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Woy Woy

Woy Woy is a coastal town in the Central Coast region of the New South Wales state of Australia. The town is located on the southern reaches of Brisbane Water and near the mouth of Brisbane Water at the Pacific Ocean, it is a popular holiday destination. Woy Woy is located 84 km north of the state capital Sydney. It is a population centre within the local government area.

Woy Woy is located in the northern half of the Woy Woy Peninsula, a densely populated estuarine peninsula that also includes the districts of Umina Beach, Ettalong Beach, Booker Bay and Blackwall, in addition to several small sub-districts. The Woy Woy Peninsula is the most populous area of the Central Coast. The historical and commercial core of Woy Woy is located around the railway station at the northern tip of the peninsula while its residential districts merge imperceptibly southwards with Umina and Ettalong. (Woy Woy officially ends at Veron Road and Gallipoli Avenue; and Umina begins beyond this).

Origin of name
The double name is a corruption of the indigenous term apparently taken from the local Darkinjung Aboriginal people, and reputedly means 'big lagoon' or 'much water', referring to the deep tidal channel adjacent to the town centre. It was originally known as Webb's Flat, named for James Webb, the first European settler of the Brisbane Water region in 1823, and was first explored by a party led by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1789.

Small coastal settlement
In 1889, after the construction of the Hawkesbury River railway bridge, holidaymakers began to arrive in Woy Woy. As of this day, it remains a popular holiday destination.

Electrification of the Main Northern railway line running through Woy Woy to Gosford in 1960 prompted rapid residential development in and around Woy Woy in the 1960s and 1970s as its relatively low-priced properties with rail journey times of just over an hour and a half to reach Sydney or Newcastle.

In December 1948, there were private enterprise plans announced to develop 1259 acres of light industrial land, 800 acres of accompanying housing, a railway connection with the existing main line and the conversion of the World War II era airstrip at Ettalong Beach into an airport. If the concept had proceeded all costs would have been covered by the developer, including water, sewerage and other amenities. At the time it was predicted that up to 50,000 jobs would have been developed within 10 to 25 years.

On 9 January 1994, Woy Woy was evacuated, probably due to the spread of bushfires.

The $24 million Peninsula Leisure Centre opened on 29 October 2005 after significant delays.

After their emigration to Australia, Woy Woy became the hometown of the parents of comedian Spike Milligan, who in turn became a frequent visitor to the town and at one point described it as the "world's only above-ground cemetery".

Heritage listings
Woy Woy has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Woy Woy Road: Woy Woy Tunnel

Demographics
According to the 2021 census, there were 11,072 people in Woy Woy.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 5.5% of the population.
 * 75.0% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 4.9%, New Zealand 2.0% and China 1.6%.
 * 85.1% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin at 1.5%.
 * The most common responses for religion were No Religion 39.9%, Catholic 21.5% and Anglican 17.0%.

Schools
Woy Woy has one Catholic school, St John the Baptist Primary School, located in Dulkara Road, Woy Woy. Schooling offered by the Sisters of St. Joseph commenced in Woy Woy in 1922 at the original St John the Baptist Church (Parish hall since 2007) located on the corner of Blackwall and Victoria Roads, Woy Woy. There are also two public primary schools, Woy Woy South and Woy Woy, with the senior campus of Brisbane Water Secondary College also located within Woy Woy.

Business
Woy Woy comprises 34,000 square metres of commercially zoned land of which 60% consists of retail businesses together with a mix of professional services and major supermarkets including Deepwater Plaza and Peninsula Plaza. Woy Woy represents the commercial heart of the Peninsula and vital commuter transport hub. The town centre is enhanced by the Woy Woy waterfront precinct and Woy Woy Channel with ferry links to Davistown and Empire Bay.

