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Talk:Septic tank

problem with the name of this page
Can we rename this article Septic Systems because Septic systems include septic tanks and septic drain fields. Septic Systems is a much broader and appropriate term. It looks like that was the original name. SoilMan2007 (talk)

I just now saw the note at the top of this page. Sorry in the future I'll go to Wikipedia:Requested moves. I'm new at this. If this is inappropriate to keep here, then feel free to delete. Regards, SoilMan2007 (talk)

"Potential Problems"
In no. 2, it would help to explain what is meant by "non-biodegradable hygiene products."

How long do septic tanks (systems) last? We are in the process of buying a 20 year old home with the existing septic tank, what questions or concerns should I have?

 * I shall take this question to Reference desk. Dunc|☺ 19:40, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Specifically Reference desk. hydnjo talk 20:39, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

An conceptual image of how a septic tank separates effluent from sludge and scum would be very useful. I found many different digrams that all seem to be similar to the one at this link: http://www.dh.sa.gov.au/pehs/branches/wastewater/maintain-septic-tank.htm The copyright link on that page is broken, though, so I'm unsure if we can directly use that image. This site shows a simpler one-stage tank, but their copyright is expressly reserved: http://www.watershedcommittee.org/publications/fact_sheets/fact_sheet_4.htm I need to get me a decent drawing program so I can quit complaining about images and start making some. :( --Mdwyer 05:29, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

What does this paragraph add to the article? It seems like a promotion of the author's work, without need for it in the article.

 * Erma Bombeck's book The Grass is Always Greener Over the Septic Tank (ISBN 0070064504) and the common expression that is the same as the title is technically incorrect; the grass is greener over the leach field which is better watered and has more nutrients than the surrounding land. However, it is not unusual to find better growth over the septic tank itself as well, particularly the end nearest the leach field.

TRL 02:39, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The phrase has 19,000 hits+ in Google and 3 references within Wikipedia. In the list of books article it is wikilinked suggesting that the book merits a Wikipedia article.  If you want to remove the book reference, fine, but please leave the explanation that the phrase itself is wrong.  Samw 04:03, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm really not sure that this is a "common expression" except in relation to the book. "The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence" is a common expression and a metaphor, but it seems to me that the septic tank reference is just a humorous adaptation of that.  Even if it is generally regarded as true, how is it an "expression"? People don't use that phrase to "express" anything other than the literal meaning of the phrase. --Universe Man (talk) 15:42, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Environmental Issues
This section contains several incorrect statements, for example, nitrates as the main culprit in septic systems. Nitrates can only form under aerobic conditions, in a rather slow microbiological process. Septic systems as anaerobic systems produce mainly ammonia as the main nitrogen species. I have edited this section to reflect the main issues: uncontrolled release of greenhouse gases, pollution of groundwater with ammonia and phosphate, leaching of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms into the groundwater. I also took out the ridiculous argument that the cost of wastewater treatment is detrimental to community development. PeterH (2006-07-10)
 * Don't septic systems have a critical aerobic polishing treatment stage referred to as a leach field. Isn't the discharge to the environment of anaerobic effluent considered evidence of leachfield failure? -- Paleorthid 04:16, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Planning controls
The statement that In most parts of Europe including the UK, planning permission is almost never granted for new septic tanks due to pollution concerns; instead, the only generally accepted off-mains domestic sewerage system is a cesspit, a fully enclosed system which must usually be emptied monthly at much higher expense

is not borne out by the facts. Even today many rural developments are served by approved septic tanks (even in Shropshire) and most planning authorities will strongly reist developments on cesspits. Exactly the opposite of what is stated here. Evidence is required if this statement is to be retained. Velela 19:18, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. The phrase "in most parts of Europe" is certainly correct. Just as a reminder: septic systems were common in communist countries, and after German re-unification, they disappeared in the former German Democratic Republic within a few years, because of environmental concerns. At the time of this writing, other countries in Eastern Europe have largely followed suit. It is too bad that apparently some regional authorities in the UK still permit septic systems. PeterH (2006-07-10)

 * From my own experience, which I agree is limited and doesn't extend to eastern Europe, but I have seen plenty of septic tanks in rural Ireland, Spain, France and Italy. I have also seen septic tanks in builders merchant yards in Greece. Velela 06:22, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The term “septic tank” is used erroneously to refer to an informal cesspit. (see footnote, page 36 of this). Cesspits in lower latitudes (Hawaii, Bahamas, Florida Keys) were constructed with open bottoms and are associated with coral reef loss. Are we all on the same page here? These open bottomed pits are not septic tanks.  Agreed? In Florida, cesspits are illegal, and have been associated with loss of coral reefs due to impaired water quality.  In my visit to Hawaii in 1994, I picked up a brochure from a Health District office explaining that cesspits were being eliminated in the state due to US-EPA regulatory enforcement action to be replaced by properly designed and maintained septic systems. The article needs to be consistent with these current situations. -- Paleorthid 16:12, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * When PeterH wrote "septic systems were common in communist countries, and after German re-unification, they disappeared..." Does this rather mean " septic systems open bottom cess pits were common..."? If so, this would explain the  disconnect in this discussion.  -- Paleorthid 20:03, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

That would also make sense of the reported pollution status of lakes in North America- but it still says nothing about the survival or otherwise of pathogens in real septic tanks ! Velela 09:35, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Merge of septic tank and septic system
I concur the contents as they stand now are very similar. I'm not an expert in the field to know whether there's a subtle distinction between the two. Google shows many more hits for "septic tank" than "septic system" thus I'm inclined to keep "septic tank" and make "septic system" a redirect. Samw 14:06, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I also concur with what you say above. The "septic tank" article should be retained with current content and the "septic system" content merged or added initially. I think the distinction is that "septic system" when used by those "in the know" includes all the components that result in a functional system, ie Septic tank and french drain.., as opposed to other systems such as a municipal connection. Gregorydavid 16:10, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I too support the use of Septic tank as the main article into which information from Septic system should be merged. In other places the phrase Septic system has been used to describe a variety of anaerobic processes whereas septic tank is specifically a system from treating and disposing of human sewage. Velela 08:40, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, the system begins with a flush toilet, the middle is the septic tank and it ends with a french drain. Gregorydavid 09:18, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Has been done during June 2006. septic system added to this article septic system changed to redirect --209.244.43.113 (talk) 00:11, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Shouldn't this be called Septic System rather than septic tank. Septic systems include the tanks and drain fields. SoilMan2007 02:10, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The components other than the tank have their own articles. --209.244.43.113 (talk) 00:11, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

comparison to aerobic sewage treatment was misleading
I replaced the statement referring to dominance aerobic processes in waste treatment on a plant scale. It was misleading to the reader. Certainly most secondary treatment in these municiple wastewater treatment plants is aerobic, but most solids reduction processes is anaerobic digestion. These treatment plants require both water treatment and solids reduction. To be fair, a septic system also does both water treatment and solids reduction. Further it has both an anaerobic treatment stage and is intented to be matched with an aerobic stage in the septic drain field. -- Paleorthid 00:25, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Survival of pathogenic bacteria in Septic tanks
I have marked the following paragraph as requiring a reference since I have no evidence that this is true. I have also copied below an exchange of views that I and Paleorthid have had.

 * Many pathogenic bacteria can survive in septic tanks for a very long time, owing to the anaerobic conditions. Depending on soil conditions, pathogenic bacteria can leach into groundwater and surface waters. In North America, this is the case with many lakeshore communities.

