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Akiyama

Akiyama (written: 秋山 lit. "autumn mountain") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Akiyama Yoshifuru (秋山 好古), general in the Imperial Japanese Army and considered father of the Japanese Cavalry
 * Denis Akiyama (1952–2018), Japanese-Canadian actor and voice actor
 * Iwao Akiyama (秋山 巌), Japanese printmaker
 * Jiro Akiyama (秋山 次郎), Japanese professional Go player
 * Jin Akiyama (秋山 仁), Japanese mathematician
 * Jun Akiyama (秋山 準), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Kazuhiko Akiyama (秋山 和彦), Japanese massage therapist, former crab fisherman, best known for being the first grand champion (1999) of the TV series Sasuke
 * Kazuyoshi Akiyama (秋山 和慶), Japanese conductor
 * Koji Akiyama (秋山 幸二), Japanese baseball manager, former player
 * Makio Akiyama (秋山 万喜夫), Japanese astronomer
 * Miyuki Akiyama (秋山 美幸), Japanese volleyball player
 * Mizuhito Akiyama (秋山 瑞人), Japanese writer
 * Monzo Akiyama (秋山 門造), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral
 * Akiyama Nobutomo (秋山 信友), Japanese samurai
 * Rina Akiyama (秋山 莉奈), Japanese actress, gravure idol and television personality
 * Rina Akiyama (swimmer) (秋山 里奈), Japanese Paralympic swimmer
 * Runa Akiyama (あきやま るな), Japanese voice actress
 * Ryōji Akiyama (秋山 亮二), Japanese photographer
 * Satoko Akiyama (秋山 紗登子), Japanese female pop artist
 * Saneyuki Akiyama (秋山 真之), admiral of the Japanese Navy in the Russo-Japanese War, younger brother of Yoshifuru
 * Shogo Akiyama (秋山 翔吾), Japanese professional baseball player
 * Shōtarō Akiyama (秋山 庄太郎), Japanese photographer
 * Shun Akiyama (秋山 駿), Japanese literary critic
 * Tadashima Akiyama, 16th-century samurai known for being defeated by Miyamoto Musashi
 * Tadasuke Akiyama (秋山 忠右), Japanese photographer
 * Takumi Akiyama (秋山 拓巳), Japanese baseball pitcher
 * Tamayo Akiyama (秋山 たまよ), Japanese shōjo manga author and artist
 * Teruo Akiyama (秋山 輝男), admiral of the Japanese Navy in World War II
 * Teruyoshi Akiyama (秋山 輝吉), Japanese sport shooter
 * Tetuzi Akiyama, Japanese guitarist, violinist, and instrument-maker
 * Tokuzō Akiyama (秋山 徳蔵), Japanese chef
 * Toyohiro Akiyama (秋山 豊寛), Japanese television journalist and cosmonaut
 * Yasunari Akiyama (秋山 安成), Japanese sport wrestler
 * Yoshihiro Akiyama (秋山 成勲), judoka and mixed martial artist who has fought representing both South Korea and Japan
 * Yoshiko Akiyama (秋山 芳子), Japanese archer
 * Yūtokutaishi Akiyama (秋山 祐徳太子), Japanese engraving artist
 * Yuzuki Akiyama (秋山 ゆずき), Japanese actress

Fictional characters

 * Mio Akiyama (秋山 澪), a character in the manga series K-On!
 * Mizuki Akiyama (暁山 瑞希), a character in the video game Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage!
 * Ren Akiyama (秋山 蓮), a character in the television series Kamen Rider Ryuki
 * Ryo Akiyama (秋山 遼), a character in the anime series Digimon Tamers
 * Shinichi Akiyama (秋山 深一), a character in the manga series Liar Game
 * Jan Akiyama|秋山 醤, lead character from the manga series Iron Wok Jan
 * Kaiichiro Akiyama (秋山 階一郎) and Baku Akiyama (秋山 爆), family members of the lead character from Iron Wok Jan
 * Yukari Akiyama (秋山 優花里), a character in the anime series Girls und Panzer
 * Shun Akiyama (秋山 駿), a character in the Yakuza (series)

title: Akiyama


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Sixteen Tons

"Sixteen Tons" is a song written by Merle Travis about a coal miner, based on life in the mines of Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. Travis first recorded the song at the Radio Recorders Studio B in Hollywood, California, on August 8, 1946. Cliffie Stone played bass on the recording. It was first released in July 1947 by Capitol on Travis's album Folk Songs of the Hills. The song became a gold record.

Authorship
The sole authorship of "Sixteen Tons" is attributed to Merle Travis on all recordings beginning with Travis's own 1946 record and is registered with BMI as a Merle Travis composition. George S. Davis, a folk singer and songwriter who had been a Kentucky coal miner, claimed on a 1966 recording for Folkways Records to have written the song as "Nine-to-ten tons" in the 1930s; he also at different times claimed to have written the song as "Twenty-One Tons". There is no supporting evidence for Davis's claim. Davis's 1966 recording of his version of the song (with some slightly different lyrics and tune, but titled "Sixteen Tons") appears on the albums George Davis: When Kentucky Had No Union Men and Classic Mountain Songs from Smithsonian.

The line "another day older and deeper in debt" from the chorus came from a letter written by Travis's brother John. This and the line "I owe my soul to the company store" are a reference to the truck system and to debt bondage. Under this scrip system, workers were not paid cash; rather they were paid with non-transferable credit vouchers that could be exchanged only for goods sold at the company store. This made it impossible for workers to store up cash savings. Workers also usually lived in company-owned dormitories or houses, the rent for which was automatically deducted from their pay. In the United States the truck system and associated debt bondage persisted until the strikes of the newly formed United Mine Workers and affiliated unions forced an end to such practices.

The eponymous "sixteen tons" refers to a practice of initiating new miners. In the mid-1920s, a miner tended to haul eight to ten tons per day, whereas for new miners, other miners would slack off so the new miner could "'make sixteen' on his very first day."

Tennessee Ernie Ford version
Tennessee Ernie Ford recorded "Sixteen Tons" in 1955 as the B-side of his cover of the Moon Mullican standard "You Don't Have to Be a Baby to Cry". With Ford's snapping fingers and a unique clarinet-driven pop arrangement, it quickly became a million seller. It hit Billboard's country music chart in November and held the No. 1 position for ten weeks, then crossed over and held the number 1 position on the pop music chart for eight weeks, besting the competing version by Johnny Desmond. In the United Kingdom, Ford's version competed with versions by Edmund Hockridge and Frankie Laine. Nevertheless, Ford's version was the most successful, spending four weeks at number 1 in the UK Singles Chart in January and February 1956. On March 25, 2015, Ford's version of the song was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry. It was featured in the 9th episode of Season 22 of South Park. In 2002, the song was played at the beginning of the Emmy-winning TV film Door to Door. In 2023, it was included on the soundtrack of the 2023 Wes Anderson film Asteroid City.

Other versions
Frankie Laine's version was not released in the United States but sold well in the UK. Ford's version was released on 17 October, and by 28 October had sold 400,000 copies. On 10 November, a million copies had been sold; two million were sold by 15 December.

The song has been recorded or performed in concert by a wide variety of musicians:

 * 1955: The Weavers performed the song on their concert album The Weavers at Carnegie Hall.
 * 1955: Red Sovine recorded the song, released on the Brunswick label.
 * 1955: B.B. King & His Orchestra recorded on RPM Records.
 * 1955: Larry Cross recorded on the Embassy label.
 * 1955: Marvin & The Chirps recorded on the Tip Top label.
 * 1955: Sung live by Elvis Presley on December 17, 1955, at the Municipal Auditorium in Shreveport Louisiana, but never recorded.
 * 1956: Ewan MacColl with Brian Daly recorded on Topic Records.
 * 1956: Michael Holliday recorded the song on the Columbia label.
 * 1956: Eddy Arnold version released on the compilation album Dozen Hits, RCA Victor.
 * 1957: The Platters recorded the song, released on the Mercury Records EP Millioniéme.
 * 1958: Chang Loo recorded a Chinese version that was re-released in 2017 on album Songs by Chang Loo Universal Records.
 * 1960: Bo Diddley released a version on his album Bo Diddley Is a Gunslinger.
 * 1961: Lou Monte recorded a version titled "16 tons (neapolitan version)" and it contained verses in both English and Italian in his famous style.
 * 1961: Jimmy Dean recorded a cover on his Big Bad John and Other Fabulous Songs and Tales album.
 * 1964: Louis Neefs, Belgian singer, played and recorded the song live in Belgium.
 * 1965: Lorne Greene version recorded in the album The Man.
 * 1965: Tennessee Ernie Ford released another version of the song, "Sixteen Tons '65" (with largely the same lyrics as his first recording of the song, but with a substantially different musical arrangement) on a French EP of the same name.
 * 1966: Stevie Wonder recorded a version influenced by Motown and soul music on his Down to Earth album.
 * 1967: Tom Jones's version with a rock edge, on his album Green, Green Grass of Home.
 * 1967: James & Bobby Purify version as the B-side to their single "I Take What I Want".
 * 1967: Johnnie Taylor covered the song on his 1967 album Wanted: One Soul Singer.
 * 1968: Bobby Darin performed the song on the Jerry Lewis Show (Feb. 1968)
 * 1970: A psychedelic rock version by Freeman Sound as the B-Side to their unique single "Singing My Own Song".
 * 1971: Mylon LeFevre version recorded on the album Mylon with Holy Smoke.
 * 1972: A blues-rock version was recorded by CCS.
 * 1976: A country rock version by the Don Harrison Band peaked at #47 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1976. and number 53 in Australia.
 * 1984: Recorded by the Montreal band Deja Voodoo on their 1984 album Cemetery.
 * 1984: As part of a medley recorded live by Dutch singer Lee Towers on his 1984 album Gala of the Year.
 * 1986: A version by English punk band The Redskins on their 1986 album Neither Washington Nor Moscow.
 * 1986: Anna Domino recorded the song on her eponymous 1986 album.
 * 1987: Johnny Cash released a country version on his album Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town.
 * 1987: Frank Tovey performed the song on his album Tyranny & the Hired Hand.
 * 1989: The Gas House Gang (quartet) recorded a barbershop arrangement, written by David Wright (arranger), for their album Our "Rough and Tumble" Best, featuring their bass Jim Henry (singer); he would later sing this arrangement with another quartet, Crossroads (quartet).
 * 1990: A rendition of the song by Eric Burdon was used for the opening to the comedy film Joe Versus the Volcano. Recorded in the early 1980s, it was not released until 1998 on the album Nightwinds Dying which is a different arrangement from the one heard in the film. In 1992 he recorded another version, which was released as the only studio track on the live album Access All Areas in 1993.
 * 1991: The musical style of Ford's version was used for a mashup with Money for Nothing by Big Daddy on their album Cutting Their Own Groove.
 * 1991: It was featured as a secret track on progressive thrash metal band Confessor's album Condemned.
 * 1992: A parody about golfing called "18 Holes" was written and recorded by John Denver. It was released on a rare single and occasionally performed in concert.
 * 1993: The San Francisco alternative metal band Faith No More covered the song before their cover of the Dead Kennedys' song 'Let's Lynch The Landlord' at their performance at the 1993 Phoenix Festival.
 * 1994: The Swedish doom metal band Memento Mori recorded a version of this song as a hidden track on their second album Life, Death and Other Morbid Tales.
 * 1995: Tuff, a hard rock band, included a version on their album Religious Fix.
 * 1995: A traditional roots country version was released by Corb Lund on the album Modern Pain.
 * 1996: Serbian retro-swing rockabilly singer Srdjan Popov recorded a swing version of the song. It appears in Turkish documentary "16 Tons" directed by Ümit Kıvanç.
 * 1996: Western Flyer did a live comical version for their album Back in America (1996).
 * 1998: Hank Wilson (pseudonym of Leon Russell) included his version on Hank Wilson, Vol. 3: Legend in My Time.
 * 2005: Punk band This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb included it on their album Dance Party with...
 * 2007: Presidential candidate Dennis Kucinich's rendition of the song on 8 January received fairly widespread TV coverage.
 * 2010: Lance Guest, portraying Johnny Cash, on the original Broadway cast recording of Million Dollar Quartet.
 * 2011: Tom Morello, guitarist for Rage Against the Machine and The Nightwatchman; on the EP "Union Town", released by NewWest Records.
 * 2012: Tim Armstrong recorded a version as a part of his Tim Timebomb and Friends project.

