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Two Row Wampum Treaty

The  Two Row Wampum Treaty, also known as Guswenta or Kaswentha and as the Tawagonshi Agreement of 1613 or the Tawagonshi Treaty, is a mutual treaty agreement, made in 1613 between representatives of the Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee (or Iroquois) and representatives of the Dutch government in what is now upstate New York. The agreement is considered by the Haudenosaunee to be the basis of all of their subsequent treaties with European and North American governments, and the citizens of those nations, including the Covenant Chain treaty with the British in 1677 and the Treaty of Canandaigua with the United States in 1794.

The treaty is spiritually and culturally revered and widely accepted among the Indigenous peoples in the relevant territories, and documented by the wampum belts and oral tradition. However, in more recent years the authenticity of the later, written versions of the agreement have been a source of debate, with some scholarly sources maintaining that a treaty between the Dutch and the Mohawk nations did not take place or took place at a later date. In August 2013, the Journal of Early American History published a special issue dedicated to exploring the Two Row Tradition.

Background
At the start of the 17th century, the Iroquois Mohawk and the Mahican territory abutted in what is now known as the mid-Hudson Valley. Soon after Henry Hudson's 1609 exploration of what is now known as the Hudson River and its estuary, traders from the United Provinces of the Netherlands set up factorijs (trading posts) to engage in the fur trade, exploiting for extractive purposes the trade networks that had existed for millennia. The Dutch traded with the indigenous populations to supply fur pelts particularly from beaver, which were abundant in the region. By 1614, the New Netherland Company was established and Fort Nassau was built, setting the stage for the development of the colony of New Netherland.

Kaswentha
According to Jon Parmenter: "Kaswentha may best be understood as a Haudenosaunee term embodying the ongoing negotiation of their relationship to European colonizers and their descendants; the underlying concept of kaswentha emphasizes the distinct identity of the two peoples and a mutual engagement to coexist in peace without interference in the affairs of the other. The Two Row Belt, as it is commonly known, depicts the kaswentha relationship in visual form via a long beaded belt of white wampum with two parallel lines of purple wampum along its length – the lines symbolizing a separate-but-equal relationship between two entities based on mutual benefit and mutual respect for each party’s inherent freedom of movement – neither side may attempt to 'steer' the vessel of the other as it travels along its own, self-determined path. A nineteenth-century French dictionary of the Mohawk language defined the very word for wampum belt (kahionni) as a human-made symbol emulating a river, due in part to its linear form and in part to the way in which its constituent shell beads resemble ripples and waves. Just as a navigable water course facilitates mutual relations between nations, thus does kahionni, 'the river formed by the hand of man', serve as a sign of 'alliance, concord, and friendship' that links 'divergent spirits' and provides a 'bond between hearts'."

The treaty
"Contemporary Haudenosaunee oral tradition identifies the original elaboration of kaswentha relations between Iroquois nations and Europeans with a circa 1613 agreement negotiated between Mohawks and a Dutch trader named Jacob Eelckens at Tawagonshi, as a precursor to the formal establishment of Dutch Fort Nassau at nearby Normans Kill." According to Parmenter, "Dating of the original agreement prior to circa 1620 finds support in [a] 1701 recitation, in which Haudenosaunee delegates described their original agreement with the Dutch occurring 'above eighty years' prior to that date, and in 1744 Onondaga headman Canasatego dated the origin of the relationship to "above One Hundred Years Ago'."

Parmenter has investigated the extent to which Haudenosaunee oral tradition is corroborated by surviving documentary (written) records and found that "the documentary evidence, considered in the aggregate, reveals a striking degree of consistency over time in the expression of fundamental principles of the kaswentha tradition by Haudenosaunee speakers", with "the fullest single written source that corroborates the early seventeenth-century origins of a kaswentha relationship between Iroquois nations and the Dutch appear[ing] in [...] 1689". And the earliest record of Haudenosaunee speakers explicitly mentioning or reciting the kaswentha tradition before Anglo-American and French colonial audiences dates to more than 30 years before this, in 1656 (43 years after the putative origin of the treaty in 1613).

While the evidence that the Haudenosaunee and the Dutch entered into some kind of political or economic agreement in the early seventeenth century is overwhelming, some historians have found reasons to be cautious about assuming the nature of that agreement was formal and treaty-like. The Dutch, for example, may not have recognized their agreement with the Haudenosaunee as a "treaty" in the way that Haudenosaunee tradition remembers it, and may instead have seen their agreement as something less official and more contingent. Mark Meuwese has examined the history of Dutch-Indigenous relations in Africa and Brazil and found that, before 1621, "Dutch traders did not conclude treaties with Native peoples in the Atlantic world. Various agreements and alliances were made, but these took place only when specific factors were involved — the threat of Iberian intervention and the presence of centralized political orders among Indigenous peoples, factors that were not present in North America." Similarly, examining Dutch language sources pertaining to early Dutch trade voyages to the Hudson River and other areas in the mid-Atlantic region, Jaap Jacobs finds that "Dutch traders would have had no need to make a treaty with local Indian groups on behalf of the Dutch nation and there is no indication that they did so. On the other hand, there is good reason to believe that Dutch traders and local Native people would have made some sort of agreement as indicated by the Dutch building of the Fort Nassau on native lands and the Kleyntjen affair." Jacobs concludes (along with Paul Otto) that "whatever agreements or negotiations traders such as Jacob Eelkens and Hendrick Christiansen may have made with Native peoples, these could not be construed, at least in European terms, as diplomatic treaties between sovereign nations. [... This] does not, however, discredit the tradition of an agreement between Dutch and Iroquois representatives that would later became the basis for Anglo-British and then American negotiations with the Iroquois. The historical context does make it unlikely, at best, that such an event happened in the 1610s. The claim that 2013 is the four-hundredth anniversary of a first covenant is therefore not corroborated by historical research. However, after the 1621 establishment of the West India Company and particularly after the end of the Mohawk-Mahican War four years later, the context for such an enduring agreement is far more probable."

Nevertheless, Haudenosaunee tradition records not only the existence of a treaty, but its specific meaning, in the form of a Haudenosaunee reply to the initial Dutch treaty proposal: "You say that you are our Father and I am your Son. We say 'We will not be like Father and Son, but like Brothers.' This wampum belt confirms our words. [...] Neither of us will make compulsory laws or interfere in the internal affairs of the other. Neither of us will try to steer the other's vessel."

The treaty is considered by Haudenosaunee people to still be in effect. The Haudenosaunee tradition states: "As long as the Sun shines upon this Earth, that is how long our Agreement will stand; Second, as long as the Water still flows; and Third, as long as the Grass Grows Green at a certain time of the year. Now we have Symbolized this Agreement and it shall be binding forever as long as Mother Earth is still in motion."

The Wampum Belt(s)
Wampum belts of the two-row style are merely one of many methods of representing in physical form the diplomatic and economic agreements implicit in the kaswentha relationship.

There is clear evidence of Haudenosaunee use of wampum for diplomatic functions during the pre-contact period, while the post-contact period saw "increasing significance of wampum as a material form to facilitate communication across cultural boundaries". Early evidence for wampum in the region indicates that the dominant style was a relatively simple, monochrome design, often with discoidal beads strung together (rather than tubular beads woven together). Historians debate whether or not the technology required to construct the sophisticated two-row style wampum belt (including, most importantly, tubular purple beads) was available to communities in the region prior to 1613; however, Parmenter indicates that archeological evidence does not rule out the possibility that two-row wampum belts may have featured in the initial treaty negotiations between the Dutch and the Haudenosaunee.

The significance of the two-row style of wampum, according to Parmenter, is that it captures the original "ship and canoe" metaphor present in the Haudenosaunee understanding of the kaswentha relationship. Parmenter explains how this "ship and canoe" metaphor is one of many "media" by which the Haudenosaunee have represented pictorially their relationship to European newcomers over the centuries, with other media including "a piece of tree bark or rope" and (later) images of an iron chain and, eventually, a burnished silver and/or covenant chain. But of these, it is the "ship and canoe" conception of the kaswentha relationship that is the deepest and most significant, and it is the two-row wampum that is understood to represent this conception most powerfully, with two rows of purple wampum beads against a background of white beads, each row representing a parallel river, down which the respective vessels of each people travel, independently but in mutual support of each other.

The question of what materials — wampum or otherwise — were exchanged at the initial negotiations of the treaty cannot be answered definitively. While it is possible that a two-row wampum belt featured in the initial treaty negotiations, there is no documentary evidence to support this claim. There is, however, evidence in the form of Haudenosaunee oral tradition that wampum belts featured, if not in the original negotiations, then at least in the earliest rituals of renewal (of which there were many) between the Haudenosaunee and the Dutch (later the British). According to Parmenter: "Three of the Haudenosaunee recitations (1656, 1722, and 1744) associate the agreement directly with wampum belts, and Johnson punctuated his 1748 recitation with a 'large Belt of Wampum'. Exchanges of wampum belts also occurred commonly in association with renewals of the alliance at treaty negotiations in which neither Iroquois nor New York authorities were recorded making explicit recitations of the kaswentha tradition. On two such occasions the sources refer to a 'Chain Belt,' but no documented example provides a specific correlation with a Two Row-patterned belt."

While most of the earliest recorded recitations of the kaswentha relationship between the Haudenosaunee and the Dutch do not mention wampum belts specifically, descriptions "of wampum belts in documentary sources, particularly from the early period of contact, are notoriously vague." Moreover, as artifacts wampum belts were extremely prone to deterioration and disassembly, so there is no expectation that early belts should have survived had they in fact been exchanged in the early seventeenth century.

