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United States border preclearance

United States border preclearance is the United States Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) practice of operating prescreening border control facilities at airports and other ports of departure located outside of the United States pursuant to agreements between the United States and host countries. Travelers are subject to immigration and customs inspections by Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers before boarding their transportation onward to the United States. Preclearance applies to all passengers regardless of their nationality or purpose of travel. Upon arrival, precleared passengers arrive in the United States as domestic travelers, but may still be subject to re-inspection at the discretion of CBP. This process is intended to streamline border procedures, reduce congestion at American ports of entry, and facilitate travel into airports that otherwise lack immigration and customs processing facilities for commercial flights.

The history of inspecting U.S.-bound passengers in foreign countries began in 1894, when American immigration inspectors were deployed to sea ports in Canada. Modern preclearance facilities were first introduced in 1952 at Malton Airport (now Toronto Pearson International Airport) and Calgary International Airport under an informal arrangement with the government of Canada and are now available at eight major Canadian airports and one seaport, while several other seaports and one rail station in British Columbia have "pre-inspection" facilities for screening immigration admissibility only. Preclearance facilities also exist in airports in Aruba, the Bahamas, Bermuda, Ireland, and the United Arab Emirates.

Reasons for implementation
The preclearance program aims to streamline border procedures for flights entering the United States, reduce congestion at ports of entry, and to facilitate travel into U.S. airports that may not be equipped to otherwise handle international travelers. Although more U.S. airports have expanded or introduced customs facilities since the preclearance program began, LaGuardia Airport and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport remain the two largest U.S. airports without customs facilities for processing commercial flights.

Preclearance programs have been accused of being motivated by a desire to prevent the arrival of asylum seekers, who are otherwise protected under the 1951 Refugee Convention's provisions on non-refoulement once they arrive at their destination.

Implementation
After the requisite legal agreements have been executed, a foreign airport implementing preclearance for the first time must undergo significant remodeling or must build an entirely new facility to support the process. The foreign airport is responsible for providing CBP with a suitable inspection facility based upon the agency's detailed design guidelines. CBP preclearance facilities are smaller than their domestic counterparts on the basis that departing passengers typically enter airports at slower and more constant rates, in contrast to arriving passengers who emerge from newly-landed aircraft by the hundreds all at once.

Preclearance requires considerable resources and a great deal of redundancy from the foreign airports which choose to implement it. Once precleared by CBP officers, U.S.-bound passengers must undergo security screening in accordance with U.S. standards and are then kept in a separate sterile waiting area equipped with its own shops, restaurants, lounges, restrooms, and other passenger services, as well as its own gates exclusively devoted to U.S.-bound aircraft. The foreign airport is responsible for providing all of this, meaning that the airport must already have significant U.S. air traffic to justify the expense (or anticipates development of such traffic in the near future). The only cost that is typically shared between CBP and the host airport is the cost of CBP personnel who are deployed abroad to staff preclearance facilities.

Benefits and drawbacks
Preclearance is particularly beneficial to those passengers who have an onward connection (such as a connecting flight) upon arrival in the United States, as there is no risk of border delays causing them to miss such a connection. The corresponding drawbacks, however, are that passengers unfamiliar with preclearance may not arrive early enough at the foreign airport, or may become stuck in long lines and delays in the CBP preclearance facility, and then might miss their outbound flights to the United States (as well as any connecting flights).

Precleared air travelers with further connections enjoy the convenience of having their baggage checked through to their next destination. Like connecting domestic passengers, they disembark into the sterile area or airside of the airport and may walk directly to their next gate. Behind the scenes, the Transportation Security Administration rescreens precleared checked baggage at its first airport in the United States before allowing its transfer to connecting flights. Connecting international passengers who have not been precleared must first undergo immigration inspection, then collect their checked baggage, walk their baggage through customs inspection, exit to the landside of the airport, recheck their baggage for connecting flights, pass through security screening to reenter the sterile area of the airport (because certain items allowed in checked baggage cannot be brought into the sterile area), and then proceed to their gates for their connecting flights.

Another advantage is that CBP officers are able to exclude inadmissible passengers and prohibited goods before a flight, train journey, or voyage commences. This saves CBP the difficulty of dealing with them on U.S. soil and helps to minimize the risk of untoward incidents happening there. An alien who is denied entry into the United States at a preclearance facility may not board the U.S.-bound flight, so CBP does not need to deal with making deportation arrangements. The passenger may exit the airport and return home (unless the passenger arrived at the preclearance airport from an earlier flight). While serving as Secretary of Homeland Security, Jeh Johnson explained this in September 2014 to the Council on Foreign Relations: "To use a football metaphor, I'd much rather defend our end zone from the 50-yard-line than from our 1-yard-line".

Preclearance also provides considerable flexibility to the airlines operating in those routes where such a program is available. For example, major U.S. airlines and their subsidiaries routinely operate many daily flights from locations like Toronto or Nassau to New York City. The presence of preclearance facilities in Toronto and Nassau enables airlines to conveniently direct their flights from those airports to land at LaGuardia Airport (which has no border protection facilities) instead of John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) or Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR), thereby allowing them to save valuable landing slots at JFK and EWR for other international arrivals from overseas airports which lack CBP preclearance facilities.

Preclearance exists at most major Canadian airports, theoretically enabling more convenient travel from those cities to the United States. However, the waits at some busy preclearance facilities, notably Toronto Pearson (the busiest U.S. preclearance facility), can often exceed the waiting times for processing passengers from non-precleared flights at destination airports and cause significant delays to departure schedules. With the notable exceptions of LaGuardia Airport and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, many U.S. airports now have more customs facilities compared to when the preclearance program first started in 1952. Airport authorities have blamed these delays on reduced staffing levels by CBP, but pleas for increased staffing have been answered with deferrals due to domestic priorities. NEXUS and similar programs are now being explored and expanded as a means to try to restore some of the original convenience to the preclearance process.

CBP also sets the hours of operation of its preclearance facilities, which often tend to be shorter than the operating hours of the airports, seaports, or railway stations they operate in. Transportation operators who would like to allow their passengers to be able to take advantage of such a facility must schedule their departure times to coincide with the preclearance facilities' operating hours. Carriers may launch flights from preclearance airports to the U.S. outside CBP preclearance operating hours, but passengers who choose to take such flights will be processed in the same way as most other international passengers upon arrival on American soil.

Legal restrictions
Preclearance facilities exist because of agreements made between the U.S. federal government and the governments of the host countries. Travelers who have passed through preclearance facilities, but whose flight or ship has not departed, remain in the legal jurisdiction of the host country. U.S. officials may question and search travelers with such passengers' permission. Their power to arrest or detain travelers (such as for customs or immigration violations or outstanding warrants) is limited; for example, in Ireland, a preclearance officer may detain a person whom they reasonably suspect to be carrying a weapon and search the person, or may detain someone whom they reasonably suspect to have committed an indictable offence under Irish law or have obstructed the preclearance officer in the performance of their duties. Anyone so detained must be delivered forthwith to the Garda Síochána to be dealt with in accordance with Irish law.

Some countries have laws in place that specifically cover preclearance issues. If a CBP officer has any security but non-immigration/customs-related concerns about a traveler, the attending CBP officer may need to refer the matter to local officials. Passengers can choose to abandon their flight and refuse search, and unlike in the United States, officers cannot search them without permission absent an immediate threat. Most preclearance facilities have a sign explaining so. CBP Officers in the Preclearance Division are not armed on foreign soil. However, since the Parliament of Canada approved Bill C-23, CBP officers would be allowed to carry sidearms on duty in Canada if they are working in an environment in which Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) officers are normally armed.

As sociologist David Scott FitzGerald has pointed out, the sheer "absurdity of the legal fiction that passengers have entered the United States" is most evident when a departing airplane full of already-precleared passengers cannot obtain takeoff clearance due to worsening weather conditions and is forced to return to the gate at the foreign airport. This actually happened in 2013 with a Toronto-to-New York flight, and after the Americans and Canadians argued over what to do, the final compromise was that anyone who wished to stay in Toronto had to pass through Canadian customs and anyone who wished to continue to New York on a later flight had to pass through CBP preclearance again.

History
The precursor of U.S. preclearance operation began in 1894, when the U.S. government entered into agreements with Canadian steamship and railroad operators to place U.S. immigration inspectors at four largest Canadian seaports of Montreal, Quebec City, Halifax, Nova Scotia and Saint John, New Brunswick, to inspect prospective immigrants seeking to enter the U.S. via the northern land border. Prior to this arrangement, immigrants entering via the northern border were usually uninspected and their arrivals were not recorded, as the United States did not have immigration inspection stations on its northern border at the time. After the arrangement came into force, prospective immigrants would first pass Canadian quarantine and then be inspected by U.S. immigration inspectors as if they were entering via a U.S. port of entry. Once admitted, they would be given documentation to physically cross the land border by train within 30 days without additional inspection. In 1903, the arrangement, now formally named "pre-inspection" by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration, was extended to Victoria, British Columbia for U.S.-bound travelers before boarding their ship to destinations in Washington state. "Pre-inspection" posts in Eastern Canada lasted until the mid-20th century, with the last passenger manifest concluded in 1954, while Victoria's "pre-inspection" location remains in operation.

The modern form of air preclearance began as an informal agreement between the two countries at Malton Airport (now Toronto Pearson International Airport) and Calgary International Airport in 1952, following a request from American Airlines. Over 250,000 passengers were processed in the first year, and another preclearance facility began operation at Dorval Airport (now Montreal-Trudeau International Airport) in 1957. By 1970, the three ports of entry were processing over 3 million passengers annually. To meet growing demands, preclearance was extended to Vancouver and Winnipeg international airports in 1979, Edmonton International Airport in 1982, Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport in 1997, and Halifax Stanfield International Airport in 2006.

