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H. H. Bennett

Henry Hamilton Bennett (January 15, 1843 – January 1, 1908) was an American photographer famous for his pictures of the Dells of the Wisconsin River and surrounding region taken between 1865 and 1908. The popularity of his photographs helped turn the city of Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin into a tourist destination.

Early life
Bennett was born in Farnham, Quebec and raised in Brattleboro, Vermont. In 1857, at the age of 14, Bennett moved with his father and uncle to Wisconsin. The group settled in Kilbourn City, today known as Wisconsin Dells, and Henry worked as a carpenter in the town. After the outbreak of the American Civil War, Bennett joined the 12th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment and fought in the Battle of Vicksburg before being severely wounded by the accidental discharge of his own gun. After the war, the wound prevented Bennett from returning to carpentry, so in 1865 he bought the Kilbourn City photography studio operated by Leroy Gates and began a career as a photographer. Shortly afterward, in 1866, he married Francis Douty, and the couple eventually had three children. Douty died in 1884 and Bennett married Evaline Marshall in 1890, with whom he had two more children.

Due to the low demand for portraits in the area, Bennett set his sights on landscape photography. His training as a carpenter served him well. Bennett made all of his own equipment except for the glass lenses in his cameras. He built himself a portable darkroom, and then towed it, his camera, and other necessary equipment with him across the local countryside taking pictures. He didn't have to go far to find impressive scenery, for the Wisconsin River Dells, a gorge with numerous sandstone formations, was just outside Kilbourn City. Bennett loaded a boat with his photographic equipment and took many pictures of the Dells. Realizing that the three-dimensional aspect of the rock formations would be lost in two-dimensional photographs, he began creating stereoscopic images that allowed viewers to see the Dells in three dimensions. Bennett made his first stereoscopic photo in 1868, and they soon became very popular, being sold in cities across the United States.

Innovations in photography
As people across the country saw more and more of Bennett's photographs of the Wisconsin Dells, they began to flock to Kilbourn City to see the rock formations in person. The area quickly became a destination for sightseers eager to leave behind the bustle of the city. Bennett capitalized on this, building the H. H. Bennett Studio in 1875 and using it to sell postcards and souvenir portraits to travelers. In the meantime, he continued to innovate in the field of photography by inventing a stop action shutter which allowed him to take photographs of instantaneous events. Previously, it took several minutes for a camera to take a picture, and any movement of the subject being photographed over this time caused the picture to become blurry.

After Bennett created the new shutter, he was able to take clear pictures of moving subjects. The best known photograph taken by Bennett with this device was an 1886 image of his son Ashley jumping between two rock formations in the Dells. Boston audiences of 1890 gasped when this photograph was projected as a magic lantern slide. Bennett also introduced narrative concepts, as noted by his great-granddaughter, Betsy Reese Grant, in The Bennett Story:
 * From 1832 until 1890, every spring saw raftsmen riding their lumber to market down the Wisconsin River. Bennett had always been interested in taking a series of pictures of their activities. In 1886 dry plates had finally become reliable enough that he did not need his portable darkroom. Henry and his son Ashley made a 100-mile, week-long trip on a lumber raft. Between Kilbourn and Boscobel, Wisconsin, he took 30 pictures of the raftsmen's different activities. He then combined these with other pictures taken near Kilbourn and called the series, The Story of Raftsmen's Life on the Wisconsin. This was the first time a photographer wrote a "story" with pictures. Photo journalism was born.

Bennett also innovated in the way he printed pictures, building a revolving solar printing house that is now housed at the Smithsonian Institution. In addition, because early cameras were unable to accurately capture details of the sky or reflections in water after being adjusted for the light of a typical land photograph, Bennett wove together negatives from multiple photographs of land, sky and water before creating a final print. Bennett received much attention for his advanced techniques, and was commissioned by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad to photograph the landscape along the company's track in Wisconsin. Bennett also took pictures outside the state, photographing an ice palace in St. Paul, Minnesota and the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Finally, Bennett photographed the huge circular paintings known as cycloramas, publishing sets of stereoviews on the Civil War cycloramas of the Battles of Shiloh, Gettysburg and Missionary Ridge, the engagement between the Monitor and the Virginia, as well as the Crucifixion. As portable film cameras became widespread in the 1890s, Bennett's career declined somewhat because tourists coming to see the Dells were able to take their own souvenir photos and no longer needed Bennett's postcards or portraits. Nevertheless, Bennett pressed on in his profession, selling gift shop type items from his studio to attract more customers and continuing as a professional landscape photographer until his death from Bright's disease in 1908. Following his death, Bennett's family took over the photography studio, remodeling it in 1917. His descendants continued to operate the studio until 1999, when the building was restored to its 1908 appearance and became a historic site operated by the Wisconsin Historical Society.

Watch

 * Wisconsin Stories: "The H.H. Bennett Studio" (2001)

title: H. H. Bennett


text:
Time Bomb (Angel)

"Time Bomb" is episode 19 of season 5 in the television show Angel. Written by Ben Edlund and directed by Vern Gillum, it was originally broadcast on April 28, 2004 on the WB network.

In "Time Bomb", Illyria rescues Gunn from the hell dimension he entered in penance for his role in Fred's death. While Angel negotiates a contract between a group of demons and a pregnant woman whose unborn child the demons believe to be their Messiah, Illyria begins uncontrollably looping through time, until Wesley shunts her excess power into another dimension.

This is a crucial episode in the Illyria arc, because Team Angel are able to diminish her powers until she can only help them and can no longer destroy the Earth.

Plot
The episode opens with Gunn still being tortured by a demon in a hell dimension, when he is suddenly rescued by Illyria, who uses her ability to shift between dimensions to return them both to Wolfram & Hart.

Gunn enters Wesley's office, and both have so much emotional baggage, they are uncertain how to behave. Wesley acknowledges that he should apologize for stabbing him earlier but is unsure how as he feels it would just be awkward. Gunn replies he is not looking for an apology and he probably wouldn't accept one anyway, adding that his torture in the hell dimension was much worse.

Meanwhile, Angel grows suspicious of Illyria's continued presence at the Firm, and concludes that she is staying not out of loyalty, but because of an attraction to the Firm's power. He orders Lorne to shadow her, and then turns his attention to a legal case involving a ceremonial demon pact. A pregnant woman named Amanda has agreed to allow a demonic cult called "the Fell Brethren" to adopt her baby, and Angel and Gunn start to advise her until they learn, to their outrage, that their client is not the innocent woman, but rather the seemingly benevolent demons who are secretly taking advantage of her and planning to sacrifice the child on the eve of its 13th birthday.

Meanwhile, Illyria enjoys sparring with Spike in the training room, perhaps because he does not kowtow to her, and is even learning to adapt to her fighting techniques, but she begins to act oddly even by her standards, and Wesley theorizes that she is growing emotionally and molecularly unstable as a result of her interdimensional travels. He realizes that if her energy excess continues to go unchecked, it will result in a catastrophic explosion.

As Angel, Gunn, and Hamilton argue over how to handle the Fell Brethren case, Illyria grows increasingly disoriented and paranoid, culminating in a confrontation in which she effortlessly kills Angel, Lorne, Spike, and Wesley in a matter of seconds. At this point, the narrative switches to her point of view, and it is revealed that Illyria's disorientation has been caused by the fact that her excessive mystical energy has been sending her uncontrollably back and forth in time.

Illyria again goes back in time to a point before she had killed the other characters, and she inadvertently begins taking Angel with her on her trips through time. Angel learns of the deaths of his friends and is horrified. After Illyria gives him advice about power, she explodes and likely decimates the continental shelf, but the explosion is so powerful it blasts Angel back in time to before Illyria killed everyone. This time, thanks to what Illyria told him, Angel is able to disrupt Illyria's attack and avoid the massacre. Illyria accuses Angel and Wesley of plotting to kill her with Wesley's massive ray gun, the Mutari generator, but Wesley reveals that the gun is not meant to kill her, but rather to disperse her excessive energy and thus prevent the fatal explosion. Spike briefly holds his own fighting Illyria until she uses her time control powers on him, giving Wesley the chance to activate the Mutari generator in time. Illyria is left emotionally devastated by the resulting loss of some of her super powers.

Angel returns his attention to the Fell Brethren case, and shocks Gunn by agreeing to represent the demons rather than the blithely naïve pregnant woman, having apparently taken Illyria's advice about power.

Acting
The role of Amanda was played by Jaime Bergman, David Boreanaz's wife. Of the experience, Boreanaz says, "[it was] great to have her come on to the show, and have our son look at that, and see the two of us actually play opposite one another for a brief moment." He adds, "We had fun with it. It was nothing too serious, it was just a small little role, a laugh."

Production details
J. Sherman compares the scene in which Illyria descends into hell to rescue Gunn as a "riff on the Orpheus theme".

