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Lewis A. Coser

Lewis Alfred Coser (27 November 1913 in Berlin – 8 July 2003 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was a German-American sociologist, serving as the 66th president of the American Sociological Association in 1975.

Biography
Born in Berlin as Ludwig Cohen, his father was a successful Jewish industrialist. In 1933 he emigrated to Paris and in 1941 he left war-torn Paris for the United States where he married Rose Laub. In the Fifties, he enrolled as a graduate student in sociology at Columbia University, taking his PhD at the age of forty-one. Coser first taught at the University of Chicago and the University of California. He then founded the sociology department at Brandeis University and taught there for 15 years before joining the sociology department of the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Coser frequently worked with the eminent sociologist and his spouse, Rose Laub Coser.

Sociology
Coser was the first sociologist to try to bring together structural functionalism and conflict theory; his work was focused on finding the functions of social conflict. Coser argued – with Georg Simmel – that conflict might serve to solidify a loosely structured group. In a society that seems to be disintegrating, conflict with another society, inter-group conflict, may restore the integrative core. For example, the cohesiveness of Israeli Jews might be attributed to the long-standing conflict with the Arabs. Conflict with one group may also serve to produce cohesion by leading to a series of alliances with other groups.

Conflicts within a society, intra-group conflict, can bring some ordinarily isolated individuals into an active role. The protest over the Vietnam War motivated many young people to take vigorous roles in American political life for the first time.

Conflicts also serve a communication function. Prior to conflict, groups may be unsure of their adversary’s position, but as a result of conflict, positions and boundaries between groups often become clarified, leaving individuals better able to decide on a proper course of action in relation to their adversary.

Much like status consistency, conflicts along the same cleavages intensify the severity of the conflict. Cross-cutting cleavages tend to dissipate the severity of the conflict. For example, the coincidence of economic and political disenfranchisement among Palestinians in the West Bank intensify their conflict with Israeli Jews. In contrast, the non-coincidence of economic and political disenfranchisement among Quebecers reduces somewhat the severity of their conflict with English Canada, especially with the rising prosperity of the French Canadian new middle class operating in the public sector and corporate world.

Politics
Coser was active within the anti-Stalinist left, and was close to the independent leftists known as the New York intellectuals. A eulogy at Carlo Tresca's memorial service in 1943 was delivered by Angelica Balabanoff, the socialist activist and former Bolshevik. According to Coser's account of the funeral, "I was sitting near a burly Irish policeman who clearly didn't understand a word of Balabanoff's fierce Italian oratory. But at her climax he burst into tears."

In 1954, with Irving Howe, Coser established the radical journal, Dissent. Upon his death in 2003, the author of his obituary in that magazine suggested that Coser "always felt himself a marginal man. He was Jewish and non-Jewish; an American and a European; a hardheaded social analyst, committed to rigorous honesty in judgment and deed, and a passionate advocate; a leftist and a critic of the left; a defender of the underdog and something of an elite intellectual mandarin."

His The new conservatives: A critique from the left (with Irving Howe, 1974) was one of the first major works to define and analyse neoconservatism.

Works

 * The Functions of Social Conflict, 1956
 * The American Communist Party (with Irving Howe), 1957
 * Sociology Through Literature: An Introductory Reader, 1963
 * Sociological Theory, 1964
 * Men of ideas, 1965
 * Political Sociology, 1967
 * Continuities in the Study of Social Conflict, 1967
 * A Handful of Thistles: Collected Papers in Moral Conviction, 1968
 * Sociological Theory (with Bernard Rosenberg), 1969
 * Masters of Sociological Thought, 1970
 * The Seventies: Problems and Proposals (with Irving Howe), 1972
 * Greedy Institutions, 1974
 * The New Conservatives: A Critique from the Left (with Irving Howe), 1974
 * The Idea of Social Structure, Papers in Honor of R. K. Merton, 1975
 * The Uses of Controversy in Sociology, 1976
 * Refugee Scholars in America, 1984
 * Conflict and Consensus, 1984
 * Books: The Culture and Commerce of Publishing (with Charles Kadushin and Walter W. Powell), 1985
 * Voices of Dissent (with Maurice Halbwachs), 1992

title: Lewis A. Coser


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Matica slovenská

Matica Slovenská (en. Slovak Matica) is the oldest Slovak national, cultural and scientific organization. The headquarters of Slovak Matica is the town of Martin, Slovakia as the center of the national culture of Slovaks, where it was founded in 1863 and revived in 1919. Slovak Matica is a public institution that operates as a national scientific and cultural centre. It has facilities both in the Slovak Republic and abroad. Slovak Matica works to develop and protect the national rights, identity, and development of Slovak culture and the Slovak nation. Slovak Matica is a legal entity. It establishes its organizational units on the territory of the Slovak Republic as well as abroad. The position and activity of Slovak Matica is regulated by Act no. 68/1997 Coll. on the Slovak Matica as amended and the Statutes of Slovak Matica.

Focus and mission of Slovak Matica
Slovak Matica is a public institution. It operates as a national, independent non-partisanship, supra-confessional, supra-departmental, scientific and cultural institution. Slovak Matica played an irreplaceable role in the process of national self-determination and protection of national rights, preservation of identity and development of the culture of the Slovak nation. The mission of Slovak Matica in the 21st century is to systematically develop the spiritual, national, cultural and social life of all members of the Slovak nation, as well as other fellow citizens living in the Slovak Republic. Slovak Matica develops and consolidates the national cultural life of the Slovak nation, its national awareness and educational level, while ensuring the creation and protection of cultural heritage and traditions. It establishes cooperation with members of nationalities living in the territory of the Slovak Republic, as well as with other nations abroad with the aim of learning about and exchanging cultural values.

Slovak Matic also participates in the development of Slovak science, culture, art and education and all forms of spiritual and social life that strengthen national self-awareness, especially in the ranks of the Slovak intelligents´, students and youth. It maintains and develops special cooperation with maticas of Slavic nations and Slovak Maticas operating outside the territory of Slovakia.

Objectives of the Slovak Matica
The main tasks entrusted to the Slovak Matica by the state and defined in the Act on the Slovak Matica include in particular: consolidating Slovak patriotism; to deepen the relationship of citizens to the Slovak statehood; to do basic Slovak research; to participate in the development of local and regional culture; to work in particular on young people in the spirit of national, moral and democratic values; to increase the national awareness of Slovaks in the linguistically mixed territories of the Slovak Republic; to strengthen the relations of the cultures of citizens who declare themselves to national minorities and ethnic groups in the territory of the Slovak Republic with the Slovak national culture; to bring together creators and supporters of Slovak culture and science in the world; to support the promotion of the Slovak Republic also through its own information and cultural centers set up abroad; to develop contacts with European and world organizations on issues of culture, national identity, spiritual life and the protection of human values; to establish foundations and funds at home and abroad to support the national and cultural life of Slovaks and to reward the most important creators from defined areas of creative activity; to cooperate with state authorities and with local self-government bodies in the development of culture and social life; to publish original Slovak works of art, scientific works, educational and popular-scientific works, journalism and periodicals; to promote Slovak history, culture and personalities through original audiovisual documentaries, as well as to produce cultural news about its activities through electronic media and internet databases; to co-operate in the creation of textbooks and textbooks of certain subjects of social sciences for primary and secondary schools on the basis of the authorization of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic.

Departments

 * Archive
 * Member headquarters
 * Financial and economic department
 * Information department
 * Compatriot Museum
 * Matica slovenská Regional Centers (Matice slovenskej Houses and Matice slovenskej Regional Offices) Wardrobe
 * Editorial staff of the Slovak National Newspaper
 * Editorial staff of Slovak Views (Slovenské pohľady)
 * Secretariat of the chairman and Administrator
 * Slovak Historical Institute
 * Slovak Literary Institute
 * Center for National Relations
 * Technical and investment department
 * Science Headquarters
 * Publishing house

First building

The first historical residential building of Slovak Matica is called Národná svetlica (National flare). Its construction began in 1864 and the project was run by Karol Harrer and supported by Ján Nepomuk Bobula, to whom Harrer entrusted the construction of the property. The foundation stone in the center of Martin was laid on April 6, 1864, and its solemn tapping was performed by the then acting first vice-chairman of the Slovak Matica, Karol Kuzmány, an Evangelical priest and superintendent. The partially completed building was ceremoniously opened on August 8, 1865, as the House of the Slovak Matica and its second stage of construction was completed in 1869. In 1875, it was confiscated by Hungarian state and became property of FEMKE. The building was completed between 1899 and 1900. However, it got simultaneously adapted exclusively for the administrative needs of the Hungarian state authorities. After the revival of Slovak Matica on Jan. 1, 1919, the original seat was restored by the Czechoslovak government through the Ministry with a power of attorney for the administration of Slovakia. The Czechoslovak state authorities operated in it this time, and the capacity development plan of the maticas association was not sufficient. In August 1919, the idea arose to build a new, larger and more modern Maticas building, which came true in 1926, when the first historic building ceased to be the seat of the Slovak Matica. It was declared a cultural monument in 1963 and is currently a national cultural monument. Today, the building houses a permanent exhibition of the history of Slovak literature, exhibition spaces, deposits and specialized workplaces of the Literary Museum of the Slovak National Library.

Second building
The second building of Slovak Matica is currently the central seat of the institution on Pavel Mudroň Street in the wider centre of Martin. Its architect was the Martin builder Ján Palkovič and the construction work was carried out by the builder Stanislav Zachar from Vrútok. The foundation stone of the building was laid on August 13, 1924, during the August mother festivities. Construction took place from the autumn of 1924 to February 1926.

