text:
Federal Palace of Switzerland

The Federal Palace is a building in Bern housing the Swiss Federal Assembly (legislature) and the Federal Council (executive). It is the seat of the government of Switzerland and parliament of the country. The building is a listed symmetrical complex just over 300 m long. It is considered one of the most important historic buildings in the country and listed in the Swiss Inventory of Cultural Assets of National Importance. It consists of three interconnected buildings in the southwest of Bern's old city. The two chambers of the Federal Assembly, the National Council and Council of States, meet in the parliament building on Bundesplatz.

The oldest part of the Federal Palace is the west wing (then called "Bundes-Rathaus", now "Bundeshaus West"), built from 1852 to 1857 under Jakob Friedrich Studer. The building united the federal administration, government and parliament under one roof. To solve pressing space problems, the east wing ("Bundeshaus Ost") was built from 1884 to 1892 under Hans Wilhelm Auer. Under Auer's direction, the parliament building in the center was erected between 1894 and 1902 to conclude the project. At the beginning of the 21st century, the first comprehensive renovation of the Federal Palace took place.

The west wing on Bundesgasse is the headquarters of two departments of the Federal Administration, and houses the Federal Chancellery and the Parliamentary Library; the Federal Council also holds its meetings here. Two other departments have their headquarters in the east wing on Kochergasse. The sobriety of the two wings corresponds to their main purpose as administrative buildings, contrasting with the more monumental parliament building constructed in neo-Renaissance style with a portico and a striking dome. The rich artistic decoration whose symbolism is based on the history, constitutional foundations and cultural diversity of Switzerland, as well as stone used from all parts of the country, underline the character of the parliament building as a national monument.

Location and urban classification
The Federal Palace is located on the south-western edge of the Old City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, on a fortification of the slope to the Marzili district known as the Federal Terrace. The building complex extends over a length of just over 300 meters and consists of three parts: the Federal Palace West on Bundesgasse, the Parliament Building on Bundesplatz and the Federal Palace East on Kochergasse. While the Federal Palace East is aligned from east to west, the other two parts of the building are each angled slightly to the south-west.

Despite its size and dominant position, the Federal Palace blends into the cityscape due to the use of Bernese sandstone for the facades. The other buildings in the old town are also made of this building material, which has a greenish-grey colour. The Federal Palace is flanked by the former Hotel Bernerhof in the west and the Hotel Bellevue Palace in the east, which is also the official residence for state guests. In addition to the Federal Palace, the cantonal bank building and the building of the Swiss National Bank border the federal square. The mountain station of the Marzili Funicular, which leads down to the Marzili district, is located on the Bundesterrasse between Federal Palace West and the Bernerhof.

The old University Hospital of Bern, built between 1718 and 1724 according to plans by the baroque master Franz Beer, stood on the site of today's Federal Palace East. When the hospital was demolished in 1888, the remains of the walls of the medieval monastery St. Michael zur Insel also revealed a Jewish tombstone, and another in 1901 when the Bundesplatz was created. These tombstones belonged to a cemetery (Judenkilchhof) that had been expropriated and sold in 1294 after the Jews had been expelled. An information board was installed at this location in September 2009 to commemorate Jewish prehistory.

Initial position
The modern Swiss federal state came into being when the federal constitution became effective on September 12, 1848, but the location of the nation's capital remained unresolved. On 28 November, the Federal Assembly voted in favor of Bern as the federal city and the seat of the federal authorities (however, to this day, Switzerland has no de jure capital). Provisional solutions were necessary as there was no suitable central building to accommodate the government, parliament and federal administration. The Federal Council convened in the Erlacherhof; the National Council operated at an 1821-built music hall known as the "casino" and if necessary the Bern town hall; while the Council of States met in the Äusseren Stand town hall. The federal court and administration moved into various buildings in the Old City.

The Burgergemeinde Bern was a public corporation representing the city's citizens and the powerful patriciates, and thus the superior municipality during the period. With a narrow majority, their assembly accepted the election of Bern as the federal city. However, it also transferred responsibility for the construction of the parliament and government building to the municipality, which had been formed only 15 years previously. The federal government lacked the authority to construct its own buildings, but this decision accelerated the political disempowerment of the civic community by liberal forces. This process was completed in 1852 with the transfer of autonomy to the Einwohnergemeinde Bern and the separation of property (division of assets).

In February 1849, the Federal Council commissioned the city authorities to survey suitable locations for a central building. The building was to accommodate the halls of both chambers of parliament, rooms for the Federal Council, 96 offices and the chancellor's apartment. Based on several suggestions, the Federal Council decided in favor of the area of the municipal timber yard next to the "casino", on the southern edge of the Old City and on the upper edge of the slope down to the Aare river. An architectural competition hosted by the municipal council began on 8 April 1850 for the Federal Town Hall. In a desire to avoid burdening Bern's citizens with extra loans and special taxes, the tender was deliberately thrifty and focused on cost savings. The proposed building was to be dignified but still as functional and simple as possible. Competitors were asked to avoid "useless splendor and exaggerated dimensions" and to use Bernese sandstone since the "surroundings of Bern have a wealth of the best and most beautiful sandstone".

Modest beginnings: West wing
The official jury consisted of the architects Melchior Berri, Ludwig Friedrich Osterrieth, Robert Roller and Gustav Albert Wegmann, as well as the building inspector Bernhard Wyss. Out of 37 submitted designs, that of Ferdinand Stadler emerged victorious. The jury awarded three further prizes: second place went to Felix Wilhelm Kubly, third to Johann Carl Dähler, and fourth to Jean Franel. A special jury appointed by the Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (SIA), but which had no influence on the project, judged the three first-place designs in reverse order of precedence.

The losing competitors were assigned the central wing to the council chambers and the side wings to the administration. Dähler and Franel designed the larger National Council chamber in the form of an amphitheater. While Dähler had it protrude from the building as a roof crown, Franel planned a semicircular bulge in the facade. Kubly recognized that, unlike previous new European parliament buildings, two equal councils had to be considered and therefore abandoned the overly dominant semicircle in favor of two rectangular halls. A common theme in all three projects was the placement of both halls on the central axis, which led to unfavorable proportions of the central tract. Stadler, on the other hand, was able to convince a horseshoe-shaped layout. He allocated the central wing to the Federal Council and the administration and relegated the parliamentary chambers to the projecting side wings. In addition, he oriented himself stylistically not to classicism, but to the novel round-arched style of neo-Romanesque architecture. He used the buildings on Ludwigstrasse in Munich, in particular the Bavarian State Library, as a model.

Some critics disliked the staggering of the building and the continuous round arches. Stadler was put off by the objections and revised his design, adding classical elements. The revised design, however, met with even less approval. On 23 June 1851, the Bern City Council decided to commission the master builder Jakob Friedrich Studer to prepare a new design. Studer, who had not participated in the competition, adopted Stadler's original design and reintroduced the staggering while strengthening the round-arched style instead of toning it down. The revision found favor and Studer was awarded the building contract. After the terrace had been filled in, the foundation stone was laid on 21 September 1852. The ceremonial handover took place on 5 June 1857 following five years of construction.

In 1858, the Berna fountain was erected in the cour d'honneur of the Federal Town Hall, and a statue added five years later. The decorations in the council chambers were very sparse due to cost constraints. August Hövemeyer and his brother Ludwig painted four allegorical murals in the National Council Chamber and added ornamental designs. In 1861, the cantons donated coat-of-arms panels for the Council of States Hall, but these were removed just ten years later due to unfavorable lighting conditions. A commission headed by Federal Councillor Jakob Dubs proposed transforming the Federal Council Chamber into a national museum which would exhibit historical paintings and busts of famous Swiss personalities. The Council of States approved this proposal in 1865, but the National Council rejected it twice in 1866.

The building owner, the city of Bern, placed far greater value on properly functioning building services than on ostentation. Steam heating from Sulzer guaranteed warmth in all rooms even in winter. Of particular note in the otherwise sober building were the candelabras lit by gas lighting. The municipal gasworks was located below the Bundesterrasse from 1841 to 1876 and thus in the immediate vicinity.

