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Kingdom of Mapungubwe

The Kingdom of Mapungubwe (Maphungubgwe, pronounced "mah-POON-goob-weh"; c. 1075) was a medieval state in South Africa located at the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo rivers, south of Great Zimbabwe. The name is derived from either TjiKalanga and Tshivenda. The name might mean "Hill of Jackals" or "stone monuments". The kingdom was the first stage in a development that would culminate in the creation of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe in the 13th century, and with gold trading links to Rhapta and Kilwa Kisiwani on the African east coast. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe lasted about 140 years, and at its height the capital's population was about 5000 people.

This archaeological site can be attributed to the BuKalanga Kingdom, which comprised the Kalanga people from northeast Botswana and western/central southern Zimbabwe, the Nambiya south of the Zambezi Valley, and the Vha Venda in the northeast of South Africa. The Mapungubwe Collection of artefacts found at the archaeological site is housed in the Mapungubwe Museum in Pretoria.

Origin

The largest settlement from what has been dubbed the Leopard's Kopje culture is known as the K2 culture and was the immediate predecessor to the settlement of Mapungubwe. The people of the K2 culture, probably derived from the ancestors of the Venda and Kalanga people of southern Africa, was attracted to the Shashi-Limpopo area, likely because it provided mixed agricultural possibilities. The area was also prime elephant country, providing access to valuable ivory. The control of the gold and ivory trade greatly increased the political power of the K2 culture. By 1075, the population of K2 had outgrown the area and relocated to Mapungubwe Hill.

Stone masonry
Spatial organisation in the kingdom of Mapungubwe involved the use of stone walls to demarcate important areas for the first time. There was a stone-walled residence likely occupied by the principal councillor. Stone and wood were used together. There would have also been a wooden palisade surrounding Mapungubwe Hill. Most of the capital's population would have lived inside the western wall.

Origins of the name
The capital of the kingdom was called Mapungubwe, which is where the kingdom gets its name. The site of the city is now a World Heritage Site, South African National Heritage Site, national park, and archaeological site. There is controversy regarding the origin and meaning of the name Mapungubwe. Conventional wisdom has it that Mapungubwe means "place of jackals," or alternatively, "place where jackals eat", thavha ya dzi phunguhwe, or, according to Fouché—one of the earliest excavators of Mapungubwe—"hill of the jackals" (Fouché, 1937 p. 1). the name was taken from the hill which was on th southern side of the Limpompo River. It also means "place of wisdom" and "the place where the rock turns into liquid"—from various ethnicities in the region including the Pedi, Sotho, Tsonga, Venda and Kalanga.

Culture and society
Mapungubwean society is thought by archaeologists to be the first class-based social system in southern Africa; that is, its leaders were separated from and higher in rank than its inhabitants. Mapungubwe's architecture and spatial arrangement also provide "the earliest evidence for sacred leadership in southern Africa".

Life in Mapungubwe was centred on family and farming. Special sites were created for initiation ceremonies, household activities, and other social functions. Cattle lived in kraals located close to the residents' houses, signifying their value.

Most speculation about society continues to be based upon the remains of buildings, since the Mapungubwean people left no written record.

The kingdom was likely divided into a three-tiered hierarchy with the commoners inhabiting low-lying sites, district leaders occupying small hilltops, and the capital at Mapungubwe Hill as the supreme authority. Elites within the kingdom were buried in hills. Royal wives lived in their own area away from the king. Important men maintained prestigious homes on the outskirts of the capital. This type of spatial division occurred first at Mapungubwe but would be replicated in later Butua and Rozwi states. The growth in population at Mapungubwe may have led to full-time specialists in ceramics, specifically pottery. Gold objects were uncovered in elite burials on the royal hill (Mapungubwe Hill).

Re-discovery
On New Year's Eve 1932, ESJ van Graan, a local farmer and prospector, and his son, a former student of the University of Pretoria, set out to follow up on a legend he had heard about.

According to an article published in 1985, translated from the Afrikaans text: Remains of a Rock Fort located on top of the hill were under investigation, dated back to the 11th century. Access to the archaeological site for the public is limited to supervised visits and tours. However, some of the items discovered were put on display at the Department of Archaeology, at the University of Pretoria. Mapungubwe Hill and K2 were declared national monuments in the 1980s by the government.

Mapungubwe was added to the South African grade 6 curriculum in 2003.

Mapungubwe hill burials
At least twenty four skeletons were unearthed on Mapungubwe hill but only eleven were available for analysis, with the rest disintegrating upon touch or as soon as they were exposed to light and air. Most of the skeletal remains were buried with few or no accessories, with most adults buried with glass beads. Two adult burials (labelled numbers 10 and 14 by the early excavators) as well as one unlabelled skeleton (referred to as the original gold burial) were associated with gold artefacts and were unearthed from the so-called grave area upon Mapungubwe Hill. Despite this latest information the remains were all buried in the traditional Bantu burial position (sitting with legs drawn to the chest, arms folded round the front of the knees) and they were facing west. The skeleton numbered 10, a male, was buried with his hand grasping a golden sceptre.

