text:
Talk:Offender profiling

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 March 2019 and 10 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mlconte.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Does it actually work?
I have changed the text stating that criminal profiling helps investigators to "is intended to help". Until we have some scientific study making it clear that criminal investigation works better with criminal profiling than without it is "intended to help" not "helps". Show me a such a study and I will gladly accept the older choice of words. -Sensemaker

~No it doesn't work, (only works like 1% of the time). It just makes police feel confident in their search. It can also lead you down the wrong path if you base all your conclusions from offender profiling or have some bias towards profiling. In other words, even if you draw "logical conclusions" from offender profiling, it doesn't mean they are the "right conclusions" in criminal profiling. It's because you can be logical but only IF it is true that profiling works, but that premise needs to be supported in order to be true, as you said yourself! :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.253.23.130 (talk) 05:00, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

Question
Isn't "Offender profiling" known more widely simply as profiling? Maybe this page should be a redirect to an article titled profiling. Qaz 13:41, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Slightly related, the article says "Psychological profiling is not the same as offender profiling and the two should not be confused.", yet "Psychological profiling" redirects to this page. Very confusing. 198.123.41.42 (talk) 06:25, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed it's confusing; is discussed at "Unmerge request" a few sections below. --CliffC (talk) 12:36, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Merge request
Would someone please help me merge the two similarly titled articles?
 * Offender Profiling
 * offender profiling

Possibly other contributors were unaware that the Uppercase Title and lowercase title were two pages with precisely the same topic. Elabro 15:16, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. According to naming convention 1.1, "Offender profiling" is the correct title. -MPD 00:22, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Consider it done. Other than the link and stub, the entire smaller article was contained within the larger, word for word. Not really a controversial decision. Deadsalmon 02:18, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Another merge request
The Investigative psychology article appears to describe one method of offender profiling. Can somebody with expertise in the area determine if this is the case, and if it is appropriate to merge the content of the Investigative Psychology article into this article? Sagsaw 01:03, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Merge Request
I think we should let the investigative psychology stand as an individual article. We can give a "Main Article" link to it. --Cyril Thomas 15:27, 9 March 2007 (UTC) See Beyond Offender Profiling: The Need for an Investigative Psychology by Canter and Youngs 2004

Trivia
Can we have a trivia section and use Sherlock Holmes as an example of someone who used this techniques... 80.255.47.250 10:46, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Investigative Psychology is the science of Offender Profiling as I understand that Professor David Canter has developed. I don't think experts in this science use the term Offender Profiling anymore.
 * David Canter can use whatever terms he wants, but most of the experts in the world use offender profiling. DreamGuy (talk) 23:36, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

Good New Yorker article on profiling
Remember 23:14, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Looks like Gladwell's been reading Wikipedia; I don't see anything in the Brussel/Metesky section I haven't seen elsewhere. --CliffC 14:27, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I just finished this article and in spite of my above quibble about the first section, it's very interesting. Anyone wanting to read it should do so soon; the New Yorker only keeps its articles online for a few days.  The title is Dangerous Minds: Criminal profiling made easy.  Gladwell pretty much paints profiling as a bogus science.  He talks about the incorrect BTK profiles and several other cases.  About the Metesky case he criticizes Brussel's after-the-fact editing of his predictions and says, "Brussel did not really understand the mind of the Mad Bomber. He seems to have understood only that, if you make a great number of predictions, the ones that were wrong will soon be forgotten, and the ones that turn out to be true will make you famous.... It’s a party trick."  --CliffC 17:51, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Nine years later, Gladwell's New Yorker article is still online. Khamba Tendal (talk) 23:22, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

Unmerge request
I would like to reverse the redirect which is currently in place from "Psychological Profiling" to here: "Offender Profiling". Even in the first paragraph of this article it states:

Psychological profiling is not the same as Criminal profiling and the two should not be confused

The article is about criminal profiling. No alternative entry exists, because of the merging, and therefore the confusion warned about in the first para is achieved and reinforced.

Also, why is this article within the WikiLaw project rather than the psychology project?

LookingGlass 10:37, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I support your request, the two subjects are not the same. But to unmerge, someone would need to write a "Psychological Profiling" article to replace the current redirection here.  A Google for that phrase suggests there is lots of material available, although many articles, including the one at the top of the list treat the two subjects as the same.  As for 'Offender profiling' being in the Wikilaw project, to me that makes sense.  --CliffC 16:26, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Paul Britton
Could it be possible to make an article from "Paul Britton" to this section on this article? I lack the skills on how to do so. Thanks. Halfang (talk) 01:38, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Subtle Vandalism?
''Hitler always walked diagonally from one corner to another when crossing a room, and he whistled a marching tune. He feared syphilis, germs and moonlight, and loved severed heads.''

Are these rather unlikely statements bona-fide contributions from the OSS profile, or has someone tried to sabotage the article? Textor (talk) 21:46, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

 * And who's to say that he didn't?
 * No, kidding, kidding... Good question; that text seems to have been there since the article was first written (as Offender Profiling, note capital P) on 27 September 2005. The article says these (rather annoying!) Hitler habits and beliefs were part of a "...profile of possible behavioural traits of Hitler, and his possible reactions to the idea of Germany losing World War II".  I do not doubt that all of this is in Langer's report, and it just seems to lend weight to Malcolm Gladwell's above-mentioned opinion that profiling is a bogus science.  Regards, CliffC (talk) 00:25, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Adolf Hitler
The article states He feared syphilis, germs and moonlight, and loved severed heads. Having read the whole OSS psychological profile of Adolf Hitler I have issue with the latter part of this claim. No where, unless hidden in a German form of this document, does the writer claim that Adolf Hitler was afraid of Moonlight or that he enjoyed severed human heads... Unless someone can provide the source of these claims I think that it should remain Syphilis and germs only. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.200.162.14 (talk) 11:08, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Profiler
I was surprised the TV show Profiler wasn't listed, since it's the show that really shined the light on the technique long before Criminal Minds existed. Consequently, I added it to the list. 71.202.238.214 (talk) 03:05, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Site
I've found an interesting site, which itself appears to be a summary of other authoritative sites, with references provided. Most interesting is a couple diagrams, tables and scatter-plot graphs showing how crimes can be categorized as opportunistic, intentional etc. etc.

So if anyone wants to take some the information and incorporate it....

http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/crime/offender%20profiling%20definitions.htm

--Pstanton (talk) 20:04, 19 May 2009 (UTC)
 * That site fails WP:RS standards and cannot be used, but the list of books it names at the top are useful pointers for anyone wanting to read up more on the topic. DreamGuy (talk) 23:34, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

Addition of unrelated material
58.165.231.12, please do not add unrelated material to the article. Note that the article starts by explaining "Offender profiling is a behavioral and investigative tool that helps investigators to profile unknown criminal subjects or offenders." You are adding material about how Canadian authorities trick known suspects into making confessions. Your subject may very well deserve its own article somewhere in the Crime or Psychology projects, but it has nothing to do with Offender profiling. --CliffC (talk) 20:26, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Active Profiling
The article is about Active Profiling. Your inability to make this link is due to the fact that this technique was only created in 1990 and has been kept a secret. The article is not about Canada. It states the origin of this technique and reflect the advantage and disadvantages. This technique has spread to all corners of the globe. It is new information and the definition of offender profiling needs to accommodate for new techniques. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.228.244.92 (talk) 02:01, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

 * No, you need to create your own article and let it stand on its own. If the subject of active profiling or whatever you decide to call it is indeed notable and no longer "kept a secret" as you say, you are doing it a disservice by dumping it in the middle of this article where it is unlikely to be seen and appreciated.  Once you have developed the article, it would make sense to have a see-also item in each article pointing to the other.  --CliffC (talk) 03:24, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

 * You'll need to find reliable, published sources to support your article. I find no Google News or Google Books hits for "active profiling" in the context you are using the term, perhaps there's a term more widely used for the practice?  Only one of your citations is online, so I'd be guessing at an alternate name.  --CliffC (talk) 03:56, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Neutrality of Controversy Section
The Controversies section appears to me to be problematic. Maybe this is the point already made about "original research," but many of the statements seem to not be neutral reports of arguments from one direction or another, but rather interpretations and defenses of profiling against its detractors. For instance:

"The cautionary lesson in the Masters case"--this is one cautionary lesson--but who drew it? Did others draw other lessons?

"However, if these criticisms are seen as heuristic, rather than destructive, the Gladwell article suggests otherwise." --not sure what this sentence means, but if it is a response to Turvey, is it Gladwell's? Should it be there?

