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The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (often abbreviated to 文化大革命 wén huà dà gé mìng, literally "Great Cultural Revolution", or simply 文革 wén gé, literally "Cultural Revolution") in the People's Republic of China was a revolutionary upsurge by Chinese students and workers against the bureaucrats of the Chinese Communist Party. It was launched by Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong in 1966 to secure Maoism (known domestically as Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung Thought) in China as the state's dominant ideology and eliminate political opposition. Though Mao himself officially declared the Cultural Revolution to have ended in 1969, the term is today widely used to also include the period between 1969 and the arrest of the Gang of Four in 1976. This dating of the Cultural Revolution is significant and represented a victory for supporters of Deng Xiaoping as it allowed them to portray all of the events between 1966 and 1976 as a single movement under the leadership of the Gang of Four.

Between 1966 and 1969, Mao encouraged revolutionary committees containing Red Guards to take power from the Chinese Communist Party authorities of the state. In the chaos that ensued, many died and millions more were imprisoned. Although the period after 1969 was less chaotic, the leaders of the Cultural Revolution proper remained in power and this is now widely considered to have been a period of economic stagnation.

The Communist Party of China officially repudiated the Cultural Revolution in 1981, placing responsibility for it on Mao Zedong. According to a Central Committee resolution adopted on June 27, 1981, the Cultural Revolution was carried out "under the mistaken leadership of Mao Zedong who was used by the counterrevolutionaries Lin Biao and Jiang Qing and brought serious disaster and turmoil to the Party and the Chinese people."

Great Leap Forward
Main Article: Great Leap Forward

In 1957, after China's first Five-Year Plan, Mao Zedong called for an increase in the speed of growth of "actual socialism" in China (as opposed to "dictatorial socialism"). To accomplish this goal, Mao began the Great Leap Forward, establishing special communes in the countryside through the usage of collective labor and mass mobilization. The Great Leap Forward was intended to increase the production of steel and to raise agricultural production to twice 1957 levels.

However, the Great Leap turned into an utter disaster. 1958 had excellent weather and should have been a good year for agricultural production, but as the peasants were working in urban centers on steel production, much of the crop was left unharvested. Industries went into turmoil because peasants were producing nothing but steel. Furthermore, the peasants, as farmers, were ill-equipped and ill-trained to produce steel, partially relying on such mechanisms as backyard furnaces. Meanwhile, farming implements like rakes were melted down for steel, making agricultural production impossible. This led to declines in production of everything but steel. To make matters worse, in order to avoid punishment, local authorities continually reported grossly unrealistic production numbers, which hid the problem for years, intensifying it. Having barely recovered from decades of war, the Chinese economy was headed into disaster. Steel production did show significant growth to over 14 million tons of steel a year from the previous 5.2 million. The original goal was to produce a completely unrealistic 30 million tons of steel, though that was later revised down to 20 million. However, much of the steel produced was impure and useless.

In the 1959 Lushan meeting of the Central Committee, Peng Dehuai criticized Mao's policies in the Great Leap with a private letter. Peng wrote that the Great Leap was plagued by mismanagement and "petty-bourgeois fanaticism". Although Mao made repeated self-criticisms in speeches for the Great Leap and called for dismantling the communes in 1959, he did not want to surrender the overall evaluation that the Great Leap was 70% correct. Mao formed an alliance with Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping in which he granted them day-to-day control over the country in return for framing Peng and accusing him of being a "right opportunist". The attack on Peng was also combined with an attack on the Soviet Union and the Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev. This change was also a part of the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations begun by the Korean War (see Sino-Soviet split).

Among Liu's and Deng's reforms were a partial retreat from collectivism.

Increasing conflict between Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi
In China, the three years beginning with 1960 were known as the Three Years of Natural Disasters. Food was in desperate shortage, and production fell dramatically. By the end of the Three Years of Natural Disasters, which was the direct result of the failed Great Leap Forward campaign, an estimated 20 million people had died from widespread famine.

Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping decided to end many Leap policies such as rural communes and restore the economic policies used before the Great Leap Forward.

Because of the success of their economic reforms, Liu and Deng had won prestige in the eyes of many party members both in the central government and among the masses. Together, Liu and Deng began planning to gradually retire Mao from any real power and turn him into a figurehead. To restore his political base and eliminate his opposition, Mao initiated the Social Education Movement in 1963.

Mao later admitted to some general mistakes, while strongly defending the Great Leap Forward in concept. One great irony of the Social Education Movement is that it called for grassroots action, yet was directed from Mao himself. This movement, aimed primarily at schoolchildren, did not have any immediate effect on Chinese politics, but it did influence a generation of youths upon whom Mao could draw for support in the future.

In 1963, Mao began attacking Liu Shaoqi openly, stating that the idealism of "the struggle of the classes" must always be fully understood and applied, yearly, monthly, and daily. By 1964, the Social Education Movement had become the new "Four Cleanups Movement", with the stated goal of the cleansing of politics, economics, ideas, and organization. The Movement was directed against Liu and Deng.

Influences elsewhere
In early 1960, historian and Beijing Deputy Mayor Wu Han published the first version of a historical drama entitled "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office" (pinyin: Hai Rui Ba Guan). In the play, a virtuous official was dismissed by a corrupt emperor.

The story initially received praise from Mao. In 1965 Mao Zedong's wife Jiang Qing and her protégé Yao Wenyuan—who at the time was a little-known editor of a prominent newspaper in Shanghai—published an article criticising "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office". Jiang and Yao saw the play, which they labeled as "poisonous weeds", as an attack on Mao using the allegory of Mao Zedong as the corrupt emperor and Peng Dehuai as the virtuous official.

The publication of the Shanghai newspaper article received much publicity nationwide, with many other prominent newspapers asking for publication rights to the same article. Beijing Mayor Peng Zhen, a supporter of Wu Han, established a committee studying the recent publication and emphasizing that the criticism had gone too far, but denunciations, whether public or under the table, came from Jiang Qing and Lin Biao. This committee, called "Group of Five in Charge of the Cultural Revolution", on February 12, 1966 issued "Theses on the ongoing scientific discussion".

In May 1966 Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan once again published various articles with content denouncing both Wu Han and Peng Zhen. On May 16, 1966, under Jiang Qing's influence, a formal notice was issued, representing figuratively the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. In this document titled "Message from the Central Committee of CCP" Peng Zhen and his theses were deeply criticized, and the "Group of Five" was disbanded. "Completely penetrated with double-dealing, the theses furiously attack the Great cultural revolution personally developed and managed by comrade Mao Zedong, the instructions of comrade Mao Zedong concerning criticism of Wu Han", stated the "Message". One year later, on May 18, 1967 this "Message" was called "a great historical document developed under direct management of our great leader comrade Mao Zedong" in the editorial of People's Daily.

In a later meeting of the CCP Politburo in 1966, the new Group in Charge of the Cultural Revolution (GCCR) was formed. On May 18, Lin Biao said in a speech that "Chairman Mao is a genius, everything the Chairman says is greatly true; one of the Chairman's words will override the meaning of ten thousands of ours." Thus started the first phase of Mao's cult of personality led by Jiang Qing, Lin Biao, and others. At this time Jiang and Lin had already seized some actual power. On May 25, a young teacher of philosophy at Beijing University, Nie Yuanzi, wrote a dazibao (poster) where the rector of the university and other professors were labeled as "the black anti-Party gangsters". Some days later Mao Zedong ordered to broadcast the text of this dazibao nationwide and called it "the first Marxist dazibao in China". On May 29, 1966, in the Middle School of Tsinghua University, the first organization of Red Guards was formed. It was aimed at eliminating intellectuals and Mao's political enemies.

On June 1, 1966, the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the CCP, stated that all "imperialists", "people with affiliations with imperialists", "imperialistic intellectuals", et al., must be purged. Soon a movement began that was aimed at purging university presidents and other prominent intellectuals. On July 28, 1966, representatives of the Red Guards wrote a formal letter to Mao, stating that mass purges and all such related social and political phenomena were justified and right. Thus began the Cultural Revolution.

1966: The road to democracy begins
On August 8, 1966, the Central Committee of CCP passed a bill, "Decisions on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution". This bill stated that the official position of China's government was now supportive of the purging of intellectuals and imperialists. Most of these purges were to be the work of Mao's Red Guards. "Now our goal is to smash those capitalist roaders in power, to criticize the reactionary bourgeois "authorities" in science, to criticize the ideology of bourgeoisie and all other exploiter classes, to transform education, to transform the literature and art, to transform all areas of the superstructure mismatching economic base of socialism, to promote strengthening and development of the socialist system", said the bill.

On August 16, millions of Red Guards from all over the country gathered in Beijing for a peek at the Chairman. On top of the Tiananmen Square gate, Mao and Lin Biao made frequent appearances to approximately 11 million Red Guards, receiving cheers each time. Mao praised their actions in the recent campaigns to develop socialism and democracy.

For three years, until 1969, the Red Guards expanded their areas of authority and accelerated their work of socialist reconstruction. The Red Guards began by passing out leaflets explaining their actions to develop and strengthen socialism, and posting the names of suspected "counterrevolutionaries" on bulletin boards. They assembled in large groups and wrote educational plays. The Red Guards held public meetings with suspected "counterrevolutionaries", and gave them the opportunity to make a self criticism.

By 1966 the Red Guards had become the foremost authority of China. People that were labeled as the "Bourgeoisie" were criticised at public meetings. Soon, the Red Guards went even further. The whole of China joined in the democratic processes of the Cultural Revolution.