In any event, by 1870 the image of the two-row wampum belt had come to symbolize for the Haudenosaunee their ongoing treaty and kaswentha relationship with the Dutch crown. "Beyond the direct evidence represented by the recitations, additional documentary sources amplify our confidence in the deep roots of the fundamental concepts of the kaswentha relationship: its beginnings in the early decades of the seventeenth century, its rhetorical framing in terms of an 'iron chain' forged and renewed with the Dutch prior to 1664, and its early association with the 'ship and canoe' discourse present in the explicit 'Two Row' articulations of the tradition that appear after circa 1870. It is important to point out that the while the language of the 'chain' connecting the two peoples persisted in recitations of the tradition over time, it never supplanted the 'ship and canoe' language characteristic of Haudenosaunee understandings of kaswentha. As illustrated in the recitations [...], the idea of a rope, and later a 'chain' of iron, then silver represented a critical component of the tradition that bound the two peoples together in friendship as a necessary precursor to the kind of relationship embodied by two vessels travelling along a parallel route. The latter idea, in other words, related to the former concept – the two were neither incompatible nor mutually exclusive."

Diana Muir Appelbaum has written that: "there is no evidence that such a thing as an 'original' two-row wampum belt ever existed. Nor is there any evidence of the existence of a 1613 treaty beyond a claim traceable to a document forged in the 1960s by a historian who collected and wrote about old manuscripts." Indeed, no documentary evidence (including wampum, which is very fragile) survive from the original treaty negotiations of 1613. But, as Parmenter points out: "Evidence of Haudenosaunee and European recitations of the kaswentha tradition indicates clearly that the remarkable durability over time of ideas associated with a Two Row relationship does not depend on the legitimacy of a single document and that Haudenosaunee and contemporary Europeans 'verbalized' these ideas long before the late nineteenth century. [...] Kaswentha relations were not static – they evolved over time as ties between the Iroquois and the Dutch (and the latter's English and American successors) deepened and sociopolitical circumstances grew more complex – but they did exist. Indeed, [...] it is incumbent upon all scholars considering the historicity of indigenous (not only Haudenosaunee) oral traditions (especially regarding something as fundamentally significant as kaswentha), to do more than simply identify a single document as a fake, or to set the bar for evidentiary proof of a concept's existence to practically impossible standards – such as requiring a surviving 'physical' Two Row belt from the colonial era that can be explicitly associated with a documentary source."

Oral tradition
Onondaga leaders state that the oral tradition which accompanies the wampum belts is evidence that an agreement was made in 1613. Andy Mager of the Syracuse Peace Council was quoted in The Post-Standard as saying "We believe the Haudenosaunee oral history of the treaty...We believe the basic outlines of a treaty and that a treaty was negotiated between representatives of the Dutch and the Haudenosaunee in or around 1613."

Interpretations of the treaty
The Netherlands have been called upon as allies by Haudenosaunee in international affairs, notably at the League of Nations in 1923 in a conflict with Canada over membership and at the United Nations in 1977, requesting the Haudenosaunee passport to be honored internationally. The Dutch government honored the passport until 2010. It remains unclear if the policy will be changed in recognition of the 400th anniversary of the treaty. In September 2013, three Haudenosaunee leaders traveled to the Netherlands for an official visit in recognition of the anniversary, traveling on Haudenosaunee passports.

The Two Row Wampum continues to play a role in defining the relationship between citizens of New York State and Haudenosaunee residents of the region. In 2006, a dispute over whether Onondaga Nation students could be permitted to wear native regalia at their graduation ceremony at Lafayette High School in LaFayette, New York, was resolved in part through the school board's consideration and application of the principles of the Two Row Wampum.

Larger disputes concerning extant treaties based on the Two Row Wampum, such as the Treaty of Canandaigua, remain unresolved through litigation and pending land claims.

The Two Row Treaty contradicts the 15th Century Doctrine of Discovery, which decreed that Christian European nations could seize lands of non-Christian peoples whom they encountered in the New World. Modern legal rulings, including a 2005 decision by the US Supreme Court against Haudenosaunee plaintiffs, continue to hinge on that doctrine, and Two Row Treaty supporters promote the treaty as a legal standard to replace it.

Supporters of the Two Row Wampum Treaty note that it conveys a respect for the laws of nature and thus an obligation for ecological stewardship. The treaty has been cited as an inspiration to clean up polluted waters such as Onondaga Lake and the Mohawk River. "Water is sacred, like all parts of creation," said Freida Jacques, an Onondaga Clanmother. "All life relies on it. It has a sacred duty, given to it by the Creator, to give all creation clean, fresh water."

Tawagonshi document

The existence of an alleged written version of the treaty was first made public in an article in 1968 by documents collector L.G. van Loon. He claimed to have acquired it from an unnamed person on the Mississauga reserve in Canada.

In 1987, academics Charles Gehring, William Starna, and William Fenton published an article in the New York History journal entitled "The Tawagonshi Treaty of 1613: The Final Chapter." Their theory is that this written version is a forgery because it contains what they argue are grammatical anachronisms; that a blend of handwriting styles from the 17th and 20th centuries is used; that the names of villages and not chiefs are used; and that the writing is "too smooth" to be made by a 17th-century quill pen. Herkens writes that the document contains c. 40 grammatical anachronisms, and that on grammatical grounds it is likely that the text was written in the 20th century. Given that Van Loon forged other pieces from the same period, they point to him as the most probable forger. In 2013, linguistic experts Harrie Hermkens, Jan Noordegraaf, and Nicoline van der Sijs submitted the document to further linguistic and historical analysis, including its provenance and connection to Lawrence G. Van Loon. They also found the document to contain "a significant number of anachronisms making it impossible for the text to have originated in 1613. Nor is it possible that it is a later copy of a document since lost."

Robert Venables, a retired Cornell University professor, is among those who remain convinced that  the document version is also valid, and concurs with other scholars who point out that any inconsistencies in language and pen strokes can be explained by the fact that it was copied by hand years after 1613.

The document was given to the Onondagas and remains near Syracuse, New York.

400th Anniversary Celebration

In July and August 2013, hundreds of Native Americans and their allies took part in a river journey to recognize and renew the Two Row Wampum Treaty. Canoeing and kayaking across New York State, the participants called attention to the treaty and its significance for native land rights and environmental protection. The paddlers traveled from Onondaga, birthplace of the Haudenosaunee league, along the Mohawk and Hudson rivers to New York City, ending at a special session at the United Nations. The anniversary journey brought world attention to the Two Row Treaty. Organized by the Onondaga Nation and Neighbors of the Onondaga Nation (NOON), the renewal journey covered over 300 miles, with public events at sites including Kanatsiohareke Mohawk Community, Albany, Poughkeepsie, and Beacon NY, where Native leaders and public officials discussed the treaty and its bearing on current issues. On August 9, the paddlers arrived in New York City to attend a UN session for Indigenous Peoples Day with Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and member state representatives. At the session, UN officials underscored the UN's role as a peacemaker, negotiator, and advocate for treaty rights. Oren Lyons, a diplomat from the Onondaga Turtle Clan, described the Two Row Treaty as the foundation for all Haudenosaunee treaties, many since broken by New York State, the US and Canada. UN representatives from Panama and Bolivia described their work to restore land to native ownership and protection. The UN Secretary for Human Rights outlined the UN's goal to redress treaty violations, treat them as human rights violations, and help enforce treaties like the Two Row in the future.

title: Two Row Wampum Treaty


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Magnitude (astronomy)

In astronomy, magnitude is measure of the brightness of an object, usually in a defined passband. An imprecise but systematic determination of the magnitude of objects was introduced in ancient times by Hipparchus.

Magnitude values do not have a unit. The scale is logarithmic and defined such that a magnitude 1 star is exactly 100 times brighter than a magnitude 6 star. Thus each step of one magnitude is $$\sqrt[5]{100} \approx 2.512$$ times brighter than the magnitude 1 higher. The brighter an object appears, the lower the value of its magnitude, with the brightest objects reaching negative values.

Astronomers use two different definitions of magnitude: apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude. The apparent magnitude ($m$) is the brightness of an object and depends on an object's intrinsic luminosity, its distance, and the extinction reducing its brightness. The absolute magnitude ($M$) describes the intrinsic luminosity emitted by an object and is defined to be equal to the apparent magnitude that the object would have if it were placed at a certain distance 10 parsecs for stars. A more complex definition of absolute magnitude is used for planets and small Solar System bodies, based on its brightness at one astronomical unit from the observer and the Sun.

The Sun has an apparent magnitude of −27 and Sirius, the brightest visible star in the night sky, −1.46. Venus at its brightest is -5. The International Space Station (ISS) sometimes reaches a magnitude of −6.

Amateur astronomers commonly express the darkness of the sky in terms of limiting magnitude, i.e. the apparent magnitude of the faintest star they can see with the naked eye. At a dark site, it is usual for people to see stars of 6th magnitude or fainter.

Apparent magnitude is really a measure of illuminance, which can also be measured in photometric units such as lux.

