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Battle of Gettysburg, third day cavalry battles

On the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg (July 3, 1863) during the disastrous infantry assault nicknamed Pickett's Charge, there were two cavalry battles: one approximately three miles (5 km) to the east, in the area known today as East Cavalry Field, the other southwest of the [Big] Round Top mountain (sometimes called South Cavalry Field).

The East Cavalry Field fighting was an attempt by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's Confederate cavalry to get into the Federal rear and exploit any success that Pickett's Charge may have generated. Union cavalry under Brig. Gens. David McM. Gregg and George Armstrong Custer repulsed the Confederate advances.

In South Cavalry Field, after Pickett's Charge had been defeated, reckless cavalry charges against the right flank of the Confederate Army, ordered by Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick, were easily repulsed, resulting in the death of Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth.

Military situation
Cavalry forces played a significant role at Gettysburg only on the first and third days of the battle. On the first day (July 1), the Union cavalry division of Brig. Gen. John Buford successfully delayed Confederate infantry forces under Maj. Gen. Henry Heth until Union infantry could arrive on the battlefield. By the end of the day Buford's troopers had retired from the field.

On the Confederate side, most of Maj. Gen. Stuart's cavalry division was absent from the battlefield until late on the second day. Possibly misunderstanding orders from Gen. Robert E. Lee, Stuart had taken his three best brigades of cavalry on a pointless ride around the right flank of the Union Army of the Potomac and had been out of touch with the main body of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia since June 24, depriving Lee of critical intelligence information and screening services. Stuart arrived from Carlisle at Lee's headquarters shortly after noon on July 2 and his exhausted brigades arrived that evening, too late to affect the planning or execution of the second day's battle. Hampton's brigade camped to the north, following a relatively minor clash with Union cavalry at Hunterstown that afternoon.

Lee's orders for Stuart were to prepare for operations on July 3 in support of the Confederate infantry assault against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. Stuart was to protect the Confederate left flank and attempt to move around the Union right flank and into the enemy's rear. If Stuart's forces could proceed south from the York Pike along the Low Dutch Road, they would soon reach the Baltimore Pike—the main avenue of communications for the Army of the Potomac—and they could launch devastating and demoralizing attacks against the Union rear, capitalizing on the confusion from the assault (Pickett's Charge) that Lee planned for the Union center.

Confederate cavalry forces under Stuart for this operation consisted of the three brigades he had taken on his ride around the Union Army (commanded by Brig. Gen. Wade Hampton, Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee and Col. John Chambliss) and the brigade of Col. Albert G. Jenkins (under the command of Col. Milton J. Ferguson following Jenkins' wounding on July 2). Although these four brigades should have amounted to approximately 5,000 men, it is likely that only 3,430 men and 13 guns saw action that day. And following their nine-day ride around Maryland and Pennsylvania, they and their horses were weary and not in prime condition for battle.

Union cavalry forces were from the corps of Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton, who did not participate directly in the command of any cavalry actions during the Battle of Gettysburg. Since most of Buford's division had retired to Westminster, Maryland (with the exception of his reserve brigade under Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt, which was deployed directly south of Gettysburg), only two divisions were ready for action. Stationed near the intersection of the Hanover Road and the Low Dutch Road—directly on Stuart's path—was the division of Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg. Gregg had two brigades present at Gettysburg, under Col. John B. McIntosh and Col. J. Irvin Gregg (David Gregg's cousin), but the latter was stationed on the Baltimore Pike. David Gregg's one-brigade command was supplemented by the newly formed "Michigan Brigade" of Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer. Custer was assigned to the division of Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick but happened to be on loan to David Gregg and requested permission from Gregg to join his fight. Altogether, 3,250 Union troopers opposed Stuart. The other brigade from Kilpatrick's division, commanded by Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth, was stationed to the southwest of the Round Top mountain, the area now known informally as South Cavalry Field.

East Cavalry Field

At about 11:00 a.m. on July 3, Stuart reached Cress Ridge, just north of what is now called East Cavalry Field, and signaled Lee that he was in position by ordering the firing of four guns, one in each direction of the compass. This was a foolish error because he also alerted Gregg to his presence. The brigades of McIntosh and Custer were positioned to block Stuart. As the Confederates approached, Gregg engaged them with an artillery duel and the superior skills of the Union horse artillerymen got the better of Stuart's guns.

Stuart's plan had been to pin down McIntosh's and Custer's skirmishers around the Rummel farm and swing over Cress Ridge, around the left flank of the defenders, but the Federal skirmish line pushed back tenaciously; the troopers from the 5th Michigan Cavalry were armed with Spencer repeating rifles, multiplying their firepower. Stuart decided on a direct cavalry charge to break their resistance. He ordered an assault by the 1st Virginia Cavalry, his own old regiment, now in Fitz Lee's brigade. The battle started in earnest at approximately 1:00 p.m., at the same time that Col. Edward Porter Alexander's Confederate artillery barrage opened up on Cemetery Ridge. Fitz Lee's troopers came pouring through the farm of John Rummel, scattering the Union skirmish line.

Gregg ordered Custer to counterattack with the 7th Michigan. Custer personally led the regiment, shouting "Come on, you Wolverines!". Waves of horsemen collided in furious fighting along the fence line on Rummel's farm. Seven hundred men fought at point-blank range across the fence with carbines, pistols and sabers. Custer's horse was shot out from under him, and he commandeered a bugler's horse. Eventually enough of Custer's men were amassed to break down the fence, and they caused the Virginians to retreat. Stuart sent in reinforcements from all three of his brigades: the 9th and 13th Virginia (Chambliss' Brigade), the 1st North Carolina and Jeff Davis Legion (Hampton's) and squadrons from the 2nd Virginia (Lee's). Custer's pursuit was broken, and the 7th Michigan fell back in a disorderly retreat.

Stuart tried again for a breakthrough by sending in the bulk of Wade Hampton's brigade, accelerating in formation from a walk to a gallop, sabers flashing, calling forth "murmurs of admiration" from their Union targets. Union horse artillery batteries attempted to block the advance with shell and canister, but the Confederates moved too quickly and were able to fill in for lost men, maintaining their momentum. Once again the cry "Come on, you Wolverines!" was heard as Custer and Col. Charles H. Town led the 1st Michigan Cavalry into the fray, also at a gallop. A trooper from one of Gregg's Pennsylvania regiments observed,

"As the two columns approached each other the pace of each increased, when suddenly a crash, like the falling of timber, betokened the crisis. So sudden and violent was the collision that many of the horses were turned end over end and crushed their riders beneath them."

As the horsemen fought desperately in the center, McIntosh personally led his brigade against Hampton's right flank while the 3rd Pennsylvania under Captain William E. Miller and 1st New Jersey hit Hampton's left from north of the Lott house. Hampton received a serious saber wound to the head; Custer lost his second horse of the day. Assaulted from three sides, the Confederates withdrew. The Union troopers were in no condition to pursue beyond the Rummel farmhouse.

The losses from the 40 intense minutes of fighting on East Cavalry Field were relatively minor: 254 Union casualties—219 of them from Custer's brigade—and 181 Confederate. Although tactically inconclusive, the battle was a strategic loss for Stuart and Robert E. Lee, whose plans to drive into the Union rear were foiled.

South Cavalry Field
On the morning of July 3 Union Cavalry Corps commander Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton ordered two of his brigades to the left flank of the Union army. He ordered Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt's Reserve Brigade of Buford's division to move north from Emmitsburg to join Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick's division, moving from Two Taverns on the Baltimore Pike to the area southwest of Round Top. By this time the only brigade in Kilpatrick's division was that of Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth, Custer's brigade having been detached for service with David Gregg at East Cavalry Field. It is unclear what Pleasonton hoped to accomplish. There is no record that he performed any reconnaissance in this area. It has been speculated that Army of the Potomac commander George G. Meade was preparing for a possible counterattack to follow the repulse of Pickett's Charge, which he had anticipated since the night before.

Farnsworth reached the area at approximately 1:00 p.m., about the time the massive Confederate artillery barrage started in preparation for Pickett's Charge, and his 1,925 troops took up a position in a line south of the George Bushman farm. From left to right, the regiments were the 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry, the 1st West Virginia and 1st Vermont. Battery E, 4th U.S. Artillery, occupied a small, rocky knoll in the rear and the 5th New York cavalry was placed in a nearby ravine to guard the artillery. Joined by Kilpatrick, they awaited Merritt's brigade, which arrived at about 3:00 p.m. and took up a position straddling the Emmitsburg Road, to Farnsworth's left. By this time the infantry portion of Pickett's Charge had begun, and Kilpatrick was eager to get his men into the fight.

On the Confederate line to the east of the Emmitsburg Road, only infantry troops were involved. The four brigades of Hood's division, under the command of Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law, had occupied the area from Round Top, through Devil's Den and back to the road since the battle on July 2. Initially, Law had just the 1st Texas Infantry (from Brig. Gen. Jerome B. Robertson's Texas Brigade) facing Farnsworth to the south, but he soon reinforced them with the 47th Alabama Infantry, the 1st South Carolina and artillery. To the west of the road, facing Merritt, was the Georgia brigade of Brig. Gen. George "Tige" Anderson.

Young Kilpatrick had little experience in commanding cavalry, and he demonstrated that by attacking fortified infantry positions in a piecemeal fashion. West of the road Merritt went in first, with his 6th Pennsylvania cavalrymen fighting dismounted. Anderson's Georgians repulsed their attack easily. Farnsworth was to follow, but he was astonished to hear Kilpatrick's order for a mounted cavalry charge. The Confederate defenders were positioned behind a stone fence with wooden fence rails piled high above it, too high for horses to jump, which would require the attackers to dismount under fire and dismantle the fence. The terrain leading to it was broken, undulating ground, with large boulders, fences and woodlots, making it unsuitable for a cavalry charge. Accounts differ as to the details of the argument between Farnsworth and Kilpatrick, but it is generally believed that Kilpatrick dared or shamed Farnsworth into making the charge the latter knew would be suicidal. Farnsworth allegedly said, "General, if you order the charge I will lead it, but you must take the awful responsibility."

