text:
Pandelis Pouliopoulos

Pandelis Pouliopoulos (Greek: Παντελής Πουλιόπουλος; 10 March 1900 – 6 June 1943) was a Greek communist, anti-fascist, and one-time general secretary of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE). He stood for the internationalist and revolutionary character of the communist movement. He is among the founders of the Trotskyist movement in Greece.

History
Born in Thebes, Greece, Pouliopoulos enrolled at Athens University in 1919 to study law. In 1919, he joined the Socialist Labour Party of Greece (SEKE), the forerunner of the Communist Party of Greece.

In 1920, he was conscripted to fight in the Greek-Turkish war of 1919-1922. He was arrested in 1922 for anti-war activity but was freed with the end of the war.

From 1923 to 1925, Pouliopoulos was prominent in the war veterans' movement and was elected president of the Panhellenic Federation of Veterans in 1924.

In 1924, he was a party delegate to the fifth congress of the Comintern. Later that year, he became general secretary of the KKE. On 24 August 1925, Pouliopoulos, along with 23 others, was put on trial in Athens on charges of promoting the autonomy of Macedonia and Thrace. He gave a five-hour speech in his defence and the trial was adjourned. On 22 February, 1926, the trial of the "autonomists" resumed. The charges were dropped, but instead of being released, the men were exiled to Anafi, Amorgos and Folegandros islands.

Pouliopoulos was taken to Folegandros island. He was freed in 1926 with the fall of the Pangalos dictatorship. Although he resigned in September 1926 after his leadership was blamed for the poor performance of the party, he was reinstated by the Comintern.

At the party's congress in March 1927, Pouliopoulos (along with Pastias Giatsopoulos) was removed from the Central Committee. Later that year, they were formally expelled from the party after publishing and circulating the pamphlet New Beginning (Greek: Neo Ksekinima). They subsequently formed an opposition group which aligned itself with the International Left Opposition. They began to publish a journal called Spartacus from December 1928 onwards. They refused to join the Archeiomarxists group which split from the KKE, regarding it as having a sectarian attitude towards the party.

When the Archeiomarxists were accepted as the representatives of the International Left Opposition in Greece, Leon Trotsky condemned Pouliopoulos' group, which was excluded from the Trotskyist movement along with the 'Fractionalists' who had just split from the Archeiomarxists led by Michel Pablo.

In 1934, the two groups joined together to set up the Organisation of Internationalist Communists of Greece (OKDE) in 1934, and for a while Pouliopoulos maintained links with other opposition groups around Landau and Molinier, opposing the movement to create a new International from 1933 onwards. However, he took the initiative in the move to unite the Greek Trotskyists in 1938 to form the Unified Organisation of Communist Internationalists of Greece (EOKDE). In September 1938, the EOKDE was present at the founding of the Fourth International in Paris.

In 1938, after going into hiding, he was eventually arrested by the Metaxas dictatorship and imprisoned in the Acronauplia, where he continued his work. In 1943, along with over a hundred other militants, he was executed by the Italian occupation forces in Nezero, near Larissa, in retaliation for the destruction by partisans of the Kournovo tunnel. There is a postwar claim that he spoke in Italian to the firing squad, exhorting them not to commit such a crime against the anti-fascist resistance and opponents of the war. When the soldiers refused to execute him, Carabinieri are said to have done so instead.

Pouliopoulos translated into Greek Marx's Das Kapital and Critique of Political Economy, L. Trotsky’s The Revolution Betrayed, K. Kautsky’s Economic Theories of Karl Marx and Kant and also N. Bukharin’s History of Historical Materialism.

title: Pandelis Pouliopoulos


text:
User talk:Apollomelos

Headline text
I just noticed you message! So much to say. You know where to find me. Haiduc 12:00, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Sacredbandmemorialchaeronea.jpg source?
Hi,

The rather remarkable picture you uploaded, "Sacredbandmemorialchaeronea.jpg", you tagged as fair use without giving a source. The image is going to be subject to deletion unless you can provide the source for the image and why it qualifies as fair use.

What exactly is going on in the picture? It looks cracked and old, but looks to me like a photo, except for the flames.

Thanks,

Tempshill 18:12, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Thessaloniki on the Article Improvement Drive
Hey Apollo! I noticed your work on and interst in Thessaloniki and wanted to let you know that I nominated the city's article for the Article Improvement Drive. It is very close to reaching Featured Article Status and it deserves that recognition. Please feel free to vote for its candidacy at the AID! --Caponer 01:11, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Jan_14_06_400_South_Salt_Lake_City_UT_USA.JPG
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Image Tagging for Image:Sacredbandmemorialchaeronea.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Sacredbandmemorialchaeronea.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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Homosexuality in Ancient Greece
Why is it that you like to deface Ancient Greek history by being one of those that claims(and unconvincingly so) that homosexuality was commonplace in Ancient Greece?

Inappropriate images
Please stop uploading pornography to wikipedia servers. Thank you. Allon FambrizziAllon Fambrizzi

Unspecified source for Image:Cathedralsaltlake.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Cathedralsaltlake.jpg. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image:SerBac.jpg
Hi, Apollomelos, I have disputed the fair use rationale for this image as there is a public domain image showing these same two saints (an image which is in fact already in use alongside this one). I have tagged the image as "fairusedisputed" and started the discussion on the image's talk page. Aleta 09:11, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

NPOV: Pederasty in ancient Greece
I'm not certain how to move forward with this but I wanted to inform you, as a significant contributed to several articles I've come upon recently, to read the message I posted on the talk page of Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece. I will be rewriting sections several articles that I see as NPOV (see comment on talk page of linked article) in regards to the topic of pederasty.

Nudas veritas 23:13, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Holytrinitysaltlake.jpg
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Replaceable fair use Image:Trolleysquare.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Trolleysquare.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

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MfD nomination of User:Apollomelos/temp
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Possibly unfree File:Pride.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Dovergreekhomosexuality.jpg
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Apollomelos


text:
Talk:Hot dish

Merge
Hi, I have transferred all the info from this article pertaining to the Midwestern dish to the "hotdish" (single word) article and then replaced this article with a disambiguation statement about the general term for heated meal and the Midwestern dish, so as to avoid redundant articles. If you have contributed information, it's not gone, only someplace else! Gene Nygaard (no prizes for guessing where you hail from) please be more careful when reversing articles. Alternatively we could put in a redirect, but I think a brief disambiguation statement is more informative. --Maikel 12:00, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hot dish


text:
Talk:Cementerio de la Almudena

Undated comment
I have tried to enrich this entry under a sociological / historical perspective. I hope that I will add specific data soon

title: Talk:Cementerio de la Almudena


text:
User:J0nk

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

On November 24, 1986, I began a lifelong journey encompassing everything from taking my very first breath to experiencing my very worst heartbreak. Along the way I have been molded by my family, my friends, my environment, my experiences, and in some cases I have molded myself by establishing my own set of personal morals and doing what I believed to be right, despite what others around me thought.

Unfortunately, throughout my life I have only had limited contact with my extended family. Most of them live four hours away, so I only visit with them for a day or two around the holidays, but the information I do know about them is impressive. My grandfather, "Pop Pop," made himself an entrepreneur and started several businesses.

Although the information about my own life may not be as interesting as the information about my family, I think the events, people, and life lessons in my case history could compose an poignant, jubilant, realistic, entertaining biographical film.

title: User:J0nk


text:
Talk:Butternut squash

First conversations
Should be merged with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbita_moschata specially because of the links to other languages.

I almost recommended the first version of this page for deletion (as it looked gibberish). However, it looks to me this subject is encyclopaedic, so I've left it largely as it is for others to expand on (as I've no understanding of the subject matter).

(Anonymous) I'm British, and I've NEVER heard butternut squash referred to as 'butternut pumpkin'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.1.48.136 (talk) 12:43, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

(Anonymous) Anyone know why the origin is listed as both Massachusetts and Mexico? The butternut squash we know today was developed by cross-breeding the Hubbard Squash with earlier varieties of butternut, which were not commercially viable. The earlier strains, including the Legett, had a large yield of fruit that had skinny, crooked necks that were not commercially viable. In the 1960's and early 1970's the Waltham Butternut Variety was developed at the Waltham Field Station of the University of Massachusetts, by breeding to select the squash that had long, strait and meaty necks. So, squash in general originated in South America, but the Butternut Squash varieties grown commercially were developed in Waltham Massachusetts.

I live in Stow, but it seems a bit of a stretch to say it originated here. According to the Fall, 2004 Stow Conservation Trust Newsletter, "...The late Charlie Leggett was the developer of a new variety of squash, later named the Waltham Butternut Squash, in a field across Gleasondale Road from the Leggett Woodlands. This field is now the site of the Butternut Golf Course." There are other varieties of butternut squash.

Perhaps someone could reset the 'uses' section? It seems to have been overrun by an 8 year old.