The Woy Woy commercial centre is represented by the Peninsula Chamber of Commerce which is an affiliated member of the NSW Business Chamber. Woy Woy is recognised as the commercial hub of the Peninsula accommodating numerous legal practices, medical centres, banks and professionals. It is largely focused around the Woy Woy Rail Station (major transport hub) and bus interchange with a heavy retail concentration at Deepwater Plaza shopping centre on western edge of the commercial centre and Peninsula Plaza adjacent to the heritage listed Woy Woy Library. Small cafés and restaurants have clustered along the Woy Woy waterfront adjacent to the heritage listed Bayview Hotel and Woy Woy Hotel on Brickwharf Road. The traditional main street (Blackwall Road) has struggled in recent years from pressure from the major shopping centres and the resurgence of the thriving Umina Beach town centre.

Culture
An annual Brisbane Water Oyster Festival is held on the first Sunday in November at Ettalong Beach after being relocated from the Woy Woy waterfront in 2005 due to space restrictions. The event outgrew the location with over 20,000 people attending annually. The "Brisbane Water" Oyster Festival was inaugurated in 2000 and is organised by the Peninsula Chamber of Commerce.

The Woy Woy Little Theatre Company perform four plays every year at The Peninsula Theatre, the sister theatre to Laycock Street Theatre in Gosford. Performances are generally based on strict plays rather than devised or improvised theatre forms and have been doing so since 1962.

After their retirement, the parents and younger brother of comedian Spike Milligan (1918–2002) moved to Woy Woy; as a result, Spike spent some time in the town and was occasionally jocularly referred to as "the boy from Woy Woy". Woy Woy was the home to the now defunct festival known as "Spike Fest", which celebrated Milligan's life and works. Milligan famously named Woy Woy "the largest above ground cemetery in the world" when visiting in the 1960s. He made numerous references to Woy Woy in the radio series The Idiot Weekly.

In July 2007, a new cycle bridge near Woy Woy was named the "Spike Milligan Bridge".

Another internationally known resident of Woy Woy was Olive Riley (1899–2008), of the Woy Woy Community Nursing Home, who became recognised as the world's oldest known blogger. From February 2007, aged 107, she started an internet blog and also appeared in a number of YouTube videos. Her last post was made on 26 June 2008, two and a half weeks prior to her death on 12 July, aged 108.

Notable residents

 * Megan Anderson (born 1974), International Netball player, grew up in Woy Woy.
 * Graham Eadie (born 1953) Australian Rugby League and Manly Warringah Sea Eagles player.
 * Minard Fannie Crommelin (1881–1972), postmistress and environmental conservationist, spent 5 years as postmistress in Woy Woy.
 * Karise Eden, winner of the first season of TV singing competition The Voice.
 * Ray Hall (born 1980), former Australian rules football player.
 * Peter Louis (born 1945), rugby league player and coach.
 * Spike Milligan (Terence Alan Milligan 1918–2002) Indian-British comedian, writer and actor lived in Woy Woy with his parents for periods of time in the 1960s.
 * John Monie (born 1946), Rugby League coach and player grew up in Woy Woy.
 * Mark Gregory Pegg (born 1963), world-renowned medieval historian and author, now based in US.
 * Janice Petersen (born 1977), television presenter, grew up in Woy Woy.
 * Olive Riley (1899–2008), second oldest online blogger and YouTube user.
 * Josh Ross (born 1981), Indigenous track-and-field Olympian, from the age of seven attended Woy Woy Public School.
 * Liesl Tesch (born 1969), wheelchair Basketball player, sailor and politician, lives in Woy Woy.
 * Simon Townsend (born 1945), journalist, television host and presenter, spent some time in Woy Woy.

Sports
Woy Woy is also home to several sporting teams which compete in Central Coast competitions, including the Roosters (rugby league - competed in Sydney's Jim Beam Cup, but not any more), Sharks (cricket), Woy Woy FC (since 1965) (football), Lions (rugby union) and the Peninsula Swans (Australian rules). Woy Woy is also home to the Woy Woy Tennis Club, one of the oldest Tennis clubs on the Central Coast.

