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Phantom (Kay novel)

Phantom is a 1990 novel by Susan Kay, based on the 1910 Gaston Leroux novel The Phantom of the Opera. It is a biography of the title character Erik.

Plot summary
The Phantom is born as Erik in Boscherville, a small town not far from Rouen, in the summer of 1831. His spoiled, vain mother scorns her deformed child from birth, puts a mask on his face, and cannot bring herself to name him. Instead, she instructs the elderly priest who baptises him to name the child after himself. Erik is forced to spend his childhood locked in his home lest he or his mother become a target for the superstitious villagers. Much of the verbal and physical abuse Erik suffers from his mother is chronicled in the opening chapters of the novel.

From a young age, Erik exhibits a strong interest in architecture and is privately tutored by a well-respected professor, but his strongest abilities lie in the subject of music. His mother does not encourage his pursuit of singing, claiming that his supernaturally beautiful voice cannot have been created by God.

At nine years old, Erik runs away from home, believing this will make his mother's life easier. After a week or so without food, he stumbles upon a Romani camp in the woods. Upon seeing his face, a freak show showman named Javert decides to exhibit him as the "Living Corpse" and Erik is locked in a cage. He remains with the tribe until he is about 12 years old, when the showman drunkenly attempts to force himself on him, at which point Erik kills him and is forced to flee.

While performing at a fair in Rome, Erik meets Giovanni, a master mason who takes the boy on as his apprentice. He stays with Giovanni until age 15, when Erik is forced to flee again after inadvertently causing the death of Giovanni's daughter Luciana.

Four years later, he is sought out by Nadir, the Daroga of Mazanderan Court and becomes a court assassin, magician, and personal engineer to the Persian Shah. Responsible for the entertainment of the Khanum, the Shah's mother, he builds sophisticated traps and torture devices for her amusement. In addition, he is involved in the design and construction of a palace for the Shah. After becoming involved in political intrigue, Erik makes his way back to France, where he helps design and build the Palais Garnier Opera House. The rest of the book loosely follows the original novel The Phantom of the Opera, though the relationship between Christine and Erik is explored in greater detail and with greater compassion than the original novel.

Characters

 * Erik, the main character, a hideously deformed young man
 * Madeleine, Erik's spoiled and vain mother
 * Javert, master of a Romani tribe who exhibits Erik as a circus freak
 * Giovanni, an elderly Italian master stonemason, who discovers Erik on one of his sites one morning, and takes him on as an apprentice
 * Luciana, Giovanni's youngest daughter
 * Nadir Khan, known in Leroux's book only as "The Persian", is Erik's only friend
 * Reza, Nadir's young son, who is dying from Tay–Sachs disease
 * The Persian Shah is the ruler of Persia (by the book's chronology probably Naser al-Din Shah Qajar)
 * The khanum, referred to as the Sultana or "the little sultana" in Leroux's book. She develops a great lust for Erik. (Historically the Mahd-i Ulya at this time was Malek Jahan Khanom.)
 * Christine Daaé, the beautiful young Swedish chorus girl whom Erik meets at the Paris Opera
 * Charles, the son of Christine and Erik, born around 1881
 * Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny, Christine's childhood friend and later her husband
 * La Carlotta, the bratty Spanish diva of the Opera Garnier
 * Madame Giry, Erik's loyal box-keeper and mother of Meg Giry
 * Meg Giry, a ballet dancer and the daughter of Madame Giry
 * Debienne and Poligny, the old managers of the Opera Garnier
 * Moncharmin and Richard, the new managers of the Opera House, though they know little about opera itself
 * Sasha, Erik's boyhood pet dog, a golden spaniel who was murdered by a mob
 * Ayesha, a Siamese cat Erik adopted on the streets of Paris during the 1871 Commune

Release details
For several years, Phantom was out of print, and was only available on the secondary market. After the film version of Phantom Of The Opera was released in 2004, interest in the fandom—and prices for the book—rose dramatically. The novel was reprinted in October 2005 by Llumina Press.

In Sweden the novel was only printed once, which makes it rather rare. In the Swedish translation by Lena Torndahl, the whole sequence involving Christine finding a gigantic spider on her pillow and begging Erik (who has throughout the novel compared himself to a spider) to kill it has been cut.

Hardcover:
 * Delacorte Press, 1991, ISBN 0-385-30296-7
 * Llumina Stars, 2005, ISBN 978-1933626031

Paperback:
 * Island Books, 1992, ISBN 0-440-21169-7
 * Llumina Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1933626000

Ebook
 * Llumina Press, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60594-8454

title: Phantom (Kay novel)


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Burt's Bees

Burt's Bees is an American multinational personal care product company. The company is a subsidiary of Clorox that describes itself as an "Earth-friendly, Natural Personal Care Company" making products for personal care, health, beauty and personal hygiene. Its products are distributed globally.

1984–1989: Founding

Originating in Maine in the 1980s, the business began when co-founder Roxanne Quimby started making candles from Burt Shavitz's leftover beeswax. The first headquarters was an abandoned one-room schoolhouse rented from a friend for $150 a year. This eventually led to the bottling and selling of honey by the two co-founders, and Quimby's focus on maintaining high quality helped to grow the business from an initial $200 at the Dover-Foxcroft Junior High School craft fair to $20,000 in sales by the end of its first year. The practice of bottling honey slowly diminished as the company evolved as a corporation. The company eventually began selling other products that used honey and beeswax, including furniture polish and edible spreads, before moving more fully into personal care products.

Burt's Bees increased production in 1989, after a New York City boutique, Zona, ordered hundreds of their beeswax candles. Forty additional employees were hired and an abandoned bowling alley became their new manufacturing location. During this time, Quimby read one of Burt Shavitz's 19th-century books about bee-keeping, which included home-made personal care recipes, prompting Burt's Bees to enter into the personal care products industry.

1990s: Incorporation and diversification
Burt's Bees became incorporated in 1991, and had a product line that included candles, natural soaps, perfumes, and, eventually, lip balm, which became their best-selling product.

In 1993, Quimby threatened to sue Shavitz over personal issues, which, essentially, forced Shavitz out of the company's operations. Burt's Bees changed its focus to exclusively personal care products. In 1995, the company moved its manufacturing operations into a 18000 sqft former garment factory in Creedmoor, North Carolina. Although Burt's Bees continued to focus on the "homemade" product theme, automated machines, such as a former cafeteria mixer from Duke University, were introduced to increase production. Chapel Hill was the site of the first Burt's Bees retail store, which offered 50 natural personal care products, and distribution had also reached the Japanese market. In 1998, Burt's Bees was offering over 100 natural personal care products in 4,000 locations with sales in excess of $8 million. Distribution had reached national retailers, such as Whole Foods Market, and restaurant chains, such as Cracker Barrel. New product offerings branched into travel-sized skin care and hair care products. In 1999, with increasing demand and an increase in product offerings, including sugar and milk-based body lotions and bath products; Burt's Bees relocated to Durham among the many other enterprises located in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina. An eCommerce website was launched, increasing distribution to a much larger, nationwide scale.

In 1999, Quimby bought out Shavitz's one-third stake in the company, in exchange for a house in Maine, valued at approximately $130,000.

2000–2006: New products and AEA

During 2002 and 2003, Burt's Bees launched its first toothpaste, first shampoo, and its successful Baby Bee product line of infant personal care products. Co-founder Quimby also used company-earned profits to preserve 185000 acre of forest land in Maine, marking the beginning of a relationship with The Nature Conservancy, an international organization engaged in environmental protection and conservation.

In 2004, private equity firm AEA Investors purchased 80% of Burt's Bees for US$173,000,000, with co-founder Quimby retaining a 20% share, and a seat on the company board. Upon seeking compensation from Quimby, after the deal, Shavitz was paid $4 million.

2007–present: Clorox acquisition
As of 2007, the company manufactured over 197 products, which are distributed globally. In late 2007, Clorox acquired Burt's Bees for a reported sum of $925 million USD. The company subsequently released a statement to its customers.

In February 2011, Burt's Bees CEO (2006–2011) John Replogle left to become CEO and president of Seventh Generation Inc. In 2011, Nick Vlahos, a 15-year veteran of The Clorox Company, was named vice president and general manager of Burt's Bees, effective April 2011. In 2017, Vlahos left Clorox and was named CEO of the Honest Company. By February 2014, the Clorox Company had increased "advertising and sales promotion spending for Burt's Bees, particularly for its lip care lines". At the time, "Burt's Bees sales [were] outpacing volume due to price increases".

Co-founder Shavitz died in July 2015 at the age of 80 and was buried in Bangor, Maine. In his final years, he had lived on 37 acres plot of land in Parkman, Maine.

In 2017, Burt's Bees introduced a full cosmetics line, including products such as foundation, mascara, eye shadow, and blush.

As of March 2018, Burt's Bees lip balm had reached such a level of popularity that some reports claimed one tube of the lip balm was purchased every second.

In 2022, Burt's Bees announced a multi-year partnership with rePurpose Global to finance a critical recycling infrastructure that prevents plastic waste from flowing into the ocean.

In January 2024, the company announced a partnership with Hidden Valley Ranch to introduce limited-edition flavors including regular ranch, buffalo sauce, crunchy celery, and fresh carrot. The products came in response to an April Fool's social media post.

Documentary film
In August 2014, a documentary film, Burt's Buzz, by Jody Shapiro, which details the history between the company co-founders, was released.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Burt's Bees


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Matador (company)

Matador, a.s. (a joint-stock company) is a multinational car tire producer based in Púchov, Slovakia, as well as the corresponding group of companies.

It exports above 87% of its production into 80 countries worldwide. It produces not only tires but also associated and similar products and services. It has several trading companies and a network of shops. The largest export customers are the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and the CIS states.

Matador now also produces conveyor belts, automotive parts and machinery.

History
The company arose in the town of Púchov in 1947 as a "national enterprise" that was split off from the old firm Matador Bratislava.

Matador Bratislava was founded in 1905 (till 1911 known as the "Matador - Gummi und Balata Werke") involved mainly in the production of rubber hoses and belts in its new facilities in Petržalka, a district of Bratislava. Since 1925, it has produced tires (the first tires producer in former Czechoslovakia). Its tires were fitted to many Czechoslovak automobiles of the 1930s, thus contributing in co-operation with the brands Škoda, Tatra, Aero and others to the development of automotive industry in Central Europe. The firm was nationalized in 1946 and privatized in 1995. Its trade name has been Matadorex, a.s. since the privatization. The key role in privatization and transformation of the company was played by Štefan Rosina, who initially joined the firm in 1950 as a regular worker and eventually became the leader of the management team.