First in the assault was the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, led by Col. Nathaniel P. Richmond. They rode in great confusion after coming under heavy fire from the 1st Texas, but they were able to breach the wall. Hand-to-hand fighting with sabers, rifles and even rocks ensued, but the attack was forced back. Of the 400 Federal cavalrymen in the attack, there were 98 casualties. The second wave came from the 18th Pennsylvania, supported by companies of the 5th New York, but they were also turned back under heavy rifle fire, with 20 casualties.

It was finally the turn of the 1st Vermont Cavalry, about 400 officers and men, which Farnsworth divided into three battalions of four companies each under Lt. Col. Addison W. Preston, Maj. William Wells and Capt. Henry C. Parsons. Parsons' battalion led the charge, passing the Texans and riding north toward the John Slyder farm. Evander Law sent three Georgia regiments (the 9th, 11th and 59th) to move to the support of the Texans and the artillery batteries. A staff officer carrying the order encountered the 4th Alabama, which also joined in support. An Alabama lieutenant yelled, "Cavalry, boys, cavalry! This is no fight, only a frolic, give it to them!" And the infantrymen found many easy targets.

All three battalion advances were turned back with great losses. The final group, led by Wells and Farnsworth, circled back toward Big Round Top, where they met a line of the 15th Alabama across their front. Farnsworth's party had dwindled to only ten troopers as they weaved back and forth, trying to avoid the murderous fire. Farnsworth fell from his horse, struck in the chest, abdomen and leg by five bullets. Postwar accounts by a Confederate soldier who claimed Farnsworth committed suicide with his pistol to avoid capture have been discounted. Maj. Wells received the Medal of Honor for his heroism in leading the rest of his men back to safety. The Vermont regiment suffered 65 casualties during the futile assault.

Kilpatrick's ill-considered and poorly executed cavalry charges are remembered as a low point in the history of the U.S. cavalry and marked the final significant hostilities at the Battle of Gettysburg. Six miles (10 km) west of Gettysburg one of Merritt's regiments, the 6th U.S. Cavalry, was defeated that afternoon at Fairfield by Brig. Gen. William E. "Grumble" Jones' "Laurel Brigade," an action not considered to be a formal part of the Battle of Gettysburg but one that had a critical role in the retreat of Lee's army.

All of Pleasonton's cavalry brigades were exercised for the remainder of the Gettysburg Campaign in the lackluster pursuit of Lee's army back across the Potomac River.


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User talk:Billcockerill

Bill Cockerill

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Billcockerill


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User:JeremyBicha

Hi! I am Jeremy Bicha and live in Bradenton, Florida. Thanks for your desire to learn more about me, but as you can see, I don't know much about myself.

title: User:JeremyBicha


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Scott Muni

Scott Muni (May 10, 1930 – September 28, 2004) was an American disc jockey, who worked at the heyday of the AM Top 40 format and then was a pioneer of FM progressive rock radio. Rolling Stone magazine termed him "legendary".

Early life
Born Donald Allen Muñoz in Wichita, Kansas, Muni grew up in New Orleans. He joined the United States Marine Corps and began broadcasting there in 1950, reading "Dear John" letters over Radio Guam. After leaving the Corps and having considered acting as a career, he began working as a disc jockey; in 1953 he began working at WSMB (1350 AM) in New Orleans. His mentor was Marshall Pearce.

Muni joined the staff of WAKR (1590 AM) in Akron, Ohio in November 1956 as their overnight host. The following July, he was promoted to host Request Review, an evening music program famously helmed by Alan Freed a decade earlier. In addition to Request Review, Muni presented nightly weather forecasts on WAKR's television adjunct WAKR-TV (channel 49), hosted The Hop—a local music and dance program—on WAKR-TV, was WAKR's music director, and emceed teenage sock hops throughout the city. Prior to leaving the station, the Akron Junior Chamber of Commerce honored Muni for one sock hop that also fundraised for a local children's home.

Along with his work at WSMB and WAKR, Muni also worked for a time in Kankakee, Illinois.

Career
Muni then spent almost 50 years at stations in New York City. He left WAKR in May 1958 to join WMCA (570 AM), one of the first Top 40 stations in the market. While at WMCA, Muni was briefly the subject of unwanted attention in both New York and Akron when a congressional investigation into the practice of payola called him in for questioning. He moved to WABC (770 AM) in late 1960 as that station fully converted into a Top 40 format of its own; Muni was billed as part of the "Swingin' Seven at 77" airstaff that also included fellow former WAKR colleague Charlie Greer. There he did an early evening show called "Scotland's Yard" and was among the first WABC DJs to capture the attention of the teenage audience for which the station would become famous. He also participated in the competition to cover The Beatles on their first visits to the United States, and thus began a long association with them.

In 1965, Muni left WABC and ran the Rolling Stone Night Club while doing occasional fill-in work for WMCA. Muni had explored some opportunities beyond radio: for a short time he co-hosted a local weekly television show on WABC-TV (channel 7) with Bruce "Cousin Brucie" Morrow, and he would go on to record the spoken single "Letter to an Unborn Child", about a soldier with a premonition, which was released in 1967 to little acclaim.

Muni decided to return to radio, and in 1966, he joined WOR-FM (98.7), one of the earliest stations in the country to program free-form progressive rock music. The progressive format did not last at that station. In 1967 Muni moved to WNEW-FM (102.7), which had been running a format of pop hits and show tunes, hosted by an all-woman staff. This time, the Progressive Rock format took hold, with WNEW-FM becoming a legendary rock station. Muni stayed there for three decades as the afternoon DJ and sometimes program director. Muni was described by fellow WNEW-FM DJ Dennis Elsas as "the heart and soul of the place". Under assorted management changes during the 1990s WNEW-FM changed formats, and in 1998 Muni ended up hosting a one-hour noontime classic rock program at WAXQ (104.3 FM), where he worked until suffering a stroke in early 2004.

Muni was known to his listeners by the nicknames "Scottso" or "The Professor", the latter to emphasize his rock expertise. While he sometimes spoke in roundabout phrases and succumbed to progressive rock radio clichés such as "That was a tasty cut from ...", he also conveyed on the air and in his professional relationships a gruff immediacy that was a by-product of both his time in the Marines and his earlier Top 40 skills. His low, gravelly voice was instantly recognizable and often lampooned, both by other disc jockeys and by impressionists such as on Imus in the Morning.

A bizarre exchange occurred on October 6, 1975, when a hostage-holding bank robber in lower Manhattan called Muni on the air and engaged him in a conversation about the robber's often nonsensical demands. The robber requested to hear the Grateful Dead, and the two peppered their post-hippie speech with discussions of Bob Dylan music and the like. Muni helped to keep the robber calm, and hours later the situation was resolved, and the robber captured, without any casualties. (Some Muni obituaries credit this incident as having been an inspiration for the film Dog Day Afternoon, but the film was based on a different, 1972 incident, and had already been out in theaters for a couple of weeks by the time of the Muni episode. )

Muni specialized in playing records from up-and-coming, or sometimes just-plain-obscure, acts from the United Kingdom on his weekly Friday "Things from England" segment. He also hosted the syndicated radio programs Ticket to Ride and Scott Muni's World of Rock.

Muni often referred to "we interviewed so and so," making reference to himself and either "Black" Earl Douglas or another producer. Indeed, Muni was friendly with many of the musicians whom he played, and they would often stop by the studio to visit on-air. He played poker in the studio with the Grateful Dead, and he would let Emerson, Lake & Palmer browse the station's huge record library and put on whatever they liked. An oft-related story tells that he was interviewing Jimmy Page when the guitarist suddenly passed out from the aftereffects of the Led Zeppelin lifestyle. Muni calmly put on a record, revived Page, and completed the interview on the studio floor.

Muni was close to John Lennon and his family. After Lennon's murder he vowed to always open his show with a Lennon or Beatles record, a pledge that he kept for the balance of his career, often playing a "Beatles block".

In addition to radio broadcasting, Muni also did voice-over work for radio and television; the most known were a commercial for Rolaids antacid ("How do you spell relief?") and promos for Monday Night Football. He also voiced episodes of NBC's Friday Night Videos during 1985–86 and promos for ABC Sports which included boxing events on Wide World of Sports, the USFL on ABC, the Pro Bowlers Tour, the Sugar Bowl, the 1994 Stanley Cup Playoffs, and auto racing, including the Indy 500. His voice is also heard giving the introduction on the 1971 live albums Chicago at Carnegie Hall and Melanie at Carnegie Hall.

Personal life
Muni had five children: three with his first wife and two with his second wife, to whom he was married from 1966 until his death in 2004.

Death and legacy
Muni died on September 28, 2004, at the age of 74 in New York City and is buried in St. Gertrude's Roman Catholic Cemetery in Colonia, New Jersey.

Muni is included in an exhibit display of important disc jockeys at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The DJs at Q104.3 keep Muni's promise to New York listeners and still start their noon hour with the "12 o'clock Beatles Block".

Muni was inducted into the Rock Radio Hall of Fame in the "Legends of Rock Radio-Programming" category for his work at WNEW in 2014. He was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 2015.

