text:
Talk:Aelbert Cuyp

Link deleted
I have deleted the link in this article from varnished medium to Jacques Maroger. The link is now from varnished to varnish. With all respect to Maroger's expertise, it would not be NPOV to make him synonymous with varnished medium. -InvisibleSun, 9/1/05

New images from Google Art Project
I've recently uploaded 19 new high-resolution images of artwork by this artist from Google Art Project at commons:Category:Google Art Project works by Aelbert Cuyp. Please have a look and feel free to use any that are useful.. Dcoetzee 23:51, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

Not a member of the High Court of Holland
Though the source for the claim that Cuyp was a member of the High Court of Holland indeed mentions this "fact"( National gallery page about Aelbert Cuyp) this is one case where we cannot trust the National Gallery. I looked at the database about members of the Court and there is no one mentioned with his name. The closest is Petrus Josephus Cuypers. This online database is very authoritative. There is no other bibliographic source I could find for the claim on the National Gallery page (which is unsourced) so I think it is best to remove the claim (though I have left the rest of the section in place).--Ereunetes (talk) 19:50, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Aelbert Cuyp


text:
List of Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episodes

Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law is an American animated sitcom that was created by Michael Ouweleen and Erik Richter and aired on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. The series is about the life and career of Harvey Birdman, an attorney for Sebben & Sebben law firm, who regularly represents various Hanna-Barbera characters.

An early version of the pilot episode originally aired months prior to the launch of Adult Swim on Cartoon Network unannounced on December 30, 2000. It later made its official debut on Adult Swim on September 2, 2001 (the same night the network launched) and ended on July 22, 2007, with a total of 39 episodes, over the course of 4 seasons. The entire series has been made available on DVD, and other forms of home media, including on demand streaming on Hulu. A half-hour long special, entitled Harvey Birdman: Attorney General, premiered on Adult Swim on October 15, 2018.

Season 2 (2004)
Note: From episode 10 to the end of the series, all episodes were directed by Richard Ferguson-Hull.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Northern Ireland-related lists

title: Category:Northern Ireland-related lists


text:
Prostitute (Alphaville album)

Prostitute is the fourth studio album by German synth-pop band Alphaville, released in 1994. The album was reissued in a remastered and expanded edition in November 2023.

Overview
Following the "science-fiction-themed" Afternoons in Utopia and the "lushly orchestrated" The Breathtaking Blue albums, this was Alphaville's first release in five years. Having "a great variety of styles", this "jazzy and EDM-influenced", "dark, theatrical album" proved "too abstract to achieve" much success. The lack of commercial appeal led the band to return to its synth/dance roots with the following album, Salvation.

In 2019 Marian Gold recommended Prostitute, along with the 2017 Strange Attractor, to anyone who only knew Alphaville from Big In Japan.

It is the last Alphaville album with Ricky Echolette.

title: Prostitute (Alphaville album)


text:
Talk:Niccolò Paganini

Spelling of Nicolo Paganini's name
This wiki article has been propagating a common misspelling of Paganini's first name. While this may have become a "conventionally predominant spelling," it is actually a conventionally predominant misspelling. Both spellings are very common. However, the more legitimate sources have his name spelled with only one c, as is seen on his tomb on this very page. A copy of his signature can be seen by visiting https://www.schubertiademusic.com/lots/index/page:6/catalog:12 I have seen his signature on other material as well, and it is always with only one c. I believe he should have know how to spell his own name. I really don't think it is proper for wikipedia to continue to spell the name incorrectly just because it is spelled incorrectly in other places. Lost Josephine Minor (talk) 03:20, 25 January 2011 (UTC) Searching Oxford Music Online for "Nicolò Paganini" gives 15 results, searching for "Niccolò Paganini" gives 3. None of the three biographies mention the other spelling, although the entry by Neill (who uses one "c") gives a bibliographic entry: "G.C. Conestabile: Vita di Niccolò Paganini (Perugia, 1851, rev. 2/1936 by F. Mompellio)". Most of the other-language Wikipedias use "Niccolò". The Italian mentions "Nicolò", the Hungarian, a Featured Article, doesn't. I think a footnote will do. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 12:17, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Kennedy, Michael (2006), The Oxford Dictionary of Music, gives 'Niccolò', but what about Grove? Does anyone have access? -- Klein zach  08:11, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Looking on the web, I see that both spellings are just about equally common. One source suggests that Paganini himself alternated between them, which would certainly explain the confusion. -- Klein zach  10:38, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * There are two entries in Oxford Music Online for "Paganini, Nicolò" (by Edward Neill, Grove Music Online; by Roger Parker, Oxford Companion to Music) and one for "Paganini, Niccolò" (by Michael Kennedy, The Oxford Dictionary of Music).
 * PS: Google counts in the English Wikipedia 26 results for "Nicolo Paganini" site:en.wikipedia.org and 363 for "Niccolo Paganini" site:en.wikipedia.org -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 12:26, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree. An explanatory footnote would be a good idea. -- Klein zach  07:55, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The current New Grove uses Nicolò. Slonimsky's Baker's Biographical Dictionary uses Niccolò. Both spellings are in common use.  I agree with the explanatory footnote idea. Antandrus  (talk) 02:16, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Why don't people just look up how his name is spelled on his grave. It's only one c!  Here is the link  If I were Paganini, I would not be pleased if people three centuries later spell my name with an extra "c".  --93.223.206.233 (talk) 14:26, 29 January 2011 (UTC)
 * According to this site he used both versions of his name. -- Klein zach  06:54, 9 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The site is a music publisher. Not WP:RS  Wouldn't you say the writing on the tombstone is the final word? Lost Josephine Minor (talk) 05:27, 23 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Absolutely not. By definition, Paganini did not carve his own gravestone.  Someone else did.  People make mistakes.  The number of factual mistakes on gravestones are legion - we probably should have a whole article on them.  Nor are gravestones necessarily correct about dates of birth etc.  Nor are subjects themselves necessarily reliable sources about when they were born - they may have been there but they were hardly in a position to be the horses's mouth about the date.  --   Jack of Oz   [your turn]  05:56, 23 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Richard Taruskin uses the spelling Niccolò in The Oxford History of Western Music, so most sources point towards 2 c's, though I agree that an explanatory footnoted should be included. --Ellise19 (talk) 17:24, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Italy or Republic of Genoa ?
The article about Paganini states Genoa is in Italy :

Niccolò Paganini was born in Genoa, Italy

''The French invaded northern Italy in March 1796, and Genoa was not spared. The Paganinis sought refuge in their country''

According to this very wikipedia, Genoa was an independant state from 1005 to 1797 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa

89.86.131.99 (talk) 22:44, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

I think "Italy" in this case refers to the geographical region, which has been in use from the time the Romans took control of the enire peninsula. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.25.152.18 (talk) 21:49, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Not was only Genova independent. Italy itself didn't exist until the middle of the 19th century. --2.245.159.17 (talk) 00:34, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

As an Italian, he probably consider himself Italian...like Vivaldi. In his letters he wrote “ travel to Italy” it was the middle of the 18th Century... I mean, probably Niccolò heard something about our country... Italy was an ideology already present in the inhabited areas of the peninsula since 1200 AngelicArt006 (talk) 11:47, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

Video files
The recent addition of video files for all 24 Caprices made this biography quite unbalanced. For a start, the length of the text of the article wasn't sufficient to accommodate all the thumbnails; the article's length was doubled with only white space at the left and thumbnails, starting at No. 9, running all by themselves down the right-hand side. This is seriously bad lay-out. I removed all of them and suggest they may better be shown at the 24 caprices' article. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 13:05, 19 August 2012 (UTC)
 * All those embedded video thumbnails make for seriously bad layout, both here and at 24 Caprices for Solo Violin (Paganini). I've removed them again from this article; I am willing to live with the layout issues at the article on the caprices themselves, hoping that someone finds a way to collapse the thumbnails. __Just plain Bill (talk) 01:55, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

Watercolor of Paganini on His Deathbed
The meta information for the watercolor lists the author as unknown. But a look at the actual picture shows it to be signed and dated quite legibly: A. Wechsler, 1920. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.58.36.36 (talk) 18:31, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Achille Paganini's baptism
"baptized at San Bartolomeo's"? Since there is no parish church "San Bartolomeo" in Palermo, this is a mistake and should be corrected.--178.191.69.170 (talk) 08:42, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