Arc significance
Illyria's statement to Angel about how to win a war helps Angel to form his plan against Wolfram & Hart. It begins in the final scene, where he appears to forfeit the unborn child, but is not fully revealed until "Power Play". His plan ends in "Not Fade Away" when Angel and his team go up against the Circle of the Black Thorn.

Critical response
Writing for The A.V. Club, Noel Murray writes that he finds two important issues for this episode: first, "Illyria's worldview sounds so persuasive: Raw self-interest is so much easier than trying to adhere to some kind of impossibly complicated code of behavior," and, second, "its structure":

"'which takes its cues from what's happening to Illyria. As her power swells and begins to crack the container that is Fred's body, Illyria keeps slipping back in time, reliving conversations and moments of action, and sometimes taking the people around her along for the ride. For example, we see Illyria kill Wes, Lorne, Spike, and Angel, then slip back to a moment before that all happened, thus giving Angel a chance to prevent it. This is also relevant to what's happening to our heroes, who have been weighing every option and considering the consequences, and to some extent over the past few episodes have been getting chances at a do-over. Stuck in a suburban hell, Gunn doesn't make a deal to get back what he had; while Wes does essentially make the same bad decisions regarding Connor that he did before. Even the character of Illyria is something a repeat, in that she's like a meaner version of Jasmine.'"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Time Bomb (Angel)


text:
Jean Doré

Jean Doré (12 December 1944 – 15 June 2015) was a Canadian politician and mayor of the City of Montreal, Quebec.

Background
Doré studied law at the Université de Montréal, where he was president of the student union from 1967 to 1968. He received a Master's Degree of Political Science from McGill University. In the early seventies Doré became a founding member of the progressive Montreal Citizens' Movement (MCM), also known as Rassemblement des citoyens et citoyennes de Montréal (RCM) in French, where he started as treasurer and eventually became party leader in 1982.

From 1972 to 1975, Doré was director of the Fédération des associations d'économie familiale. He hosted a consumer affairs show on the Radio-Québec public television network. He was briefly a press attaché for René Lévesque who would later become Premier of Quebec. Prior to his mayoral tenure, Doré worked as a lawyer for the Confédération des syndicats nationaux (CSN) - the Confederation of National Trade Unions (CNTU).

Leader of the Opposition
In 1982 Doré was selected as the MCM candidate for Mayor of Montreal. He finished second with 36% of the vote, against incumbent Jean Drapeau (48%), giving Drapeau his stiffest competition in years. Fifteen candidates of the MCM were elected to City Hall. Doré won a by-election in 1984 and became city councillor for the district of Saint-Jean-Baptiste, as well as Leader of the Opposition.

Mayor of Montreal
Drapeau retired in 1986. By this time, Drapeau's Civic Party was increasingly seen as tired and unfocused after a quarter-century in power. The MCM took control of the city in a landslide victory. Doré won the mayoral race in a rout with 68% of the vote, while 55 MCM candidates out of 58 were elected to council. He was re-elected in 1990 with 59% of the vote.

City Councillor Marvin Rotrand said the Doré era was most notable for a more democratic manner of administration than that of Drapeau.

As mayor, he oversaw the renewal of the Old Port and the parks and beaches of Île Ste-Hélène. He also inaugurated Place Émilie-Gamelin (known informally as Berri Square), Place Charles de Gaulle and the archaeology museum at Pointe-à-Callière.

Under Doré, 150 kilometres of bike paths were constructed, as well as several parks and public beaches, including on Île-Notre-Dame the Plage Jean-Doré.

During his administration, the first public commissions of city council were established and the city's first master urban plan was adopted.

However, Doré was also criticized for an ineffective style of government, including lax policies toward city employees, as well as an unwillingness to pay down the massive debt from Drapeau's megaprojects. As well, some left-wing members of the MCM, including councillors Sam Boskey and Marvin Rotrand, quit his party after the Overdale scandal to form the Democratic Coalition of Montreal (DCM), also known as Coalition démocratique de Montréal (CDM) in French.

First political retirement
In 1994 Doré received only 32% of the vote and was defeated by Vision Montreal candidate Pierre Bourque (47%). He could have taken a seat on the city council after winning his election in the district of Plateau-Mont-Royal with 46% of the ballots, but retired in favor of running mate Thérèse Daviau.

Attempt at a comeback
Doré tried to make a political comeback in 1998. He founded Équipe Montréal (Team Montreal), a new party, and ran for mayor. However, he gathered only 10% of the vote and finished fourth. Two candidates of TM were elected to the city council, but they eventually sat as Independents, and the party ceased to exist shortly before the 2001 election.

Post politics
Doré left public life and became senior director of business development for the central Caisse Desjardins.

Health
In 2014, Doré announced that he had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He died on 15 June 2015.

title: Jean Doré


text:
Daryl Mitchell (actor)

Daryl "Chill" Mitchell (born July 16, 1965) is an American actor and former rapper. He is known for such roles as Dexter Wilson on The John Larroquette Show, Tommy Webber in Galaxy Quest, Leo Michaels on Veronica's Closet, Eli Goggins III on Ed, and Patton Plame on NCIS: New Orleans.

Early life
Mitchell was born in The Bronx, to a secretary mother and a bus driver father. He grew up in Wyandanch.

Career
During the 1980s, Mitchell was a member of the hip hop group Groove B. Chill. Mitchell made his film debut in House Party (1990). He had taken the role for both financial reasons and in hopes of popularizing his music. After acting in the sequel, Mitchell decided to leave music to focus strictly on acting.

His first regular role on television was on the sitcom Here and Now as T. Mitchell landed the role of Dexter, a lunch attendant that often argued with the protagonist, on the sitcom The John Larroquette Show (1993−96). For his work on John Larroquette, Mitchell was nominated for an NAACP Image Award in 1996 for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He appeared regularly as marketing director Leo on Veronica's Closet from 1997 to 2000.

He appeared as Wally, a mechanic, in Sgt. Bilko (1996), with Steve Martin and Chris Rock among his co-stars. Mitchell was Earl in A Thin Line Between Love and Hate (1996) and played Roy in Home Fries (1998). Mitchell appeared as Raul in the Disney film Toothless (1997) alongside Veronica's Closet co-star Kirstie Alley.

In 1999, Mitchell acted in two feature films. He appeared as English teacher Mr. Morgan in 10 Things I Hate About You and portrayed Tommy Webber, a fictional actor who performed as Lieutenant Laredo during childhood, in the science fiction spoof Galaxy Quest.

He appeared as police officer Chambers in Lucky Numbers (2000) and was Steve in Black Knight (2001). Mitchell played a state trooper in The Country Bears (2002), which finished filming shortly before his motorcycle accident.

Mitchell's first role following his accident was Eli, a bowling alley manager, in Ed (2002−04). He joined the series in its third season. The producers of the series, already feeling the ensemble was too large, balked at the idea of another character being introduced. However, producer Jon Beckerman's worries were quelled upon meeting Mitchell and he was taken by Mitchell's sense of humor, leading to the character of Eli being created.

In 2009, he portrayed Chill Trainor in the short-lived sitcom Brothers with Michael Strahan. A reviewer for The New York Times found Mitchell's character to be the most interesting, and praised the actor's line delivery. Despite the show's short run, Mitchell received his second NAACP Image Award nomination in 2010, in the category of Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series. Mitchell went on to win the award on February 26, 2010. From 2014 to 2021 he starred in NCIS: New Orleans as recurring-turned-main character Patton Plame, a computer specialist for NCIS. In 2018, he joined the cast of Fear the Walking Dead portraying Wendell.

In September 2009, Mitchell was profiled on TV One's biographical documentary program Life After, a series that examines the lives of celebrities following a career turning point.

Personal life
Mitchell and his wife, Carol, have three children. , they live in Sugar Hill, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta.

Accident
On November 10, 2001, Mitchell was paralyzed from the waist down after a motorcycle crash on an island near Beaufort, South Carolina, in which he lost control of his bike while turning a corner on gravel and loose pavement. He woke up five days later in the hospital. Mitchell got full support from his family and friends, including Denzel Washington and Chris Tucker, to continue his career. He had a recurring role thereafter on the TV program Ed between 2002 and 2004 as a bowling alley manager who was paralyzed after an accident.

Mitchell later started the Daryl Mitchell Foundation to raise awareness of spinal cord injury, and serves as the Minority Outreach spokesman for the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation. He has also become a strong advocate for employing actors with disabilities.

Studio album

 * Starting From Zero (A&M, 1990) (with Groove B. Chill)

title: Daryl Mitchell (actor)


text:
Otjiwarongo

Otjiwarongo (beautiful place) is a city of 49,000 inhabitants in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. It is the district capital of the Otjiwarongo electoral constituency and also the capital of Otjozondjupa.

Otjiwarongo is situated in central-north Namibia on the TransNamib railway. It is the biggest business centre for Otjozondjupa Region. Otjiwarongo is located on the B1 road and its links between Windhoek, the Golden Triangle of Otavi, Tsumeb and Grootfontein, and Etosha National Park. It is one of Namibia's fast-growing towns, with a neat and peaceful quality environment and many excellent facilities, including supermarkets, banks, lodges, and hotels. Some of Namibia's best-known private game farms and nature reserves are located in and around the town.

