text:
Talk:Princess Maria of Romania

Request
Would an administrator reverse the blanking of the redirect and if judged necessary, full protect the page too. --86.149.244.69 (talk) 19:43, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I've reverted to the redirect. I'm still looking around to see what other actions might be necessary or most appropriate. John Vandenberg (chat) 23:34, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I've replied to the user. If it continues to happen, full protection will be necessary. John Vandenberg (chat) 23:55, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Princess Marie of Romania which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 21:46, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Princess Maria of Romania (1870–1874) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 02:02, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Princess Maria of Romania


text:
Charité

The Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité – Berlin University Medicine) is Europe's largest university hospital, affiliated with Humboldt University and the Free University of Berlin.

The Charité traces its origins to 1710. The complex is spread over four campuses and comprises around 3,000 beds, 15,500 staff, 8,000 students, and more than 60 operating theaters, and has a turnover of two billion euros annually.

The modern history of medicine has been significantly influenced by scientists who worked at the Charité. Rudolf Virchow was the founder of cellular pathology, while Robert Koch developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis. For his life's work Koch is seen as one of the founders of modern medicine. More than half of all German Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine, including Emil von Behring, Robert Koch, and Paul Ehrlich, have worked at the Charité.

In 2010–2011 the medical schools of Humboldt University and Freie Universität Berlin were united under the roof of the Charité. The admission rate of the reorganized medical school was 3.9% for the 2019–2020 academic year.

History
Complying with an order of King Frederick I of Prussia from 14 November 1709, the hospital was established north of the Berlin city walls in 1710 in anticipation of an outbreak of the bubonic plague that had already depopulated East Prussia. After the plague spared the city, it came to be used as a charity hospital for the poor. On 9 January 1727, King Frederick William I of Prussia gave it the name "Charité", French for "charity".

The construction of an anatomical theatre in 1713 marks the beginning of the medical school, then supervised by the collegium medico-chirurgicum of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

In the 19th century, after the University of Berlin (today Humboldt University) was founded in 1810, the dean of the medical college Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland integrated the Charité as a teaching hospital in 1828. During this time it became home to such notable medical pioneers as Rudolf Virchow, known as "the father of modern pathology" and whose name is given to the eponymous "Virchow's Method" of autopsy; the Swiss psychiatrist and neurologist Otto Binswanger, whose work in vascular dementia led to the discovery of Binswanger's Disease—so coined by his colleague Alois Alzheimer; Robert Koch, who identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax; and Emil von Behring, widely known as a "saviour of children" for his 1894 discovery of a diphtheria antitoxin at a time when diphtheria was a major cause of child death (among many others).

During the Second World War, the Charité endured the Battle of Berlin and Berlin was taken by the Red Army on 2 May 1945. Though the majority of its original and pre-war structure was damaged or destroyed during the war, it nevertheless was used as a Red Army hospital. The Charité remained in the Soviet Sector of Berlin until the formation of the German Democratic Republic, the GDR (Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR) in 1949, more commonly called East Germany. Under the Communists, standards were largely maintained, and it became a showpiece for East Bloc propaganda during the Cold War. Corpses of Berlin Wall victims were taken here for autopsies.

In 1990, with the reunification of Germany, and in the years following, Charité once again became one of the world's leading research and teaching hospitals.

Organization
The Charité has four different campuses across the city of Berlin with a total of 3,001 beds:
 * Campus in Mitte, Berlin 52.5254°N, 13.37847°W
 * Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF) in Lichterfelde, Berlin 52.44183°N, 13.32039°W
 * Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK) in Wedding, Berlin 52.54235°N, 13.34306°W
 * Campus Berlin Buch (CBB) in Buch, Berlin 52.62465°N, 13.49956°W

In 2001, the Helios Clinics Group acquired the hospitals in Buch with their 1,200 beds. Still, the Charité continues to use the campus for teaching and research and has more than 200 staff members located there. The Charité encompasses more than 100 clinics and scientific institutes, organized in 17 different departments, referred to as Charité Centers (CC):

Overall, 12 of those centers focus on patient care, while the rest focuses on research and teaching. On 1 January 2023, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin – Stiftung des bürgerlichen Rechts (DHZB) have merged their cardiac medical facilities to form the Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC). The DHZC is located at the three clinical campuses of Charité at Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Benjamin Franklin. It comprises a total of eight clinics and institutes with around 2,500 employees and has around 470 beds. It is one of the largest cardiac centres in Germany for the treatment of all cardiovascular diseases in patients of all ages
 * CC 1: Health and Human Sciences
 * CC 2: Basic Sciences (First Year)
 * CC 3: Dental, Oral and Maxillary Medicine
 * CC 4: Charité-BIH Center for Therapy Research
 * CC 5: Diagnostic Laboratory and Preventative Medicine
 * CC 6: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
 * CC 7: Anesthesiology, Operating-Room Management and Intensive Care Medicine
 * CC 8: Surgery
 * CC 9: Traumatology and Reconstructive Medicine
 * CC 10: Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center
 * CC 11: Global Health
 * CC 12: Internal Medicine and Dermatology
 * CC 13: Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Nephrology
 * CC 14: Tumor Medicine
 * CC 15: Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry
 * CC 16: Audiology/Phoniatrics, Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology
 * CC 17: Gynecology, Perinatal, Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine with Perinatal Center & Human Genetics

The Medical History Museum Berlin has a history dating back to 1899. The museum in its current form opened in 1998 and is famous for its pathological and anatomical collection.

Medical school
In 2003 the Berlin city and state House of Representatives passed an interim law unifying the medical faculties of both Humboldt University and Freie Universität Berlin under the roof of the Charité. Since 2010–2011 all new medical students have been enrolled in the New Revised Medical Curriculum Programme with a length of 6 years. The Charité is together with Heidelberg University Medical School Germany's most competitive medical school (2020). 3.17% of all Charité Medical School students are supported by the German Academic Scholarship Foundation, one of the highest percentages of all public German universities. The Erasmus Exchange Programme offered to Charité Medical School students includes 72 universities and is the largest in Europe. Charité students can spend up to a year at a foreign medical school with exchange partners such as the Karolinska Institute, University of Copenhagen, Sorbonne University, Jagiellonian University, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Amsterdam, and the University of Zürich. Students are also encouraged to participate in research projects, complete a dissertation, or join Charité affiliated social projects.

In 2021, the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) became the translational research unit of Charité, making the Charité the first university clinic that receives direct and annual financial support by the federal state of Germany. Together with private charity donors like the Johanna Quandt's private excellence initiative or the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as financing by the State of Berlin, the new direct federal investments will become the third financial foundation for research at the Charité. In addition, it is part of the Berlin University Alliance, receiving funding from the German Universities Excellence Initiative in 2019.

Notable people

Many famous physicians and scientists worked or studied at the Charité. Indeed, more than half of the German Nobel Prize winners in medicine and physiology come from the Charité. Fifty seven Nobel laureates are affiliated with Humboldt University of Berlin and five with Freie Universität Berlin.

