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Lixus (ancient city)

Lixus (Berber : ⵍⵓⴽⵓⵙ) is an ancient city founded by Phoenicians (8th–7th century BC) before the city of Carthage. Its distinguishing feature is that it was continuously occupied from antiquity to the Islamic Era, and has ruins dating to the Phoenician (8th–6th centuries BC), Punic (5th–3rd centuries BC), Mauretanian (2nd century BC–AD 50), Roman (AD 50–6th century AD) and Islamic (12th–15th centuries AD) periods.

Tentative World Heritage Status
Lixus was submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage on July 1, 1995, by the Ministry of Culture of Morocco, on the basis of three cultural selection criteria. In a 2019 press release, the Ministry of Culture stated that it was implementing a cultural and economic development strategy, with the intent on working towards Lixus being officially listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Geography
The archaeological site of Lixus is located in Morocco northeast of Larache city (70 km south of Tangier) on the right bank of the Loukkos river, 4 km from the coast. Lixus was built on a hill of 80 m above sea level, and covers 70 ha, it dominates the Atlantic shore and the valley formed by the Loukkos. It is surrounded by marshy plains to the south and southwest, in which salt factories have been created. It was added to the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list on July 1, 1995, in the cultural category.

Name
The official language was Punic, used on the city's autonomous currency issues from the 2nd century BC, the name of the site appears on coins in Punic as the triliteral LKS, and in Latin as LIX and LIXS (The Lixus / Lixos form is consecrated by the Greco-Latin tradition).

Legends
Such a far-away place was subject of myths, the garden of the Hesperides with the golden apples of  and the palace of Antaeus were said to have been here. By its vestiges the archaeological site reminds us of a long phase of the ancient history of the country, it also reminds us of thousands years old legends about Okeanus the Roman ocean god, Hercules and the three golden apples, the legendary fight of Hercules and Antaeus, Theseus slaying the Minotaur, and about Hercules separating Africa from Europe. Pliny the Elder reports several «fabulous tales»: «Here was the royal palace of Antaeus, his fight with Hercules and the gardens of the Hesperides were here ..... Hercules had to enter to this garden to steal the golden apples; the entrance was guarded by a dragon....» Pliny saw in this dragon an allegory of the river described by many meanders.

History
Phoenicians first settled in Lixus in the 8th or 7th centuries BC and the city had become part of a chain of Phoenician cities along the Atlantic coast of ancient Morocco; other major settlements further to the south are Chellah (called Sala Colonia by the Romans) and Mogador. When Carthage's empire fell to Rome during the Punic Wars, Lixus, Chellah, and Mogador became outposts of the province of Mauretania Tingitana. Lixus retained its strategic importance, especially under Juba II and his son Ptolemy of Mauretania. Its industrial complex was created during the reign of Juba II, and it was the largest and the most important in the entire Mediterranean. Fishing and viticulture were the city's main economic resources, which can be inferred from the bunches of grapes and tuna which adorned their coins. The port of Lixus played an important role in Atlantic trade as the hill of Tchoummich corresponds perfectly to the conditions sought by the Phoenician sailors, whose economic activities were closely linked to the sea  .

The last of the Moorish kings was assassinated by the Roman emperor Caligula around 40 AD. From then on, Lixus would become part of the Roman Empire, more precisely the province of Mauretania Tingitania. By the third century, Lixus became almost fully Christian and there are even now the ruins of a Paleochristian church overlooking the archaeological area.

Lixus became a colony under Claudius (50 AD) and it retains an amphitheater and a forum from that period. The city would retain this status until the beginning of the 5th century. With the arrival of the Romans, the city acquired new administrative, social, religious, and economic structures. During the Roman period, the city maintained its commercial vitality, thanks to fishing and salt factories. This economic development fueled an important urban and architectural evolution.

Lixus reached its maximum extent of more than 60 hectares between 50 and 150 AD, and became the largest city of Tingitane. According to the first excavators, this prosperity appears to have waned from the second half of the 3rd century. In the 4th century, the agglomeration folded in on itself.

Excavations
Lixus has been a subject of excavations since 1948. This archaeological site was composed of complex quarters with entangled buildings from various periods, whose study allows for the examination of the evolution and chronology of the city. One example is the area of temples, the largest excavated area of the site (165 m east–west by 250 m north–south). Thanks to excavations undertaken from 1999 to 2001 by a Moroccan-French team it was possible to reconsider the evolution of the "Temples quarter"., even if the excavated zones constitute approximately only 20% of the total surface of the site.

Evolution of the "Temples quarter "
Based on several references, the evolutionary scheme of this quarter can be divided into 5 major phases, which correspond to 5 historical periods each marked by special and distinctive architectural features:

Phoenician period (8th-first half-century to 7th century BC)
The first Phoenician structures of the sector correspond to two structures A and L:

 * Building A orientated east–west, obliterated by later constructions, retains only a few sections of regular walls made of quadrangular stones and megalithic blocks. The excavations, undertaken in the immediate vicinity, have revealed synchronous archaeological material dating from the Phoenician period (8th-first half of the 7th century BC).
 * Remains of the L structure have a rectangular shape; they were discovered in 2000 under building K. The corresponding artifacts, including a large amount of modeled ceramic associated with red slip ceramic, also belong to the Phoenician period.

In the north, researchers have found an L-shaped structure dating from the pre-Augustan period, it is a Cryptoporticus (40 m long, 6 m wide) with a central axis with columns supporting an upper platform. These remains could be a piazza structure, or a large sanctuary, with a temple in the center. On the ground floor, there are remains of a storage space, and an area with a garden closed off by a wing. It is probable that this sanctuary was Phoenician in origin. In the South-west of the quarter, under the courtyard of the «annexes» of building F, an archaeological survey showed a level of Phoenician ceramics characterized by a strong presence of red slip, Pithoi, and jugs of the Cruz de Negro type.

Punic-Mauritanian period (4th century to 3rd century BC)
After the Second Punic War, western Mauretania was ruled by kings and the role and importance of fish products from the straits in international trade increased. The numerous fragments of amphorae, intended specifically for packaging fish products, indicate that the city exported much of its catch.

The Punico-Mauritanian phase is stratigraphically represented by residual furniture dating from the 4th to 3rd century BC. Stratigraphic layers under building G contain fragments of Attic ceramics and amphoric material which attest that the area was occupied by locals during this period. In the west, the excavations located in building E, have allowed the obtainment of a fragment, dating from the second half of the 1st century BC

The southwestern side of the so-called "Temples quarter" is known as the ‘Montalban chambers’. Changes in the internal layout of those buildings were made around 30 BC. This included the opening of new windows and doors with voussoir arches in the southern wall. This is an example of the general refurbishment and maintenance work of an urban project at the complex. Before the 1st century BC the city had an open space covering up to 4,000m², arranged on three terraces with a double cistern, as indicated by pottery founded from this phase.

Mauritanian period (3rd century to 2nd century BC)
Researchers have found that the Mauritanian phase can be subdivided into two phases:

 * Phase 1: is characterized by the emergence of a real neighborhood probably composed of houses, a cistern, and buildings K, E, B, and C. East–west oriented, this set of structures was surrounded by an enclosure. Surveys carried out in those different buildings allow us to date this phase from the first half of the 1st century BC.
 * Phase 2: Saw the addition of the building commonly called H and the pre-thermal building J, dating back to the time of Augustus or Juba II.

The excavations have identified two rooms, E, elongated of a few m2 located in the south-east of the sector. They have doors on the west side, leaving space for a passageway behind the walls. The rooms are preceded by a vestibule and a staircase of building D. The chambers were built gradually, in several stages during the pre-Augustan period; they would have supported an upper story, and they were then incorporated into the new early Augustan complex

A Mauretanian storehouse was found at the western limit of the ‘"Sacred gardens", the new structure that covered the storehouses. It formed the southern facade of a new monumental area called the «Western wing» (28m width by 100 m length).

In the eastern sector, researchers have found buildings that might be interpreted as places of worship with a rectangular floor plan (C, A, D, B). Building C (12.7x10.5 m) has a podium in opus quadratum and an almost square cella with double doors, building D has superimposed floors in opus signinum with marble. Their location, in the upper part of the urban area, and with an open area in front of them, supports the proposal that they were temples without substantial buildings laid out behind them.

Buildings F, G, and H were structures with porticoes and apses and that the movement between them was fluent thanks to various doors. The religious buildings in the east of the site were probably temples and they remained in use even after the Augustan renovation of the quarter.

Under the portico of building F, there is a cistern (9.5m long and 3m deep) that dates to after the annexation of Mauretania in 43 AD. It may have been related to a channel located slightly to the southern side

Indeed, The area with the sanctuary, gardens, and some storehouses, which was built in the Mauretanian phase, was replaced by a palatial residence of Juba II of Mauretania covering 7,000 m2. This residence was larger than the ‘Palace of Gordianus’ in Volubilis, which covered only 4,554 m2

The ‘Palace of Juba II’, was on the upper slope of the south side of the «Choumich» hill,., it took full advantage of the panoramic possibilities of its position, it used architectural elements such as apses or semicircular porticoes, in combination with large windows and triple doors. It shows a splendid use of ambiguity between covered spaces (halls and exedrae), porticoes, gardens, and the landscape

There are some peculiarities of the palace in Lixus: The designer extended the spaces intended for clients. The court with the plinths is the equivalent of the doorway to a conventional Tablinum, and the hall in complex G is an oversized Oecus, and it was a kind of gallery for displaying statues.

Based on this interpretation, building F, situated in the middle of the garden and surrounded by porticoes, would be the principal Triclinium of Lixus's palace. This great Triclinium would have been the venue for important official events, as an Oecus Cyzicenus for feasting while enjoying the landscape.

