text:
Talk:List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers

Edit
I have made a slight edit as Dermot Reeve played in ODI's but not for HK. (He did play for HK in the ICC trophy of course)JimBakken (talk) 13:08, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hkca-logo 145x115.JPG
Image:Hkca-logo 145x115.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:28, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151118222149/http://www.espncricinfo.com/hongkong/content/player/caps.html?country=19%3Bclass%3D2 to http://www.espncricinfo.com/hongkong/content/player/caps.html?country=19%3Bclass%3D2

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:16, 29 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161122003800/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2%3Bid%3D19%3Btype%3Dteam to http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2%3Bid%3D19%3Btype%3Dteam
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161122171035/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2%3Bid%3D19%3Btype%3Dteam to http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2%3Bid%3D19%3Btype%3Dteam

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:49, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simon richardson

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 01:35, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Simon richardson

 * I was going to speedy, but this seems like perfect BJAODN fodder. Karmafist 15:19, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably delete, but you could maybe have waited more than 2 minutes before tagging it for deletion. Punkmorten 15:51, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2 minutes or 2 hours, garbage is garbage. If this is indicative of what he plans to write later, there isn't much hope for this article. I was on Welcoming Patrol, so I was keeping an eye on the Recent Changes. Karmafist 16:39, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Ouch! Speedy delete before he actually spends any time filling this out. -- DS1953 15:53, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete written by a user with a 'red' user page, looks like the start of a user page, prob a 'user page' in error, the welcoming committee haven't even got there yet. Alf 15:58, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll contact him now. Karmafist 16:41, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Userfy. A quick Google and Galenet search showed there doesn't seem to be anyone notable with that name. Capitalistroadster 00:00, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete Dottore So 05:38, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. --Agamemnon2 11:28, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. Be bold in tagging such junk for speedy deletion. --DrTorstenHenning 13:56, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedily deleted. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:40, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Robert Jan Stips

Robert Jan Stips is a Dutch musician born in The Hague, 4 February 1950.

He initially found fame as a keyboard player, arranger, and producer with the group Supersister. This led to an invitation to join Golden Earring, one of the most successful Dutch groups of the time. In 1975, Stips appeared on the group's follow-up to their smash hit Moontan (including their international hit, "Radar Love"). Entitled Switch, this follow-up album featured Stips' playing throughout. In 1976, Stips appeared as a full-fledged band member on To the Hilt. This album would prove to be his last full effort with the group. Stips also took part in the group's successful American tour in 1976, but left afterwards to form Stars & Stips which released Nevergreens in 1976, and the group Sweet d'Buster with fellow intermittent Golden Earring bandmember, saxophonist Bertus Borgers. Stips has guested on several Golden Earring efforts since.

Between 1977 and 1981 Stips produced three albums by the popular band Gruppo Sportivo: Ten Mistakes (1977), Back To 78 (1978) and Pop! Goes The Brain (1981). He also produced the first solo album by Gruppo Sportivo's frontman and main songwriter Hans Vandenburg: Buddy Odor Is A Gas! by The Buddy Odor Stop.

In 1979, Stips left Sweet d'Buster and formed Transister, which released one album: Zig Zag. In 1981, Robert Jan Stips released his first solo LP (U.P.). The same year, Stips became the keyboard player for The Nits, with whom he had previously worked as a producer. During his years with The Nits he also produced albums for Cloud Nine and Vitesse. He was the main composer of The Nits' orchestral work, Hjuvi - A Rhapsody in Time. In 1982 Stips appeared on Golden Earring's Cut release. It featured the group's worldwide hit "Twilight Zone". Stips also plays on the group's 1986 release The Hole.

Robert Jan Stips left Nits in 1996 at the end of their Greatest Hits tour, and launched the group STIPS, with which he brought out the album Egotrip. STIPS released two albums in collaboration with Freek de Jonge, Gemeen Goed (1997) and Rapsodia (1998). In 1999, Robert Jan Stips released two solo albums : Greyhound and Rembrandt 2000 (at the occasion of a great exhibition Rembrandt in The Hague). He also appeared on Golden Earring's "Last Blast of the Century." A two disc live career retrospective. In 2003, he rejoined Nits for their thirtieth anniversary tour. He played on the subsequent albums and has continued to tour with the group.

In 2019 Stips launched the Supersister Projekt 2019 and released new album Retsis Repus.

Discography

 * 1970 Supersister - Present From Nancy
 * 1971 Supersister - To The Highest Bidder
 * 1972 Supersister - Pudding en Gisteren
 * 1973 Supersister - Iskander
 * 1974 Sweet Okay Supersister - Spiral Staircase
 * 1975 Golden Earring - Switch
 * 1976 Golden Earring - To The Hilt
 * 1976 Stars & Stips - Nevergreens
 * 1977 Sweet d'Buster - Sweet d'Buster
 * 1978 Sweet d'Buster - Friction
 * 1979 Transister - Zig Zag
 * 1981 Robert Jan Stips - U.P.
 * 1981 The Nits - New Flat
 * 1982 Golden Earring - Cut
 * 1983 The Nits - Omsk
 * 1983 The Nits - Kilo
 * 1984 The Nits - Adieu, Sweet Bahnhof
 * 1986 The Nits - Henk
 * 1986 Golden Earring - The Hole
 * 1987 The Nits - In The Dutch Mountains
 * 1988 The Nits - Hat
 * 1989 Nits - Urk
 * 1990 Nits - Giant Normal Dwarf
 * 1992 Nits - Ting
 * 1992 Nits - Hjuvi: A Rhapsody In Time
 * 1995 Nits - dA dA dA
 * 1996 Nits - In Concert
 * 1996 S.T.I.P.S. - Egotrip
 * 1997 Freek de Jonge & STIPS - Gemeen Goed
 * 1998 Freek de Jonge & STIPS - Rapsodia
 * 1998 Robert Jan Stips - Greyhound
 * 1999 Robert Jan Stips - Rembrandt 2000
 * 2000 Supersister - Memories Are New - M.A.N.
 * 2001 Supersister - Supersisterious
 * 2005 Nits - Les Nuits
 * 2008 Nits - Doing The Dishes
 * 2008 Nits - Truce Diaries
 * 2009 Nits - Strawberry Wood
 * 2009 Robert Jan Stips - Rond: Piano & Songs
 * 2012 Nits - Malpensa
 * 2012 Robert Jan Stips - 12 Steden, 13 Ongelukken
 * 2014 RJ Stips / W Stips - KIND van 70
 * 2015 Nits - Hotel Europa
 * 2015 Robert Jan Stips - RJ's Tribute To 55 Years Golden Earring
 * 2015 Robert Jan Stips - Don't Lose Heart / Verlies Niet de Moed
 * 2016 Robert Jan Stips - Present To The Highest Pudding: Three Supersister albums played on three grand pianos simultaneously
 * 2017 Nits - angst
 * 2017 Fabelhaft - O Die Zee - 11 Songs
 * 2019 Supersister Projekt 2019 - Retsis Repus
 * 2019 Nits - Knot
 * 2022 Nits - Neon
 * 2024 Nits - Tree House Fire

Filmography

 * 2015: Romantic Warriors III: Canterbury Tales (DVD)

title: Robert Jan Stips


text:
Nick Ross

Nicholas David Ross (born 7 August 1947) is a British radio and television presenter. During the 1980s and 1990s he was one of the most ubiquitous of British broadcasters but is best known for hosting the BBC Television programme Crimewatch, which he left in 2007 after 23 years. He has subsequently filmed a series for BBC One called The Truth About Crime and has made documentaries for BBC Radio 4. He is chairman, president, trustee or patron of a number of charities including the National Fire Chiefs Council, and is President of the British Security Industries Association.

Early life
He was brought up in Surrey. His German Jewish father, Hans Rosenbluth, fled Germany in 1933 soon after the Nazis came to power. In 1940 Rosenbluth was interned as an ‘enemy alien‘ and sent from England to Australia on HMT Dunera. When allowed to return, Rosenbluth changed his name to John Caryl Ross and joined the British Army’s Pioneer Corps; he became an officer in 1945. His paternal grandfather was Pinchas Rosen (born Felix Rosenblüth), who served three times as justice minister of Israel.

Ross went to Wallington County Grammar School and then read psychology at Queen's University Belfast. He graduated with a BA (Hons), later became a Doctor of the university (honoris causa) and he was deputy president of the Student Union and a leader of the student civil rights movement in 1968 and 1969. He started in journalism by reporting on the violence in Belfast for BBC Northern Ireland.

Career
He began working part-time for the BBC in Northern Ireland while still a student and reported on the violence as the Troubles became acute. He returned to London and presented British radio programmes such as Radio 4's The World at One, PM and The World Tonight, and moved to TV in 1979 as a reporter for Man Alive on BBC Two. He made several documentaries in a brief stint as a director and producer. "The Biggest Epidemic of Our Times" was a polemic on road accidents which was made for Man Alive but transferred to BBC1. It was later described as a broadcast that "would transform road safety," and according to another commentator, by reframing the whole concept of road safety Ross's campaigning changed public attitudes and public policy to such an extent that, "in significant consequence British mortality rates of people under 50 are among the lowest in the world." Ross also produced and directed two programmes on drug addiction, The Fix and The Cure, which followed an addict called Gina. He presented a law series Out of Court in this period as well as large-scale studio debates.

He was on the presenting team of a short-lived early-evening news programme Sixty Minutes which began in 1983, and was intended as a replacement for Nationwide, but proved an unwieldy format. In the same period he was a founder presenter of the BBC's Breakfast Time on BBC 1, the first regular such programme in this timeslot, from its launch in early 1983, with Frank Bough and Selina Scott, as well as launching Watchdog as a prime time stand-alone consumer series.

Crimewatch (based on a German prototype) began in 1984, and made him a household name in the UK and his regular sign-off, "Don't have nightmares, do sleep well", became a well-known catch-phrase. In 1989 he was asked to present BBC Radio 4's Tuesday morning phone-in, the name of which was changed from Tuesday Call to Call Nick Ross. He resigned in 1997, but received an award as best radio presenter of the year. During the 1991 Gulf War he was a volunteer presenter on the BBC Radio 4 News FM service.