Can anyone justify this sentence. If not it will go. Velela 08:37, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I wrote this line. Who do you expect to confirm this, other than the too few scientists like myself who are working in this field? I am not aware of any mandatory testing - so again, who do you think can comment? PeterH 2006-0713

 * some reference to published evidence such as scientific papers would help. If the problem is acute as the line suggests I cannot believe many lakeshore communities would tolerate such a position without insisting on some investigation. Without such an investigation who can say whether there is an causative link between disease (is there any ?) and septic tank effluent? And even is that were demonstrated it would need more research to demonstrate that pathogens were surviving because of anaerobic conditions. Velela 06:28, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * A further observation is that I am aware of many examples of pollution from septic tanks mostly from people using Cesspits as if they were septic tanks, septic tanks left unemptied for years with influent short-circuiting directly to the discharge point, over-loaded soakways, "soakways" laid on bare impermeable rocks, soakaways in boggy ground and even direct discharges by-passing septic tanks straight into lakes etc. etc. In any of these cases pathogenicity may certainly arise but these examples shouldn't condemn well maintained system and nor does it demonstrate that pathogens survive in well maintained systems. Velela 07:02, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You added a parenthetical ((fact)) to a statement when I think you intended to tag it fact. Hopefully, anyway because I think it deserves such a tag. The last sentence (3rd) in particular seems like it should be referenced or removed. The 2nd sentence need to be qualified as misleading - the danger of pathogen movement is related to a combination of short-circuiting in the septic tank and anaerobic failure in the leach field and needs to be so specified. I have been looking for a reference to address this and the 1st sentence "Many pathogenic bacteria can survive in septic tanks for a very long time, owing to the anaerobic conditions." I believe this 1st sentence is highly inaccurate as to normal operation. It is an error based on a simplistic undertanding of the range of reducing environments that are covered by the term anaerobic. My understanding is that the deep anaerobic (methane producing) conditions in a properly working septic tank are toxic to facultative anaerobes. This is a more extreme reducing environment than occurs in the body tissue where disease organisms operate. Those species which do survive extreme reducing chemistry are those particularly vulnerable to the aerobic conditions in the leachfield. My understanding was that this 2-stage redox shift disinfection was by design. That is, we do not depend on just oxidative conditions to protect human health as it relates to groundwater. So far, I am still looking for the reference to corroboarate this. You have a background in the little critters, perhaps you can comment here. Please encourage/discourage me as needed. - Paleorthid 19:58, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I am wholly in agreement (and apologies for the incorrect mark-up - it was done hurriedly and I was called away). Practical work that I did some 40 years ago and showed clear evidence of very substantial drops in pathogenicity as measured by survival rates of some chosen indicator species . Not always a good test but it is reasonable to believe that by using well selected indicator species others will follow the same pattern. The (unpublished ) conclusions was that a major force was active bacterial competition, with saprobic bacteria actively predating on bacteria of faecal origin. This would certainly be aided by the reductive and oxidative environments. What I don't know about is how encysting species such as Cryptosporidium might behave. Velela 21:50, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

POV
As somebody saw fit to revert my comments on environmental issues, I've had to put a WP:POV tag on this section. As it stands, it provides a very one sided argument and ignores many of the positive aspects. For a reference, my edits are here:  130.95.128.51 06:27, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Alternatives to Septic Systems
It would be useful to describe alternatives to conventional septic systems. Biocycle is marketed as a greener alternative (see for example ). I am not an expert, but I gather that the combination of aerobic and anaerobic reactions improves the quality of the waste water. Can someone say whether these types of systems are genuine alternatives or just marketing hype? --RDS 14:47, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

no consensus to move the page, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 03:10, 11 December 2007 (UTC) Septic tank → Septic system — Septic systems include the tanks and drain fields —Paleorthid (talk) 16:29, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support: The proposed move better represents article content. The current name is a source of confusion, and discourages editing on the larger topic. -- Paleorthid (talk) 16:42, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Revised assessment: with Velela's comment, my proposed move becomes controversial, and this is the wrong process for anything controversial. A workable alternative is to move sections (per Andrewa comment). However, to address the controversy, the article needs to first heed the disconnect in understanding of the terms involved.--Paleorthid (talk) 17:20, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Support: The page should either be called septic systems or there should be a separate septic system (no redirect). There is no place to put information about septic system drain fields because septic system has a redirect.  December 5, 2007. SoilMan2007 (talk)

 * Oppose. There is no need for a move if there are to be separate articles, which seems the sensible thing. The difference between cultures is not one of terminology but of focus: Some tend to focus on the tank itself, and some on the whole system. There's plenty of material for three articles, so there's no problem. Andrewa (talk) 04:42, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

Ultimately, I think there's plenty of material for least three articles: septic system, septic tank and septic drain field. Andrewa (talk) 16:30, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Velela left me the following comment in opposition to the move: --Paleorthid (talk) 17:20, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
 * There was a debate about the name change in May 2006 when the consensus was for Septic tank (also reflected by a much greater number of Google hits for S. Tank rather than S system whatever significance that may have). They are known throughout the commonwealth English speaking world as Septic tanks. The position was exacerbated by a unilateral move to Septic system (the record of this appears to be missing so it may have been an Admin roll-back) since when it has remained at Septic tank. Personally I know them as Septic tanks and would vote for the name to be retained. Velela (talk) 21:00, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Minimal disruption
If the septic tank is required by law to be replaced every 'x' years, why not do the following: construct a pit with concrete floor and walls (and appropriate drains etc so it cannot fill with water, install the plastic tank in the pit, and the seepage beds adjacent to it.

When all is installed and operational build a deck or other easily removable covering over the tank/pit.

Future changeovers can then be achieved with minimum disruption.

 * There is no such law. The actual tank is the least likely component to fail. The soil component is the most likely treatment component of the septic tank system to fail. --Paleorthid (talk) 05:46, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

lift pump alarm system?
pardon me if this is the wrong place to ask this, but I've lived in two residences now, with septic tanks, an older house, which was built in the 60s, and our new house, built in 05-06...but I dont _think_ either of these houses had a septic tank lift pump alarm system. Or is it just something I missed? Lol. What's the purpose of it, where would/should it be located, etc...? --67.34.188.252 (talk) 23:58, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * See: http://forum.doityourself.com/wells-sump-pumps-septic-sewage-systems/162996-septic-lift-pump-alarm.html
 * Essentially a pump failure alarm triggered by rising fluid levels.  Samw (talk) 01:23, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

They're only used when you have to have a pump tank to move the effluent uphill from the septic tank to the drain field. The alarm sounds when/if the pump in the pump tank fails. 173.22.123.35 (talk) 00:17, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

Numbered List
Order does not matter, so don't use numbers.174.3.111.148 (talk) 13:08, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Garbage Disposal Units & Septic Tanks
"The use of garbage disposers for disposal of waste food can cause a rapid overload of the system and early failure". Well, that seems perfectly logical to me. However, compare this opinion from "Country Plumbing" by Gerry Hartigan, pp 71-72 (Alan C. Hood & Company Inc, Chambersburg PA, 1984, ISBN 0-911469-02-8): Every day I hear people say they have a garbage disposal unit, but don't use it. The excuses are endless. Rather than attempt to list them all, let me say there is no evidence to substantiate any reason for not using a garbage disposal. I have had the opportunity, over twenty-five years, to monitor many tanks, both with and without a grinder in use, and I can honestly say I think those tanks work better with the addition of ground garbage. This, of course, doesn't include the silverware my wife manages to feed ours. My advice is: if you have a kitchen pig, use it. If you don't have one, get one. Hartigan discloses no interest in the makers of garburators; I have no connection with Hartigan but have found his book most helpful (septic tanks are poorly understood here in the UK). Moletrouser (talk) 17:27, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The reason why garbage grinders should be treated cautiously when connected to a septic tank is that they simply increase the load on the system. Just as having many people living in a house increases the load so does adding extra putrescible material. It won't lead to early failure but it will cause the tank to fill more quickly and need emptying more often. However, if a small tank is in use and it is very rapidly loaded by the use of a grinder, pouring oil down the drain or having many visitors to stay over Christmas, failure can result because the rate of decomposition is not equal to the rate of loading. I have no references for this - only personal and practical experience as a past regulator of septic tank installations  Velella  Velella Talk 18:46, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Periodic Pumping - there IS a rule of thumb.
The statement that there is no "rule of thumb" for how often you should remove the sludge from the tank is misleading if not factually incorrect. Most building codes specify minimum tank and drainage bed size based upon the designed occupancy of the structures served by the system. The specifications are based on average use and include a specification for sludge removal frequency for systems in year-round operation - usually two years. It would be more helpful to include this information than pretend that no such guidelines exist. Every system has a designed capacity, and part of that design is the pump-out frequency in typical use. The rule of thumb is to follow the designed capacity guidelines - which for modern systems properly permitted, installed and inspected can be obtained from the local permitting body, or simply inferred from the building code on the assumption that the system has not been intentionally oversized. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.49.142.83 (talk) 04:38, 17 June 2011 (UTC) --- Also, the single most common problem with septic tank users is not even mentioned: household laundry. Excessive use of washing machines can quickly exceed the hydraulic capacity of the tile or filter bed causing saturation of the soil and subsequent break-outs or surface pooling which indicate bed failure and, in raised-bed systems, permanent damage. It can also result in premature flushing of blackwater, which drainage/filter beds are not designed to handle. Finally, the fibres and other components in laundry effluent can quickly and permanently clog drainage pipes and media, resulting in system failure. Again, the rule of thumb is to find the designed hydraulic capacity of the system, and abide by this constraint. --- The next most common source of problems is under-use. An established system which lies idle for a period of months or years or is simply never exposed to the average volumes for which it was designed will be incapable of suddenly handling wastewater at its designed capacity. Here the rule of thumb is "use it or lose it."