Foreign-language versions

 * Armand Mestral released a version with French lyrics under the title "Seize Tonnes" in 1956.
 * Olavi Virta with Triola Orchestra released a version with Finnish lyrics by Reino Helismaa under the title "Päivän työ" in 1956 (Triola, T 4249), for the 1972 album Olavi Virran Parhaat 3. (Sävel, SÄLP 717).
 * A German version of the song did not translate the original lyrics, but rather rewrote them entirely, under the title "Sie hieß Mary-Ann". This was released in several versions on German record labels in 1956 and 1957, most notably by Ralf Bendix, and Freddy Quinn on his album "Freddy" recorded on Polydor.
 * Spanish version "16 Toneladas" was recorded by the Spanish singer José Guardiola and became a hit in Spain and Latin America in 1960.
 * 16 tons (Neapolitan version) by Italian American singer Lou Monte recorded in 1961 with both English and Italian verses
 * Italian version recorded by I Giganti, on the B-side of a 45 RPM vinyl record in 1968.
 * Brazilian composer Roberto Neves wrote the Portuguese version "Dezesseis Toneladas", first recorded by Noriel Vilela in 1971, this version is a samba with happy lyrics unrelated to the subject of the original.
 * Adriano Celentano released an Italian-language version "L'Ascensore" in 1986.
 * Polish version, called Szesnaście ton has become popular among the local sea shanty bands. Because of that the song is mistakenly treated as sea shanty classic in Poland.
 * A Chinese version called "靜心等" (Jìng Xin Deng, "Wait patiently") is a well-known hit in Taiwan, interpreted by Chinese singer 張露 (Chang Loo or Zhang Lu) and by Teresa Teng (鄧麗君, Deng Lijun).
 * Hungarian punk band Hétköznapi Csalódások recorded a cover version in 1994 called "16 000 kg=1 600 000dkg" on their album Nyaljátok ki (Kiss my).
 * Hungarian rock band Republic recorded a cover version in 1998 called "Tizenhat tonna feketeszén" ("16 tons black coal") on their album Üzenet (Message). Republic's lyrics uses lines from a Hungarian campfire song, a more literal translation of the original ballad.
 * Hungarian music composer and singer Breitner János recorded and released a cover version in 1960 called "Húsz tonna" on 7 inch record EP. The lyrics is translated from the original, but for the number of syllables the 16 tons is changed to 20 (húsz) tonna.
 * A slow, jazzy version by Finnish Turo's Hevi Gee appeared on the 1999 album Ei se mitn! as "Velkavankilaulu".
 * Serbian hard rock band Riblja Čorba recorded a cover version in 1999 called "16 noći" ("16 nights") on their album Nojeva barka.
 * July 2013, in Ukraine, the song was recorded by ukrabilly (Ukrainian folk) group "Ot Vinta!".
 * A Mexican group Hermanos Barron from Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico recorded the song in the 1980s as "16 Toneladas".
 * A Swedish version ("Sexton ton") was recorded 1956 by Cacka Israelsson and released as a B-side on the single "Tro och Kärlek". It was adapted into Swedish by Ingrid Reuterskiöld.
 * Another Swedish version ("Sexton ton") was recorded in 1970 by Gunnar Wiklund. The song is about a truckdriver who drives 16 tons of wooden crates over the border.
 * Alex To version in his 2014 concert. He sang both the original version and his mom's (Chang Loo) version.

In literature and the arts
Eric Burdon's version of "Sixteen Tons" is the opening song of the 1990 American film Joe Versus the Volcano.

Songwriter Rupert Holmes cited "Sixteen Tons" as an inspiration for his song "Timothy", about a pair of miners who are implied to have cannibalized their fellow miner when the three are trapped following a mine collapse.

The song remained popularly recognized through the 20th and early 21st centuries, used or referenced in a number of works. In the season 22 South Park episode "Unfulfilled", Ford's version of "Sixteen Tons" plays in the background of a montage of an Amazon fulfillment center, and in The Simpsons episode "Bart Gets an Elephant", "Sixteen Tons" is being played on the radio as Bart is forced by Marge to do housework. In Fallout 76, Ford's version of "Sixteen Tons" is one of the songs featured on the in-game Appalachia Radio. It is also part of the soundtrack for Season 5, Episode 3 of the TV show Fargo (TV series).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sixteen Tons


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gurudwara Singh Sabha, Carteret

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -R. fiend 17:44, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Gurudwara Singh Sabha, Carteret
I'm not sure if this facility is notable enough for inclusion in Wikipedia, its quite a local establishment. Unless it differs substantially from other gathering places of worship then it should be removed --Hooperbloob 04:41, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Even though it might be a small facility. But it's a worship house for hundreds of people. People from all over the tri-state area comes to this temple to pray. They even serves free meal daily. It should not be deleted from the Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mpabla (talk • contribs) 16:45, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 12:56, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It's got a copyvio tag on it. Nothing in the unsigned favorable comment above provides grounds for keeping by WP standards.  Once the copyright business is straightened out, I'll weakly favor deletion as not sufficiently noteworthy, unless verifiable evidence otherwise is provided.  Barno 15:36, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User:Ogo

I mostly wrote MLRP (May 2009) and Mechanism design (June 2009).

I am working on the Coase theorem.

title: User:Ogo


text:
User talk:Ogo

University of South Carolina
Hi, I was wondering if you wouldn't mind lending your opinion to a content dispute that I am currently involved in on University of South Carolina. As you know, USC has a strong rivalry with Clemson University. I feel that the athletics section of the article should discuss this rivalry, and I feel that this discussion should include a reference to the overall record between the two schools in various major sports. Other editors have disagreed, and feel that the record should not be mentioned. As it happens, Clemson leads in two of the discussed sports and USC leads in the third. I would appreciate it if you would consider lending your opinion on this issue on Talk:University of South Carolina. Thanks! Ëvilphoenix Burn! 00:41, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Ronald Reagan
IMHO, Ronald Reagan should be added to Template:Ventriloquist Dummies. But don't tell anybody I said so. Rick Norwood 01:00, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Multivariate normal distribution
In this edit you are clearly missing something. Capital X is the random variable; lower-case x is an arbitrary number. The statement concerns the conditional probability distribution of the other random variable Y given that (capital) X is equal to a specified number (lower-case) x. And notice that the expression to the right of the "=" is a function of (lower-case) x. Michael Hardy (talk) 01:53, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's right. Sorry about that. Ogo (talk) 20:57, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

License tagging for File:PPM145 joseph basel et al.pdf
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File:Stanley Reiter MDdiagram.png missing description details
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Speedy deletion nomination of File:Factual basis joseph basel etal.pdf

A tag has been placed on File:Factual basis joseph basel etal.pdf requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F10 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a file that is not an image, sound file or video clip (e.g. a Word document or PDF file) that has no encyclopedic use.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Stefan2 (talk) 13:34, 25 October 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:PPM145 joseph basel et al.pdf

A tag has been placed on File:PPM145 joseph basel et al.pdf requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F10 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a file that is not an image, sound file or video clip (e.g. a Microsoft Word document or PDF file) that has no encyclopedic use.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Hog Farm Talk 14:48, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ogo


text: File:Toby-off.png

title: File:Toby-off.png


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Fluacizine

Fluacizine, sold under the brand name Phtorazisin, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) of the phenothiazine group which is or was marketed in Russia. Unlike other phenothiazines, fluacizine is not an antipsychotic, and can actually reverse catalepsy and extrapyramidal symptoms induced by antidopaminergic agents like antipsychotics, reserpine, and tetrabenazine as well as potentiate amphetamine-induced stereotypy. It is known to act as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, antihistamine, and anticholinergic. The drug was developed in the 1960s and was marketed in the 1970s. It is the trifluoromethyl analogue of chloracizine.

title: Fluacizine


text: User talk:70.111.212.70

title: User talk:70.111.212.70


text:
Rachel Nichols

Rachel Nichols may refer to:
 * Rachel Nichols (journalist) (born 1973), American sports broadcaster
 * Rachel Nichols (actress) (born 1980), American actress

title: Rachel Nichols


text:
Salt Pan Creek

Salt Pan Creek is an urban watercourse of the Georges River catchment, located in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia.

