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Motor variable

In mathematics, a function of a motor variable is a function with arguments and values in the split-complex number plane, much as functions of a complex variable involve ordinary complex numbers. William Kingdon Clifford coined the term motor for a kinematic operator in his "Preliminary Sketch of Biquaternions" (1873). He used split-complex numbers for scalars in his split-biquaternions. Motor variable is used here in place of split-complex variable for euphony and tradition.

For example,
 * $$f(z) = u(z) + j \ v(z) ,\ z = x + j y ,\ x,y \in R ,\quad j^2 = +1,\quad u(z),v(z) \in R.$$

Functions of a motor variable provide a context to extend real analysis and provide compact representation of mappings of the plane. However, the theory falls well short of function theory on the ordinary complex plane. Nevertheless, some of the aspects of conventional complex analysis have an interpretation given with motor variables, and more generally in hypercomplex analysis.

Elementary functions
Let D = $$\{ z = x + jy : x,y \in R \}$$, the split-complex plane. The following exemplar functions f have domain and range in D:

The action of a hyperbolic versor $$u = \exp(aj) = \cosh a + j \sinh a$$ is combined with translation to produce the affine transformation
 * $$f(z) = uz + c \ $$. When c = 0, the function is equivalent to a squeeze mapping.

The squaring function has no analogy in ordinary complex arithmetic. Let
 * $$ f(z) = z^2 \ $$ and note that $$f(-1)=f(j)= f(-j) = 1. \ $$

The result is that the four quadrants are mapped into one, the identity component:
 * $$U_1 = \{z \in D : \mid y \mid < x \}$$.

Note that $$z z^* = 1 \ $$ forms the unit hyperbola $$x^2 - y^2 = 1 $$. Thus, the reciprocation
 * $$f(z) = 1/z = z^*/\mid z \mid^2 \text{where} \mid z \mid^2 = z z^* $$

involves the hyperbola as curve of reference as opposed to the circle in C.

Linear fractional transformations
Using the concept of a projective line over a ring, the projective line P(D) is formed. The construction uses homogeneous coordinates with split-complex number components. The projective line P(D) is transformed by linear fractional transformations:
 * $$[z:1]\begin{pmatrix}a & c \\ b & d \end{pmatrix} = [az + b : cz + d], $$ sometimes written
 * $$f(z) = \frac {az + b} {cz + d},$$ provided cz + d is a unit in D.

Elementary linear fractional transformations include Each of these has an inverse, and compositions fill out a group of linear fractional transformations. The motor variable is characterized by hyperbolic angle in its polar coordinates, and this angle is preserved by motor variable linear fractional transformations just as circular angle is preserved by the Möbius transformations of the ordinary complex plane. Transformations preserving angles are called conformal, so linear fractional transformations are conformal maps.
 * hyperbolic rotations $$\begin{pmatrix}u & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix},$$
 * translations $$\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ t & 1 \end{pmatrix},$$ and
 * the inversion $$\begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}.$$

Transformations bounding regions can be compared: For example, on the ordinary complex plane, the Cayley transform carries the upper half-plane to the unit disk, thus bounding it. A mapping of the identity component U1 of D into a rectangle provides a comparable bounding action:
 * $$f(z) = \frac {1}{z + 1/2}, \quad f:U_1 \to T $$

where T = {z = x + jy : |y| < x < 1 or |y| < 2 – x when 1 ≤ x <2}.

To realize the linear fractional transformations as bijections on the projective line a compactification of D is used. See the section given below.

Exp, log, and square root
The exponential function carries the whole plane D into U1:
 * $$e^x = \sum_{n=0}^\infty {x^n \over n!} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {x^{2n}} {(2n)!} + \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac {x^{2n+1}} {(2n+1)!} = \cosh x + \sinh x $$.

Thus when x = bj, then ex is a hyperbolic versor. For the general motor variable z = a + bj, one has
 * $$e^z = e^a (\cosh b + j \ \sinh b) \ $$.

In the theory of functions of a motor variable special attention should be called to the square root and logarithm functions. In particular, the plane of split-complex numbers consists of four connected components $$\{U_1, -U_1, jU_1, -jU_1\},$$ and the set of singular points that have no inverse: the diagonals z = x ± x j, x ∈ R. The identity component, namely {z : x > |y| } = U1, is the range of the squaring function and the exponential. Thus it is the domain of the square root and logarithm functions. The other three quadrants do not belong in the domain because square root and logarithm are defined as one-to-one inverses of the squaring function and the exponential function.

Graphic description of the logarithm of D is given by Motter & Rosa in their article "Hyperbolic Calculus" (1998).

D-holomorphic functions
The Cauchy–Riemann equations that characterize holomorphic functions on a domain in the complex plane have an analogue for functions of a motor variable. An approach to D-holomorphic functions using a Wirtinger derivative was given by Motter & Rossa:

The function f = u + j v is called D-holomorphic when
 * $$0 \ = \ \left({\partial \over \partial x} - j {\partial \over \partial y}\right) (u + j v) = \ u_x - j^2 v_y + j (v_x - u_y).$$

By considering real and imaginary components, a D-holomorphic function satisfies
 * $$u_x = v_y, \quad v_x = u_y.$$

These equations were published in 1893 by Georg Scheffers, so they have been called Scheffers' conditions.

The comparable approach in harmonic function theory can be viewed in a text by Peter Duren. It is apparent that the components u and v of a D-holomorphic function f satisfy the wave equation, associated with D'Alembert, whereas components of C-holomorphic functions satisfy Laplace's equation.

La Plata lessons
At the National University of La Plata in 1935, J.C. Vignaux, an expert in convergence of infinite series, contributed four articles on the motor variable to the university's annual periodical. He is the sole author of the introductory one, and consulted with his department head A. Durañona y Vedia on the others. In "Sobre las series de numeros complejos hiperbolicos" he says (p. 123):
 * This system of hyperbolic complex numbers [motor variables] is the direct sum of two fields isomorphic to the field of real numbers; this property permits explication of the theory of series and of functions of the hyperbolic complex variable through the use of properties of the field of real numbers.

He then proceeds, for example, to generalize theorems due to Cauchy, Abel, Mertens, and Hardy to the domain of the motor variable.

In the primary article, cited below, he considers D-holomorphic functions, and the satisfaction of d’Alembert's equation by their components. He calls a rectangle with sides parallel to the diagonals y = x and  y = − x, an isotropic rectangle since its sides are on isotropic lines. He concludes his abstract with these words:
 * Isotropic rectangles play a fundamental role in this theory since they form the domains of existence for holomorphic functions, domains of convergence of power series, and domains of convergence of functional series.

Vignaux completed his series with a six-page note on the approximation of D-holomorphic functions in a unit isotropic rectangle by Bernstein polynomials. While there are some typographical errors as well as a couple of technical stumbles in this series, Vignaux succeeded in laying out the main lines of the theory that lies between real and ordinary complex analysis. The text is especially impressive as an instructive document for students and teachers due to its exemplary development from elements. Furthermore, the entire excursion is rooted in "its relation to Émile Borel’s geometry" so as to underwrite its motivation.

Bireal variable
In 1892 Corrado Segre recalled the tessarine algebra as bicomplex numbers. Naturally the subalgebra of real tessarines arose and came to be called the bireal numbers.

In 1946 U. Bencivenga published an essay on the dual numbers and the split-complex numbers where he used the term bireal number. He also described some of the function theory of the bireal variable. The essay was studied at University of British Columbia in 1949 when Geoffrey Fox wrote his master's thesis "Elementary function theory of a hypercomplex variable and the theory of conformal mapping in the hyperbolic plane". On page 46 Fox reports "Bencivenga has shown that a function of a bireal variable maps the hyperbolic plane into itself in such a manner that, at those points for which the derivative of a function exists and does not vanish, hyperbolic angles are preserved in the mapping".

G. Fox proceeds to provide the polar decomposition of a bireal variable and discusses hyperbolic orthogonality. Starting from a different definition he proves on page 57
 * Theorem 3.42 : Two vectors are mutually orthogonal if and only if their unit vectors are mutually reflections of one another in one or another of the diagonal lines through 0.

Fox focuses on "bilinear transformations" $$ w = \frac {\alpha z + \beta} {\gamma z + \delta} $$, where $$ \alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta $$ are bireal constants. To cope with singularity he augments the plane with a single point at infinity (page 73).

Among his novel contributions to function theory is the concept of an interlocked system. Fox shows that for a bireal k satisfying
 * (a − b)2 < $|k|$ < (a + b)2

the hyperbolas
 * $|z|$ = a2 and $|z − k||$ = b2

do not intersect (form an interlocked system). He then shows that this property is preserved by bilinear transformations of a bireal variable.

Compactification
The multiplicative inverse function is so important that extreme measures are taken to include it in the mappings of differential geometry. For instance, the complex plane is rolled up to the Riemann sphere for ordinary complex arithmetic. For split-complex arithmetic a hyperboloid is used instead of a sphere: $$H = \{(x, y, z) : z^2 + x^2 - y^2 = 1 \} .$$ As with the Riemann sphere, the method is stereographic projection from P = (0, 0, 1) through t = (x, y, 0) to the hyperboloid. The line L = Pt is parametrized by s in $$L = \{ (s x, s y, 1 - s) : s \in R \}$$ so that it passes P when s is zero and t when s is one.

From H ∩ L it follows that
 * $$(1 - s)^2 + (sx)^2 - (sy)^2 = 1, \text{ so that} \quad s = \frac {2}{1 + x^2 - y^2} .$$

If t is on the null cone, then s = 2 and (2x, ±2x, – 1) is on H, the opposite points (2x, ±2x, 1) make up the light cone at infinity that is the image of the null cone under inversion.

Note that for t with $$y^2 > 1 + x^2 ,$$ s is negative. The implication is that the back-ray through P to t provides the point on H. These points t are above and below the hyperbola conjugate to the unit hyperbola.

The compactification must be completed in P3R with homogeneous coordinates (w, x, y, z) where w = 1 specifies the affine space (x, y, z) used so far. Hyperboloid H is absorbed into the projective conic $$\{ (w, x, y, z) \in P^3R : z^2 + x^2 = y^2 + w^2 \},$$ which is a compact space.

Walter Benz performed the compactification by using a mapping due to Hans Beck. Isaak Yaglom illustrated a two-step compactification as above, but with the split-complex plane tangent to the hyperboloid. In 2015 Emanuello & Nolder performed the compactification by first embedding the motor plane into a torus, and then making it projective by identifying antipodal points.

title: Motor variable


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Putney, New South Wales

Putney is a suburb of Northern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located 14 km north-west of the Sydney central business district on the northern bank of the Parramatta River. Its local government area is the City of Ryde.