Churches

 * St Luke's Anglican Church
 * St John the Baptist Catholic Church
 * PeninsulaEV Church

Transport
Woy Woy railway station is on the NSW TrainLink network. It is a major commuter hub which moves significant numbers of local workers into Sydney and Newcastle each day. The station is also a major bus interchange with Busways services connecting Woy Woy with other Peninsula centres including Umina Beach and Ettalong Beach. Central Coast Ferries services also operate from the Woy Woy wharf connecting with villages around Brisbane Water including Davistown. Busways also operates 10 bus routes through Woy Woy to its surrounding suburbs.

title: Woy Woy


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Talk:Twin Cinema

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have had disambig links placed at the appropriate article or disambiguation page.--Hraefen Talk 19:02, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Reviews Section
I'm not sure if there are specific guidelines for this section but the two deletions I made seem to be to be fairly straightforward to me. Robert Christgau is an individual reviewer while all the others are major sites or magazines. If the reviews of individual reviewers were allowed the reviews section would surely become huge and unruly. The second review I deleted was one from Okayplayer. Okayplayer is a hip hip site and this is not a hip hop album. BigRockFan (talk) 11:04, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Christgau has generally been considered an appropriate listing in Professional reviews (see WikiProject Albums). The last discussion about it, as far as I can tell, was at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Albums/Archive 21. -- Paul Erik  (talk) (contribs) 12:42, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks again Paul. That is very strange about Robert Christgau.  How can individual reviewers be allowed in the review section?  In this case his own Pazz & Jop Poll ranked Twin Cinema as the 9th best album of the year, and this comes from the compiled ratings of 795 reviewers:
 * http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres05.php
 * His own review of this album was completely out of step with literally hundreds of other reviewers, just shy of 800 to be precise, so why should his review take precedence? He’s certainly entitled to his opinion, but here is a perfect example of why his opinion, or any other single reviewer’s opinion, should not be allowed, imo.  Thanks again for the heads up and I’ll go and join that discussion now.  BigRockFan (talk) 00:32, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

One further note. I’d be happy to restore Christgau’s review while the discussion about his reviews in general is taking place, but this specific review of his is strangely unclear. Christgau uses a letter grading system but for some reason he’s placed two stars beside this album and it’s unclear what that means. http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=new+pornographers

Note that other albums from that year, 2005, were given letter grades. http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=m.i.a.BigRockFan (talk) 00:51, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Update: I found what it means but I’m still not sure what to do with it. His ** means,  “Honorable Mention is an likable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well enjoy”. http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/bk-cg90/grades-90s.php BigRockFan (talk) 01:01, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Twin Cinema


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User talk:Ario

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Ario! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

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There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely,  Acetic Acid  ( talk  ) 06:41, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Deletion process
I noticed your talk comment at Articles for deletion/List of The Daily Show guests, so I thought I'd give the answer a shot. Since the list is under afd, it follows the Guide to Articles for deletion. The "closure" section is described there as well (it's basically a period of voting time, and then an administrator determines when a rough consensus has been reached, and then acts accordingly. Hope that helps! --Mcmillin24 01:20, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

poke! --Froeschele

List of the Daily Show guests AFD
Since you voted on the previous AFD (here) I thought you may wish to vote again on the article's second AFD: Articles for deletion/List of The Daily Show guests (2nd nomination). Cburnett 01:08, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Pinball1973.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Pinball1973.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this image under "fair use" may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the image description page and add or clarify the reason why the image qualifies for fair use. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a fair use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for images used under the fair use policy require both a copyright tag and a fair use rationale.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it might be deleted by adminstrator within a few days in accordance with our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 16:06, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Pinball1973.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Pinball1973.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:37, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Good catch
This was a good catch. Thanks for that. --Midnightdreary (talk) 21:27, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Thanks! I searched extensively for information on when Holmes and Hawthorne did first meet, but couldn't find any. Oh well. Ario (talk) 23:00, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ario


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Minto Heights, New South Wales

Minto Heights is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 50 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown. It is part of the Macarthur region.

