text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hawks Creek

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Fernando Rizo T/C 08:38, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Hawks Creek
Non-notable golf course GinaDana 22:15, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn DV8 2XL 23:01, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, wouldn't object to an A1 speedy. That only requires little context; it doens't insist on none. Certainly nn and a substub as it stands.-Splash 00:34, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Interglacial

An interglacial period (or alternatively interglacial, interglaciation) is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age. The current Holocene interglacial began at the end of the Pleistocene, about 11,700 years ago.

Pleistocene
During the 2.5 million years of the Pleistocene, numerous glacials, or significant advances of continental ice sheets, in North America and Europe, occurred at intervals of approximately 40,000 to 100,000 years. The long glacial periods were separated by more temperate and shorter interglacials.

During interglacials, such as the present one, the climate warms and the tundra recedes polewards following the ice sheets. Forests return to areas that once supported tundra vegetation. Interglacials are identified on land or in shallow epicontinental seas by their paleontology. Floral and faunal remains of species pointing to temperate climate and indicating a specific age are used to identify particular interglacials. Commonly used are mammalian and molluscan species, pollen and plant macro-remains (seeds and fruits). However, many other fossil remains may be helpful: insects, ostracods, foraminifera, diatoms, etc. Recently, ice cores and ocean sediment cores provide more quantitative and accurately-dated evidence for temperatures and total ice volumes.

Interglacials and glacials coincide with cyclic changes in Earth's orbit. Three orbital variations contribute to interglacials. The first is a change in Earth's orbit around the Sun, or eccentricity. The second is a shift in the tilt of Earth's axis, or obliquity. The third is the wobbling motion of Earth's axis, or precession.

In the Southern Hemisphere, warmer summers occur when the lower-half of Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the planet is nearest the Sun in its elliptical orbit. Cooler summers occur when Earth is farthest from the Sun during the Southern Hemisphere summer. Such effects are more pronounced when the eccentricity of the orbit is large. When the obliquity is large, seasonal changes are more extreme.

Interglacials are a useful tool for geological mapping and for anthropologists, as they can be used as a dating method for hominid fossils.

Brief periods of milder climate that occurred during the last glacial are called interstadials. Most, but not all, interstadials are shorter than interglacials. Interstadial climates may have been relatively warm, but not necessarily. Because the colder periods (stadials) have often been very dry, wetter (not necessarily warmer) periods have been registered in the sedimentary record as interstadials as well.

The oxygen isotope ratio obtained from seabed sediment core samples, a proxy for the average global temperature, is an important source of information for changes in Earth's climate.

An interglacial optimum, or climatic optimum of an interglacial, is the period within an interglacial that experienced the most 'favourable' climate and often occurs during the middle of that interglacial. The climatic optimum of an interglacial both follows and is followed by phases within the same interglacial that experienced a less favourable climate (but still a 'better' climate than the one during the preceding or succeeding glacials). During an interglacial optimum, sea levels rise to their highest values, but not necessarily exactly at the same time as the climatic optimum.

Specific interglacials
The last six interglacials are:
 * Marine Isotope Stage 13 (524–474 thousand years ago).
 * Hoxnian / Holstein / Mindel-Riss / Marine Isotope Stage 11 (424–374 thousand years ago).
 * Purfleet Interglacial / Marine Isotope Stage 9 (337–300 thousand years ago).
 * La Bouchet Interglacial / Arousa Interglacial / Aveley Interglacial / Marine Isotope Stage 7e (242–230 thousand years ago). MIS 7a, MIS 7b and MIS 7c may or may not be included. MIS 7d was a cold period dividing the MIS 7 interglacial into two distinct periods. MIS 7e contained the climatic optimum.
 * Last Interglacial / Eemian / Marine Isotope Stage 5e (130–115 thousand years ago). The preceding interglacial optimum occurred during the Late Pleistocene Eemian Stage, 131–114 ka. During the Eemian the climatic optimum took place during pollen zone E4 in the type area (city of Amersfoort, Netherlands). Here this zone is characterized by the expansion of Quercus (oak), Corylus (hazel), Taxus (yew), Ulmus (elm), Fraxinus (ash), Carpinus (hornbeam), and Picea (spruce). During the Eemian Stage (from about 128,000 BCE until 113,000 BCE), sea level was between 5 and 9.4 meters higher than today and the water temperature of the North Sea was about 2 °C higher than at present.
 * Holocene (12,000 years ago to the present). During the present interglacial, the Holocene, the climatic optimum occurred during the Subboreal (5 to 2.5 ka BP, which corresponds to 3000 BC–500 BC) and Atlanticum (9 to 5 ka, which corresponds to roughly 7000 BC–3000 BC). The current climatic phase following this climatic optimum is still within the same interglacial (the Holocene). That warm period was followed by a gradual decline until about 2000 years ago, with another warm period until the Little Ice Age (1250–1850).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Interglacial


text:
User:Crossman

Projects
Currently working on ensuring that all Memphis Redbirds players have a decent biography. Member of WikiProject Cricket; yet to start work on this.

Main Contributions
John Gall | So Taguchi

title: User:Crossman


text:
Halluin

Halluin (Halewijn) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Geography
It is located at the north of the Métropole Européenne de Lille, on the Belgian border, contiguous with the Belgian town of Menen.

History
The family of Halluin is mentioned as early as the 13th century. In 1587 the title of duke and peer of the realm was granted to it, but in the succeeding century it became extinct.

Transport
The Halluin railway station, closed in the 1970s, was situated on the Somain-Halluin Railway. The town is now served by buses of Ilévia.

The A22 autoroute links the town to Lille and Belgium.

Politics
An erstwhile bastion of the left, Halluin owes its nickname Halluin the Red to the powerful trade unions who used their influence to support Communist mayors during the interwar period. However, since the 1990s Halluin has become gentrified (see also below), and in the 2007 and 2012 presidential elections the town backed Nicolas Sarkozy.

In the 2014 mayoral elections, 62% of voters chose right-wing parties: Gustave Dassonville (UMP) received 40% of the votes and JeanChristophe Destailleur (Centre-right) received 22% of the votes. Left-wing parties, with 38% of the votes, were defeated, and Gustave Dassonville was elected. Six years later, in 2020, JeanChristophe Destailleur (Centre-right) was elected mayor of Halluin.

Despite the noted gentrification of Halluin, the neighbouring town of Menen, Belgium, situated within walking distance of central Halluin, underwent a simultaneous radicalization, given the municipality's attempts to ban its employees from speaking French to Francophone people whose command of Dutch may be limited, and to use sign language instead. While some townsfolk of Halluin's adjoining conurbation may have regarded this as a brave attempt to enforce Flemish supremacy over Francophone neighbours, others, including Francophone neighbours themselves, and international observers may have regarded such a measure as allegedly fanatical and insensitive to the needs of Francophone neighbours with limited command of Dutch. International press comment was provoked by these municipal regulations.