The skeleton labelled number 14 (female) was buried with at least 100 gold wire bangles around her ankles and there were at least one thousand gold beads in her grave. The last gold burial (male), who was most probably the king, was buried with a headrest and three objects made of gold foil tacked onto a wooden core, depicting a bowl, sceptre and rhino. At least two more rhinos were in the sample, but their association with a specific grave is unknown.

In 2007, the South African Government gave the green light for the skeletal remains that were excavated in 1933 to be reburied on Mapungubwe Hill in a ceremony that took place on 20 November 2007.

Diet and lifestyle
Skeletal Analysis has been done on the people of Mapungubwe to learn about their health and lifestyle. Findings include that the populations at Mapungubwe experienced mortality rates expected for a pre-industrial group (comparable to pre-industrial Europeans), with high mortality at youth but an expected 35-40 year life-span after adulthood is reached. Another finding is that the people of Mapungubwe grew well, without a notable frequency of chronic infections, though children sometimes were found with anaemia (sickle cell not specified); malaria was not indicated. This health index apparently stood in contrast to agrarian populations at Oakhurst, South Africa, to whom these samples were compared.

Ethnic affiliation
Skeletal analysis of craniometric traits (ie: traits on the skull) have been used to infer the genetic relationship between the people of Mapungubwe and other populations. Early analysis by Galloway, 1939/1957 saw affinities between the people of Mapungubwe and samples taken from 'Khoisanid' samples, and thus classed the Mapungubwe population as 'racially Boskop' (Khoisan), perhaps even with additional 'Caucasoid' traits. This became a controversial classification, particularly because (as discussed above), the material culture finds from the site are largely in line with known contemporary Iron-Age Bantu practices. Re-analysis of Galloway's remains is difficult because of poor preservation practice on his skulls, but subsequent analysis on other finds has demonstrated that the majority of those samples from Mapungubwe which were not damaged by poor storage or vulnerable to destruction fall within a general range to be expected of "Bantu" groups. Analysis by Rightmire 1970 found that, measuring cranial length, glabella protrusion, nasion-basion (nose bridge) length, alveolare-basion length, and a number of other traits (35 in total), the 6 "K2 Crania" (Rightmire treats K2 alongside Bambandyanalo and Mapungubwe) all clearly fall outside of the range for "Bushman" (San?) samples, and 4 clearly fall out of the range of "Hottentot" samples. Two aside, "the rest are firmly within the range of expected modern Bantu variation...". Concluding, he reasons the idea that: "Bambandyanalo and Mapungubwe people be viewed as representative of a “large Khoisan” (i.e., Hottentot) population seems to have missed the mark... [as] there is no basis for continued emphasis on these remains as pre- or non-Negro and hence no necessity to “explain” the K2 (Leopard’s Kopje) material culture as 'taken over'..." Analysis by Steyn 1997 found that tooth samples (dental samples being the main kind studied in her piece) were more similar to samples from K2, which had been classed as "Southern African Negro", than San samples. "K2 and Mapungubwe teeth thus probably come from a single population that, although not identical, is broadly similar to the modem 'South African Negro"

The reasons for this confusion are manifold. Firstly, the exceedingly small sample size available means results are liable to coincidental bias (ie: a particularly unique set of individuals is taken as representative of the whole). Secondly, it must be noted that craniometric analysis is generally quite liable to issues of measurement and interpretation; it has long been known that depending on measured criteria and implicated populations, one may read traits 'of' one population into another. Thirdly, many scholars note that the assumption of uniform differentiation between members of Khoisan and Bantu populations through physiological analysis is complicated by the fact that Southern African populations have long been acknowledged to carry mixed traits and to have interacted, and because, as Steyn puts it, "the typological approach, whereby an individual is described by reference to an ideal' individual possessing all the main features of a specific race, is now totally outdated." This does not mean, however, that broad 'cluster' differences cannot be ascertained and worked within, as Rightmire 1970 argued by asserting sufficient criteria could, with a very high level of confidence, discern between its set of analyzed Khoisan and "Southern African Negro" samples, and a similar argument was forwarded in Franklin & Freedman 2006. Even in this case, Rightmire & Merwe 1976 demonstrate that with such differentiation, unexpected finds are not unheard of; their analysis determined one of two burials analyzed for the paper were more comfortably fitted among "Hottentots" than "Bantus", with the best Bantu fit being their Venda samples. In either case, actual genetic analysis of the past two decades (as opposed to physiological analysis inferring genetic relationships) supports notable, sometimes even substantial, mixture between Khoisan and Southern African Bantu populations in history, that is reflected in modern Khoisan and Bantu peoples. Finally is the very assumption that craniometric OR genetic analysis can by themselves accurately pinpoint ethno-linguistic identities and boundaries of historic peoples, something considered by Brothwell 1963 as often problematic, as there exist Khoisan populations with almost entirely 'non-Khoisan' associated ancestry, and some Xhosa samples apparently had a majority non-Xhosa ancestry.

