text:
Talk:History of the Jews in Hungary

Needs updating into 20th and 21st centuries
I am wikifying this article, but it stops at the end of the 19th century, because the source (the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia) stops there. If anyone can provide information from the 1880s to today it would be appreciated. I am particularly concerned that a few paragraphs on the Holocaust in Hungary be put in the article. FeanorStar7

I have inserted a brief account of the Holocaust in Hungary. I do think that this subject merits an article of its own, by virtue of its magnitude as well as its unique aspects. When I have more time, I may prepare a more detailed and comprehensive one. 66.108.145.155 07:03, 7 April 2006 (UTC) Allen Roth

Samuel Aba
I've heard somewhere that Samuel Aba, the 3rd king of Hungary might have been of Jewish origin. Maybe it can be added as an interesting tidbit. Alensha 22:41, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting, I hadn't heard this do you have a source? --Goodoldpolonius2 01:19, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Mostly Hungarian sources. Kristó Gyula & Makk Ferenc: Az Árpád-ház uralkodói ("Rulers from the House of Árpád", p.61.) mentions that the name Samuel was very rare in Hungary, and can mean that he was of Jewish origin. The book is also mentions that Samuel was a leader of the Kabar tribe, which was Jewish. It is certain that he had to convert to Christianity when he married a Hungarian princess, but it was probably only a formality for him, and he didn't care much for Christianity; that's why Stephen I appointed not him but another person, Peter Urseolo as his successor. He was favored by those who opposed Christianity (which was fairly new in Hungary then), and with their support he became king, deposing Peter, who defeated him 3 years later. Alensha 17:15, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * eh, I might as well write his article instead of typing on a talk page :-) Alensha 17:16, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Holocaust Memorial Budapest

Regarding this Place: Testimonies from the family Jakobovics in newspapers 1947 in Holland:

http://www.spacetime-sensor.de/wallenberg.htm

I suggest the translation of the Holland newspapers from 1947. Objective: more audience in english. Can You help me translating? Regards Tamas Szabo

dbforum@compuserve.de

---

George Mantello
I plan to work on creating a stub or starter article on this person on my next personal "Wikipedia Day," but in the meantime, here's a short list of articles that others could use to add information on this diplomatic figure who is said to have played a key role in starting the international protest against sending Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz:

 * El Salvador's Holocaust Hero
 * Switzerland Awakens - specifically states that the international outcry began with Mantello
 * Jerry P. Shinley Archive: George Mantello and The Politics of Genocide - this site seems to have some info questioning the legitimacy of one of the claims about Mantello
 * George Mantello, by Rafael Angel Alfaro Pineda, Vice Minister of Foreign Relations, 1994 - however, note that author represents a country that stands to gain from Mantello being recognized
 * Mantello discussed on page 113 - author very critical of the Swiss, specifically claims that "Mantello (NOT the Swiss)" was the source of the international outcry
 * German-language article
 * Argentinian article, in Spanish, mentions Mantello - I'm working on translating this one
 * Hungarian-language article on the Holocaust

Let's check these out and keep extending the 20th-century portion of the article. Lawikitejana 17:24, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Good Job
I found this entry very objective and well edited!! Good Job!! --Csabap 16:12, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Naftali Krausz
I'm removing the Krausz section. It may have a place in the article if it was properly rewritten although I personally wouldn't include such a thing. The current version however has many problems: It is unsourced, editorializes (has "POV" problems) and I can only assume has serious [WP:NOR|original research] problems. I am also troubled by the opening line "local Jews also suffer from bad public image created by their own extremists". --JGGardiner 18:04, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

I don't like this section
"Some political conservatives and a significant part of the Hungarian population allege these aims are meant to demolish the very foundations of the Hungarian nation, especially by discriminating against the countryside and the religiously pious. The far right alleges that this agenda is part of a secret Jewish domination plan.

Significant Israeli investments in Hungarian industry and financial economy have been made since 1990 and Jewish intellectuals have enjoyed strong media presence, prompting nationalists and anti-globalization fringes to warn that the government is losing control to foreigners."

This is bullshit if you ask me Frigo 06:04, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Than erase it. YOu can delete it, and if it is added again, keap deleting as it is unsourced material and not subject to 3rr. 82.81.175.10 21:54, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Any chance of adding any sources for this stuff?
Any chances of adding sources? 82.81.175.10 21:55, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Citation tags
Before adding a citation tag to the article, check the Jewish Encyclopedia, most of the information comes from there. Squash Racket (talk) 10:12, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

That is not sufficiently detailed sourcing. However, at the very least that should be stated publicly for readers, which I didn't see.

phantom casualties of Holocaust
I deleted an absurd paragraph, calculation, and conclusion based on "probable births" in the Holocaust. Having the number of "casualties" include those (new-born) wou "might have been" is a mockery of statistics of a specific event. Any example of any casualty--or any car crash, or any delayed flight, for that matter--could result in any number of events. Then to calculate, and to say, that "what we now have" (the text I deleted), is a figure of x+(a spurious y) gives results that not only are absurd but disavow any coherent discussion. Yes, imagine had 500,000 people lived all the kids they could have had, based on some "natural growth" phenomenon. Some might even have grown up to be President. It must be left at that. Shlishke (talk) 17:07, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

use english first, then hungarian in parens; level of accuracy

 * 1) Please use English first; please use English translations at all in some cases;

 * 1) Level of accuracy --to two places e.g., "Of the immigrants 38.35 per cent came from Moravia, 11.05 per cent from Poland, 11.05..." is kind of silly, even if the cited source said it. I will round it off.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shlishke (talk • contribs) 09:00, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Unencyclopedic content -- "Keys to the city"
I have deleted this passage referring to the Turkish conquest of Budapest:

I don't know how accurate the story is about Jews handing over the keys to the city, I have never read or heard about that before.

on grounds that it

(1) is personal experience of someone not shown to be an authority -- note the first-person diction

(2) contains weasel words that render it devoid of possible resolution for truth or falsity,

and most of all --

(3) the contention that "Jews handed the keys to Budapest to the Turks" likely has origins in hate speech that might be a fabrication as late as the 20th century.

The canard that the Jews are a fifth column readily serving any hated conqueror that becomes a nemesis of that country in its history is all too frequent. It is a very common charge against Jews, often unfounded or over-simplified with respect to contemporary events.

In view of 20th-century antisemitic causes active in Hungary, especially during the era of Nazi influence and Arrow Cross rule, it is understandable that the claim that "Jews gave the keys to Budapest to the (hated) Turks" could be a recent fabrication as another libel against Jews.

To restore this material one absolutely must have a reliable source, even if one intends to debunk it. A statement that one "has never read anything confirming or denying the story" requires that one be a proven expert in Hungarian history and a specialist in the era in question. That unlikely, then the contention necessitates a written source contemporaneous with the alleged "betrayal" of Budapest or a reference within an unbiased account from a later time. It must show that such "keys" existed, that they gave possession of some critical installation (castle or fortress) and were not simply symbolic (such as the symbolic "keys to the city" that won't unlock so much as a vending machine) often offered to a visiting dignitary, that the person turning the keys over was a Jew, that the turnover of the keys is not an innocent mistake and not under torture, and that the action was not made under some delegation of authority that might have saved Hungarian gentile lives. As a rule, Jews had less to fear from the Turks for opening a palace gate than might a Christian noble or soldier surrendering custody of the edifice.

In any event, "maybe it did and maybe it didn't" or "nobody knows" not only proves nothing -- but says nothing except perhaps to revive a piece of religious bigotry.

Trianon in 1919?
"While popular at first, the so-called Hungarian Soviet Republic fared poorly in almost all of its aims, particularly its efforts to regain territories lost to Slovakia and Romania in the Treaty of Trianon."

The Treaty of Trianon was signed a year later, those territories were merely occupied at that point in history, for one. Secondly, there was no Slovakia to speak of in 1919 either. And thirdly, I dont see why we have to use "so-called" before Hungarian Soviet Republic. --89.133.18.29 (talk) 16:35, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Kudos on Holocaust Account
Two years ago, I originally wrote the first draft of the section on the Holocaust in response to someone's request at the top of this Talk Page. I drafted it as I wrote it, without consulting any reference works, as I've been a student of this period for many years. Well, today, I just took a glance at it and, although my original draft remains the skeleton of today's account, it has been almost completely rewritten and/or changed, with literally hundreds of changes. I would say that virtually every one is an improvement on my original text: Inaccuracies have been corrected, some of my clumsy language has been rendered more felicitously, the narrative flows more smoothly and clearly, and scores of simply flawed phraseology and/or errors have been improved/corrected. It reads so much better, and I just wanted to say kudos to every editor who helped create what is now a much better account. 66.108.110.241 (talk) 18:08, 15 October 2008 (UTC) Allen Roth

Title?
Why was the title of this article changed to Hungarian Jews, from History of the Jews in Hungary? While there is a redirect from the original title, this piece is not about Hungarian Jews--their characteristics, culture, etc. (although such an article would make for a lot of entertaining reading). This article is specifically about their history, and should be reverted to the previous title. Someone, please, carry out this program; I haven't edited in a while, and I wouldn't know where to begin (vote on Talk Page, etc.). This is a confusing error, especially for someone coming to this subject who knows very little about it. 66.108.89.8 (talk) 22:51, 3 February 2010 (UTC) Allen Roth

Hungarian jews
Well some one dose need to start an article on hungarian jews, even just statisticle list of thier populations in preasent countries and a link to this article would be something.--J intela (talk) 12:57, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

Size of the Dohány Street Synagogue
Twice the article says that the Dohány Street Synagogue is the second-largest in the world, yet the Wikipedia article on the synagogue itself claims that it is the fifth-largest. A minor point in some ways, but it looks odd to a reader. Is there any way of establishing its ranking in terms of size (by which I think is meant physical size or, probably, capacity rather than size of membership)? Ondewelle (talk) 22:17, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Wrong date
Under communist rule (1944-56), discrimination against the small number of Jews remaining in Hungary continued.

