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Talk:Batagur

Is the full name Batagur or Batagur baska? This article needs wikifying, and I don't know what to do with certain parts of this article until I know that information. Thanks. --Jacqui M Schedler 01:12, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Batagur


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New Haven–Springfield Line

The New Haven–Springfield Line is a railroad line owned by Amtrak from New Haven, Connecticut, north to Springfield, Massachusetts, serving the Knowledge Corridor. As a branch of the Northeast Corridor just north of New Haven State Street station, it is served by approximately seven daily Northeast Regional round trips, some continuing from New Haven to Washington, D.C., along the Corridor and others terminating at New Haven as shuttles. On weekends, there is one train daily to Roanoke, Virginia. It is also served by the daily Vermonter, which starts in Washington, D.C., and continues north from Springfield, finally terminating in St. Albans, Vermont. The line is part of the Inland Route connecting Boston and New York via Hartford, Springfield, and Worcester, in contrast to the "Shore Line" along the Connecticut Shore and through Rhode Island.

The line was originally built by the Hartford and New Haven Railroad, and opened to Springfield in 1844. In 2004, Congress added the New Haven–Springfield Line onto the Northern New England Corridor, one of ten federally designated corridors for potential high-speed rail service. Upgrades needed for higher-speed rail, including rebuilding portions of double tracking removed in the 1980s, were performed in preparation for the CT Rail Hartford Line commuter service, which launched on June 16, 2018.

History
The New Haven–Springfield Line was built by the Hartford and New Haven Railroad (H&NH) and began operations in 1844, forming the first all-rail route between Boston and New Haven, with steamship service on Long Island Sound completing service to New York. The Shore Line, today's Northeast Corridor, was completed in 1858, but the Springfield route continued to carry most traffic until the bridge over the Thames River at New London, Connecticut, opened in 1889.

The H&NH was merged into the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (NYNH&H) in 1872, and the NYNH&H continued to operate regular service between New York City and Springfield over the line. Various services were also operated over the Inland Route, starting July 1, 1911, by agreement of the NYNH&H and the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad (lessee of the Boston and Albany Railroad).

During the 1940s period of peak passenger volume, the NYNH&H ran several New York City - Boston trains through the Inland Route, that is, via New Haven, Hartford, Springfield and Worcester, in the #50s series of train numbers. The service included an overnight train with sleeping car service. By the mid-1950s these trips needed transfers in Springfield.

By the startup of Amtrak on May 1, 1971, the Inland Route was no longer in use, but frequent Penn Central trains continued to serve the New Haven–Springfield Line. Amtrak continued the Connecticut Yankee (by that time shortened to Philadelphia-Springfield) along the route. On May 17, 1971, Amtrak added a train between Philadelphia and Boston via the Inland Route. With the November 14, 1971 timetable, this was assigned the name Bay State, and extended south from Philadelphia to Washington, DC. The train was discontinued March 1, 1975, though on October 31 of that year, the Boston section of the Lake Shore Limited began, restoring Springfield–Boston service.

On April 1, 1976, Amtrak acquired the New Haven–Springfield Line from the newly formed Conrail, along with most of the Northeast Corridor, the Keystone Corridor, and several other lines.

During the mid-1980s, due to the high cost of operating the New Haven–Springfield Line and the competing newly-constructed expressways, Amtrak removed 25 mi of track, turning the line from a double-track line to a line with a single track with passing sidings. Of the 62 mi between New Haven and Springfield, 23.3 mi of double track and 38.7 mi of single track were left. The final iteration of Inland Route service began with the November 10, 1996, timetable, with the extension of the daily Virginia Service train 85/86 to Boston via Springfield. That train was later truncated, and the former Washington–Boston Bay State was reinstated via the Inland Route. By the October 28, 2002, schedule, trains 140 (weekend) and 142 (weekday) provided northbound Inland Route service, while the only weekend service was provided southbound via the 147. Train 142 was dropped October 27, 2003, and the November 1, 2004, timetable dropped 140 and 147, ending the use of the Inland Route.

On May 22, 2012, construction started on the CT Fastrak busway between New Britain and Hartford in the northern two track slots between Hartford and. The southern two track slots are used for the active double-track rail line. Any future re-addition of a third or fourth track would require removing or relocating the busway.

The connection between a new double track section from Hartford to Windsor and an existing section from north of Windsor to south of Windsor Locks was completed on September 25, 2018, leaving less than 12 mi of single track on the line. The new section was not expected to allow additional service, but to increase reliability.

Interstate 84
One proposal to replace the aging Interstate 84 viaduct through Hartford as part of the I-84 Hartford Project is an at-grade roadbed, which would require relocating the rail tracks and busway north of the new road. The viaduct crosses the tracks and busway twice, a route dictated by the placement of abutting development back when the viaduct was constructed in the 1960s. Subsequent demolition has made the proposal to move the tracks a viable option to consider.

Amtrak Hartford Line Service
Amtrak runs Hartford Line trains between Springfield, Massachusetts, and New Haven, Connecticut. These trains connect with Northeast Regional or Metro-North New Haven Line service at New Haven's Union Station, usually by a cross-platform or same-track transfer. The Hartford Line trains are in the 400 series, with the last two digits usually denoting the number of the Amtrak train it is connecting to. In September 2019 Amtrak adopted the state of Connecticut’s Hartford Line branding for its trains on the line, replacing the Shuttle designation. The branding is shared with the state operated CTrail commuter trains which also serve the corridor. Together the two services make up the Hartford Line commuter rail program.

Hartford Line
The Connecticut Department of Transportation (CTDOT) and the Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation studied adding a dedicated New Haven–Hartford–Springfield Commuter Rail Line between New Haven and Springfield to create a more accessible commuter connection to the Metro North commuter lines between New York City and Southwestern Connecticut, and also give more transit options to people commuting within the Knowledge Corridor region surrounding Hartford and Springfield. As part of this, extending or adding stations and right of way and new rail options were investigated. The study culminated in a final report in 2005, which was presented for a grant application to the Federal Transit Administration New Starts program.

Construction added 27 mi of double track as well as 2 mi of new passing sidings, leaving less than 12 mi of single track. Five new interlockings were built and new signal systems were installed, including the installation of Positive Train Control. Bridges and culverts on the line have been repaired, rehabilitated or replaced. Stations at, , and were completely rebuilt, while  and  had improvements made.

New Hartford Line commuter rail service on the line began on June 16, 2018. Expanded Amtrak Shuttle service on the line launched one week earlier on June 9, 2018. Connecticut DOT provides eight round trip commuter trains on weekdays under its CT Rail branding that are operated by its new contractor, a joint venture between TransitAmerica Services and Alternate Concepts Inc. Half of these trains operate between New Haven and Hartford, with the other four running the whole line between New Haven and Springfield. Amtrak added three new Shuttle round trips on top of its previous service. This brings the total round trips on the line to sixteen between New Haven and Hartford, with twelve of them operating along the full line to Springfield. On weekends and holidays, CT Rail operates four New Haven–Hartford round trips and three New Haven–Springfield round trips. Amtrak continues to offer its existing weekend service with some minor schedule changes. Together, 12–13 round trips are offered on weekends.

Stations
The Springfield–New Haven corridor is served by some Northeast Regional trains in the 136 and 140 series. These trains provide direct service from Springfield to Washington, D.C., without the need to change trains in New Haven.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New Haven–Springfield Line


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Axial-flow pump

An axial-flow pump, or AFP, is a common type of pump that essentially consists of a propeller (an axial impeller) in a pipe. The propeller can be driven directly by a sealed motor in the pipe or by electric motor or petrol/diesel engines mounted to the pipe from the outside or by a right-angle drive shaft that pierces the pipe.

Fluid particles, in course of their flow through the pump, do not change their radial locations since the change in radius at the entry (called 'suction') and the exit (called 'discharge') of the pump is very small. Hence the name "axial" pump.

Operation

An axial flow pump has a propeller-type of impeller running in a casing. The pressure in an axial flow pump is developed by the flow of liquid over the blades of impeller. The fluid is pushed in a direction parallel to the shaft of the impeller, that is, fluid particles, in course of their flow through the pump, do not change their radial locations. It allows the fluid to enter the impeller axially and discharge the fluid nearly axially. The propeller of an axial flow pump is driven by a motor.

Blade design

In an axial flow pump, blades have an airfoil section over which the fluid flows and pressure is developed. For a constant flow, we have

So, the maximum energy transfer to the fluid per unit weight will be

For constant energy transfer over the entire span of the blade, the above equation should be constant for all values of r. But, U^2 will increase with an increase in radius r, therefore to maintain a constant value an equal increase in must take place. Since, V_{\rm f} is constant, therefore must increase on increasing r. So, the blade is twisted as the radius changes.

Characteristics

The characteristics of an axial flow pump are shown in the figure. As shown in the figure, the head at the zero flow rate can be as much as three times the head at the pump's best efficiency point. Also, the power requirement increases as the flow decreases, with the highest power drawn at the zero flow rate. This characteristic is opposite to that of a centrifugal pump where power requirement increases with an increase in the flow. Also the power requirements and pump head increases with an increase in pitch, thus allowing the pump to adjust according to the system conditions to provide the most efficient operation.

Advantages
The main advantage of an axial flow pump is that it has a relatively high discharge (flow rate) at a relatively low head (vertical distance). For example, it can pump up to 3 times more water and other fluids at lifts of less than 4 meters as compared to the more common radial-flow or centrifugal pump. It also can easily be adjusted to run at peak efficiency at low-flow/high-pressure and high-flow/low-pressure by changing the pitch on the propeller (some models only).

