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Committal procedure

In law, a committal procedure is the process by which a defendant is charged with a serious offence under the criminal justice systems of all common law jurisdictions except the United States. The committal procedure replaces the earlier grand jury process.

Sometimes the committal procedure includes a preliminary hearing. Sometimes the committal procedure does not include a preliminary hearing.

In most jurisdictions criminal offences fall into one of three groups:

There are less serious (summary) offences which are usually heard without a jury by a magistrate. These are roughly equivalent to the older category of misdemeanors (terminology that is now obsolete in most non-U.S. jurisdictions).

There are intermediate offences which are indictable (equivalent to an old-style felony), but which can be heard summarily. For instance, theft is usually a serious offence. If however the charge is that the defendant stole a packet of biscuits worth only a very small amount, it would probably be heard by a magistrate. In Canada and Ireland, these are known as hybrid offences, whereas in England and Wales, these are known as either way offences, and can only be heard summarily with the defendant's consent and if a magistrates' court finds that matter is suitable for summary trial. In Victoria, Australia, they are called indictable offences triable summarily. As well as the defendant's consent the Magistrate must regard the offence as appropriate to be heard in the lower court.

Finally, there are serious matters which must be dealt with in the higher courts, usually before a jury. When one is charged with an offence of the third type, a preliminary hearing is first held by a magistrate to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to warrant committing the defendant for trial. That is, whether there is sufficient evidence such that a properly instructed jury could (not would) find the defendant guilty. It is a very low-level test. The majority of committal proceedings result in a committal to trial.

In some jurisdictions, the prosecuting authority may directly present a defendant for trial regardless of the result of the committal proceedings by filing an ex officio indictment. Equally, the prosecuting authority usually has the power to stop any prosecution by entering a nolle prosequi. In many jurisdictions the right of a defendant to cross-examine witnesses during the committal is reliant on the defence establishing that it is in the interests of justice or to illuminate some relevant point. The defence very rarely calls witnesses at a committal.

England
On 28 May 2013 the committal procedure was abolished in England. As a result, the serious matters are sent straight to the Crown Court from a magistrates' court for a pre-trial hearing. There is no committal procedure to determine sufficiency of evidence. Instead, the defendant charged with the offence may make an application to the Crown Court to have the case dismissed for lack of evidence. The idea behind this reform was to get cases to trial more quickly and reduce the number of pre-trial hearings. However, it is questionable whether this has been achieved given the number of pre-trial hearings that are often required in the Crown Court.

The first hearing in the Crown Court will be a Plea and Trial Preparation Hearing (PTPH), where a plea is taken and, if not guilty, a timetable for trial is set and directions given for service of further evidence, followed by the trial itself. There may be additional hearings in between (called 'mentions'). The PTPH was introduced on 5 January 2016 and replaced the previous procedure of having a separate initial preliminary hearing followed by a Plea and Case Management Hearing (PCMH) in an attempt to reduce the number of pre-trial hearings.

In triable either way offences, the defendant's right to elect a jury trial remains unfettered.

Notes and references

 * Clifford E M Chatterton and Philip K Brown. Committals for Trial to the Crown Court: The Law and Practice. Fourmat Publishing. London. 1988.
 * John Bowers. "Committal for trial". Practice Notes on Procedure in Courts. Chapter 8.3 at pages 81 to 84.
 * Peter Hungerford-Welch. "Committal for sentence". Criminal Procedure and Sentencing. Eighth Edition. Routledge. 2014. Chapter 5.13 at pages 112 to 116.
 * P J Hidden, "The Benefits of Committal Proceedings" (1990 to 1991) 2 Current Issues in Criminal Justice 19
 * John B Bishop, "The Abolition of Committal Proceedings" (1990 to 1991) 2 Current Issues in Criminal Justice 37
 * J A R Dowd, "Committal Reform: Radical or Evolutionary Change?" (1990 to 1991) 2 Current Issues in Criminal Justice 10
 * John Koumarelas, "Committals: an optional extra?" (1989) 14 Legal Service Bulletin 279
 * Bronwyn Naylor, "Justiciability of Decisions in the Criminal Process: Review of Committal Proceedings in the Federal Court" (1990) 19 Federal Law Review 352
 * "Committal Proceedings Misconception" (1979) 43 Journal of Criminal Law 163
 * "The Floodgates of Judicial Review: Once More unto the Breach" (1993) 44 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 233 (Autumn 1993)
 * R E Salhany, "Review of Committal for Trial" (1965 to 1966) 8 Criminal Law Quarterly 31
 * Peter J Connelly, "Certiorari and Committals for Trial" (1980 to 1981) 23 Criminal Law Quarterly 369
 * "Committal for Trial or Sentence?" (1984) 148 Justice of the Peace 497 (11 August 1984)
 * Bruce M Haines, "Committals and Certiorari" (1965 to 1966) 8 Criminal Law Quarterly 141
 * "Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000: Committal for Sentencing" (2012) 76 Journal of Criminal Law 12
 * "Committals for Sentence under Ss. 41 and 56 of the Criminal Justice Act, 1967" (1970) 34 Journal of Criminal Law 200
 * "From Committal Proceedings to Transfer for Trial" (1995) 159 Justice of the Peace & Local Government Law 379 (10 June 1995)
 * Marjorie Jones, "Publicity for Committal Proceedings" in "As I see it" (1980) 144 Justice of the Peace 269 (3 May 1980)
 * "Publicity for Committal Proceedings" in "Notes of the Year" (1949) 9 The Howard Journal 7
 * "Effect of Lapse of Time on Committal Proceedings" (1991) 55 The Journal of Criminal Law 295
 * "Committal Proceedings - Adversarial or Inquisitorial?" (1995) 59 The Journal of Criminal Law 111
 * "Committal for Trial by Quarter Sessions" in "General Intelligence" (1936) 181 The Law Times 473 (13 June 1936)

title: Committal procedure


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Khasas

Khasas (Sanskrit: खश, ) were an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe and a late Janapada kingdom from Himalayan regions of northern Indian subcontinent mentioned in the various historical Indian inscriptions and ancient Indian Hindu and Tibetan literature. European sources described the Khasa tribe living in the Northwest Himalayas and the Roman geographer Pliny The Elder specifically described them as "Indian people". They were reported to have lived around Gandhara, Trigarta and Madra Kingdom as per the Mahabharata.

People of this tribe include Khas people of medieval Western Nepal, medieval Indian regions of Garhwal and Kumaon, the Kanets of Kangra, Himachal and Garhwal, the Khasa of Jaunsar-Bawar as well as Khakha Rajputs and Bomba clans of Kashmir and different part of northern Pakistan.

Names and variants
The original spelling for the name in Sanskrit literature is Khaśa (Sanskrit: खश) while variants of the name also used are Khasa (खस), Khaṣa (खष) and Khaśīra (खशीर).

There are various theories on how Khasas got their name :

 * 1) Suggests that they came from the Caucasus Mountains, hence they got the suffix Khas.
 * 2) Suggests that they got their names from Iranians, as a combination of two Persian words, kho (mountains), and Shah (ruler). Thus, khoshah got corrupted into Khoshiya.

Ancient literature
As per the research conducted by political scientist Sudama Misra, the Khasa Janapada was a late Janapada (around 1100–500 BCE) under the broad division of Parvata-spraying Āryāvarta (Himalayan Āryāvarta) of the ancient Indian Iron Age.

The Manusmṛiti mentions the Khaśa as Kṣatriya-s formerly, due to omission of the sacred-rites and neglect of Brāhmaṇā-s.

शनकैस्तु क्रियालोपादिमाः क्षत्रियजातयः ।

वृषलत्वं गता लोके ब्राह्मणादर्शनेन च ॥ ४३ ॥ But by the omission of the sacred rites, and also by their neglect of Brāhmaṇas, the following Kṣatriya castes have gradually sunk to the position of the low-born.—(43)

पौण्ड्रकाश्चौड्रद्रविडाः काम्बोजा यवनाः शकाः ।

पारदापह्लवाश्चीनाः किराता दरदाः खशाः ॥ ४४ ॥ The Puṇḍrakas, the Coḍas, the Draviḍas, the Kāmbojas, the Yavanas, the Śākas, the Pāradas, the Pahlavas, the Cīnas, the Kirātas, the Daradas and the Khaśas.—(44)

The Shukraniti mentions that ''People born in the Khasa region take the wife of their brother if she has lost her husband. By these acts, they do not attract atonement or restraint.''

खशजाताः प्रगृह्यन्ति भ्रातृभार्य्यामभर्तृकाम् । अनेन कर्मणा नैते प्रायश्चित्तदमार्हकाः ॥ ४-५-५१ ॥ Medhātithi, the 8th century CE commentator of the Manusmṛiti says "Some people might be led to think that all these races here named are found to be described as Kṣatriyas so that they must be Kṣatriyas still. And it is to preclude this idea that it is asserted that these are low-born." Therefore, the Manusmriti describes them as descendants of outcast Kshatriyas.

The Bhagavata Purana gives a list of various outcast tribes, the Khaśas also one of them, which have recovered salvation by adopting the religion of Viṣṇu Vaishnavism. The Mahabharata mentions the Khasas as one of the northern tribes who fought on the side of the Kaurava against Satyaki. In the Karna Parva of Mahabharata, Khasas are mentioned living in the Panjab region between Āraṭṭa and Vasāti:"prasthalā Madra-Gandhāra Āraṭṭa nāmatah Khaśāh Vasāti Sindhu-sauvīrā" In the Sabhaparvan of the Mahabharata, they are mentioned between Meru and Mandara along with Kulindas and Tanganas, who brought presents of Piplika gold to Yudhisthira. In Dronaparvan of the Mahabharata, they are mentioned with other northwestern tribes such as Daradas, Tanganas, Lampakas and Kulindas. The Vaishnava text Harivamsa describes that the Khasas were defeated by the King Sagara. The Markandeya Purana states that the Khasa is a country against the mountain. The Markandeya Purana, Vayu Purana and Kalki Purana describe that Khasas together with Sakas and other tribes have penetrated to the northwest of India. The Skanda Purana mentions the region of Himachal Pradesh and Kumaon-Garhwal as Kedare-Khasa-Mandale.

