in Marvel Two-in-One #62 (Ed. Fórum)
 * Grant Morrison, for Animal Man (Ed. Zinco)
 * Dennis O'Neil, for "The Plastic Dilemma", in Question #19 (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1991: Carlos Giménez, for "Sabor a menta" {Flavor to Mint}, in Totem el Comix #53 (Ed. Toutain)
 * Jean van Hamme, for XIII: The Night of 3 August (Ed. Gijalbo)
 * Andrew Helfer, for Justice, Inc. (Ed. Zinco)
 * Alan Moore, for La cosa del pantano {Swamp Thing} #1-5 (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1992: Jim Starlin, for Silver Surfer #1-5 (Ed. Fórum)
 * Peter David, for The Atlantis Chronicles (Ed. Zinco)
 * Neil Gaiman, for "Collectors", in Sandman #7 (Ed. Zinco)
 * Jean van Hamme, for Largo Winch #1-2 (Ed. Grijalbo)
 * 1993: Antonio Segura, for Eva Medusa (Ed. Glénat)
 * Jim Starlin, for "Secrets from the Surfer’s Past", in Silver Surfer #12 (Ed. Fórum)
 * Frank Miller, for "Sin City", in Cimoc #134-148 (Ed. Norma)
 * Alfons Font, for El ladrón de almas {The Thief of Souls} (Ed. Norma)
 * 1994: Neil Gaiman, for Death: The High Cost of Living (Ed. Zinco)
 * Gaspar Meana, for La cró de Leodegundo {The Chronicle of Leodegundo} (Ed. El Pexe)
 * Jean van Hamme, for Largo Winch #3-4 (Ed. Grijalbo)
 * Alejandro Jodorowski, for El Lama blanco {The White Lama} (Ed. Norma)
 * 1995: Neil Gaiman, for The Children's Crusade(Ed. Zinco)
 * Will Eisner, for Dropsie Avenue (Ed. Norma)
 * David Mazzucchelli, for Big Man (Ed. El Wendigo)
 * Satoshi Kon, for Regreso al mar {Return to the Sea} (Ed. Planeta de Agostini)
 * 1996: Peter David, for "Para que la oscuridad no nos alcance" [So That the Dark Does Not Reach Us], in Hulk: The Fall of the Pantheon (Ed. Fórum)
 * Peter Bagge, for Hate #2 (Ed. La Cúpula)
 * Jean van Hamme, for Largo Winch #5-6 (Ed. Grijalbo)
 * Jamie Delano, for Manbat (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1997: Garth Ennis, for Preacher #1/2 (Ed. Zinco)
 * Daniel Torres, for El Octavo día II {Eighth Day II} (Ed. Norma)
 * Neil Gaiman, for Death: The Time of Your Life (Ed. Norma)
 * Terry Laban, for The Dreaming: The Goldie Factor (Ed. Norma)
 * 1998: Bryan Talbot, for The Dreaming: Weird Romance (Ed. Norma)
 * Yslaire, for Sambre (Ed. Glénat)
 * Chris Claremont, for The Black Dragon (Ed. Planeta de Agostini)
 * Patrick Cothias, for El viento de los Dioses {The Wind of the Gods} (Ed. Glénat)
 * 1999: Mike Richardson and Randy Stradley, for Star Wars: Crimson Empire (Ed. Norma)
 * Garth Ennis, for Preacher: Blood & Whiskey (Ed. Norma)
 * Stan Sakai, for Usagi Yojimgo: Daisho (Ed. Planeta)
 * Bryan Talbot, for The Tale of One Bad Rat (Ed. Planeta)
 * 2000: Stan Sakai, for Usagi Yojimbo: Grasscutter (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Garth Ennis, for Predicador: Salvación {Preacher: Salvation} (Ed. Norma)
 * Osamu Tezuka, for Adolf (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Yves Sente, for La maquinación Voronov {The Voronov Machination} (Ed. Norma)
 * 2001: Carlos Giménez, for "Firmes... ¡Ar!", in  #4 (Ed. Glenat)
 * Alejandro Jodorowsky, for The Crowned Heart (Ed. Norma)
 * Hermann, for Wild Bill ha Muerto {Wild Bill Has Died} (Imágica cómics)
 * Jeph Loeb, for Superman For All Seasons (Ed. Norma)
 * 2002: Posy Simmonds, for Gemma Bovery (Ed. Destino)
 * J. Michael Straczynski, for Amazing Spider-Man #36 (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Jiro Taniguchi, for The Almanac of My Father (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Will Eisner, for Un anillo de boda especial {A Special Wedding Ring} (Ed. Norma)
 * 2003: Stan Sakai, for Usagi Yojimbo: The Dragon Below Conspiracy (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Will Eisner, for The Rules of the Game (Ed. Norma)
 * Mark Millar & Bryan Hitch, for The Ultimates (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Bryan Talbot, for Heart of Empire (Ed. Astiberri)
 * 2004: Giancarlo Berardi, for Ken Parker. Hogar Dulce Hogar (Ken Parker: Home Sweet Home) (Ed. Norma)
 * Jean Van Hamme, for Largo Winch. Ver Venecia... Y Morir (To See Venice... and To Die) (Ed. Norma)
 * Naoki Urasawa, for Monster (Ed. Planeta deAgostini)
 * Kazuo Koike, for Lone Wolf and Cub #4, (Ed. Planeta deAgostini)
 * 2005: J. M. Straczynski, for Supreme Power (Panini Comics)
 * R. Utsumi, for The Elm Tree of the Caucasus (Ponent Mon)
 * S. Tosaki, for Pumori (k) (Otakuland)
 * John Wagner, for A History of Violence (Astiberri)
 * 2006: Peter O'Donnell, for Mala Suki/Modesty Blaise nº 4 (Planeta deAgostini)
 * Kazuo Koike, for Yajiro Togane. Asa el ejecutor nº 5 (Planeta deAgostini)
 * Brian Michael Bendis, for Ultimate Spider-Man  (Panini Comics)
 * Diana Schutz, for Amor de juventud/Tim Sale.Solo (Planeta deAgostini)
 * 2007: Jean-Charles Kraehn, for Gil St. André Vol.s 6/8 (Glénat)
 * 2008: Alfonso Zapico, for Café Budapest (Astiberri)
 * 2009: Léo, for Betelgeuse (Planeta de Agostini)
 * 2010: D. Z. Mairowitz, for Kafka (La Cúpula)
 * 2011: Giancarlo Berardi for Julia (Aleta Ediciones)
 * 2012: El Torres for El bosque de los suicidas (Dib-Buks)
 * 2013: Jan Strnad for Ragemoor (Norma)
 * 2014: Peter Bagge for La mujer rebelde (La Cúpula)
 * 2015: Alfonso Zapico for La balada del norte (Editorial Astiberri)

