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Talk:White House/Archive 1

It should be mentioned that initially it was called the Executive Mansion, only officially being called the White House later. --141.219.44.92

A friend of mine went to whitehouse.com one time at work. Not a pretty sight, having to explain that to his boss (who saw it). Koyaanis Qatsi 00:17 10 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Someone keeps changing the whitehouse.gov link and other links to porn sites - can the external links be locked down?

I've just added on the Shropshire page the fact the the Shropshire regiment burned it down in 1814... User:Alun Ephraim 16th October 1814 ;)

West Wing TV show
The sentence about the TV show The West Wing and its set is confusing. Is it meant that the TV show makes the west wing look larger than it is in real life? As it stands, the sentence seems to say that the TV show somehow makes the real west wing look bigger.

 * I'm rearranging the sentences in the West Wing section; is it really that important that the common understanding of working arrangements was altered by a TV show? JHCC 15:12, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I stumbled across what looks like the source material for the line about the set versus reality: . Press Secretary McClellan says "I've only been able to watch the TV show a couple of times. One thing I notice that stuck out was the large number of people running around the west wing. There are a relatively small number of maybe 50 - 70 people that work in the west wing and you don't see people running around the hall ways all the time." That sounds to me like it means a small number of people work in the real west wing, and the real one looks less crowded. I admit that the quote has some ambiguity, but I interpret it as described because he presumably knows how many people work in the real west wing. McClellan goes on to say that "The offices and rooms on the show appear to be quite large -- while the west wing is in the center of activity -- the offices and rooms are somewhat small." So regarding the size of the rooms, this sounds less ambiguous and matches the current state of the article. If it helps anyone, I think the information about the TV show originally appeared on this wiki page on 11 Feb, 2003. If I don't see any further comment about this topic, I will change the article to say "real one has fewer people" in so many words. It feels like overkill to include the whole quote for a small but worthwhile (IMO) bit of information. --Officiallyover 05:41, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Maybe I expressed it badly. When I meant was the west wing is actually very small. It was designed to accomodate a handful of staff under FDR, who rebuilt the interior after a fire. But as the number of people working there has increased I think someone said tenfold the space has become crowded. McClellan is right. There is far less running around. (That's just a TV device to give the image of activity. Showing people at their desks looks less active, even if they are doing a lot of work on their computers.) But it is ludicrously small to run a government from. It is the same as with 10 Downing Street; a small building now the hub of a massive governmental system. Blair once considered moving to another building completely but it would have been too controversial. People can be moved to the Old Executive Office Building where there is more space, but people still demand to be in the West Wing for its symbolism. Even the press won't move, even though their space is ludicrously limited. The place is so small the current press room is constructed on false floor over the old presidential swimming pool.

Just how small it is isn't captured in the sets. But then also TV seriously distorts scale. I was in a news studio recently. On TV it looks like a massive high tech space. It actually is a tiny clump of plywood desks, with decorative striped lines on the backdrop that are really strips of celotape. Many people have bigger bathrooms than that studio really is. The same is probably true. Even if the set is exactly the same scale as the real place (and it can't be to create camera shots, enable cameras to move. etc) the visual distortion that is natural on television will make the place look bigger anyway. Fear ÉIREANN 21:30, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Presidents
Why was John Adams only the first president to live here? User:Patricknoddy User talk:Patricknoddy 16:39 August 22, 2004 (EDT)
 * It took 17 years to build the White House (1792 until 1809). George Washington died in 1799, before construction was finished. John Adam moved in while construction was still going on. →Raul654 21:47, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

the comment 'With inflation, this would be approximately equivalent to $2.4 million today.' is very interesting, but since 'today' keeps changing (along with the inflationary value of the dollar), why don't we change this to be a fixed date?

e.g.: With inflation, this would be approximately equivalent to $2.4 million 2004 dollars.

It should also be noted as the unofficial headquarters of Halliburton.
 * No, it shouldn't. This is utter nonsense. That is why every time you attempt to add it to the main article, it is being removed. --Durin 00:33, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, I would argue that thought eh Halliburton bit is ridiculous, the inflation bit is VERY important. What if this document should last for 5 years, with an annual inflation rate of roughly 2%, that adds up over a few years.  And what if the figure were from say, 1998? Then the inflation rate is already outdated greatly.

Truman Balcony
The Truman balcony on the south portico actually slightly predates the renovation of 1948, contrary to what the article says, but I'm not sure how that should be worked into the article. Schuminweb 05:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Urban legend?
Ive had multiple profs of American history, and some texts of American history tell me that the White House was only named so after the British burned it during the war of 1812.

Is there any documentation to this claim that it was called the white house prior to the burning?

 * I have such information somewhere in my books about the name "White House" being informally used from the beginning, even before the 1814 fire. I'll have to look around and see what I can find.  I know that the name "White House" did not become official until the administration of Teddy Roosevelt, but I want to say that it was referred to as the White House prior to the fire.  Again, I'll have to go hunting and see what I can find.  Schuminweb 04:28, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay... according to White House History: Journal of the White House Historical Association (1983) at the top of page 39, "Faded documents among old federal records tell us that in 1797 laborers at the unfinished President's House began mixing whitewash to apply to the mansion's newly laid stone walls. The Aquia Creek sandstone of which the White House is constructed is a porous material, and the whitewash was intended as a sealer.  The brilliant white, semi-transparent wash also gave uniformity to the mottled stone, making it, indeed, a 'white house' three years before a President came to occupy it."

 * So that's what the documentation that I can find says. It leaves the original question ambiguous (was it called "White House" before the fire?) but does establish that the building was first painted white well before the 1814 fire.  Schuminweb 04:40, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

The "Lincoln Bedroom"
Is there room in the article for the fact that the floor plan of the White House was changed during the Truman administration reconstruction, and that such rooms as the "Lincoln Bedroom" were so named at that time? I seem to remember a mini-scandal when one guest or another was accomodated in that room. Too Old 01:52, 2005 Jun 23 (UTC)

 * That's my understanding - that the Lincoln Bedroom was so named during the Truman renovation. In Lincoln's time, the room was Lincoln's office, and it served other functions before and since.  So the "Lincoln" designation is appropriate, having served as Lincoln's office.

 * As for changes to the floor plan, as I understand it, the floor plan was not changed significantly, with any changes mostly being minor things like turning the West Sitting Hall into a true room, and turning the Center Hall into a sitting room as well. Both of these rooms that I mentioned, by the way, are on the second floor.  The only major exception was the grand staircase, which was repositioned to open into the Entrance Hall, instead of the Cross Hall as it did before.  But otherwise, they stuck quite faithfully to the floor plan as renovated by Theodore Roosevelt.  Schuminweb 04:48, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Whitehouse Tapes
I came across this site http://www.whitehousetapes.org/ WhiteHouseTapes.org which has Presidential recordings with relevant research materials of the 5,000 hours of conversations secretly recorded by six American presidents Between 1940 and 1973 and wondering in which article and where it can be included. Any suggestions are welcome - Mahadevan Subramanian 10:03, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:White House/Archive 1


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User:Ans/Forum/Test another topic

Test another topic

Hi, this is a topic change. --Ans 12:44, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Another comment. --Ans 12:46, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ans/Forum/Test another topic


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ANZAC Square, Brisbane

ANZAC Square is a heritage-listed town square and war memorial located between Ann Street and Adelaide Street (opposite Post Office Square), in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is a state memorial to the men and women who participated in overseas armed service and is named in honour of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. ANZAC Square is adjacent to ANZAC Square Arcade.

ANZAC Square was opened on Armistice Day, 1930. It is also known as 9th Battalion Memorial and Queensland Women's War Memorial. ANZAC Square was registered on the (now inactive) Register of the National Estate in 1980 and added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

ANZAC Square contains the Shrine of Remembrance and the 'Eternal Flame of Remembrance' held in a continuously lit bronze urn, dedicated on Tuesday, 11 November 1930.

There is also the World War II Shrine of Memories. Daphne Mayo sculptured the Women's War Memorial that forms part of the memorial's wall.

The external wall of the Shrine of Memories is dedicated to the 60,000 Queenslanders who fought in World War I. There are also war-related statues, for various wars, including memorial statues for the Queensland soldiers who fought during the Second Boer War (1899–1902), as well as World War II, the Vietnam War and campaigns in Korea, Borneo and New Guinea.

On 27 May 2022, a sculptural memorial to Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service men and women, designed by Wakka Wakka artist, John Smith Gumbula and sculptor Liam Hardy, was added to Anzac Square. Cast in bronze, the memorial features life-size figures standing on a ‘Journey Stone’. Navy, Army and Air Force are represented alongside Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander warriors and dancers, depicting a story of embarkation from home via air, land and sea. State Library of Queensland holds a collection of videos relating to the making of this memorial.

On 25 April, every year, a Dawn Service is held at the Shrine of Remembrance and ANZAC Square.

Symbolism
Some of the symbolism used are as follows:

 * the 18 columns of the Shrine represent the year of peace after World War 1—1918.
 * also symbolizing the year (1918) are the number of stairs leading up to the shrine—19 stairs in the first row and 18 stairs in the second row.
 * the bottle trees commemorate the Queensland Light Horse Regiments, which served in South Africa's Boer War (1899–1902).
 * the palm trees are Middle East date palms and they represent Australia's success in the Middle East during both World Wars. Palms are also a biblical symbol of victory.
 * the three paths from the bottom of the stairs represent the three services (Army, Navy, Airforce)

History
Australia's involvement in World War I exacted a heavy toll in death and injury. Of a relatively small population of about five million people, 60,000 troops were killed and 152,000 wounded. Australia's casualty rate of 68.5% was the highest of the Allied forces.

The idea of a large memorial park and monument in the centre of the city commemorating those who had participated and died in the Great War was first raised in 1916. The original plan was to use the whole city block bounded by Ann, Edward, Adelaide and Creek Streets for the square but as negotiations with Federal, State and local governments continued throughout the early 1920s, a smaller site was determined. In 1928 State and Federal governments agreed to grant lands for the square and to erect flanking buildings to a co-ordinated design.

Anzac Square commemorates all Queenslanders who participated in war, not just Brisbane residents. In 1928 a competition for the design of a Shrine of remembrance was won by Sydney architects Buchanan and Cowper. Construction proceeded over the following two years and on Armistice Day 11 November 1930 the Queensland governor Sir John Goodwin dedicated the Shrine and the square. In 1933 the square was declared a Reserve for Park purposes and the Brisbane City Council was appointed trustee of the site.

