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Geoffroi de Charny

Geoffroi de Charny (c. 1306 – 19 September 1356) was the third son of Jean de Charny, the lord of Charny (then a major Burgundian fortress), and Marguerite de Joinville, daughter of Jean de Joinville, the biographer and close friend of France's King Louis IX. A renowned knight who fought on the French side during the early years of the Hundred Years' War, Charny wrote a semi-autobiographical poem, The Book of Geoffroi de Charny, and a set of questions on chivalric matters for the short-lived Company of the Star, France's counterpart to England's Order of the Garter. Although a prose treatise called the Book of Chivalry has also long been accredited to him, recent findings indicate this to have been more likely by his son of the same name, Geoffroi II de Charny, who died in 1398. Charny is also widely associated with the first known showings of the Shroud of Turin, though there are now doubts that he was responsible for these.

He took part in a successful crusading expedition to Smyrna in 1344 and shortly after his return from this King Philip VI appointed him a royal councillor and bearer of the Oriflamme, the sacred battle-standard of France. This role, one in which he continued under King Jean II, made its holder an automatic target for enemy forces on a battlefield, and it was thus that he met his end during the closing moments of the Battle of Poitiers on 19 September 1356.

Geoffroi de Charny was one of Europe's most admired knights during his lifetime, with a widespread reputation for his skill at arms and his honour. The Tournai-based abbot-chronicler Gilles le Muisit wrote of him: a vigorous soldier, expert in weaponry and much renowned both overseas and here. He has taken part in many wars and in many mortal conflicts, in all of them conducting himself with probity and with nobility'.

Early career
Because Geoffroi de Charny was a third son, he did not inherit the lordship of Charny, which on the death of his father and his eldest brother Dreux went to Dreux’s daughter Guillemette’s husband Philip de Jonvelle. From the two literary works of which Charny is the certain author, he seems to have needed to earn a living competing in jousts and tourneys at public tournaments, pursuits in which he became expert. When he married his first wife Jeanne de Toucy in 1336 he possessed no fief of his own, hence on the muster lists that record his participations in the early campaigns of the Hundred Years’ War he is repeatedly described as based at the Toucy family fief of Pierre-Perthuis.

In 1342, Charny led a cavalry charge at the Battle of Morlaix in Brittany which foundered due to a cleverly disguised trap laid by the English. Taken captive, Charny was transported to Goodrich Castle in England as the prisoner of Richard Talbot, 2nd Baron Talbot, who according to an English letters patent of October 1343 allowed him to return to France “to find the money for his ransom". Having earlier performed some valuable services for Dauphin Humbert II de Viennois, for which he had been promised revenues from the Dauphiné town of Saint-Marcellin, Charny urgently sought full payment of these, only to be baulked at every turn because of Humbert’s chronic bankruptcy. During the summer of 1344 he rode far to the south of France to confront Humbert face-to-face, but Humbert merely issued further irredeemable money orders, following which, instead of returning home, Charny seems to have boarded a sailing ship bound for the east, a voyage that he very graphically describes in his Book of Geoffroi de Charny poem.

Crusade
The next that Charny is heard of is as a crusader, taking part in the capture of the harbour fortress of Smyrna on 28 October 1344, a papally-sponsored assault by fast galleys which took the defending Turks by surprise. He was one of a very select band of knights led by Edouard de Beaujeu whom Avignon Pope Clement VI, on learning of their efforts from his on-the-spot legate Patriarch Henri d’Asti, specially commended for their bravery. Although there is a common supposition that Charny accompanied the ineffectual crusade to Smyrna led by Dauphin Humbert during the years 1345-7, this supposition derives from a misreading of a passage in the Militia Passionis Jhesu Christi of Philippe de Mézières. In actuality Mézières specifically listed Charny as having been with Beaujeu and other ‘brave knights’ on what is now known to have been the earlier, militarily successful Smyrna crusade of 1344. Furthermore there is reliable contemporary documentation that Charny was already back in France when Humbert’s slow-moving crusade reached Smyrna in the spring of 1346.

Later career
Following Charny’s return to France, he joined a siege of the town of Aiguillon in the country’s south-west, from which in August 1346 he was sent posthaste northwards to try to prevent an invading Flemish army from capturing the strategically vital town of Béthune. This assignment he achieved with conspicuous success, in marked contrast to his king, Philip VI, who after being heavily defeated by England’s King Edward III at the battle of Crécy, went on to lose the port of Calais likewise. In 1347 King Philip appointed Charny a royal councilor and bearer of the Oriflamme, later also making him responsible for protecting France’s northern border and for trying to recapture Calais from the English.

In 1349 Aimery of Pavia, a Lombard mercenary who held the keys to one of the gates of Calais, secretly offered to help Charny recapture the town in return for payment of a huge bribe. Having procured the requisite sum, Charny led a daring night-time assault only to discover that Aimery had double-crossed him by pre-warning England’s King Edward III. Charny duly found himself once again a prisoner, chafing in an English jail for over a year before the newly succeeded King Jean II paid off the huge ransom that was demanded for his release. Shortly after his return to France Charny found the castle where Aimery was staying, captured him, and carried him off to his military base at Saint-Omer, where he ordered him to be publicly executed as a traitor to the sworn word. As noted by historian Richard Kaeuper: "To show that all this was a private matter and not a part of the business of war (there was currently a truce), Charny took possession only of Aimery himself, not his castle." Because his first wife had died, most likely during the Black Death of 1348/9, without producing a male heir, Charny remarried circa 1354, his second wife being Jeanne de Vergy, a very young woman (for she would live on to 1428), who bore him a son named Geoffroi after his father.

Death
During the spring of 1356, King Jean II and Charny collected the Oriflamme from the abbey of St. Denis and set off with the French army to try to dislodge a well-entrenched enemy garrison that was holding the northern town of Breteuil. Meanwhile an army led by England’s Edward the Black Prince, which had been raiding towns in France’s south, began heading dangerously towards Paris, forcing King Jean and his army to divert to deal with this threat. In mid-September the English and French armies met up near Poitiers, where the commanders of both sides held a remarkable preliminary parley in which Charny participated. Rightly anticipating bloodshed on the scale of what had happened at Crécy ten years earlier, Charny urged that the two sides’ differences might better be resolved via a ‘trial by combat’ with limited numbers rather than by full-scale battle. According to the English herald Sir John Chandos:

"...The conference attended by the King of France, Sir John Chandos, and many other prominent people of the period, The King, to prolong the matter and to put off the battle, assembled and brought together all the barons of both sides. Of speech there he (the King) made no stint. There came the Count of Tancarville, and, as the list says, the Archbishop of Sens (Guillaume de Melun) was there, he of Taurus, of great discretion, Charny, Bouciquaut, and Clermont; all these went there for the council of the King of France. On the other side there came gladly the Earl of Warwick, the hoary-headed (white or grey headed) Earl of Suffolk was there, and Bartholomew de Burghersh, most privy to the Prince, and Audeley and Chandos, who at that time were of great repute. There they held their parliament, and each one spoke his mind. But their counsel I cannot relate, yet I know well, in very truth, as I hear in my record, that they could not be agreed, wherefore each one of them began to depart. Then said Geoffroi de Charny: 'Lords,' quoth he, 'since so it is that this treaty pleases you no more, I make offer that we fight you, a hundred against a hundred, choosing each one from his own side; and know well, whichever hundred be discomfited, all the others, know for sure, shall quit this field and let the quarrel be. I think that it will be best so, and that God will be gracious to us if the battle be avoided in which so many valiant men will be slain."

In the event, due to the French commanders’ over-confidence of victory, Charny’s advice was ignored, and King Jean successively launched all three divisions of his army against Edward the Black Prince’s well-placed English forces in what became known as the battle of Poitiers. The result was an overwhelming defeat for the French. Charny was killed gallantly upholding the Oriflamme to his last breath, and King Jean was obliged to surrender almost immediately after. Following the battle Charny’s body was given a makeshift burial at a nearby Franciscan convent, however in 1370 his remains were exhumed, transported to Paris, and solemnly reburied in the city’s prestigious church of the Celestines. There his hero’s tomb was one of the many casualties of the French Revolution.

Literary works
Three literary works: (1) a Livre Charny poem known as the ‘Book of Geoffroi de Charny’; (2) a set of questions on jousting, tourneys and war; and (3) a lengthy prose Livre de Chevalerie or ‘Book of Chivalry’ are preserved in a handsomely bound manuscript in the Royal Library in Brussels long regarded as the prime authority for Charny’s writings. Although handwriting specialists having dated this manuscript to at least a generation after Charny’s lifetime, leading scholars have understandably assumed Charny to have been the ‘Book of Chivalry’s author. Recently, however, this assumption has become seriously challenged by the discovery of two other Charny manuscripts, one in Oxford, the other in Madrid, both self-evidently prepared for practical use by the Company of the Star, the French counterpart to England’s Order of the Garter. Due to King Jean II peremptorily shutting it down, the Company existed for only a single year, 1352, and a similarly abrupt abandonment evident in the Oxford and Madrid manuscripts enables these too to be dated to the same year, thereby within Charny’s lifetime. Whilst both the manuscripts contain the ‘Book of Geoffroi de Charny’ and his set of questions (the latter notably with blank spaces left for the Company’s answers), neither of them has the ‘Book of Chivalry’, an omission now readily explicable thanks to a fine recent translation of the ‘Book of Geoffroi de Charny’ by medieval specialist Nigel Bryant. This never-before-translated poem reveals such subtle yet telling personality and style differences between its author and whoever wrote the ‘Book of Chivalry’ that it now seems highly unlikely that the latter was composed by Charny. More logically, it was the work of his son of the same name, who though a tiny infant at the time of his father’s death, undoubtedly tried to emulate his military and political career, including going on crusade. Via the Brussels manuscript Geoffroi II de Charny arguably sought to honour and preserve his father’s abandoned chivalric works by including them along with his own brand-new ‘Book of Chivalry’.

