text:
Talk:Blue Gender

Recent Changes
The Plot is now at least correct and a bit more coherent. I could not match up some of what was said here and what actually occurs before. If anyone wants to make the plot more vague or remove some of the less important plot points they can do so. Dharh (talk) 01:47, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Before 9 August 2008
The Laura Bailey link is fixed now  ........ Fegor 11:53, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Tried fixing the second to last sentence in the plot - originally it was kinda hard to understand and was a run-on. I did my best to avoid changing the main ideas expressed in the sentence, but feel that it should be redone. Thinking about changing it to this:

Yuji, Marlene and the refugees of Second Earth live peacefully on Earth while Second Earth is destroyed in a revolt by it's inhabitants. 76.28.230.116 01:51, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation guide?
At the San Diego ComicCon 2004, I heard this title repeatedly pronounced with a hard "G" sound in Japanese trailers -- not the logical English pronunciation of Blue Jender. I know this same "problem" occurs with pronouncing Neon Genesis Evangelion.

It was explained to me by a anime voice-over artist at the Con that using German words is a somewhat new trend in Japan (see the Xenosaga games and Evangelion's own use of a German character and classical composers).

Since German does not have a soft-G sound, the hard "G" is always used -- which explains why Gender and Evangelion are both pronounced with hard Gs.

I'd like to add a pronunciation guide to this entry.

 * Is that really how they are normally pronounced in English? Is the 'g' hard in evanGelion as well? If so a pronunciation guide is a must! Argel1200 23:43, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Changed aliens to enemies due to the fact that the Blue are not actually aliens. Globe Holder (talk) 02:51, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

FAN: What happened to list of the the bugs? I'm posting this until a new one is.

Chopper:

Tank Beetle:

Man-eater:

Spring-worm:

Land Wale:

Man-eater type 2:

Rocket bug:

The Queen: —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.51.132.1 (talk) 17:44, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Sci-Fi
the blerb at the side gives one of the links as one of the networks to Sci-Fi which makes no sense. it should go to Sci Fi Channel (United Kingdom)......Fegor 14:22, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Yuji Kaido.JPG
Image:Yuji Kaido.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:57, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Not just recycled footage
The OVA movie is quite different from the anime, the story of the doctor is quite the opposite and the ending of OVA is intentionally left ambigious, while the anime has happy ending. The director of BG Warrior was a different person with a different view of the story. 82.131.210.162 (talk) 17:55, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Title
The article states that in Japanese, "Blue Gender" is pronounced with a hard g (such as in "get," as opposed to a soft g, such as in "generation," like how we say "gender" in English). But the katakana for Blue Gender is written ブルージェンダー (buruu jendaa), which has a "soft g" sound, whereas "Blue Gender" with a hard g would be rendered as ブルーゲンダー (buruu gendaa). Where is the evidence that the title is pronounced with a hard g? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chibi Gohan (talk • contribs) 02:12, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I was wondering the same thing. This does not make sense. I removed the "hard G" statement from the article because "Jendaa" obviously does not have a hard G, and the Japanese Wikipedia also has the "Jendaa" spelling in kana. - furrykef (Talk at me) 12:17, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Misc suggestions
Maybe there could be a link to "Starship Troopers" and the "Alien" 3/4/5-logy in the article, since Blue Gender appears to be a mixture of the two.

Apart from the rather junk animation, BG is famous for freaking out people, who had laughed through Hagaren/FMA Classic and all kinds of slash anime. In it's "B--" class ways Blue Gender is somehow more realistic than tolerable.

By the way, the article's claim for a redacted BG version meant for US mainstream TV seems rather dubious. I mean how to remove the excess violance and sexuality from the footage, when most of it comprises of combat against man-eating insectoid monsters, that literally use female genitalia for brains? Probably, only the OP and ED soundtrack would remain after a US TV moral code compliant redaction / modification. 213.163.26.138 (talk) 11:34, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blue Gender


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Jean Pierre Ginnett

Jean Pierre Ginnett ( Ginet; 6 August 1798 – January 1861) was a French-born circus proprietor working in Britain, who founded the Ginnett circus dynasty.

Biography
He was born in Solaize, France. According to family tradition, he and other members of the family fought in the French cavalry at Waterloo in 1815, and were captured. As prisoners of war, they were shipped to England and later released. Ginnett remained in England, and set up a show with performing ponies and canaries at Ludgate Circus in London. He also worked as a horse breeder, probably in association with equestrian performer Andrew Ducrow. In 1825, he married Ann Partridge of Leigh-on-Sea, in London.

He founded Ginnett's Circus in Nottingham in 1841. By 1858, Ginnett's touring operation was billed as "a mammoth circus & matchless troupe of equestrians [with a] stud of 70 blood horses and fairy ponies." The show included re-enactments of Dick Turpin's ride to York, and of the storming of Delhi, together with clowns.

Jean Pierre Ginnett died in London in 1861 and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

Later developments
His son, John Frederick Ginnett (1825 in London – 1892) and three grandsons Claude (b. Bath, 1857–1911), Frederick Emile (b. Sheffield, 1859–1924) and Albert (b. Southampton, 1864–1894) followed him in developing the circus. His daughter was the equestrian circus performer Marie Macarte and his granddaughters the high-wire and strongwoman act the Macarte Sisters.

In 1876, the Ginnetts' first permanent circus building was opened at Park Crescent Place in Brighton; it later became the Gaiety Theatre before being demolished in about 1930. In the 1890s, the Brighton Hippodrome was built to commemorate the golden jubilee of the founding of the circus. John Frederick Ginnett is buried in the family vault in Woodvale Cemetery and Crematorium in Brighton.

The circus itself operated until the 1930s, and was later revived by family members.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jean Pierre Ginnett


text: File:Twin Towers Correction Facility - U.S. Geological Survey - Aerial Photo.jpg


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User talk:Derek 1401

god these few days got really bad luck it's just...i can't explain it by any words because even me myself can't tell

she is a lovely girl no doubt about that but don't know how to be a girlfriend i hate her attuide towards me when everytime we have different opinions she is so cool as not caring me

i don't really feel any care to me from her but still i love her my loneliness, sadness comes maybe because i'm blaming myself for not being a good boyfriend ,but not the others

in fact i am thinking of that if i am treating too hard to the others i don't like the feeling in this few days it's hard and to me .. it's hard to solve the problem

don't know wheather she thinks this is a problem (that she don't care me so much) but to me ... it is problems which are created by myself come up i don't have mood to talk with her or even to do anything

love her but also dislike some part of her personility

still this is what called "love"

hope someone can help saving me from dropping in to this deep deep pool.. maybe i can swim...but i do not swim well shouting"need help"..although i can swim

title: User talk:Derek 1401


text:
France Info (radio network)

France Info is a radio network operated by the French national public television broadcaster France Télévisions. It provides continuous live news and information.

Broadcasting on FM (as well as being streamed on the internet), France Info is receivable across France and audible too in the border regions of neighbouring countries, including southern parts of the United Kingdom, especially the southeastern coastal region of England.

History
France Info was founded in 1987 by Roland Faure and Jérôme Bellay. Year on year its audience has grown, notably after the social conflicts of 1995, 2003, and 2006. It is frequently estimated to be the fourth largest French radio network in terms of listener numbers, after RTL, NRJ and France Inter.

France Info has offices in Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Toulouse, and also makes use of local-news input from the France Bleu network.

Journalists and presenters

 * David Abiker
 * Sophie Auvigne
 * Matthieu Beauval
 * Gilbert Chevalier
 * Jérôme Colombain
 * Olivier de Lagarde
 * Raphaëlle Duchemin
 * Olivier Émond
 * Jean-Pierre Gauffre
 * Anne-Élisabeth Lemoine
 * Chloé Leprince
 * Jean Leymarie (journalist)
 * Marie-Ève Malouines
 * Marie-Odile Monchicourt
 * Benjamin Muller
 * Grégory Philipps
 * Richard Place
 * Catherine Pottier
 * Bernard Thomasson
 * Philippe Vandel

FM
Main transmitters:

 * Bar-le-Duc (Willeroncourt) 104.5 MHz
 * Bastia (Serra di Pigno) 105.5 MHz
 * Bayonne (La Rhune) 105.5 MHz
 * Charleville-Mézières (Sury) 105.9 MHz
 * Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) 105.5 MHz
 * Le Mans (Mayet) 105.5 MHz
 * Lille (Bouvigny le Mont) 105.2 MHz
 * Lyon (Mont Pilat) 103.4 MHz
 * Marseille (Petite Étoile) 105.3 MHz
 * Metz (Luttange) 106.8 MHz
 * Mulhouse (Belvédère) 105.5 MHz
 * Nice (Mont Chauve) 105.7 MHz
 * Paris (Tour Eiffel) 105.5 MHz
 * Perpignan (Pic de Neulos) 105.1 MHz
 * Reims (TDF Hautvillers) 105.5 MHz
 * Strasbourg (TDF Nordheim) 104.4 MHz
 * Vannes (Moustoir-Ac) 105.5 MHz

Former mediumwave frequencies
These frequencies were de-activated at midnight local time on the night of 31 December 2015, except for Lyon and Rennes: Rennes transmitter continued to broadcast until 2 January 2016 0900 UTC, while Lyon continued to broadcast until midnight on 4 January 2016, for the Holy Mass for the sick held by Notre Dame des Ondes on Sunday 3 January.