A project by Frank Buchser did not come to fruition: the victory of the Northern states in the American Civil War had triggered a wave of sympathy rallies in Switzerland. At the end of 1865, Buchser planned a mural in the National Council Chamber depicting the most important American personalities of the time, which was intended to express Switzerland's solidarity with the United States. Although he was able to produce portraits of numerous prominent people during his four-year stay in America, General Ulysses S. Grant refused to appear in the group portrait because his opponent Robert E. Lee was also to be depicted, and it was not done.

Lack of space: East wing

The 1874 Swiss constitutional referendum approved a new constitution which came into effect on 29 May 1874, resulting in a marked devolution of power from the cantons to the Confederation. The rapidly-growing federal administration soon complained of an acute shortage of space. The Federal Council asked the city to provide sufficient working space for the numerous new federal offices but Bern was unable meet this demand. In 1876, the city therefore ceded the Federal Town Hall and the responsibility for extensions and new buildings to the Confederation. In 1861, the third floor of the central wing was opened to the Bernese Art Society. The transfer of its collection to the new Museum of Fine Arts in 1879 only temporarily alleviated the lack of space.

The federal government acquired Kleine Schanze west of the Hotel Bernerhof for a building site in 1876. It announced a competition for an administrative building to be used by the military, railroad and trade departments. Only a year later however, the project was abandoned; the Universal Postal Monument stands on the site today. In 1880, the federal government purchased the Inselspital building, which was separated from the Federal Town Hall by the casino. The initial plan was to rebuild the it, but the National Council demanded a new building. The Federal Superintendent of Buildings decided instead to erect a parliament building between the new building and the existing Federal Town Hall (i.e. instead of the casino) in a second stage. In accordance with this intention, the Confederation announced an architectural competition on 23 February 1885, with Louis Bezencenet, James Édouard Collin, Johann Christoph Kunkler, Heinrich Viktor von Segesser, and Arnold Geiser, as well as Arnold Flückiger, adjunct of the Superintendent of Buildings, serving as judges.

Of 36 designs submitted, the one by Alfred Friedrich Bluntschli won first prize and Hans Wilhelm Auer second. Bluntschli weighted the architecture according to the task of the buildings. In this respect, the new Federal Palace East was to be a compact, modest administrative wing and the parliament building was to have the form of a strictly classical Greek round temple. Auer, on the other hand, did not adopt a hierarchical structure. He designed a symmetrical building complex that included the Federal Town Hall as the west wing. For the east wing he adopted its round-arched style, while for the main building he envisaged the neo-Renaissance style. In accordance with the prevailing architectural theory of the time, which was largely influenced by Gottfried Semper, the jury criticized Auer's symmetry as functionally incomprehensible. The dome was the subject of particular criticism as it was not situated above a dignified council chamber but above a 'profane' staircase. Auer had taken his cue from the United States Capitol, arguing that the dome crowns Parliament as a whole and does not favor either council.

The federal administration and parliamentarians liked Auer's dome motif. In 1887, the Federal Assembly overrode the decision of the jury and awarded the building contract for Federal Palace East to Auer. It passed over Bluntschli on the grounds that the competition was primarily concerned with the basic disposition; the design of the parliament building would be decided on at a later date. The Inselspital, which had stood empty since 1884, was demolished in 1887. Construction on Federal Palace East began in late 1888 and was completed in May 1892. While marble had been used sparingly as a decorative stone in the Bundes-Rathaus (known as the Federal Palace West from 1895), nine different types of stone were used in the interior of Federal Palace East. The extensive construction project offered the opportunity to upgrade the Federal Superstructure Inspectorate to the Directorate for Federal Buildings, from which the modern-day Federal Office for Buildings and Logistics is established.

National monument: Parliament building

In 1891, the architects Auer and Bluntschli received an invitation to another architectural competition. At the express wish of the Federal Council, the jury was international, comprising Léo Châtelain, Ernst Jung, Hans Konrad Pestalozzi (National Councillor and Mayor of Zurich), Heinrich Reese (Building Inspector of the Canton of Basel-Stadt), Friedrich Wüest (National Councillor and Mayor of Lucerne), and Arnold Flückiger (Director of Federal Buildings). Frenchman Gaspard André and German Paul Wallot (architect of the Reichstag building in Berlin) also participated in the jury.

Bluntschli was aware that the Federal Palace East had created a fait accompli and that without a dome, the parliament building would hardly stand out among the symmetrical buildings. He abandoned his architectural restraint and tried to outdo his competitor with a pompous domed building reminiscent of the Palais du Trocadéro in Paris. In comparison, Auer's design appeared moderate and restrained. Nevertheless, the jury could not reach a decision as it still considered a dome over a vestibule room to be "monstrous". On 30 June 1891, the Federal Council acted on its own authority and decided in favor of Auer. The National Council approved the decision on 24 March 1893 and the Council of States followed suit on 30 March 1894.

Auer drew up the plans and took into account the criticism of his professional colleagues. By extending the dome space to form a Greek cross, he removed the character of a vestibule. He designed the staircase as a bridge-like structure standing freely in space, following the example of the Opéra Garnier in Paris. He also took up the suggestion of the Schweizerische Bauzeitung to give the domed hall a higher consecration by installing statues. The sculptor Anselmo Laurenti made a plaster model, which was presented to the Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects in 1895 and exhibited at the National Exhibition in Geneva the following year.

Auer intended to represent Switzerland symbolically in the parliament building through the use of stone deposits all over the country. In order to realize this goal, he assigned a central role to this ideal in his planning. This goal was not fully achieved but nevertheless, all significant stones of Switzerland were used. They embody the diversity of the country according to petrographic, geological and federal aspects. Particularly noteworthy is the almost complete use of stones that had been used for exclusive purposes since the 18th century by the Johann Friedrich Funk (1706) workshop in Bern and the Doret workshop in Vevey. Swiss limestones dominate the architecture of the Federal Palace. Other materiel from Swiss quarries include marble, sandstone, gneiss, granite, and serpentinite. Carrara marble and Savonnières limestone from Belgium, France and Italy were used for sculptures.

No fewer than 30 types of stone from 13 different cantons and half-cantons were used in the construction of the building. Almost all of Switzerland's tectonic structural units are represented, dating back in geological history between five and a thousand million years: the crystalline basement of the Aarmassif and Gotthard Massif mountain ranges, the Helvetic and Penninic nappes, the Southern Alps, the limestone of the Jura Mountains, and the molasses of the Swiss Plateau. The elaborate handling of these rocks is unique in the history of Swiss architecture.

Auer also planned the rest of the design of the Federal Palace, personally selecting most the 38 Swiss artists who carried out the work and obliging them to work according to his detailed specifications. His approach corresponded to that of his teacher Theophil Hansen, who had also drawn up and rigorously enforced an iconographic program for the parliament building in Vienna. Auer did not have a free hand in selecting the all the artists. Federal Councillor Adrien Lachenal, whose Federal Department of Home Affairs was responsible also for construction and art, awarded some commissions because he felt too little consideration had been given to French-speaking Switzerland. 173 Swiss companies were involved in the construction work. Auer created a Swiss national monument with a rich and symbolic iconography depicting the history, constitutional foundations, and activities of the country's inhabitants.

The Swiss Confederation bought the casino property from the city, after which construction began on the parliament building on 5 September 1894. The Federal Terrace on the south side was extended, but not all the way to the Kirchenfeld Bridge as originally planned. On 11 April 1900, the erection of the large dome was celebrated. The handover of the parliament building took place on the morning of 1 April 1902 in an official ceremony. The construction costs for the parliament building amounted to 7.2 million francs (about 700 million in today's terms). Of this, 16.2% was spent on artistic decoration.