The effect of turning of the fluid is not too severe in an axial pump and the length of the impeller blades is also short. This leads to lower hydrodynamic losses and higher stage efficiencies. These pumps have the smallest of the dimensions among many of the conventional pumps and are more suited for low heads and higher discharges.

Applications

One of the most common applications of AFPs would be in handling sewage from commercial, municipal and industrial sources.

In sailboats, AFPs are also used in transfer pumps used for sailing ballast. In power plants, they are used for pumping water from a reservoir, river, lake or sea for cooling the main condenser. In the chemical industry, they are used for the circulation of large masses of liquid, such as in evaporators and crystallizers. In sewage treatment, an AFP is often used for internal mixed liquor recirculation (i.e. transferring nitrified mixed liquor from aeration zone to denitrification zone).

In agriculture and fisheries very large horsepower AFPs are used to lift water for irrigation and drainage. In East Asia, millions of smaller horsepower (6-20 HP) mobile units are powered mostly by single cylinder diesel and petrol engines. They are used by smaller farmers for crop irrigation, drainage and fisheries. Impeller designs have improved as well bringing even more efficiency and reducing energy costs to farming there. Earlier designs were less than two meters long but nowadays they can be up to 6 meters or more to enable them to more safely "reach out" to the water source while allowing the power source (many times two-wheel tractors are used) to be kept in safer, more stable positions, as shown in the adjacent picture.

title: Axial-flow pump


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WHA

WHA may refer to:

Government

 * World Health Assembly, the meetings of the World Health Organization (WHO)
 * Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, within the U.S. Department of State

Sport

 * World Hockey Association, a defunct major professional hockey league active from 1972 to 1979
 * World Hockey Association (proposed), organization that controlled WHA Hockey interests between 2004 and 2008
 * WHA Junior West Hockey League, a defunct Junior A Hockey league based out of the Cascadia area associated with the proposed WHA
 * World Hockey Association 2, a defunct minor professional hockey league, tiered under the proposed WHA

Education and academia

 * World History Association, academic organization
 * Wallace Hall (Thornhill), a 2-18 school located in Thornhill, Dumfries and Galloway

Travel

 * West Houston Airport, a privately owned, public use airport in Harris County, Texas.
 * Whampoa station, MTR station code WHA
 * Wuhan railway station, China Railway pinyin code WHA
 * Wuhu Xuanzhou Airport, IATA code WHA

Media

 * WHA (AM), a radio station (970 AM) licensed to Madison, Wisconsin, United States
 * WHA-TV, a television station (channel 20, virtual 21) licensed to Madison, Wisconsin, United States

Other

 * Wolfram Heavy Alloy, any of various alloys of tungsten (wolfram) used for their high density in applications such as kinetic energy penetrators, counterbalancers, and ballast

title: WHA


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Talk:WHA

Removals and reasons
Please add these back when articles are present or anticipated:

Deleted article entry

 * WHA Super Junior League, a Major Junior hockey league associated with the proposed WHA

Non-article entries

 * Wha', A slang term for the word, what. Generally used on the internet. (Example: E-mails/Instant Messages)
 * Tungsten heavy alloy, alloys primarily of tungsten with other metals to increase toughness

title: Talk:WHA


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Talk:Laestrygonians

'In Greek, Laos'' means "People". So, Laes-trygonians means "People of Trygonia". And, "Trygonia" is very similar in sound to Trinakia, the ancient Greek name of Sicily (a three (tri-) cornered (nakia?) island). Indeed, the Laestrygonians threw rocks at Odysseus' ships, just like Polyphemos. There seems to be some reduplication -- first, Odysseus faces the Cyclops (of Sicily), and goes to Aeolus' island; next, Odysseus goes to Aeolus' island (again), and then faces the Laestrygonians (of Sicily, again).''' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.143.68.244 (talk) 01:14, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Laestrygones were giants
Isn't this in Book 10?

Also, aren't the Laestrygonians giants, not cyclopes? Max —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.205.164.139 (talk • contribs)

Laestrygones in Mythology
I agree. In mythology, Laestrygones were giants not Cyclopes.

Laestrygones lived in Telepylos (now, the most searchers believe that it is Sardenia of Italy).

Cyclopes, instead, lived in Sicily (of Italy) and in Cyclades (of Greece). --IonnKorr 18:33, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Completly WRONG —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.205.164.139 (talk • contribs)

Lamos
Is it not possible that Lamos is the name of the island upon which Telypylos was situated, and not the name of the founder of the city. If this were the case, then could it be that the name Lamos has gradually changed into (or is a mistranslation of) Samos, a Greek island which could very easily have been visited on the way back from Troy. (?)

Laestrygones and Carthage
A question.

Is possible that Telepylos, capital of Laestrygones may be Pre-Phoenician Carthage? --IonnKorr 18:33, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Tibula
The Northern Sardinian tribe with the closest linguistic tie to Laestrygonians (the Lestrigoni) were said to be located close to the lost city of Tibula. This seems to be etymologically close to Telepylos (distant port)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.150.182.2 (talk) 19:30, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Some of Odysseus' men were killed.
The article says all of Odysseus' men survived the attack (perhaps referring to the boulders thrown at the ships). But even with the restriction, the assertion is false.

Lines 132-136

“Down from the cliffs they flung great rocks a man could hardly hoist

and a ghastly shattering din rose up from all the ships —

men in their death-cries, hulls smashed to splinters —

They speared the crews like fish

and whisked them home to make their grisly meal.”

ZacharyFoj (talk) 16:48, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

Oops. Never mind. Perhaps it should clarified that the the other ships were destroyed, where it says the men on Odysseus' ship survived. ZacharyFoj (talk) 16:59, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laestrygonians


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File:RD edit history.PNG

Wikipedia Reference Desk edit history. Graph shows the number of edits done per month. Edits up until the midnight before the splitting done on August 25th, 2005.

title: File:RD edit history.PNG


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Super City (toy)

The Super City toy is a construction set produced by Ideal Toys in 1967. It is similar to Lego, small plastic pieces which are assembled to create complex structures. However Super City is more oriented to buildings and allows more sophisticated constructions. Children could build skyscrapers, research laboratories and pharmaceutical factories.

Super City is made of plastic frames which connect at the edges with grooves and studs into which fit a variety of wall panels. Frames can be connected at right angles by grooved and flanged columns. Frames are primarily square with some rectangles (half squares) and triangles (diagonally halved rectangles). The inserts are mostly wall finishes in either thin textured and coloured opaque plastic or windows in coloured (and sometimes textured) transparent plastic. There are a few card inserts, generally with printed signs. In addition there are a variety of special inserts and frames including shop windows, bow window, house door with pillars, clock, flag pole, garage door and revolving doors. There are also balconies and canopies. Other cardboard parts include helicopter pads and "building extenders". Roofs are generally intended to be flat (some of the plastic inserts are domed or pyramidal roof lights and panels) but card roofs are supplied for more domestic buildings.

However Super City proved too complicated for young children, and it was almost impossible for small fingers to work with. It was progressively removed from market from 1968.

Douglas Coupland said about Super City: "anything made from Super City looked like a Craig Ellwood, or a Neutra or a Wallace K. Harrison". He also stated that Super City was "the best building kit ever made, possibly even better than Lego".

title: Super City (toy)


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Storytelling (Belle and Sebastian album)

Storytelling is the fifth studio album by Scottish indie pop band Belle and Sebastian. It is the score to the Todd Solondz movie Storytelling. Belle and Sebastian experienced many problems in communication with Solondz while scoring the film, and as such only about six minutes of their music was actually used in the movie. The album contains five tracks that are recorded dialogues. The instrumental track "Fuck This Shit" uses the prosody of the title phrase in a number of different keys but never the words themselves. The album was the band's final release on Jeepster, as they went on to sign a deal with Rough Trade the following year.


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Template:Belarus topics

{{documentation |content = {{collapsible option |statename=optional}}

title: Template:Belarus topics


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Strombolian eruption

In volcanology, a Strombolian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption with relatively mild blasts, typically having a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 1 or 2. Strombolian eruptions consist of ejection of incandescent cinders, lapilli, and volcanic bombs, to altitudes of tens to a few hundreds of metres. The eruptions are small to medium in volume, with sporadic violence. This type of eruption is named for the Italian volcano Stromboli.

The tephra typically glows red when leaving the vent, but its surface cools and assumes a dark to black colour and may significantly solidify before impact. The tephra accumulates in the vicinity of the vent, forming a cinder cone. Cinder is the most common product; the amount of volcanic ash is typically rather minor.

The lava flows are more viscous, and therefore shorter and thicker, than the corresponding Hawaiian eruptions; it may or may not be accompanied by production of pyroclastic rock.

Instead the gas coalesces into bubbles, called gas slugs, that grow large enough to rise through the magma column, bursting near the top due to the decrease in pressure and throwing magma into the air. Each episode thus releases volcanic gases, sometimes as frequently as a few minutes apart. Gas slugs can form as deep as 3 kilometers, making them difficult to predict. Strombolian eruptive activity can be very long-lasting because the conduit system is not strongly affected by the eruptive activity, so that the eruptive system can repeatedly reset itself.

Monogenetic cones usually erupt in the Strombolian style. For example, the Parícutin volcano erupted continuously between 1943–1952, Mount Erebus, Antarctica has produced Strombolian eruptions for at least many decades, and Stromboli itself has been producing Strombolian eruptions for over two thousand years. The Romans referred to Stromboli as the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean".