 * Bayonne (Camps de Prats) 1494 kHz ; Power : 4 kW
 * Lyon (Tramoyes) 603 kHz ; Power : 300 kW
 * Bordeaux (Néac) 1206 kHz ; Power : 100 kW
 * Brest (Quimerc'h) 1404 kHz ; Power : 20 kW
 * Clermont-Ferrand (Ennezat) 1494 kHz ; Power : 20 kW
 * Dijon (Couternon) 1404 kHz ; Power : 5 kW
 * Lille (Camphin-en-Carembault) 1377 kHz ; Power : 300 kW
 * Marseille (Réaltor) 1242 kHz ; Power : 150 kW
 * Nice (Fontbonne) 1557 kHz ; Power : 150 kW
 * Rennes (Thourie) 711 kHz ; Power : 300 kW

title: France Info (radio network)


text:
Brampton Fire and Emergency Services

Brampton Fire and Emergency Services provides fire protection, technical rescue services, hazardous materials response, and first responder emergency medical assistance to the City of Brampton in the Peel Region of Ontario, Canada. It operates thirteen fire halls and coordinates with other emergency services in Peel Region and the Greater Toronto Area:

 * Mississauga Fire and Rescue
 * Toronto Fire Services
 * Caledon Fire Department
 * Vaughan Fire Rescue

Fire Stations and Apparatus
Mississauga, Brampton, and Caledon underwent a region-wide renumbering of stations and apparatus in the 1990s. Each station is assigned a 3 digit number and each apparatus is given an alpha-numeric callsign corresponding with the station number. The alphabetic prefix identifies the type of apparatus, the first numerical digit identifies the municipality, and the remaining two numerical digits identify the station. The municipality identifiers are '1' for Mississauga, '2' for Brampton, and '3' for Caledon.

For example, Station 201 would be Brampton's no. 1 station and P201 would be a pumper assigned to it, and so on. Spare apparatus (for Mississauga and Brampton) would be numbered with a 5 as the second numerical digit in the number (P251, A254, etc.).

A list of fire halls and locations and current apparatus as of April 2019:

title: Brampton Fire and Emergency Services


text:
Inverbervie

Inverbervie (from Inbhir Biorbhaidh or Biorbhaigh, "mouth of the River Bervie") is a small town on the north-east coast of Scotland, south of Stonehaven.

Etymology
The name Inverbervie involves the Gaelic Inbhir Biorbhaigh, meaning "mouth of Bervie Water". Historic forms, such as Haberberui from 1290, demonstrate that Gaelic inbhir, "estuary", has succeeded the original Brittonic element aber, with the same meaning (c.f. Welsh aber).

History
Inverbervie appears in written history at least as far back as the 12th century AD; in a document relating to Arbroath Abbey, Simon of Inverbervie is noted as having witnessed a charter transferring the lands of Balfeith to the Abbey. The settlement was formerly a royal burgh from 1342 to 1975 and a parliamentary burgh from 1708 to 1950, the former status being conferred by David II of Scotland for hospitality he and his Queen received when shipwrecked there the previous year when returning from exile. The burgh council was based at Inverbervie Town House which was rebuilt in 1840.

A small harbour in the town was important in early years but despite improvements by Thomas Telford in 1819, disappeared by 1830 owing to the buildup of the shingle bar at the river mouth. The first flax spinning mill in Scotland was established here at the Haughs around 1790 and by 1910 there were nine in operation employing 500-600 workers. As a result of this, the population of the settlement peaked at over 2,500 around the turn of the 20th century but has since declined owing the downturn in that industry.

The town was within the county of Kincardineshire until 1975, when the county was merged into the Grampian Region. The Aberdeenshire unitary council area, which now includes Inverbervie, was created when the region system was eradicated in 1996. Aberdeenshire is also the name of another former county which was merged into the Grampian Region in 1975.

Prominent local buildings include Hallgreen Castle, founded in 1376, standing on a bluff overlooking the sea towards the southern end of the town.

The town has had a large number of houses built over the previous 25 years. Two new estates have sprung up in this time frame - the West Park Estate, and also the Brighead Estate.

Climate
Like most of the United Kingdom, Inverbervie has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). with warm summers, cool winters and few extremes of temperature.

Parliamentary burgh

The parliamentary burgh which existed from 1708 to 1950 was a component of the Aberdeen district of burghs of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832.

In 1832 Inverbervie became a component of the Montrose district of burghs.

In 1950 it was merged into the North Angus and Mearns constituency. North Angus and Mearns was replaced with new constituencies in 1983. With effect from the 2011 Scottish Parliamentary elections, Inverbervie will be back within the Mearns and Angus constituency, following boundary changes.

The town, since 2017, has been served by Conservative MP for West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine, Andrew Bowie. And, in the Scottish Parliament, the town is served by SNP MSP for Angus North and Mearns, Mairi Gougeon.

Facilities
Inverbervie has The Bervie Chipper which in 1998 was awarded the title Fish & Chip Shop of the Year 1997. The Bervie Sports Centre opened in March 1989.

The community is also host to a number of shops, pubs, cafes and restaurants. There is a local General Practice, car maintenance garage, and Care Home.

Children in the local area attend Bervie Primary School, which also hosts a pre-school nursery. Children from Inverbervie fall within the catchment area for Mackie Academy in Stonehaven.

Media

 * The local newspaper is the Mearns Leader which is published by Johnson Press and edited in the neighbouring town of Stonehaven.
 * Bervie is served by local radio station, Mearns FM. Broadcasting from nearby Stonehaven in the Townhall, Mearns FM aims to keep Bervie up to date with local and charity events, as well as playing music. Staffed completely by volunteers, Mearns FM is run as a not for profit organisation, broadcasting under a community radio licence, with a remit to provide local focus news events and programming. Jointly funded by local adverts and local and national grants, it has one of the largest listening areas of any community radio station owing to the Mearns' distributed population. The station was set up to try to bring these distant communities together.

Education

 * Bervie Primary School Nursery
 * Bervie Primary School serves Bervie and the surrounding rural area.
 * The feeder secondary school is Mackie Academy in Stonehaven.

Community groups
Bervie contains many prominent community groups:

Bervie Church

Bervie Church is part of Arbuthnott, Bervie and Kinneff Church. It is on the main street in close proximity to the school. The parish also owns the Church Centre (formerly the manse) next to the church, and the Herd Centre (formerly YWCA Hall) at the bottom of Townhead. In 2010, the Rev. Dennis Rose became the minister, and he served the congregation until June 2016. On 7 March 2019, the Rev Andrew Morrison became the minister. He is currently the second youngest minister in the denomination.

Scouting and Guiding

Bervie has an active Scout group based in their church street hut. Scouts (10.5-14), Cubs (8-10.5), and Beavers (6-8) are all held. Bervie is part of the Kincardineshire Scout District.

There are Guides (10-14yrs) and Rainbows (5-7yrs) who also hold meetings in the Scout Hall. The Brownies (7-10yrs) hold meetings in the Burgh Hall. During 2023, the local Girlguiding Unit celebrated their centenary.

The Living Rooms

The Living Rooms Christian Centre and Coffee Shop is in the school car park behind the church. The Living Rooms is an evangelical independent Baptist church which aims to reach out to people. The Coffee Shop is a popular centre of the community. Services of worship are held in the centre as well as prayer meetings, a youth group, and other special events.

Gala and fireworks

Every year the Gala Committee organise the climax of the community diary in June. As part of this event, a 'citizen of the year' and 'young citizen of the year' prizes are awarded. The fireworks display is organised and held by the caravan site every year on the Sunday nearest to Bonfire Night.

Transport
Inverbervie has regular bus links to Stonehaven, Montrose, Aberdeen and Perth via the X7 Coastrider route. It was served by Bervie railway station, the terminus of a branch line from Montrose, from 1865 to 1951, with freight services discontinued in 1966. The nearest railway stations are located at Montrose, Laurencekirk or Stonehaven.

Notable residents

 * Hercules Linton, designer of the Cutty Sark clipper ship
 * Donald M. Baillie, Bervie United Free Church Minister and Theologian

title: Inverbervie


text:
Portal:Trains/Featured picture candidates/Image:Eurostar on CTRL.jpg

Eurostar
This is a good one. Dunc|☺ 12:11, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support I like this one because it shows the train and how it relates to the surrounding countryside. It's well centered and has a good range of colors.  The broad, sweeping curve and the sleek lines of the train convey a feeling of speed from an otherwise static image.  slambo 10:46, September 6, 2005 (UTC)


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Kilrenny

Kilrenny (Cill Reithnidh) is a village in Fife, Scotland. Part of the East Neuk, it lies immediately to the north of (but inland and separate from) Anstruther on the south Fife coast.

The first element of the name is from the Scottish Gaelic cill, meaning 'church'. The '-renny' element may perpetuate a worn down form of Etharnan or Itharnan, an early churchman who 'died among the Picts' in 669 according to the Annals of Ulster." That Kilrenny is of early Christian origin is suggested both by the Kil- element of the place-name, and by the Skeith Stone, a carved stone with marigold motif (circa 700?) which stands to the west of the village, possibly marking an ancient area of sanctity.