Forged photograph
There is a photograph of Niccolò Paganini floating around the internet (and various books). Since Paganini died in 1840, it is extremely unlikely that he was photographed and it is believed that this photograph was actually forged in the 1890s. Just posting this as a heads up in case someone decides to add it here. Kaldari (talk) 23:21, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

Removed text about concert schedule
For a while now There has been some commented-out text about Paganini's concert schedule in the article. The commenting was messed up in this edit by InternetArchiveBot and the text was subsequently removed altogether by 72.23.91.190. I think it's probably better to remove the text, but it also seemed like it was worth leaving a note here. I've filed a bug regarding InternetArchiveBot as T249420. Graham 87 15:26, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:04, 23 October 2020 (UTC)
 * 20091104 Joshua Bell and Sharon Isbin - Paganini's Cantabile.ogv

Deal with the devil - specific ref?
The section Final years, death, and burial talks about him being denied a religious burial due in part to "his widely rumored association with the devil" - but that specific fact isn't immediately supported by a footnoted ref. What source supports this claim (not that there was a deal, but that there was a "widely rumored association")? I ask because I'm working to improve Crossroads (1986 film), which features a similar deal and quotes Paganini's 5th caprice (so it's certainly apt - if there's an RS). -- Finlay McWalter··–·Talk 22:04, 20 June 2021 (UTC)

Lack of infobox
I think that this page should have an infobox, but I don't know which specific one to do and I'm too lazy to do it myself. Wilh3lmGo here to trout me if I do a stupid 20:13, 30 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Infoboxes have historically been very controversial on classical music articles, and still are to an extent. You'd have to get consensus to add an infobox here. I myself am meh on the subject. Graham 87 08:56, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the late reply. I didn't know that. Wilh3lmGo here to trout me if I do a stupid 15:18, 18 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Hello everyone. I would like to re-ignite the coals of this debate :)
 * I would be happy to add an Infobox Person which then gives his birth date, birth place, and occupation and signature. I would create it in a manner that matches Bach and Beethoven. According to Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical music/Guidelines, infoboxes potentially cause issues when some folk disagree about details. However I personally believe conflicts cannot arise from such simple facts as birth date and birth place.
 * Thank you and please drop an OK if you support the creation of this. If so, I will move forward and create this. The Fonz   (talk)  14:15, 23 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I think this'd be better as an RFC like Talk:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ... which is still going. Maybe wait until that's done before starting this one ... Graham 87 04:59, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: 19th Century Concert Life
— Assignment last updated by Jmares3218 (talk) 03:41, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 July 2024
Dramatic portrayals:

The musical Cross Road, premiered 2022 and revived 2024, features Niccolo Paganini as a main character, played by Hiroki Aiba (2022 and 2024), Kenta Mizue (2022), and Kento Kinouchi (2024). The story is about his making a contract with the Devil of Music, Amduscias, played by Akinori Nakagawa in both productions. The musical is by Bun-O Fujisawa, composed by Toshiyuki Muranaka. It was performed at Theater Creation in Tokyo, Japan, with a national tour in 2024. Official Site: Secondary Sources: Article by Sana Yoshida

There was another musical about Paganini, in Korea. This one is called Paganini, and it focuses on his son, Achille. EncreViolette (talk) 16:16, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Um you literally became autoconfirmed a minute after submitting this request. You can make this change yourself now. Unless you in fact orchestrated this request to waste other editors' time, in which case you ought to be ashamed of yourself. Graham87 (talk) 02:52, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Niccolò Paganini


text:
Richview, Toronto

Richview, formally known as Willowridge-Martingrove-Richview, is a neighbourhood in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is bounded on the west by Highway 401 and on the north by the highway and by Dixon Road, Royal York Road on the east, and Eglinton Avenue West along the south. Richview was originally established as a postal village within the then-agricultural Etobicoke Township, which later became the suburb of Etobicoke.

History
One part of the existing neighbourhood predates the suburbanization of the area.

The first settler was William Knaggs, who established his home and farm near Rich view Side road (Eglinton) and red Concession (Highway 427) in 1818. A later settler, Christopher Kit Thirkle, gave the area's earlier name Kit's Corners.

Richview began in 1852, when a post office called "Richview" opened in this area. Richview gave its name to the proposed Richview Expressway.

Richview United Church, built in 1888, was demolished in the 1960s, leaving only the church cemetery, now surrounded by roads.

Demographics
Major ethnic populations (2016):
 * 59.9% White; 19.3% Italian, 11.1% English
 * 13.3% Black; 3.5% Jamaican
 * 10.6% South Asian
 * 6.3% East Indian
 * 4.2% Latin American (of any race)

Education
Four public school boards operate elementary schools in the neighbourhood, Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV), Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir (CSCM), the Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). They include:

 * All Saints Catholic School, TCDSB
 * Dixon Grove Junior Middle School, TDSB
 * École élémentaire catholique Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, CSCM
 * École élémentaire Félix-Leclerc, CSV
 * Father Serra Catholic School, TCDSB
 * Hilltop Middle School, TDSB
 * Parkfield Junior School, TDSB
 * St. Eugene Catholic School, TCDSB
 * St. Marcellus Catholic School, TCDSB
 * Transfiguration of Our Lord Catholic School, TCDSB
 * Valleyfield Junior School, TDSB
 * Westway Junior School, TDSB

The Toronto District School Board is the only school board with secondary schools in the neighbourhood, which include Central Etobicoke High School, Kipling Collegiate Institute, and Scarlett Heights Entrepreneurial Academy. Richview Collegiate Institute a secondary school that bears the name of the neighbourhood, is situated next to the neighbourhood, on the south side of Eglinton Avenue.

Communities
There are several small neighbourhoods within Richview:

 * Willowridge covers the triangle at the far west of the neighbourhood west of Martin Grove.
 * The Westway, also known as St. Phillip's is a community that covers the northeast portion of Richview, east of Kipling and north of The Westway.
 * Martin Grove Gardens is the area bounded by Kipling, The Westway, Martin Grove, and Dixon.
 * Richmond Gardens and Royal York Gardens are neighbourhoods in the southeast portion of Richview, south of The Westway and east of Kipling.

Institutions

 * Richview Library (Etobicoke Central Branch)
 * Richview Residence for Seniors
 * Richview Reservoir

Shopping Centres

 * 1500 Royal York Road Plaza
 * Martingrove Plaza
 * Richview Square
 * Westway Centre

Parks

 * Alex Marchetti Park
 * Denfield Park
 * Green Meadows Park
 * Lion's Gate Park
 * Martin Grove Gardens Park
 * Redgrave Park
 * Richview Park
 * Silvercreek Park
 * Stonehouse Park
 * Valleyfield Park
 * Westgrove Park
 * Westway Park
 * Widdicombe Hill Park
 * Willowridge Park
 * Wincott Park

Churches

 * All Saints Catholic Churc
 * First Church of Christ, Scientist
 * Hilltop Chapel
 * Richview Baptist Church
 * Royal York Baptist Church
 * St. Matthias' Anglican Church
 * St Wilfred Anglican Church
 * Transfiguration of Our Lord Catholic Church
 * Westway United Church
 * Westway Christian Church

Transportation
The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) runs a number of buses through the Richview community that connect commuters to Kipling, Islington and Royal York subway stations on the Bloor-Danforth line.
 * Islington Avenue is served by the 37 and 311 Islington buses.
 * Kipling Avenue is served by the 45 Kipling bus route.
 * Martin Grove Road is served by the 46 Martin Grove bus.
 * Royal York Road is served by the 73 Royal York bus.

The TTC also has bus service along Dixon Road, Eglinton Avenue West and the Westway. These bus routes connect people to Eglinton West and Lawrence West subway stations on the Yonge-University-Spadina line.
 * Dixon Road is served by the 52 A, B and D Lawrence West bus routes.
 * Eglinton Avenue is served by the 32 and 307 Eglinton West buses.
 * The Westway is served by the 52G Lawrence West bus route.

Traveling by car is convenient, as highways 401, 427 and 409 are nearby. The proposed Eglinton West LRT extension will connect the neighbourhood to the Toronto Pearson Airport, as well as Midtown Toronto and Scarborough.