Change this either to: "Under communist rule (1947-56)..." or: "Under communist rule (1949-56)..."

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.209.96.174 (talk) 09:49, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Potential Problem with an Image
An IP editor has added this image (to the right) to the article. My problem with it is that it is not clear to me whether the picture shows Hungarian Jews. If you click on the image and read the source (from the German Federal Archive), there is not a word about those victims being *Hungarian*. This is the direct source of the image, but I do not see any information there which would indicate that they were Hungarians. K œrte F  a  { ταλκ }  13:38, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Please go to the Auschwitz Album article where it states clearly when and how the images were taken. They were recorded in May 1944 when the gas chambers were at full blast killing Hungarian Jews, as the captions on these pictures shows. What do you want: for the victims to show their passports to the camera? If you are in denial about such Holocaust matters then that is a quite different question. 86.186.153.228 (talk) 19:12, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your answer. If this image is indeed from the Auschwitz Album, then you are right, as that album contains photos about the arrival of Hungarian Jews from Carpatho-Ruthenia to Auschwitz. However, how do you know that this photo is from that album? It is not stated on the description page of the image and I do not see that photo on-line on the website of Yad Vashem, either. The description of the image (if you click on it) states that it is from the German Federal Archive, where its caption is: "KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau, alte Frau und Kinder", so they do not claim that the people on the image are Hungarian Jews. My question is: how do we know that this image is from the Auschwitz Album? K œrte F  a   { ταλκ }  10:25, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

 * PS: I suggest, we should change the image to this one, since it is surely from the Auschwitz Album (it is on the website of Yad Vashem, as well), so it is certain that it shows Hungarian Jews. What do you think?  K œrte F  a   { ταλκ }  10:25, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The problem is more complicated than you suggest. The caption detail ascribes the image to SS Walter (who also appears to have produced the Auschwitz album, according to the article). Many pictures are known to be missing from the album as shown on Yad Vashem. I think it most likely that it comes from the Auschwitz album, but agree that there seems to be some uncertainty about attribution, so use the alternate pic as you suggest. On the other hand, the image does have some immediate impact....86.186.153.228 (talk) 07:34, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I did not notice that the same SS Walter took that image, as well. Nevertheless, since we are not sure whether it is from the Auschwitz Album, I have replaced it with the one linked above. K œrte F  a   { ταλκ }  18:03, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

The image above, in the Auschwitz Album at http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/traveling_exhibitions/auschwitz_album/panel_2.asp  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.215.147.138 (talk) 16:44, 29 November 2013 (UTC)

Sopron medieval synagogue
The ruinous synagogue which can be seen on the picture is the so called Paprét synagogue, itself built in 1891. The two (much smaller) medieval synagogue can be found in Új utca, in a more central part of the town. Drkazmer Just tell me... 23:07, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

Diversify the collage
I think the collage should include people from different fields of activity, having the diversity in mind. It makes no sense to show e.g. 4 distinguished physicists. Therefore I propose to replace 2 physicists: Theodore von Kármán and Edward Teller by Hannah Szenes (war hero, female) and either Adolph Zukor (founder of Paramount Pictures) or alternatively István Szabó (film director). Opinions? Alternative suggestions? --Off-shell (talk) 21:57, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

Giorgio Perlasca
Shouldn't Giorgio Perlasca be included among the people who saved Hungarian Jews during the Holocaust? --Webbie1234 (talk) 22:33, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

Difficult to read
The content is of course very important, I needed to have more info preparing for my trip to Hungary and I am wiser, thanks. But I find this article very hard/difficult to read. This needs editing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.176.224.228 (talk) 13:05, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

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Henryk Sławik
Henryk Sławik issued false documents saving about 5 000 of Polish Jews in Hungary. He was supported by the Antall family (József Antall). Xx236 (talk) 10:07, 12 September 2018 (UTC)

Professor Braham has died
Just an FYI: I have greatly expanded his Wiki (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_L._Braham), with an updated bib of English and Hungarian work; note see his recent work fighting the resurgence to this day of Orban antisemitism as political platform.

The obituary and accompanying eulogy from the Association of Hungarian Jewish Religious Communities published today in Hungarian Spectrum is quite nice: http://hungarianspectrum.org/2018/11/25/in-memoriam-randolph-l-braham-1922-2018/

Professor Braham was my father. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38.138.7 (talk) 01:08, 26 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Please receive my deepest condolences! I am remebering him watching in the television, when he made recognized one of his helpers to survive to the Righteous Among the Nations award, a Hungarian. Thank you for your contributions!

 * Regarding what you have written about the "political platform", calling Orbán as "antisemite" or speaking about "Orbán antisemitism" is not appropriate; such accusations never have been proven - considering his party's policy and prominent Jewish members in the party as always without any antisemite policy - moreover his party introduced the Holocaust Commemoration Day in Hungary; speaking about "these days", the Fidesz government declared zero-tolerance to anti-semitism and the relations between Hungary and Israel was never so good as nowadays. I have to tell the accusation of "anti-semitism" tendentiously came from those political powers holding opposite political views or platform, as such accusation have been common from the left-wing political parties througout Europe to right-wing parties, politicians. Today such cannot be taken anymore serious.(KIENGIR (talk) 01:30, 26 November 2018 (UTC))

New research and published material on current politics (one article from 1993; many others very recent); Randolph Braham
Some of the revised bibliography and particularly the external references in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_L._Braham will be of interest. My father, Professor Braham, died two days ago and I've been revising his Wiki non-stop, and simply do not have the strength to encapsulate and evaluate the material for possible inclusion here. He lived and died for truth and truth alone. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shlishke (talk • contribs) 22:49, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

Didn't see note above
Ninja'ed on news of Professor Braham's death...but my thoughts and suggestions remain. God speed for all the editors and posters here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shlishke (talk • contribs) 22:51, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

Plagiarism
Vast sections of this article have been copied word-for-word from —

Singer, Isadore; et al., eds. (1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia …. vol. 6. New York, New York & London, England: Funk and Wagnalls Co. pp. 494–503.

Entire paragraphs of The Jewish Encyclopedia … have been copied word-for-word into this article.

For example, the following paragraph from this article's "Early history (1095–1349)" section was copied word-from-word from p. 494 of The Jewish Encyclopedia … :

''The year 1240 was the closing one of the fifth millennium of the Jewish era. At that time the Jews were expecting the advent of their Messiah. The Mongol invasion in 1241 seemed to conform to expectation, as Jewish imagination expected the happy Messianic period to be ushered in by the war of Gog and Magog. Béla IV (1235–1270) appointed a Jewish man named Henul to the office of court chamberlain (the Jewish Teka had filled this office under Andrew II); and Wölfel and his sons Altmann and Nickel held the castle at Komárom with its domains in pawn. Béla also entrusted the Jews with the mint; and Hebrew coins of this period are still found in Hungary. In 1251 a privilegium was granted by Béla to his Jewish subjects which was essentially the same as that granted by Duke Frederick II the Quarrelsome to the Austrian Jews in 1244, but which Béla modified to suit the conditions of Hungary. This privilegium remained in force down to the Battle of Mohács (1526).''

If the The Jewish Encyclopedia … no longer enjoys copyright protection, then there should be a notice somewhere on the page of this article that large sections of the article have been copied from the The Jewish Encyclopedia ….

