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Osteochondroma

Osteochondromas are the most common benign tumors of the bones. The tumors take the form of cartilage-capped bony projections or outgrowth on the surface of bones exostoses. It is characterized as a type of overgrowth that can occur in any bone where cartilage forms bone. Tumors most commonly affect long bones about the knee and in the forearm. Additionally, flat bones such as the pelvis and scapula (shoulder blade) may be affected. Hereditary multiple exostoses usually present during childhood. Yet, the vast majority of affected individuals become clinically manifest by the time they reach adolescence. Osteochondromas occur in 3% of the general population and represent 35% of all benign tumors and 8% of all bone tumors. The majority of these tumors are solitary non-hereditary lesions and approximately 15% of osteochondromas occur as hereditary multiple exostoses preferably known as hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMOs). Osteochondromas do not result from injury and the exact cause remains unknown. Recent research has indicated that multiple osteochondromas is an autosomal dominant inherited disease. Germ line mutations in EXT1 and EXT2 genes located on chromosomes 8 and 11 have been associated with the cause of the disease. The treatment choice for osteochondroma is surgical removal of solitary lesion or partial excision of the outgrowth, when symptoms cause motion limitations or nerve and blood vessel impingements. In hereditary multiple exostoses the indications of surgery are based upon multiple factors that are taken collectively, namely: patient's age, tumor location and number, accompanying symptomatology, esthetic concerns, family history and underlying gene mutation. A variety of surgical procedures have been employed to remedy hereditary multiple exostoses such as osteochondroma excision, bone lengthening, corrective osteotomy and hemiepiphysiodesis. Sometimes a combination of the previous procedures is used. The indicators of surgical success in regard to disease and patient characteristics are greatly disputable. Because most studies of hereditary multiple exostoses are retrospective and of limited sample size with missing data, the best evidence for each of the currently practiced surgical procedures is lacking.

Signs and symptoms
Limited normal functions and movements are caused by osteochondromas growing slowly and inwardly. The majority of osteochondromas are symptomless and are found incidentally. Each individual with osteochondroma may experience symptoms differently and most of the time individuals will experience no symptoms at all. Some of the most common symptoms are a hard immobile painless palpable mass, adjacent muscle soreness, and pressure or irritation with heavy exercising. Major symptoms arise when complications such as fractures, bone deformity or mechanical joint problems occur. If the occurrence of an osteochondroma is near a nerve or a blood vessel, the affected limb can experience numbness, weakness, loss of pulse or color change. Periodic changes in the blood flow can also take place. Approximately 20% of patients experiencing nerve compression commonly acknowledge vascular compression, arterial thrombosis, aneurysm, and pseudoaneurysm. Formation of pseudoaneurysm and venous thrombosis lead to claudication, pain, acute ischemia, and symptoms of phlebitis. If the tumor is found under a tendon, it can cause pain during movement causing restriction of joint motion. Pain can also occur due to bursal inflammation, swelling or fracture at the base of the tumor stalk. Some of the clinical signs and symptoms of malignant osteochondroma are pain, swelling, and mass enlargement.

Mechanism
Osteochondromas are long and slender, pedunculated on a stalk often taking the shape of a cauliflower. The cartilage cap is covered by fibrous perichondrium and continues with the periosteum of the underlying bone. The cartilage cap is less than 2 cm thick and the thickness decreases with age. A cap more than 2 cm thick, indicates malignant transformation of a tumor. The cartilage cap merges with the epiphyseal area of the long bones called spongiosa. In the spongiosa, the chondrocytes are arranged in accordance with the epiphyseal growth plate. The spongiosa of the stalk continues with the underlying cancellous bone. Fractures within the stalk causes fibroblastic proliferation and formation of a new bone. Development of bursa takes place over the osteochondroma, which is attached to the perichondrium of the cap. Inflammation of the bone is indicated by the bursal wall lined by the synovium. As a result, patients may have swelling and pain for years related to the location and site of the lesion indicative of mechanical obstruction, nerve impingement, pseudoaneurysm of the overlying vessel, fracture at the stalk of the lesion, or formation of bursa over the osteochondroma. Heparan sulphate (HS) are glycosaminoglycans which are involved in the formation of proteoglycans. The biosynthesis of HS takes place in the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, where glycosaminoglycans chains are maintained by type II glycosyltransferases encoded by EXOSTOSIN genes EXT1 and EXT2. Decreased levels of HS leads to mutations in EXT1 or EXT2 causing skeletal abnormality. The underlying mechanism for solitary and multiple osteochondromas have been associated with genetic alterations in EXT1 or EXT2 genes located on chromosomes 8 and 11. Approximately 65% of osteochondromas arise in the EXT1 gene loci on chromosome 8 and 35% arise in EXT2 gene loci on chromosome 11. About 70–75% of multiple osteochondromas are caused by point mutations, often involving deletion of single or multiple axons as found in 10% of all hereditary cases. In about 10–15% of all cases no genomic alterations are detected. The mechanism behind the formation of multiple osteochondroma is large genomic deletions of EXT1 and EXT2 genes. The identified mechanism behind solitary osteochondromas is the homozygous deletions of the EXT1 gene. However, the exact cause of osteochondroma is unknown. Additionally, the molecular basis of genetics and clinical variability of multiple osteochondroma as well as the underlying causes for the malignant transformation and the onset of osteochondroma in EXT negative patients is also currently unknown.

Diagnosis
Osteochondromas are often asymptomatic and may not cause any kind of discomfort. They are often found accidentally when an X-ray is done for an unrelated reason.
 * X-rays are the first tests performed that characterize a lesion. They show a clear picture of dense structures of bones, and will also indicate bone growth pertaining to osteochondroma.
 * Computed tomography (CT) scan can identify the bony lesion in great details and show the presence of calcification. These tests also provide great details, especially in soft tissues with the aide of cross-sectional images.
 * Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most accurate method for detecting bone masses in symptomatic cases to depict precise morphology of a tumor. It is used to verify if the palpable mass is continuous with the cortex of the affected bone and to differentiate an osteochondroma from other lesions on the surface of the bone. MRI can also be used to look for cartilage on the surface of tumor and can depict any vascular complications caused by the tumor. An MRI can identify tumors of the spinal column and is often used to diagnose low grade osteosarcoma.
 * Ultrasound is done if aneurysms or pseudoaneurysms and venous or arterial thrombosis is suspected. Ultrasound is an accurate method for examining the cartilaginous cap of the osteochondroma. It is also a way of pinpointing bursitis. However, it cannot be used to predict if the growth of tumor is inward in regards to the cap.
 * Angiography is used to detect vascular lesions caused by osteochondroma due to ossified cartilaginous cap. It is also used to characterize malignant transformation lesions through neovascularity.
 * Clinical testing such as sequence analysis can be done of the entire coding regions of both EXT1 and EXT2 to detect mutations.
 * A biopsy of the tissue sample of the tumor can also be taken to check for cancer.

Tests for osteochondroma can also identify diseases such as secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma and multiple osteochondromatosis. In large, secondary chondrosarcoma arises at the site of osteochondroma due to increased thickness of the cartilage cap indicating potential malignant transformation. The symptoms of multiple osteochondromatosis are similar to solitary osteochondroma, but they are often more severe. Painless bumps can arise at the site of tumor and pain and other discomforts can also take place if pressure is put on the soft tissues, nerves, or blood vessels. Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica (DEH) or Trevor's disease and metachondromatosis (MC) are considered differential diagnosis of both solitary and hereditary osteochondromas. DEH is described as a type of over growth at one or more epiphyses. Similar to osteochondroma, DEH is diagnosed prior to 15 years of age and the growth of lesions end at puberty, when the growth plates close. Metachondromatosis is a rare disorder that exhibit symptoms of both multiple osteochondromas and enchondromas in children and is also inherited in autosomal dominant mode.

A type that contains fat is known as an osteolipochondroma (osteo, bone, lipos, fat, + chondros, cartilage, oma, tumor).

Treatment
Osteochondromas are benign lesions and do not affect life expectancy. Complete excision of osteochondroma is curative and the reoccurrences take place when the removal of tumor is incomplete. Multiple reoccurrences in a well-excised lesion indicate that it may be malignant. The risk of malignant transformation takes place in 1–5% of individuals. If any symptoms of cancerous tumor takes place, then the patient should be evaluated by a bone specialist. No treatment is necessary for Solitary osteochondromas that are asymptomatic. Treatments for solitary osteochondroma are careful observation over time and taking regular x-rays to monitor any changes in the tumor. If the lesion is causing pain with activity, nerve or vessel impingement, or if the bone growth has fully matured and the presence of a large cartilage cap is prominent, then it is advised that the tumor be surgically removed.

Osteochondromas have a low rate of malignancy (<1%) and resection of the tumor is suggested if symptoms such as pain, limitation of movement, or impingement on nerves or vessels occur. Resection of the tumor also takes place when the tumor increases in size and progresses towards malignancy. During surgical resection, the entire lesion along with the cartilaginous cap should be removed to minimize any chances of reoccurrences. Surgical treatment becomes the sole treatment of choice if common complications such as fractures, symptoms of peripheral nerves such as paresthesia, paraplegia, peroneal neuropathy, and upper limb neuropathy take place. A prophylactic resection is suggested if the lesion lies next to a vessel.

Depending on the size and location of the tumor, the time it takes to return to normal daily activities varies between individuals. Limitation on some activities is advised if pain or discomfort persists after surgical excision.

