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Talk:Blank (cartridge)

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Neutrality?

I think that the writer has tried to point out his opinion of how dangerous they are rather than handing out the sole facts

 * The lethal potential of blanks isn't an opinion, it's a fact, as evidenced by those who have been killed by their misuse. The level of emphasis may seem high, but I think that's more due to the short length of the article rather than the length of the warning.  The most visible use of blank cartrdiges is in movies and television, and people don't see the behind-the-scenes effort that goes into ensuring that the blanks are used safely.  Perhaps expanding that section further with information on firearms handling in movies might make more informative and less alarmist sounding.  scot 15:10, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Disputed
No recoil at all? The hot exhaust gases alone would cause a recoil. It might possibly be less of a recoil. We need someone who has actually fired both types to come here and say. 71.199.123.24 04:18, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right, there is a bit of recoil--from a military rifle and blank, it's probably on par with a .22 Long Rifle. I've changed the wording, and done some other cleanup as well.  scot 15:47, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Newton's mechanical laws rather specifically state that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. While the propellant (technically the whole firearm) is pushing against the bullet, the bullet is also pushing against the firearm.  Thus, if the blank has the same amount of propellant (most don't, admittedly), then the only other factor is the wadding; the wadding weighs less than an actual bullet, but only on the order of a couple of grams, so it would take a very skilled shooter to be able to tell the difference.

 * Nonetheless, I've never fired a blank before. Have you fired a blank rifle cartridge and a matching live rifle cartridge and noticed any difference?  I would suggest having your magasine loaded by a friend, so you don't know which cartridge is which, in order to make it a truly scientific, empirically-verifiable blind experiment.  Otherwise it's possible that the expectation of it being a blank cartridge would have made you think about it being weaker than it really is. =)

 * Note, of course, that any truly experienced shooter would also be able to extrapolate based on the visible entry wound whether it was his own rifle that caused the lethal injury. ;-)
 * --Jtgibson 20:35, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I have fired blank rounds, and the difference between that and a live round, even from a mildly recoiling round like a .38 Special, is dramatic. As for the blind test, one thing I commonly do with revolvers is a modified ball-and-dummy drill, mixing a couple of empty chambers, a couple of .38 Specials, and couple of .357 Magnums (or .44 Special and .44 Magnum) in the same cylinder full.  Spin it, and without looking, start shooting.  The goal of this is to learn to control the anticipation of the shot, so you don't flinch, and to control the follow-through.  The difference in recoil between a Special and a Magnum is very signficant--even a first time shooter can tell instantly when you slip a Magnum round into the gun after a couple of Specials.  The difference between a live round and a blank is at least as great.  scot 21:27, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Aha. I was considering replacing "insignificant" by "less significant", but I'll hold off on that then. ;-) --Jtgibson 21:33, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * (smacks forehead) Well, looks as though I already made the change. Your call. --Jtgibson 21:35, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Being a world war reenactor myself, I can tell you that some blanks have a very pronounced recoil (almost to the point of being able to fool me). Such an example are some of the 9mm blanks out there, which I fired through a P38.  user:Pzg Ratzinger

 * Right, but semiautomatic actions are a different issue. I have a gas blowback airsoft pistol, and a CO2 blowback Walther PPK BB pistol, both of which have a significant "kick", on par with my Ruger MKII pistol.  The felt recoil is far in excess of my .22 caliber CO2 pellet pistols, even though the .22 pellet is far heavier and moves faster than the BB or airsoft ball.  The reason for the difference in perception is the mass of the slide; when it comes to a stop at the rear, it causes a significant impact and muzzle flip, which the you feel as recoil.  In fact, I just remembered a better example--at one Shot Show I was at, a manufacturer had a firearms simlation system set up, a super-realistic "Hogan's Alley" type video game.  The pistol used was a converted Beretta 92FS.  It used a laser aiming module in the barrel of the gun, and the magazine, mainspring, and chamber were replaced with an air hose connection, valve, and piston.  Upon firing, the hammer strut would open the air valve, the piston would kick back the slide and cock the hammer, and the hammer strut would close the valve back off.  Even though no mass was moved forward at all, it still simulated recoil fairly well just through the reciprocation of the slide.  I think this is what you were feeling with the P-38; I think if you fired the same blanks in, say, a 9mm SP-101 revolver, you'd feel recoil on the order of a .22 rimfire.  scot 15:17, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Reorganisation
I went ahead and changed around the ordering of the sections. --Jtgibson 20:35, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

move to "blank cartridge"?
Blank is a descriptor, and sometimes used as a term for the round, but there's no need for the parenthesis when the two words form an unambiguous name. If there's no objections, I'll move the page. Night Gyr (talk/Oy) 01:36, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. scot 18:51, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Why is a blank harmless?
One thing that is not clear is why a blank is (almost always) harmless? Is a blank exempt from Newton's Third Law? If the primer does explode, whatever is in the chamber -should- come flying out the barrel with a huge amount of momentum. This sounds like replacing a cannonball with a basketball and claiming the basketball will be harmless when it is detonated in the cannon. -Rolypolyman 17:16, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, first, your example only applies to blanks that have a wadding, which is only some types--a crimped blank, on the other hand, propells nothing but gas. And yes, a basketball coming out of a gun has a huge amount of energy, but it also has a huge surface area, and will dissipate that energy in VERY short order.  A basketball weighs a pound and a half, and is about 9 inches in diameter?  A 9 inch iron cannonball is going to weigh far more, about 110 pounds according to my calculations.  While you may assume that with the same powder charge, the energy of the two projectiles will be the same, that is definately not the case.  If you consider internal ballistics, you'll see that the velocity of the projectile is limited by the speed of sound in the propellant, which is why firearms are limited to about 5000 feet per second peak velocity.  This gives you a limit on how light your projectile can be and still extract a significant amount of energy from a given amount of propellant.

 * Switching to SI units (so I can deal with moles of matter) our basketball has a frontal surface area of 410 cm^2, so every meter it travels it's displacing 410 liters of air. At 22 liters per mole of gas at STP, that's 18 moles, which works out to 518 grams of 80% N2 - 20% O2 mix.  So every meter and a half, roughly, that the ball travels, it's having to accelerate it's own mass in air from zero to nearly its own velocity to move it out of the way.  The iron cannonball, on the other hand, with a mass of 50,000 grams, will travel 100 meters before it displaces its own mass in air.  That means the cannonball is going to maintain its energy 66 times as well as the basketball.  Even if it does have 10 times the velocity of the cannonball, it's not going to keep that velocity very long at all, while the dense iron cannonball will go for miles.

 * Now we made an assumption that we had the same amount of powder in both cases, and this is not a valid assumption. Blanks are generally loaded with a much smaller amount of faster burning powder than would be typical for the cartridge, so the total amount of energy available is far less.  When you consider a crimped blank, with no wad to propel, then the "projectile" is the gas itself, which will expand explosively when it reaches the muzzle, making the effective "frontal surface" expand exponentially with the distance traveled, which means that while a blank at a range of inches will blow holes in things, a blank at a range of tens of feet would have trouble blowing out a candle.  scot 18:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Blanks are not harmless - ever. Those who pronounce otherwise are exhibiting an extreme lack of knowledge of firearms and blank ammunition. 66.236.143.130 (talk) 18:45, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Neither are toy guns; used improperly, they can be lethal, as this clearly demonstrates: http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=81458  Firearms, with blank or live ammunition, are safe, if used properly.  Far, far more dangerous are military vehicles, which cause far more fatalities; on average there are 25 fatalities per year from military vehicle accidents (http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,FL_deaths_071204,00.html).  Injuries or fatalities from blanks are rare enough I have seen only a single documented incident of such in the US military, which was caused by a contact shot to the chest, and that was old enough to involve an M-1 Garand rifle.  According to this source (Gunshot Wounds, by Vincent J. M. Di Maio) it is unlikely for a forensic pathologist to ever encounter a lethal wound caused by blank cartridge.  scot (talk) 20:20, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Would you like the name and phone numbers of people who I know that have been injured by blanks? We shoot them in competition. There's no end to people making mistakes. We also shoot from horseback and horses kill people all the time. Which is more dangerous is irrelevant.70.189.154.176 (talk) 13:24, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * "Which is more dangerous is irrelevant?" The definition of "safe" I'm using is "Adj. 3. involving little or no risk of mishap, error, etc.: a safe estimate."  Which is more dangerous is wholly relevant, because the chance of risk is the very definition of "safe".  scot (talk) 14:19, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Someone please add this reference and note under Safety subheading for actor and model Jon-Erik Hexum who was killed by a blank round. Thank you. --Locke1776 (talk) 13:37, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

Trivia
There is a lot of trivia on this page, none of which seems to be notable enough to have affect the article's subject matter. I think it should be moved/removed. Arthurrh 22:21, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Dummy round
What is the difference between a blank and a Dummy round (Military dummies)? --George100 09:15, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Short form: A blank goes bang; a dummy does not.

Long form: A blank has a primer and powder charge and is intended to make noise/generate high pressure gas; blanks usually have no projectile or a wad of cardboard, plastic, wax or wood). A dummy round mimics the shape and form of a live round including projectile, but is completely inert: no primer, no powder; used for training purposes, or to test functioning of the feed and ejection systems of firearms without the danger of an accidental discharge.

Naaman Brown (talk) 20:20, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
 * These days the term snapcap seems to have replaced dummy round. I don't hear people in training videos talk about "dummy rounds" but they do talk about "snapcaps". I guess snapcap is technically a brand of dummy round but like Kleenix is used often to many any tissue paper regardless of brand, snapcap is used to refer to any dummy round. I've got some dummy .38 specials, same shape as real ones but much lighter and totally inert. They were listed for sale as snapcaps not dummy rounds. In fact it would never have occurred to me to search for "dummy rounds" as no one in the videos I watched ever used that term.20:35, 18 April 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 40.131.151.20 (talk)

Undefined acronyms
FMJ and AP are used to describe rounds in one of the figure captions but aren't defined - presumably they're acronyms? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pbhj (talk • contribs) 15:01, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

Full Metal Jacket and Armour-Piercing respectively. BP OMowe (talk) 21:48, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Firing squad
"A blank cartridge may also be issued to a randomly selected shooter in an execution  firing squad, on the theory that each of the shooters may take comfort in the fact that they may not have fired a live round."

