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Last Island (Louisiana)

Last Island (Official name: Isle Dernière, often misspelled as Îsle Dernière, Isle Dernier, L'Îsle Dernière, Île Dernière, etc.) was a barrier island and location of a pleasure resort southwest of New Orleans on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, United States. Located south of Dulac, Louisiana, between Lake Pelto, Caillou Bay, and the Gulf of Mexico, it was named Last Island because it was the last of a series of barrier islands which stretched westward from the mouth of the Mississippi River, 90 miles to the east.

The island was destroyed by the Last Island Hurricane of August 10, 1856, which split it in two. Afterwards, it became known in the plural Isles Dernières ("Last Islands").

The island was originally approximately 25 miles in length before being split in half by the storm. Subsequent tropical storms did more damage, and Isle Dernière was further fragmented into smaller islands. Now the Isles Dernieres Barrier Island Refuge, since the 1990s there have been a number of different projects aimed at rebuilding and protecting the islands, including in 1998, when sand was suctioned up to raise the level of the islands, and plantings were made to keep the new land in place.

The closest village to the islands is Cocodrie, about 15 miles to the northeast.

Lighthouse
The Louisiana legislature petitioned the U.S. Congress in 1848 for a lighthouse for the island, and money was appropriated for a lightship, which would be placed on Ship Shoal, several miles southeast of the island. The revenue cutter McLane was converted at the cost of $12,774.67 into the lightship Pleasonton – named after Stephen Pleasonton, the auditor of the Treasury, who oversaw federal lighthouses in the United States. It was put into service on December 29, 1849, but was replaced in 1860 by a permanent lighthouse of the iron skeletal tower type. The Ship Shoal Lighthouse was discontinued and abandoned in 1965.

Resort at Last Island
Before the Last Island Hurricane, the island was a popular resort where people could enjoy white sand beaches and clearer water, which are not found on the marshy mainland. Last Island was also known for an almost continuous breeze, which would have been welcomed by those escaping the suffocating heat of New Orleans. Accommodations included the John Muggah's Ocean House Hotel, and for entertainment there were several gambling establishments and the Captain Dave Muggah's Billiard House. Several hundred yards to the west of the hotel was the settlement known as Last Island Village which consisted of approximately 100 beach homes, some "fine" houses and other temporary summer houses.

Regular steamer service to the island was provided by the Star from Bayou Boeuf. The New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad provided a connection to Bayou Boeuf from Algiers, La., a short ride on the Algiers Train Ferry across the Mississippi River from the French Quarter landing at St. Ann Street. Regular railroad fare was $3.50 with half-fare for children and servants. New Orleanians could take the Algiers passenger ferry.

Of the approximately 400 vacationers on the island at the time the hurricane hit it, 198 were known or presumed dead and 203 were known survivors. Several of the victims were enslaved people, some of whom were credited with rescuing others, including several children. Every structure on the island including the hotel, a large, two-story wooden structure of considerable strength, was destroyed, and the island was left void of crops and other vegetation.

Isles Dernieres Barrier Island Refuge
The Isles Dernieres Barrier Islands Refuge encompasses four islands: from east to west, Wine, Trinity/East, Whiskey, and Raccoon, as well as several thousand acres of associated water. There is a public use area for bird-watching, picnicking, fishing, and overnight camping on Trinity Island; any other use of the islands requires a permit from the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, which owns the islands and has managed them since 1992, when they were initially leased from the Louisiana Land and Exploration Company. Today, the islands protect the mainland to the north from erosion and damage from hurricanes, but their primary purpose is to provide protected habitat for nesting waterbirds, such as pelicans. Raccoon Island in particular is one of the most important waterbird nesting areas on the Louisiana Gulf Coast.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Last Island (Louisiana)


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File:MooreCRide.jpg

Album Cover of "Ride On" by Christy Moore

title: File:MooreCRide.jpg


text:
Customatix

Customatix (later "Cmax") was a Santa Cruz, California-based seller of made-to-order footwear launched in May 2000. The parent company, Solemates, Inc., was founded in 1999 by former Adidas executives Dave Ward, Irmi Kreuzer, Mikal Peveto and David Solk.

The Customatix.com website allowed the user to customize one of several shoe designs and purchase a pair of shoes. Each basic shoe design featured a large selection of customizable parameters, including choice of component materials and colors, plus text and graphics, allowing trillions of possible variations.

The web application was created by a dot com engineering company called Lutris Technologies. The Chief Designer was Noel Barnes and Production Manager was Daryl L Tempesta. The Cmax project was published in the magazine "HOW". Over 1 million images were created. Some shoes had 3 billion trillion combinations.

Customized shoes were manufactured in China and shipped directly to the customer.

By mid-2004, the website had gone offline.

title: Customatix


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Two of a Kind (1951 film)

Two of a Kind is a 1951 American crime film directed by Henry Levin and starring Edmond O'Brien, Lizabeth Scott and Terry Moore.

Plot
Mike Farrell (O'Brien) is induced by con artists Brandy Kirby (Scott) and attorney Vincent Mailer (Knox) to purloin a rich couple's ten million dollar estate by having Farrell pose as their long-lost son.

When the old man refuses to change his will, Mailer decides to kill the couple, and Kirby plays along. Farrell refuses to assist and Mailer plans to kill him too. After a botched attempt, with Kirby's help, Farrell exposes the scam to the old man, dooming Mailer's plan, and allowing Kirby and Farrell to unite, as "Two of a Kind".

Cast

 * Edmond O'Brien as Michael 'Lefty' Farrell
 * Lizabeth Scott as Brandy Kirby
 * Terry Moore as Kathy McIntyre
 * Alexander Knox as Vincent Mailer
 * Griff Barnett as William McIntyre
 * Virginia Brissac as Maida McIntyre
 * Robert Anderson as Todd

title: Two of a Kind (1951 film)


text:
Talk:Thermal power station

reference 4 is not appropriate to this article I believe. It links to a discussion of gas turbines and their efficiency, which are basically giant jet engines for the combustion of fossil fuels. the section in question is discussing steam turbines and the efficiency of a steam plant, which is not related to gas turbine efficiency in any way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.169.225.2 (talk) 05:40, 20 August 2017 (UTC)

Other plant types
The article looks good, but there are some problems. Not all thermal power plants are fossil fueled. For example, solar thermal electric, geothermal and nuclear power plants all convert heat into electricity (mechanical first of course). Also, thermal power plants need not be steam-electric power plants. A major type is gas turbines, but Stirling engines don't use steam, either. Neither do, thermophotovoltaic plants or thermal diodes, although they are in very limited use. -- Kjkolb 16:25, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I fully agree with your comments. I missed these because it was in mind only the istallation by GE and Bhel before 1970 in India. You are welcome to make corrections to incorporate your findings. You will be a better judge. Hence the request please. --Dore chakravarty 01:12, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think that you have much more knowledge about power plants than I do. However, I am familiar with their classifications and the more unusual forms of power generation. There's a lot of excellent information in this article and I did not want to make any changes until I had some feedback. I'm going to give some thought to the best way to proceed. Thanks, Kjkolb 04:50, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I Shall think also mean time about corrections. I think I am not fit for all the praises.
 * --Dore chakravarty 05:27, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The first para if revised as under may satisfy the requirement;

 * Instead of the words fossil fuel if we substitute the words coal, oil and gas fuel, may satisfy the requirement of the present article. Please check. --Dore chakravarty 18:59, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Do we really need 4 articles on the same subject??
Wikipedia now has these 4 articles, all on the same subject: Do we really need all of these? In my opinion, this sort of thing reflects badly on Wikipedia. What can we do to get these four articles merged?? - mbeychok 17:52, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Fossil fuel power plant
 * Power station
 * Thermal power station
 * Steam-electric power plant (Note: has since been combined with thermal power station David Hollman (Talk) 07:22, 9 September 2010 (UTC)) (but later separated)
 * A lot can be written about power plants, especially if writers go into the details that Dore chakravarty likes to go into. There are so many kinds and variations of power plants.  I tend to agree that some reorganizing might be in order.

 * Previously, there were three rather detailed engineering diagrams made and inserted into this article by Dore chakravarty. One showed the workings of a coal-fired boiler, and the other two showed other power plant sections.  These diagrams were at least partially drawn by hand, and some did not come out as neatly as would be ideal.  Those three diagrams were substituted by a single, rather detailed and nicely created diagram of a complete coal-fired power plant, although such a diagram did not show all details which were in the three previous diagrams.  The coal-fired boiler diagram by Dore chakravarty has been proposed for deletion, based at least in part because it was rather crudely drawn and Dore chakravarty is not able to improve them, perhaps because of limited resources.  He has asked me to rework all three as I had prevously done to his Condenser (steam turbine) diagram.  I have started work on two of these diagrams including the one proposed for deletion, but it will take me time to complete the reworking.

 * Another possibility may be to move some select engineering details to the Engineering Wikia, where Dore chakravarty has been very active and is an administrator. H Padleckas 02:09, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, the "single, rather detailed and nicely created diagram of a complete coal-fired power plant" that replaced the three crudely drawn diagrams originally in the article is all that is needed. In fact, it is more than adequate and very professionally done. The three crudely drawn diagrams were seemingly based on a rather old, specific plant in India (circa 1970) and attempted to show too many highly detailed and site-specific items. Again, in my opinion, the article should not be so focused on some specific plant or plants. Rather, it should attempt to present typical, generic information because there are so many different designs.

 * I really think that your excellent talents with drawings could be put to better use than trying to rehabilitate those crude drawings. As you say, perhaps they may be of use in the Engineering Wiki. But even there, I should think the diagram that is now in this article (which was obtained from Wikimedia Commons) would be a much better choice. Anyhow, I send you my best regards Henry. It is good to be in contact with you again. - mbeychok 07:41, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to comment that despite the fact that there are 4 articles, this one should probably not be merged with anything. I believe that the steam-electric power plant is not different at all from the thermal power plant; all thermal power plants are always steam-electric. -Guest —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.30.179.247 (talk) 00:21, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * To say simply that "all thermal power plants are always steam-electric" is misleading. Steam-driven shipboard thermal power plants, whether conventional or nuclear, commonly use the rotational power from their steam turbines to mechanically drive the propellers to propel the ships, instead of first converting this propulsion power to electricity.  I have explained this in this article - after Steam-electric power plant had been merged into here.  The are probably a couple hundred ships with such types of steam-driven propulsion plants, these days mostly in the Navy.  H Padleckas (talk) 09:07, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

MS Word doc
How can I send you the the Doc that I have sent to User:Mbeychok?