Research
Research done using Zebrafish dackel (dak) have shown that in EXT2-/- Zebrafish, chondrocytes fail to undergo terminal differentiation and bone formation fails to progress from pre-osteoblasts stage to osteoblasts. Instead, abnormal lipid deposition and premature adipocyte differentiation takes place. The expression of xbp1, master regulator of osterix gets reduced, suggesting that unfolded proteins responses may play a role in pathogenesis of multiple osteochondroma. The research concludes that heparan sulphates are required for terminal differentiation and formation of scaffold that is needed for bone development. At least one copy of EXT2 gene is needed for proper bone development and to maintain the balance between bone and fat cell lineages. Due to homozygous loss of EXT2 function, leads to imbalance between cartilage, bone, and fat cell lineages. These observations in null zebrafish points toward the musculoskeletal defects observed in patients with multiple osteochondroma. Due to the findings of bone-fat imbalance in Zebra fish model, future studies should address status of lipid composition in patients with multiple osteochondroma. Research conducted using sequencing methods has identified a novel frame shift mutation at the glycosyltransferase domain (c.1457insG) located at codon 486 of exon 6 of the EXT1 gene, that causes multiple osteochondromas. This study was conducted in two multiple osteochondroma (MO) patients from the Chinese descent (same family) and the results were validated with four other members of the same MO family and 200 unrelated healthy subjects. The results of the mutations were validated using two different sequencing methods (Exome and Sanger). The results of immunohistochemistry and multiple sequence alignment supports the cause of MO being a mutation in EXT1 gene. However, the exact molecular mechanism of multiple osteochondroma remains unclear. The EXT1 gene encodes the endoplasmic reticulum-resident type II transmembrane glycosyltransferase, which catalyzes polymerization of heparin sulfate chain at the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Heparin sulfate regulates signal transduction during chondrocyte differentiation, ossification, and apoptosis. Malfunction in heparin sulfate synthesis causes chondrocytes to rapidly differentiate. Based on these results future studies should elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of the glycosyltransferase domain of the EXT1 and its involvement in the development of multiple osteochondromas. Osteochondromas are associated with secondary peripheral chondrosarcomas, but the pathogenesis of the malignant bone tumor remains unknown. Research has demonstrated that chondrocytes with dysfunctional EXT1 is present in solitary osteochondromas, but the EXT1 is functional in sporadic (solitary) secondary peripheral chondrosarcomas. Research indicates that osteochondromas creates a special niche in which wild type cells are mixed in with EXT functional cells. Then these EXT functional cells undergo other mutations, that give rise to secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma, indicating the involvement of an alternative mechanism for the pathogenesis of secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma. Future studies should address the contributing gene that causes the formation of peripheral chondrosarcoma. It should also illustrate what causes chondrocytes functional with EXT1 and EXT2 within the osteochondroma to become more susceptible to mutations leading to malignancy.

title: Osteochondroma


text:
Talk:Kaliningrad Oblast/Archive 1

Archived talk of 2004
Gentlemen!

Allow me to express my feelings about this article as a Russian. It is very well written, except for the last 2 or 3 paragraphs about devastation, negligence etc. This part of the text sounds like author's personal point of view. Harsch critics of the Soviet regime's activities in the area seem to be taken from some second-rate media source. And now about the short description of the second link to a Kaliningrad website - it's full of LIES. I checked out the web-site and its full of pictures of buildings ravaged by war (no kidding!), not just recently built edifices neglected by the Soviet government to the point of ruins. THERE'S A BIG DIFFERENCE between war and simple negligence. I agree, after almost 60 years they could've found the money to fix all this mess, but hey, that's a different story. I vote for the deletion (or accurate rephrasing) of the last few paragraphs of Kaliningrad's "modern history" and a misleading link.

KNewman 19:47, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

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 * I'm with you! Space Cadet 20:07, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I also support KNewman, even though I can imagine that even the newer buildings can look terribly neglected to an eye of a Westerner. That, however, would be true for most of Russia, not just for Kaliningrad Oblast.--Ëzhiki 20:12, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

A few notes for user:H.J.: --Larry Sanger - To Larry Sanger
 * 1) It seems that in the German, the name might be "Oblast Kaliningrad," but in English (as in the Russian: Kaliningradskaya Oblast'), "Oblast" goes second in the name.
 * 2) Please bear in mind that Wikipedia articles are to be written from a neutral point of view.  This one wasn't.  The first paragraph makes (made) it sound as if Kaliningrad were merely a temporary occupation by Russia, and that the proper name for the place is "East Prussia"--which is both partisan and misleading.  Moreover, nearly all the information you gave here was of a historical nature (you say absolutely nothing about what Kaliningrad Oblast).  I strongly recommend that you state whatever objections you have to the current political situation explicitly--that is, as long as your views might be representative of some Prussian advocates.  What would be really interesting to me is an article about the sort of Prussian advocacy that you enjoy engaging in here on Wikipedia.  Is there a group of Prussians who want a Prussian homeland?  I simply don't know.  Would be interesting to learn that in an encyclopedia article about the subject.
 * 3) For clarity, most of us have be putting the subject of an article in bold in the first sentence of the article.

German Provinces East of Oder/Neisse Line

A "Speech by the Hon. B. Carroll Reece of Tennessee In The House Of Representatives of May 16,1957" clearly states the illegality of the Soviet Union take-over of the "German Provinces East of Oder-Neisse Line".

All of Germany was under occupation from 1945 to 1994.

1949 two different temporary states were created, while the third part of Germany, east of the Oder -Neisse Line ,was taken over by military occupation by Soviet Union under Stalin. Stalin "gave" a part to Poland under administration in "exchange" for the Ukraine (Curzon Line) which Poland had militarily conquered from Russia after 1920.

The two temporary states of split Germany the Bundes Republic and the Deutsche Democratic Republic, communist (GDR) signed some treaties. They were never representative of the third part of Germany, militarily occupied and administered by Soviet Union and Poland until a peace treaty. It is not illegal to militarily occupy other land. But is is illegal by international law to expel the inhabitants and replace them with their own and to keep the land.(This is what the Soviet Union did). This law is in effect at least since 1907. (Therefore it would also be illegal for Poland to keep the Ukraine, conquered after 1920 ?)

The millions of people expelled Heimatvertriebene are scattered over many countries. A large part were taken in as refugees in other German lands (states). They never got to vote or make treaties or have any decision on their homelands. The expellees (see Heimatvertriebene) did sign a charter, that they refrain from revenge actions and are working for a free Europe. The expellees have never renounced the rights to the homelands. The homeland-expellees are the ones rebuilding the towns and churches in the land currently under Poland and a book publisher :Rautenberg Verlag of Leer, West Germany, from East Prussia is now in the city council in "Kaliningrad". The inner city of Elbing (Elblag in Polish) was still in ruins in 1995 (since Soviet attacks of January 1945). It is now being rebuilt and tourism is greatly upheld by Heimweh-Touristen "homesick tourists", people not allowed to see their homeland for 50 years.

Poland signed an agreement for dual language, Polish and German. Therefore it is very appropriate to keep using the original German names.

The 1995 National Geographic Atlas shows East Prussia and Silesia.

I have a 1998 World Atlas from Liber Kartor, Sweden showing todays Poland with dual names : Elblag Elbing, Gdansk Danzig, Stargard Szczecinski, Choszczno Arnswalde ,etc. Using German language was outlawed and persecuted under Communist Poland and Russia.

Today 25% of people living in Poland speak German.

It is absurt for some wikipedians now wanting to Polonianize or Slavitize everything German.

To the Prussian question :July 20, 1932 the Prussian government under Otto Braun in Berlin was ousted by military coup. Dictatorship then took over. Last attempt to regain goverment failed when the "Attentat on Hitler" 1944 did not succeed. Otto Braun, who had to take refuge in Switzerland ,approached the US to reinstate the legal government after the end of the war. The Allies were not interested in re-establishing legal government. They wanted military occupation government (in the best interest of their economy). From 1945 to 1949 Allied Control Council was highest authority. After that broke down, the two partial German states seperately were under different military occupation until 1994 .The 3rd part of Eastern Germany under Polish and Soviet/Russian administration is still in their possession.

As to the Eastern German lands, since 1945 overwhelmingly occupied by Slavs ? This is similar to the situation a 1000 years ago, when so many Avars ,Slavs, Hungarians, whatever had flooded into Germania.

What will be ? Only the future can tell.

Today 25% of people living in Poland speak German. -- hmm, that would mean 10 million Poles speak German. Come to Poland and see how far you will get. -- WojPob

 * Sorry -- the last bit about comparing the 9th century invasions to modern re-divisions of Europe is just silly. Please try to remember that the same period saw other Germanic types, e.g., Vikings, taking over a lot of Europe, too.  They don't seem to have cared much that they were overrunning, conquering, plundering, loting, raping, pillaging, etc., their Germanic (Frankish) brethren.

As for the Hon. B. Carroll Reece -- what was the response of the rest of Congress? you have shown that one lonely congressman from Tennessee thought that the partitions after WWII were wrong -- and in the middle of the most virulent period of anti-communism this country (USA) has ever seen. It would be interesting to see what the response was. JHK - It did not stop Frankish (that is German Charlemagne) from killing 4000 Saxons, when it did not fit his plans that they wanted to remain "heathen" and not be overtaken by Franks, and putting Abodrites or Wends in German land and removing Saxons.

It did not stop emperor Otto III with his lofty capital in Rome ideas ,from celebrating brotherhood with Boleslaw I, when together they had Voijech Adalbert of Prague , educated in Magdeburg, trying to conquer Prussia.

1200 to 1000 years ago Vikings were the scourge of all of Europe. Today they are idolized.

I would also like to find out about the response to the congressman from TennesseeHon. B. Carroll Reece. Does anyone know ??

What I do know, it was made before Chancellor Adenauer came to the US. We all know that the Cold War lasted a lot longer and we do know that Pres. Kennedy and Nikita Krushov tried again and what happenen to them.

To WojPob, in 1995 I did travel by train ( still the old Reichsbahn German trains) through eastern Brandenburg Silesia and West/East Prussia  all east of the Oder/Neisse rivers. I was surprised that on the way I met many young people who speak German as well as Polish. In Danzig Gdansk in the park at the Rote Rathaus Ratusz a young man spoke to my teenage daughter .She answered in English that she does not understand Polish. So he spoke English. An old lady, who is one of the "Autochthones" (the original German inhabitants of East Prussia and around Danzig, who were able to remain in the homeland) told me that all her children speak German and English too. One daughter works at the Schichau Werke. All this in todays Poland, after the Communists. I did see the communist or militarist style Gdynia harbor ,built out of spite and out of place amongst the quaint little villages of Prussia.

The 25 % German language speakers is a figure I have read in newspapers. I do come across many websites from Poland, often business sites, in Polish and German and often also in English.