History
The Greek astronomer Hipparchus produced a catalogue which noted the apparent brightness of stars in the second century BCE. In the second century CE the Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy classified stars on a six-point scale, and originated the term magnitude. To the unaided eye, a more prominent star such as Sirius or Arcturus appears larger than a less prominent star such as Mizar, which in turn appears larger than a truly faint star such as Alcor. In 1736, the mathematician John Keill described the ancient naked-eye magnitude system in this way: The fixed Stars appear to be of different Bignesses, not because they really are so, but because they are not all equally distant from us. Those that are nearest will excel in Lustre and Bigness; the more remote Stars will give a fainter Light, and appear smaller to the Eye. Hence arise the Distribution of Stars, according to their Order and Dignity, into Classes; the first Class containing those which are nearest to us, are called Stars of the first Magnitude; those that are next to them, are Stars of the second Magnitude ... and so forth, 'till we come to the Stars of the sixth Magnitude, which comprehend the smallest Stars that can be discerned with the bare Eye. For all the other Stars, which are only seen by the Help of a Telescope, and which are called Telescopical, are not reckoned among these six Orders. Altho' the Distinction of Stars into six Degrees of Magnitude is commonly received by Astronomers; yet we are not to judge, that every particular Star is exactly to be ranked according to a certain Bigness, which is one of the Six; but rather in reality there are almost as many Orders of Stars, as there are Stars, few of them being exactly of the same Bigness and Lustre. And even among those Stars which are reckoned of the brightest Class, there appears a Variety of Magnitude; for Sirius or Arcturus are each of them brighter than Aldebaran or the Bull's Eye, or even than the Star in Spica; and yet all these Stars are reckoned among the Stars of the first Order: And there are some Stars of such an intermedial Order, that the Astronomers have differed in classing of them; some putting the same Stars in one Class, others in another. For Example: The little Dog was by Tycho placed among the Stars of the second Magnitude, which Ptolemy reckoned among the Stars of the first Class: And therefore it is not truly either of the first or second Order, but ought to be ranked in a Place between both. Note that the brighter the star, the smaller the magnitude: Bright "first magnitude" stars are "1st-class" stars, while stars barely visible to the naked eye are "sixth magnitude" or "6th-class". The system was a simple delineation of stellar brightness into six distinct groups but made no allowance for the variations in brightness within a group.

Tycho Brahe attempted to directly measure the "bigness" of the stars in terms of angular size, which in theory meant that a star's magnitude could be determined by more than just the subjective judgment described in the above quote. He concluded that first magnitude stars measured 2 arc minutes (2′) in apparent diameter ($1/30$ of a degree, or $1/15$ the diameter of the full moon), with second through sixth magnitude stars measuring $1 1/2$′, $1 1/12$′, $3/4$′, $1/2$′, and $1/3$′, respectively. The development of the telescope showed that these large sizes were illusory—stars appeared much smaller through the telescope. However, early telescopes produced a spurious disk-like image of a star that was larger for brighter stars and smaller for fainter ones. Astronomers from Galileo to Jaques Cassini mistook these spurious disks for the physical bodies of stars, and thus into the eighteenth century continued to think of magnitude in terms of the physical size of a star. Johannes Hevelius produced a very precise table of star sizes measured telescopically, but now the measured diameters ranged from just over six seconds of arc for first magnitude down to just under 2 seconds for sixth magnitude. By the time of William Herschel astronomers recognized that the telescopic disks of stars were spurious and a function of the telescope as well as the brightness of the stars, but still spoke in terms of a star's size more than its brightness. Even well into the nineteenth century the magnitude system continued to be described in terms of six classes determined by apparent size, in which There is no other rule for classing the stars but the estimation of the observer; and hence it is that some astronomers reckon those stars of the first magnitude which others esteem to be of the second. However, by the mid-nineteenth century astronomers had measured the distances to stars via stellar parallax, and so understood that stars are so far away as to essentially appear as point sources of light. Following advances in understanding the diffraction of light and astronomical seeing, astronomers fully understood both that the apparent sizes of stars were spurious and how those sizes depended on the intensity of light coming from a star (this is the star's apparent brightness, which can be measured in units such as watts per square metre) so that brighter stars appeared larger.

Modern definition
Early photometric measurements (made, for example, by using a light to project an artificial “star” into a telescope's field of view and adjusting it to match real stars in brightness) demonstrated that first magnitude stars are about 100 times brighter than sixth magnitude stars.

Thus in 1856 Norman Pogson of Oxford proposed that a logarithmic scale of $\sqrt{100|5}$ ≈ 2.512 be adopted between magnitudes, so five magnitude steps corresponded precisely to a factor of 100 in brightness. Every interval of one magnitude equates to a variation in brightness of $\sqrt{100|5}$ or roughly 2.512 times. Consequently, a magnitude 1 star is about 2.5 times brighter than a magnitude 2 star, about 2.52 times brighter than a magnitude 3 star, about 2.53 times brighter than a magnitude 4 star, and so on.

This is the modern magnitude system, which measures the brightness, not the apparent size, of stars. Using this logarithmic scale, it is possible for a star to be brighter than “first class”, so Arcturus or Vega are magnitude 0, and Sirius is magnitude −1.46.

Scale
As mentioned above, the scale appears to work 'in reverse', with objects with a negative magnitude being brighter than those with a positive magnitude. The more negative the value, the brighter the object. Objects appearing farther to the left on this line are brighter, while objects appearing farther to the right are dimmer. Thus zero appears in the middle, with the brightest objects on the far left, and the dimmest objects on the far right.

Apparent and absolute magnitude
Two of the main types of magnitudes distinguished by astronomers are: The difference between these concepts can be seen by comparing two stars. Betelgeuse (apparent magnitude 0.5, absolute magnitude −5.8) appears slightly dimmer in the sky than Alpha Centauri A (apparent magnitude 0.0, absolute magnitude 4.4) even though it emits thousands of times more light, because Betelgeuse is much farther away.
 * Apparent magnitude, the brightness of an object as it appears in the night sky.
 * Absolute magnitude, which measures the luminosity of an object (or reflected light for non-luminous objects like asteroids); it is the object's apparent magnitude as seen from a specific distance, conventionally 10 parsecs (32.6 light years).

Apparent magnitude
Under the modern logarithmic magnitude scale, two objects, one of which is used as a reference or baseline, whose flux (i.e., brightness, a measure of power per unit area) in units such as watts per square metre (W m−2) are $F_{1}$ and $F_{ref}$, will have magnitudes $m_{1}$ and $m_{ref}$ related by

 * $$m_1-m_{\rm ref}=-2.5\log_{10} \left ( \frac{F_1}{F_{\rm ref}} \right ).$$

Astronomers use the term "flux" for what is often called "intensity" in physics, in order to avoid confusion with the specific intensity. Using this formula, the magnitude scale can be extended beyond the ancient magnitude 1–6 range, and it becomes a precise measure of brightness rather than simply a classification system. Astronomers now measure differences as small as one-hundredth of a magnitude. Stars that have magnitudes between 1.5 and 2.5 are called second-magnitude; there are some 20 stars brighter than 1.5, which are first-magnitude stars (see the list of brightest stars). For example, Sirius is magnitude −1.46, Arcturus is −0.04, Aldebaran is 0.85, Spica is 1.04, and Procyon is 0.34. Under the ancient magnitude system, all of these stars might have been classified as "stars of the first magnitude".

Magnitudes can also be calculated for objects far brighter than stars (such as the Sun and Moon), and for objects too faint for the human eye to see (such as Pluto).

Absolute magnitude
Often, only apparent magnitude is mentioned since it can be measured directly. Absolute magnitude can be calculated from apparent magnitude and distance from:
 * $$m - M = 2.5 \log_{10} (d/10)^2 = 5 \left( \log_{10}d - 1 \right)\,,$$

because intensity falls off proportionally to distance squared. This is known as the distance modulus, where $d$ is the distance to the star measured in parsecs, $m$ is the apparent magnitude, and $M$ is the absolute magnitude.

If the line of sight between the object and observer is affected by extinction due to absorption of light by interstellar dust particles, then the object's apparent magnitude will be correspondingly fainter. For $A$ magnitudes of extinction, the relationship between apparent and absolute magnitudes becomes
 * $$m - M = 5 \left( \log_{10}d - 1 \right) + A.$$

Stellar absolute magnitudes are usually designated with a capital M with a subscript to indicate the passband. For example, MV is the magnitude at 10 parsecs in the V passband. A bolometric magnitude (Mbol) is an absolute magnitude adjusted to take account of radiation across all wavelengths; it is typically smaller (i.e. brighter) than an absolute magnitude in a particular passband, especially for very hot or very cool objects. Bolometric magnitudes are formally defined based on stellar luminosity in watts, and are normalised to be approximately equal to MV for yellow stars.

Absolute magnitudes for Solar System objects are frequently quoted based on a distance of 1 AU. These are referred to with a capital H symbol. Since these objects are lit primarily by reflected light from the Sun, an H magnitude is defined as the apparent magnitude of the object at 1 AU from the Sun and 1 AU from the observer.

Examples
The following is a table giving apparent magnitudes for celestial objects and artificial satellites ranging from the Sun to the faintest object visible with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST):

Other scales
Any magnitude systems must be calibrated to define the brightness of magnitude zero. Many magnitude systems, such as the Johnson UBV system, assign the average brightness of several stars to a certain number to by definition, and all other magnitude measurements are compared to that reference point. Other magnitude systems calibrate by measuring energy directly, without a reference point, and these are called "absolute" reference systems. Current absolute reference systems include the AB magnitude system, in which the reference is a source with a constant flux density per unit frequency, and the STMAG system, in which the reference source is instead defined to have constant flux density per unit wavelength.

