text:
Shawnee Tribe

The Shawnee Tribe is a federally recognized Native American tribe in Oklahoma. Formerly known as the Loyal Shawnee, they are one of three federally recognized Shawnee tribes. The others are the Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma and the Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma.

Government
The headquarters of the Shawnee Tribe is Miami, Oklahoma. Currently, there are about 2,226 enrolled tribal members, with 1,070 of them living within the state of Oklahoma.

Ben Barnes is the current elected Chief. Previously, Ron Sparkman was the elected chairman, serving a four-year term.

Economic development
The Shawnee Tribe issues its own tribal vehicle tags. They operate their own housing authority as well as a tribal smoke shop, the Shawnee Trails Gift Shop and Gallery, Shawnee Development LLC, and Shawnee Heritage Government Solutions. Their annual economic impact is estimated by the Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commissions to be $3 million. Shawnee Development LLC is an economic development corporation established in 2001, owned by the tribe but conducting business separately from the general government functions. The Shawnee Journal is a newspaper published by the tribe and distributed at no cost to all tribal members.

Culture
Some traditional ceremonies, such as the Spring and Fall Bread Dance, the Green Corn ceremony, and stomp dances are still held. These take place in White Oak, Oklahoma. Some Shawnees are also members of the Native American Church peyote ceremonies, with most attending in the winter outside of the traditional Shawnee ceremonial cycle.

History
The Shawnee Tribe is an Eastern Woodland tribe. They originally came from Ohio and Pennsylvania, and were the last of the Shawnee to leave their traditional homelands there. In the late 18th century, European American encroachment crowded Shawnee lands in the East, and one band migrated to Missouri — eventually becoming the Absentee Shawnee. Three reservations were granted to the Shawnee in Ohio by the 1817 Treaty of Fort Meigs: Wapakoneta, Lewistown, and Hog Creek. After the Indian Removal Act of 1830 passed, another Shawnee band, which would become the Eastern Shawnee Tribe relocated to Indian Territory in July 1831. The final band, who would become the Shawnee Tribe, relocated to Kansas in August 1831. Their Kansas lands were drastically reduced in 1854 and broken up into individual allotments in 1858.

During the Civil War many of the Shawnee Tribe fought for the Union, which inspired the name, "Loyal Shawnee." Instead of receiving compensation or honors for their service, they returned to their Kansas lands, only to find much of it taken over by non-Indian homesteaders. Settlers were granted 130000 acre of Shawnee land, while 70000 acre remained to for the tribe, of which 20000 acre were granted to the Absentee Shawnee.

In 1861 Kansas became a state, and the White people of Kansas demanded that all Indian tribes must be removed from the state. The Loyal Shawnee made an agreement with the Cherokee Nation in 1869, allowing 722 to gain citizenship within the Cherokee tribe and receive allotments of Cherokee land. They predominantly settled in what is now Craig and Rogers County, Oklahoma. They became known as the "Cherokee Shawnee," primarily settling in the areas of Bird Creek (now known as Sperry); Hudson Creek (now known as Fairland); and White Oak. The Shawnee Reservation in Kansas was never legally dissolved and some Shawnee families still hold their allotment lands in Kansas.

Beginning in the 1980s, the Shawnee Tribe began an effort to regain their own tribal status, independent of the Cherokee Nation. Congress passed Public Law 106-568, the Shawnee Tribe Status Act of 2000, and the Shawnee Tribe was able to organize as their own autonomous, federally recognized tribe. James R. Squirrel was the initial Chairman and was recognized by the AARP in 2009, as being instrumental in the Shawnee Tribe being federally recognized.

Notable Loyal Shawnee

 * Heidi BigKnife, jeweler, silversmith
 * Ruthe Blalock Jones, painter, printmaker, and arts educator
 * Yvonne Chouteau, prima ballerina.
 * Timmy Lee Jr, Texas Blues Rock guitarist.

title: Shawnee Tribe


text:
Talk:List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1980s

Untitled
Are you sure the pretenders were number 1? I always thought the Ruffians took that spot in '84.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of number-one singles (UK) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 19:31, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

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Commission for Social Care Inspection

The Commission for Social Care Inspection was a non-departmental public body and the single, independent inspectorate for social care in England. Its sponsor department was the Department of Health of the United Kingdom government. It incorporated the work formerly done by the Social Services Inspectorate (SSI), the SSI/Audit Commission Joint Review Team and the National Care Standards Commission (NCSC).

History
The Commission brought together the inspection, regulation and review of all social care services into one organisation. It was created by the Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003  and became fully operational on 1 April 2004. The Commission received grant in aid from the Department of Health and also raised part of its running costs by charging regulatory fees. The fees were set out in The Commission for Social Care Inspection (Fees and Frequency of Inspections) Regulations 2004.

From 1 April 2007 the regulation of Children's Services (Fostering and Adoption Agencies, Boarding Schools and Children's Homes) no longer fell within the remit of the CSCI. These functions were then carried out by Ofsted.

The Commission was abolished on 31 March 2009 and was succeeded by the Care Quality Commission.

Commissioners

 * Chair - Dame Denise Platt DBE
 * Chief Inspector - Paul Snell
 * Commissioner - John Knight
 * Commissioner - Professor Jim Mansell
 * Commissioner - Dr. Olu Olasode
 * Commissioner - Peter Westland CBE
 * Commissioner - Beryl Seaman CBE

title: Commission for Social Care Inspection


title: User:198.148.166.5


text:
Gvardeysk

Gvardeysk (Гвардейск; known prior to 1946 by its German name Tapiau ; Tepliava; Tapiawa/Tapiewo), is a town and the administrative center of Gvardeysky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Pregolya River 38 km east of Kaliningrad. Population figures: It is located within the historic region of Sambia.

History

Peter of Dusburg wrote of a settlement known as Tapiow, first documented in 1254, and the neighboring fort Surgurbi built by 1265. The Old Prussian names were derived from the words tape, teplu, toplu, tapi, meaning 'warm', and sur garbis, meaning 'around the mountain'. During the 13th century Prussian Crusade, the area was conquered by the Teutonic Knights. To protect Samland from the Nadruvians and Scalvians, the crusaders built a wooden fort between the Deime and Pregel Rivers in 1283–1290. This was replaced by Tapiau Castle, a stone Ordensburg, in 1351.

The settlement gradually became known by the German crusaders as Tapiau. Vytautas, the later Grand Duke of Lithuania, was baptized in Tapiau in 1385. Upon the request of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation in 1454 Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region and town to the Kingdom of Poland and the Thirteen Years' War broke out. After the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the war, in 1466, the town became part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights. After the transfer of the Grand Master's seat from Malbork to Königsberg, Tapiau became the site of the Order's archives and library from 1469 to 1722.

Tapiau became a part of the Duchy of Prussia, a vassal state of Poland, in 1525. The Tapiau Castle was often used as a second residence of the Prussian dukes; Albert of Prussia died there in 1568. It became a part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, receiving town privileges from King Frederick William I of Prussia in 1722. It became a part of the newly established Prussian Province of East Prussia in 1773 and was administered in Landkreis Wehlau (1818–1945). Tapiau became a part of the German Empire during the unification of Germany in 1871.

In August 1939, the Germans imprisoned the principal, teachers, other staff and 162 students of the Polish gymnasium in Kwidzyn in the town. They were held in the former psychiatric hospital. In September 1939, during the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, it was converted into a prisoner-of-war camp for Polish POWs, and Polish teachers and youth were deported elsewhere. A Nazi prison for women was operated in the town.

Unlike most other towns in northern East Prussia, Tapiau was largely undamaged during World War II. Following the war's end in 1945, it was annexed by the Soviet Union and renamed Gvardeysk ('guard town') in 1946. The town's German population of more than 9,000 either fled or were killed during the war, and those remaining after the war were expelled and gradually replaced by Soviet residents.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Gvardeysk serves as the administrative center of Gvardeysky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality (the settlement of Prigorodnoye), incorporated within Gvardeysky District as the town of district significance of Gvardeysk.

Within the framework of municipal divisions, since June 11, 2014, the territories of the town of district significance of Gvardeysk and of four rural okrugs of Gvardeysky District are incorporated as Gvardeysky Urban Okrug. Before that, the town of district significance was incorporated within Gvardeysky Municipal District as Gvardeyskoye Urban Settlement.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Gvardeysk depicts a bare hand holding a sword amongst clouds, beneath a golden sun. When the town was known as Tapiau before 1946, the golden sun also included the Tetragrammaton (Jehova-Sonne).

Sights
Sights of Gvardeysk include a church from 1502 and the ruined Tapiau Castle, reconstructed into an orphanage in 1879. It has been used as a prison since 1945.

People
Tapiau's most famous resident was the German Impressionist painter Lovis Corinth (1858–1925), who donated the painting Golgatha for the altar of the town's church in 1910; the painting disappeared near the end of World War II. The house where Corinth was born still stands in Gvardeysk. Other notable people associated with the town include Albert, Duke of Prussia (1490–1568), who died in Tapiau.

title: Gvardeysk


text:
Ocaña, Norte de Santander

Ocaña is a city and municipality in the Colombian Department of Norte de Santander. Ocaña is the second largest populated center of this department. It played an important role during the Independence of Colombia from the Spanish monarchy.

History
The city was founded on 14 December 1570 by Captain Francisco Fernández de Contreras, as part of the third populating project of the east, patronised by the Audiencia y Cabildo de Pamplona. Contreras chose the Hacaritama Indigenous Society in order to have more control over the indigenous population of the area and thus be able to found the city. The first name the city received was Santa Ana de Hacarí when it was founded in 1570. During 1575, it was assigned the status of city with its current name, Ocaña. During the time of colonization, Fernandez de Contreras stated that all merchandise coming from Spain and destined for the Madgalena River should pass through the city. The city served as a commercial route during the Viceroyalty to connect the city of Pamplona with the Colombian Caribbean Coast. It also contributed to the development of commercial activities during the post-independence period. Given the geographic location of the settlement, the Audiencia de Santafé, presided over by Andrés Díaz Venero de Leiva, decided that the new town would fall under the jurisdiction of the province of Santa Maria, the governor of which was, at the time, Don Pedro Fernández del Busto. The name Ocaña was given to the new town to honour Fernández del Busto, who was born in Ocaña, Spain. The native peoples in the region were those traditionally called Hacaritamas and those called Cultura Mosquito (Mosquito Culture) or Bajomagdalenense.

