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User:John Z/drafts/Cairo Conference (1921)

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The 1921 Cairo Conference of British Middle East experts was called by then Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill primarily to settle the terms of the Mesopotamia British Mandate of Iraq, but also made major decisions concerning the British Mandate of Palestine. It formally convened on March 12, 1921, with 40 experts, which Churchill nicknamed his "forty thieves." (Catherwood, p.) They included the High Commissioners and commanding generals of Palestine and Mesopotamia, officials for the Persian Gulf, Somaliland, Aden and their staffs. Gertrude Bell, Sir Percy Cox, T. E. Lawrence, Sir Kinahan Cornwallis, Sir Arnold Wilson, Iraqi minister of war Jafar al-Askari, Iraqi minister of finance Sir Sassoon Eskell, Churchill presided over a Political Committee and Sir Walter Congreve presided over a Military and Financial Committee which deliberated at the Semiramis Hotel for twelve days in the utmost secrecy. Christopher Catherwood writes that "it is no exaggeration to say" that it "created the map of the Middle East that we know today." There was only one public official report of the conference, a speech by Churchill to the House of Commons on June 14, 1921 and it is scarcely mentioned in other sources like memoirs or newspapers, there was relatively little written about it for a long time.

British Mandate of Iraq
At the Cairo Conference of 1921, the British set the parameters for Iraqi political life that were to continue until the 1958 revolution; they chose a Hashemite, Faisal ibn Husayn, son of Sherif Hussein ibn Ali former Sharif of Mecca as Iraq's first King; they established an indigenous Iraqi army; and they proposed a new treaty. To confirm Faisal as Iraq's first monarch, a one-question plebiscite was carefully arranged that had a return of 96 percent in his favor. The British saw in Faisal a leader who possessed sufficient nationalist and Islamic credentials to have broad appeal, but who also was vulnerable enough to remain dependent on their support. Faisal traced his descent from the family of the Prophet Muhammad. His ancestors held political authority in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina since the tenth century. The British believed these credentials would satisfy traditional Arab standards of political legitimacy; moreover, the British thought Faisal would be accepted by the growing Iraqi nationalist movement because of his role in the 1916 Arab Revolt against the Turks, his achievements as a leader of the Arab emancipation movement, and his general leadership qualities. ans Furthermore, the British garrison in Iraq would be substantially reduced and replaced by air force squadrons, with a major base at Habbaniyya. ans

The final major decision taken at the Cairo Conference related to the new Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922. Faisal was under pressure from the nationalists and the anti-British mujtahids of An Najaf and Karbala to limit both British influence in Iraq and the duration of the treaty. Recognizing that the monarchy depended on British support—and wishing to avoid a repetition of his experience in Syria—Faisal maintained a moderate approach in dealing with Britain. The twenty-year Anglo-Iraqi Treaty treaty, which was ratified in October 1922, stated that the king would heed British advice on all matters affecting British interests and on fiscal policy as long as Iraq had a balance of payments deficit with Britain, and that British officials would be appointed to specified posts in eighteen departments to act as advisers and inspectors. A subsequent financial agreement, which significantly increased the financial burden on Iraq, required Iraq to pay half the cost of supporting British resident officials, among other expenses. British obligations under the new treaty included providing various kinds of aid, notably military assistance, and proposing Iraq for membership in the League of Nations at the earliest moment. In effect, the treaty ensured that Iraq would remain politically and economically dependent on Britain. While unable to prevent the treaty, Faisal clearly felt that the British had gone back on their promises to him.

The British decision at the Cairo Conference to establish an indigenous Iraqi army was significant. In Iraq, as in most of the developing world, the military establishment has been the best organized institution in an otherwise weak political system. Thus, while Iraq's body politic crumbled under immense political and economic pressure throughout the monarchic period, the military gained increasing power and influence; moreover, because the officers in the new army were by necessity Sunnis who had served under the Ottomans, while the lower ranks were predominantly filled by Shia tribal elements, Sunni dominance in the military was preserved.

unorg stuff googled

 * 2008 Novel Dreamers of the Day by Mary Doria Russell  set at the CC

 * important INTERIM REPORT ON THE CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF PALESTINE during the period 1st JULY, 1920--30th JUNE, 1921. by HS

2 reviews of Klieman Jstor  pic of WC TEL Feisal

article in naval journal

superzion, but schol acct of period

good site,

http://www.think-israel.org/balfour2.html

http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~jkatz/jordan.html

mideast encyc
from answers.com http://www.answers.com/topic/cairo-conference-1

Mideast & N. Africa Encyclopedia

http://www.answers.com/library/Mideast+%26+N.+Africa+Encyclopedia-cid-682051892

Mideast & N. Africa Encyclopedia information about Churchill White Paper (1922) Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Copyright © 2004 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved. More from Mideast & N. Africa Encyclopedia Home > Library > Reference > Mideast & N. Africa Encyclopedia

Cairo Conference (1921) Related Topics

Abdullah I Ibn Hussein Askari, Jaʿfar Al- Bell, Gertrude Churchill, Winston S. Cox, Percy Faisal I Ibn Hussein Heskayl, Sasson Lawrence, T. E. San Remo Conference (1920) Wilson, Arnold T. Meeting of Middle East experts to decide on administration of British mandates of Iraq and Transjordan.

The Cairo Conference was convened by Winston Churchill, then Britain's colonial secretary. With the mandates of Palestine and Iraq awarded to Britain at the San Remo Conference (1920), Churchill wished to consult with Middle East experts, and at his request, Gertrude Bell, Sir Percy Cox, T. E. Lawrence, Sir Kinahan Cornwallis, Sir Arnold T. Wilson, Iraqi minister of war Jaʿfar alAskari, Iraqi minister of finance Sasun Effendi (Sasson Heskayl), and others gathered in Cairo, Egypt, in March 1921. The two most significant decisions of the conference were to offer the throne of Iraq to Amir Faisal ibn Hussein (who became Faisal I) and the emirate of Transjordan (now Jordan) to his brother Abdullah I ibn Hussein. Furthermore, the British garrison in Iraq would be substantially reduced and replaced by air force squadrons, with a major base at Habbaniyya. The conference provided the political blueprint for British administration in both Iraq and Transjordan, and in offering these two regions to the Hashimite sons of Sharif Husayn ibn Ali of the Hijaz, Churchill believed that the spirit, if not the letter, of Britain's wartime promises to the Arabs would be fulfilled.

Bibliography

Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace. New York: H. Holt, 1989.

Klieman, Aaron S. Foundations of British Policy in the ArabWorld: The Cairo Conference of 1921. London: Johns Hopkins, 1970.


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File:TrainingSchutzhundRetrieveOverWall.jpg

Training a dog to perform a retrieve over a wall (A-frame). This exercise is part of the Schutzhund obedience routine. Copyright 2000 D. Surber.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Dinko Šakić

Dinko Šakić (8 September 1921 – 20 July 2008) was a Croatian Ustaše official who commanded the Jasenovac concentration camp in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) from April to November 1944, during World War II.

Born in the village of Studenci, near the town of Imotski in what was then the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, he became a member of the fascist Ustaše at a young age. When the Axis powers occupied the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Šakić, aged 19, joined the administration in Jasenovac. He became the camp's assistant commander the following year, and married Nada Luburić, the half-sister of concentration camp commander Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić, in 1943. This marriage, as well as his fanatic support for Ustaše leader Ante Pavelić, led to Šakić's appointment as commander of Jasenovac in April 1944. He was charged in the deaths of an estimated 2,000 people who died during his six months of command at the concentration camp.

In 1945, Šakić and his wife fled the Independent State of Croatia alongside other Ustaše officials following the collapse of the NDH and Nazi Germany. They emigrated to Argentina in 1947, where Šakić started a textile business, was an active member of the country's 10,000-strong Croat community, and became friends with Paraguayan dictator Alfredo Stroessner.

He lived an otherwise quiet life and made no effort to hide his identity. In 1990, the Feral Tribune interviewed Šakić for a magazine article and published his picture. Šakić met Croatian President Franjo Tuđman at a reception in Buenos Aires during the latter's visit to Argentina in 1994 and was interviewed by a Croatian publication called Magazin soon afterwards. He stated in the interview that he wished more Serbs had been killed in Jasenovac, saying that he would "do it all again" and added that he "slept like a baby".

In March 1998, Šakić was interviewed by Argentine national television. He admitted to having been in a leadership position at Jasenovac but denied that anyone had been killed there during this time, claiming that all of those who perished had died from disease. The interview was broadcast across the nation the following month. It caused an uproar and caused Argentine president Carlos Menem to call for Šakić's arrest. Šakić disappeared soon after and was not arrested until May 1998. He was extradited to Croatia, where he was tried, found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity in October 1998 and sentenced to 20 years in prison. Šakić called the charges politically motivated and described himself as a Croatian patriot who only wanted to defend his country.

Šakić was imprisoned in Lepoglava Prison and kept in a cell equipped with a television set and a computer for him to write his memoirs. He was allowed to visit his wife, who had been placed in a home for the elderly, several times a month. He died of heart problems in a Zagreb hospital on 20 July 2008 and was later cremated in full Ustaše uniform, as per his wishes.

Early life
Dinko Ljubomir Šakić was born in the village of Studenci, near the town of Imotski in what was then the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 8 September 1921. He finished his education at the high school level. He became a committed member of the Croatian fascist movement known as the Ustaše at a very young age.

