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Claude Akins

Claude Aubrey Akins (May 25, 1926 – January 27, 1994) was a character actor with a long career on stage, screen, and television. He was best known as Sheriff Lobo on the 1979–1981 television series B. J. and the Bear, and later The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo, a spin-off series.

Early years
Akins was born in Nelson, Georgia, and grew up in Bedford, Indiana, the son of Maude and Ernest Akins. Despite conflicting reports about his date of birth, Akins' father said his son was born in 1926, and he appears in 1940 census records as Aubrey Akins, age 13.

Akins served in the Pacific with the U.S. Army Signal Corps during World War II. After the war, he graduated from Northwestern University in 1949, where he had majored in theatre arts.

Film career
As a film actor, Akins first appeared in From Here to Eternity (1953). He appeared as a seaman and shipmate of Lee Marvin's in The Caine Mutiny (1954). He portrayed prisoner Joe Burdette in Rio Bravo (starring John Wayne, Ricky Nelson, Dean Martin, and Angie Dickinson), Naval Lt. Commander Farber in Don't Give Up the Ship (starring Jerry Lewis), Sgt Kolowicz in Merrill's Marauders, Rockwell W. "Rocky" Rockman in The Devil's Brigade, the Reverend Jeremiah Brown in the movie Inherit the Wind (1960), outlaw Ben Lane in Comanche Station that same year, Seely Jones in A Distant Trumpet (1964), and the guerrilla leader Aldo in Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973), the last original Apes movie.

He had a small part in The Sea Chase with John Wayne. He appeared with Yul Brynner and Robert Fuller in the film Return of the Seven (1966) (also called Return of the Magnificent Seven and The Magnificent Seven 2), and also appeared in the movie Seasons of the Heart (1993).

Television
Akins was cast in myriad television series, including The Adventures of Superman (episode number 69, "Peril by Sea"), in which he plays a villainous conspirator, Crusader, and I Love Lucy in which he portrays himself. Much of his work was on Westerns, including Frontier, My Friend Flicka (three times), Boots and Saddles, Maverick, Northwest Passage, The Restless Gun (four times), The Sheriff of Cochise, Wagon Train (four times), Overland Trail, Frontier Circus, The Tall Man, The Rebel, The Big Valley, Daniel Boone, The Legend of Jesse James, Death Valley Days with Jane Russell, Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre (four times), The Rifleman (three times), Rawhide (seven times), Gunsmoke (10 times), Bonanza (four times), The Alaskans (twice), The Texan (twice), and Bat Masterson (season 1, ep 29, "The Death of Bat Masterson").

He appeared once on Richard Diamond, Private Detective, Empire, Laredo ("The Treasure of San Diablo"), the syndicated series, Pony Express (in "The Story of Julesburg" with Sebastian Cabot and James Best), and The Oregon Trail, with Rod Taylor. He was cast as Jarret Sutton in "Escape to Memphis" (1959) and as Beaudry Rawlins in Duel on the River (1960) on Darren McGavin's NBC series, Riverboat.

Akins played a rodeo clown convicted of armed robbery in "Killer on Horseback", an episode of the NBC anthology series Star Stage, which became the pilot episode for the syndicated police drama State Trooper, starring Rod Cameron. The episode was later broadcast on the regular series as "Rodeo Rough House". Akins also appeared in the 1963 episode "The Chooser of the Slain" on the ABC/Warner Bros. Western series, The Dakotas.

Among Akins's four appearances on NBC's Laramie with series stars John Smith and Robert Fuller was the role of former Sheriff Jim Dark in the episode "Queen of Diamonds" (September 20, 1960).

Akins was featured in two episodes of the original CBS series The Twilight Zone ("The Little People" and "The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street"). He also guest-starred in three episodes each of Combat! (fourth and fifth seasons) and The Untouchables. He made a comedic turn on Hazel, as a frustrated painter.

He appeared on Rod Cameron's early syndicated series, City Detective, Meet McGraw with Frank Lovejoy, the ABC/WB drama, The Roaring 20's, and Police Story.

Akins's other early appearances included a role as a policeman on Alfred Hitchcock Presents in "Place of Shadows" (1956) and "Reward to Finder" (1957). He played another television cop, good-natured Sheriff's Detective Phillip Dix, in the first season of the Perry Mason in "The Case of the Half-Wakened Wife" (episode 1-26) that aired March 15, 1958. He was in a first-season episode of Maverick titled "Burial Ground of the Gods" (1958) that starred Jack Kelly. In 1965, Akins played El Supremo in "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." episode, "The Very Important Zombie Affair". In 1967, Akins played Lt. Finch in The Lucy Show episode, "Lucy Meets the Law".

He portrayed prosecuting attorney Calvin Wolf opposite Carl Betz in an episode of Judd, for the Defense.

Akins was cast as Lou Myerson in the 1964 episode, "One Monday Afternoon", of the NBC education drama series, Mr. Novak, starring James Franciscus, and as Dr. Roy Kirk in an episode, "When Do They Hang the Good Samaritan?", of the CBS political drama, Slattery's People (which starred Richard Crenna). He played a kidnapper in a 1964 episode of The Fugitive. In 1965, he was featured in an episode of Kraft Suspense Theatre, playing a German infiltrator who went unsuspected. Also that year, Akins portrayed the head of an Irish immigrant family in The Big Valley ("The Brawlers"). Akins had an earlier role in the first season of Barnaby Jones; episode titled "Murder Go-Round".

Before his signature character Sheriff Lobo, Akins appeared as owner-operator trucker Sonny Pruitt in NBC's Movin' On, from 1974 to 1976, with Frank Converse. Akins starred in over 40 episodes of Movin' On, plus a made-for-TV movie "In Tandem". He also starred as a Nashville police detective, Stoney Huff, in the crime drama Nashville 99. Akins' best-known role of Sheriff Elroy P. Lobo had begun as a recurring character on the television series B.J. and the Bear. After becoming a recognizable name in the late 1970s, Akins did testimonial TV commercials for PoliGrip, Rollins Truck Leasing, and AAMCO Transmissions.

Akins found work in the late 1980s lending his voice talents to the work safety instructional video series, Safety Shorts, in which he expounded on the virtues of workplace safety to thousands of industrial employees, offering lessons on the importance of lockout/tagout procedures, personal protective equipment, and the MSDS documentation process. Akins made a golfing video with Ron Masak, entitled Tom Kite and Friends.

Akins also made a latter-day appearance on In the Heat of the Night, starring Carroll O'Connor.

Death
Akins died of stomach cancer in Altadena, California, on January 27, 1994, at the age of 67. He was cremated and his ashes were returned to Altadena.

Legacy
The Claude Akins Memorial Golf Classic, a six-person scramble-format golf tournament, takes place at Otis Park Golf Course in Bedford, Indiana, in August or September of each year. Proceeds from the event go to the Akins Scholarship and the Bedford Recreation Foundation Scholarship, given every year to a graduating senior at Bedford North Lawrence High School, as well as many projects involving recreation and improvements.

In 1986, Akins attended the 55th annual American Indian Exposition in Anadarko, Oklahoma. Akins, who was part Cherokee, was a guest speaker and received the Outstanding Indian/Native American of the Year Award.

Film

 * Man in the Saddle (1951)
 * From Here to Eternity (1953) as Sergeant "Baldy" Dhom (uncredited)
 * Bitter Creek (1954) as Vance Morgan - Henchman
 * Witness to Murder (1954) as Police Officer (uncredited)
 * The Caine Mutiny (1954) as Seaman Dlugatch a.k.a. "Horrible"
 * The Raid (1954) as Lieutenant Ramsey (uncredited)
 * Shield for Murder (1954) as Fat Michaels
 * Down Three Dark Streets (1954) as Matty Pavelich
 * The Human Jungle (1954) as George Mandy
 * The Adventures of Hajji Baba (1954) as Chief Executioner's Aide (uncredited)
 * The Sea Chase (1955) as Winkler
 * Man with the Gun (1955) as Jim Reedy (uncredited)
 * Battle Stations (1956) as Marty Brennan
 * The Proud and Profane (1956) as Big Soldier (uncredited)
 * Johnny Concho (1956) as Lem
 * The Burning Hills (1956) as Ben Hindeman
 * The Sharkfighters (1956) as Chief "Gordy" Gordon
 * Hot Summer Night (1957) as Truck Driver
 * The Kettles on Old MacDonald's Farm (1957) as Pete Logan
 * The Lonely Man (1957) as Blackburn
 * Joe Dakota (1957) as Aaron Grant
 * The Defiant Ones (1958) as Mack
 * Onionhead (1958) as Poznicki
 * Rio Bravo (1959) as Joe Burdette
 * Bat Masterson (1959) as Jack Fontana
 * Porgy and Bess (1959) as Detective
 * Don't Give Up the Ship (1959) as Lieutenant Commander Farber
 * Hound-Dog Man (1959) as Hog Peyson
 * Yellowstone Kelly (1959) as Sergeant
 * Comanche Station (1960) as Ben Lane
 * Inherit the Wind (1960) as Reverend Jeremiah Brown
 * Claudelle Inglish (1961) as S.T. Crawford
 * Merrill's Marauders (1962) as Sergeant Kolowicz
 * Black Gold (1962) as Chick Carrington
 * A Distant Trumpet (1964) as Seely Jones
 * The Killers (1964) as Earl Sylvester
 * Ride Beyond Vengeance (1966) as Elwood Coates
 * Incident at Phantom Hill (1966) as Krausman
 * Return of the Seven (1966) as Frank
 * First to Fight (1967) as Captain Mason
 * Waterhole #3 (1967) as Sergeant Henry Foggers
 * The Devil's Brigade (1968) as Private Rocky Rockman
 * The Great Bank Robbery (1969) as Slade
 * A Man Called Sledge (1970) as Hooker
 * Flap (1970) as Lobo Jackson
 * The Night Stalker (1972) as Sheriff Butcher
 * Skyjacked (1972) as Sergeant Ben Puzo
 * Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973) as General Aldo
 * The Death Squad (1974, TV Movie) as Connie Brennan
 * Timber Tramps (1975) as Matt
 * Eric (1975)'
 * Tentacoli (1977) as Sheriff Robards
 * Killer on Board (1977) as Oscar Billingham
 * Tarantulas: The Deadly Cargo (1977) as Bert Springer
 * Concrete Cowboys (1979) as Woody Stone
 * The Baron and the Kid (1984) as Harley
 * Battle of the Monster Trucks (1985)
 * Monster in the Closet (1986) as Sheriff Sam Ketchem
 * Manhunt for Claude Dallas (1986) as Bill Pogue
 * The Curse (1987) as Nathan
 * Pushed Too Far (1988) as Sheriff Jim Forrest
 * The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991, TV Movie) as President Theodore Roosevelt
 * Incident at Victoria Falls (1991, TV Movie) as Theodore Roosevelt
 * Where Evil Lives (1991) as Jack Devlin
 * Falling from Grace (1992) as Speck Parks
 * Seasons of the Heart (1993) as Pastor William Clay
 * Twisted Fear (1994) as Detective Lucky Douglas

