text:
Safety stock

Safety stock is a term used by logisticians to describe a level of extra stock that is maintained to mitigate risk of stockouts (shortfall in raw material or packaging) caused by uncertainties in supply and demand. Adequate safety stock levels permit business operations to proceed according to their plans. Safety stock is held when uncertainty exists in demand, supply, or manufacturing yield, and serves as an insurance against stockouts.

Safety stock is an additional quantity of an item held in the inventory to reduce the risk that the item will be out of stock. It acts as a buffer stock in case sales are greater than planned and/or the supplier is unable to deliver the additional units at the expected time.

With a new product, safety stock can be used as a strategic tool until the company can judge how accurate its forecast is after the first few years, especially when it is used with a material requirements planning (MRP) worksheet. The less accurate the forecast, the more safety stock is required to ensure a given level of service. With an MRP worksheet, a company can judge how much it must produce to meet its forecasted sales demand without relying on safety stock. However, a common strategy is to try to reduce the level of safety stock to help keep inventory costs low once the product demand becomes more predictable. That can be extremely important for companies with a smaller financial cushion or those trying to run on lean manufacturing, which is aimed towards eliminating waste throughout the production process.

The amount of safety stock that an organization chooses to keep on hand can dramatically affect its business. Too much safety stock can result in high holding costs of inventory. In addition, products that are stored for too long a time can spoil, expire, or break during the warehousing process. Too little safety stock can result in lost sales and, in the thus a higher rate of customer turnover. As a result, finding the right balance between too much and too little safety stock is essential.

Reasons for keeping safety stock
Safety stocks are mainly used in a "make-to-stock" manufacturing strategy, which is employed when the lead time of manufacturing is too long to satisfy the customer demand at the right cost/quality/waiting time.

The main goal of safety stocks is to absorb the variability of customer demand. Indeed, production planning is based on a forecast, which is (by definition) different from the real demand. By absorbing these variations, safety stock improves the customer-service level.

Creating a safety stock will also delay stockouts from other variations, like an upward trend in customer demand, allowing time to adjust capacity.

Safety stock is used as a buffer to protect organizations from stockouts caused by inaccurate planning or poor schedule adherence by suppliers. As such, its cost (in both material and management) is often seen as a drain on financial resources that results in reduction initiatives. In addition, time-sensitive goods such as food, drink, and other perishable items could spoil and go to waste if held as safety stock for too long. Various methods exist to reduce safety stock; these include better use of technology, increased collaboration with suppliers, and more accurate forecasting. In a lean supply environment, lead times are reduced, which can help minimize safety stock levels, thus reducing the likelihood and impact of stockouts. Due to the cost of safety stock, many organizations opt for a service level-led safety stock calculation; for example, a 95% service level could result in stockouts, but is at a level that is acceptable to the company. The lower the service level, the lower the requirement for safety stock.

An enterprise resource planning system (ERP system) can also help an organization reduce its level of safety stock. Most ERP systems provide a type of production planning module. An ERP module such as this can help a company develop highly accurate and dynamic sales forecasts and sales and operations plans. By creating more accurate and dynamic forecasts, a company reduces its chance of producing insufficient inventory for a given period, thus should be able to reduce the amount of safety stock required. In addition, ERP systems use established formulas to help calculate appropriate levels of safety stock based on the previously developed production plans. While an ERP system aids an organization in estimating a reasonable amount of safety stock, the ERP module must be set up to plan requirements effectively.

Inventory policy
The size of the safety stock depends on the type of inventory policy in effect. An inventory node is supplied from a "source" which fulfills orders for the considered product after a certain replenishment lead time. In a periodic inventory policy, the inventory level is checked periodically (such as once a month) and an order is placed at that time as to meet the expected demand until the next order. In this case, the safety stock is calculated considering the demand and supply variability risks during this period plus the replenishment lead time. If the inventory policy is continuous policy (such as an order point-order quantity policy or an order point-order up to policy) the inventory level is continuously monitored and orders are placed with freedom of time. In this case, safety stock is calculated considering the risk of only the replenishment lead time. If applied correctly, continuous inventory policies can lead to smaller safety stock whilst ensuring higher service levels, in line with lean processes and more efficient overall business management. However, continuous inventory policies are much harder to implement, so most of the organisations using traditional planning processes and tools opt for periodic inventory policy.

Reorder point method with demand and lead time uncertainty for type I service
A commonly used approach calculates the safety stock based on the following factors:

 * Demand is the number of items consumed by customers, usually a succession of independent random variables.
 * Lead time is the delay between the time the reorder point (inventory level which initiates an order ) is reached and renewed availability.
 * Service level is the desired probability of meeting demand during the lead time without a stockout. If the service level is increased, the required safety stock increases, as well.
 * Forecast error is an estimate of how far actual demand may be from forecast demand.

Assuming that demand during successive unit time periods are independent and identically distributed random variables drawn from a normal distribution, the safety stock can be calculated as: "$SS=z_\alpha\times\sqrt{E(L)\sigma^2_D + (E(D))^2\sigma^2_L}$"where,

The reorder point can then be calculated as:"$ROP = E(L)\cdot E(D)+SS$"The first term in the ROP formula $$E(L)E(D)$$ is the average demand during the lead time. The second term $$ss$$ is the safety stock. If the lead time is deterministic, i.e. $$\sigma_L=0$$, then the ROP formula is simplified as $$ROP = L\cdot E(D) + z_\alpha \sigma_D \sqrt{L}$$.
 * $$\alpha$$ is the service level, and $$z_\alpha$$ is the inverse distribution function of a standard normal distribution with cumulative probability $$\alpha$$; for example, $$z_\alpha$$=1.65 for 95% service level. The service level can be easily calculated in Excel by typing in the formula =normsinv(probability%). For eg entering =normsinv(95%) will return 1.65 as the answer.
 * $$E(L)$$ and $$\sigma_L$$ are the mean and standard deviation of lead time.
 * $$E(D)$$ and $$\sigma_D$$ are the mean and standard deviation of demand in each unit time period.

Issues with this approach
No universal formula exists for safety stock, and application of the one above can cause serious damage. It makes several implicit assumptions:

 * The assumption that demand is a succession of independent normal random variables: First, real demand cannot be negative. If the ratio of standard deviation to mean is quite high, this will skew the distribution (compared to the normal distribution), leading to consistent overestimation of safety stock by this formula. Second, and more importantly, demand is often influenced by external random factors which persist for more than one time period, so that the successive demands are not independent. With a very large number of sources (for example, consumers of a central retail warehouse), that may not be an issue, but otherwise it is (for example, for a manufacturer that supplies these retail warehouses)
 * The use of average and standard demand assumes it is constant. For seasonal demand (for example high in summer, low in winter), the formula will consistently produce stock outs in summer and waste in winter. Similar errors apply for demand that grows or declines. That does not invalidate the formula, but it influences the parameters to be input into the formula in each time period.
 * Lead time is extremely hard to quantify in complex manufacturing and/or purchase environment, which has become the norm in global supply chains that span many independent partners. In practice, lead time is estimated by a rule of thumb that hardly improves on estimating safety stock with a rule of thumb. Even when lead time is correctly quantified, the formula assumes supply (production and purchase) is statistically constant, which is not always the case.

Type II service
Another popular approach described by Nahmias uses the standardized unit loss integral L(z), given by:

$$L(z)=\int_{z}^{+\infty }\left ( t-z \right )\phi(t)dt$$

Where $$\phi(t)$$ is cumulative distribution function for the standard normal. Let β be the proportion of demands met from stock (service level), Q the order quantity and σ the standard deviation of demand, then the following relationship holds:

$$L(z)=(1-\beta)Q/\sigma$$

In this case, the safety stock is given by:

$$SS=z_\beta\sigma$$

and the expected number of units out of stock during an order cycle is given by σL(z).

title: Safety stock


text:
Saphan Khwai

Saphan Khwai (สะพานควาย, ) is intersection and neighbourhood on overlapped area of Phaya Thai and Sam Sen Nai Subdistricts, Phaya Thai District, Bangkok, Thailand.

