text:
Concurrent computing

Concurrent computing is a form of computing in which several computations are executed concurrently—during overlapping time periods—instead of sequentially—with one completing before the next starts.

This is a property of a system—whether a program, computer, or a network—where there is a separate execution point or "thread of control" for each process. A concurrent system is one where a computation can advance without waiting for all other computations to complete.

Concurrent computing is a form of modular programming. In its paradigm an overall computation is factored into subcomputations that may be executed concurrently. Pioneers in the field of concurrent computing include Edsger Dijkstra, Per Brinch Hansen, and C.A.R. Hoare.

Introduction
The concept of concurrent computing is frequently confused with the related but distinct concept of parallel computing, although both can be described as "multiple processes executing during the same period of time". In parallel computing, execution occurs at the same physical instant: for example, on separate processors of a multi-processor machine, with the goal of speeding up computations—parallel computing is impossible on a (one-core) single processor, as only one computation can occur at any instant (during any single clock cycle). By contrast, concurrent computing consists of process lifetimes overlapping, but execution need not happen at the same instant. The goal here is to model processes in the outside world that happen concurrently, such as multiple clients accessing a server at the same time. Structuring software systems as composed of multiple concurrent, communicating parts can be useful for tackling complexity, regardless of whether the parts can be executed in parallel.

For example, concurrent processes can be executed on one core by interleaving the execution steps of each process via time-sharing slices: only one process runs at a time, and if it does not complete during its time slice, it is paused, another process begins or resumes, and then later the original process is resumed. In this way, multiple processes are part-way through execution at a single instant, but only one process is being executed at that instant.

Concurrent computations may be executed in parallel, for example, by assigning each process to a separate processor or processor core, or distributing a computation across a network.

The exact timing of when tasks in a concurrent system are executed depends on the scheduling, and tasks need not always be executed concurrently. For example, given two tasks, T1 and T2:

 * T1 may be executed and finished before T2 or vice versa (serial and sequential)
 * T1 and T2 may be executed alternately (serial and concurrent)
 * T1 and T2 may be executed simultaneously at the same instant of time (parallel and concurrent)

The word "sequential" is used as an antonym for both "concurrent" and "parallel"; when these are explicitly distinguished, concurrent/sequential and parallel/serial are used as opposing pairs. A schedule in which tasks execute one at a time (serially, no parallelism), without interleaving (sequentially, no concurrency: no task begins until the prior task ends) is called a serial schedule. A set of tasks that can be scheduled serially is serializable, which simplifies concurrency control.

Coordinating access to shared resources
The main challenge in designing concurrent programs is concurrency control: ensuring the correct sequencing of the interactions or communications between different computational executions, and coordinating access to resources that are shared among executions. Potential problems include race conditions, deadlocks, and resource starvation. For example, consider the following algorithm to make withdrawals from a checking account represented by the shared resource :

Suppose, and two concurrent threads make the calls   and. If line 3 in both operations executes before line 5 both operations will find that  evaluates to , and execution will proceed to subtracting the withdrawal amount. However, since both processes perform their withdrawals, the total amount withdrawn will end up being more than the original balance. These sorts of problems with shared resources benefit from the use of concurrency control, or non-blocking algorithms.

Advantages
The advantages of concurrent computing include:

 * Increased program throughput—parallel execution of a concurrent program allows the number of tasks completed in a given time to increase proportionally to the number of processors according to Gustafson's law
 * High responsiveness for input/output—input/output-intensive programs mostly wait for input or output operations to complete. Concurrent programming allows the time that would be spent waiting to be used for another task.
 * More appropriate program structure—some problems and problem domains are well-suited to representation as concurrent tasks or processes.

Models
Introduced in 1962, Petri nets were an early attempt to codify the rules of concurrent execution. Dataflow theory later built upon these, and Dataflow architectures were created to physically implement the ideas of dataflow theory. Beginning in the late 1970s, process calculi such as Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) and Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) were developed to permit algebraic reasoning about systems composed of interacting components. The π-calculus added the capability for reasoning about dynamic topologies.

Input/output automata were introduced in 1987.

Logics such as Lamport's TLA+, and mathematical models such as traces and Actor event diagrams, have also been developed to describe the behavior of concurrent systems.

Software transactional memory borrows from database theory the concept of atomic transactions and applies them to memory accesses.

Consistency models
Concurrent programming languages and multiprocessor programs must have a consistency model (also known as a memory model). The consistency model defines rules for how operations on computer memory occur and how results are produced.

One of the first consistency models was Leslie Lamport's sequential consistency model. Sequential consistency is the property of a program that its execution produces the same results as a sequential program. Specifically, a program is sequentially consistent if "the results of any execution is the same as if the operations of all the processors were executed in some sequential order, and the operations of each individual processor appear in this sequence in the order specified by its program".

Implementation
A number of different methods can be used to implement concurrent programs, such as implementing each computational execution as an operating system process, or implementing the computational processes as a set of threads within a single operating system process.

Interaction and communication
In some concurrent computing systems, communication between the concurrent components is hidden from the programmer (e.g., by using futures), while in others it must be handled explicitly. Explicit communication can be divided into two classes:

 * Shared memory communication: Concurrent components communicate by altering the contents of shared memory locations (exemplified by Java and C#). This style of concurrent programming usually needs the use of some form of locking (e.g., mutexes, semaphores, or monitors) to coordinate between threads. A program that properly implements any of these is said to be thread-safe.

 * Message passing communication: Concurrent components communicate by exchanging messages (exemplified by MPI, Go, Scala, Erlang and occam). The exchange of messages may be carried out asynchronously, or may use a synchronous "rendezvous" style in which the sender blocks until the message is received. Asynchronous message passing may be reliable or unreliable (sometimes referred to as "send and pray"). Message-passing concurrency tends to be far easier to reason about than shared-memory concurrency, and is typically considered a more robust form of concurrent programming. A wide variety of mathematical theories to understand and analyze message-passing systems are available, including the actor model, and various process calculi. Message passing can be efficiently implemented via symmetric multiprocessing, with or without shared memory cache coherence.

Shared memory and message passing concurrency have different performance characteristics. Typically (although not always), the per-process memory overhead and task switching overhead is lower in a message passing system, but the overhead of message passing is greater than for a procedure call. These differences are often overwhelmed by other performance factors.

History
Concurrent computing developed out of earlier work on railroads and telegraphy, from the 19th and early 20th century, and some terms date to this period, such as semaphores. These arose to address the question of how to handle multiple trains on the same railroad system (avoiding collisions and maximizing efficiency) and how to handle multiple transmissions over a given set of wires (improving efficiency), such as via time-division multiplexing (1870s).

The academic study of concurrent algorithms started in the 1960s, with credited with being the first paper in this field, identifying and solving mutual exclusion.

Prevalence
Concurrency is pervasive in computing, occurring from low-level hardware on a single chip to worldwide networks. Examples follow.

At the programming language level:
 * Channel
 * Coroutine
 * Futures and promises

At the operating system level:
 * Computer multitasking, including both cooperative multitasking and preemptive multitasking
 * Time-sharing, which replaced sequential batch processing of jobs with concurrent use of a system
 * Process
 * Thread

At the network level, networked systems are generally concurrent by their nature, as they consist of separate devices.

Languages supporting concurrent programming
Concurrent programming languages are programming languages that use language constructs for concurrency. These constructs may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory) or futures and promises. Such languages are sometimes described as concurrency-oriented languages or concurrency-oriented programming languages (COPL).

Today, the most commonly used programming languages that have specific constructs for concurrency are Java and C#. Both of these languages fundamentally use a shared-memory concurrency model, with locking provided by monitors (although message-passing models can and have been implemented on top of the underlying shared-memory model). Of the languages that use a message-passing concurrency model, Erlang is probably the most widely used in industry at present.

Many concurrent programming languages have been developed more as research languages (e.g. Pict) rather than as languages for production use. However, languages such as Erlang, Limbo, and occam have seen industrial use at various times in the last 20 years. A non-exhaustive list of languages which use or provide concurrent programming facilities:

 * Ada—general purpose, with native support for message passing and monitor based concurrency
 * Alef—concurrent, with threads and message passing, for system programming in early versions of Plan 9 from Bell Labs
 * Alice—extension to Standard ML, adds support for concurrency via futures
 * Ateji PX—extension to Java with parallel primitives inspired from π-calculus
 * Axum—domain specific, concurrent, based on actor model and .NET Common Language Runtime using a C-like syntax
 * BMDFM—Binary Modular DataFlow Machine
 * C++—thread and coroutine support libraries
 * Cω (C omega)—for research, extends C#, uses asynchronous communication
 * C#—supports concurrent computing using lock, yield, also since version 5.0 async and await keywords introduced
 * Clojure—modern, functional dialect of Lisp on the Java platform
 * Concurrent Clean—functional programming, similar to Haskell
 * Concurrent Collections (CnC)—Achieves implicit parallelism independent of memory model by explicitly defining flow of data and control
 * Concurrent Haskell—lazy, pure functional language operating concurrent processes on shared memory
 * Concurrent ML—concurrent extension of Standard ML
 * Concurrent Pascal—by Per Brinch Hansen
 * Curry
 * D—multi-paradigm system programming language with explicit support for concurrent programming (actor model)
 * E—uses promises to preclude deadlocks
 * ECMAScript—uses promises for asynchronous operations
 * Eiffel—through its SCOOP mechanism based on the concepts of Design by Contract
 * Elixir—dynamic and functional meta-programming aware language running on the Erlang VM.
 * Erlang—uses synchronous or asynchronous message passing with no shared memory
 * FAUST—real-time functional, for signal processing, compiler provides automatic parallelization via OpenMP or a specific work-stealing scheduler
 * Fortran—coarrays and do concurrent are part of Fortran 2008 standard
 * Go—for system programming, with a concurrent programming model based on CSP
 * Haskell—concurrent, and parallel functional programming language
 * Hume—functional, concurrent, for bounded space and time environments where automata processes are described by synchronous channels patterns and message passing
 * Io—actor-based concurrency
 * Janus—features distinct askers and tellers to logical variables, bag channels; is purely declarative
 * Java—thread class or Runnable interface
 * Julia—"concurrent programming primitives: Tasks, async-wait, Channels."
 * JavaScript—via web workers, in a browser environment, promises, and callbacks.
 * JoCaml—concurrent and distributed channel based, extension of OCaml, implements the join-calculus of processes
 * Join Java—concurrent, based on Java language
 * Joule—dataflow-based, communicates by message passing
 * Joyce—concurrent, teaching, built on Concurrent Pascal with features from CSP by Per Brinch Hansen
 * LabVIEW—graphical, dataflow, functions are nodes in a graph, data is wires between the nodes; includes object-oriented language
 * Limbo—relative of Alef, for system programming in Inferno (operating system)
 * Locomotive BASIC—Amstrad variant of BASIC contains EVERY and AFTER commands for concurrent subroutines
 * MultiLisp—Scheme variant extended to support parallelism
 * Modula-2—for system programming, by N. Wirth as a successor to Pascal with native support for coroutines
 * Modula-3—modern member of Algol family with extensive support for threads, mutexes, condition variables
 * Newsqueak—for research, with channels as first-class values; predecessor of Alef
 * occam—influenced heavily by communicating sequential processes (CSP)
 * occam-π—a modern variant of occam, which incorporates ideas from Milner's π-calculus
 * Orc—heavily concurrent, nondeterministic, based on Kleene algebra
 * Oz-Mozart—multiparadigm, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures
 * ParaSail—object-oriented, parallel, free of pointers, race conditions
 * Pict—essentially an executable implementation of Milner's π-calculus
 * Raku includes classes for threads, promises and channels by default
 * Python — uses thread-based parallelism and process-based parallelism
 * Reia—uses asynchronous message passing between shared-nothing objects
 * Red/System—for system programming, based on Rebol
 * Rust—for system programming, using message-passing with move semantics, shared immutable memory, and shared mutable memory.
 * Scala—general purpose, designed to express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and type-safe way
 * SequenceL—general purpose functional, main design objectives are ease of programming, code clarity-readability, and automatic parallelization for performance on multicore hardware, and provably free of race conditions
 * SR—for research
 * SuperPascal—concurrent, for teaching, built on Concurrent Pascal and Joyce by Per Brinch Hansen
 * Swift—built-in support for writing asynchronous and parallel code in a structured way
 * Unicon—for research
 * TNSDL—for developing telecommunication exchanges, uses asynchronous message passing
 * VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL)—IEEE STD-1076
 * XC—concurrency-extended subset of C language developed by XMOS, based on communicating sequential processes, built-in constructs for programmable I/O

Many other languages provide support for concurrency in the form of libraries, at levels roughly comparable with the above list.

title: Concurrent computing


text:
Abbeystead

Abbeystead is a small hamlet located in the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, in Lancashire, England. Abbeystead lies close to the Trough of Bowland but even in medieval times, was considered part of Wyresdale rather than within the domain of that powerful local magnate, the Lord of Bowland, so-called Lord of the Fells. Abbeystead is located in the civil and ecclesiastical parish of Over Wyresdale.

History
Little is known of the history of Abbeystead before the Norman Conquest, except that it was occupied from at least the middle of the prehistoric period.

Name
The name is derived from "the site of the abbey" and relates to the short-lived presence of a house of Cistercian monks from Furness Abbey between c.1192 and 1204. One tradition sites the monks' house just below the junction of the Marshaw Wyre and the Tarnbrook Wyre, on the north side of the reservoir. Another places it around the site of the primary school.

Structures
Notable buildings in the Abbeystead area include: Cawthorne's Endowed School, founded 1674, rebuilt on its original site in 1877; Home Farm opposite, dated at 1891; Abbeystead House, built in 1886 for the 4th Earl of Sefton, Stoops Bridge Cottage, built in 1674 to house the schoolmaster, rebuilt in 1841, and the attached schoolroom, which now houses the Abbeystead Estate Office, which housed the school from 1841 to 1877. Records trace the chapel to the west of Abbeystead back to the 14th century. The church was rebuilt in 1733, with a spire, buttresses to the tower, new windows, a vestry and new sanctuary added during restoration in 1894, at which time benches replaced pews and the west end musicians' gallery was removed.

The Abbeystead Reservoir was built in 1855 by Lancaster Corporation to supply mills lower down the River Wyre in the dry season. Although the reservoir is no longer in service it still features a curved overflow weir visible from the footpath. The reservoir marks the eastern terminus of the Wyre Way.

Abbeystead disaster
On 23 May 1984, 44 people were attending a presentation at a newly built valve house at the outfall end of the Lune/Wyre Transfer Scheme in Abbeystead when an explosion occurred in the building. A total of 16 people were killed and 22 injured, some severely. The event had been organised to demonstrate how winter flooding in the lower Wyre Valley could be managed. An official inquiry into the disaster concluded that methane from coal deposits had built up in an empty pipe. It was released by the sudden pressure of water from the pumps as they were switched on. The cause of ignition has never been determined.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Abbeystead


text:
User talk:Lawtoo3

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Lawtoo3! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely,  Acetic Acid  ( talk  ) 07:11, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Images listed for deletion
Just a note. I've listed Image:Qslogo.jpg and Image:Qsheader.jpg for deletion. If you don't know, the Quick Study article was deleted. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 15:53, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Right Way Poster.gif
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 04:40, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Nomination of Joan (film) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Joan (film) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Joan (film) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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Nomination of Life (2007 film) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Life (2007 film) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Life (2007 film) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Tyw7 (🗣 Talk) — If (reply) then (ping me) 19:44, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lawtoo3


text:
Talk:Andy Bechtolsheim

Google investment?
the google history page http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html mentions Mr. Bechtolsheim's initial investment at $100,000 while here it says $200,000.

The Forbes article states: "German-born electrical engineer invested $200,000 in a quirky search engine in 1998. Google returned the favor—and $1.5... " Ray3055 (talk)

 * More recent Forbes articles say $100K. I think the confusion was because Dave also invested the same, for a total of $200K between the two of them. Should be clarified now. W Nowicki (talk) 16:34, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

Jewish
somone keeps vandalizing and taking off the fact that he was a jewish immigrant sourced correctly. Ill try to get to the bottom fo this. Wikipedian style :). http://www.jstandard.com/articles/2402/1/The-Story-of-Sergey-Brin

and

http://web.archive.org/web/20070319204310/http://www.jstandard.com/articles/2402/1/The-Story-of-Sergey-Brin

hmm interesting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mercury888 (talk • contribs) 09:12, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * If the source article was changed, that would imply they originally got it wrong and later corrected themselves. If the current version of the article does not say that he is Jewish, there would seem to be two ways to interpret this: the later version is the correct one; or, the article is inconsistent with itself and thus neither version is a reliable source. By either interpretation, this source is not usable to support saying that he is Jewish in the article.
 * It's also worth noting that in the article's edit history, an editor says in the first person "I am not of Jewish descent." By WP rules this comment is not itself a valid source, but it's a reminder that WP:BLP should be carefully considered.--NapoliRoma (talk) 14:26, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Here's an easy solution: don't say either that he is Jewish, or that he is not, at least until/unless a 100% RS is found. For myself, I'd trust the current version of the New Jersey Jewish Standard article over the old one.
 * FWIW, the "I am not Jewish" edits came from user 75.104.166.162, which is hosted by WildBlue, a Satellite-based ISP. Cheers, CWC 07:30, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Birthday
In the de.wikipedia he's born *1956. In en.wikipedia he's born *1955 and below his picture his birthday is June 15, 1950 (1950-06-15) (age 58). Who's right??! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.61.45.83 (talk) 22:03, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The German Wikipedia article says 1955, perhaps from the Stern article in the links. I do not speak German but it just says 1955. So would feel better if we cited a source for the birthdate! W Nowicki (talk) 17:12, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

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Abbeytown

Abbeytown, also known as Holme Abbey, is a village and civil parish in the Allerdale borough of Cumbria, England.

The name Abbeytown dates to the mid-17th century (The Towne of the Abbey, Abbey Towne; Abbeytown from mid-18th century) and is named after the Holmcultram Abbey founded in the 12th century.

The population of the civil parish as of the 2011 census was 819. It is located five-and-a-half miles south-east of Silloth, and six-and-a-half miles north-west of Wigton. The civil parish borders Holme Low to the north, Holme East Waver and Dundraw to the east, Bromfield to the south, and Holme St Cuthbert to the west. The county town of Carlisle is eighteen miles to the north-east. Other nearby settlements include Foulsyke, Highlaws, Kelsick, Mawbray, Pelutho, and Wheyrigg. The B5302 road runs through the village.

