text:
Arthur and the Minimoys (film)

Arthur and the Minimoys (French: Arthur et les Minimoys) is a 2006 English-language French live-action/animated fantasy film directed and co-written by French filmmaker Luc Besson. It is based on the first two books of the Arthur children's books series, Arthur and the Minimoys and Arthur and the Forbidden City, by Besson.

Arthur and the Minimoys was released theatrically in France on 29 November 2006 by EuropaCorp, followed by wide releases in a number of countries. It was re-released in France on 4 April 2007 with nineteen minutes of bonus footage. With a budget of €60 million, it was briefly the most expensive French film production, until it was surpassed by Astérix at the Olympic Games (2008). It was a box-office success in its home country. It received the Imagina Award in the category Prix du Long-Métrage. Its soundtrack album was released on 9 January 2007.

The film received its release in the United States under the title Arthur and the Invisibles by the now-defunct company The Weinstein Company, which sparked criticism for the changes including the animation, script, humor, and editing, though Freddie Highmore's performance and visual aspects were praised. This cut was a box-office bomb and is currently out-of-print due the re-release of the film in its original format in 2023.

The film's success in France spawned a media franchise with two sequels, Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard (2009) and Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds (2010), and a spin-off, Arthur, malédiction (2022), as well as multiple video games, an animated television series and theme park attractions at Futuroscope and Europa-Park.

Plot
In 1960, 10-year-old Arthur Montgomery lives with his grandmother Daisy in a quiet farm house on a dirt road, in a small rural community in Northeastern Connecticut (based on Sterling). His grandfather Archibald has recently gone missing and he sees little of his parents (who are away looking for work). Daisy entertains Arthur with stories of his grandfather's adventures in Africa, featuring the tall Bogo Matassalai and the minuscule Minimoys, the latter of whom now live in Archibald's garden, protecting a collection of rubies. Arthur becomes enamoured of a picture of Selenia, the princess of the Minimoys. When Daisy receives a two-day deadline to pay a large sum of money to a building developer named Ernest Davido, who plans to evict the two, Arthur looks for the rubies to pay off the debt and discovers various clues left by his grandfather. He is met in the garden by the Bogo Matassalai, who reduce Arthur to Minimoy size. From the Minimoys, Arthur learns that they are in danger from Maltazard, a Minimoy war hero who now rules the nearby 'Necropolis', after corruption by a weevil, by whom he has a son named Darkos.

Arthur, reflecting his legendary British namesake, draws a sacred sword from its recess and uses it to protect the Minimoys from Maltazard's soldiers; whereupon Sifrat, the ruler of the Minimoys, sends Arthur to Necropolis, with the princess Selenia and her brother Betameche. En route, they are attacked on two occasions by Maltazard's soldiers. In Necropolis, Selenia kisses Arthur, marking him as her husband and potential successor, and confronts Maltazard alone. When Maltazard learns that she has already kissed Arthur and thus can no longer give him her powers and cure his corruption, he imprisons all three, who discover a Minimoy form of Archibald. Thereafter Arthur and his grandfather escape and return to human form, with little time to spare before Maltazard's flood reaches the Minimoys. With the help of Mino, a royal advisor's long-lost son, Arthur redirects the flood to Necropolis, whereupon Maltazard abandons Necropolis and his son, and the water ejects the rubies above ground. Archibald pays Davido with one ruby; and when he tries to take them all, the Bogo Matassalai capture him and give him to the authorities. Arthur asks Selenia to wait for his return, and her agreement to do so while the film ends.

Live-action cast

 * Freddie Highmore as Arthur Montgomery, a newly ten-year-old boy who journeys through the invisible world of the minimoys to find the treasure his long-lost grandfather had hidden. Highmore also voices Arthur in CGI animation. In the French version, Arthur is voiced by actress Barbara Kelsch who also provided the motion-capture performance for the character.
 * Mia Farrow as Daisy Suchot, Arthur's grandmother and Archibald's wife.
 * Ron Crawford as Archibald Suchot, Arthur's grandfather and Daisy's husband. Crawford also voices Archibald in animation. The character is voiced by actor Michel Duchaussoy in the French version.
 * Adam LeFevre as Ernest Davido, the Real Estate Agent. The character is voiced by actor José Garcia in the French version.
 * Penny Balfour as Rose Montgomery, Arthur's mother and Daisy and Archibald's daughter. The character is voiced by actress Valérie Lemercier in the French version.
 * Douglas Rand as Armand Montgomery, Arthur's Dad. The character is voiced by actor Jean-Paul Rouve in the French version.
 * Jean Betote Njamba as the chief of the Matassalai. The character is voiced by rapper Doudou Masta in the French version.
 * An uncredited German Shepherd as Alfred, Arthur's pet dog.

Voice cast

 * Madonna as Princess Selenia, the daughter of Emperor Sifrat. The character is voiced by singer Mylène Farmer in the French version.
 * Douglas Rand as Prince Simono Matradoy de Betameche, or simply Betameche "Beta", Selenia's younger brother. The character is voiced by radio host Cartman in the French version.
 * Robert De Niro as Emperor Sifrat XVI, Betameche and Selenia's father.
 * Snoop Dogg as Max, the leader of the Koolamassai, a race of beings similar to the Minimoys. The character is voiced by rapper Rohff in the French version.
 * Allen Hoist as DJ Easy Low, a Koolamassai. The character is voiced by DJ Cut Killer in the French version. Hoist also voices another Koolamassai.
 * Jason Bateman as Prince Darkos, Maltazard's vicious but dim-witted son. The character is voiced by actor Marc Lavoine in the French version.
 * David Bowie as Emperor Maltazard (also known as the Evil M, Maltazard the Evil, or Malthazar the Cursed). The character is voiced by singer Alain Bashung in the French version.
 * Douglas Rand as Miro, the royal advisor.
 * Barbara Weber Scaff as Mino, Miro's long lost son.
 * Tonio Descanvelle as the Ferryman. The character is voiced by singer Dick Rivers in the French version.
 * Chazz Palminteri as the Travel Agent
 * Christian Erickson as Antique Dealer
 * Ron Crawford as the narrator

Production
The animation was produced by the French company BUF Compagnie, which hired approximately 100 animators, most of them from French animation schools and without any previous experience. Besson wanted a photorealistic environment, and BUF initially used microlenses to film physical environments, but eventually instead used photogrammetry, where a digitized photograph of a real object is manipulated with a computer. Sets were built to 1:3 scale, which allowed the animators to use natural elements, such as plants and grass. While the film did not use motion capture, real actors were used as reference, and recorded with 13 to 14 video cameras, but without the markers used in motion capture. Besson directed their performances. In terms of lip sync with actors' dialog, the French animators could not cope with the English phonemes. For Madonna and David Bowie, a camera was used to record their lips to help the animators. The animation was done with proprietary software.

The Weinstein Company version
After a screening test in the United States, The Weinstein Company re-edited the film under the title Arthur and the Invisibles. Approximately nine minutes were cut. Most of the edits pertained to the love story between Arthur and Selenia due to age differences. The entire storyline involving the parents and their greed for money was also deleted, reduced to a short scene and the narrator explaining that worrying over their son was all they needed to reform completely. In addition to these deleted scenes, The Weinstein Company's version also adds in new narration by David Suchet replacing Ron Crawford's narration as Archibald, along with actors Jimmy Fallon (Prince Simono Matradoy), Emilio Estevez (Ferryman), Harvey Keitel (Miro), Rob Corddry and Nate Corddry (both voiced Seldes), Erik Per Sullivan (Mino and the baby bug), and Anthony Anderson (one of the Koolamassai) replacing various actors from the original version.

The American version of the film was theatrically released on January 12, 2007, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and The Weinstein Company. The British and Australian versions of the film, also distributed by the Weinstein Company, similarly lacked these scenes. This release is now out-of-print following the closure of TWC.

Technology
The Minimoys featured in the first augmented reality Nestlé Chocapic cereal box with the help of Dassault Systemes technology 3DVIA Virtools.

Soundtrack
There was a soundtrack based on this film released under the former-Invisibles title. It was released two weeks before the American premiere. This soundtrack is now out-of-print.

Availability
The original version was uploaded on YouTube in 2021, but was taken down due to legal issues, while the Weinstein cut was never distributed or renewed after the closure of The Weinstein Company following the arrest of Harvey Weinstein on May 25, 2018. In 2023, the film returned to circulation with the original content restored; it is available to watch through Disney+ and digital storefronts such as Apple TV.

Box office
The film was budgeted at $86 million. In its first two weeks in cinemas in France Arthur earned over US$20 million.

Critical response
The film gained positive attention in France and became a box-office success.

Awards
In 2007, the film received two awards: on 1 February for Imagina Award in the category Prix du Long-Métrage and on 1 October, Mylène Farmer was awarded the NRJ Ciné Award for her dubbing of Sélénia's voice in Arthur and the Minimoys.

Reactions to the Weinstein cut
The Weinstein cut received largely negative reviews upon its release in early 2007. It has an approval rating of 22% via Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews from 92 critics, with an average rating of 4.4/10. The site's consensus reads: "Arthur wastes its big-name voice talent on a predictable script and substandard CG animation". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.

Los Angeles Times reviewer Alex Chun wrote: "Director Luc Besson admits he knew nothing about animation before he started this project, and it shows". Variety's Robert Koehler called it "alienating and dislikable", and specifically noted that "…having African-American thesps Snoop Dogg and Anthony Anderson voice creatures that are basically humanoid monkeys shows poor taste".