Points of interest

 * Parc Arboretum du Manoir aux Loups

Twin towns
Halluin is twinned with:
 * Menen, Belgium
 * Oer-Erkenschwick, Germany - since 1969
 * North Tyneside, England - since 1994
 * Pniewy, Poland - since 1998
 * Lübbenau, Germany - since 2000
 * Kočevje, Slovenia - since 2000
 * Zulte, Belgium - since 2010

title: Halluin


text:
Augustine Baker

Augustine Baker OSB (9 December 1575 – 9 August 1641), also sometimes known as "Austin Baker", was a well-known Benedictine mystic and an ascetic writer. He was one of the earliest members of the English Benedictine Congregation which was newly restored to England after the Reformation.

Early life
Baker was born David Baker at Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, Wales on 9 December 1575. His father was William Baker, steward to Baron Abergavenny, and his mother was a daughter of Lewis ap John (alias Wallis), a Welsh vicar of Abergavenny. His parents were "church papists", meaning that although outwardly they conformed to Anglican worship, they remained Catholic by conviction. His sister, Margaret, was fined for recusancy in 1608; she was the grandmother of the martyr David Lewis.

He was educated at Christ's Hospital and at Broadgate's Hall, now Pembroke College, Oxford, afterwards becoming a member of Clifford's Inn, and later of the Middle Temple. In 1598 he was made Recorder of Abergavenny.

At Oxford he lost his faith in the existence of God, but after some years, his, to his mind, miraculous escape from a near fatal accident caused him to reconsider. He read widely the proscribed literature of the day, Anglican and Catholic. Following this, he was received into the Catholic Church.

Career
In 1605 he joined the Benedictine Order at the Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua, taking the religious name "Augustine", but ill health obliged him to postpone his religious profession, and he returned home to find his father on the point of death. Having reconciled him to the Catholic Church and assisted him in his last moments, Baker hastened to settle his own worldly affairs and to return to the cloister. He was professed by the Italian Fathers in England as a member of the Cassinese Congregation, but subsequently aggregated to the English Congregation.

He was ordained priest at Rheims in 1613 and sent to England. At the desire of his superiors he now devoted his time and the ample means which he had inherited, to investigating and refuting the recently started error that the ancient Benedictine congregation in England was dependent on that of Cluny, founded in 910. He used the Cottonian Library, which contained many works from Benedictine monasteries in England, placed at his disposal. In collaboration with Jones and Clement Reyner he wrote up his research in Apostolatus Benedictorum in Anglia. At Sir Robert Cotton's, Baker came in contact with the antiquary William Camden and with other learned men of his day.

In 1624 he was sent to the newly established convent of Benedictine nuns at Cambrai (today succeeded by the community at Stanbrook Abbey) in Flanders, not as chaplain, but to aid in forming the spiritual character of the religious. Here he remained for about nine years, during which time he wrote many of his mystical treatises, an abstract of which is contained in the work Sancta Sophia (1657) compiled by Serenus de Cressy. Some of the transcriptions of his works by the Cambrai nun Barbara Constable are the only known copies. In 1633 he removed to St. Gregory's at Douai, where he wrote his long treatise on the English mission. The English Benedictine Congregation investigated the use of Baker's ideas at the convent in Cambrai. Catherine Gascoigne, the abbess, and Gertrude More, the founder, stepped up in his defence and no further action was taken.

In 1655 the English Benedictine Congregation moved again to try and censure the use of Augustine Baker's approach. Gascoigne refused to cooperate and would not send them the papers they required for the investigation. She threatened that she would leave the EBC if they insisted on her cooperation. The investigation ceased.

In 1638 he returned to the English mission, where he was frequently forced to change where he stayed in order to avoid the pursuivants who were on his track.

Death
Baker died from the bubonic plague in London at the age of 65. He was buried at St Andrew's in Holborn.

Legacy
Of more than thirty treatises chiefly on spiritual matters written by Baker, many are to be found in manuscript at Downside Abbey, Ampleforth Abbey, Stanbrook Abbey, and other Benedictine monasteries in England.

Abbot Justin McCann, former Master of St Benet's Hall, Oxford and titular abbot of Westminster from 1947, was an interpreter of Baker.

Writings

 * Sancta Sophia ("Holy Wisdom", 1657) compiled and edited by Serenus Cressy

title: Augustine Baker


text:
Talk:Halluin

Old talk
Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles Paul 22:17, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Halluin


text:
Talk:Biloxi, Mississippi

Untitled
What is the source for the 40 foot storm surge?? This sounds more like a rumor.

The City is also mentioned in the song "Firecracker" by sleeper off the album "Please to meet you" Well it is also very hurricaney.

Biloxi does have a seawall with a 14 foot deep footing.

Pre-Katrina Pictures
Does anyone have any pre-Katrina pictures of Biloxi? It would be nice for the world to see what the city used to look like and let them know that it's not *just* a town that was heavily damaged. Chaotic42 00:13, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

History of City
Need more on the 19th and 20th Century history of City. Notably, the 1960 Beach riot. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.28.255.70 (talk) 02:50, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Area?
The land and water area in the infobox look impossible; there surely is a mistake there. --Smeira (talk) 22:05, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

---The maps of Biloxi here are... lacking. The city is made up of a peninsula, a bay, and then some land on the north side of the bay. I'm guessing that the bay is counted as part of that water estimate. Chaotic42 (talk) 16:41, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Nickname?
What is the source for Biloxi's Nickname as "Seafood Capital of the World"? I'm from the area and I've never heard that used as a nickname before. I could be wrong, I can find no proof that it is not an official nickname but it just seems I would have heard of it before.--Kjrjr (talk) 19:25, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Mafia
Somebody should probably write something about the Dixie Mafia being based in Biloxi. I don't have quite enough information, but I would bet that they were somehow connected to Biloxi's casinos and such. Gtbob12 (talk) 13:05, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

The Dixie Mafia has never been proven to be a wide ranging organization. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.1.124.197 (talk) 15:08, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

I have no form of citation or proof of this; but it is generally agreed upon around the city that the Dixie Mafia was involved with certain strip clubs that still exist in the city. But having no concrete information on this, I wouldn't even bother putting it out there, just figured you might be interested in knowing it, as I was.

Its a known fact the Dixie Mafia were invovled in the Sherry murders in 1987.