Removal of Direct Advert Link
I removed a string which referred users to a page: www.septictank.org in reference to "Biomat Failure" Not only did the linked site not contain information about Biomat failure, it was just a link to the site rather than a link to a page containing the information. It contained septic tank information, but did not contain the description or even term "Biomat Failure". In addition no citations were found and it added no true value to the article. It seemed to be a page to generate Ad Revenue. MediaRocker (talk) 01:59, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

How to Rejuvenate Your Septic Tank System
I have been successful in the water and waste water treatment business for over twenty years.

I can tell you it is possible to extend the life of your existing septic tank treatment system, period.

Basically you only have two ways you can do it.

1. Reduce the loading to the septic tank system. 2. Improve the treatment capability of the septic tank treatment system.

Here are some ways of doing both safely and with very little work or cost on your part.

1. This one step alone can double the remaining life of your treatment system. Filter the discharge water from your washing machine. Use at least a 300 micron filter capable of capturing most of the non-biodegradable clothing fibers.(usually enough to carpet the living room of a three bedroom home each year). Avoid wasted rinse water cycles. After you have filtered it, not before or you will have a living room carpet, every year, wherever you put it. If you can get the wash or rinse water out of the septic system, then get it out. You can't drink it but its safe to use as toilet water, lawn watering, car washing, etc., and it doesn't stink and can easily be treated by small gravel or sand mound systems easily.

2. Stop drinking tap water. Running tap water for several seconds before drinking or using it can double the flow to be treated by your septic tank system everyday.

3. Reduce bathing water useage, not time bathing, please stay clean. Always use showers for bathing. Install a bypass valve or wand in your shower so you can turn it on and adjust only while you are actually in the stall. Use bathtubs sparingly and at half levels when necessary.

4. Adding air to the water as it comes in or goes out of system will increase biological activity and treatment up to 20 times, period. The trick is to not to disturb settling solids so they end up floating out of the tank and into the drain field. So only aerate minimally and at the very begining or very end after the water has left the septic tank. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rodmom (talk • contribs) 23:31, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

Organic pollution reduction capability
The function of a septic tank is to retain and accumulate the organic material contained in sewage waters. Is there an estimate as to what percentage of the organic pollutant can be extracted and removed from the sewer by the use and periodic cleanout of a properly maintained septic tank?WFPM (talk) 00:08, 14 December 2011 (UTC) For example, if the sewage water production of a person is 100 gallons per day and 0.17 pounds per day of organic material, what will be the output of organic material periodic per day after the sewer water passes through the septic tank?

 * I have never seen any reliable figures for this. I do know from practical experience that the carbonaceous BOD in septic tank effluent often exceeds 600 mg/l as soluble organic matter and fine particulates. Much of this will probably be removed by soil and sub-soil micro-organisms. In the tank itself bacteria, protozoa and some higher organisms will convert much of the organic material to methane, carbon dioxide, water and a multitude of lower molecular weight soluble and micro particulate organic entities. Over extended time, the sludge in a septic tank becomes richer in minerals and in synthetic fibres from modern clothing with most of the organic material having decomposed and been washed out in the effluent stream or vented as gas.  Velella  Velella Talk  13:52, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

But if you systematically clean out the sludge from a septic tank, the rest of the system, like a pond or whatever has a lesser job of cleanup to carry out. And I'm trying to quantify the expected quality of the effluent water for further treatment purposes. We use a wastewater quality value of 200-300 mg/l for ordinary sewer water, and I suspect that a cleaned out septic tank system would have a lesser quality loading value for that, due to its inability to support the growth of bacteria.WFPM (talk) 01:41, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Maintenance
A sentences in the article used to read as
 * Periodic preventive maintenance is required to remove the irreducible solids that settle and gradually fill the tank, reducing its efficiency. In most jurisdictions this maintenance is required by law, yet often not enforced. Those who ignore the requirement will eventually be faced with extremely costly repairs when solids escape the tank and destroy the clarified liquid effluent disposal means. A properly maintained system, on the other hand, can last for decades or possibly even a lifetime.{{cn|date=February 2012}

I changed this to:
 * Periodic preventive maintenance is required to remove the irreducible solids that settle and gradually fill the tank, reducing its efficiency. Eventually solids will completely fill the tank and enter the field drains and destroy their effectiveness leading to costly repairs.

The reason for the change is that there is no evidence provided 'most jurisdictions require [this] maintenance by law, yet often not enforced. I personally know of no such jurisdictions or requirements in countries such as UK, France, Greece or New Zealand.

The statement that :
 * A well maintained system can last for decades or possibly even a lifetime is unreferenced and untrue. No matter how effective the system, septic tanks receive a wide range of materials that do not decompose or only do so very slowly including soil, synthetic fibres from clothes washing and food residues. The reality is that septic tanks do fill with solids and become less and less effective in time frames of a few years (or a few months if badly treated).  Velella  Velella Talk 17:12, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

Actually the statement was true. I am a professional engineer and designer of onsite wastewater treatment systems with over 40 years of experience in the field. The statement about well maintained systems lasting decades or even a lifetime is accurate. My personal home system is over 30 years old and in nearly as good condition as the day it was installed ( I do periodic inspections of the system myself). The non-decomposing materials are removed with periodic pumping of the septic tank. By pumping the tank, solids intrusion into the seepage field is kept to a minimum. I have never seen a system which was compromised in weeks and frankly dont understand how it could even be possible that quick. It takes at least a year, probably several years for solids to build up in a tank to the point where they would exit the tank and enter a seepage field. greybeard (talk) 21:34, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

New diagram needed
The problem with the current diagram is that it shows a cesspool, not a septic tank. The major difference between the two is that a septic tank has an outflow pipe (which typically goes to a drain field), whereas a cesspool relies on water seeping out through the walls. Any ambitious volunteers with MS Paint skills out there? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.169.157.197 (talk) 06:07, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Here: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Septic_Tank_Typical_Arrangement.jpg
 * Penciljockey (talk) 06:09, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I found the same problem and have replaced it with a better diagram now.EvM-Susana (talk) 21:01, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

Regulation section needs updating
The regulation section is reads like it's 18 months ago, and suggestions of things that should've been implemented by January 2013.

Could someone who is actually familiar with the subject matter drag that up to date? Thanks! Reedy (talk) 16:04, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

I added information about the current regulations in Ireland including a link to the actual code of practise. Jknappe (talk), 22 May 2015 — Preceding undated comment added 11:28, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

Basic information about France added. Jknappe (talk) 19:11, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

Removing the "See also" Link list
I am planning to remove the "see also" link list at the bottom because this doesn't conform with Wikipedia article style. Such hyperlinks should rather be included in the article itself. EvM-Susana (talk) 14:11, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

Done - I have removed the see also links now. If someone wants to ensure all words are mentioned and hyperlinked in the text (if relevant), this is what they were:

 * Cesspit
 * Effluent sewer (septic tank effluent pumping)
 * Grease interceptor
 * Mound system (a type of septic system)
 * Percolation testing (for the capacity of soil to absorb water)
 * Septage

EvM-Susana (talk) 18:53, 27 December 2014 (UTC)

Text that was with the "External links" section
I moved the text that was visible in the external links section to here: "Note: this could use some improvement. The following links are general agency/department sites covering a whole gamut of related topics.  They may very well prove to contain content related specifically to septic tanks, but which would take considerable additional effort to locate.  Thus the reader is not provided with relevant information but with an additional searching task.  A general internet search would probably be more useful."

And I agree the external links list needs improvement. EvM-Susana (talk) 20:21, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

Septic tank
How important is the inlet wastewater pipe? Can the tank operate without it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.90.44.54 (talk) 14:00, 8 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Vital and no. Where would the sewage come from if it didn't come through the inlet pipe?  Velella  Velella Talk 16:35, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

Septic Tank Cleaning Services
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Best regards, Golden Clean & Traders 103.122.137.50 (talk) 04:31, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Septic tank


text:
Snakehead (gang)

Snakeheads are Chinese gangs that smuggle people to other countries. They are found in the Fujian region of China and smuggle their customers into wealthier Western countries such as those in Western Europe, North America, Australia, and some nearby wealthier regions such as Taiwan and Japan.