In 1828, Ocaña was the site of the inconclusive Convention of Ocaña led by Vice-president Santander where delegates attempted to reform Gran Colombia's written constitution. In 1849, during the period of the New Granada, the Congress ordered the creation of the province of Ocaña, in order to create a Provincial Chamber to legislate the creation of schools and land roads, in addition to organizing the public force and fairs. During the second half of the 19th century, Ocaña adopts a Librecambismo model, which generates that the area of Ocaña begins to establish commercial routes with Europe and North America. In 1935, the History Center of Ocaña was created, today it is the History Academy of Ocaña, in order to promote culture, in this had been members, historians, poets and influential musicians such as Lucio Pabón, thirteenth governor of Norte de Santander, the writer Luis Eduardo Paez Courvel influential in the literature of the department and one of the most prominent poets of the city, Jorge Pacheco Quintero.

Geography and climate

 * 1) Location: 8.23333°N, -73.35°W. The city of Ocaña is 610 km from Bogotá.
 * 2) Surface: 460 km2, 2.2% of the North Santander Department total area
 * 3) Height: 1,202 meters on the level of the sea Ocaña are on the Andean Eastern mountain range. The 2,600 mountains surround that reach msnm. Its average temperature is 22 °C.

Economy
The main economic activities are agriculture, the livestock raising, commerce, small industries and mining, with silver operation, copper and iron. The city is served by the Aguas Claras airport.

Twin towns – sister cities

 * 🇲🇽 Iztapalapa, Mexico

title: Ocaña, Norte de Santander


text:
Ocaña, Spain

Ocaña is a municipality of Spain, in the province of Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha.

Toponymy
The term Ocaña seems to have the base word olca- that originates from the Celtiberian 'fertile ground, meadow', and could have evolved into: Olcania > Ocania < Ocaña. There are other theories, like the one by Nieto Ballester, who states that Ocaña is a pre-Roman term, maybe Indo-European, but not Celtic. On the other hand, Menéndez Pidal quotes the name of Ocaña to support his thesis of the Ligurian substratum in the Iberian Peninsula.

Geography
Ocaña is located on the tableland known as Mesa de Ocaña, in the northeast of the province of Toledo, in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula. The Mesa de Ocaña is bordered to the north by the Tagus, to the west by the Arroyo Cedrón and Algodor rivers, to the east by the glacis of Tarancón, and to the south by La Mancha, of which it is however often considered to be a subsector. Located at about 730 metres above mean sea level, Ocaña has an average annual precipitation of about 466 mm.

History
Ocaña is the Vicus Cuminarius of the Romans.

The territory of Ocaña passed to Christian rule in the 11th century, most probably in the context of the conquest of Toledo. Ocaña and the land of Oreja were however conquered afterwards by the Almoravids, returning to Christian control in 1139, and the organization of settlement policy had to wait until 1156.

The Order of Calatrava established an encomienda ('commandery') in Ocaña in 1176. In 1182, the Order of Santiago obtained Ocaña from the Order of Calatrava in exchange for Alcubilla and an annual rent from the salt mines of Espartinas. The friars of the Order of Santiago soon established the seat of an encomienda, and held control over Ocaña throughout the remaining of the Middle Ages. The local Jewry consolidated in the 14h century and it grew further in the 15th century. By 1492, it amounted to about 1,500 Jews. From then on, Ocaña hosted a numerous judeoconverso population dedicated to artisan activities.

By the early 16th century, Ocaña had consolidated as a hub of artisan activity, including the craftmanship of reputed perfumed gloves. By the end of the 16th century, the once thriving glove-making industry entered into decadence. Soap factories also declined, but, unlike the former, did not fully disappear.

The town hosted a notable morisco community through the 16th century, which increased upon the arrival of 279 deported Granadan moriscos in the aftermath of the Alpujarras War. About 1,518 moriscos were reportedly expelled from the town in 1610.

In 1809, in the aftermath of the nearby Battle of Ocaña, the French Imperial Army pillaged Ocaña.

Main sights

 * Convent of Santa Catalina de Siena, in Renaissance style
 * Convent of St. Dominic, in Renaissance style (1535–1605)
 * Fuente Grande ("Great Spring"), built in the 16th century
 * Fuente Vieja ("Old Spring"), probably of Roman origins
 * Parish church of Santa María de la Asunción, built over a 12th-century mosque
 * Parish church of St. John the Baptist (13th century)
 * Convent of the Carmelites (16th century)
 * Palacio de los Cárdenas (16th century)
 * Rollo de Justicia (15th century)

Transportation
Ocaña is a major hub in the Spanish motorway network. The autovías A-4 and A-40 and toll roads R-4 and AP-36 all intersect each other at Ocaña. In addition, the Madrid–Levante high-speed rail line passes by Ocaña, but does not have a station there.

title: Ocaña, Spain


text:
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title: Template:CategoryNamedTOC


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Patrick Gale

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was article significantly altered since listing, discussion no longer necessary. -- Francs2000 | Talk 16:13, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Patrick Gale
I doubt the popularity (read: notability) of this popular American country singer. He seems to have left neither a trace on Google (unlike the British author of the same name), nor will amazon.com sell any CDs of his. nn-bio. Unverifiable. No context. I'm almost inclined to speedying it, but for the time being, I'll be satisfied with Delete. --DrTorstenHenning 11:11, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the new article. --DrTorstenHenning 07:41, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Replaced by new article. The text has now been replaced by a stub article about the notable British author of the same name, who is the primary source of Google hits for this name. I hope this closes this VfD. -- Karada 11:31, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep new article, works for me, thanks Karada. Alf 14:55, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Karada's stub about British author. BTW, the VfD template has been removed - is this vote over. I have no problem if it is as the author is clearly a notable one who has been writing books for twenty years. Capitalistroadster 19:28, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the British author stub. If enough people vote to remove this from vfd now I have no problem closing this discussion as is. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 19:30, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Imperial Courts

Vote for deletion
This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:11, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Needs a hell of a cleanup though! If I had any real knowledge of it I'd give it a go... BaHaReep 04:43, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Imperial Courts


text: User talk:194.83.172.227

title: User talk:194.83.172.227


text:
Lamtuna

The Lamtuna (Ilemteyen) are a nomadic Berber tribe belonging to the Iẓnagen / Sanhaja (Zenaga) confederation, who traditionally inhabited areas from Sous to Adrar Plateau. During the Almoravid period, many Lamtunas emigrated northwards. Currently, the Lemtuna Tribe is based in the South of Mauritania (Monguel and Agueilat). The chief of this Tribe is Mr. Limam Ould Teguedi (former Minister of Justice, former Minister of Culture and former Attorney General of Mauritania)Among notable families are the family of Ehl Aly Ibn Ibrahim, the family of Ehel Sidelemine, Ehl Abdawa, Ehl Mohamed El-Emine and Ehl Mohammed Ghali. Sahrawi Tajakant as well as Messouma tribes are of the most recognisable offshoots of the Lamtunas. They inhabit the area between Morocco and Western Sahara. The Banu Ghaniya, the successors of this dynasty in Tripoli and the Nafusa Mountains and the governors of the Spanish Balearic Islands until about the middle of the 13th century, originated from this tribe as well.

One of the members of the Sanhaja confederation, the Lamtuna inhabited the areas of Adrar and Tagant. During the 11th century, the Lamtuna, Godala, and Masufa tribes were united under the Lamtuna leader, Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Tifat (Tarsina). After Tarsina's death his successor Yahya ibn Ibrahim, of the Godala tribe, married a member of the Urtantac family that governed the Lamtuna, expanding both his personal influence and that of the family. The Lamtuna sat at the top of the ruling class as well as holding positions in important administrative and military posts in the Almoravid dynasty. After Abdallah ibn Yasin's death in 1059 Almoravid leadership was assumed by the chief of the Lamtuna, Abu Bakr ibn Umar, who fought against rebels in Mauritania in 1060. His cousin, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, continued to lead the Almoravids in southern Morocco and it was under his leadership that most of the Maghreb and Al-Andalus was conquered.

While the Lamtuna claim descent from the Himyarite Kingdom, with one of the chiefs sometimes referred to as Saharawi (one who comes from the Sahara). This name is seldom used in Arabic sources and doesn't appear to refer to a specific group. Genealogical data suggests that DNA may have been introduced by invaders from the Arabian Penninsula instead.

Notable Lamtunas

 * Abu Bakr ibn Umar
 * Yusuf ibn Tashfin
 * Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni

title: Lamtuna


text:
Hare Raising Havoc

Hare Raising Havoc is a side-scrolling adventure game developed by BlueSky Software for the Amiga and MS-DOS compatible operating systems. It was published by Disney Software in 1991. The game is a spin-off of the 1988 Disney/Amblin film, Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

Plot
The game follows the same basic pattern of the cartoon at the beginning of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and related shorts. After opening with a Maroon Cartoons title card, Mommy explains to Roger that (once again) he is in charge of babysitting Baby Herman, and if he proves incompetent at this task, "he's going back to the science lab!". Roger swears to perform faithfully, but immediately after Mommy's departure, Baby Herman catches sight of the large baby-bottle-shaped sign on top of a local bottling plant. He escapes the house, heading for the plant, so that Roger has to find his way out of the house, and up onto the roof of the plant, before Mommy arrives home and discovers Baby Herman missing. At the end of the game (whether successful or not) Roger must face Mommy and ultimately his director on the cartoon set. Jessica Rabbit makes brief cameos in a couple of the environments.

Gameplay
The player moves Roger around in each room, interacting with objects—for example, turning on a stove, pushing a bouncy cushion to a different position, etc. Once the correct objects are in the correct states they form a convoluted, Rube Goldberg-like method of exiting the room. The game is extremely challenging due to not only the puzzles themselves, but the time limit imposed by Mommy's impending return "one hour" from the start of the game. As a result, the player has much less time to learn the later environments, and a winning game requires almost flawless completion of each room's puzzle. A few hidden power-ups allow the player to turn back the clock a few minutes, but they generally take a little extra time to obtain, so remembering which are actually worth the trouble is crucial.