In 1974, preclearance operations became formalized under domestic Canadian law with the passage of the Air Transport Preclearance Act. The arrangement was repeatedly modernized with the 1999 Preclearance Act, and with the 2001 Canada–U.S. Agreement on Air Transport Preclearance. In 2019, previous agreements and legislations were replaced by the Agreement on Land, Rail, Marine, and Air Transport Preclearance Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Canada (LRMA), which allows for significant expansion of the scope of preclearance facilities.

On March 16, 2015, U.S. and Canadian officials signed the ministerial-level LRMA. The agreement paved paths for the expansion of CBP’s preclearance facilities as well as its detention powers on Canadian soil to the levels similar on U.S. soil. For instance, under the LRMA, CBP officers working at preclearance facilities in Canada will be able to carry firearms and detain travelers who try to voluntarily withdraw their outbound travel or willingly leave the preclearance area. Although CBP does not have arrest powers in Canada, the bill also includes increased cooperation with the CBSA to arrest travelers found to be breaking the law. On March 10, 2016, U.S. and Canadian officials announced that the three priority transportation hubs that would receive preclearance were Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport, Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport, and Montreal Central Station.

On December 8, 2016, U.S. President Barack Obama signed the bipartisan Promoting Travel, Commerce and National Security Act of 2016 (H.R. 6431) into law, completing the U.S. legislative prerequisites for the signing of executive agreements such as the LRMA. On December 12, 2017, Canadian Governor General Julie Payette gave royal assent to the Canadian Preclearance Act. The LRMA was signed by representatives of both countries on August 15, 2019 and replaced previous Canadian legislation. As an executive agreement, the LRMA is not a treaty and was not presented to or ratified by the US Senate.

The preclearance agreement is fully reciprocal, meaning Canada is allowed to operate preclearance facilities in the United States on the same basis as U.S. facilities in Canada, including CBSA agents’ expanded powers under the LRMA. On average, however, U.S. airports offer far fewer daily flights to Canada (as a proportion of their total air traffic) compared to the reverse, making this an expensive and inefficient proposition that,, has not been exercised by the Canadian government.

In Canada, the preclearance measures interface with the Quarantine Act in the case of a public health emergency.

Air
The following Canadian airports operate U.S. preclearance facilities:

 * Calgary International Airport
 * Edmonton International Airport
 * Halifax Stanfield International Airport
 * Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
 * Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
 * Toronto Pearson International Airport
 * Vancouver International Airport
 * Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport

At the request of Porter Airlines, a new terminal building at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (Toronto Island) officially opened in Fall 2010 and includes both CBSA inspection facilities and provisions for CBP's preclearance facilities. The request to include preclearance, however, was formally denied by the Department of Homeland Security in August 2010 due to the lack of U.S.-bound passenger flow at the time.

After the conclusion of legislative procedures by both countries in 2017, both Toronto Island Airport and Quebec City Jean Lesage International Airport were included in preclearance's expansion plans. The necessary upgrades in Quebec City were anticipated to take 18 months and C$35 million to complete, although as of 2021 there was yet a targeted completion date. In December 2021, it was announced that Toronto Island Airport's preclearance facility will become operational in 18-24 months, and the expansion will cost approximately C$20 million which had yet to be secured. The funding for Toronto Island Airport was secured in June 2023 and the preclearance facility is expected to open by 2025.

In airports with preclearance, passengers must first pass airport security inspection before they can proceed to the preclearance area. Security checks are conducted by Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) in the standards of both CATSA and U.S. Transportation Security Administration (TSA) regulations.

Rail
There are currently no full preclearance facilities for rail passengers in Canada. Nevertheless, special operations termed "pre-inspections" have been conducted by CBP and CBSA officers at Pacific Central Station in Vancouver, British Columbia for passengers departing on the Amtrak Cascades trains to Seattle and Portland, Oregon since 1995. The "pre-inspection" procedures were enacted prior to the implementation of modern preclearance legislations, therefore only deal with immigration admissibility to the U.S., and the trains are still re-inspected by CBP for customs purposes at the border line in Blaine, Washington despite not making any further stops within Canada. In October 2019, Amtrak has requested the partial preclearance operation arrangement to be updated to full immigration and customs preclearance under the LRMA so the stop at the border can be eliminated. Amtrak estimated that the trip time will be shortened by at least 10 minutes. Amtrak suspended services on the route from March 2020 until September 2022, and no public timeline for implementation has been announced.

In May 2012, U.S. Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY), Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY), Patrick Leahy (D-VT), and Bernie Sanders (I-VT) sent a letter to President Barack Obama urging him to fast track the approval of a preclearance facility at Montreal Central Station, which would allow U.S.-bound travelers on Amtrak's Adirondack to bypass an existing immigration stop at Rouses Point, New York for entering the United States. This has become possible after the signing of the LRMA in 2019. Nevertheless, there remains no timeline for the establishment of such a facility, as train services only resumed in April 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In addition to passenger pre-inspection, the LRMA allows for U.S.-bound cargo to be precleared in Canada and vice versa. While there are no CBP cargo preclearance posts that operate in Canada, CBSA has been running a joint inspection project with CBP at Rouses Point, New York, for Canada-bound rail cargo since 2017. The project became permanent after the signing of the LRMA in 2019.

Sea

 * Prince Rupert Alaska Marine Highway System Ferry Terminal

The Alaska Marine Highway terminal in Prince Rupert, British Columbia is the only marine preclearance location in the world. It became operational on June 20, 2022 and is used by the Alaska Marine Highway ferry service to Ketchikan.

Prior to the opening of the preclearance facilitates, "pre-inspection" facilities were available for users of the Ketchikan-Prince Rupert service until the route's suspension on October 1, 2019, after the state announced that it could not unilaterally cover the cost of security service provided by Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) to unarmed CBP officers which has become mandatory under the LRMA. However, both Canadian and Alaskan governments announced in September 2021 that they would work to upgrade Prince Rupert's facility for the port to become the first seaport preclearance location by the time of the route's resumption in mid-2022, which would alleviate the need for RCMP presence as CBP officers would be able to legally carry firearms.

Aside from the sole preclearance operation, CBP also operates several "pre-inspection" posts at the port of Victoria, British Columbia for both the Black Ball Line's MV Coho car ferry service to Port Angeles, Washington and the Victoria Clipper passenger-only ferry to Seattle; and the same program operates at the terminal in Sidney, British Columbia for Washington State Ferries' Anacortes–San Juan Islands ferry service to Anacortes, Washington. Another U.S. "pre-inspection" post is also located at the Port of Vancouver. This post is particularly valuable to travelers on cruise liners that visit Alaska or that depart from Vancouver and have a first stop at U.S. cities situated along the west coast of North America.

Similar to the operations for trains, all "pre-inspected" passengers are subject to customs inspections at U.S. ports. In 1999, U.S. Customs agents at the Port Angeles, Washington checkpoint successfully intercepted Algerian terrorist Ahmed Ressam and foiled his plot to bomb Los Angeles International Airport after Ressam has passed immigration inspection in Victoria, British Columbia.

Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean

 * Aruba: Queen Beatrix International Airport
 * Bahamas: Lynden Pindling International Airport in Nassau
 * Bermuda: L.F. Wade International Airport

In 1970, the U.S. government opened its first preclearance location outside Canada at the Civil Air Terminal on the United States Air Force's Kindley Air Force Base in the British colony of Bermuda (the terminal had been placed there in 1948 when the previous international airport on Darrell's Island, which had served flying boats, was closed and airlines were permitted to operate landplanes to what was than the United States Army Air Forces' Kindley Field). In the same year, this base was transferred to the United States Navy as Naval Air Station Bermuda (replacing the former base of the same name, which became the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex). In 1995, along with the Naval Facility Bermuda, they were closed as part of the post-Cold War Peace dividend (excepting the NASA tracking station on Cooper's Island, which closed a few years later and re-opened in 2013). NAS Bermuda was transferred to the Transport Ministry of the Government of Bermuda as Bermuda International Airport (subsequently politically re-named L.F. Wade International Airport). In January 1974, the facility became formalized with the conclusion of the preclearance treaty. In April of that year, the U.S. signed a similar treaty with the Bahamas, which allows for preclearance facilities to be opened at Lynden Pindling International Airport in Nassau the same year and Grand Bahama International Airport in Freeport in 1978. In 1994, an agreement with the Aruban government was concluded, and preclearance began operation at Queen Beatrix International Airport.

In early 2022, the U.S. government signaled that the preclearance facility at Grand Bahama International Airport of Freeport would be closed due to delays in the airport's reconstruction following its acquisition by the Bahamian government. The preclearance facility was formally closed on October 11, 2022.

Plans were underway for a preclearance facility to be opened at Punta Cana International Airport, located in the popular tourist destination of Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, to be operating by the end of summer 2009. Further plans were made in April 2016 to open a facility the next year; but as of March 2018, the facility had not yet opened. In April 2011, a team from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security traveled to Jamaica for talks with Jamaican government and tourism officials on opening future preclearance facilities on the island.

Ireland
The United States and Ireland entered into a preinspection arrangement in 1986 and a new preclearance treaty in 2009. The "pre-inspection" facility became operational at Shannon Airport in 1988 and at Dublin Airport in 1994.
 * Dublin Airport
 * Shannon Airport

Initially, both airports only offered "pre-inspection" immigration inspection, while customs and agriculture inspections were still done upon arrival in the United States, which required passengers to go through international arrival areas after landing. In August 2009, Shannon opened an addition to its "pre-inspection" facility to allow full preclearance inspections. In January 2011, a section of the then-recently opened Terminal 2 of Dublin Airport was opened with dedicated preclearance with full CBP facilities. Both airports now allow U.S.-bound commercial flights that use the preclearance facilities to arrive at domestic terminals instead of international terminals, which in turn allows arriving passengers to leave U.S. airports upon landing without further inspection. Since March 2010, the Shannon preclearance facility is also available for use by private aircraft. However, the Dublin facility is only available for commercial flights.