In 1932 the Queensland Women's War Memorial was unveiled. This memorial was an initiative of the Brisbane Women's Club and funded by public subscription. It was designed and executed by Daphne Mayo with assistance from George Harvey.

A memorial commissioned by the 9th Battalion (AIF) Association was mounted in the Crypt and unveiled by the Australian Governor-General Lord Gowrie on 17 August 1937. Commemorating the battalion's 45 officers and 1048 other ranks who lost their lives in the war, it was undertaken by former Brisbane sculptor William Leslie Bowles at a cost of. Bowles was noted for his memorial work, having been head sculptor at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra during the years 1924 to 1931.

In 1939 a memorial commemorating Queenslanders who served in the South Africa conflict 1899 to 1902 was relocated to the square. This memorial, featuring a fully equipped mounted trooper originally stood near the intersection of Turbot and Edward Streets. It was designed by James Watts and sat on a pedestal constructed by local firm Lowther & Sons.

During the 1960s and 1970s various proposals were made to alter the square as part of the redevelopment of property on the opposite side of Adelaide Street. These plans met with considerable public resistance. After a protracted public debate, a compromise plan involving limited encroachment on Anzac Square was agreed upon. This work was completed by 1984 and included the construction of a pair of elevated pedestrian bridges to Post Office Square, enlarging the crypt under the Shrine, and the realignment of the Adelaide Street entrance to the square.

Originally envisaged as a First World War memorial, Anzac Square has become a repository for memorials of other wars. In 1984 the Second World War Shrine of Memories was relocated in the enlarged crypt under the Shrine and during 1988 memorials to those who served in the Korean and Vietnam wars were erected in the square.

Anzac Square remains as the focus of armed services commemorations, particularly on Anzac Day.

Description
Anzac Square, occupies an area of more than 0.5 hectare between Ann and Adelaide Streets. It lies in a band of pedestrian access space extending from Central Station through four city blocks. On the river side of Anzac Square are Post Office Square, the GPO precinct and St Stephens Cathedral grounds.

The square is formally arranged. From a small stone wall edged by formal gardens on Adelaide Street, three paths, separated by lawns and mature trees, converge on a large elevated Shrine at Ann Street. These paths represent the three branches of the armed forces, Army, Navy and Air Force. Trees along these paths include Palms, Bribie Island Pines and Bottle Trees – the latter were donated by Colonel Cameron, former Light Horseman and active lobbyist for the square.

A dominant feature of the square is the Shrine. It is an adaptation of the classical Greek temenos (sacred enclosure) and tholos (circular shrine) comprising a circular colonnade of Helidon sandstone on a three-tiered base of Queensland granite, and stands approximately 7 m high on a paved forecourt extending to the Ann Street footpath. Eighteen Doric columns support a circular entablature externally ornamented with rosettes and internally inscribed with the names of battlefields where Australian soldiers fought. The colonnade is enclosed by cast iron railings that span the columns. Within the circular enclosure a bronze urn houses the Eternal Flame – a symbol of faithful remembrance.

Beneath the Shrine is a large crypt containing the Memorial Galleries, previously known as the Shrine of Memories, now managed by the State Library of Queensland. These Galleries are a memorial to those who served in the First World War, Second World War, and in various Queensland contingents of the armed forces. The mosaic mural by artist Don Ross is the centrepiece of the Memorial Galleries, and is available for viewing at various times of the year.

Twin stone staircases wrap around the Shrine, descending to the level of the square. On either side of the staircase are shallow tiled reflecting pools – symbols of tranquillity and renewed life. Large sandstone retaining walls rise from the lawns of the square to the footpath under the Shrine. The Queensland Women's War Memorial is located in the western wall of Anzac Square, below the Shrine of Remembrance. It consists of a relief panel in Helidon sandstone depicting a military procession. The panel is surmounted by a centrally placed bronze laurel wreath and the inscription "Erected by the women of Queensland in memory of those who lost their lives through The Great War 1914–1918". A sandstone and stone pedestal supports a bronze and sandstone drinking fountain mounted on upturned bronze dolphins – symbols of renewed life.

The equestrian memorial of the South African War dominates the entry to the central path at Adelaide Street. A life-size bronzed statue modeled on Lieutenant-Colonel Charles James Reade, it depicts a Queensland Mounted Infantryman on horseback. On two sides of the trachyte pedestal large bronze plaques contain the names of the eighty-nine Queensland soldiers who lost their lives in the South African war.

Memorials to the Korean and Vietnam wars are also located in the square. A memorial to Queensland’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander service men and women was unveiled in the park on 27 May 2022.

The square is flanked by State Government Offices to the south and Commonwealth Government Offices on the north. These are generally of restrained classical design and sympathetic in scale to the space, except the 1970s Commonwealth Government highrise extension on Ann Street. They frame vistas through the square to the GPO in the east and Central Station to the west.

Anzac Square restoration and enhancement
Beginning in 2014, Anzac Square underwent a major restoration and enhancement project. Stages 1, 2 and 3 of the project were a joint initiative by the Queensland Government and Brisbane City Council and were undertaken from 2014 to 2016. Stage 1 and 2 involved extensive restoration work to build a structurally sound exterior to the memorial site (stopping water infiltration into the substructure and walls), installing an electronic ignition system inside the Eternal Flame urn, during which time the Eternal Flame was relocated to the Parkland of Anzac Square and restorative work to stonework and paving.

Stage 3 involved significant enhancements to the crypt and memorial galleries. The spaces in the undercroft were renamed after the completion of Stage 3:

 * World War I Memorial Crypt (previously the Shrine of Memories)
 * World War II Gallery (previously Memorial Crypt)
 * Post World War II Memorial and Exhibition Gallery (formerly the RSL Queensland Branch headquarters)

The two memorial galleries house digitised material curated by State Library of Queensland, enhanced with interactive digital experiences including touchscreens and timelines.

Heritage listing
Anzac Square was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity.

Anzac Square is significant as one of the few examples of Australian war iconography which include servicewomen.

Anzac Square is significant as it contains the only memorial in Brisbane dedicated to all members of the Queensland contingents who died during the South African conflict, and one of the few South African War memorials in the state.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity.

Anzac Square is important for its contribution to the central city area as a large open space, combining green and built elements.

Anzac Square is significant as examples of the work of Queensland artists and sculptors Daphne Mayo, L Watts and W L Bowles.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Anzac Square, a State memorial to those who participated in overseas armed service campaigns and the site for major commemorative occasions is significant as a rare example formal urban design of such a scale and degree of unity

title: ANZAC Square, Brisbane


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DATAR

DATAR, short for Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving, was a pioneering computerized battlefield information system. DATAR combined the data from all of the sensors in a naval task force into a single "overall view" that was then transmitted back to all of the ships and displayed on plan-position indicators similar to radar displays. Commanders could then see information from everywhere, not just their own ship's sensors.

Development of the DATAR system was spurred by the Royal Navy's work on the Comprehensive Display System (CDS), which Canadian engineers were familiar with. The project was started by the Royal Canadian Navy in partnership with Ferranti Canada (later known as Ferranti-Packard) in 1949. They were aware of CDS and a US Navy project along similar lines but believed their solution was so superior that they would eventually be able to develop the system on behalf of all three forces. They also believed sales were possible to the Royal Canadian Air Force and US Air Force for continental air control.

A demonstration carried out in the fall of 1953 was by most measures an unqualified success, to the point where some observers thought it was being faked. By this time the US Air Force was well into development of their SAGE system and the RCAF decided that commonality with that force was more important than commonality with their own Navy. The Royal Navy computerized their CDS in the new Action Data Automation system, and the US Navy decided on a somewhat simpler system, the Naval Tactical Data System. No orders for DATAR were forthcoming.

When one of the two computers was destroyed by fire, the company was unable to raise funds for a replacement, and the project ended. The circuitry design used in the system would be applied to several other Ferranti machines over the next few years.

Canadian Navy during the War
At the Atlantic Convoy Conference of 1943, Canada was given shared control of all convoys running between the British Isles and North America. At the time, it was a role of unprecedented importance because it gave Canada a key command role over the United States. After the war, Canada sought to protect its role as the Western Alliance's anti-submarine and escort navy. In order to do so, they would need to invest in an ambitious naval research agenda.

Early research
In 1948, the Canadian Defence Research Board sent a letter to various Canadian electronics firms informing them of their intention to start a number of projects that would partner the military, academia and private companies. A copy of the letter was sent to Ferranti Canada, then a small distributor of Ferranti's United Kingdom electrical equipment. The letter was forwarded to the then-CEO of Ferranti in the UK, Vincent Ziani de Ferranti, who became excited at the prospect of enlarging their Canadian operations largely funded by the government. At a meeting in October 1948 de Ferranti was disappointed to learn that while the DRB was equally excited, the amount of money they had to offer was basically zero.

Belyea's concept
Word of the meeting reached Jim Belyea, a researcher at the Navy's electrical laboratories outside Ottawa. Belyea had been developing the idea of an automated battlefield control system for some time, after having studied the problem of dealing with a coordinated attack by submarines on convoys. During World War II the slow speeds and short submerged range of the typical U-boat allowed the defenders to deal with them one-by-one, but as the capabilities of the newer Soviet designs improved it appeared that a coordinated all-underwater attack was a real possibility, one for which he felt an effective defence would require much faster reaction times.

Belyea's idea was to share radar and sonar data between ships, processing the data in order to present a unified view of the battlefield relative to any particular ship's current heading and location. Belyea had experience with naval training simulators, and thus knew that conventional electrical analogue computation and display would not be sufficient for DATAR.

"Belyea's basic idea of sharing precise real time radar and sonar data between all ships in a convoy, compensating for ship movement and distinguishing between friendly and enemy ships was years ahead of its time. Indeed, it was a quantum jump into the future and although I am by no means up to date at the time of writing (September, 2002) I am virtually certain that all modern naval task forces basically incorporate the Belyea concepts."

However he had no good idea how to accomplish this, so he approached Ferranti, who had recently met with the DRB. Instead of the cash-strapped DRB, Belyea offered funding directly from the Navy itself. As Belyea was a lieutenant, he only had authority to approve contracts up to CAN$5,000. As a cunning solution, Belyea put out several contracts under different names all to Ferranti. This solution pleased everyone and the DATAR project was born in 1949, Ferranti setting up a new shop under the direction of Kenyon Taylor in Malton near the Avro Canada plants.