VexorAbVikipædia (talk) 02:55, 23 November 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:History of the Jews in Abkhazia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 05:07, 5 June 2020 (UTC)

Hungary had two Jewish origin prime ministers after 1990
József Antall was maternally Jewish origin, and Gyula Horn was paternally Jewish origin. Read: https://web.archive.org/web/20201026162704/https://mazsihisz.hu/hirek-a-zsido-vilagbol/mazsihisz-hirek/mai-szuletesnapos-horn-gyula-egy-zsido-munkasfiu-es-miniszterelnok-es-meg-egy-meglepetes --Durnheim (talk) 07:26, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

The section in Interwar years in citing complete fiction and is neo-nazi propaganda
''In the first few decades of the 20th century the Jews of Hungary numbered roughly 5 percent of the population. This minority had managed to achieve great commercial success, and Jews were disproportionately represented in the professions, relative to their numbers. In 1921 Budapest, 88% of the members of the stock exchange and 91% of the currency brokers were Jews, many of them ennobled. In interwar Hungary, more than half and perhaps as much as 90 percent of Hungarian industry was owned or operated by a few closely related Jewish banking families. ''

Is coming form a complete work of fiction and is blames the Jews for antisemitism. Ummmbacon (talk) 14:11, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I've replaced the citation with a citation needed tag. This does indeed appear to be an invalid reference. — Czello 14:58, 9 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The issue (which I fixed and was just reverted) is that the page was written in such a way as to excuse antisemitism and was using a work of fiction to do so, the page has multiple issues like this and it is filled with either Huingarian apologia or nazi apologia. I had included a journal article with stats in my edit. Ummmbacon (talk) 15:10, 9 November 2022 (UTC)
 * That does absolutely nothing to fix the problem. This needs to be removed until a citation can be provided and verified- right now it's just blatantly stating antisemitic propaganda as fact. We shouldn't allow this level of propaganda to be stated as fact with a mere citation needed tag, that is extremely misleading. Dragonmag170 (talk) 15:18, 9 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Agreed, this page needs major work in general, but that section is egregious and a citation needed tag is so insufficient as to be comical. newmila (talk) 16:55, 9 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Why are there two separate "interwar years" sections? These should obviously be combined/synthesized. This section is also far too long, though I'm leery of removing information that may not be available in any other English-language form if it's accurate. GordonGlottal (talk) 21:37, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of the Jews in Hungary


text:
User:Lupin/splat

this page will be protected by me, as a test

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Lupin/splat


text:
Who Cares a Lot? The Greatest Hits

'Who Cares a Lot? The Greatest Hits' is a greatest hits retrospective compilation album by American rock band Faith No More. It was released on compact disc and compact cassette by Slash Records and London Records in Britain and Europe on November 24, 1998, and by Slash Records and Reprise Records in North America on December 8, 1998. On January 8, 2021, Slash Records and Rhino Records re-issued the compilation on phonograph record.

Issued following the band's April 1998 breakup, a companion video album was also released on video home system under the title Who Cares a Lot? The Greatest Videos by Slash Records and London Records via Polygram Video in Britain and Europe, and Slash Records and Reprise Records via Warner Reprise Video in North America on February 23, 1999.

The album's content spans most of the band's career (at the time of its initial break-up in 1998), including songs from all of the band's studio albums released through Slash Records (1986-1997). The first disc collects 15 singles from the band's Slash Records career in chronological order. It features the most recognized hits and promos. The second disc has a handful of unreleased songs, B-sides, demos, and live recordings, which were chosen by Slash rather than the band themselves. Some of the notable previously unreleased material includes "The World Is Yours" and "I Won't Forget You".

Release history
There were three different versions that were put out for this compilation. Between the versions, the title and covers were altered.

The album art for the American release was the red question mark on black background, while the United Kingdom, European, Argentine, and Oceanian releases featured the Benny Hill art. The Oceanian double disc edition also had a "Limited Edition 2CD Set" sticker, as in other markets the bonus disc was not limited. In Europe, only a single disc edition was released. For this, the first five tracks off the second disc were simply added to the end of the compilation.

Promo
The album was originally titled Who Cared a Lot?. It had a different track listing and cover artwork, but only saw release as a promo.

title: Who Cares a Lot? The Greatest Hits


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Jukung

A jukung or kano, also known as cadik is a small wooden Indonesian outrigger canoe. It is a traditional fishing boat, but newer uses include "Jukung Dives", using the boat as a vehicle for small groups of SCUBA divers.

The double outrigger jukung is but one of many types of Austronesian outrigger canoes that use the crab claw sail traditional throughout Polynesia. Whilst this sail presents some difficulties in tacking into the wind, actually requiring to jibe around, a jukung is superb in its reaching ability and jibe-safe running. They are usually highly decorated and bear a marlin-like prow.

People in Kalimantan also named their boat Jukung. It is used for transport in daily activities such as going to the office, to school, or shopping in pasar terapung (The Floating Market, a very famous tourist attraction).

Currently there is a modern version of jukung made from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe in Indonesia. Advertised as unsinkable, the main body is made of a closed HDPE pipe that contains sealed air as the source of its buoyancy.

Type of jukung

 * Jukung gede (in Balinese language gede means large). A large type of jukung used for transporting 4–5 cows from Bali to Nusa Penida in Lombok strait, often seen in Kusamba beach.
 * Jukung payangan. This is the big and famous fish catcher from salompeng. The hull is about 15 m long with 5 crewmen. Payang itself refers to a type of seine used by local fishermen.
 * Jukung polangan. The usual type of jukung at Sepulu, with projecting rear end, boom-spar and five seats (called polangan). The front and back "fins" were carved and painted with gold. The hull is using Madurese jukung style.

The great Jukung race
In the late 1980s there was a seafaring journey of over 1000 NM in open outrigger ‘jukung’ canoes by nine crews, who sailed from Bali to Darwin across the Timor Sea. Crews were from New Zealand, Australia, USA, England, Japan, France, Germany, The Netherlands and Indonesia. This was a three-month expedition masterminded by Bob Hobmann, filmed and made into a documentary called "Passage out of Paradise"; it was featured by the National Geographic Society as "The Great Jukung Race". It was the first ever expedition of this kind, following purported Austronesian sailing routes in craft dating 7,000 years old.

The expedition started in Bali, where once crews were familiar with sailing their Jukungs they embarked on a two-month adventure following the ancient sailing routes used around 1,000 years BC, along the eastern Islands via Komodo Island. They completed the journey with a treacherous 5 day sail across the Arafura Sea to Darwin, via the Tiwi Islands.

Challenges experienced were storms requiring numerous boat repairs, waterspouts, excessive exposure to sun, heat, or rain, adverse currents & whirlpools. Hazards included drifting onto war-torn Timor, unpredictable behaviour/welcome from remote villagers, salt water boils, wound infections, malnutrition, near misses with night-time freighters, sightings of sperm whales and giant white sharks. Some sailors were viciously attacked by hornets while preparing to leave a remote beach camp. The crews rebelled & unanimously decided to sail as a group, as opposed to racing the final leg of the journey, for safety reasons. They luckily avoided the risk of contact with salt water crocodiles & lethal box jellyfish common in the Northern Territory coastal waters.

As a result, all sailors miraculously survived a cyclone of more than 110 km/h winds in their tiny 221 in long, 0.5 m wide primitive bamboo/rope jukungs, although the Australian crew was lost for 2 days, later located by the Australian coastguard, with a smashed jukung washed up on an island.

The fleet of 9 jukungs and 18 international sailors were given a traditional welcome by local Melville Island Aborigines, and successfully reached their final destination of Darwin, Australia.

title: Jukung


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Talk:Merkle tree

Merge of Tiger-Tree Hash into Hash tree
Hi! I am thinking of merging the Tiger-Tree Hash article into a subsection of Hash tree. Please respond here if you have any comments. --David Göthberg 02:03, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds appropriate because a Tiger-Tree hash is just a hash tree hash with fixed choices for the block size and hash function (if I understand correctly?). — Matt Crypto 01:04, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, you understand correctly. A Tiger tree hash is just a hash tree with fixed choices for the block size (1024 bytes), hash function (Tiger) and type of tree (binary). He, I just realised I should perhaps mention in the article that a hash tree can be of other types then binary. Each node can have much more child nodes then two. (Although binary is the most popular since at least in theory it is the most flexible.) For instance in my own system I am thinking of using lots of children for each node in such a way that the tree only has two levels. Like this: Data blocks, first level hashes, second level hashes, top hash. Sort of just a hash list with an extra level, easier to implement but still means you can download a "branch" at a time. (That is, download the first level hashes, check the integrity of them, then download a chunk of second level hashes that fits under one single hash in the first level and check the integrity. Then start downloading blocks that corresponds to that chunk of second level hashes.) --David Göthberg 11:45, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think a merge would be ok, as TTH is rather short and is the only notable implentation of a hash I know. Just be careful to maintain a boundary between concept and implementation and this should be no problem. --R.Koot 19:46, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, done so. --David Göthberg 11:45, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Good job! --Adam David Newman 1:57, 19 October 2005 (UTC-6)

A note of dissent: The prominent position given to Tiger seems inappropriate. Is someone who looks up Hash Tree significantly more likely to be dealing with Tiger than with something in the SHA family? If the goal is to provide a good experience to someone inquiring about Tiger Trees, then let's have a Tiger Tree article that says, simply, that a tiger tree is a hash tree that uses Tiger. Peter (talk) 22:44, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

Clarification needed

 * Note, this problem has a solution that is in the official papers and described in the last comment.