Snakeheads use various methods to get their customers to the West. They may employ the use of stolen or altered passports, improperly obtained visas, and bribes to move people from nation to nation until they arrive at their final destination. They also may use fake business delegations and tour groups as a way of beating immigration controls. The rate of payment for successful smuggling can be as high as US$70,000.

One notable snakehead member was Cheng Chui Ping or "Sister Ping". Another is Guo Liang Chi, known mainly by his street name of Ah Kay, who was the mastermind of the Golden Venture cargo ship tragedy in 1993 that was financed by Sister Ping.

Role in defection from North Korea
A North Korean emigrant seeking to enter South Korea may turn to a snakehead gang to be voluntarily smuggled out of North Korea. If the emigrant is unable to pay the snakeheads back, the emigrant may risk becoming a victim of human trafficking.

In popular culture

 * In the Lincoln Rhyme novel The Stone Monkey by Jeffery Deaver, the villain is a shadowy snakehead, nicknamed "the Ghost," who is intent on killing a family of Chinese immigrants who are the only witnesses alive who can identify him to the authorities.
 * The Alex Rider novel Snakehead by Anthony Horowitz is the seventh novel in the series, in which Alex must infiltrate a Snakehead gang for ASIS (Australian Secret Intelligence Service).
 * In the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, one of CJ's missions forces him to board a cargo ship carrying illegal Vietnamese immigrants run by a Vietnamese gang called the "Da Nang Boys". The leader of the gang is referred to only as "The Snakehead". The operation is a direct allusion to the Golden Venture fiasco in 1993, as the game itself takes place in the early 1990s.
 * In the "Laughing Magician" story arc of the comic book Hellblazer, John Constantine enlists the aid of a snakehead gang boss.
 * The 1980 Shaw Brothers production Lost Souls directed by Mou Tun Fei concerns the exploitation of illegal immigrants and features a gang of nasty snakeheads as the villains.
 * The Oregon Files novels Dark Watch and Flood Tide by Clive Cussler features snakeheads as minor villains.
 * The Fringe episode "Snakehead" features a gang that smuggles immunity-boosting parasites by feeding them to the Chinese immigrants that they are transporting, then cutting them out of the victims once the parasite has starved them to death.
 * In an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit titled "Debt", the SVU squad led by Elliot Stabler investigate a case of child neglect and uncover a conspiracy by a local snakehead to smuggle female Chinese immigrants for an illicit prostitution ring.
 * The TV series Hawaii Five-0 (2010) featured a snakehead in the pilot episode who is sentenced to life imprisonment – later to be revealed as a subordinate of the archvillain Wo Fat.
 * The zombie fiction novel World War Z by Max Brooks features a snakehead gang member as a character, revealing how the gangs have exploited the desperation of infected families hoping to escape China for Central and Western Asia.
 * The movie Premium Rush refers to the snakehead gang as the recipient of the envelope that is being delivered.
 * The main antagonists in the 1998 movie Lethal Weapon 4 are members of a snakehead gang which is found to be smuggling Chinese people into the United States and exploiting them.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Snakehead (gang)


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Talk:If Looks Could Kill, I'd Watch You Die

Fair use rationale for Image:If Looks Could Kill I'd Watch You Die.jpg
Image:If Looks Could Kill I'd Watch You Die.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:04, 5 June 2007 (UTC)


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Helena Patursson

Súsanna Helena Patursson (27 August 1864 in Kirkjubøur – 15 December 1916 in Kirkjubøur) was a Faroese actress and writer, and the first political feminist in the country, particularly stressing the need for all Faroe Islanders to be able to write and learn Faroese. She also wrote the first play in the Faroese language. Her brothers, Sverri Patursson and Jóannes Patursson, were well-known figures in the Faroese national movement.

Biography
Helena Patursson was born on 27 August 1864 to Poul Peder Pedersen, a wealthy farmer, and Ellen Cathrine Djonesen. She grew up on Kirkjubøargarður, Kirkjubøur, where she received private lessons with her brothers, Sverri and Jóannes. Later, she went to Copenhagen, where she learned piano and needlework. She worked there as a paralegal until 1904 when she returned to the Faroes.

Like her brothers, who were leading figures of the Faroese nationalist revival, Helena Paturson had been an activist since the Christmas Meeting of 1888, where the movement was founded. Her activism was mainly addressed to women. In 1889, she wrote the first play in Faroese, Veðurføst (feminine form of veðurfastur - unable to move from a place because of weather conditions, "weather-stuck"). The play was about women's role in the national awakening and teaching Faroese (which at the time had no official status as a language) at home. Only fragments of the play's manuscript are still preserved.

Patursson also wrote in the newspapers Føringatíðindi (Faroe Periodical) and Fuglaframi (Fowl Forth - the Faroese people's furtherance), which belonged to her brothers, Jóannes and Sverre. In Copenhagen, she organised a women's union, and in 1896 she persuaded the Faroese Association there to affiliate with women.

In 1904, Patursson returned to the Faroe Islands, and in 1905, she founded and began writing her own periodical, Oyggjarnar (the Islands). Oyggjarnar was the only periodical in the Faroese language at the time, and it was also the first periodical primarily aimed at Faroese women. Issues were four pages long and released weekly. It initially sold for 1,5 crowns for a half-year subscription, but later the cost lessened.

Oyggjarnar was not addressed solely to women. Most articles were about Faroese education, the need for the shift from being taught entirely in Danish to teaching children in Faroese (at the time, Danish was the official language and was the language used in schools), the international perception of the Faroe Islands, the Faroese women's roles or jobs, recipes (which were considered a national request at the time), and tips on how to create a good home. For instance, Oyggjarnar emphasised that girls should have the same food as boys, and articles might be written about news from Iceland or Norway as told by a Faroer who visited there. The periodical advocated for a new women's role, one that retained some aspects of the traditional farmer's culture while emphasizing the necessity of home beautification. For example, traditional wool processing becoming only something for handicrafts.

A book, partially a compilation of her articles from Oyggjarnar, came out in February 1908 and was called Matreglur fyri hvørt hús (literally, "Food-rules for every house"). It was the first Faroese cookbook, and consisted of 160 "rules" (meaning recipes - at the time, there seemed to be no precise word for food "recipes” as the periodical itself switched between names for them often). It was sold for 50 oyra (half a crown, equivalent to cents of a dollar), and was for sale at the bookshop in Tórshavn, at B.A. Sálmalsson in Tórshavn, at various places in towns, and with Helena Patursson herself in Kirkjubøur.

Of the recipes published in the periodical at the time of the cookbook's release, most were for meals considered to be basic, traditional food today: oatmeal porridge, lamb, meatballs, liver paste, puffin, fishballs, plukkfisk (a common dish in Iceland and the Faroes, essentially leftover fish with potatoes and other things mixed in), kleynir (common in Iceland and the Faroes, a sort of plain, doughnut-like pastry eaten with coffee), cauliflower soup, and sausage. There were, however, a few recipes for more uncommon things, such as adaptations from so-called American recipes or instructions for how to cook pork, which by the article's admission, was something that almost no Faroers had tasted at the time. This was likely since the periodical was also being read by fishermen who spent most of their time traveling abroad to America, Denmark, and other countries with alternative foods. Some articles in the periodical were directly addressed to such fishermen.

Oyggjarnar
Excerpt from Oyggjarnar (May 18, 1905):

Patursson's second book, Fríðka um búgvið (beautification around dwellings/the home), was published in 1912. In 1908, Oyggjarnar was discontinued due to a decrease in support from her famous brothers.

Malan Marnersdóttir, a Faroese professor of literature and Patursson's biographer, supposes that it was a sign of the times that a single woman's voice was missed in that time when men dominated the political scene of the national movement. However, Helena Patursson was a pioneer, and her work and ideas were continued in 1952 when Kvinnufelagið (The Women's Union/Group) was founded.

title: Helena Patursson


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Sea eagle (disambiguation)

A sea eagle is a bird of prey in the subfamily Haliaeetinae.