The DATAR prototype
By 1950 the small team at Ferranti Canada had built a working pulse-code modulation (PCM) radio system that was able to transmit digitized radar data over long distances. The opening of the Korean War dramatically shifted the government's spending priorities, and 100 new ships were ordered in 1951. Along with this came renewed interest in DATAR, and over the next two years they spent $1.9 million ($ million in 2024) developing a prototype. The prototype machine used 3,800 vacuum tubes and stored data for up to 500 objects on a magnetic drum. The system could supply data for 64 targets with a resolution of 40 by 40 yards over an 80 by 80 nautical mile grid.

In a production setting, only one ship in a task force would carry the DATAR computer. The rest of the ships had computer terminals that allowed the operators to use a trackball based on a Canadian five-pin bowling ball and trigger to send position info over the PCM links to the DATAR. DATAR then processed the locations, translated everything into the various ship's local view, and sent the data back to them over the same PCM links. Here it was displayed on another console originally adapted from a radar unit. In contrast with the United States Air Force's Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system, DATAR did not develop tracks automatically, relying on the operators to continue feeding new data into the system by hand.

"Battleships" on Lake Ontario
The system was first tested in late 1953 on Lake Ontario. A simulated convoy was set up, consisting of a shore station on the Scarborough Bluffs and two Bangor-class minesweepers, HMCS Digby (J267) and HMCS Granby (J264). DATAR performed well, everyone being sent proper displays of the radar and simulated sonar "blips". The test was a complete success, and the Navy was apparently extremely pleased. The only serious concern was the failure rate of the tubes, which meant that the machine was non-operational for a considerable amount of time. Ferranti was extremely interested in adapting the DATAR system to a transistor-based design, which they believed would solve this issue.

However, equipping the entire Royal Canadian Navy's fleet would be extremely expensive. In order to lower the overall cost, the Navy wanted to spread the development costs across a larger production line, and invited representatives of the Royal Navy and US Navy to view the system. They proved to be equally impressed; one US officer was too impressed and looked under the display console, believing the display was being faked. But no matter how impressed they were, it appears they felt they could do better on their own, and declined to get involved. The Royal Navy would start work on their Comprehensive Display System that year under the direction of Elliot Brothers, and the US Navy's Naval Tactical Data System in 1956.

The DATAR project thus ended on a somewhat sour note. The system had gone from concept to working prototype in less than four years, and was by any measure a complete success. Yet the cost of deployment was simply too much for the Royal Canadian Navy to bear alone, and they decided to do without.

DATAR's legacy
The DATAR work did not go completely to waste. Ferranti Canada used the basic DATAR design on a number of projects, transistorizing it in the process. The system eventually led to both ReserVec and the Ferranti-Packard 6000 mainframe.

title: DATAR


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User talk:Ans/Forum/Test another topic

Hi, I'm here to talk about this topic. --Ans 12:44, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ans/Forum/Test another topic


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Talk:Edgar Bainton

What was the opera he wrote to one of Bottomley's lyric dramas? PeterGrecian (talk) 10:01, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edgar Bainton


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Ipan, Guam

Ipan is a rural beachside community located in the village of Talofofo on the east coast of the United States Territory of Guam. Ipan is a census-designated place in Guam. Ipan contains two beach resorts: Jeff's Pirates Cove and Ipan Beach Resort. Ipan Park is a popular location for family barbecues and parties.

After World War II, Camp Dealy was constructed in Ipan and served as a recreational area for military personnel. Today, all that remains of the camp are the remnants of concrete structures along the beach.

Ipan is also the site of the Pangelinan Quarry which provides high quality limestone aggregate used in the concrete of many of Guam's utility poles. The area is accessible by Route 4, a two lane road.

title: Ipan, Guam


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Humberto Delgado

Humberto da Silva Delgado (Portuguese pronunciation: [ũˈbɛɾtu dɛɫˈɡadu]; 15 May 1906 – 13 February 1965) was a General of the Portuguese Air Force, diplomat and politician.

Early life and military career
Delgado was born in Brogueira, Torres Novas. He was the son of Joaquim Delgado and Maria do Ó Pereira and had three younger sisters, Deolinda, Aida and Lídia.

He began his military career by joining the Colégio Militar, in Lisbon, which he attended from 1916 to 1922. He participated in the 28 May 1926 revolution that overthrew the First Republic and created the Ditadura Nacional, which would pave the way to the Estado Novo. He would be a loyal supporter of the regime, becoming the Director of the Secretariado Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil (National Secretariat of Civil Aeronautics), General-Commander of the Legião Portuguesa, Deputy National Commissar of the Mocidade Portuguesa and Procurator to the Corporative Chamber. He would be the youngest general in Portuguese history. Marcelo Caetano, who was his friend during this time, later would describe Delgado as an "exalted person" and a man who "wore his heart on his sleeve".

He published an anti-democratic book, Da Pulhice do 'Homo Sapiens' in 1933, which attacked both the "crooks monarchy" and the "bandits republic" in his subtitle. Delgado wrote in praise of Adolf Hitler, who he considered as a genius and an example of human possibilities in the fields of politics, diplomacy, social organization and military, in 1941. However, with time his sympathies leaned towards the Allies. He came to the Azores islands during World War II, by the occasion of the Portuguese-British Agreement.

Founding TAP – Transportes Aéreos Portugueses
The Transportes Aéreos Portugueses was founded on 14 March 1945 by Delgado, then Director of the Civil Aeronautics Secretariat, with the purchase of the first aircraft that year, two DC-3 Dakota. On 19 September 1946, the first commercial line was opened, between Lisbon and Madrid, and on 31 December of that year, the Imperial Air Line was inaugurated, between Lisbon, Luanda (in the then colony of Angola) and Lourenço Marques, former designation of Maputo (in the then colony of Mozambique), with twelve stopovers and lasting 15 days (round trip), being the longest line in the world operated by twin-engine aircraft.

Under his supervision the first domestic line, between Lisbon and Porto, opened in 1947, the year Douglas C-54 Skymaster was purchased. In 1948, TAP became a full member of IATA and flights open to Paris in France and Seville in Spain. The flight to London in the United Kingdom began in 1949.

Diplomatic career
In 1952 he was appointed military attaché at the Portuguese Embassy in Washington and a member of the NATO Military Representatives Committee. At the age of 47 he was promoted to general and in 1956 the US Government granted him the rank of officer of the Legion of Merit.

Presidential elections of 1958
Becoming a Military Attaché and Aeronautic Attaché to the Portuguese Embassy in Washington, D.C. in 1952 pushed his ideology in a liberal democratic direction, and inspired him to run as a democratic opposition candidate for the Portuguese presidency in 1958.

According to the testimony of Marshal Costa Gomes, Humberto Delgado decided to run for president because he failed to be appointed director of the NATO Defense College. Humberto Delgado missed the much-desired appointment due to animus between him and the British Admiral Sir Michael Maynard Denny, former Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet. According to Costa Gomes' testimonial, Humberto Delgado could not resist making jokes at the expense of the Admiral including constantly pulling the hair the British Admiral had coming out of his ears. The British Admiral detested these jokes from Delgado and vetoed his appointment. Costa Gomes had warned Delgado several times that those jests would cost him his much-desired appointment. Delgado replied that he knew it but he just could not help doing it. Costa Gomes described Delgado as a very smart man but with "a screw loose". Episodes like these earned Delgado the nickname of "General sem juizo" (The senseless general).

Incumbent president Craveiro Lopes had been coerced by Salazar into standing down after only one term, Delgado faced arch-conservative naval minister Américo Tomás, the regime's candidate, in the 1958 presidential election.

Delgado decided to launch his candidacy as an independent, taking the traditional opposition by surprise. Among the supporters were figures such as the intellectual António Sérgio, the monarchists Vieira de Almeida and Almeida Braga and the Fascist Francisco Rolão Preto. The Portuguese Communist Party reacted fiercely and did not spare Delgado labeling him as "Fascist" and "General Coca-Cola", in an allusion to the General's pro-Americanism. Delgado campaigned vigorously, even though he seemingly faced impossible odds. Although opposition candidates had nominally been allowed to run since the 1940s, the electoral system was so heavily rigged in favor of Salazar's National Union that its candidates could not possibly be defeated.

Interviewed on 10 May 1958, in the Chave d'Ouro café and asked what would be his attitude towards Salazar, Delgado replied with the immediately sensational: "Obviamente, demito-o!" ("Obviously, I'll sack him!"). He was well aware that the president's power to remove the prime minister from office was essentially the only check on Salazar's power.

His outspoken attitude earned him the nickname of "General sem Medo" ("Fearless General" or literally "General without fear"). After a rally held at Oporto drew a large crowd. However, when he tried to return to Lisbon, the police blocked him and his family from attending a planned rally, then broke up the gathering.

Nevertheless, Delgado was ultimately credited with less than 25% of the votes, with 76.4% in favor of Tomás. Salazar refused to allow opposition representatives to observe the ballot count. Tomás' margin was inflated by massive ballot-box stuffing by the PIDE, leading to speculation that Delgado might have actually won had Salazar allowed an honest election. Nonetheless, Salazar was worried enough that he transferred election of the president to the legislature, which was firmly controlled by the regime. As a result, Delgado was the only opposition presidential candidate in the history of the Second Republic (including its first incarnation as the Ditadura Nacional) to stay in the race until election day. In other years when opposition candidates attempted to run, they were forced to withdraw before the polls opened when it became clear Salazar would not allow them to campaign unhindered.

Exile and opposition (1958–1965)
Delgado was expelled from the Portuguese military, and took refuge in the Brazilian embassy before going into exile, spending much of it in Brazil and later in Algeria, as a guest of Ben Bella. During the period of his exile in Brazil was supported by Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Braganza, a claimant to the Portuguese Throne, who helped monetarily and even offered him one of their residences in Rome so that the General could return to Europe.

In 1964, he founded the Portuguese National Liberation Front in Rome, stating in public that the only solution to end the Estado Novo would be by a military coup, while many others advocated a national uprising approach.

Assassination
After being lured into an ambush by the regime's secret police (PIDE) near the Spanish border town of Olivenza, Delgado and his Brazilian secretary, Arajaryr Moreira de Campos, were murdered on 13 February 1965 while trying to clandestinely enter Portugal. The official version claimed that Delgado was shot and killed in self-defence despite Delgado being unarmed and his secretary strangled.

Casimiro Monteiro, a PIDE agent, shot and killed General Delgado, and strangled his secretary de Campos (Monteiro was also involved in the killing of Eduardo Mondlane, founder of Frelimo, Mozambique's Liberation Movement). Salazar, when told of the killings, said simply, "Uma maçada" ("Such a bother").

PIDE subsequently claimed that the original plan was an extraordinary rendition in which Delgado was to be kidnapped and brought back to Portugal for trial. In 1981, a Portuguese court convicted Monteiro in absentia, effectively accepting the argument that Monteiro had acted contrary to orders by killing Delgado.

