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Jimmy Means Racing

Jimmy Means Racing is an American professional stock car racing team that last competed in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, fielding the No. 52 Chevrolet Camaro part-time for Harrison Rhodes, Gar Robinson, and Brennan Poole. It is owned by former driver Jimmy Means, who was the team's primary driver upon the team's founding in 1978 as a Winston Cup team known as Means Racing.

Cup Series
After 44 starts driving for Bill Gray (and one for Rod Osterlund), Means made his debut as an owner in 1978 when he fielded the No. 52 Chevrolet. He had two top-tens and finished sixteenth in points. He expanded to a multi-car team briefly, fielding the No. 25 for Charlie Chamblee at Nashville, the No. 53 for Cecil Gordon at North Wilkesboro Speedway, and the No. 50 for Baxter Price at Texas World Speedway. His best years driving his car were from 1980 to 1983, when he finished no worse than 18th in the standings and had an average finish of 20th or better in all 4 seasons.

While remaining the primary driver of his car, in 1983, he stepped aside for Lennie Pond at Michigan International Speedway, who finished 22nd. In 1984, Means was injured and was replaced by Dale Jarrett, Sterling Marlin, Morgan Shepherd, Roy Smith and Bobby Wawak, and Means drove the No. 52 solely for the next six years. In 1991, Means gave up the No. 52 on two occasions; Bobby Hillin Jr. drove at Dover and Sears Point (finishing 19th and 21st), and Mike Wallace (finishing 31st and 39th) at Phoenix and Atlanta. In the early 1990s he frequently handed the wheel over to other drivers, including Hillin Jr, road racing ace Tommy Kendall; future IRL champion Scott Sharp; and future Craftsman Truck Series champ Mike Skinner. He also fielded occasional second entries for other drivers, including John McFadden, Mike Potter, and Brad Teague.

Means secured new sponsorship from NAPA for the 1993 season, but he was injured at Daytona. His temporary replacement was new NASCAR Rookie of the Year Jimmy Hensley. Means returned to finish 22nd at Atlanta. In what proved to be his final year as a driver, he was later 16th in the spring race at Bristol, 18th in Bristol's fall race, and 17th at Dover in September before his final race at Rockingham that fall. Besides Means' performances, the team's best result was 25th at Rockingham in February by Hensley. In 1994, the team's primary driver was Brad Teague, whose best finish in 8 starts was 22nd at Bristol in the summer. 4 other drivers competed once each in the No. 52 NAPA Ford in 1994. Mike Skinner finished 31st at Rockingham in February, Kirk Shelmerdine (former crew chief for Dale Earnhardt) was 26th at Talladega in May, Bob Keselowski was 41st at Pocono in June, and Gary Bradberry came home 30th in the season-ending Hooters 500 at Atlanta. In 1995, NAPA moved to the new NASCAR SuperTruck Series to sponsor Ron Hornaday Jr. and therefore did not return to sponsor Means Racing. The team picked up some sponsorship from Advance Communications/Race Page, but failed to qualify in all of their attempts with Bradberry, Teague, and Randy MacDonald sharing the car. The team attempted every race to start the year but then scaled back to part-time after the numerous DNQs, only running at the fall Darlington race with Teague, but again failing to make the field. The team closed down in 1996.

In 2012, the team announced that they would be returning to the Cup Series for the first time since 1995, fielding the No. 52 Toyota part-time for Scott Speed and Mike Skinner in a partnership with Dell Hamilton, running as Hamilton Means Racing. After many problems acquiring equipment and preparing cars, Speed attempted Martinsville but didn't qualify. The team made their debut at Darlington. The team picked up some sponsorship from Crusader Staffing. Skinner started and parked the car in their first race after 20 laps. Skinner tried again at Kentucky but did not qualify. In 2013, Means sold his owner points to Brian Keselowski Motorsports.

Car No. 52 history
In 2001, Means Racing returned to NASCAR in the Busch Series with a partnership with Moy Racing. They began the season with Jason Rudd, who ran the first race for the team, and Brad Teague, who ran five races total for them that season, his best finish a 38th at Watkins Glen International. Gaylord also returned to run two races, both resulting in 42nd-place finishes. Kertus Davis, Ricky Sanders and Andy Kirby also drove for the team that year. In 2002, Teague drove eleven races for the team, his best finish 38th at Nazareth Speedway. Jimmy Kitchens, Phil Bonifield and Eric Jones drove part-time as well for the team that year. Teague made 11 starts for Means in 2003, with Donnie Neuenberger running an additional two races.

In 2004, Bruce Bechtel joined as another driver to the team. He made several attempts but only made one race, at Pikes Peak. Teague continued to run with the team, his best finish being a 26th at Bristol. The next season, Shane Hall was the team's original driver but was soon released. Eric McClure began running with the team, with a best finish of 30th at Texas Motor Speedway, but was released in favor of Neuenberger. At the Dover 200, Neuenberger flipped over the Plan B Technologies Ford Taurus on Lap 2. He was uninjured, but as that was the team's only car, the team did not run again for a year.

The No. 52 returned for the 2007 Orbitz 300 at Daytona but failed to qualify with Brad Teague at the wheel. Teague, Neuenberger, Kevin Lepage, Jamie Mosley and Ian Henderson had driven throughout the season, with Scott Gaylord driving at Montreal, Phoenix, and Watkins Glen. Chris Lawson attempted but did not qualify at Memphis. Neuenberger drove four races with Royal Farms' sponsorship.

Derrike Cope was the team's driver for the first part of 2008 season. At the Diamond Hill Plywood 200 at Darlington, Cope was replaced by Brad Teague. Teague finished 22nd, 4 laps down. Teague mostly drove the car in 2008, but Neuenberger sometimes raced with Lepage, Scott Gaylord, Tony Raines and Boris Said occasionally drove. The 2009 season in the nationwide series was up and down for Means racing, with very many drivers. They were a "start and park" operation and missed several races.

For 2011, they returned to the Nationwide Series full-time in the No. 52 Chevy. Target Your Market Promotions and My 3 Sons Vending sponsored the team numerous times and continued to do so, off and on throughout the year. After Bobby Santos III took a hard hit during practice for the season opener in Daytona, Dale Earnhardt Jr. gave the team the No. 88 backup car, on the condition that Means Racing would run the whole race with the car, and not Start and Park. Means Racing did run the whole race, they would end up finishing 17th. Since Daytona, the team has run with several other drivers, including Daryl Harr, Tim Schendel, and Tony Raines.

For 2012, the team ran Daytona with driver former Cup driver Reed Sorenson, and then switched between drivers Tim Schendel, Kevin Lepage, Joey Gase, Justin Jennings and Ryan Ellis for one race. The team achieved a spot in the top-30, locking them into the first five races. The team's best finish was a 19th at Kansas with Gase.

In 2013, the No. 52 team mainly used driver Gase, for 18 total races. Means also used Donnie Neuenberger, Lepage, Schendel and Ellis each for one race. The year's best finish was also 19th, but this time at Talladega with driver Neuenberger. Toyotas were driven for 7 of the 22 races with Chevrolet cars used the other races.

In 2014, Gase again served as the team's primary driver with a high finish of 11th at Talladega. Sponsors included Donate Life, DB Sales Company, and ASC.

In 2015, the team returned with Gase. At Talladega, Gase earned his first top 5 finish by finishing 5th and earned the team their first top 5 finish.

In 2016, they returned with Gase. At Talladega, Gase was involved in a hard crash with Chris Cockrum. He collected a best finish of 19th at Daytona (June). He finished again 21st in the standings.

In 2017, Gase started on a high note a 7th-place finish at Daytona.

In 2018, Gase left JMR and moved to the Go Green/SS-Green Light Racing No. 35 car. The team would sign David Starr to replace him for the full season. He started the season with a 17th-place finish in the season-opener at Daytona. Starr continued to drive for the team in 2019.

Starr left for JD Motorsports in 2020 and was replaced by Kody Vanderwal, who ran all but the first three races of the season, which were run by J. J. Yeley. Due to the team needing more sponsorship, which Vanderwal did not bring to the team, he did not return in 2021.

In 2021 NASCAR Xfinity Series, Gray Gaulding, who brought his own sponsorship to the team, would replace Vanderwal in the No. 52. Gaulding entered 21 races and he failed to qualify 4 races. Gase would return with the team at Pocono, Talladega, Texas, Kansas, and season finale at Phoenix. At Talladega, the team fields a Ford that is owned by Gase himself instead of their usual Chevrolet. Gase failed to qualify at Phoenix. Spencer Boyd drove for the team at New Hampshire, Daytona, Charlotte Roval, and Martinsville. Dave Smith made starts with the team at Watkins Glen. Japanese driver Akinori Ogata drove for the team at Richmond. At Vegas, JMR lent their owner points to Rick Ware Racing so they could field a second car for Carson Ware.