He presented A Week in Politics on Channel 4, then moved to cover BBC Two's live broadcasts of parliament in Westminster with Nick Ross. At one stage in the 1990s he was often doing three mainstream live programmes a day such as Call Nick Ross, Westminster with Nick Ross and Crimewatch. He was used in a variety of BBC formats including chat shows, travel programmes and debates, but was most at home in live studios, often orchestrating debates.

His Crimewatch co-presenter, Jill Dando, was murdered in 1999 and Ross started a campaign to commemorate her, culminating in the establishment of the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science at University College London.

In 2000 Ross presented a general knowledge quiz called The Syndicate, aired on BBC 1 which pitted two teams across three rounds on general knowledge.

In late 2007, Ross left Crimewatch, soon followed by his co-presenter Fiona Bruce. The replacement presenter, Kirsty Young, was 21 years younger than Ross and the BBC were accused of ageism over these changes. His 23 years as the main Crimewatch anchor marks him as one of the longest-serving presenters of a continuous series in TV history.

He spent a year creating a major BBC One series The Truth About Crime, which aired in mid-2009 and explained the fall in crime rates and how offending can be reduced further. The show was described by The Times as an "outstanding... sane, insightful and compellingly argued documentary series."

He has since been making other TV shows, such as Secrets of the Crime Museum and science programmes for BBC Radio 4 including an acclaimed re-examination of the Chernobyl disaster Fallout: the Legacy of Chernobyl. His written journalism has included a re-examination of the Air France Flight 447 air crash that provoked controversy on both sides of the Atlantic.

He made a guest appearance on Are You Being Served?, playing himself in the last episode "The Pop Star", broadcast in April 1985, and has appeared on other shows, including Have I Got News for You.

Ross was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting, charity and crime prevention.

Activities away from broadcasting
Away from broadcasting Ross has a wide range of philanthropic involvements, centred on medical ethics as well as promoting science and evidence-led health-care. He has also played a leading role in social action campaigns, most notably crime prevention, road safety and fire safety.

Ross coined the term Crime Science to promote a practical, multidisciplinary and outcome-focused approach to crime reduction (as distinct from what he claimed was often theory-driven criminology). The Jill Dando Institute which he inspired has grown to have a substantial role in University College London, spawning a new Department of Security and Crime Science and other offshoots including a Forensic Science unit and a secure data lab. Ross is chairman of the board of the institute, a visiting professor, and an Honorary Fellow of University College London, as well as an Honorary Fellow of the Academy of Experimental Criminologists. His crime science concept has since been adopted in universities elsewhere, including New York, Cincinnati and Texas, with formal crime science courses at Loughborough in the UK and at Twente University in the Netherlands. The British Ministry of Defence DSTL has a fast-growing crime science unit and there have been plans to create a crime science department at the University of Manchester.

Ross has written several books including Crime, how to solve it and why so much of what we're told is wrong, and is President of the British Security Industries Association.

He has served on several government committees (including the Committee on the Ethics of Gene Therapy, the Gene Therapy Advisory Committee, the NHS National Plan Task Force, the National Crime Prevention Board and the Crime Prevention Agency Board). He was a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics 1999–2005 and a member of the council's Working Party on Ethics of research involving animals (2003–2005).

Ross contributed the foreword to Edzard Ernst's 2013 book on complementary and alternative medicine, Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine. Ross described himself as a 'sceptic' but 'not a cynic' and that 'pseudomedicine should be exposed for what it is'. Ross campaigned against Lord Maurice Saatchi's Medical Innovation Bill. Ross spoke against the bill in a 2015 debate hosted by HealthWatch, saying that "Uncoordinated trial and error on individual patients will never cure cancer and even if it did we would never know because these aren't controlled conditions...There is a long roll call of dishonour where lack of systematic science did harm".

Ross is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and of the Royal College of Surgeons, a Life Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and a non-executive director of Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. He has been a member of the Committee on Public Understanding of Science, chairman of the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books (twice), Guest Director of the Cheltenham Science Festival, chairman of the National Road Safety Committee of RoSPA and President of the London Road Safety Council, and an affiliate of the James Lind Alliance. He is Chairman of the Wales Cancer Bank Advisory Board, a member of the ethics committee of UK Biobank, president of several charities including HealthSense (formerly HealthWatch), and a Trustee of Crimestoppers and of the UK Stem Cell Foundation. He served on the board of Sense about Science from 2008 to 2023, was an adviser to Crime Concern and Victim Support, and served two terms as an Ambassador for the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 2004–11.

He is President of the Kensington Society and a patron of Prisoners Abroad (a registered charity which supports Britons detained overseas), and a range of other charities including the Animal Care Trust, British Wireless for the Blind Fund, Heartbeat, the Jewish Association for the Mentally Ill, the Kidney Research Aid Fund, the Myasthenia Gravis Association, the National Depression Campaign, Missing, NICHS, the Raynaud's & Scleroderma Association, Resources for Autism, SaneLine, the Simon Community Northern Ireland, and Young at Heart.

He has campaigned for sprinklers in social housing, chaired fire sector summits, lobbied ministers and was a critic of 'complacency' that led to mass fatalities in the Lakanal House and Grenfell Tower fires in London. In 2023 he was appointed chair of trustees of the National Fire Chiefs Council.

In 2003 he was tipped by The Sun newspaper as a candidate for Mayor of London, and his name was mentioned again for the 2008 election. Although he did not stand, he wrote a manifesto for London's evening paper and chaired one of the key public debates. In 2011 he was mentioned as a possible police and crime commissioner.

In 2012 it was reported that he had sold his home in Notting Hill, West London "for almost 40 times the price he paid for it" in 1993. The buyer of the house was Khalid Saïd, son of businessman Wafic Saïd.

Ross works as a chairman and moderator for corporate and government meetings. His wife Sarah Caplin, co-founder of ChildLine, was Deputy Secretary of the BBC and also a senior executive with ITV, the British commercial television broadcaster. The couple have three sons: Adam, Sam and Jack.

By others

 * Edzard Ernst: Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine (foreword by Nick Ross, Societas, 2008) ISBN 9781845401184
 * Hugh Miller: Crimewatch Solved: The Inside Story (foreword by Nick Ross, Boxtree, 2001) ISBN 9780752220031

title: Nick Ross


text:
Wikipedia:Featured list candidates/List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers/archive1

List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers

 * All User:Sam Vimes work. A good, useful complete list, jguk 15:21, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, no reference, perhaps an image? Phoenix2 16:16, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Reply: the "external links" were actually the references. I've clarified this. A picci has now been added too, jguk 16:37, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support More pictures are going to be impossible to get unless someone actually goes to Hong Kong and photographs the lads. Looks to me like it fits all the criteria Sam Vimes 16:43, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I support the list also, it is well done. I wasn't suggesting that the picture actually be of someone on the list, but it wouldn't hurt to have a logo, like the one that has been added. Phoenix2 00:10, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. The image Image:Hkca-logo 145x115.JPG is listed as being in the public domain, but there is no evidence that this is the case. --Carnildo 06:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Would it be acceptable to tag it as fair use, or would it be removed then? Sam Vimes 07:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've now labelled it "logo" as per Nichalp's suggestion, jguk 11:50, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Nice work. -- Ian ≡ talk 06:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Comment -- there is no evidence of the image being PD. Instead, why don't you tag it as logo? (PS there is only one person in the list who is of Chinese origin. Any idea who?)  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  08:08, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've now labelled it "logo" as per your suggestion, jguk 11:50, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - but query whether the remaining unlinked abbreviations in the table headings need to be linked (many readers will not know what "HS" or "Mdn" mean). -- ALoan (Talk) 17:35, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it's because we don't have articles on those subjects. Maybe a note at the bottom of the page? Sam Vimes 18:03, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * How about a link to the entry on List of cricket terms? -- ALoan (Talk) 18:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Dowerin, Western Australia

Dowerin is a town 156 km north-east of Perth in the central Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. It is the seat of the Shire of Dowerin.

History
In 1906 the government extended the railway from Goomalling to the developing Dowerin Agricultural Area and decided to develop a townsite at the terminus. The Aboriginal name of the site chosen was "Wuguni", but "Dowerin", also an Aboriginal name, was already in local use for the place, and was the name gazetted in 1907. The name is derived from nearby Lake Dowerin, first recorded on maps around 1879. One source suggests dowerin is the Aboriginal word for the twenty-eight parrot (dow-arn), and another suggests it means "place of the throwing stick" (dower).

In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding.

Field day
Dowerin is home to the Dowerin Machinery Field Day, a two-day annual event (held in the last week of August) showcasing agricultural and associated equipment, as well as providing information and services to people from rural areas. The field day attracts on average in excess of 600 exhibitors as well as over 15,000 local and national visitors each day.

The event was first held as the Dowerin Machinery Field Day on 3 September 1965, and was the result of meetings by the Dowerin Progress Association the previous year that looked at ideas to prevent the town of Dowerin from becoming a ghost town. Some twenty exhibitors and two thousand visitors attended the first field day, with funds raised from the first event going towards funding the construction of a dam and a grassed tennis court. The event continues to be run and managed by the local community, with three full-time staff and 400 volunteers involved in the event's running each year.

From 1992 to 2022, regional television broadcaster GWN7 (until 2011 called the Golden West Network) was the event's naming rights sponsor.

Theo's run
Between 1927 and 1939, the town hosted one of the major racetracks in the state. The Second World War brought an end to the racing and when it started again afterwards, racers moved to a new track on the former Caversham Airfield near Perth. Later, they moved from Caversham to Wanneroo; the track is today known as Wanneroo Raceway.

In May 2007, a vintage car motoring event was run to commemorate the town's history and its association with motor racing in Western Australia. Known as Theo's run, the event is named after a local who raced on the Dowerin track in its heyday in the 1930s and is expected to become an annual event. The 2007 event included a vintage car run from Perth with Jaguar and Riley cars participating.