--Dore chakravarty 06:12, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Thermal power station-condenser and deaerator images
I feel for the specific article the images you have replaced appear to be primitive which probably have to be in the respective general articles. I feel my earlier images with more details go with the present article, with slight change in text, though these images require reworking for improvement. Excuse me if this hurts you. Please opine.

--Dore chakravarty 21:36, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Dore, I think the images which were replaced were excessively detailed and much too oriented toward certain specific plants in India, so that they simply were not appropriate for a more general audience. And if you will excuse me for saying so, they were very crudely hand-drawn sketches, virtually unreadable and unworthy of being in an encyclopedic article. I regret having to be this blunt, but you have raised this same point many times previously and I have tried to explain this to you a number of times.

 * Dore, you must learn to accept how Wikipedia works. The original author of an article does not "own" the article. Others are permitted to revise it, expand it and improve it. They are also permitted to change any drawings or diagrams or replace them with more suitable ones. From that process, an improved article will emerge. - mbeychok 22:25, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I need to find some online references to back it up, but my experience in power plants points to deaerators falling out of favor in large power plants (both nuclear and coal). Condensers with good deareation in the hotwell section are used instead.  This simplifies startup because the pressures of the extraction steam doesn't match the pressure of the open feed heater.  The ratio of pressure on the condensate pump and feed pump often place a tight limit on the allowed pressure in the open feed heater.  This means that line steam must be used to keep the feedwater deaerated until the receiver pressure becomes high enough.  With all closed feed heaters, the pressures on the water side and steam side are independent.  Wefoij 18:24, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Wefoij: If the latest large power plants use surface condensers with deareating hotwells as you say, then please feel free to add a new section describing such surface condensers and providing additional images. However, since a very great many existing power plants are using surface condensers and deaerators as currently described in those articles, please do not change the current descriptions or images. Regards, - mbeychok 21:01, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Question about the term thermal power
If thermal power plants depend on heat to boil water for steam which drives turbines, why aren't nuclear power plants considered thermal too? Compared to hydroelectric power which uses liquid water to spin turbines, wind or solar power plants the basic features of nuclear/thermal plants are much more similar. They both use thermal energy to heat water, one generates the energy from a chemical reaction the other from a nuclear reaction but the thermal product is the same and the water boils.

If nuclear plants are considered thermal power, why aren't they mentioned more in the article? Anynobody 07:40, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Nuclear energy is mentioned (and linked) in the second sentence of this article as a source of energy for power plants. There is also an existing Wikipedia article, Nuclear power devoted to nuclear power plants and I have just added a link to that article in the "See also" section of this article.

 * The original creator of this article focused it mostly on some specific, older, coal-fired power plants in India and included much too much detail. As you may have noticed earlier on this Talk page, I suggested merging some of the many existing articles about power plants of different types, but could not achieve a consensus to do so. So I have spent considerable time re-writing this article so as to "modernize" and generalize it so that it wasn't simply a description of those older coal-fired plants in India. It could still use more generalizing, a great deal more, starting with the section entitled "Generator high voltage system". - mbeychok 20:39, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I did notice both the early mention and prior conversation here about dispersion. Given the amount of time and effort put into describing conventional (as opposed to nuclear) power plants I thought the early nuclear mention might be part of some edit war. I completely agree, the article should be much less specific. Anynobody 00:07, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your response. As noted above, there are now 4 Wikipedia articles devoted to non-nuclear power plants, namely Fossil fuel power plant, Power station, Steam-electric power plant and Thermal power station. In my opinion, the best of the 4 articles is the Fossil fuel power plant and I still don't understand why we need all 4 of them. - mbeychok 00:22, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right, there is quite a bit of overlap:
 * Power station could refer to any type of electrical generation; solar, hydro, nuclear, etc.
 * Steam-electric power plant and Thermal power station are the same thing (unless thermocouple power plants exist) so one is definitely superfluous.
 * Fossil fuel power plant is a type of thermal/steam power plant.
 * They all discuss concepts like turbines, condensers, boilers etc. which is unnecessary and repetitive. Where to start is the question I have. Anynobody 03:43, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * To answer your question about where to start, in my opinion the best of the 4 articles by far is the Fossil fuel power plant. I think whatever few parts of the other three articles contain useful content could be merged into the Fossil fuel power plant and the other three could then be converted into redirects leading to the Fossil fuel power plant. The problem is how to get a consensus on that. I don't want to get involved in a reverting war by unilaterally undertaking such a merger. For example, see my archived Talk page User talk:Mbeychok/Archive3 and read comments 6 and 8 therein where Wtshymanski merged Steam-electric power plant into Thermal power plant in January 2007 ... and few hours later, Kjkolb reverted that redirect. Do you have any ideas as to how to get a goodly number of people to comment which might hopefully lead to a consensus about merging the four articles? Regards, mbeychok 04:35, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that the fossil fuels page is the best of them, in everything but name. I'd suggest a more radical reorganizing using:
 * Power station (and Power plant redirect) organized like this:
 * Types:
 * Thermal
 * Fossil fuels
 * Nuclear
 * Hydro
 * Wind
 * Solar
 * The thermal type would use a lot of the information from the fossil fuels article to describe the features they share with nuclear plants (steam turbines, condensers, etc.) Anynobody 06:04, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry forgot to answer your second question; Once the details about how it "should be" are clear we can create a request for comment about it. Anynobody 06:06, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree with Anynobody's last suggesting. Might do it soon. Wongm (talk) 13:48, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Perhaps the classification of power plants should be structured like this:

 * Types:
 * Thermal
 * Fossil fuels
 * Nuclear
 * Renewable Fuels
 * Solar Thermal
 * Hydro
 * Wind
 * Fuel Cells
 * Solar Photovoltaic

The solar and fuel cell technologies are such a small fraction of the total that they might rightly be excluded from the list, or simply referred to as "alternative developing technologies" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fredrosse (talk • contribs) 02:35, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal (GRES)
I propose to merge GRES into this article.

Rationale: By its nature, it is a typical thermal power plant. Having specific name in specific country is not a reason to create separate article. It could be case if GRES is really smth else than just a thermal power station (e.g. specific technical solution). So far, this is not a case. Beagel (talk) 21:26, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi, Beagel. If you will look at Category:Power stations by country, there are dozen upon dozens of power stations listed (many of them Thermal Power Stations). If GRES is merged into here, then why not all the others? And that would make a total mess of this article, would it not? Regards, mbeychok (talk) 20:54, 10 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi, Mbeychok. Nice to see you back. GRES in this article is not a single power station, it is used as a Russian acronym for the thermal power station. I don't have any problem with articles about a single power station (we have several having GRES in their name like Konakovskaya GRES), but in this context I don't think it is reasonable to create an article only because in some country different acronym is in use for the same thing. If this article would be about the history of thermal power stations in the Soviet Union or listing current thermal power stations in Russia, I don't have anything against this, but in this it should be renamed to have more precise title.Beagel (talk) 22:17, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * My bad. I should have looked at GRES and I did not. I just assumed it was Ekibastuz GRES-1. Now that I have looked at GRES, I agree with you that it should be merged into this article. mbeychok (talk) 23:19, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * object. The word GRES is used in names of numerous russian power plants and hence deserves a page. While it may be "typical, there is still lots of content which is not "typical", but specific to Russia and Soviet Union. (I am somewhat busy how to expand the text.) If you really want to merge something in a useful way, then I would suggest you to merge Fossil fuel power plant, which is, like, 85% overlap, with pictures and all. - 7 bubyon >t 02:52, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * What is exactly specific in the Soviet Union and Russia, which is different from typical thermal power station? Beagel (talk) 05:45, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, as the subject of other article has changed, I withdrawn the merger proposal. Beagel (talk) 17:02, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Steam-electric power plant diagram
From a derivative the existing coal-fired power plant picture called File:PowerStation2.svg, I have made a new diagram of a generalized Steam-driven electric power plant called File:Steam-electric power plant.PNG. See it below: The same coal-fired plant image presently in this article is also in the Fossil-fuel power plant article. I am considering replacing the existing coal-fired picture in the Thermal power station article with the generalized File:Steam-electric power plant.PNG, I just made and showed above. First I'll ask if anybody has any objections. H Padleckas (talk) 06:58, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Why not keep the file format as SVG, rather than change to PNG, which is deprecated for diagrams? — BillC talk 19:48, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a good idea. I have not yet uploaded the software I need to make these changes to your *.svg image, File:PowerStation2.svg.  I think it will take me a while to figure out how to do all that.  I must admit that I have worked on another *.png version which is a derivative of your File:PowerStation2.svg picture.  It would simply be a replacement image for File:PowerStation2.svg or a suggested example/guide on how to clarify some items in the File:PowerStation2.svg picture.  I will try to upload it some day.  As in the above File:Steam-electric power plant.PNG picture, I will label Item 7a as "Condensate pump" and 7b as "Boiler Feedwater pump."  H Padleckas (talk) 22:43, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Merge proposal (fossil fuel power station)
I propose merging Fossil fuel power station into this article as there is a significant overlapping. Although thermal power stations is a wider term, most of the fossil fuel power stations are thermal power stations. Beagel (talk) 19:07, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Support Oppose: Agree on the overlapping, and thermal power station is also a more popular search term. Rehman(+) 06:01, 8 August 2010 (UTC) Per Riick below. Rehman(+) 01:13, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose: The overlap should definitely be reduced, but the two articles are not about the same thing. Thermal power stations can have sources of energy other than fossil fuels (such as nuclear, maybe geothermal?) as I understand it - although most (all?) fossil fuel stations are thermal, all thermal stations are certainly not fossil. I would recommend keeping the generic parts here (that are not specific to the fuel) and moving the rest to the fossil fuel power station article. That will allow this article to serve as more of a general overview, and the more detailed fuel-specific articles can continue to develop.  As stated in Splitting, "In some cases refactoring an article into child or sister articles can allow subtopics to be discussed more fully elsewhere without dominating a general overview article" and I think this is such a case, even though we're talking about removing redundancy rather than splitting.  I think there is a risk that merging would stifle development of this very broad topic area, whereas a good refactoring will make the scope of each individual article much more clear.  David Hollman (Talk) 10:19, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Comment: I read both articles and thought the fossil fuel power station article was much more informative about fossil fuel power plants.  It gave very specific information on the low % of efficiency for many fossil fuel plants, which is information that is not well publicized.  I've been verbally quoted 40% efficiency (incoming BTU at the power plant to the end user use of electricity at the end of the electric distribution wire) as a mean value, from the fossil fuel power station article - -it seems that 40% is exceedingly optimistic.  Thank you for helping to provide very useful information. 161618dot (talk) 05:13, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose: For two reasons. First, fossil fuel stations are not a really subset of thermal energy stations, so it's not a parent article / child article kind of situation. Thus a merge would create a structure where, for example, internal combustion power stations would have to be described here. That would make no sense, since internal combustion is not thermal power.  Second, I think the seperate fossil fuel article creates a better venue for discussing things unique to that kind of power station, such as greenhouse gases. It's harder to speak of such things here because they apply only to some thermal energy power stations.  A better strategy would be to eliminate the overlap by merging only those sections which cover the details of thermal power generation.  Of course this must include leaving a summary behind with links to more detailed description within this article. Riick (talk) 00:22, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I've moved the steam bits from "fossil fuel" here - I see we lost "steam electric" which would perhaps be a slightly better title for this article. I've added some mention of other fossil fuel prime movers at "fossil fuel" and I've tried to delete some of the redundancy from returning the steam description here. There's still some redundancy with a bunch of articles on boiler components, etc. which could use refactoring. I'd also like to see the history section expand. This article doesn't mention marine propulsion at all and so I've taken the passing reference out of the lead. "Fossil fuel" is still viable to talk about costs and environmental effects, but we can leave the details of the plumbing here.  --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:04, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose: (Since the discussion is still open). Most content could be moved to detail articles : fossil-fuel...,biomass..., nuclear PS leaving this with just brief summaries. Combustion issues common to biomass and fossil-fuel could move to boiler (power generation) ? This could be the article for discussion of the thermodynamics common to nuclear, biomass and fossil-fuel. - Rod57 (talk) 14:32, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

