text:
Talk:Kwashiorkor

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 June 2021 and 27 August 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): J.Choi, Future UCSF Pharm.D., Jerlam8, J. Chang, Future UCSF Pharm.D., Jvalenciachavez. Peer reviewers: M. Frank, Future UCSF Pharm.D., Mmuskat, Mbanawis.

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Not a protein-deficiency at all
I will not edit medical pages, but think quick quick review on http://nutritionfacts.org/video/the-great-protein-fiasco/ contains a lot of references to research debunking that protein deficiency is the cause of Kwashiorkor. Please change. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:980:93A5:1:4D3B:55D3:2103:7F5D (talk) 12:30, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

second
I will second this. Most research now points to complex interaction between microbiome, infection and malnutrition. The association with weaning is likely not linked to the lack of protein, just the lack of calories in general. If/when I have more time will find some sources and edit.

Also the image is NOT a child with kwashiorkor. The child is predominantly marasmic with maybe a touch of edema (combined picture). Ibrmrn (talk) 14:07, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

third
Very much agree that this the picture is not a good example of kwashiorkor.

There is also a large body of evidence building that, while kwashiorkor may not be due to a deficiency of protein per se, it may be due to a deficiency in particular amino acids. Sulfur amino acids are one of the most promising culprits currently being investigated.

Roediger WEW, Waterlow JP. New Views on the Pathogenesis of Kwashiorkor: Methionine and Other Amino Acids. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 1995;21(2):130-6. Phadke MA, Khedkar VA, Pashankar D, Kate SL, Mokashi GD, Gambhir PS, Bhate SM. Serum Amino Acids and Genesis of Protein Energy Malnutrition. Indian Pediatrics. 1995;32:301-6. Jahoor F. Effects of decreased availability of sulfur amino acids in severe childhood undernutrition. Nutrition Reviews. 2012;70(3):176-87. Jahoor F, Badaloo A, Reid M, Forrester T. Protein kinetic differences between children with edematous and nonedematous severe childhood undernutrition in the fed and postabsorptive states. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005;82(4):792-800. Jahoor F, Badaloo A, Reid M, Forrester T. Sulfur amino acid metabolism in children with severe childhood undernutrition: cysteine kinetics. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;84(6):1393-9. Badaloo A, Hsu JW, Taylor-Bryan C, Green C, Reid M, Forrester T, Jahoor F. Dietary cysteine is used more efficiently by children with severe acute malnutrition with edema compared with those without edema. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;95(1):84-90. Badaloo A, Reid M, Forrester T, Heird WC, Jahoor F. Cysteine supplementation improves the erythrocyte glutathione synthesis rate in children with severe edematous malnutrition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;76(3):646-52. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.64.25.58 (talk) 17:11, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

Please read: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23363771/ Jbulleit (talk) 15:39, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

fourth
Here are links to some of the references that discuss the cause of kwashiorkor: "The cause of kwashiorkor remains obscure," (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3667500/), "there is no real evidence of dietary protein deficiency," (Kwashiorcor revisited: https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-abstract/78/4/436/1893691?redirectedFrom=PDF), and "The mechanisms responsible for oedema formation in kwashiorkor remain obscure," (https://adc.bmj.com/content/76/1/54).

I would appreciate if someone qualified in the field would edit the article to remove its inaccuracies regarding the cause of kwashiorkor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thomaswayneriddle (talk • contribs) 15:27, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

 * The underlying cause is a lack of protein, more particularly amino acids needed for growth. You (and these authors) are confusing this with the precise physiological mechanism that causes the oedema. If the latter is viewed as the main problem to be treated (and thus the definition of kwashiorkor), then yes, the causes remain "obscure". 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:B418:5FD3:6F8B:F7F7 (talk) 17:04, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Do
Do you have any pictures of people with kwashiorkor? NazismIsntCool/sig [[User:NazismIsntCool| Nazism  isn't   cool ]] 05:41, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

another mechanism for Kwashiorkor
A professor gave me a math problem concerning the hypoosmotic effects of reduced serum albumin (which has colligative properties, as any other molecule would) due to reduced protein intake/production. This would lead to an overall decrease in oncotic pressure in the capillaries, in turn increasing the osmotic flux through the capillary wall, resulting in edema. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Raleightodd (talk • contribs) 01:43, 28 February 2007 (UTC).

The edema of kwashiokor gets better after the first phase of treatment BEFORE the albumin levels are corrected by the liver. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.206.17.116 (talk) 19:02, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Under treatment, there's currently 10 WHO guidelines, but only 8 are listed. Consider updating that

Meaning (derivation)
French & English Wikipedia conflict on derivation.

Here it is said:

 * The name is derived from one of the Kwa languages of coastal Ghana and means "the one who is displaced"

And in wp:fr they say:

 * Le terme, qui signifie enfant (kwashi) rouge (orkor) dans la langue des Ashanti du Ghana

So they mention the concrete language and give a completely different meaning... Which one is right? --83.32.66.149 19:49, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * (What it actually says here is:

 * ...Jamaican pediatrician Dr. Cicely D. Williams introduced the name into the medical community in her 1935 Lancet article.[3] The name is derived from the Ga language of coastal Ghana, translated literally "first-second"[4][citation needed], and reflecting the development of the condition in an older child who has been weaned from the breast when a younger sibling comes.[5] Breast milk contains proteins and amino acids vital to a child's growth. In at-risk populations, kwashiorkor may develop after a mother weans her child from breast milk and replaces the diet with foods high in starches and carbohydrates and deficient in protein. )

 * The cited Lancet article is listed as

 * 3. "Williams CD (1935). "Kwashiorkor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet". Lancet 226: 1151–2. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)94666-X."

