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Talk:Pony car

Pre-Mustang "Pony cars"?
Wouldn't the mid-1950s original Ford Thunderbird and the Studebaker Avanti be considered pony cars, even though they predated the Mustang?

 * I'd say not. Both were too expensive and were pitched at an older, more affluent demographic.  I'd call them early forms of the personal luxury car.  RivGuySC 22:56, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I would agree. The success of the Mustang and its imitators was because they were substantially more affordable than the T-Bird and the Avanti -- the Avanti's base price was nearly $2,000 higher than the Mustang, which put it out of reach of many buyers. ArgentLA 10:52, 30 October 2005

Origin of the "pony car"
It is well known, accepted, and documented that the Ford Mustang established the term "pony car". Please provide sources before changing this article to state that the Chevrolet originated the term "pony car". This means identifying proof that the particular model you identify as coining the "horse-related" term was available for sale .. not just a concept car. Note that the Rambler Tarpon was shown to the public before the Ford Mustang went on sale. The original Plymouth Barracuda preceded the Ford Mustang to market by two weeks. Nevertheless, this market segment is called "pony car" -- NOT the "fish car" market segment! Why? Because of the impact of the original Mustang on the automobile marketplace. CZmarlin 03:41, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

this is not a personal blog, and its clear when the word mustang appears 3 or more times 1 paragraph that its bias for mustang lovers. its wikipedia not a mustang fan site. mustang did not copyright the word pony nor car so the proof is weak.

if in fact mustang inpired the term pony car then it should be under origins not the head line. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.169.201.145 (talk) 23:32, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * There is sufficient referenced documentation from third party sources that the origin and inspiration of the pony car term came from the Ford Mustang. To deny this in the head of the article is to avoid the obvious. Thanks! CZmarlin (talk) 10:41, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

russian link
I have removed the russian link in external as per WP:EXTERNAL. If you do not feel this edit was correct then revert and leave a note here as to how it fits in the article and wiki guidelines. Anubis1055 (talk) 04:23, 5 May 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.169.201.145 (talk) 23:28, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Was the Plymouth Duster a pony car?
Plymouth revisited the concept of the original Barracuda in 1970 by creating a special coupe version of the Valiant called the Duster. Would the Duster be considered a pony car? Are there any documents referring to the Duster as a pony car? No signature (talk) 19:44, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

No. Watchdevil (talk) 22:44, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

Opinion
I moved the following comment that was part of revision 300930735 by 71.218.2.133 from the article. It was added to the list of pony and muscle cars by automaker, but it is an opinion that belongs here.

 * This list is incorrect the AMX had a shorter wheelbase of 97 inches and is the pony car while the Javelin had a wheelbase of well over 100 inches and is the muscle car.

In my view, the correct classification for the Javelin is as pony car (it was the same size and marketed directly against the Mustang, Camaro, etc.), the AMX is more properly a two-seat sports car, while The Machine (AMC Rebel/Matador) the mid-size muscle car (although AMC produced a variety of other models). CZmarlin (talk) 21:27, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Hyundai Coupe? and Origin of Pony Car
First off, I agree with all what CZmarlin said about the term Pony car, its origins, and believe that the article doesn't need editing in that sense. Other than that, do you guys really believe the Hyundai Genesis Coupe qualifies to be termed a pony car? Not forgetting that Pony cars are in reality affordable MUSCLE cars, not tuner cars. Whoever believes the Hyundai Coupe is a Pony car, why don't you include the Mitsubishi Eclipe? Lance? Honda Civic? And the list of tuner cars goes on and on and on...

Anyway, let me know what you think, and good article overall everyone :)

(Darkanius (talk) 15:35, 1 December 2009 (UTC))

Overseas cars
Hi Watchdevil. Thanks for digging up the reference showing the link between the Capri and pony cars. Here are a couple of tweaks I would like to make: On another topic, in the "Expansion and decline" section, I think the text in the length captions should be moved to the body, and the captions be just the model name and year. Do you see any issues with this? Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 23:48, 10 March 2019 (UTC)
 * re-wording "as a captive import absent of divisional badging" so that it is easier understood by non-car people outside the U.S.
 * I do not think the Capri sports car being sold in Australia and South Africa is relevant to pony cars, so I think this sentance should be removed

I do not think the original wording about the Capri being a captive import without divisional badging was a confusing issue to anyone. Watchdevil (talk) 19:39, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

 * My concern is that "divisional badging" is not easily understood by casual readers outside North America. So I think it would be better if the fact that it was sold without a Ford or Mercury badge could be explained with different wording. Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 10:21, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

 * On second thoughts, I believe that explanations about the badging and how the imported model was marketed is a level of detail better suited to the article about the model itself, rather than an article that gives an overview of the whole segment. Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 08:40, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

March 2019
Hi Watchdevil. I think the following changes would improve the first paragraph of the 'Expansion and decline' section, so I would like to make them: Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 01:33, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Changing the size comparison from prose to dot points, for easier readability.
 * Moving the Big Block Engine sentance to the following paragraph which also discusses engines
 * Removing "Specialty car buyers were better educated and had more money than the average car buyer"
 * Re-wording of various phrases (as copy edits, no intention to change their overall meaning).

Common Characteristics in Intro
In the intro, here's what it says are the "Common Characteristics" of pony cars: They "…include rear-wheel drive, a long hood, a short decklid, a wide range of options to individualize each car and use of mass-produced parts shared with other models." Huh? Except for the short decklid, this is pretty much a description of all the cars of the era. Surely there must be a better set of "common characteristics. (Judging from the name "pony car," I would guess they were all fairly small, which also explains the short decklid.) —MiguelMunoz (talk) 07:00, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Hello MiguelMunoz,
 * Standard domestic cars during the 1960s typically featured long trunk lids not only to accentuate their length, but also to afford space for luggage. The Ford Mustang marketing began in 1964 and the car was revolutionary in featuring a long hood and a short rear deck and a small trunk space. It required special maneuvering to remove the spare tire because of the limited opening.
 * You can compare the relative proportions on the standard large and compact line of cars marketed by American Motors. Their pony car class car, the Javelin was introduced for 1968 and featured a very short rear deck.
 * Another feature of the pony cars was the almost endless options available. The standard cars offered certain levels of power trains along with appropriate levels of trim and convenience features depending on their size and market positioning. In other words, small cars were focused on frugal buyers and typically had limited basic options while large-sized cars provided many standard comfort and convenience features that were not available on smaller or more down-market models. For example, the original Mustang was based on Ford's economy model, the Ford Falcon. However, unlike the Falcon which was limited to basic options, the Mustang could be made as plain, fancy, economical, performance-focused, luxurious, etc. It was even promoted as "The car designed to be designed by you." The 1965 Ford Mustang was available with over 70 options from the factory. This was a highly effective method of increasing profits for the dealer and Ford, while the buyers got exactly what they wanted.
 * The variety of options, as well as the distinctive long hood and short rear deck, were unique to pony cars during that era. Of course, the styling was soon copied over to other cars as well as the making available more options. Nevertheless, these remain the distinctive features that characterized the original pony car segment.
 * Cheers! CZmarlin (talk) 23:42, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

FALCON
I can't see how anyone could possibly justify the Barracuda to be the first pony car?? The Falcon has nearly all the same options and underpinnings found on a Mustang and Sprint V8 cars pre-date the Barracuda and Mustang. The Mustang was simply better than either in overall appeal, thus the pony car moniker! 98.17.163.219 (talk) 09:37, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pony car


text:
Cumberland House

Cumberland House was a mansion on the south side of Pall Mall in London, England. It was built in the 1760s by Matthew Brettingham for Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany and was originally called York House. The Duke of York died in 1767 aged just twenty eight and the house was taken over by Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, whose name it has retained.