Roman period (40 ِAD to early 5th century AD)
In recent excavation campaigns, researchers discovered the existence of levels that could be ascribed to late Roman times, and it is clear that the so-called "Temples quarter" suffered from major destruction that may be attributed to Aedemon's revolt. After this critical period which can be dated to between 40 and 50 AD, the palace was repaired

This Roman phase corresponds also to a notable change in the urban landscape. In the northern sector of the "Temples quarter", there were structures that take up the space between exedra H and building G. The hall complex was interpreted as beginning with a Corinthian Atrium with six pilasters. A bath complex probably belonging to the Flavian period was built against the northern wall of the Atrium. Continuing northwards, a row of four cubicles (The largest of them measures 4*7 m) interconnected with each other have large doors opening onto a U-shaped peristyle decorated with columns, adorned with ionic capitals, and opened through a door onto the gallery of the Cryptoporticus. The principal floor of the western wing contained a room with five doors that lead into the peristyle surrounding the building F. The first leads into the south of the peristyle, the second leads into a room with a skylight in the ceiling to provide overhead lighting, the third and fourth doors have connected one of the cubicles with building F. Finally, the fifth door has connected the U-shaped peristyle G to the large peristyle F via a short passage.

Complexes F, G, and H were built at the same time. Building H was identified as a temple when it was discovered, it surrounded an interior garden with an ornamental feature, Building F was a large temple. This opinion was shared by later authors.

Next to the rooms mentioned above, there was a large Oecus which was the most important room in the whole of the western area. It was a huge T-shaped hall (14 m long, 12 m wide) adjoining a sophisticated chamber adorned with canopies resting on 7 small cylindrical columns. Researchers have also found a rectangular Corinthian atrium with two rows of plinths M, which served as the antechamber to a rectangular court decorated, and continued to the entrance in the eastern wall, where a great door has led into the large hall G which marked the northern end of the western wing.

Medieval period (12th century to 14th century)
Ruins on the hill of Lixus show a rectangular religious building, hammâm, and a mighty fountain on its bank. The cartography does not highlight the existence of any tower or strategic installation in the place. In the 1st century AD, The "Temples quarter" was adorned with public buildings including thermal baths, outbuildings, and buildings with an undetermined function.

The quarter had become the northern end of the city which has extended to the salt factories, after the withdrawal of the Roman administration in the south of the province and the relocation of Roman in the northern border of Loukkos river.

The row of small temples (C, A, D, and B) faced east., had survived until the final days of ancient Lixus, they had behind them a large open area extended to the end of the western wall of the city. A row of rooms bordered the space to the west, with some internal subdivisions that were built on the preexisting walls dating from the eighth to seventh century. The opus signinum pavements and opus quadratum podium had been built by the early second century

Researchers suggest the presence of arcades and pergolas decorating the terraced gardens, which lead to the hypothesis that this whole area was a large urban sanctuary, including a variety of buildings laid out on different levels: some storage buildings, a temple surrounded by a cryptoporticus, and a relatively large cistern.

The city of Lixus in the 14th century was an urban center more densely populated than neighboring villages such as Larache, and it certainly remained inhabited even after the Arab-Islamic conquest, bearing the name of Tochoummis. Ruins of houses and a mosque built in the Almohad or Marinid period have survived from this period. Apparently, Lixus was abandoned when the city of Larache was fortified and consolidated.

As part of the implementation of the High Royal Guidelines aimed at rehabilitating the national cultural heritage, the Ministry of Culture and Communication has launched a vast program of restoration and rehabilitation of historic sites through the national territory of Morocco, involving the archaeological site of Lixus by highlighting the characteristics of the site and promoting the destination on the regional, national and international tourist map to contribute to local economic and social development. In 2019, the Ministry spent 11.8 million dirhams on a new visitor's center and other new tourist facilities, 15 million dirhams on a restoration program, 6.75 million dirhams towards the restoration and maintenance of the site, 4.6 million dirhams on improving the site's surrounding infrastructure, and 2.2 million dirhams towards archeological research and training.

title: Lixus (ancient city)


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Missouri Waltz

"Missouri Waltz" is the official state song of Missouri and is associated with the University of Missouri.

History
The "Missouri Waltz", which had originally been a minstrel (later ragtime before it finally became country) song, became the state song under an act adopted by the General Assembly on June 30, 1949. The song came from a melody John Valentine Eppel heard Lee Edgar Settle play. Mr. Settle was a well known rag time piano player and the song he wrote and played, The Graveyard Waltz, was the actual melody for the Missouri Waltz. John V. Eppel claimed he wrote it but it was well known at the time that the melody was actually written by Lee Edgar Settle. The Missouri Waltz was arranged by Frederic Knight Logan, using lyrics written by James Royce Shannon. First published in 1914, early popular versions were by The Victor Military Band, Prince's Orchestra, Jaudas' Society Orchestra, Elsie Baker, Henry Burr & Albert Campbell, and by Earl Fuller. The song enjoyed fresh success in 1939 when it was featured in the film The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle by Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.

Sales increased substantially after Missourian Harry S Truman became president, and it was reported that the "Missouri Waltz" was his favorite song. Although, when asked about his feelings the following reply was published by the White House: "'President's attitude towards the song? He can take it or leave it. Is it really his favorite? No. Does he play it often? No. Is Margaret ever heard singing it? No. What is the President's reaction to song's adoption by Missouri as state song? See answer to first question.'"

Although the song is often associated with Harry Truman, the president did not claim it as his favorite song. In fact, he had this to say about it in a television interview: "If you let me say what I think, I don't give a ... about it, but I can't say it out loud because it's the song of Missouri. It's as bad as 'The Star-Spangled Banner' as far as music is concerned."

The song was performed a capella by Marideth Sisco for the opening scene of the 2010 film Winter's Bone which starred Jennifer Lawrence in her breakout role.

The song is played by the University of Missouri's Marching Mizzou at every home football game to a unique marching style in 3/4 time. It is also played by Mini Mizzou, a smaller ensemble composed of Marching Mizzou musicians, at every home basketball game. It is tradition for the crowd to wave their arms left and right during the first verse and then switch to clapping to the beat during the refrain at both basketball and football games.

In 2019, Singer Linda Ronstadt reported that the Missouri Waltz has been an earworm in recent years.

Lyrics
Hush-a-bye, ma baby, slumbertime is comin' soon; Rest yo' head upon my breast while Mommy hums a tune;  The sandman is callin' where shadows are fallin',  ''While the soft breezes sigh as in days long gone by. ''

Way down in Missouri where I heard this melody,  When I was a little child upon my Mommy's knee;  The old folks were hummin'; their banjos were strummin'; ''So sweet and low. ''

Strum, strum, strum, strum, strum,  Seems I hear those banjos playin' once again, Hum, hum, hum, hum, hum,  ''That same old plaintive strain. ''

Hear that mournful melody,  It just haunts you the whole day long, And you wander in dreams back to heaven, it seems, ''When you hear that old time song. ''

Hush-a-bye ma baby, go to sleep on Mommy's knee, Journey back to paradise in dreams again with me;  It seems like your Mommy is there once again,  And the old folks were strummin' that same old refrain.

Way down in Missouri where I learned this lullaby,  When the stars were blinkin' and the moon was climbin' high, Seems I hear voices low, as in days long ago,  ''Singin' hush-a-bye. ''

The original 1914 lyrics: Hush-a-bye, ma baby, slumbertime is comin' soon; Rest yo' head upon my chest while Mammy hums a tune;  The sandman is callin' where shadows are fallin',  ''While the soft breezes sigh as in days long gone by. ''

Way down in Missouri where I heard this melody,  When I was a Pickaninny on ma Mammy's knee;  The darkies were hummin'; their banjos were strummin'; ''So sweet and low. ''

Strum, strum, strum, strum, strum,  Seems I hear those banjos playin' once again, Hum, hum, hum, hum, hum,  ''That same old plaintive strain. ''

Hear that mournful melody,  It just haunts you the whole day long, And you wander in dreams back to Dixie, it seems, ''When you hear that old time song. ''

Hush-a-bye ma baby, go to sleep on Mammy's knee, Journey back to Dixieland in dreams again with me;  It seems like your Mammy was there once again,  And the darkies were strummin' that same old refrain.

Way down in Missouri where I learned this lullaby,  When the stars were blinkin' and the moon was climbin' high, And I hear Mammy Cloe, as in days long ago,  ''Singin' hush-a-bye. ''

Other notable recordings

 * Bing Crosby - recorded June 9, 1939 with John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra.
 * The Fontane Sisters - recorded for Musicraft Records in 1946.
 * Gene Autry - recorded in December 1947 for Columbia Records (catalog No. 20524)
 * Mance Lipscomb - recorded May 2, 1964, released in 1993 by Arhoolie Records (catalog # CD 398). Lipscomb learned to play it when he was a boy, from his father who was a fiddler.
 * Mantovani (1962)
 * Paul Whiteman - recorded September 21, 1927 with a vocal group comprising Bing Crosby, Al Rinker, Charles Gaylord, Jack Fulton and Austin Young.
 * Perry Como - recorded December 14, 1948
 * Roy Fox and his Band (vocal: Al Bowlly) - recorded January 24, 1931 (Al Bowlly Discography)
 * Johnny Cash - released 2006

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Missouri Waltz


text: User talk:66.177.142.90

title: User talk:66.177.142.90


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Maya Sharma

Maya Sharma is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street, played by Sasha Behar. Fans of the program remember Maya for her relationship with Dev Alahan (Jimmi Harkishin) and her feud with Dev's wife Sunita Parekh (Shobna Gulati). Notably, Maya held the pair hostage in her flat, and set the building on fire. As she made her escape, Maya was involved in a car accident.