Decibel
Another logarithmic measure for intensity is the level, in decibel. Although it is more commonly used for sound intensity, it is also used for light intensity. It is a parameter for photomultiplier tubes and similar camera optics for telescopes and microscopes. Each factor of 10 in intensity corresponds to 10 decibels. In particular, a multiplier of 100 in intensity corresponds to an increase of 20 decibels and also corresponds to a decrease in magnitude by 5. Generally, the change in level is related to a change in magnitude by
 * $$\Delta L = -4 \Delta m\,$$ dB

For example, an object that is 1 magnitude larger (fainter) than a reference would produce a signal that is $6.31$ smaller (weaker) than the reference, which might need to be compensated by an increase in the capability of the camera by as many decibels.

title: Magnitude (astronomy)


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Expedition 12

Expedition 12 (2005) was the 12th expedition to the International Space Station, launched from Kazakhstan using the Russian Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft. The crew landed back in Kazakhstan on 8 April 2006 with the addition of the first Brazilian astronaut, Marcos Pontes.

American entrepreneur Gregory Olsen was launched in the Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft and returned with Expedition 11 on Soyuz TMA-6 on 11 October 2005 thereby becoming the third space tourist.

Mission parameters

 * Perigee:
 * Apogee:
 * Inclination: 51.6 degrees
 * Orbital period:

Mission objectives
Station assembly preparations, maintenance and science in microgravity.

Spacewalks
There were two spacewalks outside the ISS during Expedition 12. MacArthur and Tokarev participated in both of them.

EVA 1
The first EVA was on 7 November 2005 for 5 hours and 22 minutes. There were two main objectives, both of which were completed. The first was to install and set up a new camera on the P1 Truss which was later used in the installation of more truss segments. The second was to jettison the Floating Potential Probe which was a failed instrument, designed to measure the station's electrical potential and compare it to the surrounding plasma.

EVA 2
The second spacewalk took place on 3 February 2006 and lasted 5 hours and 43 minutes. The astronauts jettisoned an old Russian Orlan spacesuit, named SuitSat-1, that was equipped with a radio for broadcasts to students around the world. The suit reached the end of its operation life in 2004. They also retrieved the Biorisk experiment, photographed a sensor for a micrometeoroid experiment, and tied off the surviving umbilical of the mobile transporter.

Solar eclipse
On 29 March 2006 a total solar eclipse took place, and the adjacent picture was taken by the Expedition 12 crew. It clearly shows the shadow of the Moon being cast on the Earth.

Concert
While wake-up music is a tradition aboard space shuttle missions, the ISS crew generally use an alarm clock to wake up. Expedition 12 astronauts received a special treat on 3 November 2005 when Paul McCartney performed Good Day Sunshine and English Tea in a first ever concert linkup from the Arrowhead Pond in Anaheim, California on his US tour. The event was broadcast live on NASA TV.

title: Expedition 12


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Decision-matrix method

The decision-matrix method, also Pugh method or Pugh concept selection, invented by Stuart Pugh, is a qualitative technique used to rank the multi-dimensional options of an option set. It is frequently used in engineering for making design decisions but can also be used to rank investment options, vendor options, product options or any other set of multidimensional entities.

Definition
A basic decision matrix consists of establishing a set of criteria and a group of potential candidate designs. One of these is a reference candidate design. The other designs are then compared to this reference design and being ranked as better, worse, or same based on each criterion. The number of times "better" and "worse" appeared for each design is then displayed, but not summed up.

A weighted decision matrix operates in the same way as the basic decision matrix but introduces the concept of weighting the criteria in order of importance. The more important the criterion the higher the weighting it should be given.

Advantages
The advantage of the decision-making matrix is that it encourages self-reflection amongst the members of a design team to analyze each candidate with a minimized bias (for team members can be biased towards certain designs, such as their own). Another advantage of this method is that sensitivity studies can be performed. An example of this might be to see how much your opinion would have to change in order for a lower ranked alternative to outrank a competing alternative.

Disadvantages
However, there are some important disadvantages of the decision-matrix method:
 * The list of criteria options is arbitrary. There is no way to know a priori if the list is complete; it is likely that important criteria are missing.
 * Conversely, it is possible that less important criteria are included, causing decision makers to be distracted and biased in their choice of options.
 * Scoring methods, even with weighting, tend to equalize all the requirements. But a few requirements are "must haves". If enough minor criteria are listed, it is possible for them to add up and select an option that misses a "must have" requirement.
 * The values assigned to each option are guesses, not based on any quantitative measurements. In fact the entire decision matrix can create the impression of being scientific, even though it requires no quantitative measurements of anything at all.

Morphological analysis
Morphological analysis is another form of a decision matrix employing a multi-dimensional configuration space linked by way of logical relationships.

title: Decision-matrix method


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Carrion/Apologies to Insect Life

"Carrion"/"Apologies to Insect Life" is a double A-side single by Sea Power. Both songs feature on their debut album, The Decline of British Sea Power, and this was the first single to be issued after its release. Reaching No. 36 in the UK, the single received rave reviews and was the band's first Top 40 hit. Despite videos being made for both tracks and the nature of the release, most of the airplay and coverage was given to "Carrion", the more pop-oriented song, which is considered by many fans to be one of the band's defining tracks. "Apologies to Insect Life" is far more angular and has obvious post-punk influences. 1,942 copies were issued of the 7", each individually named with a British coastal feature. Two different mixes of both songs appear across the releases. The Commander's Croft version of "Carrion" is the one featured on the album.

Disk 1 (RTRADESCD092)

 * 1) "Carrion (Commander's Croft mix)" (BSP) – 4:04
 * 2) "Apologies to Insect Life" (BSP) – 2:51
 * 3) "Heavenly Waters" (Hamilton/BSP) – 6:36

Disk 2 (RTRADESCD092X)

 * 1) "Carrion (Ridgeway mix)" (BSP) – 4:07
 * 2) "Apologies to Insect Life (Russian Rock demo)" (BSP) – 3:02
 * 3) "Albert's Eyes" (Yan/BSP) – 3:36

7" Vinyl (RTRADES092)

 * 1) "Carrion (Ridgeway mix)" (BSP) – 4:07
 * 2) "Apologies to Insect Life" (BSP) – 2:51

title: Carrion/Apologies to Insect Life


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Raspenava

Raspenava (Raspenau) is a town in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,800 inhabitants.

Etymology
The original German name Raspenau was derived from the personal name Raspe and meant "Raspe's floodplain". The Czech name was created by transliteration of the German one.

Geography
Raspenava is located about 15 km north of Liberec, in a salient region of Frýdlant Hook. It lies mostly in the Frýdlant Hills. The southern part of the municipal territory extends into the Jizera Mountains and includes the highest point of Raspenava, located below the top of the Poledník mountain at 858 m above sea level. The Smědá River flows through the town.

Two thirds of the territory are situated in the Jizerské hory Protected Landscape Area. Half of the Czech part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site named Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe is situated in the southernmost part of the territory of Raspenava.

History
The first written mention of Raspenava is from 1343. The village was located on the left bank of the Smědá River, and there were several small hamlets on the right bank. Raspenava was originally an agricultural village, but its character began to change in the 16th century. In 1512, a hammer mill was built here, and later an ironworks and a lime factory were established.

In 1962, the settlements were merged into the town of Raspenava.

Transport
Raspenava is located on the railway lines heading from Liberec to Jindřichovice pod Smrkem and to Černousy, and is the starting point of a short line of local importance to Bílý Potok.

Sights
The main landmark of Raspenava is the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. It was built in the neo-Baroque style in 1906–1907.

Notable people

 * Heinrich Karl Scholz (1880–1937), Austrian sculptor and medalist

Twin towns – sister cities
Raspenava is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Bischofswerda, Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Gryfów Śląski, Poland

title: Raspenava


text:
User:Randomletters

ahoy, mate

title: User:Randomletters


text:
San Diego mountain kingsnake

The San Diego mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis zonata pulchra) is a subspecies of nonvenomous colubrid snake endemic to Southern California. Its state-level conservation status is "Species of Special Concern".

Description
A medium-sized (53–108 cm total length) snake with a distinctive sequence of red, black, and white rings (tricolor dyads: Savage and Slowinski 1990; these are similar, but yet different from the triads of Zweifel 1952b) in which relatively narrow white rings are always bordered by black rings, and red coloration, which can occur as rings or bands, borders alternate black rings (Zweifel 1952b; pers. observ.). Occasional aberrant patterns can be found in which rings are lacking (see Figure 2 in McGurty 1988). The number of tricolor dyads on the body (except the tail) ranges from 27 to 38, and between 15% and 100% of the red rings between body dyads are complete (Zweifel 1952b). The snout is jet black and the iris is very dark brown (B. McGurty, pers. comm.).

Citations in this page need to be referenced in the Source list below.

Taxonomic remarks
The taxonomic remarks made for Lampropeltis zonata parvirubra also apply to this taxon, namely:

"This taxon has not been reexamined since Zweifel (1952b) described the races of Lampropeltis zonata. Diagnosis of L. zonata parvirubra is problematic because allocation of individuals to this taxon requires using a combination of several characters simultaneously that individually overlap considerably in variation with other races of L. zonata. Biochemical analyses coupled to more extensive morphological analyses are needed to better understand the systematic status of this taxon. Since individuals of L. z. parvirubra are difficult to obtain (captive snakes notwithstanding), novel techniques such as DNA extraction from preserved specimens will almost certainly be needed to help resolve this problem. DNA analysis was performed on this taxon in 1999 (Rodriguez-Robles, Javier, et al. 1999) and the interpretation of the authors suggests that L. z. pulchra and L. z. parvirubra belong within the same subspecies, and merely represent a clinal variation in pattern from south to north within the range. Interpretation of this taxon as a full species (Collins 1991) is unjustified and awaits the aforementioned analyses."