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Gerard J. Foschini

Gerard Joseph Foschini (February 28, 1940 - September 17, 2023), was an American telecommunications engineer who worked for Bell Laboratories from 1961 until his retirement. He died in September 2023. His research has covered many kinds of data communications, particularly wireless communications and optical communications. Foschini has also worked on point-to-point systems and networks.

Biography
Foschini received the B.S.E.E. degree from the New Jersey Institute of Technology, the M.E.E. degree from New York University and a Ph.D. (1967) from the Stevens Institute of Technology. In December 1962, he joined AT&T Bell Laboratories, where he has worked since. He has also taught at Princeton University and Rutgers University.

Within the telecommunications engineering field, he is best known for his invention of Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST). One of the first developments in MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) wireless technology. This is a scheme for use in wireless communications which recommends the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver. By careful allocation of the data to be transmitted to the transmitting antennas, multiple data streams can be transmitted simultaneously within a single frequency band — the data capacity of the system then grows directly in line with the number of antennas. This represents a significant advance on single-antenna systems.

Foschini's 1996 paper, not published until 1998, "On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas",[1] played a key role advancing multiple-input multiple-output wireless systems. Shortly after that publication, in a technical memorandum for his employers,[2] Foschini introduced the BLAST concept, which is one of the most widely examined techniques in wireless communications research today. Among his later contributions, the paper offering a simplified form of the original BLAST architecture, called Vertical BLAST (V-BLAST),[3] has also resulted in intensive international research efforts. In 2002, Bell Laboratories' patent on BLAST was named by MIT's Technology Review Magazine as one of five "Patents to watch". According to the Institute for Scientific Information Foschini is in the top 0.3% of most-cited authors. His papers have been cited over 50,000 times, resulting in an H-index of 63 and an i10-index of 114.

In 2002, Foschini received the Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award, an honor given to people from New Jersey who have changed the world with their inventions; he has also received the Bell Labs Inventor's Award, Gold Award and Teamwork Award and holds the titles of "Distinguished Member of Staff, Distinguished Inventor" in the Laboratories. Before his work on BLAST, Foschini had already been elected a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1986, "for contributions to communications theory".

Foschini received the 2008 IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal "For seminal contributions to the science and technology of multiple-antenna wireless communications." And the IEEE Eric E. Sumner Award in 2006. Also in 2008 he received the New Jersey Institute of Technology Alumni Achievement Honor Roll Award and the IEEE Communication Theory Committee Technical Achievement Award. On March 28, 2015, he received the Stevens Technology Distinguished Alumni Award for Engineering, and is part of the Stevens Institute of Technology top 150 in 150 years.

In 2018, Foschini was honored as an NJIT magazine Top Influencer from the Institution.

In 2009, Foschini was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.

On September 17, 2023 Foschini died after suffering from Parkinson's disease for several years.

title: Gerard J. Foschini


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User talk:Bhurlburt

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Dunc|☺ 21:00, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
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Yes. Every logged in user has a watchlist. Yours is at special:watchlist. I noticed the change to the page and that you had a red user talk page, so I bonked a welcome note on it. Dunc|☺ 11:44, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bhurlburt


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Talk:Scott Muni

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Added temp article for now to avoid any copyright issues.

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Virginia Lee Burton

Virginia Lee Burton (1908 – 1969), also known by her married name Virginia Demetrios, was an American illustrator and children's book author. She wrote and illustrated seven children's books, including Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel (1939) and The Little House (1943), which won the Caldecott Medal. She also illustrated six books by other authors.

Burton founded the textile collective Folly Cove Designers in Cape Ann, Massachusetts, which had numerous museum exhibitions. Some of its members' works are held today in the collections of Boston's Museum of Fine Arts, the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, the Cape Ann Museum, and New York City's Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Early life and education
Virginia Burton was born in Newton Centre, Massachusetts. As a child, she was called "Jinnee". Her mother was Lena Yates, a lyric poet and artist from England whose poetry was first published at age 20. Yates later published children's books under the name Lena Dalkeith. Later, she went by the moniker Jeanne D'Orge. Virginia Burton's father, Alfred Edgar Burton, married Lena Yates after he had been widowed with two sons. Yates was 30 years his junior. They were married in 1906, having met on a walking trip in France. Notably, Burton's father served as the first Dean of Student Affairs for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1902-1921).

Burton had an older sister, Christine, and younger brother, Alexander Ross Burton, in addition to their father's first two sons, Harold Hitz Burton and Felix Arnold Burton. She recounted their boisterous holiday celebrations, and singing, dancing and theatrical productions as children. Harold became an attorney, politician and Supreme Court Justice; and Arnold an architect.

When Burton was about 8 years old, her family moved to San Diego, California, as the New England winters were hard on her mother's health. Her father, close to his retirement in 1921 after 40 years at MIT, took a leave of absence. A year later the family settled 450 miles north in Carmel-by-the-Sea, then a small, artistic community. Burton and her sister took dance and art lessons, performing in local productions. Her parents divorced in 1925, and her father returned to Boston.

After attending local schools, Burton won a state scholarship to the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco, where she studied both art and dance. Living in Alameda across the bay while attending art school, she used the long commute by train, ferry boat and cable car "to train myself in making quick sketches from life and from memory of my unaware fellow passengers."

Return to East Coast
In 1928, after a year at art school, Burton moved to Boston, Massachusetts, where her father was living. It was also closer to her sister, by then a dancer in New York City, who invited Virginia to join her. Their father broke his leg, and Burton stayed in Boston to help him. She found work as a "sketcher" for the Boston Evening Transcript (now defunct). For two-and-a-half years, she worked under its drama and music critic. Portraying actors and other performers, she signed her drawings as "VleeB".

In fall 1930, Burton enrolled in a Saturday morning drawing class taught by sculptor and artist George Demetrios at the Boston Museum School. By spring, Burton and Demetrios artists were married. For a year, the couple lived in Lincoln, where their first son Aristides (called Ari) was born. They moved to the Folly Cove neighborhood of Gloucester. Their second son Michael was born in nearby Groton on Burton's birthday in 1935.

Burton said her first published book, Choo Choo (1935), about an anthropomorphic train engine, reflected strategy she learned from reactions to her first book, which was not published:

"My first book, Jonnifer Lint, was about a piece of dust. I and my friends thought it was very clever but thirteen publishers disagreed with us and when I finally got the manuscript back and read it to Aris, age three and a half he went to sleep before I could even finish it. That taught me a lesson and from then on I worked with and for my audience, my own children. I would tell them the story over and over, watching their reaction and adjusting to their interest or lack of interest ... the same with the drawings. Children are very frank critics."

Burton was known for designing the whole work: design, illustration, typeface, and space. She said first she made her drawings or preliminary sketches, then she wrote the story, as it came first to her in images. Her papers include the "numerous preparatory sketches, the reworking of illustrations that had not proven personally satisfactory to [her], and the demands for quality reproduction of the artwork [that] indicate her meticulous attention to detail." Her books were known for their themes of "importance of teamwork, environmental awareness, perseverance, and adapting to change while still recognizing the importance of the past."

In 1941, Burton founded the textile collective, Folly Cove Designers, in Cape Ann, Massachusetts, and designed some of the textiles. Its works were included in arts and crafts exhibitions of the 1940s and 1950s. It reflected the earlier Arts and Crafts Movement of the 19th century, "both in its union of design and production and in the formation as a cooperative guild. The linoleum block print designs for domestic items were innovative and unique, bringing recognition and accolades to the group." The group sold some of their textiles to major retailers such as Lord & Taylor, F. Schumacher, Rich's of Atlanta and Skinner Silks.

The collective had 16 museum exhibitions and some of their works are held in the collections of Boston's Museum of Fine Arts, the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, and New York City's Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Burton died on October 15, 1968, of lung cancer.

Sons
Aristides Burton Demetrios was a sculptor of figurative and abstract works, ranging from large public commissions to private pieces for gardens. Aristides died December 12, 2021, in Santa Barbara, California, at the age of 89.

Michael Burton Demetrios was a businessman, leading Marine World Africa in its numerous locations in the United States. Since 1998 he had been president of Intra-Asia, a US company with two amusement parks in China and plans for five additional. Michael died August 5, 2016, in Orlando, Florida.

Awards and legacy

 * 1943 Caldecott Medal: The Little House
 * Virginia Lee Burton: A Sense of Place (2007), is a documentary film directed by Christine Lundberg and narrated by Lindsay Crouse. It premiered at the Cape Ann Museum on December 8, 2007, and first aired on the Boston PBS station WGBH-TV on December 30, 2007.
 * Burton's papers are held by the Free Library of Philadelphia's Children's Literature Research Collection, the University of Oregon, the University of Minnesota.

Works
Houghton Mifflin published the seven books which Burton wrote and illustrated:
 * Choo Choo (1937); ISBN 0-395-47942-8
 * Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel (1939); ISBN 0-590-75803-9
 * Calico the Wonder Horse, or the Saga of Stewy Stinker (1941); reissued 1997
 * Burton said she wrote the comic-strip-format Calico "for both Aris and Mike [her children] in an attempt to wean them away from comic books."

 * The Little House (1942); ISBN 0-395-18156-9 —Caldecott Medal winner
 * Burton said the house of the title "was based on our own little house which we moved from the street into 'a field of daises with apple trees growing around.'"

 * Katy and the Big Snow (1943); ISBN 0-395-95991-8
 * Burton based the book's city of Geoppolis and its highway department on Gloucester.

 * Maybelle the Cable Car (1952); 1997 ISBN 0-618-16440-5
 * Burton said this book reflected "my school days in San Francisco."

 * Life Story (1962); 1989 ISBN 978-0395520178
 * Burton presents the history of the world, from Big Bang to her present day, as a theater production. Updated on 2009.

