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Simone Antonio Saint-Bon

Simone Antonio Pacoret de Saint-Bon (March 20, 1828 – November 26, 1892) was an admiral of the Italian Regia Marina ("Royal Navy").

Saint-Bon was born at Chambéry, now in France, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Leaving the Naval Academy in 1847, he attained the rank of commander in 1860, and that of vice-admiral in 1867. He took part in the Crimean War, distinguished himself in 1860 at the siege of Ancona, and was decorated for valor at the Siege of Gaeta. At the Battle of Lissa in 1866, his vessel, the ironclad ITALIAN IRONCLAD Formidabile, forced the entrance of the port of San Giorgio di Lissa and silenced the Austrian artillery batteries, for which exploit he received the Gold Medal of Military Valor. In 1873 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies and appointed by Prime Minister Marco Minghetti to be Minister of the Navy, in which position he revolutionized the Regia Marina. Insisting upon the need for large battleships with high powers of attack and defense, and capable of fighting as single units, he introduced the colossal types of which the ironclad battleships ITALIAN IRONCLAD Duilio and ITALIAN IRONCLAD Enrico Dandolo were the earliest examples. Falling from power with the Right in 1876, he resumed active naval service, but in 1891 was again appointed Minister of the Navy.

He died at Rome on 26 November 1892, while still in office. He is remembered in Italy as the originator of the modern Italian fleet.

Commemoration
Two ships of the Regia Marina were named after him:

 * The battleship ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Ammiraglio di Saint Bon, commissioned in 1901.
 * The submarine ITALIAN SUBMARINE Ammiraglio Saint-Bon, a Cagni-class submarine submarine commissioned in 1940.

title: Simone Antonio Saint-Bon


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You Got Me (The Roots song)

"You Got Me" is a song by American hip hop band The Roots, featuring vocals from Erykah Badu (who sings the chorus) and Eve, then known as Eve of Destruction, who raps the second verse but does not appear in the music video. The track was released as a single from the band's fourth studio album, Things Fall Apart (1999), in January 1999.

Background
"You Got Me" was co-written by musician Jill Scott, who recorded vocals for the song's chorus and bridge. Her part was subsequently re-recorded by Badu at the insistence of MCA Records, who wanted a higher-profile collaboration for the album's official lead single (at the time, Scott was relatively unknown outside Philadelphia). When the group later went on tour, Scott joined them during performances of the song. The original version was later released on the 2005 compilation ''Home Grown! The Beginners Guide to Understanding the Roots, Volume One''.

The song garnered the Roots and Badu a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 2000. In 2011, the Roots, Badu and Scott all performed the song together at VH1 Divas Celebrates Soul.

Music video
The music video for "You Got Me" was directed by Charles Stone III and features cameos from rapper and actor Common, plus Tracy Morgan as a rider on the bus.

Track listing
European maxi-CD single
 * 1) "You Got Me"
 * 2) "Adrenaline!"
 * 3) "New Year's @ Jay Dee's"
 * 4) "You Got Me" (Me Tienes Remix)
 * 5) "You Got Me" (Cris Remix) bka Cris Prolific

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: You Got Me (The Roots song)


text: User talk:70.243.80.226

title: User talk:70.243.80.226


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The Giant Spider Invasion

The Giant Spider Invasion is a 1975 American independent science fiction action horror film produced, composed and directed by Bill Rebane, and follows giant spiders that terrorize the town of Merrill, Wisconsin and its surrounding area. The film was theatrically released in 1975 by Group 1 Films and enjoyed a considerable run to become one of the 50 top-grossing films of that year.

After a three-time ABC network run, The Giant Spider Invasion achieved further exposure many years later, when it was featured in a 1997 episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000.

Plot
A comet or meteor is seen streaking across the night sky. Davey Perkins stops in to see Sheriff Jones. He works for his Dad's newspaper and is looking for a story. The Sheriff informs him that things are quiet.

At a rundown farm outside of town, Dan Kester bids his wife Ev goodbye. He tells her he's going to a revival meeting. The preacher is giving a sermon to the faithful, but Dan isn't there. Davey stops by Kester's place to pick up his girlfriend, Terry and greets Ev on the porch. She is drinking and offers Davey one. Ev and Terry are sisters. Terry and Davey depart, and Ev continues to drink alone. Ev runs out of alcohol and calls Dutch, the café/bar owner and asks him for a delivery. Davey and Terry drive over to a local junkyard and start necking. Dan finishes up with his prostitute/waitress, Helga and leaves her place and drives home, listening to the revival on the radio. Just as Dan arrives home the meteor crashes somewhere on their property. In addition to a strong wind, electrical equipment starts to malfunction.

A B-52 flying on patrol reports a magnetic anomaly and RADAR problems, then crashes. The Sheriff starts getting calls from citizens reporting electrical problems. Dr Jenny Langer at Montclair Observatory calls NASA again to report further information, now including gamma-ray activity. At the Houston office of NASA, Dr Vance is feeding and talking to his plant. A co-worker, Paul, brings him some reports from Northern Wisconsin. Vance suspects the downed B-52 and the reports are related. Vance leaves for Wisconsin to investigate.

Langer finishes a lecture on astronomy to her class when Dr Vance arrives on campus to meet with her. They walk back to her office and she briefs him on her findings. The Kesters search their property and find a dead cow. In fact, they find many dead cattle. Kester proposes to butcher the animals and sells the meat to the local café. As they continue to survey their property, Ev picks up a strange rock. They find more of the same kind and collect them. They finally arrive at the impact spot of the meteor.

Sheriff Jones walks into the local café/bar and talks to the owner, Dutch and the waitress, Helga. Helga goes into the kitchen to get the Sheriff his breakfast. The Kesters return to the house. Dan tries to break open one of the rocks, but it falls off the table onto the floor, and the geode breaks open. Unobserved by the Kesters, a spider crawls out. Dan retrieves the rock and pulls a crystal out. They are convinced they are diamonds after Dan scrawls a dollar sign on the kitchen window. Back at the café, Langer and Vance stop by to see the Sheriff. Davey stops by and joins the three at the table. He's still looking for a story. Davey tells them about the electrical disturbance and winds the evening before.

Ev is hitting the booze pretty heavily and swatting the spiders on the kitchen table with a flyswatter. Dan hasn't seen them yet and attributes Ev's spiders to the DTs. Dan heads back out to collect more rocks but discovers the dead body of a motorcycle rider. Instead of reporting his find, he buries the body and hides the motorcycle. He doesn't want the Sheriff nosing around the property and finding either the diamonds or the pot they are growing. He returns to the house and tells his wife, Ev of his discovery. That evening, Ev, still drinking, goes to bed, but can't get to sleep. As she pulls open a dresser drawer to get something, a giant spider jumps out at her. She exits the bedroom and the house, screaming, and runs into an outbuilding or barn. There she is attacked by a dog-sized spider that kills her.

Dan leaves Helga's house the next morning and drives into town to see his cousin, Billy. Billy is a rock shop owner and examines one of Dan's crystals. Billy pronounces them inferior-industrial quality, but still a diamond. Dan drives back home. The Sheriff stops by the Kester farm to make inquiries about the missing motorcycle rider. Dan lies to the Sheriff and denies any knowledge. After the Sheriff leaves, Dan heads back to the impact zone to dig for more rocks. He is attacked and eaten by a great spider, the size of a car. His curiosity whetted, Billy stops by the Kester place to talk to Dan a little more about the diamond, but Dan is missing. He leaves, but on his way home his car hits a huge web, and he is attacked by another giant spider. He manages to escape, but in his confusion runs his car into a gas station, and the explosion kills him.

Langer and Vance drive around trying to locate the impact zone. They know it's around the Kester property, but not an exact location. Meanwhile, the Kester house is destroyed by the giant spider with Terry inside. Davey arrives at the house, only to find it demolished. He fires his rifle at the departing spider, then rushes to retrieve Terry who is barely alive. The bullets seemed to have no effect on the spider. Vance and Langer are attacked but manage to escape the giant spider. Davey takes Terry to the hospital. Langer and Vance make it back to town and inform the Sheriff of the 50-foot spider. The Sheriff gives them a couple of rocks to examine. Davey calls the Sheriff to report the damage at the Kester place and Terry's condition. Dutch organizes a posse to go after the giant spider, but the Deputy orders them home. The mob ignores the order and heads for the Kester place.

The giant spider attacks the Gleason Days carnival. The Sheriff is called by Gleason officials and told the spider is headed his way. He calls for the National Guard. Vance and Langer had discussed earlier the possibility of using a neutron device to destroy a mini-black hole that allowed the spiders to invade Earth. The neutron device is shipped to the local airport and loaded on a helicopter. The target is the impact site. Meanwhile, the mob gathers and Sheriff Jones tries to keep them off the Kester property. The spider attacks the mob while they are still in town. The giant spider returns to the impact site, where Langer and Vance direct the dropping of the neutron device. The spider attacks the deputy who is eaten alive. The neutron device is deployed and the giant spider explodes, melting into a pile of goo.

Cast
• Steve Brodie as Dr. J.R. Vance

• Barbara Hale as Dr. Jenny Langer

• Alan Hale Jr. as Sheriff Jones

• Leslie Parrish as Ev Kester

• Robert Easton as Dan Kester

• Christiane Schmidtmer as Helga

• Kevin Brodie as Dave Perkins

• Bill Williams as Dutch

• Diane Lee Hart as Terry

• Paul Bentzen as Billy

• Tain Bodkin as Preacher

• J. Stewart Taylor as Deputy

• William W. Gillett Jr. as Rider

• Sheryl Desotelle as driver of VW Giant Spider

Production
Originally conceived as an idea from Richard Huff, he and actor Robert Easton, a friend of Rebane, were tasked to write the script. By the time filming began, creative differences led to a script not being made and only pages of dialogue had been written. To motivate Easton, who was told to write 10 to 15 pages a day, Rebane locked him in a cabin and told him to finish the daily task or he would not be fed. The cast of the film consisted of Hollywood veterans. It was tentatively titled The Great Spider Invasion.

The Giant Spider Invasion was shot in Gleason, Tomahawk and Merrill, Wisconsin in six weeks with a budget of $300,000. The University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point was also used for filming. Former mayor of Madison, Wisconsin and future Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge William Dyke was an uncredited executive producer, helping to fund and find a distributor for the film. Special effects artist Bob Millay was hired to design the spiders for the film. Jack Willoughby was the cinematographer. Rebane's wife Barbara worked as the script girl. Tarantulas were used in portions of the film to portray the spider hatchlings, sent from Arizona through trucking by the special effects crew.

