text:
User:Sinatra-iz-God

Welcome, from Journalist
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title: User:Sinatra-iz-God


text:
Template talk:Infobox manner of address

Formatting
Instead of this template reading:

If we just removed the part I boldened, the border would go all the way around to make an actual infobox. And it would be more aesthetically pleasing. Does anyone disagree? --Matjlav(talk) 22:29, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

yes. They were all designed not to have a full box for a range of reasons, not least because they were modelled on the very successful papal infoboxes, which look far cleaner without a full box. Full boxes unless extremely carefully placed can also overrun the edge of texts and stand out, or appear too heavy, creating a stamp effect. Restricting the line to the left, as with the papal infobox, allows for a softer overall look, and also a better more professional design. Quite a few infoboxes on Wikipedia run into problems because the full box doesn't fit neatly onto the page but spills over. That is avoided, and the visual effect softened, by restricting the hard edge of the box to the text side and allowing the non-lined side to blend into the edge of the page without any demarcation, so that it isn't noticeable if it runs slightly to far, whereas a right-lined box would show exactly the edges of the box and the extent of any, even small, overrun. Fear ÉIREANN \(caint) 22:39, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Can we delete this?
I found this template on a bunch of articles and would like to nominate it for deletion, but thought I'd post here first. I don't think any of the information in the box is useful, but if people want to preserve it then a couple of pages have a section called "Titles, styles, honours and arms" (or something like that) and the info can go there. What do you think? Tocharianne 05:36, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) I clicked on a bunch of pages that use it and the styles are identical for everyone of the same rank, so it doesn't give any new information.
 * 2) On a related note, there's already an article called Royal and noble styles which explains styles, so it doesn't give any unique information.
 * 3) Most of the people using this template are dead, so it doesn't give any useful information.
 * 4) The style of address for a person should be a minor part of the article, not a distracting box, so it doesn't have any important information.
 * Had the discussion here the outcome was to keep.210.49.136.175 09:09, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The previous deletion discussion is at Templates for deletion/Log/2007 January 1. Opera hat (talk) 22:30, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Make altstyle optional?
At Aiko, Princess Toshi there is no  parameter and therefore the display looks awry. Having no knowledge of royal styles: Could it be made optional? --Tim Landscheidt (talk) 23:19, 18 June 2010 (UTC)
 * This is now optional. Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 04:40, 1 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks. --Tim Landscheidt (talk) 01:54, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Motto and motto translation in "bishopstyles"
I wanted to add the English translation of the Latin motto on the coat of arms for Robert Finn (bishop) to the infobox there.

For background: I don't know for sure but I've come to feel that the coat of arms for a Roman Catholic bishop is more attached to the diocese than to the bishop. It is added to the bishop's page, I know, under the Styles infobox using the "bishopstyles" template. But there's no provision for Motto in the template. I have set up the best amalgam I could from two templates -- the existing "bishopstyles" one and Motto from "Infobox Christian leader" [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Swliv/sandbox#.22infobox_bishopstyles.22_et_al. here at my Wiki sandbox]. But my mock-up shows the motto in a second Personal details box while there's another Personal details box for really personal details (assuming the motto is not really a personal detail); or, in any event, the "bishopstyles" personal details are shown in the Personal details box above Styles (where the coat of arms resides) -- not a good place for the translation, format-wise.

And, yes, I could have proposed moving Motto out of Personal details in "Infobox Christian leader" and into some more (as far as I see it now; I'm not an expert in church matters) germanely named section. But the translation seems to be a much better fit in the 'bishopstyles' template itself.

I certainly had no advance notice; but since my last post on my way to this proposal here, earlier this afternoon, I did hear on the radio the story that Pope Francis is moving to rely more on the vernacular languages and less on Latin in church affairs. Story here. I certainly don't, personally, wish to see Latin usage (secular, in my personal case) undermined; but I also don't think an English-language encyclopedia ought to be impermeably home to non-translated Latin bits.

I do recognize also, I think, that I have a hurdle to clear in terms of my (for now) reliance on Google Translate for my source, for the translation of the Finn motto. I will first note that Google Translate itself only added, to my pleasure, Latin in fairly recent times. I don't know how, right now, to solve the sourcing problem. But I feel there will be a way and meanwhile the template problem is the first one in my way.

Thanks much. Swliv (talk) 00:09, 7 October 2014 (UTC)
 * does [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Finn_(bishop)&oldid=628505378 this solve the problem]? Frietjes (talk) 15:23, 7 October 2014 (UTC)
 * i'd prefer to have Styles still used and Motto= as part of it; because that's what's propagating, eg, across Wiki; with all that Latin untranslated I assume. I also like Styles because it doesn't presume that the coat of arms and motto are 'personal'; I don't know if it is personal or diocese-ian. (Any way to get rid of the "Personal details" sub-header in the Finn infobox? I'm assuming not.) I also don't feel the Latin needs to be repeated in the text of that infobox if it's already also in the footnote as it is. BUT I'm appreciative of having the Finn article 'better' (in my opinion) and having some template I can use if I wish to go further beyond Finn. At the moment? My interest has been quenched. Quite a journey. (And Google Translate has yet to be challenged; that may yet come.) Thanks much again. (For now? We'll see. Cheers.) Swliv 12:54, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

 * ps: It didn't get easier for sure but I did after all go another step after 12:54 above (you did ask an open-ended question above, right?), here -- addressing the poster of all/many of the coats of arms -- FYI. I will say, I'm sure glad all the dialog above was in English. But I learned a lot going intra-Wiki machine-bi-lingual. Again we, or I, will see; and cheers. Swliv (talk) 15:35, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

Merge?
Why can't this template merge with Template:Infobox Austrian monarch styles, Template:Infobox Spanish royalty styles, Template:Infobox Portuguese royalty styles, and Template:Infobox consort styles? Chicbyaccident (talk) 10:26, 1 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Chicbyaccident, those templates use this template, so there would be nothing to merge. if you want to substitute Template:Infobox Austrian monarch styles, Template:Infobox Spanish royalty styles, Template:Infobox Portuguese royalty styles, and Template:Infobox consort styles, go for it.  I believe they are all configured to substitute cleanly. Frietjes (talk) 12:48, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 10 May 2023
Change line 9

From: | label1    = Reference style

To: | label1    = Reference style  — Foxtrot1296 (talk) 17:55, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: according to its link, Style (form of address), both "form of" and "manner of" are acceptable and synonymous phrases to describe the style.  P.I. Ellsworth  , ed.  put'er there 00:52, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The wikilink is stale and for those of us who use syntax highlighting while editing it shows as an ugly and unnecessary redirect in the infobox. Just do it. — Foxtrot1296 (talk) 22:30, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:Infobox manner of address


text:
User talk:S33k3r

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

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Philosophy of The Scene
I really appreciate your write-up. I do, however, have one more question for you on that talk page. Thanks again, NeoThe1 05:15, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

x264 scene rules?
Do you have a set of the x264 scene rules by any chance? I see they are no longer being nuked. Thanks!
 * AFAIK, there aren't any official rules yet, thus all .x264. should be tagged .iNTERNAL.
 * Some sites might allow x264 on some sections(namely TV) tho. They might specify their own guidelines for bitrates in site rules.
 * S33k3r 21:17, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