Structural changes
After the opening of the parliament building, the two council chambers in Federal Palace West were abolished; their original use can only be guessed at. Instead of the Council of States hall, offices and a post office counter were built (in operation until 2005). The former National Council Chamber was reduced in size and further subdivided by an iron construction with stairs and walkways. It has since housed a library for use by employees of the federal administration and members of parliament, which is not open to the public except for special occasions, for security reasons.

Over the course of time, the use of space in the parliament building was repeatedly adapted to changing, often short-term needs. In addition to necessary technical improvements, however, remodeling works were carried out in the 1960s. In numerous rooms, vaults, ceilings and wall partitions were covered up or demolished. Coloured wallpaper was painted over with white paint and stucco replaced with plasterboard. In 1965, the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation began operating radio and television transmissions on the third floor above the Council of States hall, which required the installation of a massive, wide-span concrete ceiling. Since the attic spaces were also being used increasingly intensively, it seemed appropriate to wall up the lunette windows facing the domed hall. As a result, natural light no longer entered, giving the hall a gloomy appearance.

Restorations and renovations

In 1991, the National Council commission charged with drafting parliamentary reform decided to examine a far-reaching expansion of the parliament's premises. In a project competition, Mario Botta's proposal for an extension in the form of a citadel-like structure on the slope below the parliament building prevailed. Massive historic preservation and urban planning concerns were however raised against the project, and it was abandoned by the National Council on 17 March 1993 at the request of the Parliamentary Reform Commission, on the grounds of the federal government's poor financial situation. Later that year, the National Council Chamber underwent extensive restoration for the first time since its inauguration. For this reason, the Councillors held a session outside Bern for the first time ever in Geneva. In 1999, at the suggestion of Council of States member Dick Marty, the Federal Assembly decided to hold the 2001 spring session in Lugano. This made it possible to restore the Hall of the Council of States as well.

The differing demands of parliamentarians, media and the administration using the Federal Palace led to ever greater organizational problems. Parliamentarians complained about the lack of rooms for meetings and secretariats, and that their individual workplaces were located too far away from the council chambers on the top floor of the Federal Palace East. A complete renovation of the building services was put on the agenda. The renovation was aimed should satisfy the needs of the members of the council, and reinforce the architectural and artistic concepts of Hans Wilhelm Auer. The first stage was the relocation of the workplaces of the media representatives. To this end, a new media center was built between October 2003 and May 2006 in the buildings at Bundesgasse 8-12 (located opposite the Federal Palace West); the construction and equipping costs amounted to 42.5 million francs. Work on Federal Palace West began in February 2005 and lasted just over three years. The main focus was on renovating the facade and the roof. New workspaces were also added, the attic converted, and various security and fire protection measures improved.

The National Council and the Council of States approved 83 million Swiss francs for this as part of the 2004 and 2006 civil construction programs. In June 2006, the first comprehensive renovation and restoration of the parliament building began under the direction of the architectural firm Aebi & Vincent. Taking inflation and various additional costs, the final cost was 103 million Swiss francs. On the third floor, workrooms for parliamentarians, meeting rooms for parliamentary groups and a multifunctional conference hall were created. The lunette windows (lit in the back by skylights) were also opened, interior walls cleaned, cracks repaired, and recent furnishings removed, transforming the domed hall once again into a bright daylight space. Extended spiral staircases and new elevators improved vertical access. A new visitors' entrance was built under the National Council Chamber, and a new technical floor with an IT room was constructed below. In general, the principle was to remove modern fixtures and emphasise the original furnishings. The building exterior was extensively renovated, including the sandstone facades, the cornices and figures, the roof and domes, the skylights, and the lighting. In the National Council Chamber, the building services, the voting system, the translation system and the surfaces were renewed. During the most intensive renovation phase, the National Council and the Council of States held their 2006 autumn session in Flims. The official inauguration of the renovated parliament building took place on 21 November 2008 with a ceremony.

In the summer and fall of 2011, the Council of States hall was renovated, and from September 2012 to March 2016, the renovation of the Federal House East took place to conclude the project. In addition to a selective renovation of the building exterior, this included a comprehensive renovation of the interiors with a clean-up of the room structures, and renewal of the building and security technology. During the renovations, construction workers uncovered the vaulted cellars of the former Inselspital in the fall of 2012. These massive rooms, made of large sandstone blocks, once stored the natural resources used to finance the hospital and care for its patients. In the summer of 2019, the visitor entrance at the Bundesterrasse side was rebuilt due to security considerations.

Dome and facade
The central assembly building is dominated by a domed hall in the layout of a Swiss cross. It separates the two chambers of the National Council (south) and the Council of States (north). The dome itself has an external height of 64 m that was exceptional at the time, but chosen to balance the total length of the three buildings. The mosaic in the center represents the federal coat of arms along with the Latin motto Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno (One for all, and all for one), surrounded by the coat of arms of the 22 cantons that existed in 1902. The coat of arms of the Canton of Jura, created in 1979, was later placed outside of the mosaic. The hall is dominated by the sculpture The Three Confederates (Die drei Eidgenossen) created by James André Vibert and referring to the legendary oath to fight for Switzerland (Rütlischwur).

The central entry facing the Federal Square (Bundesplatz) and opening up to a domed hall carries the inscription Curia Confœderationis Helveticæ (Swiss Federal Assembly) underneath a pediment. The roof edge is topped by Auguste de Niederhäusern-Rodo's allegorical sculpture of Helvetia representing independence (center), with the executive on her left, and the legislature on her right. This arrangement was inspired by the Pallas Athena Fountain of the Austrian Parliament. The pediment is flanked by two griffins by Anselmo Laurenti symbolizing courage, wisdom, and strength. The female allegories in the second floor niches by James André Vibert represent freedom (left) and peace (right). Two commemorative plaques above refer to the years 1291 (Federal Charter and the legendary Rütlischwur) and 1848 (first Federal Constitution transforms Switzerland into a federal state). Finally, the male allegories in the first floor niches by Maurice Reymond represent the chronicler of the past (left) and the chronicler of the present (right). To mark the 175th anniversary of the Swiss Federal Constitution, the work of art "Tilo", installed on the tympanum of the Parliament building, was inaugurated on 12 September 2023. The title of the work is a tribute to the first black National Councillor Tilo Frey. The work was designed by the artist duo Renée Levi and Marcel Schmid, and implemented by hand by a ceramics manufacturer in Sarnen.

Organisation

 * Federal Assembly
 * National Council
 * Council of States
 * Hall of the dome
 * Visitor centre

 * West wing
 * Federal Council
 * Federal Chancellery of Switzerland
 * Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
 * Federal Department of Justice and Police
 * Parliamentary Library
 * Carl Lutz Room.

 * East wing
 * Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research
 * Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports

Trivia
As reported in a study by the Federal parliamentary services (Parlamentsdienste), the noise caused by human activities in the chamber of the National Council is clearly too loud. The previously undisclosed study was published by 10vor10 on 12 December 2014, pointing that the noise level is usually at a level of about 70 decibels, comparable to a used roadway, so concentration of work for politicians is not possible.

title: Federal Palace of Switzerland


text:
Carl Duisberg

Friedrich Carl Duisberg (29 September 1861 – 19 March 1935) was a German chemist and industrialist.

Life
Duisberg was born in Barmen, Germany. From 1879 to 1882, he studied at the Georg August University of Göttingen and Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, receiving his doctorate. After military service in Munich, which he combined with research in the laboratory of Adolf von Baeyer, he was hired in 1883 at the Farbenwerke (dye company) of '''Friedr. Bayer & Co.''', which later became Bayer AG.

In his career, he became confidential clerk (authorised signatory) and head of research. In 1900, he became the CEO of Bayer. Inspired by Standard Oil on a US tour, Bayer became part of IG Farben, a conglomerate of German chemical industries. Duisberg was head of the supervisory board for IG Farben. He died in Leverkusen.