Merge from Conventional coal-fired power plant
Same content, two titles. And that one is ripped from Citizendium - is it even legal to use that content here? Suggest merge of anything usable from that article. --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:06, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Merge, per nom. Seems reasonable. Reh  man  10:07, 18 December 2010 (UTC)

Boiler construction and operation
These paragraphs need work because: (i) The water circulation is described in different places as driven by pumps and by natural convection (i.e. water in downcomers pushes steam/water mixture up water walls in furnace) (ii) A single set of values (much too high) for saturated steam temperature and pressure is quoted. (iii) Burners are stated in different places as being placed at the four corners of the furnace and on one or both of the front and back walls. (I'd do the edits myself but I'm totally fed-up with uninformed reverts. This post is it, AFAIC.) 86.3.108.41 (talk) 03:52, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

Pulverized coal size
It's a small point. The section on "Transport of coal fuel to site and to storage" had a contradiction. It said the coal was crushed to "¾in (6mm)" size. I didn't know which was correct so I chose the ¾in number and used a convert template. The "Fuel processing" section of Fossil-fuel power station says 50mm. These numbers are all approximate so I suppose it doesn't matter too much. Kendall-K1 (talk) 16:24, 20 February 2012 (UTC)

File:PowerStation2.svg
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:PowerStation2.svg will be appearing as picture of the day on August 22, 2014. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2014-08-22. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 01:45, 1 August 2014 (UTC)

thermal power plant is very good source to get energy other thing it is renewavable also. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.95.145.124 (talk) 15:26, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

Inconsistent inclusion of nuclear energy
Some sections include nuclear (which seems correct) but others seem only to consider fossil fuel. Should we move fossil-fuel detail to Fossil fuel power plant ? - Rod57 (talk) 14:20, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thermal power station


text:
User:EugeneK

User:EugeneK

title: User:EugeneK


text:
Talk:Kilogram per cubic metre

Untitled
Is the following comment correct (found on the "Kilogram per cubic metre" page)? "To convert from g/cm³ to kg/m³, multiply by 1000; divide by 1000 for the opposite conversion. A gram per litre is identical in value to kg/m³" I was thinking it would be g * 1000, and cm * 100 (to covert to kg/m³). I would think kg/m³multiplied times 1000 would be g/mm³(mm instead of cm)? I'm no math wiz -- so I'm probably being clueless on this. Tesseract501@aol.com (27 August, 2005)

 * To go from kg/m³ to g/m³, you would multiply by 1000, since there are 1000g = 1kg
 * To go from g/m³ to g/mm³, you would divide by 1000³ since there are 1000mm = 1m
 * So you are correct that it's wrong but not quite as you said. Ian Cairns 02:42, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

=g/cm3 convert Kg/m3

=(1/1000)/(1/100)3 =1000

nonsense definition
The definition in this article of kg/m^3 in the lead makes no sense. Please help correct the error by commenting at Talk:Gram_per_cubic_centimetre. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 09:49, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

 * It doesn't even say what temperature and that's what I came here to look for. Density changes with temperature. 2A02:2F09:3706:CD00:313E:41DB:EA4A:1362 (talk) 19:01, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * You seem confused. The unit kilogram per cubic metre is applicable at any temperature. The value of density changes with temperature, not the unit.--Srleffler (talk) 22:04, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kilogram per cubic metre


text:
Craig Noel

Craig Noel (August 25, 1915 – April 3, 2010) was an American theatre producer. He was the founding director of the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, California, and led it for more than 60 years. He "helped transform it from an insular community group into an influential powerhouse among regional theaters."

The Old Globe began as an attraction at Balboa Park's 1935 California Pacific International Exposition with the presentation of 50-minute versions of Shakespeare plays. After the exposition was over, the group reorganized as a community theatre. Noel, who had moved with his family to San Diego in 1918 and graduated from San Diego High School, acted in the initial production in 1937 at the age of 22. He soon began directing, and he was named the Globe's general director in 1939. After World War II service and a stint in Hollywood, he returned to The Globe in 1947 as resident director. He never left, personally directing more than 200 productions, producing 270 more, and building the Globe into a theatrical powerhouse which won the Tony Award for best regional theater in 1984. Shows which originated at the Old Globe have gone on to Broadway to win nine Tony Awards and nearly 60 nominations. In 1981 Noel hired Jack O'Brien to replace him as artistic director, but he remained active in the leadership of the Old Globe right up until his death.

He created the San Diego National Shakespeare Festival in 1949, making the Globe the first professional Actors Equity theater on the West Coast. Under his leadership the Globe added a second theatre, the in-the-round Cassius Carter Theatre, in 1968, and a third, the outdoor Festival Stage, in 1978. He led rebuilding efforts after the original Globe and later the Festival Stage were destroyed by arson. He was instrumental in creating the Master of Fine Arts in Acting program at the University of San Diego in 1987. In 1983, he established Teatro Meta, a bilingual playwriting program involving thousands of San Diego young people.

He fostered the careers of numerous actors and directors who later achieved fame, including Jack O'Brien, Marion Ross, David Ogden Stiers, Kelsey Grammer, Kandis Chappell and Jonathan McMurtry.

In 2005 Craig Noel celebrated his 90th birthday coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the Old Globe Theatre. In 2007, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts for his ”decades of leadership as a pillar of the American theater.”

He died April 3, 2010, at the age of 94 at his home in San Diego.

Craig Noel Awards
In the early 2000s, the San Diego Theatre Critics Circle started an annual ceremony, presenting awards to theater performers in the San Diego region. The 2019 event was organized by Julie Sarno, Dea Hurton and Denise Bevers. Some of the donors were Lon and Denise Bevers, the Dr. Seuss Foundation and US Bank.

title: Craig Noel


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Blue-green

Blue-green is the color between blue and green. It belongs to the cyan family.

Cyan

Cyan is the blue-green color that is between blue and green on a modern RGB color wheel.

The modern RGB color wheel replaced the traditional old-fashioned RYB color wheel because it is possible to display much brighter and more saturated colors using the primary and secondary colors of the RGB color wheel. In the terminology of color theory, RGB color space has a much larger color gamut than RYB color space.

The first recorded use of cyan as a color name in English was in 1879.

Turquoise

The color turquoise is that of the semi-precious stone turquoise, which is a light tone of blue-green.

Its first recorded use as a color name in English is from 1573.

Green-blue
Green-blue is a Crayola crayon color from 1958 to 1990.

Bondi blue
Bondi blue belongs to the cyan family of blues. It is very similar to the Crayola crayon color "blue-green".

Apple, Inc. christened the color of the back of the original iMac computer "Bondi blue" when it was introduced in 1998. It is said to be named for the color of the water at Bondi Beach, in Sydney, Australia.

Blue green (Munsell)
One definition of the color is in the Munsell color system (Munsell 5BG) although there is wide-spread acceptance and knowledge of the color from the so called blue-green algae which have been recognised and described since the 18th century and probably before that.

In nature

 * Blue-green algae are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis.
 * The blue green damselfish is a species of damselfish.
 * Glacial flour, powdered rock, can turn a lake to a blue-green color.