Medieval literature
The Brihat Samhita authored by Indian polymath Varāhamihira grouped Khasas with Kulutas, Kashmiras, Tanganas, and Kunatas. The Mudrarakshasa of Indian poet Vishakhadatta mentions that Khasas and Magadhas were Ganas (troops) in the army of Rakshasa and Malayaketu. According to an ancient Kashmiri text Nilamata Purana compiled by Indian scholar Ved Kumari Ghai, the Khasa tribe occupied ""the valley to the south and west of the Pir Pantsal range between the middle course of the Vitasta (modern Jhelum River) in the west and Kastavata (modern Kishtwar) in the east."" This assertion is also corroborated by the later 12th century text Rajatarangini translated by British archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein. The Bharata Nātyaśāstra by the Indian musicologist Bharata Muni mentions that the mother tongue language of Khaśas was Bāhliki language in the phrase ""Bāhlikabhāśodhīchyanāṃ Khaśāṇāṃ ca svadeśajā." (Translation : The Bahliki language is the native tongue of the Northerners and Khasas.)" The Kavyamimamsa of Rajashekhara mentions the Kuluta king with the title Khasadhipati. The inscription of Dadda II (also known as Praśāntarāga) mentions about the Khasas in the phrase "...Yascopamiyate - sat - kataka - samunnata vidhyadharavasa taya Himachale na Khasa parivarataya."

European sources
Greek Geographer Ptolemy contended that the country of Khasas (referred to as 'Khasia') was located near the Trans-Himalayan range of Northwest India. Roman Geographer Pliny noted that "The mountain races between the Indus and the Jomanes are the Cesi, the Catriboni who dwell in the forest." E.T. Atkinson speculated that Pliny referred to the terms, Cesi and Catriboni in the above quotations to Khasa and Kshatriya. Irish linguist Sir George Abraham Grierson in his work Linguistic Survey of India (Volume 9 Part 4) mentions the remarks by the Roman Geographer Pliny on the Khasa (referred as 'Casiri') tribe with the imputations of cannabalism. Pliny further stated them as "an Indian people": "Latin Source (Gabriel Brotier edition): Ab Attacoris gentes Phruri, et Tochari: et jam Indorum Casiri, introrsus ad Scythas versi, humanis corporibus vescuntur. English Translation: "Next to the Attacori [ Uttarakuru ] are the nations of the Thuni and the Forcari; then come the Casiri [Khasiras], an Indian people who look towards the Scythians and feed on human flesh.""

Indian sociologist R.N. Saksena explains that this imputation was due to the existing suspicion towards Khasas by the Vedic Aryans, though he regards them as the earlier wave of the same 'Aryan settler' group.

Tibetan sources
The Mongolian-Tibetan historian Sumpa Yeshe Peljor (writing in the 18th century) lists the Khasas alongside other peoples found in Central Asia since antiquity, including the Yavanas (Greeks), Kambojas, Tukharas, Hunas and Daradas.

Modern sources
Irish Linguist George Abraham Grierson quoted that the Khasas that Pliny wrote about were one of the warriors "Kshatriya tribe of Aryan origin" with linguistic connections to both Sanskrit and Iranian languages, who lost claim to Vedichood due to non-observance of Vedic rules: "...in the extreme northwest of India, on the Hindu Kush and mountainous tracts to the south, and in Western Punjab, there was a group of tribes, one of which was called Khasa, which were looked upon as Kshatriyas of Aryan origin. These spoke a language closely allied with Sanskrit, but with a vocabulary partly agreeing with that of the Eranian Avesta. They were considered to have lost their claim to considerations as Aryans and to have become Mlechhas, or barbarians, owing to their non-observance of the rules for drinking and eating by Sanskritic peoples of India. Khasas were a warlike tribe and were well known to classical writers, who noted, as their special home, the Indian Caucasus of Pliny." According to E.T. Atkinson, the Jaunsar-Bawar is the representative Khasiya tract and it ""..forms a very important link between the almost Hinduized Khasiyas of Kumaon and their brethren converts to Islam on the ethnical frontier of the mountains of Hindu Kush and gives customs and practices of Khasiya race in full force at the present day which distinguished them thousands of years ago.""

Descendants
Irish linguist Sir G.A. Grierson asserted that "..the great mass of the Aryan speaking population of the lower Himalaya from Kashmir to Darjeeling is inhabited by tribes descended from the ancient Khasas of Mahabharata." The Khasa peoples are the Khakhas of Jhelum Valley, the Kanets of Kangra and Garhwal, Khasa of Jaunsar-Bawar and the bulk population of Garhwal and Kumaon referred as "Khasia".

Khasas under Katyuris
The Katyuris were of the Khasha origin as agreed by most scholars. They belonged to the Khasha people that entirely dominated the inner Himalayan belt up to Nepal and they extensively populated the mountainous regions of Uttarakhand. Previously, Khashas had strongly established themselves from Afghanistan to Nepal in the ancient period and as per internal evidence, they managed the village-level theocratic republics like Gram-Rajya and Mandals under various local clans and identities. Katyuri was one of the ruling houses of Joshimath that claimed sovereignty over other Gram Rajyas of the entire territory. The Katyuris ruled from Joshimath in the Alaknanda Valley and later they shifted their capital to Baijnath.

Khasas under Malla rule

Khasas are thought to be connected to the medieval Khasa Malla kingdom and the modern Khas people of Nepal. The modern Khas people of Nepal have also been connected with the ancient Khasas, although their period of migration in Nepal remains ambiguous. In Nepal the Khas people first settled around present-day Humla and Jumla. The Khasa kings of Nepal formed the famous Malla Kingdom, which ruled Humla from the eleventh century before collapsing and splintering into local chiefdoms during the fourteenth century. The Khasas (identified with Khasa Mallas) are also mentioned in several Indian inscriptions dated between 8th and 13th centuries CE. The 954 AD Khajuraho Inscription of Dhaṇga states Khasa kingdom equivalent to Gauda of Bengal and Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. The Nalanda inscription of Devapala and Bhagalpur; a copper plate of Narayanapala also mentions Khasas. The three copper plates from Pandukeshavara explain the territories of Khasas.

Khasas of Jammu
The 12th-century text Rajatarangini translated by British archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein links the Khasas with northwestern affiliations. It describes at "No such difficulity arises as regards the Khaśas so frequently mentioned in the Kashmir Chronicles. It can be shown from from a careful examinationof all the passages that their seat was to comparatively limited region, which may be roughly described as comprising the valleys lying immediately to the S. and W. of Pir Panjal range, between the middle course of Vitastā in the W. and Kāṣṭavāṭa in the E.

Finally we have evidence of the latter’s settlements in the valley of Khaśālaya, it is certainly the valley of khaiśāl, which leads from Marbal Pass in S.E. corner of Kaśmir down to Kishtwar"

Rajatarangini describes the rulers of Rajapuri (modern Rajauri) as the "lord of the Khasas". It also describes the chiefs of the Lohara as Khasas. The Khasa chiefs of Rajapuri freely intermarried with Kshatriya rulers of Kashmir while the Khasa chief of Lohara, Simharaja, married a daughter of Shahi Kings of Kabul. The descendants of the royal family of Rajauri later became Muslim Rajput chiefs and they retained the rulership of the territory till the 19th century. Stein also identified the modern Khakhas as descendants of Khasas mentioned in the Rajatarangini. The Bomba clan are descended from the medieval Khas people of Kashmir that inhabited the entire Karnah region of Kashmir. The region of khaśāli which M.A. stein identifies as Khaśalaya is situated in the left bank of the chenab river was identified and studied by Siddheshwar Varma in 1938 in his linguistic survey.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Khasas


text: Category:Canadian climatologists

title: Category:Canadian climatologists


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User talk:Prunetucky

Civilization
So, Welcome again to Wikipedia. Glad to see you picked up a user name. It makes it easier to talk. I'm into history and the origin of words too, so your comment made sense to me. I do think a paragraph on the origin of the idea and words relating to civilization would be very helpful. Let me know if I can help. WBardwin 06:14, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

County Seat?
Was replacing Salinas with King City as the seat of Monterey County a joke (vandalism) or an honest mistake? Your user name leads me to beleive the former. Anyways please make sure the information you post is correct- this is an encyclopedia after all. FYI, I fixed the spelling on your user page. Thank you for understanding and future cooperation. Gerdbrendel 23:51, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry but it's Salinas. I live in North County myself and not only am I personally very sure that the county seat is Salinas, but the US Census Bureau also agree with me on this one. Arguing that King City is the seat of Monterey County is like arguing that Annapolis is the US capital; its easly proven wrong through several auhtorized sources as well as common knowledge. If you don't beleive me, check out the link below:
 * National Association of Counties.
 * Thanks.  Signature brendel  03:31, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Article the First
Glad to see the wiki-police are on the job :-) I wish I could leave that true statement in place but I know I can't. I will, however, try and find some actual academics that agree with me and I will be back.  -- thanx again for waching out for such things. --The Trucker 04:01, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prunetucky


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Macarena

"Macarena" is a song by Spanish pop duo Los del Río, originally recorded for their 1993 album A mí me gusta. A dance remix by the electropop group Fangoria was a success in Spain, and a soundalike cover version by Los del Mar became popular in Canada. Another remix by Miami-based producers the Bayside Boys, who added a section with English lyrics and expanded its popularity, initially peaked at No. 45 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in late 1995.

The Bayside Boys mix enjoyed a significant revival the following year when it re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 and reached No. 1 for 14 weeks between August and November 1996. Its resurgence was aided by a dance craze that became a cultural phenomenon throughout the latter half of 1996 and early 1997. The song got the group ranked the "No. 1 Greatest One-Hit Wonder of All Time" by VH1 in 2002. In 2012, it was ranked No. 7 on Billboard's All Time Top 100. It also ranked at No. 7 on Billboard's All Time Latin Songs list. In 2023, Billboard ranked "Macarena" number 500 in their list of Best Pop Songs of All Time.