Television

 * Dragnet - episode "The Big Drink" - Ellis (1954); episode "The Big Mistress" - Sergeant Jack McCreadie (1954)
 * Gunsmoke - 10 episodes - various (1955-1972)
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) (Season 1 Episode 22: "Place of Shadows") - Cop
 * The Adventures of Superman - episode "Peril by Sea" - Ace Miller (1956)
 * I Love Lucy - episode "Desert Island" - (1956)
 * The Adventures of Jim Bowie - episode "Land Jumpers" - a settler (1956); episode "A Grave for Jim Bowie" - Miciah "Big" Hart (1958)
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1957) (Season 3 Episode 6: "Reward to Finder") - Cop
 * Sheriff of Cochise - episode "Manhunt" - Harry Clegg (1957)
 * Have Gun – Will Travel - episode "The Great Mojave Case" - Dever (1957)
 * The Restless Gun - episode "Trail to Sunset" - West Flagler (1957)
 * The Restless Gun - episode "Thicker Than Water" - Mr. Marlowe (1957)
 * The Restless Gun - episode "The Gold Buckle" - Lex Springer (1957)
 * The Adventures of McGraw - episode "Mojave" - Jim Bennett (1957)
 * Wagon Train - episode "The John Cameron Story" - Rich Tacker (1957)
 * Tales of Wells Fargo - 5 episodes - various (1957–1961)
 * Cheyenne - episode "The Long Search" - Sheriff Bob Walters (1958)
 * Wagon Train - episode "The Monty Britton Story" - Garth Redmond (1958)
 * Perry Mason Season 1 Episode 26: "The Case of the Half-Wakened Wife" (1958)
 * Maverick - Episode "Burial Ground of the Gods" - Paisley Briggs (1958)
 * The Rifleman - episode "The Safe Guard" - Floyd Doniger (1958)
 * Yancy Derringer - episodes "Gallatin Street" and "Collectors Item" - Toby Cook (1958-1959)
 * 77 Sunset Strip - episode "Lovely Alibi" - Ed Bird (1959)
 * The Restless Gun - episode "Melany" (1959)
 * Steve Canyon - (1959) - Sergeant Brecker - Season 1/Episode 25: "The Sergeant"
 * Bat Masterson - episode "The Death of Bat Masterson" - Jack Fontana (1959)
 * Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre - episode "Ransom" - "Simmy" the Comanchero (1960)
 * The Untouchables- episodes The Unhired Assassin part 1 as Jake "Dodo" Ryan (1960), The Monkey Wrench as Karl Hansa (1962), The Spoiler as Vince Majesky (1963)
 * Laramie - episode "Death Wind", s1 ep20 - Sergeant Major Tom Cole (1960)
 * Pony Express - episode "The Story of Juiesberg" (1960)
 * Overland Trail - episode "Fire in the Hole" - Jumbo (1960)
 * Wanted: Dead or Alive - episode "Prison Trail" - Jack Kelly (1960)
 * The Rebel – episode "The Waiting" – Tom Hall (1960)
 * Wagon Train - episode "The Roger Bigelow Story" - Wes Varney (1960)
 * Riverboat - episode "Duel on the River" - Beaudry Rawlins (1960)
 * Rawhide (1960) – Jim Lark in S2:E13, "Incident of the Druid Curse"
 * Bonanza - episodes "Desert Justice" (1960) as Marshal Emmett Dowd, "The Mill" (1960) as Ezekiel (1960), "Sam Hill" (1961) as Sam Hill and "The Deserter" (1962) as Colonel Edward J. Dunwoody
 * The Twilight Zone - episodes "The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street" as Steve Brand (1960) and "The Little People" as Commander Fletcher (1962)
 * Wagon Train - episode "The Selena Hartnell Story" - Will Cotrell (1961)
 * Rawhide (1961) – Clete Manson in S3:E24, "Incident of the Lost Idol"
 * Rawhide (1961) – Karse in S4:E2, "The Sendoff"
 * Rawhide (1962) – Gus Marsdon in S5:E6, "Incident of the Four Horsemen"
 * Rawhide (1962) – Sergeant Parker in S5:E13, "Incident at Quivira"
 * The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1962) (Season 1 Episode 10: "Day of Reckoning") - Sheriff Jordan
 * Laramie - 4 episodes - various (1960-1963)
 * The Fugitive - Season 1 Episode 27 - Ralph Simmons (1964)
 * Rawhide (1964) – Aloysius Claybank in S5:E6, "Incident of the Rusty Shotgun"
 * Rawhide (1965) – Jerry Boggs in S8:E4, "Walk into Terror"
 * Daniel Boone (1965) - as Toka in S1:E17 · "A Place of 1,000 Spirits"
 * Gunsmoke - "Bad Lady From Brookline" - as Sy (1965)
 * The F.B.I. - episode "How to Murder an Iron Horse" - Ben Gambriella (1965)
 * The Big Valley - "The Brawlers" - (1965)
 * The Man from U.N.C.L.E. - "The Very Important Zombie Affair" - El Supremo (1965)
 * A Man Called Shenandoah - episode "Obion-1866" - Frody Brown (1965)
 * Branded - episode "Vindicator" - Ned Travis (1965)
 * Hazel - episode "But Is It Art?" - Milwaukee Ames (1966)
 * Combat! - episodes "Ask Me No Questions" as Mastin, "Ollie Joe" as Charlie Pelton and "Nightmare on the Red Ball Run" as Rosie (1966–1967)
 * Laredo - episodes "Limit of the Law", "The Treasure of San Diablo", "Hey Diddle Diddle", "A Question of Guilt", and "Walk Softly" - Cotton Buckmeister (1966–1967)
 * The Guns of Will Sonnett - episode "Ride the Long Trail" - Turnbaugh (1967)
 * Hondo - episode "Hondo and the Gladiators" - Brock (1967)
 * The Lucy Show - episode "Lucy Meets the Law" (1967)
 * The F.B.I. - episode "Dark Journey" - Jason Peale (1972)
 * McMillan & Wife - episode "The Face of Murder" - Freddie O'Neal (1972)
 * The Rookies - episode "Margin For Error" - Officer Buck Sanborn (1972)
 * The Streets of San Francisco - episode "A String of Puppets" - Bob Mason (1972)
 * Cannon - episode 3x05, "Target in the Mirror" - Lieutenant Bill Blaine (1973)
 * Barnaby Jones - episode "Murder-Go-Round" - Eli Rile (1973)
 * Mission: Impossible - episode "Speed" - Sam Hibbling (1973)
 * Police Story - 3 episodes - various (1973-1978)
 * The Norliss Tapes - TV movie - Sheriff Tom Hartley (1973)
 * In Tandem - TV movie (pilot for Movin' On) - Sonny Pruitt (1974)
 * Movin' On - 45 episodes - Sonny Pruitt (1974–1976)
 * McCloud - episode "The Colorado Cattle Caper" (1974)
 * Mannix - episode "Mask for a Charade" - Sergeant Al Reardon (1974)
 * The Rhinemann Exchange (1977) (TV miniseries) as Walter Kendall
 * B. J. and the Bear - at least 5 episodes - Sheriff Elroy P. Lobo (1978–1979)
 * The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo - 38 episodes - Sheriff Elroy P. Lobo - (1978–1979)
 * Concrete Cowboys - episode "Concrete Cowboys" - Woody Stone (1979)
 * Fantasy Island - episode "Lillian Russell/The Lagoon" - Calvin Pearson (1981)
 * Darkroom - episode "Uncle George" - Bert Haskell (1981)
 * The Master - episode "Max" - Mr. Trumball (January 20, 1984)
 * Murder, She Wrote - 4 episodes - Ethan Cragg (1984)
 * Tall Tales & Legends - episode "Pecos Bill" - Grandpa/Narrator (1986)
 * Dream West - TV mini-series - Tom Fitzpatrick (1986)
 * Matlock - episode "The Thoroughbred" - Sam Taylor (1989)
 * Hunter - episode "The Legion" - Andy (1990)
 * In the Heat of the Night - episode "An Eye for an Eye" - Benjamin Sloan (1991)
 * Eerie, Indiana - episode "The Hole in the Wall Gang" - Grungy Bill (1992)

title: Claude Akins


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Talk:Hungry ghost

Language
Highest or greatest degree of evil will trigger a person to be reborn a denizen of hell. This technically means 'the lowest soul' by human time on earth? A lesser degree of evil triggers rebirth a beast. Note use of term "exceptional." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.91.221.150 (talk) 19:22, 8 January 2019 (UTC)

Elijah?
This is an interesting article. I'm no expert on the Judaic tradition, but suspect that someone who is would be surprised by the categorisation of the thirsty spirit of Elijah as a hungry ghost. Is the concept more one of the covenant with Jahweh and the community of Judaism? Would it be more appropriate to move this short subsection to a footnote? Dlyons493 09:17, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Hindu/Buddhist concept
Can't say this article is very helpful. I was searching for the (rather specific) "hungry ghost" concept found in Hindu/Buddhism and got this wacky piece instead. I understand that there may be some neat parallels between diff. cultures' ghost mythology, but this seems like some opinion essay more than an encyclopedia entry. Has there been disscussion of this in mainstream religous study circles or something? Some citations would be nice... At least put the orthodox info at the top or the article and keep the(admittedly interesting) noodling near the end.Ithaqua 07:27, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I've added some cited quotations from a Buddhist Psychology perspective to flesh this out, but I totally agree. Mixing different concepts from different cultures just because they've all been lossily translated into English as some form of ghost is silly.  I've suggested merging the main meat of related concepts from this article with Preta.  The rest should probably go to their own pages, with this becoming a disambig page. Jel

The Hindu concept of pret is not the same as the Chinese hungry ghost which is related to the Budhist pret which in iteself (like Budhism) is based on Hinduism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.86.213.1 (talk) 19:55, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

Error
This sentence is completely wrong: "In Hindu tradition, much as described in the Book of Enoch...". Needs to be fixed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.3.108.41 (talk) 05:57, 13 March 2007 (UTC).