Best Drawing

 * 1985: Brian Bolland, for Camelot 3000 (Ed. Zinco)
 * Jan, for Super López (Bruguera), and Viceversa (Caja de Ahorros de Sevilla)
 * Barry Windsor-Smith, for Machine Man (Ed. Fórum)
 * Will Eisner, for "Aventura Amorosa en el metro" (Adventures in Love in the city), in Ilustración+Comix Internacional #45 (Ed. Toutain)
 * 1986: Daniel Torres, for Roco Vargas (Ed. Norma)
 * Víctor de la Fuente, for "Los ángeles de acero" (The Street Angels), in Ilustración+Comix #54-57 (Ed. Toutain)
 * John Byrne, for Fantastic Four, and Alpha Flight (Ed. Fórum)
 * Paul Smith, for Uncanny X-Men (Ed. Fórum)
 * 1987: David Mazzucchelli, for Batman: Year One (Ed. Zinco), and Daredevil: Born Again (Ed. Fórum)
 * Barry Windsor-Smith, for "Muerta viva" (Lifedeath), in Patrulla X (Uncanny X-Men) (Ed. Fórum)
 * John Byrne, for Superman (Ed. Zinco)
 * Beroy, for Ajeno (Ed. Toutain)
 * 1988: Dave Gibbons, for Watchmen (Ed. Zinco)
 * Mique Beltrán, for Macao (Ed. Norma)
 * F. Bourgeon, for Los compañeros del crepúsculo {The Companions of the Twilight} (Ed. Norma)
 * Franco Saudelli, for La Bionda (Ed. Norma)
 * 1989: Brian Bolland, for Batman: The Killing Joke (Ed. Zinco)
 * Jean "Moebius" Giraud, for The Incal (Eurocomic)
 * I. Milazzo, for "Tom's Bar", in Totem-El Comix #31 (Ed. Toutain)
 * David Mazzucchelli, for "Chiaroscuro", in Patrulla X Especial Verano {X-Men Summer Special} (Ed. Fórum)
 * 1990: Walter Simonson, for "La canción de Mjolnir" {The Song of Mjolnir}, in Marvel Two-in-One #62 (Ed. Fórum)
 * José L. García López, for Deadman, and Cinder and Ashe (Ed. Zinco)
 * Steve Rude, for Nexus (Ediciones B)
 * Jerry Ordway, for Batman El Film {Batman: The Movie} (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1991: G. Rosinki, for Loba {She-Wolf} (Ed. Norma)
 * Walter Simonson, for Fantastic Four (Ed. Fórum)
 * Jean "Moebius" Giraud, for La Diosa {The Goddess} (Ed. Norma)
 * Joe Kubert, for Abraham Stone (Ed. Norma)
 * 1992: Kevin Maguire, for The Adventures of Captain America (Ed. Fórum)
 * Jaime Hernandez, for Las mujeres perdidas {The Lost Women} (Ed. La Cúpula)
 * Hermann, for "Sigurd (Las Torres de Bois-Maury)" in Cimoc #136-139 (Ed. Norma)
 * Dan Barry, for Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis (Ed. Norma)
 * 1993: Georges Bess, for {It Licks Target} (Ed. Norma)
 * Ana Miralles, for Eva Medusa (Ed. Glenat)
 * Joe Quesada & Kevin Nowland, for Batman: Sword of Azrael (Ed. Zinco)
 * Alan Davis, for Excalibur (Ed. Fórum)
 * 1994: Philippe Francq, for Largo Winch #3-4 (Ed. Grijalbo)
 * Gaspar Meana, for La cró de Leodegundo {The Chronicle of Leodegundo} (Ed. El Pexe)
 * Dave Mazzucchelli, for Discovering America (Ed. F.M.C. Gijón)
 * Kevin Maguire, for The New Titans (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1995: Jerry Ordway, for The Power of Shazam! (Ed. Zinco)
 * Bruce W. Timm, for Batman: Mad Love (Ed. Zinco)
 * David Mazzucchelli, for Hombre Grande {Big Man} (Ed. El Wendigo)
 * Alex Ross, for Marvels (Ed. Fórum)
 * 1996: José L. García López, for Superman: Kal (Ed. Zinco)
 * Rubén Pellejero, for El silencio de Malka {The Silence of Malka} (Ed. Glénat)
 * Alan Davis, for Clandestine {Clan Destine} (Ed. Fórum)
 * François Boucq, for Los diented del tiburón {The Teeth of the Shark} (Ed. Norma)
 * 1997: Paul Gulacy, for Batman versus Predator II (Ed. Zinco)
 * Steve Dillon, for Preacher #1/2 (Ed. Zinco)
 * Daniel Torres, for El Octavo día II {Eighth Day II} (Ed. Norma)
 * Bruce Timm, for "Two of a Kind", in Batman: Black & White #1 (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1998: Yslaire, for Sambre (Ed. Glénat)
 * Steve Dillon, for Predicador: Cruzados {Preacher: Crusade} (Ed. Norma)
 * John Bolton, for The Black Dragon (Ed. Planeta de Agostini)
 * Alex Ross, for Kingdom Come (Ed. Vid)
 * 1999: Preacher: Dixie Fried, by Steve Dillon (Ed. Norma)
 * The Towers of Bois-Maury #9-10, by Hermann Huppen (Ed. Norma)
 * The Tale of One Bad Rat, by Bryan Talbot (Ed. Planeta)
 * Boy Vampiro: Soy Egipcio {Boy Vampire: I Am Egyptian}, by Eduarto Risso (Ed. Glénat)
 * 2000: Mark Schultz, for Xenozoic Tales (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Kevin O'Neil, for The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Rubén Pellejero, for Tabú {Taboo} (Ed. Glenat)
 * Igor Kordey, for Batman/Tarzan: The Claws of the Catwoman (Ed. Norma)
 * 2001: Hermann, for Wild Bill ha muerto {Wild Bill Has Died} (Imágica cómics)
 * Tim Sale, for Superman For All Seasons (Ed. Norma)
 * Juanjo Guarnido, for Blacksad (Ed. Norma)
 * Carlos Giménez, for  #4 (Ed. Glenat)
 * 2002: Gaspar Meana, for La Infanta, el Pirata y el Niño {The Infant, The Pirate and the Boy} (Ed. VTP)
 * René Pellejero, for Un poco de humo azul {A Little Blue Smoke} (Ed. Glenat)
 * Hermann, for Bois-Maury: Rodrigo (Ed. Norma)
 * John Romita, Jr., for Amazing Spider-Man #36 (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * 2003: Richard Corben, for Cage (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Tim Sale, for Batman: Dark Victory {Ed. Norma}
 * Bryan Hitch, for The Ultimates {Ed. Planeta DeAgostini}
 * George Bess, for Juan Solo (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * 2004: Joe Kubert, for Tex: The Solitary Rider (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Philippe Franq, for Largo Winch: To See Venice… And To Die (Ed. Norma)
 * John Cassaday, for Batman/Planetary and Captain America (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Brian Hitch, for The Ultimates (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * 2005: Igor Kordey, for "Storm: Sand", in Xtreme X-Men (Panini Comics)
 * Lee Weeks, for Captain America #17-20 (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Alfonso Font, for {Tex: The Assassins} (Ed. Planeta DeAgostini)
 * Andy Kubert, for Marvel 1602 (Panini Comics)
 * 2006: Frank Cho, for Shanna (Panini Comics)
 * Gregorz Rosinski, for La venganza del conde Skarbek (Norma Editorial)
 * Tim Sale, for Una jugada peligrosa/Tim Sale.Solo (Planeta deAgostini)
 * David Lloyd, for Kickback (Planeta deAgostini)

Author That We Love

 * 1986: Miguel Ambrosio Zaragoza- Ambros
 * 1987: Víctor de la Fuente
 * 1988:Eugenio Giner
 * 1989: Lee Falk
 * 1990:Chiqui de la Fuente
 * 1991: Dan Barry
 * 1992 (tie):
 * Al Williamson
 * Adolfo Álvarez Buylla
 * 1993: Juan G. Iranzo
 * 1994: Joe Kubert
 * 1995:Will Eisner
 * 1996: Roy Thomas
 * 1997 (tie):
 * John Buscema
 * Gilbert Shelton
 * 1998:Dennis O'Neil
 * 1999 (tie):
 * Rafael Méndez
 * Neal Adams
 * 2000 (tie):
 * Ibáñez
 * Quino
 * 2001: Jodorowsky
 * 2002: Marie Severin
 * 2003 (tie):
 * Jordan
 * Moebius
 * 2004 (tie):
 * Purita Campos
 * Mordillo
 * 2005: Jim Starlin
 * 2006: Frank Stack
 * 2007: Luis del Olmo
 * 2008 (tie):
 * Giancarlo Berardi
 * Michael Kaluta
 * 2009: Russ Heath
 * 2010: Jose María Blanco Ibarz
 * 2011 (tie):
 * Jean-Claude Mezieres
 * Hermann Huper
 * Núria Pompeia
 * 2012 (tie):
 * Georges Bess
 * Bruce Jones
 * 2013: José Ortiz
 * 2014 (tie):
 * Ricardo Martínez,
 * Jordi Bernet
 * Stan Sakai
 * 2015 (tie):
 * José Luis García López
 * Trini Tinturé

Best Cover

 * 1989: Totem-El Comix #31 (Ed. Toutain); Aventurero #1 (Ediciones B), by Ivo Milazzo
 * 1990: The Greatest Joker Stories Ever Told, by Brian Bolland (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1991: Fantastic Four #100 (Interior Cover), by Walter Simonson (Ed. Fórum)
 * 1992: Las mejores historias de los años 50 [Best Stories of the 50 Years], by Joe Kubert (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1993: Superman #120, by Jerry Ordway (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1994: Aliens: Salvation, by Mike Mignola (Ed. Norma)
 * 1995: Marvels #3, by Alex Ross (Ed. Fórum)
 * 1996: Star Wars #1, by Art Adams
 * 1997: Batman: Dark Allegeiances, by Howard Chaykin
 * 1998: "Hellblazer", by Glenn Fabry, in Vértigo #49
 * 1999: Aliens: Glass Corridor, by David Lloyd
 * 2000: Predicador. Y llegó el infierno #2 (Preacher: All Hell's a-Coming #2)
 * 2001: Star Wars: Emissaries to Malastare, by Mark Schultz (Ed. Norma)
 * 2002: Juan Solo: Los perros del poder, by Georges Bess
 * 2003: Djinn #1, by Ana Miralles
 * 2004: Captain America, Hielo 1 parte, (Ice Part 1), by John Cassaday
 * 2005: Loki, by Esad Ribic
 * 2006: La fórmula/Martin Mystère nº 3, by Giancarlo Alessandrini
 * 2007: Clásicos DC: Orion nº 4 by Walter Simonson
 * 2008: María y yo, by Miguel Gallardo
 * 2009: La Guarida del Horror, by Richard Corben
 * 2010: Batman Año 1 nº 3 by David Mazzucchelli
 * 2011: Julia nº2 by Marco Soldi
 * 2012: Yaxin. El fauno Gabriel by Man Arenas
 * 2013: Nuevas aventuras de Diego Valor by Daniel Acuña
 * 2014: Daredevil: Dark Nights n° 8, by Amanda Conner
 * 2015: Little Nemo, Regreso a Slumberland (Little Nemo, Return to Slumberland) by Gabriel Rodríguez