Course and features
Salt Pan Creek rises west southwest of the suburb of Mount Lewis, within the City of Canterbury-Bankstown local government area, and flows generally south by east through Georges River local government area, before reaching its confluence with the Georges River, at Riverwood. The catchment area of the creek is approximately 26 km2, and is subject to flooding due to vegetation modification and urban development.

Vegetation in the catchment area consists of three endangered ecological species, including coastal saltmarsh, Cooks River Castlereagh Ironbark Forest, and Shale / Sandstone Transition Forest. Vegetation varies substantially throughout the catchment area and includes freshwater environments, estuarine environments, mangroves and saltmarshes, riparian and terrestrial environments, which provide important habitat for native fauna.

History
Aboriginal Australians lived on both sides of the Georges Creek for many years before the colonisation of Australia. The Salt Pan Creek area, on the northern shore of the Georges River between present-day Padstow and Riverwood is the traditional country of the Bediagal clan of the Dharug people.

Salt Pan Creek was named by early colonial settlers, who took salt from the swampland by evaporating the salt water.

From as early as 1809, the land surrounding Salt Pan Creek was the site of uprising by Indigenous Australians against colonial settlement. Tedbury, the son of Pemulwuy, an Aboriginal elder, was involved in a skirmish that saw Frederick Meredith, a European settler, injured with a spear and forced to abandon his farm. Meredith and another settler were seeking to clear and cultivate land surrounding the creek that may have been an important food source for Aboriginal people.

In the 1920s, the Aboriginal Anderson and Rowley families bought land along the creek that was not farmed owing to the fact that it was low-lying, and had large amounts of sandstone and forest. The surrounding land was similar to these two blocks, and became camps for Aboriginal people not wanting to live on Aboriginal reserves, which were controlled by the Aborigines Welfare Board. They lived by working for a variety of jobs for cash, and by using their knowledge of the flora and fauna of the area. Some sold wildflowers door-to-door; others collected the bright red gum tips and Christmas bush and sold them at the Friday night markets. They were all able to gather oysters, prawns and river fish, and there were swamp wallabies and other game which could be hunted for food. The land remained as open camping grounds for Aboriginal people until the 1930s.

Ellen and Hugh Anderson maintained contact with the Aborigines Inland Mission, and met the founders of the Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association (AAPA) in the 1920s, Aboriginal rights activist Fred Maynard and missionary Elizabeth McKenzie Hatton. In 1924, AAPA set up a safe house in Homebush, not far away, for Aboriginal girls who had left their apprenticeships.

Between 1926 and 1935, lands surrounding the creek became a focal point for Indigenous rights, as they set up squatter camps that consisted of refugee families whose traditional lands had been taken by settlers, and also those seeking to escape the Aboriginal Protection Board. The land was important because it was freehold, and therefore not under any government or missionary control, and politics was a major source of conversation at the camp.

The refugees included Bill Onus, Jack Patten, Jack(o) Campbell (from Kempsey ), Pearl Gibbs, Ted Thomas from Wallaga Lake Aboriginal Station, Bert Groves, and siblings Tom Williams Jnr and Ellen James, grandchildren of Ellen Anderson. In 1933, Joe Anderson (aka "King Burraga" ) was filmed at Salt Pan Creek by Cinesound news delivering a message about Indigenous rights.

title: Salt Pan Creek


text:
40 Greatest Hits

40 Greatest Hits may refer to:

 * 40 Greatest Hits (Hank Williams album), 1978
 * 40 Greatest Hits (Perry Como album), 1975

title: 40 Greatest Hits


text:
Who Are You? (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"Who Are You?" is the sixteenth episode of the fourth season of the American supernatural drama television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written and directed by series creator Joss Whedon and originally aired on The WB on February 29, 2000.

In the series, Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) is a Slayer, a teenage girl endowed with superhuman powers to fight evil forces. "Who Are You?" is the second half of a two-part story arc featuring the return of the rogue Slayer Faith (Eliza Dushku) and is a turning point in the character's redemptive arc. The previous episode saw Faith use a magical device to swap bodies with Buffy, and Whedon wanted to use this premise to explore Faith's psyche and give her a moral epiphany. In Buffy's body, Faith experiences love and acceptance from others and realizes how unhappy her own life is. Initially dismissive of Buffy's morality, Faith also comes to appreciate a Slayer's duty to protect others. Whedon used the phrase "Because it's wrong", said by Faith mockingly at first but with full conviction by the end, to convey her psychological transformation. The body swap premise meant that Gellar played Faith and Dushku played Buffy for much of the episode.

"Who Are You?" was watched by 4.9 million viewers. Academic analysis has focused on its commentary about morality and identity. The episode has featured highly on some retrospective Buffy rankings. Often regarded as some of the best acting of the series, critics were impressed with the way Gellar and Dushku adapted their physical and verbal mannerisms in their performances as each other's characters.

Background
Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an American supernatural drama television series that ran for seven seasons from 1997 to 2003. In the series, Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) is a Slayer, a teenage girl endowed with superhuman powers to fight vampires, demons and other evil forces. With her mother Joyce (Kristine Sutherland), she moves to the fictional town of Sunnydale where she befriends Willow Rosenberg (Alyson Hannigan) and Xander Harris (Nicholas Brendon), both of whom help her in the fight against evil. They are guided by Buffy's Watcher, Rupert Giles (Anthony Stewart Head). The group collectively refer to themselves as the Scooby Gang.

In season three, Faith (Eliza Dushku) is introduced as a new Slayer with a rough upbringing. Faith originally joins the Scooby Gang but betrays Buffy to team up with the evil Mayor (Harry Groener). Buffy and Faith fight in the season finale, which ends with Faith falling into a coma. In season four, Buffy discovers a covert military organization called the Initiative that captures and performs experiments on vampires and demons. One of their experiments is a monster known as Adam (George Hertzberg) who turns on them and escapes. Buffy also begins dating Initiative commando Riley Finn (Marc Blucas), while Willow grows closer to fellow witch Tara Maclay (Amber Benson). In the preceding "This Year's Girl", Faith awakens from her coma and uses a magical device to swap bodies with Buffy, unbeknownst to everyone else.

Plot
Following their fight, an unconscious Buffy (in Faith's body) is taken into police custody. Faith (in Buffy's body) settles into Buffy's home, giving her new body a makeover, and then using Joyce's credit card to book a plane ticket out of Sunnydale. Buffy is being transported by the police when a Watchers' Council retrieval team attacks and abducts her. Meanwhile, Faith skirts Buffy's Slayer duties and goes to the Bronze to party. She runs into Willow who introduces Tara to "Buffy", only for Faith to make fun of Tara. To keep up the pretense of being Buffy, Faith saves a woman from a vampire attack and is taken aback by the woman's gratitude. Afterwards, Faith heads to Riley's dorm and tries to initiate kinky sex with him. Riley insists on being gentle with her, and they have sex. He tells her he loves her, which sends Faith into a panic.

Back in her dorm, Tara realizes something is wrong with "Buffys aura, and she and Willow perform a ritual to find the real Buffy. Meanwhile, Buffy escapes from the Council's captivity and heads to Giles's house, where Willow and Tara give her a magical device they conjured that can switch the Slayers' bodies back. Inspired by Adam to face their fears, a group of vampires attack a church and hold its congregation hostage. Faith is about to board her flight at the airport when she sees a news report about the hostages. She goes to the church where she is able to kill most of the vampires and save the hostages. Faith is nearly overpowered by the last vampire when Buffy shows up and saves her. With the vampires gone, Buffy and Faith fight. Using Willow and Tara's device, Buffy is able to restore herself and Faith to their rightful bodies. Faith escapes and leaves town.

Production and writing
"Who Are You?" is the sixteenth episode of the fourth season of Buffy, and the seventy-second episode of the series overall. It was written and directed by series creator Joss Whedon. The script went through several revisions before it was finalized on February 2, 2000. Following "This Year's Girl", "Who Are You?" is the second half of a two-part story arc featuring the return of the rogue Slayer Faith. The body swap premise meant that Gellar played Faith and Dushku played Buffy for much of the episode, with Dushku being credited onscreen as "Buffy". To prepare for the swapped roles, producer Doug Petrie said the script gave both actresses a lot of direction, but Gellar and Dushku also studied each other's mannerisms and brought their own interpretations to the screen. The actresses did not get to watch each other's performances when they were filming, and Dushku said both she and Gellar had to place a lot of trust in Whedon, the show and the writing.

For this episode, Whedon wanted to explore what would happen if an embittered person like Faith was given the opportunity to ruin her nemesis Buffy's life but instead found her own self-concept shattered through the experience of being Buffy. Whedon explained that the phrase "Because it's wrong" was specifically written to convey the character's psychological transformation. Faith initially uses this mantra to mock Buffy's morals, first when practicing being Buffy in front of a mirror and then again when taunting Spike, but by the end she is saying it with complete sincerity as she confronts the vampires in the church. For producer Marti Noxon, the episode was also about the importance of love, and exploring what could have been had Faith been raised in a loving environment like Buffy.