Illustrated by Burton

 * Sad-Faced Boy, by Arna Bontemps (1937); ISBN 0-395-06643-3
 * Fast Sooner Hound (1942) by Arna Bontemps and Jack Conroy; 1975 ISBN 0-395-18657-9
 * Don Coyote, by Leigh Peck (1942)
 * The Song of Robin Hood (1947), stories compiled by Anne Malcolmson, adapted for musical scores by Grace Castagnetta; ISBN 0-618-07186-5
 * The Emperor's New Clothes (1949) by Hans Christian Andersen; 1973 ISBN 0-618-34420-9
 * La Casita by Burton and Maria Elena Herrera; 1994 ISBN 970-629-050-8

In popular culture

 * Cape Ann Historical Association, Folly Cove Designers: a Retrospective, exhibit June 27 through September 7, 1982.
 * An animated short film was produced of Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel, directed by Michael Sporn, narrated by stand-up comedian Robert Klein and first aired by HBO in 1990.
 * Christine Lundberg and Rawn Fulton made a documentary film, Virginia Lee Burton: a Sense of Place (2007), Red Dory Productions (Gloucester, Massachusetts) in partnership with Searchlight Films (Bernardston, Massachusetts).
 * Sinikka Nogelo made a documentary film, Folly Cove Designers, produced by WNEC (Gloucester).
 * Walt Disney Pictures released a special cartoon of "The Little House" in 1952, directed by Wilfred Jackson, and narrated by voice actor Sterling Holloway.
 * Robert J. Bradshaw, Suite No. 3, "Katy and the Big Snow", was commissioned in 2009 by the Cape Ann Symphony, which premiered it that year.
 * A local community effort in Lanesville, Gloucester is working on the reconstruction of the original Little House. Completion is scheduled for Fall 2018.
 * An animated adaptation of Choo Choo: The Story of a Little Engine Who Ran Away was seen in Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories and was narrated by country singer Bonnie Raitt.

title: Virginia Lee Burton


text: User talk:82.112.141.87

title: User talk:82.112.141.87


text:
Du Wei (footballer)

Du Wei (Mandarin pronunciation: ; born 9 February 1982) is a retired Chinese footballer.

He played for the China national team in their participation in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. This saw foreign interests come from Scottish Premier League side Celtic in the form of a loan, however an extension to the loan was never taken up and he returned to Shanghai Shenhua where he captained them for several seasons before joining Hangzhou Greentown and Shandong Luneng as well as captaining his national team in the 2011 AFC Asian Cup.

Club career
Du Wei started his football career in 2000 playing for third-tier side Shanghai 02 where he was able to play at centre back or defensive midfield before the club were taken over by top-tier side Shanghai Shenhua in 2002. At Shanghai, he immediately commanded a regular position within the team and by his second season with them he won the last Chinese Jia-A League league title in 2003 before it was renamed as the Chinese Super League; however, the Chinese Football Association later revoked the title in 2013 after it was discovered the team's general manager Lou Shifang had bribed officials to be biased towards Shanghai in certain matches that season.

Du missed much of the season through injury and the team missed his services, finishing tenth within the league. When he returned from injury, his impressive displays for Shenhua saw Scottish Premier League side Celtic interested in him and his agent Edmund Chu oversaw his move to the club during the 2005–06 season, on a six-month short-term contract, which was hoped to lead to a long-term contract. At Celtic, he made several appearances on the bench before he finally made his debut in the Scottish Cup third round tie against Clyde on 9 January 2006 in a shock 2–1 defeat. His uninspiring first team debut saw him substituted at half time by Celtic manager Gordon Strachan. After that display, he was dropped from the team and his loan was cut short with him returning to Shanghai.

Returning to Shanghai, Du continued to command a regular starting place within the team and eventually became the team's captain by the 2008 league season, however after a disappointing 2009 campaign where the club finished in fifth place, the club were willing to listen for offers on him. After a protracted transfer period, he joined top-tier side Hangzhou Greentown on 10 March 2010 where he continued wearing the shirt number 5 for the following season. He was also named as the club's captain and was partnered with his previous teammate Ng Wai Chiu. He helped guide the club to their best ever league position of fourth and a chance to play in the AFC Champions League for the first time. Leading Hangzhou to their first ever AFC Champions League campaign, he played in five games as they were knocked out in the group stages; however, this was to prove to be the highlight of his career with them as the club couldn't improve upon their previous season league campaign and finished in eighth.

On 3 July 2012, Du was allowed to transfer to fellow top-tier side Shandong Luneng. On 7 July 2012, he was immediately placed within the team and made his debut for the club in a 3–1 win against Guizhou Renhe where he also scored his first goal for the club.

On 15 February 2015, he signed a two-year contract with China League One side Hebei China Fortune.

On 27 June 2017, he joined Guizhou Hengfeng Zhicheng on loan. He made a permanent transfer to Guizhou Hengfeng on 26 February 2018.

International career
Du captained the Chinese under-20 national team and lead them into the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship in Argentina where they were knocked out in the last sixteen by Argentina. His performance within the tournament saw him win the Asian Young Footballer of the Year award and he then rapidly rose through the Chinese youth teams to graduate into the senior China national team when he made his debut against Trinidad and Tobago in a friendly on 5 August 2001 in a game that China won 3–0. This led to several further games and despite his lack of experience he was called up into the squad that played at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Due to injury, he was dropped from the national team in the 2004 AFC Asian Cup that reached the final where Arie Haan preferred to play Zheng Zhi in defence. Du was able to regain his position within the national team after the tournament and was recalled for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup squad. When Gao Hongbo became the new manager of the national team, he chose Du as his captain and he led China to win the 2010 East Asian Football Championship.

Club statistics
Statistics accurate as of match played 11 November 2018. 1 Other tournaments include Chinese FA Super Cup and A3 Champions Cup.

Club
Shanghai Shenhua
 * A3 Champions Cup: 2007

Shandong Luneng
 * Chinese FA Cup: 2014

Individual

 * Chinese Super League Team of the Year: 2012

title: Du Wei (footballer)


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy/Mind/Archives

n00b
Just following up on Kripkenstein's invite to join the project. I've been only sporadically active on Wikipedia lately, and am taking my first philosophy of mind class this semester, but I'll try to put in as much as I can. 138.16.37.249 03:18, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It'd be best if you logged in and got a userpage in case there is any need for interminable debates or discussion and so on. (--Lacatosias 08:49, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Links with [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy]
I'm taking the liberty of adding the banner to each of the sub-projects - hope this is OK with you. No Wiki imperialism is intended, this is not a take-over bid, nor an invasion; just a way to link the projects together. Banno 21:02, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Physicalism page: attention needed
Could people take a look at the discussion I've started on what to do with the page on Physicalism? Thomas Ash 11:16, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Philosophy of mind main article
Hello people. I'd like to propose a task for anyone who has a good grasp of German language and some time on their hands. I've noticed that the German article Philosophie des Geistes is on a higher level of excelency than our English article (whose lenght is due to an ugly listing of all philosophy of mind-related people). So if anyone is willing, translating good sections from the German article would be interesting. Porcher 19:35, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it might indeed be helpful (I can't see why it would be harmful at any rate) but I know nothing of German. I will, however, look over the article and see what I ideas I can borrow in terms of formatting and I will definitely cut out most, if not all, of the section containing lists of philosophers of mind (this should be ib either a seperate article of lists or perhaps listed on this page). Finally, if nothing else, the article can be listed in pages for translation into English in odrer to get the maximum attention from experienced German-to-English translators. --Lacatosias 08:36, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * P.S. as I'm extremely busy just at the moment, I will just list it on artciles needing attention and on the translation page for the time being.--Lacatosias 08:39, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I've listed it at German-English_translation_requests the page is exteremely busy, however, and it might be a good idea for others who support this propoal to sign under the section supported so as to focus more attention on it.--Lacatosias 09:00, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * If the German article is a Features Artcile (it says somethihng like "excellent article has been identified" on the bottom so I suspest that's the same thing) than it can be listed on the top of the talk page for the philosophy of mind article as wll. In any case, I've gotten some excellent clues on the perfects structure to to completely overhaul the current version. But now I have to get off. If your in the US or thereabouts, I'm about 6 to 9 hours ahead of you. So anyone who wants to contact meu should leave a message on my talk page or here...--Lacatosias 19:27, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

We could create a Portal:Mind and Brain instead of using lists in articles. If we adopt the html-code of the german de:Portal:Geist und Gehirn (Geist = mind, Gehirn = brain), it shouldn't be too much work. I would like to help you with the translation. --Davidlud 12:03, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