Finalist with the most votes

 * 1989: Batman: The Killing Joke, by Brian Bolland (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1990: The Greatest Joker Stories Ever Told, by Brian Bolland (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1991: Loba, by Jean van Hamme & G. Rosinki (Ed. Norma)
 * 1992: Las Torres de Bois-Maury, by Hermann (Ed. Norma)
 * 1993: Eva Medusa, by Antonio Segura & Ana Miralles (Ed. Glanat)
 * 1994: Kevin Maguire, for The New Titans (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1995: Neil Gaiman, for The Children's Crusade (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1996: "Los padres de Valerie" {Valerie's Parents}, by Peter Bagge, in Hate #2 (Ed. La Cúpula)
 * 1997: Paul Gulacy, for Batman versus Predator II (Ed. Zinco)
 * 1998: Bryan Talbot, for The Dreaming: Weird Romance (Ed. Norma)
 * 1999: Preacher: Blood & Whiskey, by Garth Ennis (Ed. Norma)
 * 2000: Igor Kordey, for Batman/Tarzán. The Claws of the Catwoman (Ed. Norma)
 * 2001: Star Wars: Emissaries to Malastare, by Mark Schultz (Ed. Norma)
 * 2002: Bill Watterson, for El último libro de Calvin y Hobbes {The Ultimate Calvin & Hobbes Book} (Ediciones B)
 * 2003: Heart of Empire, by Brian Talbot (Ed. Astiberri)
 * 2004: John Cassaday
 * 2005: Ricardo
 * 2006: Frank Cho

Best Publisher

 * 1997 (tie):
 * D.C.
 * Ed. Zinco

Humor

 * 2000: Gallego & Rey
 * Ricardo & Nacho
 * Ventura
 * El Roto
 * 2001: El Roto
 * Maitena
 * Bill Watterson
 * Neto
 * 2002: Neto, for Nuestros Paisanos (Ed. Madú)
 * Idígoras & Pachi, for Pascual Mayordomo Real (La Esfera)
 * Bill Watterson, for El último libro de Calvin y Hobbes {The Ultimate Calvin & Hobbes Book} (Ediciones B)
 * Ricardo & Nacho, for Goomer
 * 2003: Roberta Gregory, for A Bitch Is Born (Ed. Recerca-Alecta)
 * Maitena (RqueR Editorial)
 * Scott Adams, for Dilbert (Ed. Graniaca)
 * Patrick McDonnell, for Mutts (Ed. Devir)
 * 2004: Idigoras and Pachi, for {Alicia, governess of Letizia and the vacations of two families} (the World)
 * J. M. DeMatteis and Kevin Maguire, for Formerly Known as the Justice League (Ed. Norma)
 * Patrick McDonnell, for Mutts III (Devir)
 * Jean-Jacques Sempé, for The World of Sempe (Ed. Norma)
 * 2005: Ricardo, for Ricardo 2003-2004 (Thursday)
 * R. Roman and P. Garcia, for {The Strip and Relaxes} (The New Spain)
 * Jordi Labanda, (RM)
 * Frank Cho, for Liberty Meadows (Ed. Norma)
 * 2006: RAMÓN, (Colpisa)
 * GRANDA, ARTURO ARIAS y ÑATA, for En todas las ocasiones y Más madera (El Comercio)
 * Frank Cho, for Liberty Meadows 6 (La Colla de la pessigolla)
 * PAU, for Pau per tots (Diario de Mallorca)

Special John Buscema Award

 * 2002: Trina Robbins
 * 2003 Desert
 * 2004 (tie):
 * Luis Alberto de Cuenca
 * Carlos Giminez
 * 2005: Jim Starlin
 * 2006: John Lent
 * 2007: Maurice Horn
 * 2008: Luis Gasca
 * 2010: Gil Parrondo
 * 2011: Desierto
 * 2012: Instituto Quevedo del Humor de la Universidad Alcalá - Director Tomás Gallego
 * 2013 (Ex aequo):
 * Javier Mariscal
 * Frédéric Manzano
 * 2014 (ex aequo):
 * Juan José Plans y
 * Quino

title: Haxtur Award


text:
LCU

LCU may refer to:

 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Landing craft utility (LCU)
 * Largest coding unit, the basic processing unit of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) video standard
 * Last Chance U, a documentary series
 * Lego City Undercover, a video game
 * Limited Contact Unit, a class of fictional artificially intelligent starship in The Culture universe of late Scottish author Iain Banks
 * Lokesh Cinematic Universe, a shared universe of action thriller films directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj
 * Local colleges and universities in the Philippines
 * Local currency unit
 * Lookahead Carry Unit
 * Lubbock Christian University

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: LCU


text:
Yumenoshima

Yumenoshima (夢の島) is a district in Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan, consisting of an artificial island built using waste landfill in Tokyo Bay. It is not the first such island in the bay (see Umi-no-mori ja:海の森公園). At current fill rates, there will be no more room for waste landfill in the bay without affecting shipping lanes by around 2050; likewise, Osaka Bay and Ise Bay are slowly being consumed by waste landfill islands, e.g. Rinku Town.

History
The island was originally conceived in the 1930s as a site for a new Tokyo Municipal Airport to replace Haneda Airport. The airport plan was finalized in 1938 and work on the island began in 1939, but fell behind schedule due to resource constraints during World War II. The airport plan was officially abandoned following the war, as the Allied occupation authorities favored expanding Haneda rather than building a new airport.

A public beach opened on the island in 1947, at which time the "Yumenoshima" name was adopted. The beach closed in 1950, and from 1957 the island was used for garbage disposal(of mainly plastic at the time).

Places
Yumenoshima is a fairly small district, and contains:
 * Yumenoshima Park, a public park with an array of facilities, including a tropical botanical garden, a sports complex, a barbecue area, a colosseum, a yacht marina,a track and field stadium and a ramen stand.
 * Yumenoshima Stadium, a football and athletics stadium used for youth competitions and lower league football matches.
 * Yumenoshima Baseball Field, a baseball field for local youth teams
 * Koto Incineration Facility, an incineration facility for Koto ward

Today, Yumenoshima also houses the Daigo Fukuryū Maru, a wooden fishing boat exposed to nuclear fallout during the Bikini Atoll test in 1954; the boat was modified as a training vessel following the exposure, and later abandoned near Yumenoshima.

2020 Summer Olympics
Yumenoshima Park was the venue for archery events in the 2020 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

Schools
Koto Ward Board of Education operates public elementary and junior high schools.

Minamisuna Elementary School (南砂小学校) is the zoned public elementary school for Yumenoshima.

Minamisuna Junior High School (南砂中学校) is the zoned public junior high school for Yumenoshima.

title: Yumenoshima


text:
Talk:Illefarn

Updating
I've got an ambitious thought to start thoroughly updating the Forgotten Realms information here. I've played around a bit and think I'm ready to start, specifically here at Illefarn. Any objections, words of advice, wisdom, or suggestions before I get started? I've got my copy of "Under Illefarn" and some free time on my hands...

title: Talk:Illefarn


text:
Normann Stadler

Normann ("The Norminator") Stadler (born February 25, 1973, in Wertheim) is a retired professional triathlete from Germany. He is the winner of the 2004 and 2006 Ironman Triathlon World Championship in Hawaii.

Stadler was a member of the Tri Dubai triathlon team until it disbanded at the end of the 2006 triathlon season. Up until 2011, he was a member of the Commerzbank Triathlon Team.

Career
Stadler ran his first marathon at 11 years old. Later, he became a triathlete and was a member of the German national team in 1988. He won a world duathlon title in 1994. He first competed at the Ironman World Championship in 1999 as an age-group athlete. He took third place in 2000, fourth place in 2001 and 2003, and then he won in 2004.

Following his 2004 Ironman World Championship, Stadler was expected to do well in the 2005 Ironman. However, he withdrew from the race after suffering three tire punctures and a bleeding bee sting on the thigh.

In 2006, Normann returned to Kona to compete in the Ironman World Championships. Stadler swam fast enough to exit the water only moments behind the race leaders. Once on the bike course, Stadler managed to gain over 10 minutes on the chase pack, setting a bike course record at 4:18:23 (26 mph). Australian Chris McCormack came within 71 seconds of Stadler but was unable to get any closer. Stadler received $110,000 for his win.

When racing in the 2007 World Championship, Stadler was forced to withdraw due to illness before the midpoint of the bike ride and was unable to defend the title.

On July 5, 2011, Stadler had a successful five-hour heart surgery in Heidelberg (Germany). Following the surgery, four weeks later, Stadler announced his retirement from professional triathlon racing.

title: Normann Stadler


text:
Cariló

Cariló (from the Mapuche word meaning "Green Dune") is an upscale beach resort town in Argentina. It is situated in a man made forest on the Atlantic coast of the Province of Buenos Aires, approximately 360 km south of Buenos Aires city in the administrative division of Pinamar Partido.

Until a few years ago, access to the town was strictly controlled by the ruling authority. Today Cariló is publicly accessible, but comparatively high prices ensure that it remains the preserve of the well-heeled.