Violent Strombolian
The most energetic Strombolian eruptions are sometimes termed "Violent Strombolian" by volcanologists. Such eruptions are associated with higher magma gas content, leading to a turbulent churn flow regime in the conduit, producing stronger and much more frequent explosions. Violent Strombolian eruptions are more explosive in nature than their regular counterparts (up to VEI 3), and may produce sustained lava fountains, long distance lava flows, eruption columns several kilometres in height, and heavy ash fallout. Rarely, Violent Strombolian eruptions may transition into Subplinian eruptions.

Examples of Violent Strombolian activity include the paroxysms of Mt. Etna, the 1943-1952 eruption of Parícutin, the 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption, and various eruptions of Mt. Vesuvius between 1631 and 1944.

title: Strombolian eruption


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dark Elven Alliance

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 10:14, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Dark Elven Alliance
Delete: Cruft-o-rama. Karmafist 01:17, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn clancruft/vanity. "They are not known for much". --TheMidnighters 01:41, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete where are the cruft vikings, now that we need them most? Hamster Sandwich 01:43, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete just about all gaming clans. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 02:40, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable cruft. Jaxl | talk 02:57, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * THe article already summarizes itself: They are not known for much. That and the fact the clan chief seems to totally misunderstand Wikipedia make for a big delete. - Mgm|(talk) 08:05, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. For the horde! __earth 08:57, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, then burn the hard drive it was on. Then smash what's left.  And then melt it down.  And then burn it again.  Then seal it in concrete. Proto t c 10:00, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn DV8 2XL 12:14, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete If cool kids in a High School Frat do not get their own article, neither do the geeks. Roodog2k 14:02, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Proto.   Journalist C./ Holla @ me!
 * Delete Non-notable. Amren (talk) 16:44, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per everybody. --Blackcap | talk 18:37, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Can we take that picture with it? --Blackcap | talk 18:39, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Indian massacre of 1622

The Indian massacre of 1622 took place in the English colony of Virginia on 1 April 1622. English explorer John Smith, though he was not an eyewitness, wrote in his History of Virginia that warriors of the Powhatan "came unarmed into our houses with deer, turkeys, fish, fruits, and other provisions to sell us"; they then grabbed any tools or weapons available and killed all English settlers they found, including men, women, and children of all ages. Opechancanough, chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, led a coordinated series of surprise attacks that ended up killing a total of 347 people — a quarter of the population of the Colony of Virginia.

Founded in 1607, Jamestown, Virginia, was the site of the first successful English settlement in North America, and served as the capital of the Colony of Virginia. The town's tobacco economy, which quickly degraded the land and required new land, led to the settlers' constant expansion and seizure of Powhatan lands, ultimately provoking the massacre.

Background
Upon the settlement's founding in 1607, the local indigenous tribes were willing to trade provisions to the Jamestown colonists for metal tools. By 1609, Colony of Virginia governor John Smith began sending raiding parties to demand provisions from local indigenous settlements. These raiding parties burned down settlements that refused their demands, and frequently stole provisions, leading to resentment of the colonists and precipitating the conflict. The raiding parties further alienated the colonists from the indigenous tribes, who eventually laid siege to the Jamestown fort for several months. Unable to secure more provisions, many colonists in Jamestown died of starvation during the "Starving Time" in 1609–1610.

The London Company's primary concern was the survival of the colony. Due to the interests of the company, the colonists would be required to maintain civil relations with the Powhatan. The Powhatan and the English realized that they could benefit from each other through trade once peace was restored. In exchange for food, the chief asked the colonists to provide him with metal hatchets and copper. Unlike John Smith, other early leaders of Virginia, such as Thomas Dale and Thomas Gates, based their actions on different thinking. They were military men and considered the Powhatan Confederacy as essentially a "military problem."

The Powhatan peoples concluded that the English were not settling in Jamestown for the purposes of trade but rather to "possess" the land. As Chief Powhatan said:

First Anglo-Powhatan War
In 1610, the London Company instructed Gates, the newly appointed colonial governor, to Christianise the natives and absorb them into the colony. As for Chief Powhatan, Gates was told, "If you finde it not best to make him your prisoner yet you must make him your tributary, and all the other his weroances [subordinate chiefs] about him first to acknowledge no other Lord but King James".

When Gates arrived in Jamestown, he decided to evacuate the settlement because he thought the government's plan was not feasible. As the colonists were sailing down the James River towards the open sea they were met by the incoming fleet of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr off Mulberry Island. Taking command as governor, de la Warr ordered the fort reoccupied. He plotted conquest of the surrounding tribes.

In July 1610, West sent Gates against the Kecoughtan people. "Gates lured the Indians into the open by means of music-and-dance act by his drummer, and then slaughtered them". This was the First Anglo-Powhatan War. A group of colonists led by Samuel Argall captured Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, and held her hostage until he would agree to their demands. The colonists "demanded that all Powhatan captives be released, return all English weapons taken by his warriors, and agree upon a lasting peace".

While Pocahontas was held by the English, she met John Rolfe, whom she later married. While in captivity, Pocahontas was taught the English language, customs and the Anglican religion. She was baptized as a Christian and took the name Rebecca. Rolfe wrote that the way to maintain peace between the Powhatan and the English, was to marry Pocahontas, not "with the unbridled desire of carnal affection but for the good of the colony and the glory of God. Such a marriage might bring peace between the warring English and Powhatan, just as it would satisfy Pocahontas's desire." After they married, more peaceful relations were maintained for a time between the English colonists and the Powhatan Confederacy. Edward Waterhouse, secretary of the Virginia Company, wrote:

New governance
In 1618, after the death of Powhatan, his brother Opitchapam, a lame and quiet old man, became paramount chief of the confederacy. Their youngest brother, Opechancanough, was probably the effective leader, with his friend, war-chief and advisor Nemattanew. Neither of the younger men believed that peaceful relations with the colonists could be maintained.

Perhaps in 1620–1621, Opitchapam retired or he was deposed (but possibly he died in 1630), and he was succeeded by his youngest brother. Opechancanough and Nemattanew began to develop plans for the unavoidable war. Having recovered from their defeat commanding Pamunkey warriors during the First Anglo-Powhatan War, they planned to shock the English with an attack that would leave them contained in a small trading outpost, rather than expanding throughout the area with new plantations. In the spring of 1622, after a settler murdered his adviser Nemattanew, Opechancanough launched simultaneous surprise attacks on at least 31 separate English settlements and plantations, mostly along the James River, extending as far as Henricus.

Jamestown forewarned
Jamestown was saved by the warning of an Indian youth living in the home of Richard Pace, one of the colonists. The youth woke Pace to warn him of the planned attack. Living across the river from Jamestown, Pace secured his family and rowed to the settlement to spread the alarm. Jamestown increased its defenses.

The name of the Indian who warned Pace is not recorded in any of the contemporary accounts. Although legend has named him "Chanco", this may be wrong. An Indian named "Chauco" is mentioned in a letter from the Virginia Council to the Virginia Company of London dated April 4, 1623. He is described not as a youth but as "one...who had lived much amongst the English, and by revealinge yt pl[ot] To divers appon the day of Massacre, saved theire lives..." "Chauco" may be the same person as "Chacrow", an Indian mentioned in a court record of 25 October 1624 as living with Lt Sharpe, Capt. William Powell, and Capt. William Peirce "in the tyme of Sir Thos Dale's government"—that is, before 1616. It is possible that the older Indian, Chauco, and the youth who warned Richard Pace have been conflated.

Destruction of other settlements
During the one-day surprise attack, the Powhatan tribes attacked many of the smaller communities, including Henricus and its fledgling college for children of natives and settlers alike. In the neighborhood of Martin's Hundred, 73 people were killed. More than half the population died in Wolstenholme Towne, where only two houses and a part of a church were left standing. In all, the Powhatan killed about four hundred colonists (a third of the white population) and took 20 women captive. The captives lived and worked as Powhatan Indians until they died or were ransomed. The settlers abandoned the Falling Creek Ironworks, Henricus, and Smith's Hundred.

Aftermath
After the attack the surviving English colonists worked on a plan of action. "By unanimous decision both the council and planters it was agreed to draw people together into fewer settlements" for better defense. The colony intended to gather men together to plan a retaliatory attack, but this was difficult. Of the survivors "two-thirds were said to have been women and children and men who were unable to work or to go against the Indians". Opechancanough withdrew his warriors, believing that the English would behave as Native Americans would when defeated: pack up and leave, or learn their lesson and respect the power of the Powhatan. Following the event, Opechancanough told the Patawomeck, who were not part of the Confederacy and had remained neutral, that he expected "before the end of two Moones there should not be an Englishman in all their Countries." He misunderstood the intentions of the colonists and their backers overseas.

In May 1623, plans were made with Opechancanough to negotiate peace and the release of the missing women. He released Mistress Boyse as a good faith gesture, with the implied message that he would negotiate for the release of the remaining women. Captain Tucker and a group of musketeers met with Opechancanough and members of a Powhatan village along the Potomac River on May 22. In preparation for the event, Dr. John Potts prepared poisoned wine. Captain Tucker and others offered ceremonial toasts and 200 Powhatans died after drinking the wine. Another 50 people were killed. Opechancanough escaped, but a number of tribal leaders were killed. From May to November of that year, armed colonists attacked Powhatan settlements in the Tidewater region, targeting in particular their corn crops, which the Powhatan had planted "in great abundance". These raids not only led to the near-collapse of Powhatan society but also provided enormous profits for corn profiteers in Jamestown.