The grand opening of the building took place on August 29, 1926. A monument to the famous Slovak nationalist and writer Svetozár Hurban-Vajanský was unveiled in the courtyard in front of the building. In 1965, he was replaced by the allegorical statue of Slovak Matica by the academic sculptor Ján Kulich, while the monument to Svetozár Hurban-Vajanský moved to the first mother building. In terms of architecture, the second building of the Slovak Matica belongs to the representative buildings of the city of Martin. Characteristic elements of the building such as high columns, portico, tympanums and strict symmetry make it a work of neoclassical architecture. Due to its societal significance, it was declared a cultural monument in 1963, and since 2002, it has been a national cultural monument. In addition to the administrative part, this also applies to the fencing, the garden park and the memorial plaque to the 48 tortured participants in the Slovak National Uprising of 1944. In the garden area, in the Park of St. Cyril and Methodius, there is a representative pantheon of busts of important national and mother actors. The first bust was unveiled on October 2, 2012, on the occasion of the 250th anniversary of the birth of the codifier of standard Slovak, Anton Bernolák. By the end of 2020, a total of fourteen busts of national actors were discovered in the area, which was installed in the following order:

 * October 2, 2012 – first codifier of Slovak language Anton Bernolák
 * August 2, 2013 – first Chairman of the Slovak Matica Štefan Moyses, first vice-chairman of the Slovak Matica Karol Kuzmány and honorary vice-chairman of the Slovak Matica Jan Francisci
 * August 1, 2014 – leader of the national movement in the first half of the 20th century and committee member of Slovak Matica Andrej Hlinka
 * August 7, 2015 – leader of the Slovak national movement in the 19th century and second codifier of Slovak language Ľudovít Štúr and Slovak Matica administrator and writer Jozef Cíger-Hronský
 * August 17, 2016 – writer and national actor Svetozár Hurban Vajanský and founder of the Slovak League in America Štefan Furdek
 * August 11, 2017 – the first chairman of the Slovak National Council Jozef Miloslav Hurban and the founder of the Slovak Matica and the Association of St. Vojtech Andrej Ľudovít Radlinský
 * October 30, 2018 – Chairman of the Slovak Matica, Slovak National Party and Slovak National Council Matúš Dula
 * August 4, 2019 – Chairman of the Slovak Matica, first chairman and first General Supervisor of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovakia Ján Vanovič
 * September 23, 2020 – lifetime Administrator of the Slovak Matica Jozef Škultéty
 * August 4, 2021 – statesman and politician, honorary member of Matica slovenská Alexander Dubček
 * October 6, 2021 – founder and chairman of the World Congress of Slovaks and a member of the foreign Matica slovenská Štefan Boleslav Roman

Third building
After the adoption of the Library Act of May 2000, the Slovak National Library in Slovak Matica was separated from the Slovak Matica in July 2000 and became an independent legal entity, which acquired its registered office on Hostihora. Paradoxically, by law it was excluded from the Matica's structure, except the third, also the first historical building of the Slovak Matica. The third building became the seat of the Slovak National Library and the Slovak Matica office returned to the second parent building.

The ceremonial laying of the foundation stone for the new, third building of the Slovak Matica on Hostihora (Martin) took place during the celebrations of the Slovak Matica centuries on August 4, 1963. Third building was opened by Vladimír Mináč.

History

 * 1861
 * On June 6 and 7, at the Slovak National Assembly in Martin, a request for the establishment of a Slovak cultural institution was formulated in a political program known as the Memorandum of the Slovak Nation. The Temporary Committee entrusted the establishment of the institution to the Temporary Committee of Slovak Matica, which carried out all organizational steps leading to its establishment, drafted the first Matica´s statutes and earned their official permission at the imperial court in Vienna.

 * 1863
 * At the inaugural 1st General Assembly on August 4 in Martin, which took place as part of the millennium celebration of the arrival of the Slavic apostles St. Cyril and Methodius to our territory, the Slovak Matica was established. Its goal, in the spirit of national and Christian ideas, was “to awaken, expand and affirm moral and artful education in the members of the Slovak nation; to cultivate and support Slovak literature and fine arts, and thus to help the material well-being of the Slovak nation, and to work on its improvement ”. They elected the Catholic bishop of Banská Bystrica, Štefan Moyses, as the first Chairman of Slovak Matica, and Karol Kuzmány, the first acting Vice-Chairman of the evangelical superintendent, Karol Kuzmány. The most important representatives of the Slovak nation, such as Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Michal Miloslav Hodža, Ján Francisci, Štefan Marko Daxner, Viliam Pauliny-Tóth, Adolf Dobriansky and others, actively worked in the first Slovak Matica committee.

 * 1864
 * By the decision of the 2nd General Assembly, Slovak Matica adopted the Štúr´s Slovak language (according to the reform of Martin Hattala) and the Latin script for the printing of all Matica´s publications and documents.

 * 1865
 * The National Flare, the first building of the Slovak Matica in Martin, was ceremoniously opened on August 8 at the 3rd General Assembly. Its construction was financed from nationwide “grajciar” (money) collections.

 * 1866
 * On October 12, the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. received in Vienna a Matica delegation led by Viliam Pauliny-Tóth, who expressed allegiance to the monarch for the Slovak Matica and the Slovak Nation after the lost Austro-Prussian war. They also handed him the diploma of the founding member of Slovak Matica, which the monarch accepted.

 * 1869
 * The Book Printing Participant Association (Kníhtlačiarsky účastinársky spolok) was founded in Martin on March 3, the primary goal of which was the effort to create favorable conditions for the publication of Slovak and Matica´s press in the field of book culture. On July 5 died in Svätý Kríž (today Žiar nad Hronom) on the feast of St. Cyril and Methodius, the first Chairman of the Slovak Matica and Bishop Štefan Moyses of Banská Bystrica (born on October 24, 1797).

 * 1873
 * Vice-Chairman of the Slovak Matica Viliam Pauliny-Tóth and its secretary František Víťazoslav Sasinek reacted in the apologetic file Pro memoria of Slovak Matica, printed by The Book Printing Participant Association and addressed to the Hungarian prime minister József Szlávy, to attacks from the Hungarian movement.

 * 1875
 * On November 12, the Hungarian government stopped the activities of Slovak Matica. Hungarian government confiscated all Matica´s property, later provided the financial basis of Slovak Matica (in 1885) to the renegade Hungarian-Regional Slovak Educational Association for the Hungarianization of Slovaks, and distributed the collections to county museums. In the years 1863 to 1875, Slovak Matica developed extensive collecting, publishing, educational and scientific activities. It collected archival, library and museum collections. Slovak Matica has published 82 volumes of books, including 12 volumes of the first Slovak scientific journal Letopis Matice slovenskej. It provided scholarships to Slovak researchers and students, established domestic and foreign contacts with Slavic cultural institutions and Maticas, such as the Serbian Matica (1826), Czech Matica (1831), Illyrian Matica (1842), Lusatian-Serbian Matica (1847), Matica Galician- Ruthenian Matica (1848), Moravian Matica (1849) and Slovenian Matica (1864). Repeated attempts to restore the activities of Slovak Matica after its closure after in November 1875 were unsuccessful. However, other cultural associations with nationwide scope continued in it, especially Živena (cultural woman institution, 1869), Kníhtlačiarsky účastinársky spolok (The Book Printing Participant Association, 1869), Spolok sv. Vojtecha (1870), Slovenský spevokol (Slovak Singer, 1872) and the Muzeálna slovenská spoločnosť (Slovak Museum Society, 1893).

 * 1893
 * A compatriot activist and Roman Catholic priest, founded Slovak Matica in America in Chicago (IL, USA). He was responsible for the development of Slovak expatriate cultural and ecclesiastical associations and schools in the USA. Furdek was also the first Chairman of the Slovak League in America (1907), the unyfiyng organization of expatriate associations of American Slovaks.

 * 1919
 * After the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic, the Minister with a power of attorney for the administration of Slovakia, Vavro Šrobár, issued a decree on January 1 on the resumption of the activities of Slovak Matica. The revitalizing General Assembly was held on August 5 in Martin. Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav, František Richard Osvald, Matúš Dula (Chairman of the Slovak National Council 1918 – 1919) and Vavro Šrobár were elected its chairmen, Jozef Škultéty and Jaroslav Vlček became the Matica´s administrators. Matica continued its previous scientific, educational, collecting and publishing activities. The membership base began to be organized in the local branches of Slovak Matica. Historically, the first local branch of Slovak Matica was established on November 2 in Martin. By the end of the year, a total of nine local branches of Slovak Matica were established in Slovakia within two months.

 * 1920
 * At the 2nd General Assembly of Slovak Matica on August 25, 1920, they established the scientific departments of Slovak Matica. The Department of History, Linguistics and Ethnography were the first to be established. They were gradually joined by the Artistic (1921), Literary-Historical (1922), Pedagogical (1926), Natural Science (1927), Philosophical (1941) and Sociological (1944).

 * 1922
 * Slovak Matica took over the baton of publishing the oldest Slovak and European cultural magazine Slovenské pohľady (Slovak views), founded by Jozef Miloslav Hurban in 1846 and renewed by Svetozár Hurban Vajanský and Jozef Škultéty in 1881. At the initiative of Slovak Matica, the Center of Slovak Amateur Theaters was established in Martin.

 * 1926
 * On August 29, the new, second building of the Slovak Matica in Martin was ceremoniously opened. The celebration was attended by 15 to 20 thousand people. Architecturally, today's residential building of Slovak Matica is one of Martin's representative architectural structures. The building is a national cultural monument and the current seat of Slovak Matica.

 * 1932
 * The General Assembly on May 12 significantly influenced the further direction of the Slovak Matica, especially in connection with the struggle for the character of the Rules of Slovak Spelling. It focused on the national program, intensified scientific research and developed a rich publishing activity.

 * 1940
 * On February 12, the Ministry of Education and National Enlightenment in Bratislava approved the new Rules of Slovak Spelling without Czechizing Tendencies, which were prepared and published by Slovak Matica and its Language Department (editor Anton Augustín Baník). At the General Assembly of Slovak Matica in Prešov on May 12, Jozef Škultéty became a lifelong honorary administrator. The Slovak Matica Assembly elected Jozef Cíger Hronský as the new administrator of Matica, and Ján Marták, Stanislav Mečiar and Jozef Cincík as secretaries. The report of the Slovak Matica rejected the government's proposal that the Matica's membership be automatically reflected in the political membership in Hlinka's Slovak People's Party.

 * 1941
 * On the initiative of Slovak Matica, the Slovak National Library was established on May 1 in Martin. Its main task was to acquire and preserve the books in relation to Slovaks and Slovakia.

 * 1943
 * On behalf of the Slovak Matica Committee, the Neografia participant association was founded in Martin as one of the most modern printing companies in Europe.