Otjiwarongo is one of Namibia's towns with a large population of German-speaking people. German influence is also evident in its Germanic buildings. The school "Donatus School Otjiwarongo" (D.S.O.) was once known as "Deutsche Schule Otjiwarongo".

History
The San and Damaras were the first settlers of the area, the Damaras from the Geio-Daman clan lived in the area from as early as 1390. The Damaras also named the city ǂKhanubes. German Namibians first settled in Otjiwarongo in 1900. A bloody war was fought in the area between the Hereros and the Germans in 1904 where many of the Herero people died. This happened sometime before Otjiwarongo was established as an administration point for the Germans and officially became a town. A narrow-gauge railway was built from Swakopmund on the coast, to the Otavi copper mine which helped Otjiwarongo become a prosperous agricultural centre. The three tribes where separated like in many of Namibia's towns, where each lived in a separate neighborhood: Ovambo Location, Damara Location and Herero Location respectively. The three locations together made up the suburb of Orwetoveni.

Mining
B2Gold mine, an open-pit gold mine established in 2014 and owned by B2Gold, is located approximately 70 km northwest of town. 48 km to the north there is the Okorusu fluorspar mine, a well-known source of fluorite specimens for mineral collectors. The mine is a potential resource for rare-earth elements. Together, mining contributes about 20% of the town's economy.

Health facilities
Otjiwarongo District State Hospital is the biggest hospital in the town and very soon a Referral State Hospital will be built, it is mostly used by the middle and low income residents. A number of private clinics and hospitals are also present in the town, including a branch of MediCity Private Clinic.

Tourism
The main interest for tourists is Otjiwarongo's proximity to the Waterberg Plateau Park. Otjiwarongo is home to the Cheetah Conservation Fund, an internationally recognized organization dedicated to ensuring the long-term survival of the cheetah through research, conservation and education. Also about 50 miles from Otjiwarongo is Okonjima, the home of the Africat Foundation, a cheetah and leopard rehabilitation centre.

On the edge of town is the Crocodile Ranch, one of the few captive breeding programs for the Nile Crocodile that has been registered with CITES.

Built 15 km outside of town, the Omatjenne Dam provides artificial recharge of local groundwater.

Transport
Otjiwarongo has a well-developed road network. It is situated at the junction of the national road B1 that passes north–south through all of Namibia, the C38 to Outjo and further into Kunene Region in Namibia's north-west, and the C33 to Karibib, connecting the coastal towns of Swakopmund and Walvis Bay. Roads in town are likewise well-maintained, making Otjiwarongo one of the few Namibian towns that has tarred roads even in the townships.

Otjiwarongo is connected to the national railway grid, run by TransNamib. Otjiwarongo railway station is situated downtown, connecting Otavi and the junction at Kranzberg, and branching off to Outjo. In front of the railway station stands the historic Locomotive No 41, originally brought from Germany to haul ore between Tsumeb and the port at Swakopmund.

The town has an air strip, Otjiwarongo Airport. There are plans to develop an international airport.

Politics
Otjiwarongo is governed by a municipal council that has seven seats.

The 2015 local authority election was won by SWAPO which gained five seats and 3,901 votes. One seat each went to the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA, 454 votes) and the United Democratic Front (UDF, 442 votes). SWAPO also won the 2020 local authority election. It obtained 3,128 votes and gained four seats. One seat each went to Independent Patriots for Change (IPC, an opposition party formed in August 2020, 1,208 votes), Popular Democratic Movement (PDM, the new name of the DTA, 537 votes) and Landless People's Movement (LPM, an opposition party formed in 2016, 488 votes).

Education
There are about 15 schools in Otjiwarongo, three private schools and twelve public schools. All schools final exams for grade 10 and 12 are regulated by the Ministry of Education, Arts & Culture. The schools of Otjiwarongo attract more and more non-resident students. The town also has a community library that caters for reading needs of the towns residents.

There are a number of institution for higher education in the town, as well as the MTI and COSDEC vocational training centres and a convent. The University of Namibia and the Namibia University of Science and Technology had plans to build satellite campuses in the town. The two institutions already have their regional centers in the town where distance students interact with the two institutions respectively.

Public Schools

 * Karundu Primary School
 * Karundu Junior Secondary School
 * Orwetoveni Primary School
 * Rogate Primary School
 * Spes Bona Primary School
 * Vooruit Primary School
 * Donatus School Otjiwarongo (until 1995 Deutsche Schule Otjiwarongo)
 * Otjiwarongo Secondary School
 * Monica Geingos Secondary School
 * Paresis Secondary School
 * Tsaraxa-Aibes Combined School

Private Schools

 * Privatschule Otjiwarongo
 * Otjiwarongo Christian Primary
 * Edugate Academy

Previously the German school Regierungsschule Otjiwarongo was in the city.

Language
About 90% of the town's residents speak and understand Afrikaans. About 75% speaks English and 35% German. Other languages includes indigenous languages like Otjiherero, Khoe-Khoe and Oshiwambo.

Sport
Mighty Gunners FC is the town's major football team. Life Fighters (Okahirona) also returned to the Namibia Premier League in 2017 after more than a decade. Mokati Stadium, the smaller of two stadia in Otjiwarongo, is located in Orwetoveni and it is the main football stadium in town. There are also grounds for basketball, netball, and tennis. The largest, Paresis Park also known as "The Show Ground", is located in the upper suburb of the town. It is the towns biggest sport ground and one of the biggest in Namibia. It has two soccer fields and two rugby fields. There are also grounds for hockey, tennis, netball, and cricket. The park is also used to host sport tournaments and business events such as the Otjiwarongo Trade Show. In 2011, it hosted the main event of the 21st Independence Celebrations of Namibia.

Living conditions
In many of Otjiwarongo's townships residents live in shacks. In 2020 the city had a total of 6,251 of these informal housing structures, accommodating more than 50,000 inhabitants, more than the most recent (2011) census reported as total population figure.

Climate
Otjiwarongo has a semi-arid climate (BSh, according to the Köppen climate classification), with hot summers and mild winters. The average annual precipitation is 457 mm.

Notable residents

 * Dan Craven (born 1983), racing cyclist
 * Hage Geingob (born 1941), first prime minister and third President of Namibia
 * Otto Ipinge, politician, former mayor of the town, former regional councillor for Otjiwarongo Constituency, and current governor of Otjozondjupa Region
 * Vekuii Rukoro (1954–2021), lawyer, businessman and the paramount chief of the Herero people
 * Agnes Samaria (born 1972), middle-distance runner
 * Calle Schlettwein (born 1954), politician, Minister since 2012

title: Otjiwarongo


text:
Bernhard Sekles

Bernhard Sekles (20 June 1872 – 8 December 1934) was a German composer, conductor, pianist and pedagogue.

Life and career
Bernhard Sekles was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of Maximilian Seckeles and Anna (née Bischheim). The family name Seckeles was changed by Bernhard Sekles to Sekles. From 1894 to 1895 he was the third Kapellmeister at the Stadttheater in Mainz. In 1896 he became a teacher at the Hoch'sche Konservatorium in Frankfurt am Main; here he started the first jazz class anywhere in 1928. He was the director of the Hoch'sche Konservatorium from 1924 to 1933. For his composition students, He was one of the first German Jewish academics to lose his job when Hitler came to power in Germany. He died in his native Frankfurt am Main.

Selected compositions
Publishers: Schott, Eulenberg, Leukart, Brockhaus, Oehler, Rather.

Stage works

 * Der Zwerg und die Infantin, (The Birthday of the Infanta), ballet, op. 22, 1913, based on an Oscar Wilde fairy tale
 * Scheherazade, opera, op. 26, 1917
 * Die Hochzeit des Faun, comic opera, 1921
 * Die zehn Küsse, comic opera, 1926

Orchestra

 * Aus den Gärten der Semiramis, symphonic poem, op. 19
 * Kleine Suite, dem Andenken E. T. A. Hoffmanns, op. 21
 * Die Temperamente, 4 symphonic movements for large orchestra, op. 25, 1916
 * Passacaglia und Fuge for large orchestra and organ, op. 17, 1922
 * Gesichte, miniatures for small orchestra, op. 29, 1923
 * Der Dybuk, prelude for orchestra, op. 35, 1928
 * Symphony N° 1, op. 37, 1930

Chamber music

 * Trio for clarinet, violoncello and piano, op. 9
 * Skizzen for piano, op. 10
 * Serenade for 11 solo instruments, op. 14, 1907
 * Divertimento for string quartet, op. 20, 1911
 * Passacaglia und Fuge im vierfachen Kontrapunkt for string quartet, op. 23, 1914
 * ''Sonate in d-moll" for violoncello and piano, op. 28, 1919
 * String Quartet, op. 31, 1923
 * Suite Nr. 1 for piano, op. 34
 * Der Musik-Baukasten for piano (3 or 4 hands), 1930
 * Chaconne über ein achttaktiges Marschthema (Chaconne on an Eight-Beat March Theme) for viola and piano, op. 38, 1931
 * Sonata for violin and piano, op. 44