 * This is a bona fide Lancet article found in PubMed and cited by other recent PubMed abstracts of studies of Kwashiorkor.

 * Some additional evidence of derivation appears in footnote 4 of the English WP article:

 * 4. ^ "Jamaica Gleaner : Pieces of the Past: A Pioneer, A Survivor: Dr. Cicely Williams". "... she asked an African nurse if it had a name. She learned it was called "kwashiorkor" meaning the sickness the older child gets when the next baby is born. Cicely surmised that this meant that weanling children were not receiving enough to eat". http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0037.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-27.

 * Can anyone reference the Lancet article referenced in footnote 3 as the source and give us a short fair-use quote?

 * If the Lancet article is correctly cited as the source, the French Wikipedia article may need to be corrected. Ga is the particular member of the Kwa language family suggested in the footnoted sources. A Ga/Kwa/Ashanti linguistic scholar might shed more light, but the suggested "red child" meaning does not match the syndrome actually observed in Kwashiorkor. Meanwhile, the the Ga language meaning is closely tailored to the most common presentation.

 * The very rare cases found in developed countries almost invariably occur when an infant is weaned off of breast milk after only a few months, but the needed protein and plethora of other breast milk nutrients (EFAs, etc., etc. -- the list of know benefits of nursing and mother's milk is very long and growing) is not replaced. Rather than willing neglectfulness, the parents are generally well-educated, know that the protein needs of adults can be amply satisfied by a purely vegan diet, but tragically lack the information that developing children need the protein and other ingredients in breast milk for normal health and development.  A vegan mother may be able to supply these nutrients in her breast milk while the mother continues to consume a purely vegan diet, but an infant or toddler cannot do the same during the several years that breast feeding is recommendable.  (Actually, a nursing mother who supplements her own vegan diet with fish oil and fish may provide her milk with more of the DHA needed for optimal brain development).  If anything, vegans should breast-feed longer than meat-eaters, and this information is tragically not everywhere available, even to the well-educated, leading to very rare prosecutions for abuse or neglect if the Kwashiorkor is not diagnosed in time to save the child's life and health.  Occasionally in the absence of breast feeding or other protein sources, fears of allergy to cow's milk, may also lead to Kwashiorkor's.

 * If the mother is severely malnourished, or has a second pregnancy while nursing, her milk dries up. If this happens while the first child still needs nursing and other protein sources (particularly fish sources) are not available (but starch sources are) the result is Kwashiorkor.

 * The Lancet is not to be trusted on matters linguistic (or even medical, in some cases!). If all the sources are correct, then the most likely explanation is that it really does mean "red child" in Asante-Twi and that the term was subsequently borrowed by Ga speakers, who explained the term in descriptive terms "the sickness the baby gets when the new baby comes" (and the former baby is weaned, which is what brings on the condition). 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:B418:5FD3:6F8B:F7F7 (talk) 16:53, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Humor: "Queasy-Kosher" When they won't eat it because they think it's "gross" leading to malnutrition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by KarlHegbloom (talk • contribs) 13:28, 2 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's not funny at all. Moreover, children are not typically picky about high-protein items. If the joke were physiologically correct, I could stomach its bad taste, but as it is: just no. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:B418:5FD3:6F8B:F7F7 (talk) 16:55, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Pathophysiology
I removed the following paragraph:

The swollen abdomen is generally attributed to two causes: First, the appearance of ascites due to increased capillary permeability from the increased production of cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4 and LTE4) as a result of generalized intracellular deficiency of glutathione. Tolga is thought to be attributed to the effect of malnutrition on reducing plasma proteins (discussed below), resulting in a reduced oncotic pressure and therefore increased osmotic flux through the capillary wall. A second cause may be due to a grossly enlarged liver due to fatty liver. This fatty change occurs because of the lack of apolipoproteins which transport lipids(cholesterol) from the liver to tissues throughout the body.

The first assertion, that children w/ kwashiorkor have ascites is incorrect; they abdominal distention is NOT caused by ascites. Since the rest of the paragraph is unsourced, I removed it; if you can find a reliable source, please reintroduce this information. This article needs some serious work. --Wawot1 (talk) 15:43, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Ascites is the correct medical term. It describes what is going on inside the abdomen (physiologically and anatomically) whereas edema is the term for the presentation (the swollen belly that is apparent). It is a shame you removed a good para simply because you don't understand medical terminology. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:B418:5FD3:6F8B:F7F7 (talk) 16:58, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

A useful source
Management of acute moderate and severe childhood malnutrition. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/nov13_1/a2180?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=kwashiorkor&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=date&resourcetype=HWCIT#REF2

--Wawot1 (talk) 15:43, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Is it allowed to use the WHO guidelines? http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guide_inpatient_text.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by Szadeh4 (talk • contribs) 03:50, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

Can it be said to be "virulent"?
"Kwashiorkor is a virulent form of childhood malnutrition" would seem to indicate that it is caused by a virus and is infectious. Could that be the case?