(Anonymous) The Waltham Field Station's Butternut squash, developed by Robert E Young, has a thick, straight neck. It's parent strain tended to have thin and curved necks similar to gourds. The parent strain does not provide enough edible "meat" to be commercially viable to Massachusetts farmers. I suspect (but have no documentation) that Stow's Butternut farms was either a client of the Waltham Field Station, or was one of the first field test sites of the strain. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.125.55.214 (talk) 07:55, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

This article is titled "Butternut Squash" but seems to describe the origin of the entire Curcurbita moschata family. If there is any evidence the the term "butternut" was used to describe squash before the introduction of the Legett or Waltham varieties in the mid 20th century, citations are needed. Otherwise the article should be retitled "Squash". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:646:8900:231A:F15F:3749:3F3E:FCA2 (talk) 01:57, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

Butternut Risotto
The greatest risotto I ever had in my long life was recently at the elegant Four Seasons Hotel in Toronto -- it was pheasant risotto with butternut squash. --dunnhaupt (talk) 17:03, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Preparation, precautions, allergic reactions
This section of the article talks about preparation, but says nothing about precautions and allergic reactions. Perhaps the title should be revised to match the content of the section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.61.139 (talk) 19:17, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Where does it grow?
There's no mention of whence it originates or where it is cultivated now. — OwenBlacker (Talk) 20:23, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Issues with “Spread from South and Central America” Section
Two issues with this section:

1.

“Before the advent of the white man..” and “Many of these tribes, particularly in the West, still grow a diversity of hardy squashes and pumpkins not to be found in our markets.”

Maybe less florid language? Also acitation might be nice on the second point.

2.

“In Japan just after World War II I found squash growing on trellises over the doorways or on the sides of houses, at the foundations of burned-out buildings where vines can grow over the ruins, and beside and over small streams on horizontal trellises of poles.”

Not sure what this point is doing here.

Cjack2964 (talk) 23:07, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Butternut squash


text:
Talk:Sherlock (software)

Untitled
I think some of this text is not really up to encyclopedia standards. "you are thus warned!" in at least two places as well as refernced to "me" without any reference to who that person is.

It should really be rewritten. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.15.190.221 (talk • contribs) 05:04, 2005 August 25

Merge Sherlock 3 into Sherlock (software)
There are a couple of useful bits in Sherlock 3 that can be used in this article, otherwise it doesn't have the content to stand on it's own. Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 09:08, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge complete. Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 00:29, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Before there was Sherlock, there was Find Pro
You might want to write more about the origins of this software. Sherlock was originally a shareware product called "Find Pro," written by Bill Monk. Apple acquired the software, rolled it into System 7.5 and renamed it "Find File," although they continued the version numbers (Find File was verson 1.1.2). Version 2 added internet search capabilities, and Apple renamed it Sherlock. Confusingly, version 3.0.1 was named Sherlock 2. Version 3.6 came with Panther. Archola 22:59, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Coming in very late here. I know this to be true. I was a user and beta tester of the original FindPro by Bill Monk, and I also tested the OS 7.5 version of it developed by Monk on contract from Apple. It was not Apple's policy to credit contractors for this sort of thing, so this influential software has never been credited to its author.

 * "The Macintosh Bible", a respected and popular source in 1996, said the following:

 * The Mac’s anemic Find command underwent a total revamp in System 7.5, essentially killing the “find file” utility market. Apple took the best shareware find utility — Bill Monk’s Find Pro — and licensed it for the system software. (via Internet Archive).

 * That's not 100% correct; it wasn't a direct license, as Monk was contracted to adapt the app to Apple's specifications.

 * Anyway, I'll change the entry now.

O. Pen Sauce (talk) 19:47, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

Perhaps...
But Find File was very different from Sherlock.. and drastically different from Sherlock 2. Sure, they shared traits, maybe were even based upon the same code, but they were markedly different. I do agree that something should be said, though.

 * I second that emotion. Find File (which also existed in the Mac OS itself) scanned the directories for filenames, and that's it. Sherlock first builds indexes of ANY content, including filenames, the contents of those files, etc. Sure, you could use Sherlock to find files, but that's not all it did. Maury 21:42, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sherlock3.jpg
Image:Sherlock3.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:03, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Sherlock (software)


text: User:WW Rusty Gates

title: User:WW Rusty Gates


text:
Gumnut

Gumnut can refer to:
 * The hard woody fruit of trees of the genus Eucalyptus.
 * Snugglepot and Cuddlepie, the gumnut babies of author May Gibbs.

title: Gumnut


text:
Talk:DikuMUD

What really is a "diku style" game?
People throw the term "diku style" around frequently when discussing MMO game styles, but nobody ever defines it clearly. This page seriously needs a clear and concise definition of what "Diku style gameplay" is. I have added a stub that hopefully will be expanded upon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.232.169.101 (talk) 05:37, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Everquest controversy
Regarding ... The current text is ''Bernard Yee, stated that EverQuest was "like Diku". He did not specify whether he meant the code itself was derived from DikuMUD. The previous text says that Yee claimed that EQ was somehow based on DikuMUD'', which could mean as little as inspiration or as much as code.

If they simply said it was "like Diku" then why would anyone assume that this meant that they used code from it? It sounds odd to keep the clarification when the new text says "like Diku", which is something that would not be confused with using the code.

I think the new text downplays the actual message, since obviously someone ended up thinking it was based on the code.Atari2600tim 12:05, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's been a while with no responses, so I'm just going to edit it to reflect the new information brought by this "like Diku" quote, since it currently is implying less than the older "based on DikuMUD". Please put an explanation on this talk page if someone decides to change it back.Atari2600tim 10:58, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I hadn't looked at the usenet thread in the References section before, but this whole issue was discussed there, and the text on this article is pretty obviously misleading and has been clarified almost half a decade ago. It is very disappointing that it would be on this article.  I would suggest that the usenet link should have a note next to it mentioning that the title is inaccurate.  The title of it currently is rec.games.mud.diku thread "Sony's EverQuest admits to using Diku as a base" with absolutely no disclaimer at all (you actually have to read half-way through the thread in order to find out that the title is wrong).  I'm going to just put (misleading title) and hopefully someone else can change it to something more informative without getting too wordy.  Atari2600tim 11:20, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right, a disclaimer is appropriate for that Usenet article. I think yours is just fine.  Do you still find the "text on this article is pretty obviously misleading"?  I wrote most of it and did not intend for this.  Feel free to edit. SpuriousQ 00:44, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I was referring only to the controversy section. I personally had thought that this 'controversy' was something more serious, because I had read the article and not followed the link to find the entire story.  After reading the usenet thread, I can see that this is a thing that was pushed by one person and not taken by anyone else as credible.  I do note that it says "minor controversy", but I suppose that there's no way of showing how minor that it apparently was :P  By "text on this article" I was referring to the EQ stuff that was in this article without any acknowledgment of how inaccurate the claims were.  It doesn't help when the thread itself has lots of "We based EQ on Diku"-type things from madmerv to wade through (meaning that someone could read the first dozen-ish posts and still come away with the wrong impression).  The rest of this article sounds great though and I consider it to be one of the better MUD-related articles on here.  Atari2600tim 11:55, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Still a Stub?
Does this article still merit to be classified as a stub? If so, what information is it missing? If not, we should remove the classification! Myrdred 20:23, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Removed stub. However, one thing that is missing are references. --GentlemanGhost 08:22, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

License section incorrect
The section on DikuMUD's license states:

 * The DikuMUD license is generous, but does not permit all possible uses. The source code for DikuMUD is publicly available at no charge, anyone can run an unmodified or modified DikuMUD without paying any royalties, and modified derivatives of the DikuMUD code can be publicly distributed. However, the DikuMUD license includes the following requirement: "You may under no circumstances make profit on *ANY* part of DikuMud in any possible way. You may under no circumstances charge money for distributing any part of dikumud - this includes the usual $5 charge for 'sending the disk' or 'just for the disk' etc." Thus, DikuMUD is not open source software as defined by the Open Source Definition (OSD), because the OSD's clause 6 requires "No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor", that is, commercial users cannot be excluded. For the same reason, DikuMUD is not Free Software as per the Free Software Definition; it fails to meet the requirement that the program gives "The freedom to run the program for any purpose" (it forbids commercial purposes). However, DikuMUD and its derivatives are developed in the same manner as these similar software production practices.

This is an incorrect interpretation of both the Open Source Definition and the Free Software Definition.

The FSF's Free Software Definition obviously does not prohibit so-called "copyleft" software from being considered Free Software, as it comes from GNU. The GNU Public License is one of the most draconian copyleft licenses in existence, barring effectively any commercial redistribution of the product.

Further, the OSD states: "The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties." Meaning, any redistribution (or derivation) of the product must allow the same rights as the original product, including the sharing of source code.

