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Rangatira

In Māori culture, rangatira are tribal chiefs, the leaders (often hereditary ) of a hapū (subtribe or clan). Ideally, rangatira were people of great practical wisdom who held authority (mana) on behalf of the tribe and maintained boundaries between a tribe's land (rohe) and that of other tribes. Changes to land-ownership laws in the 19th century, particularly the individualisation of land title, undermined the power of rangatira, as did the widespread loss of land under the Euro-settler-oriented government of the Colony of New Zealand from 1841 onwards. The concepts of rangatira and rangatiratanga (chieftainship), however, remain strong, and a return to rangatiratanga and the uplifting of Māori by the rangatiratanga system has been widely advocated for since the Māori renaissance began c. 1970. Moana Jackson, Ranginui Walker and Tipene O'Regan figure among the most notable of these advocates.

The concept of a rangatira is central to rangatiratanga—a Māori system of governance, self-determination and sovereignty.

Etymology
The word rangatira means "chief (male or female), wellborn, noble" and derives from Proto-Central Eastern Polynesian *langatila ("chief of secondary status"). Cognate words are found in Moriori, Tahitian, Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan, Marquesan and Hawaiian.

Interpretations
Three interpretations of rangatira consider it as a compound of the Māori words "ranga" and "tira". In the first case, "ranga" is devised as a sandbar and the "tira" a shark fin. The allegoric sandbar helps reduce erosion of the dune (or people). The fin reflects both the appearance of the sandbar, and, more importantly, "its physical and intentional dominance as guardian". Rangatira reinforce communities, cease to exist without them ("for what is a sandbar without sand?"), and have a protective capacity.

Ethnographer John White (1826-1891) gave a different viewpoint in one of his lectures on Māori customs. He said Māori had traditionally formed two kahui who came together to discuss history or whakapapa.
 * "Each chief in the kahui had his place assigned to him, according to the amount of knowledge he possessed; and this place was given to him by the leader of the kahui of which he was a member. This act of the leader was called ranga, or putting in order. The people, as they came to the temple in a body, were called tira, or company; and as the leader had to assign, or ranga, a place to each of his tira, he was called the rangatira, from which we derive our word in Maori for chief, rangatira."

This interpretation fits well with a second translation where "ranga" is an abbreviation of rāranga (or weaving) and "tira" signifies a group.

A third interpretation fits equally well with this translation, interlinking concepts related to the identity of the ‘tira’. In the first instance, the conditional hospitality  presented in the form of weaving created for the ‘tira’ of guests. In the second instance, the collective intentionality "enacted in the weaving" of the ‘tira’ of hosts. Together, these concepts highlight the value attached to the "personal relationship" between the leader and their group. This type of relationship is similar to the mahara atawhai (endearment or "benevolent concern") offered in the Treaty of Waitangi’s preamble by Queen Victoria, reflecting the pre-nineteenth century "personal bond between the ruler and subject".

title: Rangatira


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HMS Royal George (1809)

HMS Royal George was a British 20-gun wooden sloop of the Provincial Marine, and subsequently, the Royal Navy, operating on Lake Ontario during the War of 1812. The vessel took part in several Engagements on Lake Ontario and was the flagship of the Provincial Marine at the First Battle of Sackett's Harbor. In 1814, the vessel was renamed Niagara. Following the war, the sloop was converted to a transport and sold in 1837.

Description
Royal George was designed by Master Shipwright John Dennis of the Provincial Marine. The vessel measured 330 $20/94$ tons burthen and was 96 ft long at the gundeck and 81 ft at the keel. The sloop had a beam of 27 ft and a draught of 11 ft. The vessel was quantified a "ship corvette, square-rigged with a flush upper deck."

Royal George was initially armed with twenty 32 pdr carronades. In early 1813, two of the carronades were replaced with two 9 pdr guns. Later that year two more 32-pounder carronades were replaced with two 68 pdr carronades and the 9-pounder guns replaced with 18 pdr guns. By 1814, the vessel's armament was eighteen 32-pounder carronades, two 18-pounder guns and one 24 pdr gun. By 1815 Royal George was armed with eight 24-pounder guns, two 12 pdr guns and ten 24-pounder carronades. The initial complement was 95, by 1830, it had grown to 175.

Service history
In 1808, the British learned that the United States was constructing the brig USS Oneida (1809) at Oswego, New York. Their response was to order the construction of a warship that could match the capabilities of the American ship. The vessel's keel was laid down at the Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard in Kingston, Upper Canada in February 1809 and launched in July 1809. Royal George remained in a non-commissioned state until 1811 after the American embargo on Great Britain was lifted. The vessel entered service only after the Americans began to ready themselves for war. In 1811, the Provincial Marine underwent a review by Major General Isaac Brock and command of the force was given to Lieutenant Hugh Earl, who was promoted to Master and Commander of Royal George, now the flagship of the Provincial Marine.

The War of 1812 began in July of that year and at the outset of the war, the British fleet on Lake Ontario was more powerful than their American foe. On 19 July, Royal George, Earl of Moira, Prince Regent and HMS Duke of Gloucester (1807) and a fifth unnamed ship, appeared off Sackett's Harbor, New York intent on battling with Oneida. At 06:00 Oneida sailed out intending to separate the British fleet into groups, but the British kept together and Oneida returned to port. There it anchored near the naval yard. Royal George, Moira and Prince Regent then sailed into the bay. The wind faltered during the British fleet's approach, allowing time for the carronades aboard Oneida to be carried ashore and mounted in the fortifications. As the British approached, the Americans began firing, claiming to have hulled Royal George several times. The British broke off their attack and retreated from the First Battle of Sacket's Harbor. For the rest of the summer and autumn of 1812, Royal George would primarily be used as a transport service for men and ammunition for the British Army.

On 1 October, Earl in Royal George anchored off the Genesee River and sent an armed party ashore to Charlotte, New York. The 80 armed men seized the dismantled sloop Lady Murray and a revenue cutter. Departing that day, they returned on 2 October to demand the rigging and masts for the sloop. At the time of the raid, Royal George was crewed by fifty members of the Provincial Marine with 64 members of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment augmenting them. This was the only success during the Engagements on Lake Ontario that took place while the British fleet was under the sole command of the Provincial Marine.

Flight of Royal George
In November 1812, Royal George was the largest warship on the lake, operating under the command of Hugh Earl (or "Earle"). On 9 November 1812, an American fleet of seven vessels under the command of Commodore Isaac Chauncey surprised Royal George as the sloop passed near the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario. Royal George eluded the American vessels by slipping into the North Channel between Amherst Island and the mainland as night fell, making her way into the safety of her home harbour at Kingston by 02:00.

The following morning, 10 November, the American fleet resumed the pursuit, burning a small commercial vessel near Bath and proceeding along the shore. As they approached Kingston, they came under fire from shore batteries. Chauncey directed his vessel, Oneida and the rest of the American squadron to bombard and attempt to seize Royal George within Kingston's harbour. Artillery fire from the shore batteries along the shoreline, including two batteries on Point Henry, attempted to prevent them from closing on the British vessel. Round shot from the American vessels penetrated into the town but they were unable to capture Royal George, which had retreated further into the harbour around 16:00. At the end of the day, they anchored out of sight of Kingston, intending to resume their attack the next day. However, an approaching storm caused Chauncey to withdraw to the American base at Sacketts Harbor without seizing their prize. One sailor was killed aboard Royal George, but little damage had been done to the ship beyond torn up rigging.