Composition
"Macarena"'s composition features a variant on the clave rhythm. The song is written in the key of A♭ major, moves at a tempo of 103 beats per minute, and follows the repeated chord progression A♭–G♭ throughout.

Origin and history
As a result of their lounge act, Los del Río were invited to tour South America in 1992 and, while visiting Venezuela, they were invited to a private party held by the Venezuelan impresario Gustavo Cisneros. During the celebration, a local flamenco teacher, Diana Patricia Cubillán Herrera, performed a dance for the guests, and Los del Río were pleasantly surprised by Cubillán's dance skills. Spontaneously, Antonio Romero Monge, one half of the Los del Río duo, recited the song's chorus-to-be on the spot, as an accolade to Cubillán: "¡Diana, dale a tu cuerpo alegría y cosas buenas!'" ("Give your body some joy, Diana"). When Monge wrote the song, he changed the name to Macarena, in honor of his daughter Esperanza Macarena.

Spanish-language remix
In 1993, RCA Records released Macarena as a single in Spain along with two house remixes by Spanish group Fangoria, intended to popularize the song in nightclubs and discotheques. These remixes changed the flamenco rhythm of the song to an electronic beat. According to Alaska, member of Fangoria, the Bayside Boys remix that followed in 1996 took their version labelled "Macarena (River Remix)" as its base. The band denounced it as plagiarism on the Court of Justice of the European Union but the case did not go through.

English-language remix
In mid-1996, the song became a worldwide hit roughly one year after the Bayside Boys (composed of Mike Triay and Carlos de Yarza) produced a remix of the song that added English lyrics. Jammin Johnny Caride, a radio personality at Power 96 in Miami, first learned of the "Macarena" when clubgoers at a club where he worked as a DJ requested the song. Caride brought the "Macarena" to his supervisors at Power 96 who asked him to create an English-language version of the song.

Caride recruited his two partners at Bayside Records, Mike "In The Night" Triay and Carlos de Yarza, to remix the original song. The new, English-language lyrics were written by Carlos de Yarza. The Bayside Boys, Triay and de Yarza, added a new dance beat with English-language lyrics sung originally by the studio singer Patty Alfaro, then later during a concert tour by Carla Vanessa. Vanessa accepted a fixed-fee contract for her participation and live performances, and so does not receive any residual performer royalties. The finished version was called "Macarena (Bayside Boys Remix)." The Bayside Boys remix hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1996 and remained at the top of the chart for fourteen weeks. It also topped the US Cash Box Top 100.

Critical reception
Dan Glaister from The Guardian said that "Macarena" the track was imitating the successes of previous summer pop sensations such as "Y Viva Espana", "Agadoo" and "Saturday Night". Melody Maker commented, "Admit it. You loved it. The sarky girlie lyric, the middle-aged Spanish geezers crooning away, the placidly agreeable beat. Eyyyyyy, macarena!" James Hamilton from Music Week's RM Dance Update described the song as an "infectious cheerful girls giggled and guys chanted 'Me No Pop I'-ish original hit version of a jaunty hip wiggling dance craze huge for ages around Europe and now (breaking out of Florida) the US, in frisky flamenco clapped jiggling 103.2bpm Bayside Boys Mix". Peter Castro from People Magazine wrote, "The 'Achy Breaky Heart' flatlined years ago and the Electric Slide is short-circuiting, so what's a dance-crazed world to do? The Macarena, obviously." Dave Fawbert from ShortList commented that "Macarena" is "a song that exists independently of cool, time, criticism – it's just there."

Popularity
The reworked "Macarena (Bayside Boys remix)" spent 14 weeks at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, becoming one of the longest runs atop the Hot 100 chart in history. The single spent its final week at No. 1 on its 46th week on the chart, recorded as the latest No. 1 single in Hot 100 history. Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1996. In the United Kingdom the song was released on 10 June 1996 and peaked at No. 2 on 17 August 1996, kept off the No. 1 spot by the huge popularity of the Spice Girls song "Wannabe." In Australia, it was the most successful song of 1996.

"Macarena" remained popular through 1996, but by the beginning of 1997, its popularity had begun to diminish. The song stayed in the Hot 100 chart for 60 weeks, the longest reign among No. 1 songs, only surpassed fifteen years later by Adele's "Rolling in the Deep". The Bayside Boys remix includes a sample from the Yazoo (also known in the United States as Yaz) track "Situation"—the laughter of Yazoo vocalist Alison Moyet. The chorus uses female vocal samples previously used by the Farm in their song "Higher and Higher (Remix)" from their album, Spartacus. The Bayside Boys toured the U.S. and the world and featured singer Carla Vanessa.

In the United States, the song, and its corresponding Macarena dance, became popular around the time of the 1996 Democratic National Convention in August of that year. C-SPAN filmed attendees dancing to the song in an afternoon session, a clip of which became popular on YouTube years later. Vice President Al Gore, having a reputation for stiffness, made a joke about doing the Macarena dance during his speech. He said, "I would like to demonstrate for you the Al Gore version of the Macarena," then remained motionless for a few seconds, and eventually asked, "Would you like to see it again?"

By 1997, the song had sold 11 million copies. While having only a 25% take in royalties from the song, Romero and Ruiz became immensely wealthy. According to BBC News, during the year 2003 alone—a full decade after the song's initial release—Romero and Ruiz made US$250,000 in royalties. Julio Iglesias is quoted as congratulating the duo personally: "My success singing in English from Miami is nothing compared to yours; coming out of Dos Hermanas with little international exposure elsewhere and selling these many records in Spanish takes two huge sets of cojones."

In VH1's 2002 documentary 100 Greatest One-hit Wonders, "Macarena" was ranked as No. 1. "Macarena" was also ranked No. 1 on a different VH1 documentary, 40 Awesomely Bad No. 1 Songs.

On America's Best Dance Crew, it was danced to on the Whack Track Challenge, given to the Ringmasters.

In July 2020, digital publication The Pudding carried out a study on the most iconic songs from the 1990s and songs that are most known by Millennials and the people of Generation Z. "Macarena" was the eighth song with the highest recognisability rate.

In a December 1, 1996 Peanuts comic strip, Snoopy is about to join Woodstock and an unnamed identical bird at a frozen-over birdbath for a hockey game, but they start off by doing the Macarena dance first before playing, much to his embarrassment.

Music video
The music video for the reworked Bayside Boys-remix of "Macarena" was directed by Vincent Calvet. It starred Mia Frye, who was also the choreographer, and features ten different women singing and dancing with Los del Río against a white background. In contrast to the scantily-clad women, Los del Río is dressed in suits.

When the music video for the Bayside Boys Remix was filmed, Mia Frye choreographed a greatly simplified version of the Macarena dance that already existed at the time. Frye and director Calvet drew inspiration from video footage from clubs in Mexico that showed large crowds of people dancing the original, more complex, Macarena.

According to Los del Rio, the dance originated from the interaction between the band and the audience at concerts. It started with some improvised arm movements from the singers during an instrumental part of the song. Some people in the audience then began to imitate similar dance moves. In the interplay between the band and the audience, an early form of Macarena dance gradually emerged over the course of several concerts because stories about the Macarena dance spread among the band's fans by word of mouth.

Accolades
(*) indicates the list is unordered.

Critical reception
Pan-European magazine Music & Media wrote, "Just when you thought this was just a version of their worldwide smash with a couple of jingle bells added, this seasonal single erupts into a cheerful medley of Joy to the World, Jingle Bells and Silent Night. For all those who are looking for an uncomplicated Christmas."

Los del Mar cover version
The song was covered by Canadian musical duo Los del Mar with vocals by Wil Veloz. It was first released in 1995. In their native Canada, this version was popular on MuchMusic and top 40 radio in 1995. It was reissued in 1996 in a new version with vocals from Pedro Castaño, which was also featured on their album Viva Evita (retitled Macarena: The Hit Album overseas). In Australia, this new version reached No. 2 on the ARIA Singles Chart, below the Bayside Boys' reworking of the original.

Critical reception
British magazine Music Week rated the song three out of five, writing, "Hot on the heels of RCA's release of the original version by Los Del Rio comes a second, lower-key version of the Spanish dance tune. Whoever wins the battle, the song is destined to become 1996's 'Lambada', loved and loathed in equal measure."

Music video
A music video was produced for the Los del Mar version. It shows Pedro Castano and his pet cat in an apartment getting ideas for the song's dance while watching people on television. By the next verse, more people dance outside to the song wherein Castano joins in and sings. Later on, a mob boss and his sidekicks pull up in a car and ask if they can join the dance. Excluding the outro segment, the video cuts around 40 seconds from the regular song.

Will Veloz version

 * Canadian CD single
 * 1) "Macarena" (Radio Mix) – 3:49
 * 2) "Macarena" (Mar Fe Mix) – 5:02
 * 3) "Macarena" (Bola Mix) – 6:38

 * German CD single
 * 1) "Macarena" (Radio Mix) – 3:15
 * 2) "Macarena" (Mar Fe Mix) – 5:02
 * 3) "Macarena" (Ibiza House Mix) – 5:56
 * 4) "Macarena" (Bola Remix) – 6:38
 * 5) "Macarena" (Club Mix) – 5:18

 * UK CD single
 * 1) "Macarena" (Radio Version) – 3:48
 * 2) "Macarena" (Mar Fe Mix) – 5:05
 * 3) "Macarena" (Gregorio Mix) – 7:01
 * 4) "Macarena" (Beat Foundation-Full Frontal Mix) – 6:21
 * 5) "Macarena" (Beat Foundation-Infinity Dub) – 6:46

Pedro Castaño version

 * France CD single
 * 1) "Macarena" (Radio Mix) – 3:49
 * 2) "Macarena" (Bola Mix) – 6:08
 * 3) "Macarena" (Summer Mix '96) – 5:43
 * 4) "Macarena" (Mar Fe Mix) – 5:03

 * France cardboard sleeve/Australian CD single
 * 1) "Macarena" (Radio Mix) – 3:49
 * 2) "Macarena" (Bola Mix) – 6:08

Tyga cover version
On 13 November 2019, American rapper Tyga released a remix, rap version of the song, called "Ayy Macarena". J Balvin also sings the hook of the original song at the beginning of this version. This version has a more club-oriented sound. This version's official remix features Ozuna.