National Honours

 * PRT Military Order of Aviz - Officer BAR.svg Officer of the Order of Aviz, Portugal (24 December 1936)
 * POR_Ordem_da_Instrucao_Publica_Oficial_BAR.svg Officer of the Order of Public Instruction, Portugal (17 July 1941)
 * PRT_Military_Order_of_Aviz_-_Commander_BAR.svg Commander of the Order of Aviz, Portugal (1 October 1941)
 * PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg Commander of the Order of Christ, Portugal (11 April 1947)
 * PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Commander BAR.svg Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, Portugal (19 February 1949)
 * PRT_Military_Order_of_Aviz_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.svg Grand Officer of the Order of Aviz, Portugal (5 September 1951)
 * PRT_Military_Order_of_Aviz_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg Grand-Cross of the Order of Aviz, Portugal (11 November 1957)
 * PRT_Order_of_Liberty_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg Grand-Cross of the Order of Liberty, Portugal (30 June 1980)

Foreign Honours

 * ESP_Cruz_Merito_Militar_(Distintivo_Blanco)_pasador.svg Cross of Military Merit, Spain (7 May 1945)
 * Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png Commander of the Order of the British Empire, United Kingdom (18 July 1946)
 * Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png Officer of the Legion of Merit, United States of America (17 September 1955)

Other recognitions
In 1990, Humberto Delgado was posthumously promoted to Marshal of the Portuguese Air Force, the only person to hold this rank posthumously. The square where the main entrance of Lisbon Zoo is located is named after him. Delgado's mortal remains were translated to the National Pantheon at 5 October 1990, following a decision of the Assembly of the Republic.

In February 2015, on the 50th anniversary of his assassination, the Câmara Municipal de Lisboa proposed the Portela Lisboa airport should be renamed in his honor. The government accepted the proposal and on 15 May 2016, the airport was renamed for Delgado.

Personal life
Delgado was married to Maria Iva Theriaga Leitão Tavares de Andrade (1908-2014), they had three children:
 * Humberto Iva de Andrade da Silva Delgado, born at São Sebastião da Pedreira, Lisbon, on 24 November 1933, airline pilot for TAP Portugal (Portuguese Aerial Transportation). <!--, married at Alcântara, Lisbon, on 12 December 1958, to Maria da Graça da Silva Basto Muller e Sousa, born at Alcântara, Lisbon, on 9 June 1933, daughter of Dante Mário Muller e Sousa, Consular Functionary, Vice Consul of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in Lisbon (son of a German mother) and wife Ester de Carvalho da Silva Basto (second cousin twice removed of Writer Ramalho Ortigão), and had issue:
 * Pedro Muller e Sousa Delgado (born São Sebastião da Pedreira, Lisbon, 11 October 1959), married at the Chapel of the Palácio das Necessidades, Lisbon, 19 May 1990 to Luisa Deplazes (born Chur, Grisons, Switzerland, 9 August 1966), daughter of Christian Alois Deplazes and wife Maria Margaretha Deplazes-Derungs, and had issue:
 * Anna Francesca Muller e Sousa Delgado (born Geneva, Switzerland, 9 December 2002)
 * Gonçalo Muller e Sousa Delgado (born São Sebastião da Pedreira, Lisbon, 9 June 1961), married at the Chapel of the Amoreiras, Lisbon, 9 April 1983, to Maria da Conceição de Campos Henriques de Albuquerque d'Orey (born Alvalade, Lisbon, 3 August 1963), daughter of Bernardo de Albuquerque d'Orey and first wife Maria Helena de Carvalho de Campos Henriques, of the Barons and Viscounts de Vila Nova de Foz Coa, and had issue:
 * Bernardo d'Orey Delgado (born São Francisco Xavier, Lisbon, 11 October 1983)
 * Mariana d'Orey Delgado (born São Francisco Xavier, Lisbon, 4 April 1985)
 * Rita Maria Muller e Sousa Delgado (born São Sebastião da Pedreira, Lisbon, 20 September 1963), Licenciate in Law at the Universidade Católica Portuguesa in Lisbon, a Lawyer, married in Alcântara, Lisbon, 21 April 1990 to Pedro de Macedo Vaz Pinto (born São Sebastião, Setúbal, 3 September 1963), an Entrepreneur, son of Gonçalo Vaz Pinto da Fonseca de Sá Pereira e Castro, an Economist, and wife Luísa Maria de Azevedo Coutinho da Costa Macedo, and had issue:
 * Matilde Delgado Vaz Pinto (born Alcântara, Lisbon, 25 September 1990)
 * Salvador Delgado Vaz Pinto (born Alcântara, Lisbon, 19 November 1992)
 * Lourenço Delgado Vaz Pinto (born Alcântara, Lisbon, 18 June 1996)
 * Tiago Muller e Sousa Delgado (born São Sebastião da Pedreira, Lisbon, 18 June 1967), married as her second husband to Filipa Maria Palma Leal Rebelo de Andrade, daughter of Eduardo José Castelões Rebelo de Andrade and wife Maria Teresa Quintino Palma Leal, and had issue:
 * Manuel Maria Rebelo de Andrade Delgado, twin (born 2001)
 * José Maria Rebelo de Andrade Delgado, twin (born 2001)
 * Joana Maria Muller e Sousa Delgado (born São Sebastião da Pedreira, Lisbon, 14 September 1968 – 1992), unmarried and without issue.-->
 * Iva Humberta de Andrade Delgado, who always championed her father's cause.
 * Maria Humberta de Andrade da Silva Delgado.

Films
In 1966, German film writer and director André Libik created a 45' documentary about Delgado's assassination in the series "Political Murders" produced by West Berlin's TV station SFB. The film was completed and aired shortly after the Portuguese revolution of 25 April 1974.
 * The 2012 Bruno de Almeida-directed film  is a political thriller about the killing of General Delgado. Delgado is played by American actor John Ventimiglia.

title: Humberto Delgado


text: Category:Colombian novelists

title: Category:Colombian novelists


text:
Talk:Orbital (band)/Archive 1

I get the impression from the article that they're done recording/touring; is this true? Ground 00:36, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, thier very last show and last of their material was Glastonbury 2004. Ferretgames 02:21, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, they're done touring; no, Glasto was NOT their last show. Wasn't even their last show in the UK, not even counting the Peel Sessions - T In The Park was some time later, they'd done Oxegen before then but after Glasto, and they did a show in Japan after T. --Kiand 10:58, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orbital (band)/Archive 1


text:
Truckle

A truckle of cheese is a cylindrical wheel of cheese, usually taller than it is wide, and sometimes described as barrel-shaped. The word is derived from the Latin trochlea, 'wheel, pulley'. Truckles vary greatly in size, from the wax-coated cheeses sold in supermarkets, to 25-kilogram or larger artisanal cheeses.

title: Truckle


text:
Talk:List of Beatles songs by singer

Anthology
Wouldn't it be better if somebody seperated the songs so that the Anthology songs are not with the original songs? Or maybe there could be a special symbol by those. --Scaryice 06:21, 4 January 2006 (UTC).
 * I agree; I have the list of sources if others think it should be noted. Stu 09:51, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Suggested additions/deletions
I am indeed a Beatles fan, but by no means an expert. However I did notice this article and the similar List of Beatles songs seems to have different song lists, slightly. Having too much time on my hands, I have compared them and tried to trace all the song titles back to a source, ie. to prove they are a Beatles song. I compiled the results in a spreadsheet, but here are the findings.

To Be Added

 * Moonlight Bay: Anthology 1
 * My Bonnie: The Beatles with Tony Sheridan
 * From Us To You: Live at the BBC
 * Mailman Blues: Sessions
 * Nobody's Child: The Beatles with Tony Sheridan
 * Sweet Georgia Brown: The Beatles with Tony Sheridan
 * Take Out Some Insurance On Me Baby: The Beatles with Tony Sheridan
 * Saints, The: The Beatles and Tony Sheridan
 * Why: The Beatles with Tony Sheridan

Some of these were found at this site.

To Be Deleted (can't source, and doesn't exist in other article)

 * Dream Baby
 * Falling In Love Again
 * Goodbye
 * I Lost My Little Girl
 * I Remember You
 * Little Queenie
 * Love Me Tender
 * Loving You
 * Pinwheel Twist
 * Red Sails in the Sunset
 * Roses Grow Wild in the Country
 * Shimmy Shake
 * Some Days
 * That's An Important Number
 * The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise
 * Thinking of Linking
 * Tip of My Tongue
 * Wildcat
 * You Must Write Everyday
 * Your Feet's Too Big

Unsourced (in other article, but can't find listed elsewhere)

 * Can You Take Me Back
 * Christmas Time (Is Here Again)

Can anyone else please help to verify the additions/deletions? I haven't done any verification on if the singer is correct, it may be good to do that over time.

Stu 09:45, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Merged
The content has been merged to List of Beatles songs.--Tikiwont 13:12, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Beatles songs by singer


text: Category:Colombian short story writers

title: Category:Colombian short story writers


text:
Sezze

Sezze (from the Latin "Setia") is a town and comune in the Province of Latina, central Italy, about 65 km south of Rome and 10 km from the Mediterranean coast. Sezze's historical center of is on a high hill commanding the Pontine plain.

The area has been known for its fine climate since Roman times: warm and dry in summer, cool in winter.

History
According to a legend, the mythical hero Hercules founded the city after his victory over the Lestrigones, a population of giant cannibals living in southern Lazio. The town coat of arms features the white Nemean lion, which Hercules slew in the first labor.

The historical Setia appeared around the 5th century BC as the Volscan settlement member of the Latin League. It became a Roman colony in 382 BC and flourished because of its strategic and commercial position near the "pedemontana" way and the Appian Way, the road that connected Rome to southern Italy.

During the Civil War between Gaius Marius and Sulla, Setia supported the former and was later punished by the victorious Sulla (82 BC). In the Imperial period Setia was famous for its villas, and Martial, Juvenal and Cicero praised its wines.

According to Plutarch, Roman dictator Julius Caesar had plans to drain the wetlands around Sezze to create new farmland, but was assassinated before these plans could come to fruition. His intention was probably to cultivate grapes for wine production.

In the early Middle Ages, Sezze experienced trouble due to its location near the main road of communication. But in 956 it was freed from the Papal authority and organized itself as a commune with its own laws. Later, several popes sojourned in Sezze, including Gregory VII (1073), Paschal II (1116) and Lucius III (1182).