Protected areas
The area is now part of the Mapungubwe National Park, which in turn is contained in the UNESCO Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape and the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area.

South Africa's contribution to the trans-frontier conservation area consists of the Mapungubwe National Park, Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve, Limpopo Valley Conservancy, Mapesu Private Game Reserve, the proposed Mogalakwena Game Reserve, the Vhembe Game Reserve as well as a number of smaller private farms. The total proposed area will be 256,100 hectares or 53% of the entire Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area.

Botswana's contribution to the Conservation Area consists of the Northern Tuli Game Reserve, covering an area of 71,173 ha. In phase two the area is expected to increase in size with the inclusion of the Central Tuli Farms and the proposed Shashe CCA. In addition, the area roughly extending from the town of Mathathane North to Kobojango and onwards to the Shashe River will also form part of the GMTFCA. In total Botswana's contribution to the TFCA is expected to be 135,000ha, roughly 28% of the total area of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Sentinel Ranch, Nottingham Estate and the Tuli Circle Safari Area make up Zimbabwe's contribution to the GMTFCA. In phase two the Maramani, Machuchuta as well as Hwali Wildlife Management Areas may also be included extending the size of Zimbabwe's contribution to the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area to 96,000 hectares or roughly 19%.

Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape
The Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 3 July 2003.

title: Kingdom of Mapungubwe


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Drummond Castle

Drummond Castle is located in Perthshire, Scotland. The castle is known for its gardens, described by Historic Environment Scotland as "the best example of formal terraced gardens in Scotland." It is situated in Muthill parish, 4 km south of Crieff. The castle comprises a tower house built in the late 15th century, and a 17th-century mansion, both of which were rebuilt in Victorian times. The gardens date to the 1630s, although they too were restructured in the 19th century. The formal gardens are protected as a category A listed building, and are included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland. The tower house and mansion are both category B listed.

History
The lands of Drummond were the property of the Drummond family from the 14th century, and the original tower house was built over several years by John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond of Cargill, from about 1490. In 1605 the 4th Lord Drummond was created Earl of Perth, and added to the castle. John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth, laid out the first terraced garden around the castle in the 1630s.

The castle was sacked by the army of Oliver Cromwell in 1653, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth, was Lord Chancellor of Scotland under King James VII. He began the mansion house in 1689, before being imprisoned following the deposition of King James by William of Orange. He later fled to the exiled Jacobite court in France. The Drummonds continued to support the Jacobite cause in the Jacobite uprisings of 1715 and 1745. The family retained control of the estate until 1750, when the Drummond properties were declared forfeit and seized by the Crown. The estate was managed by the Commissioners for Forfeited Estates until 1784, when it was sold to Captain James Drummond (later created 1st Baron Perth). He began a number of improvements that were continued by his daughter Sarah and her husband, Peter Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1782–1865). These included the formal gardens and terraces in the 1830s. Queen Victoria visited the gardens in 1842.

Drummond Castle passed to Clementina Drummond-Willoughby, 24th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (1809–1888), and then to her son, the Earl of Ancaster (1830–1910). The upper stories of the tower house were rebuilt and heightened in pseudo-medieval style in 1842–53. The mansion was renovated in 1878, to designs by George Turnbull Ewing. James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster, and his wife, Nancy Astor (1909–1975; she was the daughter of the 2nd Viscount Astor and Viscountess Astor), replanted the gardens in the 1950s. The castle is now the seat of Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, the daughter and heiress of the 3rd Earl of Ancaster. As of early 2021, she was still the owner of the estate. The castle (not open to visitors) and the gardens are managed by the Grimsthorpe and Drummond Castle Trust.

In 2024, the castle gardens Dior's The Cruise 2025 collection which was presented by creative director Maria Grazia Chiuri. This was Dior's first catwalk show in Scotland in almost 70 years.

Description
The castle is set on part of a prominent spine of rock known as the Gask Ridge, once the site of a line of Roman fortlets and signal towers. It is a geographical feature that stretches several kilometres across Perthshire, but is particularly prominent and steep-sided at the site of the castle. The tower house, or keep, is no longer used as a dwelling. It is adjoined by a later, but better preserved, gatehouse (built 1629–30). Stretching between the tower house and the edge of the ridge, it was originally intended to control access to the courtyard behind, which has a fine view over the formal gardens. To the south of the castle on its rocky outcrop are the formal gardens.

The buildings and gardens of Drummond Castle featured as backdrops in the 1995 film Rob Roy.

Gardens
The Drummond Castle Gardens website indicates that gardens may have been in this location since the late 1400s, and that a major transformation was completed (of both gardens and castle) between 1630 and 1636. The current layout was started in the 1830s, based on a design by Lewis Kennedy, after Clementina Drummond and her husband Peter Robert Willoughby inherited the estate from her father. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited the garden in 1842.