Again on honesty in recording true events, I did see M. Gorbachov (while still in office) on TV, as he attended a classroom in Russia and told the young people, put away your (current communist) history books. They are not true.

How many other countries in the world had or have this courage ? user:H.J.

 * Hmmmmm, quaint German villages. Like Wilhelmshavn?  HJ, 20th century harbors, civilian or military, wherever they are were built in much the same style, which (surprise!) was mainly invented by German and British engineers in reaction to the 'quaint' revival styles of the mid-19th century.  Docks and warehouses and factories all over the world look pretty much the same after 1850 - and not because of communism, but because engineers agreed (more or less) on the idea that efficiency in design meant certain stylistic things (like long, straight lines made of poured concrete).  If anyone wanted to build a new harbor after 1900 to serve the larger ships of the 20th century, that's what they would have built.  Just one more thing that you're wrong about. I am, among other things, a serious practitioner of architectural history and will not have you saying that because the harbor at Gydynia reminds YOU of a communist building that the Poles did it 'out of spite'.  You have already proven that you do not understand technical etymology (as opposed to 'sounds like' etymology).  No need to take your art history any further forward.  --MichaelTinkler

user:H.J.: First of all, some of the information you wrote, above, about the history of Kaliningrad Oblast should be in the article. It's very useful and interesting! I'm not going to take a stand about Prussia, Poland, and Russia, and I guess you probably wouldn't expect me to, ignorant as I am, indeed, about history. What our historians and geographers here should do is to try to help you (user:H.J.) come to a mutually satisfactory description of the current political state of affairs. Other parts of what you wrote to me were also certainly very interesting, and it's possible, for all I know, that they could have made up part of a (NPOV!) article about something like "Prussian advocacy," or whatever an article on this should be called. I think so, actually. You certainly seem to know a lot about it, anyway: so, in English, what would be the name for the movement, or whatever we should call it, in favor of reinstating Prussia? Would you be interested in writing about such a movement? Surely you aren't the only one with your point of view, and surely modern-day Prussians are organized to some extent, eh? For us to understand you, we need a report on that.

It's great, as far as I'm concerned, that you write articles that inform us about Prussian history and geography--but it's also important, to me, that you write those articles so that they're not merely Prussian advocacy. Just to pick the first example at hand, you wrote an article about Trakehnen, which, apparently, was a city in Prussia (which, diplomatically speaking anyway, no longer exists: so we don't know where, in Europe, it exists; Poland? Russia?  Germany?). But there is no information about the city today. Given your proclivities, we can't even be sure if the city is called "Trakehnen" today. So we have some interesting information about the horses, and nothing about how many people live there now, what the industries are, etc., or even what it's called! I'm not expecting you to write the perfect article, but this does seem like very important information to omit. Now, if what you were working on is an encyclopedia of Prussian advocacy, then perhaps your entry about Trakehnen would be more plausible. But you're not, and you've got to get that into your head--you're working on a general encyclopedia which has a very decided policy against bias! --Larry Sanger -- Something to keep in mind is that almost every boundary in the world is unfair, arbitrary, and leaves someone dissatisfied. Something that helps in a general purpose encyclopedia is to move out of advocacy mode (this is the RIGHT border) and into description mode (this is how various groups of people view and feel this border and this is why.)

Also, speaking as someone who does have strong feelings about some borders which I think are in the wrong place, there are some positive benefits for being able to get out of advocacy mode into description mode. First of all, being in advocacy mode makes people not listen to you. One thing that is very instructive for me is reading stuff that Hungarians and Romanians write about each other about Transsylvania. It's instructive because they both sound like idiots to me, and there is the realization that I can sound like an idiot when I talk about my issues to someone who doesn't have as much an emotional stake.

The second and more important reason for being able to go into NPOV mode is that it helps you figure out how to get what you want. *You* might think that your cause is self-evidentally correct and that anyone who thinks otherwise is foolish, but I've found that people on the other side of the fence usually have good reasons for believing what they do, and if you understand those reasons, you can more effective deal with them. -- Chenyu

Thank you to MichaelTinkler, Larry Sanger and thank you and welcome to you Chenyu. I have not seen your name before. I appreciate all your helpful messages, also JHK's. And you are all completely right.

To Larry, I am writing for myself, by myself. Until 10 or now 11 years ago, all info on eastern Europe was practically tabu. What I know about the areas of Eastern Germany and Easter Europe is all up to 1945, mostly verbal only. In the last 12 years I purchased many books on the subject, but there were none in English.

Someone else currently living there needs to update from 1945 till now. I am amazed at the daily appearances of new material on internet concerning Prussia or Eastern Europe in general, and more importantly, it is in English. Because of your suggestion,I checked Trakehnen again on http://www.altavista.com (My best search engine previously ,"webtop. com",is gone). To my surprise, I found more new info and for the first time I found out , what the name of the town of Trakehnen is in current Russian : Yasnaya Polyana (Poliana) Polje = field in Slavic. http://www.euronet.nl/~jlemmens/trakehnen.html. Please take a few minutes and look at all the pictures taken by Joost Lemmens of Netherlands. They speek volumes of todays conditions in the Kaliningrad area. user:H.J.

-

Re. the name "East Prussia" being "both partisan and misleading" I would like to remark that the current Russian inhabitants of the region call their homeland this way (Vostochnya Prussia -- no, maybe not the military and top officials, but the common people anyway) -- just because it IS East Prussia, and they see no need to hide this fact. In fact they are generally quite interested in and open-minded about its German past.

Even the town of Kaliningrad is still being called "Kënigsberg" or simply "Kënig" by the man in the street, as well as this name being used by many local enterprises.

BTW, the name of "Yasnaya Polyana" roughly translates as "Clear Fields", which coincidentially somewhat relates to the old Prussian "Trakehnen", which means something like "Clearings". Coincidentially, probably, because the vast majority of modern Russian names have no relation whatsoever with the original German or Prussian ones.

Lastly, there is indeed a small local "movement" to re-form the territory into something like a fourth Baltic Republic -- a new Prussia, indeed -- although I would hesitate to say how wide-spread this sentiment is.

Joost Lemmens

P.S.: Gdingen/Gdynia had already been established as a major harbour well before the Communist period: during the time of the "Polish Corridor" it was established by the Poles as an alternative to Danzig, while during the war it was further expanded by Germany (as well as being renamed "Gotenhafen").

Today 25% of people living in Poland speak German.

Maybe 25% but for most of them German isn't their native language. There is nothing wear in fact, that many Poles speaks also foreign language. There are German people in Silesia, near Opole, but not more then 200 000. Some of them call themselves German, some - Poles and some - Silesian. swPawel - In the article it says:
 * In the days before the Iron Curtain came down, US television showed news reports from the Soviet Union. These reporters filmed the vast acres of land filled with military equipment around the harbor of Kaliningrad. They showed the train depot and the dozens of trains that were sitting there, idled for weeks or months, filled with materials, all spoiled. It was a scene of earlier massive Soviet Union military build-up and now the scene of total massive breakdown. These surrealistic visions stand in stark contrast to the vanished city of Koenigsberg, the city of Immanuel Kant and the city of kings.

Exactly how is this NPOV? Danny -- Indeed. Space Cadet -

A website with recent photos taken by Joost Lemmens of Netherlands gives samples of destruction in small towns by neglect under the Soviet Union around Kaliningrad Oblast. This site gives the Prussian German town names and the corresponding Russian names after 1945/49. It starts out with a gate to the horse breeding stables in Yasnaya Polyana and hopeful signs of new beginnings for this devastated land.

Additional statement by J. Lemmens : Re. the name "East Prussia" being "both partisan and misleading" I would like to remark that the current Russian inhabitants of the region call their homeland this way (Vostochnya Prussia -- no, maybe not the military and top officials, but the common people anyway) -- just because it IS East Prussia, and they see no need to hide this fact. In fact they are generally quite interested in and open-minded about its German past.

Even the town of Kaliningrad is still being called "Kënigsberg" or simply "Kënig" by the man in the street, as well as this name being used by many local enterprises. --- The above text really doesn't belong in the main article - there is no relevance, besides the statements there are not even true! Space Cadet 14:02 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC) --

More than 25% of Poles speak German, I'd say atleast 95% have basic understanding of German and 25-30% speak it totally fluently. I've been there quite a bit but, I can't find evidence to back this up. There is also alot of German TV in Poland.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Kaliningrad Oblast/Archive 1


text:
Markedness

In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. The dominant default or minimum-effort form is known as unmarked; the other, secondary one is marked. In other words, markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against one or more of its possible "irregular" forms.

In linguistics, markedness can apply to, among others, phonological, grammatical, and semantic oppositions, defining them in terms of marked and unmarked oppositions, such as honest (unmarked) vs. dishonest (marked). Marking may be purely semantic, or may be realized as extra morphology. The term derives from the marking of a grammatical role with a suffix or another element, and has been extended to situations where there is no morphological distinction.

In social sciences more broadly, markedness is, among other things, used to distinguish two meanings of the same term, where one is common usage (unmarked sense) and the other is specialized to a certain cultural context (marked sense).

In psychology, the social science concept of markedness is quantified as a measure of how much one variable is marked as a predictor or possible cause of another, and is also known as $Δp$ (deltaP) in simple two-choice cases. See confusion matrix for more details.

Marked and unmarked word pairs
In terms of lexical opposites, a marked form is a non-basic one, often one with inflectional or derivational endings. Thus, a morphologically negative word form is marked as opposed to a positive one: happy/unhappy, honest/dishonest, fair/unfair, clean/unclean, and so forth. Similarly, unaffixed masculine or singular forms are taken to be unmarked in contrast to affixed feminine or plural forms: lion/lioness, host/hostess, automobile/automobiles, child/children. An unmarked form is also a default form. For example, the unmarked lion can refer to a male or female, while lioness is marked because it can refer only to females.

The default nature allows unmarked lexical forms to be identified even when the opposites are not morphologically related. In the pairs old/young, big/little, happy/sad, clean/dirty, the first term of each pair is taken as unmarked because it occurs generally in questions. For example, English speakers typically ask how old someone is; use of the marked term (how young are you?) would presuppose youth.