Jasenovac
In April 1941, Axis forces invaded and occupied Yugoslavia. The country was dismembered, with the extreme Croatian nationalist and fascist Ante Pavelić, who had been in exile in Benito Mussolini's Italy, being appointed Poglavnik (leader) of an Ustaše-led Croatian state – the Independent State of Croatia (often called the NDH, from the Nezavisna Država Hrvatska). The NDH combined almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia into an "Italian-German quasi-protectorate." NDH authorities, led by the Ustaše militia, subsequently implemented genocidal policies against the Serb, Jewish and Romani population living within the borders of the new state.

Šakić joined the administration of the Jasenovac concentration camp in 1941. The following year he was appointed its assistant commander. Here, he became the protégé of concentration camp commander Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić. According to eyewitness testimony, Šakić murdered Croatian poet Mihovil Pavlek Miškina in June 1942. That summer, Šakić is alleged to have personally directed an exhaust pipe into a van filled with women and children at the Stara Gradiška concentration camp, killing all those inside.

In 1943 Šakić married Nada, Maks Luburić's half-sister who began working at Jasenovac at age 16. Šakić became the commander of the Jasenovac concentration camp at the age of twenty-two in April 1944, his rapid rise through the ranks of the Ustaše coming partly as a result of his fanatic support for Pavelić's regime and partly due to his marriage to Nada. Jasenovac survivor Šimo Klaić recalled: "Šakić was very young for such an important position. He was arrogant and always impeccably dressed in polished black leather boots and a tailored black Ustaše uniform. We were emaciated, in rags and sick. He would stride past us looking as if he had stepped out of a fashion magazine".

In June 1944, Šakić ordered reprisals be carried out against prisoners following the escape of an inmate named Ivan Wollner, who was captured in Hrvatska Dubica and beaten to death by the Ustaše soon after his escape. Šakić personally selected twenty-five Jewish inmates from a group of 100 prisoners who had lived in the same barracks as Wollner. These were taken to a building called the "Zvonara", where they were put in solitary confinement, starved and tortured.

Šakić took part in the torture of Remzija Rebac, who, along with Milo Bošković, led a group of twenty internees who organized an uprising and stole corn. Rebac was tortured with a flamethrower. Šakić ordered the group executed by hanging during a camp "public performance" on 21 September 1944. Facing death, Bošković asked to be shot in the head instead of being hanged. Šakić agreed and, prior to shooting him, is reported to have said that he valued Bošković "as a man and expert and that he should feel honoured to have the camp's commander personally kill him".

Šakić ordered the hanging of Marin Jurcev, manager of the infirmary in Jasenovac, who aided an Ustaše defector in smuggling information about the camp to the Yugoslav Partisans. Jurcev, his wife, and three internees held in the village of Jasenovac were executed. Jurcev's wife had to be pulled to the scaffold by her hair since she fell off three times. Šakić sat and ate red beets and fried schnitzel while watching the hanged bodies with Croatian Interior Minister Andrija Artuković.

Šakić is reported to have personally taken part in killing and torturing inmates. Eyewitnesses stated that he shot prisoners numerous times, often killing for sport those who were sent to work in the fields surrounding Jasenovac. Ostensibly seeking to prevent the spread of typhoid, malaria and diphtheria, Šakić detained inmates whom he deemed to be unhealthy – ordering that they be killed inside a house that he called "the hospital". On another occasion, Šakić ordered two or three dozen inmates to be locked inside a room until they died from thirst and starvation. In the fall of 1944, an American bomber crashed near the camp after conducting a raid over Hungary. Three airmen parachuted from it and landed by the Sava River. Šakić had the three captured, beaten and paraded through Jasenovac. The men were tortured for three days before Šakić ordered that they be bayoneted to death and their bodies dumped in a mass grave. During Šakić's tenure in charge of Jasenovac, at least 2,000 inmates were killed. Many others died due to malnutrition or disease.

Exile
With the end of the war, Šakić fled Croatia, alongside Pavelić and other Ustaše leaders, to Argentina. They were welcomed by Argentine leader Juan Perón. Šakić and his wife first found refuge in Francoist Spain, before settling in Argentina in 1947. Šakić's wife changed her name to Esperanza. The two settled in the coastal town of Santa Teresita in Buenos Aires, where Šakić ran a textile business and was an active member of the country's 10,000-strong Croat community. Šakić and his wife had three children, and arranged for Pavelić to be their godfather. In 1956, the Šakić family fled Argentina following the fall of Perón's government. They went back to Spain before returning to Argentina three years later.

Šakić was a friend of Paraguayan dictator Alfredo Stroessner, for whom he operated a "rest camp" for Croatian fascists in Paraguay. He lived an otherwise quiet life and engaged in Ustaše émigré politics. He did not hide his identity and did not make an effort to change his name. In 1990, the Feral Tribune interviewed Šakić for a magazine article which was published together with his recent photo. In this interview Šakić admonished Serbs and praised Ustaše. Later that year, he attended what the Chicago Tribune termed a "reunion of former Nazis" in Austria.

Šakić met Croatian leader Franjo Tuđman at a reception in Buenos Aires during the latter's visit to Argentina in 1994. Afterwards, Šakić was interviewed by a Croatian publication called Magazin. He stated he wished more Serbs had been killed in Jasenovac, saying that he would "do it all again". He added that he "slept like a baby".

In March 1998, Šakić was interviewed by the Argentine national television. The full interview was broadcast on El Trece on 6 April. In it, Šakić admitted to being in a leadership position at Jasenovac from December 1942 to October 1944 but denied that anyone had been killed during this period. He said: "When I was there no guard or administrator was allowed to so much as touch a prisoner. I'm not speaking about what it was like before or afterward, but when I was there no one could touch anyone." Šakić claimed all the deaths that occurred during his command came as a result of natural causes. The interview caused a public uproar, with Argentine president Carlos Menem calling for Šakić's arrest a day after the broadcast. Šakić disappeared soon afterwards. His wife claimed that he had left to seek refuge in the Croatian Embassy in Buenos Aires, which the embassy denied. She stated that her husband had not committed acts of genocide in Jasenovac, saying: "It's such a huge lie. I am distraught. After fifty years, they come up with an atrocious thing like this". Dinko Šakić was arrested on 1 May.

Trial and imprisonment
Šakić was one of the most important figures from World War II who was still alive at the time of his trial. He was the last known living commander of a World War II concentration camp. Šakić defended himself by claiming that Jasenovac was a Serb-Communist myth which was "created to destroy Croats".

He showed no remorse and stated that Jasenovac was not an extermination camp but a work camp designed to hold the enemies of the NDH, whom he claimed were treated in a kind and benevolent manner. He claimed that no killings had occurred during his command. He maintained that the camp was organized to hold those complicit in the "Serbian genocidal policies" that he claimed were implemented against the Croats from 1919 until 1941. Šakić stated that his conscience was clear before God and that he would do what he had done in Jasenovac again if the "biological existence" of Croats were threatened once more. He acknowledged that Jews and Romanis were detained because of their ethnicity but claimed Serbs and others were held as enemies of the state who wanted to destroy Croatia. "I am proud of what I did and would do it again. Jasenovac was a legal institution based on law, where all those proved to have worked for the destruction of the Croatian state, and who had been dangerous for public order and safety, were interned. Considering the duration and population of the camp, the death rate was natural and normal. If we shot people, we did it on the basis of the law. There are no states in the world that don't have prisons and camps, and somebody has to perform this thankless duty. I regret that we hadn't done all that is imputed to us, for, had we done that then, today Croatia would not have had problems. There wouldn't have been people to write these lies."

He claimed the establishment of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Wars were evidence of Serbs having planned and carried out a genocide against Croats. Šakić called the proceedings politically motivated and described himself as a Croatian patriot who only wanted to defend his country. He said Croatia had come under international pressure during its World War II history.

The ensuing trial saw more than forty witnesses testify against Šakić. His defence lawyers asked that he be acquitted; they claimed that the prosecution had failed to prove his guilt and stated that Šakić was merely obeying orders while serving at the camp. On 4 October 1998, Šakić was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and sentenced to twenty years in prison. Šakić applauded mockingly as the guilty verdict was read out to him. The presiding judge confirmed that Šakić had personally shot prisoners and had overseen the hanging of at least twenty inmates. He pointed out that at least four witnesses testified to having seen Šakić empty his pistol into the head of Milo Bošković in September 1944.

Šakić served his sentence in Lepoglava prison. His cell came equipped with a television set and a computer for him to write his memoirs. He was allowed to visit his wife, who had been placed in a home for the elderly, several times a month.

Death
Šakić suffered from heart problems throughout his imprisonment and spent most of his later years in hospital. He died of heart problems in a Zagreb hospital on 20 July 2008 and was cremated in full Ustaše uniform, as per his wishes.

The priest who celebrated the funeral Mass, Vjekoslav Lasić, stated that "the court that convicted Dinko Šakić convicted Croatia and the Croatian nation". He claimed that "the NDH is the foundation of the modern Croatian homeland" and eulogized Šakić by saying that "every honorable Croat should be proud of [his] name".

Šakić's funeral was attended by several Croatian politicians, including Anto Kovačević. Simon Wiesenthal Center director Efraim Zuroff, as well as the Israeli ambassador to Croatia, both lodged complaints with Croatian president Stjepan Mesić about Šakić's funeral.