In addition to this, a music video premiered on Tyga's official YouTube channel on 17 December 2019, heavily inspired by the film The Mask. Los Del Rio also make a cameo appearance, performing the original chorus at the beginning of the video and making sparse appearances throughout.

MC Rage parody
MC Rage released the single "Fuck Macarena" in November 1996. It is a hardcore techno parody of Los del Río's "Macarena" and mocks the original version's lyrics, as do the dancers in the music video. MC Rage sings vulgar mocking lyrics as an outburst against the huge success of "Macarena". It peaked at No. 7 on the Dutch Top 40 on 27 December 1996, and at No. 8 on the Dutch Mega Top 100 on 25 January 1997. The song has a music video featuring gabber ravers dancing hakken.

Los Locos version
In 1996, Italian duo Los Locos covered the song for an album of the same name. The song became a big hit around Europe, most particularly in its home country of Italy.

The GrooveGrass Boyz version
In 1997, The GrooveGrass Boyz recorded a country music version of the "Macarena", with rewritten lyrics. This rendition peaked at No. 70 on the Hot Country Songs charts and No. 7 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100. This version was released on Imprint Records and sold over 80,000 copies.

Jay-5 version
Reggae and dancehall artist Jay-5 released the album "The Dancehall Macarena" on VP Records in 2015, featuring the song, 'Dancehall Macarena,' an upbeat fusion of dancehall moves, inspired by the infectious ’90s classic.

The single, 'Dancehall Macarena' is the first official Jamaican dancehall line dance. and gained over 1.6 million views on YouTube.

The success of "Dancehall Macarena" inspired a popular reggaeton version in 2016, "Dancehall Macarena Remix," by Colombian reggaeton artist, Japanese featuring Jay-5.

Gente de Zona version
In 2016, Cuban duo Gente de Zona teamed up with Los del Río released a new joint version of the song, with new lyrics.

Physics parody regarding the holographic principle
At the Strings 1998 conference in Santa Barbara about string theory, shortly after the publication of the paper "Anti De Sitter Space And Holography" by Edward Witten, Jeffrey A. Harvey composed a parody song "The Maldecena" about the Holographic principle.

title: Macarena


text:
Washington Square (Oregon)

Washington Square is a shopping mall in the city of Tigard, Oregon, United States. Located in the Portland metropolitan area along Oregon Route 217, the shopping complex is one of the top grossing malls per square foot in the United States, with sales of $716/ft2. Opened in 1973, the mall is currently managed and co-owned by The Macerich Company, a real estate investment trust, and is anchored by Macy's, Nordstrom, JCPenney, Apple Store, and Dick's Sporting Goods.

History
On May 3, 1972, plans for Oregon's largest shopping mall at that time were announced by Winmar Pacific, Inc., a developer bought by Safeco in 1967. It was to be a 130 acre development with space for 100 stores. The mall was to include over 1000000 sqft on 85 acre in an L-shaped pattern. On August 16, 1973, Meier & Frank became the first tenant to open at the mall. Sears and Lipman's then opened that November, followed by Liberty House and Nordstrom during the summer of 1974. The grand opening of the facility began on February 21, 1974. It is located southwest of Portland in an area known as Progress, which at the time was entirely unincorporated and located between the cities of  Beaverton and Tigard.

In April 1978, the Liberty House store, located on the mall's north side, was taken over by Frederick & Nelson (F&N). The following year, Frederick & Nelson acquired the entire Lipman's chain, and in connection with that acquisition, F&N moved within the mall from the space it had occupied for only one year to the much larger ex-Lipman's space, on the mall's west side. Mervyn's took over the space vacated by F&N and originally occupied by Liberty House, opening its 80,000 ft2 store in October 1979.

In 1986, the cities of Beaverton, Tigard, and Portland fought to annex the unincorporated territory on which the mall was located. Tigard was awarded the right to annex Washington Square along with other adjacent properties that contain Lincoln Center and the Embassy Suites Hotel. Following Frederick & Nelson's bankruptcy and store closure in January 1991, Nordstrom acquired the vacant space and demolished it, constructing a larger replacement for its existing store; this new Nordstrom opened in 1994. At that time, the former Nordstrom space was acquired by the mall and reconfigured as a food court and additional retail space, coinciding with the renovation of the mall. By the mid-1990s the mall had an average sales per square foot that placed it in the top 10% of malls nationwide.

In December 1998, the mall was sold by Safeco, a Seattle-headquartered insurance company, to a partnership of The Macerich Company and Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan (OTPP); at the time of the sale Washington Square was "one of the most productive malls on the West Coast", with sales approaching $500 per square foot. Macerich, a Real Estate Investment Trust, took over management of the property.

In 2005, Macerich opened a 100000 sqft addition, housing 30 more stores (including The Cheesecake Factory, Sephora, Godiva Chocolatier, and Williams Sonoma). At the same time, other improvements were made throughout the mall and two new parking structures were added. Mervyn's closed in November 2005 and their location, which they owned, was sold to the mall. The site was refurbished and reopened as Dick's Sporting Goods in March 2008.

In February 2011, Swedish clothing retailer H&M opened their doors at Washington Square. It is the company's second location in Oregon.

In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 properties, including the Sears at Washington Square, into Seritage Growth Properties.

On October 15, 2018, original anchor store Sears announced that their location at Washington Square would be closing as part of the chain's bankruptcy filing.

Layout
The current configuration has five department store anchors, 210 specialty shops & restaurants, and a food court. Some of the stores are located in an adjacent outdoor plaza known as "Square Too". Most of the mall is on a single level; however, the anchor stores have multiple levels, the food court is on a second level, and the expansion in 2005 was built so that it could accommodate a second-level addition at a later date. Discussions were made in 2021 to convert some of it into housing.

TriMet maintains the Washington Square Transit Center on the mall's premises.

title: Washington Square (Oregon)


text:
User talk:Gayman22

This account has been permanently blocked as a vandalism account. Gamaliel 06:42, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gayman22


text:
Khasa

Khasa may refer to:
 * Khasas, an ancient people of Indian subcontinent

 * Khasa kingdom, an ancient Kingdom in Western Nepal
 * Khas people, an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic people of Nepal
 * Khasas (Mahabharata), an ancient tribe in Hindu literature
 * Zhangmu (Nepali: Khasa), a town in Nyalam County, Tibet
 * Khasa River, a tributary of the Tigris on whose banks stands the city of Kirkuk
 * Khasa (cloth), a type of cotton fabric made in the Mughal Empire

title: Khasa


text:
The Trigger

The Trigger is a 1999 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Michael P. Kube-McDowell. It is an attempt to explore the social impact of technological change.

Plot summary
The Trigger starts in the early to mid-21st century. A group of scientists invent, by accident, a device that detonates all nitrate-based explosive in its vicinity, thus providing good protection against most known modern conventional weapons. The first half of the book explores the reactions of society, government and the scientists themselves as the latter attempt to ensure that their invention will only be used for peaceful ends. Although at first beneficial, other uses for the device are found, such as a faultless at-range detonator. The novel also traces the scientists' slow progress in understanding the science behind their invention. The second half of the book begins when the science is sufficiently well understood that a second device can be built - one that does not detonate explosives, but merely renders them permanently harmless. The story ends with the scientists discovering that the hyperdimensional impulse wave can be set to scramble extremely specific DNA – making the device a killer.

title: The Trigger


text:
Khasia (clan)

The Khasia, or Khasiya is a clan (Gotra) of the Koli caste found in the Indian state of Gujarat. The Mahuva was the stronghold or controlled by Khasia Kolis but they were defeated by the Thakur Wakhatsinhji of Bhavnagar State and their controlled Territories of Mahuva, Kundla, Rajula, Gadhada and Botad. Khasiya Kolis were pirates in Gujarat ocean and lived by piracy.

Origin
The Khasia Kolis of Gujarat got their name from Khas village in Ranpur region of Ahmedabad district. The Khasia Kolis around Mahuva in Gohilwad district, had marital relations with Gohils.

Principalities

 * Juna Padar and Shevdivadar were ruled by Kolis of Khasia clan

title: Khasia (clan)


text:
Talk:Quercy

[Untitled]
Did Quercy ever claim independence? If not, should this article be in the category "Former countries"? Similarly with other former provinces of France (e.g. Nébouzan etc) Anthony Appleyard 06:17, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080321111229/http://www.quercy.net:80/qhistorique/atlas_historique/index.html to http://www.quercy.net/qhistorique/atlas_historique/index.html#home

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Agreement of possessive pronoun
u|eric You changed my edit of Quercy. It appears the words I changed are what happens when Google translate is used and it cannot tell the difference between it and him in French and uses other words that are there in French and no longer or never used in English. I think it would be better left as I edited it. I notice you never put in an edit summary of why exactly you reverted what I had done. Avi8tor (talk) 16:17, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Since "each" is singular, it should be followed by the singular form of the possessive pronoun. Side note: To ping another user, you'll want to use curly brackets as opposed to square ones. Eric talk 18:20, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks I thought I had used curly brackets but obviously not. I still think there are too many "and" and "but"s in some of the language, maybe I speak a different English? Avi8tor (talk) 13:40, 9 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quercy


text:
Roger Mayer (engineer)

Roger Mayer is an electrical engineer who developed several electric guitar effects, including the Octavia, a fuzz effects pedal which also doubled signal frequency, with a sound that was not attainable by simply connecting an octave pedal and a fuzz pedal together. The effect was popularized by Jimi Hendrix, and can be heard during the solos on the song "Purple Haze".