Background in Prague School
While the idea of linguistic asymmetry predated the actual coining of the terms marked and unmarked, the modern concept of markedness originated in the Prague School structuralism of Roman Jakobson and Nikolai Trubetzkoy as a means of characterizing binary oppositions.

Both sound and meaning were analyzed into systems of binary distinctive features. Edwin Battistella wrote: "Binarism suggests symmetry and equivalence in linguistic analysis; markedness adds the idea of hierarchy." Trubetzkoy and Jakobson analyzed phonological oppositions such as nasal versus non-nasal as defined as the presence versus the absence of nasality; the presence of the feature, nasality, was marked; its absence, non-nasality, was unmarked. For Jakobson and Trubetzkoy, binary phonological features formed part of a universal feature alphabet applicable to all languages. In his 1932 article "Structure of the Russian Verb", Jakobson extended the concept to grammatical meanings in which the marked element "announces the existence of [some meaning] A" while the unmarked element "does not announce the existence of A, i.e., does not state whether A is present or not". Forty years later, Jakobson described language by saying that "every single constituent of a linguistic system is built on an opposition of two logical contradictories: the presence of an attribute ('markedness') in contraposition to its absence ('unmarkedness')."

In his 1941 Child Language, Aphasia, and Universals of Language, Jakobson suggested that phonological markedness played a role in language acquisition and loss. Drawing on existing studies of acquisition and aphasia, Jakobson suggested a mirror-image relationship determined by a universal feature hierarchy of marked and unmarked oppositions. Today many still see Jakobson's theory of phonological acquisition as identifying useful tendencies.

Jakobsonian tradition
The work of Cornelius van Schooneveld, Edna Andrews, Rodney Sangster, Yishai Tobin and others on 'semantic invariance' (different general meanings reflected in the contextual specific meanings of features) has further developed the semantic analysis of grammatical items in terms of marked and unmarked features. Other semiotically-oriented work has investigated the isomorphism of form and meaning with less emphasis on invariance, including the efforts of Henning Andersen, Michael Shapiro, and Edwin Battistella. Shapiro and Andrews have especially made connections between the semiotic of C. S. Peirce and markedness, treating it "as species of interpretant" in Peirce's sign–object–interpretant triad.

Functional linguists such as Talmy Givón have suggested that markedness is related to cognitive complexity—"in terms of attention, mental effort or processing time". Linguistic 'naturalists' view markedness relations in terms of the ways in which extralinguistic principles of perceptibility and psychological efficiency determine what is natural in language. Willi Mayerthaler, another linguist, for example, defines unmarked categories as those "in agreement with the typical attributes of the speaker".

Cultural markedness and informedness
Since a main component of markedness is the information content and information value of an element, some studies have taken markedness as an encoding of that which is unusual or informative, and this is reflected in formal probabilistic definitions of markedness and informedness that, for dichotomous problems, correspond to the chance-correct unidirectional components of the Matthews correlation coefficient known as Δp and Δp'. Conceptual familiarity with cultural norms provided by familiar categories creates a ground against which marked categories provide a figure, opening the way for markedness to be applied to cultural and social categorization.

As early as the 1930s Jakobson had already suggested applying markedness to all oppositions, explicitly mentioning such pairs as life/death, liberty/bondage, sin/virtue, and holiday/working day. Linda Waugh extended this to oppositions like male/female, white/black, sighted/blind, hearing/deaf, heterosexual/homosexual, right/left, fertility/barrenness, clothed/nude, and spoken language/written language. Battistella expanded this with the demonstration of how cultures align markedness values to create cohesive symbol systems, illustrating with examples based on Rodney Needham's work. Other work has applied markedness to stylistics, music, and myth.

Local markedness and markedness reversals
Markedness depends on context. What is more marked in some general contexts may be less marked in other local contexts. Thus, "ant" is less marked than "ants" on the morphological level, but on the semantic (and frequency) levels it may be more marked since ants are more often encountered many at once than one at a time. Often a more general markedness relation may be reversed in a particular context. Thus, voicelessness of consonants is typically unmarked. But between vowels or in the neighborhood of voiced consonants, voicing may be the expected or unmarked value.

Reversal is reflected in certain West Frisian words' plural and singular forms: In West Frisian, nouns with irregular singular-plural stem variations are undergoing regularization. Usually this means that the plural is reformed to be a regular form of the singular:

 * Old paradigm: "koal" (coal), "kwallen" (coals) → regularized forms: "Koal" (coal), "Koalen" (coals).

However, a number of words instead reform the singular by extending the form of the plural:

 * Old paradigm: "earm" (arm), "jermen" (arms) → regularized forms: "jerm" (arm), "jermen" (arms)

The common feature of the nouns that regularize the singular to match the plural is that they occur more often in pairs or groups than singly; they are said to be semantically (but not morphologically) locally unmarked in the plural.

Universals and frequency
Joseph Greenberg's 1966 book Language Universals was an influential application of markedness to typological linguistics and a break from the tradition of Jakobson and Trubetzkoy. Greenberg took frequency to be the primary determining factor of markedness in grammar and suggested that unmarked categories could be determined by "the frequency of association of things in the real world".

Greenberg also applied frequency cross-linguistically, suggesting that unmarked categories would be those that are unmarked in a wide number of languages. However, critics have argued that frequency is problematic because categories that are cross-linguistically infrequent may have a high distribution in a particular language.

More recently the insights related to frequency have been formalized as chance-corrected conditional probabilities, with Informedness (Δp') and Markedness (Δp) corresponding to the different directions of prediction in human association research (binary associations or distinctions) and more generally (including features with more than two distinctions).

Universals have also been connected to implicational laws. This entails that a category is taken as marked if every language that has the marked category also has the unmarked one but not vice versa.

Diagnostics
Markedness has been extended and reshaped over the past century and reflects a range of loosely connected theoretical approaches. From emerging in the analysis of binary oppositions, it has become a global semiotic principle, a means of encoding naturalness and language universals, and a terminology for studying defaults and preferences in language acquisition. What connects various approaches is a concern for the evaluation of linguistic structure, though the details of how markedness is determined and what its implications and diagnostics are varies widely. Other approaches to universal markedness relations focus on functional economic and iconic motivations, tying recurring symmetries to properties of communication channels and communication events. Croft (1990), for example, notes that asymmetries among linguistic elements may be explainable in terms economy of form, in terms of iconism between the structure of language and conceptualization of the world.

In generative grammar
Markedness entered generative linguistic theory through Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle's The Sound Pattern of English. For Chomsky and Halle, phonological features went beyond a universal phonetic vocabulary to encompass an 'evaluation metric', a means of selecting the most highly valued adequate grammar. In The Sound Pattern of English, the value of a grammar was the inverse of the number of features required in that grammar. However, Chomsky and Halle realized that their initial approach to phonological features made implausible rules and segment inventories as highly valued as natural ones. The unmarked value of a feature was cost-free with respect to the evaluation metric, while the marked feature values were counted by the metric. Segment inventories could also be evaluated according to the number of marked features. However, the use of phonological markedness as part of the evaluation metric was never able to fully account for the fact that some features are more likely than others or for the fact that phonological systems must have a certain minimal complexity and symmetry.

In generative syntax, markedness as feature-evaluation did not receive the same attention that it did in phonology. Chomsky came to view unmarked properties as an innate preference structure based first in constraints and later in parameters of universal grammar. In their 1977 article "Filters and Control", Chomsky and Howard Lasnik extended this to view markedness as part of a theory of 'core grammar':

"We will assume that [Universal Grammar] is not an 'undifferentiated' system, but rather incorporates something analogous to a 'theory of markedness' Specifically, there is a theory of core grammar with highly restricted options, limited expressive power, and a few parameters. Systems that fall within core grammar constitute 'the unmarked case'; we may think of them as optimal in terms of the evaluation metric. An actual language is determined by fixing the parameters of core grammar and then adding rules or conditions, using much richer resources, ... These added properties of grammars we may think of as the syntactic analogue of irregular verbs."

A few years later, Chomsky describes it thus:

"The distinction between core and periphery leaves us with three notions of markedness: core versus periphery, internal to the core, and internal to the periphery. The second has to do with the way parameters are set in the absence of evidence. As for the third, there are, no doubt, significant regularities even in departures from the core principles (for example, in irregular verb morphology in English), and it may be that peripheral constructions are related to the core in systematic ways, say by relaxing certain conditions of core grammar."

Some generative researchers have applied markedness to second-language acquisition theory, treating it as an inherent learning hierarchy which reflects the sequence in which constructions are acquired, the difficulty of acquiring certain constructions, and the transferability of rules across languages. More recently, optimality theory approaches emerging in the 1990s have incorporated markedness in the ranking of constraints.

title: Markedness


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John W. Wilton

Captain John W. Wilton (January 27, 1879 – December 10, 1942 ) was a lawyer, soldier and politician in Manitoba, Canada.

Early life and law career
He was born in High Bluff, Manitoba, the son of Henry Wilton and Jean Barron, and was educated in Morden and at Manitoba University. Wilton taught school for five years before coming to Winnipeg in 1901. He studied law, was called to the Manitoba bar in 1906 and practised law in Winnipeg. In 1905, Wilton married Lily L. Hobkirk. He was also president of the National Loan & Investment Corporation and vice-president of the Central Canada Investment Corporation.

His sister Winifred Wilton Wilson was the first woman called to the Manitoba bar and one of the first two women to practice law in the province.

Political career
Wilton served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1915 to 1920, as a member of the Liberal Party.

He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1914 provincial election, and finished second against Conservative John Thomas Haig in the Winnipeg-area constituency of Assiniboia.

He ran again in the 1915 campaign, and defeated Labour candidate William Bayley by fifty-five votes (Haig finished third). The Liberals won a landslide victory in this election, and Wilton served as a backbench supporter of Tobias Norris's government for the next five years.

Wilton introduced the Workers Compensation Act and the Soldiers' Taxation Relief Act into the legislature.

He appears to have left the Liberal Party just before the 1920 provincial election: campaigning for re-election as an independent, he lost to William Bayley by 103 seats.

Military career
In 1916, Wilton joined the Canadian forces as a private. He served overseas and later reached the rank of captain.