This would be the only American attack on Kingston during the War of 1812 as more personnel were sent to this important military and naval centre and strong fortifications were built on Point Henry to defend the dockyards. It was the only time that shots were fired from Point Henry in its history.

Arrival of Commodore Yeo
During the winter of 1812–1813, the condition of Royal George deteriorated and during an inspection, the vessel was found to be "filthy and disorganized." In November Chauncey ordered the blockade of Kingston by gunboats which prevented Royal George and the rest of the British squadron from resupplying garrisons on the Niagara Peninsula. In May 1813, Commander Robert Barclay arrived to take command of the Lake Ontario squadron, replacing Earl who was made supervisor of the naval arsenal. Barclay's posting was temporary as Captain Sir James Lucas Yeo had been named to take command of the naval forces on the Great Lakes, and given the flag rank of commodore. Yeo arrived at Kingston on 16 May 1813, with Barclay departing to command the squadron on Lake Erie. The commands of the ships were shuffled, and Commander William Mulcaster was given command of Royal George, which was now manned by mostly Royal Navy personnel. The remaining Provincial Marine personnel were scattered throughout the squadron.

On 27 May, Royal George was part of the squadron that set out to attack Sacketts Harbor with elements of British infantry. The squadron arrived on 28 May and promptly captured 115 American troops transiting the lake. Though Royal George did not directly participate in the following battle, the British managed to succeed in half of their objectives, destroying the American shipyard. Following this, the British withdrew into the lake. On 3 June, the squadron departed Kingston to resupply General John Vincent's forces in the Burlington Heights area. After anchoring overnight at York, Upper Canada, Yeo's force spotted a large American encampment near Forty Mile Creek. Yeo then ordered Beresford and Royal George to bombard the camp while the rest of the squadron resupplied Vincent. Confronted by Vincent's advancing force and Yeo's bombarding ships, the Americans withdrew quickly to Fort George. The squadron remained off Forty Mile Creek until 11 June and then set sail along the southern shore of Lake Ontario, trading fire with the fortifications at Fort Oswego and raiding Sodus. The squadron returned to Kingston on 26 June, transporting some of the Americans captured at the Battle of Beaver Dams.

The squadron returned to Lake Ontario on 31 July. On 6 August, Royal George's main powder magazine was flooded after the vessel sprang a leak. The sloop's store of powder was ruined and was only replenished from the other vessels of the squadron. However, the location of the leak was not found, with the pumps manned at all hours. The American squadron was spotted off Niagara River on 7 August at 04:30. Sailing southwest, the firing began at 07:30, but Chauncey turned east to keep his squadron under the protection of American shore batteries. In response, Yeo turned north, ending the engagement. On 10 August, the two squadrons came together again and Royal George, along with HMS Wolfe (1813) and HMS Lord Melville (1813), forced the surrender of two American schooners, USS Julia (1812) and USS Growler (1812 schooner). Following the engagement, the British squadron anchored at York on 11 August. There, Royal George's leak was found and repaired. The squadron departed on 13 August for Fort Niagara before heading for Kingston, arriving on 19 August.

On 24 August, Yeo's squadron sailed again. They met the American squadron off the Genesee River on 11 September. Firing began at 14:30. Royal George and Lord Melville were the two British ships closest to the American battle line and suffered torn sails and rigging. Between the two vessels, they endured four killed and five wounded. At 16:00 the British retreated. Royal George was tasked with taking the schooner Hamilton under tow as Hamilton could not keep up with the rest of the squadron. The British returned to Kingston on 12 September. During the dockside period, Royal George received its circle-mounted 24-pounder long gun.

Yeo and his squadron departed Kingston on 19 September, anchoring in Burlington Bay on 26 September. In what would become known as the "Burlington Races", Yeo engaged the Americans on 28 September. Trading shots with the American vessel USS General Pike (1813), the British squadron's flagship Wolfe was crippled when the vessel's main topmast was brought down. Mulcaster placed Royal George between the two vessels, allowing Wolfe time to fix the problem. Royal George exchanged broadsides with General Pike, later joined by Lord Melville and Earl of Moira, forcing General Pike to turn away. Unable to fight aboard Wolfe, Yeo retreated to his anchorage in Burlington Bay, followed by the rest of the squadron. Once there, Royal George lost its foretopmast as it came into the anchorage. Once repairs were complete, the squadron sailed to confer with the British land forces commander, Major General Francis de Rottenburg at Four Mile Creek before returning to Kingston on 7 October.

On 28 September, William Mulcaster was promoted to post captain and was awarded command of HMS Princess Charlotte (1814), under construction at Kingston. Royal George made one last patrol on 3 December before being laid up for the winter, during which the vessel was careened.

As Niagara and fate
Royal George was renamed Niagara on 22 January 1814. The vessel was reclassified from a sloop to a sixth rate and Captain Stephen Popham was awarded command. Once the Great Lakes became clear for navigation, Yeo intended to attack Fort Oswego. The squadron departed on 4 May with 400 Royal Marines and 550 soldiers embarked. They arrived on 5 May and during the night, Niagara and Montreal (the ex-Wolfe) slipped closer to shore, closing within 1000 yd. At 06:00 on 6 May, the two vessels opened fire attempting to enfilade the shore batteries. Niagara moved even closer to nearly within musket range and began trading fire directly with the fort. Niagara caught fire three times in the exchange. In the end, the British captured the fort and settlement, carrying away its supplies. The force returned to Kingston on 8 May.

The squadron sailed again on 11 May along the south shore of the lake. On 19 May, the squadron imposed a blockade on Sackett's Harbor. Captain Popham was given command of two gunboats and ordered to intercept a flotilla of boats on 29 May. At Sandy Creek, Popham and nearly his entire command was either killed or captured by the Americans the next day. Niagara was manned only by a skeleton crew and to fill out the ship's company, personnel were shifted from HMS Magnet and HMS Netley. The blockade was lifted on 5 June and the squadron anchored in the Bay of Quinte. Captain Henry Davies was then given command of Niagara. The squadron returned to Kingston on 13 June and Niagara remained alongside for the better part of the summer.

Following the launch of HMS St Lawrence (1814) on 10 September, in the resulting command shuffle, Captain Edward Collier was given command of Niagara with Captain Davies being given command of HMS Prince Regent (1814). St Lawrence, Prince Regent, HMS Princess Charlotte (1814), Montreal and Niagara sailed from Kingston on 16 October and returned on 24 October. Upon the arrival of St Lawrence on Lake Ontario, the American squadron retired to Sackett's Harbor and did not venture forth again for the remainder of the war. Collier was then ordered to set up a naval base near Penetanguishene, Upper Canada. Niagara departed Kingston on 28 November carrying twenty of Princess Charlotte's 24 pdr long guns to be used on ships constructed in the new base. Niagara arrived at York, where the supplies and guns were unloaded to be carried overland to the new base. On 24 December 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed, ending the War of 1812. Following the war, the vessel was used as a transport ship and was sold in 1837.

Historical reenactment
From 30 June to 1 July 2012, a 3-day reenactment of the flight of Royal George was performed from Bath, Ontario to Kingston in recognition of the Bicentennial of the War of 1812. The role of Royal George was played by the brig USS Niagara (1813), one of the last two remaining tall ships with an 1812 heritage.