The Octavia, as well as several other effects, are still being produced under Roger Mayer's name.

Background
Mayer was originally an acoustic engineer working for the British Admiralty on underwater research projects. At a time when guitar effects were virtually unknown, he designed and built fuzz boxes for leading English guitarists such as Big Jim Sullivan, Jimmy Page, and Jeff Beck. His effects can be heard on P.J. Proby singles such as "Hold Me" (1964) and on numerous Yardbirds tracks.

Mayer was awarded 'Innovator of the Year Award 2018' by Vintage Guitar magazine not for a particular product, for his work and design across the board.

Jimi Hendrix
Just having turned 21, Mayer saw Hendrix playing live and in his words was "blown away by his live show". It was after one of Hendrix's shows at the Bag O’Nails club which was in Soho, London. After introducing himself backstage and talking in-depth about tone and a desire to create a totally different sound, he was invited by the guitarist to a gig the following week. Via a small amp back stage, Hendrix listened to the Octavia and was really impressed and excited by what he heard. Mayer was invited by Hendrix to overdub the solos on the songs "Purple Haze" and "Fire" which took place at the Olympic Studio, and working on tones and designing custom effects to realize the sounds Hendrix 'heard' in his head. His designs can be heard on the albums Axis: Bold as Love and Electric Ladyland.

Other artists
Mayer worked with many other artists from The Isley Brothers to Bob Marley. He also co-built a pioneering early synth for Stevie Wonder.

Since the 1990s, Tom Principato has enjoyed ongoing endorsement deals with Roger Mayer effects pedals.

Documentary
Mayer appeared in the 2004 documentary about Jimi Hendrix, Jimi Hendrix: By Those Who Knew Him Best that also featured Leon Hendrix and Seattle guitarist Sammy Drain.

title: Roger Mayer (engineer)


text:
Tasair

Tasair was an airline based in Hobart and Devonport, Australia. It operated a regional network across Tasmania until it was placed in voluntary liquidation on 3 February 2012.

History
Tasair was established in 1965. It began as an air charter, maintenance, and flying school operation. Scheduled operations commenced on 27 March 1998 on a triangular service from Hobart to Devonport and Burnie, using a Piper PA-31-350 Chieftain and two Aero Commander 500S Shrike Commanders. Four months later operations from Devonport to King Island via Burnie commenced. In May 2010 Burnie was dropped from the structure of regular flights. Tasair's busiest sector was between Devonport and King Island. The company was placed in voluntary liquidation on 3 February 2012.

Legal Issues
In December 2009, Tasair was speculated to be involved in charter flights hired by a PR firm for Japan's 'Institute of Cetacean Research' whaling company to spy on anti-whaling vessels, an action later condemned by the Australian Government and deemed illegal under a 2008 Australian Court order preventing any assistance to whaling operations. Tasair has declined to comment on whether its planes or staff were involved in the flights. Managing director George Ashwood says that kind of information is commercial in confidence. The incident caused the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) to start a national investigation into companies conducting flights over water. Tasair incurred hefty legal bills dealing with the CASA probe and another by the Environmental Defender's Office that included demands that documents be surrendered. CASA boss John McCormick told the Senate committee Tasair's air operator's certificate covered domestic operations in Australia and it was technically in breach of regulations if it travelled beyond 12 nautical miles but admitted there was confusion within the industry and resulted in no action taken against the air charter operator.

Services
As of September 2011, Tasair operated scheduled passenger flights to the following destinations:

 * Hobart
 * Devonport
 * King Island
 * Burnie

It also offered bushwalking flights to Melaleuca in the Southwest National Park.

Regular freight services were conducted between Hobart, Devonport, King Island and Burnie. Night freight operations were also conducted from Hobart to Essendon via Devonport, returning to Hobart via Launceston.

Charter flights were also operated to many destinations throughout Tasmania and mainland Australia.

Tasair also operated scenic flights across Tasmania including Maria Island, the Tasman Peninsula, South West Wilderness, Bruny Island and Hobart.

Fleet
As of September 2011 the Tasair fleet consisted of the following:

 * 1 British Aerospace 3107 Jetstream 31
 * 4 Piper PA31-350 Chieftain
 * 1 Aero Commander 500S Shrike Commander
 * 2 Cessna U206 Stationair
 * 4 Cessna 172 Skyhawk

The Chieftains were used on Tasair's scheduled services and for charters. The Cessnas were used to carry bushwalkers to remote locations; for sightseeing; and for flight training.

Previously operated

 * Cessna 441 Conquest II

title: Tasair


text: User talk:70.251.102.53

title: User talk:70.251.102.53


text:
North River Mills, West Virginia

North River Mills is a historic unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. North River Mills is located between Capon Bridge and Slanesville on Cold Stream Road (County Routes 15 and 45/20) at its intersection with North River Road (County Route 4/2). The village of North River Mills lies along the eastern banks of North River from which it takes its name.

Historic sites

 * Audra Croston Home
 * Hiett Log House
 * Kump House (early 19th Century)
 * North River Mills United Methodist Church
 * The North River Mills Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

title: North River Mills, West Virginia


text:
Ludwig August von Frankl

Ludwig August Ritter von Frankl-Hochwart (3 February 1810 – 12 March 1894) was a Jewish Bohemian-Austrian writer and poet.

Biography
Frankl was born on 3 February 1810, in Chrast, Bohemia. His brothers were David Bernhard Frankl (1820-1859), merchant and founder of the Commercial Academy in Prague, and Wilhelm Frankl (1821-1893), imperial and municipal councilor who established the Vienna trade schools and the Vienna Central Cemetery.

He was a friend of Nikolaus Lenau. He also corresponded with Petar II Petrovic Njegos of Montenegro before he died in 1851.

Frankl's Gusle, Serbische Nationallieder was dedicated to Vuk Karadžić's daughter in 1852. His object was to present some of the songs in Vuk which had not yet been translated, and he took the greatest pains to reproduce in German the metrical effect of the Serbian original.

He died on 12 March 1894, in Vienna.

Family
Ludwig August Frankl was married to Paula Wiener (born 1834), the daughter of Prague merchant and banker Hermann Wiener (died 1874) and his wife Therese von Lämel; their son was the neurologist Lothar von Frankl-Hochwart (1862-1914). A nephew of his was musicologist Paul Josef Frankl (1892-1976) who was professor at the Academy of Music in Vienna. He was a distant relative of Talmud scholar and rabbi Zecharias Frankel.

title: Ludwig August von Frankl


text:
Okonoko, West Virginia

Okonoko is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Okonoko is located in northern Hampshire County, along the Potomac River and the CSX Cumberland Subdivision of the former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

Originally known as Cacaponville due to its proximity to the Little Cacapon River, the community's post office was established in 1843 and its name was changed to Okonoko in 1853. By 1885, the community's population numbered around 50, and it grew to around 100 in 1898 and 1899. Okonoko's post office remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1958, with its mail routed through nearby Paw Paw, West Virginia.

Geography and setting
Okonoko is located in the northern part of Hampshire County, West Virginia, along the Potomac River and the CSX Cumberland Subdivision, where the river is joined by streams from Miller and Brights Hollows. The community is centered along Okonoko Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 5/6), at the northern edge of forested mountain ridges, where Miller and Brights Hollows open into the Potomac River valley. According to an 1885 article in the South Branch Intelligencer, two of these mountain ridges were known locally as Mount Sinai and Levels Peak. The mouth of Town Creek is located 1 mile west of Okonoko, and the mouth of the Little Cacapon River is located 1.7 miles to the east.

Okonoko is positioned at an elevation of 173 m. The unincorporated community of Little Cacapon is located approximately 1.7 mi east of Okonoko, the unincorporated community of Levels is located approximately 3.1 mi to its southwest, and the town of Paw Paw is located approximately 3.5 mi to its east. Okonoko is accessible from Levels, Little Cacapon, and Paw Paw via Okonoko Road. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park are located directly across the Potomac River from Okonoko, in Maryland.

History
On February 14, 1838, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad decided to extend its main line west from Harpers Ferry to Cumberland, Maryland, through Virginia (present-day West Virginia). From November 1838 to April 1839, the railroad conducted location surveys between Harpers Ferry and Cumberland, and the railroad commenced construction of its extension from Harpers Ferry in August 1839. On November 3, 1842, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad officially opened its main line extension to Cumberland. Following the arrival of the railroad, present-day Okonoko developed into a thriving railroad town. Across the river from present-day Okonoko, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal was formally opened to trade with Cumberland, on October 10, 1850. The community of Okonoko was originally known as Cacaponville because of its adjacency to the mouth of the Little Cacapon River on the Potomac River, which is approximately 1.7 mi to the community's east. The United States Post Office Department established a post office at Cacaponville on March 18, 1843, and its name was changed to Okonoko on June 6, 1853. The name Okonoko is derived from the Native American word "Macocanoco", which means "there are high peaks, or ridges". Okonoko is also a palindrome. The post office at Okonoko was discontinued on June 12, 1856, and it was reestablished on June 23, 1856, with Hiram Michael appointed as its postmaster.

During the American Civil War, Okonoko was the scene of an attempted raid on a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad train by Confederate raiders. On the night of April 10, 1864, shortly before the arrival of an east-bound express train, four privates of Company K, 54th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, were patrolling the road between Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stations. The soldiers spotted a light on or near the railroad tracks, and after being hailed by the light, the soldiers announced that they were Union Army. The Union soldiers then received volley fire from a Confederate cavalry force numbering 27 personnel, resulting in the wounding of two of the four Union soldiers—one of whom died shortly after their transport to Cumberland.

Okonoko's post office was again discontinued, and was reestablished in December 1865 with the appointment of Henry Berwinkle as its postmaster. The post office was then discontinued on July 1, 1867, and it was reestablished on March 31, 1868. A postal route from Okonoko transported mail to the post offices at Levels, Points, Higginsville, and Slanesville.