Later life
Wilton died in Winnipeg at the age of 63 after suffering a heart attack.

title: John W. Wilton


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Cover shot of Richard Morgan's Broken Angels, from Amazon.com

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Joe Ranft

Joseph Henry Ranft (March 13, 1960 – August 16, 2005) was an American animator, screenwriter, and voice actor. He worked for Pixar Animation Studios and Disney at Walt Disney Animation Studios and Disney Television Animation. His younger brother Jerome Ranft is a sculptor who also worked on several Pixar films.

Ranft's first film was The Brave Little Toaster in 1987. He received an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay nomination as one of the writers of Toy Story (1995), and was also the co-director on Cars (2006), his final work before his death.

Early life
Joseph Henry Ranft was born in Pasadena, California, on March 13, 1960, and raised in Whittier. His parents were James and Melissa Ranft. As a child, Ranft developed a love for magic, storytelling, film and comedy. At age 15, he became a member of the Magic Castle Junior Group. After graduating from Monte Vista High School, Whittier, in 1978, Ranft began studying in the character animation program at the California Institute of the Arts alongside John Lasseter and Brad Bird. After two years, Ranft's student film Good Humor caught the attention of Disney animation executives, who offered him a job.

Career
In 1980, Ranft joined Disney as a writer and storyboard artist. During his first five years with Disney, he worked on a number of television projects that were never produced. Later in his Disney career, he was promoted into the Feature Animation department, where he was mentored by Eric Larson. Ranft later spoke about Larson's training: "He always reminds me of just the fundamental things that I tend to forget. You know, it's like, animation is so complex; 'How many drawings are in there?' and stuff, but Eric always comes back to like; 'What does the audience perceive?'"

Around this time, he studied under and began performing with the improvisational group, The Groundlings. Ranft stayed with Disney throughout the 1980s, writing the story on many animated features, including Oliver & Company, The Lion King and Beauty and the Beast. He also worked on The Brave Little Toaster in 1987 for Hyperion Animation and James and the Giant Peach in 1996 for Allied Filmmakers.

Ranft reunited with Lasseter when he was hired by Pixar in October 1992 as their head of story. There he worked on all of their films produced up to 2006; this included Toy Story (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay) and A Bug's Life, as the co-story writer and others as story supervisor. He also voiced characters in many of the films, including Heimlich the caterpillar in A Bug's Life, Wheezy the penguin in Toy Story 2, and Jacques the shrimp in Finding Nemo.

In the movie Monsters, Inc., Ranft had a monster named after him (J.J. Ranft) as most of the scarers in the film were named for Pixar staff. Ranft was also given lead story credit on The Brave Little Toaster (1987) and voiced Elmo St. Peters, the appliance salesman.

His favorite writers were Kurt Vonnegut, Hunter S. Thompson, and Tom Wolfe. His favorite magicians were John Carney, Daryl, Michael Ammar, Ricky Jay and Jimmy Grippo.

He was posthumously honored in 2006 as a Disney Legend and in 2016 with the Winsor McCay Award, the lifetime achievement award for animators.

Death and legacy
On August 16, 2005, Ranft, 45, and his friend Eric Frierson, 39, were passengers in Ranft's 2004 Honda Element, which was being driven by another friend, Elegba Earl, 32. Earl suddenly lost control and crashed through a guard rail while northbound on Highway 1. The SUV tumbled down a cliff and plunged 130 ft into the mouth of the Navarro River where it meets the Pacific Ocean in Mendocino County, killing both Ranft and Earl instantly. Frierson survived by escaping through the sun roof, though he received moderate injuries. Ranft died during the production of Cars, which he co-directed and voice acted in. The film and tie-in game are dedicated to his memory, as is Tim Burton's Corpse Bride, on which Ranft was executive producer. His remains were cremated.

Ranft has been recognized by colleagues and in various tributes in animated films released after his death. Henry Selick called him "the story giant of our generation." In honor of Ranft, in Selick's animated film production Coraline, the moving SUV that moves Coraline into her new apartment is emblazoned with a "Ranft Moving, Inc." logo. The movers themselves are modeled after Ranft and his brother Jerome, who voiced one of the movers. Jerome took over most of Ranft's voice roles following his brother's death. The 2010 Blu-Ray and DVD re-release of Toy Story 2 includes a special feature that focuses on Ranft and his accomplishments titled "Celebrating Our Friend Joe Ranft". Ranft did early drawings for the character of Finn McMissile in an unused scene from the film Cars, and his drawings were later used in creating the character for Cars 2. John Lasseter has cited Ranft as being one of the main inspirations for the character of Mater from those films, and described his influence as being "all over Cars 2". In the film Inside Out, the character of Jangles the clown is based on a character created by Ranft outside of Pixar named "Buttocks the Clown", according to co-director Ronnie del Carmen and story artist Domee Shi. The end credits of the Pixar film Coco showcase a digital ofrenda with pictures of many Pixar employees and their loved ones who had previously died, including Ranft. Additionally, the 2020 film Soul includes his name on a wall of previous mentors to the character 22.

title: Joe Ranft


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Hell Comes to Frogtown

Hell Comes to Frogtown is a 1988 American science fiction action film directed by Donald G. Jackson and R. J. Kizer, and written by Jackson and Randall Frakes. The film stars professional wrestler Roddy Piper as Sam Hell, one of the last remaining fertile men in a post-apocalyptic world populated by both humans and mutant amphibians. The film's cast also includes Sandahl Bergman, Cec Verrell, William Smith and Rory Calhoun.

Hell Comes to Frogtown was followed by two sequels: Return to Frogtown (1993) and Max Hell Frog Warrior (1996).

Plot
In the late 20th century, a large-scale nuclear war ends in a nuclear holocaust. In the aftermath, Earth has become a post-apocalyptic wasteland, where, due to fallout, most humans have been rendered sterile. As a result, the government places a high priority on those who can still breed. Additionally, humanity now shares the planet with a race of mutant amphibians, whom the government has exiled to the desert and prohibited from possessing firearms.

Sam Hell, a nomadic scavenger, is recruited by the provincial government to serve as a human stud—they tracked him down by following a trail of pregnant women left in his wake from his travels, and have determined that he is one of few remaining fertile men in existence. A protective codpiece that monitors Hell's physiosexual condition is affixed to his groin and secured by an electronic lock. Upon learning that the mutant amphibians have armed themselves and taken a group of fertile human women hostage, Hell is ordered to infiltrate the mutant city (derogatorily referred to as "Frogtown") and rescue and impregnate the women. He is accompanied by nurse Spangle and corporal Centinella.

During their journey to Frogtown, Hell attempts to escape, but quickly learns that the codpiece will shock his genitals if he strays too far from Spangle. Despite their rocky start and Spangle's initial cold demeanor, the pair grow closer during the journey and eventually fall in love. When they reach Frogtown, everyone involved is captured. The frogs' second-in-command, Bull, tortures Hell and attempts to remove the codpiece for its technology. Meanwhile, a slightly drugged Spangle is forced to work as a slave and dance for the frogs' Commander Toty. Proving more successful than she had wished, the nurse soon finds herself at the mercy of the aroused commander. However, with the codpiece now removed (Bull finally removed it with a chainsaw, but it exploded and killed him), the escaped Hell rescues her along with the group of fertile women held captive.

Cast

 * Roddy Piper, as Sam Hell
 * Sandahl Bergman as Spangle
 * Cec Verrell as Centinella
 * William Smith as Captain Devlin / Count Sodom
 * Rory Calhoun as Looney Tunes
 * Cliff Bemis as Leroy
 * Nicholas Worth as Bull
 * Kristi Somers as Arabella
 * Brian Frank as Commander Toty, the Frogtown chief
 * Julius LeFlore as Squidlips
 * Eyde Byrde as Patton
 * Lee Garlington as Briefing Officer

Reception
Critical reception for Hell Comes to Frogtown has been mixed to positive. TV Guide awarded the film two out of five stars, calling it "Another of those futuristic, post-apocalyptic science fiction dramas".

DVD Talk gave the film three out of five stars, writing, "Rowdy Roddy Piper has to save the world by diddling beautiful babes and squashing six-foot mutant toads with crummy attitudes. What's not to like?"

Jason Cook of The Spinning Image rated the film a score of six out of ten stars, writing, "Cheap and cheerful its narrative lulls and directorial shortcomings are glossed over by a winning central performance and a smattering of witty dialogue. Its no cinematic masterpiece, but were there any talking mutant frogs in Citizen Kane?"

Creature Feature gave the movie 2.5 stars, finding that while it is a Mad Max ripoff, it does so with a sense of style and has the ability to laugh at itself.

Though not received well by critics, producer Randall Frakes says he was glad the fans seemed to like it and "get all the jokes as intended".

Legacy
Hell Comes to Frogtown inspired the title of the "Hell Comes to Quahog" (2006) episode of animated television series Family Guy.

Sequels and spinoffs
Hell Comes to Frogtown spawned one sequel, Return to Frogtown, which was released directly to VHS in 1993.

Toad Warrior was released in 1996 and later re-released as Max Hell Frog Warrior in 2002. According to Jackson, the film was intended as a stand-alone story.

title: Hell Comes to Frogtown


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Cover shot of Alastair Reynolds's Century Rain, from Amazon.com

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AC Schnitzer

AC Schnitzer is a third party tuning company based in Aachen, Germany, specializing in BMW and MINI cars, and BMW motorcycles.

Founded in 1987 by Willi Kohl and Herbert Schnitzer. Its range includes tuning for BMW vehicles and the Mini and Land Rover makes, and also a motorcycle arm. In addition to its customizing business the firm's building in Aachen is home to several car firms, boutiques and a luxury restaurant. The firm has roots with Schnitzer Motorsport, but is a completely independent company both commercially and legally. AC Schnitzer is part of the Kohl Group.