Gaki and Jikininki
Gaki (餓鬼) "have been cursed with an insatiable hunger for a particular substance or object. Traditionally, this is something repugnant or humiliating, such as human corpses..." and Jikininki (食人鬼 "man-eating ghosts") "are the spirits of greedy, selfish or impious individuals who are cursed after death to seek out and eat human corpses," this would suggest that Jikiniki are a subset of Gaki. Are there qualities that differentiate Gaki from Jikininki? Do the traditions arise from different time periods or regions of Japan? Do Gaki just happen to sometimes also feed on human corpses? Would someone address these questions please? Tumacama (talk) 03:02, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

Article topic
It turns out that "hungry ghost" can have two meanings: We have two meanings and two articles, hence this one is superfluous. It is in effect a WP:CFORK of Preta. Hence the proposal for merge+disambiguate. --dab (𒁳) 12:06, 2 November 2011 (UTC)
 * narrow: the concept in China, Hungry Ghosts in Chinese Religion
 * wide: Buddhuism in general, Preta
 * Merged. Merger with Preta pending.Xufanc (talk) 07:00, 1 November 2014 (UTC)
 * OPPOSE "Hungry Ghost" is the commone name in the Chinese context. Even the proposer says that there are "two meanngs" and this argues that there need to be two articles.ch (talk) 19:23, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

Japan?
Should Japan be mentioned in the intro? Or should there be a separate article for Japanese hungry ghosts? Interestingly all the artistic/religious/painting representations of ghosts in the article are from Japan (and in very Japanese style), while from China there are only pictures of the ghost festival. Aren't there any Chinese depictions? bamse (talk) 10:22, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hungry ghost


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Wrenthorpe

Wrenthorpe is a village north-west of Wakefield, in West Yorkshire, England. It is located in the Rhubarb Triangle.

History
Although earlier remains, such as Roman coins and pottery, have been found in the area, the current settlement dates from after the Domesday Book's compilation in 1086.

Pottery has played an important role in Wrenthorpe's history, building from the presence of a few potters in the 15th century, to a thriving cottage industry that peaked in the 17th century, before declining over the course of the 18th. Such was the scale of pottery production, the village became known as "Potovens," attributed to the kilns used to fire finished pottery. Reminders of this heritage can be found in local names, such as "Potovens Lane" and the remains of pottery and clay tobacco pipes that can be found in the soil.

As the potteries declined, coal mining, already present on a smaller scale providing fuel for the potters' kilns, expanded to meet the needs of the Industrial Revolution. Agriculture also grew more important to the area.

During the 19th and early 20th century rope and woollen textile production joined coal and agriculture as Wrenthorpe's major industries, both disappearing over the course of the 20th century. Rhubarb forcing houses were built in Wrenthorpe, contributing to West Yorkshire's extensive Rhubarb growing industry.

Education
Wrenthorpe is served by two state primary schools, Wrenthorpe Academy, and Jerry Clay Academy. Both are pyramid schools of Outwood Grange Academy in nearby Outwood.

There are two co-educational independent schools in the village: Silcoates School which provides an education for pupils aged 2 to 18 and Hall Cliffe Primary School, which is a specialist day school for pupils aged 5 to 13 years, based at the old Sunny Hill House School site.

Recreation and sport
Wrenthorpe Park has facilities including hard tennis courts, a bowling green, children's playground, football pitch and car parking. Park paths connect with the neighbouring village of Alverthorpe through Alverthorpe and Wrenthorpe Meadows, a Local Nature Reserve with managed hay meadows and wetland areas. A smaller recreation ground with a football pitch, is located in the centre of the village on Wrenthorpe Lane.

Wrenthorpe Cricket Club's senior teams compete in the Bradford Premier League. Wrenthorpe Cricket Club equalled the record of consecutive Heavy Woollen cup final victories, with four wins in a row. The feat was previously done 120 years ago by Dewsbury & Saville CC. The club has junior teams ranging from under-9s to under-17s.

Wrenthorpe Rangers are a local football club with junior teams from U6 through to U18s and open age teams that compete in the Wakefield Sunday league. The New Pot Oil pub hosts an open age team which competes in the same league. The 2013–2014 season was the most successful season for Wrenthorpe Rangers as they completed the league and cup double with a penalty shootout victory in the final of the cup over local rivals, the New Pot Oil.

Wrenthorpe Badminton Club offers both social and competitive play, with teams in the Castleford & District League and the Barnsley & District League. It also provides junior coaching for 10- to 16-year-olds.

title: Wrenthorpe


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Audumbaras

The Audumbras, or Audumbaras (Hindi;ओदुम्बर) were a north Indian tribal nation east of the Punjab, in the Western Himalaya region. They were the most important tribe of the Himachal, and lived in the lower hills between Sirmaur, Chamba and Yamuna.

They issued coinage from the 1st century BCE, when they seemingly gained independence from the Indo-Greeks. The silver coins of the Kunindas, the Vemakas and the Audumbaras closely follow the coins of Apollodotus II in their characteristics (weight, size and material). Their coins were found in the area of Pathānkot District. Their favorite deities were Mahādeva or Shiva, and also Kārtikeya, standing with a spear in right hand.

They are also known as Audumbara or Audumbatira. It is a name of the tribe. They are the same people as the Odemboerce of Pliny. Hist Nat VI 23. Professor Lassen mentions them as the name of the people of Kutch of Gujarat state. They appear in the Ganapatha of Panini of 5th Century B.C. K K Das Gupta has attempted to show that they existed even in Brahmana period. They were enterprising people having prosperous trade and commerce.

Their capital was Kotesvara or Kachchhesvara. Mahabharat Chapter 52. A. Cunningham has also mentioned about them in the archaeological survey report V page 155 and also his book Ancient Geography of India at page 254. Kotesvara was a celebrated place of pilgrimage on the western shore of Kachh, close to Indus and to the great ocean. It is on the bank of Kori branch of Indus. There was a temple of Shiva in the middle of city. The meaning of Kotesvara is 10 million Ishvara. It is the name of Shiva. Audumvara like other tribes namely Sibi, Mujavats and Mahavrises were worshipers of Shiva, whereas Aryans worshiped Vishnu in the earliest times. Kotesvara is now only a small village and the temple Kotesvara is still there and worshipped.

Kachh is also called Rann of Kachh. The word Rann is evidently a corruption of Irana, which means a salt land (Amarkosha). It is the Eirinon of the periplus of the Erythraean sea.

There was another place Audumvara in Punjab which is the present city Pathankot. It was also known as Pratishsthana. It is on Jalandhar Jammu road about 80 km before Jammu. It was also known as Dahmeri, Dhamari, Dhammeri etc., which is apparently a corruption of Sanskrit name Audumvara of the country and tribe, whose coins have been found in Kangra (In Himachal Pradesh), Pathankot, Ropar and Hoshairpur (Punjab). From the coins of 200 B.C. – 48 A.D. it appears that for some time Audumvara were under Indo-Greek and after that under Kusanas. The Prakrit legends Aduinvarisa – ‘of the Audumvara’ appears on the copper coins and pieces of Audumbara tribe in Punjab. The word Audumvara refers either the people connected to the Fig tree, Audumvara or where the tree was grown in abundance.

It appears that a section of Audumvara tribe migrated to Gujarat, may be due to internal conflict or some aggression. In course of time these people merged into local population.

title: Audumbaras


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User talk:Planetaustin

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User:Mathcat

Personal intro
Phil Thrift is a poet. His blog can be found at [ http://poeticalbits.blogspot.com ].

Wikipedia articles to which I've contributed so far
See Special:Contributions/Mathcat.

title: User:Mathcat


text:
Girlguiding

Girlguiding is the operating name of The Guide Association, previously named The Girl Guides Association. It is the national guiding organisation of the United Kingdom. It is the UK's largest girl-only youth organisation. Girlguiding is a charitable organisation.

Within Girlguiding, participants take on adventurous activities, such as climbing, canoeing, sailing and orienteering   and have the opportunity to get involved in camps and international events, including girl-only festivals   and overseas development projects. In local groups – called 'units' – girls complete badges and challenges that cover topics from circus skills, stargazing and scientific investigation, to first aid, camping and community action.

Each year, the organisation publishes the Girls' Attitudes Survey, which surveys the views of girls and young women on topics such as body image, career aspirations and mental health. Girlguiding is also a campaigning organisation, having supported the No More Page 3 Campaign and lobbied the government on sexual harassment in schools, women's political representation and media sexism.

Guiding began in the UK in 1910, when Robert Baden-Powell, founder of The Scout Association, established a separate organisation for girls. The Guide Association was a founding member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) in 1928.

Girlguiding is supported by around 100,000 volunteers.

History

Following the origin of the Boy Scouts in 1907 many girls took up Scouting. In 1909, a number of Girl Scouts attended the Boy Scout Rally in Crystal Palace Park The girls told Robert Baden Powell that they wanted 'to do the same thing as the boys'. Guiding was introduced to respond to the demand.

In 1910 Robert Baden-Powell formed the Girl Guides and asked his sister Agnes to look after the Girl Guides organisation. A few years later Baden-Powell's new wife Olave became involved and, in 1918, was appointed Chief Guide.

The name Guides was chosen from Baden-Powell's military background, "Guides" had operated in the north-west frontier in India, their main task was to go on hazardous expeditions. These men had particularly influenced Baden-Powell as they continued training minds and body even when off duty. As a result, Baden Powell decided Girl Guides would be a suitable name for the pioneering young women's movement he wished to establish.

In 1914 Rosebuds were established for girls aged 8–10, this name was later changed to Brownies. Two years later in 1916 the first Senior Guide groups were formed, in 1920 these groups became Rangers. 1943 saw the establishment of the Trefoil Guild for members over 21 (now 18) who wished to remain a part of the movement but couldn't remain active with a unit. The section for the youngest members of the association, Rainbows, was introduced in 1987 for girls aged 5–7 (4–7 in Ulster).