In 2022, Harrison Rhodes drove the No. 52 at Daytona, as well as the three west coast races at Auto Club, Las Vegas and Phoenix. The team ended up skipping the west coast swing due to a lack of sponsorship but returned at Atlanta. Gar Robinson would drive the No. 52 at Circuit of the Americas, but did not qualify. Rhodes returned for the races at Richmond, where he did not qualify, and Martinsville, which they did not qualify as well. Means' 52 team did not attempt a race until they had subsequent sponsorship. The team returned at Bristol with Brennan Poole, but they did not qualify by just 0.023 seconds. Poole returned again at Charlotte Roval, but once again, they did not qualify.

Car No. 53 history
In 2019, Jimmy Means Racing fielded the No. 53 car, which was fielded for Max Tullman at Mid-Ohio and Kyle Weatherman at Dover in October, which they failed to finish both. The car did not attempt any races after that year.

Car No. 55 history
Jimmy Means Racing fielded the No. 55 car in 2008 as a backup for the 52. Brad Teague and Scott Gaylord raced for this team at Nashville and Phoenix respectively. Teague would also race this car at Dover. Chad Chaffin attempted to race at Milwaukee but didn’t qualify. Teague then attempted Bristol in 2009 with this car but did not qualify.

Car No. 79 history
For multiple races in 2014, Jimmy Means Racing fielded a second car, the No. 79, which was a late entry/field filler team for races to have a full 40-car field. The car is the backup car from No. 52 but renumbered. Carl Long, Tim Schendel and John Jackson all drove one race each and start and parked.

In 2015, the No. 79 returned to complete the 40-car field five times. Matt Frahm drove for two races, Ryan Ellis, Zachary Bruenger and John Jackson all drove one race each. They start and parked all of them.

In 2016, the team returned to complete the 40-car field. Josh Williams drove at Michigan.

After the No. 79 did not attempt any races in 2017, the car did return once in 2018 with Josh Reaume driving it at Kentucky.

title: Jimmy Means Racing


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Pelorus

Pelorus may refer to:

Places

 * Pelorus (Sicily), a peninsula of the island of Sicily
 * Pelorus Island, an island in Queensland
 * Pelorus Islet, an islet in South Australia
 * Pelorus River, a river in the South Island of New Zealand
 * Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere, in the Marlborough Sounds of New Zealand
 * Pelorus (Πέλωρος), an ancient Greek name for a river in the Caucasus region, probably the modern-day Aragvi; see Artoces of Iberia

Ships

 * HMS Pelorus, several Royal Navy ships
 * Pelorus (yacht), a 2001 luxury yacht
 * Pelorus-class cruiser, a Royal Navy cruiser class

Other

 * Pelorus (instrument), a navigational instrument
 * Pelorus Jack, a dolphin
 * Pelorus Research, a trading name of Holdingham Group Limited
 * In Greek mythology, Pelorus was one of the Spartoi

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pelorus


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Haida language

Haida (X̱aat Kíl, X̱aadas Kíl, X̱aayda Kil, Xaad kil ) is the language of the Haida people, spoken in the Haida Gwaii archipelago off the coast of Canada and on Prince of Wales Island in Alaska. An endangered language, Haida currently has 24 native speakers, though revitalization efforts are underway. At the time of the European arrival at Haida Gwaii in 1774, it is estimated that Haida speakers numbered about 15,000. Epidemics soon led to a drastic reduction in the Haida population, which became limited to three villages: Masset, Skidegate, and Hydaburg. Positive attitudes towards assimilation combined with the ban on speaking Haida in residential schools led to a sharp decline in the use of the Haida language among the Haida people, and today almost all ethnic Haida use English to communicate.

Classification of the Haida language is a matter of controversy, with some linguists placing it in the Na-Dené language family and others arguing that it is a language isolate. Haida itself is split between Northern and Southern dialects, which differ primarily in phonology. The Northern Haida dialects have developed pharyngeal consonants, typologically uncommon sounds which are also found in some of the nearby Salishan and Wakashan languages.

The Haida sound system includes ejective consonants, glottalized sonorants, contrastive vowel length, and phonemic tone. The nature of tone differs between the dialects, and in Alaskan Haida it is primarily a pitch accent system. Syllabic laterals appear in all dialects of Haida, but are only phonemic in Skidegate Haida. Extra vowels which are not present in Haida words occur in nonsense words in Haida songs. There are a number of systems for writing Haida using the Latin alphabet, each of which represents the sounds of Haida differently.

While in Haida nouns and verbs behave as clear word classes, adjectives form a subclass of verbs. Haida has only a few adpositions. Indo-European-type adjectives translate into verbs in Haida, for example 'láa "(to be) good", and English prepositional phrases are usually expressed with Haida "relational nouns", for instance Alaskan Haida dítkw 'side facing away from the beach, towards the woods'. Haida verbs are marked for tense, aspect, mood, and evidentiality, and person is marked by pronouns that are cliticized to the verb. Haida also has hundreds of classifiers. Haida has the rare direct-inverse verbal alignment where instead of nominal cases, it is marked whether the grammatical subject and object follow or not a hierarchy between persons and noun classes. Haida also has obligatory possession, where certain types of nouns cannot stand alone and require a possessor.

History
The first documented contact between the Haida and Europeans was in 1772, on Juan Pérez's exploratory voyage. At this time Haidas inhabited the Haida Gwaii, Dall Island, and Prince of Wales Island. The precontact Haida population was about 15,000; the first smallpox epidemic came soon after initial contact, reducing the population to about 10,000 and depopulating a large portion of the Ninstints dialect area. The next epidemic came in 1862, causing the population to drop to 1,658. Venereal disease and tuberculosis further reduced the population to 588 by 1915. This dramatic decline led to the merger of villages, the final result being three Haida villages: Masset (merged 1876), Skidegate (merged 1879), and Hydaburg (merged 1911).

In the 1830s a pidgin trade language based on Haida, known as Haida Jargon, was used in the islands by speakers of English, Haida, Coast Tsimshian, and Heiltsuk. The Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858 led to a boom in the town of Victoria, and Southern Haida began traveling there annually, mainly for the purpose of selling their women. For this the Haida used Chinook Jargon. This contact with whites had a strong effect on the Southern Haida, even as the Northern Haida remained culturally conservative. For instance, Skidegate Haida were reported as dressing in the European fashion in 1866, while Northern Haida "were still wearing bearskins and blankets ten years later."

In 1862, William Duncan, a British Anglican missionary stationed at Fort Simpson, took fifty Tsimshian converts and created a new model community, Metlakatla, in Alaska. The new village was greatly successful, and throughout the Northwest coast the attitude spread that abandoning tradition would pave the way for a better life. The Haida themselves invited missionaries to their community, the first arriving in 1876. These missionaries initially worked in the Haida language.

The Rev. John Henry Keen translated the Book of Common Prayer into Haida, published in 1899 in London by the Church Mission Society. The book of Psalms as well as 3 Gospels and Acts from the New Testament would also be translated into Haida. However, negative attitudes towards the use of the Haida language were widespread among the Haida people, even in the fairly conservative village of Masset where Keen was located. In an 1894 letter, Keen wrote:

"These people would fain have their services etc. entirely in English. It has been by sheer determination that I now have the whole service (except hymns and canticles) in the vernacular."

Beginning at the turn of the century, Haida began sending their children to residential schools. This practice was most widespread among the Southern Haida; among the Northern Haida it was practiced by the more "progressive" families. These schools strictly enforced a ban on the use of native languages, and played a major role in the decimation of native Northwest Coast languages. The practice of Haida families using English to address children spread in Masset in the 1930s, having already been practiced in Skidegate, the rationale being that this would aid the children in their school education. After this point few children were raised with Haida as a primary language.

Status
Today most Haida do not speak the Haida language. The language is listed as "critically endangered" in UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, with nearly all speakers elderly. As of 2003, most speakers of Haida are between 70 and 80 years of age, though they speak a "considerably simplified" form of Haida, and comprehension of the language is mostly limited to persons above the age of 50. The language is rarely used even among the remaining speakers and comprehenders.

The Haida have a renewed interest in their traditional culture, and are now funding Haida language programs in schools in the three Haida communities, though these have been ineffectual. Haida classes are available in many Haida communities and can be taken at the University of Alaska Southeast in Juneau, Ketchikan, and Hydaburg. A Skidegate Haida language app is available for iPhone, based on a "bilingual dictionary and phrase collection comprisedof [sic] words and phrases archived at the online Aboriginal language database FirstVoices.com."

In 2017 Kingulliit Productions was working on the first feature film to be acted entirely in Haida; the actors had to be trained to pronounce the lines correctly. The film, entitled SGaawaay K’uuna ("Edge of the Knife"), was due to be released in the United Kingdom in April 2019.

Classification
Franz Boas first suggested that Haida might be genetically related to the Tlingit language in 1894, and linguist Edward Sapir included Haida in the Na-Dené language family in 1915. This position was later supported by others, including Swanton, Pinnow, and Greenberg and Ruhlen. Today, however, many linguists regard Haida as a language isolate. This theory is not universally accepted; for example, Enrico (2004) argues that Haida does in fact belong to the Na-Dené family, though early loanwords make the evidence problematic. A proposal linking Na-Dené to the Yeniseian family of central Siberia finds no evidence for including Haida.