Products
The core products offered by AC Schnitzer includes individual components such as chassis, custom exhaust systems, aerodynamic components, and light-alloy wheels, as well as complete vehicles and performance tuning for petrol and diesel engines. AC Schnitzer also makes products for vehicle interiors using materials such as aluminium, leather or carbon fibre. The product range includes control elements such as steering wheels, pedals and hand-brake levers, or interior mouldings and cladding, as well as to customer requirements.

title: AC Schnitzer


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File:Chasm City cover (Amazon).jpg

Cover shot of Alastair Reynolds's Chasm City, from Amazon.com

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Li Renfu

Li Renfu (李仁福) (died March 10, 933 ), possibly né Tuoba Renfu (拓拔仁福), formally the Prince of Guo (虢王), was an ethnic Dangxiang (Tangut) warlord during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, ruling Dingnan Circuit (定難, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) from 909 or 910 to his death in 933, as its military governor (jiedushi) in de facto independence.

Background
Li Renfu was said to be from the same Tuoba clan as the late-Tang dynasty warlord Li Sigong (né Tuoba Sigong), the first Dangxiang military governor of Dingnan, and therefore was ethnically Dangxiang. His relationship to Li Sigong was not clear from the traditional Chinese sources—the Old History of the Five Dynasties indicated that he also took the Tang dynasty imperial clan surname of Li when Li Sigong was granted that surname for his contribution in Tang's defeat of the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao, but did not otherwise specify their relationship; the New History of the Five Dynasties indicated a lack of knowledge, on the part of its editors, as to their relationship; while the Zizhi Tongjian indicated that he was a cousin of Li Yichang, who succeeded Li Sigong's younger brother and successor Li Sijian, but whose relationship to Li Sigong was somewhat uncertain as well as different sources differed as to their relationship. (The description in the History of Song of Li Renfu as being one generation below Li Yichang appeared to be clearly erroneous given that Li Renfu's sons also used the generational character of "Yi" in their names. )

In any case, Li Renfu served as an officer at Dingnan, and as of the time of Li Yichang's rule of the circuit was serving as the commander of both the Han and non-Han soldiers at the circuit. In 910 (according to the Zizhi Tongjian) or 909 (according to the Old History of the Five Dynasties and the New History of the Five Dynasties ) Li Yichang was assassinated by his officer Gao Zongyi (高宗益). The Dingnan officers killed Gao and supported Li Renfu to succeed Li Yichang. When Li Renfu reported this to Zhu Quanzhong, the emperor of Tang's successor state Later Liang, Zhu gave Li Renfu the title of military governor of Dingnan.

During Later Liang
Later in 910, Li Maozhen the Prince of Qi—one of the rival states to Later Liang—as well as two military governors under him, Li Jihui the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) and Liu Zhijun the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu)—sent emissaries to Li Cunxu, the Prince of Jin (another rival state to Later Liang), suggesting that they attack Dingnan together. Li Cunxu sent his general Zhou Dewei to join the Qi forces. The two armies put Dingnan's capital Xia Prefecture (夏州, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) under siege. Li Renfu sought aid from the Later Liang imperial government, and Zhu Quanzhong sent the generals Li Yu (李遇) and Liu Wan (劉綰) to aid Li Renfu. When Li and Liu reached Xia, the Qi and Jin forces lifted their siege and withdrew. For his holding out against Qi and Jin, Zhu bestowed on Li Renfu the titles of acting Taibao (太保) and honorary chancellor (同中書門下平章事, Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi).

During Later Tang
Eventually, Later Liang was destroyed by Li Cunxu, who claimed imperial title as emperor of a new Later Tang. It was said that by the time of Li Cunxu's reign as emperor, Li Renfu had received, accumulatively, from Zhu Quanzhong's son and successor Zhu Zhen and Li Cunxu, the titles of acting Taishi (太師), the greater honorary chancellor title Zhongshu Ling (中書令), and Prince of Shuofang. It was said that throughout the years, it became perceived at the Later Tang court that Li Renfu was in secret communications with Later Tang's northern rival Khitan Empire. (However, after Li Renfu's death, it was reported by some persons who claimed to know Li Renfu's thinking process that Li Renfu was merely creating such rumors to discourage the Later Tang court from considering moving him to another circuit.)

Li Renfu died in 933, and was posthumously created the Prince of Guo by Li Cunxu's adoptive brother and successor Li Siyuan. Li Siyuan subsequently, believing the rumors of Li Renfu's secret communications with Khitan Empire, tried to move Li Renfu's son and successor Li Yichao to nearby Zhangwu Circuit (彰武, headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi) while moving Zhangwu's military governor An Congjin to Dingnan. The attempt failed, and Li Renfu's family would become entrenched at Dingnan for the rest of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Notes and references

 * Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 132.
 * New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 40.
 * Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 267, 278.

title: Li Renfu


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User:Salty Kid

Salty Kid is a fun loving user with eclectic interests.

Vital Stats
AGE: Mid-twenties

LOCATION: Texas (USA)

OCCUPATION: Professional Photography

INTERESTS

 * Wiki
 * Reading
 * Christianity
 * Cats
 * Photography
 * Journalism
 * Surfing the Net
 * Cult Research
 * Hurricanes

ARTICLES I'M WORKING ON

 * Glendo, Wyoming
 * Join Me
 * Dick DeGuerin
 * Houston, Texas
 * David Koresh
 * Branch Davidian

title: User:Salty Kid


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File:Diamond Dogs, Turquoise Days cover (Amazon).jpg

Cover shot of Alastair Reynolds's Diamond Dogs, Turquoise Days, from Amazon.com


text: Category:Xmal Deutschland albums

title: Category:Xmal Deutschland albums


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Nordic Stone Age

The Nordic Stone Age refers to the Stone Age of Scandinavia. During the Weichselian glaciation (115,000 – 11,700 years ago), almost all of Scandinavia was buried beneath a thick permanent ice cover, thus, the Stone Age came rather late to this region. As the climate slowly warmed up by the end of the ice age, nomadic hunters from central Europe sporadically visited the region. However, it was not until around 12,000 BCE that permanent, but nomadic, habitation in the region took root.

Late Upper Paleolithic
As the ice receded, reindeer grazed the emerging tundra plains of Denmark and southernmost Sweden. This was the era of the Hamburg culture, tribes who hunted in vast territories that spanned over 100,000 km2, and lived as nomads in teepees, following the reindeer seasonal migrations across the barren tundra. On this land, there was little plant cover, except for occasional arctic white birch and rowan. Slowly a taiga forest appeared.

Around 11,400 BCE, the Bromme culture emerged in Southern Scandinavia. This was a more rapidly warming era providing opportunity for other substantial hunting game animals than the ubiquitous reindeer. As former hunter-gather cultures, the Bromme culture was still largely dependent on reindeer and lived a nomadic life, but their camps diversified significantly and they were the first people to settle Southern Scandinavia (and the Southern Baltic area) on a permanent, yet still nomadic, basis.

Local climate changes around 10,500 BCE initiated both cultural changes and the first settling of the northern parts of Scandinavia. Initially, a thousand-year-long climate cool-down replaced the taiga with tundra and the local culture reverted to former traditions, focusing on reindeer hunting. This culture is now referred to as the Ahrensburg culture. Around 9,500 BCE, the local climate warmed yet again, as the pre-Boreal era emerged, which triggered the Ahrensburg to settle the emerging tundra of northern Scandinavia. For the next two thousand years, the climatic phase known as the Boreal reigned in the Scandinavian region.

Mesolithic
In the 7th millennium BCE, the climate in Scandinavia was warming as it transitioned from the former Boreal age to the Atlantic period. Reindeer and their hunters had already migrated and inhabited the lands of northern Scandinavia, and forests had established. A culture called the Maglemosian culture lived in the areas of Denmark and southern Sweden. To the north, in Norway and along the coast of western Sweden, the Fosna-Hensbacka culture was living mostly in changing seasonal camps along the shores and close to the now thriving forests. Utilizing fire, boats and stone tools, these Stone Age tribal cultures managed to survive in northern Europe. The northern hunter-gatherers followed the herds and the salmon runs, moving south during the winters, moving north again during the summers. These early peoples followed cultural traditions similar to those practiced throughout other regions in the far north – areas including modern Finland, Russia, and across the Bering Strait into the northernmost strip of North America (comprising portions of today's Alaska and Canada).

During the 6th millennium BCE, the climate of Scandinavia was generally warmer and more humid than today and the southern regions were clad in lush temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Large animals like aurochs, wisent, moose and red deer roamed freely in the forests and were game for tribes of what is now called the Kongemose culture. Like their predecessors, the Kongemose tribes also hunted marine animals such as seals and fished in the rich shallow waters. North of the Kongemose people, lived other hunter-gatherers in most of southern Norway and Sweden, now dubbed the Nøstvet and Lihult cultures, descendants of the Fosna and Hensbacka cultures. By the end of the 6th millennium BCE, as the sea levels rose gradually, these northerly tribal cultures continued their way of life, while the Kongemose culture was replaced by the Ertebølle culture, adapting to the climatic changes affecting their low lying southern regions more severely.

Genetic analysis of human remains has shown that the hunter-gatherers living in the south and north of Scandinavia formed two genetically distinct groups who arrived into Scandinavia in at least two separate waves of migration. In the south and south-east, Western Hunter-Gatherers arrived from modern-day Germany and moved northwards. In the north and west, Eastern Hunter-Gatherers, related to people from the Upper Volga region in modern-day Russia, settled and moved southwards. These people intermixed in Scandinavia and formed a unique group of Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers.

From as early as c. 4400 BC there are rare imports of copper axes into Scandinavian Late Mesolithic communities.

Neolithic

During the 5th millennium BCE, the Ertebølle people learned pottery from neighbouring tribes in the south, who had begun to cultivate the land and keep animals. Soon, they too started to cultivate the land and, ca. 4000 BCE, they became part of the megalithic Funnelbeaker culture. During the 4th millennium BCE, these Funnelbeaker tribes expanded into Sweden up to Uppland. The Nøstvet and Lihult tribes learned new technology from the advancing farmers, but not agriculture, and became the Pitted Ware cultures, towards the end of the 4th millennium BCE. These Pitted Ware tribes halted the advance of the farmers and pushed them south into south-western Sweden, but some say that the farmers were not killed or chased away, but that they voluntarily joined the Pitted Ware culture and became part of them. At least one settlement appears to be mixed, the Alvastra pile-dwelling. Copper metallurgy was practiced by the Funnelbeaker culture from c. 3500 BC.