In 1936 the then Girl Guides Association was one of the founding members of The National Council for Voluntary Youth Services (NCVYS), which was created with the aim of promoting and supporting youth development work across England. Girlguiding has remained a member of NCVYS ever since.

In 1964, a "Working Party" was established to review and update the whole programme of the association; their 195-page report was published in 1966 under the title Tomorrow's Guide. These recommendations were implemented in 1968 and included new uniforms, badges and awards across all the sections of the association. Land, Sea and Air Rangers were merged into a single Ranger Guide Service Section.

Programme
Girls are organised into sections by age. These are Rainbows, Brownies, Guides and Rangers.

Rainbow Guides
Rainbow Guides or Rainbows are aged from 4 to 7 years old (5 in some areas). Activities are organised around six core areas: Know Myself, Be Well, Express Myself, Take Action, Have Adventures, Skills For My Future. In the 1980s and 1990s, Rainbows wore a tabard in one of the colours of the Rainbow. Nowadays, the red uniform is worn, with Rainbows often referred to as “Little Reds.” There is a baseball cap, cycling shorts, hoodie, joggers, and polo shirt to choose from.

Each girl makes a promise on their enrolment in a Rainbow unit and must be able to understand and carry out the promise. This Promise is a simplified version of the promise that older members make.

Rainbows can also receive other badges for activities that they attend (possibly with other units), and other activities they complete within their unit, maybe after a themed half term. During 2008, a special challenge book Olivia's Favourites was produced to commemorate the 21st Birthday of the section and a badge was produced.

At the end of the Rainbow programme, as the girls get ready to move on to Brownies, girls undertake the personal Pot of Gold Challenge.

Brownie Guides
Brownie Guides or Brownies are aged seven to ten years old. They go along to camps, holidays, day trips and sleepovers. They get together with their friends at regular meetings where they learn new hobbies, get creative, develop skills and have outdoor adventures.

Brownies work within six themes: Know Myself, Be Well, Express Myself, Take Action, Have Adventures, Skills For My Future. Brownies can choose to work on unit meeting activities, skills builders and interest badges.

Brownies units are divided into Sixes, small groups of girls who work together. Sixes are traditionally named after fairies e.g., Gnomes, Elves, Leprechauns; however, many Units have adopted the newer six naming style of woodland animals. Each six has a leader named a 'Sixer' and a deputy leader, a 'Second'. The adult leader in charge was traditionally called Brown Owl with other leaders being named after other owls, such as Snowy, Tawny, and Barn. However, these days, only some units still use owl naming – although the variety of owls has increased much, e.g., Wise, Little, Rainbow. But most units have a variety of themes including flowers, Winnie the Pooh characters, gems or even stars.

Brownies have mix and match clothing based around the colours of yellow, brown and blue. Items include baseball caps, gilets, cycle shorts, hoodies, leggings, long-sleeved tops, short sleeved tops, skorts, trousers and a sash. Brownie units may also wear neckers.

Guides
Guides are aged 10 to 14 years old. Guides work within six core themes: Know Myself, Be Well, Express Myself, Take Action, Have Adventures, Skills For My Future. Guides can choose to work on unit meeting activities, skills builders and interest badges. They take part in indoor and outdoor activities that challenge them to do their best. Guides choose and plan most of their own activities, which can include themed evenings and trips.

Guide units meet regularly, usually once a week during school terms. There are often other opportunities for Guides to take part in special activities and events throughout the year. Many Guide units go away on holiday, to camp or on overnight sleepovers.

Guides work in small groups between 4 and 8 called a patrol. Patrol names vary between different units but include flowers, like rose and poppy, animals, like panda and parrot and famous landmarks, like pyramids. Each patrol is run by a patrol leader who is assisted by her patrol seconder. The Patrol Leader can be elected by her patrol, elected by the whole unit or chosen by the leadership team. The Patrol Leader is given extra assistance from the leader team to develop her Leadership skills.

Rangers and Young Leaders (previously known as Senior Section)
For girls between 14 and 18 years old, there are a variety of schemes and groups to choose from. With the new program Rangers have new badges in the same vein as the younger sections. This group choose to wear a hoodie, jacket, polo shirt, or smart shirt.
 * Young Leaders work with Rainbows, Brownies or Guides. They can work towards the Young Leadership Qualification as well as other Rangers opportunities.
 * Rangers meet together to plan and carry out activities, they may work towards any opportunities available to Rangers members.
 * Duke of Edinburgh's Award Participant: a Rangers member who has chosen to focus on the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.
 * Lone Ranger: a Rangers member who is working on part of The Rangers programme, but is not part of a standard unit. She may belong to a Lone Unit with other Lone members with support from Leaders who deliver the programme remotely.
 * Peer Educator: (Previously known as In4mer) anyone who has undergone the Girl Guiding peer education training and continues to run Peer Education sessions
 * Student Scout and Guide Organisation (SSAGO) Member: For members who are studying at higher education (such as a university or college).

Rangers Awards and Qualifications

 * Young Leader Qualification
 * Chief Guide's Challenge
 * Commonwealth Award
 * Queen's Guide Award
 * Residential permits
 * Adult Leadership Qualification
 * The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

Uniform
The Girlguiding uniform has evolved over the years, from its first design by Baden-Powell and his sister: long dresses, neckerchiefs (like the Scouts) and wide hats. The previous uniform was designed by Ally Capellino in 2000. There are no compulsory trousers, for guides and rangers but girls in guiding wear what is appropriate for the activities. Rainbows and Brownies can choose from skorts, cycling shorts, leggings, joggers or trousers.

Promise
All adult members of Girlguiding make a promise upon joining but young members only have to do so before achieving section awards. The current promises for each section are:

Rainbows: I promise that I will do my best, to think about my beliefs, and to be kind and helpful.

Brownies, Guides, members of The Senior Section and Leaders: I promise that I will do my best; To be true to myself and develop my beliefs, To serve the King and my community, To help other people and To keep the (Brownie) Guide Law.

History of the Promise
The guide's promise was changed several times due to religious beliefs being offended. In 1994, the promise was altered from 'To do my duty to God' to 'To love my God', in order to accommodate different faiths and the word 'God' was allowed to be replaced with a faith's own word for their god (e.g. Allah). Some do not feel they are able to make a promise that mentions god, particularly atheists and this has attracted criticism from the National Secular Society.

In 2013 a nationwide consultation of the promise was carried out by Girlguiding. This took the form of a questionnaire with 44,000 respondents being asked for opinions on each line of the promise (not just 'Love my God') and gave a number of options of different wordings. Effective from 1 September 2013, the words 'to be true to myself and develop my beliefs' replaced 'to love my God', and the words 'to serve the Queen and my community' replaced 'to serve the Queen and my country'. The rewording has been criticised by some Christian organisations. Upon the royal death in September 2022, it was changed to 'to serve the King and my community'.

Brownie Guide Law
A Brownie Guide thinks of others before herself, and does a good turn every day.

Guide Law for Guides, The Rangers and Leaders

 * 1) A Guide is honest, reliable and can be trusted.
 * 2) A Guide is helpful and uses her time and abilities wisely.
 * 3) A Guide faces challenges and learns from her experiences.
 * 4) A Guide is a good friend and a sister to all Guides.
 * 5) A Guide is polite and considerate.
 * 6) A Guide respects all living things and takes care of the world around her.

Administrative structure in the UK
For effective administration of Girlguiding, the UK is split into smaller areas. At the top level there are ten Countries and Regions.

The Countries are:
 * Girlguiding Scotland
 * Girlguiding Ulster
 * Girlguiding Cymru
 * Girlguiding BGIFC = British Guides in Foreign Countries

The Regions are:
 * Girlguiding Anglia
 * Girlguiding London and South East England (known as LaSER)
 * Girlguiding Midlands
 * Girlguiding North East England
 * Girlguiding North West England
 * Girlguiding South West England (includes the Channel Islands, etc.)

Countries and Regions are split into Counties. These in turn are split into Divisions. Divisions are split into Districts. In some areas with few members, County, Division or District level may be omitted because effective communication occurs without it. Each area is led by a Commissioner.

Girlguiding outside the United Kingdom
Girlguiding is also active outside the United Kingdom. In nine British overseas territories, there are branch associations with slightly different Guiding programmes adapted to the local conditions. Most of the branch associations use different uniforms or lighter textiles.

Branch Associations are active in
 * Anguilla
 * Bermuda
 * The British Virgin Islands
 * The Cayman Islands
 * The Falkland Islands
 * Gibraltar
 * Montserrat
 * St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
 * The Turks and Caicos Islands

More details can be found in The Branch Association Members website.

British Royal Family in Guiding
Guiding in the UK has had a long association with the British Royal Family, in 1920 Princess Mary, daughter of George V became President of the Association, 1937 saw Princess Elizabeth, who would go on to be Queen Elizabeth II become a Guide, and Princess Margaret become a Brownie. Princess Elizabeth joined the 1st Buckingham Palace Unit, whose first meeting was held on 9 June. She became the Second of Kingfisher Patrol, and was enrolled by her Aunt Princess Mary, Association President, on 13 December. At the start of World War II the company was closed, and the Queen and Princess Margaret were attached to a Balmoral Company. In 1942 the Buckingham Palace company reopened at Windsor, the Queen became Patrol Leader of Swallow Patrol. In 1943 the Queen became a Sea Ranger undertaking usual activities including gaining her boating permit and taking out the Queen Mother in a dinghy. She became Chief Ranger of the British Empire in 1946. When she married Lieutenant Mountbatten two of her bridesmaids were former members of the Buckingham Palace company. Girl Guides Australia provided the ingredients for the couple's principal wedding cake as Britain was still under post-war rationing conditions. In 1952 when she ascended the throne she became the association patron.

When Princess Mary died Princess Margaret became the new President in 1965. In turn on the death of Princess Margaret, the Duchess of Edinburgh (then the Countess of Wessex), wife to Prince Edward became President in 2003. The highest award in Guiding, the Queen's Guide award was created in 1946.

Centenary celebrations
Girlguiding celebrated its centenary in 2010. The historic maze at Crystal Palace was re-opened on 5 September, remembering the 1909 Crystal Palace Scout Rally.