 * Selmar Aschheim (1878–1965) – gynecologist
 * Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben (1819–1895) – surgeon
 * Georg Axhausen (1877–1960) – surgeon
 * Ernst von Bergmann (1836–1907) – surgeon
 * August Bier (1861–1949) – surgeon
 * Max Bielschowsky (1869–1940) – neuropathologist
 * Theodor Billroth (1829–1894) – surgeon
 * Otto Binswanger (1852–1929) – psychiatrist and neurologist
 * Karl Bonhoeffer (1868 –1948) – neurologist
 * Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt (1885–1964) – neurologist and neuropathologist
 * Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (1792–1847) – surgeon
 * Christian Drosten – virologist
 * Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs – pathologist
 * Robert Froriep – anatomist
 * Wilhelm Griesinger – psychiatrist and neurologist
 * Hermann von Helmholtz – physician and physicist
 * Joachim Friedrich Henckel – surgeon
 * Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle – physician, pathologist and anatomist
 * Eduard Heinrich Henoch – pediatrician
 * Otto Heubner – pediatrician
 * Rahel Hirsch – first female medical professor in Prussia
 * Erich Hoffmann – dermatologist
 * Anton Ludwig Ernst Horn – psychiatrist
 * Gero Hütter – hematologist
 * Friedrich Jolly – neurologist and psychiatrist
 * Friedrich Kraus – internist
 * Bernhard von Langenbeck – surgeon
 * Karl Leonhard – psychiatrist
 * Hugo Karl Liepmann – neurologist and psychiatrist
 * Leonor Michaelis – biochemist and physician
 * Hermann Oppenheim – neurologist
 * Samuel Mitja Rapoport – biochemist and physician
 * Moritz Heinrich Romberg – neurologist
 * Ferdinand Sauerbruch – surgeon
 * Curt Schimmelbusch – physician and pathologist
 * Johann Lukas Schönlein – physician and pathologist
 * Theodor Schwann – zoologist
 * Ludwig Traube – physician and pathologist
 * Rudolf Virchow – physician, founder of cell theory and modern pathology
 * Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal – neurologist and psychiatrist
 * Carl Wernicke – neurologist
 * August von Wassermann – bacteriologist
 * Caspar Friedrich Wolff – physiologist
 * Bernhard Zondek – endocrinologist

Nobel laureates

 * Emil Adolf von Behring – physiologist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901)
 * Ernst Boris Chain – biochemist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945)
 * Paul Ehrlich – immunologist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908)
 * Hermann Emil Fischer – chemist (Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902)
 * Werner Forssmann – physician (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956)
 * Robert Koch – physician (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905)
 * Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927) – physician (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1910)
 * Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981) – physician and biochemist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953)
 * Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986) – biochemist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953)
 * Hans Spemann (1869–1941) – embryologist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935)
 * Otto Heinrich Warburg (1883–1970) – physiologist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1931)

International partner universities

 * UK: Oxford University
 * UK: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
 * UK: King's College London
 * US: Northwestern University, Chicago
 * Canada: Université de Montréal
 * Australia: Monash University, Melbourne
 * Japan: Chiba University
 * Japan: Saitama Medical School
 * Brazil: Universidade de São Paulo
 * China: Tongji University, Shanghai
 * China: Tongji Medical College, Wuhan
 * Georgia: Tbilissi State Medical University
 * Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
 * Israel: Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem
 * Israel: Weizmann Institute Rehovot
 * Israel: Tel Aviv Sourasky Institute
 * Kenia: University of Nairobi School of Medicine
 * Argentina: Universidad de Buenos Aires

Einstein Foundation
The Charité is one of the main partners of the Einstein Foundation, which was established by the city and state of Berlin in 2009. It is a "foundation that aims to promote science and research of top international caliber in Berlin and to establish the city as a centre of scientific excellence". Research fellows include:
 * Thomas Südhof – biochemist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2013)
 * Brian Kobilka – chemist (Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2012)
 * Edvard Moser – neuroscientist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014)

Television

 * Charité (Season 1, takes place in 1888)
 * Charité at War, (Season 2, takes place between 1943 and 1945)
 * Charité "In the shadow of the wall" (Season 3, takes place in 1961)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charité


text: User talk:207.191.24.253

title: User talk:207.191.24.253


text: Category:Organic chemistry stubs

title: Category:Organic chemistry stubs


text:
User talk:Ishtirak

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
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False Edit Summary in Jewish Voice For Peace Page
Please note that your edit summary can be considered false, since in addition to "added Foundation for Middle East Peace grant"

You removed content and source supporting content. I reverted it for the moment, since the addition you added and the content removed made made the article far less NPOV. Out of goodfaith I will assume this was done by mistake (We're all human). But please note if you choose to summarize you ought to include such big changes, especially ones that change the nature of articles that are 500/30 and may be considered contentious. Homerethegreat (talk) 16:14, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

 * In reference to the removal of: The Jewish Bulletin of Northern California wrote in 2003 that "the mainstream Jewish community" viewed "Jewish Voice for Peace as a group of radical Jews who air dirty laundry by criticizing Israel when the Jewish state is under attack. Some go as far as to label the members self-hating Jews ."
 * and removal of this Writing in The Jerusalem Post in 2008, Jon Haber described JVP as an organization that "exists largely to declare anyone accused of anti-Jewish bias 'not guilty' (with a Jewish accent)".
 * Homerethegreat (talk) 16:19, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Please review the revision history carefully. I did not remove any content. That was another user, JArthur1984, who offered a justification for their edits. See the Talk page as well. I've re-instated my edit. -Ishtirak (talk) 16:32, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ishtirak


text:
User:Meiers Twins

There is only ever one Meiers Twin editing.

title: User:Meiers Twins


text:
Lostock Hall

Lostock Hall is a  suburban village within the South Ribble borough of Lancashire, England. It is located on the south side of the River Ribble, some 3 mi south of Preston and 3 mi north of Leyland. It is bordered on its southeastern side by the interchange for the M6, M61 and M65 motorways.

Lostock Hall traces its origins to James de Lostock who in 1212 built Lostock's Hall in the then rural area of Cuerden Green in the township of Walton-le-Dale. A settlement expanded outwards from Lostock's Hall, taking its name from the Hall. The former separate community of Tardy Gate is now for all intents and purposes a part of Lostock Hall - it used to be the farming community linking one part of rural Lancashire to another.

Early history
The estate of Lostock's Hall in the rural area of Cuerden Green was built by James de Lostock. The grounds which surrounded Lostock's Hall got renamed as Lostock Hall after the death of James, by his daughter Magote.

In 1662 Andrew Dandy paid a rent of 12d to the lord of Clitheroe for his lands called Lostock, and in 1666 William Dandy paid tax upon three hearths here. He died in 1676. Andrew Dandy and William, his son, were out-burgesses at Preston guild in 1682. To this day, a small section of the River Lostock, is known by locals as "Dandy Brook", in honour of the Dandys.

Lostock's Hall was destroyed by a fire. Some of the main brick work not affected by the fire were reused in 1764, to form structure of a new building on the original site, as part of a regeneration project by William Clayton Esq. William's son, George Clayton inherited the hall following the death of William Clayton. George went on to living in the hall for many years with his wife Dolly, until he died in 1829, at the age of 86. George's second son, William became the new inheritor of the property, until he relocated to the South of England in the late 1840s. The trend of inheriting the hall continued for many years through such owners as Robert Orrell Esq. (cotton spinner and manufacturer, Cuerden Mills) 1847-61; John Bashall Esq. (cotton manufacturer, Lostock Hall), 1861–71 and Robert Jackson 1871-81.