 * 1944
 * On August 29, 1944, the Slovak National Uprising broke out as one of the most important armed resistances in Nazi Germany-occupied Europe. Thousands of members and officials of Slovak Matica took part in the insurgent events, likes Jan Barták, Alexander Hirner, František Oktavec, Vavro Šrobár, Laco Novomeský and from youngers such as Vladimír Mináč, Roman Kaliský and Eva Kristínová.

 * 1945
 * On January 25, several leading employees and officials left the Slovak Matica in Martin: Jozef Cíger Hronský (administrator), František Hrušovský (secretary of scientific departments), Stanislav Mečiar, Jozef Cincík (both secretaries) and clerks Koloman Geraldini, Dezider Nágel, Ján Okáľ and Jozef Kobella, who supported to the official culture of the regime of the then Slovak Republic (1939–1945). Later, they remained in foreign exile for life. Their names were to be erased not only from the Slovak Matica tradition but also from the collective memory of the nation. Based on the decision of the Commission of the Slovak National Council for Education and Enlightenment of April 11, Ján Marták took over the interim administration of Slovak Matica. At the General Assembly in August 1945 in Martin, they elected Laco Novomeský and Jur Hronec as the new chairmen.

 * 1948
 * The communist regime nationalizes the Slovak Matica´s publishing company Neografia. Between 1949 and 1953, the political authorities gradually took over Slovak Matica's scientific activity, dissolved its membership base and reduced the institution to the headquarters of enlightenment work. The previous scientific activity was transferred from the Slovak Matica departments to the relevant institutes of the Slovak Academy of Sciences and Arts in Bratislava.

 * 1954
 * In April, the Slovak National Council adopted the Act on the Slovak Matica, which nationalized it, and merged its torso with Slovakia by the National Library. Slovak Matica under its brand began to fulfill only the tasks of the national library and library institute.

 * 1958
 * The communist regime staged a trial against compilers preparing a lexicographic work – The National Encyclopedia – Alexander Hirner, Ján Olex, Jozef Telgárský, František Oktavec, who were sentenced to many years in prison. In connection with this monster trial by party checks and other political interventions against Slovak Matica, several workers had to leave it, even the Matica´s administrator Ján Marták.

 * 1959
 * Due to the serious restriction of the freedom of the Slovak Matica in their homeland, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, they founded the Slovak Foreign Matica, chaired by Jozef Cíger Hronský.

 * 1963
 * While the political situation is improving, Slovak Matica commemorated the centenary of its founding with grand celebrations. Slovak Matica was awarded the highest state award by the Council of the Republic, which was presented by the then important state and party representative Alexander Dubček. On August 4, the foundation stone of the third building of the Slovak Matica in Martin on Hostihor was laid.

 * 1968
 * Political liberalization in society also brought hope to revive the original mission and activities of Slovak Matica, including the renewal of its membership base and the development of care for foreign Slovaks. This promising process lasted only a short time and was stopped on August 21 after the occupation of the Czechoslovak Republic by the soldiers of the Warsaw Pact and in the subsequent normalization process. For political reasons, during so called normalization, many employees had to leave Slovak Matica (Tomáš Winkler, Ivan Kadlečík, Pavol Hrúz, Jaroslav Rezník Sr. and others) and officials (Imrich Sedlák).

 * 1973
 * On December 20, the Slovak National Council adopted the Act on the Slovak Matica, which partially returned it to the status of twenty years ago. The membership base was significantly limited, only a minority of local unions survived, and the activities of Slovak Matica once again focused primarily on librarianship, bibliography, biography, literary museology and archiving. From 1974 to 1990, during the era of socialist culture, the chairman of Slovak Matica was the chairman of the novelist, publicist and political figure Vladimír Mináč, who during this period has merits in the development of scientific activity in Slovak Matica.

 * 1975
 * On August 30, a new, generously designed third building of the Slovak Matica, the work of architects Dušan Kuzma and Anton Cimmerman, was opened in Martin on Hostihor.

 * 1990
 * On January 20, the Minister of Culture dismissed the leadership of Slovak Matica, headed by Vladimír Mináč, and entrusted its temporary leadership to Viliam Gruska as chairman and Imrich Sedlák as administrator. Many former employees, members and supporters have once again signed up for Slovak Matica. From August 10 to 11, the reviving general meeting of the Slovak Matica in Martin took place. At the General Meeting, Jozef Markuš was elected Chairman of the Slovak Matica.

 * 1991
 * On July 26, the Slovak National Council adopted a new law on the Slovak Matica, which created space for its gradual return from a state-run institution to an independent institution. Significantly the association activities of Slovak Matica are being developed and prioritized, and the network of institutional workplaces is being transformed to support it.

 * 1992
 * Slovak Matica in cooperation with the World Congress of Slovaks for the first time organized a meeting of young Slovaks from all over the world under the official name World Festival of Slovak Youth. It took place from July 12 to 19 in Martin. The Matica´s Festival was organized by Slovak Matica every third year.

 * 1993
 * The establishment of the independent Slovak Republic was the culmination of a long stage in the struggle of Slovak Matica for Slovak national identity. The theses of the National Program of the Slovak Matica, conceived in the years 1991 to 1992, are gradually being fulfilled. The printer Neografia, nationalized by the totalitarian regime, the magazine Slovenské pohľady (Slovak views) and some nationalized Matica´s houses returned to the Slovak Matica.

 * 1997
 * By a law of February 13, adopted by the National Council of the Slovak Republic, Slovak Matica becomes a public institution, while in addition to its historical tasks it has to fulfill defined state tasks. On July 17, they opened the World Year of Slovaks in Martin.

 * 2000
 * The National Council of the Slovak Republic approved the Library Act no. 183/2000, which was prepared by the then Minister of Culture Milan Kňažko without the participation of Slovak Matica. The law adversely affected the activities of Slovak Matica. Matica had to leave the residential building in Martin on Hostihor, but also the historically first building – both belonged to the administration of the Slovak National Library.

 * 2001
 * The General Assembly of the Slovak Matica (November 16–17) in Martin was held in a difficult situation, marked by the adoption of the Library Act, which excluded the Slovak National Library from the administration of the Slovak Matica.

 * 2004
 * The General Assembly of Slovak Matica in Spišská Nová Ves adopted the Program Intentions for the period from 2004 to 2007 with a view to 2010, as well as the Memorandum of Slovaks at home and abroad.

 * 2007
 * Slovak Matica organized the 1st European Congress of the Maticas of Slavic Nations, which was attended by representatives from all countries (Czech Republic, Croatia, Germany, Slovenia, Serbia, Ukraine), where national Matica´s associations operate.

 * 2008
 * The historically first meeting of the Government of the Slovak Republic with the participation of the highest constitutional officials and the Chairman of the Slovak Matica was held on January 2 on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the Slovak Republic in a residential building on Pavla Mudroňa Street in Martin.

 * 2009
 * The Year of Jozef Cíger Hronský was opened as part of the Martin Matica´s Festival (August 2009 to July 2010) on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Foreign Slovak Matica and the 50th anniversary of the death of Jozef Cíger Hronský.

 * 2010
 * Slovak Matica in cooperation with the Nitra self-governing region, the city of Nitra, other cities and municipalities organized the 11th year of the World Festival of Slovak Youth from July 1 to 5. In November, the General Assembly of Slovak Matica in Martin elected Marián Tkáč as its new chairman, who took over Jozef Markuš after a twenty-year controversial presidency.

 * 2013
 * The 2nd European Congress of the Maticas of Slavic Nations took place in Martin on August 1, 2013, which was attended by representatives of the Slovak Matica, Slovenian Matica, Silesian Matica, Matica bunjevacka, Czech Matica, Montenegro Matica, Serbian Matica (Lusatian-Serbian Matica in Germany), Slovak Matica in Transcarpathia, the Union of Slovaks in Croatia, the Slovak Matica in Serbia and the Forum of Slavic Cultures from Slovenia. The Congress Memorandum states: "We will intensify our cultural activities within national cultures and respect the values of minority and regional cultures, because ignoring them ultimately impoverishes the richness and diversity of the human spirit, which protects all cultures and languages of the world in the most diverse aspects." The National Maticas Festivities took place in Martin from August 1 to 4, culminating in the celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the founding of the Slovak Matica. The highlight of the second day was the ceremonial opening of the Park of St. Cyril and Methodius in the area of the residential Matica´s building, unveiling of the sculpture of St. Cyril and Methodius and the bust of Štefan Moyses, Karol Kuzmány and Ján Francisci.

 * 2015
 * In the Year of Ľudovít Štúr Slovak Matica held 86 events in Slovakia dedicated to the national great, of which were three scientific conferences.

 * 2017
 * In November, the General Assembly of Slovak Matica in Liptovský Mikuláš elected Marián Gešper as the youngest Chairman of the institution in terms of age, thus beginning the process of the generational arrival of new young Matica´s representatives.

 * 2018
 * Slovak Matica declared 2018 as the Year of Slovak statehood. Matica presented to the public the historical path of Slovaks to an independent and democratic Slovak Republic and recalled anniversaries of personalities and events without which Slovaks would not become an emancipated and independent nation with their own statehood. Slovak Matica organized a series of thematic events to commemorate of the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of the Slovak Nation and the establishment of the first Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. A new magazine for the Matica´s movement Hlas Matice (Voice of Matica) was created. Its establishment was a fulfillment of one of the long-term requirements of local unions and the membership base of the Slovak Matica.

 * 2019
 * Slovak Matica commemorated the centenary of the renewal of its activities. On this occasion, Matica focused on scientific research into the development of its membership base in the first half of the 20th century and on the historically first local unions founded in 1919 in Martin, Liptovský Mikuláš, Ružomberok, Košice, Trenčín, Zvolen, Brezno, Banská Bystrica and Uzhhorod.
 * The 4th Congress of Maticas and Institutions of Slavic Nations was held in Martin from June 5 to 6 (the 3rd Congress of Slavic Maticas was held in Slovenia on February 4, 2014) but also about other social organizations that deal with Slavic culture and science. The participants accepted the statement: “In the ongoing processes of globalization, liberalization, information, internet and cyber technologies and wars, post-industrial times and postmodern Slavic matrices, and cultural institutions of Slavic nations must continue to promote and spread traditional conservative values, especially Christianity and patriotism. Especially in the Slavic and European environment, we want to preserve the Cyril and Methodist tradition, help establish the All-Slavic and national identity and historical awareness."
 * On October 12, 364 delegates gathered at the Assembly of the Slovak Matica in Liptovský Mikuláš. At the Assembly, they adopted the updated Statutes of the Slovak Matica and approved the Slovak Matica Program for the years 2019 to 2021 with a view to 2025.