The Centenary Camp was held from 31 July–7 August 2010 at Harewood House.

The tall ship Lord Nelson made a 100-day voyage around the coast of the UK to celebrate the centenary. The Lord Nelson set sail from Glasgow on 7 June 2010. She has called at Oban, Aberdeen, Newcastle, Boston, London, Chatham, Portsmouth, Falmouth, Milford Haven and Whitehaven. At each port she took on new crew, many of whom had never sailed before.

title: Girlguiding


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Dotless I

I, or ı, called dotless i, is a letter used in the Latin-script alphabets of Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz, Kazakh, Tatar and Turkish. It commonly represents the close back unrounded vowel, except in Kazakh where it represents the near-close front unrounded vowel. All of the languages it is used in also use its İ|dotted counterpart İ while not using the basic I|Latin letter I.

In scholarly writing on Turkic languages, ï is sometimes used for.

Usage in other languages
The dotless ı may also be used as a stylistic variant of the dotted i, without there being any meaningful difference between them.

This is common in older Irish orthography, for example, but is simply the omission of the tittle rather than a separate letter. The í is a separate letter as is ì in Scottish Gaelic. Though historically Irish only used an "i" without a dot, so as to not confuse with "í", this dotless "ı" should not be used for Irish. Instead a font with "i" in the normal location should be used that has no dot. See other old-style Irish letters and the symbol for & still used in modern Irish text and Irish orthography.

In some of the Athabaskan languages of the Northwest Territories in Canada, specifically Slavey, Dogrib and Chipewyan, all instances of i are undotted to avoid confusion with tone-marked vowels í or ì.

Lowercase dotless ı is used as the lowercase form of Í|the letter Í in the official Karakalpak alphabet approved in 2016.

Both the dotted and dotless I can be used in transcriptions of Rusyn to allow distinguishing between the letters Ы and И, which would otherwise be both transcribed as "y", despite representing different phonemes. Under such transcription the dotted İ would represent the Cyrillic І, and the dotless I would represent either Ы or И, with the other being represented by "Y".

title: Dotless I


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Madron

Madron (Eglos Madern) is a civil parish and village in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Madron is named after Saint Madern's Church. Its annual Trafalgar Service commemorating the death of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson was started on 27 October 1946, following a local tradition that his death was first announced on British soil in the Union Hotel, Penzance.

Geography
It is a large rural parish on the Penwith peninsula north of Penzance, bounded by the parishes of Sancreed and St Just to the west, by Zennor and Morvah to the north, by the sea and the parish of Paul in the south and by the parishes of Gulval and Penzance to the east. Madron village is centred on an elevated site approximately two miles (3 km) northwest of Penzance town centre. The main villages and hamets are Tredinnick, Lower Ninnes, New Mill, Newbridge and Tregavarah. The population was 1,466 at the 2001 census, rising to 1,591 at the 2011 census. The parish church is in the churchtown and is dedicated to St Madron (or Madrona) (in local dialect "Maddern").

History
Evidence of early medieval habitation at Madron is in the form of one or two inscribed stones. One was found in the wall of the village church and has since been removed; the inscription consists of a cross and legible text, but its meaning is not clear. The other inscription was reported by R. A. Stewart Macalister in 1949 as being 'built into the N. wall of the N. aisle, west of the entrance door' of the church, but has not been seen since; Elisabeth Okasha speculates that Macalister may have seen the inscription in another church, and misremembered its location. Arthur Langdon (1896) records eight stone crosses in the parish, of which one is in the churchyard and one is at Heamoor. The others are at Boscathnoe, Boswarthen, Parc-an-Growse, Trembath Cross, Trengwainton Carn, and Tremethick or Trereiffe.

Madron was recorded in the Domesday Book. It was within the Manor of Alverton, an area that in the Anglo-Saxon and medieval period formed much of what is now the southern part of west Penwith. The church itself was once under the control of the Knights Hospitallers of Jerusalem and was known by the Cornish name of Landithy, a name which is still used in parts of the village today. By 1885 the name Landithy referred to an estate of 144 acre which in that year was ″to be let for a term of 14 years″. It was said to have an excellent house, good buildings and good grassland.

Madron Well was, until the 18th century, the principal source of water for the nearby town of Penzance and Madron Church was the mother church of Penzance.

Admiral Lord Nelson
The news of the death of Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson following the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 was received first in Britain by the arrival of HMS Pickle en route to Falmouth under the command of Lieut. John Richards Lapenotiere in Mount's Bay. It is believed a fishing vessel from Penzance passed the news to the shore which was formally announced from the balcony of the Assembly Rooms (now the Union Hotel) in Chapel Street, Penzance. Since the mother church of Penzance was at Madron, the mayor of Penzance took up a procession which made its way to Madron where a memorial service was held and the Nelson banner was paraded for the first time. On it was the epitaph "Mourn for the brave, the immortal Nelson's gone. / His last sea fight is fought, his work of Glory done". Storms in the English Channel meant that Nelson's body did not arrive by sea in London until January 1806. However, subsequent literature on the Union Hotel and Madron Church makes no mention of these events, and it is not recorded in the borough records or the Royal Cornwall Gazette, the only Cornish newspaper at that time. A tradition of an annual Trafalgar Service, held to commemorate the death of Nelson, was begun on 27 October 1946, when so many people attended that the service was relayed outside. These services continue to this day. The Trafalgar Fields housing development was so named to reinforce the links with Nelson.

Penzance Workhouse
The Penzance Union Workhouse once stood within the parish. The Penzance Poor Law Union was formed on 10 June 1837 and the population that fell within the Union at the time of the 1831 census was just under 40,000. The workhouse was built in 1838. Designed by George Gilbert Scott and William Bonython Moffatt, it was intended to house four hundred paupers and cost £6,050 to build. It was in use until 1948 when the National Health Service came into being.

Cornish wrestling
Cornish wrestling tournaments, for prizes, were held in Madron in the 1800s, for example at New Mill.

Madron today
Landithy Hall, which opened in 1909, contains the community rooms and tea rooms where guests can stay the night and hosts many village events. It is here that Madron Parish Council holds the majority of its meetings, the other venue being Trythall School, near New Mill, as well as at St. Maddern's Primary School, below the church in Madron.

Madron Feast Week is from the first Sunday in Advent. The Western Hunt traditionally meets at Madron on Feast Monday and also on Boxing Day.

The village has a Garden of Remembrance for the dead of both World Wars.

The local community radio station is Coast FM (formerly Penwith Radio), which broadcasts on 96.5 and 97.2 FM.

Local government
For the purposes of local government Madron elects its own parish council. From 1894 to 1934 it formed Madron Urban District. Under the 1934 restructure of local government the then Penzance Borough Council made representation to include the village of Madron within its boundaries but due to strong local resistance this move was defeated, most of the parish becoming part of West Penwith Rural District The nearby settlement of Heamoor (until 1934 part of the parish) was included within the revised boundaries of the borough and remains part of the parish of Penzance to this day.

Schools
Madron Daniell's Endowed School was built by George Daniell in 1710 (his family were Lords of the Manor of Alverton for part of the 17th century. The school is next to the parish church with a view over Penzance and Mount's Bay and has a cottage for the headmaster on site. The school was extended from the original two classrooms to its current size in the late 1960s. It has subsequently been renamed St Maddern's Church of England School.

Playing field
The village has a King George V Playing Field which is home to Madron Football Club. Previously it has been home to Madron Cricket Club and the Penzance & Newlyn Rugby Club 2nd XV.

Buildings and gardens
Madron Well

The nearby Madron Well is an example of a Cornish Celtic sacred site, which is renowned for its healing properties. A May Day tradition, which was still being observed in 1879, was for many young folks (mainly girls) to head from Penzance before sunrise, to perform a ceremony, to learn the number of years they have to wait before they get married. Two grass stems or straw, each about an inch long were fastened together with a pin and dropped into the water. Any rising bubbles denote the number of years before they get married. The ceremony was no longer held on May Day, but on a Sunday, because the girls work during the week. A tradition at this site persists to this day whereby people attach pieces of rag (clouties) to the nearby bushes as a symbol of appeasement to the spirits within the well site (see also Clootie well). According to The Cornishman newspaper this tradition was no longer carried out in 1879.

Until the 18th century it was the only source of water for Madron and Penzance.

Madron Baptistry A short distance away is the ruined well-chapel (also known as Madron Baptistry), which has been dated to the 6th century, but is likely to have even earlier foundations. The building measures 7 metres by 5 metres and has no roof, and it is not known if it ever had a roof. Ivy and wild roses creep over the walls and ferns grow from between the granite blocks. It is a classical site for the nationally scarce, Cornish moneywort (Sibthorpia europaea).

Spring water, from the same source as the original well, is fed into a stone basin in the south-western corner. A low altar stone may be seen against the eastern wall, and stone seats line the walls.

Trengwainton Garden'

Trengwainton Garden, a National Trust property has its closest village as Madron.

Notable residents

 * William Bolitho (1862–1919), cricketer, banker and British Army officer
 * Nessie Dunsmuir (1909–1999), poet
 * William Sydney Graham (1918–1986), poet and husband of Nessie Dunsmuir, a plaque in Fore Street commemorates him
 * John Robyns (1780–1857), Royal Marines officer, who served in the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812, and later the Mayor of Penzance
 * Alfred Wallis (1855–1942) artist, died in Madron workhouse
 * David Neil Liddiard Jenkin (born 1943), Cornish Wrestling and Judo Champion, Great Britain Wrestling (Sombo) and British Judo Council (England) representative. Coach to the British wrestling (Sombo) team at the World Games |Den Haag]], 1993. British Judo Association National vet's under 78 kilo champion 1990/91. European (IBF) Open and Middleweight Judo champion. World Sombo (U81k) silver medallist. Attended Madron School and Lescudjack County Secondary, Penzance. Represented the University of Heidelberg (Ruphrects Karl) at the German student judo championships, Aachen, 1971. Son of Leonard and 'Poppy' Jenkin.

title: Madron


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Talk:Josh Sugarmann

Edits

 * article by Josh and gives his job as excutive director

VfD result
This article was previously nominated for VfD. See Votes for deletion/Josh Sugarmann for the result. JYolkowski // talk 19:39, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

It's odd how little information the article contains about Sugarman himself. It wouldn't have been much of a loss if it had been deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.212.80.149 (talk) 23:01, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

Originator of term Assault weapon
The term Assault weapon was in use at least in a minor way in the early 80's among a few gun enthusiasts, as it appeared in some ads in gun publications. Josh Sugarmann simply co-opted the term in the late 80's. I've added a citation template after this reference in the article. Please prove me wrong. Gregmg 20:17, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * User VIOPOL was gracious enough to fill the void and provide a reference for uses of "Assault Weapon" that predate Josh Sugarmann's 1988 study. I removed the aforementioned citation request. Gregmg 03:15, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * A 2014 press report associates Sugarmann's study and the Stockton, CA mass shooting with the rise of use of this term, giving credit to Sugarmann for popularizing it. It is cited.Parkwells (talk) 12:57, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Did not Sugarmann circulate an open letter to the anti-gun lobby after the Stockton shootings advocating that the public's confusion over the difference between "semi-automatic" weapons and "machine guns" be exploited for political advantage by the anti-gun lobby?