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title: HMS Royal George (1809)


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Charles Atangana

Charles Atangana (c. 1880 – 1 September 1943), also known by his birth name, Ntsama, and his German name, Karl, was the paramount chief of the Ewondo and Bane ethnic groups during much of the colonial period in Cameroon. Although from an unremarkable background, Atangana's loyalty and friendship with colonial priests and administrators secured him successively more prominent posts in the colonial government. He proved himself an intelligent and diplomatic administrator and an eager collaborator, and he was eventually named paramount chief of two Beti-Pahuin subgroups, the Ewondo and Bane peoples. His loyalty and acquiescence to the German Empire was unquestioning, and he even accompanied the Germans on their escape from Africa in World War I.

After a brief stay in Europe, Atangana returned to his homeland in Cameroon, which by then was a League of Nations mandate territory under the administration of the French Third Republic. The French doubted his loyalties at first, but Atangana served them with the same ardour he had shown the Germans and regained his post as paramount chief. During the remainder of his life, he oversaw the Westernisation of his subjects and the improvement of his domains despite the erosion of his powers due to French policies and unrest among his people. He never advocated resistance to the European powers, preferring to embrace the Europeans as a means of personal enrichment and in the service of African interests. After his death in 1943, Atangana was largely forgotten. However, since Cameroon's independence in 1960, he has been the subject of renewed attention by Cameroonian scholars.

Early life
Atangana was born sometime between 1876 and 1885 in Mvolyé, a small village in what is today Yaoundé, Cameroon. His parents gave him the drum name "He who is known by the nations". He was the eleventh of twelve children born to Essomba Atangana, a headman of the Mvog Atemenge sublineage of the Ewondo ethnic group. Essomba Atangana was one of thousands of minor Beti leaders living between the Sanaga and Nyong rivers, each charged with providing for his compound and the extended family and slaves who lived there. His father died when Ntsama Atangana was about six years old.

Little is known about Atangana's childhood. Like other Beti boys, he would have learned to fish, hunt, and trap, and would have memorised his family's genealogy and folk wisdom. Explorers from the German Empire appeared near his village in 1887 in search of a direct route to the ivory trade in the savannas to the north. They had claimed Beti lands as part of their Kamerun colony in 1884, and by February 1889 they had established a permanent base in the area, which they named Jaunde after the local people. The Ewondo opposed the foreigners at first, although Atangana was probably not yet old enough to participate in the fighting. After the defeat of Omgba Bissogo in 1895 and others like it, Ewondo resistance waned. The Germans randomly appointed chiefs and mayors to serve under them, and took local youths to perform menial tasks; Atangana was among them, sent by his uncle to be a houseboy.

Ewondo who learned were highly favoured in the early days of the colonial regime. Station commander Hans Dominik sent four such individuals to attend the mission school of the German Pallottine Fathers in Kribi, a settlement on the coast. There, Atangana learned German language, history, and geography; mathematics; and Roman Catholicism. Father Heinrich Vieter especially liked the boy, and Atangana became the first Ewondo baptised a Roman Catholic; he took the Christian name Karl. Atangana's schooling had just ended when members of the Bulu ethnic group, one closely related to the Ewondo, invaded Kribi and sacked the school and church in 1899. Atangana waited out the revolt in Douala with the Fathers until the colonial militia defeated the rebels the following year.

Early career
At some point between the end of his schooling in Kribi and the end of his service in Victoria, Atangana met Marie Biloa, a woman from a village called Mekumba. Although she was a little older and living as a kept woman by a German functionary, Atangana married her. She would eventually bear him two children: Jean Ndengue and Katerina (or Catherine) Edzimbi.

Atangana was a devout Christian, and he supported the church throughout his life with land and gifts. He opposed popular Beti syncretist practices, and he was an opponent of an Ewondo initiation rite called the Sso; his efforts led to its eventual eradication from Beti society. In 1901 he secured land for the Pallottine Fathers to build a mission in Jaunde, thus opening East and South Kamerun to Catholic proselytisation. Nevertheless, Atangana supported traditional Ewondo customs on marriage. On widows, he said,"My colleagues and I . . . can only reply in demanding the upholding of custom, which requires the widow to be the property of the heir until her liberation, which can only take effect after the return of her bridewealth. She must remain with him as long as this return is not made."

Early in 1902, the colonial government appointed him their representative to the Ewondo people, and interpreter and clerk for the Germans posted in Jaunde. He was tasked with organising a census and tax collection system. He chose 300 headmen to be tax collectors, of whom the Germans approved 233. Atangana negotiated a cut of 5% for the collectors, much to their delight.

Hans Dominik became the Jaunde post commander in 1904. For the next six years, Atangana accompanied him on at least fifteen administrative patrols and probative excursions. Atangana proved an astute diplomat, in one case negotiating with a group of rebellious Manguissa and thus averting a confrontation between the tribesmen and the Germans. Atangana helped open posts in such wide-ranging places as Bafia, Abong-Mbang, Mouloudou, Ngaoundéré, Garoua, and Maroua. The Germans largely kept themselves segregated from their African subjects, but Dominik and Atangana defied these standards and grew close, even dining together in the same tent on occasion. Back in Jaunde, Atangana gained responsibilities valued by the regime, such as overseeing a poll tax in October 1908.

In 1907, members of the Mvog Ada sublineage revolted against the colonial government over Atangana's appointment as their official interpreter. The plot included a conspiracy to poison Atangana, but word leaked to him. He informed his masters, and on 11 April, six plotters were put to death and two others imprisoned.

Dominik died on 16 November 1910. That same year, Atangana returned to Jaunde and received an administrative post, perhaps as head of the Ewondo-Bane court, which presided over civil disputes and small claims and was the conduit through which the Germans transmitted communiqués (and gauged the response to them). However, he resigned the post when the head of his sublineage died; Atangana took over as headman of the sublineage and Mvolyé village.

In late 1911, Atangana voyaged to Germany to teach Ewondo at the Colonial Institute of the University of Hamburg. He stayed there for about one year and transcribed Ewondo history and folklore for translation into German. His writings eventually became the Jaunde-Texte, an important source document on Ewondo history and culture. In 1913, he met Kaiser Wilhelm II in Germany and Pope Pius X in Rome. He returned to Kamerun the following year.

Paramount chief

The Germans had seen some success in uniting disparate groups under single individuals called paramount chiefs (Oberhäuptlinge). Atangana was chosen for this position among the Ewondo and Bane either before his trip to Germany or soon after. This was technically only a temporary appointment; his subjects would have to approve it a year later to make it permanent. They had little alternative; Atangana was already the primary conduit of information to and from the Germans.

Some emulation of European manners and dress was expected of all chiefs, but Atangana seems to have genuinely preferred European styles to African ones. He endeavoured to fit himself into the German mould of an ideal administrator. He wrote, "To dare to approach the Germans it is necessary to abandon the traits which displease them, to become their friend and then be valued by them." Accordingly, Atangana ate German food; formed a European-style, 20-piece orchestra; and ordered a large, Germanic mansion to be built. This latter project requiring construction of a brickyard and sawmill and earned Atangana another epithet, Mindili Ebulu, "the man whose house is so large that it had a roof divided into nine sections instead of the two sections of an ordinary dwelling." The number nine has great significance in Beti folklore.

Atangana was suspicious of anyone who might supplant him as the Germans' favourite. He wrote,

"A number of persons who associated themselves with Europeans and proved themselves useful to white people achieved positions in the native society through fraud and extortion. But the Europeans, having noticed it, stopped it. They could discern natives of the noble class by their loyalty and honesty."