 * 2020
 * Slovak Matica declared 2020 as the Year of National Identity in the spirit of intensive support and dissemination of Slovak national identity and the development of Slovak statehood. The first two issues of the new professional magazine Slovak Matica Slovensko – National Spectrum were published. The magazine is published twice a year. The Slovak Matica Library was renewed at the institution's headquarters and its systematic development began.

 * 2021
 * Slovak Matica declared 2021 as the Year of Alexander Dubček and unveiled a bust of him in the Alley of National Awakeners in Martin. Marián Gešper, who received 213 votes, becomes the newly elected chairman again, while Štefan Martinkovič received 88 votes. In 2021, in addition to Alexander Dubček, it also commemorated the centenary of the birth of Štefan Boleslav Roman, a Canadian industrialist and the first president of the World Congress of Slovaks, to whom it unveiled the historically first bust in Slovakia, and the 190th anniversary of the East Slovak Peasant Uprising was commemorated by Slovak Matica with a series of events and activities throughout Slovakia. Slovak Matica commemorated the 160th anniversary of the adoption of the important emancipatory and political document, the Memorandum of the Slovak Nation.

 * 2022
 * Slovak Matica declared 2022 as THE YEAR OF THE LEGACY OF THE ŠTÚR'S GROUP and on this occasion prepared and participated in a series of cultural, educational and tourist events, openings and exhibitions, scientific conferences, unveiling of memorial rooms, memorial plaques, busts, publication of scientific and popular - scientific articles, popular science brochures and also the preparation of documentary films. A bust of Štefan Marko Daxner was unveiled in  the Alley of National Awakeners in Martin.  In 2022, the Library of Slovak Matica was expanded. Slovak Matica received an official Certificate of Competence for Research and Development, awarded by the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports of the Slovak Republic. Scientist of Slovak Matica Pavol Parenička was awarded the Vojtech Zamarovský National Prize for non-fiction. A bust of Vladimír Mináč was unveiled in the Alley of National Awakeners in Rimavská Sobota (scientists Lukáš Perný and Radoslav Žgrada organized a triptych of commemorative and scientific events on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Vladimír Mináč and the 120th anniversary of the birth of Vladimír Clementis in Bratislava and Rimavská Sobota).     Matica slovenská presented the Special IN MEMORIAM prize to dissident Roman Kaliský and organized a commemorative colloquium on the occasion of his centenary; Lukáš Perný compiled the commemorative publication "Roman Kaliský, a worker in the service of the nation". Together with the Union of Anti-Fascist Fighters, Matica Slovak presented awards to other important figures of Slovak culture. In October 2022, Matica Slovak commemorated the 260th anniversary of the birth of Anton Bernolák in Nové Zámky and the 140th anniversary of the birth of Jozef Miloslav Országh in Bratislava.

 * 2023

 * On the occasion of the 160th anniversary of the foundation of the institution announced the year 2023 as the year of Slovak Matica. Matica continues to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of the members of the Štúr's Group and the members of the Bernolák's Group, also the 30th anniversary of foundation of the Slovak republic, the 1400th anniversary of Samo's Empire and the 1160th anniversary of arrival of St. Cyril and Methodius to Great Moravia.

 * In 2023, Slovak Matica entered the international context - by organizing the 5th Congress of Cultural Institutions of the Slavic Nations (Lusatian Serbs, Serbs, Slovenes, Silesians (Czech Republic), Russians and Ruthenians participated), publishing the magazine Slavic Horizon and an official delegation in Matica of Serbia (Novi Sad) and the Association of Serbian Writers (Belgrade) in Serbia.

 * 2024
 * Matica declared the year 2024 as the Year of Slovak Women in the National Movement and also published the official logos for the 80th anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising, the 100th anniversary of the birth of Ladislav Tažký, the 120th anniversary of the birth of Ladislav Novomeský, the 160th anniversary of the birth of Andrej Hlinka, the anniversary of the Bernolák's and Štúr's group. Matica continued to enter the international context in 2024 by participating in the 160th anniversary of Slovene society with the participation of the President of Slovenia Nataša Pirc Musar. Matica Slovakia was also visited by the ambassador of Slovenia, Dr. Stanislav Raščan. Prominent figures of Slovak science Dalimír Hajko, Rudolf Dupkala and Josef Leikert were elected honorary chairmen of the Culturological and Philosophical Department of Slovak Matica, which is led by culturologist and philosopher Lukáš Perný. The artists of Slovak Matica slovenska exhibited their works in the cities of Strasbourg and Brussels. Slovak Matica entered into cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Slovak Republic (Juraj Blanár). The oldest Slovak cultural magazine Slovenské pohľady (Slovak views) changed its design and a separate website slovenskepohlady.sk was also created. Matica commemorated the 105th anniversary of the death of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, the 30th anniversary of Ladislav Mňačko (commemorative events in Bratislava and a conference in Rimavská Sobota; Matice slovenská honored Josef Leikert for his lifelong work on this occasion), the 160th anniversary of the birth of Jozef Murgaš (lecture) and other events.

Chairman of Slovak Matica

 * 1863–1869: Štefan Moyses (* 1797 – † 1869)
 * 1870–1875: Jozef Kozáček (* 1807 – † 1877)
 * Since 1919, Slovak Matica has been headed by four chairmen:
 * 1922–1930: Matúš Dula (* 1856 – † 1930)
 * 1922–1930: Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav (* 1856 – † 1930)
 * 1922–1930: František Richard Osvald (* 1856 – † 1930)
 * 1922–1930: Vavro Šrobár (* 1856 – † 1930)
 * 1922–1930: Jur Janoška (* 1856 – † 1930)
 * 1926–1943: Marián Blaha (* 1869 – † 1943)
 * 1931–1939: Ján Vanovič (* 1856 – † 1942)
 * 1931–1949: Jozef Országh (* 1883 – † 1949)
 * 1945–1954: Jur Hronec (* 1881 – † 1959)
 * 1945 – 1950 and 1968 – 1974 Chairman of the Slovak Matica, 1974 – 1976 Honorary chairman: Laco Novomeský (* 1904 – † 1976)
 * Since 1968, one chairman has headed Slovak Matica:
 * 1974–1990: Vladimír Mináč (* 1922 – † 1996)
 * 1990: Viliam Ján Gruska (* 1936 – † 2019)
 * 1990–2010: Jozef Markuš (* 1944)
 * 2010–2017: Marián Tkáč (* 1949)
 * from 2017: Marián Gešper (* 1980)

Literature

 * BAJANÍK, Stanislav (ed.). Pamätnica: I. európsky kongres matíc slovanských národov. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2007. 119 s. ISBN 978-80-7090-865-5.
 * BOTTO, Július. Dejiny Matice slovenskej. Martin : Matica slovenská, 1923. 237 s.
 * ELIÁŠ, Michal. Z dejín matíc slovanských národov. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2010. 190 s. ISBN 978-80-7090-970-6.
 * ELIÁŠ, Michal – HAVIAR, Štefan. Zlatá kniha Matice slovenskej. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2008. 105 s. ISBN 978-80-7090-875-4.
 * ELIÁŠ, Michal – ŠARLUŠKA, Vojtech. Národná svetlica. Martin : Matica slovenská, 1988. 328 s.
 * GEGUŠ, Ivan – KOVAČKA, Miloš (ed.). Z vôle ľudu obnovená. Martin : Matica slovenská, 1969. 200 s.
 * GEŠPER, Marián – PARENIČKA, Pavol. Predsedovia Matice slovenskej 1863 – 2019. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2019. 167 s. ISBN 978-80-8128-240-9.
 * GEŠPER, Marián – PAVELCOVÁ, Zuzana a kol. Pamätnica zo 4. kongresu matíc slovanských národov a inštitúcií slovanských národov, konaného pri príležitosti 100. výročia oživotvorenia Matice slovenskej a podpísania Memoranda národa slovenského. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2020. 358 s. ISBN 978-80-8128-251-5.
 * HAVIAR, Štefan – KUČMA, Ivan. V pamäti národa. Martin : Matica slovenská, 1988. 341 s.
 * HIRNER, Alexander. Matičná myšlienka. Bratislava: Slovenský spisovateľ, 1992. 392 s. ISBN 80-220-0397-2.
 * HOLOTÍK, Ľudovít (ed.). Matica slovenská v našich dejinách. Bratislava: Slovenská akadémia vied, 1963. 431 s.
 * KOVÁČ, Mišo A. (ed.). Historický rok. Pamätnica z osláv storočnice Matice slovenskej v roku 1963. Martin : Matica slovenská, 1966. 368 s.
 * KOVÁČ, Mišo A. – VONGREJ, Pavol (ed.). Matica slovenská: obrazová pamätnica 1863 – 1963. Martin : Osveta, 1963. 160 s.
 * LIBA, Peter. Vydavateľské dielo Matice slovenskej 1863 – 1953: bibliografia s prehľadom. Martin : Matica slovenská, 1963. 551 s.
 * MADURA, Pavol. Druhá budova Matice slovenskej. Od myšlienky po súčasnosť. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2019. 176 s. ISBN 978-80-8128-227-0.
 * MADURA, Pavol. Miestny odbor Matice slovenskej v Martine v rokoch 1919 – 1950. Prvé ohnivo matičnej reťaze. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2019. 134 s. ISBN 978-80-8128-244-7.
 * MULÍK, Peter (ed.). Dvadsať rokov Matice slovenskej. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2010. 130 s. ISBN 978-80-7090-999-7.
 * SEDLÁK, Imrich (ed.). Matica slovenská v národných dejinách. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2013. 479 s. ISBN 978-80-8128-086-3.
 * SEDLÁK, Imrich. Päťdesiat rokov v slovenskom národnom živote: od spomienok k prameňom. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2011. 224 s. ISBN 978-80-8128-013-9.
 * VAGASKÝ, Andrej. Vydavateľská činnosť Matice slovenskej 1953 – 1963. Martin : Matica slovenská, 1964. 339 s.
 * WINKLER, Tomáš. Vrastanie do času (Rozprávanie o Matici slovenskej). Martin : Matica slovenská, 2013. 263 s. ISBN 978-80-8128-076-4.
 * WINKLER, Tomáš – ELIÁŠ, Michal a kol. Matica slovenská: dejiny a prítomnosť. Martin : Matica slovenská, 2003. 495 s. ISBN 80-7090-694-4.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Matica slovenská