Storylines
Maya, dubbed "Mad Maya", starts out as a lawyer. Originally, she advises Roy (David Neilson) and Hayley Cropper (Julie Hesmondhalgh) about matters regarding legal custody of baby Amy Barlow. She falls for shopkeeper Dev Alahan (Jimmi Harkishin), who seems to take an immediate liking to her. Despite striking up a friendship with Frankie Baldwin (Debra Stephenson), very quickly, it seems there is something wrong as she steals vases and kidnaps Monica, Tyrone Dobbs' (Alan Halsall) dog. She also leaves a restaurant without paying and drives Dev around a country road extremely fast, threatening not to stop the car unless he proposes to her. At her engagement party to Dev, Tyrone tries to ruin the event by telling everyone that she killed his dog and he compares her to Cruella De Vil, but she resists this.

Dev rekindled his love for ex-girlfriend Sunita Parekh (Shobna Gulati) when he discovers she has a brain tumour. Maya is ostensibly sympathetic and decides to use this by playing the caring friend and telling Sunita she might be putting pressure on Dev. When Dev announces his love for Sunita, Maya trashes the shop and the flat. Sunita recovers and Dev dumps Maya and starts dating Sunita again. At Dev and Sunita's engagement party, Maya wrecks Sunita's dress by spilling a glass of wine on it. Then, she marries several illegal immigrants, posing as Sunita. Consequently Dev and Sunita are arrested on their wedding day as the marriage is not legal. Dev is freed and starts investigating, finding a taxi driver who took Maya to one of the illegal weddings to convince the police that Maya was behind these plans. This clears Sunita's name and she is released and Maya is arrested and charged but released on bail. In revenge, she sets fire to all of Dev's shops before taking Sunita hostage. She phones Dev and asks him to come home, which he does, and finds a message from Maya in lipstick on the table, telling him to go to the shop on Coronation Street. This is the only property that has not been destroyed. When he arrives and sees a bound and gagged Sunita, he tells her that everything will be ok but Maya knocks him out and ties him up too. When he wakes up, they talk about how he dumped her and how upset she was. Later a policeman comes to the door. Dev screams to attract attention but Maya gags him to stop his cries for help and tells the police that she is Sunita. While she does this, Dev gets a knife and cuts his legs free.

When Maya returns, she turns the gas on the stove on and leaves the kitchen, telling Dev that if he believes in reincarnation that maybe next time he would come back as something better and starts a fire in the shop below, leaving them tied up inside a locked room. Soon, Jamie Baldwin (Rupert Hill) and Leanne Battersby (Jane Danson) notice the fire and Rita Sullivan (Barbara Knox) calls the fire brigade. Dev breaks the window with the curtain rail, attracting the attention of people below. Ciaran McCarthy (Keith Duffy) and Charlie Stubbs (Bill Ward) come to the rescue. Dev is released by Ciaran while Charlie rescues Sunita just before the shop explodes. Maya is quite shocked when Dev and Sunita are rescued as she is watching from her car at the other end of the street and then tries running Dev and Sunita over but misses when Charlie and Ciaran pull them out of the way. She crashes into a wall but gets up and starts the car again, reversing it out to try again but a truck crashes into the back and smashes her into another wall. Maya is alive and goes to the same hospital as Sunita but when Sunita finds out, she leaves immediately as she is worried about her safety until Shelley Unwin (Sally Lindsay) tells her that Maya is on life support and her hospital room is under police guard. After coming out of intensive care, Maya is remanded in custody to await trial.

Little is now known about Maya. She was last mentioned when Leanne offered Dev a share of her restaurant business in 2007 as Maya had tried to tempt Leanne into suing Dev for unfair dismissal from the Corner Shop at the beginning of her campaign of revenge.

Reception
In 2004, ITV received complaints because of a scene in which viewers saw Maya threaten Sunita with a statue of Hindu god Lord Ganesh. ITV apologised for the scene, but Hindu leaders rejected the apology. Ramesh Kallidai, secretary of the Hindu Forum of Britain, said: "The apology is not unconditional, it makes a justification for the behaviour. This is not acceptable to us." The scene was part of a long-running storyline in the ITV1 soap. It showed Maya, played by Sasha Behar, threatening Sunita (Shobna Gulati), saying her husband would come home to find her "beaten to death by Ganesh", the God of good fortune.

Radio Times included Maya on their feature profiling bunny boilers. Opining on her fixation with Dev they stated: "While we might question the object of Maya's fixation - Dev, for heaven's sake? - there's no denying her single-mindedness." They also commented on her career status adding: "As ever in soap, the middle classes are trouble - Maya was a solicitor."

title: Maya Sharma


text:
User talk:Ral315/Archive 3

David Madden
I see you went one way, then the other, on VFD. Even if he goes and wins 15, win #15 won't come until September. I put it back up. --OntarioQuizzer 03:20, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If I would have realized that the end of the season was so quick, I would have left it up. I just figured that by the time VFD went through, he might have already passed 15-20 wins.   ral  315  13:17, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

2nd District Candidates
I plan to nominate many of the articles you've written about non-notable Ohio politicians for deletion. Most of them are non-notable outside the election, so in my opinion, they don't belong in Wikipedia. Since you wrote so many of them, I thought I'd tell you now, and ask if there were any that you believed should be kept. The following are all the articles I think should be deleted:

 * Eric Minamyer
 * Peter A. Fossett
 * Tom Bemmes
 * Jeff Morgan (Ohioan)
 * David R. Smith
 * Steve Austin (politician)
 * Douglas Mink
 * James John Parker
 * Jeff Sinnard
 * Arthur Stanley Katz

Again, if you think any of them should be kept for one reason or another, I'd appreciate knowing that. But most of these candidates did horribly in the election, and aren't notable in their own right. I won't nominate them for VfD for a couple days, awaiting a response from you. ral 315  01:05, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * I do object to deleting them. They go along with the article on the election itself.  It doesn't matter that they did not get a huge number of votes.  For that to be the criteria would be like the many televised debates, where the producers decide that everyone but the official Republican and Democratic candidates don't count and can be safely ignored.  PedanticallySpeaking 14:15, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't say that they could be safely ignored. Rather, I believe that running for a single seat in Congress does not establish encyclopedic notability.  All those who got a significant amount of the vote (say, over 5 or 10 percent) show that they're notable enough in their own right.  But if an article were to be made about every person who has ever run for Congress, the encyclopedia would be flooded with political pages.

 * I do appreciate your input, though, and I'll consider leaving a couple of the more notable ones off when I VfD them in a couple of days.  ral  315  16:00, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Wait a minute, what about this: List of candidates for the Ohio Second Congressional District Election, 2005, where you could merge most of the information already on the individual pages, and  have individual articles for the notable ones?  Just a thought, let me know what you think.   ral  315  16:00, August 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would prefer to leave them alone as is. These folks threw their hats into the ring and ought to be remembered.  I would argue that if "notability" were strongly enforced, we'd have to delete lots of people actually elected to Congress, not to mention nearly all local politicians.  PedanticallySpeaking 16:04, August 6, 2005 (UTC)

RfA
Thanks for your support. --Briangotts (talk) 15:47, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

RfA
Thanks for your support! --Briangotts (talk) 12:59, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for supporting my nomination. AlistairMcMillan 09:37, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

WP:POST
Gosh - publishing an edition of the Signpost while you are on vacation! Well done! Did you let other people know that you planned to do so? I'm sure that, for example, User:Worldtraveller would have helped out with his usual news roundup. But thanks anyway! -- ALoan (Talk) 23:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia Signpost/2005-08-15/In the news
I noticed the mention of the Wiki-like paper that the Asheville newspaper is going to be publishing. Do you know about http://www.yourhub.com/? It's a Wikipaper run by the Rocky Mountain News in Denver, with several hubs based on what Denver suburb you live in. Signed in users can publish articles, photos, etc. Zoe 06:00, August 15, 2005 (UTC)

Yowser!
Well I have to admit I wasn't really expecting to see a new edition of the Signpost this morning... but you wrote the lot yourself! Kudos, and a barnstar are due. If you want I can write the Featured section this week, and maybe some more in later weeks (just give me a little time to find my feet). the wub  "?/!"  10:03, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to say that The Wub beat me to honoring you for your work on The Signpost. Oh well, I guess I'll have to find someone else to be the first Wikipedian to receive my first Barnstar. -- llywrch 22:45, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Hiya. Just wanted to thank you for supporting my recent RfA. Cheers! --Ngb 19:21, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Shaikh Ali Gomaa
You must have deleted JUST before I put a speedy tag on it, so I recreated the article by accident. Please delete it again; sorry about that. ral 315  04:41, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, this kind of edit conflict happens a lot. It's not a problem, and someone else already deleted it. Cheers --Ryan Delaney talk 04:52, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Signpost
I was a little surprised, but very pleasantly so, when you came through with the latest issue. If you can keep it up for a little while, even if it's not quite as detailed as usual, that would be great. I will try to add a little input to help coordinate the efforts of others, even if I don't have much time to generate content. --Michael Snow 17:04, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I appreciate the support. Do whatever you can, but don't worry if you get busier; it comes with the territory.  If and when you do find the time to come back, I'll stick on as a writer, so long as my schedule doesn't get in the way either.   ral  315  17:08, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for helping out with XD! And the redirects you just made are very useful :-) Kim Bruning 22:44, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You're welcome on the work. I'm happy to help you with it.  But know that I don't plan to use this form of deletion, because there are too many imperfections in the system.  I'm happy to help you flesh out the page, but I figured you should know that I don't necessarily agree with it.   ral  315  06:53, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * On another note, if you'd like to be quoted on Experimental Deletion in the next issue of The Signpost, leave a note on User:Ral315/Signpost.  ral  315  07:04, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Heh, well, *yes* there are imperfections. The idea is to experiment with deletion and find methods that are better. XD1 works but is too tricky (but might be used on wikis where you don't usually visit), XD3 has potential but is currently not extremely usable. Now XD2, that's actually kind of cool. It turns out to be fun to race to XD2 pages before the rc-patrollers with CDVF can catch up, and then watch the category page slowly empty out again, as regular deletion takes care of the pages. :-)

 * So I'm figuring crossing XD2 with XD3 somewhat and then taking it from there, hmm, or maybe folks can come up with other, better plans.