Historically a part of Cumberland, Abbeytown was built around the former Cistercian Holmcultram Abbey, the nave of the church of which now serves the parish as St Mary's Church. On 9 June 2006 the church was set alight in an arson attack which devastated its roof parts of which had been in situ since it was erected 900 years ago. The church has since been restored, and fully reopened in September 2015.

The Village also has a recreational field, which regularly hosts football matches from around the Allerdale district. The recreational field was constructed in 2012, with the demolition of the former standing structural foundation making way for a new field. A designated area within this field houses the children's play park. As of 2015 Abbeytown Archers have set up their club at the recreational field, and outdoor shooting takes place on Monday evenings, with indoor shooting held in the Holm Cultram C of E school, also on Mondays. The village is located on the main Wigton to Silloth road and has a pub and a shop.

Many buildings in the village date from the medieval period, especially those associated with the former abbey. Others are Victorian, when much of the village was concerned with the railway line to Silloth, and, more recently, a large number of houses were built at "Friars Garth".

The village is located on the edge of the Solway Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and the Cumbria Coastal Way passes through the village.

Governance
Abbeytown is part of the parliamentary constituency of Workington. In the December 2019 general election, the Tory candidate for Workington, Mark Jenkinson, was elected the MP, overturning a 9.4 per cent Labour majority from the 2017 election to eject shadow environment secretary Sue Hayman by a margin of 4,136 votes. Until the December 2019 general election The Labour Party has won the seat in the constituency in every general election since 1979.The Conservative Party has only been elected once in Workington since World War II, at the 1976 by-election.

Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

Nuclear disposal site
In June 2012, it became clear that the Solway Plain between Silloth, Abbeytown and Westnewton has been identified as a potential site for a Geological Disposal Facility for the UK's high level nuclear waste. Two other sites have also been identified – Eskdale and Ennerdale – both of these are within the Lake District National Park. The Solway Plain was not named by the Managing Radioactive Waste Safely (MRWS) Partnership, rather they referred to the 'Low permeability sedimentary rocks associated with the Mercia Mudstone Group (MMG)'. This was in (publicly available) document 285 of the West Cumbria MRWS in a report written by Dr Dearlove, the consultant geologist recruited by MRWS. In 2013, Cumbria County Council withdrew from the MRWS process. Though Allerdale Borough Council and Copeland Borough Council wished to proceed, the Department of Energy and Climate Change closed the site selection process in west Cumbria.

title: Abbeytown


text:
Talk:Martuthunira language

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Darryl White

Darryl White (born 12 June 1973) is an Australian rules footballer whose career with the Brisbane Bears and Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League (AFL) lasted from 1992 to 2005.

An Indigenous Australian, in 2005 he was named at fullback in the Australian rules football Indigenous Team of the Century.

Beyond his AFL career, White continues to be involved in football, having forged one of the most successful careers of any Australian rules footballer, with six premierships across three competitions (AFL, NTAFL and QSL). He is an indigenous role model for many aboriginal Australians.

Early career
White, who is of Indigenous Australian (Arrernte) descent, grew up in Alice Springs in central Australia, playing junior football for the Pioneer Football Club. Like many of his peers, he had a difficult adolescence, but he had a natural talent for football. In 1990, he represented the Northern Territory at the Teal Cup under-17 national football carnival held in Brisbane, where he came to the attention of Brisbane Bears coach Robert Walls and his football manager Scott Clayton. Impressed with his clean ball-handling skills, his leap, and his ability to play tall, the Bears drafted him at the end of the season with a priority draft pick from their Queensland–Northern Territory recruiting zone.

AFL career
Despite initial reluctance to move to the Bears—a club which, in White's words, "only won two games a year" —the future football star was persuaded to give the club a chance (turning up to his first training session in a purple LA Lakers singlet and bouncing a basketball). He found the transition from Alice Springs football to training under strict disciplinarian Walls difficult once there; for example, on one occasion during an 8 km cycle up a mountain, he hurled his bike off a cliff, telling his coach he'd come to play football, not ride bikes.

His first season of football was an announcement of a rare talent, leading the Brownlow Medal count after three rounds with two best-on-ground performances and kicking the official goal of the year with his first-ever goal. However, White suffered continual problems with homesickness. At the end of the season, he immediately returned to Alice Springs and did not return for the start of pre-season training a month later. When Walls telephoned him to ask him if he was coming back, the response was: "I'm really busy—call me again in a couple of weeks."

White soon became a crowd favourite, with a marking ability well beyond that which his height would normally allow. Fans grew to instantly recognise his loping running style, his casual but pinpoint foot passing, and his idiosyncratic pose after a mark, holding the ball aloft on its point as if to show the world he'd caught it. He even found citywide fame when a photo of a spectacular White mark was published on the cover of the 1996 Brisbane White Pages telephone directory (a marketing coup for the struggling club).

White's vertical jump allowed his coaches to take advantage of his flexibility by positioning him in a variety of key positions—even, when injuries to teammates demanded it, the ruck. White's opponents were often much taller and stronger, but his leap and flexibility allowed him to hold his own in such contests.

White survived the 1996 merger between Fitzroy and the Bears which formed the Brisbane Lions, and was an integral member of its first premiership victory in 2001 playing off half-back. He also played in the Lions' flag wins in 2002 and 2003, as well as its Grand Final loss in 2004.

By 1996, White had become an inspiration to other indigenous players, especially those from his former home of the Northern Territory. On one occasion, he even found himself approached by a young indigenous player from a rival club immediately after a match who asked him to pose for a photograph with him before leaving the ground. His progression from erratic youth to responsible adult had been guided by mentor and former teammate, fellow aborigine Michael McLean. A trip to South Africa in 1997 and a 36-hour gaol term for assault in the same year (later overturned on appeal) opened his eyes to what his life could have been. "I used to be out stealing handbags," he said in 2001. "I was just starting to get into bigger and better stuff. Back then, I was stealing BMWs. Luckily I got caught and got sent away for six months in [a] juvenile detention centre in Perth. Look at me now, it's all changed."

In 2005, he was named captain of the Indigenous All-Stars, an all-Aboriginal team, selected to play the Western Bulldogs in Darwin that February. White was devastated when he ruptured a thumb ligament at Lions training in the weeks before the game and was unable to play. Desperate to play a part, he flew in for the occasion and acted as the team's runner during the game.

However, in 2003 and 2004, his form had been patchy, spending an increasing amount of time in the club's seconds side, and at the end of each season there was increasing speculation that he would retire. The Lions continued to show their loyalty to the player who had served them so well and re-signed him for the 2005 season, but he added only ten games to his career tally. In the second-last home-and-away game of that season, with the Lions struggling to make the finals, White played in the seconds and kicked nine goals, ensuring his recall for one last game. The Lions were thrashed by St Kilda by a record 139 points in Melbourne in a disappointing finish to a spectacular and entertaining career.

In the last quarter of his final game, White fielded a mark at half-forward and held it skyward in trademark fashion. He then drilled a no-look pass forward to Jared Brennan, a player who had idolised White as a boy. Brennan goaled. White's bewildered teammates flocked around him to offer congratulations. After the siren, he was carried from the ground by indigenous teammates Chris Johnson and Ash McGrath, signifying the respect in which he had been held by his community.

White's contribution to football and his community was recognised in 2005 when he was named at full-back in the Indigenous Team of the Century, alongside premiership teammate Johnson and former mentor McLean. His Brisbane captain, Michael Voss, said that it was important that White be kept involved in football. "He has taught me a lot and helped me try to understand their indigenous culture. He will leave the game with a lot of respect from his teammates and fellow players."

Statistics

! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1992 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2001 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2002 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2003 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005 ! colspan=3| Career ! 268 ! 165 ! 77 ! 2163 ! 1353 ! 3516 ! 1150 ! 455 ! 0.6 ! 0.3 ! 8.1 ! 5.0 ! 13.1 ! 4.3 ! 1.7
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 29 || 19 || 17 || 8 || 155 || 122 || 277 || 68 || 30 || 0.9 || 0.4 || 8.2 || 6.4 || 14.6 || 3.6 || 1.6
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 29 || 12 || 13 || 4 || 72 || 67 || 139 || 37 || 25 || 1.1 || 0.3 || 6.0 || 5.6 || 11.6 || 3.1 || 2.1
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 15 || 10 || 6 || 93 || 91 || 184 || 56 || 20 || 0.7 || 0.4 || 6.2 || 6.1 || 12.3 || 3.7 || 1.3
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 22 || 29 || 17 || 169 || 122 || 291 || 100 || 39 || 1.3 || 0.8 || 7.7 || 5.5 || 13.2 || 4.5 || 1.8
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 22 || 37 || 11 || 194 || 111 || 305 || 87 || 40 || 1.7 || 0.5 || 8.8 || 5.0 || 13.9 || 4.0 || 1.8
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 19 || 3 || 5 || 164 || 92 || 256 || 76 || 46 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 8.6 || 4.8 || 13.5 || 4.0 || 2.4
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 22 || 19 || 9 || 202 || 121 || 323 || 100 || 40 || 0.9 || 0.4 || 9.2 || 5.5 || 14.7 || 4.5 || 1.8
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 25 || 14 || 9 || 240 || 112 || 352 || 129 || 46 || 0.6 || 0.4 || 9.6 || 4.5 || 14.1 || 5.2 || 1.8
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 23 || 3 || 0 || 212 || 114 || 326 || 106 || 41 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 9.2 || 5.0 || 14.2 || 4.6 || 1.8
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 22 || 1 || 1 || 210 || 130 || 340 || 115 || 31 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 9.5 || 5.9 || 15.5 || 5.2 || 1.4
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 21 || 11 || 3 || 130 || 83 || 213 || 86 || 39 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 6.2 || 4.0 || 10.1 || 4.1 || 1.9
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 21 || 5 || 2 || 150 || 88 || 238 || 96 || 25 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 7.1 || 4.2 || 11.3 || 4.6 || 1.2
 * - style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 15 || 0 || 1 || 103 || 62 || 165 || 52 || 17 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 6.9 || 4.1 || 11.0 || 3.5 || 1.3
 * style="text-align:center;"|
 * 33 || 10 || 3 || 1 || 69 || 38 || 107 || 42 || 16 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 6.9 || 3.8 || 10.7 || 4.2 || 1.6
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * }

Post AFL career
In the 2005/06 NTFL Season, White played for the Darwin Football Club, playing in a premiership team. In 2006/07, he switched to the Southern Districts Football Club, where he followed up with another NTFL premiership.