Similar to the Merkle-Damgard chain-hash, tree-hash requires something like Initial Values (IVs) to avoid collision which simply extend the tree. Using a tree hash on the picture it appears that x = Hash 0-0 || Hash 0-1 || Hash 1-0 || Hash 1-1 and y = Hash 0 || Hash 1 collide: Tree-Hash(x)=Tree-Hash(y) --24.60.175.200 06:40, 15 November 2005

 * No, you are wrong, sort of. Tree-Hash(x) != Tree-Hash(y) except for one very special case. I'll write an explanation when I thought about a good way to explain it to you. --David Göthberg 02:39, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

If the data blocks incorporate the IV (or are hashed somehow differently into the tree hash leaves, but this needs more care) then my point is taken care of. Otherwise, the construction implies that on the Figure in the article, TopHash=hash(Hash0|Hash1)=hash(hash(Hash00|Hash01)|hash(Hash10|Hash11)).

It seems natural to interpret this as tree-hash(Hash00|Hash01|Hash10|Hash11)=tree-hash(Hash0|Hash1)=TopHash, which gives a collision. My comment is simply to make explicit whatever mechanisms/assumptions that exclude this interpretation. For example, careful use of IVs.

Btw, it might be a good idea to note that hash-chains can be viewed as a special case of the tree-hash (just a very unbalanced tree). Also, authenticated dictionary data structures [Naor Nissim, and subsequent work] constructed using Merkle's tree hashes are probably a good link to include. --[[User:24.60.175.200|24.60.175.200]] 19:21, 18 November 2005

 * First of all, you should really learn to log in and sign your messages. It is really annoying to discuss with some one that does not sign his/her messages. It makes it unclear who says what and when it was said. For now I took the liberty of adding "fake" signatures to your messages to make them readable.
 * Secondly, you are still wrong. Your case is only valid if the data block size is exactly twice the size of the hashsum output if a binary tree is used. (So if using SHA1 which has 20 byte hashsum size that would imply using a data block size of 40 bytes.) Using only 40 byte data block sizes would be very inefficient and as you pointed out very insecure.
 * Most hash tree implementations use 1024 bytes or more for each data block they hash. That would mean that if you fed the "file" x from your example above to a hash tree function it would hash all of x once as a single data block to get the top hash since it is smaller then 1024 bytes. And if you fed the "file" y from your example above that too would be hashed as a single data block, and thus get another top hash then x.
 * However what an attacker can do in this case is to trick the receiver into believing that the actual total size of the file is 40 bytes and then feed your y as the "file data". But there is no way an attacker can trick a receiver into believing that x is the file data.
 * One way of avoiding that 40 byte fake file size attack and even avoid problems if you actually use the data block size of 40 bytes in your hash tree implementation is to instead create the top hash something like this:
 * (Later edit: Solution here does not give complete protection. See last comment for the proper solution.)

top hash = hash( hash 0 | hash 1 | actual total file size )

 * There is no need to use any IVs or file size values etc in the other levels of the hash tree. A more common way is to put the top hash in a metadata file with the file name, file size etc and then instead publish the hash of the metadata file.
 * Your Naor Nissim link seems to link to a paper that contains a description of a hash tree structure similar but not the same to the kind of hash trees this article is talking about. (This article is about Merkle trees.) But if you like to then add that link, but state that it only describes a similar but not same approach.
 * Regarding hash chains: I could not find any article in Wikipedia about hash chains and I don't remember that I have heard about them before. But if I guess correctly what they are then yes, one could see a hash chain as a very weird unbalanced hash tree. But for now I would not add that to the article for several reasons.
 * Note that I have tried to keep the article short and easy to understand instead of complete. Since complete in this case would mean at least 10 pages of text and at least 4-10 pictures. Instead I resorted to using the sentence "There are several additional tricks, benefits and details regarding hash trees" and then linking to the THEX paper and RSA articles that tell more (but even those are incomplete).
 * --David Göthberg 12:52, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi again 24.60.175.200. I just wanted to thank you for pointing out that type of attack. Even though your understanding of it was not complete it lead me to understand the two kinds of "40-byte attacks". I was not aware of it and have not seen any such thing mentioned in any papers on hash trees or hash lists. I have realised now that the fix I wrote about above does not give complete protection. I have to think more about this and discuss it with some other crypto guys.
 * --David Göthberg 21:06, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Update: This problem was discovered a couple of years ago and resolved in Justin Chapweske and Gordon Mohr's THEX Protocol. This specification for the contruction of tree hashes has likely received the most scrutiny of any tree hash implementation and is thus recommended for implementation. The appropriate solution to the above problem is to use separate hash functions for interior and leave nodes of the hash tree, which THEX implements by prefixing either 0x00 or 0x01 to the data to be hashed. THEX is implemented in Swarmcast and Gnutella.

24.118.51.232 22:04, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah yes, that seems to be a good solution. --David Göthberg 14:03, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed, this is an excellent solution. Unfortunately, the article continues to promote insecure implementatinos.  Few people will bother reading this talk page.  Can we add a section describing the collision problem and this solution? WaywardGeek (talk) 15:53, 2 November 2015 (UTC)

Some clarifications
Several things seem to have confused editors and some readers. Since I don't know how to make them more clear in the article without making the text to heavy I will explain them here so future editors at least have access to the info.

 * Hash trees doesn't have to be binary. That is, they can have more than two child nodes/leaves under each node. But binary hash trees seems to be the most used nowadays. One can just as well for instance have a tree with 100 child nodes/leaves under each node. Then if you use 100 bytes per hashed data block and have a file of say 1 million bytes that means two levels of hashes below the top hash. Like this: Top hash < 100 hashes < 100*100 hashes < 100*100 hashes * 100 bytes per block = 1 million bytes.
 * The sentences about Lamport signatures and quantum computers seem to have caused a lot of confusion and edits. I have kept them short in the article since that is currently not an important issue and should probably instead be explained more in detail in the Lamport signature article. Lamport signatures are in them self already secure against quantum computers since they do not use the kind of maths that other public-key systems use, instead they only use hashes. Good strong hashes are believed to not be affected by quantum computers. You just need to use slightly bigger hashes than we use today. The bad part is that a Lamport signature can only be used once. So your published "public-key" can only be used one time. So if you want to sign many messages you would have to publish a long list of one time public Lamport keys. That would be awkward. But if you hash all those Lamport public keys with a hash tree you can then instead publish just the top hash! And when signing a message all you have to store in the message is the signature and the hash tree "branch" of hash nodes that makes it possible to verify the hashes up to the top hash. So hash trees doesn't make Lamport signatures more secure or change them, hash trees "just" makes it possible to easily handle MANY Lamport signatures.
 * Some editors have added "citation needed" tags on the page or asked about the source of some of the statements. Well, all the sources needed are already right there in the external links section. Those links go to good sources that explains pretty much all the details about hash trees and the RSA labs article also explain why Lamport signatures are secure against quantum computers. (The article is written and published by RSA labs, it is not a Wikipedia article.) And I think RSA labs is one of the more trusted sources we have when it comes to crypto stuff. Many other sources I have seen also claims that quantum computers do not seriously affect hashes and stream/block ciphers. Just that public-key systems like RSA, DH, ECC etc are affected.
 * Note that this article doesn't tell the full story about hash trees. There are many more things one need to understand to implement and use hash trees in a cryptographically secure way. But that would make this article huge. Currently the article is just an introduction to hash trees. Again the external links section points to documents telling most of the details and that is why I put a sentence in the text that mentions that: "There are several additional tricks, benefits and details regarding hash trees. See the external links below for more in-depth information."
 * Tiger tree hashes are just a specific kind of hash tree. And currently the most used ones. There is nothing special about them using Tiger hashes. Tiger is just another hash function and Tiger in itself has nothing special to do with hash trees. It just so happens that when hash trees started to be used in p2p networks the p2p programmers did choose Tiger as the hash. They could just as well have chosen any other cryptographically secure hash.

--David Göthberg 06:23, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Merger Proposal Hash tree (persistent data structure)
I am proposing a merge of Hash tree (persistent data structure) into Merkle tree.
 * Merge - They're referring to the same thing, a trie where elements are stored by hashcode. --Padenton (talk) 22:48, 10 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose: these are very different data structures. A Merkle tree is not a trie as supposes. It is a recursive structure where leaves carry hashes of data, while internal nodes carry hashes of hashes. In a trie, internal nodes (conceptually, the links between them) carry parts of hashes of data, not hashes of hashes. Q VVERTYVS  (hm?) 10:35, 11 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Per Qwertyus' description. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 21:23, 11 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose Merkle tree is a tree, which consist of hashes, of course. But 1) it is a very specific structure, rather than Hash tree (persistent data structure), and 2) it definitely deserves a separate article @ Hannasnow (talk) 16:38, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

Failure to Explain
Yo there!

I am half-oatmeal brained right now from other things, but that's only making things normal :8). Reading through a couple of screens multiple times produced not a clue about hash trees yet - and I need something concise. This article seems to totally fail ... in other words I feel it would be a complete waste of time to pursue it any further - and that I need to find a better teacher.