The last paragraph is the main problem, though: "The modern day media and pop culture negatively shapes one’s perception of the true tasks of FBI profiles or behavioral science agents. Even the most thorough and high profile case does not yield answers overnight. It is a practice that is ever changing and yields the best results when coupled with other law enforcement investigative techniques."

This seems to be a defense against attacks, but is not attributed--nor is there any evidence for it. It reads like a summary of what's come before, which is especially problematic. I'm tentatively removing it, as I think right now it violates NPOV and also seems not to cite others, but to advance claims itself. I'd be interested in feedback on this point, as I'm somewhat new to Wikipedia editing!

Also, I don't think my change is exhaustive, merely the easiest and most obvious change.

Thanks Summortus (talk) 22:08, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

The article is too US centric - certainly the Controversies section should at least mention things like the Rachel Nickell/Colin Stagg and Jo Yeates/Chris Jefferies cases in Britain? (Where Profilers were totally adamant that they were right but were proved categorically wrong)

I propose two lists in the article;

A. Crime cases where Profilers were vindicated B. Crime cases where Profilers were totally wrong

And didn't a Criminologist lecturer at the University Of Birmingham (UK) recently say that the whole concept was hit and miss? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr gobrien (talk • contribs) 20:23, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

most of the criticism section seems to serve only to try to convince readers that all those self-identified profilers who pop up on tv after every crime are not 'real' profilers (despite having grades in criminology and psychology, same as the analysts working for the FBI). and that there actually is a brand of profilers out there who DO make valuable contributions to the FBI, providing valuable insight into the behavior of criminals. (which i personally think is nonsense. i applaud gladwell for having the guts to call them out on their BS. the lack of useful new insights they provide to the FBI, the rewriting of old predictions in order to look more successful. i think it's really just a new incarnation of all those new-agey mediums of the '60 and '70. once again the police grabs anyone claiming to be able to help them solve crime. and then gets disappointed once again when the results do not hold up to scrutiny) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.127.247.12 (talk) 00:27, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * +1 on not understanding "However, if these criticisms are seen as heuristic, rather than destructive, the Gladwell article suggests otherwise." Can someone explain what this means?  tomasz.  21:02, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Types of profiling
There are 2 types of criminal profiling, inductive and deductive. Inductive would be when you start with a profile of a type of crime in general, while deductive would be starting with what you know about the specific crime. For instance, in the case of a serial bomber, inductive profiling would start with information about bombings and bombers in general, like most being Caucasians, loners, etc. Deductive profiling would start with the facts of the current case or cases and work from there. Anyway, this differentiation should have its own section, and it should also be mentioned under controversies. The controversy is to which one is better, and it is quite a noteworthy debate. Inductive profiling would give more information, but also give more irrelevant information.

This difference is also highlighted in popular media such as in Criminal Minds. Dr. Reed is more of an inductive profiler. He tends to give a lot of trivial information about the crimes and particular classes of criminals in general. Most of the rest of the team is more of the deductive type, as well as the team in the spin-off series, Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior.97.75.133.131 (talk) 05:28, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

removing "additional citations" and "original research" tags?
Briefly looking through this article, it seems like it is relatively well sourced. I could look closer at the sources, but it seems at least that there are enough that it no longer count as "original research". Would anyone object to me taking off those tags? --anamedperson (talk) 02:38, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

Good source
A good review article, including more than 30 citable sources, is Laurence Miller, "Flaw and Order: The Science and Methodology of Criminal Profiling", Skeptical Inquirer, January/February 2015. Unfortunately, it's not yet available in the magazine's online archive; I'd guess it will be there in four months or so. -- John Broughton (♫♫) 21:55, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

A text book covering offender profiling theories & its practice, "Foundations of Psychological Profiling" by R. Bloom (2013), would be a nice guide for those who are interested.--Moomoofarm1 (talk)16:33, 8 April 2017(UTC)

New Version
New version completed by WikiEd Project under the supervision of Dr. James Council at North Dakota State University and published. Notable profilers removed for length and clarity, please see separate articles on each for detailed bios> Some work needed to remove redirects and old links (e.g. James Brussel). Paul.mott (talk) 22:11, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

I thought this article was somewhat useful to someone looking to learn a brief summary of the topic, but i would have liked to see more detail in the beginning sections, describing what different categories there are. Mlconte (talk) 21:00, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

Presumption of guilt
Can any experienced editor help to save the much-needed Presumption of guilt article from deletion? Crawiki (talk) 22:12, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

Offender or psychological profiling?
I find it strange that the article on offender profiling only mentions psychological profiling in the theory section. That's obviously only a subset of used profiling. Obvious examples would be gender, race, age, political affiliation, etc. MonsieurD (talk) 16:48, 30 June 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Seminars in Forensic Science
— Assignment last updated by Sayuum (talk) 20:29, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Offender profiling


text:
Abyssinian ground hornbill

The Abyssinian ground hornbill or northern ground hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) is an African bird, found north of the equator, and is one of two species of ground hornbill. It is the second largest species of African hornbill, only surpassed by the slightly larger southern ground hornbill.

Taxonomy
The Abyssinian ground hornbill was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Buceros abyssinicus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. The type locality is Ethiopia. The Abyssinian ground hornbill is now placed in the genus Bucorvus that was introduced, originally as a subgenus, by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1830. The species is monotypic. The generic name is derived from the name of the genus Buceros introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the Asian hornbills where corvus is the Latin word for a "raven".

Description
Abyssinian ground hornbill is a large, terrestrial hornbill with black body feathers and white primary feathers which are visible in flight. The adult male has a patch of bare blue skin around the eye and an inflatable patch of bare skin on the neck and throat which is red, apart from the upper throat which is blue. The bill is long and black except for a reddish patch at the base of the mandible. On top of the bill there is a short open-ended black casque. The female is similar but smaller with any bare skin being wholly dark blue. Juvenile birds are dark sooty-brown with a smaller bill, with an incipient casque. As the juvenile matures, which usually takes 3 years, it gradually develops the plumage, bare skin colour and casque of the adults. The total length is 90 to 110 cm.

The Abyssinian ground hornbill has long feathers that look like eyelashes that surround its eyes. These protect the eyes from injury.

It reportedly averages around 90 to 100 cm tall, around 110 cm and weighs approximately 4 kg. Per Stevenson and Fanshawe, the Abyssinian is a larger species on average than the southern ground hornbill, at 102 cm, but published weights and standard measurements contrarily indicate the southern species is indeed slightly larger.

Voice
A deep booming uh-uh, uh-uh-uh which is far carrying and is normally made at dawn from either a perch or from the ground. The male and female sing in duets.

Distribution and habitat
The Abyssinian ground hornbill is found in Northern sub-Saharan Africa from southern Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea east to Eritrea, Ethiopia, north western Somalia, north western Kenya and Uganda.

It is found in open habitats such as savanna, sub-desert scrub, and rocky areas, preferring short vegetation which enables its visual foraging technique. The areas inhabited by this species are usually drier areas than the preferred habitat of the Southern ground hornbill. It will tolerate disturbed areas but does require large trees to be used as nest sites.

The Abyssinian ground hornbill has escaped or been deliberately released in to Florida, USA, but there is no evidence that the population is breeding and may only persist due to continuing releases or escapes.

Behaviour
The Abyssinian ground hornbill lives in open grassland, in pairs or small family parties. They patrol their territory by walking and are reluctant fliers, usually only taking to the air when alarmed. In captivity, they can live 35–40 years. Diet in the wild consists of a wide variety of small vertebrates and invertebrates, including tortoises, lizards, snakes, birds, spiders, beetles, and caterpillars; they also take carrion, some fruits, seeds, and groundnuts. Groups of ground hornbills have territories of 2 –. They are diurnal.

Breeding
The breeding season of the Abyssinian ground hornbill varies across its range: the West African populations breed in June through to August, Nigerian and Ugandan populations breed in January, and Kenyan birds breed as late as November. They prefer to nest in large trees, with baobabs and palm stumps being preferred; the nest is constructed in a cavity. They have also been recorded nesting in other types of cavities including holes in rocks and man-made cavities such as bee-hive logs or baskets. In the ground hornbills the females are partially sealed in using a mixture of mud and vegetation. In other hornbills the nesting female moult their all flight feathers at once but this is not the case in the ground hornbills. The male prepares the nest by lining the cavity with dry leaves before the female enters and lays a clutch of one or two eggs over around five days. She starts to incubate as soon as the first egg is laid so that the chick which hatches first has a head start in development over its sibling. Incubation of each egg takes between 37 and 41 days, during which time there is no effort to keep the cavity clean and the male is responsible for providing food to the incubating female. The weight of the newly hatched chick is around 70 g and the first-hatched grows rapidly at the expense of the second, which will normally die of starvation before it is four days old by which time its sibling can weigh as much as 350 g. When the surviving chick is 21 to 33 days old the mother leaves the nest and starts to help in food provision, then after 80 to 90 days the chick leaves the nest.