 * Eh? Oh! Sorry! ;-) The idea of XD is not to write down some perfect deletion system in one go. It's called *experimental* deletion. People can take the systems described there for a short spin, and write down their experiences, and what they like and dislike about each, and then we can write down new XDs based on that, and take down the old ones. The idea is that after a while, people will start using some latest XD method and like it so much, that it'll never get taken down anymore.

 * Anyway, even if that doesn't happen. Like, if you have time from time to time, go visit the XD page, and take some methods for a spin on new page patrol. It's fun, and you get a better feel for what's actually possible with mediawiki software, if nothing else! :)

 * Kim Bruning 12:49, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedians for Decency article
You may also want to mention the creation of the new Wikipedians against censorship WikiProject. Kaldari 21:17, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
Hello Ral315, Im SWD316. I am sorry for the inappropriate use of the vprotect templete, I didn't know you couldn't protect it. I was trying to protect it from vandals. — M o e   ε

History of Arizona
Thank you for your commentary on the article I listed on FAC. I did my best to meet your objections and would like to know if my edits were satisfactory at the FAC. Thank you very much. Toothpaste 22:19, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Features article
OK I'm no journalist but it's done at Wikipedia Signpost/2005-08-22/Features and admins. the wub  "?/!"  22:37, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks excellent! Thanks a bunch.   ral  315  22:43, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

signpost
Nice to see someone take over the mantle from Michael and keeping it alive. I wish to draw your attention to the Featured deletion articles/pics. It used to be mentioned on the SIGN, but has been suddenly discontinued. Could you revive it? Thanks =Nichalp «Talk»=  12:22, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * I will add removals starting next week; it seems to have been forgotten as I took over. Thanks for the heads-up.   ral  315  13:14, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * The wub has been notified, and will probably do so next week.

At least you spelled my name right
Hi, thanks for spelling my name right on the signpost. :-)

Um, unfortunately.. um... Just about the entire rest of the article on XD is based on a fundamental misunderstanding, and is unfortunately um, actually almost entirely untrue? (sowwy). Is it possible to get a rectification somehow?

XD is not a proposed policy, it is not about blanking, it's not about...

It's a page to do experiments with deletion procedures, so that we can learn more about mediawiki. and that's it. :-/

Kim Bruning 17:25, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * My apologies. That was MY misunderstanding.  I'll issue a retraction ASAP.  It would help if you can proofread the new article; I'll send you a link about the article later tonight.  Alternatively, I'll probably be on IRC somewhat tonight.   ral  315  21:06, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Try this version, does it sound the way you want it to?  ral  315  21:16, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * It's been fixed to fit the actual page.

Kenneth Irons
You marked Kenneth Irons as a copyvio on aug14, but though the lead sentences are very similar, it doesn't look like a copyvio to me. --fvw *  22:25, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * My apologies. I assumed, since the lead sentences were so similar.  I wonder if VfD might be better, though...   ral  315  23:28, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps, or otherwise a merge somewhere useful. I'll leave that up to you though, to allow you and the article to bond a little :-P. --fvw *  23:30, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Next Signpost features article
Afraid I can't do the features article this week (just got offered an absolute last minute ticket to the Leeds Festival). Sorry about that. I've also left a note on Kaal's talk page since he said he was interested in writing it. the wub  "?/!"  07:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

I answered on my page
Image:GordonWatts.jpg, Image:GordonEnhancedPicRally.jpg, and Image:GordonThen.JPG all are missing copyright information. It would be helpful if you could do so. If you have any questions, please feel free to visit my talk page. ral 315  04:26, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

re your question on my page: I answered at [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:GordonWattsDotCom&diff=21859309&oldid=21859027#User-uploaded_images. this].

two questions:

1) how can my images be useful to you? (for what purpose) 2) how do I give others permission to use it without losing rights to use them images myself? --thx,--GordonWattsDotCom 04:49, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Your answer: Good news for you - Freebie -They are my images -No one can deny me use of my own images, I would hope -in other words, I don't hope someone would try to get a copyright and then later tell me I can't use my own photo; however and nonetheless,...: I apply the same permissions here as on my other pages - See e.g., http://geocities.com/Gordon_Watts32313/legal.html or http://gordon_watts.tripod.com/legal.html

REPRINT:

LEGAL NOTICE for The Register : There are no trademarks, except where indicated. The Register gives permission to print out and copy any material from its site, with the one simple condition being that you give attribution, that is, say that it came from The Register, and give at least one --preferably more --link.

Additionally, FLORIDA STATUTES, Section 559.9335 (18) only prohibit promotion, advertising, or solicitation using a trademark, not private or educational use. US CODE TITLE 15, Chapter 22, (a)(1)(A) doesn't have a problem with nonprofit use such as this -- it only prohibits the use of others' trademarks in commerce type activities. Also, FLORIDA STATUTES, Section 1006.38 (10) and US CODE TITLE 17, Chapter 1, Section 107 allow use of copyrighted material for fair use. Moreover, the international Copyright Act, governing over 100 countries, allows "fair dealing," defined in the Act as copying works "for the purposes of private study, research criticism, review or newspaper summary". Don't forget the First Amendment, which protects: 1. Speech; 2. Press; 3. Assembly; 4. Redress; and, 5. Religion. Translation: it looks safe to copy anything for these purposes, but I disclaim being a lawyer. --Gordon W. Watts, Editor-in-Chief

 * First of all, I don't want to use your pictures for anything; however, Wikipedia requires some basic licensing information for pictures. This is why I'm asking.

 * I am not a lawyer, and I cannot give you advice on this legality. However, the best way to put it is to say that all submissions to Wikipedia are automatically assumed released under the GFDL license, which may be compatible with the above that you posted.  This means that the pictures you have uploaded must, at a minimum, be released under GFDL.  If you do not agree to this license, you cannot edit Wikipedia, in theory.  If you're looking for a legal interpretation of your license vs. GFDL, it's best to ask an admin, and they can help you.   ral  315  04:57, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * I see (via watchlist) you put the conversation back together (and put it all here in one place). Good job. I am cool with the licence agreements and don't mind other people using my work. Thanks for the concern, Ral315.--GordonWattsDotCom 05:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * One more thing: It's not necessarily considered OK for me to edit the images for you, since you're the copyright owner.  What you need to do is, click each image in question, click the "Edit this page" tab, and somewhere in the textbox, type  and then save the page.  This will take care of everything.  Thanks a lot.   ral  315  05:34, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Your Signpost article about the Wikipedians for Decency VfD
Actually, the votes were first split into 3-hour sections, but later regrouped into 6-hour sections, as the 3-hour section split was too fine-grained. — J I P | Talk 12:22, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, my guess is that it was probably a typo. I'll fix it and add it in an "Errors and omissions" column for next week's Signpost.   ral  315  22:11, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Bill O'Reilly
Hi Ral. Just wanted to cheer you for your mature response on the Bill O'Reilly move question. I wish there were more editors like you, prepared not to take personal affront when someone disagrees with them. Cheers! --Ngb 17:56, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Reference Desk and Signpost
HappyCamper dropped a note on my talk page about the Reference Desk undergoing a split (similar to Village Pump), with hopes of getting it mentioned in The Signpost. This weekend I won't yet have time to return to working on stories, but I thought I'd mention it to you. Perhaps it would fit in with the COTW consolidation story. Keep up the good work. --Michael Snow 19:40, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

The Signpost
Sure, I'll fill in for this week. Glad to be of help. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 00:34, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

More signpost stuff
Sure, I have more information that I can provide. How should I write it? Like an editorial in your subpage? When does it need to be completed by? I assume that you will do some final copyediting once everything is typed up and ready to go? --HappyCamper 02:54, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Again, more signpost stuff
Hey, Ral- is there an article done about the Willy on Wheels vandal and the "LoveBot" vandals? If not, I'll rush write one out at User:Flcelloguy/Signpost Vandals. Thanks! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 23:57, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Do it. Thanks a lot.   ral  315  00:01, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Just rush-writed it. Feel free to copyedit/add some links. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 00:08, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Just curious, if you're still logged on: is there a reason why the new issue hasn't been "published" yet? (Not rushing you in any way, you're doing a great job) Thanks! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 01:51, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * To be perfectly honest, it's not done because I took a 6 1/2 hour nap by accident. If I don't it done in the next few hours, I'll get it done tomorrow afternoon.   ral  315  07:55, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

The Practice editing
Hi, thanks for the welcome message and the useful links :) I didn't realise that Fox didn't have any involvement in the series as I'm British and I'm only just catching reruns now, and for some reason I thought I'd read somewhere that it was initially on Fox in the US. Linear 19:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd planned on clearing up the Season 4 section I added a little, I can certainly take another look at it and edit it down to something shorter.Linear 20:26, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

db and translate
I believe it is proper to leave only on an article and then only do a speedy delete when the two weeks are up. I saw that one you did that to was blanked by creator, but... I just want to make sure we're on the same page or whatnot. I just got you confused with someone who added a speed when it was not Egnlish and not blanked... you can ignore this since I you are not that personm gren グレン 01:32, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I added the db tag because the original user blanked the article. I figured, whether it was in a foreign language originally or not, the fact that it was blanked by the original user trumped its original language.  This may go against policy, and if it does, I'm sorry, but to me, it makes more sense this way.   ral  315  02:31, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nope, I was looking at a few translations... yours was fine but I had already written it... so no problems, what you did seems correct. gren グレン 02:39, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Jtkiefer's RFA
Thanks for your support on my RFA. Jtkiefer T - 04:55, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Double redirect at removable discontinuity
I must not have been paying attention, good catch, thanks! --fvw *  05:51, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

DOMINIC System changes
Hi there, regarding the rollback on Dominic System, can we discuss what it is you disagree with in my contribution? It is my first and only contribution and I was a little upset to see my work so quickly disposed. This section could sorely do with an example and a merits discussion. Furthermore a sample DOMINIC list (or lists) on which to collaborate would be outstandingly useful to the new initiate.