The surrounding neighbourhood is studded with many apartments and is best known for its many shops and markets. It is served by the BTS skytrain service at Saphan Khwai Station. From the 1960s, as the urban zone of Bangkok grew, the land which once had been countryside, mostly rice farms, became urbanized with more residential and commercial areas.

Location
In the northern zone of Bangkok's central business district at the junction of Phahon Yothin, Pradiphat, Sutthisan Vinitchai, and the short link of Saliratthawiphak Road. It is on the route of the Skytrain Sukhumvit Line between Ari and Mo Chit Stations

History
"Khwai" or water buffaloes were commonly used for ploughing by Southeast Asian farmers including Thais. In the past, Saphan Khwai was a farming area on the northern outskirts of Bangkok's core, next to the northern part of Phaya Thai District. It was irrigated by Khlong Sam Sen and Khlong Bang Sue, diverted from the Chao Phraya River. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Saphan Khwai Intersection was the meeting place for rice farmers, buffalo traders, and slaughterhouse workers. Roads at the junction, did not meet directly, but a small waterway along Phahonyothin Road carrying irrigation water from Khlong Bang Sue crosses Pradiphat Way. For the convenience of traders a bridge or "saphan" was built. It was upgraded from wood to concrete as traffic increased.

Until the early 1960s, according to a local elderly woman, Saphan Khwai was still forested and filled with vegetable gardens. Every night around 8.00 pm, herds of bulls pass through the bridge.

The rural nature of Saphan Khwai continued until the early 1980s. A resident on Pradiphat Road said there were still the fields across from his house in 1981, although it was already a busy commercial district. In the same era, it was also home to five cinemas.

In the mid-1990s, there was a flyover above intersection along the north–south direction of Phahonyothin Road. The flyover was dismantled for construction of Saphan Khwai Station in 1997.

Today, although the fields and buffaloes with bulls have disappeared, the name "Saphan Khwai" is still used for this area. It means 'buffalo bridge'.

Transportation

 * BTS Skytrain: Saphan Khwai Station
 * BMTA bus: route 3, 8, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 38, 39, 44, 52, 54, 59, 63, 74, 77, 90, 97, 108, 117, 157 (air cond.) 177, 204, 503, 509, 510, 524

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saphan Khwai


text:
Talk:Hypereides

Comments
* is said that a manuscript of most of the speeches was in existence in the 15th century in the library of Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, but was destroyed at the capture of the city (sic!) by the Turks 1526*.

 * When I first read this article, I noticed that something must be missing from the above sentence. It mentions a libary, but also claims that the manuscript was destroyed at the capture of "the city". I only didn't know why it doesn't say which city that was.
 * The first version of the article also included that the libary of Matthias Corvinus was located in the city of Buda /it actually mentions Ofen, its German name/, but the "original author" ommits this piece of information with his second edit.
 * My problem is that this sentence sounds a bit odd that way. I think it were better if (1) we said that the manuscript which included most of the speeches was destroyed at the capture of Buda (or Ofen)  (2) or that the manuscript which included most of the speeches was destroyed when the Turks invaded Hungary. Adolar von Csobánka (Talk) 17:53, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * * I'm also not really sure that this date is correct. According to this article (in Hungarian), some manuscripts in the [libary were stolen/lost after the Battle of Mohács (1526), but most of them were stolen, lost or destroyed after the Turks captured Buda permanently (1541). Adolar von Csobánka (Talk) 18:13, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Wikification
I don't know much about this time period, so somebody should check to make sure I didn't remove anything imporant. Although there is more to be done, I've done about all that I care to do. At least for now. Here is the before: and here is the "after":. If it is any help, here is a link to the original article:

Other notes: I think somebody is going to have to look up this article in the original Encyclopedia Britanica, because this (copied from the earliest available version) can't be right:
 * An important speech that is lost is the Deliacus (frags. 67-75, Blass) i the presidency of the Delian temple claimed by both Athens and cbs, which was adjudged by the Amphictyons to Athens.

"Seventy-seven speeches have been attributed to Hypereides, of which seventy-five were regarded as spurious[...]"
 * That number seems a little high for someone who is supposed to be one of Athen's great orators

--*Kat* 11:44, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

The Archimedes Palimpsest
The Archimedes Palimpsest, sold at auction at Christie’s for $2 million in 1998, is best known for containing some of the oldest copies of work by the great Greek mathematician who gives the manuscript its name. But there is more to the palimpsest than Archimedes’ work, including 10 pages of Hyperides, offering tantalizing and fresh insights into the critical battle of Salamis in 480 B.C., in which the Greeks defeated the Persians, and the battle of Chaeronea in 338 B.C., which spelled the beginning of the end of Greek democracy.

This is the link to the complete article in The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/27/arts/27greek.html?ex=1165294800&en=4845bce69a107664&ei=5070&emc=eta1

Speeches extant and lost
I think the discussion of speeches must include a simple list of just what is now available, in Greek and in English tranlation. I would provide it, but I'm having trouble sorting through what's here. J L G 4 1 0 4 10:54, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Place of capture
The article says, "Hypereides fled to Aegina only to be captured at the temple of Poseidon". There is no such temple in Aegina. The famous temple is at Sounion - reading "to" as "towards", perhaps he was captured there, before ever getting to Aegina? Narky Blert (talk) 14:19, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hypereides


text:
Jean Decoux

Jean Decoux (5 May 1884 – 21 October 1963) was a French Navy admiral who was the Governor-General of French Indochina from July 1940 to 9 March 1945, representing the Vichy French government.

Early life and naval career
Decoux was born in Bordeaux, one of three children of a family originally from Upper Savoy. In 1901, at about 16, he entered the École navale.

He was promoted to aspirant second class in 1903, to aspirant first class the following year, ship-of-the-line ensign (sub-lieutenant) in 1906, ship-of-the-line lieutenant (lieutenant) in 1913, corvette captain (lieutenant-commander) in 1920, frigate captain (commander) in 1923, ship-of-the-line captain in 1929 and rear admiral (one-star rear admiral) in 1935.

He was appointed commander of the defence sector at Toulon in 1938 and promoted to vice-admiral (two-star rear admiral).

French Indochina
On 13 January 1939, Decoux was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces in the Far East by President Albert Lebrun. He assumed his new appointment, with the rank of squadron vice-admiral (vice admiral), on 12 May. When the French Navy submarine FRENCH SUBMARINE Phénix sank with the loss of all hands in the South China Sea during a training exercise on 15 June 1939, he ordered the light cruiser FRENCH CRUISER Lamotte-Picquet to put to sea to join the submarine FRENCH SUBMARINE L'Espoir in searching for her. On 16 June he embarked on L'Espoir to take personal command of the search, and Phénix′s wreck was discovered on the sea bed later that day.

From 25 June 1940 he served as interim Vichy French Governor-General of Indochina, succeeding General Georges Catroux. His functions were established on 29 August the same year.

Like his predecessor, Decoux initially wished to continue the fight against the Axis powers, but he swore allegiance to Pétain's regime after realizing that his meager armed forces were no match for the Japanese.

Decoux reportedly received demands from the Japanese in early August for permission to move troops through Tonkin (later Vietnam) in order to build air bases and block Allied supply routes to China. Decoux cabled his Vichy superiors for aid, but when no help was forthcoming, he signed a treaty on 20 September 1940 that opened Haiphong Harbour to the Japanese and gave them the right to station troops in the region.

Decoux worked to improve relations between French colonists and the Vietnamese. He established a grand federal council containing twice as many Vietnamese members as Frenchmen and installed Vietnamese in civil-service positions with equal pay to that of French officials. The Indochinese Federal Council, which was composed only of Indochinese, and later the Grand Federal Council were the formal structures that Decoux felt he needed to build to develop the Indochinese federal consciousness simultaneously with the elevation of the elite. Rather than a legislative or executive body, the Federal Council in both its forms was a body consisting of non-elected indigenous elites. They gave their opinions to the Governor General to assist him in his decision-making and served as a forum to strengthen relations between these elites and the authorities.