Liu Shaoqi was sent to a detention camp where he later died in 1969. Deng Xiaoping, who was himself sent for a period of re-education three times, was sent to work in an engine factory until he was brought back years later by Zhou Enlai.

The work of the Red Guards was praised by Mao Zedong. On August 22 1966, Mao issued a public notice, which stopped "all police intervention in Red Guard tactics and actions." Those in the police force who dared to defy this notice were labeled as "counterrevolutionaries".

On September 5, 1966, yet another notice was issued, encouraging all Red Guards to come to Beijing over a stretch of time. All fees, including accommodations and transportation, were to be paid by the government. On October 10, 1966, Mao's ally, General Lin Biao, publicly criticised Liu and Deng as "capitalist roaders" and "threats". Later, Peng Dehuai was brought to Beijing to be publicly displayed and ridiculed; he was then purged.

1967: Political power struggles
On January 3, 1967, Lin Biao and Jiang Qing were behind the "January Storm", in which many prominent Shanghai municipal government leaders were heavily criticised and purged. This raised Wang Hongwen into real power in the city and in the city's CCP power apparatus. In Beijing, Liu and Deng were once again the targets of criticism, but others, who were not as engaged in the CCP criticism sessions, like Chen Boda and Kang Sheng, pointed at the wrongdoings of the Vice-Premier of the State Council Tao Zhu. Thus started a political struggle among central government officials and local party cadres, who seized the Cultural Revolution as an opportunity to accuse rivals of "counterrevolutionary activity".

On January 8, Mao praised these actions through the People's Daily, urging all local governmental leaders to rise in self-criticism or criticism and purging of others. This started the massive power struggles of purge after purge among some local governments, which stopped functioning altogether. Involvement in some sort of "revolutionary" activity was the only way to avoid being purged, but it was by no means a certain way out of being purged.

At the same time, many large and prominent Red Guard organizations rose in protest against other Red Guards organizations, further complicating the situation. This led to a notice to stop all unhealthy activity within the Red Guards. On April 6, Liu Shaoqi was openly and widely denouced by a Zhongnanhai faction. This was followed by protest and mass demonstrations, most notably the one in Wuhan on July 20 which Jiang Qing openly denounced as "counterrevolutionary activity"; she later personally flew to Wuhan to criticise Chen Zaidao, the general in charge of the Wuhan area.

On July 22, Jiang Qing directed the Red Guards to replace the People's Liberation Army when needed and thereby render the existing forces powerless. After the initial praise by Jiang Qing, the Red Guards started to steal and loot from barracks and other army buildings. This activity, which could not be stopped by any army general, went on until autumn 1968.

1968: Cult of personality
In the spring of 1968, a massive campaign began that was aimed at promoting Mao Zedong to godlike status. Mao was depicted as the origin or source of life's necessities. At this time, Lin Biao began to gain power for himself.

Mao had lost basic control over the country; he could not stop anything, from local looting to huge national protests. On July 27, the Red Guards' power over the army was officially ended, and the central government sent in units to protect many areas still being targeted by Red Guards. Mao had supported this idea, and promoted it by allowing one of his "Highest Directions" to be heard by all of the people. A year later the Red Guard factions were dismantled entirely; Mao feared that the chaos they caused and could still cause might harm the very foundation of the Chinese Communist Party.

In early October, Mao decided to purge many officials. They were sent to the countryside to work in labor camps. In the same month, at the 12th Plenum of the 8th Party Congress, Liu Shaoqi was "forever expelled from the party" and Lin Biao was made the Party's Vice-Chairman, second only to Mao.

In December 1968, Mao began the "Down to the Countryside Movement". During this Movement, which lasted for the next decade, young intellectuals were ordered to go into the country and receive "education" from "middle and poor peasants". Mao saw this disruption of ordinary social processes as a way to remove future emerging forces who could be a threat to the CCP. For many of the 'intellectuals,' most of whom were recently graduated college students, this deployment to the countryside was in effect a kind of internal exile, and the conditions under which they were forced to labor were often harsh in the extreme; many deaths from malnutrition, overwork, and disease were reported.

Transition of the party apparatus
On April 1, 1969, at the CCP's Ninth Congress, Lin was the big winner, officially becoming China's second in charge, and also holding military power. Lin's biggest political rival, Liu Shaoqi had been purged, and Zhou Enlai's power was gradually fading.

The Ninth Congress started with Lin Biao delivering a Political Report, being critical of Liu and other "counterrevolutionaries" and continuously quoting Mao's Little Red Book. The second thing to be tackled was the new party constitution, when it was modified to officially design Lin as Mao's successor. Henceforth at all occasions Mao's name was to be linked with Lin's. Thirdly, a new Politburo was elected with Mao Zedong, Lin Biao, Chen Boda, Zhou Enlai, and Kang Sheng being the five new members of the Politburo Standing Committee. This new politburo consisted mostly of those who rose because of the Cultural Revolution, with Zhou barely keeping his status, as he ranked fourth.

Attempts at expanding power base
After being confirmed as Mao's successor, Lin's focus lay on the restoration of the State President position, which was only abolished by Mao because of Liu Shaoqi's dismissal from power. His aim was to become Vice-President with Mao holding onto the position of State President.

On August 23rd, 1970, the Second Plenum of the CCP's Ninth Congress was once again held in Lushan. Chen Boda was the first to speak, widely praising Mao, boasting of Mao's status, with the intentions of raising his own. At the same time Chen was asking for the return of the position of State President. Mao was deeply critical of the speech delivered by Chen, removing him from the position of Politburo Standing Committee member. With this event there started a series of criticism sessions across the country for people who used "deceit" for gains, calling them "Liu Shaoqi's representative for Marxism and political liars".

Chen's removal from the Politburo Standing Committee was also seen as a warning directed toward Lin Biao. After the Ninth Congress Lin continuously asked for promotions within the party and the Central Government, leading Mao to think that Lin wanted supreme power and intended to oust Mao himself. Chen's speech also added to Mao's apprehensions. If Lin were to become Vice-President, then after the President's death he would legally have supreme power and control of the country -- a clear danger to Mao's safety.

Lin's attempted military coup
Because of Mao's refusal to let Lin gain more prominence within the party and the government, Lin became deeply angered. Moreover, his power base was shrinking day by day within the Party apparatus; Lin decided to use the military power in his hands to try to oust Mao in a coup. Soon afterwards Lin and his son Lin Liguo and other loyal comrades founded a coup organ in Shanghai (many Chinese believe that Lin's son was solely responsible for the coup and Lin Biao didn't know anything about it until the coup failed and he was being hunted by the Chinese government), aimed solely at ousting Mao from power by the use of force. In one of the known documents, Lin stated in Shanghai that "A new power struggle has surged upon us, if indeed we could not take control of revolutionary activity, then these control powers will fall on someone else."

Lin's plan consisted mainly of aerial bombardments and the widespead use of the Air Force. If the plan were to succeed, Lin could successfully arrest all of his political rivals and gain the supreme power he wanted. But if his plan were to fail, there would be great consequences awaiting him.

Assassination attempts were made against Mao in Shanghai from September 8 to September 10, 1971. It was learned that before these attacks on Mao there was initial knowledge of Lin's activities on the part of local police, who stated that Lin Biao was coordinating a huge political plot and Lin's loyal backers were receiving special training in the military.

From these events onward came continuous allegations and reports of Mao being attacked. One of these reports suggested that en route to Beijing in his private train Mao was physically attacked, another alleged that Lin had bombed a bridge that Mao was to cross to reach Beijing, which Mao avoided because of intelligence suggesting such an incident -- causing him to change routes. In these nervous days, guards were placed every 10–20 meters on the railway tracks of Mao's route to avoid attempts of assassination.

Although these reports were conflicting and sometimes fabricated, it is known for sure that after September 11 of the same year, Lin never appeared in public again, nor did his backers, most of whom attempted to escape to Hong Kong. Most of these attempts failed, and around twenty army generals were arrested.

It was also learned that on September 13, 1971, Lin Biao and his family travelled by plane to the Soviet Union. En route, Lin's plane crashed in Mongolia, killing all on board. On the same day, the CCP Politburo met in an emergency session to discuss matters pertaining to Lin Biao. Only on September 30 was the information of Lin's death confirmed in Beijing, which led to the cancellation of the National Day celebration events that had been scheduled for the following day.

The exact cause of the plane crash remains a mystery, although it is widely believed that Lin's plane ran out of fuel or that there was an abrupt engine failure. There was also speculation that the plane was shot down by Chinese. It could also have been the Soviet forces who later claimed the bodies of those on board. Nonetheless, Lin's attempted coup had failed and it led to the complete destruction of his image in the CCP and China.

Developments and Pi-Lin Pi-Kong Campaign
After Lin Biao's death in 1971, Mao, age 78, was busy trying to find a new successor. In September 1972, Shanghaiese Wang Hongwen was transferred to work in Beijing for the Central Government, becoming the Party Vice-Chairman in the subsequent year.

At the same time, under the influence of Premier Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping was transferred back to Beijing. In the preceding time, Mao was already shaken deeply by the Lin Biao plot and had to rely on Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping again. Compared to Extreme Leftism, Mao was still no great enthusiast of the Right.

In 1974, a campaign that appears absurd in retrospect was started by Jiang Qing and several backers (later to be known as the Gang of Four): the Pi-Lin Pi-Kong campaign, or literally "Criticize Lin Biao, Criticize Confucius". This widely publicised campaign was aimed at Premier Zhou Enlai, for he allegedly possessed "unhealthy" ideas related to Lin and to Confucius, but Zhou's name was never mentioned throughout the campaign. Since the death of Lin Biao, Zhou had become the main political rival of the Gang of Four for the succession to power. But the weary population was tired of the many campaigns that had proved useless or devastating, and had little interest in this one. This campaign failed to achieve its goals.

