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Talk:Vrykolakas

Merge with Vampire?
DreamGuy deleted this article and made it a redirect to vampire, with the comment "This is just the Greek word for vampire and there is some info there on it (though it could be expanded), so redirecting to that article)". I have reverted this change for the following reasons: So I would argue that this article should be kept as is. DreamGuy, if you still don't agree with me, could you please at least wait to see what other wikipedians think before changing it again?
 * Yes, Vrykolakas is "just the Greek word for vampire", but gladius is just the Latin word for sword, and menorah is just the Hebrew word for lamp. That doesn't mean we can't or shouldn't have useful articles under those headers.
 * 1) If you read this article you will notice that the traditional folklore of the vrykolakas is not 100% identical to the standard vampire, and in fact it could be argued that it doesn't have much at all to do with the vampire (see for example the outside link given in the article). The last paragraph deals with how this word has become more or less synonymous with vampire in Greece, but this seems to be a fairly recent development.
 * 2) There is NO info on the vrykolakas under vampire. I just added the one sentence there today, and you've changed it to say "Medieval and later Greek folklore features the vrykolakas, the Greek word for vampire." This pretty much renders even that scant sentence pointless.
 * 3) Many of the other vampire types given in that same list have their own articles, e.g. liogat, aswang etc. Indeed, there's even a Category:Vampires. I'm sure in many of those cases it could also be argued that we are simply dealing with a foreign word for "vampire" too, but wikipedians have seen fit to give them their own entry.
 * 4) Similarly, both the French and German Wikipedias have seen fit to include separate articles on this creature. (I won't count the Latin one, because I wrote it ;) )

Thanks, Iustinus 01:50, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm also against such a merge. In most cases, it's better to have specific articles provided there is enough material and enough justification, as here. The article Vampire is too large and ungainly as it is already, without merging more material into it. Alexander 007 02:07, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Recently this article was merged again with the vampire article, and I too am against such mergence, so I reverted the change because its seems like others also feel a seperate article is justifiable. The vampire article is too large and ungainly (as Alexander 007 said). I don't beleive it adequetly covers the topic. I also added a new section and refrences when I reverted the merge.

Feedback would be much appreciated. Abby01050105 (talk) 07:27, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

non-stub
Hey, just a heads-up that I removed the stub tag, since it seems to be a full article.Elizabennet 03:18, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge 2015
Can we just redirect it to Vampire already? It's never been a separate topic. It should get one sentence in the real article about how the werewolf stories sometimes get mixed. This is a lot of verbiage for nothing. DreamGuy (talk) 17:08, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The term is not historically synonymous with nor etymologically related to vampire. This is an element of Greek folklore that shows an exchange with Slavic sources. It most certainly deserves its own article. :bloodofox: (talk) 18:58, 8 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Most people know Werewolf more than Vrykolakas. Qwertyxp2000 (talk | contribs) 23:29, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

Opposition to merge with "Werewolf"
I have respectfully removed the proposal to merge this article with Werewolf. As I explained earlier in my edit summary, a vrykolakas and a werewolf are not the same thing. They are indeed very similar, but they are still different. The Greek vrykolakas has many similarities both vampires and werewolves, but is not the same thing as either of them.

Furthermore, the two concepts have very different histories and origins. The word "werewolf" is of Old English origins, whereas the word "vrykolakas" is Greek. There are many Greek stories about vrykolakai that are not applicable to werewolves and many western European stories about werewolves that are not applicable to vrykolakai. To combine this article with the article on werewolves would eliminate the delicate distinction between the two.

Finally, there is a great deal of useful information in this article about Greek traditions and folklore that would need to be deleted if this page were to be merged with the article on werewolves. This subject well and truly deserves its own article all to itself. --Katolophyromai (talk) 20:06, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160227133758/http://bgrod.org/Vjara/index.php?p=bogove&page=vrkolak to http://bgrod.org/Vjara/index.php?p=bogove&page=vrkolak
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071024035846/http://bgrod.org/Vjara/index.php?p=bogove&page=vampir to http://bgrod.org/Vjara/index.php?p=bogove&page=vampir

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View on merging with anything
My view is there is enough information on this southeastern European folkloric thing to keep it separate, mainly because the information seems to straddle both werewolves and vampires really. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 23:39, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Werewolves and vampires are kind of Hollywood (or literary) inventions anyway, they're not well-defined mythological categories. Many folk beliefs do not clearly fit into one or the other.--Pharos (talk) 00:16, 13 March 2018 (UTC)
 * The evolution of the vampire was not as clear-cut as that, which I found out while doing the vampire article. Agree that drawing lines between many creatures can be rather arbitrary. However, given we are writing discrete articles, we have to do this somewhere (generally reflecting what popular or scholarly literature has done.) Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 00:39, 13 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I did find the vampire article pretty well-handled, and I'm glad you'd found the right lines for that. At some point, we'd benefit from having a comprehensive project one level up, at undead.--Pharos (talk) 04:27, 13 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oh god I had never seen that page before...where to start.....Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 08:04, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

Etymology
If βρυκόλακας is the source of Salentin brucolaco, it's highly unlikely that it was borrowed from a Slavic language. Greeks have lived in Italy for centuries, since Antiquity (certainly in the times when β was still pronounced /b/, perhaps so early that υ was still pronounced /u/). Slavs, on the other hands, only crossed Danube around the end of Antiquity, then started to assimilate various older Balkan peoples, acquiring part of their folklore. I'm aware of Slavic borrowings in Greek, but in this case the Slavic forms are both messy & possibly influenced by folk etymology (wilk in wilkołak), while the corresponedence of βρυκόλακας & brucolaco presents no problems. Are there really no sources considering a different etymology? 2A02:A310:8241:8280:585D:735C:C185:EA6F (talk) 04:45, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vrykolakas


text: Category:Art museums and galleries in the Czech Republic

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User:ChunkyKong

>_>

<_<

LOOK OVER THERE!

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title: User:ChunkyKong


text:
Golden State League

The Golden State League was an Independent Baseball league that operated in California from 1994 to 1996.

The league had originally targeted eight teams and considered 10-12 potential sites, they were Chico; Fresno; Henderson, Nevada; Lodi; Long Beach; Merced; Oceanside; Oxnard; Palm Springs; Redding; Rohnert Park; Sacramento; San Luis Obispo; Santa Barbara; St. George, Utah; Yuba City; and Yuma, Arizona.

However, it eventually started play with only four teams. These were the Imperial Valley Brahmas in Brawley, California and El Centro, California; the Antelope Valley Ravens in Lancaster, California and Palmdale, California; the Yuma Desert Dawgs moved to the Western Baseball League the following year (1996); and a traveling team, the Sierra Nevada/Southern Nomadic Miners, represented both Bishop, California (Sierra Nevada), and the Palm Springs area (Southern Nomadic). One team was supposed to play in Indio, California as the Indio Lil' Devils, but the city lacked a standard ball park and the team's operations had moved to Yuma. Another failed team, the San Luis Obispo Knights in Paso Robles, California, never surfaced.

Planning for the league started in 1993. Golden State immediately faced obstacles in securing municipal financing, ballparks, and subsidies for new teams, as well as entrenched competition from the California League. Plagued by financial difficulties, the season opener was postponed several times from the original target date of March 31, 1995. The league folded just one week after its opening game held on June 16, 1995, in Yuma. The Ravens continued to play as a member of the later-folded Southwest Baseball League with teams in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah with the rest of home games in the Speedway Ballpark in Rosamond, California.

Like most independent leagues, Golden State rosters included a mix of high school and college stars and big leaguers looking to extend their careers. Ex-major leaguers associated with Golden State included pitcher Scott Taylor (Antelope Valley), formerly of the Red Sox, and Gold Glove and all-star outfielder Ellis Valentine (manager Antelope Valley).

title: Golden State League


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The Club Dumas

The Club Dumas (original Spanish title El Club Dumas) is a 1993 novel by Arturo Pérez-Reverte. The book is set in a world of antiquarian booksellers, echoing his previous 1990 work The Flanders Panel.

The story follows the adventures of a book dealer, Lucas Corso, who is hired to authenticate a rare manuscript by Alexandre Dumas, père. Corso's investigation leads him to seek out two copies of a (fictional) rare book known as De Umbrarum Regni Novem Portis ("Of the Nine Doors of the Kingdom of Shadows"). Corso encounters a host of intriguing characters on his journey of investigation, including devil worshippers, obsessed bibliophiles and a hypnotically enticing femme fatale. Corso's travels take him to Madrid (Spain), Sintra (Portugal), Paris (France), and Toledo (Spain).

The Club Dumas is full of details ranging from the working habits of Alexandre Dumas to how one might forge a 17th-century text, as well as insight into demonology.

Plot summary
Lucas Corso is a middle-aged book dealer with a reputation of doing anything—regardless of legality—for his privileged clientele. While in Madrid attempting to authenticate a previously unknown partial draft of The Three Musketeers, he is summoned to Toledo by Varo Borja, a notoriously eccentric and wealthy collector.

Borja has obtained a copy of a legendary book, Of the Nine Doors of the Kingdom of Shadows, whose author was burned at the stake by the Inquisition. The book purportedly contains instructions for summoning the Devil. Only one copy of the book is supposed to have survived, but Borja claims three exist, two of which are elaborate forgeries. He hires Corso to compare the three copies and obtain the legitimate one by any means necessary. He promises to pay handsomely and cover all expenses.

Corso agrees, but continues to research the partial Dumas draft. The widow of the draft's previous owner, Liana Taillefer, insists the draft is a fake, but offers to buy it from Corso. After several encounters, she attempts to seduce Corso to obtain the draft; when he succumbs to her charms but refuses to surrender the manuscript, she becomes his enemy. She imagines herself as Milady de Winter, and uses a male associate (whom Corso nicknames "Rochefort") to follow Corso and attempt to retrieve the manuscript by force.

Corso confers with the Ceniza Brothers, book restoration experts with extensive knowledge of forgery. They give him basic knowledge to help him compare the copies of The Nine Doors.

On his way to Lisbon to visit the owner of one of the copies, he encounters a beautiful blonde with striking green eyes. She identifies herself as "Irene Adler", and suggests that she is a fallen angel. They part company before he meets with Victor Fargas. Fargas is a renowned collector who has been selling off his extensive library to maintain his ancestral mansion. Corso compares Fargas' copy of The Nine Doors to Borja's, and finds subtle differences in the illustration plates. Most bear the initials of the book's notorious author, but some of the plates bear the initials "L.F."