The game's running speed varies with processor speed. At high speed, the game becomes unplayable, especially when accompanying sound effects prevent Roger's actions from speeding up at the same rate. For this reason, the game provides a setup option to deliberately run the game more slowly.

title: Hare Raising Havoc


text:
Weli Muhadow

Velimuhammet Muhadov or Welimuhammet Muhadow (Turkmen Cyrillic: Велимухаммет Мухадов; Велимухаммед Мухатов; 5 May 1916 – 6 January 2005), also known as Veli Muhadov or Weli Muhadow (Turkmen Cyrillic: Вели Мухадов; Вели Мухатов), was a Turkmen composer.

He composed numerous works, including several film scores, the regional anthem of the Turkmen SSR (which was used in the 1990s as the Turkmen national anthem), and the current national anthem of Turkmenistan. He was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1965, the Stalin Prize in 1951 and 1952, and the Order of Lenin twice. He was also twice a member of the Supreme Soviet.

Biography
Muhadow studied music from 1929 to 1933 at a boarding school in Ashgabat. Beginning in 1936 he began studies in the Turkmen Department of the Moscow Conservatory. His most prominent works include the opera "End of the Bloody Watershed", the symphonic poem "My Homeland", the symphony "In Memory of Magtymguly", and his 1944 composition of the national anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic.

Muhadow's studies were interrupted in 1941 by the outbreak of World War II in the Soviet Union. Muhadow returned to Ashgabat and joined the Red Army, assigned to the 99th Rifle Division, which saw combat in the Don River basin. He was demobilized in 1943 and returned to Ashgabat to the position of choir director of the Opera and Ballet Theater. This period was marked by composition of a series of patriotic songs. After the war, Muhadow collaborated with Russian composer Adrian Shaposhnikov to compose the comic opera "Kemine and Kazy". In 1946 he returned to the Moscow Conservatory to resume study of composition, and during this period wrote "Cantata on the Communist Party" and "Turkmen Suite". This last work earned him the USSR State Prize in 1951. Muhadow's dissertation composition was the symphonic poem "My Homeland".

Over Muhadow's career, he composed over 200 songs, including "Parahatlyk uçin" ("For Peace"), "Nebitçiniň aýdymy" ("Song of the Oilworker"), "Garagumyň gülleri bar" ("Karakum Blooms"), and "Lenin hakynda aýdym" ("Song About Lenin").

Beginning in 1951 he served as a member of the board of directors of the USSR Composers Union, and additional periodically served as a member of the committees for award of the Lenin Prize and USSR State Prize, deputy chair of the Turkmen SSR State Prize committee, and board member of the USSR-Indonesia Society. He was a deputy of the fourth and fifth sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Awards

 * For Valorous Labor (1946)
 * For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War (1946)
 * Badge of Honor (1950)
 * State Prize of the USSR (1951, 1952)
 * Order of Lenin (1955)
 * People's Artist of the USSR (1965)
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1967)
 * Magtymguly State Prize of the Turkmen SSR (1972)
 * Order of Friendship of Peoples (1976)

title: Weli Muhadow


text:
User:Agamemnon2

Articles Started

 * 1:35 scale
 * 1) A Time to Heal (film)
 * 2) Alastalon salissa
 * 3) Broadway Limited Imports
 * 4) Cybergeneration
 * 5) Cyberspace (role-playing game)
 * 6) Dipoli
 * 7) Faller
 * 8) Fleischmann (model railroads)
 * 9) Heikki Savolainen (actor)
 * 10) Ilkka Suominen
 * 11) It Conquered the World
 * 12) Joel Rinne
 * 13) Johan Albrecht Ehrenström
 * 14) Kaarlo Tuominen
 * 15) Kaasua, komisario Palmu!
 * 16) Kato Precision Railroad Models
 * 17) Klavdiya Plotnikova
 * 18) Komisario Palmun erehdys
 * 19) Lemmenjoki River
 * 20) Lemminkäinen Group
 * 21) Lemminkäinen's Mother
 * 22) Matti Kassila
 * 23) Markku Tuokko
 * 24) Mehano
 * 25) Mignon (chocolate egg)
 * 26) Mike Pohjola
 * 27) Mikko Pesälä
 * 28) Mount Sisu
 * 29) Pieni tietosanakirja
 * 30) Portti
 * 31) Proto:87
 * 32) Radio tekee murron
 * 33) Radio tulee hulluksi
 * 34) Sampsa Pellervoinen
 * 35) Samuli Pohjamo
 * 36) Soini Nikkinen
 * 37) Speedy Gonzales - noin 7 veljeksen poika
 * 38) Stan Saanila
 * 39) Star Wreck Roleplaying Game
 * 40) Sturer Emil
 * 41) T scale
 * 42) The Defense of the Sampo
 * 43) The Fall (2006 film)
 * 44) The Garden of Death
 * 45) The Wounded Angel
 * 46) Thure Hellström
 * 47) Tommy Tabermann
 * 48) Trumpeter (company)
 * 49) Tähdet kertovat, komisario Palmu
 * 50) Ulpu Iivari
 * 51) Uma Aaltonen
 * 52) The Unhanged
 * 53) Usko Santavuori
 * 54) Vanhojapoikia viiksekkäitä
 * 55) Vodkaa, komisario Palmu
 * 56) ZZ scale

title: User:Agamemnon2


text:
Eisa (dance)

Eisa (エイサー, Eisaa) is a form of folk dance originating from the Okinawa Islands, Japan. In origin, it is a Bon dance that is performed by young people of each community during the Bon festival to honor the spirits of their ancestors. It underwent drastic changes in the 20th century and is today seen as a vital part of Okinawan culture.

Popular style
Modern Eisa is danced by 20 to 30 young men and women, mainly in doubled lines or circles to the accompaniment of singing, chanting, and drumming by the dancers as well as by folk songs played on the sanshin. Three types of drums are used in various combinations, depending upon regional style: the ōdaiko (大太鼓), a large barrel drum; the shimedaiko (締太鼓), a medium-sized drum similar to ones used in Noh theatre; and the paarankuu (パーランクー), a small hand drum similar to ones used in Buddhist ceremony. The dancers also sometimes play small hand gongs and yotsutake castanets. Eisa dancers wear various costumes, usually according to local tradition and gender of the dancer; modern costumes are often brightly colored and feature a characteristic, colorful knotted turban. Special vests, leggings, and shoes are also popular.

Origin
The origin of Eisa is unclear, like for many other folk performing arts. Iha Fuyū argued that the name of Eisa was related to wesa omoro (ゑさおもろ), a phrase appearing in Volume 14 of the Omoro Sōshi (16th–17th centuries). This theory is no longer supported. It is more likely that the name derived from an exclamation used in the original song of Eisa, the Mamauya Ninbuchi (継親念仏). The standardization of the written form was relatively new. Meiji era newspaper articles used various forms including yensaa (イェンサー), yaisaa (ヤイサー), and ensaa (エンサー).

The core of Eisa consists of nembutsu songs. The Ryūkyū-koku yuraiki (1713) attributes the introduction of nembutsu to Taichū (1552–1639), a Jōdo sect monk from Mutsu Province. According to the record, he translated Buddhist teaching into the vernacular speech and taught it to the people of Naha during the reign of Shō Nei. Other sources confirm that Taichū stayed in the capital region for three years in the early 1600s and converted the king and other high-ranking officials. Some researchers speculate that he introduced odori nembutsu or dancing nembutsu to Naha. However, Taichū's teaching did not prevail; it was barely carried on by his followers in Kakinohana, Naha.

Another important factor related to the origin of Eisa is Chondaraa (チョンダラー), a group of puppeteers. The Ryūkyū-koku yuraiki records two theories regarding the etymology of Chondaraa. One is that it indicates their origin, Kyoto. The other is that its founder was named Kyō (no) Kotarō (京小太郎). The fact that their origin had been obscured by the early 18th century suggests that they came from mainland Japan a long time ago. Based on modern-day Shuri Kubagawa-chō (part of the capital Shuri), they performed puppet plays, chanted Banzei (manzai) on celebratory occasions and sang nembutsu songs as a funeral service. For these reasons, they were also called Ninbuchaa (nembutsu prayer) or Yanzayaa (banzei chanter). It is uncertain if the Chondaraa performed nembutsu from the very beginning or learned later from a different group. Unlike Taichū's followers, they wandered around Okinawa Island.

The spread of nembutsu from mainland Japan was not limited to Okinawa. In the Yaeyama Islands, Bon dance is usually called Angama and is accompanied with nembutsu songs. The Amami Islands also have nembutsu songs, but at least some of them may belong to a tradition different from Okinawa's Chondaraa. Note that these traditions are not identified with Eisa. Eisa is considered specific to the Okinawa Islands.

Pre-World War II traditions
It is not clear when nembutsu songs spread to central Okinawa, which later played a central role in transforming Eisa. According to an oral tradition, Eisa was introduced to Kamiyama, Ginowan in the Meiji period, when a wealthy farmer invited performers from Shuri and made them teach Bon dance to young villagers. The community of Ganeko, Ginowan has a similar oral history. It appears that Eisa spread to northern Okinawa from the late Meiji period to the early Shōwa period. Several communities in northern Okinawa believe that Eisa was introduced from Sesoko, Motobu, a supplying center of seasonal workers.

In modern Okinawa, Eisa has gradually changed itself into popular entertainment by incorporating non-Buddhist folk songs and by adding visually appealing choreography although the Eisa dance still began with nembutsu songs such as Mamauya Ninbuchi, Chōja nu Nagari (長者の流れ), and Yamabushi (山伏). It has also developed regional variants. Kobayashi Yukio, a researcher of Okinawan folk songs, classified various forms of Eisa into four groups:
 * 1) Taiko Eisa: mainly performed in central Okinawa. A parade is led by male drummers and is followed by female or mixed dancers. A dozen songs are performed in a mid-tempo.
 * 2) Paarankuu Eisa: distributed in Uruma of midwestern Okinawa. A parade led by hand drummers and followed by a mixed group of men and women. A dozen songs are performed in an unhurried tempo.
 * 3) Drumless Eisa: typical of the Motobu Peninsula (Nago, Motobu and Nakijin) in northern Okinawa. Men and women line up in a circle around a wooden scaffold where sanshin is played. Dancers use no drum. A dozen to twenty songs are performed in a fast tempo.
 * 4) Female Eisa: distributed in the northern end of Okinawa. A dozen to twenty songs with varying tempo are performed solely by women.

Kobayashi Yukio analyzes modern Eisa as a result of the effort by each community's newly organized youth associations, an influence from sophisticated theatrical performance of Naha, and a social movement of modernization that forced young people to turn from "sexually explicit" gatherings to the "healthy" dance.