A new multi-locus nuclear phylogenetic assessment in 2013 found multiple species-level taxa between former L. zonata subspecies, suggesting that L. z. pulchra and all other Lampropeltis zonata subspecies south of Monterey Bay be lumped into a separate species, the coast mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis multifasciata) (Myers et al. 2013). As of June 2016, the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles shows the common names to be California Mountain Kingsnake and Coast Mountain Kingsnake.

Distribution
This California endemic occurs in the Santa Monica Mountains (Los Angeles County); Santa Ana Mountains (Orange and Riverside Counties); Santa Rosa Mountains (Riverside County); and Corte Madera, Cuyamaca, Hot Springs, Laguna, and Palomar Mountain (San Diego County)(McGurty 1988; Figure 44). In reality, this snake is probably present on all mountains in San Diego County above 4,000 feet elevation, or which support proper habitat (Hubbs, 2004). Its elevation range extends from near sea level to ca. 1800 m (Palomar Mountain, San Diego County). Two early specimens (SDSNH 9930, USNM 13889) and three post-1960 records (B. McGurty, pers. comm.) from western San Diego County suggest the possibility of native populations of this taxon near the coast. However, the latter records have remained unverified and the former may represent mislabeled specimens or escaped or released pets (B. McGurty, pers. comm.).

Life history
Lampropeltis zonata pulchra is an infrequently observed, secretive, cryptozooic snake, the life history of which is still only partly understood. The San Diego mountain kingsnake typically emerges from overwintering sites in March and may remain near-surface active through November, but it is particularly conspicuous near the surface from roughly mid-March to mid-May (Klauber 1931, McGurty 1988, Hubbs 2004), during which time it is active during the warmer daylight hours (pers. observ.). Later in the season, it may be active after dark, which is probably related to the fact that, like most snakes, it has a relatively low temperature preferendum and a relatively low critical thermal maximum (42.5 °C: data provided for L. zonata, subspecies not specified; Brattstrom 1965). Based on wild-caught captive individuals, mating probably takes place in May and eggs are usually laid in June or early July (McGurty 1988; pers. observ.). Females lay 4-9 moderate-sized (averages 36 mm long x 16 mm wide), bone white, leathery-shelled eggs that if similar to eggs incubated in captivity, require at least 2 months to develop before hatching (McGurty 1988). Hatchlings are usually first observed between late August and early October (pers. observ.). The time required to reach reproductive maturity in the field is unknown, but captive L. z. pulchra required 4–5 years to reach sexual maturity (McGurty 1988). If captive longevity records for other races of this species are any indication (see Bowler 1977), San Diego mountain kingsnakes may be relatively long-lived. Indications exist that L. z. pulchra may be highly philopatric, consistently using local patches of suitable habitat (McGurty 1988), but the movement patterns of this taxon are largely unknown. In most areas this snake is much more extant than previously believed, and not restricted to rock outcrops. It lives underground, and has been found in rock-less areas utilizing stumps, logs, and artificial cover, such as old boards, tins, concrete, asphalt chunks, and even trash. The only ingredients needed to sustain a population of L. z. pulchra are prey and shelter (Hubbs, 2004). This taxon is also probably primarily saurophagous, and only western fence lizards and Western Skinks have been recorded as having been eaten by San Diego mountain kingsnakes, but prey similar to other subspecies of L. zonata are probably also taken (Newton and Smith 1975, McGurty 1988).

Habitat
In the interior mountain ranges, Lampropeltis zonata pulchra occurs primarily in associations of ponderosa, Jeffrey, and Coulter pine, and black oak, and is infrequently found below the coniferous forest associations (Zweifel 1952b, McGurty 1988; pers. observ.), however, the snakes will also follow riparian corridors to lower elevations, such as Oak Grove campground in San Diego County (Hubbs, 2004). At lower elevations and in coastal ranges, it occurs below the edge of mixed oak-coniferous forest in riparian woodlands, usually in canyon bottoms, that have western sycamore (Platanus racemosa), Fremont's cottonwood, coast live oak, willows, wild rose (Rosa spp.), and blackberries. It may be found in narrow riparian woodlands in association with chaparral and coastal sage vegetation types (pers. observ.; see McGurty 1988). Rocks or rocky outcrops appear to be only one element of L. z. pulchra habitat (Hubbs, 2004), probably because they provide suitable refuge sites and they harbor the necessary food resources. Such locations may also provide overwintering sites, however, L. z. pulchra can also be found on chaparral covered hillsides in the Santa Monica Mountains, Santa Ana Mountains, and all other mountainous habitat they occupy, far from any rock. The snakes live underground in all areas, and those lacking rocky cover simply utilize rodent burrows for refuge (Hubbs, 2004).

Status
California state status: "Special Concern"

This snake continues to be highly prized among collectors (S. Barry, R. Fisher, and B. McGurty, pers. comm.) despite prohibitions on collecting or selling it in California (Nicola 1981, California Fish and Game Commission 1990). The only individuals that can be possessed are those that were in possession of their owners prior to when the prohibition on collection regulations were implemented. Currently, this taxon is mentioned for sale in some reptile fancier lists at $250.00 per snake (pers. observ.); such a demand undoubtedly fuels a black market trade for this taxon among collectors. In addition, McGurty (1988) provided data for a single locality in San Diego County suggesting a local decline in L. z. pulchra that he attributes to overcollecting of this taxon. Since no obvious habitat change has occurred at this site (B. McGurty, pers. comm.), the interpretation McGurty provided may be correct. McGurty (1988) also cites the destruction of local habitat by overzealous collectors (the dismantling of outcrops and the shredding of logs and stumps), especially in San Diego County, as reasons for this taxon's decline (see also Newton and Smith 1975). Rock-chipping for this taxon as well as for selected lizards was a problem that was recognized over 15 years ago, and continues to be a problem in certain local areas despite the fact that altering habitat in this way is prohibited under current regulations by both State and Federal land management and resource agencies. Illegal fuelwood harvesting also adds to the problem of habitat alteration (McGurty 1988). While McGurty (1988) pointed out a problem with caprock removal and other forms of "rock-chipping", it is now known that those alterations did not affect the survival of the snakes. Currently, L. z. pulchra continues to be found in those areas of alteration, even utilizing the disturbed rocks, which now lie on the ground and create additional (if different) places for thermo-regulation (Hubbs, 2004). Today, McGurty (pers. comm.) admits that the rocks are not central to the survival of the species, but merely a convenient place for thermo-regulation. When small rock structure is absent, the snakes simply thermo-regulate in burrows or under rocks that are too large to move.

Despite the illegal collection of up to a hundred individuals of this taxon in San Diego County each year, the sheer abundance of this snake in that area (Hubbs, 2004 estimates 15,000 individuals within the favored collecting area alone) and the small number of optimum days for such collection (approximately 10 - 15 per year) has allowed for a continued population to exist and thrive. Those who have monitored the area for over 20 years (since the original commercial collection took place in the 1970s) have seen no significant depletion in snakes, however there has actually been a small increase in numbers (Hubbs, 2004). While certain, easily collected sites exist in San Diego County, the vast majority of this snake's range and habitat are unaffected by collectors due to different habitat makeup (i.e. chaparral, coastal sage, sandstone, oak-woodland, and large riparian zones with little searchable habitat). The current estimate is that nearly 2,000,000 of these snakes exist within all the habitat they occupy in southern California, and in light of the DNA analysis by Rodriguez-Robles (1999) which lumps L. z. pulchra with L. z. parvirubra, the probable population exceeds 5 million snakes. Most of those serpents live within terrain that is roadless and inaccessible to collectors. Therefore, the protection of this taxon based on fears of over-collection is unfounded (Hubbs, 2004). A better system would be to protect the two populations in San Diego County that are at greatest risk from over-collection, or place a small bag-limit on the subspecies and encourage captive-breeding by hobbyists to supply those who wish to own L. z. pulchra. This would remove the need for illegal collection of wild snakes, and quickly reduce the value of the serpents as more and more become available in the form of captive-bred offspring. That program has worked well for the Rosy Boa and California Kingsnake (Hubbs, 2004).

title: San Diego mountain kingsnake


text:
Talk:Nintendogs

Breeds
The article needs the breed info. It is importnat information and some people may search the article to find the breeeds only to see that they are not listed. Mishy dishy 20:08, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I suggest that people go to GameFAQs or one of the many other sites that offer how-to info, because this isn't one of them. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 20:13, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Big Lists
Those lists of dog breeds are taking up a lot of space in the article. May I suggest moving the nine versions (three for each country) to an article such as List of Nintendogs breeds or List of Nintendogs dog breeds ? --gakon5 (talk)

I agree that the lists are taking up too much space but don't think they merit their own article. Could someone put them all into a table? I would but I suck at making tables. --Kevin 10:54, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, if you removed the dog breed list, the whole thing is two short paragraphs about the game, the Record Sales section, and some external links. I'll take a crack at making a dog table, It'd probably look something like this:

heh, lots of spelling errors. Each column is a version, and the bottom part is for the two secret breeds. And the secret breeds part.. I couldn't figure out how to make each one take up half the table. It's real rough; It should also have color, and it should look nice. I don't know much about tables either, edit this one if you please. --gakon5 (talk)

  Improved it a little, still can't sort out those secret dogs though --Kevin 05:20, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and added this table to the main page as it seemed pretty presentable when I was done tinkering. I added a section about unlockable breeds which probably works better than trying to modify the tables to cope with this.  --Kevin 09:22, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Hot Biscuit Mod (I actually found this on a few sites. Might be fake though)
Within a few days of the game's release, rumor has it that someone managed to unlock hidden game content. A Hot Biscuit Mod apparantly does the same to Nintendogs as the Hot Coffee Mod to Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.