The village was formerly Upper Kilrenny, until nearby Lower Kilrenny changed its name to Cellardyke in the 16th century. The oldest part of the present church is the 15th century tower, with the body of the building rebuilt in 1807–08 (re-using the original stones as building rubble).

The village is a conservation area has many well-preserved houses in the local vernacular style, with crow-stepped gables, datestones, forestairs, pan-tiled roofs etc.

title: Kilrenny


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Hanstholm Municipality

Until 1 January 2007  Hanstholm municipality was a Danish municipality (Danish, kommune) in Viborg County on the northwest coast of Vendsyssel-Thy, a part of the Jutland peninsula in west Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 216 km², and had a total population of 5,786 (2005). Its last mayor was Ejner Frøkjær, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Hanstholm.

Hanstholm municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007), being merged with Thisted and Sydthy municipalities to form the new Thisted municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 1,072 km² and a total population of 46,158 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Nordjylland ("North Jutland Region").

title: Hanstholm Municipality


text:
User talk:Egil/Sandbox/Gabriel Mouton

Comments about the references
The references used for this article have certain discrepancies which should be mentioned:

Connor and Robertson claims that the milliare is based on the degree, but this is contrary to all other sources, and does also not match the pendulum definition or the similarity to the toise.

Bigourdan says that the virgula pendulum would oscillate 3959.2 times in half an hour (une demi-heure). If one interprets oscillation as full cycle, which is the current understanding, this would make the length of the pendulum ~5.1 cm, which is clearly incorrect. The likely explanation is that oscillation should be interpreted as change of direction, i.e. twice the number of cycles, just like the one second pendulum which has a period of 2 seconds. In this case, the resulting pendulum length becomes ~20.5 cm, which is very reasonable.

The NASA document with John Quincy Adams on the history of measures claims Mouton used a one second pendulum, but the other sources, including Bigourdan, who writes about Mouton in much more detail, says otherwise. Using a one second pendulum would highly complicate matters, since the length of a one second pendulum would correspond to 4.846 virgulas, which would make construction of a virgula standard beam hard to do with a high level of accuracy. Using the pendulum described by Bigourdan, one would arrive at the desired length directly. (I have sent a letter to Nasa on this matter, and their document is now updated).

There are other claims that a virgula is 18.5 cm. That would of course have been the case if Moutons definition was made at a time when the Earths circumference was known to a higher accuracy. But as Bigourdan points out, the figure Mouton used was from Riccioli, and the pendulum used as the practical embodiment clearly establishes the length of Moutons virgula as ~20.5 cm. As far as I know, the virgula lived only as a proposal, and there has been no attempt to redefine the virgula after Mouton. -- Egil 12:12, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Ferdinand Hoefer: "Historie de l'astronomie", Paris 1873, mentions that the error of Riccoli was more than 10000 meters per degree. . Assuming a Bologna foot is 38 cm, we get 122.290 km per degree, which matches this claim well. -- Egil 00:12, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Comment about the pendulum calculation
The G used for verification of the length of the pendulum is 9.80665, which is the standard for 45 degrees of latitude. The city of Lyon is sufficiently close to this latitude (at 45.76694°N, 4.83417°W), and at suffiently low altitude to make this a valid approximation for this purpose. -- Egil 12:31, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That's lowercase, italic g, and gn corresponds to approximately 45.5° geodetic latitude (the one we always use for this purpose;it isn't exact for any other type of latitude either). The g at Lyon is likely 9.806 m/s² at its latitude and elevation, for more precise figures you'd need a specific latitude and elevation and local gravity anomaly.
 * But you claimed on my talk page that there was some explanation of the "minute of arc" discrepancies here. I don't find it, maybe you have something that could be added. Gene Nygaard 16:54, 31 August 2005 (UTC).  Here is the two relevant sentences in your writing; for once Rktect has a valid point in this regard:  "His suggestion was a unit, milliare, that was defined as a minute of arc along a meridian. The base unit would be the virga, 1/1000 of this, corresponding to 64.4 Bologna inches, or ~2.04 m."  Gene Nygaard 17:03, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the g, mea culpa. The g I used gives 20.5376... cm, your g gives 20.5363... cm. We are in the 5th digit here, and probably approaching the error budget of our dear abbot anyway, so I don't think we need to go to extremes like finding the coordinates and height above sea level of the Saint-Paul cathedral in Lyon.

 * The only "minute of arc" discrepancy I know of is the difference between the pendulum length (which we can perhaps accept as ~20.54 cm), and the length I got from converting 6.44 Bologna inches into metric, at ~20.4 cm. I assume is due to an inaccurate value for the 17th century Bologna foot (I used a value 38 cm), so any increase in the precision of that value would be highly appreciated.

 * Any talk of a value of 18.5 cm for the virgula is circular reasoning based on todays knowledge - but I take it that this was not what you meant. -- Egil 18:46, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * With regards to the length of the Bologna foot, the interesting value is the length that Mouton reckogned for the Bologna foot. Presumably he could not afford to send an expedition to Bologna to find out, so he would have to rely on something else, like a value based on the toise, or similar. I have not seen any information as to those particulars, but it would of course be highly enlightening.

 * And just to make it perfectly clear: A virgula of 20.4 cm, say, implies that Moutons assumption of the Earths circumference would be 360×60×10000×20.4 cm i.e. 44064 km. That did not make him a fool, it is simply an indication of the uncertainty connected to this measurement at the time, and perhaps units of measurement in general. Of course, Jean Picard would improve the acccuracy significantly only a few years later. But even the definition of the meter wasn't spot on -- they ended up with a definition that gave 40009.152 km, and not 40000 km exactly, as was intended.

 * The Galileo project at Rice says this about Moutons suggestion :

 * A fraction of the terrestrial meridian would be adopted as the universal unit of length. The measuring procedures at the time were too unsatisfactory. The topic wouldn't be taken up again until 1790.

 * Another thing: Mouton did also publish a Lyon-based value for a one second pendulum, which was found to differ from the values obtained in Paris (located at another latitude). This fact is inconclusive wrt which pendulum was used to define the virgula, since it could also be used as a reason to explain the appearant confusion.

 * Final nit-pick (not that it matters): The value 9.80665 should be pretty standard, but now defined at 45.542, not 45 degrees . (So even closer to Lyon. The altitude of Lyon airport is 188 m).

 * -- Egil 05:33, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Egil/Sandbox/Gabriel Mouton


text:
Neural engineering

Neural engineering (also known as neuroengineering) is a discipline within biomedical engineering that uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems. Neural engineers are uniquely qualified to solve design problems at the interface of living neural tissue and non-living constructs.

Overview
The field of neural engineering draws on the fields of computational neuroscience, experimental neuroscience, neurology, electrical engineering and signal processing of living neural tissue, and encompasses elements from robotics, cybernetics, computer engineering, neural tissue engineering, materials science, and nanotechnology.

Prominent goals in the field include restoration and augmentation of human function via direct interactions between the nervous system and artificial devices.

Much current research is focused on understanding the coding and processing of information in the sensory and motor systems, quantifying how this processing is altered in the pathological state, and how it can be manipulated through interactions with artificial devices including brain–computer interfaces and neuroprosthetics.

Other research concentrates more on investigation by experimentation, including the use of neural implants connected with external technology.

Neurohydrodynamics is a division of neural engineering that focuses on hydrodynamics of the neurological system.

History
As neural engineering is a relatively new field, information and research relating to it is comparatively limited, although this is changing rapidly. The first journals specifically devoted to neural engineering, The Journal of Neural Engineering and The Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation both emerged in 2004. International conferences on neural engineering have been held by the IEEE since 2003, from 29 April until 2 May 2009 in Antalya, Turkey 4th Conference on Neural Engineering, the 5th International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering in April/May 2011 in Cancún, Mexico, and the 6th conference in San Diego, California in November 2013. The 7th conference was held in April 2015 in Montpellier. The 8th conference was held in May 2017 in Shanghai.

Fundamentals
The fundamentals behind neuroengineering involve the relationship of neurons, neural networks, and nervous system functions to quantifiable models to aid the development of devices that could interpret and control signals and produce purposeful responses.

Neuroscience
Messages that the body uses to influence thoughts, senses, movements, and survival are directed by nerve impulses transmitted across brain tissue and to the rest of the body. Neurons are the basic functional unit of the nervous system and are highly specialized cells that are capable of sending these signals that operate high and low level functions needed for survival and quality of life. Neurons have special electro-chemical properties that allow them to process information and then transmit that information to other cells. Neuronal activity is dependent upon neural membrane potential and the changes that occur along and across it. A constant voltage, known as the membrane potential, is normally maintained by certain concentrations of specific ions across neuronal membranes. Disruptions or variations in this voltage create an imbalance, or polarization, across the membrane. Depolarization of the membrane past its threshold potential generates an action potential, which is the main source of signal transmission, known as neurotransmission of the nervous system. An action potential results in a cascade of ion flux down and across an axonal membrane, creating an effective voltage spike train or "electrical signal" which can transmit further electrical changes in other cells. Signals can be generated by electrical, chemical, magnetic, optical, and other forms of stimuli that influence the flow of charges, and thus voltage levels across neural membranes.