As Corso returns to his hotel, "Irene" guards Corso against an attack by "Rochefort". Corso leaves her to arrange a robbery of Fargas' mansion to obtain his copy of the book. "Irene" informs him that Fargas has been murdered and his copy has been burned. She and Corso leave for Paris.

Corso confers with Replinger, an antiquarian and Dumas scholar, who authenticates the Dumas manuscript. As they talk, Corso spies Liana. He returns to his hotel and bribes the concierge to locate her hotel. "Irene" visits him, and they discuss theology; she implies that she is a witness to the events of the War in Heaven.

Corso visits Baroness Ungern, whose charitable institution possesses the largest occult collection in Europe, including the third copy of The Nine Doors. They discuss the book's author, before Corso blackmails her with photo evidence of her Nazi sympathies so she will let him examine her copy. "Irene" calls to warn Corso that "Rochefort" is waiting outside. The Baroness translates the illustration captions while Corso compares Ungern's copy to Borja's.

Later, Corso realizes that, while none of the three sets match each other, the plates bearing the initials "L.F." form a complete set of nine without duplications, and realizes the nine illustrations form a list of instructions for the famed summoning ritual. "Rochefort" attacks again, and is again repelled by "Irene".

Using the concierge's information, Corso confronts Liana and her associate, but "Rochefort" renders him unconscious. When he revives, Borja's copy and the Dumas manuscript are gone. He learns that the Baroness has been killed in a fire at her library.

Using Liana's obsession with Milady de Winter, he traces her to Meung, where he is captured by "Rochefort". "Rochefort" is instructed by a man calling himself "Richelieu" to bring Corso to a nearby castle. "Richelieu" introduces him to the Club Dumas, a literary society of wealthy Dumas enthusiasts, who are gathered for their annual banquet. Corso is astonished to find that they only want to see the Dumas manuscript, and know nothing about The Nine Doors. He is invited to stay for the party, but chooses to leave.

Corso returns to Spain to confront Borja. "Irene" insists that she is a fallen angel who has wandered the earth for millennia searching for him. Corso does not question this, and finds himself even more strongly attracted to her. He accuses Borja of being responsible for both murders. Borja, intending to use the ritual described by the book's true nine plates to summon the Devil and gain ultimate knowledge, has destroyed his entire library to prevent others from following his lead. Corso demands payment, but Borja ignores him and begins the ritual. Corso leaves in disgust; as he leaves, he hears Borja's screams of anguish as the ritual goes awry, remembering the Ceniza Brothers' discourse on false books and realizing one of the plates is a forgery. He joins "Irene" outside, and surmises that each of them will get the devil they deserve.

Literary references
The Club Dumas references many books. Several of the references are not to a work itself, but to a singular instance of the physical book, such as a rare edition or type of binding. Several of these books are inventions of Perez-Reverte.

Real books
The works of Alexandre Dumas, père, the source of the eponymous title, influence nearly every element of the plot. The books mentioned are as follows:

 * The Three Musketeers. Edition by Miguel Guijarro in four volumes, with engravings by Ortega.
 * The Countess de Charny. Edition by Vicente Blasco Ibanez, in eight volumes, part of the "Illustrated Novel" collection.
 * The Two Dianas. Edition in three volumes.
 * The Count of Monte Cristo. Edition by Juan Ros in four volumes, with engravings by A. Gil.
 * The Forty-Five.
 * The Queen's Necklace.
 * The Companions of Jehu.
 * From Madrid to Cadiz.
 * Queen Margot.
 * Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge. Apparent original title: The Knight of Rougeville.

Also mentioned are works by Dumas' ghostwriter Auguste Maquet, including in particular, Le Bonhomme Buvat or the Conspiracy of Cellamare, published in Le Siècle, the magazine in which The Three Musketeers originally appeared between March and July 1844.

Other works mentioned are:

 * Richard Adams, Watership Down.
 * Georg Agricola, De re metallica Latin edition by Froben and Episcopius, Basle, 1556.
 * Cornelius Agrippa, De Occulta Philosophia Latin edition, Cologne, 1533.
 * Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy.
 * the works of John James Audubon. A hypothetical find that would make Corso and La Ponte very wealthy.
 * the works of Azorín.
 * Berengario de Carpi, Tractatus.
 * Luís de Camões, Os Lusíadas. First edition in four volumes, Ibarra 1789.
 * Jacques Cazotte, The Devil in Love.
 * Miguel de Cervantes, Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda, an edition "signed by Trautz-Bauzonnet" or "Hardy".
 * Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Complutensian Polyglot Bible. Six-volume edition.
 * Simone de Colines, Praxis criminis persequendi, 1541.
 * Jacques Collin de Plancy, Dictionnaire Infernal, 1842.
 * Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes stories including A Study in Scarlet and A Scandal in Bohemia.
 * Nicolaus Copernicus, De revolutionis celestium. Second edition, Basle 1566.
 * Corpus Hermeticum. Cited as mentioning the Delomelanicon.
 * Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras, Mémoires de M. d'Artagnan.
 * Martin Delrio, Disquisitionum Magicarum, 1599/1600. A three-volume work on demonic magic.
 * Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers. Spanish edition translated by Benito Pérez Galdós.
 * Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov.
 * Albrecht Dürer, De Symmetria, Paris/Nuremberg 1557, in Latin.
 * any version of Faust
 * Paul Feval, "nine books including Le Bossu and a quotation from Le Bossu heading Chapter 3"
 * Leonardo Fioravanti, Compendio dei secreti, 1571.
 * Francesco Maria Guazzo, Compendium Maleficarum.
 * Patricia Highsmith, Carol.
 * Victor Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.
 * Pope Innocent VIII, Summis desiderantes affectibus.
 * Athanasius Kircher, Oedipus Aegyptiacus. Rome, 1652.
 * Heinrich Kramer, Malleus Maleficarum. 1519 Lyon edition.
 * Pierre de La Porte, Memoirs. Written by "a man in the confidence of Anne of Austria".
 * Charles Maturin, Melmoth the Wanderer. Being read by "Irene Adler" in the hotel after Corso has been to visit Fargas.
 * Herman Melville, Moby-Dick. The book forms the initial basis of the friendship between Lucas Corso and Flavio La Ponte.
 * Prosper Mérimée, Corsican Revenge.
 * John Milton, Paradise Lost.
 * Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind.
 * Marco Polo, The Book of Wonders.
 * Pierre Alexis Ponson du Terrail, Rocambole. In forty volumes.
 * Marcel Proust, Swann's Way, Volume One: In Search of Lost Time.
 * Nicholas Remy, Daemonolatreiae libri tres.
 * Lucas de Rene, The Knight with the Yellow Doublet
 * Roederer, Political and Romantic Intrigue from the Court of France.
 * Fernando de Rojas, La Celestina.
 * Rafael Sabatini, Captain Blood.
 * Rafael Sabatini, Scaramouche.
 * Hartmann Schedel, Nuremberg Chronicle.
 * Ludovico Maria Sinistrari, De Daemonialitate et Incubis et Succubis. 1680 manuscript, London 1875 printed edition.
 * Stendhal, The Charterhouse of Parma. Supposedly translated by the narrator.
 * Eugène Sue, The Mysteries of Paris.
 * Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace.
 * Jacobus de Voragine, Golden Legend Edition by Nicolas Kesler, Basle 1493.
 * Vulgata Clementina.
 * Michel Zevaco, The Pardellanes.

Fictional books
Occultist works published by the fictional historical author Aristide Torchia in Venice:
 * De Umbrarum Regni Novem Portis, Venice, 1666. translated as The Nine Doors [or Gates] to the Kingdom of Shadows. While itself fictional, many aspects of The Nine Doors appear to be heavily inspired by the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili of Colonna (1499).
 * Key to Captive Thoughts, 1653.
 * A Curious Explanation of Mysteries and Hieroglyphs.
 * The Three Books of the Art, 1658.
 * Nicholas Tamisso, The Secrets of Wisdom, 1650.
 * Bernard Trevisan, The Lost Word ("Verbum Dismissum"), 1661. A fictional edition of an actual 14th-century alchemy treatise.

Other occultist writings in novel The Club Dumas: Books written by the character Baroness Ungern (inspired by Helena Blavatsky): Books by Boris Balkan: Books by Enrique Taillefer: Books by an unnamed Nobel Prize-winning author: Book by Don Jaime Astarloa, (hero of Perez-Reverte's novel The Fencing Master):
 * Asclemandres. A book mentioning the existence of the Delomalanicon
 * Delomelanicon, or Invocation of Darkness. A long-destroyed book containing a formula for summoning the Devil, supposedly written by Lucifer himself.
 * De origine, moribus et rebus gestis Satanae.
 * Dissertazioni sopra le apparizioni de' spiriti e diavoli.
 * Destructor omnium rerum.
 * Theatrum Diabolicum.
 * De Magna Imperfectaque.
 * Isis, the Naked Virgin. (Refers to Isis unveiled by Helena Blavatsky)
 * The Devil, History and Legend.
 * Lupin, Raffles, Rocambole, and Holmes.
 * Dumas: the Shadow of a Giant.
 * Crozet, Encyclopedia of Printers and Rare and Curious Books
 * Mateu, Universal Bibliography. A 1929 rare book guide used by Corso and his rivals.
 * Julio Ollero, Dictionary of Rare and Improbable Books.
 * The Thousand Best Desserts of La Mancha. A cooking book.
 * The Secrets of Barbecue. A cooking book.
 * The Dead Man's Hand, or Anne of Austria's Page. Taillefer's unpublished novel, cribbed largely from Angeline de Gravaillac.
 * Amaury de Verona, Angeline de Gravaillac, or Unsullied Virtue, published in the 19th century in The Popular Illustrated Novel.
 * I, Onan
 * In Search of Myself
 * Oui, C'est Moi.
 * Treatise on the Art of Fencing.

Aristide Torchia
Aristide Torchia, a fictional historical author from the novel, has been referred to in other media including The Ninth Gate (a film based on the novel), and video game Max Payne.

