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Hoard's Dairyman

Hoard's Dairyman is an American agricultural trade publication that focuses on dairy farming. It was founded in 1885 by William D. Hoard as a supplement to the Jefferson County Union and is published in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.

History
The Dairyman was founded in 1885 in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, by William D. Hoard as an expansion of regular agriculture columns he wrote in the Jefferson County Union. It began as a four-page folio supplement to the Union and became a wholly separate publication in 1889. The publication grew rapidly, rising from 700 subscriptions to the folio in its first year to more than 6,000 subscriptions by 1889.

Hoard used the magazine to advocate for new agricultural techniques, including the use of alfalfa as cattle feed, the use of silos to store silage, and the use of the Babcock test to measure the level of butterfat in milk. Advocacy for the use of silos had particular success; by 1925, one-fourth of all silos in the United States were on the farms of Dairyman subscribers. Hoard also used the magazine to advocate for legislation, such as using the Dairyman to organize a letter writing campaign to increase regulations on the sale of oleomargarine in 1895. Hoard led the publication until his death in 1918, when he was succeeded as managing editor by Arthur J. Glover.

By the mid-1920s, the Dairyman had an international audience, with readers in Japan, Australia, and England. By 1985, circulation had grown to 180,000 in 104 countries. That year, 91% of milk producers in the United States received the Dairyman. As of 2021, circulation of the magazine had declined to 47,650.

Cow judging contest
A popular tradition is the magazine's Cow Judging Contest, normally held annually. 2011 was the 81st year in which the contest was held. Over the course of five issues, readers are asked to evaluate four cows from one particular breed of cattle. The breeds judged are the Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Holstein, Guernsey, Jersey, Milking Shorthorn, and Red & White. Each of the four cows is presented in three poses: a side view, a rear view, and an upper rear view showing the cow's back. Readers can rank cows from each class on an entry form in the magazine. The entry that comes closest to the evaluation of a panel of judging experts is the winner and receives cash prizes.

Hoard's Dairyman Farm
In 1899, Hoard established Hoard's Dairyman Farm north of Fort Atkinson. Described by the Los Angeles Times as the "best-known dairy farm in the world," the property was used as a means to increase the credibility of the Dairyman and as a place to conduct agricultural experiments. It was where Hoard proved the efficacy of alfalfa as cattle feed.

The farm maintains the oldest continuously registered herd of Guernsey cattle in the United States. Editorial staff of the Dairyman manage the operations of the farm.

title: Hoard's Dairyman


text:
Talk:The Wrens

Untitled
This article is not great at all.
 * Have rewritten and expanded the article - hopefully it's better now. Richard3120 22:48, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:The Wrens


text:
Buddy McGirt

James Walter "Buddy" McGirt (born January 17, 1964) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1982 to 1997, and has since worked as a boxing trainer. He held world championships in two weight classes, including the IBF junior welterweight title in 1988, and the WBC and lineal welterweight titles from 1991 to 1993.

As a trainer he has worked with multiple world champions, including Arturo Gatti, Antonio Tarver, Hasim Rahman, Paulie Malignaggi, and Sergey Kovalev. McGirt was named Trainer of the Year for 2002 by the Boxing Writers Association of America. He is currently coaching WBO middleweight champion Janibek Alimkhanuly.

Professional boxing career
McGirt's aspirations of becoming a professional boxer existed at a young age."They said I was too small," McGirt says now. "They said I couldn't do it. I said I could. I said I'd be the first world champion from Long Island - so the guy they said couldn't do it is the one who did it." Fulfilling this childhood dream, he did so with a vengeance, turning professional in the year 1983, the year he graduated from Brentwood High School.

In 1988, McGirt defeated Frankie Warren, avenging what was at that time his only defeat, to win the IBF light welterweight title. In his second defense, he lost the title to Meldrick Taylor.

In November 1991, he defeated Simon Brown to win the Lineal and WBC welterweight titles.

Buddy was a scrappy, talented fighter who had an outstanding career in the ring. He defeated men such as Simon Brown, Livingstone Bramble, Saoul Mamby, Edwin Curet, Howard Davis Jr., Frankie Warren, Tony Baltazar, Gennaro Leon, Patrizio Oliva, Gary Jacobs, Tommy Ayers, Willie Rodriguez, Ralph Twinning, Buck Smith, Kevin Pompey, Rafael Williams, John Senegal, Eric Martin, Joe Manley, Tyrone Moore, Nick Rupa, Joe Gatti and George Heckley.

At the beginning of 1993, McGirt was the world's top-ranked 147-pound boxer, one of the best pound-for-pound fighters in the world; but in the first week starting off the year he tore up his left shoulder while training. Without his money punch, the left hook, he had to box virtually one-handed for a total of 24 rounds in two championship fights. He won the first fight, but he lost his title in the second. McGirt lost the title to Pernell Whitaker in 1993. The following year, he again lost to Whitaker in an attempt to regain the title.

In 1997, he retired with a record of 73-6-1 (48 KOs).

McGirt was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Boxing Category with the Class of 1992. He was inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame in 1998 and inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2019.

Training career
Following his retirement from the ring, McGirt worked as a trainer. His first champion was Byron Mitchell, who he started training six days before beating Manny Siaca for the WBA super middleweight title. McGirt would take up training full-time and became committed to the challenge of preparing other boxers to step into the ring. "Anybody can train but not many people can teach," McGirt said. "And that's what boxing is missing now—teachers. There are not many old-school trainers around." McGirt won the Boxing Writers' Association of America Trainer of the Year Award for 2002.

McGirt's son, James McGirt Jr., is also a professional boxer. McGirt also trained Kurt Pellegrino's boxing, his first venture into MMA, and trained heavyweight boxer Taishan Dong.

Buddy was trained and managed by Al Certo and Stuart Weiner. McGirt, and some of the fighters he trained are documented in the book "Bring it to the Ring: A Boxing Yearbook and Inspirational Message to Today's Youths." The book was published in 2005.

Buddy was interviewed in 2018 by Darren Carter on the "Pocket Party Podcast" that is available on iTunes, YouTube, Stitcher, and Anchor.

McGirt also began training Sergey Kovalev for his rematch against Eleider Alvarez (who knocked out Kovalev in 7th round in the 1st fight) and led him to a unanimous decision win with 116–112 on 2 cards and 120–108 on the 3rd.

title: Buddy McGirt


text:
William Hauser

William Clarke Hauser was an American minister, medical doctor, teacher, composer, and music publisher.

Biography
He was born December 23, 1812, in Bethania, Forsyth County, North Carolina. He was the son of Martin Hauser and Leah Billiter.

William Hauser united with the Methodist Church in 1827 and was licensed to preach in 1834 and was a circuit riding preacher for two years. On March 23, 1837, he married Eliza M. Renshaw (1813–1880), and they had three children: Carolina Elizabeth Hauser Parker (1838–1926), William Clarke Hauser (1844–1919), and Victor McLandhton Hauser (1847–1919). William Hauser raised his family in New Orleans, LA and Victor Hauser did the same in Ogden, Utah. William Hauser attended Henry College in Virginia, beginning in 1839. After moving to Georgia in 1841, he began the study of medicine. He later taught at Oglethorpe Medical College in Savannah, GA.

Hauser died on September 18, 1880. His last words were ″I feel that my work on earth is done, and there is not a cloud between me and God.″ William and Eliza Hauser are buried on their plantation, Hesperia, near Wadley in Jefferson County, Georgia. According to a family member, "Hesperia Plantation was located on the southwestern corner of E. A. Goodson Road and Cooper Road. Cooper Road changes its name to West Smith Street and ends on the east end at the Cheatham/Hauser (Wadley City) Cemetery in Wadley, Georgia." The house is evidently no longer standing.

Music
Hauser made two significant contributions in the area of shape note music: (1) The Hesperian Harp: a Collection of Psalm and Hymn Tunes, Odes and Anthems, published in four shapes at Philadelphia by T. K. Collins, Jr. in 1848; and (2) Olive Leaf: A Collection of Beautiful Tunes, New and Old; the Whole of One or More Hymns Accompanying Each Tune, for the Glory of God, and the Good of Mankind, published in seven shapes at Wadley, Georgia, by Hauser and Benjamin Turner in 1878. The Hesperian Harp was probably the largest shape note tune book of its day, containing 552 pages of music, including 36 songs composed by Hauser. His Olive Leaf was produced in the seven shape notes of Jesse B. Aikin and contained only eight of his compositions from the older book. But his new compositions numbered forty-eight. Thirteen of his compositions are included in the Shenandoah Harmony (2013) in four shapes. The Moravian Music Foundation calls William Hauser "Appalachia's most significant contribution to American music."

title: William Hauser


text: Talk:The hutton enquiry

title: Talk:The hutton enquiry


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User talk:Farax20

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Gyrofrog (talk) 03:35, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Image Tagging Image:Somalis.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Somalis.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 03:35, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Please also provide more information about Image:Somali muslim.jpg, Image:Cave somalia.jpg, Image:Banadiri man.jpg, Image:Bantu man.jpg, and Image:Somalis.jpg. Thanks! -- Gyrofrog (talk) 03:45, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Copyright issues
Some of the text you added to the Somali (ethnicity) article appears to have been copied from elsewhere. See Talk:Somali (ethnicity) for specifics. Please make sure to put the information in your own words. Thank you, -- Gyrofrog (talk) 05:33, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Farax20


text: Template:User blank-4

title: Template:User blank-4


text:
The Triptych

The Triptych is the third studio album by American Christian metal band Demon Hunter, released on October 25, 2005. Produced by Aaron Sprinkle (Emery, Fair) and mixed by Machine (Lamb of God), The Triptych had three different album covers—implying a traditional triptych—by Dan Seagrave.