I don't dispute this sentence, but I do not understand how the shooter who fires the blank cannot detect it. I believe that the "theory" is simply wrong for the following reason. If the wadding has much less mass than a real bullet, the resulting recoil would be correspondingly less. It should therefore be obvious whether or not the shooter had fired a blank. Can somebody please explain this conundrum? ---Dagme (talk) 03:12, 6 April 2015 (UTC)

 * I suspect that the story itself is apocryphal, but leave it to others to find evidence for it being factual. (Perhaps a printed military manual with the relevant instructions.)
 * Assuming that there's any truth to it, a firing squad member might derive a sense of relative lack of guilt from the fact that he "didn't know it was loaded," i.e. from the modest probability that he'd be issued the gun with the blank. That's what *all* of the shooters have in the way of easing their conscience. 2603:7000:8100:3600:FCEA:B338:C4E2:5F5C (talk) 14:07, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

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Johann Ofner
I have removed the mention of the death of stuntman Johann Ofner and added a commented out note not to put it in until the cause is known. This article is about blanks but the entry claimed the prop gun had been loaded with live ammunition. In any case the cited reference did not support this statement. 167.123.240.35 (talk) 23:38, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I think you've mis-read the source.   See also: From what I've read about blank-firing guns, they would need to be modified to handle actual bullets. As with the shooting of Brandon Lee, it doesn't take a bullet for a gunshot to be fatal. Unless there's any further doubt, the entry looks appropriate. Felsic2 (talk) 01:49, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I didn't misread the source, but the entry in this article said "The firearm used was meant to contain a blank but instead was loaded with live ammunition" which was not supported by the source. Even if it was true then it doesn't belong in this article. 167.123.240.35 (talk) 04:24, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, the article said that, but not the source. I've restored the material without the offending sentence. If autopsy results show that a bullet was in the cartridge then we can delete the entry. But for the time being, the sources as simply saying he was killed by a blank. Felsic2 (talk) 22:09, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

Halyna Hutchins death
Some sources (such as Indiewire) are indicating that a live round may have in fact been in the prop weapon at the time. Should the article be edited to discuss this, remove the suggestion that it was a blank, or at least point out that the investigation is still on-going? TubularWorld (talk) 17:01, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

 * There are undoubtedly quite a few "I thought it was a blank" tragedies that could be referenced. They're relevant to the issue of firearm safety, closely related to countless cases of "I didn't know it was loaded." IMO they all merit little more than a mention in passing in this article.
 * The Hutchins case also may involve a gun modified to have a hair trigger - a very poor (and arguably negligent) choice for a "prop" gun. 2603:7000:8100:3600:FCEA:B338:C4E2:5F5C (talk) 14:21, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blank (cartridge)


text: User talk:61.95.178.31

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:61.95.178.31


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Ivo Vojnović

Ivo Vojnović (9 October 1857 – 30 August 1929) was a writer from Dubrovnik.

Biography
Vojnović was born in Dubrovnik as the first son of Count Konstantin Vojnović (1832–1903) and Maria de Serragli (1836–1922) on 9 October 1857 in Dubrovnik, the Habsburg monarchy. He was a member of the Serbian noble House of Vojnović through his father. His mother was of noble Florentine descent. The city of his birth and its history had an important influence on his later literary work. Most of his childhood however he spent in Split. He had a famous younger brother Lujo Vojnović, who would later play an important political and cultural role in the late 19th- and 20th-century Dalmatia and Montenegro.

As a young man he moved to Zagreb with his family, where he graduated from the University of Zagreb Faculty of Law in 1879. Until 1884 he served as a trainee of the Royal Court Table in Zagreb. After that he continued his judicial career in Križevci (1884–1889), Bjelovar (1889), Zadar (1889–1891).

In 1893, Vojnović wrote a short play Gundulićev san (lit. Gundulić's Dream) that was published in Dubrovnik at the time of the unveiling of the Gundulić monument, which explicitly advocated a unity of Croats and Serbs in Dubrovnik.

In 1899, he obtained employment at the court in Dubrovnik, then moved to Supetar on the island of Brač, then to Zadar, and again to Supetar. His career in the judiciary ended in 1907, when he was fired from the office in Supetar because of financial wrongdoing, and stripped of pension rights.

In 1907, he became the dramaturg at the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb. At this time, Vojnović's pro-Serbian ideas were apparent from his work, in which he enthusiastically supported the unification of South Slavs under Serbia.

Prior to the Balkan Wars, Vojnović wrote plays that showed great pride in his origins, however, that would not augur well during World War I when war broke out between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.

In 1911, travelled to Italy, Prague, Budapest, Belgrade. In his 1912 visit to Belgrade he publicly claimed he had Serbian noble descent. In 1914, he went back to Dubrovnik where the Austrian-Hungarian government imprisoned him in a Šibenik jail under charges of being a Yugoslavian nationalist. After four months, on Christmas Eve 1914 he was relocated to a prison near Linz, Austria. He was detained without trial for three years by his Austrian captors. In 1917 he was finally transferred to the Sisters of Mercy Hospital in Zagreb. There, unsuccessful attempts were made to cure some severe eye ailments that he had contracted while being incarcerated.

After World War I ended, in 1919 he moved to France, where he mostly lived in Nice until 1922, when he moved back to Dubrovnik.

Because of his claims of being a nobleman, and because of his unrestrained Yugoslavism, by 1924 Miroslav Krleža had engaged in a public feud with him, calling him a fake count and a drama dilettante.

In 1928, Vojnović's eye problems became acute, threatened with blindness, and in ill health, he went to Serbia to be treated in a sanatorium in Krunska street, Vračar, Belgrade. He died there in 1929. He was buried in Dubrovnik.

Works
Vojnović entered literature in 1880 when August Šenoa's Vienac published his short story "Geranijum" under the pseudonym Sergej P. Matica hrvatska under the leadership of Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski published his novels Perom i olovkom in (1884) and Ksanta (1888) under the same pseudonym. Vojnović was the author of dramas of naturalistic cut, inspired by the literary and patriotic traditions of the Republic of Dubrovnik. He is known for his Dubrovačka trilogija (Zagreb, 1902), which was later translated into English and published in Graz in 1922 under the title of "Dubrovnik Trilogy". The book describes the fall of the Dubrovnik Republic. His other works include: Death of the Mother of the Jugović (1906) and Resurrection of Lazarus (1913). He is the author of psychological dramas such as: Lady of the Sunflower (1912; filmed in 1918 by Michael Curtiz), and of pieces such as: Dance of Masks in the Attic (1922), which reflect the influence of Luigi Pirandello on Vojnović. His play Equinox (Ekvinocij, 1898) was in 1942 put to opera with the same title by the Slovene composer Marjan Kozina.

Legacy
The ethnicity and nationality of Ivo Vojnović is a disputed matter. His brother Lujo Vojnović had actively taken part in the Serb Catholic movement in 19th century Dubrovnik, unlike Ivo.

In 1921, Serbian literary critic Jovan Skerlić wrote: "Ivo Vojnović is one of those writers who are in the middle of two literatures and one language, between Serbian and Croatian. He started his work exclusively in Croatian literature, but in time proceeded towards Serbian motif and began writing for the Serbian literary public as well."

In 2005, Serbian literature professor Dušan Ivanić listed Ivo Vojnović in an anthology of Serb writers from Croatia, which prompted protests in Croatia.

In 2010, the National and University Library in Zagreb and the Dubrovnik branch of Matica hrvatska published the combined letters of Ivo Vojnović, in three volumes, collected by Tihomil Maštrović and edited by Luko Paljetak. His letters were interesting for their sheer volume—over 1,700 pages—the number of languages Vojnović had used, and some personal peculiarities that led to him being called a dandy.

title: Ivo Vojnović


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Wikipedia:Today's second feature/August 21, 2005

Today's featured picture

The heliosphere is a bubble in space produced by the solar wind, the stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. At some distance not exactly known, far beyond the orbit of Pluto, this supersonic wind slows down to meet the gases in the interstellar medium, producing several shock boundaries. This diagram shows the position of Voyager 1 as it crossed the termination shock and entered the heliosheath at a distance of 94 AU some time around December 2004.

Illustration credit: NASA


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Eastville Stadium

Eastville Stadium, also known as Bristol Stadium and Bristol Stadium – Eastville, was a stadium in Eastville, a northern suburb of the English city of Bristol.

Constructed in 1897, it was the home of Bristol Rovers F.C., the Bristol Bulldogs speedway team and was also a greyhound racing venue. During 1986 it was also the home of the short-lived Bristol Bombers American football team.

History
Rovers played their home games at Eastville (nicknamed "The Ville") until forced to leave by financial difficulties in 1986. Rovers then spent a decade at Twerton Park in Bath before returning to the city to play at the Memorial Stadium where they remain to this day. The record attendance was 39,462.

Bristol Rovers have never played in the top flight of English football. The highest level of football which Eastville Stadium hosted was in the Football League Second Division.

Built near to a gas holder, the constant smell of town gas in the air gave rise to the name used for Bristol Rovers fans of "The Gas" or "Gasheads". The nickname "The Gas" began as a derogatory nickname used by Bristol City fans, however Rovers fans now refer to themselves as Gasheads as a badge of honour. The number 12 squad shirt has been officially allocated to "Gasheads" by the club in honour of the crowd being the 12th man.

Another unique feature of Eastville was the flower beds behind each goal.

Tote End
The Tote End or simply the Tote was a large section of covered terracing behind one of the goals. Originally built in 1935, the Tote End terrace was built following the curve of the greyhound racing track. It had a small covered section in the South-West corner.