In 2017, U.S. Executive Order 13769 implemented a ban on passport-holders of seven countries, preventing traveling to the United States. In response, the Irish government announced that there would be a "complete review" of preclearance arrangements.

In line with Irish law, USCBP officers in Ireland are not permitted to carry weapons.

United Arab Emirates
In December 2011, the government of Abu Dhabi signed a letter of intent to construct a terminal that, when opened, would house a U.S. border preclearance facility.

Several U.S. lawmakers opposed the Abu Dhabi preclearance facility because only state-owned Etihad Airways flies from Abu Dhabi to U.S. destinations. On June 6, 2013, the U.S. House passed an amendment offered by Representatives Pat Meehan (R-PA), Candice Miller (R-MI) and Peter DeFazio (D-OR), which prohibits the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) from using any taxpayer dollars to conduct Customs and Border Protection (CBP) preclearance operations at Abu Dhabi International Airport. The amendment was unanimously adopted during floor consideration of the FY14 Homeland Security Appropriations bill. On November 14, 2013, Rep. Patrick Meehan (R, PA-7) introduced the Preclearance Authorization Act of 2014 (H.R. 3488; 113th Congress). Meehan indicated that the goal of the bill would be to prevent CBP from opening a preclearance facility at Abu Dhabi International Airport in the United Arab Emirates. Supporters of the bill wished to avoid giving Etihad an unfair competitive advantage created by the fact that travelers flying through Abu Dhabi (on Etihad) would be able to use preclearance, while passengers on other airlines would not. This bill did not become law.

The preclearance facility at Abu Dhabi International Airport was officially opened on January 26, 2014.

List
Each preclearance port has a distinct, three-letter port of entry code. The list of codes is maintained by CBP and may be different from the IATA and ICAO airport codes of each airport, provided here from the respective Wikipedia article. These CBP codes can be commonly found on passport entry stamps or parole stamps.

Future plans
On March 16, 2015, the United States and Canada signed an agreement to construct a preclearance facility at Montreal Central Station. The facility would eliminate a border stop for Amtrak's Adirondack service and would support a future extension of the Vermonter to Montreal.

In May 2015, the United States Department of Homeland Security announced that the following airports will be considered for the expansion of the border preclearance scheme:

 * 1) Brussels Airport, Belgium
 * 2) Punta Cana Airport, Dominican Republic
 * 3) Narita International Airport, Japan
 * 4) Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Netherlands
 * 5) Oslo Airport, Norway
 * 6) Madrid-Barajas Airport, Spain
 * 7) Stockholm Arlanda Airport, Sweden
 * 8) Istanbul Airport, Turkey
 * 9) London Heathrow Airport, United Kingdom
 * 10) Manchester Airport, United Kingdom

On November 4, 2016, Sweden and the United States signed an agreement that would make Sweden the second European country, after Ireland, to offer preclearance, although no announcement has been made as to when the service will start. On that same date, DHS also announced that eleven more airports in nine countries had been added to the list of possible preclearance airports:

 * 1) El Dorado International Airport (BOG) in Bogota, Colombia
 * 2) Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE) in Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * 3) Edinburgh Airport (EDI) in Edinburgh, United Kingdom
 * 4) Keflavik International Airport (KEF) in Iceland
 * 5) Mexico City International Airport (MEX) in Mexico City, Mexico
 * 6) Milan-Malpensa Airport (MXP) in Milan, Italy
 * 7) Kansai International Airport (KIX) in Osaka, Japan
 * 8) Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport (GIG) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * 9) Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport (FCO) in Rome, Italy
 * 10) São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) in São Paulo, Brazil
 * 11) Princess Juliana International Airport (SXM) in St. Maarten.

On 23 March 2018, the Taiwanese newspaper Liberty Times reported that the U.S. had conditionally agreed to the establishment of a border preclearance system in Taiwan. The Taiwanese government is assessing the possibility of establishing a United States border preclearance system at its main airport, and according to Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) spokesman Andrew Lee, the relevant government ministries are examining the issue and discussing how such a system could be put in place at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport.

On 18 August 2019, outgoing U.S. Ambassador to Colombia Kevin Whitaker stated that U.S. preclearance at El Dorado International Airport would be available within the next year, according to an interview with El Tiempo.

As part of the Windsor Framework and the supplemental Safeguarding the Union paper, the Government of the United Kingdom will explore talks to establish US Preclearance at Belfast International Airport. Currently, there are no Non-Stop Flights between Belfast and the United States.

Currently the http://cbp.gov, U.S. Customs and Border Protection website is only listing eleven locations that have pre-clearance into the United States. None of the above cities that were “planned” are on this list.

Aborted plans
In the early 2010s, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea stated that the Government of South Korea plans to introduce preclearance at Incheon International Airport and Gimhae International Airport. However, on January 15, 2015, the airports announced that it would not introduce preclearance, as an in-depth analysis concluded that preclearance could lead to decreased sales at duty-free shops despite the potential income from usage fees remitted for the use of preclearance space.

After the opening of the Abu Dhabi preclearance facility in 2014, another preclearance facility was planned for Dubai International Airport, but the plan was ultimately cancelled due to the airport's open terminal design, which makes it difficult to achieve "the level of segregation" of travelers required by the U.S. government. The Al Maktoum International Airport has incorporated designs to meet U.S. preclearance standards.

On May 23, 2015, an unofficial member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong, Regina Ip, revealed in an interview that the United States and Hong Kong had explored the possibilities "some 20 or 30 years ago" to set up the preclearance arrangements at Kai Tak Airport. According to Ip, she was dispatched by the Secretary for Security, in her capacity as a career civil servant in the Security Branch, to study the arrangements in Canada, but the plan was subsequently shelved because of room constraints at Kai Tak.

On February 1, 2017, the Netherlands pulled out of talks with the United States to set up a preclearance program at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol because of U.S. President Donald Trump's Executive Order 13769, which banned travel to the United States by citizens of certain Muslim-majority countries. On 22 June 2018, the Dutch Government made it known that they were resuming plans for a pre-clearance facility at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.

title: United States border preclearance


text:
Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne

Michael Herbert Rudolf Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne, (8 May 1895 – 23 February 1939) was a British peer and soldier, the son of the 4th Baron Brabourne.

Early life
Born on 8 May 1895 to Cecil Knatchbull-Hugessen, 4th Baron Brabourne, and his wife Helena Flesch von Brunningen (an Austrian noblewoman), as Michael Herbert Rudolf Knatchbull-Hugessen, he dropped the Hugessen part of his surname by deed poll in June 1919. Knatchbull was educated at Wellington College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.

Military career
Knatchbull was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery on 17 November 1914. He served in the Gallipoli Campaign from April 1915, attached to No. 3 Squadron, Royal Naval Air Service, flying artillery spotting missions, receiving promotion to lieutenant on 23 July. On 22 September 1915 he received a mention in despatches from General Ian Hamilton, Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, and on 8 November was awarded the Military Cross for his "distinguished service in the Field during the operations at the Dardanelles."

Knatchbull was seconded to the staff to serve as an aide-de-camp on 8 June 1916, serving until 20 April 1918, when he was seconded to the Royal Air Force as a Staff Officer, 3rd Class. He was later promoted to the acting rank of captain, and then to acting major on 11 October 1918 when appointed Staff Officer, 2nd Class (Air). On 8 November 1918 he received a mention in despatches from Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig.

After the end of the war, on 1 August 1919, he was granted a permanent commission in the RAF with the rank of lieutenant. However, he was placed on half-pay on 1 April 1920, and on 1 October was placed on the retired list on account of ill-health contracted on active service, with the rank of flight lieutenant.

House of Commons
Knatchbull was elected Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashford in 1931 and served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Samuel Hoare, Secretary of State for India, from 1932 to 1933.

House of Lords
In 1933, upon his father's death, he succeeded as Baron Brabourne following which he was made Governor of Bombay and was invested as a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire.

Governor of Bombay
While Governor of Bombay he laid the foundation stone at the historic Brabourne Stadium cricket ground in 1936 after conducting negotiations for the land with Anthony de Mello of the Cricket Club of India (CCI).

Governor of Bengal
In 1937 he also became a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India and served as Governor of Bengal until 1939, the year he died.

Acting Viceroy of India
In June 1938, he was appointed as an Acting Viceroy of India. He served as the Viceroy for four months, as Lord Linlithgow (the then current Viceroy) had gone to England for a short vacation. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the chairman of Indian religion-based political party All-India Muslim League, had a meeting with Brabourne on 16 August 1938 at his residence in Shimla. In the meeting, he requested Brabourne to accept him as the representative of all India's Muslims and in return he promised to support the British at the central assembly, but the Viceroy declined to do so. The Viceroy knew that if Jinnah is made the representative of Muslims, it would be a caution for the image of the British in the vision of other leaders. This angered Jinnah and he later declared Direct Action Day in 1946 to demand for Pakistan. Brabourne served as the Viceroy till 22 October 1938.

Family
On 22 January 1919, he married Lady Doreen Browne, youngest daughter of the 6th Marquess of Sligo, in St Peter's Church, Eaton Square. They had two sons:

 * Norton Cecil Michael Knatchbull, 6th Baron Brabourne (1922–1943)
 * John Ulick Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne (1924–2005). In 1946 he married Patricia Mountbatten (later 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma) and had issue.