text:
Maria of Aragon

Maria of Aragon may refer to:
 * Marie of Montpellier (1182–1213), wife of Peter II of Aragon
 * Maria of Aragon (1248–1267), daughter of James I of Aragon and Violant of Hungary, became a nun
 * Marie of Lusignan, Queen of Aragon (1273–1319), wife of James II of Aragon
 * Maria of Aragon (1299–1316), daughter of James II of Aragon, wife of Infante Peter, Lord of Cameros
 * Maria of Navarre (1329–1347), wife of Peter IV of Aragon
 * Maria de Luna (1358–1406), wife of Martin I of Aragon
 * Maria of Aragon, Queen of Castile (1396–1445), daughter of Ferdinand I of Aragon, wife of John II of Castile
 * Maria of Castile (1401–1458), wife of Alfonso V of Aragon
 * Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (1482–1517), daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, and second wife of Manuel I of Portugal
 * Maria d'Aragona (1503–1568), Marchese of Vasto, daughter of Ferdinando di Montalto
 * Maria of Aragon (1505–1558), daughter of Joanna of Castile and Philip I of Castile, and wife of Louis II of Hungary

title: Maria of Aragon


text:
North Lombard Transit Center

North Lombard Transit Center is a light rail station on the MAX Yellow Line in Portland, Oregon. It is the 7th stop northbound on the Interstate MAX extension.

The station is located in the median of Interstate Avenue near the intersection with N Lombard Street. It has staggered side platforms, which sit on either side of the cross street, because the route runs around this station on Interstate Avenue in the median. Mosaic tiles at the station and bus shelters refer to workers and transportation.

Bus line connections
This station is served by the following bus lines:
 * 4 - Fessenden
 * 75 - Cesar Chavez/Lombard

title: North Lombard Transit Center


text:
Sacramento Theatre Company

The Sacramento Theatre Company (STC) is a non-profit Regional Professional Theatre in Sacramento, California. It is the oldest theater troupe in the city.

History
STC was formed in 1942 to entertain troops stationed in Sacramento during World War II. It was originally called the Sacramento Civic Repertory Theatre, until they moved in 1949 into their first theater home, The Eaglet Theatre.

The Eaglet was built from canvas and wood to match the Eagle Theatre from the California Gold Rush period. The new theater benefited from the patronage of Eleanor McClatchy.

Today
STC is now located at the H Street Theatre Complex in Midtown Sacramento. STC stages plays in three performance spaces. STC alumni include Richard Hellesen, Tim Ocel and Tom Hanks.

2018–2019 season
The Crucible, by Arthur Miller Steel Magnolias, by Robert Harling, A Christmas Carol, Adapted by Richard Hellesen based on the novella by Charles Dickens, Murder for Two by Kellen Blair and book and music by Joe Kinosian A Midsummer Night's Dream, by William Shakespeare When We Were Colored - A World Premiere Play, by Ginger Rutland, Disaster!

The 2018-2019 Cabaret Series ''Hooray For Hollywood! Showtunes From Stage To Screen,'' November 8–11, 2018 All That Jazz: Broadway Swings, January 17–20, 2019 I Can't Do It Alone: Great Showbiz Duets, March 28–31, 2019

The 2018-2019 Youth Series Much Ado About Nothing, By William Shakespeare, September 12–23, 2018 Mary Poppins Jr., January 10–13, 2019 The Secret Garden: Spring Edition, January 31 - February 3, 2019 ''Oh Freedom! The Story of the Underground Railroad,'' February 27 - March 3, 2019 The Tempest for Kids, May 8–19, 2019

The School of the Arts
STC offers elementary, middle, and high school students after-school and weekend training programs.

title: Sacramento Theatre Company


text:
Great Witley

Great Witley is a village and civil parish in the Malvern Hills District in the northwest of the county of Worcestershire, England. It is situated around ten miles to the north west of the city of Worcester. The parish had a population of 743 in 2021.

The civil parish shares a group parish council with Hillhampton, known as the Great Witley and Hillhampton Parish Council.

History
There has been a settlement in the area since before the Norman Conquest.

Great Witley was in the lower division of Doddingtree Hundred.

Following the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 Great Witley Parish ceased to be responsible for maintaining the poor in its parish. This responsibility was transferred to Martley Poor Law Union.

The village is home to Witley Court, a Jacobean country house extended on a number of occasions throughout its history, but which became derelict after a spectacular fire in 1937. The mansion, formerly one of the finest  in  the Midlands, is now in the care of English Heritage, who describe it as their number one ruin. They have restored the extensive gardens leaving the skeletal ruin of the building overlooking them.

Nearby is Woodbury Hill commanding extensive views south to the Malvern Hills and over the River Teme valley to the west. On the summit is an Iron Age hillfort. Owain Glyndŵr's army of Welsh and French camped here for eight days in the summer of 1405 facing an army of King Henry IV at Abberley Hill. Skirmishes took place but neither large force initiated full-scale battle and the Welsh withdrew under nightfall back to Wales. The location was also used as a meeting place during the English Civil War by Clubmen from the local farms and cottages.

From 1843 to 1846 Queen Adelaide, the widow of King William IV resided at Witley Court. Whilst there she financed the first village school.

Saint Michael and All Angels Church
The church, of Saint Michael and All Angels, is a brick building but like the adjoining Witley Court was faced with bath stone by the Gloucester architect Samuel Daukes in the 1850s. The interior is one of the finest Italian Baroque churches in Britain originally from Cannons House at Edgware in Middlesex and fitted to Daukes's building by James Gibbs. It was completed in 1735.

It incorporates a richly gilded ceiling with a number of paintings by Antonio Bellucci, a funerary monument to Thomas Lord Foley and his family by John Michael Rysbrack and ten large painted stained glass windows by Joshua Price dated 1719–1721.

Beneath the church is the burial vault of the owners of Witley Court, where – among many others – William Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley, is buried in a splendid marble sarcophagus. In 2014 the crypt, which contains nine lead coffins, was reopened to the public and can now be visited on Saturdays and Sundays. On display there is also the restored Samuel Thorp clock. The clock was commissioned by a later Baron Foley in 1804 and served the Court and the Church until 1877 until it was replaced by the present clock.

Rectors

 * Rev. Thomas Pearson,

Hundred House Hotel
The village is home to the Grade II listed coaching inn The Hundred House Hotel, once the collection point for agricultural tithes from the districts or 'hundred (division)s' of the local area. In this instance the Doddingtree Hundred.

title: Great Witley


text:
Category talk:Games

Games a subcategory of Personal life as well as of Culture
I've added Games as a subcategory of Personal life as well as of Culture. Entertainment is similarly dual-categorized. Glad to discuss! -- Sitearm | Talk 02:25, 2005 August 23 (UTC)

Chess?
I would expect it to be in a category such as "board games" or "strategy games" off this page. Neither subcategory exists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.240.130.75 (talk • contribs) 19:44, 15 December 2005
 * Good plan. I added Board Games to this category.-- BlueNovember (talk • contribs) 21:39, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * No, all games are in broad categories. Chess is a tabletop game, as are board games, as are card games, etc etc.  The sub-categories were created for a reason. 2005 (talk) 00:02, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Gaming?
Shouldn't this category be Gaming? There are many of articles and subcategories in this category that aren't games. Ex: Game artists, Game designers, Years in games -Ravedave 18:39, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * No, because all those things are still game-related. Likewise, "verb" isn't a lanuage, even though it ultimately falls under that category, and Michael Jordan isn't a basketball, even though he ultimately falls under that category. — $$\sim$$ Lenoxus " * " 04:20, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Well, now it's a subcategory of Gaming. Is this reorganization being discussed somewhere? -- Parody 02:47, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

New cat
Category:Games by country, anyone?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 06:02, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Sports category
The Games category has recently been removed from the sports category. That may be a correct choice, but then, shouldn't Sports be added to Games instead?--Niels Ø 13:41, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Not necessarily. I think the split was due to the size of the two categories, but allowing them to remain independent deals with the size issue. *Cremepuff  222*  01:12, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Teagames
What about this article on teagames? its not a game - but how should it be classified?? philb 17:00, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I would recommend placing it one of the Category:Websites subcategories since the article itself isn't about a game. *Cremepuff  222*  01:11, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Dice games
Why doesn't Category:Dice games appear on this list? --BlueNovember (talk) 13:58, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Added it to the list -- BlueNovember (talk • contribs) 21:36, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Dice games fall under tabletop games. Specific subcategories are under broader categories. 2005 (talk) 00:03, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Games


text:
Conservation Authorities Act

The Conservation Authorities Act (Loi sur les offices de protection de la nature) was created by the Ontario Provincial Legislature in 1946 to ensure the conservation, restoration and responsible management of hydrological features through programs that balance human, environmental and economic needs. The Act authorizes the formation of Conservation Authorities on a per watershed basis.

History
In 1941, conservationists from across the province met in Guelph to address the extensive damage to southern Ontario's environment. Great tracts of land had been ruined through clearing watersheds for farming, over-cutting of the forest and through faulty farming practices. The conference, under the leadership of J.D. Thomas, chose the Ganaraska watershed, one of the most damaged in the province, as its pilot project. Over the next few years, they worked to restore the natural values of the watershed, mostly by planting trees. Its restoration marked the beginning of the conservation authorities of Ontario. The Conservation Authorities Act was passed in 1946. Over the next four decades, the Ganaraska watershed became one of the largest forested areas of southern Ontario with two million trees planted.

In 2019, the Government of Ontario passed amendments to the act, defining each conservation authority's required functions: 1. A program or service that meets any of the following descriptions and that has been prescribed by the regulations:

 * Programs and services related to the risk of natural hazards
 * Programs and services related to the conservation and management of lands owned or controlled by the authority, including any interests in land registered on title
 * Programs and services related to the authority's duties, functions and responsibilities as a source protection authority under the Clean Water Act, 2006
 * Programs and services related to the authority's duties, functions and responsibilities under an Act prescribed by the regulations

2. A program or service, other than a program or service described in paragraph 1, that has been prescribed by the regulations on or before the first anniversary of the day prescribed under clause 40 (3) (h). 2019, c. 9, Sched. 2, s. 4. Source: Subsection 21.1, Amended Conservation Authorities Act.