Matador in Púchov itself was established as a "national enterprise" (since 1988 "state-owned enterprise") for tire production in 1947. Production started in 1950. It was called "Gumárne 1. mája" (which translates to "rubber works of 1st of May"), at that time and sold its products under the trademark Barum. Gradually it expanded its production and became the monopoly producer of air tubes (since 1962) and the main producer of rubber conveyor belts (since 1955) in Czechoslovakia. It also started to produce truck radial tires in the 1970s. The company founded its own R&D center in 1987 (now "Vipo") and provided technical assistance for the construction of rubber works in India, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Cambodia, Burma, Syria, Turkey, Iran and Yugoslavia. In 1991 it was turned into a joint-stock company and privatization took place 1992-1994. The trademark of the products of the company was changed to Matador and the firm's name was changed to Gumárne Barum in 1991 and to Matador in 1993.

The joint venture "Continental Matador" for the production of truck tires was established in Púchov in September 1998. In 1999 the transformation of the company took its final phase by change of management and by shift to division management system. The management of the Company is being transformed to the German model.

 * In 2001, Matador was one of the first companies in middle Europe to fulfil technical specification ISO/TS 16949. This is a system of quality management in the automotive industry accepted by important automotive associations.
 * In December 2001 the company Det Norske Veritas issued the Management Quality System Certificate in accordance with standards ISO 9001:2000, valid for design, production, assembling, servicing and sales of machines and equipment for rubber industry and management of design and development, production, servicing and sales of moulds.
 * In September 2005 Matador celebrated its one hundredth anniversary and  introduced a new company logo to represent the company.
 * In 2007 the company Continental AG acquired 51% of the Matador Rubber Division.
 * On 1 July 2008, Continental and Matador Group agreed on the transfer of an additional 15% of the shares in Continental Matador Rubber, at which date the Continental Group owned 66% of the shares in Continental Matador Rubber.
 * In 2009 Continental AG Hannover increased their capital share to 100%. New Continental’s distribution-logistic centre was open in that year in Puchov, for Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the new production finalisation hall.
 * In May 2010 Continental opened a new production hall in Púchov that enabled an increase of capacities for the production of passenger and light truck tires.

Major subsidiaries

 * in Slovakia:
 * Vipo – applied research
 * Obnova Brno, a.s., Czech Republic
 * Matador Deutschland GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
 * Matador (UK) Ltd., United Kingdom
 * Matador-Omskshina, Russia (a joint-venture)
 * ZAO Matador-A, Kazakhstan

Tire range
Matador produces tires for passenger cars and trucks. Matador’s 2021 international product range includes:

 * MP47 Hectorra 3 – summer tire for passenger vehicles and SUVs
 * MPS330 Maxilla 2 – summer tire for transporters and vans
 * MPS300 Maxilla AP (AP means All Purpose) – summer tire for transporters and vans, newer and more durable than MPS330 Maxilla 2
 * MP92 Sibir Snow – winter tire for middle-class and luxury vehicles and SUVs
 * MP54 Sibir Snow – winter tire for compact-class vehicles
 * MP30 Sibir Ice 2 – studded tire for passenger vehicles and SUVs, recommended for Scandinavian winters
 * MPS530 Sibir Snow Van – winter tire for transporters and vans
 * MPS500 Sibir Ice Van – studded tire for transporters and vans, recommended for Scandinavian winters
 * MP61 Adhessa Evo – all season tire for compact-class vehicles
 * MP62 All Weather Evo – all season tire for middle-class vehicles
 * MP82 Conquerra 2 – all season tire for SUVs and pickups, optimized for on-road and light off-road conditions
 * MP72 Izzarda A/T 2 – all season tire for SUVs and pickups, optimized for damage resistance in hard off-road conditions
 * MPS400 Variant All Weather 2 – all season tire for transporters and vans, presented in 2017 as Matador’s first a/s tire with both of M+S (Mud + Snow) and 3PMSF (Three-Peak Mountain Snow Flake) symbol

title: Matador (company)


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List of languages of Russia

This is a list of languages used in Russia. Russian is the only official language at the national level and there are other 35 official languages, which are used in different regions of Russia.

Official language

 * Russian (138,312,001 speakers)

Languages with 1,000,000 or more speakers

 * English (7,574,302)
 * Tatar (5,200,000)
 * German (2,069,949)
 * Chuvash (1,640,000)
 * Bashkir (1,450,000)
 * Chechen (1,340,000)
 * Ukrainian (1,300,000)

Languages with 100,000 or more speakers

 * Armenian
 * Avar (784,000)
 * Azerbaijani (669,000)
 * Mordovian languages (614,000)
 * Moksha
 * Erzya
 * Kabardian (587,000)
 * Dargwa (503,000)
 * Ossetic (493,000)
 * Udmurt (463,000)
 * Yakut (450.000)
 * Kumyk (458,000)
 * Eastern Mari (451,000)
 * Ingush (405,000)
 * Lezgian (397,000)
 * Belarusian (316,000)
 * Karachay-Balkar (302,000)
 * Georgian (286,000)
 * Komi-Zyrian (217,000)
 * Turkish (161,000)
 * Kalmyk (153,000)
 * Lak (153,000)
 * Romanian (147,000)
 * Adyghe (129,000)
 * Tabassaran (128,000)

Languages with 10,000 or more speakers

 * Komi-Permyak (94,000)
 * Polish (94,000)
 * Nogai (90,000)
 * Karelian (52,000)
 * Finnish (51,000)
 * Lithuanian (49,000)
 * Abaza (38,000)
 * Western Mari (36,000)
 * Latvian (34,000)
 * Kurmanji (30,000)
 * Yiddish (30,000)
 * Rutul (29,000)
 * Aghul (29,000)
 * Estonian (26,000)
 * Andi (23,000)
 * Baltic Romany (20,000)
 * Tsez (15,000)
 * Bezhta (10,000)
 * Vlax Romany (10,000)
 * Livvi

Languages with 1,000 or more speakers

 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (7,700)
 * Khwarshi (3,000)
 * Serbian
 * Veps
 * Tindi
 * Karata
 * Ludian
 * Hunzib
 * Bagvalal
 * Botlikh
 * Tsakhur
 * Akhvakh
 * Ghodoberi
 * Archi
 * Chamalal
 * Judeo-Tat

Languages with fewer than 1,000 speakers

 * Sami languages
 * Akkala Sami
 * Kildin Sami
 * Skolt Sami
 * Ter Sami
 * Vod
 * Ingrian
 * Hinukh
 * Kurdish

Languages with 100,000 or more speakers

 * Kazakh (563,000)
 * Yakut (456,000)
 * Buryat (368,000)
 * Tuvin (242,000)
 * Uzbek (238,000)
 * Tajiki (131,000)

Languages with 10,000 or more speakers

 * Altay (65,000)
 * Khakas (52,000)
 * Kyrgyz (46,000)
 * Nenets (31,000)
 * Evenki (13,800)
 * Khanty (13,000)
 * Shor (around 10,000)

Languages with 1,000 or more speakers

 * Even (5,656)
 * Mansi (2,746)
 * Dolgan (1,054)
 * Selkup (1,023)

Languages with fewer than 1,000 speakers

 * Yupik languages
 * Naukan (Naukanski)
 * Sirenik
 * Central Siberian Yupik (Yuit)
 * Yukaghir languages
 * Northern Yukaghir
 * Southern Yukaghir
 * Ket
 * Ainu
 * Orok
 * Udege
 * Kerek
 * Aleut (including Mednyy)
 * Enets
 * Alutor
 * Negidal
 * Tofalar (Karagas)
 * Itelmen
 * Yugh
 * Nganasan
 * Oroch
 * Chulym
 * Ulch
 * Nivkh
 * Nanai

Other

 * Korean (60,000)
 * Koryo-mar
 * Mandarin Chinese (59,000)
 * Turkmen (38,000)
 * Czech
 * Domari
 * Lomavren
 * Pontic Greek
 * Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
 * Tat language
 * Russian sign language

Language families
A total of 14 language families are native to Russia:

 * Ainu
 * Chukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Eskimo–Aleut
 * Indo-European
 * Koreanic
 * Mongolic
 * Nivkh
 * Northeast Caucasian
 * Northwest Caucasian
 * Tungusic
 * Turkic
 * Uralic
 * Yeniseian
 * Yukaghir

title: List of languages of Russia


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Terror (band)

Terror is an American hardcore punk band from Los Angeles, formed in 2002. The band has undergone several line-up changes, all overseen by founding members Scott Vogel (lead vocals) and Nick Jett (drums). Its current lineup also features guitarists Martin Stewart and Jordan Posner, as well as bassist Chris Linkovich. The band has released eight studio albums – the most recent of which, Pain Into Power, was released in May 2022. The band are noted as one of the most influential modern bands within beatdown hardcore and hardcore punk, with Stereogum describing Terror as "an institution within their genre".

History
Terror was formed in February 2002, by vocalist Scott Vogel, guitarist Todd Jones, drummer Nick Jett, and bass guitarist Matt Smith; the group remained a four-piece until September 2002. The band only came up with its name in April 2002, after its first shows were booked, opening for Death Threat, American Nightmare, and Striking Distance's on four of the bands' West Coast tour dates, spanning May 15–19, 2002. Before playing those shows, Terror played a warm-up show, opening for Diehard Youth at Pat's Warehouse in Ventura, California on April 26, 2002.

Their debut album One with the Underdogs sold over 40,000 copies. They have toured throughout Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Korea, Mexico, and South America. Their sophomore album, Always the Hard Way reached No. 10 on Billboard Heatseekers and No. 19 on the Top Independent Records chart.

Before Terror, vocalist Scott Vogel sang for Slugfest, Despair, and for Buffalo, New York-based metalcore act Buried Alive in the mid-1990s. Drummer Nick Jett and ex-lead guitarist Todd Jones were members of the well-known hardcore band Carry On (who had releases on Bridge Nine and Teamwork Records). Richmond, Virginia's David Wood is well known as the vocalist of his hometown hardcore band Down to Nothing. Carl Schwartz, formerly of Sworn Vengeance, recorded much of Always the Hard Way after quitting the band to front First Blood full-time.