Finally, an aside, how are you going with your own memory system usage? Are you an old-timer? Finding them particularly useful?

Looking forward to your feed back. --Superman78 17:30, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ral315/Archive 3


text:
User talk:Jgossel

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 16:39, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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title: User talk:Jgossel


text:
Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles

Until the end of the Ethiopian monarchy in 1974, there were two categories of nobility in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Mesafint ( masāfint, modern mesāfint, singular መስፍን masfin, modern mesfin, "prince"), the hereditary royal nobility, formed the upper echelon of the ruling class. The Mekwanint ( makʷanint, modern mekʷanint, singular መኰንን makʷanin, modern mekʷanin or መኮንን mekonnen, "officer") were the appointed nobles, often of humble birth, who formed the bulk of the aristocracy. Until the 20th century, the most powerful people at court were generally members of the Mekwanint appointed by the monarch, while regionally, the Mesafint enjoyed greater influence and power. Emperor Haile Selassie greatly curtailed the power of the Mesafint to the benefit of the Mekwanint, who by then were essentially coterminous with the Ethiopian government.

The Mekwanint were officials who had been granted specific offices in the Abyssinian government or court. Higher ranks from the title of Ras descending through to Balambaras were also bestowed upon members of the Mekwanint. A member of the Mesafint, however, would traditionally be given precedence over a member of the Mekwanint of the same rank. For example, Ras Mengesha Yohannes, son of Emperor Yohannes IV and thus a member of the Mesafint, would have outranked Ras Alula Engida, who was of humble birth and therefore a member of the Mekwanint, even though their ranks were equal.

There were also parallel rules of precedence, primarily seniority based on age, on offices held, and on when they each obtained their titles, which made the rules for precedence rather complex. Combined with the ambiguous position of titled heirs of members of the Mekwanint, Emperor Haile Selassie, as part of his programme of modernising reforms, and in line with his aims of centralising power away from the Mesafint, replaced the traditional system of precedence with a simplified, Western-inspired system that gave precedence by rank, and then by seniority based when the title had been assumed – irrespective of how the title was acquired.

Negusa Nagast

Although several kings of Aksum used this style, until the restoration of the Solomonic dynasty under Yekuno Amlak, rulers of Ethiopia generally used the style of Negus, although "King of Kings" was used as far back as Ezana of Axum (320's–360 CE/AD).

The full title of the Emperor of Ethiopia was Negusa Nagast and Seyoume Igziabeher ("Elect of God"). The title Moa Anbessa Ze Imnegede Yehuda ("Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah") always preceded the titles of the Emperor. It was not a personal title but rather referred to the title of Jesus and placed the office of Christ ahead of the Emperor's name in an act of Imperial submission. Until the reign of Yohannes IV, the Emperor was also Neguse Tsion (, nəgusä tsiyon, "King of Zion"), whose seat was at Axum, and which conferred hegemony over much of the north of the Empire.

The Emperor was referred to by the dignities of the formal Girmawi (, gərəmawi, "His Imperial Majesty"), in common speech as Janhoy ( janihoy, "Your [Imperial] Majesty", or lit. "sire"), in his own household and family as Getochu (our Master in the plural), and when referred to by name in the third person with the suffix of Atse (effectively "Emperor", i.e. Atse Menelik).

All formal speech concerning the Emperor was in the plural, as was his own speech; Haile Selassie, for instance, referred to himself in the first-person plural at all times, even in casual conversation and when speaking in French (however this was not the case when he spoke in English, in which he was not fully fluent).

Negesta Nagastat
The Negesta Nagastat (Ge’ez: ንግሥተ ነገሥታት nəgəstä nägästât) was Empress Regnant in her own right, literally "Queen of Kings", or "Queen of Queens", or "female ruler of an empire."

Zewditu (reigned 1917–1930) was the only woman to be crowned in Ethiopia in her own right since ancient times. Rather than take the title itege, which was reserved for empress consorts, Zewditu was given the feminine version of nigusa nigist to indicate that she reigned in her own right. She was accorded the dignity of Girmawit ("[Her] Imperial Majesty") and the title of Siyimta Igzi'abher (Ge’ez: ሥይምተ እግዚአብሔር səyəmtä ’əgziabhēr, "Elect of God"). She was commonly referred to as nigist, translated as "Queen". The 1955 Constitution of Ethiopia excluded women from the succession to the throne so this title was effectively abolished.

Itege
An Itege (Amharic: እቴጌ ’ətēgē) was an Empress Consort. This refers to the wives of reigning emperors.

Empresses were generally crowned as consorts by the emperor at the Imperial Palace. However, Taytu Betul, consort of Menelik II, became the first Itege to be crowned by the Emperor at church rather than at the Palace. Her coronation took place on the second day of the emperor's coronation holiday. Menen Asfaw became the first Itege to be crowned by the archbishop on the same day and during the same ceremony as her husband, Haile Selassie. The Itege was entitled to the dignity of Girmawit ("Her/Your Imperial Majesty").

Negus
A Negus ( nəgus, "king") was a hereditary ruler of one of Ethiopia's larger provinces, over whom collectively the monarch ruled, thus justifying his imperial title. The title of Negus was awarded at the discretion of the Emperor to those who ruled important provinces, although it was often used hereditarily during and after the Zemene Mesafint. The rulers of Begemder, Shewa, Gojjam, Wollo, all held the title of Negus at some point, as the "Negus of Shewa", "Negus of Gojjam", and so forth.

During and after the reign of Menelik II virtually all of the titles either lapsed into the Imperial crown or were dissolved. In 1914, after having been appointed "Negus of Zion" by his son Lij Iyasu, Mikael of Wollo, in consideration of the hostile feelings this provoked among much of the nobility in northern Ethiopia (particularly Le'ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha, whose family had resented being denied the title by Menelik), who were now technically made subordinate to him, instead elected to use the title of Negus of Wollo. Tafari Makonnen, who later became Emperor Haile Selassie, was bestowed the title of Negus in 1928; he would be the last person to bear the title.

Despite this, European sources referred to the Ethiopian monarch as the Negus well into the 20th century, switching to Emperor only after the Second World War – around the same time the name Abyssinia fell out of use in favour of Ethiopia in the west.

Leul or Leoul
Leul or Leoul ( lə‘ul, "Prince") was a princely style used by sons and grandson of Ethiopia's dynastic monarchs. It is equivalent to that of Your Highness and was formerly only used as a form of address. The term was introduced as an official title in 1916 by the former foreign minister Blatten Geta Heruy Wolde-Selassie; it was first applied to Dejazmatch Tafari and his wife Princess Menen, who were respectively designated Leul-Ras and Le'elt Woizero.

Le'elt
Le'elt ( lə‘əlt, "Princess"). This title came into use in 1916 upon the enthronement of Zewditu. Reserved at birth for daughters of the monarch and patrilineal granddaughters. Usually bestowed on the wives of Leul Ras, as well as the monarch's granddaughters in the female line upon their marriages. The notable exception to the rule was Leult Yeshashework Yilma, Emperor Haile Selassie's niece by his elder brother, who received the title with the dignity of "Highness" from Zewditu upon the princess' marriage to Leul Ras Gugsa Araya Selassie in 1918, and then again from her uncle upon his coronation in 1930 with the enhanced dignity of "Imperial Highness".

Abeto
Abetohun ( abētōhun) or Abeto ( abētō, "Prince") –  Title reserved for males of imperial ancestry. The title fell into disuse by the late 19th century. Lij Iyasu attempted to revive the title as Abeto-hoy (, "Great Prince"), and this form is still used by the current Iyasuist claimant Girma Yohannes Iyasu. Lij Tedla Melaku, an influential Ethiopian philosopher, monarchist, and a member of the Gondar-Lasta branch of the Solomonic-Zagwe Imperial House and the Shewan nobility was also invested with the title of Abeto by the Crown Council of Ethiopia in 2019.

Ras
Ras (, compare with Arabic Rais) – One of the powerful non-imperial titles; historian Harold G. Marcus equates this to a duke. The combined title of Leul Ras (Amharic: ልዑል ራስ) was given to the heads of the cadet branches of the imperial dynasty, such as the Princes of Gojjam, Tigray and the Selalle sub-branch of the last reigning Shewan Branch.

Emebet
An Emebet Hoy (እመቤት ሆይ ’əmäbēt hōy, "Great Royal Lady") was a title reserved for the wives of those bearing the title of Leul Dejazmach and other high ranking women of royal blood.

Alternatively, an Emebet (እመቤት ’əmäbēt, "Royal Lady") was a title reserved for the unmarried granddaughters of the monarch in the female line (they were generally granted the title of leult upon marriage), and to the daughters of the Leul Ras.

Bitwoded
Bitwoded – An office thought to have been created by Zara Yaqob who appointed two of these, one of the Left and one of the Right. These were later merged into one office, which became the supreme grade of Ras, "Ras Betwadad". Marcus equates the style to an earl.