Dialects
Haida has a major dialectal division between Northern and Southern dialects. Northern Haida is split into Alaskan (or Kaigani) Haida and Masset (or North Graham Island) Haida. Southern Haida was originally split into Skidegate Haida and Ninstints Haida, but Ninstints Haida is now extinct and is poorly documented. The dialects differ in phonology and to some extent vocabulary; however, they are grammatically mostly identical.

Northern Haida is notable for its pharyngeal consonants. Pharyngeal consonants are rare among the world's languages, even in North America. They are an areal feature of some languages in a small portion of Northwest America, in the Salishan and Wakashan languages as well as Haida. The pharyngeal consonants of Wakashan and Northern Haida are known to have developed recently.

Consonants

 * The plain stops are partially voiced in syllable-initial position.
 * For some speakers, occurs only at the beginning of syllables, while  does not occur there, making them allophones of the same phoneme.
 * In Northern Haida (Masset Haida and Alaskan Haida), historically developed into, with  then being reintroduced by occasional borrowings from Southern Haida, Tlingit, Tsimshian, and Chinook jargon. The actual realization of the pharyngeal consonants  varies with dialect. In Masset Haida they are pharyngeal fricatives, , whereas in the variety of Alaskan Haida spoken in Hydaburg they have been described as an epiglottal trill  and a trilled epiglottal affricate  or an epiglottal stop  respectively.

In Alaskan Haida, all velar, uvular, and epiglottal consonants, as well as for some speakers, have rounded variants resulting from coalescence of clusters with. Alaskan Haida also shows simplification of to  when preceding an alveolar or postalveolar obstruent, and of  to.

In Skidegate Haida, has allophone  in syllable-final position.

Masset Haida phonology is complicated by various spreading processes caused by contiguous sonorants across morpheme boundaries, caused by loss of consonants in morpheme-initial position.

Vowels
The high vowels may be realized as upper mid to high and include lax as well as tense values.

The vowels are rare in Skidegate Haida. only occurs in some interjections and borrowings, and only occurs in the two words tleehll "five" and tl'lneeng (a clitic). In Masset Haida and  are both very common are involved in spreading and ablaut processes. Alaskan Haida has neither of these, but has a diphthong, introduced from contraction of low-toned and  sequences.

In Skidegate Haida, some instances of the vowel are on an underlying level unspecified for quality; Enrico (2003) marks specified  with the symbol $\langle\rangle$. Unspecified becomes  after,  after (non-lateral) alveolar and palatal consonants, and syllabic  after lateral consonants. This does not exist in Masset Haida. A small class of Masset Haida words has a new vowel in place of this unspecified vowel which differs in quality from the vowel.

is the short counterpart of and so can also be analyzed as. Though quite variable in realization, it has an allophone when occurring after uvular and epiglottal consonants. The sequences and  tend towards  and  for some speakers.

A number of the contrasts between vowels, or sequences of vowels and the semivowels and, are neutralized in certain positions:
 * The short vowels do not contrast after the alveolar and postalveolar fricatives and affricates. Only one short vowel occurs in this position, in Alaskan Haida usually realized as, but when further followed by , and  when followed by any rounded consonant.
 * The contrasts of with, and  with  are neutralized when preceded by a velar/uvular/epiglottal consonant, as well as word-initially before the glottal stop.
 * No contrast exists between long high vowels and short high vowels followed by a semivowel. Thus, is equivalent to, and  is equivalent to ; moreover,  is also equivalent to , and  to.
 * After consonants other than velar/uvular/epiglottal, and  are also neutralized to  and.
 * Long vowels are shortened before syllable-final glottal consonants, the high vowels also before sonorant (nasal or approximant) consonants. Where productive, this is a late process that applies after the preceding neutralizations, so that e.g.  "the rock" is realized as, not.

The vowels and short  occur in nonsense syllables in Haida songs.

Tone
Haida features phonemic tone, the nature of which differs by dialect.

The Canadian dialects (Skidegate and Masset) have a tone system with low functional load. Unmarked heavy syllables (those with long vowels or ending in sonorants) have high pitch, and unmarked light syllables have low pitch: gid "dog", gin  "sapwood". Examples of marked syllables include sùu "among" (Masset), k'á "tiny" (Skidegate). In Masset Haida marked low tone syllables are more common, resulting from elision of intervocalic consonants: compare Skidegate 7axad to Masset 7àad "net". Some alternations may be interpreted as results of syllable parsing rather than marked tone: compare Masset q'al.a 'muskeg' to q'ala  'be suspicious of', where . marks a syllable boundary.

In Skidegate Haida, short vowels which do not have marked tone are phonetically lengthened when they are in a word-initial open syllable, thus q'an "grass" becomes q'anaa  "grassy".

In Masset Haida, marked low tone syllables have extra length, thus ginn "thing", 7aww "mother".

In Kaigani, the system is primarily one of pitch accent, with at most one syllable per word featuring high tone in most words, though there are some exceptions (e.g. gúusgáakw "almost"), and it is not always clear what should be considered an independent "word". High tone syllables are usually heavy (having a long vowel or ending in a sonorant).

Phonotactics
The syllable template in Haida is (C(C(C))V(V)(C(C)). In Skidegate Haida the two unaspirated stops /p t/ can occur in the syllable coda, while none of the other unaspirated or aspirated stops can. In Masset Haida the unaspirated stops and affricates which may be in the syllable coda are, in Alaskan Haida . Would-be final in loanwords may be nativized to zero.

In Skidegate Haida a long syllabic lateral may appear in VV position, e.g. tl'll "sew". Historically this developed from long ii after a lateral consonant, but a few Skidegate words retain ii in this position, e.g. qaahlii "inside", liis "mountain goat wool". Syllabic resonants occur frequently in Masset Haida and occasionally in Kaigani Haida, but they are not present on the phonemic level.

First orthography
Several orthographies have been devised for writing Haida. The first alphabet was devised by the missionary Charles Harrison of the Church Mission Society who translated some Old Testament Stories in the Haida Language, and some New Testament books. These were published by the British and Foreign Bible Society with the Haida Gospel of Matthew in 1891, Haida Gospel of Luke in 1899 and the Haida Gospel of John in 1899, and the book of Acts in Haida in the 1890s.

Modern orthography
The linguist John Enrico created another orthography for Skidegate and Masset Haida which introduced $\langle7\rangle$ and $\langle@\rangle$ as letters and did away with the distinction between upper and lower case, and this system is popular in Canada. Another alphabet was devised by Alaska Native Language Center (ANLC) for Kaigani Haida in 1972, based on Tlingit orthographic conventions, and is still in use. Robert Bringhurst, for his publications on Haida literature, created an orthography without punctuation or numerals, and few apostrophes; and in 2008 the Skidegate Haida Immersion Program (SHIP) created another, which is the usual orthography used in Skidegate. Other systems have been used by isolated linguists. Haida consonants are represented as follows.

In ANLC orthography $\langlech\rangle$ is used for $\langlets\rangle$ in syllable-initial position, and a hyphen is used to distinguish consonant clusters from digraphs (e.g. kwáan-gang contains the sequence followed by  rather than the consonant ). Bringhurst uses a raised dot for the same, kwáan·gang. The Enrico orthography uses $\langlel\rangle$ (or $\langlell\rangle$ when long) for the syllabic lateral in Skidegate Haida, e.g. tl'l. Enrico uses a period $\langle.\rangle$ for an "unlinked consonant slot." $\langler x\rangle$ are used for in Enrico's Skidegate orthography since they generally correspond to  in the other dialects.

The following are how Haida vowels are written:

Enrico (2003) uses $\langle@\rangle$ for some instances of based on morphophonemics. Alaskan Haida also has a diphthong written $\langleei\rangle$. Enrico & Stuart (1996) use $\langleï ë ä\rangle$ for the vowels that occur in nonsense syllables in songs. The Alaskan Haida orthography was updated in 2010 by Jordan Lachler.

Morphology
The word classes in Haida are nouns, verbs, postpositions, demonstratives, quantifiers, adverbs, clitics, exclamations, replies, classifiers, and instrumentals. Unlike in English, adjectives and some words for people are expressed with verbs, e.g. jáada "(to be a) woman", 'láa "(to be) good". Haida morphology is mostly suffixing. Prefixation is only used to form "complex verbs", made up of a nominal classifier or instrumental plus a bound root, for instance Skidegate sq'acid "pick up stick-object" and ts'icid "pick up several (small objects) together, with tongs", which share the root cid "pick up". Infixation occurs with some stative verbs derived from classifiers, for instance the classifier 7id plus the stative suffix -(aa)gaa becomes 7yaadgaa.

The definite article is suffixed -aay. Some speakers shorten this suffix to -ay or -ei. Some nouns, especially verbal nouns ending in long vowels and loan words, take -gaay instead, often accompanied by shortening or eliding preceding aa. Haida also has a partitive article -gyaa, referring to "part of something or ... to one or more objects of a given group or category," e.g. tluugyaa uu hal tlaahlaang 'he is making a boat (a member of the category of boats).' Partitive nouns are never definite, so the two articles never co-occur.