Live by the Code, originally due out in 2012, was pushed back to April 2013, released by Victory Records on CD and by Reaper Records on vinyl. It was the band's first time charting on the Billboard 200, peaking at No. 121, selling 3,177 copies in its first week. It was also No. 1 on the Heatseekers chart and No. 28 on Independent Albums. A total of six music videos for tracks off of Live by the Code have been released: "Live by the Code", "The Most High", "I'm Only Stronger", "Hard Lessons", "Shot of Reality", and "Cold Truth".

On January 3, 2015, Terror were in the studio recording their sixth full-length album, The 25th Hour, set to be released on Victory Records. Pre-orders for The 25th Hour were announced on June 30, 2015, along with the albums August 7 release date and a stream for the single "The Solution" which premiered exclusively on Noisey.

Terror's seventh album, Total Retaliation, was released on September 28, 2018. This was followed in March 2021 by Trapped in a World, which saw the band re-record several songs from across their career live in-studio as part of what were billed the "Trapped in a World Sessions". These sessions saw the band reunite with founding lead guitarist Todd Jones, who oversaw production and contributed guitar parts. Jones retained this role for the band's eighth album Pain Into Power, which was released on May 6, 2022.

Members
Current
 * Scott Vogel – vocals (2002–present)
 * Nick Jett – drums (2002–present)
 * Martin Stewart – rhythm guitar (2006–present)
 * Jordan Posner – lead guitar (2009–present)
 * Chris Linkovich – bass (2017–present)

Former
 * Matt Smith – bass (2002)
 * Eric Pressman – rhythm guitar (2002)
 * Todd Jones – rhythm guitar (2002–2004)
 * Doug Weber – lead guitar (2002–2009)
 * Richard Thurston – bass (2002–2003)
 * Carl Schwartz – bass (2003–2005)
 * Frank Novinec – rhythm guitar (2004–2006)
 * Jonathan Buske – bass (2005–2008)
 * David Wood – bass (2009–2017)

Timeline

Music videos

 * "Push It Away" (2003)
 * "Keep Your Mouth Shut" (2004)
 * "Overcome" (2005)
 * "Always the Hard Way" (2006)
 * "Lost" (2006)
 * "Betrayer" (2008)
 * "Never Alone" (2008)
 * "Rise of the Poisoned Youth" (2009)
 * "Stick Tight" (2010)
 * "Keepers of the Faith" (2011)
 * "Return to Strength" (2011)
 * "You're Caught" (2011)
 * "The New Blood" (2012)
 * "Live by the Code" (2013)
 * "I'm Only Stronger" (2013)
 * "The Most High" (2013)
 * "Hard Lessons" (2014)
 * "Shot of Reality" (2014)
 * "Cold Truth" (2014)
 * "Mind at War" (2015)
 * "Bad Signs" (2015)
 * "Sick and Tired" (2015)
 * "Kill 'Em Off" (2017)

title: Terror (band)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/United Flavour

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Please do not bite the newbies, Erwin. --Ryan Delaney talk 20:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

United Flavour
A very insignificant act. Suggest author listens to better music. Erwin Walsh
 * Comment. Erwin, your nominations are good, but your comments are overly agressive. Please try to be as civil as possible. Sdedeo 20:37, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fails WP:MUSIC from what I can see. - Mgm|(talk) 10:50, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system

The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is a map projection system for assigning coordinates to locations on the surface of the Earth. Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth surface as a perfect ellipsoid. However, it differs from global latitude/longitude in that it divides earth into 60 zones and projects each to the plane as a basis for its coordinates. Specifying a location means specifying the zone and the x, y coordinate in that plane. The projection from spheroid to a UTM zone is some parameterization of the transverse Mercator projection. The parameters vary by nation or region or mapping system.

Most zones in UTM span 6 degrees of longitude, and each has a designated central meridian. The scale factor at the central meridian is specified to be 0.9996 of true scale for most UTM systems in use.

History
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website states that the system was developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, starting in the early 1940s. However, a series of aerial photos found in the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (the military section of the German Federal Archives) apparently dating from 1943–1944 bear the inscription UTMREF followed by grid letters and digits, and projected according to the transverse Mercator, a finding that would indicate that something called the UTM Reference system was developed in the 1942–43 time frame by the Wehrmacht. It was probably carried out by the Abteilung für Luftbildwesen (Department for Aerial Photography). From 1947 onward the US Army employed a very similar system, but with the now-standard 0.9996 scale factor at the central meridian as opposed to the German 1.0. For areas within the contiguous United States the Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866 was used. For the remaining areas of Earth, including Hawaii, the International Ellipsoid was used. The World Geodetic System WGS84 ellipsoid is now generally used to model the Earth in the UTM coordinate system, which means current UTM northing at a given point can differ up to 200 meters from the old. For different geographic regions, other datum systems can be used.

Prior to the development of the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system, several European nations demonstrated the utility of grid-based conformal maps by mapping their territory during the interwar period. Calculating the distance between two points on these maps could be performed more easily in the field (using the Pythagorean theorem) than was possible using the trigonometric formulas required under the graticule-based system of latitude and longitude. In the post-war years, these concepts were extended into the Universal Transverse Mercator/Universal Polar Stereographic (UTM/UPS) coordinate system, which is a global (or universal) system of grid-based maps.

The transverse Mercator projection is a variant of the Mercator projection, which was originally developed by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator, in 1570. This projection is conformal, which means it preserves angles and therefore shapes across small regions. However, it distorts distance and area.

UTM zone
The UTM system divides the Earth into 60 zones, each 6° of longitude in width. Zone 1 covers longitude 180° to 174° W; zone numbering increases eastward to zone 60, which covers longitude 174°E to 180°. The polar regions south of 80°S and north of 84°N are excluded.

Each of the 60 zones uses a transverse Mercator projection that can map a region of large north-south extent with low distortion. By using narrow zones of 6° of longitude (up to 668 km) in width, and reducing the scale factor along the central meridian to 0.9996 (a reduction of 1:2500), the amount of distortion is held below 1 part in 1,000 inside each zone. Distortion of scale increases to 1.0010 at the zone boundaries along the equator.

In each zone the scale factor of the central meridian reduces the diameter of the transverse cylinder to produce a secant projection with two standard lines, or lines of true scale, about 180 km on each side of, and about parallel to, the central meridian (Arc cos 0.9996 = 1.62° at the Equator). The scale is less than 1 inside the standard lines and greater than 1 outside them, but the overall distortion is minimized.

Exceptions
The UTM zones are uniform across the globe, except in two areas. On the southwest coast of Norway, zone 32 is extended 3° further west, and zone 31 is correspondingly shrunk to cover only open water. Also, in the region around Svalbard, the zones 32, 34 and 36 are not used, while zones 31 (9° wide), 33 (12° wide), 35 (12° wide), and 37 (9° wide) are extended to cover the gaps.

Overlapping grids

Distortion of scale increases in each UTM zone as the boundaries between the UTM zones are approached. However, it is often convenient or necessary to measure a series of locations on a single grid when some are located in two adjacent zones. Around the boundaries of large scale maps (1:100,000 or larger) coordinates for both adjoining UTM zones are usually printed within a minimum distance of 40 km on either side of a zone boundary. Ideally, the coordinates of each position should be measured on the grid for the zone in which they are located, but because the scale factor is still relatively small near zone boundaries, it is possible to overlap measurements into an adjoining zone for some distance when necessary.

Latitude bands
Latitude bands are not a part of UTM, but rather a part of the military grid reference system (MGRS). They are however sometimes included in UTM notation. Including latitude bands in UTM notation can lead to ambiguous coordinates—as the letter "S" either refers to the southern hemisphere or a latitude band in the northern hemisphere—and should therefore be avoided.

Locating a position using UTM coordinates
A position on the Earth is given by the UTM zone number and hemisphere designator and the easting and northing planar coordinate pair in that zone.

The point of origin of each UTM zone is the intersection of the equator and the zone's central meridian. To avoid dealing with negative numbers, a false Easting of $-500,000$ meters is added to the central meridian. Thus a point that has an easting of $400,000$ meters is about 100 km west of the central meridian. For most such points, the true distance would be slightly more than 100 km as measured on the surface of the Earth because of the distortion of the projection. UTM eastings range from about $166,000$ meters to $834,000$ meters at the equator.

In the northern hemisphere positions are measured northward from zero at the equator. The maximum "northing" value is about $9,300,000$ meters at latitude 84 degrees North, the north end of the UTM zones. The southern hemisphere's northing at the equator is set at $10,000,000$ meters. Northings decrease southward from these $10,000,000$ meters to about $1,100,000$ meters at 80 degrees South, the south end of the UTM zones. Therefore, no point has a negative northing value.

For example, the CN Tower is at 43.64257°N, -79.38714°W, which is in UTM zone 17, and the grid position is $630,084 m$ east, $4,833,438 m$ north. Two points in Zone 17 have these coordinates, one in the northern hemisphere and one in the south; the non-ambiguous format is to specify the full zone and hemisphere designator, that is, "17N 630084 4833438".

Simplified formulae
These formulae are truncated version of Transverse Mercator: flattening series, which were originally derived by Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger in 1912. They are accurate to around a millimeter within $3,000 km$ of the central meridian. Concise commentaries for their derivation have also been given.

The WGS 84 spatial reference system describes Earth as an oblate spheroid along north-south axis with an equatorial radius of $$a=6378.137$$ km and an inverse flattening of $$1/f=298.257\,223\,563$$. Let's take a point of latitude $$\,\varphi$$ and of longitude $$\,\lambda$$ and compute its UTM coordinates as well as point scale factor $$k\,\!$$ and meridian convergence $$\gamma\,\!$$ using a reference meridian of longitude $$\lambda_{0}$$. By convention, in the northern hemisphere $$N_{0}=0$$ km and in the southern hemisphere $$N_{0}=10000$$ km. By convention also $$k_{0}=0.9996$$ and $$E_{0}=500$$ km.