Lij
Lij – Title issued at birth to sons of members of the Mesafint, the hereditary royal nobility.

Men's military titles

 * Dejazmach (ደጃዝማች däjazmač, short for Dejenazmach, Commander of the main army) – a military title meaning commander of the central body of a traditional Ethiopian armed force composed of a vanguard, main body, left and right wings and a rear body. Marcus equates this to a count. The heirs of the "Leul Rases" were titled Leul Dejazmach (ልዑል ደጃዝማች ləul däjazmač) to elevate them above the non-imperial blood Dejazmaches.
 * Fitawrari (ፊታውራሪ fitawrari, Commander of the Vanguard) – a military title meaning commander of the vanguard of a traditional Ethiopian armed force. Marcus equates this to a baron.
 * Qeñazmach (ቀኛዝማች qäñazmač, Commander of the Right wing) – a military title meaning commander of the right wing of a traditional Ethiopian armed force.
 * Grazmach (ግራዝማች grazmač, Commander of the Left wing) – a military title meaning commander of the left wing of a traditional Ethiopian armed force.
 * Azmach (አዝማች azmač, Commander of the Rearguard) – a military title meaning commander of the rearguard of a traditional Ethiopian armed force. This was usually a trustworthy counselor and the leader's chief minister.
 * Balambaras (ባላምባራስ balambaras, Commander of an Amba or fortress) – these could also be commanders of the guards, artillery or cavalry of a traditional Ethiopian armed force, basically a man entrusted with important commands.

Women's honorifics

 * Woyzero (ወይዘሮ wäyzärō, Dame) – Originally high noble title that over time came to be the general accepted form of address for married women in general (Mrs.). It was still awarded by the Emperor on rare occasions in the 20th century to non-royal women, and sometimes with the higher grade of Woizero Hoy (ወይዘሮ ሆይ wäyzärō hoy, Great Dame).
 * Woyzerit (ወይዘሪት wäyzärit, Lady) – Originally high ranking noble title for unmarried women, now the general accepted form of address for unmarried women in general (Miss). It was sometimes awarded with the added distinction of Woizerit Hoy (ወይዘሪት ሆይ wäyzärit hoy, Great Lady), but only to widows.

Important regional offices

 * Tsahife Lam of Amhara (ጻሕፈ ላም) - governor of the Bete Amhara province and the most senior military officer next to the Emperor.
 * Gojjam Negash (ጎጃም ነጋሽ) - Ruler of Gojjam referred to as "The Lord of Lords" junior only to the Tsahife Lam of Amhara. Senior military title abolished somewhere during the Era of the Princes.
 * Bahr Negus (ባሕር ንጉሥ bahər nəgus, or Bahr Negash, "King of the sea") – Ruler of the territories north of the Mareb River (Mereb Melash), a powerful official in medieval Ethiopia. As a result of the revolts of the Bahr negus Yeshaq, this office lost much of its power. Although men are mentioned as holding this office into the 19th century, they held minimal influence.
 * Merid Azmach (መርዕድ አዝማች märəd ’azmač, "Fearsome Commander" or "supreme general") – This title is related to "Dejazmach" or "Qeñazmach" above. Beginning in the 18th century, this came to denote the rulers of Shewa until Sahle Selassie dropped it in favor of the title of Negus. Later revived in 1930 in Wollo for Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen.
 * Mesfina Harar (መስፍነ ሐረር mäsfinä ḥarar) – Duke of Harar. Hereditary title created in 1930 for Emperor Haile Selassie's second son, Prince Makonnen. (The wife of the Mesfin was properly titled Sefanit, but was more commonly referred to as the Mesfinit). Upon the death of the Prince, his son Prince Wossen Seged was elevated as Mesfin Harar and would currently be second in line in the line of succession if Ethiopia were still a monarchy after Prince Zera Yacob.
 * Nebura ed (ንቡረ እድ nəburä ’əd, one put in office through the laying of hands") – civil governor of Axum reserved for the clergy. Also called Liqat Aksum. Because of the historical and symbolic importance of this city, the rules of precedence promulgated in 1689 ranked the Nebura ed ahead of all of the provincial governors. Indeed, when the title was granted with Ras Warq (the right to wear a coronet), it was higher than even the title of Ras. Although a civil title granted by the Emperor, it was usually bestowed on a clergyman due to Axum's status as the holiest site of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church within the country. The title of Nebure ed was also granted to the administrator of the Church of St. Mary at Addis Alem, founded by Menelik II west of Addis Ababa.  However the Nebura ed of Addis Alem was much further down the hierarchy than the Nebura ed of Axum, and was not accorded the Ras Warq.
 * Tigray Mekonnen (ትግራይ መኮንን təgray mäkōnən) – Governor of the province of Tigray during the Middle Ages. Other districts included Akele Guzay (now part of Eritrea)
 * Wagshum (ዋግሹም wagšum) – governor (or shum) of the province of Wag. The Wagshum was a hereditary title, and these rulers traced their ancestry back to the imperial family of the Zagwe dynasty.
 * Shum Agame (ሹም ዓጋመ Shum Agame) - Governor of Agame province of Tigray, and hereditary in the family of Dejazmach Sabagadis Woldu, a major figure of the Zemene Mesafint (Era of the Princes) period. Ras Sebhat Aregawi, a longtime rival of the family of Emperor Yohannes IV was one of the more famous of the Shum Agame.
 * Shum Tembien (ሹም ተምቤን šum tembien) – Governor of Tembien district of Tigray.  Emperor Yohannes IV was the son of Shum Mercha of Tembien.
 * Jantirar (ጃንጥራር Jant’rar) – Title reserved for the males of the family who ruled over the mountain fortress of Ambassel in Wollo (now Debub Wollo Zone). The title of Jantirar is among the oldest in the Ethiopian Empire. Empress Menen, consort of Emperor Haile Selassie, was the daughter of Jantirar Asfaw.

Important offices of the Imperial Court

 * Enderase - Regent of the Empire in times of the Emperor's youth, infirmity, or other limited capacity. Empress Zewditu, who reigned from 1917 to 1930, was obliged to share power with an Enderase, Ras Tafari Makonnen, who was also her designated heir, and thus assumed the throne as Emperor Haile Selassie in 1930. The title used by the monarch's representatives to fiefs and vassals (in this sense, a Viceroy). In the 20th century, the title was used by some provincial governors, chiefly that of the autonomous province of Eritrea which was restored to Ethiopia in 1952. The title was still used after the dissolution of the federal arrangement, and was uniformly adopted by the rulers of the other provinces as well.
 * Reise Mekwanint (ርእሰ መኳንንት rə‘əsä mäkʷanənt, "head of the nobles") – Title granted during the Zemene Mesafint, which raised its holder over all appointed nobles. It was bestowed upon the Enderase, who during that period held most of the (considerably diminished) imperial power. It was last granted to Yohannes IV by his brother-in-law Tekle Giyorgis II (Wagshum Gobeze) before the former deposed the later and seized the throne for himself.
 * Tsehafe Taezaz (, translated as "Minister of the Pen") - The most powerful post at the Imperial court. According to John Spencer, he was "the one who traditionally walked two steps behind the Emperor to listen to and write down all orders that the latter gave out in the course of an audience or an inspection tour." Spencer adds that under Haile Selassie the Tsehafe Tezaz safeguarded the Great Seal, kept the records of all important appointments, and was responsible for publishing all laws and treaties; "his signature, rather than that of the Emperor, appeared on those [official] publications although the heading in each case referred to His Imperial Majesty." The office was combined with that of Prime Minister during the tenure of Aklilu Habte-Wold (1961–1974).
 * Afe Negus (, lit: "mouth of the King") - Title for the Imperial Supreme Court Justices that is equivalent to "Lord Justice" or "Lord Chief Justice" (in the case of the Chief Justice). The title was originally given to the two chief heralds who acted as official spokesmen for the Emperor, hence the name "mouth of the King". Since the Emperor never spoke in public, these officials always spoke in public on his behalf (speaking as if they were the Emperor). By 1942, this title was granted only to Justices of the Imperial Supreme Court.
 * Liqe Mekwas (ሊቀ መኳስ liqä mäkʷas) - The impersonator or double of the Emperor, who accompanied him in battle. Two trusted and highly favored officials were given this title. They always walked or rode on either side of the monarch in battle, or in public processions, dressing as magnificently, or more magnificently then he, in order to distract assassins.
 * Aqabe Se'at (ዐቃቤ ሰዓት ’aqabē sä‘at, "keeper of time") - High official, often a clergyman, who was responsible for keeping the Emperor's schedule and had authority over the clergy assigned to the Imperial Court. The position was one of immense power in medieval times, but became largely titular under the Gondarine Emperors and eventually went out of existence.
 * Blattengeta (ብላቴን ጌታ blatēn gēta, "lord of the pages") - High court official that served as administrator of the Palaces. The title was later used as an honorific.
 * Blatta (ብላታ blata, "page") - The rank of high court officials in charge of maintaining palace protocol and meeting the personal needs of the Imperial family.
 * Basha (ባሻ baša) - A rank originally derived from the Turkish (Ottoman)/Egyptian title of Pasha, but considered a lower rank in Ethiopia, whereas Pasha was a high rank at the Turkish and Egyptian courts.