According to Whedon, many viewers were shocked that the typically honorable Riley had sex with Faith even though he could sense something was amiss. Whedon explained that Riley is ultimately "just a guy" and this scenario throws a wrench in his relationship with Buffy that is "good and harsh". The "Buffy and Riley" theme, used by the show's composer Christopher Beck to underscore the couple's romantic moments, was missing in the sex scene, emphasizing that this is not the real Buffy. The episode also continues the writers' theme of using witchcraft as a metaphor for Willow and Tara's romantic relationship. The scene in which they cast a spell together was intentionally written and shot by Whedon to represent their first time having sex. The use of subtext in this manner allowed Whedon to circumvent studio restrictions regarding LGBT content.

"Who Are You?" originally aired on The WB on February 29, 2000.

Analysis
"Who Are You?" is a turning point in Faith's redemptive arc. Elyce Rae Helford, an English professor and women's studies researcher, says this arc focuses on Faith's anger as it "shifts from externalized rage with underlying self-doubt to vicious and unrelenting self-hatred".

Morality
While Faith has long envied Buffy's more privileged life, she has always held Buffy's moral obligations in contempt, believing instead that she is better off being evil than a "joyless", "stuck-up tight ass" like Buffy. Philosophy professor Karl Schudt says Faith's cynical Nietzschean view of morality is revealed in the scene where she, in Buffy's body, mocks Buffy in front of a mirror by pulling faces and repeating meaningless value statements like "Because it's wrong". While pretending to be Buffy over the course of the episode, Faith gets to experience the acceptance and admiration others have for Buffy, which Buffy herself earned through years of altruism. Academic researcher Greg Forster calls Faith's encounter with Riley the breaking point that shatters her cynical world view; having probably never experienced tenderness from a sexual partner, Faith cannot deny Riley's genuine love for Buffy. Thus, he says, Faith is forced to confront the ugly truth: being morally good has led Buffy to a happier life, while being evil has left her miserable.

Philosophy professor Dean Kowalski and Forster both draw parallels to the thought experiment put forth in book two of Plato's Republic, which asks if it is more desirable to live as a moral person who is mistaken for an immoral one (as with Buffy-as-Faith) or an immoral person who is mistaken for a moral one (Faith-as-Buffy). Both separately conclude the episode supports Plato's position that the moral person is always happier than the immoral one, as reflected by Faith's inner turmoil even as she gets to live Buffy's life.

The first sign of Faith's redemption occurs when she decides to save the hostages at the expense of her own escape. In his book Televised Morality, Gregory Stevenson says this is the moment that Faith acknowledges the emptiness of her life and accepts the moral responsibility of being a Slayer. Schudt argues that Faith has come to realize a "basic moral truth" that it is the moral duty of the strong, such as Slayers, to protect the weak, and ignoring this duty is what made her an outcast to society. In the end, Faith's self-hatred is made clear when she, in Buffy's body, batters her own face, inhabited by Buffy, yelling, "You're nothing! You're disgusting!". For Forster, Faith's self-hatred serves as her "moral awakening" because "a key feature of morally good personalities [is] that they are ashamed and angry with themselves when they do wrong".

Identity
Philosophy professor Amy Kind argues that the body swap supports Derek Parfit's psychological continuity theory of personal identity, in that it asks viewers to identify Buffy by where her psychology is, regardless of whose body it is in. In her book discussing the representation of identity in media, Caroline Ruddell writes that a key element of the episode is the way in which Buffy and Faith use each other's bodies; this in turn "allows the viewer to see who Buffy really is (despite being in Faith's body) and this is central to the notion of autonomy and identity which are two of the show's recurring themes". In Buffy's body, Faith spends significant time inspecting Buffy's appearance in a mirror and also changes her hairstyle and dresses her in darker and more revealing clothes. Ruddell says this prominent focus on Buffy's appearance, as dictated by Faith, helps the audience appreciate how different the two Slayers are given that their appearances are simply a visual representation of their contrasting personalities and beliefs.

Ruddell also analyzed the mirror scene from the perspective of the Lacanian mirror stage and how it leads to self-alienation. Namely, Faith sees Buffy's reflection in the mirror as the ideal image that she aspires to be, and her inability to be Buffy causes her to lash out. The body swap thus creates a dissonance between Faith's mind and Buffy's body, which is emphasized in the mirror scene through the use of jump cuts and later alluded to by Tara's description of "Buffys aura as "fragmented". In her chapter on Faith in Sexual Rhetoric in the Works of Joss Whedon, Pnina Moldovano rejects the idea that the body swap is a manifestation of Faith's desire to be Buffy. Rather, she argues, Faith's identity as Buffy is a performative mockery of Buffy and her stereotypical white, middle-class life. Faith-as-Buffy's actions can then be explained as her attempts to ridicule and liberate Buffy's "good" Slayer identity; from her mirror antics and leather outfit, to her overt sexuality with Spike and Riley.

In their book discussing existentialism in Whedon's works, Michael J. Richardson and J. Douglas Rabb contend that the body-swap scenario allowed Whedon to explore Jean-Paul Sartre's notion of "the Look of the Other", whereby an individual's self-identity is predicated on how others perceive them. By inhabiting Buffy's body, Faith gains an external perspective of herself such that when faced with her own body at the end, "Faith is finally seeing herself as Buffy sees her and is even harder on herself than Buffy has ever been."

Reception
The original broadcast was watched by 4.9 million viewers, making it the 86th most-watched prime time network television program for the week of February 28 to March 5, 2000.

In Jack Francis's ranking of all 144 Buffy episodes for Rolling Stone, "Who Are You?" placed 13th with Francis calling it "a beautiful and devastating arc for one of the show's most complex characters". The Mary Sue Lauren Coates said this "beautifully and brutally written" look into Faith's insecurities and fears would not have been possible without the body swap premise. In his review for The A.V. Club, Noel Murray emphasized Whedon's ability to turn the comedic scene in which Faith mocks Buffy in front of a mirror, into a touching character moment by the episode's end. GamesRadar+ Ian Sandwell and Den of Geek Michael Mammano included "Who Are You?" in their lists of the 25 best Buffy episodes; both thought the episode went beyond the typical body-swapping hijinks to deliver some insightful character development for Faith. Paste Mark Rabinowitz wrote that when watched together with "This Year's Girl", the two-parter is the "gold standard" for body-swapping storylines.

Gellar and Dushku's performances as each other's characters have been repeatedly described as among the best acting of the series. Coates said it was their acting that truly elevated the episode, citing Dushku's "remarkable" embodiment of Buffy's physical and vocal inflections, as well as the comedic and dramatic range that made Gellar the "unquestionabl[e]" standout. Francis highlighted Gellar's ability to adapt her physical demeanor to match Faith's sexual nature, along with Dushku's ability to adopt Buffy's mannerisms. Buffy scholar Nikki Stafford was impressed by the subtle characterizations the actors were able to evoke, citing Gellar's portrayal of Faith's repressed guilt and the way Dushku captures Buffy's earnest charm. Writers at Vox ranked "Who Are You?" as the 18th best Buffy episode, with Caroline Framke praising Gellar's ability to embody Dushku's body language without crossing the line into mimicry. For Mammano, the acting was commendable for the most part, but there were some out-of-character moments that were very jarring.

Other publications also included "Who Are You?" in their retrospective lists of the best Buffy episodes, including The Guardian Rebecca Nicholson (ranked 4th), TVLine (12th) and Screen Rant Julia Tilford (top 20). Besides the acting, Tilford took note of the standout dialogue and important character interactions. Nicholson and David Bianculli's only quibble was wishing the storyline had gone on for more episodes. Some commentators found the Faith–Riley sex scene problematic in retrospect, citing Buffy and Riley's lack of informed consent. Screen Rant Suzana Mihurko was irked that the show never acknowledges the sexual assault, while Coates thought it was still a powerful scene despite the assault making it difficult to sympathize with Faith. BBC Cult TV Kim took the episode as confirmation that Willow and Tara were in a same-sex relationship and liked how the show handled their romance in a nonchalant manner, neither baiting controversy nor being too "PC".

title: Who Are You? (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)


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User:Epydimis

Known for his expertise on everything related to Care Bears, Epydimis is the newest member of the Wiki community. Welcome aboard!

HE HAS THE RIGHT TO EDIT MY PROFILE. ESSJAY - YOU ARE THE VANDAL.

title: User:Epydimis


text: Talk:Helpless (play)

title: Talk:Helpless (play)


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Pacific lodge

The Pacific lodge style of architecture is based loosely on vague notions of cedar lodges and log cabin dwellings of early inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada. This style can be seen in historic National Park hotels, such as the Lake Quinault Lodge, and in the houses of some wealthier Seattleites of the timber baron era. However, most early Seattleites preferred to mimic the accepted styles of the East; to this day, historical pastiches remain more popular throughout the region.

History
The "Pacific Lodge" style of architecture is based on necessity. The homes were made out of nearby materials, which were often cedar and stone. The stone base seen in many Pacific Lodge homes is to both accent the nature around the house, as well as to protect it from snowfall and ground water. Most "Pacific Lodge" homes have unique sizes and shapes, and this is due to the fact that historically pacific lodge homes were built out of necessity. A small house was initially built and then later modified and expanded, creating a compound look.

Design
Pacific Lodge homes often feature exposed wood exteriors and interiors, high ceilings with interlocking exposed beams, and large windows. Most "Pacific Lodge" houses are large due to the fact that they have to match the massive landscapes they are often built next to or on. Large angled roofs are used to keep off snow and the elements. Most roofs extend past the house a few feet to ensure that snow and water are not falling on or near the sides of the house. "Pacific Lodge" homes can range from giant mansions to tiny cabins.

Architectural influences
The architectural style of "Pacific Lodge" homes is based on the log homes built in the northwest and national parks in the past. The biggest influence on the "Pacific Lodge" home was the lodges built in many western National Parks that still stand today. The railroad system had a huge influence on expanding the "Pacific Lodge" style of architecture as well. Buildings were needed to house both people and goods, and builders used whatever they had lying around. This led to the idea of tying houses in with nature and using locally sourced materials.