Abyssinian ground hornbills invest a lot in their offspring and the fledged juveniles will remain with their parents for up to three years. They have a slow breeding rate and an average of one chick is raised to adulthood every 9 years so the adults' investment in each young bird raised is exceptionally high.

Feeding
Abyssinian ground hornbills are opportunist feeders, following ungulate herds and forest fires so that they can prey on small animals disturbed by the larger animals or flames. An individual hornbill can walk up to 11 km in a day, pouncing on and eating animals they come across. They have also been recorded digging for arthropods in the soil and attacking bee hives for honeycomb; they very rarely consume any plant matter. The strong bill is used to capture and overcome the prey before it is eaten.

Predators, parasites and diseases
Abyssinian ground hornbills are preyed on by large carnivores, such as leopards. Human predation for food occurs in some countries, including northern Cameroon and Burkina Faso. The nests may be preyed upon by smaller terrestrial predators.

The Abyssinian ground hornbill is a known host for the bird lice Bucorvellus docophorus, Bucerophagus productus and Bucerophagus africanus; it is also a host for the nematode Histiocephalus bucorvi and the tapeworms Chapmania unilateralis, Idiogenes bucorvi, Ophryocotyloides pinguis, and Paruterina daouensis. An individual held in captivity but which had been caught in the wild died from an infection of the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, a common pathogen in fish but not previously recorded in wild Abyssinian ground hornbills. In North America captive Abyssinian ground hornbills have also been known to die because of West Nile virus.

Cultural importance
Abyssinian ground hornbills are not a normal quarry for commercial hunters, although they are not uncommon in captivity in zoos. In some areas the species has cultural significance and hunters may tie the severed head and neck of these birds around their necks in the belief that it helps them stalk their wild ungulate quarry. In some villages the call is often imitated and there are even entire songs based on the male and female duets of Abyssinian ground hornbills.

Status and conservation
The Abyssinian ground hornbill is subject to the loss and degradation of its habitat and it is a quarry of hunters, in a similar way to its congener, the Southern ground hornbill, and, as a result, it is thought that the population may have started a rapid decline. As a result of this perceived decline the IUCN give its status as Vulnerable.

Relevant literature

 * Asefa, Addisu. "Exploration of human-bird relationships: Oromo proverbs associated with the Northern Ground-hornbill in Ethiopia." Social Sciences & Humanities Open 4, no. 1 (2021): 100-162.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Abyssinian ground hornbill


text:
User talk:Nourah

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Heraclius 13:42, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Nourah


text:
Rubina

Rubina may refer to:

 * Antidesma, a tropical plant genus of about 170 species from the family Phyllanthaceae
 * Rubina (composition), by Joe Satriani
 * Rubina (actress) (born 1984), Indian actress
 * Rubina Bajwa (born 1986), Indian actress
 * Rubina Berardo (born 1982), Portuguese politician and Member of the Assembly of the Republic
 * Rubina Ali (born 1999), Indian child actress who played the younger version of Latika in Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
 * Rubina Ashraf, Pakistani TV actress
 * Rubina Marivonne Haroon, Regional Representative for Eastern and Southern Africa for WWF International
 * Rubina Kuraoka (born 1987), German voice actor
 * Rubina Rana (1956–2003), Pakistani Norwegian politician for the Labour Party
 * Rubina Dilaik (born 1987), Indian actress
 * Dina Rubina (born 1953), Russian-Israeli prose writer
 * "Rubina", a song by Joe Satriani on the album Not of This Earth
 * Rubina (YRF Spy Universe), a fictional character in Indian films of the YRF Spy Universe, portrayed by Deepika Padukone and Grace Girdhar

title: Rubina


text:
Talk:Destroy All Monsters

Untitled
I think the only monsters conroled by the alians were Godzilla, Mothra, Rodan, Manda, Barogon, and Anguiris--wattamb2000 I BELIEVE WE NEED GODZILLA AND HIS FRIENDS TO SAVE PLANET EARTH FROM THE ADMINISTRATION OF GEORGE W. BUSH BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE!!!```Raymond Avila(ravila81@comcast.net

You are correct that those are the only ones shown in destruction scenes or battles with earth forces. BUT -- the dialogue says that "all of the earth's monsters" are on the island at the start of the movie. It would be OR or SYNTHESIS to say it in the article -- but it is clear that the other monsters that appear at the final battle scene MUST have been on the island at the beginning, and therefore were temporarily under the aliens' control -- (Spiega, Varan, Minya, Gorosaurus). Chesspride 66.19.84.2 (talk) 07:55, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

I OBJECT TO THIS snippet of plot summary in the article:   Gorosaurus (wrongly identified as Baragon)         Why do I object? Because per the story of the movie, it *is* Baragon that attacks Paris (under the Arch). It doesn't matter whether they used the Gorosaurus suit or not (and they did use the Gorosaurus suit because the Baragon suit was in really bad shape -- but why they couldn't use it for the quickie head shot that is in this scene is still a mystery). But it doesn't matter. What matters is that structurally, in both the original movie and the dubbed versions -- the monster that attacks Paris is called "Baragon" (not Gorosaurus). Whatever he looks like, the dialogue supports BARAGON. Also, the history of these monsters supports Baragon (i.e. Baragon is a burrowing monster -- from his earlier appearance.,,,whereas Gorosaurus is simply an Allosaurus-type monster.)  Yes, that would be OR. But the fact that the film calls him BARAGON is not -- it is original source. Chesspride 66.19.84.2 (talk) 07:51, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Godzilla vs Manda Deleted Scene online Recently, i found a video on Youtube which contains the deleted footage of Godzilla and Manda Fighting. Shall i post it on the main page? http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=rhCeRk9XScY Godzillaclone 15:20, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

math challenged
"...and features up to eleven monster characters..." Well, thanks for my laugh of the day. That's like 2 + 2 = up to 4. Wow! 71.162.113.226 (talk) 12:17, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Destroy All Monsters


text:
Rashleigh family

Rashleigh is a surname of a prominent family from Cornwall and Devon in south western Britain, which originated in the 14th century or before at the estate of Rashleigh in the parish of Wembworthy, Devon. The principal branches were:
 * Rashleigh of Rashleigh, Devon
 * Rashleigh of Barnstaple, North Devon
 * Rashleigh of South Molton, North Devon
 * Rashleigh of Fowey, Cornwall
 * Rashleigh of Menabilly, Tywardreath, near Fowey
 * Rashleigh of Coombe, Fowey

The Rashleighs of Fowey and Menabilly were powerful merchants in the time of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Philip Rashleigh, younger son of a family from Barnstaple in Devon, had purchased the manor of Trenant close to Fowey from the king after the dissolution of the monasteries in 1545. He went into trade, became successful but died in 1551. His two sons Robert and John founded the fortunes of the Fowey Rashleighs and their pedigree has been well documented.

Notable Rashleigh family members
Charles Rashleigh (died 1823) was an entrepreneur. The expanding mining industry around West Polmear led him to develop Charlestown, Cornwall on the south coast as a port, which was named Charlestown after him.
 * Charles Rashleigh

Rashleigh-Berry was Lt. Col in the British Army stationed in Peshawar, British Indian Empire. Rashleigh-Berry participated in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, under Sir Frederick Roberts.
 * Harold St. James Rashleigh-Berry

John Rashleigh (1554–1624) was an English merchant and Member of Parliament. He was the father of Jonathon Rashleigh and grandfather of John Rashleigh. John Rashleigh was the son of Phillip Rashleigh, a merchant, shipowner and landowner from Barnstaple. Phillip was himself the son of owner of the Rashleigh-Barton estate located in Devon which has been known to exist since 1196. After his father Phillip Rashleigh purchased the manor of Trenant in 1545, Phillip moved his family from Devon to Cornwall to take advantage of the dissolution of the monasteries by buying and re-selling the land acquired around Fowey, it was from this land that John Rashleigh commenced building Menabilly from land acquired in Fowey (from which Menabilly was later completed in its construction by his son Jonathan).
 * John Rashleigh (1554–1624, Founder of Menabilly)

Jonathan Rashleigh (4 July 1591 – 1 May 1675) was an English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1675. He supported the Royalist cause during the English Civil War. Jonathan was also responsible for completing the construction of the family home of Menabilly.
 * Jonathan Rashleigh (1591–1675)

John Rashleigh (21 January 1619 – 13 March 1693) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1661 to 1679. He was the son of Jonathan Rashleigh and the grandson of John Rashleigh (the merchant and MP).
 * John Rashleigh (1619–1693)

This Jonathan Rashleigh (see painting to the right) was also based in Menabilly and was the Sheriff of Cornwall in 1687. He was the grandson of Jonathan Rashleigh the merchant and House of Commons politician.
 * Jonathan Rashleigh (1642–1702)

Philip Rashleigh (1729–1811) was a Cornish mineral expert and Member of Parliament for Fowey.
 * Philip Rashleigh (1729–1811)

Menabilly Estate
In the Return of Owners of Land, 1873, Mr Jonathan Rashleigh of Menabilly Estate, Par, was listed as the largest landowner in Cornwall with an estate of 30156 acre, or 3.97% of the total area of Cornwall. The estate contains pleasure grounds and a large country house which was Daphne du Maurier's inspiration for the house Manderley in her novel Rebecca.

title: Rashleigh family


text:
Mobile music

Mobile music is music which can be transported, or in other words, mobile. The term itself is a bit ambiguous.