I have been considering the excellent idea of creating a portal along the lines of the German one. I ran into it myself after looking around for some ideas on how to improve this page. I wasn't sure how much effort this would take, though, in terms of getting people who are knowledgeble about other fields like neuroscience, linguistics, etc.. involved. But I would defintily support the idea. In fact, I will take a closer look at the HTML (though I'm not very good at it) and start working on it right away. Your help in translation would be greatly appeciated David. I was planning on working on some other things, but I think this idea is valuable enough that I can set aside substantial time for it. It would improve the overall philosophy department, as it were, and also the overall Wikipedia. --Lacatosias 12:29, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, that was a great deal easier than I expected, since most of the real work had already been done for us. (But the portal looks pretty decent. Hopefully, people will find it useful. --Lacatosias 14:55, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks really good! Good thinking, guys. Porcher 17:30, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Collaboration seems to be lacking
Collaboration seems to be lacking thoughout the whole Philosophy project. I don't know where to begin to deal with this probem--Lacatosias 19:54, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * That's true. It seems like a lot of work to a few people. -- Kripkenstein 15:14, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * ah, don't take my comments too literally. I often use this technique of whining to "spronare" (or push people, as we say in Italian) into putting more effort into things. But the real problem, if you want my honest opinion, seems to be that there are plenty of people but they are all spread out thinly, concentrating on one or two articles almost as if they own them. Everyone is off in their own world (including myslef!!) and there is no effort to focus on getting four or five really solid artciles. Insead there are two separet artciles, for example, on philosphy of mind and the mind-body problem. Someone will probably want to divide it up futher into the mind problem and the body problem eventually. Then we will have Dennett's mind, Jospeh LeDouxs' brain, etc, etc,.. It could be a misinterpreation because I'm relatively new to Wikipedia, but it seems like there's no real project in the Philosophy project but just a mishmash of overlapping and disjointed efforts. But, then, it might just be the nature of philosophy which is so wide-open and subjective (in the sense of opinionated) whereas the math and science artciles are just a matter of describing objective facts. Anyway, I'm rambling off.--Lacatosias 15:40, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Need for review and cleanup
I just did a rewrite of the Intentional stance article and would like feedback. Be merciless. Alienus 18:06, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah hah! I, at any rate, can't look at it right now. It's getting late over here and it's time to get off this damned machine. Goodnight.--Lacatosias 18:34, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It can wait a day. Granted, your willingness to sleep without doing this work is a clear indication of your complete and utter lack of dedication, so I must judge you unfavorably. Maybe I could compare you to Hitler or something; that's a popular way to knock people around here. :-) Alienus 18:56, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Calling fellow members
As some of you may have noticed, I have replaced the previous version of the artcile philosphy of mind with a new version. I then delted the now-redundant article mind-body problem and redirected it to philosophy of mind. Iìm beginning to get some negative feedback from...certain quaters. I would appreciate it if you folks could back me up on this.--Lacatosias 17:52, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Vote
There is an important voting process under way on the philosophy of mind talk page. Please vote. --Lacatosias 18:42, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Changes on Consciousness and Mind
Some of you who have an interest in the subject may wish to take a look at the recent history of changes to consciousness and Mind. I'll let you come to your own conclusions about what's necessary. Alienus 07:19, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Simplify, simplify simplify
I think I've figured out the real problem: people have got to stop trying to show off how much they (think they) know and start to focus on communicating philosophy to the lay people in a way that appeals to them. We've got to invent a new genre: popular philosophy (analogous to popular science). Let's face it, folks: the vast majority of philosophical writing is bad in some sense (continental philosophy is too often unintelligible and analytic philosophy is too often dessicatingly boring). This is a very difficult challenge. The Stanford Encylopedia, for example, is BORING AS HELL to most of the people that we're writing for. --Lacatosias 18:31, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Amen, brother. Some people are trying to do way too much in very general articles.  Keeping it general means keeping it extremely basic and easy to follow.  (If you're concerned about your health, I recommend staying away from the articles on basic logical operators; most of them were written by mathematics students.)
 * On a semi-related note, have you seen the value theory/goodness and value theory mess?
 * Isn't there a philosophy wiki somewhere that we could just GFDL-steal from? I know I've seen some philosophers mentioning one or another in blogs. KSchutte 23:19, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Value theory AND goodness and value theory!! I'm already confused. The first article discusses value theory (defined basically as the theory of everything in the universe that could possibly have any kind of value whatsoever to someone) and the second says that this will be discussed ALONG WITH all things which are considered goods (these are to be carefully distinguished obviously??). OHHH BOYYYYYY!! Logic articles: they seem to have ALL been written by mathematicians. Result: they tend to be more accurate and more professional-looking than most philosophy articles, but they are completely inaccessible and seem to be dealing with topics extraneous to philosophy. Well, we can only do the best we can. Anything more general and vague than philosophy of mind, such as consciousness, mind, philosophy and even epistemology seem almost hopeless since everyone absolutley must get their own two opinionated paragraphs in (see recent edits to consciousness) or else there will be endless edit wars, private email spamming and so on. Most people would insist on being paid for such work. However, there are some excellent artciles and some outstanding contributors. As far as copying GFDL material: I'm sure you're kidding. That would defeat  the whole purpose and eliminate the challenge!! --Lacatosias 07:41, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I would never dream of getting "consciousness" to reach encyclopedic quality. Those quacks even find their way into serious academic conferences like those held by the ASSC.  That article won't be sane until someone unequivocally solves the hard problem and all the other problems.  Until then, meditation and quantum properties will continue to assert their relevance (beyond all reason). KSchutte 19:21, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, this indeed true. Unfortunately, the situation has not been helped by the externations of mystical physicists on the inherent processes of unversal consciousness involved in quantum measuerment and so on. What the hell? --Lacatosias 08:24, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Congratulations fellows!!
We really brought the "neutral monism" article up to near-professional standards. I'm going to have it listed as an FA candidate!! Good work (D..--Lacatosias 10:54, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Hello lads!!
So who's working on what? Is anybody (beside myself) working on anything in philosophy of mind? Is this project still active or should I just shut it down?--Lacatosias 09:17, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Discussion on "scientific" dualism
There's an interesting debate/discussion going on over at talk:dualism (philosophy of mind that might interest some of the folks involved in the neuro, psych and philosophy of mind fields. I don't think  a few studies on near death experiecnce are relevant. Am I being too stringent and POV or what? SPEAK UP!!! Basically, I think it's all nonsense. But I would like to hear from others.--Lacatosias 08:14, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Key articles for Wikipedia 1.0
Hello! We at the Work via WikiProjects team for Wikipedia 1.0 would like you to identify the "key articles" from your project that should be included in offline releases of Wikipedia based on their importance, regardless of quality. We will use that information to assess which articles should be nominated for Version 1.0 (not yet open) and later versions. Hopefully it will also help you identify which articles are the most important for the project to work on. As well, please add to your Philosophy/Religion WikiProject article table any articles of high quality. If you are interested in developing a worklist such as this one for your WikiProject, or having a bot generate a worklist automatically for you, please contact us. Please feel free to post your suggestions right here. Thanks! Walkerma 05:57, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Key articles?? Oh, that's easy enough for philosophy of mind, I should think. Here's what immediately comes to mind in no particular order(others may add or contest, as they think appropiate):
 * philosophy of mind
 * functionalism
 * physicalism
 * dualism (philosophy of mind)
 * type identity theory
 * eliminative materialism
 * multiple realizability
 * anomalous monism
 * property dualism
 * emergent materialism
 * Jerry Fodor
 * Hilary Putnam
 * Daniel Dennett
 * Donald Davidson
 * qualia
 * folk psychology
 * Thomas Nagel
 * intentionality
 * Descartes
 * epiphenomenalism
 * David Chalmers
 * consciousness
 * computational theory of mind
 * Ned Block
 * John Searle
 * Chinese room argument
 * neutral monism
 * supervenience
 * theory of mind
 * Jaegwon Kim

I'll stop here. Didn't realize how long this could go ,actually.--Francesco Franco aka Lacatosias 07:34, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Many thanks - I'll add these into the table in the next few days. Please edit them there as you see fit.  Cheers, Walkerma 06:38, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I've placed these into this table, please update/assess as you wish. I put Philosophy of Mind as Top-Importance (being the project title), and all others as "High-Importance".  If others should be Top as well, please edit the table.  Many thanks for your help! Walkerma 04:15, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Categories
I compared the English Category:Philosophers of mind and the German de:Kategorie:Philosophie des Geistes (Vertreter). At the the German Wikipedia are some important historical philosophers like Descartes, Malebranche, Leibniz, Spinoza... while the English Wikipedia categorized just contemporary philosophers as "Philosophers of mind". I'm not sure which is the better solution, what do you think? --Davidlud 20:21, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Probably no one had thought about it or something. Certainly Descartes, Leibniz, and so on should be in the category. --Francesco Franco aka Lacatosias 07:24, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Day Awards
Hello, all. It was initially my hope to try to have this done as part of Esperanza's proposal for an appreciation week to end on Wikipedia Day, January 15. However, several people have once again proposed the entirety of Esperanza for deletion, so that might not work. It was the intention of the Appreciation Week proposal to set aside a given time when the various individuals who have made significant, valuable contributions to the encyclopedia would be recognized and honored. I believe that, with some effort, this could still be done. My proposal is to, with luck, try to organize the various WikiProjects and other entities of wikipedia to take part in a larger celebrartion of its contributors to take place in January, probably beginning January 15, 2007. I have created yet another new subpage for myself (a weakness of mine, I'm afraid) at User talk:Badbilltucker/Appreciation Week where I would greatly appreciate any indications from the members of this project as to whether and how they might be willing and/or able to assist in recognizing the contributions of our editors. Thank you for your attention. Badbilltucker 18:15, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Template for article talk pages
Would someone from the project be able to make a new template for philosophy of mind articles? One with assessment fields would be great - I'm looking for something suitable for assessing qualia. Thanks, Richard001 02:17, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Hmmm....it looks much improved since the last time I saw it. Still needs a great deal more referencing and prosification of all those lists, etc.. Looks like B, B- category, IMO, on a quick glance.--Francesco Franco 17:05, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

How to become a member?
Hi I wish to become a member of this project. Could someone please tell me what I need to do? And is there a userbox for it? Thanks  Amit @  Talk   16:34, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Why in hell? No,just kidding. You just go ahead and edit phi articles. On the other side of this page, there is a template code for the userbox and so on. --Francesco Franco 17:00, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Notice of List articles
Page(s) related to this project have been created and/or added to one of the Contents subpages (not by me). This note is to let you know, so that experts in the field can expand them and check them for accuracy, and so that they can be added to any watchlists/tasklists, and have any appropriate project banners added, etc. Thanks. --Quiddity 19:51, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * List of basic thinking-related topics

RfC on including personal blog in the article on intelligence
See Request for comment on the inclusion of McGrew's blog. Tim Vickers (talk) 01:57, 26 March 2008 (UTC)


text:
List of South African Airways destinations

This is a list of South African Airways destinations,.