Shroud of Turin
In 1353, just three years before his death, Geoffroi de Charny had founded a collegiate church at his tiny fief of Lirey near Troyes. Though the tediously lengthy Act of Foundation for this still exists in the local archive office at Troyes, curiously it makes not the slightest mention that he had entrusted Christ’s shroud to the Lirey church. Yet according to a bishop of Troyes writing in 1390 a cloth bearing imprints claimed as authentically from Christ’s crucified body was being displayed there ‘circa’ three years later, i.e. sometime around 1356. Apparently Troyes’ then bishop Henri de Poitiers had investigated these authenticity claims and angrily shut the displays down on finding the purported ‘shroud’ to be a cunning fake concocted by a contemporary artist.

The cloth in question still exists to this day as the controversial ‘Shroud of Turin’ kept in the Cathedral of Turin in Italy. That this cloth is one and the same as the ‘Charny’ shroud is quite evident from a medieval pilgrim badge that was found in the mud of the river Seine during the mid-19th century and is today housed in the Cluny Museum, Paris. Though partly damaged, this badge depicts two clergy holding out a herringbone twill-weave piece of cloth bearing the very same distinctive double imprint of a crucified body as on Turin’s Shroud, with the coats of arms of the Charny and Vergy families immediately below it. Because heraldically Charny’s coat of arms appears in the dexter or superior position in relation to that of his wife Jeanne de Vergy, this has seemed to indicate that Charny was alive and in overall charge whenever the showings were held. Curiously, however, even as late as 28 May 1356, only four months before Charny’s death, the truculent Bishop Henri de Poitiers went on record as formally approving the Lirey church’s foundation, hardly likely had the showings already happened, whilst during the remaining months Charny was away from Lirey on the military maneuvers that culminated in his death. There has long seemed to be no explanation for this dichotomy, until 2009 when metal detectorists exploring a field in Machy, the next-door village to Lirey, turned up a casting mold for a Shroud pilgrim badge which although partly damaged is clearly of a type similar to that found in Paris, yet with certain very significant differences. Although the Shroud is again depicted accompanied by the Charny and Vergy coats of arms, the shields’ positioning is reversed, that of Jeanne de Vergy’ now being in the dexter, or ‘in charge’ position, with Charny’s subordinate to this. And whereas a banner-like label that was once on the Paris badge has long been almost completely lost due to the damage, on the Machy badge its straight-line inscription is intact, reading ’SVAIRE IhV’, ‘Shroud of Jesus’. Clear from this is that it was created for the authenticity-claiming showings that had so enraged Bishop Henri de Poitiers, and it was Charny’s very young wife Jeanne de Vergy who had been in overall charge of these. Whatever the circumstances that had prompted the showings, they had evidently been held shortly after Charny’s 1356 death rather than before it. As for the pilgrim badge found in Paris, in the light of certain styling characteristics, notably its banner-type inscription (which probably read simply ‘SVAIRE’, as appears on some later pilgrim badges featuring banner-borne inscriptions), this was most likely commissioned by Charny’s son Geoffroi II de Charny for showings that he is known to have held in 1389, apparently incorporating his mother Jeanne de Vergy as his co-sponsor.

Yet this does not necessarily contradict the commonly held supposition that Charny was the Shroud’s first historically certain owner. Both his son Geoffroi II, and his grand-daughter Marguerite would later attest quite independently of each other that it was he who had acquired it. Whatever may have been the true story behind the Shroud’s acquisition, evidently during his lifetime Charny chose not to say anything about this, nor even publicly disclose its existence, let alone try to profit from it.

In literature
Geoffroi de Chargny is a main character in The Road to Poitiers by Jonathan Lunn.

title: Geoffroi de Charny


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List of squadrons of the RNZAF

This is a list of past and present squadrons of the Royal New Zealand Air Force

Former RNZAF squadrons

 * No. 1 Squadron RNZAF Code "SJ" reconnaissance / patrol bomber / Territorial Fighter Bomber / Transport
 * No. 2 Squadron RNZAF Code "UH" reconnaissance / patrol bomber / Territorial Fighter Bomber / Attack
 * No. 4 Squadron RNZAF Code "YZ" reconnaissance / patrol bomber / Territorial Fighter Bomber / Transport
 * No. 7 Squadron RNZAF Code "UW" reconnaissance / patrol bomber
 * No. 8 Squadron RNZAF Code "PA" reconnaissance / patrol bomber
 * No. 9 Squadron RNZAF – reconnaissance / patrol bomber
 * No. 10 Squadron RNZAF – reserve bomber reconnaissance / reconnaissance /patrol bomber / Operational Training Unit
 * No. 11 Squadron RNZAF – reserve bomber reconnaissance
 * No. 12 Squadron RNZAF – reserve bomber reconnaissance
 * No. 13 Squadron RNZAF – reserve bomber reconnaissance
 * No. 15 Squadron RNZAF Code "JZ" Fighter
 * No. 16 Squadron RNZAF Code "XO" Fighter
 * No. 17 Squadron RNZAF – Fighter
 * No. 18 Squadron RNZAF – Fighter
 * No. 19 Squadron RNZAF – Code "ZG" Fighter
 * No. 20 Squadron RNZAF – Code "UY" Army Co-operation / Fighter
 * No. 21 Squadron RNZAF – Code "TX" Army Co-operation / Fighter
 * No. 22 Squadron RNZAF – Code Army Co-operation/ Fighter
 * No. 23 Squadron RNZAF – Fighter
 * No. 24 Squadron RNZAF – Fighter
 * No. 25 Squadron RNZAF - Dive Bomber / Fighter
 * No. 26 Squadron RNZAF - Fighter
 * No. 30 Squadron RNZAF - Reserve Fighter Bomber / Dive Bomber
 * No. 31 Squadron RNZAF - Reserve Fighter Bomber / Dive Bomber
 * No. 41 Squadron RNZAF - Code "SG" Reserve Light Bomber / Transport
 * No. 43 Squadron RNZAF – Reserve Light Bomber
 * No. 44 Squadron RNZAF - Reserve Light Bomber
 * No. 51 Squadron RNZAF – postwar Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) unit. Previous No. 1 LAA Squadron; change of title c.1954.
 * No. 52 Squadron RNZAF – postwar Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) unit. Previously No. 2 LAA Squadron.
 * No. 60 Squadron RNZAF - Radar
 * No. 61 Squadron RNZAF - Radar
 * No. 62 Squadron RNZAF - Radar
 * No. 75 Squadron RNZAF Code "AA", "JN" & "YC" Fighter / Bomber / Heavy Bomber / Fighter Bomber
 * No. 209 (Expeditionary Support) Squadron RNZAF - support squadron
 * Navigation and Air Electronics Training Squadron RNZAF
 * Airframe Reconditioning Squadron RNZAF (RNZAF Base Woodbourne)

Squadrons of the Royal Air Force staffed mainly by New Zealanders

 * 75 (NZ) Squadron RAF – heavy bomber; code "AA" & "JN"
 * No. 243 Squadron RAF – fighter/transport; code "SN" & "VM"
 * No. 258 Squadron RAF – fighter; code "FH" & "ZT"

Article XV squadrons

 * 485 Squadron – fighter; code "OU"
 * 486 Squadron – night fighter & fighter bomber; code "SA"
 * 487 Squadron – bomber/fighter bomber; code "EG"
 * 488 Squadron – fighter/night fighter; code "NF" & "ME"
 * 489 Squadron – torpedo bomber; code "XA", "1" & "P6"
 * 490 Squadron – flying boats; code/s unknown

Other RNZAF units

 * Northern Group, Central Group, Southern Group (in New Zealand)
 * No. 1 (Islands) Group RNZAF
 * General Service Training School
 * Command Training School
 * Ground Training Wing

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of squadrons of the RNZAF


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Gary Haisman

Gary Haisman (29 January 1958 – 28 November 2018)  was an English singer and one of three acts whose No. 1 songs on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart were featured on D Mob's A Little Bit of This, a Little Bit of That album (the others being Cathy Dennis and LRS). His contribution to the set was the two-sided single "We Call It Acieed"/"Trance Dance", which was the first of D Mob's four straight No. 1 hits on the Dance chart in 1989.

title: Gary Haisman


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Richard Griffith (chess player)

Richard Clewin Griffith (22 July 1872 in London – 11 December 1955 in Hendon, London) was an English chess player, author and editor. He was educated at Charterhouse School.

He won the British Chess Championship in 1912 at Richmond, at his only appearance in the event. Also in 1912, he was the original co-author with John Herbert White of the famous chess book, Modern Chess Openings, which has gone into many editions up to the present day.