His widow, The Dowager Lady Brabourne, was murdered in the 1979 bombing by Provisional Irish Republican Army of 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma's boat. One of their grandsons also died in the bombing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne


text:
Master-View

Master-View is the second studio album by Hexstatic. The CD version of the album includes 2 discs - a CD and a DVD. The songs, "Chase Me" and "L-Virata" was used in Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07. "Living Stereo" was used in a Cartoon Network bumper. Chase Me was also used on UEFA Champions League 2004-2005

Track listing

 * 1) "Extra Life"
 * 2) "Chase Me"
 * 3) "Telemetron"
 * 4) "L-Virata"
 * 5) "Perfect Bird"
 * 6) "Salvador"
 * 7) "Living"
 * 8) "Distorted Minds"
 * 9) "That Track"
 * 10) "Toys Are Us"
 * 11) "Pulse"

DVD track listing
The DVD that accompanied the CD album contained the following tracks. A pair of 3-D film glasses were also included in the packaging for use with the 3D videos (tracks 13 - 18):

 * 1) Extra Life (2D video)
 * 2) Chase Me (2D video)
 * 3) Telemetron (2D video)
 * 4) L-Virata (2D video)
 * 5) Perfect Bird (2D video)
 * 6) Perfect Bird (Astroboy version) (2D video)
 * 7) Salvador (2D video)
 * 8) Living Stereo (2D video)
 * 9) Distorted Minds (2D video)
 * 10) That Track (2D video)
 * 11) Toys Are Us (2D video)
 * 12) Pulse (2D video)
 * 13) Telemetron (3D video)
 * 14) Salvador (3D video)
 * 15) Living Stereo (3D video)
 * 16) Distorted Minds (3D video)
 * 17) That Track (3D video)
 * 18) Pulse (3D video)
 * 19) Extra Life (DVD audio)
 * 20) Chase Me (DVD audio)
 * 21) Telemetron (DVD audio)
 * 22) L-Virata (DVD audio)
 * 23) Perfect Bird (DVD audio)
 * 24) Perfect Bird (Astroboy version) (DVD audio)
 * 25) Salvador (DVD audio)
 * 26) Living (DVD audio)
 * 27) Living Stereo (DVD audio)
 * 28) Living Stereo Eclectic Method remix (DVD audio)
 * 29) Distorted Minds (DVD audio)
 * 30) That Track (DVD audio)
 * 31) That Track instrumental (DVD audio)
 * 32) Toys Are Us (DVD audio)
 * 33) Pulse (video mix) (DVD audio)
 * 34) Pulse (CD mix) (DVD audio)
 * 35) Master Mix (mix of the 2D videos listed above)

The DVD also contains the 3D version of the track "Deadly Media" from the previous album Rewind. It can only be viewed by directly accessing track 22 on the DVD using the DVD player's remote control.

title: Master-View


text: User talk:203.59.146.130

title: User talk:203.59.146.130


text:
Talk:Lifeblood (album)

Incorrect Information
To quote what it says under album information

"Released on November 1st 2004, preceded by the number two singles "The Love of Richard Nixon", and "Empty Souls"

Thats incorrect...Yes, Love Of Richard Nixon preceed the Lifeblood release...however, Empty Souls wasnt released till Januaray...about 2 months after the Lifeblood release

Duck6 10:31, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Lifeblood (album)


text:
Sigi

In the Völsung cycle, Sigi is the ancestor of the Völsung lineage. In the Völsunga saga, he is said to be one of the sons of Odin. He is also listed among Odin's sons in the Nafnaþulur. He has a son called Rerir.

He was outlawed for murdering a slave who had outdone him in hunting. With the help of Odin, Sigi fled from the land and led successful raids, so much so that he became king of Húnaland, a country name referring both to the territories of the Franks, also known as the Hugones or Hugas, and the territories of the Huns. In his old age, he was killed by his wife's brothers who seized his kingdom. His son Rerir avenged him.

Sigi (or Siggi) is also mentioned in the prologue of the Prose Edda, where he is said to have ruled over Frakland (land of the Franks): "Odin's third son is named Sigi, his son Rerir. These the forefathers ruled over what is now called Frankland; and thence is descended the house known as Völsungs."

title: Sigi


text:
Jackie Clune

Jacqueline Clune (born 13 December 1965) is a British actress and writer. She became established through her Edinburgh Fringe one-woman cabaret shows and her 1995 Karen Carpenter tribute act before graduating to mainstream acting.

Early life
Jackie Clune is the third of four children born in Harlow, Essex, to Irish Roman Catholic parents: her father, Don Clune (died August 2010), was a buyer for a computer firm, and her mother (who survived him by eight years) a nurse. The writer Maggie Clune is her sister.

Jackie Clune graduated with a degree in drama from the University of Kent.

Career
On graduation from university, she became a full-time drama lecturer at the Royal Holloway College for at least six years, was the presenter of the Weekend Breakfast Show on BBC GLR 94.9fm, and a BBC London radio journalist. She started singing in bands part-time, but between sets as a DJ she developed a facility in chatting to the audience. This led a friend to suggest that she could create a Karen Carpenter tribute performance, with singing; this she worked on and took to the Edinburgh Festival in 1995, where she was spotted by a West End producer.

Giving up her lecturing career, she co-founded the Red Rag Women's Theatre Company, and fell into stand-up comedy while working at the Hackney Empire. Her credits include the BBC soap drama EastEnders and ITV's The Bill. Since hosting the Stonewall Society equality shows at the Royal Albert Hall, she has developed a multi-media career. She has been on TV (terrestrial and Sky) and a radio panellist on Front Row, QI, Never Mind the Buzzcocks, What the Dickens?, Woman's Hour and The Staying-in Show and Loose Women.

She had a part in Showstopper (1997), Bryony Lavery's play A Wedding Story (1999) and portrayed Julie Burchill, at the time a columnist for The Guardian, in the one-woman play Julie Burchill Is Away by Tim Fountain at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and in the West End (2003) which launched her to the global press. In 2006–7, she played the lead female role of Donna in the Abba songs-based musical Mamma Mia! international tour until 17 March 2007. On 4 June 2007, she took over the role of the dance teacher Mrs. Wilkinson in Billy Elliot the Musical in London. She gave her final performance on 22 November 2008 prior to rejoining the Mamma Mia! International Tour (2009–2011) again as leading role Donna, the role interpreted by Meryl Streep in the film.

She sang the theme tune of, and contributed material to, the TV comedy Smack the Pony. After becoming involved in the revival of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and Don Black musical Tell Me On A Sunday, she met Denise van Outen with whom she co-wrote the show Blondes, which van Outen performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in August 2009 and in six preview performances at the New End Theatre in Hampstead.

She promoted the album Love Songs (Dress Circle) courtesy of a show at the Soho Theatre in London's West End from 15 to 17 July 2010 and has also been involved in several musical projects including the 2010 memorial concert for the late Kirsty MacColl, singing with Billy Bragg.

Clune has also published two books, Man of the Month Club and Extreme Motherhood, diaries relating how her lifestyle changed when she found herself pregnant with triplets little more than a year after having her first child. She is also a freelance journalist. She contributed a column to the monthly magazine Top Santé magazine in 2013–14. Further books were released in July 2020 and June 2021.

She performed in 2011 as the outspoken Miss Ogle in the play The Belle's Stratagem, directed by Jessica Swale and a revival of a script by Hannah Cowley from the Georgian period, at the Southwark Playhouse. She has been a warm-up act for the Singalonga Sound of Music and the Puppetry of the Penis shows.

In 2012, she toured nationally in the leading role of Amanda, the troubled teacher, in the cast of a play about bullying and racism issues for teachers, Mogadishu (14+) which received a nomination for the Olivier Awards 2012.

From October 2012 until 24 August 2013, Clune played the role of Violet in the ATG national tour of 9 to 5: The Musical, launched at the Manchester Opera House.

In 2013–14, she had a role in the musical/operetta Candide.

Clune played Glendower and Westmorland in Phyllida Lloyd's new all-female stage production (world premiere) starring Dame Harriet Walter at the Donmar Warehouse of Henry IV (Parts I and II combined, in October–November 2014) which went to St Ann's Warehouse in NY (USA) until 13 December 2015.

Clune played Maggie Tan in The Vote (Donmar Warehouse/More 4) in summer 2015, and then had a leading role at the Salisbury Playhouse in Noël Coward's Fallen Angels, a musical period drama, before joining the ensemble in the female-only Henry IV as above. She has been in the cast of the Kings Cross Shakespeare trilogy (Tonic Awards 2017). She has also had a role in the film Denial (director Mick Johnson), 2016 and the acclaimed BBC TV drama Three girls (cast as Jillian Menzies) which won a Royal Television Society award in 2018.

In 2016-17, Clune co-starred in Borderline as boss Linda Proctor on Channel 5.

Clune appeared in three BBC television series, Motherland (BAFTA 2022), Ghosts and Mandy.

She is part of the performance arts creative writing team for Queers.

She was in the cast of the American play Utility at the Orange Tree Theatre in Richmond, London.

She was cast in the role of Pompey in Measure for Measure for the autumn billing at the Donmar.

She appeared in the cast of the Olivier Award-thrice-winning Emilia (a play about Emilia Bassano) in the West End (2019), in The Vote, and in 9 to 5 again in 2020.

She has had billing as the Narrator for The Rocky Horror Show, and a character part in Just for One Day.

Personal life
In 2001, Clune met Heartbeat actor and stunt performer Richard Hannant, who was the fire officer at the Arts Theatre where she was performing, and started a relationship with him. Eleven months later she became pregnant with their first child, a daughter, Saoirse. The couple went on to have triplets (2005), and married in 2008.

Clune has been on the general council of the Equity Committee since 2013 and in August 2020 was elected vice president.

title: Jackie Clune


text:
Polsat

Polsat is a Polish free-to-air television channel that was launched on 5 December 1992 by Zygmunt Solorz-Żak. , it is the most watched television channel in Poland with a market share of 11.30%

Polsat belongs to Grupa Polsat Plus (WSE: CPS), which also owns other channels.

On 27 February 2019, the longest-running graphic design (2006–2019) was changed to a new one, but the station's logo remained virtually unchanged until 2021 when the logo was changed again as part of a major overhaul; however, the sun concept of the logo has remained.

A high-definition simulcast feed of Polsat HD was launched in 1 September 2009.