The subject complexity is not a problem for me, generally. And, even if it means creating a long story -- it should be engaging with bite-sized bits to digest.

Xgenei (talk) 02:12, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

Proof of membership of block i seems to be missing from article
The following section does not seem correct to me: "Then, the received hash tree is checked against the trusted top hash, and if the hash tree is damaged or fake, another hash tree from another source will be tried until the program finds one that matches the top hash."

Here is my interpretation of the above algorithm:

algorithm 1 input: a trusted root hash R and an untrusted, nondeterministic oracle O providing hash trees that purport to have root R. do forever ask O for a hash tree T   if T is a valid hash tree for R, meaning (      (1) each leaf is a data block      (2) the parent of each leaf contains the hash of its unique child      (3) every other internal node contains the hash of the      concatenation of the hashes of its children      (4) the root of T contains R    ) then output T and halt

This algorithm does not exploit the tree structure of T except to extend a hash function to large files, something the hash function presumably already does, and so provides no benefit over the following, much simpler algorithm:

algorithm 2 input: a trusted hash R and an untrusted, nondeterministic oracle O providing files that purport to have hash R. do forever ask O for a file F   if hash(F) = R, then output F and halt

I imagine that a key desired benefit of a hash tree would be the ability to validate block i of the file, for any i, independently of validating any other block. That way, one could redownload just block i if it happened to be invalid. If we have to wait to get the entire tree before we can validate anything, and if we can't identify which blocks are invalid (and algorithm 1 does not provide any such information) then this whole data structure is pointless because we would have no choice but to redownload the entire tree upon any failure.

To rectify this, it seems necessary for the supplier of block i to also supply an independently verifiable proof that block i is valid, e.g. the hashes of the siblings of the nodes in the root-to-leaf path. Then the algorithm would look like this:

algorithm 3 input: a trusted hash R, a number of blocks n,     and an untrusted, nondeterministic, asynchonous, parallelizable oracle O that, given i, eventually provides what purports to be block i     together with a proof, in the form of the hashes h1, ..., hk      (k = log_b n, b = degree of the tree) of the siblings of the nodes in a root-to-leaf path to block i. initialize an array A of length n with nulls to hold validated blocks while A contains a null, say in position i, and there is not already an outstanding request for block i   ask O for block i and proof h1, ..., hk    when O completes this request, validate block i as follows: hk' <- hash(block i)     for j <- k, ..., 1 s <- the index of the sibling that the path from the root to block i goes to at level j. e.g. in a binary tree, if the path at the ith level went left, then s = 0, if it went right, then s = 1. h(j-1)' <- hash(concatenation of the members of hj,           inserting hj' into position s)      if h0' = R        // block i is valid A[i] <- block i output the concatenation of the blocks in A and halt

This description is made a bit pointlessly complex by considering b-ary trees instead of specializing to binary trees, which I did only because the article currently seems to want this generalization.

Assuming that for each request, O fails to provide a valid block i independently with probability p, the expected number of blocks algorithm 1 or 2 (they are basically the same) must download is n/(1-p)^n. By constrast, algorithm 3 only requires n/(1-p), an exponential improvement. The proof of block i membership is obviously complete and it's sound because fooling the verifier requires finding a hash collision.

The point of all this discussion isn't to provide some novel research, but to point out that the current description seems to imply algorithm 1, which makes hash trees pointless. Algorithm 3 seems like an obvious fix but requires the notion of a proof of block i's membership, which the current article seems to be completely lacking.

Can someone who knows about real hash tree implementations confirm that suppliers of blocks must also provide a proof, not just block i, and if so, is the form of this proof exactly what I predicted or do they use some other proof system?

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Related sources (zkSnark)
UC Berkeley. Nicholas Spooner nick.spooner@berkeley.edu. UC Berkeley. October 25 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Waterwizardm (talk • contribs) 08:31, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Article doesn't mention torrent files
It seems like the article should mention one of the more common uses of Merkle trees, [bit]torrent files: http://bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0052.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.156.255.250 (talk) 18:19, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

 * We don't mention BitTorrent here since torrent files contain a hash list, not a hash tree. If the peer-to-peer program choses the right block sizes then hash lists are good enough and the added complexity of hash trees is unnecessary.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 08:22, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Merkle tree


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Category:Kanyakumari

 * Kanyakumari district and Kanyakumari related articles.

title: Category:Kanyakumari


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Hinduism in the Philippines

Recent archaeological and other evidence suggests Hinduism has had some cultural, economic, political and religious influence in the Philippines. Among these is the 9th century Laguna Copperplate Inscription found in 1989, deciphered in 1992 to be Kawi script (from Pallava script) with Sanskrit words; the golden Agusan statue (Golden Tara) discovered in another part of Philippines in 1917 has also been linked to Hinduism.

Hinduism today
There is some growth in the religion as of late, although most temples cater to the same communities. Actual adherents of Hinduism are mostly limited to communities that include indigenous and native peoples, expatriate communities, as well as new converts. There are various ISKCON groups and popular Hindu personalities and groups such as Sathya Sai Baba, and Paramahansa Yogananda (SRF), Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (Ananda Marga) that can be found. The Ramakrishna Mission is also present as the Vedānta Society of the Philippines. Hindu based practices like Yoga and meditation are also popular. There are also notable archery ranges named after characters in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata called "Kodanda Archery Range" (named after Lord Rama's bow Kodanda) and "Gandiva Archery" (named after Arjuna's bow Gandiva).

One source estimated the size of the Indian community in the Philippines in 2008 at 150,000 people, most of whom are Hindus and Christians.

At present, however, it is limited primarily to the immigrant Indian community and Butuanon people, though traditional religious beliefs in most parts of the country have strong Hindu and Buddhist influences.

Over the last three decades, a large number of civil servants and highly educated Indians working in large banks, Asian Development Bank and the BPO sector have migrated to Philippines, especially Manila. Most of the Indian Filipinos and Indian expatriates are Hindu, Sikh or Muslims, but have assimilated into Filipino culture and some are Catholic. The community regularly conducts philanthropic activities through bodies such as the Mahaveer foundation, The SEVA foundation and the Sathya Sai organization. Most Hindus congregate for socio-cultural and religious activities at the Hindu Temple (Mahatma Gandhi Street, Paco, Manila), and the Radha Soami Satsang Beas center (Alabang, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila).

History
The archipelagos of Southeast Asia were under the influence of Hindu Tamil Nadu and Indonesian traders through the ports of Malay-Indonesian islands. Indian religions, possibly an amalgamated version of Hindu-Buddhist arrived in Philippines archipelago in the 1st millennium, through the Indonesian kingdom of Srivijaya followed by Majapahit. Archeological evidence suggesting exchange of ancient spiritual ideas from India to the Philippines includes the 1.79 kilogram, 21 carat gold Hindu goddess Agusan (sometimes referred to as Golden Tara), found in Mindanao in 1917 after a storm and flood exposed its location. The statue now sits in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, and is dated from the period 13th to early 14th centuries.

"A study of this image was made by Dr. F. D. K. Bosch, of Batavia, in 1920, who came to the conclusion that it was made by local workmen in Mindanao, copying a Ngandjuk image of the early Madjapahit period – except that the local artist overlooked the distinguishing attributes held in the hand. It probably had some connection with the Javanese miners who are known to have been mining gold in the Agusan-Surigao area in the middle or late 14th century. The image is apparently that of a Sivaite goddess, and fits in well with the name 'Butuan' (signifying 'phallus')."

Juan R. Francisco suggests that the golden Agusan statue may be a representation of goddess Sakti of the Siva-Buddha (Bhairava) tradition found in Java, in which the religious aspect of Shiva is integrated with those found in Buddhism of Java and Sumatra. The Rajahnate of Butuan, in present-day Agusan del Norte and Butuan, used Hinduism as its main religion along with indigenous Lumad nature-worships. A Hindu Tamil King of the Rajahnate of Cebu was also recorded. In the nearby Rajahnate of Sanmalan in the Zamboanga peninsula, the Chinese recorded a tribute mission from its ruler named Rajah Chulan who may be a Tamil from the Chola Dynasty too as Chulan is the local pronunciation of the Chola surname. This theory is corroborated by linguistics and genetics as Zamboanga is, according to anthropologist Alfred Kemp Pallasen the linguistic homeland of the Sama-Bajau people, and genetic studies also show that they have Indian admixture.

Another gold artifact, from the Tabon Caves in the island of Palawan, is an image of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in Tabon Caves has been linked to those found from Oc Eo, in the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam. These archaeological evidence suggests an active trade of many specialized goods and gold between India and Philippines and coastal regions of Vietnam and China. Golden jewelry found so far include rings, some surmounted by images of Nandi – the sacred bull, linked chains, inscribed gold sheets, gold plaques decorated with repoussé images of Hindu deities.