Many found it derivative of sources ranging from King Arthur and the Sword-in-the-Stone to The Dark Crystal and The Ant Bully films. Frank Lovece of Film Journal International said that "it all simply looks as if [conceptual artist Patrice] Garcia and Besson couldn't decide on any one thing to copy, …so they copied them all". Lovece also noted that "the whole thing gets seriously creepy when [the animated versions of] the grown-up, pinup-beauty princess and the 10-year-old boy fall for each other. Mary Kay Letourneau comes uncomfortably to mind". Common Sense Media disliked the film, giving it 2 stars out of 5. Josh Tyler of Cinema Blend greatly disliked the film, giving it 1.5 stars out of 5: "Sure it has sometimes-loved French director Luc Besson's name on it, but the character designs look like they were stolen from those wispy haired troll dolls that were popular for about five minutes fifteen years ago, and the plot sounded like it was written by a ten-year-old kid underneath a heavy bedspread, with a big chief tablet and a pencil the size of a horse's leg". Besson, in a May 2007 interview, blamed American distributor The Weinstein Company for the film's failure in the U.S., saying "…why the critics didn't like Arthur was because [Weinstein] changed so much of the film and tried to pretend the film was American. […] America and the UK were the only countries where the films were changed. The rest of the world has the same film as France".

Sequels
Arthur and the Minimoys was followed by a 2009 sequel, Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard, based on the novel of the same name, and another sequel in 2010 titled Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds, based on the final book in the series. In the United States, they were distributed by 20th Century Fox instead of the now-defunct Weinstein Company that originally distributed Arthur and the Minimoys. In the UK and Ireland, both sequels were combined into a single movie, Arthur and the Great Adventure, released in December 2010. Both sequels generated huge losses for EuropaCorp.

Video game
A video game based on Arthur and the Minimoys was marketed for PlayStation 2, PC, and Nintendo DS during the film's release in Europe in 2006. It was marketed in the US under the film’s now-former Invisibles title.

Television series
An animated TV series of the same name was produced by Studio 100 and EuropaCorp Animation, and debuted on 17 July 2018. A 20-episode web series was also being planned.

Spin-off
A psychological horror-themed spin-off, titled Arthur, malédiction, was produced. Written by Besson and directed by Barthélemy Grossmann, the film is not set in the same universe and follows a group of teenagers who are looking for the house where the original trilogy was filmed only to find that it is in reality haunted. It was released theatrically in France on 29 June 2022. The film was poorly received by critics and fans of the franchise and is considered to be one of the worst films ever made.

title: Arthur and the Minimoys (film)


text:
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Manhattan)

The Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Monument is located in Riverside Park, at the intersection of 89th Street and Riverside Drive, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It commemorates Union Army soldiers and sailors who served in the American Civil War. It is an enlarged version of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, and was designed by the firm of Stoughton & Stoughton with Paul E. M. DuBoy. The monument was completed May 26, 1902.

Early history
The monument was first suggested in 1869. However, little was done to create the monument until 1893 – at a time the memory of the war was fading and there was a wave of nostalgia for the Civil War in the country – when the New York State legislature established a Board of Commissioners for a monument to the soldiers and sailors who had served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Originally set to be built at 59th Street and Fifth Avenue then at Mount Tom (83rd Street and Riverside Drive) the project was delayed for many years because many organizations in the city could not agree on a site for the monument. When the final site was selected, the winning design for the monument had to be redesigned for the new site.

Ground was broken for the monument on September 21, 1900. City Council President Randolph Guggenheimer turned the first spadeful of dirt. About 200 people were present at the ground breaking ceremony. The first stone was laid in January 1901. On the cornerstone was a simple inscription saying that the monument was erected by the citizens of New York. It was finally dedicated on Memorial Day in 1902 with President Theodore Roosevelt officiating. During the dedication, the monument was unveiled following a parade of Civil War veterans up Riverside Drive. The memorial bears the simple inscription: "To the memory of the brave soldiers and sailors who saved the Union". The monument cost $300,000 to erect. Granite quarried from the Lacasse Quarry located at Derby, Orleans County, Vermont, was used in the construction.

The white marble monument was designed after a public competition won by architects Charles and Arthur Stoughton. Their design was known as the "Temple of Fame". The ornamental features were carved by Paul E. M. Duboy (1857–1907), who also was the architect of The Ansonia, an apartment building also on the Upper West Side. Inspired by Greek antiquity, the monument is based on the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens. The monument takes the form of a peripteral Corinthian temple raised on a high base, with a tall cylindrical rusticated cella, that carries a low conical roof like a lid, ringed by twelve Corinthian columns. Plinths at the entrance to the raised terrace are incised with the names of the New York volunteer regiments and the battles in which they served, as well as Union generals.

1900s to 1960s

By 1907, there were already reports by Mayor George B. McClellan Jr., that the Monument was in need of repair. At that time there were marble slabs in danger of falling from their place; three had already fallen. The building badly leaked, cement was constantly falling from the walls and ceiling, and stone was chipped in many places. He requested $20,000 for the repair of the monument.

A large adjustment to the monument took place in the 1930s, when the plaza's yellow brick, which nicely contrasted with the white marble trim, was replaced with the orange-colored stone common to Parks Department projects of the period. However, these have since chipped and are splitting. The memorial was also given a complete coating of protective paraffin, used at that time to preserve the memorial. In 1962, the City spent over $1 million in extensive repairs to the monument, including a new roof, which had deteriorated, and portions of the monument were replaced with more durable granite.

1970s to present
The monument was designated a New York City landmark in 1976, and it was designated a New York state landmark in 2001. Meanwhile, the monument continued to deteriorate after its 1960s renovation. The Parks Department had proposed a $1.2 million restoration in 2002. The effort was to restore the monument's steps and sidewalks. The effort failed when a private donor pulled out. In July 2005, the New York Times reported "up close the dilapidation is clearly visible. Pave-stones, many damaged by skateboarding and soccer playing, need replacing. The paint covering the many splotches of graffiti is tacky. And the tomblike interior, which is leaking, has long been closed to the public."

In 2007, Gale Brewer, a member of the City Council, committed $650,000 in city money to a redesign of the potholed asphalt plaza south of the monument, with its three Civil War-era cannons. However, that effort bogged down in disagreement on the exact nature of the designs and was never completed. A fence was put up to keep people off the entry stairs because they were in very poor condition in 2008. In March 2014, an attempt to raise $5.5 million was attempted by the Riverside Park Conservancy following a $1.5 million survey done by the park system. The monument currently has many coatings of anti-graffiti paint. The ornamental bronze doorway has been damaged by vandals. At some point the richly sculptured bronze flagpole base, which featured ship forms, wreaths and other elements, was removed. The park system noted, "the monument is awaiting funding to repair loosened joints, chipped stone, and the damage generally wrought by time if not vandalism."

A study performed in 2017 estimated the cost of fully repairing the monument had grown to $36.5 million, and would continue to become more expensive the longer the city government waits. The structure was fenced off and closed to the public after the 2017 inspection found the structure's retaining wall to be failing. A NY1 cable news report from 2019 found that much of the monument's mortar had deteriorated entirely and that the mosaic tiles had degraded so much that they "looked like gravel". As of 2021, there still had been no funding allocated for repairs. Mayor Eric Adams allocated $62 million for the monument's restoration in fiscal year 2024. Following the allocation of city funding, work on the restoration began in 2024 when drones began surveying the monument.

Design

The monument was intended to stand at the center of a complex sequence of balustraded formal paved terraces and stairs that would have rationalized the steep natural slopes to north and west, but were eliminated in the execution. Its site, at a curve in Riverside Drive, makes it visible from a distance, a desirable feature for a monument in the City Beautiful movement. Originally, there was a planned stairway to the river and a battlemented wall to the south but these were never built. It appears that the area south of the plaza was simply paved, or perhaps treated with pebbles. On the south side of the monument are two mounted cannons. On the west side of the memorial, the back steps to the terraces offer views of the Hudson River.

The monument measures approximately 100 ft tall and 50 ft deep. The initial design called for the monument to be crowned with a statue of Peace "of heroic size" but this was not done.

The sculptured bronze door at the base of the monument, now kept locked, was originally open to visitors. Currently, the interior is open one day annually at Open House New York. The interior is entirely revetted with the same veined white marble used on the exterior. The interior is in two stages, with six niches in the lower stage, corresponding to the exterior basement, and an upper stage of tall Corinthian pilasters flanking plain panels; above is a ribbed interior dome with a central lantern. The mosaic on the floor is a star centered on a bronze relief medallion of the US arms, with crossed oak and laurel sprays.

The exterior colonnade carries an entablature adorned with a full frieze containing the inscriptions "To the memory of the Brave Soldiers and Sailors Who Saved the Union". A cresting of eagles alternating with cartouches surmounts the cornice. The monument terminates in a low conical roof crowned by a richly decorated marble finial.

The Riverside Park Conservancy maintains the plantings in the area surrounding the monument.

Parades and celebrations
Large Memorial Day celebrations have been centered on this monument. The number of people and interest in the Memorial Day celebrations at this monument have varied greatly and at times have been very significant. On Memorial Day 1907, 16,000 men marched in a Grand Army of the Republic parade. However, in 1910, in a celebration headed by President Taft only 1,500 showed up. In 1911, 20,000 men and 150 organizations took part in the Memorial Day parade. Then in 1914, 9,000 men were noted in the New York Times article, in a parade from 72nd street to the monument. In 1922, the Memorial Day parade attracted 14,000 participants. The numbers dwindled, and events in the 1990s attracted only a few dozen people. After the September 11 attacks, the numbers grew.

Backdrops
In addition to annual Memorial Day celebrations, the monument has been used in scenes and as a backdrop of movies such as The Odd Couple, Godspell and Parting Glances as well as a backdrop to TV shows Law & Order and Sex and the City. It was also known as a "gay cruising area" in the 60's. In the mid 1980s the West Side Arts Coalition provided midsummer dance programs on the steps of the monument at 89th street. Since 2004, the monument has served as the home of the Hudson Classical Theater Company. They perform classic plays including Shakespeare works and original plays on the back steps of the monument in summer months.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:69.235.232.112

title: User talk:69.235.232.112


text:
Puerta del Sol

The Puerta del Sol (, English: "Gate of the Sun") is a public square in Madrid, one of the best known and busiest places in the city. This is the centre (Km 0) of the radial network of Spanish roads. The square also contains the famous clock whose bells mark the traditional eating of the Twelve Grapes and the beginning of a new year. The New Year's celebration has been broadcast live since 31 December 1962 on major radio and television networks including Atresmedia and RTVE.