Keesler just the 81st Training wing?
Yes, This is true, but there is also a Major Air Force Reserve wing, the 403rd Wing. They have the latest in technology in C-130s and have two squadrons of them, tactical and hurrican hunting. If this could be added, I think it would be revelevant, just as relevant as the 81st Training Wing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.1.124.197 (talk) 14:12, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Education
I would like something added about the Catholic Diocese school district. I wouldn't mention this, but they have 3 of their schools in this city. Including a high school called St. Patricks. Its worth being mentioned —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.246.195.3 (talk) 14:19, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Damion Fletcher
I changed his slightly because it should reflect that his award was not an NCAA wide award, but a C-USA award. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.195.229.20 (talk) 13:37, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Alan Belcher
I feel that he is notable because of his ranking in the Mixed Martial Arts world. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.246.195.3 (talk) 13:40, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Popp's Ferry Bridge collapse
Would it be ok if I created a subheading about the Popp's Ferry Bridge collapsing in Biloxi? Its big news there because it is a main source to the interstate in Biloxi and a barge hit it causing part of it to fall into the bay. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.1.124.197 (talk) 17:48, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Weather Infobox
I added a weather infobox. Chaotic42 (talk) 02:25, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Note 1 says "Biloxi is pronounced /bəˈlʌksi/ or "Bah-luck-see". ". I don't think I've ever heard it pronounced this way. I've heard "Bih-LUCK-see" and more commonly "Buh-LUCK-see". Is there a source for this? Chaotic42 (talk) 01:38, 10 July 2009 (UTC) "bah" is the correct sounding. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.233.229.145 (talk) 02:42, 14 August 2009 (UTC) I second that, "Bah" is the correct sounding. Anything else is just a mispronunciation by hicks from Woolmarket and Diperville. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.168.178.169 (talk) 00:53, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Biloxi, Mississippi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071012234808/http://ap.google.com:80/article/ALeqM5ib5MyH-XXFnw4D_gLfXvd4hmx4SQD8S64ME80 to http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ib5MyH-XXFnw4D_gLfXvd4hmx4SQD8S64ME80

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:03, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 9 one external links on Biloxi, Mississippi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090304224825/http://flfa.free.fr:80/enquete7.htm to http://flfa.free.fr/enquete7.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071005094012/http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/ms/biloxi.htm to http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/ms/biloxi.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070506221227/http://www.gulf-coast.com:80/Attractions/KatrinaMemorialBiloxi.html to http://www.gulf-coast.com/Attractions/KatrinaMemorialBiloxi.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091116131105/http://www.georgeohr.org:80/index.html to http://www.georgeohr.org/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100915025547/http://www.dmr.state.ms.us:80/DMR/contact_us.htm to http://www.dmr.state.ms.us/DMR/contact_us.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100704222003/http://www.dmr.state.ms.us:80/DMR/Directions.htm to http://www.dmr.state.ms.us/DMR/Directions.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100926033426/http://usps.whitepages.com:80/service/post_office/biloxi-135-main-st-biloxi-ms-1354972 to http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/biloxi-135-main-st-biloxi-ms-1354972
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110725073538/http://education.biloxidiocese.org/index.cfm?section=contact.cfm to http://education.biloxidiocese.org/index.cfm?section=contact.cfm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:28, 2 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 9 external links on Biloxi, Mississippi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080917050106/http://www.sunherald.com/images/beforeafter/broadwater.html to http://www.sunherald.com/images/beforeafter/broadwater.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050906041201/http://www.sunherald.com/mld/sunherald/news/special_packages/hurricane_katrina/12514756.htm to http://www.sunherald.com/mld/sunherald/news/special_packages/hurricane_katrina/12514756.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071031143618/http://www.ala.org/ala/cro/katrina/MSPL_Katrina_Damage.pdf to http://www.ala.org/ala/cro/katrina/MSPL_Katrina_Damage.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.gulf-coast.com/Attractions/KatrinaMemorialBiloxi.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120525214726/http://www.sunherald.com/2012/05/22/3964798/margaritaville-biloxi-opens-with.html to http://www.sunherald.com/2012/05/22/3964798/margaritaville-biloxi-opens-with.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.georgeohr.org/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110719023743/http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/page/FS_Southregionaloffice to http://www.deq.state.ms.us/mdeq.nsf/page/FS_Southregionaloffice
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091116131105/http://www.georgeohr.org/index.html to http://www.georgeohr.org/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:50, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

File:Biloxi,_Mississippi_Skyline.jpg
File:Biloxi,_Mississippi_Skyline.jpg is one of the few pictures of Biloxi's Skyline on Commons. I feel that this image is appropriate for the article.

WeaponizingArchitecture |  talk to me  19:52, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * User:WeaponizingArchitecture has recently added their own photos to a number articles, including this low-quality image to the infobox of this article. The camera used is a Canon EOS Digital Rebel XT, which entered the market 17 years ago.  Notice the spots on the camera sensor, and the obvious haze in this photo of a hotel and excavator. A consensus of editors at MOS:IMAGEQUALITY have agreed that editors should used the best quality images available, and avoid poor-quality images. Magnolia677 (talk) 22:57, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * This is one of the few images of Biloxi's Skyline on Commons. I feel that this file is appropriate to use, considering that every other image i could find seems to be incredibly old, and/or only containing a few casinos in the picture. WeaponizingArchitecture  |  talk to me  01:09, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

I uploaded some images similar to yours. Is there one you prefer? Magnolia677 (talk) 09:18, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * the 2012 one seems the best to me. WeaponizingArchitecture  |  talk to me  13:14, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree. Thanks. Magnolia677 (talk) 16:26, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Intro (top of page)
From the top of the page we have this sentence as of now:

> The area's first European settlers were French colonists.

Thus ends the first paragraph (I am calling it the “intro” - is that the correct terminology?).

From the History section of this page:

> The name of Biloxi in French was Bilocci, a transliteration of the term for the local Native American tribe in their language. Labeled along with "Fort Maurepas"[5] on maps dated circa year 1710/1725, the name was sometimes used in English as "Fort Bilocci".[6][7]

The text “local Native American tribe” links to https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biloxi_people. That page says:

> When first encountered by Europeans in 1699, the Biloxi inhabited an area near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico near what is now the city of Biloxi, Mississippi.

All of this leads me to believe that it is a mistake not to mention the Biloxi people in the intro. Surely they should precede the mention of European settlers?

I am new to making significant edits to Wikipedia and I would appreciate the input of some more experienced folks before attempting to make such a change myself. Thanks! 156.57.156.17 (talk) 15:22, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biloxi, Mississippi


text:
Julien Green

Julien Green (originally "Julian Hartridge Green", 6 September 1900 – 13 August 1998) often Julian Green, was an American writer who lived most of his life in France and wrote mostly in French and only occasionally in English. Over a long and prolific career, he authored novels and essays, several plays, and a biography of Francis of Assisi, produced a four-volume autobiography, and for decades maintained a daily journal that he edited and published in nineteen volumes. The posthumous publication of the unexpurgated text of his journals presented a different version of his personality and sexuality, revealed details of the lives of many of his prominent contemporaries, and documented the gay subculture of 20th-century France.