In both cases, these definitional clauses exist to protect commercial users' right to the products of USE of the program, not actual derivatives of the code itself. For instance, the creators of the GIMP would not be allowed to bar a commercial graphic design firm from using their software and selling the images they create with it. However, they certainly can bar a company from taking the GIMP source, adding features, and then redistributing the new product for charge. --Kuronekoyama 03:39, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't want to get too off-topic, but this is not true. You can distribute a GPL'd program for profit, you can't with Diku.  That's the whole free beer vs. free speech dichotomy.  You can certainly take the GIMP and sell it, and you don't even need to add features.  Of course, it's a poor business model.  Regardless, I support the removal/pruning of that section, since it's not really relevant. I doubt the average reader will care if the Diku license satisfies the definition of free or open source software.  But noting that it freely provided the source and thus spawned a great number of derivatives is of course notable. -SpuriousQ (talk) 04:39, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Spurious is correct. One can redistribute GPLed software for profit.  The Diku license prohibits commercial or for profit use, thus it is not OSD compliant and the original text is correct.  The new text asserts "Because of this clause, DikuMUD's license can be considered an example of copyleft open source software."  This is also incorrect.  See the following at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#NonFreeSoftwareLicense, "The University of Utah Public License is a non-free license because it does not allow commercial redistribution. It also purports to restrict commercially running the software and even commercially giving consultation about it."  Clearly FSF/GNU would consider Diku a "non-free license.  Jlambert 06:15, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Raph Koster
Was Raph Koster really the chief creative officer of EQ2? It seems more likely someone meant to write "Star Wars: Galaxies" there. I don't know that he had any connection with EQ2. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.136.192.1 (talk) 20:02, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I was Chief Creative Officer of Sony Online at the time that EQ2 shipped. That means I got CCO credit on every title shipped during my tenure in that job. I wasn't directly involved in the game development, just was an exec offering feedback, etc. RaphKoster (talk) 21:31, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

DikuMUD gamma release date
I can't quite figure this out. The dikumud site says the release was October 1, 1990. The diku-gamma download from MudMagic says March 1, 1991. According to TMC's faq: Initial version (Gamma) released June 1990. . Next there is the copyright registration which states the publishing date is 1Jun90. SlothMUD claims to have started late 1990 based on DIKU Gamma.

Also, some of the text in the article seems to have been reverse engineered to work with the March 1991 release, I found no mention of the Diku code having actually leaked. The lack of sources in the article doesn't help much either. I'm leaning toward referencing the DikuMUD site and settle for October 1990 because I'm not too convinced the documentation in the published source code is reliable. It was updated in 1992 and may have been a release inbetween gamme and alfa. Without a good Usenet source it's impossible to be certain though. --Scandum (talk) 13:30, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The problem is one cannot find evidence of another DikuMUD running prior to the public announcement.    "Leaked" is probably not the correct word.  It's much more likely that a private copy was given to someone to run at a US location because of the lag and restricted machine time of the original game.  Similarly, while TinyMud source was publicly released in Dec. 89, a couple of private copies of TinyMud were given out to friends to run between to Aug 89 game opening and public source release.  If you look at the public mud lists you won't find other DikuMuds until after the March 91 date.  BTW, SlothMud changed their listing at TMC to January 1992 several years ago after a brief discussion.  I would always assume backdating.  Jlambert (talk) 07:36, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Continuing the last thought... IRT the June 1990 release date in the TMC FAQ or the October 1990 release date on the Diku web page. I find it highly unlikely that a publicly released mud source code would lie around unused by anybody for 9 months or 6 months.  It would make DikuMud rather unique among mud servers in that period as dozens of muds would immediately pop up after a server source code was published.  Jlambert (talk) 07:57, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Reading the README.Linux file of the March 1991 release I get the impression that the codebase didn't run out of the box before on *nix systems, this would explain the delayed spread combined with the dominance of LPMuds in those days. It'd be interesting to add to the article on what platform DikuMUD was originally developed, the ftpgame.org diku-alpha source says a VAX 11/785     - Unix-BSD 4.3
 * Also, Bill Wisner is mention for - being the first to successfully port the game' I'll see if I can track down that lead.

 * The rash of DikuMud startups began in March 91. Linux wasn't a factor because nobody could have run a mud on Linux prior to its 0.1 release in September 1991.  The file times on the gamma source's Linux updates appear to have been done Nov 92, which is consistent with Linux starting to take off.  Jlambert (talk) 06:34, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Alright, so I guess it did run out of the box. There may have been other issues that initially slowed its spread, high system requirements, no advertisement on Usenet, limitted release, etc. The sudden rash may as well have been from the first usenet posts listing the two diku mud sites, people checking it out, and finding out the game is open source in-game. Perhaps one of us should email the Diku guys and ask them to clarify the initial release? --Scandum (talk) 12:38, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I've compared the diku-linux version from ftpgame.org with the diku-gamma version by Samson, both seem to be the diku-linux version, with Samson having expressedly added 'DikuMUD Gamma originally released 3/1/1991.' to the README file. The only thing to back that up is the date of the files, but given it's an obviously modified (see README.linux) version that doesn't add any weight.

 * Diku Gamma (Linux) seems to have been released after Feb 2nd - 1991.
 * Diku Alfa seems to have been released from belch.berkeley.edu, after April 7th - 1991

 * From the news message in each release one can say with certainty that Gamma was released after Dec 90 and before Apr 91; and Alfa after Apr 91. That is consistent with the dating of the files.  I would assume that the news message in Alfa was written to announce the availability of Gamma, because they would have archived and ftped the files before writing the news message.  Where did you get Feb 2 from?  Jlambert (talk) 06:34, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
 * grep -r 1991 *.c | grep -v 1990 -- (C)opywrong Groo 1991-04-19 is in fact the last date in the alfa source code. --Scandum (talk) 12:38, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Diku Gamma comes with a readme note stating 'Alfa Diku--
 * This is the original diku after 9 months of playtesting....in which the
 * bugs were cleared in the first couple months. This is stable code in old
 * standards'

 * I can't find this. Which code from where?  Jlambert (talk) 06:34, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * If you untar diku-alfa.tar.gz from ftpgame.org it'll create a 'read.me' file in the current directory, it's easy to over-look. --Scandum (talk) 12:38, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Ah. That's a later version of alfa (1993-95?) that was tarred up on I believe on an OS2/Warp system. You can tell by the file name truncation to 8.3 format and the x13 file termination characters.  The version at mudmagic is older; it's source was the chalmers.se ftp site before it disappeared/cleanedup :-( . Jlambert (talk) 04:27, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * SeqI from ftpgame.org seems based on the Gamma Linux, it has only minor modifications, not even the motd was changed and no historic information is available. --Scandum (talk) 16:18, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

The "second game appeared" rather than "leaked" is much better. Also, I'm not sure where I got the July 1991 date versus Sept. 1991 (source file dates) for the alfa release. I suspect from a usenet message. I will look around. Jlambert (talk) 05:14, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
 * July 1991 is from the Diku website I think. --13:40, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Just noticed this thread/section. Seeing as the date on most of the files is March 1st, 1991, I would dare to say that it looks like the original release date is March 1st, 1991. There are some files modified to build it under Linux (Makefile, modify.c, comm.c, act.obj2.c, spec_procs.c, utility.c, and README.linux) which are all dated November 24th, 1992, (although comments are dated November 22nd), credited to "bsp". The diku-gamma.tar.gz and diku-linux.tar.gz archives are nearly identical. Unfortunately I forget where they originally came from. --Thoric (talk) 22:57, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

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text:
Macombs Dam Bridge

The Macombs Dam Bridge (also Macomb's Dam Bridge) is a swing bridge across the Harlem River in New York City, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx. The bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT).

The Macombs Dam Bridge connects the intersection of 155th Street and Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Boulevard (Seventh Avenue), located in Manhattan, with the intersection of Jerome Avenue and 161st Street, located near Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. The 155th Street Viaduct, one of the bridge's approaches in Manhattan, carries traffic on 155th Street from Seventh Avenue to the intersection with Edgecombe Avenue and St. Nicholas Place. The bridge is 2540 ft long in total, with four vehicular lanes and two sidewalks.

The first bridge at the site was constructed in 1814 as a true dam called Macombs Dam. Because of complaints about the dam's impact on the Harlem River's navigability, the dam was demolished in 1858 and replaced three years later with a wooden swing bridge called the Central Bridge, which required frequent maintenance. The current steel span was built between 1892 and 1895, while the 155th Street Viaduct was built from 1890 to 1893; both were designed by Alfred Pancoast Boller. The Macombs Dam Bridge is the third-oldest major bridge still operating in New York City, and along with the 155th Street Viaduct, was designated a New York City Landmark in 1992.

Description
The Macombs Dam Bridge was named after Robert Macomb, the son of merchant Alexander Macomb. It is composed of an over-water span and the 155th Street Viaduct, both of which were designed by consulting engineer Alfred Pancoast Boller. The bridge's total length is 2540 ft, including its approach viaducts.