Cariló offers a lot of activities to individuals of all ages. The beach town offers sand dunes that attract many tourists for four wheeling. Many hotels and lodges in the area either have All-terrain vehicle, or quads, to rent or are associated with a company on the beach that does it. Dune bashing is a local favorite in the area for tourists and year-round inhabitants.

History
The Cariló area was transformed from large desert dunes close to the sea to a huge forest and a beach.

In the early 1920s, Mr. Héctor Manuel Guerrero started the forestation of the farm called "Dos Montes". This farm included a cattle ranch called "Médanos" (Spanish for "Dunes") that has a surface of 1.700 ha. Several problems were faced as the lack of transportation and accesses were combined with almost no experience regarding on-sand forestation. Guerrero family decided to keep the forestation up to the sea shore, and included some fruit trees that brought local bird species.

In 1935, this newly-forested area was named "Cariló".

In 1938, the forestation nurseries were moved to the "Dos Montes" farm.

In 1947, more than 660,000 trees were ready to be planted.

In 1948, an estate house called "Divisadero" (also known as "Casa Grande") was built over a dune by the sea with the forest behind.

During the 1970s, all of the forestation nurseries were decommissioned when the forestland of the total private property of the Guerrero family was completed.

The sons of the founder decided to name all the streets of Cariló, using wild plants/trees - for those streets running perpendicular to the sea - and local bird names - for those that are in parallel to the sea - in alphabetical order.

Tourist attractions
Cariló is a beach town that offers many hotels, lodges, cabins, and summer homes to tourists both from Argentina and elsewhere, rather than having yearlong residents. Since it is a hotspot amongst tourists it offers several activities to visitors.

title: Cariló


text:
Regulatory capture

In politics, regulatory capture (also called agency capture) is a form of corruption of authority that occurs when a political entity, policymaker, or regulator is co-opted to serve the commercial, ideological, or political interests of a minor constituency, such as a particular geographic area, industry, profession, or ideological group.

When regulatory capture occurs, a special interest is prioritized over the general interests of the public, leading to a net loss for society. The theory of client politics is related to that of rent-seeking and political failure; client politics "occurs when most or all of the benefits of a program go to some single, reasonably small interest (e.g., industry, profession, or locality) but most or all of the costs will be borne by a large number of people (for example, all taxpayers)".

Theory
For public choice theorists, regulatory capture occurs because groups or individuals with high-stakes interests in the outcome of policy or regulatory decisions can be expected to focus their resources and energies to gain the policy outcomes they prefer, while members of the public, each with only a tiny individual stake in the outcome, will ignore it altogether. Regulatory capture refers to the actions by interest groups when this is successful at influencing the staff or commission members of the regulator.

Regulatory capture theory is a core focus of the branch of public choice referred to as the economics of regulation; economists in this specialty are critical of conceptualizations of governmental regulatory intervention as being motivated to protect public good. Often cited articles include Bernstein (1955), Huntington (1952), Laffont & Tirole (1991), and Levine & Forrence (1990). The theory of regulatory capture is associated with Nobel laureate economist George Stigler, one of its major developers.

Likelihood of regulatory capture is a risk to which an agency is exposed by its very nature. This suggests that a regulator should be protected from outside influence as much as possible. Alternatively, it may be better to not create a given agency at all. A captured regulator is often worse than no regulation, because it wields the authority of government. However, increased transparency of the agency may mitigate the effects of capture. Recent evidence suggests that, even in mature democracies with high levels of transparency and media freedom, more extensive and complex regulatory environments are associated with higher levels of corruption (including regulatory capture).

Stigler framed the problem of regulatory capture as "the problem of discovering when and why an industry is able to use the state for its purposes". He focuses on whole industries. But, it is never a whole industry which is ‘capturing’ its regulators, but only the big companies which, using the tool of the revolving door, ‘highjack’ the regulator by offering high salaries. Brezis and Cariolle (2019) has shown that the connected firms are always the big firms. Indeed, the top 5 financial companies concentrate around 80% of the stock of revolving door movements and regulatory capture. This leads to inequality of influence among firms in the same sector.

It should also be noted that regulatory capture in developed country is not anymore related to corruption and illegal behavior, but to abuse of power.

Relationship with federalism
There is substantial academic literature suggesting that smaller government units are easier for small, concentrated industries to capture than large ones. For example, a group of states or provinces with a large timber industry might have their legislature and/or their delegation to the national legislature captured by lumber companies. These states or provinces then become the voice of the industry, even to the point of blocking national policies that would be preferred by the majority across the whole country. Moore and Giovinazzo (2012) call this "distortion gap".

The opposite is possible. Very large and powerful industries (e.g., energy, banking, weapon system construction) can capture national governments, and then use that power to block policies at the national, state or provincial level that the voters may want, although even local interests can thwart national priorities.

Economic rationale
Regulatory capture has an economic basis: vested interests in an industry have the greatest financial stake in regulations affecting them, and so are more likely to try to influence the regulator than relatively dispersed individual consumers, each with little incentive. When regulators form expert bodies to examine policy, these invariably feature current or former industry members, or at the very least, individuals with lives and contacts in the industry. Capture is also facilitated where consumers or taxpayers have a poorer understanding than businesses of underlying issues.

Jon Hanson and his co-authors argue that the phenomenon extends beyond political agencies and organizations. Businesses have an incentive to control anything that has power over them, including the media, academia and popular culture, and will try to capture them too. This is called "deep capture".

Regulatory public interest is based on market failure and welfare economics. It holds that regulation is the response of the government to public needs. Its purpose is to make up for market failures, improve the efficiency of resource allocation, and maximize social welfare. Posner states that the public interest theory contains the assumption that the market is fragile, and that if left unchecked, it will tend to be unfair and inefficient, and government regulation is a costless and effective way to meet the needs of social justice and efficiency. Mimik states that government regulation is a public administration policy that focuses on private behavior. It is a rule drawn from the public interest. Irving and Brouhingan state that regulation is a way of obeying public needs and weakening the risk of market operations. They also expressed the view that regulation reflects the public interest.

Development
The review of the United States' history of regulation at the end of the 19th century, especially the regulation of railway tariffs by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1887, revealed that regulations and market failures are not co-relevant. At least until the 1960s, regulation was developed in the direction of favoring producers, and regulation increased the profits of manufacturers within the industry. In potentially competitive industries such as trucking and taxis, regulations allow higher prices and prevent entrants. In monopoly industries such as electric power generation, there is evidence that regulation has little effect on prices, so the industry can earn excess profits. Evidence shows that regulation is beneficial to producers.

These observations led to the emergence and development of regulatory capture theory. Contrary to regulatory public interest theory, this holds that the provision of regulation adapts to the industry's needs, that is, both the legislator and regulator are controlled and captured by the industry. The basic view of the theory is that the regulator gets captured no matter how the regulatory scheme is designed. The implication is that regulation increases the industry's profits rather than the social welfare.

This was essentially a purely capture theory in the early days, that is, the regulators and legislators were captured and controlled by the industry. Later regulatory models, such as those by Stigler, Pelzmann, or Becker, follow the regulatory capture theory in the eyes of Posner (1974) and others. All these models reflect that regulators and legislators are trying to maximize private, not public, interests. They use "private interest" theory to explain the origin and purpose of regulation. Aton (1986) argues that Stigler's theoretical logic is clearer and more central than the previous "capture theory" hypothesis, but it is difficult to distinguish between the two.

Regulatory capture theory has a specific meaning, that is, an experience statement that regulations are beneficial for producers in real life. So it is essentially not a true regulatory theory. Although the analysis results are similar to the Stigler model, the methods are completely different. Stigler used standard economic analysis methods to analyze the regulation behavior, then created a new regulatory theory – regulatory economic theory. Of course, different divisions depend on the criteria for division, and they essentially depend on the researchers' different understanding of specific concepts.

Justice Douglas' dissent in Sierra Club v. Morton (1972) describes concern that regulators become too favorable with their regulated industries.

Types
There are two basic types of regulatory capture: Another distinction can be made between capture retained by big firms and by small firms. While Stigler mainly referred to large firms capturing regulators by bartering their vast resources (materialist capture), small firms are more prone to retain non-materialist capture via a special underdog rhetoric.
 * Materialist capture, also called financial capture, in which the captured regulator's motive is based on its material self-interest. This can result from bribery, revolving doors, political donations, or the regulator's desire to maintain its government funding. These forms of capture often amount to political corruption.
 * Non-materialist capture, also called cognitive capture or cultural capture, in which the regulator begins to think like the regulated industry. This can result from interest groups lobbying the industry. Highly specialized technical industries can pose a risk of cultural capture because the regulating agency typically needs to employ experts in the regulated area, and the pool of such experts typically consists largely of existing or former employees from the regulated industry.

Aberfan disaster
On 21 October 1966, a tip containing spoil and tailings from Merthyr Vale Colliery slipped after a period of heavy rain, killing 116 children and 28 adults in the Welsh village of Aberfan. In contravention of the National Coal Board's procedures, the tip was partly based on ground from which water springs were known to emerge. After three weeks of rain the tip became saturated and 140000 yd3 of spoil and tailings slipped down the side of the hill, engulfing Pantglas Junior School and a row of houses.