In the following formulas, the distances are in kilometers. First, here are some preliminary values:

\begin{align} n & =\frac{f}{2-f}, & A & =\frac{a}{1+n}\left(1+ \frac{n^2}{4} +\frac{n^4}{64} + \cdots \right), \\ {} \end{align} $$

\begin{align} \alpha_1 & =\frac{1}{2}n-\frac{2}{3}n^2+\frac{5}{16}n^3, & \alpha_2 & =\frac{13}{48}n^2-\frac{3}{5}n^3, & \alpha_3 & =\frac{61}{240}n^3, \\[12pt] \beta_1 & =\frac{1}{2}n-\frac{2}{3}n^2+\frac{37}{96}n^3, & \beta_2 & =\frac{1}{48}n^2+\frac{1}{15}n^3, & \beta_3 & =\frac{17}{480}n^3, \\[12pt] \delta_1 & =2n-\frac{2}{3}n^2-2n^3, & \delta_2 & =\frac{7}{3}n^2-\frac{8}{5}n^3, & \delta_3 & =\frac{56}{15}n^3. \end{align} $$

From latitude, longitude (φ, λ) to UTM coordinates (E, N)
First we compute some intermediate values:

 * $$t=\sinh\left(\tanh^{-1}\left(\sin\varphi\right)-\frac{2\sqrt n}{1+n}\tanh^{-1}\left(\frac{2\sqrt n}{1+n} \sin\varphi\right)\right),$$

 * $$\xi'=\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{t}{\cos(\lambda-\lambda_0)}\right), \,\,\,\eta'=\tanh^{-1}\left(\frac{\sin(\lambda-\lambda_0)}{\sqrt{1+t^2}}\right),$$

 * $$\sigma=1+\sum_{j=1}^3 2j\alpha_j\cos(2j\xi')\cosh(2j\eta'),\,\,\,\tau=\sum_{j=1}^3 2j \alpha_j \sin(2j\xi') \sinh(2j\eta').$$

The final formulae are:

 * $$E=E_0+k_0 A\left(\eta'+\sum_{j=1}^3 \alpha_j\cos(2j\xi')\sinh(2j\eta')\right),$$

 * $$N=N_0+k_0 A\left(\xi'+\sum_{j=1}^3 \alpha_j\sin(2j\xi')\cosh(2j\eta')\right),$$

 * $$k=\frac{k_0 A}{a}\sqrt{\left\{1+\left(\frac{1-n}{1+n} \tan\varphi\right)^2\right\} \frac{\sigma^2+\tau^2}{t^2+\cos^2(\lambda-\lambda_0)}},$$

 * $$\gamma=\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\tau\sqrt{1+t^2}+\sigma t\tan(\lambda-\lambda_0)}{\sigma\sqrt{1+t^2}-\tau t\tan(\lambda-\lambda_0)}\right).$$

where $$E$$ is Easting, $$N$$ is Northing, $$k$$ is the Scale Factor, and $$\gamma$$ is the Grid Convergence.

From UTM coordinates (E, N, Zone, Hemi) to latitude, longitude (φ, λ)
Note: Hemi = +1 for Northern, Hemi = −1 for Southern

First let's compute some intermediate values:

 * $$\xi=\frac{N-N_0}{k_0 A},\,\,\,\eta=\frac{E-E_0}{k_0 A},$$

 * $$\xi'=\xi-\sum_{j=1}^{3}\beta_j\sin\left(2j\xi\right)\cosh\left(2j\eta\right), \,\,\,\eta'=\eta-\sum_{j=1}^{3}\beta_j\cos\left(2j\xi\right)\sinh\left(2j\eta\right),$$

 * $$\sigma'=1-\sum_{j=1}^{3}2j\beta_j\cos\left(2j\xi\right)\cosh\left(2j\eta\right), \,\,\,\tau'=\sum_{j=1}^{3}2j\beta_j\sin\left(2j\xi\right)\sinh\left(2j\eta\right),$$

 * $$\chi=\sin^{-1}\left(\frac{\sin\xi'}{\cosh\eta'}\right).$$

The final formulae are:

 * $$\varphi=\chi+\sum_{j=1}^{3}\delta_j\sin\left(2j\chi\right),$$

 * $$\lambda_{0}=\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\times 6^\circ - 183^\circ\,$$

 * $$\lambda=\lambda_{0}+\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\sinh\eta'}{\cos\xi'}\right),$$

 * $$k=\frac{k_0 A}{a}\sqrt{\left\{1+\left(\frac{1-n}{1+n}\tan\varphi\right)^2\right\}\frac{\cos^2\xi'+\sinh^2\eta'}{\sigma'^2+\tau'^2}},$$

 * $$\gamma=\mathrm{H}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\times\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\tau'+\sigma'\tan\xi'\tanh\eta'}{\sigma'-\tau'\tan\xi'\tanh\eta'}\right).$$


text:
Black Sea sprat

The Black Sea sprat or Pontic sprat, Clupeonella cultriventris, is a small fish of the herring family, Clupeidae. It is found in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov and rivers of its basins: Danube, Dnister, Dnipro (Ukraine), Southern Bug, Don, Kuban. It has white-grey flesh and silver-grey scales. A typical size is 10 cm (maximum 15 cm). The life span is up to 5 years. The peak of its spawning is in April and it can be found in enormous shoals in sea-shores, filled all-round coastal shallows, moving quickly back into the sea at a depth of 6–30 metres. Used for food; it has around 12% fat in flesh.

It is one of the most abundant fishes in the Sea of Azov. It is important prey for other fishes, particularly the pikeperch.

The Caspian tyulka Clupeonella caspia has been long considered a subspecies of C. cultriventris, C. cultriventris caspia, and a common name "Black and Caspian Sea sprat" was then applied to the whole.

title: Black Sea sprat


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sp1te

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 05:22, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Sp1te
Irrelevant, vanity, no place here. Erwin Walsh
 * Delete. nn netusergroup. Alf 01:27, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn. BorgQueen 16:06, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sp1te


text:
Westphal

Westphal or Westphall may refer to the following people:

 * Alexander Carl Otto Westphal (1863–1941), German physician, son of Carl Friedrich Otto and grandson of Otto Carl Friedrich Westphal
 * Ari Westphal (born 1994), Brazilian fashion model
 * Bernd Westphal (born 1960), German politician
 * Brigitta Westphal (born 1944), German painter
 * Carlo Westphal (born 1985), German professional road bicycle racer
 * Christoph Westphal, pharmaceutical executive
 * Daniel Westphal, Northern Mariana Islander footballer
 * Dirk Westphal (born 1963), American artist
 * Edwin Westphal (born 1966), Guatemalan former professional football forward
 * Ernst Oswald Johannes Westphal (1919–1990), South African linguist
 * Euler Renato Westphal, Brazilian Lutheran theologian
 * Frank Westphal, (1889–1948), American musician
 * George Augustus Westphal (1785–1875), English Royal Navy officer
 * Gert Westphal (1920–2002), German-Swiss actor, recitator and director
 * Heidi Westphal, German rower and Olympic medalist
 * J. G. Westphal (1824–1859), German astronomer and mathematician
 * James Westphal (1930–2004), American academic, scientist, engineer, inventor and astronomer
 * James D. Westphal, American business professor
 * Joachim Westphal (of Eisleben) (died 1569), Lutheran theologian
 * Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg) (c. 1510–1574), Lutheran theologian
 * Johann Heinrich Westphal (1794–1831), German astronomer
 * Jonathan Westphal (born 1951), philosopher
 * Joseph W. Westphal (born 1948), United States Under Secretary of the Army
 * Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833–1890), German neurologist and psychiatrist, son of Otto Carl Friedrich Westphal
 * Katherine Westphal (born 1919), American textile designer
 * Michael Westphal (1965–1991), tennis player for West Germany
 * Otto Carl Friedrich Westphal (1800–1879), prominent physician and author on the human eye and on optics
 * Paul Westphal (1950-2021), American basketball player and former head coach of the Sacramento Kings
 * Rudolf Westphal (born 1826), German classical scholar
 * Siegfried Westphal (1902–1982), German general
 * Søren Westphal (born 1986), Danish handballer
 * Wilhelm Westphal (1882–1978), German physicist

title: Westphal


text:
G.rev

G.rev Ltd. (有限会社グレフ), short for G.revolution, is a Japanese video game developer. The company was founded by former employees of Taito's arcade division who had worked on G-Darius and RayStorm, and is known primarily for their arcade shoot 'em up games.

History
G.rev was founded with the mission of developing arcade shooters, but they realized the cost of development was more than their initial investment capital. To generate revenue, they took on contract work for Taito and Treasure, co-developing the popular shooter Ikaruga with the latter. This relationship would remain fruitful, with G.rev assisting again on Gradius V, and Ikaruga director Hiroshi Iuchi assisting on G.rev's own Strania. G.rev's first independent release was a puzzle game, Doki Doki Idol Star Seeker, a Mine Sweeper-like arcade puzzle game, created with low investment and high returns in mind.

With the money in place to develop a full-fledged arcade shooter on their own, the team, under direction of president Hiroyuki Maruyama, set out to develop Border Down as a spiritual successor to the Taito arcade classic Metal Black. Border Down was met with wide acclaim among shooter fans following the release of its Dreamcast port, with particular praise paid to its unique beam mechanics and "border system", which put players on different paths if they died. They followed this success with Under Defeat, a helicopter shooter praised for its gritty wartime atmosphere. Its port to Dreamcast would be one of the last games released on the system.

Their next release was the unique hybrid game WarTech: Senko no Ronde, which combined shooter-like firing patterns and themes in a projectile-based fighting game similar to Taito's Psychic Force series. With the Dreamcast shooter support diminishing, they chose to port the Sega NAOMI game to Xbox 360, remaking the game's graphics and adding gameplay enhancements along the way. This release, Senko no Ronde Rev. X, became the first G.rev game to be released in North America as WarTech: Senko no Ronde. The American release was met with mixed reviews that praised the title's innovation but criticized the brief length and high pricepoint. Some of the gameplay enhancements of Rev. X were carried over to the arcade release Senko no Ronde SP.

Following the formation of Gulti, another small developer formed by veterans of the shooter genre, G.rev proposed a collaborative effort, as Gulti didn't have the capital needed for a full-scale shooter of their own. The two companies created Mamoru-kun wa Norowarete Shimatta, an overhead-view, multi-directional shooter with a Japanese fantasy theme, initially released on the NAOMI. The title was ported to Xbox 360 and a widescreen version made it to PlayStation 3 much later.

The company's next title was Senko no Ronde DUO: Dis-United Order, a sequel to their earlier crossover title. This time, G.rev chose to develop for the more powerful Taito X2 hardware, allowing the graphical quality of the arcade version to match the later Xbox 360 port. Unlike its predecessor, the title was not released outside Japan.