The album hit the No. 1 position on the Billboard's Heatseekers chart during its first week of release in stores, with 6,000 copies sold, and was re-released on October 31, 2006. The album was later included on Demon Hunter's Double Take1 (2007) and Death, a Destination2 (2011) compilations.

Vocalist Ryan Clark described in a 2009 interview that, while the previous two albums had him record vocals with a standing, screened microphone, for The Triptych, he used a basic handheld mic. This allowed him to move around freely and hold longer notes; however, it also allowed Clark to naturally cup the mic which consequently muffled or distanced his vocals.

Critical reception
The album received generally positive views and was a huge commercial success, reaching No 10. in the Top Christian Albums chart in 2005 and the No. 1 spot on the Top Heatseekers chart in 2006. Eduardo Rivadavia from AllMusic gave the album 4 1/2 out of 5 stars, saying "Christian metal has enjoyed startlingly infrequent success stories over the years." Kaj Roth from Melodic.net gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, stating "This is a numetal monster of a record, what you possibly can ask for in a mega heavy record with all from a gigantic rhythm section to murderous riffs, roars of anger and blockbuster choruses [sic]. It is all here in this package called "The triptych", [sic] this really came as a surprise to me since I wasn't too impressed with Demon Hunter's previous album "Summer of Darkness" [sic]. It was a bit non-melodic and contained more growls than melodic vocals but this time, the vocals is more balanced and the band has also written better songs - you could say they have grown from medium size to X-large."

Track listing

 * Live recording appears on both 45 Days (2008) and Live in Nashville (2009)
 * Re-recorded for Songs of Death and Resurrection (2021)

Personnel

 * Demon Hunter
 * Ryan Clark — vocals
 * Don Clark — rhythm guitar
 * Ethan Luck — lead guitar
 * Jon Dunn — bass guitar
 * Timothy "Yogi" Watts — drums

 * Production and additional musicians
 * Aaron Sprinkle — producer, additional keyboards, programming
 * Lars Katz — additional guitars and assisting
 * Mixed by Machine
 * Mastering by Adam Ayan
 * Recorded at Compound Recording, Seattle, Washington
 * Cover paintings by Dan Seagrave
 * Art direction by Asterisk Studio

Singles/Videos

 * "Undying" - the first single and video from The Triptych. The video was directed by Christopher Sims (Bleeding Through, As I Lay Dying, Kutless, Lamb of God). The song is featured on X2007.
 * "One Thousand Apologies" - the second single and video, directed by Darren Doane (Deftones, Thursday, Every Time I Die, Sinai Beach). The song is featured on X2006.
 * "Not I" - the final single on the CD, however, there was no video.
 * "Snap Your Fingers, Snap Your Neck" - a cover song, originally written and performed by Prong, from the 1994 studio album Cleansing.

From the official website (February 18, 2006): "We can't tell you how humbled we've been by the outpouring of support from the Armed Forces. 'The Soldier's Song' is for them and the letters, photos and friendship continues. SPC Davis, SPC Peterson and SSGT Childs in Iraq, Specialist Graham who served in the Airborne in Iraq and Afghanistan, Paxton in the Air Force, and Warrant Officer Slagle are just a few of the men and women who are true HUNTERS out there sacrificing everyday, risking life and limb and often paying the ultimate price."

Deluxe edition

On October 31, 2006, The Triptych was rereleased with four exclusive tracks and a DVD with footage from a live show in LA, behind the scene documentaries, studio footage, interviews with the band on the road, miscellaneous live footage from the tour, and the videos for "One Thousand Apologies", "Undying", "Not Ready to Die", and "Infected". The four exclusive tracks are:
 * "My Throat Is An Open Grave (acoustic)" - 3:21
 * "My Heartstrings Come Undone (acoustic)" - 4:07
 * "The Tide Began To Rise (acoustic)" - 5:23
 * "Undying (Wild Boar remix)" - 4:12

DVD live show from the Glasshouse in Pomona, California
 * 1) "Intro / The Flame That Guides Us Home"
 * 2) "Not I"
 * 3) "Ribcage"
 * 4) "Screams of the Undead"
 * 5) "One Thousand Apologies"
 * 6) "Not Ready to Die"
 * 7) "The Soldier's Song"
 * 8) "I Play Dead"
 * 9) "Fire to My Soul" (featuring Dave Peters of Throwdown)
 * 10) "Infected"
 * 11) "Undying"
 * 12) "Through the Black"
 * 13) "My Heart Strings Come Undone"
 * 14) "Beheaded"

Appearances

 * "Not I" was featured on the Killing Floor 2 soundtrack in 2015.

title: The Triptych


text:
West Point Mill

West Point Mill is a reproduction of the historic gristmill on the Eno River in north Durham, North Carolina. The mill and other historic structures are preserved in the West Point on the Eno city park. The mill operates as part of a free tour on weekends, with mill-ground meal and flour available for purchase.

title: West Point Mill


text:
User:ClownBoy

Ofer rosenberg at your service!

title: User:ClownBoy


text:
Clifton City, Missouri

Clifton City is an unincorporated community in southwestern Cooper County, Missouri, United States. The community is located on Missouri Route 135 and Missouri Route BB. The nearest town is Otterville approximately five miles to the south. It is also 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Sedalia. The Lamine River flows past one half mile east of the town. The Cooper - Pettis county boundary lies three-quarters of a mile west of the location. The Katy Trail State Park passes the south edge of the community.

History
Clifton City was originally called Cranmer's Mill, and under the latter name was settled in the early 1830s. A post office called Clifton City was established in 1873, and remained in operation until 1959. The present name most likely is after Clifton R. Woods, an early settler.

title: Clifton City, Missouri


text: Template:User blank

title: Template:User blank


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User:Chris Garland

Hello everyone. This is my user page. I am just starting out here at Wikipedia. I have tons of ideas that I will use to contribute to the Wiki community. So far, I have submitted some pictures of Algonquin Park to be used on that page. I am not familiar with the process of how to publish media on article pages. I'm just getting introduced here, and soon I can get started editing and creating articles like crazy. Hope it goes well.

title: User:Chris Garland


text: Template:User blank-5

title: Template:User blank-5


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Talk:Magistrate

Structure of the article
I'm going to revert the structural changes fastifex made to magistrate. Legal traditions are not typically delineated by race (such as anglo-saxon) since they are inherited independantly of geographical or racial divisions. I am not married to the structure I provided, however, and there are other options. Typically one would consider using a civil law versus common law grouping, however, magistrate is such a generic term with so many localized meanings, I thought it would benefit from a more global perspective.Manney 12:41, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Obviously there is no racial criterion, but legal traditions are a significant historical tradition- if you prefer to change the term Anglo-Saxonwhich might be misread, fine, but grouping blindly by geography makes no sense. Fastifex 20:36, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The grouping was not blind, it was made according to a neutral category which is easily understandible. Magistrate is not used according to racial or ethnic history. Perhaps you could explain why you believe it is appropriate.Manney 04:51, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It's as blind as a bat, no single continent has a consistent legal tradition, only historical stemmata do Fastifex 13:24, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * How very neutral of you to point that out. I really appriciate how clearly you have indicated source of your superior method of classification. Feel free to respond to my original question any time you wish.Manney 02:03, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

England and Wales
"Certain sentences may be passed only by paid magistrates and not by their lay colleagues." Please provide a reference. Richard75 23:37, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Paid, ie stipendiary, magistrates no longer exist, but have been replaced by District Judges.

The claim that they're "drawn from many walks of life" is a bit optimistic. I've no idea of figures, but it seems a reasonable guess that they're /overwhelmingly/ (upper-)middle-class and tend to be middle-aged. I'm sure the MoJ is trying to rectify this, but as it stands the statement is wishful thinking.

I actually came to this page looking for something about the history of magistrates, trying to make sense of a historical reference to "clerical magistrates" (ie CofE priests who served as magistrates). Can anyone help? 131.111.8.103 09:14, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Robing in Australia
The additions of Chrisrowland appear to me to be POV. Who is to say "Your Worship" is antiquated? The very term suggests outdated and worthy of discard. That's one argument (which not all accept) and it's implied in the use of the term. Avalon 03:44, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

I agree- it does express an arguable point of view. Removed & rewritten in more concise terms. Chris 10:58, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Roman Magistrates
No mention of the Magistratus, where the name presumably comes from, and who are generally refred to as magistrates.

 * I agree. The Roman and perhaps any elder connection should be mentioned as there are lots of visible influences of the Roman Judical system in Europa today. I haven't gotten any real in-depth knowledge meself so I can't add anything. Fred26 10:33, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Magi
No, magistrate is not from magi. Check this out: *meg-Dave 04:26, 25 August 2006 (UTC) or find out more on google.

There are still lay magistrates in some Australian jurisdictions that hear minor criminal matters, eg. in South Australia where "Special Justices" sit in the Magistrates' Court. There are also auxilliary magistrates who sit on a part-time (paid) basis.