Examples

 * The Bill Gates estate is based on this style.
 * Paradise Inn in the Paradise Historic District in Paradise, Washington is based of this style.

title: Pacific lodge


text: Template:Bowling techniques sidebar

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John Arderne

John of Arderne (1307–1392) was an English surgeon, and one of the first of his time to devise some workable cures. He is considered one of the fathers of surgery, described by some as England's first surgeon and by others as the country's first "of note". Many of his treatments are still in use today. Arderne's help was given to both the rich and the poor. His view on fees was that rich men should be charged as much as possible, but poor men should be remedied free of charge. His remedies for illness are considered substantial for his time. Arderne recommended opium as a soporific and as an external anesthetic that the patient "shal sleep so that he shal feel no cutting". In his document about Fistula in ano, John of Arderne sets out not only his operative procedures but also his code of conduct for the ideal medical practitioner.

In his early life, he resided in Newark-on-Trent. It is also believed he could have lived in Nottingham. It is thought that he attended the University of Montpellier, where he was a scholar of the ancients. He was in London by 1370 when he is thought to have been admitted as a member of the Guild of Surgeons. He saw active military service in the Hundred Years' War in the army of Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster, and John of Gaunt. He fought also at the Siege of Algeciras (1342-1344), one of the first European battles in which gunpowder was used; the injuries he saw there informed his medical writings for three decades. He referred to himself as a Master Surgeon in his works.

He developed several treatments for knights, most notably for an infliction called "Fistula In Ano", a condition where a large, painful lump appears between the base of the spine and the anus, caused by long amounts of time sitting on a horse. He could successfully cut this lump out, and described how to do so in a historical document which still remains. In technical terms, the Fistula in Ano, without any regard to the strict definition of the word, is understood to be an abscess, running upon, or into the Intestinum Rectum; though an abscess in this part, when once ruptured, does generally, if neglected, grow callous in its cavity and edges, and become at last what is properly called a fistula. (This condition is now diagnosed as a sacrococcygeal fistula, more commonly known as a pilonidal cyst.) He also created an ointment for arrow wounds and clysters made out of hemlock, opium and henbane in 1376.

In 1392, Arderne died at the age of 85. He did not have an heir in his will.

title: John Arderne


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User talk:Epydimis

Do we need to keep our eyes on you? We shall rip out your epididymides with a grapefruit spoon if need be. Paul Klenk

title: User talk:Epydimis


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lionhearts

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete, blanked by creator. Thue | talk 18:38, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Lionhearts
nn-band. if we had a speedy criterion for bands this would surely qualify. Delete. DES (talk) 04:51, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agreed Groeck 06:54, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete LOL - POV issues too Ryan Norton T 06:58, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Paul Klenk 10:06, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Patmid

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 04:51, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
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title: User talk:Patmid


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Bülow

Bülow or Bulow is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

People

 * Bülow family, a noble family from Germany (has links to Wikipedia articles of family members named "von Bülow")
 * bülow (singer), or Megan Bülow (born 1999), German-Canadian singer
 * Aadel Bülow-Hansen (1906–2001), Norwegian physiotherapist
 * Alexander Bülow (1905–unknown), SS guard
 * Anders Bülow (born 1994), Danish cricketer
 * Anna Bülow (died 1519), Swedish writer and translator
 * Bernhard von Bülow (1849–1929), German statesman
 * Bernhard-Viktor Christoph-Carl von Bülow German cartoonist
 * David Bulow (1980–2021), American soccer player
 * Franz Joseph von Bülow (1861–1915), German writer
 * Hans von Bülow (1830–1894), German conductor, pianist, and composer
 * Johan Bülow Wamberg (1786–1852), Norwegian politician
 * Kai Bülow (born 1986), German footballer
 * Karen Bulow (1899–1982), Danish-Canadian artist
 * Karl von Bülow (1846–1921), German field marshal
 * Marco Bülow (born 1971), German politician
 * Melissa Bulow (born 1980), Australian cricketer
 * Vivianna Torun Bülow-Hübe (1927–2004), Swedish silversmith
 * William J. Bulow (1869–1960), United States Senator, Governor of South Dakota

Places

 * Bülow, Germany, a municipality in the district of Parchim, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
 * Bulow Creek State Park, Florida State park near Ormond Beach
 * Bulow Plantation Ruins Historic State Park, Florida State Park in Flagler Beach
 * Bulows Minde, United States Virgin Islands, settlement on Saint Croix, US Virgin Islands

Ship

 * Bülow, a German steamship built in 1906

title: Bülow


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Corn Island (disambiguation)

Corn Island refers to the municipality of the Corn Islands, two islands off Nicaragua, and Great Corn Island, one of these islands.

Corn Island may also refer to:

 * Corn Island (film), a 2014 Georgian film
 * Corn Island (Kentucky), a former island in the Ohio River, Ky, U.S.
 * Corn Island (Massachusetts), an island in Essex Country, Mass, U.S.

title: Corn Island (disambiguation)


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Soft skills

Soft skills, also known as power skills, common skills, essential skills, or core skills, are psychosocial skills generally applicable to all professions. These include critical thinking, problem solving, public speaking, professional writing, teamwork, digital literacy, leadership, professional attitude, work ethic, career management and intercultural fluency. This is in contrast to hard skills, which are specific to individual professions.

The word "skill" highlights the practical function. The term alone has a broad meaning, and describes a particular ability to complete tasks ranging from easier ones like learning how to kick a ball to harder ones like learning to be creative. In this specific instance, the word "skill" has to be interpreted as the ability to master hardly controlled actions.

History
The term "soft skills" was created by the U.S. Army in the late 1960s. It refers to any skill that does not employ the use of machinery. The military realized that many important activities were included within this category, and in fact, the social skills necessary to lead groups, motivate soldiers, and win wars were encompassed by skills they had not yet catalogued or fully studied. Since 1959, the U.S. Army has been investing a considerable amount of resources into technology-based development of training procedures. In 1968 the U.S. Army officially introduced a training doctrine known as "Systems Engineering of Training" covered in the document CON Reg 35 -100-1.

PG Whitmore cited the CON Reg 350-100-1 definition: "job-related skills involving actions affecting primarily people and paper, e.g., inspecting troops, supervising office personnel, conducting studies, preparing maintenance reports, preparing efficiency reports, designing bridge structures."

In 1972, a US Army training manual began the formal usage of the term "soft skills". At the 1972 CONARC Soft Skills Conference, Dr. Whitmore presented a report aimed at figuring out how the term "soft skills" is understood in various CONARC schools. After designing and processing a questionnaire, experts formulated a new tentative definition: "Soft skills are important job-related skills that involve little or no interaction with machines and whose application on the job is quite generalized."

They further criticized the state of the concept then as vague with a remark "in other words, those job functions about which we know a good deal are hard skills and those about which we know very little are soft skills." Another immediate study by them also concluded in a negative tone.

Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey famously stated that social intelligence, rather than qualitative intelligence, defines humans. Many industries today give prominence to the soft skills of their employees. Some companies now offer professional training of soft skills to their employees.

Concept
Soft skills are personal attributes that enable someone to interact effectively. These skills can include social graces, communication abilities, language skills, personal habits, cognitive or emotional empathy, time management, teamwork and leadership traits. A definition based on review literature explains soft skills as an umbrella term for skills under three key functional elements: people skills, social skills, and personal career attributes.

The importance of soft skills lies in the fact that they are not restricted to a specific field. These thinking dispositions consist of a group of abilities that can be used in every aspect of people's lives, without any need to readapt them based on the situation. Their ductility helps “people to adapt and behave positively so that they can deal effectively with the challenges of their professional and everyday life”. Soft skills make people flexible in a world which keeps changing.

Interest in soft skills has increased over the years. The more research that is conducted, the more people understand the relevance of this concept. The huge amount of fund companies and worldwide organizations are investing in the training and development of this field shows this interest. The European Commission launched the program Agenda for new skills and jobs in 2012 in order to train and explain to young adults this new set of skills.

In the 21st century, soft skills are a major differentiator, a sine qua non for employability and success in life. The Nobel Prize-winning economist James Heckman claims that “soft skills predict success in life, that they casually produce that success, and that programs that enhance soft skills have an important place in an effective portfolio of public policies”. The significance employers give to the topic is shown by the fact that soft skills are now as important as GPA (once considered the most important factor in making decisions) in hiring a new worker.

The high request, and the broadly diffused confusion about the meaning and the training of soft skills represent two elements that can explain the lack of soft skills in the job market. Employers struggle to find leaders and worker able to keep up with the evolving job market. The problem is not limited to young people who are looking for a job, but also for actual employees. A 2019 survey by the Society for Human Resource Management found that three-quarters of employers have a hard time finding graduates with the soft skills their companies need.

Versus hard skills
“Hard skills include technical or administrative competence”. Soft skills are commonly used to “refer to the “emotional side” of human beings in opposition to the IQ (Intelligence Quotient) component related to hard skills". Hard and soft skills are usually defined as similar concepts or complements. This fact demonstrates how these two different types of abilities are strictly related.

Hard skills were the only skills necessary for career employment and were generally quantifiable and measurable from an educational background, work experience or through interview. Success at work seemed to be related solely to the technical ability of completing tasks. For this reason, employer and companies used to hire new people based only on their objective competencies. This clarifies why nowadays people with good soft skills are in such shorter supply than workers with good hard skills.

The trend has changed in the last years, in part due to more businesses adopting a hybrid work environment. Hard skills still represent a fundamental aspect, but soft skills equaled them for importance. According to the leadership professor Robert Lavasseur, most of the researchers he interviewed in this field  “rated soft skills higher than technical skills”. Studies by Stanford Research Institute and the Carnegie Mellon Foundation among Fortune 500 CEOs confirm this idea establishing that 75% of long term job success resulted from soft skills and only 25% from technical skills (Sinha, 2008). Another study found that 80% of achievements in career are determined by soft skills and only 20% by hard skills.