In England when the massacre occurred, John Smith believed that the settlers would not leave their plantations to defend the colony. He planned to return with a ship filled with soldiers, sailors, and ammunition, to establish a "running Army" able to fight the Powhatan. Smith's goal was to "inforce the Savages to leave their Country, or bring them in the feare of subjection that every man should follow their business securely." Smith, however, never returned to Virginia.

The colonists used the 1622 massacre as a justification for seizing Powhatan land for the next ten years. Historian Betty Wood writes:

Wood quotes a Virginian settler:

The colonists, in revenge for the massacre, attacked the Powhatan through "the use of force, surprise attacks, famine resulting from the burning of their corn, destroying their boats, canoes, and houses, breaking their fishing weirs and assaulting them in their hunting expedition, pursuing them with horses and using bloodhounds to find them and mastiffs to seaze them, driving them to flee within reach of their enemies among other tribes, and 'assimilating and abetting their enemies against them".

Indian decline and defeat
In 1624, Virginia was transformed into a crown colony by King James I. This meant that the Crown took direct authority rather than allowing guidance by the London Company. The Crown could exercise its patronage for royal favorites. Settlers continued to encroach on land of the Powhatan tribes, and the colonial government tended to change or ignore agreements with the natives when no longer in the colony's interest. The tribes felt increasing frustration with the settlers.

The next major confrontation with the Powhatan, the Third Anglo-Powhatan War, occurred in 1644, resulting in the deaths of about 500 colonists. While similar to the death toll in 1622, the loss a generation later represented less than ten percent of the population, and had far less impact upon the colony. This time, the elderly Opechancanough, who was being transported by litter, was captured by the colonists. Imprisoned at Jamestown, he was killed by one of his guards.

His death marked the beginning of the increasingly precipitous decline of the once-powerful Powhatan. Its member tribes eventually left the area entirely, gradually lived among the colonists, or lived on one of the few reservations established in Virginia. Most of these were also subject to incursion and seizure of land by the ever-expanding European population.

In modern times, seven tribes of the original Powhatan Confederacy are recognized in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Pamunkey and Mattaponi still have control of their reservations established in the 17th century, each located between the rivers of the same names within the boundaries of present-day King William County.

title: Indian massacre of 1622


text:
Category talk:Articles needing cleanup

2004-2005
++(plus renaming page) +(plus central listing)

Concern over cleanup rate
See discussion at Wikipedia talk:Cleanup. -- Beland 07:00, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Deleting a page
So I just terminated March 2005. Do I delete the page now or what exactly? Kaisershatner 20:43, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I figured it out, I think, at WP:CSD it says four days of being empty is the standard. Kaisershatner 14:10, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

A curiosity
The number of articles with dated cleanup tags has gone up by around a thousand in a month, but the percentage of articles with cleanup tags has remained more or less the same. Seems articles in need of cleanup (or are detected as such) are added at the same rate as new articles! However, if May ends up being anything like April that might change--there's a ridiculous number of articles in need of cleanup that are tagged for April. 2442! S'crazy! Tamarkot 22:53, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

2200 articles???
We tagged 2200 articles for cleanup in eight days??? Ideogram 19:05, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * No. Pearle didn't do a sweep through cleanup-date tagged articles through early June, so a bunch of articles piled up in Category:Wikipedia cleanup, and then we got them all dropped in here at once.  That said, we did tag 2900 articles in under a month; this whole accelerating rate of growth thing could get problematic sort of quickly if it keeps up.  --RobthTalk 04:42, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I noticed that Pearle wasn't doing anything, so I put Alphachimpbot to work. He flagged something like over 1500 articles in the last 5 days. That's why it suddenly looks bad. -- Alphachimp  talk  05:44, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Number of Articles Remaining table
I've written a bot, User:CbmBOT, that will automatically calculate how many articles there are remaining for each month and output the wikitable code. Currently it doesn't automatically update the page (it's pending approval on Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval), but I've been using the output to update the table.

I don't know if people from this talk page would have any sway either way, but if so, please let me know what you think (ie. on the RfA page). –Dvandersluis 04:17, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * nah, this is a good venue. There just aren't enough changes or questions here for anyone to really pay attention. Alphachimp  talk  17:32, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Cleanup/month subpages
I don't think it's a good idea to include the counts from those pages in the table because: –Dvandersluis 02:14, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) We never have before, nor do we do so for any other month (other than the recently-added June 2005)
 * 2) We don't know what has been cleaned up and what hasn't; pages that are marked are obviously marked for cleanup until completed, these pages are not concrete.

 * I basically agree, but then the Cleanup/June page probably shouldn't be in the Category:Cleanup from June 2005.
 * More importantly, we shouldn't be attempting to count the "Music cleanup by month" articles, which is being promoted by a hidden comment. If the Music cleanup people want them counted here, they should just have their template include their articles in both "Music cleanup by month" and "Cleanup by month" subcategories.  -R. S. Shaw 05:34, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest for just that: The subpages shouldn't be included in the category. In fact, CbmBOT ignores them completely when rebuilding the table. In terms of the Music cleanup articles, it seems to be that people want them in the category (as shown by edits when they are ignored/skipped) – classifying them as both would be a good compromise. Comments? –Dvandersluis 13:50, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

{cleaned} tag etc
An editor just added stuff saying don't just delete {cleanup} but replace it with {cleaned} (which leaves a box on it and puts the page in Category:Pages in need of review). This doesn't seem to have been discussed and seems like not too good a procedure. We don't need extra process for the 18,000 pages needing cleaning; we need to clean them. I'm removing the changes for now. -R. S. Shaw 19:30, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. –Dvandersluis 12:43, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

percentage
0.00% ?

If that's mathematically correct, it'd be better to say "less than 0.01%" --Espoo 09:19, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem was due to Special:Statistics, which CbmBOT gets the total number of articles from. It seems that before the update on November 24, some wording on that page changed, which caused the bot not to be able to parse the total number of articles properly. I've fixed it now.
 * As an aside, I also put in a check that will use "less than 0.01%", rather than "0.00%" if it ever really is under 0.01%.
 * –Dvandersluis 14:18, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for fixing that. Wouldn't it be possible for the bot to also state the daily changing total of all pages it uses to calculate the result? I.e. now "19,675 articles were tagged for cleanup, or 1.30% of the English Wikipedia's current total of 1,516,146 articles." Most people do not understand percentages well, especially small ones, and the huge total helps people see the true nature i.e. small relative size of the problem. Thanks! --Espoo 17:15, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've implemented that now, it'll start with tomorrow's update. –Dvandersluis 16:01, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks! --Espoo 12:03, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

God Help Us!
The main problem is that people tend to overuse the cleanup tag for articles that are correct and make sense to almost all users. At this rate, there will be millions of backlogged articles. I say scrap the tag and make editors DIY. Someone dedicated to making your day a little bit better! 14:07, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I disagree; there are lots of articles tagged for cleanup that have obvious problems. Articles that are actually OK are the easy ones to deal with - just remove the tag and request that anyone re-adding it clarify why they think it is necessary. -- Beland (talk) 01:06, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Increase in cleanup articles?
It seems that some months have gone up in numbers, rather than down. People must be adding tags for older dates in order to get their article to the backlog quicker. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mynameisnotpj (talk • contribs) 11:57, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Auto generated category statistics
Note: the total is off because some templates place articles into general category, but not monthly categories. Renata (talk) 02:12, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Jump in pages needing cleanup
Why is there such a significant increase in pages needing cleanup from 30000+ to 60000+?Wai Hong (talk) 06:41, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The format of the page changed sometime between the bot running on July 3rd and 4th, the result of which being that each Cleanup from X category now has two links to it (the category text itself and the + symbol before it). The bot was just looking for links in the form of "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cleanup_from_[month]_[year]", and was thus pulling in each category twice, which is why the stats were all doubled. The bot has been fixed now and I re-ran it, as well, so the stats should once again be accurate. —Daniel Vandersluis(talk) 16:17, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Who's doing the work?
Is there any way to tell who has been cleaning up these articles and removing them from the Cleanup lists? Unschool (talk) 04:21, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Bot back up and running
You might have noticed that the bot hasn't been updating the page for the last few days. While the bot has actually been running, for some reason its edits haven't made it through to wikipedia. I have updated the bot so that it works again, and have run it for today; normal execution should resume tomorrow morning.

Note that I have also moved the bot over to run on StatisticianBot. This change was supposed to occur when StatistianBot was approved but I never got around to making the change; however, now that I've been working on the bot, I transferred the task over. This won't have any affect on the task other than the username differing. —Daniel Vandersluis(talk) 21:51, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Duplicate?
Does anybody know why we have both Category:Articles needing cleanup and Category:Wikipedia articles needing cleanup? Are they duplicate categories populated by different templates? - Eureka Lott 20:23, 5 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes they are. I have merged them from today. Rich Farmbrough, 21:58, 29 June 2011 (UTC).

What happened?
Suddenly there are a bunch of old entries (like 2006) showing up in the monthly categories? I think it jumped from like 47,000 total to 55,000 total? RJFJR (talk) 04:28, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
 * And now they're gone again! (I refreshed my browser and they appeared, I left this message and they disappeared!) RJFJR (talk) 04:29, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
 * This probably had to do with yesterday's merge somehow. Although I don't know how. Wouldn't worry about it. Debresser (talk) 08:12, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, the disappearing is kinda interesting, though. Hitting a different cache somewhere I expect. Rich Farmbrough, 09:58, 30 June 2011 (UTC).