Description
Brettingham's house was in a late Palladian style. It was seven bays wide with three main storeys plus basement and attics and was built of brick with stone dressings. The Duke of Cumberland made various alterations. He built a projecting west wing on the site of a neighbouring house that he purchased and added a pair of lodges flanking the forecourt, probably all to designs by Robert Adam. Adam also made many designs for remodelling the interiors, which are now in the collection at the Sir John Soane's Museum, but only a few of them were carried out.

The Duke of Cumberland died in 1790, and in 1800, the widowed Duchess surrendered it to the banks who held mortgages on it.

The house was sold to the Union Club in 1801 and in 1806 it was purchased by the Board of Ordnance. From 1858 it housed the War Office; a statue of Sidney Herbert was placed in the front courtyard in 1867. An eastern counterpart to the west wing was added in 1809. Cumberland House was used by the government for just over a hundred years. The War Office also acquired several neighbouring houses, including Schomberg House, and knocked them together to form a large office complex. Cumberland House was demolished in stages between 1908 and 1911. The site is now occupied by the Royal Automobile Club.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cumberland House


text:
Calada

Calada is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. There are two described species, both endemic to Argentina.

Species

 * Calada fuegensis
 * Calada migueli

title: Calada


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shillian

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Radiant_ >|< 08:56, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Shillian
No hits on Google for this or the faith it claims to descend from. As such, violates WP:NOR. Delete. Alphax τεχ 07:46, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unable to verify any of it. Probably a hoax. --GraemeL (talk) 12:05, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above Dottore So 05:33, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. -- Kjkolb 11:00, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Relisting, yet another in a perplexingly large number of 20 August VfDs that attracted hardly any discussion. --Tony Sidaway Talk 01:16, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Usually, that is because Wikipedians believe they are slum-dunk deletes. My vote? Delete. --Tito xd 01:21, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Usually. Usually isn't enough. No deletion without consensus. No deletion if there is doubt. These are the principles which we try to embody. --Tony Sidaway Talk 01:27, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * merge if this is some sci-fi/fantasy fancruft. Else DELETERoodog2k 02:22, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax/fancruft. *drew 02:49, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Impossible to verify. Amren (talk) 04:19, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.   Paul Klenk 04:22, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The biggest clue is that no ethnic group or nationality -- or even a geographical place -- is mentioned.  Google did hit the name "BA Lorian," who I would suspect is not expecting to be a religion. --KJPurscell 06:02, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User:Harvzsf

title: User:Harvzsf


text:
Persulfate

A persulfate (sometimes known as peroxysulfate or peroxodisulfate) is a compound containing the anions or. The anion contains one peroxide group per sulfur center, whereas in, the peroxide group bridges the sulfur atoms. In both cases, sulfur adopts the normal tetrahedral geometry typical for the S(VI) oxidation state. These salts are strong oxidizers.

Ions

 * Peroxomonosulfate ion,
 * Peroxydisulfate

Acids

 * Peroxymonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid), H2SO5
 * Peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8

Example salts

 * Sodium peroxomonosulfate, Na2SO5
 * Potassium peroxymonosulfate, KHSO5
 * Sodium persulfate (sodium peroxydisulfate), Na2S2O8
 * Ammonium persulfate (ammonium peroxydisulfate), (NH4)2S2O8
 * Potassium persulfate (potassium peroxydisulfate), K2S2O8

title: Persulfate


text:
Yakov Dzhugashvili

Yakov Iosifovich Dzhugashvili (31 March 1907 – 14 April 1943) was the eldest son of Joseph Stalin, the only child of Stalin's first wife, Kato Svanidze, who died nine months after his birth. His father, then a young revolutionary in his mid-20s, left the child to be raised by his late wife's family. In 1921, when Dzhugashvili had reached the age of fourteen, he was brought to Moscow, where his father had become a leading figure in the Bolshevik government, eventually becoming head of the Soviet Union. Disregarded by Stalin, Dzhugashvili was a shy, quiet child who appeared unhappy and attempted suicide several times as a youth. Married twice, Dzhugashvili had three children, two of whom reached adulthood.

Dzhugashvili studied to become an engineer, then – on his father's insistence – he enrolled in training to be an artillery officer. He finished his studies weeks before Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. Sent to the front, he was imprisoned by the Germans and died at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1943 after his father refused to make a deal to secure his release.

Georgia
Dzhugashvili was born 31 March 1907 in Baji, a village in the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Georgia). His mother, Kato Svanidze, was from Racha and a descendant of minor Georgian nobility. His father, Ioseb Dzhugashvili, was from Gori and was a Bolshevik revolutionary. A few months after Dzhugashvili's birth, his father was involved in a high-profile Tiflis bank robbery, and the three of them fled to Baku to avoid arrest. They rented a "Tartar house with a low ceiling on the Bailov Peninsula" just outside the city right on the sea. They returned to Tiflis in October that year as Svanidze was quite ill. She died on 5 December 1907, having likely contracted typhus on the trip back. Ioseb left Tiflis immediately after her death, abandoning 8-month-old Iakob to be raised by his Svanidze relatives. Ioseb, who later adopted the name Joseph Stalin, did not return to visit his son until several years later, and Iakob was raised by his aunts for the next fourteen years.

Moscow
In 1921, Dzhugashvili was brought to Moscow to live with his father. His half-siblings Svetlana and Vasily were born after he moved. This proved difficult for Dzhugashvili as he did not understand Russian and his father was hostile to him, even forbidding him from adopting the name "Stalin". It is not clear why Stalin had hostility to his son, but it is believed that he reminded Stalin of Svanidze, which was one of the happier times in Stalin's life. Living in Stalin's apartments at the Amusement Palace in the Kremlin, Dzhugashvili slept in the dining room. A kind individual, Dzhughashvili was close to his half-siblings, as well as his step-mother Nadezhda Alliluyeva, who was only six years older than him.

