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Dolsk

Dolsk is a town in the Greater Poland Voivodeship of Poland. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 1,550. A capital of Gmina Dolsk within the Śrem County, the town is a minor centre of trade and commerce. The town is located between two lakes, the Dolskie Wielkie and Dolskie Małe, both deriving their names from the name of the town. Geographically, the town lies in the Leszczyńska Uplands in Greater Poland, close to its border with Lower Silesia.

History
The town was first mentioned in one of the first documents written partially in the Polish language, that is the Bull of Gniezno of 1136. Back then it was a private property of the Bishops of Gniezno. In the mid-13th century the town was transferred to the Bishops of Poznań, who remained the sole owners of the area until after the Partitions of Poland. Located at the trade route linking Poznań with Wrocław, the town drew significant income from the traders and merchants, who were obliged to sell their merchandise at the local market before proceeding down the trade route. In 1359 king Casimir III granted the town with Środa Law, a local variant of the Magdeburg Law.

In 1793 Dolsk was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland, and in 1797 it was confiscated by the Prussian authorities and gradually fell into dismay. Following the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, and in 1815 it was reannexed by Prussia. In the mid-19th century, four annual fairs were held in the town and the local populace was mainly employed in cloth making, leather making and pottery. The town was restored to Poland, after the country regained independence in 1918 following World War I.

During World War II the town was under German occupation and in the mass executions carried out by the occupiers, 10 people from Dolsk and the surrounding areas were shot. The mayor of Dolsk, Józef Burdajewicz, was murdered in a public execution of 17 Poles, carried out by the German Einsatzgruppe VI on October 20, 1939, in the nearby town of Książ Wielkopolski. The Germans also expelled hundreds of Poles in 1939–1941, and handed over their houses to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy. The Polish resistance movement was present in Dolsk. Polish underground press was distributed in the town. Antoni Kaźmierski, founder of the local unit of the Union of Armed Struggle, was arrested by the Gestapo in 1941, and eventually sentenced to death and executed the following year. Liberation from Nazi Germany's occupation took place on January 21, 1945.

Sights
The town is experiencing a period of growth due to increase in tourist traffic. Among the most notable tourist attractions are three local churches: St. Michael's church (circa 1460, burnt and rebuilt in 1790, one of the most notable pieces of late Gothic architecture in the area), Baroque St. Laurentius' church (17th century) and Holy Spirit's church (17th century wooden church, formerly a chapel for the local hospital). The area around the town is a mosaic of various types of landscape, mostly formed during the glacial age. Among the most notable features are dense forests, several lakes and healthy turf deposits.

title: Dolsk


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User talk:Catchwa

Thanks to the idiots who use the same transparent proxy as me. Much appreciated :( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:203.26.206.129 --Catchwa 16:19, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Catchwa


text:
User talk:Moby dick~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Psy guy (talk) 16:21, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Moby dick~enwiki


text:
European Architecture Students Assembly

European Architecture Student Assembly (EASA) was founded in 1981 by architect students like Geoff Haslam and Richard Murphy and is closely related to the Winterschool concept, which organises similar events for UK students of architecture. EASA takes place each summer in a different country, with the event usually lasting two weeks. It is organised by students of architecture for students of architecture and the concept is operated on a cooperative basis. In fall at INCM, Intermediate National Contact Meeting, the location for EASA is decided one and a half years in advance. Typically, 400 students take part in the event and engage in workshops, exhibitions, lectures and social events loosely based around a specific theme. These events are run by a combination of academics and students and encompass a wide variety of activities with a greater or lesser relationship to architecture. The event is funded through a combination of attendance fees (which vary for each country based upon ability to pay), grants and sponsorship, all arranged by the organising committee for each event.

EASA has little or no formal structure, in that each event is organised as a unique occurrence - though a system of National Contacts (NCs) ensures that the event each year is well-supported. NCs also typically meet once a year to discuss the previous EASA and prepare for the next. Students come from over 40 European countries to the event each year. Recent Assemblies have seen students participating from the US, India and Central American countries.

EASA Summer Meetings

 * 1981 Liverpool, England: Starting up the EASA Experience
 * 1982 Delft, Netherlands: Architecture of an Uncertain Future
 * 1983 Lisbon, Portugal: Social Spaces
 * 1984 Aarhus, Denmark: Turning point in Architecture
 * 1985 Athens, Greece: Interpretation and Action in the City
 * 1986 Torino, Italy: Architetture Latenti
 * 1987 Helsinki-Putikko, Finland: Architecture and Nature
 * 1988 Berlin, Germany: The Dimension Between
 * 1989 Marseille, France: Heritage et Creativé
 * 1990 Karlskrona, Sweden: Exploration
 * 1991 Verkhoturie and Kolomna, USSR: Regeneration (This assembly was held at two sites)
 * 1992 Ürgüp, Turkiye: Vision 2000 Environment
 * 1993 Sandwick, Scotland: The Isle
 * 1994 Liège, Belgium: Consommer l'Inconsumable
 * 1995 Zamość, Poland: Beyond the Borders
 * 1996 Clermont-l'Hérault, France: Dream Builders!
 * 1997 The Train, Scandinavia: Advancing Architecture (This assembly was held on board a train driving through Denmark, Sweden, and Norway)
 * 1998 Valletta, Malta: Living on the Edge
 * 1999 Kavala, Greece: Osmosis
 * 2000 Antwerp and Rotterdam, Belgium/Netherlands: Dis-Similarities
 * 2001 Gökceada, Turkey: No Theme
 * 2002 Vis, Croatia: Senses
 * 2003 Friland, Denmark: Sustainable Living
 * 2004 Roubaix, France: Metropolitan - Micropolitain,
 * 2005 Bergün, Switzerland: Trans, Transit, Transition.
 * 2006 Budapest, Hungary: Common Places
 * 2007 Eleusina, Greece: City Index
 * 2008 Dublin-Letterfrack, Ireland: Adaptation
 * 2009 Brescia, Italy: supermARCHet
 * 2010 Manchester, UK: Identity
 * 2011 Cadiz, Spain: deCOASTruction
 * 2012 Helsinki, Finland: Wastelands
 * 2013 Žužemberk, Slovenia: Reaction
 * 2014 Veliko Tărnovo, Bulgaria: Symбиоза
 * 2015 Valletta, Malta: Links
 * 2016 Nida, Lithuania: Not Yet Decided
 * 2017 Fredericia, Denmark: Hospitality. Finding the framework
 * 2018 Rijeka, Croatia: RE:Easa
 * 2019 Villars-sur-Ollon, Switzerland: EASA:Tourist
 * 2020 Valga, Estonia: Apathy
 * 2021 Kragujevac, Serbia: Reality
 * 2022 Călărași, Romania: 1:1
 * 2023 Sheffield, United Kingdom: Commons

INCM (Intermediate National Contact Meeting)
The INCM is held every year in autumn. They are the main event next to the assembly to keep the continuity of easa. There have been such memorable meetings like Berlin 1990, where the "Lichterfelder statement" was made. The "Lichterfelder Statement" later became the "easa-guide" developed, which is updated yearly at the NC-meetings.
 * 1985 Barcelona, Spain
 * 1986 Vienna, Austria
 * 1987 Budapest, Hungary
 * 1988 Oslo, Norway
 * 1989 Kraków, Poland
 * 1990 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
 * 1991 Berlin, Germany (Lichterfelder statement)
 * 1992 Torino, Italy
 * 1993 Ljubljana, Slovenia
 * 1994 Tallinn, Estonia
 * 1995 Zürich, Switzerland
 * 1996 Istanbul, Turkey
 * 1997 Sinaia, Romania
 * 1998 Sandomierz, Poland
 * 1999 Mannheim, Germany
 * 2000 Tal-Fanal, Gozo, Malta
 * 2001 Berlin, Germany
 * 2002 Bornholm, Denmark
 * 2003 Ljubljana, Slovenia
 * 2004 Belgrade, Serbia
 * 2005 Brighton, United Kingdom
 * 2006 Moscow, Russia
 * 2007 Motovun, Croatia
 * 2008 Nicosia, Cyprus
 * 2009 Schaan, Liechtenstein
 * 2010 Copenhagen, Denmark
 * 2011 Baku, Azerbaijan
 * 2012 Vienna, Austria
 * 2013 Bucharest, Romania
 * 2014 Berlin, Germany
 * 2015 Glasgow-Forres, Scotland
 * 2016 Madrid, Spain
 * 2017 Lapland, Finland
 * 2018 Vitosha, Bulgaria
 * 2019 Trpejca, Macedonia
 * 2020 Latvia (Online)
 * 2021 Leuven, Belgium
 * 2022 Palanga, Lithuania
 * 2023 Borca di Cadore, Italy

SESAM (Small European Architecture Students Assembly Meeting)
The SESAM is an event arranged by the EASA network. Like the basic idea of the EASA, a SESAM can give an addition and/or alternative to the education of the students. The independence and off-university-character creates an informal atmosphere. The SESAM is a workshop with a small number of participants. Through this concentrated character the SESAM allows to work on a tight theme. After a number of similar events in the year before in Italy, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, etc., the first EASA workshop with the name SESAM was realized 1992 in Vilafamés (Valencia, Spain, October 1992, 50 participants). SESAM2007 was held in Aarhus, Denmark on 23–25 November 2007. The next scheduled SESAM meeting is due to take place in 2021 in Slavutych, Ukraine.

Pivo SESAM
The event is an excuse to meet with the other members of the network. It usually takes place during the New Year celebrations.

EASA Newspaper: Umbrella
Each year, during EASA, one of the workshops is dedicated to cover the event by reporting about events and workshops in a newspaper-like fashion. This workshop and hence the newspaper is typically called umbrella, or variation of the local word for umbrella. This newspaper is usually published on a daily basis and has been an integral part of EASA since the early 1980s. In recent years, The Umbrella Workshop has also embraced new media, and has run EASA TV during the event. In 2009 EASA TV was a workshop of its own for the first time, but with integral co-operation with Umbrella.