History
Polsat began test transmissions on 1 December 1992, and started regular broadcasts on 5 December 1992 at 16:30 CET via the Eutelsat II-F3 satellite. The first programme broadcast by Polsat was the Polish animated series Wędrówki Pyzy. It originally broadcast from a studio in Hilversum, the Netherlands, and imported programming had to come by plane to prevent licensing issues. Its initial broadcasting reach was very small at only 20% of the population, but was considered to be attractive for advertisers, as most of its viewers were found in larger cities, had a significant overrepresentation of under-50s and had higher incomes. The owner and main founder of the channel, Zygmunt Solorz-Żak, originally planned that after the regulation of radio and television regulations, the television headquarters would be located in Wrocław, but ultimately they were located in Warsaw.

In late January 1994, talks emerged of a possible buying by News International, owned by Australian-American media tycoon Rupert Murdoch, shortly after the network was awarded the right to broadcast terrestrially nationwide. No final decisions had been taken under the grounds that Murdoch was not a legal member of the consortium. Had Polsat accepted, Murdoch would take up to 33% of the shares. Polsat had said that its bid for the national license were under the grounds that its license was a "purely Polish bid with no foreign links".

Branding
The name Polsat was thought up by Polish satirist Tadeusz Drozda, at a time when the channel broadcast from the Netherlands by satellite. The first logo, made up of an S formed by two arches, and to the left the word Polsat divided in two separate syllables (with the second below the first) was designed by Jacek Błach, and the music for the ident was composed by Grzegorz Ciechowski. In 1994, after achieving its terrestrial license, the channel rebranded and adopted a sun as its logo. In an interview given to Super Express in 2011, Zygmunt Solorz-Żak was believed to be "superstitious", with the sun being created by a friend - the golden Aztec sun - to assure the success of the channel.

Programming and schedule

 * Programming

 * Schedule

title: Polsat


text:
Stuart Rees

Emeritus Professor Stuart Rees AM is an Australian academic, human rights activist and author who is the founder of the Sydney Peace Foundation and Emeritus Professor at the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Sydney in Australia.

Education
He holds a Bachelor of Arts with Honours, a Diploma of Social Studies, a Certificate of Social Casework and a Doctor of Philosophy.

Academic career
From 1978 to 2000 Rees was Professor of Social Work and Social Policy at the University of Sydney. For years Rees taught a post-graduate unit titled "Passion, Peace and Poetry" at the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, in which he integrated poetry with a study of the great non-violence leaders such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King. A similar use of poetry to illustrate the theme of peace with justice runs through many of his publications.

Prior to this he taught at University of Aberdeen and University of Southampton in the United Kingdom, at University of Toronto and Wilfrid Laurier University in Canada, and at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Texas at Austin in the United States.

Rees' awards include a Simon Fellowship at the University of Manchester, a Humanities Fellowship at the City University of Hong Kong, and honorary doctorate and the Award of Highest Honour for 'Significant Contributions to World Peace' conferred in 1998 by Soka University, Japan. For four years he was an elected Fellow of the Senate of the University of Sydney. In 2005 he was awarded the Order of Australia for services to international relations.

Other activities
For six years he was a member of the Aboriginal Reconciliation Council of New South Wales and is currently a council member of the Toda Research Institute into Global Governance and Human Security. Between 2004-2010, Professor Rees chaired the NSW Energy Council.

Rees' publications include numerous books and over one hundred journal articles on social justice, health care and welfare services, critiques of free market economics, the human costs of management practices and the attributes of peace negotiations and humanitarianism in social policy. Rees has also published three anthologies of poetry: The Jury’s Return (1992), Tell Me the Truth About War (2004) and A Will to Live (2014).

Rees has been a human rights activist in several countries and his non-academic activities have included community development, probation services and social work in the UK and Canada; work with War on Poverty programs in the U.S.A.; and work with the Save the Children non-governmental organisation in India and Sri Lanka; co-architect of the West Papua Social Justice project; and co architect of the Sri Lankan project for the human rights of the Tamil minority.

Rees is a regular broadcaster on Australia's ABC Radio about the "means and meaning of peace with justice" is also a regular New Matilda contributor. In 2012, Rees spoke about Pablo Picasso as a lifelong advocate of peace at the Art Gallery NSW (Art After Hours) Rees is a regular convenor at 'Politics in the Pub'. His most recent discussion - 'War, Peace & Propaganda: John Pilger in conversation with Professor Stuart Rees'.

Rees is an active supporter of the worldwide Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement which promotes Palestinian peoples' rights to self-determination. Rees has defended his efforts to convince the University of Sydney to sever ties with Israeli institutions. At a rally held in August 2013, Rees was personally supported by Australian MP David Shoebridge. In 2013, Rees sharply criticised Julia Gillard for signing the London Declaration on Combating Anti-Semitism. Rees described Gillard's signing of the declaration as "childish, thoughtless but easily populist."

Honours
In 2005 he was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia for service to international relations, particularly as Director of the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Sydney and through the establishment of the Sydney Peace Prize.

title: Stuart Rees


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/El Presidente (cocktail)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was WP:CSD G7 JesseW, the juggling janitor 08:49, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

El Presidente (cocktail)
I created the article, but since am of the opinion that there probably will never be enough content for Wikipedia. — Eoghanacht  talk 12:37, 2005 August 31 (UTC)

 * Delete and remove link from El Presidente (a disambiguation page), but keep it listed without the link. I have already transwikied the recipe to wikibooks bartending, and placed a link on the disambiguation page. —  Eoghanacht  talk 12:37, 2005 August 31 (UTC)
 * Keep no more or less significant than many other cocktails listed in wikipedia.
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  Delete as unencyclopedic, or speedy by author request. —Cryptic (talk) 08:13, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I have Speedied the article, by criteria General 7, author request. Since the information is now at Wikibooks, if someone really cares, they are welcome to recreate it, as this AfD was 'not closed due to the content of the article. JesseW, the juggling janitor 08:49, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Pseudoplatystoma

Pseudoplatystoma is a genus of several South American catfish species of family Pimelodidae. The species are known by a number of different common names. They typically inhabit major rivers where they prefer the main channels and tend to stay at maximum depth, but some species can also be seen in lakes, flooded forests, and other freshwater habitats. They have robust bodies, and are important food fish. Recently, their population size has been on the drastic decline due to a variety of factors including overfishing and habitat destruction due to the construction of hydroelectric dams.

Common names
In their native waters, these fish may be called surubí in Guaraní. Specially in Paraguay- a country that still speaks both Spanish and Guaraní- This name is also used in some Spanish-speaking countries and in Brazil (surubi or surubim). In Peruvian Spanish, they are called doncella or zúngaro. P. corruscans may be called moleque or pintado. They often are referred to in the vernacular as bagre rayado/rajado or pintadillo/pintado (tiger catfish or tiger–shovelnose). P. corruscans, P. fasciatum, and P. tigrinum are also known as spotted sorubim, barred sorubim, and tiger sorubim, respectively. This genus contains the fish commonly known as the tiger shovelnose catfish in the aquarium hobby, though the species in this genus are relatively easy to confuse.

Taxonomy
Pseudoplatystoma is a monophyletic assemblage of catfishes. P. fasciatum was the first species to be described, under the name Siluris fasciatus. In 1829, P. corruscans was described under the name Platystoma corruscans, and over a decade later, P. tigrinum was described as Platystoma tigrinum. In 1862, Pseudoplatystoma was described and these species transferred to it, with P. fasciatum as type species.

Unrecognized species of Pseudoplatystoma have been included under the names P. fasciatum and P. tigrinum for decades. This genus traditionally contained only three species until 2007; currently, eight species are in this genus. P. orinocoense, P. magdaleniatum, and P. reticulatum were formerly recognized as P. fasciatum, but are now recognized as distinct species. P. metaense is also now recognized as a distinct species from P. tigrinum.

Two clades are recognized within the genus. One is the P. fasciatum clade which includes P. fasciatum, P. orinocoense, P. magdaleniatum, P. reticulatum, and P. corruscans. Within this clade, P. fasciatum and P. punctifer are sister species, and P. orinocoense is sister to the clade formed by these two species. The other, the P. tigrinum clade, includes only P. tigrinum and P. metaense. They are differentiated by anatomical characters.

The intergeneric relationships of this genus are well established. It forms a monophyletic group with Sorubim, Sorubimichthys, Hemisorubim, and Zungaro. Of these genera, Hemisorubim is most closely related to Pseudoplatystoma.

Species
The currently recognized species in this genus include:
 * Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) (spotted sorubim)
 * Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) (barred sorubim)
 * Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum Buitrago-Suárez & Burr, 2007
 * Pseudoplatystoma metaense Buitrago-Suárez & Burr, 2007
 * Pseudoplatystoma orinocoense Buitrago-Suárez & Burr, 2007
 * Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Castelnau, 1855)
 * Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) (barred sorubim)
 * Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (Valenciennes, 1840) (tiger sorubim)

Distribution and habitat
The distribution of Pseudoplatystoma species includes the great river basins of South America: the Amazon, Orinoco, Paraná, São Francisco, Magdalena, Rupununi, Essequibo, and Suriname Rivers. They can also be found in the Cuiabá river, located in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso.They have not been reported from river basins draining into the Pacific. P. fasciatum inhabits the Guyana region, including the Essequibo and Suriname Rivers and their tributaries, in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. P. tigrinum is found in the Amazon River in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. P. corruscans originates from the Paraná and São Francisco Rivers in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. P. orinocoense is named for and endemic to the Orinoco River of Venezuela. P. metaense is distributed in the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela; it is named for the Meta River, the type locality, a tributary of the Orinoco River. P. magdaleniatum is named for and endemic to the Magdalena River drainage, including the Cauca River of Colombia. P. reticulatum inhabits the central Amazon and Paraná Rivers in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Pseudoplatystoma species live in a diverse range of habitats, such as great rivers, lakes, side channels, floating meadows, and flooded forests. P. fasciatum is found in river beds and sometimes in flooded forests. Though it is biologically similar to P. tigrinum, this fish seems to favor shadier streams. P. tigrinum occurs in estuarine zones, mainly upstream of the first rapids up to the basin's headwaters. They live in the main bed of slow or fast zones, and the juveniles particularly live in flooded forests.