The GFC replaced the IFC in 1943 by introducing 23 French representatives (from the economy's principal sectors, making it, according to Decoux, more representative) and adding five local members, thereby ensuring that the Indochinese presence outnumbered the European. Decoux believed that would reverse the reluctance of the local population to accept the politics of collaboration. In addition, he apparently wished to show goodwill toward the Indochinese peoples after Roosevelt's public statement that maintaining French sovereignty in Indochina was not a principal objective of the United States. The French colonial authorities learnt of the policy through BBC broadcasts.

Decoux's first wife, Suzanne Humbert, died in a traffic accident in 1944. She is buried in the Domaine de Marie Church convent in Da Lat.

Decoux enforced the discriminatory Vichy laws against Gaullists and Freemasons, as well as the Vichy anti-Jewish legislation, but he decried the impact on the French colonial regime and society.

One writer claims that Decoux remained unconcerned by the famine of 1945. Over one million Vietnamese died of starvation in the countryside and urban cities and the author asserts that the Decoux government did nothing to help the Vietnamese peasants, farmers, and poor, despite soliciting and courting the Vietnamese elite. However, archival records show that Allied bombardment of railways and the requisitioning of boats by the Japanese made it impossible to transport rice from Cochinchina to Tonkin.

On 9 March 1945, the Japanese took direct control of the government and ousted Decoux, establishing the Empire of Vietnam.

Arrested, Decoux was tried by Justice High Court and placed under house arrest. There, he was tortured for two days by former French Communist partisans and left for dead. Cared for in the Val de Grâce Military Hospital in Paris, he was declared innocent of all charges in 1949 and restored to his former rank and privileges. He later wrote the book À la barre de l'Indochine. He died in Paris in 1963 and is buried in Annecy.

title: Jean Decoux


text:
USS Macdonough (DD-351)

The third USS Macdonough (DD-351) was a Farragut-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for Thomas Macdonough.

Construction and commissioning
Macdonough was laid down 15 May 1933 by the Boston Navy Yard; launched 22 August 1934; sponsored by Miss Rose Shaler Macdonough, granddaughter of Commodore Thomas Macdonough; and commissioned 15 March 1935.

Pearl Harbor
Following an extensive shakedown cruise to Europe and western South America, Macdonough joined the Pacific Fleet and operated out of San Diego, California until 12 October 1939. She then shifted to a new home port, Pearl Harbor, as part of Destroyer Squadron 1. In port 7 December 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor, Macdonough downed one of the Japanese attack planes before heading out to sea to join others in the search for the Japanese task force. For the next 3½ months, the destroyer performed scouting assignments southwest of Oahu. Before returning to Pearl Harbor to escort convoys to and from west coast ports, she steamed as far as New Guinea, supporting airstrikes on Bougainville, Salamaua, and Lae.

Guadalcanal
Macdonough returned to the western Pacific to prepare for the Guadalcanal invasion. Operating with Saratoga, she provided cover for the landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi, 7 August 1942. She remained in the area, taking part in the Battle of Savo Island and fighting aircraft and shipping during the landing of reinforcements on the island. At the end of September, she commenced escort work between New Guinea, Espiritu Santo, and Pearl Harbor until reporting to Mare Island, 22 December, for overhaul.

Aleutians Campaign
Macdonough next steamed north for the assault and occupation of Attu Island in the Aleutian Islands. Arriving at Adak, Alaska, 16 April 1943, the destroyer patrolled northeast of Attu until the assault. On 10 May, while maneuvering in heavy weather to guard the attack transports, she collided with Sicard and was forced to retire under tow. The ship remained in the repairs dock at Mare Island until 23 September, when she prepared to get underway for the Gilbert Islands. Arriving for the invasion of Makin Island, 20 November, she acted as control vessel for the landing craft, and following the completion of that phase of the operation, entered the lagoon to bombard Japanese installations. On 23 November Makin was declared secure and Macdonough returned to Pearl Harbor.

Marshall Islands
In January 1944, she joined the Northern Attack Force staging for the assault on the Marshall Islands. As the primary fighter director ship for the initial transport group, Macdonough at first operated off Kwajalein Atoll. On 29 January, she proceeded to Wotje Atoll and participated in the shore bombardment there until returning to Kwajalein on the 31st for the occupation of Roi and Namur Islands. The destroyer then took up radar picket duties until proceeding on to Eniwetok Atoll.

On 21 and 22 February, Macdonough shelled Japanese positions on Parry Island at the deep entrance to Eniwetok lagoon. A month later, she was a reference and rendezvous ship for carrier TF 58, then striking the Palau Islands. Continuing her varied pace, she was at Hollandia, New Guinea, by 21 April, providing fire support for the landings there. Then, at the end of the mouth she steamed eastward to take up radar picket duty south of Truk. During this assignment, Macdonough, with the light aircraft carrier USS Monterey (CVL-26) and destroyer USS Stephen Potter (DD-538), sank the Japanese submarine JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-45 on 30 April 1944.

Marianas Campaign
On 4 May, the destroyer arrived at Majuro to join the forces gathering for the invasion of the Marianas. Departing the Marshalls 6 June, Macdonough operated with the fast carrier force during the Saipan invasion. She performed screening and picket duties and was part of the bombardment group firing on Japanese installations on the west side of the Island. She next took part in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 19 to 20 June, firing at the few enemy planes which got through the combat air patrol. Ordered to Guam, she covered underwater demolition teams reconnoitering the beaches and provided harassing fire to prevent repairs to beach defenses on the island. On 21 July, the destroyer patrolled the waters off Guam to protect the assault craft from enemy submarines, continuing that role until departing for Hawaii 10 August.

Philippines
After a brief stay at Pearl Harbor, Macdonough departed for the Admiralty Islands. She arrived at Manus on 15 September and commenced escort duties. On 14 October, she accompanied troop transports to Leyte and remained through the Battle of Leyte Gulf, 24 to 25 October. She then steamed back to Manus for another convoy to Leyte, 3 November, and upon her return to Philippine waters patrolled Leyte Gulf and the southern Surigao Strait area. The next mouth, Macdonough resumed escort duty. Operating out of Ulithi, she guarded fleet oilers on their refueling runs in the Philippine, Formosa, and South China Sea areas. In January 1945, the destroyer sailed for Puget Sound and a 3-month overhaul period. Returning to Ulithi, she was assigned to radar picket station off that island until 5 July, when she resumed screening convoys. For the remainder of the war, she protected Allied shipping between Ulithi and Okinawa.

End of World War II and fate
At Guam when hostilities ended, Macdonough soon received orders to return to the United States. She arrived at San Diego 3 September, continuing on the next week to the New York Navy Yard, where she decommissioned 22 October 1945. On 20 December 1946, she was sold to George H. Nutman of Brooklyn, New York.

Honors and awards

 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with 13 battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal

Macdonough received 13 battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Macdonough (DD-351)


text:
Runavík

Runavík is a comparatively urbanised village in Runavík Municipality, Faroe Islands. It lies on the south half of the isle of Eysturoy.

Port
Founded in 1916, Runavík has an important port, originally used predominantly by fishing boats but now also a key supply base for the North Sea oil industry as well as a trans-shipment port for freight to and from Europe. The harbour underwent development in the late 1990s and can now accommodate cruise ships.

Eysturoyartunnilin
A massive infrastructure project has been mounted to build an 11 km-long sub-sea tunnel between Runavík and Tórshavn, thereby significantly reducing travel times to the capital. Construction costs are estimated to be around 1 billion Faroese króna. In 2014 all political parties of the Faroese parliament agreed on how and when to build the Eysturoyartunnilin and the Sandoyartunnilin. The drillings started in 2016 regarding the Eysturoyartunnilin, which opened to the public in December 2020. The work on the Sandoyartunnilin began in 2019. The first step in the projects was to fill out a platform of land in the sea at Saltnes near Runavík for the Eysturoy-tunnel.

Sport
The local football club is NSÍ Runavík, a men's team who play their home games at the Runavík Stadium. They were Faroe Islands Premier League winners in 2007. In 2020 a women's team was founded.