G.rev continued to develop on the Taito X2 hardware, releasing Strania: The Stella Machina, a vertically scrolling shooter that allows players to arm two different selectable/upgradable weapons at once. For the first time, G.rev decided to forgo a retail release, instead releasing an Xbox Live Arcade title, and promising some of the usual bonus features like an alternate course as future downloadable content. The home version was released simultaneously across all regions, giving Western gamers their first G.rev title since Wartech. They would later update the game as Strania EX for arcades on exA-Arcadia released in September 2020 to have both the Strania and Vower sides playable from the beginning, added the arranged soundtrack and a new Hell mode.

Arcade games
 Console games  North American Xbox 360 version released in 2014.
 * Notes

Not released in Canada.

Shoot 'Em Up Portion only.

Other works

 * The Kaiten Mawasunda!! mini-game in SIMPLE 1500 Series Vol 66. (2001, Sony PlayStation) - Design.
 * Ikaruga — (2001, NAOMI / Dreamcast / GameCube) - Programming and background graphic design.
 * Gradius V — (2004, PlayStation 2) - Programming and background graphic design.

title: G.rev


text:
Talk:Neon lamp

history
What this page needs desperately is to tell the history of neon light signs (foremostly in America, secondly in Europe, and then in the rest of the world).

The point being, the astute viewer sees a movie, and he wants to know what time the movie depicts.

The page for neon says neon wasn't discovered until 1898, but this page says neon lamps were on display at the 1893 world fair. WTF?

 * I think you have a point, WTF. Tesla's lamp must have been some other kind. Other sources say a carbon button low-pressure discharge lamp. --Heron 21:48, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

neon consumption of current
How much electricity would a small, typical neon sign use compared to a 90 watt incadescent bulb??

 * Neon lamps aren't especially efficient (at producing light -- clarification added). Here're some references:

 * http://lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/everything-neon/10053-0.pdf (Describing transformers for large signs running 30 and 60 mA at 15KV so 450 and 900 VA (roughly, watts).)

 * By comparison, a simple "Open" sign (with the letters and a light-up frame) may draw just 75 Watts or so.

 * http://store.everything-neon.com/neopsidst.html

 * Atlant 00:23, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * ON the contrary, neon lamps are 100% efficient. What they dont give out in light, they give out in heat! 100% total. 8-))--Light current 02:39, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Depends on the season. — Omegatron 03:21, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Ya' know, together, we three might make a pretty good comedy team.

 * Atlant 12:41, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Luminous efficacy of course is a different question--Light current 13:24, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Merge discussion
Oppose - Someone has nominated a merger with neon sign - I don't think that's appropriate, there's plenty to be written about both topics and though there's obvious commonalities (along with fluorescent lamp in the history, each can be a stand-alone article. --Wtshymanski (talk) 20:11, 10 October 2008 (UTC) Oppose per Wtshymanski (talk · contribs). 38.116.202.43 (talk) 15:06, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

I agree. Besides the neon lamp that the one article mentions is not the same as the "Neon Sign"

He is the difference. The gas neon was discovered in 1898. The idea of putting a gas (any gas, doesn't matter which gas) in a tube to create a light has been around since 1655. The first official "Neon Sign" was displayed in 1910 and patented in 1915.* The only reason that they are called "Neon Signs" is because the first gas used was Neon. Now they use all different gases, which is what gives them the different colors.

 * Reference: http://inventors.about.com/od/qstartinventions/a/neon.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.116.172.51 (talk) 11:06, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Oppose. I came to this page looking for information on specifically these types of lamps, for use as an overvoltage indicator in a highvoltage circuit. This page was exactly what I was looking for, and even if it's carried over in it's entirety, it will be that much harder to find the relevant information among everything else. I'm sure I'm not the only person who scans Wikipedia for practical information before going through the slog of primary sources. I feel the aesthetic gains of having one page should take a backseat to the practical value of having the pages be separate. The granularity, that you can find *precisely* what you're looking for, is generally what I like best about Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.59.151.244 (talk) 15:31, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

Oppose. • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 21:14, 1 October 2017 (UTC)

Still in use?
I'm told that neon lamps are still used in some consumer devices (e.g. our humidifier) and glowing electrical wall switches. Is this true? I always assumed these were LEDs. -- Beland (talk) 17:40, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * At least here in the UK neons are very widely used as indicators in power strips and wiring accessories. The big advantages of neons over LEDs in such applications are that thier higher operating voltage means you waste far less power in the series resistor and you don't have to worry about reverse breakdown. Plugwash (talk) 20:28, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I actually came to the discussion page to ask about that very thing, as I see no mention of it - would it be out of line to add a paragraph of my own, even though it would essentially be OR? (I have no idea how to reference something like that!) ... Just in my house I have a number of items that appear to have a small neon of some kind in them, as a "live circuit" indicator; I can count at least two extension cables (power strips), the main power switch for the cooker (kitchen stove, which lives on a separate 30A (230V) circuit to everything else), and a small thermostat-controlled fan-heater (the lamp remains on as a warning telltale whenever the device is turned on, regardless of whether the fan and heating elements are on-line via the 'stat), and I see them in use in other places for a similar purpose, particularly in power strips (and in at least one case also, a mains-outlet checking "pen"). Notably, all of these are AC applications, at >200v, and some of them show a very noticable flicker which thanks to this article I now know is the glow switching from anode to cathode and back! (Maybe those which don't flicker have some kind of simple diode or rectifier attached?) ... Given their ubiquity, low light output/small size, and tendency to be left running to very long periods, one assumes they have minimal power drain, definitely sub-0.5w? No power meter I've ever attached such a power strip to has ever registered a reading, but they all only show integer watt figures. And given their supposed very long lifetime, it makes me wonder just how old a certain workplace office powerstrip is... very grimy, chunky, with an old style plug and a neon that's long since burnt out... 77.102.101.220 (talk) 20:17, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

 * In the US, I still see them very frequently as power lights on power strips and as indicator lights on appliances that operate directly from mains AC. I guess that the circuit is simpler for running a neon glow indicator directly from line voltage than an LED. I don't know the typical power consumption offhand, but it definitely isn't much.

 * I kind of get the impression that the glow indicators (at least some of them) don't actually last all that long, though. Almost every power strip I've seen has its indicator go dim and flickering after just a couple of years or so. A green “neon” indicator on our chest freezer is already on its way out after only about 2–3 years. Then again, these indicators run continuously all the time, so that's still 17,000–25,000 hours, which doesn't sound too bad. The hours just add up quickly under 24/7 operation, I guess. ::Travis Evans (talk) 11:00, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The current through the neon light in a power strip is about 1 mA, corresponding to 0.2 W at 230 Volt. Theoretically, an additional environmental effect is that some owners replace a power strip sooner because its neon lamp dies. Ceinturion (talk) 15:30, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

Three-element neon bulb as dual indicator
I suggest something like the following be added to the article, after mention of the NE-77 as a circuit component:

"Also, three-element neon bulbs are sometimes used to indicate that either of two sub-circuits are on. For example, toasting or baking in a toaster oven; or, either side of a dual-control electric blanket.  Here, the bulb acts as a compact alternative to two separate bulbs."

Reason: Several places on the internet mention the NE-77 as a circuit component, but I'm unaware of any mention of this dual-indicator use. Source 2 shows at least some interest and confusion about these devices.

Source 1: The Black & Decker toaster oven model TRO 355-TY5 uses this design. (I found upon reverse engineering.) The middle electrode is common; the electrode on one side is powered by the toast circuit; the other electrode by the bake circuit.

Source 2: Someone said they dissected a dead electric blanket and found a 3-element bulb "inside the power connector box at the foot of the blanket", and asked what it is for, 4 years ago, at this URL: sci.tech-archive.net/Archive/sci.electronics.basics/2005-04/msg00086.html (title: three element "neon bulb" in Electric Blanket...what's it do?)

19VABP22 (talk) 16:06, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Theres photos of Tesla/Mark Twain and Gas lamps
Theres photos of Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) and also his freind Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) the author taken by the light of wirelessly lit (From energy from a Tesla coil) Tesla should be given more some credit min article for his Gas Lamps! Thanks!IMPVictorianus (talk) 20:53, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Neon lamps and neon lighting
There are several sentences in the article that deal with neon tube lighting such as used in large signs. I think this article is about miniature neon lamps, which are a distinct technology. I've revised the history section to try to clarify this. I'm inclined to revise the article to remove some of the tube lighting discussion, including the nice photo of a neon sign. Leave a comment here if you have a different view. Easchiff (talk) 05:42, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Efficacies
Neon efficacies Tabby (talk) 21:35, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The efficacy for "white" "neon" looks doubtful to me; is there a non-sales-site that replicates these values? --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:49, 9 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Further, I think the link for this is now dead: Testem (talk) 14:40, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Why the neon lamp is a negative resistor and how it behaves when voltage driven
Wondering... Glrx, I wonder why you have removed any connection between the neon lamp and the negative resistance phenomenon. I wonder also why nobody has reacted to your edits; it is quite indicative for wikipedians inhabiting this space... I am not sure if I have said it in the best way in my last edits so I will try to explain it in more details here. Actually, I have not written these intuitive explanations for you (and your likes) since, as I can remember from all our discussions between us, you can't understand them... or you don't want to understand them... or you don't see much point in such viewpoint... what is practically the same... Instead, I have written these colorful explanations for curious readers with open minds that may visit this page looking for the truth behind these odd devices...

A neon lamp is a negative resistor. People understand concrete things with the help of more general concepts. So it is worth to show that a neon lamp is a typical negative resistance element; it is only one possible negative resistance implementation; simply, it is a negative resistor. Should I convince you of this fact? Search in Google or just look at the IV curve in the AB section and you will see the negative slope... The use of the negative resistance viewpoint is that once seen the negative resistance phenomenon in the bare neon lamp, our readers will see it in all other similar electronic devices (e.g., thyristors); the general phenomenon makes a connection between them that helps understanding.

A neon lamp is a negative differential resistor. Once shown the neon lamp is a negative resistor, we would like to determine what kind of negative resistor it is. First, we have to say that it is a negative differential resistor (NDR) since it changes its instant resistance (not voltage) in the negative resistance region.

A neon lamp is an S-shaped negative differential resistor. Then, we have to specify what kind of NDR it is because there are two kinds of negative resistors depending on their behavior in the negative resistance region. The neon lamp decreases its instant resistance when the input quantity increases so that the IV curve folds up counterclockwise and the total IV curve gets the shape of something similar to the letter "S"; thus the name "S-shaped IV curve".