Had to delete
Had to delete this sentence because it was garbled: "In some jurisdictions, such as Australia, the term has become both Federal Magistrates and state magistrates have jurisdiction similar to a judge." I don't object to the content, it's just that the sentence was garbled and I don't see how to fix it. NuclearWinner (talk) 21:01, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Break out U.S. Fed. Magistrates.
The section on Magistrate Judges in the United States federal courts is substantial enough (and expandable enough) to be broken out into a separate article. bd2412 T 16:55, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Improving the lead
I propose that the lead simply state that the term has and has had different meanings in different jurisdictions. --Markbrown00 (talk) 09:12, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

Proposed Lead:

"The term magistrate has been used in various systems of government and law to refer to refer to specific position of authority. In ancient Rome, a magistratus was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judicial and executive powers. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court, and typically deals with more minor or preliminary matters. In other jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales), magistrates may be volunteers without formal legal training who perform a judicial role with regard to minor matters."

If no objections, I will make this edit in a few days. Markbrown00 (talk) 09:12, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Looks like a big improvement to me. Thanks for doing it. But this, though just a suggestion, might be even better:

 * "The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of government and law to refer to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome, a magistratus was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judicial and executive powers. In other parts of the world, such as China, for instance, a magistrate was responsible for administering a particular area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court, and typically deals with more minor or preliminary matters. In other jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales), magistrates may be volunteers without formal legal training who perform a judicial role with regard to minor matters."

 * Not a big deal, but new sections go at the bottom, which is where most editors will look for them, so I took the liberty of moving it. ch (talk) 17:50, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tip, CWH. And i like your version, which I propose we use. --Markbrown00 (talk) 01:30, 14 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I've added it --Markbrown00 (talk) 00:19, 15 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Hope you'll go on and do more! For instance, I'm not clear myself about the distinction between the COmmon Law and the Continental systems -- maybe you could add a little to clarify?ch (talk) 16:06, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130420104325/http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2013/Second%20quarter/12April2013-FederalCircuitCourt-of-Australia-and-new-judicial-complaintshandlingprocesscommence.aspx to http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/Mediareleases/Pages/2013/Second%20quarter/12April2013-FederalCircuitCourt-of-Australia-and-new-judicial-complaintshandlingprocesscommence.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110406095412/http://www.fmc.gov.au/pubs/docs/04-05pt3.pdf to http://www.fmc.gov.au/pubs/docs/04-05pt3.pdf

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title: Talk:Magistrate


text:
Talk:Karamanids

= Comments =

Founder
It is not true that the founder of the Karaman beylik was armenian. The founder of the Karaman beylik was an Turkmen bey (warlord). Therefore I have removed that part, to be sure I have checked a few books and found absolute no reference of armenian origins of the Karaman beylik.
 * I am sorry, but you are wrong. It is well documented in the Encyclopædia Britannica. If you don't have access to the book, in short, it references that Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey was the son of an Armenian convert to Islam, who married one of the Seljuk Sultan's daughters. So technically that would make him half-Armenian, but people are usually identified by the father's identity, so I think that justifies him as an Armenian enough. Eiríkr Rauði 18:07, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

You are completely wrong, there is no evidence pointing to this in seljuk or other Turkish chronicles of its time. There is absolutely no evidence in any Turkish history book and no historian has ever claimed that. During the seljuk times the lingua franga of the seljuk bureaucracie was persian and arab, the common public spoke turkish but the elites  spoke persian and arab. It was Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey who after declaring independence from the seljuk empire that Turkish was the sole language of the nation. His exact words were "From now on Turkish wil be spoken in the medrese (schools), in the mosques and by the elites" in 1291. There is no credibility of the claim that he has armenian roots at all, Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey was a fierce Turkish nationalist, it is because of him that Turkish language prevailed in Anatolia. Therefore I have removed the outrageous lie.

The karaman clan has its roots in central asia, they were one of the many Turkish (Turkmen) clans to enter anatolia after the battle of manzikert. There are many Turkish sources pointing to this. Most Turkish sources and historians have this to write about the Karamanogullari dynasty. "Karamanogullari dynasty was from Nure Sufi Bey who was the son of Ahmed Sâdeddin Bey, one of the beys of Kacar tribe among Oguz people. Nûre Sûfî Bey was married with the paternal aunt of Eretna Bey."

Nuri Sufi Bey's actual name is Nûre Sûfî bin Sâdeddin, meaning Nûre Sûfî the son of Sâdeddin. Nûre Sûfî bin Sâdeddin was a clan leader of this Turkmen (Turcoman) tribe who had left central asia their homeland fleeing the mongols. First they went to Iran and from there to Azerbaidjan and then they went to the seljuk empire were Sultan Alâeddin Keykubad (1220-1237) setled them in Ermenek vilâyet (province). After Nûre Sûfî's dead Kerimüddin Karaman his son became the clan leader, it was he Kerimüddin Karaman wo is attributed as the founder of the Karaman dynasty.

It clearly says that they were oguz Turks belonging to the larger Kacar clan, the kacars still exist to this day in Turkey and in some parts of Iran. Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey was also not the founder of the karamanoglu dynasty.

If anybody wants information about it please mail me (dennis_73@hotmail.com) Im more than willing to provide evidence. I have read many Turkish and non Turkish historians none of them claimed this, I wonder where Encyclopædia Britannica got his information from is there a reference???? Orrin 73

Here is a reference I found about Karamanoglu dynasty. In time I will provide more! http://212.174.26.236/goksu/regionalhistory.html http://www.ozturkler.com/data_english/0003/0003_01_26.htm

Encyclopædia Britannica makes the mistake by probably referencing historians Hammer, Cenâbî, Hazerfan, Âlî, Karamânî, Hayrullah Efendi. A scientific research done by Historian Şehabettin Tekindağ in 1947 found out that Hammer, Cenâbî, Hazerfan, Âlî, Karamânî, Hayrullah Efendi made the mistake of misunderstanding Ebu'l-Fidâ. Where they came to the conlusion that the karamanids were armenians. Şehabettin Tekindağ and some other historians have disproven that fact. Here is a credible source from a Turkish university about the issue, altough the reference is written in Turkish hopefully it will be translated in English sometime in the future. http://www.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/akademik/fak_ilahiyat/der3/3arboyacioglu.htm

You guys were all right. Thanks for clearing it up. It was hust Armenian propaganda, because an Armenian first told me that he was Armenian and that it is referenced in the Encyclopaedia Britannica... I'll have to think before trusting propaganda-driven Armenians again, especially in matters which can easily provoke hostile Armenian Genocide discussions and Armenian vs. Turk wars. Mmm, I don't get why they have a grudge on the Turks. I mean, the people were and are not at fault, as they did not carry out the genocide nor did they co-operate. There is no reason to apologize. :/ Eiríkr Rauði 17:31, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Re-added the flag of Karamans.193.140.194.103 09:47, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Did a bit of copy-editing. IMO, the article could use a few more dates to show when key events occurred. Mary Read 06:48, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I will add more dates.--TuzsuzDeliBekir 20:31, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

The flag
Error, rebooting universe... Am I drunk, or did I just see a flag with the Star of David as the flag of the Karamans?? I hope that some one can bring concrete harder than a rock references for that one. I just looked at the Candaroglu article that has the same flag, I looked at the reasoning behind it, however, we still should have good sources for that one..Baristarim 15:35, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think im drunk too or something wrong hehe, i've been searching for several days via google , this is the best results , i think they dont even have a flag  Ammar  (Talk - Don't Talk) 09:23, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The star on the flag is not the Star of David, it is the Seal of Suleyman, an Islamic symbol that commonly used before. They are similar. You can see this star on the decorations of old Turkish mosques. Most important one that i remember is Gül Mosque, a former church that converted to mosque.
 * Another example is here, the war flag of Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa,

http://www.fahnenversand.de/fotw/misc/tr~barb.jpg
 * The flag was referenced to Catalan Atlas before. But i do not know the source. We can ask to creator of this image, User:Ingoman.
 * Actually, another symbol used by Karaman State is double-headed eagle. An academic work, "Karaman Oğulları Beyliği madeni paraları" (Coins of Karamans) by Cüneyt Ölçer is a good source for the symbols, but it is not available for online access.
 * Kaygtr 15:08, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Reference to the flag is here: Kaygtr 09:36, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Is this that strange? I dont think so, because the majority of the turks who came to anatolia were from the khazar empire and strangely the khazar empire had jewish as a state religion. So it does not surprise me at all. Secondly, there are names like Cohen in jewish which mean Kahan, which refers to the Khazar empire and names like Bunjamin in turkish which are not used by arabs etc. It would be nice if azeri's, turks in turkey and the jews in europe and israel to be tested for their relationship. 77.248.185.43 (talk) 16:34, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
 * A bit late, I know. But Cohen doesn't come from Kahan. Cohen simply means "priest". There are Jews from Iraq, Morocco and Yemen with the surname Cohen. TFighterPilot 16:46, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

 * There is nothing strange about the Star of Suleyman to see in a Moslem monarch's flag. This is also something in Islamic art. You can even see that star at the enterence of Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque in Istanbul. It is also very normal to see common symbols and rituals among the Moslems and Jews, because they are related religions. 88.255.15.178 (talk) 07:22, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Star of David or Seal of Solomon used by pre-Islamic and also by Islamic Turks. One of the most important users of "the hexagram" are Turks. If you want, I can give so many examples of Turkish (From Seljuks to the republic) (plus Turkic) history. The hexagram was not used by Kemal's Turkey. Also "hexagram" was used by so many other various communities (You know you thought it was used by only Christians or Pagans, for this reason my last word is: "except Christianity"). You can see it in Turkey's various cheshmes or mosques or tombs, please get out of Wikipedia. And don't come again. Such an ignorance. Sigh. KARA (talk) 14:12, 13 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Based on sources I have seen, I think the hexagram was used, but the source for the image is a medieval primary text. It is not clear whether it is Karamanid or something else. The flag also appears to have features in the given source that have not been copied into this image. Without a clearer source, it is an editor's interpretation of a medieval primary source. I am open to including an image if a clearer one can be found that is sourced to a secondary source, but until then I think the hexagram and its significance can be discussed in article text. Seraphim System  ( talk ) 02:58, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