EASA TV
EASA.TV tries to cover as much of the assembly as possible and the material is then edited, screened on site at the assembly and uploaded online. The participants will learn how to plan episodes, write scripts, draw storyboards, record with DSLR cameras and edit and export with software such as Adobe Premiere Pro. But most of all they will get the chance to document the very essence of EASA, the EASA spirit. Since 2007

EASA FM
EASA FM is a temporary radio station that was started in EASA011, Cadiz/Spain.

Photo pages

 * Jelk's EASA page
 * Marko's EASA Page
 * Flickr
 * ...more photo links

title: European Architecture Students Assembly


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Guitar fiddle

The Guitar fiddle or Troubadour Fiddle is a modern name bestowed retroactively upon certain precursors of the violin possessing characteristics of both guitar and fiddle. The name guitar fiddle is intended to emphasize the fact that the instrument in the shape of the guitar, which during the Middle Ages represented the most perfect principle of construction for stringed instruments with necks, adopted at a certain period the use of the bow from instruments of a less perfect type, the rebab and its hybrids.

The use of the bow with the guitar entailed certain constructive changes in the instrument: the large central rose sound hole was replaced by lateral holes of various shapes; the flat bridge, suitable for instruments whose strings were plucked, gave place to the arched bridge required in order to enable the bow to vibrate each string separately; the arched bridge, by raising the strings higher above the sounding board, made the stopping of strings on the neck extremely difficult if not impossible; this matter was adjusted by the addition of a fingerboard of suitable shape and dimensions (fig. 1). At this stage the guitar fiddle possesses the essential features of the violin, and may justly claim to be its immediate predecessor not so much through the viols which were the outcome of the Minnesinger fiddle with sloping shoulders, as through the intermediary of the Italian lyra, a guitar-shaped bowed instrument with from 7 to 12 strings.

From such evidence as we now possess, it would seem that the evolution of the early guitar with a neck from the Greek cithara took place under Greek influence in the Christian East. The various stages of this transition have been definitely established by the remarkable miniatures of the Utrecht Psalter. Two kinds of citharas are shown: the antique rectangular, and the later design with rounded body having at the point where the arms are added indications of the waist or incurvations characteristic of the outline of the Spanish guitar. The first stage in the transition is shown by a cithara or rotta in which arms and transverse bar are replaced by a kind of frame repeating the outline of the body and thus completing the second lobe of the Spanish guitar. The next stages in the transition are concerned with the addition of a neck and of frets. All these instruments are twanged by the fingers. One may conclude that the use of the bow was either unknown at this time (c. 6th century), or that it was still confined to instruments of the rebab type. The earliest known representation of a guitar fiddle complete with bow (fig. 2) occurs in a Greek Psalter written and illuminated in Caesarea by the archpriest Theodore in 1066 (British Library, Add. MS. 19352). Instances of perfect guitar fiddles abound in the 13th century MSS. and monuments, as for instance in a picture by Cimabue (1240–1302), in the Pitti Gallery in Florence.

An evolution on parallel lines appears also to have taken place from the antique rectangular cithara of the citharoedes, which was a favourite in Romano-Christian art. In this case examples illustrative of the transitions are found represented in great variety in Europe. The old German rotta of the 6th century preserved in the Ethnological Museum of Berlin, and the instruments played by King David in two early Anglo-Saxon illuminated MSS., one a Psalter finished in 700, the other "A Commentary on the Psalms by Cassiodorus manu Bedae" of the 8th century preserved in the Cathedral Library at Durham form examples of the first stage of transition. From such types as these the rectangular crwth or crowd was evolved by the addition of a fingerboard and the reduction in the number of strings, which follows as a natural consequence as soon as an extended compass can be obtained by stopping the strings. By the addition of a neck we obtain the clue to the origin of rectangular citterns with rounded corners and of certain instruments played with the bow whose bodies or sound chests have an outline based upon the rectangle with various modifications. We may not look upon this type of guitar fiddle as due entirely to western or southern European initiative; its origin like that of the type approximating to the violin is evidently Byzantine. It is found among the frescoes which cover walls and barrel vaults in the palace of Qasr Amra, believed to be that of Caliph Walid II. (744) of the Omayyad dynasty, or of Prince Ahmad, the Abbasid (862–866). The instrument, a cittern with four strings, is being played by a bear. Other examples occur in the Stuttgart Carolingian Psalter (10th century); in MS. 1260 (Bibl. Imp. Paris) Tristan and Yseult; as guitar fiddle in the Liber Regalis preserved in Westminster Abbey (14th century); in the Sforza Book (1444–1476), the Book of Hours executed for Bona of Savoy, wife of Gaieazzo Maria Sforza; on one of the carvings of the 13th century in the Cathedral of Amiens. It has also been painted by Italian artists of the 15th and 16th centuries.

title: Guitar fiddle


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Talk:Vampire watermelon/Archive

I think this is totally bogus. Can anyone confirm this belief? Jwrosenzweig 21:03, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Try google for "vampire" "watermelon". ("vampire watermelon" is just Terry Pratchett). Rmhermen 21:10, Dec 1, 2003 (UTC)

 * I did--sorry if I wasn't clear. :-) vampire+watermelon is the way I indicate that, but maybe that's wrong.  Anyhow, you get a lot of sites when you search for them, but none of the sites (that I can see) are talking about vampire watermelons....they just mention both things in seperate sentences.  Nothing indicates the folk tale told by this article.  That I can find, anyhow. Jwrosenzweig 21:26, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You need to enclose the phrase in quotes when Googling it. You get a different result when using the plural:  "vampire watermelons". Hu 02:11, 2004 Nov 15 (UTC)

From VfD

Vampire Watermelon -- if the title doesn't say it all to you, a google search for vampire + watermelon leads to some amusing sites but nothing describing these apparently foul figments of a user's imagination. An excellent nominee for BJAODN though, in whatever form BJAODN has taken. Jwrosenzweig 21:06, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You realize, this is all true. Delete it anyways. -- Smerdis of Tlön 21:37, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Delete. Content can be moved to a better location, but under this title, it is unverifiable and POV.  Daniel Quinlan 21:38, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * Keep. As strange as it sounds, it's probably true. A quote from

Potential damage to Wikipedia
I would defend the right of anyone to add anything to Wikipedia; the concern is how this is done.

This article is constructed as if factual, when it is actually a spoof (Yes, I know that's what a spoof is!). The point is that this kind of spoof is used to support those who accuse Wikipedia of trivialization and lack of control.

In addition, the article is a classic slur on the Roma peoples, who probably put up with more than their fair share of such 'humor'.

And finally, the addition that brings in Cadbury-Schweppes and a brand of bubble gum is probably verging on commercial libel (probably why Wrigley's was not used!).

I have attempted to understand the discussions on removing such rubbish, but I simply cannot follow the complexity of several years' discussion with no clear policy (sorry). So failing that, I have editied the article to make it's origins and underlying untruth more visible.

I welcome comments and discussion, but request my views are not deleted. Heenan73 16:52, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * You don't want your views deleted, fine, but why do you have to rip the guts out of an article which has been debated over a considerable period of time? Where was the discussion of your concerns? Jumping in like this is more likely to damage Wikipedia's reputation IMNSHO. Restraining myself from reverting out of hand because I know that would just inflame things ... mutter ... mutter --Phil | Talk 17:09, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * With respect, I have not 'ripped the guts' out of anything. And I am not 'jumping in', I am trying to ensure that this entry - like all Wikipedia entries - is a accurate, and useful as possible, and as little misleading as possible. While there has been much discussion, there has been little attempt to resolve that and move on.

Did you have a specific concern with my editing, or just the general objection to the outcome? Heenan73 17:16, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * At least some of your text is factually wrong. You say "Vampire watermelons have no place outside the novels of Terry Pratchett" but this is clearly contradicted by the reference to them in Matthew Bunson's "The Vampire Encyclopedia" - and Pratchett himself reportedly says that he didn't make up the story. I think your assertion that the story constitutes "a slur on te [sic] Roma peoples and their gullibility" is also far too POV. I do have doubts about the story of the vampire watermelon bubblegum, as the contributor provided no references, but when a named source is provided for the rest of the material I think the onus is on you to refute it. You haven't done so, other than to assert (on what basis?) that it's all a hoax. I don't think this is adequate, so I've reverted the article but removed the bubblegum claim until it can be confirmed. I hope the anon who provided it will do so. -- ChrisO 17:46, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Origin of the story
The "Gothick Herbal" (website defunct, but text available from http://members.lycos.nl/Shades/plants/vampiricplants.htm ) traces this idea to an article by T. P. Vukanovic in the Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, via Jan Perkowski's 1976 Vampires of the Slavs (ISBN 0893570265, probably out of print). From the site:

 * Vukavonic did field research with the gypsies in Serbia during the 30s and 40s. Of course, these same gypsies told Vukavonic that they believed certain agricultural implements could also become vampires, so I suspect that either the Rom were pulling Vukavonic's leg (not unheard of) or there may have been some mistranslation or misinterpretation of their beliefs.

Further digging reveals that "Vukanovic" is the correct spelling. He was in Serbia in 1933, 1940, 1947 and 1948; results were published in four parts under the title The Vampire, in the third series of the JGLS between 1957 and 1960 (volumes 36 through 39 inclusive). Note that as of 2000, the journal is called Romani Studies ( http://www.gypsyloresociety.org/journal.htm ).

I can try to track these articles down through the British Library if there's any interest. (The BL catalogue has these issues, but it may take a while to get things sent up from London.) I haven't made any changes to the Vampire Watermelon page yet, because I get an academic twinge when thinking about referring to sources I haven't actually seen. --AlexG 20:41, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * "The Islamic gypsies of Bosnia ... believe that pumpkins and watermelons ... can become vampires ... just after Christmas."
 * So these Romany Muslims believe in Vampires and Christmas? Whoosh! Heenan73 09:52, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comments; I may have not expressed myself clearly enough. I think you're right that there are problems with the way the legend is presented in most modern sources, and that's why I think it would be interesting to see what Vukanovic actually wrote. That page suggests that he (a noted Balkanologist, incidentally) was responsible for introducing the story into the English language, in the context of Romany lore. Then Perkowski cited him in a book specifically about vampires. Then other authors, writing their own vampire books for a non-academic audience, took the story from Perkowski. At each stage, there may have been misunderstandings or omissions - probably at the most recent step more than the others, because undead vegetables don't exactly fit in well with contemporary perceptions of vampires. It's of course possible that Vukanovic doesn't discuss vegetables at all. In any case, I think it would be interesting to see what he actually said, and put an extract in the article. Then readers can decide for themselves whether he was hoodwinked.