The Totaliser clocks mounted first on the back of the terrace and then after a larger roof was added in 1961 to cover most of the terrace, on the roof fascia, gave it its name.

With a boisterous and intimidating atmosphere, largely due to it being a favoured spot for the more vociferous Rovers supporters, and given the nature of football in Britain in the 1970s, it became notoriously linked with bovver boys and hooliganism – a period documented by the book Bovver by Chris Brown.

Shortly after Rovers left Eastville in 1986, the Tote End was bulldozed.

Speedway
In 1977 the Newport Wasps speedway team relocated to Bristol as the Bristol Bulldogs and remarkably the speedway track was placed on top of the greyhound circuit and then dug up again every meeting. The speedway only ran for two seasons in the British League before the team withdrew, and speedway has never been run in the city since.

Opening
Racing started on Saturday 16 June 1928 becoming the second track in Bristol to open after Knowle Stadium. The first ever winner was a greyhound called Vivacious who collected £20 for his connections.

History
The totalisator system was introduced in 1932 securing the future of the stadium, this was in contrast to the football club who were in financial difficulties. During 1939 Bristol Rovers F.C negotiated a sale price to the Bristol Greyhound Company, albeit by the chairman, who carried out the deal without the knowledge of his fellow directors. Eastville changed hands for £12,000 and the first General Manager was Lieutenant-Colonel Forsdike who was to become secretary of the National Greyhound Racing Club.

The Golden Crest competition was introduced in 1937 and became one of the most important races in the provincial calendar. In 1945 Shannon Shore recorded an impressive win by ten lengths in a new track record for 500 yards; the black dog was timed at 28.76secs during the Golden Crest final. A second major competition was introduced in 1946 and this was the Western Two Year Old Produce Stakes.

In 1947 Oxford Stadium owner Leslie Calcutt was appointed as Director of Bristol Greyhound Racing Association Ltd, a move that would eventually result in Bristol taking over Oxford. The company also acquired Swindon Stadium in 1952 and would be known as Bristol Stadium Ltd following the death of Leslie Calcutt.

Eastville became one of the first circuits to abandon grass in 1968, becoming sand based, many tracks would follow suit over the next decade. After selling Oxford Stadium to the council Ian Stevens became General Manager at Eastville in 1975 and in 1980 the track became one of eight tracks to be awarded Bookmakers Afternoon Greyhound Service (BAGS) contracts resulting in a steady income stream. The track suffered a serious fire in August 1980 with the majority of the south stand destroyed causing more than £1 million worth of damage. As a result of the fire the track closed for two months for repairs to be made.

When trainer Henry Kibble retired his son Terry took over the kennels and provided Eastville with its first English Greyhound Derby finalist in 1991 with Dempsey Duke. The greyhound also won the Blue Riband, East Anglian Derby and Reading Masters.

Closure
The company now known as the BS Group sold Eastville for development, plans were announced for a new Bristol greyhound stadium but never came to fruition. The stadium closed on 27 October 1997 with the entire greyhound operation moving to sister track Swindon. The site became an IKEA superstore.

Competitions

 * Western Two Year Old Produce Stakes
 * Golden Crest

Track records
Pre-metric Post-metric

Important dates

 * 1897 – Bristol Rovers first appearance at Eastville
 * 1921 – Bristol Rovers purchase the stadium.
 * 1924 – The mostly wooden south stand was built.
 * 1935 – The Tote End was constructed.
 * 1940 – The stadium is sold to the Bristol Greyhound Company.
 * 1952 – First Commentary Broadcast to the Bristol Hospitals by the Bristol Hospital Broadcasting Service. 23 August v Shrewsbury Town: Rovers won 2–1.
 * 1959 – The North Stand opened, and floodlights installed.
 * 1960 – Highest recorded attendance for a Rovers match. 38,472 v Preston North End in the FA Cup 4th Round, 30 January.
 * 1961 – A roof and new terracing installed at the Tote End.
 * 1969 – M32 motorway opened.
 * 1977 – Motorcycle speedway introduced to the ground.
 * 1980 – South Stand fire in August.
 * 1986 – Bristol Rovers play their last game at Eastville.
 * 1997 – Last Greyhound meeting
 * 1998 – Eastville stadium demolished.

title: Eastville Stadium


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John "Julius" Knight

John "Julius" Knight, sometimes known as JJK, is an American house music producer, remixer and DJ.

Born in New York City, Knight which started DJing in clubs in NY and Boston, before releasing his first EP, Knighttime Funk, in 1996 on Marc Pomeroy's Soulfuric Trax. Knight worked with Pomeroy and Pomeroy's partner, Brian Tappert in a cover of the Stevie Wonder song "All I Do", released under the name Cleptomaniacs with vocals by Bryan Chambers, which reached the UK Top 40.

Currently, JJK is a resident DJ in various clubs in Miami, and continues to release works on established labels such as Soulfuric and Defected Records.

title: John "Julius" Knight


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Shortland Islands

The Shortland Islands is an archipelago of Western Province, Solomon Islands, at -6.92°N, 155.88°W. The island group lies in the extreme north-west of the country's territory, close to the south-east edge of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea.

The largest island in the archipelago is Shortland Island (originally called Alu). With smaller offshore islands such as Gharomai (to the southwest), Balalae (to the northeast) and Magusaiai, Faisi, Pirumeri and Poporang (all to the southeast), it forms the Inner Shortlands Ward of the Western Province. The remaining islands comprise the Outer Shortlands Ward and consist of two groups; the Treasury Islands to the southwest of Shortland Island consists mainly of Mono Island and the smaller Stirling Island; the other group, which lies to the northeast of Shortland Island, consists of Fauro Island and smaller islands grouped around it - including Masamasa and Piru Islands to the east, Rohae Island to the south, Mania Island to the southwest, Asie Island to the west, Ovau Island to the northwest and Oema Island to the north.

Early European involvement
The island group, and the largest island, were named by Royal Navy officer John Shortland in 1788. Shortland was the naval commander of a 1777–79 voyage by the First Fleet to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay, Australia.

Germany later claimed the islands and owned them as part of the North Solomon Islands Protectorate until 1900.

World War II
On March 30, 1942, Japanese war ships entered Shortland Harbor and landed two special naval landing force platoons and met no resistance. One platoon remained in the area to begin establishing Shortland Harbor Seaplane Base. They established the base, seaplane moorings and fortifications in Tuha Channel and the adjoining land on the southeastern portion of Shortland Island, on Faisi and on the northern portion of Poporang.

On the night of 29–30 June 1943, USS Montpelier (CL-57) and three other cruisers bombarded Poporang Island in preparation for the invasion of New Georgia. The Allies considered invading the seaplane base in August 1943, but chose instead to bypass the Shortlands for Bougainville and the Treasury Islands, leaving the Shortlands under Japanese control until the war's end. On 1 November 1943, Montpelier shelled the Japanese defenses on Poporang and Balalae.

On 8 January 1944, an Allied force of two light cruisers and five destroyers bombarded the installations on Faisi, Poporang, and Shortland Island. In March 1944, planes from the USAAF's 70th Fighter Squadron used reconnaissance photographs taken by the 17th Reconnaissance Squadron to strike the seaplane base, claiming eight float planes and an IJN destroyer. On 20 May 1944, Montpelier received light damage from return fire when she and two other light cruisers, along with eight destroyers, bombarded shore installations on Shortland, Poporang, and Magusaiai Islands. On 1 October 1944, the US Navy's Special Air Task Force (SATFOR) launched four TDR drones on antiaircraft gun positions on Poporang and Balalae.

title: Shortland Islands


text:
Gilles Marchal

Gilles Marchal (2 September 1944 – 11 April 2013), born Gilles Pastre, was a French songwriter and singer who reached the height of his career during the 1970s.

Life
Discovered by Georges Chatelain, his producer, who signed (with Jack Robinson as a co-producer) a contract with Disc' AZ and Lucien Morisse, who was then the program director at Europe 1. Most of his repertoire was original, but at the beginning of his career he performed a few interesting covers of songs by Lee Hazlewood and Fred Neil. "Summer Wine", for example, which Lee Hazlewood originally sang with Nancy Sinatra, was covered by Marchal in 1969 in a duet with Martine Habib, a young singer whom he met at CBE Studios and whose voice is reminiscent of Joan Baez. Marchal also chose to interpret the song in English; a French translation appeared this same year ("Le vin de l'été" by Marie Laforêt and Gérard Klein). One of Marchal's greater successes, "Un étranger dans la ville", is a version of "Everybody's Talkin'" by Fred Neil. (Harry Nilsson sang the original version for the credits of John Schlesinger's film Midnight Cowboy.)

Marchal also sang "Je suis né sous une étoile filante" (a Lerner and Loewe song translated to French by Mr. Vidalin) and "Buddy River" (a Lee Hazlewood song translated by Vline Buggy and Yves Dessca). The success of these two singles during the summer of 1970 propelled Marchal to the front of the French music scene and to first place in the hit parade. In 1971, "Liberté" by Charles Orieux and Jean-max Riviere was also an immense success for him reaching No.5 in the French charts on 25 March 1972.

Marchal has written several songs, both solo ("Nous vivrons tous les trois", "Ne pleure pas ma mie") or with his friends and producers at CBE, George Chatelain and Bernard Estardy ("Dieu qu'elle était belle", "Quand je te regarde vivre").

In the 1970s and 1980s, Marchal continued to record. Little by little, he gave up his "cowboy" persona in favor of the "new man". In homage to the Paris area, he sang the anthem "Les prénoms de l'Ile de France" (words by Claude Lemesle) in 1977. The following year, he released an album at Sonopresse containing his own words and music. Songs such as "Drôle de vie" were a great success both in France and abroad, as well as "C'était en France" and lighter songs like "Miss Pharmago" and "C'est pas la Chine". In 1985, Marchal recorded a 45 of "Celine" (by Vline Buggy, Hugues Aufray and Mort Shuman); the B side featured "Les maisons sans visage", with music by Marchal and lyrics by Vline Buggy.