Facilities
Dowerin District High School caters for students up to the level of Year 10. Past this, students wishing to further their education must attend Northam Senior High School, a 40-minute drive away. The school has a performing arts centre, and a library with a seminar area. The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

Notable people

 * Mal Brown – Australian rules football player, WAFL Sandover Medal winner
 * Murray Couper – champion WAFL football player, Bernie Naylor Medal winner for leading goal kicker, Prendergast Medal winner
 * Lance Franklin – Coleman Medal winner and premiership player for Hawthorn Football Club in 2008 and 2013
 * Bianca Giteau (Franklin) – Adelaide Thunderbirds netball player
 * Tom Lee – emerging talent for the St Kilda Football Club
 * Don Maisey (1915–2005) – federal politician, a founder of WA Farmer's Union

title: Dowerin, Western Australia


text:
Sigynnae

The Sigynnae (Σιγύνναι; Sigynnae) were an obscure nomadic people of antiquity belonging to the Scythian cultures who lived in the region corresponding to parts of present-day Hungary.

History
The arrival of the Sigynnae in Europe was part of the larger process of westwards movement of Central Asian Iranic nomads towards Southeast and Central Europe which lasted from the 1st millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD, and to which also later participated other Iranic nomads such as the Cimmerians, Scythians, Sauromatians, and Sarmatians.

Beginning of steppe nomadism
The formation of genuine nomadic pastoralism itself happened in the early 1st millennium BC due to climatic changes which caused the environment in the Central Asian and Siberian steppes to become cooler and drier than before. These changes caused the sedentary mixed farmers of the Bronze Age to become nomadic pastoralists, so that by the 9th century BC all the steppe settlements of the sedentary Bronze Age populations had disappeared, and therefore led to the development of population mobility and the formation of warrior units necessary to protect herds and take over new areas.

These climatic conditions in turn caused the nomadic groups to become transhumant pastoralists constantly moving their herds from one pasture to another in the steppe, and to search for better pastures to the west, in Ciscaucasia and the forest steppe regions of western Eurasia.

The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
The Sigynnae themselves originated as a section of the first wave of the nomadic populations who originated in the parts of Central Asia corresponding to eastern Kazakhstan or the Altai-Sayan region, and who had, beginning in the 10th century BC and lasting until the 9th to 8th centuries BC, migrated westwards into the Pontic-Caspian Steppe regions, where they formed new tribal confederations which constituted the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.

Among these tribal confederations were possibly the Sigynnae in the Pannonian Steppe, and certainly the Agathyrsi in the Pontic Steppe, as well as the Cimmerians in the Caspian Steppe. The archaeological and historical records regarding these migrations are however scarce, and permit to sketch only a very broad outline of this complex development.

The Sigynnae corresponded to a part of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, to whose development three main cultural influences contributed to: The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex thus developed natively in the North Pontic region over the course of the 9th to mid-7th centuries BC from elements which had earlier arrived from Central Asia, due to which it itself exhibited similarities with the other early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian steppe and forest steppe which existed before the 7th century BC, such as the Aržan culture, so that these various pre-Scythian early nomadic cultures were thus part of a unified Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia.
 * present in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex is a strong impact of the native Bilozerka culture, especially in the form of pottery styles and burial traditions;
 * the two other influences were of foreign origin:
 * attesting of the Inner Asian origin, a strong material influence from the Altai, Aržan and Karasuk cultures from Central Asia and Siberia is visible in the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex of Inner Asian origin were especially dagger and arrowhead types, horse gear such as bits with stirrup-shaped terminals, deer stone-like carved stelae and Animal Style art;
 * in addition to this Central Asian influence, the Kuban culture of Ciscaucasia also played an important contribution in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, especially regarding the adoption of Kuban culture-types of mace heads and bimetallic daggers.

Thanks to their development of highly mobile mounted nomadic pastoralism and the creation of effective weapons suited to equestrian warfare, all based on equestrianism, these nomads from the Pontic-Caspian Steppes were able to gradually infiltrate into Central and Southeast Europe and therefore expand deep into this region over a very long period of time, so that the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex covered a wide territory ranging from Central Europe and the Pannonian Plain in the west to Caucasia in the east, including present-day Southern Russia. The Sigynnae, who were part of this grouping of first wave nomads belonging to the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, eventually moved into the Pannonian Steppe and settled there without losing their links to the rest of the western steppe.

This in turn allowed the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex itself to strongly influence the Hallstatt culture of Central Europe: among these influences was the adoption of trousers, which were not used by the native populations of Central Europe before the arrival of the Central Asian steppe nomads.

Initial migration
As part of these migrations, the Sigynnae, who appear to have initially lived in, either Ciscaucasia or Transcaucasia, or in the parts of the northern Iranian plateau immediately to the south of the Caspian Sea, moved to the northwest and then travelled to the west through Caucasia and then the Pontic Steppe, although it is still unknown whether the Sigynnae migration route went from Ciscaucasia through Moldavia and then Wallachia, or through the forest steppes and across the northern Carpathian Mountains, to reach the Pannonian Steppe. In the modern period, the Circassian people would employ this same general direction to migrate into Europe.

In the Pannonian Steppe
During the 9th to 8th centuries BC, the Sigynnae finally settled in the Pannonian Steppe, from where they maintained their links with the Pontic Steppe and became important participants in trade networks through which horse equipment and bimetallic daggers typical of the Eurasian Steppe arrived in the Pannonian Steppe, while to their west across the Istros were the sedentary peoples of the Hallstatt culture, with a demarcation existing between the western parts of the Pannonian Basin inhabited by the sedentary Hallstatt farmers and the eastern part being populated by the nomadic Sigynnae.

The presence of the Sigynnae in the Pannonian Steppe led to very important ethnic and cultural transformations as they themselves eventually underwent denomadisation and mingled with the native population while still maintaining connections with the Pontic Steppe.

These trade routes in which participated the Sigynnae provided the upper classes of the Hallstatt culture with steppe horses and harnesses and high-status equipment such as daggers, resulting in the high-quality steppe horses and elite horse gear being adopted by the Hallstatt culture, thus introducing horse breeds and styles of horse-riding from the steppe into Western Europe.

This role of the Sigynnae in linking the steppe and Hallstatt cultures is visible in a burial from Pécs-Jakab-hegy, where a member of the Hallstatt ruling class was buried in the traditional Hallstatt tradition, but with a weapon set from Caucasia: the deceased was cremated and their ashes were buried together with a dagger, an iron spearhead and an axe imported from Caucasia, as well as locally-made steppe-type horse gear, and an iron knife, a whetstone and pottery of the local Hallstatt tribe. This burial thus belonged to a member of the native Hallstatt aristocracy who showed his status within his society by adopting the style of the steppe warriors and riding a steppe breed of horse harnessed like those of the steppe nomads.

Westwards spread of equestrianism
Shortly after the first appearance of the Sigynnae in the Pannonian Steppe and the introduction by them of long-legged horses in this region, and beginning around c. 800 BC, the populations of the Hallstatt culture started including bits and side pieces of bronze-made horse bridles in their cremation graves, attesting of an increase in importance of equestrianism in the Hallstatt culture. These changes were the result of extensive exchanges between the Sigynnae and the Hallstatt natives of Transistria, and which must have included the trade of horses.

Due to the steppe horse's better appearance and performance compared to the native horses, it quickly became a symbol of aristocratic status among the communities of the Hallstatt culture, and during the 8th to 7th centuries equestrianism was quickly adopted widely among this culture until as far as Britannia. Some new types of slashing swords might also have been developed during this period as a cavalry weapon.

New burial rites
Over the course of the 8th to 7th centuries BC, the cultural influences of the steppe nomads of which the Sigynnae were part of led to significant changes in the burial rites of the peoples of the Hallstatt culture, whose aristocrats borrowed and adapted cultural norms from the equestrian steppe peoples.

Among these changes was a new burial rite, widely adopted from Bohemia in the east to the upper Istros and the Rhenane valley region in the west, and whose characteristics were similar to those followed the steppe nomads since the 9th century BC. According to this new rite, the aristocrats of the Hallstatt culture started being inhumated rather than cremated, with the body of the deceased being placed on a funerary cart in a wooden chamber inside a pit, within which were also the trappings of the horses pulling the carts and one riding horse. The tomb itself was covered by a large mound, at the top of which was sometimes placed a stone statue of the deceased.

Scythian influence on the Sigynnae
In the 6th century BC, some splinter Scythian groups followed the earlier route of the nomads of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk wave, passed through the passes of the Carpathian Mountains, and settled in the Pannonian Basin, where some of them settled in the territory of the Agathyrsi while others moved into the Pannonian Steppe and settled in the territory of the Sigynnae, and subsequently intermarried with the local populations while remaining in contact with the Pontic Steppe through trade.

Among these splinter Scythian groups were a section of the Scythian tribe of the Sindi, who had left the region of the Maeotian Sea and migrated westwards into the Pannonian Steppe, unlike the bulk of the Sindi who remained in Ciscaucasia.

These migrations from around c. 600 BC and trade connections placed the nomads of the Pannonian Basin under Scythian influence and contributed to the transformation of the cultures of the Agathyrsi and the Sigynnae into a more Scythian-like form, causing to the Mezocsat culture of the Sigynnae to evolve into the Vekerzug culture.

On the Hallstatt culture
From these more Scythianised Sigynnae, the eastern groups of the Hallstatt culture might have borrowed the Scythian-type arrowheads which around c. 600 BC destroyed several of the eastern Alpine hilltop settlements ranging from South Styria, Austria through Burgenland and Lower Austria to South Moravia that protected the core Hallstatt territory. Among the southeast Hallstatt groups of Slovenia, only the aristocrats had access to the use of nomadic equestrian equipment.

Although the direct steppe influences reached only the frontier regions of the Hallstatt culture, they resulted in the adoption of new forms of weapons and equestrian technology in the core territories of these cultures.

These Hallstatt populations appear to have not borrowed the use of the nomads' reflex bows, likely due to the complication of their fabrication, or their animal-shaped pole tops used for the shamanic cults of the steppe.

In Illyria
The Sigynnae also influenced the populations living in the territories corresponding to modern-day Bosnia and Serbia around c. 500 BC, where the aristocrats had access to innovations coming from the steppe. One example of such steppe influences is the "princely burial" of Atenica, which contained lavish grave goods, including Greek imports and objects made of precious metals.