--alagahd (talk) 11:13, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

 * "Virulent" can mean "deadly" or "serious" but as you recognize, it connotes contagion. Replacement with "deadly" or "extremely serious" would avoid this ambiguity by specifying the meaning intended.

Micronutrients
I am going to edit the sections about the reason for Kwashiorkor being "micronutrients" and antioxidants. There is no mention of that in the literature. Only Zink deficiency (Acrodermatitis enteropathica) shows a similar picture but is a diagnosis on it's own. I am also deleting the part about aflatoxin because alfatoxin is not the cause for Kwashiorkor as written in the article. Higher alfatoxin levels are the consequence of impaired liver function due to Kwashiorkor. (Sources: peer reviewed journals: Pediatrics. 1991 Aug;88(2):376-9. Kwashiorkor: the hypothesis that incriminates aflatoxins., Hendrickse RG. Aflatoxin Exposure and its Relationship to Kwashiorkor in African Children K. C. Househam and H. K. L. Hundt, J Trop Pediatr (1991) 37 (6): 300-302. doi: 10.1093/tropej/37.6.300 Ann Trop Paediatr. 1992;12(3):241-7, Aflatoxins and kwashiorkor in Durban, South Africa. Ramjee G, Berjak P, Adhikari M, Dutton MF.) I will expand the section about sign and symptoms — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jadram2011 (talk • contribs) 18:45, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

I was just trying to edit the Kwashiorkor article to include micronutrients and antioxidants. Protein deficiency in children is rare. Children at 1-2yrs only need 5-6% of calories from protein. The symptoms of kwashiorkor (e.g. edema) are not cured by high protein diets. WHO guidelines stated that for the first week you give micronutrients (except iron), a diet with 5-6% protein calories, and you treat infections, hypoglycemia, dehydration. After the first week the child's edema will lessen (before any change in plasma albumin) and their appetite should return. That's when you give them high protein diets for catch up growth. Diets consumed by 1-2yr olds in most of the affected regions have about 6.4-8.8% protein calories. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Szadeh4 (talk • contribs) 03:47, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Young children do not take many calories from protein, that is correct. They do need protein to grow, however. The lack of protein leads to low muscle mass and arrested growth, which in turn cause the abnormal disposition of energy reserved in the liver (which would otherwise be expended on growth) and subsequent impairments (which among other things leads to elevated aflatoxins). You are correct in stating that in treatment of kwashiorkor, a reversal of the liver morbidities (including micronutrients, compensating for impaired liver function) is a priority. Moreover, a very high protein content would only be counterproductive as the system is not capable of accommodating this and only makes the child sicker. Nevertheless, the underlying cause remains protein shortage (that is, lack of biochemical available nitrogen) and a steadily increasing amino acid content in the diet is essential to full recovery. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:B418:5FD3:6F8B:F7F7 (talk) 16:49, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Reader feedback: This article can be improved...
112.205.39.127 posted this comment on 11 July 2012 (view all feedback).

This article can be improved by adding more explanation on symptoms and other signs of kwashiorkor. Also add pictures of people with kwashiorkor in front view.

There have also been many other feedback requests for more pictures and about how the disease is treated.

 Puffin  Let's talk! 21:06, 26 January 2014 (UTC)

Literal translation
There are conflicting sources on the web (none referenced here, however). Some agree with the Wikipedia translation, but others claim that while this may be the most meaningful translation, the literal one is "red-haired boy". If they are in fact different, the Wikipedia article needs both. 72.200.151.13 (talk) 14:18, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

 * The French wiki page says the word literally means "red child" in the language of the Ashanti. The latter speak Twi, whereas the English-language page here claims it comes from Ga. I have no idea how similar these languages are, and I rather suspect one of them has borrowed the term from the other. If all the sources are correct, then the most likely explanation is that it really does mean "red child" in Asante-Twi and that it was borrowed by Ga speakers, who explained the term to the ethnographer in descriptive terms "the sickness the baby gets when the new baby comes" (and the former baby is weaned, which is what brings on the condition). 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:B418:5FD3:6F8B:F7F7 (talk) 16:50, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Foundations 2 2019, Group 3b goals
This article is being edited as part of the Foundations II course at UCSF

Proposed edits:

 * 1) Expand "diagnosis" section to include specific labs and diagnostic algorithms, definition of muscle wasting
 * 2) Add section on Treatment
 * 3) add information about prevalence/epidemiology
 * 4) literature for up-to-date information on pathophysiology
 * -insufficient protein intake / amino acids / hypoalbuminemia
 * -kidney dysfunction
 * -dysadaptation to a low protein high carbohydrate diet
 * -aflatoxins
 * -oxidative stress (free radicals)
 * -gut microbiota

//current references

Oedema in kwashiorkor is caused by hypoalbuminaemia https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462841/

Kwashiorkor - Statpearls https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507876/

Management of complicated severe acute malnutrition in children in resource-limited countries https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-complicated-severe-acute-malnutrition-in-children-in-resource-limited-countries

Malnutrition in children in resource-limited countries: Clinical assessment https://www.uptodate.com/contents/malnutrition-in-children-in-resource-limited-countries-clinical-assessment#H4