In culture

 * In some languages, blue and green are considered a single color.
 * In the iconography of the Virgin of Guadalupe, she is often depicted as wearing a blue-green colored robe. The color is significant to the Mexicas because of the Aztec religion. Also, Blue-green is known as Maya blue in pre-Columbian cultures. In the Nahuatl culture blue represents the center of fire and tonalli. Also sometimes the blue color is diluted so it appears as a turquoise on manuscripts. The color is often used for the representation of Aztec rulers and European kings.
 * Variations of blue-green are the political colors (or one of the political colors) of various political parties, including:
 * New Right (Denmark)
 * DENK (The Netherlands)
 * Brexit Party/Reform UK (United Kingdom)
 * People-Animals-Nature (Portugal)
 * Justice Party (United States)
 * In Australia, a loosely-aligned group of independent and minor party candidates that ran in the 2022 Australian federal election were called teal independents for their blend of green and blue (Liberal) politics.

title: Blue-green


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User talk:Tweeq

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Phroziac (talk) 01:51, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Clean up of Shirdi Sai Baba
I tried to clean up Shirdi Sai Baba. I hope it is okay now and if you think it is then please de-list and de-tag it for cleanup. Andries 19:56, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's quite clear, thank you. Tweeq 00:16, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Tweeq


text: Category:My Dying Bride albums

title: Category:My Dying Bride albums


text:
Lowell Institute

The Lowell Institute is a United States educational foundation located in Boston, Massachusetts, providing both free public lectures, and also advanced lectures. It was endowed by a bequest of $250,000 left by John Lowell Jr., who died in 1836. The Institute began work in the winter of 1839/40, and an inaugural lecture was given on December 31, 1839, by Edward Everett.

Bequest
Lowell's will set up an endowment with a principal of over $1 million (in 1909), stipulating 10% of its net annual income was to be added back to help it grow. None of the fund was to be invested in a building for the lectures. The trustees of the Boston Athenaeum were made visitors of the fund, but the trustee of the fund is authorized to select his own successor. In naming a successor, the institute's trustee must always choose in preference to all others some male descendant of Lowell's grandfather, John Lowell, provided there is one who is competent to hold the office of trustee, and of the name of Lowell. The sole trustee so appointed is solely responsible for the entire selection of the lecturers and the subjects of lectures.

The first trustee was Lowell's cousin, John Amory Lowell, who administered the trust for more than forty years, and was succeeded in 1881 by his son, Augustus Lowell. He in turn was succeeded in 1900 by his son Abbott Lawrence Lowell, who in 1909 also became president of Harvard University.

Popular lectures
The founder provided for two kinds of lectures, one popular, and the other more advanced. The popular lectures have taken the form of courses usually ranging from half a dozen to a dozen lectures, and covering almost every subject. The payments to the lecturers have always been large, and lectures of many eminent people from America and Europe have been sponsored. A number of books have been published which consist of those lectures or have been based upon them.

During the mid-20th century, the Lowell Institute decided to enter the broadcasting business, which led to the creation of the WGBH-FM radio station in 1952, and the WGBH-TV television station in 1955. The WGBH Educational Foundation is now one of the largest producers of public television content and public radio programming in the United States.

, the Lowell Institute sponsors an annual series of free public lectures on current scientific topics, under the aegis of the Museum of Science Boston. In addition, the Lowell Institute sponsors the Forum Network, a public media service of the WGBH Educational Foundation which distributes free public lectures over the Internet, from a large number of program partners in and beyond Boston.

Advanced lectures
As to the advanced lectures, the founder seems to have had in view what is now called university extension, and in this he was far ahead of his time. In pursuance of this provision, public instruction of various kinds has been given from time to time by the institute. The first freehand drawing in Boston was taught there, but was given up when the public schools undertook it. In the same way, a school of practical design was carried on for many years, but finally in 1903 was transferred to the Museum of Fine Arts. Instruction for working men was given at the Wells Memorial Institute until 1908, when the Franklin Foundation took up the work, which resulted in the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology (BFIT). A Teacher's School of Science was maintained in co-operation with the Boston Society of Natural History, later renamed the Museum of Science Boston, which still continues to sponsor professional development courses for secondary school science teachers.

For many years, advanced courses of lectures were given by professors of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and in 1903 these were superseded by an evening "School for Industrial Foremen" sharing classroom and laboratory facilities. Over time, this became known as the Lowell Institute School, remaining on the MIT campus until 1996, when it was transferred to the Northeastern University Engineering School. The Lowell Institute School now is a division of the School of Professional Studies at Northeastern, offering full- and part-time programs leading to certificates, and associate's or bachelor's degrees.

In 1907, under the title of "Collegiate Courses", a number of the elementary courses in Harvard University were offered free to the public under the same conditions of study and examination as in the university. This program eventually became the Harvard University Extension School, now offering hundreds of courses, and certificate and academic degree programs to residents of Greater Boston.

title: Lowell Institute


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Longplayer

Longplayer is a long-durational piece of music by British composer and musician Jem Finer which is composed to loop every 1000 years. It started to play at midnight on 1 January 2000, and if all goes as planned, it will continue without repetition until 31 December 2999.

Longplayer is not tied to any one form of technology and can be performed equally by computer or humans playing singing bowls and following a graphic score. There have also been several live performances and future performances continue to be planned. It began as an original commission by arts organisation Artangel and is currently maintained by the Longplayer Trust and is located in Trinity Buoy Wharf on the north bank of the River Thames.

History
Longplayer is based on an existing piece of music, 20 minutes and 20 seconds in length, which is processed by computer using a simple algorithm. This gives a large number of variations, which, when played consecutively, gives a total expected runtime of 1000 years. It is played on a single instrument consisting of 234 Tibetan standing bells and gongs of different sizes, which are able to create a range of sounds by either striking or rolling pieces of wood around the rims. This source music was recorded in December 1999. It was commissioned by Artangel. The piece is described as reflecting on the concepts of time and impermanence from a cosmological and philosophical perspective, and questions traditional ideas about composition sound, time and duration.

The piece was the conclusion of several years' study into musical systems by Finer and is written as a self-generating computer programme. According to Finer, the idea first came to him on the back of a tour bus whilst he was a musician in the folk band The Pogues. He began working on the programming in 1995, for which he learned several computer programming languages before finally settling on SuperCollider, a language which uses algorithms to organise notation, data or MIDI to compose music, sometimes known as algorithmic composition. The programme is regularly transferred from one motherboard to another in order that the software remains continuously viable. As of 2015 this was operated by a wall of Apple computers in the Bow Creek Lighthouse. The music is produced by simple mechanical processes, and Tibetan bowls were decided on partly because of their relative robustness and ability to stay in tune without frequent retuning and partly because they have a long musical tradition stretching back over a thousand years and would not sound fixed to a particular musical fashion in history and become dated.

Listening and performances

Longplayer could be heard in the relaxation zone of the Millennium Dome in London during its year of opening in 2000. The piece is also played in the 19th century lighthouse at Trinity Buoy Wharf and other public listening posts in the United Kingdom. It can currently be heard in several locations including the Yorkshire Sculpture Park, Horniman Museum and Kings Place. Other listening stations can be found in the United States, Australia and Egypt, where it can still be heard today. It can also be heard via a stream on Icecast.

In 2009 a 1000-minute part of the piece was performed with a 26-piece orchestra on a purpose-built stage at the Roundhouse, a former railway turntable building converted to a performing arts venue in Chalk Farm, London. Performers included David Toop and Ansuman Biswas, and the piece was played on what Finer described as a "giant synthesiser built of bronze-age technology." Musicians played in shifts in groups of 6, beginning at 08:20 BST with the performance lasting 16 hours and 40 minutes.

The piece is also available as an app for mobile devices, designed by Joe Hales and Daniel Jones, which runs independently of the piece being broadcast but is exactly in synchronised performance with it.

Four excerpts of Longplayer were released on vinyl LP which accompany a book of the same name written by Finer, along with essays by Kodwo Eshun, Janna Levin, and Margaret and Christine Wertheim.

title: Longplayer


text:
Lagrange's identity

In algebra, Lagrange's identity, named after Joseph Louis Lagrange, is: $$\begin{align} \left( \sum_{k=1}^n a_k^2\right) \left(\sum_{k=1}^n b_k^2\right) - \left(\sum_{k=1}^n a_k b_k\right)^2 & = \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^n \left(a_i b_j - a_j b_i\right)^2 \\ & \left(= \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^n \sum_{j=1,j\neq i}^n (a_i b_j - a_j b_i)^2\right), \end{align}$$ which applies to any two sets {a1, a2, ..., an} and {b1, b2, ..., bn} of real or complex numbers (or more generally, elements of a commutative ring). This identity is a generalisation of the Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity and a special form of the Binet–Cauchy identity.

In a more compact vector notation, Lagrange's identity is expressed as: $$\left\| \mathbf a \right\|^2 \left\| \mathbf b \right\|^2 - (\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{b} )^2 = \sum_{1 \le i < j \le n} \left(a_i b_j - a_j b_i \right)^2 \,, $$ where a and b are n-dimensional vectors with components that are real numbers. The extension to complex numbers requires the interpretation of the dot product as an inner product or Hermitian dot product. Explicitly, for complex numbers, Lagrange's identity can be written in the form: $$\left( \sum_{k=1}^n |a_k|^2\right) \left(\sum_{k=1}^n |b_k|^2\right) - \left|\sum_{k=1}^n a_k b_k\right|^2 = \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^n \left|a_i \overline{b}_j - a_j \overline{b}_i\right|^2$$ involving the absolute value.

Since the right-hand side of the identity is clearly non-negative, it implies Cauchy's inequality in the finite-dimensional real coordinate space Rn and its complex counterpart Cn.

Geometrically, the identity asserts that the square of the volume of the parallelepiped spanned by a set of vectors is the Gram determinant of the vectors.

Lagrange's identity and exterior algebra
In terms of the wedge product, Lagrange's identity can be written $$(a \cdot a)(b \cdot b) - (a \cdot b)^2 = (a \wedge b) \cdot (a \wedge b).$$

Hence, it can be seen as a formula which gives the length of the wedge product of two vectors, which is the area of the parallelogram they define, in terms of the dot products of the two vectors, as $$\|a \wedge b\| = \sqrt{(a \cdot a)(b \cdot b) - (a \cdot b)^2} = \sqrt{\|a\|^2\|b\|^2 - (a \cdot b)^2}.$$

Lagrange's identity and vector calculus
In three dimensions, Lagrange's identity asserts that if a and b are vectors in R3 with lengths |a| and |b|, then Lagrange's identity can be written in terms of the cross product and dot product: $$ |\mathbf{a}|^2 |\mathbf{b}|^2 - (\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf{b})^2 = |\mathbf a \times \mathbf b|^2$$

Using the definition of angle based upon the dot product (see also Cauchy–Schwarz inequality), the left-hand side is $$\left|\mathbf{a}\right|^2 \left|\mathbf{b}\right|^2 \left( 1- \cos^2\theta\right) = \left|\mathbf{a}\right|^2 \left|\mathbf{b}\right|^2\sin^2\theta$$ where $θ$ is the angle formed by the vectors a and b. The area of a parallelogram with sides $|a|$ and $|b|$ and angle $θ$ is known in elementary geometry to be $$\left|\mathbf{a}\right| \left|\mathbf{b}\right| \left|\sin\theta\right|,$$ so the left-hand side of Lagrange's identity is the squared area of the parallelogram. The cross product appearing on the right-hand side is defined by $$\mathbf{a}\times\mathbf{b} = \left(a_2 b_3- a_3 b_2\right)\mathbf{i} + \left(a_3 b_1 - a_1 b_3\right)\mathbf{j} + \left(a_1 b_2 - a_2 b_1\right)\mathbf{k}$$ which is a vector whose components are equal in magnitude to the areas of the projections of the parallelogram onto the yz, zx, and xy planes, respectively.