Important offices of the civil government

 * Negadras (ነጋድራስ nägadras, "head of the merchants") - The appointed leader of a larger town's merchants, who supervised the operations of the markets, the administration of customs, and the collection of taxes. By the end of the 19th century a negadras was often the single most important official in a town, essentially acting as its mayor. By 1900 the various negadrasoch had been subordinated to the negadras of Addis Ababa, Haile Giyorgis Woldemikael, who by 1906 supervised foreign businesses and diplomatic missions in the capital, the organisation of hand was responsible for granting concessions and contracts to foreign enterprises, making the post the de facto Mayor of Addis Ababa, Chief of police, Minister of Commerce and Minister of Foreign Affairs. These functions were separated by the formation of the first cabinet in 1907, with Haile Giyorgis appointed to those posts. With Haile Giyorgis' removal from office by then-Regent Ras Tafari Makonnen in 1917, the post of negadras of Addis Ababa lost most of its powers to the office of Kantiba, the head of the municipal government, which had been created in 1910, with other towns later following suit.
 * Kantiba (ከንቲባ käntiba, "mayor" or "Lord Mayor") - A mayor of a large town or city in modern times. In ancient times a kantiba was a chief, the king's lieutenant that used to govern a province or more provinces. He had soldiers. The kantiba had the task to administrate the given areas. In certain cases the title of kantiba could have passed down from father to son, and in some others the title was given to elected individuals for a few years, where at the end of the mandate another person was elected.

title: Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles


text:
Harry Luke

Sir Harry Charles Luke (born Harry Charles Lukach; 4 December 1884 – 11 May 1969 ) was an official in the British Colonial Office. He served in Barbados, Cyprus, Transcaucasia, Sierra Leone, Palestine, Malta, the British Western Pacific Territories and Fiji. He is the author of some books on several of these countries.

Biography
Luke was born in London in 1884. His father, J.H. Luke (né Lukács) was an Austro-Hungarian, but later acquired American citizenship; his mother was a Polish Catholic of the minor nobility. Luke was educated at Eton College and at Trinity College, Oxford, of which he became an Honorary Fellow in 1952, and converted to Anglicanism.

Luke's first official appointment was as private secretary in Sierra Leone in 1908. He became aide-de-camp the following year, and briefly acted as Colonial Secretary for a few months. In 1911 he moved to Barbados to become private secretary to the Governor. He subsequently served as private secretary to the High Commissioner of Cyprus (1911–1912) and as commissioner of Famagusta (1918–1920). From 1909 to 1911 he was also a second lieutenant in the London Yeomanry.

During World War I, Luke served as Commander of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve on the Syrian Coast, and as a Political Officer on the staff of Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss; for his services he was awarded the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor.

In 1919 Luke was appointed Political Officer to the Admiral of the Fleet, Sir John de Robeck. In 1920 he spent six months (from April to September) as British Chief Commissioner in Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan).

In 1921, he was assistant Governor of Jerusalem and was appointed a member of the Haycraft Commission, which was established by Sir Herbert Samuel to investigate the cause of the riot which started in Jaffa on 1 May that year, and into the affairs of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem.

From 1924 to 1928 Luke held the post of Colonial Secretary of Sierra Leone. He was subsequently appointed to be the acting High Commissioner to the Government of Palestine. He assumed this position on 19 July 1928 and held it until 6 December 1928.

In August 1929, acting as deputy to Sir John Robert Chancellor, Luke attempted to mediate an agreement between Jewish and Arab leaders, without success. Later he was Lieutenant Governor of Malta (1930–1938) and Governor of Fiji and High Commissioner of the British Western Pacific Territories from 1938 to 1942. He left Fiji on 20 July 1942.

On his retirement from the Colonial Service in 1943, Luke served for three years as chief representative of the British Council in the Caribbean. He died in Cyprus, where he often spent the winter, on 11 May 1969.

A Freemason of the United Grand Lodge of England, in 1919–1920 he served as the 28th First Principal of the St. Paul's Royal Arch Chapter N. 2277 E. C. in Cyprus.

Family
In 1918 Luke married Joyce Evelyn Fremlin, the daughter of Henry James Leigh Fremlin and his wife, Maud Evelyn Deane (divorced 1949). They had two sons, Peter Ambrose Cyprian Luke, born in 1919, and Michael Charles Deane Luke, born in 1925.

Honours

 * CMG (1926), Knight (1933), Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (1939)
 * GCStJ (1960), Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St John

Luke's published works

 * The Fringe of the East. Journey through Past and Present Provinces of Turkey, (Macmillan & Co), 1913 (First published under the name Harry Charles Lukach)
 * The City of the Dancing Dervishes, 1914
 * Cypriote Shrines, (Faith Press), 1920
 * The Handbook of Cyprus (London), 1920 (together with D.J. Jardine)
 * Cyprus under the Turks 1571–1878, (Oxford University Press), 1921
 * Report of the commission appointed by the government of Palestine to inquire into the affairs of the orthodox patriarchate of Jerusalem, 1921 (together with Anton Bertram)
 * The handbook of Palestine, 1922 (together with Edward Keith Roach)
 * Anatolica, (London), 1924
 * Mosul and its minorities, 1925
 * Prophets, Priests and Patriarchs: sketches of the sects of Palestine and Syria, 1927
 * In the Margin of History, 1933
 * An Eastern Checkerboard, 1934
 * More Moves on an Eastern Checkerboard, 1935
 * The Making of Modern Turkey, (Macmillan & Co), 1936
 * The British Pacific islands, 1944
 * From a South Seas Diary, 1938–1942, 1945
 * "Aden", in: The British Empire, by Hector Bolitho, 1948.
 * Malta, an account and an appreciation, 1949
 * Caribbean Circuit, 1950
 * Aegean, Cyprus, Turkey, Transcaucasia and Palestine (1914–1924), 1953
 * Cities and Men: an autobiography – Vols. 1 & 2, 1953
 * Queen Salote and her Kingdom, 1954
 * The Tenth Muse: A Gourmet's Compendium, 1954 (a cookery book)
 * The Old Turkey and the New: from Byzantium to Ankara, 1955 (First published in 1936 under the title The Making of Modern Turkey)
 * Cities and Men: an autobiography, Vol. 3, 1956
 * Cyprus: a Portrait and an Appreciation, (Harrap), 1957

title: Harry Luke


text: User talk:194.83.245.141

title: User talk:194.83.245.141


text:
Portsmouth & Southsea railway station

Portsmouth & Southsea railway station is a Grade II listed building and the main railway station in the city of Portsmouth in Hampshire, England. It is in the Landport area close to the Commercial Road shopping area. British Transport Police maintain a presence at the station. There is a taxi rank at the front of the building and regular local buses within five minutes' walking distance.

The station, which is managed by South Western Railway, has ticket barriers in operation.

History
An earlier and smaller station building was opened as Portsmouth on 14 June 1847 and served as a terminus station. The present station was built in 1866 and was further extended via additional high level platforms to Portsmouth Harbour in 1876. It was later renamed Portsmouth Town on 2 October 1876 to avoid confusion with other stations in Portsmouth, such as Portsmouth Harbour.

To the south of the passenger railway station and high level platforms, an adjoining railway goods station stood until 1936, when it was relocated to Fratton Goods Yard. Currently, a Premier Inn hotel and University of Portsmouth student accommodation blocks now occupy the site of the former Portsmouth Town goods station.

The station's present-day name of Portsmouth & Southsea originates from 1925 after the closure of the Southsea Railway branch line, which had a terminus station in Southsea named East Southsea from 1885-1914. Competing trams and trolleybuses put the Southsea Railway out of business and was closed in 1914. Train passengers and tourists bound for Southsea were then diverted to Portsmouth's main railway station, Portsmouth Town which was later renamed Portsmouth & Southsea in 1925. A year later, the town of Southsea became officially integrated into the city of Portsmouth on 21 April 1926 when Portsmouth was granted city status.

Portsmouth & Southsea station was once the junction for the Portsmouth Dockyard branch, known as the Admiralty Line. The line opened in 1857 and branched off from the west end of today's platform 1 and passed through the east side of Victoria Park, close to the rear of Stanhope Road, before crossing Bishop Crispian Way via a level crossing (the gates still exist) and entering the naval base at the Unicorn Gate. The Admiralty Line was closed in 1977.

During the 1980s, Portsmouth & Southsea station lost three of its five low level platforms and adjoining sidings to redevelopment, a large Matalan retail store (originally a W.H.Smith Do It All DIY retailer) and car park were built on their location to the south of Station Street.

Part of the station, specifically the 1980s canopy over high level platforms 1 and 2, is still in its original red Network SouthEast livery. In early 2021 strengthening work was carried on Landport Viaduct which carries the high level platforms 1 & 2.

Presently, the station is still informally and colloquially known as Town Station by Portsmouth's local population, despite Portsmouth having been awarded city status on 21 April 1926.

Services
The station is located on the Portsmouth Direct Line which runs between London Waterloo and Portsmouth Harbour. In addition there are regular services to Cardiff Central, Bristol Temple Meads, Southampton Central, Eastleigh, Guildford, Woking, Brighton, Gatwick Airport, East Croydon and London Victoria. The station is split into two distinct parts: the high level island (Platforms 1 and 2) for through trains to the Harbour, and the low level (bay Platforms 3 and 4) where some trains terminate. In addition, Hovertravel run a bus service from Portsmouth & Southsea which connects to their Hovercraft service from Southsea to the Isle of Wight. The IoW terminal is located next to Ryde Esplanade, with a single price ticket for journeys via rail/hover/rail, similar to that provided by Wightlink from Portsmouth Harbour.