While attempting to film a scene where the spider explodes, the effects team covered the prop with gunpowder and had a crew member attempt to ignite it with matches. Despite using the entire matchbox, the spider did not explode and Rebane decided to stop filming. Immediately after they stopped, the spider exploded, causing two crew members to get their hair singed and be taken to the hospital to be treated for severe burns.

Release
The Giant Spider Invasion was distributed by Group 1 International Distribution Organization. The movie was released in theaters in 1975. In an interview with Fangoria in 1996, Bill Rebane claimed the movie grossed $15 million. Turner Classic Movies claimed the movie made a $22 million return. In the United States and Canada, video rentals of the movie in 1976 grossed to $2,347,000. On television, it was featured on The CBS Late Movie.

The Giant Spider Invasion was released on DVD by multiple video companies, including Retromedia in 2002 and a director's cut on May 5, 2009 by MVD Visual. It was released on Blu-ray on June 15, 2015 by VCI Entertainment.

Reception
Brandlon L. Chase, the president of distributor Group 1 International Distribution Organization, won the "Outstanding Executive Achievement" award at the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. Linda Gross for the Los Angeles Times called it a "poorly done combination of science fiction, Jaws, and Day of the Locust." Gross was also critical on the films script and Rebane's direction, but thought the spiders to be scary. Glenn Garvin from The Delta Democrat-Times described the movie as "self-subconsciously ludicrous". Garvin also recounted during his theater experience kids at the screening were laughing instead of being scared by the film. Albuquerque Journal's Chuck Mittlestadt gave the film a warmer reception, giving positive marks for its editing and direction. Mittlestadt also gave praise to Barbara Hale, Kevin Brodie, and Alan Hale's acting.

Michael Weldon, in The Psychotronic Encyclopedia of Film, while criticizing the special effects and comparing them negatively to The Giant Claw, he considered the movie to be "Lots of laughs". Leonard Maltin wrote, "Veteran cast can't do much for this tacky horror opus filmed in Wisconsin." VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever gave the film one star, while Robert Firsching from Allmovie gave the movie one star out of five, speaking negatively about Rebane's direction and the movie's use of humor. Blockbuster Entertainment gave the film one star and thought that the unintentional laughs from the film worn thin quickly.

The film is listed on 'The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made' in the book The Official Razzie Movie Guide by Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson. Wired listed the movie as one of the "cheesiest movies" ever made.

Legacy
On May 31, 1997, The Giant Spider Invasion was featured on the Sci-Fi Channel in a season eight episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 (MST3K), a comedy television series in which the character Mike Nelson and his two robot friends Crow T. Robot and Tom Servo are forced to watch 'bad films' as part of an ongoing scientific experiment. Regarding the episode, Director Bill Rebane thought it was strange, but overall accepted it due to its popularity. But During the episode, As Pearl, Brain Guy, and Bobo were out camping, They inadvertently unleash Body Snatcher aliens that affected Pearl, Brain Guy and all the Bots, until Bobo destroys the aliens to bring the ones affected back and turn them back to normal. This caused Pearl to force the SOL crew to watch the movie again, much to their horror.

In 2006, Rhino Entertainment released the MST3K episode as part of the "Volume 10" DVD collection of the series, along with Godzilla vs. Megalon, Swamp Diamonds, and Teen-Age Strangler. The boxset was later recalled due to the rights to Godzilla vs. Megalon being disputed. It was redistributed in the "Volume 10.2" collection in 2008, with Godzilla vs. Megalon being replaced by The Giant Gila Monster.

Bill Rebane had a festival given in his honor; the "Bill Rebane Film Festival" took place in Madison, Wisconsin in May 2005. Hosting the festival were MST3K stars Michael J. Nelson and Kevin Murphy, the voice of Tom Servo. In an article recapping the festival in Scary Monsters Magazine, the two noted that although they lambasted the film during their show, they admired how Rebane was able to pull cast and crew together to get the film made. In 2011, it was announced that the movie was going to be remade into a musical.

In a 2012 interview with Wisconsin television station WSAW-TV, Rebane remarked that he was not sure how the movie became popular, saying it was not an initial hit until it became a cult classic. He also stated that while the movie grossed millions of dollars over the past 35 years, he never saw a fraction of the money, calling the film "one of the most pirated movies in history." Despite his grievances, Rebane was proud of the impact that the movie made for the city of Merrill, Wisconsin.

In 2012, film historian Bill Dexter found the shells of the two 30-feet spiders with the intent on restoring the spiders to their original form. In 2013, the shell of one of the main giant spiders was reported stolen by Rebane. Weeks later, a recycling facility announced that the giant spider was brought to them as scrap metal.

On August 15, 2019, The Giant Spider Invasion was featured as a Rifftrax live show.

title: The Giant Spider Invasion


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Kanzelhoehe Solar Observatory

The Kanzelhoehe Solar Observatory or KSO is an astronomical observatory affiliated with the Institute of Geophysics, Astrophysics and Meteorology out of the University of Graz. It is located near Villach on the southern border of Austria.

Its Web page usually posts current images of the sun, especially in the hydrogen-alpha line that is the strongest visible-light line of hydrogen and that reveals the solar chromosphere.

History
Founded in 1941 by the German Luftwaffe to research the effects of the Sun on the Earth's ionosphere, the KSO focuses on multispectral synoptic observations of the sun using several telescope on the same mount.

title: Kanzelhoehe Solar Observatory


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Dilawar Hussain

Dilawar Hussain (19 March 1907 – 26 August 1967) was a Pakistani administrator and cricketer. He played for India national cricket team as a Test cricketer in the 1930s.

Dilawar kept wicket for India in three Test matches. On his debut, Dilawar was made to open the innings against England on a green wicket in Calcutta in 1933-34. He was hit on the head by a delivery from Morris Nichols and retired. He returned with a bandage over his head, and was hit on the thumb by Nobby Clark, but top scored with 59. He made 57 in the second innings and is one of the few Test cricketers to top-score in both innings on debut. He had started his first-class career making 64 and 112 in his first match. His last appearance came about in the 1936 Indian tour of England; Dilawar was studying at Cambridge University at the time and joined the team in England.

The Indian Test batsman Cota Ramaswami has painted an exquisite picture of Dilawar: "He was a tall and bulky person with a prominent stomach and invariably played with a clean shaven head without any hat or cap or any kind of headgear. He always wore very loose pants and after batting for a while or keeping wicket for sometime his shirt will be hanging out of the trousers and somebody must tuck it in, now and then. He had a rather ugly and uncouth stance at the wicket as he held his bat very low and bent his body forward so much that his head was practically in line with the top of the wickets. Those who watched him from the on side could only see his prominent hind portion of the body sticking up while the head, bat and the rest of Dilawar Hussain were hardly visible. However, he had a very sound defence and so it was very difficult to get him out. He was the most selfish batsman that I have ever seen."

He played first-class cricket in India from 1925 to 1941, with a gap between 1935 and 1938 while he was studying at Cambridge.

Richard Cashman writes that he had an encyclopedic memory which enabled him to recall cricket score sheets at will and was also a "great eater and talker", "who could liven the passing hour with an unbroken monologue on any subject from philosophy ... to the art of seasoning a good curry".

Dilawar was known as "Professor" in his later years. He took a doctorate in Philosophy and was a double MA degree holder. He served as the Principal of the Government College, London, and the Muslim Anglo-Oriental College in Lahore. He was a founder member of the Cricket Control Board in Pakistan and a selector.

title: Dilawar Hussain


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Ed Hunter

Ed Hunter is a greatest hits album and video game released in 1999 by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden and Synthetic Dimensions. The game objective consists of following Iron Maiden's mascot, Eddie, through various levels depicting the band's past album covers. The accompanying CDs have the group's most popular songs, as selected by fans on the band's official website.

The album was released alongside a tour of the same name, in which the band only played songs which were featured in the compilation. The tour itself was also notable for marking the return of former guitarist Adrian Smith and vocalist Bruce Dickinson, who had left the band in 1990 and 1993, respectively.

Overview
The band's intention to release their own video game was announced in a sticker which appeared on the case of their 1996 compilation album, Best of the Beast, which stated, "Available soon... Melt, Eddie's own state-of-the-art 3D game." In September 1997, the band announced that the Melt project had been cancelled, with then vocalist Blaze Bayley commenting, "It was crap. Maiden want to give their fans something to blow them away. The new one will." The band also revealed that a different game would be released in its place, with Bayley commenting, "This game is nearly there. You've got to get to Eddie through time and space, heaven and hell..... the works ! It's a shoot 'em up which we promise will out-shoot`em all." Prior to its release, bassist Steve Harris commented that "it's the most amazing thing I've ever seen. I don't get shocked very often, but Ed Hunter was so good. It's like walking into a 3D version of the Somewhere in Time album cover, like going into the bar at the Ruskin Arms, only full of aliens and stuff. You go in and we'll be, like, holograms playing in the corner, or sitting at a table gambling. And then you've actually got the game itself, which is, like, this big shoot-'em-up chase through space and time to catch Eddie. It's brilliant." Originally slated for release in the Spring of 1998, the game was then pushed back to Christmas 1998 and eventually July 1999 to tie in with The Ed Hunter Tour.

The package includes three CDs. The first CD contains 14 songs, the second CD contains six songs and the installation program for the game, and the third CD contains the game data. The soundtrack consists of the top 20 songs voted for by Iron Maiden fans on the band's official website. The US version also contained a hidden bonus track of a new vocal version of "Wrathchild" with Bruce Dickinson.

The game passes through various levels, starting in London's East End before progressing to a psychiatric hospital, hell, and other various locations, all of which are lifted from the covers of past Iron Maiden albums. While the gameplay itself consists of shooting the appearing enemies with the mouse cursor, it acts as a rail shooter, meaning that the player has no control over movement apart from occasionally choosing the route he will take through the levels. In spite of this, the user can select which tracks play in the background, although only one song can be chosen for each level, which led to critics complaining about the soundtrack's repetitiveness.

The Ed Hunter Tour was the tour supporting the album and was the first tour with Bruce Dickinson on vocal duties since 1993, and with Adrian Smith on guitar since 1988.