The semi-autonomous status lasted until, after decades of skirmishes and wars with neighboring Sermoneta and Priverno, Sezze was conquered by the troops of the Caetani family in 1381. After 12 years, the Setini revolted and exterminated the occupiers and, once free, they returned to the Pope's protection.

In 1656, after suffering the ravages of plague and raids from Spanish and Austrian troops, the population was reduced by half.

In 1690, one of Italy's first academies, the scientific-literary Academy of the Abbozzati, was founded in Sezze.

In 1798 all of Lazio was occupied by French troops. The Setini rebelled, exterminating the garrison: they avoided a bitter revenge only by paying a large sum of money.

In the late 19th century the city was annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.

During World War II, American bombardment destroyed some churches and buildings in the historical center.

Main sights
Many of the original city walls still exist, built of large blocks of limestone in the polygonal style. This style is also seen in several terrace walls from a later date, indicated by the careful jointing and bossing of the blocks of which they are composed. Such intentional archaism is by no means uncommon in the neighborhood of Rome.

The modern town, occupying the ancient site, is an episcopal see, with a much-restored 13th-century Gothic cathedral.

Remains of Roman villas are at the foot of the hill (Monte Trevi) on which the town stands. The two terraces date to the end of the 2nd century BC.

Transportation
Sezze is connected to the Rome–Naples railway line. The main road connection is SS7, which bears the name of the ancient Appian Way.

Twin towns

 * 🇭🇺 Kozármisleny, Hungary, since 2004

title: Sezze


text:
Talk:Karoline Kaulla

Untitled

 * Corresponding English-language article: Kiefe Auerbacher
 * Worth doing because: no article
 * Originally Requested by: --Sheynhertz-Unbayg 18:31, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Status: done
 * Other notes: see also Rafael KaullaRaphael Kaulla
 * Supported:

Cheile a hebrew name? I don't know it. What is it's meaning? Nup 09:09, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Grand Duke
There never was a Grand Duke of Wurttemberg: The Duke of Wurttemberg was created King by the good graces of Napoleon, while his neighbour, the margrave of Baden, became Grand Duke... --Terminally uncool (talk) 12:28, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karoline Kaulla


text:
Tamworth

Tamworth may refer to:

England

 * Tamworth, Staffordshire
 * Tamworth (UK Parliament constituency)

Australia

 * Tamworth, New South Wales
 * Tamworth Airport
 * Tamworth Regional Council
 * Electoral district of Tamworth

United States and Canada

 * Tamworth, Virginia
 * Tamworth, New Hampshire
 * Tamworth, Ontario

Other

 * Tamworth pig, a breed of pig, also known as the sandyback
 * Tamworth F.C. an English football club in Tamworth, Staffordshire

title: Tamworth


text: Category:Colombian dramatists and playwrights


text:
Talk:Lingua ignota

I think the nilzmaiz should read hilzmaiz. There are other typos consistent with rapid typing on (such as stignmatum for stigmatum). dab (ᛏ) 17:39, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

"Hildegard" or "St. Hildegard"?
I'm not so sure she was ever made a saint... Anyone with access to a list of currently valid saints of various denominations? --Kaleissin 12:50:45, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

"No formal canonization has ever taken place, but her name is in the Roman Martyrology and her feast is celebrated in the Dioceses of Speyer, Mainz, Trier, and Limburg, also in the Abbey of Solesmes, where a proper office is said."

--Jim Henry | Talk 20:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I notice that dab has just deleted the "St." again. Any particular reason, given the evidence of her veneration given in the Catholic Encyclopedia article cited above?  Formal canonization processes don't go back all that far, after all; many saints from that period and earlier were canonized informally rather than via the modern process.  I would say that her name appearing in the Roman Martyrology is probably sufficient. --Jim Henry 21:48, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * well, not that I care too much about it, but the discussion of this point is probably for theHildegard of Bingen article. "St." afaik means "formally canonized", or at least should, for the purposes of objectiveness. In general: No honorifics on Wikipedia. If we have "St. Hildegard" here, people will be equally free to add "PBUH" to every mention of Muhammad, "His Holiness" to any mention of Popes or Dalai Lamas, "Guru Swamiji" to any mention of Prabhupada or Sai Baba, etc.. I don't think we want to go there... dab (ᛏ) 21:59, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Restricting the title Saint to formally canonised saints would exclude the Apostles, which would be silly. However, I'm not sure what the criterion is for calling someone a saint when the tradition of veneration predates the formal canonisation process. --PeteBleackley 11:01, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Hildegard is included in the Roman Martyrology, the Catholic Church's official list of recognized saints and beati. The requirement of a process of canonization at Rome was made general only under Pope Gregory IX (1227-41). And it was only in the seventeenth century that Pope Urban VIII forbade the public cult of any person not as yet beatified or canonized by the Church, except for those who were in possession of public cult for at least 100 years.

In short, Saint Hildegard is a recognized saint as much as Saint Patrick.

Lima 12:17, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * See the explanation in the Hildegard of Bingen article. She was beatified - and as such has a legitimate public cult and is included in the Martyrology - but attempts at canonisation failed four times. It is therefore not correct to describe her as a "recognised saint of the Roman Catholic Church" - wording I have now removed. Vilĉjo (talk) 10:00, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

glossary
here is another portion of the glossary I scraped off the internet, unfortunately without the original Latin/OHG translations: dab (ᛏ) 18:40, 23 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hoil ("head"),
 * Hochziz ("blindman"),
 * Pasizio ("leper"),
 * Ceril ("brain"),
 * Ornalziriz ("curly hair"),
 * Luzeia ("eye"),
 * Luzerealz ("eye-socket"),
 * Moniz ("mouth"),
 * Gulzia ("gullet"),
 * Laniscal ("breast"),
 * Tirziel ("loins"),
 * Scorinz ("heart"),
 * Tilzia ("womb"),
 * Manguiz ("excrement"),
 * Creueniz ("scrotum"),
 * Fragizlanz ("pudendum"),
 * Minscol ("ulcer"),
 * Razil ("poison"),
 * Cruniz ("leg"),
 * Funiz ("foot"),
 * Maluizia ("whore"),
 * Deiezio ("dwarf"),
 * Logizkal ("giant"),
 * Ornalzanzia ("hairband"),
 * Naczuon ("necklace"),
 * Rasinz ("veil"),
 * Ausiz ("hemlock"),
 * Galigiz ("cumin"),
 * Pigizia ("savory"),
 * Maschin ("valerian"),
 * Clanzga ("tansy"),
 * Nascuil ("deadly nightshade"),
 * Pazia ("henbane"),
 * Brumsil ("birthwort"),
 * Nozia ("screech owl"),
 * Ualueria ("bat"),
 * Luxzia ("butterfly"),
 * Zinzrinz ("winding staircase").

Let's see, Hildegard uses the letters
 * ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPRSTUXZ

so these 21 letters are certainly in her alphabet. I doubt that she had the idea to use single letters for sc or ph, but I imagine that the two additional letters are Q and Y, so that Hildegard's 23 letters are equivalent to the 23 letters of the Latin alphabet (as it was from 100 BC to 1400 or so). It should be easy enough to identify them based on letter frequency, with a small corpus. The problem is that the corpus appears to be unpublished, so you'd have to get to see the Wiesbaden codex directly. dab (ᛏ) 08:19, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

The whole codex scanned -> http://dfg-viewer.de/show/?set[zoom =min&set[mets ] =http%3A%2F%2Fdokumentserver.hlb-wiesbaden.de%2FHS_2%2Fmets17.xml] Mushisan (talk) 03:30, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Category: Undeciphered writing systems?
Since I saw an edit to add this category and a revert, I thought this should be discussed on the talk page. Clearly the language is partially deciphered, with the 1011-word glossary; likewise clearly, the language hasn't been fully understood, with the majority of the LI words in the text unknown. Was the text a representative sample, there would be perhaps 5000 words.

The real question, then, is whether there is value in listing it in that category. I tend to think that there is: a person might browse that category to find the language (perhaps not remembering the name), and a person looking for a different language might well be interested in this (overlap of interest). I can see the other side, though. Does anyone else have an opinion about this?

History

 * First added Dbachmann
 * Removed by Mikkalai
 * Added by Dbachmann
 * Removed by Mikkalai

 * I don't understand. The deciphering refers not to the language, but to the litterae ignotae (a redirect to this article), which are an undeciphered writing system. Or if they have been deciphered, I don't know it, and would welcome a citation. I do not think it would make sense to treat the writing system in an independent article, no encyclopedia would separate its treatment of the litterae ignotae from that of the lingua ignota. dab (ᛏ) 20:04, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought my second edit comment was clear: "We don't categorize wikieditor's ignorance. (the article does'nt say that they aren't deciphered either)". Here goes the longer version: The utmost policy here is Verifiability. Now, please provide an opinion of a language expert who says that the writing system was not deciphered. You write: "if they have been deciphered, I don't know it". My point is that I don't care about what you don't know (I probably don't know more than you :-). Please write what you know. Now, again: what informed reasons do you have to believe that it is not deciphered? References please, and we are done with this point.

 * My second point is that if you add an article to a category, then the article text itself must substantiate such an inclusion.  `'mikka (t) 23:20, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

International auxlang?
Why is this classified as an international auxiliary language? That seems inaccurate. 2601:98A:4002:2140:8192:12D5:E695:90CD (talk) 04:11, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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"maler (sic)" for mater in Glossary section
Where you got this from?

There is no "maler" in the Wiesbaden Codex, but matr: https://hlbrm.digitale-sammlungen.hebis.de/handschriften-hlbrm/content/pageview/450555

The codex "Berlin, Staatsbibl., Ms. lat. qu. 674" — mater and moder: https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht?PPN=PPN654043922&PHYSID=PHYS_0125&DMDID=DMDLOG_0002

The publication of the list of Roth (1879) — mater again: https://archive.org/details/diealthochdeutsc03steiuoft/page/390/mode/2up?view=theater

And someone spreaded this mistake on all non-english-language editions of Wikipedia. ROR (talk) 12:25, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lingua ignota


text:
Alfred Cove, Western Australia

Alfred Cove is a southern suburb of Perth, Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of Melville.

History
It is named after the adjacent sheltered cove in the Swan River, which is in turn named after Alfred Waylen who was born at Point Walter in 1833 and who was granted Swan Location 74, covering most of present-day Alfred Cove and Myaree.

The suburb contains Tompkins Park, Bill Sweet Park and Sid Eaton Reserve.

As of 2016, Alfred Cove had a population of 2,550.

Wildlife
The suburb is home to a variety of migrant and native species of birds and animals as the hinterland offers a comfortable habitat including the mudflats, seagrass beds and intertidal vegetation. Some of the migratory wading birds come from as far as Siberia, Mongolia and Asia and many of these species are protected under international agreements.

