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Sheldon Whitehouse

Sheldon Whitehouse (born October 20, 1955) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Rhode Island since 2007. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the United States Attorney for the District of Rhode Island from 1993 to 1998 and as the 71st attorney general of Rhode Island from 1999 to 2003.

A political progressive and climate hawk, Whitehouse became chair of the United States Senate Committee on the Budget in 2023. He has given hundreds of Senate floor speeches about climate change and has made his assertion that politically conservative "dark money" groups are conducting a campaign to seize control of the American government, specifically the Supreme Court of the United States, a hallmark of his Senate tenure.

Early life and education
Whitehouse was born on October 20, 1955, in New York City, the son of Mary Celine (née Rand) and career diplomat Charles Sheldon Whitehouse, and grandson of diplomat Edwin Sheldon Whitehouse (1883–1965). Whitehouse's father served as the U.S. Ambassador to Thailand and Laos. Among his great-great-grandfathers were Episcopalian bishop Henry John Whitehouse and railroad robber baron Charles Crocker, who was among the founders of the Central Pacific Railroad. Whitehouse graduated from St. Paul's School, an elite boarding school in Concord, New Hampshire, and from Yale College in 1978. He received his Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1982.

Early career
Whitehouse worked as a clerk for Justice Richard Neely of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia from 1982 to 1983. He also worked in the Rhode Island Attorney General's office as a special assistant attorney general from 1985 to 1990, chief of the Regulatory Unit (which oversaw utilities) from 1988 to 1990, and as an assistant attorney general from 1989 to 1990.

Whitehouse worked as Rhode Island Governor Bruce Sundlun's executive counsel beginning in 1991, and was later tapped to serve as director of policy. He oversaw the state's response to the Rhode Island banking crisis that took place soon after Sundlun took office. In 1992, Sundlun appointed Whitehouse the state's Director of Business Regulation, where he oversaw the state's workers' compensation insurance system.

U.S. attorney
President Bill Clinton appointed Whitehouse United States Attorney for Rhode Island in 1994. Whitehouse held the position for four years. With the 1996 extortion conviction of mobster Gerard Ouimette, he was the first prosecutor to convict a member of organized crime under Clinton's "three strikes law". Ouimette was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. Whitehouse initiated the investigation into municipal corruption in Rhode Island that led to Operation Plunder Dome, in which Mayor of Providence Vincent "Buddy" Cianci was eventually convicted on conspiracy charges.

State attorney general
In 1998, Whitehouse was elected Rhode Island Attorney General. He initiated a lawsuit against the lead paint industry that ended in a mistrial; the state later won a second lawsuit against former lead paint manufacturers Sherwin-Williams, Millennium Holdings, and NL Industries that found them responsible for creating a public nuisance. This decision, however, was unanimously overturned by the Rhode Island Supreme Court on July 1, 2008. The court found that under Rhode Island law it is the responsibility of property owners to abate and mitigate lead hazards.

When Black Providence police officer Cornel Young Jr. was shot and killed by two fellow officers while he was off duty in January 2000, Whitehouse was criticized for not appointing an independent prosecutor to investigate the shooting. Later that year, Whitehouse was criticized when 15-year-old Jennifer Rivera, a witness in a murder case, was shot by a relative of the man she was to testify against later that year.

2002 gubernatorial election
Whitehouse ran for the Democratic nomination for governor of Rhode Island in 2002. He lost the primary election to former State Senator Myrth York, who was unsuccessful in the general election against Republican Donald Carcieri.

2006
Whitehouse launched his campaign for the U.S. Senate seat held by Lincoln Chafee, a Republican, on April 4, 2005. By September 30, he had raised over $600,000 for his campaign, including $360,000 of his own, more than doubling Chafee's fundraising. Whitehouse campaigned heavily against the Iraq War and the United States's dependence on foreign oil. After winning the Democratic primary by a large margin, he defeated Chafee with 53 percent of the vote in the 2006 general election. With his victory, Whitehouse became the first Democrat to win this Senate seat since John Pastore in 1970.

2012
On November 6, 2012, Whitehouse won reelection to a second term in office, defeating Republican challenger Barry Hinckley by 30 points, with 64.9 percent of the total vote.

2018
On November 6, 2018, Whitehouse was reelected to a third term, defeating Republican Robert Flanders by 23 points.

Tenure

In 2007, the National Journal ranked Whitehouse the second-most liberal senator.

He voted to confirm Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court.

In the spring of 2007, Whitehouse joined other senators in calling for Attorney General Alberto Gonzales's resignation. After Gonzales's first appearance before the Senate Judiciary Committee related to the controversy, Whitehouse told NPR, "[Gonzales] had a hard sell to make to me, and he didn't make it." He continued to question Gonzales's service in the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy.

Upon Attorney General Eric Holder's announcement in September 2014 of his intention to step down, some speculated that Whitehouse could be nominated as Holder's replacement.

In February 2016, after the death of U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, USA Today named Whitehouse as a possible nominee to fill the vacancy. Whitehouse's service as a U.S. Attorney and as Attorney General of Rhode Island gives him both legislative experience and experience as a legal official, though not as a judge. Whitehouse was ultimately not nominated.

Allegations of insider trading and failure to disclose stock purchases
Whitehouse has faced some criticism for alleged insider trading, avoiding big losses by trading stocks after top federal officials warned congressional leaders of "the coming economic cataclysm" on September 16, 2008. After meeting with Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke and Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson on September 16, and being briefed on the unfolding financial crisis, Whitehouse sold a number of positions, valued between $250,000 and $600,000, over the next six days. After coming under scrutiny due to possible insider trading, a spokesperson for his office denied it, saying Whitehouse "is not actively involved in the management" of the implicated accounts and that he "neither directed his financial advisor to undertake any transaction during that time, nor ever took advantage of any exclusive or secret information".

In March 2022, Business Insider reported that Whitehouse had violated the STOCK Act, which is designed to combat insider trading, by failing to disclose two personal stock purchases by the federal deadline. The stocks in question were for the Target Corporation and Tesla, Inc. Whitehouse's office acknowledged that he missed the disclosure deadline, blaming it on a staff transition in his office.

In September 2022, an investigation by The New York Times found that Whitehouse was among the members of Congress who had bought or sold stock that intersected with his congressional work, including trading stock in public companies that came before the committees on which he serves.

Committee assignments

 * Sources:
 * Committee on Budget (Chair)
 * Committee on Environment and Public Works
 * Subcommittee on Oversight
 * Subcommittee on Superfund, Toxics and Environmental Health
 * Subcommittee on Water and Wildlife (Ranking Member)
 * Committee on Finance
 * Committee on the Judiciary
 * United States Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control (Chair)
 * Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe

Caucus memberships

 * Healthy Kids Caucus
 * International Conservation Caucus (Co-chair)
 * Senate Oceans Caucus (Co-chair)
 * Afterschool Caucuses

D.C. statehood
In a 2018 interview with the Providence Journal, Whitehouse expressed opposition to D.C. statehood. He was dismissive of efforts to give District residents representation in Congress, suggesting they should be satisfied with the amount of federal activity nearby. In July 2020, he cosponsored a Senate bill to grant D.C. statehood.

Environmental issues
In November 2011, Whitehouse introduced the Safeguarding America's Future and Environment (SAFE) Act, a bill that would require federal natural resource agencies to be concerned with the long-term effects of climate change, encourage states to prepare natural resource adaptation plans, and "create a science advisory board to ensure that the planning uses the best available science".

Of a proposed action on mandatory emissions curbs, Whitehouse told The Hill, "I am not hearing anybody on our side, even the people who are more economically concerned about the climate legislation who come from coal states, that sort of thing, saying, 'What are we going to say about this, is this a problem?'"

Whitehouse dismissed the Climatic Research Unit conspiracy theory: "Climategate should properly be known as Climategate-gate because it was the scandal that was phony."

Whitehouse has said that the development of alternate energy sources, including solar power, will eliminate U.S. dependence on foreign oil. He has cited the installation of new solar panels on three new bank branches in Rhode Island, saying that the projects "created jobs, they put people to work, they lowered the cost for these banks of their electrical energy, and they get us off foreign oil and away, step by step, from these foreign entanglements that we have to get into to defend our oil supply". PolitiFact investigated the economics of renewable energy and determined that solar and wind investments would not have a large effect on oil consumption, calling Whitehouse's comments "mostly false" due to "this misimpression—and because of the other inaccuracies in Whitehouse's speech".

In a May 29, 2015, Washington Post editorial, Whitehouse advocated prosecution of members of the fossil fuel industry under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).