When elected to membership in the Académie française in 1971, he was the first non-French national to join its ranks. He was the recipient of many awards and one of the few writers to have his collected works published in Gallimard's Pleiade library during his lifetime.

Early years
Julian Hartridge Green was born to American parents in Paris on 6 September 1900. He was the namesake of an ancestor on his mother's side, Julian Hartridge (1829–1879), who served as member of the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America and then as a Democratic Representative from Georgia to the US Congress for four years; Julien's parents settled in Paris in 1893. His mother Mary Adelaide née Hartridge was from Savannah, his father Edward from Virginia. Toward the end of his life Green told an interviewer that when his father's employer, Southern Cotton Oil Company, allowed him to work in Germany or France, Julien's mother urged they settle in France on the grounds that the French, having recently suffered defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, would prove sympathetic to Americans who identified with the defeated US Confederacy.

Julien was the youngest of seven children born to Protestant parents. He was educated in French schools, including the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly. In his early years his mother was the center of his emotional life and he was raised in her traditional Protestant home. She died in 1914, and Green became a Roman Catholic in 1916.

In 1917, still only 16, he volunteered as an ambulance driver in the American Field Service. When his age was discovered his enlistment was annulled. He immediately signed up for a six-month term of service with an ambulance unit of the American Red Cross. In 1918 he enlisted in the French Army and served as a second lieutenant in an artillery unit until 1919. After the war, he spent three years from 1919 to 1922 studying at the University of Virginia at the invitation of his mother's brother Walter Hartridge. While there he wrote his first fiction, a short story in English.

First works
He returned to France in 1922. After briefly exploring a career as a painter, he turned to writing in French and had a few short reviews and sketches published in periodicals. His first published work in French was the Pamphlet contre les catholiques de France, which appeared under the pseudonym Théophile Delaporte. It criticized his fellow French Catholics for their complacency in failing to promote their faith energetically. He launched his career as a novelist with Mont-Cinère in 1926. It impressed Jacques Maritain with its "grandeur", marked by "that uninterrupted contact with the soul" found in great writers. Green had already committed his second novel to another publisher, but Maritain was "enthusiastic" to publish his third, Adrienne Mesurat, a few months later, seeing in it "an interior power, a rectitude, and a profundity that are admirable". Their relationship gave Green a powerful critic and supporter, a correspondent and friend until Maritain's death in 1973. About this time his French publishers identified him as "Julien", using the French spelling of his first name. His US publishers and the New York Times used "Julian",  and he was immediately recognized in the US as an important new voice. In 1928 Louis Kronenberger wrote: "After six months Julian Green's Avarice House [Mont-Cinère] still remains vivid in the memory of this reviewer.... One feel safe in saying Julian Green is an important novelist."

His attachment to Catholicism weakened during the 1920s, though he asserted it again after a "mystical experience" in 1934.

He visited the US again in the early 1930s, beginning and abandoning work on a novel set in the 19th-century American South.

In 1938 he began publishing his journals, which he edited extensively to suppress accounts of his and others' sexual adventures and opinions he had expressed more freely in private than in public. He had described the problem in his journal in 1931: "This journal is truly the bottle [thrown] in the sea. Its nature makes it almost unpublishable in my lifetime." Two volumes appeared before the Nazi invasion of France forced him into exile.

War years
In July 1940, after France's surrender, he fled Paris for Pau in southwest France near the Spanish border. He obtained visas for himself and his partner Robert de Saint-Jean for Portugal and they sailed together on the Excambion and reached New York on 15 July. He stayed at first with a cousin in Baltimore. In 1942, he was mobilized and sent to New York City to work at the United States Office of War Information. For almost a year, five times a week, he broadcast to France as part of the radio broadcasts of Voice of America, working with such notables as André Breton. Green returned to France in late September 1945. He found that a friend had safely stored his papers and apartment furnishings, including family heirlooms.

While in the US he wrote his first work of any length in English. His memoir of childhood Memories of Happy Days was called "one of the most innately beautiful and subtly communicative books to be written by any American about France". He gave talks at Mills College and Goucher College, and he contributed articles to Harper's Magazine, Commonweal, and The Atlantic Monthly. He also translated two works by Charles Péguy into English: The Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc and Basic Verities, Men and Saints.

Later career
In 1947 he worked on a screenplay for a film about Ignatius of Loyola, intended for director Robert Bresson, but he failed to complete it.

His 1960 novel Chaque homme dans sa nuit, set largely in New York, appeared that same year in a translation by Green's sister Anne Green. Henri Peyre wrote of it with enthusiasm: "Strange and tense, it is nevertheless compelling, as Dostoevsky's fiction is", though he noted Green achieved this "in spite of an uncertain design and its disregard for all ordinary realism".

Between 1963 and 1974 he published four volumes of memoirs covering the first two decades of his life, the years before he began to keep the daily journals that he had been publishing since 1938. In the third volume, Terre lointaine (1966), he described how he became aware of his homosexuality while at the University of Virginia, experienced his first crush, and gained second-hand experience from a similarly inclined fellow student. In the fourth volume, Jeunesse (1974), he depicted himself in college: "No one was ever so petrified by a Medusa's head as I was by what struck me as a perfect young [man's] face." He portrayed himself throughout his life as a chaste homosexual whose relationship with his lifelong companion was "platonic". Numerous Catholic prelates expressed their admiration for this "model of righteousness".

Green was elected to succeed to François Mauriac's chair in the Académie française on 3 June 1971, the first member not a French citizen. He was received and delivered his inaugural lecture on 16 November 1972. In 1996, he caused a minor scandal by resigning from the Académie, disavowing any interest in honors and describing himself as "American, exclusively" (americain, exclusivement). The Académie responded that membership was "not an unstable position, but an irrevocable dignity". His resignation was not accepted and he was not replaced until after his death.

In 1975, the Pleiade library began republishing several volumes of Green's work, an honor rarely accorded a living writer.

In 1976, a collection of "articles and lecture notes" written by Green in the U.S. during World War II was published–only in English–as Memories of Evil Days. It was partly a memoir, but included reflections on "the links between language-usage and the creative process".

In March 1983, his first work for the stage, Sud, premiered to mixed reviews, though the public supported it, as did some writers. Set during the American Civil War, a young officer's life is transformed when he encounters a handsome teenage boy. In 1984, Green's personal contribution to the travel genre was published as Paris. An American bi-lingual French/English edition followed in 1991. Its 19 short chapters offered remembrances; it was less a travel guide than "a reflection and an exercise in introspection".

Between 1987 and 1993 he published a trilogy of novels set in the 19th-century American South, a project he had long postponed. His longevity and work in different genres complicated his image in the US. By the time his autobiography began to appear in English in 1993, an American reviewer could write: "Julian Green may be the one most difficult for American readers to place. He's English, isn't he? At least, his books often turn up in the mustier corners of British secondhand bookstores. Or perhaps he's French. That's the rumor anyway. Much acclaimed in Paris, and probably long dead. But wait, here's a novel published only last year and set in the antebellum South?"