Gilles Marchal retired from show business in 1985. He died on 11 April 2013.

Albums

 * Comme un étranger dans la ville (1971)
 * FACE A
 * Je ne suis qu'un pauvre homme
 * Pas de bois pour me réchauffer les doigts
 * Dieu qu'elle était belle
 * Comme un étranger dans la ville
 * Nous vivrons tous les trois
 * Summer wine (avec Martine Habib)
 * FACE B
 * Window seat (avec Martine Habib)
 * Quand je te regarde vivre
 * Ne pleure pas ma mie
 * Valse à quatre patte
 * L'étoile filante
 * Pauvre Buddy River
 * Clémentine Pépin (1974)
 * FACE A
 * Clémentine Pépin
 * Tout à apprendre, tout à oublier
 * On a volé la Tour Eiffel
 * L'amour va plus vite qu'un coureur à pied
 * Liz et Richard
 * La planète des rêves'
 * FACE B
 * I love you
 * Va dire à tes parents
 * Le jour de ta fête
 * L'amour en retard
 * Pardonnez Mad'moiselle
 * Elle'
 * Drôle de vie (1978)
 * FACE A
 * L'amour muet
 * La moitié du parcours
 * Le courage
 * D'appartement
 * C'est pas la Chine
 * A ma mère
 * FACE B
 * C'était en France
 * Papa, Maman, etc.
 * Miss Pharmago
 * Les roses
 * Drôle de vie

EPs

 * 1967, Le père Noël est mort / Vierge Marie / Sans rancune / Il a beau passer
 * 1968, Le chanteur d'amour / Trou la la ou ti / Je me passe de vous / C'est normal mais pas évident

Singles

 * 1968, Dieu qu'elle était belle / Ne pleure pas ma mie
 * 1968, Summer wine / Ma belle
 * 1968, La valse à quatre pattes / Où es-tu donc passée (l'autoroute)
 * 1969, Comme un étranger dans la ville / Nous vivrons tous les trois
 * 1969, Where do people go (chanson du film Trop petit mon ami) / Window Seat
 * 1970, L'étoile filante / Quand je te regarde vivre
 * 1970, Pauvre Buddy River / Je m'en vais dans un avion
 * 1970, Cry no more Maria / Ne pleure pas ma mie
 * 1971, Liberté / Les rues de la ville
 * 1971, Non non-personne / Mardi
 * 1971, Je ne suis qu'un pauvre homme / Pas de bois pour me réchauffer les doigts
 * 1971, La ballata di Buddy river (Pauvre Buddy river) / Noi vivremo per lui (Nous vivrons tous les trois)
 * 1972, Un cow-boy n'est jamais tranquille / L'été à fleur de peau
 * 1972, En 89 / Quand tu parleras au diable
 * 1973, Un homme libre (chanson du film Un homme libre) / conscience
 * 1973, Si je t'avais rêvée / Jocelyne
 * 1973, Elle / L'amour en retard
 * 1974, Août à l'Opéra / La martienne
 * 1976, On n'refait pas le monde avec une chanson / Maurice et fils
 * 1977, Jeanne est là / Tu es le centre du monde
 * 1977, Tu devrais chanter / Tu es le centre du monde
 * 1978, Drôle de vie / Miss Pharmago
 * 1978, Les prénoms de l'Ile de France / Version instrumentale
 * 1979, Marteau disco / C'est pas la Chine
 * 1980, Ils ont perdu leur chanteur / Les clés sous la porte
 * 1982, Je t'aime trop / L'amitié
 * 1985, Céline / Les maisons sans visages

title: Gilles Marchal


text:
Maria Occhipinti

Maria Occhipinti (1921–1996) was an Italian anarcha-feminist. She became known as "an emblem Sicilian women’s protest" in the mid-forties, as in 1945 she was involved in an anti-draft revolt in Ragusa, Sicily. She became known through her book Una donna di Ragusa (A Woman from Ragusa), published in 1957, although unnoticed until 1976, when a second edition was released. She died in August 1996.

Early life
Maria Occhipinti was born to Giorgio and Concetta Sgarioto in Ragusa, Sicily on July 29, 1921. She attended three years of school before dropping out to train as a seamstress. Occhipinti married at age 17, and her husband went into war shortly after their marriage.

Politics and activism
When her husband went off to war, Occhipinti, described as restless and curious by nature, regained an interest in education and began to teach herself. She began reading, and noted that Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables "opened her eyes to the lot of the disinherited." Controversy arose when she joined her local Camera del Lavoro (in English, the Chamber of Labour) and the Italian Communist Party, but she refused to back down merely because she was a woman. Despite the original scandal, Occhipinti managed to bring other women into labor organizing. Among other things, the Chamber of Labour organized women against high living costs and unpaid debts to families of men that were sent to war.

In 1943, the second World War was largely over for most Italians, and men sent into battle had returned to their homes and families. In December 1944, though, draft cards began to arrive, asking men take part in "the reconstruction of the Italian army," as ordered by the Bonomi government. They had decided to redraft Italian workers to fight against the Germans. Many Italians, having already fought for years, did not want to return to battle. Women, including Maria Occhipinti, played a large role in anti-draft protests. Discussions of the draft, and of dodging it, became commonplace in Ragusa. “We’re not cannon-fodder!” became a common cry of those protesting. Occhipinti frequently participated in these cries and suggested ways of avoiding the draft.

Maria Occhipinti was 23 years old and five months pregnant in the beginning of 1945. She lived with her husband, parents, and sisters in the most populated area of Ragusa. In the morning of January 4, local women called upon her from the street outside: “make yourself heard and have courage. Come and see the big truck ferrying away our children!" A large army truck arrived in Ragusa, and artisans who had been working were being taken into it. Some civilians had approached the drivers and asked them to stop, and Occhipinti joined them, attempting to convince the drivers to release the men and leave. After continued refusal from the drivers and guards, Occhipinti laid herself in front of the truck's wheels, saying “you can kill me, but you shall not pass.”  As more and more people crowded the truck, the authorities let the drafted men go. Others have claimed it was Occhipinti's obstruction of the army truck that gave the men time to escape.

The following day, a rebel asked an officer why redrafting was occurring when many of the men had only recently returned from war. In response, the officer threw a grenade at the rebel, killing him. After this death, a riot broke out in protest of the drafts and the murder of the rebel. After three days of rebellion, the military had quelled the rebels and taken over the city. Franco Leggio, an organizer directly involved in the three-day revolt, said Occhipinti diving in front of the truck was the original catalyst.

Once the military had suppressed the rebels, leaders of the rebellion, including revolutionary communist Erasmo Santangelo and Maria Occhipinti, were arrested and incarcerated.

Erasmo Santangelo was found hanged in his cell.

Incarceration
Though she was a communist, the party abandoned her when she was imprisoned in favor of the state. At first, she was confined in Ustica, where her daughter Maria Lenina, also known as Marilena, was born. Occhipinti and her newborn were transferred to the Benedictine prison in Palermo. Maria Lenina spent the first months of her life in prison, and her mother served almost two years.

Life after prison
When Occhipinti returned to Ragusa after her incarceration, the local communist party had disowned her. The party saw the 1945 revolts as reactionary. The anarchists of Ragusa, though, offered Occhipinti "solidarity and friendship." The "political and human solace" Occhipinti found in the anarchists followed her for the rest of her life, and she participated in libertarian political activity for many years. Occhipinti began writing for an anarchist press and her politics became staunchly anti-authoritarian. She participated in actions against poverty, as well as physical, psychological, and moral slavery, especially that of women.

Starting in the 1960s, Occhipinti began to travel, visiting Morocco, Paris, London, Canada, and more. She continued to travel for over 25 years, to Naples, Sanremo, Rome, Switzerland, and the United States. In France, she spoke with other political thinkers, notably Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone De Beauvoir. Occhipinti's daughter accompanied her in her travels, and decided to stay in Canada when she was 18.

In 1973, Occhipinti returned to Italy and settled in Rome. She maintained her ties to the anarchist movement and also integrated into feminist movements, adopting pacifist and anti-militarist ideas. She joined the league for unilateral disarmament later in the 1970s. In 1979, she fought against the adoption of agricultural land for industrial use in Ragusa. Even later in life, she participated in anti-militarist actions, speaking publicly in 1987 against US missile bases and war in Comiso and opposing installation of nuclear missiles there. She died in Rome on August 20, 1996, from complications of Parkinson's disease.

Book
In 1957, Maria Occhipinti published Una donna di Ragusa, or A Woman from Ragusa, an autobiographical book surrounding her involvement in the 1945 Ragusa revolts. A second edition was published in 1976 by Feltrinelli, after which it received increased attention, winning the Brancati Award.

Overall, Una donna di Ragusa had three editions published in Italy, one in France, two in Sweden, and additional serialisations in different countries. One publication appeared in a July 1960 edition of Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir’s Les Temps Modernes.

Impact and legacy
At a 2011 anarchist May Day rally in Ragusa, a two-hour speech mentioned by name Maria Occhipinti and Franco Leggio as crucial representatives of anarchism in the Iblea region.

In 2013, Italian filmmaker Luca Scivoletto released a documentary on Maria Occhipinti, which first premiered on March 25th. The documentary is called Con Quella faccia di straniera - Il viaggio di Maria Occhipinti, which translates to "With Her Foreign Face - Maria Occhipinti's Voyage." The film lasts an hour and covers Occhipinti's early life and political activism, revisiting the places where the 1945 rebellion and her subsequent imprisonment occurred. The documentary was constructed with the help of historians, a previously conducted interview with Maria Occhipinti, and contributions from Occhipinti's family: her sister Rosina, her daughter Marilena, and her granddaughter Lorenza.

title: Maria Occhipinti


text:
Mount Victoria, New South Wales

Mount Victoria (postcode: 2786) is a village in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. Geographically, Mount Victoria is the westernmost village and suburb of Greater Sydney on the Great Western Highway in the City of Blue Mountains, located about 120 km west-northwest by road from the Sydney central business district and at an altitude of about 1052 m. At the 2021 Census, the settlement had a population of 945.