Work
During World War I, the German army faced a great threat from an ammunition shortage. Indeed, the nitrates that were crucial for the production of gunpowder could not be imported any more because of the blockade by the British Navy. As a result, the German chemical firms (BASF and Bayer among others) were pushed to successfully synthesise nitrates. However, because of the war, shortage in manpower arose, and Duisberg advised Max Bauer on a new solution. In November 1916, Duisberg advised the Kaiser's troops to begin deporting 60 000 people from occupied Belgium; they were put in trains for transport to German mines and factories. Complaints from influential neutral countries, especially the United States, put an end to it. Also, in 1916, General Wilhelm Groener was appointed by General Ludendorff to reduce inflation. He proposed that increases in costs could be absorbed by the chemical community. When Duisberg heard the proposition, he successfully influenced the German government for Groener's removal.

In the 1920s, the dye industry leaders, led by Carl Duisberg of Bayer and Carl Bosch of BASF, successfully pushed for the merger of the dye makers into a single company. In 1925, the companies merged into the Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG or IG Farben. The huge corporation, which soon included related industries such as explosives and fibers, was the biggest enterprise in all of Europe and the fourth largest in the world, behind General Motors, United States Steel and Standard Oil of New Jersey.

Duisberg forced the use of chemical weapons during World War I.

One of Duisberg's major achievements was to move Bayer into pharmaceuticals. He supported Gerhard Domagk's eventually successful efforts to discover the first broadly effective antibiotic, Prontisil.

Carl Duisberg Society
The Carl Duisberg Society (Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft) was founded in 1949 and was helping development aid with education programmes for people, especially from developing countries. From 1949 until its merger with the German Society for international Development (Deutschen Stiftung für internationale Entwicklung) in 2002 to form the InWEnt (Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbH) 300,000 people took part in the programs of the society.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carl Duisberg


text:
Talk:Cunigunde of Luxembourg

Untitled
I redirected Cunegundes to here. It was clear the articles were on the same person that this article: 1. Was older 2. Had more information 3. Had more links

I merged the unique information from the other article into this one --Cje 19:04, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Canonization date disputed
Premodern Canonization lists this saint as Cunegunde, and has her canonized on 1200-04-03, not 1200-03-29 as stated in the article. davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  03:01, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * cf. http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11856806X.html Furius (talk) 08:57, 2 April 2015 (UTC)
 * A response to Davidwr seven years later. Better late than never! There are indeed sources that state both dates. See these results for 3 April and these for 29 March. Surtsicna (talk) 09:24, 2 April 2015 (UTC)

Heilige Kunigunde von Luxemburg
Saint Cunigunde is known as Heilige (ge:Saint) Kunigunde von Luxemburg in German. I was in Bamberg from 1981 to 1987 (US Army) and visted her sarcophagus in the Bamberger Dom (cathedral) several times. This name is also used in the photograph description here in the english article (qv). See also: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunigunde_von_Luxemburg. The german article is much better and more concise. Don't bother with the Google translator, it is outrageously inaccurate to the point of being laughable. If you can't read german fetch someone who is German to read it to you. Tjlynnjr (talk) 10:52, 17 March 2014 (UTC).

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Cunigunde of Luxembourg. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061212110035/http://www.catholic-forum.com/SAINTS/saintc56.htm to http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintc56.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:36, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cunigunde of Luxembourg


text:
Deven Verma

Deven Verma (23 October 1937 – 2 December 2014) was an Indian film and television actor, particularly known for his comic roles, with Bollywood directors like Basu Chatterji, Hrishikesh Mukherjee and Gulzar. He also produced and directed films, including Besharam. He won Filmfare Best Comedian Award for Chori Mera Kaam, Chor Ke Ghar Chor and Angoor.

Life
Verma was born on 23 October 1937 in Kutch, to Baldev Singh Verma and Sarala Devi and was brought up in Pune. His father was Rajasthani and mother belonged to Kutch. His father was a film distributor. He studied at the Nowrosjee Wadia College for Arts and Science (University of Pune) (1953–57), graduating with Honours in Politics and Sociology. He married Rupa Ganguly, daughter of late veteran Bollywood actor Ashok Kumar and sister of Preeti Ganguly.

The original name of Deven Verma was Devendu Verma, which he changed to Deven when he was in college. He had four sisters, two of whom were older and two of whom were younger. The two younger sisters were twins. The names of his sisters are Nirupama, Tushar, Amita, and Parul.

Apart from Hindi films, Verma acted in a few Marathi and Bhojpuri films.

He died at 2 a.m IST on 2 December 2014 in Pune, following a heart attack and kidney failure.

title: Deven Verma


text:
Talk:Cunegundes

I made this a redirect to Cunigunde of Luxemburg. It was clear the articles were on the same person and the other article: 1. Was older 2. Had more information 3. Had more links

I merged the unique information from this article into the other --Cje 19:04, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cunegundes


text: User talk:82.121.167.83

title: User talk:82.121.167.83


text:
User talk:ShaheedHaque

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Ragib 19:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Joining Wikiproject Bangladesh
Hi Shaheed, nice to see you here, would you like to join the WikiProject Bangladesh? There are many articles that need some work, and we need more people from Bangladesh. Let me know if you need any help. Thanks. --Ragib 19:12, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:HaranoSurDVD.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:HaranoSurDVD.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:17, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:ShaheedHaque


text:
User talk:Bricks

--Celestianpower hab 19:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:LaborDayUnitedStatesSpoken.ogg
Thanks for uploading Image:LaborDayUnitedStatesSpoken.ogg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Longhair 06:24, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:LaborDayUnitedStatesSpoken.ogg
Thanks for uploading Image:LaborDayUnitedStatesSpoken.ogg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me or ask for help at Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. Thank you. -- Carnildo 11:12, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bricks


text:
User talk:Amargo Scribe

--Celestianpower hab 19:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Walkypedia!
A tag has been placed on Walkypedia!, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because it is an article about a certain website, blog, forum, or other web content that does not assert the importance or significance of that web location. Please read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 7 under Articles, as well as notability guidelines for websites. Please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources which verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material, please affix the template  to the page, and put a note on Talk:Walkypedia!. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Pascal.Tesson 15:38, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Amargo Scribe


text:
User talk:Merlinthewizard

--Celestianpower hab 19:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Kosmos launch.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Kosmos launch.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 20:00, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Blackarrow.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Blackarrow.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self-no-disclaimers tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 17:14, 7 April 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. 88.134.140.64 17:14, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:CSG - BIF.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:CSG - BIF.JPG. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an image tag applied to the image description page indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 17:06, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Merlinthewizard


text:
User talk:SamanthaPr

Welcome
--Celestianpower hab 19:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Quack
Hello there Nilla. test I never got a welcome message when I was new =P Kalani 03:18, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * NO TESTING ON MY TALK PAGE. THAT'S WHAT THE SANDBOX IS FOR, NUB. SamanthaPr 03:23, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Just kidding. I actually want to have my talk page defaced. ^^ SamanthaPr 03:25, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I suggest making your own sandbox ^_^ I made my own. Kalani 03:29, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Eh, I don't really see a need to. If I wanna test stuff I'll just preview the page. Or use the universal sandbox.SamanthaPr 03:32, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I do, however, need to jazz up my user page... hmmm, a project for later.SamanthaPr 03:39, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll help. That is, if Kalani doesn't scare me off first. Master of Puppets FREE BIRD!  05:32, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

A smile!

has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling to someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Smile to others by adding {{subst:smile}}, {{subst:smile2}} or {{subst:smile3}} to their talk page with a friendly message. Happy editing!
 * Ah, and this would be interesting: join Esperanza and apply to get your pages renovated :D (Master of Puppets seemed willing). Kala  ni [talk] 01:41, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Blanking?
What was that userpage blanking all about? Kalani  [talk] 07:57, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:SamanthaPr


text:
User talk:FireFury

--Celestianpower hab 19:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Rrootage.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Rrootage.png. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. After Midnight 0001 00:38, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of South Wales Mountaineering Club
A tag has been placed on South Wales Mountaineering Club requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a club, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guidelines for people and for organizations. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Eeekster (talk) 09:23, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Copyright violation at South Wales Mountaineering Club
Your recent addition has been removed, as it appears to have added copyrighted material to Wikipedia without permission from the copyright holder. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. MuZemike 22:37, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