The Monday-Saturday off-peak service is:

South Western Railway:
 * 3 tph to London Waterloo via Guildford (2 fast, 1 stopping)
 * 1 tph to London Waterloo via Basingstoke
 * 3 tph to Portsmouth Harbour
 * 1 tph to Southampton Central

Southern:
 * 2 tph to London Victoria via Horsham
 * 1 tph to Brighton
 * 2 tph to Portsmouth Harbour

Great Western Railway:
 * 1 tph to Cardiff Central via Bristol Temple Meads
 * 1 tph to Portsmouth Harbour

title: Portsmouth & Southsea railway station


text:
User talk:Bsamlows

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 16:41, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Bsamlows


text:
User talk:Windlegends

WindLegends
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as WindLegends, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. For more information about Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, take a look at our Five Pillars. Happy editing! DES (talk) 14:57, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

You might also want to read WP:SPAM. DES (talk) 14:57, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

November 2011
Hello Windlegends. If you are affiliated with some of the people, places or things you have written about on Wikipedia, you may have a conflict of interest. In keeping with Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy, edits where there is a conflict of interest, or where such a conflict might reasonably be inferred, are strongly discouraged. If you have a conflict of interest, you should avoid or exercise great caution when:
 * 1) editing or creating articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with;
 * 2) participating in deletion discussions about articles related to you, your organization or its competitors; and
 * 3) linking to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see Spam).

Please familiarize yourself with relevant policies and guidelines, especially those pertaining to neutral point of view, verifiability of information, and autobiographies.

For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have a conflict of interest, please see our frequently asked questions for organizations. Thank you. DreamGuy (talk) 23:49, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of WindLegends for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article WindLegends is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/WindLegends (2nd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. DreamGuy (talk) 23:57, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Charlotte Boyett-Compo for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Charlotte Boyett-Compo is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Charlotte Boyett-Compo (2nd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. DreamGuy (talk) 00:25, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Potential Conflict of Interest
I noticed that your sole purpose on here is to add information about the author Charlotte Boyett-Compo and since your name is taken after one of her series, I have to ask... are you the author or someone who knows her? (Like a friend, family member, associate, someone who works for her or would benefit from promoting her.) If so, I highly recommend that you check out the page WP:COI. There's no set rule against creating your own pages, but it's discouraged because it's so incredibly hard to come across as neutral. What might seem notable to you might not pass notability standards on Wikipedia, plus it's easy to begin to feel "ownership" of an article. (WP:Own) If you are the author or someone with a vested interest in her, it's a good idea to mention this on your user or talk pages or at least in one of the various AfD entries. If you only continue to add CBC to pages there's a good chance that you will be considered someone who is just posting promotional material onto various pages and your account will be blocked. I hope I'm not coming across as hostile or mean, I just want to ensure that you are aware of how this can be perceived. You have to prove that your additions are more than just promotional. Tokyogirl79 (talk) 06:19, 7 November 2011 (UTC)tokyogirl79

title: User talk:Windlegends


text:
Talk:Ryhope

Ryhope Secondary School
I removed the following from the article because it's "(Taken from a 1936 booklet celebrating the 25th anniversary of the school)". Although we encourage references, they do not justify lifting a massive chunk of text. The JPS 16:42, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

== Ryhope Secondary School ==

In the 1900s, facilities for secondary education in the north-east part of the administrative County of Durham in England were almost entirely lacking, pupils from elementary schools in the area desirous of pursuing a course of secondary education being obliged to travel to the County Borough of Sunderland or to Durham.

In 1909 the Durham County Education Authority decided to establish a number of new Secondary Schools at selected centres in the County; the first of these schools was built at Ryhope providing accommodation for 204 pupils.

The School was opened on the 11th September, 1911, the opening ceremony being performed by County Councillor Robert Richardson, Chairman of the Board of Governors. The number of pupils enrolled was 155, consisting of 74 boys and 81 girls.

The enthusiasm of pupils and parents during the first year of the School's life and the success achieved by the pupils (luring that time proved that the School was meeting a real need and that the Education Committee had made a wise decision in choosing Ryhope as a centre for Secondary Education.

It was not surprising therefore that during the second year there was a large increase in the number of pupils and the school grew from strength to strength. The loyalty and keenness displayed by those first pupils of the School cannot be too strongly emphasised; they left behind them traditions of learning and industry which were worthy of the emulation of those who followed them.

This steady progress of the School during the first three years was interrupted by the outbreak of the Great War (1914-1918).

Those War years were troublesome; many of the Staff were serving with H.M. Forces while senior boys left the School for military training. The excitement of war times, shortage of food, writing material and apparatus, and frequent changes in staff provided difficulties which were only overcome by the loyalty and devotion of staff and pupils alike in assisting the Headmaster to maintain the high level of efficiency which had already been attained.

An important educational development during the War years was the establishment by the Board of Education of Advanced Courses of Instruction beyond the School Certificate year, and it is worthy of note that Ryhope Secondary School was one of the first schools in the country to have Advanced Courses recognised and financed.

This new feature altered considerably the character of the School insomuch as it raised the senior forms and increased the length of school life by two years. Since the introduction of these Advanced Courses providing better facilities for preparation for University Scholarships and admission to Universities, increased numbers of senior pupils have been awarded State Scholarships and Exhibitions and nearly all subsequently take a University degree with honours.

At the conclusion of the war members of Staff returned to their scholastic duties and the School began to settle down to a normal state of affairs. One of the first duties to be undertaken was the provision of a Memorial in honour of the 14 former pupils of the School who had laid down their lives during the war.

Many suggestions were considered as to what form this should take; finally it was decided that an Organ should be erected in the School Hall together with a plaque on which should be inscribed the names of those who had fallen. Funds for this purpose were readily forthcoming from pupils past and present, staff and friends of the School. In 1924 the Organ was dedicated and has since been in daily use during morning prayers.

During the early post war years the Durham County Education Authority in response to a demand for increased facilities for secondary education decided to build Secondary Schools at Houghton-le-Spring and Wellfield, while the Higher Elementary School at Washington was raised to secondary status. This, together with the extension of the Borough of Sunderland to include Fulwell and Southwick resulted in the area from which the School drew its pupils being considerably reduced.

The most important change in the history of the School took place however during the years 1929-33. The conversion of the Higher Elementary School at Seaham Harbour to a Secondary School for Girls resulted in the number of vacancies available for boys being increased. The change-over to a boys school was a gradual one; the last girls were admitted in 1929 and by the Summer Term of 1933 the School had ceased to function as a co-educational establishment. The influence of the girls had always been of a very beneficial character and it was some time before the School became accustomed to the loss it had sustained by their transference.

This change to a boys school resulted in increased demands on the laboratory accommodation which had always proved inadequate to meet the requirements of modern science teaching. To remedy this two new laboratories for advanced work will shortly be available. In addition extensive structural alterations involving the provision of two extra science laboratories, a new dining hall provided with a stage for dramatic performances and concerts, a library, art room and metal work room are now in progress and it is hoped that with these the School will not only maintain but surpass the record of attainment which it has reached during the first twenty-five years of its existence. (Taken from a 1936 booklet celebrating the 25th anniversary of the school).

I don't have an issue with this.

This was all that was here when I first visited the article; I added the Geography and History sections. I only left the article because I didn't want to step on the original author's toes... John the mackem 23:35, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, right - I didn't realise you added something to it (I thought it was all a copyvio). If you wanted, we could have a (far) more concise section about the school (I don't think there's a need for anywhere near this depth!), and quote the booklet in a proper ==Reference== section. A paragraph, maybe - no more than two - with a shift from the essayist tone of the above. But, I'm not really bothered if you're not. The JPS 08:35, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * When I first read the Ryhope article, I thought there was a bit too much info on the school, and virtually no info on Ryhope itself, which is what I added. To be honest, I don't even think the school is there anymore, and so I don't really see the point in having much more than a passing reference - if that. I think the geography and history of the village are more interesting, important and relevant. I would have liked to have included maps - but I couldn't find any copyright-free ones... I am in the process of taking my own photographs of the village to post as well. John the mackem 11:12, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I really must learn to read. When I read your original post (blurry eyed), the teacher in me read 'History' and 'Geography' as subjects within the school section. I'll go back to sleep now...
 * There's a project where people put the town'a location within Britain: like South Shields. It's just a case of the relevant editors getting to it, I guess. A photo might be useful too. I'm at work, and therefore in Sunderland, much more often in a few weeks time, so if there's nothing by then I'll sort one out. The JPS 11:37, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ryhope


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kao lee and yip

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash 02:18, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Kao lee and yip
Just a law firm. Not notable DJ Clayworth 16:42, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Not even a very good ad. Delete. - Lucky 6.9 16:46, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ad policy violation DV8 2XL 17:06, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete For the reasons above. IINAG 17:34, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alphabetical list of Santa Clara, California streets

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Nufy8 22:33, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Alphabetical list of Santa Clara, California streets
This is an article with a list of random streets and are not notable. It's taking up valuable space on Wiki. UniReb 16:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nn (This entry left by USER:DV8 2XL Pilatus 17:07, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not directory, Wikipedia is not a grab-bag of data Pilatus 17:06, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information.Roodog2k 17:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete ne --TimPope 17:34, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, you didn't include my street on that list >:| Gateman1997 18:17, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Close to You (1943 song)

"Close to You" is a popular song written by Jerry Livingston, Carl Lampl and Al Hoffman.

Recordings

 * It has been recorded three times by Frank Sinatra; on June 7, 1943, again on December 26, 1943 for Columbia Records and on November 1, 1956 for Capitol Records. The 1956 version was issued as the title track of an album, Close to You and More, in 1957 for Capitol.
 * It was covered in the UK by Vera Lynn.

title: Close to You (1943 song)


text:
Talk:Ian Grojnowski

Untitled
To the anon editing the page : Ermm.. why does the quantity of his hair matter very much? Pcb21| Pete 16:44, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ian Grojnowski. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041231232542/http://www.lms.ac.uk/activities/prizes_com/citations04.html to http://www.lms.ac.uk/activities/prizes_com/citations04.html

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:54, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ian Grojnowski