, South African Airways served eight destinations outside Africa. By that time, the top five international routes led from Johannesburg to New York City–JFK, London–Heathrow, Hong Kong, Frankfurt and Perth.


text:
Subbotnik (disambiguation)

Subbotnik may refer to:

 * Subbotnik, a volunteer workday on a Saturday in the Soviet Union
 * Subbotnik Festival, an annual international music festival held in Moscow, Russia
 * Subbotniks, the common name for Russian Judaizers sects

title: Subbotnik (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Gerard J. Foschini

Untitled
I couldn't find out his date of birth, or his parents' names. I'd also like to be able to quote some accurate figure for his number of publications, but the IEEEXplore author search only turns up about 370 — surely it's more than that? -Splash 21:02, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Notability
Apart from being a slightly absurdist statement, Foschini demonstrably meets the following points from Notability (people): and then from the 'creative professionals' section: ...all of which are referenced in the article already. If you want more references then add them; that you have not done so does not make the subject non-notable. Splash - tk 09:21, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) The person has received significant recognized awards or honors.
 * 2) The person has demonstrable wide name recognition
 * 3) The person has made a widely recognized contribution that is part of the enduring historical record in their specific field.
 * 1) The person is regarded as an important figure or is widely cited by their peers or successors.
 * 2) The person is known for originating a significant new concept, theory or technique.

 * I don't think anyone accused Foschini of being a "slightly absurdist statement", but the if you read the page about notability you'll see that what's required is that the evidence of notability be placed into the article, in the form of references to secondary sources about the subject. Find books are articles that talk about him getting those awards, etc.  Patents granted, papers written and cited, things BY the subject, are not sufficient to establish notability.  The only references in the article so far are by the subject, which is fine, but does not establish notability. Dicklyon 14:59, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The notion that Foschini is non-notable is a slightly absurdist statement.
 * Nobody has stated that. We're just calling for the required evidence to be cited in the article. Dicklyon 17:25, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * You are incorrect that there are no secondary sources. Please review the article more thoroughly. Inline citations are perfectly valid. If you're quibbling over an issue of formatting, then please re-format to your heart's content. Splash - tk 15:17, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah, perhaps I missed some. I'll look again. Dicklyon 17:25, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, I converted some embedded links to refs, and moved his numbered pubs to a pubs section. Some of those might be the refs needed for something else I tagged.  You seem to be experienced enough at wikipedia editing to do this right instead of leaving it as a mess for others to clean up. Dicklyon 17:50, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gerard J. Foschini


text:
Mancuerda

Mancuerda was a method of torture. A tight cord was wound around the arms of the condemned. The executioner would then throw his entire weight backwards, or the pressure would be exerted by a lever.

The cord cut through skin and muscle directly to the bone. Additional pain was produced by the fact that the body of the prisoner was stretched as in a rack, and the belt or girdle attached to the waist also contributed further to the suffering.

The procedure was repeated six or eight times, on different parts of the arms. People subjected to such torture usually fainted from its effects.

Giovanni II Bentivoglio, tyrant of Bologna, is said to have subjected the astrologer Luca Gaurico to this method of torture after he was unhappy with a prediction that Gaurico had made.

title: Mancuerda


text:
Volksverhetzung

Volksverhetzung, in English "incitement to hatred" (used also in the official English translation of the German Criminal Code), "incitement of popular hatred", "incitement of the masses", or "instigation of the people", is a concept in German criminal law that refers to incitement to hatred against segments of the population and refers to calls for violent or arbitrary measures against them, including assaults against the human dignity of others by insulting, maliciously maligning, or defaming segments of the population.

It is often applied to, though not limited to, trials relating to Holocaust denial in Germany. The criminal code (Strafgesetzbuch) Chapter 7 (Offences against public order), Paragraph 130 (Incitement to hatred) of the Federal Republic of Germany defines when a person is guilty of Volksverhetzung.

Constituent elements
Incitement of the People (Volksverhetzung) is defined by § 130 (Incitement to hatred) Section 1 of the Criminal Code:

Section 1
"Whosoever, in a manner capable of disturbing the public peace: shall be liable to imprisonment from three months to five years." On 21 January 2015, changes to the former text of § 130 Sections 2 and 5, with Section 6 becoming Section 7, took effect following European parliament amendments. At present these changes are not reflected in the English translation of § 130 as updated in the original current German § 130.
 * 1) incites hatred against a national, racial, religious group or a group defined by their ethnic origins, against segments of the population or individuals because of their belonging to one of the aforementioned groups or segments of the population or calls for violent or arbitrary measures against them; or
 * 2) assaults the human dignity of others by insulting, maliciously maligning an aforementioned group, segments of the population or individuals because of their belonging to one of the aforementioned groups or segments of the population, or defaming segments of the population,

Substantiation
Although freedom of speech is mentioned by Article 5 of the Basic Law (Germany's constitution), said article basically protects any non-outlawed speech. Restrictions exist, e.g. against personal insults, use of symbols of unconstitutional organizations, or Volksverhetzung. For any hate speech to be punishable as Volksverhetzung, the law requires that said speech be "qualified for disturbing public peace" either by inciting "hatred against parts of the populace" or calling for "acts of violence or despotism against them", or by attacking "the human dignity of others by reviling, maliciously making contemptible or slandering parts of the populace". "Germany places strict limits on speech and expression when it comes to right-wing extremism" or anything reminiscent of Nazism. Hate speech on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity also is banned in Germany.

Application to offences committed abroad
Offences contrary to § 130 of the Criminal Code committed abroad, whether by German nationals or foreigners, can be pursued as a domestic crime when they so act as if they had been committed within the country, affecting the public peace in Germany and violating the human dignity of German citizens. It is sufficient, for example, that criminal content on the Internet, for example in the form of a HTML page, can be accessed from Germany. Hence, for example, the jurisdiction of German courts can be applied for offences of sedition (Volksverhetzungsdelikte) committed abroad. Such an example was the conviction of the Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel by the District Court of Mannheim in February 2007, who was convicted of inciting propaganda he had published from the US and Canada on the Internet.

History
Historically, the Karlsbader Beschlüsse of the German Confederation under Austria and led by Metternich included democratic ideals as well as agitation for one, unified German state as Volksverhetzung.

Similar laws in other countries
Similar laws exist around the world, for instance:
 * In Austria, Verhetzung is a criminal offense with similar legal elements under section 283 of the Penal Code.
 * In the UK, incitement to ethnic or racial hatred is a criminal offense under Sections 17–29 of the Public Order Act 1986.
 * In Ireland, the corresponding law is the Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act.
 * A similar law exists in Sweden as hets mot folkgrupp ("agitation against a population group"), second section 16th chapter 8§ of the criminal code.
 * The Finnish criminal code includes a similar law, which calls the crime kiihottaminen kansanryhmää vastaan ("incitement against ethnic groups") in the Finnish version, hets mot folkgrupp in the Swedish version: 11th chapter ("On War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity"), 8§.
 * The Russian Criminal Code such a law called the "incitement of ethnic hatred", which refers to actions aimed at inciting ethnic or racial hatred (Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Article 29 of the Constitution states that: Propaganda or campaigning inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity. The propaganda of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic superiority.
 * In Uruguay, article 149 of Criminal Code (promoted by former Colorado Party deputy and chair of the Central Israelite Committee Nahum Bergstein) condemns incitement or acts of violence and/or contempt against one or more persons on the grounds of race, skin color, religion, national or ethnic origin, sexual orientation or sexual identity.

title: Volksverhetzung


text:
Pulp Comics

Pulp Comics is a television show of specials that aired on Comedy Central from 1996–2000. The show features stand-up comedians performing their acts, interspersed with original short films related to their rantings.

title: Pulp Comics


text:
User talk:Flugspur~enwiki

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title: User talk:Flugspur~enwiki


text:
Simple linear regression

In statistics, simple linear regression (SLR) is a linear regression model with a single explanatory variable. That is, it concerns two-dimensional sample points with one independent variable and one dependent variable (conventionally, the x and y coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system) and finds a linear function (a non-vertical straight line) that, as accurately as possible, predicts the dependent variable values as a function of the independent variable. The adjective simple refers to the fact that the outcome variable is related to a single predictor.

It is common to make the additional stipulation that the ordinary least squares (OLS) method should be used: the accuracy of each predicted value is measured by its squared residual (vertical distance between the point of the data set and the fitted line), and the goal is to make the sum of these squared deviations as small as possible. In this case, the slope of the fitted line is equal to the correlation between $y$ and $x$ corrected by the ratio of standard deviations of these variables. The intercept of the fitted line is such that the line passes through the center of mass $(\overline{x}, \overline{y})$ of the data points.

Formulation and computation
Consider the model function
 * $$ y = \alpha + \beta x,$$

which describes a line with slope $β$ and $y$-intercept $α$. In general, such a relationship may not hold exactly for the largely unobserved population of values of the independent and dependent variables; we call the unobserved deviations from the above equation the errors. Suppose we observe $n$ data pairs and call them ${(x_{i}, y_{i}), i = 1, ..., n}$. We can describe the underlying relationship between $y_{i}$ and $x_{i}$ involving this error term $ε_{i}$ by

 * $$ y_i = \alpha + \beta x_i + \varepsilon_i.$$

This relationship between the true (but unobserved) underlying parameters $α$ and $β$ and the data points is called a linear regression model.