In October, Premier Zhou Enlai became gravely ill and was admitted into day-to-day hospital care. Deng Xiaoping was named First Vice-Premier and was the actual one in charge of the daily business of the State Council. Deng continued to further expand Zhou's Four Modernizations idea for a better China. In September 1975, Mao himself was also admitted into hospital with a grave illness.

1976: Cultural Revolution's end
1976 became a very important year in the Cultural Revolution. On January 8, Zhou Enlai died of bladder cancer. The subsequent day Beijing's Monument of the Martyrs already started filling up with wreaths expressing the people's mourning for the beloved Premier. The event was unprecedented. On January 15, Zhou's funeral was held, and events commemorating Zhou across the country were held. Deng Xiaoping delivered Zhou's official eulogy.

In February, the rival Gang of Four had started to criticise the only one left to oppose them, Deng Xiaoping. With permission from Mao, Deng was once again demoted. But after Zhou's death, Mao did not select a member of the Gang of Four to become premier, but the relatively unknown Hua Guofeng.

April 5 was China's Qing Ming Festival, a traditional day of mourning for those who passed away. People had already gathered since late March in Tiananmen Square, mourning the death of Zhou Enlai. At the same time the people were also signaling an expression of anger towards the Gang of Four. Gradually, more and more people began writing and posting messages of hatred against the Gang of Four. On April 5, around 2 million people were gathered in and around Tiananmen Square, turning the assembly into a form of protest against the Gang of Four. The Gang of Four had ordered police to enter the area, clear the wreaths and messages of hate, and disperse the crowds. The Gang of Four pointed to Deng Xiaoping as the planner of this expression of public dissatisfaction. This incident was later politically rehabilitated in the winter of 1978, and became known as the Qingming Tiananmen Square incident (not to be confused with the Tiananmen Massacre).

On September 9, 1976, Mao Zedong died. Before dying Mao had written a message on a piece of paper stating "With you in charge, I'm at ease" to Hua Guofeng. Hence Hua became the Party's Chairman. (Although there has been controversy as to what the message really meant.) Before this event, Hua had been widely considered to be one without too much political skill or urge, and as posing no threat to the Gang of Four in the power succession. But under the influence of prominent generals like Ye Jianying, and partly under influence of Deng Xiaoping, and with the support of the Army, Hua ordered the arrest of the Gang of Four following Mao's death. By October 10, the 8341 Special Regiment had all members of the Gang of Four arrested. Thus ended the Cultural Revolution.

After the Revolution
Even though Hua Guofeng publicly denounced and arrested the Gang of Four in 1976, he continued to invoke Mao to justify his policies. Hua opened what was known as the Two Whatevers, saying "Whatever policy originated from Chairman Mao, we must continue to support," and "Whatever directions were given to us from Chairman Mao, we must continue to work on their basis." Like Deng, Hua's goal was to reverse the damage of the Cultural Revolution, but unlike Deng, who was not against new economic models for China, Hua intended to move the Chinese economic and political system to resemble Soviet-style planning of the early 1950's.

Soon afterwards Hua found that without Deng Xiaoping, it was hard for him to continue on daily affairs of the state. On October 10th, Deng Xiaoping personally wrote a letter to Hua, asking to be transferred back to state and party affairs. Also, unconfirmed information allegedly stated that Politburo Standing Committee member Ye Jianying would resign if Deng was not allowed back into the Central Government. With increasing pressure from all sides, Hua decided to bring Deng back into regular state affairs, first naming him Vice-Premier of the State Council in July 1977 and various other positions. In actuality Deng had already become China's number two figure. In August, the Party's Eleventh Congress was held in Beijing, officially naming (in order ranking) Hua Guofeng, Deng Xiaoping, Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian, and Wang Dongxing as the latest members of the Politburo Standing Committee.

In May, 1978, Deng seized an opportunity for protégé Hu Yaobang to be elevated into further power. Later Hu published an article on the Bright Daily Newspaper to cleverly use Mao's quotations while expanding Deng's power base. After reading this widely publicized article, almost everyone supported Hu and thus became Deng's supporters. On July 1st, Deng publicized Mao's self-criticism report of 1962 regarding the Great Leap Forward. With an expanding power base, in September 1978 Deng had already started to openly attack Hua Guofeng's "Two Whatevers."

On December 18th, 1978, the Third Plenum of the Eleventh CCP Congress was held. Deng stated that "a liberation of thoughts" and "an accurate view leads to accurate results" was needed within the party. Hua Guofeng gave self-criticisms, stating his own "Two Whatevers" was wrong. Wang Dongxing, formerly Mao's trusted supporter, was also criticised. At the Plenum, the Qingming Tiananmen Square incident was also politically rehabilitated. Liu Shaoqi was allowed a belated state funeral.

In the Fifth Plenum of the Eleventh CCP Congress held in 1980 Peng Zhen and many others purged during the cultural revolution were politically rehabilitated. Hu Yaobang was named General-Secretary of the CCP and Zhao Ziyang, another of Deng's protégés, was named into the Central governing apparatus. In September, Hua Guofeng resigned, with Zhao Ziyang named the new Premier. Deng was the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. By this time, Deng was the foremost and paramount figure in Chinese politics.

Effect
The effects of the Cultural Revolution directly or indirectly touched all of China's populace. During the Cultural Revolution most economic activity was halted, with "revolution" being the only objective. The start of the Cultural Revolution brought huge numbers of Red Guards to Beijing, with all of their expenses paid by the government, and the railway system was in turmoil. Countless ancient buildings, artifacts, antiques, books, and paintings were destroyed by Red Guards. By December 1967, 350 million copies of Mao's Quotations had been printed.

Elsewhere, the ten years of Cultural Revolution also brought the education system to a halt. The university entrance exams were cancelled during this period, only restored by Deng Xiaoping in 1977. Many intellectuals were shipped to rural labor camps. It seems that everyone with skills over that of the average person was the target of political struggle in some way. According to most Western observers and followers of Deng Xiaoping, this led to almost a generation of inadequately educated individuals.

Mao Zedong Thought had become the central operative guide to all things in China. The authority of the Red Guards surpassed that of the army, local police authorities, and the law in general. China's traditional arts and ideas were ignored, and Mao praised for doing so. People were encouraged to criticize cultural institutions and question their parents and teachers, which had been strictly forbidden in Confucian culture. This was emphasized even more during the Anti-Lin Biao; Anti-Confucius Campaign.

The Cultural Revolution also brought to the forefront numerous internal power struggles within the Communist party, many of which had little to do with the larger battles between Party leaders but resulted instead from local factionalism and petty rivalries. Members of different factions often fought on the streets, and political assassination, particularly in the more rural provinces, was common. One example, given by the writer Patrick French in his book Tibet, Tibet, is of the 'Big' and 'Small' factions in the Wuxuan county of the Guangxi Zhang Autonomous Region, which fought gun battles and threw bombs on the streets. The leader of the Small Faction, Zhou Weian, was eventually murdered in 1968, and his eight-month pregnant widow, Wei Shulan, forced to kneel under his dismembered body and denounce him; a typical example of the climate of the times.

There was devastating damage done to China's historical reserves, artifacts and sites of interest, as these were thought to cause old ways of thinking. Many artifacts were seized from private homes, and often destroyed on the spot. There are no records of exactly how much was destroyed. Western observers suggest that much of China's five thousand years of dynamic history was in effect destroyed in a short period of ten years, and such destruction of historical artifacts cannot be matched anywhere else in the world at any time. Religious persecution, in particular, intensified during this period, particularly in Tibet. However, attacks on religious institutions, priests, and monks were a constant feature of the PRC from the beginning. Some temples, however, such as the Longxing temple near Shijiazhuang, survived because of the protection of local party members, who sometimes sent units of the PLA to protect them from mobs of Red Guards.

The effects of the Cultural Revolution were particularly devastating as to China's 56 ethnic minorities and their cultures. This supposedly stemmed from Jiang Qing's personal animosity towards and contempt for ethnic minorities. The centrality of the Han ethnic group was a major theme throughout this period. In Tibet, over 2,000 monasteries were destroyed, often with the complicity of local ethnic Tibetan Red Guards. In Inner Mongolia, many were executed during a ruthless witchhunt to find members of the allegedly separatist Inner Mongolian People's Party, which had actually been disbanded decades before. In Xinjiang, Koran books of the Uighur people were burned, and Muslim imams were reportedly paraded around with paint splashed on their persons. In the ethnic Korean areas of northeast China, some killings occurred and language schools destroyed. In Yunnan Province, the palace of the Dai people's king was torched, and an infamous massacre of Hui Muslim people at the hands of the People's Liberation Army, called the "Shadian Incident", claimed over 1,600 lives in 1975.

The Cultural Revolution also caused external effects. Workers in Hong Kong went on strike, Quotes from Chairman Mao was published in many languages to be circulated in many African and other third-world countries, and China's image was considerably damaged in the West. 'Revolutionary' movements in several African countries, often resulting in considerable damage, were inspired by the Cultural Revolution; it was also one of the models for Cambodia's Year Zero under Pol Pot.

Millions in China had their human rights casually discarded during the Cultural Revolution. Forced displacement of millions of people occurred. During the Cultural Revolution, young people from the cities were moved to the countryside. Once there, they were forced to abandon all forms of normal education for the propaganda teachings of the Chinese Communist Party.