In 1993 Green published–again only in English–a collection of short pieces: The Apprentice Writer: Essays. All were originally written in English between 1920 and 1946, the oldest being the short story "The Apprentice Psychiatrist". His subjects included the Paris literary scene before World War II and the relationship between language and personality. Of growing up bi-lingual Green wrote: "as a child I could not bring myself to believe that English was a real language".

Among the many honors he received were the Harper Prize for Memories of happy days (1942); election to the Bavarian Academy (1950) and the academies of Mainz, Mannheim and the Royal Academy of Belgium; the Prince Pierre of Monaco Literary Prize for the entirety of his work (1951); the national grand prize for letters (1966); the Grand Prix for Literature from the French Academy (1970); election to the United States Academy of Arts and Letters (1972); the German Universities Prize (1973); the Polish Grand Prize for Literature (1988); the Cavour Prize, Grand Prize for Literature (1991); and the Theater Prize of the Universities of Bologna and Forli.

Death and legacy
Green died in Paris on 13 August 1998, shortly before his 98th birthday. His remains were entombed in a chapel designed for him in St. Egid Church, Klagenfurt, Austria. The chapel decoration includes a painting Green commissioned, Die Emmausjünger (The Disciples at Emmaus). His tombstone names him "Julian", using the original English spelling rather than the French "Julien" by which he was known.

After Green's death, his adopted son Éric Jourdan (1938–2015) served as executor of his estate. From him the Green-Meldrim House in Savannah, the home of Green's paternal grandfather, bought a collection of furniture, ceramics, silver, family photographs, and a ledger.

Jourdan also tried to restrict the publication of some of Green's work, protecting his reputation with a new "prudishness" even more than Green had in censoring his own journals for publication. After Éric Jourdan's death in 2015, Jourdan's executor Tristan Gervais de Lafond, a jurist of some distinction, supported the publication of the unexpurgated text of Green's journals and the first volume appeared in September 2019. The publishing program respected Green's restriction that sensitive material not appear until fifty years had passed. Included were "hundreds of pages, with countless pornographic and vulgar passages crossed out", with as much as half the material published for the first time, sexual matters as well as assessments of colleagues and literary figures, as well as racist and anti-semitic statements. It transformed Green's public image: his homosexuality was never a secret but Green had always indicated it was "under control" or channeled into platonic relationships. The full text records such a variety of sexual encounters that it documents gay life in the years between the world wars.

One reviewer wrote: "We knew he was homosexual; we didn't know to what extent." Another noted that Green's crude descriptions shocked less than the quality of the sex: not satisfying but "angry" and "haughty". In the Catholic Herald, Benjamin Ivry advised Green's admirers that Green's "candor" might surprise, but the battle Green fought between the sensual and the spiritual was unchanged: "Chastity remains a cherished virtue, even if Green is unable to attain it."

Personal life
For many years Green was the companion of Robert de Saint-Jean, a journalist, whom he first met in November 1924. Green documented their sex life together in his journals. Though Green had described it as platonic in other writings and his own version of his journals, their relationship was intimate and physical. They lived as a couple for most of the inter-war years; theirs was an open relationship and each had multiple sex partners, whom they occasionally shared. They frequented the popular gay clubs of Paris. They traveled together throughout Europe, Tunisia, and the US in the 1920s and 1930s, and spent months together in London in 1936 and 1937.

When France fell to the Nazis in 1940, Saint-Jean was deputy chief of staff to the French minister of information and his writing had made him a personal enemy of German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. Green arranged for him to gain entry to Portugal and then transfer to the US.

In his later years, Green adopted as his son Éric Jourdan, a gay novelist, who acted as the executor of Green's estate until his own death in 2015.

Writing

 * Novels

He began work on a novel set in the pre-Civil War American South while visiting the US in 1933. He abandoned the two chapters he had completed upon learning that Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind was nearing publication. His first volume set in 1850–54, Les pays lointains only appeared in 1987. The second set bringing the story to 1861, Les étoiles du Sud, in 1989. They were published in English as The Distant Lands and The Stars of the South in 1991 and 1993. The third and final volume, entitled Dixie in both languages, continued the action to the autumn of 1862 and was published in both French and English versions in 1995.

In France, both during his life and today, Green's reputation rests principally not on his novels, but on his journals, which spanned the years 1919 to 1998, and which he edited and published in nineteen volumes. These volumes provide a chronicle of his literary and religious life, and a unique window on the artistic and literary scene in Paris over a span of eighty years. The posthumous republication of the full text of his journals, from which Green had cut half the text, demonstrated that Green's version had included about half of his journals' content and had suppressed details of his and others' sexual behavior and candid opinions.
 * Journals

He published four autobiographical volumes between 1963 and 1974. The first three volumes, published in 1963, 1964, and 1966, covered the years 1900 to 1922, with the second and third volumes devoted to just the last six of those years. They dramatized his childhood and the years before he began keeping his journals. The first volume exploring "faith, love and the nature of home and memory", focused on his mother while presenting a self-portrait of "fluid contradictions", "ascetic in his aspirations but frankly alive to every sensual stimulus".
 * Autobiography

Green ordinarily wrote in French and rarely in English. A notable exception was the memoir Memories of Happy Days (1942), which was only published posthumously in French as Souvenirs des jours heureux (2007).
 * Writings in English

He translated a few of his own works. These were: two collections of texts–essays, poems, autobiographical texts, and short stories–in both languages, Le langage et son double (1985) and L'homme et son ombre (1991); and the play Sud (1953) as South (1959). Le langage et son double (1985) (English title: Language and its Shadow) used a side-by-side English–French format that facilitated direct comparison. Playing on his bilingual abilities and French-American identity, the volume identifies its author as "Julian Green" and its translator as "Julien Green". A close examination of the texts suggests that Green adopted a different voice in each language, evidenced by "a plethora of semantic discrepancies". He re-wrote as his translated.