In 1989, a laborer working in a sand mine at the mouth of Lumbang River near Laguna de Bay found a copper plate in Barangay Wawa, Lumban. This discovery, is now known as the Laguna Copperplate Inscription by scholars. It is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines, dated to be from the 9th century AD, and was deciphered in 1992 by Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma. The copperplate inscription suggests economic and cultural links between the Tagalog people of Philippines with the Javanese Medang Kingdom, the Srivijaya empire, and the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of India. Hinduism in the country declined when Islam was introduced by traders from Arabia which was then followed by Christianity from Spain. This is an active area of research as little is known about the scale and depth of Philippine history from the 1st millennium and before.

Folklore, arts and literature
Many fables and stories in Filipino Culture are linked to Indian arts, such as the story of the monkey and the turtle, the race between deer and snail (slow and steady wins the race), and the hawk and the hen. Similarly, the major epics and folk literature of Philippines show common themes, plots, climax and ideas expressed in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.

According to Indologists Juan R. Francisco and Josephine Acosta Pasricha, Hindu influences and folklore arrived in Philippines by about 9th to 10th century AD. There is a Maranao version of the Hindu Epic Ramayana known as Maharadia Lawana (King Rāvaṇa ).

Language
With the advent of Spanish colonialism in the 16th century, the Philippines became a closed colony and cultural contacts with other Southeast Asian countries were limited, if not closed. In 1481, the Spanish Inquisition commenced with the permission of Pope Sixtus IV and all non-Catholics within the Spanish empire were to be expelled or to be "put to the question" (tortured until they renounced their previous faith). With the re-founding of Manila in 1571, the Philippines became subject to the King of Spain, and the Archbishop of New Galicia (Mexico) became the Grand Inquisitor of the Faithful in Mexico and the Philippines. In 1595, the newly appointed Archbishop of Manila became the Inquisitor-General of the Spanish East Indies (i.e., the Philippines, Guam, and Micronesia), and until 1898 was active against Protestants, Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims. As was the case in Latin America and Africa, forced conversion was common and any refusal to submit to Church authority was seen as both rebellion against the Pope and sedition against the Spanish Crown, which was punishable by death.

Linguistic influence left lasting marks on every Philippine language. Below are some borrowed terms, which were often Buddhist and Hindu concepts, with the original Sanskrit; some of the words in many Philippine languages are loaned from Sanskrit and Tamil. The conservative nature of these loanwords and shared correspondence with Malay suggest that many of these loanwords were borrowed from an earlier form of Classical Malay that preserved the distinction between several Sanskrit phonemes.

Tagalog

 * budhî "conscience" from the Sanskrit bodhi
 * Bathalà "bhattara – Hindu God Shiva" from the Sanskrit Bhattara
 * dalità "one who suffers" from the Sanskrit dharita
 * dukhâ "poverty" from the Sanskrit dukkha
 * guró "teacher" from the Sanskrit guru
 * sampalatayà "faith" from the Sanskrit sampratyaya
 * mukhâ "face" from the Sanskrit mukha
 * lahò "eclipse", "disappear" from the Sanskrit rahu
 * maharlika "noble" from Sanskrit mahardikka
 * saranggola "kite" from Sanskrit layang gula (via Malay)
 * bagay "thing" from Tamil "vagai"
 * talà "star" from Sanskrit tara
 * puto, a traditional rice pastry, from Tamil puttu (via Malay)
 * malunggay "moringa" from Tamil "murungai"
 * saksí "witness" from Sanskrit saksi

Kapampangan

 * kalma "fate" from the Sanskrit karma
 * damla "divine law" from the Sanskrit dharma
 * mantala -"magic formulas" from the Sanskrit mantra
 * upaya "power" from the Sanskrit upaya
 * lupa "face" from the Sanskrit rupa
 * sabla "every" from the Sanskrit sarva
 * lawu "eclipse" from the Sanskrit rahu
 * Galura "giant eagle (a surname)" from the Sanskrit garuda
 * Laksina "south" (a surname) from the Sanskrit dakshin
 * Laksamana/Lacsamana/Laxamana "admiral" (a surname) from the Sanskrit lakshmana

Cebuano

 * asuwang "demon" from Sanskrit asura
 * balita "news" from Sanskrit varta
 * bahandi "wealth" from Sanskrit bhandi
 * baya "warning to someone in danger" from Sanskrit bhaya
 * budaya "culture" from Sanskrit; combination of boddhi, "virtue" and dhaya, "power"
 * diwata "goddess" from Sanskrit devata
 * gadya "elephant" from Sanskrit gajha
 * puasa "fasting" from Sanskrit upavasa
 * saksí "witness" from Sanskrit saksi

Tausūg

 * suarga "heaven"; compare sorga in modern Indonesian
 * agama "religion"

Ibanag

 * karahay a cooking pan similar to the Chinese wok, from the Sanskrit karahi
 * tura the word meaning "to write" came from the Sanskrit sutra meaning literature or scripture
 * kapo the word cotton from Sanskrit kerpas

Common to many Philippine languages

 * sutlá "silk" from the Sanskrit sutra
 * kapas "cotton" from the Sanskrit kerpas
 * naga "dragon" or "serpent" from the Sanskrit nāga

Hindu temples
There are Hindu temples in Manila city including Hari Ram Temple (Paco) and Saya Aur Devi Mandir Temple (Paco). There is a Hindu temple called "Indian Hindu Temple" in Cebu City, Philippines. There is a Hindu Temple in Baguio City, Philippines called "Baguio Hindu Temple". In Davao City, it has a Hindu temple and Sikh gurdwara inside a single building called "Davao Indian Temple".

title: Hinduism in the Philippines


text:
Multiplication (music)

The mathematical operations of multiplication have several applications to music. Other than its application to the frequency ratios of intervals (for example, Just intonation, and the twelfth root of two in equal temperament), it has been used in other ways for twelve-tone technique, and musical set theory. Additionally ring modulation is an electrical audio process involving multiplication that has been used for musical effect.

A multiplicative operation is a mapping in which the argument is multiplied. Multiplication originated intuitively in interval expansion, including tone row order number rotation, for example in the music of Béla Bartók and Alban Berg. Pitch number rotation, Fünferreihe or "five-series" and Siebenerreihe or "seven-series", was first described by Ernst Krenek in Über neue Musik. Princeton-based theorists, including James K. Randall, Godfrey Winham, and Hubert S. Howe "were the first to discuss and adopt them, not only with regards [sic] to twelve-tone series".

Pitch-class multiplication modulo 12
When dealing with pitch-class sets, multiplication modulo 12 is a common operation. Dealing with all twelve tones, or a tone row, there are only a few numbers which one may multiply a row by and still end up with a set of twelve distinct tones. Taking the prime or unaltered form as P0, multiplication is indicated by Mx, x being the multiplicator:
 * Mx(y) ≡ xy mod 12

The following table lists all possible multiplications of a chromatic twelve-tone row:

Note that only M1, M5, M7, and M11 give a one-to-one mapping (a complete set of 12 unique tones). This is because each of these numbers is relatively prime to 12. Also interesting is that the chromatic scale is mapped to the circle of fourths with M5, or fifths with M7, and more generally under M7 all even numbers stay the same while odd numbers are transposed by a tritone. This kind of multiplication is frequently combined with a transposition operation. It was first described in print by Herbert Eimert, under the terms "Quartverwandlung" (fourth transformation) and "Quintverwandlung" (fifth transformation), and has been used by the composers Milton Babbitt, Robert Morris, and Charles Wuorinen. This operation also accounts for certain harmonic transformations in jazz.

Thus multiplication by the two meaningful operations (5 & 7) may be designated with M5(a) and M7(a) or M and IM.

 * M1 = Identity
 * M5 = Cycle of fourths transform
 * M7 = Cycle of fifths transform
 * M11 = Inversion
 * M11M5 = M7
 * M7M5 = M11
 * M5M5 = M1
 * M7M11M5 = M1

Pitch multiplication
Pierre Boulez described an operation he called pitch multiplication, which is somewhat akin to the Cartesian product of pitch-class sets. Given two sets, the result of pitch multiplication will be the set of sums (modulo 12) of all possible pairings of elements between the original two sets. Its definition:

 * $$X \times Y = \{ (x+y)\bmod 12 | x\in X, y\in Y\}$$

For example, if multiplying a C-major chord $$\{ 0,4,7 \}$$ with a dyad containing C,D $$\{ 0,2 \}$$, the result is:

 * $$\{ 0,4,7 \} \times \{ 0,2 \} = \{ 0,2,4,6,7,9 \}$$

In this example, a set of three pitches multiplied with a set of two pitches gives a new set of 3 × 2 pitches. Given the limited space of modulo 12 arithmetic, when using this procedure very often duplicate tones are produced, which are generally omitted. This technique was used most famously in Boulez's 1955 Le Marteau sans maître, as well as in his Third Piano Sonata, Structures II, "Don" and "Tombeau" from Pli selon pli, Éclat (and Éclat/Multiples), Figures—Doubles—Prismes, Domaines, and Cummings ist der Dichter, as well as the withdrawn choral work, Oubli signal lapidé (1952). This operation, like arithmetic multiplication and transpositional combination of set classes, is commutative.