Dermatosis in children with oedematous malnutrition (Kwashiorkor): a review of the literature https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jdv.12452

The Immune System in Children with Malnutrition—A Systematic Review https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0105017

--Alexuang (talk) 21:41, 29 July 2019 (UTC)
 * FYI, check editing tags I used for future reference, in particular the citation added (use "Cite" dropdown). Some of the suggested sources appear to be good reviews while others are quite specific; as noted summary articles are better, where available (but they may not be!) Health policy (talk) 04:38, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

Foundations 2 Group 3a peer review
Part 1

Under treatment, there's currently 10 WHO guidelines, but only 8 are listed. Consider updating that The article contains sections that are easy to understand, a clear chronological structure (from describing the general information, to explaining the signs and symptoms, to the causes/diagnoses, to treatment, prevention, and prognosis). Sources used are reliable and up to date (2019). The lead provided a general view on the topic which allowed me to get a good grasp on what the article is about. Kylett1 (talk) 16:24, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

Yes, the group’s edits have substantially improved the article. Addition of diagnostic characteristics and explanation of the unclear etiologies of kwashiorkor all come from reliable secondary sources and are written neutrally. The group achieved their proposed goals for improvement by expanding on diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology.Pkhouder (talk) 04:52, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

Yes the groups edits have increased the articles integrity, and they have addressed the goals that were sought out to complete.Kmhudson22 (talk) 16:31, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

Part 2 A: yes the article additions reflect a neutral point Kmhudson22 (talk) 16:31, 6 August 2019 (UTC) B:the article contains many sources that are reliable and up to date (2019) (with many secondary articles from Pubmed) Kylett1 (talk) 16:24, 6 August 2019 (UTC) C: YesPkhouder (talk) 04:52, 6 August 2019 (UTC) D:

WikiProject Medicine
As a member of WP:WikiProject Medicine I have volunteered to watch this article while it is a Wiki Ed/UCSF/Foundations II (Summer 2020) assignment. Feel free to ask me questions here or on my Talk page. David notMD (talk) 00:42, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

Foundations II 2021
Expand the organization; clean it up

Add new references and replace old ones

Improve the quality or writing. Use more inclusive language

Expand more on the prognosis if there are more articles to refer to

Also include a more reflective image(s)

Expand the treatment. List the options that are available.

a. We have reviewed all references which should now be correctly formatted according to the Manual of Style.

b. We were unable to identify any references from predatory publishers.

c. Numerous references were identified as duplicates and were consolidated as follows: i. References 10, 39, and 47 were identified as duplicates through the peer review; We consolidated all callouts in the text, which now refer to reference 10. ii. References 2, 6, 11, 21, 35, and 38 were identified as duplicates through peer review; We consolidated all callouts in the text, which now refer to reference 2. iii. References 3, 13,14, and 40 were identified as duplicates; We consolidated all callouts in the text, which now refer to reference 3. J.Choi, Future UCSF Pharm.D. (talk) 21:06, 4 August 2021 (UTC)

Peer Review - Group 20
1) Comparing the current article to the version of the article from a couple weeks ago, I would agree that the group substantially improved the article. Looking at the "Guiding Framework" for peer review on Wikipedia, the main aspects of the framework include the lead, content, tone/blanace, sources/references, organization, images/media, and overall impressions. In respect to the the article's lead, there was improvement through the addition of more sources and further clarifications. The article had a concise introductory sentence, and the group added further details to describe most of the article's major sections. However, there was no talk of Effects on PK, a section in the article contents, in the lead. I believe the article lead was sufficient length. The content added was up-to-date, relevant and equitable. The sections they added, like mechanisms and prevention, were useful additions. Additionally, the content was neutral and had reliable secondary sources to back up their information added. I would also agree that the organization of the article was both improved and acceptable. Looking at the group's goals to improve the article's organization, add references, and expand on some sections, I would agree that the group achieved its overall goals for improvement. It seemed that another goal the group had was to include more images. However, it seems like they were unable to do that. Despite this, I thought their addition of the table in the "Welcome's classification" was a useful addition, as finding images to add without copyright infringement can be challenging. 2) I believe the draft submission reflects a neutral point of view. When trying to assess whether the point of view is neutral, the material should be presented fairly, proportionately, and without editorial bias. Additionally, the sources used should be reliable and verifiable. Throughout the article, the group members made sure to not state opinions as facts. They also addressed the unclear etiology of the disease and changed wording throughout the article to reflect that uncertainty. Additionally, the group used language throughout the article that promoted neutrality and didn't endorse points of view that could imply a lack of credibility. When looking through the references, there were over 50 citations, with more than 20 of them being new. This dependence on new references for the article improvementis another indication of an article being less biased. Going through the reference list, the references added were accessible and credible, further improving the credibility and neutrality of this article. Mmuskat (talk) 21:22, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