Levels

 * 1) London's East End (Iron Maiden / Killers)
 * 2) The Shady Pines Asylum (Piece of Mind)
 * 3) The Pits of Hell (The Number of the Beast)
 * 4) The Graveyard (Live After Death)
 * 5) The Pharaoh's Tomb (Powerslave)
 * 6) Blade Runner (Somewhere in Time)
 * 7) Futureal
 * 8) Finale

Personnel
Production credits are adapted from the album liner notes.
 * Iron Maiden
 * Steve Harris – bass guitar, producer (disc 1: tracks 5–7 and 9; disc 2: track 2), keyboards (disc 1: track 11; disc 2: track 2)
 * Dave Murray – guitar
 * Adrian Smith – guitar (all tracks excluding disc 1: tracks 5–7 & 9; disc 2: tracks 2, 3 & 6), keyboards (disc 1, track 11)
 * Bruce Dickinson – lead vocals (all tracks excluding disc 1: tracks 4, 5 & 9; disc 2: tracks 2–4)
 * Nicko McBrain – drums (all tracks excluding disc 1: tracks 3, 4 & 14; disc 2: tracks 1, 3 & 4)
 * Paul Di'Anno – lead vocals (disc 1: track 4; disc 2: tracks 3 & 4)
 * Clive Burr – drums (disc 1: tracks 3, 4 & 14; disc 2: tracks 1, 3 & 4)
 * Janick Gers – guitar (disc 1: tracks 5–7 & 9; disc 2: tracks 2 & 6)
 * Blaze Bayley – lead vocals (disc 1: tracks 5 & 9; disc 2: track 2)
 * Dennis Stratton – guitar (disc 2: track 3)
 * Additional musicians
 * Michael Kenney – keyboards (disc 1: tracks 5–7 & 9; disc 2: track 6)
 * Production
 * Martin Birch – producer (all tracks excluding disc 1: tracks 5 & 9; disc 2: tracks 2–3)
 * Nigel Green – producer (disc 1: tracks 5 & 9; disc 2: track 2)
 * Will Malone – producer (disc 2, track 3)
 * Simon Heyworth – mastering
 * Synthetic Dimensions – sleeve design and artwork
 * Ross Halfin – photography
 * Rod Smallwood – management
 * Andy Taylor – management
 * Merck Mercuriadis – management

title: Ed Hunter


text:
Talk:Calma

Old talk
I just created all the content you see on this page. For some reason, my user name did not get attached to the edit, so I'm making a trivial edit now so that my name will be on it. -- tomtab Tomtab 02:11, 31 August 2005 (UTC) A possible reason is that you were away from the wikipedia editing for a longer time, and the session was timed out.

I am glad that someone remembers pioneers of the industry. I hope that your text does not constitute a copyright violation, i.e., it is not a verbatim copy from non-public sources. I apologise if this remark offended you, but this is a common mistake of many newcomer editors of wikipedia. See copyrights. For this particular case: by law, facts are not copyrightable, but their descriptions are. Therefore it is adimissible to rephrase descriptions you see elsewhere. mikka (t) 18:00, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

The quoted material is from an SEC filing, and as such should be in the public domain. I would not have included this quote if it were from a document readily available on the web, but since it is from 1978, I rather doubt that this is the case. I don't like resorting to quotes, but until such time as we can add detailed descriptions of the Calma products to Wikipedia, it seemed like a reasonable place-holder. Tomtab 22:37, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Irma
Irma of Calma died in 1992. The daughters no longer have the flower shop. Jeff Milde (Cal and Irma's grandson) 66.92.12.200 21:25, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Sad. Any proof, so that this info may be added into article? `'mikka 06:35, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Irma Louise Hefte died 9/27/92, in San Jose, Calif. CC of Death Certificate on file in Santa Clara Co. #537853. Calma began as a Manufacturers Representative Company in 1962, from the 4th bedroom of the family home on Amby Drive in San Jose, Ca., prior to its incorporation. Calvin took care of sales, Irma acted as secretary and daughters Sheri and Barbara filed and stamped literature to promote the family business. Irma, Sheri and Barbara were partners in a Los Gatos Flower Shop, Carousel of Flowers. The shop was sold when Irma became ill the year prior to her death. Sheri lives in San Jose, Ca and Barbara in Westminster, Colo. Calvin and Irma have 5 surviving grandchildren and 3 great-grandchildren in addition to their daughters and 2 son-in-laws.Sherimilde 16:27, 2 May 2007 (UTC)Sheri Milde (Calvin and Irma's daughter)
 * Thank you. In wikipedia there is a rule ("cite your sources") that added info must be referenced from reliable sources, therefore I asked for proof. Are there any books or journal articles or other documents that cover biographical details? If you are around Sunnyvale, CA, we can talk in person, if you e-mail me by clicking here--> Special:Emailuser/Mikkalai. `'mikka 19:08, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Tom Hedges
Tom Hedges, one of the architects of the GDS II system, died on November 16, 2007 at age 57. At his memorial, his widow expressed a wish for his name on this page to link to something. Accordingly, I have added an external link to his obituary. If anyone can think of a more appropriate link for him, I would welcome it.Tomtab (talk) 03:13, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

David Weisberg on-line book
A big motivation for starting this article was the fact that virtually no information about Calma was available on the web. With the appearance of David Weisberg's on-line book (referenced in the article as [WEI08]), that situation has changed dramatically. This meticulously researched book includes a 27-page chapter just about Calma. This is a rich source of information for filling in some of the gaps in this article.

The biggest of these gaps is in the description of Calma's products. What I propose to do is to create a separate subsection under "Products" for each market segment: mapping, electronic, mechanical, AEC,... with the hope of describing under each of these the succession of products Calma offered in that segment over the years. This won't happen at once -- at least not from me. I can start on the areas I know best (electronics). I hope that others can continue to fill in details of areas they are familiar with. Tomtab (talk) 07:50, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

ComputerVision lawsuit
I have just deleted the paragraph about the 1977 ComputerVision lawsuit. Although this lawsuit loomed large at the time, I feel that. viewed from the perspective of the overall history of Calma, it is probably not important enough to merit inclusion in this article. I'll be happy to reconsider if anyone feels strongly otherwise. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tomtab (talk • contribs) 20:36, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

CADDS 5 vs Dimension III
I just deleted from the History section the statement that Dimension III was merged into the CADDS 5 product, because I found a number of web pages indicating that Parametric Technology marketed Dimension III and CADDS 5 as two separate products. Maybe I've misunderstood something, in which case I will appreciate any clarification.

Also, I'm curious about the statement in the Product section that Parametric Technology was still supporting Dimension III in 2006. Is there any evidence that anyone was still using Dimension III in 2006? That would certainly be worth mention -- as you can see in my edit to the Intro section today, the latest I could find evidence for was a reference in 1998 to its use at Ingalls Shipbuilding. Tomtab (talk) 23:42, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Calma DDM/ Dimension III - A couple of the latest known users.
GM still used at least one seat of DDM until approximately 2003. This system was dedicated to camshaft design. The special software was developed by a small group at CALMA/ Southfield, MI. This software would take camshaft lobe data along with a series of questions from the designer, then automatically create the finished camshaft design, casting design, tooling design to manufacture foam patterns for lost foam casting process, and create all machining CNC cutterpaths for the tooling. This reduced the original process from 3 months utilizing DDM, to 1.5 hours. The programming was done utilizing DAL (Design Analysis Language), a powerful high level programming language which was part of the DDM system.

As of the early 2000s, Cummins was still using DDM for legacy designs.

The DDM system was way ahead of its time. Every CAD command was also a function in the DAL programming language. The system had parametrics and solid modeling, along with a strong NURBS surfacing capability. While these capabilities were very forward thinking, most users were migrating from drafting boards and most never used the full power of the system.

Added by Kevin Adams, CALMA 1982-1984 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.225.21.235 (talk) 01:56, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calma


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gnade

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 08:17, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Gnade
Non-notable musician producing albums out of a Portland basement. —Cleared as filed. 02:14, August 31, 2005 (UTC) Comment. According to his website, this bloke has made a number of records see. Allmusic.com has records of one album |GNADE&uid=MIW060508302253&samples=1&sql=11:fyeq97ufkrat~T2. Concern about whether WP:Music has been met. Capitalistroadster 03:06, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This article is "heavy with humid, festering decay" and should be deleted without delay. --DavidConrad 02:17, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. AMG does list an Adam Gnade, but he doesn't seem like the one being referred to in this article. Even if this was the correct one, WP:MUSIC requires two albums, while the Adam Gnade at AMG has only one. Jaxl | talk 02:59, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I already cited the AMG entry, but WP:MUSIC suggests two albums on major record labels. This musician only has one full-length CD; the others are remixes or cassette-only releases, according to his site. Jaxl | talk 03:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, he will be releasing his second album in November. While doing a search on Gnade, I noted that the German Wikipedia has an article on Gnade which presumably is on a different subject, It would be good to know what that subject is. Capitalistroadster 03:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * From what I could derive from Google's translating tool, the Gnade on the German wiki is something about theology. Getting back to this Gnade, I don't know if Wikipedia is not a crystal ball would apply here, but I think we should wait until his second album is released before the wiki has an article on him. Jaxl | talk 04:04, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * He may be worthy of an article in November, or after November, or in the year 2012, or at some other time in the future. But is he today? Deleting an article now does not preclude creating an article at some later date. --DavidConrad 04:09, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per David Conrad. Apparently, gnade is German for Grace by the way. Capitalistroadster 04:17, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN DV8 2XL 12:55, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dottore So 23:18, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gnade


text:
KSO

KSO may refer to:

Honours and titles

 * Commander of the Order of the Sword (Swedish: Kommendör av Svärdsorden)
 * Kommunstyrelseordförande, Swedish title for Municipal commissioner, equivalent to mayor
 * Order of St. Olav, Norwegian honour

Orchestras

 * Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra, Michigan, United States
 * Kaohsiung Symphony Orchestra, Taiwan
 * Kensington Symphony Orchestra, London, England
 * Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra, Norway

Radio stations

 * Call sign used from 1925 until 1935 by AM station KRNT, Des Moines, Iowa, United States
 * Call sign used from 1935 until 1989 by AM station KXNO (AM), Des Moines, Iowa, United States

Other

 * Kanzelhoehe Solar Observatory, Austria
 * Aristoteles Airport, Kastoria, Greece
 * Kingsoft Office, software suite
 * A make of Vibram FiveFingers footwear
 * Keep Sydney Open, or The Open Party in Australia

title: KSO


text:
Waltham, Lincolnshire

Waltham is a village and civil parish in North East Lincolnshire, England. It is 4 mi south of Grimsby close to the suburb of Scartho and to the smaller villages of Brigsley, Barnoldby-le-Beck, and Holton le Clay. Less than 2 mi to the east-north-east is the village of New Waltham. In the 2001 census, Waltham had a population of 6,420, reducing slightly to 6,413 at the 2011 census.