History
Evidence of the Walumedegal clan remains around Morrisons Bay and Glades Bay, with 4 distinct sites including shelters amongst the sandstone overhangs, open rock engraving site, sheltered stencil (art site) and an axe grinding site.

The area of Putney and Ryde was originally known Eastern Farms and then as Kissing Point by the British colonists. It was one of the first areas of British settlement in the colony. One of the earliest settlers within the present day suburb was the brewer James Squire who settled there in 1792. He established his brewery the Malt Shovel near the present day Kissing Point.

The eastern section of Putney was part of a land grant to Nicholas Bayly in 1799. The land was later sold to Eugene Delange who subdivided the land calling it the Village of Eugenie.

The name was later changed to Putney, derived from its namesake Putney on the River Thames in London. Parramatta River had been known as the 'Thames of the Antipodes' and other nearby suburbs were also named after Thames localities of Greenwich, Woolwich and Henley. Putney was also the midpoint for watching World Championship rowing races from the 1880s to 1930s. The first regatta was held in 1847 at Kissing Point. The following decade, Sydneysiders were mad about rowing, and lucrative prizes were given to local and national championships. By the 1880s the river was a focus for thousands watching the world championship sculling races. The course ran between Kissing Point and Uhr's Point (south east side of Ryde Bridge). The local addiction to sculling fever was called "water on the brain". World Championships were contested on the course, results eagerly awaited in both Britain and America. Men and women alike discussed water conditions, racing times, and technicalities of boats. Most of the champions trained at Ryde. Local, national, and international races were held on the Parramatta River. Inter-varsity and GPS schools also had their annual regattas on the river between 1893–1935. Banjo Paterson recalled; "from twenty-five to thirty men could be seen on any fine morning swinging along in their sculls at practice – and such men! From riverside farms, and from axe men's camps in the North Coast timber country, from shipyards and fishing fleets, they flocked to the old river as the gladiators flocked to Rome in the last days of the Empire." A punt service was established before 1896, crossing the river between Putney Point and Mortlake Point. This service was driven by hand. A cable ferry was opened in 1928, and was officially called the Mortlake Ferry. It is the last surviving punt in the Sydney metropolitan area.

In 1943, during World War II, Slazengers (Australia) Pty Ltd established a ship building yard on Pellisier Road, Putney. The company manufactured wartime equipment for the United States Army and the Australian Government. During the war, the Putney shipyard built scows and landing craft; however Slazengers also built military huts, houses for munition workers, military canteens, hospitals, small arms, ammunition boxes and gas masks. Ship contracts included trawlers, tugboats, landing craft, life boats, scows and high speed work boats.

Morrisons Bay is named after Archibald Morrison, a soldier who received a land grant in 1795 of 55 acres. One of the colony's wealthiest settlers, Captain William Raven, owned 100 acres that ran between Glades Bay to Morrisons Bay. The land was subdivided in 1887. Named after Lord Alfred Tennyson, the Tennyson Estate was promoted as having front seat views to the Championship rowing course. Two world Champion rowers, Beach (1884) and Kemp (1887) have streets named after them. The Eastern side of Morrison's Bay was a textile mill, the Head of bay is a reclaimed mangrove flat and River baths were established 1918.

Transport
Putney is served by Busways route 507, which travels between Gladesville and Meadowbank wharf. The Kissing Point ferry wharf, located in the suburb, provides access to the Parramatta River ferry services, with a 40-minute ferry service to Circular Quay.

Meadowbank railway station is located beyond the suburb's northwestern boundary.

Landmarks
Putney's facilities include a primary school, post office, sporting fields, parks, a shopping area and a few restaurants. Putney is also home to St Chad's Anglican Church, Delange Road, which was founded in 1912 and whose building is of historical significance. It is named after St Chad of Mercia, who lived in the 7th century and was abbot of several monasteries, as well as a bishop.

Cleves Park is the possible burial site of Bennelong and contains a memorial plaque.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Putney, New South Wales


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Punchbowl, New South Wales

Punchbowl is a suburb in the south west of Sydney, 17 km west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Canterbury-Bankstown, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. At the, Punchbowl had a population of 21,384.

History
Punchbowl is named for a circular valley, called "the punchbowl", which is actually located in the nearby suburb of Belfield at the intersection of Coronation Parade, Georges River and Punchbowl Roads. This feature gave its name to "Punch Bowl Road" (now Punchbowl Road). In the 1830s, an inn built by George Faulkener, close to the corner of Liverpool Road, was called the Punch and Bowl. John Stephens had a property there in the 1830s and his son is mentioned in the Wells Gazetteer in 1848, "Clairville or Punchbowl, in the Parishes of St George and Bankstown, is the property of Sir Alfred Stephens". When a railway station opened on this road in 1909, 3 km away from the 'punch bowl' itself, the surrounding suburb came to be known as Punchbowl.

In the 1920s and 1930s, Punchbowl was a higher-class suburb, with a number of popular theatres that were closed down or demolished thirty years later. The Punchbowl Astoria opened on 17 July 1935 with seating for 915 persons. The final programme was shown on Wednesday 4 February 1959. The Astoria was eventually gutted and refitted as a three-storey office building. The Punchbowl Regent was situated on the corner of The Boulevarde and Matthews Street. Operated by Enterprise Theatres Ltd, the Regent opened on Saturday 24 May 1923, showing The White Rose. It was a large cinema with seating for 1,287 patrons. The last programme was shown on Wednesday 4 February 1959. The Regent was demolished in August 1964 and replaced by a block of shops.

Until 1987, Roselands was a neighbourhood within Punchbowl, though they still share the same postcode today (2196).

Commercial area
Punchbowl has a relatively small shopping centre, although the selection is diverse. It thrived until the advent of Roselands and Bankstown Square in the late 1960s and its bisection by the upgrading of Punchbowl Road in the 1970s. It is centred on Punchbowl railway station, along The Boulevarde and Punchbowl Road. Local businesses and clubs reflect the diversity of the population. Punchbowl RSL was located on The Boulevarde until it closed in 2010 and The Mirage Hotel is on Punchbowl Road. Lebanese cuisine is well regarded in the suburb, to the extent that culinary walking tours of Punchbowl sell out months ahead. There are a number of Lebanese sweet shops in the suburb. In 2009, a gym opened at the Astoria theatre site.

For many years, Jack Walsh International Cycles, on Punchbowl Road, was one of the longest-serving shops in Punchbowl. It had been selling and repairing bicycles for over 60 years, until December 2007 when Walsh was unable to continue the business.

In December 2013 a new shopping centre, "The Broadway Plaza", was opened in Punchbowl "Broadway" near its train station. It comprises two levels of retail stores including Woolworths and Chemist Warehouse. The Plaza is surrounded by a complex of seven blocks of new apartments.

Transport
Canterbury Road and Punchbowl Road provide the major road links into the suburb. The Boulevarde and South Terrace are also main roads. Punchbowl railway station is located on the Bankstown line of the Sydney Trains network. The line was opened in 1895 and electrified in 1926. Trains take around 25 minutes to Sydenham and 40 minutes to Central station.

The Punchbowl Road railway bridge replaced an old two-lane bridge in 1981. The foundations of the old bridge can still be seen west of the current one. The new bridge greatly aided traffic flow through the area but at the cost of effectively cutting the shopping centre in half.

Housing

Punchbowl is a mainly residential suburb. Much of the suburb was developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century, especially after the railway line to Bankstown was built. The suburb features a mixture of Federation, Art Deco and contemporary homes. Parts of Punchbowl have been redeveloped since the turn of the 21st century, with flats, townhouses and modern detached houses built.

Schools

 * Punchbowl Boys High School in Kelly Street, was established in 1955.
 * The school produced two Australian cricket fast bowlers, Len Pascoe and Jeff Thomson.
 * Punchbowl Public School is located on Canterbury Road.
 * Saint Charbel's College is located on Highclere Avenue.
 * Saint Jeromes Catholic Primary School is located on Rossmore Avenue,

Demographics
The first Europeans in the area were British and Irish settlers in the 19th century. By the mid-20th century, the suburb had absorbed many migrants of Italian and Greek origin. From the mid-1970s, Punchbowl became a very popular location with migrants from Lebanon.

At the, there were 21,384 people in Punchbowl. 45.0% of people were born in Australia; The next most common other countries of birth were Lebanon 12.3%, Vietnam 5.4%, Bangladesh 3.0%, China 2.8% and Pakistan 2.7%. The most common reported ancestries were Lebanese 26.9%, Australian 12.0%, Chinese 6.8%, Vietnamese 6.8% and English 6.7%. 22.3% of people only spoke English at home; other languages spoken at home included Arabic 33.7%, Vietnamese 6.9, Urdu 4.0%, Bengali 3.9% and Greek 3.4%. The most common responses for religion were Islam 38.4%, Catholic 22.6%, No Religion 9.6% and Eastern Orthodox 7.2%, a further 8.4% of people elected not to disclose their religion.

Notable residents

 * Danny Adcock, actor
 * Lex Banning (1921–1965), poet
 * Mark Bouris, businessman
 * John Burgess, television host
 * Wes Davoren (1928–2010), politician
 * Yahya El Hindi, association football player
 * Akmal Saleh, comedian
 * Mark Saliba, comedian and amateur prizefighter
 * Vince Sorrenti, comedian
 * The Hard-Ons, a punk rock band

Fictional characters

 * Trent from Punchy

In popular culture

 * Punchbowl has featured in several Australian books including the satirical They're a Weird Mob by "Nino Culotta" (a nom de plume of John O'Grady), which was made into a feature film of the same name. The Mirage Hotel was referred to in the film as "the bloodhouse".
 * The film The FJ Holden (1977) featured several locations in Punchbowl including the Sundowner Hotel on the corner of Punchbowl and Canterbury Roads, a popular pub and band venue until the licence was sold. The buildings served as a Croatian Club until a new club was built.
 * The television drama series Dangerous was set in and around Punchbowl.
 * YouTube celebrity Trent from Punchy is a fictional character portrayed by Nicholas Boshier. The character's name is derived from his claim to be from Punchbowl.

title: Punchbowl, New South Wales


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Wumo

WUMO, formerly Wulffmorgenthaler, is a webcomic and newspaper comic strip created by Danish writer/artist duo Mikael Wulff and Anders Morgenthaler. The name of the strip is a portmanteau created from the pair's surnames. The name was also given to a comedy TV series, broadcast on the Danish channel DR2 in 2005. The strip changed its name to WUMO in June 2012.

Publication history
WUMO debuted in 2001 as part of a comic strip competition entry named Kalzone, completed a few hours before the entry deadline. Submitted under the pseudonym "Pernille Richter Andersson", the strip won the competition, and a one-month run in the Danish national newspaper Politiken followed.