Iain McLean and Martin Johnes, in a 2000 study of the Aberfan disaster, observed that Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Mines went largely unchallenged by the tribunal, although the two consider that the organisation failed in their duty, falling in line with the interests of the National Coal Board whose activities they were supposed to be overseeing.

Motorcyclists' protective clothing standards
With the advent of the European standard for motorcyclists' protective clothing (EN 17092), Bennetts and Motor Cycle News asserted that "the testing standards now used to certify motorcycle riding kit have reduced protection levels by as much as 90%" because of regulatory capture as industry representatives accounted for half the standards committee members including its chair, noting "Few will be aware of the intense opposition [to higher safety standards] from within the industry." However, there is a shortage of academic research into regulatory capture regarding motorcyclists' PPE standards.

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement
In the aftermath of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the Minerals Management Service (MMS), which had regulatory responsibility for offshore oil drilling, was widely cited as an example of regulatory capture. The MMS then became the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) and on October 1, 2010, the collection of mineral leases was split off from the agency and placed under the Department of the Interior as the Office of Natural Resources Revenue (ONRR). On October 1, 2011, BOEMRE was then split into two bureaus, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM).

The three-stage reorganization, including the name change to BOEMRE, was part of a re-organization by Ken Salazar, who was sworn into office as the new Secretary of the Interior on the same day the name change was announced. Salazar's appointment was controversial because of his ties to the energy industry. As a senator, Salazar voted against an amendment to repeal tax breaks for ExxonMobil and other major petroleum companies and in 2006, he voted to end protections that limit offshore oil drilling in Florida's Gulf Coast. One of Salazar's immediate tasks was to "[end] the department's coziness with the industries it regulates" but Daniel R. Patterson, a member of the Arizona House of Representatives, said "Salazar has a disturbingly weak conservation record, particularly on energy development, global warming, endangered wildlife and protecting scientific integrity. It's no surprise oil and gas, mining, agribusiness and other polluting industries that have dominated Interior are supporting rancher Salazar – he's their friend". Indeed, a spokesman for the National Mining Association, which lobbies for the mining industry, praised Salazar, saying that he was not doctrinaire about the use of public lands.

MMS had allowed BP and dozens of other companies to drill in the Gulf of Mexico without first attaining permits to assess threats to endangered species, as required by law. BP and other companies were also given a blanket exemption (categorical exclusion) from having to provide environmental impact statements. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issued strong warnings about the risks posed by such drilling and in a 2009 letter, accused MMS of understating the likelihood and potential consequences of a major spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The letter further accused MMS of highlighting the safety of offshore drilling while understating the risks and impact of spills and playing down the fact that spills had been increasing. Both current and former MMS staff scientists said their reports were overruled and altered if they found high risk of accident or environmental impact. Kieran Suckling, director of the Center for Biological Diversity, said, "MMS has given up any pretense of regulating the offshore oil industry. The agency seems to think its mission is to help the oil industry evade environmental laws".

After the Deepwater accident occurred, Salazar said he would delay granting any further drilling permits. Three weeks later, at least five more permits had been issued by the minerals agency. In March 2011, BOEMRE began issuing more offshore drilling permits in the Gulf of Mexico. Michael Bromwich, head of BOEMRE, said he was disturbed by the speed at which some oil and gas companies were shrugging off Deepwater Horizon as "a complete aberration, a perfect storm, one in a million", but would nonetheless soon be granting more permits to drill for oil and gas in the gulf.

Federal Aviation Administration
Since the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) charter was amended in 1996, its sole focus has been the regulation of safety. A report by the U.S. Department of Transportation found that FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations. The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee investigated the matter after two FAA whistleblowers, inspectors Charalambe "Bobby" Boutris and Douglas E. Peters, contacted them. Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the fuselage, but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline. The committee subsequently held hearings in April 2008. James Oberstar, former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules. Oberstar said there was a "culture of coziness" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and "a systematic breakdown" in the FAA's culture that resulted in "malfeasance, bordering on corruption".

As of 2023, aviation in the United States, the field in which the FAA is tasked to regulate, has had an unparalleled safety streak. Because of this, U.S. regulatory policy in this sector is regarded as one of the best in world. With an estimated 29,000 flights daily, the United States hasn't had a major commercial aviation disaster since Colgan Air Flight 3407 in February 2009.

On July 22, 2008, a bill was unanimously approved in the Democrat-controlled House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year "cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated. The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word "customer" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA. The bill died in the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation that year. In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks, and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $7.5 million penalty and would adapt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through. In September 2009, FAA Administrator Randy Babbitt issued a directive mandating that the agency use the term "customers" only to refer to the flying public.

Prior to the deregulation of the US air industry, the Civil Aeronautics Board served to maintain an oligopoly of US airlines.

In a June 2010 article on regulatory capture, the FAA was cited as an example of "old-style" regulatory capture, "in which the airline industry openly dictates to its regulators its governing rules, arranging for not only beneficial regulation but placing key people to head these regulators".

That the FAA was a victim of regulatory capture was one focus of a United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation and Space meeting held in the wake of the Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 crash that followed a previous crash of a Lion Air flight and claimed 157 lives. The Boeing 737 MAX platform that crashed had been subjected to only an "amended" airworthiness type certificate. The NTSB was tasked with the investigation of the FAA's certification process.

Federal Communications Commission
Legal scholars have pointed to the possibility that federal agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had been captured by media conglomerates. Peter Schuck of Yale Law School has argued that the FCC is subject to capture by the media industries' leaders and therefore reinforce the operation of corporate cartels in a form of "corporate socialism" that serves to "regressively tax consumers, impoverish small firms, inhibit new entry, stifle innovation, and diminish consumer choice". The FCC selectively granted communications licenses to some radio and television stations in a process that excludes other citizens and little stations from having access to the public.

Michael K. Powell, who served on the FCC for eight years and was chairman for four, was appointed president and chief executive officer of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, a lobby group, effective April 25, 2011. His role has been the cable industry's leading advocate, spokesman, and representative in its relationship with the U.S. Congress, the Administration, the FCC, and other federal agencies.

Meredith Attwell Baker was one of the FCC commissioners who approved a controversial merger between NBC Universal and Comcast. Four months later, she announced her resignation from the FCC to join Comcast's Washington, D.C. lobbying office. Legally, she is prevented from lobbying anyone at the FCC for two years and an agreement made by Comcast with the FCC as a condition of approving the merger will ban her from lobbying any executive branch agency for life. Nonetheless, Craig Aaron, of Free Press, who opposed the merger, complained that "the complete capture of government by industry barely raises any eyebrows" and said public policy would continue to suffer from the "continuously revolving door at the FCC".

In July 2019, congresswomen Elizabeth Warren and Pramila Jayapal issued a letter (citing a report by the Project On Government Oversight) showing concerns for the composition of the FCC's Communications Security, Reliability and Interoperability Council (CSRIC), questioning whether it could effectively serve the public interest if the majority of its members were representatives of the private sector. They wrote that "having the FCC's policy-making process rely on input from individuals employed by, or affiliated with, the corporations that it is tasked with overseeing is the very definition of regulatory capture".

Federal Reserve Bank of New York
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York (New York Fed) is the most influential of the Federal Reserve Banking System. Part of the New York Fed's responsibilities is the regulation of Wall Street, but its president is selected by and reports to a board dominated by the chief executives of some of the banks it oversees. While the New York Fed has always had a closer relationship with Wall Street, during the years that Timothy Geithner was president, he became unusually close with the scions of Wall Street banks, a time when banks and hedge funds were pursuing investment strategies that caused the financial crisis of 2007–2008, which the Fed failed to stop.

During the crisis, several major banks that were on the verge of collapse were rescued via the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Geithner engineered the New York Fed's purchase of $30 billion of credit default swaps from American International Group (AIG), which it had sold to Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Deutsche Bank and Société Générale. By purchasing these contracts, the banks received a "back-door bailout" of 100 cents on the dollar for the contracts. Had the New York Fed allowed AIG to fail, the contracts would have been worth much less, resulting in much lower costs for any taxpayer-funded bailout. Geithner defended his use of unprecedented amounts of taxpayer funds to save the banks from their own mistakes, saying the financial system would have been threatened. At the January 2010 congressional hearing into the AIG bailout, the New York Fed initially refused to identify the counterparties that benefited from AIG's bailout, claiming the information would harm AIG. When it became apparent this information would become public, a legal staffer at the New York Fed e-mailed colleagues to warn them, lamenting the difficulty of continuing to keep Congress in the dark. Jim Rickards calls the bailout a crime and says "the regulatory system has become captive to the banks and the non-banks".