History
There was a substantial Saxon settlement on the site of the first village, and artifacts show earlier Roman occupation. The Waltham name is of Saxon origin: Walt refers to woodland or an area of high forest and Ham to either an estate or a village. Saxons may have changed the name from the Old English 'Wealdhant' which had the same meaning; the first part Ald, prefixed by We, meant "settlement", and Hant a "wooded estate".

Elizabeth Shaw, who is said to have lived to age 117, was born on 22 April 1683 at Waltham. A life portrait of her by R. Sheardown was published in 1800.

Governance
Waltham is part of the Cleethorpes parliamentary constituency, and has been represented by Martin Vickers of the Conservative Party since 2010.

Waltham Ward is part of North East Lincolnshire Council, and covers the villages of Waltham, Brigsley and Ashby-cum-Fenby. It is one of the safest Conservative wards on the council and has been represented by Conservative councillors since the ward's creation in 2003.

Current elected councillors:
 * Cllr Nick Pettigrew
 * Cllr Philip Jackson

Landmarks
Waltham's landmarks include Waltham Windmill, which is used as the symbol for the village's Infant and Junior schools. The windmill was originally built in 1666, but was blown down several times. It was last re-built in 1873.

The village has three public houses, The Kings Head, the Tilted Barrel and the Tea Gardens. A branch of the Royal British Legion is also based in Waltham.

There is a cenotaph where a remembrance service is held each Remembrance Sunday.

Nearby is the former Second World War bomber airfield RAF Grimsby, which was originally Grimsby Municipal Airport. After the start of the Second World War the airport was re-constructed by the Air Ministry and became home to 142 Squadron, and later to 100 and 550 Squadrons, before closing in 1945. A museum at the Waltham Windmill houses a section dedicated to RAF Grimsby.

There was once a Waltham railway station (actually in New Waltham) on the East Lincolnshire Railway line (now closed) between Grimsby and Louth.

Notable people

 * Joanne Clifton, professional dancer on BBC TV's Strictly Come Dancing, and her brother and fellow pro Kevin Clifton
 * Paul Moorby O.B.E., (b. 1964) was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 29 December 2018 for services to promoting the UK Technology Sector Abroad

title: Waltham, Lincolnshire


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KOLCHINSKY

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was del. mikka (t) 06:40, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

KOLCHINSKY
''' : world had already won you, so don't suffer and enjoy it. Kolchisnky 06:49, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * '''The Irish-American commentator! Do you really think it's more valuable to write about some folishly narcissistic user: personality rather then genealogical context of the Eastern European Jews if you know know what have happened?
 * I'm assuming that you're talking to me, so I'll answer. Please don't write in bold, unless you mean to shout, which is rude. Also, you deleted some of Irpen's comments, which I've reinstated above. That is extremely rude and is also vandalism. Do not continue to do that. Add your comments to the bottom of the page like everyone else.
 * As for your statements: A user page is hardly narcissitic, it tells people about yourself so that they can tell what your biases are and have some concept of yourself. As for "the genealogical context of Eastern European Jews," the article is extremely poorly written to the point of being incomprehesible. Feel free to improve it and thus allow it to stay. Also, your ridiculous trollish rants are not helping you, so calm down. --Blackcap | talk 00:49, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

''' : an assumption is IT fellows nonsense. Kolchisnky 06:49, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Just came back for a look, and boy is my face red. I hadn't realized that Irpens' comments had just become shoved at the bottom of this. I've deleted the duplicate I created. My apologies. --Blackcap | talk 05:38, September 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * '''??????? So is it about non-sense, genealogy, anti-semitism, disability to understand alternation in Slavic languages or IT fellows???? writing about Ukrainian history?
 * As per Votes for deletion/KOLCHINSKY. KOLCHYNSKYY, KOLCHYNSKY. KOLCHINSKI.Nonsense. --Irpen 02:16, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. --Irpen 02:16, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. mikka (t) 02:18, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. --Ghirlandajo 06:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Blackcap | talk 22:01, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Have a look at this, fellows. I can only assume he's talking to us. --Blackcap | talk 22:03, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
You Bet!

You Bet! is a British game show, based on the German series Wetten, dass..?, that aired on ITV between 20 February 1988 and 12 April 1997, initially hosted by Bruce Forsyth from 1988 to 1990, then by Matthew Kelly from 1991 to 1995 and finally by Darren Day from 1996 to 1997.

Format
A panel of celebrities would bet on the ability of members of the public to achieve unlikely challenges and stunts, which they had usually planned and rehearsed many times, within a limited amount of time. The studio audience would also place a bet on the outcomes. The panellists would receive points for each outcome they predicted correctly, based on the percentage of the studio audience that also placed a correct bet. The celebrity sponsoring the challenge always had to bet that their challenger would be successful. The accumulated total of points achieved by the celebrities would be added to the points totalled by the studio audience, increased several times over, converted into pounds and donated to a charity chosen by the celebrity panellist who had achieved the highest score.

1988
Each week there would be four challenges, some in the studio and some on location presented by Ellis Ward. The panellists would each "sponsor" a challenge, and Bruce Forsyth would also sponsor one. If the challenge sponsored by the panellist or Bruce Forsyth was not achieved, that sponsor would have to do a forfeit. (e.g., being a golf caddie or air steward for the day). (In the case of Forsyth's challenge, the majority vote determined Forsyth's prediction; an incorrect prediction forced Forsyth to do his forfeit. His explanation for this part was usually, "You're now betting for the fate of Forsyth in the form of a forfeit. If you're right, I'm alright; but if you're wrong, I'm right in it!") It was either broadcast in the studio on the same show or broadcast on location on the following week's show. The show dropped the talk show aspects of Wetten, dass...? and concentrated on the challenges, thus reducing the running time from 2 to 3 hours to 1 hour. The original theme tune was composed by Alan Lisk, better known for penning the theme tune to Men Behaving Badly. The show's airing slot was originally on Saturday nights.

The show closed with Forsyth doing a rap, along with the audience shouting back every "You Bet!" line: ''"Do you wanna bet on it? You bet! Well you'd betta get on it? You bet! So don't fret, get set are you ready? You Bet! Goodnight, God bless, I'll see you next week, bye!"

1989–1990
A new theme tune composed by Jonathan Sorrell was introduced in the show's second series.

Spring 1991
Series 4 saw some massive changes following the departure of Forsyth at the end of series 3. A new logo was introduced and Matthew Kelly took over as host. Also, the challenges increased from four to five, which meant that Ward got involved, with her sponsoring challenges as well. Another change from the Forsyth era was that the celebrity guests could no longer specify the nature of their forfeit should their challenge fail – instead, they had to choose from a list of pre-defined forfeits hidden under cryptic statements – for instance "Dinner Coming Up" meant that the forfeit was to try and eat whilst riding a roller-coaster. Kelly also got involved in doing the work on location challenges, as well as Ward. Finally, if Kelly's challenge ended in failure, he had to do his forfeit, regardless of the audience's prediction.

Autumn 1991
Series 5's airing slot was moved from Saturday nights to Friday nights and a reworked version of the theme tune was introduced.

1992–1993
The departure of Ward as co-host led to the number of celebrity guests being increased from three to four per show and Kelly doing all the work on location challenges.

1994
The show's airing slot was moved back to Saturday nights and the remaining episodes of the seventh series were sponsored by Daily Mirror.

1995
For You Bet's eighth series, it was decided there would be no more forfeits for both the celebrities and host Matthew Kelly when sponsoring their challenges until the forfeits were reinstated in for series 9 in 1996 after Darren Day had taken over from Matthew Kelly as host. Instead, they introduced the celebrity challenge, where the lowest celebrity scorer would do only one forfeit challenge, which would be broadcast in the following week's show. The public then got to vote in at home to donate £1,000 to a charity of their choice if the celebrity succeeded or failed the challenge. The set was replaced by a new "arena" that allowed much more floor space for the challenges. It was during series 8 when Matthew Kelly had announced his intention to leave the show after 4 years to concentrate on hosting Stars in Their Eyes. The viewers' phone vote for the Celebrity Challenge was dropped after Series 8 was shown.

1996
For series 9, actor Darren Day took over as host from Kelly who had left the show to concentrate hosting Stars in Their Eyes. The role of co-host that had been absent during series 6–8 following the departure of Ward at the end of series 5 was reinstated for all the work in the location challenges. For this penultimate series, Diane Youdale, who was better known as Jet from the UK series of Gladiators, would take over as the new co-host. The forfeits, having been absent from the earlier series also returned to the show, but they were not chosen by the celebrity guests. They were automatically chosen by the crew at the end of each show for the celebrity who had lowest score in the show.

1997
The show introduced a new item for the celebrities, they could play their ''YOU BET! BONUS CARD'', which meant their points would be doubled if they successfully guessed the outcome of a challenge (which can only be played once in the entire show). The celebrity challenge returned to the show, and the audience got to choose which challenge they would choose for the lowest scoring celebrity at the end of the show from two choices with cryptic clue titles (e.g., "Ooh! That's better!" or "Dangling Down"). Sarah Matravers, well known as a gong girl from Take Your Pick, replaced Youdale as co-host for this final series. A new theme tune was introduced, composed by Simon Webb.

Episodes
The coloured backgrounds denote the result of each of the shows:

 * – indicates the celebrity successfully backed their challenge and avoided their forfeit (Series 1–7).
 * – indicates the celebrity failed to back their challenge and received their forfeit (Series 1–7).
 * BOLD - indicates the celebrity scored the most points and received money for their chosen charity.
 * ITALIC - indicates the celebrity scored the fewest points and received a celebrity challenge/forfeit (Series 8–10).