In April 2019, Whitehouse was one of 12 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to top senators on the Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development advocating that the Energy Department be granted maximum funding for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), arguing that American job growth could be stimulated by investment in capturing carbon emissions and expressing disagreement with President Trump's 2020 budget request to combine the two federal programs that do carbon capture research.

Since 2012, Whitehouse has spoken on the Senate floor about climate change every week the Senate has been in session, giving his 250th speech on the issue on July 24, 2019.

Foreign policy
Whitehouse supported a vote that would limit continuing U.S. support for the War in Yemen. Initially, he was one of the two Democratic holdouts in the Senate, but an activist effort, including mobilizing fans of the Rhode Island band Downtown Boys, contributed to changing his position.

Gun policy
Whitehouse is a supporter of gun control legislation.

Health care
He voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. During its passage, Whitehouse cautioned that conservative opposition to the bill was moving toward historical instances of mob violence.

In December 2009, Whitehouse said "birthers", "fanatics", and "people running around in right-wing militia and Aryan support groups" opposed Obamacare.

LGBTQ rights
In September 2014, Whitehouse was one of 69 members of Congress to sign a letter to then-FDA commissioner Sylvia Burwell requesting that the FDA revise its policy banning donation of corneas and other tissues by men who have had sex with another man in the preceding five years. He has publicly supported reintroducing the Equal Rights Amendment.

Political spending
Whitehouse has been a staunch critic of so-called "dark money", or political spending by nonprofit organizations that are not required to disclose their donors. According to Roll Call, "Whitehouse hasn't been as convincing as he'd hoped in his campaign to curb conservative anonymous donors and their influence on the Supreme Court—even as that 'dark money' now floods in to support the judicial nomination process his party controls." Undisclosed political spending by the left exceeds such spending on the right. Roll Call wrote that when talking about undisclosed political spending, Whitehouse "can sound conspiratorial". Ilya Shapiro of the Cato Institute, serving as a witness at one of Whitehouse's congressional hearings about political spending, said Whitehouse was on a "quixotic crusade". Whitehouse himself has benefited from the influence of dark money. While positioning himself as someone opposed to it, he has a history of accepting dark money and "turning his head when his Democratic colleagues accept money from dark money groups".

Whitehouse critiqued conservative dark money groups who backed Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh's nomination but "has been far quieter about liberal groups that actively opposed Kavanaugh's nomination in their own ad campaigns". Demand Justice, which organized opposition to Kavanaugh's nomination, is a project of the Sixteen Thirty Fund, which "makes it practically impossible to trace the source of funds that make its way to Demand Justice". The Washington Post's editorial board wrote that Demand Justice "is set up such that its funding is arguably even more opaque than the nonprofits against which it competes".

In 2019, Whitehouse announced that he intended to introduce legislation that would require groups that file amicus curiae briefs with the U.S. Supreme Court to disclose their donors.

Whitehouse has received over $175,000 in campaign donations from the League of Conservation Voters. Billionaire Tom Steyer has donated $17,300 directly to Whitehouse since 2006. Other donors to Whitehouse include the Sierra Club and the Natural Resources Defense Council.

In March 2021, Whitehouse convened a Senate Judiciary subcommittee hearing titled "What's Wrong with the Supreme Court: The Big-Money Assault on Our Judiciary". He alleged that a "multi-hundred million dollar covert operation" influences the U.S. Supreme Court.

Also in March 2021, Whitehouse wrote U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland a letter asking him to investigate "what appears to have been a politically constrained and perhaps fake FBI investigation into alleged misconduct by now-Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh." Senator Ben Sasse critiqued Whitehouse's allegation that the FBI investigation of Kavanaugh had been "fake", saying "This kind of paranoid obsession is Nixonian poison to public trust."

On July 9, 2024, it was reported that Whitehouse and Senator Ron Wyden sent a official letter the previous week to Attorney General Merrick Garland requesting him to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas for tax violations and ethics violations. The letter says, "The breadth of the omissions uncovered to date, and the serious possibility of additional tax fraud and false statement violations by Justice Thomas and his associates, warrant the appointment of a Special Counsel to investigate this misconduct."

Personal life
In 1986, Whitehouse married Sandra Thornton, a marine biologist and granddaughter of James Worth Thornton and Elena Mumm Thornton Wilson. Her step-grandfather was prominent essayist and critic Edmund Wilson. They live in Rhode Island with their two children. Whitehouse is Episcopalian.

Among Whitehouse's distant ancestors are William Bradford, governor of Plymouth Colony, and theologian Archibald Alexander.

Membership in Bailey's Beach Club
Whitehouse's longtime ties to the elite private club Bailey's Beach have attracted scrutiny. The New York Times called the club a haven for members of America's "ruling class" and various media outlets have said it has an all-white membership. In June 2021, Whitehouse defended his family's membership in the club. Asked whether the club had any nonwhite members, he replied, "I think the people who are running the place are still working on that, and I'm sorry it hasn't happened yet." Asked whether such clubs should continue to exist, he said, "It's a long tradition in Rhode Island." A spokesperson for Whitehouse said the club did not have any restrictive racial policies and that it had members of color. Whitehouse declined to provide details of the club's membership, and the club initially refused to answer questions about its policies or membership. The club ultimately put out a statement saying reports that all its members were white were "inaccurate and false". The club's president urged members to use "restraint" when speaking to the media. Whitehouse said he would not ask his family members to resign from the club because "they are on the right side of pushing for improvements" and "my relationship with my family is not one in which I tell them what to do".

Whitehouse later acknowledged belonging to a Newport sailing club that he said lacked diversity, saying, "Failing to address the sailing club's lack of diversity is squarely on me, and something for which I am sorry."

Depictions in media
John Rothman portrayed Whitehouse in the 2019 film The Report.

Pete Davidson portrayed Whitehouse in the cold open of the season 44 premiere of Saturday Night Live.

Publications

 * Captured: The Corporate Infiltration of American Democracy. Sheldon Whitehouse, Melanie Wachtell Stinnett. New Press, New York, 2019 ISBN 978-1620974766
 * The Scheme: How the Right Wing Used Dark Money to Capture the Supreme Court. Sheldon Whitehouse, Jennifer Mueller. New Press, New York, Oct. 2022. ISBN 978-1-62097-738-5

title: Sheldon Whitehouse


text:
User talk:Insomniacl

Welcome, form Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Insomniacl


text:
Nervous Norvus

Jimmy Drake (March 24, 1912 – July 24, 1968), known professionally as Nervous Norvus, was an American musician known for the controversial novelty song "Transfusion".

Early life
He was born in Memphis, Tennessee, and lived for a few years in Ripley, Tennessee. Because of his chronic asthma condition, his family moved to California when he was seven, eventually settling in East Hollywood, Los Angeles.

Career
When he was 29, he moved to Oakland, California, where he lived for the rest of his life. He was a truck driver for a time, and in 1953, looking for a way to get off the roads, he began to get his feet wet in the recording industry. He bought a reel-to-reel tape recorder (an Ampex 600), a cheap second-hand piano, and a baritone ukulele. With these accessories, he started supplementing his truck driving income in earnest by recording demos of his fellow amateur songwriters’ offerings.

His novelty song "Transfusion", recorded for the Dot Records label, was a top-ten hit in May 1956, reaching number 8 on the Billboard Best Sellers chart. A second single, "Ape Call", released in July of that year, also charted and peaked at #28. A third Dot single, "The Fang", released in September 1956, did not chart at all.

The lyrics in "Transfusion" concern a reckless driver who repeatedly gets seriously injured in car accidents by disregarding traffic laws (speeding, unsafe lane changes, and disregarding stop signs); he vows to never speed again after each accident, but quickly goes back to his dangerous driving habits after asking for (and receiving) a blood transfusion each time. This novelty song features the sound effects of a vehicle collision. The song was banned on many radio stations in the 1950s. The song was later played on the radio by Barry Hansen, which reportedly led to Hansen's nickname Dr. Demento.