Celtic immigration
In the middle of the 5th century BC, the Hallstatt developed into the La Tène culture, whose people are identified with the Celts, who by the late 5th century BC were moving to the east along the upper Istros and initially settled in Transistria before moving into the Pannonian Steppe where lived the Sigynnae and later into the mountainous regions where lived the Agathyrsi. The relations between the Celtic incomers and the Iranic nomads appear to have remained peaceful, with the Celts later intermarrying with the local populations of the Pannonian Basin, thus exposing the Celts to the influence of the beliefs, practices and art styles of the steppe nomads so that motifs borrowed from and influenced by the steppe nomads started appearing in La Tène Celtic art.

Among these borrowed artistic influences were images of predatory carnivores, sometimes attacking herbivorous beasts, as well as motifs of pairs of animals facing each other, giving rise to Celtic motif of the "dragon pairs" which decorated the tops of Celtic sword scabbards. Another motif borrowed by Celtic art from steppe art are pairs of predatory birds around circular shield bosses, reflecting not only the mere artistic influence of the steppe nomads, but also of the borrowing by the Celts of Iranic steppe nomad belief systems expressed through the image of predatory beasts.

Antiquity
The peoples of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex of which the Sigynnae were part of introduced the use of trousers into Central Europe, whose local native populations did not wear trousers before the arrival of the first wave of steppe nomads of Central Asian origin into Europe.

The Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus claimed that the Sigynnae described themselves as colonists from Media.

In the Middle Ages
Although the Sigynnae themselves had disappeared by the Middle Ages, the complex relations between their nomadic groupings and the settled populations of Southeast and Central Europe were continued by the Hungarians, the Bulgars, Rus and Poles.

In the Modern Era
In the 19th and 20th centuries CE, some scholars attempted to connect the Sigynnae with the Romani people due to an alleged similarity of the ancient Greek name with the Hungarian name for the Romani,. This hypothesis has since become obsolete and is no longer accepted as having any validity.

According to one hypothesis, the Sigynnae were a people who had been pushed towards the Pannonian Steppe by the migration of the Scythians into the Pontic Steppe over the course of the 8th to 7th centuries BC. However, there is currently no evidence to support this hypothesis, and the early date of the arrival of the Sigynnae in the Pannonian Steppe on the contrary suggests that their migration was part of the initial spread of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, and thus preceded the arrival of the Scythians.

Location
The Sigynnae lived in a place called by the ancient Greeks as the "plain of Laurion," which was likely the eastern part of the Pannonian basin to the north and east of the middle Danube river corresponding to the parts of modern-day Hungary, leading the Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus to call them the "only tribe living to the north of Thrace."

The core territory of the Sigynnae was in the Pannonian Steppe to the east of the Danube, around the valley of the Tisza and extending to the northern hillier regions of what are presently northern Hungary and south-west Slovakia. To the west, the territory of the Sigynnae reached the environs of the Adriatic Sea.

The Graeco-Roman author Strabo recorded the presence of another branch of the Sigynnae living in the parts of Caucasia located in the northern Iranian plateau immediately to the south of the Caspian Sea, where they lived along the Derbices, Hyrcanians and Tapyri.

The Orphic Argonautica meanwhile located the Sigynnae between Phasis and Sinope in northern Anatolia, and Stephanus of Byzantium placed them on the southeast of the Black Sea.

Neighbours
After the 6th century BC, the neighbours of the Sigynnae in the Pannonian Steppe included a western group of the Scythian splinter tribe of the Sindi and the otherwise unknown Grauci.

Ethnicity
Although the Sigynnae formed the westernmost expansion of steppe culture and were originally part of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex of Central Asian origin to which belonged many Iranic peoples like the Cimmerians and the Agathyrsi, there is no data available to identify the ethnic and linguistic affiliations of the Sigynnae. It is therefore not known for certain whether the Sigynnae were an Iranic or pre-Iranic people.

Social organisation
Unlike the nomads of the Pontic Steppe, the Pannonian Basin nomads such as the Sigynnae appear to not have possessed an elite class.

Trade
The Sigynnae maintained trade links with the Pontic Steppe, from where they bought pottery manufactured in the region of the Tyras and Hypanis rivers and in the coast of Thrace immediately to the south of the Istros river. It was likely from these same regions that the Sigynnae bought steppe horses for breeding, in exchange of which they sold various goods to the populations of the Pontic Steppe.

The Sigynnae in turn sold steppe horses to the western populations of the Hallstatt culture in exchange of several commodities, such as grain.

Lifestyle
The Sigynnae were mobile pastoral nomads who depended on their sheep and cattle and who cultivated grain on a smaller scale.

The Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus described the Sigynnae as having all the exact same customs as the ancient Persians.

Gender roles
According to the Graeco-Roman author Strabo of Amasia, the most accomplished women charioteers of the Sigynnae had the right to freely choose their life partners.

Horse-rearing
The Sigynnae used short-nosed shaggy ponies which were too small to be ridden, but were instead yoked together in four-horse teams, and were able to swiftly pull carts.

The Sigynnae employed carts pulled by these horses as their main mode of travel.

Religion
Animal-shaped pole attachments used as cult devices by shamans were used by the Sigynnae.

Warfare
The Sigynnae used reflex bows and Scythian-type arrowheads, and appear to have decorated their shields with animal-shaped fittings similarly to the nomads of the Pontic Steppe.

Dress
The Sigynnae dressed themselves in the "Median fashion," that is consisting of sleeved tunics as well as trousers. Because of this, they did not make use of the fibulae and pins which the native populations of the Danube region then needed to wear their own traditional clothing.

Tattooing
The use of pintaders, that is clay stamps used to mark tattooed pictures on a person's skin, by the population of the Vekerzug culture corresponding to the Sigynnae implies that they tattooed themselves.

Funerary customs
Unlike the previous Bronze Age cultures of the Pannonian Steppe who cremated their dead, the Sigynnae buried their deceased, who were laid in small cemeteries in a west–east orientation along with a large pot and a cup or bowls and joints of mutton of beef. Unlike the nomads of the rest of the Eurasian Steppe, however, the Sigynnae had stopped including weapons among the grave goods of their deceased by the time they had arrived in the Pannonian Steppe.

Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk origin
The Sigynnae appear to have originally belonged to the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex in the 8th century BCE, when they first occupied the Pannonian Steppe, and their arrival itself represented an cultural discontinuity with the previous material cultures of this region such as the local groups of the Urnfield culture.

Mezőcsát phase
This section of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex of the Pannonian Steppe contributed to the formation of the Mezőcsát culture.

Vekerzug phase
From around c. 600 BC, the Mezőcsát culture came under the influence of the Scythian culture, and consequently evolved into the Scythian-influenced Vekerzug culture, with this transition corresponding to a wave of destruction of Mezőcsát settlements around this period.

The Sigynnae correspond to the Mezőcsát culture and the southern group of the Vekerzug culture, which is also called the Szentes-Vekerzug group.

The Vekerzug culture to which corresponded the Sigynnae was located in the steppe land of Hungary to the east of the Danube, centred around the valley of the Tisza River and extending northwards till the hillier regions of northern Hungary and south-west Slovakia. This culture is named after a burial site of this culture from found at Szentes-Vekerzug.

The Vekerzug culture's Scythian-type objects and burial practices eventually spread towards the west into the Little Hungarian Plain and south-west Slovakia, with this section being called the Chotin group of the Vekerzug culture.

Objects found isolated or in graves in territories identifiable with the Sigynnae are characteristic of the Scythian culture, and consist of:
 * military gear such as:
 * arrows,
 * quivers,
 * Acinaces,
 * iron battle-axes,
 * scale armour,
 * shields;
 * horse gear,
 * personal accessories such as:
 * bronze mirrors,
 * pole-top rattles,
 * bronze kettles,
 * gold ornaments,
 * and dress attachments.

The Vekerzug culture finally came to an end with the expansion of the Celtic La Tène culture into the Pannonian Basin in the 4th century BCE.

Burial sites
The archaeological remains of the Vekerzug culture consist of cemetery sites with diverse types of locally manufactured objects as well as Scythian-type weapons and horse equipment. Unlike the other steppe nomads, the people of the Vekerzug culture did not bury their dead in barrow graves, but instead used shallow cemeteries where the deceased were buried in shallow and sparsely-equipped pits.

One of the most elaborate burials from the Vekerzug culture is from Ártánd in the Hajdú-Bihar region of Hungary: its grave goods included an iron battle-axe, a spear, a shield, a suit of iron scale armour, as set of iron horse trappings, and several personal ornaments, as well as two bronze vessels, a Greek Hydria made in Sparta around c. 570 BC, and an early 6th century BC swing-handled pail common to the Hallstatt culture. The aristocrat of Ártánd appears to have been an exception to the general absence of evidence of elite formation among the steppe nomads of the Pannonian Basin.

The Ártánd burial thus belonged to an aristocrat of a high enough status that he was able to obtain luxury goods from a wide variety of place: the swing-handled pail was obtained from the region of the Alps; the Scythian-type horse gear, battle-axe and spear were likely made within the Pannonian Steppe; the scale armour was imported from the Pontic Scythian kingdom; the Greek hydria may have arrived in Sigynnae territory either directly, or it was originally exported from Sparta to Scythia, and from there to the Sigynnae.

Lack of fibulae and pins
Unlike the native populations of the Danube whose clothing required fibulae and pins to be worn, the remains of the Mezőcsát and of the southern group of the Vekerzug culture from the 6th to 5th centuries BCE contained none of these, implying that the Sigynnae wore trousers and sleeved tunics.

Pintaders
Remains of the Vekerzug culture also contained pintaderas, which were clay stamps used to mark tattooed images on people's skin, and which originated from Caucasia, where they were used both in Transcaucasia and in the Kuban culture of Ciscaucasia. These, along with items of West Asian origin found throughout sites of the Vekerzug culture, attest of significant West Asian influences on the material culture of the Sigynnae.