 * They are back now. What merge? RJFJR (talk) 10:00, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
 * What merge? See section above this one.
 * I remember looking yesterday at the November and December 2006 categories. I do not think any categories have been added or, nor that the number of article has jumped miraculously. Debresser (talk) 16:40, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I only read the first date stamp in the previous section and saw it was from 2010 and ignored it without realizing the second one was dated 2011. How were they merged?  Template change? RJFJR (talk) 06:27, 1 July 2011 (UTC)
 * By making Category:Wikipedia articles needing cleanup a soft redirect. Debresser (talk) 06:43, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

Bare urls
Hi, I don't know if this is the right place to write, because no-one has posted here since 2011, but.. how do we choose which tags get articles listed in cleanup, and who chooses them? "Neutral"/"verify" do not, for instance, but "bare urls" does. I ask because I would be in favour of getting the "bare urls" tag to send articles to a different place. I am looking for articles to do a more thorough cleanup (for example, what used to be called wikify) as these are the articles that make the encyclopaedia look worse. I understand that bare urls are a problem which need to be fixed but I don't see them as cleanup jobs in the same category. And yet so many of the articles listed here are simply bare url problems, more so as time goes on, it seems. It makes it harder to find articles needing more serious cleanup, and skews the stats about the cleanup backlog. Is there any way this can be changed? If people agree, of course.. Jdcooper (talk) 21:19, 14 December 2016 (UTC)

Crazy backlog
This is ridiculous. There are 20,000 articles needing cleanup. That's insane. There's backlogs from TEN YEARS AGO! How is this possible? I feel like nobody is even checking this list- just tagging and tagging, without ever fixing anything. There's not even that many in the super-long-time-ago sections, which means that nobody is checking this at a good rate. I drilled through about 10 articles in about two hours. Most of them are near fixed, just need to remove the tag and do a little bit of rephrasing and CE. Insane.--9563rj (talk) 05:03, 5 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's a big backlog, but I seem to remember it being around 25,000 just a few months ago, so it's falling gradually. What do you suggest? Jdcooper (talk) 20:39, 8 May 2018 (UTC)
 * One thing that could help a lot is to find articles that only need copy editing for grammar, spelling, punctuation, etc. The Guild of Copy Editors is looking for more articles to feed its work queue. If that's the only problem, changing the tag from cleanup to copyedit will move it over and get an article fixed faster. -- Beland (talk) 16:54, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi Beland, that's a good idea. I tagged a few of the oldest cleanup candidates like that last night. What exactly are the Guild's criteria for articles that come within their area? I remember getting a dressing down from someone a few years ago for sending something to copyedit that was apparently not in a good enough state... Jdcooper (talk) 09:12, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Heh, I've gotten a similar dressing down. 8) It depends on the editor, of course, but the ones that are most picky don't want to get any articles that have other major problems that could cause the text to change, whether that's NPOV problems or even just referencing to be done. What I generally do is only use copyedit if there are no other problem tags that have been or should be applied. -- Beland (talk) 16:27, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, Guild coordinator here. You've got it right. Broadly speaking, we don't want to spend our time editing articles when there are underlying issues (like copyright vios, unreferenced BLPs, proposed for deletion, etc.) that mean the improved text would be unlikely to stick around. Also, the tag would be useless if it was added to any article that was less than perfect, since a large majority of articles (including good and featured articles) could have their prose improved in some way. (We have a Requests page that is designed for people who have an article they especially care about and want to see extra polished.) I'd urge you to take this conversation to our talk page, since, as notes, we are running low on tagged articles, and no doubt many articles could be switched from "cleanup" to "copy edit" tags. Also, we could always use a reminder to be polite when discussing the use of the copy edit tag with other editors.  Tdslk (talk) 19:49, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Articles needing cleanup


text:
Petrocaribe

Petrocaribe was a regional oil procurement agreement between Venezuela and Caribbean member states. The trade organization was founded on 29 June 2005 in Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela during Hugo Chavez' presidency. Venezuela offered member states oil supplies on a concessionary financial agreement. Petrocaribe has been part of the "pink tide" in Latin America seeking to achieve post-neoliberal development in the region. In 2013 Petrocaribe established links with the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) aiming to go beyond oil trade and promoting economic cooperation. The deal fell apart by 2019 after dwindling oil production, corruption, and oil price fluctuations took their toll.

In November 2022, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines became the first country to resume receipt of oil under the PetroCaribe terms. In 2023, Venezuela stated that it intended to revive the trade program.

Treaty details
The agreement was initiated with the aim of having solidarity with other countries in accordance with Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA), and developed from the Caracas Accord. The payment system allows for the purchase of oil at market value for 5%-50% up front with a grace period of one to two years; the remainder can be paid through a 17-25 year financing agreement with 1% interest if oil prices are above US$40 per barrel. The agreement builds on payment terms from the San José Agreement and the Caracas Energy Accord. Energy and Petroleum Minister and President of PDVSA Rafael Ramírez said of the deal that it seeks to cut out the middleman in such transactions: "We're not talking about discounts...We're talking about financial facilities, direct deliveries of products, [and] infrastructure."

Membership
Petrocaribe had a total of 18 members: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Suriname, and Venezuela.

12 of the members were from the 15-member Caribbean Community (CARICOM). At the first summit, 14 countries joined the trade organization: Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Venezuela. At the third summit, Haiti and Nicaragua joined the union. Guatemala joined in July 2008 but left the organization in November 2013 stating that Venezuela had not provided them with the ultra-low financing rates that they had been promised.

Haiti had not been initially invited to the talks, since Venezuela did not recognize its then post-Jean-Bertrand Aristide government. However, Hugo Chávez actively "courted" newly elected president René Préval when he took office, much to Chevron, Exxon, and the US State Department's chagrin. After Venezuela had invested in developing Haitian infrastructure, and after the Haitian government convinced Chevron to deliver the oil from Venezuela, on 8 March 2008 the first shipment of oil was received. Honduras became the 17th member of the alliance in December 2007, under President Manuel Zelaya,  but left the organization after the 2009 coup d'état before rejoining it in May 2012. Belize set up the Belize Petroleum Energy Company to coordinate for the project.

Non-members
Barbados denied that it had succumbed to pressure from the United States, which has a strained relationship with Venezuela, as the reason, but has not ruled out agreeing to Petrocaribe in the future. On August 31, 2005, Energy Minister Anthony Wood said that they are weighing options over signing Petrocaribe. In April 2011 Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez renewed his offer for Barbados to join Petrocaribe.

Panama applied for membership on 3 March 2009 and initially said it would continue to join Petrocaribe under the new president, but Panama remains a non-member.

Summits
The first summit, which launched the project was held in Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela. The second summit of Petrocaribe was held in Montego Bay, Jamaica. The third summit was held in Caracas, Venezuela and the fourth summit was held in Cienfuegos, Cuba, in December 2007. The seventh summit was held in Caracas, on 6 April 2013. The membership of Honduras was revived after suspension because of the 2009 Honduran coup; Guatemala became an official new member of Petrocaribe. Summit also propose deeper cooperation between Petrocaribe states and states of ALBA on basis of new economic zone. Summit had discussion also about tourism, air traffic and food security. The 11th Summit was hosted by Haiti in Port-au-Prince.

Recent development
As of 2019, PetroCaribe has mostly dried up because of Venezuela's eroded domestic production and refining, but political and commercial ties in some prominent cases have endured. Critics say PetroCaribe suppressed the development of renewable energy, burdened these small nations with billions of dollars in debt – and spurred corruption. Venezuela oil industry is in turmoil. Venezuela's oil rigs, which had been producing nearly 3 million barrels of crude oil a day in 2014, produce now less than a million barrels a day. In addition to the economic collapse of Venezuela, U.S. sanctions against the country made it almost impossible to route bank payments to Venezuela. The only country receiving crude oil from Venezuela at this type of preferential treatment is Cuba. It is still getting some oil through Petrocaribe and Cuba doesn't have the debt problems because it brokered a deal to pay for its oil by sending doctors to Venezuela.

In 2022, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines received a shipment of oil from Venezuela under the terms of PetroCaribe, becoming the first country to resume PetroCaribe ties. In 2023, Venezuela announced its intention to revive PetroCaribe. In July 2023, CARICOM members called for the removal of U.S. sanctions from Venezuela which prohibit them from purchasing oil under the favorable terms of PetroCaribe.

title: Petrocaribe


text: Category:User perl

title: Category:User perl


text:
Talk:Amana Colonies

Explanation needed
It would be interesting if the passage because they were refused an extension of their land charter because of their harsh treatment of a married couple who had violated their marriage edicts, they moved west could be expanded upon in the section on the history of the group's move from New York to Iowa. --Haruo 01:20, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi
hey this is michelle and i am making a book about iowa and my letter A is the Amana Colonies. i hope this is website will help me out alot. thnks for making this website. BYE! ~michelle!!

Incorrect information
Much of the information on this page is incorrect. The information that is correct was directly coppied (stolen) from www.cp.nps.gov. Not only is most of this information incorrect, the article actually contradicts itself, and at one point is actually somewhat offensive. LCB —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.35.137.152 (talk) 19:30, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Written material from nps.gov is almost certainly a work of the United States government, and therefore in the public domain. It cannot be stolen.  However, it should be properly credited. Cullen328 (talk) 23:56, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

I am going to check on some of this in a history book about Amana and other groups. But I don't think the explanation about the incorporation vote is correct. The explanation I remember from Holloway is that, as in many other such groups, some young people sued in the courts. And in such cases, the response of the courts has been, that if the communal property group does not have an equitable method of assessing fair value to be paid to such children, that all of the property held in common is put into a corporation and shares are allocated according to some formula. I suspect, from reading this article, that the real story has been whitewashed by the Amana community to prevent outsiders from thinking there was dissension.