 * I may be able to look at originals of the relevant volumes Wednesday or Thursday - if not, it'll have to be BL photocopies. Either way, I'll post what I find, and I really do hope it's interesting and useful. --AlexG 19:27, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, the ball is in the British Library's court now. --AlexG 14:49, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Note that it makes little sense to "believe in" Christmas, as it is definitely observed by very many people in many different ways. It was additionally not a Christian holiday originally; the pagan holiday Yule was merely appropriated by them, as with many other holidays.  Nor does the holiday as currently practiced have anything to do with Christianity except superficially.  It's quite reasonable for Muslims in the Balkans to observe a non-Christian European holiday that happens to be on the same day.  --Eequor 19:53, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Pictures
As luck would have it, I bought a watermelon that later turned vampire. (The evidence for a Wikipedia article set me back USD3.) I bought the melon at the Raleigh, North Carolina farmers' market and set it on the counter in an air-conditioned kitchen for four days, achieving the results photographed here. Upon observing the phenomenon, I wouldn't doubt that less scientific people supposed the watermelon had some relation to vampires. -- ke4roh 17:01, Aug 28, 2004 (UTC)

I took a few bites of the watermelon as I was cutting it in preparation for eating, and it didn't taste very good (the red part tasted less sweet, leaning in the direction of the typical rind flavor). Further tasting after refrigeration confirmed that the melon had past its prime and probably would have done better scrubbed and burned as recommended in the article, though the two of us who've tasted it haven't suffered ill effects. -- ke4roh 22:02, Aug 28, 2004 (UTC)

May I point out
This webpage? --Sgeo | Talk 21:04, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, my. Someone with the Website of vampyreverse.com has called Wikipedia silly. - Scooter 21:30, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * This entry is still here? Wikipedia's inability to excrete refuse like this entry is an inherent flaw. The linked website is quite accurate, though it does conclude by dismissing all of Wikipedia. Wetman 21:34, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, my, my. I guess we've been told off.  We'll have to be more careful about checking our sources, and sticking with only inarguable facts like the barely covert steamy eroticism of Rapunzel.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 02:29, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Well, hopefully Wikipedia is respectable enough to ignore rabid polemic. -- 21:48, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Another disingenuous contribution from a notorious jokester. Wetman 21:55, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The use of the phrase "Vampire Watermelon Fan Club", as well as the email @heenan.net, indicate that this article is the work of User:Heenan73. This user got very excited about this article, and started spamming the article namespace with polemics about the "Vampire Watermelon Fan Club" and "Wikipedists" (members of the VWFC). This is despite various other editors pointing out that Terry Pratchett, by his own admission, did not invent the legend. If you look at the talk above, you will see that I have requested some papers from the British Library (which haven't arrived yet) which should settle the issue. In the meantime, it would be helpful if people did not make extensive changes to the page without being familiar with the history. AlexG 22:35, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The entire site is run by Heenan73, who took great exception to my comments above (never had my User page flamed before :-); he also runs a bunch of other sites. I don't have time to check out whether they're all reliable or factual, but I would question the completeness of a website on vampires which fails to mention Anita Blake anywhere (or indeed anything much but movie-based lore). (Not to mention the name of his vampire site, which my eyes insists on reading "Vampy-reverse" :-) --Phil | Talk 13:12, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * I would also like to point out Andrew Heenan's Guide to Flaming, which has been linked from Flaming ever since he put it there, and Heenan's Universal Dictionary, with entries for "Wikipedist" and "Wikipedian" that demonstrate his approach to editing disputes. It's a pity he's gone off in a huff, because he does seem to have plenty of knowledge, despite his rants. Let's avoid personal attacks and remember that nobody here has demonstrated any anti-Roma agenda. I'm confident that we can make this page into something acceptable to everybody, and that means staying calm, keeping a neutral point of view, and using the written sources available. AlexG 00:29, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Just TRY to find a website (NOT a Wikipedia mirror) that claims there really was a belief in Vampire watermelons.
 * Websites, due to their dynamic and date-free nature, are a much less reliable source for historical research than the Google Usenet archive. Will you settle for this message from the Google Usenet archive? While the post does not quite predate the World Wide Web, it clearly predates all incarnations of Wikipedia. This does not prove that the legend could not be a modern fabrication, but does conclusively show Wikipedia can be blamed at most for its perpetuation, not its fabrication.

Thanks to...
Thanks to User:Auric The Rad who first perpetrated this juvenile imposition. Thanks to the editors who voted to keep it, when Jwrosenzweig attempted to delete it. Thanks to irresponsible editors like ke4roh, who have succeeded in keeping some doubt alive in the minds of the naive. Thanks to the ongoing sententious claptrap of Eequor, who tried to make editors feel guilty at doubting Islamic Romanies who believed in Christmas, etc. In Wikipedia's transparency, everone's genuine nature shines forth. Wetman 21:55, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Jan L. Perkowski
"It is present in some scholarly works dealing with vampires, most notably Jan Perkowski's 1976 book Vampires of the Slavs which introduced the idea to the mainstream of vampire-related writing." From what i can tell, the quote seems to have been inserted on September 16 (with the notice "let's be a bit more level-headed") by User:AlexG— an innocent error, to be sure... Could we have Perkowski's quote mentioning vampire watermelons, do you think? Wetman 08:27, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I inserted this because every vampire fruit account I am aware of cites Perkowski. While I haven't seen the book myself, other people claim they have. It's possible that Perkowski doesn't actually talk about vampire fruit, but I don't think it's that unlikely that he would. One of the web references below claims to quote Perkowski quoting Vukanovic, though it's not clear exactly what is being quoted. Obviously it would be better to get a real citation from Perkowski's work, but I do think the present state of affairs is preferable to saying that the idea originated with Pratchett. As you will see from the talk above, I originally held off from putting this in the article, but I'd rather have that there than an assertion which is definitely wrong.

 * Once the Vukanovic papers turn up from the British Library, I'll put in a quotation from him. If he doesn't mention vampire fruit, that will also be noteworthy. Sgeo asked above for web references: there are of course very few, because of the obscurity of the topic. Even though there are lots of vampire fans with websites, they hardly every mention this, presumably because of its obscurity and its incongruity with their ideas about what a vampire is. The references there are will mostly be found elsewhere on this talk page: (same text at ),  (entry for Serbia),  (in Italian, see "Mulo"),, or  quoted at.

 * It's not hard to find reputable references to non-watermelon aspects of Perkowski's or Vukanovic's work. As far as I can see, it is not disputed that these works exist, only whether they mention vegetable vampires. Various websites claim that they do, as does the Bunson book. Do you have any reason for believing that this is not the case, other than that it sounds a bit unlikely? AlexG 13:02, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * What websites? --Sgeo | Talk 16:05, Sep 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Did you look at the ones I linked in the second paragraph? Incidentally, there are very few websites dealing with Romany folklore at all. That's why I want to look at the written sources, rathe than relying on what's said online. AlexG 17:22, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as I cam tell, those sites are about vampires in general, not "Vampire watermelons." --Sgeo | Talk 01:32, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * How familiar in Slavic folklore do you imagine an African watermelon was before World War II? This ironic entry, introduced by User:Auric the Rad, is designed to demonstrate the gullibility of Wikipedians and to show how unreliable Wikipedia is as an information source. It has succeeded. Wetman 16:32, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I doubt that the story (as originally told, if it was told at all) concerned watermelons. Bunson seems to refer equally to melons and watermelons, also mentioning pumpkins - and so do the various websites. Pratchett talks about watermelons only; presumably the present title of this page was influenced by that. It's more likely that the "legend" is about some kind of gourd.
 * Alternatively, it could genuinely have originated around the WWII era - perhaps as a joke on Vukanovic, whose visits to Serbia came in 1933, 1940, 1947, and 1948. Or perhaps it was just a funny story they came up with when seeing blotchy red marks on old watermelons, at a time when the fruit was new to them. I don't know. In any case, the non-Wikipedia references to this idea suggest to me that if it is a hoax, it's older than Wikipedia.
 * (Another idea: perhaps the story we describe here was garbled or mistranslated at some stage. The Italian link above says that a mulo can lose its bone structure and take on a "vegetable aspect". It could be that Vukanovic was told this, but misunderstood and thought they meant vegetables could become vampiric.)
 * I do appreciate your scepticism, by the way. Maybe we should recast the article in a lit-crit kind of way, tracing the "legend" through the various citations. It would certainly be worthwhile pointing out the "African watermelon question" and the "Islamic Christmas question". While Wikipedia is not Snopes, I think this would be a useful direction to take. AlexG 17:22, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It's more likely that the reference to Christmas is simply a convenient placeholder for some celebration of the winter solstice, which is close to Christmas and commonly recognized by non-Christians. Keep in mind that Europeans and particularly Americans have been more eager in the past to insert references to Christianity anywhere they please, regardless of appropriateness.

 * Watermelons appear to have been discovered by David Livingstone sometime in the early 19th century. It is quite possible that watermelons were well-known in Europe 100 years later.  --[[User:Eequor|η [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ]]] 03:40, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Historicity and scientific skepticism represent the broadest international mainstream of modern culture. I've made my point here. Time to take the Watermelon off my grocery list. G'night folks. Wetman 17:59, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Vampire Watermelon
When passing this article off as upsurd to my mother, she told me that her grandmother used to tell a similar tale. My mother thought grandma was just turning senial when she used to mention the vampirization of watermelons. Apparently, she also spouted off a few of Aesop's fables as well. Just thought I'd add my experience... doubt it sheds any light on the oddity of this article.