This article needs work
This article is very confusing to me. For example: If the problem is related to English skills, I would be happy to help. MapMaster 23:19, 13 April 2007 (UTC) P.S. I added a map.
 * "they assembled another army which defeated Mehmet Bey. After the war, he and some of his brothers were executed in 1277.", but Mehmet Bey appears again in the 15th century: "Timur gave control of Karamanid to Mehmet Bey, the oldest son of Aleaddin Ali Bey."
 * 'Alladdin Keykubat I, the sultan of Seljuks from 1219 to 1237, had reached the border of the Byzantine Empire and ordered some from the house of Turkmen to keep the borders safe. No sooner had he done so than Cilicia was captured, and control of the city was given to the house of Karaman." What did he order from the house of Turkmen? Who captured Cilicia and gave it away??
 * "During this time, the Ottoman family were fought against for being kings. " Don't quite understand.
 * "During the Crusade on the Ottoman Empire, Karamanid İbrahim Bey marched toward Ankara and Kütahya, destroying both cities" What crusade is this??
 * This article says that this state was established by Mehmet Bey, but his article says he was the "3rd ruler of the beylik of Karamanoğlu".

Karaman not armenian in origin
I provided proof in my previous posts, why was it changed?Orrin_73 —Preceding comment was added at 19:10, 19 October 2007 (UTC)
 * For Armenians, every single successful Turk has Armenian origins. They are really strange, if you'd be a known person in the future, they'd claim that you are also Armenian, heh. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.179.207.202 (talk) 15:24, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Karaman was a Turk. The chauvinism above is inappropriate. Aramgar (talk) 23:20, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

The Flag
This star was used by many Islamic emirates. It is not the Jewish symbol, Star of David, since it is called Seal of Suleiman (Süleyman Mührü). We can see the flags of Karamanoğlu, Candaroğlu and Dulkadir from The Catalan Atlas of 1375.

Turkish explanation for Turkish users who think that the flag symbolizes Judaism: ''Söz konusu bayrak sandığınız gibi İsrail bayrağı değildir. 1375 tarihli haritada pek çok beylik ve emirliğin bayrakları çizilmiştir. Söz konusu haritaya yukarıda ulaşabilirsiniz. Benzer şekilde Candaroğullarının bayrağı da kırmızı Süleyman Mührü içerir:. Bununla birlikte yukarıda görebildiğiniz üzere aynı yıldız Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa tarafından da kullanılmış olup, Osmanlı camilerinin içinde dahi görülmesiyle İslami bir simge olduğu sabittir. Yani bu yıldız yahudiliği değil, aksine müslümanlığı simgelemektedir. Bu yıldızın yahudi simgesi olması son 100-200 sene öncedir. Camilerin içine çizilen bir simge nasıl olur da yahudi simgesi olur? Selçuklu eserlerini, Osmanlı eserlerini inceleyiniz. Lütfen bayrağın Yahudi bayrağını olduğunu iddia edip ikide bir silmeyiniz. Ailenize sormanız bir şey ifade etmiyor, zira hiçbir yakınınız 1375 yılında yaşamadı ve Karaman ailesi Osmanlılar tarafından 1500'lü yıllarda dağıtılmıştır. Eskiye dair bir şey kalmaması doğaldır. Wikipedia kişisel iddialar üzerinden değil, kaynaklara dayanarak yürümektedir. Bu tartışma daha önce yapılmış ve sonlanmıştı, lütfen elinizde sağlam bir kaynak yoksa tartışmayı sürdürmeyiniz. '' Kaygtr (talk) 23:01, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Improve article
You can try to improve the article translating from catalan version (see the biography of each ruler). Catalan is very close to french language (and still more close to the occitan language).--83.33.222.102 (talk) 13:51, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Where is Mer ?
The article states that "Karaman expanded his territories by capturing castles in Ermenek, Mut, Ereğli, Gülnar, Mer, and Silifke." Now, five of these locations are well known. But where is Mer ? I followed the link which directed me to an disambiguation page. In that page there are only two locations named Mer, one in France and one in Australia. Obviously Mer is a misnomer. Can it be Mara ? In that case either the original name Mara, or the present name of the village Kırobası must be used. Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 08:12, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

Murat I and Murat II
It is claimed that Alâeddin Ali Bey married to Nefise Sultan, the daughter of the Ottoman sultan Murad II. I highly doubt it. Because according to Prof Yaşar Yücel and Ali Sevim, Murat II had married to Melek Hatun from Karamanoğlu house. Does this mean that both sultans were both groom and the father in law at the same time, just like a Mark Twain story ? Since Alaaddin was older than Murat II most probably Nefise was not Murat II's daughter. Can Nefise be Murat I's daughter ? Checking the history of the article I saw that in 2 Apr.2008 an ambigious editor had changed Murad I to Murat II. I'll repair it. Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 11:57, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 20:35, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

Karamanoğlu → Karamanids – per WP:COMMONNAME & WP:USEENGLISH

 * "Beylik of Karaman" -Llc 24 (1923-2011 minimum 15)
 * "Karamanoğlu" -Llc 2,110 (1923-2011 minimum 106), but this result includes Turkish books and irrelevant "Karamanoğlu". It is also one of the modern Turkish surnames. Yılmaz Karamanoğlu, Osman Korkmaz Karamanoğlu, Ali Fehmi Karamanoğlu etc.
 * Anatolian Karamanoğlu -Llc 518 (1923-2011 minimum 136 includes Karamanoglu etc., except Karamanoglu etc. 14)
 * "Karaman Principality" -Llc 44
 * "Karamanid Principality" -Llc 7
 * "Principality of Karaman" -Llc 141
 * Karamanid -Llc 831 (1923-2011 minimum 197)
 * Karamanids -Llc 1,360 (1923-2011 minimum 200)
 * Qaramanids -Llc 304 (1923-2011 minimum 59)

Takabeg (talk) 11:21, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

I prefer Karamanid, as it is most common term used in literature. Kaygtr (talk) 22:14, 27 July 2011 (UTC)
 * As long as I understand, Karamanids is used as a noun, and Karamanid is used as a kind of adjective: Karamanid principality, Karamanid dynasty, Karamanid throne, Karamanid family, Karamanid ruler, Karamanid Bey, Karamanid Emir, Karamanid Mehmed Beg, Karamanid period, Karamanid stronghold of Mavga Kalesi etc.... Takabeg (talk) 04:00, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * You are right. Kaygtr (talk) 10:29, 30 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Salur or Afshar
According to the articles Salur tribe, Karamanids and Oghuz Turks Karamanids were a branch of Salur people (Üçok group of Turkmens). But there are also some sources which connect their origin to Afshar people (Bozok group of Turkmens).The online source by Yahya Başkan and  Türkiye tarihi Cilt I by Yücel and Sevim  note this ambiguity. Perhaps the lede should be rewritten. Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 08:51, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

Faulty map
The second map on this article titled "Beylik of Karaman (orange) in 1300" (created by User:Gabagool) is the worst map I've ever come across so far. For example Ilkhanids and Seljuks are quite displaced and the Candarids are called Isfendiyarids much before Isfendiyar was born. I'll call the editor. Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 13:31, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Karamanids


text:
Talk:Kfir Alfia

The Crawford Incident
Grazon, if you can't maintain NPOV on this issue, then leave it alone. Rogue 9 18:57, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

See that Kfir gets this
[quote]Nazi FAQ "Frequently asked Questions"

What is the NSM's views on drugs?

[b]The NSM is very much against drugs [/b]and those that sell this vile poisonous venom to our Aryan people. The National Socialist Movement is completely against the sale and use of illegal drugs (i.e. marihuana, cocaine, LSD, et al), because drugs destroy everything we stand for. They destroy not only the individual, but the family, and society as a whole. Drugs are a menace for society and the world. We must fight to control this threat, and let our children live, in a world free of such things.

The NSM will fight drugs and drug dealers every where we find them!

WE HAVE DECLARED WAR ON DRUGS!

What is the NSM's views on child abuse and domestic violence?

Domestic violence and the abuse of our children will not and can not be tolerated.

[b]Liberals in America have taken and warped the laws around that govern child abuse and made the laws very open and broad. [/b]

Not all cases of alleged child abuse are genuine.

The laws have to be re-written so that our courts are not wasting their time on cases that over zealous cases workers have brought before the courts in some sick attempt to destroy as many families as they can.

The protection of our kinder should not also include the destruction of our families in the process. What is required is very intense counseling and other services to help those of abusive behaviors to rethink how they deal with certain situations and better to express themselves in a more positive manner.

Our children and family units are very important to our racial survival, and as such, the laws must be re-written to govern each racial element not as a whole but per each separate racial entity.

What is the NSM's view on homosexuality and child pornography?