How did you determine that this text was added without permission from the copyright holder? True, it was sourced from the South Wales Mountaineering Club website, but since I happen to run that website there should be no problem with reusing this text. In future, please check whether permission had been granted before deleting text rather than blindly assuming that just because it appears elsewhere on the internet it must be a copyright violation. I have reverted your edit to reinstate this text. FireFury (talk) 15:28, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Sucsroom2000-7.jpg
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transfered to Commons. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 19:03, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Sucsroom1999-5.jpg

The file File:Sucsroom1999-5.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned. Likely uploaded for Swansea University Computer Society which was deleted years ago. Unlikely to have future encyclopedic use."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ★ Bigr   Tex  02:08, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Sucsroom1999-7.jpg

The file File:Sucsroom1999-7.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned. Likely uploaded for Swansea University Computer Society which was deleted years ago. Unlikely to have future encyclopedic use."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ★ Bigr   Tex  02:08, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Sucsroom2000-7.jpg

The file File:Sucsroom2000-7.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned. Likely uploaded for Swansea University Computer Society which was deleted years ago. Unlikely to have future encyclopedic use."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ★ Bigr   Tex  02:08, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Sucsparty2004.jpg

The file File:Sucsparty2004.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned. Likely uploaded for Swansea University Computer Society which was deleted years ago. Unlikely to have future encyclopedic use."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ★ Bigr   Tex  02:08, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:FireFury


text:
The Queen's Nose

The Queen's Nose is a children's novel by Dick King-Smith, first published by Gollancz in 1983 with illustrations by Jill Bennett. Set in England, where King-Smith lived, it features a girl who can use a fifty pence coin to make wishes. When the book was reprinted in 1994 publishers HarperTrophy commissioned a new cover art illustrated by Michael Koelsch. The book was adapted into the 1995 TV series The Queen's Nose, which ran for 7 series.

Plot
The book by Dick King-Smith features the story of Harmony Parker, a 10-year-old girl who wants an animal of her own, but this is not allowed by her parents, who think that animals are dirty. Harmony has a 15-year-old sister, Melody, who spends most of her time looking in a mirror. Harmony's best friend is a toy dog, Rex Ruff Monty.

Harmony believes that animals are more interesting than people, and so she pictures the people she meets as animals; her father is a sea lion, her mother a Pouter pigeon and her sister a Siamese cat.

She receives a magic 50p coin from her uncle Ginger, which grants her seven wishes whenever she rubs the side of the coin that Queen Elizabeth II's nose is pointed at.

title: The Queen's Nose


text:
Parichay (film)

Parichay is a 1972 Indian Hindi-language drama film, produced by V. K. Sobti under the Tirupathi Pictures banner and directed by Gulzar. It stars Jeetendra, Jaya Bhaduri; while Sanjeev Kumar, Vinod Khanna have given special appearances and the music was composed by Rahul Dev Burman. The film was reported to be based on the Bengali novel Rangeen Uttarain by Raj Kumar Maitra. and partially inspired by the 1965 movie The Sound of Music.

Plot
Rai Sahab A. P. Roy (Pran) is a retired colonel who lives in his family mansion with his five grandchildren. All five children are estranged from him as they believe he is responsible for their father Nilesh Roy's (Sanjeev Kumar) death. Rai Sahab is a strict disciplinarian who has become cold and miserable after Nilesh, his son, stubbornly leaves him to pursue music professionally against his wishes. After his son's death, he brings the children to live with him, however, the children refuse to obey him and constantly flout his rules. Rai Sahab is desperately seeking a tutor for them, but no teacher lasts for more than a few weeks, as none of the teachers can turn his 'savage' grandchildren into well-behaved people.

Ravi (Jeetendra) is looking for a job in the city, when he gets a letter from his uncle, informing him of a job opening for a tutor at Rai Sahab's house in his village. While he does not take to Rai Sahab's cold demeanor in their first meeting, he initially takes the job out of need. Later Rai Sahab tells him he believes Ravi can set his grandchildren straight and implores him to do so. Ravi promises to try.

The children try their best to scare Ravi away, as they have with previous teachers, however, instead of complaining about them Ravi laughs at their pranks and tries to befriend them. He realizes that Rai Sahab has strict rules against singing and laughing in the house and that the children are not even allowed to play outside as they had once tried to run away. When Rai Sahab leaves home for a few weeks for work, Ravi opens up Nilesh's old room and starts playing his sitar. The children open up to him after this. He regularly takes them out on picnics, plays with them, and tells them stories. All the children start studying with Ravi and their behavior changes, becoming more receptive and respectful of elders. Ravi and Rama (Jaya Bhaduri) the oldest of the siblings slowly begin to develop feelings for each other.

Rama begrudges Rai Sahab as she believes he never reached out to her father or them when they were destitute and arrived many days after her father's death, despite her father had written to him earlier. However, she finds out from Ravi that Rai Sahab received the letter very late, as he was away on business, and left as soon as he read it, without bothering to even carry anything with him. He reminds her how Rai Sahab lived with them for two days wearing the same clothes he came in, pleading with them to come and live with him. Rama realizes that she has misjudged her grandfather.

A few days later, Rai Sahab returns to find the children studying with Rama and his son's framed photo hanging in their foyer. At first, he is upset but equally surprised to see his grandchildren studying quietly and greeting him respectfully, something that has not happened before. He finds out that Ravi has had to leave in his absence as he was offered a job in the city. However, he is extremely happy at the children's changed behavior and begins playing and laughing with them, thankful to Ravi for having 'introduced' him to his grandchildren.

In the city Ravi misses Rama. He received a letter from her and wonders if he should go back and ask Rai Sahab for her hand in marriage. His friend Amit (Vinod Khanna in a cameo) encourages him, and he leaves to meet Rai Sahab. Upon meeting him, he learns that Rai Sahab intends to marry Rama to a family friend's grandson - a wish he could not fulfill with his son. Dejected, Ravi leaves without meeting the kids and Rama. As he packs and leaves for the railway station, Rai Sahab asks Rama if she met Ravi. Rama is surprised. In a poignant moment, Rai Sahab looks at Rama's face and realizes the truth. He brings her to the station just as the train pulls out with Ravi standing in the doorway. Seeing Rama and Rai Sahab, Ravi jumps out of the moving train, and both unite. An ending scene invites audiences to their wedding on Monday 9 April.

Cast

 * Jeetendra as Ravi, a graduate who is in between jobs. He has worked as a tutor in the city, and while waiting for a new job starts tutoring Rai Sahab's grandchildren. Ravi has no parents but is close to his aunt and uncle, who live in the village and recommend him to Rai Sahab. Unlike other teachers, he does not believe in punishments or scoldings and instead tries to teach with humour, stories, music and play. He realizes quickly that the children do not need a teacher, but are starved of affection and stubborn like their grandfather, which is causing them to misbehave.
 * Jaya Bhaduri as Rama Roy, the eldest of the siblings and Rai Sahab's eldest granddaughter. Rama is eighteen and the daughter of Nilesh and Sujata. Rama's mother passed away when she was a little girl. She learnt music from her father and is close and protective of her younger siblings. Though she initially leads siblings in all their mischief, she quickly warms up to Ravi's unique approach and eventually becomes an ideal granddaughter. She starts to develop feelings towards Ravi.
 * Pran as Retired Colonel A. P. Roy aka Rai Sahab, Rama's grandfather and father of Nilesh. Rai Sahab is a retired army colonel who is stubborn and likes to live a principled life. He is not happy when his son decides to pursue music professionally - something he believes beneath their stature. This creates a rift between them, and Nilesh leaves to pursue his dream. He returns a few years later, now married to his music teacher's daughter. Rai Sahab welcomes them, but tells Nilesh that in order to live a life on his own terms he must make his own house. He never hears from his son for the next seventeen years, although he waits desperately. When he finally learns his son is dead, he rushes and brings back his grandchildren to live with him, but despite his best efforts at providing them with all material comforts and facilities, they do not get along.
 * Sanjeev Kumar as Nilesh Roy, Rama's father
 * Veena as Sati Roy aka Sati Devi, Rai Saheb's sister
 * Gita Siddharth as Sujata Roy, Rama's mother
 * Asrani as Narayan, Servant
 * A. K. Hangal as Ravi's maternal uncle
 * Leela Mishra as Ravi's aunt
 * Keshto Mukherjee as Tutor
 * Vinod Khanna as Amit, Ravi's friend
 * Paintal as Panditji, Astrologer
 * Master Raju as Sanjay Roy, Rama's youngest brother