Modern history
The trend of inheriting the hall ceased, when the founders of the a cotton thread works, purchased the property in the early 1880s by Harry Dewhurt; who remained living there until 1918, when he relocated to Cheshire after the First World War and gave the Hall and its 6 ½ acres of grounds, to the Preston Royal Infirmary so that it could be used as a continuation hospital. Alteration work began, and by June 1922, the Lostock Hall Continuation Hospital formally opened its doors for women and children, continuing to do so until 1982, when the Lancashire Area Health Authority ceased to exist, and forced the hospital to closed down.

During the final months of the hospital's existence, a group of Trustees had established St. Catherine's Hospice (Lancashire) Limited, in the Lancashire area, and were looking for a building to serve as a hospice base for people in the Preston, Chorley, and South Ribble Boroughs. The lands and building of the Lostock Hall Continuation Hospital were purchased, as this was positioned geographically central to all three Boroughs. The building was renovated, and the first service at the Hospice started in 1984. The first Day Care service took place on 29 April 1985.

Ward Street bombings
Lostock Hall fell victim to bomb attacks during the Second World War, most seriously when the Leyland Motors factory in Leyland came under attack by a single bomber on 27 October 1940. Although fire from army gunners drove the bomber from his target, three bombs were dropped in the vicinity. Many terraced homes were destroyed and 27 people died. After the war a dance-hall was built on the site, subsequently used industrially by the Bacup Shoe Factory. After the shoe factory's closure in 1982, Calvary Christian Fellowship bought and developed the building and established a centre of worship and community activity.

Todd Hall
Todd Hall in Todd Lane North dates from 1630 and is a Grade II* listed building.

Governance
Lostock Hall is an unparished ward and forms part of the South Ribble borough.

Following the South Ribble local council elections in May 2015 Councillors Joseph Clifford Hughes, Jacqui Mort and Renee Noreen Blow, all of the Conservative Party, were elected to represent the Lostock Hall ward.

Lostock Hall forms part of the Lostock Hall & Bamber Bridge electoral division on Lancashire County Council and is represented by Jeff Couperthwaite, also of the Conservative Party.

Since the general election in 2010 the area has formed part of an extended Ribble Valley constituency. The member of parliament for this constituency is Nigel Evans of the Conservative Party.

Boundary changes proposed by the Boundary Commission for England as part of Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies would see Lostock Hall move into a revised South Ribble seat at the next general election. The recommendations were submitted to the Government on 5 September 2018 and it’s now up to Parliament to decide whether the boundary changes will be implemented.

Geography
Lostock Hall's main road to the north, Leyland Road leads to the town of Penwortham in the north-west, and on to the City of Preston in the north, this boundary being on the junction between B5254 (Leyland Road) and Flag Lane. To the north-east is the residential district of Walton Park which leads to the village of Walton-le-Dale, with this boundary being the old railway bridge on Wateringpool Lane (just after the gas works). The main road to the east, Brownedge Road, links it to Bamber Bridge, the boundary between the two is the 'Old Railway Bridge' situated on the B5257 (Brownedge Lane). The roundabout junction of B5254 (Watkin Lane) and A582 (Lostock Lane - eastbound), in the south-east, is the boundary which separates Lostock Hall and Cuerden.

Demography
According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Lostock Hall had a population of 3,948, with 1,959 being males, and 1,989 being females. The 2001 population density for inhabitants per square mile (2,065 /km²) was unknown. Lostock Hall's 1,675 households owner occupied statistics, 30.57% owned the house outright, 55.4% owned their houses with a mortgage or loan, 0.9% shared ownership, 0.78% rented from council (local authority), 7.16% rented from housing associations/registered social landlords, 3.7% rented from private landlord or letting agencies, and 1.49% rented from another source.

Population change
The next census is scheduled to take place during 2021.

Industrial mills
Lostock Hall Spinning company now closed was replaced by a housing estate. Tardy Gate Mill on Coote Lane was built in 1908 by the Tardy Gate Manufacturing Company it was bought out and greatly expanded by Thomas Moss & Sons in 1920 and produced calico and linen until its demise in the late 1970s. The mill also owned the local cricket pitch and sponsored the cricket team. There was also a Ladies' hockey team for many years that was originally made up mainly of workers from the weaving sheds and offices. The mill and a moderately large railway repair depot are now gone, with most inhabitants commuting to work, mainly in Preston. Tardy Gate Mill was then bought by Mr & Mrs Todd, and now houses Todds Motorhomes & camping accessory shop, a snooker hall, a printing business, a car repair garage, and many other small businesses.

Schools
There are four schools in Lostock Hall. Lostock Hall Academy, located on Todd Lane North, is the local secondary school. Lostock Hall Community Primary School is situated on Linden Drive, and covers Key Stage 1 and 2 curriculum. Our Lady And St Gerard's Roman Catholic Primary School is situated on Lourdes Avenue, and covers curriculum for Early Years Foundation Stage, Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 2. Moor Hey School is a special school.

Library
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, plans were made to create a purpose built library facility in Lostock Hall. Construction took place between 1961 and 1962, and Lostock Hall Library was officially opened by Sir Harry Pilkington on 28 January 1963. The original library consisted of two buildings, which were divided by a central garden area. The central garden area later became roofed in the 1980s to provide a much larger reference library area, with the original reference area being converted into a private office area for the staff to use. A few years passed, and the building came across a few subsidence problems, which were rectified by 1999 when work began on new foundations to cure this problem.

Trains
Lostock Hall maintains a railway station. The East Lancashire Line on which the station stands is frequently used by railway companies as a bypass for the main West Coast Main Line when that is being closed for engineering works, as it links with the Settle-Carlisle Line. For this reason, excursions frequently travel through the station, attracting railway enthusiasts to the many ideal viewing places. Lostock Hall Locomotive Shed was one of the final steam sheds housing and servicing steam locomotives up to the end of the steam era in Britain in August 1968.

Buses
Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire operate two regular bus services through Lostock Hall, providing commuter links to nearby towns and villages, including Preston city centre.

Service 111 runs from Preston to Leyland via Penwortham, Lostock Hall and Farington. One journey each hour Monday to Saturday daytimes extends to Wigan, serving Eccleston and Standish en route.

Service 109 from Preston to Chorley operates through the village, connecting it with Walton Park, Leyland, Buckshaw Village and Euxton.

In addition, Transdev's 153 service between Preston and Leyland links Lostock Hall with Bamber Bridge and Gregson Lane.

title: Lostock Hall


text:
Sosibius of Tarentum

Sosibius (Σωσίβιoς; lived 3rd century BC) was a Tarentine from Magna Graecia, one of the captains of the body-guards of Ptolemy Philadelphus (283–246 BC), king of Egypt. It is not improbable he may have been the father of Sosibius, minister of Ptolemy Philopator (221–204 BC).

title: Sosibius of Tarentum


text:
Tent house

A tent house (Telthus) or a regimental arsenal building was in use in Norway from the establishment of the regular army in 1628, and became common at the special exercise grounds.