History
The Puerta del Sol originated as one of the gates in the city wall that surrounded Madrid in the 15th century. Outside the wall, medieval suburbs began to grow around the Christian Wall of the 12th century. The name of the gate came from the rising sun which decorated the entry, since the gate was oriented to the east.

Between the 17th and 19th centuries, the area was an important meeting place: as the goal for the couriers coming from abroad and other parts of Spain to the Post Office, it was visited by those eager for the latest news. The stairs to the Saint Philip church at the square were known as the Gradas de San Felipe, and were among the most prolific mentideros de la Corte (this Spanish idiom sounds as "lie-spreaders of the Court", but it is related with the verb mentar, "to say about someone", not mentir, "to lie", so it is more appropriately translated as "places of the City where people gossip").

The House of the Post Office was built by French architect Jacques Marquet between 1766 and 1768. The building was the headquarters of the Ministry of Interior and State Security in Francoist Spain. It is currently the seat of the Presidency of the Madrid Community.

Sol has seen protests against the March 11th 2004 attacks on commuter trains, and Spain's involvement in the Iraq War. In 2011, the square became established as a focal point and a symbol for the ongoing Spanish democracy demonstrations. The demonstrations included camping in the middle of the plaza (@acampadasol), which began on 15 May 2011 amidst the election campaign for city halls and Autonomous Communities governments and which was fueled by social media, particularly Twitter and Facebook. The demonstrations then spread to more than sixty other cities throughout Spain. Since 12 June 2011, the square has held a free-standing domed structure made from pallets, which served as an information point for the 15-M Movement. This continued throughout the summer of 2011 until the dawn of 2 August, when the national police decided to evict the structure and protestors. Currently, dozens of committees have their assemblies in the iconic square.

Despite once being the meeting point of the six major radial roads of Spain, in 2020 the square was pedestrianized and closed to most traffic. Exceptions are made for supplies to shops, emergency services and blood donation campaigns.

Famous buildings and landmarks
The Puerta del Sol contains a number of well known sights both domestically and internationally associated with Spain. On the south side, the old Post Office was the headquarters of the Ministry of Interior and State Security in Francoist Spain. The basement of the DGS (Dirección General de Seguridad) was infamous for being a place where Dissidents to the regime were subjected to torture. The building now serves as the office of the President of Madrid, the head of the regional government of the Autonomous Community of Madrid (not to be confused with the Madrid City Council, which is housed in the Palacio de Cibeles). There are two commemorative plaques in the front of the Royal House of the Post Office: one is devoted to the neighbours of Madrid who rose up against the Napoleonic invasion of Spain on May 2, 1808; the other one is a memorial of the victims of the March 11th, 2004 terrorist attacks. In 2020, another plaque was added, conmemorating those who died during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Also on its south side, the square holds a mounted statue of Charles III of Spain, nicknamed "el rey alcalde" ("the mayor-king") due to the extensive public works program he set in motion. The famous Tío Pepe lighted sign was above the square's eastern building between the Calle de Alcalá and the Carrera de San Jerónimo (Apple Store today) for a long time, now is on top of the former Paris Hotel. Also on the east side lies the statue of The Bear and the Strawberry Tree (in Spanish, el Oso y el Madroño), the heraldic symbol of Madrid. Until 2009, the statue stood on the north side at the entrance to Calle del Carmen. The Mariblanca (a female figure named for its white marble) is a copy of a statue (possibly of Venus, and so the restored pedestal claims), which marks the place of a former fountain displaying that figure.

The kilómetro cero is a plaque on the ground directly north of the Post Office serving as the symbolic center of Spain, and the point from which kilometer distances are numbered in the Spanish road system.

Location in Madrid

The Puerta is located in the very heart of Madrid. It serves as the kilometre zero from which all radial roads in Spain are measured. This is demonstrated by a plaque on the floor of the square, marking the exact point of Km.0. This was established in 1857, setting six major radial roads, clockwise:
 * N-1 (Northern Road) to Irun, border town with France, via Burgos, starting from Calle Montera and continuing through Calle de Fuencarral and Calle de Bravo Murillo
 * N-2 (Northeastern Road) to La Jonquera, border town with France, via Zaragoza and Barcelona, starting from Calle de Alcalá
 * N-3 (Eastern Road) to Valencia, starting from Carrera de San Jerónimo, where the Congress of Deputies is located, and continuing through Paseo del Prado
 * N-4 (Southern Road) to Córdoba, Seville and Cádiz, starting from Calle Carretas, Calle Concepción Jerónima and Calle de Toledo
 * N-5 (Southwestern Road) to Badajoz, border town with Portugal, starting from Calle Mayor

 * N-6 (Northwestern Road) to A Coruña, starting from Calle Preciados, continuing through Gran Vía and Calle de la Princesa

The old plaque was replaced in 2009, as it had become faded after years of foot traffic. It is also the reference for street numbers in Madrid, which begin at the street-end that is closest to Puerta del Sol.

Immediately to the southwest lies the Plaza Mayor; the Palacio Real, the official home of the Royal Family, is further west. Parliament and the museum district are to the east and the train station Atocha is to the southeast.

Under the square lies a public transport hub served by lines 1, 2 and 3 of the Madrid Metro. A commuter service was inaugurated on 27 June 2009, four years behind schedule. The lateness of the construction was in part due to the discovery of the remains of the Church of Our Lady of Good Success during the excavation of the main chamber. The new station connects the Puerta to Madrid's commuter rail system and, by extension, to Spain's railroads via direct connections to Atocha and Chamartín railway stations.

The square connects several commercial and recreational areas together, and thus both it and the surrounding streets consist mainly of shopping establishments catering to locals and tourists alike, like the several El Corte Inglés department store buildings in Preciados Street, La Mallorquina cafe, and numerous, ever-changing restaurants. The area remains active late into the night and early morning since nearby bars and dance clubs often only start entertainment at 1 am. Street music is also common in the area.

Side streets close to the square also contain residential flats, some small offices, and tourist hostels.

Other events
During New Year's Eve 2018–2019, the clock of the Puerta del Sol for the first time in history rang the bells according to the schedule of the Canary Islands. After the traditional twelve strokes of midnight, the clock delayed itself one hour to adjust to Canary Islands time, and also gave the chimes at the same time as the archipelago.

title: Puerta del Sol


text:
User talk:Coburnpharr04/archive1

<> talk page from May 2004- August 2005

Your Arroyo pics
Thanks for uploading Image:Arroyo02.bmp and Image:Arroyo 355 040815.jpg. I notice they currently don't have image copyright tags. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   03:12, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

Resident Commissioners & Justices of Puerto Rico
Check out Anabelle Rodriguez when you have a chance.

Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico needs work, is an excellent source, including pictures.

Thanks for your work on the current justices and the court. =)

—Joseph | Talk 05:50, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

Copyrights on uploaded images
Hi! Thanks for uploading Image:Iron Stick 800.jpg. Could you add an image copyright tag to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.). Thanks. RedWolf 05:11, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Guns N' Roses edit
You're welcome! I saw the peer review request, and came to have a look -- it was very good, just needed some copyediting for redundancy and consistent formatting -- the things that plague every article that grows quickly from a lot of different contributions. I'm glad that I was able to help, and I wish you luck with your FA candidacy. — Catherine\talk 01:41, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Military history of Puerto Rico
Hola Compatriota! I wrote the article mentioned above and have self-nominated it for Featured article status. Please take a look on Featured_article_candidates and I would be honored if you voted and expressed your opinon. Thank you, Tony the Marine

Boricua, thank you for your support. I wrote many of the bios mentioned because I believe that people should know that Puerto Ricans are not only entertainers and sports personalities but, that we have also contributed in other fields, such as science (take a look at my article Puerto Ricans in NASA, I think you'll like it), education, military and politics. Gracias otra vez. Tony the Marine

Thank You For Your Support
I would like to thank all of the Wikipedians who supported and/or contributed to the article Military history of Puerto Rico. Because of Wikipedians like yourself, this article was able to make featured article status. It was my goal to celebrate my first year in Wikipedia with a featured article and you all made it possible. Thank you once again Tony the Marine

Friendly Chat
Hi, I just thought that I would let you know that Linuxbeak has nominated me for adminship. I would like to invite you to participate at WP:RFA if you wish to do so. Thank you and take care Tony the Marine

New tiara on Benedict's Coat of Arms
Fascinating story about Pope Benedict XVI's new new arms with the tiara. I'm writing about the topic for an Irish newspaper and was wondering, when did you first hear the story and what is the source? I've asked the Vatican to comment but they are, as usual, slow to respond. I'm certainly not surprised that Benedict has ditched that hideous mitred coat of arms. Slán Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 17:47, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Thank You
What a year! My first year in Wiki, a featured article and now administrator. Thank you for your support. I feel honored to have befriended you. Tony the Marine (UTC)

Senators of Puerto Rico
Have fun: Orlando Parga, Jorge de Castro Font. —Joseph | Talk 03:03, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

Guns N Roses
Great article! I gave it a support vote. I'll have some of my friends look at it and I'm sure that they will do the right thing. By the way, I live in Arizona and I've run into Axel Rose guite a few times. He's a very nice guy to talk to in person. I'll keep in touch with you. Marine 69-71 02:10, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Governors Seal
O.K. Hermano, I'm glad you liked it. Took your advice, take a look now and let me know what you think.Marine 69-71 03:40, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

John Paul I
Please do not add in a reference to John Paul II as The Servant of God in the box at the end of the page on John Paul I. Those boxes are purely to link names. Titles and styles are not put in there and should not be put in there. Styles and titles such as Holiness, Venerable, Servant of God, Saint etc belong in the text of the article where they can be contextualised and explained. Used without explanation in a text box they can look like Wikipedia is endorsing a POV about a person. That is why text boxes and captions should not contain His Holiness, His/Her Majesty, His Eminence, or any other designation. All they should contain is the regnal name and nothing more, because that is all that those boxes are for - linking names of one office holder to their predecessor and successor. Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 21:18, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Caribbean Wikipedians
I am interested in setting up a Caribbean Wikipedians' Notice Board. I would like to build some community among those of us who are from Caribbean and others with an interest in the Caribbean. I think that if we work together we could improve coverage of the wider Caribbean. I spoke to Tony and he suggested that I get in touch with you. This idea is just in the formative stages, but if you are interested in helping to develop the idea, let me know. If you are interested, let me know, or you can just start developing the board at Caribbean Wikipedians' notice board. Guettarda 1 July 2005 02:12 (UTC)

Saludos!
Hola Carlos! Saludos from a fellow Puerto Rican de pura cepa! Thank you for coming here and highlighting Boruicuas who have done a difference. I admit, you beat me to (writing about) Orlando Parga but..lol...La Comay says he's dating someone like 45 years younger. Kudos to him if he can do that. Im not partidarian, I just think if a politician is a good person then I go for him/her. I used to admire Pedro Rossello before he went with all this craziness he's gone through with now!