Though Dzhugashvili was interested in studying at a university, Stalin did not initially allow it, and it was not until 1930 when he was 23 that Dzhugashvili was admitted. He graduated from the Institute of Transport in 1935, and for the next couple years worked as a chimney-sweep engineer at an electric plant factory named after his father. In 1937, he entered the Artillery Academy, and graduated from there on 9 May 1941.

Marriages and family
Dzhugashvili's first serious relationship was with Zoya Gunina, the daughter of an Orthodox priest and a former classmate of his. In 1928, Dzhugashvili made it known that he wanted to marry Zoya, who was then sixteen. Stalin became enraged at the idea and in response Dzhugashvili attempted suicide, shooting himself in the chest and narrowly missing his heart. While Alliluyeva and Svetlana helped Dzhugashvili, Stalin is reported to have brushed off the attempt by saying "He can't even shoot straight." Dzhugashvili spent several months in the hospital recovering from this ordeal, though the couple did ultimately marry and moved to Leningrad. A daughter was born on 7 February 1929, but she died eight months later of pneumonia and Dzhugashvili and Gunina split up, although they did not officially divorce.

After his return to Moscow, Dzhugashvili was rumoured to be marrying Ketevan Orakhelashvili, the daughter of Mamia Orakhelashvili, the First Secretary of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. However, Dzhugashvili was shy around her so she instead married Evgeni Mikeladze, a prominent orchestra conductor, earning ridicule from Stalin. His next girlfriend was Olga Golysheva, who was also a student at the Moscow Aviation School. They became engaged but soon that ended and she returned to her home in the Stalingrad Oblast. A son, Yevgeny was born on 10 January 1936, after Golysheva returned home. Dzugashvili only learnt of his son in 1938 and ensured he took his surname, though Stalin never recognised Yevgeny as his grandson.

Dzhugashvili married Yulia Meltzer, a well-known Jewish dancer from Odessa. After meeting Meltzer at a reception in a restaurant, Dzhugashvili fought with her second husband, an NKVD officer called Nikolai Bessarab, an aide to Stanislav Redens, the head of the Moscow Oblast NKVD and brother-in-law of Stalin. They soon were married. Historian Miklós Kun has suggested that Meltzer "must have been tempted to gain entry into Stalin's court by means of her marriage," though this did not work due to the animosity between Stalin and Dzhugashvili. They soon moved into an apartment together, though were only legally married on 18 February 1938, the day before their only child, daughter Galina, was born.

Capture

On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany and its allies launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Stalin ensured that Dzughashvili and Artyom Sergeyev, his adopted son and fellow artillery officer, went to the front lines. Serving as a lieutenant with a battery of the 14th Howitzer Regiment of the 14th Tank Division near Vitebsk, Dzhugashvili was captured on 16 July during the Battle of Smolensk. The circumstances of his capture are disputed: Sergeyev later said that "the Germans surrounded Yakov's battery. The order was given to retreat. But Yakov did not obey the order. I tried to persuade him... but Yakov answered: 'I am the son of Stalin and I do not permit the battery to retreat." Other sources, including Soviet prisoners interrogated, claimed that they willingly gave up Dzhugashvili as they hated the Soviet system. Material from the Russian archives also suggests that he surrendered willingly.

The Germans announced the capture of Dzughashvili on 19 July. Stalin reacted negatively to the news: he had previously ordered that no soldiers were to surrender, so the idea that his own son had done so was seen as a disgrace. He was angry that Dzughashvili had not killed himself instead of being captured, and suspected that someone had betrayed him. Meltzer was not immediately told the news and, suspicious of her motives and the idea that Dzhugashvili surrendered, Stalin had her arrested. With Meltzer imprisoned, Svetlana took care of Galina.

Prisoner of war
In an attempt to conceal his identity, Dzhugashvili apparently removed his officer's insignia and tried to pass as a soldier, although he was soon recognised and given to the Abwehr (German military intelligence) for interrogation. During the interrogation, Dzughashvili openly criticised his division and other units of the Red Army, saying they were unprepared for the war, and further commented that military commanders behaved poorly. He felt that the United Kingdom was weak and had "never helped anyone", while praising Germany, noting it was the only major empire left and that the "whole of Europe would be nothing" without it. Although his wife and her family were ethnically Jewish, Dzughashvili was also openly anti-Semitic, claiming Jews "trade, or aspire to careers in engineering, but they do not want to be workers, technicians, or peasant laborers. That's why no one in our country respects the Jews."

The Germans intended to use Dzhugashvili in their propaganda against the Soviets. He was pictured on leaflets dropped over Soviet soldiers, shown smiling with his captors. The back of the leaflet was part of a letter he wrote to Stalin shortly after his capture: "Dear Father! I have been taken prisoner. I am in good health. I will soon be sent to a camp for officers in Germany. I am being treated well. I wish you good health! Greetings to everyone. Yasha." The Soviet Union responded in kind via propaganda: Krasnaya Zvezda ("Red Star"), the official newspaper of the Red Army, announced on 15 August 1941 that Dzhugashvili would be awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his actions during the Battle of Smolensk. He was subsequently moved to a guarded villa in Berlin, where Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Propaganda Minister, hoped to use him on Russian-language radio broadcasts. When that failed to materialise, Dzhugashvili was moved to Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

While interned there, Dzhugashvili was constantly frequented by visitors who wanted to meet and photograph the son of Stalin, meetings which began to distress him. He also quarrelled with the British prisoners, and would frequently get in physical altercations with them. After German field marshal Friedrich Paulus surrendered at the Battle of Stalingrad in February 1943, the Germans offered to exchange Dzhugashvili for him, although he specifically asked not to be exchanged for a field marshal. This was outright refused by Stalin, who later stated "Just think how many sons ended in camps! Who would swap them for Paulus? Were they worse than Yakov?" Soviet Foreign Affairs Minister Vyacheslav Molotov also recounted that Stalin refused to swap his son for Paulus because "All of them [Soviet prisoners of war] are my sons." According to Nikolai Tolstoy, there was a proposal from Adolf Hitler to exchange Dzhugashvili for his half-nephew Leo Raubal, but this was not accepted either.

Death
On 14 April 1943, Dzhugashvili died at the Sachsenhausen camp. Initially, the details of his death were disputed: one account had him running into the electric fence surrounding the camp. However, it had also been suggested that he was shot by the Germans; Kun speculated that it is "conceivable that he committed suicide: he had suicidal tendencies in his youth".

Upon hearing of his son's death, Stalin reportedly stared at his photograph; he would later soften his stance towards Dzhugashvili, saying he was "a real man" and that "fate treated him unjustly." Meltzer would be released in 1946 and re-united with Galina, though the years apart had made Galina distant from her mother. In 1977, Dzhugashvili was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, first class, although this was done secretly and the family was not allowed to collect the medal itself.