Originally encompassing twelve acres, the garden was downsized after the Second World War. The parterre exhibits the Drummond family coat of arms: "Scots thistles and daggers, and its traversing paths create a saltire, centering on a recently restored stone sundial dating from 1630". In the TV series Outlander, the gardens were used to represent the formal garden at the Palace of Versailles as it might have appeared in the time of Louis XV. Because of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the gardens did not open to the public as they have in other years during Easter and between May and October.

According to Visit Scotland, "Drummond Gardens are some of Scotland’s most important formal gardens and are among the finest in Europe". The agency's website adds that the gardens were "redesigned and terraced in the 19th century, the gardens you see today were replanted in the 1950s".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Drummond Castle


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Commonwealth Business Council

The Commonwealth Business Council (CBC) was an institution of the Commonwealth Family that aimed to use the global network of the Commonwealth of Nations more effectively for the promotion of global trade and investment for shared prosperity. It was formed at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1997 (CHOGM) in Edinburgh, United Kingdom, and replaced in July 2014 by the Commonwealth Enterprise and Investment Council (CWEIC).

Activities
The CBC acted as a bridge for cooperation between business and government, concentrating efforts on these specific areas:

 * Enhancing Trade
 * Mobilising Investment
 * Promoting Corporate Citizenship
 * Facilitating ICT for Development
 * Public Private Partnerships

Commonwealth countries are major stakeholders in the process and success of the Doha Development Agenda. Together the Commonwealth's 53 member countries account for 30 per cent of the world's population and about 25 per cent of its international trade and investment. Commonwealth countries account for 40 per cent of WTO membership. CBC's trade development objectives include encouraging trade facilitation and further liberalisation of services; encouraging developing countries to play an active role in the World Trade Organization, and in new trade rounds, by maximising their negotiating strength through cooperative action.

The CBC helps to mobilise investment into Commonwealth countries through measures including ensuring access to international capital markets; strengthening 26 domestic capital markets; encouraging regional integration; committing the private sector to work together with governments to help achieve a successful market economy for generating investment.

A key feature of CBC was its global membership, comprising corporate members from both developed and developing countries. This gave CBC the capacity to make a special contribution to the debate on corporate citizenship, dominated by developed countries.

Purpose
The CBC worked to involve private sector engagement in facilitating the implementation of an Information Communications Technologies for Development programme. The CBC programme enhanced collaborative partnerships between the various stakeholders including governments, private sector, donor agencies and civil society. Major goals included:

 * Bridge the digital divide for both social and economic development.
 * Promote ICT for Development in Commonwealth countries.
 * Promote an experience exchange among stakeholders in Commonwealth countries.
 * Promote business and government cooperation for development.
 * Create awareness and enhance the knowledge of policy makers regarding economic, technical and legal aspects of implementation of ICT for development.
 * Provide and facilitate training and capacity building.

CBC believed that there was a significant gap for independent support to emerging market governments in the structuring and transacting of ICT infrastructure opportunities. The key CBC objectives were:

 * Examine how support from highly experienced individuals can assist through the creation of an infrastructure technical advisory unit.
 * Provide senior-level government support to provide focused advice.
 * Provide mechanisms that will help governments leverage the huge capacity of the private sector to address the demand for better infrastructure.

The Commonwealth Business Council went into liquidation in 2014.

title: Commonwealth Business Council


text: File:GreenAnole.jpg

title: File:GreenAnole.jpg


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User talk:Peter heymans

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Shimgray 17:58, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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Uploading photos
Hi Peter, I see you uploaded some photos. Image:P8120010.JPG and Image:P8120016.JPG. They look good but I've got a few suggestions to make. The most important thing is to tag the photos with their copyright status. See Image copyright tags, I recommend the GFDL or public domain. My other two suggestions are that you give the photos more meaningful names and you might consider uploading them to Wikimedia Commons (http://commons.wikimedia.org/) so they can be used by the other Wikimedia projects. Thanks again for the photos. Edward 18:25:28, 2005-08-18 (UTC)

Welcome to wikipedia, like Edward above, I notced the cute golden puppy pic you uploaded here Image:Emma_Cassowary_%281%29.jpg. Thanks for uploading it, but the same thing can be said about this as well. It needs a license in order for it to be used on wikipedia so I've removed it from the Golden Retriever article. Once it has a license, it can be added back. The Image copyright tags page will give you all the info you need to do this. - Trysha 18:56, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:P8120016.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:P8120016.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Longhair 09:37, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peter heymans


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Ovilla Christian School

Ovilla Christian School (OCS) is a private Christian school located in Ovilla, Texas, a suburb of Dallas, Texas. Founded in 1990 with nine kindergarten students, OCS is a ministry of Ovilla Road Baptist Church (ORBC) and is co-located with the church on a 54 acre campus. The school is accredited by the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) and is a member of the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS). OCS participates in numerous extracurricular events, both athletic and academic, sponsored by ACSI and/or TAPPS.