Memepool citation
This was added to the article but is better placed here: Note: This entry was the topic of an article posted to memepool.com on Sunday, November 7, 2004 under the subject Culture. I found the article in question herewhich is a non-static list. --Phil | Talk 13:43, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)

A source link that doesn't appear to be a source
What's http://www.vampyreverse.com/facts/mythology.shtml doing in the "sources" section? It doesn't appear to be a source of information on vampire watermelons used in writing this article, rather it appears to be about this article. I would have simply deleted it but I notice that there's been a bit of a kerfuffle here on talk: so I figured I'd ask what others who've been participating in it think first. Bryan 05:29, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Definately not a source, and not even relevant to this article, removed. Would be a fine link addition to The Wikipedia Article about Vampire Watermelons, but that's an entirely different article. --fvw*

 * On the other hand, it is the only web link I'm aware of that casts doubt on the story (other than this talk page, User_talk:Heenan73, etc.) so I could see keeping it on that basis. On the third hand, the central assertions of that page are that the story was invented by Pratchett (demonstrably wrong) and that its inclusion here is based on some sort of anti-Roma racist vendetta (both offensive and wrong). User:Mako098765 has some interesting news on my talk page about the facts of the case, confirming the Vukanovic connection — so vampyreverse is looking increasingly irrelevant. AlexG 18:20, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not so much casting doubt, as going "Ha ha, look at those silly wikipedians". As long as they don't either give a worthwhile source or at least a coherent argument, I think the page is pretty much irrelevant to this article. Also, see a doctor about that hand thing. --fvw* 18:39, 2004 Nov 21 (UTC)

 * It isn't worth mentioning; as noted above, the site is run by Heenan73. --[[User:Eequor| η  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 20:36, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, Heenan's link stays gone. I've just integrated a long quotation from Vukanovic, based on mako's research: http://satori.freeshell.org/projects/vampire/watermelon.html. I have refrained from direct linking from the article, or uploading images here, because I'm unsure of the copyright situation. AlexG 21:22, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Could Vukanović's reference to "KM" actually be to Kosovo & Metohija rather than Kosovska Mitrovica, to which it's linked? -- ChrisO 09:02, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right; KM. is an abbreviation for "Kosovo-Metohija". - mako 00:06, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Since the whole point of Vampire Watermelon is to show how gullible we Wikipedians are, the link http://www.vampyreverse.com/facts/mythology.shtml seems quite essentially relevant to me. --Wetman 21:41, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Relevant to Accuracy of Wikipedia perhaps, but definately not to this article, which isn't about wikipedia but about vampire watermelons. --fvw* 23:48, 2004 Nov 23 (UTC)

Title
Now I know I have just discovered this article today and lots of angst has already happened over it, but it seems to me that the title is a little inaccurate. It's about melons and pumpkins, not exclusively watermelons. The title "vampire watermelon" also sounds extra silly and probably adds to the ridicule surrounding the article. Why not Vampire vegetables, or Vampire fruit? (I know, those are silly too, but perhaps not quite as silly). I don't know enough to say if I think these sources are credible or not, but I do think the page should be moved to a more accurate title. Fishal 04:07, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If we want to be absolutely correct, this article should probably be merged with Vampire. It's part of a body of hard-to-stomach vampire beliefs that should go all together. (Coincidentally, someone just added a mention of the vampire agricultural tools, which are supported by my source, but the wording could be a bit less sensational.) For historical reasons, however, I believe the title should stand. - mako 11:37, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vampire watermelon/Archive


text:
1954–55 NHL season

The 1954–55 NHL season was the 38th season of the National Hockey League. The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup champions as they defeated the Montreal Canadiens four games to three in the best-of-seven final series. The Canadiens were without star forward Maurice 'Rocket' Richard who had been suspended for the playoffs, a suspension which led to the March 17, 1955 "Richard Riot" in Montreal.

League business
Art Ross announced at the league governors meeting that his connection with Boston would terminate at the end of September. As this would be his last appearance at a league meeting, he took the opportunity to thank the governors and others associated with the league during the 30 years of his being officer of the Boston club for the kindness, courtesy and cooperation he had received, and extended his good wishes for the continued success of the league. Conn Smythe and Frank Selke voiced the good wishes of all present to Ross on his retirement.

Prior to the season, Red Wings head coach Tommy Ivan left Detroit to become general manager of the Chicago Black Hawks, and Jimmy Skinner replaced him behind the bench in the Motor City. One of the first things Ivan did at Chicago was to establish an extensive farm system, something the Black Hawks never had.

Regular season
On December 18, 1954, Maurice Richard scored his 400th career goal against Chicago netminder Al Rollins in a 4–1 Canadiens victory over the Black Hawks. Montreal and Toronto played to a 1–1 tie on December 29, at Maple Leaf Gardens. Maurice Richard got a standing ovation when he scored his 401st goal late in the first period.

In a scoreless tie at the Montreal Forum on March 10, a new ice cleaner and resurfacer called a Zamboni was used for the first time. The fans were not appreciative of Toronto's defensive style in this game and threw garbage, including pig's feet, on the ice.

The Richard Riot took place on March 17, 1955. Maurice Richard had been suspended by league president Clarence Campbell after an incident in a game against Boston where Richard punched the referee. Richard was suspended for the rest of the season and the playoffs. Campbell's subsequent appearance at a Canadiens' game at the Montreal Forum incited a group of protesters and led to violence in the Forum and in downtown Montreal.

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes Source: NHL

Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Min – Minutes played; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Coaches

 * Boston Bruins: Milt Schmidt
 * Chicago Black Hawks: Frank Eddolls
 * Detroit Red Wings: Jimmy Skinner
 * Montreal Canadiens: Dick Irvin
 * New York Rangers: Muzz Patrick
 * Toronto Maple Leafs: King Clancy

Debuts
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1954–55 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs):
 * Don McKenney, Boston Bruins
 * Don Cherry*, Boston Bruins (only NHL game of career)
 * Charlie Hodge, Montreal Canadiens
 * Jean-Guy Talbot, Montreal Canadiens
 * Lou Fontinato, New York Rangers
 * Dick Duff, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1954–55 (listed with their last team):
 * Gus Bodnar, Boston Bruins
 * Milt Schmidt, Boston Bruins
 * Jim Henry, Boston Bruins
 * Bill Mosienko, Chicago Black Hawks
 * Paul Ronty, Montreal Canadiens
 * Edgar Laprade, New York Rangers
 * Bill Ezinicki, New York Rangers
 * Don Cherry, Boston Bruins (Only NHL game of his career)

Broadcasting
This was the third season of Hockey Night in Canada on CBC Television. Coverage included selected Stanley Cup playoff games. Both regular season and playoff games were not broadcast in their entirety until the 1968–69 season, and were typically joined in progress, while the radio version of HNIC aired games in their entirety.

title: 1954–55 NHL season


text:
Wilder Dwight Bancroft

Wilder Dwight Bancroft (October 1, 1867 – February 7, 1953) was an American physical chemist.

Biography
Born in Middletown, Rhode Island, he was the grandson of historian and statesman George Bancroft and great-grandson of Aaron Bancroft. He received a B.A. from Harvard University in 1888, and a Ph.D. from University of Leipzig in 1892, as well as honorary SCDs from Lafayette College (in 1919) and Cambridge University (in 1923).

He was an assistant chemistry instructor at Harvard University from 1888–1889 and 1893–1894, then a full instructor from 1894-1895. He then became an assistant professor at Cornell University in 1895, then a full professor (at Cornell) in 1903. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1913, a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1920, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1920.

Bancroft was trained by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, and introduced a number of thermodynamic and colloid-chemical concepts into American physicochemistry. He is known for the Bancroft rule: a predominantly hydrophilic emulsifier stabilizes an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas a predominantly hydrophobic emulsifier stabilizes a water-in oil emulsion.

The lunar crater Bancroft is named in his honor.

His daughter, Mary Warner Bancroft (1896–1967), married another Cornell chemistry professor, Melvin Lorrel Nichols (1894–1981).

Selected writings

 * W. D. Bancroft (1913), Theory of emulsification, Journal of Physical Chemistry 17, 501 – 519.

title: Wilder Dwight Bancroft


text: User talk:80.165.230.2

title: User talk:80.165.230.2


text:
User talk:FAON

FAON
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 16:22, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:FAON


text: Talk:1954–55 NHL season

title: Talk:1954–55 NHL season


text:
Golden Gate, Kyiv

The Golden Gate of Kyiv was the main gate in the 11th century fortifications of Kyiv, the capital of Kievan Rus'. It was named in imitation of the Golden Gate of Constantinople. The structure was dismantled in the Middle Ages, leaving few vestiges of its existence.

In 1982, it was rebuilt completely by the Soviet authorities, though no images of the original gates have survived. The decision has been immensely controversial because there were many competing reconstructions of what the original gate might have looked like.

The rebuilt structure on the corner of Volodymyr street and Yaroslaviv Val Street contains a branch of the National Sanctuary "Sophia of Kyiv" museum. The name Zoloti Vorota is also used for a nearby theater and the Zoloti Vorota station of the Kyiv Metro.

History
Modern history accepts this gateway as one of three constructed by Yaroslav the Wise. The golden gates were built in 1017-1024 (6545 by the Byzantine calendar) at about the same time the Saint Sophia Cathedral was erected. Mentions of an older construction, such as the one presented on a painting by Jan Matejko of king Bolesław I of Poland striking the Golden Gate with his sword during the intervention in the Kyivan succession crisis in 1018, it is now regarded a legend. Originally named simply the Southern Gate, it was one of the three main entrances to the walled city, along with the Ladski and Zhydivski (Polish and Jewish) Gates. The last two have not survived. The stone fortifications stretched for only 3.5 km. The fortification of the Old Kyiv (Upper City) stretched from the Southern Gates down to what is now Independence Square and where the Lechitic Gate was located. From there, the moat followed what is now Kostyol Street, skirting St. Michael's Monastery and continuing along today's Zhytomyr Street toward the Jewish Gates (at Lviv Square). From there, the fortification stretched what is now Yaroslaviv Val ("Yaroslav's Rampart") Street back to the Southern Gate. Later, the Southern Gate became known as the Great Gate of Kyiv. After the Blahovist Church (Church of the Annunciation) was built next to the gate, its golden domes became a prominent landmark easily visible from outside the city. Since then, the gateway has been referred to as the Golden Gate of Kyiv. The gate's passageway was about 40 ft high and 20 ft wide. For almost half a millennium, it served as the city's Triumphal Arch, a prominent symbol of Kyiv. Reputedly, it was modeled on the Golden Gate of Constantinople. Later, a similar name was given to the gates of Vladimir city where one of the Monomakh's descendants, Andrei I Bogolyubsky, established his own state, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. In 1240, the gate was partially destroyed by Batu Khan's Golden Horde. It remained as a gate to the city (often used for ceremonies) through the eighteenth century, although it gradually fell into ruins.