History
The Tharawal people were the original inhabitants of the region. The open space of the 5 acre blocks hints at the farming history of the area while the larger homes being built the suburb point to a more recent change in land use.

The bushland began to be cleared in the late 19th century to be replaced by orchards and other small farms. The area escaped major subdivision during Campbelltown's population boom of the 1970s when the Council zoned the suburb a "Scenic Protection Area" with minimum land sizes of 5 acre. Until then, the area was known as East Minto and, like its neighbour, was named after the Earl of Minto, Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, who was Viceroy of India from 1807 to 1814. In 1973, Campbelltown Council proposed changing the name to Warby, which was rejected by locals who insisted it be called East Minto. This, in turn, was rejected by the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales, which had a policy against "East" and other compass points being added to suburb names. Eastminto, Myrtlefield, Hansen and Kyngmount were also rejected by one side or the other until consensus was reached with Minto Heights in 1976.

title: Minto Heights, New South Wales


text:
User talk:Max A

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Max A! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely,  Acetic Acid  ( talk  ) 06:42, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

User page
I have converted The Adventures of Richard E Grant into your user page. You are at liberty to move it elsewhere, but be warned that if you move it into the (main) namespace, someone is likely to consider it non-notable and nominate it for deletion. -- RHaworth 08:55:35, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

title: User talk:Max A


text:
User talk:Sustito

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Sustito! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely,  Acetic Acid  ( talk  ) 06:42, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Images listed for deletion
The following images have been listed for deletion at Images and media for deletion. Please leave any comments you might have there. Thuresson 10:44, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

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 * Image:350px-Nadal.jpg
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 * Image:180px-David livingstone.jpg

Image Tagging Image:Corot_autorretrato.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Corot_autorretrato.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use or fairuse. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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 * The message above also applies to Image:Corot.jpg. Ingoolemo talk 19:37, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:San felipe neri.jpg
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title: User talk:Sustito


text:
Music history of the United States in the late 19th century

The latter part of the 19th century saw the increased popularization of African-American music and the growth and maturity of folk styles such as the blues.

Rag
In the 1890s, more sophisticated African-American styles of the cakewalk and then ragtime music started to become popular. Originally associated primarily with poor African Americans, ragtime was quickly denounced as degenerate by conservatives and the classically trained establishment. In spite of the denigration, however, the style continued to gain widespread popularity and became mainstream; it was adopted by Tin Pan Alley at the start of the 20th century.

Ragtime shared similarities with both blues and jazz, the two rival forms of African-American music at the time. It was primarily piano-based, and could be performed by a single person (more like the blues) or by an entire orchestra (more like jazz). Scott Joplin was the most famous ragtime musician.

Rag also shares strong similarities with German polka music, with the strong emphasis on beats 2 and 4. Both styles also rely upon 7th and 9th chords, resulting in a more sophisticated harmonic palette. From the Caribbean islands and other sources, Rag adopted strong syncopations in both the left and right hands of piano music.

Minstrelsy
Solo performers in blackface were well known by the middle of the 19th century. Similar parodies of Africans had been popular during the late 18th century in England, and they spread across the Atlantic through the efforts of comedians like Charles Mathews, Thomas Rice and George Washington Dixon. Rice remains perhaps the best known, chiefly through the historical importance of his "Jump Jim Crow". The first minstrel group was probably the Virginia Minstrels, who performing in 1843 in New York City (Chase, 232), though E. P. Christy's four-man show in Buffalo, New York the year before is another contender. Many other groups soon followed, usually using a banjo, violin, castanets and tambourine. Thomas Rice and other blackface entertainers adapted to minstrelsy; Rice wrote operas like Bone Squash Diavolo before his popularity declined in the 1850s. Another minstrel opera group was the Kneass Opera Troupe, which did blackface parodies of Rossini's La Cenerentola, Balfe's The Bohemian Girl and Auber's Fra Diavolo. These parodies were given titles like Son-Am-Bull-Ole for a parody of Bellini's La somnambula, the invented title being a humorous reference to the violinist Ole Bull. Minstrel shows spread to London by 1846m and remained a major fixture in London until at least the 1880s.