He was the editor of the British Chess Magazine from 1920 to 1937, and again for some months in 1940.

During World War II Griffith was the honorary treasurer of the British Chess Federation, and a member of its council and executive.

By profession, he was a metallurgist for an assaying company.

title: Richard Griffith (chess player)


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Luis Armando Reynoso

Luis Armando Reynoso Femat (born 15 August 1957) founded “El grupo Inmobiliario Reynoso Femat” which are companies dedicated to the promotion, construction and sale of housing.

In 1985, he was vice-president of the Mexican council of the industry of Housing IN 1989–1990 President of the Rotarian Club of Campestre Aguascalientes and President of the Association of Industrial Promoters of states Housing.

He was jailed for 6 years. Reynoso Femat was sentenced to prison for the crimes of peculation and misuse of public exercise on August 31, 2019.

As a member of the National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional)
In 1994 he became a member of the Party Action National (National Action Party)

In 1998 he won his party's primary election as a candidate for Mayor of Aguascalientes and on August 2 of that same year he was elected Mayor. His victory confirmed the National Action Party in the capital city of the state with the highest voting in the history of Aguascalientes.

As Aguascalientes City Mayor
In January 1999 Luis Armando Reynoso Femat was inaugurated as Aguascalientes City Mayor and was qualified as the best County Mayors of the Mexican Republic by journalistic, financial and evaluating companies of the government.

During his term, Luis Armando obtained 14 ISO 9000 certificates for various organizations.

As promoter of sports and development of Aguascalientes
Because of the promotion he did in Aguascalientes Luis Armando was named honorary president of the Patronato de Fomento de Futbol, A.C:

Furthermore, on August 6 Emilio Azcaraga President of Televisa, inaugurated with Luis Armando Reynoso the country club of Necaxa that is located at the west of the city, it has an extension of 8 hectares and it has grand facilities that guarantee the excellent mental and physical preparation of the players.

He benefited financially with the acquisition of Necaxa which his organization had bought. Before the stadium opened, its administration had sold high end boxes with an approximate cost of $100,000 which were considered a good investment until the poor performance of the soccer team proved it wrong, descending to the second division of Mexican soccer on 2009 (Primera División A).

title: Luis Armando Reynoso


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Balearic beat

Balearic beat, also known as Balearic house, Balearic, Ibiza house or Ibizan chillout, is an eclectic blend of DJ-led dance music that emerged in the mid-1980s. It later became the name of a more specific style of electronic dance/house music that was popular into the mid-1990s. Balearic beat was named for its popularity among European nightclub and beach rave patrons on the Balearic island of Ibiza, a popular tourist destination. Some dance music compilations referred to it as "the sound of Ibiza", even though many other, more aggressive and upbeat forms of dance music could be heard on the island, such as Balearic trance.

History
This style was popularized at Amnesia, an Ibizan nightclub, by DJ Alfredo from Argentina, who had a residency there. DJ Alfredo, whose birth name is Alfredo Fiorito, has been credited as the "Father of the Balearic beat". Alfredo played an eclectic mix of dance music with his style encompassing the indie hypno grooves of the Woodentops, the mystic rock of the Waterboys, early house, Europop and oddities from the likes of Peter Gabriel and Chris Rea. Similar music was being played at other nightclubs, including Pacha and Ku.

British DJs such as Nancy Noise,      Trevor Fung,  Danny Rampling and Electra's  Paul Oakenfold are commonly credited with having "popularised" Balearic beat, especially in the UK, with Fung said to be the originator of the term. In 1987, after a holiday in Ibiza, Oakenfold, Fung and Ian St. Paul    returned to London, where they unsuccessfully tried to establish a nightclub called the Funhouse in the Balearic style. Returning to Ibiza during the summer of 1987, Oakenfold   rented a villa where he hosted a number of his DJ friends, including Danny Rampling, Johnny Walker,  and Nicky Holloway. Returning to London after the summer, Oakenfold reintroduced the Balearic style at a South London nightclub called the Project Club. The club initially attracted those who had visited Ibiza and who were familiar with the Balearic concept. Fueled by their use of Ecstasy and an emerging fashion style based on baggy clothes and bright colors, these Ibiza veterans were responsible for propagating the Balearic subculture within the evolving UK rave scene. In 1988, Oakenfold established a second outlet for Balearic beat, a Monday night event called Spectrum, which is credited with exposing the Balearic concept to a wider audience. It was 1988 when Balearic beat was first noticed in the U.S., according to Dance Music Report magazine. Jose Padilla was an Ibizan DJ best known for his residency at Café del Mar. Also Jon Sa Trinxa, a British DJ and Producer best known for the longest residency on Salinas Beach at Sa Trinxa defines his style as being Balearic Music.

Pitchfork traces back elements of Balearic beat music to the 1982 Indian album Disco Jazz, sung by Rupa Biswas and composed by Aashish Khan. According to Pitchfork, the Bengali language song "Aaj Shanibar" from Disco Jazz contains "touches of what would now be considered Balearic beat music, with its expansive and hypnotic musical interludes." However, the album was largely unknown until its rediscovery in the late 2010s.

Style
"Two years ago, a club world constantly in search of new beats and a media constantly in search of new trends were presented with a bright bouncy new baby which answered to the name 'Balearic Beat'...the fact that the only 'rule' proposed was that 'there are no rules' was ignored...Then came Mr Balearic's lucky break: Soul II Soul. A mish mash of styles (soul, hip hop, reggae) all moulded over a rock solid beat met the 'anything goes as long as it's danceable' criteria—and more importantly, it allowed the world to rediscover a BPM below 122...These days in clubland, rap, house and soul freely rub shoulders with continental beats, alternative grooves, and a whole welter of diverse sounds constructed from an even more diverse set of influences. This is what 'Balearic' was all about...Laying down rules or attempting to initiate trends is completely contrary to what the 'Balearic Spirit' was all about (if only its pioneers had explained it better at the time we might not have spent two years getting to where we are now). An effective blanket ban on house/uptempo music in a club is silly, short-sighted, and narrow minded, and it won't take long for people to see it as such...What the 'Balearic concept' has taught us is that it doesn't matter what genre the track falls into, as long as the beat 'n' groove move the feet and what's on top of 'em is pleasing to the ear."

Balearic beat records vary between house or Italo house and deep house influenced sounds and a slower R&B-influenced (under 119bpm) beat consisting of bass drum, snare and hi-hats (often produced with a Roland TR-909 drum machine) programmed in certain laid-back, swing-beat patterns; plus soul, Latin, African, funk and dub affectations; and production techniques borrowed from other styles of dance music that were popular at the time. Vocals were sometimes present, but much of the music was instrumental. The sounds of acoustic instruments such as guitar and piano were sometimes incorporated into Balearic beat. Having been primarily associated with a particular percussion pattern that eventually fell out of vogue, the style eventually faded from prominence and its repertoire was subsumed by the more general "chill out" and "downtempo" genres.

The style of Balearic beat is described by its inventors, as opposed to its UK followers, as the ability for the DJ to play across a broad range of styles, from early minimal New Beat to the first extended remixes of pop-songs, making Balearic DJ sets those that tend to have the sharpest turns of musical direction. While the public outside Ibiza generally describes Balearic beat as a music style, the island based community regard Balearic beat as a non-style or a healthy disrespect to style conformity and a challenge to the norm. It's a freestyle expression that seamlessly binds sporadic vinyl inspiration through technical flair on the turntables. Today, due to stylistic segregation in electronic dance music, few promoters and DJs dare to stretch the spectrum of styles that far in fear of losing identity and clients. DJ Alfredo still heralds the most diversity among Ibiza DJs, but generally the approach to mixing as well as the terminology, have been swallowed up by the Chillout scene.

Ibiza is still considered by some to have its own "sound", however, including the music of Jens Gad, co-creator of Enigma, and his new chillout-world-influenced hybrid project, Achillea, recorded in his studio in the hills overlooking Ibiza. Compilations such as Global Lounge Sessions: The Balearic Sound of Ibiza, released in 2002, and Sequoia Groove's Buddha-Lounge series, continue to be released. These generally feature house music and certain downtempo selections, not the old style of Balearic beat, per se. Some prefer to use the term Balearic more generally, however, to apply to all of these styles.

title: Balearic beat


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Fyodor Volkov

Fyodor Grigorievich Volkov (Фёдор Григорьевич Волков) (20 February 1729 in Kostroma – 15 April 1763 in Moscow) was a Russian actor and founder of the first permanent Russian theater.

Life
The stepson of Merchant Polushkin from Kostroma, Fyodor Volkov received a versatile education. He established the very first public theater in Yaroslavl in 1750, which would later bring fame to the then-unknown actors Ivan Dmitrievsky, Yakov Shumsky and others. Two years later, Fyodor Volkov and his theater were invited by Empress Elizabeth to perform at her court, but it would soon be dismissed due to its "plebeian" nature. Some of the actors were sent to the Szlachta Corps (Шляхетный корпус) to get education.