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Image:Dvd-sample.png
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Image:American pie evil workprint cap.jpg
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Image:American pie workprint cap.jpg
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Image:A night at the roxbury cam cap 2.jpg
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Image:Hdtv rip quality.jpg
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AfD nomination of Pirated movie release types
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Articles for deletion nomination of List of pro and anti-warez arguments
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AfD nomination of Topsite (www)
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Nomination for deletion of Template:Warez TOC
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title: User talk:S33k3r


text:
User talk:Pete Mos$

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Journalist C./Holla @ me
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Oooohkay!!
Wait a minute...what were we talking about again? --Pete Mos$ 18:06, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pete Mos$


text:
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative

The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI, pronounced "Reggie") is the first mandatory market-based program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the United States. RGGI is a cooperative effort among the states of Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Virginia to cap and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the power sector. RGGI compliance obligations apply to fossil-fueled power plants 25 megawatts (MW) and larger within the 11-state region. Pennsylvania's participation in the RGGI cooperative was ruled unconstitutional on November 1, 2023, although that decision has been appealed. North Carolina's entrance into RGGI has been blocked by the enactment of the state's fiscal year 2023–25 budget.

RGGI establishes a regional cap on the amount of CO2 pollution that power plants can emit by issuing a limited number of tradable CO2 allowances. Each allowance represents an authorization for a regulated power plant to emit one short ton of CO2. Individual CO2 budget trading programs in each RGGI state together create a regional market for CO2 allowances.

The RGGI states distribute over 90 percent of allowances through quarterly auctions. These allowance auctions generate proceeds, which participating states are able to invest in strategic energy and consumer benefit programs. Programs funded through RGGI have included energy efficiency, clean and renewable energy, greenhouse gas abatement, and direct bill assistance.

An initial milestone program's development occurred in 2005, when seven states signed a memorandum of understanding announcing an agreement to implement RGGI. The RGGI states then established individual CO2 budget trading programs, based on the RGGI Model Rule. The first pre-compliance RGGI auction took place in September 2008, and the program became effective on January 1, 2009. The RGGI program is currently in its fifth three-year compliance period, which began January 1, 2021.

Track record and benefits
RGGI states have reduced their carbon emissions while still experiencing economic growth. Power sector carbon emissions in the RGGI states have declined by over 50% since the program began. Media have reported on RGGI's success as a nationally relevant example showing that economic growth can coincide with pollution reductions. In a report on RGGI, the Congressional Research Service has also said that, "experiences in RGGI may be instructive for policymakers seeking to craft a national program."

While multiple factors contribute to emissions trends, a 2015 peer-reviewed study found that RGGI has contributed significantly to the decline in emissions in the nine-state region. Alternate factors considered by the study included state Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) programs, economic trends, and natural gas prices.

Other independent reports have analyzed RGGI's economic impact. For example, two reports by the Analysis Group studied RGGI's first and second three-year compliance periods. They found that the effects of RGGI's first three years are generating in $1.6 billion in net economic benefit and 16,000 job-years, and RGGI's second three years are generating $1.3 billion in net economic benefit and 14,700 job-years. These figures do not include co-benefits such as public health improvements or avoided climate change impacts.

A Clean Air Task Force (CATF) study investigated public health benefits arising from the RGGI states' shift to cleaner power generation. The study found that the RGGI states transition to cleaner energy is saving hundreds of lives, preventing thousands of asthma attacks and reducing medical impacts and expenses by billions of dollars.

Environmental
RGGI has the potential to lower Pennsylvania's emissions of many pollutants dramatically.

 * Carbon pollution would be reduced between 97 and 227 million tons
 * Nitrogen Oxide would be reduced about 112,000 tons
 * Sulfur Dioxide pollution would be reduced 67,000 tons

Health
The reduction in state air pollution can potentially result in significant health benefits through 2030.

 * 639 fewer premature deaths
 * 30,000 fewer respiratory-related hospital visits

Economic
The adoption of RGGI also has the potential to provide economic benefits through an increase in jobs, personal income, and $2 billion in gross state product through 2030.

RGGI market
The highs and lows of the RGGI market can be largely attributed to declining emissions and allowance oversupply, price controls, policy intervention, and the Clean Power Plan of 2015 by the Obama Administration. RGGI has faced its fair share of obstacles, like any other emissions trading program; one of these is an oversupplied market. The oversupplied market related to RGGI can be traced back to the transition from coal to natural gas as well as a weak economy during the time of implementation. Because RGGI has a low price floor, there is no scarcity of allowances. In the world of carbon offset credits, allowances are shared through a cap-and-trade system to limit harmful emissions and catalyze pollution cuts. This cap-and-trade system is proving successful globally as countries are allowed to set more ambitious climate goals and countries across the world are seeing downward trends in emissions.

Key trends
RGGI states have witnessed positive economic activity and a decrease in emissions, electricity prices, and coal generation. According to RGGI's 2018 Electricity Monitoring report, carbon dioxide emissions decreased by 48.3 percent between the 2006 to 2008 period and the 2016 to 2018 period. Electricity generation from coal decreased significantly since the inception of RGGI, while natural gas and renewable generation increased. RGGI also induces a downward pressure on wholesale electricity prices through investments in state-level energy efficiency programs. These programs, along with other associated RGGI measures, have helped provide positive economic impacts in the RGGI region—the RGGI program provided $1.4 billion in net positive economic activity between 2015 and 2017.

RGGI caps
The RGGI CO2 cap is the regional cap on power sector emissions. The RGGI states included two interim adjustments to the RGGI cap to account for banked CO2 allowances. The cap declined 2.5 percent each year until 2020. Initial reductions were planned as follows:

The RGGI caps and adjusted caps decreased annually from 2014 to 2020, except in 2020 given the addition of New Jersey.

In 2017, the participating states agreed to further reductions in the regional cap, specifying a 30 percent reduction from 2020 to 2030. The new caps for 2021–2030 are as follows:

The RGGI states also established a Cost Containment Reserve (CCR) of CO2 allowances that creates a fixed additional supply of CO2 allowances that are only available for sale if CO2 allowance prices exceed certain price levels—$13.00 in 2021. In contrast to the CCR, there is an Emissions Containment Reserve (ECR), which serves as the floor and triggers a reduction in allowances if prices drop below the trigger price—$6.00 in 2021. The inclusion of the CCR and ECR ensures emission reduction costs are reasonable.

Compliance
RGGI compliance obligations apply to fossil-fueled power plants 25MW and larger within the RGGI region. As of 2021, there were 203 such covered sources.