Engineering
Engineers employ quantitative tools that can be used for understanding and interacting with complex neural systems. Methods of studying and generating chemical, electrical, magnetic, and optical signals responsible for extracellular field potentials and synaptic transmission in neural tissue aid researchers in the modulation of neural system activity. To understand properties of neural system activity, engineers use signal processing techniques and computational modeling. To process these signals, neural engineers must translate the voltages across neural membranes into corresponding code, a process known as neural coding. Neural coding studies on how the brain encodes simple commands in the form of central pattern generators (CPGs), movement vectors, the cerebellar internal model, and somatotopic maps to understand movement and sensory phenomena. Decoding of these signals in the realm of neuroscience is the process by which neurons understand the voltages that have been transmitted to them. Transformations involve the mechanisms that signals of a certain form get interpreted and then translated into another form. Engineers look to mathematically model these transformations. There are a variety of methods being used to record these voltage signals. These can be intracellular or extracellular. Extracellular methods involve single-unit recordings, extracellular field potentials, and amperometry; more recently, multielectrode arrays have been used to record and mimic signals.

Neuromechanics
Neuromechanics is the coupling of neurobiology, biomechanics, sensation and perception, and robotics. Researchers are using advanced techniques and models to study the mechanical properties of neural tissues and their effects on the tissues' ability to withstand and generate force and movements as well as their vulnerability to traumatic loading. This area of research focuses on translating the transformations of information among the neuromuscular and skeletal systems to develop functions and governing rules relating to operation and organization of these systems. Neuromechanics can be simulated by connecting computational models of neural circuits to models of animal bodies situated in virtual physical worlds. Experimental analysis of biomechanics including the kinematics and dynamics of movements, the process and patterns of motor and sensory feedback during movement processes, and the circuit and synaptic organization of the brain responsible for motor control are all currently being researched to understand the complexity of animal movement. Dr. Michelle LaPlaca's lab at Georgia Institute of Technology is involved in the study of mechanical stretch of cell cultures, shear deformation of planar cell cultures, and shear deformation of 3D cell containing matrices. Understanding of these processes is followed by development of functioning models capable of characterizing these systems under closed loop conditions with specially defined parameters. The study of neuromechanics is aimed at improving treatments for physiological health problems which includes optimization of prostheses design, restoration of movement post injury, and design and control of mobile robots. By studying structures in 3D hydrogels, researchers can identify new models of nerve cell mechanoproperties. For example, LaPlaca et al. developed a new model showing that strain may play a role in cell culture.

Neuromodulation
Neuromodulation aims to treat disease or injury by employing medical device technologies that would enhance or suppress activity of the nervous system with the delivery of pharmaceutical agents, electrical signals, or other forms of energy stimulus to re-establish balance in impaired regions of the brain. Researchers in this field face the challenge of linking advances in understanding neural signals to advancements in technologies delivering and analyzing these signals with increased sensitivity, biocompatibility, and viability in closed loops schemes in the brain such that new treatments and clinical applications can be created to treat those with neural damage of various kinds. Neuromodulator devices can correct nervous system dysfunction related to Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tremor, Tourette's, chronic pain, OCD, severe depression, and eventually epilepsy. Neuromodulation is appealing as treatment for varying defects because it focuses in on treating highly specific regions of the brain only, contrasting that of systemic treatments that can have side effects on the body. Neuromodulator stimulators such as microelectrode arrays can stimulate and record brain function and with further improvements are meant to become adjustable and responsive delivery devices for drugs and other stimuli.

Neural regrowth and repair
Neural engineering and rehabilitation applies neuroscience and engineering to investigating peripheral and central nervous system function and to finding clinical solutions to problems created by brain damage or malfunction. Engineering applied to neuroregeneration focuses on engineering devices and materials that facilitate the growth of neurons for specific applications such as the regeneration of peripheral nerve injury, the regeneration of the spinal cord tissue for spinal cord injury, and the regeneration of retinal tissue. Genetic engineering and tissue engineering are areas developing scaffolds for spinal cord to regrow across thus helping neurological problems.

Research and applications
Research focused on neural engineering utilizes devices to study how the nervous system functions and malfunctions.

Neural imaging
Neuroimaging techniques are used to investigate the activity of neural networks, as well as the structure and function of the brain. Neuroimaging technologies include functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and computed axial tomography (CAT) scans. Functional neuroimaging studies are interested in which areas of the brain perform specific tasks. fMRI measures hemodynamic activity that is closely linked to neural activity. It is used to map metabolic responses in specific regions of the brain to a given task or stimulus. PET, CT scanners, and electroencephalography (EEG) are currently being improved and used for similar purposes.

Neural networks
Scientists can use experimental observations of neuronal systems and theoretical and computational models of these systems to create Neural networks with the hopes of modeling neural systems in as realistic a manner as possible. Neural networks can be used for analyses to help design further neurotechnological devices. Specifically, researchers handle analytical or finite element modeling to determine nervous system control of movements and apply these techniques to help patients with brain injuries or disorders. Artificial neural networks can be built from theoretical and computational models and implemented on computers from theoretically devices equations or experimental results of observed behavior of neuronal systems. Models might represent ion concentration dynamics, channel kinetics, synaptic transmission, single neuron computation, oxygen metabolism, or application of dynamic system theory. Liquid-based template assembly was used to engineer 3D neural networks from neuron-seeded microcarrier beads.

Neural interfaces
Neural interfaces are a major element used for studying neural systems and enhancing or replacing neuronal function with engineered devices. Engineers are challenged with developing electrodes that can selectively record from associated electronic circuits to collect information about the nervous system activity and to stimulate specified regions of neural tissue to restore function or sensation of that tissue (Cullen et al. 2011). The materials used for these devices must match the mechanical properties of neural tissue in which they are placed and the damage must be assessed. Neural interfacing involves temporary regeneration of biomaterial scaffolds or chronic electrodes and must manage the body's response to foreign materials. Microelectrode arrays are recent advances that can be used to study neural networks (Cullen & Pfister 2011). Optical neural interfaces involve optical recordings and optogenetics, making certain brain cells sensitive to light in order to modulate their activity. Fiber optics can be implanted in the brain to stimulate or silence targeted neurons using light, as well as record photon activity—a proxy of neural activity— instead of using electrodes. Two-photon excitation microscopy can study living neuronal networks and the communicatory events among neurons.

Brain–computer interfaces
Brain–computer interfaces seek to directly communicate with human nervous system to monitor and stimulate neural circuits as well as diagnose and treat intrinsic neurological dysfunction. Deep brain stimulation is a significant advance in this field that is especially effective in treating movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease with high frequency stimulation of neural tissue to suppress tremors (Lega et al. 2011).

Microsystems
Neural microsystems can be developed to interpret and deliver electrical, chemical, magnetic, and optical signals to neural tissue. They can detect variations in membrane potential and measure electrical properties such as spike population, amplitude, or rate by using electrodes, or by assessment of chemical concentrations, fluorescence light intensity, or magnetic field potential. The goal of these systems is to deliver signals that would influence neuronal tissue potential and thus stimulate the brain tissue to evoke a desired response.

Microelectrode arrays
Microelectrode arrays are specific tools used to detect the sharp changes in voltage in the extracellular environments that occur from propagation of an action potential down an axon. Dr. Mark Allen and Dr. LaPlaca have microfabricated 3D electrodes out of cytocompatible materials such as SU-8 and SLA polymers which have led to the development of in vitro and in vivo microelectrode systems with the characteristics of high compliance and flexibility to minimize tissue disruption.

Neural prostheses
Neuroprosthetics are devices capable of supplementing or replacing missing functions of the nervous system by stimulating the nervous system and recording its activity. Electrodes that measure firing of nerves can integrate with prosthetic devices and signal them to perform the function intended by the transmitted signal. Sensory prostheses use artificial sensors to replace neural input that might be missing from biological sources. Engineers researching these devices are charged with providing a chronic, safe, artificial interface with neuronal tissue. Perhaps the most successful of these sensory prostheses is the cochlear implant which has restored hearing abilities to the deaf. Visual prosthesis for restoring visual capabilities of blind persons is still in more elementary stages of development. Motor prosthetics are devices involved with electrical stimulation of biological neural muscular system that can substitute for control mechanisms of the brain or spinal cord. Smart prostheses can be designed to replace missing limbs controlled by neural signals by transplanting nerves from the stump of an amputee to muscles. Sensory prosthetics provide sensory feedback by transforming mechanical stimuli from the periphery into encoded information accessible by the nervous system. Electrodes placed on the skin can interpret signals and then control the prosthetic limb. These prosthetics have been very successful. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a system aimed at restoring motor processes such as standing, walking, and hand grasp.

Neurorobotics
Neurorobotics is the study of how neural systems can be embodied and movements emulated in mechanical machines. Neurorobots are typically used to study motor control and locomotion, learning and memory selection, and value systems and action selection. By studying neurorobots in real-world environments, they are more easily observed and assessed to describe heuristics of robot function in terms of its embedded neural systems and the reactions of these systems to its environment. For instance, making use of a computational model of epilectic spike-wave dynamics, it has been already proven the effectiveness of a method to simulate seizure abatement through a pseudospectral protocol. The computational model emulates the brain connectivity by using a magnetic imaging resonance from a patient with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. The method was able to generate stimuli able to lessen the seizures.