OCS states that it has a maximum capacity of 578 students, and currently averages around 365 students, in a full K4-12 program.

title: Ovilla Christian School


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Calypso (comics)

Calypso Ezili is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Denny O'Neil and Alan Weiss, the character first appeared in Amazing Spider-Man #209 (October 1980). Calypso Ezili is a voodoo priestess of Haitian descent. She is depicted as an adversary of the superhero Peter Parker / Spider-Man. She is also the occasional lover and partner of the supervillain Kraven the Hunter. Calypso Ezili is known under the codenames The Witch and The Hunter of Souls.

Ariana DeBose will portray Calypso in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Kraven the Hunter.

Publication history
Calypso Ezili debuted in Amazing Spider-Man #209 (October 1980), created by Denny O'Neil and Alan Weiss. She initially appeared as a minor character The Amazing Spider-Man #209 and Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #65, where she was an ally of Spider-Man's enemy Kraven the Hunter. After Kraven's death, Calypso bewitched the Lizard into helping her attack Spider-Man in Spider-Man Vol. 1, #1–5, then made guest appearances in Daredevil Vol. 1, #310–311 and Daredevil Annual Vol. 1, #9. Calypso next appeared in Web of Spider-Man Vol. 1, #109–110 and Spider-Man Annual 1997, and was killed off in a storyline that spanned The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 1, #249–253.

Fictional character biography
Calypso is a nameless voodoo priestess who was born and raised in Haiti. She was a psychopathic woman who was associated with Kraven the Hunter. Calypso seemed to enjoy driving Kraven into fits of rage and furthering his hatred of Spider-Man which ultimately led to Kraven's suicide in the "Kraven's Last Hunt" storyline.

When artist Todd McFarlane started writing the new Spider-Man comic in 1990, his opening five-issue story arc "Torment" featured Calypso as the main antagonist, whom McFarlane transformed into a dangerous threat for Spider-Man. The explanation for Calypso's supernatural powers was the sacrifice of her younger sister. She used her abilities to hold Lizard in her grasp and the two nearly succeeded in murdering Spider-Man. However, the webslinger managed to beat them both and Calypso is apparently killed.

Calypso resurfaces abducting Haitian refugees, turning some into zombie slaves and selling the rest back to her homeland's government. Her actions bring her into conflict with Daredevil and his Infinity War doppelganger, Hellspawn. Calypso briefly enthralls Daredevil, but he is able to break free of her control, and she seemingly dies yet again when the spirits of those she turned into zombies overwhelm her. Cheating death once more, Calypso flees to New Orleans, where her obsession with necromancy leads her to the resting place of Simon Garth, a self-aware zombie. Reviving Garth, Calypso tests his abilities and pits him against Hellspawn, though he eventually breaks free of her control and wanders off, leaving one of his Amulets of Damballah with Calypso.

Calypso subsequently breaks into the Vault and attempts to make the incarcerated Lizard her servant again, but he resists and mauls her. The Amulet of Damballah, which Calypso transferred her soul into while dying, ends up in the possession of Glory Grant, who Calypso possesses. Despite interference from Spider-Man, Garth, and Shotgun, Calypso is successfully able to exhume her own corpse and revive herself with the Amulet of Damballah.

Commanding a squad of savages, she later attacks Spider-Man and Alyosha Kravinoff, the son of the original Kraven the Hunter. Desiring revenge for losing Sergei, she uses her powers to drive Spider-Man and Alyosha into fighting each other. Spider-Man and Alyosha fight off her spell and shared a handshake. Alyosha says that he will hold Calypso at his mansion so she can tell him about his long-lost father. However, Alyosha kills Calypso instead.

Powers and abilities
Calypso Ezili sacrificed her sister through a ritual to gain supernatural abilities. She is highly trained in the practice of voodoo, being familiar with voodoo drums, potions, and charms. She Ezili created a magical potion to enhance the abilities of Kraven the Hunter, to make him the best hunter in the world. He was notably granted superhuman strength, speed, and senses in consequence. Calypso Ezili is also powerful enough to master mind-control and resurrection. She used her powers to take control of the Lizard and made him more violent.

Other versions
An issue of What If? which asked the question "What If Spider-Man Killed the Lizard?" had Calypso in it. When Spider-Man is forced to kill the Lizard in an alternate version of the "Torment" story-arc, Calypso approaches the Lizard's distraught son Billy Connors and offers him the chance to get revenge on Spider-Man via a potion that will make him "just like daddy".