Black minstrels
By the end of the civil war, minstrel groups had appeared featuring actual black performers. Though their styles were no more similar to actual slave practices than those of the white minstrels, these groups billed themselves as more "authentic" and grew popular. Since many of the performers were light-skinned, black performers still rubbed their faces in cork, and entertained in blackface. This practice peaked in about 1872, having produced such stars as banjoist Horace Weston and comedian Billy Kersands.

Blackface
A component of minstrel shows, blackface performances included white (or, more rarely, African-American) singers dressed in bizarre costumes, their faces marked black with burnt cork, singing in a caricature of African-American Vernacular English. Composers included E. P. Christy, Daniel Decatur Emmett and Thomas Rice; the latter's "Jump Jim Crow" was an immensely popular song, so well known and widely played that foreign leaders mistook it for the American national anthem. Other songs typically performed in blackface included "Camptown Races", "Old Dan Tucker", "Dixie", "Old Folks at Home", "Old Black Joe", "Turkey in the Straw" and "O Dem Golden Slippers".

Military marches
Military-style march music enjoyed great popularity, and most towns had brass bands that performed this genre of music. The most popular of the U.S. march composers were John Philip Sousa, Henry Fillmore, and Karl King. Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore was, in many minds, on par with Sousa. Some though more highly of Gilmore than of Sousa. Both men composed works for bands, and for other ensembles.

Military music was not a significant source of entertainment in the U.S. until after the Civil War. After the War ended, many of the bands dispersed and their members surely influenced musical activities in their home towns. During and after the War military band performed in parades, in outdoor concerts, and at encampment (reunions for veterans). The band gazebo was an architectural invention so that bands could perform outdoors with some protection against the weather. The motion picture "The Music Man" is based upon detailed research into the rise of small city bands in the midwest. Prior to military and later community bands, little organized music making was available in small towns due to cost, and many other factors. With the increased demand for wind instruments, east coast U.S. musical instrument manufactures began heavily marketing their wares and the wares of European manufacturers throughout much of the U.S. To assist in marketing their wares (instruments, sheet music, etc.), many regional music houses began publishing music periodicals. Community bands continued until around World War I. By World War II, community bands had suffered significant declines. Cost, changing musical tastes, and the introduction of radio and record players undercut public interest in community bands.

Eastern European immigrants
Starting in the 1880s, Eastern European Jews immigrated to the US in large numbers. They brought with them klezmorim, or musicians who played klezmer music at weddings and other community events. Soon, the United States became the international center for klezmer music, and it became a major influence on jazz and other genres.

Into the 20th century, immigration from Italy, Ireland, Armenia, China, Germany, Finland, and elsewhere was widespread. Most of these immigrant communities kept their folk traditions alive. Some produced musicians of great stature, such as Ukrainian fiddler Pawlo Humeniuk in the 1920s and 1930s. Much later, Armenian oud player Richard Hagopian also became popular at home and abroad. The Slovenian polka master, Frankie Yankovic, has had perhaps more crossover success than these other stars; his period of greatest popularity was in the 1940s.

In addition to peoples immigrating to the United States, many of Europe's finest musicians, singers, and actors, toured heavily in the United States. Jenny Lind, Ole Bull, Enrico Caruso, and Oscar Wilde made highly publicized tours often to great acclaim.

Composers and conductors
During the 19th century, many composers born in the U.S. traveled to Europe for the music education. They then returned to the U.S. and shared their knowledge of the latest European styles. As such, many of these composers wrote in typical styles of the time. Louis Moreau Gottschalk was one such composer who outpaced many of his contemporaries. His associate Charles Kunkel - who often performed duets with Gottschalk while on tour - was a composer in his own right. Theodore Thomas (conductor) was considered to be a leading conductor during the 1880s and 1890s. Thomas too championed works by leading European composers. He also conducted works by leading U.S. composers. Today, the vast majority of 19th century U.S. composers are all but lost to history. This was also the era when women composers and African-American composers started to see their music published in increased numbers.