Under RGGI, sources are required to possess CO2 allowances equal to their CO2 emissions over a three-year control period. A CO2 allowance represents a limited authorization to emit one ton of CO2. The first three-year control period took effect on January 1, 2009, and extended through December 31, 2011. The second three-year control period took effect on January 1, 2012, and extended through December 31, 2014. The third three-year control period took effect on January 1, 2015, and extended through December 31, 2017. The fourth three-year control period took effect on January 1, 2018, and extended through December 31, 2020. The fifth three-year control period took effect on January 1, 2021, and extends through December 31, 2023.

As of April 2021, 97.5 percent of regulated power plants had met their compliance obligations for the fourth control period.

Quarterly regional auctions
The first pre-compliance auction of RGGI CO2 allowances took place in September 2008. Regional auctions are held on a quarterly basis and are conducted using a sealed-bid, uniform price format. Since 2008, the RGGI states have held 54 auctions generating over $4.7 billion in proceeds. Auction clearing prices have ranged from $1.86 to $13.

Any party can participate in the RGGI CO2 allowance auctions, provided they meet qualification requirements, including provision of financial security. Auction rules limit the number of CO2 allowances that associated entities may purchase in a single auction to 25 percent of the CO2 allowances offered for sale in that auction.

The RGGI auctions are monitored by an independent market monitor, Potomac Economics. Potomac Economics monitors the RGGI allowance market in order to protect and foster competition, as well as to increase the confidence of participants and the public in the allowance market. The independent market monitor has found no evidence of anti-competitive conduct, and no material concerns regarding the auction process, barriers to participation in the auctions, competitiveness of the auction results, or the competitiveness of the secondary market for RGGI CO2 allowances.

Market participants can also obtain CO2 allowances in secondary markets, such as the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), or in over-the-counter transactions. The independent market monitor provides quarterly reports on the secondary market for RGGI allowances.

Investment of auction proceeds
The RGGI states have discretion over how they invest RGGI auction proceeds. They have reinvested proceeds, generated by RGGI auctions in a wide variety of programs. Programs funded through RGGI investment in energy efficiency, renewable energy, direct bill assistance, and greenhouse gas abatement have benefited more than 3.7 million participating households and 17,800 participating businesses. These investments have saved participants money on their energy bills, created jobs, and reduced pollution. In the period 2008 to 2014, programs funded by RGGI investments avoided the use of 2.4 TWh of electricity, 5.3e12 Btu of fossil fuel, and the release of 1.7e6 short ton of carbon dioxide. Over their lifetime, programs funded by RGGI investments estimate to avoid the use of 20.6 TWh of electricity, 76.1e12 Btu of fossil fuel, and the release of 15.4e6 short ton of carbon dioxide.

Energy efficiency represents a large portion of RGGI investments. Ultimately, all electricity consumers, not only those who make upgrades, benefit from energy efficiency programs. For example, investing in efficiency programs—such as weatherizing houses—reduces the amount of electricity used. The decrease in electricity demand actually reduces the overall price of electricity. That means the costs go down for everyone, not just someone who installed new, efficient windows.

Program review
The RGGI participating states have committed to comprehensive, periodic program reviews to consider program successes, impacts, and design elements. The RGGI states are currently undergoing a 2021 Program Review, which includes technical analyses and regularly scheduled public stakeholder meetings to solicit input. The 2021 Review is expected to be completed in early 2023.

The 2012 and 2016 RGGI Program Reviews completed in 2013 and 2017 resulted in several updates to the program. The 2012 Review led to a 45 percent reduction in the RGGI cap and the introduction of the CCR. The CCR and the reduced cap took effect in 2014. The 2016 Review established the ECR and an additional 30 percent reduction in the RGGI cap from 2020 to 2030. This review also included modifications to the CCR, offset categories, and the minimum reserve price.

History
On December 20, 2005, seven governors from Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont signed a memorandum of understanding aimed at developing a cap-and-trade program for power sector CO2 emissions in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic region. The MOU established the initial framework for RGGI.

The following year, in 2006, the same seven states amended the MOU and published the first Model Rule draft to guide individual state-level regulations. In 2007, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Rhode Island also signed on to the MOU. On December 31, 2008, the 10 MOU states finalized the first Model Rule, setting individual shares of the regional CO2 cap.

RGGI's first compliance period began on January 1, 2009, and the first Model Rule served as the regulatory framework for each participating state until 2013. During this time, New Jersey withdrew from the MOU. Groups such as Acadia Center had reported on lost revenue resulting from New Jersey's departure, and argued for renewed participation. After the election of governor Phil Murphy in 2017, New Jersey began to make preliminary moves to rejoin RGGI. New Jersey reentered the RGGI under an executive order on January 29, 2018. Updated Model Rules were released in 2013 and 2017.

Overview
After the 2017 election of Governor Ralph Northam in Virginia, the state began to make preliminary moves to join RGGI. However, the move was stopped in 2019 when the Republican-controlled state legislature wrote a provision in the budget bill prohibiting the state from joining RGGI. The move to join RGGI was re-introduced as part of the 2020 General Assembly. With a Democratic majority in both the House of Delegates and the General Assembly, the measure passed and was signed into law. Virginia effectively joined RGGI on January 1, 2021.

Withdrawal
On January 15, 2022, after winning the Virginia 2021 gubernatorial election, on his first day in office Governor Glenn Youngkin signed Executive Order 9 calling for a reevaluation of Virginia's membership in RGGI It has been noted that because Virginia entered the initiative through legislative action, Youngkin may lack the legal authority to withdraw from the initiative without legislative approval. On December 7, 2022, the Virginia Air Pollution Control Board (APCB), voted 4–1 with two abstentions to initiate the repeal of state regulations governing its participation in RGGI. Shortly thereafter, the Joint Commission on Administrative Rules, a legislative oversight commission, voted 5–4 on December 20, 2022, objecting to the APCB's action initiating the withdrawal. The APCB took its final step on June 7, 2023, voting 4–3 to adopt the regulation and sent to the Governor's Office for publication in the Virginia Register.

Litigation
On August 21, 2023, the Southern Environmental Law Center on behalf of the Association of Energy Conservation Professionals, Virginia Interfaith Power and Light, Appalachian Voices, and Faith Alliance for Climate Solutions filed a lawsuit in the Fairfax Circuit Court challenging the APCB's authority to withdraw the state from RGGI.

Governor Youngkin's administration maintains that his office does have the power to remove Virginia from RGGI, and that the regional carbon market program is a "regressive tax" that burdens residents. The lawsuit alleges the Commonwealth's constitution was violated by the APCB who "suspended and ignored the execution of law and invaded the General Assembly's legislative power." The lawsuit also claims that since joining RGGI carbon dioxide emissions from Virginia power plants in Virginia have decreased by nearly 17%, from about 32.8 million short tons in 2020 to about 27.3 million short tons in 2022. Funds paid by Virginia power plants for their excess emissions, meanwhile, have paid for more than $328 million to help low- and moderate-income Virginians with ways to cut energy use and more than $295 million for flood control, a major issue in low-lying coastal and Chesapeake Bay communities.