Well, my favorite topic here are boxing and Latin America in general. Having lived in the west coast of the United States for almost two decades, I have been able to see Latin America from a point of view different than the Caribbean one and have concluded mostly all Latinos fight for a better life. I have taken a few trips to Mexico; the beaches there remind me of my querido Isla Verde.

Bueno Hermano, I hope to hear from you soon! Saludos y Dios bless you!

Sincerely yours, your boricua friend, Antonio The Shark Martin

Arms of Pope Pius IX
This is just a personal curiosity. I am researching the origin of this coat of arms. In particular, I would like to know whether this was the original coat of the Ferretti family of Senigallia, before Pius IX became pope. Since it appears you uploaded the file, perhaps you know. Otherwise, some information might perhaps be obtained from the source you used. If it's not too inconvenient, might I know where did you take this image from? I would be very grateful if you could drop any information you might have on my talk page. Thank you very much, Mario 11:56, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for your reply, which was very helpful. The Italian description gave the answer I was looking for. If you are interested, this is it: the golden lions on blue (first & fourth quarter) are of the Mastai family, while the two red bands on silver (second & third quarter) are of ther Ferretti family. Thanks again, Mario 15:34, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Regarding the Wikipedia alma mater list
Hi! I moved the "Puerto Rico" section of the Alma Later Wikipedians listing under the United States. I retitled the U.S. to "United States and U.S. territories". WhisperToMe 05:17, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Help
I need your help. It seems that someone wants to delete my article on Carlos Lozada, one of four Puerto Ricans to have been awarded the Medal of Honor. You can help fight this injustice by voting against deletion here: | VfD. Please participate. Your friend Tony the Marine 05:24, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Coburnpharr04/archive1


text:
One Week (1920 film)

One Week is a 1920 American two-reel silent comedy film starring Buster Keaton, the first independent film production he released on his own. The film was written and directed by Keaton and Edward F. Cline, and runs for 19 minutes. Sybil Seely co-stars. The film contains a large number of innovative visual gags largely pertaining to either the house or to ladders.

In 2008, One Week was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
The story involves a newlywed couple who receive a kit house as a wedding gift. The instructions describe how to construct the house by assembling materials in numbered packing crates. A rejected suitor secretly renumbers packing crates, and the result is a lopsided structure with revolving walls, kitchen fixtures on the exterior, and upper-floor doors that open onto thin air. During a housewarming party on Friday the 13th, a storm spins the house and its occupants around like a merry-go-round.

The couple find they have built the house on the wrong lot and must move it. They manage to move it on rollers but it stalls on railroad tracks. The couple try to move it out the way of an oncoming train, which eventually passes on the neighboring track. As the couple look relieved, the house is immediately struck and demolished by another train coming the other way. The groom stares at the scene, places a 'For Sale' sign with the heap (attaching the building instructions) and walks off with his bride.

Cast

 * Buster Keaton as the groom
 * Sybil Seely as the bride
 * Joe Roberts as piano mover

Development
One Week was likely inspired by Home Made, an educational short film produced by the Ford Motor Company in 1919 to promote prefabricated housing. Keaton used numerous elements seen in the film, including "the wedding, the Model T and the use of the pages from a daily calendar to show the house being built in one week" in his comic parody. Years later, Keaton told an interviewer that the film's title is a play on Three Weeks, a notorious 1907 sex novel by Elinor Glyn. Keaton reportedly joked that it was "one-third as scandalous".

Knopf notes that One Week is Keaton's first attempt to move away from a plot-driven narrative, as he employed in his earlier film The High Sign, toward mining more and more gags from a few basic elements—in this case, the house and ladders. According to Kevin Brownlow, One Week "set the style for all the future Keatons; the opening gag sequence ... the slow build-up ... the frenetic climax ... and then that climax outmatched by the final sequence". Furthermore, the film lay the basis for the cinematic techniques of his future films: "The simple setups, the flat comedy lighting, the spare use of titles—and the overall excellence of the direction".

According to Eleanor Keaton, Buster originally thought to combine two of his two-reel films, One Week and The Boat (1921), into a four-reeler charting a young couple's adventures. Virginia Fox, who had been hired for the latter film, was replaced with Sybil Seely who had starred in One Week. However, the idea of combining the films never came to fruition.

Casting
Sybil Seely plays the young bride in her film debut. The mischievous rival ("Handy Hank") is an unknown actor. Joe Roberts has a brief bit as a strong-man piano mover.

Filming and special effects
Many special effects, such as the house spinning around during a storm and the train collision, were filmed as they occurred and were not model work. The house was constructed on a turntable so that it could spin around during the storm scene. The train collision was filmed at the Inglewood train station.

Keaton reused the gag of the side of a building falling on him, but emerging unscathed in the opening of a window in the wall, from the Fatty Arbuckle–Keaton film Back Stage; he would reuse the same joke in The Blacksmith (1922) and Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928).

Keaton's fall down two stories after stepping out of the bathroom was one of the few times he injured himself badly. His arms and back swelled up a few hours after the filming. His physical trainer gave him both hot and cold showers and then treated the swelling with olive oil and horse liniment.

The film is noted for a risqué (for its time) scene involving Seely's character taking a bath. She drops a bar of soap out of the tub and waits until (as a fourth wall-breaking gag) someone's hand is placed over the camera lens so she can lean out and retrieve it. Although intended as a joke, the scene has appeared in a number of documentaries as an example of pre-Hays Code censorship.

Release
One Week was released on September 1, 1920. It is noted as the first of Keaton's independent releases, although he had filmed The High Sign earlier. Keaton considered the latter film an inferior effort to debut with, and released it the following year when he was convalescing from an injury.

One Week was one of the top-grossing releases of 1920.

Reception
The New York Times review said: "One Week, a Buster Keaton work, has more fun in it than most slap-stick, trick-property comedies". The Muncie Evening Press wrote: "Buster Keaton's 'One Week' is one of the funniest pictures ever made and plants Buster firmly on his feet as star". The Santa Clarita Valley Signal wrote: "If Buster Keaton in 'One Week' broke loose in a museum he'd tickle the mummies to life again. You never knew such fast and furious fun as this clever comedian provokes in his seven-day wonder". The Akron Evening Times agrees: "It is two reels in length and every foot of the two reels is packed with comedy situations and 'gags' that would start cackles at an undertaker's convention". The Los Angeles Evening Express wrote, "Buster Keaton's 'One Week' stands in a comedy class by itself". By early 1921, the film was being termed "one of the famous Buster Keaton comedies".

More than half a century later, New York Times theater and film critic Walter Kerr wrote in his 1975 book The Silent Clowns, "To sit through dozens and dozens of short comedies of the period and then to come upon One Week is to see the one thing no man ever sees: a garden at the moment of blooming."

Other uses
Some of the themes of One Week were reused in The Three Stooges' short film The Sitter Downers (1937).

Guitarist Bill Frisell released a soundtrack to the film in 1995 on his album The High Sign/One Week.

title: One Week (1920 film)


text:
Prime Minister of Aruba

The prime minister of Aruba (Prome minister di Aruba; Premier van Aruba) is de facto head of the executive branch of government. Together with Aruba's Council of Ministers, they form the executive branch of Aruban government.

title: Prime Minister of Aruba


text:
User talk:Yjsong~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 16:59, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Yjsong. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Yjsong~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 04:02, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:45, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yjsong~enwiki


text:
User talk:Mechanicalamit

 Hello!

This is my user talk page. Please leave a message and make sure you sign your name with ~.

<< Back

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 16:59, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Invitation and Recommendations for writing articles on Hindi Wikipedia
Moved to Archive1. -- Mechanicalamit 17:53, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Hindi wiki
I think the hindi wiki is much more in need of explicit messages than just a teeny tiny link. But you are welcome to move the message anywhere else, it's your choice. Cygnus_hansa 18:29, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mechanicalamit


text:
Talk:Hen that lays golden eggs

Since nothing has happened to this page since that discussion, I'm being bold and merging it with The Goose that laid the golden eggs. The article as it stands currently is just too vague to consider editing.Thespeakingcat (talk) 09:31, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

This page has previously been listed on Votes for deletion. The result of the discussion was keep. There was also significant opinion that this page should be moved elsewhere, but there was no consensus as to where. See Votes for deletion/Hen which lays Golden Eggs for more information. JYolkowski // talk 17:00, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hen that lays golden eggs


text: User talk:83.109.182.175

title: User talk:83.109.182.175


text:
Template talk:Antidepressants

American/FDA bias and drug inclusion/exclusion criteria: Refactoring Proposition W1
by WhereIsMarty (talk) 04:54, 30 August 2009 (UTC) updated on

Lets remember ourselves that this is en.wikipedia.org, not us.wikipedia.org or euro.wikipedia.org: This classification, like everything else on wikipedia, should keep its international character. In no way should a drug be excluded on the basis of not having been approved by a specific governmental organisation; FDA, EMEA, Health Canada and such aren't authoritative on which drugs are antidepressants or not. A lot of their approval process considerations aren't related to the EFFECT of the drug in term of antidepressants quality. As example, a drug could be judged not applicable because it didn't outperformed already established/marketed drugs! This doesn't mean the drug has no antidepressant properties and so the sole authority on the classification of what is antidepressant or not is : Science.