The strip became a regular feature on DR's internet culture portal in 2002, and in October 2003 it became a regular daily newspaper strip in Politiken.

As of June 2012, WUMO is printed daily in Politiken (Denmark), Aftonbladet (Sweden), Dagbladet (Norway), Die Welt (Germany), Helsingin Sanomat (Finland), and online-only in De Telegraaf (Netherlands) – and on its own website, wumo.com.

In October 2013, WUMO began being syndicated by Universal Uclick, appearing in hundreds of newspapers across the United States, including The Washington Post and the New York Daily News (in some markets replacing the comic strip Get Fuzzy). WUMO ' s launch was larger than those of such notable strips as Calvin and Hobbes and The Far Side.

Style and content
The comic has a very distinct style, featuring shaky line drawings and coloring that appears to be computer-generated. Most installments are delivered in a single panel, avoiding the more traditional format of boxed divisions to signify progress or movement in time. Recurring characters in WUMO tend to be more of a running gag than a legitimate continuing narrative.

For a period, humans portrayed in the comic wore no clothes. According to the comic's website, Morgenthaler "was fed up with the tiresome meticulousness of drawing clothes on people so he just stopped doing it." Sometimes, when the situation called for a specific outfit to denote a specific role, humans would appear clothed. Lately characters have all started to appear fully clothed, and older comics have been edited to add clothes.

Content ranges from sideways social satire to complete non-sequitur, and relies on both intelligent humor and simple slapstick. Reading WUMO is often an exercise of the imagination, as it has a habit of juxtaposing supremely ordinary characters in supremely unusual situations, or vice versa. "Punchlines" are delivered by way of dialogue or with one-liners written in a caption below the image. Because the comic is drawn in a non-serial format, delivery and timing are especially important (and difficult to maneuver), and as a result most of the humor in WUMO relies on the quality of the writing itself rather than the element of surprise that usually lends itself to the traditional comic-strip punchline.

Plagiarism accusations
The strip was for a period the focus of a debate concerning plagiarism, as the strip's followers voiced their concern over an advertising campaign by the Danish office of advertising agency DDB promoting the Volkswagen Golf GT, having appropriated its joke from a Wulffmorgenthaler strip. In a reversed issue, Wulffmorgenthaler was accused of plagiarising a photograph that had circulated on internet, to which Anders Morgenthaler conceded that the duo had been inspired by the image and based a strip on it in the belief that it was a privately forwarded photograph.

Television series
WUMO was also broadcast as a television series, in the style of a parodied show for children in Denmark, in which Wulff, Morgenthaler and their puppet friends Dolph, a fascist hippo and Margit, a politically correct female squirrel, introduce various short films. The only recurring character from the comic is the Toucan Kid. New characters include Ansgar and Loke, a very sexually active archeologist and his colleague who is deadly afraid of "the Vagina", the contestants on a fifties game show. Another recurring feature on the show was a "Reality show" starring a hapless school photographer, Bent, and his retarded assistant Bubber, the brothers Lefevre, who are carpet salesmen trying to be actors, Asger Lesniak who has a personal vendetta against a guy who frequents the places he works, and Bimmer, a character obsessed with life in the tropic nether regions.

The TV series evolved in the second season into Dolph og Wulff, in a documentary style, with The Fascist Hippo Dolph as the dominating main character.

The second season further evolved to a third season, this time in the style of a late-night talk show, on 17 March called Dolph og Wulff – med venner (Dolph and Wulff – with friends). The friends are a sex-crazed, English-speaking beaver named Rocco and an orangutan called "Finn". Rocco was actually created as a sex-crazed squirrel for the first season, but it was ultimately decided to not use him, so the Rocco puppet was used as Margit instead.

In 2011, Wulff & Morgenthaler created a TV show – the animated sitcom 'The Pandas' (Pandaerne), which ran for three seasons. A Canadian-American remake of The Pandas was announced to be in production from Corus Entertainment and Bento Box Entertainment. The series was planned to air in 2016, but has since been scrapped due to Fox Entertainment's acquisition of Bento Box Entertainment in 2020.

title: Wumo


text:
Pat Priest (actress)

Patricia Ann Priest (born August 15, 1936) is an American actress known for being the second person to portray Marilyn Munster on the television show The Munsters (1964–1966) after the original actress, Beverley Owen, left after 13 episodes.

Early life
Priest was born and raised in Bountiful, Utah. Her father was Roy Priest and her mother, Ivy Baker Priest, was the United States Treasurer from January 28, 1953, to January 29, 1961, having been appointed to the role by President Dwight Eisenhower. American paper currency printed during Ivy Baker Priest's tenure bore her signature. Priest resided in Washington, D.C., with her mother. She graduated in 1954 from Washington-Lee High School in Arlington, Virginia. She is also a graduate of Marjorie Webster Junior College.

As a benefit of the influence of her mother, Priest served as a page girl at the 1952 Republican National Convention.

She was crowned as the first International Azalea Festival Queen in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1954.

Show business
Early in her career, Priest worked as a singer and actress on local television stations, including WTTG in Washington, D.C. In the late 1950s, she acted in stage productions, including Bus Stop and The Tender Trap.

Priest replaced actress Beverley Owen on the television sitcom The Munsters; Owen departed the series after the first 13 episodes in order to get married. Marilyn's character was a running gag, as she was a beautiful blonde treated as the ugly member of a family composed of a Frankenstein's monster for an uncle, a vampire for an aunt, a vampire for a grandfather, and a werewolf for a cousin.

The studio replaced Priest with Debbie Watson (12 years Priest's junior) in the role of Marilyn Munster in the 1966 feature Munster, Go Home! (1966) instead of Priest, as Watson was under contract to the studio, which had plans to make her a film star.

After the series ended, Priest appeared on episodes of television programs such as Bewitched, Perry Mason, Death Valley Days and The Mary Tyler Moore Show, in which she played Sue Ann Nivens's unappreciated younger sister.

Priest's film roles included Looking for Love (1964) with Connie Francis, Easy Come, Easy Go (1967) with Elvis Presley, the horror film The Incredible Two-Headed Transplant (1971) with Bruce Dern and Some Call It Loving (1973) starring Zalman King.

After acting
Priest retired from acting in the 1980s, but continues to attend some of the nostalgia conventions and Munsters revivals around the country.

She had previously restored and sold homes in Idaho, where she has lived for over two decades, before retiring.

Personal life
Priest has been married twice and has two sons.

In 2001, Priest was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. She finished maintenance treatments at St. Luke's Mountain States Tumor Institute and was later determined to be in remission.

title: Pat Priest (actress)


text:
User talk:Email Guard

This user is a native speaker of: English, French, Catalan. And is proficient in German.

title: User talk:Email Guard


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Prestons, New South Wales

Prestons is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 37 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Liverpool.

History
Prestons was named after a local Irish family who in the 1910s ran a small post office on the corner of Romana Square (which has since been removed in the urbanization stages of Preston's development). The family's maiden name was Preston and they were well known for being friendly and helpful to the small community, donating food and household items to those in need. Hence, their name became synonymous with the post office and in 1972, it officially became the name of the suburb.

Schools
Schools in the suburb include Dalmeny and Prestons Public School. Private schools include, William Carey Christian School, Saint Catherine of Siena Catholic Primary School and the former Sule College, now known as Amity College.

Transport
Prestons is situated at an important road junction (Sir Roden Cutler VC Memorial Interchange) where the M5 South Western Motorway from the city meets the Hume Motorway heading towards Canberra and Melbourne and the Westlink M7 heading towards Mount Druitt and northern Sydney. All three roads can be accessed from Camden Valley Way, which also connects Prestons to Liverpool and Camden. The M7 can also be accessed from Bernera Road. Prestons is serviced by trains to the city via Granville and the Airport from Glenfield and Edmondson Park stations. Transit Systems provides three bus services to Liverpool via different routes. One of these, route 850, also connects to Narellan.

Sport
The Prestons Cricket Club (Hornets) operates from Amalfi Park, since it was founded in 1968. Prestons Robins Little Athletics operates every Wednesday and Friday nights at the new park on Ash Road during summer months.

People
According to the 2016 Australian census, Prestons had a population of 15 315 people. The most common countries of birth, other than Australia (53.1%), were Fiji (7.4%), Philippines (3.9%), India (3.1%), Vietnam (1.8%) and New Zealand (1.8%). The most common foreign languages spoken at home were Hindi (9.0%), Arabic (6.5%) and Spanish (3.3%). While Catholicism was the most common religion (32.2%), Islam was the second most common with 14.6%, ahead of Hinduism with 9.6%.

title: Prestons, New South Wales


text:
User:Oval

Welcome to Oval's user page.

title: User:Oval


text:
User talk:Oval

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Merovingian (t) (c) 04:30, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Oval


text:
Abramsky

Abramsky or Abramski is a variation of a patronymic surname meaning "son of Abram", the Biblical figure. The name is most prevalent among Jews. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alexander Abramsky (1898–1985), Russian composer
 * Chimen Abramsky (1916–2010), English professor of Jewish studies
 * Jenny Abramsky (born 1946), British radio personality
 * Nili Abramski (born 1970), Israeli long-distance runner
 * Samson Abramsky (born 1953), British computer scientist
 * Sasha Abramsky (born 1972), British journalist and author
 * Yehezkel Abramsky (1886–1976), British Orthodox rabbi

title: Abramsky


text:
Prairiewood, New South Wales

Prairiewood is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 34 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Fairfield. It is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

Prairiewood is primarily a residential suburb that is also home to a golf course, Fairfield Showground, schools, a leisure centre and a major shopping centre.

History
Prairiewood was once a part of Wetherill Park. The area was subdivided and developed in the 1970s as Prairiewood Estate. It later became a suburb and took on the name of the estate.

Commercial areas
Stockland Wetherill Park is a major shopping centre that is actually located in the north-western corner of Prairiewood. Fairfield Hospital moved to Prairiewood in 1988 from its original location in Fairfield.

Culture and recreation
Fairfield Golf Course is an 18-hole course. Fairfield Showground is home to many cultural celebrations and the Fairfield Markets, which are a common attraction every Saturday morning.

Population
According to the, Prairiewood had a population of 3,457. 43.8% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were Iraq 15.5%, Vietnam 6.7%, Italy 3.2%, Syria 3.2% and Croatia 2.3%.

The most common ancestries were Assyrian 14.9%, Italian 10.3%, Vietnamese 9.0%, Chinese 8.9% and Australian 8.8%.

28.6% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Assyrian (13.7%), Vietnamese (9.9%), Arabic (8.7%), Arabic (8.7%), Chaldean (6.2%), and Spanish (4.7%).