The fictional character Torchia was born in 1620. He was apprenticed in Leyden under the Elzevir family. After returning to Venice he published small works on philosophical and esoteric themes. In 1666, Torchia published De Umbrarum Regni Novem Portis (The Nine Doors to the Kingdom of Shadows), which was in turn based on the Delomelanicon, or Invocation of Darkness, a work supposedly written by Lucifer and that would allow the reader to summon devils. The Inquisition condemned Torchia for magic and witchcraft and burned him at the stake in 1667.

Film adaptation
Roman Polanski's film The Ninth Gate (1999) was adapted from Pérez-Reverte's novel. While following the same basic plotline for the first two-thirds of the film, the finale is greatly altered in the movie. Several characters' roles diminish, expand, merge, swap or disappear completely, and one of the novel's most important subplots – the Dumas connection – is removed entirely.

Awards
In 1998, The Club Dumas was nominated for the Anthony Award for Best Novel, the Macavity Award for Best Novel, and the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel.

title: The Club Dumas


text:
Zeitgeist (disambiguation)

Zeitgeist is the intellectual fashion or dominant school of thought of a certain period.

Zeitgeist may also refer to:

Groups

 * Zeitgeist (ensemble), a music ensemble from St. Paul, Minnesota
 * Zeigeist [sic], a Swedish electronic music band and art constellation (2006-2009)
 * former name of the band The Reivers from Austin, Texas

Albums and songs

 * Zeitgeist (Levellers album) (1995)
 * Zeitgeist compilation albums, a three-volume compilation released by IF? Records (1995-1997)
 * Zeitgeist (Schiller album) (1999)
 * Zeitgeist EP, an album by Frogcircus (2002)
 * Zeitgeist (The Smashing Pumpkins album) (2007)
 * Zeitgeist, an EP by Tangerine Dream (2010)
 * Zeitgeist, an album by Camo & Krooked (2013)
 * "Zeitgeist", a song by Black Sabbath from the album 13 (2013)

Other uses

 * Zeitgeist (comics), a Marvel comic book superhero
 * Zeitgeist (film company), a Danish independent film company
 * Zeitgeist (film series), a series of films by Peter Joseph (2007–2011)
 * The Zeitgeist Movement, a social movement associated with Peter Joseph and his film series
 * Zeitgeist (free software), a GNOME 3.0 activity logging system similar to Lifestream
 * Zeitgeist Films, an American independent film company
 * Zeitgeist, a 2000 novel by Bruce Sterling
 * Zeitgeist, a satirical video blog hosted by Willie Geist
 * Google Zeitgeist (2005), a Google report of the fastest changing and most popular online searches
 * Jupiter Strike, a 1995 video game released as Zeitgeist in Japan

title: Zeitgeist (disambiguation)


text:
Kitabatake Akiie

Kitabatake Akiie (北畠 顕家) was a Japanese court noble, and an important supporter of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō Wars. He also held the posts of Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North, and Governor of Mutsu Province. His father was Imperial advisor Kitabatake Chikafusa.

Biography
In 1333, Akiie was ordered to accompany the six-year-old eighth son of Emperor Go-Daigo, Prince Norinaga (also read as Noriyoshi), to Mutsu, where the Prince became Governor-General of Mutsu and Dewa. These two large provinces constituted much of the north-eastern end of Honshū, the area now known as Tōhoku.

In April 1333, he was appointed to the post of Chinjufu-shōgun, or Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North. This was a position that had been held by Minamoto no Yoshiie two hundred years earlier. A number of families formed a league under his direction, supporting the Southern Court; these included the samurai families of Yūki, Date, Nambu, Soma, and Tamura.

The Soma and several other daimyō were convinced to change sides by Takauji, however.

Three years later, he led an army nominally under the command of Norinaga to the outskirts of Kyoto to reinforce the forces of Nitta Yoshisada against Ashikaga Takauji. Nitta and Kitabatake were aided by warrior monks from Enryakuji, and the temple of Miidera, whose monks supported Ashikaga Takauji, was burned to the ground.

Traveling to Kyūshū, Kitabatake gathered support for the Southern Court in the absence of Ashikaga Takauji, one of the strongest leaders of the Northern Court.

In 1337, despite facing opposition at home in the north, Kitabatake was ordered by Emperor Go-Daigo to come to the aid of his army to the south of Kyoto. Kitabatake led his forces slowly south, fighting the Northern Court in many battles. He was defeated at the Tone River before pushing south and occupying Kamakura, the capital of the Ashikaga shogunate, and making his way to Nara, fighting at Iga and Sekigahara. In Nara, while trying to rest and reorganize his forces, he was set upon by Kō no Moronao and barely escaped to Kawachi Province. He recouped and pushed through enemy forces at Tennōji (near modern-day Osaka), but was eventually defeated and killed at Izumi in 1338 at the age of twenty-one. His death is described in the epic Taiheiki and in his father's Jinnō Shōtōki.

His kami is enshrined at Ryōzen Shrine in Date, Fukushima Prefecture and Abeno Shrine in Osaka, both of which are among the Fifteen Shrines of the Kenmu Restoration.

The tomb of Kitabatake Akiie is located nearby Abeno Shrine, in Osaka.

Lineage

 * Father: Kitabatake Chikafusa
 * Mother: Unknown
 * Spouse: A woman related to Hino Suketomo (日野資朝), (? - 1341?)
 * Son: Kitabatake Akinari (北畠顕成), (1335 - 1386/1402) - His descendants formed the Namioka Clan
 * Daughter: Wife of Andō Sadasue (安藤貞季)
 * Son: Kitabatake Moroaki? (北畠師顕) - His descendants formed the Tokioka Clan

title: Kitabatake Akiie


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Charlie Vansant

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rje 02:19, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Charlie Vansant
Hosting a university radio show isn't a big deal, I've had a show in the past. As for podcasts, anybody can do that if they so wish. Non-notable, probable vanity Rje 01:55, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Miscreated a user page the first time, and went to edit the user page and was saving as an actual page. Please delete and accept my mixup apologies Charlievansant 10:07, August 22, 2005 (EST)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Tim Ocel

Tim Ocel is an American theatre and opera director based in St. Louis, Missouri. He has directed productions for organizations ranging from Opera Theatre of Saint Louis to Shakespeare Santa Cruz to Geva Theatre in Rochester, New York to the Georgia Shakespeare Festival. He has been artistic director of the Sacramento Theatre Company, artistic associate of Geva Theatre, and an associate professor of opera at the University of Kansas.

Career
Raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Ocel received his bachelor of theater arts degree from the University of Minnesota Duluth in 1981. In Baltimore, Maryland he worked as a stage manager with the Baltimore Opera Company and the Peabody Conservatory of Music. Also stage managing at Central City Opera, Michigan Opera Theatre, Opera Theatre of Saint Louis, Tulsa Opera, Opera/Omaha, and the Idaho Shakespeare Festival, he was involved with more than 75 productions before accepting a position as Associate Artistic Director of the Sacramento Theatre Company in 1991. Ocel became Artistic Director of STC's 1995-1996 season before moving to St. Louis, Missouri to freelance and reside with his partner, artist and graphic designer Peter Shank. From 2004 - 2008 he was an Associate Professor of Opera at the University of Kansas in Lawrence KS. Recently, Mr. Ocel was adjunct faculty at the Conservatory of Theatre Arts at Webster University in St. Louis from 2010 - 2019. He continues to freelance as a theater director and considers American Players Theatre his artistic home.

Reviews
In 2022, Ocel directed the American Players Theatre production of Stones in His Pockets. A review in The Cap Times called it "a remarkable achievement for director Tim Ocel, and for the two young men who embody more than a dozen roles between them."

title: Tim Ocel


text:
Luís Teixeira

Luís Teixeira or Ludovico Teixeira was a 16th-century Portuguese, cartographer, and mathematician. He had two sons, also cartographers.

He should not be confused with Luís Teixeira Lobo, one of the first Portuguese humanists, son of João Teixeira and brother of Álvaro, who was sent to study in Italy and influenced by the florentine ideals of Angelo Poliziano. Luís Teixeira Lobo was later rector of the University of Siena (1476), Professor of Law at Ferrara (1502) and teacher to the King John III of Portugal.

Teixeira contributed a well-known early map of Japan (Iaponiae Insulae Descriptio) to Abraham Ortelius's atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. It was the first separate map of Japan, and was for many years the standard map of Japan used by Europeans (until the 1655 map by Martino Martini).

An important atlas of the colony of Brazil is attributed to Teixeira, entitled Roteiro de todos os sinais, conhecimentos, fundos, baixos, alturas, e derrotas que há na costa do Brasil desde o Cabo de Santo Agostinho até ao estreito de Fernão de Magalhães (1586).

title: Luís Teixeira


text:
North Killingsworth Street station

North Killingsworth Street is a light rail station on the MAX Yellow Line in Portland, Oregon. It is the fifth stop northbound on the Interstate MAX extension.

The station is located in the median of Interstate Avenue near the intersection of N. Killingsworth Street. This station has staggered side platforms which sit on either side of the cross street, because the route runs around this station on Interstate Avenue in the median. Artistic elements at the station are inspired by African art.

Bus line connections
This station is served by the following bus line:
 * 72 - Killingsworth/82nd Ave

title: North Killingsworth Street station


text: User talk:70.185.179.197

title: User talk:70.185.179.197


text:
User:Homer Simpson~enwiki

D'oh!

title: User:Homer Simpson~enwiki


text: User talk:69.220.1.151

title: User talk:69.220.1.151


text:
John W. Morris

John W. Morris (September 10, 1921 – August 20, 2013) was an American lieutenant general who became Chief of Engineers.

Morris was born in Princess Anne, Maryland. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in June 1943 and was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers. During World War II he commanded an airfield construction company in the Western Pacific. After the war he served in the Philippines and Japan, in the Corps' Savannah District, and as area engineer at Goose Bay, Labrador.

In 1960–62 he commanded the divisional 8th Engineer Battalion in Korea. Morris headed the Corps' Tulsa District in 1962–65 as it improved navigation on the Arkansas River. During the peak years of the Vietnam War, he was the Army's Deputy Chief of Legislative Liaison (1967–69), and he commanded the 18th Engineer Brigade in Vietnam (1969–70). He was then Missouri River Division Engineer for two years, the Corps' Director of Civil Works for three years, and Deputy Chief of Engineers in 1975–76. As Chief of Engineers, Morris convinced the Army to include the Corps of Engineers among its major commands. Morris obtained a master's degree in civil engineering from the University of Iowa. He died in 2013, aged 91.