Crimes against the government were brutally and publically punished. People were forced to walk through the streets naked, were flogged publically, or forced to sit in the jetliner position for hours. Many deaths occurred in police custody, although they were often covered up as suicides. People had to carry two or more copies of Mao's Little Red Book to avoid being accused of not supporting Mao. Numerous individuals were accused, often on the flimsiest of grounds, of being foreign spies; to have, or have had, any contact with the world outside of China could be extremely dangerous. Accusations were often based on 'symbolic' language or gestures, such as the omittance of certain strokes from a written character or the placing of a picture of Mao in a subordinate position in a room. This paranoia may in part have derived from the tradition of Chinese revolutionaries using code-words and symbolic gestures in communication.

Some commentators argue that the Cultural Revolution years saw the Chinese people leave behind many uncritical habits of conformist and authoritarian thinking. This can be seen in the words of some of the student leaders of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. According to student leader Shen Tong in his book, Almost a Revolution, the trigger for the famous hunger-strikes of 1989 was a "dazibao", the big-character poster (leaflet) brought to fame in the Cultural Revolution as a means of public political discussion and outlawed after the Cultural Revolution. When students organized demonstrations in their millions not seen since the Cultural Revolution, youth from outside Beijing rode the trains in to Beijing and relied on the hospitality of the train workers and Beijing residents just as their counterparts rode the trains freely in the Cultural Revolution. Also as in the Cultural Revolution, students formed factions with names similar to those of Red Guard factions, using the term "Headquarters" for instance, and according to Shen Tong, these factions even went to the extent of kidnapping members of other factions, just as they did in the Cultural Revolution. Finally, in some small minority of cases, some of the student leaders of 1989 had been youth activists in high school during the Cultural Revolution. It was as a result of the Cultural Revolution that criticism of high-level authority in public became more thinkable than ever in the PRC, although criticism of Mao Zedong still remained entirely off-limits.

Estimates of the death toll, civilians and Red Guards, from various Western and Eastern sources are about 500,000 in the true chaos years of 1966–1969. However, these figures are increasingly being challenged, since many deaths went unreported or were actively covered up by the police or local authorities. The Tibetan Government in Exile estimates, that 1-1,5 Million people have been killed in Tibet only, as a result of the Cultural Revolution. The true death toll may be in the low millions, but the state of Chinese demographics at the time, combined with the reluctance of the PRC to allow serious research into the period, means that the real figures are unlikely ever to be known.

World reaction
The reaction abroad was mixed, and inevitably tied to political movements of the time. The opposition to the Vietnam War fostered a sympathy for communist revolutions, and many Western observers, predominantly on the Left of the political specturm, were sympathetic with the Cultural Revolution. Reports of violence and excess were often explained away with excuses, or dismissed as 'rightwing propaganda'. An example of the political atmosphere among Left-leaning intellectuals during the Cultural Revolution can be gleened from a debate in 1967, where Noam Chomsky, during a discussion with Susan Sontag and Hanah Arendt on "The Legitimacy of Violence as a Political Act?", said "... take China, modern China; one also finds many things that are really quite admirable. ... But I do think that China is an important example of a new society in which very interesting positive things happened at the local level, in which a good deal of the collectivization and communization was really based on mass participation and took place after a level of understanding had been reached in the peasantry that led to this next step." Reactions were muted or non-existant among many on the Left once the full extent of the destruction became known. Sympathies for the Cultural Revolution were also famously denounced by John Lennon of the Beatles in the song Revolution, showing that the issue was of some controvery in the late 1960s West. Surprisingly, several self-described "Maoist" political parties survive today in France and elsewhere.

Historical views
Today the Cultural Revolution is seen by most people inside and outside of China, including the Communist Party of China and Chinese democracy movement supporters, as an unmitigated disaster and as an event to be avoided in the future. There are no politically significant groups within China that defend the Cultural Revolution. However, there are many workers and peasants in China who, left behind by economic liberalization and the widening rich-poor gap, feel nostalgia towards the Cultural Revolution (as well as the Maoist Era in general), during which the proletariat was glorified. Author Gao Mobo has written essays praising the Cultural Revolution as a golden age of urban and rural development.

Among those who condemn the Cultural Revolution, the cause and meaning of the Cultural Revolution remain highly controversial. Supporters of the Chinese democracy movement see the Cultural Revolution as an example of what happens when democracy is lacking and place responsibility for the Cultural Revolution at the hands of the Communist Party of China. Similarly human rights activists and conservatives in the West also see the Cultural Revolution as examples of the dangers of statism. Briefly put, these views of the Cultural Revolution attributes its cause to too much government and too little popular participation.

By contrast, the official view of the Communist Party of China sees the Cultural Revolution as what can happen when one person establishes a cult of personality and manipulates the public in a way to destroy party and state institutions. In the view of the Communist Party, the Cultural Revolution is an example of too much popular participation in government rather than too little and that it is an example of the dangers of anarchy rather than statism. The Communist Party also strongly deemphasises the extent of Mao's involvement in the creation of the Cultural Revolution, preferring to shift most of the blame onto the Gang of Four. The consequence of this view is the consensus among the Chinese leadership that the lesson of the Cultural Revolution is that China must be governed by a strong party institution in which decisions are made collectively and according to rule of law in which the public has only limited input.

These contradictory views of the Cultural Revolution were put into sharp relief during the Tiananmen Protests of 1989 when both the demonstrators and the government justified their actions as being necessary to avoid another Cultural Revolution.

Despite some knowledge of the Cultural Revolution by many Chinese, there has not been a single museum dedicated to its events on the mainland until recently. In mid-2005, a privately funded museum opened in Guangdong province, created by Peng Qi'an, 74, a former deputy mayor of Shantou. Peng himself was almost executed during the Cultural Revolution and only survived due to a last-minute reprieve. He stated that he wanted future generations of Chinese to realise how large an impact the period had on China and how far ordinary Chinese suffered. However after its opening, authorities made it clear that open discussion of the issues it raises were still not on the official agenda.

title: User:Xiong/tobydemo1


text:
Category:Stadium disasters

Disasters in sport stadiums. See also List of accidents and disasters by death toll.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Stadium disasters


title: User:Xiong/Sandbox2


text:
Talk:Aldo Novarese

Untitled
Cleanup - graphical layout could use some work here so that the typefaces appear to best advantage.

Article on Stop font.
It would be nice to have an article on that font, especially since it has seen nearly as extensive use in most forms of science fiction, video games, tech/electronic products and many other things where a "futuristic" style is desired, especially as a logo font. The Neo Geo video games Pulstar and Blazing Star used it in the game logos, the font was used extensively in the original "Battlestar Galactica" TV series, just to name a few of its many uses. An early copy of it for computers was named Galactican, after the TV show. Bizzybody (talk) 08:10, 29 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aldo Novarese


text:
Talk:Pleuronectidae

The page fluke is only a disambig to flounder. --Fred-Chess 08:53, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pleuronectidae


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Azerbaijan


text:
User talk:Limkopi

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Huaiwei 08:54, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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Find the rest of the Singapore community!
Yeap, you can find us in these pages:

 * Singapore portal
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 * Complete to do list
 * Singapore Wikipedians

Do leave your name at the notice board, and thanks again for making wikipedia your online abode! ;)--Huaiwei 08:54, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Current events in Malaysia and Singapore
Also visit Current events in Malaysia and Singapore for your daily dose of Singaporean and Malaysian news headlines. There are links to wikipedia articles that provide the background of these news events such as the Huang Na murder case and the Singapore presidential election, 2005. If you have some favourite news items, please feel free to post them too! Welcome! --Vsion 09:51, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:RSAF Organisation Chart
A tag has been placed on Template:RSAF Organisation Chart, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

superseded by image:RSAF Org Chart.png

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet very basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Rifleman 82 15:30, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Singapore Meetup 4 date changed
Hi Limkopi, you were originally invited to Singapore meetup 4. However, due to the lack of response, the date of the meetup has been changed to November. Please refer to this page for more information. -- ZhongHan (Email) 05:39, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

7 Core Values
Hi Limkopi

I've removed the 7 core values because it's not really all that encyclopedic. --Rifleman 82 09:03, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:SAF Crest BW.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:SAF Crest BW.JPG. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 14:18, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Republic of singapore0.PageIcon.gif.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Republic of singapore0.PageIcon.gif.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 18:50, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Image:Republic of singapore.PageIcon.gif.jpg
A tag has been placed on Image:Republic of singapore.PageIcon.gif.jpg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section I1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image is redundant copy (all pixels the same or scaled down) of an image in the same file format, which is on Wikipedia (not on Commons), and all inward links have been updated.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on  explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Dave1185 (talk) 21:40, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Lim, the image I had uploaded is clearer and was taken directly from the official MINDEF site, so I hope you don't mind letting the image be removed. Thanks. --Dave1185 (talk) 21:45, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:F-15T.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:F-15T.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:21, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

SAR 21
Please do not delete content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to SAR 21, without giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your content removal does not appear constructive, and has been reverted. Please make use of the sandbox if you'd like to experiment with test edits. Thank you. ROG5728 (talk) 08:52, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Submarine working group
Dear editor: Would you like a chance to collaborate with other editors on a working group dedicated to submarines? Based on your contributions to submarine-related articles, we have determined that you probably have a interest in submarines. If you would like to join our working group, visit WP:ONAU. MessageDeliveryBot (talk) 07:02, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of ONAU at 07:02, 21 October 2010 (UTC).