In 1756, the empress issued a decree on the establishment of the first permanent public theatre in St.Petersburg under the guidance of Alexander Sumarokov. Fyodor Volkov assisted Sumarokov in managing the theater and five years later became its director after the latter's resignation. Volkov created the Russian professional public theater of national significance, tied it together with progressive dramatic art, and paved the way for a number of Russian actors. He married one of the first actresses in Russia, Maria Ananina.

As an actor, Fyodor Volkov mostly played tragic roles, such as the ones in Sumarokov's plays Khorev (Хорев), The Refuge of Virtue (Прибежище добродетели), Gamlet (Гамлет; Sumarokov's version of Shakespeare's Hamlet), Semira (Семира), Sinav and Truvor (Синав и Трувор), Yaropolk and Demiza (Ярополк и Демиза). Having mastered the art of stage acting, Volkov often deviated from esthetic canons of classicism and chose not to follow the universally accepted rules of solemn recitation. In his plays, Sumarokov would often create characters with Volkov's wild temperament in mind. The latter, however, was a very talented comedian, as well.

Legacy
The Yaroslavl Theatre has been bearing Volkov's name since 1911.

title: Fyodor Volkov


text:
User talk:TOriolesH15

Welcome!

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title: User talk:TOriolesH15


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Talk:Mu-metal

Metal
Why does the M-1040 link connect to the page for the compound Melatonin? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.7.69.210 (talk) 01:20, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

I'd have to say that Monster Magnet is my favourite... oh, sorry. -Ashley Pomeroy 20:03, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

More info please
How thick of a sheet of mu-metal would be needed to block an average magnet? Is it feasible to wrap a drawer with mu-metal to protect magnetic tapes? Can you bend and mold mu-metal? There is very little information about the use of mu-metal in this article. --Kainaw (talk) 21:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have very little experience in actually working with Mu Metal, since all of my stuff is built for me, but I'm under the impression that it is not easy to work with in terms of bending and molding (I believe it's a laminate of many thin layers of slightly different nickel-iron alloys, but I could very well be wrong there). As for thickness, it doesn't take very much: a ~1/16" thick full enclosure will probably attenuate fields by a factor of 100 or so. However, it is a very expensive metal to wrap a drawer in. For less stringent shielding, several companies sell a "foil" version that can be bent. What sort of "average" magnet do you need to protect your tapes from? Most fridge magnets can't harm magnetic media beyond a few centimetres, but if you happen to live beside a quaintly unshielded NMR magnet... Potatophysics 15:40, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it's probably more cost-effective to line your drawer with sheet steel from the hardware store. Or you could compromise and pry the laminate sheets out of an old transformer, if you're careful about all the nasty halogenated chemicals involved.--Joel 21:32, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not easy to bend, in my experience. At right angles and flat surfaces it's not too bad. — Omegatron 13:47, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Considering the rate at which magnetic field strength drops off over space, it might just be cheaper to make a shelf in a large enough hollow container. Alvis 05:00, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Better composition numbers
Right now, the article totals over 100% per the composition of component metals (75% nickel, 15% iron, plus copper and molybdenum). Just how much copper and molybdenum does the final product consist of (and correspondingly less of nickel and iron)? Alvis 04:59, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 75 + 15 = 90, so I guess that the other two make up most of the remaining 10%. Verbal   chat  07:25, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
 * One reference (64th ed. CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics) gives composition as 18% Fe, 75% Ni, 2% Cr, 5% Cu (and no Mo). Maybe the lead of the article should say that Mu-metal is a range of alloys rather than just an alloy.--Theodore Kloba (talk) 20:36, 29 August 2012 (UTC)
 * That's a pretty narrow range; the anomalous magnetic properties occur over only a narrow range of composition. Most sources refer to mu-metal in the singular, in spite of enormous efforts by greedy manufacturers to try to differentiate "their" proprietary formulation from the herd. I think the article should conform to common usage and call mumetal a (singular) alloy. -- Chetvorno TALK 05:11, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

Discovery?
Could use some information on the history of Mu-metal, discovery, etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Morecromulent (talk • contribs) 05:44, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Added some. -- Chetvorno TALK 19:45, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Reword?
The article says "Its magnetic properties are no better than other high permeability alloys such as Permalloy, but it is more ductile and workable" - but mu-metal has quite a different susceptibility and permeability. Can we change this sentence to reflect that? How about "mu-metal has a higher permeability and susceptibility than Permalloy, but is generally favored over other high permeability alloys because it is more ductile and workable." Tevonic (talk) 18:38, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Infobox
Can someone please add a relevant infobox to this page? Stifle (talk) 17:45, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

Not enought numbers
Writen - "giving it a low coercivity that". how much ? low is not concretely. :( --Zadobroprotivzla (talk) 07:36, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

Persistent spammer
Just a heads up. User:MuMETAL, apparently a hack for the Magnetic Shield Corporation, has been repeatedly inserting spam into this article over a period of almost a year. They're also getting their spam in other areas of WP, such as blatantly promotional descriptions of images in Commons like. We should keep an eye on other WP articles that mention mu-metal. -- Chetvorno TALK 22:26, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

More spam
Lately there has been repeated attempts to insert a link to a vendor site for a proprietary formulation of Mu-metal, Ad-Mu-80, which I have reverted. Perhaps this is because there are existing links to vendors under "External links". I think we need to get rid of all these vendor links, which constitute WP:SPAM. Any useful scientific data on mu-metal which they contain can be found in non-promotional reference books on Google Books; so these spammy information links can be replaced by spam-free links. -- Chetvorno TALK 06:32, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

Mu-Metal

 * Copied from User talk:Glrx/Archive 5

I feel as if you will allow Co-Netic and Amumetal to be listed as other mu metal materials than Ad-Mu-80 should be listed as well. Co-Netic and Amumetal are other trade names that companies use just like Ad-Mu-80 either they all should be allowed or they all should not. Also my links to our Engineering Catalog and Procurement Catalog get deleted under the extneral links but other companies such as magnetic shield get to keep their links to their brocure? How is this justified? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.16.223.2 (talk) 22:55, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

 * This topic should be addressed on the Mu-metal and Electromagnetic shielding talk pages (Talk:Mu-metal and Talk:Electromagnetic shielding) so all interested users can participate in the discussion.

 * What's happened is you've added some material, and other editors have objected to it and removed the material. What's supposed to happen then is a discussion is started on the talk pages. See WP:BRD. If you can garner a consensus for including the edits on the talk page, then the edits go into the article. It's that simple. I'm just a lowly editor here; I am not the arbiter of what goes into articles.

 * That said, I think you will have a difficult time getting a consensus.

 * My sense is your purpose is to advertise Ad-Mu-80 and its manufacturer. Wikipedia is not a directory service. It does not intend to inform readers about every manufacturer of every similar product. Right now, I believe the articles list too many commercial names; such lists quickly turn into spam magnets; I'd trim the list more. I haven't checked, but I would not expect an article on soap to list every brand name of soap.

 * Wikipedia allows external links, but those links should have some encyclopedic purpose. I gave an example of one manufacturer's brochure providing construction details of a zero-gauss chamber. Such chambers are mentioned in the article, and the article should eventually include more detail about them. An external link to a manufacturer's catalog that just lists material properties usually is not the type of information Wikipedia is interested in. I don't see a lot of redeeming value in that link, but I consider your deletion of that link as being WP:POINTy.

 * Neither is Wikipedia trying to be a reference manual for manufacturers' products. Adding such information would add a lot of detail, but the information would have little benefit to most readers.

 * Yes, it seems unfair that some materials such as Co-Netic gets mentioned but Ad-Mu-80 does not. As I said earlier, I think the list is too long. However, I have previously come across the term Co-Netic but I have never before encountered Ad-Mu-80. The argument that somebody's product is covered in WP therefore my product should get similar coverage does not follow. Maybe the somebody's product shouldn't be covered in Wikipedia. Maybe Wikipedia doesn't need to cover them all. WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS

 * Wikipedia also wnats independent, secondary, reliable, sources. Manufacturers are primary sources with a vested interest. If you have some independent sources that cover Ad-Mu-80, compare it to other versions of mu-metal, and make some significant observations, then that could reasonably go into the article. If it's just a variation of mu-metal, then it's hard to see how a tradename for a similar material is significant enough to merit mention. I suspect there are many other makers of mu-metal-like materials. WP:DUE

 * Wikipedia is also leery of editors who have a conflict of interest. Such editors may put their interests above Wikipedia's interests or may just have a skewed perspective. A Wikipedia reader is interested in what the material does, but it's not clear that reader actually wants to know all the manufacturers or even how to order it. I own a lot of chunks of mu-metal, but they are all parts of equipment; I've never ordered any of the stuff myself.