In 1832, Metropolitan Eugenius had the ruins excavated and an initial survey for their conservation was undertaken. Further works in the 1970s added an adjacent pavilion, housing a museum of the gate. In the museum, visitors can learn about the history of construction of the Golden gate as well as ancient Kyiv.

In 1982, the gate was completely reconstructed for the 1500th anniversary of Kyiv, though this was challenged. Some art historians called for this reconstruction to be demolished and for the ruins of the original gate to be exposed to public view.

In 1989, with the expansion of the Kyiv Metro, Zoloti Vorota station was opened nearby to the landmark. Its architectural assemble is based on the internal decorations of ancient Ruthenian churches.

In 1997, the monument to Yaroslav the Wise was unveiled near the west end face of the Golden Gate. It is an enlarged bronze copy of an experimental figuring by Kavaleridze.

Church above the passage
In addition to mentioning the construction of the church above the passage of the Golden Gate in the chronicle, it is also mentioned in Metropolitan Ilarion's "Word of Law and Grace" of the Golden Gate.

Gate Church had to serve "the heavenly protection of the city", but was also a regular church – people arrived to pray there.

The bell chapel is reproduced in the form of a three-nave four-pillar single-dome temple. In the architectural decoration of the facades used ornaments from the brick, typical for the ancient buildings of that period. The floor of the church is decorated with a mosaic, the picture of which is based on the ancient floor design of Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kyiv.

Reconstruction of the monument reproduces the segments of the shaft adjoining to the gate. On the outside they have suspended slopes. At the top of the shaft there are wooden bunks. On the ends conventionally shown internal structures. From the city side on the facade there are warehouses. Inside the restored shaft segments there is an exposition of the Museum of the Golden Gate and the stairs leading to the balcony, from which a magnificent panorama of the city is visible.

Square
The Золотоворітський сквер was created in the second half of the 19th century. Botanical natural monument was created by the decision of the Kyiv executive committee № 363 20 March 1972.

title: Golden Gate, Kyiv


text: User talk:172.208.65.164

title: User talk:172.208.65.164


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Avidemux

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. --Ryan Delaney talk 05:24, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Avidemux
Non-notable software. --Howcheng 16:25, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I'm seeing 74,100 Google hits. Seems notable enough. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  16:40, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * More debate needed here, and didn't keep the AfD tag for very long. -Splash 20:53, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Same findings as Andrew. Fernando Rizo T/C 22:13, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, survived an Afd even when the tag was removed early. Kappa 22:15, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as all of above. --Apyule 05:51, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep interest is present and growing --Saulgoode
 * Keep I see 189,000 google search results for it. This program has a large user base and is probably the second best known open source encoding software. --SadaraX 10:29, 12th September 2005 (UTG)
 * Keep ! --83.171.150.54 19:27, 15 September 2005 (UTC) :)
 * Keep Useful article on a popular program. I was surprised to see the possible deletion flag, it seems completely unwarranted
 * Keep Agree with above, well known and popular software, Howcheng is out to lunch.
 * Keep Will likely become a must have app for video work on Linux. (Much like VirtualDub etc on Windows).
 * Keep A GoogleGroups search shows it gets mentioned aprroximately once a day across many different groups. As more GUI oriented users migrate to Linux will will become a de-facto standard tool for video conversion. (Much like TMPGenc on the Microsoft platform).

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Boies Penrose

Boies Penrose (November 1, 1860 – December 31, 1921) was an American politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who served as a Republican member of the United States Senate for Pennsylvania from 1897 to 1921. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the Philadelphia County district in 1885. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 6th district in 1897 and as President pro tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate from 1889 to 1891.

Penrose was the fourth political boss of the Pennsylvania Republican political machine (known under his bossism as the Penrose machine), following Simon Cameron, Donald Cameron, and Matthew Quay. He was the most powerful political operative in Pennsylvania for 17 years, supported Warren Harding in his nomination for U.S. president, and added the oil depletion allowance into the Revenue Act of 1913 to benefit oil producers. Penrose was the longest-serving U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania until Arlen Specter surpassed his record in 2005.

Early life and education
He was born on November 1, 1860, in Philadelphia, one of seven sons, to Dr. Richard Alexander Fullerton Penrose and Sarah Hannah Boies. He was born into a prominent Old Philadelphian family of Cornish descent. The family traced their American origins to Bartholomew Penrose, a Bristol shipbuilder, who was invited by William Penn to establish a shipyard in the Province of Pennsylvania. He was a grandson of Speaker of the Pennsylvania Senate Charles B. Penrose and brother of gynecologist Charles Bingham Penrose and mining entrepreneurs Richard and Spencer Penrose. He was a descendant of the prominent Biddle family of Philadelphia.

Penrose attended Episcopal Academy and Harvard University. He was almost expelled from Harvard due to poor academics but was able to improve his grades by Senior year. He graduated second in his class in 1881. After reading the law with the firm of Wayne MacVeagh and George Tucker Bispham, he was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1883.

Pennsylvania legislature
He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for Philadelphia County in 1885, and was elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 6th district in 1886. He served as president pro tempore from 1889 to 1891. At the age of 26, he was the youngest state senator and at age 29, the youngest President pro tempore.

Although Penrose wrote two books on political reform, he joined the political machine of Matthew Quay, a Pennsylvania Republican political boss. In 1895, Penrose ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Philadelphia. He was forced to withdraw from the race when his Democrat opponent released a photo of Penrose leaving a brothel at three o'clock in the morning.

U.S. Senate and National Republican Party Committee
In 1897, the state legislature elected Penrose to the United States Senate over John Wanamaker.

Penrose was a dominant member of the Senate Finance Committee and supported high protective tariffs. He had also served on the United States Senate Committee on Banking, United States Senate Committee on Naval Affairs, United States Senate Committee on Post Office and Post Roads, United States Senate Committee on Education and Labor, and United States Senate Committee on Immigration. One of Penrose's most important legislative actions was adding the oil depletion allowance to the Revenue Act of 1913 which benefited oil producers including the Mellons and the Pews. Penrose consistently supported "pro-business" policies, and opposed labor reform and women's rights.

He created the development of "squeeze bills", in which he would have Pennsylvania colleagues enter bills into the Pennsylvania legislature that were negative toward major industries, such as railroads and banks, and promised to remove the bills after receiving sufficient political contributions from those industries.

Penrose was elected Chairman of the State Republican Party in 1903, succeeding fellow Senator Matthew Quay. A year later, Quay died, and Penrose was appointed to succeed him as the state's Republican National Committeeman. He was the most powerful political operative in Pennsylvania for the next 17 years and enabled figures like Richard Baldwin to advance through loyalty to his organization.

In the 1912 presidential election, Penrose strongly supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over former President Theodore Roosevelt. To discredit Roosevelt in the three-way race that year, Penrose worked with Roosevelt's embittered Progressive rival, Robert M. La Follette, to establish a Senate committee to investigate sources of contributions to Roosevelt's 1904 and 1912 campaigns. After a campaign that consisted of heavy attacks on Penrose, Roosevelt won Pennsylvania in the 1912 election, although Democrat Woodrow Wilson won the national vote. Penrose was also a major supporter of Warren Harding, and helped the Ohio Senator win the 1920 Republican nomination. Penrose's role in Harding's election helped earn Pennsylvanian Andrew W. Mellon the role of Secretary of the Treasury.

In 1912, Penrose was forced out of power by the progressive faction of the party led by William Flinn. Penrose did not stand for re-election to his national committee post. However, following Flinn's departure from the party to support Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party, Penrose was able to garner enough support to return to his post as national committeeman and would remain in the position until his death.

In 1914, Penrose faced his first direct election (following the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment). He publicly campaigned for the first time in his life and defeated Democrat A. Mitchell Palmer and Progressive Gifford Pinchot.

In November 1915, Penrose accompanied the Liberty Bell on its nationwide tour to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco to raise money for World War I.

Personal life and business
Penrose was six foot four inches tall and was nicknamed "Big Grizzly". He had a huge appetite and was known to have a dozen eggs at breakfast and a full turkey at lunch. He won a $1,000 bet in an eating contest of 50 oysters and a quart of bourbon that sent his opponent to he hospital. He did not like people watching him eat and had screens set up to provide privacy when he dined at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia.

Penrose was an avid outdoorsman and enjoyed mountain exploration and big-game hunting. He was one of the 100 original members of the Boone and Crockett Club. According to his hunting guide, W.G. (Bill) Manson, they had to spend a lot of time to find a horse big enough to carry Penrose and his custom saddle. The horse was called "Senator." After Penrose stopped riding, the horse was retired to pasture because no standard saddle would fit him.

He never married and was known to boast of his love of prostitutes, stating that he didn't "believe in hypocrisy".

In 1903 Boies, along with his brothers and father, invested in the formation of the Utah Copper Company.

Death and legacy
Penrose died on December 31, 1921, in his Wardman Park penthouse suite in Washington, D.C. in the last hour of 1921, after suffering a pulmonary thrombosis. He was interred in the Penrose family grave section of Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

Following Penrose's death, his lieutenant Joseph Grundy became one of the leaders of the Republican machine, but no one boss dominated the party as Penrose and his predecessors had.

Mount Penrose in the Dickson Range in southwest-central British Columbia is named after Penrose.

A bronze statue of Penrose by Philadelphia sculptor Samuel Murray was erected in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania's Capitol Park in September 1930.