An outdated definition is as follows; 'mobile music is music which is downloaded or streamed to mobile phones and played by mobile phones. Although many phones play music as ringtones, true "music phones" generally allow users to stream music or download music files over the internet via a WiFi connection or 3G cell phone connection. Music phones are also able to import audio files from their PCs. The case of mobile music being stored within the memory of the mobile phone is the case similar to traditional business models in the music industry. It supports two variants: the user can either purchase the music for outright ownership or access entire libraries of music via a subscription model. In this case the music files are available as long as the subscription is active.'

Truetones
While ringtones do not include artists voices, truetones, chaku-uta and chaku-uta full are recordings of artists' interpretation of music. Distributing them usually requires the agreement of record labels and other owners of artists' rights.

History
Mobile music is technically any form of music which can be moved. This includes musical instruments. This article, however, does not go over the history of musical instruments, as there are already articles on such.

Radios
Radios is one of the earliest forms of technology based mobile music.

Cassette tape players
The most prominent and iconic piece of mobile music is Sony's Walkman. Another term for it is a mobile cassette tape player, a product which multiple companies created.

CD players
The mobile CD player, such as Sony's Discman, is another innovation in the realm of mobile music.

MP3 players
The MP3 is step towards a truly digital age of music.

Mobile phones
The integration of music in a cellphone was not easy. On one hand, technology for portable music had been developed since the 1980s with Sony driving the area with its portable walkman. On the other, cellphone technology had focused on the area of imaging, leveraging the user interest in taking pictures and the operator's need to drive data revenues through the use of its network. The success of ringtones in driving data revenues had placed operators on guard for interactive applications that could drive revenues. Nevertheless, slow data speeds in the GSM and CDMA areas which had 1 and 2G technology, prevented the economic download of music data through networks in comparison with media sites to a computer. So operators, which tended to subsidize phones with data capabilities focused more on ringtone, SMS, and picture phones than on music ready phones, and this prevented many manufacturers to develop those phones because their primary customer is the operator and not the user. Work on compression algorithms for music was extensive with AMR trying to push the envelope, but the revolution of Napster proliferated the world with the MP3 format and manufacturers began to take notice. Another issue was the development of DRM capabilities which helped prevent music piracy and gave mobile music more of a legal status. At that time, Apple was revolutionizing the world with the introduction of the new iPods and its iTunes Store.

The first report on a business plan and need for the successful integration of Music Phones was written in 2004 by Strategy Analytics - "Music phones are key for 3G", a cellular consulting firm in Massachusetts. The report boosted the need for phone manufacturers like Nokia and Motorola to join the bandwagon and explore several music options including the development of a music store strategy by Nokia and the integration of iTunes into a phone by Motorola with its Rocker. Sony, Samsung, and LG were too busy focusing on increasing pixelation and stability within CDDMA camera modules. Sony tried to leverage the Cybershot technology in a multimedia strategy, but it was too slow of a change. While Samsung was driving the high tier segment improving display capability. Nokia worked hard to drive DRM technology to be included into its OVI music store and introduced a new music phone line called Xpress music banking on end user needs rather than on operator's wants because the line was expected to receive lower subsidies from operators than others. In this way, Nokia was banking on the Idea of the report that music could be used to drive customer acquisition at that time rather than data revenues for the time, as mentioned in the report from Strategy Analytics. The Rocker was a success driving new adherents into a highly competitive US market even though it still remained tied to a computer for music downloads. It could be said that it was the adoption of the Rocker by ATT as an acquisition strategy for the US market that prompted operators to purchase music capable phones and manufacturers to develop them. This success of ATT to drive acquisitions was copied by other operators such as Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile, which also drove the introduction of music into the cellphones. Two years after the Rocker, Apple introduced its iPhone and things went on its way. Today, most cell phones incorporate music capabilities which have also been transferred to the smartphones. The built-in app that you use to play music on the iPhone or iPod touch is called Music (on iOS 5 or higher) or iPod (on iOS 4 or lower). While many apps offer music, this is the most common and the one that, for many people, will be the only music app they need.

iPod/Zune
The iPod and Zune are two similar pieces of technology.

Smartphones
Smartphone is the most revolutionary piece of technology to date in regards for mobile music, allowing access to nearly every artist at the click of a button.

Napster
Napster laid the groundwork for the coming wave of streaming audio services.

Music streaming
Music streaming became prominent in the 2000s. Few Prominent Music Streaming Platforms
 * Gaana
 * Spotify
 * Wynk Music
 * JioSaavn

Pirating
Pirating is another issue artists face. Napster was the first large scale system for such, laying grounds for streaming.

Lack of income for artists
The introduction of streaming has caused artists to be unable to support themselves through their music and its sales alone. The pandemic made people quickly aware of this issue.

Social impact
Mobile music has become prominent in daily life to the point where studies have been done over such.

title: Mobile music


text:
Bureau of State Security

The Bureau for State Security (Buro vir Staatsveiligheid; also known as the Bureau of State Security (BOSS)) was the main South African state intelligence agency from 1969 to 1980. A high-budget and secretive institution, it reported directly to the Prime Minister on its broad national security mandate. Under this mandate, it was at the centre of the Apartheid state's domestic intelligence and foreign intelligence activities, including counterinsurgency efforts both inside South Africa and in neighbouring countries. Like other appendages of the Apartheid security forces, it has been implicated in human rights violations, political repression, and extra-judicial killings.

For most of its existence, BOSS was headed by General Hendrik van den Bergh, who, while special Security Adviser to Prime Minister John Vorster, was instrumental in its establishment. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission saw the creation of BOSS as an example of the growing National Party politicisation of South African law enforcement, intelligence and security services, which over time was able to dominate both the South African Government and culture, while in turn being dominated by Prime Minister Vorster's office. Even as BOSS cooperated closely with other parts of the intelligence and security services – especially the South African Defence Force, the Department of Foreign Affairs, and the Security Branch of the South African Police – they were frequently locked in an extremely hostile competition over funding, power, and resources.

General van den Bergh resigned as Director-General in 1978 in the wake of the Muldergate scandal, and BOSS was renamed the Department of National Security. In the same year, Vorster was replaced as Prime Minister by Defence Minister, P. W. Botha, whose government pursued a protracted restructuring of the intelligence services, culminating in the replacement of the Department with the National Intelligence Service in 1980.

Background
Though BOSS was not formally established and legislated until May 1969, it is generally understood to have been operating from late 1968. It replaced the Republican Intelligence unit of the Security Branch of the South African Police. Under Minister of Justice John Vorster, Republican Intelligence and the police generally had benefitted from an expansion of their powers, through legislation such as the Sabotage Act of 1962 and the General Law Amendment Act of 1963, which allowed arbitrary arrest and detention. However, in the middle of 1968, the Cabinet approved the creation of a centralised security service. On 28 August 1968, Hendrik van den Bergh, the head of the Security Branch and Deputy Police Commissioner, was instructed to start planning the new organisation. On the 1 October, he was promoted to the rank of General and appointed special Security Adviser to Vorster, who had become Prime Minister after the assassination of Hendrik Verwoerd. Vorster and van der Bergh were close allies – they were both former members of the pro-Nazi Ossewabrandwag during World War II, and had been imprisoned for sabotage together. Because of this close association, and the extensive powers he had under his advisory role, van der Bergh was seen as "untouchable," which led to tensions within the state that were only exacerbated by the establishment of "super-security" structure BOSS. By March 1969, the skeleton of a new security service began to emerge in the projected expenditures for the 1969–70 financial year. R5.32 million was allocated to the secret services, a 189 percent increase over the previous year, with R4.06 million allocated to the Prime Minister's office for a new security section under van den Bergh. Minister of the Interior S.L. Muller described the proposed agency as a coordinating body which would be staffed by experienced security and intelligence personnel from other departments. The budget of the military intelligence division was concurrently reduced from R830 000 in the previous year to R39 000, which initiated a continuous struggle for power between military intelligence and BOSS which lasted throughout the 1970s.