After the war, British officers in charge of captured German archives came upon the papers depicting Dzhugashvili's death at Sachsenhausen. The German records indicated that he was shot after he ran into an electric fence attempting to flee after an argument with the British prisoners; an autopsy showed he died from electrocution before he was shot. The British Foreign Office briefly considered presenting these papers to Stalin at the Potsdam Conference as a gesture of condolence. They scrapped the idea because neither the British nor the Americans had informed the Soviets that they had captured key German archives, and sharing those papers with Stalin would have prompted the Soviets to inquire about the source of these records.

title: Yakov Dzhugashvili


text: User talk:84.60.53.123

title: User talk:84.60.53.123


text:
Allerton Castle

Allerton Castle, also known as Allerton Park, is a Grade I listed nineteenth-century Gothic or Victorian Gothic house at Allerton Mauleverer in North Yorkshire, England. It was rebuilt by architect George Martin, of Baker Street, London in 1843–53.

It is 10 mi east of Harrogate and just east of the A1(M), at its junction with the A59 York-Knaresborough road and a late 20th-century block used for education and corporate functions.

Outside is St Martin's Church, Allerton Mauleverer.

Pre-1786
The Allerton estate belonged to the Mauleverer family from the time of the Norman Conquest. The nearby church of St Martin contains several tomb-monuments to them. When Richard Mauleverer died heirless in 1692, Allerton passed to his wife, who left the estate to Richard Arundell, her son by her second marriage.

Arundell remodelled the church in Norman revival style in 1745. The interior of the church remains unaltered to this day.

"The Grand Old Duke of York"
Following Richard Arundell's death in 1758, Allerton passed to his widow Lady Frances Arundell and on her death in 1769 to her nephew Viscount Galway. His son Robert Monckton-Arundell, the 4th Viscount, rebuilt the house about 1780 to designs attributed to William Lindley, but he sold it in 1786 to Prince Frederick, Duke of York, second son of George III and brother of George IV.

The Duke of York employed Henry Holland in 1788 to remodel the interior of the house, but sold the estate to Thomas Thornton shortly afterwards in 1789.

The Duke may also have constructed the Temple of Victory, which is today visible from the A1 on a 200 ft high hill. According to local legend, the ant-like activity of workers constantly ascending and descending to build this gigantic mound inspired the famous nursery rhyme concerning The Grand Old Duke of York and his 10,000 men.

1805–1983
The estate changed hands again in 1805 when purchased by the 17th Baron Stourton. The Hon Edward Stourton's family owned the house from 1805 to 1983 (the Lords Mowbray). The contents were sold in 1965.

It then became 'Stourton House', and the Catholic peer added a chapel in Gothic style. However, in 1843 his son demolished the Georgian house and engaged George Martin, to build the present house in a Tudor-Gothic style. In 1856 work came to a halt as there was not enough money to complete all the interiors.

The house was used by the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War (for the headquarters of RAF Bomber Command's No. 6 Group RCAF) and in 1965.

The family ceased to live there after the death of the 22nd Baron Stourton.

1983–present
In 1983 the house was sold to Dr Gerald Rolph, an American businessman. The purchase included the house and gardens, but not the surrounding park which was retained by Lord Mowbray. Dr Rolph set about renovating the building to the highest standards, filling the house with furniture and pictures of appropriate scale and splendour.

The estate is now run by the Gerald Arthur Rolph Foundation for Historic Preservation and Education, and rooms are available to hire for corporate events and weddings.

A severe fire in January 2005 caused substantial damage to the north aspect of the castle, including the main dining room, library, rear entrance hall, two bedrooms and adjoining dressing rooms and bathrooms and the Servants' Wing. Restoration work commenced in the spring of 2006 and is now more or less complete. The restoration work by specialist contractors consisted of substantial repairs to the ornate stonework and windows, the installation of new floors at first, second and attic levels, significant steelwork, and a new roof structure to match the existing roof. Electrical, plumbing and heating installations as well as plasterwork were also renewed.

Arrangement
A short drive leads past a late 18th-century stable-block before the visitor is confronted with the Tudor-Gothic Victorian building. The main block is built of dark-coloured stone, with a high tower rising above the entrance porch. The lower brick range to the right houses the Chapel of 1805, and behind are the lower buildings of the service courtyard, dating from the 18th century.

The interior of Allerton was designed on a vast scale, with late-Gothic decoration in the style of Pugin's work on the Palace of Westminster. The early-Victorian craftsmanship and the recent restoration work are of the highest quality.

The galleried great hall is one of the highest baronial halls in England, almost 70 ft high, lit from a huge lantern which rises from the centre of the main block. It is adorned by intricately carved oak panelling lit by stained glass windows, and has galleried landings whose walls are hung with full-length portraits including works by Michael Dahl and William Dobson.

The hall is central and gives access to the elegant drawing room, the blue-and-white ballroom, and the library with bookcases based on the original designs and restored in the on-site workshop. Most of the original bookcases, together with the books, were destroyed in the fire. The wallpaper was based on one of Pugin's designs for the Houses of Parliament and the ceiling has recently been repainted in the original colours.

The principal staircase opens off the great hall, under another vaulted ceiling hung with portraits of the Mowbray and Stourton families.

The library and dining room occupy the north side of the Hall. The dining room is panelled and has stained glass windows with the arms of the Mowbray and Stourton families. On the huge table, original to the house, are candelabra dating from 1848.

The drawing room has a magnificent plaster ceiling. On the walls are portraits by Michael Dahl and Charles Jervas, and vast rococo mirrors, made for Melton Constable Hall in Norfolk. The ballroom, in the west of the house, was left with bare masonry by Lord Mowbray and Stourton, but Dr Rolph has decorated it with a plaster vaulted ceiling.

On the entrance-side of the house are the Billiard Room, the Music Room, housing a collection of late-19th and early-20th century automatic musical instruments, and the Morning Room.

On a knoll to the west of the house is the Grade II* listed "Temple of Victory", a fine octagonal building of Palladian design.

St Mary's Chapel
The chapel was added in 1807, and was probably designed by Peter Atkinson, in the Gothick style. It is constructed of a mixture of brown and cream brick, and has a slate roof. It has a three-bay nave, a crossing, and a one-bay chancel. The windows are lancets, and there are three blind lancets at the east end. The entrance is at the west end, directly from the house, and above it is a balcony with access directly from the master bedroom. The chapel was grade II* listed in 1985.

title: Allerton Castle


text: User talk:195.250.64.76

title: User talk:195.250.64.76


text:
Irish Australians

Irish Australians (Gael-Astrálaigh) are residents of Australia who are fully or partially of Irish descent. Irish immigrants and descendants have been a prominent presence in the Australian populace since the First Fleet's arrival in New South Wales in 1788.