Publications

 * Philadelphia 1681-1887: A History of Municipal Development, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1887
 * The City Government of Philadelphia - Volume 5, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1887
 * Ground Rents in Philadelphia, Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1888
 * Revenue Bill of 1918: Speech of Hon. Boies Penrose of Pennsylvania in the United States Senate, Washington, 1918

title: Boies Penrose


text: User talk:168.8.128.150

title: User talk:168.8.128.150


text:
Talk:Duralumin

If 1908 is correct, the Wright brothers' engine must have been an earlier alloy. A book said that there was only one alloy available in 1903 but did not name it. I was assuming that it was duraluminum. It said that one large aluminum alloy casting made up most of the engine. Perhaps it doesn't take a very good alloy to be better than cast iron when heat conductivity and weight are both important. The engine Manly finished for Langley had much better power to weight (to try to compensate for poorer aerodynamics), but I have not read what the materials were.

As I remember, the name comes from the location of its discovery, which was Düren Germany, but I have not been able to check that on the Web. If anyone else has read that too we should put it in.

 * From the beginning this article has not been clear in seperating duralumium, a specific, patented alloy, from a lot of other aluminium alloys. Many others don't use copper as the primary alloying element, or don't respond to precipitation heat treatment - the discovery that made duraluminum useful. Meggar 05:17, 2005 September 11 (UTC)

About the origin of the material's name, a page in German Wikipedia mentions that the name came from Latin word "durus" (hard). This is the link of the page: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin

The article also states that the name is obsolete, but it's still in use, as in the case of the Samsung Series 9 laptop (released Mar. 2011).

http://www.samsung.com/us/computer/laptops/NP900X3A-A03US

which war ?
"Its composition and heat treatment were a wartime secret. "

Which war ? This sentence comes after the story about the Hindenburg. But it says the product use spread through the aircraft industry in 1930's.   Was it a secret in WW1 or 2 ?Eregli bob (talk) 11:24, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Neither. It was a commercial secret before WW1 (which implied treatment as a state military secret), but it had already become known outside Germany before the outbreak of WW1. The alloy can be determined by inspection and the heat treatment is pretty simple - age-hardening behaviour (unlike Hiduminium) is just something that will happen automatically, once you happen across the right alloy. Yet during WW1 it was little used by the Allies. Again, it was handed over as part of post-WW1 reparations, along with some airships, and yet it was still little used by the Allies. The odd part isn't that Duralumin was unknown or unused, but that aluminium alloys just weren't used (outside airships) for the sort of rolled strip applications for which Duralumin was useful. When it was eventually used like this, Duralumin was known and used. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:07, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

 * A search of early Flight articles featuring Duralumin here:  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.24.215.105 (talk) 19:30, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

Current use
Purchased a "Stronglight Dural 5083 9/10 Speed Chainring" AUG 2020 - they're using "Dural" to refer to products in their line made with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5083_aluminium_alloy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.146.26.182 (talk) 17:22, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Japanese use in WWII Zero fighter
it was also used in the wing spars of the a6m zero 2600:1700:6CC1:2A70:107F:8083:A806:C0B1 (talk) 17:39, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Mitsubishi A6M Zero says most of the Zero was made of a new Extra Super Duralumin alloy (now 7075 aluminium alloy). - Rod57 (talk) 17:26, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

Anyone speak German? And was the US really involved in the origins?
... or maybe a smaller change would do. The article says "The term is a combination of Dürener and aluminium." where Dürener is a link to the town of Düren. No clue there that Dürener means "of or from Düren" in German. German Wikipedia has https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrener_Metallwerke which is an article about the Düren metal works company, which is where the name actually comes from. Its version of the Duralumin article https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraluminium make the link clear. It also makes no mention of the unsubstantiated claim in this article "Duralumin was developed in 1909 in the US." Number774 (talk) 09:35, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

 * The biography of Alfred Wilm says he was working for a German firm. I suspect there was no US involvement.
 * "Whilst working in military research NUTZ in Neubabelsberg in 1901, Wilm discovered age hardening, in particular age hardening of aluminium alloys." Quote is from the article Alfred_Wilm. -- 198.232.211.130 (talk) 16:41, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

Dur
Although there might be reason to consider Dürener the origin of the prefix Dur i always thought it came from Dur like hard in latin. So it would be a "hard" alumin. 95.33.171.105 (talk) 12:57, 19 March 2024 (UTC) My grandfather was the chief commissioner for Duraliumin for the German Reich which he was trading via his company. There was always the idea it was for the use in the german airplane-wings, where durability and lightweight was necessary. I always thought Dur stood for "hard" and "durable".

title: Talk:Duralumin


text:
Boom Boom

Boom Boom, Boom Boom Boom, or Boom Boom Boom Boom may refer to:

Animals

 * Boom Boom Ox, a decorated ox used in Tamil Nadu, India for fortune-telling

People

 * Boom Boom (nickname)
 * "Boom Boom Bundy", early stage name for American professional wrestler King Kong Bundy (born 1957)
 * Bill Brown (American football) (1938-2018) American football player
 * Bernie Geoffrion (1931–2006), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Shahid Afridi (born 1977), Pakistani cricketer
 * Sister Boom Boom (1955–2012), American drag queen and astrologer
 * Lady Boom Boom, French-Canadian drag queen

Characters

 * Tabitha Smith or Boom Boom, a Marvel comic book superheroine
 * Freddie "Boom Boom" Washington, played by Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs in the TV series Welcome Back, Kotter
 * Luther "Boom Boom" Jackson, in the film The Fortune Cookie
 * Boom Boom, a boss monster in the video game Super Mario Bros. 3
 * Sonic "Boom Boom" Renaldi, a character in the Speed Racer film adaptation

Film and television

 * Boom Boom (film), a 1936 Looney Tunes short film
 * Boom boom (1990 film), a Fernando Guillén Cuervo film
 * "Boom Boom!", catchphrase of Basil Brush, a British TV character
 * "Boom Boom!", a type of Sting (percussion) to punctuate a joke.

Music

 * Boom Boom Radio, a jazz oriented Albanian radio station
 * Boom Boom, a type of Caribbean drum used in the music of the Virgin Islands
 * Boom Boom Band, band of Willie Alexander and the Boom Boom Band 1978 New Wave album

Albums

 * Boom Boom (album), a 1992 album by John Lee Hooker
 * Boom Boom, a 2003 album and a tune by Norwegian/Swedish jazz group Atomic
 * Boom! Boom! Boom!, an album by Kelley Deal 6000

Songs

 * "Boom Boom" (Cham song), 2005
 * "Boom Boom" (Dareysteel song), 2014
 * "Boom Boom" (Emmy song), 2011
 * "Boom Boom" (John Lee Hooker song), 1961
 * "Boom Boom" (Justice Crew song), 2012
 * "Boom Boom" (Mabel song), 1978
 * "Boom Boom" (Rye Rye song), 2012
 * "Boom Boom" (RedOne song), 2017
 * "Boom Boom" (Loboda and Pharaoh song), 2020
 * "Boom Boom (Out Go the Lights)", a 1979 Pat Travers live single from the album Live! Go for What You Know
 * "Boom, Boom", a 2019 song by Akon from El Negreeto
 * "Boom Boom", a 2023 song by the Cat Empire from the album Where the Angels Fall
 * "Boom Boom", a 2017 Iggy Azalea song from the Pitch Perfect 3: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack album
 * "Boom Boom", a 2016 Đông Nhi song featuring Mei
 * "Boom Boom", a 1982 song by Nazia and Zoheb from the album Star/Boom Boom
 * "Boom Boom (Let's Go Back to My Room)", a 1987 song by Paul Lekakis
 * "Boom Boom (Menudo Mix)", a track from the 2001 album Shhh! by Mexican-American cumbia group A.B. Quintanilla y Los Kumbia Kings
 * "(I Got That) Boom Boom", from the 2003 album In the Zone by Britney Spears
 * "Boom Boom", a song by The Wiggles from The Wiggles Movie Soundtrack
 * "Boom Boom", a 2013 song by Brian Cross featuring Inna from the album PopStar
 * "Boom Boom (Heartbeat)", a 2013 Ray Foxx ft. Rachel K Collier song
 * "Boom Boom Boom", a dance song by the Outhere Brothers
 * "Boom-Boom-Boom", a 2004 song by Rina Aiuchi
 * "Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!", a 1999 song by Vengaboys
 * "Boom Boom, Ain't It Great to Be Crazy?", a children's song

title: Boom Boom


text:
Mu'allaqat

The Muʻallaqāt (المعلقات, ) is a compilation of seven long pre-Islamic Arabic poems. The name means The Suspended Odes or The Hanging Poems, they were named so because these poems were hung in the Kaaba in Mecca, Some scholars have also suggested that the hanging is figurative, as if the poems "hang" in the reader's mind.

Along with the Mufaddaliyat, Jamharat Ash'ar al-Arab, Asma'iyyat, and the Hamasah, the Mu'allaqāt are considered the primary source for early written Arabic poetry. Scholar Peter N. Stearns goes so far as to say that they represent "the most sophisticated poetic production in the history of Arabic letters."

Compilation
The original compiler of the poems may have been Hammad al-Rawiya (8th century). The grammarian Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Nahhas (d. 949 CE) says in his commentary on the Mu'allaqat: "The true view of the matter is this: when Hammad al-Rawiya saw how little men cared for poetry, he collected these seven pieces, urged people to study them, and said to them: 'These are the [poems] of renown.'" Orfali suggests that the connection is "the multi-thematic qaṣidāh form".

Hammad was a Persian by descent, but a client of the Arab tribe, Bakr ibn Wa'il. For this reason, some suppose he not only received into the collection a poem of the famous poet Tarafa, of the tribe of Bakr, but also that of another Bakrite, Harith. The latter had been a prominent chieftain, while his poem could serve as a counterpoise to Harith's contemporary 'Amr, chief of the Taghlib, the rival tribe of the Bakr. 'Amr praises the Taghlib in glowing terms: Harith, in a similar vein, extols the Bakr ancestors of Hammad's patrons.