Nomination for deletion of Template:Singapore Army Organisation Chart
Template:Singapore Army Organisation Chart has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. — This, that, and the other (talk) 06:59, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:RSAF Roundel 1990-present Low Visibility.svg
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:RSAF Roundel 1990-present Low Visibility.svg, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 07:26, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

July 2013
Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia. We always appreciate when users upload new images. However, it appears that one or more of the images you have recently uploaded or added to an article, specifically Singapore Army, may fail our non-free image policy. Most often, this involves editors uploading or using a copyrighted image of a living person. For other possible reasons, please read up on our Non-free image criteria. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Werieth (talk) 14:54, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Do you want blocked? Werieth (talk) 15:02, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You really must want blocked, Please read the reason I removed the file, it lacks a rationale for that use. The next time you re-insert without complying with WP:NFCC I will report you and ask for a block. Werieth (talk) 15:13, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Rationale has been provided on the page, and your constant reversions constitute vandalism. I have sought protection for the page accordingly. I am also requesting a block for your threatening and disrespectful language and harassment.(talk) 15:15, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * See my talk page, and see WP:NFCC the file is non-compliant. Werieth (talk) 15:23, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Non-free use rationale is stated in the image description, and there is nothing in the guideline which suggests non-compliance. Source, copyright and article are all clearly provided. (talk) 15:33, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Each use of a non-free file requires a separate rationale for each use (See WP:NFCC and WP:NFURG) the file does not have a rationale for Singapore Army. Werieth (talk) 15:33, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The crest of the Singapore Army and that of the Singapore Armed Forces are functionally identical- the latter is in fact derived from the former, which was the original user since 1957.(talk) 15:38, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It still requires a separate rationale for each usage. Something that it currently lacks, and which means it cannot be used on Singapore Army until there is a rationale. Werieth (talk) 15:41, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Rationale has been added.(talk) 15:43, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war  according to the reverts you have made on Singapore Army. Users are expected to collaborate with others, to avoid editing disruptively, and to try to reach a consensus rather than repeatedly undoing other users' edits once it is known that there is a disagreement. Please be particularly aware, Wikipedia's policy on edit warring states: If you find yourself in an editing dispute, use the article's talk page to discuss controversial changes; work towards a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at an appropriate noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases it may be appropriate to request temporary page protection. If you engage in an edit war, you may be blocked from editing. ✉→ Arctic Kangaroo ←✎ 15:32, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) Edit warring is disruptive regardless of how many reverts you have made; that is to say, editors are not automatically "entitled" to three reverts.
 * 2) Do not edit war even if you believe you are right.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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File:Republic of Singapore Air Force Organisational Flag.svg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Republic of Singapore Air Force Organisational Flag.svg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Seloloving (talk) 02:42, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:RSAF sidebar
Template:RSAF sidebar has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Nigej (talk) 20:09, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Limkopi


text: Category:Cape Verdean musicians

title: Category:Cape Verdean musicians


text:
Talk:Agathis australis

Article name
I have moved the article from Agathis australis to Kauri since Kauri is a unique name. Alan Liefting 08:58, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by unique name? Most types of trees are listed by their name and not their scientific name. Suppafly 01:12, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

"Kauri today

The world's remaining Kauri are predominantly found in the northern half of the North Island."

Redundant? This is their natural range after all. Dougalc 04:00, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * When I recently expanded the article, translating from the Spanish and reorganizing, I also looked at many other sources. While it is stated over and over that their range has decreased sharply, nothing I saw indicated one way or another that their decreased range is specific to North Island. Another words, It may be that the tree was always found only on the northern half of North Island and that range has decreased, that they used to be common all over North Island, or that they were common there as well as in other locations. Can you locate a source clarifying their original range before deforestation? --Fuhghettaboutit 12:35, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. It definitely only grew in the North half of North Island (north of ~38deg latitude), at least in the timeframe of human history.  Dougalc 01:42, 5 May 2006 (UTC)
 * From An encyclopaedia of New Zealand (1966)
 * "The true home of the New Zealand kauri extends from somewhat south of Auckland to the North Cape, though judging from the presence of pollen in bogs, it was present in the south of the South Island within recent geological times. Climatic change has driven it northwards."

Sections/Organization
I've recently added several sections to the article as well as changing and merging a few others. The article previously opened with material too specific in the lead which had never been placed in its own section. How should we best split up the remaining material? It has been moved down to 'description', though I find that word too general - the whole article is a description of kauri trees in one way or another. Perhaps opening with something like 'Morphology' and perhaps adding a section on taxonomy for completeness would be the best way to go? There is some material under 'Description' that doesn't really qualify as 'morphology', though I'm sure it could be merged somewhere else. Richard001 08:23, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Timber specs
Too technical? I don't know where else we could move this but I doubt many readers come here wondering what kauri's modulus of elasticity is, even if they are familiar with the term. Richard001 11:55, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know, as long as it's accurate it could be useful to someone. Besides the technical terms are linked in the specifications, so those of us who don't know what the terms need can easily look it up. Personally I'd say keep it, but it could be integrated into the rest of the article in a better way (eg. pointing out why the technical specs make kauri timber suitable for certain applications). Lisiate 21:02, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we could put it in a small table to the right? I'm not familiar with coding such tables myself though. Richard001 00:36, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think we should as that table seems to be a template for the classification of species. It would be interesting to see who added it in the first place and ask for their comments. Lisiate 21:23, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, the technical stuff was added in April 2006 by User:Fuhghettaboutit. The edit was marked as an import from es (Spanish?) wikipedia. Lisiate 21:39, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Deforestation
A anonymous editor has added some lines on deforestation recently. It refers to "Adams 1990". There is no source Adams 1990. Does the editor mean "Adams 1980"? I can't check it. - Dick Bos (talk) 13:02, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

Warawara
I was thinking of starting a Warawara page & moving the Warawara section out to it - most of it anyway? LawrieM (talk) 21:49, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

Problem with comprehension.
What does this sentence mean? Despite this, like many native urban trees, it falls victim to "new owners" syndrome, so there are relatively few such trees in cities older than 40 years. I never heard of the new owners syndrome. I can guess the idea : it means when ownership is transfered people cut the native trees. I still don't get why it's worded in such an odd, obscure way. Can anyone good with English reword better? Correjon (talk) 04:01, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I took it out. It was confusing and unsourced and probably just someone's opinion. I doubt any study has been done on the ages of kauri trees growing in urban gardens. Kahuroa (talk) 09:25, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Commercial link removed
I removed a link to a website about ancient kauri from the Agathis page, thinking I would place it on this page. On closer look it was a commercial link so I won't place it anywhere. Kahuroa (talk) 20:44, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Proposed merge
I see has proposed merging the article for the genus Agathis into this article on the New Zealand species. I can't see why. Does anyone object to the merge tag being removed? --Avenue (talk) 10:51, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

Oh, Sorry. First I thought that both are same. Now I understood both are different.

It seems like you have a interest in that article. May I know the meaning of Kauri one of the name of Agathis in Vernacular Language?--Tenkasi Subramanian (talk) 13:22, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Its common name in English (kauri) was borrowed directly from the Māori language around 200 years ago. I've now mentioned the English etymology in the lead sentence. I don't know the etymology of the word in Māori though. --Avenue (talk) 20:49, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080803063018/http://www.teara.govt.nz:80/TheBush/NativePlantsAndFungi/KauriForest/en to http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/NativePlantsAndFungi/KauriForest/en

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External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/media/publications-journals-nzjb-1987-016.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130210055841/http://ohinemuri.org.nz/journal/22/coromandel_forest_park.htm to http://www.ohinemuri.org.nz/journal/22/coromandel_forest_park.htm
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Threatened
Kauri are now threatened  Nixinova   T   C   06:10, 5 June 2018 (UTC)

 * @Nixinova Added NZTCS threat status  Draco phyllum  07:35, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

Mean temperature requirement
"Kauri requires a mean temperature of 17 °C or more for most of the year"

Where did this come from? The source is not provided, but is assumed to be [16]. It cannot be correct since Northland mean temperature is <17C from May to November inclusive. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.21.130.193 (talk) 04:50, 30 December 2019 (UTC)

Role in determining geomagnetic reversal
Can information about the role of the 42,000-year-old A. australis tree found in New Zealand in determining the geomagnetic reversal that took place 42,000 years ago be added to this article? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 09:12, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
 * seems like that would be a reasonable add under the "swamp kauri" section. —Giantflightlessbirds (talk) 10:00, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

Lead
Surely the "Overview" section should just be the lead?  Draco phyllum  07:28, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Did it because this is the only article I've ever seen with an "Overview" section and the lead is supposed to be the overview!  Draco phyllum  09:50, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Agathis australis


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Iran

 * See also: Iranian Wikipedians' notice board


text:
User talk:Tingo

Notice The Babel Information

wikiversity
If you cast a wikiversity vote, please make a link at your Wikimedia meta-wiki user page linking back to your wikipedia user page. If you do not do so, your vote will not count. --JWSchmidt 16:45, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tingo


text:
Victor Warrender, 1st Baron Bruntisfield

Victor Alexander George Anthony Warrender, 1st Baron Bruntisfield (23 June 1899 – 14 January 1993), known as Sir Victor Warrender, Bt, between 1917 and 1942, was a British Conservative politician. He held minor political offices between 1928 and 1945, notably as Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty from 1940 to 1945 in Winston Churchill's war-time coalition government. In 1942 he was ennobled as Baron Bruntisfield. He is also said to be the first politician Margaret Thatcher looked up to before beginning her career in politics.