Vocal music

 * "Lieder", op. 6
 * Volkspoesien aus dem Rumänischen, for baritone and piano, op. 7, 1900
 * Aus >Hafis<, 4 songs for baritone and piano, op.11, 1902
 * Aus dem Schi-King (Friedrich Rückert), 18 Lieder for high voice and piano, op. 15, 1907
 * 4 Lieder auf Gedichte von Friedrich Rückert for baritone and piano, op. 18, 1911
 * 4 Lieder for female choir and piano, op. 6, 1899
 * 6 volkstümliche Gesänge for soprano, male choir and piano, op. 12, 1904
 * Variationen über >Prinz Eugen< for male choir, wind and percussion instruments, op. 32, 1926
 * Vater Noah for male choir, op. 36
 * Psalm 137 for mixed choir, soprano and organ, 1933/1934 (Edited by Edmund Brownless - Laurentius-Musikverlag)

Theoretical publications

 * Musikdiktat, dictation exercises, Mainz 1901
 * Instrumentations-Beispiele, examples of instrumentation, Mainz 1912
 * Musikalische Geduldspiele – Elementarschule der Improvisation, Mainz 1931
 * Grundzüge der Formenlehre (rules of harmony)
 * Harmonielehre (manual of harmony)

Literature

 * Articles in Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Kassel 2006) and New Grove (London 2001)
 * Peter Cahn: Das Hoch'sche Konservatorium 1878-1978, Frankfurt am Main: Kramer, 1979, pages 257-270, 295-297.
 * Joachim Tschiedel: Der "jüdische Scheindirektor" Bernhard Sekles und die Gründung der ersten europäischen Jazz-Klasse 1928, in: mr-Mitteilungen Nr. 20 - September 1996
 * Joachim Tschiedel: Bernhard Sekles 1872 - 1934. Leben und Werk des Frankfurter Komponisten und Pädagogen, Schneverdingen 2005
 * Theodor W. Adorno: Bernhard Sekles zum 50. Geburtstag, in Gesammelte Schriften Band 18, Frankfurt/Main 1984, S. 269 f.
 * Theodor W. Adorno: Minima Moralia, Frankfurt/M. 1951, page 291 ff.
 * Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, (Nicolas Slonimsky, Editor) New York: G. Schirmer, 1958

Selected discography

 * Chamber Music: Rhapsody, Sonata op. 44, Sonata op. 28, Capriccio; Zuk Records 334, 2011.

title: Bernhard Sekles


text:
Questioning

Questioning is a major form of human thought and interpersonal communication. It involves employing a series of questions to explore an issue, an idea or something intriguing. Questioning is the process of forming and wielding that serves to develop answers and insight. Questioning may also refer to:

 * Interrogation, interviewing as commonly employed by law enforcement officers, military personnel, and intelligence agencies with the goal of eliciting useful information
 * Scepticism, a state of uncertainty or doubt, or of challenging a previously held belief
 * Questioning (sexuality and gender), a phase or period where an individual re-assesses their sexual orientation/identity and/or gender identity
 * Socratic questioning (or Socratic maieutics), disciplined questioning that can be used to pursue thought in many directions and for many purposes

title: Questioning


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. Roads/California/Archive 1

Article Titles
If you noticed, SPUI seems to be on a crusade to rename "California state highways" to "California State Routes". A few days ago, he renamed all of the articles that way. And he was the one who posted Category:California state highways on CFD to be renamed like that. So I might suggest that we should also rename this Wikiproject to WikiProject California State Routes. Zzyzx11 | Talk 05:38, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Some of them had already been named that way, and a look at Caltrans's site made it appear that they usually use "State Route" or "SR". I have emailed Caltrans and asked them which is official for another data point. --SPUI (talk) 12:46, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * As per the discussion on Talk:California Highway 17, this convention is highly problematic, mainly because it is a violation of the "use common names" naming policy. The articles should all be at the title that constitutes the most common unambiguous name for the highway, not the official title. Of course the "state route" titles should remain as redirects, but the actual title of the articles should reflect the common name, not some obscure legislative detail. Nohat 07:03, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * That's your opinion. USS Carl Vinson (CVN-XX) is not the common name either - but it's required in order to distinguish between different vessels. Similarly, ensuring that STATE highways are unambiguously listed in a different form than U.S. or Interstate highways is of clear importance to Wikipedia. "Highway 17" is highly ambiguous because it tells you nothing about the route's form - is it an Interstate, a U.S. Highway or a state route? This is far from a semanticism - it strikes at the heart of what the highway is and is not. I believe "State Highway" strikes an acceptable balance between the common name and the requirement for clearness and unambiguity. Ball's in your court. --FCYTravis 16:47, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It is not merely my opinion, but the consensus of the community, that official Wikipedia policies must be applied. Being under the purview of a wikiproject does not exempt an article from having to follow official Wikipedia policies.
 * The disambiguation policy only applies where there is something to disambiguate. For example, most languages are at XXX lanugage because XXX is in most cases also the adjective describing people from the nation that speaks the language, like English, French, Spanish, Russian, etc., but a few, which do not share such a name, are simply at XXX, like Esperanto.
 * There is only one "Highway 17" in California, so the only thing that needs disambiguation is the state name. "Highway 17" is the most common name for that highway, and Naming conventions (common names) is the only policy that applies. Unless you can point to a policy that exempts articles about highways from this policy, then this policy must be applied.
 * As for "California state highway" vs "California highway", since California is uniquely a state, including the word "state" seems like an unnecessary redundancy. Nohat 18:05, 11 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It is clearly not a redundancy. You are far out of the mainstream when referring to transportation affairs. You have refused to compromise in any way. This is highly disturbing. It is NOT a "highway," it is a State Highway and there is clearly a need to include State to differentiate it. --FCYTravis 18:09, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Nohat, by your standards, we should rename the article entitled List of California state parks. I mean, "California is uniquely a state, including the word 'state' seems like an unnecessary redundancy." See how absurd this is? Clearly "state" tells the reader the article is referring to *state parks* in California as opposed to local, county, regional or national parks. Similarly, "state" in "State Highway" tells the reader the article is referring to a STATE HIGHWAY as opposed to a county, U.S. or Interstate highway. --FCYTravis 18:32, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This analysis is incorrect. "List of California state parks" is obviously different from "List of California parks" because there are parks in California that are not state parks. However, this is not the case for California Highway 17 because there are no other things in California called "Highway 17" besides this one road. There IS NO county highway 17, U. S. highway 17 or interstate highway 17 in California. There's no need for disambiguation if there is nothing to disambiguate. If there were county or federal highways in California that also went by the name "Highway 17" then, yes, it would be necessary to disambiguate the state highway. But there are no other such roads. I know I have already agreed to "state highway 17" and I'm not trying to reopen that argument, but I just think it's important to recognize that the word state is not necessary when there is nothing to disambiguate. Nohat 19:32, 12 May 2005 (UTC)
 * There are county highways/roads that bear the route number 17 as well. Stanislaus/Merced County 17 (technically, J17).  Monterey County 17 (G17, technically).  San Deigo County 17, Shasta County 17.... etc.  I have not driven them beofre, but I wouldn't be surprised if a couple of them fit the strict definition of a highway.  --atanamir 21:24, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

P.S. yes, you compromised to state highway 17. thanks. --atanamir 21:25, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I do think that it looks strange when you click on the Category:California State Highways link and see California State Route 1, California State Route 2.... California State Highway 17... but if the end user types in California State Route 17 then they will see CA-17, no matter what you want to call it.--Rschen7754 04:41, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

Infobox
I'm not sure I like the infobox, especially the various colors. It seems it would be easier for the reader to simply have a column at right that says what the status of the intersecting route is (beginning of concurrency, unconstructed, whatever). There should also be data on where the mileposts change at the county line, so mileage can be calculated along the route. The centering of the table also looks a bit strange. Any comments? --SPUI (talk) 12:52, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I have re-edited the infobox. It should be much easier to use and read (I hope). Bennyp81 21:20, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

It still seems very important to me to link to some sort of legend of what the colors mean. Someone just looking at the article will see the colors and have no idea what they mean. It should be in the main namespace so reusers will pick it up. Maybe some sort of javascript or CSS where you can show/hide it, like the way the TOCs work? Something like that is done on the template at the bottom of de:Bundesautobahn 1. Or not, must have been a different one. --SPUI (talk) 21:21, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I know little of how to use javascript or CSS, even less so in Wikipedia. However, I'll explore both, find some examples to steal--er, find inspiration, and tinker further with the infobox.  Thanks for the insight.  Bennyp81 00:43, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Infobox
I think also trying to include the junction list into the small infobox is going to get kind of messy in real usage. If you look at California State Route 85, the junction listing for that takes up a lot of space, which will not go well into a small infobox on the right of the article. --User:Atanamir

 * The infobox should include only junctions of other state highways. Streets should only be shown if they legally define the route at some point, the route was relinquished from or to that point, or if there is a dramatic change of quality for the route (e.g. route turns from a freeway to a city street).  Interchanges with city streets are already given at Caltrans' website.  Just visit Caltrans' Exit Numbering page, click on the route you want to get info on, and copy the link onto the article at the External Links section.  An example, for northbound Route 85:

* Cal-NExUS: Route 85 North

Should yield this:

Cal-Nexus: Route 85 North Bennyp81 19:26, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)

New Shield Graphics
I've uploaded a new series of shield graphics i made tonight. They're smoother and look better.

etc.