The collection appears to have consisted of the same seven poems which are found in modern editions, composed respectively by Imru' al-Qais, Tarafa, Zuhayr, Labīd, 'Antara Ibn Shaddad, 'Amr ibn Kulthum, and Harith ibn Hilliza. These are enumerated both by Ibn Abd Rabbih (860–940 CE), and, on the authority of the older philologists, by Nahhas; and all subsequent commentators seem to follow them. There is, however, evidence of the existence, at an early period, of a slightly different arrangement. The Jamharat Ash'ar al-Arab claims that two of the most competent ancient authorities on Arabic poetry, al-Mufaddal (d. c. 790) and Abu ʿUbaidah (d. 824 CE), had already assigned to the "Seven" (i.e. "the seven Mu'allaqat") a poem each of al-Nabigha and al-A'sha in place of those of 'Antara and Harith. The learned Ibn Qutaiba (9th century), in his book Of Poetry and Poets, mentions as belonging to the "Seven" not only the poem of 'Amr, which has been reckoned among the Mu'allaqat (ed. de Goeje, p. 120), but also a poem of 'Abid ibn al-Abras (ibid. 144). The variance in the lists of poets may have been due to tribal rivalries.

Nabigha and A'sha were more famous than any of the poets represented in the Mu'allaqat, with the exception of Imru' al-Qais, so it could be that scholars of a somewhat later date appended a poem by each of these to the Mu'allaqat, without intending by this to make them an integral part of that work. This is indicated by the introductory words of Yahya ibn Ali Tibrizi (d. 1109 C.E.) to his commentary on the Mu'allaqat. Appended to this he gives a commentary to a poem of Nabigha, to one of A'sha, and moreover one to that poem of 'Abid which Ibn Qutaiba had counted among the seven. Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406 CE), in his Muqaddimah, speaks of nine Mu'allaqat, but this was probably due to a misunderstanding.

The hanging of the poems
Ibn Abd Rabbih in the Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd ("The Precious Necklace") states, "The Arabs had such an interest in poetry, and valued it so highly, that they took seven long pieces selected from the ancient poetry, wrote them in gold on pieces of Coptic linen folded up, and hung them up (allaqat) [sic] on the curtains which covered the Kaaba. Hence we speak of 'the golden poem of Imru' al-Qais,' 'the golden poem of Zuhayr.' The number of the golden poems is seven; they are also called 'the suspended' (al-Muʻallaqāt)." Similar statements are found in later Arabic works. Al-Nahhas, however, denied this in his commentary on the Muʻallaqāt: "As for the assertion that they were hung up in the Kaaba, it is not known to any of those who have handed down ancient poems."

No trace of this story is found in early sources about Mecca or the customs of pre-Islamic Arabia. There are records of other items being hung in the Kaaba: a Meccan was reported to have hung a spoil of battle on the Kaaba (Ibn Hisham, ed. Wiistenfeld, p. 431), and an important document may have been deposited there (ibid. p. 230). A passage of late origin claims that the poems were taken down after the capture of Mecca by the Prophet (De Sacy, Chrestom. ii. 480), but the event is not otherwise attested.

While the poems were almost certainly transmitted orally before being recorded in writing, scholars such as Brown see no reason why significant change through the oral transmission should exist—because the poems were held in high regard, there would be more social pressure to repeat them precisely.

Another version of the legend, also given by Nahhas, is as follows:

"Most of the Arabs were accustomed to meet at Okaz and recite verses; then, if the king was pleased with any poem, he said, 'Hang it up, and preserve it among my treasures.'""

However, there was no king of all the Arabs, and it is unlikely that any Arabian king attended the fair at Okaz. The story that the poems were written in gold originated in the name "the golden poems" (literally "the gilded"), a figurative expression for excellence. The designation "suspended" may be interpreted in the same way, referring to those (poems) which have been raised, on account of their value, to a specially honourable position. Another derivative of the same root is ʻilq, "precious thing." Another name sometimes used for these poems is assumut, "strings of pearls". From this usage it became popular, even in ordinary prose, to refer to speech in rhythmical form as naqm "to string pearls." The selection of these seven poems is unlikely to have been the work of the ancient Arabs, but rather some one writing at a later date.

Another hypothesis is given by Robson, who argues that the title was given by Hammad to indicate that the poems are "suspended" from their rightful place—that is, like a disrespected wife denied her place by a husband of multiple wives (Qu'ran 4.128), the poems are denied their proper place: a diwan. Regardless of meaning, most scholars doubt the poems were physically hung at the Kaaba.

The seven renowned ones
The lives of these poets were spread over a period of more than a hundred years. The earliest of the seven was Imru' al-Qais, regarded by many as the most illustrious of Arabian Muʻallaqah poets. His exact date cannot be determined; but probably the best part of his career fell within the midst of the sixth century. He was a scion of the royal house of the tribe Kinda, which lost its power at the death of its king, Harith ibn ʻAmr, in the year 529. The poet's royal father, Hojr, by some accounts a son of this Harith, was killed by a Bedouin tribe, the Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah. The son led an adventurous life as a refugee, now with one tribe, now with another, and appears to have died young. A contemporary of Imruʻ al-Qais was Abid ibn al-Abras, one poem of whose is by some authorities reckoned among the collection.

The Muʻallaqah of 'Amr ibn Kulthum hurls defiance against the king of al-Hirah, 'Amr III ibn al-Mundhir, who reigned from the summer of 554 until 568 or 569, and was afterwards killed by the poet. This prince is also addressed by Harith in his Muʻallaqa. Of Tarafa, a few satirical verses have been preserved, directed against this same king. This agrees with the fact that a grandson of the Qais ibn Khalid, mentioned as a rich and influential man in Tarafa's Muʻallaqah (v. 80 or 81), figured at the time of the Battle of Dhi Qar, in which the tribe Bakr routed a Persian army. This battle falls about 610 CE.

The Muʻallaqah of Antarah ibn Shaddad and that of Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma contain allusions to the feuds of the kindred tribes Banu Abs and Banu Dhubyan. Famous as these contests were, their time cannot accurately be ascertained. But the date of the two poets can be approximately determined from other data. Ka'b bin Zuhayr, composed first a satire, and then, in the year 630, a eulogy on the Prophet; another son, Bujair, had begun, somewhat sooner, to celebrate Muhammad. Antara killed the grandfather of Ahnaf ibn Qais, who died at an advanced age in 686 or 687; he outlived 'Abdallah ibn Simma, whose brother Duraid was old when he died in battle against Muhammad's army (early in 630 CE); and he had communications with Ward, whose son, the poet Urwah ibn al-Ward, may perhaps have survived the flight of Muhammad to Medina. From these indications, German scholar Theodor Nöldeke placed the productive period of both poets in the end of the 6th century. The historical background of Antara's Muʻallaqat lies somewhat earlier than that of Zuhayr's.

The poems of 'Alqama ibn 'Abada and Al-Nabigha are from the same period. In Al-Nabigha's poem sometimes reckoned as a Muʻallaqah, he addresses himself to the king of al-Hirah, al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir, who reigned in the two last decades of the sixth century. The same king is mentioned as a contemporary in one of poems of ʻAlqama.

The poem of al-A'sha, sometimes added to the Muʻallaqāt, contains an allusion to the battle of Dhi Qar (under the name "Battle of Hinw", v. 62). This poet, lived to compose a poem in honour of Muhammad, and died not long before 630 CE.

Labīd is the only one of these poets who was still alive by the time Muhammad began preaching the Quran, and later converted to Islam. His Muʻallaqa, however, like almost all his other poetical works, belongs to the pre-Islamic period. He may have lived until 661 or later.

Hammad Ar-Rawiya's seven poets

 * 1) Imru' al-Qais
 * 2) Labīd
 * 3) Tarafa
 * 4) Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma
 * 5) Antara Ibn Shaddad
 * 6) Amr ibn Kulthum
 * 7) Harith ibn Hilliza

Poets sometimes numbered amongst the seven

 * 1) Al-Nabigha
 * 2) al-A'sha
 * 3) 'Abid ibn al-Abras

The poems
The seven Mu'allaqat, and also the poems appended to them, represent almost every type of ancient Arabian poetry. Tarafa's poem includes a long, anatomically exact description of his camel, common in pre-Islamic poetry. The Mu'allaqat of 'Amr and Harith contain fakhr (boasting) about the splendors of their tribe. The song of Zuhayr is presented as the "practical wisdom of a sober man of the world." The other poems are fairly typical examples of the customary qasida, the long poem of ancient Arabia. The Mu'allaqat of 'Antara has a warlike tone, in contrast to the peaceful themes of Labid.

There is a high degree of uniformity in the Mu'allaqat. The poets use a strict metrical system. The only poem which shows unusual metrical freedom is the song of 'Abid. However, Abid's contemporary Imru' al-Qais, in a poem which in other respects also exhibits certain coincidences with that of 'Abid, also shows considerable licence in the use of the same rare metre. The deviations from the schema in 'Abid may be due to incorrect transmission by compilers who failed to grasp the metre. The other poems ascribed to 'Abid, together with all the rest attributed to Imru' al-Qais, are constructed in precise accord with the metrical canons.

The last poet in the Mu'allaqat is Hammad, the compiler of the Mu'allaqat. Hammad may have altered the text and transposed some verses. Some of the Mu'allaqat have several preambles: so, especially, that of 'Amr, the first eight verses of which belong not to the poem, but to another poet. Some of the poems exhibit great divergences (both in the order and number of the verses and in textual details) from their exemplars in other poetic anthologies. This is particularly the case with the oldest Mu'allaqat, that of Imru' al-Qais. According to Nöldeke, the most accurate text is that of the latest Mu'allaqat, the song of Labid.

The Mu'allaqat exist in many manuscripts, some with old commentaries. Printed editions include that of Charles James Lyall with the commentary of Tibrizi (Calcutta, 1894). Johnson's detailed translation, published by the Bombay Education Society in 1893, includes an introduction and analysis by Arabic scholar Shaikh Faizullabhai. A notable commentary titled Ḥall al-ʿUqdah fī Sharḥ Sabʿ Muʿallaqah was written by Momtazuddin Ahmad.