Overview
In October 2019, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf issued Executive Order 2019-17 directing the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to begin working on regulations to bring Pennsylvania into RGGI.

In September 2020, Governor Wolf vetoed a bill (House Bill 2025) that would restrict his administration's ability to take part in RGGI without the input of state lawmakers. Wolf vetoed the bill because he believed that the imminent effects of climate change outweighs other issues. Wolf's decision was also heavily influenced by the economic and environmental benefits seen in other RGGI states.

On July 13, 2021, Pennsylvania's Environmental Quality Board (EQB) voted (15–4) to adopt the rulemaking entitled "CO2 Budget Trading Program", otherwise known as RGGI. The Offices of General Counsel and of the Attorney General approved the rulemaking as to form and legality on July 26, 2021, and November 24, 2021, respectively. Further, the Independent Regulatory Review Commission (IRRC), which evaluates whether proposed rules align with public interest, had approved the rulemaking on September 1, 2021.

Pennsylvania formally joined RGGI in April 2022, however, Pennsylvania remains unable to participate in the carbon credit auction due to two "separate but related" lawsuits, regarding the constitutionality of Pennsylvania's involvement in RGGI. Environmental advocates have calculated that Pennsylvania has missed out on a cumulative $1.5 billion in missed revenue. On November 1, 2023, the Commonwealth Court ruled that Pennsylvania's participation in the RGGI cooperative was unconstitutional. On November 21, 2023, Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro announced his office would appeal the Commonwealth Court's decision.

Legislation opposing RGGI
At the start of Pennsylvania's 2021–2022 Legislative Session a number of bills in opposition to RGGI were introduced. Notably, H.B. 637 and its Senate counterpart (S.B. 119) attempted to prohibit DEP from taking actions surrounding carbon pricing programs, including RGGI, without legislative approval. Both bills failed to garner enough support and expired at the end of the legislative session. A similar bill to the previously vetoed H.B. 2025 was reintroduced in the 2022–2023 Legislative Session and is pending before the House Environmental Resources & Energy Committee.

Following the approval by IRRC on September 1, 2021, under Pennsylvania law, a standing committee of either (or both) the Pennsylvania House of Representatives or Pennsylvania Senate is able to, within 14 days, report for full consideration by the House or Senate a concurrent resolution disapproving the regulation at issue. In this case, the Senate Environmental Resources and Energy Committee reported Senate Concurrent Regulatory Review Resolution 1 (SCRRR1) disapproving the rulemaking on September 14, 2021. Once reported the House of Representatives and the Senate have 10 legislative days or 30 calendar days, whichever is longer, to adopt SCRRR1. The Senate approved SCRRR1 on October 27, 2021, within the 10 legislative day limitation. The House of Representatives, however, did not adopt SCRRR1 until December 15, 2021. Governor Wolf then vetoed the resolution on January 10, 2022. In response, on April 4, 2022, the Senate attempted to override the Governor's veto but failed (32–7), just one vote shy of the constitutional two-thirds requirement.

Legislation supporting RGGI
In response to and in tandem with opposing legislation, two companion bills were introduced in the 2021–2022 Legislative Session, detailing the appropriation of RGGI auction proceeds to areas of need. Senate Bill 15 and H.B. 1565 were proposed and had Governor Wolf's support but failed to garner enough support and expired at the end of the session. No such bills have yet to be introduced in the 2023–2024 Legislative Session.

Ziadeh v. Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau
On February 3, 2022, Patrick J. McDonnell, Secretary of the Department of Environmental Protection and Chairperson of the Environmental Quality Board, filed a lawsuit in the Commonwealth Court against the  Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau (LRB), its Director, and the Director of the Pennsylvania Code and Bulletin. Secretary McDonnell alleged that on November 29, 2021, DEP, acting on behalf of the EQB, submitted to the LRB for final publication in the Pennsylvania Bulletin the "CO2 Budget Trading Program Regulation". The Director of the Pennsylvania Code and Bulletin acknowledged the submission of the rulemaking but refused to publish it because the period during which the House of Representatives and Senate had to disapprove the rulemaking had not yet expired. On December 10, 2021, Secretary McDonnell again submitted the rulemaking for publication, however, the Senate and House of Representatives in the intervening time had approved a resolution (SCRRR1) disapproving the rulemaking.

Secretary McDonnell claimed that SCRRR1 was procedurally deficient because LRB's interpretation of the 10 legislative days or 30 calendar days (whichever is longer) in which the House of Representatives and Senate must act to disapprove a regulation is incorrect. McDonnell claimed the timeframe for both chambers to act on a disapproval resolution runs concurrently rather than consecutively. In other words, both the House of Representatives and Senate must act within the 10 legislative days or 30 calendar days (whichever is longer), as opposed to LRB's interpretation that each chamber has 10 legislative days or 30 calendar days to act.

For example, the Senate could vote to approve the resolution on the 25th calendar day and transmit the resolution to the House of Representatives which would then have another 10 legislative days or 30 calendar days (i.e., the clock starts over). Under Secretary McDonnell's interpretation in such a scenario, the House of Representatives would only have 5 days to act on the resolution (the timeframe is concurrent for both chambers).

Injunction granted
On April 5, 2022, the Commonwealth Court issued an order temporarily blocking publication of the RGGI rulemaking. State legislators, Pennsylvania Senate President Pro Tempore Jake Corman, Senate Majority Leader Kim Ward, Senate Environmental Resources & Energy Committee Chair Gene Yaw, and Senate Appropriations Committee Chair Pat Browne soon after intervened and requested a preliminary injunction barring publication. The stay was deemed dissolved as of April 11, 2022, and the RGGI rulemaking was finally published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin on April 23, 2022.

On July 8, 2022, the Commonwealth Court granted the state Senators' request for a preliminary injunction enjoining DEP from implementing, enforcing, participating, and administrating the RGGI program. The Court found that the Senators had demonstrated irreparable harm per se by raising a substantial legal question as to whether the regulations constituted a tax requiring legislative approval as opposed to a regulatory fee. The Court further found that implementation and enforcement of invalid regulations would cause great harm even if implementation of the regulations would result in "immediate reduction" of carbon dioxide emissions from covered sources. In addition, the Court found that the preliminary injunction would restore the status quo and that the Senators had showed a clear right to relief by raising substantial legal questions about separation of powers issues, as well as whether the allowance auction proceeds were an unconstitutional tax.

However, the Court found that the Senators did not raise substantial legal questions regarding whether the regulation exceeded authority granted to DEP and EQB to promulgate such a rulemaking, whether the regulations constituted an interstate compact or agreement in violation of the Pennsylvania Constitution, or whether the administrative process through which the regulations were adopted was lawful.