Atangana won over other chiefs and headmen through gifts, tax cuts, flattery, and intervention on their behalf. He lavished attention on visitors from out of town, letting them stay at his palace and use his horses, and treating them to feasts. In addition to flattering them, this allowed him to monitor their activities and dealings with the colonial authorities. His clerk appointees in Jaunde informed him of the doings of both the Germans and his subjects. Atangana gained a substantial amount of wealth. He owned workshops and sold produce from five plantations to provision impressed railway construction workers.

The paramount chief maintained some loyalty for his subjects. He persuaded the Germans to carry out infrastructure improvements such as the building of roads, schools, health clinics, and churches; and he defended his subjects from colonial reprisals. In one instance, an Ewondo interpreter fired a gun during a dispute with a German, an offence punishable with a stiff prison sentence. Atangana interceded, and the man's punishment was reduced to porter duty. However, the paramount chief remained completely loyal to the governors. In 1914, for example, representatives of Duala leader Rudolf Duala Manga Bell tried to secure Atangana's backing for a pan-Kamerun revolt. Atangana kept the plot under wraps, but he instructed the envoy to urge Manga Bell to reconsider.

Atangana's appointment irritated members of the Bulu ethnic group. They feared they might one day lose German favour, or worse yet, fall under the dominion of the Ewondo. This culminated in the 1912 Bulu uprising led by Martin-Paul Samba, a German-trained man much like Atangana. The rebellion was crushed and Samba executed.

World War I
The Allied West African Campaign of World War I reached Kamerun in 1914. Douala fell on 17 September, and the Germans regrouped at Jaunde. Beti informants alerted Atangana as to the Allies' progress, and as the loss of Jaunde seemed inevitable, Atangana prepared to escape with his masters. He and the chiefs under him gave their posts to weaker relatives so they could more easily take them back should the Germans return. They held out in Jaunde until 1 January 1916, when troops of the British Army captured the town, and the German soldiers and missionaries fled into the forest. Atangana and 72 Ewondo and Bane chiefs, along with 14–20,000 villagers (mostly soldiers and their families), led them through. A Beti folk song, "Atangana Ntsama, the War Is Over", tells of the retreat and shows the conflict between those Beti who supported Atangana and those who opposed him:

 * Atangana Ntsama, the war is over . ..
 * Hè! Atangana Ntsama, the war is over!
 * The cannon are broken,
 * Go tell it to the son of Ndono Edoa,
 * To the great man who is the son of Ndono Edoa,
 * Run quickly, why do you languish there?
 * All you Ewondo, come and run quickly,
 * Come and run quickly, brothers;
 * Go tell it to Mindili Ebulu, son of Ndono Edoa.
 * How is it that you would like me to leave so many goods behind?
 * Hè! They will surprise you in your greed!
 * Such richness. I should take some!
 * You others, move off, what are you doing there?
 * Friend, there were as many goods as in a market;
 * Friend, we have marched through all of that without taking anything!

They reached Spanish Guinea in February and surrendered to the unaligned representatives of Spain under the Restoration. The Spanish government of Álvaro Figueroa Torres gave the Beti land to settle and agreed to transport the Germans to the nearby island of Fernando Po. Atangana and members of his family accompanied them. In 1918, the Germans sent Atangana and six other chiefs to Spain, where they would witness if necessary that the Germans had treated their African subjects humanely. In September 1919, Atangana had an audience with King Alfonso XIII of Spain and urged him to support the Germans in these proceedings. Atangana remained in Madrid for two years and stayed a month in Barcelona to retrieve money he had deposited through the Basel Mission.

Meanwhile, Ewondo lands came under the administration of the French Third Republic under a League of Nations mandate. Atangana, now known by the French version of his name, Charles, wrote the French government to swear his allegiance and demand readmittance to his homeland. He received his wish in June 1920 and arrived in Douala on 28 November 1920.

Later life
Atangana's unfailing loyalty and subservience to Germany prevented the French from ever fully trusting him. His first task under the new colonial regime was to supervise gangs of forced road-construction labourers in the town of Dschang. In Atangana's absence, the French had appointed a Beti headman named Joseph Atemengue as their local representative in Jaunde (now known by the French spelling, Yaoundé). However, Atemengue never enjoyed the popularity Atangana had among the Beti. Atangana tried to secure an alliance with him by sending his 20-year-old, German-educated daughter, Katerina, to marry him, but she eventually fled from the much older Atemengue and back to her father. Atangana's work performance convinced the French to let him return to Yaoundé in late 1921 or early 1922.

Soon thereafter, Atemengue was made chief of the local court, and Atangana was again appointed paramount chief (chef supérieur). He received a seat on the Council of Notables, a body the French had introduced to act as liaisons to their subjects and advisors to the administration. Atangana set up a cabinet based on those he had observed in Spain, but he never allowed it to do much, and its members were not accustomed to European-style administration. It disbanded in 1925.

The French granted the chiefs significantly less power than had their German predecessors. Atangana's major role was simple: to enforce the dictats of French rule. Governor General Van Vollenhoven wrote in 1917 that, "the chiefs have no power of their own of any kind because there are not two authorities in the circle: French authority and indigenous authority; there is only one. Only the commander of the circle commands." As a colonial administrator, Atangana was expected to collect taxes, help the French introduce cocoa and coffee plantations, and mobilise chiefs to secure the labour to work these estates. In 1924, the French introduced a requisition system to procure food for the Yaoundé urban community and for rail labourers; Atangana was responsible for rallying the chiefs to gather the necessary provisions from rural farmers; the exact methods used by the chiefs was left to them. Cocoa production in the South and Centre provinces increased even during the Great Depression, partially as a result of these efforts. He reorganised the chiefs and their duties and tried to Westernise his subjects by encouraging them to wear European-style clothing, use new building methods and house styles, and work to improve roads.

Most of the chiefs respected Atangana as their spokesman and leader, and the Beti at large deferred to him prestige and power. A new system of status had evolved under his rule: a cadre of minor bureaucrats, envoys, interpreters, and office staff worked for Atangana and the other chiefs independent of the French government and were completely dependent on the chiefs. Atangana set up a private police force, for example, known as the fulus in Ewondo. The entire class recognised its reliance on the chiefs and gave them loyalty in exchange for protection and pay, and the chiefs relied on these functionaries to swiftly fulfill their duties to the French regime.

Nevertheless, the Beti at large detested French forced labour practices and taxes. Some people fled to the bush before the tax collector arrived; others circumvented taxes by counting wives as out-of-town visitors or waiting until the last minute to pay and thus reducing the collector's cut of the tax money. If the taxes were not collected to the satisfaction of the colonial administrators, Atangana himself was expected to make up some of the difference. To counter these minor rebellions, chiefs could punish their subjects with 15 days in jail or 100 franc fines without due process of law. This was meant to be reserved for only certain infractions, but Atangana and other chiefs interpreted it broadly to include all sorts of difficult behaviour. Atangana and his sub-chiefs were expected to discipline such difficult subjects. He exerted continual pressure on the sub-chiefs, who in turn placed constant pressure on the villagers to pay taxes and supply labourers.

Nevertheless, his wealth continued to grow. In 1922, his salary was 6,000 francs per year, and in 1938, it had risen to 24,000 francs per year. Atangana also received 2% of all taxes collected by lower chiefs, pay for his legal role, and stipends for organising road construction. Oral informants have reported that as early as 1924, he owned enormous plantations with as much as 1 km2 of cocoa, 1.1 km2 of palms, 5 km2 of food crops, and 500 head of livestock. The amounts may be exaggerated, but Atangana was by all accounts a wealthy man. He owned two lorries and a car by 1926, which he used to haul produce from his plantations. By the 1930s, important chiefs such as Atangana could earn more than 400,000 francs per year on tax collecting alone.