In employment sectors that have seen rapid growth, employers have stated that newly graduated employees possess a skill gap. This skill gap resides between soft and hard skills, these newly graduated employees possess the hard skills required and expected, but are lacking the soft skills. Research shows the effect of poorer soft skills on life outcomes, and how improving these can fill skills gaps or increase individuals' own life circumstances.

Measurement
Studies by the OECD in 2015 suggested soft skills can be meaningfully measured within cultural and linguistic boundaries. Such measures include a combination of methods that include self-reported personality, behavioural surveys and objective psychological assessments. These measurements can be improved by collecting data from multiple sources across learning contexts such as the school environment, family context and the wider community and triangulating the data (OECD, 2015).

This is because surveys can be subject to bias and having multiple sources such as self, teacher, peer and parental reporting can provide unique perspectives on student's skills as well as infer latent personality (John and De Fruyt, 2014). In addition, anchoring vignettes is another a method that can be implemented to lessen biases and increase data quality as well as improve cross-cultural comparability of soft skill assessments (King, Murray, Salomon, and Tandon, 2003; Kyllonen and Bertling, 2014 ). Frameworks have been developed to measure and progress in essential soft skills, such as the Universal Framework for Essential Skills.

Education
Because of their rising importance, the need to teach soft skills has become a major concern for educators and employers all over the world. Because soft skills are poorly defined, teaching them is more challenging, compared to classical skills. For this reason, the first step consists of understanding how to evaluate them, so that educators can track student progress.

As for teaching, evaluating soft skills is harder than technical skills. “Quizzes or exams cannot accurately measure interpersonal and leadership skills”. Group projects seem to be a good way to develop soft skills, but evaluating them still represents a hard obstacle. Researchers consider peer evaluation a good compromise between working in groups and an objective evaluation. The researches conducted on this topic reported both positive and negative results. The study carried out by professor Zhang of Georgia Southern University, although with few participants, “is an initial step in designing and validating a peer assessment scale”.

“The development of soft skills is much more difficult than the development of hard skills because it requires actively interacting with others on an ongoing basis and being willing to accept behavioral feedback”. While hard skills can be learned studying from a book or from individual training, soft skills needs a combination of environment and other people to be mastered. For this reason, learning doesn't depend solely on the person, but it is influenced by different factors that make the education harder and unpredictable.

Training transfer, “defined as the extent to which what is learned in training is applied on the job and enhances job-related performance”, is another reason why the education of soft skills is hard. “Prior research and anecdotal evidence has emphasized that soft-skills training is significantly less likely to transfer from training to job than hard-skills training”. This forces companies and organizations to invest more money and time in training, and not all are willing to do it.

The OECD ‘'Future of Education and Skills 2030’' report released in 2019 highlighted the growing importance of soft skills in education due to trends such as globalization and rapid advancements in technology and artificial intelligence, which demand changes of the labor market and the skills future workers require in order to succeed. It says, "to remain competitive, workers will need to acquire new skills continually, which requires flexibility, a positive attitude towards lifelong learning and curiosity".

Research has been conducted investigating the transfer of soft skills and knowledge through formats such as play (DeKorver, Choi and Town, 2017 ) as well as project-based learning (Lee and Tsai, 2004 ). Another key finding from the literature is that in order to maximize benefits of soft skills over the long-term, they should be focused on young children particularly from the age of 1 – 9 years old. Nobel prize winners Heckman and Kautz (2012 ) provided evidence of this in their analysis of the Perry Preschool Soft Skills program, where they found how personality traits can be changed in ways that produce beneficial life outcomes. The program involved teaching social skills to 3 and 4-year-old children from low income black families with initial IQ scores below 85 at age 3. 128 children participated in the four year high-quality preschool education program which emphasized active learning. The children were involved in activities designed to develop their decision making and problem solving skills and that were planned, executed and reviewed by the children themselves with support from adults. Teachers also paid weekly 1.5 hour visits to each student's home to involve the mother in the educational process and help implement the preschool curriculum at home.

This longitudinal study was evaluated using randomized controlled trials (RCT). It was found that the group which experienced the enrichment preschool program compared to the control group which didn't participate had significantly more positive life outcomes than their peers by the age of 40. This included that 60% of the program group earned more per year (over US$20,000) as compared to the 40% that the non-program group. In addition, 77% of the program group graduated high school whereas only 60% of the non-program group graduated. Other life outcomes included program school participants were less likely to get arrested, owned their own home and car and had fewer teenage pregnancies (Heckman and Kautz, 2012 ). Evidence from other studies are consistent with the findings from the Perry Preschool Program, such as data from Project STAR (Student/Teacher Achievement Ratio) carried out by Krueger and Whitmore (2001 ) and Project PATHS (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies) that teaches self-control, emotional awareness and social-problem skills aimed at elementary school children (Bierman et al., 2010 ). Both studies have found implementing soft skills education to small groups of children at a young age have led to significantly higher wages in early adulthood compared to their peers and other lifetime successes (Dee and West, 2011; Durlak et al., 2011 ).

IBM SkillsBuild has soft skills training courses.

Metacognition
The same OECD report emphasized the importance of metacognitive skills for lifelong learning. Metacognition amounts to thinking about one's thinking. More specifically, it refers to the processes used to assess one's understanding. It includes critical thinking, reflection, and awareness of oneself as a thinker and a learner (Chick, 2013). With increasing automation, purely cognitive or professional skills no longer suffice to navigate this VUCA world (volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous) (Yeo, 2019, OECD 2015.

Employment
According to the OECD's Skills Outlook 2019 report, life-long learning or metacognition, is becoming more necessary for employment and for handling a future environment of increased uncertainty. The report states, ‘humans are likely to be able to handle uncertainty better than AI,’ as an artificial intelligence can complete specific tasks efficiently, but cannot be easily programmed to account for the uncertainty and unexpected complexity encountered in working with humans or for human customers. Put another way, soft skills are very difficult to code. In contrast, humans can respond more readily to uncertainty, volatility, complexity, and ambiguity, through being adaptable learners and being able to readily adopt, develop, and discard their beliefs and their understanding of the world, when given a new context (OECD, 2019 ). That said, humans sometimes fail to adapt productively, and machines, in many cases, lack those capacities entirely (Laukkonen, Biddell and Gallagher, 2018 ).

Criticism
While "soft skills" have become increasingly taught in educational programs worldwide, some scholars have shown the inconsistent usage of the term, as well as the ways it is used to control, rather than empower, employees. Deborah Cameron, for example, shows that the growing focus on "communication" skills among service providers in the UK has limited workers' forms of expression and produced uniform conversational codes. Kori Allan demonstrates that state-run integration programs for new immigrants in Canada, employ the focus on soft skills so that individuals adopt the interpersonal cultural norms of Canadian society. In China, the Ministry of Education has sought to promote students' self-expression and communicational skills at the expense of exam-driven learning, yet the difficulty in measuring these abilities, and moreover the fact that these abilities are more easily identified among the urban elite rather than democratically accessible, has curtailed much of these efforts. As Gil Hizi shows, rather than being treated as objectively recognized abilities necessary for the job market, people in China who foster soft skills regard themselves as becoming more individualistic and cosmopolitan in contrast to the demands of their local culture.

title: Soft skills


text:
Talk:Funan

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Pghod, Rhsong012, Owenmolly, Rachellefb. Peer reviewers: Tagropp, Loeraas.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:56, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Please Remove the Austronesian Hypothesis
The cited source is from 1960 and is generally not a widely held view. Also, its contents about Dong Son contradicts the Dog Son article. There is very little evidence of an Austronesian culture in southern Cambodia, please take the time to read all the publications about neolithic Cambodia. Joshotoken (talk) 23:06, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

this aricle needs a map
A map of the areal extent of Funan and its major sites, in relation to Mainland South East Asia is urgently needed. John D. Croft 03:00, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Funan and Cambodia
Funan (Southern China) is absolutely not Khmer-Cambodia (Jampa)BECAUSE until 550 A.D.,. Jampa (Khmer-Cambodia) was still under Funan. Funan is the pre-Vietnamese (probably) or the Mongoloid-southern Chinese, which became (part of)Thai-Lao-(part of)Cambodia and Vietnam nowadays.

 * Sorry, I have no real idea what your comment means. Champa, my best guess at what you mean by Jampa, formed after Funan by a process of colonisation from northern Borneo. Funan was an Indianised kingdom culturally, ethnically and linguistically distinct the Vietnamese and southern Chinese. Indeed at the time of its foundation the Han Chinese themselves were still consolidating their position south of the Huang He. The Lao are a subset of the Tai peoples and the Tai migration into Southeast Asia was in its infancy. Please discuss with citations before further major changes. Alan 16:07, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

There is no evidence to suggest that the Funanese were anything but Khmer, at least that's the general consensus among archaeologists. That's not to say that they were definitely Khmer, but it's assumed they were, culturally there's continuity between Funan and Chenla which was certainly Khmer.. the suggestion that they were Vietnamese or Han Chinese is unrealistic, its an attempt to distort history. If you're talking about Champa (I don't know what 'Jampa' is) they're a different cultural, ethnic and linguistic group completely from the Khmer. DMPineau

anyone out there?
anyone still work on this?--Dangerous-Boy 19:08, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope. But someone should. PiCo 04:19, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Funan as State and empire
I deleted a reference to Funan as an empire with control over much of Southeast Asia. The concensual view today is that Funan wasn't even a unified state, let alone an empier; and the map was based on pure fantasy. PiCo 04:57, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thats o.k as long as you have evidence. Do you have any?  You're  likely thinking about chenla because Funan was unified until its fall. Chenla split into two diffrent states. CanCanDuo 03:29, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The material in the article was/is based in part on a website dating from 1987 - a bit old. The concept of Funan as a unitary empire was based on supposition - the actual evidence about Funan is very thin, just some archaeological material from Oc Eo and nearby sites plus the Chinese records. Mpre recent books -those from the last five years or so - tend to be moer cautious in their interpretatoins, and less inclined to take the Chinese at face value. Unfortunately I'm based in Phnom Penh, and the books are in Bangkok. You can revert if you like, and I'll get my references on my next trip over. PiCo 04:00, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I did some research. It agrees with you that Funan was not a unified empire but it does have vast territories.  I've found a map that somewhat agrees with this.  http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/seasia/cambodia3rdc.GIF  The best way to document Funan is from later periods, it being mentioned in Chenlaen text. CanCanDuo 04:03, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you know where that map comes from - who produced it, and when? Since I don't have my references at the moment, I'll hold off for a bit. PiCo 04:10, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/seasia/haxcambodia.html This is a website mainly concentrated on maps of countries and continents of the world.  It doesn't seem to be bias toward anyone and every map there are based on actual evidence.