A voltage driven neon lamp is an S-shaped NDR acting as a bistable element. Let's now see how the neon lamp behaves in the negative resistance region when driven by voltage. If the neon lamp had an N-shaped IV curve (see the figure on the left) and we increase the input voltage up to point A (in the middle of the negative resistance region), it would begin changing its instant resistance in the right direction (increasing) and finally it would reach the equilibrium point A. But the neon lamp has an S-shaped IV curve (see the figure on the right and the figure in the article showing the neon lamp graph). So, when the input voltage exceeds VH, it begins changing its instant resistance but in the "wrong" direction (decreasing). Thus it recedes further and further from the equilibrium point "in an avalanche-like manner" (if you prefer, name it "self-accelerating", "self-reinforcing" or just "positive feedback"). Finally, this negative resistor "saturates" and finds out the equilibrium point somewhere on the upper positive resistance part (point C in the figure showing the neon lamp graph). During this transition, the current changes vigorously ("jumps up") but the voltage stays constant. The neon lamp acts as a regenerative bistable element (Schmitt trigger) that switches instantly. Circuit dreamer (talk, contribs, email) 08:14, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I deleted some incorrect, irrelevant, and/or unsourced statements in the article.
 * Your comments above are unsourced and confused. What reliable source states "A voltage driven neon lamp is an S-shaped NDR acting as a bistable element"? You've been told many times that WP is not the place for WP:OR or WP:SYNTHESIS. What reliable sources discuss your "instant resistance"? The diagrams equate an operating point with a non-physical linear resistance. Your comments are also strangely counterfactual: "If the neon lamp had an N-shaped IV curve...."
 * Glrx (talk) 23:25, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Glrx, as the assertions below are already evident for everyone, please restore them (I can do it but it is more correctly if you do it as you have removed them).
 * A neon lamp is a negative resistor - 31,200
 * A neon lamp is a negative differential resistor - 6,710 results
 * See also Townsend discharge: "The presence of Townsend discharge and glow discharge breakdown voltages shapes the $$V_A-I_A$$ characteristic of any gas diode or neon lamp in a way such that it has a negative differential resistance region of the S-type."
 * A neon lamp is an S-shaped negative differential resistor - 1,710 results
 * An S-shaped NDR driven by a voltage source acts as a bistable (regenerative) switching element - it is a common truth
 * Every nonlinear (differential) resistor has an instant (chordal, static, ohmic or name it as you want) resistance at a given point - a common truth (see also the lede of Electrical resistance and conductance)
 * Circuit dreamer (talk, contribs, email) 09:36, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

 * This conversation would be useful for you:
 * "...Once lit, a neon lamp has an S-shaped negative resistance characteristic..."
 * "...current will rapidly increase in an avalanche-like manner..." Circuit dreamer (talk, contribs, email) 09:38, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Circuit dreamer is correct. Numerous sources state that neon bulbs have negative resistance of the current-controlled or "S" type: [1, 2, 3,  GE glow lamp manual, p. 2, and when biased correctly can have a bistable characteristic.  Digital logic circuits can even be built with them GE glow lamp manual, p. 41-65  --[[User:Chetvorno| Chetvorno ]]TALK 01:50, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The negative resistance issue is much more involved; I don't put much stock in the GE lamp manual. A neon lamp is not a time-invariant device in the same sense as a linear resistor or a non-linear semiconductor diode. Mapping a time-variant device into a time-invariant fiction has problems. Would you look at thermal runaway in a Ge transistor as a negative resistance? The ion distribution and the associated fields in a neon lamp vary radically over time. Similarly, the negative resistance in an arc discharge often involves local heating of a solid electrode; the hot spot takes time to develop, and once it develops, it turns the cold cathode into a thermionic emitter rather than a secondary emitter. The Poulsen arc plays some clever games to allow one electrode to get hot while cooling the other electrode. Glrx (talk) 23:39, 4 April 2014 (UTC)

 * The device clearly has negative resistance; the voltage drops as the current increases beyond the breakdown voltage. The device also has hysteresis, which is not mentioned in the article; the IV curve does not follow the same path when the current is decreased after it is conducting as when it is increased before it has broken down.  I'm sure the IV curve varies with temperature, but so do many devices.  Beyond that I'm not sure what you mean.  But both arcs and glow discharges have negative resistance; the proof is that both can be used to make oscillators.  All oscillators require negative resistance.  -- Chetvorno TALK 06:33, 5 April 2014 (UTC)

 * The article does acknowledge the bulb's negative resistance, so I don't really have a problem with that.  I think the Applications section should be divided more clearly between lighting and indicator uses, and switching uses.  Most importantly, I think the diagram of the IV curve needs to be replaced with a more accurate one, showing the "normal glow" and "abnormal glow" regions.  If I can find one, I will trace it in SVG. Do you know where I can find one?  There's one in the GE manual (p.18); if I have to I'll use that, but it doesn't show the hysteresis, and I don't know how accurate it is. -- Chetvorno TALK 06:33, 5 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't know what to say here. (I'm also about 5 weeks behind in my WP editing.)
 * Neon lamps are complicated. They depend on outside radiation to start. There's a lot of technology in a lowly NE-2.
 * Avalanche has a place in the neon lamp characteristic, but avalanche is a gain mechanism and not a negative resistance. The electron avalanche creates positive ions that have several effects in the lamp. Positive ions crashing onto the cathode may produce secondary electrons. That creates a positive feedback loop; when the loop gain equals one, then there is breakdown.
 * Hysterisis is evidence of internal state. The positive ion distributions (and fields) are radically different. It takes time to move the positive ions. (If there is hysterisis, is it proper to call the IV characteristics s-shaped? It's not the same s-shape of a tunnel diode.)
 * The hot spot explanation is a very local phenomenon; it is not about the average temperature of the device. There are more variables to consider than just I and V. The internal variables show positive feedback. That can suggest negative resistance in a quiescent state / final-value view.
 * I don't think there should be a negative resistance explanation for everything. I can turn a relay into a buzzer (multivibrator), but I don't see negative resistance as an obvious explanation of how that buzzer works. I also don't see negative resistance as an obvious explanation of a delay line multivibrator. I can see negative resistance as an implication of power gain, and power gain is needed for real world oscillators, but that's abstract.
 * Glrx (talk) 20:13, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I certainly agree that what's going on in the lamp is complicated. But from what I've read I think a lot of the complexity can be encapsulated in the IV curve using concepts of hysteresis and negative resistance, and the negative resistance concept is clearly used in the design of neon lamp circuits.

 * There are probably some oscillators and closed-loop control systems that cannot be explained by negative resistance (NR), as you say, but most relaxation oscillators can. The tunnel diode has N-type negative resistance, while the neon bulb is supposed to have S-type (V is the independent variable in IV curves). In a relaxation oscillator based on a NR device, the negative resistance segment of the IV curve is unstable, so negative resistance cannot be observed directly.  In a relaxation oscillation (limit cycle) the state of the system follows the IV curve, which represents stable states of the NR device, until it reaches the negative resistance section, then "jumps" quickly to the other branch of the IV curve, through unstable states of the device.

 * N-type (voltage controlled) NR devices like the tunnel diode have hysteresis when driven by current sources, but are stable when driven by voltage sources.  So the whole IV curve including the negative resistance region can be graphed; there's no doubt they have NR.  S-type (current controlled) devices are likewise supposed to be stable when driven by current sources, but I don't know if this is true for the neon bulb.

 * Hysteresis is evidence of "state", but in relaxation oscillators that includes the state of the energy storage devices in the external circuit. However, many of the IV curves I've seen for gas discharges show hysteresis in the breakdown region, which would be caused by internal state as you say.   Once breakdown has occurred and the voltage has dropped to the maintaining voltage, the ionization and low voltage can be maintained at currents below the current at which breakdown occurred.  If I understand it, that's because the high electric field in the cathode fall makes it an efficient producer of ions.  But  as I say, S-type NRs are supposed to be stable when driven by current sources.  Do you know if the neon lamp has hysteresis regardless of the driving resistance?  If it is impossible to stabilize the lamp in the breakdown current range at a voltage between the breakdown and maintaining voltage with any external circuit, then I'd agree with you.  The bulb acts like your relay example, switching between two ionization states, and maybe "negative resistance" is not a good term.  But just because NR cannot be observed in the device with one particular external circuit, does not mean it doesn't have it.  -- Chetvorno TALK 08:01, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't know where we are headed here.
 * Neon lamp multivibrators are usually looked at as a state change rather than a negative resistance. A resistor charges a capacitor; the voltage across the capacitor rises; when it rises beyond the breakdown voltage, the lamp starts conducting and discharges the capacitor until the voltage falls below the sustaining voltage. I don't think general sources examine the discharge current; I don't recall seeing any current limiting resistors.
 * You are confusing hysteresis and operating point. The IV characteristics of a tunnel diode are usually considered to be static; there is no hysteresis in the IV curve. A tunnel diode circuit can have hysteresis: for a typical resistive load line there may be two stable operating points. The IV characteristics of the tunnel diode do not change.
 * A glow discharge does not have a static IV curve; the IV characteristics change; the IV characteristics are not even clean (there can be games near the breakdown voltage). A lot of other stuff is going on, too.
 * Glrx (talk) 22:32, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

 * This detailed analysis of the IV curve shows that gas discharges have real negative resistance, not just switching behavior, confirming what many other sources 1, p. 7, 2, 3, 4 say.   See p. 12, "F to G".  Just above the discontinuous breakdown point you were talking about, in the normal glow region, it says the voltage is a decreasing function of current.   The IV curve also shows the hysteresis at breakdown I mentioned (p.9, points D-E-F-F'), as do other curves.

 * This negative resistance is important for relaxation oscillator operation, because for the circuit to be unstable and oscillate the load line must cross the IV curve in a region of negative resistance; if it intersects it in a region of positive resistance that is a stable operating point. If the lamp just had switching behavior as you maintain, and not NR, after it had turned on it would remain on, in the normal glow region, and take all the current, and the capacitor wouldn't charge up again. -- Chetvorno TALK 06:06, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

For your first ref, the explanation uses a state change first: "After a discontinuous transition from E to F, the plasma enters the ‘normal glow’ region". The negative resistance that author discusses is a slight one during normal glow ("slightly decreasing function of the current") -- it is not the negative resistance that other authors claim. BTW, the ref discusses the possibility of multiple cells in a discharge -- possible other reorganized states. It does not appear to be a peer reviewed publication.