Appeal to Pennsylvania Supreme Court
On July 11, 2022, Acting Secretary Ramez Ziadeh (Secretary McDonnell's service with DEP ended July 1, 2022, and Acting Secretary Ziadeh was substituted as the petitioner) appealed the Commonwealth Courts July 8, 2022, preliminary injunction order to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. In response, the Senators shortly thereafter moved to vacate the automatic stay of the Commonwealth Court's July 8, 2022, order that was triggered by DEP's appealed. The Commonwealth Court granted the motion to vacate the automatic stay and the preliminary injunction remained in effect. On August 31, 2022, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied DEP's request to reinstate the stay on the Commonwealth Court's injunction on implementing the RGGI rulemaking.

Case dismissed as moot
On January 19, 2023, the Commonwealth Court dismissed DEP's petition seeking to compel LRB to publish the RGGI rulemaking as moot. The Court noted that it was undisputed that the question of law raised by the petition was moot due to the subsequent publication of the rulemaking on April 23, 2022. The Court further found that no exception to the mootness exception applied. The Court said the case raised "remarkable" legal questions of first impression but that any judgement given would be advisory and have no effect. The Court said counterclaims by the Senators who intervened "remain extant" (i.e., the initial question of concurrent or consecutively timeframe remains unresolved).

Appeal to Pennsylvania Supreme Court
On November 21, 2023, the Pennsylvania Governor's Office announced his administration would appeal the Commonwealth Court's ruling, in a statement saying the Commonwealth Court's decision on RGGI were "limited to questions of executive authority, and our Administration must appeal in order to protect that important authority for this Administration and all future governors." The statement urges the Pennsylvania General Assembly to take action, "Should legislative leaders choose to engage in constructive dialogue, the Governor is confident we can agree on a stronger alternative to RGGI," the statement further said, "If they take their ball and go home, they will be making a choice not to advance commonsense energy policy that protects jobs, the environment, and consumers in Pennsylvania." Should Governor Shapiro's administration win the appeal, it is unclear whether the governor will maintain the Commonwealth's membership in RGGI.

title: Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative


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User talk:BevinT

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! D. J. Bracey (talk) 22:30, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your Vote on USCOTW
You asked if you voted properly for Rhode Island on the United States Collaboration of the week. Yes, you did. Logophile 14:51, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:BevinT


text:
Talk:Silver bromide

hexagonal AgBr
The description of the sensitivity of FCC AgBr is great. But now we have T-grain films, with the hexagonal form of AgI stabilized by a small amount (I don't know how much) AgI. And yet the same process works! Gah4 (talk) 22:04, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

to produce small, uniform crystals
High contrast photographic materials use uniform sized crystals, as indicated. To decrease the contrast, crystals are made in a range of sizes, with the larger ones more sensitive than smaller ones. Gah4 (talk) 07:28, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Silver bromide


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List of Tampa Bay Lightning head coaches

The Tampa Bay Lightning are an American professional ice hockey team based in Tampa, Florida. They play in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). Often referred to as the Bolts, the team joined the NHL in 1992 as an expansion team, and have won the Stanley Cup championship in 2004, 2020 and 2021. Having first played in the Expo Hall, and later in the ThunderDome (now known as Tropicana Field), the Lightning have played their home games at the Ice Palace, currently titled Amalie Arena, since 1996. The Lightning are owned by Jeffrey Vinik, Julien BriseBois is their general manager, and Steven Stamkos is the team captain.

There have been nine head coaches for the Lightning franchise. The team's first head coach was Terry Crisp, who coached for five seasons. John Tortorella, the only American to head coach the team, was the first Lightning coach to have won the Prince of Wales Trophy, the Stanley Cup, and to have been awarded the Jack Adams Award, all of which happened in the 2003–04 season. Steve Ludzik and Jon Cooper are the only two head coaches who have spent their entire NHL head coaching careers with the Lightning.

Jon Cooper is the team's current head coach, having been named to the position on March 25, 2013. Cooper is the only head coach of the Lightning to win the Prince of Wales Trophy four times. Under Cooper, the franchise won its second Stanley Cup championship in 2020 and third championship in 2021. Cooper is the franchise's all-time leader for the most regular season wins (480), playoff games coached (139), and the most playoff-games won (84).

Coaches
Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2023–24 NHL season.


text:
George Congdon Gorham

George Congdon Gorham (July 5, 1832 – February 11, 1909) was a Republican California politician, newspaper editor, and author. Gorham ran in 1867 under the Republican ticket in the Californian gubernatorial race. He lost, however, to Democratic candidate Henry Huntly Haight by a margin of 7,458 votes. Gorham also worked on the Republican National Committee for California (a subsidiary body of the national body, the Republican National Committee). He, along with Stephen Johnson Field wrote a book on the early history of California. From June 6, 1868, until March 24, 1879, he was secretary of the United States Senate. From 1880 to 1884 he was editor of the National Republican newspaper. In retirement he wrote an authoritative two-volume biography of Edwin Stanton, Abraham Lincoln's secretary of war. He died in 1909 in Washington D.C.

During the 1880 Republican National Convention, Gorham served as a delegate allied with the party's "Stalwart" wing.

title: George Congdon Gorham


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mrath

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 14:10, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Mrath
Neologism. A word that means nothing and can be used as a substitute for anything. Right... Delete RJH 22:33, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete the mraths outright. Beware the Jabberwock! Jonathunder 23:00, 2005 August 24 (UTC)
 * Wibblewobble... or should I say delete? Deskana 23:01, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. neologism. ManoaChild 23:59, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Mrath.. err.. I mean Delete. Alf 00:02, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. Jaxl | talk 00:51, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The true purpose of this article is unknown. Thisisskip 02:26, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mrath


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Talk:Fernão Mendes Pinto

Truthfulness?
Well, I took Oriental studies a while back and one of my teachers told me that he and a team comprised by many nationals was researching every single fact of the book, and with modern knowlege could attest the truthfulness of 85% or so of the narrative. Does anyone here know where to find academic studies as such online? I can't reach the teacher, thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jonaspv (talk • contribs) 23:30, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

Expansion
For the voyage section, this will be an excellent source. . Other sites that may be of use. ,, , ,. There are probably others to, as far as the book go's I can't find a complete one online but there are excerpts at various places. Falphin 22:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Nice work. Keep up. I'll try to improve his early life in Portugal, death and the publication of the book after his death. Gameiro 02:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Image
Should we use one of these images?,, Falphin 23:18, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

This images are of books that talk about the Pilgrimage or later publications. We must find an image of the original version. Gameiro 02:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Why exactly do you need the original can the newere ones not be used under the same tag? I tried finding an original but nothing has turned up. Falphin 22:37, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I found a picture of the original version and i've inserted it in "The Book" subsection. If you want, I've nothing against putting the front cover of the latest translation of the Peregrinação: "The Travels of Mendes Pinto". Gameiro 03:56, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Rebecca Catz
Large parts are quite exactly taken from her book. You could have the decency and cite her.--Tresckow (talk) 18:23, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

"In Alentejo" versus "near Alentejo"
In the section "Early life" it was written: "on the beach near Alentejo". Fernão Mendes Pinto is very specific about the location where they were abandoned: Melides. Melides is IN Alentejo. Accordingly, I changed the text to "on a beach in Alentejo". LBA —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.97.244.55 (talk) 20:26, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

pragal-almada
Pragal is a burrow of the city of Almada. check the Almada page — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.214.165.248 (talk) 23:36, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fernão Mendes Pinto


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One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a novel by Ken Kesey published in 1962. Set in an Oregon psychiatric hospital, the narrative serves as a study of institutional processes and the human mind, including a critique of psychiatry and a tribute to individualistic principles. It was adapted into the Broadway (and later off-Broadway) play One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Dale Wasserman in 1963. Bo Goldman adapted the novel into a 1975 film of the same name directed by Miloš Forman, which won five Academy Awards.