The Government also amended section 23, which provides for the Government to name an investigator:
 * "The Minister may, at any time, appoint one or more investigators to conduct an investigation of an authority’s operations, including the programs and services it provides."

These amendments have not yet been proclaimed into law. The Lieutenant-Governor will name a date of implementation. At the same time that the amendments were introduced into the Legislative Assembly, the Government cut its funding to conservation authorities for flood control from CA$7.4 million per year by half, wanting the authorities to focus on "core" activities. The Ontario Government now funds only 1-5% of most conservation authority's operations. Authorities are largely funded by municipalities, self-generated revenue and fundraising.

title: Conservation Authorities Act


text:
James F. Brennan

James F. Brennan (born April 17, 1952) is an American politician. He is a former Democratic member of the New York State Assembly, representing the 44th Assembly District (Brooklyn).

Biography
Brennan was elected to the Assembly in 1984, from the 51st Assembly District, which included the neighborhoods of Park Slope and Sunset Park. In 1992, due to redistricting, Brennan’s district radically changed. He subsequently ran and defeated fellow incumbent Joni Yoswein in the new 44th Assembly District, which includes the neighborhoods of Flatbush, Kensington, Park Slope and Windsor Terrace.

He chaired four committees during his career: six years as Chair of the Assembly Standing Committee on Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities, one year as Chair of the Assembly Committee on Oversight, Analysis, and Investigation, and Chair of the Assembly Committee on Cities. He most recently was the Chair of the Committee on Corporations, Authorities and Commissions.

Brennan has won three national awards as a State legislator. The first, in 1996, was given by the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill for Brennan’s leadership in the fight for parity in mental and physical health benefits. The second was given by the National Conference of State Legislators in 2007, for an investigative report directed by Brennan as Chair of the Committee on Investigation. The report concerned how the Pataki administration undermined services for the severely disabled as a result of the closure of a Medicaid office serving those clients in the fall of 2004.

In 1998 and 1999, Brennan helped win funding for 5,000 new units of housing for the mentally ill in New York State. As Chair of the Cities Committee, Brennan authored two new laws in 2007, to improve public health and safety in construction and development in New York City—one cracking down on the filing of fraudulent building plans to the New York City Department of Buildings, and the other compelling the acquisition of insurance for excavations that might damage adjacent properties.

Brennan also helped create the Restore New York program, a statewide effort to help distressed areas in cities by having the State pay to clear abandoned or vacant residential or commercial property with $300 million in funding.

Brennan is also the author of the Expansion of the Real Property Partial Tax Exemption to low and moderate-income senior citizens in co-ops and condos.

He is an attorney, a graduate of Yale University and Brooklyn Law School.

title: James F. Brennan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Korn unleashed

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Bratsche talk 5 pillars 02:10, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Korn unleashed

 * I was originally going to speedy this, but the user's claims made me decide on a vanity. If it was a registered user, i'd ask them to NPOV it before deleting, but it was made by an anon. Alexa has this site at 198,408, so I am doubtful of their claims. Karmafist 02:25, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this is totally vanity. -- MicahMN | μ 02:33, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Only Crunk and Durty South no rock Delete -CrunkGurl88 07:20, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. --Agamemnon2 09:28, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Deleteas vanity. Dottore So 16:50, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. AngryParsley 16:50, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, if possible. Poorly written advert. —kooo 16:54, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * This should probably be merged with Korn, albeit probably as nothing more than an "external link" listing. Kelly Martin 21:30, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per everybody else D. J. Bracey (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 21:54, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Locomotive No. 1

Locomotive No. 1 hauled the first passenger train in New South Wales, Australia. It was built by Robert Stephenson and Company. In 1846, the Sydney Railway Company was formed with the objective of building a railway line between Sydney and Parramatta. No. 1 was one of four locomotives that arrived by sea from the manufacturer in January 1855. The first passenger train hauled by No. 1 was a special service from Sydney Station to Long Cove viaduct (near the present site of Lewisham) on 24 May 1855, Queen Victoria's birthday.

A common misconception is that Locomotive No. 1 hauled the first train at the grand opening of the first New South Wales railway, on 26 September 1855. In fact, No. 1 was in need of maintenance that day and not in steam. Its identical sister locomotive No. 3 worked the first passenger train from Sydney at 9:00 am and this was followed by the official train at 12:00 noon hauled by No. 2, driven by William Sixsmith and fireman William Webster.

Design
Locomotive No. 1 is the only locomotive designed by James McConnell to have been preserved. McConnell was the Locomotive Superintendent of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Southern Division at Wolverton railway works and the Sydney Railway Company's Consulting Engineer at the time of the railway order.

The design of Locomotive No. 1 was a 0-4-2 modification of the 'Wolverton Express Goods' 0-6-0 introduced on the LNWR in 1854. James McConnell appointed William Scott to supervise the construction of the first engines at Stephenson's Newcastle Works who then proceeded to Sydney to organise their erection.

Operations
Locomotive No. 1 arrived by ship on 13 January 1855 and was hauled to a temporary shed on the site of the Eveleigh Railway Workshops. The Locomotive Engineer William Scott supervised assembly and the engine commenced running on 15 May 1855 with ballast trains for railway construction.

Locomotive No. 1 was used for hauling goods and passengers between Sydney, Campbelltown, Richmond and Penrith, and as newer locomotives arrived was confined to goods services to Picton and Penrith. The locomotive was initially fuelled by local timber and later modified to allow the burning of coal.

The first accident involving Locomotive No. 1 was a derailment on 10 July 1858. Two people were killed when a passenger carriage derailed and fell down an embankment near Homebush. On 6 January 1868, a man was killed when Locomotive No. 1 collided with a passenger train at Newtown Station.

Locomotive No. 1 was withdrawn on 15 May 1877, having travelled 156,542 mi.

Preservation
The Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, later the Powerhouse Museum, approached the Commissioner of Railways to have the locomotive placed in its care. After being rebuilt and repainted, it was presented on 8 May 1884 to the Museum and housed in an annexe of the Agricultural Hall in the Domain. In 1893, it was moved to a special annex built at the Museum's Harris Street site.

Locomotive No. 1 was removed from the Museum and displayed during the 50th Anniversary of NSW Railways in 1905, the NSW Government Railway and Tramway Institute's Great Industrial and Model Exhibition in 1917, the Sesquicentenary of European Settlement in 1938 and finally the Centenary of NSW Railways in 1955.

Following an extensive restoration program, the locomotive featured in the new Powerhouse Museum building opened in 1988. This rebuild disproved speculation that the Locomotive was No. 2, as the majority of parts were stamped with the Makers serial number 958. A small number of other parts were swapped between locomotives per normal repair practice.

Gallery
Photographs reproduced courtesy of the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

title: Locomotive No. 1


text: User talk:24.147.122.211

title: User talk:24.147.122.211


text:
Love Me Two Times

"Love Me Two Times" is a song by the American rock band the Doors. First appearing on their second studio album Strange Days, it was later edited to a 2:37 length and released as the second single (after "People Are Strange") from that album. The single reached number 25 on the charts in the United States.

"Love Me Two Times" was considered to be somewhat risqué for radio airplay, being banned in New Haven for being "too controversial," much to the dismay of the band.

Composition
As with the other songs on Strange Days, the album liner notes list the songwriters as the Doors as does the "Love Me Two Times" single; the performance rights organization ASCAP shows the writers as the individual Doors members.

"Love Me Two Times" incorporates elements from blues and baroque music, and has been classified as a pop, and blues rock song. Band guitarist Robby Krieger stated to Guitar World's Alan Paul that the song's musical idea came from a lick by one of Danny Kalb's compositions. Keyboardist Ray Manzarek played the final version of this song on a harpsichord, not a clavichord that has been often misheard. Manzarek described the instrument as "a most elegant instrument that one does not normally associate with rock and roll."

Lyrics
In his autobiography, Manzarek described the song as "Robby [Krieger]'s great blues/rock [sic] classic about lust and loss, or multiple orgasms, I'm not sure which". According to author Rich Weidman the song is about a sailor or soldier spending one last day with his girlfriend before shipping out to war.

Critical reception
In an AllMusic album review of Strange Days, critic Richie Unterberger described "Love Me Two Times" as "jerkily rhythmic", while Rolling Stone called the song a "heavy, evocative and climatic piece". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine also proclaimed that the song is the album's "most accessible, straightforward rock tune", and praised its "virtuosic harpsichord solo and one of the band's grooviest guitar riffs." Billboard described the single as a "strong folk rocker that can't miss soaring to the top of the Hot 100." Cash Box said that the song was "solid Chicago blues with a punch all its own" and has a "rock pace that builds through the vocal thrusts of lead Jim Morrison, and excellent instrumental sections."

Personnel
Personnel are taken from The Doors – Sounds for Your Soul – Die Musik Der Doors book:

The Doors
 * Jim Morrison – vocals
 * Ray Manzarek – harpsichord
 * Robby Krieger – guitar
 * John Densmore – drums

Additional musicians
 * Doug Lubahn – bass

Aerosmith version
"Love Me Two Times" was recorded by Aerosmith for the soundtrack of the 1990 film Air America (whose producers, Carolco Pictures, would also produce a biopic about the Doors). The band also performed it at its 1990 MTV Unplugged performance, where lead singer Steven Tyler dedicated the song to Jim Morrison, who performed with the Doors at the same venue of the Unplugged performance, the Ed Sullivan Theater, several years prior. The 1990 cover reached number 27 on the U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. In 2001, the song was included on their greatest hits album, Young Lust: The Aerosmith Anthology. In addition, a remixed version was included on the Doors tribute album Stoned Immaculate, with added slide guitar by Robby Krieger and keyboards by Ray Manzarek.

title: Love Me Two Times


text:
Category:Knights of Columbus

By consensus, this category should not contain biography articles. __NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Knights of Columbus


text: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-08-15

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-08-15


text:
Triumph 10/20

The Triumph 10/20 is a car manufactured from 1923 until 1926 by the Triumph Motor Company. It was the first Triumph automobile and was named the 10/20 for the Royal Automobile Club's taxation class of 10 horsepower rating and its actual output of 20 brake horsepower. The design was principally by Arthur Alderson assisted by Alan Lea and Arthur Sykes who were employed by Lea-Francis, to whom Triumph paid a royalty on every car made. It was powered by a 1,393 cc (1.4L) 4-cylinder side-valve engine designed by Harry Ricardo and fitted with a single updraught Zenith carburettor. The engine produced 23.5 bhp at 3000 rpm, giving the car a top speed of 52 mi/h and economy of 40 mpgimp. The four-speed gearbox was mounted centrally and coupled to the engine by a short drive shaft.