Sea eagle may also refer to:

Birds

 * Brahminy kite, also called red-backed sea eagle
 * Osprey, known as the sea eagle chiefly in heraldry

Aerospace

 * Sea Eagle (missile), British, anti-ship missile
 * Sea Eagle (WIG craft)
 * Supermarine Sea Eagle, 1920s British passenger flying boat

Sports

 * Blackpool Sea Eagles, English rugby league football club
 * Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, Australian rugby league football club
 * North Harbour Sea Eagles, New Zealand rugby league club
 * Papakura Sea Eagles, New Zealand rugby league club
 * Sunshine Coast Sea Eagles, Australian, professional rugby league football team
 * Samoa national rugby union team

Other

 * HMS Sea Eagle, former, Royal Navy shore establishment near Derry, Northern Ireland
 * Operation Sea Eagle, 1941, cancelled German supply operation in support of the Irish Republican Army
 * The Sea Eagle, 1946 novel by James Aldridge
 * SS Sea Eagle, ship. See USS Custer (APA-40)

title: Sea eagle (disambiguation)


text: User talk:63.19.146.56

title: User talk:63.19.146.56


text:
User talk:WintsonWolfe

Just because you are a character doesn't mean that you have character, Raquel

Winston Wolfe is a pseudonym living in Auckland, New Zealand, who contributes to H2G2 and the local print media, where he is able to retain moreedictorial control, and take a more relaxed approach to reality. On Wikipedia, Winston's writing is mostly related to avaition. Winston's aware "Wolfe" is mis-spelt, and knows this introduction begins with a misquote.

Some other misquotes Winston appreciates are;

 "You can stop wondering whether I'm making this all up. Of course I am". Clive James.

 "I wanted to set the record straight, or at least definitively crocked". Douglas Adams.

 "I contradict myself? Very well, then I contradict myself, I am large, I contain multitudes." Walt Whitman.

 "Eff that, who's coming with me?". Jack Hinton.

title: User talk:WintsonWolfe


text:
Stephen S. Sawyer

Stephen Shelby Sawyer (born August 30, 1952, in Paris, KY, U.S.) is an American commercial illustrator known for his Christianist depictions of Jesus Christ, as well as for his business, Art 4 God. His work has been profiled in magazines, over 400 newspapers including The New York Times, and TV shows such as The Today Show. Since 1995, Sawyer has traveled throughout the United States and occasionally to other countries as a motivational speaker. He resides in Versailles, Kentucky.

title: Stephen S. Sawyer


text:
Talk:Pacific Air Lines Flight 773

Untitled
Maybe this article's title should be spelled out as Pacific Air Lines Flight 773. Philippine Airlines is also appreviated "PAL", and at one point or another there probably was a Flight 773. :p Coffee 04:06, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That's probably a good idea. I hope to get to it soon, or you can tackle it if you wish. And congratulations on your recent adminship. I'm also from the RFA class of August '05. FeloniousMonk 22:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Number of bullets/shots fired
The article reads: “''With Flight 773 minutes from landing, Gonzales, seated directly behind the cockpit, burst into the cockpit and shot both pilots twice. [...] before shooting himself [...]“ and further “Investigators from the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) found in the mangled wreckage a damaged Smith & Wesson Model 27 .357 Magnum revolver, holding six spent cartridges.''“ (bold text by me).

So, what's with the sixth shot obviously fired? Puzzled, --Gott (talk) 20:51, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

Considered a mass shooting?
Good morning, Can you please explain how this falls under Mass shootings in the United States? It states "a gunman kills at least four victims" and "A broader definition, as used by the Gun Violence Archive, is that of "4 or more shot or killed, not including the shooter" This definition, of four people shot regardless of whether or not that results in injury or death, is often used by the press and non-profit organization". Thanks for your time. - Samf4u (talk) 16:47, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

It was already listed in the List of mass shootings in the United States. The article itself identifies the shooting victims as Captain Ernest Clark, First Officer Ray Andress, the shooter himself Francisco Paula Gonzales. Dimadick (talk) 16:55, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Maybe we should remove it as any definition of mass shooting I can find states four or more shot. What do you think? - Samf4u (talk) 17:10, 13 January 2019 (UTC)
 * No problem personally, but it is contradicted by the definitions it the list: "Mother Jones: 3+ shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator(s), at a public place, excluding gang-related killings." Dimadick (talk) 17:16, 13 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Pacific Air Lines Flight 773 would be 2 shot and killed excluding the perpetrator I believe. - Samf4u (talk) 17:25, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Francisco Gonzales into Pacific Air Lines Flight 773
Short text. Whiteguru (talk) 07:24, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Don't merge Francisco Gonzales is also known as being an Olympian sailor. Now it's a stub, but the article can be expanded with his sailing career. Pacific Air Lines Flight 773 is not the place to write about his sailing career. SportsOlympic (talk) 10:13, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Don't merge per SportsOlympic. His Olympic career came first, despite being linked to the plane crash afterwards.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 13:52, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Don't merge per above.--Darwinek (talk) 23:32, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Don't merge Short text is not a reason for a merge. Games of the world (talk) 20:25, 28 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Don't merge Late on parade but clearly seperately notable as an Olympian per WP:NOLYMPICS - Ba se me nt 12  (T.C) 00:49, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pacific Air Lines Flight 773


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EMD GP39-2

The EMD GP39-2 is a 4-axle diesel locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1974 and 1984. 239 examples of this locomotive were built for American railroads. Part of the EMD Dash 2 line, the GP39-2 was an upgraded GP39. The power for this locomotive was provided by a turbocharged 12-cylinder 12-645E3 diesel engine, which could produce 2300 hp.

Unlike the original GP39, which sold only 23 examples as railroads preferred the reliable un-turbocharged GP38, the GP39-2 was reasonably successful, ascribed to its better fuel economy relative to the GP38-2 which became of more interest in the 1970s energy crisis, and to its better performance at altitude.

Original owners
The GP39-2 sold to five railroads and two industrial operators:

Rebuilds
Several GP40-2 locomotives were rebuilt by Morrison–Knudsen with head-end power generators, which meant that 1,000 horsepower of the locomotive would go to the generator instead of being used for tractive effort. Because of this, they were renamed the GP38H-2 class of locomotives.

Union Pacific has rebuilt 7 of their GP39-2's into GP39N 's at their Jenk's shop. These units received a microprocessor control system to increase adhesion, control options, and extend the life of the locomotive.

Preservation
Only one GP39-2 is preserved as of 2019:

 * CSX 4317, former Reading Company 3412, is preserved at the Reading Railroad Heritage Museum in Hamburg, Pennsylvania. 4317 is the first GP39-2 in preservation.

title: EMD GP39-2


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Girl

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Normally I wouldn't close a discussion I voted in, but there is an overwhelming consensus here. android 79  03:46, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Girl
Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Any non-dictionary content should be merged into Gender role. Bcrowell 04:07, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 04:08, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is more than a dicdef and it has been expanded to show characteristics of girls and how they compare against boys. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 04:09, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * But that's what the Gender role article is about.--Bcrowell 04:10, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Have you heard about article forking? Maybe the above article is too large to merge the information about Boys and Girls and their gender roles. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 04:16, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * keep -- Mr . Dude †@£К ║  Çøת†яĭβü†ĬŎИ 04:12, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep should be delete boy, man, and woman? Howabout1 Talk to me! 04:19, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Wyss 04:28, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, an astounding nomination. Christopher Parham (talk) 04:39, 2005 August 20 (UTC)
 * Keep05:23, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - you gotta be kidding me. 23skidoo 05:27, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. -- DS1953 06:13, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wha...? If you wanted it merged, you didn't need to bring it here, although I'm glad you did, as it would be a rather unwise merge, especially if Boy, Man, and Woman were to be merged as well. Gender role is a very large article. Keep. android  79  06:17, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. Was VfDing a joke? --Irpen 06:39, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A clear case for a speedy keep. Capitalistroadster 06:40, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - can someone take the vfd notice off the page now? --Clawed 08:10, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, the present contents indicate potentials for further expansion. --Bhadani 13:39, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks legit to me. --Dysepsion 17:09, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. More than just a dict-def. --*drew 13:40, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--This page could use some work, and some parts of it should probbibly be mearged into gender role, but there is definitly justification for having an artical on girl.--1 black hand 21:48, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Alus 08:12, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Note that it is proposed for improvement on Collaboration of the week --Janke | Talk 19:26, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not sure I understand why you suggested this. Sarge Baldy 19:55, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, not because this vote is needed, but because I would also like to reiterate that this article is now on the important WP:COTW page. Phoenix2 05:24, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Enough "keeps", right? I removed the VfD tag. Was it too early? --Janke | Talk 06:54, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Girl


text:
Lincoln Terrace neighborhood

Lincoln Terrace is a historic and diverse neighborhood in the Eastside district of Northeast Oklahoma City, located on either side of Lincoln Blvd just south of the Oklahoma State Capitol, between NE 13th and NE 23rd streets.] Most homes in the area were built during the decade (1920–30) after the erection of the state capitol. The neighborhood has undergone a renaissance in recent years in part as a result of the expansion of the Oklahoma Health Center district, anchored by the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, on its south side.