Seven dimensions
For a and b as vectors in R7, Lagrange's identity takes on the same form as in the case of R3 $$|\mathbf{a}|^2 |\mathbf{b}|^2 -|\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{b}|^2 = |\mathbf{a} \times \mathbf{b}|^2 \ ,$$

However, the cross product in 7 dimensions does not share all the properties of the cross product in 3 dimensions. For example, the direction of a × b in 7-dimensions may be the same as c × d even though c and d are linearly independent of a and b. Also the seven-dimensional cross product is not compatible with the Jacobi identity.

Quaternions
A quaternion p is defined as the sum of a scalar t and a vector v: $$p = t + \mathbf v = t + x \ \mathbf i +y \ \mathbf j + z\  \mathbf k.$$

The product of two quaternions $p = t + v$ and $q = s + w$ is defined by $$pq = (st - \mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{w}) + s \ \mathbf{v} + t \ \mathbf{w} + \mathbf{v}\times\mathbf{w}.$$

The quaternionic conjugate of q is defined by $$\overline{q} = t - \mathbf{v},$$ and the norm squared is $$|q|^2 = q\overline{q} = t^2 \ + \ x ^2  + \ y^2 \ +\  z^2.$$

The multiplicativity of the norm in the quaternion algebra provides, for quaternions p and q: $$\left|pq\right| = \left|p\right| \left|q\right|.$$

The quaternions p and q are called imaginary if their scalar part is zero; equivalently, if $$p = \mathbf{v},\quad q = \mathbf{w}.$$

Lagrange's identity is just the multiplicativity of the norm of imaginary quaternions, $$|\mathbf{v}\mathbf{w}|^2 = |\mathbf{v}|^2|\mathbf{w}|^2,$$ since, by definition, $$|\mathbf{v}\mathbf{w}|^2 = (\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{w})^2 + |\mathbf{v}\times\mathbf{w}|^2.$$

Proof of algebraic form
The vector form follows from the Binet-Cauchy identity by setting ci = ai and di = bi. The second version follows by letting ci and di denote the complex conjugates of ai and bi, respectively,

Here is also a direct proof. The expansion of the first term on the left side is:

which means that the product of a column of a s and a row of b s yields (a sum of elements of) a square of ab s, which can be broken up into a diagonal and a pair of triangles on either side of the diagonal.

The second term on the left side of Lagrange's identity can be expanded as:

which means that a symmetric square can be broken up into its diagonal and a pair of equal triangles on either side of the diagonal.

To expand the summation on the right side of Lagrange's identity, first expand the square within the summation: $$ \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^n (a_i b_j - a_j b_i)^2 = \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^n \left(a_i^2 b_j^2 + a_j^2 b_i^2 - 2 a_i b_j a_j b_i\right). $$

Distribute the summation on the right side, $$ \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^n (a_i b_j - a_j b_i)^2 = \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^n a_i^2 b_j^2 + \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^n a_j^2 b_i^2 - 2 \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^n a_i b_j a_j b_i .$$

Now exchange the indices i and j of the second term on the right side, and permute the b factors of the third term, yielding:

Back to the left side of Lagrange's identity: it has two terms, given in expanded form by Equations ($$) and ($$). The first term on the right side of Equation ($$) ends up canceling out the first term on the right side of Equation ($$), yielding

which is the same as Equation ($$), so Lagrange's identity is indeed an identity, Q.E.D.

Proof of Lagrange's identity for complex numbers
Normed division algebras require that the norm of the product is equal to the product of the norms. Lagrange's identity exhibits this equality. The product identity used as a starting point here, is a consequence of the norm of the product equality with the product of the norm for scator algebras. This proposal, originally presented in the context of a deformed Lorentz metric, is based on a transformation stemming from the product operation and magnitude definition in hyperbolic scator algebra. Lagrange's identity can be proved in a variety of ways.

Let $$a_{i},b_{i}\in\mathbb{C}$$ be complex numbers and the overbar represents complex conjugate.

The product identity $$\prod_{i=1}^{n} \left(1 - a_{i} \bar{a}_{i} - b_{i} \bar{b}_{i} + a_{i} \bar{a}_{i} b_{i} \bar{b}_{i}\right) = \prod_{i=1}^{n} \left(1 - a_{i} \bar{a}_{i}\right) \prod_{i=1}^{n} \left(1 - b_{i} \bar{b}_{i}\right)$$ reduces to the complex Lagrange's identity when fourth order terms, in a series expansion, are considered.

In order to prove it, expand the product on the LHS of the product identity in terms of series up to fourth order. To this end, recall that products of the form $$\left(1 +x_{i}\right)$$ can be expanded in terms of sums as $$\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(1+x_{i}\right) = 1+\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}+\sum_{i<j}^{n}x_{i}x_{j}+\mathcal{O}^{3+}(x),$$ where $$\mathcal{O}^{3+}(x)$$ means terms with order three or higher in $$x$$.

$$ \prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(1 - a_{i} \bar{a}_{i} - b_{i} \bar{b}_{i} + a_{i} \bar{a}_{i} b_{i} \bar{b}_{i}\right) = 1-\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left(a_{i}\bar{a}_{i} + b_{i} \bar{b}_{i}\right) + \sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i} \bar{a}_{i} b_{i} \bar{b}_{i} + \sum_{i<j}^{n} \left(a_{i} \bar{a}_{i} a_{j} \bar{a}_{j} + b_{i} \bar{b}_{i} b_{j} \bar{b}_{j}\right)+\sum_{i<j}^{n}\left(a_{i} \bar{a}_{i} b_{j} \bar{b}_{j} + a_{j} \bar{a}_{j} b_{i} \bar{b}_{i}\right) + \mathcal{O}^{5+}. $$

The two factors on the RHS are also written in terms of series $$ \prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(1-a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}\right)\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(1-b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}\right)=\left(1-\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}+\sum_{i<j}^{n}a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}a_{j}\bar{a}_{j}+\mathcal{O}^{5+}\right) \left(1-\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}+\sum_{i<j}^{n}b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}b_{j}\bar{b}_{j}+\mathcal{O}^{5+}\right). $$

The product of this expression up to fourth order is $$ \prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(1-a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}\right)\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(1-b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}\right)=1-\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}+b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}\right) +\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}\right)+\sum_{i<j}^{n}\left(a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}a_{j}\bar{a}_{j}+b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}b_{j}\bar{b}_{j}\right)+\mathcal{O}^{5+}. $$ Substitution of these two results in the product identity give $$ \sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}+\sum_{i<j}^{n}\left(a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}b_{j}\bar{b}_{j}+a_{j}\bar{a}_{j}b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}\right)=\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}\right). $$

The product of two conjugates series can be expressed as series involving the product of conjugate terms. The conjugate series product is $$\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\bar{x}_{i}\right) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}\bar{x}_{i}+\sum_{i<j}^{n}\left(x_{i}\bar{x}_{j}+\bar{x}_{i}x_{j}\right),$$ thus $$ \left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}b_{i}\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\overline{a_{i}b_{i}}\right)-\sum_{i<j}^{n}\left(a_{i}b_{i}\bar{a}_{j}\bar{b}_{j}+\bar{a}_{i}\bar{b}_{i}a_{j}b_{j}\right)+\sum_{i<j}^{n}\left(a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}b_{j}\bar{b}_{j}+a_{j}\bar{a}_{j}b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}\right) =\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}\right). $$

The terms of the last two series on the LHS are grouped as $$a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}b_{j}\bar{b}_{j}+a_{j}\bar{a}_{j}b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}-a_{i}b_{i}\bar{a}_{j}\bar{b}_{j}-\bar{a}_{i}\bar{b}_{i}a_{j}b_{j} = \left(a_{i}\bar{b}_{j}-a_{j}\bar{b}_{i}\right)\left(\bar{a}_{i}b_{j}-\bar{a}_{j}b_{i}\right),$$ in order to obtain the complex Lagrange's identity: $$ \left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}b_{i}\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\overline{a_{i}b_{i}}\right)+\sum_{i<j}^{n}\left(a_{i}\bar{b}_{j}-a_{j}\bar{b}_{i}\right)\left(\overline{a_{i}\bar{b}_{j}-a_{j}\bar{b}_{i}}\right)=\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}\bar{a}_{i}\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}b_{i}\bar{b}_{i}\right). $$

In terms of the moduli, $$ \left|\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}b_{i}\right|^{2}+\sum_{i<j}^{n}\left|a_{i}\bar{b}_{j}-a_{j}\bar{b}_{i}\right|^{2}=\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|a_{i}\right|^{2}\right)\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|b_{i}\right|^{2}\right). $$

Lagrange's identity for complex numbers has been obtained from a straightforward product identity. A derivation for the reals is obviously even more succinct. Since the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality is a particular case of Lagrange's identity, this proof is yet another way to obtain the CS inequality. Higher order terms in the series produce novel identities.

title: Lagrange's identity


text:
Talk:Weimar

Untitled
OK. Not good: Nietzsche's wikipedia page says he is buried in Rocken, not Weimar. Going to delete statements that it is in Weimar (I was just there this summer and don't recall seeing his tomb).