Awards and decorations
His military awards included the Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with three Oak Leaf Clusters, the Bronze Star and the Defense Meritorious Service Medal. General Morris was selected Construction's Man of the Year for 1977 by the Engineering News-Record for his work to oversee $17 billion in construction in Saudi Arabia. In 1996, he received the Carroll H. Dunn Award of Excellence from the Construction Industry Institute.

 * Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg Army Distinguished Service Medal
 * Legion of Merit ribbon.svg Legion of Merit with three oak leaf clusters
 * Bronze Star ribbon.svg Bronze Star
 * Defense Meritorious Service ribbon.svg Defense Meritorious Service Medal

title: John W. Morris


text:
Talk:Antônio de Castro Mayer

Talk
I am speaking from the traditional perspective, not my personal point of view. Traditionalist Roman Catholic conservatives support strict adherence to pre-Vatican II rituals, particularly the Traditional Latin Mass. Liberals support reform of the liturgy. Rifan was in favor of Vatican II changes in the liturgy, making him a liberalist. See TRADITIO Traditional Roman Catholic Internet Site for further information. Sebastian Prospero 01:58, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Name spelling
The spelling of the Bishop's name given in the title is wrong. Can someone please correct it to: Antônio de Castro Mayer (cf. Annuario Pontificio of the years before he broke with the Holy See). Lima 12:37, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I will try to move the article to the Bishop's correct spelling. Regards, Carioca 03:05, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I moved the article to Antônio de Castro Mayer. Regards, Carioca 03:17, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antônio de Castro Mayer


text:
Talk:Eugène Marais

Untitled
To credit Richard Dawkins with Eugene Marais' ideas does a disservice to Eugene Marais. I have deleted the reference to Richard Dawkins in this article. If anything, Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene should have credited Eugene Marais for this idea as he did in his much later Edge website discussion with Pinker.

Suicide by ants?
The last revision of this article claims that Marais took his own life by means of ants. This seems unlikely to me. Also, the revision comes from an anonymous IP, and no substantiating details are provided regarding his death. Does anyone know if this information is correct? Benanhalt

Beefart says: I agree that the suggestion that Marais was killed by ants is most unlikely. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. The reference to the ants ought to be removed until evidence ia adduced. Captainbeefart 12:52, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Not so much by ants but…

 * This may resolve the issue

 * This is one of several sources I found that decribes Marais method of suicide.

 * Michael David 16:56, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello!! I just discovered, while previewing my edits of the Article, that this reference link was in the Article all along. Ain't senility grand!?!

 * Michael David 17:19, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Belgian dialects?
Something bugged me in the paragraph about Maeterlinck's plagiarism. You state he was able to read the original because he was Belgian and some Belgian dialects resemble Afrikaans. Well, that's true to some extent but you've got the words wrong. There is no such thing as a "Belgian language". We are either Flemish and therefore speak Dutch (which is in fact related closely to Afrikaans), we are Walloon and speak French or we come from the Ostkantons and speak German. I know, it's rather complicated for such a comparatively small country as ours. Maeterlinck was Flemish so he was able to speak Dutch, although he seemed to have preferred French (as most bourgeois people tended to do in those days). I've made some adaptations to settle this matter.

Beefart says: A useful clarification, to be sure. I was aware of the distinction between Walloons and the Flemish but I did not know to which group Maeterlinck belonged, so I worded the original text loosely.Captainbeefart 12:52, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Maeterlinck's parents were French-speaking, but he grew up in the town of Ghent, which is Flemish. This accounts for his bilingualism. pietopper (talk) 10:54, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

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Content not consistent with new research
The content that specifically refers to: 1. His London studies 2. Medical studies 3. Mission to German-East Africa (to resupply fighting Boer Commando’s) is not consistent with the research published in Carel van der Merwe’s novel Donker Stroom. Pierremeyerza (talk) 12:12, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Describe all the errors and changes required here, and I'll change the text. Ratel (talk) 00:15, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

Recent edits
Hi thanks for making this edit. However, I am going to revert it, as while there are some improvements, there also are some substantial regressions. Marais was not born in South Africa, which didn't exist at the time, but in the South African Republic, as previously stated in the article. Some removed content and sources, such as the University of Jhb, and the Dissident Writers in Afrikaans, seem worth keeping. And replacing a specific linked term with "black tribal peoples" is not an improvement. I will attempt to restore some of the improvement after reverting, but feel free to discuss further specific changes here if you wish. Greenman (talk) 12:20, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

Translation of Winternag.
Hope no-one minds this; I am fluent in both English and Afrikaans (and several other languages). I am also an internationally published poet. Afrikaans has a terse beauty that is hard to capture in English. Some translations have also missed his sad post-war reference to 'skade.' I have also taken the liberty of translating the last word as 'cold'. So here goes:

"Winter's Night"

Oh cold the breeze and thin,

shines naked in the gloom,

As wide as God's grace,

lie the fields in starlight and ruin

and high on the ridges,

spread in the burnt-lands,

is the grass seed, stirring

like waving hands.

O sad is the tune

of the east wind's beat,

like the song of a girl

abandoned in love.

in each grass blade's fold

shines a drop of dew

and fast it pales

to frost in the cold! 2001:8003:1D51:6B00:D001:1595:DF0A:8D73 (talk) 00:46, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eugène Marais


text:
Buck and ball

Buck and ball was a common load for muzzle-loading muskets, and was frequently used in the American Revolutionary War and into the early days of the American Civil War. The load usually consisted of a .50 to .75 caliber round lead musket ball that was combined with three to six buckshot pellets.

Construction
By the 1840s, buck and ball was issued in prepared paper cartridges that combined the projectiles with the black powder propellant charge to facilitate rapid loading of the weapon. Like any other paper cartridge, the rear of the cartridge would be torn open to expose the powder, which would be loaded, and the remaining paper, ball, and buckshot would be rammed down on top.

Purpose
The intent of the buck and ball load was to combine the devastating impact of a .50 to .75 caliber ball with the spreading pattern of a shotgun. The combination served to greatly improve the hit probability of the smoothbore musket. In combat, especially at closer ranges, the buckshot would retain significant energy. When used against closely packed troops, the spread of the buckshot would be advantageous.

Claud E. Fuller, in his book The Rifled Musket, shows tests of a rifled musket firing Minié ball, and a smoothbore musket firing round ball and buck rounds at various ranges against a 10 x target. The firers consisted of several men in line shooting in volley. At ranges of 200 yards and under, the buck and ball from the smoothbore musket, while less accurate than the rifled musket, produces a greater number of hits due to the greater number of projectiles. At 100 yards, 50 shots by smoothbore buck and ball against the 10 x target result in 79 buckshot hits and 37 ball strikes, as opposed to 48 Minié ball hits in 50 shots. At 200 yd, 37 of 50 Minié bullets struck the target, vs. 18 of 50 smoothbore balls and 31 of 50 buckshot, for a total of 49 hits in 50 shots.

Beyond this range, the buckshot will have lost too much energy to be effective due to its lower ballistic coefficient.

Use
During the American Revolution, George Washington encouraged his troops to load their muskets with buck and ball loads.

The buck and ball load was standard issue throughout the Seminole Wars of 1815–45.

With the advent of general issue rifled muskets in the American Civil War, and longer engagement ranges during the later stages of the war, the buck and ball loading began to fade from use. Buck and ball did see action in the remaining inventory of smoothbore muskets at Gettysburg and later actions. The Union Irish Brigade retained their smoothbore muskets until late so they could fire buck and ball during the relatively close range battles. The 12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment also preferred to use buck and ball, which they did to deadly effect at Gettysburg, and so continued carrying smoothbore muskets.

For the modern combat shotgun the buck and ball load has been replaced in current military inventories by standard buckshot loadings.

Modern resurgence
Modern ammunition manufacturers have recently re-discovered Buck and Ball type shotgun loads, and have been manufacturing defensive shotgun ammunition which largely duplicates the properties of the historical loads. As an example Winchester's PDX1 12 gauge load features three 00-buck copper plated pellets over a one-ounce slug. Similar ammunition is produced by Centurion, called "Multi Defense Buckshot."

title: Buck and ball


text:
Talk:Fernando Arêas Rifan

Untitled
I am speaking from the traditional perspective, not my personal point of view. Traditionalist Roman Catholic conservatives support strict adherence to pre-Vatican II rituals, particularly the Traditional Latin Mass. Liberals support reform of the liturgy. Rifan was in favor of Vatican II changes in the liturgy, making him a liberalist. See TRADITIO Traditional Roman Catholic Internet Site for further information. Sebastian Prospero 01:59, 23 August 2005 (UTC) I have corrected the blatant POV as well as the many factual errors in the article, although it is still quite short. 84.160.58.101 16:00, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

I don't think that Bishop Rifan's alleged concelebration should be a part of his wikipedia article. Please let the inter-trad-ruckus be left on crazy internet forums. That information, with debatable credibility, is of no worth to anyone outside the trad circles, and those already know of it. Bishop Rifan has denied concelebrating (and yes, I know that the SSPX has created a "simulation of sacrament" out of it. That he was just there obviously did not occur to them), and I don't know why what Bishop Rifan said is of less credibility than what the SSPX claims based on a picture. But even if it were true it is not something that belongs to an encyclopedia. Things like his birth date would be more interesting. 84.160.60.123 21:45, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The link proves the concelebration. It is an objective fact.  The fact that it is not liked, subjectively, by some, does not mean it may not be published in the article. Stijn Calle 19:00, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * No it doesn't. It proves that he was there. So let's have it in a neutral way.

 * He was not sitting in the church, the pictures proof het actively took part in the ceremony. Stijn Calle 14:23, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Fernando Arêas Rifan


text:
City Hill, Canberra

City Hill is a park located in Canberra, Australia, on one of the points of the Parliamentary Triangle, a feature of Walter Burley Griffin's plan for the city. The park is surrounded by Vernon Circle, at the south end of Northbourne Avenue, but beyond Vernon Circle it is further surrounded by the concentric London Circuit, and the area between Vernon Circle and London Circuit (which is partly built up) can also be seen as part of the hill. City Hill is an integral part of the city centre design. To the south of the hill Northbourne Avenue becomes Commonwealth Avenue, and further along is Commonwealth Avenue bridge.