Fair use rationale for Image:Sugarmann.jpg
Image:Sugarmann.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:03, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

It's a joke
4. However, this is a distinction without a difference in terms of killing power. Civilian semiautomatic assault weapons incorporate all of the functional design features that make assault weapons so deadly. They are arguably more deadly than military versions, because most experts agree that semiautomatic fire is more accurate—and thus more lethal—than automatic fire.

8. "Spray-firing" from the hip, a widely recognized technique for the use of assault weapons in certain combat situations, has no place in civil society. Although assault weapon advocates claim that "spray-firing" and shooting from the hip with such weapons is never done, numerous sources (including photographs and diagrams) show how the functional design features of assault weapons are used specifically for this purpose. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.61.241.100 (talk) 17:51, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

NPOV
Holy shit, did he write this shit HIMSELF?! The neutrality of this page is utterly non-existent. Get someone who ISN'T trying to swallow his load or whatever to rewrite this into something OTHER than press release.

True. This article tells us a lot about that which Sugarman advocates, but very little about Sugarman himself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.212.80.149 (talk) 21:44, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Josh Sugarmann. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120415054206/http://www.ipgv.org/FMpriceoffreedom.html to http://www.ipgv.org/FMpriceoffreedom.html

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FFL document
A document, ostensibly an FFL application with supporting correspondence (as well as an entire leasing agreement, which has no apparent relevance), was added to the article to establish that "Sugarmann has an FFL". The problem is that it's just a random google doc - not a reliable source. You have to show provenance for the document. I'm not suggesting that it has been doctored: the problem is, there's no way to establish objectively that these are genuine. (They also constitute primary sources, which require corroborating documentation, in this case). As well, it doesn't belong in the lede, as there's no further discussion of it in the article. I was accused of being "afraid" of it being published. Please assume good faith. Please provide the source of the document - The actual FOIA request would help immensely, although that would likely fall under Original Research. We don't just add stuff that we think is relevant - we have to establish relevance from reliable sources. Anastrophe (talk) 16:41, 16 August 2017 (UTC)
 * https://www.atf.gov/firearms/listing-federal-firearms-licensees-ffls-2017 Explainador (talk) 02:17, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

RfC about alleged FFL application
Most of the details of my concerns are in the section immediately preceding this RfC, but I'll reiterate:

To my eye, the scanned document certainly appears genuine, and I wouldn't be at all surprised that Sugarmann would get an FFL in order to do 'research' as the document suggests. The problem is, 'appearing to be genuine' is not the threshold we need to meet. We don't know whose Google document account this is - nor is a Google docs page a verifiable source. The FOIA that unearthed the document is not provided and thus unverifiable. The document only shows that Sugarmann may have had an FFL in the early 2000's - it does not establish that he currently has one, as the edit suggests. Likewise, the edit claims that they are rare in Washington D.C. - also something that wouldn't generate any surprise from me, but we need a reliable source for that, not the author's feelings. And lastly, it doesn't belong in the lede unless and until the details I am questioning are fleshed out within the body of the article. I'd appreciate if others could weigh in. We had a mini-revert war going, but no discussion is taking place. I'm not willing to risk censure over this matter. Anastrophe (talk) 03:17, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Agree that references to the FFL do not belong in the Lede, and question whether it belongs in the article at all. No source for documenting that having one is "rare" in DC. But more importantly, what bearing does it have on Sugarmann's work with the VPC? That is not demonstrated, in addition to questions about verifying whether he has a current license. He's exec director, not gunslinger, or so it would seem. Parkwells (talk) 13:03, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Only one FFL provides transfers to the general public in a city of ~681,000 that covers ~68 square miles and that's not rare? lol. The rest of your argument is unsubstantiated opinion. Daedalus46

 * Exclude. We should not be relying on any document posted on Google Docs, as there is no way to know whether they were published by a reputable party, as required by our reliable sources guideline. I also agree that inclusion in the lead section would be undue. --Dr. Fleischman (talk) 21:32, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

 * summoned by FRS Exclude. This falls afoul of WP:BLPPRIMARY and is absolutely inappropriate for inclusion in a BLP. Layzner (Talk) 14:06, 30 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Good point, I agree it should be excluded on that basis as well. --Dr. Fleischman (talk) 17:00, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Exclude Wikipedia is not a primary source, reporting on its own observations. However, what in the world is an FFL? Largoplazo (talk) 10:48, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Exclude - I agree that this is a pretty opaquely worded RfC, and it would be very helpful to define these acronyms and the content they're supposed to support. But regardless, if we are trying to us a primary source on google docs to support content on a BLP, then we are wrong, plain and simple. If it's important enough to put in the article, it is important enough to have secondary sources review this primary source and write about it. If it ain't, then it ain't.
 * I would also add that this RfC itself is almost certainly out of order. I don't see anything resembling substantive prior discussion or disagreement. If you took issue with content based on your understanding of policy, then fix it, and if someone disagrees then discuss it with them. But we don't need an RfC to anoint a good faith edit that one seems to disagree with at all. That's not what this process is for and it's a waste of time for the volunteers who respond. Timothy Joseph Wood  11:48, 9 September 2017 (UTC)
 * FFL are public information. Sugarman is listed directly on the ATF (the official government issuing authority as a FFL. The voting above is on lack of source. here is the direct and official source: https://www.atf.gov/firearms/listing-federal-firearms-licensees-ffls-2017 Scroll down to District of Columbia. Explainador (talk) 02:18, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

Editing for tone
I've made changes to try to bring this article in line with neutral, factual tone.Parkwells (talk) 13:03, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

FFL issue "resolved" due to lack of sourcing, did not look at ATF own site
The fact that Sugarman is an FFL was removed due to issues of sourcing. The voting on it was on issues with sourcing. He is a current FFL and has been for years. Sourcing direct from the United States Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (until recently and still colloquially ATF, now BATFE) at ATF.gov: https://www.atf.gov/firearms/listing-federal-firearms-licensees-ffls-2017 Just scroll down to District of Columbia on that pageand open the definitively official ATF (issuing authority for FFL) reports

There is no more definitive or direct source of who is a Firearms Dealer than ATF FFL list. That is his full name and the exact address down to the suite number, of his other DC business, the VPC.

Moreover the claim in the above discussion that this is not established as rare in DC, is incorrect, it is rare and very notable, there are only five to six FFLs in DC. Explainador (talk) 02:14, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Josh Sugarmann


text:
User talk:Ryan Moore

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 09:24, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Signing Posts
Welcome. Please remember to tag any posts you make on Vote for Deletion or Talk pages with 4 ~'s. For more tips see Wikiquette -- Corey.spring 09:51, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Suggested editions
Moved from: 220.240.152.145 Looking through your editions Ryan I feel bad as I know they are all going to get deleted. If it's your first time making contributions don't be discouraged. Get an account and start articles that will pass the notability test. What about the two CDs you listed from Australian Youth Choir? They might make it. Marskell 08:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually those two CDs probably won't make it but the Australian Youth Choir itself is notable and I can't find it. It appears to be a different organization from the Australian Youth Orchestra. Why don't you make that page? Marskell 10:48, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * But wehy am I going to be deleted? the movie ius a vlaid real project and deserves to be in this dictionary. User:Ryan Moore

 * In future if you want to leave messages for people click on "discussion" and "edit this page" and add comments at the bottom. Also, why not add your bio to User:Ryan Moore and then the page will properly exist?

 * Regarding your movie, a few things exclude it.
 * It doesn't exist yet. Think, for example, if we had a page for My Grandfather's Life and the entry stated "this is a book currently being writtern which is expected to be released in 2007." I think you can understand this wouldn't be acceptable. There are pages for major releases that haven't appeared yet--i.e., the third Star Wars prequel had a page before it was released--but of course your movie is not at that level.
 * It doesn't appear to have the exposure needed to be notable. There are no hard-and-fast rules to notability (the bar seems lower for music topics versus books, for instance) but with movies I'd suggest that they should have theatrical release or at least major distribution on video. If your movie is shown at a High School Arts Fest, for instance, it simply wouldn't have the exposure needed to qualify here. Again, we can't know because the movie doesn't exist.
 * It may be vanity. You can write about yourself on Wiki but it is discouraged because its hard to objectively decide on notability when thinking about yourself and it opens the door to sales pitches and self-promotion.
 * I hope this helps. Write back as you please. Marskell 11:48, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Protect vs. Delete
I've copied most of this from my commnet on Requests for page protection and expanded it slightly. Sorry to be the bearer of bad news. --ElvisThePrince 12:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I think you misunderstand what "protect" in this context is, protecting a page prevents normal users from editing it and is used to prevent edit/revert wars (where different editors argue over the "correct" version of a page) and vandalism (including blanking, i.e. deleting all the text from an article). Protecting or unprotecting a page is carried out by admins, this page is designed for people to request that an admin protects or unprotects a page. It should be noted that even whilst protected any admin can change a page, it only prevents the edits of "ordinary" users (i.e. like you and me). Given that the only edits to the pages apart from yours have been to add the  template to the pages to inform all those interested that someone has suggested that they may be deleted there is no need to protect them.
 * 2) Deletion is when a page is removed from wikipedia entirely (although they are effectively backed-up and can be restored by an admin) generaly the process to delete a page is that someone suggests that a page should be deleted and starts a "vote for deletion", once agreement is reached amongst those interested then a admin carries out the actualy act of deletion (given point 1 above you can see that it's pretty immatierial at this point if a page is "protected" or not). The correct place for you argue for you pages not be to deleted is VFD pages for them i.e Votes for deletion/Blood Line and Votes for deletion/Kitty Goddard, although to be honest and from a third party viewpoint I would be surprised if they survived.
 * 3) One suggestion on the VFD's that may need explaination is the "usify" the pages this means to move them to User:Ryan Moore/Blood Line, for example, this woul allow you to keep a copy of them when/if the subjects of the articles are considered to be "Notable" enough for inclusion.