Eisa was to be performed at the Bon Festival. It is not known when it extended to other occasions. Newspaper articles confirm that Eisa, together with other folk performing arts, had been performed as an attraction at various government-sponsored exhibitions in central Okinawa already in 1900s.

Post-World War II transformation
Eisa underwent drastic changes in post-World War II Okinawa. In 1956, then under U.S. occupation, the first Zentō Eisa Contest was held in Koza (part of the modern-day Okinawa City). It was originally an effort to recover from the great damage to the base-dependent commercial city caused by the "Off Limits" ordinance by the U.S. military. As a contest, participating groups were judged by screening criteria such as costumes, formation, technique, the number of performers, and innovativeness. Folklorist Kumada Susumu noted values imposed by the criteria. They clearly emphasized group dynamics, although earlier groups were not necessarily large. Contrary to today's perception of Eisa as Okinawa's tradition, they did encourage the creative nature of Eisa. In fact it was not uncommon to wear Western clothing during the performance.

Another major event, the "Youth Furusato Eisa Festival," began in Naha in 1964, originally under the name of "All Okinawa Seinen Eisa Contest." At first, both events were competitive. In 1975, the latter abolished the contest and changed itself into a non-competitive festival, which was followed by the former in 1977. One reason behind the change was that some youth associations started showing their dissatisfaction at values imposed by the contests. Eisa had changed itself into spectacular group dynamics that was to fascinate the audience. To give the performance more punch, participating groups adopted an increasingly large number of drums. The adoption of luxurious uniforms was another effort to win the contest.

A theme park, Ryukyu Village, is created showcasing traditional Ryukyuan attire and the daily work of weaving cloth, grinding sugar cane, and performance of the Eisa dance.

Creative Eisa
The 1980s saw the beginning of a new style of Eisa, called "creative Eisa" or "club team Eisa," which holds many distinctions from traditional forms of Eisa. Whereas traditionally Eisa groups consist of people from a village or community due to the sacredness of the activity in honoring the ancestors of a specific community, creative Eisa teams are usually independent of local communities, and admit anyone regardless of their heritage. Creative Eisa is characterized largely by its song selection, with groups usually choosing to dance to newer songs, rather than the traditional standards. Hidekatsu, a Taketomi-born Ryukyu music artist, has become one of the most popular artists that creative Eisa groups dance to. His hit song, Mirukumunari, has become one of the most frequently performed creative Eisa dances. Hidekatsu is unique in that his songs are almost entirely sung in the Ryukyuan languages, which is a marked departure from most modern day Ryukyu pop singers, who sing primarily in Japanese, making Hidekatsu's music a vital link for young modern Ryukyuans to the languages of their ancestors, who otherwise receive little exposure to the languages. All of the Ryukyu languages are endangered due to over a century of social and political prejudice against the Ryukyu languages by the Japanese government.

Some examples of creative Eisa clubs include Ryukyukoku Matsuri Daiko and Chinagu Eisa (based in Hawaiʻi). Ryukyukoku Matsuri Daiko, formed in 1982, was one of the first creative Eisa clubs, and has since expanded to form chapters in mainland Japan, Hawaiʻi, the mainland United States, and other locations with Okinawan populations. Whereas traditionally men would dance Eisa utilizing drums, while women would dance drumless, creative Eisa features many females who choose to dance with drums.

In addition to having the freedom of dancing to new songs, creative Eisa groups often create their own choreographies, typically using elements of traditional Eisa and karate.

Since its formation, creative Eisa has become hugely popular in Okinawa, and has also been exported to the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands, Yoron Island (1992) Okinoerabu Island (1993), Kagoshima Prefecture, and to the Kantō and Kansai regions, where people of Okinawan descent concentrated. Creative Eisa has also been exported internationally to virtually anywhere with sizeable Okinawan populations, such as Hawaiʻi, the continental United States, and South America.

For many young Ryukyuans in the 21st century, creative Eisa has become an integral part of their cultural identity, providing a vital link between tradition and modern creativity.

One consequence of the rise of creative Eisa is a crisis in authenticity. In response, youth associations increasingly see their community-based Eisa as Okinawan tradition although the perceived tradition is a result of "growing pains" up to 1970s.

title: Eisa (dance)


text:
Consultor

A consultor is one who gives counsel, i.e., a counselor.

In the Catholic Church, it is a specific title for various advisory positions:
 * in the Roman Curia, a consultor is a specially appointed expert who may be called upon for advice desired by a department. Consultors, who can be members of the clergy, female or male religious, or laity, and possibly even non-Catholics, are called upon according to need and according to their competence in specific fields. The decisions are then made by the cardinals and (since the Second Vatican Council) bishops who are members of the department, those of the greatest importance being made at plenary meetings, held in principle every year, at which even those members not resident in Rome take part, while those that are important but of ordinary character are taken at the more frequent ordinary meetings, and the day-to-day routine work is done by the prefect or president of the department, assisted by the secretary and under-secretary and the other members of the staff.
 * in a diocese, the college of consultors consists of priests charged with advising the bishop; some decisions require that they be given a hearing, others require their consent; when a sede vacante situation arises, the college of consultors is obliged to elect a diocesan administrator within eight days of receiving notice of the vacancy.
 * in certain regular congregations (i.e. religious orders) consultors can advise the superior-general, (e.g. the six geographically diverse consultors to the superior general of the Passionists), provincial superior (e.g. Redemptorist Vice-provincials), or a local superior.

Sources and references

 * Catholic Encyclopedia

title: Consultor


text:
Talk:Phil Morle

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This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:13, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Phil Morle


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/D'oh!

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 05:48, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

D'oh!

 * Merge with Made-up words in The Simpsons. Do we have articles like Kwyjibo or BBBQ? No we don't. --MicroFeet 11:13, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Here in the Netherlands (at least where I am), the phrase is commonly used by young people in every day life. - Mgm|(talk) 11:30, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --zippedmartin 13:00, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a remarkably notable made-up word from The Simpsons.  Kwyjibo and BBBQ are both one-scene one-episode jokes, and that's why they're in the uber-merged article.  It'd be like merging Mt. Rushmore into List of mountains in South Dakota -- Plutor 13:38, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not suitable for an entire article of its own. Maybe merge parts with Made-up words in The Simpsons, and transwiki parts to Wiktionary. Jdhowens90 13:40, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this one, but not Kwyjibo or BBBQ. Dunc|☺ 14:10, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Plutor; "D'oh" is in the OED. — Lomn | Talk 14:38:41, 2005-08-22 (UTC)
 * Keep — Very well known expression. — RJH 15:04, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep has had a major impact on our culture, now in common usage and really doesn't compare to any of the other Simpson made up words. It's a good article in itself, an informative read, I like it. Alf 15:16, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above, and transwiki to wikitionary (if not already there). Keep as a redirect, tho' The JPS 15:27, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, well written, notable phrase (as listed above) --IByte 15:28, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Alf. Christy747 15:48, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- part of the language now, and a nicely encyclopedic article. Steve Summit (talk) 16:10, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable enough. --R.Koot 16:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, highly notable word now despite its origins.Gateman1997 17:59, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. When something like this makes the Oxford English dictionary, it's a keeper on Wikipedia. - Lucky 6.9 19:16, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep, extremely notable. By the way, VfD is not the place to suggest a merge. - ulayiti (talk)  19:17, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as well known word with Simpsons origins. Capitalistroadster 19:32, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, valuable article. Punkmorten 20:53, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep highly notable expression. And VfDs aren't the place to nominate things for merging.  Nothing gets deleted when you merge.  CanadianCaesar 22:25, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable expression/catchphrase. 23skidoo 00:02, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Alf. --Apyule 03:00, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please about a million hits on google tooo Yuckfoo 19:32, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - this has got to be one of the most notable things to derive from "The Simpsons". Vashti 19:00, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/D'oh!


text:
Zóbel de Ayala family

The Zóbel de Ayala clan is a prominent Filipino family of Spanish and German descent who were the founders of Ayala y Compañía (now Ayala Corporation) and patrons of the Premio Zóbel literary awards. The clan is directly descended from Jacobo Zóbel y Zangroniz (1842–1896) and Trinidad de Ayala (1856–1918). Ayala y Compañía (established in 1876) traces its origins to Casa Róxas, a business partnership established in 1834 between Domingo Róxas (1792–1843) and Antonio de Ayala (1803–1876).

Jacobo Zóbel (1842–1896)
Jacobo Zóbel y Zangroniz was the son of Jakob Hinsch Zóbel and Ana Maria Zangroniz (daughter of a justice at the Real Audiencia of Manila, who had come from an old family in Navarra, Spain). He was born on October 12, 1842, and was the first Zóbel born in the Philippines. His grandfather, Johannes Andreas Zóbel, arrived in the Philippines from Hamburg, Germany in 1832, together with his wife, Cornelia Hinsch, and their son, Jakob. Johannes Andreas Zóbel came from a long line of German pharmacists and established the Botica Zóbel pharmacy in 1834, located in 28 Calle Real in Intramuros.

Zóbel was sent to Hamburg, Germany for his primary education (1848 to 1859) and continued his higher studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid, taking up natural sciences. It was there he explored his lifelong fascination with medicine, chemistry and archaeology. In doing so, he mastered eleven languages. He befriended the young numismatist Don Antonio Delgado (1805-1879) from Madrid, who inspired his scholarship on antiquarian coins. He traveled to several museums in Europe to research more about his collecting hobby and he published the classic monograph titled "Memoria Sobre Las Monedas Libiofenicias o Teudetanas" which is still published and used in Spanish universities to this day. He graduated from the university in 1864 and returned to Manila to assume management of Botica Zóbel.

Brought up as a liberal, Zóbel welcomed his appointment by Governor General Carlos de la Torre as a member of the Manila Municipal Board and the Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País. During his term, Zóbel introduced many liberal reforms: public schools, the first tree-planting activities and campaigned for representation in the Spanish Cortes. He also opened the first public reading room and library during his term.

Because of his many liberal ideas, Zóbel became a suspect following the Cavite Mutiny of 1872. On September 22, 1874, he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago for several months on the charge of sedition. He was cited also for possession of firearms and revolutionary pamphlets. The Prince of Bismarck made representations to the Spanish government to have him released. He was acquitted in February 1875 by the Real Audiencia of Manila for lack of evidence.