The most common responses for religion were Catholic 41.6%, No Religion 10.3%, Buddhism 10.0%, and Assyrian Apostolic 9.7%.

title: Prairiewood, New South Wales


text:
Roddick

Roddick is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Surname

 * Andy Roddick (born 1982), American tennis player
 * Anita Roddick (1942–2007), British entrepreneur and environmentalist
 * Sam Roddick (born 1971), British businesswoman, daughter of Anita
 * Thomas George Roddick (1846–1923), Canadian surgeon, medical administrator, and politician

title: Roddick


text:
Port Hacking, New South Wales

Port Hacking is a small bayside suburb located on the north shore of the Port Hacking estuary in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The suburb is situated 26.7 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the Sutherland Shire.

History
The suburb name is the same as the name of the adjacent estuary.

Thomas Holt (1811–88) owned most of the land that stretched from Sutherland to Cronulla, including land here. In 1840, parish maps also showed that 20 acre of land on this point were owned by Francis Mitchell. In 1858, Mary and Andrew Webster paid 108 pounds and 15 shillings plus a yearly peppercorn quit rent for their land in this area. The Websters sold their land to Dominick Dolan in 1863.

Geography
Port Hacking is surrounded by the suburbs of Caringbah South to the north-west, Lilli Pilli to the south-west and Dolans Bay to the north-east. The suburbs of Maianbar and Bundeena are located on the opposite bank of Port Hacking.

Port Hacking is a residential suburb.

Shiprock Aquatic Reserve is within Burraneer Bay. Access to the aquatic reserve is via Shiprock Rd in Port Hacking.

Commercial Area
Located on Port Hacking Road South, are a variety of specialty shops and professional services that service the surrounding suburbs of Port Hacking, Lilli Pilli, Dolans Bay and Caringbah South. These are a cellar, café, restaurant, butcher, florist, and reality agency, with many more small businesses. The strip of shops is most known for D'lish on Port, a café/restaurant.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census, there were 1,093 residents in Port Hacking.

 * 85.8% of people were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were England 3.0%, Lebanon 0.7%, Scotland 0.7%, China 0.7%, and Italy 0.6%.
 * In Port Hacking, 88.8% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Greek 3.0%, Mandarin 0.8%, Italian 0.7%, Arabic 0.6% and German 0.5%.
 * The most common responses for religion in Port Hacking were Catholic 34.5%, Anglican 22.2%, No Religion 18.3%, Eastern Orthodox 5.1% and 7.8% did not state a religion.
 * The average weekly household income in Port Hacking was $2,908, a substantially significant inflation of 43% in comparison to the New South Wales average of $1,486.

Pop culture
Port Hacking was the hosting ground for Australia's Next Top Model series 4 in 2008.

Notable people

 * Ian Thorpe - Olympic Swimmer, a former resident

title: Port Hacking, New South Wales


text:
Point Piper

 Point Piper  is a small, harbourside eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, 6 km east of the Sydney CBD, in the local government area known as the Municipality of Woollahra.

Point Piper has been historically regarded as Australia's most expensive suburb. In 2011, Wolseley Road was ranked as the ninth-most expensive street in the world, at $38,900 per square metre.

Location
The suburb of Point Piper sits on Sydney Harbour, beside the suburbs of Rose Bay, Bellevue Hill and Double Bay. The streets in Point Piper are: Buckhurst Avenue, Longworth Avenue, New South Head Road, Redvers Street, Saint Mervyn's Avenue, Wolseley Road, Wolseley Crescent, Wingadal Place, Wentworth Place, Wentworth Street, Wunulla Road, and Wyuna Road.

Heritage listings
Point Piper has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 10 Dunara Gardens: Dunara

Commercial area
Point Piper does not have a commercial area, and has few amenities or public facilities. The closest commercial areas are in nearby suburbs such as Rose Bay and Double Bay.

Beaches and reserves

 * Duff Reserve, off Wolseley Road, deep water point, popular for weddings and picnics
 * Lady Martin's Beach, Wunulla Road
 * Seven Shillings Beach, off New South Head Road
 * Redleaf Pool, off New South Head Road, on Seven Shillings Beach

Clubs

 * The Scots College rowing shed, off Wolseley Road
 * Royal Motor Yacht Club, 21 Wunulla Road
 * Royal Prince Edward Yacht Club

Population
At the 2011 census, 1,404 people were living in Point Piper. In the 2016 census, the population had risen to 1,424 people. 56.1% of people were born in Australia and 71.3% of people only spoke English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 28.3%, Catholic 20.0%, Judaism 13.6% and Anglican 13.3%.

At the 2021 census, there were 1,334 people in Point Piper.

Point Piper, in combination with Darling Point, Edgecliff and Rushcutters Bay, was named as the wealthiest area in Australia, according to information from the Australian Taxation Office in 2013.

Housing
Point Piper is home to some of the most expensive and exclusive homes in Australia, holding the record for the three most expensive house sales nationwide ($130m, $100m, $95m). There are only eleven streets in Point Piper; the main road is Wolseley Road. The price per square metre of real estate in Point Piper is one of the most expensive in the world.

Notable sales

Uig Lodge $130m (2022) - Purchased by Scott Farquhar and Kim Jackson.

Fairwater $100m (2018) - Purchased by Mike and Annie Cannon-Brookes

Edgewater $95m (2020) - Purchased by John Li

Elaine $71m (2017) - Purchased by Scott Farquhar and Kim Jackson.

Altona $60 (2016) - Jiaer Huang

Routala $50m (2018) - David Fox

Akuna $45m (2022) - Purchased by Scott Barlow

Deauville $45 (2017) - Purchased by Neville Crichton

Other notable properties

Wingadal - John Symond's mansion on Wingadal Place, reportedly cost over A$70 million to build (excluding land), easily making it Australia's most expensive, privately owned residential home.

Wolseley Rd - Three adjoining sites on Wolseley Rd valued collectively at $99.5m have been purchased by Alexandra and Gabriel Jakob. A single dwelling is planned on the consolidated site.

As at 2010, Wolseley Road was the world's ninth-most expensive residential street at up to $38,000 per square metre.

Notable residents

 * Jimmy Bancks (1889–1952), the creator of Ginger Meggs, lived at Deloraine until 1 July 1952, when he died from a heart attack the age of 63.
 * Edgar Bainton (1880–1956), British-born composer and conductor.
 * Sir Daniel Cooper, 1st Baronet, colonial merchant and politician, started construction of Woollahra House
 * Chris Corrigan, Qube Holdings chairman
 * Neville Crichton, car dealer
 * John George Nathaniel Gibbes, a resident of Point Piper House
 * Bruce Jackson (deceased), audio engineer, who lived in the mansion Altona in his youth
 * Sir Frank Lowy, former Westfield Group founder and chairman
 * Sir Charles Mackellar (1844–1926), an Australian politician and surgeon
 * Dorothea Mackellar (1885–1968), Australian poet best known for My Country, born at Dunara, in Point Piper
 * Lady Martin, Isabella Martin, estranged wife of Sir James Martin, Premier of New South Wales lived in Woollahra House
 * Sir William McMahon, Prime Minister of Australia and wife Lady McMahon
 * Lachlan Murdoch, businessman and wife Sarah
 * John Piper (1773–1851), a colonial military officer who received the first land grant in the area
 * Sir Frank Renouf, New Zealand financier (deceased) and wife Susan Renouf
 * Rene Rivkin, stockbroker (deceased)
 * John Symond, founder of Aussie Home Loans
 * Doctor Frank Tidswell and his wife Edith, lived at Deloraine, next to Duff Reserve
 * Malcolm Turnbull, former Prime Minister and wife Lucy, businesswoman and former Lord Mayor of Sydney
 * Mike Cannon-Brookes, billionaire co-founder of Atlassian

title: Point Piper


text:
Talk:John Verge

Untitled
I dunno, the picture on this page is a bit ambiguous don't you think? Yes, the building in the background doen't look Georgian but a better pic wouldn't go astray. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.217.91.57 (talk • contribs) 31 August 2005

Suggesting an edit of article
Hi, I'm going to politely suggest this article now needs quite a bit of work. I'd also suggest that some of the newer points that discuss Verge's work fall into the 'opinion' category. Scott E Hill (talk) 09:10, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Austral Eden
Was his home really called Austral Eden? The NSW Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages shows:
 * John and Mary Verge had a number of children including Austral (1847) and Eden (1844), as well as Sydney (1836), German (1838) and Auburn (1846).
 * There was also an Austral Verge, who died in 1939, in NSW.
 * Jack Verge was the son of Austral and Matilda Verge, of Hampden Hall on Macleay River, NSW.

It seems very likely that Austral Verge is one and the same, and that his father, John, is the subject of this article. FunkyCanute (talk) 16:12, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

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text: User:Ambar

title: User:Ambar


text:
Port Hacking

Port Hacking Estuary (Aboriginal Tharawal language: Deeban ), an open youthful tide dominated, drowned valley estuary, is located in southern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia approximately 30 km south of Sydney central business district. Port Hacking has its source in the upper reaches of the Hacking River south of Helensburgh, and several smaller creeks, including South West Arm, Bundeena Creek and The Basin and flows generally to the east before reaching its mouth, the Tasman Sea, south of Cronulla and north–east of Bundeena. Its tidal effect is terminated at the weir at Audley, in the Royal National Park. The lower estuary features a substantial marine delta, which over time has prograded upstream. There is also a substantial fluvial (riverine delta) of the Hacking River at Grays Point. The two deltas are separated by a deep basin.

The total catchment area of Port Hacking is approximately 165 km2 and the area surrounding the estuary is generally managed by Sutherland Shire Council. While the area to the north of Port Hacking is urbanised, the area to the south is relatively pristine and forms the northern boundary of the Royal National Park.

The land adjacent to Port Hacking was occupied for many thousands of years by the Tharawal and Eora, both Aboriginal peoples, and their associated clans. They used the bay as an important source of food and a place for trade.

Aboriginal history
For more than 8,000 years prior to 1840, the Tharawal (or Dharawal) people occupied the catchment area evidenced by hundreds of Aboriginal artefacts, middens, rock carvings and cave paintings. In the mid-19th century shell grit was in high demand as a source of lime for building in the Sydney district. Consequently, mud and oyster rocks were collected in large numbers from Port Hacking catchment, destroying a number of Aboriginal midden sites in the region.

European history
Matthew Flinders and George Bass (with Bass's servant William "The Boy" Martin) explored the area in early April 1796. They called it Port Hacking after Henry Hacking, the principal game hunter in the colony who first told the explorers of a large river he had seen inland on kangaroo hunting expeditions. Hacking was convicted of murder some years after the naming, but the name was retained..

European impacts have been substantial: the river has been effectively dammed at Audley, the dynamics of the frontal part of the marine delta were substantially altered by the creation of a fish hatchery at The Basin, shell grit extraction decimated large seagrass beds, and the entire northern shore is urbanised. Port Hacking has been closed to commercial fishing for about a century, and there are other catch/harvesting closures throughout the Port.