The goal is to find estimated values $$\widehat\alpha$$ and $$\widehat\beta$$ for the parameters $α$ and $β$ which would provide the "best" fit in some sense for the data points. As mentioned in the introduction, in this article the "best" fit will be understood as in the least-squares approach: a line that minimizes the sum of squared residuals (see also Errors and residuals) $$\widehat\varepsilon_i$$ (differences between actual and predicted values of the dependent variable y), each of which is given by, for any candidate parameter values $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$,

 * $$\widehat\varepsilon_i =y_i-\alpha -\beta x_i.$$

In other words, $$\widehat\alpha$$ and $$\widehat\beta$$ solve the following minimization problem:

 * $$(\hat\alpha,\, \hat\beta) = \operatorname{argmin}\left( Q(\alpha, \beta) \right),$$

where the objective function $Q$ is:
 * $$Q(\alpha, \beta) = \sum_{i=1}^n\widehat\varepsilon_i^{\,2} = \sum_{i=1}^n (y_i -\alpha - \beta x_i)^2\ .$$

By expanding to get a quadratic expression in $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta,$$ we can derive minimizing values of the function arguments, denoted $$\widehat{\alpha}$$ and $$\widehat{\beta}$$:

$$\begin{align} \widehat\alpha & = \bar{y} - ( \widehat\beta\,\bar{x}), \\[5pt] \widehat\beta &= \frac{ \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - \bar{x})(y_i - \bar{y}) }{ \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - \bar{x})^2 } = \frac{ \sum_{i=1}^n \Delta x_i \Delta y_i }{ \sum_{i=1}^n \Delta x_i^2 } \end{align}$$

Here we have introduced

Expanded formulas
The above equations are efficient to use if the mean of the x and y variables ($$\bar{x} \text{ and } \bar{y}$$) are known. If the means are not known at the time of calculation, it may be more efficient to use the expanded version of the $$\widehat\alpha\text{ and }\widehat\beta$$ equations. These expanded equations may be derived from the more general polynomial regression equations by defining the regression polynomial to be of order 1, as follows.

$$\begin{bmatrix} n & \sum_{i=1 }^nx_i \\ \sum_{i=1}^nx_i & \sum_{i=1}^nx_i^{2} \end{bmatrix}

\begin{bmatrix} \widehat\alpha \\ \widehat\beta \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \sum_{ i=1 }^ny_i \\ \sum_{ i=1 }^ny_ix_i \end{bmatrix} $$

The above system of linear equations may be solved directly, or stand-alone equations for $$\widehat\alpha\text{ and }\widehat\beta$$ may be derived by expanding the matrix equations above. The resultant equations are algebraically equivalent to the ones shown in the prior paragraph, and are shown below without proof.

$$\begin{align} &\qquad \widehat\alpha = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^ ny_i\sum_{i=1}^ nx^2_i - \sum_{i=1}^ nx_i\sum_{i=1}^ nx_iy_i }{n\sum_{i=1}^ nx^2_i-(\sum_{i=1}^ nx_i)^2 } \\ [5pt] \\&\qquad \widehat\beta = \frac {n \sum_{i=1}^n x_iy_i-\sum_{i=1}^n x_i\sum_{ i=1}^n y_i }{ n\sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2-(\sum_{i=1}^nx_i)^2 }

\\ &\qquad \end{align}$$

Relationship with the sample covariance matrix
The solution can be reformulated using elements of the covariance matrix: $$ \widehat\beta = \frac{ s_{x, y} }{ s^2_{x} } = r_{xy} \frac{s_y}{s_x} $$

where

Substituting the above expressions for $$\widehat{\alpha}$$ and $$\widehat{\beta}$$ into the original solution yields

 * $$\frac{ y - \bar{y}}{s_y} = r_{xy} \frac{ x - \bar{x}}{s_x} .$$

This shows that $x_{i}$ is the slope of the regression line of the standardized data points (and that this line passes through the origin). Since $$-1 \leq r_{xy} \leq 1$$ then we get that if x is some measurement and y is a followup measurement from the same item, then we expect that y (on average) will be closer to the mean measurement than it was to the original value of x. This phenomenon is known as regressions toward the mean.

Generalizing the $$\bar x$$ notation, we can write a horizontal bar over an expression to indicate the average value of that expression over the set of samples. For example:

 * $$\overline{xy} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n x_i y_i.$$

This notation allows us a concise formula for $y_{i}$:

 * $$r_{xy} = \frac{ \overline{xy} - \bar{x}\bar{y} }{ \sqrt{ \left(\overline{x^2} - \bar{x}^2\right)\left(\overline{y^2} - \bar{y}^2\right)} } .$$

The coefficient of determination ("R squared") is equal to $$r_{xy}^2$$ when the model is linear with a single independent variable. See sample correlation coefficient for additional details.

Interpretation about the slope
By multiplying all members of the summation in the numerator by : $$\begin{align}\frac{(x_i - \bar{x})}{(x_i - \bar{x})} = 1\end{align}$$ (thereby not changing it):

 * $$\begin{align}

\widehat\beta &= \frac{ \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - \bar{x})(y_i - \bar{y}) }{ \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - \bar{x})^2 } = \frac{ \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - \bar{x})^2\frac{(y_i - \bar{y})}{(x_i - \bar{x})} }{ \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - \bar{x})^2 } = \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{ (x_i - \bar{x})^2}{ \sum_{j=1}^n (x_j - \bar{x})^2 } \frac{(y_i - \bar{y})}{(x_i - \bar{x})} \\[6pt] \end{align}$$

We can see that the slope (tangent of angle) of the regression line is the weighted average of $$\frac{(y_i - \bar{y})}{(x_i - \bar{x})}$$ that is the slope (tangent of angle) of the line that connects the i-th point to the average of all points, weighted by $$(x_i - \bar{x})^2$$ because the further the point is the more "important" it is, since small errors in its position will affect the slope connecting it to the center point more.

Interpretation about the intercept

 * $$\begin{align}

\widehat\alpha & = \bar{y} - \widehat\beta\,\bar{x}, \\[5pt] \end{align}$$

Given $$\widehat\beta = \tan(\theta) = dy / dx \rightarrow dy = dx\times\widehat\beta$$ with $$\theta$$ the angle the line makes with the positive x axis, we have $$y_{\rm intersection} = \bar{y} - dx\times\widehat\beta = \bar{y} - dy$$

Interpretation about the correlation
In the above formulation, notice that each $$x_i$$ is a constant ("known upfront") value, while the $$y_i$$ are random variables that depend on the linear function of $$x_i$$ and the random term $$\varepsilon_i$$. This assumption is used when deriving the standard error of the slope and showing that it is unbiased.

In this framing, when $$x_i$$ is not actually a random variable, what type of parameter does the empirical correlation $$r_{xy}$$ estimate? The issue is that for each value i we'll have: $$E(x_i)=x_i$$ and $$Var(x_i)=0$$. A possible interpretation of $$r_{xy}$$ is to imagine that $$x_i$$ defines a random variable drawn from the empirical distribution of the x values in our sample. For example, if x had 10 values from the natural numbers: [1,2,3...,10], then we can imagine x to be a Discrete uniform distribution. Under this interpretation all $$x_i$$ have the same expectation and some positive variance. With this interpretation we can think of $$r_{xy}$$ as the estimator of the Pearson's correlation between the random variable y and the random variable x (as we just defined it).

Numerical properties
1. The regression line goes through the center of mass point, $(\bar x,\, \bar y)$, if the model includes an intercept term (i.e., not forced through the origin).

2. The sum of the residuals is zero if the model includes an intercept term:
 * $\sum_{i=1}^n \widehat{\varepsilon}_i = 0.$

3. The residuals and $x$ values are uncorrelated (whether or not there is an intercept term in the model), meaning:
 * $\sum_{i=1}^n x_i \widehat{\varepsilon}_i \;=\; 0$

4. The relationship between $\rho_{xy}$ (the correlation coefficient for the population) and the population variances of $y$ ($\sigma_y^2$) and the error term of $\epsilon$ ($\sigma_\epsilon^2$) is:
 * $\sigma_\epsilon^2 = (1-\rho_{xy}^2)\sigma_y^2$

For extreme values of $\rho_{xy}$ this is self evident. Since when $\rho_{xy} = 0$ then $\sigma_\epsilon^2 = \sigma_y^2$. And when $\rho_{xy} = 1$ then $\sigma_\epsilon^2 = 0$.

Statistical properties
Description of the statistical properties of estimators from the simple linear regression estimates requires the use of a statistical model. The following is based on assuming the validity of a model under which the estimates are optimal. It is also possible to evaluate the properties under other assumptions, such as inhomogeneity, but this is discussed elsewhere.

Unbiasedness
The estimators $$\widehat{\alpha}$$ and $$\widehat{\beta}$$ are unbiased.

To formalize this assertion we must define a framework in which these estimators are random variables. We consider the residuals $x_{i}$ as random variables drawn independently from some distribution with mean zero. In other words, for each value of $y$, the corresponding value of $x$ is generated as a mean response $y_{i}$ plus an additional random variable $y$ called the error term, equal to zero on average. Under such interpretation, the least-squares estimators $$\widehat\alpha$$ and $$\widehat\beta$$ will themselves be random variables whose means will equal the "true values" $x$ and $x$. This is the definition of an unbiased estimator.

Confidence intervals
The formulas given in the previous section allow one to calculate the point estimates of $y$ and $ε$ — that is, the coefficients of the regression line for the given set of data. However, those formulas do not tell us how precise the estimates are, i.e., how much the estimators $$\widehat{\alpha}$$ and $$\widehat{\beta}$$ vary from sample to sample for the specified sample size. Confidence intervals were devised to give a plausible set of values to the estimates one might have if one repeated the experiment a very large number of times.