Zóbel married Trinidad de Ayala (1856–1918) on February 5, 1875. The couple took a whirlwind honeymoon trip to Japan, San Francisco, the World's Fair of 1876, and Europe, where their children were born. The couple decided to live briefly in Spain after Jacobo decided to study transportation systems in Europe, and he renewed his numismatic research, publishing a major work entitled Estudio Histórico de la Moneda Antigua Española Desde Su Origen Hasta El Imperio Romano in 1878.

Sometime in 1880, the couple returned to Manila. He became a representative of Eiffel et Cie. of Paris and built the Ayala Bridge in Manila. Ayala y Compañia (the successor-in-interest to Casa Róxas) was established in 1876 and Zóbel became one of its partners until 1891.

He was appointed member of the Consejo de Administración by the King of Spain on May 25, 1882. He was also member of the Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País, a conciliario (adviser) of Banco Español Filipino and the secretary of the Cámara de Comercio de Manila. He became a member of the prestigious Real Academia de la Historia from 1865 to 1896. He received numerous awards, including the Gran Cruz de la Real Orden Americana de Isabel la Catolica in 1880, the Caballero de la Orden de Carlos III, and knight-commander of the Order of the Northern Star of Sweden and Norway.

On December 1885, Zóbel established the first tram system in Manila, the Manila-Tondo line, which extended to Malabon and was powered by steam. His capitalist partner was the Spanish banker Don Adolfo Bayo and his local partner was one of the richest Filipinos of the time, Don Gonzalo Tuason. Eventually, he built four other major tram lines in Manila and its vicinity (Malate, Sampaloc to Tondo), drawn by horses.

Zóbel died on October 7, 1896, while under suspicion once again of supporting the Philippine revolution.

Trinidad de Ayala (1856–1918)
Trinidad de Ayala was the youngest daughter of Antonio de Ayala and Margarita Róxas (the eldest child of Domingo Róxas y Ureta). She was very supportive of her husband's liberal causes, a trait she inherited from her mother. She was very much interested in the arts and she cultivated singing. La Ilustración Filipina magazine reported on March 28, 1892, that she was invited to sing in Malacañang with other sopranos of the period.

In 1898, upon the death of her husband and with her brother-in-law, Pedro Pablo Róxas (1847–1913), away in Paris, France, Ayala divested her husband's tramcar and pharmacy businesses, and various assets of Ayala y Compañia. Showing extreme astuteness, she redeployed capital into marketable securities in hotels and trade, which later boomed after the Philippine–American War and World War I. She increased the family's holdings in Banco Español Filipino, bought into The Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Company Ltd. and invested in Hong Kong real estate. Under her stewardship, Banco Español Filipino expanded into branch banking, opening an office in Iloilo City. She funded the development of Manila's first community water system, known as the Carriedo waterworks.

In 1898, she led Ayala y Compañía into its first real estate development. Upon the death of her brother-in-law Pedro Pablo Róxas in 1912, she took over his interests in Ayala y Compañia. In 1914, she gave Hacienda San Pedro de Macati to her grandchildren – Jacobo Zóbel, Alfonso Zóbel and Mercedes Zóbel (the children of her son Enrique with his first wife, Consuelo). She died in 1918 at the age of 62.

Descendants
Jacobo Zóbel and Trinidad de Ayala had five children – Fernando Antonio A. Zóbel (1876–1949); twins Enrique (1877–1943) and Alfonso (1877–1882); Margarita (1881–1963); and Gloria – who were the first-generation Zóbel de Ayalas. Among the children, Fernando Antonio and Enrique would assume leadership of Ayala y Compañía. Enrique's descendants would inherit Ayala y Compañía after his death in 1943. After the end of World War II, the family's fortunes would increase with the development of Hacienda San Pedro de Macati.

In 1968, Ayala y Compañía shifted from a partnership to a corporation, becoming Ayala Corporation.

Bloodline

 * Domingo Róxas (1792-1843) m. Maria Saturnina Ubaldo
 * Margarita Róxas (1826-1869) m. Antonio de Ayala (1803-1876)
 * Camilla de Ayala m. Andres Ortiz de Zarate
 * Carmen de Ayala (d. 1930) m. Pedro Pablo (Perico) Róxas (1847-1912)
 * Consuelo Róxas de Ayala (1877-1908) m. Enrique Zóbel de Ayala (1877-1943)
 * José Róxas de Ayala
 * Margarita Róxas de Ayala m. Eduardo Soriano y Sanz
 * Pedro Róxas de Ayala
 * Antonio Róxas de Ayala
 * Trinidad de Ayala (1856-1918) m. Jacobo Zóbel y Zangroniz (1842-1896) (see Family Tree)
 * Fernando Antonio Zóbel de Ayala (1876-1949)
 * Enrique Zóbel de Ayala (1877-1943) m. Consuelo Róxas de Ayala (1877-1908); m. Fermina Montojo (1881-1966)
 * Alfonso Zóbel de Ayala (1877-1882) (twin of Enrique)
 * Margarita Zóbel de Ayala m. Antonio Melian y Pavia (1879-1956)
 * Gloria Zóbel de Ayala
 * José Bonifacio Róxas (1834-1888) m. Juana de Castro
 * Pedro Pablo (Perico) Róxas (1847-1912) m. Carmen de Ayala (d. 1930)
 * Mariano Róxas

Family tree

 * Jacobo Zóbel y Zangroniz (1842-1896) m. Trinidad de Ayala (1856-1918)
 * Fernando Antonio Zóbel de Ayala (1876-1949) m. Concepción Tremoya Palet
 * Enrique Zóbel de Ayala (1877-1943) m. Consuelo Róxas de Ayala (1877-1908); m. Fermina Montojo (1881-1966)
 * Jacobo Zóbel de Ayala y Róxas (1902-1971) m. Angela Olgado; m. Sachiko Morita
 * Enrique J. Zóbel (1927-2004) m. Rocío Urquijo (1935-2009); m. Dee Anne Hora
 * Jacobo Santiago (Santi) U. Zóbel (1954-1965)
 * Mercedes (Dedes) U. Zóbel m. Carlo Pessina
 * Iñigo U. Zóbel m. María Cristina Cardenas
 * Alfonso Zóbel de Ayala y Róxas (1903-1967) m. Carmen Pfitz (1909-1999)
 * María Victoria (Vicky) Zóbel de Ayala m. Juan Antonio Vallejo-Nágera (1926-1990)
 * Alejandra Z.Vallejo-Nágera
 * Iñigo Z. Vallejo-Nágera
 * María Z. Vallejo-Nágera
 * Jaime Zóbel de Ayala m. Beatriz Miranda
 * Jaime Augusto Zóbel de Ayala II m. Elizabeth Eder
 * Mariana Beatriz Zóbel de Ayala m. Danel Aboitiz
 * Jaime Alfonso Zóbel de Ayala m. Marga Aboitiz
 * Fernando Zóbel de Ayala m. Catherine Marie Silverio
 * Beatriz Susana (Bea Jr.) Zóbel m. Juan Urquijo Fernández de Araoz (d. 1995)
 * Jaime Z. Urquijo m. Alexandra Suarez
 * Patricia Zóbel m. Juan Enrique de Herrera García Moriyón (?); m. Alonso Halffter Caro
 * Cristina Zóbel m. Ignacio Suárez de Puga Fontes
 * Monica Zóbel m. Guillermo Pla Otáñez
 * Sofia Zóbel m. Francisco R. Elizalde
 * Alfonso (Alfonsito) Zóbel de Ayala, Jr.(d. 2023)
 * Mercedes Zóbel de Ayala y Róxas (1907-2005) m. Joseph McMicking (1908-1990)
 * Matilde Zóbel de Ayala y Montojo m. Luis Albarracin Segura
 * Consuelo Zóbel de Ayala y Montojo (1914-1990) m. James D. Alger (1912-1986)
 * Gloria Zóbel de Ayala y Montojo m. Ricardo Padilla y Satrustegui
 * Georgina Z. Padilla m. Luis Mac-Crohon y Garay
 * Alejandro Z. Padilla
 * Fernando M. Zóbel (1924-1984)
 * Alfonso Zóbel de Ayala (1877-1882) (twin of Enrique)
 * Margarita Zóbel de Ayala m. Antonio Melián y Pavía, 4th Count of Peracamps (1879-1923-1957)
 * Sylvia Z. Melián
 * Leopoldo Melián, 5th Count of Peracamps (1910-1978) m. María Natividad Ugarte y Aboitiz (1916-2018)
 * Margarita Melián (1948) m. 1975 Ignacio Ricardo Ortigas
 * Enrique Melián, 6th Count of Peracamps (1955)
 * Eduardo Z. Melián
 * Raul Z. Melián
 * Elena Z. Melián (1915-1925)
 * Alfredo Z. Melián (1916-1991) m. Almudt Schmidt (1921-1946)  m. Mary Dolores Randolph Magda (1926-2016)
 * Cristobal S. Melián (1946) m. Marianne Heiberg (1945-2004)
 * Arturo R. Melián (1957)
 * Victoria R. Melián (1958-2021) m. Luis Marsans Astoreca (1952-2004)
 * Eugenia R. Melián (1960)
 * Sylvia R. Melián (1962)
 * Gloria Zóbel de Ayala

Ayala Corporation
The Zóbel de Ayalas are among several Filipino families listed in Forbes list of the world's richest people. The family owns and controls Ayala Corporation, the country's largest and oldest conglomerate that includes the Bank of the Philippine Islands, Ayala Land Inc., the Manila Water Company, and Globe Telecom, one of the largest mobile phone networks in the Philippines. Ayala Corporation was formerly known as Ayala y Compañia (established in 1876) which evolved from a series of partnerships beginning with Casa Róxas, a partnership established in 1834 between Domingo Róxas and Antonio de Ayala. In 1968, Ayala y Compañia shifted from a partnership to a corporation, becoming Ayala Corporation. At present, the family continues to hold the controlling stake in the company through its holding company Mermac, Inc.

San Miguel Corporation
Iñigo U. Zóbel is the majority shareholder and chairman of Top Frontier Investment Holdings, Inc., the largest and controlling shareholder of San Miguel Corporation.