Journals

 * Journal, 1938-2006; edited by Green
 * On est si sérieux quand on a 19 ans (1919-1924), Fayard, 1993.
 * I, Les Années faciles (1926-1934), Plon, 1938.
 * II, Derniers beaux jours (1935-1939), Plon, 1939.
 * III, Devant la porte sombre (1940-1943), Plon, 1946.
 * IV, L'Œil de l'ouragan (1943-1945), Plon, 1949.
 * V, Le Revenant (1946-1950), Plon, 1951.
 * VI, Le Miroir intérieur (1950-1954), Plon, 1955.
 * VII, Le Bel aujourd'hui (1955-1958), Plon, 1958.
 * VIII, Vers l'invisible (1958-1967), Plon, 1967.
 * IX, Ce qui reste de jour (1966-1972), Plon, 1972.
 * X, La Bouteille à la mer (1972-1976), Plon, 1976.
 * XI, La Terre est si belle… (1976-1978), Le Seuil, 1982.
 * XII, La Lumière du monde (1978-1981), Le Seuil, 1983.
 * XIII, L'Arc-en-ciel (1981-1984), Le Seuil, 1988.
 * XIV, L'Expatrié (1984-1990), Le Seuil, 1990.
 * XV, L'Avenir n'est à personne (1990-1992), Fayard, 1993.
 * XVI, Pourquoi suis-je moi ? (1993-1996), Fayard, 1996.
 * XVII, En avant par-dessus les tombes (1996-1997), Fayard, 2001.
 * XVIII, Le Grand large du soir (1997-1998), Flammarion, 2006.

 * English translations of selected entries:
 * Personal Record 1928–1939, translated by Jocelyn Godefroi, Hamish Hamilton 1940
 * Diary 1928–1957, translated by Anne Green, Collins Harvill 1964, includes some entries found in the Godefroi translation)

 * Journal intégral (unexpurgated text)
 * Tome 1 de 1919 à 1940, Robert Laffont, collection Bouquins,  Paris, 2019, 1376 p.
 * Tome 2 de 1940 à 1945, Robert Laffont, collection Bouquins, Paris, 2021, 1408 p.
 * Tome 3 de 1946 à 1950, Robert Laffont, collection Bouquins, Paris, 2021, 1056 p.
 * The second and third volumes carry the additional title Toute Ma Vie.

Autobiographical

 * Memories of Happy Days (1942), written and first published in English
 * Souvenirs des jours heureux, Flammarion, Paris (2007)
 * Memories of Evil Days, edited by Jean-Pierre J. Piriou, University Press of Virginia (1976)

 * Autobiography:
 * I: Partir avant le jour (1900-1916), Grasset, Paris, 1963; translated as The Green Paradise, Marion Boyars (1993)
 * II: Mille Chemins ouverts (1916-1919), Grasset, Paris, 1964; translated as The War at Sixteen, Marion Boyars (1993)
 * III: Terre lointaine (1919-1922), Grasset, Paris, 1966; translated as Love in America, Marion Boyars (1994)
 * IV: Jeunesse, (1922-1929), Plon, Paris, 1974; translated as Restless Youth, Marion Boyars (1996)
 * Jeunes années, 1985; reissue of the four volumes of the autobiography

Novels

 * Mont-Cinère (Avarice House, 1926)
 * Suite anglaise (1927)
 * Le voyageur sur la terre (1927)
 * Adrienne Mesurat (The Closed Garden, 1927)
 * Léviathan (The Dark Journey, 1929)
 * L'autre sommeil (The Other Sleep, 1930)
 * Épaves (The Strange River, 1932)
 * Le visionnaire (The Dreamer, 1934)
 * Minuit (Midnight, 1936)
 * Varouna (Then Shall the Dust Return, 1940)
 * Si j'étais vous... (If I Were You, 1947)
 * Moïra (Moira, 1950)
 * Le malfaiteur (The Transgressor, 1956)
 * Chaque homme dans sa nuit (Each Man in His Darkness, 1960; Each in His Darkness 1961)
 * L'autre (The Other One, 1971)
 * Qui sommes-nous? (1972)
 * La Nuit des fantômes (1976)
 * Le Mauvais lieu (1977)
 * Dans la gueule du temps (1979)
 * Histoires de vertige (1984)
 * Dixie trilogy
 * Les Pays lointains (The Distant Lands, Dixie I, 1987)
 * Les Étoiles du Sud (The Stars of the South, Dixie II, 1989)
 * Dixie (Dixie III, 1994)

Plays

 * Sud (South, 1953)
 * L'ennemi (1954)
 * L'ombre (1956)
 * Demain n'existe pas (1979)
 * L'Automate (1979-1980)
 * L'Étudiant roux (1993)

Non-fiction

 * Pamphlet contre les catholiques de France (1924)
 * Un puritain homme de lettres: Nathaniel Hawthorne (1928), criticism
 * La fin d'un monde: juin 1940 (1992), a contemporary account of his flight from France in 1940. His manuscript was lost sometime after 1946 and found in 1991.
 * La liberté chérie (1974)
 * Ce qu'il faut d'amour à l'homme (1978), a spiritual autobiography
 * Une grande amitié (1979)
 * Frère François (God's Fool: The Life and Times of Francis of Assisi, 1983)
 * Paris, Champ Vallon (1984) (published in a bi-lingual French/English edition, Marion Boyars, 1991)
 * Jeunesse immortelle (1988)
 * The Apprentice Writer: Essays, Marion Boyars, 1993

Adaptations
Several of Green's works of fiction have been adapted into films: Adrienne Mesurat (1953, television film), starring Anouk Aimée;  (1962 film), starring Louis Jourdan and Lilli Palmer, for which Green wrote the dialogue; La Dame de pique (1965 film); Adrienne Mésurat (1969, German television film); Mont-Cinère (1970, television film), with a screenplay by Robert de Saint-Jean; Si j'étais vous (1971, television film), starring Patrick Dewaere.

The stage play South was adapted for a British television production in 1959, starring Peter Wyngarde. It is the earliest known television drama dealing with homosexuality. An opera by Kenton Cole based on Sud premiered in Marseille in 1965 and received "hostile" reviews when staged at the Opéra de Paris in 1972. Ned Rorem wrote songs to paragraphs he translated from L’Autre Sommeil.

title: Julien Green


text:
User:Taksim25

Hi. How is your day. Have a nice evening. Hope you like the message.

title: User:Taksim25


text:
User:Missed

 * Born:             December 9, 1971 in Canarsie, Brooklyn, New York
 * Alma Mater:       Hunter College 1989-1996 (majored in Theatre, minored in Religion, left without picking up my degree... just like Jim Morrison)
 * Current Residence: Cambria Heights, Queens, New York
 * Occupation:       Bum

Sites

 * Managing Editor of City of Heroes Stratics.
 * Voice behind StraticsCast.
 * Webmaster of Interesting Drug.
 * Personal Site: Missed Web

Pages I've Contributed to

 * Sancharram - my first movie page. I'll get around to adding info on each of the principles, soon. Creating new pages = hard, man.
 * Frank Black - added the two albums he's released in 2006
 * Geekin' Out Across the Galaxy - Mraz EP, and my first album article!
 * Joe Dallesandro - added link to little Joe's official site
 * Andy Warhol - corrected the Philosphy book entry
 * Auvers-sur-Oise - which I visted when I went to France. When I went there, the one tabac was closed (it was a Tuesday!) so I was very grumpy despite being on pilgrimage to Vincent van Gogh's grave
 * Stratics - created it; had to be done. And who better than me!
 * Pat Sajak - I added info about his baseball show. Yeah, I couldn't believe it myself, but I just recently subscribed to MLB's podcast and they were playing part of one of his broadcasts with Orlando Cabrera
 * Chuck Klosterman - I thought it would be nice to link to the great interview Gothamist did with him
 * Ridgewood, Queens - added information regarding films
 * Jason Mraz - added his independently released material
 * James Dean - extensive edits with complete television and stage credits based on own research (heck, I used to run the best Dean web site on the Web. No, seriously. Maybe I should resurrect that site)

title: User:Missed


text:
Philip II, Count of Nevers

Phillip II, Count of Nevers (October 1389, Villaines-en-Duesmois – 25 October 1415, Agincourt) was the youngest son of Philip the Bold and Margaret III of Flanders.