The second ref has only a snippet view; the figure is not visible. Starting with point A makes me wonder if the author claims Townsend avalanche exists throughout the saturation region; there's not enough to tell from the snippet. This author contradicts the first ref by saying the normal glow region has a constant (rather than a falling) slope. The ref does not appear to seriously address the topic.

The third ref is a general reference on display technology. It describes the lamp as a state change device on page 167: the voltage after "breakback" (firing or operating) is lower. The ref later lumps the "breakback" and the negative resistance together: "A consequence of the breakback phenonmenon describe above is that the discharge in this usual normal glow regime exhibits negative resistance". That statement is confused and should be enough to discard the author as an authority. Normal glow is a particular operating condition that does not include the transition that many want to label as a negative resistance. It is not negative resistance that leads to destruction but rather the ability of the discharge to maintain high currents and significant power.

The fourth ref is passing mention. It does not appear interested in the detailed IV characteristics.

Your negative resistance proof is circular. If one assumes negative resistance is important for oscillators, then one must pay attention to negative resistance. Consider a current source instead. The current source must supply more than the maximum Townsend current (+ cap leakage current) in order to reach the breakdown voltage. The current source must supply less than the sustaining current in order to quench the lamp. To make a free running oscillator, I must meet both conditions. You can argue that the current source crosses the negative resistance characteristic, but you can also argue that the trip points must be reached. It does not prove there must be a negative resistance.

Glrx (talk) 19:09, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

AC operation alternating glow
My little pocket camera has a "high speed" video mode that shoots 240 frames/second instead of the usual 30. At this speed it's quite easy to see the electrodes alternating on AC operation (even at 60 Hz). How do I change a .MOV video to something that Wikipedia can accept? --Wtshymanski (talk) 00:50, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Nice idea. Glrx (talk) 01:09, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Convert it to the .GIF format. Some websites are able to do the conversion online. Make sure the frame delay setting is at least 0.06 ms because that is the minimum for some browsers (IE). Ceinturion (talk) 08:09, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Animated .gif seems like the way to go to me also, and I think it's a great idea. Here's a link to one that was made from video: File:MaryPoppinsChimneyDance.gif. If possible, I'd suggest that you include something in your images to indicate the size of the little lamp, such as part of a ruler or scale, or perhaps a sheet of graph paper as the background. Easchiff (talk) 11:13, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

Inadequate graph
I agree with the "dubious" tag that the graph of the IV characteristic in the Description section, Doutnavka.svg, is inadequate. Maybe a better graph could be found? -- Chetvorno TALK 23:54, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

The old graph is also inadequate because it shows the current dependent on the voltage, while the two primary references (Miller and GE Lamps) use the voltage as a function of currrent, which is sensible, as the device must be operated with limited current anyhow. I did not find primary sources where the old graph is used at all, so I did remove it completely. (Including the long citation from the reference, which refers to a different graph and which I feel inadequate in a caption anyhow.) Rainglasz (talk) 13:24, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

The graph shown is very similar, but less complete to a graph shown in " " I believe that this graph is a sensible way to present the glowlamp characteristics, since it is the voltage you measure across a glowlamp when you vary the value of the series resistor required to limit the lamp current. You can't easily measure this voltage plateau, which spans several orders of magnitude in current, with a simple variable voltage source. In short, to measure this you need to control the current and measure the voltage, not the other way round. Therefore the abscissa is the right place for the current. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.33.118.230 (talk) 20:09, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

Dependence on light and radiation
I removed the sentence that The striking voltage is reduced by ambient light or radioactivity, immediately before the refernce to Miller, because didn't I find anything like that in the reference. The GE Glow Lamps reference is not quite clear, but it seems that the current at which the nearly vertial section leading to the striking voltage is dependent on the outer light and radioactivity, so that this current is larger if there is radiation. There are dotted variants in the GE book, which I left out for clarity. If anyone finds a reliable source for this, I would be happy to insert it again. Rainglasz (talk) 13:36, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
 * It's a pretty notable effect and I've restored it; shortly I will dig up my book on gas discharges and put in a citation. I have fond memories of opening up realy panels and suddenly seeing the (neon) pilot lights on the relays turn on as room light hit them - then go out again if I turned off the lights. --Wtshymanski (talk) 00:56, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
 * One of my first electronics projects is (I still have it) a touch switch from Popular Electronics. It uses an NE-83 which, when it starts conducting turns on an SCR. The explanation is that the NE-83 has some radioactive material inside to decrease the strike voltage. I believe that is documented somewhere in the GE data sheets. Gah4 (talk) 20:44, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
 * One of my first electronics projects is (I still have it) a touch switch from Popular Electronics. It uses an NE-83 which, when it starts conducting turns on an SCR. The explanation is that the NE-83 has some radioactive material inside to decrease the strike voltage. I believe that is documented somewhere in the GE data sheets. Gah4 (talk) 20:44, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

Proposed addition: "Non-linear circuit element in models of neural-like activity"
Neon lamps possess very rich dynamical properties, in particular, because, as the applied voltage changes, the transition between the "on" and "off" phases is at the same time significantly hysteretic and stochastic. Owing to these properties, they have been used as the sole non-linear element in electronic models, or analogues, of neural dynamics, initially by Balthasar van der Pol. In 2016, an elementary network consisting of a two-dimensional lattice of neon lamps, each one biased to a common DC voltage and capacitively-coupled to its neighbors, was investigated. Varying the applied voltage, it was possible to elicit the emergence of ordered, high-rate and disordered, low-rate phases, with a first-order transition between them and critical avalanching, bearing a very close similarity to neural observations of criticality and thus illustrating the generative potential of this simple device, often nowadays relegated to the role of line voltage indicator. ( Lminati (talk) 15:24, 12 March 2019 (UTC) )

Redirect for discussion
I've listed the two redirects Neon tube and Neon tubes (note that the second is a plural), as "redirects for discussion" here: Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2019_November_3. This is because they redirect to different things - respectively neon sign and neon lamp. I feel this should be made consistent. Please add your thoughts on the discussion page. Wittylama 22:51, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

NE-83
Anyone know about the NE-83? Gah4 (talk) 22:20, 11 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a parts catalog. Look at a neon lamp catalog instead. --Wtshymanski (talk) 22:03, 15 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't mean it as a parts catalog. I believe the NE-83 is one of the ones with some radioactive element to decrease the starting voltage. As the article mentions some about that, and I remember using one many (many!) years ago, I thought about mentioning it. Parts catalogs don't give the details of the operation, such as which radioactive element it might have. Gah4 (talk) 23:24, 15 June 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, an actual data sheet is here. Many lamps say "radioactive additive. Many more than I thought when I mentioned the NE-83. I thought someone else might know about it, and say something (in the article) about it. Sorry if it didn't come out that way. Gah4 (talk) 23:36, 15 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I get a little sensitized to people wanting a whole article about their favorite size of flashlight battery or individual diodes that they've known and loved. The NE83 is interesting as a class of lamps including radioactive material to improve operating characteristics. Added to article, with a reference and my thanks. --Wtshymanski (talk) 02:12, 16 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. When I wrote that, I thought that the NE-83 was a rare lamp with a radioactive additive. Looking through the linked data sheets, it seems not rare, though it might be that many of the lamps are rare. I think my first real electronics project, when I was about 9, is a touch switch from Popular Science that uses the NE-83 and an SCR. So I forever remember that part number, and thought others might also remember it. I found one that mentions H3, which I presume is tritium, regarding a neon lamp, but never knew what is in the NE-83. And mine is over 50 years old now. Gah4 (talk) 15:08, 16 June 2022 (UTC)
 * That's three half-lives, so there's a lot less tritium in it now than when it left the 1970's. I imagine thre's stricter rules today on even trace usage of radioisotopes...do they still even make wristwatches with glowing hands? That was a standard feature of bedside alarm clocks back in the olden days. --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:55, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * But I don't actually know it is tritium. Only one place mentions it, and maybe not a WP:RS. I believe I once knew about tritium watch lighting, but never saw one. I don't think the radium watches are made anymore. I did once know of a refrigerator with a sign not to store your lunch next to the tritium ice. Gah4 (talk) 01:48, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. When I wrote that, I thought that the NE-83 was a rare lamp with a radioactive additive. Looking through the linked data sheets, it seems not rare, though it might be that many of the lamps are rare. I think my first real electronics project, when I was about 9, is a touch switch from Popular Science that uses the NE-83 and an SCR. So I forever remember that part number, and thought others might also remember it. I found one that mentions H3, which I presume is tritium, regarding a neon lamp, but never knew what is in the NE-83. And mine is over 50 years old now. Gah4 (talk) 15:08, 16 June 2022 (UTC)
 * That's three half-lives, so there's a lot less tritium in it now than when it left the 1970's. I imagine thre's stricter rules today on even trace usage of radioisotopes...do they still even make wristwatches with glowing hands? That was a standard feature of bedside alarm clocks back in the olden days. --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:55, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * But I don't actually know it is tritium. Only one place mentions it, and maybe not a WP:RS. I believe I once knew about tritium watch lighting, but never saw one. I don't think the radium watches are made anymore. I did once know of a refrigerator with a sign not to store your lunch next to the tritium ice. Gah4 (talk) 01:48, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * But I don't actually know it is tritium. Only one place mentions it, and maybe not a WP:RS. I believe I once knew about tritium watch lighting, but never saw one. I don't think the radium watches are made anymore. I did once know of a refrigerator with a sign not to store your lunch next to the tritium ice. Gah4 (talk) 01:48, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * But I don't actually know it is tritium. Only one place mentions it, and maybe not a WP:RS. I believe I once knew about tritium watch lighting, but never saw one. I don't think the radium watches are made anymore. I did once know of a refrigerator with a sign not to store your lunch next to the tritium ice. Gah4 (talk) 01:48, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

"RGBA pixel" seems far fetched (because physically impossible)
the "RGBA pixel" mentioned (apparently off topic) in the section about alphanumeric displays seems odd... how exactly does one use an electric glow discharge (light) to turn a physical object (the tube) invisible ("A")? the citation is a contextless scan of what looks like a super-condensed datasheet in russian. a quick translation using an OCR tool does not mention anything about an alpha channel, instead seems to specify "YGRB" (according to the list of "color channel brightnesses" and "the letters denote ..." note right below the drawing on page 2). the only vaguely "alpha" or "a" looking/sounding thing involved seems to be pin labelling for counting purposes or the actual anode (not 110% sure which one is which). either way this should probably be corrected by someone who actually understands russian, but i'm extremely certain "RGBA" is not a term we should use when talking about very much opaque light emitters :P 92.76.149.69 (talk) 05:43, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neon lamp


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Herobracelet

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 19:08, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Herobracelet
Erwin Walsh

 * Comment: It could evolve into more than just a spam article.   ‡   Jarlaxle   20:14, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * If it evolves to the point where it becomes well known (Notability HeroBracelet) then it will deserve an entry. Until then: Delete. --GraemeL (talk) 20:40, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Vuilnis.JPG|75px]]. Sorry, couldn't resist. Sabine's Sunbird 21:25, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Nice. Erwin Walsh

 * Strong delete. No references from external sources explaining cultural impact means: not notable. Let's not let these vultures use the EnWiki to make money off of the tragedy of the Iraq War unless they do something encyclopedically noteworthy. Fernando Rizo T/C 21:27, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pilatus 22:00, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Spammish.Amren (talk) 00:14, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * [[image:Hamster sandwich.jpg|75px]] Extreme hamster, for the usual reasons. —RaD Man (talk) 00:52, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Špããmm. Alf 01:45, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't top that with a better image ,Alf. Delete as spamvertising. - Mgm|(talk) 10:52, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I DON"T LIKE SPAM!!!Indrian 06:55, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - spam - Tεx  τ  urε  15:48, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Csherbak

I am a NeoPagan Druid Geek Bear living in Des Plaines, IL, USA.