Public service

 * In 1929, Enrique Zóbel de Ayala established the Premio Zóbel to recognize the best written works in the Spanish language in the Philippines.
 * The Ayala Foundation (formerly, Filipinas Foundation) envisions communities where people are productive, creative, self-reliant, and proud to be Filipino.
 * The Consuelo Foundation was established by Consuelo Zóbel Alger. It operates and supports programs in Hawaii and the Philippines that prevent and treat abuse, neglect and the exploitation of children, women and families.

Legacy and honors
The De La Salle-Santiago Zóbel School was named after Jacobo Santiago "Santi" Zóbel (1954–1965), the eldest son of Enrique J. Zóbel and Rocío Urquijo.

"Jaime Zóbel de Ayala and family" are among the three Filipino families included in the Forbes list of the "World's Richest Families".

The 2007 Harvard Alumni Achievement Award was awarded to Jaime Augusto Zóbel de Ayala, chairman of Ayala Corporation, for his exemplary leadership in business. It is the highest honor of the Harvard Business School. He was the first Filipino and the youngest alumnus to be so honored.

Jaime Zóbel de Ayala was awarded with the Philippine Legion of Honor, Rank of Grand Commander on December 24, 2009. Jaime Augusto Zóbel de Ayala II and Fernando Zóbel de Ayala were awarded with the Philippine Legion of Honor, Rank of Grand Commander on June 29, 2010.

Notable members

 * Enrique Zóbel de Ayala
 * Fernando Zóbel
 * Col. Jacobo Zóbel
 * Col. Joseph McMicking
 * Mercedes Zóbel McMicking
 * Consuelo Zóbel Alger
 * Enrique J. Zóbel
 * Jaime Zóbel
 * Jaime Augusto Zóbel de Ayala II
 * Fernando Zóbel de Ayala

title: Zóbel de Ayala family


text:
Message in a bottle (disambiguation)

A message in a bottle is a form of communication whereby a message is sealed in a container and released into a body of water.

Message in a bottle may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Message in a Bottle (film), a 1999 adaptation of the Nicholas Sparks novel (see below)
 * "Message in a Bottle" (Star Trek: Voyager), a 1998 TV episode
 * "Message in a Bottle" (Stargate SG-1), a 1998 TV episode

Literature

 * Message in a Bottle (novel), a 1998 novel by Nicholas Sparks
 * The Message in the Bottle, a 1975 collection of essays by Walker Percy

Music

 * Message in a Bottle (album), by JJ Lin, 2017
 * "Message in a Bottle" (The Police song), 1979
 * "Message in a Bottle" (Taylor Swift song), 2021
 * "Message in a Bottle", a song by Ty Dolla Sign from Beach House 3, 2017

title: Message in a bottle (disambiguation)


text:
Dr. Dolittle (1998 film)

Dr. Dolittle (also written as Doctor Dolittle) is a 1998 American fantasy comedy film directed by Betty Thomas, written by Larry Levin and Nat Mauldin, and starring Eddie Murphy in the title role along with Ossie Davis and Oliver Platt. The film was based on the series of children's stories of the same name by Hugh Lofting, but used no material from any of the novels; the main connection is the titular character Dr. John Dolittle and his ability to talk to animals, although the Pushmi-Pullyu, a much-loved feature of the books, notably makes a very brief appearance in a couple of scenes. The first novel, The Story of Doctor Dolittle (1920) had originally and previously been filmed in 1967 as a musical of the same name, which was a closer (albeit still very loose) adaptation of the book. The film was a box-office success, although it received mixed reviews from critics upon release.

The film's success generated one theatrical sequel, Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001), and three films released direct to video: Dr. Dolittle 3 (2006), Dr. Dolittle: Tail to the Chief (2008), and Dr. Dolittle: Million Dollar Mutts (2009).

Plot
In 1968, five-year old John Dolittle displays an ability to hear what animals are saying, starting with his own dog. John asks his dog questions like: "Why do dogs sniff each other's butts?" and the dog's response is that it is their own way of shaking hands, and John does it when meeting his new principal. His behavior horrifies his father Archer, who hires a local priest to perform an exorcism on John in order to remove the "devil" from him. During the exam, the dog bites and attacks the priest, resulting in Archer sending the dog away. Following this ordeal, John eventually stops talking to animals and soon forgets he can.

Thirty years later in 1998, John is a doctor and a surgeon living in San Francisco, California. He is happily married to his wife Lisa, and has two daughters, typical teenager Charisse, and nerdy Maya, who has a pet guinea pig named Rodney, and what she believes is a swan egg, which she hopes will bond with her upon hatching. A large medical company owned by Mr. Calloway seeks to buy John's practice, a deal in which one of his colleagues, Dr. Mark Weller, is enthusiastic about, though their other colleague, Dr. Gene Reiss, is skeptical about the deal due to the potential of downsizing patients and staff.

John's family goes on vacation, while John goes back to work to see a patient, and then pick up Rodney. On his way home, he accidentally nearly hits a dog with his SUV, causing the dog to scold him in anger. Afterward, as John is driving to the cabin his family is staying at with Rodney in the car, Rodney starts talking to John, causing him to believe he is having a mental breakdown. John has a CT scan after animals start asking for favors when he helps a wounded owl, and he then unwittingly adopts the dog he nearly ran over, eventually naming him Lucky. John later starts secretly helping various animals, including a suicidal circus tiger named Jake, who suffers great cerebral vein. Through all this, John begins learning to re-appreciate his gift, at one point confiding to both Lucky and Mark that he has never felt excited about his work in years. However, Lisa and Mark catch him performing CPR on a rat, and have him sectioned in a mental hospital.

Believing his gift is a hindrance, John rejects all abnormality in his life and returns to work, but in doing so, ostracizes Maya as well, who comes to believe he dislikes her. Maya admits to Archer that she liked the idea of her father talking to animals, and John has a change of heart when he eavesdrops on the conversation. He admits to Maya that he does not like, but loves her for who she is, and encourages her to continue being what she wants to be.

John then apologizes to Lucky, and together, they sneak Jake out of the circus and take him to the hospital to perform surgery on him, on the same night a party is going on where Calloway will buy the company. Mark and Gene catch John, Gene decides to assist John. Soon, Jake is exposed in front of everyone at the party, and they all watch as John and Gene operate on Jake in the operating theater. Archer reveals to Lisa that John's gift is real, encouraging her to venture into the theater and keep Jake calm while John and Gene discover Jake is suffering from a blood clot and successfully remove it, saving Jake's life. John then declines Calloway's offer to buy the place and officially accepts his gift of talking to animals.

John becomes both a doctor and a veterinarian afterwards, embracing his ability to talk to animals. Maya's egg hatches into a baby alligator, and the final scene shows John and Lucky walking on the street together with John talking about how he's going to treat animals and people, and Lucky talking about how he wants different treatment from now on. The owl then goes after the rats.

Live-action cast

 * Eddie Murphy as Dr. John Dolittle, a physician who can talk to animals.
 * Dari Gerard Smith as 5-year-old John
 * Ossie Davis as Grandpa Archer Dolittle, the father of John.
 * Oliver Platt as Dr. Mark Weller, a colleague and frenemy of John.
 * Peter Boyle as Mr. Calloway, a man who seeks to buy John's practice.
 * Richard Schiff as Dr. Gene Reiss, a colleague and loyal friend of John.
 * Kristen Wilson as Lisa Dolittle, the wife of John.
 * Jeffrey Tambor as Dr. Fish
 * Kyla Pratt as Maya Dolittle, the nerdy daughter of John.
 * Raven-Symoné as Charisse Dolittle, the teenage daughter of John.
 * Steven Gilborn as Dr. Sam Litvack
 * Paul Giamatti (uncredited) as Blaine Hammersmith
 * Don Calfa (uncredited) as Patient at Hammersmith
 * Pruitt Taylor Vince (uncredited) as Patient at Hammersmith

Voice cast

 * Norm Macdonald as Lucky, a dog that John adopts.
 * Albert Brooks as Jacob "Jake", a Bengal tiger.
 * Chris Rock as Rodney, a guinea pig owned by the Dolittle family
 * Reni Santoni as Rat #1
 * John Leguizamo as Rat #2
 * Julie Kavner as Female Pigeon
 * Garry Shandling as Male Pigeon
 * Ellen DeGeneres as Prologue Dog, John's childhood pet
 * Brian Doyle-Murray as Old Retriever
 * Phil Proctor as Drunk Monkey
 * Jenna Elfman as Owl
 * Gilbert Gottfried as Compulsive Dog
 * Phyllis Katz as Goat
 * Douglas Shamburger as Pound Dog
 * Jeff Doucette as Possum
 * Archie Hahn as Heavy Woman's Dog
 * Tom Towles as German Shepherd
 * Eddie Frierson as Skunk
 * Paul Reubens as Raccoon
 * Royce D. Applegate as "I Love You" Dog
 * James F. Dean as Orangutan
 * Chad Einbinder as Bettelheim the Cat
 * Jonathan Lipnicki as Baby Tiger
 * Hamilton Camp as Pig
 * Kerrigan Mahan as Penguin

Puppeteers
Lead puppeteer
 * Allan Trautman - lead puppeteer

Puppeteers
 * Bill Barretta
 * Kevin Carlson
 * Bruce Lanoil
 * Drew Massey
 * Ian Tregonning
 * Mak Wilson

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was released on June 16, 1998 through Atlantic Records and consisted of a blend of hip hop and contemporary R&B. The soundtrack was a huge success, peaking at 4 on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and was certified 2× Multi-Platinum on October 20 the same year. Allmusic rated the soundtrack four stars out of five.

The soundtrack's only charting single, "Are You That Somebody?" by Aaliyah, also found success, making it to 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 and received a nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the Grammy Awards.

Information taken from Dr. Dolittle: The Album liner notes:

Sample credits
 * "Lovin' You So" contains elements from "Pack'd My Bags", written by Chaka Khan and Tony Maiden.
 * "Dance" contains "If Ever I Fall" by The Winans.
 * "Ain't Nothin' but a Party" contains an interpolation of "8th Wonder", written by Sylvia Robinson, Clifton Chase, Michael Wright, Cheryl Cook, and Guy O'Brien.