History
Mount Victoria is located on an escarpment plateau extension of Mount York, the site of a camp on the original Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson crossing of the Blue Mountains in 1813. The area was originally marked as One Tree Hill on an early map dating from 1834 by the Surveyor General, Sir Thomas Mitchell. This is why when the township was established in 1866 it was known as One Tree Hill.

After the road across the Blue Mountains was constructed a toll bar was opened about 1 km east from the present township in 1849 and the area was also known as Broughton's Waterhole Toll Bar. Coaches were charged at the toll according to how well sprung they were, ones without springs were not charged as it was believed they would help crush the road surface.

After the railway station, marking the termination of the Main Western railway line, was opened in 1868 the town also became known as Mount Victoria. The town's name was officially changed after the first Post Office was built in 1876.

By the late 19th century, the town had become a prosperous settlement and many private schools, including The School, Mount Victoria, were founded in the area, which become somewhat of a hill station retreat for wealthy Sydney families.

Heritage listings
Mount Victoria has a number of heritage-listed sites, including the following sites listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register:
 * Blue Mountains National Park: Blue Mountains walking tracks
 * Main Western railway: Mount Victoria railway station
 * Mount York Road (off): Cox's Road and Early Deviations - Mount York, Cox's Pass Precinct

The following site are listed on other heritage registers:
 * Mount Victoria Manor was built in 1876 and was the home of the Fairfax family for some years before being converted to a hotel.
 * Imperial Hotel: The Imperial Hotel was constructed in 1878 and is significant for being the only hotel in the Blue Mountains to trade continuously under its own name. The hotel closed in 2016 pending renovations.
 * St Peter's Anglican Church: Designed by architect David Macbeath and built of sandstone in 1874-1875 by contractor Alexander Armstrong, this is the oldest Christian Church in the Blue Mountains.
 * Toll House: Constructed in 1849 the Toll House is one of only two surviving toll houses in New South Wales, the second oldest building in the Blue Mountains and one of only two surviving pre 1850s cottages in the Blue Mountains.
 * Mount Victoria Post Office: A federation style building constructed in 1896-1897.
 * Gatekeeper's Cottage: Constructed in 1868 this is one of only six remaining of twelve original gatekeeper's cottages in the Blue Mountains.
 * Mount Victoria Public School: Completed in 1877 it is possibly the oldest public school in the Blue Mountains. The building is currently operating as a child care centre.

Asgard Swamp coal mine
To the north-east of Mount Victoria lies the Asgard Swamp area, now part of the Blue Mountains National Park. The area is the site of a coal mine that was developed in the nineteenth century, but which was ultimately unsuccessful. Six adits were driven into the coal seam by Walter Mackenzie and Thomas Garret, circa 1881. A coke oven was built and it was also proposed to build a tramline from Mount Victoria, but it is not known if this ever happened. The leases changed hands a few times over the years, but no work was done after 1908. Around the south and east edges of Asgard Swamp, there are the remains of huts used by the people who worked the mines.

Mount Victoria cemetery
Mount Victoria Cemetery, located one and a half kilometres south-east of the township, was established in 1881. Notable internees include John Berghofer, the builder of Berghofer's Pass at Mount York. (The pass, no longer used for vehicular traffic, has since been included in a network of walking tracks at Mount York. The Mount York area is now heritage-listed.)

Other internees include members of the Lanfranchi family, owners of Marthaville, a heritage-listed house on the Great Western Highway.

Present day
Today, Mount Victoria is a small township with a large number of historic buildings and a few attractions including the Post Office, a Hall which is used as a cinema, the Imperial Hotel, the Toll Keepers Cottage and a museum at the railway station.

The town is the starting point for many bushwalks and features several lookouts over the Kanimbla Valley including the lookout from Mount Piddington.

The railway station, along with Lithgow, is the terminus for the Blue Mountains Line. The town is located at the junction of the Great Western Highway and the Darling Causeway to Bell. Transport for NSW is researching a major upgrade to the Great Western Highway with the view to bypass the township and the steep Victoria Pass down to Little Hartley to the west.

Transport
Blue Mountains Transit operates one bus route through the suburb of Mount Victoria:

 * 698V: Katoomba to Mount Victoria

Population
At the 2021 Census, the population of Mount Victoria was 945. 75.8% of people were born in Australia and 88.8% of people spoke only English at home. The most common response for religion was No Religion at 56.3%.

title: Mount Victoria, New South Wales


text:
User:QuentinJuvisy

wikipedian profile

 * wikipédian since 5 april 2005(in french wiki)
 * Statuts : simple user

Contact Me
fr:Utilisateur:QuentinJuvisy de:Benutzer:QuentinJuvisy
 * Yahoo! Messenger : quent692003
 * Msn Messenger : gign_quent@hotmail.com
 * Mail : gign_quent(a)noos.fr
 * Talk
 * Talk English
 * Talk German
 * Talk French

My French Wikipédia

 * Ville
 * fr:Isbergues
 * Flore
 * fr:longane
 * fr:ramboutan
 * Stade
 * fr:Stade Félix Bollaert
 * fr:Racing Club de Lens
 * Sport
 * fr:touch rugby
 * fr:Coupe Charles Drago

My English Wikipedia

 * Town

 * Sport
 * touch rugby

Mes liens

 * Site perso

Non corrigé ou relu
...

Pense bête
find new users

title: User:QuentinJuvisy


text:
JJK

JJK may refer to:

 * JJK Jyväskylä, a Finnish football team from the city of Jyväskylä
 * John "Julius" Knight, American musician
 * Jesper Kyd, Danish video game composer
 * Jacqueline "Jackie" Joyner-Kersee, American former heptathlon athlete
 * Jujutsu Kaisen, a Japanese manga series by Gege Akutami
 * Jeon Jungkook, the lead singer of K-pop group BTS

title: JJK


text:
User talk:QuentinJuvisy

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Soyez le bienvenu Lectonar 11:26, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Thanks for Welcoming
I try to translate my user page soon for english people

 * Si vous voulez, je pourrai le faire pour vous :) (non, ne me prenez pas au sérieux) Lectonar Parlez-moi!

 * Go ahead, and happy editing Lectonar

Concerning your question: There' only a slight difference between the 2:

touch rugby is derived from the rules of the rugby-union, whereas touch football is derived from the rules of the rugby league (don't ask m about the differences there :) ) Lectonar 07:33, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

ta question
Tiens, excuse-moi, mail il y a aussi une faute dans ton francais (celle avec le corriger= corrigé, et il me manque le texte en allemand....mais ca suffit maintenant, il ne faut pas conter les fautes, et je ne suis pas francais :)))) )...j'ai pas voulu t'y tirer, mais j'avais l'impression qu'il y a quelqu'un d'autre qui s'y mêle (c'est pour ca que j'ai utilisè cette question idiote)..... alors pour ta question: à la gauche, sous le titre 'navigation', il se trouve une rubrique 'recent changes' (Rc); si tu regardes la liste, tous les utilisateurs nouveaux sont en rouge, et s'ils n'ont pas recu de message, le talk auprès du nom de l'utilisateur est en rouge aussi.

Alors pour les saluer, tu vas au talk-page, et il faut utiliser le {{welcome}} template (je ne sais pas le mot francais) pour ceux qui ont un vrai nom, et le {{anon}} template pour les anonymes, tu signes et hop, voilà and: thanks for your support for my adminship; Sorry again ..et j'espère que mon francais te convient maintenant (ca fait au moins 6 ans que j'ai écrit quelque chose en francais) :))Lectonar 14:05, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

your welcoming works
As I see, your welcoming works; excuse-moi encore une fois, mais j'étais en conflit avec un autre utilisateur (celui que je nommias) et il y avait une coincidence perfide, mais on avait justement discuté la possibilité d'utiliser les contes des autres utilisateurs, et à ce moment précis c'était ton message qui arrivait...on se parle encore? Lectonar 11:05, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Touch Rugby
Thanks for your input on the touch rugby voting and especialy your translation of the french rules. I hope you dont mind I fixed up some of the English, which I hope didnt much up the article too much. I think it is important that the french and english versions be as close as possible to each other as possible. I hope we can work to make the future touch rugby article much better then it has been and also that it can be consistent accross languages. POds 16:35, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello i play touch rugby, i made the big part of the frenchy article(you can see in history :p) i like this sport. No problème for the mistakes i do in english i'm not biligual in english .I put some French club we have got more do i need to put them or did i do an article excially for touch rugby club in the world? by country(France etc...)?(I think we can start by the first) i try with the german or with nederlands wiki to make an article for the touch rugby Goldensun 07:15, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * We can just talk here, its easier to do so on one page. In reply, i think its best we get the touch rugby sorted out first. I know a lot of people are going to push for the FIT stuff to be taken out. I dont want to see that happen. If you know of any other europeans that play touch rugby on wikipedia, get them here to help us out so we can get the page moved and in the future prevent the page from splitting again, which i think is good to lessen any confusion. I'm not sure what you ment about the german page. Did you want to write an article about touch rugby in germany? I think it would be great to start getting some touch rugby pages specific to certain countries. What a great idea :). But first, touch rugby needs to be sorted out. If you know anyone who'd be interested in voting for our cause, get direct them to the talk page POds 16:04, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

RfA
Thanks for your support on my RfA...i'll try to be good and: fini de réflechir? Lectonar 11:02, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

the new touch rugby article

 * i see you restored the touch rugby article what can i cut from the touch football article to put on the touch rugby:
 * * the rules?
 * * explanation of the sport?

Please have a look at Talk:Touch football (rugby league) "One page good. Two pages better" and "Google" where POds Grant65 and I have been discussing this. I think we have come to an agreement that the  Touch football (rugby league) should be an article which concentrates on FIT while the Touch Rugby page shoud be kept as "a kind of extended disambiguation page".