The car was launched as a 2-seat, steel panelled, open tourer with provision for a third passenger in a dickey seat, utilising bodywork supplied by the Regent Carriage Company of London. A sports model with aluminium body panels and long wings soon followed, and then in 1924 a fabric-covered 4-seat Weymann saloon featuring a single door on the driver's side and two doors on the passenger side. It had a 102 in wheelbase, making it the largest (by 20 in) of the "light cars" of its era. It was the first British production car to be fitted with hydraulic brakes, but at first on the rear wheels only. Approximately 2,500 of this model and the parallel 13/35 and 15/50 models were made. The price was £430 to £460, expensive compared to a contemporary Wolseley 10 selling for £250.

title: Triumph 10/20


text:
Inside 9/11

Inside 9/11 is a three-part television documentary film produced by Towers Productions that premiered on August 21 and August 22, 2005, on the National Geographic Channel. The program covers the September 11 attacks in 2001, the events that led to it, and its aftermath. The first part consisted of examining, event by event, the build-up towards September 11. The second part consisted of the events of 9/11 itself and the aftermath. Experts and eyewitnesses provide their accounts of the attacks, and the events are covered in chronological order.

Inside 9/11 was the highest-rated program ever on the National Geographic Channel and was nominated for an Emmy in 2006.

On August 27, 2006, the documentary was released again with details about Zacarias Moussaoui and Able Danger.

On May 7, 2011, the third part was released with details on the death of Osama bin Laden and the rise of attacks inspired by other leaders such as Anwar al-Awlaki, who is suspected of preparing three of the 9/11 hijackers in San Diego and Virginia.

War on America
The first part covers the pre-9/11 events leading up to the forthcoming terrorist attacks. It opens with the 1993 WTC Bombing and then explores the Soviet–Afghan War along with Osama bin Laden, the formation of al-Qaeda, the planning of the Planes Operation, and the choosing of its operatives.

Zero Hour
The second part covers the unfolding events of September 11, 2001. It opens with the 5:43 a.m. check-in of two Flight 11 hijackers at Portland International Jetport. It explores the following events: impacts of Flight 11 into the World Trade Center at 8:46 a.m., Flight 175 into World Trade Center 2 at 9:03 a.m., Flight 77 into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m. and United 93 in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania at 10:03 a.m.; the collapse of World Trade Center 2 at 9:59 a.m., the collapse of the Pentagon's E-ring at 10:15 a.m., and the collapse of World Trade Center 1 at 10:28 a.m.—it however, fails to mention the collapse of World Trade Center 7 at 5:20 p.m. It also briefly explores attacks taking place after 9/11.

The War Continues
The third part covers the post-9/11 events leading up to the killing of Osama bin Laden. It begins with the raid of bin Laden's compound, and then explores several related terrorist attacks, including the 2002 Bali bombings, 2004 Madrid train bombings, the assassination of Nick Berg, the 7 July 2005 London bombings, 2008 Mumbai attacks, and the 2009 Fort Hood shooting. It ends with the death of Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan. It explores the life of Anwar al-Awlaki and his involvement in 9/11. Al-Awlaki was killed on September 30, 2011 in a drone strike.

Featured details
In MacDill Air Force Base, a Military Committee is reviewing an unusual chart known as Able Danger, which allowed Mohamed Atta and Marwan al-Shehhi to travel across the U.S. without being caught because they hold valid U.S. Visas and may be off Intelligence Gathering by the military and the FBI.

Zacarias Moussaoui, the alleged "twentieth hijacker", is in U.S. custody for the foreseeable future as he is arrested on an immigration charge and the role to fly a plane into the White House if not being arrested four weeks prior to 9/11. He is the only person to date to be charged in relation to the 9/11 attacks.

The supervising producer was Nicole Rittenmeyer.

On the TV Ad on September 16, 2007, National Geographic Channel announced this documentary re-air on September 17, 2007 at 10pm using Singapore's StarHub TV. After the show, it was aired again on September 24, 2007.

title: Inside 9/11


text:
File:Pegasus-gate.jpg

A screenshot from the science fiction television series Stargate Atlantis. See also Stargate.

Rationale for fair use in Stargate (device)
Although this image is subject to copyright, the editors of Wikipedia, among them myself (Alfakim) in particular, feel that it is covered by US fair use laws because:
 * It is a low resolution still image;
 * It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the related product in any way

Further, we believe our use of the image is fair because it is not being used merely to decorate the related article, but rather:
 * Aids commentary by illustrating the subject matter
 * Is not used irrelevantly but is strictly referred to

title: File:Pegasus-gate.jpg


text:
Yalobusha River

The Yalobusha River is a river, 165 mi long, in north-central Mississippi in the United States. It is a principal tributary of the Yazoo River, via which it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. The name "Yalobusha" comes from the Choctaw word yalooboshi, meaning "little tadpole", from yalooba, "tadpole", and -ushi, "diminutive". The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on the river's name in 1892. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known as "Yallabusha" and as the "Yellowbushy River."

Course
The Yalobusha River rises in Chickasaw County, northwest of the town of Houston, and flows generally west-southwestwardly through Calhoun, Grenada and Leflore Counties, past the town of Grenada. At Greenwood it joins the Tallahatchie River to form the Yazoo River.

Much of the Yalobusha's course through Calhoun County has been straightened and channelized; this section of the river is also known as the "Yalobusha River Canal." In Grenada County, the river is impounded by a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dam to form Grenada Lake, which collects the Yalobusha's largest tributary, the Skuna River. The Yalobusha at Grenada, MS averages a discharge of 2,436 cubic feet per second.

Major tributaries

 * Big Sand Creek
 * Skuna River
 * Batupan Bogue
 * Topashaw Creek

title: Yalobusha River


text:
Category:Milwaukeeans

Milwaukeean [mɪlˈwɔːkɪən] adj (Placename) of or relating to Milwaukee or its inhabitants.

title: Category:Milwaukeeans


text:
Talk:Abortion clinic

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 21 January 2020 and 10 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jcbarrett31.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:15, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Comment
I'm wondering if the 'Attacks on Abortion Clinics' section should be split off into it's own article. It seems like there is enough information out there for just this. I'd like to see what some other people think though. Malo 02:33, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
The term "Abortion Clinic" is NOT in any way NPOV. Planned parenthood would never refer to themselves as an "Abortion clinic." They perform the full range of women's health services including referrals for adoption, STD prevention and treatment, contraception, and general gyn care for women who lack insurance or can't afford private practitioners. This article should not exist in its present form, or should be redesigned to reflect that "abortion clinic" is not a universally accepted term. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.67.178.11 (talk) 01:52, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Clean Up
This article is severely slanted for while most of it's content is true it is written is such a way that it blames Pro-life people. Also it doesn't fully explain why there is such violence towards the abortion clinics. Chooserr

Removed POV tag
I can't really see how the article could be made more neutral, though specific suggestions are welcome. It's not that helpful to just say it's "slanted" since the article as it stands seems to present the facts, more or less. Demi T/C 00:18, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

==Actually there are plenty of ways the article could be made more NPOV. The main section of the article is about violence against such clinics, rather than about how they work and run. E.g.

-what they actually do -impact of medical technologies, such as ultrasound, on such clinics over the years -The various methods clinics use to perform abortions -statistics on why people choose to go there for abortions -how they are funded -how they typically operate (what actually happens start to finish when a patient requests and has an abortion) -patient care -typical costs for abortion procedures -what happens to the body parts of the foetuses (e.g. Examination? Are records taken? Are they placed in medical waste? Can parents take them for burial?) -information on "successful" and "unsuccessful" abortions -the history of such clinics e.g. where and when was the first one, and who founded it -key people in the movement -clinics and government legislation over the years -information on such clinics worldwide -moral and ethical arguments presented from both sides of the argument

Also the statistics are worded from the POV that abortion providers perform an essential service to the community, and that it is undesirable when such services are not required. There is an opposing POV which regards abortion as the willfull killing of an unborn human being. It may be possible to avoid POV bias by using wording such as (for example only - I'm making up the facts here): -"In 25 US states, abortion is legal, and state funding is available. In the other 25 states, it is illegal to perform abortions, and thus abortions are not funded." -"At 45 OB/GYN training colleges, abortions are seen as the taking of human life, and thus these colleges, which train 60 percent of OB/GYN practitioners, do not train students in any abortions. At 47 colleges, abortions are seen as an essential service, and thus these colleges, which train 40 percent of OB/GYN practitioners, train studnets in both first and second trimester abortions.

Having said all this, actually improving the article will take a lot of time. Good luck! Also language such as "abortion services" is POV on the pro-abortion side. More neutral would be "abortions", "medical/surical abortion" or "abortion procedures" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.148.223.14 (talk) 07:54, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Add Content?
Should this article contain specific terms to define why it is a "clinic?" And what makes the clinicians different from Doctors or RNs? What is the medical background of a typical abortion clinic? These are questions i've asked myself. Has anyone else wondered, or know the answers? Renee 01:49, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Presence of clinic directory, and which one?
I'm not convinced this article needs to link to a directory of abortion clinics; Wikipedia's primary job isn't to enable people to find services of any kind. On the other hand, we do point to directories for things like books or other things. If we decide a directory link is necessary, we then have to decide which one. The current link is misleading, since it is labeled "Abortion.com" but actually links to abortiion.com. It looks like both have appeared in the article.

I'm concerned that either or both of these sites might be selective (for pay) in their listings, or may reflect a hidden agenda. abortiion.com seems to cover less and might be paid listing. I'm looking for other opinions on whether a directory link should be included at all, and if so, what would be most appropriate (perhaps a directory not used yet).