[b]Homosexuality is not a genetic defect. It is a chosen lifestyle and a mental sickness. [/b]Homosexuality is a social degeneracy that must be expunged from our society.

We as a civilized people cannot fall trap to the political correctness and turn a blind eye to this perverted lifestyle. It is not normal nor is it acceptable, and it goes against the laws of nature.

Homosexuals serve no greater purpose other than that of their own selfish greed. They contribute nothing to the further survival of our race. Our children are being inundated with the false ideas that homosexuality is normal and acceptable. They see it out in the public, in their schools, and on the TV programs they watch.

With homosexuality comes the threat of our children being subjected to the possibility of sexual pedophiles, kidnappings, rapes, and murders. Most crimes involving the kidnapping, violation, and/or murder of children, where acts committed by homosexual prone monsters.

We can see the evil effects of social [b]liberal[/b] acceptance of homosexuality by the increased number of pedophiles, child pornography cases, and kidnapping of children (in which most cases once this perverted animal has had its way with these poor innocent and helpless children, the child is murdered).

In a National Socialist Society, these individuals would receive an instant death penalty.

Is the NSM strictly an American Organization?

No. While our base of operations is here in America, we have units all over the world. The NSM is but a part of the whole, as we have a solid formed Axis with other Global NS organizations. By joining you are not only joining the NSM but a union of proud Aryan all over the planet from all NS organizations.

Why does the NSM wear the Brown Shirt uniforms?

The NSM follows the teachings of our Führer rigidly. We realize that what he has written about in Mein Kampf has come to pass, and in order to continue his great works and to follow in his foot steps, we wear the uniform of the "Brown Shirts" which is the traditional uniform of the SA, and it is a means to Honour our Führer.

The wearing of the Uniforms does away with individuality and it helps promote discipline in our ranks. It is a means of Identity, Pride, and Honour.

When you put on your NSM uniform, you are not just representing the NSM but all National Socialist that fought and died for our Race and our Cause! You are showing the jews and the rest of the world that our Führer is not forgotten and that his life's struggle was not in vain!

The "Brown shirt" tradition was brought to America by the great Commander [b]George L. Rockwell[/b], founder of the original American Nazi Party[/quote]

 * Do you have a point? Might I remind you that Kfir is a Jew; if you're trying to suggest that he's involved in the National Socialist Movement, it's not going to work very well.  Also, if you want to make sure that Kfir gets something, he's not hard to contact.  Rogue 9 04:59, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Importance?
Does this guy, that heads up a relatively unknown organization, warrent an entry?

I understand this website is all about minutia, but this seems to be pushing it.

Deletion may be appropriate.

 * He heads up an organization of over 12,000 people worldwide (most in the United States) that has changed the landscape of protests in the United States in a not insignificant fashion. I see no reason for deletion.  Rogue 9 13:16, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 12,000 people?? Xavier86 21:33, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Ayn Rand
"anti-war activist Ayn Rand"

Ayn Rand may have spoken out against several wars, but does that make her an activist? Even if it does, why focus on that one particular aspect of her? It's not what she's well known for, and I can't see what relevance it has to this bio.

deleted superfluous info
Deleted superfluous info already covered at the Protest Warrior site. No need to duplicate here NBGPWS 01:01, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Unless a consensus is reached to merge with the Protest Warrior article, the deletions are unwarranted.
 * 1. sign your name neverborn 2 the info deleted is already on PW, so NOT duplicate it here.NBGPWS 06:30, 24 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Apologies, thought I hit sign. Once PW article is unlocked, I think this should just be merged into it, honestly. Any objection? --Neverborn 22:02, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * fully agree.--Smegpt86 23:48, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yep, support merge. CWC (talk) 16:39, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * On second thoughts, given the edit wars at the Protest Warrior article, it might be better to keep this one separate. CWC (talk) 03:03, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Changes made 7-Jul-2006
This para was sorta ... interesting:
 * Kfir has additionally referred to atheists and secular humanists as "religious fanatics". He additionally condemned feminists as being hateful of Christianity. He has additionally stated he intends to begin picketing abortion clinics and gay rights events in the future to show support for social conservatism.

I have edited the article to correct these pernicious lies. (Wow, some people really hate this guy!) I also
 * 1) It was Alan Lipton who used the phrase "religious fanatics", and he was referring to "the Left".
 * 2) It was Alan Lipton who criticised the "typical leftist feminist ...[who] makes excuses for and supports a culture that enforces the burqa, female genital mutilation, honor killings, forced marriage and public stonings for adultery". (His answer starts "I think the only valid conclusion is that their primary motivation is a hatred of Judeo-Christian morality, and therefore they will align themselves with anything they perceive to be an ally of convenience against it.")
 * 3) There is nothing in the third link about abortion clinics or gay rights events. Stri–ike three! Yer out!
 * removed Category:Intelligent design advocates and Category:LGBT rights opposition pending some of that old-fashioned evidence stuff,
 * made the description of that Reason article much less deceptive,
 * copyedited the first para, and
 * reinstated some text about why Kfir and Alan like Austin. Cheers, CWC (talk) 16:39, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * After having checked the third link, it turned out the previous user was lying. This exchange occured in the interview:  "We've concentrated on the war, so far," he said, "but the war in Iraq won't go on forever, and we plan to tackle other issues.

 * "We staged a counter-protest this spring in Washington, D.C., when they had that huge march for abortion. We're going to be protesting abortion more and more, and we'll probably get involved in the defense of marriage, too."

 * All of these issues, he said, are connected. "The antiwar groups use the Iraq War issue to attach to all the other issues they push — abortion, gay rights, socialized medicine. They're communists, anarchists, and they want to overthrow the current government of the United States.

 * So it seems the previous user lied. Hence, it is being reinserted. --69.249.195.232 00:09, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Even if there was any truth to the third sentence I deleted, the first two sentences are clearly lies and should not have been reinserted.
 * Nowhere in the quoted text (or in the entire chalcedon.edu article) do the terms "picketing", "abortion clinics" or "gay rights events" occur.
 * Kfir has said that that chalcedon.edu article is inaccurate. See http://forum.protestwarrior.com/viewtopic.php?t=149806&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=75 at "Thu May 04, 2006 12:04 am":
 * This is a misquote. Though it's been a while, I do remember this interview. The interviewer asked me about our involvement with regard to the abortion issue, and I mentioned that some PWers attended the anti-abortion rally in DC that spring. It was by no means an official PW operation.
 * It did seem that the interviewer was interested mainly in our stance on religious issues, and I did tell him that the PW membership is made up of conservatives of all stripes.
 * I can't directly speak for Alan, but abortion and gay rights is not a burning issue for me. Obviously this is not the case for some conservatives, but it certainly isn't a litmus test for PW membership.
 * If you want to get a good idea of the issues PW has taken a stance on, the PW sign gallery is a good place to start.
 * A contested source like this is not allowed in Wikipedia, especially in an article about a living person.
 * I've removed the 3 sentences again. I also added a link to the Dallas Observer article with the line about Austin's "conservative economics and liberal culture."
 * I've also fixed User:69.249.195.232's wikisyntax errors above. Cheers, CWC (talk) 05:10, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

merge
I strongly support the proposed merge to Protest Warrior. JBKramer 18:46, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I completely agree Xavier86 21:31, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Xavier86 has now done the merge. Good work. Thanks! CWC (talk) 14:01, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kfir Alfia


text:
Bird Woman Falls

Bird Woman Falls is a 560 ft waterfall located immediately west of the continental divide in Glacier National Park, Montana, United States. The falls are readily visible from a distance of two miles (3.2 km) along the Going-to-the-Sun Road, which bisects the park east to west. The falls are fed by snowfields and a remnant glacier located on the north and west flanks of Mount Oberlin. The falls flow is greatest in late spring and early summer and has been known to almost cease flowing in the autumn.

title: Bird Woman Falls


text:
Cloud on title

In United States property law, a cloud on title or title defect is any irregularity in the chain of title of property (usually real property) that would give a reasonable person pause before accepting a conveyance of title. According to Investopedia, a cloud can be defined as: "Any document, claim, unreleased lien or encumbrance that might invalidate or impair the title to real property or make the title doubtful. Clouds on title are usually discovered during a title search." Clouded title can thus be contrasted with a clear title, which indicates that a property is unencumbered.

A cloud on title may reduce the value and marketability of property because any prospective buyer aware of the cloud will know that they are buying the risk the grantor may not be able to convey good title. Often, the discovery of a cloud on title will provide the grantee a reason to back out of a contract for the sale of real property. Some documents that affect title may be considered clouds, but nonetheless are unlikely to affect marketability or resale, such as with covenants, conditions and restrictions in a homeowners' association or subdivision.

Examples of clouds on title include a property's address being misspelled in a deed conveying title, a mortgage lien whose repayment hasn't been officially recorded, a deed which has been signed but hasn't been properly recorded, an easement that has not been properly recorded, unpaid property taxes, a failure to transfer property rights (such as mineral rights) to a former owner of the property, and a pending lawsuit before a court of law over ownership to the property. The usual remedy for a cloud on title is to file a civil action to quiet title which resolves the outstanding or unresolved cloud.

Clouded title can cause delays or denials in receiving certain forms of disaster recovery aid, especially longer-term rebuilding assistance. This can be a more serious problem for low-income families who over time might not have been able to afford lawyers and legal fees for probate, and who can face even worse financial problems in the wake of a disaster. This has led some states to make available low-cost mechanisms to transfer title.