The article successfully accomplishes many of the goals outlined by the group prior to editing, and I think the group made successful additions to the article in accordance with Wikipedia's guiding framework. I think the structure of the article is done very well, as the article presents all physiologic information before shifting to more clinical aspects, like treatment or prevention. In terms of improvement, I believe that there are some grammar/syntax errors that could be corrected so the article will be even clearer and more concise. Specifically, some points in the lead section are a bit wordy and come off unclear. Overall, great additions when compared to the article before. The article does a good job of following the Wikipedia Manual of Style for medical articles, hitting all pertinent point of the desired structure. Additionally, citations are listed properly and frequently and the language presented is clear and easy to understand for the average reader. Additionally, the language presented does not skew towards one audience over another, as material is presented without jargon, includes multiple follow-up links to learn more, and a clear neutral voice.M. Frank, Future UCSF Pharm.D. (talk) 21:35, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

The group's edits have successfully improved the article by adding and expanding to existing sections. The lead does not seem to be edited much by the current group, so I focused on reading the treatment and prognosis to which they added information and references. Though the information added to these sections were provided in a clear manner, I think that the sentence variety could be improved in order to improve the flow of the paragraphs. Overall, information in the article is presented in a neutral, factual way and the article as a whole is organized very well. After comparing the past version of the article to the current one, I can conclude that the group was able to expand on several topics and back up their information with good sources. As for the references listed, most of them are secondary sources that are freely available to the public. However, source 50 is a case report and 4 and 47 require you to pay. Some of the references are also repeated, such as 39 and 47, and 2, 6, 11, 21, 35 and 38. The link to 31 leads to the home site and not to the specific one indicated. Though some of the references have some issues, most of the ones listed come from reputable sources and are all good secondary sources such as textbooks or systematic reviews. Mbanawis (talk) 13:54, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kwashiorkor


text:
The Americans (disambiguation)

The Americans is a 2013 TV series set in the Cold War period.

The Americans may also refer to:
 * Americans, citizens of the United States
 * The Americans (1961 TV series), a TV series set during the American Civil War
 * The Americans (band), a roots rock band from Los Angeles, California
 * The Americans (commentary), a 1973 radio opinion piece by Gordon Sinclair
 * The Americans (gang), a gang in Cape Flats area of Cape Town
 * The Americans (novel), a 1979 novel by John Jakes
 * The Americans (photography), a 1958 book of photographs by Robert Frank
 * The Americans: The Democratic Experience, a 1973 American history book by Daniel J. Boorstin
 * The Americans (2017), a short story in The Refugees

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Americans (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Shoe (disambiguation)

Dab cleanup that involved removals
In cleaning up this page, I removed some entries that did not involve articles. They were:
 * In mechanical engineering, a shoe (or brake shoe) is the restraint provided to the linings of the brake moving against the brake drum to stop its rotation. This type of shoe is commonly referred to as brake lining. It is also be plate between moving parts (and / or stationary parts) on to take the friction and allow means of adjustment. It is also be an outer cover treading of a pneumatic tire.
 * "S.H.O.E" is an event at the World Series of Poker involving Seven-card stud, Texas Hold 'Em, Omaha, and Seven-card Stud, Eight or better. A similar event is known as "H.O.R.S.E."
 * SHOE is the abbreviation for Simple HTML Ontology Extensions.

They may well merit entry on the dab page, if they do, feel free to put them back in, but as follows:
 * Brake shoe, the restraint provided to the linings the brake moving against the brake drum
 * S.H.O.E., an event at the World Series of Poker
 * Simple HTML Ontology Extensions

*Brake shoe, the restraint provided to the linings the brake moving against the brake drum *S.H.O.E., an event at the World Series of Poker *Simple HTML Ontology Extensions Thanks! Neonumbers 05:43, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Further cleanup
This page was marked for cleanup per MoS:DAB. I removed the following entries (they may be moved to shoe now though): – sgeureka t•c 07:24, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
 * In photography and filmmaking, a shoe is also the term for a piece of hardware attached directly to a camera, which allows it to be afixed to a variety of objects or stands using corresponding "receivers". Many standards exist for shoes and receivers to allow qiuck changes and interoperability of many cameras and stands. In this usage, the terms "shoe" and "receiver" are often interchanged.  This type of shoe is also called a "cleat". -- might need its own article sometime, but it's IMO still not significant enough to have one now. Also, "cleat" is another dab page where it is defined with "shoe" (circular definition).
 * In engineering, a shoe is a component designed to partially enclose another component for the purpose of mounting or protecting. -- no linked-to article, and I don't know where to look for one.

The Shoe merged in
As per template since Nov 2012. In ictu oculi (talk) 12:28, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shoe (disambiguation)


text:
Felipe Solá

Felipe Solá (born 23 July 1950) is an Argentine agricultural engineer and politician. He previously served as Governor of Buenos Aires Province, from 2002 to 2007, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship under President Alberto Fernández, from 2019 to 2021.

Solá was also Secretary of Agriculture during the presidency of Carlos Menem, and served as Vice Governor of Buenos Aires under Carlos Ruckauf until Ruckauf's resignation in 2002. From 2007 to 2019, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies.

Early life and personal life
Felipe Solá was born in Buenos Aires and raised in the upscale Recoleta neighborhood. Solá graduated from the University of Buenos Aires as an agricultural engineer in 1981.

Upon graduation Solá worked as a university professor, journalist, and economics counselor and researcher. He married María Teresa González in 1982, and they had two children; the couple were separated in 2003. He met María Elena Cháves in La Plata in 2004, and the two have lived in his home in Pilar since 2007.