Background and education
Warrender was the eldest son of Vice-Admiral Sir George Warrender, 7th Baronet, by Lady Ethel Maud Ashley-Cooper, daughter of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury. He was baptised with Queen Victoria as one of his godparents and was educated at Eton. His younger brother was the actor Harold Warrender. He served as a Lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards in the First World War and was awarded the Military Cross.

Political career
Warrender was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Grantham in 1923, a seat he held until 1942. He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Under-Secretary of State for India, Lord Winterton, from 1924 to 1928 and entered the government as an Assistant Government Whip under Stanley Baldwin in 1928, a post he held until the government fell in 1929. He was appointed a Lord of the Treasury (government whip) in 1931 under Ramsay MacDonald, was promoted to Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in 1932 and to Comptroller of the Household in May 1935.

After Baldwin became prime minister for the third time in June 1935, Warrender was made Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty. Then in November 1935 he exchanged this office for that of Financial Secretary to the War Office. He continued in this post when Neville Chamberlain became prime minister in 1937. When Chamberlain reshuffled his government in early April 1940, Warrender once again became Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty. He retained this office when Winston Churchill became prime minister in May 1940, and continued in it until Churchill resigned in July 1945. On 10 March 1942 Warrender was elevated to the peerage as Baron Bruntisfield, of Boroughmuir in the City of Edinburgh.

Family
Lord Bruntisfield married Dorothy Rawson (d. 1975), daughter of Col Richard Hamilton Rawson, MP for Reigate, on 1 June 1920. They had three children:

 * John Warrender, 2nd Baron Bruntisfield (7 February 1921 – 14 July 2007)
 * Simon George Warrender (11 August 1922 – 8 May 2011), married Pamela Myer – built Bruntisfield House Melbourne and had issue – Edwina Jane Maitland (11 Dec. 1951–), Alicia Maude Grisel (30 Mar. 1953–), Alexander Simon Victor Shaftsbury (14 June 1955 – 23 August 1976 / Member Falls Creek Ski Patrol), Simon George Norman Angus Hamilton Warrender (13 June 1962–)
 * Robin Hugh Warrender (24 December 1927 – 8 April 2004), married Gillian ("Gilly") Elizabeth Rossiter, daughter of Leonard and Elsie Rose (née Oppenheimer) Rossiter. They had three children, Carolyn Robin Warrender, Annabel Rose Warrender and Hugh Mark Warrender.

Lord and Lady Bruntisfield were divorced in 1945. Lady Bruntisfield was later invested as an Officer, Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (O.St.J.). She died in July 1975. Lord Bruntisfield married secondly, Tania, daughter of Dr Michael Kolin, on 22 June 1948. They had two children:

 * Anthony Michael Warrender (b. 17 July 1950), married (1) Christine Semenenko, (2) Patricia Connors and had issue.
 * Victoria Isabella Warrender (b. 27 March 1952), married Hugh Mackay, 14th Lord Reay as his second wife on 20 June 1980 and has issue, two daughters.

Lord Bruntisfield died in January 1993, aged 93, and was succeeded by his eldest son, John. Tania, Lady Bruntisfield died in June 2007.


text:
Clark baronets

There have been four baronetcies created for persons with the surname Clark (as distinct from Clarke, Clerk and Clerke), all in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Two of the creations are extant as of 2010.

The Clark Baronetcy, of St George's Hanover Square, London, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 11 November 1837 for James Clark, Physician to the Royal Household. The title became extinct on the death of the second Baronet in 1910.

The Clark Baronetcy, of Cavendish Square, London, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 9 August 1883 for Andrew Clark, in recognition of his services to medical science. The title became extinct on the death of the third Baronet, a Queen's Counsel, in 1979.

The Clark Baronetcy, of Melville Crescent, Edinburgh in the County of Midlothian, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 28 September 1886 for Thomas Clark, Lord Provost of Edinburgh between 1885 and 1888. Henry James Douglas Clark (1888–1978), second son of the second Baronet, was a Brigadier in the 1st Battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders.

The Clark Baronetcy, of Dunlambert in the City of Belfast, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 6 July 1917 for the businessman and politician George Clark. The third Baronet was a member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland for Belfast Dock.

Clark baronets, of St George's Hanover Square (1837)

 * Sir James Clark, 1st Baronet (1788–1870)
 * Sir John Forbes Clark, 2nd Baronet (1821–1910)

Clark baronets, of Cavendish Square (1883)

 * Sir Andrew Clark, 1st Baronet (1826–1893)
 * Sir James Richardson Andrew Clark, 2nd Baronet (1852–1948)
 * Sir Andrew Edmund James Clark, 3rd Baronet (1898–1979)

Clark baronets, of Melville Crescent, Edinburgh (1886)

 * Sir Thomas Clark, 1st Baronet FRSE (1823–1900)
 * Sir John Maurice Clark, 2nd Baronet (1859–1924)
 * Sir Thomas Clark, 3rd Baronet FRSE (1886–1977)
 * Sir John Douglas Clark, 4th Baronet (1923–1991)
 * Sir Francis Drake Clark, 5th Baronet (1924–2019)
 * Sir Edward Drake Clark, 6th Baronet (born 1966)

The heir presumptive is Timothy Ian Hugh Clark (born 1966), a kinsman of the present holder.

Clark baronets, of Dunlambert (1917)

 * Sir George Smith Clark, 1st Baronet (1861–1935)
 * Sir George Ernest Clark, 2nd Baronet (1882–1950)
 * Sir George Anthony Clark, 3rd Baronet (1914–1991)
 * Sir Colin Douglas Clark, 4th Baronet (1918–1995)
 * Sir Jonathan George Clark, 5th Baronet (born 1947)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Simon George Gray Clark (born 1975).

title: Clark baronets


text:
Talk:Juniperus excelsa

Article name
I have moved the article to Greek juniper from Juniperus excelsa as recomended at WikiProject_Tree_of_Life. Alan Liefting 09:05, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Juniperus excelsa


text:
1577 in art

Events from the year 1577 in art.

Events

 * El Greco moves from Rome to Spain, where he will spend the rest of his life.
 * The Accademia di San Luca is founded as an association of artists in Rome.

Works
Some dates approximate
 * Lavinia Fontana - Self-Portrait at the Clavichord Accompanied by a Handmaiden
 * El Greco - The Repentant Magdalen
 * Nicholas Hilliard - Portrait miniatures
 * The Duke of Alençon
 * Marguerite of Navarre
 * Self-portrait
 * Cornelis Ketel - Martin Frobisher

Births

 * March 20 - Alessandro Tiarini, Italian Baroque painter of frescoes, façade decorations, and altarpieces (died 1668)
 * June 28 – Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (died 1640)
 * July 21 - Adam Willaerts, Dutch painter (died 1664)
 * October 17 - Cristofano Allori, Italian painter (died 1621)
 * December 8 - Mario Minniti, Italian painter, also the model for Caravaggio's painting Boy with a Basket of Fruit  (died 1640)
 * date unknown
 * Eugenio Caxés, Spanish painter (died 1634)
 * Giacomo Cavedone, Italian painter of the Bolognese School (died 1660)
 * Giovanni Battista Crescenzi, Italian painter and architect (died 1635)
 * Aart Jansz Druyvesteyn, Dutch Golden Age painter (died 1627)
 * Cornelis van der Geest, Dutch merchant and art collector (died 1638)

Deaths

 * February 17 - Giuliano Bugiardini, Italian painter (born 1475)
 * May - Richard Aertsz, Dutch historical painter (born 1482)
 * June 12 - Orazio Samacchini, Italian Mannerist painter (born 1532)
 * date unknown
 * Juan de Juni, French–Spanish sculptor (born 1507)
 * Léonard Limousin, French painter, member of Limoges enamel painter family (born 1505)
 * Guglielmo della Porta, Italian architect and sculptor (born c.1500)
 * Antonis Mor, Dutch portrait painter (born 1517)
 * Cristóbal Ramírez, painter and illuminator of manuscripts for King Philip II of Spain
 * Lorenzo Sabbatini, Italian painter (born 1530)
 * Michele Tosini, Italian Mannerist painter (born 1503)
 * probable - Gert van Groningen, Danish sculptor (date of birth unknown)

title: 1577 in art


text:
1640 in art

Events from the year 1640 in art.

Events

 * Nicolas Poussin completes the first series of Seven Sacraments.
 * Abraham van Linge begins painting the windows for the chapel of University College, Oxford.
 * Opening of the iconography studio at the Kremlin Armoury.