Interstate Commerce Commission
Historians, political scientists, and economists have often used the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), a now-defunct federal regulatory body in the United States, as a classic example of regulatory capture. The creation of the ICC was the result of widespread and longstanding anti-railroad agitation. Richard Olney, a prominent railroad lawyer, was asked by a railroad president if he could do something to get rid of the ICC. Olney, who later was appointed Attorney General in the Grover Cleveland administration, replied in an 1892 letter: "The Commission… is, or can be made, of great use to the railroads. It satisfies the popular clamor for a government supervision of the railroads, at the same time that supervision is almost entirely nominal. Further, the older such a commission gets to be, the more inclined it will be found to take the business and railroad view of things.… The part of wisdom is not to destroy the Commission, but to utilize it."

While the Interstate Commerce Act forbade "undue and unreasonable prejudice" against interstate passengers, in the sixty-six years before Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company (1955) the ICC had ruled against every black petitioner bringing a racial segregation complaint, earning the nickname "The Supreme Court of the Confederacy". The ICC then failed to enforce Keys vs. Carolina Coach, attempting to justify segregation on a separate but equal basis for six years before being forced by the Department of Justice under then Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy to act in response to the Freedom Riders protests of 1961.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission
According to Frank N. von Hippel, despite the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in Pennsylvania, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has often been too timid in ensuring that America's 104 commercial reactors are operated safely:

"Nuclear power is a textbook example of the problem of 'regulatory capture' – in which an industry gains control of an agency meant to regulate it. Regulatory capture can be countered only by vigorous public scrutiny and Congressional oversight, but in the 32 years since Three Mile Island, interest in nuclear regulation has declined precipitously."

Then-candidate Barack Obama said in 2007 that the five-member NRC had become "captive of the industries that it regulates" and Joe Biden indicated he had absolutely no confidence in the agency.

The NRC has given a license to "every single reactor requesting one", according to Greenpeace USA nuclear policy analyst Jim Riccio to refer to the agency approval process as a "rubber stamp". In Vermont, ten days after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that damaged Japan's Daiichi plant in Fukushima, the NRC approved a 20-year extension for the license of Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant, although the Vermont state legislature had voted overwhelmingly to deny such an extension. The Vermont plant uses the same GE Mark 1 reactor design as the Fukushima Daiichi plant. The plant had been found to be leaking radioactive materials through a network of underground pipes, which Entergy, the company running the plant, had denied under oath even existed. Representative Tony Klein, who chaired the Vermont House Natural Resources and Energy Committee, said that when he asked the NRC about the pipes at a hearing in 2009, the NRC didn't know about their existence, much less that they were leaking. On March 17, 2011, the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) released a study critical of the NRC's 2010 performance as a regulator. The UCS said that through the years, it had found the NRC's enforcement of safety rules has not been "timely, consistent, or effective" and it cited 14 "near-misses" at U.S. plants in 2010 alone. Tyson Slocum, an energy expert at Public Citizen said the nuclear industry has "embedded itself in the political establishment" through "reliable friends from George Bush to Barack Obama", that the government "has really just become cheerleaders for the industry".

Although the exception, there have been instances of a revolving door. Jeffrey Merrifield, who was on the NRC from 1997 to 2008 and was appointed by presidents Clinton and Bush, left the NRC to take an executive position at The Shaw Group, which has a nuclear division regulated by the NRC.

The NRC Inspector General's report detailed that Merrifield had voted twice on matters involving companies he had contacted about job prospects. In addition, the report noted that Merrifield called a senior executive at another utility to request that he encourage other companies to return calls about his job search. The report also noted that Merrifield failed to report certain reimbursed travel expenses for himself and his family.

One of those interviewed by the NRC Inspector General was Dale Klein, Chairman of the NRC at the time. Klein commented that "Merrifield generally was a staunch advocate of his chosen positions and was reluctant to change his mind." The interview notes also indicated that "other Commissioners also commented that Merrifield was excessively touting his accomplishments within [a] task force, but Klein indicated that this self-promoting tendency by Merrifield was not unique to this issue."

Although the NRC referred the matter to the Justice Department for civil action and to the U.S. Attorney's office for criminal action, neither office pursued the matter. The same U.S. Attorney's Office declined all 20 similar referrals for prosecution during the period from 2004 to 2008.

A year-long Associated Press (AP) investigation showed that the NRC, working with the industry, has relaxed regulations so that aging reactors can remain in operation. The AP found that wear and tear of plants, such as clogged lines, cracked parts, leaky seals, rust and other deterioration resulted in 26 alerts about emerging safety problems and may have been a factor in 113 of the 226 alerts issued by the NRC between 2005 and June 2011. The NRC repeatedly granted the industry permission to delay repairs and problems often grew worse before they were fixed.

However, a paper by Stanford University economics professors John B. Taylor and Frank A. Wolak compared the financial services and nuclear industries. While acknowledging both are susceptible in principle to regulatory capture, they concluded regulatory failure – including through regulatory capture – has been much more of a problem in the financial industry and even suggested the financial industry create an analog to the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations to reduce regulatory risk.

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) has strongly opposed the efforts of the 50 state attorneys general, who have banded together to penalize banks and reform the mortgage modification process, following the subprime mortgage crisis and the financial crisis of 2008. This example was cited in The New York Times as evidence that the OCC is "a captive of the banks it is supposed to regulate".

Securities and Exchange Commission
The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has also been accused of acting in the interests of Wall Street banks and hedge funds and of dragging its feet or refusing to investigate cases or bring charges for fraud and insider trading. Financial analyst Harry Markopolos, who spent ten years trying to get the SEC to investigate Bernie Madoff, called the agency "nonfunctional, captive to the industry".

Similarly in the case of the Allen Stanford Ponzi scheme, there were repeated warnings of fraud from both inside and outside the SEC for more than a decade. But the agency did not stop the fraud until 2009, after the Madoff scandal became public in 2008.

The SEC has been found by the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance, the Senate Judiciary Committee and a federal district court to have illegally dismissed an employee in September 2005 who was critical of superiors' refusal to pursue Wall Street titan John Mack. Mack was suspected of giving insider information to Arthur J. Samberg, head of Pequot Capital Management, once one of the world's largest hedge funds. After more than four years of legal battles, former SEC investigator Gary J. Aguirre filed papers in a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) case he had against the SEC, seeking an order to force the SEC to turn over Pequot investigation records to him on the grounds that they had not charged anyone. Aguirre had already provided incriminating evidence of Pequot's insider trading involving Microsoft trades to the SEC in a letter on January 2, 2009. The morning after Aguirre's FOIA papers were filed, the SEC announced they had filed charges against Pequot and Pequot had agreed to disgorge $18 million in illegal gains and pay $10 million in penalties. A month later, the SEC settled Aguirre's wrongful termination lawsuit for $755,000.

The list of officials who have left the SEC for highly lucrative jobs in the private sector and who sometimes have returned to the SEC includes Arthur Levitt, Robert Khuzami, Linda Chatman Thomsen, Richard H. Walker, Gary Lynch and Paul R. Berger. The Project on Government Oversight (POGO) released a report on May 13, 2011, which found that between 2006 and 2010, 219 former SEC employees sought to represent clients before the SEC. Former employees filed 789 statements notifying the SEC of their intent to represent outside clients before the commission, some filing within days of leaving the SEC.

Reporter Matt Taibbi calls the SEC a classic case of regulatory capture. On August 17, 2011, Taibbi reported that in July 2001, a preliminary fraud investigation against Deutsche Bank was stymied by Richard H. Walker, then SEC enforcement director, who began working as general counsel for Deutsche Bank in October 2001. Darcy Flynn, an SEC lawyer, the whistleblower who exposed this case also revealed that for 20 years, the SEC had been routinely destroying all documents related to thousands of preliminary inquiries that were closed rather than proceeding to formal investigation. The SEC is legally required to keep files for 25 years and destruction is supposed to be done by the National Archives and Records Administration. The lack of files deprives investigators of possible background when investigating cases involving those firms. Documents were destroyed for inquiries into Bernard Madoff, Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers, Citigroup, Bank of America and other major Wall Street firms that played key roles in the 2008 financial crisis. The SEC has since changed its policy on destroying those documents and as of August 2011 the SEC investigator general was investigating the matter.

Federal Trade Commission
The decision known as In re Amway Corp., and popularly called "Amway '79", made the FTC a captive regulator of the nascent multi-level marketing industry. The situation came to a head in December 2012, when hedge fund Pershing Square Capital management announced a $1-billion short position against the company, and evidently expected the FTC to act, which, to date, it has not. From a forensic accounting standpoint, there is no difference between a Ponzi-scheme like the Madoff scandal, and a pyramid scheme, except that in the latter the money is laundered through product sales, not investment. The press has widely reported on why the FTC won't act, e.g. Forbes though legal opinion has been very supportive in some quarters, such as William K. Black, who was instrumental in bringing thousands of criminal prosecutions in the S&L scandal, which was also rife with problems of regulatory capture.

District of Columbia Taxicab Commission
The District of Columbia Taxicab Commission has been criticized for being beholden to taxi companies and drivers rather than ensuring that the district has access to a "safe, comfortable, efficient and affordable taxicab experience in well-equipped vehicles".

Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board and I-502
Some commentators have acknowledged that while Washington Initiative 502 legalized marijuana, it did so in a manner that led to a state-run monopoly on legal marijuana stores with prices far above that of the existing medical dispensaries, which the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board is now trying to close down in favor of the recreational stores, where prices are two to five times higher than the product can be obtained elsewhere.