Horse sacrifice
Horse sacrifices, which were a typical aspect of the culture of the Pontic Steppe's nomads, were present in Vekerzug burials, although it occurred in small numbers among the Sigynnae, so that there was rarely more than one horse being present per burial. This includes the sixteen small tarpan horses whose skeletons were found in the many barrow graves at Szentes-Vekerzug corresponding to the small horse breed that Herodotus of Halicarnassus described as being used by the Sigynnae.

title: Sigynnae


text:
Talk:San Pedro Pinula

-	el valle de san pedro pinula es uno de los mas hermosos de guatemala conta con dos balneareos natuares, el aguatibia con localisacion en la salida hacia san luis jilotepeque, los choros esta localisado a un kilometro de la aldea el pinalito localisada en la carretera pinula y jalapa
 * was inserted in page. here for reference, SqueakBox 15:21, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:San Pedro Pinula


text:
Brooklyn Community Board 10

Brooklyn Community Board 10 is a New York City community board that encompasses the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights, and Fort Hamilton. It is delimited by Upper New York Bay on the west, Bay Ridge R.R. Yards and Long Island Rail Road on the north, 14th Avenue and Bay 8th Street on the east, as well as by Lower New York Bay on the south.

Its current chairman (2009) is Dean Rasinya, Vice Chair Mary Ann Walsh, Secretary Ron Gross, Treasurer Brian Kieran and its district manager Josephine Beckmann.

As of the United States Census, 2000, the Community Board has a population of 122,542, up from 110,612 in 1990 and 118,188 in 1980.

Of them (as of 2000), 84,120 (68.6%) are White non Hispanic, 1,402 (1.1%) are African-American, 17,546 (14.3%) Asian or Pacific Islander, 115 (0.1%) American Indian or Native Alaskan, 352 (0.3%) of some other race, 5,611 (4.6%) of two or more race, 13,396 (10.9%) of Hispanic origins.

22.7% of the population benefit from public assistance as of 2004, up from 10.9% in 2000.

The land area is 2609.5 acre.

title: Brooklyn Community Board 10


text:
Dávid Leimdörfer

Dr. David Leimdörfer (Leimdörfer Dávid; September 17, 1851 – 4 November 1922) was a rabbi born in Hliník nad Vahom (also Geletnek, Hliník (nad Vahom), Hlinick), Kingdom of Hungary, 17 September 1851.

He was educated at his native place and at Zsolna (today Žilina), Waitzen (Vác), Budapest, Pressburg (today Bratislava), and Vienna. He became a military chaplain in the Austro-Hungarian army; from 1875 to 1883 he was rabbi at Nordhausen (Thuringia), Prussia, and in 1883 he became rabbi at Hamburg Temple, where he was also principal of the school for religion and of the Jewish high school for girls. He died in 1922.

Literary works
Leimdörfer's works include:
 * Kurzgefasste Religionslehre der Israeliten, Nordhausen, 1876
 * Die Kürzeste Darstellung der Nachbiblischen Gesch. für die Israelitische Schuljugend, ib. 1880 (4th ed. 1896)
 * Die Chanuka Wunder, Magdeburg, 1888; and Die Lebende Megilla, Hamburg, 1888; both festival plays
 * Der Hamburger Tempel, ib. 1889
 * Das Heilige Schriftwerk Koheleth im Lichte der Gesch, ib. 1892
 * Die Messias Apokalypse, Vienna, 1895
 * Das Psalter Ego in den Ichpsalmen, Hamburg, 1898
 * Zur Kritik des Buches Esther, Frankfurt, 1899
 * Die Lösung des Koheleträtsels Durch Ibn Baruch, Berlin, 1900
 * Der Altbiblische Priestersegen, Frankfurt, 1900
 * Mein erster Lehrer : aus dem Buche meines Gedächtnisses, Vienna, 1909

title: Dávid Leimdörfer


text:
Talk:Philippine Navy

Copy violation
Alot of the text from this page is copied directly from the official web site. A major rewrite would be nice focusing on organization and weapons, rather than just history. --Noypi380 15:22, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I'll see what I can do.Sharkface217 22:49, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Talk header
Please don't remove the talk header. It's there to remind people to sign their comments. Edward Sandstig 21:44, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

My References are deleated, Why!?!
I keep puting the Barnegat-class frigate (BRP Andres Bonifacio(PF 7)) on the Frigate list in the article Philippine navy and I also put the references here it is. So can somebody tell me why is it constantly being deleated!? What Wikipedia shouldnt have references to prove what im saying is correct. Why dont you just deleat all the references in this website. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.92.107.236 (talk) 23:26, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, your adding of reference is proper, but the problem is, the source itself is too outdated. The owner of your sourced website is a friend of ours, and he himself says that for the last 10 years, he has not updated his website. Do not worry though, I have this upcoming article regarding BRP Andres Bonifacio, her other sisterships, and even other decommissioned Philippine Navy frigates. For your information, I have already posted articles in Wikipedia regarding 2 other decommissioned PN major vessels, the frigates BRP Datu Kalanitaw and BRP Datu Sikatuna, and the corvette BRP Leyte. I am just completing my sources for the articles. Please don't get upset though, Sandstig and I were just doing our best to keep the articles up to date and accurate as much as possible. It just happened that your post is outdated. Thanks for the concern trying to make the article a better one. I hope you understand why we deleted your post. Just continue reading, and who knows, you may end up reading a lot more than just the scrapped BRP Andres Bonifacio (by the way, even her carcass is gone). Happy reading!
 * phichanad (talk) 12:08, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Oh ok. But Seriously does the Philippines only have 1 frigate I thought they might have more. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.92.107.236 (talk) 23:01, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yup, only one frigate, and its really an old one. If only I could find a picture to the Andres Bonifacio I took is the mid 90s while it was half submerged in Naval Base Cavite. Actually we have noticed your posts to be too outdated, including your posts in Philippine military related articles. Please bear in mind that we are trying to keep the article up to date as much as possible, so please check your sources first before posting. If ever we delete some of your updates, it is because your posts were sourced from very old articles, or do not have any sources at all. Anyway, happy reading!
 * phichanad (talk) 1228H 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Barko or Bapor?
If you have seen the history of this article, there was a time when Ruffyuppie and I were editing the article regarding the prefix "BRP" used by Philippine Navy ships. I went for "Bapor", he went for "Barko". Now both can be correct. But as a basis, as per Philippine Navy directives (see my reference on the article), "Bapor" is the correct word that is represented by the letter "B" in "BRP". For info of non-Filipinos reading, the words "Barko" and "Bapor" means the same (ship), and "Barko" is even more widely used than "Bapor". But to keep Wikipedia as accurate as possible, we try to correct the article to the most accurate level as possible. If we can change the letter "B" just as we like, we may as well use the word "Bangka" (boat) and it may still be considered correct. anyway, cheers and happy posting!
 * phichanad 1814H 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Why was my Article about the Philippine navy gunboat deleated?
I added another ship called the BRP Federico Martir PG 385 (Patrol Gunboat) which is a Philippine Navy gunboat that paticipated in the SEAGULL Excersise between Brunei and the Philippines. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.93.25.93 (talk • contribs) 2008-09-28T22:58:44
 * It was removed because BRP Federico Martir (PG-385) is already listed under the Jose Andrada class. Please refrain from inventing class names in the future. --Edward Sandstig (talk) 23:13, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Persistent IP vandal
Hi, Please note that a very persistent IP vandal has been adding hoax material to articles on the Philippines' military, military history and ethnic groups, including this article. The IP addresses they've been using include: As such, anything added by IP addresses starting with 118.93., 118.92 or 202.37 should be considered highly dubious and I strongly recommend undoing such edits on sight. Nick Dowling (talk) 23:17, 29 September 2008 (UTC)
 * (30 September)
 * (19 September)
 * (17 September)
 * (13 September)
 * (12 September)
 * (29 August)
 * (22 August)
 * (2 August)
 * (12 July)
 * (11 July)
 * (7 July)
 * (2 July - admitted posting incorrect info at: )
 * (30 June, used this IP again for vandalism in early July, blocked 6 July - posted abuse on talk page and block extended for another month, responded by stating that they will continuine vandalism once the block expires )
 * (29 June)
 * (26 June
 * (25 June)
 * (25 June)
 * (20-21 June)
 * (17 May and 19 July, probable)
 * (5-7 May)
 * (28-30 April)

Question
Its me (the Russian) Tatiana (IP user 202.37.68.58) and the wife of (Pinouy) Martin (IP user 118.92.160.13). I was wondering if you could (if possible) make a Wikipedia page/article of the Jose Andrada Class. I to am a constant editor at Wikipedia. PS: I convinced Martin (IP user 118.92.160.13) to stop making edits without refrences. PS again: Before I came to the Phuilippines I was with the Soviet Air Force Command in Moskva (Moscow). Thats why I like military stuf. Martin (IP user 118.92.160.13) uses my computer often just incase ur wandering. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.37.68.58 3:38, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Semi-protection
Guys someone is editing the page about the Philippine Navy which is the number of strength of its personnel by adding unnecessary numbers and comments which is very annoying. would someone pls protect fully the article by disabling the "edit link" so that no one would write unnecessary comment on this page. Thank you --- John —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.60.173.37 (talk) 01:14, 1 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The level of vandalism isn't sufficient for that yet, but I'll keep an eye on it. Nick-D (talk) 07:21, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Strategic Sealift Vessel
There were reports that this project is canceled, but until there is no formal confirmation, please do not remove the topic. Same is true for all other parts of the article. Thank you. phichanad 19:17 06 November 2010 (UTC)

PS-23, PS-29, and PG-884 retired
 The English translation is here:

MANILA, Philippines - Despite the lack of multi-billion fund for the Modernization Program of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), three old ships during World War II on the pinagretiro the operation of the Philippine Navy yesterday.

According to the Philippine Navy spokesman Capt. Giovanni Carlo Bacordo the PS-23 and P 29; were the patrol ship is equipped with the Internal Security Operations while the Patrol Gunboat PG -844 are all super old and have 67 years of using the navy.

Such ships were anchored at the Naval Station Naval Shipyard Pascual Ledesma in Cavite City.

Officials also explained that the stoppage in the use of such ships is due to too expensive magmintina the old ship is still time of World War II in addition to much to be slow and many defects.

"They had are impossible to maintain due to old age," said Bacordo 53 which in total is 25 patrol ships only be used to patrol operations.