Howard Hanson called this operation of commutative mathematical convolution "superposition" or "@-projection" and used the "/" notation interchangeably. Thus "p@m" or "p/m" means "perfect fifth at major third", e.g.: { C E G B }. He specifically noted that two triad forms could be so multiplied, or a triad multiplied by itself, to produce a resultant scale. The latter "squaring" of a triad produces a particular scale highly saturated in instances of the source triad. Thus "pmn", Hanson's name for common the major triad, when squared, is "PMN", e.g.: { C D E G G♯ B }.

Nicolas Slonimsky used this operation, non-generalized, to form 1300 scales by multiplying the symmetric tritones, augmented chords, diminished seventh chords, and wholetone scales by the sum of 3 factors which he called interpolation, infrapolation, and ultrapolation. The combination of interpolation, infrapolation, and ultrapolation, forming obliquely infra-interpolation, infra-ultrapolation, and infra-inter-ultrapolation, additively sums to what is effectively a second sonority. This second sonority, multiplied by the first, gives his formula for generating scales and their harmonizations.

Joseph Schillinger used the idea, undeveloped, to categorize common 19th- and early 20th-century harmonic styles as product of horizontal harmonic root-motion and vertical harmonic structure. Some of the composers' styles which he cites appear in the following multiplication table.

The approximation of the 12 pitches of Western music by modulus-12 math, forming the Circle of Halfsteps, means that musical intervals can also be thought of as angles in a polar coordinate system, stacking of identical intervals as functions of harmonic motion, and transposition as rotation around an axis. Thus, in the multiplication example above from Hanson, "p@m" or "p/m" ("perfect 5th at major 3rd", e.g.: { C E G B }) also means "perfect fifth, superimposed upon perfect fifth rotated 1/3 of the circumference of the Circle of Halfsteps". A conversion table of intervals to angular measure (taken as negative numbers for clockwise rotation) follows:

This angular interpretation of intervals is helpful to visualize a very practical example of multiplication in music: Euler-Fokker genera used in describing the Just intonation tuning of keyboard instruments. Each genus represents an harmonic function such as "3 perfect fifths stacked" or other sonority such as { C G D F♯ }, which, when multiplied by the correct angle(s) of copy, approximately fills the 12TET circumferential space of the Circle of fifths. It would be possible, though not musically pretty, to tune an augmented triad of two perfect non-beating major thirds, then (multiplying) tune two tempered fifths above and 1 below each note of the augmented chord; this is Euler-Fokker genus [555]. A different result is obtained by starting with the "3 perfect fifths stacked", and from these non-beating notes tuning a tempered major third above and below; this is Euler-Fokker genus [333].

Time multiplication
Joseph Schillinger described an operation of "polynomial time multiplication" (polynomial refers to any rhythm consisting of more than one duration) corresponding roughly to that of Pitch multiplication above. A theme, reduced to a consistent series of integers representing the quarter, 8th-, or 16th-note duration of each of the notes of the theme, could be multiplied by itself or the series of another theme to produce a coherent and related variation. Especially, a theme's series could be squared or cubed or taken to higher powers to produce a saturation of related material.

Affine transformation

Herbert Eimert described what he called the "eight modes" of the twelve-tone series, all mirror forms of one another. The inverse is obtained through a horizontal mirror, the retrograde through a vertical mirror, the retrograde-inverse through both a horizontal and a vertical mirror, and the "cycle-of-fourths-transform" or Quartverwandlung and "cycle-of-fifths-transform" or Quintverwandlung obtained through a slanting mirror. With the retrogrades of these transforms and the prime, there are eight permutations.

"Furthermore, one can sort of move the mirror at an angle, that is the 'angle' of a fourth or fifth, so that the chromatic row is reflected in both cycles. ... In this way, one obtains the cycle-of-fourths transform and the cycle-of-fifths transform of the row., translated in"

Joseph Schillinger embraced not only contrapuntal inverse, retrograde, and retrograde-inverse—operations of matrix multiplication in Euclidean vector space—but also their rhythmic counterparts as well. Thus he could describe a variation of theme using the same pitches in same order, but employing its original time values in retrograde order. He saw the scope of this multiplicatory universe beyond simple reflection, to include transposition and rotation (possibly with projection back to source), as well as dilation which had formerly been limited in use to the time dimension (via augmentation and diminution). Thus he could describe another variation of theme, or even of a basic scale, by multiplying the halfstep counts between each successive pair of notes by some factor, possibly normalizing to the octave via Modulo-12 operation,(

Z-relation
Some Z-related chords are connected by M or IM (multiplication by 5 or multiplication by 7), due to identical entries for 1 and 5 on the APIC vector.

title: Multiplication (music)


text: Category:History of Cameroon

title: Category:History of Cameroon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Here and there

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 20:38, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

Here and there
A fine band, I'm sure, but only locally notable. With no album yet recorded and no extensive tours yet conducted, I must vote to delete. Denni ☯ 02:05, 2005 August 26 (UTC)
 * Delete Amren (talk) 02:52, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity, no AMG entry. Jaxl | talk 03:30, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not meet WP:MUSIC. Cnwb 04:23, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; nn | Celcius 05:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Nateji77 05:27, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I put this down for speedy early today, but apparently we need to VfD it, ah well - nn, locally known only.
 * Delete; they are not notable enough, at the minute. IINAG 14:17, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. *drew 22:45, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Peter Krešimir IV

Peter Krešimir IV, called the Great (Petar Krešimir IV. Veliki) was King of Dalmatia and Croatia from 1059 until his death in 1074 or 1075. He was the last great ruler of the Krešimirović branch of the Trpimirović dynasty.

Under Peter Krešimir IV, the Croatian realm reached its peak territorially, earning him the sobriquet "the Great", otherwise unique in Croatian history. He kept his seat at Nin and Biograd na Moru; however, the city of Šibenik holds a statue of him and is sometimes called "Krešimir's city" (Croatian: "Krešimirov grad") because he is generally credited as the founder.

Early years
Peter Krešimir was born as one of two children to king Stephen I (Stjepan I) and his wife Hicela, daughter of the Venetian Doge Pietro II Orseolo. Krešimir succeeded his father Stephen I upon his death in 1058 and was crowned the next year. It is not known where his coronation took place, but some historians suggest Biograd as a possibility.

From the outset, he continued the policies of his father, and was immediately requested in letter by Pope Nicholas II first in 1059 and then in 1060 to further reform the Croatian church in accordance with the Roman rite. This was especially significant to the papacy in the aftermath of the Great Schism of 1054, when a papal ally in the Balkans was a necessity. Upon a visit of the papal legate Mainardius in 1060, at Church sabor in Split in 1061, Krešimir and the upper nobility lent their support to the pope and the church of Rome.

Church conclusions were made also against the Croatian Glagolitic priesthood and other having long beards and hair style, marriages, and that the secular government does not interfere in the affairs of the church, in aim to distance them from Byzantine orientalism. More so, the ecclesiastical service was likely practiced in the native Slavonic (Glagolitic), whereas the pope demanded practice in Latin. This caused a rebellion of the clergy led by a bishop of Krk Cededa and a certain priest named Vuk (Ulfus), who had presented the demands and gifts of the Croats to the Pope during his stay in Rome, but was told nothing could be accomplished without the consent of the Split see and the king. They protested against celibacy and the Roman Rite in 1063, but they were proclaimed heretical at a synod of 1064 and excommunicated, a decision which Krešimir supported. Krešimir harshly quelled all opposition and sustained a firm alignment towards western Romanism, with the intent of more fully integrating the Dalmatian populace into his realm.

In turn, he could then use them to balance the power caused by the growing feudal class. By the end of Krešimir's reign, feudalism had made permanent inroads into Croatian society and Dalmatia had been permanently associated with the Croatian state, and the last Byzantine protospatharios and katepano of Dalmatia, named Leo, is mentioned in 1067 and 1069.

The income from the cities further strengthened Krešimir's power, and he subsequently fostered the development of more cities, such as Biograd, Nin, Šibenik, Karin, and Skradin. He also had several monasteries constructed, like the Benedictine monasteries of St John the Evangelist (1060) and St Thomas (c. 1066) in Biograd, and donated much land to the Church. In 1066, he granted a charter to the new monastery of St. Mary in Zadar, where the founder and first nun was his cousin, the Abbess Čika. This remains the oldest Croatian monument in the city of Zadar, and became a spearhead for the reform movement. During the same year, he gave his nephew Stephen Trpimirović the office of Duke of Croatia, which designated him as his co-ruler and successor.

In 1067, the northern part of the kingdom was invaded by Ulric I, Margrave of Carniola, who occupied a part of Kvarner and the eastern coast of Istria, the "March of Dalmatia". As the king was at that time preoccupied with the liturgical issues and reforms in Dalmatia, these parts were eventually liberated by his ban Demetrius Zvonimir.