In February 1885, a young woman named Mary Cox, who resided near Okonoko and Little Cacapon, was administered two doses of morphine while ill, was mistakenly declared dead, and was subsequently buried alive. Following the declaration of her death, Cox's body was prepared for burial, and she was buried two days later. An attendee at Cox's funeral insisted Cox was not dead and asked for a physician to be called; however, the attendee's request was not heeded and Cox was interred. On the night of her burial, dogs from a residence near the cemetery remained stationed at her burial site and howled persistently. The following day, neighbors opened the grave to discover that Cox had been buried alive and had endured a frightful struggle to release herself from the casket, before dying. Cox's burial resulted in Okonoko's mention in newspaper articles across the United States.

By October 1885, Okonoko's population numbered around 50, with the residents primarily employed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. At that time, Okonoko consisted of residential dwellings located between the hillside to the south and the railroad's double tracks and a siding to the north, with the wagon road positioned within the remaining space along the Potomac River. The community stretched along the railroad and river for approximately 1 mi in this arrangement. In November 1885, the Epiphany Episcopal Church, Okonoko Mission, was organized by the Episcopal Diocese of West Virginia to serve the Okonoko community. Church services initially occurred in the Methodist Episcopal Church at Levels, until the Epiphany Episcopal Church building in Okonoko was completed in 1888 and consecrated in 1889. By 1898 and 1899, Okonoko had approximately 100 residents.

In 1901, Okonoko's station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was a shipping point for the nearby L. P. Miller and Brothers orchard, which was one of Hampshire County's three large commercial peach orchards at that time. That year, 84 baskets of peaches, weighing 2,560 lbs, were shipped from Okonoko station. By 1909, shipments of the local peach crop had become a principal source of revenue for the railroad station at Okonoko. In September of that year, L. P. Miller and Brothers orchard shipped an average of two train carloads of peaches daily from the Okonoko station. Peach scab disease caused the L. P. Miller and Brothers orchard to lose half of its peach crop, and in 1908, the company began spraying its peach trees to prevent peach scab. In 1910, the United States Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Plant Industry and Bureau of Entomology performed a fungicide spraying experiment at the L. P. Miller and Brothers orchard to control peach scab. At that time, the orchard was approximately 600 acres and consisted of 12-year-old peach trees. The Department of Agriculture published the experiment's results in its Farmers' Bulletin in 1911. L. P. Miller and Brothers sold the orchard to Potomac-Shenandoah Company in fall 1910, which continued to use Okonoko as its shipment point. Also by 1911, the Appalachian Orchard Company also operated near Okonoko.

On October 21, 1958, the Western Union Telegraph Company applied to the Federal Communications Commission to close its railroad-operated agency office at the Okonoko railroad station, with services transferred to Cumberland, Maryland. Okonoko's post office remained in operation until it was discontinued on October 31, 1958, with its mail routed through nearby Paw Paw in Morgan County. In November 1958, a star route was inaugurated between Paw Paw and Baltimore, which included mail service to Okonoko, Levels, and Points.

Floods
Due to its location along the Potomac River, Okonoko has suffered a number of significant floods throughout its history. In November 1877, freshet flooding caused significant damage to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Okonoko was described by the South Branch Intelligencer as having been "swept away" by the freshet flooding. In March 1906, flooding at Okonoko brought down telephone poles, thus disabling communications, and prevented crossing of the river between Okonoko and Maryland.

title: Okonoko, West Virginia


text:
Former countries in Europe after 1815

This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country has information separated into columns: name of the distinct country, its lifespan, the country or countries that hold all or some of the territory it once did, and further information about it.

Article scope
The scope of this article begins in 1815, after a round of negotiations about European borders and spheres of influence were agreed upon at the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was a nine-month, pan-European meeting of statesmen who met to settle the many issues arising from the destabilising impact of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

The immediate background was Napoleonic France's defeat and surrender in May 1814, which brought an end to twenty-five years of nearly continuous war during which France had caused the annexation or geopolitical reorganisation of myriad European microstates as well as some larger ones. The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, including restoring or reorganising many of the states which had previously been removed from Europe's political map.

Sovereign countries
This is a list of all the independent countries or puppet states that existed between 1815 and the present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country's sovereignty. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well but not under full independence.)

Autonomous countries or incorporated protectorates
This is a list of all the dependencies of countries that existed between 1815 and the present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country's autonomy. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well, but as independent countries.)

Proposed states
This is a list of all the independent countries that could or would have existed between 1815 and the present day that for some reason or another never did.

title: Former countries in Europe after 1815


text:
Peter McIntyre (cricketer)

Peter Edward McIntyre (born 27 April 1966) is a former Australian cricketer who played in two Test matches in the 1990s.

He was a leg-spin bowler, unlucky to have arrived at the same time as fellow spin bowlers Shane Warne and Stuart MacGill; consequently he never managed to establish himself in the national side. He played in two Tests, one against England in Adelaide in 1995 and another against India at New Delhi in 1996.

McIntyre dismissed Sachin Tendulkar in Tendulkar's first Test match as captain, caught for 10 by Mark Waugh with the second ball McIntyre bowled to him. He went on to take 3 for 103 but, according to Wisden, "bowled steadily but without variation or much imagination". This was his second Test – and he did not play another one, once Warne returned.

In the 1995–96 Sheffield Shield final, he and Shane George, South Australia's last two batsmen, held out the Western Australian bowlers for 40 minutes to ensure a draw and, as a result, victory for South Australia in the season's Shield competition.

He retired from first-class cricket in 2002, having debuted in 1988.

title: Peter McIntyre (cricketer)


text:
Coatepeque

Coatepeque may refer to:

 * Coatepeque, Santa Ana, El Salvador
 * Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador
 * Coatepeque, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala

title: Coatepeque


text:
Old Brooklyn

Old Brooklyn is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, located approximately five miles south of downtown Cleveland. It extends east-to-west from the Cuyahoga River to the city of Brooklyn and north-to-south from the Brookside Park Valley to the city of Parma. It is home to the Cleveland Metroparks, including the Cleveland Zoo; the Jesse Owens tree at James Ford Rhodes High School; and the Benjamin Franklin Community Garden, the largest urban community garden in Cuyahoga County. Old Brooklyn has recently adopted the slogan "Old Brooklyn, a great place to grow" to commemorate its history and potential growth.

History
The first instance of European habitation in the Old Brooklyn vicinity occurred in 1790, when fur trader Joseph Du Shattar established a trading post on the west bank of the Cuyahoga River, across from the area that became Newburgh.

Originally a portion of Brooklyn Township, the area was settled permanently in 1814 as the hamlet of Brighton, centered at the present-day intersection of Pearl and Broadview Roads. The Brighton area was incorporated as South Brooklyn Village in 1889 and then annexed with other surrounding villages by the City of Cleveland during the years of 1905–1927.

During the late 1880s, farmers in Old Brooklyn's Schaaf Road area (also known as South Hills) and the neighboring Village of Brooklyn Heights were among the first in the Midwest to use greenhouses to cultivate vegetables. By the 1920s the neighborhood was one of the nation's leading producers of greenhouse vegetables, with more than 100 acre under glass. Most of the greenhouses were displaced, beginning about 1960, by new housing and the construction of Ohio Rt. 176 (Jennings Freeway).

Commercial development in Old Brooklyn reached its apex during the period of 1920–1960. Shopping districts spread along Pearl, Broadview, and State Roads and were followed, after World War II, by the development of shopping plazas at the intersections of Memphis-Fulton, Broadview-Brookpark, and Pearl-Brookpark. The original Honey Hut ice cream shop, a favorite of many West-siders, can be found on State Road near the south end of the community.

The most ambitious period of residential construction extended from the early 20th century to the 1950s. During the 1980s and 1990s, residential development experienced a resurgence, particularly in the South Hills and Jennings Road areas. Housing values in Old Brooklyn, today, are among the highest within Cleveland proper.

Landmarks
Old Brooklyn's most notable landmark, the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, was created in 1907 when Cleveland's Park Board relocated the Zoo from University Circle on Cleveland's east side to Brookside Park. The 145-acre park lies entirely within Old Brooklyn and is one of the 16 nature preserve reservations of the Cleveland Metroparks system.

Brookside Park also has a place in sporting lore, having hosted the reputedly largest baseball crowd in Cleveland's history, when the White Autos of Cleveland met Omaha in the World Amateur Baseball Championship. On October 10, 1915, a reported crowd of 115,000 sprawled along and below the park's northern bluff, directly west of today's Fulton Road Bridge, and cheered as the home team seized the day.

The Jeremiah Gates Home, built in 1820 and located at 3506 Memphis Avenue, is believed to be the oldest residence in Old Brooklyn. Other notable landmarks include the Brooklyn-Brighton Bridge, the Estabrook Recreation Center, and the Italian Gothic-style Our Lady of Good Counsel Church (now called Mary Queen of Peace) atop Pearl Road Hill.

Education
Old Brooklyn is a part of the Cleveland Metropolitan School District. Schools in the neighborhood include: Charles A. Mooney School, William C. Bryant Elementary, Benjamin Franklin Elementary, William Rainey Harper, James Ford Rhodes High, Facing History New Tech, Cleveland Preparatory Academy, Constellation Schools: Old Brooklyn Community Elementary and Middle, Mary Queen of Peace, Luther Memorial, Saint Mary’s, and St. Leo’s schools.

Natives of Old Brooklyn
The neighborhood's secondary students generally attend James Ford Rhodes High School, whose graduates include 1944 Heisman Trophy winner Les Horvath, anti-establishment poet D. A. Levy, and television star Drew Carey.The Drew Carey Show's "Warsaw Tavern" was patterned after a bar near the Memphis-Fulton intersection, which hosts one of the highest concentrations of bars and restaurants in Greater Cleveland.

Demographics
Old Brooklyn encompasses all of Cleveland's Ward 13, and the southwestern portion of Ward 12.