Death
Drake died at age 56 in Alameda County, California of cirrhosis of the liver. His body was donated to the University of California, San Francisco, Anatomy Department.

title: Nervous Norvus


text:
User:Yuje/drafts/Cantonese grammar

Word order 我先走 我走先

Measure words 我的書 我本書

Comparisons 他比我大 佢大过我

Gratitude 謝謝 多謝 唔該

Particles

title: User:Yuje/drafts/Cantonese grammar


text: User talk:69.246.14.187

title: User talk:69.246.14.187


text:
User talk:Cliff McIntosh

Welcome, form Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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title: User talk:Cliff McIntosh


text:
Bakht Singh

Bakht Singh Chabra also known as Brother Bakht Singh (6 June 1903 – 17 September 2000) was a Christian evangelist in India and other parts of South Asia. He is often regarded as one of the most well-known Bible teachers and preachers and pioneers of the Indian Church movement and Gospel contextualization. According to Indian traditions, he is also known as 'Elijah of 21st Century' in Christendom. According to his autobiography, Bakht Singh became a Christian when he was an engineering student in Canada in 1929, even though previously he had torn up the Bible and was strongly opposed to Christianity. He was India's foremost evangelist, preacher and indigenous church planter who founded churches and established Hebron Ministries. He began a worldwide indigenous church-planting movement in India that grew to more than 10,000 local churches. Bakht Singh died on 17 September 2000, in Hyderabad, India.

Early life
Bakht Singh was born to religious Sikh parents Shri. Lal Jawahar Mal and Smt. Lakshmi Bai Joya in 1903 in Joiya village, Sargodha District of the Punjab, British India. He studied in a Christian missionary school. He was actively involved in social work through the Sikh temple. He was married to Rama Bai at the age of 12, on 6 June 1915. After graduating from Punjab University he went to England for higher studies in 1926 and studied Agricultural Engineering. His parents were not in favor of him going to England; they were concerned that he would be influenced by Christians. Bakht Singh promised his parents that he would not be converted.

Life in England and Canada
In England, he enjoyed the freedom of, and was greatly influenced by, the British lifestyle. He quickly adapted to this lifestyle, started smoking and drinking, travelled around Europe, and indulged in all kinds of fun and entertainment. He shaved his long hair, breaking kesh, or the practice of Sikhism to allow one's hair to grow naturally out of respect for the perfection of the creation of Waheguru. Years later he went to Kings College in London, and in 1929, Bakht Singh went to Canada and continued his studies in agricultural engineering at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was befriended by John and Edith Hayward, local residents and devout Christians, who invited him to live with them. The Haywards always read the Bible at every supper; they also gave him a Bible. He liked their company and he visited church and started reading the Bible. After seeking for some time, he became Christian and was baptized on 4 February 1932 in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Christian work in India
Bakht Singh returned to India in 1933 and met his parents in Bombay. He had earlier informed his parents about his conversion by a letter. Reluctantly, they accepted him but requested him to keep it a secret for the sake of the family's honor. Upon his refusal, they left him. Suddenly, he was homeless. But he started preaching in the streets of Bombay. Soon he started attracting large crowds.

Bakht Singh began speaking as a fiery itinerant preacher and revivalist throughout colonial India, gaining a large following. He at first preached as an Anglican evangelist before becoming independent. "Singh's role in the 1937 revival that swept the Martinbur United Presbyterian Church inaugurated one of the most notable movements in the history of the church in the Indian subcontinent," stated Jonathan Bonk in Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions published by Simon & Schuster Macmillan in 1998.

He started thoroughly contextualized local assemblies patterned on New Testament principles after spending a night in prayer on a mountaintop at Pallavaram, Chennai in 1941. He held his first "Holy Convocation", based on Leviticus 23, in Madras in 1941. After this, the convocations were held annually in Madras and Hyderabad in the south, and in Ahmedabad and Kalimpong in the north. The one in Hyderabad was always the largest, drawing up to 25,000 participants. They would eat and sleep in huge tents, and meet under a large thatched pandal for hours-long prayer, praise and teaching meetings that began at dawn and ended late at night. The care and feeding of guests was handled by volunteers. Expenses for the meetings were given by voluntary offerings; no appeals were issued.

Bro Bakht Singh expounded on believer-priesthood. All believers are equal in the sight of God.

Testimonies
J. Edwin Orr, a British Church historian: "Brother Bakht Singh is an Indian equivalent of the greater Western evangelists, as skillful as Finney and as direct as Dwight L. Moody. He is a first-class Bible teacher of the order of G. Campbell Morgan or Graham Scroggie."

Dave Hunt, an apologetics writer: "The arrival of Bakht Singh turned the churches of Madras upside down. . . . Crowds gathered in the open air, as many as 12,000 on one occasion to hear this man of God. Many seriously ill were healed when Bakht Singh prayed for them, even deaf and dumb began to hear and speak."

Bob Finley, President of Christian Aid Mission: "I have never seen a man who has a greater knowledge and understanding of the Bible than Bakht Singh. All our Western preachers and teachers seem to be children before this great man of God."

Norman Grubb missionary statesman, author and teacher: "In all my missionary experience I think these churches on their New Testament foundations are the nearest I have seen to a replica of the early church and a pattern for the birth and growth of the young churches in all the countries which we used to talk about as mission fields."

Jonathan Bonk: "Singh's role in the 1937 revival that swept the Martinbur United Presbyterian Church inaugurated one of the most notable movements in the history of the church in the Indian subcontinent."

Ravi Zacharias, Indian-born Christian teacher and apologist: "I was a young Christian when I heard of Bakht Singh. His impact for Christ in India and worldwide has been immense."

Death
On 17 September 2000, Singh died in his sleep and was buried at Christian Cemetery, Narayanguda. The funeral was attended by nearly 250,000 people.

Books

 * Bethany (1971)
 * God's Dwelling Place (1973)
 * The Return of God's Glory (1973)
 * The Skill of Loving Hands (1978)
 * The Joy of the Lord (1984)
 * Forty mountain peaks, a study of Isaiah chapters 24-66 (1971)
 * David Recovered all (1967)
 * The true salt (1973)
 * My Chosen (1964)
 * The Overcomer's Secret
 * The Voice of the Lord (1970)
 * The Holy Spirit His Works and significance (1974)
 * Walk Before Me Studies in the life of Abraham (1975)
 * Fullness of God
 * Much Business (1977)
 * The Greatest secret: Power of His resurrection
 * Salt and Light (1964)
 * A Word In Season To The Weary

title: Bakht Singh


text:
George Ashe (Canadian politician)

George Lyle Ashe (October 5, 1932 – August 3, 2014) was a Canadian politician based in Ontario. He was a Progressive Conservative Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1977 to 1987 who represented the Durham region riding of Durham West. He served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Bill Davis and Frank Miller.

Background
Ashe was born in Ottawa, Ontario, and educated in that city. He worked in agency management for Northern Life of Canada. He was a Separate School trustee for the Roman Catholic board in Gloucester Township in the late 1950s. He and his wife Margo raised four children.

Politics
He was an alderman for Nepean Township in the early 1960s. He was elected deputy reeve of Pickering in 1969, and became the city's first mayor four years later. Ashe served as mayor of Pickering until 1977, and was also a member of the Durham Regional Council.

He was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1977 election, in the riding of Durham West defeating New Democratic Party incumbent Charles Godfrey by 593 votes. He served as parliamentary assistant to three ministers, and was re-elected with an increased plurality in the 1981 election. Ashe was appointed to Bill Davis's cabinet on April 10, 1981, as Minister of Revenue.

Following a cabinet shuffle on July 6, 1983, Ashe was named as Minister of Government Services. Ashe supported Frank Miller to succeed Davis in the Progressive Conservative Party's 1985 leadership convention, and was named Minister of Energy when Miller became in as Premier of Ontario on February 8, 1985.

Ashe was re-elected in the 1985 election, which reduced Miller's Conservatives to minority government status. He was appointed as Chair of the Management Board of Cabinet on May 17, 1985, but accomplished little before Miller's government was defeated in the house in June. In opposition, he served as his party's critic for Revenue, the management board, and Financial Institutions. He lost the Durham West constituency to Liberal Norah Stoner by 5,843 votes in the 1987 election, amid a Liberal sweep of the province.

Ashe's son, Kevin is also the Mayor of Pickering, elected in 2022. During the 40th Ontario general election, Ashe was the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in Ajax—Pickering but ultimately lost.

Later life
In 2003, Ashe was elected as a Trustee for the Peterborough Victoria Northumberland and Clarington District School Board and he served one three-year term. He died in 2014 of Parkinson's disease.

title: George Ashe (Canadian politician)


text:
Hot Wacks

Hot Wacks is a Canadian book that has been in circulation for over 25 years, featuring reviews of bootleg music releases. Reviews include information such as source, quality, track listing and packaging. It is commonly referred to as the 'Bootleg Bible' by bootleg collectors. Hot Wacks was the work of Kurt Glemser. Before Hot Wacks he wrote two other bootleg discographies - Bootlegs (March, 1973) followed by Underground Sounds (October, 1974).