Series 6 (1992)

 * Audience member Susan Elvy was asked to play the part of Meryl Streep throughout the show

title: You Bet!


text:
Zhangheotherium

Zhangheotherium is an extinct genus of "symmetrodont" mammal from the Early Cretaceous of China. A single species is known, Zhangheotherium quinquecuspidens from Jianshangou Beds of the Yixian Formation. Zhangheotherium was the first "symmetrodont" known from a nearly complete skeleton, expanding knowledge of the group beyond isolated teeth and jaws. The genus name honors Zhang He, who collected the holotype fossil from Liaoning Province prior to its 1997 description. The specific name is Latin for "five-cusped teeth".

"Symmetrodonts" and other archaic mammals such as multituberculates and monotremes are still being debated on their taxonomical relationships. Zhangheotherium provided insight into the evolution of "symmetrodonts", revealing a combination of traits similar to modern therians (such as placentals and marsupials) as well as more "primitive" mammalians. Most likely, "symmetrodonts" are a grade of stem-group therians, with representatives incrementally closer to true therians than to monotremes.

Description
The promontorium of the inner ear is straight and slender, suggesting that the cochlea is uncoiled, in contrast to living mammals. The chest of Zhangheotherium retains a small V-shaped interclavicle, which links the clavicles (collarbones) to the manubrium (upper component of the sternum or breastbone). Monotremes possess a large hourglass-shaped interclavicle while in therians the bone shrinks and fuses with the manubrium during embryonic development. In Zhangheotherium, the clavicles have flexible connections to their neighboring bones, allowing for a greater potential for movement in the scapula (shoulder blade). On the other hand, the humerus (upper arm bone) is more reptilian in form, with a small greater tubercle and underdeveloped trochlea. As a result, Zhangheotherium probably walked in a sprawling manner, like monotremes and some other Early Cretaceous mammals such as Jeholodens and Repenomamus.

Like other "symmetrodonts", each molar tooth of Zhangheotherium consists chiefly of three large pointed cusps set into an acute triangular arrangement. In Zhangheotherium, each molar is supplemented with a pair of minor cusps, bringing the number of cusps up to five. All of the molar cusps are characteristically robust and conical, and lack cristae (ridges bridging between cusps). In addition, the cingulae (horizontal crests at the base of the crown) are underdeveloped in the upper molars and absent in the lower molars. By emphasizing strong interlocking cusps over shearing crests and ridges, the teeth of Zhangheotherium were more specialized than other "symmetrodonts" for the purpose of crushing and grinding food. Nevertheless, Zhangheotherium lacks the grinding talonid "heel" of true therian molars.

Paleoecology
Zhangheotherium is one of several extinct mammals reported to bear a spur-like bone in the ankle. This may have had venomous capabilities, similar to the spur seen in males of the modern platypus. A 2015 study argued that Zhangheotherium led a possibly scansorial lifestyle, possessing long hindlimbs and a large plantar area on the foot, both optimal for climbing. Specimen GMV 2124 of the feathered dinosaur Sinosauropteryx? sp. contained two jaws of Zhangheotherium in its stomach region. Thus, it seems to have preyed on this primitive mammal, possibly on a regular basis.

title: Zhangheotherium


text:
Template talk:Rush

Uniform style
I have changed this template to look like (which was based on the original  ) and , so that we have some uniformity among the similar templates. It might be a good idea to come up with an actual standard for use on other band articles, assuming they require a similar template. Thoughts? plattopustalk 02:17, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Love it! Genius, as always. Deckiller 15:05, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Include songs?
This thread will serve as a discussion. Should we maintain a "Rush songs" section on the template, or just keep them in a category and link them when appropriate?

I agree that if too many Song articles are started, it may get cluttered. We might even be able to merge some of the song articles either I or other people have created. That's something to consider in the future. Deckiller 23:54, 10 December 2005 (UTC) Maybe we could, like on the Pink Floyd and Kiss articles, have a separate discography page listing all Rush's albums and songs on it and also in the blurb on the top mention Rush's most popular songs (or something along those lines)? ( Davehard 10:34, 11 December 2005 (UTC) )
 * I thought it wouldn't be a good idea to have songs on the template seeing as though people would edit it replacing them with their favourite songs and over time it would get cluttered.
 * Yes, let's keep songs out of the template. I have experienced something similar when editing the articles on individual types of aircraft...everyone adds a photo of that aircraft as operated by their pet airline. Eventually, we just separated them all to separate pages. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 14:23, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I only put songs on that list that had articles made. Perhaps what we can do is, eventually when all of Rush's "singles" have articles, we can put that under a "Rush singles" category.  We also have the song articles linked from their respective article pages in addition to the Category:Rush Songs.  Maybe we can list those songs under "See Also" just to make sure that people know 100 percent that those articles are there.  Deckiller 23:35, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Tours
We had a complaint to WP:OTRS from te author of a book, claiming that the tour dates in these articles violated his copyright and impeded his ability to sell an updated version.

Although I am not really convinced that you can copyright a list of dates which is available on the back of every tour shirt sold, about half the articles had no content other than a fair use image of an album cover (per fair use can only be used in the article on the album) and an infobox, which qualifies for speedy deletion under WP:CSD (empty article); those that had dates lists were unformatted and unreferenced, in short there did not seem to be anything there actually worth having. I removed them from Rush. Please do not reintroduce these articles without sources, evidence the tours themselves have been subject of multiple non-trivial references in reliable secondary sources, proper attribution so we can ensure that copyright is not violated, and no album covers. Thanks, Guy (Help!) 22:39, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That seems rather lame that tour dates can't be listed for a reason like copyright infringement. I'm sure if you went on one of the more reputable Rush websites, you can probably find a full list of dates and setlists without much effort.  Dbm11085 20:46, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree; how can the author of a book copyright a list of dates and locations? The lists of the tour dates are printed on the back of every Rush tour T shirt. It crazy that someone can 'claim' copyright for this. Dbalderzak (talk) 11:40, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Video Releases
I just noticed that the template doesn't list the video releases by the band. I think that it's especially important to include, considering that the band has essentially tripled the number of their video releases in the last 5 years. I think a list of the videos (or even just the dvd's) is best placed between "Live Albums" and "Compilations". I'll set out to start this effort, given that the articles exist. If I run out of steam before I finish, I hope some of you can pick up where I have to leave off. Thanks. -- ManfrenjenStJohn 00:59, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Adding Jeff Jones
I'm adding Jeff Jones to members who used to be in Rush. Sittingonfence 01:23, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Rush


text:
Russell Lea

Russell Lea is a small suburb in the inner-west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Russell Lea is located 8 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Canada Bay.

Russell Lea sits on the western shore of Iron Cove, on the Parramatta River. It is a quiet tree-lined suburb with large waterfront homes as well as more traditional federation homes.

History
Russell Lea takes its name from one of its original settlers, Russell Barton, who was a pastoralist, mine owner and politician. He developed the "Russell Lea Estate" on a 60 acre grant.

Russell Lea was once encompassed in the Five Dock Farm estate of surgeon John Harris. In 1790 this outspoken Irishman arrived in the infant colony, for which he displayed an instant dislike. However his rapid acquisition of Crown land may have served to change his tune. After being appointed court magistrate in 1794, Harris received 110 acre in the Parramatta region which now bears the name Harris Park. Subsequent to this he received land at Ultimo and South Creek, earning him the distinction of being one of the principal landholders in New South Wales.

It was in 1806 that Harris added Five Dock Farm to his holdings. All land between Iron Cove and Hen and Chicken Bay, totalling some 1500 acre, was granted to Harris from the Crown. Harris was called to London for the trial of Governor William Bligh soon after. Siding with the rebellious New South Wales Corps, Harris found it necessary to resign his military post. At age 60 he returned to Sydney, accompanied by his 24-year-old bride Eliza.

Two years prior to the surgeon's death in 1838, Harris sold Five Dock Farm to the prominent Sydney auctioneer Mr Samuel Lyons. Although a modest residence stood on Harris' land, it appears he preferred to reside at his Ultimo Place mansion or Shanes Park, South Creek. It was at the latter that the surgeon died in 1838. Aged 84, the widowed Harris had achieved a prominent public profile, leaving an estate worth an estimated 150,000 pounds. Samuel Lyons proceeded to subdivide Five Dock Farm into substantial 30 to 60 acre estates. This made way for the grand mansions, some of which spawned suburbs of their own. These included Drummoyne House, Abbotsford, and Barton Russell's grand residence Russell Lea.

Russell Barton was born in Penge near London in 1830. As a young man he accompanied his family to the colony, settling a station in the then remote state of South Australia. In 1855 he married Miss J. M. Davie, and within a decade acquired two stations on the Barwon River. Barton could turn his hand to any task. In addition to stock handling, farming, horse breaking and shepherding, Barton proved himself adequate as a butcher, blacksmith, builder, carpenter, contractor and stonemason. In 1874 he invested in the Cobar mine, eventually rising to serve as its managing director. Displaying much skill in this industry, Barton was soon elected to no less than 11 mining company boards. From 1880 to 1886 Barton served as parliamentary member for Bourke. It was during this time he erected the imposing Victorian Italianate mansion Russell Lea, whose estate occupied the suburb which bears its name.

Transportation improvements in the late nineteenth century occasioned residential development in the Drummoyne municipality. By 1874 a regular horse bus serviced the local residents, and in 1881 the original Gladesville Bridge was completed. Not only did this connect the Drummoyne region with the inner Sydney suburbs, it served as the sole roadway between Port Jackson and the lower Parramatta River environs until the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. The Gladesville Bridge was followed closely by the Iron Cove Bridge, spanning Iron Cove in 1882. In 1890, a tramway was connected between Five Dock and Leichhardt. By 1902, when the local government bodies of Five Dock and Drummoyne were merged into the Borough of Drummoyne, the regional population stood at 2,800. Russell Barton's Russell Lea estate survived intact until 1913, when it was subdivided and auctioned by Hardie and Gorman.

Landmarks

 * Russell Lea Infants School is one of the oldest landmarks in the area.
 * Campbell park, a large soccer field home to Abbotsford Juniors Football Club
 * The main roads running through Russell Lea are Lyons Road and Hampden Road.

Population
In the, Russell Lea has a population of 5,001 persons, of whom 2,621 (52.4%) were female and 2,380 (47.6%) were male.

title: Russell Lea


text:
Rushcutters Bay

Rushcutters Bay is a harbourside inner-east suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, 3 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Sydney.