Formal establishment
On 16 May 1969, Government Notice No. 808 formally established the Bureau for State Security, with retrospective effect from 1 May, as a department of state under the Prime Minister. Van den Bergh was appointed at its head. According to the notice, BOSS's functions were: In the same period, a series of related legislation was introduced in Parliament: the Public Service Amendment Bill on 13 May; the Security Services Special Account Bill on 19 May; and the General Law Amendment Bill on 4 June. All three bills were passed that winter. The Public Service Amendment Act of 1969 outlined BOSS's structure – significantly, BOSS was established under the direct and exclusive control of the Prime Minister, in contrast to other public bodies, which were partly overseen by the Public Service Commission. The Security Services Special Account Act of 1969 established a "Special Account" on BOSS's books, which could be expended on confidential items at the Minister's approval and which, unlike other state-funded funded accounts, would not be subject to the annual audit. Finally, and most controversially, the General Law Amendment Act of 1969 included a provision which authorised the Prime Minister, his nominee, or any Cabinet Minister to veto the provision of any evidence or documents to any court or statutory body, provided the evidence or documents were "prejudicial to the interests of the State or public security." The Act also made it an offence to disclose any "security matter," including any matter relating to BOSS or any person's relationship to BOSS. These amendments were met with alarm among liberal and anti-Apartheid civil society groups, with opposition politician Alex Hepple likening BOSS to the Gestapo.
 * 1) to investigate all matters affecting the security of the State, to correlate and evaluate the information collected, and, where necessary, to inform and advise the Government, interested Government departments, and other bodies in regard thereto; and
 * 2) to perform such other functions and responsibilities as may be determined from time to time.

Potgieter Commission
On 5 September 1969, Vorster formed a commission led by Justice H.J. Potgieter to establish the guidelines and mission for intelligence gathering by BOSS and military intelligence. The Commission to Inquire into Certain Intelligence Aspects of State Security, known better as the Potgieter Commission, investigated clashes between the two organisations over who had primary responsibility for intelligence gathering in South Africa. As van den Bergh was a close ally of Vorster, military intelligence saw it as a foregone conclusion that BOSS would achieve favour. The report of the Commission, released on 2 February 1972, led to the enactment on 24 May of the Security Intelligence and State Security Council Act of 1972. The Act formalised the functions and the brief of BOSS, and also established the State Security Council, which replaced the Cabinet State Security Committee and became the government's national policy centre for national security. The Council was supposed to coordinate information gathered by BOSS and other entities, thus ensuring that none could attempt to dominate the others politically, but this system ultimately failed to reduce the rivalry among different security and intelligence agencies.

Organisational structure
BOSS reportedly comprised the following departments:

As a department of state, it was headed by a Director-General, who for most of its existence was van den Bergh.
 * Subversion
 * Counter-Espionage
 * Political and Economic Espionage
 * Military Intelligence
 * Administration
 * National Evaluation, Research and Special Studies

Activities
Other intelligence divisions, including military intelligence and the Security Branch, were required to submit intelligence to BOSS. By the late 1970s, it was thought to employ more than 1 000 agents, many of whom worked undercover.

Internal surveillance
BOSS was involved in gathering and assessing intelligence about anti-Apartheid and liberation movements, including identifying targets for raids, both in South Africa and in neighbouring countries. For example, Charles Sebe, before he became security chief in the Ciskei homeland, was a BOSS agent in King William's Town, where BOSS was investigating local chapters of the Black Consciousness Movement. In late 1979 and early 1980, the British Observer published allegations – substantiated by documents leaked by a former BOSS agent – that BOSS, then known as the Department of National Security, had been intercepting the mail and private telephone calls of prominent politicians and civil society leaders, including Alan Paton, André Brink, and Helen Suzman.

Propaganda
As was revealed in the Information Scandal of 1978, BOSS acted as banker for the Department of Information in respect of a secret slush fund channelled from the Department of Defence and used to fund a series of propaganda projects, including the establishment of the Citizen, a pro-government newspaper. Some of BOSS's own budget was occasionally used for the same purpose. It is unclear exactly what role BOSS played in the propaganda campaign at the heart of the scandal, but the Department of Information relied on BOSS intelligence. Van den Bergh was certainly closely involved in the planning and implementation of the campaign, and other BOSS officials may also have been.

Z-Squad and alleged extra-judicial killings
At the Erasmus Commission of inquiry following the Muldergate scandal, van den Bergh hinted that murder was within the scope of BOSS's duties: "I have enough men to commit murder if I tell them to kill. I don't care who the prey is. These are the type of men I have." Former BOSS agents later claimed that BOSS was involved in extra-judicial killings through a covert operational unit formed in the early 1970s and known as the "Z-Squad." Others confirmed that the Z-Squad existed but denied that it was involved in political killings. The Z-Squad was linked to the 1977 assassination of NP politician Robert Smit and his wife; the 1978 assassination of Rick Turner; and the February 1974 cross-border assassinations by letter bombs of anti-Apartheid activists John Dube ('Boy Mvemve') of Umkhonto weSizwe and Onkgopotse Tiro of SASO. It has also been alleged that the Z-Squad specialised in interrogating South Africans who had been captured fighting for nationalist movements in Rhodesia and Mozambique, some of whom were killed after interrogation. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) concluded in its final report that BOSS was "possibly" involved in extra-judicial killings, and probably responsible for the murders of Dube and Tiro.

Operations in southern African countries
The TRC heard evidence that BOSS and the South African Defence Force (SADF) jointly led Operation Plathond, under which Zambians were trained for destabilisation operations against the pro-ANC Kaunda government. The TRC was not able to corroborate the claims and details of the Operation remain opaque. However, close links among BOSS and other intelligence services – especially PIDE of colonial Mozambique and the Rhodesian Central Intelligence Organisation and security police – are well-documented and dated back at least to 1969. The agencies coordinated their counterinsurgency efforts in southern Africa and discussed cooperating on covert operations against Kaunda's government; and BOSS channelled "material support" directly from the South African government to intelligence services in Angola and Mozambique. BOSS may also have had a relationship with the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – van den Bergh received CIA training before BOSS was established.

Demise
In the wake of the Information Scandal, which implicated both BOSS and Vorster, van den Bergh resigned in June 1978 and was replaced by Alec van Wyk as acting Director-General. On 1 September 1978, BOSS was renamed the Department of National Security (DONS).

On 20 September, Vorster resigned and was replaced by his Defence Minister, P.W. Botha. Botha's ascension increased the influence of SADF and especially of military intelligence. According to the TRC, the dominance of BOSS and the Security Branch had already began to wane in the late 1970s, amid what was later described as "years of illegality, financial abuse and political meddling" at BOSS/DONS. Botha brought BOSS under tighter executive control. He also appointed Kobie Coetsee, Deputy Defence and Intelligence Minister, to lead a commission of inquiry into intelligence gathering in South Africa and in particular into the question of who would be the lead agency. At the same time, the Erasmus Commission was investigating the Information Scandal. Believing that the outcome of neither inquiry would be to the advantage of BOSS/DONS, officials began to shred any documentation that could be used against them.

In November 1979, Botha appointed Niel Barnard to BOSS/DONS, with a view to having Barnard lead its transformation. Barnard was promoted to Director-General in February 1980, and, at the same time, Botha announced that BOSS/DONS would become the National Intelligence Service. In this new iteration, BOSS/DONS was restructured to focus on research and analysis, with its covert operational functions transferred to the Security Branch.

title: Bureau of State Security


text:
Johnny Taylor (sportsman)

John Morris Taylor (10 October 1895 – 12 May 1971) was an Australian cricket and rugby union player.

He attended Newington College (1906–1915) and St Andrew's College within the University of Sydney. He served with the First Australian Imperial Force as an artillery gunner in World War I and at the conclusion of the war was selected to be part of the Australian Imperial Forces cricket team which played 28 first class matches in Britain, South Africa and Australia.

Cricket career
Taylor played in 20 Tests between 1920 and 1926 and held the Australian 10th wicket partnership record with Arthur Mailey, set in Sydney in 1924/25 against England, until broken by Phillip Hughes and Ashton Agar, on 11 July 2013.