So if you wish to explain the rules and the sport please make sure that they are general terms for all the forms of Touch Rugby and not a specific form. This is particularly true of FITs as it has its own page. Please see Talk:Touch_rugby. Philip Baird Shearer 12:31, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Help?
Donne-moi un peu de temps (jusqu'a demain aprés-midi peut-être, puisque c'est pas ma matière?) pour pouvoir lire tous les commentaires et talk-pages; je vais essayer de t'aider, puisqu'il me semble qu'il ny a qu'un mésentendu...Lectonar 10:42, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * J'ai contacté les 2 utilisateurs (PODS et PhilippBairdShearer), et ils vont continuer la discussion sur Talk:touch rugby; j'espère que ca va t'aider (et franchement, il se peut que la différence soit seulement basée sur le fait que les autres contributeurs vivent outre-mer). Et encore une petite question: ca va maintenant, mon francais? ;) Lectonar 12:35, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

email to the FIT
Hello i'm a french player, in my country our sport is calling touch rugby. I work on wikipedia did you know that encyclopedia. We have a problem to name our sport and of course to name the article: Touch rugby, touch football (rugby league).

The principal argument of the touch football (rugby league) is the sport created in australia and in australia you call that sport touch football

You can see the discution on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Touch_rugby for touch rugby http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Touch_football_%28rugby_league%29 for touch football (rugby league)

Can you help us please(sorry for my english) Quentin Goldensun 18:28, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Si je comprends tout ca bien, la page touch rugby essaie d'être celle qui géneralise toute information concernant le touch rugby, car il y a une multitude de règles partout le monde, et la page touch-football (rugby league) est celle qui explique les règles de la FIT; franchement, je ne vois pas de solution à ce point là; attendons le rèsultat de ton e-mail Lectonar 07:23, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ici, on commence par Requests for comment/Other avant de consulter un committée d'arbitrage, et il faut tenir compte du fait que Wikipedia n'est pas une démocracie (au moins au wiki anglais). Bonne chance. Lectonar 06:05, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

arigatou gozaimasu
that means thank you in japanese.

thank you for the welcome.

i understand that your native language is french. french is written in a script that is the same as that used in english, with a few minor accents. japanese, however, is made up of charicters that are non-Roman. do you know how i can insert them while i am using the english wikipedia?--Akako 22:42, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * as to your question: I haven't the faintest idea...je n'ai aucune idèe. Sorry. Lectonar 07:07, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Carlos (singer)
A tag has been placed on Carlos (singer) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on |the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. VivioFa teFan  (Talk, Sandbox) 12:46, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:QuentinJuvisy


text:
Irish passport

An Irish passport (pas Éireannach) is the passport issued to citizens of Ireland. An Irish passport enables the bearer to travel internationally and serves as evidence of Irish nationality and citizenship of the European Union. It also facilitates the access to consular assistance from both Irish embassies and any embassy from other European Union member states while abroad.

Irish passports are issued by the Passport Office, a division of the Department of Foreign Affairs. All Irish passports have been biometric since 2006. In 2015, the Irish government introduced the Passport Card, which enables Irish citizens who already possess a passport to travel throughout the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland. An Irish Passport Card is intended for travel and identification purposes and functions similarly to an EEA national identity card.

Both Irish passports and Irish passport cards allow Irish citizens to travel, live, and work without restriction in any country within the EEA, Switzerland and the Common Travel Area. Irish citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 193 countries and territories; the international access available to Irish citizens ranks third in the world according to the 2024 Visa Restrictions Index.

, Irish citizens are the only nationality in the world with the automatic right to live and work in both the European Union and the United Kingdom.

History
The Irish Free State was created in 1922 as a dominion of the British Commonwealth, modelled explicitly on the Dominion of Canada. At the time, dominion status was a limited form of independence and while the Free State Constitution referred to "citizens of the Irish Free State", the rights and obligations of such citizens were expressed to apply only "within the limits of the jurisdiction of the Irish Free State".

The Irish Free State first notified the UK Government that it proposed to issue its own passports in 1923. The Irish government initially proposed that the description they would give citizens in their passports would be "Citizen of the Irish Free State". According to a report from The Irish Times the first time that Irish passports were used was by the Irish delegation to the League of Nations in August 1923. The British Government objected to this. It insisted that the appropriate description was "British subject", because, inter alia, the Irish Free State was part of the British Commonwealth. The Irish government considered the British viewpoint. The Governor-General subsequently informed the British government that the description that would generally be used (with some exceptions) would be "Citizen of the Irish Free State and of the British Commonwealth of Nations". Without reaching agreement with the UK, the Irish government issued its first passports to the general public on 3 April 1924, using this description.

The British Government was not satisfied with this compromise. It instructed its consular and passport officers everywhere that Irish Free State passports were not to be recognised if the holder was not described in the passport as a "British subject". This led to considerable practical difficulty for Irish Free State citizens abroad, with many having to obtain British passports in addition to their Irish Free State passports. The British consular officers would also confiscate the Irish Free State passports, a practice the Irish authorities regarded as "very humiliating".

The stalemate as regards Irish passports continued until January 1930 when the Irish authorities reluctantly accepted a compromise formula originally suggested by the Irish Minister for External Affairs, Desmond Fitzgerald, in 1926. The Irish authorities issued a circular letter to British consular and passport authorities agreeing that Irish passports would be changed so that they were issued by the Minister for External Affairs in the name of the king using the king's full title; would describe the bearer as "one of His Majesty's subjects of the Irish Free State"; and if passports were issued to persons other than subjects of His Majesty, that fact would be stated. This formula settled the thorny issue.

In 1939, two years after the adoption of the Constitution of 1937, which formally renamed the state "Ireland", the Irish government decided to make significant changes to the form of Irish passports. As a courtesy, the Irish authorities notified the British authorities. In a memorandum dated 1 March 1939 entitled "The Form of Eire Passports", the British Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, Thomas W. H. Inskip, informed his government of developments which had recently taken place "regarding the form of passports issued by the Government of Eire".

In the memorandum, the Secretary of State reported that "hitherto [the passports] (which have not, I understand, been amended since 1936) have borne two indications of relationship to the British Commonwealth of Nations". These, the memorandum noted, were the reference to the king including his full title in the "request" page; and a front page, where underneath the words "Irish Free State" (in Irish, English and French) appear the words "British Commonwealth of Nations". The proposals notified by the Irish authorities included replacing the reference to "Irish Free State" with "Ireland"; amending the "request" page to drop reference to the king; and dropping the reference to the "British Commonwealth of Nations". The Secretary of State proposed that he reply to the Irish authorities in terms that "His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom greatly regrets the proposed elimination of the king's name from Éire passports; that in their view, the omission, when it comes to be known, is bound to create a bad impression in the UK and to widen the separation which Mr de Valera deplores between Éire and Northern Ireland".

The Secretary of State noted in his memorandum that to "say more than this might raise questions [relating to whether or not Ireland was still in the Commonwealth] which it was the object of the statement of the 30th December 1937, to avoid". This was a reference to the communique published by Downing Street noting the adoption of the Irish Constitution, stating that in their view Ireland continued to be part of the Commonwealth and affirming the position of Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom.

Ultimately, the Irish proceeded with their plans including that the term "Citizen of the Irish Free State and of the British Commonwealth of Nations" would be replaced with "Citizen of Ireland". This has remained the description up to present time, with current Irish passports describing the holder as a "citizen of Ireland" on the request page and giving the holder's nationality as "Éireannach/Irish" on the information page.

The evolution of the physical description of the passport utilised by Irish citizens from 3 April 1924 to 1 January 1985 (when the new European passports were introduced) was one of change. Prior to the first usage of an Irish passport in 1924, Irish citizens were issued with a 32-page British Passport, which had a navy blue hardcover with an embossed British coat of arms. Above the coat of arms the identifier "British Passport" was printed, while below the coat of arms the inscription "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" was printed. It also contained two cut-outs in the cover, which allowed the bearer's name and the passport number to be displayed. The first Irish passport, issued to the general public from 3 April 1924, contained a green hardcover with the Irish coat of arms, the harp, embossed in the centre. The passport was bilingual in Irish and English whereby, encircling the harp was the national inscription of Saorstát Éireann and "Irish Free State", while above the coat of arms the identifier "Pas" and "Passport" was printed. It also contained a cut-out for the bearer's name.

Following the enactment of the Irish constitution, the physical appearance of the Irish passport changed again. While it retained the green colour and the embossed harp at the centre, the number of languages on the cover changed to three, with French joining Irish and English. To the left of the harp, the national inscription "Éire", "Ireland", and "Irlande" was printed in a row, while to the right of the harp, the identifier "Pas", "Passport", and "Passeport" was printed. The 1970s saw a slight change to the document: while the national inscription was made bigger in the three languages, and moved to the top right corner, the identifier "passport" was also enlarged, and moved to the bottom left corner of the cover. On 23 June 1981, during the council meeting of the member states of the European Communities (now the European Union), a resolution was agreed to make all member state passports more uniform. This change, which included changing the colour of all member states passports to burgundy was to see the first European passports from 1 January 1985. However, only three member states (Denmark, Ireland, and Italy) had implemented this change on the specified date, with all other member states complying later. Irish citizens in possession of the old green Irish passports could still make use of their passports until they expired.

"Sale" of passports in 1988–1998
A 1988 scheme was designed to draw foreign investment into Ireland, described in a 1998 Seanad debate as the "Passports for investment scheme" Each had to invest $1,000,000 and live in Ireland for varying periods. The scheme was scrapped in 1998. Before long it was being described as the "sale" of passports in the media, but only 143 passports were passed on under the scheme. Notable applicants included some of the Getty family, Sheikh Khalid bin Mahfouz and Khalid Sabih Masri. Masri had lent IR£1,100,000 to the pet food company of Taoiseach Albert Reynolds.