Neural tissue regeneration
Neural tissue regeneration, or neuroregeneration looks to restore function to those neurons that have been damaged in small injuries and larger injuries like those caused by traumatic brain injury. Functional restoration of damaged nerves involves re-establishment of a continuous pathway for regenerating axons to the site of innervation. Researchers like Dr. LaPlaca at Georgia Institute of Technology are looking to help find treatment for repair and regeneration after traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injuries by applying tissue engineering strategies. Dr. LaPlaca is looking into methods combining neural stem cells with an extracellular matrix protein based scaffold for minimally invasive delivery into the irregular shaped lesions that form after a traumatic insult. By studying the neural stem cells in vitro and exploring alternative cell sources, engineering novel biopolymers that could be utilized in a scaffold, and investigating cell or tissue engineered construct transplants in vivo in models of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, Dr. LaPlaca's lab aims to identify optimal strategies for nerve regeneration post injury.

Current approaches to clinical treatment
End to end surgical suture of damaged nerve ends can repair small gaps with autologous nerve grafts. For larger injuries, an autologous nerve graft that has been harvested from another site in the body might be used, though this process is time-consuming, costly and requires two surgeries. Clinical treatment for CNS is minimally available and focuses mostly on reducing collateral damage caused by bone fragments near the site of injury or inflammation. After swelling surrounding injury lessens, patients undergo rehabilitation so that remaining nerves can be trained to compensate for the lack of nerve function in injured nerves. No treatment currently exists to restore nerve function of CNS nerves that have been damaged.

Engineering strategies for repair
Engineering strategies for the repair of spinal cord injury are focused on creating a friendly environment for nerve regeneration. Only Peripheral PNS nerve damage has been clinically possible so far, but advances in research of genetic techniques and biomaterials demonstrate the potential for SC nerves to regenerate in permissible environments.

Grafts
Advantages of autologous tissue grafts are that they come from natural materials which have a high likelihood of biocompatibility while providing structural support to nerves that encourage cell adhesion and migration. Nonautologous tissue, acellular grafts, and extracellular matrix based materials are all options that may also provide ideal scaffolding for nerve regeneration. Some come from allogenic or xenogenic tissues that must be combined with immunosuppressants. while others include small intestinal submucosa and amniotic tissue grafts.Synthetic materials are attractive options because their physical and chemical properties can typically be controlled. A challenge that remains with synthetic materials is biocompatibility. Methylcellulose-based constructs have been shown to be a biocompatible option serving this purpose. AxoGen uses a cell graft technology AVANCE to mimic a human nerve. It has been shown to achieve meaningful recovery in 87 percent of patients with peripheral nerve injuries.

Nerve guidance channels
Nerve guidance channels, Nerve guidance conduit are innovative strategies focusing on larger defects that provide a conduit for sprouting axons directing growth and reducing growth inhibition from scar tissue. Nerve guidance channels must be readily formed into a conduit with the desired dimensions, sterilizable, tear resistant, and easy to handle and suture. Ideally they would degrade over time with nerve regeneration, be pliable, semipermeable, maintain their shape, and have a smooth inner wall that mimics that of a real nerve.

Biomolecular therapies
Highly controlled delivery systems are needed to promote neural regeneration. Neurotrophic factors can influence development, survival, outgrowth, and branching. Neurotrophins include nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5). Other factors are ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell line-derived growth factor (GDNF) and acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF, bFGF) that promote a range of neural responses. Fibronectin has also been shown to support nerve regeneration following TBI in rats. Other therapies are looking into regeneration of nerves by upregulating regeneration associated genes (RAGs), neuronal cytoskeletal components, and antiapoptosis factors. RAGs include GAP-43 and Cap-23, adhesion molecules such as L1 family, NCAM, and N-cadherin. There is also the potential for blocking inhibitory biomolecules in the CNS due to glial scarring. Some currently being studied are treatments with chondroitinase ABC and blocking NgR, ADP-ribose.

Delivery techniques
Delivery devices must be biocompatible and stable in vivo. Some examples include osmotic pumps, silicone reservoirs, polymer matrices, and microspheres. Gene therapy techniques have also been studied to provide long-term production of growth factors and could be delivered with viral or non-viral vectors such as lipoplexes. Cells are also effective delivery vehicles for ECM components, neurotrophic factors and cell adhesion molecules. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and stem cells as well as genetically modified cells have been used as transplants to support nerve regeneration.

Advanced therapies
Advanced therapies combine complex guidance channels and multiple stimuli that focus on internal structures that mimic the nerve architecture containing internal matrices of longitudinally aligned fibers or channels. Fabrication of these structures can use a number of technologies: magnetic polymer fiber alignment, injection molding, phase separation, solid free-form fabrication, and ink jet polymer printing.

Neural enhancement
Augmentation of human neural systems, or human enhancement using engineering techniques is another possible application of neuroengineering. Deep brain stimulation has already been shown to enhance memory recall as noted by patients currently using this treatment for neurological disorders. Brain stimulation techniques are postulated to be able to sculpt emotions and personalities as well as enhance motivation, reduce inhibitions, etc. as requested by the individual. Ethical issues with this sort of human augmentation are a new set of questions that neural engineers have to grapple with as these studies develop.

title: Neural engineering


text:
Talk:Tahir Aslam Gora

Untitled
Have made an attempt at wikification. Will appreciate feedback and whether the article conforms to standards enough that the wikify tag can be removed. I am not the original author. --Malaise 12:14, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tahir Aslam Gora


text:
Febiofest

The Prague International Film Festival (Mezinárodní filmový festival Praha), also known as Febiofest, is one of the largest film festivals in the Czech Republic and the second most prestigious festival in the country (after Karlovy Vary). The festival presents a wide spectrum of contemporary and retrospective examples of high-quality film including alternative, film-school and amateur works to a diverse viewing public.

History
The festival was founded in December 1993 in Prague by movie and television company Febiofest. The main personalities of the foundation were Fero Fenič and Pavel Melounek. Originally taking place in one city (Prague) in two small theaters, the event gradually grew (in just ten years) into more than 140,000 viewers in two countries, 12 cities and nearly 43 theaters. In 2005 the festival presented 336 films from 65 countries. The main part of festival is still held in Prague but when the festival in Prague ends, some films are located to other cities.

2020 edition
It was announced on 10 March 2020 that the 2020 edition would be cancelled because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Guests
In 20 years, Febiofest has hosted directors and actors such as Nanni Moretti, Claude Lelouch, Geraldine Chaplin, Gaspar Noé, Peter Weir, Olivier Assayas, Roman Polanski, Volker Schloendorff, Isztvan Szabo, Tsai Ming-Liang, Tom Tykwer, Hal Hartley, Andrey Konchalovski, Armin Mueller Stahl, Nikita Mikhalkov, Carlos Saura or Claudia Cardinale.

Award
Grand Prix of the festival is dedicated to debuting European filmmakers in New Europe section. Award started in 2008. The 33-member jury awarding the Grand Prix consists of applicants from 15 to 100 years old, to people of all education, social background, professions, and interests plus honorary chairman such as D.O.P. Miroslav Ondricek, Neo-Futurist architect Jan Kaplický, artist David Cerny, conductor Libor Pesek, and former First Lady Dagmar Havlova.

Awarded Films:

Kristián Award for Contribution to the World Cinema was formerly given to personalities such as Roman Polanski, Helmut Berger, Richard Lester, Claudia Cardinale, Charles Aznavour, Carlos Saura, Daniel Olbrychski, Otar Ioseliani, Wim Wenders and Mike Leigh.

The annual award 1995-2011 was the Kristián (Czech critic's prizes). It focused attention not only on Czech feature films, but on animated and documentary works. The prize was made by famous sculptor Olbram Zoubek.

Venue

 * Czech Republic
 * Prague
 * Ostrava
 * Brno
 * Liberec
 * Pardubice
 * Slovakia
 * Bratislava
 * Košice
 * Nitra
 * Žilina
 * Prešov
 * Martin
 * Banská Bystrica

title: Febiofest


text: File:Rachel Stevens Funky Dory rerelease.jpg


text:
Kadi

Kadi may refer to:

Radio

 * KADI-FM, a radio station (99.5 FM) licensed to serve Republic, Missouri, United States
 * KICK (AM), a radio station (1340 AM) licensed to serve Springfield, Missouri, which held the call sign KADI from 2005 to 2015
 * WFUN-FM, a radio station (96.3 FM) licensed to serve St. Louis, Missouri, which held the call sign KADI from 1983 to 1987
 * KSIV (AM), a radio station (1320 AM) licensed to serve Clayton, Missouri, which held the call sign KADI from 1975 to 1978 and 1979 to 1982
 * Raadio Kadi, a radio station in Estonia

Other

 * Kadi (name)
 * Kadi, India, a city and municipality in Mehsana district, Gujarat, India
 * Kadi, an aromatic plant (Pandanus odorifer)
 * Kadhi, an Indian dish
 * Kadi (Ottoman); Kadı), an official in the Ottoman Empire
 * Qadi or kadi, Islamic judge
 * Al-Qadi, an Arabic surname
 * Qazi family of Lakhnauti, a medieval Bengali family
 * Quadi, an ancient Germanic tribe
 * Kadi I and Kadi II, two EU law cases involving Yassin Kadi

title: Kadi


text:
User talk:Spanky The Clown

Bend over. This won't hurt...much! --Spanky The Clown 12:15, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spanky The Clown


text:
User:Spanky The Clown

That paddle ain't just a prop, kid! --Spanky The Clown 12:15, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Spanky The Clown


text:
Magnetic gun

Magnetic gun may refer to:

 * Coilgun, a type of projectile accelerator consisting of one or more coils used as electromagnets in the configuration of a linear motor that accelerate a ferromagnetic or conducting projectile to high velocity
 * Railgun, a device that uses electromagnetic force to launch high velocity projectiles, by means of a sliding armature that is accelerated along a pair of conductive rails

title: Magnetic gun


text:
Lochmaben

Lochmaben (Gaelic: Loch Mhabain) is a small town and civil parish in Scotland, and site of a castle. It lies 4 mi west of Lockerbie, in Dumfries and Galloway. By the 12th century the Bruce family had become the local landowners and, in the 14th century, Edward I rebuilt Lochmaben Castle. It was subsequently taken by Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas in 1384/5 and was abandoned in the early 17th century. The town itself became a Royal Burgh in 1447.