Recent and Future Developments
The Treadway Creek Greenway Restoration project, completed in 2008, restored and preserved 21 acre of riparian corridor and open space along Treadway Creek. The project included the construction of a multi-purpose trail connecting Harmody Park to the Ohio and Erie Canal National Heritage Corridor's Towpath Trail. Other plans include a connector linking the Towpath Trail with the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, as well as transit service and streetscape improvements. In 2020, the Cleveland Metroparks approved development of a 26-acre park space named Brighton Park, with a connection to the trails from the Towpath to the Zoo, atop the former Henninger Landfill site.

title: Old Brooklyn


text:
User talk:Lindau~enwiki

Around the country students are starting school. What makes for a successful first few weeks?

Videoconferencing Adventures
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title: User talk:Lindau~enwiki


text:
Skejby Sygehus

Skejby Sygehus or Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, was a university hospital in Aarhus, Denmark from 1988 to 2018.

In 2011, Skejby Sygehus became part of Aarhus University Hospital. In 2012, construction of "Det Nye Universitetshospital" (The New University Hospital), or DNU for short, a new large headquarter complex for Aarhus University Hospital, commenced. The new hospital complex is situated adjacent to Skejby Sygehus, and at the completion, Skejby Sygehus was fused with DNU in late 2018.

title: Skejby Sygehus


text:
The King's School, Parramatta

The King's School is an independent Anglican, early learning, primary and secondary day and boarding school for boys, located in North Parramatta in the western suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Founded in 1831, the school is Australia's oldest independent school, and is situated on a 148 ha suburban campus.

The school hosts about 2,100 students from kindergarten to Year 12 and about 430 boarders from Years 5–12, making it one of the largest boarding schools in Australia. It is Australia's oldest boarding school.

The school is affiliated with the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia (AHISA), the Junior School Heads Association of Australia (JSHAA), and the Australian Boarding Schools' Association (ABSA). It is a G30 School and is a founding member of the Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales (AAGPS).

History
In January 1830, the archdeacon of New South Wales, William Grant Broughton, devised a plan for the establishment of grammar schools in the colony under the governorship of Sir Ralph Darling. The Duke of Wellington assisted in securing royal patronage, the text of which stated that with the authority of King George IV such schools would be named "The King's Schools". It is said, although no documentation exists, that royal sanction was granted by King William IV. Two schools were opened in 1832: the first in Pitt Street, Sydney, the other in George Street, Parramatta, 25 km inland. The former, opened in January, closed eight months later after the death of its first headmaster, while the Parramatta campus remained open under the stewardship of Robert Forrest, who was appointed headmaster in 1831.

According to The King's School 1831–1981, on opening day, Monday, 13 February 1832, with a handful of pupils. Forrest was paid a salary of £100 per annum, but it was inclusive of a land and housing grant. From fees of £28 and £8 per annum for boarders and day pupils respectively he was expected to maintain boarders and pay the salaries of his assistants, whose fees were £4 per annum for each pupil taught. According to an article in the Australian Historical Society Journal in 1903, enrolment reached over 100 pupils before the end of the first year.

Military drill was established in 1855; in this era, the school experienced a protracted period of expansion in facilities and enrolments. The number of pupils increased to nearly 200, 150 of whom were boarders. As well as religious holidays, there were two official school holidays per year, including a mid-winter vacation from 15 June to 15 July, and a mid-summer vacation from 24 December to 31 January. In 1859 Armitage adopted school arms similar to those of The King's School Canterbury in England, which according to The King's School 1831–1981, was due to the erroneous assumption that the Australian school was named after the English one.

Headmaster LJ Trollope saw a drastic contraction in the number of pupils to just 10 by June 1864, resulting in the closure of the school.

Campus
The King's School was originally in George Street, Parramatta, near the wharves on Parramatta River. The school soon acquired land and premises further upriver in Parramatta, close to the Government House. The school remained there for 130 years until August 1968, when it relocated to the current site in North Parramatta, originally the family residence of James Burns, co-founder of Burns Philp and Company. Since the relocation, the school maintained a 147 ha site, while other sections of property were sold to Redeemer Baptist School and Tara Anglican School for Girls, with as well as the NSW Synod of the Uniting Church as the Uniting Theological College. A further section was sold for residential development, now the locality of Kingsdene in the suburb of Carlingford. A small patch of land is still owned by Burns and his descendants, and this is for the family cemetery at the centre of the Senior School.

Within the senior school, there are extensive facilities for arts, agriculture, PDHPE, industrial design, and technology. The school theatre was renovated in 2010, adding a second smaller theatre and drama classrooms. The school opened its new science centre in 2014, which includes classrooms and labs.

Sporting facilities include 15 playing fields used for both cricket and rugby union, 14 tennis courts, 12 basketball courts, 7 football fields, a 50-metre lap pool, a 25-metre swimming pool, a diving pool, a gym, and an indoor rifle range.

Senior school
Until 2011, the school had 14 houses, for both day students and boarders. The boarding houses comprised Gowan Brae, Baker, Bishop Barker, Broughton, Forrest, Hake Harris, Macarthur and Waddy, and the day student houses Britten, Burkitt, Dalmas, Kurrle, Macquarie and Wickham. In that year, the school made a number of changes to its house system, which now consists of six day houses and five boarding houses.

Preparatory school
The preparatory school has four houses. They are designed to allow students the opportunity to adapt to the institutions of the school while remaining within a common peer group of similar age. King's also operates a co-educational preparatory boarding school, Tudor House, in Moss Vale, which is approximately 100 kilometers south west of the North Parramatta campus.

Uniform
The school uniform is the oldest military uniform still worn in Australia and is highly distinctive. The uniform reflects the military history of the school. Students are required to adapt their uniform for various events and commemorations in the course of the school year.

There are several patches and buttons which reflect rank and memberships. Historically, the school uniform was available to purchase from some department stores (David Jones, Farmers and Peapes). Students now purchase their uniforms from the school uniform shop.

Co-curricular activities
Co-curricular activities offered by the school include debating, choir, theatre, bands and ensembles, sport, and the Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme. Clubs for senior students (the Twelve Club, the Cartesian Club, the Scipionic Circle, Tom Barrett Society and the Faraday Club) meet once a month, to discuss the current affairs and present papers on topical issues.

The school produces at least one musical and two drama productions each year. Productions have included Les Misérables, The Pirates of Penzance, South Pacific, Guys and Dolls, Fiddler on the Roof, My Fair Lady, The Mikado, Grease, Jesus Christ Superstar (2015), Addams Family (2016), A Fleeting Night's Dream (2017), We Will Rock You (2018), The Producers (2019), Grease (2020), Mamma Mia (2021), School of Rock (2022) and Shrek (2023).

Academic clubs
The headmaster, deputy headmaster, and other senior staff host intellectual clubs composed of high achieving students from year 11 and 12. The members of these clubs are selected on the basis of achievement in academics, leadership and character.

Debating
The school competes with other schools' debate teams on a national and international basis. The Senior A team won the GPS on two occasions; winning outright in 1928, and tied first place with Sydney Grammar in 2007.

Cadet corps
Founded in 1868, the cadet corps vies with Newington College as the oldest in Australia. All students in Years 9 and 10 are required to undergo cadet training.

Music
The program is held in the sesquicentenary music building. The school has two pipe organs: a chapel organ in the memorial chapel and a large baroque pipe organ in Futter Hall.

Curriculum
Year 7 students complete the mandatory 100-hour Board of Studies (NSW) music course, which introduces them to basic concepts of music in a variety of styles. Year 7 boys participate in a singing program and undertake a theory exam toward the end of the year. As part of the Year 8–10 elective program, students can continue to study music in these years. They are required to learn an instrument as part of this course and regular performance assessments take place. For the HSC, students can continue their music studies in either the Music 1 or Music 2 courses, with the option of choosing Music Extension as well. Music 1 and 2 cover a variety of music styles, however, the Music 2 course has a focus on Western art music. Recently the school has been successful in this field, with a number of student performances and compositions nominated for ENCORE.

Co-curricular program
The school has seven large Wind Bands, which form the core of the Wind, Brass and Percussion program. The Symphonic Band is the school's elite level band and is composed of musicians typically studying AMEB or Trinity Grade 7 and above. The Wind Orchestra is the middle ensemble within the senior school, whilst Gowan Brae Band is a special ensemble for year 7 students only, which receives extra attention and allows students to develop their talents intensively upon their arrival at King's. The marching band includes members of the Symphonic Band who are enrolled as cadets in The King's School cadet corps. In the Preparatory school, the Concert Band, Wind Ensemble and Junior Band complete the 3-12 wind bands program. The school also runs three stage bands, and numerous other jazz and chamber ensembles for Wind and Brass players. The King's School is particularly renowned for its 'Drumline', a percussion ensemble in the American tradition in which outstanding percussion students perform memorised precision drumming routines, in military-style formation.

The school has a chamber string orchestra for experienced players.

There is a non-auditioned choir for boys in the senior school, and the auditioned Schola Cantorum; both ensembles are in four vocal parts. In the preparatory school there are three choirs consisting of trebles and altos.

A number of small ensembles exist including piano trios, guitar ensembles, percussion ensembles, flute ensembles, clarinet quartet, saxophone quintet and a number of popular music bands.

Regular concerts and events
The Music Department conducts a number of regular events each year, including the annual Festival of Lessons and Carols, Gala Concert, ensembles concerts, and studio recitals for individual performances. Most events are held in either the Recital Room (part of the Sesquicentenary music building) or Futter Hall.

Sport
Sport is compulsory for all students. Senior school students must participate in one of rugby union, association football, volleyball or cross country in winter, and rowing, cricket, basketball, tennis, athletics or swimming in summer. If personally selected by the sportsmaster, students may represent the school at shooting outside their regular sporting commitments. Students may participate in a sport in which they have achieved excellence (deemed by the sportsmaster). Cricket, rugby union, association football, basketball and tennis is also available at the preparatory school. The school engages in these sports as a member of the Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales) with other schools: Saint Ignatius' College, St Joseph's College, Sydney Boys High School, Sydney Grammar School, Sydney Church of England Grammar School (Shore), Newington College, The Scots College and The Armidale School.