In the first years, on every Sunday after the sermon, the local regiment would drill outside the church. After 1774 this location was changed in favour of special exercise or parade grounds, with annual musters of 12 days. At these places the "tent houses" were built.

Each larger farm or a number of smaller farms was obliged to supply one fully equipped soldier. This farm or group of farms was called a legd. One person was then appointed to do the service for the legd.

Ytre Valdreske Kompagni had an exercise or parade ground located close to Bagn Kirke, Sør-Aurdal municipality, down by the river. The regimental arsenal is relocated at Bagn Bygdesamling.

Granske Kompagni had its exercise ground at Granavollen, Gran municipality. The regimental arsenal is now relocated to Hadeland Folkemuseum.

Historical context
Northwestern Europe witnessed warfare on a scale not previously experienced during the period between 1558 and 1721. Military change was rapid and extensive in Norway, modifying the army structure and increasing the fortification of the borders and strong points. The burdens placed on the populace grew dramatically.

The Norwegian regimental army was established during the Thirty Years' War, which consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars based on religious and economic objectives that raged throughout central and northern Europe in 1618–1648. Denmark-Norway actively participated in the Thirty Year War (see Hannibal War) between 1625 and 1630. The French, English and Dutch opposed the Habsburg Empire. When the Empire attacked Danish possessions on the Baltic and in northern Germany, Christian IV of Denmark's troops joined, but were defeated by the army of the Catholic League.

title: Tent house


text:
Onedotzero

onedotzero is a contemporary digital arts organisation based in London that aims to promote new work in moving image and motion arts. The organisation conducts public events, artist and content development, publishing projects, education, production, creative direction, and related visual art consultancy services.

It holds international events, including the onedotzero festival first held in 1997. onedotzero is supported by the Arts Council of England. It runs a free open submission scheme, and receives around 2,000 entries from all over the world each year. The group curates, commissions, produces, and presents new moving image works that also include music, architecture, design, film, interaction design, computer gaming and live audio visual explorations.

History
onedotzero was created in 1996 by writer and former film critic Matt Hanson as a film festival designed to promote new media collectives and new digital art works developing in London. The festival promoted the new desktop digital filmmaking tools that were becoming available, which Hanson termed 'the film studio in your flat.' It allowed exploration of a film on a single screen, interactive and live audio-visual work. onedotzero was the first festival to present and commission audio visual performances, computer gaming visuals, music videos, and commercials in a film and arts context.

The first festival in 1997 was produced with a short-lived new media arts collective, onearmbandit. From this group, new media and theatre producer Shane Walter joined Hanson as joint festival director for the second festival (onedotzero2,1998) and subsequent festivals. Hanson and Walter established the onedotzero company later in 1997. After Hanson resigned as director at the end of 2001 Walter continued as sole director of onedotzero6 and subsequent festivals.

Other directors whose music video work was shown in early festivals include Chris Cunningham, Spike Jonze, Mike Mills and Michel Gondry.

In November 2008 the festival onedotzero_adventures in motion was held at the BFI Southbank and BFI IMAX for the first time. The festival tours internationally, including Buenos Aires, Argentina, New York, France, Russia, with sell-out festivals at London's BFI Southbank on November 8. and in Buenos Aires on September 8. The festival includes themed compilation screenings featuring short film, music videos, animation and motion graphic from several countries. It also features live audiovisual performance.

In 2008, onedotzero held two events in the BFI IMAX. They commissioned British musician Nitin Sawhney to collaborate with stage designer Es Devlin and onedotzero industries for a one-off show. They also hosted a night featuring audiovisual acts The Light Surgeons, D-Fuse AV and Hexstatic. The festival also featured installations by artists including Jason Bruges, Troika, Doodlearth and Hexstatic.

In 2006, to mark the tenth anniversary of onedotzero, the group held a series of events, including onedotzero_transvision at the Victoria and Albert museum, onedotzero_amour at the Tate Modern, and onedotzero_metamorphosis at the Hayward Gallery.

In Screen International’s 25th anniversary issue onedotzero directors Hanson and Walter were named as one of the top ten visionaries of the UK film industry alongside Ridley Scott, Chris Nolan and Lynne Ramsay. The Guardian Film Unlimited described its work as the most, crucial groundbreaking festival of the early 21st-century.

onedotzero held a festival in Buenos Aires, Argentina In September 2008, with over 50,000 people attending over the weekend, for screenings, installations and live events from Mole and Martin Philips, Christian Wloch, Peter, Bjorn and John and Hexstatic

In 2009 they again held their film festival at the BFI in London "adventures in Motion" and co-curated (with the V & A Museum) "decode: digital design sensations" with new work in digital and interactive design, from small screen based graphics to large-scale installations, and included 35 works by artists and designers including Daniel Brown, Golan Levin and Daniel Rozin as well as new designers including Troika and Mehmet Akten.

Related projects
onedotzero was conceived as a producing festival and soon created spin-offs from its programming.

onedottv
In 1999 the festival span off the TV series onedottv - it was produced and programmed by Hanson and Walter. In 2001, a 12-part follow-up maxi-series "onedottv_global " was made for the UK television channel Channel 4, directed and produced by the co-directors, with camera by Grant Gee. It involved filming subjects in Tokyo, New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sweden and Paris.

onedotzero DVD label
The onedotzero DVD label, launched in 2001, distributes and sells in several countries. The onedotzero_select DVD series are compilations with highlights of the festival screenings, as well as other new works including short films, documentary and music videos. The fifth edition in the series was released in summer 2007.

Subsequent releases include a DVD single - the multi-award winning black and white animated short Who I Am And What I Want by artist David Shrigley and director Chris Shepherd, of Slinky Pictures.

onedotzero publishing
In 2004, a book and accompanying DVD, Motion blur: graphic moving imagemakers, was co-edited by Hanson and Walter, with interviews mainly sourced from Hanson's interviews from the onedotzero_global TV series, and additional photography from Walter. It was published in the UK, Netherlands, and USA, going to reprint twice. The follow-up book, produced by Laurence King, was released in 2008.

onedotzero + MTV Bloom
Launched in autumn 2006, Bloom was an international competition for moving image artists, which commissioned a series of one-minute-films that explore identity and community. The films were finished in summer 2007, and shown on MTV and online.

onedotzero industries
onedotzero has a sister production company, onedotzero industries, which was founded by Shane Walter and Sam Pattinson. it works in the area of moving image and brand development for TV, web, live events, visuals, promos, installations, commercials and emergent technologies. Clients include Sony, BBC TV, LG, Nike, Sharp, Stella Artois, Levi Strauss, Absolut Vodka, Diesel, Dentsu, Motorola, S4C, Asian Dub Foundation, The Charlatans, Live8, and Giles Deacon.