Physical characteristics
Pseudoplatystoma species are all large, boldly striped or spotted catfishes. They are familiar due to their distinctively marked color patterns. They are also recognized due to a depressed head, an occipital process extending backward to contact the predorsal plate, and a very long fontanel.

After gonadal maturation, females tend to grow faster than males. They have a large, depressed head with an expandable mouth. The eyes and teeth are small. They have dorsal and pectoral fin spines; P. fasciatum also has an additional, smaller, dorsal spinelet preceding the dorsal spine. They exhibit typical barbels of catfish, the maxillary barbels sometimes being quite long, especially in juveniles.

P. fasciatum has 10–11 dark vertical bars that are relatively wider than other species of the Amazon, with fewer white vertical bars than dark ones; the pectoral fins and pelvic fins are darker with few or no spots; and the skull is at least one-sixth narrower than other species. It reaches a maximum of 90 cm (35 in) in total length (TL).

P. tigrinum is distinguished by the presence of loop–like bands connecting to, or extending to, the dorsal region and continuing onto other side of body; loop–like bars form cells. The adipose fin also has some loop-like bands and spots, but no discrete dark spots occur on the sides of the body. It reaches a maximum size of 130 cm (51 in) TL.

P. corruscans has a body covered by large spots in six to eight rows with four to 13 pale vertical bars. The adipose fin contains five to 10 or no spots, the caudal fin has few spots. It reaches a maximum size of 114 cm (45 in) TL.

P. orinocoense has straight, vertical bars on its body, longer than those of P. faciatum and P. punctifer, that extend to or connect dorsally. The bars of the anterior region extend below the dusky dorsolateral area. Usually, no spots are seen below the lateral line, though some individuals may have two or three. It has a maximum recorded length of 49 cm (19 in) TL.

P. metaense has dark spots randomly distributed over the dusky region of its body; also, no more than five straight dark vertical bars are found on the side of the body. The adipose fin has fewer spots (five to seven) than in P. tigrinum (eight to 10). The pectoral and pelvic fins are pale without any dusky pigmentation. It has a maximum recorded length of about 53 cm (21 in) TL.

P. magdaleniatum has wide, straight, dark vertical bars on its sides. No loops occur on the nape and associated areas. The pectoral fin has no spots, the dorsal fin has few or no spots, and the adipose has six or seven large spots. It has a maximum recorded length of 100 cm (39 in) TL.

P. reticulatum is named for its pattern; it has loop-like dark bars forming a reticulated pattern, never straight as in P. fasciatum and P. orinocoense. Its dark, loop–like bars join those in the dorsal region of the body forming distinct cells. It also has longer loop–like dark bars, extending far below the lateral line. The head shows either spots or loops. The anal fin is always with spots. The lower jaw is pointed. It has a maximum recorded length of about 60 cm (24 in) TL.

Juvenile Pseudoplatystoma fish are quite different in appearance from adults. Their juvenile coloration differs from their adult coloration, and the patterning is different. In the juvenile, the fish is dark on its back with an obvious boundary between the white of its sides and belly; also, the fish lacks stripes of P. fasciatum and P. tigrinum, but has spots instead. The adult color is brown-olive, with about 13 or 14 dark transverse bands reaching up to the belly, which is white with a few dark spots.

Reproduction
Pseudoplatystoma species are all migratory fish. P. orinocense and P. tigrinum make short migrations. At the end of the dry season, P. tigrinum can migrate at the same time as its prey, and then return at the end of the rainy season.

The migration of P. corruscans is heavily tied to flooding. The greatest reproductive activity, the highest rate of development of gonads, and the most energy spent in migration happens when rainfall occurs.

Diet
These fish are nocturnal hunters, primarily piscivorous, feeding on fish such as electric knifefishes, cichlids, loricariids, and characins. They may consume on other fish such as sábalos, and bogas. Opportunistic feeders, they may also feed on crustaceans such as crabs or shrimp.

Relationship to humans
Pseudoplatystoma species are of considerable economic value; all are sold in fish markets throughout South America. They are important food fish for human consumption. P. fasciatum has a succulent, yellowish flesh without "stray" bones. P. tigrinum is the most important catfish in gill-net fisheries of Guaporé and Marmoré Rivers. These fish are being overexploited in their range, and uncontrolled fishing possibly has led to the disappearance of Pseudoplatystoma species in some local tributaries of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Magdalena. In the Argentine province of Entre Ríos alone, about 27,000 tonnes of Pseudoplatystoma species are harvested every year, comprising 70 to 80% of the total capture there, mostly concentrated on the fishing area near the city of Victoria, opposite Rosario, Santa Fe.

The capture of P. corruscans has declined greatly due to changes in their environment. This fish has a high commercial value due to the excellent quality of its flesh, its high marketability, and its marked participation in commercial fishing. Spawning of this fish can be induced with hormones, with a high potential for commercial production.

P. fasciatum and P. tigrinum are often found in public aquaria.

In the aquarium
Juvenile Pseudoplatystoma fish are marked as ornamental fish in both North and South America; however, they are usually at a size too small for certain identification, but more than one species may be imported. These species appear in the aquarium hobby, where they are most often sold under the name "tiger shovelnose" or "tiger shovelnose catfish". These fish prove to be hardy. However, their large adult size is problematic for both matters of housing and finding suitable tankmates that will not be consumed. With the appetite these fish have, finding enough good food may present some difficulty.

title: Pseudoplatystoma


text:
Edgar Bainton

Edgar Leslie Bainton (14 February 1880 – 8 December 1956) was a British-born, latterly Australian-resident composer. He is remembered today mainly for his liturgical anthem And I saw a new heaven, a popular work in the repertoire of Anglican church music, but during recent years Bainton's other musical works, neglected for decades, have been increasingly available in commercial recordings.

Early life and career
Bainton was born in Hackney, London, the son of George Bainton, a Congregational minister, and his wife, Mary, née Cave. Bainton later moved with his family to Coventry and he showed early signs of musical ability playing the piano; he was nine years old when he made his first public appearance as solo pianist. He was awarded a music scholarship to King Henry VIII Grammar School in Coventry in 1891, and in 1896 he won an open scholarship to the Royal College of Music to study theory with Walford Davies. In 1899 he received a scholarship to study composition with Sir Charles Villiers Stanford. At college he became friends with George Dyson, William Harris and especially Rutland Boughton, whose friendship and support continued throughout Bainton's career. Bainton kept a notebook listing nearly all his compositions, the first entry being his first known surviving work, Prelude and Fugue in B minor for piano, written in 1898.

In 1901 Bainton became piano professor at the Newcastle upon Tyne Conservatory of Music. He became involved in the local musical scene, composing, playing and conducting and in 1905, he married a former student, Ethel Eales, with whom he had two daughters. Ethel was an excellent pianist and singer, and a founder member of the Newcastle Bach Choir He became the Principal of the Conservatory in 1912, and acquired property for its expansion. Alfred Wall was on the staff there, and Bainton also became friendly with William Gillies Whittaker. The family lived at Stocksfield, near Hexham. Bainton would take long country walks, frequently accompanied by Wilfred Gibson, who introduced Bainton into the literary circle surrounding Gordon Bottomley. Bainton set many of Bottomley's poems and wrote an opera to one of his lyric dramas. He introduced his local area to previously unknown works by Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Arnold Bax, among others. He developed friendships with poet Elliott Dodds and cathedral organist William Ellis.

Prisoner of war and freedom
In the summer of 1914 Bainton visited Germany to attend the Bayreuth Festival, but was arrested after war broke out. As a male enemy alien of military age he was sent to the civilian detention camp at Ruhleben, near Berlin, where he remained for the next four years. Bainton was put in charge of all the music at the camp and became acquainted with Ernest MacMillan, Edward Clark and Arthur Benjamin, among other later successful musicians. He maintained many of these friendships throughout his career. In March 1918 his health deteriorated and he was sent to The Hague to recuperate. Following the Armistice, he became the first Englishman to conduct the Concertgebouw Orchestra, in two concerts of British music before returning to England.

Bainton's life returned to normal and he returned to Newcastle to resume work at the Conservatory (which his wife Ethel had taken charge of in his absence). His choral works became features of the Three Choirs Festivals. Touring Australia and Canada from April 1930 to January 1931, he took a break from composing, and from August to December 1932 he visited India, giving a piano recital for the Indian Broadcasting Company. The poet and musician Rabindranath Tagore made him a guest in Calcutta and introduced him to Indian music. In 1933, Sir Edward Bairstow awarded him an honorary Doctor of Music at Durham University.

Australia
The New South Wales State Conservatorium of Music was impressed by his display of skills in 1930, and offered him the directorship in the summer of 1933. Accordingly, in 1934 Bainton and his family started a new life in Australia.

Bainton conducted the choral and orchestral classes at the Conservatorium, and founded the Sydney Opera School. At the Conservatorium he taught Australian composers including Miriam Hyde. Expatriate Australian composer Vincent Plush (b. 1950) writes that when Arnold Schoenberg applied for the position of teacher of harmony and theory at the Sydney Conservatorium in 1934, Bainton turned down the application on the grounds of "modernist ideas and dangerous tendencies." An anonymous colleague of Bainton's allegedly remarked that Schoenberg was Jewish.

Coinciding with Bainton's arrival in Sydney were moves to form a permanent professional orchestra for the Australian Broadcasting Commission, which occasionally went under the name of the New South Wales Symphony Orchestra. It was later renamed the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. Bainton conducted that ensemble's inaugural concert in 1934.