It was published in Kitchener, Ontario.

Hot Wacks spawned a magazine Hot Wacks Quarterly which also reviewed bootlegs as well as other collectible records (Communist pressings, box sets, etc.) as well as featuring pictorials of female rockers.

Hot Wacks went through 15 printings starting with Hot Wacks Book I (November, 1975) and ending with Book XV: The Last Wacks. The latter was almost 800 pages long. Additional Supplements, numbering 1 - 6 were published after Book version XV.

title: Hot Wacks


text:
David Forbes (mineralogist)

David Forbes FRS (6 September 1828 – 5 December 1876) was a Manx mineralogist, metallurgist, and chemist.

Life
Forbes was born in Douglas, Isle of Man, the brother of Edward Forbes, and received his early education there and at Brentwood in Essex. When he was fourteen he had already acquired a knowledge of chemistry. This subject he studied at the University of Edinburgh, and he was still young when he was appointed superintendent of the mining and metallurgical works at Espedal in Norway. Subsequently, he became a partner in the firm of Evans & Askin, nickel-smelters, of Birmingham, and in that capacity during the years 1857-1860 he visited Chile, Bolivia and Peru. Besides reports for the Iron and Steel Institute, of which, during the last years of his life, he was foreign secretary, he wrote upwards of 50 papers on scientific subjects, among which are the following: The Action of Sulphurets on Metallic Silicates at High Temperatures; The Relations of the Silurian and Metamorphic Rocks of the south of Norway; The Causes producing Foliation in Rocks; The Chemical Composition of the Silurian and Cambrian Limestones; The Geology of Bolivia and Southern Peru and The Mineralogy of Chile.

His observations on the geology of South America were given in a masterly essay, and these and subsequent researches threw much light on igneous and metamorphic phenomena and on the resulting changes in rock formations. He also contributed important articles on chemical geology to the Chemical News and Geological Magazine (1867 and 1868). In England he was a pioneer in microscopic petrology. He was elected F.R.S. in 1858. He died in London and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.

His collection of books and mineralogical specimens were bought by Owens College, Manchester: the books have remained in the library (now the John Rylands University Library) and the specimens in the Manchester Museum.

title: David Forbes (mineralogist)


text:
Talk:Surubí

Help!
I've found too many synonyms of the scientific name of this species... Are they Ariidae or Pimelodidae? Are they Pseudoplatystoma or Sorubim? Coruscans or corruscans? etc. etc. If an expert on this comes up, please enlighten us all.

Checked: http://www.amazonian-fish.co.uk/indexpime.html, http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/taxa/Genera_by_Family/Genera_Ariidae.html, http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/pisces/actinopterygii/siluriformes/ariidae/ and many others.

--Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 20:19, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The valid name is P. corruscans (FishBase is your authoritative friend in that regard). P. coruscans is an objective junior synonym, as are Sorubim caparary, Platystoma corruscans and Silurus macrocephalus. As to taxonomy, this may shift according to genetic studies, but I believe grounds for considering them Pimelodidae are stronger; Ariidae are chiefly marine and bear frontal bony plates which I don't recall ever seeing in a surubí. IANAZ, though. 212.145.174.77 10:23, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surubí


text: User talk:83.131.243.177

title: User talk:83.131.243.177


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam

As Wikipedia grows in popularity, the temptation to misuse its editability to bring attention to other websites becomes nearly unbearable. At one end of the spectrum are professional spammers seeking to drive traffic to commercial sites. At the other end are webmasters of simple community sites who want to get more attention for their sites. This potential for self-promotion on Wikipedia must be managed—Wikipedia is not a "repository for links" or a "vehicle for advertising". Wikipedia exists for the purpose of creating a collaboratively edited encyclopedia, not for any individual to promote a site in which they have an interest.

Those promoting sites by linking to them from Wikipedia formerly saw major search engine optimization (SEO) benefits, due to Wikipedia's popularity. The ability to promote a site's appearance in search engine results was considered too great an incentive for people to add extraneous links to articles. So in February 2007, the English Wikipedia instituted a policy that tags external links "NOFOLLOW." This means that major search engines like Google no longer index these links. Many web site operators still seek to use Wikipedia to increase the number of inbound links to their sites, some either out of ignorance of SEO functionality or of this policy change, others because they simply hope to draw individual readers to their site through direct Wikipedia traffic.

Currently link spammers enjoy many advantages from the lack of cohesion to the spam-fighting process. It is possible to sneak links into relatively unwatched articles successfully. Such links may lie unexamined for months, gaining the appearance of legitimacy from having remained in an article so long. When spam links are reverted, there is not much communication. Spammers can return and add links when different editors are watching who do not know their history of editing-with-an-agenda. Frequently spam contributors take advantage of Wikipedia's Assume good faith policy. They may engage in straw-man or special pleading arguments for inclusion of their links under the guise that they have only the welfare of Wikipedia at heart, usually in the presence of evidence to the contrary.

WikiProject Spam is a voluntary Spam-fighting brigade. Our purpose is: to develop standards and processes for recognizing, hunting down, and eliminating link spam; to streamline communication between those who want to watch over articles to prevent it; and, to send a message by our actions and effectiveness that link spammers are fighting a war they cannot win.

If you would like to participate, we encourage you to add your name to the sign-up list. We encourage you to join in editing this page so we can grow toward consensus about the best way to fight link spam. You are welcome to relate any of your own current ongoing efforts to fight link spam on the talk page so that in the immediate future we can be aware of users that are acting with an agenda to promote an external site.

Removal how-to
There are a variety of facets for dealing with inappropriate links. This guide breaks the process into a number of steps. Most editors will want to complete the first step. Editors interested in doing a more thorough job should follow through with additional measures.
 * 1) Revert and warn the user: when new spam appears on your watchlist, the easiest way to remove or revert it is by selecting the diff link, then select the edit above the left-hand column, include an appropriate edit summary, preview changes and finally save the page. If you come upon an article with spam, check the recent diffs (the last links) in the page history to see if it was added recently in a way that damaged the article; revert the changes to restore the articles to its previous state. It is important to warn the user, which will likely stop the spamming or establish a history of problematic edits. To warn the user, go back to your watchlist or page history and select the Talk link associated with the editor and add ~ to that page. If the user already has a spam warning, add  ~ or  ~, or, if necessary,  ~ . At this point the task is done, but to see if the user added the same link to other articles, go on to step2.
 * 2) Check the user's contributions: a user will often add the same link to multiple articles. This is often confirmation that the user is not editing in good faith. To check for this type of activity, select the contribs (or for anonymous users the IP address) link from your watch list or an article's history. This shows all the other edits the user recently made and selecting the diff link shows if the same link has been added to other articles. If inappropriate links are found, revert as in step one, but the user only needs to be warned once unless they have spammed since the last warning.
 * 3) Check for similar links: a crafty spammer hides spamming by using multiple accounts. This step involves finding all of the articles that contain a link to a particular site. If a link to www.example.com were discovered and removed in steps one and two, the next step is to use the External links command to find all articles that contain such links. One may enter www.example.com in the search box, but consider entering *.example.com because this will find not only www.example.com but also ads.example.com and any other domain that might have been used. (The External links command is found in the Special pages list, which has a link from the toolbox of every page.) An archived inventory of over 1000 problematic domains can be found at this project's LinkSearch page.
 * 4) Identify the spammer: the process of finding links in step three reveals which articles they are in but does not indicate which editor added them. To find out, use the WikiBlame (link) or Who wrote that? tool to identify the editor. Enter the name of the article in the "Page" field and the domain name in the "Search for" field, then click "Start" to begin the search process. Once the edit is found, go back to step one and start cleaning up after this editor.
 * 5) * Use Spamcheck to find all of the users who have inserted a link and all of the links inserted by a user.
 * 6) * Try to get a report from COIBot for the domain, either by poking the bot (requires access), or by creating a report at WT:WPSPAM (the underlying database that COIBot pulls data from is for approximately the last 7 years).
 * 7) * For easy access to WikiBlame, enable MoreMenu in your gadget preferences to add a link to WikiBlame in the Wikipedia toolbar.
 * 8) * Manual method: If WikiBlame is down, you can use a divide and conquer method to find the exact point of insertion. Go to the article history and expand it to 500 entries. Check to see if the link is present in the last revision in the list. If so, select the previous 500 changes and check again, repeating the process to find the subset of changes where the link appeared. To find the exact edit where the link was added, check the version in the middle of the 500 entries. If it is not present there, then it is in the edits above otherwise it is in the edits below. Check the middle of the appropriate half in the same manner. Often the edit summary includes the words External links which can help pinpoint the edit.
 * 9) * For easy access to Who wrote that? browser add-ons are available and after running the tool, the user who added a link can be determined by simply hovering over it in the article.
 * 10) Persistent spammers: if an active spammer continues adding links after a warning, report the user to the administrators at the intervention against vandalism page. If blocks fail to stop the problem, or if the spammer is using multiple accounts and IPs, the case can be reported to the Spam blacklist.
 * 11) Document the target url. Post an example of the link you have been removing on this project's talk page. If the site is spammed again, any future spam fighters who try a link search will realize that it is a repeat offense, and further action may be needed.