Projects include the animation series Geek Boy for the Sci Fi UK channel, live visual content for the Rolling Stones, U2, Pet Shop Boys, Darren Hayes, Oasis, Chemical Brothers, Pink and Eros Ramazzotti tours, all video content for the Little Britain stage production and video and interactive content / production for the George Michael and Genesis live tours.

onedotzero industries works with designers including Willie Williams, Run Wrake, Logan, Julian Opie, UVA, D-Fuse, Minivegas, Shroom, and Alex Rutterford, as well as to commissioning new student designers.

Television

 * onedottv (1999)

DVD

 * onedotzero_select dvd1 (2003)
 * onedotzero_select dvd2 (2004)
 * onedotzero_select dvd3 (2004)
 * onedotzero_select dvd4 (2005)
 * onedotzero_select dvd5 (released Summer 2007)
 * Who I Am And What I Want (2006) award-winning DVD single by David Shrigley and Chris Shepherd, Slinky Pictures
 * D-Tonate by D-Fuse (2003)

Print

 * Motion Blur: Graphic Moving Imagemakers ISBN 1856694658
 * Motion Blur 2: Multidimensional Moving Imagemakers (published early 2008)

title: Onedotzero


text: User talk:81.131.39.64

title: User talk:81.131.39.64


text: User talk:71.105.96.249

title: User talk:71.105.96.249


text:
155 mm SpGH Zuzana

Zuzana 155 mm Gun Howitzer is a Slovak artillery system developed by KONŠTRUKTA - Defence, with a 45-caliber gun and automatic loader for loading of both projectile and charge. It is an evolution of the 152mm SpGH DANA self-propelled howitzer.

The gun has a long range, high accuracy, and high rate of fire, it can be prepared promptly for firing, and it has a high level of mobility ensured by a modified Tatra 8×8 chassis. The design of the gun means it can use any NATO standard 155 mm ammunition. The fire control system allows for a multiple-round simultaneous-impact (MRSI) mode. One of the unique features of Zuzana is that the gun is mounted externally in between two totally separated compartments of the turret. This makes the crew inherently safe from any potentially dangerous mechanics of the gun and its autoloader. Additionally, the crew is protected from the gasses generated during firing.

155 mm ShKH vz. 2000 Zuzana
The original wheeled version adopted by the Slovak Army in 1998.

155 mm ShKH M2000G Zuzana
A modified version made for the Hellenic Army, later resold to Cyprus. Armed with lighter 7.62 mm roof-mounted machine guns.

155 mm ShKH Zuzana 2
Updated version with a new 52-calibre gun, full 360-degree turret traverse and a new armored cab. It has passed Slovak Army trials in December 2009. Slovak army had ordered 25 vehicles (to be delivered in year 2021 and 2022).

The new version is claimed to possess Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact (MRSI) capability.

155 mm ShKH Himalaya
1990's adaptation of the original system to a tracked chassis required by export customers. It is essentially a Zuzana turret mounted on a T-72 chassis. The tracked version so far did not achieve orders beyond initial evaluation units and further production is unlikely.

155 mm ShKH Diana
A joint project between Slovak Konstrukta Defence (Slovakia) and Bumar-Labedy (Poland). Uses Zuzana 2 turret on UPG-NG tracked chassis. A prototype showcased on International Defence Industry Exhibition in Poland in Kielce in 2015.

Specifications

Current operators

 * 🇸🇰: 16 Zuzana 2000 (as of June 2022). 25 Zuzana 2 ordered, 8 units received by July 2021.
 * 🇨🇾: 12 Zuzana M2000G, bought from Greece
 * 🇺🇦: 24 Zuzana 2 bought in two consecutive deals. First order of 8 confirmed in May 2022 by the Slovak minister of defence Jaroslav Naď, with training of crews starting right away. The first order was completed as of 18 January 2023, per statement by the Slovak minister of defence Jaroslav Naď. The second order of 16 units was signed on 2 October 2022, with Denmark, Germany and Norway providing the funding. In early July 2023, during a joint press conference with Volodymyr Zelenskyy, the president of Slovakia, Zuzana Čaputová, referred to a contract covering the procurement of 16 Zuzana 2 self-propelled guns, this was misinterpreted by various news outlets as reference to an additional contract (for the additional production of 16 units), but she was referring to the aforementioned contract signed in October 2022, in fact.

Potential operators

 * : Slovak defence minister claimed that his Georgian counterpart expressed interest in acquiring the system during the meeting which took place on 20 December 2021.

Former operators

 * 🇬🇷: 12 Zuzana M2000G, all sold to Cypriot National Guard

title: 155 mm SpGH Zuzana


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frank Lopez

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge and redirect. Ingoolemo  talk  19:43, 2005 September 6 (UTC)

Frank Lopez
More junk from the wacky world of Wiki brah; article about one character in a movie with no point -- probably an excuse to use the word "Juban". Paul Klenk 09:39, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, major character from major movie. Kappa 11:41, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note from Paul Klenk: Kappa and friends, think about the consequences... In the past two days, we have seen articles focusing on 1] one scene from a movie (Chain Saw Scene from Scarface) and 2] one character from a movie (Frank Lopez from Scarface). Both were from a user who, in my opinion, is a hoaxer (if WP has a more poltically correct euphemism for this term, let me know).  What would happen if every movie had each character and each scene broken out into separate articles?!  What makes such tidbits notable, and where will it stop?  These were both trifling articles, of little consequence, and don't add to the sum of human knowledge.  If we do in fact want to document films in such exhaustive detail, we need to talk about conventions for titling and organizing these data.  Further, this practice is already migrating to reality TV shows, whose characters are no-name wanna-bes trying to break into show business.  Some of these shows haven't even aired yet, and (in the case of a modeling show) their characters/actors are getting new articles under their names, with links pointing to chat rooms sponsored by the show.  The current view seems to be, "It's on TV, so it's notable."  Since when?  Prove it.  Sorry for the rant, but it needed to be said.
 * I think this is covered by Wikipedia is not paper. Incidentally I regard not covering reality TV show contestants as a gross dis-service to the users. Kappa 19:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is also not toilet paper. Tell me, is there any bit of fictional trivia too trivial for you to claim as "notable" or "major"? --Calton | Talk 04:08, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. This is ludicrous. Heck, covering individual episodes of TV shows is, to me, a waste of valuable resources. Are we not slaves of TV enough without it sticking its septic tentacles down our throats even on the Internet? --Agamemnon2 07:12, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Covering individual episodes of TV shows makes a neglible impact on wikipedia's resources, and there is no reason to think that people using this information are less likely to donate than anyone else. If you want to avoid the septic tentacles of TV, feel free not to hit that "random article" link. Kappa 09:58, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Whoa. There is a huge chunk of red text in the middle of my screen.  So eye-catching!  So...persuasive!  Must...vote...delete...  Extreme Unction 23:26, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge with Robert Loggia. Alf Capone 13:23, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Merge and Redirect Strongly agree with Paul Klenk comments above. --12.42.48.204 16:23, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Scarface. Christopher Parham (talk) 17:30, 2005 August 28 (UTC)
 * Delete. If it was that important, it seems that the editors working on the Scarface (1983 film) would have worked it into the fairly extensive plot summary.  I don't think we need to feel obligated to merge this content into a seemingly well-done article.  -- DS1953 18:38, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notabl. Dunc|☺ 18:48, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (only because a vote to merge and redirect could be counted by some admins as a keep). Denni ☯ 19:11, 2005 August 28 (UTC)
 * Delete, more Wiki brah nonsense. Zoe 21:50, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Andrew pmk | Talk 21:54, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect - 5th in cast list on IMDb so could be considered notable (within the limits of Scarface) - but not to the extent of having its own article Barneyboo 21:59, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dottore So 22:52, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Scarface-cruft, brought to you by the Scarfacecrufter himself, User:Wiki brah. --Calton | Talk 04:08, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. feydey 20:21, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable enough for an individual article and no need to redirect. Quale 15:56, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:60.234.158.137

title: User talk:60.234.158.137


text:
Obrovac, Serbia

Obrovac (Обровац) is a village located in the Bačka Palanka municipality, in the South Bačka District of Serbia. It is situated in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and its population numbering 3,177 people (2002 census).