The missing coat of arms makes an unsightly hole at the top of the page... Does anyone have one to fill up the hole ? -- PFHLai 01:54, 2005 August 28 (UTC)

"A visit to Weimar would not be complete without a tour of Goethe's home or gardenhouse, a stroll through the picturesque and expansive Park an der Ilm, a sampling of Thüringian Bratwurst from the local vendors at the Markt Platz, or a taste of any of the many decadent (and cheap) ice cream flavors that line the main scenic street, Schillerstrasse." Why must articles discussing a city and it's salient history always devolve into travell blrbs? More to the point, this is an article about the city of Weimar, and not about travelling to the city of Weimar. I'd like to remove this entire paragraph - leave a note with your feelings on this. Dxco 18:22, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

This problem could be fixed simply by changing the language or attaching relevant facts. Right now it looks like a "travel blurb," but the points in that paragraph could be useful to some. Someone who knows something about WEIMAR should make these ideas relevant by editing the language. ABresnahan 22:12, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

"Visitors today can view areas used for shelter, medical experimentation, cremation, and labor. A somber, disturbing experience, yet one that must be endured." Uhm...? Should not be in an Encyclopedia. It also borders on moral prescriptivism.

According to the page on Hummel, Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Haydn, and Antonio Salieri were the tutors of Hummel. No mention of Mozart there! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.84.110.22 (talk) 09:43, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

City
By what standard is Weimar termed a city (I would say town), and what is the meaning of full-value-city? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 12:31, 5 June 2014 (UTC)

 * In 1410 Weimar received its city rights (Stadtrecht & Stadtfreiheit): "1410 The Wettin lend Weimar city charter and city freedom along the lines of Weissensee, confirming older city statutes, which date back to 1348." - here (Weimar was declared a town in 1254 and was chartered [city statutes] in 1348; here) --IIIraute (talk) 01:26, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I probably don't have to understand by which logic it's "declared a town", but "city rights", while we have an article Town privileges, --Gerda Arendt (talk) 10:16, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

 * "City" is used with a much wider meaning in America.
 * The consensus for German settlements is:
 * For settlements with town rights (Stadtrechte) and populations under 100,000: translate as "town"
 * For settlements with town rights (Stadtrechte) and populations of 100,000 or more (i.e. a Großstadt): translate as "city"
 * --Boson (talk) 13:18, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you, helps. Population when? The discussion came from the Schloss, last version built around 1800. Today's "city" could have been a town before. Weimar is not even a city by that standard today, with 63k+ population. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:38, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Since we are not talking about America, the article is written in British English, and the population is less than 100,000, I would definitely say "town". "Stadtrechte" do not justify use of "city", but I suppose the word might be justified in a historical context if there were a source that classified Weimar as a Großstadt at the relevant time. --Boson (talk) 13:55, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

 * City of London, population: 7,375 --IIIraute (talk) 19:30, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Good one! But, of course, the City of London is different from the city of London, and each has a mayor! --Boson (talk) 20:43, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Boson, the City of London is a city within London. It holds city status in its own right. Monaco has a population of 36,371 and is a sovereign city-state. I think you are getting my point. Let us ignore WP:RS, such as Encyclopædia Britannica here for a while: Not only was Weimar the capital of the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach until 1918, and the capital of Thuringia from 1920 to 1948 - but much more important, Weimar also is one of the Independent cities of Germany, a Kreisfreie Stadt; i.e. a municipal corporation with town privileges of city status.  --IIIraute (talk) 21:16, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I understand your point, but I'm not sure if you understand mine. City has several meanings. American usage is to call such independent settlements cities, whereas British usage is to call them towns. Because of the problems of inconsistent usage of such classifications, WikiProject Germany recommends reserving the term "city" for the German Großstadt. We try to follow the classifications of the country concerned. The German Stadtrecht distinguishes a Stadt (town) from a Dorf (Village), and "city" is ued for Großstadt. Weimar was declared a town in 1254. This is not to say that we could not use term "city", based on some defined criteria, but we need to be consistent in order to avoid misleading the reader, so we should reach consensus at a higher level. In this case, I would say the appropriate place is WT:GER, where the present consensus is to reserve "city" for Großstadt. It might make sense to suggest using "city" for "kreisfreie Stadt", but that might open up a can of worms because of differences between different Länder.  With "city states" of course, there is the issue of sovereignty, but that is not especially relevant for Germany since the federated city states are all the size of Großstädte. I don't think it makes sense to apply a differing local consensus for each article. Another point is that in (British) English, a town with the right to call itself a city can still be referred to as a town, so it is seldom incorrect to use the word "town". --Boson (talk) 00:24, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a textbook example of WP:AINT. Since the creation of this article 12 years ago the article calls Weimar a "city". German Stadtrecht is much more complicated, than having a division between "Dorf" and "Stadt", e.g. Große kreisangehörige Stadt, Große Kreisstadt, Kreisfreie Stadt, Mittlere kreisangehörige Stadt, Bundesstadt, Stadtstaat, etc. As Kreisfreie Stadt, Weimar is a communal Gebietskörperschaft: "eine Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts, die die Gebietshoheit auf einem räumlich abgegrenzten Teil des Staatsgebietes besitzt." - therefore has a sovereign status similar to that of city states. I love how the WP likes to make up its own truth, ignoring constitunional laws, and WP:RS, such as Encyclopædia Britannica or The American Desk Encyclopedia, Oxford University Press whether contemporary, or from 250 years ago And all of this for what? because one editor, for whatever reason - e.g. not liking the term "City Castle" or "City Palace" - doesn't want Weimar to be a "city" - what a waste of time. Enjoy your gift. --IIIraute (talk) 01:33, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Perhaps Weimar should be called a city, but your differentiation looks rather like the American differentiation. Personally, I can see arguments for both sides, but I think it needs to be discussed at a higher level than the individual article. It looks as if you agree that there should be some consistency between different articles on German settlements, though I'm not sure how to understand your argument about it being a city on the basis of it having sovereign status like a city state because it is a Gebietskörperschaft.  As I understand it Ruhpolding is also a Gebietskörperschaft. This also looks like a misleading translation of "Gebietshoheit" leading to a confusion with the sovereignty of a state (including the limited sovereignty of a federated state). --Boson (talk) 13:38, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Cannes, Versailles, Bath, City of London, etc. - please change articles accordingly. --IIIraute (talk) 17:23, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Not really my areas. Please feel free to propose changes on the appropriate talk pages. I did happen to notice that the Versailles article is written in American English. --Boson (talk) 19:58, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Yeah, right! That's just what I was thinking. Btw, Ruhpolding is a municipality of the Traunstein district, and not one of the Independent cities of Germany - so much for that. --IIIraute (talk) 00:08, 10 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I will take that as support for my point: that it has nothing to do with being a Gebietskörperschaft, which Ruhpolding and Weimar both are, as I understand it. But perhaps I misunderstood; did you not mean that Weimar is a city by virtue of being a Gebietskörperschaft and therefore possessing Gebietshoheit (like a city state)? In any case, I don't think this is the best place to discuss where to draw the line between a town and a city in Germany. If Weimar is to be classified as a city, someone needs to change the text at WikiProject Germany. --Boson (talk) 13:04, 10 June 2014 (UTC)
 * No, I think you still didn't get it: we are talking about the Gebietskörperschaft of a Kreisfreie Stadt. The Oberbürgermeister of a Kreisfreie Stadt, is at least of equal level in the hierarchy than a Landrat. Does Ruhpolding have a "Oberbürgermeister" or a "Landrat" - no, it's a municipality of the Traunstein district. "Teile des Staatsgebiets können gleichzeitig verschiedenen Gebietskörperschaften auf unterschiedlicher Ebene zugewiesen sein. Bestes Beispiel hierfür sind die kommunalen Gebietskörperschaften Gemeinde und Landkreis." --IIIraute (talk) 17:59, 10 June 2014 (UTC)
 * We seem to be in total agreement on the facts. Just to test if we are talking at cross purposes: do you agree that all "kreisfreie Städte" are Gebietskörperschaften and that all other Gemeinden are also Gebietskörperchaften?  I'm sorry, but I really don't understand why you introduced the concept of a Gebietskörperschaft, since being a Gebietskörperschaft or not has no bearing on whether a municipality is like a city state. Perhaps you could reword your argument where you wrote
 * "As Kreisfreie Stadt, Weimar is a communal Gebietskörperschaft: "eine Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts, die die Gebietshoheit auf einem räumlich abgegrenzten Teil des Staatsgebietes besitzt." - therefore has a sovereign status similar to that of city states."
 * From what you have written since I understand you to have intended something like
 * "As a kreisfreie Stadt, Weimar is a special type of  communal Gebietskörperschaft: "eine Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts, die die Gebietshoheit auf einem räumlich abgegrenzten Teil des Staatsgebietes besitzt." - with much greater powers than a simple Gemeinde, powers that can be compared with the those of a city state. "
 * --Boson (talk) 21:52, 10 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Boson, it does matter, that a Kreisfreie Stadt also is a Gebietskörperschaft - because if it wasn't, it would not have "much greater powers than a simple "Gemeinde"". I mean, I did provide a link to the Independent cities of Germany article, assuming you are having a look at it. There it states, that "Kreisfreie Städte are comparable to independent cities ... in the English-speaking world." That's the reason why I put emphasis on the fact that a Kreisfreie Stadt is also a Gebietskörperschaft. Are you following me? I was not the editor introducing some irrelevant facts about "Ruhpolding" to this discussion. --IIIraute (talk) 02:44, 11 June 2014 (UTC)
 * OK, I think we have located the problem. You are basing your argument on the belief that Ruhpolding is is not a Gebietskörperschaft (and Weimar is).--Boson (talk) 10:50, 11 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Or, to word that differently: You are basing your deduction on the premise that not all Gemeinden are Gebietskörperschaften (and, of course, that all kreisfreie Städte are Gebietskörperschaften). --Boson (talk) 11:00, 11 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Boson, I think you are a bit confused now. Why don't you re-read this section; i.e. my last comment, and then rethink the comments you have just posted. --IIIraute (talk) 18:45, 11 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I give up. Your logic does confuse me. As I understand your comments, either (1) they mean what I have suggested,  or (2) the conclusion you draw is a non-seqitur and there was no earthly reason to mention Gebietskörperschaften). If there is a third way of understanding what you wrote, perhaps you (or someone else) can explain it to me using something like logical propositions. It might help if you answered a simple question: Is the municipality (Gemeinde) of Ruhpolding (in your opinion) a Gebietskörperschaft (perhaps we should call that a "territorial corporation")? I don't want to get on your nerves, so feel free to say "Forget it!". --Boson (talk) 20:42, 11 June 2014 (UTC)