Early political career
Solá was appointed Minister of Agricultural Affairs by Buenos Aires Province Governor Antonio Cafiero in 1987. Newly elected President Carlos Menem named him Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock and Fishing in 1989, and in 1991 he was elected to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies for Buenos Aires Province on the Justicialist Party ticket.

Solá returned to the post of Secretary of Agriculture under Menem in 1993, remaining in the post until 1998. His tenure is best known for his controversial 1996 decision to allow the cultivation of GMO soy in Argentina, authorized a mere 81 days after Monsanto applied for a permit.

Governor of Buenos Aires
On 10 December 1999, he became Vice Governor of Buenos Aires under Carlos Ruckauf, and took up the governorship on 3 January 2002, when Ruckauf resigned to become Foreign Affairs Minister for interim President Eduardo Duhalde after the socioeconomic collapse of 2001.

Solá abandoned his political allegiance to Duhalde after President Néstor Kirchner did likewise, aligning with Kirchner's expansionist policies. As governor and amid 9% economic growth, his support for Kirchnerist candidates in his province during the campaign for the 2005 legislative elections helped result for a landslide win over Duhalde's faction and other parties. He successfully headed Kirchner's Front for Victory party list for his province's congressional candidates in 2007, stepped down as governor and returned to Congress.

Legislative terms
Having been rejected as running mate for 2007 Front for Victory presidential nominee Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Solá became estranged from Kirchnerism during the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector and left their caucus to become a dissident Peronist. Ahead of the 2009 mid-term elections, he joined Francisco de Narváez and Mauricio Macri in Unión PRO, a center-right coalition of fellow dissident Peronists and the Republican Proposal (PRO) party.

Solá became a primary candidate in August 2009 for president ahead of the 2011 elections; but lacking support, he withdrew on 11 June and endorsed Duhalde's Popular Union ticket, which went on to fifth place.

He later joined the Renewal Front, a centrist Peronist faction created by Sergio Massa ahead of the 2013 mid-term elections. Like Solá, Massa had broken with President Cristina Kirchner after the 2008 agro-export tax hike dispute, and the Renewal Front bested Kirchner's Front for Victory in Buenos Aires Province in 2013.

Solá ran for Governor of Buenos Aires Province in 2015 on the Renewal Front-led United for a New Alternative ticket; but placed third (21%). He then headed Massa's Buenos Aires Province party list for the 2017 mid-term elections, dubbed 1País, but again placed third (11%).

He broke with the Renewal Front and on 22 October 2018, joined four fellow Renewal Front congressmen and four allies to create Red por Argentina (RxA; "Network for Argentina"). Amid a worsening economic crisis Solá stated that his goal was to promote unity against the Mauricio Macri administration for the 2019 elections. The member parties of Red por Argentina would later join the broader Frente de Todos coalition.

Appointment as foreign minister
On 6 December 2019, it was announced Solá would be the next Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship of Argentina in the incoming cabinet of President Alberto Fernández. He assumed office alongside the rest of the cabinet on 10 December 2019.

Solá was replaced by Cabinet Chief Santiago Cafiero on 20 September 2021 as part of a cabinet reshuffle, following the government's poor showings in the 2021 legislative primary elections

title: Felipe Solá


text:
Talk:The John and Ken Show

Undated comment
Shock jocks? A shock jock is someone like Howard Stern or Opie and Anthony. Kobylt and Chiampou are more like Don Imus with the politics than anything else. 71.104.177.90

Needs More Organization
How come there is no mention of their start on New Jersey 101.5 and the political frenzy they created in NJ? That start is what got them the job in California!Notajerseygirl 17:24, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

"History" and "Format" are the only catagories so far. There is alot of information, but its not organized. I believe that the information should start being divided into new catagories and sub-catagories. --QubitOtaku 09:57, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

It appears their program has been removed from KNEW (http://910knew.com)... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.18.55.100 (talk) 11:54, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Asperger's Syndrome?
When did John say this on his radio show? Do you know approximately when, or of some other source? It seems like a random statement, please explain more. --QubitOtaku 08:40, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * This is in regards to the murder suicide of William Freund in late October. He had on a guest from wrongplanet.net discussing the symptoms of Asperger's and John mentioned that he had some of them (lack of empathy, obsession over trivial things (baseball in his case), always insisting he is right). You might be able to find a reference in the audio archives from the first part of early November. Or wait until the hosts joke about it from reading a random news story. Calwatch 09:07, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * That sounds like he was joking about it then. The way its announced the the Wikipedia article makes it sound like he has a serious illness (even though its not). -- I'll browse the audio archives to see if I can find it. --QubitOtaku 10:03, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Log scale
I have doubt that the hosts chose the Richter scale because of its logrithmic properties. --Davidstrauss 02:20, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Ken Chiampou