Territorial policy

It was during his rule that, for the first time, the high-ranking office of ban started to branch, as multiple bans were first mentioned in 1067. It is known that, apart from the ban of Croatia, the banate of Slavonia existed during this period, which was at this time likely held by Krešimir's successor Demetrius Zvonimir. The city of Šibenik is for the first time mentioned during his rule in 1066, which was his seat for some time and is for these reasons referred to as "Krešimir's city" in modern times.

In 1069, he gave the island of Maun, near Nin, to the monastery of St. Krševan in Zadar, in thanks for the "expansion of the kingdom on land and on sea, by the grace of the omnipotent God" (quia Deus omnipotens terra marique nostrum prolungavit regnum). In his surviving document, Krešimir nevertheless did not fail to point out that it was "our own island that lies on our Dalmatian sea" (nostram propriam insulam in nostro Dalmatico mari sitam, que vocatur Mauni).

Around 1070, Krešimir was rumored to have previously murdered his brother Gojslav (some historians identify with Gojčo, Ban of Croatia who served until 1069). Eventually, when the rumors reached abroad, Pope Alexander II sent one of his legates, Mainardius, to inquire about the death of Gojslav. Only after the monarch and 12 Croatian župans had taken an oath that he did not kill his brother, the Pope symbolically restored the royal power to Krešimir. According to Neven Budak, these events happened at the very beginning of Krešimir's reign because was titled only as princeps and it happened before Mainardius calling of Church sabor in 1060. Krešimir in turn made Dmitar Zvonimir the new Ban of Croatia, and subsequently elevated him as his principal adviser with the title Duke of Croatia.

Relations with Byzantium and the Normans
In 1069, he had the Byzantine Empire recognize him as supreme ruler of the Theme of Dalmatia, which Byzantium had controlled since the Croatian dynastic struggle of 997. At the time, the Byzantine empire was at war both with the Seljuk Turks in Asia and the Normans in southern Italy, so Krešimir took the opportunity and, avoiding an imperial nomination as proconsul or eparch, consolidated his holdings as the regnum Dalmatiae et Chroatia. This was not a formal title, but it designated a unified political-administrative territory, which had been the chief desire of the Croatian kings. In the meantime, the Normans from southern Italy became involved in Balkan politics and Krešimir soon came in contact with them. After the 1071 Battle of Manzikert, where the Seljuk Turks routed the Eastern Imperial army, the Diocleans, Serbs and other Slavs instigated the Bulgarian uprising of Georgi Voyteh against the Byzantium, and in 1072 Krešimir is alleged to have lent his aid to this uprising. However in 1074, at the invitation of the Dalmatian coastal cities and Byzantium, the Normans invaded the Dalmatian possessions of Croatia from southern Italy, ruling since 19 March the towns of Split, Trogir, Biograd na Moru and Zadar for almost a year. During the invasion, the Norman count Amico of Giovinazzo, who was in Byzantine service and Byzantines instigated the attack on Krešimir because he abandoned emperor's sovereignty, also besieged the island of Rab for almost a month (14 April to early May). The siege failed, but he managed to take the island of Cres on 9 May. It was during these clashes that the Croatian king himself was captured by Amico at an unidentified location. The capture was mentioned on Church Sabor of Split in November 1074, which is the last time King Petar Krešimir's name was mentioned. In February 1075, the Republic of Venice expelled the Normans and assumed control of the Dalmatian cities for themselves.

Death and succession
Near the end of his reign, having no sons, Peter Krešimir designated Demetrius Zvonimir as his heir. It seems that Petar Krešimir died in a Norman prison by November 1074 because on 25 January 1075 was sent a letter by Pope Gregory VII to Sweyn II of Denmark in search of a candidate for a new ruler of, to the Pope, nearby "rich land by the sea which became mastered by vulgar and cowardly heretics", meaning Croatia and Amico's Normans. The help from Danish king wasn't needed as Venice soon expelled the Normans and was the coronation of Zvonimir who pledged loyalty to the Holy See.

Krešimir was buried in the church of St. Stephen in Salona (today's Solin) which served as the Mausoleum of Croatian Kings. Several centuries later the Ottoman Turks destroyed the church, banished the monks who had preserved it, and destroyed the graves.

Legacy
Krešimir is, by some historians, regarded as one of the greatest Croatian rulers. Thomas the Archdeacon named him "the Great" in his work Historia Salonitana during the 13th century for his significance in unifying the Dalmatian coastal cities with the Croatian state and accomplishing a peak in Croatia's territorial extent. The RTOP-11 of the Croatian navy was named after Krešimir. The city of Šibenik holds a statue of him and some schools in the vicinity are named after Krešimir.

Literature

 * Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara, 1925, Zagreb ISBN 86-401-0080-2
 * Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara, 1925, Zagreb ISBN 86-401-0080-2

title: Peter Krešimir IV


text:
Talk:Lao Sung

DON'T MERGE!!!!!
Lao Sung includes a few more tribes than the Hmong, including Akha and Yao.

title: Talk:Lao Sung


text:
User talk:Usabestrealty

Welcome!

While your contributions are appreciated, Wikipedia is not an advertising medium. Please see What Wikipedia is not to learn more. Also, please don't repost information that has been deleted under proper guidelines. Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 02:08, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Blocked
This account has been permanently blocked as it was created solely for the posting of link spam.

Your submission at Articles for creation: Alexandria Isola (April 27)
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title: User talk:Usabestrealty


text:
Talk:Overhead

Untitled
As it stands, this article isn't a disambiguation page as defined by the guidelines for such things (see Disambiguation and Manual of Style (disambiguation pages)). Courtland 02:08, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

File system overhead
I don't see mention of this type of overhead, except in File system. — Nahum Reduta [talk|contribs] 04:20, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Overhead


text:
The Excellent Dizzy Collection

The Excellent Dizzy Collection is a video game compilation published by Codemasters in November 1993. The title includes three stand alone games, based on the video game character Dizzy created by the Oliver Twins. The compilation contains, Dizzy the Adventurer, Panic Dizzy and the previously unreleased ''Go! Dizzy Go!'' Ports were slated for release in January 1994 for Master System and Mega Drive, but only the Game Gear version saw release, and only in Europe.

Dizzy the Adventurer
Dizzy the Adventurer is an enhanced version of the previously released Dizzy Prince of the Yolkfolk that was bundled with the Aladdin Deck Enhancer for the Oliver twin's publisher (Codemasters/Camerica) ill-fated NES peripheral. The title had not previously been released on the Sega platforms so was originally going to be released as a stand-alone game but publisher Codemasters was uncomfortable releasing it at full price.

Panic Dizzy
The game was originally released as a stand-alone product, Dizzy Panic!, for the Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64, but was later included as a last-minute replacement for Wonderland Dizzy. Codemasters felt that two adventure games should not be included on the one compilation, so the Oliver Twins decided to leave Dizzy the Adventurer and replace Wonderland Dizzy (which was eventually released in October 2015) with Panic Dizzy to complement the other two game styles.

Go! Dizzy Go!
''Go! Dizzy Go!'' was originally to be released on the NES for the Aladdin; due to its unexpected failure, the title was then planned for release as a stand-alone title for the Sega Master System and Sega Game Gear. The publisher, Codemasters, was uncomfortable releasing it separately at full price, so included it as part of The Excellent Dizzy Collection. The game is an action-puzzle game where the player must navigate the Dizzy through a series of mazes similar to the Adventures of Lolo games.

Quattro Arcade, released for the NES in 1992, includes ''Go! Dizzy Go!''

Development
After the failure of the Aladdin Deck Enhancer, Camerica was forced to close down, and Codemasters was in financial trouble. As a result, many staff left the Oliver twins' software company, Interactive Studios, who were unable to find replacements. Dizzy the Adventurer was freely bundled with the Aladdin, and three other titles were being developed for it; Dreamworld Pogie, ''Go! Dizzy Go! and Wonderland Dizzy''. After the Aladdin was abandoned, the Oliver twins decided to release all four (when completed) on the Sega Master System and Sega Game Gear to bring in some extra revenue, but Codemasters wasn't comfortable releasing each as a full-priced stand-alone title, so forced them to combine the games into a compilation, although only three would fit. They abandoned the non-Dizzy-oriented game, Dreamworld Pogie, and intended to release the action game ''Go! Dizzy Go! and the two adventure games Wonderland Dizzy and Dizzy the Adventurer''. Codemasters marketing team informed the Olivers that they couldn't release two adventure games on the one compilation. They decided that the previously released Dizzy the Adventurer was the stronger title and didn't require any further development and, as a replacement for Wonderland Dizzy, the twins included the previously released Panic Dizzy.

After The Excellent Dizzy Collection was released, the Oliver twins left Codemasters for another publisher, and with the intellectual property split between Codemasters and the Oliver twins, no more Dizzy games were ever produced, although both companies have since said they would like to revisit the series. Wonderland Dizzy was eventually released in 2015. Dreamworld Pogie remained unreleased until 2011 when an alpha build was somehow leaked online. An official release of the game finally occurred in 2017, following a successful Kickstarter campaign from the original creators.

title: The Excellent Dizzy Collection