Tin Pan Alley
In the later decades of the 19th century, the music industry became dominated by a group of publishers and song-writers in New York City that came to be known as Tin Pan Alley. Tin Pan Alley's representatives spread throughout the country, buying local hits for their publishers and pushing their publisher's latest songs. Song demonstrators were fixtures at department stores and music stores across the country, and traveling song demonstrators made circuits of rural areas. The industry was driven by the profits from the sales of sheet music. A piano was considered a must in any middle-class or higher home. Major 19th century Tin Pan Alley hits included "Only a Bird in a Gilded Cage" and "After the Ball Is Over".

Additional sources

 * PBS' page on their series American Roots Music
 * Essential American Recordings Survey
 * Friends of American roots music homepage
 * Library of Congress collection of brass band materials


text:
User talk:Cæruleum

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Jborme! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
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Primetime
See Long term abuse/Primetime. I seem to recall the image was one of several that had been listed somewhere as having been inadvertently not deleted and I happened to be the one who deleted that one. By all mean, get it deleted before it is transferred to Commons. Circeus (talk) 17:24, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

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Renaming
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title: User talk:Cæruleum


text:
Sally Oppenheim-Barnes

Sarah A. "Sally" Oppenheim-Barnes, Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes, PC (née Viner; born 26 July 1928) is a British Conservative politician.

Early life
Born in Dublin in 1928, Viner was raised and educated in Sheffield, where her father founded a steel and cutlery company. She attended Lowther College and worked as a social worker in London before entering politics.

Career
At the 1970 general election, she defeated Jack Diamond to represent the constituency of Gloucester; Diamond was the only cabinet minister to lose his seat at that election. She continued as Member of Parliament for Gloucester until 1987 and was Minister of State for Consumer Affairs in the Department of Trade between 1979 and 1982.

Oppenheim-Barnes was created a life peer, as Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes of Gloucester in the County of Gloucestershire, on 9 February 1989. Her son Phillip Oppenheim is a former Conservative MP for Amber Valley. Between 1983 and 1987 mother and son served simultaneously in the House of Commons. On 25 February 2019 she retired from the House of Lords under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014.

title: Sally Oppenheim-Barnes


text:
User talk:Olaf 2

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Olaf 2! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

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There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

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title: User talk:Olaf 2


text:
Pollaiolo

Pollaiolo or Pollaiuolo is the name of several people, including:

 * Antonio del Pollaiuolo (1429/1433–1498), Italian Renaissance artist in goldsmithing, sculpture and painting
 * Piero del Pollaiuolo (1443–1496), Italian Renaissance painter, younger brother of Antonio
 * Simone del Pollaiolo (1457–1508), Italian Renaissance architect, nephew of Antonio and Piero

title: Pollaiolo


text:
User talk:Dfa881

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Dfa881! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely,  Acetic Acid  ( talk  ) 06:43, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Notability of Youth Connections
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Signing
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title: User talk:Dfa881


text:
Talk:Edema

Specific area
What are You Smoking? 100 Kilometers? Seriously? a human walks in average at 5Km/h = walking 20 hours? WTF? This article is Insane... It should be Using tight socks for 8 hours. https://en.netralnews.com/news/health/read/12460/wearing.too.tight.socks.endangers.your.health..here...s.why

edema
It's 'edema', not 'edema'. Stop being bloody imperialists. -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.5.0.180 (talk • contribs) 04:10, 1 September 2007
 * Or 'œdema'? —DIV (128.250.80.15 (talk) 07:47, 27 June 2008 (UTC))

An unsigned rather stupid comment, it's oedema or edema, stop being silly. Myself0101 (talk) 18:00, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Fluid retention
fluid retention should redirect to this page, shouldn't it? water retention already does.