Notable residents

 * Rob Ford, former Mayor of Toronto
 * Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada (attended Richview Collegiate Institute)
 * Doug Ford, Premier of Ontario (attended Scarlett Heights)

title: Richview, Toronto


text: User:AnimeKid

title: User:AnimeKid


text:
User talk:AnimeKid

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:AnimeKid


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Harry Rosen

Harry Rosen (August 27, 1931 – December 24, 2023) was the founder and executive chairman of the Canadian luxury men's wear store Harry Rosen Inc., which in 2015 was Canada's largest upscale menswear retailer.

Early life
Born and raised in Toronto, Rosen lived for a short time in Callander, Ontario. As a teenager, he found a job at a men's haberdashery shop. There he learned about the composition of clothing and, more importantly, about men's shopping habits.

After dropping out of high school he borrowed $500 and opened a men's clothing store.

Career
With help from a family friend, he borrowed $500 and opened what would become Harry Rosen Inc., on February 4, 1954, in Cabbagetown, Toronto, with his brother Lou.

In 2016, Rosen was presented with a Fashion Visionary Award by Fashion Group International.

Personal life
Rosen was married to his wife, Evelyn, for over 60 years. They have 4 children and 9 grandchildren 6 great grandchildren. He died on December 24, 2023, at the age of 92.

Philanthropy
Rosen was active in the Canadian Paraplegic Association, Corporate Fund for Breast Cancer, Cancer Care Fund, Mount Sinai Friends for Life Campaign, Ryerson University board of governors, George Brown College board of governors, and the University of Western Ontario board of governors. He served a three-year term as campaign chairman for the Canadian Cancer Society, Metropolitan Toronto.

In 2004, he served on the Mount Sinai Hospital board of governors, Ryerson B.Com program in retailing advisory board, and on the cabinet of Major Individual Gifts for the United Way of Canada.

He appeared in a promotional campaign for the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health to promote services for those affected by addiction and mental health issues in the Toronto area.

In April 2010 he was honoured at a fundraising event for the University Health Network called "Hats Off To Harry".

Awards

 * 1987 — Retail Marketer of the Year by the Retail Council of Canada
 * 2001 — Retail Council of Canada's Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2003 — Honorary Doctorate in Commerce, Ryerson University
 * 2004 — Order of Canada
 * 2005 — Pitti Immagine Uomo Award from the Italian fashion community

title: Harry Rosen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Breck Wall

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Fernando Rizo T/C 23:15, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Breck Wall
non-notable person Misterrick 06:10, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I don't know if Breck Wall can be really considered a notable person. On Altavista I found only 5 listings that were actually about Mr. Wall, two of which were blank pages, one was a old newspaper article reviewing a stage show produced by Mr. Breck's shows and the rest were just spam keyword use. Google showed little over 10 articles some of which were unsubstantiated and undocumented accusations regarding Mr. Breck's involvement and friendship with Jack Ruby. Misterrick 07:05, 1 September 2005 (UTC).
 * Keep Notable for his Kennedy testamony. Does anyone have any idea if the guy in the report was the same guy as the producer? --Apyule 07:37, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Deletenn is WP a Who's Who? DV8 2XL 13:05, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete his testimony was essentially "I don't know anything". --Outlander 14:58, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ...unless if there can be any notable information discovered about this particular individual from an reliable source. UniReb 21:15, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:-mushroom/test

test

title: User:-mushroom/test


text:
Temora, New South Wales

Temora is a town in the north-east  of the Riverina area of New South Wales, 418 km south-west of the state capital, Sydney. At the the population of Temora was 4,016.

Temora was named by John Donald McCansh. In September 1880 he told the Warwick Argus:

"I took up the country for a sheep run in 1847, my sole companion being Valentine Lawler, who was then lessee of a station ('Nimbi') on Cunningham Creek. We could not ascertain the native name of the place as there were no blacks about, and rather than give it an English name, I called it 'Temora', the native name of a property near which I lived some years previously in another part of the Colony. I gave the station the name specially because it was aboriginal and I liked it. I did not know at that time, nor for years afterwards, that Temora was a name in Ossian's poems."

Neither the Wiradjuri Dictionary (2010) nor the Macquarie Dictionary of Aboriginal Words (2006) lists "temora" or any words similar to it, but the Dharug language dictionary online defines "temora" as "a tree standing alone". Alternatively, in the Celtic language it is derived from a term which means "an eminence commanding a wide view."

Geography
Temora is located in north eastern end of the Riverina region of NSW and is also part of the South West Slopes. Temora has an elevation of 302 m above sea level. The countryside is flat to undulating. To the north of Temora lies the Narraburra Hills and the Boginderra Hills Nature Reserve.

Temora is located approximately 90 km north of Wagga Wagga. It is situated on the Burley Griffin Way linking Canberra and Griffith and the Goldfields Way which link Albury and Wagga Wagga to the Newell Highway.

Climate
Temora has a warm temperate climate; with cool, damp winters and hot, dry summers. Under the Köppen climate classification, Temora has a borderline humid subtropical (Cfa) and cold semi-arid climate (BSk).

Winters are cool to cold by Australian standards (though typical of Western New South Wales), with the mean maximum temperature falling to 13.0 °C in July, with a mean minimum of 2.1 °C, and modest overcast periods on account of being exposed to the prevailing westerly airmasses. The lowest minimum temperature recorded at Temora was -6.8 °C on 29 Aug 2018, and the lowest maximum temperature 4.4 °C on 3 July 1984.

By contrast, summers in Temora are hot and dry with a low relative humidity. Mean maximum temperatures range between 29.6 and 31.5 C; minima ranging between 13.8 and 16.2 C. The hottest temperature on record is 46.4 °C on 04 Jan 2020. Daily extreme temperatures commenced record in 1965, while those of mean temperature in 1934.

History
Temora started as a pastoral station in 1847. Gold was discovered later in the area, and a small village established. Temora Post Office opened on 1 February 1874 and was renamed West Temora in 1880 on the same day an existing East Temora office was renamed Temora.

Gold was first found in the area in 1869 but the main rush commenced in 1879, with over 20,000 people thronging to the gold diggings at Temora the district was proclaimed a gold field on 4 June 1880. Despite drought conditions, it is said that, by 1881, the Temora field was producing half the state's gold. In 1881 the highest yield from the Temora field was attained - an Impressive 35,228oz.

Some large discoveries were made, including the famous Mother Shipton nugget, which weighed in at 308.35 ounces, a facsimile of which appears in the Rock and Mineral Museum section of Temora Rural Museum.

With the collapse of the gold field Temora witnessed a rapid drop in population. By the time of the first Australian census in 1911 the population was 2,784.

The Temora railway station opened in 1893.

In the early twentieth century, Temora was among a number of places in New South Wales settled by people of German origin. Temora and surrounding districts such a Trungley Hall have many Germanic road names.

In more recent times, gold mining occurred at the Paragon Gold Mine at Gidginbung, 12 km north of the town, from 1986 to 1996.

Heritage listings
Temora has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Cootamundra-Griffith railway: Temora railway station
 * 173 Hoskins Street: Temora Post Office

Agriculture
Temora is in the heart of the grain growing area of southern NSW and is one of the largest wheat, canola, other cereals and wool producers in the state. It has the second largest honey producer in Australia.

Much of the industry within Temora is to support these agricultural activities, including grain and wool storage and brokerage, agricultural equipment suppliers and servicing, chemical and fertiliser suppliers and transport.

Tourism
The town is also the location for the Temora Aviation Museum, which has a large range of aircraft, including Australia's only two flying Spitfires.

Aviation is well represented with the Temora Aero Club located at Temora Airport. The Aero Club caters for GA, RAA and Gliding flying and instruction.

The Bundawarrah Centre incorporates a rural museum and the Temora Ambulance Museum. Located in the rural museum is a cottage of hardwood slabs that was Sir Donald Bradman's first home, a one-room public school, bush church, country dance hall, printing works, flour mill, ambulance station and fire station.

Lake Centenary, just north of the town, is a man-made centre for aquatic enthusiasts, covering power boating, waterskiing, sailing, canoeing, using the paddle boats, or simply swimming. The 55-hectare lake has a boat ramp as well as landscaped picnic facilities.

Education
Temora has two public primary schools, one public high school and one Catholic school as well as a TAFE campus.

Temora High School is a comprehensive high school established in 1952. Temora High School has an outstanding record of achievement both academic and sporting, consistently achieving some of the best HSC results in the Riverina.