, the Macombs Dam Bridge carries New York City Transit's bus routes. In 2016, the New York City Department of Transportation reported an average daily traffic volume in both directions of 38,183, with a peak of 55,609 in 1957. Between 2000 and 2014, the bridge opened for vessels 32 times.

Over-river span

The Macombs Dam Bridge includes a swing bridge over the Harlem River, pivoting around a small masonry island in the middle of the river. The swinging span is the oldest remaining swing bridge in New York City that retains its original span. According to the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT), which maintains the bridge, it is the city's third-oldest major bridge still in operation. It is variously cited as being 408 or long. It has four lanes for vehicular traffic and a sidewalk on each side for pedestrians. The roadway measures 40 ft wide and the sidewalks measure 9.9 ft wide. The total width of the deck, including additional space for supports and railings, is 65 ft.

The span's trusswork consists of concave chords running along the top. The chords taper up toward a square section in the center of the span, which is topped by four finials. On the Manhattan side, there is a plaque stating the year 1894, the words "Central Bridge", and the name of the bridge's major engineers. The design has been compared to a "raffish tiara" due to the presence of the Gothic Revival-style abutments. The swing span can be rotated around a tower located below the center of the deck, which in turn is located on the small masonry island. On both sides of the island are shipping channels with 150 ft of horizontal clearance. When closed, the bridge provides 25 ft of vertical clearance. The swinging portion weighs 2400 ST and is turned by two concentric drums: the inner drum has a diameter of 36 ft and the outer has a diameter of 44 ft. At the time of its construction, Macombs Dam Bridge's over-river span was said to be among the largest drawbridges built to date, or the heaviest movable mass in the world.

On either bank of the river are pairs of stone end piers with shelter houses. The shelter houses contain red tile roofs and are used by the bridge tender. Latticework gates are located near these end piers, blocking off access to the span when it is in the "open" position. Many of the original railings have been replaced.

Viaducts
There are three approaches to the bridge. Two are from the Manhattan side (the 155th Street Viaduct and the Seventh Avenue approach), while the third leads to the intersection of Jerome Avenue and 161st Street in the Bronx.

155th Street Viaduct
At the western end of the over-water span is a long steel viaduct, carrying two sidewalks and two lanes of traffic in each direction. The viaduct stretches from the intersection of 155th Street, Edgecombe Avenue, and St. Nicholas Place, at its western end, to the intersection of Macombs Place, Macombs Dam Bridge, and Seventh Avenue (also Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard) at its eastern end. There are traffic lights at both ends of the 155th Street Viaduct. An unconnected lower section of 155th Street runs at ground level under the viaduct.

The viaduct stretches 1600 ft was built due to the presence of Coogan's Bluff at its western end, some 110 ft above the river. It passes over an unconnected section of 155th Street located at the bottom of the cliff. The viaduct is supported by 31 girders; the western 22 girders contain horizontal, diagonal, and vertical bracing, while the eastern 9 girders do not contain bracing. The extreme western end of the viaduct is located on a granite and limestone abutment; the roadway retains its original ornamental iron railings designed by Hecla Iron Works, with a tall chain-link fence above. The rest of the viaduct contains utilitarian metal railings and tall chain-link fences.

The viaduct was designed similar to a landscaped boulevard or parkway, with observation decks projecting outward from the viaduct's sidewalks. Additionally, four long metal staircases originally connected the viaduct and the lower level of 155th Street; these stairs had canopies covering their upper flights. By 1992, only two of these stairs remained on the west side of Eighth Avenue, and by 2000, both remaining stairs had deteriorated too severely to be restored. On the western end of the viaduct, a stone staircase connects the north sidewalk of the viaduct and the lower section of 155th Street. A 28 ft column with a weather vane, lamp, and drinking fountain is at the western end of the viaduct. The fountain—sometimes called the Hooper Fountain after its donor, businessman John Hooper —still exists on the southeast corner of the 155th Street Viaduct and Edgecombe Avenue. Just east of the column, a path leads south to Jackie Robinson Park.

Before the viaduct was built, the 155th Street station of the elevated IRT Ninth Avenue Line, located along Eighth Avenue at the bottom of the cliff, could only be reached from the top by a long staircase. A Scientific American magazine article in 1890 stated that "To draw a load up the hill a team has to be taken a mile or more to the south".

Seventh Avenue approach
The other approach viaduct to the over-water span is from Seventh Avenue and Macombs Place (formerly Macombs Dam Road). It is 140 ft long. The approach ramp is carried by several steel plate girders, as well as three Warren truss spans on the approach's southern side, which are carried by box girders. Part of the approach ramp is carried on an abutment pier, which contains a limestone-and-granite facade. A stairway leads from the Seventh Avenue approach's western sidewalk to the lower level of 155th Street; a corresponding stair on the eastern sidewalk of Macombs Place was demolished when the Seventh Avenue ramp was rebuilt in 1930.

As originally laid out, Macombs Place provided access to Eighth Avenue (Frederick Douglass Boulevard), which was located at the bottom of Coogan's Bluff and was bypassed by the viaduct. Original plans did not provide for a connection to Seventh Avenue, but a curved ramp to Seventh Avenue was added by the time the bridge was opened. The approach was rebuilt in 1931 to provide direct access to Seventh Avenue. , it provides access to southbound Macombs Place and both directions of Seventh Avenue. At 152nd Street, a connecting road descends from the median of Seventh Avenue, connecting to the lower section of 155th Street.

Bronx approach
At the eastern end of the over-water span, there are two Warren truss spans, followed by a camelback span over the tracks of the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line. Past the camelback span, the bridge intersects with the on- and off-ramps to and from the southbound Major Deegan Expressway. To the northeast, a steel approach road leads to Jerome Avenue, which extends north into the Bronx and Westchester County, and there are cloverleaf ramps to and from the northbound Major Deegan Expressway. The approach road consists of six steel-and-concrete spans across the expressway, as well as six more Warren trusses. These spans are supported by girders located atop granite piers. The approach road contains another intersection, with 161st Street, before terminating at Jerome Avenue. The grade of the approach road is 1%.

Previous spans
The original river crossing on the site was called Macombs Dam and was built along with the since-demolished lock-and-dam system on the Harlem River. The dam was opened in 1814, and the bridge was finished in 1815 or 1816. Macombs Dam's capacity was limited by its narrow width, as the manned lock only measured 7 by, and by the mid-19th century, no longer used as a dam. In one incident in September 1839, local residents breached the dam over several days, and their actions were later reinforced by New York Supreme Court despite the operator's objections. Following legislature passed by the city in 1858, the dam was demolished that year, and was mandated to be replaced with a swing bridge.

The wooden Central Bridge, a swing bridge across the Harlem River, followed in 1860 or 1861. The span's construction was initially supposed to cost $10,000, but ultimately cost nine times as much. The wooden swing bridge included a rotating square tower situated atop a small island in the center of the river; the span itself was supported by iron rods attached to the tower. Because of the number of wooden parts, it often required maintenance. The city held a contest in 1875 for the installation of "a new wooden draw" to replace the existing Central Bridge. In 1877, the swinging component's square-shaped frame was removed and an A-frame was installed. The approach spans were subsequently replaced with iron in 1883, and the wooden span was rebuilt in 1890. The rebuilt span was 210 ft long and 18 ft wide, with two 4 ft sidewalks, as well as approach ramps measuring 180 ft long. These improvements did not help the public's reputation of the bridge, and one driver was quoted as saying, "They ought to keep it for clam wagons, though no clam with any regard for himself would ever cross the bridge."

Planning and construction
By the late 1880s, landowners in Upper Manhattan were advocating for development of Washington Heights, the then-sparsely-populated area atop Coogan's Bluff, the high cliff to the west of Macombs Dam. At the time, there were few options for traveling between the top and bottom of Coogan's Bluff. Another reason for developing this region of Manhattan was the opening of the Polo Grounds stadium at the bottom of Coogan's Bluff in 1890. By 1886, local landowners had come to an agreement that a viaduct was needed to connect the top of Coogan's Bluff and the Central Bridge. The next year, the New York state legislature passed a law that enabled the construction of a viaduct connecting the high point of Coogan's Bluff to the Central Bridge. Around the same time, the Central Bridge was slated to be rebuilt as a result of the River and Harbor Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1890. As part of the act, bridges on the Harlem River with low vertical clearance were to be replaced with those with at least 24 ft of clearance during mean high water springs. Drawbridges and swing spans were determined to be most suitable for this purpose. Structural engineer Alfred Pancoast Boller was hired to design the viaduct; his plans were officially approved in May 1890 at an estimated cost of $514,000, to be split evenly between the city and landowners. The city hired Herbert Steward to be the contractor; the Union Bridge Company for structural steel; and Hecla Iron Works for iron ornamentation. In June 1890, Boller was also hired for the over-water span. Boller submitted his plans for the over-water span that November; the plans entailed a smaller approach viaduct in the Bronx to cross over the swamp on that side. Work on the 155th Street Viaduct began in December 1890.