With that in mind, drugs classified in this template should have been the one shown to possess antidepressant QUALITIES and so the one which could be backed as such with credible scientific sources. The fact is that is hasn't been classified that way because as of now, WHAT is it that this template classify has never been clearly stated:
 * MOLECULES possessing antidepressant properties?
 * Scientifically demonstrated only?
 * Including anecdotal reports and popular consensus? (Not encyclopedia worthy)
 * MEDICINES used as antidepressant?
 * Approved by at least one medical authoritative organisation?
 * Including known off-label use?
 * Including known self-medication?
 * Including so called natural/nutritional supplements?
 * With scientific backing or not?

With so many possible criterion combination, there's no way we can work together efficiently toward an elegant and rigorous version of this classification without defining what are the definitive set of criterion. As of August 2009, the state of the template indicate that we have drugs included for ANY of these criteria. Yet, nobody is happy.

Ideally, we should have separate templates for:
 * 1) "Antidepressant Substances": MOLECULES WHICH SCIENCE KNOWS IS ABLE TO UPLIFT MOOD,which would include every, science backed, antidepressant qualities possessing substances. That includes not only medicines, designer drugs, drugs in development (having succeed at least beyond phase 1) but also herbs/supplements or anything else having credible scientific backing. This should be the superset of the other class, except for a possible "Folk Antidepressants Substances".
 * 2) "Medical Antidepressant Drugs": MOLECULES WHICH MEDICINE USES TO UPLIFT PATIENTS MOOD which would include only drugs that can be demonstrated to be used in medicine somewhere in the world and backed  by science (and so a subset of "Antidepressant Substances"). Because of the way medicine decides which drugs are to be used differs from a country to another and because doctors largely override the prescribed uses of the drug (off-labeling), those drugs classified in this category wouldn't need to be approved by any governmental agency of any countries. It is to the individual articles to let the reader knowns if it's approved for that use or not and by who as those informations are political in nature, not uniform internationally and so difficult to classify in that way: in every countries, everywhere and in every ages drugs which were and are used in medicine were and are because it was believe or shown to have an MEDICINAL EFFECT. This is what's giving us a class/category, the effect! Not the governmental prescription/control of the use of those drugs or the even the safety. The subset "Medical Antidepressant Drugs Approved by at Least One Country" could definitively be another category, but a very specialized one considering the logical axis of classification.
 * 3) "Folk Antidepressant Substances": which could include any substances which has been proposed to be popularly known to be antidepressants. This is the set for everything that hasn't been backed scientifically and including the medically used one not backed by science. (Homeopathy and others in some countries)

I propose the following, which I ask you to vote on in the "Poll: Classification Refactoring Proposition W1" in the form of "YES: reason" or "NO: argument, counter proposition":

 * 1) To keep THIS (here) template as the superset (#1), that is the "Antidepressant Drugs" backed scientifically. Would change is name to "Antidepressant Drugs" since drugs aren't the only type of antidepressants: i.e.: ECT, Light Therapy and many more things has been shown by science to be antidepressants. Drugs are just one kind of antidepressant therapy: the psychopharmacological one.
 * 2) To migrate the substances NOT backed or at least well backed (at least 2 sources; peer reviewing principles) to a new "Folk Antidepressants" template. We could replace Folk by Popular, Anecdotal, Proposed, Alternative or else.
 * 3) To copy the substances which are backed by science and used in medicine somewhere in the world, BUT NOT necessarily approved by any countries government, in a new "Medicinal Antidepressant Drugs" template.
 * 4) To enforce respective classification criterion in those 3 templates base on those simple rules:
 * 5) Which isn't backed by science -> ONLY IN Folk Antidepressant Substances
 * 6) Which is backed by science -> Antidepressants Drugs (here)
 * 7) Which is backed by science and used in medicine -> Medicine Antidepressant Drugs AND Antidepressants Drugs.

In November 2009, I'll compute the votes and update this post to reflect the results so as to communicate the will of the majority. --WhereIsMarty (talk) 04:54, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

--- Comments ? Discussion ? Epic Flaming ? --->

Poll: Classification Refactoring Proposition W1
Yes: My reasons can be read in the "American/FDA bias and drug inclusion/exclusion criteria: Refactoring Proposition W1" section. --WhereIsMarty (talk) 04:54, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Suggestions for refactoring of template
How about breaking this template up into smaller templates? Essentially, have an Antidepressants template that lists the categories (SSRI, SNRI, DARI, MAOI, etc), and an Antidepressant:XXX template for each of the categories, listing the drugs themselves?

That should limit the confusion, and keep the individual templates more manageable, as well as limiting the need for any controversy about what should be included.

As an example, the escitalopram article would have the Antidepressants/SSRI template, as well as the Antidepressants template, on it, giving the user one box with a list of the types of antidepressants covered on WP, and another box with a list of SSRIs. Zuiram 03:30, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Archiving
Should we perhaps archive some of the stale material here? The talk page is getting excessively long. Zuiram 03:30, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Nesting
Nesting templates is reallly bad for server resources and should be avoided at all costs. Is there any way contributors to this article can fix this? gren グレン 17:00, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Ugghhh - that's one ugly template. The nesting just makes it worse. Anyone care to tidy it up ? Megapixie 06:45, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I have unnested the templates. --Arcadian 15:12, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Editing of categories
The only medicines that should be included in this template are those specifically approved for depression, by the FDA or likewise any other drug-monitoring body. If we open templates to include the off-label uses of other medicines, there would be a rapid influx of virtually any drug, with only a single study or source as evidence of efficacy. --Prisonnet 18:34, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The FDA is not a global authority in this regard.
 * If you limit this template to those drugs that have MDD as a specific indication, rather than relying on what is actual clinical practice, you will exclude a large number of drugs used for treatment refractory depression.
 * If this template aims to catalog FDA approvals, it should be renamed to reflect this. If it aims to be an index to the drugs currently being used and routinely showing efficacy in the treatment of depression, it should include several categories that are not currently approved.
 * A vote would be good here, or at least some kind of policy decision about what the template should reflect. Zuiram 03:24, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Whoever made lots of deletions etc.. Please either revert the deletions, and move modafinil back to CNS stimulants (it is not simply a DARI, its affinity for NE is about 3 times greater than its affinity for DA), or remove the following items from the template, for consistency:
 * Harmaline (herb), Iproniazid (recalled), Amineptine (schedule 2), Phenmetrazine (not indicated), Vanoxerine (not generally available yet), Modafinil (not indicated), Atomoxetine (not indicated), Reboxetine (not approved by FDA), Alaproclate (discontinued), Etoperidone (discontinued), Zimelidine (banned worldwide), Maprotiline (recorded in two places), Tianeptine (not approved by FDA), Nefazodone (discontinued).
 * I'd prefer the more comprehensive list, but the shortened one would be less "confusing", and more in line with FDA regulations.
 * Zuiram 04:01, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't say it should be restricted to the FDA, I said "by the FDA or likewise any other drug-monitoring body," which is a big difference. --130.88.188.88 18:20, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

On a side note, nowhere on Nomifensine's page is it mentioned that it is a multiple-uptake inhibitor, even though it is categorized as such. --Prisonnet 18:34, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Then nomifensine is an incomplete article. The literature clearly supports its action as a triple reuptake inhibitor, with fairly balanced affinity. Zuiram 03:24, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that only drugs specifically approved for depression should be used on this template otherwise the template would just get cluttered up and become confusing for people. --Benjaminevans82 18:57, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If you include all the drugs specifically approved approved (sic) for depression, you will get an extremely cluttered-up and confusing template anyway. And the problem will only grow as more drugs are released onto the market.
 * I suggested that we try to find a different way to organize the template to make it easier to understand, though I'm not sure what that would be.
 * This is a confusing field for the layperson. I've read thousands of papers on this, and I am still not extensively familiar with all the drugs out there. Zuiram 03:24, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Leading a research on some effects(or absence of effects) with antidepressants, I compiled have a list that I took from a APA database, I will admit that it is absurdley long and that some have ben discontinued or replaced BUT some of them are still produced on a as-needed basis. To provide a comprhensive list we should include them ALL but putting effect dates (ex. Isocarboxazid(1958-1994)) would be usefull. We also have to keep in mind that some discontinued products can still be in use in other countries, especialy since some chemical compositions might no longer be protected under copywright laws. – — … ° ≈ ≠ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Julien (big supprise) name: Julienrl 04:42, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Zuiram here, not logged in. A comprehensive list will be of no value as a template. Consider such names as TV3326, GBR12909, etc. And adding dates will also be bloating the template excessively. These things belong in a seperate article ala overview of antidepressants.
 * Also, I'm actually in an "other" country; local practices vary a lot by region, true, but the broad lines are pretty universal. Selecting something to go by here is a matter of deciding what the template is here for.
 * Personally, I'm more in favour of a two-level template system. Have one template for the types of antidepressant, and one subtemplate for each type. Hence, when you go to the Bupropion page (oddly enough present on the current template as a NARI, which is wrong, as Wellbutrin, which is contrary to policy), you will see one template listing classes (SSRI, TCA, MAOI, SRE, SNRI, NARI, DRI, etc), and a subtemplate for norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (or whatever it eventually gets classified as here).
 * Please reply to my [User_talk:Zuiram|talk page], as I don't go to this page very often, having pretty much given up trying to improve its quality until I have the energy to do all the work myself. Zuiram 02:52, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Julien agian: I too am from an "other" country, it is why I insited on puting that comment, the FDA does not regulate what drugs are used in any country other then the US, some people seem bent on the idea of removing non FDA aproved medication, and it is absurd. I do agree on a 2 dimention table, but I think that adding more sub categories would not make it more complicated, simply a bit longer to read.