 * I don't think that Chiampou's sexual preferences should be included in the article. His marital status, yes, but speculations as to his sexual preferences do not belong in an encyclopedia. Sarnalios (talk) 19:39, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Unless the subject makes a declaration about his orientation it's just gossip. Even when that gossip comes from a colleague it's still gossip. If a reliable source takes up the matter as it pertains to this radio show it may be appropriate to include some mention but until we have such sources we should leave it out. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 23:06, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Well there is the argument a person's sexual identity does become relevant when they influence policy, as John and Ken do. Chiampou's sexuality came up when John Ziegler left KFI (see http://web.archive.org/web/20080212060434/www.therealkfi.com/03.html).
 * We'd need a better source then Ziegler's self-published memoir.   Will Beback    talk    18:35, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Opposition to the Iraq war
regarding the quote "They are libertarian in other aspects, such as being pro-choice, supporting gays in the military,[14] opposing the influence of the Religious Right on American politics, opposing the Iraq War..." in "Not respectors of partisan politics:" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ryratt (talk • contribs) 21:33, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

John and Ken originally favored the 2003 invasion then changed positions on it sometime later. source: http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=31261

Ryratt (talk) 21:12, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I think that describing the as "libertarian" is a bit of a stretch, maybe, maybe, "conservative," but I personally would describe them as borderline-reactionary demagogues. I think there is a certain pro-John and Ken bias to this article, this being one of the more prominent examples. I don't necessarily think this is intentional; it seems likely that it is selection bias; i.e. fans write the article and their bias inevitably comes through.

 * Also I'm posting an addition of mine to the article that I think might come under fire in the future for discussion:

 * Contrary to the show's nonpartisan image, in the 2006 elections in California, they endorsed six Republicans and one Democrat in statewide races. In 2008, they opposed Proposition 8, which banned gay marriage within California. In 2007, Kobylt appeared at a fundraiser for Republican presidential contender Blog"

 * Weird that you would cite their opposition to Prop 8 as evidence that they're actually Republican hacks. 75.82.201.0 (talk) 06:13, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Theshibboleth (talk) 09:31, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

2008 election
This paragraph reads like something out of the Alternate Universe:

''One notable disagreement between the two was in the 2008 presidential election, where Kobylt voted for John McCain while Chiampou voted for Barack Obama. The two then discussed the merits of their candidates and defended their choices. Kobylt spoke about McCain's history of opposing wasteful spending while Chiampou stated how he felt that Obama was best suited to bring meaningful reform after what both agreed was a need to breakaway from the shortcomings of the Bush years.''

I listened to almost every minute of the show every day during the final months of the 2008 election and never heard anything like this. (I may have skipped the Election Day show, I can't remember.) Is there any way to cite this? It just sounds so unbelievable that, after months of railing against McCain for choosing Palin as his running mate and stating unequivocally his fear of McCain dying and Palin becoming President, Kobylt would go and vote for the Republican ticket anyway. I also never heard Kobylt defend McCain on his spending policies, or really any of his policies. This sounds made up. --75.82.201.0 (talk) 09:02, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

It's a journalistic recap of the episode. 1st person point of view. It doesn't belong, is probably made up, but no one cares. --75.84.189.218 (talk) 21:11, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

One Million Listeners?
The sources listed for "1 million listeners" have no sources from where they have arrived at that number. It appears the sources just made it up. KFI does reach a wide area, but to claim 1 out of 20 people listen to John and Ken is an over exaggaration. Most likely it's 1 out of 500 and KFI's signal does not reach 500 Million people. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.75.62.103 (talk) 05:25, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Did you check the sources?
 * The John and Ken Show on KFI AM 640 is the most listened to local radio talk show in the nation. In the peak hour of their daily broadcasts, they draw an audience of one million listeners.
 * In a small, square room with a view of the Hollywood Hills, KFI's John and Ken spend hours needling public officials and tossing out satirical and sometimes sophomoric lines that reach an estimated 1 million listeners per month.
 * Note that those sources predate the simulcast in San Francisco, so the potential current number is higher. Since ratings are directly tied to ad revenue, they are not just pulled out of a hat. According to the WP article on KFI:
 * In the Spring 2006 quarter Arbitron rating, KFI was the most listened to radio station in Los Angeles, averaging approximately 1.5 million listeners during any given weekday. The station was the most listened to AM radio station as well as the most listened to news/talk radio station in the country,...
 * So there's nothing astonishing about 1 million listeners. I'm going to change "potential" to "estimated". The potential audience is everyone with a radio within range, which is a far larger number.   Will Beback    talk    17:28, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

"averaging approximately 1.5 million listeners during any given weekday." The 1.5 Million figure is for the entire 24 hour workweek day. So divide 1.5 Million by 24, and then scale it to peak hours. So the One Million listener figure is an exaggeration of the audience. But most radio station do this, so I'm not surprised. I would estimate the audience not more than 400,000 (to include the Bay Area) given them the benefit of the doubt. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.127.185.10 (talk) 20:01, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