Temora Public school is highly regarded in the Temora community for the provision of successful academic, sporting, cultural and extra-curricular programs. The school is located in the centre of town adjacent to Callaghan Park, the basketball stadium and swimming pool.

Temora West Primary School was officially opened on 25 September 1959 by the Governor of N.S.W, Sir Eric Woodward. It not only served the parents of the immediate area, but through zoning, it drew on the area previously served by the schools at Bagdad, Bectric, Dunwell - Mimosa, Pucawan, Yarrandale - Wilna and Rannock. Later part of the Dirnaseer area was included.

St Anne's Central School, Temora, covers from Kindergarten through to Year 10.

TAFE NSW Riverina Institute has a campus in Temora. This campus relocated to its new location in 2010.

Health
Temora Health Service includes a 34-bed hospital delivering maternity, surgical, and aged care services to the Temora, Bland, Coolamon and Lachlan Shires. More than 1,700 patients are treated annually. Community health services, including physiotherapy, mental health and transitional care are delivered by local staff with extra services provided by visiting staff.

Temora has two medical practices, two dental clinics, a podiatrist, two physiotherapy centres, two pharmacies, and a medical imaging centre (Alpenglow). A new hospital is planned.

Road
Temora is on the crossroads of the Goldfields Way [B85] and Burley Griffin Way [B94]. Goldfields Way runs north–south from Wagga Wagga to West Wyalong and is the main route between Albury and Brisbane. Burley Griffin Way links Griffith to the Hume Highway north west of Yass.

Rail
Temora railway station is on the Lake Cargelligo railway line. It opened in 1893. The station had a traditional role as a transfer point for passenger services to Hillston, Lake Cargelligo, Rankin Springs, Burcher and Naradhan, most of which were withdrawn in the late 1970s. The station is not presently served by passenger services however remains an important signalling facility, is used as a stop by the Lachlan Valley Railway and is currently being restored by Temora Shire Council for use a tourist and youth facility.

The Lake Cargelligo railway line branches from the Main South line at Cootamundra and travels in a north-westerly direction to the small town of Lake Cargelligo. The line is used primarily for grain haulage, although passenger service was provided until 1983.

The Temora–Roto railway line is a partly closed railway line which branches from the Lake Cargelligo line at the town of Temora and travels west through the northern part of the Riverina to the towns of Griffith and Hillston. A connection to the Broken Hill line created a cross-country route, although this was never utilised to its full potential, and the line beyond Hillston was built to low grade 'pioneer' standards.

Air
Temora Airport can handle aircraft from light single-engine planes to narrow-body airliners such as the Boeing 737. Currently no regularly scheduled passenger flights serve the airport. As well as the aviation museum the airport also includes a housing estate where people have built houses with an aircraft hangar in their back yard.

Public transport and cycling
NSW TrainLink trains operate from Sydney and Melbourne to Cootamundra train station where they are met by a connecting bus service to transport passengers to Temora. The train to Melbourne includes a stop at Wagga which provides further links to Adelaide.

Temora has an off-road bicycle track from the township to Lake Centenary. Temora also has a modest number of on-road bicycle tracks.

Sport
Sport has long been a significant part of life in Temora as can be seen by the success Temora has had in various sporting arenas. The biggest and most popular sport in the town is rugby league, in which the town formerly competed for the prestigious Maher Cup.

Sporting clubs include:
 * Temora Basketball Association
 * Temora Bowling and Recreation Club
 * Temora District Cricket Association
 * Temora Dragons Rugby League Club (Group 9 Rugby League)
 * Temora Golf Club
 * Temora Greyhound Racing Club
 * Temora Harness Racing Club
 * Temora Little Athletics
 * Temora Kangaroos - AFL & Netball
 * Temora Rugby Union Club Inc
 * Temora Swimming Club
 * Temora Town Tennis Courts
 * Temora United Soccer Club
 * Temora V8 Jetboats

Print
The Temora Independent is produced in Temora. The distribution area includes Temora, Coolamon, Ariah Park, Ardlethan, Barmedman, Ganmain, Marrar, Stockinbingal, Barellan and Quandialla.

Radio
TemFM 102.5 (Temora & District Community Radio), is a community radio station based in Temora which aims to inform and entertain the people of Temora and the surrounding district.

Video
Facing the retirement of three of its eight doctors, the town came together to produce a video appeal for replacements, entitled the 'Great Quack Quest'.

Notable people

 * Trent Barrett, former National Rugby League footballer and Dally M Medal winner
 * Jake Barrett, Australian rules footballer
 * Luke Breust, Australian rules footballer
 * Steph Cooke, Member of NSW Parliament and Minister for Emergency Services and Resilience, and Minister for Flood Recovery
 * Angus Crichton, Rugby League footballer
 * Archer Denness, an Australian Army officer who won the Military Cross at the Battle of Yongju in 1950, during the Korean War
 * Brett Firman, Rugby League footballer
 * Ryan Hinchcliffe, Rugby League footballer
 * Raymond Hogan, cricketer who played first-class cricket in England for Northamptonshire
 * Kate Jennings, poet, essayist, memoirist, and novelist
 * Brad Kahlefeldt, World champion triathlete
 * Mark Kerry, Olympic gold medal swimmer, member of the "Quietly Confident Quartet"
 * Zac Lomax, Rugby League footballer
 * Liam Martin, Rugby League footballer
 * Josh McCrone, Rugby League footballer
 * Don McAlpine, cinema photographer
 * Todd Payten, Rugby League footballer
 * Col Ratcliff, Rugby League footballer
 * Scott Reardon, World Champion Water-Skier and Australian Paralympian
 * Steve Reardon, former Rugby League footballer
 * Cate Shortland, writer and director of film and television
 * Andrew Manning, Professional Lamb Maker

title: Temora, New South Wales


text: User talk:70.177.47.102

title: User talk:70.177.47.102


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Webuye

Webuye, previously named Broderick Falls, is an industrial town in western region of Kenya and home to the Tachoni people. It is located within Webuye West sub county in Bungoma County, at the slopes of chetambe hill  Kenya. Located on the main road to Uganda, the town is home to the Pan African Paper Mills, the largest paper factory in the region, as well as a number of heavy-chemical and sugar manufacturers. The area is heavily populated and is used mainly for subsistence agriculture. The town has an urban population of 42,642 (2019 census).

Areas near Webuye include Lugulu, Milo, Maraka, Furoi, Lukusi, Lutacho and Misikhu. It is home to the Broderick Falls of Nzoia River. In Maraka, there exists the famed "mfunje" suspension bridge which consists of rickety timber strips joined together with some metal wires, precariously dangling across River Nzoia. It attracts a considerable number of both local and foreign tourists who enjoy the thrill of crossing the river on the shaky locally-made bridge.

Webuye has in the recent past also seen the establishment of some important education centres, including a constituent college campus of the Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, and a Kenya Medical Training college Campus.

Webuye hosts Webuye a Referral Hospital that is a leading medical facility in the county.

The town's economy was hit hard by the dwindling fortunes of Pan African Paper Mills, which closed down in 2008 but opened up again under a new investor thus changing its identity to Rai paper manufacturing company  which has resulted to once again the liveliness of the town. Currently major malls and hotels are being constructed in the town which will bring in a new air. The nearest tourist attraction is the Nabuyole waterfalls on River Nzoia. The falls are seven kilometres from Webuye and provide a cool breeze to tourists.

Naming
In the pre-independence times, Webuye was known as Broderick Falls, after the first white man to visit the nearby Nabuyole falls on River Nzoia. Today, it's named after a cobbler who repaired shoes for railway workers.

Railways
The town is located on the main railway from Mombasa to Uganda. The area around the town is inhabited by both the Bukusu and the Tachoni.