He succeeded his brothers, John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and Anthony, Duke of Brabant, as Count of Nevers and Rethel respectively after each of them acceded to their duchies.

He married in Soissons, on 9 April 1409, Isabelle de Coucy (d. 1411), daughter of Enguerrand VII de Coucy and Isabelle of Lorraine. They had two children:
 * Philip of Nevers (1410–1411/aft. 1415)
 * Margaret of Nevers (1411–1411/1412)

He married again, in Beaumont-en-Artois on 20 June 1413, Bonne of Artois, daughter of Philip of Artois, Count of Eu. They had two sons:
 * Charles I, Count of Nevers (1414–1464)
 * John II, Count of Nevers (bef. 1415 – 1491)

He also had four illegitimate children by various mistresses.

In spite of his elder brother John's ambivalent position and ultimate refusal to come to the aid of the royal army in the face of the English invasion of Henry V in 1415, Philip was with the French army at the Battle of Agincourt, and both he and his brother Anthony were killed in the battle. He was succeeded by his son Charles.

title: Philip II, Count of Nevers


text:
Marc D. Angel

Marc D. Angel (born July 1945) is a Modern Orthodox rabbi and author, Rabbi emeritus of Congregation Shearith Israel, the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue in New York City, a position he has held since 1969.

Biography
Born into Seattle's Sephardic Jewish community, his ancestors are Ottoman Sephardim from Turkey and Rhodes, and he grew up in a Ladino-speaking home.

He received his B.A., M.S., Ph.D., Th.D. honoris causa, and semikhah (rabbinical ordination) from Yeshiva University; he also has an M.A. in English literature from the City College of New York. He has received the Bernard Revel Award in Religion and Religious Education. He was president of the Rabbinical Council of America (RCA), and a member of the editorial board of its journal, Tradition.

In 2007, he established the Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals. He directs the Institute and edits its journal, Conversations, which appears three times per year and is a voice of Open Orthodoxy. In 2007, he and Rabbi Avi Weiss co-founded the International Rabbinic Fellowship, the Open Orthodox rabbinic group, "to counter what they see as a rightward shift in the Orthodox community" and reduce centralization of rabbinate authority, though they remained RCA members.

A prolific author, he has written several controversial books and articles that have taken issue with and challenged traditional Orthodox views and the Rabbinate.

Works

 * A Sephardic Haggadah: Translation and Commentary (Hoboken, New Jersey, 1988)
 * The Jews of Rhodes, The History of a Sephardic Community (New York, 1978)
 * La America: The Sephardic Experience in the United States (Philadelphia, 1982)
 * The Rhythms of Jewish Living: A Sephardic Approach (New York, 1986)
 * The Orphaned Adult: Confronting the Death of a Parent (1987)
 * Voices in Exile: A Study in Sephardic Intellectual History (1991)
 * The Essential Pele Yoetz: an Encyclopedia of Ethical Jewish Living (1991)
 * Loving Truth and Peace: The Grand Religious Worldview of Rabbi Benzion Uziel (1999)
 * Remnant of Israel: A Portrait of America's First Jewish Congregation (2004)
 * Losing the Rat Race, Winning at Life (2005)
 * Choosing to be Jewish: The Orthodox Road to Conversion (2005)
 * Rabbi Hayim David HaLevi: Gentle Scholar and Courageous Thinker (2006)
 * The Search Committee: A Novel (2008)
 * "Conversion to Judaism: Halakha, Hashkafa, and Historic Challenge", Hakirah, vol. 8 (Brooklyn, 2008)
 * Maimonides, Spinoza and Us: Toward an Intellectually Vibrant Judaism (2009)
 * Maimonides: Essential Teachings on Jewish Faith and Ethics (2012)
 * Reclaiming Orthodox Judaism, a collection of essays, published as issue 12 of Conversations, the journal of the Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals
 * Angel for Shabbat, volumes 1 and 2, published by the Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals (2010 and 2013)

Awards

 * 1988: National Jewish Book Award in the Jewish Thought category for The Orphaned Adult: Confronting the Death of a Parent

Family
In a 2009 interview he stated that he and his wife Gilda Angel "have three children and six grandchildren."

Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals
In October 2007, Angel founded the Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals is a New York-based non-profit organization committed to advancing a culturally diverse and intellectually rational Jewish Orthodoxy. The Institute disseminates its particular vision through the publication of articles, and books as well as the hosting and promotion of lectures. Hayyim Angel, Angels's son, is National Scholar of the institute.

title: Marc D. Angel


text:
Andrew Humphrey

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Andrew Henry Humphrey, (10 January 1921 – 24 January 1977) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. He fought in the Second World War as a fighter pilot taking part in the Battle of Britain and also took part in the withdrawal from Aden in November 1967. He served as the Chief of the Air Staff advising the new Labour Government on the implementation of their latest Defence Review. He then served as Chief of the Defence Staff but caught pneumonia within three months of taking office and died shortly afterwards.

Early life
The son of John Humphrey CBE and his wife, Agnes Florence Humphrey (née Beatson-Bell), Humphrey was born on 10 January 1921 in the Scottish capital, Edinburgh. He was educated at Belhaven Hill School in Dunbar and Bradfield College.

RAF career
Humphrey joined the Royal Air Force College Cranwell in January 1939 and was granted a permanent commission as a pilot officer on 30 April 1940. Following flying training he was posted as a pilot to No. 266 Squadron at RAF Wittering in September 1940 and found himself flying Spitfires in the Battle of Britain. In March 1941 he was involved in an incident when his engine failed and his Spitfire crashed in flames, but he survived. He was promoted to the war substantive rank of flying officer on 1 May 1941. On a single night in May 1941, he shot down one bomber and two other enemy aircraft near the Dutch coast: he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for this on 30 May 1941. Humphrey transferred to No. 452 Squadron, flying Spitfires from RAF Kenley in July 1941, before becoming an instructor at No. 58 Operational Training Unit at RAF Grangemouth in August 1941. He became a Flight Commander with No. 175 Squadron flying Hurricanes from RAF Warmwell in March 1942 and was promoted to the war substantive rank of flight lieutenant on 1 May 1942 before returning to RAF Grangemouth in July 1942. Awarded the Air Force Cross on 1 January 1943, he attended the Low Attack Instructor's School at RAF Milfield in early 1943. He became a Flight Commander with No. 6 Squadron, flying Hurricanes in North Africa in July 1943, and was promoted to flight lieutenant on a permanent basis on 7 September 1943. He became an instructor at No. 5 Middle East Training School at RAF Shallufa in Egypt in January 1944 before being posted to the staff at RAF Nicosia in Cyprus in June 1944 and then to the staff at RAF Ranchi in India in November 1944. He was awarded a Bar to the Air Force Cross on 1 January 1945, and promoted to the war substantive rank of squadron leader on 20 February 1945.