In popular culture

 * Šakić is featured on the Military Channel's show Nazi Collaborators, episode "Beast of the Balkans".

title: Dinko Šakić


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List of places in Pennsylvania: J–K

This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

title: List of places in Pennsylvania: J–K


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Hicham Arazi

Hicham Arazi (هشام أرازي; born 19 October 1973) is a Moroccan former professional tennis player. He played professionally from 1993 to the end of 2007. The left-hander reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 22 on November 5, 2001. During his career, Arazi captured one ATP Tour singles title, in Casablanca. "The Moroccan Magician" reached the quarter-finals of the Australian Open twice and the French Open twice. Some tennis analysts also called him "The Moroccan McEnroe" due to his talent – he played with incredible touch, and often enjoyed the support of the crowd even when not at home. He led Patrick Rafter, winner of the US Open in 1997 and 1998, two sets to love during the first round of the latter tournament. In the fourth set he was upset with several line calls, telling umpire Norm Chryst to "get out of here", which sparked the beginning of Arazi's meltdown (and Rafter's comeback). During his career, he notably gained victories over former world No. 1s and major champions Roger Federer, Andre Agassi, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Marat Safin, Lleyton Hewitt, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Carlos Moyá and Jim Courier.

Singles performance timeline
1This event was held in Essen in 1995, and in Stuttgart from 1996 through 2001.

title: Hicham Arazi


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BarCamp

BarCamp is an international network of user-generated conferences primarily focused on technology and the web. They are open, participatory workshop-events, the content of which is provided by participants. The first BarCamps focused on early stage web applications, and were related to open-source technologies, social software, and open data formats.

The format has also been used for a variety of other topics, including public transit, health care, education, and political organizing. The BarCamp format has also been adapted for specific industries like banking, education, real estate and social media.

History

The name BarCamp is a playful allusion to the event's origins, with reference to the programmer slang term, foobar: BarCamp arose as an open-to-the-public alternative to Foo Camp, which is an annual invitation-only participant-driven conference hosted by Tim O'Reilly.

The first BarCamp was held in Palo Alto, California, from August 19–21, 2005, in the offices of Socialtext. According to participant Tantek Celik, it was organized in less than one week, from concept to event. In addition to Celik, Chris Messina, Matthew Mullenweg, Andy Smith, Ryan King, and Eris Stassi have been described as founders of BarCamp.

Since then, BarCamps have been held in over 350 cities around the world, in North America, South America, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Australasia and Asia. Attendees have often travelled internationally to attend BarCamps.

To mark the first anniversary of BarCamp, BarCampEarth was held in multiple locations worldwide on August 25–27, 2006.  Wired described the second anniversary meeting BarCampBlock (Palo Alto, August 18–19, 2007) as "BarCamp Geeks Celebrate Two Years of Organized Chaos."

In January 2013, the largest recorded BarCamp took place in Yangon, Myanmar (Burma), with 6,400 attendees and free internet provided by the government.

Structure and participatory process
Unlike traditional conference formats, both BarCamps and FooCamps have a self-organizing character. The organizers of a BarCamp may choose the theme for the meeting, but those who choose to attend are in charge of the schedule. Attendees schedule sessions by writing on a whiteboard or putting a Post-It note on a 'grid' of sessions. Those giving sessions are discouraged from using the sessions for promotion. BarCamps are often organized largely through the web; anyone can initiate a BarCamp using the BarCamp wiki.

Although the format is loosely structured, there are rules at BarCamp. All attendees are encouraged to present or facilitate a session or otherwise contribute to the event. Everyone is also asked to share information and experiences of the event via public web channels, including blogs, photo sharing, social bookmarking, Twitter, wikis, and IRC. This encouragement to share is a deliberate change from the "off-the-record by default" and "no recordings" rules at many invite-only participant driven conferences. It also turns a physical, face-to-face event into a 'hybrid event' which enables remote online engagement with BarCamp participants.

Hosting and attending
Venues typically provide basic services. Free network access, usually WiFi, is crucial. Following the model of Foo Camp, the venue also makes space for the attendees, or BarCampers, to literally camp out overnight. Thus, BarCamps rely on securing sponsorship, ranging from the venue and network access to beverages and food.

Attendance is typically free of charge and generally restricted only by space constraints. Participants are typically encouraged to sign up in advance.

Historical precedents
Historically, BarCamp was based on the structure of Foo Camp, but with the requirement that participation should be open to all. (Foo Camp, an early unconference, was organized by Tim O'Reilly and Sara Winge; Winge had been a student of Harrison Owen.

This form of self-organized user generated conferences is also related to hackers' meetings in Europe, especially those nearer to anarchism and autonomism, happening since the '90s in Temporary Autonomous Zones or other occupied places. However, BarCamps lack the political motivations and are actually quite integrated with the mainstream ICT industry, often getting substantial sponsorships from major corporations.

title: BarCamp


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User talk:Gnrfan

Welcome
Hi and welcome to wikipedia. I hope you like it and decide to stay. Here are some handy links for newcomers. Also you can sign your name on talk pages and vote pages with three tildes like this ~~~, and your name with a time stamp with four like this ~~~~. If you have any questions, ask me on my talk page. Howabout1 Talk to me! 23:34, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
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Allan Monk

Allan James Monk, (born August 19, 1942) is a Canadian baritone singer. He appeared in the 1982 film adaptation of La Traviata.

Early life
Monk was born in Mission, British Columbia, and grew up in Burnaby, British Columbia, where both of his parents were involved in a musical chorus where Monk was first exposed to opera. In 1957 he and his family moved to Calgary. He started voice training with Elgar Higgin and he participated in summer programs at the Banff School of Fine Arts.

Career
He was also a member of the Calgary Theatre Singers and played roles in productions of Carousel, Oklahoma!, Annie Get and Guys and Dolls. His first principal role was with the San Francisco Opera in 1966. In the USA his voice became famous when he attended Boris Goldovsky's summer workshops in 1963, 1964, 1966.

He moved to Teaneck, New Jersey, in the mid-1970s to be able to perform with the Metropolitan Opera.

He had his breakthrough in 1973, with Lucia di Lammermoor, Das Rheingold, L’Africaine, The Visit of the Old Lady.

In 1970s he performed at the Festival Canada for several years.

Having played various roles in different countries, he worked as visiting professor at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, NY in 1997. After that he opened a private singing studio and teaching masterclasses.

Awards

 * Outstanding Young Artist of the Year, Musical America (1971)
 * Artist of the Year, Canadian Music Council (1983)
 * Officer, Order of Canada (1985)
 * Golden Jubilee Medal, The Governor General of Canada (2012)

Selected recordings

 * Berlioz: Les Troyens, Plácido Domingo, Allan Monk (Chorèbe), John Cheek, Paul Plishka, Douglas Ahlstedt, Philip Creech, Claudia Catania, Jessye Norman, Tatiana Troyanos, Jocelyne Taillon; Metropolitan Opera orchestra and chorus,James Levine  DVD: Deutsche Grammophon Cat: 00440 073 4310 CD: Laser Disc: Pioneer Artists Cat: PA-85-137 (1983)

title: Allan Monk


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User talk:Mishawakarepublican

Welcome
Hi and welcome to wikipedia. I hope you like it and decide to stay. Here are some handy links for newcomers. Also you can sign your name on talk pages and vote pages with three tildes like this ~~~, and your name with a time stamp with four like this ~~~~. If you have any questions, ask me on my talk page. Howabout1 Talk to me! 23:34, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Mishawakarepublican


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User talk:Tristan1301

Welcome
Hi and welcome to wikipedia. I hope you like it and decide to stay. Here are some handy links for newcomers. Also you can sign your name on talk pages and vote pages with three tildes like this ~~~, and your name with a time stamp with four like this ~~~~. If you have any questions, ask me on my talk page. Howabout1 Talk to me! 23:35, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
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CFUG
I redirected CFUG to Classface.com - there's no need to make an entirely new article when it'd easily fit in the "History" section of the main article. — ceejayoz ★ 02:03, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Tristan Allen
A tag has been placed on Tristan Allen, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable (see the guidelines for notability here). If you can indicate why the subject of this article is notable, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please affix the template  to the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself.

Please read the criteria for speedy deletion (specifically, article #7) and our general biography criteria. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.  I c e d K o l a  ( Contributions ) 19:43, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tristan1301


text:
Beer in Denmark

The beer market in Denmark is dominated by the brands Carlsberg and Tuborg. Since Tuborg was acquired by Carlsberg in 1970, Carlsberg has held a near-monopoly. A number of regional breweries, however, managed to survive, and most of them merged into Royal Unibrew in 2005. As of 2020, Ratebeer lists over 300 active breweries in Denmark, most of which are microbreweries.

Economy
The Danish market is dominated by pale lager, with more than 95% of total sales. However, stout and other dark beers are increasing in popularity, a trend driven by the market growth of mid-priced beers. The local microbreweries are strong innovators and produce a wide variety of beer styles, including strong IPAs and stouts.

Danish beer production was 723 million litres in 2001, and increased to 870 million litres by 2005. Imported beer accounted for only 8% of total volume sales in 2006. This indicates that beer sales in Denmark are dominated by domestic brands; however, imports increased by 14% in 2006 to reach 36.3 million litres. Germany is the most important source market for imports.

Danish beer exports was 296.1 million litres in 2006. Germany continues to be the most important export market for Danish beer. The German market accounted for 30% of exports in 2006.

Based on data from the Danish Beer Association (Bryggeriforeningen), beer consumption for 2005 was 539 million litres.

Jacobsen
Danish industrialist J. C. Jacobsen revolutionized the world of brewing when his brewery, Carlsberg, bred a pure strain of lager yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. This enabled the breweries to achieve a large and consistent output, and lager has been the most popular style of beer in Denmark since Carlsberg started selling it in 1847. Smaller breweries in Denmark suffered greatly under the Carlsberg market dominance, especially during the middle of the 20th century, and this led to a large reduction in available beer quality and styles. In recent years the interest in higher quality beer has risen sharply, and the Danish beer landscape is now dotted with several small breweries and brewpubs, producing a wide range of beers.

Classic
An all malt pale lager with more colour and taste. The classic type is named after the Tuborg or the Carlsberg.