Time magazine included the novel in its "100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005" list. In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's 200 "best-loved novels."

Plot
The book is narrated by Chief Bromden, a gigantic half-Native American patient at a psychiatric hospital, who presents himself as deaf, mute, and docile. Bromden's tale focuses mainly on the antics of the rebellious Randle Patrick McMurphy, who faked insanity to serve his sentence for battery and gambling in the hospital rather than at a prison work farm. The head administrative nurse, Nurse Ratched, rules the ward with absolute authority and little medical oversight. She is assisted by her three day-shift orderlies and her assistant doctors and nurses.

McMurphy constantly antagonizes Nurse Ratched and upsets the routines of the ward, leading to endless power struggles between the inmate and the nurse. He runs a card table, captains the ward's basketball team, comments on Nurse Ratched's figure, incites the other patients to conduct a vote about watching the World Series on television, and organizes a deep-sea fishing trip wherein the patients were going to be "supervised" by prostitutes. After claiming to be able, and subsequently failing, to lift a heavy control panel in the defunct hydrotherapy room (referred to as the "tub room"), his response—"But at least I tried"—gives the men incentive to try to stand up for themselves, instead of allowing Nurse Ratched to take control of every aspect of their lives. The Chief opens up to McMurphy, revealing late one night that he can speak and hear. A violent disturbance after the fishing trip results in McMurphy and the Chief being sent for electroshock therapy sessions, but such punishment does nothing to curb McMurphy's rambunctious behavior.

One night, after bribing the night orderly, McMurphy smuggles two prostitute girlfriends with liquor onto the ward and breaks into the pharmacy for codeine cough syrup and unnamed psychiatric medications. McMurphy, having noticed on the fishing trip that Billy Bibbit—a timid, boyish patient with a stutter and little experience with women—had a crush on the prostitute named Candy, primarily arranged this break-in so that Billy could lose his virginity and, to a slightly lesser extent, so that McMurphy and other patients could throw an unsanctioned party. Although McMurphy agrees before the end of the night to a plan involving his escaping before the morning shift starts, he and the other patients instead fall asleep without cleaning up the mess of the group's antics, and the morning staff discover the ward in complete disarray. Nurse Ratched finds Billy and the prostitute in each other's arms, partially dressed, and admonishes him. Billy asserts himself for the first time, answering Nurse Ratched without stuttering. Ratched calmly threatens to tell Billy's mother what she has seen. Billy has an emotional breakdown, regressing immediately back to a boyish state, and, upon being left alone in the doctor's office, takes his life by cutting his throat. Nurse Ratched blames McMurphy for the loss of Billy's life. Enraged at what she has done to Billy, McMurphy attacks Ratched by ripping her shirt open and attempting to strangle her to death. McMurphy is physically restrained and moved to the Disturbed ward.

Nurse Ratched misses a week of work due to her injuries, during which time many of the patients either transfer to other wards or check out of the hospital forever. When she returns, she cannot speak and is thus deprived of her most potent tool to keep the men in line. With Bromden, Martini, and Scanlon the only patients who attended the boat trip left on the ward, McMurphy is brought back in. He has received a lobotomy, and is now in a vegetative state, rendering him silent and motionless. The Chief smothers McMurphy with a pillow during the night in an act of mercy before lifting the tub room control panel that McMurphy could not lift earlier, throwing it through a window and escaping the hospital, thus being the "one" who "flew over the cuckoo's nest."

Background
Kesey started writing One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in 1959, and it was published in 1962 in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement and deep changes to the way psychology and psychiatry were being approached in America. The 1960s began the controversial movement towards deinstitutionalization,  an act that would have affected the characters in Kesey's novel. The novel is a direct product of Kesey's time working the graveyard shift as an orderly at a mental health facility in Menlo Park, California. Not only did he speak to the patients and witness the workings of the institution, he also voluntarily took psychoactive drugs, including mescaline and LSD, as part of Project MKUltra. In addition to his work with Project MKUltra, Kesey took LSD recreationally; advocating for drug use as a path to individual freedom.

The novel constantly refers to different authorities that control individuals through subtle and coercive methods. The novel's narrator, the Chief, combines these authorities in his mind, calling them "The Combine" in reference to the mechanistic way they manipulate and process individuals. The authority of The Combine is most often personified in the character of Nurse Ratched who controls the inhabitants of the novel's mental ward through a combination of rewards and subtle shame. Although she does not normally resort to conventionally harsh discipline, her actions are portrayed as more insidious than those of a conventional prison administrator. This is because the subtlety of her actions prevents her prisoners from understanding they are being controlled at all. The Chief also sees the Combine in the damming of the wild Columbia River at Celilo Falls, where his Native American ancestors hunted, and in the broader conformity of post-war American consumer society. The novel's critique of the mental ward as an instrument of oppression comparable to the prison mirrored many of the claims that French intellectual Michel Foucault was making at the same time. Similarly, Foucault argued that invisible forms of discipline oppressed individuals on a broad societal scale, encouraging them to censor aspects of themselves and their actions. The novel also criticizes the emasculation of men in society, particularly in the character of Billy Bibbit, the stuttering Acute patient who is dominated by both Nurse Ratched and his mother.

Title
The title of the book is a line from a nursery rhyme:  Vintery, mintery, cutery, corn, Apple seed and apple thorn, Wire, briar, limber lock Three geese in a flock One flew East One flew West And one flew over the cuckoo's nest Chief Bromden's grandmother sang a version of this song to him when he was a child, a fact revealed in the story when the Chief received yet another ECT treatment after he assisted McMurphy with defending George, a patient being abused by the ward's aides.