Crew

 * Director – Gulzar
 * Producer – V.K. Sobti, Subhash Kapoor (associate)
 * Production Manager – Kanti Bhai Pandya, Peerachand, Daulat Thakur
 * Assistant Director – Pushpraj (chief), Chandrashekhar, Sajeev Kapoor, Meraj, Raj N. Sippy
 * Cinematographer – K. Vaikunth
 * Editor – Waman B. Bhosle, Gurudutt Shirali, Dilip Kotalgi (assistant)
 * Art Director – Ajit Banerjee

Soundtrack
All music was composed by Rahul Dev Burman and lyrics were penned by Gulzar. The song "Musafir Hoon Yaroon" was listed at #25 in the Binaca Geetmala annual list 1973 and is considered to be one of the most loved filmi songs of all time.

Awards

 * 1972
 * Lata Mangeshkar (for "Beeti Na Bitai Raina")
 * National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer
 * Won
 * }
 * }

title: Parichay (film)


text:
User talk:Vinaykurup

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Ragib 19:10, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Vinaykurup


text:
Mike Jacobs (first baseman)

Michael James Jacobs (born October 30, 1980) is an American former professional baseball first baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, Florida Marlins, Kansas City Royals, and Arizona Diamondbacks.

Minor Leagues
Mike Jacobs graduated from Hilltop High School in Chula Vista and spent one season at Grossmont College in El Cajon, California before being selected by the New York Mets in the 38th round of the 1999 Major League Baseball Draft.

Originally signed as a catcher, Jacobs batted .333 with four home runs and 30 runs batted in his first professional season with the Gulf Coast League Mets. He quickly blossomed into a solid power-hitting prospect and, in 2003, after a successful year with the Double-A Binghamton Mets, won an award.

In May 2004, while playing for the Triple-A Norfolk Tides, Jacobs suffered an arm injury and underwent surgery for a torn labrum, which ended his season prematurely. Because of his injury and mediocre defensive skills behind the plate, when Jacobs returned to Binghamton in 2005, he spent much of the season learning to play first base. He batted .321 with 25 home runs and 93 RBIs while learning his new position and going on to win the MVP award.

On December 18, 2010, Jacobs was signed by the Colorado Rockies and played for the affiliate triple-A team in Colorado Springs, Colorado. While there, Jacobs was suspended for fifty games after testing positive for HGH. Jacobs was released from the Colorado Rockies on August 18, 2011.

New York Mets
Jacobs made his major league debut with the Mets on August 21,, hitting a three-run pinch-hit home run against Esteban Loaiza of the Washington Nationals in his first ever Major League at-bat. Jacobs rather instantly assumed the position of everyday first baseman and continued to hit, tallying four home runs through three games, during the Mets' 4-game drubbing of the Arizona Diamondbacks. During this stretch the Mets were able to pull within a half-game of the National League Wild Card lead, but faded quickly, dropping two straight games at home to the Philadelphia Phillies and promptly falling out of the race. Jacobs continued to play well, increasing his stock as a trade chip by slugging a monstrous .710 in his five weeks as a major leaguer.

Florida Marlins
In only 30 games and 100 at-bats, Jacobs hit an impressive 11 home runs and 23 RBI. Many people penciled him in as the Mets' first baseman for the season. However, on November 23, 2005, the Mets traded him and a minor league pitcher, Yusmeiro Petit, to the Florida Marlins in exchange for Carlos Delgado and $7 million.

In 2006 with the Marlins, Jacobs played in 136 games while hitting .262 with 20 home runs and 77 RBIs. In 2007, he only played in 114 games, but still improved on his batting average hitting .265 that season including 17 home runs and 54 RBIs. In 2008 Jacobs saw increased playing time and had a break out season in power with 32 home runs and 93 RBI but his batting average slipped to .247.

Kansas City Royals
After the season, Jacobs was traded to the Kansas City Royals for pitcher Leo Núñez. While initially thought to split time at first base with Billy Butler, he was mostly the team's DH due to inconsistent play on the field. Following the season, Jacobs was released by the Royals on December 10.

Return to New York
On February 10, 2010, the Mets signed Mike Jacobs to a minor league contract. He was selected as the Mets' opening day first baseman after Daniel Murphy went on the disabled list with a strained MCL.

On April 18, Jacobs was designated for assignment.

On April 25, 2010, Jacobs cleared waivers and accepted assignment to the AAA Buffalo Bisons of the International League.

Toronto Blue Jays
On July 30, 2010, he was acquired by the Toronto Blue Jays for a player to be named later. He was released at the end of the 2010 season.

Colorado Rockies
Jacobs signed as a minor league free agent with the Colorado Rockies on December 18, 2010.

On August 18, 2011, while playing for the AAA Colorado Springs Sky Sox, Jacobs was suspended for 50 games after testing positive for Human Growth Hormone. In response, Jacobs was released by the Rockies.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On January 4, 2012, Jacobs signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. On September 19, he was called up and played his first Major League game since April 17, 2010.

Seattle Mariners
On January 3, 2013, Jacobs signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners. On March 23, 2013, he was released by the Mariners.

Second Stint with Arizona
On June 4, 2013, the D'backs signed Jacobs back to a minor league deal. Jacobs had been playing in the Mexican League. Jacobs returned to AAA Reno for the 2014 season. He participated in the AAA Home Run Derby that same year.

Guerreros de Oaxaca
On March 26, 2015, it was reported that Jacobs had signed on to return to play for the Guerreros de Oaxaca of the Mexican League.

Lancaster Barnstormers
On March 25, 2016, Jacobs signed with the Lancaster Barnstormers.

Toros de Tijuana
On May 3, 2016, Jacobs signed with the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican Baseball League.

Minor League Baseball manager
Jacobs retired after 2016 season and was hired by the Miami Marlins to manage their Class A Short-Season Batavia Muckdogs. Jacobs managed the Clinton LumberKings of the Midwest League in 2019. For the 2021 season Jacobs managed the Beloit Snappers. He was named game planning coach for the Louisville Bats in 2023.

Personal life
Jacobs got married in December 2006 and resides in Chula Vista during the baseball offseason. He has four daughters, Havana, Isabella, Sophia and Juliana.

Contrary to popular belief, Jacobs is not Jewish. This was apparently not known to the Marlins when, on May 28, 2006, as part of the team's Jewish Heritage Day promotion, they gave Jacobs T-shirts to young fans who attended the game. In reference to this, Jewish sports podcast Menschwarmers refers to non-Jews with Jewish-sounding names as "Mike Jacobs All Stars."

title: Mike Jacobs (first baseman)


text:
User:Swashbuckler332

Basics
Name: Joshua Gizelt

Nicknames: Swashbuckler (given me by some co-workers some years ago because I fenced in High School), Bacon Bits, Muffin Man, Yosho (obsolete).