In 2007, he moved back to Queensland, where he played in a premiership with the Queensland State League's Mount Gravatt Football Club, making it his sixth premiership across three competitions (AFL, NTAFL and QSL).

White is a passionate supporter of indigenous education. In 2008 he accepted an appointment as Indigenous Support Officer at Marist College Ashgrove, where he will assist indigenous Marist students achieve their goals.

In 2011, White played for Nyah-Nyah West in the Central Murray Football League in northern Victoria. He joined St Mary's in the 2011/12 NTFL season. In December 2011, White was temporarily deregistered for life from playing football under the Player Deregistration Policy, after a one match suspension for striking brought his career total suspensions to sixteen weeks – the threshold for deregistration. White appealed for re-registration, and the ban was overturned on 23 January 2012, with White permitted to return to playing, but additionally required to engage in community work and mentoring. He continued with Nyah-Nyah West until 2014, and played the 2014/15 NTFL season with Darwin before retiring at age 41 after 26 years of senior football.

His son Darryl McDowell-White is also a Brisbane Lion after being drafted by the Brisbane Lions as a category B rookie in November 2022, having previously played a stint in college basketball in the USA.

His other son William McDowell-White is a professional basketball player, who currently plays for the New Zealand Breakers, and has played for the Sydney Kings, Houston Rockets, and also in Germany.

title: Darryl White


text:
Talk:Seri language

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): RavenIM.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:59, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

GA
This article needs expansion in many parts, for example the intro, Classification, The name of the language, Morphology and the rest need references directly cited if possible please, these problems if addressed a possible pass, thank you. Lakers 04:31, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Sections (morphology, grammar)
From a quick glance, there is something wrong with the organisation of the article with regard to the sections called "Morphology" and "Grammar". In itself this is incoherent since morphology forms part of grammar. It might be that "Syntax" should simply replace "Grammar" in the second of these, but then it might be necessary to redistribute the subsections depending on which of these headings each subsection really fits under. Perhaps another option to consider would be to merge both sections (i.e. "Morphology" and "Grammar" as they now are) into a single section called "Grammar". That would obviate the problem I just referred to. It would also bring the article in line with many other short sketches of languages in Wikipedia where there is just a section called "Grammar". A R King (talk) 17:02, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

COI tag (August 2021)
Several references by Stephen A. Marlett added by a User:Stevemarlett   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 18:09, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

 * If you DDG him, he's a linguist working with Seri... and should be welcome! - Francis Tyers · 14:43, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seri language


text:
Cater 2 U

"Cater 2 U" is a song recorded by American group Destiny's Child for their fifth and final studio album Destiny Fulfilled (2004). The song was written by group members Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams along with Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, Ricky "Ric Rude" Lewis and Robert Waller, with Beyoncé, Rude and Jerkins handling its production. An R&B ballad talking about a woman's desire to cater to the male love interest of her life, "Cater 2 U" contains synthesizers in its instrumentation. A lawsuit filled by singer-songwriter Rickey Allen in 2006 claimed the group only recorded a cover of the song, which was originally his; however, the case was settled in 2009.

"Cater 2 U" was released as the fourth and final single from Destiny Fulfilled on June 7, 2005, by Columbia Records and Sony Urban Music. It received mixed reviews from music critics who, despite generally praising its composition and the group members' vocal performances, criticized the lyrical content. The song was nominated in two categories at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards (2006) and received an award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Group, Band or Duo at the 2006 Soul Train Music Awards. Commercially, it peaked at number 14 on the US Billboard Hot 100, being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Jake Nava and filmed at the Red Rock Canyon State Park in California. It features the trio at a desert, with each member singing at a separate set and later a choreographed dance during the chorus. To further promote "Cater 2 U", Destiny's Child performed the song during several televised appearances and at the 2005 BET Awards. In addition, "Cater 2 U" was added to the set list of Destiny's Child's final tour Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It (2005). Both Beyoncé and Kelly Rowland performed the song during their solo tours after Destiny's Child's disbandment. A cover version of "Cater 2 U" was performed by Usher and Babyface at the 2005 World Music Awards as a tribute to the group, due to their disbandment.

Writing and production
"Cater 2 U" was written by Destiny's Child members Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams, along with Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, Ricky "Ric Rude" Lewis and Robert Waller. The production was handled by Beyoncé, Rude and Jerkins, with the group members also serving as the vocal producers. The song was recorded in 2004 at Sony Music Studios in New York City with guidance from Jeff Villanueva and Jim Caruna. The audio mixing was done by Tony Maserati while the mastering was finished by Tom Coyne.

Music and lyrics
"Cater 2 U" is a four-minute long R&B ballad. According to the sheet music published on the website Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, "Cater 2 U" was composed using common time in the key of D major with a slow tempo of 63 beats per minute. The vocal elements span from A3 to B4. Instrumentally it consists of silky synthesizers "slink[ing] and slurp[ing]" throughout, creating a seductive feel as stated by Dimitri Ehlrich of Vibe and writers of Billboard magazine. As the song progresses, it builds to a symphonic crescendo.

Lyrically, "Cater 2 U" talks about females wanting to submissively serve their male love interests and take care of them as they admire their hard work and are inspired by them. The trio further sings about the men of their lives and the way in which they will take care of them. "Cater 2 U" was written as a continuation on the previous song on Destiny Fulfilled, "Soldier"; after the trio sings about finding a suitable lover in the aforementioned song, they express a will to cater to him in "Cater 2 U". In the second edition of the book Introducing Cultural Studies, the authors argued that the song contained lyrics about objectification of women, which suggested that their gender role was to "'keep herself up', 'keep it right', 'cater to' their man by providing him with his dinner, a foot rub, a manicure, fetching his slippers, and much more, on demand". An editor writing in The Times of India found a theme of feminine assertiveness in "Cater 2 U"; he noted that "the women come off not so much as lovers as full-service romantic servants". J. Freedom du Lac, a staff writer of The Washington Post wrote that the song's theme was supplication.

Beyoncé opens the song listing the things she would do for her man during her verses: brush his hair, take his shoes off, give him a manicure, rub his feet, help him put his do-rag on, undo his cufflinks. She also sings the lines "Let me feed you, let me run your bath water, whatever you desire" after the things she had previously listed. Rowland was noted for nearly rapping her solo part during which she promises to "keep my figure right," "keep my hair fixed" and acknowledges that if her man comes later home while she's asleep, "all he's gotta do is tap her on the shoulder and 'I'll roll over.'" Williams sings her solo verses during the song's bridge.

During an interview with MTV News, Beyoncé spoke about the meaning of the song: "It basically talks about how a guy inspires you... You want to make him happy and you want to cater to him. I know it's going to be surprising to a lot of people that the independent survivors are being submissive to their man, but it's important that people know that, you know, it's fine if your man deserves it and gives that back to you."

Release
"Cater 2 U" was released as the fourth and final single from Destiny Fulfilled by Columbia Records and Sony Urban Music. It was added to contemporary hit radio in the United States on June 7, 2005, and was released in the country as an extended play (EP) consisting of the original version of the song along with four remixes on June 14, 2005. On July 19, another EP was released, containing the original version and six remixes. An EP was also released in Italy on July 25. "Cater 2 U" was later included Destiny's Child's compilation albums #1's (2005) and Love Songs (2013).

Critical reception
Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly noted the song was one of Destiny Fulfilled's "nice bits here and there", adding, "the pillow-talky pandering of 'Cater 2 U' ... is hard to resist." AllMusic's writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine included "Cater 2 U" as one of the highlights on the album. Slant Magazine writer Eric Henderson opined: "But just about the only element of the whole album that really sticks is the Laura Bush-worthy domestic complacency of 'Cater 2 U,' in which the trio espouses their joy in total submission." Dimitri Ehrlich from Vibe found that "the sexy trio is far more believable on the seductive R&B ballad 'Cater 2 U,' in which they set the feminist movement back more than a century over the course of four minutes". Andy Battaglia writing for The A.V. Club felt that the song and "Soldier" "make sassy end-runs around notions of womanly subservience, but their best musical moments hide in tiny melismatic twirls instead of hooks". The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan wrote that "Cater 2 U" was one of the songs that showcased "the girliness in the trio, musically and lyrically". In a review of Love Songs (2013), Amanda Koellner from the website Consequence of Sound described "Cater 2 U" as a "sleek" album opener. Thomas Inskeep of Stylus Magazine hailed the song "sexy" while USA Today's Elysa Gardner felt it was more "gently sensuous". Rebecca Thomas from MTV News felt that the song differentiated from the trio's other material and added: "While the Third Wave set may have side-eyed the gushy ballad, male fans eagerly welcomed [it]".