The 278 Beti chiefs under Atangana's control began to oppose his primacy by the mid-1920s. His control fell especially among the Bane. In 1924, the Bane filed a complaint against Atangana in court, claiming, "We work always and it is Atangana who receives the money. For all the things that we have sent to the Europeans, such as chickens and eggs, through Atangana, we have received nothing."

In 1925, the French reduced the number of Beti chiefs to 40 and removed the chiefs of Yaoundé from Atangana's direct control. However, in 1928 the Yaoundé chiefs were deemed quarrelsome and incompetent, and Atangana was once again placed over them. In 1929, he wrote a work on traditional Beti society in which he tried to hide his unremarkable childhood by taking the title of "King" and claiming descent from a fictitious line of Ewondo royalty. By the end of the decade, he was the head of perhaps 130,000 people, the chief of Mvolyé village, and the supervisor of eight sectional chiefs and 72 village chiefs. In reality, his position was one of prestige but little actual power.

Collecting taxes and finding labour grew increasingly difficult as the decade progressed, thanks to greater access to paying employment in Yaoundé and on the plantations. Atangana's 1938 proposal for the reorganisation of Yaoundé's administration shows the frustration he experienced at that time:

"the local people do not know what endurance means . . . [and] work with ill-will for the administration or for private concerns, where they seek refuge as a safeguard when the administration gives the chiefs an order in the public interest or for their own good."

He further complained, "Notables, with their diminished influence, are almost inert in relation to the growing number of their recalcitrant subjects" and suggested that a chief could hardly control more than 5,000 people. Atangana is not even mentioned in a French report on their African leaders from 1939. However, he retained the right to announce the appointment of new chiefs and to claim that both he and the French had selected them.

Atangana travelled frequently in the French colonial period. He made a point of attending his subjects' weddings and funerals, for example. He had more opportunities to visit Europe, including the Paris Colonial Exposition in 1931 and the French Colonial Conference in 1935. In 1938, his wife died. Atangana was a handsome man by Ewondo standards: strong, well groomed, with a reputation as a good fighter, dancer, and husband. He remarried on 6 January 1940 to Julienne or Yuliana Ngonoa, a young Beti woman of the Mvog Manga sublineage from the village Nkolafamba. Theyhad two children: Marie-Thérèse and René Grégoire. Atangana seems to have adhered to Catholic strictures against polygamy, despite the fact that other Beti chiefs at the time had several hundred wives.

Atangana lobbied in his later life for public health causes, such as the eradication of sleeping sickness. He never supported the expansion of Cameroun's public school system, since he believed that educated subjects might one day challenge his rule. Atangana's health began to fail him beginning in August 1943. On 1 September, he died in Mvolyé, Yaoundé.

Legacy
No one took over as paramount chief upon Atangana's death. His opulent palace went unoccupied and fell into ruins. However, traditional Cameroonian chieftaincies were re-established on 11 July 1977 by Decree #77/609, and by the 1990s, Cameroonian ethnic groups had rejuvenated these dormant traditions. Atangana's daughter Marie-Thérèse became the new Ewondo paramount chief. In December 2000, she began the renovation of his palace at Efoulan, Yaoundé, a project that would cost an estimated 150,000,000 francs CFA.

The colonialism that Atangana had supported was ruinous in Cameroon. Production centred on enriching the chiefs, wooing of foreign investment, and the apparatus of colonial administration, and building only that infrastructure that would aid in the transport and export of cash crops. Nevertheless, Atangana's story became part of Beti folklore. For example, Beti storytellers related his tale in oral poems and songs that took up to a full night to recite. His legacy was largely forgotten by the nation at large between his death and Cameroonian independence. However, the nationalist scholarship that blossomed after Cameroon's independence in 1960 resurrected his story. Charles Atangana Avenue in downtown Yaoundé is named for him. A statue in his likeness tops a hill nearby, which had fallen into disrepair by 2000.

title: Charles Atangana


text:
Talk:Retriever (album)

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title: Talk:Retriever (album)


text:
User:JoelB

Preview
Hello! My name is Joel, and I am a 16 (as of May 13, 2005) year old male who was born and currently lives in Melbourne, Australia. I own a blog on Xanga, here. I am in my 11th year of K-12 education. I currently go to Melbourne High School, studying my first year for the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE). I'm a regular contributor to my school's Sentinel student magazine, and I have a strong interest in creative writing, musical composition, and various types of music. I play the piano and am currently completing my Eighth Grade AMEB exam, and VCE Music Performance. My current aim is to complete Year Twelve and start a small jazz band on the side with one of my friends.

Contributions
I am new to Wikipedia, but so far I have made minor corrections to some pages, replaced an image on the Melbourne High School page, and have recently started the Sentinel wiki.

title: User:JoelB


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User talk:Mehiratsuka

Candy
Sweet food products combining cane or beet sugars with other carbohydrates and chocolate, milk, eggs, and various flavorings. In the United States, candy refers to both sugar- and cocoa-based confections and is differentiated from sweetened baked goods; elsewhere the terms sugar confectionary, chocolate confectionary, and flour confectionary (meaning goods such as cakes and pastries) are used.

 * These terms are generally applied to (but not limited in the US ) sweets manufactured by Heresy, Nestle, Willy Wonka, Lindt, Jelly Belly, PEZ etc.

 * Candy is often distributed to celebrate different holidays. In the US some people give out treats during different holidays. These different holidays often have seasonal specific treats. For example it is more common to distribute candy corn to children on Halloween, peppermint candy canes at Christmas and chocolate bunny rabbits or eggs at Easter.

 * A more contemporary use of the term can have a variety of meanings. One of these might have sexual connotations as exemplified in 50 Cents recent hit – Candy Shop. The rapper makes suggestive inferences utilizing the term throughout the song.
 * For example:
 * I’ll take you to the candy shop
 * I’ll let you lick the lollypop
 * Go ‘head girl, don’t you stop
 * Keep going ‘till you hit the spot.

These lyrics encourage the imagination to construe ideas of sexual acts that would not regularly be associated.

title: User talk:Mehiratsuka


text:
Fragaria nubicola

Fragaria nubicola is a species of wild strawberry native to the Himalayas. It is of no commercial value.

All strawberries have a base haploid count of 7 chromosomes. Fragaria nubicola is diploid, having 2 pairs of these chromosomes for a total of 14 chromosomes.

title: Fragaria nubicola


text:
Kitty Piercy

Catherine "Kitty" Piercy (born July 6, 1942) is an American politician. She was elected mayor of Eugene, Oregon in 2004, and was re-elected in 2008, and again in 2012, serving three full terms until January 2017. During the 1990s she served as Minority Leader of the Oregon House of Representatives.

Oregon State Legislature
Piercy was elected state representative in 1994, 1996, and 1998, serving from 1995–2000, for House District 39 serving West Eugene, River Road and Santa Clara. She served for the maximum three consecutive two-year terms. She served as both assistant caucus leader and Minority Leader in 1999. She was elected assistant Democratic leader in her second term and leader in her third term.

Climate change
Piercy has been concerned with the issues of sustainability and climate change. Early in her first term she assembled a broad group of stakeholders into a forum called the Sustainable Business Initiative, one of whose recommendations was to create the city's Sustainability Commission, which Council officially created in 2007.

In 2005 Piercy became an early signatory of the US Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. over 900 mayors had signed the Agreement.