Translations

 * A. J. Arberry, The Seven Odes: London, 1957
 * Lady Anne Blunt and W. S. Blunt, The Seven Golden Odes of Pagan Arabia: London, 1903
 * Sir William Jones, The Mo'allakat or Seven Arabian Poems: Calcutta, 1782
 * F. E. Johnson, The Seven Poems Suspended in the Temple at Mecca: Bombay, 1893
 * Michael Sells, Desert Tracings: Wesleyan University Press 1989

title: Mu'allaqat


text:
Icafui

The Icafui (also Ycafui, Icafi, Ycafi) people were a Timucua people of southeastern Georgia, who were closely related if not synonymous with the Cascangue people. Exceptionally little is known about the Icafui, other than their general location and the fact that they spoke a dialect of Timucua called "Itafi" along with the Ibi.

The Icafui are described living on the mainland east of the Ibi, Yufera, and Oconi, which would correspond to a homeland on or not far inland from the Georgia coast between the mouths of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers. This region is associated with Savannah-culture artifacts. Deagan specifically narrows this range to the mainland opposite to Jekyll Island, with a northern boundary in the vicinity of the Turtle River.

The villages of Xatalano, Heabono, Aytire, Lamale, Acahono, Tahupa, Punhuri, Talax, Panara, Utayne, and Huara are named as settlements "of the pine forests of the interior lands who are subjects of Doña Maria (of Tacatacuru on Cumberland Island)" which may have been affiliated with the Icafui, but could also have been Mocama.

During the Spanish colonial period, the Icafui did not receive a mission of their own, but interacted with Mocama missions such as San Pedro de Mocama. The tribe is not mentioned post 1604, and was likely destroyed or displaced by the Yamasee in the early 17th century.

title: Icafui


text:
Michael Garrick

Michael Garrick (30 May 1933 – 11 November 2011) was an English jazz pianist and composer, and a pioneer in mixing jazz with poetry recitations and in the use of jazz in large-scale choral works.

Biography
Garrick was born in Enfield, Middlesex, and educated at University College, London, from which he graduated in 1959 with a BA in English literature. As a student there he formed his first quartet, featuring vibraphonist Peter Shade. Recordings of this are on HEP (Chronos and Silhouette, released on Gearbox vinyl). Aside from some lessons at the Ivor Mairants School of Dance Music, Garrick was "an entirely self-taught musician" (he had been expelled from Eleanor B. Franklin-Pike's piano lessons for quoting from "In the Mood" at a pupils' concert), though he attended Berklee College, Boston, as a mature student in the 1970s.

Soon after graduating, Garrick became the musical director of "Poetry & Jazz in Concert", a roadshow devised by poet and publisher Jeremy Robson, and involving writers as diverse as Laurie Lee, Adrian Mitchell, Vernon Scannell, Spike Milligan, Dannie Abse, and John Smith. Garrick's quintet at this time included Joe Harriott and Shake Keane. Garrick came to special prominence in the British contemporary jazz world initially as the pianist with the Don Rendell–Ian Carr quintet from 1965 to 1969, and led his own sextet from 1966.

Garrick is perhaps best known for his jazz-choral works, the first of which he started in 1967. Jazz Praises, an extended religious work for his sextet and a large choir, was performed at St. Paul's Cathedral in London, and elsewhere. With poet John Smith he produced a series of such works, starting in 1969 with Mr Smith's Apocalypse for sextet, speakers, and chorus, which had its premiere at the Farnham Festival. The culmination of this partnership was A Zodiac of Angels, a choral jazz ballet performed opposite Carmina Burana under the baton of Victor Fox in the Opera Theatre Manchester in January 1988 and using symphony orchestra, seven jazz soloists including Norma Winstone, full choir and a dance company. Indian classical music has influenced many of his compositions.

Aside from his performing, recording, and composing, Garrick was heavily involved in jazz education, and held teaching posts at the Royal Academy of Music and at Trinity College of Music, London; he continued to teach at summer schools, both for the Guildhall School of Music and on his own Jazz Academy Vacation Courses, from 1989 at Beechwood in Tunbridge Wells. For many years he took his trio into schools presenting interactive events to introduce children to jazz.

His own record label, Jazz Academy Records, features many albums by his Michael Garrick Jazz Orchestra and has trio, solo, quartet and other small groupings, some including singers Norma Winstone, Anita Wardell and Jacqui Dankworth. In 2009, Garrick began a collaboration with vocalist Nette Robinson. At the time of his death he had also begun to develop work with a quartet including vibraphonist Jim Hart, which would have reworked some of the music of the Modern Jazz Quartet and would have provided an echo of his own first quartet, half a century earlier. That year, he also participated in the release of a 1964 recording, The Girl with Brown Hair, featuring his trio (with Colin Barnes on drums and Dave Green on bass) backing Dick Morrissey.

Garrick was appointed MBE in the 2010 Birthday Honours. He published his autobiography Dusk Fire: Jazz in English Hands, co-written with Trevor Bannister, in the same year.

Garrick died on 11 November 2011 after suffering heart problems for some years.

As leader
Main sources:

Almost all of Garrick's early recordings have been reissued on CD, especially through the Vocalion label. Moonscape was reissued in 2007 on Trunk Records. Albums from the 1990s to 2010 appeared mainly on his Jazz Academy label.

As co-leader
With The Don Rendell / Ian Carr Quintet
 * Dusk Fire (Columbia, 1966)
 * Phase III (Columbia, 1968)
 * Live (Columbia, 1969)
 * Change Is (Columbia, 1969)
 * Live in London (Harkit, 2003) – live rec. 1965

As sidemen
With Nette Robinson
 * Remembered Time (Jazz Academy, 2010) – as Michael Garrick Trio

Compositions

 * Praises: a miscellany of religious texts and images for jazz group, organ, and chorus. Recorded in 1965: Simon Preston (organ), Louis Halsey's Elizabethan Singers, and jazz quintet with Joe Harriott (alto sax) and Shake Keane (trumpet)
 * Mr Smith's Apocalypse: cantata (poems by John Smith). Commission from Farnham Festival, 1969. Same forces as Praises, plus readers. Recorded in 1970 with the Garrick septet.
 * Judas Kiss: the Passion of Christ. Text compiled from the four gospels. Commission from Nottingham Festival, 1971. Same forces as Mr Smith's Apocalypse, with string orchestra added in 1990. Not commercially recorded.
 * A Hobbit Suite or Gemstones: suite based on J. R. R. Tolkien The Hobbit, in nine sections. Commission from Mersey Arts, 1973 for jazz sextet, including the voice of Norma Winstone. Later expanded for jazz orchestra. Recorded in 1994 (selections from expanded version).
 * Jazz Portraits: an ongoing project from 1975, depicting figures from jazz such as Duke Ellington, John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie, McCoy Tyner, Thelonious Monk, and Bill Evans; for large and small ensembles.
 * Underground Streams: an after-death soliloquy, with interludes from angels and other heavenly beings. Based on Rudolf Steiner's 1912 lecture-cycle Life between Death and Rebirth. Commission from the Jazz Centre Society, London, 1978. Forces: voice, guitar, and piano. First performance at South Bank Centre, June 1978 with Norma Winstone (voice), Phil Lee (guitar), and Garrick (piano). Not commercially recorded; broadcast on BBC Radio 3.
 * Hardy Country: suite for small or large ensemble, with or without vocal part; in nine self-contained movements, plus three poem settings for speaker. Commission from South-West Arts and Eldridge Pope, brewers, of Dorchester. First performance June 1990 in the Thomas Hardy Hall by jazz quartet with Norma Winstone. Later expanded for jazz orchestra. Selections of expanded version recorded in 1994.
 * A Zodiac of Angels: suite of twelve pieces, depicting the situation and function of twelve heavenly beings as defined in A Dictionary of Angels by Gustav Davidson; selected and turned into verse by John Smith. Commission from Manchester Education Authority for symphony orchestra, six jazz instrumental soloists, jazz singer, chorus, and soloists. First performance at Royal Northern College of Music Opera Theatre, January 1988 in a fully staged (dance) version.
 * The Royal Box: suite in nine movements based on phrases connected with royalty (e.g., "The Old Pretender", "The Royal Prerogative", "A Lady in Waiting", etc.). Inspired by the media treatment of the British Royal Family, in particular Prince Charles and Princess Diana. In two versions: piano/bass/drums trio and jazz orchestra. Trio version recorded complete; selections of jazz-orchestra version recorded.
 * Bovingdon Poppies: oratorio of poem "Bovingdon Poppies" (a poem by Eva Travers), for chorus, soloists, jazz sextet, and string orchestra. First performance: Remembrance Day, November 1993.

Autobiography

 * Michael Garrick, Dusk Fire: Jazz in English Hands (with Trevor Bannister). Earley, Reading: Springdale Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9564353-0-9

Other sources

 * Coleridge Goode and Roger Cotterrell, Bass Lines: A Life in Jazz. London: Northway Publications, 2002.
 * Alan Robertson, Joe Harriott: Fire in His Soul, 2nd edn. London: Northway Publications, 2011.

title: Michael Garrick


text:
Pityriasis lichenoides chronica

Pityriasis lichenoides chronica is an uncommon, idiopathic, acquired dermatosis, characterized by evolving groups of erythematous, scaly papules that may persist for months.

Symptoms and signs
Although other forms of the disease occur at younger ages, some individuals start having long term symptoms at thirty years of age. This disease also affects adolescents and young adults. This also affects the immune system which therefore results in rashes. The symptoms rarely affect the face or scalp, but occurs at other sites of the body. The duration may last for months or even several years. For instance, new crops of lesions appear every few weeks.

Causes
Pityriasis lichenoides chronica is probably caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to infectious agents such as the Epstein–Barr virus. Other infectious agents include the adenovirus and Parvovirus B19.

Treatment
There is no standard treatment for pityriasis lichenoides chronica. Treatments may include ultraviolet phototherapy, sun exposure, oral antibiotics, and corticosteroid creams and ointments to treat rash and itching. One study identified the enzyme bromelain as an effective therapeutic option for pityriasis lichenoides chronica.

title: Pityriasis lichenoides chronica


text:
User talk:Allotta123

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more people with 123 in their name. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 16:28, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Allotta123