Your pages
Hi Ryan,

While I appreciate your anger at having the articles you have written deleted, they are being deleted for a good reason - Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. If and when your film comes out - and at this time the rest of the world (don't forget, this is an international project) has no way of knowing if it even exists - and is succesful enough, it will probably get an entry in the IMDB and receive press coverage. However, until that point in time, neither your film or the people in it are notable enough to warrant their own articles - see our vanity guidlines. In the meantime, you can contribute to existing articles or write articles which have been requested (eg. Australian Youth Choir). The contents of the article about yourself are likley to be moved to your user page, and you can write about your movie there in the interim. Thanks, Alphax τεχ 01:31, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi Ryan
Welcome back. I'm glad you added a user page and seem to want to keep editing. To be clear though, no one was "insecure" and no one really got mad. Your articles were treated the same as any article would be treated. Please follow up on suggestions and try to add articles that people will find notable. Marskell 23:53, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Blanking of Ryan Moore
Please do not replace Wikipedia pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikipedia because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. Thanks for contributing to Wikipedia! -- Francs2000 23:50, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --fvw *  02:24, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Ryan Moore
Hi, Ryan. Please stop spamming Ryan Moore's page, if you want to I can transfer it to Ryan Moore (golfer) so you can use it. But PLEASE stop vandalizing it! 69.81.252.232 02:24, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Should I interpret this personal attack as an assertion that you have been vandalising Wikipedia through IP 202.10.121.83 and intend to continue doing so? Snottygobble | Talk 03:36, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll take that as a yes. You have been blocked for 48 hours.  Snottygobble | Talk 04:13, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
I deeply apoligse, but, Snottygobble, I suggest next tiem you give me a chance to reply. I'm not on Wikipedia persistently. By the way, no, that was my school thast enjoys vandalism at your cost. I will try to prevent it from now on.
 * I understand that you feel that you were not responsible for the vandalism and therefore should not have been blocked. But even if it wasn't you, it was still your account, and it is appropriate that your account be blocked if it is being used by vandals. Snottygobble | Talk 06:07, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

There! Happy?
Now that I've moved the page to Ryan Moore (golfer), you'll stop blanking it. Right? Please? 69.81.252.232 04:21, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

What???
This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, especially Ryan Moore (golfer), you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. I'm skipping straight to your last warning, even without admin backup, becuase you have now vandalized this page 5 times. One more time, and I will ask for you to be permanently blocked from that page. Either that or explain, please. I'm getting sick of this. WriterFromAfar755 01:03, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Please stop
I am completely willing to talk things over, if you will be civilised and not call me Loser or anything else derogatory. Until then, however: This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. WriterFromAfar755 01:06, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Reverting your talk page
Ryan, A few things:
 * 1) I've reverted your user page above as it is considered vandalism to remove warnings. By all means, its OK to remove (or even better, archive) discussions, but not warnings. If you need help archiving, just ask.  Note that ongoing vandalism will eventually result in blocks.
 * 2) I'm also going to revert your user page as it contains innapropriate attacks which have no place on Wikipedia. I suggest you calm down and read some of the policies that have been quoted to you above before calling people names.
 * 3) With regard to Articles for deletion/Ryan Moore (actor), why not just add the information onto your user page? Autobiographical entries in the article space will always be scrutinised more severely than other articles and until the film has actually been listed at IMDB (at a minimum) your bio article will probably not survive.
 * 4) If you feel you need to email me, there is a link on my user page.

I@n ≡ talk 13:24, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Some well-meant advice - it's up to you how you use it
I'll try to explain this as well as I can. I have no reason to think you're lying about your role in Doomsday. But you said yourself that your part was only just shot "the other day". Even if this movie was something pretty big (and you haven't actually claimed that) and your role in it was an important one, the movie hasn't even been released yet. It's as if you'd had a book accepted by a reputable publisher and immediately wrote a Wikipedia article about yourself on that basis. The article would quite properly be deleted. If the book actually got published a year or two later, there might then be a case justifying the article, but the article you put up now would be at least a year or two premature. I wish you all the best in your acting career, but even if this role you've told us about is enough for notability you'll at least have to wait until the movie is released, reviewed, has some box office figures, and generally is able to qualify as being notable. Even then, whether or not this one role is enough to justify a Wikipedia article about you will depend on a lot of things. You did say it's a "small" part, so you may have to wait for more than one role.

This may not be welcome advice, and I can see why we might seem to be spoiling things, but you'll have to be patient. Once you're well known, someone else will write an article about you. Sending e-mails to people won't help, because the most your e-mails can do is prove that you have shot one small role in a film that is not yet known to the public. Don't get mad with everyone, and make sure you treat people with civility — we're simply doing our job in assessing whether articles are currently justified. Meanwhile, you can put the information on your userpage and no one will mind.

If you want to tell me to piss off, fine. If you want to make a good contribution here and want to ask for my help or advice at any time, I'll do my best, though I'm pretty new here myself so it's not like I have a lot of clout. You might be better off talking to some of the admins. I see that some people have already given you similar advice to mine, and it's really up to you whether you want to take it. Metamagician3000 14:07, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Reverting
I have reverted this talk page because you deleted warning messages. As I@n told you above, doing this is considered vandalism (Removing_warnings) and if you continue doing this it will very likely get you blocked from editing Wikipedia. The fact that this page is connected to your userpage does not give you the authority to delete warning messages. --Calair 06:20, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ryan Moore


text:
Talk:Old Fire

Name
Any idea how they come up with names like Old Fire and Grand Prix Fire? Rl 09:24, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't know for sure about the Grand Prix Fire (may be related to the nearby racetrack in Fontana). The Old Fire, however is named for its origin, Old Waterman Canyon Road, north of San Bernardino. OWC Road is the old route ascending Waterman Canyon parallel to the SR330, the modern route.

Why on earth they didn't call it "Old Waterman Fire" or "Waterman Fire" I do not know. It certainly would have been more descriptive. Tuesdave 22:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

The Grand Prix Fire was named by Captain Fopiano, San Bernardino County Fire Department after the Street Grand Prix in Fontana California. The fire started near this location and often fires are named using the closest street to the fire.

Neutrality
The latter part of this article is not written in a neutral format; exclamation marks rarely follow dry facts. The statement that "San Bernardino County is widely known by residents for its corruption!" is not an encyclopedic fact, but an opinion.nitmd 15:38, 16 November 2006(CDT)

Good Lord. This article is incredibly biased. I was a captain on an Engine in the Cedar Glen area during the time the fire came through. I was just above the Cedar Glen Malt shop at 11 PM at night, (Uh..maybe that's why there was no aircraft flying?) when we witnessed incredible fire behavior including crowning. There was no way I was going down that canyon to the remote parts of Cedar Glen with the fire below me! 20:30, 20 November 2006 (Pacific)

 * I cleared up the bias and left some of the more usefol stuff that the person added. always remember to check the history to see how recently the biased stuff was added.--Acebrock 04:46, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm going to also contest the neutrality of this article. The "perpetrators" section on the right, in the box, is partially incorrect. They haven't convicted Oyler for sure, it's still an allegation. 172.191.28.127 04:06, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Removed previously named suspect as the "perpetrator."
I believe it has been unproven (the suspect originally named) committed this crime, and he is just considered a suspect. If he didn't do it, this article would be libel. Please include reliable sources and don't make such claims without proof. Wikipedia is not a place for unproven claims. You could post that "organization x believes he did it" but we can't state that he did it as fact because we do not know yet. Edward4321 10:25, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

-- In agreement with Edward4321-

With due respect to Edward 4321. The name of the previously named suspect was removed from the above and the main page. Although some media did touch on the fact that a man could be linked to the crime. He was never charged. We're on thin ice with running unattributed information. apologies to Edward for changing his/her copy.

No one was ever charged with setting the Old fire, which directly killed 6 people. The fire started in the City of San Bernardino, yet the San Bernardino Sheriff's department handled the investigation. They found the van that was reported as throwing lighted objects from the window into the brush, yet they didn't arrest the owner and driver. The Sheriff's department has not publicly identified any of the determined occupants of the van. Who were those people? At the time it was rumored that the arsonists were distant relatives of Mayor Judith Valles who lived in Los Angeles County, once the Sheriff's department reached that conclusion, any further investigation stopped. The City of San Bernardino is very quick to determine any event as a disaster area due to the $millions of federal funds that are released to the City to deal with the "disaster". In San Bernardino, where the arson rate is 10 times the national average, and City officials have been found to be involved in the setting of fires, http://www.goodbadcorrupt.com/showthread.php?t=912 it must be politically embarrassing for the City to have people connected with the City government responsible for the downtown arsons, and possibly involved in setting the Old fire. Until the results of the investigation are made public, we as the people who lost during the Old fire will never know.

75.23.186.36 (talk) 19:13, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Old Fire. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100621034216/http://rimoftheworld.net/columns/neufeld/old_fire to http://www.rimoftheworld.net/columns/neufeld/old_fire

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:41, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 05:13, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Old Fire


text:
Wilmington/Newark Line

The Wilmington/Newark Line is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail commuter rail system in the Philadelphia area. The line serves southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware, with stations in Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, Wilmington, Delaware, and Newark, Delaware. It is the longest of the 13 SEPTA Regional Rail lines.

Route
The Wilmington/Newark Line runs on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor, making local stops along the way.

Only weekday peak trains run to Newark. All trains on weekends terminate at Wilmington. Service in Delaware is funded in part by the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT).

, most weekday Wilmington/Newark trains operate through the Center City tunnel to and from Lansdale/Doylestown Line points. All weekend Wilmington trains run through to and from Elm Street in Norristown on the Manayunk/Norristown Line.