Another was Norman Turner from Manchester, whose proposed investment was to build a casino in Dublin's Phoenix Park. Turner had entertained Bertie Ahern and had paid £10,000 in cash to his party, and received his passport later in 1994. The matter was revealed during the Mahon Tribunal hearings in 2008; Mr Ahern commented that Mr Turner had an Irish mother, and that in 2007 some 7,000 other passport applications were assisted in some way by politicians.

The 2006 Moriarty Tribunal report covered the grant of passports to a Mr Fustok and some of his friends. Mr Fustok had previously bought a yearling horse from Taoiseach Charles Haughey for IR£50,000. The tribunal considered that "The explanation advanced for the payment, namely that it was in consideration for the purchase of a yearling, is highly unconvincing and improbable".

Passport-granting officials have also sold passports illegally, notably Kevin McDonald while working in London, who had sold "hundreds" of passports to criminals for up to £15,000 each in the 1980s, grossing $400,000. McDonald was prosecuted in 1989 and was sentenced to 21 months in jail.

Increased demand following Brexit
After the UK's Brexit referendum on 23 June 2016, tens of thousands of Britons as well as many residents in Northern Ireland, applied for an Irish Passport.

Senator Neale Richmond, chairman of the Brexit Committee in the Seanad, described in October 2018 the fast growth in the number of Irish passport applications received from the United Kingdom since the Brexit vote. There were 46,229 applications in 2015, the year before the referendum, "consistent with the annual average up to then". In 2016, the year of the Brexit vote, 63,453 applications were received, and there were 80,752 applications in 2017. In first half of 2018, the number was already at 44,962 applications. Richmond stated that "Embassy officials predict that based on this, 2018 will be the busiest year so far for Irish passport applications in the UK".

98,544 applications for Irish passports were received from Great Britain in 2018, an increase of 22% on the previous year. The number of applications from Northern Ireland increased by 2% to 84,855.

Physical appearance
Irish passport booklets use the standard European Union design, with a machine-readable identity page and 32 or 66 visa pages. The cover bears the harp, the national symbol of Ireland. The words on the cover are in both of Ireland's official languages, Irish and English. The top of the cover page reads An tAontas Eorpach and the equivalent in English, European Union. Just above the harp are the words Éire and its equivalent in English, Ireland. The identity page on older Irish passport booklets was on the back cover of the booklet. Newly issued passport booklets have been redesigned with additional security features. The identity page is now a plastic card attached between the front cover and the first paper page (the "Observations" page).

The ePassport or biometric passport, was launched on 16 October 2006 with the first ePassports presented that day by the minister for foreign affairs.

 * Photo of passport holder, printed in greyscale.
 * Type (P)
 * Country (IRL)
 * Passport number
 * 1. Surname
 * 2. Forename(s)
 * 3. Nationality (Éireannach/Irish)
 * 4. Date of Birth
 * 5. Sex
 * 6. Place of birth (county of birth if born on the island of Ireland (all 32 counties), 3 letter country code of country of birth if born elsewhere.)
 * 7. Date of issue
 * 8. Date of expiry
 * 9. Authority
 * 10. Signature

The information page ends with the machine readable zone starting with P<IRL.

Request page
Irish passport booklets contain a note on the inside cover which states:

In Irish:

 * Iarrann Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha agus Trádála na hÉireann ar gach n-aon lena mbaineann ligean dá shealbhóir seo, saoránach d'Éirinn, gabháil ar aghaidh gan bhac gan chosc agus gach cúnamh agus caomhnú is gá a thabhairt don sealbhóir.

In English:

 * The Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade of Ireland requests all whom it may concern to allow the bearer, a citizen of Ireland, to pass freely and without hindrance and to afford the bearer all necessary assistance and protection.

Formerly, the request was also made in French, but this has been discontinued as newer versions of the passport were introduced.

Languages
The data page/information page is printed in Irish, English and French. Each detail includes a reference number (e.g. "1 SLOINNE/SURNAME/NOM"). This reference number can be used to look up translations into any other EU language, as all EU passports share a standard text layout.

Security features
The latest Irish passport booklets have security features designed to make them difficult to forge or be mistaken as forgeries. They have also been optimised for machine reading.

The identity page of the passport booklet has been moved to the front of the passport and is now printed on a plastic card. This allows easier machine reading of the passport, as the official has to spend less time finding the identity page in the passport. The top-right corner of the passport booklet contains the biometric chip, which contains a copy of the information contained on the identity page, and a facial scan of the holder. To prevent unauthorised parties remotely accessing the information stored in the RFID biometric chip, the machine readable zone of the identity page must be scanned to unlock it. This safeguard is known as Basic Access Control.

The title of the identity page "Éire/Ireland/Irlande" "Pas/Passport/Passeport" is printed in colour-changing ink, which varies from light green to gold-red, depending on the angle of the light shining on it. The background of the identity page is a complex celtic design, with the words "Éire Ireland" occasionally woven into the design.

The identity picture is now greyscale, and is digitally printed onto the surface of the page, rather than the actual photos sent by the applicant being pasted onto the page. The Irish harp is superimposed as a hologram onto the bottom right corner of the photograph. The words "Éire Ireland" are embossed several times into either side of the identity page. This embossing partially covers the photograph as an added security measure. A likeness of the photograph of the applicant is pin-punched into the surface of the identity page, and can be viewed when the identity page is held to light.

Under UV light, fluorescing fibres are visible on every page except the data page. The first sentence of Article 2 of the Irish constitution is visible under UV light and is printed in both Irish and English on alternate pages. The 2013 version of the passport also reveal a topographical map of Ireland on the observations page. Later pages include such landmarks as the Cliffs of Moher, the Samuel Beckett Bridge and the Aviva Stadium; there are excerpts from poems in Irish (by Nuala Ni Dhomhnaill), English (by William Butler Yeats) and Ulster Scots (by James Orr) and from the score of the national anthem,.

Passport Card
A credit card-sized Passport Card was introduced on 5 October 2015. It was originally announced as being available in mid-July 2015 but was subsequently delayed. It conforms to international standards for biometric and machine readable travel documents promulgated by ICAO.

Unlike the United States Passport Card, which cannot be used for international air travel or for land and sea travel outside North America, the Irish passport card can be used for air travel and throughout the European Economic Area and Switzerland and some non-EEA countries such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Kosovo, Montserrat (max. 14 days in transit to a third country), Serbia, and the United Kingdom. However, at introduction, it was only publicised as having been approved for entry and exit by countries in the EEA. A few days afterwards it was confirmed that Switzerland had given its approval.

The Irish Passport Card is a passport in card format and is intended to be usable as a travel document in most European countries, in a similar way to national identity cards elsewhere in the EEA or the Russian internal passport with respect to travel to some countries and autonomous territories within the former USSR. It is largely treated in the same way as an identity card in several other EU countries, since that is what their laws call such cards. However, the IATA Timatic database used by airlines to find out document requirements lists the passport card as a separate document type. The card uses the designation "IP" in its machine readable zone (MRZ) (the "I" means identity card and the "P" is without meaning in the MRZ standard). Although ICAO began preparatory work on machine readable passport cards as early as 1968, Ireland was the first country to issue one for air travel and the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Charles Flanagan, highlighted the novelty and utility of Ireland's Passport Card at its 2015 introduction.

The card costs €35, with a €10 discount if applied for at the same time as a passport book, and is valid for five years or the validity of the bearer's passport booklet, whichever is less. From November 2018, Passport Cards are available to Irish Citizens of all ages.

Unlike national identity cards issued in other parts of the EU, an Irish passport card cannot be issued unless the bearer already has a valid passport booklet but, because of its convenient size and durable format compared to the Irish passport booklet, it will also serve purposes similar to that of national identity cards in other parts of the EU: identity and age verification, and intra-EU travel.

Although they can be used at electronic passport control gates at Dublin Airport, it was not possible, in 2018, to use this card at many electronic border gates/e-gates in continental Europe.

Regulation (EU) 2019/1157, which requires EEA national identity cards issued since 2 August 2021 to contain fingerprints, does not apply to the passport card issued by Ireland, as confirmed by Recital 14 in the preamble. However, the passport card directly follows ICAO document 9303, which gives other biometric requirements on which Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 is based.

Security features
Irish passport cards have security features designed to make them difficult to forge or be mistaken as forgeries. They have also been optimised for machine reading. The top-left corner of the passport card contains the biometric chip, which contains a copy of the information printed on the card, and a facial scan of the holder. To prevent unauthorised parties remotely accessing the information stored in the RFID biometric chip, the machine readable zone of the identity page must be scanned to unlock it. This safeguard is known as Basic Access Control.

The designation of the document "Éire/Ireland/Irlande" "Pas/Passport/Passeport" is printed in colour-changing ink, which varies from light green to gold-red, depending on the angle of the light shining on it. The background for the front of the passport card is a complex Celtic design, with the words for Ireland appearing in the official languages of the EU as part of the design.

The identity picture is greyscale, and is digitally printed onto the surface of the special security polycarbonate. The Irish harp is superimposed as a hologram onto the bottom right corner of the photograph. A likeness of the applicant in a hologram photo on a strip on the back:. According to Charles Flanagan, the then Foreign Affairs Minister, this is the first time such a security feature was going to be used on travel documents. The Passport Card was updated in October 2021 to change the strip at the rear of the card from a silver reflective (OSM) strip to a SealCrypt strip.

Ireland's passport card was joint winner of the 'Best Regional ID Document' at the High Security Printing Europe Conference in Bucharest, Romania in March 2016.

Northern Ireland
Irish nationality law is extended to  Northern Ireland. This means that according to the legislation regarding citizenship of Ireland, people born in Northern Ireland are automatically British citizens at birth and are entitled to Irish citizenship but are not automatically Irish citizens until they apply for their Irish passport.

Anyone born on the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland), before 1 January 2005, is entitled to Irish citizenship.