Many of the homes in the neighborhood are in the Tudor Revival Style

Local businesses and organizations in the neighborhood include: Joy Mennonite Church (on NE 16th Street, west of Lincoln); Papa Dino's Pizza, and George's Happy Hog BBQ, (both on Culbertson Drive), and The OUHSC Faculty House (on NE 14th Street).

The western part of the neighborhood is currently recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as Capitol-Lincoln Terrace Historic District., while the eastern part of the neighborhood is recognized as the Lincoln Terrace East Historic District.

title: Lincoln Terrace neighborhood


text:
Wally

Wally may refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Wally (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
 * Wally the Green Monster, mascot of the Boston Red Sox
 * Water Wally, mascot of the Singapore's Public Utilities Board

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Wally (band), British prog rock band
 * Wally (album), a 1974 album by Wally
 * La Wally, an opera by Alfredo Catalani
 * Wally, an episode of the American TV series Highway to Heaven

Businesses and organizations

 * Wally's, an American convenience store chain
 * Wally Yachts, a maritime design and manufacture company

Other uses

 * Wally (anonymous), a name often called out at British rock venues in the 1970s and early '80s
 * The Wally, trophy given to NHRA national event race winners
 * WALLY, a proposed rail service in southeast Michigan, United States
 * The Wallies of Wessex, a group of people who squatted on ground close to Stonehenge in 1974
 * Wally, a Cockney dialect name for a large gherkin or pickled cucumber
 * Wally the Walrus, a walrus known for travelling long distances around the coast of Western Europe

title: Wally


text:
Mar Amongo

Mar Amongo (October 9, 1936 – August 10, 2005) was a Filipino comics artist and illustrator.

Amongo was born in Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines. His first stint was with Manlapaz Publishing, where he inked the very first Noli Me Tangere comics novel. After studying with cartoonist Nestor Redondo, he had a fruitful career illustrating "komiks" in his native country.

In 1971, DC Comics Editor-in-Chief Carmine Infantino and editor Joe Orlando traveled to the Philippines on a recruiting trip for artists. Amongo, Alfredo Alcala, Ernie Chan, Alex Niño, Nestor Redondo, and Gerry Talaoc were some of the Filipino artists who went on to work for DC, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s.

From 1983 to 1994, he worked in the Middle East as a traditional illustrator and transitioned to digital arts in later years.

On his return to the Philippines, he was given a comic strip by the Philippines Journal, Inc. to chronicle his ordeals in Kuwait during the Gulf War. It was also during this period where the Philippine government commissioned him to do some murals. First, the "ecosystems mural" which he did for the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and second, a mural showcasing Filipino heroes, which was digitally reproduced and displayed in strategic areas around Laguna, Philippines during the Philippine Independence Centennial celebration. He later adapted two of Paul Twitchell's books on Eckankar– The Tiger's Fang and Talons of Time.

Amongo translated on August 10, 2005, at age 69, in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.

title: Mar Amongo


text: File:CountingCrowsAcrossaWire.jpg

title: File:CountingCrowsAcrossaWire.jpg


text:
John Aimers

John Lathrop Aimers (born 1951 in Dublin, Ireland) is the founder of the Monarchist League of Canada, who served as its first Dominion Chairman. He is an educator by profession and taught at a succession of private schools until 2006, when he was accused of sexual misconduct involving students. He is a dual citizen of Canada and the United States.

Education
The son of an architect, Aimers was educated at Selwyn House and Lower Canada College before attending Sir George Williams University where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in political science and McGill University where he earned a Bachelor of Education.

Teaching career
He returned to Selwyn House in 1974, teaching English, history and political science and coaching the debating team until he left in 1978. He subsequently taught at a series of private schools across Canada and the United States, including Toronto French School where he taught English from 1998 until 2006.

Founding the Monarchist League
Aimers had been an activist in the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada's youth wing and became personally close to former Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, serving as his administrative assistant for two summers 1969 to 1970. The two shared a conviction that the government of Pierre Trudeau was undermining the status of the monarchy in Canada. In 1970, while a university student, Aimers and others founded the Monarchist League of Canada in an attempt to galvanize monarchists and shore up support for the institution.

Aimers served as its Dominion Chairman from 1970 to 1972 when he left to take a job on Parliament Hill. He resumed his duties as Dominion Chairman in 1975, and led the league until February 4, 2006, when he resigned.

Political activities
Following his service to Diefenbaker, Aimers worked as administrative assistant to Progressive Conservative Members of Parliament Robert Coates in 1972 and Stanley Schumacher in 1973. He served as national president of the Progressive Conservative Youth Federation in 1977. Aimers resigned from the Progressive Conservative Party in 1978, joining the Liberals, to protest what he called "the shafting of Stan Schumacher" by the party. Schumacher, a 10-year veteran Member of Parliament lost his bid for renomination after he refused to give up his Bow River riding in favour of PC leader Joe Clark who was losing his own riding due to redistribution. Aimers accused the party's national executive of directing a campaign against Schumacher's renomination bid in order to punish him.

Anglicanism
As a member of the Anglican Church of Canada and the Prayer Book Society of Canada, Aimers spoke regularly at services and was long the newsletter editor at St. Thomas Anglican Church, an Anglo-Catholic parish in Toronto, until he resigned in 2006.

Sexual abuse lawsuit
In 2009, Aimers's former employer, Selwyn House, settled a class action lawsuit, which had been launched in 2006, agreeing to pay up to $5 million in damages to nearly three dozen men who claimed that they had been sexually abused between 1961 and 1991 by three former teachers – Aimers (who had taught at the school in the 1970s and coached its debating team), Leigh Seville and James P. Hill. As part of the settlement, the school issued a public statement which expressed "apologies and regrets to former students who have presented claims asserting any form of sexual abuse during their time at the school."

He had been accused of making sexual advances to students while giving them drugs and alcohol, including one whom he hired as a clerk at the Monarchist League. Aimers denied any wrongdoing but resigned as Monarchist League chairman and signed the settlement agreement that concluded the lawsuit.

Honours
The International Independent Schools’ Public Speaking League awards the John Aimers Trophy to the top American speaker in its annual competition.

title: John Aimers


text:
User talk:Billymcbillerson

Please don't make silly additions about "cool dudes" to Wikipedia. This will probably get you blocked. Harro5 04:25, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Kelly Martin 04:28, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please do not vandalize user pages. [[Image:Stop_hand.png|left|30px]]

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. FreplySpang (talk) 04:31, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. FreplySpang (talk) 04:34, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

OK LET ME SAY ONE THING FUCK YOU ALL:)

title: User talk:Billymcbillerson


text:
Opinio juris sive necessitatis

Opinio juris sive necessitatis ("an opinion of law or necessity") or simply opinio juris ("an opinion of law") is the belief that an action was carried out as a legal obligation. This is in contrast to an action resulting from cognitive reaction or behaviors habitual to an individual. This term is frequently used in legal proceedings such as a defense for a case.

Opinio juris is the subjective element of custom as a source of law, both domestic and international, as it refers to beliefs. The other element is state practice, which is more objective as it is readily discernible. To qualify as state practice, the acts must be consistent and general international practice.

A situation where opinio juris would be feasible is a case concerning self-defense. A condition must be met where the usage of force is limited to the situation at hand. The act of striking an attacker may be done with legal justification; however, legal territory limits the acceptability of such a claim. Even in this case, the usage of force must be acceptable to the conditions of the environment, the attacker, and the physical conditions of the people involved, as well as any weapons or tools used.

International law
In international law, opinio juris is the subjective element used to judge whether the practice of a state is due to a belief that it is legally obligated to do a particular act. When opinio juris exists and is consistent with nearly all state practice, customary international law emerges. Opinio juris essentially means that states must act in compliance with the norm not merely out of convenience, habit, coincidence, or political expediency, but rather out of a sense of legal obligation.