Birthdate: September 6, 1974

Location: Queens, New York

Primary Interests
Cinema: Both the artistic and technical aspects of films and film-making. My ambition in life is to make films. Favorite filmmakers include (alphabetically) Robert Altman, Ingmar Bergman, Joel and Ethan Coen, Francis Ford Coppola, Jean-Luc Godard, Alfred Hitchcock, Stanley Kubrick, Akira Kurosawa, Sergio Leone, David Lynch, and Billy Wilder,. Favorite films (not by these filmmakers) include (alphabetically) Alien, Aliens, Almost Famous, Blade Runner, Boogie Nights, Chinatown, Die Hard, Drowning by Numbers, Ed Wood, La Femme Nikita, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, Ghostbusters, The Haunting (original version),The Hustler, Jackie Brown, Living In Oblivion, Liebestraum, The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Mountains of the Moon, My Name is Nobody, My Own Private Idaho, Snow Falling on Cedars, Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back,The Taking of Pelham One Two Three,  Trading Places, The Usual Suspects and Waterland.

Film Music: The art and craft of film scoring is a subject I think is fascinating. I also believe that there is an amazing body of work out there that is unrecognized. Favorite composers include (alphabetically) John Barry, Elmer Bernstein, Carter Burwell, Elliot Goldenthal, Jerry Goldsmith, Bernard Herrmann, Lee Holdridge, Jan A.P. Kaczmarek, Wojciech Kilar, Ennio Morricone, Thomas Newman, Miklós Rózsa, David Shire, Howard Shore, Alan Silvestri, Franz Waxman, and John Williams.

Additional Interests
Myth: I am interested in man's need for myth. One finds patterns in storytelling, and I find it interesting that there are some ideas that resonate with many people because of these elements.

Special Services Circuits: While I want to be a filmmaker, I have to pay the bills and so I install and repair Special Circuits (mostly T-1s) in Manhattan. Over time I have developed a genuine interest in how they work.

Music: While I have a specific interest in film music, I am just a music junkie in general, and I enjoy rock and roll, jazz, and some modern, romantic, classical, and baroque music as well. Favorites include Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Doors, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young and variations, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, U2, Alice in Chains, Iggy and the Stooges, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Charles Mingus, John Corigliano, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Johann Sebastian Bach.

New York City: I've lived here all of my life, and it never ceases to fascinate me.

Food: I like tasty things. Favorites include pasta, chocolate and steak, but I like many things.

Favorite Links
My LiveJournal

Film Score Monthly

MovieMusic.com

Music On Film

The Internet Movie Database

title: User:Swashbuckler332


text:
Talk:Dina Wadia

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 23:27, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
Can someone please check the source of the section Jinnah Mansion dispute? The way it is worded raises the suspicion that it is copied from somewhere else. --Vonaurum 19:11, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Muhammad Ali Jinnah.jpg
Image:Muhammad Ali Jinnah.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:14, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Invalid Link
For some reason this page is semi-protected. The third link in the Bibliographical References section is valid and should be removed.

SEMTEX85 (talk) 21:43, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Notable?
Can anyone explain to me why Wadia is notable? The infobox alone points me to the idea that she shouldn't have her own article. Note that per WP:INHERITED (which is not policy but is usually treated with extremely high deference), "Notability is not inherited". That is, Wadia cannot be considered simply because her father was notable--she must be notable in her own right. In order to demostrate that, she needs to have been discussed in detail in multiple sources. For example, the first reference (Wolpert, on her birth) does not meet this requirement, because it's not actually a discussion of her, but, rather, a discussion of the daughter of Jinnah. I'm adding a "notability" tag to the article, and, unless someone can justify very shortly why this should be an article, I'm going to nominate it for deletion. I fully admit I could be wrong here, which is why I want to ask before nominating. If I can, I'll try to do some research of my own later. Qwyrxian (talk) 05:59, 8 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Of course, she's not simply "Jinnah's daughter". She's an extremely curious person, to me much more curious than Jinnah himself, although less illustrious, of course. 95.28.31.28 (talk) 11:18, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

This page should be deleted...
This page should be deleted because she is only the daughter of notable person. By the rules of Wikipedia we have learned that only daughters of notable person should be deleted. Thanks--International Editor Shah (talk) 10:48, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Ya you are correct International Editor Shah (talk) 09:41, 4 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dina Wadia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050206230128/http://www.quaid.gov.pk/ to http://www.quaid.gov.pk/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:15, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

Addition Of Citation
Hello Wikipedians,

Citation needs to get added in the Early life and background section in fourth paragraph beside the word "modernist leader."

Here is the citation link to get added as citation in the sentence " In November 1932, Jinnah read H. C. Armstrong's biography of Kemal Atatürk, Grey Wolf, and seemed to have found his own reflection in the story of Turkey's great modernist leader."

Link : https://www.siasat.pk/threads/there-is-a-reason-why-allah-gave-leadership-of-the-ummah-to-turks-for-centuries.451883/page-3

Please take out some time to check and consider my suggestion related to addition of citation. Prudent CAS (talk) 09:34, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

 * You are a registered user. You can do it yourself too. Codenamewolf (talk) 05:21, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dina Wadia


text:
User talk:Susanrd

Welcome to Wikipedia! Please see Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/User:Robert_McClenon. He is a frequent editor of the Ted Kennedy page. --Agiantman 19:11, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

3RR
Please read WP:3RR and abide by it, or you will be blocked. Using different accounts for reverts does not exempt you from it. --fvw *  23:28, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Susanrd


text:
Allan Reuter

Allan Edward Reuter (August 9, 1914 – December 31, 1982) was a Canadian politician and Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1970s.

The eldest of six children, Reuter was born in Preston, Ontario. His father, Stanley was a wood pattern maker. Reuter dropped out of high school at the age of sixteen in order to help support his family by taking a job as an office boy at the Savage Shoe Company. He was office manager when he joined the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve in 1943. Discharged from the service at the end of World War II he opened a practice as an accountant and trustee-in-bankruptcy.

Reuter was elected to the Preston town council in 1959 but resigned in 1961 in protest of the method in which the reeve was chosen. He returned in 1962 as mayor and then ran for and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as the Progressive Conservative MPP for Waterloo South in the 1963 provincial election and was re-elected in 1967 and 1971.

Premier John Robarts appointed Reuter as Deputy Speaker and Chairman of the Committee of the Whole House in 1968. In 1971, he was appointed Speaker by Premier Bill Davis. He resigned as Speaker in October 1974 due to poor health and did not run in the 1975 provincial election.

In 1997, he was named to the Cambridge Hall of Fame.

He died in Cambridge Memorial Hospital at the age of 68.

title: Allan Reuter


text: User talk:70.149.74.83

title: User talk:70.149.74.83


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cultiees

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 22:58, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Cultiees
It is a dead-end dictionary definition and is unveriable-- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 19:11, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - neologism. Unverifiable. Send it to purgatory! Rob Church Talk 22:56, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Dicdef. --GraemeL (talk) 22:56, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete--Kiba 22:56, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andre ( talk ) 22:57, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Dictdef. Jtkiefer  T - 22:57, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Mike Jacobs

Mike Jacobs may refer to:

 * Mike Jacobs (first baseman) (born 1980), American baseball player; first North American in professional sports to be tested positive for HGH
 * Mike Jacobs (shortstop) (1877–1949), played for the Chicago Cubs
 * Mike Jacobs (boxing) (1880–1953), American boxing promoter and member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame
 * Mike Jacobs (Georgia politician), representing District 80 in the Georgia House of Representatives
 * Mike Jacobs (Illinois politician) (born 1960), Illinois State Senator
 * Michael Jacobs (producer) (born 1955), American film and TV producer
 * Mike Jacobs, guitarist and songwriter for bands including The Pasties and Evil Jake
 * Mike Jacobs, former news anchor for WTMJ-TV in Milwaukee from 1977 to 2015\
 * Mike Jacobs (American football) (born c. 1978), American football coach

title: Mike Jacobs


text:
User:SReynhout

Hey all. Currently a M.S. student at the University of Cincinnati in Geology. My masters project focuses on bedrock weathering in Ladakh.

Contributions
Not much so far.