 * Glrx (talk) 00:07, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

Weasel word
"which reportedly[2] increases the magnetic permeability about 40 times"

Weasel word "reportedly". Why the weasel? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.184.114.179 (talk) 12:03, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

About history
"...conductive seawater surrounding an undersea cable added a significant capacitance to the cable, causing distortion of the signal" This statement is not correct. Long lines simply had too much inherent capacitance. Transmission line concept was not well developed. Heaviside developed the mathematical formulation and they figured out they had to compensate for the line capacitance to make it a tranmission line with no frequyency limitation - ideally. Someone should correct if I do not get back to it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.241.14.250 (talk) 21:06, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

Does a mu-metal gets attracted/repelled by a strong magnet ?
answer please ? 152.58.116.9 (talk) 16:20, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The lead sentence says mu-metal is a ferromagnetic alloy. If you click the link to ferromagnetic you will see that means that mu-metal is attracted by a magnet, and can be magnetized to become a magnet itself --ChetvornoTALK 15:19, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mu-metal


text: User talk:210.17.210.134

title: User talk:210.17.210.134


text:
Canara (disambiguation)

Canara can refer to:

 * Canara or Kanara, a region in the state of Karnataka, India
 * Canara, former name of Ovidiu, a town in Constanţa County, Romania
 * Canara Bank
 * Canara Engineering College, a private engineering college in Karnataka, India
 * Canara College, Mangalore, India
 * Canara High School, Mangalore, India

title: Canara (disambiguation)


text:
Le Québécois

Le Québécois is a political newspaper based in Quebec City. Founded in 2001, it is a medium of the Quebec sovereignty movement. The newspaper also has a militant wing, the Réseau de Résistance du Québécois.

Description
Originally backed by the Société nationale des Québécois et des Québécoises de la Capitale, Le Québécois is now independent. It notably featured columns from filmmaker, activist and intellectual Pierre Falardeau and the former sovereigntist Premier of Quebec Jacques Parizeau.

It is responsible for the creation of Québec-Radio, the fund-raising beer La Militante and manages the Éditions du Québécois publishing house.

Controversies
It has been featured in two fairly notable controversies. One regarded a harsh and raw critical article by Pierre Falardeau on federalist thinker Claude Ryan, shortly after the latter's death in the February/March 2004 edition.

The second controversy was raised in 2005 by Le Québécois about then future Governor General of Canada Michaëlle Jean and her and husband Jean-Daniel Lafond's ties to the sovereignty movement and the Front de libération du Québec.

title: Le Québécois


text: User talk:209.25.147.34

title: User talk:209.25.147.34


text:
Category:Russian clothing

This category describes traditional and historic Russian clothing. Modern Russian clothing should be categorised under Russian fashion or Clothing companies of Russia

.

title: Category:Russian clothing


text:
Ivan Dmitrevsky

Ivan Afanasyevich Dmitrevsky (Ива́н Афана́сьевич Дмитре́вский) (February 28, 1734 in Yaroslavl – October 27, 1821 in Saint Petersburg) is generally regarded as the most influential actor of Russian Neoclassicism and "Russia's first great tragedian".

Together with his friend Fyodor Volkov he inaugurated the first Russian theatre in his native Yaroslavl (1750), later moving with the rest of the troupe to St Petersburg (1756). His tragic parts in Alexander Sumarokov's plays were admired by Catherine the Great and her friend Ekaterina Dashkova. Later, he delivered lectures on theatre in the Russian Academy, of which he was a member. In his writings and plays, Dmitrevsky emphasized reason over emotions, propagating "the loud, artificial declamatory acting style" of French Neoclassicism.

Stage actress and singer Agrafena Musina-Pushkina (1740–1782/86) studied with him, and later became his wife.

title: Ivan Dmitrevsky


text:
François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy

François-Marie, Marquess of Barthélemy (20 October 1747, Aubagne – 3 April 1830 Paris) was a French politician and diplomat, active at the time of the French Revolution.

Diplomat and member of the Directory
Born in Aubagne, he was educated by his uncle the abbé Jean-Jacques Barthélemy for a diplomatic career. After serving as secretary of legation in Sweden, in Switzerland and in the Kingdom of Great Britain, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary in Switzerland, in which capacity he negotiated the treaties of Basel with Prussia and Spain (1795).

Elected a member of the Directory in May 1797, through Royalist influence, he was arrested after General Augereau's anti-Royalist coup d'état of the 18 Fructidor (17 September 1797), and deported to French Guiana, but escaped and made his way to Suriname, then to the United States, and finally to Britain.

Empire
Barthélemy returned to France after Napoleon Bonaparte's 18 Brumaire coup, entered the Senate in February 1800 and contributed to the establishment of the Consulship for life and the First French Empire.

In 1814 he abandoned Napoleon, voted the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur and took part in the drawing up of King Louis XVIII's Constitutional Charter and was named Peer of France. During the Hundred Days he lived in concealment, and after the Second Restoration obtained the title marquis, and in 1819 introduced a motion in the chamber of Peers tending to render the electoral law more aristocratic.

Legacy
The Rue François Barthélémy in Héricy is named after him.

title: François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy


text:
User talk:JuigiKario

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 20:05, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
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 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Famicom Wars-related business
I merged Famicom Wars and Super Famicom Wars just for greater context on both, while they still don't have very much content. Feel free to split them again when they're expanded, of course. Likewise, be a bit more careful about reverting; you destroyed all of my cleanup in the Famicom Wars article in addition to undoing the merge. I'm gonna revert Famicom Wars because of this; if nothing else, it should mention Super Famicom Wars in this way even if that article isn't just a redirect to FW.

Right now, Super Famicom Wars doesn't really stand on its own as an article; maybe you could fill in a little context/info? (I've honestly never played it.) If you want to do that, I'll make sure it gets into the right categories and such.

Hey, I was talking to A Link to the Past about something related to this: as far as I can tell, "Nintendo Wars" is a fan name for the series begun by Famicom Wars, and as such probably shouldn't be the term used on the English Wikipedia to refer to the series. Do you favor using "Famicom Wars" or "Advance Wars" to refer to the series as a whole, including the Japanese names? Famicom Wars is the name Nintendo has been using for the series since 1988 (and has used as recently as this year, with "Famicom Wars DS"), but Advance Wars is the name for all three of the English-language releases (and this is the English-language Wikipedia, after all). We need to change the references to "Nintendo Wars"...what do you think they should be changed to?

While I'm thinking about it, if you're making a change that is going to be disputed (particularly in the case of reverts), please don't attempt to carry on a conversation in the edit summaries, as this tends to beggar edit/revert wars (which aren't kosher). If your reasoning is going to be disputed or requires lengthy explantion, just say "reverted (or changed or whatever) per talk," then explain your reasoning on talk. - A Man In Black (conspire | past ops) 02:14, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Jeigan
It appears that another admin has warned 24.168.74.153 about his edits to the talk page of this article. As for the article itself, I don't know enough about Fire Emblem to call his edits vandalism. Perhaps a good idea would be to provide sources refuting his claims. If this user becomes pushy or aggressive in any way, or seems to be ignoring attepts to reach an agreement, feel free to tell me and I'll be glad to assist.--Shanel 00:15, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Reverted, obviously. :)-- Shanel § 01:26, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Nintendo Wars
Please see Talk:Units in Nintendo Wars. Thank you. — ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 05:08, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm already aware of this. I have not had the chance to handle this because of events in my RL (which should at least be improving now, if only a notch). But I casted my vote. --Juigi Kario (Charge! * My crusades) 19:56, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Oozium
That's what I thought. Nice to know my memory isn't that bad. -- Steel 18:34, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Famicom Wars
I gave it a level of medium, because the first game was significantly more popular than any other Wars games. - A Link to the Past (talk) 21:28, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Strategy games
Hello Juigi Kario.

WikiProject Strategy games has finished it's first collaboration: Risk (game). We are now asking for nominations and input for a new one. Please voice your ideas at the talk page.

Clyde (talk) and WikiProject Strategy games.

WikiProject Strategy games
Hello.

WikiProject Strategy games finished it's first collaboration on Risk (game). We have voted for possible candidates for the next collaboration, and three finalists have been selected:

 * 1) . Stronghold (2001 game)
 * 2) . Age of Empires
 * 3) . Age of Empires II

If possible, please vote here on which of these articles to collaborate on. Thank you.

WikiProject Strategy games

TfD nomination of Template:NWSeriesProject
Template:NWSeriesProject has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. — Shinhan 18:29, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:GBW3Battle.png
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:GBW3Box.jpg
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Light and girlfriend
The movie is the only adaptation in which Light has a girlfriend -- in the singular. We all know he kills Shiori at the end. The manga and anime have him pretend to have girlfriends but he always plays them off against each other and manipulates them. The creators stated in How to Read 13 that Light is "incapable" of loving a woman. He kills Takada in all three versions (in the anime and manga she develops a romantic infatuation with Light) - but he also maintained a relationship with Misa and used her.

I must also add that Light does not kill his father in any of the versions. He tries to in the film, but fails. He never tries to kill his father in the anime or manga. The person who shoots Soichiro is a guy named Jose - not Mello himself. WhisperToMe (talk) 11:21, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I know he manipulates Takada in the manga/anime and kills her in all 3 versions. But he felt better with Takada than he did with Misa, although that's not saying much as you indicate.
 * And I'm not concerned with who shot Soichiro; if Light wasn't the one behind the gun, he didn't try to kill Soichiro. Granted, the fake 13 Day Rule would have ensured that Light would have had Soichiro killed somehow before long, but the point is, if he didn't try to kill his father, the mention saying Light tried to kill Soichiro is invalid all the same.
 * But you removed that part anyway. And just to let you know: I didn't add it at all. --Juigi Kario (Charge! * My crusades) 00:31, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:GBW3UnitInfoScrn.png)
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Orphaned non-free image File:GBW3Battle.png
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JuigiKario


text:
Guido Schmidt

Guido Schmidt (15 January 1901 – 5 December 1957 ) was an Austrian diplomat and politician, who served as Foreign Minister from 1936 to 1938.