Personal pronouns occur in independent and clitic forms, which may each be in either agentive or objective form; first and second person pronouns also have separate singular and plural forms. The third person pronoun is only used for animates, though for possession ahljíi (lit. "this one") may be used; after relational nouns and prepositions 'wáa (lit. "it, that place, there") is used instead.
 * 1) short form used as bound possessive pronoun before dependent nouns and cliticized to intransitive verbs (that take an objective argument); long form used as bound possessive pronoun before relational nouns and prepositions, and cliticized to transitive verbs
 * 2) an is the object pronoun, while -ang is the bound possessive pronoun, suffixed to the noun or preposition it modifies

Number is not marked in most nouns, but is marked in certain cases in verbs. Relationship nouns do have a plural in with -'lang (or for many speakers -lang), e.g. díi chan'láng "my grandfathers". A few verbs have suppletive plural forms, as in many other North American languages. In addition, Haida has a plural verb suffix -ru (Skidegate) -7wa (Masset) -'waa / -'uu (Kaigani) that is used to indicate that some third person pronoun in the sentence is plural, and to mark plural subject in imperatives. The third person pronoun that is pluralized can have any grammatical function, e.g. tsiin-ee 'laangaa hl dah rujuu-7wa-gan "I bought all their fish" (Masset).

Most nouns referring to family relationships have special vocative forms, e.g. chanáa (Alaskan) chaníi (Masset) "grandfather!"

Haida uses so-called "relational nouns" referring to temporal and spatial relations in place of most prepositions or prepositional phrases in English. Many of these are formed with the suffix -guu, or in Alaskan Haida more often -kw. The updated orthography for Alaska Haida has changed the -kw to -gw. For example, Haida únkw / ínkw / ánkw "surface" likely comes from ún "back (noun)", and Alaskan Haida dítkw "side facing away from the beach, towards the woods" comes from the noun (a)díit "away from the beach, place in the woods". These contrast with "local nouns", which refer to localities and do not occur with possessive pronouns, e.g. (a)sáa "above, up". Some local nouns have an optional prefix a- which does not have semantic value. Both relational and local nouns may take the areal suffix -sii to refer to the entire area rather than a particular location, so for example waa ungkw means "[at some place] on its surface" while waa ungkwsii means "its surface area".

Haida has a small class of true postpositions, some of which may be suffixed to relational nouns. The Alaskan postpositions -k "to" and -st "from" (Skidegate -ga, -sda) fuse to the preceding word. The Alaskan postposition of -k has been updated in the current Alaska Haida orthography to -g. These also fuse with a preceding suffix -kw to become -gwiik and -guust. The updated orthography for Alaska Haida has changed the -kw to -gw. Some postpositions have forms beginning with ǥ- which are used in some common constructions without a preceding possessive pronoun, and translate into English as a pronoun plus "it", e.g. ǥáa hal gut'anánggang "he's thinking about it" (with ǥáa for aa "to, at").

Haida demonstratives are formed from the bases áa (close to speaker), húu (close to listener), 'wáa (away from both), and a(hl) (something previously mentioned), which when used independently are place demonstratives. These may be given the following suffixes to create other demonstratives: jii (singular object), sgaay (plural objects), s(d)luu (quantity or time), tl'an (place), tl'daas (plural people), tsgwaa (area), and k'un (manner).

Haida verbs have three basic forms: the present, the past, and the inferential forms. The past and inferential forms are both used to refer to events in the past, but differ in evidentiality: the inferential marks that the speaker was informed of or inferred the event rather than having experienced it personally. The bare present form refer to present-tense events, while future is formed with the suffix -saa, using a present-form verb, e.g. hal káasaang "he will go". The interrogative past form, made from the inferential form by removing final n, is used in place of both past and inferential forms in sentences with question words.

There are four classes of verb stems:

Habitual aspect uses the suffix -gang in the present and inferential and -(g)iinii in the past. Potential mood is marked with -hang and hortative with the particle ts'an (in the same position as the tense suffixes). Imperatives are marked with the particle hl after the first phrase in the sentence, or hlaa after the verb word (the verb dropping final weak aa if present) if there is no non-verbal phrase. Verbs are negated with the negative suffix -'ang, usually with the negative word gam "not" in sentence-head position. Verbs drop weak -aa before this suffix, e.g. gám hín hal ist-ánggang "he is not doing it that way".

Haida uses instrumental prefixes, classificatory prefixes, and directional suffixes to derive verbs. Some verb stems, known as bound stems, must occur with at least one such affix; for example -daa "strike once" requires an instrumental prefix.

Haida has a large number of classifiers (on the order of 475). These have a limited number of rhyme structures, which relate to each other ideophonically.

Numerals are generally treated as verbs in Haida, e.g. vdíi git'aláng sdáansaangaangang "I have eight children" (literally "my children are eight"). For some types of objects, classificatory prefixes are used, e.g. sdlakw dlasáng "two land otters" (dla- = small animal or fish).

Nouns and verbs that end in a vowel undergo glide formation (if the final vowel is high) or truncation (otherwise) before vowel-initial prefixes. Some vowel-initial suffixes cause nouns and verbs which are consonant-final and polysyllabic to undergo Final Syllable Shortening (FSS).
 * sk'u "high water" + -aay 'DF' → sk'waay (Masset)
 * st'a "foot" + -aang "own" → st'aang (Skidegate)
 * k'ugansaan "bladder" + -ang "own" → k'ugansanang (Masset)

In Masset Haida, final short vowels in polysyllabic verbs are lengthened in sentence-final position: compare Masset dii-ga-hl 7isdaa to Skidegate dii-gi-hla 7isda "Give it to me".

Syntax
Haida clauses are verb-final. SOV word order is always possible, while OSV may also be used when the subject is more 'potent' than the object; thus Haida is a direct–inverse language. For example, a human is more potent than a horse, which is more potent than a wagon. Thus the Masset Haida sentence yaank'ii.an-.uu Bill x-aay gu'laa-gang can only mean "truly Bill likes the dog", while yaank'ii.an.uu xaay Bill gu'laa-gang can mean either "truly the dog likes Bill" or "truly Bill likes the dog". The determinants of potency are complex and include "acquaintance, social rank, humanness, animacy.. number ... [and] gender was also important at least in the two southern dialects." The following groups are listed in descending order of potency: "known single adult free humans; non-adult and/or enslaved and/or unknown and/or grouped humans; non-human higher animals; inanimates and lower organisms (fish and lower)." Grammatical definiteness does not affect potency.

Pronouns are placed adjacent to the verb and cliticized to it. Their internal order is object–subject, or in causatives object-causee-subject, for example Bill dii dalang squdang-hal-gan Bill me you punch-direct.that-PA "You told Bill to punch me / Bill told you to punch me". Potency is also relevant for pronoun ordering when one pronoun is less potent, for example the indefinite pronoun ga in laa ga 7isda-gan = ga 'la 7isda-gan 'she took some.' Sentences with nang "someone" or tl "some people" as the subject may be translated as passive sentences in English, for example láa tl' ḵínggan "he was seen (by more than one person)", literally "some people saw him".

Clitic pronouns are used as complements of verbs, as inalienable possessives, with quantifiers, and in Skidegate Haida as the objects of some postpositions. Independent pronouns are used everywhere else. Agentive pronouns are marked and are only used as subjects of some verbs. Verbs taking agentive subjects are most common in the lexicon (about 69%), followed by those taking objective subjects (29%) and those that may take either (2%). Intransitive verbs of inherent states (e.g. "be old") take an objective subject, while most transitive verbs take agentive subjects (but cf. verbs like gu'laa "like"). With some verbs that may take either, there may be a semantic difference involved, e.g. gwaawa (Masset) which means "refuse" with agentive subject but not want with objective subject. Enrico (2003) argues that the agentive case indicates planning; thus Haida is essentially an active–stative language, though subject case is also variable in some transitive verbs.

Enclitics are placed after the first phrase in the sentence, usually a noun phrase (except with the imperative clitic hl(aa) which follows a verb phrase). Independent pronouns are used instead of clitic pronouns when modified by a clitic, so for example hal ngíishlgan "he got well" becomes l'áa háns ngíishlgan "he also got well" when the clitic háns 'also, too' is added. The enclitics -uu and -kw follow other enclitics.

Focus and less commonly topic are marked with the clitic -.uu~-huu, placed after a sentence-initial constituent, e.g. Bill-.uu Mary qing-gan (Skidegate) "Bill saw Mary" / "Mary saw Bill", 7ahl7aaniis-.uu "qaagaa" hin.uu 'la kya.a-gaa-n "That one, he was called 'qaagaa. Question words always take this enclitic, for example guusuu "what?", tláanuu "where?", gíisanduu "when?".

There are multiple ways that Haida marks possession. Haida has obligatory possession, a common feature of native North American languages where certain nouns (in Haida, family relationship, body part, and "relational" nouns) must occur with a possessor and cannot stand alone. For example, one can say díi aw "my mother" but not *aw, though one may use a circumlocution like nang awáa 'one who is a mother'. These nouns are possessed using the bound objective pronouns, which all precede the noun except -(a)ng 'one's own'. Included in the class of obligatorily possessed nouns are so-called "relational nouns" and postpositions, which generally translate to prepositions or prepositional phrases in English and refer to temporal and spatial relations.