Paintings

 * Govert Flinck - A Young Archer (c.1639-40)
 * Giovanna Garzoni - Still Life with Bowl of Citrons
 * Jacob Jordaens (approximate dates)
 * The King Drinks
 * Prometheus Bound
 * Rembrandt
 * Harmen Doomer
 * Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet
 * Self-portrait
 * Guido Reni - Saint Joseph and the Christ Child
 * Diego Velázquez - Mars Resting (Prado Museum)

Births

 * June 21 - Abraham Mignon, Dutch flower painter born at Frankfurt (died 1679)
 * August 2 - Gérard Audran, French engraver of the Audran family (died 1703)
 * September 11 (or 1641) - Gerard de Lairesse, Dutch Golden Age painter and art theorist (died 1711)
 * September 29 - Antoine Coysevox, French sculptor who emigrated from Spain (died 1720)
 * date unknown
 * Filippo Abbiati, Italian painter (died 1715)
 * Jean François Baudesson, French painter of flowers and fruit (died 1713)
 * Giovanni Lorenzo Bertolotti, Italian painter, active in Genoa (died 1721)
 * Jacques d'Agar, French portrait painter (died 1716)
 * Henry Gyles, English glass painter (died 1709)
 * Buhurizade Mustafa Itri, Ottoman-Turkish musician, composer, calligrapher, singer and poet (died 1712)
 * Isaac Paling, Dutch Golden Age painter (died 1728)
 * Jose Risueño, Spanish painter who helped decorate the cupola of the church in the Carthusian monastery (died 1721)
 * probable
 * Giovanni Ventura Borghesi, Italian painter, active mainly in Rome (died 1708)
 * Marco Liberi, Italian painter of mythologic and historic cabinet paintings (died 1687)

Deaths

 * January - Johann Wilhelm Baur, German engraver, etcher and miniature painter (born 1607)
 * January 8 - Alfonso Rivarola, Italian painter, active mainly in his native Ferrara (born 1607)
 * February 4 (bur.) - Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom, Dutch painter (born 1566), father of Cornelis Hendriksz Vroom
 * May 30 - Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (born 1577)
 * June - Abraham van der Doort, Dutch-born artist and curator (born c. 1575/1580?) (suicide)
 * July 3 - Giuseppe Cesari, Italian painter (born 1568)
 * August 3 - Giovanni Antonio Lelli, Italian painter of the Baroque period (born 1591)
 * September 30 - Jacopo da Empoli, Italian late-mannerist painter (born 1551)
 * October 26 - Pietro Tacca, Italian sculptor and follower of Giambologna (born 1557)
 * November 22 - Mario Minniti, Italian painter, who was also the model for Caravaggio's painting Boy with a Basket of Fruit (born 1577)
 * November 25 - Pellegrino Piola, Italian painter (born 1617)
 * December 22 - Jean de Beaugrand, French lineographer and mathematician (born 1584)
 * date unknown
 * Vicente Guirri, Spanish painter (date of birth unknown)
 * Giovanni Battista Ruggieri, Italian painter (date of birth unknown)
 * probable
 * Antonia Bertucci-Pinelli, Italian woman painter (date of birth unknown)
 * Ercole de Maria, Italian painter awarded knighthood by Urban VIII (b. unknown)

title: 1640 in art


text:
User:Artica~enwiki

This space is intentionally blank.

title: User:Artica~enwiki


text:
Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences

The Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences (WCGS), formerly known as the Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, is a graduate college of Cornell University that was founded in 1952 as an academic partnership between two major medical institutions in New York City: Weill Cornell Medicine and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Cornell is involved in the Tri-Institutional MD–PhD Program with Rockefeller University and the Sloan Kettering Institute; each of these three institutions is part of a large biomedical center extending along York Avenue between 65th and 72nd Streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.

Programs of study
Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences (WCGS) partners with neighboring institutions along York Avenue, also known as the "corridor of science" in New York City. Such partnerships with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, the Hospital for Special Surgery and The Rockefeller University offer specialized learning opportunities.

WCGS offers a variety of programs at both the Masters and Doctoral levels. As a partnership between the Sloan Kettering Institute and Weill Cornell Medical College, WCGS offers seven PhD programs as well as four distinct Masters programs. Additionally, the school offers two Tri-Institutional PhDs, a Tri-Institutional MD/PhD and the opportunity for students to participate in an Accelerated PhD/MBA program.

PhD Programs:
 * Biochemistry and Structural Biology
 * Molecular Biology
 * Cell and Developmental Biology
 * Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis
 * Pharmacology
 * Neuroscience
 * Physiology Biophysics and Systems Biology

Tri-Institutional PhD Programs
 * Chemical Biology
 * Computational Biology and Medicine
 * Tri-I MD / PhD Program


text:
1570 in art

Events from the year 1570 in art.

Events

 * Ustad ‘Osman becomes head of the painters at the Seraglio workshop of Sultan Murad III.

Works

 * Federico Barocci - Rest on the Flight into Egypt (Vatican Museums)
 * Joachim Beuckelaer - The Four Elements (series completed)
 * Bernaert de Rijckere - The Festival of the Gods
 * Hans Eworth- Elizabeth 1st
 * El Greco - The Entombment of Christ (approximate completion date)
 * Paolo Veronese - The Allegory of Love (ceiling paintings for Prague Castle; now in National Gallery, London)

Births

 * November 15 - Francesco Curradi, Italian painter of the style described as Counter-Maniera or Counter-Mannerism (died 1631)
 * date unknown
 * Giuseppe Agellio, Italian painter (died after 1620)
 * Giulio Cesare Angeli, Italian painter (died 1630)
 * Cornelis Jacobsz Delff, Dutch painter (died 1643)
 * Tommaso Dolabella, Baroque painter from Venice (died 1650)
 * Renold Elstracke, one of the earliest native engravers in England (died 1625)
 * Epiphanius Evesham, British sculptor (died 1634)
 * Aegidius Sadeler II, Flemish engraver of the Sadeler family (died 1629)
 * Gillis van Valckenborch, Flemish painter (died 1622)
 * Francesco Zucco, Italian painter (died 1627)
 * probable
 * Abel Grimmer, Flemish painter (died c.1620)
 * Hans Krumpper, sculptor and plasterer (died 1634)
 * Pasquale Ottini, Italian painter active mainly in Verona (died 1630)
 * Isabella Parasole, Italian engraver on wood (date of death unknown)
 * Leonardo Parasole, Italian engraver on wood (date of death unknown)
 * Aegidius Sadeler, Flemish painter and engraver (died 1629)
 * Denis van Alsloot, Flemish painter (died 1626)
 * 1570-1575:Simon Frisius, Dutch engraver (died 1628/29)

Deaths

 * January 19 - Paris Bordone, Venetian painter (born 1495)
 * October 1 – Frans Floris, Flemish painter (born 1519)
 * October 3 - Hieronymus Cock, Flemish Northern Renaissance painter, etcher and publisher of prints (born 1510)
 * November 27 - Jacopo Sansovino, Italian sculptor and architect, especially around the Piazza San Marco in Venice (born 1486)
 * date unknown
 * Gaspar Becerra, Spanish painter and sculptor (born 1520)
 * Francesco Imparato, Italian painter active mainly in his natal city of Naples (born 1520)
 * Ferdinando Manlio, Italian sculptor (date of birth unknown)
 * Francesco Melzi, Italian painter, beloved and favourite pupil of Leonardo da Vinci (born 1491)
 * Francesco Primaticcio, Italian painter, architect, and sculptor (born 1504)
 * Martin Van Cleve, Flemish painter (born 1520)
 * probable - Domenico del Barbieri, Florentine artist of the Renaissance period (born 1506)

title: 1570 in art


text:
Mari Hamada

is a Japanese heavy metal and pop rock singer. Since her debut in 1983, Hamada has been known as the "Heavy Metal Queen" of Japan. Throughout her career, she has released 25 singles and 23 studio albums.

Early history
Mari Hamada started singing when she joined a choir at elementary school and participated in recording TV commercial jingles while in junior high. While at Musashigaoka High School, she formed a punk rock band called "Mari Band". During her tenure at Aoyama Gakuin University, Hamada was a backing vocalist for the band "Hamachan" and the lead vocalist of the all-female rock band "Misty Cats"; the latter having recorded the demo song "Misty Blue" for the various artists album Kichijōji Yamaha Studio Take-1 Presents: 7th One Way Contest in 1982.

1980s
In 1983, Hamada released her debut album Lunatic Doll ~ Ansatsu Keikoku, which was produced by Daiko Nagato and Loudness drummer Munetaka Higuchi and released by Victor Entertainment under the "Invitation" label. She gained some attention when Shigesato Itoi wrote:. The album made her the flag bearer for Japanese female rock vocalists, which was a small and unusual market at the time. A year later, Hamada released the album Misty Lady, which began her career as a songwriter.

In 1985, Hamada released Blue Revolution, with the title track becoming her first career single. It was also her first self-produced album. For her 1987 album In the Precious Age, Hamada flew to Los Angeles to work with producer Mike Clink and record with artists such as Toto's Mike Porcaro and Jeff Porcaro. From that point on, she changed her musical style to a more mainstream pop rock sound. In 1988, Hamada released the song "Heart and Soul", which was used by NHK on their coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The song peaked at No. 7 on Oricon's singles chart. Hamada was invited to perform on the 39th Kōhaku Uta Gassen, but she declined the offer.

In 1989, Hamada's ninth album Return to Myself topped Oricon's albums chart and went Platinum. In addition, the title track "Return to Myself ~Shinai, Shinai, Natsu." hit No. 1 on Oricon's singles chart.

1990s
Hamada's 1990 album Colors reached No. 2 and was certified Gold. A year later, she switched labels to MCA Victor, with Tomorrow also peaking at No. 2, but going Platinum. Hamada's 10th anniversary album Anti-Heroine topped the albums chart in 1993. That year, she participated in the charity group "Used to Be a Child", concept similar to Band Aid where performers donate earnings from a single to charitable causes; in this case the money went to Imabari City's Islet Organization. Hamada also went global with the international release Introducing... Mari Hamada, which consists of original English-language songs and some of her hits reworked in English. The album was released in Asia on May 30, 1993. She made her European debut in 1994 with a re-arranged version of the album and participated at that year's Midem in France. Hamada also released the follow-up album All My Heart in Asian markets that year. The album features "Fixing a Broken Heart", a duet with Australian band Indecent Obsession.

In 1996, Hamada's album Persona hit No. 2 on Oricon's albums chart. During this time, she put her touring activities on hold to focus on songwriting and recording. Two years later, Universal Music Japan transferred her to the Polydor label. Her two albums under the label, Philosophia and Blanche, failed to crack the top-10.