Main characters

 * Randle McMurphy: A free-spirited, rebellious con man, sent to the hospital from a prison work farm. He is guilty of battery and gambling. He had also been charged with statutory rape, though never convicted as the fifteen-year-old girl chose not to testify so as not to implicate herself. McMurphy is transferred from a prison work farm to the hospital, thinking it will be an easy way to serve out his sentence in comfort. In the end, McMurphy attacks Nurse Ratched, inadvertently sacrificing his freedom and his health in exchange for freeing the previously shackled spirits of the cowed patients on the ward.
 * Chief Bromden: The novel's half-Native American narrator (and the “one” of the novel's title) has been in the mental hospital since the end of World War II. Bromden is presumed by staff and patients alike to be deaf and mute, and through this guise he becomes privy to many of the ward's dirtiest secrets. As a young man, the Chief was a high school football star, a college student, and a war hero. After seeing his father, a Native American chieftain, humiliated at the hands of the U.S. government and his white wife, Chief Bromden descends into clinical depression and begins hallucinating. Soon he is diagnosed with schizophrenia. He believes society is controlled by a large, mechanized system which he calls "The Combine."

Staff

 * Nurse Ratched (also known as "Big Nurse"): The tyrannical head nurse of the mental institution, who exercises near-total control over those in her care, including her subordinates. She will not hesitate to restrict her patients' access to medication, amenities, and basic human necessities if it suits her manipulative whims. Her favorite informant is the timid Billy Bibbit, whom she coerces into divulging the unit's secrets by threatening to complain about him to his mother. McMurphy's fun-loving, rebellious presence in Ratched's institution is a constant annoyance, as neither threats nor punishment nor shock therapy will stop him or the patients under his sway. Eventually, after McMurphy nearly chokes her to death in a fit of rage, Nurse Ratched has him lobotomized. However, the damage has already been done, and McMurphy's attack leaves her nearly unable to speak, which renders her unable to intimidate her patients, subordinates and superiors.
 * Warren, Washington, and Williams: Three black men who work as aides in the ward during the day. Williams is a dwarf; according to Chief, he saw his mother being raped when he was five years old and stopped growing at that point. Nurse Ratched hires him first, then hires Warren and Washington two years later and a month apart from each other.
 * Geever: the swing shift aide.
 * Dr. John Spivey: The ward doctor. Nurse Ratched drove off other doctors, but she kept Spivey because he always did as he was told. Harding suggests that the nurse could threaten to expose him as a drug addict if he stood up to her. McMurphy's rebellion inspires him to stand up to Nurse Ratched.
 * Nurse Pilbow: The young night nurse whose face, neck, and chest are stained with a profound birthmark. A devout Catholic who fears sinning, she blames the patients for infecting her with their evil and takes it out on them.
 * Mr. Turkle: An elderly African American aide who works the late shift in the ward. He agrees to let McMurphy host a party and sneak in prostitutes one night.
 * The Japanese Nurse: The nurse in charge of the upstairs disturbed ward, for violent and unmanageable patients. She is kind and openly opposes Nurse Ratched's methods.

Acutes
The acutes are patients who officials believe can still be cured. With few exceptions, they are there voluntarily, a fact that angers McMurphy when he first learns of it, then later causes him to feel further pity for the patients, thus further inspiring him to prove to them they can still be strong despite their seeming willingness to be weak.
 * Billy Bibbit: A nervous, shy, and boyish patient with an extreme speech impediment, Billy cuts and burns himself, and has attempted suicide numerous times. Billy has a fear of women, especially those with authority such as his mother. To alleviate this, McMurphy sneaks a prostitute into the ward so Billy can lose his virginity. The next morning, Nurse Ratched threatens to tell his mother; fearing the loss of his mother's love, Billy has an emotional breakdown and commits suicide by cutting his throat.
 * Dale Harding: The unofficial leader of the patients before McMurphy arrives, he is an intelligent, good-looking man who is ashamed of his repressed homosexuality. Harding's beautiful yet malcontent wife is a source of shame for him.
 * George Sorensen: A man with germaphobia, he spends his days washing his hands in the ward's drinking fountain. McMurphy manages to persuade him to lead a fishing expedition for the patients after discovering he had captained a PT boat during World War II. Afterward, the three aides, Warren, Washington, and Williams maliciously forcibly delouse him, cruelly knowing the mental anguish this will cause him.
 * Charlie Cheswick: A loud-mouthed patient who always demands changes in the ward, but never has the courage to see anything through. He finds a friend in McMurphy, who is able to voice his opinions for him. At one point McMurphy decides to fall in line when he learns his stay in the ward is indefinite and his release is solely determined by the Big Nurse. As a result, Cheswick drowns himself in the ward's swimming pool when he decides he himself will never escape the relentless Big Nurse.
 * Martini: A patient who has severe hallucinations.
 * Scanlon: A patient obsessed with explosives and destruction. He is the only other non-vegetative patient confined to the ward by force aside from McMurphy and Bromden; the rest can leave at any time.
 * Jim Sefelt and Bruce Fredrickson: Two epileptic patients. Sefelt refuses to take his anti-seizure medication, as it makes his teeth fall out and as such makes him self-conscious over his appearance. Fredrickson takes Sefelt's medication as well as his own because he is terrified of the seizures, and loses teeth due to the resulting overdosage.
 * Max Taber: An unruly patient who was released before McMurphy arrived. The Chief later describes how, after he questioned what was in his medication, Nurse Ratched had him "fixed."

Chronics
The chronics are patients who will never be cured. Many of the chronics are elderly and/or in vegetative states.
 * Ruckly: A hell-raising patient who challenged the rules until the Big Nurse authorized his lobotomy. After the lobotomy, he sits and stares at a picture of his wife, and occasionally screams profanities.
 * Ellis: Ellis was put in a vegetative state by electroshock therapy. He stands against the wall in a disturbing messianic position with arms outstretched.
 * Pete Bancini: Bancini had brain damage at birth but managed to hold down simple jobs, such as a switch operator on a lightly used railroad branch line, until the switches were automated and he lost his job, after which he was institutionalized. The Chief remembers how once, and only once, he lashed out violently against the aides, telling the other patients that he was a living miscarriage, born dead.
 * Rawler: A patient on the Disturbed ward, above the main ward, who says nothing but "loo, loo, loo!" all day and tries to run up the walls. One night, Rawler castrates himself while sitting on the toilet and bleeds to death before anyone realizes what he has done.
 * Old Blastic: An old patient who is in a vegetative state. The first night McMurphy is in the ward, Bromden dreams Blastic is hung by his heel and sliced open, spilling his rusty visceral matter. The next morning, Bromden learns Blastic died during the night.
 * The Lifeguard: An ex-professional football player, he still has the cleat marks on his forehead from the injury that scrambled his brains. He explains to McMurphy, unlike prison, patients are kept in the hospital as long as the staff desires. It is this conversation that causes McMurphy to fall in line for a time.
 * Colonel Matterson: The oldest patient in the ward, he has severe senile dementia and cannot move without a wheelchair. He is a veteran of World War I, and spends his days "explaining" objects through metaphor.