The hill was planted in 1921. The design, supervised by Charles Weston, Canberra's first Superintendent of Parks and Gardens, was to emphasise the vistas along the six avenues radiating from the hill and reinforce the focus that Griffin placed on the hill as forming part of the Parliamentary triangle. At the centre of the hill is a flagpole flying the ACT flag since 1989 when the territory became self-governing. Immediately surrounding the flagpole are double staggered rows of closely spaced Roman cypresses (Cupressus sempervirens Stricta). Radiating outwards are twelve oval shaped groups of Roman cypresses and six groups of Monterey pines (Pinus radiata) reinforcing the symmetrical nature of the design. In 2014, the Canberra Centenary Column was added to the park, to commemorate Canberra's centenary.

The park is centrally located and well-known, but it is underutilised as it is away from shops and public areas and is difficult to access because it is surrounded by a major road. The prominent flagpole at the centre of Vernon Circle is not actually at the highest point of City Hill. The highest point of City Hill is to the south east, overlooking Lake Burley Griffin. Unusually for the centre of a large city and as a result of the relative isolation of City Hill, a small variety of mushrooms can be found growing under the pine trees. The City Hill area also has a large population of rabbits.

title: City Hill, Canberra


text:
Phosphor thermometry

Phosphor thermometry is an optical method for surface temperature measurement. The method exploits luminescence emitted by phosphor material. Phosphors are fine white or pastel-colored inorganic powders which may be stimulated by any of a variety of means to luminesce, i.e. emit light. Certain characteristics of the emitted light change with temperature, including brightness, color, and afterglow duration. The latter is most commonly used for temperature measurement.

History
The first mention of temperature measurement utilizing a phosphor is in two patents originally filed in 1932 by Paul Neubert.

Time dependence of luminescence

Typically a short duration ultraviolet lamp or laser source illuminates the phosphor coating which in turn luminesces visibly. When the illuminating source ceases, the luminescence will persist for a characteristic time, steadily decreasing. The time required for the brightness to decrease to 1/e of its original value is known as the decay time or lifetime and signified as $$\tau$$. It is a function of temperature, T.

The intensity, I of the luminescence commonly decays exponentially as:

$$\!\, I=I_{o}e^{\frac{-t}{\tau}}$$

Where I0 is the initial intensity (or amplitude). The 't' is the time and $$\tau$$ is parameter which can be temperature dependent.

A temperature sensor based on direct decay time measurement has been shown to reach a temperature from 1000 to as high as 1,600 °C. In that work, a doped YAG phosphor was grown onto an undoped YAG fiber to form a monolithic structure for the probe, and a laser was used as the excitation source. Subsequently, other versions using LEDs as the excitation source were realized. These devices can measure temperature up to 1,000 °C, and are used in microwave and plasma processing applications.

If the excitation source is periodic rather than pulsed, then the time response of the luminescence is correspondingly different. For instance, there is a phase difference between a sinusoidally varying light emitting diode (LED) signal of frequency f and the fluorescence that results (see figure). The phase difference varies with decay time and hence temperature as:

$$\!\, \phi=tan(2 {\pi} f {\tau})$$

Temperature dependence of emission lines: intensity ratio
The second method of temperature detection is based on intensity ratios of two separate emission lines; the change in coating temperature is reflected by the change of the phosphorescence spectrum. This method enables surface temperature distributions to be measured. The intensity ratio method has the advantage that polluted optics has little effect on the measurement as it compares ratios between emission lines. The emission lines are equally affected by 'dirty' surfaces or optics.

Temperature dependence
Several observations are pertinent to the figure on the right:
 * Oxysulfide materials exhibit several different emission lines, each having a different temperature dependence. Substituting one rare-earth for another, in this instance changing La to Gd, shifts the temperature dependence.
 * The YAG:Cr material (Y3Al5O12:Cr3+) shows less sensitivity but covers a wider temperature range than the more sensitive materials.
 * Sometime decay times are constant over a wide range before becoming temperature dependent at some threshold value. This is illustrated for the YVO4:Dy curve; it also holds for several other materials (not shown in the figure). Manufacturers sometimes add a second rare earth as a sensitizer. This may enhance the emission and alter the nature of the temperature dependence. Also, gallium is sometimes substituted for some of the aluminium in YAG, also altering the temperature dependence.
 * The emission decay of dysprosium (Dy) phosphors is sometimes non-exponential with time. Consequently, the value assigned to decay time will depend on the analysis method chosen. This non-exponential character often becomes more pronounced as the dopant concentration increases.
 * In the high-temperature part, the two lutetium phosphate samples are single crystals rather than powders. This has minor effect on decay time and its temperature dependence though. However, the decay time of a given phosphor depends on the particle size, especially below one micrometer.

There are further parameters influencing the luminescence of thermographic phosphors, e.g. the excitation energy, the dopant concentration or the composition or the absolute pressure of the surrounding gas phase. Therefore, care has to be taken in order to keep constant these parameters for all measurements.

Thermographic phosphor application in a thermal barrier coating
A thermal barrier coating (TBC) allows gas turbine components to survive higher temperatures in the hot section of engines, while having acceptable life times. These coatings are thin ceramic coatings (several hundred micrometers) usually based on oxide materials.

Early works considered the integration of luminescent materials as erosion sensors in TBCs. The notion of a "thermal barrier sensor coating" (sensor TBC) for temperature detection was introduced in 1998. Instead of applying a phosphor layer on the surface where the temperature needs to be measured, it was proposed to locally modify the composition of the TBC so that it acts as a thermographic phosphor as well as a protective thermal barrier. This dual functional material enables surface temperature measurement but also could provide a means to measure temperature within the TBC and at the metal/topcoat interface, hence enabling the manufacturing of an integrated heat flux gauge. First results on yttria-stabilized zirconia co-doped with europia (YSZ:Eu) powders were published in 2000. They also demonstrated sub-surface measurements looking through a 50 μm undoped YSZ layer and detecting the phosphorescence of a thin (10 μm) YSZ:Eu layer (bi-layer system) underneath using the ESAVD technique to produce the coating. The first results on electron beam physical vapour deposition of TBCs were published in 2001. The coating tested was a monolayer coating of standard YSZ co-doped with dysprosia (YSZ:Dy). First work on industrial atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) sensor coating systems commenced around 2002 and was published in 2005. They demonstrated the capabilities of APS sensor coatings for in-situ two-dimensional temperature measurements in burner rigs using a high speed camera system. Further, temperature measurement capabilities of APS sensor coatings were demonstrated beyond 1400 °C. Results on multilayer sensing TBCs, enabling simultaneous temperature measurements below and on the surface of the coating, were reported. Such a multilayer coating could also be used as a heat flux gauge in order to monitor the thermal gradient and also to determine the heat flux through the thickness of the TBC under realistic service conditions.

Applications for thermographic phosphors in TBCs
While the previously mentioned methods are focusing on the temperature detection, the inclusion of phosphorescent materials into the thermal barrier coating can also work as a micro probe to detect the aging mechanisms or changes to other physical parameters that affect the local atomic surroundings of the optical active ion. Detection was demonstrated of hot corrosion processes in YSZ due to vanadium attack.

title: Phosphor thermometry


text:
Nimiq

The Nimiq satellites are a Canadian fleet of geostationary telecommunications satellites owned by Telesat and used by satellite television providers including Bell Satellite TV and EchoStar (Dish Network). 'Nimiq' is an Inuit word used for an object or a force which binds things together. A contest in 1998 was held to choose the name of these satellites. The contest drew over 36,000 entries. Sheila Rogers, a physiotherapist from Nepean, Ontario, submitted the winning name.

Nimiq-1
Nimiq-1 was launched on 21 May 1999 by a Proton-K / Blok DM-03 launch vehicle from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. It was Canada's first direct broadcast digital TV satellite and was paid for by Telesat, a Canadian communications company and subsidiary of Bell Canada Enterprises.
 * Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin
 * Satellite Type: Lockheed Martin, A2100AX
 * Weight: 3600 kg
 * Dimensions: 5.8 x 2.4 x 2.4 m and a 27 m2 solar array
 * DC power: 120 W
 * Expected lifetime: 12 years
 * Transponders: 32
 * Vehicle: Proton-K / Blok DM-03

Nimiq-2
Nimiq 2, launched on 29 December 2002 on a Proton Breeze M launch vehicle, includes 32 Ku-band transponders. Nimiq 2 provides additional bandwidth for High-definition television (HDTV) and interactive television applications. On 20 February 2003, Nimiq-2 experienced a partial power failure and as such can only power 26 of its 32 Ku-band transponders.

Nimiq 2's orbital slot, 123° West longitude, was changed to 91.61° East longitude during June 2019.

Nimiq-3, -4i and -4iR
Nimiq-3 and Nimiq-4i were leased by Bell Satellite TV from DirecTV Inc. when they were already in orbit. Originally called Direct-TV3 and Direct-TV2 respectively, these Hughes HS-601 models were brought out of retirement and are currently used to share some of the workload from Nimiq-2 and Nimiq-1, respectively. They went online in Bell TV's stead in 2004 and 2006.

Nimiq-4i ran out of fuel and was replaced by Nimiq-4iR on 28 April 2007.

Nimiq-4
Nimiq-4 was launched on 19 September 2008, by a Proton-M / Briz M rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. It will replace Nimiq-4i, and will provide advanced services such as HDTV, specialty channels and foreign language programming.

 * Manufacturer: EADS Astrium
 * Satellite type: Astrium Eurostar E3000S
 * Weight: 4850 kg
 * Dimensions: 39 metres solar array span
 * Power: 12 kW at end of life
 * Expected lifetime: 15 years
 * Transponders: 32 Ku-band, and 8 in Ka-band
 * Vehicle: Proton-M / Briz-M
 * Location: 82.0 West

Nimiq-5
In 2009, Telesat announced plans to build and launch its 19th satellite, Nimiq-5. It selected International Launch Services (ILS) for the launch of the Nimiq-5 satellite in 2009. Space Systems/Loral has been selected as the manufacturer for Nimiq-5.

Dish Network is expected to lease all of the 32 Ku-band transponder payload. The satellite will be located at 72.7° West longitude.

The satellite's manufacturing plan also includes contracts with the Canadian satellite industry, including multiplexers and switches from Com Dev International Ltd. and antennas from MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates, Ltd (MDA Ltd).