Relational nouns take some special third person possessive pronouns (láa, 'wáa, tl'áa rather than hal, ahljíi, tl), e.g. 'wáa ḵáahlii "in(side) it" (lit. "its interior"). Non-obligatory possession nouns are possessed by putting them in definite form after the possessor (a noun or a bound objective pronoun) in partitive form, e.g. ítl'gyaa yaats'áay "our knife". An alternate construction when the possessor is a pronoun is to place an independent objective pronoun after the possessed noun, the latter in definite form, e.g. náay díinaa "my house". The independent objective pronouns also occur by themselves with possessive force, e.g. díinaa "mine".

Other publications

 * 1) Enrico, John. 2003. Haida Syntax. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
 * 2) Enrico, John. 2005. Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects. (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute.
 * 3) Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press.
 * 4) Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
 * 5) Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp. 321–330.
 * 6) Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby.
 * 7) Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
 * 8) Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
 * 9) Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
 * 10) Swanton, John R. 1905. Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
 * 11) Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.
 * 1) Enrico, John. 2005. Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects. (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute.
 * 2) Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press.
 * 3) Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
 * 4) Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp. 321–330.
 * 5) Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby.
 * 6) Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
 * 7) Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
 * 8) Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
 * 9) Swanton, John R. 1905. Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
 * 10) Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.
 * 1) Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
 * 2) Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
 * 3) Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
 * 4) Swanton, John R. 1905. Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
 * 5) Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.
 * 1) Swanton, John R. 1905. Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
 * 2) Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.
 * 1) Swanton, John R. 1905. Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
 * 2) Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.
 * 1) Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.

title: Haida language


text:
Lynda Stoner

Lynda Stoner (born 10 September 1953) is an Australian former actress, most notable for her roles on the small screen on television soap operas and serials is an animal rights activist. She is the chief executive of Animal Liberation, an animal rights charity.

Stoner was an Animal Justice Party candidate for the Senate representing New South Wales at the 2016 federal election.

Career
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Stoner was known for several roles on Australian television and was popularly regarded as a sex symbol. She appeared in The Paul Hogan Show, then had leading regular roles in the soap opera The Young Doctors from 1977 to 1979 as Kim Barrington in 303 episodes and followed this with the police drama Cop Shop as Amanda King

In 1985 she played the glamorous villain Eve Wilder in the cult soap opera Prisoner and her character was spectacularly lynched during the infamous episode 600 riot, screened in 1986. This was followed by a guest role in the raunchy drama serial Chances in 1991 where she played a sex therapist and a guest role in series Home and Away

Stoner worked in theatre, predominantly on stage in productions including Don's Party, Rumors, Are You Lonesome Tonight, and Emerald City. One of her cinema roles is the 1982 exploitation film Turkey Shoot, made during a break from Cop Shop.

In 2011 she appeared in the Australian suspense-thriller film Crawl.

Animal rights activist
Stoner became a prominent spokesperson for animal rights issues in the early 1980s. She currently holds the position of Chief Executive, Animal Liberation NSW. In May 2013, Stoner compared hunting photos to images of child pornography, bestiality, snuff murders, rape and torture.

Stoner is a vegan and in 2008 authored a vegan cookbook.

Personal life
Stoner married actor Peter Sumner in 1982 until his death in 2016. They have a son, Luke (b. April 1984). She was once engaged to media personality, and former senator Derryn Hinch.

Filmography
FILM

TELEVISION

STAGE/THEATRE
 * Are You Lonesome Tonight? (1987)
 * Equus (1988)
 * Don's Party (1989)
 * Rumours (1990)
 * Extremities (2009)

title: Lynda Stoner


text:
Gaudio

Gaudio is a surname. People with this surname include:

 * Bob Gaudio (born 1942), American singer
 * Bob Gaudio (American football) (1925–2003), American football player
 * Dino Gaudio (born 1957), American basketball coach
 * Eugene Gaudio (1886–1920), Italian-American cinematographer and brother of Tony
 * Gastón Gaudio (born 1978), Argentine tennis player
 * Ivan Sergei Gaudio (born 1971), American actor
 * Natália Gaudio (born 1992), Brazilian gymnast
 * Tony Gaudio (1883–1951), Italian-American cinematographer and brother of Eugene

title: Gaudio


text: User talk:82.201.171.216

title: User talk:82.201.171.216


text:
Shunkō-in

Shunkō-in (春光院, Temple of the Ray of Spring Light) is a Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan and belongs to the Myōshin-ji (Temple of Excellent Mind) school, which is the largest among 14 Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhist schools. The temple was established in 1590 by Horio Yoshiharu, who was a feudal lord, or daimyō, of Matsue in present-day Shimane Prefecture. This temple houses important historical objects that reflect the multifaceted religious and artistic atmosphere in Japan from the sixteenth century onward.

The bell of Nanban-ji
The bell of Nanban-ji is a Jesuit bell made in Portugal in 1577. The bell was used at Nanbanji Church, which was established by Jesuit Father Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino with the support of Oda Nobunaga in 1576. However, the church was destroyed in 1587 because Regent Toyotomi Hideyoshi made the first law against Christians in Japan. The Bell came to Shunkō-in during the Edo period. During World War II, the grandfather of the present vice-abbot buried the bell in the temple gardens to prevent destruction by the state authorities.

Kirishitan lantern
The Edo period (between 1603 and 1867) was the dark age of Japanese Christians. Christianity was banned, and Christians were systematically eliminated by the Tokugawa shogunate, or Edo bakufu. However, some Christians kept their faith and hid their religious identity. Those hidden Christians made their crosses and graves to resemble the Buddhist statues, pagodas, and stone lanterns. Shunkō-in's hidden Christian lantern is one of those religious objects.

The Garden of Boulders, or Sazareishi-no-niwa
The Garden of Boulders, or Sazareishi-no-niwa, is the main garden of Shunkō-in. The theme of the garden is Ise Shrine, or Ise Jingū, in Mie Prefecture. Ise Shrine is the head shrine of all Shinto shrines in Japan. This garden houses a forest to Amaterasu-ōmikami, a sun goddess, and a shrine to Toyouke-no-ōmikami, a goddess of agriculture. It is common to see Buddhist and Shintō objects enshrined at the same place in Japan because until the Meiji period (in the late 19th and early 20th century), it was a popular belief in Japan that Shinto deities are various forms of the Buddha that existed to save people.

Sliding door panels, or fusuma-e, by Eigaku Kanō
Several sliding door panels at Shunkōin were painted by Kanō Eigaku. Some of the paintings have Confucian teachings as their theme. Confucianism was very important to samurai, or warriors, during the Edo period because Confucianism taught samurai about honor, loyalty, and honesty.

Azaleas of D.T. Suzuki
Shunkō-in was one of the most important places in Japanese Buddhist philosophy in the early 20th century. D. T. Suzuki and Shin'ichi Hisamatsu, who are two of the most famous Japanese Zen Buddhist philosophers, discussed the future of Japanese Buddhism at this temple. There are azaleas planted by D.T. Suzuki in the front garden of Shunkō-in.

LGBT ally
Although there is no legal recognition for same-sex marriage in Japan, in June 2011, the deputy head abbot of Kyoto's Shunkō-in Zen temple announced that the temple would perform same-sex marriage ceremonies in the temple as part of Gay and Lesbian Pride Month.

title: Shunkō-in


text:
Phil Grimes

Phillip "Philly" Grimes (8 May 1929 – 8 May 1989) was an Irish hurler who played as a midfielder at senior level for the Waterford county team.

Born in Waterford, Grimes first played competitive hurling during his schooling at Mount Sion CBS. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of 17 when he first linked up with the Waterford minor team. He joined the senior team during the 1947–48 league. Grimes immediately became a regular member of the starting 15, and won two All-Ireland medals, three Munster medals and one National Hurling League medal on the field of play. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions.

As a member of the Munster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions, Grimes won two Railway Cup medals. At club level he was a 14-time championship and five-time senior football medallist with Mount Sion.

Throughout his career Grimes made 32 championship appearances. He retired from inter-county hurling following the conclusion of the 1965 championship.

Early life
Phil Grimes was born in Waterford in 1929 and was educated locally at the Mount Sion Schools. In a career that lasted eighteen years he also played for Waterford and Munster.

Club
Grimes played his club hurling with his local Mount Sion club. He won the first of his fourteen senior hurling county titles in 1948 when he was just out of minor ranks and was a senior player when Mount Sion won a record equalling nine consecutive county senior hurling titles (1953–62). Grimes won a further three county titles in-a-row in 1963, 1964 and 1965. He also helped Mount Sion to four county senior football titles. All his fourteen senior hurling and four senior football medals were won within a period of 18 years.

Inter-county
Grimes first came to prominence as a member of the Waterford senior inter-county team in the late 1940s. He played in the first round of the Munster Championship in 1948 but emigrated to the United States shortly afterwards. He still however qualified to be presented with a set of Munster and All-Ireland medals.