Demi T/C 23:03, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have corrected the error. I assume it was a typo or the result of vandalism which previously went undetected. Being that this article's pro-life corollary, Crisis pregnancy center, contains links to relevant organizations and services, I think it's fair that a similar link be included upon this page. It's also included at Abortion. -Severa (!!!) 23:17, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Why is Patterson on the list?
The police concluded that Patterson's death was a mob hit associated with his gambling debts.70.16.89.105 20:44, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

The first Dutch abortion clinic
Does this belong in this article? It would make sense only in a history section. -- davidz (talk) 03:23, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * or in an article on Abortion in the Netherlands, such as the article on Abortion in Finland. -- davidz (talk) 03:48, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Why the need for abortion clinics?
In many countries, abortions are performed routinely at ordinary hospitals, so why do some countries have abortion clinics? Is it a legal requirement? a cultural thing? or just historical accident? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.62.162.197 (talk) 19:42, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, it's no different than a dialysis clinic or an eye clinic: Like the lede says, an abortion clinic would be a clinic that primarily provides or specializes in that particular procedure.  The real question is, do such clinics really exist, or is this just a pejorative anti-abortion term?  Given the unsourced (and probably inaccurate) statement about Planned Parenthood in the lede, I suspect the latter. Groupthink (talk) 22:58, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
 * In fact, after further review, this entire article appears to be a POV fork of clinic, and I am proposing a merge accordingly. In the meantime, I am removing all unsourced and inaccurate material. Groupthink (talk) 00:26, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
 * You fail to see my point.In many countries dialysis and eye doctoring would take place in an ordinary hospital as well. Why is it in the USA for example, that abortions are done in a clinic rather than a hospital. AFAIU, the reason is political, in order to ostrasize and shame women who have abortions. I think that is an important issue that should be covered by the article. As far as the the whole article goes, for people in countries that have abortion clinics, it seems to be a subject that is quite distinct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.62.162.197 (talk • contribs) 01:37, March 5, 2010
 * I do fail to see your point, because I don't understand your point, and I apologize for that. I think we may be running into some "cross-pond" terminology confusion here.  Just to clarify:  Clinic in American English is analogous to surgery in British English.  One is not required to go to a special "abortion clinic" in order to obtain the procedure.  In fact, that's why I oppose this article because it propagates that myth.  Abortions are but one of many medical procedures offered by clinics and hospitals in the U.S. Groupthink (talk) 08:59, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
 * There is no cross-pond confusion. I read that only a third of US OBGYN residency programs offer abortion training and only 10 percent of hospitals offer the procedure. If this is true, then it follows that a woman wanting an abortion can't just go to any hospital to have an abortion. 95% of US abortions are performed at abortion clinics, which is why this article is warranted. My original question still isn't answered. After Roe Vs. Wade almost all abortions were performed in hospitals, but today 95 percent are performed outside of hospitals... Why is that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.62.162.197 (talk) 09:57, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the clarification. Could you provide a citation for those 33%/10%/95% statistics?  As to your inpatient vs. outpatient question – I'm not an expert in the field, but I would bet dollars-to-donuts that the answer, in a nutshell, is Christianity.  A large number of hospital conglomerates in the US are run by various Catholic, Lutheran, and Baptist organizations.  Now I'd like to elaborate further on my original point.  What exactly is an "abortion clinic"?  Is it any clinic where abortions are performed?  That seems like way too broad a generalization to me, like calling Cedars-Sinai an "ulcer clinic" or the Mayo Clinic a "diabetes clinic".  On the other hand, I think it would be fair to say that a facility like LensCrafters is an "ophthalmology/optometry clinic" because it is dedicated solely to procedures relating to the eye.  Which brings me to my (admittedly rhetorical) question:  Where are all of these facilities devoted strictly or primarily to abortions?  Are these clinics staffed by Abortionologists?  Is their motto "Abortions in about an hour"? Groupthink (talk) 11:14, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Merge discussion
I propose that the contents of this article should be merged into abortion-related violence anti-abortion violence, abortion and clinic as is appropriate. Groupthink (talk) 00:50, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Why? You've not given a rationale. The current article is poor, but the topic of abortion clinics is a very notable one. I fail to see how a merge would be a good idea. We should improve poor articles on notable topics, not brush them under the carpet. Fences  &  Windows  01:57, 1 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I did give a rationale in the topic above, which I'll repeat and expand upon here: This article is a POV fork of clinic, existing only for the purpose of loudly emphasizing one particular medical service over others provided by OB/GYN or women's health clinics. Groupthink (talk) 14:03, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose. They are two quite separate and notable topics. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 07:13, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Please clarify: Which two topics are you asserting are separate and notable?  Thanks.  Groupthink (talk) 09:00, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
 * "Abortion clinic" is a notable topic, and quite able to stand on its own - it is not the same as a generic "clinic". It's not a "POV fork", abortion clinics certainly do exist and have been written about extensively in academia; what POV is being pushed here? The POV that abortion clinics exist? We could rename the article to "Abortion provider" to allow inclusion of facilities that are not wholly abortion clinics. If you want to write an article on obs and gyn clinics, go right ahead. Fences  &  Windows  03:54, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Could you provide a list of clinics which rarely or never perform procedures other than abortions? Groupthink (talk) 08:50, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Why? Fences  &  Windows  18:19, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Clinic and Abortion clinic are the two topics that I see as separate and notable. On closer inspection I see that article is only about the US and I have placed a globalize tag on it. Rather than merging it and causing systemic bias in other articles I think it should be moved to Abortion clinics in the United States. Is there other countries with abortion clinics? -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 19:48, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * (ec)Maybe it isn't clear, but it seems like Groupthink is arguing that such a phenomena as an "abortion clinic" is actually a misconception or 'myth', and such a list would help refute the point, I guess. I can understand what Groupthink is getting at. Perhaps "abortion clinic" isn't the best term, especially if it is misleading, deceptive, or possibly pejorative in nature. Maybe it's like the "drug store" vs. "pharmacy" difference, or even "death tax" vs. "estate tax". Perhaps this isn't the most neutral (or self-identifying) term, and maybe we should reconsider renaming to "women's clinic", and expanding the content? The article currently is very poor, doesn't really say that much, and I could see some validity in merging the content elsewhere (though perhaps an article on full service women's clinics would be better, with a section concerning the abortion controversy/violence). As it stands, the article starts with the definition: An abortion clinic is a medical facility that primarily performs or specializes in abortions., and it seems Groupthink is asking for evidence of such a phenomena. I have my own personal anecdotal evidence, but I won't contribute that because it isn't a valid source. I think examining the scope and title of this article would help bring about better content (which hopefully we can all agree is rather poor to nil). -Andrew c [talk] 19:57, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

There is plenty of evidence that abortion clinics exist. Google gives 461,000 hits. I would be opposed to any page name change since the current title is descriptive and in common usage. We should not sanitise WP. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 21:28, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree that there is plenty of evidence that the term "abortion clinic" exists. I'm arguing, as Andrew c eloquently sums up above, that the term is derogatory and gives undue weight to the anti-abortion POV.  If this article's title is going to be kept as-is, then the lede ought to say something like "Abortion clinic is a term generally used as a pejorative descriptor of any facility which performs abortion procedures, regardless of other medical services offered" a la homosexual agenda. Groupthink (talk)
 * Well, I wouldn't support that either, without sources. If it is just your opinion it is a pejorative term, we shouldn't present it as such. We just need sources. Both sides. -Andrew c [talk] 22:55, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, as the big to-do dealing around the titles 'Catholic Church' vs. the 'Roman Catholic Church' illustrated, self-identity is an important part of the naming conventions, so considering a name change based on self-identity shouldn't be considered an attempt to "sanitise WP". But again, we shouldn't consider that without sources.... -Andrew c [talk] 22:57, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The topics are hard enough to address objectively without running all of them together. Perhaps Clinical abortion might be less polarizing than Abortion clinic, but in any case Abortion should not be merged.LeadSongDog come howl!  15:42, 19 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Clinical abortion doesn't convey the location, which is the point of this article. To me, clinical abortion would be contrasted with say unsafe abortion or homeopathic abortion, or you know? We are trying to convey "abortion providers", or maybe even more specifically a women's clinic which specializes in (or only does) abortion. I'm OK with the current title, but not set. I could be persuaded otherwise, I guess, but not actively seeking a change. -Andrew c [talk] 15:54, 19 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Is the subject to be the places, the practices, the practitioners, the methods, the biology, the laws, the religious doctrines, or the politics? It's rather like a Five Ws thing. Perhaps a taxonomy would be helpful. Artificially induced abortions are rare except in humans. Spontaneous abortion is almost the only type seen in other species, yet our WP:CSB rarely goes so far as to consider them as equal subjects.LeadSongDog come howl!  17:13, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

The tags had been up for months, and there wasn't momentum (consensus) here for any change, so I've removed the tags. -Andrew c [talk] 15:41, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

List of statistics
How necessary is the list of statistics? Surely that is more suited to Abortion. Seems rather biased, also. --Thewhatofwhom (talk) 14:06, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Updated numbers
The section on the United States is based on numbers from 2008. I believe that the landscape has changed significantly since then: there have been hundreds of bills passed restricting access to abortion; at least three states (North Dakota, Kansas, Mississippi) have only one abortion provider left; Mississippi passed a law in 2012 (still being disputed in court) with the goal of shutting down its last provider; several other states have passed or are trying to pass similar laws for the same purpose. Does anyone know of a relatively up-to-date list of abortion providers grouped by state? DES (talk) 12:02, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Interesting. We could compile a list of the number of abortion providers by state too. --92slim (talk) 12:03, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

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Updated statistics
I updated the United States statistics to reflect the known number of abortion providers. DataNerdMPH (talk) 19:33, 8 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abortion clinic


text:
Subbundle

In mathematics, a subbundle $$U$$ of a vector bundle $$V$$ on a topological space $$X$$ is a collection of linear subspaces $$U_x$$of the fibers $$V_x$$ of $$V$$ at $$x$$ in $$X,$$ that make up a vector bundle in their own right.

In connection with foliation theory, a subbundle of the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold may be called a distribution (of tangent vectors).

If a set of vector fields $$Y_k$$ span the vector space $$U,$$ and all Lie commutators $$\left[Y_i, Y_j\right]$$ are linear combinations of the $$Y_k,$$ then one says that $$U$$ is an involutive distribution.

title: Subbundle