I am also very sure that the idealistic presentation of Amana as being economically self-sufficient is quite wrong, but again I need to verify that. Amana, as I remember it, was quite an employer of outsiders around and about the area. By the second generation, they had developed to the point that their machine shops required staffing from outside in order to meet demand for products. The Amanites became a class of fairly wealthy managers and foremen to a great degree. 69.108.3.197 (talk) 01:08, 18 November 2010 (UTC)Prof
 * Please provide a reliable source for your statements. Cullen328 (talk) 23:56, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 20:58, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Organization
This quotation: ''Two men, Gruber and Rock, started this religious group. They traveled to Germany and to Switzerland preaching about Jesus Christ and his teachings, they disagreed with the Catholic faith's method sermonizing. They didn’t believe that the Catholic Church taught the exact word of the bible, so they thought themselves to be a reformed movement of true faith. They believed that God used certain people as his tool so that they could teach his word to others; the name of these individuals was Werkzeug (instrument). This derived from the time of the biblical prophets like Joseph and his brothers. Today church still gathers on Sunday mornings in both German and English. Visitors are welcome to join in on services if desired. During church services, they sing songs that were written by their church founders.[6'' Is very out of place, given that it is within the "beliefs" section, when it belongs in the "origins" section.Pressondude (talk) 22:19, 30 October 2008 (UTC)Pressondude

Amana today
I see that we have a section on Amana today, but it's made up of smaller towns now. Shouldn't they have town pages, like for Oxford, Iowa, that have census data and all that?

There are 7 (or 8 counting "Upper South Amana) East Amana, Amana, Middle, High Amana, West Amana, South Amana, and Homestead (a town the society purchased, for the railroad stop)

It is difficult to have "individual town" information, as none are incorporated, or are they together incorporated. They are "part of" Iowa County, Iowa. Only a specific Historic Preservation Land Use District exists. It was enacted in ~1986. See Iowa code 404.3. When adopting this district, the residents of West Amana, voted/petitioned not to be a part of the district, and are still not today!

Because of lack of incorporation, the villages are included in county census data, as any other rural part of Iowa County, Iowa. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oldhaus (talk • contribs) 21:24, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

Error in first paragraph
I wish someone who knows how to edit this story would remove the sentence at the end of the opening paragraph that (more-or-less, I didn't copy it) says "For this reason they are often mistaken for the Amish." The lead-in to that conclusion was communalism.

Removal is the best option. One could amend and expand it, but that would be another paragraph in itself!! My objection is that, the reason they are often confused with the Amish is simply the ignorance of people. All things different from our current norm get lumped to-gether by the average Joe. But communalism is NOT why they get lumped in. The Amish, Mennonites, Bretheren.... all of the anabaptists.... are not and have never been 'communal.' The only link between the Amanas and Amish is that both find roots in the early Protestant movement...... but, then, so do Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists and all other Protestant groups! No, it is simply the "oddity" of their lives and the lack of interest in learning about them that causes confusion in the minds of most people.

SO either expand it, or remove it, but someone PLEASE make it say something other than that communalism is the reason they are mistaken for each other.

THANKS -

66.82.9.59 (talk) 17:16, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Wow, indignant about ignorance while loudly demonstrating same!

 * The Amish, Mennonites, Bretheren.... all of the anabaptists.... are not and have never been 'communal.'

 * Except, of course, for the Anabaptist Hutterites. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.228.162.7 (talk) 11:12, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I hope I am replying to this correctly... I am not sure I would remove the comment, but expand on it. You are correct in saying the Amish, Mennonites and Brethren are not communal, but you are forgetting the Hutterites.  They broke off early from the Anabaptists for this very thing.  Other than this, they line up with the other Anabaptists in core doctrine.

As to why people confuse the Amish and those in the Amana colonies, I do not know exactly when they discontinued, but the people of the Amanas used to wear distinctive dress; women in headcoverings and modest dress. I cannot remember off hand the men's attire. Also, their past self sufficiency is also similar to the Amish. Raising and preparing their own foods for example. Even the separate seating of men and women during worship are common to both groups. Being the two groups are close to each other physically, the confusion is bound to happen.

If I felt confident in my editing here I would do this myself, as I do have the book written by one who grew up during the incorporation of the Amana Colonies. This is where I have gleaned some of their history. The book is titled, A Change and A Parting by Barbara Yambura. Just Kim (talk) 18:17, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amana Colonies


text:
Talk:Boxing (computer science)

Comments
int i = 9; int j = 13; int k = i + j; This is done all in a primitive type. Shouldn't the first line, for example, be "Integer i = 9"? -- Taku 01:24, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

This article doesn't say much about what an object type is. It's trying to explain autoboxing, but not doing a very good job. I'd rather read the Sun article. Can anyone do a better job? --Uncle Ed 21:42, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Isn't it all about 'object types' living garbage collectably on the heap, and primitive types, structs living on the stack? (at least in c# and java). Boxing is creating a new object on heap out of a stack object so it can be manipulated with a reference - it is unsafe to get a reference to an object living on stack, because it could die too early and program could crash. exe 03:32, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

I think that the part about unboxing mostly speaks about what code constructs different versions of the java compiler/language accepts, and not about the language neutral concept of boxing/unboxing. I think that part should be removed, or at least some of it. (Sorry, no wikipedia account. LarsR) 10:10, 8 Aug 2007 (CET)

Made it a little more generic, and precised that since .Net, not all value types are primitive types.Medinoc (talk) 11:10, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Haskell unboxing
Unboxing redirects here, but this is about how objects work in Java. It doesn't seem to be a suitable place to put something about unboxed types in Haskell, although there is similarity in the underlying concepts. In Haskell everything by default is 'boxed', and a boxed thing could be either the thing itself or some unevaluated expression that could evaluate to something of the correct type (because Haskell is lazy). Furby100 (talk) 21:15, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Drepnir (talk) 23:08, 26 November 2008 (UTC) Found something wrong:

Another example:

int i = 4;

int j = 5;

Integer k = new Integer(i + j); // always OK

Integer l = i + j; // would have been an error, but okay now - equivalent to previous line

C# does not support automatic unboxing. A boxed object must be explicitly unboxed with a typecasting operator:

int i = 42;

object o = i;        //box

int j = (int)o;      //unbox

Console.Writeline(j); //outputs 42

It is assumed that the following will compile on Java, but it won't. C# does support automatic unboxing of primitives, but not objects, just like Java.

int i = 42;

Object o = i;        //box

int j = o;      //unbox

System.out.println(j); //outputs "42"

Will not compile because it can't unbox objects of type Object.

Def, scope, mess
This article is about boxing, unboxing and autoboxing. The definition of "object type" given here is dubiously narrow. See object type. I think this article should be moved to Boxing, unboxing and autoboxing. Compare with Covariance and contravariance (computer science)... Pcap ping  09:26, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't the solution be to rewrite the article so to include more general discussion? Boxing is simply an example. The concept is more general. -- Taku (talk) 19:57, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Object type should normally redirect to Object (computer science) where the notion should be defined in context. Except that article is a mess too because it tries to do Object-oriented programming advocacy instead of focusing on the technical matters. The other reason I made that ridiculous dab is the uncited definition given in this article and the (IMO, unjustifiably general) name this article had.
 * Boxing/unboxing/autoboxing are issues in the implementation of object oriented programming languages. These aren't issues of how objects are implemented, but of how primitive types relate to objects; in some languages like Ruby (or Scala IIRC), all primitive types are objects.
 * So, I think the best solution is to rename this article to Boxing, unboxing and autoboxing and add a WP:SUMMARY of this at primitive types and at object (computer science). Pcap ping  07:01, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * After a little more thought, these are not just implementation issues, but design too. Whether you force the programmer to write boilerplate code for boxing/unboxing or decide to go for autoboxing is a language design issue as well. Still, this doesn't change the fact that this article is about the relation between primitive types and object types in OOP languages. Pcap ping  07:11, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

I agree that currently the content of the article is inconsistent with the title. So, the simplest solution, I guess, is to rename it. But I'm afraid the name Boxing, unboxing and autoboxing may narrow the scope of the article too much. The article starts with saying that an object type is a datatype, and so it should be about a general concept, mentioning boxing of a primitive data type as one example, not as a primary subject. The lack of a precise definition is not a good reason for not to have an article. For example, an interpreted language doesn't give a precise definition, but tries to cover context and give a lot of examples. In short, "Object type" may be too vague to be a good title. But "boxing, ..." doesn't seem a good one, either. It suggests a very concrete approach to primitive data types that are not objects. Maybe someone can propose a better title. -- Taku (talk) 11:57, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The first sentence in this article has little to do with the rest of it. Pcap ping  12:51, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * And that's the problem. All I'm saying is that, if possible, the article should be rewritten so that it isn't about one specific example. -- Taku (talk) 21:31, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Look the first sentence is an unsourced definition. I'm undable to find a book that gives that def. How do you expect an article to be written based on that? We should salvage the rest of it, i.e. the notions of boxing, unboxing and autoboxing. "Not general enough" can mean a number of different things here, like being too Java-focused, but that's a different matter that can be addressed later. The title should describe the article's contents, not some ideal notion that you think we should have an article on, but for which there are no (obvious) sources. Pcap ping  06:29, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The article doesn't need to have a concrete definition, unlike math articles, say. This is especially the case for computer science articles. Besides the one example I cited above, there are many more such examples. "The title should describe the article's contents". No, you got this all wrong. The article content must follow the title of the article; not the other way around. I also didn't propose the article materials to be deleted. That it is hard to definite isn't a good excuse for narrowing the scope of the article (that's basically the proposal your made) nor abandoning it at all. It's much harder to define, as a way of comparison, Object (computer science). -- Taku (talk) 11:05, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Requested move 10 August 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved per request. Favonian (talk) 20:46, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Object type (object-oriented programming) → Boxing (computer science) – The current title is just terrible, it is nowhere in the article and has no sources using the term. Looking at incoming links they are either from the data types template under "related topics", or to the sections boxing or autoboxing. Looking at the redirect Boxing (computer science) gets 62 pageviews by itself compared to the this page's 250, out of a total 406. Boxing adequately describes the article; unboxing and autoboxing are derived terms so in the interest of concision do not need to be in the title. Mathnerd314159 (talk) 21:02, 10 August 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support, boxing is the established term. "Object type" refers to any type that can contain or refer to an object so it's a misleading term. J I P  | Talk 08:28, 12 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. This is a whack page title, and is quite... misleading? Incorrect? idk. SWinxy (talk) 21:38, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boxing (computer science)


text:
File:Piegan-BlackfootTipis.jpg

Summary
Piegan-Blackfoot Tipis.