Irish Australians have played a considerable role in the history of Australia. They came to Australia from the late eighteenth century as convicts and free settlers wanting to immigrate from their homeland. Some of those who were transported to Australia were prisoners of war, many of whom had fought in the 1798 Irish rebellion for independence, whereas others were settlers who struggled to establish their lives during the Irish famine and the harsh years in Ireland that followed. They made substantial contributions to Australia's development in many different areas. In the late 19th century, Irish Australians constituted up to a third of the country's population.

There is no definitive figure of the total number of Australians with an Irish background. At the 2021 Australian census, 2,410,833 residents identified themselves as having Irish ancestry either alone or in combination with another ancestry. This nominated ancestry was third behind English and Australian in terms of the largest number of responses and represents 9.5% of the total population of Australia. However this figure does not include Australians with an Irish background who chose to nominate themselves as 'Australian' or other ancestries. The Australian embassy in Dublin states that up to 30% of the population claim some degree of Irish ancestry.

Demographic history

Around 40,000 Irish convicts were transported to Australia between 1791 and 1867, including at least 325 who had participated in either the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the rebellion of 1803 or the Young Ireland skirmishes in 1848. Once in Australia, some were involved in the 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion. Continual tension on Norfolk Island in the same year also led to an Irish revolt. Both risings were soon crushed. As late as the 1860s Fenian prisoners were being transported, particularly to Western Australia, where the Catalpa rescue of Irish radicals off Rockingham was a memorable episode.

Other than convicts, most of the laborers who voluntarily emigrated to Australia in the 19th century were drawn from the poorest sector of British and Irish society. After 1831, the Australian colonies employed a system of government assistance in which all or most immigration costs were paid for chosen immigrants, and the colonial authorities used these schemes to exercise some control over immigration. While these assisted schemes were biased against the poorest elements of society, the very poor could overcome these hurdles in several ways, such as relying on local assistance or help from relatives.

Most Irish emigrants to Australia were free settlers. The 1891 census of Australia counted 228,000 Irish-born. At the time the Irish made up about 27 percent of the immigrants from the British Isles. The number of Ireland-born in Australia peaked in 1891. A decade later the number of Ireland-born had dropped to 184,035. Dominion status for the Irish Free State in 1922 did not diminish arrivals from Ireland as Irish people were still British subjects. This changed after the Second World War, as people migrating from the new Republic of Ireland (which came into being in April 1949) were no longer British subjects eligible for the assisted passage. People from Northern Ireland continued to be eligible for this as British citizens. Only during the 1960s did migration from the south of Ireland reduce significantly. By 2002, around one thousand persons born in Ireland – north and south – were migrating permanently to Australia each year.

Irish and Aboriginal People
It has been argued that Irish Australians and Aboriginal people (including those of mixed descent) feel that there is a historical and sentimental link between the two groups. The shared oppression of Aboriginal and Irish people by the British is seen as giving them common historical ground.

The historian Patrick O'Farrell argued that (in contrast to other colonists) Irish Catholics treated Aboriginal people as equals, as evidenced by their willingness to intermarry, thus giving rise to the Irish surnames prominent among Aboriginal activists.

This argument has been questioned. It has been pointed out that under the new colonial and state administrations, a European-style surname was required for official records relating to Aboriginal people. The local police (often of Irish stock) collected the relevant census data and allocated their own names to Aboriginal people for official purposes. In addition, however, many such policemen fathered children to casual or long-term partners from Aboriginal communities.

Orphans
Over four thousand young female orphans from Irish workhouses were shipped to the Australian colonies at the time of the Great Famine (1848–50) to meet a demand for domestic servants. Some settlers greeted them with hostility and some were exploited or abused by employers and others. Although a number eventually died in poverty, others made upwardly mobile marriages, often surviving older husbands to experience long widowhoods. The Catholic Church only became involved in the 1870s, when its relief agencies in England were overwhelmed with Irish immigration. Even so, only about 10% of the resettlements were through Catholic agencies until after World War II. Australian Catholic groups began importing children in the 1920s to increase the Catholic population, and became heavily engaged in placing and educating them after World War II. The practice quietly died out during the 1950s.

Irish language
The first convicts and soldiers to arrive in Australia included a large number of Irish speakers, an example being private Patrick Geary, who in 1808 acted as court interpreter for Patrick Henchan, a convict accused of theft. An account from 1800 refers to convicts speaking Irish among themselves (this being regarded as evidence of conspiracy), and it was acknowledged in the 1820s that priests could not perform their duties in the colony of New South Wales without a knowledge of the language. There is a reference to Irish-speaking bushrangers in Van Diemen's Land in the early nineteenth century. The gold rushes of the 1850s attracted many Irish to the colony of Victoria, with a high proportion of Irish speakers. An Irish-speaking priest, Fr Stack, was appointed to minister to Irish miners in the gold-rush locality of Bendigo. Irish immigration was at its height in the 1860s, the main counties of origin being Clare, Tipperary, Limerick and Kilkenny, all of them areas where the language was still strong. Irish continued to be spoken in Australian country districts where the Irish had settled, and there is some evidence of its being transmitted to the next generation.

The Gaelic revival in Ireland at the end of the nineteenth century found a response in Melbourne and Sydney, with branches of the Gaelic League being established. The 1970s saw a renewal of interest in the language, chiefly among Australians of Irish descent, and there is now a network of Irish speakers in the major cities. The Department of Celtic Studies at the University of Sydney offers courses in Old Irish and Modern Irish, and Newman College (University of Melbourne) houses a collection of books and manuscripts in Irish often used by scholars. Australians have published fiction, poetry and journalism in Irish.

Australian Irish Sign Language
Alongside the oral Irish language, ISL (or Irish Sign Language) arrived with Dominican Nuns in 1875 with the construction of three schools where Australian Irish Sign Language (AISL) was taught. As a Francosign language, AISL is quite distinct from Auslan and other Banzsl languages, though it is also notably unrelated neither to Gaeilge nor to the numerous Australian Aboriginal sign languages.

AISL and the more dominant Australian sign language, Auslan, were used as the primary languages of Deaf instruction from the late 1800s to the early 1950s. By this point, however, with all sign languages experiencing the effects of oralism and audism, AISL has over time become relegated to small friend groups and select families.

Politics
Although Catholic Irish were not generally politically powerful, the large number of Irish combined with universal male suffrage made it possible for Irish to sometimes gain office, such as the Victorian premiers John O'Shanassy (1857, 1858–59, 1861–63) and Charles Gavan Duffy (1871–72). Peter Lalor was the leader of the 1854 Eureka Rebellion, later a conservative member of parliament.

Before 1890, Irish Catholics opposed Henry Parkes, the main liberal leader, and free trade, since both represented Protestant, English landholding and wealthy business interests. In the great strike of 1890 Cardinal Moran, the head of the church, was sympathetic toward unions, but Catholic newspapers were critical of organised labour throughout the decade. After 1900, Catholics joined the Labor Party because its stress on equality and social welfare appealed to people who were workers and small farmers. In the 1910 elections Labor gained in areas where the concentration of Catholics was above average, and the number of Catholics in Labor's parliamentary ranks rose.