Foreclosure
A cloud on titIe can be caused by foreclosure of a property. For instance, if a current title holder of a property does not pay the mortgage on that property, foreclosure would occur. When a property goes into foreclosure, the mortgage company becomes the owner of the property making it challenging for the current resident to sell the property. To remove the cloud on the title being caused by foreclosure, the resident would simply need to pay what is owed on their mortgage. This would remove the cloud on the title.

Probate
Probate is a process that occurs when a court oversees the distribution of a deceased individual's assets. Probate will sometimes cause a cloud on the title of property if an heir is not specified. To remove the cloud on title in this situation, the court will go through a process of notifying the deceased person's beneficiaries and making a decision on who will become the executor of the estate. This person will then be responsible for having the property appraised and listed.

Clerical Error
A cloud on title can be created by something as simple as a clerical error in the legal documents. An example would be a misspelling on a document or a document not being filed correctly. These types of errors can usually be resolved by filing a quitclaim deed. Quitclaim deeds should only be used for minor issues that cause a cloud on title due to their limited guarantees.

title: Cloud on title


text: Category:User c-3

title: Category:User c-3


text: Category:User c-1

title: Category:User c-1


text:
Fascism in Britain

Fascism in Britain is a book by Philip Rees. It is a bibliography of publications and articles by and about fascists and the radical right in Great Britain. It opens with an introductory essay on "What is Fascism?".

It was published in 1979 as a 243-page hardcover by Harvester Press in Britain, and Humanities Press in the United States.

title: Fascism in Britain


text: Category:User c-2

title: Category:User c-2


text:
Category:Tegna Inc.

Television stations owned by Tegna Inc. (formerly the broadcasting division of the Gannett Company, an American corporation founded by Frank Gannett).

title: Category:Tegna Inc.


text: Category:User c-4

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User:AnotherWaldo

My Contributions: Contributions/AnotherWaldo

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Talk:Cheek kissing

Contradiction
In fact, when some Latin American people are introduced to someone new, they usually greet them with a cheek kiss if the person being introduced to them is a member of the opposite sex or two women. If the person is a complete stranger, no kissing is done."

Any person you meet for the first time is always a complete stranger to you. The snare (talk) 17:38, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

Macao
"Cheek kissing is relatively popular in the South East Asian country of Macao as a lot of the residents are of Portuguese decent." Ahahaha, what? Is this a vandal troll or what? Macao is East Asian, not South East, and no, not a lot of them are of Portuguese descent.
 * In fact the residents of Portuguese descent are so few, that they do not even make up a percentage of the total population of Macao, and are indeed heading to certain and irreversible extinction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.224.42.19 (talk) 17:54, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Western Europe, Accuracy
For visitors, European kissing habits are very difficult to catch since they vary considerably from region to region.

Some regions/countries are not mentioned in the main article:

France: custom greeting is a kiss on each cheek: male-female, female-female and male-male

Belgium: one kiss on the right cheek: for everyone, male-male kiss becoming more and more common, especially amoung young people

the Netherlands: much less kissing than in Belgium! reserved to family and close friends - usually two or tree kisses then - male-male kiss rare

 * I don't know how common it is in Belgium, but it's definitely not uncommon in Netherland. It is the common greeting among family, friends and acquaintances (not male-male, though), and is not unheard of in other situations. When a co-worker leaves the company, for example. (Mcvos (talk) 11:24, 13 September 2010 (UTC))

Germany: even less kissing than in the Netherlands

Sweden / Denmark: people tend to take more distance than in the rest of Europe, so a kiss is certainly not the standard greeting but also reserved to close family and friends.

As a general rule, visitors can get away with a polite handshake if they find the kissing habits in Europe to difficult. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.201.41.98 (talk • contribs)

 * About Germany: It happens a lot here among young people (male-female and female-female, male-male being rarer). But I agree that it's difficult to understand when it's appropriate, and that it's generally fine just to shake hands. 90.135.143.202 (talk) 15:34, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

"Although cheek kissing is not as widely practised as in other parts of Europe, it is still extremely commonplace. "

This is highly disputed. Are there any sources for "extremely commonplace" ? - FrancisTyers · 19:47, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

It is certainly not appropriate to mention Switzerland as a country alone, but kissing (3 kisses) is VERY common among friends of all ages (except male-male). But CH is part of WE and not SE, so the question remains, how to correctly group the countries... Tang Wenlong (talk) 07:34, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * but it is appropriate to mention the netherlands as a country alone? "Southern Europe" and "Western Europe" can't be used together, Western/Eastern distinction is normally based on the ex-Iron Curtain & southern Europe is not a term I've heard widely used before but that presumably mostly includes countries from what most people call "western europe".

How is it done?
When giving a cheek-kissing, one should start from the left (right cheek of the other person) or the right? Different country does it differently?--202.22.246.26 03:27, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, my two cents as french very uncomfortable whith this "faire la bise" social requirement. First of all this is not a lip-to-cheek contact, but a cheek-cheek contact with a kiss in the air evidenced by a sony event (the "bise", something like "smack"). It's anatonomically impossible to simultaneously have a lip-to-cheek contact so my guess this is the reason why it has to be doubled, at least, is by a mean of reciprocity : this is not the same as when a parent kiss his child on the cheek, whe need a kind of equality here. The problem is where to start : from the left or from the right? It is exactly the same problem when you are walking in the street and that someone is going straight in your way : you're going left to avoid collission, he's going left too to avoid you, you went right, he did too, you left, he right, left, right, left, right, bang! The good thing with "faire la bise" is that it enventually ends is a much more pleasant way than a simple body collision, just because you do not really want to avoid the lip-to-lip collision. But remember, this happens only once in a lifetime :-) Best 134.214.60.60 (talk) 22:39, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

O RLY?
''Depending on the local culture, cheek kissing may be considered appropriate between a man and a woman, a parent and a child, two women, or two men. The last is socially accepted in Russia and the Middle East but may bring up associations with homosexuality in Western Europe, Latin America and the US.''

Take my advice, stick to your Lonely Planet. That's about as socially accepted as a headshot for a greeting. Which is not.

Cheek kissing between male relatives (i.e., father/son, uncle/nephew, grandfather/grandson, cousins, brothers) is perfectly acceptable by many if not most Miami Cubans, who regard this as a sign of familial affection. This happens between relatives regardless of the age of either party. They don't practice cheek kissing between male friends, unless the friendship is very close. See Andy Garcia and others in The Lost City (2005 film) for examples. -- Jerseycube (talk) 04:06, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Made changes to USA/Canada section...
I significantly reworded the USA/Canada section to reflect how rare cheek kisses are in these countries. I am a resident of California, USA for all my life and from my experience cheek kisses are rare to nonexistent. I feel comfortable making these changes unilaterally because of how exceptionally rare they are; however, if somebody from a different region of the US feels that they are more commonplace than I make them out to be, feel free to reword the section to make it more neutral and to add additional detail of how cheek kisses are done in your region. —Lantoka ( talk 01:43, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

I think that in the USA/Canada the practices are affected not only by ethnic background and region, but also by culture and circle of friends. I see people who are involved in the arts kiss each other on the cheek upon greeting. This goes for men kissing men, as well as women kissing women and women kissing men. If the people are into the arts, it does not seem to matter what their sexual orientation happens to be. I don't see this every day, but I do notice that people who are involved with the arts are more physically demonstrative. Perhaps it comes from their largely progressive mindset, or perhaps simply because there are many gay people in the arts, and those who are not gay are usually comfortable around the gay people. I know there are exceptions to this, but I have observed this many times.

--Choirboy622 16:31, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

My suspicion is that, taking ethnic and cultural variations into account, most cheek kissing in the U.S. would be between relatives. Cheek kissing non-relatives, such as friends, isn't exactly unheard of, but seems much more likely to cause confusion even when it is obviously intended as a non-romantic gesture.

On the other hand, regional elements do play a major role. What I know best would be mostly New England and the other states in the Northeast... not exactly the most "demonstrative" places in the U.S. The Midwest doesn't seem to be too different in this respect, but the South and the Southwest contrast so much as to seem like a different country altogether. --72.224.72.24 09:41, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree that cheek kissing in Anglo-American US cultures is fairly rare except among family from what I've seen. Its true that gay and arts communities may engage in it more (as well as the air kiss), but it doesn't seem that common among the general population. Among close friends, I see the hug much more often than either the cheek or air kiss. An Italian friend of mine observed that the role of the hug and cheek kiss are generally reversed between Italy and the US. A hug is usually seen as less intimate in the US than a kiss, while in Italy a cheek kiss is common and a hug is seen as more intimate. At least this is what I observe in California and the western United States.Sbfisher (talk) 18:06, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

Possible POV
"If the relationship between any two people is close enough for a full-body hug then it is almost certainly close enough for a cheek kiss"

 * Don't agree with that. I hug all my friends but I'd never kiss them.Buc 16:16, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd partially agree with it, but it depends from person to person whether they'd kiss or not. The one issue is that it's accepted for men to hug other men (if close friends) but not to kiss. Other than that it's usually acceptable to kiss someone on the cheek if you'd hug them, but not everyone kisses on the cheek.