CanCanDuo 04:19, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm sure it has no bias, I just wonder how up to date and well-based it is, especially for historical maps on a ergion about which there's so little information in the historical record. But let's wait till I get to the books. PiCo 04:22, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I did some book reading, and it seems that Funan may have been a collection of states similar to ancient Greece. However, archaeological digs at Angkor Borey have revealed collasped brick structures dating way before the 4th century.  At another site, glass pigments import from India, and Candi pottery from Sri Lanka have been found dating back to the first century.  Funan may have been older than previously thought because a man made canal system dating to the first century showed extensive human settlement around the area dating back to the 4th century B.C.  It may be that Funan existed before Indianization, but gained importance from the silk road trade via the ocean between China and India. CanCanDuo 01:38, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

(Reducing indent) hat's pretty much how I also understand contemporary archaeologists underestand Funan - not an empire but a collection of small polities sharing a common culture. I believe the idea of an empire comes from the fact that the early Chinese visitors seemed to describe it as such - but they came from a country which really was a vast empire, and may have imposed their preconceptions (quite unconsciously) on what actually existed. As for the map showing Funan extanding across lower Thailand to the Kra isthmus, that seems to have its origins ni the Chinese description of Funan as extending x li - I don't have the books in front of me and so can't give details, but I believe that the Chinese measurement would indeed stretch from Vietnam to modern Malaysia...an empire indeed... but how accurate? PiCo 08:31, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Old hypothesis
That part of Funan rulers fleeing to Java and related to the Sailendras is deleted. There is no evidence for it. It was a hypothesis of George Coedes (1934,  following a speculation of Louis Finot ). Because some works of Coedes' are more easy to get in libraries, this theory is  sometimes published on certain sites. One argument of Coedes was that the Sailendra title could have been related to the 'lord of mountain 'title in Cambodia. Several Cambodia scholars, for example C. Jacques, L. P.  Briggs  and Michael Vickery,have already pointed out the mistakes. For example : Michael Vickery ;

"Louis Finot speculated that the Funan kings were entitled Kurung Bnam, 'king of the mountain' but as Claude Jacques has shown, there is no basis for it. In fact we have no idea of the titles of funan rulers besides 'Hun' , 'Fan' and -varman." (2003:103 ) " As noted above, there is no evidence of the title 'mountain king 'for the Funan rulers", nor were the last ones more Buddhist than Hindu". ( 2003 :132-133 )

references :

CoEdes, G., "On the origins of the Sailendras of Indonesia ", Journal of the Greater India society, I (1934), pp 61-70

Vickery, M. "Funan reviewed: Deconstructing the Ancients ", Bulletin de l' Ecole Francaise d' Extreme Orient, 90-91 (2003-2004 ), pp. 101-143

A. Post-Muller 22:37, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Did you make a references to this old hypothesis in the article? Enlil Ninlil 23:56, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Kambuja

 * Even though its cited, no modern scholars can infer any relation between the two people due to lack of genetic data and lack of actual textual inscriptions that link the Indianised Khmer and the Kambuja. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.201.149.91 (talk) 01:22, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

I agree and think that the section on the Kambujas should be deleted. This article is about the polity of Funan. The section does not draw a plausible connection between the Kambujas of India and Funan. Any attempt to claim such a connection would be on the basis of no evidence whatsoever. DoktorMax (talk) 17:06, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Funan and the Khmers
This article takes the position that the people of Funan were Khmer. This position is contested and is no more plausible than the competing views: that they were Mon or some other Austro-Asiatic group, or that they were Cham or some other Austronesian group. I think the article should be changed so as not to suggest that Funan was a Khmer polity. Also, the second infobox is problematic. For example, where does the date of 68 A.D. come from that is given as the earliest date for Funan? Where does the information come from about the first "capital" of Funan? Finally, the article asserts that the name "Funan" is related to the khmer "phnom" meaning "mountain;" this too is a speculative hypothesis that should not be presented as fact. DoktorMax (talk) 18:44, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

@ Dokter Max : I agree it should be changed. Wether the early Funanese were mostly Mon-Khmer or Austronesian is the subject of much discussion among specialists. This dispute should be mentioned in a neutral way, without favouring any one at the moment.

A. Post-Muller (talk) 20:35, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

What proof do you have to claim Funan as Austronesian! Do you have any proof instead all talk! At least there was clear evidence that the Funanese spoke khmer! The oldest khmer inscriptions not in sanskrit dates to 611 and that time Funan didn't completely disappear yet! King Isanvarman completely absorbed it during his reign in the 7th century! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.97.190.245 (talk) 04:24, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Please remove the Austronesian claim! It has nothing to do with Austronesian! REMOVE IT NOWWWWW!!! TELL THE FREAKING MAYALSIAN PEOPLE TO STOP CLAIMING OUR HISTORY! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.128.144.74 (talk) 01:43, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi, I'm a Malaysian and while we learn about Funan in our history text books, we have never associated them as part of our history. Unlike the Thai, we're not too keen on claiming things that are not ours without well-grounded proofs. So please, keep us Malaysians out of this dispute. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.82.92.107 (talk) 17:36, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

I think that at present the topic may be presented better, without focusing too much on the ethnical pov. The article lacks much more in some other points, e.g. no mention of LOMAP and vietnamese archeological research, the 1st note is poor, datings are poor, presenting some Coedès' hyphotesys that have been discarded by French scholars decades ago is poor (Vyadhapura, Funan<-phnom, why don't we cite Coedès' indianization or Boisselier's speculative hyphotesys at this point?). Funan at present is poorly understood and we have still scarce archeological evidence, that is a fact. We don't know even if it was a state, so why the main dispute or point has to be if it was a Nation state? And what we are talking about? The share of Mon-Khmer between inhabitants, really? If you want these kind of answers, you need genetic analisys and similar (I don't think LOMAP have similar goals, see http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Pietrusewsky/angkorborei/index.html). Vickery's quotation, without the previous phrase, seems too much a placebo for nationalistic questions (as mentioning the matter almost compulsively). BTW Vickery says there is no evident discontinuity between Funan and pre-Angkor, but he's not an art historian (quick references: Lương Ninh, From Funan statue, Khảo cổ học, 2005; Kwa Chong Guan's chapter in "Art & Archaeology of Fu Nan"; some articles on glass industry). If Funan was based on maritime trade and spreaded from Chao Praya basin to Central Vietnam, it is obvious that Austronesians had played some role in it (I don't mean numerically, it should not be a count by heads), and this doesn't put in danger in any way the "khmericity" of Cambodia and its history (which I fond of, BTW). --Riccardo.fabris (talk) 12:09, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

naming "Funan" and "Oc Eo"
Someone has gone through the article and replaced "Funan" with "Fúnán," using diacritics. I think this is incorrect. This article is in English. In English, diacritics are not used. The letters "ú" and "á" do not exist in English. Hence, in English the correct spelling is "Funan." Moreover, someone is claiming that "Oc Eo" is not the "correct" spelling of the place in southern Vietnam where excavations have resulted in the discovery of a substantial commercial settlement. Someone is proposing "O'ceo" or something like that as the "correct" spelling. I think this is wrong. In Vietnamese, the place is called "Óc Eo." In English, which does not use diacritics, the best spelling might be "Oc Eo." The spelling "O'ceo" is completely unprecedented. It cannot be an ancient spelling, because the ancient people of Funan certainly did not use the Latin alphabet. All the writings we have from Funan are in Sanskrit. None of those writings include any place-names that can confidently be identified with the archeological ruins at Oc Eo.

 * According to current Wikipedia standards for Chinese, this is not incorrect. Funan is a Chinese word and not an English word, and diacritics in Pinyin are meant for accuracy in the same way that umlauts are preserved for German, or an accent would be used in French. Chinese is a highly toned language, and the word "Funan" without the proper Pinyin tone marks gives little indication of how to actually say the word. Tengu800 23:47, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I respectfully disagree. This is an entry in an English-language encyclopedia, not in an encyclopedia of pinyin.  All of the entries should be English words.  That means, all of the entries should be words consisting of characters that are used in the English language.  "Funan" is the English word used to designate the polity that flourished in the Mekong Delta and southern Cambodia in the early centuries of the Common Era.  "Fúnán" is not an English word, and ordinary English speakers would have no idea as to how to pronounce it, since it includes diacritics that do not belong to English.  The analogy to German is a good one.  The umlaut is not used in English and is not a part of any English word.  Thus, the city that is called "München" is German is called "Munich" in English.  References in English writing to this city ought to use the English word "Munich."  The analogy to French is also good.  The accent aigu is not used in English and is not part of any English word.  Thus, the conquering hero of Austerlitz who is called "Napoléon" in French is called "Napoleon" (no accent aigu) in English.  References to this conquering hero in English writing ought to use the English word "Napoleon" and not the French "Napoléon."