At the end of 1891, the foundations for the 155th Street Viaduct's support structure, as well as the masonry abutment at the viaduct's western end, had been constructed. However, further work at the viaduct's east end was delayed until the over-water span's foundations could be laid. The contract for the over-water span and Bronx approach was given to the Passaic Rolling Mill Company in March 1892, and work on that segment began two months later. The contractors and suppliers for the 155th Street Viaduct were also contracted for the over-water span. As the old bridge was about to be closed, residents of the town of Tremont, Bronx, expressed concerns that one of their few links to Manhattan would be temporarily severed. Ultimately, the old drawbridge was floated slightly north to 156th Street while the new span was constructed immediately adjacent. The old bridge remained there until the new span was completed, at which point the old span was demolished.

After the height of the over-water span's deck had been established, two falsework rails were placed on the outer edges of the span, along which a rolling scaffold traveled. Two different methods were used to construct the foundations for the over-water span. A caisson was used for the western bank's pier and the central pivoting "island", while a cofferdam was used for the eastern bank's pier. The latter required a modification to the original contract "owing to the great depth of swampy bottom". The design of the short span over the Hudson Line railroad tracks was likely also changed when the contract modification was made.

By late 1892, the 155th Street Viaduct was nearly completed and the Real Estate Record stated that pedestrians were already using the viaduct to access the elevated line. However, there were disputes over the ramp between Seventh Avenue and the over-water span. In the initial plans, the 155th Street Viaduct lacked a direct connection to Seventh Avenue. A rocky outcropping obstructed the line of view between Seventh Avenue and the bridge, so the builders decided to destroy the rock. The city also acquired land for a park between Macombs Dam Road, Seventh Avenue, and 153rd Street. Additionally, there were problems in coordinating work on the viaduct and over-water span, since the two segments intersected at an angle. An additional contract for a second Bronx approach from Sedgwick and Ogden Avenues was designed by Boller in January 1893, and was approved by the New York State Legislature. In 1894, the contract for the second Bronx approach was awarded to Passaic, while the contract for the over-water span's ornamentation was given to Valentine Cook & Son.

1890s to 1930s
The 155th Street Viaduct opened on October 10, 1893. The over-water span opened "without any particular ceremony" a year and a half later, on May 1, 1895. The viaduct cost $739,000 (about $ million in ), while the over-water span cost $1.3 million (equal to $ million in ); however, the total cost of the over-water span including land acquisition was $1.774 million (about $ million in ). The new bridge was also called the Central Bridge, and though a plaque bearing this name still can be seen on the swing span, the name never stuck. The old "Macombs Dam" name remained in popular use, and the bridge was officially renamed with its original moniker in 1902. The 155th Street Viaduct and over-water span were formerly operated by two different entities. The over-water span was erected by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation before being transferred to the Bridge Department in 1898, while the 155th Street Viaduct was erected by the Department of Public Works and was transferred to the Manhattan borough president's office in 1898.

A trolley franchise was awarded to the Union Railroad Company in 1903, providing Bronx residents with a direct connection to the Eighth Avenue trolley. The first trolley traveled over the Macombs Dam Bridge in 1904. Due to the increasing prevalence of trolleys and automobiles, there was a decrease in horse-drawn carriages that used the bridge. Also in 1904, the steam engine that powered the movable over-water span was replaced with a 24 hp electric motor, which itself was replaced with a 52 hp motor in 1917. The New York City Department of Plant and Structures assumed control of the over-water span in 1916, and five years later it also had jurisdiction of the 155th Street Viaduct.

In 1920, while Yankee Stadium was under construction, ramps were built on the Bronx side of the Macombs Dam Bridge, leading to 161st Street. As part of this project, the staircase on the northern facade of the Bronx abutment was demolished, and a corresponding stair on the southern facade was built. On the Manhattan side, a rebuilt approach from Seventh Avenue and 151st Street to the bridge, as well as a rebuilt triangular plaza between Seventh Avenue and Macombs Dam Road, was opened in 1931. The approach was built on land donated by John D. Rockefeller Jr. The new approach, designed by Andrew J. Thomas, entailed rebuilding the formerly-straight Macombs Dam Road approach to a "flared polygonal" route, which required extending the masonry abutment there. In 1938, both the over-water span and the viaduct became the jurisdiction of the Department of Public Works.

1940s to present
Part of the pedestrian railing was damaged in 1949 after a boat's boom ran into the over-water span. Around the same time, from 1949 through 1951, the approach to Ogden and Sedgwick Avenues in the Bronx was demolished to make way for the construction of the Major Deegan Expressway. Three segments of truss bridge were also removed during this time, and the removed truss segment over the expressway's path was replaced with a new steel deck. The trolley tracks were also removed c. 1950, and many of the original decorative and lighting fixtures were replaced in the early 1960s.

The Transportation Administration assumed control of the bridge and viaduct in 1966. Mayor John Lindsay proposed enacting tolls along the University Heights Bridge, as well as all other free bridges across the East and Harlem rivers, in 1971. The proposal failed in 1977 after the United States Congress moved to ban tolls on these bridges. A new interchange on the Bronx side opened in 1977, providing easier access to Yankee Stadium. The same year, jurisdiction passed to the NYCDOT, which still operates and maintains the bridge and viaduct.

By 1988, the NYCDOT listed the Macombs Dam Bridge as one of 17 bridges citywide that urgently needed restoration. The work, initially expected to cost $34 million, would pay for the restoration of steel brackets and deteriorated concrete supports. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Macombs Dam Bridge and the 155th Street Viaduct as a city landmark on January 14, 1992. The NYCDOT conducted a $145 million overhaul of the bridge between 1999 and 2004. As part of the renovation, the NYCDOT replaced the deck of the bridge, and renovated the structural elements of the approach viaducts and the four ramps to and from the Major Deegan Expressway. The over-water span was also repainted and the electrical systems were replaced. Simultaneously, the NYCDOT also assessed the Macombs Dam Bridge and 155th Street Viaduct for a seismic-retrofitting project, which at the time was slated to be completed between 2010 and 2013 for $36 million. Despite the low probability of earthquakes in the area, the project had been proposed after more stringent building codes had been implemented in 2003.

Critical reception
Even while under construction, the Macombs Dam Bridge and the 155th Street Viaduct were favorably appraised by contemporary media. Scientific American praised the design of the ornamental iron handrails and lampposts in 1890. Two years later, the Engineering News-Record said that the two structures comprised "two of the parts of a grand system of improvements which will [...] transform that section of the city of New York."

In 1895, after the bridge was completed, the Real Estate Record called the bridge "a beautiful piece of engineering work splendidly conceived." Bridge engineer Martin Gay praised the masonry's "fine lines" and the "graceful sweep" of the over-water span's upper chord in 1904. Architectural critic Montgomery Schuyler stated that the Macombs Dam Bridge was "the most pretentious and costly" of the Harlem River swing bridges, and that the Macombs Dam and University Heights Bridges were "highly creditable works, in an artistic as well as in a scientific sense." The writer Sharon Reier, in the book "The Bridges of New York", referred to the Macombs Dam Bridge and the University Heights Bridge as "the only movable bridge[s] across the Harlem [...] which warrants a walking tour". After Boller's death in 1912, a colleague wrote that the Macombs Dam Bridge was one of several spans designed by Boller that were "characterized by their originality and boldness of design". The painter Edward Hopper depicted the bridge in a 1935 painting of the same name.

Similar spans
Boller designed several bridges across the surrounding section of the Harlem River. Two of them were built to the south of the Macombs Dam Bridge. These spans were the 145th Street Bridge and the Madison Avenue Bridge, which originally opened in 1905 and 1910, respectively. Though the 145th Street Bridge was replaced in 2006, writer Sharon Reier had described the original 145th Street Bridge as an "uninspired copy" of the Macombs Dam Bridge.