Name
Name Obrovac is of Serbian origin (there is a town in Croatian Dalmatia with same name, see: Obrovac, Croatia). Germans and Hungarians also used modified versions of this Serbian name: Obrowatz (in German) or Boróc, previously Obrovácz (in Hungarian).

History
Serbs established it in 1308. It was destroyed by Ottomans in 1526, after The Battle of Mohács. Growth of the village starts at the end of the 16th century. During the Ottoman rule (16th-17th century), Obrovac was mostly populated by ethnic Serbs.

In 1698, people who left Metković (now Nova Gajdobra) settled in Obrovac. In 1757, Orthodox church and school were built. In 1786, 138 Serb families lived in the village. At the same time, many German people came here from Bavaria (after 1768). In 1825, Catholic church and school for German children were built. In 1904, 1,985 Germans and 1,072 Serbs lived in Obrovac. Today, village has many cultural and sports manifestations.

Historical population

 * 1880: 2,730
 * 1910: 2,930
 * 1921: 3,039
 * 1961: 3,512
 * 1971: 3,174
 * 1981: 3,245
 * 1991: 3,242
 * 2002: 3,177

title: Obrovac, Serbia


text:
Yorke Peninsula Council

The Yorke Peninsula Council is a local government area in South Australia. Its boundaries include most of the Yorke Peninsula. The main Council office is at Maitland; the council also maintains branch offices at Minlaton and Yorketown.

History
It came into existence on 10 February 1997 as a result of the amalgamation of the District Council of Central Yorke Peninsula, the District Council of Minlaton, the District Council of Warooka and the District Council of Yorketown. It was named as the District Council of Yorke Peninsula at its inception, but was renamed to Yorke Peninsula Council in 2013.

Extent
Yorke Peninsula Council includes the towns and localities of:

 * Agery
 * Ardrossan
 * Arthurton
 * Balgowan
 * Black Point
 * Bluff Beach
 * Brentwood
 * Chinaman Wells
 * Clinton
 * Clinton Centre
 * Coobowie
 * Corny Point
 * Couch Beach
 * Cunningham
 * Curramulka
 * Dowlingville
 * Edithburgh
 * Foul Bay
 * Hardwicke Bay
 * Honiton
 * Inneston
 * James Well
 * Kainton
 * Koolywurtie
 * Maitland
 * Marion Bay
 * Minlaton
 * Nalyappa
 * Parsons Beach
 * Petersville
 * Pine Point
 * Point Pearce
 * Point Souttar
 * Point Turton
 * Port Arthur
 * Port Julia
 * Port Moorowie
 * Port Rickaby
 * Port Victoria
 * Port Vincent
 * Price
 * Ramsay
 * Rogues Point
 * Sandilands
 * Sheaoak Flat
 * South Kilkerran
 * Stansbury
 * Sultana Point
 * Sunnyvale
 * The Pines
 * Tiddy Widdy Beach
 * Urania
 * Warooka
 * Wauraltee
 * Weetulta
 * White Hut
 * Winulta
 * Wool Bay
 * Yorke Valley
 * Yorketown

Mayors
The Yorke Peninsula Council has a directly-elected mayor.
 * Thomas Malcolm Thomson (1997-2000)
 * Robert Lloyd Schulze (2000-2006)
 * Ray Agnew (2006-2018)
 * Darren Braund (2018 - current)

title: Yorke Peninsula Council


text:
River Roden

The River Roden may refer to:

 * The River Roden, Shropshire, a tributary of the River Tern in England
 * The River Roden, Berkshire, a tributary of the River Pang in England

title: River Roden


text:
Talk:Akeboshi

Uncategorized convos
The last sentence of the Albums section is just BAD. I don't trust myself to rewrite it, though. Monkey_Man 09:43, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

http://www.ryoart.com/ryo-paint-akeboshi.html I can't figure out if Akeboshi has anything to do with this website. The bottom right picture looks like him, but it's small and not very clear. Did he make the paintings, or is he a friend of the artist..? —This unsigned comment was added by 86.82.109.107 (talk • contribs).

Does anyone have an explanation of what is meant by 5/8 time? The wikipedia article on time signatures did not describe that and listening to his song "wind" I detect 4 beats per measure, not 5, their just not evenly spaced. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.215.126.114 (talk) 19:16, 7 December 2007 (UTC) You can count the beats like 1,2,3|1,2  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vimes123 (talk • contribs) 00:23, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Well, it means that there are 5 beats per measure instead of 4.

but anyway, there is a mistake: He learned to play the piano at the age of three, not of 13!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.131.179.75 (talk) 20:32, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

I've just seen it's been suggested that "Hey There (Akeboshi)" should be merged together. Well, I find it a good idea, but the other pages "Wind (Akeboshi)" and "A nine days' wonder" should also be merged toegether. Iced Phoenix (talk) 09:57, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Merge props
I proposed two of those three merges that I just reinitialized because the individual songs fail both Wikipedia's general notability guidelines and the notability guidelines for music (songs). None of these articles use any references and there's barely any content on the pages. -- Kraftlos  (Talk | Contrib) 08:38, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Support - These songs do not have the notability for separate articles. Scapler (talk) 12:36, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Good, then I'll merge now. -- Kraftlos  (Talk | Contrib) 03:14, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I chose not to include anything from the merged pages becuase either 1. it was already on this page, or 2. I couldn't verify it. I think it looks better now.  -- Kraftlos  (Talk | Contrib) 03:39, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Yellow Moon
I have a reference which shows Yellow Moon with a capitalized moon. So, Epic Records Japan and Sony Music Japan show the album and song as "Yellow Moon", and not "Yellow moon". The site is here. Scapler (talk) 12:51, 19 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Apparently I was editing an old version of the page and didn't notice; same with the link. Sorry, my mistake.  -- Kraftlos  (Talk | Contrib) 03:27, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Akeboshi


text:
File:Telthuset, Hadeland Folkemuseum.jpg

Photo by John Erling Blad (Agtfjott/jeb)


text:
Madh Island

Madh Island (Marathi pronunciation: [məɖʱ]) is a group of several quaint fishing villages and farmlands in northern Mumbai.