The northern headland, located at Cronulla, is called Bass and Flinders Point.

Description
Port Hacking effectively forms the southern boundary of Sydney's suburban sprawl. Working inland from the sea, the indented north bank of Port Hacking is formed by the suburbs of Cronulla, Woolooware, Burraneer, Caringbah South, Dolans Bay, Port Hacking, Lilli Pilli, Yowie Bay, Miranda, Gymea Bay and Grays Point. The southern bank is largely undeveloped land within the Royal National Park, although the small communities of Bundeena and Maianbar are found there. Warumbul and Gundamaian are other localities on the southern bank, in the Royal National Park. Cronulla and National Park Ferry Cruises operates a regular passenger ferry service that crosses Port Hacking, connecting Cronulla and its railway station to Bundeena. They also operate cruises along Port Hacking that depart from Cronulla.

Port Hacking is a drowned river valley, with a water surface area of 11 km2. With very little industrial and minor agricultural inputs via the Hacking River, the water quality is categorised as 'extremely good', and the extensive inter-tidal shoals provide opportunity for wading birds.

Port Hacking is a popular recreational area, where many activities can be enjoyed such as swimming, fishing and boating. The estuary and bays are used for watersports such as wakeboarding and water skiing and scuba diving. The distinctive shore feature, Shiprock, sits above the only aquatic reserve in Port Hacking. It has been protected because of the unique micro environment of marine fauna and flora.

title: Port Hacking


text: File:Sigma Star.jpg

title: File:Sigma Star.jpg


text:
Gomal Pass

Gomal Pass (ګومل) is a mountain pass on the Durand Line border between Afghanistan and the southeastern portion of South Waziristan in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. It takes its name from the Gomal River and is midway between the legendary Khyber Pass and the Bolan Pass. It connects Ghazni in Afghanistan with Tank and Dera Ismail Khan in Pakistan. Gomal Pass, for a long time, has been a trading route for nomadic Powindahs.

Two Pakistani rivers of Shna Pasta and Shore Mānda as well as  Mandz Rāghah Kowri stream  in Afghanistan flow close to Gomal Pass.

title: Gomal Pass


text:
Belle Époque (film)

Belle Époque is a 1992 Spanish comedy-drama film directed by Fernando Trueba. Consisting of a fable-like story, primarily displaying a warm tone, and set in an idyllic countryside location during the transition to the Second Spanish Republic, the film features Jorge Sanz, Maribel Verdú, Ariadna Gil, Penélope Cruz, Miriam Díaz Aroca, Fernando Fernán Gómez, Gabino Diego and Chus Lampreave, among others.

It received the Goya Award for Best Film along with eight other Goya Awards and was named Best Foreign Language Film at the 66th Academy Awards. It is a joint production among companies from Spain, Portugal and France.

Plot
In February 1931, some weeks after the failed Jaca uprising and the likewise failed Sublevación del aeródromo de Cuatro Vientos, Spain is on the verge of the proclamation of the Second Republic. Fernando, a deserting private with Republican leanings and former seminarist, is on the run from his assignment at the Cuatro Vientos base. After escaping from two Guardia Civil officers, he reaches the outskirts of a village, befriending Manolo, an old man with a semblance of a "Dickensian observer of life". Manolo owns a large house in the countryside, where Fernando stays for a while. Upon the arrival of Manolo's four daughters in a train, Fernando is enchanted by them all. As he meets each of the first three one by one, he falls in love and has sex with each of them, determining to marry. With each one, however, a complication arises: Clara, a widow who only recently lost her husband and who seeks solace with Fernando; Violeta, a lesbian who is attracted to Fernando only when he is dressed as a woman for a costume ball and Rocío, a social climber who is about to marry to Juanito into the village's richest family (with Carlist leanings) for the security it would provide and who only momentarily succumbs to Fernando's charms. Heartbroken each time, the father of the girls encourages Fernando to have patience. Each daughter is beautiful and represents a different aspect of feminine sexuality. The youngest of the family, Luz, represents naïveté. While Fernando is pursuing her sisters, Luz gets progressively angry and jealous. Eventually, Fernando realizes, however, that Luz is the best one of the four to marry.

Production
A Spanish-Portuguese-French co-production, Belle Époque was produced by Fernando Trueba PC, Lola Films, Animatógrafo, and French Production with the collaboration of Sogepaq and Eurimages. The film was shot in the summer of 1992 in several villages of Portugal.

Box office
In Spain, it was the highest-grossing Spanish film of 1992 with a gross of over 725 million Spanish pesetas ($5.58 million). In the United States and Canada it grossed $6 million for a worldwide gross more than $11 million. The film was theatrically released in Spain on 4 December 1992.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% based on 22 reviews, with an average score of 7.4/10. The film is mentioned in the 2010 American film The Fighter.

Year-end lists

 * Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Mike Mayo, The Roanoke Times
 * Honorable mentions – Mike Clark, USA Today

Accolades

 * align = "center" rowspan = "18" | 1993 || 43rd Berlin International Film Festival || colspan = "2" | Golden Bear || Nominated ||
 * rowspan = "17" | 7th Goya Awards || colspan = "2" | Best Film || Won || rowspan = "17" |
 * Best Director || Fernanro Trueba || Won
 * Best Original Screenplay || Fernando Trueba José Luis García Sánchez, Rafael Azcona || Won
 * Best Actress || Ariadna Gil || Won
 * Best Actor || Jorge Sanz || Nominated
 * rowspan = "2" | Best Supporting Actress || Chus Lampreave || Won
 * Mary Carmen Ramírez || Nominated
 * rowspan = "2" | Best Supporting Actor || Fernando Fernán-Gómez || Won
 * Gabino Diego || Nominated
 * Best Cinematography || José Luis Alcaine || Won
 * Best Editing || Carmen Frías || Won
 * Best Art Direction || Juan Botella || Won
 * Best Production Supervision || Cristina Huete || Nominated
 * Best Costume Design || Lala Huete || Nominated
 * Best Makeup and Hairstyles || Ana Ferreira, Ana Lorena || Nominated
 * Best Original Score || Antoine Duhamel || Nominated
 * Best Sound || Alfonso Pino, Georges Prat || Nominated
 * align = "center" | 1994 || 66th Academy Awards || colspan = "2" | Best Foreign Language Film || Won
 * align = "center" | 1995 || 48th British Academy Film Awards || colspan = "2" | BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language || Nominated ||
 * }
 * Best Cinematography || José Luis Alcaine || Won
 * Best Editing || Carmen Frías || Won
 * Best Art Direction || Juan Botella || Won
 * Best Production Supervision || Cristina Huete || Nominated
 * Best Costume Design || Lala Huete || Nominated
 * Best Makeup and Hairstyles || Ana Ferreira, Ana Lorena || Nominated
 * Best Original Score || Antoine Duhamel || Nominated
 * Best Sound || Alfonso Pino, Georges Prat || Nominated
 * align = "center" | 1994 || 66th Academy Awards || colspan = "2" | Best Foreign Language Film || Won
 * align = "center" | 1995 || 48th British Academy Film Awards || colspan = "2" | BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language || Nominated ||
 * }
 * Best Original Score || Antoine Duhamel || Nominated
 * Best Sound || Alfonso Pino, Georges Prat || Nominated
 * align = "center" | 1994 || 66th Academy Awards || colspan = "2" | Best Foreign Language Film || Won
 * align = "center" | 1995 || 48th British Academy Film Awards || colspan = "2" | BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language || Nominated ||
 * }
 * align = "center" | 1994 || 66th Academy Awards || colspan = "2" | Best Foreign Language Film || Won
 * align = "center" | 1995 || 48th British Academy Film Awards || colspan = "2" | BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language || Nominated ||
 * }
 * }

title: Belle Époque (film)


text:
Jonathan McKain

Jonathan "Jon" McKain (born 21 September 1982) is a Scottish Australian football player who retired from professional football in 2016 after a long and successful career. He played in countries including Romania, Australia, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia and was a fan favourite for his whole hearted displays and football abilities. After professional retirement, he played for the Rochedale Rovers in FQPL. He is generally a defender but can also play as a defensive midfielder. He was a forceful ball playing centre back or midfielder who was recognised for his work rate and discipline

Club career
McKain was educated at the Anglican Church Grammar School, and he joined Romania club FC Politehnica in the summer of 2005, from fellow Divizia A club FC Naţional București. He had enjoyable success in Romanian and was very well regarded throughout the league by players, coaches, media and fans. He was approached to seek his interest to play for Romania National team after his first season but his heart was always with Australia. He has also played for the Brisbane Strikers in Australia prior to his time in Romania

McKain signed for the Wellington Phoenix for the 2008–2009 A-League season and became a pivotal part of the sides most recognisable period. Despite several injuries McKain maintained excellent form when fit which spark several offers from other A-League clubs and overseas interest. On 14 June 2010, McKain signed a one-year renewable contract for Al-Nassr to be added to Walter Zenga squad. A US$ 1.5 million transfer fee was paid.

After his successful stint in the Middle East with Saudi Arabia club Al-Nassr, McKain returned to Australia, and signed an undisclosed contract with Adelaide United.

In August 2011, McKain was named as Adelaide United's captain ahead of the 2011–12 A-League season after impressing in pre-season friendlies and coaching staff. and played for the club for 3 seasons.

In October 2014, McKain signed for Malaysia Super League club Kelantan FA. He quickly impressed the fans with a goal he scored during a match with LionsXII that ended up in 2–0 win in their homeground stadium and went on to play for 2 successful seasons for the Red Warriors Sultan Muhammad IV Stadium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan in 2015

McKain announce his retirement from professional football on his Twitter account in 2016, after a 17-year career. He continued to play semi-professional football in Brisbane for Souths United in the FQPL and then for two seasons for Rochedale Rovers before finishing playing in 2019.

International career
McKain has represented Australia and made three appearances at the 2005 Confederations Cup in Germany. He also represented Australia at the 2004 Olympics and the 2011 Asian Cup in Qatar

Honours
With Australia: With Kelantan FA:
 * OFC Nations Cup: 2004
 * Malaysia FA Cup:2015 (runner up)

title: Jonathan McKain


text:
1st Fighter Wing

The 1st Fighter Wing (1 FW) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Combat Command Fifteenth Air Force. It is stationed at Langley Air Force Base, VA. where it is a tenant unit, being supported by the 633d Air Base Wing.

Its 1st Operations Group (1 OG) is a successor organization of the 1st Fighter Group, one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the Army before World War II. The 1 OG is the oldest major air combat unit in the United States Air Force, its origins formed on 5 May 1918.