Box office
On its opening weekend, Dr. Dolittle earned $29,014,324 across 2,777 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #1 at the box office, the best debut for a 20th Century Fox film that week. It would go on to achieve the biggest opening weekend for an Eddie Murphy film, beating The Nutty Professor. That record would be surpassed by its successor Nutty Professor II: The Klumps in 2000. By the end of its run, the film had grossed $144,156,605 in the United States and $150,300,000 internationally, totaling $294,456,605 worldwide.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 41% based on reviews from 51 critics, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Doctor Dolittle finds some mirth in the novelty of wisecracking critters, but this family feature's treacly tone is made queasy by a reliance on scatological gags that undercut the intended warmth". On Metacritic it has weighted average score of 46 out of 100 based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A to F.

Leonard Klady of Variety called it "slim on story and rife with scatological jokes, the film may strike a chord with pre-teens but misses for an older crowd despite some nifty effects and broad humor". Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times dismissed the film as "a complete waste of time and potential".

Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club wrote: "Murphy is stuck playing second fiddle to the film's menagerie of nutty animals, he makes an engaging straight man. Dr. Dolittle isn't as sharp or consistent as Murphy's The Nutty Professor, but it's an amusing, lightweight diversion". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 and wrote: "Too many adults have a tendency to confuse bad taste with evil influences; it's hard for them to see that the activities in Doctor Dolittle, while rude and vulgar, are not violent or anti-social. The movie will not harm anyone".

Home media
Dr. Dolittle was released on LaserDisc and VHS on November 24, 1998, on DVD on August 3, 1999 and on Blu-ray disc on March 18, 2014.

Video game
A video game based on the film was released in Europe for the PlayStation 2 on November 29, 2006.

title: Dr. Dolittle (1998 film)


text:
American-born confused desi

"American-born confused desi" (ABCD) is an informal term used to refer to South Asian Americans particularly of Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi origin, born or raised in the United States, in contrast to those who were born overseas and later settled in the US.

Neologism
"ABCD" or "American-born confused desi" has become a polarizing factor in the South Asian diaspora in the United States, with first-generation immigrant parents and young South Asians of second or later generations. Though the term was originally coined in reference to Indian Americans, it has been adopted by the South Asian diaspora at large. The term desi comes from the Hindi word देश (deś, lit. 'homeland'). The word has its origin in Sanskrit,, and is pronounced desh in the Bengali language. Desi means 'of the homeland' and is generally used by diasporas of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Although it is not used much in South Asia and not as a set identity like the diasporas do. The term has been commonly known among diasporas since at least the 1980s. The term confused is used to describe the psychological state of many second-generation South Asian Americans who struggle to balance values and traditions taught at home with attitudes and practices that are more conducive to the culture of The United States.

The longer and lesser known form American born confused desi, emigrated from Gujarat, house In Jersey is also occasionally seen; playing on the alphabet theme, it has been expanded for K-Z variously as kids learning medicine, now owning property, quite reasonable salary, two uncles visiting, white Xenophobia, yet zestful or keeping lotsa motels, named Omkarnath Patel, quickly reaching success through underhanded vicious ways, xenophobic yet zestful. The former version of the A—Z expansion was proposed by South Asian immigrants as a reaction to the latter version that derogated them.

Cultural implications
Among South Asian Americans, the term may be considered divisive, as first generation South Asian Americans use it to criticize the Americanization and the lack of belonging to Indian Asian culture they perceive in their second-generation peers or children. At times, it could also be used to mock their outdated perception of their country of origin. Writer Vijay Prashad describes the term as "ponderous and overused" and notes it as one of the mechanisms by which new immigrants attempt to make second-generation youth feel "culturally inadequate and unfinished".

Movies
The term American-born confused desi first appeared in the movie American Desi (2001). ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi is a 2013 Malayalam language movie released in India. The film narrates the journey of two young American Malayalis to their motherland, Kerala, with the title based on the term American-born confused desi.

Other use

 * Abroad-born confused desi, an informal term used to refer to members of the South Asian diaspora who were born or raised abroad.

title: American-born confused desi


text:
Talk:El Castillo, Chichen Itza

Untitled
notice that the temple has 91 stair steps on each of the 4 sides and with the top step adds to 365 .. mayans were very good in maths and astronomy.. it is suppoused that the temple was actualy a calendar..

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 August 2020 and 5 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): N2020w. Peer reviewers: Keanmc.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:19, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Name
As "El Castillo" is a rather common nickname for large structures, perhaps this should be moved to "El Castillo, Chichen Itza" or something similar? -- Infrogmation 16:07, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, think we need a dab title here (there's also a highlands site in the Cotzumalhuapa region called El Castillo, for eg). There'd be the same problem for its alternative familiar name, Temple of K'uk'ulkan. I think your suggestion, El Castillo, Chichen Itza, should be fine, its formal designation as Chichen Itza Structure 5B18 is perhaps too obscure.--cjllw | TALK  01:57, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, hv moved it to new title per your suggestion.--cjllw | TALK  03:56, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Article Needed?
Do we need this article? The same information is found in the Chichen Itza entry. Can't visitors to Wikipedia searching for El Castillo be directed to the Chichen Itza page instead of maintaining the same information in two places?CoyoteMan31 12:10, 15 June 2007 (UTC)CoyoteMan31

 * IMO there's sufficient expansion scope for this notable structure to sustain its own article- although yes, in practice at the moment there is considerable overlap with the main Chichen Itza article. Both articles could readily be extended, there's a lot of info on both not yet covered. Ideally, the Chichen article would give the overview on the main features and structures associated with the site, while the subarticles carry the details & specifics. I don't think it does any harm to have this one here, even if only as a sketch awaiting further work. --cjllw ʘ  TALK 14:16, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Last 'Graf
The last paragraph is incorrect: "Today 'El Castillo' is one of the most popular and recognized tourist sites of Mexico. It's most notable feature is its Sacred Cenote or Well of Sacrifice into which human sacrifices were thrown." I believe the author meant "Chichen Itza," of which El Castillo is one monument. The Sacred Cenote is not part of El Castillo. However, there is a footnote to Michael Coe's book at the end of this graf, and the information does not come from that book. It is probably an appendage from an earlier draft. I didn't want to change it because I didn't know where the footnote belonged.

While I'm at it, that Montejo dragged a cannon into the middle of the Yucatan peninsula, as mentioned in the previous paragraph, is unlikely, as anyone who has traveled through the jungle in that region would attest. From my reading of the sources, it also is not clear that El Castillo was where the Spanish set up their fort (100 men certainly wouldn't fit on it). Las Monjas (the Nunnery) would probably have been a better location, and some historians believe that was where they were quartered during the sieges that eventually drove them from Yucatan. However, I haven't done the research yet to verify it one way or the other, so I didn't change it.CoyoteMan31 19:01, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you are probably right on both counts. Not sure which part the Coe citation referred to, I've a different edition than the one given so can't look up what's on the given page. We could probably remove those 2 sentences, or at least replace them with some specific attribution on tourism for the structure itself.

 * As for the Montejo story, there might well be different versions around, so would be good to track down a couple of different sources for comparision. For now, I've edited the sentence to make it seem less certain.

 * And good work BTW on the refs/cites- that was quite fine, I made a couple of minor and fussy adjustments. Cheers,--cjllw ʘ  TALK 04:59, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Acoustical effect
Hi again. Thanks for explaining what is happening with this acoustic effect but it doesn't matter if that echo was engineered by Mayans on purpose or not. It still deserves to be mentioned in Wikipedia even if it's just a natural/casual effect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mariolaudicina (talk • contribs) 20:51, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

If you don't know about the bird chirp acoustic effect you should watch and listen to this and all the related videos in Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEn8MT7gX38 Official Mexican tour guides always show this effect to tourists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mariolaudicina (talk • contribs) 20:22, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi. I reverted your edit once more. First of all, your edit overwrote the notes and references section, pls take more care in future.

 * Secondly, am well enough aware that tour guides are fond of demonstrating this effect. However, Youtube videos and tour guides—offical ones or not— are not acceptable or reliable sources. And thirdly, even if you were to cite more reliable sources, such as papers by acoustical consultant David Lubman (his 1998 investigation started this whole thing off, IIRC. His site is here), or Declerq et al. in J. Acoustical Soc. Am., they would not be sufficient to establish that there is any real intended acoustical effect planned by the structure's builders. Instead, Mayanist archaeologists regard such effects as coincidental, and the identification of the sounds as 'quetzal chirping' as pareidolia. Mayanist researchers such as Karl Taube, Sam Edgerton and Jorge Perez de Lara are on record as criticising any intentional interpretation, for a host of reasons. Not least among these, is that it has been observed that interesting acoustical effects may be heard somewhere at just about any site, Maya or not, restored or not. It's really not such a remarkable or unusual phenomena as might be thought at the first uncritical blush; like EVP you can read any interpretation into it if you try hard enough, but there really is no good cause to suspect the sounds were pre-planned by the builders.

 * At most, it might briefly be noted that some acoustical engineers have noted some effect, but equally that Mayanist archaeologists discount any intentional purpose behind it. --cjllw ʘ  TALK 00:20, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I've been wrestling with how to describe this phenomenon in a way acceptable for a Wikipedia article. CJLL is dead on, that Mayanists poo-poo the idea that the chirping effect is intentional. And yet ...