In addition that 1.5 million takes in account the KFI morning show, Bill Handel, Rush Limbaugh, Bill Handel again. And the show overnight is popular. Unless people are listening to KFI for 12 plus hours a day, there is no way the math works for the 1 million listeners. People tune into the radio for the most part on their drive to and from work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.127.185.10 (talk) 20:06, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * What sources are you using for your estimates? How do you know that 400,000 people in the Bay Area listen, for example? Also You seem to be confusing average with total. If 1.2 million people listen for half of the day, and .8 million listen the other half, then the average is 1 million, not 2 million.   Will Beback    talk    23:34, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The L.A. Times ran this correction to an earlier article:
 * CORRECTION: SEE CORRECTION APPENDED; Talk radio: A March 15 article in Section A on conservative talk radio quoted the Arbitron ratings agency as estimating that the John and Ken show on KFI-AM (640) draws 670,000 listeners a week and the station's Bill Handel show 652,000. After the article was published, Arbitron determined that its estimate had omitted KFI listeners outside the Los Angeles-Orange County media market and that the full audience is 837,100 for John and Ken and 789,000 for Handel. Publication of this For the Record was delayed by efforts to reconcile estimates from Arbitron and KFI.
 * At the right end of the dial, talk radio is losing some range Michael Finnegan. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, Calif.: Mar 15, 2009. pg. A.1
 * The main point of that article is that conservative talk shows have lost popularity, but it also says that this show is the most popular of its kind in the state. We could replace the 1 illion estimate with this more precise and up-to-date number. FYI, a different article, from 2008, mentions that KFI upgraded their antennas so that they now have a potential reach of 16 million listeners.   Will Beback    talk    23:44, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Someone added this matrerial: There are several problems with this. First, this article isn't about ratings or how they're calculated. We don't include this kind of minutiae in every article where we mention audience size. Second, Wikipedia articles can't be used as sources for other Wikipedia articles. Third, we don't know if this is how the audience was estimated, so it's "original research". I removed it once but it was restored with an edit summary of "vandalism". Obviously, I am not committing vandalism, so it's inappropriate to make that assertion.  Will Beback   talk    05:00, 13 February 2010 (UTC)
 * ''Audience size is measured by people who tune in as little as 5 minutes according to Arbitron Ratings Service.[ref]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cume[/ref]

Bad grammar
There is bad grammar throughout -- misplaced commas, etc. No time to correct it myself, unfortunately. But maybe an English teacher with a red pen handy ... :-) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.183.100.3 (talk) 05:20, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

Attributing 'bad grammar' to this article is a kindness. It is barbaric in thought and expression, and MUCH too long, inching its way through every point. Actio (talk) 03:16, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:The John and Ken Show


text:
United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries

United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries, 86 F.2d 737 (2d Cir. 1936) (often just U.S. v. One Package), was an in rem United States Court of Appeals case in the Second Circuit involving birth control.

Background
In 1873 Congress adopted the Comstock Act, which prohibited the importation or mailing of "obscene matter". The law's definition of obscene matter included contraceptives or information about contraception. In the 1930s, Margaret Sanger and the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control lobbied Congress to revise this law, but were unsuccessful.

The case
Dr. Hannah Stone, at one of Sanger's clinics, ordered a new type of diaphragm (a pessary) from a Japanese physician to be shipped from Tokyo to the United States. Upon arrival in the United States the shipment was seized and confiscated under the Tariff Act of 1930, which had incorporated the anti-contraceptive provisions of the Comstock Act.

A lower court ruled against the government. When the government appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, the appellate court affirmed the lower court's ruling. The appellate court held that the law could not be used to intercept shipments which originated from a doctor. Judge Augustus Noble Hand wrote, in his decision:

"While it is true that the policy of Congress has been to forbid the use of contraceptives altogether if the only purpose of using them be to prevent conception in cases where it would not be injurious to the welfare of the patient or her offspring, it is going far beyond such a policy to hold that abortions, which destroy incipient life, may be allowed in proper cases, and yet that no measures may be taken to prevent conception even though a likely result should be to require the termination of pregnancy by means of an operation. It seems unreasonable to suppose that the national scheme of legislation involves such inconsistencies and requires the complete suppression of articles, the use of which in many cases is advocated by such a weight of authority in the medical world."


text:
User:Lupac

"He who dares not offend cannot be honest." - Thomas Paine

title: User:Lupac


text:
Double dative

In Latin grammar, a double dative is the combination of a dative of reference with a dative of purpose. A common translation is "As a (dative of purpose) with reference to (dative of reference)." This was formerly known as "predicate dative" or "dative of service", with usually the following characteristics of the noun in the dative of purpose: According to a standard 1893 grammar, only a few nouns are used in this construction which appears to be "governed by custom, not by any principle".
 * 1) the noun is abstract or semi-abstract;
 * 2) this noun is only in the singular;
 * 3) this noun is used predicatively;
 * 4) there is usually no verb but a form of esse is often understood;
 * 5) this noun is rarely qualified by an adjective unless one like magnus;
 * 6) the noun is rarely qualified by a genitive.

In an example from Caesar (Gallic War 7.50): suis saluti fuit, "he was the salvation of his men", the dative of an abstract noun (salus "salvation") expresses purpose while the dative of reference expresses the person or thing affected (suus, pl. sui "his [men]").

The best known example is "Cui bono?" This phrase, taken from Cicero, is usually rendered in English as something like, "Who benefits?", or more literally "To whose advantage?" The double dative construction sounds unnatural if translated literally, "to whom for an advantage", and is better rendered as "to whom as an advantage".

title: Double dative


text:
User talk:Doctor Hellblossom

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Now that the form letter has been dispensed with, last but not least, a warm welcome to the Doctor Who WikiProject. We look forward to your contributions. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 05:47, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Tnkcast.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Tnkcast.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Admrb♉ltz (T | C) 22:45, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Mwdoctor.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mwdoctor.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 00:19, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Doctor Hellblossom