The suburb of Rushcutters Bay sits beside the bay it takes its name from, on Sydney Harbour. It is surrounded by the suburbs of Elizabeth Bay, Darlinghurst, Paddington and Darling Point. Kings Cross is a locality on the western border.

History
After British settlement, the area was first known as 'Rush Cutting Bay' because the swampy land was covered in tall rushes used by early settlers for thatching houses. In 1878, 6 acre were reserved for recreation; and, after reclamation work was completed, Rushcutters Bay Park was created, bounded by New South Head Road and the bay at Sydney Harbour.

Rushcutters Bay was once the site of the famous Sydney Stadium. On Boxing Day 1908 at the Stadium, Tommy Burns lost his heavyweight title to the legendary Jack Johnson, famously the first African-American to win a world title. For many years Rushcutters Bay was home to White City Stadium for major tennis tournaments, prior to the establishment of tennis facilities at Sydney Olympic Park.

On 6 April 1927 Herbert Pratten, Federal Minister for Trade, appeared in a Lee DeForest film to celebrate the opening of a Phonofilm studio in Rushcutters Bay.

In the 20th century, when neighbouring Darlinghurst was seen as down-at-heel, some businesses and residents abutting that boundary would, for appearance's sake, list their addresses as being in Rushcutters Bay. This phenomenon persists despite Darlinghurst's gentrification; for example, a BMW dealership on Craigend Street, Darlinghurst, provides customers with an incorrect address.

The bay at Sydney Harbour served as host for the sailing events during the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Heritage listings
Rushcutters Bay has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Rushcutters Bay Park: Rushcutters Bay Sewage Pumping Station

Demographics
According to the 2021 census, there were 2,335 people living in Rushcutters Bay.

At the, the suburb of Rushcutters Bay recorded a population of 2,547 people. Of these:
 * Age distribution: Residents had a similar range of ages to the country overall, except for notably fewer children. The median age was 37 years, the same as the national median. Children aged under 15 years made up 5.6% of the population (national average is 18.7%) and people aged 65 years and over made up 14.9% of the population (national average is 15.8%).
 *  Ethnic diversity : Just under half (48%) were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 67%; the next most common countries of birth were England 6.4%, New Zealand 3.9%, Brazil 1.8%, China (excludes SARs and Taiwan)	1.6% and India 1.6%. At home, 65.5% of residents only spoke English; other languages spoken at home included Portuguese, 1.9%, Spanish 1.8%, French 1/7%, Mandarin 1.4% and Italian 1.0%.

title: Rushcutters Bay


text:
Ruse, New South Wales

Ruse is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 55 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown.

History
Ruse was named after James Ruse, known as Australia's first farmer. Prior to the 1960s, the area was part of Kentlyn and mostly farm and bushland. The area was then declared open for development and turned into a residential housing estate. It was at this time the name Ruse was proclaimed. Other names were suggested, such as Fisher and Marlow, however the mayor of the day overturned these.

Local infrastructure
The main street of Ruse is Junction Road, which contains the small Ruse Village Shopping Centre and Ruse Primary School. Both opened in the late 1970s and the school is notable for its hexagonal buildings. In between is Worrell Park which hosts rugby league matches including lower grade teams from the Western Suburbs Magpies.

People
According to the 2006 census, Ruse recorded a population of 5,625 in 1,986 properties. There were higher than average numbers of people who owned their homes outright (34%) or were paying them off (47%) while the number of renters (15%) was almost half the national average. The median family income of $1350 per week was higher than the national average as was the median housing loan repayment of $1408 per month.

Transport
The nearest railway station is Leumeah railway station on the Main Southern railway line.

title: Ruse, New South Wales


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Nerd Who Ate St.Louis

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 08:15, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

The_Nerd_Who_Ate_St.Louis
Vanity article about a non-notable band that does not meet the WP:MUSIC guidelines, should be deleted. DavidConrad 02:20, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I wish we could speedy delete this garbage. Alr 02:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 9 googles, no AMG entry, delete. Jaxl | talk 03:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Much as the world needs ska bands singing about Pacman, they don't currently meet WP:Music so Delete. Capitalistroadster 03:08, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Best band name since Anal sex in Brasil, but alas, fails to meet WP:MUSIC. Fernando Rizo T/C 04:09, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nnbv. -- BD2412 talk 05:04, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Policy DV8 2XL 12:55, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, bandanity. the wub  "?/!"  14:58, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete – =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:10, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable band. Not a bad name for a band though.  -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 17:17, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Page, Australian Capital Territory

Page is a residential suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra, located within the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The suburb is named in honour of Sir Earle Page, a Prime Minister. Streets in Page are named in honour of Australian scientists. Page was established in 1968.

Demography
As at the, Page had a population of 3,025 people.

Political representation
For the purposes of Australian federal elections for the House of Representatives, Page is in the electoral division of Fenner.

For the purposes of Australian Capital Territory elections for the ACT Legislative Assembly, Page is in the Ginninderra electorate.

Geology
Silurian age Green grey rhyodacite of the Walker Volcanics underlie the south and centre of the suburb. A lens of limestone is found just to the west of the centre of the suburb. The mid west has purple and green-grey dacite of the Walker Volcanics that was deposited before the rhyodacite. The north east has purple rhyodacite from the Deakin Volcanics. The Page north west has pink rhyolite from the Deakin Volcanics.

title: Page, Australian Capital Territory


text:
Talk:State function

Magnetic field
Is magnetic field also a state function? I feel it should be, but am hesitant to add it since I may be missing some subtlety. Also, the manner in which Markov properties are related to state functions is unclear to me, either from this article or the other. Perhaps this should be clarified or omitted.144.213.253.14 02:21, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Political meaning
I think it's worth adding a disambiguation for non-native speakers of the meaning of the term "state function" in contexts such as "Here is a picture of the Vice-President at a state function." Any ideas where such a disambiguation should point? A wiktionary link would probably be the best solution, if Wiktionary had an entry for state function. --Quuxplusone 16:06, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Poorly defined
As I find with most things relating to chemistry, this is a poorly defined term and its vaugeness and ambiguity lead to the inherint wishy-washyness of chemistry. I remember finally understanding what a "state function" was, but I've forgotten my revelation. This page should note some functions that *are not* state functions. I really can't think of anything. Perhaps... is work not a state function.. I'm not sure. Does "state function" mean that only the absolute spatial distance matters, or can the "path" something takes go through other parameters (for example, time, or energy)? Is there anyone knowlegable about this that can unambiguously explain "state function" and what functions its different from. Fresheneesz 10:10, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * According to Willard Gibbs, W and Q are not functions of the state of the body, where as V, P, T, U, and S are, but instead are determined by the whole series of states through which the body is supposed to pass. I hope this helps?--Sadi Carnot 02:43, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Page move proposal
My intuition tells me that this page should ideally be moved to Functions of state. From my experience, this is the most commonly used term. Any comments?--Sadi Carnot 02:43, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Elnsbrook (talk • contribs) 21:00, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

Chemcial potential
Isn't this quite an important omission form the list of state functions? Initially I thought I must have been mistaken, and that it isn't one, but then it also appears to be in another list in the box in the top right-hand corner — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.185.74 (talk) 11:36, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

State, not parameter.
The section Functions of state Overview makes frequent reference to functions of state as parameters. They aren't, they are states, they describe the system. Parameters in thermodynamics can be constants such as the Boltzmann constant; the value of the Boltzmann constant (the specific thermal energy of a particle) may be given in terms of Joules/Kelvin; Ev/oR etc. etc. and it is necessary to ensure that there is consistency with the variables (arguments) used in the equations. But the Boltzmann constant is not a variable, it only relates the variables. --Damorbel (talk) 08:59, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * No. State variables are not "states". A "state variable" is something like entropy, pressure, volume; whereas a (macroscopic or microscopic) "state" of the system is something that corresponds to a full macroscopic or microscopic description of the system, such that different descriptions correspond to different states, and vice-versa. Jheald (talk) 21:19, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

Opening statement
The opening statement contains the assertion:-
 * 'A state function describes the equilibrium state of a system.'

This is far from correct. The system does not have to "be in equilibrium" to have properties such as, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy, as the article says.

This may appear trivial to the uninitiated. But, for example, a system only achieves maximum entropy when in equilibrium. However it still has a (lower) entropy before achieving equilibrium. --Damorbel (talk) 10:11, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * The point of a state function is that it is determined uniquely by the macroscopic variables.
 * But it is only the equilibrium state that that is true for. There may be many non-equilibrium states with the given values of volume and pressure, and it is not clear that temperature has a well-defined meaning at all for a non-equilibrium state.  Jheald (talk) 13:04, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * ...determined uniquely by the macroscopic variables. Only true for extensive variables such as energy and entropy. Not remotely true for intensive variables unless the system is in equilibrium. Even entropy can only be determined easily for systems with carefully identified (dis)equilibrium e.g. System 1 at T1 and System 2 at T2. These conditions normally occur only in the heads of university lecturers and their textbooks! --Damorbel (talk) 13:35, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * What I mean is that if S is a state variable, you expect (at least locally) to be able to define S=S(V, T, P ... ), so that expressions like ∂S/∂V, ∂S/∂T, ∂P/∂S etc all make sense. If you start getting into the general world of non-equilibrium systems, that can get quite tricky, as the macroscopic variables V, T, P ... may no longer be sufficient to define S (and there may be troubles with the definitions of T as well).  OK, it might still be possible for composites of equilibrium systems to total up the state functions of the parts.  But that's a special case.  It's very different from implying that for any general non-equilibrium state, that you can produce sensible well-defined values for the things you want to be state functions.  Jheald (talk) 21:34, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm awfully sorry, but I do not see, from what you write above, any justification for using the word "parameter" instead of "state" or "state variable". It would be a lot clearer if your argument centered on this, the reason why I scrapped "parameter". --Damorbel (talk) 07:38, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

 * See the reply to the previous section. A "state" has a particular meaning in thermodynamics.  It implies a particular value not for one of the variables, but for all of the variables.  In the Overview section, parameter is being used as a synonym for variable, which is reasonable.  "State" is not a synonym for variable, or even variable value, so your change was not appropriate.  Jheald (talk) 10:15, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

State Functions List
Is path independence the only criteria for appearing on this list?? In all my engineering physics courses, altitude has never been presented as a state function in a thermodynamic context. Since altitude in thermodynamics fixes two other independent quantities, namely temperature and density, it shouldn't exist in this list. More fitting would be electromagnetic (potential) fields or location in a gravity field (which BTW is different from ALTITUDE which has an atmospheric context...)