Other characters

 * Candy: The prostitute McMurphy brings on the fishing trip. Billy Bibbit has a crush on her and McMurphy arranges a night for Candy to have sex with him.
 * Sandra: Another prostitute and friend of Candy and McMurphy. She and Sefelt sleep together on the night she and Candy are sneaked into the ward. Sefelt has a seizure while they are fornicating.
 * Vera Harding: Dale Harding's wife. Described as an attractive lady with very large breasts. She is a primary cause of concern for Dale, who often worries about her fidelity. She reveals to the patients that actually Dale himself has affairs - with other men.

Controversy
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is one of America's most challenged and banned novels.
 * 1974: Five residents of Strongsville, Ohio, sued the local Board of Education to remove the novel from classrooms. They deemed the book "pornographic" and said it "glorifies criminal activity, has a tendency to corrupt juveniles, and contains descriptions of bestiality, bizarre violence, and torture, dismemberment, death, and human elimination".
 * 1975: Randolph, New York, and Alton, Oklahoma, removed the book from all of their public schools.
 * 1977: Schools in Westport, Maine, removed it from required reading lists.
 * 1978: Freemont High School in St. Anthony, Idaho, banned it and fired the teacher who assigned it.
 * 1982: Merrimack, New Hampshire High School challenged it.
 * 1986: Aberdeen Washington High school challenged it in Honors English classes.
 * 2000: Placentia Unified School District (Yorba Linda, California) challenged it. Parents said the teachers could "choose the best books, but they keep choosing this garbage over and over again".

Adaptations
The novel was adapted into a 1963 play, starring Kirk Douglas (who purchased the rights to produce it for the stage and motion pictures) as McMurphy and Gene Wilder as Billy Bibbit. A film adaptation, starring Jack Nicholson and co-produced by Michael Douglas, was released in 1975. The film won five Academy Awards.

The characters of Nurse Ratched and Chief Bromden appear as recurring characters in ABC's Once Upon a Time, where they are portrayed by Ingrid Torrance and Peter Marcin.

Netflix and Ryan Murphy produced a prequel series titled Ratched which follows Sarah Paulson as a younger version of Nurse Ratched. The first of the two-season order was released on September 18, 2020.

Editions

 * Print
 * ISBN 0-606-04239-3 (prebound, 1962)
 * ISBN 0-451-16396-6 (mass market paperback, 1963)
 * ISBN 0-14-004312-8 (paperback, 1977, reprint)
 * ISBN 0-14-023601-5 (hardcover, 1996)
 * ISBN 1-55651-685-1 (paperback, 1988)
 * ISBN 0-453-00815-1 (audio cassette, 1993, abridged)
 * ISBN 0-14-028334-X (paperback, 1999)
 * ISBN 0-8220-7154-1 (e-book, 1999)
 * ISBN 0-7645-8662-9 (paperback, 2000)
 * ISBN 0-7910-6339-9 (library binding, 2001)
 * ISBN 0-14-118122-2 (paperback, 2002)
 * ISBN 0-7910-7118-9 (paperback)
 * ISBN 0-330-23564-8 (paperback)
 * ISBN 0-14-118788-3 (paperback, 2005)
 * ISBN 0-14-303690-4 (hardcover, 2005)
 * ISBN 0-329-06383-9 (hardcover)
 * ISBN 978-0-451-16396-7 (softcover)
 * ISBN 978-1-59887-052-7 (audio CD, 2006, abridged/read by Kesey; includes Fresh Air with Terry Gross interview with author)
 * ISBN 978-0-670-02323-3 (hardcover, 2012)
 * ISBN 978-0-143-12951-6 (softcover, 2016)
 * Photos of the first edition One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

 * Audiobooks
 * 1998: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (read by Tom Parker), Blackstone Audio, ISBN 978-0786112784
 * 2007 (Audible): One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (read by the author)
 * 2012 (Audible): One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (read by John C. Reilly)

title: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)


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title: User talk:72.17.168.27


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Talk:Sauron (comics)

Tolkein (TM)
It should be noted that Sauron admitted on panel that he named himself after the Tolkien Sauron-in an odd disregard for trademarks.
 * Would that really be considered a "disregard" for the trademark? Dr Archeville 19:36, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * You guys seem very confused about trademarks. Trademark has no bearing whatsoever on anything in a comic book's interior. Only text appearing on the comic book's cover and marketing materials is subject to trademark laws; this is why DC Comics publishes adventures of a man called Captain Marvel without the name "Captain Marvel" appearing anywhere on the covers.
 * Also, I'm pretty sure that Tolkein and his estate never trademarked the name "Sauron". If they had, it wouldn't have held up a minute in court, since Tolkein never used the name as a trademark.--NukeofEarl (talk) 15:34, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * "Tolkien", not "Tolkein".--Manfariel (talk) 18:03, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

Appearances in other media
He made two major appearances in the animated series, if you don't count the cliffhanger in which he is introduced. These are: 'Reunion' and 'Savage Land, Strange Heart' (both are two-parters). I don't think those appearances make him a major foe if you view the series as a whole. Sabretooth, Sinister, and Magneto were major foes. Sauron was an occasional guest villain. Heck, as long as he's Lykos, he isn't even dangerous. 62.194.121.100 12:40, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Tanya
Wasn't Tanya killed by Sauron moments before he joined up with the Brotherhood?

Lots42 23:09, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sauroncom.jpg
Image:Sauroncom.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:56, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Vampire or werewolf
The "creation and conception" section claims that Sauron was created to elude the Comics Code on werewolves. This has me confused, because there's an article published in Wizard which quotes Roy Thomas as saying that they wanted to create a vampire character, and made Sauron a pterodactyl because it was the closest thing to a bat they could think of. Unfortunately, I can't check the source used to cite the werewolf thing, since the Sunday Times website requires registration to view articles. I think we should note this contradiction about Sauron's origin in the article, but to do that we need to say where The Sunday Times got their information from. Does anybody here have access to the article who can provide clarification on that point?--NukeofEarl (talk) 15:53, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Oh, this is aggravating (and yet enlightening): Comic Book Legends Revealed (at Comic Book Resources) says that the original Times article was in error, and cites Neal Adams, etc to back up its assertion. DS (talk) 16:20, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Cool, thanks for digging up that reference! Since this seems to clear up the issue, I'll go ahead and replace what's in that section now with my own findings plus the reference you've provided.--NukeofEarl (talk) 14:56, 1 May 2013 (UTC)
 * "Vampires, werewolves, ghouls and zombies could not be portrayed." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_Code_Authority --Manfariel (talk) 18:31, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

Wrong etymology
reminiscent of the word saurus, Latin for lizard. The -saurus ending is a Latinization of the Greek word sauros (lizard). The Latin word is lacerta [la'keɾ.ta]. "From Ancient Greek σαῦρος (saûros, “lizard, reptile”)." https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-saurus--Manfariel (talk) 18:13, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sauron (comics)


text: User talk:81.82.71.240

title: User talk:81.82.71.240