Life
Born in Bludenz, Vorarlberg, Schmidt attended the Stella Matutina Jesuit school in Feldkirch, where he met with the later Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg. He studied law at the University of Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1924 and the next year he joined the Austrian diplomatic service. From 1927 he served in the office of President Wilhelm Miklas, promoted to the rank of a vice-director in 1928.

Schmidt was a member of the Christian Social Party and in 1933 joined the Fatherland's Front under Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. He played an important part in the conclusion of the 1936 "July Agreement" of the Austrofascist government of Dollfuss' successor Kurt Schuschnigg with Nazi Germany and in turn was appointed State Secretary of Foreign Affairs. He and Interior Minister Edmund Glaise-Horstenau served as the main contact men to the German Nazi government. On 12 February 1938 Schuschnigg under pressure from Hitler elevated Schmidt to the rank of a Federal Minister, a post he held until 11 March 1938, when the chancellor was forced to resign only hours before the invasion of Wehrmacht troops and the Austrian Anschluss to Nazi Germany. Schmidt played a vital role in the preceding demission of Chief of Staff Alfred Jansa, nevertheless he did not join the Nazi government of Arthur Seyss-Inquart, whereafter he retired from politics.

By the intercession of Hermann Göring he became an executive director of the Reichswerke industrial conglomerate at Linz on 1 July 1938. In 1945, Schmidt was temporarily imprisoned by the Allied occupation forces because of his pro-Nazi attitude and accused of high treason, but was acquitted in 1947. From 1956 he continued his career as CEO of the Semperit company. Schmidt died in Vienna at the age of 56. He was the father of the Austrian businessman Guido Schmidt-Chiari.

Works

 * Der Hochverratsprozess gegen Dr. Guido Schmidt; Österreichische Staatsdruckerei; Vienna, 1947

title: Guido Schmidt


text:
USS Gettysburg (1858)

The first USS Gettysburg was a steamer in the United States Navy. The ship was built in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1858, named RMS Douglas, and operated by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company in the United Kingdom between Liverpool, England, and Douglas on the Isle of Man until November 1862. She was then sold to Cunard, Wilson & Company on behalf of the Confederate agents Fraser, Trenholm & Company for use by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. Renamed Margaret and Jessie, she operated as a blockade runner until her capture by the Union on 5 November 1863. The ship then was commissioned into the Union Navy on 2 May 1864 as USS Gettysburg.

During her U.S. Navy service, Gettysburg operated with the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, was involved in both the first and second attacks on Fort Fisher, helped lay telegraph cables between Key West, Florida, and Havana, Cuba, and undertook navigational surveys of the Caribbean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea. Gettysburg was decommissioned on 6 May 1879 and sold two days later.

Construction
Due to a steady increase in passenger traffic between the Isle of Man and England, the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company decided in 1858 to order a larger, faster ship for its packet fleet. The ship, PS Douglas, No. 20683, the first ship in the company's history to be so named and the ninth ship the company ordered, was an iron-hulled paddle steamer. She was built by Robert Napier and Sons in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1858. Robert Napier and Sons also supplied her steam engine and boilers. Her purchase cost was £17,500, plus an allowance from John Napier and Sons of £5,000 for the paddle steamer King Orry of 1842.

Douglas was launched at 13:30 hours on Wednesday, 28 April 1858, the christening of the ship being performed by the wife of John Napier. Also in attendance on behalf of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company was Captain Edward Quayle, the commodore of the company.

Douglas′s launch had been delayed for a short period as the berth where her fitting-out was to take place was occupied by another vessel. Following her launch she was towed to Launcefield Dock in order to receive her engines.

During sea trials, Douglas achieved 17.75 kn and was declared the fastest channel steamer in existence at the time. Her service speed was 17 kn.

Appearance and furnishings
Designed to carry a mixture of passengers and cargo, Douglas was the first steam packet with a straight stern, no fiddle bow, and no figurehead. Her gross tonnage was, her length 205 ft, her beam 26 ft, and her depth 14 ft. Certified by the Board of Trade to carry between 800 and 900 passengers, she was longer and faster than her forerunners.

Douglas was considered an elegant ship. She had a raised quarterdeck, below which was situated a spacious and beautifully fitted up saloon, ladies cabin, and sleeping cabins, with accommodation for 100 first class passengers. These cabins ran the full length of the quarterdeck and were lit by large, wide skylights, two large deck windows, and sixteen side windows. The chief saloon was well decorated with three large marble tables with mahogany tops, the seats for which had a movable back to allow the occupier to sit either facing toward or away from the table. On the wall at the aft end of the saloon were hung two pictures, one of Douglas Harbour and the other of Liverpool. The saloon could accommodate 70 people for dining at any given time.

Steerage passengers were accommodated in the forward part of the ship, and as was the case with first class, a ladies lounge was provided. The crew's quarters were situated beyond this, in the immediate vicinity of the forecastle.

Douglas′s deck was described as clear and roomy, with a hurricane deck situated between the paddle boxes which was 50 ft long and roofed over on all sides. She was fitted with a full complement of lifeboats, these being fitted with Clifford's patent lowering apparatus, which enabled the boats to be lowered safely whilst the vessel was under steam.

Mail, cargo, and machinery
Douglas′s designation as a Royal Mail Ship (RMS) indicated that she carried mail under contract with the Royal Mail. A specified area was allocated for the storage of letters, parcels, and specie (i.e., bullion, coins and other valuables). This was situated in the forecastle beneath the crew's quarters and was accessible only to a designated ship's officer.

Douglas′s cargo hold was below the main saloon and first class ladies cabin in one of the watertight compartments, giving Douglas space for a considerable quantity of regular cargo, ranging from furniture to foodstuffs.

Douglas′s cargo hold also contained two fresh water storage tanks, each capable of accommodating 500 impgal of water. Aft of the cargo hold were the fuel bunkers, furnaces, and steam engine.

Maiden voyage
Douglas made her maiden voyage from Glasgow to Douglas, Isle of Man, on Saturday, 3 July 1858. Having made passage from the River Clyde in a time of 8 hours 30 minutes, her arrival off Onchan Head was heralded by cannon fire from the Conister Rock, Fort Anne, and the Castle Mona. As she entered Douglas Bay she stopped and embarked several directors of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company before steaming across the bay several times among a large number of small boats which had put to sea for the occasion. A large crowd had gathered on the Red Pier in order to welcome her and after she had secured alongside many of these people were able to view the interior of the ship, with further public viewings made available over the following two days.

Douglas was claimed to be the fastest steamer then afloat. She attracted wide attention, and her speed made her a strong candidate for more advanced adventures and was acclaimed as "comme le premier" among cross-channel steamers.

Service life
Under the command of Captain Quayle, Douglas made her inaugural crossing from Douglas to Liverpool on Tuesday, 6 July 1858. She achieved over 17 kn on the trip and immediately broke the record for the crossing time between Douglas and Liverpool, achieving a time of 4 hours 20 minutes.This broke the previous record of 4 hours 50 minutes set in September 1856 by SS Mona's Queen (1853). On her return run to the Isle of Man, Douglas would routinely record a passage time of 4 hours 40 minutes. Ancillary work consisted of charter sailings and day excursions, one of which was on 14 October 1859, when Douglas made an excursion to Holyhead, Wales, to see the ocean liner SS Great Eastern. On another occasion, she was chartered to Henderson's of Belfast, Ireland, for three weeks for the then-notable fee of £200 per week.

While in the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company's colours, the only events of interest – apart from the way she broke the record for the home run – were two mishaps that occurred during her voyages. One was her collision with the brig Dido, which cost the company £400 in damages. Another was an accident which befell a passenger on Monday, 16 April 1860, whilst she was making passage to Liverpool. The passenger, a sailor from the second rate ship-of-the-line HMS Majestic (1853) who had been home on leave from the Royal Navy, scaled his way up the foremast head whilst in a state of alcohol intoxication and got onto the forestay. In his attempt to come back down he fell some 30 ft to the deck. He subsequently was treated by a doctor who happened to be on board, and on arrival in Liverpool was transferred to the Northern Hospital.

Confederate States of America, 1862–1863
Thanks to her high speed, Douglas was an ideal blockade runner for the Confederate States of America to use to avoid the Union blockade during the American Civil War. After only four years under Isle of Man Steam Packet Company ownership, Douglas was sold to Cunard, Wilson and Company — who were clandestinely acting as brokers for the Confederate agents Fraser, Trenholm and Company — for £24,000 in 1862. Douglas departed her home port of Douglas for the last time on Sunday, 16 November 1862, and proceeded to Liverpool.

Whilst in Liverpool Douglas was painted light grey and loaded with cargo. She departed for Nassau in the Bahamas under the command of Captain Corbett on Tuesday, 2 December 1862, and arrived at Nassau in late January 1863. By then she was under the ownership of the Charleston Import and Export Company. She successfully ran the blockade and reached Charleston, South Carolina, on 31 January 1863, bringing in much-needed supplies. She then departed for Nassau with a cargo of cotton. She subsequently was renamed Margaret and Jessie in honor of the daughters of her new owner, both of whom were on board her during her initial outbound blockade run from Charleston.