 * They look awesome! And I'm glad we're using them, especially in the infoboxes.  In the future, however, you might want to use two-digit miner's spades instead of three-digit ones, as those are more fitting for the two-digit routes.  Still, they look great.  Keep up the good work!

New Infobox
SPUI and I have been working on another infobox prototype for the routes.

The latest revision can be found at: User:SPUI/onthecaca

 * I think it looks fine so far. Continuing the discussion about colors in the box: Remember that a good portion of the population (1-10% depending on whose info you're reading) suffers from some level of colorblindness. So as per Color blind, one should never use color alone to convey info. Perhaps rather than including the text describing the status of each junction, there could be a numbered (or lettered) footnote that matches up with the color legend.   Elf | Talk 04:33, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

SR-109?
I read the little blurb about xshort state highways, but should we include them in the navigaion on the infobox? I'm adding in the infobox for California State Route 110, but i'm not sure if the previous should be 108, or 109. --atanamir 06:13, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'd recommend including 109 - only problem is then you can't get to 108. Maybe whatever 61 is merged into could also have a small box with only the navigation to 108 and 110. --SPUI (talk) 07:39, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * 108 hasn't been constructed or assigned to a specific road -- currently it is only on the books. 109 is a mile long running from CA-84 just after the Dumbarton Bridge south through East Palo Alto to 101, but I am not sure if it is actually signed. So, as of now, include 109. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 08:02, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Routes 109 and 114 might be special cases, as they are two distinct routes that basically serve the same purpose. Since Route 109 actually exists as a state highway now, it should be used in the infobox for Route 110.  I might create one article that will share information for both routes in the future.  24.126.199.167 23:56, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Maps?
Do you guys think maps would be useful? Or yahoo! maps or something would suffice?

as an example, i've made a sample one up:

what do you think?

--atanamir 10:11, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I have nothing against maps. In fact, I'm all for them!  But are they easy to make?  Do they show the routing accurately?  What about more awkward cases (Routes 70 or 84) where the routing goes all over the place and require a greater area to map?  Bennyp81 00:00, May 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I overlay the yahoo map and then trace it using illustrator. It shouldn't be too hard to make?  But then 300 or so of them might get annoying after a while; haha.  --atanamir 01:03, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Another possibility is like the map on RI 1A - might not be practical with California though. --SPUI (talk) 00:29, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been updating the map to include county lines; i'll upload a better version tonight sometime if I finish. --atanamir 01:33, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I like the map. But, indeed, if it has to rely on one person to create hundreds of them, I wonder whether we'll actually end up with all articles with maps and/or in consistent format? Elf | Talk 04:27, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Section # / mileposts?
Where can i find information on the section number and mile post sfo the junctions? It's not on calnexus.... --atanamir 01:04, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Here: .  This is the Caltrans Bridge Log, where bridges and overpasses are recorded according to Caltrans district and route number.  Just look up which county you want and select the Caltrans district for that county.  A PDF showing you mileposts for bridges will show up, but it also includes mileposts for junctions to other routes.  Bennyp81 22:03, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

Interstates
I am assuming that we can put routeboxes, etc. on the Interstate 105 CA page (for example)? And change the structure to match this Wikiproject's? That's what it says on the main page. --Rschen7754 21:11, May 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have been considering that for quite some time; I added thei nterstates onto the list last night becaue they are, in the strict sense, considered state routes. Right now the infobox is setup to only use CA-XX.gif images; so we prboaby have to make another template for interstates; or we can add in a variable in the infobxo to set the type of image (CA-xx.gif or Interstate-XXX.png); it might be a probelm though as we have to go through all the articles to change it -_-.
 * Yeah, make new GIFs for the interstates, if only to make it easier for infobox use. Interstates that are entirely within California should have infoboxes.  Information should be presented much like it is on other state highway articles. Bennyp81 21:10, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

Plus, the primary interstate pages i don't think we should touch, since they span multiple states. --atanamir 01:43, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * What if there was a mini-routebox on I-5's page (for example?) Or if we start a Wikiproject for Oregon (for example) we could create one routebox for all three states.--Rschen7754 04:41, May 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Another idea would be to call the image CA-405.gif although it is really Interstate 405. --Rschen7754 01:47, May 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Is there any way to create a redirect with images? --atanamir 01:57, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Not quite sure... having been on Wikipedia only a few months. --Rschen7754 02:39, May 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Tried to create one... the redirect is now on the speedy deletion page. --Rschen7754 02:54, May 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * For primary interstates, I think we should create a separate section within the article (and not a separate article) describing the route in California, as I have suggested for the U.S. Highways. Bennyp81 21:10, May 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * So is it okay to go ahead and add the routebox? Should Primary interstates be included in the browse section? --Rschen7754 04:32, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Check out Interstate 805: this is the first Interstate (to my knowledge) with a routebox. There are quirks that need to be worked out... to make the browse links work I created redirects for I-805 and I-780; could someone create them for the rest of the CA Interstates? --Rschen7754 00:23, May 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think a method needs to be worked out which makes the "State Route" redirects unnecessary; they are sort of misleading, e.g is Interstate 5 ever known as California State Route 5? - Evil saltine 07:53, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It is true that California law makes no distinction between Interstates, U.S., and state highways; as far as it's concerned, they are all "state highways." Nevertheless, any article about an Interstate or U.S. Highway in California should always be called an "Interstate" or "U.S. Highway" and never "California State Route." This should be true even for spur and loop interstates entirely within California.  This is for the convenience of other Wikipedians who would be more familiar with the Interstate or U.S. highway title of a certain route number. Bennyp81 00:50, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Created all of the Interstate redirects, and added the classification/stub marker to all of the 3dis. (but I didn't think I-305 should be a stub). The 2dis still need to be classified though. --Rschen7754 22:20, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do any of you want to create a page for statistics of the interstate highway system in california? We can include how many miles total are in california, how much money... we can list the control-cities for the pullthrough signs and even write a bit about the 'quirks' that caltrans likes to put in califonria interstates (prrobably like how hov lanes are permanently separated in socal, and caltran's bosession with stack interchanges)... stuff like that.  proposed interstates... I can see a lot going into this sort of page.  somehting like Interstaet Highway (California) or something like htaht... sorry about the typo... its 6am and ijust pulled an allnighter doing an essay.  atanamir 14:30, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

US Routes
Also... what about US Routes (the few that CA has)? The Wikiproject makes no mention of them. --Rschen7754 04:10, May 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't had time to add them on; i was going to do it tongiht but if you watn to help go ahead! =) --atanamir 05:40, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I will be making some USH signs tongiht as well for the ones that are missing signs.
 * Is it okay to put routeboxes on US 101? (as it is an interstate US highway)?--Rschen7754 22:27, May 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hm, I think it's best to hold off on that for now; if you do it to 101, then i'm sure peopele will wopdner why it's only for 101 and not the other US highways. myabe we can start a US Highway proejct and develop an infobox for that?  --atanamir 01:45, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * To clarify, I meant adding routeboxes to all the US routes in CA... are we putting routeboxes on them since they are all multi-state? --Rschen7754 04:04, May 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * well, the problem is that it's not like U.S. Highway 95 (California), it's just U.S. Highway 95.  That article is supposed to encompass the route as it passes throguh california, nevada, and wherever else it goes to.  Hence, I don't think it'd be logical to ONLY include information about its California segment in the article; i think if we put an infobox it should be for the entire length.  --atanamir 07:14, 20 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You could split the article into sections (like US 23) and put the infobox in the CA section. --SPUI (talk) 13:43, 20 May 2005 (UTC)
 * We could create a section within each of the U.S. highways articles titled "U.S. Highway XXX in California". There, we can add the infobox, legal definition, and route description.  Also, I figure that U.S. Highways should be linked in the Browse section of the infobox.  They should lead directly to the above-titled section in the U.S. highway article.  Example:  Routes 100 and 102 should link to Route 101 and not each other; the Route 101 link should send you to the California section of the article. Bennyp81 20:59, May 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe the naming convention would be U.S. Highway XXX (California) ... it sounds like a good plan, it might be a little confusing for some though. --atanamir 09:25, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

It doesn't work!