Immediately to the north of the Macombs Dam Bridge was the Putnam Bridge, also designed by Boller. The New York City Subway's now-demolished Ninth Avenue elevated line ran over the bridge, connecting with the IRT Jerome Avenue Line (current ). The bridge opened in 1880, and was demolished after that portion of the Ninth Avenue line stopped operating in 1958.

title: Macombs Dam Bridge


text:
Talk:List of roller coaster rankings

Continuous Circuit VS Shuttle coasters
Superman: Escape From Krypton should have a footnote saying that it does not complete a full circuit, only launching up the spike, then falling back to the station. Roketman18 (talk) 19:24, 29 March 2020 (UTC)
 * , it already does have a footnote. You should see the superscript  next to each entry in the lists. You can hover and/or click it. --GoneIn60 (talk) 21:09, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

July 2020
Millenium Force and Steel Dragon should have notes next to them, as the Guinness Book of World Records claims Millenium Force as having the complete circuit record in 2000.https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/438138-first-giga-rollercoaster — Preceding unsigned comment added by DisneyAviationRollerCoasterEnthusiast (talk • contribs) 03:09, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

 * First and foremost, this is a list of the tallest roller coasters, period. The list title doesn't make a distinction between full-circuit and non-full-circuit coasters. We can put notes next to the name of the roller coaster (as we've done for Escape From Krypton), but we shouldn't be adding a date range in the "Record held" column, because this would be misleading even with a note. That's the main reason I reverted your edit.For Millennium Force's note, you could add something like "Held record from May 2000 – May 2003 among full-circuit coasters" and include the Guinness source inside the note. I would support that. I would NOT support adding the date range outside of the note, however. --GoneIn60 (talk) 06:16, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Updating
Someone needs to update this, RCDB and this doesn’t look the same, like they combine same stats as tied and they have more in there Also red Force is not in the longest steal Coaster drop section KIfanboy (talk) 19:43, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

 * This Wikipedia article does not need to be the same as RCDB. We simply draw information from it and may display information somewhat differently. When coasters are tied at 4th in length for example, then obviously the next one down is not 5th, since there are 5 roller coasters above it that are longer. RCDB doesn't list it that way, but that's OK. We are using simple math in our calculations.As for Red Force, it's been removed and readded over the years. No secondary source that I'm aware of has verified it's drop height, but we can safely assume it's somewhere between Top Thrill and Superman. We can discuss options for that, as I'm open to suggestions. Perhaps we can move it into a footnote or sub-chart of some kind if enough editors think that's necessary. --GoneIn60 (talk) 21:26, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

Duration
Why is there no section for the longest ride times? Malcolmmwa (talk) 23:15, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

Top thrill removed
Top thrill needs removed as it is been retired based on the CP website and social media 98.28.176.97 (talk) 16:26, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

Fastest launch acceleration
Thoughts on adding a section for fastest launch acceleration? It isn't in rcdb but it is something talked about and advertised, and is listed in the guiness book of world records - Cake ~ talk  12:50, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

Flag removal
, I reverted your recent edit that removed the flag icons from the tables, but I'd like to understand your interpretation of how WP:FLAGCRUFT applies here, as well as any other relevant guidelines. If needed, we can reinstate removal.Generally, we shouldn't use flags as pure decoration. I agree with that sentiment. Although I wasn't the one that added flags to the tables in this featured list many moons ago, I had grown accustomed to their presence over time and eventually realized their added value. In tables that list rankings on a global scale, the flags present an instant visual cue to the country of origin, which is especially helpful when scrolling through a long list of tables with a lot of columns stuffed with other data. At a quick glance in the midst of side-by-side statistics, the country in which any particular coaster resides is immediately apparent and helpful in comparison to others in the list. Unlike article prose, such a visual cue has more relevance in a list article; the table format is a different kind of presentation. Removal felt like taking a step backward.Do editors come here expecting to see flags? No, probably not in most situations. However, their presence instantly reveals the hidden benefit, which many are likely to find beneficial. It would appear, then, that the removal comes down to matter of preference. I reviewed this discussion (MOS:ICON) and this discussion (Republics of Russia), but neither seemed to result in a clear consensus, nor did either have significant participation. Any clarification you can add here would be helpful, thank you. --GoneIn60 (talk) 19:01, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

Wooden roller coaster
It says that goliath is the fastest at 72 mph when its been proven that DollyWood's lightning rod is the fastest wooden Rollercoaster marking at 73 mph and a hang time of 20 second 2607:FB91:580:5D1B:8635:801C:78EA:8F91 (talk) 22:12, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Lightning Rod was converted to IBox track and therefore is no longer considered a wooden coaster. Blackhand1001 (talk) 01:44, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

Longest Steel Coasters Decimal Points
I found that some of the steel coasters are listed as 1700m while some are 1700.0m, which could cause a different ranking when they are all the same length. Not sure if it's a mistake so I thought I would just add it to the talk page for someone else to consider. Thanks! RemoteTravel (talk) 01:38, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * , thanks for pointing that out. It is a limitation that sometimes happens when using the convert template, where it rounds the converted measurement. To get a more accurate conversion, we have to use the  parameter. I went ahead and corrected it. You'll see that 5600ft actually converts to the more precise 1707m now. --GoneIn60 (talk) 14:31, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of roller coaster rankings


text:
Jamaican fruit bat

The Jamaican, common, or Mexican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) is a frugivorous bat species native to the Neotropics.

Description
The Jamaican fruit bat is a medium-sized bat, having a total length of 78 - 89 mm with a 96 - 150 mm wingspan and weighing 40 to 60 g. It has broad but pointed and ridged ears with a serrated tragus. Its prominent noseleaf has an array of sebaceous glands. The lower lip is littered with warts with a relatively large one in the center. Sebaceous holocrine glands can be found in both lips. On the back the fur is an ashy-shade of gray or brown with visible white hair bases and variable fur patterning on the face. The wings of the fruit bat are broad and dark gray in color. The underfur is paler in color. The fruit bat has no external tail. It has broad dark grey wings and a narrow hairless interfemoral membrane with a short calcar. The distinctive features of the Jamaican fruit bat (which however are shared by some of its relatives) include the absence of an external tail and a minimal, U-shaped interfemoral membrane.

A transcriptome dataset is available with more than 25,000 annotated transcripts that are directly searchable by BLAST. A genome assembly has also been generated.

Distribution and habitat
The Jamaican fruit bat ranges from southern Mexico through Central America southward to northwestern South America (in Colombia). It also lives throughout the Caribbean islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the southern Bahamas.

The Jamaican fruit bat can be found in elevations from sea level to 2135 m. This species is found in a variety of habitats. It prefers habitats that are humid and tropical but has also adapted to cloud forests and drier tropical habitats. Fruit bats roost in caves, hollow trees, dense foliage, buildings and leaf tents. The fruit bat may create its own "tent" to roost in by altering broad leaves. These "tents" are only temporarily used.

Taxonomy
Populations east of the Andes in South America (south to Argentina) have traditionally been included in the Jamaican fruit bat, but are now often regarded as a separate species, the flat-faced fruit-eating bat (A. planirostris). Further research is necessary to establish its exact taxonomic status. Further populations in Ecuador, Peru and southwestern Colombia west of the Andes were attributed to a new species, Artibeus aequatorialis. The Lesser Antilles populations have since been described to be Artibeus schwartzi.

Diet
The Jamaican fruit bat is a frugivore. They eat a number of kinds of fruit but focus mostly on figs; at Barro Colorado Island, Panama, figs make up more than 78% of the fruits eaten. Bats will also supplement leaves of plants with high amounts of protein. Overall, the fruit bat consumes a diverse amount of plants but locally only eats certain types. A Jamaican fruit-eating bat plucks its food and carries it away with its mouth before eating it in its roosts. As such it can disperse seeds fairly far. Fruit bats have been recorded carrying fruits weighing 3 - 14 g or even as much as 50 g. Jamaican fruit bats rely on sight and smell to find fruit of certain colors and odors. They mainly feed on Ficus figs and also on other fruits like avocados, mangoes, guava, papaya and bananas. In the dry season, their diet can consist of leaves of plants whose foliage has large amounts of protein, nectar, pollen, flower pieces and a few insects.

Mortality
The maximum longevity for the Jamaican fruit bat is nine years in the wild. Predators of fruit bats include owls, snakes, large opossums, and coati. Bats from various sites have been found with Histoplasma capsulatum. Some individual bats may have rabies. Fruit bats also are susceptible to various internal parasites: nematodes and ringworms, and external parasites: mites, ticks and chiggers.

Behavior
When in their roosts, the Jamaican fruit bat has a reproductive system known as "resource defensive polygyny". That is, males will claim an area as a territory and females select the best territories to roost and mate in. Subadult males may remain in their natal roosts while females may leave to gather with other females elsewhere. In caves where there are enough roosting sites, there is some "female defensive polygyny". Here, harem males actively defend females during the breeding seasons and will attack satellite males that roost in the walls and ceilings of caves. However, they tolerate males who are subordinate to them in their harems. Satellite males are more common in large groups than smaller groups and dominant and subordinate males will cooperate to defend harem females. In large groups, dominant males may be the fathers of the subordinates.

When bats going on foraging trips, it is the dominant males that are the first to leave to the roosting sites and the last to return. At dusk, males spend much time flying near the tree roosts displacing any intruders. Jamaican fruit bats are most active at midnight; following that, activity begins to die down.

When captured, a Jamaican fruit bat will warn conspecifics with a distress call made of a long series of pulses typically lasting 15 kHz. The Jamaican fruit bat will also react to the distress calls of other species and to their own recorded calls. The fruit bat is considered a whisper bat and makes three low-intensity FM pulses during flight and when resting.