My ludicrous suggestions for additions to this list are meant to draw your attention to this issue. Altitude is NOT an independent thermodynamic state. Indeed your 'altitude' as used in thermodynamics requires knowledge of the atmosphere. Please keep in mind that the link in "Altitude" takes you to an aeronautical/atmospheric description.

Loose paraphrase from my (well-known) thermo text: "if gravitational effects are to be considered, the variable z must be taken into account" VARIABLE Z IS NOT AN ALTITUDE IT IS DISTANCE FROM CENTER OF MASS OF MY GRAVITY PRODUCING OBJECT

kthxbye

sorry if this list was compiled by some professor or authoritative figure, but altitude is literally not the right word here.

title: Talk:State function


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User talk:Carabinieri/Paul Levi

Paul Levi (born March 11 1883 in Hechingen; died February 9 1930 in Berlin) was a German lawyer and politician.

Paul Levi came from an anti-monarchist Jewish family from Hechingen. In 1905 he received his Promotion in law. He joined the SPD in the same year.

title: User talk:Carabinieri/Paul Levi


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Rahim

Rahim (Raḥīm رحيم, also anglicized as Raheem) is an Arabic word meaning "Merciful", from the root R-Ḥ-M. Al-Rahim (the Merciful) is one of the attributes of God according to Islam. It is a male given name, sometimes a hypocorism for Abdu r-Raḥīm "Servant of the Merciful". Spellings include Rahim, Raheem, Rohim and Roheem.

Given name

 * Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan (1556–1627), poet and minister in the Mughal Empire
 * Rahim Abdullah (born 1976), American football player
 * Rahim Ademi (born 1954), Croatian Army general
 * Raheem Beyah (born 1976), American computer scientist
 * Raheem J. Brennerman (born 1978), American businessman
 * Raheem Blackshear (born 1999), American football player
 * Raheem Brock (born 1978), American football player
 * Rahim Jaffer (born 1971), Canadian politician
 * Rahim Jahani (died 2014), Afghan singer
 * Raheem Jarbo (born 1977), rapper better known as "Mega Ran"
 * Raheem Kassam (born 1983), British politician and journalist
 * Raheem Layne (born 1999), American football player
 * Rahim Mehryar (1956–2010), Afghan singer
 * Rahim Moore (born 1990), American football player
 * Raheem Morris (born 1976), American football coach
 * Raheem Mostert (born 1992), American football player
 * Raheem Orr (born 1986), American football player
 * Raheim Sanders (born 2002), American football player
 * Raheem Sterling (born 1994), English footballer
 * Rahim Ullah (died 1861), Bengali rebel
 * Rahim Zafer (born 1971), Turkish footballer

Surname

 * Esther Rahim (1904–1963), Pakistani painter
 * Hafiz Rahim (1983–2020), Singaporean footballer
 * Mohd Safiq Rahim (born 1987), Malaysian footballer
 * Mushfiqur Rahim (born 1987), Bangladeshi cricketer
 * Sameer Rahim, British literary journalist and novelist
 * Tahar Rahim (born 1981), French actor

In fiction

 * Raheem Porter, from Juice (1992)

title: Rahim


text:
Game for a Laugh

Game for a Laugh was a British light entertainment programme which ran for 56 editions and four specials between 26 September 1981 and 23 November 1985, made by LWT for the ITV network.

Description
The show revolved around a variety of practical jokes, either in game-type formats played out within the studio or as often elaborate set-ups on unsuspecting members of the public, either studio-based or shot on location. Studio games included the Dunk Tank (the victim would be lowered into a tank of water) and Pie Chair (a volunteer would be pied when answering a question wrong.) Other games would involve couples from the audience and climaxed with the woman throwing a custard pie at her husband or boyfriend, giggling mischievously at her handiwork and being allowed to escape without even the suggestion of payback. Each segment would end with the victim being made aware of the joke by a presenter, who would then announce that the person had proved to be "game for a laugh".

Origins
It has been said that the original format was called Gotcha and was designed as a BBC show to be presented by Paul Daniels, David Copperfield (the British comedian) and Pamela Stephenson. The pilot show was rejected, allegedly, for being 'too vulgar'. Jeremy Beadle then rewrote the format, with producer Michael Hill in the United States.

According to the show's original producer, Brian Wesley, in his 1982 book on the series, "The Game for a Laugh birthplace was the Hollywood office of producer Michael Hill." Jeremy Beadle and Hill's Los Angeles-based TV production company Hill-Eubanks Group envisaged a show in which "the people were the stars". Hill developed the eventual show with Beadle and with Jeremy Fox, then head of London-based Action Time, and the son of BBC TV executive Sir Paul Fox. Fox then presented the format to LWT. Jeremy Fox also brought to the show a wealth of stunts from Truth or Consequences, a show created by Ralph Edwards Productions in Hollywood from whom LWT bought the rights. At LWT, Head of Light Entertainment Alan Boyd put the finishing touches to it.

Production
The hosts for its first few series were Beadle, Matthew Kelly, Henry Kelly (no relation) and Sarah Kennedy. When both Kellys and Kennedy left, the hosts were Jeremy Beadle, Martin Daniels (the son of Paul Daniels), Rustie Lee and Lee Peck. Debbie Rix replaced Rustie Lee for the final series.

The production team for the series overlapped with the later Surprise, Surprise, which was originally a spin-off format from Game For a Laugh, designed by Alan Boyd to comprise the 'surprising', bizarre and humorous 'real people' elements from Game For a Laugh.

Catchphrase
The series' catchphrase was spoken by the four presenters at the end of the show - "Join us again next week when we very much hope you'll be..." then each of the four would intone, one by one:

Henry - "Watching us..." Sarah - "Watching you..." Matthew - "Watching us..." Jeremy - "Watching you...." (all) - "GOODNIGHT!"

Presenters
Although the other presenters went on to other different types of show, Jeremy Beadle went on to present several more practical-joke type shows, including Beadle's About and became strongly identified with the genre in the UK.

Sarah Kennedy had started her career as a newsreader for BBC Radio 1. In the late 1980s she took over from Julian Pettifer as host of the ITV game show Busman's Holiday. She later presented early morning show The Dawn Patrol on BBC Radio 2 from 1993 until 2010.

Henry Kelly went on to present the BBC TV pan-European quiz Going for Gold. He also was contracted to deliver TV-am weekend shows and also occasionally doubled on the weekday format. He later became a weekday morning presenter on the British radio station Classic FM before moving to Sunday mornings.

Matthew Kelly started his career as a stooge to Hylda Baker. Dressed in drag, he played Cynthia, whom Hylda was always telling to "be soon". He'd also go on to host You Bet! (replacing Bruce Forsyth) and Stars in Their Eyes (replacing Leslie Crowther, with Crowther having been injured in a road accident). He later returned to his roots as an actor.

Parody
Game for a Laugh was spoofed in Not the Nine O'Clock News, in a sketch showing a man (played by Rowan Atkinson) returning home from work to find his wife brutally beheaded. He runs out into the street screaming before being approached by the crew who then shout "Game for a Laugh", whereupon they all share the joke, despite the fact that the man's wife is dead. This parody featured Pamela Stephenson (in the Sarah Kennedy role), who had expected to present the original BBC version of the series.

Comedian and eccentric Spike Milligan also parodied the show in his series There's a Lot of It About. The parody version is called "Laugh at a Cretin".

International versions
On 4 February 1986 a German version premiered on Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen. It was called "Donnerlippchen" (a pun with the name of the host and the exclamation ″Donnerlittchen″ which is used like "wow") and captured Spiele ohne Gewähr which means "games without warranty". It was hosted by Jürgen von der Lippe and produced by Michael Hill. The last regular episode aired on 30 April 1988 and on 9 August 1988 the show ended with a "Best of".

title: Game for a Laugh


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Mubarak Shah (Chagatai Khan)

Mubarak Shah was Khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1252–1260; March–September 1266) he was the son and successor of Qara Hülegü.

Biography
He was the son of Qara Hülëgü (son of Mötüken) and Ergene Khatun (daughter of Toralji Küregen). He was the first Chagatai Khan to convert to Islam. Upon the death of his father in 1252, Mubarak Shah succeeded him as Chagatai Khan, with his mother acting as regent. In 1260, however, the Great Khan claimant Ariq Böke appointed Chagatai Khan's grandson Alghu, and by the following year Alghu had control over much of the Khanate. When Alghu revolted against Ariq Böke in 1262, Orghana supported him. After Alghu died in 1266, Ergene enthroned Mubarak Shah as head of the ulus again, without the permission of Kublai Khan, who was also proclaimed the Great Khan and defeated Ariq Böke 2 years after. Kublai Khan, however, supported Baraq, a great-grandson of Chagatai as his co-ruler. Baraq gained the loyalty of Mubarak Shah's army and soon moved against him, exiling him that year. Later, Mubarak Shah supported Kaidu against Baraq in 1271, but soon felt compelled to defect to another enemy of Kaidu, the Ilkhan Abaqa.

Abaqa Khan appointed him a chief of the Qaraunas. He died of natural causes while ravaging south-east Persian regions in 1276.

Family
He had several wives and concubines with whom he had five sons:

 * 1) Öljei Buqa
 * 2) * Qutluqshah
 * 3) Boralqi
 * 4) * Tutluq
 * 5) Horqadai
 * 6) Esen Pulad
 * 7) Qadaq

title: Mubarak Shah (Chagatai Khan)


text:
Talk:Roman Ghetto

Preaching
According to the Let's Go guide, the Jews were forced to hear mass on Sundays at Sant'Angelo in Pescheria. Is it so or was it on Shabbats? --Error 02:23, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Why would it be on Saturdays, i.e. why would they tailor the situation to Jewish custom? I thought the idea was to convert them.  I guess doing it on Saturday would have the "benefit" of preventing them from celebrating Shabbat. --Saforrest 01:18, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No, it's wrong. The Jews were not forced to hear mass, but the so called "prediche coatte" (enforced sermons). This usage started with Pope Gregorio XIII (1572-1585). The sermons took place near S. Angelo and, later, near the church of San Gregorio della Divina Pietà (still existing, near Ponte Fabricio). Above the church was put a biblical inscription in Hebrew and Latin (Isaiah 65,2—3), which describes the Jewish people as stubborn and following a wrong way. It is told that the Jews during the Sermon closed their ears with wax. alex2006 05:29, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Leo XIII, Pius IX and the Ghetto
I removed the sentence about the more liberal attitude of Leo XIII in comparison with Pius IX. This had absolutely nothing to do with the demolition of the Ghetto after 1870. As everyone knows, Italy during those years was ruled by a liberal, anticlerical political class, which was completely uninterested in the ideas of the Church about the destiny of the quarter and of the Jewish community.

alex2006 13:24, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Wrong information
The requirement that Jews live within the Ghetto was abolished when the last remnant of the Papal States was overthrown on September 20, 1870.