Statistics

 * Webuye has a tropical climate, and the land around it is used mainly for subsistence agriculture. Its latitude is 0.6166667° and longitude is 34.7666667° and elevation is 1523 m.  Average annual temperature is 24 °C / 75.2 °F.

title: Webuye


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Temora

Temora may refer to:
 * Temora Shire
 * Temora, New South Wales, a town in Australia
 * Temora Aviation Museum, a museum in the Australian town of Temora
 * Temora Post Office, historic commonwealth heritage site in Temora
 * Temora Herald and Mining Journal
 * Temora Airport
 * Temora (Ellicott City, Maryland), listed on the NRHP in Maryland
 * Temora (poem), a 1763 poem by James Macpherson
 * Temora (crustacean), a genus of copepods in the family Temoridae

title: Temora


text:
Talk:Music of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 18:49, 9 November 2007 (UTC)


text: Category talk:Antimatter

title: Category talk:Antimatter


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Biohazard 2

Biohazard 2 may refer to:

 * Resident Evil 2, a 1998 video game
 * Resident Evil 2 (2019 video game), 2019 remake of the above
 * Resident Evil: Apocalypse, the second live-action film in the Resident Evil series, released in 2004
 * Resident Evil: Damnation, the second CG film in the Resident Evil series, released in 2012
 * Biohazard level 2, category to distinguish the severity of biological agents

title: Biohazard 2


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User:Jehochman/Sig

J E H  o  c  h  m  a  n

title: User:Jehochman/Sig


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John Mason (diplomat)

Sir John Mason (1503 – 20 April 1566) was an English diplomat and spy.

Origins and education
Mason was born to humble parents in Abingdon in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire) in 1503. His father is said to have been a cowherd, his mother was the sister of a monk at Abingdon Abbey; possibly Thomas Rowland, the last abbot. Alternatively, there are rumours that Mason was, in fact, the abbot's illegitimate son.

Whatever his family connection to the boy, Rowland played an important role in his education, sending him to the abbey school, followed by All Souls College, Oxford, where he became a Fellow in 1521, got his B.A. on 8 July 1521, and his M.A. on 21 February 1525. He was also ordained as an acolyte in 1521.

At Oxford he attracted the attention of Sir Thomas More, who prevailed upon Henry VIII to appoint him King's scholar in Paris, with an annual allowance of £3 6s 8d, which was doubled in 1531. His income was further boosted by the addition of the first of many ecclesiastical benefices: the rectory of Kingston Bagpuize in Berkshire.

Career
He was appointed Clerk of the Parliaments in July 1550, succeeding William Paget, 1st Baron Paget (to whom he had been deputy since January 1542), although it seems the two shared the office from December 1551.

He became Chancellor of the University of Oxford for the periods 1552–1556 and 1559–1564.

He was Member of parliament for Reading (UK Parliament constituency) in 1547, and for Hampshire (UK Parliament constituency) on four occasions between 1554 and 1563.

He worked for several Tudor monarchs collecting information from the Continent and as a diplomat. He was knighted by Edward VI and made Dean of Winchester.

John Mason School, a secondary school in Abingdon, is named after him.

title: John Mason (diplomat)


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Underway replenishment

Underway replenishment (UNREP) (U.S. Navy) or replenishment at sea (RAS) (North Atlantic Treaty Organization/Commonwealth of Nations) is a method of transferring fuel, munitions, and stores from one ship to another while under way. First developed in the early 20th century, it was used extensively by the United States Navy as a logistics support technique in the Pacific theatre of World War II, permitting U.S. carrier task forces to remain at sea indefinitely.

Concept
Prior to underway replenishment, coaling stations were the only way to refuel ships far from home. The Royal Navy had an unparalleled global logistics network of coaling stations and the world's largest collier fleet. This capability allowed the Navy to project naval power around the world and far from home ports. This had two disadvantages: the infrastructure was vulnerable to disruption or attack, and its use introduced a predictable pattern to naval operations that an enemy could exploit.

Early attempts at refueling and restocking at sea had been made as early as 1870, when HMS Captain of the Channel Squadron was resupplied with coal at a rate of five tons per hour. The speed was too slow to be practicable, and calm weather was required to keep the neighbouring ships together.

Lieutenant Robert Lowry was the first to suggest the use of large-scale underway replenishment techniques in an 1883 paper to the Royal United Services Institute. He argued that a successful system would provide a minimum rate of 20 tons per hour while the ships maintain a speed of five knots. His proposal was for transfer to be effected through watertight coal carriers suspended from a cable between the two ships.

Although his concept was rejected by the Admiralty, the advantages of such a system were made apparent to strategists on both sides of the Atlantic. Over 20 submissions were made to the Royal Navy between 1888 and 1890 alone.

First trials
The main technical problem was ensuring a constant distance between the two ships throughout the process. According to a report from The Times, a French collier had been able to provision two warships with 200 tons of coal at a speed of six knots using a Temperley transporter in 1898.

The United States Navy also became interested in the potential of underway replenishment. Lacking a similar collier fleet and network of coaling stations, and embarking on a large naval expansion, the Navy began conducting experiments in 1899 with a system devised by Spencer Miller and the Lidgerwood Manufacturing Company of New York. His device kept a cable suspended between the two ships taut, with a quick-release hook that could travel up and down the line with the use of a winch. The first test of the device involved the collier USS Marcellus (1879) and battleship USS Massachusetts (BB-2).

The Royal Navy embarked on more extensive trials in 1901, and achieved a rate of 19 tons per hour. To meet the requirement for a rate of at least 40 tons per hour, Miller implemented a series of improvements, such as improving the maintenance of tension of the cable, allowing heavier loads to be supported.

Miller also collaborated with the British Temperley Company, producing an enhanced version, known as the Temperley-Miller system. Royal Navy trials with this new system in 1902 achieved an unprecedented average rate of 47 tons per hour and a peak rate of 60 tons per hour. The Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company also patented its "Express equipment", which delivered supplies to the broadside of the ship, instead of from the aft. The company offered the system to the Admiralty, claiming that it had achieved a rate of 150 tons per hour, but the offer was declined.

A Royal Navy engineer, Metcalf, suggested an alternative system in 1903, where two cables were used, and the cable tension was maintained with the use of a steam ram. Trials were held in 1903, which demonstrated an optimal operating speed of 10 knots with a transfer rate of 54 tph. Although it was a superior system and met with a formal endorsement from the Admiralty there is little evidence that such equipment was employed by any navy. In May 1905, the U.S. Navy tested an improved Miller-Lidgerwood rig using the Marcellus and the battleship USS Illinois (BB-7) near Cape Henry. These coaling tests achieved 35 tph while steaming at seven knots, which fell short of expectations.

None of these coal systems approached the transfer rates required to make RAS practicable, considering that a battleship required over 2000 tons and a small destroyer required 200. As a result, it could take 60 hours or more to refuel a battleship, with both vessels steaming at five knots, during which time both were vulnerable to attack.

Trials with oil
With the transition to oil as the main fuel for ships at sea, underway replenishment became practicable since liquid could be continuously pumped posing fewer problems than the transfer of solids.

In January 1906 the Royal Navy conducted experiments with transfers between the oiler Petroleum and the battleship HMS Victorious (1895). The oiler was towed 600 ft astern of Victorious using a 6.5 in steel rope. Twenty-seven lengths of 20 ft long hose were then connected between the ships. Experiments were undertaken with both bronze and steel hose attached to a three-inch wire jackstay, with another wire used as a traveling jackstay for the hose. As the Victorious was coal-fired, water instead of oil was pumped between the two vessels. The trial found that a transfer rate of 115 tons per hour could be achieved with the vessels traveling at speeds up to 12 knots in fine weather. The trial found that it took five hours to pass the hoses from the Petroleum to the Victorious, including a one-hour meal break, with it taking three hours to return the hoses to the oiler. The trial found that the oiler's replenishment mechanism had a tendency to break due to the high pumping pressures required.

As a result of this trial the oiler Burma, which was launched in 1911, was the first oiler to be constructed to the order of the Admiralty and was designed for supplying destroyers with oil at sea as well as from alongside when in harbour. In August and September 1911, the Burma carried out refueling at sea trials at Portland with the destroyers HMS Mohawk (1907), when 117 tons were transferred, with HMS Swift (1907), when 270 tons were transferred, and with HMS Amazon (1908), when 105 tons were transferred. Astern refuelling was again employed, this time utilizing a hose which ran on wooden rollers suspended in stirrups from a jackstay. A later improvement was the use of a buoyant rubber hose, which trailed in the sea between the two ships. Despite proving the concept viable, the C-in-C Home Fleet reported that "the use of tanker vessels for oiling destroyers at sea was unlikely to be of service and that further trials were unnecessary". As a result, the Royal Navy preferred to continue to use fuelling alongside in harbour, rather than at sea until World War II.