Etymology
It is likely that the name Lochmaben represents the Roman name Locus Maponi. This name is Brittonic in origin, and contains the element luch, meaning "marshy or brackish water" (Welsh llwch, Gaelic loch),  and the name Mapon, a deity name meaning "Great (divine) son or youth". The first part of the name could also be explained as log, an element derived from Latin locus, "a place".

Early inhabitants
Lochmaben has been inhabited since earliest times, owing to its strategic position on the routes from England to Scotland and Ireland, to the small lochs surrounding it and to the relatively fertile soil in the area. The first inhabitants may have lived in crannogs in the lochs.

After the Roman departure from the area around Dumfries the locale had various forms of visit by Picts, Saxons, Scots and Danes culminating in a decisive victory over the native Britons in 890 for Giric mac Dúngail (Modern Gaelic: Griogair mac Dhunghail, known in English simply as Giric and nicknamed Mac Rath ("Son of Fortune"); fl. c. 878–889), who was a king of the Picts or the king of Alba, at what is now Lochmaben.

Lords of Annandale
By 1160, the Anglo-Norman de Brus (Bruce) family had become the Lords of Annandale. Robert de Brus Lord of Skelton in the Cleveland area of Yorkshire, was a notable figure at the court of King Henry I of England, where he became intimate with Prince David of Scotland, that monarch's brother-in-law. When the Prince became King David I of Scotland, in 1124, Bruce obtained from him the Lordship of Annandale, and great possessions in the south of Scotland. (de Brus was nevertheless buried at Guisborough, the place of his birth). By the 15th century the Lordship was in the hands of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany. Following his death in 1485 it, and the castle of Lochmaben, were annexed to the Crown by Act of Parliament dated 1 October 1487.

Castles and battles

At some point in the 13th century the Bruces built a castle, probably a keep, at Lochmaben, the remains of which now lie under a golf course. It is claimed that King Robert the Bruce was born there, which is why the town adopted the motto "E Nobis Liberator Rex" ("From us is sprung a liberator king") on its coat of arms. However, this claim is relatively late; it cannot be ruled out, but his birthplace was more likely Turnberry Castle. Bruce certainly battled the English over this area during the Wars of Scottish Independence.

The English King Edward replaced the castle with a much sturdier structure at the south end of Castle Loch around 1300 and its remains still show the massive strength of its defences. Archibald Douglas, Lord of Galloway, with the assistance of the Earls of March and Douglas, after a siege of nine days, took Lochmaben Castle from the English and "razed it to the ground" on 4 February 1384/5. The castle and barony became a possession of the Earls of March, but when the 10th Earl was forfeited and then reinstated, in 1409, it is noted that it was "with the exception of the castle of Lochmaben and the Lordship of Annandale."

The Battle of Lochmaben Fair was fought on 22 July 1484: a force of 500 light horsemen led by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas invaded Scotland, but were defeated.

On 16 January 1508/9, at Edinburgh, Sir Robert Lauder of The Bass (d.1517/8), knight, was appointed "Captain and Keeper of the King's castle and fort of Lochmaben, with all pertinentes" and other privileges etc., for three years. In 1605 the Depute Lieutenant of the Borders, Sir William Cranstoun of that Ilk (later 1st Lord Cranstoun), was Keeper of Lochmaben Castle.

Lochmaben remained important and had a turbulent history until some time after the early 17th century by which time the castle had seen its last siege and was gradually abandoned.

Town
The town had prospered and become a Royal Burgh in 1447, and a Royal Charter in 1579. Its importance waned with the peace that was to become the norm, but it had sufficient resources to build a substantial tolbooth (which later known as Lochmaben Town Hall) in 1723.

The town is well found with a broad main street and the town is set in rolling countryside. The railway came in 1863, with Lochmaben a stop on the Dumfries to Lockerbie line, and brought easy communication both north and south. It closed to passengers in 1952 and to freight in 1966.

Governance
Lochmaben is in the parliamentary constituency of Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale, David Mundell of the Conservative Party is the current Member of Parliament (MP).

It is part of the South Scotland region in the Scottish Parliament, being in the constituency of Dumfriesshire. Oliver Mundell of the Conservatives is the MSP.

Before Brexit, for the European Parliament its residents voted to elect MEP's for the Scotland constituency.

Healthcare
Lochmaben Hospital was opened in 1905 as an infectious diseases hospital but, with the virtual demise of these diseases, it is now a modern 16-bed community facility caring for both physical and psychiatric problems.

Education
The town has its own school: Lochmaben Primary School.

Recreation
It also has an 18-hole golf course surrounding the Kirk loch on the edge of the town. Lochmaben has 3 main lochs: Kirk Loch, Castle Loch and the Mill Loch. It also has 2 smaller lochs: The Blind Loch and the Upper Loch. The town's lochs thrive with both sailing and fishing taking place throughout the year. In some years in winters of prolonged frost curling has taken place on the frozen lochs, mostly the Kirk Loch.

A 53 mi long-distance walking route called Annandale Way running through Annandale (from the source of the River Annan to the sea) was opened in September 2009. The route passes through Lochmaben and along the bank of Castle Loch. It offers interesting walking from Lochmaben on a day walk basis.

Economy
Arla Foods has a factory in the town.

Notable people

 * Angus Douglas (1889–1918) - Scottish international footballer
 * David Harvey (footballer, b. 1948) - relocated to Lochmaben in July 2020
 * William Jardine (merchant 1784 to 1843) -  co-founder of the Hong Kong based conglomerate Jardine, Matheson & Co
 * Sir William Paterson (banker, 1658 to 1719) - one of the founders of the Bank of England and the main proponent of the ill-fated Darien Scheme
 * Maitland Pollock (b. 1952) - professional footballer
 * William Wright Smith (1875–1956) - botanist

title: Lochmaben


text:
Darkan, Western Australia

Darkan is a town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, between Collie and the Albany Highway on the Coalfields Highway. It is also the seat of the Shire of West Arthur. At the 2016 census, Darkan had a population of 403.

History
The area was originally settled by William John Gibbs and his family in the 1860s. Gibbs established a property called "Darkan", using a local Aboriginal name which means Black Rock. The townsite developed when the Collie to Narrogin railway line was built, and in 1906, the townsite was gazetted. The town grew quickly thereafter, with a Road Board being established and numerous shops and services being established in the following years. The railway closed in the early 1990s, but the surrounding productive wool growing and mixed farming area along with tourism have ensured the town's survival.

In 1928 a 12-year-old girl Ivy Lewis was murdered by John Milner, who was later hanged for his crime.

Present day
Darkan is the social and political centre in the Shire of West Arthur. The town has a roadhouse, supermarket, telecentre, golf course, shire hall, hotel, synthetic tennis courts, basketball courts, primary school and a skatepark. A more recent addition is "The Shed", a workshop mainly for the town's retirees that consists of a woodworking and a metal working area for the construction of numerous personal projects. A heritage trail (the Road Board Office, Shire Office and Pioneer Hall (1911)) has been established in the town.

The town is surrounded by a fertile (lateritic/alluvial soils), high rainfall (approx 650mm per year) wheat/sheep area that makes use of a small range of services in the town and the Co-operative Bulk Handling grain storage bin about 3 km to the east. 10 km to the west is Six Mile Cottage, a very small two-room slab house built by a sleeper cutter for the railway in the early 1900s, and jarrah, flood gum and wandoo bushland reserves, filled with wildflowers in spring, are a short drive away.

title: Darkan, Western Australia


text:
Talk:Vincent D'Onofrio/Archive 1

''On 9 February 2005, NBC announced that Noth would return as co-starring Mike Logan for the 2005-2006 season of Criminal Intent. So Noth is to relieve D´Onofrio,in his cast.'' Is this really something that should be mentionned now ? Shouldn't we wait and lay back a little bit from theses news, in order to have a more global overview of this actor ? This article seems more to a tabloïd article than to encyclopedic article !!!! Lvr 10:03, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It isn't,this sentences is important. If you know more details feel free to contribute. --ThomasK 14:49, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Greta Scacchi
I don't really see why the anon user removed the reference to D'Onofrio's marriage to Greta Scacchi, as far as I know it is a fact that she herself has confirmed in interviews. Any objections to putting the reference back in? -- Lochaber 01:34, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I added the information of Vincent's marriage to Greta back onto the page. They were in fact married. Mseames 22:10, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I reverse my earlier position: The reference of D'Onofrio's marriage to Sccachi should be removed. Too much contradicting evidendece and zero facts on the issue. Mseames