A person born on or after 1 January 2005 on the island of Ireland is entitled to Irish citizenship if either or both parents were either Irish or British citizen(s), or entitled to live in Ireland or Northern Ireland without any time limit to their residency, or were legally resident in the island of Ireland for at least 3 out of the 4 years immediately before birth.

Visa free travel

Visa requirements for Irish citizens are travel restrictions placed upon citizens of Ireland by the authorities of other states. As of 5 June 2024, Irish citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 193 countries and territories, ranking the Irish passport 2nd worldwide (tied with the Austrian, Finnish, Luxembourg, Dutch, South Korean, and Swedish passports) according to the Henley Passport Index.

Notable cases of purported fraudulent use
An Irish passport, legitimate or fraudulent, is viewed by many – including intelligence services and journalists – as a highly valuable and 'safe' document due to Ireland's policy of neutrality.

 * Oliver North (using the name "John Clancy") a United States Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel and a central figure in the Iran-Contra scandal, carried a false Irish passport while visiting Iran in 1986, as did his fellow covert operatives. This was part of a series of events that became known as the Iran–Contra affair.
 * In December 2005, Ireland's Minister for Justice Michael McDowell accused journalist Frank Connolly of having travelled to Colombia in 2001 on a falsely obtained Irish passport in connection with the group known as the Colombia Three. Connolly, who worked at the Centre for Public Inquiry, (intended as a public watch-dog organisation), vigorously denied the allegation and in turn accused the Minister of abusing his position.
 * On 19 January 2010, Mahmoud al-Mabhouh, a senior Hamas military commander, was assassinated in Dubai by a team involving at least 11 Israeli individuals, three of whom were initially reported as using counterfeit Irish passports. The number of forged Irish passports used in the killing was later revised upwards to eight following a Garda and Department of Foreign Affairs investigation. The Irish government responded by expelling a staff member of the Israeli Embassy in Dublin. It stated that it considered "an Israeli government agency was responsible for the misuse and, most likely, the manufacture of the forged Irish passports associated with the murder of Mr. Mabhouh."
 * In June 2010 it was alleged that one of ten covert sleeper agents of the Russian government under non-official cover in the United States as part of the "Illegals Program" used a forged Irish passport issued in the name of "Eunan Gerard Doherty" to "Richard Murphy." The Russian embassy in Dublin reportedly declined to comment on the allegations that its officials had used a counterfeit Irish passport. "Richard Murphy," who later identified himself as Russian national Vladimir Guryev, was repatriated to Russia, along with the other nine members of the Illegals Program, as part of a prisoner exchange. It later emerged that the passports of up to six Irish citizens may have been compromised by the Russian agents. This led to the expulsion of a Dublin-based Russian diplomat in February 2011.

Eligibility for an Irish passport
In 1978 the High Court ruled that among the unenumerated rights of citizens implicit in Article 40.3 of the Constitution are the right to travel outside the state and by extension the right to a passport. However, the state may limit this right for purposes of national security, and courts also have the power to confiscate passports of criminal defendants. Citizenship is defined by Irish nationality law; non citizens cannot have passports. Adult passport booklets are generally valid for 10 years and child passport booklets valid for 5 years. The validity of passport booklets can be limited by the Passport Office for certain individuals, especially those who have lost two or more passports. Passport cards are valid for 5 years or the validity of the corresponding passport booklet, whichever is the lesser period.

title: Irish passport


text:
Joint Intelligence Center

A Joint Intelligence Center (JIC) is a focal point for military intelligence gathered by different intelligence agencies and administered by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). The intelligence center of the joint force headquarters. The joint intelligence center is responsible for providing and producing the intelligence required to support the joint force commander and staff, components, task forces and elements, and the national intelligence community.

There are Joint Intelligence Centers in the United States Central Command at Tampa, Florida, the United States Indo-Pacific Command in Hawaii, and in Europe. The Joint Analysis Center serves as a JIC for the United States European Command.

History
The United States declared war in 1941 with two separate organizations gathering and distributing intelligence for operational planning. The Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) had been formed in 1882; while the Army's Military Information Division had been established in 1885, and reorganized in 1917 as the Military Intelligence Division (MID). Although the Commandant of the Marine Corps proposed a joint effort in March 1942 interservice rivalry prevented formation of a Joint Intelligence Agency (JIA). In preparation for the Guadalcanal Campaign the Navy established an intelligence center at Pearl Harbor in July 1942. Consolidated intelligence collection began as US forces went on the offensive in 1943 and 1944.

Formation of Joint Intelligence Collection Agencies (JICA) began in August 1943. North Africa (JICANA) later became Mediterranean (JICAMED). Africa-Middle East was (JICAME). China-India-Burma (JICACIB) later split into China (JICAC) and India-Burma. JICAs transmitted information to the Joint Intelligence Agency Reception Center (JIARC) in Washington DC where a Joint Electronic Information Agency (JEIA) utilized coded radio transmissions to reduce dissemination time for important intelligence from 60 days to 16 hours. Some theatre commanders resisted coordinated efforts, and General Douglas MacArthur's Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) never formed a joint intelligence operation.

In September 1943 the first designated JIC was Admiral Chester W. Nimitz's Pacific Ocean Areas JIC (JICPOA). JICPOA integrated the staff and independent intelligence distribution system of the Navy's earlier Pearl Harbor intelligence center and was the largest independent theatre intelligence operation. Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force JIC (SHAEFJIC) was formed in July 1944 following the Normandy landings. By that time JICPOA was coordinating production and distribution of psychological warfare propaganda leaflets to encourage surrender of Japanese soldiers in isolated island garrisons.

Demobilization caused abandonment of the JIC system as the individual services sought to retain independent staffing. The JICAs were deactivated between August and December 1945, and JICPOA was disbanded in October 1945. US European theatre intelligence operations were refocused as the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) created in June 1945 for Operation Paperclip to identify and transport German and Austrian scientists to the United States. Military disinterest in joint United States Department of Defense (DOD) intelligence operations encouraged creation of the civilian Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1947. Although the DIA was formed in 1961, reestablishment of JICs required elimination of the Army Intelligence Agency (AIA) by the Defense Intelligence Reorganization Act on 10 April 1992 to prosecute the Gulf War in conformance with the Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986.

title: Joint Intelligence Center


text:
File:Belfast, ME Seal.JPG

Summary
Seal of Belfast, ME. Courtesy of the City of Belfast, ME.

Source: City of Belfast website

Original upload by Hugh Manatee, downsized and re-uploaded by Kavadi carrier.

Fair use in Belfast, Maine
This image is the seal of Belfast, Maine and is used in the article about the city. It is low-resolution to minimise the risk of copyright infringement. A free-licensed alternative is not possible because the City holds copyright on all reproductions of the seal.

title: File:Belfast, ME Seal.JPG


text:
Ntpd

The Network Time Protocol daemon (ntpd) is an operating system program that maintains the system time in synchronization with time servers using the Network Time Protocol (NTP).

Description
The ntpd program is an operating-system daemon that sets and maintains a computer system's system time in synchronization with Internet-standard time servers. It is a complete implementation of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) version 4, but retains compatibility with versions 1, 2, and 3 as defined by RFC 1059, RFC 1119, and RFC 1305, respectively. ntpd performs most computations in 64-bit floating point arithmetic and uses 64-bit fixed point operations only when necessary to preserve the ultimate precision, about 232 picoseconds. While ordinary workstations and networks cannot achieve the ultimate precision, future processors and networks may require it.

xntpd is the Network Time Protocol version three (1992) daemon software. The "x" was added to the name because the branch of code that eventually became NTPv3 was "experimental". The name of the software changed back to "ntpd" for version four because the inventor of NTP, Dave Mills, decided that something probably should not remain "experimental" for about twenty years in the absence of dramatic change.

ntpd uses a single configuration-file to run the daemon in server and/or client modes. The configuration file, usually named ntp.conf, is located in the /etc directory. Other important files include the drift file, which ntpd uses to correct for hardware-clock skew in the absence of a connection to a more accurate upstream time-server.

NTP implementations
NTP (RFC 5905):
 * The NTP Reference Implementation from The NTP Project at the University of Delaware.
 * Windows Port of NTPD – Free Windows port of The NTP Reference Implementation from http://www.ntp.org with an easy-to-use installer
 * NTPsec a hardened implementation derived from NTP Classic, Dave Mills's original.
 * chrony – chronyd implements the NTP protocol and can act as either a client or a server.
 * OpenNTPD – A portable Simple NTPD implementation by the OpenBSD group

Simple NTP (SNTP) implementations
SNTP (RFC 4330):
 * clockspeed – A simplest available and secure suite of NTP/SNTP client, clock skew eliminator, and precise time synchronization server and client
 * dntpd – A simple client ntpd in DragonFly BSD
 * ConnMan – ConnMan contains an NTP implementation.
 * BusyBox, since version 1.16.2, has included an SNTP client and server based on OpenNTP.
 * systemd-timesyncd – A Linux and systemd specific client implementation of SNTP.

title: Ntpd


text:
Gurov

Gurov (Гуров) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Gurova. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alexander Gurov (politician) (born 1945), Russian politician
 * Alexander Gurov (boxer) (born 1971), Ukrainian cruiserweight boxer
 * Andrey Gurov (born 1975), Kazakhstani sport shooter
 * Anna Gurova (born 1981), Russian sprinter
 * Kirill Gurov (1918–1994), Russian theoretical physicist
 * Maria Gurova (born 1989), Russian freestyle wrestler
 * Maxim Gourov (born 1979), Kazakhstani road bicycle racer
 * Natalya Gurova (born 1976), Kazakhstani sports shooter
 * Viktoriya Valyukevich (née Gurova in 1982), Russian triple jumper

title: Gurov


text:
User:GenesisBlade

Age: 29

Location: London

Occupation: Communications

Interests: the 'East', Egypt, Stonehenge, Pyramids in general and the esoteric.

Dislikes:
 * * people who delete additions without due attention, through probable ignorance on the subject.

 * * being proven right on the above.

 * * debates that actually serve no purpose because the decision has already been made.

title: User:GenesisBlade