At the end of the War, Humphrey joined the Air Staff at Headquarters British Air Forces South East Asia, before transferring to the Air Staff at Headquarters No. 106 Group at RAF Benson, where he learnt the art of photographic reconnaissance, in August 1946. He was confirmed in the rank of squadron leader on a permanent basis on 1 August 1947. He became a Flight Commander with No. 82 Squadron flying Lancasters and Dakotas in an aerial mapping role in Africa in September 1948 and went on to be an instructor at the RAF Flying College at Manby in May 1951. Having been appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1951 New Year Honours and promoted to wing commander on 1 July 1951, he became a senior instructor there in February 1953. In December 1953, Humphrey piloted "Aries IV", a Canberra B.2, from Cape Town to London in a then record 13 hours 16 minutes and 25 seconds.

Humphrey attended RAF Staff College in 1955 and was awarded a second Bar to his Air Force Cross in the 1955 Birthday Honours. He was posted to the Directorate of Operational Requirements at the Air Ministry in February 1956 where he was elevated to deputy director before being promoted to group captain on 1 July 1957 and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1959 Birthday Honours.

Humphrey became Officer Commanding RAF Akrotiri in February 1959 and then attended the Imperial Defence College in 1962 before being promoted to air commodore on 1 July 1962. He became Director of Joint Plans at the Air Ministry in November 1962 and then Director of Defence Plans (Air) at the Ministry of Defence in April 1964 Promoted to air vice marshal on 1 January 1965, he became Air Officer Commanding Air Forces Middle East on 15 December 1965 and, following the withdrawal from Aden in November 1967, he was mentioned in despatches for his services in operations there on 23 January 1968. He went on to be Air Member for Personnel with the acting rank of air marshal on 18 March 1968 and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1968 Birthday Honours.

Having been promoted to the substantive rank of air marshal on 1 January 1969, and to air chief marshal on 1 December 1970, Humphrey became Commander-in-Chief RAF Strike Command on 5 January 1971. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1974 New Year Honours.

Humphrey was appointed Air Aide-de-Camp to the Queen on 31 March 1974 and Chief of the Air Staff on 1 April 1974. As Chief of the Air Staff he advised the new Labour Government on the implementation of their latest Defence Review. Following promotion to Marshal of the Royal Air Force on 6 August 1976, Humphrey was appointed Chief of the Defence Staff on 24 October 1976. However he only served in that role for three months before catching pneumonia following a visit to British forces in Norway during a particularly cold Winter. He died in the RAF Hospital at Halton on 24 January 1977.

Personal life
In March 1952 Humphrey married Agnes Stevenson Wright; there were no children. In 1978 his widow, Lady Humphrey, visited RAF Gütersloh in the then West Germany to open the newly built Andrew Humphrey School in the village of Blankenhagen, a primary school for the children of RAF personnel.

title: Andrew Humphrey


text:
Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon

Sir Robert Dormer of Wing, 2nd Baronet, 1st Earl of Carnarvon, 1st Viscount Ascott, 2nd Baron Dormer of Wing [or Wenge] (c. 1610 – 20 September 1643) was an English peer. He was the son of Sir William Dormer, and thus a grandson of Robert Dormer, 1st Baron Dormer. His mother was Alice Molyneux, daughter of Sir Richard Molyneux, 1st Baronet, and Frances Gerard. Dormer received the title Baron Dormer at the age of six and on 2 August 1628, at age 18, he was raised to Viscount Ascott and was created Earl of Carnarvon.

Early life
At age six, Dormer was left a ward to the King. His father had left him a rich peer at an early age. The King then sold Dormer's wardship to Philip Herbert, then Earl of Montgomery, for £4000. Dormer had been brought up as a Catholic and would become a high-living Catholic courtier, in danger, infuriating to hard-line Parliamentarians. He was educated at Eton College and Exeter College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1624, and was created MA in 1627 and DCL in 1642. He was, according to the seventeenth-century biographer David Lloyd, "extreamly wild in his youth", and addicted to gambling and hunting. He and his wife are recorded as regular performers in masques at court. He was an ardent Royalist and defying his father-in-law he fought for King Charles I in the English Civil War.

King James I was entertained at Ascott Park by his mother, Anne, Lady Dormer, in 1620. Anne of Denmark had visited in 1612.

Marriage, career, and later years
On 27 February 1625, at the age of fifteen, he was married to his guardian's daughter, Lady Anna Sophie Herbert (d. 1643), which secured her future as Dormer was one of the wealthiest men in England at the time. Anna was the daughter of Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke and Lady Susan de Vere, the youngest daughter of the Elizabethan courtier, poet, and playwright, Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford, the Oxfordians' William Shakespeare.

On 2 June 1641, he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire. In 1642, he joined the king at York, and was one of the peers who signed the declaration of 13 June, agreeing to stand by the king, and the further declaration of 15 June, disavowing the king's alleged intention to make war against Parliament.

Lady Carnarvon died on 3 June 1643 of smallpox. Anecdotes of her are to be found in the Strafford Papers (ii, 47) and the Sydney Papers (ii, 621) and a poem addressed to her is printed in Choice Drollery, 1656. Her portrait and that of her eldest son, Charles, were part of the exhibition of Anthony van Dyck's works at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1887.

Carnarvon was killed at the first Battle of Newbury on 20 September 1643 by a lone trooper who chanced upon him returning from a successful cavalry charge. As he lay dying he was asked if he had one final request of the King. "No", he replied, "in an hour like this, I have no prayer but to the King of Heaven." The different accounts of the manner of his death are collected in Mr Money's account of the battle (2nd ed. pg. 90).

There is also an elegy on his death in Sir Francis Wortley's Characters and Elegies, 1646. Carnarvon was buried firstly at Jesus College Chapel at the University of Oxford, but his body was removed in 1650 to a family burial place in Wing, Buckinghamshire.

Dormer was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles, who died in 1709 and with him the earldom of Carnarvon in the family of Dormer became extinct.

title: Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon


text: User talk:69.3.198.42

title: User talk:69.3.198.42