Schloss
English differentiates between castles, palaces, and mansions. I think "castle" is generally used only for buildings with battlements (typically on a hill, and built for armed defence). --Boson (talk) 13:55, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * If you are referring to the Weimarer Stadtschloss, please note that it used to be a medieval moated castle and that the own website refers to the Stadtschloss as "castle", here --IIIraute (talk) 20:49, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * There may indeed be reasons to call it a castle rather than a palace, but I strongly suspect it is a simple (and quite common) mistranslation. I note that the English text does not say it "used to be a medieval moated castle" but that it was "originally constructed on the site of a moated castle", which the German text calls a "mittelalterliche Wasserburg"--Boson (talk) 00:51, 9 June 2014 (UTC).
 * "... [die] Anlage ging aus einer mittelalterlichen Wasserburg hervor und wurde ...", but it doesn't matter. Check this out - Πάντα ῥεῖ, --IIIraute (talk) 01:40, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * It still looks like a mistranslation to me, though the boundaries are sometimes fluid. Could you explain why you think this particular Schloss is a castle rather than a palace? The change from -burg to Schloss in German would also tend to suggest that the new building was not a castle. --Boson (talk) 13:02, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * You mean like Neuschwanstein Castle (Schloss Neuschwanstein)? And I don't mind whether this particular Stadtschloss is a castle or a palace - since it is both, and some of the castle/Burg structures are still existent and incorporated in the new building - however, this still makes it a "City Palace" or "City Castle" --IIIraute (talk) 17:17, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

perhaps i'm mistaken but.....
This entire article seems to be stolen from the Oxford New American Dictionary.

Arydberg (talk) 13:58, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Could you give the ISBN and page number? --Boson (talk) 17:35, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

No I looked it up in the New Oxford American Dictionary that was supplied with my copy of Apple  OSX  10.9.5  & don't know how to go to the ISBEN number.

Arydberg (talk) 03:08, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

 * It sounds rather odd that the New Oxford American Dictionary should have a long article on Weimar, but the Apple Dictionary app does have Wikipedia articles. Can you quote the sentence following "The city walls were laid down in 1757 and during the following decades, Weimar expanded to all directions." in your Apple version? --Boson (talk) 12:51, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

Sorry my bad. The online book has 4 sections.... dictionary,   thesaurus,    Apple .... and guess what      wikipedia     I  jumped too soon

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Arydberg (talk • contribs) 19:46, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

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what shock-freeze stands for?
the section "since 1945" ends with description of a library fire and concludes: "A number of books were shock-frozen in Leipzig to save them from rotting. The library was reopened in 2007". theres a WP article on "flash freezing", could it be the preservation method refered to - if so, perhaps the wording could be changed to reflect that (and a link added)? 89.134.199.32 (talk) 19:12, 26 August 2018 (UTC).

title: Talk:Weimar


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Myrtles Plantation

The Myrtles Plantation is a historic home and former antebellum plantation in St. Francisville, Louisiana, United States built in 1796 by General David Bradford. In the early history of the property, it was worked by enslaved people. It is reportedly a haunted place, and has been featured in television. The Myrtles Plantation has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978.

Architecture
Sited on a hill, the eastward-facing frame house, which features a clapboard exterior, is built in the Creole cottage style that characterized many Louisiana plantation houses in the 19th century. The original house was built in 1796 and featured six bays and three dormers on the roof. In the mid-1850s, the one-and-a-half-story house was extended south, almost doubling its size, and increased to nine bays including a new double door entrance. The entry doors are surrounded with a transom and sidelights, showcasing original hand-painted stained glass, etched and patterned after the French cross to allegedly ward off evil. The main feature of the Myrtles is the 125-foot-long veranda that extends the entire length of the façade, and wraps around the southern end of the house. The ornamental cast-iron railing, with an elaborate grape-cluster design, supports a broad Doric entablature, and on the gabled roof, with six brick chimneys, are two large double-paned, pedimented dormers with Doric style pilasters, interspersed with three single-paned dormers. When the original roof of the house was extended to encompass the new addition, the existing dormers were copied to maintain a smooth line. The west facing rear façade features a central, open loggia that is enclosed on three sides by the house, and on the roof are five pedimented dormers identical to the front.

Interior
The Myrtles has 22 rooms spread over two floors. The spacious entry hall runs the length of the house and features faux-bois, open pierced friezework molding, a French Baccarat crystal chandelier weighing more than 300 pounds and a cantilevered staircase. The flooring and most of the windows in the house are original. To the left of the hall is the music room that is adjacent to the only bedroom found on the first floor. The principal rooms of the house are found to the right of the hall. The walls of the original house were removed and repositioned to create four large rooms that were used as identical ladies and gentlemen's parlors, a formal dining room and a game room. The two parlors feature Carrara marble mantles in the Rococo Revival-style on the north and south walls, and are crowned with elaborate plaster cornices and ceiling medallions, made from a mixture of clay, Spanish moss and cattle hair, with no two being the same.

The second floor features five bedrooms with en-suite bathrooms. The largest bedroom, known as the Judge Clarke Woodruff Suite, is the only room that is accessed by the main staircase in the entry hall. The remaining four bedrooms, that are separated by a common sitting room, are accessed by a staircase that ascends from the rear loggia. The floor of these bedrooms were raised one foot when the house was renovated, as the addition had higher ceilings than the original house.

Grounds
The current plantation landscape is centered on a large pond that features a small island centered with a gazebo accessed by a bridge. To the rear of the main house is the oldest structure on the grounds. Now known as the General's Store, this was where General Bradford lived while the main house was being built. Currently it is used as the gift shop, laundry facilities, plantation offices and guest breakfast spot. To the south is another structure that houses a restaurant. The two ancillary buildings are connected to the main house by a 5000 sqft old brick courtyard. Scattered elsewhere on the grounds are modern wooden cottages available to guests.

19th century
The Myrtles Plantation was built in 1796 by General David Bradford on 600 acres in what was then part of Spanish West Florida and was named "Laurel Grove." Bradford lived there alone for several years, until President John Adams pardoned him for his role in the Pennsylvania Whiskey Rebellion in 1799. He then moved his wife Elizabeth and their five children to the plantation from Pennsylvania. Upon Bradford's death in 1808, his widow Elizabeth continued running the plantation until 1817, when she handed the management to Clarke Woodruff, one of Bradford's former law students, who had married her daughter, Sara Mathilda. The Woodruffs had three children: Cornelia Gale, James, and Mary Octavia, before Sara Mathilda and two of her three children died in 1823 and 1824 of yellow fever.

When Elizabeth Bradford died in 1831, Clarke Woodruff and his surviving daughter Mary Octavia moved to Covington, Louisiana, and left a caretaker to manage the plantation. In 1834, Woodruff sold the plantation, the land, and its slaves to Ruffin Gray Stirling. Stirling and his wife, Mary Catherine Cobb, undertook an extensive remodeling of the house, nearly doubling the size of the former building, and filling the house with imported furniture from Europe. It was during this time that the name was changed to "The Myrtles" after the crape myrtles that grew in the vicinity. Stirling died in 1854 and left the plantation to his wife.

The Myrtles survived the American Civil War, though robbed of its fine furnishings and expensive accessories. In 1865, Mary Cobb Stirling hired William Drew Winter to help manage the plantation as her lawyer and agent. Winter was married to Stirling's daughter, Sarah, and they went on to have six children, one of whom (Kate Winter) died from typhoid at the age of three. The family fortune was lost in the aftermath of the war due to it being tied up in Confederate currency, and the Winters were forced to sell the plantation in 1868, but were able to buy it back two years later. In 1871, William Winter was killed on the porch of the house, possibly by a man named E.S. Webber. Sarah remained at the Myrtles with her mother and siblings until 1878, when she died. Mary Cobb Stirling died in 1880, and the plantation passed to her son Stephen. The plantation was heavily in debt, however, and Stephen sold it in 1886 to Oran D. Brooks, who in turn sold it in 1889. The plantation changed hands several times until 1891, when it was purchased by Harrison Milton Williams.

20th century
In the early part of the 20th-century, the land surrounding the house was divided among the heirs of Harrison Milton Williams. In the 1950s, the house itself was sold to Marjorie Munsons. The plantation went through several more ownership changes in the 1970s before being bought by James and Frances Kermeen Myers who ran the plantation house as a bed and breakfast. The current owners, John and Teeta Moss, continue to open the house for tours and overnight guests.

21st century
In August 2014, a fire occurred in the historical General's Store, located just 10 feet from the main house, causing substantial damage. The most severe damage was in an extension of the building constructed in 2008 leaving most of the original structure intact and luckily not harming the house at all. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the Myrtles Plantation continues to be a popular tourist attraction due to its association with paranormal activity, and has been featured in many books, magazines, newspapers and television shows.

Legends and ghost stories
The plantation house is rumored to be on top of an ancient Tunica Indian burial ground. It is currently a bed and breakfast, and offers historical and mystery tours. According to legend, after being shot William Winter staggered inside the house and died on the 17th step of the stairs.

In 2002, Unsolved Mysteries filmed a segment about the alleged hauntings at the plantation. The Myrtles was also featured on a 2005 episode of Ghost Hunters. Other television shows which profiled the plantation include Ghost Adventures and Most Terrifying Places in America.

The plantation was featured on the second episode in the first season of the television series, Files of the Unexplained, airing in April 2024.

title: Myrtles Plantation


text:
David Isberg

David Isberg (born 23 February 1975) is a Swedish musician who founded the Swedish progressive death metal band Opeth.

Opeth
Isberg formed Opeth with some friends from Täby in the Spring of 1990. Long-time friend Mikael Åkerfeldt was in a band called Eruption, but was considering a departure from this group. Isberg invited him to play bass for Opeth and Åkerfeldt accepted the offer. When he came to the rehearsal, however, none of the other members of the band knew Mikael was coming and they did not want to kick out the bass player they already had. The ensuing argument played out with all the members of Opeth (aside from David) leaving. They renamed themselves Crowley and released a demo tape called "The Gate" in 1991.