Rugby union career
Taylor also played two rugby union tests for the Wallabies against the New Zealand Maoris in 1922.

title: Johnny Taylor (sportsman)


text:
File:Pictures at Eleven.jpg

Licensing
Cover to Pictures at Eleven by Robert Plant

title: File:Pictures at Eleven.jpg


text:
Talk:Rushnyk

Rushnik is also Ukrainian and Russian. Ilya K 13:46, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * In Ukrainian, Rushnyk. (sorry to be pedantic)  —Michael Z. 2005-09-9 15:00 Z

Nabozhnik
One big piece of bullshit is here now. Basially, a nabozhnik is a towel which decorates an icon. Etymology: na + bog + -nik = "upon-God-nik". mikka (t) 00:43, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 02:16, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Rushnik

 * rushnik A narrow linen cloth, sometimes referred to as a towel, that was embroidered at both ends, and that held a place of great importance in traditional Ukrainian households. The rushnik was ceremonially bound around the joined hands of a young couple during the marriage ceremony. It was also used in the traditional greeting ceremony, when an offering of bread and salt would be made on the rushnik. When not being used ceremonially, the rushnik would be draped over the icons in the home. (Encyclopedia of Russian & Slavic Myth and Legend) --Лобачев Владимир (talk) 12:34, 5 February 2018 (UTC)
 * But inside the museum he takes second place, together with the village's Olympic sportswoman, to a magnificent display of Belorussian embroidered rushnik or cloth (Kul'tura Kosmosa: The Russian Popular Culture of Space Exploration – p. 6)
 * A belt is as frequent in the Baltic rituals, especially the Lithuanians, as a rushnik in the Ukraine. (Peoples of the Soviet Union: Traditions and Customs — p. 58)
 * Wedding guests are traditionally greeted with round rye bread and salt on a rushnik. (Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Europe – p. 74) --Лобачев Владимир (talk) 12:46, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rushnyk


text: User talk:80.134.99.80

title: User talk:80.134.99.80


title: User:M100


text:
Top 20 GAA Moments

Top 20 GAA Moments is a poll of the best moments of Gaelic football and hurling in the television era.

Background
In early 2005, the Irish public chose its favourite from 20 memorable moments from the last 40 years, as selected by ten RTÉ sports personalities and featured on the Sunday Sport programme. The number one moment was revealed in a special broadcast on Saturday 7 May 2005, the eve of the beginning of the All-Ireland hurling and football championships.

The special programme included the views of the ten judges, Des Cahill, Jim Carney, Ger Canning, Brian Carthy, Michael Lyster, Jimmy Magee, Marty Morrissey, Tony O'Donoghue, Micheál Ó Muircheartaigh and Darragh Maloney. There were also discussions with former players as to their views regarding the best moments.

As the programme was made in 2005 it does not feature more recent GAA highlights, such as Kevin Cassidy's long-range winner against Kildare in stoppage time at the end of extra-time in the 2011 All-Ireland quarter-final, or Michael Murphy's thunderbolt of a piledriver into the back of the net in the third minute of the 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final.

title: Top 20 GAA Moments


text:
User talk:Terrybader

Hi, thanks for helping update FNBDT->SCIP. The best way to rename pages is with the "move" command (in the top toolbar), rather than cutting and pasting. The reason is that the history gets lost if you cut and paste (it's OK now, I've gone and fixed it). — Matt Crypto 13:48, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, still new at wiki. --Terry 11:49, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Vinson
Hey Matt, so for each piece of gear under the Vinson family, SCIP family, ANDVT, etc. should I add them each to the list? if so that list will grow rather big. Just wondering since I am still a noob here. --Terry 17:46, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * My thoughts are that, at least for the time being, the cipher machines "navbox" can cope with a link to each separate article that we have on cipher machines. There might come a time where we have so many articles that the box becomes ridiculously unwieldy (moreover, I hope that happens!); we might contemplate trimming it at that point, and losing the individual VINSON articles would make sense. I think it's probably OK for the short-term, though. — Matt Crypto 17:54, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, sounds good. I plan to add little by little as I get time.  Also, do we need a SEE ALSO with the Nav bar having the same links? --Terry 18:39, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, maybe not...although in the KY-58 article, it gives the KY-57 link more prominence (it could otherwise be easily missed in the mass of other links in the navbox). Good work on finding the PD picture, by the way. — Matt Crypto 20:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I have plenty more to come. Helps being on the Navy's Secure Voice team. --Terry 00:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Virginia Beach
Thanks for the help. I try to keep an eye on articles of this type and we can always improve them, eh? P.S. We could use an article on Ft. Story. I can't find much information, though. I did write one on Cape Henry. Mark in Virginia Vaoverland 01:36, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yea, keeping an eye out myself. As I get time I update what I can, should be able to find plenty on Ft. Story.

You might also keep an eye out for anything on "Wash Woods" near Back Bay, one of the Lost counties, cities and towns of Virginia. Mark in Historic Triangle, Vaoverland 20:17, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

Utopia (online game)
Thanks for revising the Utopia (online game) changes I made, you made it sound so much better.

I'd like to explain that while "the leading Utopia fansite" wording for the Utopia Temple description may sound biased, I used it because I've yet to see another (rivaling) Utopia fan site that is more popular, provides more gameplay information, tools, interviews with the Utopia admin, or has even 10% of their (UT's) number of registered users.

Starfriend 14:23:56, 2005-09-08 (UTC)

 * Hey, I hoped I helped make it a little clearer. I am not a great writer myself.  As for the "leading"; I always try and not saying leading, number 1, top, etc. because that can be seen as objective and relative to some individuals while others may argue it sucks.  Personally, I agree with you that it is the leading fansite of all the sites and if you were to "re-add" "leading" with something in Utopia:Talk explaining it I promise to leave it as is.  But I would ask to see if there was not another way to put it, like saying "A large Utopia fansite" or "The most used" or "The Utopia fansite with the largest userbase" which can be supported by empirical (sp?) numbers.  Again though, if you re-add "Leading" I wont bitch. --Terry 14:34, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Nah don't worry about it, I see where you're coming from and it's really not -that- big of a deal. Thanks for your input. --Starfriend 16:49:19, 2005-09-08 (UTC)

AfD
Yes, sadly. If you dig around, you'll see that many Metro stations ave their own entry. Dottore So 17:48, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

My Sandbox
Terry T

User_talk:Terrybader

User_talk:Terrybader

User_talk:Terrybader

Nostalgia
Wow, Terry. I just clicked on your user page after seeing your name in the GordonWatts RfA discussion. I just wanted to tell you that the photo you've got there of that KY-58 brought back a flood of memories for me. If you ever get the desire to make a whole line of articles on crypto devices, let me know so that I can help out. Cheers, Fernando Rizo T/C 20:02, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep looking on my Contribs, you will see that I have already started adding crypto articles and updating ones that are already on here. I have been slack in the last week or so as I am plowing through the wiki world here and trying to figure out the ins and outs of it.  Very massive and amazing it is.  Terry 20:08, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

GordonWatts RfA
Just thought I'd say that I thought it was good of you to try and keep the bad feelings down over there. Keep up the good work. --Blackcap | talk 06:28, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I did not see the point on the bickering to continue on.  Terry  T 11:12, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Bogdanov talk page spiraling into chaos
maybe that's a little hyperbole, but i doubt there is any movement toward consensus. i, for one, have become even more convinced that the Bogdanoff's, their sock puppets, or fans, are fundamentally dishonest people and there is no way a factual and accurate article will be accepted by them. Terry, did you maybe get yourself into a little mess?

rots o' ruk! r b-j 13:10, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Svm_medal.jpg
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GardenState (user) comment
Hi. Sorry about the late reply. GardenSate is now me :) --Matt von Furrie 00:50, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:KY-58.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:KY-58.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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AfD nomination of Earth: 2025
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Proposed deletion of Saskatchewan Volunteer Medal

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 * '''1. notability (unreferenced)

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Nomination for deletion of Template:RfA closed
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Proposed deletion of OMNI (SCIP)

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title: User talk:Terrybader


text:
West Virginia's 3rd congressional district

West Virginia's 3rd congressional district is an obsolete U.S. congressional district in southern West Virginia. At various times the district covered different parts of the state, but in its final form included the state's second-largest city, Huntington; included Bluefield, Princeton, and Beckley; and has a long history of coal mining (especially in the southwestern counties), forestry, and farming.