Television

 * A character inspired by and nicknamed Calypso named Dr. Mariah Crawford appears in Spider-Man: The Animated Series, voiced by Susan Beaubian. This version is a research scientist who was engaged to Sergei Kravinoff before a serum made by a colleague transformed him into Kraven the Hunter. Throughout the series, she assists Spider-Man and Kraven in their adventures, such as creating a cure for the former's Man-Spider mutation, until she contracts an African plague she was helping to fight. To save her, Kraven injects her with the same serum that she used on him, which eventually mutates her into a feral feline monster. Subsequently, Kraven joins forces with Spider-Man and Black Cat to subdue Crawford and administer a cure created by Dr. Curt Connors, partially restoring her human form and fully restoring her mind. Accepting what she has become, she and Kraven leave New York for the wilderness of Africa.
 * Calypso Ezili appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man episode "Destructive Testing," voiced by Angela Bryant.

Film
Calypso will appear in the Sony's Spider-Man Universe film Kraven the Hunter, portrayed by Ariana DeBose.

Video games

 * Calypso Ezili appears as a secret boss in Spider-Man 2, voiced by Angela V. Shelton.
 * Calypso Ezili appears in Spider-Man 3, voiced again by Angela V. Shelton. She assists Kraven the Hunter by providing him with various potions and mutating the Lizard into an even larger, more monstrous form.
 * A Marvel Noir-inspired incarnation of Calypso Ezili appears as a boss in the Nintendo DS version of Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions, voiced by Jennifer Hale. She uses a fragment of the Tablet of Order and Chaos to raise an army of zombies in the hopes of reviving Kraven, but is eventually defeated by Spider-Man Noir.

title: Calypso (comics)


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Talk:Son of a Witch

Liir's Daughter
The article states that Liir's daughter has the same aversion to water as Elphaba. There is no evidence of this as the book ends with "He took her to the doorway and held her up in the warm rain. She cleaned up green." Unless someone read "cleaned up" differently than I did, there is no reason to say she has the same Achille's heel. Ghidra99 23:05, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Considering that she is a supposed to be main character in the fourth book and Elphaba was killed from much less exposure to water than Liir's daughter was exposed to I highly doubt Liir's daughter has that kind if water allergy. Until the fourth book comes out we realy have no proof she inherited anything from Elphaba other than her green skin and rank
 * Tydoni (talk) 23:52, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

copyrighted material?
It seems to me like there has been a substantial amount of copyrighted material placed in this article recently. I propose deleting this material. Let me know what you think. --MatthewUND 20:15, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have removed the copyvio tag from the article. If there is too much copyrighted material, it should just be removed, no administrator assistance is necessary. Conscious 07:17, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Liir and Trism
I laughed out loud when I read "affectionate relationship with homosexual undertones". They have sex twice. That's more than undertones. I hope no one objects to my strengthening of the statement. —Cuivi é nen 00:36, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

I have a question, when did Liir and Trism have sex twice? I only counted once. —Preceding unsigned comment added by LonnaofOhio (talk • contribs) 05:16, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I remember it being twice. Once in the inn they stayed at while escaping, and one more time after.  Fllmtlchcb (talk) 06:33, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Ozma and Tip
"Ozma's protectors feared for her safety and decided to disguise her as a boy – Tip" -- not true. In the originals, A wicked witch, Mombi, enchants Ozma as a boy, and Glinda captures Mombi forcing her to undo the enchantment. Jason
 * WP:SOFIXIT. But don't worry, I've done it for you. —Cuiviénen 00:49, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Opening revisions
I revised the introduction and the opening of the plot summary (and hope to do more revision later). I did not think it was an accurate reflection of the relation of Maguire's novels to the original Oz books (after all, there are as many new characters in Wicked as in Son of a Witch, and I think it's more accurate to say that Maguire elaborates on official Oz history, so to talk about how Macguire 'deviates' from the novels is somewhat imprecise, especially when one adds that he doesn't contradict that history). This seems to fit in with the idea that Maguire is writing a revisonist history of Oz.

I changed the mention of Candle's playing as causing flashbacks in Liir because I think that is an interpretive reading -- the text is not explicit. It is more neutral to simply point out that narratologically, the storyline is structured in the way I have pointed out, leaving the reader to decide what the possible significance of that structure is.

Jason Boyd 00:36, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Reverts
I was cleaning up the plot summary, putting it into chronological rather than narrative order, which makes it more understandable, and a user reverted to an earlier version, thinking it was vandalism. Please restore the latest version.

Jason Boyd 16:33, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Good for you! Mindman1 00:46, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Major rewrite
I have substantially rewritten the plot summary, which was full of errors (more rewriting to come!).

I also took out the "reasons for writing" section and incorporated it into the introduction.

Jason Boyd 00:26, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Removed 'Potential for Third Book' section
I took this section out because if was redundant -- readers can go the 'Wicked Cycle' or "A Cowardly War' page to find this information.

Jason Boyd 14:32, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

More revisions
I finished revising the plot summary. I deleted the section on Literary Significance, which was redundant. (Will change "Criticism" to "Literary Significance and Criticism"). I am now revising the "Characters" section and plan to expand it. I thought it would be helpful to divide this section into "Characters who appeared in Wicked" and "New Characters." I've eliminated information here that appears in the plot summary.