Isberg remained with Opeth until 1992. His duties as a lead singer were taken up by Åkerfeldt.

After Opeth
Isberg continued his musical career with electronic project Grooveza (later Grooveza/Fuzz), death metal band Mynjun, and experimental death metal band David Isberg & The Stockholm War Ensemble as well as Stockholm Death Metal band Tutorial together with Adam Skogvards of Mynjun.

By 2009, Isberg was active in at least two extreme metal bands: Braathum, and the restarted version of Mynjun named Tutorial and later Somn.

title: David Isberg


text:
The Cornell Daily Sun

The Cornell Daily Sun is an independent newspaper at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. It is published twice weekly by Cornell University students and hired employees. Founded in 1880, The Sun is the oldest continuously independent college daily in the United States.

The Sun features coverage of the university and its environs and articles from the Associated Press and UWIRE. It prints on Tuesdays and Thursdays when the university is open for academic instruction. In addition to these regular issues, The Sun publishes a graduation issue and a freshman issue, which is mailed to incoming Cornell freshmen before their first semester. The paper is free on campus and online. The Sun edits under its proprietary "Sun Style Guide," an amended version of AP Style.

Aside from a few full-time production positions, The Sun is staffed by Cornell students and is fully independent of the university. It operates out of its own building in downtown Ithaca. As of 2023, The Sun is ranked the third-best college student newspaper in the nation, according to College Choice's annual rankings.

19th century
The Cornell Daily Sun was founded in 1880 by William Ballard Hoyt to challenge Cornell's original and leading publication, the weekly Cornell Era, which was founded in 1868. In the newspaper's first edition, published on September 16, 1880, The Sun boasted in its opening paragraph: "We have no indulgence to ask, no favors to beg."

20th century
The newspaper later incorporated and changed to daily frequency, earning its longstanding boast "Ithaca's Only Morning Newspaper." In 1912, it added a second, "first collegiate member of the Associated Press."

Following the shift of its main competitor, The Ithaca Journal, from evening to morning daily publication in 1996, The Sun changed its traditional front page slogan which, after several iterations, now states "Independent Since 1880." This period also marked a shift in The Sun's content from national to local and university-related stories.

21st century
The newspaper's common features include "Around the Sun," a weekly multimedia recap series, and a sex column that appears weekly on Thursdays.

In January 2003, the Cornell Daily Sun Alumni Association purchased the former Elks Lodge in downtown Ithaca, erected 1916. Led by Stanley Chess, the founding president of the Association, John Schroeder '74, and Gary L. Rubin '72, the alumni completely renovated the building over the next several months. Now called the Cornell Daily Sun Building, it has housed the paper's offices since June 2003 and is coincidentally located next door to The Ithaca Journal's offices. The building also houses a kava bar in its basement.

In the fall semester of 2004, The Sun turned free and started featuring full-color front and back pages as part of a redesign in its layout. These moves were partially effected to boost circulation in response to Cornell's Student Assembly's decision to provide The New York Times and USA Today on campus for free to all undergraduate Cornell students.

On September 17, 2005, more than 370 Sun alumni and guests gathered in Manhattan to celebrate The Sun's 125th anniversary. Speakers included Kurt Vonnegut '43, Carl Leubsdorf '59, Sam Roberts '68, Jay Branegan '73, Howard A. Rodman '71, S. Miller Harris '44, and Jeremy Schaap '91. The emcee was Stan Chess '69. A 130th anniversary dinner was held on September 25, 2010.

In 2016, the newspaper announced that it was reducing its publication rate from five days a week to three. In 2020, it further cut back to twice a week as a cost-reducing measure.

The Cornell Daily Sun Alumni Association, comprising former editors, managers, and staff of the Cornell Daily Sun, exists to further journalism by Cornell University students.

Alumni
The Cornell Daily Sun claims over a dozen Pulitzer Prize winners and boasts a number of prominent alumni, including:

 * Tom Allon, publisher and co-owner, City & State
 * Stephen Asprinio, food and wine columnist; restaurateur, sommelier, chef, and former Top Chef contestant
 * Jim Axelrod, sports journalist; chief investigative journalist, CBS News
 * Whitney Balliett, film critic; book reviewer and jazz critic, The New Yorker
 * Victor Berlin, Business Board; information security expert and founder, University of the Potomac and University of Fairfax
 * Neil Best, sports journalist, Newsday
 * Keri Blakinger, copy editor; criminal justice author and journalist, The Marshall Project
 * Jay Branegan, senior editor (1971–72); 1976 Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist with thr Chicago Tribune
 * Dick Brass, associate editor (1971–72); technology investor, executive, and pioneer who developed first electronic dictionary and thesaurus, ClearType, and Open eBook
 * Gordon G. Chang, editorial board; lawyer, author, and television pundit
 * S. E. Cupp, arts and entertainment editor; CNN host, political commentator, and author
 * Allison Danzig, author and sportswriter, The New York Times
 * Charles Divine, news editor; poet and playwright
 * Edward D. Eddy, editor-in-chief (1943–44); president, Chatham College and University of Rhode Island
 * Bob Filner, Business Board; former Mayor of San Diego and U.S. Congressman
 * Rob Fishman, columnist; entrepreneur and writer
 * David Folkenflik, editor-in-chief (1990–91); NPR media correspondent
 * Frank Gannett, Sun Board; media mogul and founder, Gannett
 * Jeffrey Gettleman, photographer; 2012 Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and East Africa Bureau Chief, The New York Times
 * Joey Green, political cartoonist; former contributing editor, National Lampoon, author of over 60 books
 * Daniel Gross, News Board; financial and economic journalist and executive editor, strategy+business magazine
 * Lewis Henry, editor-in-chief (1908–09); former U.S. Congressman
 * Marvin Josephson, managing editor (1948–49); founder, chair, and CEO, ICM Partners
 * Lawrence Kasanoff, business manager; film and television producer, co-founder of Lightstorm Entertainment and Threshold Entertainment with James Cameron
 * Neeraj Khemlani, editor-in-chief (1991–92); former president, CBS News and CBS News and Stations
 * Andrew Kopkind, editor-in-chief (1956–57); journalist, The Washington Post, The New Republic, and others
 * Marc Lacey, editor-in-chief (1986–87); managing editor, The New York Times and two-time Pulitzer Prize winner at the Los Angeles Times
 * Carl Leubsdorf, associate editor (1958–59); Washington columnist, The Dallas Morning News
 * Harold O. Levy, columnist; former New York City Schools Chancellor and former executive director, Jack Kent Cooke Foundation
 * Eric Lichtblau, news reporter; Washington bureau reporter, The New York Times and 2006 Pulitzer Prize recipient
 * Stuart Loory, editor-in-chief (1953–54); academic and managing editor, Chicago Sun-Times
 * Farhad Manjoo, editor-in-chief (1999–2000); author and technology journalist and opinion writer, The New York Times
 * Joseph Masci, supplement editor; physician, educator, and author
 * Will Maslow, associate editor; lawyer and civil rights leader
 * Oscar G. Mayer Jr., business manager (1933–34); former chairman, Oscar Mayer
 * James C. McKinley Jr., journalist, The New York Times
 * Anne Morrissy Merick, sports editor; Vietnam War journalist
 * Philip Merrill, managing editor (1954–55); diplomat, banker, and philanthropist and Export-Import Bank of the United States chairman
 * Andrew Morse, editor-in-chief (1995–96); former executive vice president, CNN
 * Svante Myrick, editorial board; Mayor, Ithaca, New York
 * George Jean Nathan, editorial board; drama critic, editor, and co-founder, The American Mercury
 * Scot J. Paltrow, News Board; financial journalist
 * Paul A. Rahe, associate editor; historian, writer and professor of history
 * Jon Ralston, Sports Department; journalist, political commentator, and talk show host
 * Henry S. Reuss, editor-in-chief (1932–33); former U.S. Congressman
 * Sam Roberts, managing editor (1967–68); reporter, columnist, and editor, The New York Times and biographer of David Greenglass and Nelson Rockefeller
 * Howard A. Rodman, editor-in-chief (1970–71); screenwriter and professor
 * Wallace A. Ross, News Board; advertising executive and founder, Clio Awards
 * Kirkpatrick Sale, editor-in-chief (1957–58); environmental and technology scholar and author and leader of secessionist movement
 * Dick Schaap, editor-in-chief (1954–55); sports writer and broadcaster
 * Jeremy Schaap, sports editor (1990–91); ESPN contributor and son of Dick Schaap
 * Richard Schechner, news editor (1955), theatre reviewer (1956); author, editor, theatre director, professor, New York University Tisch School of the Arts
 * Danny Schechter, television producer, filmmaker, and media critic
 * Melville Shavelson, humor columnist (1936–37); film director, producer, screenwriter, author
 * Alan Sisitsky, former member, Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate
 * Deborah Solomon, associate editor; magazine columnist, article critic, and biographer, The New York Times Magazine
 * Barry S. Strauss, feature editor (1973–74); history and classics professor, Cornell University and ancient military history author
 * Elmer E. Studley, editorial board; former U.S. Congressman
 * Jacob Sullum, senior editor; syndicated newspaper columnist
 * Molly O'Toole, news editor (2009); inaugural recipient of the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for audio reporting
 * Ronald Thwaites, editor-in-chief (1966–1967); former Jamaica Minister of Education
 * Elbert Tuttle, editor-in-chief (1917–18); Chief Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
 * Jamie Weinstein, columnist; political journalist and commentator
 * David Wild, arts editor; TV and music writer and critic, Rolling Stone
 * Kurt Vonnegut, associate editor (1942–43); novelist and satirist
 * E. B. White, editor-in-chief (1920–21); columnist and author, Charlotte's Web, Stuart Little, The Trumpet of the Swan, co-author, The Elements of Style, and 1978 Pulitzer Prize special award recipient

Other prominent Cornellians have written letters to the editor, including former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who responded to an op-ed on wiretapping written by Cornell Law School students with a letter to the editor in 1953.

title: The Cornell Daily Sun