While also realized with Captain Noel de Vera, Commander of the Naval Shipyard to take only the P35-M fund for maintaining a 102 ship Navy so important to promote the modernization of such troops. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sir Jazer 13 (talk • contribs) 11:55, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
 * what the f***?? phichanad 06:55 01 January 2011 (UTC)

Variant of or the real Makassar class landing platform dock ?
I saw in this internet forum (page 22) that the vessel to procure by the PN is a Makassar-class LPD. Is the PN really ordering a variant or the Makassar-class itself? (if verified, I will request an edit.)

Sir Jazer 13 (talk) 06:18, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
 * probably a variant, it just happened that the name "Makassar" is the only available name since the ship is only adapted by the Indonesian Navy. phichanad 06:55 01 January 2011 (UTC)

Can we create a section for decommissioned Navy ships?
To ease "deliberate searching" for decommissioned Navy vessels, I think we should create a section about it so readers will know what are this without searching this or by typing. The complete list is in this:

Sir Jazer 13 (talk) 16:10, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Done, but still open for more ships, I just do not have enough time, maybe somebody can help? See here -- phichanad 09:26, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

austin class landing dock ships and also tarawa class amphibious assault ships are available
The USN is retiring both classes of ships and both classes currently have one example of each decommisoned and available. Could the phillipine ship yards modify and upgrade these and provide much needed employement at the same time? Put new electronics and equipment in them (US,swedish companies can help or provide techincal services). These would serve your marines well and give you response capability in times of disasters. Aquire some heavy lift helicopters (chinnook and Sea kings) and some attack helicopters (US marine corps super cobras) or maybe a few surplus british GR9 harriers) and you have a potent strike force for ground attack and support. Your navy needs too have a few front line warships (valour class mako frigate of south african Navy) and some Grippen, F18 or F16 top of the line fighters for your airforce. These warships and aicraft are where the big bucks should go. It is your front line equipment.  Support vessels and aircraft (C130s) can be in used good shape and be upgraded.  Obtain maritime patrol aircraft to cover your shorleines and preposition your patrol boats for quick response.  Obtain a AWACS (embraier-SAAB ereyie) for air control and integrate with your maritime patrol aircraft (maybe the sigint intelligence version later on).  Paratroopers anyone? (in lieu of many helicopters). Its an archipeligo nation and mobility is so key. You must have sufficient airlift and sealift capability (it does not need to be new. this is not a bluewater force. Its regional) Marines and Paratroopers where Mcarthurs main tools of island hopping. I do not think that strategy is too far off even now. The methods for doing it have changed. Not the intent. Attack Helicopters and 155 towed guns with Armored humvees, strykers and chinooks for army. Some locally made gunboats/quick boats for the coast guard (south african navy version is what US coast Guard is obtaining). Spend the money on the frigates and fighters! and get a austin class landing dock ship and tarawa class amphibious assault ship and upgrade modify them yourselves. Singapore has already bought one. There is one of each class decommisioned and a few more too retire soon as the replacements come online. We are pulling for you! your good and key allies. our futures are intertwined..... (lease the dang fighters or ships and buy the refurbed austin and tarawa and get some helicopters) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.238.227.206 (talk) 19:29, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Sir, this is not a suggestion box for what PN will buy. Please see this. Please do not take discussions into articles and talk pages. Anyway, there are forums about such topics. You may talk about that there. Sir Jazer 13 (talk) 12:02, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

new ship
dear sir, gud pm po. gusto ko lang malaman kung kailan dating ng bagong barko natin. para makita namin ng familia namin.

thank you, — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.191.103.184 (talk) 13:43, 19 August 2011 (UTC)

Splitting proposal

 * FWIW, due to the heavy clutter of the article page, I'm initiating a proposal to split off the section of Philippine Navy and to be created as List of ships of the Philippine Navy which is currently a redirect to the main article page. This should be a list of ships still in PN service, as well as those that has been decommissioned. Thoughts anyone? -- Dave ♠♣♥♦™№1185©♪♫® 11:44, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Why was my edits reverted?
Since I started editing this page, which is unorganized, my edits are reverted. I summarized several parts for somehow, these parts lacks notability. Anyway, I'm trying to help this article promote to GA Status but I think I doesn't help. I'm open to suggestions and please, the Navy Future acquisitions are part of the Navy's modernization program so please don't create separate sections.

Harel (Not what you think?) 02:20, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

"The U.S. Naval Academy accepted its first Filipino midshipman in 1919"
The first Filipino accepted to Annapolis in 1919 was my grandfather, Jose Emilio Olivares, from Iloilo. He graduated in 1923 and was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant of Coast Artillery in the Philippine Scouts instead of the U.S. Navy. He served in the Scouts through the war and was integrated into the Regular Army (U.S.) in 1948. He retired in 1953 at Fort Bliss, TX. Can his name be added to the main article? Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by USMA-1982 (talk • contribs) 13:22, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Philippine Navy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.navy.mil.ph/history.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:01, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

Language Download PDF Watch Edit The Philippine Navy (PN) (Tagalog: Hukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas) (transl. Sea Army of the Philippines) (Spanish: Armada de Filipinas) is the naval warfare service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. It has an estimated strength of 24,500 active service personnel, including the 8,300-strong Philippine Marine Corps.[2] It operates 82 combat vessels, 14 auxiliary vessels, 25 manned aircraft and 8 unmanned aerial vehicles. It shares the responsibility of patrolling the maritime borders with the Philippine Coast Guard, a formerly attached unit which became a separate maritime law enforcement agency in 1998. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 175.176.70.11 (talk) 22:57, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

Peacefulness
Paano po ba mag aral nang Philippine NAVY.Ano po ba ang dapat gawin para matoto o anung mga requirements para makapag aral. 110.54.229.72 (talk) 17:58, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philippine Navy


text:
Ábrahám Lederer

Abraham Lederer (Lederer Ábrahám, Léderer Ábrahám; January 9, 1827, Libochovice, Bohemia – September 17, 1916, Budapest) was an educator and writer in Austria-Hungary.

Life
He was born in Libochovice, Bohemia. In 1840 he went to Prague, where he studied at the Teachers' Seminary and at the university.

In 1853 he taught at Břeclav, Moravia and in 1854 he accepted the post of director of the Jewish school at Tata, Hungary, whence he was called to the Israelitische Musterschule in 1857, becoming in the following year director of the Israelitic Teachers' Seminary at Budapest.

Lederer contributed much to pedagogics in general, and to the training of Jewish teachers in Hungary in particular. He was the founder and organizer of the Jewish normal school ("Landes-Präparandie"), of the Jewish National Teachers' Association, of the national pedagogical museum, of the Women's Industrial Association, and of the vacation colony for children. In 1869 the government commissioned him to translate Hungarian text-books into German, and appointed him director of the state seminaries and a member of the supreme board of education.

Literary works
Of his works the following are noteworthy:
 * "Heimathskunde" (Pest, 1859)
 * "Erziehungslehre für Israelitische Eltern und Lehrer" (ib. 1865)
 * "Leitfaden und Lesebuch für Lehrer" (ib. 1870)
 * "Methodischer Leitfaden zum Deutschen Sprachunterricht" (Budapest, 1873)
 * "Társadalmi Pädagogia" (ib. 1885), on social pedagogics
 * "Hires Emberek Ismertető Jelei" ("Charakteristiken Berühmter Männer," 1896)
 * "A Testi Büntetés Lélektana" (1901), on the psychology of corporal punishment
 * "Iskolai Kirándulás a Csillagos Egbe" (1903), a guide to instruction in astronomy in schools

title: Ábrahám Lederer


text:
William Leidesdorff

William Alexander Leidesdorff Jr. (1810 – May 18, 1848) was an African-American settler in California and one of the founders of the city that became San Francisco. A highly successful, enterprising businessman, he is thought to have been the first black millionaire in the United States.

Leidesdorff was a West Indian immigrant of Afro-Cuban, possibly Carib, Danish/Swedish and Jewish ancestry. Leidesdorff became a United States citizen in New Orleans in 1834. He migrated to Alta California in 1841, then under Mexican rule, settling in Yerba Buena (now San Francisco), a village of about 30 Mexican and European families.

He became a Mexican citizen in 1844 and received a land grant from the Mexican government, 8 Spanish leagues, or 35500 acre south of the American River, known as Rancho Rio de los Americanos. He served as US Vice Consul to Mexico at the Port of San Francisco beginning in 1845. Leidesdorff was President of the San Francisco school board and also elected as City Treasurer. Shortly before Leidesdorff's death, vast amounts of gold were officially reported on his Rancho Rio De los Americanos. By the time his estate was auctioned off in 1856, it was worth more than $1,445,000, not including vast quantities of gold mined upon his land.

International Leidesdorff bicentennial celebrations began on October 22, 2011, on his native isle of Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Early life
Leidesdorff was born in 1810 on the island of Saint Croix in the Danish West Indies to William Leidesdorff, a white Danish merchant, and Anne Marie Spark, a creole woman. As his parents were not legally married, Leidesdorff was considered illegitimate until July 18th, 1837, when a Crucian court formally recognized his birth, allowing him to inherit his father's property.

Wilhelm Leidesdorff Sr. was reportedly of Jewish descent from the community of Altona, Hamburg. It was part of the Danish Schleswig-Holstein, then across the river from but now part of today's port of Hamburg, Germany. He migrated to North America and later the Caribbean to further his career as a merchant.

Leidesdorff, Jr.'s mother Anna Marie Sparks, was described in one account as a Carib Indian woman; she was believed also to have had African and European ancestry. Her race was noted in a census report. Many people observed that what were called "Carib" people had skin of various hues that likely reflected mixed ancestry, ranging from dark brown to lighter shades of brown, resulting in a Virgin Islands Creole, to which she may have belonged. Other sources said the mother Marie Anne Spark (as she was also known) was a mixed-race woman of African and Spanish heritage, thought to have been born in Cuba. In census records, Marie Anne Spark was classified as a free Carib Indian, but few Carib survived into the late 18th century, according to Gary Palgon's biography of Leidesdorff. Other sources document tens of thousands of Caribs, most of mixed heritage, living in the Windwards and Trinidad at the time of Leidesdorff's birth. Together the accounts describe Spark as a light-skinned woman of mixed-race ancestry, yet classified as black by the 1850s California Court System, where blacks were restricted from testifying in court.