Jason Boyd 23:16, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * ^The 'Wicked Cycle' page just redirects to the page about the Wicked novel, and on that page, there is no mention of 'The Wicked Cycle'. Maybe it wasn't so redundant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.202.59.230 (talk) 11:18, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Translator?
Translator 	Shelbi Clayton
 * How can there be a translator for a book that is already in English? And if it's meant to be a translator from English, then into what language?--Susurrus (talk) 11:57, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Children's Literature box
I am removing the WikiProject Children's Literature box as this book is intended for adult. It looks like this was bot tagged as a kid's book because its also in the Oz books category. Son of a Witch like the book its a sequel to is clearly classified as for adults by the author and like Wicked has some content that is generally not seen in a kid's book. Tydoni (talk) 16:44, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Candle the rapist
Shouldn't it be pointed out that Candle apparently rapes Liir? Having sex with someone who is unconscious - this isn't even "sleeping" sex with someone you know - is clearly a violation of any notion of consent. I find it rather sad she later tries to guilt him into support as well and the novel is apparently o.k. with this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.22.4.106 (talk) 11:24, 24 July 2011 (UTC)
 * In Wicked Elphaba sews wings on snow monkeys and the novel seems to be okay with that too I think its part of the books moral that sometimes good people do bad things or something like that. Stuff like this is why the Children's literature tag got removed. I agree that it should be mentioned that Candle essentially raped Liir and maybe mention government rulings about the issue like the Canadian Supreme Court ruling that defines even sleeping sex as rape.

Tydoni (talk) 22:27, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Son of a Witch


text:
Talk:Xanthophyll

Untitled
Is xanthophyll a pigment that is used in painting, etc.?

xanthophyll
some idiot wrote something about xanthophyll. The real chemical (or molecular formula) is C40H56O2 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.55.9.63 (talk) 18:36, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Merged with Xanthophyll cycle
did a straight text dump. I have almost no knowledge in this subject area so it may need the attention of someone who can harmonize the article. --Dave1g 18:28, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Controversy
The jury is still out on the various mechanisms by which Light harvest complexes produce quenching sites. Although the violaxanthin-zeaxanthin cycle has been associated with the highly quenched state of LHC2 it is unclear what its exact role is.

xantofylls are not used to paint.

Allso, chlorophyll is not denatured by the cold. Denaturation is a term reserved for proteins; chlorophyll quite simply ceases to be replenished and is thus the green pigment deteriorates. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.83.247.134 (talk) 15:51, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xanthophyll


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coug it

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was '''Delete. And note that I am from Washington and I've never heard of this. Also I fear this page may be recreated wih this many socks'''. Redwolf24 03:02, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Coug it

 * "Delete It" Considering how shitty the UDub has played the last few years...up to and including last year's "almost defeated season"...I think this reference is innapropriate.  It should be "Muttin' it" or something...especially considering how much talent they waste on such mediocre records.  And until this thing gets fixed, I'll delete every thing I can on the "Coug It" page until morons from Seattle stop trying to post their idiocy there.  PS:  You're welcome!

 * Delete: Wikipedia is not a dictionary. JDoorjam 18:00, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree -- < drini | ∂drini > 19:38, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This article reads more than just a definition. If entry is removed, then all the entries in the Slang category should be removed as well. Jamsong 21:40, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Fine by me: please round up any other non-notable slang terms you see and nominate them for deletion. JDoorjam 22:11, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * See . Initially, your argument was the article was a dictionary term (which it obviously is not), now it's non-notable which is not a reason for deletion. 23:57, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, they should go away as official policy in WP:NOT states:
 * Wikipedia is not: A usage guide, or slang and idiom guide.
 * Not that they will go away, anyway-- < drini | ∂drini > 02:31, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep I agree with Brock badger. Lullabye Muse 23:14, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This term is used quite often in the Pacific Northwest and Wikipedia is one of the few free sources of information on the internet where one can research terms such as "Coug It". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.95.76.91 (talk • contribs) 23:43, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete "Individual articles about each slang term: Out." and "Wikipedia is not a propaganda machine." AdroitE 17:06, 18 August 2005 (PST)
 * Vote is user's fourth contribution to Wikipedia.
 * Keep I also agree with Brock badger. duckbutter 18:15, 18 August 2005 (PST)
 * Vote is user's only contribution to Wikipedia to date.
 * Delete nn invented neologism. -Splash 02:57, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * First, neologism is not a valid reason for deletion. Second, this is not a neologism, this term has been in use for many years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.134.136.5 (talk • contribs) 16:29, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This term is used more often than it rains in the Pacific Northwest and its usage has a rich hitory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.235.5.25 (talk • contribs) 06:48, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wiktionary....and clean it up.