 * The acoustics at Chichen Itza are special and unusual. Sylvanus Morley loved to play records in the Great Ball Court because of its unique acoustic properties. The great conductor Leopold Stokowski spent a few days at Chichen with Morley to try to discover the Ball Court's secret. When Allen Ginsberg spent a few days at Chichen, the thing that most impressed him were the acoustics of the place. Seems to me there is some way to capture this in a Wikipedia entry, if not here, perhaps on the Chichen Itza page ... CoyoteMan31 (talk) 02:22, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Hey CoyoteMan, thanks for chiming in, and the timely reminder that the ballcourt has also been fingered as possessing some interesting acoustical properties. I too would not be averse to including mention of the supposed acoustical phenomena in the article(s), given that it's not just something proposed by random cranks and it's reasonably well known. If we were to do it, either here or at the main Chichen article, then it would have to be based on the published sources such as the couple of reasonable ones I outlined above, and not tour-guide patter. Problem is, discussion-list postings aside it may take some digging to track down useable rebuttals in print by Mayanist researchers of the "it-was-an-intentional-feature-of-the-structure" proposal. For any such mention of acoustical properties needs to be accompanied by some citation/reference to indicate archaeologists on the whole remain highly sceptical that the the structures were built to purposely produce an effect of this nature. Do you know of any we cld use..? Cheers, --cjllw ʘ  TALK 08:21, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll look around and see what I have. If I have anything, it is probably personal correspondence with archaeologists and other Mayanists. But I'll look. Cheers right back atcha! CoyoteMan31 (talk) 00:03, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * A hand clap in front of the steps of the Temple of the Warriors will produce a quetzal like chirp from the a a rattlesnake sound from the colonnade. 99.44.95.9 (talk) 14:39, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Should read “A handclap in front of the steps of the Temple of the Warriors produce a quetzal like chirp from the steps, rattlesnake sound from the colonnade”.  Giving voice to Quetzalcoatl
 * WVK
 * https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.4779169 Wayne5142 (talk) 16:53, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

Translating the Spanish Version for this entry
Calliopejen1 requested that the Spanish entry for El Castillo be translated for this one. I took a shot at it, but much of the Spanish version of this entry is cobbled together from sources that range from expert to, in my opinion, pure speculation. I translated the first third, then gave up, because I was doing as much rewriting and correcting as translating. I'm happy to send over to anyone the work I've done so far if someone else wants to attempt a translation. CoyoteMan31 (talk) 22:58, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

File:Chichen Itza 3.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Chichen Itza 3.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on January 20, 2012. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2012-01-20. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks! — howcheng  {chat} 10:02, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

37°29'44" (edges) 47º19'50" (sides)
37°29'44" (edges) 47º19'50" (sides) 2001:4455:6B1:AB00:A59F:A708:60D6:D594 (talk) 14:29, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

Rename title to “Temple of Kukulcan”
Other languages in Wikipedia use a variation of “Kukulcan” in the article’s title, including Spanish. It feels weird that English Wikipedia uses a Spanish term for a Mesoamerican pyramid when even Spanish Wikipedia does not do this, using a native name instead.

Also, my personal impression is that the name “El Castillo” is much less recognizable than “Kukulcan” by the average person. The Spanish name is confusing, as there are other structures named something similar to “El Castillo” around the world, while there’s only one famous “Temple of Kukulcan”. VVVBoldrini (talk) 00:30, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

 * "El Castillo", while a Colonial era neologism, has been the common name in English for about 150 years. If it has fallen out of favor more recently,  I don't object to renaming in principle, but question if just "Temple of Kukulcan" is the best alternative name.  Firstly, Kukulcan or K'uk'ulkan  - we'd need to decide on what spelling to use -  note the en:w article is at Kukulkan.  Secondly, I think again it needs to be specified that it's the one at Chichen Itza, as the worship of the Feathered Serpent God, however you spell the name, was  pan-Mesoamerican, not just worshiped at Chichen.  "There’s only one famous 'Temple of Kukulcan'" - I guess that depends on what you consider "famous"?  For example I guess Mayapan isn't famous enough by your standards? -- Infrogmation (talk) 03:19, 1 October 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, I just did a comparative google search. 1) "Chichen Itza" Castillo = About 2,580,000 results 2)"Chichen Itza" Kukulcan = About 488,000 results. So it looks to me that the name we have the article at now is still the more common one. -- Infrogmation (talk) 03:23, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:El Castillo, Chichen Itza


text:
Talk:Kenneth McKellar (singer)

Untitled
Hi, please don't delete my addition as vandalism, it's genuinely not - for a lot of people it's the most relevant thing they know about Mr. McKellar, and as such is worth noting.

I have lots of biographical info about the man, that I'll be adding at a later date.

Thanks.

 * The original entry for him had nothong more than the line "His height is unknown." which is why it got deleted. It was later followed with the same entry and the remark that he wrote for "Monty Python". CambridgeBayWeather 13:19, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

514 Pictish inchesYusufAlBinVeryNaughty 14:12, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

I've removed references to the unsourced claim that he died in 1997. There are references on the internet indicating that (as of mid-2008) he was still alive and living in Glasgow.85.154.255.12 (talk) 16:58, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

This is a bit mysterious isn't it? I thought he had died and I know so many folks who insist he's dead and an equal number who say he's alive! I do vaguely recall his death being reported, but I would have to believe that could be referenced somewhere and it doesn't appear to be. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.142.33.113 (talk) 18:06, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Gasps
Why did his Eurovision appearance provoke gasps? Was it that horrible? Tsuguya (talk) 09:56, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Family?
A daughter is mentioned. But no wife. Valetude (talk) 15:43, 11 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kenneth McKellar (singer)


text:
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// Add more personal links to the tollbox section. function addToolBoxLinks {   var tb = document.getElementById('p-tb').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0]; addlilink(tb, '/wiki/Wikipedia:Template messages/User_talk_namespace', 'Talk templates', ''); addlilink(tb, '/wiki/Wikipedia:List of Discussion Templates', 'Discussion templates', ''); addlilink(tb, '/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages', 'Templates', ''); addlilink(tb, '/wiki/WP:CSD', 'SD criteria', ''); addlilink(tb, '/wiki/Special:Log', 'Log', ''); addlilink(tb, '/wiki/Special:Log/delete', 'Delete log', ''); addlilink(tb, '/wiki/Special:Log/block', 'Block log', ''); addlilink(tb, '/wiki/Special:Ipblocklist', 'IPBlocklist', ''); addlilink(tb, '/wiki/Category:Requests for unblock', 'Unblock requests', ''); addlilink(tb, '/wiki/Category:Wikipedia spam cleanup', 'Spam cleanup', ''); addlilink(tb, '/wiki/Special:Linksearch', 'Link Search', ''); }

function addNavBarLinks {      var navbar = document.getElementById('p-navigation').getElementsByTagName('ul')[0]; var afdtime = new Date; var months = ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']; addlilink(navbar, '/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/' + afdtime.getUTCFullYear       + '_' + months[afdtime.getUTCMonth] + '_' + afdtime.getUTCDate, 'Todays AfD', ''); afdtime.setUTCDate(afdtime.getUTCDate - 5); addlilink(navbar, '/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Log/' + afdtime.getUTCFullYear       + '_' + months[afdtime.getUTCMonth] + '_' + afdtime.getUTCDate, '5-day old AfD', ''); var username=document.getElementById("pt-userpage").textContent; addlilink(navbar, '/wiki/User:XLinkBot/RevertList', 'XLinkBot revert list', ''); addlilink(navbar, '/wiki/User:XLinkBot/RevertList requests/log', 'XLinkBot list log', ''); }

addOnloadHook(function {    var x;    if (!(x = document.getElementById('ca-edit') )) return;    var url;    if (!(url = x.getElementsByTagName('a')[0] )) return;    if (!(url = url.href )) return;    var y = mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', url+"&section=0", '0', 'ca-edit-0', 'Edit the lead section of this page', '0', x.nextSibling);   y.className = x.className;  // steal classes from the the edit tab...    x.className = 'istalk';     // ...and make the edit tab have no right margin    // exception: don't steal the "selected" class unless actually editing section 0:    if (/(^| )selected( |$)/.test(y.className)) {        if (!document.editform || !document.editform.wpSection || document.editform.wpSection.value != "0") {           y.className = y.className.replace(/(^| )selected( |$)/g, "$1");            x.className += ' selected';        }    } });

/* // addPurge addOnloadHook(function {    var hist; var url;    if (!(hist = document.getElementById('ca-history') )) return;    if (!(url = hist.getElementsByTagName('a')[0] )) return;    if (!(url = url.href )) return;    mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', url.replace(/([?&]action=)history([&#]|$)/, '$1purge$2'), 'purge', 'ca-purge', 'Purge server cache for this page', '0'); });

// Add WP:Reflinks launcher in the toolbox on left addOnloadHook(function { mw.util.addPortletLink( "p-tb",    // toolbox portlet "http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/webreflinks.py/" + mw.config.get('wgPageName') + "?client=script&citeweb=on&overwrite=&limit=20&lang=" + mw.config.get('wgContentLanguage'), "Reflinks" // link label )});

// Add Reference generator in the toolbox on left addOnloadHook(function { mw.util.addPortletLink( "p-tb", "http://toolserver.org/~magnus/makeref.php", "Ref generator" )});

/* */

title: User:GraemeL/monobook.js


text:
Nursing Standard

Nursing Standard is a weekly professional magazine that contains peer-reviewed articles and research, news, and career information for the nursing field. The magazine was founded in 1987. It is published by RCNi. The magazine is abstracted and indexed in CINAHL and MEDLINE/PubMed.

title: Nursing Standard


text:
Otto Zöckler

Otto Zöckler (27 May 1833, Grünberg, Hesse – 19 February 1906) was a German theologian, professor at Greifswald. He edited a Handbuch der theologischen Wissenschaft, and other works.

Quote from him: “The wise man is also the just, pious, the upright, the man who walks in the way of truth.”

Publications

 * Ecclesiastes, or Koheleth - 1870
 * Commentary on the Book of Job, Vol 8 in Lange's Commentary on the Holy Scriptures - 1872
 * The Cross of Christ: Studies in the History of Religion and the Inner Life of the Church - 1877

title: Otto Zöckler


text:
Tatu Vanhanen

Tatu Vanhanen (17 April 1929 – 22 August 2015) was a Finnish political scientist and sociologist. He was a professor of political science at the University of Tampere in Tampere, Finland. Vanhanen was a coauthor with Richard Lynn of IQ and the Wealth of Nations (2002) and IQ and Global Inequality (2006), and author of Ethnic Conflicts Explained by Ethnic Nepotism (1999).

Work

Vanhanen developed an interest in evolutionary biology after studying E. O. Wilson's sociobiology and later in his career wrote about intelligence and inequality. He supported applying evolutionary and genetic methods to social sciences. However, most of his academic work dealt with democratization, which he had studied with international comparative methods. Vanhanen was known for his Index of Democratization.

In 2004, the Ombudsman of Minorities, Mikko Puumalainen, asked the police to start an investigation regarding Vanhanen's interview with a Helsingin Sanomat magazine Kuukausiliite, in which he stated that "Whereas the average IQ of Finns is 97, in Africa it is between 60 and 70. Differences in intelligence are the most significant factor in explaining poverty". The Finnish National Bureau of Investigations was considering launching a preliminary investigation on Vanhanen's speech but later decided against it, not finding that he had incited hatred against an ethnic group or committed any other crime.

Personal life
Tatu Vanhanen was married to Anni Tiihonen and had three sons. One of them, Matti Vanhanen, was the Prime Minister of Finland from 2003 to 2010.

Vanhanen died on 22 August 2015 after a long period of illness, aged 86.

title: Tatu Vanhanen