Sister Cities
Runavík is twinned with
 * 🇩🇰 Hjørring, Denmark
 * 🇮🇸 Ísafjörður, Iceland
 * 🇮🇸 Egilsstaðir, Iceland
 * 🇬🇱 Uummannaq, Greenland

title: Runavík


text:
Longetia

Longetia is a genus of plants under the family Picrodendraceae first described as a genus in 1866. It has only one known species, Longetia buxoides, endemic to New Caledonia.

moved to other genera: Austrobuxus Scagea • # L. carunculata - Austrobuxus carunculatus
 * formerly included

• # L. clusiacea - Austrobuxus clusiaceus

• # L. depauperata - Scagea depauperata

• # L. eugeniifolia - Austrobuxus eugeniifolius

• # L. gynotricha - Scagea oligostemon

• # L. malayana - Austrobuxus nitidus

• # L. montana - Austrobuxus nitidus

• # L. nitida - Austrobuxus nitidus

• # L. swainii - Austrobuxus swainii

title: Longetia


text: Category:American voice actors

title: Category:American voice actors


text:
Iksal

Iksal (إكسال, 𐤀𐤊𐤑𐤀𐤋 Iksal; אִכְּסָאל, כִּסְלוֹת תָּבוֹר, Kislot Tavor ) is an Arab local council in northern Israel, about 5 km southeast of Nazareth. It has an area of 9,000 dunams and a population of primarily Muslim inhabitants.

Name
The name of town is believed to derive from that of Chesulloth (Chisloth-Tabor), a biblical town mentioned in the Book of Joshua.

History
Iksal was known to Josephus as Xaloth. Archaeological excavations in Iksal revealed artifacts from the period of Roman and Byzantine rule in Palestine. A ring decorated with the image of a lion was found and dates to one of these time periods. In burial caves carved into the rock, sarcophagi and ossuaries containing pottery, glass vessels, and jewelry were found. Also dated to the Byzantine period are agricultural installations, carved into the rock and plastered, inside of which were found part of a winepress.

Archaeologist Uzi Leibner identifies Iksal as one of several villages in Galilee that had a Jewish population during the Roman period and later had a Christian population in the Byzantine period.

Middle Ages
In 536 a Council was held in Jerusalem to condemn Severus of Antioch and his followers. Present at that Council were 45 bishops from Palestine, including one Parthenius, bishop of Exalus, which is identified with Iksal. Thus do we know the town had enough Christians in the 6th Century to warrant a bishop.

Remains have been excavated dating to the Umayyad period (7th century CE), including pottery and Cream Ware bowls.

On December 22, 946, the forces of the Egyptian Ikhshidid dynasty defeated those of Sayf al-Daula at Iksal. The latter retreated to Aleppo, while the Ikshidid forces advanced onto Damascus.

During the period of Crusader or Mamluk rule in Palestine, a castle was built in Iksal, the ruins of which remain visible today. The Crusaders probably added to a much older structure which had been constructed first in the Abbasid, and then in the Fatimid era. A large cemetery by the village was named Mukbarat el Afranj ("Cemetery of the Franks").

Yaqut al-Hamawi described the place (which he called Aksal), as "A village in the Jordan Province, lying 5 leagues from Tiberias towards Ar Ramlah. The river Abu Futrus is in the neighbourhood."

Building remains from the Mamluk period have also been excavated. One excavation revealed three constructions with pottery remains, all dating from the Mamluk era, 14th and 15th century CE.

Ottoman Empire
In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as Ksal, located in the Nahiya of Tabariyya of the Safad Sanjak. The population was 17 households and 1 bachelor, all Muslim. They paid a tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, summer crops, fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 6,633 Akçe.

In 1738 Richard Pococke passed by the place, which he called Zal. He noted that near it was "many sepulchres cut in the rock, some of them are like stone coffins above-ground, others are cut into the rock, like graves, some of them have stone covers over them, so that formerly this might be no inconsiderable place." A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as Iksad.

Edward Robinson, who passed by the village in 1838, repeated Pocockes assertion that Iksal had many sepulchres. In 1863 Henry Baker Tristram saw the remains of a "Crusader" tower in Iksal, while in 1875, Victor Guérin found it to have 400 inhabitants, all Muslim. In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Iksal as "a large stone village, built in the plains, with a conspicuous square tower, surrounded by gardens and containing about 400 Moslims, many caves and cisterns."

A population list from about 1887 showed that Iksal had about 600 Muslim inhabitants.

British Mandate
At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine Iksal had a population of 621 Muslims, increasing slightly in the 1931 census to 752, still all Muslims, in a total of 166 houses.

In the 1945 statistics the population was 1,110, all Muslims, while the total land area was 16,009 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 581 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 13,029 for cereals, while 47 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.

Israel
Like many other Arab towns and villages in the Galilee that were left standing after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Iksal surrendered to Israeli forces without putting up a fight. Individuals who had collaborated with Zionist officials prior to Israel's establishment, negotiated the terms of surrender and transition to rule under the new military government.

Demographics
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a low ranking (3 out of 10) on the country's socioeconomic index (December 2001). Only 65.3% of students are entitled to a matriculation certificate after Grade 12 (2000). The average salary that year was NIS 3,640 per month, whereas the national average was NIS 6,835. Its population has grown at an annual rate of 2.8%. In Iksal, about 60 percent of the inhabitants are family relations of one another.

Archaeology
In 2008 and 2012, archaeological surveys were conducted at the ancient site by Daniel Zohar and Mouqary `Abdallah on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).

Notable people

 * Ayid Habshi, footballer
 * Sameh Zoabi, film director

title: Iksal


text:
Porter-class destroyer

The Porter-class destroyers were a class of eight 1,850-ton large destroyers in the United States Navy. Like the preceding Farragut-class destroyer, their construction was authorized by Congress on 26 April 1916, but funding was delayed considerably. They were designed based on a 1,850-ton standard displacement limit imposed by the London Naval Treaty; the treaty's tonnage limit allowed 13 ships of this size, and the similar Somers-class destroyer was built later to meet the limit. The first four Porters were laid down in 1933 by New York Shipbuilding in Camden, New Jersey, and the next four in 1934 at Bethlehem Steel Corporation in Quincy, Massachusetts. All were commissioned in 1936 except Winslow, which was commissioned in 1937. They were built in response to the large Fubuki-class destroyers that the Imperial Japanese Navy was building at the time and were initially designated as flotilla leaders. They served extensively in World War II, in the Pacific War, the Atlantic, and in the Americas. USS Porter (DD-356) was the class' only loss, in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October 1942.

Design
The larger destroyer leader type had been under active consideration since 1921. Indeed, the General Board recommended the construction of five of the type in that year. One factor in favor of leaders was the Navy's total lack of modern light cruisers, only partly alleviated by the ten Omaha-class cruiser ships built in the 1920s. Naval historian Norman Friedman believed that the great number of Wickes-class destroyer and Clemson-class destroyers hindered the U.S. Congress from purchasing new leaders. The General Board was very interested in equipping such a type with the new higher pressure and higher temperature steam propulsion equipment also proposed for the Farragut-class destroyers; this would extend the ships' range. The London Naval Treaty and large French destroyers (France did not sign the treaty and built ships well in excess of its limits) seem to have become the tipping points, with the 1930 recommendations beginning the cycle to actually build ships. The Geneva proposals for destroyers also seem to have influence the design, as the Destroyer Leader proposals limited themselves to 1,850 tons per the proposals; these tonnage limits were eventually included in the London treaty.

Engineering
The Porters had the same propulsion technology as the immediately preceding Farraguts, with 400 psi steam superheated to 645 °F. The plant was somewhat larger than in the Farraguts, with designed horsepower increased from 42,800 shp to 50,000 shp, resulting in a speed of 37 kn. Along with the improved fuel efficiency resulting from superheated steam, the four boilers included economizers to further extend the ships' range by preheating incoming feedwater. The main steam turbines were manufactured by New York Shipbuilding in the case of the ships built by that yard. However, as in the Farraguts, the main turbines had single-reduction gearing and no cruising turbines, limiting their efficiency.