The standard method of constructing confidence intervals for linear regression coefficients relies on the normality assumption, which is justified if either:

 * 1) the errors in the regression are normally distributed (the so-called classic regression assumption), or
 * 2) the number of observations $α$ is sufficiently large, in which case the estimator is approximately normally distributed.

The latter case is justified by the central limit theorem.

Normality assumption
Under the first assumption above, that of the normality of the error terms, the estimator of the slope coefficient will itself be normally distributed with mean $β$ and variance where $r_{xy}$ is the variance of the error terms (see Proofs involving ordinary least squares). At the same time the sum of squared residuals $α$ is distributed proportionally to $s_{x}$ with $s_{y}$ degrees of freedom, and independently from $$\widehat{\beta}$$. This allows us to construct a $β$-value

 * $$t = \frac{\widehat\beta - \beta}{s_{\widehat\beta}}\ \sim\ t_{n - 2},$$

where

 * $$ s_\widehat{\beta} = \sqrt{ \frac{\frac{1}{n - 2}\sum_{i=1}^n \widehat{\varepsilon}_i^{\,2}} {\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i -\bar{x})^2} }$$

is the unbiased standard error estimator of the estimator $$\widehat{\beta}$$.

This $n$-value has a Student's $β$-distribution with $r_{xy}$ degrees of freedom. Using it we can construct a confidence interval for $Q$:

 * $$ \beta \in \left[\widehat\beta - s_{\widehat\beta} t^*_{n - 2},\ \widehat\beta + s_{\widehat\beta} t^*_{n - 2}\right],$$

at confidence level $r_{xy}$, where $$t^*_{n - 2}$$ is the $$\scriptstyle \left(1 \;-\; \frac{\gamma}{2}\right)\text{-th}$$ quantile of the $ε_{i}$ distribution. For example, if $α + βx$ then the confidence level is 95%.

Similarly, the confidence interval for the intercept coefficient $t$ is given by

 * $$\alpha \in \left[ \widehat\alpha - s_{\widehat\alpha} t^*_{n - 2},\ \widehat\alpha + s_\widehat{\alpha} t^*_{n - 2}\right],$$

at confidence level (1 − γ), where

 * $$s_{\widehat\alpha} = s_\widehat{\beta}\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{n(n - 2)} \left(\sum_{i=1}^n \widehat{\varepsilon}_i^{\,2} \right) \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2} {\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - \bar{x})^2} }$$

The confidence intervals for $t$ and $t$ give us the general idea where these regression coefficients are most likely to be. For example, in the Okun's law regression shown here the point estimates are

 * $$\widehat{\alpha} = 0.859, \qquad \widehat{\beta} = -1.817.$$

The 95% confidence intervals for these estimates are

 * $$\alpha \in \left[\,0.76, 0.96\right], \qquad \beta \in \left[-2.06, -1.58 \,\right].$$

In order to represent this information graphically, in the form of the confidence bands around the regression line, one has to proceed carefully and account for the joint distribution of the estimators. It can be shown that at confidence level (1 − γ) the confidence band has hyperbolic form given by the equation

 * $$(\alpha + \beta \xi) \in \left[ \,\widehat{\alpha} + \widehat{\beta} \xi \pm t^*_{n - 2} \sqrt{ \left(\frac{1}{n - 2} \sum\widehat{\varepsilon}_i^{\,2} \right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{n} + \frac{(\xi - \bar{x})^2}{\sum(x_i - \bar{x})^2}\right)}\,\right].$$

When the model assumed the intercept is fixed and equal to 0 ($$\alpha = 0$$), the standard error of the slope turns into:

 * $$ s_\widehat{\beta} = \sqrt{ \frac{1}{n - 1} \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n \widehat{\varepsilon}_i^{\,2}} {\sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2} }$$

With: $$ \hat{\varepsilon}_i = y_i - \hat y_i$$

Asymptotic assumption
The alternative second assumption states that when the number of points in the dataset is "large enough", the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem become applicable, and then the distribution of the estimators is approximately normal. Under this assumption all formulas derived in the previous section remain valid, with the only exception that the quantile t*n−2 of Student's t distribution is replaced with the quantile q* of the standard normal distribution. Occasionally the fraction $σ^{2}$ is replaced with $χ^{2}$. When $β$ is large such a change does not alter the results appreciably.

Numerical example
This data set gives average masses for women as a function of their height in a sample of American women of age 30–39. Although the OLS article argues that it would be more appropriate to run a quadratic regression for this data, the simple linear regression model is applied here instead.

 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"

! style="text-align:left;" | Height (m), xi ! style="text-align:left;" | Mass (kg), yi There are n = 15 points in this data set. Hand calculations would be started by finding the following five sums:
 * 1.47 || 1.50 || 1.52 || 1.55 || 1.57 || 1.60 || 1.63 || 1.65 || 1.68 || 1.70 || 1.73 || 1.75 || 1.78 || 1.80 || 1.83
 * 52.21 || 53.12 || 54.48 || 55.84 || 57.20 || 58.57 || 59.93 || 61.29 || 63.11 || 64.47 || 66.28 || 68.10 || 69.92 || 72.19 || 74.46
 * }

 * $$\begin{align}

S_{x} &= \sum x_i \, = 24.76,   \qquad S_{y}  = \sum y_i \, = 931.17,     \\[5pt] S_{xx} &= \sum x_i^2 = 41.0532, \;\;\, S_{yy} = \sum y_i^2  = 58498.5439, \\[5pt] S_{xy} &= \sum x_iy_i = 1548.2453 \end{align}$$

These quantities would be used to calculate the estimates of the regression coefficients, and their standard errors.

 * $$\begin{align}

\widehat\beta &= \frac{nS_{xy} - S_xS_y}{nS_{xx} - S_x^2} = 61.272 \\[8pt] \widehat\alpha &= \frac{1}{n}S_y - \widehat{\beta} \frac{1}{n}S_x = -39.062 \\[8pt] s_\varepsilon^2 &= \frac{1}{n(n - 2)} \left[ nS_{yy} - S_y^2 - \widehat\beta^2(nS_{xx} - S_x^2) \right] = 0.5762 \\[8pt] s_\widehat{\beta}^2 &= \frac{n s_\varepsilon^2}{nS_{xx} - S_x^2} = 3.1539 \\[8pt] s_\widehat{\alpha}^2 &= s_\widehat{\beta}^2 \frac{1}{n} S_{xx} = 8.63185 \end{align}$$

The 0.975 quantile of Student's t-distribution with 13 degrees of freedom is $n − 2$, and thus the 95% confidence intervals for $α$ and $α$ are

 * $$\begin{align}

& \alpha \in [\,\widehat{\alpha} \mp t^*_{13} s_\alpha \,] = [\,{-45.4},\ {-32.7}\,] \\[5pt] & \beta \in [\,\widehat{\beta}  \mp t^*_{13} s_\beta  \,] = [\, 57.4,\ 65.1 \,] \end{align}$$

The product-moment correlation coefficient might also be calculated:

 * $$\widehat{r} = \frac{nS_{xy} - S_xS_y}{\sqrt{(nS_{xx} - S_x^2)(nS_{yy} - S_y^2)}} = 0.9946$$

Alternatives

In SLR, there is an underlying assumption that only the dependent variable contains measurement error; if the explanatory variable is also measured with error, then simple regression is not appropriate for estimating the underlying relationship because it will be biased due to regression dilution.

Other estimation methods that can be used in place of ordinary least squares include least absolute deviations (minimizing the sum of absolute values of residuals) and the Theil–Sen estimator (which chooses a line whose slope is the median of the slopes determined by pairs of sample points).

Deming regression (total least squares) also finds a line that fits a set of two-dimensional sample points, but (unlike ordinary least squares, least absolute deviations, and median slope regression) it is not really an instance of simple linear regression, because it does not separate the coordinates into one dependent and one independent variable and could potentially return a vertical line as its fit. can lead to a model that attempts to fit the outliers more than the data.

Simple linear regression without the intercept term (single regressor)
Sometimes it is appropriate to force the regression line to pass through the origin, because $β$ and $n$ are assumed to be proportional. For the model without the intercept term, $n − 2$, the OLS estimator for $α$ simplifies to

 * $$\widehat{\beta} = \frac{ \sum_{i=1}^n x_i y_i }{ \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2 } = \frac{\overline{x y}}{\overline{x^2}} $$

Substituting $(1 − γ)$ in place of $t_{n−2}$ gives the regression through $γ = 0.05$:

 * $$\begin{align}

\widehat\beta &= \frac{ \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - h) (y_i - k) }{ \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - h)^2 } = \frac{\overline{(x - h) (y - k)}}{\overline{(x - h)^2}} \\[6pt] &= \frac{\overline{x y} - k \bar{x} - h \bar{y} + h k }{\overline{x^2} - 2 h \bar{x} + h^2} \\[6pt] &= \frac{\overline{x y} - \bar{x} \bar{y} + (\bar{x} - h)(\bar{y} - k)}{\overline{x^2} - \bar{x}^2 + (\bar{x} - h)^2} \\[6pt] &= \frac{\operatorname{Cov}(x,y) + (\bar{x} - h)(\bar{y}-k)}{\operatorname{Var}(x) + (\bar{x} - h)^2}, \end{align}$$

where Cov and Var refer to the covariance and variance of the sample data (uncorrected for bias). The last form above demonstrates how moving the line away from the center of mass of the data points affects the slope.

title: Simple linear regression