The wing was initially part of Tactical Air Command being formed at March Field, California in 1947 and was one of the first wings to be equipped with the North American F-86 Sabre in February 1949. Briefly a part of Strategic Air Command in 1949, it was reassigned to Air Defense Command in 1950 and provided air defense of the Upper Midwest of the United States until being reassigned to Tactical Air Command in 1970. The 1 FW was the first operational wing equipped with the F-15A/B Eagle in 1976, and in 2005, was the first operational wing equipped with the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor air superiority fighter.

History

 * For additional lineage and history, see 1st Fighter Group

Origins

The 1st Fighter Wing was activated at March Field California on 15 August 1947. It was assigned to Twelfth Air Force, Tactical Air Command (TAC).

In December 1948 Twelfth Air Force was assigned from Tactical Air Command to Continental Air Command (ConAC), established on 1 December 1948. ConAC assumed jurisdiction over both TAC and the Air Defense Command (ADC). This move reflected an effort to concentrate all fighter forces deployed within the continental United States to strengthen the air defense of the North American continent. The move was largely an administrative convenience: the units assigned to ConAC were dual-trained and expected to revert to their primary strategic or tactical roles after the air defense battle was won. The 1st Fighter Wing was subsequently transferred from Twelfth Air Force/TAC to Fourth Air Force/ConAC on 20 December 1948. Organizational and equipment changes continued throughout 1949. The first F-86 Sabre, assigned to the 94th Fighter Squadron, arrived on 15 February. By the end of June the wing had received seventy-nine of its eighty-three authorized F-86s. On 1 May the wing transferred from ConAC to Strategic Air Command (SAC) and the Fifteenth Air Force. The wing was subsequently attached to the 22d Bombardment Wing on 1 July.

At March, the wing trained in large formation flying and competed to establish various formation records. The 71st Fighter Squadron struck first in September 1949, when it launched a twelve and later an eighteen-aircraft formation. The 27th and the 94th countered on 21 October. On that day the 94th launched three thirteen-plane formations, but the 27th topped this with two twenty-one plane formations, The purpose of this exercise became clear in early January 1950, when the wing deployed a sizable contingent of aircraft to participate in the filming of the RKO film Jet Pilot. The group claimed a final formation record on 4 January when it passed a twenty-four plane formation (consisting of eight aircraft from each squadron) before the cameras. The group formed its own aerial demonstration team in January 1950. The team, dubbed the "Sabre Dancers", was composed of five members of the 27th Fighter Squadron. The Sabre Dancers made what was probably their most widely viewed flight on 22 April 1950, when they performed before an Armed Forces Day audience at Eglin AFB, Florida, that included President Harry S. Truman, most of his Cabinet, and numerous other political leaders.

Korean War era

Effective 16 April 1950 the 1st Fighter Wing was redesignated the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, the same designation that was simultaneously applied to the group and its three squadrons. The wing had, some days previously, been relieved from its attachment to the 22d Bombardment Wing. The organizational changes the wing had experienced since 1947 paled in comparison to the multitude of changes the unit underwent during the last six months of 1950. As of 30 June 1950, the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Group was assigned to the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, which was itself assigned to Fifteenth Air Force and SAC. On 1 July the wing was relieved from assignment to Fifteenth Air Force and SAC and assigned to the Fourth Air Force and ConAC.

Two days later the wing issued orders establishing advanced parties of its headquarters and component organizations at Victorville (later George) AFB, California. On 22 July an advanced party of personnel from Headquarters, 1st Fighter-Interceptor Group and the 27th and 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadrons departed for Griffiss AFB, New York. A letter directing the wing to send the group headquarters and the 27th and the 71st to Griffiss for attachment to the Eastern Air Defense Force (EADF), ConAC, arrived on 30 July. Headquarters, 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing and the 94th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were assigned to the Western Air Defense Force, ConAC, on 1 August, while the group headquarters and the 27th and 71st were attached to the EADF on 15 August. The wing was attached to the 27th Air Division, WADF, on 20 September. Finally, one month later, the 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron moved from Griffiss AFB to Pittsburgh International Airport, Pennsylvania.

As of 31 December 1950 Headquarters, 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing and the 94th were stationed at George AFB, assigned to the WADF, and attached to the 27th Air Division. Headquarters, 1st Fighter-Interceptor Group, while still assigned to the wing, was stationed at Griffiss AFB with the 27th. The 71st was at Pittsburgh. The units on the East Coast were attached to the EADF.

Air Defense Command was reestablished as a major command on 1 January 1951, and the wing was assigned to ADC. In May, the 27th and the 71st were attached to the Connecticut Air National Guard 103d Fighter Interceptor Group, which provided administrative and logistical support and operational control, although the squadrons remained assigned to the 1st Fighter Group. Headquarters, 1st Fighter Group was relieved from attachment to the Eastern Air Defense Force and moved from Griffiss back to George without personnel or equipment. Meanwhile, at George AFB, the New Mexico Air National Guard 188th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was attached to the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, which provided administrative support and operational control.

All of these constant moves and reassignments as well as the fact that the wing headquarters stationed in California could provide only limited control and virtually no support to a group headquarters and squadrons deployed on the East Coast. While the policy of attaching units to higher headquarters established an ad hoc means of supplying the needed support, it was a cumbersome procedure that blurred organizational lines and did nothing for morale or unit cohesion above the squadron level. With the exception of the Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, and the three fighter-interceptor squadrons, all 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing organizations and the group headquarters were reduced to a strength of one officer and one enlisted man on 30 November 1951, at which time the wing moved from George Air Force Base, California, to Norton Air Force Base, California. The squadrons were reassigned to newly organized "defense wings": the 27th to the 4711th Air Defense Wing (ADW), Eastern Air Defense Force, the 71st to the 4708th Air Defense Wing, EADF, and the 94th to the 4705th Defense Wing, WADF. Headquarters, Air Defense Command inactivated the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing on 6 February 1952.

Selfridge AFB

The organizational instability of the early 1950s was rooted in the demands of the Korean War. With the end of the war in Korea the Air Defense Command found itself in a position to return to a more traditional command structure. The 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing was redesignated the 1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense) on 14 September 1956 and activated on 18 October 1956 at Selfridge AFB, Michigan. It was assigned to the Eastern Air Defense Force. After enduring a six-year period of frequent organizational changes, the wing began a period of stability. For approximately the next thirteen years it remained at Selfridge. Both the 71st and the 94th FIS traded their F-86s for F-102 Delta Dagger interceptors between 1958 and 1960. While the wing and its units operated from Selfridge AFB the 27th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron remained on the east coast. As of 31 December 1961 it was stationed at Dow AFB, Maine, and assigned to the Bangor Air Defense Sector, 26th Air Division. At that time the squadron was equipped with F-106 Delta Darts, and was not part of the 1st Fighter Wing.

In October 1962 the wing responded to the Cuban Missile Crisis by deploying aircraft, support personnel, equipment and supplies to Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, and Volk Field, Wisconsin. From 19 October through 27 November wing aircraft flew 620 sorties and 1,274 hours, most from Patrick AFB, while maintaining a mission-ready rate of approximately eighty percent. Wing life reverted to more normal training routines at year's end, and the pattern continued through 1963 and 1964.

On 15 March 1963 two Soviet bombers overflew Alaska and Alaskan Air Command F-102s were unable to intercept them. The response to this intrusion was to deploy ten F-106s from the 325th Fighter Wing to Alaska in what was called Operation White Shoes. While the 325th wing upgraded its F-106s, the 1st Fighter Wing relieved it from March to June 1964. While deployed in Alaska, two of the wing's F-106s were damaged in the Good Friday earthquake.

Beginning in about 1965 the wing began to transfer pilots to other units in or en route to South Vietnam. While the wing itself did not participate in the Vietnam War, its units were soon manned by personnel who had completed tours in Southeast Asia, with the 1st serving as a transition unit for many pilots en route to or returning from Southeast Asia.

Organizational changes continued to whittle away at the wing's strength in 1966 and 1967. The wing was assigned to the 34th Air Division, First Air Force, on 1 April 1966. This organization changed again on 16 January 1967, when the 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which had won top prize in the F-106 category at the 1965 William Tell weapons competition at Tyndall AFB, Florida, was transferred to the 328th Fighter Wing (Air Defense), Tenth Air Force, at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base, Missouri. This reorganization left the 1st Fighter Wing with only one fighter squadron, the 94th. However, the reduced wing stayed busy. From 24 July through 4 August 1967 Selfridge became the hub of federal activities mobilized during the 1967 Detroit riots. Elements of the 3d Brigade, 82d Airborne Division and the 2d Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, a total of some 12,000 combat and support personnel, eventually passed through the base. From 1500 on 24 July to 1500 the next day, the base received 4,700 troops and 1,008 tons of cargo. On 1 August the base handled 363 C-130 Hercules sorties, 6,036 troops, and 2,492 tons of cargo. By the time the tactical command post at Selfridge was closed at 1130 on 4 August, the base had processed 1,389 C-130 sorties, 12,058 troops, and 4,735 tons of cargo.

In September 1968 the detached 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was relieved from assignment to the 328th Fighter Wing, and transferred to the 28th Air Division, Tenth Air Force, at Malmstrom AFB, Montana, where it became a self-contained unit operating on the SAC base. Between 20 May and 5 November 1969, the 94th FIS deployed to Osan Air Base, Korea, for exercise College Cadence.

It was to be the 1st Fighter Wing's last major air defense effort. On 1 December 1969 the 94th was transferred to Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan, pending the inactivation of the 1st Fighter Wing, which was assigned to the 23d Air Division on that date. On 31 December 1969 the wing, with no units under its control, transferred to Hamilton AFB, California, and was assigned to the 26th Air Division. The wing's personnel and equipment were transferred to the 4708th Air Base Group, 23d Air Division, at Duluth International Airport, Minnesota, on 1 January 1970.

Tactical Air Command
On 1 August 1968, General William W. Momyer became commander of Tactical Air Command. While he devoted most of his attention to the pressing problems the command faced during the war in Vietnam, General Momyer also concerned himself with the designation of the units under his command. The movement of units to and from Vietnam left TAC with a mixed force. Some of its organizations had long and honorable tactical traditions. Others used a four-digit, command-controlled designations that gave them no history or traditions. General Momyer therefore directed the TAC planning staff to replace the four-digit designations with those of units that had a combat record dating from either World War II or Korea. He also directed the staff to "retain illustrious AFCON designators for the active tactical forces." This policy, plus the training demands caused by the war in Vietnam, led to the 1st Fighter Wing's return to Tactical Air Command in October 1970.