Armament

There were extensive discussions about the armament, the 5 in/25-caliber anti-aircraft (AA) gun being favored as being easy to work and train in a fast-moving and lively type of ship. The other candidate was the 5-inch/51-caliber surface type, being very powerful but all but useless against aircraft. It was a discussion made more interesting as the 5-inch/38-caliber dual-purpose gun became available in the early 1930s and the Ordnance Department favored it rather strongly. The 5-inch/38-caliber gun was simply a 5-inch/25-caliber gun with the same projectiles and a longer barrel, but significantly increased range against both air and surface targets. The class was originally built with eight Mk 12 guns in four Mark 22 single-purpose (surface action only) twin enclosed mounts; the single-purpose mounts were adopted to save weight. Anti-aircraft protection was provided by two quadruple 1.1-inch (28 mm) mounts; in the 1930s this was considered sufficient. Although the Porters had the same eight 21 in torpedo tubes as the Farraguts, a full set of reloads was carried. The class was initially equipped with the Mark 11 or Mark 12 torpedo, which were replaced by the Mark 15 beginning in 1938. The heavy armament proved top-heavy, and aircraft were becoming a greater threat, so during World War II on most of the class, mounts 51 and 54 were replaced with dual-purpose (surface action and air action) twin mounts, and the original 1.1-inch guns were replaced with 40 mm Bofors and 20 mm Oerlikons. In some ships, mount 52 was replaced by a quadruple 40 mm mount, and mount 53 became a single 5 in/38 cal dual-purpose mount. Additional 40 mm guns were added amidships along with 20 mm weapons. In most ships, four K-gun depth charge throwers were added to augment the as-built pair of depth charge racks. In some cases (DD-357, DD-359, DD-360) late in the war, the torpedo tubes, two K-guns, and one depth charge rack were landed, to accommodate additional light AA armament, for a total of sixteen 40 mm in three quadruple and two twin mounts and four 20 mm in two twin mounts.

Service
USS McDougal (DD-358), USS Winslow (DD-359), and USS Moffett (DD-362) were among the ships that supported the Roosevelt-Churchill conference at Placentia Bay near Argentia, Newfoundland that resulted in the Atlantic Charter in August 1941. USS Selfridge (DD-357) and USS Phelps (DD-360) were in port during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 and engaged enemy aircraft. The class served in the Battle of the Atlantic, in the Pacific War, and escorted convoys in the Americas. Phelps was at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway, scuttling the disabled aircraft carrier USS Lexington (CV-2) with torpedoes at the former battle. Balch rescued survivors of the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5) at Midway. While operating out of Trinidad in the Caribbean, Moffett assisted in sinking two U-boats, GS U-128 (1941) and GS U-604. Notable engagements for other ships of the class included the invasion of Guadalcanal and the Marianas campaign. By September 1944 the class was concentrated in the Atlantic. USS Porter (DD-356) was the class's only loss, in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October 1942. USS Selfridge (DD-357) lost her bow to a torpedo in the Naval Battle of Vella Lavella on 6 October 1943, but was repaired. McDougal and Winslow were reclassified as AG-126 and AG-127 in September 1945 and modified for anti-kamikaze research in a similar configuration to Gearing-class destroyer radar picket destroyers. All except Winslow were scrapped shortly after the war; Winslow remained in service as a training ship until 1950 and was scrapped in 1959. Winslow was the longest serving by far of all destroyers commissioned in the 1930s and the last by far to go to the ship breakers.

title: Porter-class destroyer


text:
Caesar's wife

Caesar's wife can refer to:

Any of the wives of Julius Caesar

 * Cossutia (disputed)
 * Cornelia
 * Pompeia
 * Calpurnia

Works

 * Caesar's Wife, a play

Other

 * "Caesar's wife must be above suspicion"

title: Caesar's wife


text:
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication

The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) is a major international membership organization for academics in the field, offering regional and national conferences and refereed publications. It has numerous membership divisions, interest groups, publications and websites.

Focus
In the United States, many university journalism departments—particularly at Midwestern, Western and Southern state universities—evolved into schools or colleges of mass communication or "journalism and mass communication". In addition to studying practical skills of journalism, public relations or advertising, students also may major in "mass communication" or "mass communication research". The latter is often the title given to doctoral degrees from such schools, whether the focus of the student's research is journalism practice, media economics, history, law or media influence.

Departmental structures within such colleges may separate research and instruction in professional or technical aspects of newspaper and magazine publishing, radio, television, and film. Mass communication research topics include media institutions and processes, such as diffusion of information, and media effects, such as persuasion or manipulation of public opinion. Outside of media history and communication law, research methods in mass communication fields have leaned toward empirical research, experimental studies and quantitative methods, such as public opinion polling and content analysis of news media. However, qualitative research, including ethnographic case studies, interviewing, and focus groups, has growing support in some specialties. Critical-cultural theory is less popular than in other "communication studies" programs.

Such programs are accredited by the ACEJMC Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications.

The International Communication Association (ICA) and National Communication Association (formerly the Speech Communication Association) include divisions and publications that overlap with those of AEJMC, but AEJMC historically has stronger ties to the mass communication professions in the United States.

Publications
Its major journal, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly was formerly titled Journalism Quarterly. It also publishes the quarterly, refereed Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, formerly Journalism Educator, and the refereed Journalism & Communication Monographs, formerly Journalism Monographs.

The current editor of Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly is Louisa Ha of Bowling Green State University. The current editor of Journalism & Mass Communication Educator is Jami A. Fullerton, of Oklahoma State University. The current editor of Journalism & Communication Monographs is Linda Steiner of the University of Maryland.


text:
Talk:Pavly the Anchorite

The Coptic Orthodox Synaxarium is centuries old and in the public domain. This saint is the same as Paul of Thebes. Both article should be merged.

 * Sure, the Synaxarium is centuries old but was it written in English? The bottom of the page from which this was ciopid says © 1998-2004 CopticChurch.net. All rights reserved. I will go with that. -- RHaworth 07:11:58, 2005-09-08 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pavly the Anchorite


text: Talk:List of Chinese flags

title: Talk:List of Chinese flags


text:
Druhá Tráva

Druhá Tráva is a Czech bluegrass band originally formed in Czechoslovakia in 1991 by Robert Křesťan and Luboš Malina. As of 2021, they have released thirteen studio albums, four live albums, two compilations, as well as a number of side projects. They have been described as evolving from underground musicians who subverted Communism to international artists who "upend convention".

Robert Křesťan and bluegrass inspiration
The Czech bluegrass genre developed in the mid-1960s, influenced by American bluegrass music. A regional tour by Pete Seeger in 1964 was a particular inspiration to Czech musicians. The Communist regime was hostile to such music, and Czech musicians with Western folk and rock influences helped advocate for the country's eventual independence.

Singer-songwriter and mandolinist Robert Křesťan had been a fan of American roots music since the late 1960s, listening to records that had been smuggled into the country. Křesťan was particularly fond of bluegrass pioneer Bill Monroe. Křesťan went to great pains to find records and learned how to play the music on homemade instruments. He joined the band Poutníci in 1979.

Formation of Druhá Tráva and early albums: 1991–95
Křesťan and another member of Poutníci, banjo player Luboš Malina, formed Druhá Tráva in 1991. The band's original lineup also included dobro player and guitarist Luboš Novotný, bassist Jiří Meisner, and guitarist Pavel Malina. The group's configuration has changed considerably over its history, though Křesťan, Malina, and Novotný have been in the band consistently since 1991. They released their debut album, Robert Křesťan & Druhá Tráva, in 1991, and followed up a year later with Revival, sung entirely in English. Starodávný svět came out in 1994 and for their fourth album, the band invited singer Pavlína Jíšová to join in the recording.