 * Let's be honest here: much of the objection is apparenty from WSU alumni and supporters who object to seeing the term publicized. This is not a legitimate reason for striking it from Wiki - you can't wish the term out of existence. Having said that, the entry is more appropriate for Wiktionary; references to "coug it" in Wikipedia should be limited to specific mentions in entries pertaining to Pacific Northwest culture, Pac-10 football, the Apple Cup, the Mike Price/Alabama episode, etc.

 * Equally importantly (and I say this as a Husky who had Cougs in my wedding party) - it needs to be cleaned up and presented less subjectively; the current definition is clever, but its clear anti-Coug slant is a violation of Wiki's neutrality policy (You might say " Always be a good sport - be a good sport all ways").

 * Cougs, on Wiki you can edit anything you wish. Some Husky went to a lot of work to create the entry's structure, saving you a lot of work. All you have to do is change it. While you're at it you're welcome to edit Husky-related entries to reflect our own scandals: Don James' oversight of the Tyees, the Rick Neuheisel era, Dr. Feelgood, etc. --Daniel Luechtefeld 12:17, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This is this user's sixth contribution to Wikipedia to date, though they have been contributing since June.
 * I agree with Daniel Luechtefeld's suggestions-- move to Wiktionary, clean up the obvious subjective tilt, and remove several examples which really don't match the description (i.e. Ryan Leaf's failed NFL career does not fit the proposed definition). AdroitE 12:46, 19 August 2005 (PST)

 * I've only ever seen this term used with regard to the Cougs. Merge/Redirect a short paragraph to the Washington State University section. The Wazzu page probably deserves the same fate... — RJH 15:12, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This article is too long to be in a section of Washington State University. Moreover, this article has the same, if not more validity to be a wiki page as Wazzu. Sounds more like sour grapes than a valid request for deletion. 17:30, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I'm Coug alum and love the phrase. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.88.200.30 (talk • contribs) 17:34, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.19.50.66 (talk • contribs) 19:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep!!!! -- Phrase is used throughout the northwest by both Cougs and Huskies, as well as by a good portion of the general population without an allegiance to either academic institution 21:30, 19 August 2005 (UTC) Beach
 * The preceding comment was actually entered by anon, see and
 * Keep -- The article has room for improvement, but the term is definitely notable. I've actually heard it much more from Washington State fans than Washington fans. Definitely should be cleaned up, but definitely kept. And I say this as a rabid Cougar. --Matt Yeager 00:17, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment -- Please review the page history carefully. This Vfd appears to have been subject to blanking vandalism in at least one case along with possible or suspected signature modification, notes, and removal of notes other users added to a vote in at least 2 cases. --Mysidia (talk) 21:52, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have tried where possible to point out who is actually voting in each case. The notes are correct at this moment in time. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 00:19, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep The article could use more of a NPOV on both sides, but it certainly does not deserve deletion. 5:05, 20 August 2005 (UTC) 192.55.52.1
 * Delete, ignore the sockpuppets, nn term possibly used by Washington State fans, but that doesn't make it even worth moving to Wiktionary. Zoe 09:23, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP - The term is elegant in its simplicity....and truth. It is embraced by by both friends and foes alike. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.16.74.134 (talk • contribs) 14:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete This word has been used by many people to define a successfull attempt and moment of triumph. I believe that this entry is an attempt to play a joke on a rival university. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.26.220.246 (talk • contribs) 20:38, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * (That was the preceding user's first ever post)

 * Are you insane? Have you ever BEEN to a WSU game? Do you know any WSU alums or fans? If so, you should know (or ask someone who does) about "Cougin' it". If not, what in the world are you doing voting on this? --Matt Yeager 05:21, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete This is a foolish example of how Wikipedia is being used to belittle a higher learning institution.  Wiki is being a tool for some UW prankster.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.113.27.47 (talk • contribs) 19:27, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP. Stop whining. It should be kept because the term really is significant in terms of pacific northwest culture. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.16.18.138 (talk • contribs) 23:45, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * DeleteChildish dig at another college. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.185.40.109 (talk • contribs) 04:39, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Not sure why some think this is insulting especially since the term allegedly originated at WSU and is used by many in the northwest & Pac-10.
 * KEEP IT
 * KEEPThere is nothing wrong with having the term on wikipedia.
 * Keep — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.107.0.80 (talk • contribs) 18:50, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP-It is a much-used phrase in the state of Washington. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.107.0.80 (talk • contribs) 21:35, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it: used by the media and sports fans regardless of slant, it's an oft-used term by more than just "the two sides". You cannot ignore a word or phrase simply because you want to believe that it does not exist.
 * KEEP! Used all over the Northwest by Huskies and Cougars.
 * KEEP Someone who heard this term for the first time can come to Wikipedia and learn what Coug it is and its history. This is definitely worthwhile to keep.
 * Keep It: As mentioned above, very popular in the NW and I have heard it referenced last year in other sports (although I cannot remember where) publications.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Coug it


text:
User:Aimara

AiMara Lin

National Office

Not In Our Name project

title: User:Aimara