MacDill AFB

Headquarters, United States Air Force authorized the reassignment of the 1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense) from Aerospace Defense Command to Tactical Air Command on 30 July 1970. Three days later, HQ ADC directed the commander of the 26th Air Division to move Headquarters, 1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense) from Hamilton AFB, California, to MacDill AFB, Florida. All units moved without personnel or equipment. The personnel and equipment formerly of the 15th Tactical Fighter wing were reassigned to the 1st TFW. The squadrons of the 15 TFW were assigned to the historic wing: the 45th, 46th, and 47th Tactical Fighter Squadrons. Another organizational change effective 1 July 1971 transferred the wing from the 836th Air Division, inactivated on that date, to Ninth Air Force.

Completing the Wing's historic preservation, the commanders of the three squadrons participated in a shoot-out at the Avon Park Air Force Range to determine which squadrons would receive the designations of the 27th, 71st, and 94th. The commander of the 47 TFS marked the highest score, and chose the 94 TFS; the 46 TFS placed second, choosing the 27 TFS, leaving the 45 TFS with the squadron having the shortest history, the 71 TFS.

The wing spent the next four years providing advanced tactical training to F-4 Phantom II and B-57 Canberra aircrews, most of whom later saw service in the Vietnam War. On 1 October 1971, HQ TAC inactivated the 4530th Tactical Training Squadron, which, in addition to other duties, had trained Australian F-4 aircrew members and maintenance personnel during project Peace Reef. The 4501st Tactical Fighter Replacement Squadron, equipped with F-4s, assumed the 4530th's place in the wing's structure on the same date. The command inactivated the 4424th Combat Crew Training Squadron, the wing's B-57 training unit, on 30 June 1972, leaving the wing with four flying squadrons. All conducted advanced F-4 tactical training.

On 14 March 1974, the Air Force publicly announced plans to station the Air Force's first operational F-15 wing at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. Langley was chosen due to its heritage and ideal location for TAC's secondary air defense mission. After studying the heritage of its wings, TAC selected the 1st Fighter Wing as the unit to receive the first Eagle. On 6 June 1975, Tactical Air Command directed Ninth Air Force to move the 1st Fighter Wing from MacDill to Langley AFB. Although the designation of the unit moved, the majority of MacDill personnel remained in place, and served under the newly designated 56th Tactical Fighter Wing which continued to conduct F-4 training.

Langley AFB

1st Tactical Fighter Wing personnel spent six months preparing for the arrival of the F-15. By the end of 1975, the Wing was ready for its new air superiority weapon, and on 18 December 1975, Lt Col John Britt, Operations Officer, flew the Wing's first F-15B (a two-seat trainer) into Langley. Official welcoming ceremonies were held on 9 January 1976, when Lt Col Richard L. Craft, 27th Fighter Squadron Commander, landed with the Wing's first single seat F-15A. In recognition of its accomplishment of introducing the F-15 into the Air Force's operational inventory, the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing received its first Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, for the period 1 July 1975 – 31 October 1976.

After achieving operational ready status, the Wing took the experience they had earned and utilized it on a program nicknamed "Ready Eagle." The 1st helped prepare the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg Air Base, Germany, for their reception of the F-15. The 1st assisted in the training of maintenance personnel and pilots. By 23 September 1977, the wing provided Bitburg with 88 operationally ready pilots, 522 maintenance specialists, and later trained an additional 1,100 maintenance personnel at Bitburg.

On 15 April 1977, the 1 TFW acquired a new mission. The wing assumed responsibility for the 6th Airborne Command and Control Squadron's EC-135 aircraft and crews, previously assigned to the 4500th Air Base Wing at Langley. The 6 ACCS flew EC-135 airborne command posts in support of U.S. Commander in Chief, Atlantic Command (USCINCLANT) with deployments throughout the Atlantic region until early 1992. 1st Fighter Wing participation in worldwide deployments and training exercises continued through the 1980s. The Wing served in countries throughout Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Central America.

The final F-15s left the 1st Fighter Wing on 3 September 2010, after operating the weapon system for nearly 35 years.

Southwest Asia operations

The training and experience gained was called upon in the summer of 1990, when Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait. On 7 August 1990, the 27th and 71st Tactical Fighter Squadrons began deploying to Saudi Arabia as the first American combat units on the ground in Saudi Arabia, in support of the defense of the Arabian peninsula from further Iraqi aggression—an operation dubbed Operation Desert Shield. In all, the 1 TFW deployed 48 aircraft to the Persian Gulf. By 16 January 1991, when Desert Shield came to a close, the Wing amassed 4,207 sorties patrolling the Kuwait and Iraq border areas.

At 0115 local Saudi Arabia time, on 17 January 1991, sixteen 1st Tactical Fighter Wing F-15s departed King Abdul-Aziz Air Base and flew toward Iraq to participate in Operation Desert Storm, the liberation of Kuwait from the Iraqis.

During the first night of the operation, Captain Steven W. Tate of the 71st Tactical Fighter Squadron, shot down an Iraqi Mirage F-1, which turned out to be the wing's only kill during the war. It was also the first combat credit awarded to the wing under command of the U.S. Air Force. Upon its return on 8 March 1991, the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing had amassed a total of 2,564 sorties during Operation Desert Storm.

The end of the First Gulf War did not bring an end to the Wing's support in Southwest Asia. Monitoring the southern no-fly zone, the 1st provided six-month coverage every year under Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch. In October 1994, when Saddam Hussein again placed forces near the Kuwaiti border, the Wing participated in a short-notice deployment, Operation Vigilant Warrior.

Operation Vigilant Warrior demonstrated the need for an Air Force capability of providing combat air power globally at short notice. This requirement resulted in the concept of the Air Expeditionary Force (AEF.) During AEF II, the 1st Fighter Wing deployed 12 F-15s and over 600 personnel to Shaheed Mwaffaq Air Base, Jordan, from 12 April – 28 June 1996. Wing members built and operated from the bare base, and provided support to Operation Southern Watch, supporting UN sanctions and enforcing the no-fly zones in Iraq.

On 25 June 1996, a fuel truck loaded with explosives detonated outside the Khobar Towers Housing area, in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The bomb killed 19 Air Force members, including five airmen of the 71st Rescue Squadron, and consequently the 1st Fighter Wing relocated its Southwest Asia operations from Dhahran to Prince Sultan Air Base, Al Kharj.

From 1991

On 1 October 1991, the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing was redesignated 1st Fighter Wing; the 1st Fighter Group was redesignated as the 1st Operations Group and reactivated as part of the wing. The 1st Fighter Wing assumed responsibility of three additional missions—air control, airlift, and search and rescue:
 * —On 15 March 1992, the 74th Air Control Squadron was transferred to the 1st Fighter Wing. The 74th provided command and control of air operations for worldwide operations.
 * —On 1 February 1993, the 41st and 71st Rescue Squadrons, and the 741st Maintenance Squadron were assigned to the 1st Fighter Wing. Stationed at Patrick AFB, Fla., the units provided search and rescue for NASA's space shuttle missions, and support of combat search and rescue operations in Southwest Asia. Additionally,
 * —On 1 April 1993 C-21 operational support aircraft were assigned to the Wing with the establishment of Detachment 1, 1 OG. On 1 May, the detachment inactivated and the 12th Airlift Flight, with the same mission, activated.

The 1st Rescue Group was activated as part of the 1st Fighter Wing on 14 June 1995, to provide operational control of the Search and Rescue mission.

Two realignments ordered by Air Combat Command took effect on the same day, 1 April 1997. The most substantial one had been the 1st Rescue Group's reassignment to the 347th Wing at Moody Air Force Base. This move meant the loss of two types of aircraft, the HC-130P "Hercules" gunship, and the HH-60G "Pave Hawk" helicopter. When the Air Force decided to transfer 12th Airlift Flight to Air Mobility Command, another type of aircraft, the C-21, was removed from the 1st Fighter Wing's possession exactly four years after it had been assigned.

What made the wing's valued participation in this contingency unique is the fact it sent no aircraft in support of it, exemplifying the diversity of the 1st Fighter Wing's comprehensive mission. More than 150 personnel from 11 units within the 1st Fighter Wing deployed to the European theater in direct support of Operation Allied Force and associated operations such as Noble Anvil and Shining Hope.

Responsible for the worldwide mobility commitment to execute command and control operations, the 74th Air Control Squadron provided the largest contingent of 1st Fighter Wing personnel and equipment to Operation Noble Anvil. The 74th ACS set up their equipment outside Budapest, Hungary, to provide joint forces and theater commanders with an accurate air picture for conducting offensive and defensive missions. During Operation Allied Force, the 74th Air Control Squadron deployed to provide critical air control in the European Theater of Operations.

After September 11 terrorist attacks

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the 1st Fighter Wing took to the skies to simultaneously defend the east and west coasts of the US against further terrorist attacks. The wing's F-15s were among the first fighters on scene over Washington, D.C., and remained on station continuously for the next six months. The 1st Fighter Wing simultaneously participated in the US homeland defense mission in Operation Noble Eagle; maintained its lead wing status in the USAF's Air Expeditionary Force rotations to Southwest Asia and Turkey, enforcing no-fly zones in Operation Southern Watch/Operation Northern Watch until 2003; and deployed fighters to Keflavík, Iceland to fulfill NATO treaty obligations.

During the first stages of the Iraq War in 2003, the 71st Fighter Squadron deployed again to Southwest Asia. In 2005, the 27th and 94th Fighter Squadrons became the first squadrons in the world to achieve operational status flying the F-22 Raptor.

Joint basing
The 1st Fighter Wing served as the host unit of Langley AFB from 1975 until 7 January 2010. The wing relinquished two of its four groups to the newly reactivated 633d Air Base Wing, which assumed host duties for Langley AFB. The change of command also was a pivotal step in the realignment consolidation of Langley AFB and Fort Eustis into Joint Base Langley-Eustis, which stood up in January 2010.

2023 Chinese balloon incident

On 4 February 2023, F-22s of the 1st Fighter Wing were dispatched from Langley AFB to shadow an alleged Chinese spy balloon that had been floating southeastward over the continental United States for several days. Once the balloon floated over the Atlantic Ocean near South Carolina, one of the F-22s fired a single AIM-9X Sidewinder air-to-air missile at the balloon from an altitude of 58,000 feet, downing it. The wreckage landed approximately 6 miles offshore and was subsequently secured by ships of the US Navy and US Coast Guard. The downing of the balloon marked the first air-to-air kill made by an F-22. During this mission, the F-22s of the 1st Fighter Wing were assisted by F-15s from the 104th Fighter Wing of the Massachusetts Air National Guard, as well as tanker aircraft from various other units of the United States Air Force, including the 916th Air Refueling Wing of Seymour Johnson Air Force Base.