The Nimiq-5 satellite was shipped from the manufacturer, Space Systems Loral located in Palo Alto, California, to the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, on 18 August 2009. Telesat Canada contracted with International Launch Services (ILS) in April 2007 for the launch of Nimiq-5 by an ILS Proton-M / Briz-M launch vehicle.

Nimiq-5 was successfully launched into space aboard a Proton M / Breeze M rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 19:19:19 UTC on 17 September 2009.

Nimiq-6
Satellite has been be fully leased for its lifetime by Bell Satellite TV which will use it to service direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television subscribers across Canada.

Nimiq-6 was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on 17 May 2012.
 * Manufacturer: Space Systems/Loral
 * Satellite Type: LS-1300
 * Launch mass: 4745 kg
 * Dimensions:
 * Power: 25 kW
 * Expected lifetime: 15 years
 * Transponders: 32 Ku-band
 * Vehicle: Proton-M / Briz-M
 * Location: 91.1° West

title: Nimiq


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Joel Lehtonen

Joel Lehtonen (27 November 1881 – 20 November 1934) was a Finnish author, translator, critic and journalist. He was born in Sääminki (now part of Savonlinna). His childhood was fatherless and poverty-stricken, his mother suffered from mental frailties and Joel himself was forced into paupery. Joel's foster mother supported his schooling and Lehtonen was able to study literature for a few years in the University of Helsinki, but dropped out without completing a degree.

As an author, he began as a neoromanticist, but after the Finnish Civil War his outlook transformed into deep pessimism and disenchanted scepticism.

Having suffered for years from various ailments, he committed suicide by hanging himself with a rope, that had been used to wrap up a parcel of books, in November 1934.

title: Joel Lehtonen


text:
Mark Hellinger

Mark John Hellinger (March 21, 1903 – December 21, 1947) was an American journalist, theatre columnist and film producer.

Early life
Hellinger was born into the Orthodox Jewish family of Mildred "Millie" (nee Fitch) and Pol Hellinger in New York City, but in later life he became a non-practicing Jew. When he was 15, he organized a student strike at Townsend Harris High School and was expelled for his actions. This proved to be the end of his formal education.

In 1921, Hellinger began working as a waiter and cashier at a Greenwich Village nightclub in order to meet theatre people. He later was employed by Lane Bryant to write direct mail advertising for clothing for larger and pregnant women.

Journalist
The following year he began his journalistic career as a reporter for Zit's Weekly, a theatrical publication, where he remained for 18 months.

In 1923, Hellinger moved to the city desk of the New York Daily News. He wrote the play None Are So Blind (1923).

Short story writer
In July 1925, he was assigned About Town, a Sunday column his editors intended him to fill with news and gossip about Broadway theatre. Instead, he filled the space with short stories in the style of O. Henry. When his columns drew a considerable amount of fan mail, he was permitted to continue in this vein. Three years later he graduated to a daily feature called Behind the News. He numbered such personalities as Walter Winchell, Florenz Ziegfeld, Texas Guinan, Dutch Schultz, and Legs Diamond among his friends.

In November 1929, Hellinger moved to the New York Daily Mirror. While continuing to write daily and Sunday columns, he contributed sketches to the Ziegfeld Follies, wrote plays, published magazine articles, produced two collections of short stories, Moon Over Broadway (1931) and The Ten Million (1934), and co-wrote the screenplay for Broadway Bill with Robert Riskin.

Some films were based on his works including Justice for Sale (1932), the short I Know Everybody and Everybody's Racket (1934), Broadway Bill (1934), and Walking Down Broadway (1938).

Writer
By 1937, Hellinger was a syndicated columnist featured in 174 newspapers. That same year he was hired as a writer/producer by Jack L. Warner.

He worked on the story for Racket Busters (1938) starring Humphrey Bogart and Comet Over Broadway (1938) and provided the story for the 1939 Raoul Walsh gangster film The Roaring Twenties starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart, basing it on his own experiences during that decade. In his onscreen foreword to the film, he wrote:

"It may come to pass that, at some distant date, we will be confronted with another period similar to the one depicted in this photoplay. If that happens, I pray that the events, as dramatized here, will be remembered. In this film, the characters are composites of people I knew, and the situations are those that actually occurred. Bitter or sweet, most memories become precious as the years move on. This film is a memory - and I am grateful for it."

Producer
Hellinger began worked as a producer on B pictures such as The Adventures of Jane Arden (1939), Women in the Wind (1939), Hell's Kitchen (1939) and The Cowboy Quarterback (1939).

Hellinger also helped produce The Roaring Twenties (1939) starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart, his first "A" film. He produced Bs for a little bit longer: Kid Nightingale (1939), and British Intelligence (1940).

Then Hellinger established himself as a top level producer with It All Came True (1940) starring Ann Sheridan and featuring Bogart. He followed it with Torrid Zone (1940) starring Cagney and Sheridan, and Brother Orchid (1940) with Edward G. Robinson, Bogart and Sheridan.

Hellinger made four classics directed by Raoul Walsh: The Roaring Twenties (1939) with Cagney and Bogart; They Drive by Night (1940) with George Raft, Sheridan, Bogart, and Ida Lupino; High Sierra (1941) with Lupino and Bogart; and Manpower (1941) with Robinson, Marlene Dietrich and Raft. He made a comedy titled Affectionately Yours (1941) with Merle Oberon and Rita Hayworth.

Hellinger went over to 20th Century Fox to make two films: Rise and Shine (1942), a musical, and Moontide (1942) with Jean Gabin, Lupino, Thomas Mitchell and Claude Rains.

Due to a congenital heart condition, Hellinger repeatedly was rejected for active service during World War II. Instead, he briefly worked as a war correspondent, writing human interest stories about the troops.

Back at Warners, he produced the all-star musical revue Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943) and made Between Two Worlds (1944), The Doughgirls (1944), and The Horn Blows at Midnight (1945).

Universal
Hellinger set up at Universal, where he had his own producing unit. He had a big hit with The Killers (1946) which made stars of both Burt Lancaster and Ava Gardner. He followed it with Swell Guy (1946) with Sonny Tufts, The Two Mrs. Carrolls (1947) with Bogart back at Warners, Brute Force, and The Naked City, which he also narrated. The last film was released several weeks after Hellinger's death, and in his review for the New York Times, Bosley Crowther called it "a virtual Hellinger column on film" and "his appropriate valedictory" and observed, "The late Mark Hellinger's personal romance with the City of New York was one of the most ecstatic love affairs of the modern day — at least, to his host of friends and readers who are skeptics regarding l'amour. Before he became a film producer and was still just a newspaper scribe, Mr. Hellinger went for Manhattan in a blissfully uninhibited way — for its sights and sounds and restless movements, its bizarre people and its equally bizarre smells. And he made quite a local reputation framing his fancies in flowery billets doux which stirred the hearts and the humors of readers of the tabloid press."

Hellinger won the 1947 Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture for The Killers.

Personal life and death
In 1926, Hellinger was one of the judges for a beauty contest sponsored by the Daily News. The winner was Ziegfeld showgirl Gladys Glad, and on July 11, 1929, the two were wed. She divorced him in 1932, but after a year the two remarried on the same date as their original wedding, and they remained wed until his death at age 44 from a coronary thrombosis in Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles. He was buried in a private mausoleum at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York on Christmas Eve.

Legacy
In January 1949, the 51st Street Theatre in Manhattan was renamed the Mark Hellinger Theatre in his honor. In 1989, the venue was converted into the Times Square Church.

The Hellinger Award annually acknowledges the accomplishments of St. Bonaventure University's most promising young journalism student. It was established in 1960 by columnist Jim Bishop in memory of his mentor. Bishop also wrote a biography of Hellinger entitled The Mark Hellinger Story: A Biography of Broadway and Hollywood. The composer Miklós Rózsa, who had scored The Killers, Brute Force, and The Naked City, was particularly devoted to Hellinger and dedicated his suite of music from those films (Mark Hellinger Suite or Background to VIolence) to the producer's memory. See Rózsa, Double Life, 2nd ed., 1989, pp. 153-154.

title: Mark Hellinger


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Bisonalveus

Bisonalveus is an extinct genus of shrew-like mammals that were presumably ground-dwelling and fed on plants and insects. Bisonalveus fossils have been discovered in the upper Great Plains region of North America, including sites in modern-day Wyoming, North Dakota, Montana, and Alberta. The fossils have been dated to 60 million years ago, during the Tiffanian North American Stage of the Palaeocene epoch. Bisonalveus is the last known genus of the Pentacodontinae sub-family to have arisen, replacing the genus Coriphagus in the early Tiffanian. Bisonalveus itself appears to have gone extinct by the middle Tiffanian.

Bisonalveus is represented by two known species: B. browni (Gazin, 1956) and B. holtzmani (Gingerich, 1983).

Bisonalveus browni
Bisonalveus browni was discovered in 1956 from fossilized jaw fragments (including molars). Later discovered fossils included front teeth and a dagger-like canine tooth with an enameled groove. The canines do not have a corresponding surface on the lower jaw, indicating that they were not used for chewing, but rather for stabbing. That would mean Bisonalveus was a predator, presumably hunting small insects. The grooves on the canines may have been used for delivering venomous saliva into the prey, which would thereby make Bisonalveus one of the few known venomous mammals. Perhaps, like the modern solenodon, Bisonalveus bit its victims to inject its toxic saliva and buried the immobilized prey in a cache for later consumption. However, because several nonvenomous mammals (such as baboons and other primates) have similar grooves on their teeth, some scientists have questioned whether these grooves truly indicate venom delivery. If Bisonalveus was a forager, the grooves might have served the purpose of introducing (nonvenomous) saliva for digestive reasons. Alternatively, the grooves might have been useful as they increased the amount of enamel on the canines, thereby strengthening these slender teeth.

Bisonalveus holtzmani
Bisonalveus holtzmani is named for Dr. Richard Holtzman, who, in 1978, described the first tooth that was later determined to belong to this species. B. holtzmani can be distinguished from B. browni in that it is about 30% larger.

title: Bisonalveus


text:
User talk:Kohlfamily

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title: User talk:Kohlfamily


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Jon Foster

Jon Foster (born August 3, 1984) is an American actor. His films include the drama The Door in the Floor (2004), the horror film Stay Alive (2006), the thriller Brotherhood (2010), and the drama Rampart (2011). Foster is a co-founder of the electronic-soul duo Kaneholler, with his wife, Chelsea Tyler who is the daughter of musician and singer Steven Tyler.