When Grimes returned to Ireland, he rejoined the county team and won his first Munster title on the field of play in 1957. Waterford later played Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final but did not win.

Waterford lost their provincial crown in 1958 but the team recovered in 1959 with Grimes collecting a second Munster title. Waterford subsequently lined out in the championship decider and, once again, Kilkenny provided the opposition. This game ended in a draw, but when the two sides met for the replay a few weeks later, Waterford defeated their neighbours and Grimes collected his first All-Ireland medal that was won on the field of play.

In 1962 Grimes won an Oireachtas medal when Waterford defeated All-Ireland champions Tipperary. Then, in 1963, he added a National Hurling League medal to his collection before winning a third Munster title. For the third successive time Kilkenny turned out to be Waterford’s opponents in the subsequent All-Ireland final but Waterford were beaten on that occasion.

After his playing days were over, he was selected at centre-field, alongside Séamus Power, on the Waterford Centenary Team 1984 and the Waterford Millennium Team 2000. Grimes was also chosen at centre-field on the Munster Millennium team 2000.

Provincial
Grimes also won Railway Cup honours with Munster in 1958 and 1960.

Death
Phil Grimes died on his sixtieth birthday after a long battle with illness.

title: Phil Grimes


text:
Octant

Octant may refer to:
 * Octant (solid geometry), one of the eight divisions of 3-dimensional space by orthogonal coordinate planes
 * Octant of a sphere, a spherical triangle with three right angles
 * Octant (plane geometry), one eighth of a full circle
 * Octant (instrument) for celestial navigation
 * Octans, a constellation also called The Octant
 * Octant (band), from Seattle, Washington

title: Octant


text:
Bill Byrd

William Byrd (July 15, 1907 – January 4, 1991) was an American professional baseball player in the Negro leagues. Born in Canton, Georgia, he was a right-handed pitcher. He was named in eight All-Star games for six seasons. Byrd also saw action with the Criollos de Caguas and Cangrejeros de Santurce clubs of the Puerto Rico Winter League, where he was considered one of the best hurlers. He died at age 83 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Baseball career
Byrd started his major career in 1933 with the Columbus Blue Birds in the Negro National League. He went 3–8 that year, pitching a 4.26 ERA in thirteen games while recording one save in 95 innings pitched. He led the league in losses along with walks per nine innings with 1.1. He moved to the Cleveland Red Sox the following year and struggled with a 2–8 record to once again lead the league in losses. He pitched in eleven games in 58.2 innings of work. In 1936, he moved over to the Columbus Elite Giants. While he went 2–3 with a 5.66 ERA, he would find a home with a team that he pitched with for a majority of the rest of his career as the team played in two further cities (Washington and Baltimore). He went 9–4 in 1936 with sixteen games pitched, leading the league with two shutouts while being named to his first East–West All-Star Game. The following year, he went 4–3 with a 5.37 ERA in 53.2 innings pitched. He won seven games each in both 1938 and 1939, and he was named to both East–West games in the latter year. In that year, the Giants were invited to a four-team playoff to determine the pennant. Against the Newark Eagles, he appeared in two games (one start) and went 1–0 while allowing four runs in 11.2 innings of work as the Giants three games to one. Byrd (a career .262 batter) also helped his case by going 2-for-3 with a home run during the series. In the Championship Series against the Homestead Grays (led by Vic Harris as manager, who had won the previous two league pennants) he started two games and went 1–1 while allowing seven runs (six earned) in seventeen innings pitched as the Giants (who had Jonas Gaines win two games to go with Byrd's win) pulled off the upset in five games and beat the Grays (the team would not lose another pennant until 1946).

He took off 1940 but returned for the 1941 season and excelled. He led the league with a 2.02 ERA while going 8–3 in thirteen games pitched in 89 innings while making an East–West game. In 1942, he led the league in wins with ten while going 10–3 with a 2.91 ERA while collecting a save in 99 innings. In 1943 and 1944, he would play for both the Elite Giants and the Philadelphia Stars. He went 10–5 in 1943 while leading the league in strikeouts (94) and pitching a career high 135 innings. In 1944, he went 5–5 in 69 innings. He returned to pitch just for the Elite Giants for the remaining four seasons of his career. In 1945, he led the league in wins with eleven along with complete games (twelve), strikeouts (88) while going 11–4 with a 2.83 ERA. He went 5–8 in 1946 but made two East–West games. In 1947, he went 8–5 with a 2.61 ERA with 120.2 innings pitched. In his final major league season in 1948, he led the league in wins and innings with a 10–4 record in 123.1 innings while having a 1.68 ERA. His final game in the Negro leagues was in the postseason. The Giants were tasked against the Grays for the league pennant with the chance to go to the 1948 Negro World Series. He pitched 14.1 innings and allowed four runs (three earned) in two appearances with one start, and he threw a complete game while going 1–0, although the Giants lost the Series. He continued to play with the Giants until 1950, although by that time the league had suffered in quality.

Owing to his tenure in Baltimore, he ranks as the all-time leader in pitching categories, and he also ranks as having the most Wins above replacement (28.7) among all Elite Giants.

Legacy
Byrd finished in the top three in the leaderboards for most wins on seven occasions, which is tied for seventh best all-time in major league history. He was among the top ten in win-loss percentage ten times (T-7th), walks per nine innings thirteen times (9th), games played eleven times (4th) along with hits twelve times (T-7th) and earned runs eleven times (tied for most ever).

At age 45, Byrd received votes listing him on the 1952 Pittsburgh Courier player-voted poll of the Negro leagues' best players ever.

Personal life and death
After he retired, he dabbled in semi-pro ball while working at the General Electric Company in Philadelphia for twenty years. He died on January 4, 1991, and was interred at Ivy Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

title: Bill Byrd


text:
The Future (song)

"The Future" is a song from American musician Prince's 1989 Batman soundtrack, and the final single released from the album. The single was not the album version, but a remixed version by S'Express' Mark Moore and William Orbit. "The Future" was released as a single only in Europe. The standard European 7-inch single was backed with the album version of "Electric Chair", but on the maxi-single, "Electric Chair" was also remixed by Moore and Orbit. Moore and Orbit's remix of "The Future" is house-inspired, whereas Prince's original is minimalistic. Moore and Orbit substituted a muted, pulsating beat in place of the original elements of Prince's song. Moore and Orbit also removed Prince's original bassline, synthline, and snippets of sampled dialogue. This would be the last time Orbit would work with Prince for several years. In most countries, neither "The Future" nor its B-side were a hit on the pop or dance floors. The single peaked at #9 in the Dutch charts.

The LP version of "The Future" features the sampled strings of Clare Fischer lifted from the then-unreleased 1986 track "Crystal Ball", and samples the Sounds of Blackness choir. The lyrics speak of a bleak future, recalling the fictional DC Comics location Gotham City, and that it needs "spirituality that will last".

"Electric Chair" was recorded well before the album concept had begun, being cut in June 1988. Despite this, it fits well into the theme of the film and evokes the Joker's madness. The track blends hard rock and funk with a loud, booming drum machine pattern, and aggressive bass and lead guitar wailing throughout. The bridge combines a funky, percussive bass line with a meshed guitar synth phrase. A raspy grunt from "Electric Chair" can be heard in the Underworld remix of William Orbit's "Water From A Vine Leaf" as well as some tracks from Underworld's Dubnobasswithmyheadman, perhaps owing to Underworld's Karl Hyde serving as guitarist at Prince's Paisley Park in 1989.

Critical reception
Pan-European magazine Music & Media wrote, "A brilliant house remix of one of the best tracks on Batman by Mark Moore (S'Express) and William Orbit. The track has been skilfully converted into an up-to-date dance floor number".

Track listings

 * 7-inch single
 * 1) "The Future" (remix edit) – 3:30
 * 2) "Electric Chair" – 4:13

 * 12-inch / CD single
 * 1) "The Future" (remix) – 6:25
 * 2) "Electric Chair" (remix) – 5:36

Personnel
Credits from Benoît Clerc and Guitarcloud

 * Prince – lead vocals, Fairlight CMI, Roland D-50, synthesizers, electric guitar, bass guitar, Dynacord ADD-One, LinnDrum, fingersnaps, Publison IM-90 Infernal Machine
 * Sounds of Blackness – choir
 * Clare Fischer – orchestration

title: The Future (song)


text:
Woody Austin

Albert Woody Austin II (born January 27, 1964) is an American professional golfer who played the majority of his career on the PGA Tour, but now plays on the PGA Tour Champions.

Austin was born in Tampa, Florida and attended George D. Chamberlain High School where he graduated in 1982 and was awarded best golf player in the conference. He attended the University of Miami, where he was a member of the golf team coached by Norman C. Parsons Jr. He graduated in 1986 with a degree in Business Administration and turned professional later that year.

Austin won PGA Tour Rookie of the Year honors in 1995. He has won four times on tour: the 1995 Buick Open, the 2004 Buick Championship, the 2007 Stanford St. Jude Championship shooting a final round 62, and the 2013 Sanderson Farms Championship (where he became the 8th oldest winner in Tour history, just younger than Raymond Floyd).