Lineup changes, new recordings, and breakup: 1997–2001
In 1997, guitarist Pavel Malina left Druhá Tráva and was replaced by Martin Ledvina. The group subsequently released three studio albums in one year: Pohlednice, New Freedom Bell (a collaboration with American bluegrass musician Peter Rowan), and Czechmate. A year later, in 2000, they toured the United States. During this period, the ensemble experienced a frequent turnover of drummers, which included Štěpán Smetáček and Miloš Dvořáček. Bass player Jiří Meisner departed and was replaced by Juraj Griglák, and the group released their first compilation record, a double album titled Best & Last, in 2001. The same year, Druhá Tráva announced that they were breaking up.

Reunion and recent releases: 2004–07
In 2004, Druhá Tráva reformed, with some lineup changes. Křesťan, Malina, and Novotný were joined by double bass player Petr Surý (replaced in 2010 by Tomáš Liška) and guitarist Emil Formánek. Also in 2004, they published their eighth studio album, the English-language Good Morning, Friend. They followed it a year later with the live recording Live in Brno, a collaboration with Charlie McCoy.

In 2007, Druhá Tráva worked with a number of musicians, including Jan Vyčítal, Wabi Daněk, Kateřina García, Pavel Bobek, Pavlína Jíšová, Charlie McCoy, and Ondřej Konrád on an album of Bob Dylan covers, titled Dylanovky.

Further releases: 2008–present
Druhá Tráva has continued to tour and record to the present day. They released Marcipán z Toleda in 2011, Shuttle to Bethlehem in 2011, Pojd'me se Napít in 2013, and most recently, Díl první, which came out in 2020. Their current lineup includes guitarist Radek Hlávka, bassist Tomáš Liška, and drummer Martin Novák.

Side projects
Members of Druhá Tráva have worked on their own solo projects and collaborations with other artists over the years. Robert Křesťan, Luboš Malina, and Luboš Novotný have all released solo albums; Malina formed Garcia with Kateřina García in 2006, a group that also includes former Druhá Tráva drummer David Landštof.

Recognition
Druhá Tráva has toured internationally and performed with Ricky Skaggs, Peter Rowan, Davy Spillane, and Béla Fleck, among others. The band's international appearances have attracted attention for their ability to master many different genres and eras of American roots music. Their 1999 album, Czechmate, was their first to be released in the United States and gained attention from international critics for its covers of jazz standards, opera numbers, and Appalachian folk songs. Several of their later albums were released by Universal Music Group and EMI. The band has won numerous awards throughout their career, several of them from the Czech Academy of Popular Music. This includes their 1999 Anděl Award in the Folk & Country category. Since the beginning of their career, the group has faced criticism for their mix of Americana and Central European influences.

Band members

Current
 * Robert Křesťan – vocals, mandolin, guitar
 * Luboš Malina – banjo, clarinet, saxophone, Irish whistle, backing vocals
 * Luboš Novotný – dobro, lap steel, backing vocals
 * Radek Hlávka – guitar, backing vocals
 * Tomáš Liška – double bass, bass guitar
 * Martin Novák – drums, percussion, cajón

Past
 * Petr Surý – bass
 * Stanislav Paluch – violin
 * Michal Vavro – guitar
 * Martin Ledvina – guitar, mandolin, backing vocals
 * Juraj Griglák – bass
 * Jiří Meisner – bass, backing vocals
 * Pavel Malina – guitar
 * Štěpán Smetáček – drums, percussion
 * Miloš Dvořáček – drums, percussion
 * Emil Formánek – guitar, mandolin
 * David Landštof – drums, percussion
 * Kamil Slezák – drums, percussion

Discography
These are albums released under the names Druhá Tráva or Robert Křesťan & Druhá Tráva. Several members of the band have released solo albums, with assistance from various permutations of the Druhá Tráva lineup.

Studio albums

 * Robert Křesťan a Druhá Tráva (1991)
 * Revival (1992)
 * Starodávný svět (1994)
 * Druhá Tráva s Pavlínou Jíšovou (1995)
 * Pohlednice (1999)
 * New Freedom Bell (with Peter Rowan, 1999)
 * Czechmate (1999)
 * Good Morning, Friend (2004)
 * Dylanovky (2007)
 * Marcipán z Toleda (2011)
 * Shuttle to Bethlehem (2011)
 * Pojd'me se Napít (2013)
 * Díl první (2020)

Live albums

 * Live (1997)
 * Live in Brno (with Charlie McCoy, 2005)
 * Živě v Telči (2012)
 * In Concert (DVD – 2015)

Compilations

 * Best & Last (2-CD, 2001)
 * 16 nej od táborových ohňů (2008)

Side projects

 * Luboš Novotný – Radost zarmoucených (1995)
 * Luboš Malina – Naper se a pukni! (1995)
 * Luboš Malina – Piece of Cake (1999)
 * Luboš Novotný – Venku z trávy (2000)
 * Robert Křesťan – 1775 básní Emily Dickinsonové (2002)
 * Luboš Malina – Afterparty (2004)
 * Luboš Malina & Martin Fridrich – Dueling Fingers (2005)

Selected awards

 * Annual Czechoslovak Music Award (1991)
 * Anděl Award – Folk & Country (1999)

title: Druhá Tráva


text:
Song of Innocence

Song of Innocence is the debut album by American composer and producer David Axelrod. It was released in October 1968 by Capitol Records. In an effort to capitalize on the experimental climate of popular music at the time, Axelrod composed the album as a suite-like tone poem interpreting Songs of Innocence, a 1789 illustrated collection of poems by William Blake. Recording took place at Capitol Studios in Los Angeles with an orchestra and studio musicians from the Wrecking Crew collective, including keyboardist and conductor Don Randi, guitarist Al Casey, bassist Carol Kaye, and drummer Earl Palmer.

An instrumental jazz fusion record, Song of Innocence incorporates elements of classical, rock, funk, pop, and theatre music. Axelrod arranged the music for bass, drums, and string instruments, composing in a rock idiom with tempos centered on such rhythms played by Palmer. He used contrast in his orchestral compositions, interspersing their euphoric psychedelic R&B structures with dramatic, harrowing arrangements to reflect the supernatural themes found in Blake's poems. The resulting music's reverent, psychedelic overtones have been interpreted as evoking the poet's themes of innocence and spirituality.

While innovative for its application of rock and jazz techniques, Song of Innocence was not commercially successful and confounded contemporary critics, who viewed it as an ambitious but foolish curiosity piece. In the 1990s, critics reassessed the album as a classic, while leading disc jockeys in hip hop and electronica rediscovered and sampled its songs. "Holy Thursday", the record's best-known track, was frequently sampled by hip hop producers. The renewed interest in Axelrod's work prompted Stateside Records to reissue Song of Innocence in 2000.

Background

In the 1960s, Axelrod worked as a producer and A&R executive for Capitol Records in Los Angeles. During this time, he began to conceive his own musical ideas, involving a fusion of baroque classical sounds, R&B rhythms, and spiritual themes. Challenged by what he described as a "new breed of record buyer ... more sophisticated in his thinking", he was one of several Los Angeles–based musical eccentrics during the late 1960s who wanted to expand on the mid-1960s studio experiments of Brian Wilson and George Martin. His first attempt at this creative vision was composing a religious-themed, psychedelic opera for the Electric Prunes, a local garage rock group. When the band found it too challenging to finish the recording, Axelrod enlisted studio musicians from the Wrecking Crew to complete the album, released as Mass in F Minor in 1968. The recording attracted both controversy and national fame for the producer.

After the success of Mass in F Minor, Axelrod was asked by Capitol to record a similar album. He wanted to further capitalize on the experimental climate of popular music and chose to adapt works by English poet William Blake on an album. Blake musical settings were at the height of their popularity among musicians and composers. Numerous serious music composers had set his poems to music since the 1870s, and the practice was eventually adapted in other musical fields during the 20th century, including popular music, musical theatre, and the 1960s folk idiom. Axelrod, a self-professed "Blake freak", had been fascinated by Blake's painting and poetry since his late teens and frequently read the poems as an adult. He conceived Song of Innocence after he had bought an edition of Blake's complete poetry while working in Capitol's art department and considered the concept for a few years before Mass in F Minor. Axelrod was not sociable with colleagues, such as record executives who could have helped him professionally, and felt that he could identify with Blake; he considered the poet "very bad at making new friends".