 * D'Onofrio was not nomminated for an Oscar for "Full Metal Jacket". Source: www.oscars.org 205.188.116.131

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title: Talk:Vincent D'Onofrio/Archive 1


text:
User talk:Godewind

Please contact me in de:Wikipedia

QR Bremen
Please see my message on your DE talk page here--Ipigott (talk) 11:30, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

How to attribute
Thanks for your translation work. To attribute the German wiki place a translated|de|xxxx template in the talk page like this.♦ Dr. Blofeld  10:48, 15 December 2013 (UTC)
 * thanks, done --Godewind (talk) 13:07, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Season's greetings
Thank you for your kind words. May I also wish you all the very best for Christmas and the New Year. I hear your press release will now be in January. Please let me know if you need any help with it.--Ipigott (talk) 13:33, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your help. --Godewind (talk) 13:42, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

QR plaques
Thank you, Godewind, for adding photos of the QR plaques to your sightseeing list. I am however surprised at the rather poor quality of many of the English translations. It's a pity that while we are trying to provide the best possible quality of Wikipedia articles in English, the same attention has not been paid to the need for an acceptable quality of English on the plaques themselves. If you have any contacts with those responsible for their preparation, you should bring this to their attention. A city as large and important as Bremen should certainly be in a position to call on professional English translators for the small amount of work involved. -Ipigott (talk) 10:25, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Hallo Ipigott, danke für den Hinweis und Deine Mitarbeit an unserem Projekt. Den Link zu diesem Diskussionsbeitrag leite ich an das Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und die Tourismuszentrale weiter. --Godewind (talk) 11:15, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

en:dyk

 * Have you seen that your project is on the front page of the en:wiki ..... now Victuallers (talk) 17:10, 12 January 2014 (UTC)
 * very good :-) --Godewind (talk) 17:25, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Glad to see you've made it to DYK with Gerhard Marcks House. A good way to gain publicity. Victuallers is good at that kind of thing. You can see from here it had over 800 page views yesterday.--Ipigott (talk) 14:47, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Ihr macht einen tollen Job in unserem kleinen Projekt. Wir schätzen eure Mitarbeit sehr und hoffen, dass es weiter geht. --Godewind (talk) 17:01, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

Hamburg museum QR project
You might be interested in this if you haven't already seen it.--Ipigott (talk) 15:05, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

QR-Code in Bremen (BremenpediA)

 * Von dem Projekt hatte ich schon gelesen, aber diesen Artikel kannte ich nicht. Wiki-Hamburg hat eine große Community, da können wir nicht mithalten. Aber wir diskutieren auch über ein GLAM-Projekt . --Godewind (talk) 17:07, 13 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Ich wäre bereit GLAM Artikeln auf Englisch zu entwickeln. Im deutschen Wiki gibt es schon ziemlich viel über Bremer Museen und Bibliotheken: Kategorie:Museum in Bremen und Liste der Museen in der Freien Hansestadt Bremen. Auch über Bibliotheken und Archive in und um Bremen. Warum fängt Ihr nicht gleich an? Die Museen sind auch normalerweise für Touristen interessant. --Ipigott (talk) 10:30, 14 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Nach den positiven Erfahrungen im laufenden QR-Projekt bin ich auch dafür das bereits zur Diskussion gestellte GLAM-Projekt zu starten und kümmere mich um weitere "Mitmacher". --Godewind (talk) 11:48, 14 January 2014 (UTC)
 * (Sorry for English) - If you need help with the GLAM then I'd be pleased to help. I have nominated 3 of Ian's recent articles for DYK. Could you tell me when the plaques were put up? Your pictures seem to show that they have been there for some time. Victuallers (talk) 13:39, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
 * (Sorry for Deutsch) - Wir prüfen gerade, ob wir ein GLAM-Projekt in Bremen realisieren können. Mitarbeit ist uns sehr willkommen, aber gebt uns bitte noch 1-2 Wochen Zeit bis zur Entscheidung. Die Nominierung auf DYK ist großartig und war für Gerhard Marcks House ja sehr erfolgreich :-)). Die Plaques (ca. 35) sind im November(?) angebracht worden. Nächste Woche ist ein Presse-Gespräch angesetzt, dann wird es auch Zeitungsartkel geben. --Godewind (talk) 14:09, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry for English again.

Best regards Roger
 * 1) Good luck with the press conference. Do you call it Bremenpedia?
 * 2) November! The plaques gathered a lot of graffiti in a very short time! :-)
 * 3) If you need help then it would be fun to come to Bremen.
 * 4) Glad the DYK was good - there 3 or 4 more to come which @Ipigott has mostly written. Tell me the day of the press conference and I will see if we can arrange a DYK for that day.
 * 5) Landgericht_Bremen
 * 6) Vinegar House
 * 7) The bug you report on my talk page is not obvious. Both links work fine for me. I'm guessing there is a problem with the German version. I will pass this on to the technical team. Can you tell me more?

 * Hello Roger.

 * zu 1. Es war ein Fototermin für die Presse. Ergebnis hier. Bremenpedia? I like it :-)
 * zu 2. Die Tafeln sind schon einige Jahre alt, werden 1-2 mal im Jahr gereinigt. Die WP-Aufkleber sind auf den Fotos (7. Januar) noch sauber.
 * zu 3. Willkommen in Bremen! Vielleicht im März?
 * zu 4-6. :-))
 * zu 7. Wohl ein Problem der Spracheinstellung. Smartphone auf "Deutsch (Deutschland)": Fehlermeldung, "English (United Kingdom)" und "Francais (France)" linken korrekt
 * Beste Grüße, Jürgen aka --Godewind (talk) 13:33, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

 * 1) Problems solved by WMUK!
 * 2) March sounds good. Do you have a date?
 * 3) I saw you in the news .... well done
 * 4) The new blue plaque photos are in "QRpedia in Bremen" on commons .... but they go to "qr.de"? Is there a problem with qrwp.org? Victuallers (talk) 16:08, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

 * zu 1. fine. I have test our 32 plaques, all ok
 * zu 2. Termin und Ort im März werden noch gesucht. Ich hoffe es wird Bremen, wenn Du teilnehmen kannst trage Dich bitte ein (Wo wollen wir uns treffen? = Bremen | Wann wollen wir uns treffen? = anderer Termin (Datum egal) oder Datum das _nicht_ passt
 * zu 3. interessierte Presseleute und gute Berichte :-))
 * zu 4. die Tafeln in der Böttcherstraße gehören der Böttcherstraßen GmbH (plaque). Ich versuche dort auch QRpedia-plaques anbringen zu dürfen, wenn wir das Projekt fortsetzen. In dem Bericht vom Weser-Kurier wurde der Leiter der Touristikzentrale zitiert mit "bis zu 50 Tafeln" (ein Plus von ca. 20) in diesem Jahr. Es kostet ja wenig! --Godewind (talk) 18:04, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Recent developments
I have been following the recent developments you have been reporting here and on the German wiki and am glad to see your relationship with Victuallers is progressing. I am however a bit confused. I was informed earlier that a meeting was planned for 28 January. Did it actually take place? If so, what were the conclusions? Was there an official press release? Were any articles published in newspapers? (I did see the well presented "Elektronischer Stadtrundgang" in the Weser Kurier a few days ago.)

I have also been working on the new additions to your project list but as far as I can see there are no QR Wikipedia codes on the plaques. I see from the Weser Kurier article that a further 20 plaques will be going up "in the course of the year". This seems a very long and vague time frame. When do you actually expect them to be put up? In the meantime, could you not simply add stickers to the blue plaques? I expect in this connection you intend to make any further additions to the list? Can you provide any details?

On the English version of the sightseeing tour details here, for most of the buildings we are told "Information on Wikipedia to follow". As nearly all the German articles now also have an English version, would it not be possible to update accordingly?

On a more practical level, I was sorry about the confusion regarding Haus Heineken. I see Johann31's translation is still waiting to be precessed. It's a great pity he went to so much trouble translating it if it's not going to be included in the English version. I thought you may be in a position to add references, especially as you were the original author. But if you don't have time, just let me know and I'll see what I can do myself. It's always possible to say that an article has simply been translated from the German Wikipedia without giving detailed inline references but if we really want to go for high quality, the inlines should really be included.

That's also been my problem with St.-Katharinen-Kloster. Although the German article contains a fair amount of detail, I have not been able to find internet sources either in German or English. That explains why there is no English article yet. I imagine most of the information comes from the two items quoted in the literature section (which are not accessible on the web). Maybe Johann31 would like to provide a translation from the German? If not, I'll try to put something together myself.