 * I must say I disagree with doing this. We don't do it for routes like I-80 and I believe we shouldn't do it for these either. Having a CA only route box clutters the page and hides the fact the route is multistate. Unless we rework it to do one nationwide route box (which might not work because of all of the routes that will have to be listed as cross routes) I think we should keep off the routeboxes. It just doesn't work.
 * Personally the reason I haven't put one on I-80 is because I haven't gotten around to it... I believe that ideally a Interstate WP and US highway WP should be created because those pages don't follow the same structure. Then a routebox for each wp would be added. Now when would we get around to all of this? I don't know, personally I have my hands full with CASR and WASR WPs and my schoolwork. But just a thought for the future... maybe for now either keep the ca routebox as a temporary solution, or just ignore it until things settle down. --Rschen7754

 * I say we leave the Primary Interstate and US highway articles as they are sans routebox until a new multistate routebox is developed. Putting a CA routebox on select interstates and US highways that only enter California clutters the page with routeboxes that are both misleading and if multiple states are used, it just gets worse. A new nationwide routebox is the solution if there must be a routebox. Gateman1997 17:41, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * An example: Interstate 95. What happens when all 15 states put a routebox on it? Although I-95 isn't in CA it's just something to think about... --Rschen7754 19:20, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Exactly. You of course used one of the more absurd examples (ie: I-95, 90, 80, 70). But frankly even I-5 with only 3 individual states infoboxes would be both unsightly and unwieldy. If we're going to do one it should be a single multistate routebox similar to the CA ones but instead of EVERY highway it crosses we only include say either primary interstates or all interstates for interstate entries and maybe US Highways and Interstates for the US Highway infoboxes. Having every state highway as well would make I-80, 90 etc... have thousands of crossings, which would be unusable. And that is the priamry purpose of an encyclopedia, to not only have info, but to be a useful source of info. Gateman1997 19:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Although in CA's case having highways like CA-99 on the infobox would be helpful. But if you put in everything... CA-1's routebox is an example of a routebox that is too big. --Rschen7754 20:05, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * True. I've found CA-99 to be probably as big as an infobox should should and even then I'd say it's pushing it. Having multistate routeboxes with all crossings, or even a national one with all crossings won't work for highways like US 101, I-5, I-95 etc... We need a single multistate condensed infobox that has as I said earlier Primary, secondary and in the US Highways cases, US Highways. Also maybe include primary cities with populations over a certain number say 100,000 and a list of the states the route crosses.Gateman1997 20:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well... I'm considering just creating the dang interstate routebox soon. I'll create a WP just so that people know about the new infobox and I'll incorporate the other templates the interstate pages use (the list of all the interstate highways, etc.) I just want other people to weigh in so that I can get a go-ahead (not that I don't value your opinion or anything). --Rschen7754
 * Never mind about CA-99, if we do that then we'll have a programming nightmare for the routebox. We'll have to make 50 subtemplates for the routebox. Anyone interested? --Rschen7754
 * My bad... I was really tired. --Rschen7754 15:53, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Here is the scratchpad for the Interstate routebox: User:Rschen7754/Routeboxint . --Rschen7754
 * I created the actual template which is now at Routeboxint.--21:18, August 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * The test for the routebox is at User:Rschen7754/Routeboxinttest. --Rschen7754

 * Wow! Nice work. That's exactly how I envisioned it. And I like the addition of the state highways with the next numbers thing at the bottom. One suggestion I might have for it though since it might get a little messy with 50 states worth of SR 4s and 6s is that we put the secondary interstates that the priamry is parent of list there instead. But I'll leave that choice to you. It looks great. I imagine we could do something similar with US Highways as well. My other suggestion would be to change "Route 5" to "Interstate 5". Gateman1997 20:07, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The reason I did the browse state hwys is so someone can get from CA-4 to I-5 to CA-6 so there's no problems... and there are templates for I-5,10, and 80 3di-5 I think that have the 3dis. But we would need to create the templates for each family... it would be a little bit neater when we do 3dis that go into multiple states. Another problem: Should we use a CA routebox or an Int routebox for I-105CA? How about for I-205 which goes through OR/WA? Sorry, I like to think of everything. --Rschen7754
 * I think for the rare cases where secondary interstates cross into another state we should keep the state routeboxes, since technically they are two different highways even though they share the same track. For instance there is more then one I-280 but the articles are divided up "Interstate 280 (California)", "Interstate 280 (New Jersey), etc... For a road like I-205 I believe there should actually be two seperate articles and route boxes for the Interstate 205 (Washington) and Interstate 205 (Oregon) halfs. Or if one article is kept I would suggest making the box and article an "Oregon" interstate since that is where the road originates.Gateman1997 18:40, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say that we should keep it one article... now the Oregon routebox idea is interesting. In I-205's case the OR exit numbers continue into Washington and some 2dis do that. However some multi-state 2dis re-start mileage at the state line. So I'm really not sure about this one... we don;t want to confuse the end viewers which I think 2 articles on the same freeway would though. --Rschen7754 04:27, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Also another concern I have is what about Interstate 238? It is technically a primary interstate, even if road buffs loathe it for being outside the original system designs. I believe it should be reclassified with your new primary routebox when it's complete as it is listed as a Primary Interstate in CA.Gateman1997 18:40, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd agree with that... for purposes of the routebox. --Rschen7754 21:13, August 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * So yeah one of these days I'll create an Interstate WP. It will standardize structure by dividing route description section into subsections for each different state where legal definition, etc will go. The 3di family templates will be standardized as well as the interstate routebox. But in the meantime the routebox can go on primary Interstate articles- I believe you set type2 to "Interstate" minus the quotes if it is a 2di and if it is a 3di (including 238) then "Interstate-" Type2 is needed since the image files are named differently. Probably in early September I'll start the WP... lol... --Rschen7754
 * I was bored and decided to start it... feel free to add your name although the project isn't quite there yet. WikiProject U.S. Interstate Highways--Rschen7754 21:13, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Southern California Freeways
I have a rather bold idea: Note that there are quite a number of stub articles regarding individual Southern California Freeways, featuring information that seems more appropriate for routes. After all, legally the route always trumps the name. As part of the WikiProject, should we merge and redirect all of these stub articles into a single article, taking out the information that should belong to the route they traverse? Bennyp81 06:44, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you mean putting all of the named articles into one article, or simply merging i.e. Golden State Freeway with Interstate 5? --Rschen7754 03:35, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, Rschen, that's exactly what I mean. 24.126.199.167 7 July 2005 19:08 (UTC)

U.S. and Interstate Highways in Category:California state highways
I think that U.S. and Interstate highways do not belong in that category, because they are not state highways. For example, Interstate 8 is adequately categorized by inclusion in Category:Interstate highways in California. -- hike395 03:43, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I would disagree with that... they are state routes (highways) and the CS&HC does not diffrentiate between them... and the general consensus on the WikiProject talk page being that Interstates/ US Routes are to be included in the WikiProject and therefore classified as California state highways. While yes Interstates are not the same as the green state highways, they are still maintained by Caltrans and do fall into the definiton of state highways... However I could be totally wrong here so could someone else please weigh in? --Rschen7754 04:07, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a Wikipedia consistency issue here, too. I spot-checked: Category:Colorado state highways, Category:Nevada state highways, and Category:Maryland state highways do not list their respective interstates and U.S. highways.. I don't see why California should have one definition and most (all?) other states should have a different one. If we do decide to include non-state-highways, at the very least, the description of the category (and, indeed the title of the category) should be changed. It should be Category:California highways, analogous to Category:California mountains, e.g. -- hike395 05:18, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Hike395--I checked a dozen 'state highway' cats, and none of the others include Interstates or US highways. In general, 'common use' is dominant over what any entity wants things to be called when naming articles, and I think the same principle would apply here. At least anyone who has ever looked at a US road map would consider 'US highways', 'Interstate highways', and 'State highways' three separate things. Also, listing them here seems redundant with Category:Interstate highways in California and Category:U.S. Highways in California. Niteowlneils 20:08, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Those separate categories are a very strong argument for keeping Category:California state highways "pure" (only state routes).