Search user languages

title: User:Csherbak


text: User talk:85.64.61.222

title: User talk:85.64.61.222


text: Talk:Tin(IV) chloride

title: Talk:Tin(IV) chloride


text:
For the Love of God (instrumental)

"For the Love of God" is an instrumental guitar piece by Steve Vai. It is the seventh song on Vai's 1990 album, Passion and Warfare. The piece runs for six minutes and features a number of techniques including pitch bends, legato, and sweep picking. Vai recorded the track on the fourth day of a ten-day fast. During an interview, he explained, "I do try to push myself into relatively altered states of consciousness. Because in those states you can come up with things that are unique even for yourself".

David Coverdale of Whitesnake provides a spoken word at the end of the song. He speaks the phrase, "Walking the fine line between Pagan and Christian." Vai recorded the song on an early prototype of the Ibanez Universe 7-string guitar, which he eventually gave to Prince in 1996.

Steve Vai debuted the song in Seville, Spain, during the "Leyendas de la Guitarra" (Guitar Legends) festival in 1991. One of its most acclaimed performances was with the Metropole Orchestra in the Netherlands, which is featured on the Sound Theories album.

"For the Love of God" was voted number 29 in a readers' poll of the 100 greatest guitar solos of all time for the magazine, Guitar World. "For the Love of God" has also been featured on numerous video games such as, Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock and Rock Band.

title: For the Love of God (instrumental)


text:
Huron Carole

The Huron Carole is a Canadian touring musical production which raises donations for local foodbanks, in collaboration with Food Banks Canada. Founded and led by entertainer Tom Jackson, the Huron Carole toured across Canada during the Christmas season of each year from 1987 to 2004. It collected more than $3.55 million, and numerous tonnes of food. After an eight-year hiatus, the Huron Carole began again in 2012 and 2013.

The name of the fundraiser comes from the Huron Carol, Canada's oldest Christmas carol, written by Father Jean de Brébeuf in the 17th century. The opening lines of the English version of the carol, " 'Twas in the moon of wintertime / When all the birds had fled" fits in with the tour's theme of the need to raise food for others, particularly in the cold of winter.

First run
Tom Jackson founded the Huron Carole in 1987. From 1987 to 2004, the Huron Carole regularly toured across Canada during the Christmas season. Led by Jackson, who also performed in the show, the Huron Carole enlisted the help of musical artists from across Canada to raise money and donations for foodbanks. The musical style tended to country and soft rock, with a strong Christmas theme.

Second run
The Huron Carole began again in 2012 and toured in 2013 as well.

2013 Tour
The 2013 tour began on November 23 in Halifax and ended on December 19 in Victoria, appearing in sixteen different cities in eight provinces.

The performers were Tom Jackson, Shannon Gaye, Beverley Mahood, One More Girl, and George Canyon, supported by a touring band.

The national sponsors for the tour were Great-West Life, London Life, Canada Life, Enbridge, Sentry, Nov, and CMT. There are also local sponsors in each city the tour covers.

Related food-bank fundraisers
After the 2004 tour, Jackson began two new fundraisers for food-banks, Singing for Supper and Swinging for Supper, both beginning in 2005. Singing for Supper featured Jackson travelling smaller cities from Thunder Bay to Halifax, and playing concerts in churches and community halls along the way. Swinging for Supper is an annual series of fundraising golf tournaments, also under Jackson's leadership.

The Cause
The Canadian food banks have a lot of community help with these events during the Christmas season. Unfortunately, the need in the summer months does not decrease, and the donations do. They have in recent years started to do local fundraising for "Christmas in July", but there really is not anything that is as far reaching as the Huron Carole.

title: Huron Carole


text: User talk:80.160.103.33

title: User talk:80.160.103.33


text: User talk:Eileentorr

title: User talk:Eileentorr


text:
User:Katu~enwiki

About Katu
Some quick facts:
 * Real name: Kathrine
 * Age: 19

Interests
Phantom of the Opera is the main one.

title: User:Katu~enwiki


text:
Talk:Constitutional court

Monaco and Norway
The Supreme Courts of Monaco and Norway had constitutional jurisdiction already before the Austrian Court.

http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/efcb8af3d5f55567c1256fa3004fcc3ffr?OpenDocument&5Fr#Contr%C3%B4le%20des%20actes and www.codices.coe.int (click descriptions).

Russia
The Constitutional Court of Russia has moved to St. Petersburg. The photo should be changed. Schnutz

Australia
Note on Australia: Australia doesn't exercise judicial review through the supreme court. It has a seperate court (High Court) for judicial review (and for other matters such as final appeal, legislative and constitutional issues).

 * Australia does exercise judicial review through its supreme court: its supreme court for all purposes, including judicial review, is the highest federal court, the High Court of Australia. Among other things, the HCA hears appeals from the "supreme courts" (so named) of the States.  --Wikiain (talk) 23:18, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Romania
Romania had constitutional review befor WWI. The historical timeline in his entry appears to be incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.100.182.13 (talk) 18:26, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

Czechoslovakian constitutional court
Czechoslovakian constitutional court was established in 1920 ( 1921 ) http://www.concourt.cz/view/history and it was the first constituonal court in Europe ( czechoslovakian Constitutional Charter of 1920 is older than constitution of first Republic of Austria, but austrian court was first in practice ). --General D (talk) 19:55, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

 * A Court exists when it exists, not when there is a regulation for its existance that is not implemented. --Glorfindel Goldscheitel (talk) 08:15, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Also the Austrian Court was established in 1919 and had - back then - the power to examine the laws made by the Austrian states. So it is - from every point of view - the oldest Costitutional Court. --Glorfindel Goldscheitel (talk) 12:09, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

Malta
Malta's highest court is the Constitutional Court of Malta. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.211.70.225 (talk) 01:38, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

UK
The article included the line "(The United Kingdom itself had neither a Supreme Court or a codified constitution to be reviewed by such a court, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom being established only in 2009)." I've amended this to the present tense.

The UK still doesn't in fact have a constitutional court - the "Supreme Court" of the UK is in fact not supreme, unlike that of the US. I've changed the article to reflect this. The UK supreme court is in fact just the old judicial arm of the House of Lords, renamed.

Incidentally, is it worth including nataions which specifically don't have courts with powers to review primary legislation, since these are probably now the exceptions?

 * The above paragraph and the mentioned article paragraph are substantially incorrect. The UK does have a constitution Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom, it is just not enshrined into a single document. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is both a Court of final appeal and a constitutional court.
 * https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/political-and-constitutional-reform/The-UK-Constitution.pdf
 * "Courts are the final arbiter between the citizen and the state, and are therefore a fundamental pillar of the constitution"
 * "The Supreme Court was established to achieve a complete separation between the United Kingdom's senior Judges and the Upper House of Parliament, emphasising the independence of the Law Lords and increasing the transparency between Parliament and the courts.
 * https://www.supremecourt.uk/about/significance-to-the-uk.html
 * 83.100.188.53 (talk) 13:38, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Some courts / countries to be added to the list
Constitutional Council of Algeria (Conseil constitutionnel (Algérie))

Constitutional Court of Andorra

Constitutional Court of Bahrain

Constitutional Court of Benin (Cour constitutionnelle (Bénin))

Constitutional Council of Burkina Faso

Constitutional Court of Burundi

Constitutional Council of Cambodia

Constitutional Court of Cape Verde (tribunal constitucional)

Transitional Constitutional Court of the Central African Republic (Cour constitutionnelle de transition de la République centrafricaine)

Constitutional Council of Chad

Constitutional Court of Comoros

Constitutional Court of Congo (Brazzaville)

Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Costa Rica (Corte Suprema de Justicia de Costa Rica)

Constitutional Council of Côte d'Ivoire

Constitutional Council of Djibouti

Constitutional Court of Equatorial Guinea (Tribunal constitutionnel)

Constitutional Court of Gabon

Constitutional Court of Guinea

Constitutional Council of Kazakhstan

Constitutional Court of Kuwait

Constitutional Council of Lebanon (Conseil constitutionnel (Liban))

State Court of Justice of Liechtenstein (Staatsgerichtshof (Liechtenstein))

Constitutional Court of Luxembourg (Cour Constitutionelle / Verfassugnsgerichtshof)

High Constitutional Court of Madagascar

Constitutional Court of Mali (Cour constitutionnelle du Mali)

Constitutional Court of Malta

Constitutional Council of Mauritania (Conseil constitutionnel (Mauritanie))

Constitutional Court of Montenegro

Constitutional Council of Morocco (Conseil constitutionnel (Maroc))

Constitutional Council of Mozambique

Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Nicaragua

Constitutional Court of Niger

Constitutional Court of São Tomé and Príncipe

Constitutional Council of Senegal (Conseil constitutionnel (Sénégal))

Constitutional Court of Tajikistan

Constitutional Court of Togo (Cour constitutionnelle (Togo))

Constitutional Court of Tunisia (Conseil constitutionnel (Tunisie))Bancki (talk) 11:20, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe has the Constitutional Court of Zimbabwe as part of its court system. - (101.98.104.241 (talk) 10:06, 9 April 2018 (UTC))

title: Talk:Constitutional court