Recording

Axelrod composed Song of Innocence in one week and began recording in mid-1968. He recorded the album at Capitol Studios in Los Angeles with his close-knit group of veteran studio musicians from the Wrecking Crew, including keyboardist and conductor Don Randi, guitarist Al Casey, bassist Carol Kaye, and drummer Earl Palmer. He had worked with them before when producing sessions for Capitol recording artists.

Axelrod did not play any instruments on Song of Innocence; he instead wrote arrangements for his orchestra and utilized 33 players to perform his notated charts. He had learned how to read and orchestrate complex music charts from jazz musicians during the 1950s. Randi conducted the orchestra and played both piano and organ on the record. Axelrod preferred listening to a session from a recording booth like his contemporary Igor Stravinsky. "That way the sounds don't seem to go all over the place", he later said. "Music seems so small in a studio." Axelrod originally wanted some of the album's compositions to feature a large-scale choir but was uncertain if he could find the appropriate ensemble, so he recorded an entirely instrumental album and included one Blake setting for each section of the score.

Composition and performance
A jazz fusion album, Song of Innocence combines jazz elements with impressionistic musical figures and hard rock guitar solos. Its music also incorporates funk, rock, theatre, and pop styles. Music journalists categorized the record as jazz-rock, baroque pop, and psychedelic R&B. John Murph of JazzTimes magazine said the music could be better characterized as art pop than jazz. Axelrod, who had produced bebop albums before working for Capitol, asserted that jazz played a crucial role in the music: "For years, all I did was jazz. When I first got in the record business, I was so into jazz that I had never heard Elvis Presley. I still probably listen to jazz more than anything else."

Axelrod composed the album as a tone poem suite based on Blake's illustrated 1789 collection of poems Songs of Innocence. His compositions borrowed titles from Blake's poems, which dealt with themes such as visions, religious iniquity, rite of passage, and life experience after a person's birth and innocence. Mary Campbell of The Baltimore Sun said the classical and Christian church music elements made the record sound "reverent, as if describing a biblical story". Les Inrockuptibles described it as a "psyche-liturgical" work dedicated to Blake. According to AllMusic's Thom Jurek, psychedelia was implicit in the record's musical form and feeling, which impelled Axelrod to "celebrate the wildness and folly of youth with celebration and verve".

The album's music was written in the rock idiom and arranged for bass, drums, and strings. As a composer, Axelrod abandoned the conventional unison approach to orchestral writing in favor of more contrasts while centering his tempos around rock-based drum patterns played mostly in common time by Palmer. He utilized his instrumental ensemble as a rock orchestra, playing melodramatic strings and pronounced, echo-laden breakbeats. The music was also embellished with electric piano, intricate basslines, Echoplex effects, and elements of suspense Axelrod used to reflect the supernatural themes found in Blake's poems. According to David N. Howard, the album's "euphorically" upbeat psychedelic R&B form was interspersed by "dramatically sparse" and "harrowing" arrangements.

Axelrod and his musicians used key musical phrases that are expanded upon throughout Song of Innocence. He was interested in György Ligeti's 1961 piece Atmosphères and Lukas Foss' idea of starting a piece with a sustained chord, having musicians improvise over 100 bars, and ending with another chord as they finish. "Urizen" opened with long sustained chords, sound effects, reverbed guitar stabs, and a supple bassline. On "Holy Thursday", the rhythm section played a slow, jazzed-out groove and bluesy bop piano lines, as a big band vamp was played by a large-scale string section. In response to their swing style, the brass section and guitarists played dramatic, high-pitched overtones built around a complex melody. The middle of the album featured more traditional jazz passages and the presence of a psychedelic harpsichord. "The Smile" was recorded with a rhythmic drum beat, offbeat bass, and a progressive string part. For the songs near the end, the musicians steadily transitioned to heady psychedelia featuring gritty guitars and disorienting organ licks. On "The Mental Traveler", Axelrod said he tried to experiment with atonality but "chickened out".

Release and reception
Song of Innocence was released in October 1968 by Capitol Records and attracted considerable interest from critics. Writing for Gramophone in 1969, Nigel Hunter found the songs to be "of absorbing power and depth", but complained of the electric guitar parts. Alasdair Clayre, in the same magazine, questioned whether the "occasional guitar gobbling" reflected Axelrod's genuine ideas or "an obligatory concession to contemporary sound", but he ultimately regarded Song of Innocence as a compelling record. In his opinion, the producer's impressions of Blake "reveal a depth of imagination and skill warranting attention beyond the confines of pop music", proving he could compose innovative pieces for a large orchestra, which Clayre felt comprised the best of California's studio musicians on the album. Billboard magazine called it "an aesthetic mix of music and philosophy ... chock full of mysticism, creativity, and change", believing that Axelrod's idyllic music would be interesting enough to impact the record charts.

Others were more critical, finding the music foolish. Stereo Review magazine's Paul Kresh appraised the album negatively, calling it pretentious, inadequate, and dependent on movie music tricks and outdated techniques such as forced climaxes and gaudy orchestration. He said it falls severely short of the concept Axelrod aspired to and that "only the most uneducated will be taken in by the mountains of misterioso claptrap that surround these squeaking musical mice". Nat Freedland from Entertainment World accused Axelrod of "indulging himself here to little avail".

Song of Innocence received radio exposure on both AM and FM stations with songs such as the title track and "Holy Thursday", which became the album's best-known recording. The album was not a commercial success, however, and only sold 75,000 copies by October 1969.

Legacy and influence
Song of Innocence was one of many concept albums recorded as rock music was developing in various directions during the late 1960s, following in the wake of the Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was innovative for its original application of both rock and jazz techniques. According to music journalist Zaid Mudhaffer, the term "jazz fusion" was coined in a review of the record when it was released. Axelrod followed the album in 1969 with the similarly Blake-inspired Songs of Experience, which adapted Gunther Schuller's third stream concept to baroque orchestrations and rock, pop, and R&B rhythms and melodies. Both albums established Axelrod as an unpredictable, challenging conceptual artist. His instrumental interpretations of Blake were the first in jazz, followed in 1971 by Rafał Augustyn's Niewinność and Adrian Mitchell's musical Tyger: A Celebration of William Blake with composer Mike Westbrook; Westbrook later composed more Blake-inspired works, including The Westbrook Blake: "Bright as Fire" (1980).

During the late 1990s, Axelrod's records were reassessed and considered innovative by critics, including Song of Innocence, which was regarded as a classic. Mojo cited it as "the heart of Axelrod's legacy", while John Mulvey from NME called it "sky-kissingly high and divine", finding Axelrod versatile enough to "soar above his own pretensions", Writing for AllMusic, John Bush said the album "sounded like nothing else from its era", while Thom Jurek argued that it continued to sound new upon each listen due to a lack of "cynicism and hipper-than-thou posturing" in the music. In a four-and-a-half star retrospective review, Jurek said it was innovative in 1968 and still "withstands the test of time better than the Beatles Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album that allegedly inspired it". Giving it a five-out-of-five score, Tiny Mix Tapes said it sounded engagingly magnificent and diverse, citing it as one of the most dynamic musical fusions and "one of the most unique and thought provoking musical efforts of the last several decades".

Axelrod's music was also rediscovered and sampled by leading disc jockeys in the 1990s including hip hop producers. When sampling in hip hop peaked during the early and mid-1990s, they searched for archived records with atmospheric beats and strings to sample. Los Angeles–based disc jockey B+ recalled finding a copy of Song of Innocence at a Goodwill in Culver City and said it appealed to him because of its dissonant quality, musical dynamics, and string sound: "This big sound. It was like somehow [Axelrod] was summoning the future, that you can project this environment, this moment into the future." Electronica pioneers such as DJ Cam and DJ Shadow also sampled Song of Innocence. The latter producer sampled the record's choral themes and piano motifs on his influential debut album Endtroducing..... (1996). "The Smile" was sampled by Pete Rock on his 1998 song "Strange Fruit" and by DJ Premier on Royce da 5'9"'s 2009 song "Shake This". "Holy Thursday" was frequently sampled by producers, including The Beatnuts on their 1994 song "Hit Me with That", UNKLE on their 1998 song "Rabbit in Your Headlights", and Swizz Beatz on Lil Wayne's 2008 song "Dr. Carter".