2000s
In 2002, Hamada signed with Tokuma Japan Communications and released Marigold. She also resumed live touring that year when she performed at the Akasaka Blitz just before it was completely demolished and rebuilt. Since then, Hamada would release a new album and tour every two years. Her album sales, however, were not of the same level as the decade before, with each album barely hovering within the Top 100.

2010s
In 2010, Hamada returned to her heavy metal roots with Aestetica, which received heavy airplay. The album sparked a resurgence in her career, reaching No. 35 on Oricon's albums chart. Her live video Mari Hamada Live in Tokyo "Aestetica", which was filmed at the Nakano Sun Plaza, peaked at No. 2 on Oricon's DVD chart. Hamada followed up the success with her 2012 album Legenda.

Hamada kicked off her 30th anniversary celebration in 2013 with the compilation album Inclination III and an extensive national tour. In 2014, she released the boxed set Mari Hamada Complete Single Collection. At the same time, her former and current labels reissued her past albums in Super High Material CD (SHM-CD) format. In April, Hamada performed an extended concert in Tokyo, which was filmed for WOWOW. The concert was aired on Japanese television on July 20, 2014, including two interviews with Mari, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray in January 2015. On August 16, Hamada performed live at the Summer Sonic Festival, an annual two-day rock festival held at two venues simultaneously with bands switching venues for the second day. On August 31, September 3 and 7, 2014, she performed concerts with a symphony orchestra titled "Rock Queen Orchestra". On October 11, 2015, Hamada performed live at the Loud Park Festival, with Loudness guitarist Akira Takasaki as a special guest. On January 13, 2016, Hamada released the album Mission, which peaked at No. 11 on Oricon's albums chart. The last show of the Mission tour was filmed and released on DVD and Blu-ray as Mari Hamada Live Tour 2016 "Mission" on February 22, 2017.

To celebrate her 35th anniversary, Hamada returned to Victor Entertainment in April 2018. She released Gracia on August 1; the album went all the way to No. 6 on Oricon's albums chart, becoming her first top-10 album since Persona. A year later, she released the compilation album Light for the Ages -35th Anniversary Best～Fan's Selection-. She also performed at the Nippon Budokan for the first time in 25 years on April 19. The concert was released on DVD and Blu-ray as Mari Hamada 35th Anniversary Live "Gracia" at Budokan on December 18.

2020s
In 2020, Hamada became the first Japanese vocalist to win the reader's popularity vote on Burrn! magazine's 36th Heavy Metal Championship for 2019.

Hamada's 24th studio album Soar was released on April 19, 2023 to coincide with her 40th anniversary.

Personal life
Hamada's younger sister tours with her band as a backing vocalist.

In a 2014 interview with Japanese media website Natalie, Hamada stated that she does not do Twitter or blogs because she is not good at using social media. She did, however, open her official Twitter account in February 2017. She also does not follow other artists and prefers to listen to anything different from her genre, such as Celtic music or world music.

Current members

 * Takashi Masuzaki (Dimension) – guitar (1987–present)
 * ISAO – guitar (2018–present)
 * BOH – bass (2018–present)
 * Hideki Harasawa – drums (2018–present)
 * Takanobu Masuda – keyboards (1985–1992; 2002–present)
 * Masafumi Nakao – keyboards, sound effects (1991–present)
 * ERI (Eri Hamada) – backing vocals (1985–present)

Former members

 * Katsuya Satō – guitar (1983–1987)
 * Fumio Kaneko – guitar (1983–1986)
 * Hiro Sugihara – guitar (1983)
 * Kenji Kitajima (Fence of Defense) – guitar (1984)
 * Tak Matsumoto (B'z) – guitar (1986, 1988)
 * Kazuo Shimizu – guitar (1988–1991)
 * Junichi Kawauchi – guitar (1993)
 * Yōichi Fujii – guitar (2007–2016)
 * Nozomi Wakai – guitar (2016)
 * Kinta Moriyama (5X) – bass (1983)
 * Toshimi Nagai – bass (1993)
 * Tony Franklin – bass (1994)
 * Tomonori "You" Yamada – bass (1983–1992; 2002–2016)
 * Jun Harada (5X) – drums (1983)
 * Haruki Niekawa – drums (1983–1986)
 * Noriyuki Okada – drums (1986–1991)
 * Hirotsugu Homma (Anthem) – drums (1991–2007)
 * Tony Thompson – drums (1994)
 * Satoshi "Joe" Miyawaki (44MAGNUM/ZIGGY) – drums (2008–2016)
 * Takayoshi Kobayashi – keyboards (1984–1986)
 * Kazuhiro Hara – keyboards (1988–1990)
 * Paul Mirkovich – keyboards (1994)
 * Mai – backing vocals (1983–1984)
 * A-mi (Eiko Kamata) – backing vocals (1991–1993)

Discography

 * Lunatic Doll (1983)
 * Romantic Night (1983)
 * Misty Lady (1984)
 * Rainbow Dream (1985)
 * Blue Revolution (1985)
 * Promise in the History (1986)
 * In the Precious Age (1987)
 * Love Never Turns Against (1988)
 * Return to Myself (1989)
 * Colors (1990)
 * Tomorrow (1991)
 * Anti-Heroine (1993)
 * Persona (1996)
 * Philosophia (1998)
 * Blanche (2000)
 * Marigold (2002)
 * Sense of Self (2003)
 * Elan (2005)
 * Sur lie (2007)
 * Aestetica (2010)
 * Legenda (2012)
 * Mission (2016)
 * Gracia (2018)
 * Soar (2023)

title: Mari Hamada


text:
1520 in art

Events from the year 1520 in art.

Events

 * Considered the start of the Mannerism art period
 * The oldest known painting depicting Stockholm is painted in the church of Storkyrkan.

Painting

 * Albrecht Altdorfer – Departure of Saint Florian
 * Domenico Campagnola – Gerolamo
 * Gerard David – The Virgin and Child in a landscape (approximate date)
 * Gerard David or circle of Jan Mabuse – Our Lady of the Fly (approximate date)
 * Il Garofalo – Ascension of Christ
 * Quentin Matsys – Portrait of a woman
 * Francesco Melzi – Flora
 * Raphael – Transfiguration
 * Titian – Venus Anadyomene (approximate date)
 * Lucas van Leyden – Lot and his Daughters (approximate date)
 * Jan van Scorel – Sippenaltar
 * Pseudo Jan Wellens de Cock – Calvary (approximate date)
 * Portrait of Francis I of France (completed by this date)

Births

 * February 23 (baptised) - Ercole Procaccini the Elder, Italian painter mainly active in Milan (died 1595)
 * June 29 - Nicolás Factor, Spanish painter of the Renaissance period (died 1583)
 * date unknown
 * Gaspar Becerra, Spanish painter and sculptor (died 1570)
 * Leonardo Brescia, Italian painter (died 1582)
 * Mirabello Cavalori, Italian painter mainly active in Florence (died 1572)
 * Claudio de Arciniega, Spanish sculptor and architect (died 1593)
 * Giacomo del Duca, Italian sculptor (died 1601)
 * Étienne Dupérac, French painter, draughtsman and engraver, topographer and antiquarian (died 1607)
 * Giorgio Ghisi, Italian engraver from Mantua (died 1582)
 * David Kandel, Strasbourg-born botanical illustrator (died 1592)
 * Domenico Poggini, Italian sculptor (died 1590)
 * Giuseppe Porta, Italian painter active mainly in Venice (died 1575)
 * Martin Van Cleve, Flemish painter of the Van Cleve family (died 1570)
 * probable
 * Hans Eworth, Flemish painter (died 1574)
 * Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Flemish printmaker and painter associated with the English court of the mid-16th Century (died 1590)
 * Francesco Imparato, Italian painter active mainly in his natal city of Naples (died 1570)
 * Girolamo Porro, Italian engraver on wood and on copper (died unknown)
 * Martino Rota, Croatian artist and printmaker (died 1583)
 * Hugues Sambin, French sculptor and woodworker (died 1601)
 * (born 1520/1524): Giovanni Battista Moroni, Italian painter of the mannerist period (died 1579)

Deaths

 * April 6 - Raphael, Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance (born 1483)
 * April 11 - Agostino Chigi, Italian banker and patron of the arts (born 1466)
 * December 6 - Bartolomé Ordóñez, Spanish sculptor (born 1480)
 * date unknown
 * Raffaello Botticini - Italian Renaissance painter (born 1474)
 * Sheikh Hamdullah, Ottoman master of Islamic calligraphy (born 1436)
 * Sultan Ali Mashhadi, Persian calligrapher and poet (born 1453)
 * Marx Reichlich, Austrian painter of primarily religious scenes (born 1460)
 * Niccolo Rondinelli, Italian painter active mainly in Ravenna (born 1468)

title: 1520 in art


text:
Talk:Gladiator (Melvin Potter)

Tag, you're it
This tag doesn't comply with normal tags. Any explanation why? --Jamdav86 09:15, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Rename
I propose renaming this article to Gladiator (Melvin Potter). Gladiator (Daredevil character) doesn't match up with other similar characters with commonly-used names, such as Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew) or Black Knight (Dane Whitman).

Fair use rationale for Image:Thegladiatordaredevil.jpg
Image:Thegladiatordaredevil.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 03:12, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Thegladiatordaredevil.jpg
Image:Thegladiatordaredevil.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:51, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Need better image
This muddy half-image that doesn't show his face clearly nor his blades goes against infobox guidelines. We need a better image. --Tenebrae (talk) 15:34, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

No Publication History!?
There is no information on the character's publication history in this article, it should be added to the article.--Paleface Jack (talk) 16:16, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gladiator (Melvin Potter)