Margaret and Jessie ran the blockade successfully on numerous other occasions. On 1 June 1863 off Nassau, however, Margaret and Jessie was fired upon and driven ashore by a United States Navy gunboat. Some records erroneously maintain that after she was driven ashore and had escaped to Nassau, she took no further part in the American Civil War, and that her engines could be seen rusting on the beach at Nassau as late as 1926. In reality, although damaged, she went back to blockade running a few days after her encounter with the gunboat.

On 5 November 1863, Margaret and Jessie′s blockade-running career came to an end when the United States Army transport Fulton and the U.S. Navy armed sidewheel paddle steamers USS Keystone State (1853) and USS Nansemond (1862) captured her off Wilmington, North Carolina, and took her as a prize.

Acquisition, refit, and commissioning
The U.S. Navy purchased Margaret and Jessie from the New York Prize Court for American Civil War service. She underwent a refit, emerging from it lengthened by 16 ft to 221 ft, armed with a 30-pounder Parrott rifle, two 12-pounder rifles, and four 24-pounder howitzers, and with a displacement of 950 tons. She was commissioned into U.S. Navy service as USS Gettysburg at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York, on 2 May 1864 with Lieutenant Roswell Lamson commanding. When commissioned, she had a ship's company of 96.

North Atlantic Blockading Squadron
A fast, strong steamer, Gettysburg was assigned to blockade duty with the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. She departed New York City on 7 May 1864 and arrived at Beaufort, North Carolina, on 14 May 1864. From there she took station at the entrance to the Cape Fear River. For the next seven months, she was engaged in capturing Confederate blockade runners. She captured several ships. She occasionally performed other duties, such as on 8 October 1864, when she rescued six survivors from the schooner Home, which had capsized in a squall.

Battles of Fort Fisher
Gettysburg took part in the First Battle of Fort Fisher on 24–25 December 1864. Gettysburg assisted with a devastating bombardment of Fort Fisher prior to amphibious landings by Union Army troops. During the actual landings, she stood in close to shore to furnish cover for the assault. Gettysburg's boats helped transport troops to the beaches.

With the failure of the first attack on the Confederate works, plans were laid for another assault, this time including a landing force of U.S. Navy sailors and United States Marines, to assault the sea face of the fort. In the Second Battle of Fort Fisher on 15 January 1865, Gettysburg again engaged the fort in the preliminary bombardment, and furnished a detachment of sailors under the command of Lieutenant Lamson and other officers in an assault, which was stopped under the ramparts of Fort Fisher. Lamson and a group of officers and men were forced to spend the night in a ditch under Confederate guns before they could escape. Though failing to take the sea face of Fort Fisher, the attack by the Navy and Marine Corps diverted enough of the defenders to make the Army assault successful. Gettysburg suffered two men killed and six wounded in the assault.

Later war service
Gettysburg spent the remaining months of the war on blockade duty off Wilmington, North Carolina. The war ended in April 1865, and Gettysburg operated from April to June 1865 between Boston, Massachusetts, and Norfolk, Virginia, carrying freight and passengers. She was decommissioned on 23 June 1865 at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn.

Caribbean, 1866–1875
Recommissioning on 3 December 1866, Gettysburg made a cruise to the Caribbean Sea, concluding it with her arrival at Washington, D.C., on 18 February 1867. She decommissioned again on 1 March 1867.

Gettysburg went back into commission on 3 March 1868 at Norfolk and put to sea on 28 March 1868 on special service in the Caribbean. Until July 1868, she visited various ports in the area to protect American interests, among them Kingston, Jamaica, Havana, Cuba, and ports in Haiti. From 3 July to 13 August 1868, Gettysburg assisted in the laying of a telegraph cable from Key West, Florida, to Havana, and joined with scientists from the United States Hydrographic Office in a cruise to determine the longitudes of West Indian points using the electric telegraph. From 13 August 1868 to 1 October 1869, she cruised between various Haitian ports and Key West. She arrived at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn on 8 October 1869, decommissioned the same day, and entered the navy yard for repairs.

Gettysburg was laid up in ordinary until 6 November 1873, when she again commissioned at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. She spent several months transporting men and supplies to the various navy yards on the United States East Coast, and on 25 February 1874 anchored in the harbor at Pensacola, Florida, to embark members of the survey team seeking routes for an inter-oceanic canal in Nicaragua. Gettysburg transported the engineers to Aspinwall, Panama (then a part of Colombia), and Greytown, Nicaragua, and returned them to Norfolk on 10 May 1874. After several more trips along the U.S. East Coast with passengers and supplies, the ship again decommissioned on 9 April 1875 at the Washington Navy Yard.

Recommissioned on 21 September 1875, Gettysburg departed Washington for Norfolk, where she arrived on 14 October 1875 and was assigned to assist in another of the U.S. Hydrographic Office expeditions to improve the safety of navigation. Sources differ on her activities during her subsequent expedition. According to various sources, she made a voyage to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where her embarked Hydrographic Office team made use of the Thomson Sounding Machine to discover the Gorringe Ridge, a seamount about 130 mi west of Portugal along the Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault, on 6 November 1875; they named it "Gorringe Bank" after Gettysburg′s commanding officer, Captain Henry Honychurch Gorringe, and spent time mapping it, determined that it contained two significant peaks, which they named Gettysburg — the highest, at depth of 20 m — after the ship, and Ormonde, the second highest, at a depth of 33 m. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, however, claims that Gettysburg did not depart Norfolk until 7 November 1875 and spent her cruise in the Caribbean, where she conducted hydrographic surveys in the West Indies that supported the creation of precise nautical charts. She concluded her cruise with her arrival at Washington, D.C., on 14 June 1876, decommissioning on 26 June 1876.

Mediterranean, 1876–1879
Gettysburg recommissioned on 20 September 1876, for special duty in the Mediterranean, where she was to obtain navigational information about the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean Sea. Gettysburg departed Norfolk on 17 October 1876 for Europe. During the next two years, she visited nearly every port in the Mediterranean, taking depth soundings and making observations on the southern coast of France, the entire coastline of Italy, and the Adriatic islands. Gettysburg continued to the coast of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia, and from there made soundings on the coast of Egypt and other North African points, Sicily, and Sardinia. On 1 October 1878, while the ship was off the coast of Algeria, Landsman Walter Elmore rescued a fellow sailor from drowning, for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. While visiting Genoa on 22 April 1879, Gettysburg rescued the crew of a small vessel which had run upon the rocks outside the breakwater.

Decommissioning and disposal
Her iron plates corroded from years of almost uninterrupted service and her machinery weakened, Gettysburg was decommissioned on 6 May 1879. She was sold at Genoa, Italy, on 8 May 1879.

title: USS Gettysburg (1858)


text: User:AKLR

title: User:AKLR


text:
Vasily Karatygin

Vasily Andreevich Karatygin (Василий Андреевич Каратыгин) (10 March 1802–-25 March 1853) was a leading actor of Russian Romanticism.

Karatygin joined the Bolshoi Theatre in St Petersburg in 1820 and moved to the Alexandrine Theatre in 1832. He particularly excelled in the numerous productions of Shakespeare's and Schiller's plays, rivalling Moscow's Pavel Mochalov as the greatest Russian actor of his time. The two volumes of his Memoirs are invaluable.

Like other actors of his theatre, Karatygin was buried at the Smolensky Cemetery on Vasilievsky Island. His remains were later transferred to the national pantheon, the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. His wife Alexandra Kolosova was admired for her roles in Molière's comedies.

title: Vasily Karatygin


text:
User talk:BHU

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title: User talk:BHU


text:
The Christmas Song

"The Christmas Song" (commonly subtitled "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire" or, as it was originally subtitled, "Merry Christmas to You") is a classic Christmas song written in 1945 by Robert Wells and Mel Tormé.

The Nat King Cole Trio first recorded the song in June 1946. At Cole's behest – and over the objections of his label, Capitol Records – a second recording was made in August utilizing a small string section. This version became a massive hit on both the pop and R&B charts. Cole again recorded the song in 1953, using the same arrangement with a full orchestra arranged and conducted by Nelson Riddle, and once more in 1961, in a stereophonic version with another full orchestra arranged and conducted by Ralph Carmichael. Cole's 1961 version is generally regarded as definitive and, in 2004, was the most-loved seasonal song with women aged 30–49; while the original 1946 recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1974. In 2022, the 1961 Nat King Cole recording was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Recording Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

History
According to Tormé, the song was written in July 1945 during an exceptionally hot summer. It was in an effort to "stay cool by thinking cool" that the most-performed (according to BMI) Christmas song of all time was born. "I saw a spiral pad on his (Wells's) piano with four lines written in pencil", Tormé recalled. "They started, 'Chestnuts roasting..., Jack Frost nipping..., Yuletide carols..., Folks dressed up like Eskimos.' Bob didn't think he was writing a song lyric. He said he thought if he could immerse himself in winter he could cool off. Forty minutes later that song was written. I wrote all the music and some of the lyrics."