Breeding
Breeding in the Jamaican fruit bat is bimodal and polyestrous with births being dependent on fruit abundance. Females give birth twice a year with one young on average for each birth. Mating is highest at the end of the wet season and births take place in the dry months. Embryonic development may delay in the second breeding season but parturition will occur in the follow breeding period. The testes of the males enlarge when females enter estrous. The testes tend to be slightly larger in harem males than bachelors and the canine teeth tend to be more worn in the former. Copulation occurs until 2–25 days after the previous births. Pups born in a harem may sometimes be sired by satellite or subordinate males depending on the size of the group. Gestation is usually 3.5–4 months but can be as long as 7 months when there's delayed embryonic development. The female gives birth while perching and the newborn emerges unaided, head first. The mothers will eat the placenta. Mothers carry their pups when they are one day old but later leave them in the roosting area for the day. The female's nipples become enlarged during lactation. Young are weaned by 15 days. Young gain a full, permanent set of teeth at 40 days and can fly by 50 days when their forearms are fully developed. Females are sexually mature by eight months and males by 12 months.

Status
Throughout most of its range, the Jamaican fruit bat is numerous. It was found to be the most influential of the frugivorous bat community. The fruit bat has greater ecological importance in wet habitats. The Jamaican fruit eating bat does not seem to be threatened from a conservation standpoint. It appears to be common regardless of any habitat disruption. However, it may damage fruit crops in certain areas.

title: Jamaican fruit bat


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Mixed martial arts

Welcome to WikiProject Mixed Martial Arts. This is a Wikiproject formed to encourage a community of cohesive editing for Mixed martial arts articles. If you wish to join us, please add your name to the list on the participants page and please say hello on the talk page. Guidelines for creating and formatting MMA articles are below.

Scope
This WikiProject aims to describe a template for new articles about Mixed martial artists, unify currently existing articles and improve the overall quality of mixed martial arts related pages.

Goals
The goal of this project is to provide a unified structure, a toolkit of templates and a central discussion area for the creation and improvement of articles relating to Mixed Martial Arts; the ultimate goal being for Wikipedia to contain an authoritative set of articles of Good or Featured quality relating to all significant aspects of MMA and to contain an article for all fighters that are notable.

Notability of fighters
See MMA notability

Notability of fighters is one of the biggest issues for the project. WP:MMANOT is a summary of what many of the experienced users for the project believe to be notable organisations and the definition of a notable fighter. Should a fighter not fulfil this criteria, it is unlikely that they warrant an article on Wikipedia.

Discussion is always welcome at the MMA notability page, linked above (or WT:MMANOT for the discussion page), as we attempt to establish a wider consensus for who or what is notable.

Work-tracking lists

 * List of fighters that need full articles
 * List of promotions that need full articles
 * List of fight teams that need full articles
 * List of events that need full articles

Ongoing work
See talk page for suggested additions.

Project templates
In addition to the below-mentioned   and    template group, the following templates are suggested for use on MMA articles.

Barnstar
Please show another productive editor some love! To add, place: on their talkpage. Template:MMA Barnstar

Biographical stubs (e.g. fighters, promoters, referees)
Please use   instead of   , as this will create an appropriate categorization and banner that will direct editors to this project.

Non-biographical stubs (e.g. fight promotions, events)
Please use   instead of   , as this will create an appropriate categorization and banner that will direct editors to this project.

Banner for use on article talk pages
Please add WikiProject Mixed martial arts to the top of talk pages of MMA articles, to help direct new editors to the project. Using   underneath that on talk pages will create an editable to do list as we have at the top of this page, which you can leave notes for yourself or other editors in. By default if no article class is specified, it will automatically be placed in Category:Unassessed mixed martial arts articles.

Userbox
Members of the project are welcome to use the project userbox by adding   to their pages:

Statsbox

 * Template:Infobox_martial_artist

Template for MMA Training Associations

 * Template:MMA Training Associations

Template for MMA organizations

 * Template:MMA organizations

Article structure
The articles about mixed martial arts fighters should follow the structure outlined below to ensure a consistent structure. An easy way to start a new article is to copy the source of the quickbio template.

Infobox martial artist
All articles should begin with an Infobox martial artist (click for example).

Syntax

 * Do not add flag icons in the infobox. Flag icons should not be used to emphasize nationality and they are redundant with a written location. They are unnecessarily distracting and give undue prominence to one field among many. For more details, please read Manual of Style (icons).
 * Do not use the style parameter from the Infobox martial artist in MMA biographical articles. Modern MMA requires training several fighting styles, which means that no mixed martial artist uses a single style when fighting. References that describe martial arts ranks (i.e. black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu) and/or martial arts training (i.e. training boxing) are not evidence of fighting style and are not valid to justify a fighting style in an infobox. Do not add your own interpretation of a fighting style. The style parameter should only be used in MMA fighters that have participated professionally or in international competitions in other combat sports (i.e. boxing or kickboxing) and who are notable in said sports and deserve an article for their merits in these other sports (i.e. Antônio Rogério Nogueira, Alistair Overeem). It is suggested to MMA editors that they actively remove the style parameter in infoboxes of MMA fighters that do not meet these criteria.
 * When using the team parameter, it is suggested to add all teams/gyms used by a fighter through his/her fighting career, as long as they can be referenced with reliable sources. If a team can't be referenced, do not add it. Add the time period in which a fighter was part of said teams and sort them in a descending chronological order, e.g.:
 * Roufusport (2008-present)
 * AKA (2006-2008)
 * ATT (2005-2006)

 * In the weightclass field, try to include the name of the division. Per this discussion, there is a consensus against including the numerical ranges of each division. Example:

 * If a fighter has competed in a promotion that doesn't follow the ranges given by the Unified Rules, add a note with the name of the promotion. Example:

 * If a fighter has competed in several weight classes, add all of them using the tag  after each other. Include a note if the promotion doesn't follow the Unified Rules weight classes. Example:

 * If a fighter has competed in weight classes that are no longer in use, add the name of the promotion and the period where the rules were in effect. Example:

 * If possible, use footnotes for promotion related information

Lead section
Lead section should include the basic information about the fighter and an overview of notable accomplishments. For example:
 * Joe Riggs (born September 23, 1982) is an American mixed martial arts fighter. He currently fights as a welterweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

Do not add notable victories/wins in the lead section as that does not represent a concise overview of the article, it does not present a neutral point of view and there is no objective way to determine what makes a victory notable. If you believe that a single notable victory should be added for a specific fighter, first discuss it in the article's talk page or in the talk page of this WikiProject to determine by consensus whether or not that information should go in the lead section.

Early life or Background
Early life or Background section should begin with a == Early life == or == Background == title to outline the fighters' life before MMA. Including the details of the fighters childhood: place of birth, sibling information, parents occupation is optional. Further details can include the information on the fighters other careers, his marriage(s), children, pets, etc. Training can be included here, or below, in the martial arts training section.

For example:
 * Fedor Emelianenko was born in 1976 in the Rubezhnoe town in Luhansk region, presently a part of Ukraine (part of the Soviet Union at the time).  Fedor's family moved to Stary Oskol, Russia in 1978.  His mother, Olga Feodorovna, is a teacher.  His father, Vladimir Alexandrovich, is a gas-electric welder.  Fedor is the second child in the family and has an older sister, Marina, and two younger brothers, Aleksander (born 1981) and Ivan (born 1988).  Aleksander is also an MMA fighter in PRIDE and Ivan is currently in training.

 * Fedor finished high school in 1991 and graduated with honors from a professional trade school in 1994. In 1999 he married his wife, Oksana. Fedor's daughter, Masha, was also born in 1999.

Martial arts training
The Early life section can also include a subsection on the fighter's martial arts background & training regimen.

Example:
 * Emelianenko's enthusiasm for fighting began with Sambo and Judo. He initially trained under Vasiliy Ivanovich Gavrilov, and later under his current coach, Vladimir Mihailovich Voronov. Voronov remembers that ten-year-old Fedor was relatively weak physically and did not have an innate grappling talent; instead, Fedor's biggest strength was his perseverance and strong will.

 * In 1997, Emelianenko received the official certification of a "Master of Sports" in Sambo and Judo. Fedor earned bronze medal in 1998 Russian Judo Championsip. In 2000, he started studying striking with arms and legs under coach Alexander Vasilievich Michkov.

 * Fedor used to weight train extensively, but in 1999 he almost completely substituted his weight exercises with sport-specific training in grappling, boxing and kick-boxing. His strength training consists of daily pull-ups, push ups on parallel bars, and crunches. Emelianenko also runs 12-15 kilometers (7.5 - 9.3 miles) every day. Fedor is a proponent of high altitude training and he travels to Kislovodsk, Russia with his team once or twice a year to train in high altitude.