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
In August 2009, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) provisionally granted a request by Bell Canada to impose usage-based billing on Internet wholesalers, igniting protest from both the wholesalers and consumers, who claimed that the CRTC was "kow-towing to Bell".

On February 2, 2011, CRTC chair Konrad von Finckenstein testified before the House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology to defend the agency's decision. Critic Steve Anderson said, "The CRTC's stubbornness in the face of a mass public outcry demonstrates the strength of the Big Telecom lobby's influence. While government officials have recognized the need to protect citizens' communications interests, the CRTC has made it clear that their priorities lie elsewhere".

Japan
In Japan, the line may be blurred between the goal of solving a problem and the different goal of making it look as if the problem is being addressed.

Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency
Despite warnings about its safety, Japanese regulators from the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) approved a 10-year extension for the oldest of the six reactors at Fukushima Daiichi just one month before a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami damaged reactors and caused a meltdown. The conclusion to the Diet of Japan's report on Fukushima attributed this directly to regulatory capture.

Nuclear opponent Eisaku Sato, governor of Fukushima Prefecture from 1988 to 2006, said a conflict of interest is responsible for NISA's lack of effectiveness as a watchdog. The agency is under the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, which encourages the development of Japan's nuclear industry. Inadequate inspections are reviewed by expert panels drawn primarily from academia and rarely challenge the agency. Critics say the main weakness in Japan's nuclear industry is weak oversight. Seismologist Takashi Nakata said, "The regulators just rubber-stamp the utilities' reports".

Both the ministry and the agency have ties with nuclear plant operators, such as Tokyo Electric. Some former ministry officials have been offered lucrative jobs in a practice called amakudari, "descent from heaven". A panel responsible for re-writing Japan's nuclear safety rules was dominated by experts and advisers from utility companies, said seismology professor Katsuhiko Ishibashi, who quit the panel in protest, saying it was rigged and "unscientific". The new guidelines, established in 2006, did not set stringent industry-wide earthquake standards, rather nuclear plant operators were left to do their own inspections to ensure their plants were compliant. In 2008, the NISA found all of Japan's reactors to be in compliance with the new earthquake guidelines.

Yoshihiro Kinugasa helped write Japan's nuclear safety rules, later conducted inspections and still in another position at another date, served on a licensing panel, signing off on inspections.

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)
In 1996, the Ministry of Health and Welfare (now combined with the Ministry of Labour) came under fire over the scandal of HIV-tainted blood being used to treat hemophiliacs.

Although warned about HIV contamination of blood products imported from the U.S., the ministry abruptly changed its position on heated and unheated blood products from the U.S., protecting the Green Cross and the Japanese pharmaceutical industry, keeping the Japanese market from being inundated with heat-treated blood from the United States. Because the unheated blood was not taken off the market, 400 people died and over 3,000 people were infected with HIV.

No senior officials were indicted and only one lower-level manager was indicted and convicted. Critics say the major task of the ministry is the protection of industry, rather than of the population. In addition, bureaucrats get amakudari jobs at related industries in their field upon retirement, a system which serves to inhibit regulators. Moriyo Kimura, a critic who works at MHLW, says the ministry does not look after the interests of the public.

Philippines
Tobacco control in the Philippines is largely vested in the Inter-Agency Committee on Tobacco (IACT) under Republic Act No. 9211 (Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003). The IACT's membership includes pro-tobacco groups in the Department of Agriculture and National Tobacco Administration, as well as "a representative from the Tobacco Industry to be nominated by the legitimate and recognized associations of the industry", the Philippine Tobacco Institute (composed of the largest local cigarette producers and distributors). In a 2015 Philippine Supreme Court case, the Court ruled that the IACT as the "exclusive authority" in regulating various aspects tobacco control including access restrictions and tobacco advertisement, promotion, and sponsorships. In this case, the Department of Health, which is the primary technical agency for disease control and prevention, was held to be without authority to create tobacco control regulations unless the IACT delegates this function. The IACT's organization also limits the Philippines' enforcement of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

World Trade Organization
The academic Thomas Alured Faunce has argued the World Trade Organization non-violation nullification of benefits claims, particularly when inserted in bilateral trade agreements, can facilitate intense lobbying by industry which can result in effective regulatory capture of large areas of governmental policy.

Other examples
McClean and Johnes argued that the sinking of the Titanic and its investigation illustrate an early example of regulatory failure and regulatory capture of the Board of Trade and Parliament by the shipping industry.

title: Regulatory capture


text:
MK484

The MK484 AM radio IC is a fully functional AM radio detector on a chip. It is constructed in a TO-92 case, resembling a small transistor. It replaces the similar ZN414 AM radio IC from the 1970s. The MK484 is favored by many hobbyists. It is advantageous in that it performs well with minimal discrete components, and can run from a single 1.5-volt cell.

The MK484 has now in turn been replaced by the TA7642.

Standard operation
The simplest circuit employing the MK484 can be constructed using only a battery, an earphone (or high-impedance speaker), a coil and a variable capacitor.

Extended operation
The output of the MK484 can be fed into the base of a transistor to provide greater amplification as a class-A amplifier, however this is often an inefficient design. Conversely, the LM386 audio amplifier may be used to drive a small speaker.

Note that higher voltage is required if the LM386 is to be used. Therefore, small signal diodes (such as 1N4148) are recommended to create a voltage drop, or use a Zener DC–DC converter with a red LED (in forward, can double as a power indicator) and a resistor (several hundred ohms for 9V operation), to avoid overvolting the MK484.

Advantages

 * Compact size
 * Low power consumption
 * Low cost: Rs 40 to 60 in Indian electronic markets
 * Retails from 65 cents each on various websites

title: MK484


text: User talk:202.52.51.100

title: User talk:202.52.51.100


text:
User talk:GordonFletcher

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Graham 02:01, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:GordonFletcher


text:
Alexander Rud Mills

Alexander Rud Mills (15 July 1885 – 8 April 1964) was an Australian barrister and author, interned in 1942 for his Nazi sympathies and fascist beliefs. He was also a prominent Odinist, one of the earliest proponents of the rebirth of Germanic Neopaganism in the 20th century, and an anti-Semite. He founded the First Anglecyn Church of Odin in Melbourne in 1936. He published under his own name and the pen-names "Tasman Forth" and "Justinian".

Early life
Mills was born in Forth, Tasmania, in 1885. In around 1910, he moved to Victoria to enrol at the Melbourne University Law School. He graduated in 1916 and was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1917.

Mills' sister Patience married Senator Herbert Hays.

Political sympathies and activities
Mills applied to join the AIF during World War I at which time he was living at Sea Lake. He was rejected on medical grounds. His soldier's reject badge was No. 65039. During 1914–15 he worked as a schoolteacher at Haileybury College, Brighton.

In 1930, Mills stood for preselection as Nationalist candidate for the seat of Hawthorn. He was not successful. The following year, having little work but some money, he embarked on a trip around the world. He visited South Africa but did not like either the climate nor the 'mixed races'. He then visited Italy, Germany, Britain and the USSR. Although already reactionary in nature, he claimed to have become disillusioned with communism, which he had come to view as a form of organised thuggery, during his trip to Russia. He claimed that conditions in the USSR itself were appalling and that "Russia will cure any Communist if he goes to work there." In England, he attended meetings of Sir Oswald Mosley's 'British Union of Fascists', and Arnold Leese's smaller and more radical 'Imperial Fascist League'. He aligned himself more closely with the Imperial Fascists and later helped to distribute Leese's newspaper, The Fascist, in Australia.

Historian of esotericism Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke characterises Mills as a "Nazi sympathiser". Mills' trip to Germany included a visit to the Brown House where, without appointment, he met Adolf Hitler "talking" (Mills would later recount) "to some of his confreres". At the 1944 Australia First enquiry, Mills claimed that Hitler had impressed him as a "kindly man" who "seemed to have the respect of his men and appeared kind to them." In Germany, Mills also met followers of General Erich Ludendorff, the famous First World War strategist and conspiracy theorist who was also, like Mills, virulently anti-Semitic.

Returning to Australia in January 1934, Mills established the Anglecyn Church of Odin. He told an undercover agent the following year that this 'religion' was a front which allowed him to pursue his dedication to fascism without fear of prosecution. In 1935, he also founded a group called the 'British Australian Racial Body'. He established two short-lived newspapers, the National Socialist and The Angle, as vehicles through which to espouse his racist, pseudo-religious and political views. At this time he maintained correspondence with officials of the British Union of Fascists. During wartime investigations into his views during the 1930s, it was established that he owned an autographed photograph of Julius Streicher, publisher of Der Stürmer. In 1941, he became associated with the anti-War, pro-Isolationist Australia First Movement and contributed to its newspaper The Publicist, which, before 1939, had described itself as being "for national socialism" and "for Aryanism; against semitism", and which was the mouthpiece for William John Miles, a leading member of the Rationalist Society.