See also the to-do list.

Standards
The number one rule for Project members is this code of honor: "I will never insert links to my own sites into Wikipedia's article space." Not only is Conflict of interest a guideline that is generally accepted among editors, but many of us who run websites are too committed to their success (however we define it) to judge impartially whether or not they belong in an article. Moreover, we are actively reverting self-promotion linking by other editors, some of whom view the addition of their links as sincere attempts to service various communities. It is easier to gain the respect of these people if we hold ourselves to the highest possible standard and avoid any appearance of double-standards or hypocrisy.

Tag 'em to stop 'em
Spam edits automatically deserve a   tag on the user's talk page. This is important! First, to drive the message that spam is not welcome here, and second, to warn us of repeat offenders. Successive violations of the spam policy can be met with talk page additions of; Know that you needn't go through all four warning templates in succession.

 Note: When tagging spammers, it will help if you leave a "linksummary" template or URL with the warning, or formulate your own, like;
 * or
 * or
 * or

Leaving a link or template can help find IPs and accounts, months later. If a violation occurs after the fourth warning, you should report the offending user at the Administrator intervention against vandalism page. If there is ongoing abuse, over a period of time and you think a site should be blacklisted, report it. Placing the warning tag does not take much more effort than removing the spam itself, and can really help the effort to prevent the spam from returning.

 * Further templates: WikiProject_Spam

How to identify spam and spammers

 * 1) User is anonymous (an IP address)
 * 2) User:page and/or User_talk:page are red links
 * 3) No edit summary (other than, perhaps  )
 * 4) User has made only one edit, which consisted of inserting a link
 * 5) User has made multiple edits to related articles
 * 6) The majority of user's edits are to external links sections
 * 7) The link is a site that has Google/Yahoo ads (AdSense/SM).
 * 8) Edits are marked "minor"
 * 9) Link is trying to sell a product or service
 * 10) User adds links to the top of a section, above far more relevant sites
 * 11) User replaces an existing link or part of an existing link.
 * 12) The syntax of the added link does not match the syntax used in the rest of the list
 * 13) User adds links to inappropriate sections of articles ("References", "See also", "For more information")
 * 14) User adds links that have been previously removed, without discussing on the talk page.
 * 15) Following a link takes you to a site that does not mention the specific topic of the page containing the link.
 * 16) Link is unrelated, or only marginally related to the article.  For example, link on a biography to a specific page on a genealogy site describing the person's genealogy, but not the person.
 * 17) User adds links to other Wikipedia articles where he/she has already placed spam links.
 * 18) User includes within the link description, "hosted on example.com" with a separate link to example.com.
 * 19) Link is mangled, or it took many edits to get the syntax right.  The spammer may be new to Wikipedia and not be familiar with Wikipedia syntax for external links.
 * 20) Text of the link goes beyond describing the contents to actively encouraging you to read it.  For example, including text such as, "Read more about [subject] in [this fascinating article]"

Common spammer strawmen
The nature of Wikipedia means that one can not make a convincing argument based on whether other links in articles do or do not exist; that is because anyone can add any link to any article. Plenty of links exist that probably should not, and many links do not exist that probably should. So pointing out that some other link exists is not relevant to whether the link in question should also exist.

Spammers will often offer arguments in which an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original spam issue. These are some characteristic strawman arguments;
 * "But you have links to commercial sites in the list."
 * Spamming is about promoting your own site or a site you love, not about commercial sites at all. Links to commercial sites are often appropriate.  Links to sites for the purpose of using Wikipedia to promote your site are not.
 * "But you have links to other sites that people have added for self-promotion."
 * Those probably need to go, too. The fact that we have not gotten around to it yet does not mean that we have some obligation to have your site.
 * "But you have a link to site Y, and my site is just like that."
 * We do not need to link to every site in existence that meets a certain criterion. Sometimes we just need one site representative of a category.  (See also the comments about linking to web directories instead, so that Wikipedia does not become a web directory.)
 * "But these links have been here for a long time."
 * There are no binding decisions on Wikipedia, especially when the decision was never discussed on the talk page. Just because nobody noticed your spam a long time ago does not mean you now have a "right" to keep it in.
 * "My link is useful."
 * It is more likely that the link added has no more useful information than the Wikipedia article itself.
 * "My site is non-commercial, so it is not spamming" (or, my site is nonprofit, or charitable, or opposes cruelty to puppies, etc).
 * It does not matter – being noncommercial (etc.) does not confer a license to spam even when it is true, and these sites are often trying to sell something even if the business is organized as a nonprofit.

Further note, notice how many times "my site" (or "my link") appears in the above examples.

Assuming good faith
Assume good faith is an important guideline on Wikipedia, but does not require that you assume good intentions when there is evidence to the contrary. Link spamming behavior fits a definite profile. When editors meet this profile, they are engaging in activity which is detrimental to Wikipedia, no matter how sincere they may have been in their edits. We should develop responses to those who engage in this behavior which encourage them to reform into productive Wikipedians, but we should waste no time in protecting Wikipedia from the damaging behavior through reverts and blocks where necessary.

Regular clean-out of undiscussed links
What several editors in some articles do is go in every few days and remove any undiscussed external links. Call it quick and easy "house cleaning." To encourage sincere links, they leave this edit summary:

 * Regular clean-out of undiscussed links. Please come to Talk page if you want a link not to be cleaned out regularly.

One could easily start this strategy in any article by adding { {subst:Discuss links here}} ~  to its talk page. The plan is to discourage people whose sole intention is self-promotion.

Also, add commented-out warnings to the External links section of the articles, themselves:

For this purpose the Template:NoMoreLinks has been created.

This strategy is used in the following articles:
 * Google Maps
 * RuneScape
 * Red Hot Chili Peppers

This strategy is also helpful to deal with POV and conspiracy links:
 * September 11, 2001 attacks - where conspiracy links, videos, etc. are frequently added.

What to do with linkfarms
""... consider a sidewalk. Some litter accumulates. Soon, more litter accumulates. Eventually, people even start leaving bags of trash from take-out restaurants there or breaking into cars.""

- Fixing Broken Windows by George L. Kelling and Catherine Coles 1996

A successful strategy for preventing linkfarms is to fix the problems when they are small;
 * Wikipedia is not a web directory (WP:NOTDIR) or a repository for links (WP:LINKFARM). Sometimes, the easiest and best way to fix a linkfarm is to replace it with a helpful reference to a web directory, such as;
 * Open Directory Project (dmoz) →
 * Yahoo! Directory (yahoo directory) →
 * Sometimes sections of articles reach the Spam Event Horizon (WP:SPAMHOLE) where the number of links is so large that no realistic attempt can be made to assess relevance or the need for further inclusion. Excessively long "link lists", or an External links section broken down into 'subsections', are often a clear indication of a Spam Event Horizon.

 * "List of..." and "Comparison of..." pages are often prone to spam, as are lists, both stand-alone and embedded. Lists are used in Wikipedia to organize information, and for internal navigation . Lists contain internally linked terms and thus serve as natural tables of contents and indexes of Wikipedia. Lists do not exist for the purpose of linking external websites. Whether "List of..." or "Comparison of..." are embedded or stand-alone, they are subject to Wikipedia's policies such as WP:LINKFARM, WP:NOT and WP:SPAM among others. See also Write the Article First (WP:WTAF).
 * Technology articles are common targets, select "Related changes", to view recent edits within these specific categories;
 * Category:Lists of software → ("Related changes")
 * Category:Lists of companies → ("Related changes")
 * Category:Software comparisons → ("Related changes")

 * The References section is for references. The References section of a Wikipedia article is not a list of related works or links; it is specifically the list of works that have been used as sources in the article. Reference sections in articles often become problem areas that can attract spam. Common forms of spam can be WP:LINKSPAM, WP:BOOKSPAM or WP:REFSPAM. Therefore, it is never correct for links or "faux-references" to reside in these sections if article content is not actually referring to it.
 * Note: Similarly, (===Notes===) sections, (===Further reading===) sections and (===See also===) sections, should be scrutinized for Book and link spam that have not been added for verifying article content.