The renewed interest in Axelrod's work prompted Stateside Records to reissue Song of Innocence in 2000. Reviewing the re-release, Now wrote that after sounding odd during the 1960s, the songs had become "a sampler's dream come true". David Keenan attributed Axelrod's sampling legacy to "the original badass drummer" Palmer. In his appraisal for The Wire, he facetiously critiqued that the songs "may reek of stale joss sticks and patchouli-scented self-actualisation, but in their very datedness they somehow sound very modern." Pitchfork journalist Sean Fennessey later said Axelrod's first two records were "essential if only as a tour guide through early 90s hip-hop", having "literally been a rap producer's delight for years". In a 2013 list for Complex, DJ and production duo Kon and Amir named "Holy Thursday" the greatest hip hop sample of all time. In 2017, Pitchfork ranked the album 144th on a list of "The 200 Best Albums of the 1960s", and in an accompanying essay, Louis Pattison acknowledged how hip hop crate diggers "recognized the holy, beautiful vision" of Axelrod's rhythmic compositions.

In 2018, Song of Innocence was given another re-release, this time by Now-Again Records. It featured a new remaster by Randi, H. B. Barnum, and Axelrod's widow, Terri, along with sleeve notes written by Eothen Alapatt, Now-Again's CEO. According to Alapatt's notes, Axelrod once told him that Miles Davis played the album before conceiving his own fusion of jazz and rock for Bitches Brew (1970).

Track listing
All songs were written, arranged, and produced by David Axelrod.

Personnel
Credits were adapted from the album's liner notes. • David Axelrod – arranger, producer, vocals

• Benjamin Barrett – musician

• Arnold Belnick – musician

• Harry Bluestone – violin

• Bobby Bruce – musician

• Al Casey – guitar

• Gary Coleman – background vocals

• Douglas Davis – musician

• Alvin Dinkin – musician

• Gene Estes – percussion

• Anne Goodman – musician

• Freddie Hill – trumpet

• Bill Hinshaw – musician

• Harry Hyams – musician

• Carol Kaye – bass

• Raphael Kramer – musician

• Richard Leith – trombone

• Arthur Maebe – horn

• Leonard Malarsky – musician

• Lew McCreary – horn

• Ollie Mitchell – trumpet

• Gareth Nuttycombe – musician

• Rob Owen – reissue co-ordination (2000)

• Earl Palmer – drums

• Joe Polito – engineer

• Don Randi – conductor, organ, piano

• The Red Room – artwork re-generation (2000)

• Nigel Reeve – reissue co-ordination (2000)

• Allen Di Rienzo – musician

• Howard Roberts – guitar

• Vincent de Rosa – horn

• Nathan Ross – musician

• Henry Roth – musician

• Myron Sandler – musician

• Harold Schneier – musician

• Sid Sharp – musician

• Jack Shulman – musician

• Henry Sigismonti – wind instrument

• Marshall Sosson – musician

• Tony Terran – musician

• Pete Wyant – musician

• Tibor Zelig – musician

title: Song of Innocence


text:
Jeremy Diddler

Jeremy Diddler is a fictional character in James Kenney's 1803 farce Raising the Wind, based on an amusing importunist named Bibb, or “half-crown Bibb”.

A needy artful swindler, Diddler became a stock character in farce; the word “diddle” may be derived from him, or vice versa, and was a very common expression in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Diddler is discussed in some detail in Herman Melville's The Confidence Man: His Masquerade. He appears in Thomas Haynes Bayly's novel David Dumps (chapter XV).

title: Jeremy Diddler


text:
Anzoátegui State Anthem

The anthem of the Anzoátegui State, Venezuela, was written by Enrique Pérez Valencia. The melody that accompanies it was composed by César Ramírez Gómez.

Lyrics in Spanish
Chorus Ayer fuiste pujante y altiva, en la lucha sangrienta y tenaz; mas ya, patria te ciñes la oliva; y hoy tu gloria se funda en la paz.

I ¡Patria ilustre! tus hijos recuerdan con orgullo la trágica lucha: aun parece que en torno se escucha el tremendo rugir del cañón. Fue la prueba temible tan larga, que la sangre a torrentes vertiste, y en la homérica lid te creciste, esforzando el marcial corazón.

II En los brazos de insignes guerreros, con Anzoátegui, Freites, Monagas, arrasaste las bélicas plagas y te erguiste triunfante doquier; En la liza feral y gloriosa contra iberia de heroica porfía, tuya fue la postrer bizarría; tuya fue la victoria postrer.

(chorus)

Lyrics in English Language
Chorus Yesterday you were strong and haughty, in the bloody and tenacious fight; but now, homeland you wear the olive, and today your glory is founded in peace.

I Illustrious homeland! Your sons remember with pride the tragic fight: still it seems that it's heard around the tremendous roar of the canon. That the blood in torrents you poured, and in the Homeric vie you grew, forcing the martial heart.

II In the arms of illustrious warriors, with Anzoátegui, Freites, Monagas, you destroyed the belligerent plague and erected yourself triumphal everywhere; In the glorious and feral vie against Iberia of heroic stubbornness, yours was the hindermost bizarreness; yours was the ulterior victory.

(chorus)

title: Anzoátegui State Anthem


text:
Harold Lawton

Harold Walter Lawton (27 July 1899 – 24 December 2005, Greetham, Rutland) was an English scholar of French literature and, prior to his death, one of the last surviving veterans and the last prisoner of war of the First World War in Britain.

Born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, he volunteered for military service in 1916, enlisting with the Royal Welch Fusiliers before being transferred to the Cheshire Regiment. Upon completing training, in 1917 he was posted to the Western Front where he was transferred again, to The East Yorkshire Regiment. During the German spring offensive of 1918 his unit, the 1/4th Battalion the East Yorkshires, was sent to reinforce the line at Béthune.

The Germans used infiltration tactics, where stormtroopers aimed to infiltrate weak points in defences, bypassing strongly held front line areas. Troops with heavier weapons would then attack the isolated strongpoints. Lawton, with troops from the Durham Light Infantry, did indeed become isolated in a forward trench during the assault; when they ran out of ammunition and food after three days' fighting, they surrendered. He was imprisoned at a prisoner of war camp at a fort in Lille and afterwards in Minden, Germany.

After the war, he completed a Master's degree in French at the University of Wales in Bangor, and received a doctorate in Latin and French from the Sorbonne in 1926. He became a lecturer, then a Professor of French at the University College Southampton. He later took the position of Professor of French, and was promoted within the university administration as Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Pro Vice-Chancellor, at the University of Sheffield.

During World War II, he briefed behind the lines operatives and was listed in The Black Book of key people to be arrested upon a successful Nazi invasion of Britain.

He published a Handbook of French Renaissance Dramatic Theory in 1950, and Poems, Selected with Introduction and Notes (on the work of Joachim du Bellay) in 1961.

In 1999, Lawton received the Legion of Honour of the French Republic, honouring his services in the First World War.

He died on 24 December 2005 at the age of 106.

Selected publications

 * Vernacular Literature in Western Europe, in The New Cambridge Modern History, vol. I, The Renaissance, 1493-1520 (1957)

title: Harold Lawton


text:
User talk:RightWingZionistNut

You have been blocked indefinitely for impersonating a user and for edit warring and vandalism. Thank you. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 18:01, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires.

Wikipedia needs you
Hi,. You have helped with a number of articles in the past, but you haven't edited any articles in a while. Could you make some new contributions soon to help make Wikipedia better? I hope you decide to become a more active contributor again. Feel free to drop me a line on my talk page. -- ForteTuba 04:40, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Check out these articles chosen for you, based on your past edits, to help you find articles that need work.

title: User talk:RightWingZionistNut