Early life
Foster was born on August 3, 1984, in Boston, the son of restaurant owners Gillian and Steven Foster. He has an older brother, actor Ben Foster. Ben described their parents as "free-spirited, Vietnam-protesting hippies". His paternal grandparents were Celia (Segal) and A. (Abraham) Frank Foster, a prominent judge and politician in Boston; their families were Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. His family relocated to Fairfield, Iowa, after their Boston home was burgled while they were present.

Personal life
On June 20, 2015, Foster married Chelsea Tyler, daughter of musician Steven Tyler and the half-sister of actress Liv Tyler. The two formed the electronic-soul band Kaneholler. On February 21, 2020, they welcomed their first child, a son named Vincent Frank Foster.

title: Jon Foster


text:
Guiot de Provins

Guiot de Provins, also spelled Guyot (died after 1208), was a French poet and trouvère from the town of Provins in the Champagne area. A declining number of scholars identify him with Kyot the Provençal, the alleged writer of the source material used by Wolfram von Eschenbach for his romance Parzival, but most others consider such a source to be a literary device made up by Wolfram. At any rate, Guiot was a popular writer in his day.

Life and career
As a trouvère (the Northern French langue d'oïl version of troubadour), Guiot probably wrote dozens of songs, though only six survive, all from around 1180. He traveled widely, visiting Germany, Greece, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, and may have participated in the Third and perhaps Fourth Crusades. Guiot eventually joined a cloister as a Cluniac monk. He wrote two satirical works concerning morality, the more famous of which is La Bible Guiot ("Bible" here does not refer to the Holy Bible, but is a medieval French title meaning "satire"), which includes an early reference to the magnetic compass.

As to Guiot's connection with Kyot the Provençal, most scholars believe Wolfram was not being truthful (or even serious) in his account of a source for Parzival outside of Chrétien de Troyes's Perceval, the Story of the Grail. If this is so, then even had Wolfram intended for his character to be identified with the historical Guiot de Provins, he was attaching to him fictitious information. Conflated with Wolfram's Kyot, the poet appears as a companion of the title character in Umberto Eco's novel Baudolino, where he argues over the nature of the Holy Grail with Robert de Boron.

Commentary on Guiot
Henry Osborn Taylor writes in The Mediaeval Mind (1919):

In this outcry against papal rapacity France was not silent. Most extreme is the "Bible" of Guiot de Provens: ...The cardinals are stuffed with avarice and simony and evil living; without faith or religion, they sell God and His Mother, and betray us and their fathers. Rome sucks and devours us; Rome kills and destroys all. Guiot's voice is raised against the entire Church; neither the monks nor the seculars escape—bishops, priests, canons, the black monks and the white, Templars and Hospitallers, nuns and abbesses, all bad.

title: Guiot de Provins


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Psoas major muscle

The psoas major ( or ; from ψόᾱ) is a long fusiform muscle located in the lateral lumbar region between the vertebral column and the brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas. In animals, this muscle is equivalent to the tenderloin.

Structure
The psoas major is divided into a superficial and a deep part. The deep part originates from the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae L1–L5. The superficial part originates from the lateral surfaces of the last thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebrae L1–L4, and the neighboring intervertebral discs. The lumbar plexus lies between the two layers.

Together, the iliacus muscle and the psoas major form the iliopsoas, which is surrounded by the iliac fascia. The iliopsoas runs across the iliopubic eminence through the muscular lacuna to its insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The iliopectineal bursa separates the tendon of the iliopsoas muscle from the external surface of the hip-joint capsule at the level of the iliopubic eminence. The iliac subtendinous bursa lies between the lesser trochanter and the attachment of the iliopsoas.

Nerve supply
Innervation of the psoas major is through the anterior rami of L1 to L3 nerves.

Variation
In fewer than 50 percent of human subjects, the psoas major is accompanied by the psoas minor muscle.

One study using autopsy data found that the psoas major muscle is substantially thicker in men of African descent than in Caucasian men, and that the occurrence of the psoas minor is also ethnically variant, being present in most of the white subjects and absent in most of the black subjects.

In mice, it is mostly a fast-twitching, type II muscle, while in humans it combines slow- and fast-twitching fibers.

Function
The psoas major joins the upper body and the lower body, the axial to the appendicular skeleton, the inside to the outside, and the back to the front. As part of the iliopsoas, psoas major contributes to flexion in the hip joint. On the lumbar spine, unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally, while bilateral contraction raises the trunk from its supine position. In addition, attachment to the lesser trochanter, located on the aspect of the femur, causes lateral rotation and weak adduction of the hip.

It forms part of a group of muscles called the hip flexors, whose action is primarily to lift the upper leg towards the body when the body is fixed or to pull the body towards the leg when the leg is fixed.

For example, when one performs a sit-up that brings the torso (including the lower back) away from the ground and towards the front of the leg, the hip flexors (including the iliopsoas) will flex the spine upon the pelvis.

Owing to the frontal attachment on the vertebrae, rotation of the spine will stretch the psoas.

Clinical significance
Tightness of the psoas can result in spasms or lower-back pain by compressing the lumbar discs. A hypertonic and inflamed psoas can lead to irritation and entrapment of the ilioinguinal and the iliohypogastric nerves, resulting in a sensation of heat or water running down the front of the thigh.

Psoas can be palpated with active flexion of the hip. A positive psoas contracture test and pain with palpation reported by the patient indicate clinical significance. Care should be taken around the abdominal organs, especially the colon when palpating deeply.

The appearance of a protruding belly can visually indicate a hypertonic psoas, which pulls the spine forward while pushing the abdominal contents outward.

The psoas lies posterolateral to the lumbar sympathetic ganglia, and the needle tip will often pass through the psoas major during a lumbar sympathetic block.

The genitofemoral nerve is formed in the midsection of the psoas muscle by the union of branches from the anterior rami of L1 and L2 nerve roots. The nerve then courses inferiorly within the psoas muscle and finally "pierces" the muscle and emerges on the anterior surface of the psoas distally. The nerve then traverses the retroperitoneum, descending over the anterior surface of the psoas.

title: Psoas major muscle


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Gari (vehicle)

A ; ጋሪ) is a horse-drawn cart. Garis typically have two wheels with rubber tires, are pulled by one horse, and can carry two passengers plus the driver. Within towns and cities, they function as taxicabs.

title: Gari (vehicle)


text: User talk:69.180.101.73

title: User talk:69.180.101.73


text: User talk:67.160.0.179

title: User talk:67.160.0.179


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Martin Connor

Martin Edward Connor (born March 3, 1945) is a former member of the New York State Senate from Brooklyn, New York. He was first elected to the State Senate in a special election in 1978. He is a Democrat. The 25th Senate District that he represented covers lower Manhattan and an area of Brooklyn down the East River from part of Greenpoint to Carroll Gardens, and eastward to part of Downtown Brooklyn. He lost the 2008 Democratic primary to challenger Dan Squadron.

Education and early career
Born in Trenton, New Jersey, Connor attended parochial schools as a child, graduating first in his class from Notre Dame High School in Lawrenceville. He earned a B.A. in politics from the Catholic University of America and a law degree from the Catholic University of America School of Law, where he served as an editor of the Catholic University Law Review.

While still a student, Connor worked part-time for the general Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board. Later, he served as a clerk to the in-house counsel of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. As a lawyer, Connor practiced corporate and anti-trust law for White & Case, a large Wall Street law firm, as well as the Xerox Corporation. He briefly maintained a private law practice in Brooklyn, but was appointed Assistant Counsel to New York State Comptroller Arthur Leavitt. He resigned that position upon his election to the Senate.

Senate career
He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1978 to 2008, sitting in the 182nd, 183rd, 184th, 185th, 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd, 194th, 195th, 196th and 197th New York State Legislatures. After 30 years in office, Connor was the New York State Senate's longest-serving Democrat. In his time in Albany, he accumulated an extensive legislative track record on a wide range of issues. He sponsored more than 100 laws.

Government Reform
In his time in office, Connor advocated for progressive causes such as reform of the legislative process to open Albany to public scrutiny. He claimed to have observed a voluntary ban on accepting gifts and meals from lobbyists and to have supported a recent law making such a ban mandatory for all legislators. He also supported limiting PAC and corporate campaign contributions to reduce the influence of special interest money in campaigns, as well as spending caps on state level campaigns to provide a level political playing field.

Education
Connor supported the creation of a state college tuition savings program and tuition tax credit. He was also an advocate of changing the state public school aid formula, as well as better pay for teachers and smaller class sizes. In 2007, he participated in negotiating an agreement to build the City's first ever green school in Battery Park City.

Environment
In addition to his contribution to the construction of New York's first green school (cited above), Mr. Connor supported increased use of alternative fuel technology, cleanup of contaminated industrial sites, and funding for open space preservation. According to EPL Environmental Advocates, Mr. Connor had the highest environmental rating in the Senate in 2007.

Civil and Human Rights
Connor supports the right of women to choice in reproductive matters. He s supported non-discrimination on account of sexual orientation as well as equal legal rights for the LGBT community. He is an opponent of the death penalty but supported proposals to toughen gun laws and increase penalties for hate crimes.

Senate Leadership
Connor served for eight years as minority leader of the Senate until he was defeated for the position in 2002 by Sen. David Paterson, who went on to become Governor of New York.

2006 Campaign
In 2006, Senator Connor was opposed in the Democratic primary by Ken Diamondstone, a developer of affordable housing ; it was the most serious race the 25th District had seen in years. A key issue in the campaign was Diamondstone's opposition to Brooklyn Bridge Park, a project that Senator Connor supported. Senator Connor won the race with more than 55% of the vote.

Comptroller Candidacy
In early 2007 he was among at least 18 candidates for New York State Comptroller, in a special contest decided by the State Legislature. Assemblyman Thomas DiNapoli won the race.

2008 Campaign
In 2008, Senator Connor was opposed in the Democratic primary by Dan Squadron, a former aide to US Senator Chuck Schumer. Connor had been endorsed by Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz, and a number of his fellow state senators and members of Congress. Squadron had been endorsed by Schumer, Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Congressman Anthony Weiner, Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer, the New York Times and the Working Families Party.