Bus

 * 160 Fremantle Station to WACA Ground – serves Kitchener Road and Norma Road

Bus routes serving Canning Highway:
 * 111 Fremantle Station to WACA Ground
 * 148 Fremantle Station to Como
 * 158 Fremantle Station to Elizabeth Quay Bus Station
 * 910 Fremantle Station to Perth Busport (high frequency)

title: Alfred Cove, Western Australia


text:
Korea University of Technology and Education

Korea University of Technology and Education (KOREATECH, ), is a 4-year university which was established by the Korean government (Ministry of Employment and Labor) in 1991 to foster practical engineers and HRD specialists and TVET (Technical Vocational Education & Training) teachers based on the educational philosophy of "Seeking truth from facts". KOREATECH offers 6 engineering and 1 industrial management courses. With the field-based learning activities, it has been ranked as one of the top tier universities among 4-year engineering universities in Korea (2017) and No1. in education-oriented universities for 9 years.

History

 * 2009
 * Ranked 1st in 'Education-centered university rankings in the 2009 JoongAng Ilbo Korean University Rankings '
 * Authorization obtained to operate the Remote Education and Training Center by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
 * Selected for 'the educational competency reinforcement project' by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology for 2 consecutive years
 * Labor Administration Training Center established at the Third Campus
 * 2008
 * "Engineering Education Certification" acquired for 13 majors from the Accreditation Board for Engineering Education of Korea (ABEEK)
 * Ranked 1st in 'the job placement rate for 2 consecutive years in the 2008 JoongAng Ilbo Korean University Rankings'
 * Selected for 'the educational competency reinforcement project' by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
 * Dr. Un-Ki Jeon appointed as the 6th president of KOREATECH
 * 2007
 * Ranked 5th in 'the 2007 JoongAng Ilbo Korean University Rankings' (1st in job placement)
 * Selected as 'top tier university in the field of Computer and Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering' by KCUE (Korea Council for University Education)
 * 'KOREATECH-SAMSUNG Electronics Advanced Technology Education Center' established
 * 2006
 * Second Campus opened to specializing in "industry-university cooperation"
 * Selected by the government to establish a master's degree program for Management of Technology (MOT)
 * Dr. Byung-Suk Chung appointed as the 5th president of KOREATECH
 * 2004
 * Selected as 'the top tier university' by KCUE (Korea Council for University Education)
 * Intelligent Systems major in School of Mechanical Engineering established
 * 2003
 * Graduate School of Techno HRD and the Graduate School of Industrial Technology established
 * School of Internet-Media Engineering and the Information Protection Engineering major in the Graduate School established
 * 2002
 * Dr. Hyung-Nam Moon appointed as the 4th president of KOREATECH
 * 2001
 * Selected as 'top 20 universities' in the 2001 JoongAng Ilbo Korean University Rankings
 * Three departments in the Graduate School (Architectural Engineering, Materials Engineering, Applied Chemical Engineering) established
 * Selected as 'the 2000 top tier university group in the field of Electrical, Electronics & Communication'
 * 2000
 * Selected for 'TRITAS (Triangle of Technology Assistance for SMEs) Project' by SMBA (Small and Medium Business Administration)
 * Dr. Wok-Ki Kwon begins 2nd term as president of KOREATECH
 * School-Department system reorganized (4 departments and 1 school -> 5 schools & 5 departments)
 * Selected as 'the top tier university' by KCUE (Korea Council for University Education)
 * 1999
 * 'the Business Incubator' launched by SMBA (Small and Medium Business Administration)
 * Selected as 'Excellent regional University' for the BK21 Project
 * Global Education Center launched
 * School of Industrial Management established
 * 1998
 * Human Resources Development Institute (HRDI) established
 * 1997
 * Five engineering departments offered (Mechanical Molding, Computers, Architecture, Mechanical·Materials, Applied Chemicals)
 * Library (the Dasan Information Center) opened
 * Construction of the auditorium completed
 * Master's Programs in Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Electronics established
 * 1996
 * Dr. Won-Ki Kwon appointed as 2nd president of KOREATECH
 * First Commencement Ceremony
 * 1992
 * Dr. Nak-Joo Lee appointed as the 1st president of KOREATECH
 * First Matriculation Ceremony (240 undergraduate students)
 * 1991
 * Ministry of Education approves project to establish Korea University of Technology and Education (240 students in 8 departments)

from https://www.koreatech.ac.kr/eng/sub01_03_02.do

Campus I

 * Undergraduate School : 4,560
 * New admissions 901 in 2015
 * Graduate school 286(M.A., Ph.D.)
 * Total faculty 300
 * New admissions 115 in 2015
 * Ratio of incumbent full-time professor ratio: 72%<
 * Student-faculty ratio 28.8 to 1

Campus II
Human Resources Development Institute Built in Budae-dong, Cheonan-si in 2006, the 2nd Campus (land area: 33,781m², floor area: 20,826m²) was the first in the nation to fulfill the function of industry-university cooperation.

 * Training for Vocational Training Instructors
 * Training for Professional Engineers & Technicians
 * KOREATECH-SAMSUNG Electronics Advanced Technology Education Center
 * Engineer Training for SAMSUNG and its partner companies

Human Resources Development Institute

Industry-University Cooperation Foundation

Founded in 2003, as one of the university's affiliated institutes, under the Law of Industrial Training and Industry-University Cooperation Promotion, the Foundation carries out comprehensive industry-university cooperative projects based on its dedication to specialized OJT-oriented employee education system, which KOREATECH is unique in offering.

 * Operates lifelong competence development programs for industry and university employees
 * Launches new industry-university cooperation projects
 * Enhances employment opportunity through field-based trainings for students

Advanced Technology Education Center

Jointly founded with Samsung Electronics and Samsung SDI in 2006.

Campus III
Employment & Labor Training Institute. The former Korea Labor Training Institute was merged with KOREATECH. The Employment & Labor Training Institute was founded on 1 March 2009 as a specialty public sector training institute for providing employment and labor training to civil service and public institution employees, and teachers. It promotes the correct understanding and problem-solving capacity in regard to labor problems through methodical and professional education programs in the fields of HR and employment-labor administration.

Campus IV
Korean Skills Quality Authority(KSQA). Korean Skills Quality Authority (KSQA) is a regulatory organization in the Vocational Education Training (VET) sector, established on 1 April 2015 under the Ministry of Employment and Labor. The successful cases and systems of Australian Skills Quality Authority (ASQA) provided a benchmark for reforming the Korean VET system. With the foundation of KSQA, the functions of training endorsement, regulation, quality control and so forth formerly carried by three different organizations have been streamlined and dissolved into KSQA. KSQA, therefore, now plays an important role in the VET sector by regulating Registered Training Organizations (RTOs) and conducting quality control services in a national scale. KSQA operates five centers: Center for Training Organization Assessment, Center for Collective Training Evaluation, Center for Distance Training Evaluation, Center for Training Performance Assessment and Center for Illegal Training Administration.

 * Review and evaluation of Vocational Training Institutes

Center for Training Organization Assessment

Center for Training Organization Assessment (CTOA) controls and determines the access to the VET market by assessing the reliability, operation capability, and trainees' satisfaction of training organizations and also conducts consistent policy researches in order to suggest ideas in policy making and ultimately improve the performance of RTOs.

Center for Collective Training Evaluation

Center for Collective Training Evaluation (CCTE) reviews over 100,000 applications for course registration submitted by RTOs every year. CCTE is also responsible for distinguishing exemplary training courses developed on National Competency Standards (NCS) so as to encourage RTOs to be responsive to the local and industry needs and ensure their inclusion to the realization of NCS based industry.

Center for Distance Training Evaluation

Center for Distance Training Evaluation (CDTE) is responsible for implementing and introducing new training methods in order to improve the flexibility of RTOs in course developing. CDTE also reviews over 20,000 applications for the registration of distance training courses every year and conducts consistent researches in order to encourage various ways of trainings to be implemented.

Center for Training Performance Assessment

Center for Training Performance Assessment(CTPA) is responsible for ensuring the constant improvement of VET programs and quality trainings by reviewing the performance of RTOs and trainee who have completed National Competency Standards (NCS) based training courses. CTPA also reviews the performance of central government bodies in charge of VET development and provides feedbacks and policy direction.

Center for Illegal Training Administration

Center for Illegal Training Administration(CITA), with statistical analysis system, monitors and analyses trainings and assessments delivered by RTOs. CITA also conducts post-registration audits in places where corruption is suspected. CITA is responsible for promoting the ethical atmosphere in the VET sector by preventing corruptions and unethical incidents. KSQA, with these five core functions, is determined to take the initiative in structuring the integrated system of the VET sector and aims to improve the quality of VET system with the vision of building a competency-based society. competence development training project and joint supervisory counseling on irregular training centers.

Post-graduation employment
KOREATECH’s post-graduation job placement was 85.9% in 2014 according to a recent survey conducted by the Ministry of Education.

Student life
Most KOREATECH students (nearly 70%) live in campus dormitories. There are amenities on campus such as a bank, a coffee shop, convenience stores, and fitness centers. All labs and lecture rooms are open to students 24 hours a day. There are two major student events: the "Han-Maek" Festival (Spring semester), and the Graduation Exhibition (Fall semester). During those times, the university is open to the public.


text:
Norton Knatchbull, 6th Baron Brabourne

Norton Cecil Michael Knatchbull, 6th Baron Brabourne (11 February 1922 – 15 September 1943), was a British peer and soldier, the son of The 5th Baron Brabourne, Governor of Bengal.

Early life
Knatchbull was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and served briefly as a soldier in The Buffs (The Royal East Kent Regiment) in 1940 before being commissioned into the Grenadier Guards during the Second World War.

Capture and death
Lord Brabourne was wounded and captured by the Germans in Italy in 1943. On his way to captivity in Germany he tried to escape from the prison train at Bronzolo, a village in South Tyrol, together with Arnold Guy Vivian, a fellow officer in the 6th Battalion, Grenadier Guards. Both were recaptured and executed by the SS in Bronzolo on 15 September 1943.