I'm afraid this has turned out to be longer than intended. I'll leave my queries on the GLAM project for later.--Ipigott (talk) 08:48, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * please look for mail. --Godewind (talk) 15:10, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

BremenpediA
I see from your project page that you have now decided to call it BremenpediA, so nicely presented at the top of the page. Maybe it would be a good idea to change the name of the page to de:Wikipedia:WikiProjekt BremenpediA? Almost all the articles in your list are now also in English (though not strictly speaking translations). You (or one of your English-speaking colleagues) might like to provide more details for English-speaking participants on how you wish to proceed from here. I would also suggest you bring these developments to the attention of GERMANY on the English Wiki, perhaps opening up a task force on WikiProject Germany/Bremen task force along the lines of those for Hamburg and the other German Länder? Personally, I think it is important to back up interest in BremenpediA by doing everything possible to attract attention as soon as possible (both in German and English) so as to build up a community of contributors.--Ipigott (talk) 10:14, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

 * QR-Code ist jetzt Teil von BremenpediA. Wir arbeiten noch an der Projektseite (und dem Header) und werden dann die Kategorien einsetzen (danke für die Anregung). Ich hoffe, dass wir noch im Februar erfahren wie es mit QR-Code auf Infotafeln weitergehen kann. Auf der Liste sind nur noch 3 Artikel ohne englische Version, soll ich noch weitere Artikel mit Infotafel (ohne QR-Code) eintragen? Zu GLAM-Projekten führen wir schon Gespräche, dazu bald mehr. --Godewind (talk) 10:46, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Jetzt nur noch zwei - bis morgen werden sie auch auf Englisch sein. Ich werde auch mehrere Artikeln über Architekten u.s.w. schreiben - vieleicht auch über Museen und Kirchen Es wäre besser, wenn andere QR-Tafeln aufgesetzt würden. Vielleicht könnte man in der Zweischenzeit eine Prioritätsliste ausarbeiten? --Ipigott (talk) 12:22, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Für die Informationstafeln ist der Initiativkreis Stadtgeschichte zuständig, der die Plaques auch bezahlt hat. Von der Touristenzentrale ist das ausgeführt worden, da steht eine Antwort noch aus wie es weitergeht. Ich kann gerne noch Artikel in die Liste aufnehmen im Bereich Schlachte und Schnoor. Diese OSM-Karte zeigt die Lage der Infotafeln (click or mousover). --Godewind (talk) 14:37, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Allow me to reply in English so that others can see what we are discussing. As far as I can see, the sites on the OSM map you point to are also listed in this PDF brochure. There seem to be a total of 122. While there are panels in German and English at these sites, as far as I can see there do not yet seem to be stickers with QR codes for Wikipedia. I am not sure who is responsible for adding the Wikipedia stickers but perhaps it should be a cooperative effort. In any case, in my opinion although it is indeed a help to visitors to have QR-coded plaques, by far the majority of those reading the Wikipedia information actually come in from standard internet searches. It would therefore seem to me to be just as important to develop Wikipedia articles in English for buildings, districts and attractions without QR codes, especially for buildings and other sites which are of real importance from a historical, architectural or cultural viewpoint. I think it would also be interesting to take into account the pageviews of articles on Bremen in German. That might be a good way of creating a list based on priorities. At the same time, I think we should be developing English articles on aspects associated with the history of the city which are not suitable for coverage on plaques. These should include biographies of people who have played an important role in the city's development: architects, artists, politicians, performers, scientists, businessmen, etc. Here we could simply start on the basis of those already mentioned in the existing EN articles, especially those who are red-linked. I don't know whether the DE-Wiki has a utility for tracking popular pages but the output from the EN WikiProjects such as WikiProject Hamburg gives a good idea of what people are looking for. Look forward to any comments you (and Vicutallers?) may have on this.--Ipigott (talk) 13:34, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

 * (sorry, in german) Die OSM-Map hat User:Quarz nach der PDF-Broschüre erstellt. Wir möchten möglichst viele Tafeln mit QRpedia-Code haben, können das aber leider nicht selber entscheiden. Um keine Zeit zu verlieren fangen wir BremenpediA an. Und mit kleinen Archiven und kleinen Museen (wie de:Bremer Rundfunkmuseum beginnen, da sind die Entscheidungswege kürzer und nicht so kompliziert. Es ist eine gute Idee, sich nicht nur auf die QR-Sticker zu konzentrieren. Zur Geschichte gibt es auch online-Quellen wie Digitale Sammlungen oder diese. Ich treffe mich heute mit dem BremenpediA-Kreis, wir wollen besprechen wie es weiter geht. --Godewind (talk) 14:31, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

 * We look forward to news of your meeting. Toi, toi, toi!--Ipigott (talk) 15:01, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

Recent additions to list
Thanks, Godewind, for your latest additions to the list. At the moment I'm actually trying to catch up on red links (architects, etc.) from the other articles. In any case, I think it might be a good idea to slow down on the DYKs. If there are too many from the same editor(s) within a fairly short period on the same general topic, there could be problems. However, as long as there are new articles on the list, other editors may come along and deal with them. If not, I'll return to them later. I have also been spending about half my time on improving the coverage of Esbjerg as we are trying to work the main article up to GA. I should really spend more time on completing the assignment.--Ipigott (talk) 22:14, 8 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Danke für die starke Unterstützung. Die Bremer Touristik-Zentrale will erst im nächsten Jahr weitermachen, ich suche nach einem anderen Sponsor. Regards --Godewind (talk) 07:20, 9 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Vielleicht wäre Jan-Peter Halves daran interessiert? Oder eine Lokalzeitung? Museen vielleicht auch? Ich sehe, dass wir jetzt auf "Every building..." überall "Read more on Wikipedia" haben. Schon ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung.--Ipigott (talk) 14:57, 9 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Guter Hinweis, ich werde bei der CityInitiative Bremen Werbung nachfragen, ebenso bei der Böttcherstraße GmbH für die vier Tafeln Godewind (talk) 15:52, 9 February 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Godewind


text:
Talk:Master and Everyone

Is Marty Slayton an Oldham regular? I thought this was the first (and last) time they've worked together, no? --Leo44 12:19, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Masterandeveryone albumcover.jpg
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title: Talk:Master and Everyone


text:
User talk:Doc Martian

Welcome!

title: User talk:Doc Martian


text:
Pedro Serrano (sailor)

Pedro Luis Serrano, also referred to as Pedro de Serrano, was a 16th century Spanish sailor who was allegedly marooned for seven to eight years on a small desert island. Details of the story differ, but the most common version has him shipwrecked on a small island in the Caribbean off the coast of Nicaragua, sometime in the 1520s. Serrano survived by eating shrimp, cockles, and other animals he found washed up on the shore, and by collecting drinking water in sea turtle shells when it rained. When rainwater was unavailable, he also drank the blood of the turtles he had captured.

In some versions of the story, Serrano was joined by another Spanish castaway after three years on the island. Due to Serrano's isolation and unkempt state, both men initially mistook one another for the Devil, and quickly fled from each another. They reconciled when both men were able to invoke the name of Jesus Christ. The two men lived together on the island for about four years. They reportedly had a brief falling-out, in which each man isolated himself to one half of the island, but they were later re-reconciled.

Rescue
Serrano and his companion were eventually rescued by a ship that had sighted their smoke signal. The sailors dispatched to pick them up, also mistaking both the men for the Devil, attempted to flee, but returned and rescued the men when they again invoked the name of Christ. Whilst Serrano's companion died on the voyage back to Spain, Serrano returned home safely and exhibited himself for money, never cutting his hair or his beard, which had grown "to his waist" during his time as a castaway. After receiving a sum of 4,000 pieces of eight from the King of Spain, Serrano sailed to the Americas to collect the money, but died during the voyage. Other versions of Serrano's story state that he had become insane by the time he was rescued.

Historicity
The tale of Serrano may have been loosely based on the historical case of "Maestre Joan", who in 1528 was stranded on cay now named Serrana Bank, and was rescued eight years later.

The name Serrana Bank first appears on a Dutch map of 1545. Other versions place the events in the Pacific, off the coast of Peru, as late as the 1540s. There is some doubt about the historicity of the tale. The earliest known source is Garcilaso de la Vega's Comentarios Reales de los Incas (1609).

In literature
Serrano's story has been heavily adapted and retold since the 17th century. One such work is the comedic poem Etiquette, written in the 19th century by the librettist W. S. Gilbert, which heavily adapts Serrano's story as a satire of Victorian era social customs. In the poem, Serrano and his island companion are two English businessmen named "Peter Gray" and "Somers", who are stranded on a desert island when their ship, the Ballyshannon, is "foundered off the coast of Cariboo". Despite their situation, the two men refuse to speak to each other, not having been formally introduced. They decide without discussion to divide the island between them. However, they soon discover that Gray's portion of the island is rich in oysters, which Gray cannot eat, whilst Somers' portion is rich in turtles, which Somers cannot eat. Whilst the two men could easily switch sides, they refuse to discuss this with one another, as this would be socially improper.

One day, Gray overhears Somers musing about his friend Robinson, with whom Somers reveals he has a mutual friendship, which finally allows the two men to speak. They eventually become very close friends. After many years on the island, Gray and Somers see a vessel in the near distance, and the two men decide to swim out to it. However, when they discover that the boat is in fact a convict ship, they immediately refuse rescue, being unwilling to associate themselves with the convicts. On returning to their desert island, the two men laugh together about their near-miss encounter. A boat from the vessel rows past, and they are horrified to discover that none other than their mutual friend, Robinson, is pulling the oar. They learn that Robinson had been convicted for "misappropriating stock". Gray and Somers, completely embarrassed about their prior association with a criminal, revert to not speaking to one another. They divide the island once more, alone and unable to eat most of the food that washes ashore.

title: Pedro Serrano (sailor)


text: User talk:129.110.26.186

title: User talk:129.110.26.186