The lyrics of the song were criticized with BBC's Nick Reynolds saying that although the group "reinvent[ed] themselves as domestic goddesses for some lucky man", the song was neither convincing nor good. He further opined "I thought they were supposed to be independent women?!", juxtaposing it with the group's earlier song "Independent Women" (2000). Jenny Eliscu of Rolling Stone echoed his statements, writing: "Jerkins should hang his head in shame for having a hand in the maudlin 'Cater 2 U,' a saccharine tune about how low Knowles, Rowland and Williams will stoop to prove their devotion to their man ... Since when did these independent women become so craven?". Sean Fennessey of Pitchfork Media also stated that "their swan song of sorts ... completely defies the winking empowerment most of their greatest jams provided". He further described the production as "milky and slight", the chorus as "limp" and the song overally as "a Prince mock-up of the worst kind". Jess Harvell of the same website offered similar criticism: "[The song] reneged on everything early DC stood for in a parade of kept-wifey pleas". Alex MacPherson of Stylus Magazine dismissed the sincerity of the lyrics, classifying "Cater 2 U" as a "queasy" song. Neil McCormick from The Daily Telegraph panned it as "cringe inducing, with lots of sensuous moaning". Barbara Ellen of The Observer wrote: "I thought this was the kind of song bands recorded by mistake then hid guiltily in the attic".

Accolades
At the 48th Annual Grammy Awards (2006), "Cater 2 U" was nominated in two categories, Best R&B Song and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, ultimately losing in both. The song won an award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Group, Band or Duo at the 2006 Soul Train Music Awards. It was one of the Award Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs at the 2006 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards.

In 2013, Lindsey Weber from the website Vulture listed "Cater 2 U" at number seven on her list of the 25 best songs by Destiny's Child. Weber went on to describe it as "probably the least feminist song" of the band's material, but "the best song ever to lyrically use the phrase 'run your bathwater'" and hailed Williams for her contribution during the bridge. For Beyoncé's 32nd birthday, Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of Billboard included "Cater 2 U" at number 25 on the list "Beyonce's 30 Biggest Billboard Hits".

Commercial performance
In the United States, the song debuted at number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 dated April 30, 2005. In its fifth week, it ascended to number 83 on May 28. After several weeks of ascending the chart, "Cater 2 U" peaked at number 14 for the week ending August 13. On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, the song entered the top ten at number six in its 19th week, on July 9. It became the group's fourth top-ten single from Destiny Fulfilled and the group's 12th top-ten song overall. On the chart issue dated July 30, "Cater 2 U" climbed from number four to number three, which became its peak, and stayed there for three additional consecutive weeks. It became the second single from Destiny Fulfilled and the group's seventh overall top-five single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the single gold on December 13, for sales of 500,000 digital copies in the US, while its mastertone was certified platinum on June 14, 2006, for selling 1,000,000 copies.

In the Netherlands, "Cater 2 U" debuted and peaked at number 60 on September 17, 2005. On October 1, "Cater 2 U" debuted at number 20 on the Ultratip chart in the Flanders region of Belgium and moved to its peak position at number 18 the following week, before falling off the chart. It performed better on the same chart in Wallonia, where it peaked at number eight on October 22. In Australia, the song debuted and peaked at number 15 on the ARIA Singles Chart on August 21, and spent six weeks within the chart's top 50. On the New Zealand Singles Chart, "Cater 2 U" debuted at number seven on August 29. It fell to number nine the following week and started gradually descending the chart, last appearing on October 10 at number 40 after seven weeks of charting.

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Cater 2 U" was directed by Jake Nava. It was filmed back-to-back with the video for "Girl" and large parts were filmed at Red Rock Canyon State Park in California. On July 5, 2005, the music video was released via MTV's official website. It was also included on the DualDisc edition of #1's (2005) and the Japanese edition of the DVD Live in Atlanta (2006). In 2013, it was included on the album Destiny's Child Video Anthology, which contained every music video the group had filmed during their career; an image taken from the video of "Cater 2 U" was used as the cover artwork for the DVD.

The video opens with a fast instance of a sun rising in the sky and moves to the girls standing nude together. Each singer is featured in her own desert scene, performing individually during her respective verse; Beyoncé is seen on a diving board next to a swimming pool, Rowland on a deserted road where she dances next to a silver car from which she had previously got out of and Williams on a sunlounger at nighttime. During the chorus, the group members are seen wearing black fishtail evening dresses, performing a choreographed dance routine for the camera and three males who watch them from the side; the men are never filmed in the same shot as Destiny's Child. During the end, each member is seen together with one of their male partners and the video fades away showing the trio nude again as during the beginning. While reviewing the video of "Cater 2 U", Rashaun Hall of MTV News felt that "[the trio] have decided to go au naturale — tastefully, of course". He further concluded that the clip "is all about scenery and the beauty of the trio". In their book Music Video and the Politics of Representation, Diane Railton and Paul Watson felt that the presence of men "seems utterly superfluous to the video's spectacle of female bodies and female pleasures". They further noted that the video's imagery and performance managed to proceed without a reference to its lyrics and elaborated, "Indeed, the abstracted emptiness of its desert spaces, the posed tableaux of the women's bodies and the noticeable lack of attention directed to its male subjects by both the camera and the group, does not simply jar with the lyrical narrative of female subordination but in fact reinforces the image of Destiny's Child as independent women who are in control of their own lives. That is to say, the video (re)establishes an image of women who are in control of their own bodies, their own desires, their relationship with men and their friendships with women."

Live performances
On November 16, 2004, Destiny's Child performed "Cater 2 U" during the Good Morning America broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). They performed it again on December 18 on Saturday Night Live, along with their then-recent single "Soldier". The song was also performed at the 2005 BET Awards in Los Angeles on June 28, 2005. Midway through the performance, for which the members wore form-fitting, floor-length brown gowns, they randomly picked Terrence Howard, Nelly and Magic Johnson from the audience to the stage and performed a lap dance for them. Corey Moss of MTV News felt that their performance was one of the more memorable ones of the night. Emily Tan from the website Idolator noted that the performance was one of the group's best, further writing: "No one expected the girls to get as down and dirty as they did ... But it looked like no one was complaining." Steve Baltin, writing for Rolling Stone, remarked that the group provided "some sizzle". The group gave a live rendition of "Cater 2 U" again on NBC's The Today Show on July 29. A writer for People felt that "Beyoncé shimmies and shakes things up" during the performance. An acoustic version was also performed on MTV during its 2005 Spring Break coverage.

In 2005, "Cater 2 U" was part of the set list of the group's final tour Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It, where they performed it in the same style as during the BET Awards, following the popularity of that performance. During the performance, the trio, dressed in long blue floor-length gowns, called three men from the audience to the stage and performed a choreography similar to a lap dance. In a review of a concert in the United Kingdom, Adenike Adenitire of MTV News felt that the song was suitable to "slow things down", following the previous energetic performances of the show. "Cater 2 U" was included on the track listing of the group's live album Live in Atlanta (2006) chronicling a concert from the tour in that city. Following the group's disbandment, both Beyoncé and Rowland included "Cater 2 U" in the set lists of their respective solo tours. The former performed it as part of a Destiny's Child medley included during The Beyoncé Experience (2007). It was subsequently included in the live DVD The Beyoncé Experience Live (2007), which included a concert filmed at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. Similarly, Rowland performed "Cater 2 U" live during her Lights Out Tour (2013) as part of a segment which included songs by Destiny's Child.

Cover versions
Usher and Babyface performed "Cater 2 U" at the 2005 World Music Awards on August 31 as a tribute to Destiny's Child, due to their disbandment. Byron Flitsch of MTV described their duet as "sensual". In 2009, "Cater 2 U" was referenced in Lil Wayne and Drake's song "My Darlin' Baby".

Controversy
Chicago-based singer-songwriter Rickey Allen pushed allegations that "Cater 2 U" was inspired by a song he had composed with the same title and spelling, which was copyrighted in the mid-1990s and 2000, and performed locally during that time. He claimed he handed over a version to producer Maurice Joshua, who allegedly went on to cover the song with Destiny's Child. Joshua denied his claims, noting that he never held a copy of Allen's song. Allen filed a lawsuit against the group for compensation in a Chicago court in 2006 where the group was due to appear in December 10 for an eight-day trial. However, they managed to avoid any given court dates after their public split and agreed to settle behind closed doors. In early December 2009, it was confirmed by Chicago Sun-Times that the group had reached a settlement with Allen. His attorney Matthew Wildermuth said in a statement: "I can confirm that yes, [the case] did settle. All of the issues have been amicably resolved and the case is going to be dismissed. [Allen is] excited about being able to devote time to pursuing his musical career. All legal terms and agreement will not be released and the case will be dismissed by a judge".