West Eugene EmX
Piercy supported the west Eugene extension of Lane Transit District's bus rapid transit system, having voted for it in her capacity as city representative to the regional Metropolitan Planning Commission. All local jurisdictions have been proponents of the EmX system for over a decade. Two segments were completed and were successful. This mass transit system is built into all local planning documents. It is designed to be efficient and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Opponents to the project include citizens and business owners who say that the bus system is too expensive, is not needed, and will cause many businesses to lose business or have to close because of the construction. Proponents include local elected bodies, Lane Transit District, community members and the Eugene Chamber of Commerce.

Proposed city tax for schools
While Piercy was mayor, a local income tax to fund schools was proposed, but defeated.

Pledge of Allegiance controversy
While Piercy was mayor, a proposal to have Eugene council members begin saying the pledge of allegiance prior to council meetings on days of national patriotic importance was passed. Piercy said that the measure was likely to be divisive: "If there's one thing the flag stands for, it's that people don't have to be compelled to say the Pledge of Allegiance or anything else." Supporters of the measure said that objecting to it "vindicates all of us who say our Judeo-Christian heritage is under attack."

title: Kitty Piercy


text:
List of 100 Bullets story arcs

100 Bullets is an Eisner and Harvey Award-winning comic book written by Brian Azzarello and illustrated by Eduardo Risso. It was published by DC Comics under its Vertigo imprint and ran for 100 issues. A short story also appeared in Vertigo: Winter's Edge #3.

First Shot, Last Call
Introduction written by Jim Steranko:
 * 100 Bullets #1-3: Dizzy Cordova is released from prison and is approached by Agent Graves, who gives her an attache containing the means to avenge her murdered family.
 * Shot, Water Back #4-5: Lee Dolan is a former restaurateur whose life was ruined by a conviction for child pornography, a crime he claims to have never committed. Agent Graves finds Dolan tending bar at a hole in the wall and informs him that he was framed by Megan Dietrich, then gives Dolan an attache.
 * Silencer Night

Split Second Chance

 * Short Con, Long Odds #6-7: Dice-tossing con man Chucky served seven years in prison for DUI and vehicular manslaughter, only to learn from Graves that his childhood friend Pony was actually behind the wheel.
 * Day, Hour, Minute...Man #8: Agent Graves meets with Lono to deliver a briefcase full of money and make an offer the former Minuteman shouldn't refuse.
 * The Right Ear, Left in the Cold #9-10: Cole Burns sells ice cream and stolen cigarettes and enjoys living with his girlfriend Sasha... until a certain word awakens him to a previous life as a Minuteman.
 * Heartbreak, Sunny Side Up #11: Agent Graves reveals to a mother the sad truth about what really happened to her runaway daughter.
 * Parlez Kung Vous #12-14: Mr. Shepherd sends Dizzy Cordova to Paris to meet Mr. Branch, an American expatriate and former journalist who also received an attaché from Agent Graves. But rather than pursue revenge, Branch started digging, and his investigation led to an incomplete knowledge of The Trust.

Hang Up on the Hang Low
Introduction by Howard Chaykin:
 * Hang Up on the Hang Low #15-18: Agent Graves gives Louis "Loop" Hughes the chance to meet the father who abandoned him and one hundred bullets to kill him, if he wishes.
 * Epilogue for a Road Dog #19: Lono returns for something that was taken from him, and Loop discovers that turning down an offer from Agent Graves can have serious consequences.

A Foregone Tomorrow

 * The Mimic #20: Benito Medici meets up with Shepherd to discuss The Trust's number one enemy: Agent Graves.
 * Sell Fish & Out to Sea #21-22: Jack, a hardcore drug addict, receives the attaché from Agent Graves, and the someone in the photo is not who he expected.
 * Red Prince Blues #23-25: The Trust holds its annual summit in Atlantic City, while Agent Graves and Cole Burns prepare to send the thirteen families a message.
 * Mr. Branch and the Family Tree #26: In Paris, Mr. Branch reveals everything he knows about The Trust and the Minutemen to a hooker who is more than she seems.
 * Idol Chatter #27: A former baseball great meets Agent Graves for the second time, leading them to discuss the events surrounding the former player's effort to avenge his famous ex-wife's murder at the hands of a powerful politician. The issue is based on the story of Joe DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe, and the theories about the gunman on the grassy knoll.
 * ¡Contrabandolero! #28-30: Living a slacker's life in El Paso and fascinated by a brief meeting with Dizzy Cordova, Wylie Times finds himself volunteered for a deadly business trip across the border to Juárez.

The Counterfifth Detective

 * The Counterfifth Detective #31-36: Private eye Milo Garret is drawn into a murder mystery and a painting theft involving Megan Dietrich that eventually leads to questions regarding his own identity, as well as a fateful meeting with Lono.

Six Feet Under the Gun

 * On Accidental Purpose #37: Dizzy returns to Chicago, while Agent Graves and Mr. Shepherd discuss their plans.
 * Cole Burns Slow Hand #38: Cole Burns tries to win back the heart of Sasha, while a pair of thieves hit a snag.
 * Ambition's Audition #39: Benito Medici learns an important lesson in what it means to be part of The Trust.
 * Night of the Payday #40: Money in hand means more trouble for Lono.
 * A Crash #41: As Graves meets with three members of The Trust, a young couple find that luck can be a cruel mistress.
 * Point Off The Edge #42: Agent Graves travels to El Paso to deliver an attaché to Wylie Times.

Samurai

 * Chill In The Oven #43-46: Loop Hughes is embroiled in a lethal case of prison politics when Lono arrives at the same facility.
 * In Stinked #47-49: Jack Daw and Mikey are on their way to Atlantic City when a visit with Mikey's cousin goes horribly wrong.

The Hard Way

 * Prey For Reign #50: The sixth member of Graves' Minutemen is revealed. In the aftermath of a robbery, Victor Ray tells the origin story of The Trust.
 * Wylie Runs the Voodoo Down #51-57: The pain of Wylie's past is revealed and his future is turned upside down.
 * Coda Smoke #58: A stop on the road for Wylie, Shepherd, and Dizzy leads to the end of the road for one of them.

Strychnine Lives

 * The Calm #59: The newly released Lono and Loop Hughes team up to locate another Minuteman.
 * Staring at the Son #60 - 63: Megan Dietrich travels to Miami for meetings with the Medicis and Branch. The machinations of the leading characters are set against a story featuring a young bellboy and the New York criminal Spain (a character previously mentioned but not seen in issue #20).
 * The Dive #64: Jack Daw, now a bare knuckle fighter in Atlantic City, has an unpleasant reunion with Agent Graves.
 * New Tricks #65 - 66: Lono, Loop Hughes and Victor Ray bring brutal frontier justice to some members of The Trust.
 * Love Let Her #67: Dizzy and Wylie are sought in Mexico by Benito Medici and Mr. Branch.

Decayed

 * Sleep, Walker #68-69: The Trust meets again in Atlantic City to discuss the decimation of their members and the continuing threat of Agent Graves and the Minutemen, while Lono prepares to activate a dormant Minuteman.
 * A Wake #70-74: One of a pair of Cleveland brothers receives the attaché case from Agent Graves, while the Trust deals with a further transition within its organisation.
 * Amorality Play #75: Graves approaches someone down on their luck, gives them the infamous briefcase, and then that person must decide what to do with it. But when Lono is factored in with an offer - and another side of the story in the case - Agent Graves' mysterious plans could be in jeopardy.