Actually: No. It was Pope Pius IX. himself. He did reestablish the ghetto after gaining back power from the revolutionary republic at the beginning of the 1850s, but it was on his order that the quite out-dated inclosing practice finally was abolished somewhen in the 1860s. The Curia expected two things: that the Jews would all move out most rapidly, and that the Christians would possibly riot; that's why the walls were broken down in a night. Surprisingly, noone rioted, and hardly any Jew moved out, as they said: "We have been dwelt here because of force for centuries, no we will stay because of love." (source: Reinhard Raffalt, Concerto Romano.) --84.154.43.58 (talk) 13:21, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Archaic spelling
I've twice corrected the spelling of "Serraglio degli Ebrei" from the archaic and/or dialect spelling "Serraglio delli Ebrei", adding a scholarly reference on the second occasion; and twice been reverted by Alex2006, who removed that reference and substituted one from 1765. Time for some discussion, perhaps. Here's what he posted on my talkpage, with my reply:

 * I want to point out again that delli is not a misspelling, but plain ancient Italian. So you cannot "correct" it, exactly as you should not correct Dante`s Commedia, or I should avoid correcting Shakespeare's english. I put as reference an 18th century Rome guide, but I could use my copy of De Rossi of 1697, or a map of Rome of 17th - 18th century. And now a general remark: if you think that something on wikipedia is wrong, and change it, and someone other does not agree and reverts your change, you should start a discussion based on the original version, not revert it again. This process is called BRD. Thanks, Alex2006 (talk) 05:43, 12 May 2013 (UTC)
 * You should probably take a look at WP:Manual of Style/Spelling, which reads in part "Older sources use many archaic variants (such as shew for show), which are not to be used outside quotations except in special circumstances (for example, quire may be used instead of choir in architectural contexts)" and may help to explain why our article on Shakespeare is not written in Shakespearean English and why it is not appropriate to use "plain ancient Italian" (which by the way that is not, degli and deglj being common 16th-century spellings) in this article. But this should now be moved to the talk page of the article. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 10:49, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

Comment, anyone? Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 11:01, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I guess, if you cite someone, or something, written in another time, you have to respect what was in use in that time. It's not the same that speaking about this. This case (IMHO) seems to be one "special circumstance". --Carlo Morino aka zi' Carlo 18:41, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Agree. Moreover, it should be written in italics (or in quotation), not bold. It is an ancient roman toponym, not an alternate name used today. Rome has hundreds of them, as everyone interested in roman local history knows. Many of them follow the local variety of Italian and not the Tuscan one. Alex2006 (talk) 06:51, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree that if it was a quotation it might get past the recommendations of the MOS. If it's an old Roman toponym it should be quite easy to find a source that says so, which Roisecco does not. I note also that Debenedetti-Stow specifically gives the usual Italian spelling. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 10:43, 21 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Done. I put as reference the guide of De Rossi (1697 edition), based on Baronio & others. Here the whole paragraph about the Ghetto is entitled "Del Serraglio delli Ebrei à piazza Giudia". Moreover, I removed the reference to "all the other...", since this is not supported. The fact that Debenedetti-Stow chose to use the modern spelling is her (respectable) choice, but it remains an anachronism, and here we are discussing the original spelling of the toponym.    Alex2006 (talk) 05:40, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, no, not really. A source from 1697 is still an archaic source. Don't get me wrong, I like archaic sources; but I don't use them as a source for orthography. What is needed to support your assertion that "delli" is "an ancient roman toponym" is a modern source which says "delli is an ancient Roman toponym", or words to that effect, as Debenedetti-Stow specifically does not say. Otherwise it's just archaic spelling, and should be modernised in the article. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 09:46, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

Now I understand what you mean. :-) I will look in my library, I have the most important books about roman topography. Question: do we have in Wikipedia a guideline which in such cases imposes to modernize archaic spelling? I ask it because in roman topography such modernizations occur quite arbitrarily. Alex2006 (talk) 10:13, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Hallo Justlettersandnumbers, I checked on my holy books, and you are right: three of four sources (Delli, "Le strade di Roma", Gnoli, "Topografia e toponomastica di Roma medievale e moderna", Pietrangeli, "Guide rionali di Roma") modernize the spelling, so I will change it on the article (and maybe add one of these three as modern italian reference). Thanks for the discussion, where both of us learned something :-) . Alex2006 (talk) 05:19, 24 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you. And thank you for your willingness to discuss and reach resolution. I suggest that if the books you mention have relevant information then they should most certainly be added as references. Meanwhile I have added a bit more on nomenclature and a bit on papal control. In my opinion what the article most needs right now is a map; does any of your books have one that could be used without running into copyright problems? Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 15:42, 24 May 2013 (UTC)
 * No, I have to thank you. I seldom found someone so "ferrato" (what's the translation in english? But I know that you understand what I mean) on one subject here on wikipedia. About the article, well, I have some books about the ghetto, and when I have time I can add some information. About a map, you mean one before the demolition? There are several of them, I will find one. P.S. I answer only now since I had a problem with artichokes. :-)

Map
I'm sure the artichoke discussion will be resolved as pleasantly as this one. Yes, I mean a historic map of the ghetto. I noticed this, and wondered if a version of it with the area of the ghetto coloured (in yellow?) would be a useful addition here (it would take a couple of minutes to do that). Or might there be a better map that shows the names of the streets and so on? Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 11:09, 25 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Hallo Justlettersandnumbers, you caught me again! I am the uploader... :-) Yes, I also had this is mind (it is on the front overleaf of the book of Pietrangeli). I think that coloring it could be a good tentative solution. In Rome (at the moment I am in Helvetia) I have most of my roman books, and I can see there if I can upload a particular of a map of 1878 (Spithover), just before the demolition with all the street names. BTW, if you color it, are you going to show the original area or that with the 19th century addition (Via della Reginella)? Alex2006 (talk) 11:55, 25 May 2013 (UTC)
 * On that I would want to be totally guided by your library and your local knowledge and advice. I suggest that if a map from 1777 is used as the basis, then the limits of the ghetto should be shown as they were at that date. Is this anywhere near correct in your opinion, for example? I also thought of using this as a basis for something similar, but the limits and gates are less easy to distinguish. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 12:44, 25 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The map is absolutely correct for that period (the later addition in 19th century was to the north, Via della reginella): the other one, as you say, is less clear. I added also some info about boundaries, area, and population: feel free to correct or discuss them if you have better sources. Moreover, I wrote a little article about the church of San Gregorio, just outside the Ghetto, where the Jews were forced to hear Sermons, and I linked it here. P.S. I find yellow nice: I hope only that some Jew does not find it offensive... Alex2006 (talk) 13:57, 26 May 2013 (UTC)
 * On that basis I think I will include it in the article; it can always be modified or replaced later. My doubt was this: the map does not show Piazza Giudea (hmm, what a strange spelling for that word!) divided by the wall, as the article now says (twice!) that it was; and nor does the 1843 Monaldini map. Both clearly show the gate at the southern corner of the piazza. On the other hand it might be possible to read from the map that Piazza di Cenci was divided by the wall. Thoughts? Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 16:22, 26 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Hallo Justlettersandnumbers, as you know, the Jews were in Sant'Angelo (moving from Trastevere) already before the establishment of the Ghetto. The main square of their quarter at that time was already known as "Platea Judeorum". This square was divided in two when the ghetto was created. After that, the denomination of "Piazza Giudea" ( :-)) applied to the 2 piazzas which you can see on the map: The one with the fountain of Della Porta ("Piazza Giudea esterna" or di Santa Maria del Pianto) which actually lied outside the Ghetto (you can see it in this etching of Vasi with a strange title :-)), and "Piazza Giudea interna" (also named Piazza di Mercatello) which was inside, south of the first one, and was separated from the former by a Gate. From here started the main road of the Ghetto, Via rua (or Ruga). The other square bordering the wall south west of Piazza Giudea interna is Piazza delle Scole (here in a picture before the demolition), so called because there lied the 5 Scole (del Tempio, Catalana, siciliana, Castigliana and Nova) where the Jews prayed. This toponym has been restored some years ago by the city. Don't forget that what we see in the map is the plan of the quarter more than two hundred years after its establishment. Houses were demolished and rebuilt, and at the end the wall was hidden by them almost everywhere (as you can see in Vasi's etching). You can find all this info for example in Pietrangeli, Delli or Gnoli. A last word about the spellings: when the Italians annexed Rome, one of the first things that they did, was a commission to change the name of the streets and squares: so they "washed them in Arno": for example, Vicolo dei Matriciani (a word that in Roman dialect has the apheresis) became Vicolo degli Amatriciani (and so we lost also our bucatini...); Vicolo del Micio (near i Coronari) became Vicolo Domizio, and (keep your belt fastened :-)) vicolo del Carciofolo became vicolo del Carciofo, and so on. As you can see, there is no big difference between us and the native Americans :-) That's why I fight (all in vain :-) ) to keep the last rests of this patrimony alive... Alex2006 (talk) 10:25, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Holocaust
I cannot understand how an article about the Jewish Ghetto in Rome can be complete without providing some insight into the fate of the Roman Jewish population during the 2nd World War. Given that there appears to be a sufficient Jewish population in the area now to sustain well-established cultural and culinary activity - there must be a story around their survival that needs telling - even in brief - to provide historic context?

 * I think that this happened since the Ghetto has been described in this article until its demolition. You can find some info in the article about quarter which encloses the former ghetto. Alex2006 (talk) 11:00, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060128164125/http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/dpf/Fascism/Images/FRY63.html to http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/dpf/Fascism/Images/FRY63.html

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:53, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roman Ghetto