Formats and track listings
Maxi CD single
 * 1) "Cater 2 U" (Album Version) – 4:05
 * 2) "Cater 2 U" (Storch Remix Edit) – 4:06
 * 3) "Cater 2 U" (Grizz to the Club) – 4:24
 * 4) "Cater 2 U" (J. Beck Dance Remix) – 4:01
 * 5) "Girl" (Maurice Joshua "U Go Girl" Remix) – 6:00

Dance mixes EP
 * 1) "Cater 2 U" (Album Version) – 4:05
 * 2) "Cater 2 U" (Grizz to the Club) – 4:22
 * 3) "Cater 2 U" (George Mena & Franke Estevez Dance Mix) – 6:06
 * 4) "Cater 2 U" (J. Beck Dance Remix) – 3:59
 * 5) "Cater 2 U" (J. Beck Club Mix) – 7:18

Remix EP
 * 1) "Cater 2 U" (Storch Remix Edit) – 4:09
 * 2) "Cater 2 U" (Storch Remix) – 5:54
 * 3) "Cater 2 U" (Storch Remix Instrumental) – 6:05
 * 4) "Cater 2 U" (Album Version) – 4:07
 * 5) "Cater 2 U" (Joshua Remix) – 6:42
 * 6) "Cater 2 U" (Grizz to the Club) – 4:23
 * 7) "Cater 2 U" (A cappella) – 3:58

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Destiny Fulfilled.
 * Beyoncé Knowles – lead vocals, vocal production
 * Kelly Rowland – lead vocals, vocal production
 * Michelle Williams – lead vocals, vocal production
 * Jeff Villanueva – recording
 * Jim Caruna – recording
 * Tony Maserati – mixing
 * Tom Coyne – mastering
 * Tim Stewart – guitar

title: Cater 2 U


text:
Epiphanius Slavinetsky

Epifany Slavinetsky (Епифа́ний Славине́цкий) (c. 1600 – 19 November 1675) was an ecclesiastical expert of the Russian Orthodox Church who helped Patriarch Nikon to revise ancient service-books. His actions precipitated the raskol, the great schism of the national church.

Epifany was born in Moscow. In the 1620s, he attended the Kiev Brotherhood School and furthered his education abroad. He was one of the most educated people of his period in Central and Eastern Europe. He came to master Latin, Polish, Ancient Greek and Hebrew. On his return to Kiev, he took monastic vows in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. In the late 1630s, he compiled the first Latin-Church Slavonic lexicon, which he would revise on several occasions.

Upon hearing about Epifany's scholarly expertise, the Imperial Russian Tsar Alexis invited him to correct the ecclesiastical books of Muscovy. Epifany arrived in Moscow in 1649 and visited the Trinity-Sergius monastery the same year. He quickly managed to secure the patronage of the Boyar Boris Morozov and Metropolitan Nikon of Novgorod, who was elected Patriarch a short time later.

Epifany joined the Chudov Monastery in the Moscow Kremlin where he was appointed head of the Patriarchal school and charged with administrating the Printery. He revived the mediaeval tradition of delivering sermons in Russian churches. In the 1650s and early 1660s, he revised the Muscovite service-books and translated Erasmus and Copernicus from Latin. He translated Joannes Löwenklaw's collection of Byzantine law in 1656.

When Nikon fell into disgrace, he gained the support of the scholar, who proved that his deposition was contrary to the laws of the church. He spent his last years translating the Septuagint and the New Testament as commissioned by his patron Fyodor Rtishchev. Epifany died in Moscow in 1675.

title: Epiphanius Slavinetsky


text:
Menangle Park, New South Wales

Menangle Park is a suburb in Sydney the state of New South Wales, Australia. Menangle Park is located 56 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown. Menangle Park is a largely rural area and is part of the Macarthur region.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census, Menangle Park had a population of 257 people, who are mostly Australian born. The area has a particularly high number of people from the Anglican church (41%), over double the proportion of Anglicans nationwide (17%). The median income of $443 per week is lower than the national average ($577).

History
Menangle Park was originally home to the Tharawal people, and it was they who gave the name, transcribed as Manangle or Manhangle, to a small lagoon on the west bank of the Nepean River. The river was important to the Tharawal both for its consistent water supply as well as the fish and yabbies that could be caught there.

When British settler Walter Davidson established a farm on the west side of the river in 1805, he named it Manangle after the lagoon. Another early settler Thomas Taber built Menangle House on the east side of the river, indicating the name was being used to describe the district. The Main South railway line came through in 1863 and stations were established on either side of the river but following a north–south line so that the station in what is now known as Menangle Park was initially called North Menangle.

With the establishment of the Menangle Park Racecourse in 1914, the suburb name became synonymous with the racecourse and only a few years later, the name was officially changed to Menangle Park. In 1920, the land to the east of the station was subdivided into 2.5 acre lots to provide land for returned World War I servicemen. While there has been a push to open the area up for further subdivision since then, this has been resisted by the state government because of concern about the effects such development could have on the water quality of the Nepean.

Heritage listings
Menangle Park has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Glenlee Road: Glenlee, Menangle Park

Landmarks
Built in 1914, Menangle Park Paceway gave the suburb its name and is still its major landmark. Designed by local architect Alfred Payten, it lies on the river flats between the railway station and the Nepean River. In 1996, much of the Paceway activity was relocated to the newly upgraded Harold Park; it was then used mostly for training. In 2004–2007, the Paceway received a major upgrade, and was reopened for major racing events, with the intention of concentrating all such events there after the closing of Harold Park.

By the western side of the current railway station are the remains of the Menangle Racecourse Junction. This comprised three sidings, and provided a Passenger Platform and a Horse Loading Platform. The platforms can still be seen, and they are considerably longer than the current station platform.

To the north is an older landmark. Glenlee House was built by magistrate William Howe in 1824. It was purchased by the Macarthur Development Board in 1978 who restored it and opened it to the public.

Present community
Menangle Park is effectively divided from the eastern neighbouring suburb of Gilead by the M31 Hume Motorway. On the eastern side of the motorway are Broughton Anglican College, established in 1986 in the premises of the former Mount Gilead Christian School, and The Campbelltown Steam and Machinery Museum. A Retirement Resort at Gilead has been planned for some years, but currently is not likely to proceed. All these give their address as Menangle Park.

In the village proper on the western side, there are a small General Store, and a Rural Fire Brigade Shed, as well as the Menangle House Tavern, built 1834. The Progress Hall has been destroyed.

title: Menangle Park, New South Wales


text:
Abbiategrasso

Abbiategrasso, formerly written Abbiate Grasso (local Biegrass ; Biaa ), is a comune and town in the Metropolitan City of Milan, Lombardy, northern Italy, situated in the Po valley approximately 22 km from Milan and 38 km from Pavia.

History
The town dates from Roman times. Its name indicates that it was part of a territory known as "'the fertile valley": a document of 1304 referring to the Habiate qui dicitur Grasso, a title that gradually transformed into Abbiategrasso.

Abbiategrasso received the honorary title of city with a royal decree of 31 March 1932.

Main sights

 * The Visconti Castle (Italian: Castello Visconteo), built in 1382 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti above a pre-existing 13th-century fortification. It was enlarged and decorated by Filippo Maria Visconti after 1438. It has a quadrangular plan with angular towers, and the interior has Renaissance frescoes and graffiti. The central court has a portico.
 * Basilica church of Santa Maria Nuova, built in 1388 to celebrate the birth of Gian Galeazzo Visconti's son. It is preceded by a Renaissance portico and as an unfinished façade (1497), whose pronaos is attributed to Donato Bramante.
 * Baroque church of San Bernardino (17th century)
 * 15th century Casa Albini

Twin towns
Abbiategrasso is twinned with the following towns:
 * 🇩🇪 Ellwangen, Germany
 * 🇫🇷 Langres, France

People

 * Christian Abbiati, footballer
 * Gianni Giudici, racing driver
 * Franco Moschino, fashion designer
 * Giuseppina Tuissi, partisan during World War II
 * Marco Villa, road and track cyclist

title: Abbiategrasso


text:
Meadowbank, New South Wales

Meadowbank is a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 15 kilometres north west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Ryde and part of the Northern Sydney region. Meadowbank sits in a valley on the northern bank of the Parramatta River.

Aboriginal culture
The territory from Sydney Cove to Parramatta, on the northern side of the Parramatta River, was thought to be that of the Wallumattagal, and had the aboriginal name Wallumetta, the territory of the Wallumede people.

Aboriginal people in the Sydney district were clans of larger groups sharing a common language. Three language groups have been identified in the Sydney Region – the Kuringgai (or Guringai), the Dharug (or Dharruk / Dharuk / Darug), and the Dharawal (or Tharawal). The Wallumedegal are thought to have been within the Dharug speaking area.