title: File:Piegan-BlackfootTipis.jpg


text:
National Tidal and Sea Level Facility

Established in 2002, the National Tidal and Sea Level Facility is responsible for monitoring sea levels in the UK.

The NTSLF comprises the UK National Tide Gauge Network, geodetic networks, and gauges in the British dependent territories of the South Atlantic and Gibraltar. Data collected is used to create tidal predictions, monitor climate change and determine extreme sea levels for navigation and coastal engineering design.

The network is funded by the UK Environment Agency. Associated scientific research is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra).

title: National Tidal and Sea Level Facility


text: Category:User perl-3

title: Category:User perl-3


text:
UW IMAP

The UW IMAP server was the reference server implementation of the Internet Message Access Protocol. It was developed at the University of Washington by Mark Crispin and others.

History
UW-IMAP's development began c.1988.

As of 2003, UW IMAP was among the three most popular free software IMAP server packages, the other two being Cyrus IMAP and Courier IMAP. As of 2005, by which point its codebase had undergone extensive rewriting, it was among the top two, the other being Cyrus IMAP.

In May 2008, the University of Washington terminated development of UW IMAP.

On 4 August 2008, staff at the University of Washington who had been involved in developing UW IMAP, Pine, and Alpine, announced that they would "shift our effort from direct development into more of a consultation and coordination role to help integrate contributions from the community," in the wake of layoffs at the University of Washington's technology division.

c. January - August 2009, the maintainers of Debian GNU/Linux, a major downstream distributor of UW IMAP, began to retire their UW IMAP packages.

In September 2009, Mark Crispin, the principal author of UW IMAP, announced a fork called Panda IMAP. Crispin passed away in late 2012.

At least one UW IMAP enthusiast maintains a public source code repository containing the UW IMAP and Panda IMAP commit history from the start of the project until Crispin's final release.

Praise and criticism
For much of the 2000s, UW IMAP was considered to be a good choice due to its ready availability, its inclusion in all major Linux distributions, its support for both POP and IMAP, and its ease of installation. It also received praise for its ease of administration and for its compatibility with longstanding mailbox formats, and for and its small size and simplicity.

Unlike later IMAP servers, UW IMAP coupled IMAP user accounts to user accounts on the server's underlying operating system. This feature, together with UW IMAP's default use of monolithic mailbox files, was intended to ensure compatibility with legacy operating systems and email management practices, but drew criticism from some commentators. In particular, Sam Varshavchik, developer of the competing Courier IMAP server, suggested that Crispin's decision not to add support for maildir (a popular non-monolithic mailbox format) to UW IMAP may have stemmed from lingering resentment over an earlier disagreement that Crispin had had with maildir's designer, Daniel J. Bernstein. Crispin's insistence upon retaining UW IMAP's support for flat files as mail stores was criticised, by the maintainers of the competing Citadel IMAP server, for causing otherwise unnecessary complexity in the IMAP protocol.

Additionally, Varshavchik noted that despite Crispin's insistence that other IMAP servers comply with the IMAP specifications, the UW IMAP server and its IMAP client counterpart, Pine, used a private IMAP extension that was not documented in that specification. UW IMAP was also criticised for its susceptibility to buffer overflows and for its lack of privilege separation relative to its competitors Cyrus and Courier, As of 2007, computer programs existed that were capable of exploiting security vulnerabilities in un-patched or improperly-configured UW IMAP installations. and for its unreliable SSL support.

Components and features
UW IMAP was designed to be compatible with existing legacy mail stores and systems, and to be "plug-and-play" installable without requiring any site-specific configuration.

UW IMAP uses the c-client mail engine that is also used by the Alpine and Pine e-mail clients. c-client supports multiple mail store formats including Usenet news spools, MIX, mbox, mbx, mx, mh, tenex, mtx, MMDF, and phile. c-client also includes support for IMAP, POP3, NNTP, and SMTP Internet protocols.

Also bundled with UW IMAP are POP2 and POP3 servers, the mailutil utility program, and the dmail and tmail mail delivery agents.

As of 2005, UW IMAP's codebase consisted of 135,000 lines of code, of which the IMAP server itself comprised 4,000 lines and c-client comprised the rest.

Extensibility and maildir support
UW IMAP does not officially support the maildir format. However, UW IMAP can be patched to support other formats, such as maildir. Gluelogic offers a patch to support maildirs in Pine. The patched Pine instance can then be used to compile UW IMAP with nominal maildir support. However, this yields a buggy server that will not correctly distinguish between Unseen and Recent messages. A patch is available for Alpine that can be used similarly, but with fewer drawbacks.

title: UW IMAP


text:
Vulcanian eruption

A Vulcanian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption characterized by a dense cloud of ash-laden gas exploding from the crater and rising high above the peak. They usually commence with phreatomagmatic eruptions which can be extremely noisy due to the rising magma heating water in the ground. This is usually followed by the explosive clearing of the vent and the eruption column is dirty grey to black as old weathered rocks are blasted out of the vent. As the vent clears, further ash clouds become grey-white and creamy in colour, with convolutions of the ash similar to those of Plinian eruptions.

The term Vulcanian was first used by Giuseppe Mercalli, witnessing the 1888–1890 eruptions on the island of Vulcano. His description of the eruption style is now used all over the world. Mercalli described Vulcanian eruptions as "...Explosions like cannon fire at irregular intervals..." Their explosive nature is due to increased silica content of the magma. Almost all types of magma can be involved, but magma with about 55% or more silica (e.g. basaltic andesite) is most common. Increasing silica levels increase the viscosity of the magma which means increased explosiveness.

Characteristics
Vulcanian eruptions display several common characteristics. The mass of rock ejected during the eruption is usually between 102 and 106 tonnes and contains a high proportion of non-juvenile material (> 50%). During active periods of volcanic activity, intervals between explosions vary from less than 1 minute (e.g. Anak Krakatoa) to about a day. Pyroclastic flows are also common features of this type of eruption. The gas streaming phase of Vulcanian eruptions are characterised by discrete cannon-like explosions. These expulsions of gas can reach supersonic velocities resulting in shock waves.

The tephra is dispersed over a wider area than that from Strombolian eruptions. The pyroclastic rock and the base surge deposits form an ash volcanic cone, while the ash covers a large surrounding area. The eruption ends with a flow of viscous lava. Vulcanian eruptions may throw large metre-size blocks several hundred metres, occasionally up to several kilometres.

Vulcanian eruptions are dangerous to persons within several hundred metres of the vent. Volcanic bombs are common products of this type of eruption. These are initially molten blobs of lava, which rapidly cool into blocks often 2 to 3 m across. At Galeras, a Vulcanian eruption ejected bombs which struck several volcanologists who were in the crater, some of whom died or suffered severe injuries.

1930 eruption of Stromboli
The 11 September 1930 eruption of Stromboli was a Vulcanian eruption. It started at 08:10 hours (local), when ash was vented for about 10 minutes. Then at 09:52 two incredibly powerful explosions occurred which shook the whole island. Blocks were hurled about 2 km. These fell out of the sky smashing through buildings etc. A tsunami 2 to 2.5 m high was generated. By 10:40 the explosive phase of the eruption was over. Expulsion of lava followed, this flowed down the Sciara del Fuoco, lasting into the night. At the same time incandescent scoria flowed down the Vallonazzo Valley and entered the sea near Piscità.

It is believed that water entered due to a partial collapse of the conduit. The water flashed into steam and took the easiest "escape route" via the open conduit. Expansion by contact with the molten magma generated the two very large explosions.

There were six deaths. Four fishermen died at sea when the avalanches of hot scoria caused the sea to become very disturbed. One person was killed in Stromboli village by falling blocks, and the sixth was killed by the tsunami.

title: Vulcanian eruption


text:
Subtitle (rapper)

Giovanni Marks (born October 2, 1978), better known by his stage name Subtitle, is a rapper and producer based in Los Angeles, California. He is one half of the duo Lab Waste alongside Thavius Beck. He has also collaborated with other artists such as K-the-I???, Busdriver and Islands.

Career
Subtitle released an EP entitled I'm Always Recovering from Tomorrow in 2003 and an album entitled Young Dangerous Heart in 2005, both on the label Gold Standard Laboratories. His group Lab Waste (with Thavius Beck) released an album, Zwarte Achtegrond, at the beginning of that year.