Promotional sub-pages
"Promotion" does not always mean commercial promotion: anything can be promoted, including a person, a non-commercial organization, a point of view, etc. User sub-pages and user sandboxes are increasingly being used by promotional accounts as a dumping ground / web-host for spam articles, vanity pieces and other promotional content not suitable for encyclopedic inclusion. Many of these SPA promotional accounts are also using articles for creation and Article Incubator for the same purpose.

 * Speedy Delete any advertising or promotion per WP:CSD. Simply Place the following tag on the offending page;

 * Template;

 * Copy paste;

 * If advertising or promotion is done in the userspace with a username that promotes or implies affiliation with the entity being promoted, place the following specialised WP:CSD tag on the offending page;

 * Template;

 * Copy paste;

 * Promotional usernames can be reported to WP:UAA, since it is against the Wikipedia username policy. It will be helpful to submit the report by linking a diff or page being promoted.

 * Spam blanking is undertaken on pages where the content is for one reason or another, inappropriate advertising, promotional material or other spam. Spam blanking does not entail any revision deletion (see, Deletion policy and Hiding revisions).

The Campaign
We would want a concerted viral marketing strategy involving

 * the project page (this one),
 * the guideline page (Spam),
 * user message templates (uw-spam1 and others),
 * a standardised edit summary,
 * cleanup tags (Advert) and External links,
 * a project invitation message (Wpspam-invite, and
 * a category (Category:Wikipedia spam cleanup) that also serves as a "RecentChanges" watchlist.

and a dash of mentions in help pages, FAQs and fixup templates.

Guidelines, policies, and essays

 * Policy: What Wikipedia is not (shortcut: WP:NOT)
 * Wikipedia is not a repository for links
 * Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising
 * BLOCK (Administrative actions)
 * Persistent spamming
 * Accounts that appear, based on their edit history, to exist for the sole or primary purpose of promoting a person, company, product, service, or organization in apparent violation of Conflict of interest or anti-spam guidelines.

 * Guidelines: Spam (shortcut: WP:SPAM)
 * External link spamming
 * Citation spamming
 * External links (shortcut: WP:EL)
 * Links normally to be avoided
 * Advertising and conflicts of interest

 * Essays: Grief
 * Spam event horizon

{{subst:spam}} and related
These templates should be substituted (, etc) as per WP:SUBST.
 * {{subst:uw-spam1}}
 * {{subst:uw-spam2}}
 * {{subst:uw-spam3}}
 * {{subst:uw-spam4}}

Advert
Advert for articles or sections with excessive spam. See Spam for more details.

{{subst:WPSPAM-invite}}
Saw someone revert or remove linkspam? Invite the comrade here with {{subst:WPSPAM-invite}} placed on their User talk page.

A souped-up alternative: {{subst:WPSPAM-invite-n}}.

Standardised edit summary
HorsePunchKid suggests a standardised edit summary to raise awareness both of the problem and this particular effort:
 *  Removed link spam. Wikipedia is NOT a link directory. Join WikiProject Spam to help!

Perfecto uses the following:
 *  Removed external link spam. (You can help!)

--Aude suggests:
 *  Removed external link added by 69.159.82.252. Wikipedia is NOT a link directory. (|WikiProject Spam)
 * Substitute the ip address/user name as appropriate.

TheJ a  bb  e  rw  ʘ  ck suggests (for users of popups):
 *  Reverted external link addition by  to version %s, using popups. Wikipedia is NOT a link directory. (you can help!)

These edit summaries help drive a concerted viral marketing strategy.

The Spamstar of Glory
The coveted Spamstar of Glory is awarded to those who show strong contributions to tracking down and stopping spammers as well as cleaning up their links. Introduced on November 8, 2006 by A. B., it originally consisted of a nicely Photoshopped can of Hormel spam superimposed on a barnstar. Later, due to concerns about infringing on Hormel's trademark, the award was changed to the current design, adapted from the The RickK Anti-Vandalism Barnstar

 * List of the proud few awarded this distinctive honor to date

The Anti-Spam Barnstar

 * List of the proud few awarded this distinctive honor to date

Participants
See the list of participants. You can sign up and help us fight spam on Wikipedia!

As of April 2017, we now have over 400 participants.

Userbox
Participants may add this to their userpage instead of signing up.

If you prefer not to use userboxes, you may add yourself directly to Category:WikiProject Spam participants by placing the following code on your Userpage:

Cross-wiki coordination
A cross-wiki antispam project exists on Meta-Wiki to "coordinate reports, investigations and actions concerning cross-wiki spam, advertising and undisclosed paid editing.", which can be used to track long-term spam campaigns.

Tools

 * Search tools
 * Special:Linksearch – Find all external links to a particular site on en:Wikipedia; useful when a spam link is added by many different IP addresses or accounts.
 * Cross-wiki linksearch – Search for a link across other language Wikipedias.
 * Archive link search – Search several common archives for variations on a URL that are not necessarily active links (for instance, exampleDOTcom). This is useful for finding previous conversations about particular sites.
 * Wikipedia spam cleanup Search – Search for articles in need of cleanup. This search shows recent edits to articles tagged with Advert.
 * External Link Cleanup – This category search has recently been included in the Wikipedia spam cleanup Search, and includes edits to articles where External links has been added.
 * Template:Spamsearch - A template with lists of search terms that help to detect spam in the userspace.
 * To combat repeat offenders, you may request to have links added to the local spam blacklist (for links that have only been spammed on the English Wikipedia) or the Wikimedia Global spam blacklist (for links that have been spammed on more than one Wikimedia Foundation project).
 * For links that are generally used in an inappropriate way by unestablished users, but which do not qualify for the meta or local spam blacklists, ask User:XLinkBot to monitor it with a request at User talk:XLinkBot/RevertList.
 * Watch the link addition feed in . There is a bot on there that reports all newly added links and keeps track of serial spammers. For more info see /IRC Channels.
 * If no one is around to add something to the spam blacklist, contact users at.
 * Link spamming edit filter for repeated addition of external links by non-autoconfirmed user.

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam


text:
Battlegroup (army)

A battlegroup (British/Commonwealth term) or task force (U.S. term) in modern military theory is the basic building block of an army's fighting force. A battlegroup is formed around an infantry battalion or armoured regiment, which is usually commanded by a lieutenant colonel. The battalion or regiment also provides the command and staff element of a battlegroup, which is complemented with an appropriate mix of armour, infantry, and support personnel and weaponry relevant to the task it is expected to perform.

The organization of a battlegroup is flexible and can be restructured quickly to cope with any situation changes. Typically, an offensive battlegroup may be structured around an armoured regiment, with two squadrons of main battle tanks supported by an infantry company; conversely, a more defensive battlegroup may be structured around an infantry battalion, with two companies and an armoured squadron. In support would be a reconnaissance troop, a low-level air defence detachment, an anti-tank section, engineering detachment, and artillery support.

Battlegroups are often subdivided into company groups (called "teams" in the U.S. Army) consisting of a single infantry company supported by a tank troop and various other support units.

India
India, with the adoption of the Cold Start Doctrine, has come up with independent brigade groups a little larger in composition than a task force. It is composition mix of all elements for specific war purpose against Pakistan. Offensive elements comprise independent armed brigade groups (usually composed of armour units) and independent offensive brigade groups (usually composed of infantry); the Indian Army has substantially reduced the time it took to deploy its forces on its borders.

South Africa
In the South African Army development of semi-independent battlegroups developed mainly out of Task Force Juliet's experiences with a focus on high mobility speed and distance in the vastness of the South West African/Southern Angolan theater. These mechanized battlegroups resorted under 60 Brigade such as 61 Mechanised Battalion Group.

United Kingdom and the Commonwealth
In the British Army, an armoured or mechanised division could expect to have as many as twelve separate battlegroups at its disposal, with three or four in each brigade. A Commonwealth battle group is usually named after its major constituent; for example, the Canadian Army's "1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment Battle Group" (shortened to "1 RCR Battle Group") on an operational tour of duty in Afghanistan in 2007–08, and the British Army's "3 Para Battle Group" that was operational in Afghanistan in 2011.