Source Mod not real?
 * It's a hoax. This "Hot Biscuit Mod" came from E3, where, through a graphical error, it appeared that Shigeru Miyamoto's Nintendog was being humped by the Nintendog of a G4 employee. - A Link to the Past (talk) 03:13, September 4, 2005 (UTC)

Available Dog Breeds
Does anyone else think the word "get-go" is used way too many times in this section?

 * I agree. I counted "get-go" 4 times in the first 5 sentences of this section. Maxistheman 16:49, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Regardless of etymology, it did sound odd so I fixed it some more. Anyone know whether the game uses its own clock or the clock in the DS? I'm curious, is all. Tzarius 04:30, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I would make an educated guess that it's the DS' clock; changing the DS clock will change Nintendogs', and vice versa. - A Link to the Past (talk) 04:41, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I am bringing the list of dogs back. You can rephrase the section if you don't like it, but don't delete it. They are similar to the characters in other games, and since there is not a List of Nintendogs breeds article, the common reader should have it here. -- ReyBrujo 02:00, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It belongs on Wikibooks. - A Link to the Past (talk) 09:46, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

 * As I stated, Advance Wars: Dual Strike has a list of new COs and their caracteristics. (Note that Nintendogs only names them, doesn't add excessive information like the AW:DS article). Mario Kart DS has a list of playable characters. Final Fantasy VI has a narrative list of characters inside the main article. Street Fighter II has a list of original and new characters in the main article. Why is this article different from the others? The information about the breeds is too small to create its own article, and including them in a Wikibook would make them unavailable for most users. -- ReyBrujo 16:44, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * That argument would work for a strategy guide as well. You can't keep it on Wikipedia just because there's more people to see it. And you can't argue that because one article is overly crufty, another article has the right to be overly crufty as well. Dog breeds are not imperative information, at least not for an encyclopedia. And specifying what dog breeds are initially available in which game is guide content as well. - A Link to the Past (talk) 01:36, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Yikes. What a mess. To start, I'm reverting back to the version with more information instead of less; while I am personally very exclusionist, it's better to have too much information than too little while this is resolved. I trust everyone present not to edit war further.

Right now, I don't think this is an encyclopedic list in this article. It's repeated several times in the article that each version has different breeds. Would a handful of examples in prose form, explaining in general terms the differences between the different versions, be acceptable to you, ReyBrujo? - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 02:33, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * This information is the same reason why we have game guides on Wikibooks. Putting the information here just because Wikipedia is bigger is a poor argument. We link to Wikibooks here. Just include a notice that a list of dog breeds is available on Nintendogs' Wikibooks page. - A Link to the Past (talk) 02:43, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I tried to discuss with A Link to the Past, but he is just too closed minded. With his argument, no game article should have characters because they are all the same, but with different body and statistics. I haven't seen him asking to move the COs to a Wikibook, but instead fought to keep them in their own articles. And when it was not possible, he tried to delete all the articles from FFVI. Once he puts something in his mind, until others tell him he is not completely right, he will continue doing what he wants.
 * I considered having a list with the descriptions of the animals (like Advance Wars: Dual Strike), having a paragraph talking about them (like Final Fantasy VI) or just a list (like Street Fighter II). From these three, I considered the simple list to be the best solution. I even removed all the duplicate wikifications to make it easier to read. If you want to put a prose there, I have no problem, but what would you put inside?
 * My argument: naming which races are the starting ones in each version is needed for anyone who is reading this article. Describing in detail their caracteristics may not be necessary, and could go in a Wikibook or in another article. -- ReyBrujo 03:47, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * What appears to be arbitrary conduct on the part of ALttP is rather a recent change of heart, but his conduct is not the issue here.
 * Why does this article need to list all of the starting dogs, given that the differences are merely superficial? I am willing to be convinced, but I don't immediately see the logic behind the dogs = characters analogy. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 03:51, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The main focus of the game is the dog. Each cartridge has 18 races, maybe more. If you don't want to think them about characters, maybe you could think they are similar to AW: DS units, because you use them in order to gain game advantages. Doesn't the article need the names of the races that are available in the game? Again, with the "differences are merely superficial" makes no sense. Anyone with a background in programming knows that, no matter the game, characters or units "differences are merely superficial". -- ReyBrujo 04:30, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Games are not merely programming constructs, and this article is about an art object non-technical sorts play with, not a programming construct.
 * ALttP's current contention is that the breeds of dog are more like skins or in-game objects than characters and I'm inclined to agree. Quake III Arena doesn't list all of the character skins, nor should it; the only people who would possibly be interested are ones who already have access to the primary source.
 * That said, I'd prefer some compromise language; it's important to note that the different versions of the game have specific different breeds, but I'm wholly unhappy with listing them, especially since it's not a difference in content but merely a difference in initially available content. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 04:47, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Is the Jack Russel Terrier a dog breed in Nintendogs, or are people making this up?I have been playing the game for three months and no sign of a Jack Russel Book, yet I have a Fireman's Hat (and with it, a Dalmation).

 * Strange.I've never seen get-go used once in this article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.133.193.225 (talk • contribs).

Except for the hidden breeds (one in the Japanese release, two in other releases), all of the breeds are available in at least one version of the game, and in each game the breeds not initially available can be unlocked by "doing bark mode" also known as linking with a different version of Nintendogs. All of the breeds (in the game?) are available (in what fashion? To possess?) except for the "hidden" breeds. This is the first time hidden breeds is mentioned in the article, so in what way are they hidden, in what way are they unavailable? Hackwrench 16:54, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Possible compromise language
Something along these lines is what I was proposing as a prose replacement. Italic text is pre-existing text, added to establish placement.

... Once the player comes to a final decision, the dog is taken home, and the player is allowed to name his or her new pet. The different versions of Nintendogs have different breeds initially available to the player; for example, in the American/European version of Dachsund & Friends, the Beagle, Golden Retriever, Miniature Dachshund, Pug, Shih Tzu, and Siberian Husky are available from the start. (The Japanese versions have slightly different selections; for example, the Japanese Dachsund & Friends has the Miniature Schnauzer and Yorkshire Terrier instead of the Beagle and Shih Tzu.) Except for the hidden breeds Robopuppy and Dogotron, all of the breeds are available in at least one version of the game, and in each game the breeds not initially available can be unlocked by earning points or by linking with a different version of Nintendogs. As the player accumulates funds throughout the game, more dogs may be purchased from the kennel....

The last paragraph under the Available Dog Breeds header would be removed, along with the lists, in lieu of this language. (Obviously, Robopuppy and Dogotron would need to be replaced with the actual hidden breeds, which I've forgotten.) - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 04:47, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * That is better than having none at all indeed, and I agree with it. However, I am forced to point that you are adding noise and removing information for the sake of converting a list into a paragraph. Which does not mean I don't agree; I work with low-level programming languages and are used to give as much information with as little noise as possible ;-) -- ReyBrujo 05:04, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, if you have no objection, I'll insert it.
 * Personally, I prefer summary to laundry-lists of facts; somehow, it feels more encyclopedic. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 05:20, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Robopuppy? Dogotron? Huh? What are they, and how are they obtained? I looked on GameFAQs, but got nothing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.127.11.233 (talk) 21:44, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

 * That would be because A Man In Black used those as examples. There is no Robopuppy OR Dogotron.RedZionX 03:02, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

"Walkthrough" section
Does this sort of content really belong on Wikipedia? This seems like the sort of content that belongs on websites such as GameFAQs. I do appreciate 24.236.118.111's wish to help, however. Maxistheman 00:53, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * A wikibook is the best place for such information. -- ReyBrujo 20:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Nintendogs: Holiday Edition
Should Nintendogs: Holiday Edition really be its own article? I think it should be merged into Nintendogs, since so little is currently known about it. When more information about Nintendogs: Holiday Edition is known, it may warrant its own article. Maxistheman 02:57, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Since Nintendogs Best Friends Edition (or holiday edition, as it was once called,) is now out, is there any more info? 11/22/0571.80.0.26 16:46, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Nintendogs or nintendogs?
According to japanese wikipedia page correct title is "nintendogs" and not "Nintendogs". The official japanese nintendogs page also spells the title with only small letters, and the title on the six cover images in the article also is spelled with small 'n'.

 * The official US Nintendo website capitalizes it: In the middle of Japanese text you can get away with lowercase proper nouns, since roman type "jumps out". In the middle of English text capitalizing proper nouns is expected and not capitalizing them slows down reading and looks sloppy. Aapo Laitinen 13:48, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Too bad the best we can do is insert the Template:Lowercase if it was true that Nintendogs needs to be lowercased. Hbdragon88 06:51, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I agree, it should be merged On the US website it is spelled like this: nintendogs. OK? 68.76.120.240 19:50, 8 October 2007 (UTC)Kinz

Gallery
Is it really necessary that both Japanese? and English versions of the boxes are shown? Lochok 05:06, 6 December 2005 (UTC) I checked my Nintendogs game, and it's spelled like this: nintendogs 68.76.120.240 22:09, 7 October 2007 (UTC)Kinz
 * Yes —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Zeldamaster3 (talk • contribs).