According to Sue Bailey Thurman, "With the name of William Alexander Leidesdorff, we begin the documentary history of pioneers of Negro origin in California."

As an infant, Leidesdorff was baptized as a Lutheran, as were all the Leidesdorff children, since it was the adopted faith his father and many other people of Jewish ancestry in Europe assumed to avoid conflict. In 1837 Leidesdorff Sr. officially "adopted" all four of his own children from Anne Marie Sparks to give them legal standing by Danish Law.

Career
In 1834, Leidesdorff immigrated to New Orleans where he became a naturalized American citizen and a ship captain. He held posts with firms associated with his father or perhaps his mentors. Ship manifest documents show Leidesdorff's working as Ship Captain and/or Master, 1834–1840, out of the Port of New Orleans. William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr. was thought the last black ship captain in Louisiana after strict enforcement of the Negro Seamen Acts began at the Port of New Orleans.

Leidesdorff traveled to New York to become the Master of the schooner Julia Ann that sailed from New York to Yerba Buena (later San Francisco) in Alta California, then part of Mexico, in 1841. His route was via Panama, St. Croix, Brazil, Chile, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), Sitka (Alaska), and on to California following the Pacific Ocean currents.

In San Francisco
On arriving at Yerba Buena, Leidesdorff, Jr. began to re-build his businesses. The village cove then only had thirty European-Mexican families, so it did not take long for the ambitious man to make an impact. He launched the first steamboat to operate on San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River; it was 37 ft long and purchased in Alaska. He built the City Hotel, the first hotel in San Francisco, and the first commercial shipping warehouse, the latter on what became Leidesdorff Street off the Embarcadero.

In 1844 Leidesdorff obtained a vast land grant through favor from the Mexican government for 35521 acre on the south bank of the American River, near today's Californian City of Sacramento.He named the property Rancho Rio de los Americanos. During this period, Mexico encouraged leading Americans to settle in its territory by granting large land grants; in exchange the government required Americans to convert to Catholicism, the state religion; learn to speak Spanish; and accept Mexican citizenship. He went on to establish extensive commercial relations throughout Hawaii, Alaska and Mexican California.

During the eight years of his residence, Leidesdorff served as one of six aldermen or town councilors of the Ayuntamiento. After the United States took over California following the Mexican–American War, he was one of three members on the first San Francisco school board, which organized the first public school in the city; later he was elected City Treasurer. His house was one of the largest, and he donated land for the first public school.

In 1845, during the President James Polk administration, Leidesdorff accepted the request from United States Consul Thomas O. Larkin to serve as the US Vice Consul to Mexico at the Port of San Francisco, a measure of his political standing in region. Larkin was the first and last U.S. consul appointed to serve in California. Before the American flag was raised over San Francisco (July 1846), Leidesdorff had the U.S. Declaration of Independence read for the first time in California on the veranda at his home in celebration of Independence Day.

Leidesdorff, Jr. achieved a high reputation for integrity and enterprise; he is said to have been "liberal, hospitable, cordial, confiding even to a fault." Leidesdorff became one of the wealthiest man in California. The value of his property near Sacramento began to rise dramatically just before his death, when gold was discovered along the American River just above his Leidesdorff Ranch, in the Gold Mining District of California.

In March 1848, the California Star reported the total non-Native population of San Francisco as only 812: 575 males, 177 females and 60 children. In May 1848, the vast majority of men departed for the American River gold fields in hopes of striking it rich. Other towns were nearly emptied in the frenzy of the Gold Rush.

Personal life
Leidesdorff never married. According to the explorer John C. Fremont, he lived with a Russian woman while maintaining diplomatic relationships with the Russian community in Sitka, Alaska.

Death
Leidesdorff died of typhoid fever on May 18, 1848 after receiving last rites from a Catholic priest. On the day of his burial, the town was in mourning, flags were at half-mast, business was suspended, and the schools were closed. His remains were interred near the front entrance of Mission Dolores the next day on May 19th.

Leidesdorff estate and controversy
The California pioneer died intestate, with no living relatives in California or the United States. In 1848 his estate was assumed devalued and in debt. The public discovery of gold in the American River valley and upon his extensive land holdings increased the actual value of his estate dramatically. His waterfront property in today's financial district of San Francisco would be valuable today. A complete inventory of his estate has yet to be quantified. The court appointed temporary administrators of his estate because there were no probate laws in California at that time. By 1854, when the California State Legislature considered escheat to take control of the property, Leidesdorff's estate was worth well over one million dollars and multiple of millions of dollars in gold was mined off his land. When the Leidesdorff-Folsom partitioned estate was auctioned off in 1856, the property brought more than $1,445,000.

Settlement of the estate was complicated by the actions of Joseph Folsom. As Customs Collector and Harbor Master for San Francisco in 1848, he had become familiar with Leidesdorff's business dealings with the U.S. Army.

In 1849, Folsom took leave from the U.S. Army and located Leidesdorff's mother and some of his siblings in the West Indies. Folsom signed a note to purchase from Anna Spark title to her son's estate for $75,000, title which included all of Leidesdorff's real estate holdings in San Francisco as well as the 35000 acre Rancho Rio de los Americanos near Sacramento. He paid her a deposit, with the promise of two more installment payments.

By the time Folsom returned to San Francisco, land prices were rising. The government challenged his purchase of Leidesdorff's title, as Anna Spark legally had no claim to it. A California State government "claim was brought because under old Mexican law that foreigners could not inherit property. The dispute was brought to the courts, where legal entanglements over the conflicts of Mexican, American and Danish laws kept it for over ten years." The uncertainty of new probate laws, combined with the fact that William Leidesdorff, though he had held federal offices, held dual Mexican and U.S. citizenship, further complicated the property issues.

Leidesdorff's St. Croix relatives, mother and siblings, challenged title through Danish officials because of Folsom's false evaluation of the estate. Both the US and Mexican national governments had interest in the large estate. The high value and reach of the Leidesdorff estate made Folsom's "purchase" extremely controversial. In 1854, Governor Bigler, recommended the escheat of the estate, then worth a million and a half, to the state legislature, and suggested that proceedings be commenced for its recovery from Folsom. The courts refused to admit the title of the West Indian mixed-race relatives because there may have been "other heirs, who had never conveyed away their rights in the estate", from Europe. These "other heirs" from Leidesdorff's father's family lived in Europe at Altona and Copenhagen, and in the Caribbean Islands.

Ultimately the following happened: (1) The claims of Leidesdorff's West Indian relatives were thrown out of court; their evidence of relationship was rejected. As they were not American citizens, they were not considered to have standing. (2) No recognized Danish family or individual of the name of Leidesdorff appeared to claim the estate of William Leidesdorff of San Francisco. Other Danish members of the family lived on St. Croix for some time after the American's death. (3) The statute of limitations covered and protected every title obtained from Joseph L. Folsom and others who later acquired possession.

Legacy and honors
Today, William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr. is recognized as the "African Founding Father of California", as noted by the California State Legislature.
 * Leidesdorff Street in San Francisco, California and Leidesdorff Street in Folsom, California are named for him.
 * 15 mi of U.S. Route 50 was dedicated the William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr. Memorial Highway along the boundary of "Historic Leidesdorff Ranch", his 35000 acre cattle and wheat ranch along the southern banks of the American River Parkway, Sacramento County.
 * 25th Anniversary of the Federal Holiday for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at the CORE New York City, New York Gala honoring the Leidesdorff Legacy.
 * Leidesdorff Exhibit, Mission Delores Basilica, San Francisco, California, May 1–31, 2010
 * Leidesdorff Bicentennial Celebration – "Golden Legacy of William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr.," October 23, 2010, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.

title: William Leidesdorff


text:
Leó Lánczy

Leo Lánczy (born as Leo Lazarsfeld, Pest, May 10, 1852 – Budapest, January 26, 1921) was a Hungarian Jewish banker, entrepreneur, merchant, financier and politician. According to Forbes he was the 9th richest person in Hungary on the turn of the 19th century with a net worth of 15 million Hungarian pengő.

Career
After having been connected for several years with the Anglo-Hungarian Bank and the Ungarische Boden-Credit-Gesellschaft, he was elected in 1881 director-general of the Hungarian Bank of Commerce, in which capacity he contributed greatly to the promotion of Hungarian commerce, and exerted an important influence on the commercial policy of the country. He was especially successful in enlarging Hungarian credit in foreign countries, and in making the finances of Hungary independent of those of Vienna. The bank became an important factor in Hungary's economy, because Lánczy strengthen the relations with the Balkan countries through the financial institution. In 1893 he became president of the Budapest Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Also in 1893 the district of Zsolna returned him to the Hungarian Parliament, where he took a prominent part in the currency conferences; and in 1896 he was member of the parliament as deputy of the city of Miskolc. Lánczy was a convert to Christianity. He was nominated to the Upper Chamber in 1905 and became privy councilor in 1912. It is said that he was significant in building a sovereign Hungarian banking sector, industrializing the country, establishing and financing the transport system and the district railway.

Recognition
Lánczy received in 1891 the Order of the Iron Crown, and subsequently the "Comthur-Kreuz" of the Order of Franz Joseph, in recognition of his services in promoting the Millennium Exposition of 1896. In 1902 he received the title of Hofrath.

title: Leó Lánczy


text:
Samuel Lasz

Samuel Lasz (18 December 1859, Szergeny – 8 June 1930, Budapest) was a Hungarian scientist.

Lasz studied at Pápa, Sopron, and Budapest. In 1882 he received an appointment at the state meteorological institute, where he researched climatology, zoology, and geology. In 1904 he was named professor at one of the gymnasiums of Budapest.

Lasz published the following works: A Vulkánizmuszról (Budapest, 1883), on volcanism; Szövő-Fonómesterek (ib. 1885, awarded a prize), on master-spiders; Egy Átkos Kis Légyről (ib. 1894, awarded a prize), on flies; and Lebens- und Charakterbild des Dr. Ludwig Lewis (ib. 1883).

title: Samuel Lasz


text:
Moriz Ludassy

Moriz Ludassy, aka M. Gans von Lúdassy (1825 – August 29, 1885) was a Hungarian journalist.