Once Upon a Crime

 * Punch Line #76-79: The different groups of reactivated Minutemen and their accomplices have a violent confrontation in the Mexican city of Juarez.
 * A Split Decision #80: Dizzy and Agent Graves have a face to face discussion about her future.
 * Tarantula #81-83: Ronnie Rome heads to Italy in pursuit of the painting, and does a business deal with the duplicitous Echo Memoria.

Dirty

 * The Lady Tonight #84: A day in the life of Sigmar Rhone, a powerful member of the Trust.
 * Red Lions #85: Benito is reunited with his father and the new dynamic at Casa Medici. Lono meets up with someone whose life he ruined.
 * Rain in Vain #86: Victor Ray performs some professional and private business in Aspen, CO, both with devastating effects.
 * The Blister #87: Joan D'Arcy hires former minuteman Will Slaughter to kill an unknown target. Meanwhile Remi Rome takes care of business for Graves.
 * My Lonely Friend #88: Cole Burns and Mr. Branch finish some business in Atlantic City.

Wilt

 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 1 - Corner of the Sky #89: Agent Graves marks the nearing of the end of his war against the Trust, as a young wannabe gangster called Pip is drawn deeper into the underworld he inhabits.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 2 - Lost in a Roman #90: A change of play occurs between the remaining Minutemen, while the youngster Pip seals his future in the criminal world.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 3 - Closer #91: Will Slaughter carries out his contract as a manhunt for Pip takes shape.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 4 - Our Men in the Ravine #92: Jack and Cole deal with some unfinished business while Graves and the Trust react to a recent elimination.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 5 - Rooster #93: Remi Rome tries to settle a particular account but personal matters get in the way. Meanwhile Graves meets up with some of his former masters.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 6 - Kill de Sac #94: More is revealed about the sour history between Graves and the Trust and two long term characters interact for the first time.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 7 - Ducks #95: The results of the D'Arcy hit are revealed as the body count increases in the war between the Trust and the Minutemen.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 8 - Damaged Good #96: The aftermath of Graves' summit with his former masters is revealed as Lono continues to play by his own rules.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 9 - Fearsomality Crisis #97: Some of the remaining members of the Trust meet in Omaha. Meanwhile different parties converge to dole out retribution to their intended targets.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 10 - Five Rook(ed)s #98: Lono delivers a gift to Benito, a Minuteman for his father. The Minuteman is revealed to be Dizzy. Benito promptly shoots Lono, due to his feelings for the newest member.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 11 - Boots On #99: The Trust realigns and the Minutemen deal with the new dynamic, as Benito takes over the House of Medici and Graves replaces Javier as head of his House. Cole convinces the members with him that Graves has had ulterior plans the entire time and Graves makes Dizzy the new Agent for the Minutemen.
 * 100 Bullets: Chapter 12 - A House of Graves #100: In the climactic finale to the series, Cole's group of Minutemen have contacted the injured Lono. He storms the Medici mansion after Benito is murdered (presumably by the other heads of houses) as Cole's team slaughter the house guards. Graves is convinced Augustus set Benito up to be murdered, so that Dizzy, as the new head of the minutemen, avenge him, leaving Augustus in sole control of the Trust. Dizzy shoots Lono as he's about to attack Graves, and Burns dispatches all three younger members of the Trust, including Megan Dietrich, although he accidentally kills himself as well by setting off a gasoline explosion. As the Medici mansion burns, Dizzy is injured by falling debris, the other remaining Minutemen (including Will Slaughter) retreat, and Graves murders Augustus for his actions. Dizzy says that as Graves made a move against another House, he must pay for it, while Graves explains that he compromised his principles to play his attache game. Dizzy tells him that it wasn't Augustus' fault, but his own, and the final page is Dizzy holding a gun to Graves' head in the burning house as he says he knows.

title: List of 100 Bullets story arcs


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User talk:Damoneskimo

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.--Pharos 04:21, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Damoneskimo


text:
User talk:Eskimo man

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.--Pharos 04:21, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. JRM · Talk 01:44, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eskimo man


text:
Julie Warner

Juliet Mia Warner (born February 9, 1965) is an American actress. She is best known as Danni Lipton on Family Law (1999–2001) and Megan O'Hara on Nip/Tuck (2003-2006), Lou in Doc Hollywood (1991), Elaine in Mr. Saturday Night (1992), Michelle in Tommy Boy (1995), Micki in Wedding Bell Blues (1996), and Dean York in Chalk It Up (2016). She also appeared in the 1989 HBO special The Diceman Cometh with comedian Andrew Dice Clay.

Early life
Warner was born to Naomi, an independent marketing consultant, and Neil Warner, a composer and pianist. Her paternal grandfather, Jack Shilkret, and paternal great uncle, Nathaniel Shilkret, were composers. Warner attended the Dalton School at age twelve. There she met an agent who advised Warner to consider acting. Shortly thereafter, Warner landed a role on the soap opera Guiding Light. Warner studied theater arts at Brown University. After her graduation, Warner moved to Los Angeles, where she worked as a waitress while auditioning for acting roles. She is Jewish.

Career
Warner performed in conservatory theater and summer stock theater and appeared in two episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation, "Booby Trap" in 1989 and "Transfigurations" in 1990. She also made commercials for products, including Pert Plus.

Her breakout role was in the 1991 film Doc Hollywood, co-starring with Michael J. Fox, followed by her co-starring role with Billy Crystal in 1992's Mr. Saturday Night. She was in Indian Summer in 1993, The Puppet Masters, based on Robert A Heinlein's novel of the same name in 1994, and Tommy Boy in 1995. Also in 1995, she portrayed Amy Sherman in Pride and Joy. She played the role of Danni Lipton in the TV series Family Law, and the recurring character Megan O'Hara in Nip/Tuck. In 2005, Warner began starring as the wife to Howie Mandel in his short-lived hidden camera/situation comedy Hidden Howie: The Private Life of a Public Nuisance and later appeared in the 2006 film Stick It. Other credits include a guest appearance on an episode of House. She starred in the 2008 Hallmark Channel movie Our First Christmas, where she plays a mother trying to navigate the difficult waters of combining two families after the deaths of her own and her new husband's spouses. In 2009, she played Rose Pinchbinder in the children's TV show True Jackson, VP in the episode "Keeping Tabs". In 2012, she guest starred in a season seven episode of Dexter, "Chemistry", as the sister of Hannah McKay's dead husband.

Personal life
In June 1995, Warner married writer-director Jonathan Prince. They have a son named Jackson, born in 1997. Their divorce was finalized in 2010.

title: Julie Warner


text:
Category:Mayanists

This category is intended to contain individuals who have made notable contributions to the study of the Mesoamerican Maya civilization, its history and language, and the epigraphy and decipherment of the Maya script.

The term Mayanist is a contemporary and convenient label for those whose studies have concentrated on the Maya; however, those who studied or made contributions to the field before the 19th century would not have been called Mayanists at the time.

title: Category:Mayanists


text:
HSwMS Gotland (Gtd)

HSwMS Gotland (Gtd) is a defense submarine of the Swedish Navy. It was the first ship of the Gotland-class submarine, which was the first operational submarine class in the world to use air-independent propulsion in the form of Stirling engines which use liquid oxygen and diesel as the propellant.

It was built by Kockums, launched in 1995, and subsequently commissioned in 1996.

In 2015, Sweden's Defense Material Administration (FMV) signed a contract with Saab Kockums which included a mid-life upgrade of two members of the Gotland class, Gotland and Halland, for SEK 2.1 billion. Gotland is expected to return to the FMV in late 2018 following a series of platform and combat systems upgrades.