History
The line north of Wilmington was originally built by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. The original alignment was opened January 17, 1838, and on November 18, 1872, a realignment opened north of Chester (part of the old route is now used for the Airport Line). South of Wilmington the line was built by the Wilmington and Susquehanna Railroad and opened July 31, 1837. The Pennsylvania Railroad obtained control in the early 1880s. Electrified service was opened between Philadelphia and Wilmington on September 30, 1928. Electrified operation was extended to Newark and beyond to Washington, D.C., on February 10, 1935. In 1968, the Pennsylvania Railroad merged into Penn Central. In 1976 Conrail took over, and SEPTA took over on January 1, 1983. When SEPTA took over service, commuter rail service in Delaware was eliminated, with the Claymont and Edgemoor stations closed.

Under SEPTA, commuter service from Philadelphia originally terminated in Marcus Hook. On January 16, 1989, service was extended south into Delaware to end at Wilmington. A stop was added in Claymont in 1991. In the mid-1990s, a transportation study took place for extending SEPTA service from Wilmington to Newark. The proposal called for stations at Newport (near the former Newport Railroad Station), Metroform (now Churchmans Crossing), Newark, and West Newark (at Otts Chapel Road). A review by DelDOT challenged the locations of the stations in Newport, Newark, and West Newark. SEPTA service was extended south from Wilmington to Newark September 2, 1997. The Churchmans Crossing station between Wilmington and Newark opened in 2000. On July 25, 2010, SEPTA renamed the service from the R2 Newark to the Wilmington/Newark Line as part of system-wide service change that drops the R-number naming and makes the Center City stations the terminus for all lines. This also ended the combined R2 Newark/R2 Warminster service.

SEPTA activated positive train control on the Wilmington/Newark Line on May 1, 2017.

On April 9, 2020, service on the line was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, though Penn Medicine station was still being served by other rail services. Service between 30th Street Station and Wilmington resumed May 10, 2020 on a modified schedule as part of the Southwest Connection Improvement Program. Service to Newark resumed on January 25, 2021, in order to offer public transit options during a construction project along Interstate 95 in Wilmington. Previously, Amtrak announced the completion of the Delaware Third Rail Project in December 2020. The project installed the third track between Wilmington and Newark that would increase the capacity.

Station list
The Wilmington/Newark Line trains make the following station stops, after leaving the Center City Commuter Connection:

Ridership
Between FY 2013-FY 2019 annual ridership on the Wilmington/Newark Line ranged between 2.5 and 2.8 million before collapsing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Wilmington/Newark Line


text:
Uddhav Thackeray

Uddhav Bal Thackeray (Marathi pronunciation: [ud̪ʱːəʋ ʈʰaːkɾeː], born 27 July 1960) is an Indian politician who served as the 19th Chief Minister of Maharashtra  from 2019 to 2022 and the Leader of the House, Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from 2019 to 2022. He is a member of Maharashtra Legislative Council since 2020, the president of Maha Vikas Aghadi since 2019 and the president of Shiv Sena (UBT) since 2022. He was also the leader (pramukh) of Shiv Sena from 2013 to 2022, working President from 2003 to 2013 and the editor-in-chief of Saamana from 2006 to 2019.

Early life
Uddhav Bal Thackeray was born in a Marathi family on 27 July 1960 as the youngest of politician Bal Thackeray and his wife Meena Thackeray's three sons. He did his schooling from Balmohan Vidyamandir and graduated from Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art with photography as his main subject.

Political career
In 2002, Thackeray started his political career as campaign incharge of Shiv Sena in the Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections where the party performed well. In 2003, he was appointed as working president of Shiv Sena. Uddhav took over as chief editor of party mouthpiece Saamana (a daily Marathi-language newspaper published by Shiv Sena) in 2006 and resigned in 2019 before becoming chief minister of Maharashtra.

A split in Shiv Sena happened when his cousin Raj Thackeray left the party in 2006 to form his own party named Maharashtra Navnirman Sena. After the death of his father Bal Thackeray in 2012, he led the party and was elected as Shiv Sena president in 2013, and under his leadership Shiv Sena joined the NDA government in Maharashtra in 2014.

In 2019, Shiv Sena broke away with NDA and joined UPA. It formed a sub alliance called Maha Vikas Aghadi to form the government in Maharashtra with Uddhav Thackeray leading the ministry.

In 2022, during a party meeting, Uddhav Thackeray explained his move to pull out of NDA to join UPA. "We supported the BJP wholeheartedly to enable them to fulfill their national ambitions. The understanding was they will go national while we will lead in Maharashtra. But we were betrayed and attempts were made to destroy us in our home. So we had to hit back". Thackeray accused BJP of dumping its allies according to its political convenience. He said, "BJP doesn't mean Hindutva. I stand by my comment that Shiv Sena had wasted 25 years in alliance with BJP."

Chief Minister of Maharashtra
Though Thackeray never took any constitutional post in his political career initially, however after a brief political crisis, on 28 November 2019 he took the oath as 18th Chief minister of Maharashtra after being elected as the president of the newly formed post-poll coalition Maha Vikas Aghadi.

In a 2021 Prashnam Survey, Thackeray was ranked the most popular Chief Minister in India out of 13 states, with nearly half of all voters surveyed said that they will vote for him again.

Thackeray has committed Maharashtra to leading the effort against climate change, as the state considers a radical plan to deregister vehicles that run on diesel or petrol by 2030. He plans for the city of Mumbai to become a climate-resilient metropolis which is carbon-neutral by 2050, which is 20 years before India's target for carbon neutrality.

Following a rebellion within his party and resulting political crisis on 29 June 2022, Thackeray resigned from the post of Chief Minister of Maharashtra ahead of a floor test ordered by BJP appointed governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari. Thackeray challenged the order in the Supreme Court of India citing the pending disqualification motion of the rebel MLAs, but the Supreme Court refused to stay the floor test.

Loss of Control over Shiv Sena Party
Uddhav Thackeray took over as the leader of Shiv Sena in 2012 after his father, Bal Thackeray, died. However, in recent years, his leadership of the party has been challenged. After Eknath Shinde established the government in Maharashtra, he began using the Shiv Sena name and symbols without Uddhav Thackeray, leading to a leadership dispute within the party. Despite challenging this in court and before the Election Commission of India, Uddhav Thackeray's faction was ultimately unsuccessful in its bid to maintain control over the party, as the commission recognised Eknath Shinde's faction as the legitimate Shiv Sena party.

Change in bylaws
The Election Commission of India mandates that every political party follows a democratic process. In 2018, Uddhav Thackeray oversaw changes to the Shiv Sena party constitution that were criticised for centralising control of the party and not allowing for free, fair, and transparent elections for party positions. The Election Commission of India deemed these amendments undemocratic, further eroding Uddhav Thackeray's control over the party.

Eknath Shinde's challenge and takeover
More recently, Uddhav Thackeray faced a significant challenge to his leadership when Eknath Shinde, a key member of the party, called for breaking the Maha Vikas Aghadi alliance and re-establishing an alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party. Despite gathering support from two-thirds of his party members, Uddhav Thackeray ignored their requests, leading to a political crisis that resulted in his resignation as Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Through a legal battle, Eknath Shinde claimed that he had the support of the majority of Shiv Sena members, and the Election Commission of India recognised his faction as the legitimate Shiv Sena party, effectively granting him control over the party.

Personal life
Thackeray has always had a keen interest in photography and has exhibited his collection of aerial shots of various forts of Maharashtra at the Jehangir Art Gallery in 2004. He has also taken photographs of wildlife including those of the Kanha, Gir, Ranthambore, Bharatpur national parks. Due to these experiences he named his first photography exhibition in 1999 as "Live and Let Live". He has also published photo-books Maharashtra Desh (2010) and Pahava Vitthal (2011), capturing various aspects of Maharashtra and the warkaris during Pandharpur Wari respectively in the two books.

On 16 July 2012, Thackeray was admitted to Lilavati Hospital after he reported chest pain. He underwent an angioplasty and all the three blockages in his arteries were successfully removed. On 12 November 2021, he underwent a cervical spine surgery at the HN Reliance Hospital.

Family
Thackeray is married to Rashmi Thackeray and has two sons, Aaditya and Tejas.

Rashmi Thackeray (née Patankar) is the editor of Saamana and Marmik. She is the daughter of Madhav Patankar who runs his family business and comes from a middle-class family and also a RSS member. She lived in suburban Dombivli and did her Bachelor of Commerce degree from V G Vaze College in Mulund. She joined the Life Insurance Corporation of India as a contract employee in 1987. She became the friend of Raj Thackeray 's sister Jaywanti and through her came into contact with Uddhav Thackeray. Later they got married in 1989.

The elder son Aaditya is the president of the Yuva Sena. He was served as Cabinet Minister of Tourism and Environment Government of Maharashtra. Younger son Tejas is an Indian conservationist and wildlife researcher.

title: Uddhav Thackeray


text:
Baloghia

Baloghia is a genus of plants under the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1833. It is native to Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Lord Howe I., Norfolk Island), New Caledonia, and Vanuatu. Cocconerion is a close relative.

• # Baloghia alternifolia - New Caledonia
 * Species

• # Baloghia anisomera - New Caledonia

• # Baloghia balansae - New Caledonia

• # Baloghia brongniartii - New Caledonia

• # Baloghia buchholzii - New Caledonia

• # Baloghia bureavii - New Caledonia

• # Baloghia deplanchei - New Caledonia

• # Baloghia drimiflora - New Caledonia

• # Baloghia inophylla - Queensland, New South Wales, Norfolk I., Lord Howe I., New Caledonia, Loyalty Is.

• # Baloghia marmorata - Queensland, New South Wales

• # Baloghia montana - New Caledonia, Vanuatu

• # Baloghia neocaledonica - New Caledonia

• # Baloghia parviflora - Atherton Tableland

• # Baloghia pininsularis - Îsle des Pins SE of New Caledonia

• # Baloghia pulchella - Mt. Dzumac in New Caledonia

moved to Austrobuxus Fontainea Scagea
 * Formerly included
 * 1) B. carunculata - Austrobuxus carunculatus
 * 2) B. oligostemon - Scagea oligostemon
 * 3) B. pancheri - Fontainea pancheri

title: Baloghia