Geography
The area is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west, and Malad Creek on the east. There are s few beaches, such as Erangal Beach, Dana Pani Beach, Silver Beach, and Aksa Beach.

Accessibility
The area is accessible by bus service (#271 to Malad and #269 to Borivali) or an autorickshaw from Malad. There is also a ferry service from Versova. One can reach Madh Island by a ferry service or speed boat from Versova Jetty and cross over in five minutes.

Demographics
The area is a rural area inhabited primarily by Kolis, Marathi, Bombay East Indians, Roman Catholics in Madh village as well as by people from other communities.

Madh Fort
Madh Fort is a small fort in northern Mumbai, India situated at Madh Island. It was built by the Portuguese in Portuguese occupied India. They lost it during the war against Maratha empire when the Maratha Empire captured it in February 1739.

The British occupied Salsette Island, Thana Fort, Fort Versova, and the island fort of Karanja in 1774.

It is secluded and difficult to reach, about 15 km from Malad and is the last stop on Route 271 of BEST bus service or via Versova by ferry boat.

It is situated south of Madh Village. It is around a 2 km walk from Madh Mandir bus stop. The fort was built by the Portuguese, as a watchtower in the 17th century. It offers a strategic view of the coastline and guards the Marve Creek. Its external façade is intact but internally it is dilapidated. It is under control of the Indian Air Force as it is located close to an Indian Air Force base and permission is needed for accessing it. Madh Fort is not open to the public, and it is surrounded by local fishermen communities.

In popular culture
Some Bollywood films like Deewana, Love Ke Liye Kuchh Bhi Karega, Baazigar, Shootout at Wadala, and Manmohan Desai's 1985 film Mard, Zamana Deewana, Khalnayak, Shatranj and Tarazu, Game Paisa Ladki were shot at this location. Many episodes of the popular serials Naamkarann, Chandrakanta, C.I.D., Aahat and SuperCops vs Supervillains. The location is often referenced by standup comedian Kapil Sharma in his popular comedy show, The Kapil Sharma Show, in his jokes on presenter and permanent guest Archana Puran Singh, who lives in the area.

title: Madh Island


text:
Gunnar

Gunnar is a male first name of Nordic origin (Gunnarr in Old Norse ). The name Gunnar means fighter, soldier, and attacker, but mostly is referred to by the Viking saying which means Brave and Bold warrior (gunnr "war" and arr "warrior"). King Gunnar was a prominent king of medieval literature such as the Middle High German epic poem, the Nibelungenlied, where King Gunnar and Queen Brynhildr hold their court at Worms. Gunder is a nordic variant, Günther is the modern German variant, and Gonario is the Italian version. Some people with the name Gunnar include:

Gunnar Andersen

 * Gunnar Andersen (1890–1968), Norwegian football player and ski jumper
 * Gunnar Andersen (1909–1988), Norwegian ski jumper
 * Gunnar Aagaard Andersen (1919–1982), Danish sculptor, painter and designer
 * Gunnar Reiss-Andersen (1896–1964), Norwegian poet

Gunnar Andersson

 * Johan Gunnar Andersson (1874–1960), Swedish archaeologist, paleontologist and geologist
 * Gunnar Andersson (1890–1946), Swedish trade unionist
 * Gunnar Andersson (Spökis; 1923–1974), Swedish aviator
 * Gunnar Andersson (footballer) (1928–1969), Swedish football player
 * Per-Gunnar Andersson
 * Per-Gunnar Andersson (born 1957), Swedish racing driver
 * Per-Gunnar Andersson (born 1980), Swedish rally driver

Others

 * Gunnar Asplund (1885–1940), Swedish architect
 * Gunnar Bärlund (1911–1982), Finnish boxer
 * Gunnar Berg
 * Gunnar Berg (1863–1893), Norwegian painter
 * Gunnar Berg (1897–1987), American scouting official
 * Gunnar Berg (1909–1989), Swiss-Danish composer
 * Gunnar Berg (1923–2007), Norwegian politician
 * Gunnar Andreas Berg (born 1954), Norwegian musician
 * Gunnar Berge (born 1940), Norwegian politician
 * Gunnar Berggren (1908–1983), Swedish boxer
 * Gunnar Birkerts (1925–2017), Latvian-American architect
 * Gunnar Bjurner (1882–1964), Swedish Navy vice admiral
 * Gunnar Björnstrand (1909–1986), Swedish actor
 * Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968), Swedish poet and writer
 * Gunnar Eklund (1920–2010), Swedish Army lieutenant general
 * Gunnar Fant (1919–2009), Swedish phonetician
 * Gunnar Fischer (1910–2011), Swedish cinematographer
 * Gunnar Friedemann (1909–1943), Estonian chess player
 * Gunnar Garbo (1924–2016), Norwegian journalist, politician and diplomat
 * Gunnar Garfors (1975-), Norwegian author, traveller and world record holder
 * Gunnar Graps (1951–2004), Estonian musician
 * Gunnar Emil Garfors (1900–1979), Norwegian poet
 * Gunnar Gehl (born 2001), American singer-songwriter
 * Gunnar Grandin (1918–2004), Swedish Navy rear admiral
 * Gunnar Gren (1920–1991), Swedish football player
 * Gunnar Hámundarson (10th century), Icelandic chieftain
 * Gunnar Hansen (disambiguation)
 * Gunnar Hansen (1947–2015), Icelandic-American actor
 * Gunnar Hansen (boxer) (1916–2004), Norwegian boxer
 * Gunnar Heinsohn (1943–2023), German anthropologist
 * Gunnar Henderson (born 2001), American baseball player for Baltimore Orioles
 * Gunnar Hoppe (1914–2005), Swedish Quaternary geologist and geographer
 * Gunnar Höckert (1910–1940), Finnish runner
 * Gunnar Jarring (1907–2002), Swedish diplomat and turkologist
 * Gunnar Jeannette (born 1982), American racing driver
 * Gunnar Jedeur-Palmgren (1899–1996), Swedish Navy vice admiral
 * Gunnar Johansen (1906–1991), Danish-American pianist and composer
 * Gunnar Johansson
 * Gunnar Johansson (1911–1998), Swedish psychologist
 * Gunnar Johansson (1919–1998), Swedish canoeist
 * Gunnar Johansson (1924–2003), Swedish football player
 * Gunnar Kaasen (1882–1960), Norwegian-American dog musher
 * Gunnar Kangro (1913–1975), Estonian mathematician
 * Gunnar Klettenberg (born 1967), Estonian equestrian
 * Gunnar Knudsen (1848–1928), Norwegian politician
 * Gunnar Korhonen (1918–2001), Norwegian politician
 * Gunnar Berg Lampe (1892–1978), Norwegian businessman
 * Gunnar Larsson
 * Gunnar Larsson (1908–1996), Swedish politician
 * Gunnar Larsson (born 1951), Swedish swimmer
 * Gunnar Larsson (born 1944), Swedish cross-country skier
 * Gunnar Larsen (1900–1958), Norwegian journalist, writer, and translator
 * Gunnar Larsen (politician) (1902–1973), Danish engineer, businessman and politician
 * Gunnar Malmquist (1893–1982), Swedish astronomer
 * Gunnar Marklund (1892–1964), Finnish botanist
 * Pål Gunnar Mikkelsplass (born 1961), Norwegian cross country skier
 * Gunnar Möller (1928–2017), German actor
 * Gunnar Molton (born 1993), drummer for Texas Hippie Coalition
 * Gunnar Myrdal (1898–1987), Swedish economist
 * Gunnar Nelson (born 1967), American musician
 * Gunnar Nelson (born 1988), Icelandic martial arts fighter
 * Gunnar Nielsen
 * Gunnar Nielsen (1919–2009), Swedish film actor
 * Gunnar Nielsen (1928–1985), Danish runner
 * Gunnar Guillermo Nielsen (born 1983), Faroese-Argentine football player
 * Gunnar Nielsen (born 1986), Faroese football player
 * Gunnar Nilson (1872–1951), Swedish physician
 * Gunnar Nilsson
 * Gunnar Nilsson (1922–1997), Swedish trade unionist
 * Gunnar Nilsson (1923–2005), Swedish boxer
 * Gunnar Nilsson (1948–1978), Swedish racing driver
 * Gunnar Nordahl (1921–1995), Swedish football player
 * Gunnar Nordström (1881–1923), Finnish physicist
 * Gunnar Öquist (born 1941), Swedish biologist
 * Gunnar Persson (1933–2018), Swedish cartoonist
 * Gunnar Randers (1914–1992), Norwegian physicist
 * Gunnar Rohrbacher (born 1968), American author
 * Gunnar Seidenfaden (1908–2001), Danish diplomat and botanist
 * Ole Gunnar Solskjær (born 1973), Norwegian football player
 * Gunnar Staalesen (born 1947), Norwegian writer
 * Gunnar Stålsett (born 1935), Norwegian theologician and politician
 * Gunnar Taucher (1886–1941), Finnish architect
 * Gunnar Thoresen (footballer) (1920–2017), Norwegian football player
 * Gunnar Thoresen (bobsledder) (1921–1972), Norwegian bobsledder
 * Gunnar Heiðar Þorvaldsson (born 1982), Icelandic football player
 * Gunnar Uusi (1931–1981), Estonian chess player
 * Gunnar Widforss (1879–1934), Swedish-American painter
 * Gunnar Wiklund (1935–1989), Swedish singer