World War I
Irish Catholics comprised a quarter of Australia's population in the early 20th century. They were largely working-class and voted for the Labor Party. The referendum on conscription in 1917, following the Easter Uprising in Dublin, caused an identification between the Irish, Sinn Féin, and the anti-conscription section of Labor. Pro-conscription forces exploited this, denouncing outspoken anti-conscription Catholics, such as Archbishop Mannix, and T. J. Ryan, the Premier of Queensland, for disloyalty. In general, Protestants, armed with the authority of tradition, championed the idea of Australia as an integral part of the Empire; and Catholics, freed from that authority by their Irish origins and their working-class affiliations, looked to the future by placing Australia first and the Empire second. There was no simple correlation between Catholicism, Protestantism and conscription, but the idea of an anti-conscription Catholic-Labor alliance stuck for many years. Immediately after the War, Mannix's outspoken support for the cause of Irish independence caused further division, culminating in his arrest on the high seas by the Royal Navy in 1920 to prevent his landing in Ireland.

Irish Australians in politics
Irish Australians have been prominent in Australian politics, primarily through the vehicle of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), whose support base was historically dominated by working-class Catholics of Irish descent. James Scullin was Australia's first Irish, as well as Catholic, Prime Minister in 1929. Labor Prime Ministers John Curtin, Ben Chifley and Paul Keating were also of Irish Catholic stock. Anthony Albanese, whose mother was Irish-Australian, was elected Prime Minister of Australia in 2022 as well.

The same was true in the twentieth century at a state level. In New South Wales for example Labor premiers James McGirr, Joseph Cahill and Jack Renshaw were Irish Australian, while Queensland had Labor premiers T. J. Ryan, Ted Theodore, William Forgan Smith, Frank Arthur Cooper, Ned Hanlon, and Vince Gair.

Conversely, conservative parties contained few Irish Catholics for most of the twentieth century. An exception was Prime Minister Joseph Lyons, who began his career in the ALP. The situation changed later especially following the Australian Labor Party split of 1955, which led many Catholics out of Labor via the Democratic Labor Party (DLP). The careers of Gerard Henderson, Frank Devine and Padraic McGuinness are illustrative of the drift by some Irish Australians away from Labor and towards the conservative side of politics in the later twentieth century.

Status
Walker (2007) compares Irish immigrant communities in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Great Britain respecting issues of identity and 'Irishness.' Religion remained the major cause of differentiation in all Irish diaspora communities and had the greatest impact on identity, followed by the nature and difficulty of socioeconomic conditions faced in each new country and the strength of continued social and political links of Irish immigrants and their descendants with the old country.

For much of the 19th and the 20th centuries, Irish Australians, particularly but not exclusively Catholics, were treated with suspicion in a sectarian atmosphere. The outlaw Ned Kelly (1855–80) achieved the status of a national folk hero; ballads, films and paintings have since 1878 perpetuated the legend. Kelly, who was hanged for murder, is often viewed romantically as the sort of treatment Irish Catholics in Australia could expect. In major cities such as Melbourne and Sydney, Irish social and political associations were formed, including the Melbourne Celtic Club, which survives today. The Irish settler in Australia, both voluntary and forced, was crucial to the survival and prosperity of the early colonies both demographically and economically. 300,000 Irish free settlers arrived between 1840 and 1914. By 1871, the Irish were a quarter of all overseas-born.

St. Patrick's Day
O'Farrell (1995) demonstrates the importance of St. Patrick to the Irish, whether northern or republican, Protestant or Catholic, and how Australian manifestations of the Irish festival evolved. St. Patrick's Day became an expression of Irish identity and was emblematic of Irish culture and traditional separatism that migrated with the Irish to Australia. The early immigrants to Australia from Ireland were mainly members of penal colonies; assemblies or any such expression of Irish culture were not permitted. St. Patrick's Day at first was the exception, because it was not highly political, was ecumenical and was subordinate to the wider recognition of Britain. It is first recorded as celebrated in the colony in 1795. In a series of letters, a P. Cunningham, stated that a St Patrick's Day "jubilee" Ball was being held in Sydney in 1826. The situation changed, however, in the 1830s with the growth of wealthy Irish Catholic emancipists and the introduction of Irish Catholic priests. These factors gave rise to conflicts and tensions that were to remain constant thereafter as the rise and decline of domestic Irish political movements influenced the Irish population in Australia. With the outbreak of World War I, imperatives imposed by the demands of war overshadowed Australian Irish sentiment.

Orange
The idea of fraternity and how to organise it was one of 19th-century Europe's invisible exports to the New World. Fitzpatrick (2005) explores the international diffusion of the Loyal Orange Institution, with comparative reference to Freemasonry, its main model. Three alternative explanations are discussed for its appeal outside Ireland: that it facilitated the assimilation of emigrants, transmitted 'tribal' Irish animosities to fresh contexts, or adapted itself to preexisting sectarian rivalries abroad. These hypotheses are tested using evidence from South Australia, where Orangeism flourished in the absence of heavy Ulster Protestant immigration. A collective profile of Orange South Australia is derived from lodge records showing age, religious denomination, and occupation, and the appeal of Orangeism is related to local political and religious contexts. In this case, Orangeism was primarily an export of organisational techniques rather than Irish personnel or bigotry.

Catholic clergy and nuns
The Catholic Church in Australia maintained a strong Irish identity. The first priests were Irish, beginning with Fr James Dixon who was permitted to minister in 1803. Irish Catholic separateness increased especially in the decades from the 1880s to the 1960s when state aid for church schools was withdrawn and the Church maintained a separate and separately funded school system. The leadership of the Australian Church was almost entirely Irish from 1883 to 1940, prominent Irish-born bishops including Cardinal Moran and Archbishop Kelly in Sydney, Archbishops Carr and Mannix in Melbourne and Archbishop Duhig in Brisbane. Many of the Catholic schools were run and staffed by Irish orders of nuns such as the Sisters of Mercy and Brigidines and Irish orders of brothers such as the Christian Brothers and Patrician Brothers. The Sisters of Charity worked in hospitals. Irish nuns such as Sr Mary Baptist De Lacy, Mary Gonzaga Barry and Mother Vincent Whitty were prominent in founding hospitals and schools.

McGrath (1995) demonstrates the success of the Catholic nuns who arrived in Parramatta, New South Wales, from Ireland in 1888, noting their group's growth from nine newcomers into a flourishing congregation of over two hundred women within sixty years. By the 1950s this group of women religious was responsible for 24 primary schools, five secondary schools, and two orphanages. In Australia they carried on the Irish tradition of the Sisters of Mercy and lived a monastic lifestyle. Their sparsely furnished bedrooms were referred to as cells. There was little or no heating. The sisters' spiritual practices reflected the 17th-century school of spirituality.