Lineage, assignments

 * Designated as: 1st Fighter Wing on 28 July 1947
 * Organized on: 15 August 1947
 * Redesignated as: 1st Fighter-Interceptor Wing on 16 April 1950
 * Inactivated on: 6 February 1952

 * Redesignated as: 1st Fighter Wing (Air Defense), 14 September 1956
 * Activated on: 18 October 1956
 * Redesignated as: 1st Tactical Fighter Wing on 1 October 1970
 * Redesignated as: 1st Fighter Wing on 1 October 1991

Assignments

 * Twelfth Air Force, 15 August 1947
 * Fourth Air Force, 20 December 1948
 * Fifteenth Air Force, 1 May 1949
 * Attached to: 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 25 November 1947 – 28 March 1949
 * Attached to: 22d Bombardment Wing, 10 May 1949 – 1 April 1950

 * Fourth Air Force, 1 July 1950
 * Attached to Western Air Defense Force, 1–31 July 1950)

 * Western Air Defense Force, 1 August 1950 – 6 February 1952
 * Attached to: Southern California Air Defense Sector [Provisional], 7 August – 19 September 1950
 * Attached to: 27th Air Division, 20 September 1950 – c. 6 February 1952)

 * 30th Air Division, 18 October 1956
 * Detroit Air Defense Sector, 1 April 1959
 * 34th Air Division, 1 April 1966
 * 23rd Air Division, 1 December 1969
 * 26th Air Division, 31 December 1969
 * 836th Air Division, 1 October 1970
 * Ninth Air Force, 30 September 1971 – 20 August 2020
 * Fifteenth Air Force, 20 August 2020 – present

Flying components
Groups

 * 1st Fighter Group (later, 1st Fighter-Interceptor Group; 1st Fighter; 1st Operations Group): 15 August 1947 – 6 February 1952 (detached 15 August 1950 – 3 June 1951); 18 October 1956 – 1 February 1961; 1 October 1991–.
 * 1st Airdrome Group (later 1st Air Base Group, 1st Combat Support Group, 1st Support Group, 1st Mission Support Group): 15 August 1957 – 6 February 1952; 18 October 1956 – 30 June 1975, 15 April 1977 – 7 January 2010
 * 1st Maintenance & Supply Group (later 1st Logistics Group, 1st Maintenance Group): 15 August 1947 – 6 February 1952; 18 October 1956 – 1 February 1961; 1 October 1991–.
 * 1st Medical Group (earlier USAF Hospital, Langley, USAF Regional Hospital, Langley): 15 April 1977 – present
 * 1st Rescue Group: 14 June 1995 – 1 April 1997.
 * 1st Station Medical Group (later 1st Medical Group, 1st USAF Hospital, 1st Tactical Hospital): 15 August 1947 – 6 February 1952, 18 October 1956 – 1 May 1973, 1 February 1978 – 15 March 1987
 * 67th Reconnaissance Group: 15 August – 25 November 1947

Squadrons
 * 6th Airborne Command and Control Squadron: 19 April 1976 – 1 October 1991.
 * 7th Liaison Squadron: 1 September 1947 – 28 March 1949.
 * 27th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 1 July 1971 – 1 October 1991 (detached 7 August 1990 – 8 March 1991).
 * 45th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 1 October 1970 – 1 July 1971.
 * 46th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 1 October 1970 – 1 July 1971.
 * 47th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 1 October 1970 – 1 July 1971.
 * 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (later, 71st Tactical Fighter, then 71st Fighter Squadron): 1 February 1961 – 16 January 1967; 1 July 1971 – 1 October 1991 (detached 7 August 1990 – 8 March 1991).
 * 84th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: 31 December 1969 – 1 October 1970.
 * 94th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (later, 94th Tactical Fighter, then 94th Fighter Squadron): attached 15 August 1950 – 3 June 1951; assigned 1 February 1961 – 1 December 1969 (detached 24 May – 3 November 1969); assigned 1 July 1971 – 1 October 1991.
 * 188th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: attached 15 June 1951 – 6 February 1952.
 * 4424th Combat Crew Training Squadron: 1 October 1970 – 30 June 1972.
 * 4501st Tactical Fighter Replacement Squadron: 1 October 1971 – 30 June 1975.

Flights

 * 4401st Helicopter Flight: 31 March 1987 – 1 October 1991.

Stations

 * March Field (later, AFB), California, 15 August 1947
 * George AFB, California, 18 July 1950
 * Norton AFB, California, 1 December 1951 – 6 February 1952
 * Selfridge AFB, Michigan, 18 October 1956
 * Hamilton AFB, California, 31 December 1969

 * MacDill AFB, Florida, 1 October 1970
 * Langley AFB, Virginia, 30 June 1975–.
 * Components of wing deployed to King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Saudi Arabia
 * 1st Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional)
 * (Operation Desert Storm/Desert Shield), August 1990 – March 1991

Aircraft

 * P-80 Shooting Star (later F-80) (1947–1949)
 * F-22 Raptor (2004–present)
 * FA (later, RB)-26 (1947–1949)
 * Stinson L-13 (1947–1949)
 * B-26 Marauder (1948–1949)
 * Piper L-4 (1948–1949)
 * L-5 Sentinel (1948–1949)
 * B-29 Superfortress (1949)
 * P-51 Mustang (1951–1952)
 * F-86 Sabre (1956–1960, 1949–1952)
 * F-102 Delta Dagger (1958–1960)

 * F-106 Delta Dart (1960–1969, 1969–1970)
 * F-4 Phantom II (1970–1990's)
 * B-57 Canberra (1970–1972)
 * F-15 Eagle (1976–present)
 * EC-135 (1976–1992)
 * HH-3 (1993–1994)
 * Lockheed HC-130 (1993–present)
 * C-21 (1993–1997)
 * HH-60 Pave Hawk (1994–1997)

Organization
The major units currently comprising the 1st Fighter Wing are as follows:

 * Headquarters, First Fighter Wing
 * 1st Operations Group
 * 27th Fighter Squadron
 * 71st Fighter Squadron
 * 94th Fighter Squadron
 * 1st Operations Support Squadron
 * 1st Maintenance Group
 * 1st Maintenance Squadron
 * 1st Munitions Squadron

Commanders

 * Col Carl J. Crane, 15 August 1947
 * Col Elvin F. Maughn, 19 January 1948
 * Col Clifford H. Rees, 17 May 1948
 * Col Joseph H. Davidson, 13 January 1949
 * Col George McCoy Jr., 14 June 1949
 * Col William L. Lee, 19 August 1949
 * Col Wiley D. Ganey, 4 January 1950
 * Col George McCoy Jr., 17 February 1950
 * Brig Gen Donald R. Hutchinson, c. 17 October 1950
 * Col Dolf E. Muehleisen, 14 December 1950
 * Col Robert F. Worley, c. June 1951 – 6 February 1952
 * Col Glenn E. Duncan, 18 October 1956
 * Col Charles D. Sonnkalb, c. August 1959
 * Col George J. LaBreche, c. December 1960
 * Col Ralph G. Taylor Jr., 15 June 1962
 * Col Wallace B. Frank, 11 September 1963
 * Col Converse B. Kelly, 16 September 1963
 * Col Kenneth E. Rosebush, August 1966
 * Col Taras T. Popovich, 29 April 1968
 * Col Morris B. Pitts, c. 31 October 1969
 * Col Mervin M. Taylor, January 1970
 * Col Travis R. McNeil, 1 October 1970
 * Col Robert F. Titus, 1 March 1971
 * Col Howard W. Leaf, 6 May 1971
 * Col Walter D. Druen Jr., 1 November 1971
 * Col Sidney L. Davis, 18 April 1972
 * Col Gerald J. Carey Jr., 25 June 1973

 * Col Ernest A. Bedke, by June 1975
 * Lt Col George H. Miller, 1 July 1975
 * Brig Gen Larry D. Welch, 1 August 1975
 * Brig Gen John T. Chain, Jr., 1 August 1977
 * Col Neil L. Eddins, 27 March 1978
 * Col Donald L. Miller, 15 May 1979
 * Brig Gen William T. Tolbert, 11 August 1980
 * Brig Gen Eugene H. Fischer, 29 January 1982
 * Brig Gen Henry Viccellio Jr., 6 April 1983
 * Brig Gen Billy G. McCoy, 31 May 1985
 * Col Buster C. Glosson, 10 July 1986
 * Col Richard B. Myers, 11 June 1987
 * Col John M. McBroom, 24 February 1989
 * Col David J. McCloud, 27 June 1991
 * Brig Gen Gregory S. Martin, 15 June 1993
 * Brig Gen William R. Looney III, 23 May 1995
 * Col Felix Dupre, 11 April 1996 (temporary)
 * Brig Gen William R. Looney III, 29 June 1996
 * Brig Gen Theodore W. Lay II, 10 July 1996
 * Col Gary R. Dylewski, 21 October 1997
 * Col Felix Dupre, 7 April 1999
 * Brig Gen Stephen M. Goldfein, 10 April 2000
 * Col Stephen J. Miller, 11 January 2002 – September 2003
 * Col Frank Gorenc, September 2003 – June 2005
 * Brig Gen Burton M. Field, June 2005 – April 2007
 * Brig Gen Mark Barrett, April 2007 – May 2009
 * Col Matthew H. Molloy, 8 May 2009 – 23 May 2011
 * Col Kevin J. Robbins, 23 May 2011 – July 2013
 * Col Kevin A. Huyck, July 2013 – 2015
 * Col Peter Fesler, 2015 – 2017
 * Col Jason T. Hinds, 2017–2019
 * Col David R. Lopez – 2019–Present

Honors
Authorized to display honors earned by the 1st Operations Group prior to 15 August 1947.

Service Streamers. None.

Campaign Streamers.

 * World War I: Champagne-Marne; Aisne-Marne; Oise-Aisne; St Mihiel; Meuse-Argonne; Lorraine Defensive Sector; Champagne Defensive Sector.

 * World War II: Air Offensive, Europe; Algeria-French Morocco; Tunisia; Sicily; Naples-Foggia; Anzio; Rome-Arno; Normandy; Northern France; Southern France; North Apennines; Rhineland; Central Europe; Po Valley; Air Combat, EAME Theater. Decorations. Distinguished Unit Citations: Italy, 25 August 1943; Italy, 30 August 1943; Ploieşti, Romania, 18 May 1944.

 * Southwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait.

Decorations.

 * Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards: 1 July 1975 – 31 October 1976; 15 June 1982 – 15 June 1984; 16 June 1984 – 15 June 1986; 1 June 1995 – 31 May 1997; 1 June 1998 – 31 May 2000; 1 June 2000 – 31 May 2001.

Emblem
Approved for 1st Operations Group on 10 February 1924 and for 1st Fighter Wing on 22 May 1957. The five stripes stand for the original five squadrons, and the crosses represent the group's five campaigns during World War I.

title: 1st Fighter Wing