He introduced music previously unheard in Australia, such as Elgar's Symphony No. 2 in 1934; Bax's Third Symphony; and works by Debussy, Sibelius, Delius, and Walton, among others. In 1944, the premiere production by the Conservatorium Opera School of Bainton's opera The Pearl Tree received acclaim from the press and public alike. An additional night's performance was given due to demand, and on this latter occasion a bust of Bainton was unveiled in the foyer.

Australia then had a mandatory retirement age of 65, but Bainton continued to conduct (temporarily with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra), and gave lecture tours in Canada. In 1956, a heart attack severely affected his health, and on 8 December he died at Point Piper in Sydney. His wife had predeceased him by only a few months.

Recordings
Some of Bainton's music, both chamber and orchestral, has been recorded in recent years on the Chandos record label and on Dutton Epoch. Previously his work was almost completely neglected in the record or broadcast medium.

Chamber music

 * Quintet for Piano and Strings, Op. 9 (1904) (Lost)
 * String Quartet, Op. 26 (1911) (Lost)
 * String Quartet in A major (1919)
 * Sonata for Viola and Piano (1922)
 * Sonata for Cello and Piano (1924)

Chorus and orchestra

 * The Blessed Damozel (lyrics by Dante Gabriel Rossetti), Op. 11 (with mezzo-soprano and baritone soloists).
 * Sunset at Sea, Op. 20 (lyrics by Reginald Buckley), for chorus and orchestra
 * The Vindictive Staircase, Op. 29 (lyrics by W. W. Gibson), a Humoreske for chorus and orchestra
 * A Song of Freedom and Joy (lyrics by Edward Carpenter), Op. 24 for chorus and orchestra
 * The Tower (lyrics by Robert Nichols), for chorus and orchestra
 * The Dancing Seal (lyrics by W.W.Gibson), a Humoreske for chorus and orchestra
 * A Hymn to God the Father (lyrics by John Donne), for chorus and orchestra
 * Mignon's Requiem (lyrics by Goethe and Carlyle), for boys' voices, chorus and orchestra
 * The Transfiguration of Dante, Op. 18, for soloists, chorus and orchestra
 * To The Name above every name, (lyrics by Richard Crashaw), for soprano, chorus and orchestra

Church music

 * And I Saw a New Heaven
 * Fantasia on the plainsong melody Vexilla Regis
 * Fiat Lux for "4-part chorus S.A.T.B."
 * Who can number the Sands of the Sea? for "S.A.T.B."
 * Open Thy Gates
 * Christ in the Wilderness
 * The Heavens Declare Thy Glory
 * A Babe is Born I Wys

Piano

 * Variations and Fugue in B minor, op.1 (1898)
 * The Making of the Nightingale (1921)
 * Gardens of the Sea (1924)
 * Willows (1927)

Songs and part songs

 * Two Songs for Baritone and Orchestra, Op. 13 (Lyrics: Edward Carpenter)
 * An English Idyll (Lyrics: Neville Cardus) for Baritone and Orchestra.
 * Sweet Nightingale – English folk song, arranged Bainton
 * Music for a Tragedy
 * Music for film; 'Bush Policemen'
 * Four Dances: Morris Dance, Minuet, Pavane, Valse, Op. 21
 * Celtic Sketches: Sea-Sorrow, Sea Rapture, Pharais, Op.23

Symphonies and orchestral works

 * Symphony No. 1 Before Sunrise for Contralto Solo, Chorus and Orchestra
 * Symphony No. 2 in D minor
 * Symphony No. 3 in C minor
 * Symphony in B-flat A Phantasy of Life and Progress, Op. 5 (Lost)
 * Symphonic Poem: Pomplia
 * Symphonic Poem: Paracelsus (after Browning), Op. 8
 * Suite: The Golden River, Op. 16
 * Overture-Phantasy: Prometheus, Op. 19
 * Three Pieces for Orchestra: Elegy, Intermezzo and Humoresque.
 * Concerto Fantasia for Piano and Orchestra
 * Pavane, Idyll and Bacchanal for Strings
 * Rhapsody: Epithalamion
 * Eclogue for Orchestra

title: Edgar Bainton


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Pétur Marteinsson

Pétur Hafliði Marteinsson (born 14 July 1973) is a retired Icelandic football player. He played for Hammarby IF in Sweden, Stabæk in Norway and Stoke City in England during his professional career. Marteinsson was capped 36 times and scored one goal while playing for Iceland. He is the son of former Icelandic international player Marteinn Geirsson.

Club career
Marteinsson was born in Reykjavík and started his career in Fram. He moved to Swedish club Hammarby IF in 1996 where he was a great success. A sought-after defender, Marteinsson was bought by the Norwegian club Stabæk, coached by Anders Linderoth.

In November 2001, he moved on to English club Stoke City, joining up with a number of fellow Icelandic players. He made his debut against Peterborough United in January 2002. He made just two more appearances during the 2001–02 season and when Guðjón Þórðarson was sacked at the end of the season Marteinsson struggled to get a look in with new manager Steve Cotterill and then Tony Pulis. Marteinsson made 18 league appearances for Stoke scoring twice against Bradford City in 2002 before being released in September 2003.

He returned to Hammarby where he spent three years and made 48 appearances for "Bajen". In October 2006, KR Reykjavik announced they had signed Marteinsson for the 2007 Icelandic premier league season, a move which saw Marteinsson return to his native Iceland to finish his career in 2008. In his last season he won a cup.

International career
Marteinsson was capped 36 times for Iceland. He made his debut in an August 1993 friendly match against the USA as a substitute for Kristján Jónsson.

Club
Sources:

International
Source:

title: Pétur Marteinsson


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User:Ans/Forum/Welcome to my webboard style forum

This is here to be a prove of concept of using MediaWiki to create a wiki discussion board or webboard-style forum. It will be useful to create this webboard-style forum in. Unfortunately, MediaWiki software on Wikicities does currently not support the feature, which is required to create this forum style.

Put more comment below here
Any comment? --Ans 13:00, 31 August 2005 (UTC)


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Johor Bahru Central Business District

The Johor Bahru Central Business District (Daerah Sentral Johor Bahru) or currently known as Ibrahim International Business District, is the commercial and political centre for the city of Johor Bahru in Johor, Malaysia.

JBCBD is officially defined as the area within the Johor Bahru Inner Ring Road comprising the city centre, Jalan Wong Ah Fook, Royal Johor Museum, the palace grounds, Sultanah Aminah Hospital and Southern Integrated Gateway.

Centre for business
The area is a centre of business activity. All of the country's major banks have a presence in the city centre. Major shopping centres, such as Johor Bahru City Square and Komtar JBCC, are located within the area.

Centre for politics and government
The area is also the seat of the state branches of the federal government as well as political parties' offices.

Transport hub
The area also plays host to the custom, immigration and quarantine (CIQ) complex of the Malaysian Government on the Malaysia-Singapore Causeway, including Sultan Iskandar Building.

The Johor Bahru Sentral railway station is also located in the area. Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System and Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit will be the future public transport model located in the CBD.

authors: آسمان پر ستارے۔

title: Johor Bahru Central Business District


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Bis-tris propane

Bis-tris propane, or 1,3-bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane, also known as BTP, is a chemical substance that is used in buffer solutions. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is soluble in water. It has a wide buffering range, from 6 to 9.5 due to its two pKa values which are close in value. This buffer is primarily used in biochemistry and molecular biology.

Applications
A review of DNA polymerase fidelity cites bis-tris propane as a suitable buffer for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bis-Tris propane has also been used with HCl buffer for stabilization of farnesyl diphosphate isolated from a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has also been used in a study of the effects of buffer identity on electric signals of light-excited bacteriorhodopsin. Use of Bis-Tris propane has also been documented in an investigation of the MgATPase activity of the myosin subfragment 1 monomer. The effect of buffer identity on the kinetics of the restriction enzyme EcoRV has been studied in various buffers, including Bis-Tris propane. Bis-Tris propane wide buffering range is also useful for calibration of genetically encoded pH indicators expressed in the cytosol or mitochondria. Bis-Tris propane has been used as the buffering agent in separation of full and empty capsids of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors with anion-exchange chromatography.

title: Bis-tris propane


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User:Nebogipfel~enwiki

User Nebogipfel
Articles I have worked on:

 * Wilhelm Bauer, inventor of submarines
 * The Ascian Language (as invented by Gene Wolfe)

title: User:Nebogipfel~enwiki


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Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)

"Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)" is a traditional Jamaican folk song. The song has mento influences, but it is commonly classified as an example of the better known calypso music.

It is a call and response work song, from the point of view of dock workers working the night shift loading bananas onto ships. The lyrics describe how daylight has come, their shift is over, and they want their work to be counted up so that they can go home.

The best-known version was released by American singer Harry Belafonte in 1956 (originally titled "Banana Boat (Day-O)") and later became one of his signature songs. That same year the Tarriers released an alternative version that incorporated the chorus of another Jamaican call and response folk song, "Hill and Gully Rider". Both versions became simultaneously popular the following year, placing 5th and 6th on the 20 February 1957, US Top 40 Singles chart. The Tarriers version was covered multiple times in 1956 and 1957, including by the Fontane Sisters, Sarah Vaughan, Steve Lawrence, and Shirley Bassey, all of whom charted in the top 40 in their respective countries.

Belafonte described "Day-O" as "a song about struggle, about black people in a colonized life doing the most grueling work," in a 2011 interview with Gwen Ifill on PBS NewsHour. He said, "I took that song and honed it into an anthem that the world loved."

History
"The Banana Boat Song" likely originated around the beginning of the 20th century when the banana trade in Jamaica was growing. It was sung by Jamaican dockworkers, who typically worked at night to avoid the heat of the daytime sun. When daylight arrived, they expected their boss would arrive to tally the bananas so they could go home.