During the 1997 Verizon Heritage, Austin intentionally struck his head with his putter five times. He hit his head so hard that the shaft bent.

After the second round of the 2007 PGA Championship, Austin joked that he was named after actor Woody Harrelson (Harrelson being only three years older than Austin). He went on to finish 2nd behind Tiger Woods, his best major finish. This achievement moved Austin into the top 50 of the Official World Golf Rankings. Austin's career high ranking was 29th in 2008. During the 2007 Presidents Cup, Austin fell into a pond while attempting to hit a shot with one foot in the water. This incident led to Woody's nickname "Aquaman". During his singles match against 2007 U.S. Open Champion Ángel Cabrera, he wore a pair of swimming goggles.

After struggling for years with limited PGA Tour status as a past champion, Austin won the 2013 Sanderson Farms Championship, his first PGA Tour win in six years. In that season's PGA Championship, Austin was given a four-stroke penalty for having fifteen clubs in his bag; he would miss the cut by one stroke. Although Austin didn't do well enough to earn entry into the FedEx Cup (137th after making two cuts in eight events, plus the win was an alternate event only worth 300 FedEx Cup points rather than 500), his win earned him a tour card through 2015. Despite his exemption, Austin decided to focus on the PGA Tour Champions.

In March 2016, Austin won his maiden title on the PGA Tour Champions with a one stroke victory at the Tucson Conquistadores Classic; he followed that victory up with two additional PGA Tour Champions wins in 2016. On October 21, 2018, Austin won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic. Austin closed with a three-under-par 69 on a cool day to record his fourth senior victory, but first since 2016. The tournament was held at the Country Club of Virginia in Richmond, Virginia.

Austin was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame at its 40th Annual Banquet held February 13, 2008 at Miami's Jungle Island. He resides in Derby, Kansas.

PGA Tour wins (4)
PGA Tour playoff record (3–1)

Other wins (2)

 * 1993 Waterloo Open Golf Classic
 * 2007 Merrill Lynch Shootout (with Mark Calcavecchia)

PGA Tour Champions wins (4)
PGA Tour Champions playoff record (1–2)

Other senior wins (1)

 * 2017 Diamond Resorts Invitational

Playoff record
Nike Tour playoff record (0–1)

Results in major championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 6 (2003 U.S. Open – 2006 PGA)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 1

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play

"T" = tied

Results in senior major championships
Results not in chronological order before 2022. {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place NT = no tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

U.S. national team appearances

 * Presidents Cup: 2007 (winners)

title: Woody Austin


text:
Yvonne Prévost

Paule Marie Yvonne Prévost Boppe (8 June 1878 – 3 March 1942) was a French tennis player at the end of the 19th century. She won the French Women's Singles Championship in 1900.

At the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, she won two silver medals. In the women's singles final she lost to Charlotte Cooper and in the mixed doubles' event she and Harold Mahony were runners-up to Charlotte Cooper and Reginald Doherty.

Biography
Yvonne Prévost was the daughter of Ernest Prévost, son of Hippolyte Prévost, and Jeanne Koenigswarter, daughter of the lawyer Louis-Jean Koenigswarter, a member of an important banking family from Austria. She was the sister of André Prévost, vice-champion of France in tennis in 1900.

Ranked "-40" in 1897 and 1902, Yvonne Prévost was a member of the sports society of the island of Puteaux and the Tennis Club of Paris.

In 1900, she became the French champion with no competitor to challenge for the title, which was quite common at that time. However, she is mainly known for having participated a few weeks later in the international tennis tournament organized by the S.S.I.P. during the Universal Exhibition, a tournament that would be considered an Olympic event. She won the silver medal in women's singles, losing in the final to three-time English champion Charlotte Cooper-Sterry. She was also a finalist in the mixed doubles' tournament, partnered with Harold Mahony of Ireland.

title: Yvonne Prévost


text:
Octant (instrument)

The octant, also called a reflecting quadrant, is a reflecting instrument used in navigation.

Etymology
The name octant derives from the Latin octans meaning eighth part of a circle, because the instrument's arc is one eighth of a circle.

Reflecting quadrant derives from the instrument using mirrors to reflect the path of light to the observer and, in doing so, doubles the angle measured. This allows the instrument to use a one-eighth of a turn to measure a quarter-turn or quadrant.

Newton's reflecting quadrant
[[File:Newton's reflecting quadrant.png|thumb|Drawing of Newton's Reflecting Quadrant. From.

AB – sighting telescope

CD – index arm

G – horizon mirror

H – index mirror

PQ – graduated arc]] Isaac Newton's reflecting quadrant was invented around 1699. A detailed description of the instrument was given to Edmond Halley, but the description was not published until after Halley's death in 1742. It is not known why Halley did not publish the information during his life, as this prevented Newton from getting the credit for the invention that is generally given to John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey.

One copy of this instrument was constructed by Thomas Heath (instrument maker) and may have been shown in Heath's shop window prior to its being published by the Royal Society in 1742.

Newton's instrument used two mirrors, but they were used in an arrangement somewhat different from the two mirrors found in modern octants and sextants. The diagram on the right shows the configuration of the instrument.

The 45° arc of the instrument (PQ), was graduated with 90 divisions of a half-degree each. Each such division was subdivided into 60 parts and each part further divided into sixths. This results in the arc being marked in degrees, minutes and sixths of a minute (10 seconds). Thus the instrument could have readings interpolated to 5 seconds of arc. This fineness of graduation is only possible due to the large size of the instrument - the sighting telescope alone was three to four feet long.

A sighting telescope (AB), three or four feet long, was mounted along one side of the instrument. A horizon mirror was fixed at a 45° angle in front of the telescope's objective lens (G). This mirror was small enough to allow the observer to see the image in the mirror on one side and to see directly ahead on the other. The index arm (CD) held an index mirror (H), also at 45° to the edge of the index arm. The reflective sides of the two mirrors nominally faced each other, so that the image seen in the first mirror is that reflected from the second. With the two mirrors parallel, the index reads 0°. The view through the telescope sees directly ahead on one side and the view from the mirror G sees the same image reflected from mirror H (see detail drawing to the right). When the index arm is moved from zero to a large value, the index mirror reflects an image that is in a direction away from the direct line of sight. As the index arm movement increases, the line of sight for the index mirror moves toward S (to the right in the detail image). This shows a slight deficiency with this mirror arrangement. The horizon mirror will block the view of the index mirror at angles approaching 90°.

The length of the sighting telescope seems remarkable, given the small size of the telescopes on modern instruments. This was likely Newton's choice of a way to reduce chromatic aberrations. Short–focal length telescopes, prior to the development of achromatic lenses, produced an objectionable degree of aberration, so much so that it could affect the perception of a star's position. Long focal lengths were the solution, and this telescope would likely have had both a long–focal length objective lens and a long–focal length eyepiece. This would decrease aberrations without excessive magnification.

The inventors of the octant
Two men independently developed the octant around 1730: John Hadley (1682–1744), an English mathematician, and Thomas Godfrey (1704–1749), a glazier in Philadelphia. While both have a legitimate and equal claim to the invention, Hadley generally gets the greater share of the credit. This reflects the central role that London and the Royal Society played in the history of scientific instruments in the eighteenth century.

Two others who created octants during this period were Caleb Smith, an English insurance broker with a strong interest in astronomy (in 1734), and Jean-Paul Fouchy, a mathematics professor and astronomer in France (in 1732).

Hadley's versions
Hadley produced two versions of the reflecting quadrant. Only the second is well known and is the familiar octant.

Hadley's reflecting quadrant
Hadley's first reflecting quadrant was a simple device with a frame spanning a 45° arc. In the image at the right, from Hadley's article in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, you can see the nature of his design. A small sighting telescope was mounted on the frame along one side. One large index mirror was mounted at the point of rotation of the index arm. A second, smaller horizon mirror was mounted on the frame in the line of sight of the telescope. The horizon mirror allows the observer to see the image of the index mirror in one half of the view and to see a distant object in the other half. A shade was mounted at the vertex of the instrument to allow one to observe a bright object. The shade pivots to allow it to move out of the way for stellar observations.

Observing through the telescope, the navigator would sight one object directly ahead. The second object would be seen by reflection in the horizon mirror. The light in the horizon mirror is reflected from the index mirror. By moving the index arm, the index mirror can be made to reveal any object up to 90° from the direct line of sight. When both objects are in the same view, aligning them together allows the navigator to measure the angular distance between them.

Very few of the original reflecting quadrant designs were ever produced. One, constructed by Baradelle, is in the collection of the Musée de la Marine, Paris.

Hadley's octant
Hadley's second design had the form familiar to modern navigators. The image to the right, also taken from his Royal Society publication, shows the details.

He placed an index mirror on the index arm. Two horizon mirrors were provided. The upper mirror, in the line of the sighting telescope, was small enough to allow the telescope to see directly ahead as well as seeing the reflected view. The reflected view was that of the light from the index mirror. As in the previous instrument, the arrangement of the mirrors allowed the observer to simultaneously see an object straight ahead and to see one reflected in the index mirror to the horizon mirror and then into the telescope. Moving the index arm allowed the navigator to see any object within 90° of the direct view.