October 2006 saw the release of Terrain to Roam, an album which featured production from Daddy Kev, Daedelus, Thavius Beck, Omid, Nobody, Paris Zax, Madlib, Dntel, Crunc Tesla, and Small Is Beautiful among others.

Albums

 * Analog Gut (1998)
 * How 2 Beat the Beat 1 & 2 (1998)
 * Weekend Science 1 & 2 (1999) (with Mum's the Word)
 * Delete the Elite (2001)
 * Lost Love Stays Lost (2004)
 * Young Dangerous Heart (2005)
 * Zwarte Achtegrond (2005) (with Thavius Beck, as Lab Waste)
 * Terrain to Roam (2006)
 * Marks in Angles (2007)
 * Double Tech Jeep Music (2015)
 * FALL ALL OVER/DEAD OCTOBER (2020)

EPs

 * I'm Always Recovering from Tomorrow (2003)

Singles

 * "Young Dangerous Heart / Palm Fronds / The Haze on the Hill" (2005)

Guest appearances

 * The Mind Clouders - "Upside Down 6" from Fake It Until You Make It (1999)
 * Antimc - "Shake, Rattle, Rattle" from Run (2003)
 * Thavius Beck - "June Gloom" from Decomposition (2004)
 * Scream Club - "What You Gonna Do?" from Don't Bite Your Sister (2004)
 * Existereo - "Work Related" from Crush Groove (2004)
 * North American Hallowe'en Prevention Initiative - "Do They Know It's Hallowe'en?" (2005)
 * Bleubird - "Everything Up" from Pilgrim of St. Zotique (2006)
 * Islands - "Where There's a Will There's a Whalebone" from Return to the Sea (2006)
 * Daedelus - "Unadventurer" from Throw a Fit (2006)
 * Vyle - "Tech" from Oh I Think Dey Like Hoodtronics (2006)
 * Kay the Aquanaut - "To the Last Drop" from Spinning Blue Planet (2007)
 * Joe Dub - "LA2theBay" from Pooretry (2007)
 * Depth Affect - "Street Level" from Hero Crisis (2008)
 * K-the-I??? - "Stylin'" from Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow (2008)
 * Self Jupiter & Kenny Segal - "Altered States" from The Kleenrz (2012)
 * Senz Beats - "Raw Forces" and "After the Storm" from Tilting at Windmills (2013)
 * Drummachinemike - "Sound Investments" from Drum Machine Music (2014)

Productions

 * Daedelus - "Dumbfound (Subtitle Remix)" from "Something Bells" (2004)
 * SonGodSuns - "Interruption from the Lie Love You" from Over the Counter Culture (2005)
 * Noah23 - "Give It to the People" from Rock Paper Scissors (2008)
 * Sole and the Skyrider Band - "Nothing Is Free" from Sole and the Skyrider Band Remix LP (2009)
 * Thavius Beck - "Sheepish" from Dialogue (2009)
 * Isaiah Toothtaker - "Pressure", "On the Outies", and "Still Ill" from Yiggy (2010)

title: Subtitle (rapper)


text:
Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa

Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr (عبد العزيز بن موسى) was an Arab general and the first governor of Al-Andalus, in modern-day Spain and Portugal. He was the son of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya. ‘Abd al-Aziz had a long history of political and military involvement along with his father.

Early life
‘Abd al-Aziz accompanied his father in 712 to aid the Berber general, Tariq, in the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. It has been speculated that Musa ibn Nusayr and his son, both Arabs, did not want the glory of conquest to be claimed by a Berber. The conquest of the area was progressing smoothly under Tariq, Musa ibn Nusayr and ‘Abd al-Aziz. With the success of the conquest apparent, Tariq and Musa ibn Nusayr were called back to Syria by the Umayyad caliph, Al Waleed, in 714. ‘Abd al-Aziz was given the governorship of Al-Andalus by his father. Musa ibn Nusayr, upon his return to Damascus, fell into disfavour with the caliph and ended his days in Medina as an “old and broken man.” ‘Musa ibn Nusayr outlived his son, ‘Abd al-Aziz.

Conquest and reign of Al-Andalus
‘Abd al-Aziz chose the town of Seville as his capital city. Seville, located in the modern day province of Andalucía in southern Spain on the Guadalquivir River. Under ‘Abd al-Aziz’s leadership after the departure of his father and Tariq, Islamic power, in what came to be known as Al-Andalus, expanded into modern day Portugal in the west and the sub-Pyrenean regions in the north. In one of the newly conquered lands, ‘Abd al-Aziz signed a peace treaty with the Visigothic lord of Murcia, Theudimer. His name in Arabic is Tudmir. The treaty, known as the Treaty of Tudmir, gave Visigothic Christians the right to continue to practise their religion, as long as they paid a special tax and remained loyal to their Muslim overlords.

Personal life and influences
‘Abd al-Aziz remained in power and even married the widow Egilona, the wife of the last Visigothic king, Roderic. Egilona took the name Umm ‘Asim upon her marriage. In his marriage to Egilona, ‘Abd al-Aziz set a trend of espousing local Visigothic women, due to the absence of Arab and Berber women. This lack was because Arab and Berber women did not accompany the army into Al-Andalus at the beginning of the conquest of Hispania. The practice of taking conquered women as wives almost became a general rule for conquering Muslim leaders. Egilona's influence over ‘Abd al-Aziz was not common. Some felt that she held too much influence and sway over ‘Abd al-Aziz. Egilona coaxed ‘Abd al-Aziz to wear a crown, and lower entrance ways to promote veneration of him and people bowing to him. Egilona even had ‘Abd al-Aziz make the entrance to his audience chamber lower, so that upon entering, he would be bowing to her. These links to the Visigothic royalty and the influence of Egilona led to the misconception and rumors that ‘Abd al-Aziz had converted to Christianity. These rumours even reached the Umayyad Caliph Sulaymān in Damascus. Troubled by these rumours, the caliph ordered ‘Abd al-Aziz to be killed. It is very likely, however, that these were rumours instigated at the behest of the hostile faction led by Habib ibn Abi Ubayda al-Fihri, which eventually killed ‘Abd al-Aziz. Certainly, ‘Abd al-Aziz had a reputation as a righteous Muslim before these rumours that did not support this theory.

Assassination and Al-Andalus afterwards
Sources differ on the year, but ‘Abd al-Aziz was assassinated by Ziyad ibn ‘Udhra al-Balawi on order of the Caliph Sulayman. However, Ibn Khaldun reports the order was received and carried out by Habib ibn Abi Ubayda al-Fihri. The caliph feared that he wanted to establish his own personal monarchy in Al-Andalus, separate from the Umayyad caliphate based in Damascus. Dates of his assassination vary between the years 715, 716, and 718. ‘Abd al-Aziz was beheaded in the monastery of Santa Rufina, used during the time as a mosque. After his death, ‘Abd al-Aziz’s head was brought to Damascus and displayed publicly to an audience where the caliph knew that his father, Musa ibn Nusayr, was in attendance.

‘Abd al-Aziz was succeeded by his cousin, Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi, who is thought to have played a role in his assassination. His tenure as governor did not last long and for a period of forty years following his assassination, Al-Andalus was filled with chaos and turmoil. Rival Arab factions continuously fought to gain power, and also to expand Islamic control in the area. Governors were appointed or chosen, but they were often deposed by rival groups or by the Umayyad caliph in Damascus. This pattern continued at least until 756, when an independent Umayyad emirate was established in Córdoba. However, Abd-ar-Rahman I still found much resistance in Al-Andalus (Toledo, Zaragoza, Barcelona ... ) and had to struggle still 25 years for a total mastery over the territory. Islamic power remained in the region until 1492, when Ferdinand and Isabella conquered the Islamic Emirate of Granada.

title: Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa


text:
User:Jondel/IndonesianChinese

http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/international/indonesi.html#ethnic

title: User:Jondel/IndonesianChinese


text:
Talk:Replicator equation

I rewrote most of this page and added a lot of content, as I had promised long ago. I also added recent two references where the general theory can be found. The article could benefit from a concrete example of an application of the equation, perhaps from both biology and economics. Marc Harper 19:16, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I made some more additions -- I would have done it with the first round, but I had to look up the references. (Forgot to log-in for some of them...) Marc Harper 23:43, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Marc - Looks great. I was just about to fix the difference equation, but you beat me to it ;)  Thanks a lot for all your help, the article is much improved.  --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 00:30, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Should
 * $$ \dot{x_i} = \sum_{j=1}^{n}{x_j f_j(x) Q_{ji}} - \phi(x)x_i, $$

be
 * $$ \dot{x_i} = (\sum_{j=1}^{n}{x_j f_j(x) Q_{ji}} - \phi(x))x_i, $$

? --Pushmedia1 07:21, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * nevermind!!! --Pushmedia1 07:22, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Quick question. What are the restrictions/admissible forms for the f_i(x) function in the first equation? Oh, and hey there Will.radek (talk) 01:47, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

 * What do you mean? They can be essentially anything that you want, though the most common form is f_i(x) = (Ax)_i (ith entry of the matrix product) so that the fitness function as a vector f(x) = [f_1,..., f_n] = Ax . If you want the differential equation to have nice properties the f_i should be relatively nice, but the need only be integrable to solve the equation (in principle).

If you don't know the relationship between the Price equation and the replicator equation, read the reference "Unifying Evolutionary Dynamics". Do not delete content because you think it is incorrect! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.97.41.109 (talk) 19:32, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

This article needs references all over. It would be nice if someone could provide references. Sprlzrd (talk) 06:59, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Replicator equation