The language these early Scandinavians spoke is unknown, but towards the end of the 3rd millennium BCE, they were overrun by new tribes who many scholars believe spoke Proto-Indo-European (or more exactly, the "Pre-Germanic Indo-European" dialect), the Corded Ware culture (known as the Battle-Axe culture in Scandinavia ). The genetic history of Europe connects the people carrying the language with the Yamnaya culture emanating from present-day Ukraine, using the Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a as an important genetic marker. This new people advanced up to Uppland and the Oslofjord, and they probably provided the Proto-Germanic language that was the ancestor of the modern Scandinavian languages. These new tribes used the battle axe as a status symbol and were cattle herders, and with them most of southern Scandinavia entered the Neolithic period. The Single Grave culture was another variant of the Corded Ware culture which spread across southern Scandinavia and the North European Plain between 2,800–2,200 BC.

After c. 2400 groups associated with the Bell Beaker culture migrated into Jutland, bringing with them new skills in mining and sailing. They mined flint in northern Jutland for the mass production of flint daggers that were subsequently distributed to most of Scandinavia. As such the period from c. 2400-1800 BC is also known as the Dagger Period. Copper metallurgy was practised on a small scale from c. 2400 BC, and the shape of flint daggers imitated copper and bronze prototypes. After c. 2000 BC large 'chiefly' houses similar to those found in the Unetice culture appear in south Scandinavia, indicating the development of a more ranked social organization. 2000 BC also marks the introduction and use of bronze tools, followed by a more systematic adoption of bronze metalworking technology from 1750 BC. The Neolithic period was followed by the Nordic Bronze Age.

title: Nordic Stone Age


text: Category:Xzibit albums

title: Category:Xzibit albums


text:
Joaquín Navarro-Valls

Joaquín Navarro-Valls, M.D. (November 16, 1936 – July 5, 2017) was a Spanish journalist, physician and academic who served as the Director of the Holy See Press Office from 1984 to 2006. His role as the press liaison between the Vatican and the world press corps gave him perhaps the highest visibility of any one person in the Vatican during the long reign of Pope John Paul II, with the exception of the Pope himself. He resigned his post July 11, 2006 and was replaced by Father Federico Lombardi. On January 20, 2007, he was named president of the board of advisers of the Biomedical University of Rome, an office he occupied until his death.

Background and education
Navarro-Valls studied at the Deutsche Schule in Cartagena, and then studied medicine at the Universities of Granada and Barcelona, as well as journalism at the Faculty of Sciences of Communication at the University of Navarra in Pamplona, Spain. He also took post-graduate studies at Harvard University in the United States. He graduated summa cum laude in Medicine and Surgery in 1961 and took courses for a doctorate in Psychiatry in "Psychiatric disorders in cranial traumas" (Trastornos psiquiátricos en los traumas craneales). In addition, he taught at the Faculty of Medicine.

In 1968, received a degree in journalism and in the science of communication in 1980.

He was fluent in Spanish, English, French, German and Italian. Navarro-Valls died in Rome on July 5, 2017, at the age of 80.

Professional career
Navarro-Valls was a foreign correspondent for both Nuestro Tiempo and the Spanish daily newspaper ABC. Esteemed by his colleagues, he was elected a member of the Board of Directors (1979) and later President of the Foreign Press Association, Italy (1983 and 1984).

From 1996 until 2001, he served as President of the Administration Board of the “Maruzza Lefebvre d’Ovidio” Foundation for terminally ill cancer patients.

Liaison of the Vatican
Navarro-Valls' work with the Holy See enabled him to be a member of the Holy See Delegation to international conferences of the United Nations in Cairo (1994), Copenhagen (1995), Beijing (1995), and Istanbul (1996). His continued work in medicine and journalism allowed him to participate in national and international conferences on psychiatry and/or communication as a guest speaker. From 1996 he was a visiting professor at the Faculty of Institutional Social Communications of the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome.

Navarro-Valls was particularly important as a press liaison during the last few years of the reign of Pope John Paul II (reigned 1978–2005). This was especially true during the final six months of Pope John Paul's reign, during which time Navarro-Valls' expertise as a physician was important in communicating the pope's health to the press. He was apparently instrumental in bringing a high level of candor to the bulletins which daily informed the world concerning the aged pope's declining health. His own emotional closeness to the pope was apparent as the end drew near.

With the election of Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger as Pope Benedict XVI — and with the new pope's approval — Navarro-Valls continued in his post for almost two years.

Navarro-Valls was a member of the Catholic prelature Opus Dei (The Work of God), dating back to 1970, when he lived in the central headquarters with St Josemaría Escrivá, the founder of Opus Dei.

As a numerary of Opus Dei, he committed himself to celibacy, although as a lay person and not a religious this was not a formal vow. When asked about this, he told one reporter: "Celibacy is a vow taken by religious. In my case, instead, was the choice of a way of life and behavior. In any case...it was not difficult. Every choice in life necessarily involves leaving something else behind. Those who want to have everything end up without ever truly marrying one idea, and so do not generate children, in the analogical sense; that is, to give birth to other new ideas."

In 1988, he received the Ischia International Journalism Award. In 2007, he was awarded the Commander's Cross with Star Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland by the President of Poland.

Published books

 * La Manipulación publicitaria. Barcelona (1970)
 * La familia y el mundo actual. Barcelona (1976)
 * La familia y la educación. Caracas (1978)
 * Fumata blanca. Ediciones Rialp, Madrid (1978), ISBN 84-321-1969-5

Memorable dates
He then was awarded another two honorary doctorates in Humane Letters Christendom College, Virginia, United States and in Science St. John's University, New York, United States
 * 1936: Joaquín Navarro-Valls is born in Cartagena, Murcia, Spain on November 6. His father, Joaquín, is an accomplished attorney. His mother, Conchita Valls, dedicates herself to her five children.
 * 1953: Having finished his classical studies at the "Deutsche Schule" in his hometown, he enters the faculty of medicine at Granada. Three years later, he goes to the University of Barcelona. The scientific journal "Actualidad Medica" publishes his first research work.
 * 1958: He meets Josemaría Escrivá and joins Opus Dei as a numerary.
 * 1961: He receives a degree in medicine and specializes first in internal medicine and then in psychiatry. He fulfills his military service as a doctor in the Spanish Navy, and obtains a seminar scholarship from Harvard University.
 * 1961–70: While exercising his profession of internal medicine and then psychiatry at the hospital, he receives two other degrees: in journalism in 1968, and in communication sciences in 1970. He publishes his first non-medical essay: "Manipulation in Advertising."
 * 1970: He moves to Rome, where he continues his studies in psychiatry and lives beside Josemaría Escrivá until Escrivá's death in 1975. He publishes two essays on evolutionary psychology.
 * 1977: He becomes a correspondent for the Madrid newspaper ABC, covering Italy and the eastern Mediterranean. He is frequently sent as a correspondent to Japan, the Philippines, and equatorial Africa.
 * 1983: He is elected president of the Foreign Press Association in Italy, and reconfirmed the following year.
 * 1984: Pope John Paul II calls him to reorganize and direct the Vatican press office, the first non cleric to be appointed ever as Director of the Vatican Press Office.
 * 1994–96. He is a member of the Holy See delegation to the international conferences of the UN in Cairo, Copenhagen, Beijing, and Istanbul.
 * 1996: He begins to teach as a visiting professor at the faculty of institutional communication at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome.
 * 1997: He is sent as a speaker to the world congress of psychiatry in Madrid.
 * 2005: Upon the death of Pope John Paul II, the new pope, Benedict XVI, reconfirms him as director of the press office. He recently received the latest of many honors: an honorary doctorate from the University of Valencia, an honorary doctorate in Law from the University of Murcia followed by three other honorary doctorates from the Universities of Naples and Varese, Italy, and the Universitat Internacional de Catalunya all three of them in Sciences of Communications. Also in 2005 he received the Luka Brajnovic Award from the University of Navarra School of Communications.
 * In the year 2004/05, Joaquín Navarro-Valls was awarded an honorary doctorate from CEU Cardinal Herrera University
 * 2006: He announces that he has asked Pope Benedict XVI to allow him to resign (June). His request is finally accepted on July 11, 2007.
 * 2007: Appointed President of the Advisory Board of the Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
 * 2009: Appointed President of the Telecom Italia Foundation, Rome, Italy

title: Joaquín Navarro-Valls


text: File:Market Forces cover (Amazon).jpg

title: File:Market Forces cover (Amazon).jpg


text:
Talk:John Wolfe Barry

Untitled
In the context of Charles Barry
 * The youngest son of architect Sir Charles Barry, John (who adopted the additional 'Wolfe' in 1898)

has to be intended to mean
 * Wolfe-Barry, the youngest son of architect Sir Charles Barry, John adopted the additional 'Wolfe' in 1898

and the article has been changed along those lines. --Jerzy•t 21:29, 2005 August 17 (UTC)

His relationship to Brunel needs more detail to justify Brunel's mention. --Jerzy•t 21:29, 2005 August 17 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Wolfe Barry


text:
File:Pushing Ice cover (Amazon).jpg

Cover shot of Alastair Reynolds's Pushing Ice, from Amazon.com

title: File:Pushing Ice cover (Amazon).jpg


text:
Talk:JScript

comment
Regarding: "When web developers talk about using JavaScript in Internet Explorer, they silently mean JScript in Internet Explorer." I think this statement is a) vauge b) confusing c) most likely false If an html page contains  etc., then IE is going to read this script as javascript. IE does not translate javascript into JSCRIPT behind the scenes. Developers do not write  if they intend a page to render on IE only (which is an unheard of practice anyway). JSCRIPT is more often used in ASP pages as a server-side scripting language. August 17, 2005 BJF
 * Well, you are right in that IE does not translate JavaScript into JScript behind the scenes. Instead it will read it directly as JScript, which is (at least) mostly compatible with JavaScript. Because of that, yes you are right that developers do not write  if they intend a page to render on IE only (which is an unheard of practice anyway). Yuhong 15:45, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * IE loads the script engine registered to handle the language requested in the script tag. On a standard Windows installation (checking on WinXP SP2), JScript, ECMAScript, JavaScript, JavaScript1.1, JavaScript1.2, JavaScript1.3 and LiveScript all maps to the Microsoft JScript engine. However, it is perfectly possible to configure the system to use different engines for these languages. PhMajerus 17:01, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Specifying "JScript" explicitely as the language both makes sure that the JScript engine is used even if other engines are configured to handle other related languages, and make browsers that do not support JScript language extensions ignore that script block. So specifying JScript, ECMAScript or javascript explicitely depending on the language features required to run the script can be used to hide a script from browsers that do not support that specific version of the language PhMajerus 17:01, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Note JScript 5.7 (included in Windows Internet Explorer 7.0) includes a JScript.Compact engine. While JScript is a superset of the full ECMAScript (ECMA-262), JScript.Compact limits its features to those required by the ECMAScript Compact Profile (ES-CP, ECMA-327). A runtime error is thrown when a feature not required by the ES-CP specifications is used. (I could not find official information about JScript.Compact, I discovered this engine when experimenting with JScript 5.7) PhMajerus 17:01, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