Regarding CNS stimulants (reply to Davidruben)
CNS stimulants are used clinically in treatment refractory depression. In fact, it is most frequently used as an adjunct to other medicines. For example, despite "common sense" labelling to the contrary, it actually occurs that when people have reached the maximum dose of Tranylcypromine, without adequate response, the doctors will augment it with Dexedrine.

I've been treated with about half or so of these categories, and some that are not present here, as well as having read about 70.000 pages of research on pharmacological treatment of depression, particularly treatment refractory depression comorbid to ADHD and autism-spectrum disorders.

The field is too complex to be accurately represented by this template in any way, but I'm at a bit of a loss as to where the line should be drawn between accuracy and usefulness. The articles themselves tend not to be overly accurate, nor overly useful, but I doubt that is a good standard to emulate. I'd like to rewrite a few dozen psychopharmaca-articles, but that'd require more sourcing/citing work than I'm prepared to invest right now (I've got most the fulltext papers lying around, but it's hell to dig them all up).

In any case, removing the CNS stimulant category is decreasing the factual content of the template. You can reduce it to dexedrine, desoxyn, PEA and ritalin, though, as these are the only stimulants that are "widely" used. I'd not be inclined to revert a remove of desoxyn (a better choice than dexedrine for this use, but not very "in" at the moment) and ritalin (as combinations are the general case, the drugs that have been around the longest are preferred as they have been studied more extensively).

Zuiram 13:07, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

St. John's Wort
It is not appropriate to place St. John's Wort under alternative medicine. While the alternative people sometimes use it, they generally turn to more esoteric approaches nowadays (proper herbalism is a fairly comprehensive study that IME few alternative practicioners have the inclination to master).

St. John's Wort has been extensively studied, particularly in Germany. Studies regarding efficacy in depression have been about as conclusive as the ones for the prescription drug buspar in anxiety, which is to say that the drug company-sponsored trials conclude one thing, while the independent research concludes another thing. In this case, the independent research indicates a moderate efficacy with a tolerable side effect profile for those not taking other drugs at the same time.

The mechanism of action is presumed to be primarily due to hypericin and hyperforin. From the articles, hypericin acts as an antibiotic and kinase inhibitor. One must also assume the article means to say that it might be a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, which would decrease dopamine catabolism at the expense of reduced norepinephrine synthesis. Hyperforin apparently inhibits reuptake of 5HT, NE, DA, GABA and glutamate, as well as inducing CYP3A4 with potential downstream effects on testosterone turnover.

Not mentioned in the articles, one of these (can't recall which right now) has been shown to exhibit weak MAOI-properties.

To sum up, this drug definitely does something neurochemical, definitely classifies as a drug (and is even available in refined form with standardized amounts of the active ingredients, from pharmaceutical companies), and is prescribed by traditionally trained psychiatric professionals. To list it as "alternative" trivializes the potential risks associated with its use, as well as the potential benefits.

Its extremely wide profile makes it difficult to classify, though. Perhaps we should move that and some of the other categories, such as SRE, to this category? Otherwise, I'd say it belongs under "monoamine reuptake inhibitors", or something of the sort, for simplification.

Zuiram 13:07, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree St John Wort is hard to classify. I do feel however that it should be included in the template as they is strong evidence that it is effective for mild to moderate depression. --Benjaminevans82 19:01, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * How about a "Miscellaneous" or "Other" category? Classifying it as "alternative medicine" is rather POV, and deleting it is vandalism IMHO (removal of useful content). Zuiram 03:26, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * St Johns Wort is extremely hard to classify, but at least the category "alternative medicine" conveys to the reader that it is not a prescription drug, but it is effective in treating mild to moderate depression. I can not think of a better category for it and I do really think that it should be included in the template. Does any one else have any thoughts on this? Benjaminevans82 01:03, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Anyone who makes any decisions about a drug based on its inclusion in a wikipedia template without even reading the article is not likely to have the .. faculties .. to pick up that subtle nuance ;)
 * Leave it to the St Johns Wort article itself to convey the details. The template is not an article, it is an index to the articles.
 * Also, In some areas, St Johns Wort is a prescription drug, and synthetic hypericin and/or hyperforin may be prescription in other areas. German doctors prescribe it for depression. Harmaline (herbal) and Amineptine (banned) are not prescribed drugs.
 * Digoxin is a prescription drug, despite being primarily produced by extraction from foxglove.
 * If this list is prescription antidepressants, the template name and title should reflect this. If it is just "antidepressants", then prescription should not be a criterion for inclusion/exclusion. You could of course just make an "over-the-counter" category, but I still think "other", "miscellaneous", or some such would be better.
 * We seem to need a consensus on what constitutes an antidepressant (or what to rename the template to if it is concerned with other criteria), and what the organization of the list should be (mechanism of action, efficacy, prescription/non-prescription, etc.), since I appear to be the only one to consider it self-evident that an "antidepressants" template which has entries listed by (roughly) their assumed main mechanism of action, that this template should list drugs that have shown antidepressant efficacy in studies, organized only by their mechanism of action, not their prescription status and/or legality in any particular country.
 * Zuiram 19:03, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The key workd in Zuriam's comment is "particular", we should not limit it to a single country but I do think that the legality aspect should come in play. If it is legaly an antidepressant in your country, then it has its place on the table, as long as it has an article related to it. If by some odd fluke, a product is an antidepresant in a single country but nowhere else in the world, then let that article state it.
 * Julienrl 18:14, March 30th 2007

Why I repositioned viloxazine and venlafaxine within the template.
I'd been wanting to do it for some time. The unnesting of the templates made it easier. Anyway, I saw that fluoxetine and atomoxetine were both bicyclic compounds and are classified purely on the basis of chemical structure, so why the others (it was my idea, and I don't remember why I did it with viloxazine anymore).--Rmky87 10:58, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Neither fluoxetine, nor atomoxetine are bicyclic. Polycyclism isn't about overall number of rings in structure, but about the number of rings fused. This is a common misperception in many Wikipedia articles regarding psychopharmaceuticals.--84.163.110.20 (talk) 17:05, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Accuracy of the template, and the articles for that matter.
Please consult the PubMed database; most articles I have seen on antidepressants have significant factual inaccuracies. I try to make some rough corrections when I see them, but the meta-bits about how the articles are organized, I'll let someone else debate and edit; there are many axis along which to classify these pages. I'll try to offer some help with getting the current table right, though. Here are some corrections off the top of my head (it's late, so doublecheck the sources):

SNRIs: Desipramine is, as the article states, a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), not an SNRI.

Mood stabilizers: Several of these are actually used in unipolar affective disorders, not just bipolar ones. Their omission is significant, and I'm not convinced the distinction between antidepressants and mood stabilizers is right for such a template.

Opiates: This class has recognized antidepressant effects, though legislation generally prohibits prescription. Buprenorphine shows significant promise, especially in combination with tranylcypromine.

NARIs: Omits adrafinil, which is typically placed in this category.

DARIs: Nomifensine is a triple reuptake inhibitor, with potent dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibiting effects, and a mild serotonin reuptake inhibiting effect. It is properly classified as a "triple reuptake inhibitor" (not to be confused with TCAs), "multiple reuptake inhibitor" or "monoamine reuptake inhibitor". The article stated that its admitted abuse potential was the reason for its withdrawal; this is conjecture, and the official reason for its withdrawal was rare cases of a serious blood disorder resulting from its use.

DARIs: Methylphenidate acts on both NE and DA, and its mechanism is not reuptake inhibition. It is properly classified as a CNS stimulant. Please note that amphetamines, PEA and other stimulants are often used in treatment refractory depression; more so than methylphenidate. The article appears vandalized, or at least NPOV'd.

MAOIs: Tranylcypromine forms a metabolite (para-hydroxy-tranylcypromine) which acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor (5-HT, NE, DA) even at low doses. At higher doses, as MAO-inhibition reaches the clinically effective threshold of about 80% (IIRC, about 1.5mg/kg/day), the combined effect is significant MAO inhibition and significant triple reuptake inhibition.

MAOIs: Phenelzine is an inhibitor of GABA-transaminase and glutamic acid decarboxylase, and forms a metabolite which has MAO-inhibiting properties. This is assumed to be why it is popular and effective in the treatment of anxiety.

Finally, I'd point out that it might be more useful to make a matrix of signal substances and enzymes vs drug, and showing the relative potencies of action. For example, reboxetine has a Ki value for NE alpha-2A of >10000nM/L, making it about 5 orders of magnitude more potent in this regard than most antidepressants. The Ki database could be used for this.

--212.169.96.218 00:43, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The above comment was me, prior to getting my own account. I have now tried to improve the accuracy and completeness, but some of these drugs are hard to classify correctly, so I've tried to be functional about it. Since this is a template, there is no place to put the sources, so if anyone is unsure whether the edits are correct, just ask, and I'll provide links.
 * The rationale for the edits are as follows:

 * * Desipramine is properly a tricyclic compound, and not just due to the chemical structure. It does not display the selectivity profile that would qualify it as an SNRI, as its affinity for the major monoamine transmitters is fairly well-balanced. Furthermore, it has significant affinity for e.g. histamine, ACh, etc., which puts it squarely in the TCA ballpark with regards to receptor profiles.
 * * Buprenorphine is the most potent and selective kappa-antagonist that is currently available; this mechanism of action has been shown to have antidepressant properties. It also has partial mu-agonist properties, also shown to have antidepressant properties, although I am unsure which other opiates might be successfully used in the treatment of depression, and I have therefore emphasised the kappa-antagonist property to avoid opening that particular can of worms.
 * * Adrafinil, modafinil and nuvigil might more properly be classified as CNS stimulants, but their therapeutic use is generally related to their norepinephrine-dopamine activity, not the H3, NMDA, etc. activity, according to some sources. Feel free to move them.
 * * Nomifensine is a triple/multiple/monoamine (pick one, there are few agents in this category, so there isn't a standard term just yet) reuptake inhibitor, and should not be mistaken for a DRI. That is a potentially dangerous misclassification.
 * * Methylphenidate and amphetamine do not rely on reuptake inhibition, and their profile is not limited to DA (in fact, equivalent Ki is about 3-4,000nmol/L for both NE and DA, and there is also some 5HT activity). Properly, they are classified by their result, which is CNS stimulation. Typically, dexedrine is the preferred amphetamine for antidepressant use.
 * * Phenylethylamine is an important CNS stimulant, although rarely used; as manufacturers cannot patent it, there is little interest in productifying it. Plus, large quantities are needed if not taken with a MAOI.
 * * Tranylcypromine was copied to the multiple reuptake inhibition category, as one of its metabolites, thought to contribute significantly to its antidepressant action, has this as its mechanism.