Construction
The submarine Gotland was designed and built by Kockums in Malmö and launched on 2 February 1995. The honor guard during the launching consisted of the amphibian company of the Fårösund Marine Brigade (FMB). Participants from Gotland included the governor, the municipal council chairman, the commander of the Gotland Military Command and the commander of FMB.

The submarine is essentially based on the Västergötland-class submarine, but with a lot of improvements. It has two diesel engines and two Stirling engines which gives air independence and doubled endurance compared with previous submarine types. A gas cycle drives a generator that charges the submarines battery which is connected to the propeller engine. For passive reconnaissance, she is equipped with circular sonar and flank array sonar.

Mid-life upgrade
In 2020, HSwMS Gotland did undergo a mid-life upgrade, as her sister HSwMS Uppland before her. During the upgrade, a number of systems that will be used in the next generation submarines, the Blekinge-class (A26), was installed. More than 20 new systems on board the new Gotland-class was implemented, which contributes to their de-risking for the A26. This also offers training opportunities for the crew when they, in the future, deploy on board the A26.

The upgrade process entails many new systems, such as the Stirling AIP, a complete new mast suite, sonars and sensors as well as management and communication systems. In order to host all systems, the submarine has gained length to 62 m and another 200 ton in weight, to reach a displacement (surfaced) of 1580 tons.

Lease to the United States Navy
In 2004, the Swedish Government received a request from the United States of America to lease Gotland—Swedish-flagged, commanded, and manned—for one year for use in anti-submarine warfare exercises. The Swedish Government granted this request in October 2004, with both navies signing a memorandum of understanding on 21 March 2005.

Gotland was loaded on board the Norwegian semi-submersible heavy-lift ship, MV Eide Transporter, on 10 May 2005, for a month-long voyage over the Atlantic Ocean and through the Panama Canal to Naval Base Point Loma in San Diego, California, where it arrived on 27 June 2005. After a couple weeks of getting accustomed to the new environment, the exercises with United States Third Fleet began on 18 July 2005. The lease was extended for another 12 months in 2006.

Gotland managed to penetrate the defensive measures of Carrier Strike Group 7 undetected and snap several pictures of USS Ronald Reagan during the December pre-deployment Joint Task Force Exercise 06-2 (JTFEX 06-2) in the Pacific Ocean (probably in the California Operating Areas), effectively "sinking" the aircraft carrier. The exercise was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the US Fleet against modern diesel-electric submarines, which some have noted as severely lacking. In 2001, during the exercise JTFEX 01-2 in the Caribbean Sea, the German U24 of the conventional 206 diesel-electric class "sank" the carrier Enterprise by firing flares and taking a photograph through its periscope.

In July 2007, Gotland departed San Diego for Sweden.

Raid against Kockums
In the early morning of 8 April 2014, the Defence Materiel Administration, known as FMV, with the help of the Swedish Army, raided the Kockums shipyard in Malmö, Sweden, then owned by German defense giant ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems. The goal of the mission was to confiscate material belonging to the Swedish state, especially hardware relating to the Stirling engines used in HSwMS Gotland. Although the raid was performed by military police it was not violent. After Kockums employees locked the gates blocking FMV's exit with the confiscated material, a long drawn-out negotiation ensued. A compromise was finally struck in which the hardware was to be stored at a shared secure area until further notice. Since FMV was only interested in the hardware rather than the blueprints, the show of force was more likely part of a long political confrontation between the Swedish state and the owners of Kockums, rather than an attempt at discouraging espionage. Later in 2014, Kockums was sold to Saab Group.

title: HSwMS Gotland (Gtd)


text:
Merry Go Round in Oz

Merry Go Round in Oz (1963) is the fortieth book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors. It was written by Eloise Jarvis McGraw and McGraw's daughter, Lauren McGraw Wagner. It was illustrated by Dick Martin.

Merry Go Round in Oz is the last of the "Famous Forty" and the last "official" Oz novel entry. Reilly & Lee had declined offers from many other writers, including previous author Rachel R. Cosgrove, to publish a fortieth Oz novel entry because of poor sales, but were persuaded by McGraw's two Newbery Awards to admit a fortieth book into the series. The sales of Merry Go Round were not good enough to convince the publishers to continue the series.

Synopsis
Halidom and Troth are two adjacent principalities within the Land of Oz, both resembling medieval kingdoms. Heir to the throne of Halidom is Prince Gules. The people of Halidom have always derived their physical and mental abilities from three golden circlets worn by their ruler: the first around his forehead, the second on his right forearm, the third on his right thumb. The first circlet confers intelligence upon all the citizens of Halidom, the second confers physical strength and fighting prowess; the third confers manual dexterity and craftsmanship. The first and third circlets have been lost before the beginning of the book, with attendant loss of abilities by the subjects of Halidom.

Fess is a young pageboy in the household of Prince Gules, but Fess was born in Troth, so the circlets have no effect on him. Awakening one day to discover that all the natives of Halidom are strangely languid, Fess learns that the second (and last remaining) circlet has been stolen. He embarks on a quest with Prince Gules, aided by a unicorn and a Flittermouse (a mouse with wings) to retrieve all three.

Meanwhile, Dorothy Gale and the Cowardly Lion temporarily leave the Emerald City to place an order with the Easter Bunny, whose underground domain is conveniently accessible from Oz. Having placed the order, they get lost on the way back, and meet and join the Prince and Fess in their quest.

Robin Brown, an orphan from Oregon, USA, rides a magic merry-go-round horse to the Land of Oz. The horse whisks him to the Quadling and Munchkin Countries of Oz, where Robin has adventures in View Halloo (a region dedicated to fox-hunting) and Roundabout (a land where everything is round, inhabited by Roundheads). The Roundheads mistake him for a new king foretold by a prophecy, and force him to remain there and serve as their king. Dorothy's party happens on Roundabout and help Robin to escape. Eventually, Robin must help find the missing magic circlets of Halidom.

Reception
Merry Go Round in Oz received a largely critical review in Kirkus Reviews, which wrote, "Strange amalgam. Take one large portion of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, lend in a half portion, diluted, of King Arthur and The Knights of the Round Table, a dash of Alice — then close your eyes and take a long swallow."

title: Merry Go Round in Oz


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Dick Martin (artist)

Dickinson P. Martin (June 29, 1927 – February 14, 1990) was an artist from Chicago who wrote and illustrated a number of books in and related to the Oz series.

Career
Martin was an active Oz fan, serving as The International Wizard of Oz Club as president, vice-president, director, and editor of its magazine, The Baum Bugle.

Martin illustrated Merry Go Round in Oz (1963), the 40th title in the regular Oz series. Martin's illustrations received positive notice in a review in the Chicago Tribune.

He was co-author of The Oz Scrapbook (1977). A Library Journal review of The Oz Scrapbook called it "a superb production". Martin also wrote and illustrated The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986). He designed new opening titles for the 1990s home video rerelease of His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz.

Prior to his Oz work, Martin illustrated two decks of playing cards for the Chicago Playing Card Collectors. The first, Fact & Fancy, was released in 1961 for the club's 10th anniversary in an edition of 600. The second, Mythological Zoo, was made in 1971 and available in two versions monochrome (edition of 200) and colored (edition of 100).

Selected works

 * The Visitors from Oz (1960) as illustrator
 * Merry Go Round in Oz (1963) as illustrator
 * The Oz Scrapbook. Random, 1977. ISBN 0394410548 as co-author
 * The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986) as author

title: Dick Martin (artist)