OK so why remove that sentence?
It seems that many pages use the terms JavaScript when they really mean "Jscript" and that sentence ("When web developers talk about using JavaScript in Internet Explorer, they silently mean JScript in Internet Explorer.") is very helpful. See, e.g., this page. What I want to know is whether IE implements JavaScript or JScript. Is it possible to force IE to use JavaScript and not Jscript? It appears that if it is IE, then it is executing Jscript and not JavaScript. This is an important fact that should not be left out of the article. I suggest reinserting the sentence or something like it.--Lenehey 00:18, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Garbage Collection
SpiderMonkey also uses mark-and-sweep garbage collection, but I can't find anything stating whether it's generational or non-generational. -- General Wesc 15:12, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Judging by jsarena.h, I'd say SpiderMonkey's generational, but I'm not certain. -- General Wesc 18:51, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not certain, although there definitely is a difference, causing any object with a circular reference to a native object in IE to leak memory (as if those were reference-counted, or rooted),  while this does not occur with SpiderMonkey used in Mozilla based browsers --66.11.179.30 09:25, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Created vs plagiarized
JScript is a computer programming language created by Microsoft and is a superset of the ECMAScript programming language. or better ''JScript is a computer programming language plagiarized by Microsoft and is a superset of the ECMAScript programming language.''

 * It also seemed weird to me, fixed. --asqueella 13:16, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Browsers
So Jscript only appears in internet explorer browsers as it is microsoft only? Transaction Go (talk) 06:52, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

JScript is not Javascript
JScript is not Javascript has a simple example of problematic differences between the two. The JScript article really should be more clear about the differences, but the current content is very vague. -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.175.18.130 (talk • contribs) 23:06, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
 * It is not a language difference, it is host environment difference. IE installs those variables in global, not JScript. You will also get them if you use Perl or VB on same host and you will not get them (obviously), if you run it it in wscript.exe/cscript.exe. Statement about this being a language difference is completely wrong and I will remove it in a few days unless anybody have any valid objection. --Rowaa[SR13] (talk) 06:57, 25 June 2010 (UTC)
 * To clarify: what said above applies to entire sentence that refers to article at About.com - those "extra commands" mentioned are just a host object functions. So I will remove this sentence completely with both references. --Rowaa[SR13] (talk) 08:28, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Some additional suggestions
I think this article would benefit from an example, and possibly some historical information (although this is possibly covered to great extent by historical notes in JavaScript and ECMAScript. Also, I don't think that ECMAScript influenced JScript in the sense meant by "Influenced" in the Infobox. As of this date, I think the article is much improved since it was tagged as having multiple issues (e.g. the notes and references have been cleaned up and reviewed). DonToto (talk) 13:26, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

IE9 should refer to JavaScript, not to JScript
Checking the MSDN for JScript, IE 8 will be the last browser to use JScript, and IE9 onward will use JavaScript. The main difference is that

 * JScript uses the Windows Script Host platform and refers to EcmaScript 3 for its syntax
 * JavaScript uses Chakra and refers to EcmaScript 5 for its syntax

I think this information should appear on the page. For an example in Versions section, we have to indicate that IE 9 will use JavaScript moving forward.

Let me know your thoughs on how to best present the information.

OnesimusUnbound (talk) 05:44, 15 October 2012 (UTC)

Maintenance and rating of JavaScript articles
Concerning editing and maintaining JavaScript-related articles...

Collaboration...
If you are interested in collaborating on JavaScript articles or would like to see where you could help, stop by WikiProject JavaScript and feel free to add your name to the participants list. Both editors and programmers are welcome.

Where to list JavaScript articles
We've found over 300 JavaScript-related articles so far. If you come across any others, please add them to that list.

User scripts
The WikiProject is also taking on the organization of the Wikipedia community's user script support pages. If you are interested in helping to organize information on the user scripts (or are curious about what we are up to), let us know!

If you have need for a user script that does not yet exist, or you have a cool idea for a user script or gadget, you can post it at User scripts/Requests. And if you are a JavaScript programmer, that's a great place to find tasks if you are bored.

How to report JavaScript articles in need of attention
If you come across a JavaScript article desperately in need of editor attention, and it's beyond your ability to handle, you can add it to our list of JavaScript-related articles that need attention.

Rating JavaScript articles
At the top of the talk page of most every JavaScript-related article is a WikiProject JavaScript template where you can record the quality class and importance of the article. Doing so will help the community track the stage of completion and watch the highest priority articles more closely.

Thank you. The Transhumanist 01:10, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:JScript


text:
File:Redemption Ark cover (Amazon).jpg

Cover shot of Alastair Reynolds's Redemption Ark, from Amazon.com

title: File:Redemption Ark cover (Amazon).jpg


text:
File:Revelation Space cover (Amazon).jpg

Cover shot of Alastair Reynolds's Revelation Space, from Amazon.com


text: Category:Languages of the Solomon Islands


text:
Talk:Somali people

Semi-protected edit request on 22 December 2023
This Wikipedia page divides people from Somalia into those from Somalia and those from Somaliland. There’s no recognized country called Somaliland. Not only that but the semi-autonomous secessionist government that calls itself “Somaliland” does not control former British Somaliland territories. As of August 2023, SSC-Khatumo which controls the region between Puntland and “Somaliland” is became a recognized state within Somalia. It’s irresponsible reporting to define Somaliland as a separate entity from Somalia when: 1) Somaliland is not a recognized nation and by international law is part of Somalia 2) What’s designated as “Somaliland” isn’t fully under the control of the separatist Somaliland government

As someone from Northwest Somalia (Waqooyi Galbeed), I hope this can fixed because we see ourselves as part of Somalia not a separate country. 2603:8000:8E40:165D:1438:740C:4CF3:5759 (talk) 18:08, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Jonathan Deamer (talk) 19:33, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 June 2024
Banadiri is not a somali and there is no such a thing as a northern dialect it is af-maxa (do not write about someone else's history if you do not know a thing and that is a given) 176.42.132.202 (talk) 19:48, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. PianoDan (talk) 20:00, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

Somalis of Oromo origin?
There's a theory that Somalis are actually semitized Oromo. See p.99 "Another theory is that the Somalis are actually Semiticized Oromos, the descendants of the Oromo tribes which inhabited portions of what is now the Northern Region of the Somali Republic and which were subject to influences emanating from Arabia, both through a certain degree of intermarriage and through the adoption of Islam". Unsure how widely taken up this theory is, perhaps editors can take a look. Magherbin (talk) 16:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

 * DNA, specifically autosomal DNA disproves this fringe theory. The overwhelming proportions of the Ethio-Somali component found within Somalis debunks those claims. Oromos carry Omotic admixtures and more “Arab” DNA than Somalis do. Oromo are not as pure as Somalis are genetically. Check the colors yourself.
 * Omotic = Purple
 * Arab = Brown 95.145.186.34 (talk) 18:26, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Somali people


text: File:Woken Furies cover (Amazon).jpg

title: File:Woken Furies cover (Amazon).jpg


text:
Surkhab

Surkhab, meaning Red river in Persian, may refer to:

Places

 * Surkhab (Kabul), a tributary of the Kabul River in Afghanistan
 * Kunduz River, Afghanistan, called the Surkhab River in its higher reaches
 * Vakhsh River in Tajikistan, also called the Surkhab or Surkhob
 * Sorkhab, Hamadan, a village in Iran, also called Surkhab

Other

 * Ruddy shelduck, a duck native to India and Pakistan

title: Surkhab


text:
Thais of Athens

Thais of Athens (Таис Афинская) is a historical novel by Ivan Efremov written in 1972. It tells the story of the famous hetaera Thaïs, who was one of Alexander the Great's contemporaries and companions on his conquest of the oikoumene or the known world. The book combines the life of the historical and a fictional Tais.

Background
Yefremov was a historian and paleontologist who took a deep interest in Ancient Greece. The earliest roots of the novel can be found in his 1946 tale Callirhoe (Каллироя), where the meeting between Callirhoe and Antenor is reworked into the meeting between Thaïs and Ptolemy.Plans for writing a novel based on the life of Thaïs were found in Yefremov's notes as early as 1951. The works of Plutarch and Diodor had a great influence on the novel.

The novel was first published in a censored form in the Molodaya Gvardiya magazine in 1972. It was republished without censorship in the late 1980s and was then published again in 1992.

Summary
It follows such actual events as the burning of Persepolis by Tais and her becoming Ptolemy's Egyptian queen, but also speculates on a love affair with Alexander and Tais's initiation in some of the obscure religions of the ancient world. In the novel, the very young (only 17 years old) and already famous Athenian hetaera Tais meets the exiled heir to the Macedonian throne and his childhood friends Hephaestion, Nearchus and Ptolemy. She then travels to Sparta and Crete with the Macedonians, visits Egypt and Mesopotamia, where she becomes an initiate in the temple of Ashtoreth (Astarte) and eventually follows Alexander to Persepolis, which she requests be set on fire. After Alexander's death, Tais marries Ptolemy and becomes the queen of Memphis.

title: Thais of Athens