Mixed martial arts career

 * 1) Write down his/her early career.
 * 2) Write down recent events.
 * 3) If a fighter is officially scheduled to fight in the near future (less than a year), future bouts can be mentioned in a short sentence at the end of this section, provided that they are backed up with reliable sources. Use simple sentences that can be easily modified when the bout has passed. For example, "XXXX will face YYYY on ZZZZ" would be changed to "XXXX faced YYYY on ZZZZ", adding - "which he lost/won.....". This makes it easier for editors to update the information and also comment when a notable fight is cancelled.

Record
His/her fight records. It does not have to be about only MMA record. If they have taken part in any Brazilian jiu-jitsu, wrestling or kickboxing etc. matches, you can create a section for each discipline and add that information.

Mixed martial arts
A typical subsection would include a list of any titles won, followed by this 2 part record table. Both parts, the collapsible "Professional record breakdown" and the more detailed fight table (second part) use a template. Both parts should be included, in the order shown below.

Example input:
 * MMArecordbox

Example Input:
 * MMA record start

 * The record column (shown above) should be added to the record table for clarity. As we get many unregistered users updating fight records, many of them neglect to update the record box numbers, which creates errors. By including the record column, these errors are ironed out and readers know the actual record of the specific fighter.
 * Never add future bouts. The purpose of the record table is to provide a quick account of a fighter's past career, not to speculate about his/her future. Upcoming bouts that have been officially announced can only be mentioned within the body text at the end of the Mixed martial arts career section, provided that they are notable (covered by reliable third-party sources.)
 * In the column Results, only use "Win", "Loss", "Draw" or "NC".
 * In the column Record, uses dashes (–), not hyphens (-), to separate wins, losses and draws.
 * In the column Opponent, do not add flag icons before the name of the opponent. Per MOS:ICON, the consensus in Wikipedia is that flag icons should not be used to emphasize nationality without good reason. Flag icons for sportspeople should only be used in a sporting sense, that is, only when they are representing a national squad/team or for representative nationality in a competition, not legal nationality. There is no international sport governing body in MMA and MMA events are mainly handled by individual promotions. As such, MMA fighters do not represent their countries in a sporting sense, so flag icons do not serve an encyclopedic purpose. Flag icons should not be added only because they look good, because aesthetics are in the eye of the beholder: one reader's harmless decoration may be another reader's distraction
 * In the column Method, per Manual of Style (capital letters), do not capitalize the text within parentheses. For example, use "TKO (corner stoppage)" instead of "TKO (Corner Stoppage)"
 * In the column Method, do not use your personal interpretation of a fight result in the record. Using a reliable source is important. The official website or Sherdog may be useful.
 * In the column Method, do not wikify the finishing method. That should be done within the body text only.
 * In the column Event, if an event has its own article in Wikipedia, use the name of the article and do not add extra text or stylization. For example, use UFC 60 instead of UFC 60: Hughes vs. Gracie, use Dream 11 instead of DREAM.11 Featherweight Grand Prix 2009 Final.
 * In the column Event, do not use hyphens or dashes when referring to the subtitle of an event, for example, don't use "Deep – Gladiator", use instead normal English punctuation, "Deep: Gladiator". In the same way, make sure that events have not redundant subtitles, for example, do not use "XFS 2: Xtreme Fight Series 2", just leave "Xtreme Fight Series 2" or "XFS 2".
 * In the column Event, only wikify events that have an article at Wikipedia, not organizations. Organizations should only be wikified once within the body text of the article.
 * In the column Location, do not add flag icons as they are redundant since the country must be mentioned in the text and their usage in such conditions is against Manual of Style (icons), they increase server load and can be annoying for people with slow connections or text-based browsers.
 * In the column Location, try to include, whenever possible, city and country according to how they are names in their respective articles in Wikipedia. For example, "Las Vegas, Nevada, United States" or "Tokyo, Japan". In some countries, like the U.S., the name of the cities may be the same in different local regions, such as Hollywood, Florida and Hollywood, Alabama, so, in order to avoid confusion, include the full city name as it is titled in its Wikipedia article. To maintain a similar format for all cities in the location column, try to include the similar existing redirects for cities that do not include the local region after the city name in their Wikipedia articles. For example, use the redirect Osaka, Osaka instead of Osaka.
 * The column Notes is meant to be used for information related to the bout, including but not limited to special rules, awards earned, failure to make weight and similar. Do not use it to put irrelevant text such as "MMA Debut", "UFC debut", "Cut from the UFC" or similar text not directly related to the bout.

Categories
Please add categories as appropriate — there are generally categories for the sports and martial arts that fighters may have practiced, and please always select the correct nationality from Category:Mixed martial artists by nationality.

*adding a link to a category adds the article to the category - this page does not belong in that category!

Other categories to be included are:

Parentage
The parents of this WikiProject are WikiProject Sports and WikiProject Martial Arts.

Descendant Wikiprojects
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

Similar Wikiprojects

 * WikiProject Martial arts/Kickboxing task force
 * WikiProject Martial arts
 * WikiProject Boxing


text:
Obitus

Obitus is an action-adventure game developed and released by Psygnosis in early 1991 for Amiga, Atari ST and DOS. It was also ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System by Bullet-Proof Software. The game features both first-person dungeon crawling and side-scrolling gameplay with action-oriented combat and an emphasis on item acquisition. It is similar to games like Eye of the Beholder on Super Nintendo but without the RPG mechanics.

Gameplay

Obitus combines several graphical styles and perspectives in a labyrinth-based game. Though nearly every piece of a forest or catacomb looks indistinguishable from the next screen, this can be dealt with by the player making physical maps, using the compass. The game is heavily focused on the need to make maps. Without them, the player will die long before making it to the end. There is very little food and time cannot be wasted walking around trying to find a way forward. The player's stamina bar steadily runs out and can only be replenished by sleeping, which can only be done safely beside a friendly NPC. Once the stamina bar is depleted, the player's health begins to deplete.

Obitus can be mistaken for a role-playing game when in actuality it functions like an action-adventure game. Players must traverse the game's mazes, gathering loot, items, weapons, and treasures in search of mystical gems while fighting enemies and avoiding traps. Upon reaching a castle, Obitus changes from first-person perspective to 2D side-scrolling complete with a new jumping ability. However, the game features no RPG-adjacent stats (just a stamina and health bar), no character progression, no experience points, no variable damage, an inventory instead of real equipment, and few other traditional RPG traits. The original box for the game references strategy and adventure but not role-playing.

Plot
The player takes on the role of medieval history lecturer Wil Mason, whose car breaks down while he drives through Snowdonia, Wales in a storm. He seeks refuge in a deserted tower, only to wake up in a strange world.

King Cullen passed control of the peaceful land Obitus to his four sons, warning them to stand united or the land would fall into evil hands. To symbolise the unity, the king gave each of his sons a Gem of Tranquility, which when joined conjured a mystical force to protect the land. Some time after the transfer of power took place, an evil sorceress sought to take advantage of the princes' fraternal pact. She told them each in confidence that they must break from the others in order to obtain personal wealth and power. The princes took these words to heart and fought for control of the kingdom. When the battle was over, each prince had one of the gems and one quarter of the land, and the power of the gems had been broken. Only by reuniting them in the Tower Obitus can the kingdom be saved.

Reception
Allen L. Greenberg of Computer Gaming World liked the no-typing interface, graphics, and sound, but stated that the documentation was so poor that players would be better off not reading it. Despite stating that the game lacked depth, the magazine stated that Obitus "can be a satisfying experience" that "offers many hours of exploration and danger, and plenty to see". David Upchurch of ACE gave the Amiga version a score of 830 (out of a possible 1000), praising the graphics and gameplay, but noting that it may not appeal to hard-core RPG enthusiasts. Electronic Gaming Monthly asserted the reverse in their review of the Super NES version, that the game would appeal to RPG enthusiasts but not those who dislike RPGs. They gave it a 6.4 out of 10, summarizing it as "a slow-moving RPG that will appeal more to patient gamers."

German gaming magazine Amiga Joker gave the Amiga version of Obitus an overall score of 73%, complimenting the 3D graphics and comparing the environment to 1984 ASCII game Beast but "complete with trigger happy enemies and delicate parallax scrolling." In regards to gameplay, Amiga Joker stated "if Obitus were just an action game, the combat sequences would be a bit sparse, but as a change of pace from the puzzles they are very OK ... all in all Obitus isn't the peak of originality, but for an adventure-like game, because of the simple controls, it is a very good experience."

GamePro gave the Super NES version of Obitus four out of five stars, praising its music, controls and UI, and the blending of a classic RPG with side-scrolling action gameplay, stating they "work well together. ... The real-time fighting action is a good adrenaline break in your travels. On its own, though, it's nothing special." Despite this, GamePro goes on to describe Obitus as "unambitious", and criticizes some instances of the game's animation as "stiff", and sound effects as "repetitive".

title: Obitus