Guld
Guld (Gold) is a name commonly applied to pale lagers with a strength around 5.7% abv. Examples include: Tuborg Guld (5.8%), Carlsberg Sort Guld (5.8%), Harboe Premium Gold (5.9%), Svaneke Mørk Guld (5.7%) and Wiibroe Guld Export (5.7%) usually referred to as Wiibroe Flag due to the many small Danish flags on the label.

Hvidtøl
Hvidtøl (White-beer) is a traditional Danish beer. It is usually under 2% abv, and quite malty and sweet. It was once the most common beer in Denmark but sales have declined so that it is mainly only bought at Christmas when it is served with risengrød. The beer was originally termed "white" as it was made from kilned malt, which was developed in the late 18th century in contrast to the malts dried over fires which produced smokey beers.

Julebryg
Julebryg and Juleøl (Christmas beer) are names given to beers marketed at Christmas. They vary in strength and style, though tend to be malty and around 6% abv. Examples include Tuborg Julebryg (a 5.6% pale lager), Svaneke Julebryg (a 5.6% dark lager), Fur Julebryg (a 6.5% brown ale), Fjordens Juleøl (a 6% dark lager), and Raasted Juleøl (an 8.5% dark ale). Additionally, Carlsberg 47 is slightly connected to the late autumn and Christmas.

Nisseøl
Nisseøl (literally nisse beer) is a dark, sweet hvidtøl (white beer, see above) which is sold around Christmas time in Denmark. It is not to be confused with julebryg, which is a much stronger Danish Christmas beer.

Påskeøl
Påskeøl (Easter beer) was the original seasonal beer, today the Christmas beers are more popular, but many Easter beers still remain. The Easter beer is a Danish tradition. Like Christmas beers, they are usually 5-6-7% lagers. Examples include: Carl's Påske, Tuborg Påskebryg, Royal Spring, Påskebryg 7,8% (Ørbæk Brewery), Fynsk Forår (Ørbæk Brewery).

Pale lager
The most common type of beer in Denmark is pale lager, simply known as Pilsner in Danish. For instance: Carlsberg Pilsner (often called "Hof" in Denmark), Grøn Tuborg, Tuborg klassisk (Tuborg Klassik), or Tuborg classic (Tuborg classic), Royal Pilsner. These pilsners have a moderate alcohol strength of 4,6% (by volume). A bit stronger pale lager (Pilsner) is the Guld (Gold) described above. Even stronger pale lagers are for instance Carlsberg Elephant (7.2%) and Tuborg Fine Festival (7.5%).

Strong lager
Strong lager (stærk øl or export) refers to pale lagers in the tax category III (6-8%) beers such as Carlsberg Elephant Beer, Tuborg Fine Festival, Albani Giraffe, Royal Selection.

Brown ales
Brown Ale is a common style, with Jacobsen being brewed by Carlsberg and Ørbæk Brewery, Skagen Bryghus.

Stouts and porters
Many microbreweries brew stouts and porters. Such styles have been popular in the region, historically including baltic porter.

IPA
India pale ales are also produced by many Danish microbreweries.

Low alcohol and non-alcohol beers
By Danish law beers with up to 0,5 % alcohol by volume are considered alcohol free. These beers have gained in popularity in recent years, with about 50 different brands produced in Denmark. Drinking alcohol free beer has become more socially accepted and the alcohol free beers brewed today taste better than they did a few years ago. Mikkeller is a major producer of alcohol free beers, with 16 different beers.

Notable Breweries

 * Amager Bryghus
 * Bryghuset Møn
 * Bryggeriet Djævlebryg
 * Brøckhouse
 * Carlsberg brewery
 * Tuborg
 * Jacobsen
 * Evil Twin Brewing
 * Fuglsang
 * Föroya Bjór
 * Greenland Brewhouse
 * Harboes Bryggeri
 * Mikkeller
 * Nørrebro Bryghus
 * Restorffs Bryggjarí
 * Royal Unibrew
 * Albani Brewery
 * Ceres Brewery
 * Faxe Brewery
 * Maribo Bryghus
 * Odin Brewery
 * Thisted Bryghus
 * To Øl
 * Tvedes Bryggeri
 * Vestfyen

title: Beer in Denmark


text:
Drummond Matthews

Drummond Hoyle Matthews FRS (5 February 1931 – 20 July 1997), known as "Drum", was a British marine geologist and geophysicist and a key contributor to the theory of plate tectonics. His work, along with that of fellow Briton Fred Vine and Canadian Lawrence Morley, showed how variations in the magnetic properties of rocks forming the ocean floor could be consistent with, and ultimately help confirm, Harry Hammond Hess's 1962 theory of seafloor spreading. In 1989 he was awarded the Geological Society of London's highest honour, the Wollaston Medal.

Early life
During World War II he went to school at The Downs in Malvern, and then Bryanston School in Dorset. He became head boy at both.

Career
Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift had never gained much scientific support due to its lack of any satisfactory mechanism to drive the process. During the 1950s, however, extensive surveys of the ocean floor revealed a global, linked system of mid-ocean ridges, all of which exhibited high thermal flow and considerable seismic activity. Hess hypothesized that new ocean crust was being formed at the ocean ridges by extrusions of magma from the Earth's mantle, and that convection currents within the mantle were continuously carrying the newly formed crust away from the ridge, widening the ocean basin and pushing the continents apart.

In 1962 Matthews, as a research fellow at King's College, Cambridge, made a survey across part of an ocean ridge in the north-west Indian Ocean. This revealed a pattern of magnetic anomalies running in parallel stripes and virtually symmetrically on either side of the ridge. The most plausible explanation for these anomalies required the assumption (already in circulation at the time, but not yet proven) that the Earth's magnetic field had reversed its polarity repeatedly over time. Ocean crust consists of basic igneous rock, containing significant amounts of magnetite. When such rock solidifies, the magnetite aligns itself with the prevailing magnetic field at the time, thus providing a sort of "fossil" magnetic record. If new crust were being formed at the ridges and moving away, as Hess theorized, then reversals in the Earth's magnetic polarity would result in just the kind of parallel, symmetrical anomalies that Matthews' survey had found. The ocean crust would in effect act as a kind of giant tape recorder of magnetic anomalies over time.

Matthews and his research student, Fred Vine, published these ideas in the article "Magnetic Anomalies over Ocean Ridges" in the magazine Nature in 1963. From then on, rapid progress was made both in terms of acceptance of Hess's theory and of further verification. Subsequent surveys of other ocean ridges showed similar and correlatable anomalies in every case. Confirmation of the Earth's polarity reversals a few years later not only further validated the Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis but provided a timescale allowing the rate of spreading to be estimated for each section of ocean ridge. The contribution of Matthews and Vine proved to be an essential element in the development and acceptance of plate tectonics theory.

In 1977 he won the Chree medal and prize.

In 1982 Matthews became the first scientific director of the British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate (BIRPS), which had been established in 1981 to carry out deep seismic reflection profiling around the United Kingdom Continental Shelf.

title: Drummond Matthews


text:
List of places in Pennsylvania: Lo–Ly

This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper Zip Code bounds if applicable.

title: List of places in Pennsylvania: Lo–Ly


text:
William A. Rowan

William A. Rowan (November 24, 1882 – May 31, 1961) of Chicago was an American politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Illinois from 1943 to 1947. He previously served as a member of the Chicago City Council from 1927 to 1942. He was a resident of Chicago's East Side community.

He graduated from St. Patrick Grade School and St. Patrick High School and attended the University of Chicago. He was employed in a steel plant after graduation. He was associated with a daily community newspaper in Chicago, becoming city editor and editor, 1907–1927. William A. Rowan served as alderman of the Tenth Ward of Chicago from 1927 to 1942, and also as an Illinois Representative to The Seventy-Eighth and Seventy-Ninth U.S. Congresses. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1946 to the Eightieth Congress.

He was appointed United States Comptroller of Customs at Chicago, on January 21, 1947, in which capacity he served until 1953. While in office, he championed legislation aimed at improving the health, welfare, education, and recreational areas for children; a park serving East Side Chicago is dedicated in his honor.

Rowan was married to Mary Isabel Dunne, together they raised 5 children: Miriam, Richard, Patricia, and William Jr. He was interred in Holy Sepulchre Cemetery, Worth, Illinois.

title: William A. Rowan


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Patrick Nasmyth

Patrick Nasmyth, (7 January 1787 – 17 August 1831), was a Scottish landscape painter. He was the eldest son of the artist Alexander Nasmyth.

Life
Nasmyth was one of the eleven children of Barbara and Alexander Nasmyth of Edinburgh. His six sisters—Jane, Barbara, Margaret, Elizabeth, Anne, and Charlotte — were notable artists whilst his younger brother, James, was a prominent engineer who invented the steam hammer. Nasmyth was born in Edinburgh and was named after his father's patron, Patrick Miller. He developed an affinity for art at an early age. He and his siblings were all given art lessons. His father was keen to see that they were independent. As a teenager Nasmyth lost the use of his right hand following an accident, forcing him to learn how to paint with his left. He also lost most of his hearing through illness.

Much of Nasmyth's work, a great deal of which is undated, depicts his native Scotland, which he continued to paint even after moving to London in 1810. Like his father, he was heavily influenced by the Dutch masters of the 17th century, particularly Meindert Hobbema and Jacob van Ruysdael (a large number of works by both men were displayed in London galleries during Nasmyth's lifetime).

Nasmyth died of pneumonia-like symptoms, which he contracted shortly after painting a scene just outside London.

title: Patrick Nasmyth


text:
User:Bdk/test

… just a test page
 * Template:Wikipedia-Books
 * Template:Wikipedia-Books link
 * WikiProject Wikipedia-Books

WA
 * Winnowing machine, Rotary milking parlor, …

title: User:Bdk/test


text:
Talk:Bill Brady (journalist)

Untitled
This article seems trumped up. For instance what did Brady do that demonstrated leadership? It seems he held positions but says nothing of what he actual did while he was involved.