Bear vs. Shark | Political effects of Hurricane Katrina | Talc | Acid mine drainage | Electroshock gun | The Beautiful Mistake (band) | Cultural assimilation

title: User:SReynhout


text:
Talk:James M. Landis

Relations?
Was he related to Kenesaw Mountain Landis --ZekeMacNeil 19:12, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No close relationship. James M. was born in Asia to missionaries. Maybe they are distant relatives. dunno about that. Kingturtle 21:04, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:James M. Landis


text:
Talk:Spanish property bubble

The only important issue is that the data contributed is real. The FMI, The Economist and other international agree that spanish property bubble is one of the biggest bubble of this century.
 * Counter-arguments must be represented in the article. Marked with NPOV tag. Lawrence Lavigne 21:36, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

As far as I know, The Economist writes that the GLOBAL property bubble is the biggest ever known, not the Spanish. Therefor I delated the sentence: "Spain's property bubble, as The Economist has said, is the highest bubble ever known."

Falling prices
IIn the first paragraph it is mentioned that it is widely believed prices can/will not fall. On fotocasa.es (main realtor website) I found that prices per square meter in Barcelona (Gracia) have fallen from 5280 in January 2008 4767 in December 2008 (-10%). Does somehow have an official, countrywide figure for this decline? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yosemite44 (talk • contribs) 20:33, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

I am not Spam
I am trying to add a link to my blog: www.apartmentsinspain.com/blog this is a non commercial site and probably one of the best and most independent news' sites about Spanish Real Estate Market, please can anybody tell me what is happening? thank you, 12-20-2006 Jose Luis Cordoba

www.apartmentsinspain.com is a realestate sales site. See these Wikipedia rules:
 * External Links
 * Reliable Sources -- especially the part about self-published material
 * Spam
 * Conflict of Interest

After reading them, I think you will understand why your link was deleted. --A. B. (talk) 01:54, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your prompt answer, I've read the rules and probably our site does not comply literally with requirements, I am sorry, I am just trying to learn about wikipedia. However, I´d like to add that: you can check that we don´t sell properties and that we are not related to any agent, we just provide information; we say where we get the information from (sources, most of them from official sites), the news are self published but also independent and we think that they are useful to study the bubble matter because readers can check actual trends and opinions from different sides. Sorry again because of my ignorance about links at wikipedia. José Luis Córdoba

 * Thanks for your understanding. We have close to 3 milion external links. Perhaps close to 1 million don't really meet our standards, which are narrow. Only a fraction of those are "spam" -- the rest are just inappropriate and added by well-meaning editors. Most are useful, but just not "encyclopedic" (usually because they're some variation on the idea of "self-published"). You may have noticed that we deleted a number of other links also. --A. B. (talk) 08:48, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Copyright infringement
Just read the copyright infringement violation fromt he infromation that was found on the property investment. net-s web site. I would just like to specifyt hat I own Bright and authored both sets of documents. Therefore there is no infringement and you can lift the violation order.

Kr,

Ben Johnson

Bright

 * Author has agreed via email to license content under the GNU Free Documentation License. -- light darkness (talk) 14:16, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

copyright examination
Please review the copyright infringement of this article as I authored it and the one that was posted on propertyinvestment.net. You will see that the author is Bright which is my company, www.brightsl.com

NPOV again
I have added the POV-check tag as a casual read turns up alot (To me) neutrally suspect phrases. 68.39.174.238 02:57, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

References to Fig. 1-5
References are made throughout the article to figures 1-5. Where are they ? Have they been uploaded ? Thanks -- John (Daytona2 · talk) 20:06, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Tagging of external links question
I have uploaded my link to the Property Guide Spain website which is an encyclopedia on how to buy sell and relocate to Spain. I also orginally authored this article on Wikipedia. My website is a free service and therefore a useful tool to the wiki community interested in further investigation to the Spanish Property Bubble article. the link was recently deleted? Having read the Wikipedia rules I want to know why the Kyero link has been accepted. This is a site which markets spanish property along with giving interesting information. What is the difference between my site and Kyero's and why has the former been accepted? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Benwes (talk • contribs) 13:19, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

This wiki is about the Spanish Property Bubble and directly related to economy and house prices in Spain, not a general page about purchasing property in Spain. The Kyero link is directed specifically towards information about property prices in Spain and their trends. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.2.123.253 (talk) 12:38, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

No actualizations?
I would suggest adding some new info here. Looks like the bubble has burst, this document states the prices are going down in 2008 (I've found it following a link in the main article): http://www.kyero.com/price_index/kyero_house_price_index.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.84.125.46 (talk) 13:26, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Prices in Barcelona
'5280 in January 2008 4767 in December 2008 (-10%).'

These figures (price per square metre) may be average advertised prices by agents.

Average whole of Barcelona sale prices as published by the Spanish Government indicate figures approx half these prices: Source Ministerio De Vivendi. By contrast the Societe de Tascasion reports Barcelona (Gracia) sale prices at 3992 Epsm at Dec 2008.

Comparison with USA
It is meaningless to make this comparison unless this article was meant solely for American readers. It should simply say that Spain does not recognise the property as complete collateral for the mortgage loan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.194.134.18 (talk) 19:40, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Existence of the Bubble
Added the translation for this section. Amb5ea (talk) 19:45, 1 March 2022 (UTC)Ala Blaszczyk

title: Talk:Spanish property bubble


text:
User talk:Swashbuckler332

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some helpful links:
 * Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages.
 * Wikipedia directory is also quite useful.
 * Meet other new users You may want to add yourself to the Wikipedia new user log.
 * Assign edits to your username from before you registered.
 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you
 * How to upload files and image copyright tags.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 19:12, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Classic Rock
Hello. I was wondering if you would like to participate in my classic rock survey. I'm trying to find the most liked classic rock song. There is more information on my user page. Hope you participate! 01:29, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Film Music WikiProject
Thanks for your interest in the Film Music WikiProject. I have created the project here: WikiProject Film Music SUBWAYguy 04:05, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Swashbuckler332


text:
Sheldon Drobny

Sheldon Drobny (1945 – January 24, 2020) was an American accountant and investor, best known for forming the company that later became Air America Radio.

Career
Drobny was Chairman Emeritus of Paradigm Group II, LLC, an investment firm that serves as managing partner of Paradigm Millennium Fund, LP, which entities together are a principal and largest shareholder of the Company.

Drobny was also a director of numerous portfolio companies of Paradigm Group II, LLC and was formerly a partner in the firm of Adler Drobny Fischer, LLC, Certified Public Accountants and Consultants. Drobny was a member of the NASD and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Illinois C.P.A Society and several other professional associations. Drobny was also a former IRS agent. He held a BS degree in Accounting from Roosevelt University, 1967.

Air America Radio
Drobny began to pursue the start of a liberal radio network sometime in late 2002 or early 2003. He and his wife, Anita, sold the forerunner of Air America Radio to a group headed by Evan Montvel Cohen.

In mid-2003, the Drobnys met Cohen through a meeting arranged by David Goodfriend, a former Clinton aide and Beloit College classmate of Cohen. Cohen and his partner purchased the rights to start up the new radio network. After Cohen and his partners at Progress Media, LLC ran out of operating capital, Drobny and other investors moved in through Piquant LLC and purchased the assets of the radio network.

In 2006, after failing to reacquire control of Air America Radio, Sheldon and Anita Drobny founded Nova M Radio as a competitor to Air America Radio in producing and syndicating progressive talk radio programs.

Fourth Estate Society
Drobny was also involved in the Fourth Estate Society, which has the stated goal of revitalizing the tradition of independent journalism in the United States.

Death
Drobny died on January 24, 2020, of pancreatic cancer at his home in Highland Park, Illinois. He was 74 years old.

title: Sheldon Drobny


text: User talk:84.177.122.28

title: User talk:84.177.122.28


text: Category:Williams games

title: Category:Williams games


text:
User:Pcrabb

For me, Wikipedia is a great place to start on any new research a topic. In return, I assist by contributing material were I have collated research articles. --Pete 19:14, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Pcrabb


text:
Talk:Thomas Gulotta

Hey 162.83, your contributions are impressive, why not sign up for a username? Paul 19:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Gulotta