Singkong2005 06:44, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No, oedema is a result of that process. JFW | T@lk  07:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If that's the case, both water retention and fluid retention should lead to a page which describes that, and which references oedema. Water retention should not redirect to Oedema. Singkong2005 07:01, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

ERROR IN TEXT: a form of oedema that develops when the lymph vessels are obstructed, or myxedema, which occurs in Grave's disease. MYXEDEMA IS CAUSED BY HYPOTHYROIDISM, NOT GRAVE'S DISEASEj.i believe you are both right and wrong. Graves' disease gives you what they call pretibial myxoedema( which can be a bit confusing) while hypothyroidism gives you a non pitting oedema myxedema is its other name

SORRY, I DON"T KNOW HOW TO PROPERLY POST A MESSAGE HERE

THAT'S OK BUT AVOIDING USING ALL CAPS,it helps Myself0101 (talk) 17:59, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Grades of oedema
is this correct grade 1 - oedema below ankles grade 2 - oedema below knees grade 3 - oedema of thighs grade 4 - generalised oedema

 * never heard of this grading system before, which isn't to say it doesn't exist. Its not very accurate though. Grading systems are usually used to imply severity of a process as well as indicating the progress. Generalised oedema is unlikely to occur from oedema of the thighs but rather have arisen from an entirely different pathological process. I'll clear all this up when I fix these pages. Wrongfooting 10:08, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have heard a few physicians describe this system, but Bate's Guide to Physical Examination (9th Edition) states it's based on (apparently subjective?) severity with 1+ being mild to 4+ being severe. In practice, I've never seen leg edema without ankle edema, nor have I seen someone write 3+ or 4+ edema in a progress note.  This is probably a regional difference. 174.255.82.6 (talk) 02:28, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

What about mentioning hypothyroididsm as a cause of nonpitting oedema? The nonpitting oedema arises as thyroid hormone inhibits sythesis of mucopolysaccarides. In hypothyroidism that process is not inhibited and the excess polysaccarides allow excess fluid to also accumulate. It is one of the most common signs of hypothyroidism.

Merge from Swelling (medical)
I have suggested that the article Swelling (medical) be merged into this article. It is a stub, and the meanings are identical. Anyone mind me doing this? Thanks, delldot | talk 16:06, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The swelling article is a horrible hodgepodge stub, but I'm not sure if the meanings are identical. JFW | T@lk  17:09, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * In that case, I'm not qualified to merge them because I don't know enough about the differences. Anyway, do you think the meanings might be close enough to still merit a merge?  I guess it's moot anyway unless someone else wants to volunteer for the job.  Anyone? delldot | talk 05:06, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * no definitely not. As a stub the swelling article in and of itself is highly oversimplified, combining processes like oedema, which is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues outside of the arteries and veins, with liver and spleen enlargement (hepatomegaly and splenomegaly respectively) which can occur through processes as varied as cancer and heart failure. I will fix these pages up but its not going to happen overnight. In summary, these pages shouldn't be merged (making them smaller) but need to be expanded!! Wrongfooting 10:01, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Great, thank you! delldot | talk 15:31, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * So... should the merge template be removed, then? Twilight Realm 04:01, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

I think that to the average Joe, much like myself, it would be more helpful to have both swelling, sprain, and oedema as seperate articles, but cross-referenced together.

Causes,Cures??
Could someone please add sections on causes, prognosis and cures?

I'm new here so if this is the wrong place to bring this up please let me know. Under causes of peripheral oedema - is not 1) medicine 2) salt also a cause?? I understand the salt but not sure how the medicines effect oedema. Also, from readings on the internet it appears that things like salt/potassium balance can cause oedema which could possibly be corrected by altering one or the other??

Thanks, suesara47Suesara47 22:19, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * See a doctor. FWIW, I dunno, but I heard that diphenhydramine is used for minor cases. linas (talk) 03:41, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, see a doctor if you have it, but that doesn't mean treatment options can't be covered here. Rodney Boyd (talk) 03:45, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

-
 * The article definitely needs some details about what might cause this disease or condition, whether or not there are effective treatments, and if yes, how it's generally treated.