Operational use

In 1916, Chester Nimitz, executive officer and chief engineer of the United States Navy oiler USS Maumee, designed and jerry-rigged a riding-abeam refueling system while the ship was stationed in Cuba, with the assistance of G. B. Davis, Matt Higgins and Lieutenant F. M. Perkins. The system had ship booms supporting rubber hoses between the oiler and the receiving destroyer. The system employed a 10 in towing hawser, two 6 in breast lines to prevent the rupture of the refueling hose between the two vessels, and 50 ft lengths of 4 in rubber fuel hose. A pump was used to speed up the transfer of fuel.

Following the declaration of war, 6 April 1917, USS Maumee was assigned duty refueling at sea the destroyers being sent to Britain. Stationed about 300 miles south of Greenland, Maumee was ready for the second group of six U.S. ships to be sent as they closed on her on 28 May 1917. Following this first deployment, she transferred fuel to 34 destroyers over the course of a three-month period. These fuel transfers were made with only a 40 ft separation between the moving ships. With the fueling of those destroyers, Maumee pioneered the Navy's underway refueling operations, thus establishing a pattern of mobile logistic support which would enable the Navy to keep its fleets at sea for extended periods, with a far greater range independent of the use of a friendly port.

While during the interwar period most navies pursued the refueling of destroyers and other small vessels by either the alongside or astern method, it was the conventional wisdom that larger warships could neither be effectively refueled astern nor safely refueled alongside, until a series of tests conducted by now-Rear Admiral Nimitz in 1939–40 perfected the rigs and shiphandling which made the refueling of any size vessel practicable.

This was used extensively as a logistics support technique in the Pacific theatre of World War II, permitting U.S. carrier task forces to remain at sea indefinitely. Since it allowed extended range and striking capability to naval task forces the technique was classified so that enemy nations could not duplicate it.

In the 1950s and 1960s the U.S. Navy developed a multi-product supply ship that could deliver fuel, ammunition and stores while underway. These ships saw the introduction of a transfer system using a ram tensioner that keeps the highline between the ships tensioned, allowing for smooth transfer, as well as taking into account any movement of the ships. Over time this method evolved into the Standard Tensioned Replenishment Alongside Method (STREAM). The U.S. Navy also uses the spanwire rig, bye close-in rig, and spanline rig to transfer. The STREAM rig is preferred over other connected replenishment methods as it permits a greater separation between the ships.

Germany used specialized submarines (so-called milk-cows) to supply hunter U-boats in the Atlantic during WWII. These were relatively ponderous. They required both submarines to be stationary on the surface, took a long time to transfer stores, and needed to be in radio contact with the replenished boat, making them easy targets. Due to this, those not sunk were soon retired from their supply role.

Although time and effort has been invested in perfecting underway replenishment procedures, they are still hazardous operations.

Presently, most underway replenishments for the U.S. Navy are handled by the Military Sealift Command. It is now used by most, if not all, blue-water navies.

Methods
There are several methods of performing an underway replenishment.

Alongside connected replenishment

The alongside connected replenishment (CONREP) is a standard method of transferring liquids such as fuel and fresh water, along with ammunition and break bulk goods.

In the 1950s and 1960s the U.S. Navy developed a multi-product supply ship that could deliver fuel, ammunition and stores while underway. These ships saw the introduction of a transfer system using a ram tensioner that keeps the highline between the ships tensioned, allowing for smooth transfer, as well as taking into account any movement of the ships in the water. Over time this method evolved into the Standard Tensioned Replenishment Alongside Method (STREAM). The STREAM rig is preferred over other connected replenishment methods as it permits a greater separation between the ships.

The supplying ship holds a steady course and speed, generally between 12 and 16 knots. Moving at speed lessens relative motion due to wave action and allows better control of heading. The receiving ship then comes alongside the supplier at a distance of approximately 60-80 yards. A gunline, pneumatic line thrower, or shot line is fired from the supplier, which is used to pull across a messenger line. This line is used to pull across other equipment such as a distance line, phone line, and the transfer rig lines. As the command ship of the replenishment operation, the supply ship provides all lines and equipment needed for the transfer. Additionally, all commands are directed from the supply ship.

Because of the relative position of the ships, it is usual for larger ships to set up multiple transfer rigs, allowing for faster transfer or the transfer of multiple types of stores. Additionally, nearly all replenishment ships are set up to service two receivers at one time, with one being replenished on each side.

Most ships can receive replenishment on either side. Aircraft carriers of the U.S. Navy, however, always receive replenishment on the starboard side of the carrier. The design of an aircraft carrier, with its island/navigation bridge to starboard, does not permit replenishment to the carrier's port side.

Alongside connected replenishment is a risky operation, as two or three ships running side by side at speed must hold to precisely the same course and speed for a long period of time. Moreover, the hydrodynamics of two ships running close together cause a suction between them. A slight steering error on the part of one of the ships could cause a collision, or part the transfer lines and fuel hoses. At a speed of 12 knots, a 1-degree variation in heading will produce a lateral speed of around 20 feet per minute. For this reason, experienced and qualified helmsmen are required during the replenishment, and the crew on the bridge must give their undivided attention to the ship's course and speed. The risk is increased when a replenishment ship is servicing two ships at once.

Because of the risks involved crews practice emergency breakaway procedures, where the ships will separate in less-than-optimal situations. Although the ships will be saved from collision, it is possible to lose stores, as the ships may not be able to finish the current transfer.

Following successful completion of replenishment, many U.S. ships engage in the custom of playing breakaway music, a signature tune broadcast over the replenished vessel's PA system as they separate from the supplying vessel. In the Royal Australian Navy it is customary for ships to fly a special flag during the RAS operation, distinctive to each ship. As many ships are named for Australian towns and cities, it is often the case that they fly flags of AFL, NRL or A-League teams associated with that town or city. The flying of flags popularising brands of beer or other alcoholic beverages is also not uncommon.

Astern fueling
The earliest type of replenishment, rarely used today, is astern fueling. In this method, the receiving ship follows directly behind the supplying ship. The fuel-supplying ship throws a marker buoy into the sea and the receiving ship takes station with it. Then the delivering ship trails a hose in the water that the fuel-receiving ship retrieves and connects to. This method is more limited, as only one transfer rig can be set up. However, it is safer, as a slight course error will not cause a collision. U.S. Navy experiments with Cuyama and USS Kanawha (AO-1) led the Navy to conclude that the rate of fuel transfer was too slow to be useful. But the astern method of refuelling was used by the German and Japanese Navies during World War II; and this method was still used by the Soviet navy for many decades thereafter.

Vertical replenishment

A third type of underway replenishment is vertical replenishment (VERTREP). In this method, a helicopter lifts cargo from the supplying ship and lowers it to the receiving ship. The main advantage of this method is that the ships do not need to be dangerously close to each other, avoiding the risk of collision; VERTREP is also used to supplement and speed stores transfer between ships conducting CONREP. However, the maximum load and transfer speeds are both limited by the capacity of the helicopter, and fuel and other bulk liquids cannot be effectively supplied via VERTREP.

title: Underway replenishment


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Andrés Oppenheimer

Andrés Oppenheimer (born in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is the editor and syndicated foreign affairs columnist with The Miami Herald, anchor of "Oppenheimer Presenta" on CNN En Español, and author of seven books, several of which have been published in English, Spanish, Portuguese and Japanese. His column, "The Oppenheimer Report," appears twice a week in The Miami Herald and more than 60 U.S. and international newspapers, including the Miami Herald, El Mundo of Spain, La Nación of Argentina, Reforma of Mexico, El Mercurio of Chile and El Comercio of Peru. He is the author of Saving the Americas (Random House, 2007) and six other books, and is a regular political analyst with CNN en Español. His previous jobs at The Miami Herald included Mexico City bureau chief, foreign correspondent, and business writer. He previously worked for five years with The Associated Press in New York, and has contributed on a free-lance basis to The New York Times, The Washington Post, The New Republic, the BBC, CBS’ “60 Minutes”, and El Pais of Spain.

He was selected by the Forbes Media Guide as one of the “500 most important journalists” of the United States in 1993, and by Poder Magazine as one of the “100 most powerful people” in Latin America in 2002 and 2008.

Early life and education
Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, he studied law at the University of Buenos Aires before moving to the United States in 1976 through a fellowship from the World Press Institute. After a year at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota, he obtained a master's degree in journalism from Columbia University in New York City in 1978. He has honorary PhD degrees from Galileo University of Guatemala (2004), Domingo Savio University of Bolivia (2011), and ESAN University of Peru (2014).