Ludassy was born at Komorn. As early as 1848 he was editor of the "Esti Lapok" in Budapest and of the "Magyar Világ", advocating in both periodicals the cause of the Conservatives. About 50 years later he went to Vienna, where, with Georg Apponyi and Paul Sennyei, he founded the "Debatte", which advocated the establishment of a dual government in Austro-Hungary and the political equality of the 2 countries. When Count Julius Andrássy was premier, Ludassy was chief of the Hungarian press bureau and was at the same time ministerial councilor in the department of the interior. He returned to Vienna, however, where he was commissioned by Minister Beust to edit the "Tagespresse", the organ of the imperial court party during the war of 1870–71. In recognition of his services he was created a Hungarian noble. He died at Reichenau an der Rax.

One of his sons, Julius Ludassy (1858–1922), whose pen-name is "Julius Goose," was one of the editors of the "Fremdenblatt" in Vienna. He wrote several comedies, among them "Maximen," "Spleen," and "Garrick."

title: Moriz Ludassy


text:
Solomon Löwisohn

Solomon Löwisohn (שלמה לעוויזאהן, Salomo Löwisohn; 1788 or 1789 – 27 April 1821) was a Hungarian Maskilic poet, historian, grammarian, and linguist.

Biography
Solomon Löwisohn was born into a prominent Jewish family in Moor, Weißenburg County. His father, himself a proficient Talmudist, taught the boy until he was fifteen years old. Since there was no Jewish school in the village, he sent him to Moor's Capuchin school to study German and arithmetic. The boy showed unusual talents; by the age of 13, he had already completely mastered the 24 books of the Tanakh and possessed a rare skill in Hebrew. During this period he tried his hand at festive and occasional poetry.

In 1809 he went to study at the Prague yeshivah with his relative Moses Saphir, and between 1813 and 1815 studied Semitic languages at the University of Prague. Löwisohn soon became closely associated with the Maskilic circle of Baruch and Judah Jeitteles. His first major work, a dialogue on Hebrew grammar between David Kimḥi and Joel Brill entitled Siḥah be-ʻolam ha-neshamot, was published in 1811.

In 1814, he accepted the position of corrector at the printing establishment of Anton Edler von Schmid in Vienna, but gave up his post in 1820. He quickly became physically and mentally ill, and succumbed to his ailments in his hometown in April 1821, at the age of 32.

Work
Löwisohn's other works include Meḥkere erets, on the topography of the Tanakh, and Dikduk leshon ha-Mishna (1815), an essay on the language of the Mishnah. Further, he translated and annotated the Maḥzor, and part of the ritual for Tisha B'Av (1819). His most important works are Melitsat Yeshurun (1816), an analysis of the poetics of the Bible, and Vorlesungen über die neuere Geschichte der Juden (1820), of which the first volume only was published.

title: Solomon Löwisohn


text:
Leopold Löw

Judah Leib "Leopold" Löw (יהודה לייב לעף, Lőw Lipót; 22 May 1811 – 13 October 1875) was a Hungarian rabbi, regarded as the most important figure of Neolog Judaism.

Biography

Löw was born to the only Jewish family in the village Černá Hora, Moravia, then part of the Austria. His Jewish name, as appears in all his rabbinical correspondence, was Judah Leib. On his father's side, he was descended from the Maharal of Prague, and on his mother's from Menachem Mendel Krochmal. He received his preliminary education at the yeshivot of Třebíč, Kolín, Lipník nad Bečvou and Eisenstadt (1824 – 35), and then studied philology, pedagogics, and Christian theology at the Lyceum of Bratislava and at the universities of Pest and Vienna (1835 – 41). After having been a teacher at Prostějov, he succeeded to the rabbinate of Nagykanizsa (10 September 1841).

Löw early in his career acquired a knowledge of Hungarian, and was the first to introduce it into the synagogue service, his first sermon in that language being printed in 1845. In 1844 he began his literary activity on behalf of the emancipation of the Hungarian Jews, taking the lead in that struggle until its object was attained (1867). The periodical Ben Chananja, edited by him from 1858 to 1867, was an especially influential factor in this movement.

In 1846 Löw had been called to Pápa, where he encountered many difficulties. After the revolution he was denounced by his enemies, and was arrested, but was pardoned by General Julius Jacob von Haynau on 14 December 1849 and liberated after two months' imprisonment. In consequence of this persecution he accepted a call to Szeged, where he was installed on 10 December 1850. He refused subsequent calls to Lemberg, Brno, and Bucharest, as well as to the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judenthums at Berlin.

He died at Szeged, Austria-Hungary.

Influence on Hungarian Reform
Löw brought his thorough knowledge of history, theology, and esthetics to bear upon the reform of the ritual in agreement with modern views. He was the foremost preacher of Hungary, especially in the vernacular, and was invited to participate in nearly all the patriotic celebrations and synagogal dedications. His Hungarian sermons (1870) formed the first Jewish collection of the kind issued in that language. Löw combined the careful, logical arrangement of the Christian sermon with a clever analysis of complicated haggadic sentences. His studies, beginning with the history of the Halakhah, subsequently included the entire Jewish archeology of post-Talmudic time. He endeavored to determine the development of Jewish life and law as it appears in the halakhic literature, and to disprove, in the interest of Judaism, the view that Judaism remained stationary in its manners and customs down to the beginning of the German Reformation. His most important archaeological studies and responsa were written for the purpose of proving the development of various institutions and of showing the influence, in many cases, of foreign customs.

Löw was a leading authority both from a scientific point of view and in questions of practical theology. The absolute (1850 – 66) as well as the constitutional government (1867) of Austria and especially that of Hungary were guided by the replies he gave to their questions in matters referring to the organization of the Jewish ritual and schools. Jewish education throughout Hungary owed much to him. Down to his death he was the leader of the progressive Hungarian Jews, especially after the General Congress — which was convened against his advice and in which he did not take part — had resulted in a schism among the Jews of Hungary instead of the union that had been anticipated.

Works
Aside from his works on the Halakhah, Löw left only one other larger work, Ha-Mafteaḥ (1855), a history (in German) of exegesis among the Jews: this remained authoritative into the twentieth century. After the emancipation, when he gave up the editorship of Ben Chananja, he devoted himself to larger archeological monographs, of which the following were published: Die Graphischen Requisiten (1870 – 71) and Die Lebensalter in der jüdischen Literatur (1875). Fragments of a third volume, Der Synagogale Ritus, were published posthumously (1884). His smaller works have appeared in five volumes (Szeged, 1889 – 1900), the last of which contains a complete bibliography of his works.

Sons

 * Immanuel Löw, a rabbi and Orientalist (born at Szeged, Hungary, 20 January 1854; died July 19, 1944, in Budapest), was educated at his native town and at Berlin, where he studied at the Lehranstalt für die Wissenschaft des Judenthums and at the university, graduating as rabbi and as Ph.D. in 1878. The same year he became rabbi in Szeged. Among his books (which include biographies) may be mentioned: "Aramäische Pflanzennamen," Vienna, 1881; "A szegedi zsidók," Szeged, 1885; "A szegedi chevra," ib. 1887; "Alkalmi beszédek," ib. 1891; "Az ezredév: nyolc beszéd," ib. 1896; "Löw Immánuel beszédei," ib. 1900; "Imádságok," 3d ed. ib. 1903; "Vörösmarty Mihály," ib. 1900; "Szilágyi Dezsö," ib. 1901; "Tisza Kálmán," ib. 1902; "Kossuth Lajos," ib. 1902; "Templomszentelő," ib. 1903; "Deák Ferenc," ib. 1903. He has furthermore contributed articles on Syriac lexicography to various volumes of the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, and has edited the following works: "Schwab Löw, Emlékeztetés a vallásban nyert oktatásra," 5th ed. Szeged, 1887; "Löw Lipót, Bibliai Történet," 10th ed. Budapest, 1902; "Leopold Löw: Gesammelte Schriften," i.-v., Szeged, 1889-1900.
 * Samuel (born Pápa, September 1846), studied at Szeged and Vienna [M.D. 1871]), was a physician. In 1873 he went to Budapest, where three years later he founded the Pester Medizinisch-Chirurgische Presse. In this periodical, of which he was (1904) the editor-in-chief, most of his scientific articles appeared.
 * Theodor (born Pápa, 14 November 1848), was a lawyer in Budapest. The following were his chief works: "Iromány Példák az uj magyar csődeljáráshoz" (Budapest, 1882), on the new Hungarian bankruptcy proceedings, and "A Magyar Büntető Törvénykönyv a bűntettekről és vétségekről" (ib. 1884), on the Hungarian criminal and civil codes.
 * Tobias (Nagykanizsa, 5 June 1844 – Budapest, 7 June 1880) served as Acting Attorney-General until his death. In 1874 he founded the Magyar Igazságügy, a legal periodical in the interests of Hungarian jurisprudence and legislation. Löw took an active part in the preparation of the Hungarian penal code, for which he edited the material (1880).
 * William, was a lawyer and editor in New York City. He translated Imre Madach's The Tragedy of Man and also wrote a biography of his father (available in Google ebookstore), published in 1912 celebrating the centenary of Leopold Loew's birth. His daughter Rosalie Loew Whitney (1873 – 1939) was a lawyer and judge in New York.

title: Leopold Löw


text:
Moritz Löw

Moritz Löw, astronomer; born at Makó, Hungary, in 1841; died in Steglitz, Berlin, May 25, 1900; studied at the universities of Leipzig and Vienna, and received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Budapest (1867). After graduating he became an assistant at the Leipzig observatory, and in 1883 was appointed section chief in the Prussian geodetic institute at Berlin, with the title of professor.

Löw's principal works are: Elemente der Planeten; Einfluss der Verbesserten Sternörter auf die Polhöhen der Gradmessung in Ostpreussen; Polhöhe von Helgoland; Zur Theorie der Passage-Instrumente im Ersten Vertikal; Astronomisch-Geodätische Ortsbestimmungen im Harz; and Polhöhebestimmungen im Harzgebirge Ausgeführt 1887-91.

title: Moritz Löw