European settlement
Land originally granted to Surgeon William Balmain in 1794, in the district of the Field of Mars, was bestowed the name 'Meadow Bank'. Balmain returned to England in 1801, leaving his estates to be managed by fellow surgeon D'Arcy Wentworth. Wentworth agreed to sell Balmain's grants to John Bennett, an ex-convict who had been transported in 1795. By 1819 both the 'Meadow Bank Estate' and 'Chatham Farm' to the north, belonged to Bennett. In 1823 he was joined by his nephew William Bennett. John Bennett died in July 1829, a bachelor, and his nephew inherited his estate, building Meadowbank House around 1835. William then sold 'Chatham Farm' to Major Edward Darvall in 1855. William Bennett died in 1865 but his widow remained at Meadowbank until her death in 1879. The estate was subdivided in the late 1880s, given impetus by the opening of the Main Northern railway line from Strathfield to Hornsby in 1886. Meadowbank station opened as Hellenic, later being renamed Meadowbank, after the Meadowbank Estate. Meadowbank Public Baths established in 1895 was a former recreation destination but were closed in 1943 due to pollution from Homebush Bay. Shepherds Bay Row Boat ferry services were established as early as 1794 from Schooner Wharf (Belmore Road, near Helene Park) taking passengers to the Concord shore. Meadowbank Manufacturing Company Works was the first industry in Meadowbank, established on 95 acres of land in 1890, with frontage to the Parramatta River and easy access to the railway producing agricultural equipment for the local area and throughout the country. The existing seawall is made from the remnants of the original sandstone. Shepherds Bay is named after early settler James Shepherd, transported as a convict in 1791. Vineyard terraces were located on the upper slopes. Former Ryde Wharf and punt located in Shepherds Bay Park. Remnants of wharf walling visible at low tide. The Ryde to Rhodes punt operated between 1898 and 1935. Passengers included employees of the State Timber yards at Rhodes and cattle. The punt was unreliable; "the cable continually gave way and cargoes of cattle went sailing downstream".

Ryde Council investigated potential sites for the Ryde Baths in 1877 and the desirability of having public baths. Ten years later, when a man was killed whilst bathing at Ryde Wharf, the issue was raised again. In 1904, a site was chosen at the bottom of Waterview Road. The Ryde Swimming Baths were opened in 1905. Mixed bathing was not permitted. Ryde Bridge took two years to build, and opened in 1935. A series of tolls were applied and were ceased to be collected in 1949. State Timber Yards were opposite on Rhodes Peninsula.

Heritage listings
Meadowbank has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Meadowbank Railway Bridge

Commercial area
Meadowbank is a mixed commercial-residential area. Meadowbank features a small group of shops on either side of Meadowbank railway station and a shopping centre within the residential apartment complex to the south, along Bay Drive.

Meadowbank has waterfront high-rise apartments with views of the Parramatta River, and cafés and restaurants along the water's edge.

Meadowbank TAFE is situated on the east side of the station. It is one of the largest TAFE NSW colleges in Sydney, at approximately 15 thousand square metres.

Transport
Meadowbank is easily accessible by Road, Ferry, Bus and Train. Meadowbank experiences limited traffic as major roads circle rather than run through the suburb. Lane Cove Road to the east, Victoria Road to the north and Adelaide Street to the West. Other central roads include Constitution Road, Meadow Crescent and Bank Street.

Meadowbank railway station is on the Main Northern railway line. Meadowbank has two side platforms. The station is served by four trains per hour each way, with additional trains on weekday peak hours. The station is within walking distance of Meadowbank ferry wharf served by Sydney to Parramatta ferries.

Meadowbank has a ferry wharf on the Parramatta River as part of the Sydney Ferries network. The next wharf west is Sydney Olympic Park and east is Kissing Point. The ferry primarily services tourists on weekends and city workers during the week.

Schools

 * Meadowbank Multipurpose Learning Centre is the local Long Day care centre for children aged 0–6 and provides a Before and After School Care facility for the children of Meadowbank Public School.
 * The Italian Bilingual School. This school moved from Leichhardt to See Street, Meadowbank in 2013. It offers students a bilingual education in English and Italian.
 * Meadowbank TAFE
 * St Michael's School is a Catholic primary school, founded in 1922 by the Sisters of Mercy.
 * Meadowbank Public School.
 * Marsden High School. 7-12 co-educational government secondary school located within the newly built Meadowbank Education Precinct. School also hosts a NSW DoE Intensive English Centre for newly-arrived high school aged EAL/D students.

Churches

 * Meadowbank International Church
 * Ryde Presbyterian Church
 * St. Michael's Catholic Church
 * River City Church

Parks
Meadowbank features great public access to Parramatta River and surrounding parklands.
 * Meadowbank Park, Constitution Road. Major sports field complex for football, soccer, cricket, baseball, hockey, and netball. Bike and jogging track on Parramatta River foreshore, forming part of the Parramatta Valley Cycleway.
 * Memorial Park – Meadow Crescent. Adjacent to the Parramatta River.  Bike track, part of the Parramatta Valley Cycleway.  RiverCat Ferry Wharf.  A WWII Memorial Walk has been constructed using stones from each country where Australians served or were stationed.
 * Anderson Park, Parsonage Street
 * Ann Thorn Park, Constitution Road
 * Helene Park, Bowden Street
 * Headland Park, Bowden Street
 * Woolway Park, Union Street (West Ryde)

Waterways

 * Archers Creek
 * Charity Creek
 * Parramatta River
 * Smalls Creek

Scout halls

 * 1st Meadowbank Scout Group located in Angas Street
 * Epping Scout Group has a boat shed at 150 Bowden Street, next to the public ferry wharf, and in the summer uses it for sailing and canoeing activities

Demographics
In the 2021 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population and Housing, the population of Meadowbank was 5,089 people. The population was 49.2% male, 50.8% female. 37.4% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were China 11.7%, South Korea 7.8%, India 6.1%, Philippines 3.7% and Hong Kong 2.8%. 38.2% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 13.2%, Korean 9.4%, Cantonese 6.4%, Hindi 2.3% and Nepali 2.2%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 40.9%, Catholic 17.0%, Hinduism 8.1, 5.2% of residents did not state their religion, and 5.1% of residents followed Buddhism.

96.8% of occupied private dwellings in Meadowbank were flats or apartments.

Politics
The Federal member for Bennelong is Jerome Laxale and the current State member for Ryde is Jordan Lane. The Mayor of the local Ryde City Council is Sarkis Yedelian. The table contains first-preference votes for each candidate at a state and federal level with the Meadowbank polling place results for each column. Two party preferred results are also shown in brackets for the federal election.

title: Meadowbank, New South Wales


text:
Melrose Park, New South Wales

Melrose Park is a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, located 12 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district. Melrose Park is split between the local government areas of the City of Ryde and the City of Parramatta. It is part of the Northern Sydney region. Melrose Park sits on the northern bank of the Parramatta River. The Melrose Park Residents Action Group (MPRAG) and Waterfront Action (WAG) NSW Inc groups represents the community on local and waterfront issues.

Aboriginal culture
The Wallumedegal Aboriginal tribe lived in the area between the Lane Cove River and Parramatta River, which was known as Walumetta.

European settlement
Melrose Park was the name of the large housing estate subdivided in 1928, with High Water Mark boundaries of riverfront properties, approved by the Sydney Harbour Trust (Roads and Maritime Services). Melrose Park is named in honour of aviator Charles James Melrose (1913–1936). He held a number of flying records, was the only solo flyer to finish the Melbourne Centenary Air Race in 1934 and helped in the unsuccessful search for Sir Charles Kingsford Smith. He died when his plane broke up in turbulence on a charter flight from Darwin to Melbourne. Streets in the suburb also recall other aviators such as Sir Alan Cobham, Jean Batten and Amy Johnson.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 1,574 people in Melrose Park. 68.1% of people were born in Australia and 66.9% of people only spoke English at home. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 35.0%, No Religion 22.9% and Anglican 11.4%.

Transport
Melrose Park is served by bus route 524, connecting the suburb to West Ryde and Parramatta. The nearest train station is Meadowbank Station, located in the centre of Meadowbank.

Stage 2 of the Parramatta Light Rail is a proposed light rail link between Westmead and Sydney Olympic Park via Parramatta. The project would include the construction of a bridge across the Parramatta River, between Melrose Park and Wentworth Point.

Redevelopment
The western part of Ermington, located within the City of Parramatta has historically been industrial, including the Australian operations of large pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer and Reckitt Benckiser.

In 2005 the NSW Geographic Names Board approved the “boundary creep” of Melrose Park to include much of the Ermington industrial area, which contravenes Principle 6.8.1 of the NSW Address Policy and User Policy May 2021. This “boundary creep” was instigated by City of Parramatta and NSW Geographic Names Board without consultation with City of Ryde or Melrose Park residents within the Ryde Local Government Area.