Nat King Cole recordings

First recording Recorded at WMCA Radio Studios, New York City, June 14, 1946. Label credit: The King Cole Trio (Nat King Cole, vocals & piano; Oscar Moore, guitarist; Johnny Miller, bassist). Not issued until 1989, when it was (accidentally ) included on the various-artists compilation Billboard Greatest Christmas Hits (1935–1954) Rhino R1 70637(LP) / R2 70637(CD).

Second recording Recorded at WMCA Radio Studios, New York City, August 19, 1946. First record issue. Label credit: The King Cole Trio with String Choir (Nat King Cole, vocals & piano; Oscar Moore, guitarist; Johnny Miller, bassist; Jack "The Bear" Parker, drummer; Charlie Grean, arranger and conductor of 4 string players and a harpist). Lacquer disc master #981. Issued November 1946 as Capitol 311 (78rpm). It is available on the Cole compilation CDs Capitol Collectors Series and Christmas for Kids: From One to Ninety-Two, as well as on a CD called The Holiday Album, which has 1940s Christmas songs recorded by Cole and Bing Crosby.

Third recording Recorded at Capitol Studios at 5515 Melrose Avenue in Hollywood, on August 24, 1953. It was the song's first magnetic tape recording. Label credit: The King Cole Trio with String Choir (Nat King Cole, vocals; Buddy Cole, pianist; John Collins, guitarist; Charlie Harris, bassist; Lee Young, drummer; Ann Stockton, harp; Charlie Grean, Pete Rugolo and Nelson Riddle, orchestral arrangement; Nelson Riddle, orchestra conductor). Master #11726, take 11. Issued November 1953 as the "new" Capitol 90036(78rpm) / F90036(45rpm) (Capitol first issued 90036 in 1950 with the second recording). Correct label credit issued on October 18, 1954, as Capitol 2955(78rpm) / F2955(45rpm). Label credit: Nat "King" Cole with Orchestra Conducted by Nelson Riddle. This recording is available on the Cole compilation CD Cole, Christmas, & Kids, as well as on the various-artists CDs Ultimate Christmas and Casey Kasem Presents All Time Christmas Favorites. It was also included, along with both 1946 recordings, on the Mosaic Records box set The Complete Capitol Recordings of the Nat King Cole Trio.

Fourth recording Recorded at Capitol Studios, New York City, March 30, 1961. This rendition, the first recorded in stereo, is widely played on radio stations during the Christmas season, and has become the most popular/familiar version of this song. Label credit: Nat King Cole (Nat King Cole, vocals; Hank Jones, pianist; John Collins, guitarist; Charlie Harris, bassist; Lee Young, drummer; Charlie Grean, Pete Rugolo and Ralph Carmichael, orchestral arrangement; Ralph Carmichael, orchestra conductor). The instrumental arrangement is nearly identical to the 1953 version, but Cole's vocals are deeper-sounding and more focused. Originally done for The Nat King Cole Story (a 1961 LP devoted to stereo re-recordings of Cole's earlier hits), this recording was later included in a reissue of Cole's 1960 album The Magic of Christmas replacing "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen". Retitled The Christmas Song, the album was issued in 1963 as Capitol W-1967(mono) / SW-1967(stereo) and today is available both on compact disc and streaming on iTunes. This recording of "The Christmas Song" has also been included on numerous compilation albums of Christmas pop standards (for example, WCBS-FM's Ultimate Christmas Album Volume 3). An alternate take of the 1961 recording, featuring a different vocal and missing the solo piano on the instrumental bridge, appears on the Deluxe Edition of the 2014 compilation The Extraordinary Nat King Cole. There were several covers of Nat Cole's original record in the 1940s. The first of these was said to be by Dick Haymes on the Decca label, but his was released first – not recorded first. The first cover of "The Christmas Song" was performed by pop tenor and bandleader Eddy Howard on Majestic. Howard was a big Cole fan, and also covered Nat's versions of "I Want to Thank Your Folks" and "(I Love You) For Sentimental Reasons", among others.

Charts
For the US Billboard Hot 100 chart dated January 7, 2023, the song entered the top 10 for the first time, giving Cole a record span between appearances of 59 years, six months and a week (since June 29, 1963's "Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer" appearance) and giving the song the record for longest journey to the top 10 (62 years and 26 days), surpassing "Run Rudolph Run" by 8 days. The song had previously peaked at number 11 during the 2018 holiday season.

Other versions

"The Christmas Song" has been covered by numerous artists from a wide variety of genres. In December 1946, Bing Crosby performed it on a recorded radio broadcast with an introduction including Skitch Henderson on piano. Crosby, with the Ken Darby Singers and the John Scott Trotter Orchestra, also made a studio recording on March 19, 1947, which went on to be released as a single later that same year. In 1953, Perry Como performed the song for both the Christmas Joy single and his album Around the Christmas Tree.

In 1999, Christina Aguilera recorded a version and included it on her album, My Kind of Christmas (2000). The song found critical and commercial success and peaked at number eighteen on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart; the second highest position for the song on the chart after the original. Aguilera's cover also reached number seventy-two on the Hot 100 Singles Sales 2000 year-end chart, compiled by Billboard.

In 2003 for his EP Let It Snow, Michael Bublé recorded a cover of the song. It charted at number 6 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. In 2018, Lauren Daigle's cover of the song reached number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Christian Songs chart. In 2021, Jacob Collier's cover of the song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals at the 64th Annual ceremony.

The song has also been covered by Doris Day with the Les Brown Jr. Orchestra of Renown, Ariana Grande, Camila Cabello, The Carpenters, Celine Dion, Ella Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Gillies, Frank Sinatra, The Jackson 5, John Legend, JoJo, Justin Bieber, Kenny Burrell, Luther Vandross, Mariya Takeuchi, Mary J. Blige, Ne-Yo, NSYNC, Pentatonix, Peter Hollens, Shawn Mendes, Brandy, and Toni Braxton, among others.

Mel Tormé recordings
Mel Tormé himself made several recordings of the song, including versions released in 1955 (on his live Coral Records album At the Crescendo), 1961 (on his Verve Records album My Kind of Music), 1970 (on a Columbia Records promo single), 1990 (in a medley with "Autumn Leaves", on his live Concord Records album Mel Tormé Live at the Fujitsu–Concord Festival 1990), and 1992 (on his Telarc Records album Christmas Songs).

The 1970 Columbia version of the song adds an opening verse, written in 1963 while Tormé was working as musical arranger for The Judy Garland Show. He first performed and introduced the opening verse while duetting with Garland on the song for the show's Christmas Special, which aired on December 22, 1963:

Additionally, Tormé's recordings typically include a coda adapted from "Here We Come A-wassailing":

title: The Christmas Song


text: User talk:210.0.209.47

title: User talk:210.0.209.47


text:
Pavel Mochalov

Pavel Stepanovich Mochalov (Павел Степанович Мочалов; 1800–1848) was thought to be the greatest tragedian of Russian Romanticism, much admired by Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Lermontov and other contemporaries.

During his prolonged career at the Malyi Theatre of Moscow, Mochalov gave inspired although uneven performances in melodrama and neoclassical tragedy, as well as Shakespearean works. He excelled in plays by Friedrich Schiller, in the title role of Don Carlos, as both Karl Moor and Franz Moor in The Robbers, and as Mortimer in Maria Stuart; and in title roles in Shakespeare's plays as Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Richard III. His acting had a Byronic flavour and relied heavily upon inspiration.

Sometimes styled the "Russian Kean", Mochalov was frequently compared with his St Petersburg rival, Vasily Karatygin, whose acting was more poised and calculated.

title: Pavel Mochalov


text: User talk:209.172.97.76

title: User talk:209.172.97.76


text: User talk:209.121.91.81

title: User talk:209.121.91.81


text:
Larvik Turn

Larvik Turn & Idrettsforening is a Norwegian sports club that does football, handball, athletics, wrestling, and gymnastics.

The club was founded as early as 1865, and has been playing football since 1906. The football team was at its best during the 1950s, when it won the Norwegian Premier League three times; in 1953, 1955, and 1956. The club's only cup final appearance came in 1956, but this match was lost 2–1 to Skeid. Former Norwegian internationals Gunnar Thoresen, Hallvar Thoresen, Tom Sundby and Gunnar Halle have all played for Larvik Turn & I.F.

The most prominent representative of the athletics section is Lars Martin Kaupang, who had the Norwegian record in 1500 metres with 3:37.4 minutes from 30 June 1976 until 29 April 2012.

League participations
First Level: 1937–1948 (League wasn't played between 1939 and 1947 due to German invasion), 1952–1962

Second Level: 1948–1952, 1963, 1973–1977 (5 seasons)

Third Level: 1964–1967 (4 seasons), 1970–1972 (3 seasons), 1978–1982 (5 seasons), 1988, 1997–1998 (2 seasons)

Fourth Level: 1968–1969 (2 seasons), 1983–1987 (5 seasons), 1989–1996 (8 seasons), 1999–

title: Larvik Turn


text:
1860–1861 New Zealand general election

The 1860–1861 New Zealand general election was held between 12 December 1860 and 28 March 1861 to elect 53 MPs to the third session of the New Zealand Parliament. 13,196 electors were registered.

1860 was the year gold miners who held a Miner’s Right continuously for at least three months were able to vote without having to own, lease or rent property.

Results

title: 1860–1861 New Zealand general election


text: User talk:207.36.118.172

title: User talk:207.36.118.172