A debate, sponsored by the Citizens Union, occurred on Sept. 3. Following the debate, the Citizens Union announced that it had decided to prefer the incumbent, Connor, over his challenger, stating that Connor "would undeniably be in a stronger and more experienced position to effectively advance critical reforms."

Connor lost the 2008 primary to challenger Dan Squadron, who received approximately 54% of the vote.

Post-senatorial career
A longtime election lawyer by trade, Connor began to practice election law full time after leaving the senate. He is considered one of the "top" attorneys in this field, and has represented candidates at every level of government, from local, state, and congressional races, to presidential campaigns.

title: Martin Connor


text:
Talk:Transdanubia

[Untitled]
I just noted that the text somehow does not mention that Transdanubia is basically Pannonia and it directly "jumps" to metioning Pannonia. Could you change it? And secondly, I always wanted to know how old the term "Transdanubia" actually is (the term Burgenland, for example, looks like a very old name, but it was invented only in 1921).Juro 02:03, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

I used the expression "Pannonia" two times, in the Roman Era and in the Age of Migrations. In Hungarian historical litterature Transdanubia is called "Pannonia" until 900 ie. the arriving of the Magyars. One (little) problem: the Roman province was a bit larger than Transdanubia.

As for the origin of the name Dunántúl: it's older than Burgenland, because it was used oficially in the 18th century too. Then Hungary was divided into four judicial "kerület" (district): Dunántúl, Dunáninnen, Tiszáninnen, Tiszántúl. Today only the Dunántúl and Tiszántúl names are used as geographical regions. The expression probably originates from the 16th century, when Pozsony/Bratislava was the capital of the KoH. If you look around from the Castle of Pozsony, the souther shore of the Danube is across (trans) the river, as you know :))) Zello 20:37, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

All that are saying is basic knowledge to me, but: Juro 20:55, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * you should add at least one sentence about the relation to Pannonia because normal readers do not know this
 * I do not understand your last point - I see no logic in it : Transdanubia was divided in two parts at that time - so, that really is not the time one should expect such name to arise and the borders were not exactly at the Danube. Or, do you have a source claiming this?

 * I tried to make clearer the relation to Pannonia.
 * Yes, I have a source, R.Várkonyi Ágnes's book about Royal Hungary. She is a highly recognised expert of the period in Hungary. But after the 1 September I can look up in the Big Etimological Dictionary for you (the National Library is closed in August). Until then the quote: "The new names of the regions of the Kingdom were formed from a Pozsonian point of view. If they look to the East, they see Lower-Hungary and Upper-Hungary, if they look to the South, they see Transdanubia." (35 p.) At the university she taught the same when I was a student.

I think first (ie. 16-17th centuries) there weren't any clear borders, only they speak about everything across the Danube from Pozsony as Trans-Danubia and the counties along the northern shores as Cis-Danubia (Dunáninnen) or Lower-Hungary. It's fairly logical from a Pozsonian point of view, and later the deliberated southern and eastern parts (Fejér, Somogy, Tolna etc.) became naturally included into the concept. Zello 21:59, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Very interesting, indeed. thanx. I always thought the names are somehow formed as viewed from Vienna...Talking about that book - Does the book say the exact year (if any) when the term Royal Hungary stopped to be used? (because that is an information I have been looking for for months). Juro 22:04, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

No, she speaks about as a longer process, somewhere between 1686 and 1699, not as an exact date. But the last diet of the Royal Hungary was held in 1687-1688. Zello 22:17, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Transdanubia, from where ?
So, "trans " normally means,   the far side of something,   from some central viewpoint.

So, you have transalpine gau and cisalpine gaul,  from the point of view of rome. You have transvaal. You have transcarpathia. You have transleithania and cisleithania,  which were the parts of Habsburg empire on the far and near sides of the Leitha River,   from the point of view of Vienna. And Transylvania, whatever that means.

Isn't the western half of Hungary on the same side of the Danube, as Vienna is ? Or Rome, the intellectual centre of the world ? It seems to me, it only makes sense to call this Transdanubia,  if you were in Poland.Lathamibird (talk) 05:27, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transdanubia


text:
Herberto Hélder

Herberto Helder de Oliveira (Funchal, São Pedro, 23 November 1930 – Cascais, 23 March 2015) was a Portuguese poet often considered the most important Portuguese poet of the second half of the 20th century.

Biography
Herberto Helder was born in the Portuguese Atlantic island of Madeira. In 1946 he traveled to Lisbon to complete his secondary studies and subsequently in 1948 moved to Coimbra to study Law at university. In 1949 he had changed to the Humanities University to study Romance Philology but dropped out after three years without completing the course. After returning to Lisbon he took up several temporary jobs, and got in contact with a circle of artists and writers such as Mário Cesariny, Luiz Pacheco, João Vieira and Hélder Macedo. This group revolved around Surrealism which would inform his early writings. In 1958 his first book, O Amor em Visita was published. In the following years he traveled and lived in France, Holland and Belgium taking menial jobs to survive.

In 1994, he was the winner of the Pessoa Prize, which he refused, saying "Don't tell anyone and give the prize to someone else ..."

Works
Herberto Helder's poetry and fiction is very visual, and has connections with Surrealism, still his style is difficult to define; he was a practitioner of experimental poetry and some call him an orphic or visionary poet (that somehow reminds Ezra Pound).

Considered one of the most important contemporary Portuguese poets his poetry is not yet enough studied by academics due to the obscurity of his personality itself (he refused to take literary prizes or have media exposure) and the complexity of his paradoxal work that has a strange enchantment.

Poetry

 * O Amor em visita (Love in visit), Lisbon, 1958
 * A Colher na Boca (The spoon in the mouth), Lisbon, 1961
 * Poemacto (Poemact), Lisbon, 1967
 * Lugar (Place), Lisbon, 1962
 * Electronicolirica (Electronicalyrics), Lisbon, 1964
 * Húmus (Humus), Lisbon, 1967
 * Retrato em movimento (Portrait in movement), Lisbon, 1967
 * O bebedor nocturno (The nocturnal drinker), Lisbon, 1968
 * O ofício cantante (The singing craft), Lisbon, 1968
 * Cobra (Snake/Cobra), Lisbon, 1977
 * Photomaton e Vox (Photomaton and Vox), Lisbon, 1979
 * Poesia Toda (All Poetry), Lisbon, 1981
 * A Cabeça entre as mãos (The head between the hands), Lisbon, 1982
 * As Magias (1987)
 * Última Ciência (1988)
 * Do Mundo (1994)
 * Poesia Toda (1º vol. de 1953 a 1966; 2º vol. de 1963 a 1971) (1973)
 * Poesia Toda (1ª ed. em 1981)
 * A Faca Não Corta o Fogo – Súmula & Inédita (2008)
 * Ofício Cantante (2009)
 * Servidões (2013)
 * A Morte sem Mestre (2014)
 * Poemas canhotos (2015) - Finished just before his death, published two months after the author's death.

Fiction

 * Os passos em volta (The steps around), Lisbon, 1963
 * Apresentação do rosto (Presentation of the face), Lisbon, 1968

title: Herberto Hélder


text:
Marlies Schild

Marlies Raich (née Schild, born 31 May 1981) is a retired Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer. She specializes in the technical disciplines of slalom and giant slalom. Schild won four Olympic medals, with silvers in the combined (2006) and slalom (2010, 2014) and a bronze in slalom (2006). She has seven World Championship medals and has won five World Cup season titles.

Schild completed her World Cup career with 37 wins, all but two in slalom. She retired from international competition at age 33 in September 2014.

Ski racing career
Born in Admont, Styria, Schild initially preferred the downhill event. However, by the age of 19 she had already undergone five knee surgeries, prompting her to concentrate on the less dangerous slalom and giant slalom competitions. Since 2004, she has finished every season (except 2009 when out with injury) among the top 3 in the World Cup slalom standings, and won the slalom trophy in 2007, 2008 and 2011. Her best result in the overall competition was a second place in 2007, when she lost the overall trophy only in the last two races (slalom and giant slalom) against compatriot Nicole Hosp, after having taken the lead with a second place in downhill and a third place in super-G on the first two days of the World Cup final 2007 in Lenzerheide.

While training for the giant slalom in October 2008, Schild fell and sustained a comminuted fracture in her left tibia and fibula, as well as a fractured tibial head. This severe injury sidelined Schild for the entire 2009 season. A few weeks after her return to competition in Levi in November 2009, she celebrated her first victory after the injury, winning the slalom in Lienz on 29 December. Starting with this win, Schild reached the podium in all FIS slalom races she finished for over two years, including the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver (silver medal) and the 2011 World Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (gold medal). Her podium-run ended on 10 March 2012, when she finished 6th at the slalom at Åre. Schild has not competed in downhill or super-G since her injury. (Ref. Bio Patrick Lang)

After Schild tore ligaments in her right knee on 20 December 2012 in Sweden, it was announced that she would miss most of the 2013 season, including the 2013 World Championships in Schladming. On 13 February, Schild announced her plans to compete in the slalom three days later, only 58 days after the injury. She managed a top ten result with a ninth-place finish.

With 35 World Cup victories in slalom, Schild lead the career list in that discipline until Mikaela Shiffrin surpassed her on December 29, 2018. She has at least two World Cup podiums in each of the five alpine disciplines, with over fifty in slalom.

World championships
At the 2003 World Championships in St. Moritz, Switzerland, she placed second in the slalom behind Janica Kostelić, and in 2005 at Bormio, Italy, she won a bronze medal in the combined, behind Janica Kostelić and Anja Pärson. In 2007 at Åre, Sweden, Schild won silver in the slalom and bronze in the combined. In team events she won gold 2007 in Åre and silver in 2011 at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.

Olympics
At the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Turin, Schild won a silver medal in combined and a bronze medal in the slalom; in the giant slalom, she placed 17th. In 2010 in Vancouver, Schild improved to another silver in the slalom at Whistler and she repeated this in 2014 in the slalom at Sochi. She also competed in 2002 in Salt Lake, but did not finish the slalom at Deer Valley.

Personal
Schild is married to Austrian ski racer Benjamin Raich. Her sister Bernadette (b. 1990) is also a World Cup racer; they made the same podium twice during the 2014 season, at Courchevel in December and Kranjska Gora in February.

Season titles

 * 5 titles – (4 slalom, 1 combined)

Race victories

 * 37 wins – (1 giant slalom, 35 slalom, 1 combined)

title: Marlies Schild