The district was last represented by Republican Carol Miller. However, because West Virginia lost a congressional seat in the 2020 census, it was eliminated in 2023. On October 22, 2021, Governor Jim Justice signed the new congressional map plans into law. Under the plan, all of the current 3rd would be part of the new 1st. Incumbent representative Miller announced her candidacy for the new 1st district.

Character
The district grew in geographic size over the years, as it contained the area of the state that lost the most population. Most of the congressmen listed below prior to the 1992 election cycle actually represented other parts of the state, as most of the recent 3rd district's history was found in the also obsolete 4th, 5th, and 6th districts.

The last version of the 3rd district began to take shape in the 1960s. For much of its history, the 4th district had been focused on Huntington and the mill towns and farm communities north of that city along the Ohio River, while the 5th and 6th districts were focused on the then safely Democratic coal fields. In the 1970 redistricting, the 5th (which had absorbed most of the 6th due to population loss 10 years earlier) was eliminated, and most of its territory was merged into the 4th to form what is now the western half of the 3rd. In the 1990 redistricting the old 4th was renumbered as the 3rd and took in what is now the eastern half of its current shape from a previous version of the 2nd district.

The major areas of the last version of the district included the industrial and university city of Huntington, the coal producing southwestern part of the state, and the more conservative farm and timber region of the southeastern part of the state. 2010 census figures again showed a major population loss, and Mason County was transferred from the 2nd to the 3rd district. This did not change the character of the district in a significant way.

Despite the strength of Democrats at the local and state level, in presidential elections the district followed the increasing Republican trend in West Virginia. While Bill Clinton twice carried the district handily in three-way races, Al Gore had just narrowly won the district in 2000 with 51% of the vote. George W. Bush won the district in 2004 with 53% of the vote, and John McCain carried the district in 2008 with 55.76% of the vote, continuing the district, and the state's rightward shift despite a large shift towards the Democrats nationally in 2008. In 2012, the district shifted significantly towards the Republicans yet again, with Republican Mitt Romney defeating President Barack Obama 65.0% to 32.8% in the district. In 2016, the district shifted even further towards the Republican Party, with Republican Donald Trump defeating Democrat Hillary Clinton (wife of Bill Clinton, who carried the district by significant margins in the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections), by a massive margin of 72.5% to 23.3%.

Obsolete
The district became obsolete following the 2020 United States census.

Statewide election results
Election results from presidential races:

History
The third district, as originally formed in 1863, included Kanawha, Jackson, Mason, Putnam, Cabell, Clay, Wayne, Logan, Boone, Braxton, Nicholas, Roane and McDowell counties. It was essentially the successor of Virginia's 12th congressional district.

In 1882, the district was reformed to include Logan, Wyoming, McDowell, Mercer, Raleigh, Boone, Kanawha, Fayette, Clay, Nicholas, Greenbrier, Monroe, Summers, Webster, Pocahontas, and Upshur counties. In 1902, Logan, Wyoming, McDowell, Raleigh, Boone and Mercer were removed. In 1916 the district was, more or less, renumbered as the new 6th district, and the 3rd was totally reconstituted as Ritchie, Doddridge, Harrison, Calhoun, Gilmer, Lewis, Upshur, Braxton, Clay, Nicholas, and Webster counties. In 1934, Fayette was added. In 1952, Wirt was added. In 1962, the district was again totally broken up and reconstituted as Boone, Clay, Kanawha, Nicholas and Raleigh. In 1972, Raleigh was removed and Ritchie, Wirt, Gilmer, Calhoun, Mason, Jackson, Roane, Braxton, Putnam, Lincoln, and Boone were added. In 1982, Lewis was added.

The district's last configuration dated from the 1990 round of redistricting. From 1992 to 2002, it consisted of Boone, Cabell, Fayette, Greenbrier, Lincoln, Logan, McDowell, Mercer, Mingo, Monroe, Pocahontas, Raleigh, Summers, Wayne, Webster, and Wyoming. In 2002, Nicholas was added. For the 2012 cycle, Mason was added. All of the counties of the last version of the district are now part of the 1st District.


text:
Kinton, Shropshire

Kinton is a hamlet in Shropshire, England.

It is part of the civil parish of Great Ness, and is situated to the west of the A5 road.

Richard Mathews, the father of Oliver Mathews – the first historian of Shrewsbury – lived in Kinton.

title: Kinton, Shropshire


text:
Kynnersley

Kynnersley is a village in Shropshire, England.

Kynnersley lies in the borough of Telford and Wrekin, in a remote, rural location north of Telford. The village has a population of approximately 180 based on the 2001 census and taking into account new housing, increasing to 284 at the 2011 census. The population is expected to grow slightly as further new developments take place especially as former farm buildings are converted to residential use.

Kynnersley has a small Church of England church, parts of which date from the 13th Century, surmounted by an unusual central bell tower. There is a small village hall of wooden construction which was probably once part of a military barracks (on another site). The village also contains a set of water pumps, still in situ but now out of service, that provided water from an underground pipe system fed from a wind pump. The oldest house in the village is the (grade 2 listed) Whym Cottage, a beamed house with walls of wattle and daub, part of which dates from the 16th century.

Kynnersley is situated on the North Shropshire Weald Moors, an area of wetlands which have been drained for agricultural use using a series of drains or "strines". Most of the farming land was originally part of the estate of the Duke of Sutherland and several houses in the village are 'Duke of Sutherland Cottages' which have a distinctive architectural style. The "Dukes Drive" is a lane that leads directly from Kynnersley to the Duke of Sutherland memorial at Lilleshall

In the centre of the village is a small triangle of raised land known as the Whim. The oak tree in the middle of the Whim is said to have been the hanging tree for the local court house. The old court house itself is now part of the farm buildings of Manor Farm and is in a poor state of repair.

Notable people

 * Robert Burn (1829–1904), classical scholar and archaeologist, born at Kynnersley when his father was rector of the parish.
 * Chris Boot (born 1960), photographer and book publisher, born at Kynnersley.

title: Kynnersley


text:
Kinnerley

Kinnerley (historic Welsh name: Generdinlle ) is a small village in Shropshire, England. It lies between the neighbouring villages of Dovaston and Pentre and the nearest town is Oswestry. To the north is the village of Knockin.

History
A mile to the south is the motte and bailey castle known as Belan Bank. The medieval castle was destroyed by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, during the reign of Henry III.

John Bridgeman, Bishop of Chester, who died in 1652, is buried in St Mary's parish church, and Alfred Payne, a first-class cricketer who died in 1927, is buried in the churchyard.

To the north of the village is the site of Lady Ida's Well close to the Weir Brook. It takes its name from Lady Ida Lumley, wife of the 4th Earl of Bradford, who discovered a natural water spring in 1895 and championed its health benefits.

Wartime role
In the Second World War the area around the village became a top-secret bomb storage depot. Kinnerley was chosen because of its central location within the UK and because it had a railway link. The line was operated by the military (until it was closed in 1960).

The huge site, which had extensive sidings and covered buildings, was created by the Royal Engineers:

More than 200 huge storage sheds, camouflaged and decked out with turfed roofs, were built around the village of Kinnerley. Each was served by a railway siding which entered each building, allowing the highly dangerous cargo to be unloaded inside. BBC

The area was heavily guarded and was not declassified until the mid-1950s.

Transport
The village was formerly served by rail with stops at Kinnerley Junction and Edgerley Halt, on the now defunct Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway, that ran from 1866 to 1960.

Kinnerley is currently served by the 576 Shrewsbury to Oswestry bus route.

Amenities
The village today has a primary school, a church, a cemetery, a Village Hall, a park, and a shop. Its pub (the Cross Keys) closed in 2014 following a fire. On 1 October 2015 the pub was purchased as a community asset to be refurbished and re-opened in 2019. It is home to the acting society known as 'The Kinnerley Players' and also has its own football team.

title: Kinnerley


text:
Edith Tiempo

Edith Cutaran Lopez-Tiempo (April 22, 1919 – August 21, 2011) was a Filipino poet, fiction writer, teacher and literary critic in the English language. She was conferred the National Artist Award for Literature in 1999.

Biography
Tiempo was born in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Her poems are intricate verbal transfigurations of significant experiences as revealed, in two of her much anthologized pieces, "Halaman" and "Bonsai." As fictionist, Tiempo is as morally profound. Her language has been marked as "descriptive but unburdened by scrupulous detailing." She is an influential tradition in Philippine Literature in English. Together with her late husband, writer and critic Edilberto K. Tiempo, they founded (in 1962) and directed the Silliman National Writers Workshop in Dumaguete City, which has produced some of the Philippines' best writers.

Tiempo died on August 21, 2011.