 * I left out some editing that should probably be done, as we really should find a better classification system, such as the drug vs mechanism of action / receptor profile matrix. Thoughts?
 * Zuiram 04:27, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Mirtazapine
Mirtazapine is classified only as a Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant in the template, should we add it to the tetracyclic group in duplication? Ill be bold.

Phenmetrazine
Should really phenmetrazine be included in this template? I know Amphetamine has been used as an antidepressive in the past, but to my knowledge phenmetrazine has only been used as an anorexic. (Although I'm sure it would function in that role, to some extent.) 213.67.210.135 15:22, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that it would probably be better if it were removed from the template. --Arcadian 16:13, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Cleaner setup
There needs to be a better setup, mostly dealing with the TCA/Tetra, as well as the N RI's, and the A RI's current configuration and setup, it's just a wee tad bit confusing; considering that now all of those medications do both. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.10.127.178 (talk) 05:13, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

To-Do: request to categorize MAOI into MAO-A inhibitors and MAO-B Inhibitors
I request splitting MAOI because it's hard to keep track of which drugs are which, plus considering the very different actions and effects of A and B inhibitors, it makes sense to do so. Someone who comes across an article with this template will be intrigued with examining the differences. I'm not changing it myself because I don't understand if RIMAs are... um... MAO-A Inhibitors, MAO-B Inhibitors, both, either, or something in themselves. -- geekyßroad . meow? 03:27, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Adding the [hide] link
I'm not that proficient in Wiki to do that. but can anyone add the [hifrf] link to this template? It is to big and gets too much space. Samuel Sol (talk) 13:41, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

A common misinterpretation of polycyclism here
...is, that a polycyclic (e.g., bi-, tri-, tetracyclic) compound is made out by the overall number of rings in their structure; this is wrong. In fact, the number of rings fused defines, wheter a compound/molecule is mono-, bi-, tri-, tetra- etc. cyclic. To illustrate this: trazodone is sometimes reffered to as a tetracyclic, but it is bicyclic. Amoxapine isn't tetracyclic, but tricyclic. Haloperidol isn't tricyclic. Venlafaxine isn't bicyclic. etc. etc.. This issue should be cleared with aid of some users contributing to |WikiProject Chemistry.--84.163.110.20 (talk) 17:14, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

NDDIs and Agomelatine
"Agomelatine is known as a norepinephrine dopamine disinhibitor (NDDI) because of its 5HT2C antagonistic properties of inhibiting 5HT, thereby disinhibiting DA and NE release" --Stephen M. Stahl, MD, PhD author of "Essential Psychopharmacology". Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 Oct;10(5):575-8. Epub 2007 Aug 6. I wish the abstract would mention it clearly, but it doesn't. A quick googling of the statement shows that Stahl stated it. Dr.Stahl being the authority he is in psychopharmacology, I would think NDDI as a new category and Agomelatine being its first member is warranted. NDDIs and NDRAs are different in that NDRA act directly as releasers while NDDIs act indirectly via disinhibition. One could argue about Agomelatine being a "Melatonergic antidepressant", but it is recognized that Agomelatine antidepressant effects comes from its 5-HT2c antagonistic properties; the melatonergic effects are side effects. Good side effects, sure, but only side effects as melatonergic agonism has never been proven being antidepressive and already has even been theorized to be depressive. The accent on it being the "first melatonergic antidepressant" is only a marketing strategy by Servier to differentiate its product. Other selective NDDIs are being currently developed, like TIK-301/LY156735. --WhereIsMarty (talk) 09:37, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

After giving it some more thoughts, I think it would be wiser to find at least another drugs which main mechanism is NDDI inducing before implementing this category. Fluoxetine (Prozac) is now considered a NDDI since it's now thought that its antidepressant effect is way more attributable to it's 5-HT2c antagonism property than its SERT inhibiting one. BUT, I fear that migrating Fluoxetine in NDDI isn't possible even if science agrees. So, I have to do some research to figure out if there's other candidate to justify the creation of the NDDI category. --WhereIsMarty (talk) 05:21, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Antidepressants


text:
Category:Leafbirds

 * Leafbirds—Chloropseidae are family of the order Passeriformes.

title: Category:Leafbirds


text:
User:Rbpasker

WebLogic Founder

title: User:Rbpasker


text:
User talk:Vodka Martini, Shaken Not Stirred

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 17:01, 27 August 2005 (UTC).

Sonic PS3
There is already an article about the game - Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 game). You may want to consider redirecting Sonic PS3 there, unless it's a different game and I'm totally mistaken. ~ Hibana 18:29, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

oops...sorry, didn't know about the article. My article should be deleted, we don't want two articles of the same thing. --Vodka Martini, Shaken Not Stirred 18:34, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll just redirect it. If Sonic PS3 is one of the project names for the game, then people searching for it will find the game at Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 game) until it has a proper title. Good work, though. I'm glad you put some effort into it. ~ Hibana 01:16, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Los Reyes
Hola viejo men, yo también soy un wikipedista colombiano, y he visto que le has puesto bastante atención al articulo sobre "Los Reyes". Te quería pedir el favor a ver si vos podes agregarle otro nombre a la lista de los invitados del programa de Laisa, yo me acuerdo que otro invitado fue el actor que hizo de Miguel Angel en "Angel de la guarda", pero no me acuerdo del nombre de ese tipo. Bueno muchas gracias y feliz edición. Att. --Nicanor5 03:12, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Gracías, el actor que estabas buscando se llama Diego Ramos, gracias por acordarme. Cuando quieras me puedes pedir ayuda en esto de Los Reyes, Feliz Domingo.--Vodka Martini, Shaken Not Stirred 17:09, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

hiya hiya ^^
Hey, thanks for writing me. Yeah, I watch a bit of Colombian TV but actually, what I know is mostly common knowledge regarding colombian modern culture. Yeah, I can help "wiki" the enternaiment section of the colombia article with you ^^ i'm glad there are other colombian colleagues here ^^

see ya arround, and remember: everytime you need help on an article, you can ask me! ^^ i'll always help you if you need it ^^

buh-bye - Minako-Chan* 01:28, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanx!--Vodka Martini, Shaken Not Stirred 23:52, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Re:Yo soy, Betty La Fea
No te preocupes, un error lo comete cualquiera. Un saludo y ¡felices fiestas! Julián Ortega - drop me a message 00:23, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

An interesting link
I read your user name and thought that you may find this article amusing http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/568126.stm Josh, leftwing voter 03:13, 1 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Seefeld in Tirol

Seefeld in Tirol is an old farming village, now a major tourist resort, in Innsbruck-Land District in the Austrian state of Tyrol with a local population of 3,312 (as of 1 January 2013). The village is located about 17 km northwest of Innsbruck on a plateau between the Wetterstein mountains and the Karwendel on a historic road from Mittenwald to Innsbruck that has been important since the Middle Ages. It was first mentioned in 1022 and since the 14th century has been a pilgrimage site, benefiting not only from the visit of numerous pilgrims but also from its stacking rights as a trading station between Augsburg and the Venice. Also since the 14th century, Tyrolean shale oil has been extracted in the area. Seefeld was a popular holiday resort even before 1900 and, since the 1930s, has been a well known winter sports centres and amongst the most popular tourist resorts in Austria. The municipality, which has been the venue for several Winter Olympics Games, is the home village of Anton Seelos, the inventor of the parallel turn.

With more than one million overnight stays each year, it is one of the most popular Tyrolean tourist destinations especially for skiing in winter, but also for walking holidays in the summer.

Neighbouring communities
To the northwest Seefeld borders on Leutasch (village of Weidach), to the northeast on Scharnitz (village of Gießenbach). Its eastern municipal boundary with Zirl runs along the arête from the Seefelder Joch and Seefelder Spitze. To the south lies Reith (village of Auland) and to the west Telfs (village of Mösern).

Topography
The village is situated on the south-facing Seefeld Plateau north of the River Inn on the watershed between the basins of the Inn and the Isar. The plateau (which also comprises the villages of Leutasch, Reith, Scharnitz and Mösern) is surrounded by the Wetterstein mountain range to the west, and the Karwendel mountain range to the east; it falls away in a steep drop off to the Inn valley to the south. To the north, the high valley leads through the village of Scharnitz towards the border with Germany at Mittenwald.

Seefeld has two main mountain areas (for walking or skiing): one is the rounded hill, the Gschwandtkopf (1,495 m); the other is on the slopes of the mountains to the east and called the Rosshütte after the large mountain restaurant halfway up. These mountains dominate the Seefeld Plateau; from left/north to right/south, they are the Seefelder Joch, Seefelder Spitze (2,215 m), Härmelekopf (2,224 m) and Reither Spitze (2,374 m). Notable other landmarks include the Seekirchl, a small, onion-domed church, and the Pfarrhügel, a spur of the Gschwandtkopf running into the town centre and forming a small attractive hill. There is also a popular bathing lake called the Wildsee.

Lakes and streams
On the east side of the Seefelder Joch rise the tributaries of the Haglbach, which flows west through the valley of Hermannstal, then swings south on reaching the plateau to run along the municipal boundary and feed the Wildsee. The Wildsee is threatened by sediment deposition from the Haglbach. In future it is planned to excavate a reservoir east of Innsbrucker Straße to collect these sediments. The tailstream of the Wildsee, now called the Seebach, runs through Seefeld in a northerly direction and collects the waters of the Raabach shortly after passing the village centre. This section was called the Mühlbach by Peter Anich in 1762.