Others
Most nations form battlegroups as required for operational or training purposes. When not deployed, the elements that would make up a battlegroup remain with their parent units. However, some nations maintain permanently formed battlegroups – a notable example is Norway, three of whose four major combat units are all-arms battlegroups.

title: Battlegroup (army)


text:
User talk:Alek s

Welcome, form Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Alek s


text: User talk:69.171.53.72

title: User talk:69.171.53.72


text:
ERF (truck manufacturer)

ERF was a British truck manufacturer established in 1933 by Edwin Richard Foden, from whose initials the company was named. Its factory in Middlewich closed in 2002, and it was discontinued as a marque by owner MAN in 2007.

History
In 1881, the first Foden traction engine was built in Sandbach. In 1898, Edwin Richard Foden designed the first steam wagon to run on steel tyre wheels. This system was used successfully until 1913, by which time the development of vulcanised solid-rubber tyres enabled them to be fitted on heavy vehicles. Edwin introduced the first pneumatic-tyred Foden steam wagon, but as steam transport appeared to be going out of favour, he turned his attention to the development of a 6- to 8-ton chassis fitted with new Gardner LW (Light Weight) high-speed oil engine.

In the early 1930s, with the economy in a major recession, insurers were increasingly reluctant to underwrite steam boilers. As a result, Edwin believed the future of the lorry-building industry lay in diesel engine power; the Foden boardroom did not agree, and consequently he resigned, along with his son Dennis. With the help of Dennis and two former colleagues, including Ernest Sherratt, who became chief engineer, Edwin built the first ERF diesel lorry in 1933, and gave the first chassis the number 63, which was his age. From the beginning, the company bought components only from other suppliers rather than manufacture them itself, including engines from Gardner, gearboxes from David Brown, and axles from Kirkstall Forge Engineering. This concept served ERF well throughout its existence.

A new cab was styled by Sandbach coachbuilder John Henry Jennings, who also provided factory space to assemble the new lorry. Based in Sandbach, the company made its own chassis and cab. The cab structure was made in Northampton at Air Flow Streamlines and fitted out by ERF in Sandbach. The engines came from Gardner, but later also Cummins, Rolls-Royce, Perkins, Detroit Diesel and Caterpillar supplied them.

ERFs were marketed under the Western Star badge in some countries, such as Australia. It also built a specialist fire-engine chassis, with a body built on by in-house company JH Jennings, later Cheshire Fire Engineering. However, when recession came in the beginning of the 1980s, and production fell from a total output of 4,000 chassis per annum, CFE was sold to management to eventually become Saxon Sanbec.

ERF was never a major manufacturer; as an example, its domestic sales total reached only 1,083 trucks in 1981. The company was bought by Canadian truck maker Western Star in June 1996. In 1999, Marshall SPV sold the Bedford parts operation to ERF, since Western Star, their parent company would be able to produce and distribute parts better due to their worldwide network, although the Bedford name was kept by Marshall. However, after Paccar's purchase of Foden, DAF Trucks and Leyland Trucks competitive pressure increased, and after Western Star was approached by Freightliner Trucks, the decision was made to sell ERF.

Purchase by MAN
In 2000, ERF became part of MAN, with production moving to a new factory in Middlewich. Fraud was later discovered to have occurred at ERF, and its financial position had been incorrectly stated, with MAN winning a legal case against Freightliner. Freightliner, in turn, tried to sue Western Star and ERF's former auditors Ernst & Young, but failed on the grounds of corporate negligence.

Final model range
ERF's final model range consisted of the ECT, ECM, and ECL built on MAN's production line in Munich (for heavy trucks), and a plant in Middlewich for light trucks, positioned to win a contract from the Ministry of Defence for 8,000 new British Armed Forces trucks. All the ERF trucks were based on MAN's existing products, the only difference being that the ERF model came with the option of specifying use of the Cummins ISMe power plant. This was as an alternate to MAN's own D20 common rail power plant. The factory in Middlewich closed in March 2002, with production of the ECT moved to Munich, Germany, and ECM and ECL units moved to Steyr, Austria, where they were built on the same facilities as their identical MAN counterparts.

In the light of Cummins' intransigence on upgrading the ISMe engine to comply with the Euro4 emission regulations, MAN initially decided to replace it completely with the new series of MAN D20 engines. With ERF badging used for only the market in the United Kingdom, MAN decided to cease supplying ERF-badged trucks from July 2007 onwards.

title: ERF (truck manufacturer)


text:
LaTasha Jenkins

LaTasha Jenkins (born December 19, 1977) is an American former track and field sprinter. Having won international medals in the 200 m, she won a silver medal at the 2001 World Indoor Championships and a silver medal at the 2001 Outdoor Championships. Other career highlights include 2001 U.S. Indoor 200m champion; 1999 and 2001 US Outdoor runner-up, 200m; 1999 NCAA 200m champion; four-time NCAA All-American; member of world record-holding 4 × 200 m relay team. She was born in Chicago and attended Oak Lawn Polaris High School.

After winning the 1999 NCAA 200m title and finishing second to Marion Jones at the U.S. Championships, Jenkins was poised to make her mark on the international scene, but a collapsed lung she suffered on the flight to the 1999 World University Games forced her to with withdraw from that meet as well as the World Championships. She recovered in 2000 and in 2001 had terrific results under new coach Norbert Elliott in Georgia, winning her first U.S. title indoors and winning silver at the 2001 World Indoor Championships. She went on to finish runner-up to Jones outdoors at 200m and was fourth at the World Outdoor Championships. She graduated from Ball State University with a degree in English and a minor in counseling psychology. She scored 25 points at the Mid-American meet in 1998, and her 1999 NCAA crown was the first ever national championship for Ball State women's track & field.

Jenkins holds a world record, as a member of the American 4 × 200 m relay team that ran 1:27.46 on April 29, 2000 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the other team members being LaTasha Colander-Richardson, Nanceen Perry and Marion Jones. Note that 4 × 200 m is not a regular track event and not a part of the program for any major international championship.

According to the Chicago Tribune on August 25, 2006, Jenkins had her A sample fail in a drugs test taken in late July that year. The discovered substance was nandrolone. Latasha Jenkins appealed the alleged tests and was later exonerated of all charges. She is the only athlete in history to win an anti-doping case against USADA. WADA agreed with the findings of the USADA verdict and dropped their appeal.

Latasha Jenkins was inducted in the Ball State University Sports Hall of Fame in February 2009.

title: LaTasha Jenkins


text:
File:Battlegroup.JPG

Wire diagram of a battlegroup.

title: File:Battlegroup.JPG


text:
Template talk:Katrina

To be added
We should add this article:

International response to the 2005 Hurricane Katrina --CFIF 20:26, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

Protected template for the moment... CFIF, agreed. +sj +  20:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This article should also be added: Relief response to Hurricane Katrina. This article and the article suggested by CFIF should be merged. joturner 20:58, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Should we remove the "Social effects"? There still isn't an article for it and I'm not too sure what kind of information you're thinking should be there. -Haon 20:56, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, social effects should be removed. I'm not even sure what would go there either. joturner 20:58, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Hurricane Katrina disaster relief
Above doesn't appear in here yet. -- Ian ≡ talk 05:17, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. Lexor|Talk 11:16, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

Er . ..
I don't know why this template was protected, so I'm not taking any sides in this dispute. . . but when I looked at it, one item badly needed a bullet to properly fit the format. Undo my change if that helps to contribute to a consensus. -- llywrch 17:39, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

remove "lists"
Hurricane Katrina (lists) should be removed, as it's now listed as a CSD. N (t/c) 18:40, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. Gmaxwell 19:08, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Timeline of Hurricane Katrina
This is a new page Timeline of Hurricane Katrina, presenting a chronological summary of the events. Should this be listed in the template? --Vsion 00:32, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hooray! I suggested this a while back, I'm glad somebody did it!  Yes, definitely should be in template.  We can move some more detailed chronology here if it begins to overwhelm the narrative articles.  Lexor|Talk 11:00, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Condense international aid to one link...
The international response section takes up more space than it is needed. (1/3 of the template.) I am proposing that it be removed as the articles are mostly stubs and are ALL linked from the main international response page. --Kunzite 03:45, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Excellent idea. However this template page is not the place to discuss it.  Discuss it on Talk:Hurricane Katrina. — jdorje (talk) 04:47, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Katrina


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gabriela magda

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete -- Joolz 11:42, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Gabriela magda

 * Delete. Vanity page. --Ian Pitchford 20:23, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * speedy delete via CSD A7. Brighterorange 20:36, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted CDC   (talk)  21:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Spectral glide

A spectral glide is a music-composition concept, consisting of a "modification of the vowel quality of a tone" (Erickson 1975, p. 72). Since the vowel quality of a tone is determined by the overtones, spectrum, or timbre of that tone (all three terms describe approximately the same hearing experience), a spectral glide is a move from a spectrum characteristic of one vowel to a spectrum characteristic of another vowel. A spectral glide may be accomplished through a wah-wah, mute, or pedal, or through the modification of one's vocal tract while speaking, singing, or playing an instrument such as the didgeridoo. Lip-vibrated instruments with large mouthpieces such as tuba and trombone allow extensive modification of vowel quality, while woodwinds have a smaller range, with the exception of the flute in air-sound mode. Strings have the smallest range (Erickson 1975, p. 72).