In February 2016, Payce Consolidated Limited announced plans for a major urban renewal of the industrial part of Melrose Park. This would include the development of 5000 new apartments, new affordable housing, public parks and community facilities. In 2017, Payce Consolidated Limited applied to gain trademark approval for the terms, Melrose Park, Melrose Park Village, & Melrose Park Town Centre from IP Australia without success. An electric shuttle bus service to Meadowbank railway station and West Ryde railway station was proposed. Sustainability proposals include renewable energy generation for new homes, electric charge points for cars, as well as electric shuttle bus services & improved cycleways. The redevelopment is expected to cost $5 billion.

title: Melrose Park, New South Wales


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sushi Done Right

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash 00:53, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Sushi Done Right
Looks like a homebrewed recipe for sushi, invented by Mark Truax, another article up for deletion. Coffee 07:17, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to The Wikimedia Cookbook. Thatdog 07:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki per Thatdog. KissL 10:55, 31 August 2005 (UTC) Changed vote: Delete per ManoaChild. KissL 08:54, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki DV8 2XL 12:06, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * transwiki as per above Roodog2k 16:32, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete per original research, also, serve the author some chicken sashimi (raw)... Usrnme h8er 17:54, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. If this is transwikied, change the name.  This food item does not resemble sushi in any way, shape, or form. ManoaChild 21:08, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Cruft - Transwiki is a waste of time. Ugh. Dottore So 23:23, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete What makes anyone think Wikibooks wants this?  If it arrives at the Cookbook, I'll delete it there myself. Gentgeen 07:06, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Gentgeen--nixie 07:09, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The author has put a couple of requests for this to be transwikkied into the article itself; I've removed them and asked that he place stuff like that on the article's talk page. Per Gentgeen it looks like it wouldn't happen anyway (quite understandably). Delete. Tonywalton [[Image:Pentacle_1.svg|15px]] | Talk 13:10, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Abbot's Chair

The Abbot's Chair is the common name of a former monastic cross, the Charlesworth Cross. Only the socket remains of this boundary cross, built by the monks of Basingwerk Abbey in North Wales. Henry II of England gave the manor of Glossop to the monks, and they gained a market charter for Glossop in 1290, and one for Charlesworth in 1328. In 1433 the monks leased all of Glossopdale to the Talbot family, later Earls of Shrewsbury.

It is close to the town of Glossop in the High Peak borough of the English county of Derbyshire, on the so-called Monks Road, near the entrance track to Taiga Farm. The monks used this route in order to reach Hayfield, Simmondley and other villages.

title: Abbot's Chair


text:
Federal-Mogul

Federal-Mogul Corporation is an American developer, manufacturer, and supplier of products for automotive, commercial, aerospace, marine, rail, and off-road vehicles, as well as industrial, agricultural, and power-generation applications. It was acquired in February 2022 by Apollo Global Management.

Federal-Mogul operated two independent business divisions, Federal-Mogul Powertrain and Federal-Mogul Motor-Parts. The two divisions each had their own chief executive officer.

Origins
Federal-Mogul was founded in 1899 in Detroit by J. Howard Muzzy and Edward F. Lyon as the Muzzy-Lyon Company. Muzzy and Lyon went into business together, producing mill supplies and rubber goods. In addition, the partners formed a subsidiary called the Mogul Metal Company, where they launched bearing innovations. Muzzy Lyon began producing bearings made from their own Babbitt metal called Mogul, an alloy of tin, antimony and copper. The product was trademarked under the names "Mogul" and "Duro". In addition to Babbitt metal, Muzzy and Lyon invented a process of custom die-casting bearings.

The Muzzy-Lyon Company's bearings business proved successful in the early 1900s and became the pair's main concern, with Buick as one of their earliest customers. In 1924, the Muzzy-Lyon Company and Federal Bearings and Bushing, an engine bearings and bushings manufacturing company founded in 1915 by a group of Detroit businessmen, merged to become the Federal-Mogul Corporation. The combined company also manufactured bronze bearings, a product the Muzzy-Lyon Company had not supplied previously.

Federal Mogul established a research division in 1929, with the help of Battelle Memorial Institute. In 1931, during the Great Depression, Federal-Mogul started its Equi-Poise propeller division.

In 1932, the company developed a new alloy called C-100, one of the first new bearing materials since the discovery of Babbitt metal. The Federal-Mogul research team revamped the C-100 in 1934 to create a C-50 alloy.

Post-WWII expansion
In 1955, the company acquired National Motor Bearing Company, and the company name was changed to Federal-Mogul Bower.

In the late 1950s, the company opened business operations in Switzerland, and in 1962, the company established an overseas service center in Antwerp, Belgium. In 1963, Federal-Mogul Bower's Arrowhead division manufactured components for NASA's Saturn launch vehicle.

In April 1965, Federal-Mogul Bower merged with Sterling Aluminum Products. The combined company was renamed the Federal-Mogul Corporation.

In 1966, Federal-Mogul Corporation relocated its corporate headquarters from downtown Detroit to Southfield, Michigan.

In 1981, Federal-Mogul Arrowhead parts were implemented in the NASA Space Shuttle launch.

In 1981, the company attempted to patent a process for curing rubber based on the mathematical equation written by Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1889. The US Patent Office rejected Federal-Mogul's claim, on the basis that neither a formula, as a law of nature, nor a computer program based on such a formula, could be patented. That same year, the company won a claim in the Supreme Court to the patent.

Bankruptcy to the present
In 1998, the company acquired the Automotive Products division of Cooper Industries, with brands including Anco wiper blades, Champion ignition, MOOG chassis, and Wagner and Blazer lighting. It also acquired Cooper's Abex Friction products business, which included asbestos-containing products. That same year, Federal-Mogul acquired Turner & Newall, a building materials company based in Manchester, UK. Turner & Newall was one of the world's largest manufacturers of asbestos-related products, including those made with blue crocidolite asbestos mined in South Africa. Turner & Newall was responsible for the Armley asbestos disaster in Leeds, UK. After the acquisition, Federal-Mogul set aside approximately $2.1 billion to cover asbestos-related claims but that amount proved insufficient. The large number of products liability claims that came with the Turner & Newall acquisition were largely responsible for Federal-Mogul's federal Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in 2002.

During the company's restructuring, Federal-Mogul Corporation acquired multiple companies including Robert G. Evans Co., Hanauer Machine Works, Inc.metalic Inc., Mather Co. and Fel-Pro, Inc. The company emerged from Chapter 11 reorganization in January 2008, and in April 2008, the company listed Class A common stock on NASDAQ under the trading symbol FDML.

In June 2010, Federal-Mogul expanded further into Asia by opening a headquarters and technical center in Shanghai, China. The Asia Pacific headquarters and technical center facility contains powertrain dynamometers and vehicle braking test cells among other processes. The location allows for increased technical support to powertrain and vehicle customers as well as technology development.

Federal-Mogul acquired Daros Group in June 2010, a privately owned supplier of pistons for large bore engines used in industrial energy generation and commercial shipping. The acquisition of the group included operations in China, Sweden and Germany. The purchase of draco added two-stroke and four-stroke piston ring products to Federal-Mogul's portfolio of industrial piston rings.

In December 2010 the company's Barcelona warehouse was shut down and moved to Madrid.

In March 2012, Federal-Mogul's board of directors modified the company's corporate structure to create separate Powertrain and Vehicle Components segments, each with its own CEO. Rainer juckstock former senior vice president of the company's Powertrain Energy business, was named CEO for the Powertrain segment effective April 1, 2012. In February 2014, Daniel A. Ninivaggi was appointed CEO of the Federal-Mogul Vehicle Components segment (VCS).

In July 2012, Federal-Mogul announced a definitive agreement to purchase the BERU spark plug business from BorgWarner Inc.

In September 2014, the company formally announced the long-awaited modification to its corporate structure - a split into two separate companies: Federal-Mogul Powertrain and Federal-Mogul Motor-Parts. The Powertrain division will focus on manufacturing and selling OEM auto parts, while the Motor-Parts division will be responsible for selling aftermarket parts. Each company will have its own CEO and corporate-level staff, who will continue to report to the board of directors of Federal-Mogul Holding Corporation. The company expects the split to be completed in the first half of 2015, pending regulatory approval.

In 2014, Honeywell completed a $155 million sale of its friction materials business to Federal Mogul.

In December 2016, Federal-Mogul completed the acquisition of the Beck/Arnley brand and certain associated assets. Based in Smyrna, Tennessee, Beck/Arnley is a provider of parts and fluids for foreign nameplate vehicles in North America.

In January 2017, majority shareholder Carl Icahn completed a $300 million deal for all of Federal-Mogul's stock, after which he changed the company from a public company to a private company.

In April 2018, Tenneco announced that they had purchased Federal-Mogul in a deal worth approximately US$5.4 billion. On October 1, 2018, Tenneco Inc. completed its acquisition.

Federal-Mogul Powertrain
Federal-Mogul Powertrain designs and manufacturers original equipment powertrain components and system protection products in the United States and internationally, its production line consists of different products, ranging from powdered metal parts to space suits, including engine bearings, pistons, piston pins, piston rings, cylinder liners, valve seats and guides, spark plugs, ignition coils, transmission products, technical textiles and connecting rods. Bower Roller Bearing Division was a major supplier of bearings for missiles and aircraft, and for many other industries – automotive, construction machinery, machine tool and farm equipment.

Federal-Mogul Motor-Parts
Federal-Mogul Motor-Parts sells and distributes products under more than 20 brands in the global vehicle aftermarket, including ANCO wiper blades; Bentley-Harris protection solutions; Champion spark plugs, wipers and filters, BERU glow plugs; AE, Fel-Pro, Goetze, Nural, Glyco and Payen engine products; MOOG steering and suspension parts; and Ferodo and Wagner brake products.

Awards
Federal-Mogul has received 16 Automotive News PACE Awards. The awards are for automotive suppliers that show innovation, technological advancement and business performance. Federal-Mogul received their first PACE Award in 2003; their most recent PACE Award was awarded in 2016.

title: Federal-Mogul


text: Category:Sephardi Jews topics

title: Category:Sephardi Jews topics


text:
McGraths Hill, New South Wales

McGraths Hill is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 53 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Hawkesbury. It is bounded in the north-west by South Creek, shortly before it enters the Hawkesbury River. It is named after James McGrath, an Irish convict transported to Australia aboard the Hercules in 1802, who purchased property in the area around 1813.

title: McGraths Hill, New South Wales