 * Actually, not really. -- ReyBrujo 16:37, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Sequels???
Do you think we could see a sequel soon? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.133.193.225 (talk • contribs).

 * Nintendo sent a questionary to all those who have registered the game, asking about 60 questions. The questions included things like what would you like to see, if you would like to see the puppies grow, more items, etc, etc. Nintendo developers also suggested about a similar game with cats. So, yes, it is likely. But soon? Don't think so. -- ReyBrujo 22:23, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It's also possible that Nintendo will make an expansion pack. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.133.193.225 (talk • contribs).

Well, from my POV, it makes more sense to keep adding on the series. Gamefreak didn't stop making Pokemon games after Red & Blue Version had about the level of success as Nintendogs, among other examples, so if Nintendo is smart... Crowstar  Vaseline-on-the-lens-Jitsu!fwends! 12:06, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Nintendogs is still selling, though. - A Link to the Past (talk) 14:36, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Puppy Times? Fun Times!
An anonymous edit claims that the former US name of the game was ''Puppy Times? Fun Times! rather than just Puppy Times''. A google search for the latter yields a lot of hits, while the former brings up nothing relevant. I am reverting the edit since it seems like vandalism. If it is not, please provide a reference.

Lab & Friends
Shouldn't references to this version be shortened to "Lab & Friends" instead of Labrador? The box says "Lab" and Nintendo calls it "Lab". TJ Spyke 23:43, 31 May 2006 (UTC) It should be shortened to Lab and Friends, but that would be non-encyclopedic. 68.76.120.240 17:08, 7 October 2007 (UTC)Kinz Even Plankton calls it a Lab. 68.76.120.240 21:59, 7 October 2007 (UTC)Kinz

Citation
"It began as a project for the Nintendo 64 then moved to the GameCube, but was later scrapped and re-worked for the dual-screen portable.[citation needed] "

Could not find it. I checked gamespot.com and ign.com but couldn't find any thing for this (It began as a project for the Nintendo 64 then moved to the GameCube, but was later scrapped and re-worked for the dual-screen portable.[citation needed]) I just search gamefaqs.com they had nothing. If someone finds it please post the link in the article —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Spareus151 (talk • contribs).

Confusion over breeds
Sorry to ask this, but I can't quite grasp this from the article. Please feel free to call me silly and delete this comment when you can answer it. But here goes: If I was to buy, for example, the Dalmation version of the game, would it be possible (be it through unlocking, etc) to have all the other types of dogs available WITHOUT having to buy the other versions? E.g If I want a Chihuahua but have the Dalmation version, would I have to buy both versions?

Ta

 * Yes, all the games have the 18 dogs. The Dalmatian is hidden in the previous three games (you need a special item to discover it), but is available in the Dalmatian version from the beginning. -- ReyBrujo 01:10, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Famitsu!
One of only 6 games to ever receive a perfect score from Famitsu! That's pretty sad, when you think about it. Do you know how many games it beat out?! I'm going to edit this article to focus a bit more on that fact. - Darkhawk

Miscategorized?
Well, I was going around on wikipedia and noticed that nintendogs are put in the category of "Super Smash Bros. Items." Nintendogs are NOT in Super Smash Bros. at ALL, so I just want to bring this to your attention. Thank you.

24.241.16.130 20:57, 26 February 2007 (UTC)maxrip (I forget if I had an account or what my password may have been)
 * Apparently there is an item in Super Smash Bros Brawl that allows to call for Nintendogs. This is supported by a video, but no other reference other than that. -- ReyBrujo 04:05, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Nintendogslogo.JPG
Image:Nintendogslogo.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:04, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Availible Breeds in 'Lab and Friends'
What breeds are availible in the lab and friends edition (for US) without using bark mode? (Other than the Labrador Retriver, Schnauzer, Toy Poodle, Shiba Inu, Corgi and the Miniature Pinscher) Teak the Kiwi 17:49, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * All of them. As your trainer points increase, every 2000 points you'll get a new dog to pick from. Red  Zion X 13:31, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Difficulty of Game
I think the game will be very easy once I get a version of the game. Even when I start to know how to collect money in the game. It should be very easy if I start out with an easy to train dog. Iv'e been doing good.66.72.160.86 15:36, 11 July 2007 (UTC) GameMania

And this matters why? Red Zion X 13:31, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Ideas for boxarts

 * 1) Put the logo in the infobox and have all five images in a gallery at the bottom
 * 2) Put the latest image - Dalmatian - in the lead, and the other four in the gallery at the bottom
 * 3) Only use the Dalmatian box art, as it's the most recent one

How do they sound? - A Link to the Past (talk) 02:07, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * We shouldn't be using multiple fair use images to illustrate the same thing. Unless there is an encyclopedic discussion of the various box art, just the current image should be included. -- MisterHand  (Talk to the Hand|Contribs) 13:47, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Siberian Husky, Otherwise Known As Husky
On the available breeds for each game chart, Siberian Husky is only listed in Daschund. I own Chihuahua and I own a Siberian Husky in the game. I tried changing it, but it got erased. How is this possible? 71.170.155.221 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.170.155.221 (talk) 21:46, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * That list states the default dogs for the various versions of the game. The fact that Husky is only listed under Dachshund and Friends means that that is one of the six dogs available at the start in that version. It does not mean that the Husky is only available in the Dachshund version.RedZionX 23:29, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Daxen and Friends
Kids are saying that there will be a version of Nintendogs called Daxen and Friends with a virtual daxen in it. Can anyone confirm this? 68.76.120.240 17:21, 6 October 2007 (UTC)Kinz
 * There is no such version, and no additional versions have been announced. - A Link to the Past (talk) 21:23, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Shiba Inu
I unlocked the Shiba Inu in my Kennel by a Japanese Print Collar. 68.76.120.240 22:22, 7 October 2007 (UTC)Kinz

You have Dalmatian and friends, correct? It unlocks it so Dalmatian and friends has 2 unlockable breeds, with the dalmatian being a starter dog, they replaced it with the Shiba Inu as an unlockable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.127.11.233 (talk) 08:41, 11 November 2007 (UTC) The only Nintendogs game I have is Dalmatian and Friends. 65.43.178.200 22:49, 13 November 2007 (UTC)Kinz

Nintendog or dog?
Should the dogs in the game be refered(sp?) to as nintendogs, or dogs, or what? Just wondering. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.127.11.233 (talk) 20:40, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

In the article? Probably dogs, or virtual dogs. Nintendogs is the title, not a noun used for general editting. RedZionX 21:57, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Tone
I was reading through the article, and finally decided to put a Tone tag on. Some issues I ran across include widespread tense problems, such as "The zones are marked by the different colors on the field. The five zones provide you with points as odd numbers: 1-9, and 1 bonus point if your dog jumped to make a catch. You will have 60 seconds to get as many points as possible", in which tense changes three times in a row, and general other problems with parts sounding unencyclopedic, such as, "You'll have to think and memorise your map, but it is worth it!". RedZionX 23:25, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

I finally rewrote most of the gameplay section, but if somebody could help out with other parts, that would be great. RedZionX (talk) 15:12, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

If nobody objects, I'll be whacking the Tone tag now...don't think we need it anymore. RedZionX 13:53, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

WP:VG assessment
Though a solid article, this is still Start-Class in my books, though it wouldn't be impossible to get this article to B-class. Here are some ideas to get you there: So to get this article from Start- to B-class, you'll need to sort out the Gameplay section, get some more screenshots, sorting out a couple of other sections (reception, development). If you address all of the issues listed above you'll be very close to GA. Hope this helps, Una LagunaTalk 08:26, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The main reason for not promoting the article is the length of the gameplay-related sections: this article goes into too much depth and reads too much like a game guide. Dead giveaways are listing the types of food you can give your dog, describing which buttons should be pressed to go for a walk and subsections for each of the contests. Remove information which isn't useful to someone who doesn't intend to play the game. Unless there's a particularly unusual aspect of the game (such as the celestial brush in Okami), you won't need to use subsections for the gameplay section. For example, you can remove the table of dog breeds as the important information (the fact that you can choose from one of five or six different breeds) is in the text. A similar list present in the Versions section can also be deleted. The Contest subsection could be summarised by saying that the main source of income is from contests, that there are three of them and that if the player does well enough only then can they access the next difficulty level.
 * There aren't many wikilinks in the Gameplay section, either.
 * This article needs more citations - WP:CITE. I'd suggest using the relevant template which in most cases will be - see WP:CITET. Given the age of the game, this should be easy. Have a look at sites such as IGN and GameSpot for information on the game's development. If you're stuck for references for the Gameplay section, remember that you can use reviews.
 * Usually sales information is found in a subsection under the Reception section. The current Reception section requires an overhaul. Have a look at some of the articles at WP:VG to see how to write this section. The first thing you can do is merge the list of awards and recognitions into one, possibly two, paragraphs, as regular paragraphed prose is preferred over lists wherever possible.
 * Also, the current content of the Sales section is in a set of very short one- and two-sentence long paragraph. Try to merge these paragraphs together, as the choppiness hurts the prose.
 * Is there a story in this game? If so, it would be wise to summarise it in a Story section.
 * Development sections are a staple of video game articles. Again, have a look at WP:VG to see what to do.
 * This article could do with some more screenshots showing different aspects of the game. Any new and current screenshots/box art used in this article will require fair use rationales.