Article 38(1)(b) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice accepts "international custom" as a source of law, but only where this custom is 1) "evidence of a general practice," (the objective component) (2) "accepted as law." (the opinio juris or subjective component) Thus, for example, while it may be observed that heads of state virtually always shake hands when they first meet, it is highly unlikely that they do so because they believe that a rule of international law requires it. On the other hand, a state would almost certainly expect some form of legal repercussions if it were to prosecute a foreign ambassador without the consent of his or her home state, and in this sense opinio juris does exist for the international law rule of diplomatic immunity.

Because opinio juris refers to the psychological state of the state actor – asking why the state behaved as it did –   it can be difficult to identify and to prove. In practice, a variety of sources tend to be used to demonstrate the existence of opinio juris, including evidence such as diplomatic correspondence, press releases and other government statements of policy, opinions of legal advisers, official manuals on legal questions, legislation, national and international judicial decisions, legal briefs endorsed by the state, a pattern of treaties ratified by the state that all include the same obligation(s), resolutions and declarations by the United Nations, and other sources.

In the Paquete Habana case (decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1900 on the question of whether small coastal fishing boats are immune from capture during wartime under customary international law), evidence of opinio juris included medieval English royal ordinances, agreements between European nations, orders issued to the U.S. Navy in earlier conflicts, and the opinions of legal treatise writers. Finally, the context, circumstances, and manner in which the state practice is carried out can also be used to infer the existence of opinio juris.

As the ICJ stated in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases of 1969, "Not only must the acts concerned amount to a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule of law requiring it." Nonetheless, a state's motives can change over time, and that it is not necessary that opinio juris be a significant impetus for each instance of action. As Judge Lachs wrote in a dissenting opinion in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases, "At successive stages in the development of the [customary] rule the motives which have prompted States to accept it have varied from case to case. It could not be otherwise. At all events, to postulate that all States, even those which initiate a given practice, believe themselves to be acting under a legal obligation is to resort to a fiction, and in fact to deny the possibility of developing such rules."

As difficult as it can be to prove why an actor did act in a certain way, it is exponentially more difficult to prove why it did not act. For this reason, the necessity of demonstrating that a behavior was prompted by a sense of legal obligation makes it particularly difficult for customary international law to develop around the prohibition of a practice. One important case in the development of modern customary international law theory is the Lotus case, in which France attempted to protest Turkey's assertion of criminal jurisdiction over a French citizen for acts committed on the high seas (outside of Turkey's territory). France presented a number of historical examples to demonstrate that the state of nationality or the state whose flag the ship had flown had exclusive jurisdiction in cases such as this. However, the Permanent Court of International Justice (a precursor to the ICJ) declared that the evidence showed merely that "States had often, in practice, abstained from instituting criminal proceedings, and not that they recognized themselves as being obliged to do so; for only if such abstention were based on their being conscious of having a duty to abstain would it be possible to speak of an international custom."

This reasoning was cited approvingly in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases, which similarly declined to find the existence of customary law regarding the proper method to delimit territorial claims to the continental shelf extending from the coastline of states bordering the North Sea. The ICJ also declined to find evidence of customary international law in an opinion on the legality of the use or threat of nuclear weapons, despite what some argued to be uniform state practice.

As in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases, in the advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons it found that the mere fact that no state had used nuclear weapons against another state since World War II did not reflect opinio juris. Some states had pointed out that a series of U.N. resolutions had been issued "that deal with nuclear weapons and that affirm, with consistent regularity, the illegality of nuclear weapons," and argued that this signified "the existence of a rule of international customary law which prohibits recourse to those weapons." Nonetheless, the ICJ wrote that states possessing nuclear weapons had almost always objected to these resolutions, which strongly suggests that those states did not believe that a customary law prohibiting their use existed. Moreover, it wrote that the non-use of nuclear weapons could actually provide evidence of their "use" as a deterrent force.

This logical framework makes sense for existing norms of customary international law, but it becomes problematic in the context of new or emerging customary rules. If a practice is not currently governed by customary international law, then it is illogical to inquire into a state's beliefs about the legality of engaging in or abstaining from that practice, i.e., to ask whether it believed that its practice was in compliance with a law that does not yet exist.

This paradox may be resolved to some extent by the idea of "crystallization" of customary international law, in which practice and legal obligation evolve jointly and eventually ripen into law. Under one model, this process occurs in three stages: first, some States engage in a given practice for reasons other than a sense of legal obligation (e.g. political expediency, economic gain, courtesy, etc.); next, States reinforce the practice by engaging in it or making claims based upon it, creating loops of reciprocity and reliance based on expectations that the practice will continue; finally, as these relationships expand in number and complexity, they eventually harden into a general rule. In this final stage, as more States become aware of the conduct and actively participate or at least passively acquiesce to the practice, the States' actions begin to be undergirded by a belief that they are complying with an emerging customary rule.

title: Opinio juris sive necessitatis


text:
User:KF/Literature quiz

You can test your knowledge of literatures in English by doing this quiz. Question 1 is fairly easy, Question 30 is probably the most difficult one. Of course Wikipedia is at your disposal. However, from Question 21 or so onward, you will have to rely mainly on other resources as you will hardly find a corresponding Wikipedia article (or maybe just a stub). It is hoped that participants will see the final part of the quiz as an incentive to write new articles.

PS You may find that you know the answers to some of the questions from watching the movie rather than reading the book. In that case, you might, in the future, consider reading the book first and watching the film afterwards—comparing the two versions can be great fun. Now enjoy the quiz!

1
In 1991 Michael Crichton published a novel—a cautionary tale on unconsidered biological tinkering which explores the consequences of an attempt to re-create certain species of dinosaur to serve as amusement park attractions— which in 1993 was turned into a successful movie by Steven Spielberg. What is the title of both book and film?

2
One night in Covent Garden, London, a Professor Higgins, a linguist, makes the acquaintance of a Cockney flower girl and decides to teach her proper English and also proper manners. What is her name, and who wrote the 1913 play which starts with the above scene? Image:8_ustinov.jpg

3
Which Agatha Christie novel, filmed in 1978, is set in Egypt, what is the name of the character in this screenshot (played by Peter Ustinov), and what country does he come from?

4
In the days before the American Revolutionary War a villager of Dutch descent living in what today is New York State escapes his nagging wife by wandering up into the mountains. After various adventures he settles down under a shady tree and falls asleep. He wakes up 20 years later and returns to his village. He immediately gets into trouble when he hails George III, not knowing that in the meantime the American Revolution has taken place and he is not supposed to be a loyal subject of the Hanoverian king any longer.

What is the sleeper's name? Who wrote the short story?

5
Theatrical superstitions are superstitions particular to actors or the theatre. For example, Shakespeare's play Macbeth is said to be cursed, so actors avoid saying its name. What euphemism do they use instead?

6
What famous short poem ends with the line "And don't have any kids yourself"? Who wrote it?

7
In a novel by Warren Adler, Oliver, a lawyer, and his wife Barbara, a caterer, embark on a bitter fight for material possessions when their marriage begins to fall apart. What is Oliver and Barbara's family name?

8
Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, Haply I think on thee, and then my state, Like to the lark at break of day arising From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate; For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings That then I scorn to change my state with kings.

These are the last six lines of a 14-line poem. What is the literary term for such a poem, and who wrote this one?

9
Who wrote a short novel about a gardener who knows the world only from television, and who lives and acts accordingly? What is the title of the book?

10
In the early 1930s a British author wrote a novel in which he described a mystical, harmonious valley somewhere in the Himalayas, gently guided from a monastery, a place which has become synonymous with any earthly paradise—a permanently happy land, isolated from the outside world.

What is the name of that fictional place? Who is the author? What is the title of the novel?

11
It is a term used to denote a genre of popular fiction written for, and marketed to, young women, especially single, working women in their twenties. The genre came to prominence in the mid-1990s and continues to sell well in the 2000s, with titles topping bestseller lists and the creation of imprints devoted entirely to it.

It features hip, stylish female protagonists, usually in their twenties or early thirties, in urban settings, and follows their love lives and struggles in business (often the publishing or advertising industries). The books usually feature an irreverent tone and frank sexual themes.

What term is defined here?