Brabourne was buried in the Padua War Cemetery in Italy. He died unmarried, and his titles passed to his younger brother, John Knatchbull.

title: Norton Knatchbull, 6th Baron Brabourne


text:
Beaurepaire

Beaurepaire may refer to:

People

 * Beaurepaire (surname)

England

 * Beaurepaire, Hampshire in the civil parish of Sherborne St John in Hampshire
 * Bearpark, County Durham, originally called Beaurepaire

France

 * Beaurepaire, Isère
 * Beaurepaire, Oise
 * Beaurepaire, Seine-Maritime
 * Beaurepaire, Vendée
 * Beaurepaire-en-Bresse, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 * Beaurepaire-sur-Sambre, in the Nord département

Other uses

 * Beaurepaire station, a commuter rail station in Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada
 * Château de Beaurepaire, Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais

title: Beaurepaire


text:
Talk:Franz Ferdinand (band)/Archive 1

Scottish or not?
"A common misconception is that the band are actually Scottish, when in fact only one member is (Paul Thomson)"

Yet in the same article, not even past the first sentence, they are referred to as a Scottish band. Allow me to simply ask, what the hell? Charles M. Reed 06:54, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

-

'Franz Ferdinand has stated in the UK music press was to make "records that girls can dance to." '

Er, that's not a sentence. I'm not sure what to change it to, though, so I'll let someone with a better mind handle this one.

 * "...press /that their ambition/ was..." ?

Anyone Else think that they'll be considered One Hit Wonders in a few years?

All bands are considered to be one hit wonders at some point by somebody.

Congratulations on your cynicism.

Nicholas McCarthy
I am redirecting the Nicholas McCarthy article here. (The alternative was that it would very likely have been nominated for deletion. Below was the entire contents of the article.  The relevant material should be copyedited and merged into the bandmembers section of this article.  Rossami 03:02, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC) "McCarthy, Nicholas (1974 - ?) is the lead guitarist of the Glaswegian band Franz Ferdinand. Born on December 13, 1974, in Blackpool, UK, McCarthy was raised near Munich, Germany. He was supposedly a troubled youth, as he has claimed he often took part in breaking into buildings, as well as stealing things, such as alcohol, and cars, which earned him the name 'McCarthief.' Despite his delinquencies, McCarthy still took his musical aspirations seriously. He had classically trained as a pianist and double bassist, and continued his musical education at the Munich Conservatory. He got a chance to showcase his skills by playing bass for the jazz band Embryo. Before long, he decided to return to the UK, and from a friend's suggestion, he set his eyes on Glasgow. What he didn't realize, though, was that Glasgow can be very unforgiving to those unfamiliar with its ways. He learned the hard way that quirks considered cool by Germans can get you assaulted by Scots. And it didn't help that he arrived in Glasgow with no money and no job, and he didn't know anyone that could help him. Eventually, he broke into Glasgow's underground cultural scene, where at a party, he met Alex Kapranos. Apparently, McCarthy's little bad habit had resurfaced as Kapranos caught him stealing his vodka. A fight was about to ensue before Kapranos had a sudden change of thought and invited McCarthy to be in his band. McCarthy agreed to join Kapranos' band, and together they began writing songs for what has come to be known as Franz Ferdinand."

sic
Lumos3 says in an edit comment: (sic) means he said it thus and is there to show that he did not say alliterate which some contributors have assumed and would make more sense so may have been what he meant to say. Unfortunately, including the word "sic" takes the position that there is a mistake in the original. Bovlb June 29, 2005 13:22 (UTC)

 * The mistake may be in the original or with the journalist who reported it. Lumos3 29 June 2005 13:44 (UTC)

 * To clarify, saying "sic" implies that Alex's use of "literate" is definitely wrong, whereas it is only arguably wrong. Bovlb June 29, 2005 13:58 (UTC)

 * No, it just means there's an ambiguity here and what is in the article is what was written in the Boston Herald ( see sic). It should folow the dubious expression / word and I have changed this. Lumos3 30 June 2005 07:34 (UTC)

NME Article
Whoever posted that NME article, thanks. I never actually saw the article, I only saw the Pitchfork article that reported it. So good work finding it, I didn't know where to look.
 * No worries. After I saw what was posted, I just Googled it to see what the entire article said. Glad it was helpful. Cbing01 30 June 2005 22:24 (UTC)

Boston Herald Article
I've taken out the Boston Herald article, as the improper use of language is the result of a misquotation. I've replaced it with part of an early interview where the members of the band discuss the name.

title: Talk:Franz Ferdinand (band)/Archive 1


text:
List of people claimed to be Jesus

This is a partial list of notable people who have been claimed, either by themselves or by their followers, to be the reincarnation or incarnation of Jesus, or the Second Coming of Christ.

17th century

 * Rhys Evans, (1607 – c.1660) who later renamed himself 'Arise Evans' was a Welsh prophet who travelled to London to spread his premonitions. He was arrested and imprisoned around 1650 at Newgate Prison for impersonating Christ.

18th century

 * Kondratiy Selivanov (c. 1730s–1832), the founder and leader of the Skoptsy sect in the Russian Empire.
 * Ann Lee (1736–1784), the founder and leader of the Shakers. Lee's followers referred to her as "Mother", believing that she was the female incarnation of Christ on Earth.

19th century

 * John Nichols Thom (1799–1838), a Cornish merchant and politician who claimed to be the "saviour of the world" and the reincarnation of Jesus Christ in 1834. He was killed during a confrontation with government soldiers at the Battle of Bossenden Wood on 31 May 1838 near Hernhill, Kent.
 * William Price (1800–1893), a Welsh Neo-Druid, who claimed that two of his sons were Jesus.
 * Arnold Potter (1804–1872), Schismatic Latter Day Saint leader; he claimed the spirit of Jesus Christ entered into his body and he became "Potter Christ" Son of the living God. He died in an attempt to "ascend into heaven" by jumping off a cliff. His body was later retrieved and buried by his followers.
 * Jones Very (1813–1880), asserted that he was the Second Coming of Christ, which resulted in his dismissal from Harvard and entrance in an insane asylum
 * Bahá'u'lláh (1817–1892), born Shiite, adopted Bábism later in 1844; he claimed to be the prophesied fulfillment and Promised One of major religions including Hinduism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. He founded the Baháʼí Faith in 1863. The Baháʼís believe that the fulfillment of the prophecies of the Second Coming of Jesus, as well as the prophecies of the 5th Buddha Maitreya and many other religious prophecies, were begun by the Báb in 1844 and then by Bahá'u'lláh. They commonly compare the fulfillment of Christian prophecies to Jesus' fulfillment of Jewish prophecies, where in both cases people were expecting the literal fulfillment of apocalyptic statements.
 * William W. Davies (1833–1906), leader of a Latter Day Saint schismatic group called the Kingdom of Heaven located in Walla Walla, Washington from 1867 to 1881. He taught his followers that he was the archangel Michael, who had previously lived as the biblical Adam, Abraham, and David. When his son Arthur was born on 11 February 1868, Davies declared that the infant was the reincarnated Jesus Christ. When Davies's second son, David, was born in 1869, he was declared to be God the Father.
 * Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian, India (1835–1908), claimed to be the awaited Mahdi as well as the Second Coming and likeness of Jesus, the promised Messiah at the end of time. He claimed to be Jesus in the metaphorical sense; in character. He founded the Ahmadiyya Movement in 1889, envisioning it to be the rejuvenation of Islam, and claimed to be commissioned by God for the reformation of humankind.
 * Cyrus Teed (1839–1908), American physician, claimed to be the incarnation of Jesus Christ and to have obtained knowledge regarding the Hollow Earth theory, presenting a cosmological model having the Earth as an inverted sphere and the remaining universe located within it.
 * Carl Browne (1849–1914), American activist and leader of the Coxey's Army protest movement, claimed to be the partial reincarnation of Jesus.