Their relationship to the clergy was one of devotion, dedication, and subordination, thus reflecting the status of women in the larger population. It was societal pressures from without that eventually led to the decline of the Sisters of Mercy as Australia moved into the 1960s. Radical re-evaluations forced a restructuring of the Catholic Church as a whole, and a rethinking of what kinds of service the Church would require in modern times.

Media
The Irish Echo (Australia) is a newspaper available in print and online, covering Irish news and other matters of Irish interest.

Tinteán is an online journal directed chiefly at Irish Australians. Its stated aim is to provide serious comment and an independent perspective on a wide range of Australian/Irish topics. It publishes some material in the Irish language.

An Lúibín is a fortnightly Irish-language newsletter, distributed online in Australia and overseas. It deals with language matters and also contains articles on folklore, literature and current affairs.

Sports
Irish Catholics have been the nation's largest minority throughout most of Australia's history. Their resistance to the elite Anglocentric establishment has keenly marked the development of sport. Mostly working class, the Irish played sports such as rugby league and Australian Rules football, while the Protestant majority often preferred cricket, soccer, rugby union and boxing. The tensions and contrasts between these two sporting cultures eventually built the attitudes and beliefs toward games and sports that Australians share today. Many Irish in Australia play gaelic games and the local gaelic athletic association is the Australasia GAA. Only Irish Australian soccer clubs they have helped to establish in Sydney Eastern Suburbs clubs Phoenix FC.

Present day
At the 2006 Census, 50,255 Australian residents declared they were born in the Republic of Ireland and a further 21,291 declared to have been born in Northern Ireland. Cities with the largest Irish-born populations were Sydney (12,730), Melbourne (8,950) and Perth (7,060).

At the 2011 Census, 2,087,800 Australians (10.4% of the total population) declared they had Irish ancestry either alone or in combination with another ancestry; only Australian and English ancestries were more frequently nominated.

Irish Australian settlement patterns are not significantly different from those of the Australian population as a whole – that is, a third live in New South Wales and a quarter live in Victoria, with 13 per cent living in Queensland (compared to only 18 per cent of the general population). Relatively few as a proportion reside in Western Australia (7.6 per cent of Irish Australians compared to 9.9 per cent of the general population).

The 2001 Australian census recorded that persons reporting some Irish Australian ethnicity accounted for 10.7 per cent of all responses in the Australian Capital Territory (42,540 responses), 10.2 per cent in Victoria (469,161 responses), 9.9 per cent in New South Wales (622,944), 9.7 per cent in Queensland (433,354), 7.8 per cent in Tasmania (42,552), 7.6 per cent in Western Australia (171,667), 7.5 per cent in the Northern Territory (18,325) and 6.7 per cent in South Australia (119,063).

Irish language use
In the 2011 Census 1,895 persons were reported as using Irish as a household language, most of them in Sydney and Melbourne. This represents an increase from the figure of 918 in the 2006 Census. There are no official statistics regarding the use of Irish outside the home.

Popular culture
The Riverina priest "John O'Brien" (Fr Patrick Hartigan) celebrated rural Irish Australian Catholic culture in his popular poems of the early twentieth century such as 'The little Irish mother' and 'Said Hanrahan'. They formed the basis of a 1925 silent movie Around the Boree Log.

The Australian miniseries and historical drama Against the Wind deals with both the British rule of Ireland, and the development of New South Wales and Australia. Ruth Park's 1948 book The Harp in the South portrays the life of a Catholic Irish Australian family living in a Sydney slum. Other shows relating to Irish Australians include The Last Outlaw and Brides of Christ.