The significant difference with this design was that the mirrors allowed the instrument to be held vertically rather than horizontally and it provided more room for configuring the mirrors without suffering from mutual interference.

The second horizon mirror was an interesting innovation. The telescope was removable. It could be remounted so that the telescope viewed the second horizon mirror from the opposite side of the frame. By mounting the two horizon mirrors at right angles to each other and permitting the movement of the telescope, the navigator could measure angles from 0 to 90° with one horizon mirror and from 90° to 180° with the other. This made the instrument very versatile. For unknown reasons, this feature was not implemented on octants in general use.

Comparing this instrument to the photo of a typical octant at the top of the article, one can see that the only significant differences in the more modern design are:
 * The location of the horizon mirror and telescope or sighting pinnula is lower.
 * The internal bracing of the frame is more central and robust.
 * The position of the shades for the index mirror is in the path between the index and horizon mirrors rather than at the top of the instrument.
 * Multiple shades are used to allow for different levels of shading.
 * Separate shades are provided on the horizon mirror for sighting a low sun position with a very bright horizon.
 * The second horizon mirror and accompanying alidade is not provided.

Smith's Astroscope
Caleb Smith, an English insurance broker with a strong interest in astronomy, had created an octant in 1734. He called it an Astroscope or Sea-Quadrant. His used a fixed prism in addition to an index mirror to provide reflective elements. Prisms provide advantages over mirrors in an era when polished speculum metal mirrors were inferior and both the silvering of a mirror and the production of glass with flat, parallel surfaces was difficult.

In the drawing to the right, the horizon element (B) could be a mirror or a prism. On the index arm, the index mirror (A) rotated with the arm. A sighting telescope was mounted on the frame (C). The index did not use a vernier or other device at the scale (D). Smith called the instrument's index arm a label, in the manner of Elton for his mariner's quadrant.

Various design elements of Smith's instrument made it inferior to Hadley's octant and it was not used significantly. For example, one problem with the Astroscope was that angle of the observer's line of sight. By looking down, he had greater difficulty in observing than an orientation with his head in a normal orientation.

Advantages of the octant
The octant provided a number of advantages over previous instruments.

The sight was easy to align because the horizon and the star seem to move together as the ship pitched and rolled. This also created a situation where the error in observation was less dependent on the observer, as they could directly see both objects at once.

With the use of the manufacturing techniques available in the 18th century, the instruments were capable of reading very accurately. The size of the instruments was reduced with no loss of accuracy. An octant could be half the size of a Davis quadrant with no increase in error.

Using shades over the light paths, one could observe the sun directly, while moving the shades out of the light path allowed the navigator to observe faint stars. This made the instrument usable both night and day.

By 1780, the octant and sextant had almost completely displaced all previous navigational instruments.

Production of the octant
Early octants were constructed primarily in wood, with later versions incorporating ivory and brass components. The earliest mirrors were polished metal, since the technology to produce silvered glass mirrors with flat, parallel surfaces was limited. As glass polishing techniques improved, glass mirrors began to be provided. These used coatings of mercury-containing tin amalgam; coatings of silver or aluminum were not available until the 19th century. The poor optical quality of the early polished speculum metal mirrors meant that telescopic sights were not practical. For that reason, most early octants employed a simple naked-eye sighting pinnula instead.

Early octants retained some of the features common to backstaves, such as transversals on the scale. However, as engraved, they showed the instrument to have an apparent accuracy of only two minutes of arc while the backstaff appeared to be accurate to one minute. The use of the vernier scale allowed the scale to be read to one minute, so improved the marketability of the instrument. This and the ease in making verniers compared to transversals, lead to adoption of the vernier on octants produced later in the 18th century.

Octants were produced in large numbers. In wood and ivory, their relatively low price compared to an all-brass sextant made them a popular instrument. The design was standardized with many manufacturers using the identical frame style and components. Different shops could make different components, with woodworkers specializing in frames and others in the brass components. For example, Spencer, Browning and Rust, a manufacturer of scientific instruments in England from 1787 to 1840 (operating as Spencer, Browning and Co. after 1840) used a Ramsden dividing engine to produce graduated scales in ivory. These were widely used by others and the SBR initials could be found on octants from many other manufacturers.

Examples of these very similar octants are in the photos in this article. The image at the top is essentially the same instrument as the one in the detail photos. However, they are from two different instrument makers - the upper is labelled Crichton - London, Sold by J Berry Aberdeen while the detail images are of an instrument from Spencer, Browning & Co. London. The only obvious difference is the presence of horizon shades on the Crichton octant that are not on the other. These octants were available with many options. A basic octant with graduations directly on the wood frame were least expensive. These dispensed with a telescopic sight, using a single- or double-holed sighting pinnula instead. Ivory scales would increase the price, as would the use of a brass index arm or a vernier.

Demise of the octant
In 1767 the first edition of The Nautical Almanac tabulated lunar distances, enabling navigators to find the current time from the angle between the Sun and the Moon. This angle is sometimes larger than 90°, and thus not possible to measure with an octant. For that reason, Admiral John Campbell, who conducted shipboard experiments with the lunar distance method, suggested a larger instrument and the sextant was developed.

From that time onward, the sextant was the instrument that experienced significant development and improvements and was the instrument of choice for naval navigators. The octant continued to be produced well into the 19th century, though it was generally a less accurate and less expensive instrument. The lower price of the octant, including versions without telescope, made it a practical instrument for ships in the merchant and fishing fleets.

One common practice among navigators up to the late nineteenth century was to use both a sextant and an octant. The sextant was used with great care and only for lunars, while the octant was used for routine meridional altitude measurements of the Sun every day. This protected the very accurate and pricier sextant, while using the more affordable octant where it performs well.

Bubble octant
From the early 1930s through the end of the 1950s, several types of civilian and military bubble octant instruments were produced for use aboard aircraft. All were fitted with an artificial horizon in the form of a bubble, which was centered to align the horizon for a navigator flying thousands of feet above the Earth; some had recording features.

Use and adjustment
Use and adjustment of the octant is essentially identical to the navigator's sextant.

Other reflecting instruments
Hadley's was not the first reflecting quadrant. Robert Hooke invented a reflecting quadrant in 1684 and had written about the concept as early as 1666. Hooke's was a single-reflecting instrument. Other octants were developed by Jean-Paul Fouchy and Caleb Smith in the early 1730s, however, these did not become significant in the history of navigation instruments.

title: Octant (instrument)


text:
User talk:Leonzlee

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

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title: User talk:Leonzlee


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/James Martin (DJ) (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash talk 01:04, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

James Martin (DJ)

 * Previous vfd: Votes for deletion/James Martin (DJ)

 * Utter nonsense... delete - Unsigned by Billbennett
 * UPDATE: The nonsense (eg "Cracking") has been removed as of 06 Sep 05. - Unsigned by Billbennett

 * Keep - DISAGREE - Is biographical. Vote to remain. - Unsigned by 84.65.191.242.
 * Delete Notability not established. - C HAIRBOY (☎) 16:39, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete void of encyclopedic value --Mecanismo 18:05, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * speedy recreation of prior deleted content. Sdedeo 18:25, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete quickly as vanity. Hall Monitor 18:44, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speed delete nn, vanity, recreation of previously deleted material ---CH (talk) 04:27, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Deonar

Untitled
hey this is zamir and i want that many people shoul write for this topic of deonar there are so many thing to tell the world about this place

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title: Talk:Deonar


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Portal:Finland/Did you know

Portal:Finland/Did you know/1 Portal:Finland/Did you know/2 Portal:Finland/Did you know/3 Portal:Finland/Did you know/4 Portal:Finland/Did you know/5 Portal:Finland/Did you know/6 Portal:Finland/Did you know/7 Portal:Finland/Did you know/8 Portal:Finland/Did you know/9 Portal:Finland/Did you know/10

title: Portal:Finland/Did you know


text: User talk:82.152.22.49

title: User talk:82.152.22.49


text:
File:CableDeadpool17.jpg

Summary
Cover to Cable & Deadpool #17, featuring Deadpool holding the deaged Cable. Art by Patrick Zircher.

The image was released in advance to publicise the comic's release and to facilitate ordering as part of Marvel's solicitations for July 2005. This copy of the image is taken from

All Marvel characters and the distinctive likeness(es) thereof are Trademarks & Copyright (c) 1941-2005 Marvel Characters, Inc.. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Image is ™ and © Marvel Characters, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fair use rationale for Cable (comics) and Cable & Deadpool
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:

 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of a comic book cover.
 * 2) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 3) The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original comic book.
 * 4) It illustrates educational articles about by linking the text of the article to a corresponding visual image.
 * 5) The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of topics in the article.  For a visual medium such as comic books, words alone cannot adequately describe the subject.
 * 6) It is not replaceable with an image free of copyright that is of comparable educational value.

title: File:CableDeadpool17.jpg