The glide rate and the vowel contrasts used are important factors in the compositional use of spectral glides. Karlheinz Stockhausen specifies the use of a trumpet wa-wa mute in his Punkte (1952/1962/64/66/93) through open and closed circles connected by a line. A. Wayne Slawson's computer-generated Wishful Thinking about Winter (Decca DL 710180) uses speechlike sounds featuring a large range of spectral glide rates. Loren Rush began investigating in 1967 the computer-generated modeling of timbres "in between" familiar instruments such as a bassoon and bass clarinet, and devised a program to provide a smooth transition between timbres (Erickson 1975, p. 73).

title: Spectral glide


text:
User:Mormonchess

I'm an ardent Wikipedian living in Atlanta, Georgia. I've been using Wikipedia.org as a reference and research tool for over two years. During this time, I've become absolutely convinced that Wikipedia is the future of information. I'm very proud to be a registered user and I hope to become more involved as time goes by.

On a personal note, I enjoy learning foreign languages and playing chess.

title: User:Mormonchess


text:
User talk:Dancemaster

Welcome, form Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined
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Re: blank message with subject "however" sounds POV
Sorry, I don't know how I put that in there. I think I was thinking about someone else's edit on some article, perhaps George W. Bush. DDerby(talk) 14:49, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Nagchampaincense.jpg
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The Dharma Bums (band)
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Proposed deletion of Order Sons of Italy in America

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Dancemaster


text: User talk:69.133.122.102

title: User talk:69.133.122.102


text:
Treaty of Fort McIntosh

The Treaty of Fort McIntosh was a treaty between the United States government and representatives of the Wyandotte, Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa nations of Native Americans. The treaty was signed at Fort McIntosh (present Beaver, Pennsylvania) on January 21, 1785. It contained 10 articles and an addendum.

In a follow-up to the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784), where the Seneca nation had given up claims in the eastern extension of Ohio Country in northern Pennsylvania, the American government sought a treaty with the remaining tribes having claims in the Ohio Country. The United States sent a team of diplomats including George Rogers Clark, Richard Butler, and Arthur Lee to negotiate a new treaty. In January 1785, the representatives of the two sides met at Fort McIntosh at the confluence of the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. Most of the Native Americans who signed the treaty were not given authority by their nations to make negotiations.

Connecticut (Western Reserve in the northeast) and Virginia (Military District in the central south) had residual claims in Ohio Country and would have to be distinguished from Indian Country. At that time, there were no organized incursions of the white man into Ohio country. The nearest outpost was Zanesville around Fort Henry across the river on the upper Allegheny. The founding of Marietta, the first permanent European settlement in Ohio, was still years away. Fort Harmar, the first frontier fort in Ohio, would not be authorized for many months.

Essentially, the treaty carved a large Indian reservation out of Ohio Country, whose boundaries were the Cuyahoga and Muskingum rivers in the east, a line between Fort Laurens and Fort Pickawillany (Piqua) in the south, the Great Miami River and St. Mary's River in the west, and Maumee River and Lake Erie in the north. The area comprised about 1/3 of modern day Ohio in the northwest, and a wedge of eastern Indiana extending to Kekionga (future Fort Wayne). Areas outside the boundary in eastern and southern Ohio belonged to the Whiteman. The tribes also ceded areas surrounding Fort Detroit and Fort Michilimackinac to the United States and gave back captives taken in raids along the frontier.

Most Ohio Country tribes did not subscribe to the treaty, particularly the Shawnee who lost all of their lands in southwestern Ohio. The treaty seeded the formation of the Western Confederacy later the same year. Settlers as well as Native Americans encroaching on the boundary line presaged the Northwest Indian War. An almost identical Treaty line, except the extension in Indiana, was later circumscribed in the Treaty of Greenville following the conclusion of the war.

title: Treaty of Fort McIntosh


text: User talk:216.91.96.130

title: User talk:216.91.96.130


text:
Brian Kerr (Scottish footballer)

Brian Kerr (born 12 October 1981) is a Scottish football coach and former player.

During his career, Kerr played as a midfielder for Newcastle United, Coventry City, Livingston, Motherwell, Hibernian, Inverness CT, Dundee and Arbroath. He represented Scotland at senior international level, earning three caps.

Since retiring as a player, Kerr has managed Albion Rovers and East Kilbride.

Playing career
Kerr started his career with Newcastle United, but failed to hold down a regular first team place. Despite this, he won three caps for Scotland under the management of Berti Vogts. When Kerr was released by Newcastle in 2004, he signed for his home town club Motherwell. His career then suffered a major setback when he damaged an anterior cruciate ligament in a pre-season friendly, causing him to be out of football for almost nine months. He finally made his debut for the club against Aberdeen on 9 April 2005. After recovering from his injury, Kerr re-established his place in Motherwell's first-team squad, and he scored his first goal for the club with a spectacular strike in a 4–4 draw with Celtic in July 2005.

In 2007, Kerr left Motherwell and signed a two-year contract with Hibernian. Kerr scored (what proved to be the winner in a 1–0 victory) on his debut for Hibernian against Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts on 6 August 2007. He played regularly under John Collins, but found it harder to hold down a first team place under Mixu Paatelainen and was released on 1 September 2008.

It was reported by BBC Sport in September 2008 that Kerr was in signing talks with Major League Soccer club Toronto FC. Kerr failed to agree terms with Toronto and then had unsuccessful trial periods with Brighton & Hove Albion and Oldham Athletic. Kerr told the Daily Record during January 2009 that he may have to end his playing career due to his failure to find a new club since leaving Hibs. Soon afterwards, however, new Inverness CT manager Terry Butcher invited Kerr on trial and he was signed on 2 February. He made his debut for Inverness against former side Hibernian in a 2–0 win and scored his first goal against Hamilton. Inverness were relegated on the last day of the season and Kerr was subsequently released by the club.

On 29 June 2009, Kerr signed a contract with Dundee. He scored his first and what turned out to be only goal for Dundee against former club Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 6 March 2010. On 15 October 2010, Kerr had his contract terminated by Dundee due to the club entering administration. Kerr signed for Arbroath in July 2011. At Arbroath he scored once in a 4–2 win over Ayr United. He left the club in 2013.

Coaching career
In June 2016, Kerr was appointed to a coaching position by Albion Rovers. After Darren Young left the club in May 2017, Kerr was appointed first-team manager on 8 May 2017. He had a difficult first season, with Rovers being relegated to Scottish League Two in April 2018, and Kerr decided to leave the club soon afterwards.

On 18 May 2018, Kerr was appointed manager of Lowland League club East Kilbride. Kerr resigned his position as manager on 15 October 2018, to become assistant manager of Partick Thistle under Gary Caldwell. Caldwell and Kerr were sacked by Thistle in September 2019.

In November 2019, Kerr returned to Motherwell as the club's Under-18's coach. He became their assistant manager in 2022, but was sacked along with manager Steven Hammell on 11 February 2023 following a Scottish Cup defeat by Raith Rovers.

Managerial statistics

 * A match against Spartans in the 2017–18 Scottish Challenge Cup, which Rovers won on a penalty shootout, was awarded to Spartans because Rovers fielded an unregistered player.

Honours
Dundee
 * Scottish Challenge Cup: 2009–10

title: Brian Kerr (Scottish footballer)


text:
Musa Audu

Musa Audu (born 18 June 1980) is a Nigerian athlete who specializes in 400 metres. He is notable for winning the bronze medal in the 2004 Olympics 4 x 400 metres relay as part of the Nigerian team and the silver medal in the 2003 All-Africa Games 4 x 400 metres relay as part of the Nigerian team too.

title: Musa Audu


text: User talk:80.191.98.184

title: User talk:80.191.98.184