The song was first recorded by Trinidadian singer Edric Connor and his band the Caribbeans on the 1952 album Songs from Jamaica; the song was called "Day Dah Light". Belafonte based his version on Connor's 1952 and Louise Bennett's 1954 recordings.

In 1955, American singer-songwriters Lord Burgess and William Attaway wrote a version of the lyrics for The Colgate Comedy Hour, in which the song was performed by Harry Belafonte. Belafonte recorded the song for RCA Victor and this is the version that is best known to listeners today, as it reached number five on the Billboard charts in 1957 and later became Belafonte's signature song. Side two of Belafonte's 1956 Calypso album opens with "Star O", a song referring to the day shift ending when the first star is seen in the sky. During recording, when asked for its title, Harry spells, "Day Done Light".

Also in 1956, folk singer Bob Gibson, who had traveled to Jamaica and heard the song, taught his version to the folk band the Tarriers. They recorded a version of that song that incorporated the chorus of "Hill and Gully Rider", another Jamaican folk song. This release became their biggest hit, reaching number four on the pop charts, where it outperformed Belafonte's version. The Tarriers' version was recorded by the Fontane Sisters, Sarah Vaughan, and Steve Lawrence in 1956, all of whom charted in the US Top 40, and by Shirley Bassey in 1957, whose recording became a hit in the United Kingdom. The Tarriers, or some subset of the three members of the group (Erik Darling, Bob Carey and Alan Arkin, later better known as an actor) are sometimes credited as the writers of the song.

Popular culture

 * Freddie Mercury of Queen improvised his famous call and response at Live Aid from the beginning of Day-O.

Notable covers

 * The Fontane Sisters recorded the Tarriers version in a recording of the song for Dot Records in 1956. It charted to number 13 in the US in 1957.
 * Sarah Vaughan and an orchestra conducted by David Carroll recorded a jazzy version for Mercury Records in 1956, credited to Darling, Carey, and Arkin of the Tarriers. It charted at number 19 on the US Top 40 charts in 1957.
 * Shirley Bassey recorded the Tarriers version in 1957 for 4 Star Records, which became her first single to chart in the U.K., peaking at number 8. It later appeared on her 1959 album The Bewitching Miss Bassey.
 * Steve Lawrence recorded the Tarriers version in 1957 for Coral Records, with a chorus and orchestra directed by Dick Jacobs. It peaked at number 18 on the US Top 40 charts that year.

Parodies and alternate lyrics

 * "Banana Boat (Day-O)", a parody by Stan Freberg and Billy May released in 1957 by Capitol Records, features ongoing disagreement between an enthusiastic Jamaican lead singer (played by Freberg) and a bongo-playing beatnik (played by Peter Leeds) who "don't dig loud noises" and has the catchphrase "You're too loud, man". When he hears the lyric about the "deadly black taranch-la" (actually the highly venomous Brazilian wandering spider, commonly dubbed "banana spider"), the beatnik protests, "No, man! Don't sing about spiders, I mean, oooo! like I don't dig spiders". Freberg's version was popular, reaching number 25 on the US Top 40 charts in 1957, and received much radio airplay; Harry Belafonte reportedly disliked the parody. Stan Freberg's version was the basis for the jingle for the TV advert for the UK chocolate bar Trio from the mid-1980s to the early to mid-1990s, the lyrics being, "Trio, Trio, I want a Trio and I want one now. Not one, not two, but three things in it; chocolatey biscuit and a toffee taste too."
 * Dutch comedian André van Duin released his version in 1972 called Het bananenlied: the banana song. This song asks repetitively why bananas are bent. It reaches the conclusion that if the bananas weren't bent they wouldn't fit into their peels.
 * German band Trio performed a parody with "Bommerlunder" (a German schnapps) substituted for the words "daylight come" in the 1980s.
 * The Serbian comedy rock band the Kuguars, composed of renowned Serbian actors, achieved widespread popularity with their 1998 cover of the song "Dejo majstore." Originally dedicated to the Yugoslav national soccer team player Dejan "Dejo" Savićević, the song's lyrics were in Serbian. This rendition quickly became a nationwide hit, garnering significant attention. Additionally, a promotional video was produced to accompany the song's release, further solidifying its status within the Serbian music scene.
 * In their 1994 album, the comedy music group Grup Vitamin included a Turkish cover of the song parodying the macho culture in the country.
 * In 1988–89, Belafonte's children, David and Gina, parodied the song in a commercial about the Oldsmobile Toronado Trofeo. (David was singing "Trofeo" in the same style as "Day-O" in the song).
 * A 1991 Brazilian commercial used a parody of the song to promote their bubble gum brand "Bubbaloo Banana" with lyrics dedicated to the banana-flavoured candy
 * A parody of this song was used in an E-Trade commercial that first aired on Super Bowl LII.
 * Biscuit manufacturer Jacob's parodied the song in the 1980s for advertisements for the Trio biscuit bar, sung by an animated character called Suzy.
 * Food manufacturer Kellogg's parodied the song in their 2001 television advertisement for their breakfast cereal Fruit 'n Fibre.
 * For an ad campaign that started in 1991, now-defunct Seattle-based department store chain The Bon Marché used a version of the song with alternate lyrics in their commercials.
 * The Swedish humor show Rally, which aired between 1995 and 2002 in Sveriges Radio P3 made a version called "Hey Mr. Taliban", which speaks about Osama Bin Laden.
 * The Rockin Roll Morning show on KOMP 92.3 created a flash video called "Osama bin Laden Nowhere To Run - Nowhere To Hide" that features United States Secretary of State Colin Powell (who is himself of Jamaican descent) singing a parody of the song about Osama bin Laden getting bombed.
 * In November 2019, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert modified the lyrics to make fun of Mike Pompeo, saying "Pompe-O, Pompe-O. Hearing come and I wanna go home."

Samples and interpolations

 * Chilean program 31 minutos used the song "Arwrarwrirwrarwro" by Bombi which was based on "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)".
 * Jason Derulo's song "Don't Wanna Go Home" heavily samples "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)".
 * Lil Wayne's song "6 Foot 7 Foot" samples and derives its title from "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)".
 * Banana (Conkarah song): This song, released in 2019 by S-Curve Records, with contributions from Shaggy, samples largely and is an adaptation of the Harry Belafonte original.

In media and politics

 * The original 1956 Belafonte recording is heard in the 1988 film Beetlejuice in a dinner scene in which the guests are supernaturally compelled to dance along to the song by the film's protagonists. It was sung by Beetlejuice and Lydia in the first episode of the television animated series, and it appeared in the Broadway musical adaptation. It will appear in the film's upcoming sequel Beetlejuice Beetlejuice, which will be released on September 6, 2024.
 * In the TV series The Muppet Show  season 3 episode 14, Harry Belafonte performs the song accompanied by Fozzie Bear and other muppets. Fozzie Bear requests to be a tally man as identified in the lyrics of the song. Harry Belafonte explains what a tally man is as he proceeds to sing with other muppets accompanying singing the song's answer.
 * In the TV series Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 14 "Moonshot", the character Martin Stein abruptly starts singing the song to cause a distraction.
 * During the first leg of the thirty-second season of the American version of The Amazing Race, contestants had to play a section of the song on a steelpan during a Roadblock challenge.
 * In the Justin Trudeau blackface controversy, on September 18, 2019, Justin Trudeau, the Prime Minister of Canada, admitted to singing "Day-O" while wearing blackface makeup and an afro wig at a talent show when he was in high school at Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf.

title: Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)


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Karoline Kaulla

Karoline (Hebrew: Chaile) Kaulla née Raphael, known foremost as 'Madame Kaulla' or '"Kiefe" Auerbacher' (1739, in Buchau am Federsee – 18 March 1809, in Hechingen), was a German banker. She was one of the most famous Court Jews of her time, and reputed to have been the richest woman in Germany.

Early life
Karoline Kaulla was the daughter of the banker Yitzchak (Isaak) Raphael and Rifka Wasserman. She was the sister of Raphael Kaulla. Her father was Court Jew for the house of Hohenzollern. In 1757, she married Akiva Auerbach.

Business career
In 1768, Karoline Kaulla was appointed court factor to the court of Fürstenberg of Donaueschingen. She provided the court in Donaueschingen with horses, silver, jewellery and other expensive goods.

In 1770, she became court factor for the Duke of Wuerttemberg in Stuttgart.

She functioned as the treasurer at the Royal Württemberg Court, and leader of the Trading House Kaulla in Stuttgart. She was a co-founder of the Royal Württemberg Court Bank, which after many fusions resulted in the Deutsche Bank in the 1920s.

She is reputed to have been a beautiful, impressive woman, praised for the welfare, her care for the poor regardless of religion, and her works for the Jewish community in Hechingen.

In 1808, Karoline Kaulla was awarded the honor of the Civil-Verdienst-Medaille with golden chain, presented to her by Emperor Franz I, as a recognition of her financial contributions to the Imperial army. The golden chain is now displayed at Yad Vashem historic museum in Jerusalem.

title: Karoline Kaulla


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Road rash

Road rash is a colloquial term for skin injury caused by abrasion with road surfaces, often as a consequence of cycling and motorcycling accidents. It may also result from running, inline skating, roller skating, skateboarding, and longboarding accidents.

The term may be applied to both a fresh injury and also to the scar tissue left by an old injury. Symptoms may include pain and heavy bleeding.

Motorcyclists can reduce the risks of road rash by wearing appropriate motorcycle personal protective equipment such as a full face helmet, protective clothing, gloves, dusters and boots. Similarly, inline skaters can reduce their chance of such abrasion injuries by wearing protective knee and elbow pads.

Road rash is often termed 'gravel rash' in the United Kingdom. That term is old, appearing (with hyphen) as 'gravel-rash' in Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901). According to the OED it first appeared in print in Hotten's A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words (2nd Ed, 1860).

title: Road rash