 * For the sake of this WikiProject, I have an alternative proposal. Let's make Category:California highways, which contains the three types of highway categories, each of which only has one type of highway. This project can then concentrate on any article that appears in any subcategory of that category. So, there will still be one place to refer to all California highways, but there will also still be consistency between states. -- hike395 04:30, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Then shouldn't we rename List of California State Routes to List of [[California highways? Zzyzx11 (Talk) 04:56, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I would be happy with this proposal, or we could add to the cat desc of CaSR "Interstate and US highways are also considered CASRs, click here to see them."--Rschen7754 July 4, 2005 19:49 (UTC)
 * The standard way to do this is to have "related categories" section. I'll do so. -- hike395 July 5, 2005 02:13 (UTC)

I have recently edited the U.S. Highway 199 article in the fashion that one Wikipedian here suggested. Please share your thoughts. Also, I need to have the route shield on the routebox. Is it possible that someone can create image files of the Calfornia "cut-out" U.S. highway designs so that they can easily be used in the routebox? Right now, there's a "US 199.gif" but no "US199.png" as the routbox requires. 24.126.199.167 7 July 2005 19:08 (UTC)

 * I've edited 199 back. It looked horrible and is not a CA state route. It should not be marked as such in the route box or the description as it is incorrect. 199 is a US Highway, not a California State Route.Gateman1997 01:26, 19 July 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:139.222.126.198

title: User talk:139.222.126.198


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aimee G

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 11:43, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Aimee G
Unverifiable vanity - according to the bio she's a musician, (electronic, classical, clash and jaz), movie maker (director and screen writer), exhibiting photographer, visual artist, furniture maker, sculpture and professional comedian. Ho hum! --Doc (?) 22:07, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Google and the like all return very weak results for "Aimee G" and her other aliases.   No evidence of notability within any of her multiple fields.  Hall Monitor 22:08, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Doesn't this qualify for speed treatment under the new regime ? Dottore So 01:39, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * nope, she asserts any amount of notability - its just that it's non-verifiable --Doc (?) 07:22, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aimee G


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Talk:American Pie (film)

Explicit photo
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Otomi

The Otomi (Otomí ) are an Indigenous people of Mexico inhabiting the central Mexican Plateau (Altiplano) region.

The Otomi are an Indigenous people of the Americas who inhabit a discontinuous territory in central Mexico. They are linguistically related to the rest of the Otomanguean-speaking peoples, whose ancestors have occupied the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt for several thousand years. Currently, the Otomi inhabit a fragmented territory ranging from northern Guanajuato, to eastern Michoacán and southeastern Tlaxcala. However, most of them are concentrated in the states of Hidalgo, Mexico and Querétaro. According to the National Institute of Indigenous Peoples of Mexico, the Otomi ethnic group totaled 667,038 people in the Mexican Republic in 2015, making them the fifth largest indigenous people in the country. Of these, only a little more than half spoke Otomi. In this regard, it should be said that the Otomi language presents a high degree of internal diversification, so that speakers of one variety often have difficulty understanding those who speak another language. Hence, the names by which the Otomi call themselves are numerous: ñätho (Toluca Valley), hñähñu (Mezquital Valley), ñäñho (Santiago Mexquititlán in southern Querétaro) and ñ'yühü (Northern highlands of Puebla, Pahuatlán) are some of the names the Otomi use to refer to themselves in their own languages, although it is common that, when speaking in Spanish, they use the native Otomi, originating from the Nahuatl.

Etymology
The word Otomi, is used to describe the larger Otomi ethnic group and the dialect continuum. From Spanish, the word Otomi has become entrenched in linguistic and anthropological literature. Among linguists, the suggestion has been made to change the academic designation from Otomi to Hñähñú, the endonym used by the Otomi of the Mezquital Valley, but no common endonym exists for all dialects of the language. Like most of the native names used to refer to the indigenous peoples of Mexico, the term Otomi is not native to the people to which it refers. Otomi is a term of Nahuatl origin that derives from otómitl, a word that in the language of the ancient Mexica means "one who walks with arrows", although authors such as Wigberto Jimenez Moreno have translated it as "bird arrowman". The Otomi language belonging to the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family is spoken in many different varieties, some of which are not mutually intelligible.

Overview

The Otomi traditionally worshipped the moon as their highest deity. Even in modern times, many Otomi populations practice shamanism and hold pre-Hispanic beliefs such as Nagualism. Like most sedentary Mesoamerican peoples, the Otomi traditionally subsisted on maize, beans and squash, but the maguey (century plant) was also an important cultigen used for production of alcohol (pulque) and fiber (henequen). Although the Otomi people rarely eat what Westerners would consider a balanced diet, they maintain reasonably good health by eating tortillas, drinking pulque, and eating most fruits available around them. In 1943 to 1944, a report about a nutritional study about the Otomi villages located in the Mezquital Valley of Mexico, recorded that despite the arid climate and land unfit for agriculture without irrigation, the Otomi people chiefly depended on the production of maguey. Maguey (century plant) is used to produce weaving fibers and “pulque”, a fermented unfiltered juice that played an important part in the Otomi's economy and nutrition. However, this practice has begun to decline due to its new large-scale production. The maguey plant was so heavily depended on that huts were constructed out of the plant's leaves. During this time, most of the region was vastly underdeveloped and most agriculture was low-yielding. Often densely settled areas would be confused as locations devoid of habitation, as dispersed dwellings are built low and concealed.

The Otomi were blacksmiths and traded valuable metal items with other indigenous confederations, including the Aztec Triple Alliance. Their metal crafts included ornaments and weaponry, although metal weaponry was not as useful as obsidian weaponry (obsidian being sharper than a modern-day razor, abundant, and light in weight).

Native territory
The ethnic territory of the Otomi has historically been central Mexico. Since pre-Hispanic times, the Otomi people have inhabited that region and are considered native peoples of the Mexican highlands. The Otomi may have been found in Mesoamerica at least since the beginning of the sedentism, or the settling of the nomadic population, which took place in the eighth millennium B.C.E. Occupation of the Otomi in central Mexico then refers to the fact that the linguistic chains between the Otomanguean languages are more or less intact, so that the linguistically closest members of the family are also close in the spatial sense. The first separation of the Otomi group occurred when the eastern languages separated from the western languages. The western branch is composed of two major branches: the Tlapaneco-Manguean-speaking peoples and the Oto-Pame-speaking peoples. Among the latter are the Otomi, settled in the Mexican Neovolcanic Axis along with the rest of the peoples that form part of the same Otomanguean branch: Mazahuas, Matlatzincas, Tlahuicas, Chichimecas.

The Otomi currently occupy a fragmented territory that extends through the states of Mexico, Hidalgo, Querétaro, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Tlaxcala, Puebla and Veracruz. All these states are located in the heart of the Mexican Republic and concentrate most of the country's population. The areas with the highest concentrations of Otomi population are the Mezquital Valley, the Eastern Highlands, the Semi-desert at Peña de Bernal, Querétaro and the north of the state of Mexico. Isolated from these large groups that concentrate around 80% of the total number of members of this indigenous people are the Otomi of Zitácuaro (Michoacán), those of Tierra Blanca (Guanajuato) and those that still remain in Ixtenco (Tlaxcala). Due to the territory in which they are located, the Otomi live in an intense relationship with large metropolitan areas such as the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City, the city of Puebla, Toluca and Santiago de Querétaro, places where many of them have had to emigrate in search of better job opportunities.

History
Historiographical texts on the Mesoamerican peoples of the pre-Hispanic era have paid very little attention to the history of the Otomi. Many centuries ago, great cities such as Cuicuilco, Teotihuacan and Tula flourished in the territory occupied by the Otomi at the arrival of the Spaniards. Even in the Aztec Triple Alliance that dominated, the so-called "Mexica Empire", Tlacopan inherited the domains of Azcapotzalco, with a majority Otomi population. However, the Otomi are almost never mentioned as protagonists of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican history, perhaps because the ethnic complexity of central Mexico at that time does not allow us to distinguish the contributions of the ancient Otomi from those produced by their neighbors. Only in recent years has interest begun to appear in the role played by these people in the development of the cultures living in the Neovolcanic Axis, from the pre-colonial to the conquest.

Otomi peoples in pre-Hispanic times
By the fifth millennium B.C.E., the Otomi people formed a large group. The diversification of the languages and their geographic expansion from the valley of Tehuacán (currently in the state of Puebla) must have occurred after the domestication of the Mesoamerican agricultural, composed of maize, beans and chili. This is established on the basis that there is a large number of cognates that exist in the Otomi languages in the repertoire of words alluding to agriculture. After the development of emerging agriculture, the proto-Otomanguean legion gave rise to two distinct languages that constitute the antecedents of the present-day eastern and western groups of the Otomi family. Following the linguistic evidence, it seems likely that the Oto-Pames—members of the western branch—arrived in the Valley of Mexico around the fourth millennium B.C.E. and that, contrary to what some authors maintain, they did not migrate from the north but from the south.

Some historians believe that the Otomi were the first inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico, nevertheless, they were later expelled from the valley by the Tepanec in 1418. The Otomi were one of various ethnic groups present within the city of Teotihuacán; one of the largest and most important cities of ancient Mexico. The fall of Teotihuacan is a milestone that signals the end of the Classic Period in Mesoamerica. Changes in political networks at the Mesoamerican level, disputes between small rival states and population movements resulting from prolonged droughts in northern Mesoamerica facilitated the arrival of new settlers in central Mexico. Around this time, large Nahuatl-speaking groups arrived and began to displace the Otomi to the east. They then arrived in the Eastern Highlands and some areas of the Puebla-Tlaxcala valley. In the following centuries, large states developed in the Otomi territory, led by the Nahua peoples. Around the 9th century, the Toltecs turned Tula (Mähñem'ì in Otomi) into one of the main cities of Mesoamerica. This city constructed a large part of the population of the Mezquital Valley, although many of them continued to live to the south and east, in the state of Mexico and the Eastern Highlands.