 * Thanks much. I'll get to work on it. Red  Zion X 19:54, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Screenshots
I can manage most of the text-based work, but I can't obtain images to use in the article. If anybody would like to help the development of this article by adding in some screenshots, it would be greatly appreciated. Some images which would be helpful:

 * Walking the dog.

 * Some type of contest, agility would probably be the best.

 * Bark mode

That would flesh it out a great deal, since it currently only has two images; the dog being pet, and the box art. Red Zion X 02:35, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Assist Trophy
Why is their no mention of the Nintendog's appearance in Brawl? -Sukecchi (talk) 00:10, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Because it's trivia. - A Link to the Past (talk) 18:24, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I saw a TV advertisement for Brawl and a nintendog had its paws on the screen. It barked, then disappeared, revealing the Brawl advert. Wikiert (talk) 14:35, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Dogs Trust
In the UK Nintendo teamed up with the animal shelter and rehoming charity dogs trust for some versions of Nintendogs. 217.205.224.155 (talk) 14:54, 20 February 2008 (UTC) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogs_Trust —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.205.224.155 (talk) 14:55, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Anybody think that this is fairly ready to get another assessment?
It's been a while since the last VG assessment, and I think that it's nearly time for another (and hopefully a graduation from start-class). If anybody has suggestions, oppositions, or otherwise...? Fusion Mix  17:18, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Needs more sources that aren't Reception. - A Link to the Past (talk) 18:01, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Looking up at the assessment I wrote, none of the point seem to have been fulfilled to the extent that the article is now B-class. An additional point is that the current format of the Synopsis section is rather unhelpful. There's no need for all those subsections - just stick all that information under the heading "Setting" (rather than "Synopsis"). Una LagunaTalk 18:13, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * That's fairly manageable. Fusion  Mix  19:15, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Sales
Just wondering, would it be appropriate to label this as the best-selling video game of its generation? Because, it really is. Even Wii Sports, with bundled sales included, has sold less. - A Link to the Past (talk) 06:04, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Starting Breeds
Here's a list of the starting breeds, I think it would be relevant for them to be on the main page as it took me a while to find them, if not can they stay on this dicussion page so other's can see the information:

 * Dachshund and Friends: Dachshund, Beagle, Husky, Pug, Shih Tzu, Golden Retriever,
 * Lab and Friends: Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Toy Poodle, Labrador Retriever,  Miniature Pinscher, Shiba Inu.
 * Chihuahua and Friends: Chihuahua, German Shepherd, Boxer, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Yorkshire Terrier, Shetland Sheepdog,
 * Dalmatian and Friends:  Dalmatian, Golden Retriever,  Yorkshire Terrier,  Beagle,  Boxer, German Shepherd,  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.240.217.122 (talk) 20:14, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

 * If players need to know this information, they can look for an online strategy guide. This information isn't necessary. Thanks for offering, though :). Fusion  Mix  20:02, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

[Citation Needed]
Holy crap,... you just cannot read this article normally... all you read is [citation needed]. Can some please add some citations,...??

It can't be that hard to find some web site with anything as little as a review and get most of the s out of the way? If I have time I will look into it myself  or the day after.

--t0maz (talk) 22:27, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Looks like we had an extremeist WikiImp in :) YOWUZA  Talk 2 me! 18:38, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
 * [Who just so happened to be the one who also added other refs to the article and cleaned up a great deal of it] - A Link to the Past (talk) 22:42, 11 November 2008 (UTC)`
 * I have recommended that T0maz add the WikiImp User box. Wikiert (talk) 20:25, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I think that YOWUZA was accusing the user who added the citations in the first place to the article of being a WikiImp (AKA me) rather than t0maz. Though I do find it funny that he hasn't edited Wikipedia since he proposed that he would do some work on the article. - A Link to the Past (talk) 20:44, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I was only joking... -- YOWUZA Talk 2 me! 12:21, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

Legacy section
Written under the "Legacy" section are things that really don't pertain to the legacy of Nintendogs at all. Does having a trading card and plush toy line really add to one's legacy? I think the section needs to be rewritten.67.236.93.168 (talk) 14:47, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

Nintendogs Item List
Hello. I was just wondering which game you find the UFO on. I have found all the items except the UFO. So please reply and tell me which game to find it on. Thanks so much for your help. =0 Puffy Puffy —Preceding unsigned comment added by Puffy Puffy (talk • contribs) 04:17, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Release Date Update
This game is released in China at December 19, 2009. But I cannot add this new release date into the article, because the template used in this article doesn't support country China.. So could anyone please update the template then we can add this new release date? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.212.130.254 (talk) 05:15, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Posting here in part because it may be considered iffy and also because I don't feel like adding it right now.
- The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 20:03, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Article
Don't forget Spyro (owned by caraparkid). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.3.193.80 (talk) 22:23, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Recent edits
I've just removed a handful of sections which were not appropriate for Wikipedia as per WikiProject Video games/Article guidelines. Miyagawa  (talk)  23:41, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Nintendogs


text:
Vernon Rudolph

Vernon Carver Rudolph (June 30, 1915 – August 16, 1973) was an American businessman who founded Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc.

Early life
Vernon Carver Rudolph was born in Marshall County, Kentucky. He was the oldest of four children born to Plumie and Rethie Rudolph. His siblings included Lewis Rudolph, who would later help found Krispy Kreme. As he grew older, Vernon Rudolph began to help in the general store that his uncle owned.

Career
When he graduated high school, he went to Paducah, Kentucky, with his uncle. In 1933, Rudolph's uncle bought a doughnut shop and recipe for yeast-raised donuts from a French federal employee and chef named Joe LeBeau. This all occurred during the middle of the Great Depression, so they moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to see if they could get better business there and secure their financial future. Things did not work out for them in Nashville, so they moved back to Kentucky where Rudolph's uncle sold his business to his brother, Rudolph's father. His son, Lewis, started working for the shop. In 1936. his father opened another shop in Charleston, West Virginia, and a few years later, a third shop in Atlanta, Georgia.

In the summer of 1937, determined to own his own Krispy Kreme shop, Rudolph decided to move to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, rented a building across from Salem College and Academy, and on July 13, 1937, using the original Krispy Kreme recipe, opened his shop. His first customers were local grocery stores, but people began to stop by the store asking if they could buy hot doughnuts. In the 1940s, he sold franchises and in 1947, he founded the Krispy Kreme Corporation, becoming Chairman and President.

Personal life
In 1939, he married Ruth Ayers, who was from Atlanta, Georgia. They adopted a baby girl, Patricia Ann, in 1943. In 1944, his wife died in a car accident in Orangeburg, South Carolina. In 1946, he remarried to Lorraine Flynt of Winston-Salem, NC. They had four children, Vernon Carver Jr., Sanford, Curtis, and Beverly.

Death
Rudolph died on August 17, 1973, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina at the age of 58.

title: Vernon Rudolph


text:
User talk:Frugby

Please refrain from undoing other people's edits repeatedly. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia under the three-revert rule, which states that nobody may revert an article to a previous version more than three times in 24 hours. (Note: this also means editing the page to reinsert an old edit. If the effect of your actions is to revert back, it qualifies as a revert.) Thank you. Gamaliel 22:55, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * templates substituted by a bot as per Template substitution Pegasusbot 04:35, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

YOUR BOTH WRONG!
chelmsford, essex is where its at im afraid! tut tut a game of frugby (no frisbees, i agree with the scots that just PATHETIC), should be organised in a triple threat format for the rights to claim the true origin and birth of frugby. all in favour say 'I' —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 217.44.136.180 (talk) 15:15, 5 May 2007 (UTC).

Mr Frugby says
Keep the bastarding hell out of my user page. Its mine, not yours, therefore i win. I am god here (and most other places), so what i say goes

GTFO
No. you lie. Frisbee? This isnt gay camp.

Frugby=Football+rugby+fighting. F is for fighting not "frisbee" or should that be "frisgay"....

A broken nose sounds bad ladies, did the frisbee hit it too hard? lovin those school uniforms aswell!

title: User talk:Frugby


text:
File:Carrioncover.jpg

Fair use rationale for use in Carrion/Apologies to Insect Life
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because: Strangerer (Talk) 09:32, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of an album cover.
 * 2) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 3) The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original album.
 * 4) It illustrates educational articles about the album from which the cover illustration was taken.
 * 5) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of topics in the article.
 * 6) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.

title: File:Carrioncover.jpg


text:
Île des Sœurs (disambiguation)

Île des Sœurs (lit. 'Island of Sisters') may refer to:

Canada
Several Quebec islands are named Île des Sœurs (lit., "nuns' island").

 * Nuns' Island, an island in the Saint Lawrence River, part of the city of Montreal
 * Île des Sœurs (Salaberry-de-Valleyfield), a former island in the Saint Lawrence River now linked to Île Papineau in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec
 * Île des Sœurs (Sherbrooke), located in Sherbrooke, Quebec
 * Île des Sœurs (Saint-Anicet), located in Saint-Anicet, Quebec
 * Île des Sœurs (Duhamel-Ouest), located in Duhamel-Ouest, Quebec

title: Île des Sœurs (disambiguation)