 * Can someone either identify what, exactly, the "bias" is in that section to warrant a neutrality tag? If there isnt a specific bias then it doesnt deserve a tag. Disagreement over personal preference of hugging over kissing is not enough to warrant a tag. FYI I know people who are more comfortable with a cheek kiss than a hug, and vice versa. Fig 12:51, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I was confused about the neutrality tag also. FerralMoonrender 23:46, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I deleted the disputed sentence because (a) while it may not be distinctly POV, it was controversial, and (b) it really did not add anything to the article. I also reprased the next sentence from 'it is inappropriate' to 'it is widely regarded as inappropriate' or something of the like.  As such, I have removed the neutrality tag.  If anyone disagrees with this, feel free to revert my change (with an explanation, of course) and open discussion for further review.  FerralMoonrender (MyTalk • MyContribs • EmailMe) 05:03, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Odd Info
I'm not sure this statement actually adds anything to this article: "Accounting for it is a plot element in Frederick Forsyth's thriller The Day of the Jackal." FerralMoonrender 23:50, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

UK / Ireland
Removed the whole completely uncited, incorrect section. - Francis Tyers · 14:46, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Sorry, but I am putting it back in, it is true what it says. It IS common, I greeted my mums friend with a kiss last week and my friend a few days ago. It isn't as common as a hug, but it didn't claim to be! Sweetie candykim (talk) 00:00, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Main Image
The current main image for this article, though cute, doesn't fit the tone or professionalism of Wikipedia; namely, you can't see much of either person's face. Perhaps if someone were willing to replace it... -- Is this fact ... ?  22:39, 26 March 2008 (UTC) I replaced it with my own image, although I'd prefer if it were someone else's-- -- Is this fact ... ?  21:38, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

netherlands
"Unusually for western countries a Dutch cheek kiss always consists of three consecutive kisses."

what? three consecutive kisses is not uncommon elsewhere, switzerland and france come to mind. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.35.31.33 (talk) 14:34, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Cheek kissing consisting of three consecutive kisses also exists in the Arab world, not just in Western Europe, especially in the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and France.
Cheek kissing consisting of three consecutive kisses also exists in the Arab world, not just in Western Europe, especially in the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and France.

But the question is: How common is cheek kissing consisting of three consecutive kisses in Arab countries; does it depend on each country, region and environment? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.215.25.42 (talk) 15:43, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Philippines
The entry about the Philippines (under the Asian section) is incomplete. While it is true, there is also the cheek-to-cheek beso greeting, there is no doubt the Spanish/European/Latin style of kissing lips-to-cheeks. In fact, this is a normal way of kiss-greeting (beso), but in the Filipino culture, the kiss is only once. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.230.9.55 (talk) 03:23, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Confusing re: Wallonia
In the passage on Holland it says there are three just like (northern) Belgium...one paragraph later it says Walloons only kiss once.Historian932 (talk) 02:56, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Inconsistent and wrong intro
The start of the article points out that cheek kissing is common in southern, central and eastern Europe, and less common in, among other places, northern Europe. When it goes into specific countries, it turns out that it is common in Netherland (where it definitely is common), as well as some other western/northern European countries. And it's less common in Germany, despite it being more central Europe, where it should be more common. I suggest the introductory paragraph to be removed or rewritten. (Mcvos (talk) 11:20, 13 September 2010 (UTC))

Turkey
Turkey is considered a Eurasian country which is above the Middle East region, between Middle East, Europe and Asia. The country is a part of many Europe related organizations and considered in the Euro zone by many organizations including United Nations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.89.183.205 (talk) 01:50, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Please give reference when adding material about the subject in Turkey. --BwB (talk) 09:00, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Turkey is geographically a Eurasian country, with 97% in Asia (Anatolia, which is the Asian part of Turkey, is geographically part of the Middle East, which in turn is geographically part of Asia, the Middle East is not a region separate from Asia) and 3% in Europe. However culturally it is not Southern European, especially when it comes to cheek kissing, even less. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.213.223.118 (talk) 13:12, 8 April 2011 (UTC)
 * OK But you must qdd q reference when qdding material.--BwB (talk) 12:47, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

 * The problem is that Turkey is categorized under European countries on Wikipedia and for the sake of integrity, it is best to follow the same guideline here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe#Political_geography. Your own opinion about whether the country is culturally Southern European or not cannot be used as a reason to change the categorization. Wikipedia is not a forum where you share your personal opinions about topics and edit articles according to those subjective ideas. It is also important to understand what is accepted as a reliable source for an article on Wikipedia. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links for more information. Blog websites which tend to have personal opinions cannot be used as reliable sources for an encyclopedic content. I hope this clarifies the issue for you. 76.89.183.205 (talk) 10:34, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I will escalate this issue to an editor as you are vandalizing the page, undoing the previous edited article without explanation. You should understand the consequences of such actions. 76.89.183.205 (talk) 11:02, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

 * The user 76.89.183.205 who has engaged in an edit war over this issue with me and with the user Menikure has to understand that Turkey is geographically in Asia, and in Southwest Asia (Middle East) to be precise. The ancient geographical name of Turkey was "Asia Minor" (Little Asia) and has for many centuries been considered as part of Asia. Turkey (which is primarily in Asia, not in Europe) has long been considered to be "Middle East", and never "South European". That Turkey is a memeber of many European organizations (just like Cyprus, which is entirely in Asia) does not change this fact. The user is ignorant of the fact that culturally Turkey has practically nothing in common with the South European countries, though (except the southeast Turkey around Mardin, Şanlıurfa, Gaziantep and Hatay, where the Arabic language and cultural inflences are significant) it has also not a lot common with the Arab countries and with Iran, apart from religion, either. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.254.129.68 (talk) 13:17, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I cannot see any sources here. Sorry but you are still sharing what you think. There's already been a long debate about this subject on the discussion page of Europe. Please check the article to see the result. What you write here are basically your ideas and it would be the same if I said the country is the opposite. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek%E2%80%93Turkish_relations&diff=prev&oldid=423507668 Here, it can be seen what you are trying to do. 76.89.183.205 (talk) 13:23, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Rather than issuing some blocks I have protected the page for 24 hours. Edit warring is frowned on on Wikipedia, you should follow a process of Bold,Revert,Discuss. Right now you are on the Discuss part. Please come to an agreement here on the talk page before continuing to edit this content into the article --Errant (chat!) 13:30, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Rather than arguing about it, why not just look for sources that cover all the bases. Turkey is smack bang between Europe and the Middle East with parts of the country in both. It was the gateway between the Asia and Europe, but is difficult to define which it really belongs too. It's further east than the traditionally though of Eastern European nations like Bulgaria, Hungary and even the Former Soviet republics of Lithuania etc. However, it's further west than the typical Mid East nations that surround the Persian Gulf. However, to say it's in Asia isn't strictly correct either. In ancient times, it was referred to Asia Minor because it geographically was similar to Asia. However, in modern terminology, Central Asian nations are ones such as Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and the other sourthern former SSR's. What is needed is a sentence that covers bases by indicating how it was referred to and by which sources. Something along the lines of "Turkey is considered by some as a European nation (source), a Middle Eastern nation (source)" etc etc. --Blackmane (talk) 08:16, 12 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Is this article about social kissing, or is it about geography? ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 09:21, 12 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It probably started off about kissing but then degenerated into a segue about where it's practised followed by a subsequent segue as to what part of the world said place is --Blackmane (talk) 21:49, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Cosmetic changes
I've made a few cosmetic changes to the article. No new content, just some retitling and moving some things around. This was inspired by some discussion with the IP. It seems silly to edit war over which continent Turkey is in. That's not really the point of this article. So I'm trying to get it away from "continentalization" to some extent. It's more about regions and countries than about continents. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 18:29, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

CONGRATULATIONS!
Capital letters are intentional. Congratulations! I do love all the pics. They are absolutely simple, soft and sweet in a way that surprise us b/c they touch us, simple readers, so deeply! Well done! At last, but not at least, since I am unemployed now and I can't donate only for now (I am so sorry) and although a comment is always welcome but not enough (in my opinion), I just want to write "thank you" to each and everyone from the Wikipedia, you are amazing, "working" for us, users. 189.25.17.126 (talk) 15:20, 20 July 2013 (UTC) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Please add

Gay Culture
In popular gay culture, kissing on the cheeks was influenced by homophobic people to denigrate them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.49.157.227 (talk) 05:29, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

Nordics and the Baltic states
I guess it rather goes to the generalization of Eastern Europe that kissing cheeks is common. Never have I seen this tradition in the Baltics or the Nordics. Even with family or really close friends… if they do kiss cheeks, it’s really rare. Rather an individual exception than a norm. I’d say kissing cheeks is seen as something very intimate and even unpleasant or offensive (e.g. someone not so close decides to do that). 87.119.186.103 (talk) 23:06, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

"Kiss hello" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Kiss hello and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 17:03, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

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Douglas K. Detterman

Douglas K. Detterman (born 1942) is an American psychologist who researches intelligence and intellectual disability.

Biography
He earned his B.A. from Boston University in 1967, his M.A. and Ph.D. from University of Alabama in 1972 and was a postdoctoral fellow at Northwestern University in 1972.

Detterman taught at University of Dayton from 1970 to 1972, then took a position at Case Western Reserve University, where he has remained since.

Among his achievements, Detterman founded the scientific journal Intelligence in 1977, and was editor in chief from 1977 to 2016 where it was taken over by Richard Haier. He also founded the International Society for Intelligence Research and was its president until 2011. He has also been a Fellow of the American Psychological Association from 1978 to 1998, a Fellow and charter member of the American Psychological Society from 1990 to 1998, and received a Mensa Research Award in 1991.