title: Gunnar


text:
Diaguita

The Diaguita people are a group of South American indigenous people native to the Chilean Norte Chico and the Argentine Northwest. Western or Chilean Diaguitas lived mainly in the Transverse Valleys that incise semi-arid mountains. Eastern or Argentine Diaguitas lived in the provinces of La Rioja and Catamarca and part of the provinces of Salta, San Juan and Tucumán. The term Diaguita was first applied to peoples and archaeological cultures by Ricardo E. Latcham in the early 20th century.

Ancient Diaguitas were not a unified people; the language or dialects used by them seems to have varied from valley to valley and they were politically fragmented into several chiefdoms. Coastal and inland Chilean Diaguitas traded, as evidenced by the archaeological findings of mollusc shells in the upper courses of Andean valleys.

According to the 2010 census there are 67,410 self-identified Diaguita descendants in Argentina. In Chile, Diaguitas are the third-most populous indigenous ethnicity after the Aymara and the Mapuche, numbering 88,474 in 2017. The Diaguitas have been recognised as an indigenous people by the Chilean state since 2006.

Language
Early Spanish accounts, including Jerónimo de Vivar's Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile, claim the Diaguitas inhabiting the different Transverse Valleys spoke different languages. Jesuits active in western Argentina also report a large number of languages for the region. Nevertheless, the Chilean Diaguitas scholar Herman Carvajal Lazo claims that they could very well have spoken different dialects instead, which would have differed among each other mainly regarding their lexicon.

Cacán was proposed by Rodolfo Schuller and Ricardo E. Latcham to be the single language of the Diaguitas. This proposal has been questioned by some scholars but is accepted by others, like Sergio Villalobos.

There is notable scarcity of Diaguita toponimy in Norte Chico, including the area of Elqui Valley where most indigenous toponyms has been attributed to either Quechua or Mapuche.

History
The origin of the Diaguita culture is traced back to an archaeological culture known as El Molle complex which existed from 300 to 700 CE. Later, this culture was replaced in Chile by the Las Ánimas complex that developed between 800 and 1000 CE. It is from this last culture that the archaeological Diaguita culture emerged around 1000 CE. The classical Diaguita period was characterized by advanced irrigation systems and by pottery painted in black, white and red.

Mapuche communities in the southern Diaguita lands – that is Petorca, La Ligua, Combarbalá and Choapa – may be rooted in pre-Hispanic times at least several centuries before the Spanish arrival. Mapuche toponymy is also found throughout the area. Around Elqui Valley almost all indigenous toponymy belongs either to Quechua or Mapuche. There is no Diaguita (Kakan) toponymy known in the valley. While there was an immigration of Mapuches to the southern Diaguita lands in colonial times, Mapuche culture there is judged to be older than this. Indeed, in 1954 Grete Mostny postulated the idea of a link between Mapuches and the archaeological culture of El Molle.

It has been claimed that the Inca Empire expanded into Diaguita lands because of its mineral wealth. This hypothesis is currently under dispute. Another possibility is that the Incas invaded the relatively well-populated Eastern Diaguita valleys to obtain labor to send to Chilean mining districts. It is generally accepted that Diaguita incorporation into the Inca Empire was through warfare that caused a severe depopulation in the Transverse Valleys of Norte Chico. According to scholar Ana María Lorandi the Diaguitas, and specially the Calchaquí Diaguitas, would not have been conquered easily by the Inca Empire. Once conquered, the eastern Diaguitas did not unanimously accept Inca rule. The Incas appointed kurakas and established mitmas in the Chilean Diaguita lands. The Diaguitas took influences from the Incas, adopting pottery designs from Cuzco, and Inca techniques in agriculture and metalworking.

The Chilean Diaguitas were conquered by Spaniards coming from Peru. The eastern Diaguitas lands were explored by Spaniards coming from Chile, the Paraná River and Peru. In what came to be called the Calchaquí Wars, the Spanish initially failed to conquer the fertile valleys inhabited by the Eastern Diaguitas, and could only control the eastern valley ends. By founding the cities of Santiago del Estero (1550s), Tucumán (1565), Salta (1582), La Rioja (1591) and Jujuy (1593) the Spanish established an effective fence around the rebellious Eastern Diaguita valleys. To further dominate the Diaguitas, the city of Londres was founded in 1607 in the middle of the Eastern Diaguita territory.

During the government of García Hurtado de Mendoza in Chile (1557–1561) Chilean Diaguitas that had rebelled were decimated by the Spanish. The Calchaquí Diaguitas of the eastern side of the Andes rose against Spanish rule in 1630 and the last rebels fought until 1642–1643. In this rebellion, the Spanish city of La Rioja came close to being destroyed. The Calchaquí Diaguitas only entered Spanish rule after 1665.

The Diaguita languages in Chile may have been largely lost during a process of miscegenation with Mapuche-speaking populations.

title: Diaguita