Around the year 1100 AD, Otomi-speaking peoples formed their capital city-state, Xaltocan. Xaltocan soon acquired power—enough power to demand tribute from nearby communities up until its subjugation. Thereafter, the Otomi kingdom was conquered during the 14th century by the Mexica and its alliances. The Otomi people then were subject to pay a tribute to the Triple-Alliance as their empire grew; subsequently, Otomi people resettled in lands to the east and south of their former territory. While some Otomi resettled elsewhere, other Otomi still resided near current-day Mexico City, but most settled in areas near the Mezquital Valley in Hidalgo, the highlands of Puebla, areas between Tetzcoco and Tulancingo, and as far as Colima and Jalisco.

Conquest
A sizable portion of the Otomi resided in the state of Tlaxcala. Although there are reports that Spanish Conquistador Hernán Cortés originally attacked and "annihilated the Otomis at Tecoac, who were destroyed completely", they eventually joined forces with him when he fought the Aztec Triple-Alliance, eventually defeating it. This allowed the Ixtenco Otomi or (Yųhmų) to once again expand. They founded the City of Querétaro and settled in many towns in the state now known as Guanajuato. The Otomi of Mezquital or (Hñähñu) maintained a state of war upon the Spanish and their Ixtenco otomi allies with records indicating that the hñähñu (Otomi of Mezquital) resisted assimilation and maintained nomadic raiding parties that attacked any Spanish settlement within Hidalgo maintaining a state of war that lasted until the first silver mines were opened. The Ixtenco Otomi allegiance with the Spanish led to many converting to Roman Catholicism, but they also held onto their ancient customs. While being colonized, the Ixtenco Otomi language was dispersed to various other states such as Guanajuato, Querétaro, that included the states of Puebla, Veracruz, with Michoacán and Tlaxcala, where most remained farmers. In the Mezquital Valley a traditional homeland to the Otomi, the terrain was not well suited for farming as the land was dry and many Otomi people hired each other as laborers and relied heavily on the maguey-based drink, pulque. Originally, the Spanish banned the drink but soon attempted to manage a business through its production which led to the Otomi people solely using the drink for their own consumption.

Colonial period
The arrival of the Spanish in Mesoamerica meant the subjugation of the indigenous peoples to the dominion of the newcomers. By the 1530s, all the Otomi communities of the Mezquital Valley and the Barranca de Meztitlán had been divided into encomiendas. Subsequently, when Spanish legislation was modified, the so-called Indian republics appeared, systems of political organization that allowed a certain autonomy of the Otomi communities with respect to the Hispanic-mestizo populations. The creation of these republics, the strengthening of the indigenous cabildos (council) and the recognition of the possession of communal lands by the Spanish state were elements that allowed the Otomi to preserve their language and, to a certain extent, their indigenous culture. However, especially with regard to land possession, the indigenous communities suffered dispossession throughout the three centuries of Spanish colonization.

At the same time that the Spaniards were occupying the ancient Otomi settlements, as is the case of the present-day city of Salamanca (Guanajuato), founded in the Otomi settlement of Xidóo ("Place of tepetates)") in 1603 by decree of Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo, viceroy of New Spain. Some Otomi families were forced to accompany the Spaniards in the conquest of the northern territories of Mesoamerica, occupied by the warlike Arido-American peoples. The Otomi were colonizers who settled in cities such as San Miguel el Grande, Oaxaca and other cities of El Bajio. In fact, the colonization process of this territory was essentially the work of the Otomi, with the lordship of Xilotepec as the spearhead. In El Bajío, the Otomí served as a bridge for the sedentism, or the settling of the nomadic population and Christianization of the nomadic peoples, who ended up being assimilated or exterminated by force. The importance of El Bajío in the economy of New Spain turned it into a scenario where different ethnic groups later converged, including the Tlaxcalan migrants, the Purepecha and the Spanish, who would finally end up overcoming all the indigenous groups that supported them in the conquest of this territory that had been the habitat of numerous peoples classified as Chichimeca. However, until the nineteenth century, the Otomi population in El Bajío was still a major component, and some of their descendants remain in municipalities such as Tierra Blanca, San José Iturbide and San Miguel de Allende. Otomí population movements continued throughout the colonial era. For example, in San Luis Potosí, a total of 35 Otomi families were forcibly taken to occupy the periphery of the city and defend it from attacks by the nomadic people of the region in 1711. In several places, the Otomi population was decimated not only by forced or consensual migrations, but also by the constant epidemics suffered by the Mesoamerican tribes after the Conquest. Numerous communities were wiped out between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries due to disease.

Nineteenth and twentieth centuries

During Mexico's War of Independence, the Otomi sided with the rebellion as they wanted their land back that was taken from them under the encomienda system.

Around 1940–1950, government agencies had promised to assist the indigenous people by helping them gain access to better education and economic advancements but failed to do so. In turn, the people continued to farm and work as laborers within their minor subsistence economy within a larger capitalistic economy where the indigenous people was able to be exploited by those who are in control of the economy. Since gaining independence, the Mexican government has adopted an adoring attitude towards the pre-Hispanic history and works of the Aztecs and Mayans; meanwhile, it has disregarded the living indigenous people, such as the Otomi who are depicted without the same prestige. Until recently, the Otomi culture and people were not given much attention or focus until recent anthropologist began investigating their ancient way of life. As a result, the Mexican government has gone as far declaring themselves a pluricultural nation that serves to help many of its indigenous populations, like the Otomi. However, this has not been the case with scarce evidence proving that anything is done to truly help them. Although many of the current descendants of the Otomi have begun to immigrate to other region, there is still a hint of their ancient culture present today. In certain parts of Mexico, such as Guanajuato and Hidalgo, prayer songs in Otomi are heard and elders share tales the youth who understand their native language. Despite this, very little attention has been placed on the Otomi culture, especially through education means where very little is discussed about any indigenous groups. Because of this, many Otomi descendants know very little about their own culture's history.

Language
The Otomi language is in the Oto-Pamean languages family (which also includes Chichimeca Jonaz, Mazahua, Pame, Ocuilteco, and Matlatzinca). The family in turn belongs to the Oto-Manguean languages (with Amuzgoan, Chinantecan, Mixtecan, Otopamean, Popolocan, Tlapanecan, and Zapotec language families).

Otomi languages are part of the Otomanguean language family, one of the oldest and most diverse in the Mesoamerican area. One of the more than one hundred Otomanguean languages that survive today, the Otomi languages relate closely to the Mazahua language, also spoken in the northwest and west of the state of Mexico. Some glottochronological analyses applied to Otomi languages indicate that Otomi split from Mazahua around the 8th century CE. Since then, Otomi has fragmented into the languages known today.

The native language of the Otomi is called the Otomi language. In reality, it is a complex of languages, whose number varies according to the sources consulted. According to the Ethnologue of the Summer Institute of Linguistics and the Catalog of Indigenous Languages of the National Institute of Indigenous Languages (Inali) of Mexico, there are nine varieties of Otomi. David Charles Wright Carr proposes that there are four Otomi languages. According to the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples of Mexico (CDI), only 50.6% of the Otomi population speaks the native language of this group. In 1995, this proportion corresponded to a total of 327,319 speakers of Otomi languages in the entire Mexican Republic. The above calculation corresponds to a CDI estimate that is intended to include Otomi-speaking children under the age of five, who are not included in Mexican population counts. According to the 1995 First Population Count, Otomi speakers over the age of five totaled 283,263 individuals, which represents a loss of 22,927 speakers compared to the 1980 Population and Housing Census, when 306,190 speakers of Otomi languages were recorded.

The population of speakers of Otomi languages has declined in recent years. To some extent, this reduction of Otomi speakers is due to migration from their communities of origin and the urbanization of their ethnic territory, which imposes on them the need to coexist with an exclusively Spanish-speaking population for the most part. The contraction of the Otomi linguistic community is also the result of the Castilianization processes to which all the indigenous peoples of Mexico have been subjected. The Castilianization of indigenous people in Mexico has long been understood as a subtractive process, that is, one that implies the renunciation of the use of the mother tongue in order to obtain linguistic competence in the Spanish language. The Castilianization of indigenous people was presented as an alternative to integrate indigenous people into the Mexican national culture and to improve their living conditions. However, indigenous education programs in the Spanish language have been discredited by critics because they imply, on the one hand, the loss of the native language and, on the other hand, have not served to improve the quality of life of indigenous communities.

Notable people

 * Xiye Bastida, environmentalist
 * Martina García Cruz, artisan
 * Macedonia Blas Flores, human rights activist
 * Macuilxochitzin, Aztec poet
 * José Luis Romo Martín, painter
 * Fortunato Moreno Reinoso, artisan
 * Adela Calva Reyes, writer
 * Kevin Álvarez (footballer, born 1999)
 * Juventino Rosas, composer Sobre las Olas, violinist

title: Otomi