Novels

 * A Blade of Fern (1978)
 * His Native Coast (1979)
 * The Alien Corn (1992)
 * One, Tilting Leaves (1995)
 * The Builder (2004)
 * The Jumong (2006)

Short story collections

 * Abide, Joshua, and Other Stories (1964)

Poetry collections

 * The Tracks of Babylon and Other Poems (1966)
 * The Charmer's Box and Other Poet (1993)
 * Marginal Annotations and Other Poems
 * Commend Contend. Beyond Extensions (2010)

Honors and awards

 * National Artist Award for Literature (1999)
 * Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature
 * Cultural Center of the Philippines (1979, First Prize in Novel)
 * Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas (1988)

title: Edith Tiempo


text:
Category:Medieval sculptors

Sculptors of the Medieval period.

title: Category:Medieval sculptors


text:
File:RingoBiscuitCover.jpg

Fair use in King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All-Starr Band
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:RingoBiscuitCover.jpg


text: User talk:86.129.251.234

title: User talk:86.129.251.234


text:
Knowle, Shropshire

Knowle is a small village in Shropshire, England. It lies largely in the civil parish of Nash.

It is 0.7 mi south of the larger village of Cleehill (which has a primary school, two pubs and several shops) on the B4214 road to Tenbury Wells.

The football club "Clee Hill United" play their home games at Knowle Sports Ground, the highest venue in the Mercian Regional Football League at an elevation of 935–950 feet (285-290m).

title: Knowle, Shropshire


text:
Talk:Apalachee

Untitled
Who ruined the original article? It was called Apalachee, the Spanish, and Catholicism.

What the hell is a "southeastern culture?"71.253.40.208 14:18, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The Native American tribes of the southeastern United States shared many elements of culture, such as building mounds and consuming the black drink in ceremonies. --  Dalbury ( Talk )  00:25, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The term 'southeastern culture' is sometimes called the "Southeastern Ceremonial Complex" (SECC), and refers to a collection of shared cultural elements, including art and art motifs, mound building, shared mythology/cosmology, etc. that existed amoung the southeastern tribes prior to contact. --Emb021 21:34, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Additions of 2 August 2006
I've removed some material, and tagged other parts. I deleted part of one paragraph because it wasn't sourced, and another paragraph because it read like a promotion pamphlet for a modern attempt to recreate an old mission. The new section needs to be rewritten to conform to Wikipedia style guidelines. Also, do not link to images on external sites. Images that are in the public domain or that have been released under the GFDL may be uploaded to Wikipedia and then linked to. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:

 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * Article development
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( Donald Albury ( Talk )  21:51, 2 August 2006 (UTC)); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. --  Donald Albury ( Talk )  21:51, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * And any time you place helpme without the nowiki tag, helpers get summoned from the internet as well. -- ∞Wirelain 21:55, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * My apologies. I was cut and pasting, and missed that. --  Donald Albury ( Talk )  22:07, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:05, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Apalachee. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131116064548/http://teachingflorida.org/article/san-luis-de-talimali-or-mission-san-luis to http://teachingflorida.org/article/san-luis-de-talimali-or-mission-san-luis
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060212133420/http://www.floridastateparks.org/lakejacksonmounds/default.cfm to http://www.floridastateparks.org/lakejacksonmounds/default.cfm

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Map
The map has the Otto on the map in the south (the #1). They were actually in Nebraska. 24.20.248.65 (talk) 02:01, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Actually, I see a number of errors on the map, but it is hard to find accurate maps of Native American territories that are free to use on Wikipedia. (The more accurate maps that I have seen are all in recently published [20 years ago or less] books or journal articles, and so still under copyright.) I suspect it will be hard to get consensus to remove that map without a better one to replace it. - Donald Albury 15:42, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
 * It's actually the #2 on the map, for reference, and yes, there are a number of inaccuracies. The user that created the map doesn't appear to be active so leaving a message for them would be pointless. Hopefully a user will come along that can recreate the map more accurately. -- A Rose Wolf  15:49, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

Cultural heritage groups
Hi User:Donald Albury, Indigenous Florida is definitely your sphere of knowledge, so my apologies for contradicting your edits, but the Talimali Band of Apalachee are already mentioned in the "Cultural heritage groups" section. Listing a contemporary group in the "Spanish missions and 18th-century warfare" would break chronology. Yuchitown (talk) 01:03, 3 November 2023 (UTC)Yuchitown

 * No problem. I had it firmly in mind that the continuity of the Talimali Band with the historic Apalachee was widely accepted by historians of the post-European-contact era in Florida, but I am having trouble finding published sources that explicitly state that (it sort of hovers in the background in some sources). I do know that the Talimali Band has given up on getting Federal recognition. Real life is limiting my engagement with WP right now, so I've stopped searching. If I do find appropriate sources in the future, I will re-visit this. Donald Albury 01:50, 3 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Then there's the challenge of the Talimali Band of Apalachee Indians, Apalachee Indians Talimali Band, and Apalachee Indian Tribe, so plenty of opportunities to share information. Take care and hope you are having some fun out there! Yuchitown (talk) 03:12, 3 November 2023 (UTC)Yuchitown
 * There are Yuchi/Euchee and Muscogee Nation both in Oklahoma 24.143.16.140 (talk) 03:37, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, what does that have to do with the Apalachees? Donald Albury 14:38, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apalachee


text:
Knowbury

Knowbury is a small village near Ludlow in Shropshire, England. It is located in the civil parish of Caynham.

It is near to Clee Hill Village and had a part-time Post Office - now closed.

There were two adjacent public houses in the village, on Hope Bagot Lane - the Penny Black, and the Bennett's End. The Bennett's End continues to be a pub, though the Penny Black is now closed.

The Elan aqueduct passes through the area and crosses the Colly Brook valley (including Cumberley Lane) on the impressive Bennett's End Aqueduct.

St Paul's Church, Knowbury
The first church was a simple structure with a square tower, erected in 1839 for £1,200, on land donated by the Hon. Robert Clive, who also donated the stone and wood for building the church and vicarage. The builder was John Grosvenor of Ludlow. Next to the church was a school for 100 pupils. At the time the population was employed in collieries and brick works. The church was consecrated on 29 January 1840 by the Bishop of Hereford, Thomas Musgrave. The church "stands on the hill side, and is a conspicuous object from all parts of the surrounding country."

It was closed for essential work in 1874, and re-opened in 1881.

There were alterations and additions made in 1883/4 when the chancel, stair turret, and porch were added by Edward Turner of Leicester. The church is built in stone, the early part has a slate roof, and the roof of the later parts is tiled. It consists of a nave, a south porch, a higher chancel with a north organ chamber, and a west tower with a north vestry. The tower has three stages, a west doorway with a pointed arch, and an embattled parapet. The windows are in Decorated style.

Further donations were made, with the addition of a processional cross, altar cross, candlesticks, communion table, books, seats and silver communion plate. The organ is by H Wedlake of London and cost £191 in 1884. An old font was donated by Sir John Dashwood King, who also donated the tower clock. The clock mechanism is by J B Joyce & Co of Whitchurch. The stained glass in the east window is by Mayer of Munich; it shows the Crucifixion. The window in the south chancel showing the Eucharist and the glass in the tower, showing the Baptism of Christ and Suffer Little Children, are probably also by Mayer. The painted reredos, a wooden triptych, is by Charles Edgar Buckeridge; it shows Christ in Majesty, painted in the Netherlandish style. The rood was erected in the memory of Revd. F M Williams in 1911. The floodlighting for the tower was installed in 1977 to commemorate David Coles.

In 2019 a public meeting resolved to keep the church open, but with fewer services and more community functions.

The church is grade II listed. The churchyard contains the graves of 4 war dead, two British Army soldiers and an airman of World War I and an airman of World War II. Outside the church is the grade II listed War Memorial in form of a granite obelisk.

title: Knowbury


text:
File:Bazin What Is Cinema.jpg

Book cover for Andre Bazin's What is Cinema? obtained from a University of Alabama Website: http://www.tcf.ua.edu/classes/Jbutler/T440/bazinq3.jpg.

Fair-use rationale

 * It is used for the purposes of criticism and commentary. Specifically, it is essential to the article, André Bazin, in order to discuss and analyze the work of the film critic.
 * It is a low-resolution image.
 * No equivalent free-content image exists.
 * It is appropriate to use a book cover to represent Bazin because he himself is pictured on the cover.

title: File:Bazin What Is Cinema.jpg


text:
File:Madhk1.jpg

Image courtesy of Doug Gilford's Mad Cover Site

Fair use rationale
This low-resolution illustration qualifies as fair use since the publication is the subject of critical commentary.

title: File:Madhk1.jpg