Article needs a picture
We could really use a picture for this article depicting the disease. If someone happens to have one that we can use it would be good to put up. Bradkoch2007 20:49, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Dropsy as a historic subject
This article is probably a pretty good treatment of oedema as a medical subject for some (intermediate?) level of medical education.

However, especially because dropsy as a disease has some historic significance, and is linked here from some historical articles, it would be nice if there were some discussion on that subject, along with a less medical explanation of what dropsy is. Presumably it was a cause of death to native American's sometime after Columbus?

Rhkramer (talk) 14:35, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

From the sounds of things it is a mechanical bodily failure rather than the result of some sort of virus, so I doubt it became any more prevalent among Native Americans post-Columbus. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.89.136.132 (talk) 10:43, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

I came here via its mention in the second episode of Downton Abbey, some additional details on its historical context would be useful.--124.191.6.96 (talk) 13:19, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Caption requested
I made this pic recently and would like to have better caption provided so we can include it in the article. We need at least one here... --Scriberius (talk) 22:37, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I put it in the part concerning edema of the foot. There, a better caption is not hyperacute. Mikael Häggström (talk) 18:18, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

questionable statements
The article currently states:
 * It is often not appreciated that the Starling equation does not indicate a balance between these forces. The hydrostatic force must always win, and there must always be leakage of fluid out of the vessel because otherwise there can be no oncotic gradient.

But this is nonsense: averaged over longer periods of time, there can be no net leakage (except to make up for fluid loss due to perspiration). Both forces win: the hydrostatic pressure causes the oncotic gradient to develop! Anyway, the above, as currently worded, sounds like some strange misunderstanding; I'll remove the text shortly. linas (talk) 03:37, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Under the "Organ Specific" section, I removed this phrase, including the link: " Lymphatic return of fluid is also dependent on a pumping action of structures known as lymph hearts." On the poorly-written page it references, it clearly states that there "In our body there are no lymph hearts and the return of lymph depends to a great extent on squeezing action of skeletal muscles like the ones in calves." That is about the ONLY thing clear on that page, in fact. I would almost recommend it for cleanup. Keyrlis (talk) 22:25, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

New theories as to how edema forms
216.56.161.4 (talk) 19:06, 26 February 2014 (UTC) I as following a redirect from this page on my smartphone and the page said new thinking said that inflammation is now questioned as to the cause and the idea that protein deposition is now being followed. I suspect protein misfolding. May we have more info here?

Dropsy - Congestive Heart Failure
Dropsy redirects to this page, which covers the rather more general subject of (o)edema. This redirection is somewhat unfortunate as we then lose the connection between dropsy and congestive heart failure, with dropsy being regarded as a primary symptom of the disorder. With the link between the two gone it becomes difficult to refer to William Withering, who was the West Midland apothecary who developed a reliable treatment for the dropsical patient from the use of foxglove (digitalis) known to folk medicine. Would it be reasonable to include a reference to this 200 year old medical breakthrough in the Edema article or does it fall beyond its scope? Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 22:30, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, I would be in favour of someone in the know clarifying this in the article, I followed a dropsy link here and I don't know what it is yet! -pinkgothic (talk) 17:20, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Proposed merge
I've proposed the merge because I am not sure of the benefit of having this article. For the last 10 years people have commented that it *could* be a different article but no one has made it sufficiently different to warrant the separate article. Mvolz (talk) 08:19, 7 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree that Swelling (Medicine) and Oedema should be merged.  20:07, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Agree with merge. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 03:09, 8 December 2019 (UTC)

Compartment syndrome
How does this relate to compartment syndrome? · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 18:22, 17 December 2022 (UTC)

Photo examples
The second photo (two feet after hike, author's own photo) is not a particularly good example,it's a holiday snap, can barely see the condition. Photo information irrelevant. Suggest removal. 2A02:C7C:D6F7:3C00:C06B:5A48:CA9C:7E3E (talk) 15:46, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ - Agree and removed. Zefr (talk) 17:18, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edema