I can't find any support for Transplant International existing. Is this defunct? If so what significance did it ever have?
 * sofixit. -Splash 23:52, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

The only Transplant International found on the internet is a journal about transplants not an organization dedicated to securing them for people as the entry asserts. I conclude that the entry is mistaken in its characterization of Transplant International and Brady's relationship to it. Unless it was different 30 years ago and is now dead.

 * I Googled "Transplant International Bill Brady" and came up with (among lots and lots of other things) a quote form the estemable and noble Mr. Bill Brady,

"In the mid ‘80s, Dr. Cal Stiller, who was chief of the Transplant Unit of University Hospital, invited me to be part of a new initiative, Transplant International, and for years our group worked in all parts of Canada to raise public awareness of the urgent and growing need for organ donors as hundreds of Canadians waited for life-saving transplants.

The letter I have quoted came to us at the very time we were attempting to get a vital message to hospitals and the professionals who live with the reality of death almost daily in emergency rooms and intensive care units. We felt families facing the imminent loss of a loved one needed to be given the opportunity to rescue something positive from their loss. We urged nurses in the critical care areas, the doctors and chaplains to discuss organ donation with the family even as they worked their way through their shock and grief."

Hes almost a saint, wouldn't you agree?. I prostrate myself at his very feet. This winter I'm going to go shovel his driveway. For free. I may name my first born child Bill now. I urge you to do the same. Hamster Sandwich 00:21, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree that his intentions are noble, but I disagree that they are notable. He wrote one column that you cite from, which says he got involved with a group in the 80's. It appears that group is now defunct, what is not clear is what that group accomplished, it is one thing to try and do something and quite another to actually get results, and it is not clear what Bill s involvement in it was. I think it very likely that he was only able to offer his name in support. If he was responsible for logistics I want to know what they were and what they accomplished before I ascribe significance and merit to an activity he was involved with.

Respectfully I think you are conflating him being a good person (which he probably is) with a notable person. His work at CFLP may have had an effect on you, but it didn't on me (I was just not influenced by it one way or the other) and irrespective I don't think it had any impact of significance boardly on the community, especially not anything that warrants being called notable. That's the hard truth. That's why he shouldn't be listed.

By all means work on his driveway, but please consider seperating how you feel personally about him from whether he warrants a listing as notable on wikipedia. It is a grave mistake to think that someone should be included just because they can be. His inclusion brings down the quality of notables listed.

Update: I did a search and found no record of "Transplant International" or "Transplant International Canada" ever being incorporated in Ontario, as a charity or a non-profit. There may have been a group but it wasn't necessarily any more official than you and me starting an organization called "Organization X" it never had legal standing, which does call into question the significance of that group.

Solution: here is one possible solution, now that Brady has his own page, which I will permit you to fill with whatever hyperbole you want, he gets taken off the notable list in the london page. Brady gets his own entry free from interference, being as much of a testament to him as you'd like, and in exchange he gets kept off the list of notable londoners? In terms of compromise, and being constructive this is what I can come up with that is fair.

Or in the alternative the warning box with the controversy label should accompany his listing on the london page saying: "his inclusion in this list is controversial as some argue he does not warrant a place on this list, see discussion"

If these are not acceptable provide alternatives.

 * That's not a compromise at all; writing an article for him was the justification to keep him on the list. Adam Bishop 03:48, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Well until someone proposes an acceptable solution it will just stay protected, no featured article status because of Bill Brady. I can live with that, but would rather have it not protected and capable of being a featured article, but not at the expense of including Brady.

A Member of the Order of Canada is always notable enough for a Wikipedia article, by virtue of being a Member of the Order of Canada. There are no exceptions.Bearcat 00:15, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Brady as executive
If you look at the Wikipedia entry for Executive, you will find that the vice-presidency of a company qualifies him as such. I will add executive to the Manager blue link that was substituted thus giving the reader more information, and making his article more complete. Thanks for the addition of Manager! Hamster Sandwich 03:44, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Although prima facie he may have been involved as what technically qualifies as an executive, I think a more accurate characterization of him is a radio station manager. Do you have any concept of the scope and importance of CFPL, the local London station? It simply does not rate in any kind of broad and balanced assesment. Brady represents the sheer medicority of London, and the fact that you hold him out, beyond all reasonableness to be notable, is a reflection of a myopic London world view.

Now more broadly within what is less than 5 people, only 2-3 of which are from London, have moderately supported Brady's inclusion. However this is number of people is not representative of Londoners generally or objectively. If this was to be decided in court, but an objective judge, I would win hands down. You have not been able to marshal significant evidence to support your point. Why not the editor of the free press, why not include him, he outranks Brady in terms of training, accomplishment, and likely community involvement? It would make no sense to me to include this guy, but if we are fair by Brady standards he would get in.

Maybe this is a lesson for me that Wikipedia while a wonderful public resource generally can be subverted by a herd mentality which can decidely slant the truth. I will not be complicit in this outrage!

 * As I pointed out above, the fact that Brady acted as a vice president of a significant and notable media corporation, he qualifies as an executive, according to the strictest sense of the term. I am not being liberal with the term, nor is it hyperbole. Be as outraged as you want. Its your right, you don't need permit from anyone. But to address your points,show me another journalist, manager, executive, radio and television personality that has won an Order of Canada, and who has dedicated considerable time, energy and expertise to public service and the betterment of his community (and by extension his nation, as per his award), and I will write another article! I promise! I will! I will ask you to sign your future posts with four tildes (~). Or three tildes ~ is sufficient, I don't need to now the time of your posts, the pages history keeps track of that. And I will ask that you contain the discussion you engage in on this articles talk page to the pertinent discusion. For the sake of clarity and the benifit of other people who might visit this page, who may not understand the problems that have been created with your anti-Brady bias elsewhere. You see there is no real point of reference for such users when you discuss 5 people, or 2 or 3 users, as you have above. Nor do I feel there should be. Hamster Sandwich 05:07, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Zorra
Bill Brady is Zorra Township's Senior of the Year! If this doesn't make him notable, I don't know what does! (I assume this story is in the Free Press; I saw it in the Woodstock Sentinel-Review.) Adam Bishop 02:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Here is the story, by the way. Adam Bishop 19:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

What is the Zorra Township's Senior award? How does that make someone notable? That seems like a silly thing to say. It assumes that everyone has heard of this award and comes from someone whose mentality is that the small Ontario town where he is from is the center of the universe.

 * It was a joke. (Well, he did win it, but it was a joke that it makes him notable, I was just poking fun at the notability argument surrounding him...see, now it's not funny because I've explained it...) Adam Bishop 16:56, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bill Brady (journalist)


text:
List of places in Pennsylvania: La–Ll

This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper Zip Code bounds, if applicable.

title: List of places in Pennsylvania: La–Ll


text:
Greigsville and Pearl Creek Railroad

The Greigsville and Pearl Creek Railroad was a railroad in the U.S. state of New York. Despite its name, it only existed in the immediate vicinity of Greigsville, a small community in the town of York, and did not reach Pearl Creek, a hamlet in Covington.

History
The company was organized October 1, 1897 and chartered January 26, 1898, to build from the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad's main line at North Greigsville (present-day Greigsville ) west to the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway at Pearl Creek. Three miles (5 km) were constructed from the DL&W to the Greigsville Salt Mine, but the mine closed in June 1899, and operations were suspended.

The actual location of Greigsville Salt Mine is not clear. Mindat puts the mine on a residential street (Virginia Avenue), but the USGS Topographic map puts the mine at the end of an unnamed road to the northwest. The railroad would have extended past the mine by at least the length of one train, in order to be able to load the entire train from one point.

title: Greigsville and Pearl Creek Railroad


text:
George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey

George Bussy Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey, PC (9 June 1735 – 22 August 1805, Tunbridge Wells) was an English nobleman, peer, politician and courtier at the court of George III.

He was the oldest surviving son of William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey, and his wife, the former Lady Anne Egerton, the daughter of Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgewater, and widow of Wriothesley Russell, 3rd Duke of Bedford.

Parliament
Between 1756 and his father's death in 1769, which took him into the House of Lords, he served continuously in the House of Commons as MP for, in turn, Tamworth in Staffordshire, Aldborough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and Dover in Kent. He followed the political lead of the Duke of Grafton in both the Commons and Lords. He was a Lord of the Admiralty from 1761 to 1763 and was sworn of the Privy Council on 11 July 1765 and served as Vice-Chamberlain from 1765 to 1769.

On his elevation to the peerage in 1769, he was made a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to George III (1769–1777) and served as Master of the Buckhounds (1782–1783) and in other court posts until 1800. Because of his courtly manners was called the "Prince of Maccaronies."

He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1787.

Family
Lord Jersey married Frances Twysden at her stepfather's house in the parish of St Martin-in-the-Fields on 26 March 1770. Lady Jersey, who was seventeen years younger than her husband, became one of the more notorious mistresses of George IV in 1793, when he was still Prince of Wales. She was 40 years old at the time and more than once a grandmother.