The Raabach has its source in the southeast near the Mösern Mähder and was once impounded to form a reservoir that gave the church of Seekirchl its name. Below the Schlossberg, near the Seebach, is a radon-containing spring, that, under the name of the Franz Josef Spring, was mentioned in 1900 for the first time in the Directory of Spas of the Imperial-Royal Province of Tyrol and Vorarlberg (Verzeichnis der Kurorte und Bäder der K.K. Statthalterei für Tirol und Vorarlberg) and used until 1984 as a health spring. Its radon content of 117 becquerels per litre is rather low (the limit for drinking water is 1,000 Bq/L).

The Klammbach originates at the Wildmoosalm below the lake of Wildmoossee and runs northwest of the village on the far side of the Geigenbühel, passes the Triendlsäge (where there is a reservoir with a capacity of 450 m3 which supplies a small hydropower station generating 45 kW ) and merges with the Seebach by the Lehenwald woods in front of the Bodenalm to form the Drahnbach. The latter flows towards Scharnitz and empties into the Isar tributary, the Gießenbach.

The reservoir at near the Rosshütte (called the Kaltwassersee and named after the local area) has a capacity of 66,500 m3 and receives its water from the public mains. In 2015 it was additionally fed between April and August from the Blauer Schrofen spring below the Seefelder Spitze. The additional water from the Kaltwassersee for snowmaking was raised in 2009 from 100,000 m3 to 165,000 m3 per year.

Culture and sights

 * Parish and pilgrimage church of St. Oswald
 * Former Augustine monastery west of the church, today a five-star hotel. Founded in 1516 by Maximilian I as a hostelry
 * Pfarrhof, above and south of the church
 * Lake church of the Holy Cross (Seekirchl) in the west of the village: symbol of Seefeld, built under Archduke Leopold V by Innsbruck's court architect, Christoph Gumpp, in the baroque style (built 1629–1666), paintings by Josef Anton Puellacher
 * Seefeld's woodland cemetery on the eastern edge of the village with its chapel and monument to those who died on the railway journey from Dachau concentration camp at the end of April 1945
 * Hermitage and old ruined castle of Schlossberg north of the village
 * Milestone, originally unengraved, probably Roman. A cross potent has been inscribed later

Rail services
Seefeld is on the Karwendel Railway with links to Munich via Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Innsbruck. It is also served by S-Bahn line 5 from Innsbruck to Scharnitz (to Garmisch-P.). From the start of the winter timetable in 2010, Seefeld station became the highest Intercity-Express (ICE) stop in Europe. At weekends it is served by two ICE trains in each direction daily (2014 timetable).

Bus services
Three bus routes run by the Tyrol Transport Association stop in Seefeld, as does a long distance bus route (at the Rosshütte bus stop):

Road transport
The Bundesstraße 177 federal highway (Seefelder Strasse) to the German border is part of the European route E 533. It runs from Zirl over the Zirler Berg to Scharnitz and Mittenwald. Another road link from the Inn valley runs from Telfs via Mösern, along the road to Leutasch and enables Mittenwald to be reached over the Scharnitz Pass.

Innsbruck Airport lies about 20 km from Seefeld. In winter there are direct flights from e. g. Hamburg, Berlin, Cologne and Frankfurt. <!--

Ver- und Entsorgung
Die Wasserversorgung speist sich zum großen Teil aus den ergiebigen „Eppzirler Quellen“ im Tal des Gießenbachs an der nordöstlichen Grenze der Gemeinde. Die in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren errichteten bzw. erweiterten Brunnen an der Seewiese zwischen Fußball- und Tennisanlage und am Wildsee werden nur mehr für die Notwasserversorgung herangezogen bzw. für Brauchwasser (Beschneiung der Skipisten und Langlaufloipen, Bewässerung von Eislaufplatz und Fußballfeldern sowie des Sprungschanzenareales).

Zur Olympiade 1964 wurde eine der ersten vollbiologischen Kläranlagen Österreichs errichtet und 1974 erweitert. Ende der 1990er Jahre begannen Planungen für den Ausbau von bisher 10.000 auf 26.000 Einwohnerwerte. Im Jahr 2005 wurde für ca. 12 Millionen Euro das erste Abwasserkraftwerk Österreichs errichtet: das geklärte Wasser wird nicht mehr zur Isar abgeleitet, sondern zum Zirler Berg gepumpt und das Gefälle zum Inntal mit ca. 600 m Höhenunterschied zum Betrieb einer Turbine genutzt. Je nach Abwasseraufkommen wird auch dem Seebach Wasser entnommen, um einen gleichmäßigen Durchfluss zu erreichen. Von den 5,5 Millionen Kilowattstunden Jahresarbeitsvermögen werden 0,5 GWh für die Abwasserreinigung und 1,5 GWh für das Pumpwerk aufgewendet, so dass die Nettoerzeugung von 3,5 GWh etwa dem Bedarf aller Privathaushalte in Seefeld entspricht.

Seit Ende 2007 versorgt die Ortswärme Seefeld GmbH (Anteile: 50 % Gemeinde Seefeld, 50 % Wien Energie) den Ort mit Fernwärme aus Biomasse. Anfangs wurden etwa vier Millionen Liter Heizöl pro Jahr eingespart. Mittlerweile wird über die Hälfte des Wärmebedarfs von Seefeld durch das Biomasseheizwerk gedeckt und jährlich 10.500 Tonnen CO2 vermieden. -->

Communication and telecommunication
The pilot project by Telesystem Tirol for cable TV was conducted in 1975 by a family firm based in Auland. Today about 900 participants in Seefeld and Reith are connected. DVB-T is transmitted by a transmitter on the Gschwandtkopf.

Broadband access and HSPA is available in the entire permanent settlement of Seefeld at a rate of 42.2 MBit/s. It is naked DSL with symmetric bandwidth of up to 20 Mbit/s, ADSL up to 30 Mbit/s. Broadband internet is also provided over the cable network. Since August 2012 there has been free WLAN access in the pedestrian zone, the spa park, the sport and congress centre, around the Seekirchl and at the Casino Arena, around the ski jumps on the Gschwandtkopf and at several stations in the Rosshütte ski area.

Sports facilities
In recent years Seefeld has expanded and renovated its sports facilities and positioned itself as the Nordic Competence Centre (Nordisches Kompetenzzentrum) for the training of national teams and clubs as well as the Stams Skiing Grammar School (Skigymnasium Stams).

 * Toni Seelos Olympic Ski Jumps in the Casino Arena on the northwest slopes of the Gschwandtkopf (HS 109 und HS 75)
 * Biathlon stand with 30 firing points
 * 279 km of runs for cross-country skiing, 125 km of which is for skating and 154 km for classic cross-country skiing
 * Asphalt roller skiing route with a length of 3.6 km and width of 3 m with variations from 560 m to 4.7 km
 * FIS-homologated courses for slalom and giant slalom on the Gschwandtkopf
 * Ski areas of Rosshütte, Gschwandtkopf and Geigenbühel-/Birkenlifte
 * Ice rinks for skating and Bavarian curling
 * Two grass areas for football, another is planned
 * WM Halle with 8 indoor tennis courts and 4 outside courts
 * Seefeld Tennis Club with 6 clay courts
 * Golf courses: Seefeld-Reith Golf Club (9 hole, par 70) and Panorama golf course of am Geigenbühel, an 18-hole course in Wildmoos (Telfs)
 * 266 km waymarked running and Nordic walking routes
 * 570 km of cycling and mountain bike routes
 * Beach volleyball court
 * Two riding halls with outdoor riding paddocks
 * Fitness studio

Tourism
Seefeld is an important centre for cross-country skiing. The Nordic events at both the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics were hosted at Seefeld. Competitions during the 1933, 1985 and 2019 FIS Nordic Skiing World Championships also took place here. In both the Winter Olympics and the 1985 World Championships only the normal hill in ski jumping took place in Seefeld, the large hill took place in Innsbruck) as well as some of the events at the 1st Winter Youth Olympic Games in January 2012. World Cup competitions have been located here a number of times. During the 2019 World Championships, ski jumping took place in Seefeld in Tirol.

The 1963 Biathlon World Championships also took place in Seefeld in Tirol.

The alpine skiing area is small and appropriate for beginners. There are two separate small areas which are not connected except by a ski bus (free of charge) or taxis. The terrain itself is quite good and there is good access to other facilities (walks, shops and the Olympia swimming complex).

Seefeld is popular with walkers because of its plateau location; there are many attractive walks which don't depend on climbing up and down mountains. However, the walks into the mountains are beautiful too, especially since the Karwendel is a huge nature reserve. Recommended walks include down through the Schlossbachklamm to Hochzirl (then the train back), and from the cable car stations down into the Eppzirlertal (if you're fairly fit). There are possibilities for multi-day walks through the Karwendel towards the Achensee.

Together with eleven other towns Seefeld is a member of the community Best of the Alps.

Notable people

 * Anton Seelos (1911–2006) was an Austrian alpine skier and world champion. In the 1930s, Seelos invented the parallel turn. The Toni-Seelos-Olympiaschanze in Seefeld in Tirol is named after him.
 * Regina Schöpf (1935–2008) was an Austrian alpine skier who competed in the 1956 Winter Olympics. She was born in Seefeld
 * Jan-Carl Raspe (1944-1977) was a member of the German militant group the Red Army Faction. Raspe was born in Seefeld. He co-founded Kommune II in 1967 and joined the Red Army Faction, also known as the "Baader-Meinhof Gang" in 1970

title: Seefeld in Tirol


text: Category:Gates

title: Category:Gates


text:
User:Kimbly

My name is Kimberley Burchett. I'm a 34 year old computer programmer in Brooklyn. I have a Masters degree in CS from Brown University. My hobbies include chinese, machine learning, and computational biology.

My website is at http://www.kimbly.com

title: User:Kimbly