Awards and recognition
Oppenheimer is the co-winner of the 1987 Pulitzer Prize as a member of The Miami Herald team that uncovered the Iran-Contra scandal. He won the Inter-American Press Association Award twice (1989 and 1994), and the 1997 award of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists. He is the winner of the 1993 Ortega y Gasset Award of Spain's daily El País, the 1998 Maria Moors Cabot Award of Columbia University, the 2001 King of Spain Award, given out by the Spanish news agency EFE and King Juan Carlos I of Spain, the Overseas Press Club Award in 2002, and the Suncoast Emmy award from the National Academy of Television, Arts and Sciences in 2006.

title: Andrés Oppenheimer


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Wallendbeen

Wallendbeen is a small town in southern New South Wales, Australia, administered by Cootamundra-Gundagai Regional Council. At the, Wallendbeen and the surrounding area had a population of 305. The town's name is derived from an aboriginal word for "stony hill".

The town is located on the intersection of the Olympic Highway and the Burley Griffin Way and on the Sydney–Melbourne railway, opened to Wallendbeen in 1877. Wheat is an important industry for the area. It has a fine oval, which has supported a cricket club since 1887. The Wallendbeen Cricket Club was last captained by Tom Grace, the third generation of his family to hold the title. Wallendbeen Post Office opened on 1 July 1885. The Baldry Shield, a sports carnival for small primary schools in the area, is held in Wallendbeen annually.

From 1895 to 1935 the town had its own local government, the Municipality of Wallendbeen, with its own municipal council and mayor. It was eventually absorbed into Jindalee Shire and Demondrille Shire.

It is now becoming a dormitory suburb of Cootamundra.

Notable residents

 * Kenneth Mackay (Australian politician)

 * Wallendbeen sign.jpg [[File:Mackay Park Wallendbeen.jpg|thumb|centre|Mackay Park

, Wallendbeen]]

title: Wallendbeen


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Symphony No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 3 in D major, Op. 29, was written in 1875. He began it at Vladimir Shilovsky's estate at Ussovo on 5 June and finished on 1 August at Verbovka. Dedicated to Shilovsky, the work is unique in Tchaikovsky's symphonic output in two ways: it is the only one of his seven symphonies (including the unnumbered Manfred Symphony) in a major key (discounting the unfinished Symphony in E♭ major); and it is the only one to contain five movements (an additional Alla tedesca movement occurs between the opening movement and the slow movement).

The symphony was premiered in Moscow on 19 November 1875, under the baton of Nikolai Rubinstein, at the first concert of the Russian Music Society's season. It had its St. Petersburg premiere on 24 January 1876, under Eduard Nápravník. Its first performance outside Russia was on 8 February 1879, at a concert of the New York Philharmonic Society.

Its first performance in the United Kingdom was at the Crystal Palace in 1899, conducted by Sir August Manns, who seems to have been the first to refer to it as the "Polish Symphony", in reference to the recurring Polish dance rhythms prominent in the symphony's final movement. Several musicologists, including David Brown and Francis Maes, consider this name a faux pas. Western listeners, conditioned by Chopin's use of the polonaise as a symbol of Polish independence, interpreted Tchaikovsky's use of the same dance likewise; actually, in Tsarist Russia it was musical code for the Romanov dynasty and, by extension, Russian imperialism.

The symphony was used by George Balanchine as the score for the Diamonds section of his full length 1967 ballet Jewels, omitting the opening movement.

Instrumentation
The Symphony is scored for an orchestra comprising piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (in A, B-flat), 2 bassoons, 4 horns (in F), 2 trumpets (in F), 3 trombones, tuba, 3 timpani and strings (violins I, violins II, violas, cellos, and double basses).

On the symphony's instrumentation, musicologist Francis Maes writes that here, Tchaikovsky's "feeling for the magic of sound is revealed for the first time" and likens the music's "sensual opulence" to the more varied and finely shaded timbres of the orchestral suites. Wiley adds about this aspect, "Is the symphony a discourse or the play of sound? It revels in the moment."

Form
Like Robert Schumann's Rhenish Symphony, the Third Symphony has five movements instead of the customary four in a suite-like formal layout, with a central slow movement flanked on either side by a scherzo. The work also shares the Rhenish's overall tone of exuberant optimism. For these reasons, musicologist David Brown postulates that Tchaikovsky might have conceived the Third Symphony with the notion of what Schumann might have written had he been Russian. The Rhenish, in fact, was one of two works that had most impressed Tchaikovsky during his student days at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory; the other was the Ocean Symphony by his teacher, Anton Rubinstein.

The average performance of this symphony runs about 45 minutes. 1. Introduzione e Allegro: Moderato assai (Tempo di marcia funebre) (D minor) — Allegro briliante (D major)
 * This movement, in common time, begins with a slow funeral march opening in the parallel minor. The movement then accelerandos and crescendos up to a key change back into the parallel major, where, in a typical sonata-allegro form, after the exposition in the major key it modulates to the dominant (A major), before repeating the theme from the key change and then returning to the tonic at the end instead of the dominant, with a developmental section in between before the recapitulation. The movement closes with a coda, which occurs twice (essentially back to back) and accelerandos to an extremely fast tempo towards the very end.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

2. Alla tedesca: Allegro moderato e semplice (B♭ major→G minor)
 * In a sort of ternary form, this begins as a waltz, and then after a trio consisting of a many-times-repeated triplet eighth note figure in the winds and strings, after which the beginning up to the trio is basically repeated again. The movement closes with a brief coda consisting of string pizzicatos and clarinet and bassoon solos.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

3. Andante elegiaco (D minor→B♭ major→D major)
 * Also in time, this movement opens with all winds, notably a flute solo. This movement is the most romantic in nature of the five, and it is roughly a variation of slow sonata ternary form without a development, although the traditional dominant-tonic recapitulation is abandoned for more distant keys, the first being in B♭ major (the subdominant to F) and the recapitulation in D major (the parallel major to D minor). This movement is atypically more lyrical than the second.  Between the two is a contrasting middle section, consisting of material closely resembling the repeated eighth note triplet figures in the trio of the second movement.  The movement closes with a brief coda with string tremolos, and a repeat of the wind solos accompanied by string pizzicatos from the opening of the movement.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

4. Scherzo: Allegro vivo (B minor)
 * The scherzo is in time. This is somewhat unusual, as scherzi in classical music of the time are traditionally in triple meter, although the name scherzo (literally meaning 'joke' in Italian) does not in itself imply this metric convention. Like other scherzi of its time, the movement is fast enough to be conducted in one and is composed in ternary form. After a prolonged 'question and answering' of sixteenth note figures between the upper strings and woodwinds, there is a trio in the form of a march, which modulates through a number of different keys, starting with G minor, before returning to the relative major to the tonic B minor of the movement, D major.  The entire opening of the movement up to the trio is then repeated, and the movement closes with a brief reprise of some of the trio's march material.  The trio uses material Tchaikovsky had composed for an 1872 cantata to celebrate the bicentenary of the birth of Tsar Peter the Great. The entire movement has muted strings, and there is a trombone solo at the exposition before the trio and the recapitulation after the trio, the only appearance of the trombone in the symphony outside the first and last movements.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

5. Finale: Allegro con fuoco (Tempo di polacca) (D major)
 * This movement is characterized by rhythms typical of a polonaise, a Polish dance, from which the symphony draws its name. The opening theme is effectively a variety of a rondo theme, and it returns several more times in the movement, with different episodes in between each occurrence: the first is fugal, the second is a wind-choral, and the third is a section in the relative minor, B minor, where some of the second movement's trio's triplet figures make another reprise. There is then another longer fugal section, a variation of the main theme which modulates into a number of different keys along the way. It is characterized by staggered entrances of the theme, before another variation on another reprise of the main theme slows dramatically into a slower chorale section featuring all the winds and brass.  There is then a section with another variation on the original theme up to the original tempo, and then a presto in 1 which drives to the end, which concludes with 12 D major chords over a long timpani roll, and then 3 long Ds, the third of which is a fermata in the very last bar of the symphony.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

Analysis
In his biography and analysis of Tchaikovsky's music, Roland John Wiley likens the five-movement format to a divertimento and questions whether Tchaikovsky wanted to allude in this work to the 18th century. Rosa Newmarch mentions the 3rd Symphony in D is a work altogether different in style to his two earlier ones, and totally western in character. Such a move would not be unique or unprecedented in Tchaikovsky's work; David Brown points out in the 1980 edition of the New Grove that the composer occasionally wrote in a form of Mozartian pastiche throughout his career. (The Variations on a Rococo Theme for cello and orchestra, which Wiley suggests by Tchaikovsky's use of the word Rococo in the title is his "first nominal gesture toward 18th century music," is in fact a near-contemporary of the symphony.) Musicologist Richard Taruskin made a similar statement by calling the Third Symphony 'the first 'typical' [Tchaikovsky] symphony (and the first Mozartean one!) in the sense that it is the first to be thoroughly dominated by the dance."