12
He travels to Belmont seeking to marry a beautiful and wealthy heiress, whose father has left a will specifying that her suitors must choose between three caskets of gold, silver, and lead. The suitor who correctly looks past the outer show to choose the lead casket will win her hand. The others will discover only a "blinking idiot", and must thereafter live eternally as bachelors. After two comical suitors have chosen incorrectly, the third one makes the correct choice, perhaps aided by a subtle hint from the heiress herself.

What is the title of the play whose subplot is given above?

13
What is the name of the gay author whose most noted work to date is a novel sequence about the residents of 28 Barbary Lane, San Francisco, the first portions of which were initially serialized in the San Francisco Chronicle? What is the title of the first volume?

14
This is a screenshot from a film based on a novel written by a U.S. author. Another novel by the same writer, published 15 years earlier, is about the cloning of a 20th century politician. What is the name of the politician?

15
Horner's impotence trick—to pretend impotence in order to be allowed where no complete man may go—is distantly based on the classic Roman comedy Eunuchus by Terence. The upper-class town rake Harry Horner mounts a campaign for seducing as many respectable ladies as possible and thus cuckolding, or "putting horns on", their husbands: Horner's very name serves to alert the audience to what is going on. He spreads a false rumour of his own impotence, in order to convince married men that he can safely be allowed to socialize with their wives. The rumour is also meant to assist his mass seduction campaign by helping him identify women who are secretly eager for extramarital sex, because those women will react to a supposedly impotent man with tell-tale horror and disgust. This diagnostic trick, which invariably works perfectly, is one of the play's many running jokes at the expense of hypocritical upper-class women who are rakes at heart.

What is the title of this Restoration comedy, and who is its author? What exactly was restored during the Restoration?

16
According to Emily Dickinson, there is no frigate like ...

17
Miriam Hopkins, Lynn Fontanne and Rachel Weisz played the same role—Hopkins on the big screen, and the other two on the stage. What is the title of the play, and who wrote it?

18
The rules for writing mystery novels were codified in 1929 by an Englishman. According to him, a detective story "must have as its main interest the unravelling of a mystery; a mystery whose elements are clearly presented to the reader at an early stage in the proceedings, and whose nature is such as to arouse curiosity, a curiosity which is gratified at the end."

His "Ten Commandments" (or "Decalogue") are as follows:

 * 1) The criminal must be mentioned in the early part of the story, but must not be anyone whose thoughts the reader has been allowed to follow.
 * 2) All supernatural or preternatural agencies are ruled out as a matter of course.
 * 3) Not more than one secret room or passage is allowable.
 * 4) No hitherto undiscovered poisons may be used, nor any appliance which will need a long scientific explanation at the end.
 * 5) No Chinaman must figure in the story.
 * 6) No accident must ever help the detective, nor must he ever have an unaccountable intuition which proves to be right.
 * 7) The detective himself must not commit the crime.
 * 8) The detective is bound to declare any clues upon which he may happen to light.
 * 9) The stupid friend of the detective, the Watson, must not conceal from the reader any thoughts which pass through his mind; his intelligence must be slightly, but very slightly, below that of the average reader.
 * 10) Twin brothers, and doubles generally, must not appear unless we have been duly prepared for them.

Who wrote this set of rules? What was his profession?

19
It is a play about the power struggle between John, a university professor, and Carol, one of his female students. Carol accuses him of sexual harassment and, by doing so, spoils his chances of being accorded tenure. The play has often been characterized as an attack on political correctness and affirmative action, yet it should also be viewed as a close scrutiny of power relations, especially in the elusive world of academia.

What is the title of the play?

20
Which novel ends with the following words:

 * So [said the doctor]. Now vee may perhaps to begin. Yes?

21
This is James Stewart as General Sternwood in the 1978 remake of a 1946 movie. What is the name of the character sitting opposite him? Who played him in 1946? Who in 1978?

22
I've always been a quitter. I quit the Boy Scouts, the glee club, the marching band. Gave up my paper route, turned my back on the church, stuffed the basketball team. I dropped out of college, sidestepped the army with a 4-F on the grounds of mental instability, went back to school, made a go of it, entered a Ph.D. program in nineteenth-century British literature, sat in the front row, took notes assiduously, bought a pair of hornrims, and quit on the eve of my comprehensive exams. I got married, separated, divorced. Quit smoking, quit jogging, quit eating red meat. I quit jobs: digging graves, pumping gas, selling insurance, showing pornographic films in an art theater in Boston. When I was nineteen I made frantic love to a pinch-faced, sack-bosomed girl I'd known from high school. She got pregnant. I quit town. About the only thing I didn't give up on was the summer camp. Let me tell you about it.

What is the name of this first person narrator?

23
My name is ■■■■ ■■■■■■■■■, and I am a failure. All my life, almost forty years of it, I have been a loser. My ability to miss out, to fall short, to come to grief, amounts almost to a talent. So singular is this gift of mine that I have tried on occasion to exploit it, to make of it a virtue, to set its scene with humorous production. But I have failed in that too. Even my failure is a failure. My life has lurched from one catastrophe to another. It all began on the day of my birth. I was born a loser, since my parents had wished for a girl. And from that day, it was downhill all the way. My schooling was disastrous. Every September saw me at another establishment of education. Not that my parents were itinerant. On the contrary, they were stolid working-class, immovable from both dwelling and opinion. [...]

Again: What is the narrator's name?

24

 * [...]
 * Our two souls therefore, which are one,
 * Though I must go, endure not yet
 * A breach, but an expansion,
 * Like gold to airy thinness beat.

 * If they be two, they are two so
 * As stiff twin compasses are two;
 * Thy soul, the fix'd foot, makes no show
 * To move, but doth, if the other do.

 * And though it in the centre sit,
 * Yet when the other far doth roam,
 * It leans, and hearkens after it,
 * And grows erect, as that comes home.
 * [...]

Who wrote this poem?

25
It is a form of drama that sprang up in Great Britain in the 1990s. Created by young playwrights, it intends to involve and affect the audience by presenting vulgar, shocking, and confrontational material on the stage. The term was coined by theatre critic and teacher at Boston University's London program, Aleks Sierz, and popularized in his 2001 book.

What term is defined here?

26
Which of the following works of literature (just one) was not filmed by Alfred Hitchcock?

Image:V_Merchant.jpg
 * Eric Ambler: Journey into Fear
 * Paul Anthelme: Nos Deux Consciences
 * Robert Bloch: Psycho
 * Patricia Highsmith: Strangers on a Train
 * Frances Iles: Before the Fact
 * Frederick Knott: Dial M for Murder
 * Josephine Tey: A Shilling for Candles
 * Ethel Lina White: The Wheel Spins
 * Cornell Woolrich: "It Had to Be Murder"

27
The image shows actress Vivien Merchant as Ruth in the film version of a play written by her then-husband. What is his name, what is the title of the film, and who directed it?

28
A Thanksgiving dinner triggers all kinds of unexpected changes in the lives of a group of Americans living in a small university town in California. Ernest Wright, the pater familias, an authority on Freud, is having a secret affair with his secretary, an ungainly woman who nevertheless has had many lovers. His 17 year-old daughter Daphne secretly leaves the family home when everyone else is asleep to spend the night with one of her father's work colleagues. His 15 year-old son Ben keeps pestering everybody to listen to his mediocre poems, including a novelist and his wife who have come to stay for the weekend. The novelist has almost completed his latest book. Then something quite out of the ordinary happens.

What is the title of this novel? Who is its author? When was it first published?

29
The notion of one art for the "cultural", i.e., the favored few in any given society and of another subart for the "uncultured", i.e., an excluded majority as deficient in Gutenberg skills as they are untutored in "taste", in fact represents the last survival in mass industrial societies (capitalist, socialist, communist—it makes no difference in this regard) of an invidious distinction proper only to a class-structured community. Precisely because it carries on, as it has carried on ever since the middle of the eighteenth century, a war against that anachronistic survival, Pop Art is, whatever its overt politics, subversive: a threat to all hierarchies insofar as it is hostile to order and ordering in its own realm. What the final intrusion of Pop into the citadels of High Art provides, therefore, for the critic is the exhilarating new possibility of making judgments about the "goodness" and "badness" of art quite separated from distinctions between "high" and "low" with their concealed class bias.

What is the name of the literary critic who wrote this?

30
What do the novels Boy in the Water, Concluding, Miss Pym Disposes, A Private Place, and The Wishing Game have in common?

 04:11, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:KF/Literature quiz