Mills' The Odinist Religion: Overcoming Jewish Christianity was published in 1939. In that work, Mills claimed (without evidence) that Nordic races had established the ancient civilisations of Sumer, Egypt, Persia, Greece, and Rome, but that they had been weakened by miscegenation with other races. He was particularly affronted by the espoused Christian assumption that all humans were equal. The following year he stood for the seat of Fawkner at the 1940 federal election representing the Motorists' Protection League. He polled 2,152 votes compared to Harold Holt's 38,387 (for the United Australia Party) and Arthur Fraser's 22,558 (for the Australian Labor Party)

Internment
Mills was the first resident of Victoria to join Australia First, though he would later claim to be only a passive member. Barbara Winter shows that, in fact, he fully supported Australia First's position, read its publications and was convinced of the idea of a widespread Jewish conspiracy; he believed, for instance, that former Australian prime minister William Hughes was half-Jewish and that Chiang Kai Shek was a prominent freemason and therefore in the thrall of 'Jewish Christianity'. Mills' membership of Australia First and his well-known Nazi sympathies were possibly the reason he was arrested on 7 May 1942 and detained without trial lest he aid the Japanese army which at that time seemed likely to invade Australia. Major Edward Hattam of the Commonwealth Investigation Branch later testified that he believed "Mills had views leaning somewhat toward Nazi ideology." There were claims made that during his internment he 'was prominent in openly advocating a Japanese victory.' He was interned until 17 December 1942. Bruce Muirden's The Puzzled Patriots refers to Mills' claim that he had been insulted, then bashed with a rifle, by an officer of the camp guard at Loveday Internment Camp in South Australia though Mills did not mention this during the 1944 inquiry into Australia First. Peter Henderson, writing of Australian Nazi sympathisers of the 20th century, suggests that his Australia First association was not the reason for Mills' internment: "Mills was interned primarily for leading the Odinist cult in Victoria, as well as for receiving 'substantial sums from unknown sources' and for his links with German and British Nazi groups."

In Federal Parliament on 30 March 1944 Robert Menzies, then leader of the opposition, said of Mills, "I happen to know him quite well, because he went through the university at the same time as I did... he was hauled out of his home, imprisoned and put in an internment camp... his association, so I am informed, with the Australia First Movement amounted to this: some man who had secured appointment with the movement wrote to him and asked him to subscribe, and he forward 10s 6d. as a subscription... I know this man and I know something of the disaster which this has brought upon him... Here is a man who for twenty-odd years was building up a practice as a professional man. He was taken out of his home, just as anybody might be. He was incarcerated in circumstances of immense notoriety. When he came out, what happened? His friends were gone, his practice gone, his reputation was gone."

Mills' Odinism
Having formulated "his own unique blend" of Ariosophy, he drew heavily on writings of pioneering Austrian Ariosophist and Wotanist Guido von List. Much of Mills' ideology focused around what he conceived as the "British race", a group who he believed also inhabited not only Britain but other parts of the world colonised by the British Empire. That concept was particularly problematic given the ethnically and linguistically diverse nature of the British population during the early 20th century. Mills believed that while Christianity was alien to the "British race", Odinism was 'native' and thus could be better understood by them. He expressed the view that "our own racial ideas and traditions (not those of others) are our best guide to health and national strength". He was critical of Christianity, believing it to be "unnatural" because – in his view – it encouraged the breaking down of racial barriers.

In Mills' so-called theology, the Norse gods were symbols of the divine rather than actual anthropomorphic entities, and he believed that each racial group had its own symbolic system for interpreting and understanding divinity. For Mills, Odin represented an archetypal father figure, with other deities from Norse mythology, such as Thor and Frigg, having minor roles.

In his 1936 liturgical text, The First Guide Book to the Anglecyn Church of Odin, Mills gives a version of the Ten Commandments that is only slightly different from that in Exodus, and Mills' formulary includes vigils, hymns, evensong and communion, making it abundantly clear that Mills based the liturgy of the Anglecyn Church of Odin on that of the Anglican Church. However, while textually there is a debt to Christian worship, philosophically Mills expresses strong anti-Christian sentiments throughout: "'... the Christian religion is, in one phase at least, a form of Jewish propaganda, as well as a condemnation of ourselves.'"

"'... our Christian culture ... has now bought us to ever-greater worship of time-subservient materialism ...'"

"'... in the Christian religion its doctrines and outlook has been personified and adorned with stories calculated to appeal to a certain weakness of man.'"

Anti-Semitic comments can likewise be found scattered throughout the Guide Book. He claims, for instance, that Jewish people plot world conquest: "'... the Jews, generally speaking, recognise the degradation and disintegration of the peoples under Christian culture, and by its direction or otherwise, have hopes of ruling over such peoples ... and because Jews try to hasten the process by using the many powers in their control.'"

"'... many Jewish Leaders have deemed it an intellectual conquest of other peoples, [if they persuade] other races to forget their own race and Lords, and at the same time induce them to ... self –renunciation (take-the-lowest-seat) ... making such persons and nations unworthy to live and only fit to be ruled, before their extinction.'"

control the media: "'... in our newspapers, colleges, wireless and the like news-services (even when not directly controlled Jews [sic]) ... the word 'Jew' is only spoken with circumspection ...'"

and dominate Freemasonry: "'[Freemasonry has] been seriously affected by reason of the pervading Jewish culture, which war against our national and racial identity ... and the Jewish racial spirit ... and the denial of our own.'"

Later life
After Mills was released from internment in late 1942 he continued to promote his vision of Odinism. He remained an active writer, publishing eight books and numerous articles and pamphlets between 1933 and 1957 on Odinist themes. He published Law for the Ordinary Man under the pen-name "Justinian" in 1947. Law for the Ordinary Man, which has no publisher stated (only a printer, A. R. Johnson of Surrey Hills), was written, Mills stated, for 'the "man in the street"; foreigners (to Australia, although some laws discussed were unique to Victoria); 'for students before beginning their law studies'; schoolteachers, 'business men', and 'generally for those people who have little or no time to study the law'. In this book, Mills used as an example of 'international law' two 'primitive villages' which, in his opinion, were likely only to agree on points of law if their inhabitants 'are of the same race.' 'If, however, the villages differ in language and race, if they are temperamentally very different, then the measure of agreement is not very great.'

Mills also wrote a song, "Australia", with Henry Hedges, published in or around 1954.

For over thirty years, Mills had a friendship and romance with schoolteacher Evelyn Louisa Price. They were married at Holy Trinity, Church of England, Surrey Hills, on 2 June 1951. At the time of their marriage Mills was 65, Price 62.

Bruce Muirden relates that Mills continued to pursue compensation for his internment in the 1940s for long after his release and threatened to write about his experiences, 'still talking about a book' in 1961. 'His chaotic ideas changed little in his final years. He remained obsessively anti-Jewish, anti-Christian and anti-black.'

Mills died at Box Hill Hospital from a coronary thrombosis on 8 April 1964. He is buried at Ferntree Gully Cemetery, Victoria; Evelyn died on 9 July 1973 and is buried with her husband. Curiously, considering Mills' avowed rejection of Christianity, and his wife's status as an 'Odinist of many years' standing', both are buried in the Church of England section of the Cemetery. In 2021, an exposé in the Melbourne Age of Australian Neo-Nazis gave brief details of 'a ceremony inspired by Norse mythology, instructed by a tattooed Odinist at the grave of one of Australia's first well-known neo-Nazis [sic], Alexander Rud Mills.'

Legacy and influence on Germanic neopaganism
Writing in the Australian Religion Studies Journal, A. Asbjørn Jøn characterised Mills as "obscure yet important", having played a "very significant role" in the development of Norse-oriented Neopaganism.

During the 1960s, the Danish far right activist Else Christensen came across Mills' work while she was living in Canada. Although Christensen felt that many of Mills' ideas were too heavily influenced by Freemasonry for her liking, she was profoundly influenced by his ideas about reviving the worship of ancient Norse deities. Christensen subsequently established the Odinist Fellowship in 1969, then based from her mobile home in Crystal River, Florida. According to Australian historian of the far right, Kristy Campion, the Odinist religion had more influence in the United States than in Mills' native Australia.

In the early 1970s, a group of Australian Odinists, who were students at the University of Melbourne, sought a guarantee from the Australian Attorney-General that if Odinism were formally revived it would not be persecuted (as, they claimed, Mills' church had been). Attorney-General Lionel Murphy pursued a course of allowing freedom of religion within Australia, and by the early 1990s the Odinic Rite of Australia had been granted legal status by the Australian government.

In 1980, Kerry Raymond Bolton from Christchurch, New Zealand, along with David Crawford, co-founded a New Zealand group called the Church of Odin. They both had a background in far-right political activities. Paul Spoonley quotes Crawford as saying that the Church of Odin was exclusively for whites, and specifically whites "of non-Jewish descent", and that "the main Odinic law requires loyalty to race". By 1983 Bolton had left the Church.

Today, the main Odinist religious bodies that see significance in Mills' work are the northern hemisphere's Odinic Rite, the Odinic Rite of Australia, and the Asatru Folk Assembly.

title: Alexander Rud Mills