Lord and Lady Jersey had ten children:

 * Lady Charlotte Anne Villiers (1771–1808), married Lord William Russell in 1789, and had issue.
 * Lady Anne Barbara Frances Villiers (1772–1832), married William Henry Lambton and had issue, including John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham; married secondly Hon. Charles William Wyndham, son of Charles, 2nd Earl of Egremont.
 * George Child Villiers, 5th Earl of Jersey (1773–1859), married Sarah Sophia Fane daughter of John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland, and Sarah Anne Child, only child of Robert Child, the principal shareholder in the banking firm Child & Co.
 * Lady Caroline Elizabeth Villiers (1774–1835), married firstly Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, and had issue. She divorced him in the Scottish courts in 1809 and married secondly George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll.
 * Lady Georgiana Villiers, died young.
 * Lady Sarah Villiers (born 1779), married Charles Nathaniel Bayley in 1799.
 * Hon. William Augustus Henry Villiers (1780–1813), died unmarried in America, having assumed the surname of Mansel in 1802, pursuant to the will of Louisa Barbara, Baroness Vernon.
 * Lady Elizabeth Villiers, died unmarried 1810.
 * Lady Frances Elizabeth Villiers (1786–1866), married John Ponsonby, 1st Viscount Ponsonby, in 1803.
 * Lady Harriet Villiers (1788–1870), married Richard Bagot, Bishop of Oxford, in 1806, and had issue.

title: George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey


text:
User:Giant89

Hello all! I'll be around here on Wikipedia. I really like the amount of information found here and I doubt there is a more comprehensive resource than wikipedia. I'm currently a software engineer and alumni of Texas A&M University–Kingsville. I am part of WikiProject Comics and WikiProject Vermont. Formerly a member of Wikiproject Zoids.

Evil IPs
User:69.163.51.214

title: User:Giant89


text:
Livingston Manor

Livingston Manor was a 160,000 acre tract of land in the Province of New York granted to Robert Livingston the Elder during the reign of George I of Great Britain. Located between the Hudson River and the Massachusetts border, the Livingston Manor was located in an area that later became a portion of Columbia County in the state of New York.

History

Livingston Manor was a 160,000 acre tract of land in the colonial Province of New York granted to Robert Livingston the Elder through the influence of 5th Governor Thomas Dongan, and confirmed by royal charter of George I of Great Britain in 1715, creating the manor and lordship of Livingston. The original patent was obtained in July 1686.

Livingston Manor was approximately 20 miles wide from east to west and was approximately 12 miles long from north to south. It was located between the Hudson River on the west and the Massachusetts border on the east. Livingston Manor encompassed the area that would later become the towns of Livingston, Germantown, Clermont, Taghkanic, Gallatin, Copake, and Ancram, located in Columbia County, New York.

The lords of the manor were:

 * Robert Livingston the Elder (1654–1728), served from 1715 to 1728.
 * Philip Livingston (1686–1749), served from 1728 to 1749.
 * Robert Livingston (1708–1790), served from 1749 to 1790.

Although an English-deeded tract, some sources list Livingston Manor with the patroonships of New Netherland.

Division of land
The first division of the estate occurred in 1728 upon the death of Robert Livingston the Elder, who stipulated that his third son, Robert Livingston (1718–1775), be granted 13,000 acre from Livingston Manor's southwest corner, a tract which Robert christened Clermont Manor.

In 1790, upon the death of the last lord of the manor, Robert Livingston, the remainder of Livingston Manor was divided among the heirs of his four youngest sons, rather than continuing to pass down through primogeniture. Robert's eldest living son, Peter R. Livingston (1737–1809), had made many unwise financial decisions and was perennially in debt, and it was feared the estate would end up claimed by his creditors were it passed on to him.

The inheritors of the estate were all men who had distinguished themselves considerably during and after the American Revolution:

 * Philip Livingston (1716–1778), delegate to the Continental Congress and signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence
 * William Livingston (1723–1790), 1st Governor of New Jersey and signatory of the United States Constitution
 * William Alexander (1726–1783), a brother-in-law who had married Sarah Livingston (1725–1805), the daughter of Philip Livingston, 2nd Lord of Livingston Manor, and Robert’s sister. Alexander had been a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
 * James Duane (1733–1797), a son-in-law and Robert’s former ward, who had married his daughter Mary (1738–1821). Duane had been a delegate to the Continental Congress, 44th Mayor of New York City, and signatory of the Articles of Confederation

The land was divided among the families of these four men, and the power of the Livingston family was slowly diminished. A portion of the estate is still held by the family. The town of Livingston, New York occupies part of the original tract.

title: Livingston Manor


text:
Wikipedia talk:Featured picture candidates/Columbia at Dawn

Excuse me, but what do you mean by not promoted? Is that as in not added to the list? If so, i would like to politely point out that more than 50% of the people who voted, supported the picture. --Quadraxis 23:40, 21 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Phase-shift keying/archive1

Phase-shift keying
I rewrote this a while back and finally got around to adding the extra stuff that was needed. We are sadly lacking any FAs on telecomms, and since this is a commonly used modulation scheme, I thought it might be a good place to start. With this lack of precedent, I'm particularly interested in whether there is enough/too much mathematics and whether the lead-in is thorough enough at the same time as not being dumbing-down. As well as other thoughts, of course. -Splash 23:40, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Splash,

 * Here are my suggestions for the article:

 * Single quotation marks and italics are used throughout this article. Since they break the article's flow, try reviewing each use and consider whether it is really necessary.
 * Working on this...
 * Review the choice to make bold the phrases "binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)" and "quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)"
 * They both redirect here, like DPSK.
 * It might be worth minimizing the number of acronyms used in order to aid readability consider "The bit error rate (BER) of BPSK in AWGN can be calculated as:"
 * This is true. I will look through and see where acronyms may be avoided. Sometimes, the phrasing would become repetitive with them included, but I will squeeze them out where I can. The particular case of AWGN is because I don't like referring to it simply as "white noise" — a statistically inadequate phrase.
 * The obvious problem that stands out to the reader with differentially encoded PSK is an error in transmission seemingly won't be undone until there is another error in transmission. It might be worth briefly mentioning how communication systems overcome this difficulty in practice.
 * It may be prudent to add something about duobinary encoding in the article you think? --HappyCamper 11:06, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmmm. I'll go and read up on this a bit. We should take care not to conflate two distinct, but similar, techniques. -Splash 12:51, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The article should start by explaining phase shift keying not listing the three most common classes of digital modulation. Instead place this in the body of the article.
 * Rephrase the first sentence so it avoids the use of brackets. Maybe "Phase-shift keying (PSK) changes, or modulates, the phase of a reference signal to convey data.".
 * "necessarily" is unecessary.
 * "comprises the 'symbol'" is bad grammar.
 * Since DPSK redirects to this page it should be bolded.
 * The sentence, "In exchange, however, its performance in terms of how many erroneous demodulations are made, is worse." has far too many redundant words.
 * Sentences shouldn't begin with "which".
 * The paragraph and sentence, "As for many digital modulation schemes, the constellation diagram is a useful representation and is relied upon in this article." goes nowhere.
 * I've expanded this to give a compressed overview of constellation diagrams. The wikilink to the main article should do the rest.
 * The equation for s1(t) is mathematically wrong. I think you forgot to drop pi from the last part.
 * Yes. The basis-functions were added by another editor who I mentioned this peer-review to.
 * "where 0 is represented by...and 1 is represented by...This assignment is, of course, arbitrary." might be redundant.
 * Think so? It shows why the basis functions are a handy representation.
 * Then I have no problem with leaving them in - it was just my opinion.
 * "the I- and Q-channels" introduces new unexplained notation stick to talking about the in-phase and quadrature-phase components.
 * It's a small point but instead of "The constellation diagram shows that" try "In the constellation diagram shown"
 * Consider merging the last two sentences to make "This yields much lower amplitude fluctuations than non-offset QPSK and is often preferred in practice."
 * Yes. They were originally so merged.
 * Instead of "power of 2 (2,4,8,...)" try "power of two".
 * Avoid the use of pronouns to address the reader (e.g. "we").
 * Introduce the function Q(x) textually before you define it mathematically.
 * Rather than defining Q(x) twice mathematically define it once in the form Q(x) = ... = ...
 * The "just" in "it uses just two phases" is redundant.
 * In "spacing around a circle which gives maximum phase-separation", "which" introduces a restrictive clause, try using "that".
 * Made 'power' a wikilink instead.
 * Instead of "which, since there is only one bit per symbol, is also the symbol error rate." try "Since there is only one bit per symbol, this is also the symbol error rate." Consider using a new sentence for all paragraphs that proceed equations maybe with the exception of those that just define variables.
 * I'm not sure what your second sentence means exactly.
 * You specify the basis function for BPSK but not QPSK. If you are going to discuss basis functions I believe that those of QPSK are equally deserving of mention. Especially since they might help with understanding in-phase and quadrature-phase components.
 * These were only recently added to the article by me. I'll look into adding the QPSK ones if they seem useful. --HappyCamper 11:06, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * We have a choice here (a)Leave the constellation diag as it is, and present the basis functions for QPSK - this is instructive since they take the general PSK form which BPSKs basis function does not; or (b)I can rotate the constellation diagram to be on the axes. Then it is readily apparent that QPSK is two BPSKs, and the basis functions' presentation may be more straightforward. -Splash 12:51, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no signal versus time diagram in the article. At least one would be appreciated.
 * Added for most of the schemes now. Only differential-encoding remains wanting, but I will do it. -Splash 03:50, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think an extra constellation diagram for π/4-QPSK might be helpful but may be difficult to fit in the article.
 * Yeah, I'm still thinking about this. I could show the 'other' constellation with faint points or something.
 * Done. -Splash 03:50, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The final sentence before the example is an important one. There are two things that could be done to improve it. First make it clear that "only a small increase in Eb / N0" is needed to overcome the increased BER. Second you might like to stress that the BER does not account for phase shifts in the communications channel caused by something other than AWGN and that in such channels the differentially encoded PSK may come out on top.
 * This is a very good point. I've expanded the sentence into a short paragraph. What do you think? I decided not repeat the point in the final sentenc of the whole section; the one that deals with the graph.
 * "k<supthth" is probably a typo.
 * Try putting the footnotes in a section "Notes" and the other references in a section "References" in accordance with Wikipedia's other articles.
 * I intend all the current entries as references to back up the Applications section. Which ones do you think should be footnotes?
 * I really just meant that, by convention, most articles have a separate section for their Notes and their References. I've done this now. Some like the Nirvana article combine them and if you want to do this feel free.
 * Ah, I see what you mean. Thanks. -Splash 12:51, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Good work and I hope this helps.
 * Cedars 08:54, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow, that's mighty thorough. I'm working my way through the list, so I've struck out the ones I've done. Along the way, I added some questions about some of your comments. -Splash 10:58, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * looks good, but it's too technical. show a diagram of a single bit (e.g. a sine wave reference from -20 to +20, a signal starting as a sine wave then turning into a cosine from about -5 to +10 and then returning to the reference sine wave from +10 onwards).  I've had some success generating this with gnuplot and the erf function.  If you don't have an easy way to generate these diagrams, message me.
 * That bit done. -Splash 03:50, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you want to move discussion of other modulation techniques out of the article line, possibly to a navigation template.
 * move the applications section quite early in the article and include pictures
 * possibly split some of the maths out, particularly error definitions. Remember Wikipedia isn't paper so the article doesn't have to be complete in its self.
 * $$\sqrt{E_b} \phi(t)$$ for example might be better represented by a warm fuzzy picture.
 * I find the statement "Analysis shows that" a bit strange for "this may be used either to double the data ..." since it's in some sense just a clear true statement / follows directly from the definitions of these concepts. I think just dropthe phrase.
 * try to make it so that you could know all of the basics of PSK without passing an equation. They should all stay in, but later and/or in more detailed articles.
 * Mozzerati 21:50, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll work my way through the review up above first, since I'm already part way through dealing with it. But a discussion of some of your points is important now too. In the same order:
 * I will make a timing diagram, which lays a bitstream against a signal. I'm going to do this probably only for QPSK since it will also cover BPSK. The BPSK section can just point to "below".
 * Yes, a navbox. I've been thinking about making one of those. I'll do it if people want one, although the linear series between the three classes isn't very clear (what order would they go in?). My inclination is (as it was originally) simply not to mention the others, but rely on the wikilink to modulation to do the job. This article isn't about modulation or communications in general, after all, its about one particular shift-keying.
 * The various points about mathematics. I'm generally not keen to strip this down to words and pictures. The topic is more than that and, whilst we're not-paper, we are an encyclopedia. The coverage should not shy away from the more difficult parts of things. Spinning the maths out into other articles is something I considered, but decided I didn't like too much. This is because I would have to reproduce a large part of the contents of this article in each subarticle, and the only different material would be a few lines of math. Holding them in here I don't think does much harm — the non-technical reader can either use the rest of the Wikipedia to learn the necessary terms or just look at the graphs.
 * To the particlar point about basis functions. They are an important aspect of all digital modulation schemes, and I wonder what warm fuzzy picture you have in mind? A picture of a cos wave?
 * Ah, click! You mean a block diagram of the modulator. Yes, I agree. That would be an excellent idea and would show the meaning of the mathematics nicely. I shall make one! Again, I'll make it for the QPSK system since that absorbs BPSK and avoids repetition; perhaps it should just go straight in the Higher-order PSK section?
 * I'll have to think about the question about bandwidth. This is obvious to the technical reader, but is it obvious to the non-tehcnical? Is it intuitive to say "twice the data doesn't need any more bandwidth" is the same thing as "keep the data the same but halve the bandwidth"?
 * As laid out at present, you can cover the basics of each type of PSK without passing an equation. I'll think about an alternate layout that presents the mathematics in a seperate section or two, but will have to see if that leaves the non-maths parts at a couple of sentences each. That might be no bad thing, though. -Splash 23:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Nice to know that telecom articles are being improved but the article is too complicated for a casual reader. I would like to see an overhaul in the entire structure of the article. Here are my suggestions:
 * The lead is very complicated, it mentions terms that a casual reader won't understand. I would like it 'dummed down' and translated into simple English. Instead of saying  phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave) you can use the term 'sinusoidal wave' instead. BPSK is the most simple to understand, so the BPSK concept should be introduced in the lead. In its most simple form a regular sinewave is used to represent binary 0; and a 'cosine' wave (180° phase shift) is used to represent binary 1. This should be supported by a diagram alongside. (You can clip the QPSK image, first line-0110 to illustrate this). This example is the most simple illustration, and a first time user should the concept through this example.
 * Now in the =introduction= mention the need for modulation techniques, and ASK, FSK. Explain about NRZ signals which are used.
 * Now create a new section =types of= . Under this include BPSK, DPSK, DEPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, M-ary PSK, MSK etc.
 * Under each of these headings briefly mentioned the mathematical representation, graphical representation (waveform), basic information, and advt+disadvt.
 * Remove all details such as constellation diagrams, error probability etc. Push them into dedicated articles where the generation receiving, and probability can all be discussed. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  09:12, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for being very specific with your suggestions. My concern with the route you suggest is that it will result in a series of articles which have to repeat a lot of the same background material (e.g. what is modulation, what is PSK, etc). These articles would also each be rather short, and would have to import a lot of context from elsewhere: the error-analysis for example would be incomplete without the pro/con discussion that would also be necessary in the main article. I suppose seeking an FA is less important than having good coverage, but would these short articles stand any serious chance at being an FA? A rearrangement of the content as suggested by the second reviewer above would keep it all in context, but move the mathematical features etc. to later on in the article: people can just stop reading when they've had enough. -Splash 21:23, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You wouldn't have to define what is modulation in each section. The lead is a summary of the article. It should be written last, and it is perfectly ok to have repetition here. So for the moment ignore the lead.
 * The intro will have more information on the basics of the topics. NRZ etc.
 * Under each section just explain the generation on the topic, such as Sq. Law Dev, Band Pass Filter etc., and why they are used. You can cover the entire topic (of say QPSK) in four paragraphs. Now 4x7=35+3 (give or take a few), which is of acceptable length. Short articles are allowed to be FA worthy, if anyone objects on the grounds "too short"; they have to provide expansion suggestions, else it is deemed inactionably in FAC.
 * I don't support the derivation of error analysis on this page. It becomes too technical. For example you can say that the disadvt. of a DEPSK system is that 1) a complex demodulator is needed; and 2) errors occur in pairs because of the XOR operation. More than enough.
 * If the article is written for dummies, I see no problem why this shouldn't be featured.

=Nichalp  «Talk»=  05:53, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, I will have to think about this. I'll add mentions of BP filters and NRZ, but we already have Band-pass filter (and they're not really part of the modulation consideration) and NRZ, and this article isn't about modulation or digital communications in general, so I don't think we need the full exposition of each component in an end-to-end system. We don't appear to have square law detector, but again it only needs a mention and a brief explanation — it's generic material that should be in a generic article.
 * I must confess to be somewhat disappointed that the only way this could become featured is to write it for dummies. Is that what a featured article is about? The article before I rewrote it was suitable for dummies, and was a disgrace. -Splash 00:22, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No, that's not what FA is all about. You can understand these technical terms, I can too, and so can 100-odd wikipedians. What about the thousands of readers who come to read about article content? Do we want to drive them away by using 'technical terms' that are not explained here? For example look at the cricket page. What we've done is to initally avoid the useage of cricketing terminology so that first time users won't be put off. We've gradually built up the terms by defining them, and using them in the article. It isn't crafted for dummies, but at the same time it hasn't lost its essence or quality.
 * No, I'm not asking for a fullblown account of the BPF etc. A line on what is does is enough instead of clicking the terms.
 * I want to see this through FA. I hope you are as optimistic as me. I'd like to help u out. However, I would prefer you structure the content as I've suggested before, before I move in and simplify the terms. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  06:40, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, well, I (and HappyCamper) will finish adding the stuff that's been suggested and then any refactoring/etc can happen. I was short on time yesterday, which was why not much happened to the article. -Splash 10:52, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) I'd have to echo Nichalps suggestion that the article be made more accessible to those that don't already know the subject. That doesn't mean dumbing the whole thing down, but does require careful planning and the adding of context to explain terms/jargon. It may require moving highly detailed material off to sub-articles in order to allow the article to be properly balanced. A careful attempt is needed to make sure the article gives proper amount of coverage to each topic in relation to its importance to the overall topic. That's basically the idea behind good Summary style. As for accessibility, the majority of the lead should be understandable to the well educated person that doesn't know the subject at all. That is possible to do and still be perfectly accurate if you properly add context. Yes that can seem a little redundant, but doesn't have to if done right. The same for the introduction to each major subtopic. After that, proceed into as much of the detail as you need to. That way you get all the needed detail in, it's not dumbed down, but people who don't already know the material can at least dig into it if they want to. 2) To a higher level view the whole article seems to spend the most time explaining how each works and very little on where it is applied and how important/widespread its use is. The applications section is it as far as I can tell, but since the explanation of DQPSK, etc are split between the lead and the intro, I have to refer back and forth to those just to try to grok the applications section. The lead basically covers nothing but how the technology works, while it should give a broad overview of the subject. - Taxman Talk 19:57, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Taxman. Well, I think the refactoring is 'all' we have left to do, along with a general copyedit to minmise acronyms and things. We're missing an image of the receiver structure, but HappyCamper tells me he's going to make that. So I'll go away and think carefully about what you've said. To the applications section in particular: yes, having more of it in the lead is a good idea. PSK is used so widely that listing all its usages would be an article of its own probably; it started with the NASA space program in the '60s I believe. Originally, and imo more helpfully, the applications section at the bottom so you only got to it once you knew what/where the PSKs are. The other reviewers have suggested moving it upward, and an anon already did it hence its current location. Anyway, I've been taking an extended break from the article but will come back to it now. Thanks for your suggestions. -Splash 00:13, 8 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Aaron Mike Oquaye

Aaron Mike Oquaye (born 4 April 1944) is a Ghanaian barrister and politician who served as the sixth Speaker of Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana from 2017 to 2021. An academic, diplomat and Baptist minister, he previously held the cabinet ministerial portfolios for energy and communication and was also the High Commissioner of Ghana to India (2002–04) in the Kufuor administration.