20th century

 * 'Abd Allahi al-Sihayni (executed 1921). Sudanese Masalit leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of Christ and united Masalits, Furs, Arabs and Fulanis against the British occupation in Darfur in September 1921. He was responsible for the deaths of 41 British, for which he was executed.
 * John Hugh Smyth-Pigott (1852–1927). Around 1890 Smyth-Pigott started leading meetings of the Agapemonite community and recruited 50 young female followers to supplement its aging population. He took Ruth Anne Preece as his second wife and she had three children named Glory, Power and Hallelujah. The house which may have belonged to Smyth-Pigott in St John's Wood was visited by John Betjeman in his film Metro-Land. It is built in the neo-gothic style. It is currently the home of the television presenter Vanessa Feltz and was previously the home of Charles Saatchi. Smyth-Pigott died in 1927 and the sect gradually declined until the last member, sister Ruth, died in 1956. Her funeral in 1956 was the only time when outsiders were admitted to the chapel.
 * Manuel Herrick (1876–1952). American politician who saw himself as the reincarnation of Jesus Christ, thus gaining the nickname "Okie Jesus Congressman."
 * Manuel Herrick (1876–1952). American politician who saw himself as the reincarnation of Jesus Christ, thus gaining the nickname "Okie Jesus Congressman."
 * Haile Selassie I (1892–1975) did not claim to be Jesus and disapproved of claims that he was Jesus, but the Rastafari movement, which emerged in Jamaica during the 1930s, believes he is the Second Coming. He embodied this when he became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930, perceived as confirmation of the return of the Messiah in the prophetic Book of Revelation in the New Testament, who is also expected to return a second time to initiate the apocalyptic day of judgment. He is also called Jah Ras Tafari, and is often considered to be alive by Rastafari movement members.
 * Ernest Norman (1904–1971), an American electrical engineer who co-founded the Unarius Academy of Science in 1954, was allegedly Jesus in a past life and his earthly incarnation was as an archangel named Raphael. He claimed to be the reincarnation of other notable figures including Confucius, Mona Lisa, Benjamin Franklin, Socrates, Queen Elizabeth I, and Tsar Peter I the Great.
 * Krishna Venta (1911–1958), born Francis Herman Pencovic in San Francisco, founded the WKFL (Wisdom, Knowledge, Faith and Love) Fountain of the World cult in Simi Valley, California in the late 1940s. In 1948 he stated that he was Christ, the new messiah and claimed to have led a convoy of rocket ships to Earth from the extinct planet Neophrates. He died on 10 December 1958, after being suicide-bombed by two disgruntled former followers who accused Venta of mishandling cult funds and having been intimate with their wives.
 * Jesu Oyingbo (1915–1988), a Nigerian man who proclaimed himself to be Jesus Christ returned.
 * Ahn Sahng-hong (1918–1985), a South Korean who founded the World Mission Society Church of God in 1964, who recognize him as the Second Coming of Jesus. The World Mission Society Church of God teach that Zahng Gil-jah is "God the Mother", who they explain is referred to in the Bible as the New Jerusalem Mother (Galatians ), and that Ahn Sahng-Hong is God the Father.
 * Sun Myung Moon (1920–2012), believed by members of the Unification Church to be the Messiah and the Second Coming of Christ, fulfilling Jesus' unfinished mission. Church members ("Unificationists") consider Sun Myung Moon and his wife, Hak Ja Han, to be the True Parents of humankind as the restored Adam and Eve.
 * Anne Hamilton-Byrne (1921–2019) of The Family, born Evelyn Grace Victoria Edwards.
 * Jim Jones (1931–1978), founder of Peoples Temple, which started off as an offshoot of a mainstream Protestant sect before becoming a personality cult as time went on. In the 1970s he claimed to be the reincarnation of Jesus, Akhenaten, the Buddha, Vladimir Lenin and Father Divine. He organized a mass murder suicide at Jonestown, Guyana on 18 November 1978. He shot himself after the murders were done.
 * Marshall Applewhite (1931–1997), an American who posted a Usenet message declaring, "I, Jesus—Son of God—acknowledge on this date of September 25/26, 1995: ..." Applewhite and his Heaven's Gate religious group committed mass suicide on 26 March 1997, to rendezvous with what they thought was a spaceship hiding behind Comet Hale–Bopp.
 * Charles Manson (1934–2017), American criminal, cult leader, and songwriter.
 * Yahweh ben Yahweh (1935–2007), born as Hulon Mitchell Jr., a black nationalist and separatist who created the Nation of Yahweh in 1979 in Liberty City, Florida. His self-proclaimed name means "God, Son of God". He could have only been deeming himself to be "son of God", not God, but many of his followers clearly deem him to be God Incarnate. In 1992, he was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder and sentenced to 18 years in prison.
 * Laszlo Toth (b. 1938), Hungarian-born Australian who claimed he was Jesus Christ as he vandalized Michelangelo's Pietà with a geologist's hammer in 1972.
 * Ji Sanbao (1939–1997), the founder and first leader of the Mentuhui, a Chinese Christian doomsday sect and secret society. In 1985, Ji proclaimed himself the Son of God and the "Three-Redemptive Christ" (referring to the redemption of Noah, the redemption of Lot, and the redemption of Ji Sanbao).
 * Wayne Bent (b. 1941), also known as Michael Travesser of the Lord Our Righteousness Church. He claims: "I am the embodiment of God. I am divinity and humanity combined." He was convicted on 15 December 2008, of one count of criminal sexual contact of a minor and two counts of contributing to the delinquency of a minor in 2008.
 * Ariffin Mohammed (1943–2016), also known as "Ayah Pin", the founder of the banned Sky Kingdom in Malaysia in 1975. He claimed to have direct contact with the heavens and is believed by his followers to have been the incarnation of Jesus, as well as Shiva, and the Buddha, and Muhammad.
 * Mitsuo Matayoshi (1944–2018) was a conservative Japanese politician, who in 1997 established the World Economic Community Party based on his conviction that he is God and Christ, renaming himself Iesu Matayoshi. According to his program he will do the Last Judgment as Christ but within the current political system.
 * Tony Quinn (b. 1944), owned Yoga communes in 1970s Ireland where an orphan girl responsible for younger siblings endured a 40-day water-fast and ceased menstruation. He later created Educo which promoted the Ten percent of the brain myth and was rubbished by Professors of Psychology and Psychiatry in Ireland. It was found by the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court that his allocation of shares in International Natural Energy was affirmed by a "clumsy forgery". An ex-follower sued Quinn for "assault and battery; allegedly obtaining money by false pretences; alleged fraudulent misrepresentation, intentional or careless infliction of mental suffering and suborning" in 2010.
 * Hogen Fukunaga (b. 1945) founded Ho No Hana Sanpogyo, often called the "foot reading cult", in Japan in 1987 after an alleged spiritual event where he claimed to have realized he was the reincarnation of Jesus Christ and Gautama Buddha.
 * José Luis de Jesús (1946–2013), Puerto Rican founder, leader and organizer of Growing in Grace based in Miami, Florida, who claimed that the resurrected Christ "integrated himself within me" in 2007.
 * Inri Cristo (b. 1948), a Brazilian who claims to be the second Jesus reincarnated in 1969. Brasília is considered by Inri Cristo and his disciples as the New Jerusalem of the Apocalypse.
 * Thomas Harrison Provenzano (1949–2000), an American convicted murderer who was possibly mentally ill. He compared his execution with Jesus Christ's crucifixion.
 * David Icke (b. 1952), English former footballer and conspiracy theorist, who said in a 1991 television interview with Terry Wogan that he was "the son of God".
 * Hasan Mezarcı (b. 1954) is a former politician and member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (1991–1995) who was expelled from the Welfare Party and imprisoned for his extreme view against secularism. He claimed to be Isa after his imprisonment.
 * Shoko Asahara (1955–2018) founded the terrorist Japanese religious group Aum Shinrikyo in 1984. He declared himself Christ, Japan's only fully enlightened master and the Lamb of God. His purported mission was to take upon himself the sins of the world. He outlined a doomsday prophecy, which included a Third World War, and described a final conflict culminating in a nuclear Armageddon, borrowing the term from the Book of Revelation . Humanity would end, except for the elite few who joined Aum. The group gained international notoriety on 20 March 1995, when it carried out the sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway. He was sentenced to death, and was executed on 6 July 2018.
 * David Koresh (1959–1993), leader of religious cult Branch Davidians
 * Marina Tsvigun (b. 1960), or Maria Devi Christos, is the leader of the "Great White Brotherhood". In 1990 she met Yuri Krivonogov, the Great White Brotherhood founder, who recognized Marina as a new messiah and later married her, assuming in the sect the role of John the Baptist, subordinate to Tsvigun.
 * Sergey Torop (b. 1961), a Russian former traffic officer who claims to be "reborn" as Vissarion, Jesus Christ returned, which makes him not "God" but the "Word of God". Also known as "Jesus of Siberia," Torop has an appearance similar to depictions of Jesus. He dresses in all white flowing robes and has long brown hair and a beard. Before claiming to be the Vissarion, Torop worked as a traffic policeman until he was fired in 1990. He founded the Church of the Last Testament and the spiritual community Ecopolis Tiberkul in Southern Siberia in 1990. The Church of the Last Testament has been described as being a mixture of beliefs from the Russian Orthodox Church, Buddhism, apocalypticism, collectivism, and with ecological values. The church currently resides on the largest religious reservation in the world in Siberian Taiga.
 * Yang Xiangbin (b. 1973), a woman referred to as "Lightning Deng" and "the female Christ" in the literature of Eastern Lightning, a Chinese Christian new religious movement. Eastern Lightning claims that Jesus has returned to earth as a Chinese woman, citing the Gospel of Matthew : "For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be". Eastern Lightning is banned in the People's Republic of China due to several prolific violent crimes committed by its members; Chinese and international media have, in turn, described the group as a cult.

21st century

 * Apollo Quiboloy (b. 1950) is the founder and leader of a Philippines-based Restorationist church, the Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name, Inc. He has made claims that he is the "Appointed Son of God".
 * Mehmet Ali Ağca (b. 1959), Turkish assassin who shot Pope John Paul II in 1981. Said in 2010, "I will meet you in the next three days. In the name of God Almighty, I proclaim the end of the world in this century. All the world will be destroyed, every human being will die. I am not God, I am not son of God, I am Christ eternal."
 * Alan John Miller (b. 1962), more commonly known as A.J. Miller, a former Jehovah's Witness Elder and current leader of the Australia-based Divine Truth movement. Miller claims to be Jesus Christ reincarnated with others in the 20th century to spread messages that he calls the "Divine Truth". He delivers these messages in seminars and various forms of media along with his current partner Mary Suzanne Luck, who identifies herself as the returned Mary Magdalene.
 * Delores Kane (b. 1965) is a former MI5 officer and whistleblower who, in the summer of 2007, proclaimed herself to be the Messiah. She has released a series of videos on YouTube claiming to be Jesus, although she has not built up any noticeable following since her claims.
 * Maurice Clemmons (1972–2009), an American felon responsible for the 2009 murder of four police officers in Washington state, referred to himself in May 2009 as Jesus.
 * Amy Carlson (1975–2021). Leader of the religious group Love Has Won, Carlson said she was a deity known as Mother God. She said she was Mother Earth, Gaia, Cleopatra, Jesus, Joan of Arc, Harriet Tubman, and Marilyn Monroe; she claimed to have full memory of her lives, including being hanged on the cross as Jesus.
 * Oscar Ramiro Ortega-Hernandez (b. 1990). In November 2011, he fired nine shots with a Romanian Cugir SA semi-automatic rifle at the White House in Washington D.C., believing himself to be Jesus Christ sent to kill U.S. President Barack Obama, whom he believed to be the antichrist.
 * Todd Kincannon (b. 1981), former head of the South Carolina Republican Party, was arrested in 2018 for killing and mutilating his mother's dog. He claimed to police he was the Second Coming of Jesus Christ and that God had told him to do it, because “every 1,000 years there needs to be a sacrifice and blood must be spilt."
 * Gabbie Hanna (b. 1991), an American Internet personality and singer-songwriter, went on a multi-post rant on TikTok in August 2022 claiming to be the Second Coming of Jesus.
 * Ezra Miller (b. 1992), an American actor who, in June 2022, allegedly referred to themselves as Jesus, the Devil, and a Messiah to Native Americans. Miller later claimed to be seeking treatment for "complex mental health issues".
 * Jey Rence Quilario (b. 2000), also known as Senior Agila and the president of the Socorro Bayanihan Services. Ex-members claimed that Quilario allegedly believed himself to be God, the reincarnation of the Santo Niño and the Messiah.
 * Jeff Divine aka Jeff Ayan, co-founder of Twin Flames Universe, has claimed that historical depictions of Jesus actually depict himself as "the second coming".

title: List of people claimed to be Jesus


text:
File:Birthofaprince.jpg

Summary
Description: The cover of RZA's album Birth of a Prince.

Source: The creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all derivative images is held by the artist or record company. Fair use is claimed regardless.

Fair use rationale for Birth of a Prince

 * 1) No free equivalent is available.
 * 2) The cover is intended for wide distribution and its use here does not detract from the album.
 * 3) The cover is low resolution and only the front portion is used.
 * 4) The cover has been previously published by retail outlets.
 * 5) The cover meets general Wikipedia content requirements.
 * 6) The cover meets Wikipedia's image use policy.
 * 7) The cover is used only in the said article.
 * 8) For an article about an album, the cover is one of the most relevant images that can be included.
 * 9) The cover is used in the article namespace.
 * 10) The source and copyright tag is identified for the cover.

Licensing
© Koch Records

title: File:Birthofaprince.jpg