In explaining his analogy, Wiley points out how the composer holds back the full orchestra occasionally in a manner much like that of a concerto grosso, "the winds as concertino to the ripieno of the strings" in the first movement, the waltz theme and trio of the second movement and the trio of the fourth movement (in other words, the smaller group of winds balanced against the larger group of strings). The finale, Wiley states, does not decide which format Tchaikovsky may have actually had in mind. By adding a fugue and a reprise of the movement's second theme in the form of a recapitulation to the opening polonaise, Wiley says Tchaikovsky concludes the work on a note "more pretentious than a divertimento, less grand than a symphony, [and] leaves the work's genre identity suspended in the breach."

For other musicologists, the Schumannesque formal layout has been either a blessing or a curse. John Warrack admits the second movement, Alla tedesca, "balances" the work but he nonetheless senses "the conventional four-movement pattern being interrupted" unnecessarily, not amended in an organic manner. Brown notes that if Tchaikovsky amended the four-movement pattern because he felt it no longer adequate, his efforts proved unsuccessful. Hans Keller disagrees. Rather than a "regression" in symphonic form, Keller sees the five-movement form, along "with the introduction of dance rhythms into the material of every movement except the first," as widening "the field of symphonic contrasts both within and between movements."

Composition and initial performances
Tchaikovsky recorded little about the composition of his Third Symphony. He penned the work quickly, between June and August 1875. After its premiere, he wrote Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, "As far as I can see this symphony presents no particularly successful ideas, but in workmanship it's a step forward." Not long before composing this symphony, Tchaikovsky had received a thorough drubbing from Nikolai Rubinstein over the flaws in his First Piano Concerto, the details of which he would later recount to his patroness, Nadezhda von Meck. This incident may have influenced Tchaikovsky to be more cautious in following academic protocol, at least in the symphony's outer movements.

The symphony was premiered in Moscow in November 1875 under the baton of the composer's friend and champion, Nikolai Rubinstein. Tchaikovsky, who attended rehearsals and the performance, was "generally satisfied" but complained to Rimsky-Korsakov that the fourth movement "was played far from well as it could have been, had there been more rehearsals." The first performance in Saint Petersburg, given in February 1876 under Eduard Nápravník, "went off very well and had a considerable success," in the composer's estimation. Nápravník, who had conducted the first performance of the revised overture–fantasia Romeo and Juliet three years earlier, would become a major interpreter of Tchaikovsky's music. He would premiere five of the composer's operas and, among many traversals of the orchestral works, conduct the first performance of the Pathétique symphony after Tchaikovsky's death.

The first performance of the Third outside Russia was scheduled for October 1878 with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra under Hans Richter. Richter, an admirer of Tchaikovsky's work, had already conducted Romeo and Juliet there in November 1876. However, after the symphony had been rehearsed, the Philharmonic Society cancelled the performance, citing the work's apparent difficulty and lack of public familiarity with the composer. The fact that Romeo had been hissed by the audience and unfavorably reviewed by Eduard Hanslick might have also contributed to its decision.

The British premiere of the Third Symphony was led by Sir August Manns at the Crystal Palace in London in 1899. Manns dubbed the work with the sobriquet Polish at that time.

Critical opinion
The initial critical response to the Third Symphony in Russia was uniformly warm. However, over the long run, opinion has remained generally mixed, leaning toward negative. Among musicologists, Martin Cooper considers it "the weakest, most academic" of the seven the composer completed. Warrack notes a disjunction between the work's various musical elements. He writes that it "lacks the individuality of its fellows" and notes "a somewhat awkward tension between the regularity of a symphonic form he was consciously trying to achieve in a 'Germanic' way and his own characteristics." Wiley, less polarizing, calls the Third the "least comformative" of the symphonies and admits its unorthodox structure and wide range of material "may produce an impression of strangeness, especially of genre." These factors, he says, make the Third difficult to categorize: "It is not folkish, nor classical, nor Berliozian/Lisztian, nor particularly Tchaikovskian in light of his other symphonies."

On the positive side of the spectrum, Keller calls the Third Symphony the composer's "freest and most fluent so far" and Maes dismisses naysayers of the piece as those who judge the quality of a Tchaikovsky composition "by the presence of lyric charm, and [reject] formal complexity ... as incompatible with the alleged lyric personality of the composer." Maes points out the symphony's "high degree of motivic and polyphonic intricacies," which include the composer's use of asymmetrical phrases and a Schumannesque play of hemiolas against the normal rhythmic pattern of the first movement. He also notes the Third's "capricious rhythms and fanciful manipulation of musical forms," which presage the music Tchaikovsky would write for his ballets (his first, Swan Lake, would be his next major work) and orchestral suites. Wiley seconds the stylistic nearness to the orchestral suites and notes that the creative freedom, beauty and lack of apparent internal logic between movements which is characteristic of those compositions also seems apparent in the symphony.

Occupying the middle ground between these extremes, Brown deems the Third "the most inconsistent ... least satisfactory" of the symphonies and "badly flawed" but admits it is "not so devoid of 'particularly successful ideas' as the composer's own judgment would have us believe." He surmises that Tchaikovsky, caught between the proscriptions of sonata form and his own lyric impulses, opted for the latter and "was at least wise enough not to attempt an amalgamation" of academic and melodic veins, which fundamentally worked against each other. The best parts of the symphony, he continues, are the three inner movements, where the composer allowed his gift for melody "its full unfettered exercise." Brown says the symphony "discloses the widening dichotomy within Tchaikovsky's style, and powerfully proclaims the musical tensions that matched those within the man himself."

Controversy over the nickname "Polish"
Western critics and audiences began calling this symphony the Polish after Sir August Manns led the first British performance in 1899, with the finale seen as an expression by the Polish people for their liberation from Russian domination and the reinstatement of their independence. Since this was the way Chopin had treated the dance in his works and people had heard them in that light for at least a generation, their interpretation of the finale of the Third Symphony in a similar manner was completely understandable. Unfortunately, it was also completely wrong.

In Tsarist Russia, the polonaise was considered musical code for the Romanov dynasty and a symbol of Russian imperialism. In other words, Tchaikovsky's use of the polonaise was the diametric opposite to Chopin's. This context for the dance began with Osip Kozlovsky (1757–1831) (Polish: Józef Kozłowski), a Pole who served in the Russian army and whose greatest successes as a composer were with his polonaises. To commemorate Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire in the Ukraine, Kozlovsky wrote a polonaise entitled "Thunder of Victory, Resound!" This set the standard for the polonaise as the preeminent genre for Russian ceremony.

One thing to keep in mind is that Tchaikovsky lived and worked in what was probably the last 19th-century feudal nation. This made his creative situation more akin to Mendelssohn or Mozart than to many of his European contemporaries. Because of this cultural mindset, Tchaikovsky saw no conflict in making his music accessible or palatable to his listeners, many of whom were among the Russian aristocracy and would eventually include Tsar Alexander III. He remained highly sensitive to their concerns and expectations and searched constantly for new ways to meet them. Part of meeting his listeners' expectations was using the polonaise, which he did in several of his works, including the Third Symphony. Using it in the finale of a work could assure its success with Russian listeners.

Use in Jewels
The symphony, without its first movement, was used by choreographer George Balanchine for Diamonds, the third and final part of his ballet Jewels. Created for the New York City Ballet, of which Balanchine was cofounder and founding choreographer, Jewels premiered on April 13, 1967 and is considered the first full-length abstract ballet. Choreographed with ballerina Suzanne Farrell in mind and inspired by the unicorn tapestries in the Musée de Cluny in Paris, Diamonds was meant to evoke the work of Marius Petipa at the Imperial Russian Ballet. Petipa collaborated with Tchaikovsky on the ballets The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, hence the use of Tchaikovsky's music in Diamonds.

title: Symphony No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)