Early life
Michael Aaron Oquaye was born on 4 April 1944 in Osu, Accra, Ghana (then Gold Coast), to E. G. N Oquaye of Osu and Felicia Awusika Abla Oquaye (née Azu) of Odumase-Krobo. He was brought up at Asamankese in the country's Eastern Region, where he attended the Roman Catholic Primary School and Presbyterian Middle School before proceeding to Presbyterian Boys' Secondary (PRESEC), at Odumase-Krobo and then Apam Senior High School.

Oquaye's father, E. G. N. Oquaye, had been a founding member of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) at Asamankese. He was also treasurer and principal financier of the UGCC, Gold Coast Party (GCP), National Liberation Movement (NLM) and United Party (UP) at Asamankese. When Oquaye was a child, his family received political figures and dignitaries such as Dr. J. B. Danquah and Prof. Kofi Abrefa Busia as guests at their home. Okyenhene Nana Ofori Atta II, while in exile in Accra, was also a regular visitor to the Oquaye family home in Asamankese.

Education and legal career
Oquaye attended the Presbyterian Boys' Senior Secondary School, where he gained his GCE "O"-Level Certificate, and then Apam Secondary School for his "A" Level Certificates. He entered the University of Ghana and later the University of London, at Lincoln's Inn, London. He holds B.A. (Hons.) Political Science, L.L.B. (Hons.), B.L. and PhD. He is a qualified solicitor and barrister, as well as the founder and senior partner of his own law firm. He is a barrister of the Supreme Court of England and Wales, a senior member of the Ghana Bar Association, and a solicitor for some leading companies and financial institutions.

Academic career
Oquaye is a professor of Political science at the University of Ghana, (Legon), and was previously the Head of the Department of Political Science and member of the university's Academic Board, the highest authority at the level of the faculties. He received his Ph.D from the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, as well as winning the Rockefeller Senior Scholar Award in 1993 and the Senior Fulbright Scholar Award in 1997. He has been a visiting lecturer at George Mason University in Virginia. From 1997 to 1999, he was vice-president of the African Association of Political Science (AAPS), based in Zimbabwe.

Writings and advocacy
As a writer, Oquaye has researched and published writings extensively on good governance, conflicts, political education, decentralization and development, human rights, military intervention in politics, NGOs, rural development and gender issues. He advocates women's rights, including affirmative action.

He is the author of the award-winning book Politics in Ghana, 1972–1979, in which he depicts, inter-alia, the military as the bane of Government and Politics in Africa and recounted instances of human right abuses, conflictual politics, economic mismanagement and national decadence. He wrote a second volume, Politics in Ghana, 1982–1992, dealing with the politics of revolution, CDRs, Public Tribunals, popular power, positive defiance and human rights issues of the period. His scholarly articles have been published in international journals such as the Human Rights Quarterly (US), Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (UK), African Affairs (UK), and Review of Human Factor Studies (Canada).

Political career
As a student at the University of Ghana, Oquaye joined the campaign for the J. B. Danquah / Kofi Abrefa Busia cause. Oquaye strongly supported Busia's call for quick return to civilian rule to prevent the militarization of the state and, along with his family, helped to establish the Progress Party in Osu in 1969.

New Patriotic Party
The United Party-Progress Party tradition led to the foundation, in 1992, of the New Patriotic Party (NPP), with Oquaye as a founder member. He was the first Regional Secretary of NPP for Greater Accra in 1992, and also the first Chairman of the Party for the Ga District Rural Constituency, which later split into Ga West District and Ga East District. He was the secretary of the Research Committee and a member of the first National Campaign Team of the NPP in the third quarter of 1992.

He worked with other central NPP figures, including President John Kufuor, Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, R. R. Amponsah, Prof. Adu-Boahen, Peter Ala Adjetey, B. J. da Rocha and Samuel Odoi-Sykes, to campaign successfully for the NPP victory in the 2000 general elections. Oquaye's role in the party's success, which involved journalistic contributions and involvement in other activities of the party between 1993 and 2000, is considered significant.

High Commissioner and Minister of state
From 2001 to 2004, Oquaye served as Ghana's High Commissioner to India. In February 2005, he became Minister of Energy, and later he was moved to the post of Minister of Communications.

Member of Parliament
Oquaye was the NPP Member of Parliament for Dome-Kwabenya for two terms, from 2004 to 2012. He decided not to stand for another term. He sponsored his son, Mike Oquaye Jnr, to fight to be the NPP Parliamentary Candidate for the constituency. His son however lost to Sarah Adwoa Safo, who went on to win the seat.

From 2009 to 2013, Oquaye was the Second Deputy Speaker of Parliament. He was succeeded by Joe Ghartey in 2013.

Speaker of Parliament
Oquaye served as the Speaker of Parliament in the seventh parliament of the Fourth Republic. In 2021, he was nominated by the New Patriotic Party for the role as a Speaker of Parliament in which he lost to Alban Kingsford Sumani Bagbin on 7 January who was nominated by the National Democratic Congress. Alban Kingsford Sumani Bagbin announced at the first sitting of parliament that he was elected by 138 votes while Mike Oquaye garnered 136 votes.

Personal life
Oquaye is a pastor of the Baptist Church. He is married to Alberta Oquaye (née Asafu-Adjaye) (Major Rtd.) a professional nurse. He is the father of Mike Oquaye Jnr, Ghana's current High Commissioner to India.

Oquaye's hobbies include watching football, playing table tennis, reading books, writing, and listening to music.

Written works

 * Politics in Ghana, 1982–1992 (Tornado Publications, 1980, ISBN 9789964980085)
 * Democracy, Politics and Conflict Resolution in Contemporary Ghana (Gold-Type Publication, 1995)

Controversies
In February 2020, there were media agitation to reports that the speaker of Parliament, Aaron Mike Oquaye has threatened to ban journalist who take coverage of other events in the premises of Parliament other than the chamber.

In August 2020, he gave a public lecture in the observance of Founders' Day, in which he claimed that "Independence was not a one man show, it was a collective effort". According to Oquaye, former president Kwame Nkrumah should not be honoured alone but together with all the founding fathers of Ghana. Oquaye also claimed Nkrumah was not alone in the struggle for independence although he fought for Ghana's independence. Nkrumah's son Sekou Nkrumah lambasted Prof. Oquaye for those comments, saying that if the speaker of parliament wanted to criticize his late father, he should talk about the one-party system and the Preventive Detectionn Act (PDA) introduced during Nkrumah's time.

title: Aaron Mike Oquaye


text:
Brian Benben

Brian Edward Benben (born June 18, 1956) is an American actor, best known for his role as Martin Tupper in the HBO comedy television series Dream On (1990–1996), and also known as Sheldon Wallace on ABC medical drama Private Practice (2008–2013), and as Larry in I Come in Peace (1990).

Early life and career
Benben was born in Winchester, Virginia, the son of Gloria Patricia (née Coffman) and Peter Michael Benben Sr., a produce buyer.

He later lived and attended high school in Marlboro, New York, followed by two years at Ulster County Community College in Stone Ridge, New York, after which he moved to New York City, where he had various jobs while auditioning and acting. In 1983 he appeared in the Broadway production of John Byrne's play Slab Boys with Kevin Bacon, Sean Penn, Val Kilmer and Jackie Earle Haley. The play ran on Broadway for 48 performances.

Although his first national exposure was in the 1981 NBC miniseries-then-series The Gangster Chronicles, He appeared in Matlock 'The Heiress' in 1988. Benben is perhaps best known for his leading role in the 1990–96 HBO television series, Dream On. He played a "by the book" FBI agent in the 1990 film Dark Angel (known in the U.S. as I Come in Peace).

He had a starring role in the 1994, film Radioland Murders playing Mary Stuart Masterson's estranged husband. In September 1998, he starred in an eponymous primetime CBS sitcom, The Brian Benben Show, which lasted only one month on the air. In the 2000s, he played Sheldon Wallace on Shonda Rhimes' Private Practice. His character was first introduced in December 2008, later became a recurring character, and finally a series regular. In 2014, he appeared in the television series Scandal, also produced by Rhimes.

Personal life
In 1982, Benben married actress Madeleine Stowe, whom he met filming The Gangster Chronicles. Together they have one daughter, born in 1996. Benben and Stowe live west of Austin, near Johnson City, Texas.

title: Brian Benben


text:
File:Rousham-statue.jpg

Detail of a mythological statue in the grounds of Rousham House.

Photograph taken by Tom Dyson and reproduced here with his express permission.

title: File:Rousham-statue.jpg


text:
People in Need (disambiguation)

People in Need is a Czech humanitarian organization.

People in Need may also refer to:

 * People in Need, RTE telethon, which created The People in Need Trust, a charity in Ireland
 * People in Need, charity created by the Hearst family in response to kidnapping; Sara Jane Moore
 * People in Need (film), a 1925 German film

title: People in Need (disambiguation)


text:
List of places in Pennsylvania: M

This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

title: List of places in Pennsylvania: M