Rugby union
The school was instrumental in the development of rugby union in Australia, playing in the first inter-school game against Newington College in 1870. The school has produced 30 Wallabies and four of them have been captains. In 1880 members of the school rugby team also participated in the first recorded soccer match in Sydney against the Wanderers Club. On their 1888 tour of New Zealand and Australia, the British and Irish Lions drew against a team from the school. The rugby union 1st XV has won several GPS Premierships in recent years, including in 2018, 2020 and 2023. The team won the 2000 Sanix World Rugby Youth Tournament in Japan. Current and recent Wallabies Stirling Mortlock, Benn Robinson, Dean Mumm, Lalakai Foketi, Nick Phipps and Julian Huxley are former students of the school. Other former students including Teddy Wilson, Archer Holz, Ben Batger, Daniel Halangahu, Will Caldwell, James Hilgendorf, Ben Hand, Tom Carter, Mitchell Chapman, Hugh Perrett, Guy Millar and Tim Davidson play or played recently in the Super Rugby competition. Greg Jeloudev and Dylan Pietsch play for Australia in the World Rugby Sevens Series. Joseph Sua'ali'i plays rugby league for the Sydney Roosters in the NRL and has signed to play for the Waratahs.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported on 19 May 2016 that RSPCA Australia was investigating alleged cruelty to sheep after a video was posted on Facebook showing members of the school's teams tackling older rams around a paddock. The principal of the school likened it to "shearing".

Rowing
In rowing, the school has won the GPS Head of the River 19 times, including in 2021 and 2022, and the Schoolboy VIII at the National Rowing Championships in 1982, 2001, and 2006. The school won the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 2001 and the Fawley Challenge Cup in 2006.

Filming location
The junior boarding house 'Gowan Brae' was used as a filming location in the 2013 adaptation of The Great Gatsby movie. The boarding house was the Louisville home where the younger Gatsby meets Daisy before the war. -->

Bullying and sexual misconduct
In 2010, a former student sued the school after he alleged that he was subjected to sexual assaults and daily beatings by fellow students. Two decades after the incidents, the former student is in institutional care, suffering from a psychiatric illness that he claims is caused by the negligence of the school. The school denied the allegations.

In 2011, a teacher was arrested for possession of images of child abuse. They were not of students from the school.

In 2014, students filmed and uploaded an incident where a student rubbed their genitals on another boy's face. The Child Abuse Squad investigated the incident and a student was expelled.

In 2016, the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse found that the school had helped an alleged abuser move to another private school by withdrawing from the school rather than being expelled or suspended, making it easier to transfer to another school. The royal commission found that the alleged abuser had ejaculated onto the victim's sleeping bag during a school camp which led to months of bullying and the school had not reported the incident to the police. The headmaster, Timothy Hawkes, had told the parents of the victim that the boy "bore some of the blame" for subsequent bullying.

That same year, at a Royal Commission Hearing, a man came forward about how he was sexually abused, assaulted, bullied, and choked in the 1970s. The witness, who was 11 years old at the time, said he was abused in the first week he arrived at the school, and called homophobic slurs for the rest of his time at school. He said the teachers at the school turned a blind eye to the abuse, and one even sought to blame him for his predicament. Another man, who was sexually abused at the King's School in the 1960s, spoke at the hearing saying he was rebuffed by former headmaster Timothy Hawkes when he confronted the school authorities in 2002, as Hawkes was concerned for the schools image if the controversy reached the media.

Animal cruelty
In 2016, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation obtained footage of the school's rugby team crash-tackling sheep in a farm paddock. The headmaster at the time, Timothy Hawkes, defended the incident, stating that it was a "rugby camp training exercise not dissimilar to shearing". RSPCA Australia attended the school to investigate the incident.

On 29 March 2023, near the start of the annual Cadet Corps Camp (held at Singleton Military Base in Hunter Valley), a group of students killed a tree goanna, which was reported to the police on April 5, 2023. The school spokesperson confirmed the incident, and that it was "inconsistent with the values and expectations" at King's".  The headmaster, Tony George, later stated in a volunteered interview with 2GB that "there was realm of possibility" the animal wasn't tortured by the students but the allegation was enough for a police investigation – anyone found guilty of aggravated animal cruelty in Australia can face up to 2 years in prison, or fines of up to $22,000.  George later released a public response which reiterated many of the points made in the interview, repeating his disgust for the "tabloids and virtuous trolls" using the controversy for clickbait.

COVID-19
In July 2021, a staff member was reported to the police for violating public health orders and attending an anti-lockdown protest, including posting about the experience to social media. The staff member was suspended from the school.

In October 2021, the school was the only school in NSW to refuse a mask mandate during the COVID-19 pandemic. The headmaster Tony George stated that "NSW Education Department guidelines are primarily intended for NSW public schools", but as the school is independent, it only had a legal obligation to follow public health orders.

Jobkeeper
The school came under fire for claiming the JobKeeper subsidy, handed out by the government during the COVID-19 pandemic to help protect jobs. The private school claimed $8m in JobKeeper subsidies, despite delivering a surplus without the subsidy, largely due to high school fees.

School spending
In 2022, the school came under scrutiny over the school's spending and lack of transparency, after it approved a trip to fly business class for the school's headmaster Tony George, deputy and both of their wives to fly to watch the King's First VIII race in the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup. It was later revealed that the school had also approved a plan to build a plunge pool for the headmaster's residence. The business class flghts were forced to be repaid after an investigation revealed that it breached the Education Act, and was an improper use of funds.

Group chats
In March 2010, a student posted racist comments about Aboriginal Australians onto Facebook, with other students replying to the comment expressing support. The school took down the comments and the students were made to write essays explaining why their comments were offensive.

In April 2023, students were found to have sent racist and antisemitic messages on a private online group chat named "Studies of Religion" on WhatsApp and Instagram in September 2022. A spokesperson for The King's School stated that immediate action took place as soon as the school was made aware of the incident.

Other controversies
In 2018, the principals of 34 Sydney Anglican diocese schools, including Kings, wrote to Prime Minister Scott Morrison opposing the overhaul of anti-discrimination laws that would protect gay teachers. The letter argued that the current exemptions under the Sex Discrimination Act are the only significant legal protections faith-based schools have to employ staff who support their ethos. The letter warned of unintended consequences if the exemptions were removed and called for religious freedom to be codified in legislation.

title: The King's School, Parramatta


text:
Pleasant Dale, West Virginia

Pleasant Dale is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Pleasant Dale is located between Capon Bridge and Augusta on the Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50). Tearcoat Creek flows through Pleasant Dale and offers whitewater rafting in the Spring from the U.S. Route 50 bridge to its confluence with the North River.

The community was named for a scenic dale near the town site.

title: Pleasant Dale, West Virginia


text: Category:Accidents and incidents in general aviation


text:
Goodbye South, Goodbye

Goodbye South, Goodbye is a 1996 Taiwanese drama film directed by Hou Hsiao-hsien. The film had its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on 12 May 1996.

Plot
Gao (Jack Kao) rides the train to Pinghsi to set up a 10-day gambling den with his friend Hsi (Hsi Hsiang). He takes his acolyte Flatty (Lim Giong) and Pretzel (Annie Shizuka Inoh), Flatty's girlfriend, who works part-time in a night club. Gao's girlfriend Ying (Hsu Kuei-Ying) works in the same night club as Pretzel and doesn't like the people around Gao, finding them dangerous. Gao has already made a deal with Hsi to invest in a nightclub in Shanghai, but Ying doesn't want him to go. Instead, she wants him to stay in Taiwan to open a restaurant. A succession of get-rich-quick schemes leads them to the brink of disaster. Throughout the course of the film the unsavory alliance between the underworld and the political elite emerges.

Cast

 * Jack Kao as Gao
 * Lim Giong as Flat Head
 * Annie Shizuka Inoh as Pretzel
 * Hsi Hsiang as Hsi
 * Hsu Kuei-Ying as Ying
 * Lei Ming as Gao's father
 * Lien Pi-tung as Tung
 * Kao Ming as Ming
 * Vicky Wei as Hui

Production
The film includes remarkably long takes.

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack was released in Taiwan by Magic Stone in 1996, as well as in Japan by Soundtrack Listeners Communications on March 21, 1997.

Reception
Goodbye South, Goodbye was entered into the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, but lost to Secrets & Lies.

Critical response
The film was chosen along with The Bridges of Madison County and Carlito's Way as the best film of the 1990s by Cahiers du cinéma. Director Luca Guadagnino also listed it as one of his 10 favorite films in the 2012 Sight & Sound poll.

Analysis
A retrospective review explained: "Goodbye South, Goodbye was the first present-day-set film Hou made since Daughter of the Nile, nine years earlier. (Good Men, Good Women, made before Goodbye South, Goodbye, partly took place in the past.) In two movies since then—Millennium Mambo and Three Times—Hou has cast a sad-eyed gaze upon modern Taiwan. In all of them, Taiwanese youth are depicted as listless wastrels, addicted to distraction and unmoored from their past. His long takes don’t capture time spent so much as time squandered."

title: Goodbye South, Goodbye


text:
Serial cable

A serial cable is a cable used to transfer information between two devices using a serial communication protocol. The form of connectors depends on the particular serial port used. A cable wired for connecting two DTEs directly is known as a null modem cable.

Maximum cable lengths
The maximum working length of a cable varies depending on the characteristics of the transmitters and receivers, the baud rate on the cable, and the capacitance and electrical impedance of the cable. The RS-232 standard states that a compliant port must provide defined signal characteristics for a capacitive load of $2,500$ pF. This does not correspond to a fixed length of cable since varying cables have different characteristics. Empirically tested combinations of bit rate, serial ports, cable type, and lengths may provide reliable communications, but generally RS-232-compatible ports are intended to be connected by, at the most, a few tens of metres of cable. Other serial communications standards are better adapted to drive hundreds or thousands of metres of cable.

title: Serial cable