 * Perhaps you do not realize that Funan is not an English word in any way, nor was it ever. It was always Chinese. It is a Chinese word being used in an English context. English standards or conventions are unrelated to Chinese transliteration, and there is no real interaction between these two. Use of a foreign word in some context does not change the correctness of the transliteration of that word. For example, "Napoleon" is not an English word or an English name. It is a French name used in English, but the common convention has been to omit the diacritic. There is no rule about this, though, and especially not for Chinese names and terms used in English Wikipedia. Tengu800 12:45, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

 * "Funan" is an English word derived from a word in a foreign language (Chinese), which may in turn be a word derived from another foreign language (perhaps Khmer or Austronesian). But "Funan" is an English word, not a "Chinese word" or a "Khmer word" or an "Austronesian word."  The English word "Funan" is derived from two Chinese characters that appear in historical sources, and represents an English approximation of what scholars take to be the historical pronunciation of these two characters.  Since the English word "Funan" exists, it should be used in an English-language article about Funan.

 * Many English words are derived from words in foreign languages. "Graph" is an English word that is derived from a Greek word; but it is not a "Greek word."  It is an English word.  When one writes English, one should use English words, including words derived from Greek and other languages.  One should use the English alphabet and associated symbols. One should not, in general, use foreign words or foreign symbols.  (How bizarre would it be if people used Greek letters and symbols instead of the English word "graph" in an English text talking about the graph of a parabola, for example?)  When one has to use a foreign word that has no equivalent in English, one should put it in italics.

 * Pinyin is a modern invention. Funan is much older than Pinyin.  Nobody associated with Funan ever used Pinyin to talk or write about the country.  No Chinese scholar of the first millenium ever used Pinyin to talk or write about Funan, or to talk or write about anything else for that matter.  There is absolutely nothing that specially connects the country of Funan with Pinyin.  There is nothing especially privileged about Pinyin that would require a person, in an English article, to substitute the Pinyin word for the English word "Funan."

 * The reality is that this article, which is supposed to be in the English language, has a particularly bizarre appearance to English-speakers. (O'ceo? Fúnán?)  The key words in this article are written using symbols that are not part of English.  Ordinary English speakers have no way of figuring out even an approximate pronunciation.  However, the point of this article is to communicate in English.  It is not to create an impression of bizarreness or unintelligibility.  Hence, the article should be rewritten with the objective of communicating in English.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 113.22.210.15 (talk) 02:48, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

 * This is actually wrong. Pinyin is not an approximation of Chinese in English, and there is nothing English about Pinyin transliteration. In fact, Pinyin uses many diacritics not contained in English, and its letters often have completely different pronunciations than their equivalents in English. For example, "Q" makes a "ch" sound. Pinyin was developed as a romanization system for Chinese, not specific to any foreign language such as English. Tengu800 11:48, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Nobody ever said that Pinyin is an approximation of English. It seems that we've left the original topic.   But your point is a good one: Pinyin is not a good starting point for transcribing Chinese into English.  To the naive reader of an English-language encyclopedia, Pinyin can be positively misleading on questions of pronunciation.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 113.22.206.75 (talk) 12:15, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

Mysterious article
...mysterious because of two reasons - it is probably impossible to add anything else of concern to the article - and - the text is rather well supported with internal and (good quality) external sources...so why START CLASS

...because of the style? the whole article is a bit drawn out, though i have the feeling...BUT!!! - honestly - this can't be the reason for such a low rating.

If there is anyone out there, who has anything to say about this - please talk to me.

ATBWikirictor (talk) 12:53, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

 * OK - why not talking to myself. The content is from this benevolent person at the Indology faculty in Bonn university. needs some sorting, though.Wikirictor (talk) 17:40, 31 December 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 4 February 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Dab page moved to Funan (disambiguation). Jenks24 (talk) 12:06, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

Funan (Southeast Asia) → Funan – per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. As a major former country in Southeast Asia, the Funan Kingdom has far more long-term significance than Funan County or Funan Mall. Google books results for Funan are mostly about the country. Zanhe (talk) 20:04, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Note that Funan was the title of the article from its creation till this move in 2009.  —  AjaxSmack   19:08, 5 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Support Seems to be most certainly the primary topic AusLondonder (talk) 04:20, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Funan country info box
This info box for Funan is completely unsourced. Which is not surprising, as hardly anything in it is correct. WHich again is not surprising, as Funan wasn't a country, it was a region and a period. If sources can't be provided within the next seven days I'll delete it. PiCo (talk) 05:29, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

Tagropp's Peer Review
In etymology, it would be helpful to include the English pronunciation of "Funan" since it is translated in Middle Chinese.

The History section is very detailed and provides a lot of information to readers.

More information in the "Legacy" section would be interesting- explain "king of the mountain"

Overall, the page is very, very informative.

The sources part of the page is less weighted than the rest of the page, but I do not see this as an issue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tagropp (talk • contribs) 21:36, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

Nothing is known
I feel like the lead of the article is focused more on what is not known than what is known. Other sites talk about how it was the 'first Southeast Asian civilization', 'first important Hinduized state in Southeast Asia', or 'the precursor of all later Southeast Asian cultures', or something that explains why scholars are interested in it. The lead gives off the feeling that it is notable solely because we know nothing about it. It gets to the point where it disrupts comprehension of the subject. — Mr. Guye (talk) (contribs)  22:21, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

68 and 627
Why are the years 68 and 627 listed in the infobox, then mentioned nowhere in the text of the article? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 15:52, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

Lead should be re-written
The lead contains a good summary on the historiography of Funan but a lead should be a summary of the entire article, not just one section. Should change this Danial Bass (talk) 01:16, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Funan


text:
National Postal Mail Handlers Union

The National Postal Mail Handlers Union (NPMHU) is a progressive labor union representing more than 50,000 Mail Handler craft members in United States Postal Service facilities across the United States.

History
The union was founded in New Jersey on August 7, 1912, as the National Association of Postal Mail Laborers of the United States, representing guards and messengers in addition to laborers. By 1925, the union had 1,023 members. In 1937, it was chartered by the American Federation of Labor, as the National Association of Post Office and Railway Mail Laborers.

The union renamed itself as the National Association of Postal Mail Handlers in 1947. It transferred to the new AFL–CIO in 1955, and by 1957 had grown to 9,000 members. Also in 1955, it lengthened its name, to become the National Association of Post Office and Postal Transportation Service Mail Handlers, Watchmen and Messengers. On May 14, 1968, with 32,800 members, it merged into the Laborers' International Union of North America.

Purpose
The NPMHU is a national organization of employees dedicated to advancing the interests of its members and their families. The primary purpose of the Union is to negotiate and enforce a National Agreement with the U.S. Postal Service, a contract that establishes wages, cost-of-living adjustments and other pay increases, working conditions, and fringe benefits for all workers within its jurisdiction. The Union also protects workers’ rights by representing them in day-to-day problems on the job, like discipline, violations of seniority, discrimination, or other management abuse, and addresses such work-place concerns as safety, health, and the impact of technological change.

Governance
Mail Handler members belong to a local union, with jurisdiction in their city, town, or area. Locals elect their own officers and conduct their own day-to-day business. They negotiate a Local Memorandum of Understanding to supplement the National Agreement on certain local concerns.

Nationally, NPMHU has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., to administer the Union and to implement programs and policies mandated by the Constitution and the National Executive Board. The national resident officers include the National President and the National Secretary-Treasurer.

Affiliations
The NPMHU is a division of the Laborers' International Union of North America, both of which are members of the AFL-CIO federation. The Mail Handlers are also affiliated with the Communications International Union and the Postal Employees Relief Fund.

S. 1507
On Thursday, July 30, 2009, the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee voted 12–1 in favor of S. 1507 (Postal Service Retiree Health Benefits Funding Reform Act of 2009), which would provide financial relief to the Postal Service. An amendment, offered by Sen. Tom Coburn (R-OK), requiring the arbitrator to take into consideration the financial health of the Postal Service when deciding Postal Union contracts, was added prior to its passage. Sen. Joe Lieberman (ID-CT), chairman of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs, and Sen. Tom Carper (D-DE), chairman of the subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government information, Federal Services and International Security, supported the amendment, and voted with committee Republicans for its adoption. The American Postal Workers Union, the National Association of Letter Carriers, the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association and the NPMHU have all voiced opposition to S. 1507 with the inclusion of the arbitrator amendment.

Presidents

 * Charles E. Gibson
 * c.1940: Harold McAvoy
 * Lonnie Johnson
 * William H. Quinn
 * John F. Hegarty
 * Paul V. Hogrogian

title: National Postal Mail Handlers Union


text:
Covetous Creature

Covetous Creature is a remix EP by Jack Off Jill released in 1998.

Track listing

 * 1) "American Made" (Tweaker Remix Chris Vrenna) – 3.25
 * 2) "My Cat" (Meow Mix) – 5.46
 * 3) "Poor Impulse" (No Control Mix) – 4.41
 * 4) "Girlscout" (Sunday Mix – Susan Wallace of Switchblade Symphony with Enemies) – 3.53
 * 5) "Cumdumpster" (Delusional Cannibal Mix Agent Moulder) – 3.07
 * 6) "My Cat" (Automatic Speed Mix- Shai De La Luna  of Lords of Acid) – 4.56
 * 7) "Poor Impulse Control"  (750 degrees of separation mix Morphic Field) – 4.27

Extra tracks (found at the end of track 7):
 * "American Made" (extra metal Tweaker mix) – Starts at approx. 5.25/Ends at approx. 10.39
 * "Covet" (The Clarice Starling mix) (Put The Lotion In The Basket by Jessicka & Howard Melnick) – Starts at approx. 12.30

Personnel

 * Jessicka
 * Robin Moulder
 * Claudia Rossi
 * Ivan de Prume (Former White Zombie drummer)
 * Scott Putesky (Former lead guitarist of Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids)

title: Covetous Creature


text:
User talk:FOB - Fresh Off the Boat

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Antandrus (talk) 04:54, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:FOB - Fresh Off the Boat