In 1995, he was a signatory of a collective statement in response to public discussion of the book The Bell Curve titled "Mainstream Science on Intelligence," written by Intelligence editor Linda Gottfredson and published in The Wall Street Journal and reprinted in Intelligence in 1997. He also collaborated on several books on intelligence with psychologist Robert J. Sternberg.

Detterman has argued that it is unfair to tell people they can accomplish anything if they just put enough practice into it, since they are limited by their abilities. Similarly, he has argued that cognitive training does not increase intelligence, but only one's ability to take tests, and notes the poor quality of studies done by commercial brain training companies (see also Lumosity). Instead, he advises parents to save their money.

Publications

 * Sternberg R, Detterman DK. What is Intelligence? : Contemporary Viewpoints on its Nature and Definition. Ablex Publishing (1986). ISBN 0-89391-389-8
 * Detterman DK, Sternberg R. How and How Much Can Intelligence Be Increased. Ablex Publishing (1982). ISBN 0-89391-117-8.
 * Detterman DK (ed.). The Environment: (Current Topics in Human Intelligence). Ablex Publishing (1996). ISBN 1-56750-136-2.
 * Detterman DK, Sternberg R. Transfer on Trial: Intelligence, Cognition and Instruction. Ablex Publishing (1993). ISBN 0-89391-826-1.
 * Detterman DK. Research Methodology: (Current Topics in Human Intelligence). Ablex Publishing (1985). ISBN 0-89391-173-9.
 * Detterman DK. Theories in Intelligence: (Current Topics in Human Intelligence). Ablex Publishing (1994). ISBN 1-56750-103-6.
 * Detterman DK. Is Mind Modular or Unitary?: (Current Topics in Human Intelligence). Ablex Publishing (1992). ISBN 0-89391-703-6.
 * Sternberg R, Detterman DK. Human Intelligence: Perspectives on Its Theory and Measurement (Hardcover). Ablex Publishing (1979). ISBN 0-89391-030-9.
 * Detterman DK. Individual Differences and Cognition: (Current Topics in Human Intelligence). Ablex Publishing (1993). ISBN 0-89391-860-1.

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Talk:Crib Goch

Image
Anyone got a better pic ? Gillean666 03:58, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Are we allowed to post the front covers of books? There's an excellent picture of the CG-CyD-Snowdon ridge in full winter nick, taken by G. G. Field probably in 1969, on the front cover of 'Winter Climbs North Wales' (1974 CP), edited by Rick Newcombe. Bob aka Linuxlad 23:38, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Covers of books (also records, DVDs, etc.) are only usable under fair use criteria, unless the copyright owner is prepared to relinquish his/her rights. Unforunately, that means that the cover could only be used to illustrate an article about that book — we couldn't legally use it to illustrate the subject of the photo (in this case, Crib Goch). --Stemonitis 18:18, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * What if we accompany it with a statement about the ridge being _the_ classic 'easy' winter ridge route in the area, as described in the NW climbing guide(s)? Linuxlad 18:58, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It would still be a breach of copyright, I'm afraid. I think the easiest option is just to get a photographer to go there. --Stemonitis 19:05, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Sadly, I think they'd need several winter visits and possibly a time-machine - I suspect it's several years since NW has had a good sustained plastering of snow like that, and in such good light. (It certainly wasn't like that two weeks ago - Sunday 11th Feb 07). Bob aka Linuxlad 19:48, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia or climbing guide?
Wikipedia is no place to make recommendations on where and when to go to a particular location! Alan Liefting 02:07, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Um... wnhy not? William M. Connolley 09:58, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

I believe Wikipedia is an excellent place to share information regarding the safest way to tackle Crib Goch, and here is such a guide.

The recommended route along Crib Goch (Red Ridge) is to follow the top of the ridge, staying on the south side, using the top has a hand hold, as the north side has the steepest drop. Paths are present further down on the south side, however these are loose, so it is safest to stick to the top. The summit is about halfway along the ridge, which is followed by three Pinnacles. Climbing these can be avoided by using faint paths on the south side. The western most pinnacle not so easily avoided, and should be attempted directly with utmost caution.

The route from the pinnacle descends into Bwlch Goch (Red pass). The route continues west to Garnedd Ugain via Crib y Ddysgl (Ridge of the dish), again following the ridge as much as possible, as the paths on the south side are deceptive and can cause problems.

Crib Goch is hazardous at the best of times, climbing it is dangerous in High winds and snow/ice. The ridge should not be attempted by the faint-hearted, inexperienced or anyone who suffers vertigo. (Note: there should be a ^ symbol above the 'o' in Goch and 'i' in Crib)

Response - I think there is little point in giving route descriptions like this in other than the most general terms. People's climbing standard and response to exposure vary lots, and unless your description is in with others it is very hard to tell if your description is given by someone who soloes sea cliffs, or (like me) has problems painting the ceiling. And there is a legal responsibility in giving an adequate description too, I suggest. (PS - the first time I took my (future) wife out was over Crib Goch... it was February (1977), and she never really forgave me :-)) Linuxlad 11:38, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

I have to concur with the last point. There's too much variety of ability out there to make recommendations. Crib Goch is certainly serious, and anybody who attempts it should know that, but that is as much of a warning as an encylopedia article should consider giving. No guidebook will ever presume to tell people not to climb a route in certain conditions, if only for the perceived liability of the implied recommendation to climb it in other conditions. The BMC participation statement sums up the best approach to this, which is one of personal responsibility. Crib Goch is done in winter conditions, in wind and in rain, and can be perfectly safe if taken seriously. I have done it on a very windy day indeed. Kept low and used hands when I felt it necessary, walked on top otherwise. Took the ridge religiously and did all climbing. We must not presume to tell people what to climb. Tell them it's serious. That is all. Cmsg 09:23, 27 May 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmsg (talk • contribs)

File:Crib Goch, Snowdonia, Wales - August 2007.jpg to appear as POTD soon
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Crib Goch


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alveraz Ricardez

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 00:18, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Alveraz Ricardez

 * Delete. Probably a vanity page. The external link for this person that is given on the page does not exist. ♠ DanMS 03:58, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonnotable and probable vanity page.---CH (talk) 00:58, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 06:45, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity advert for linked film which doesn't seem to be released yet. - Mgm|(talk) 11:30, September 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Anti-rape device

An anti-rape device is one of a variety of devices invented for the purpose of preventing or deterring rape. The first such devices were the chastity belts of the 15th century. Although a number of devices have been proposed, none of them are in commercial production.

Statistics
Some of the most well-known anti-rape devices were proposed in South Africa, a country with a high incidence of rape and a low rate of successful convictions. South African activists argue that the legal system has not been effective in preventing or reducing rape and other violent acts against women.

According to a 2001 World Health Organization study, 20% of women worldwide had been victims of rape or attempted rape at least once in their lives. According to figures from a 2011 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in five women in America are victims of sexual assault. More than 40% of these victims are children, reporting they were first raped before they were 18 years old.

Physical deterrents
A number of concepts have been proposed for physical deterrents to rape, and although they attracted media attention, none of them have gone into production.

Jaap Haumann
An early prototypical anti-rape female tampon was invented in late 2000 by Jaap Haumann, a South African man, for the purpose of preventing rape. Haumann's device was designed to resemble a tampon for ease of insertion, and consisted of a hard cylindrical plastic core containing a tensioned spring blade primed to slice when pressed against by the tip of a penis. Following activation, a portion of the tip of the penis would be removed, in effect performing a minor penectomy.

Rape-aXe
An anti-rape female condom using a different design was invented by Sonette Ehlers, a South African doctor. Ehlers was motivated to create it while working as a blood technician with the South African Blood Transfusion Service, during which time she met many rape victims. Ehlers mentioned that she was inspired to create RAPEX (later renamed to Rape-aXe) when a patient who had been raped stated, "If only I had teeth down there," suggesting the myth of the vagina dentata. Initially called RapeX, the name was changed in 2006 upon discovering that RAPEX is also an EU warning system against dangerous goods on the market.

The Rape-aXe is a latex sheath embedded with shafts of sharp, inward-facing barbs that would be worn by a woman in her vagina like a female condom. If an attacker were to attempt vaginal rape, his penis would enter the latex sheath and be snagged by the barbs, causing the attacker excruciating pain during withdrawal and giving the victim time to escape. The condom would remain attached to the attacker's body when he withdrew and could only be removed surgically, which would alert hospital staff and police. Like most condoms, Rape-aXe also usually prevents pregnancy and the transmission of HIV and sexually transmitted infections.

Rape-aXe was unveiled on August 31, 2005, in South Africa. There have been objections to Ehlers' invention, describing it as "vengeful, horrible, and disgusting" and its planned sale in pharmacies has been opposed. Concerns were raised that use of the device could possibly enrage an attacker and further jeopardize the victim. Ehlers responded saying that "many women have been killed over time, as nobody can guarantee the outcome of any rape" and that the pain caused from Rape-aXe will temporarily disable the attacker, giving the victim time to get away.

Although media coverage at the time implied that mass production was due to begin in April 2007, the device has never been marketed to the public and it remains unclear whether the product will ever be available for purchase.

Anti-date rape drug products
A startup called DrinkSavvy has raised funds for a line of straws and glassware that will change color if a drink has been altered with a date rape drug, intending to release its first products in December 2013. The cups, glasses, and straws/stirrers served at bars and restaurants would look normal but they would immediately change color to warn people when someone slips a date rape drug into their drink. , no product had been released.

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