Notable people of Irish descent

 * Ned Kelly, Bushranger, outlaw and cultural icon. Known for wearing a suit of bulletproof armour.
 * Slim Dusty, Australian country music singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer and Australian cultural icon, first Australian to have a No. 1 international hit song with "A Pub with No Beer" originally adapted from a poem by Irish Australian poet Dan Sheahan.
 * Johnny O'Keefe, Australian rock and roll singer.
 * Doug Parkinson, Australian pop and rock singer.
 * Colleen McCullough, Australian author.
 * Katherine Knight, Australian murderer
 * Bill O'Reilly (cricketer), Australian cricketer, cricket writer and broadcaster.
 * Helen Reddy, Australian-American singer, actress, and activist.
 * Peter Lalor, Irish born Australian rebel and, later, politician who rose to fame for his leading role in the Eureka Rebellion.
 * Errol Flynn, Australian-American actor.
 * Julia Gillard, 27th Prime Minister of Australia, first female Prime Minister of Australia.
 * Anthony Albanese, 31st Prime Minister of Australia
 * Alan Joyce, Former CEO of Qantas, born in Ireland and emigrated to Australia in 1996.
 * John Howard, 25th Prime Minister of Australia
 * Jim Stynes, Australian Rules Footballer and Brownlow Medallist. Born in Ireland and emigrated to Australia in the 1980s.
 * Johnny Logan, double-time winner of the Eurovision Song Contest, born in Melbourne.
 * Steve Irwin, Australian zookeeper, conservationist, television personality, wildlife expert and environmentalist.
 * William McMahon, 20th Prime Minister of Australia
 * Julian McMahon, Australian actor
 * Luke Hemsworth, Australian actor.
 * Chris Hemsworth, Australian actor.
 * Liam Hemsworth, Australian actor.
 * Paul Hogan, Australian actor and comedian.
 * Jimeoin, Irish-Australian comedian and actor.
 * Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia, legislated the creation of the Australian broadcaster that is now known as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) in 1932, the first prime minister to have an Australian-born parent.
 * Arthur Fadden, 13th Prime Minister of Australia
 * Frank Costigan, Australian lawyer, Royal Commissioner and social justice activist, who presided over the Costigan Commission combating organised crime.
 * Tony Fitzgerald, Australian former judge, who presided over the anti-corruption Fitzgerald Inquiry.
 * Ben Chifley, 16th Prime Minister of Australia, expanded state welfare, increased Post-war immigration to Australia, established the Australian National University, established the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, established the Snowy Mountains Scheme.
 * Joseph Cahill, former Premier of New South Wales, championed and organised the idea and construction of the Sydney Opera House.
 * Edward Cassidy, Australian prelate of the Catholic Church, headed the Commission of the Holy See for Religious Relations with the Jews, promoted positive theological ties with Jews.
 * George William Torrance, Music composer, appointed Acting Head of Trinity College (University of Melbourne) in 1872, collaborated with Alfred William Howitt in the transcription of three songs performed by William Barak, the last traditional ngurungaeta (elder) of the Wurundjeri-willam clan
 * Michael Dwyer, known as the "Wicklow Chief", rebel leader fighting for religious freedom and Irish independence in and after the Irish Rebellion of 1798, former Chief of Police in Liverpool, NSW.
 * Les Darcy, Australian Heavyweight Champion boxer.
 * Pat Rafter, Australian former world No. 1 tennis player, first man in the Open Era to win Canada Masters, Cincinnati Masters and the US Open in the same year.
 * Mick Fanning, Australian ASP World Champion surfer and shark attack survivor.
 * Sarah Frances Fanny Durack, Australian competition swimmer, from 1910 until 1918 she was the world's greatest female swimmer across all distances from freestyle sprints to the mile marathon.
 * Michael Hutchence, Australian musician, singer-songwriter and actor.
 * Rupert Murdoch, Australian-born American businessman, media proprietor, and investor.
 * Geoffrey Rush, Australian actor.
 * Kevin Rudd, 26th Prime Minister of Australia, gave the first national government Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples in 2008.
 * Daisy Bates (author), journalist, welfare worker, compiled a dictionary of several Australian Aboriginal dialects.
 * Rose Byrne, Australian actress.
 * Nicole Kidman, American and Australian actress and producer.
 * Elizabeth Debicki, Australian actress.
 * Robert O'Hara Burke, Australian explorer, leader of the 1860 Burke and Wills expedition with the objective of crossing Australia from the south to the north.
 * John King (explorer), Australian explorer, sole survivor of the completed Burke and Wills expedition, first surviving non Aboriginal to cross Australia from south to north.
 * Paddy Hannan, gold prospector whose lucrative discovery on 14 June 1893 set off a major gold rush in the area now known as The Golden Mile, the richest square mile in the world in Kalgoorlie-Boulder in Western Australia.
 * John Curtin, 14th Prime Minister of Australia, WWII Australian war time leader, extended pensions to cover Aboriginals.
 * H. V. Evatt, known as Doc Evatt, Australian politician and judge, former President of the United Nations General Assembly, helped to draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and was prominent in the negotiations that led to the creation of the State of Israel.
 * Millie Peacock, was the first woman elected to the Parliament of Victoria.
 * Frank Forde, 15th Prime Minister of Australia.
 * John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister of Australia.
 * Gerard Brennan, Australian High Court judge, wrote the lead judgement on the Mabo decision, which gave rise to the Native Title Act.
 * Lowitja O'Donoghue, Aboriginal Australian public administrator, inaugural chairperson of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission.
 * Melissa Doyle, Australian television and radio presenter.
 * Pat O'Shane, Australia's first Aboriginal magistrate.
 * Michael Kirby (judge), Australian former Justice of the High Court of Australia, appointed by the United Nations Human Rights Council to lead an inquiry into human rights abuses in North Korea.
 * Heath Ledger, Australian actor and music video director.
 * Mick Doohan, Australian former Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion, who won five consecutive 500 cc World Championships.
 * Ken Wyatt, Australian politician of English, Irish, Indian and Indigenous Australian descent, the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives, the first Indigenous Australian to serve as a government minister and the first Indigenous Australian appointed to cabinet.
 * Captain Moonlite, Australian folk figure, former Anglican lay reader, soldier, public speaker and bushranger.
 * Geraldine Doogue, Australian journalist, radio and television presenter.
 * Glenn McGrath, Australian former international cricketer.
 * Michael Lynagh, Australian former rugby union player.
 * Norman Gilroy, known as "Bluey" Gilroy, first Australian-born Roman Catholic cardinal, first cardinal to be knighted since the Reformation, discouraged anti-communist Cold War hysteria in 1950s and helped ensure that there was no split in the New South Wales Labor Party.
 * Thomas Keneally, Australian novelist, playwright, essayist, and actor. Author of non-fiction novel Schindler's Ark.  The first novel by an Australian to win the Booker Prize and is the basis of the film Schindler's List.
 * Peter Cosgrove, retired Australian Army General, former Governor-General of Australia, commander of the International Force for East Timor that prevented the ongoing slaughter of East Timorese Christians and enabled a democratic referendum and free elections and national independence in East Timor.
 * Shane Lowry, Australian professional soccer player.
 * Damien Leith, singer
 * Ben Chifley, politician
 * Sidney Nolan, artist

title: Irish Australians


text:
Catálogo alfabético de apellidos

The Catálogo alfabético de apellidos (Alphabetical Catalogue of Surnames; Alpabetikong Katalogo ng mga apelyido) is a book of surnames in the Philippines and other islands of Spanish East Indies published in the mid-19th century. That was in response to a Spanish colonial decree establishing the distribution of Spanish family names and local surnames among colonial subjects who did not have a prior surname. It is also the reason for Filipinos sharing some of the same surnames as many Spaniards and other Hispanic countries.

The book was created after Spanish governor-general Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa issued a decree on November 21, 1849, to address the lack of a standard naming convention. Newly-Christianised Filipinos often chose the now-ubiquitous surnames of de los Santos, de la Cruz, del Rosario, and Bautista for religious reasons; others preferred names of well-known local rulers such as Lacandola. To complicate matters further, discrepancies like family members holding different surnames would hinder some of the colonial government's activities such as taking a census and tax collection.

Dissemination of surnames
According to the decree, a copy of the catalogue, which contains 61,000 surnames, was to be distributed to the provincial heads of the archipelago. From there, a certain number of surnames, based on population, were sent to each barangay's parish priest. The head of each barangay, along with another town official or two, was present when the father or the oldest person in each family chose a surname for his or her family. A surname is given to only one family per municipality to reduce any issues about surnames being associated with an ethnic background or group affiliation. The dissemination of surnames were also based on the recipient family's origins. For example, surnames starting with "A" were distributed to provincial capitals, "B" surnames were given to secondary towns, and tertiary towns received "C" surnames.

Families were awarded with the surnames or asked to choose from them. However, several groups were exempt from having to choose new surnames:

 * Those with a previously adopted surname (whether indigenous or foreign) already on the list or, if not on the list, not prohibited because of ethnic origin or being too common.
 * Families who had already adopted a prohibited surname but could prove their family had used the name for at least four consecutive generations. (Those were names prohibited for being too common, like de los Santos or de la Cruz or for other reasons.)

Spanish names are the majority found in the books' list of legitimate surnames. Because of the mass implementation of Spanish surnames in the Philippines, a Spanish surname does not necessarily indicate Spanish ancestry, which can make it difficult for Filipinos to accurately trace their lineage.

title: Catálogo alfabético de apellidos


text:
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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 08:29, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oldmanwinters


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Irish Australians

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP, at its new location. -Splash 06:46, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Irish Australians
Personal essay. --Ryan Delaney talk 07:50, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Move - to Irish in Australia or similar... in a recently featured new article it says about 50% of Irish live outside of Ireland... it could be interesting... even if this article right now isn't up to par. gren グレン 08:38, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Irish Australian or the stuff listed below will be fine too. gren グレン 20:52, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and cleanup. Possibly rename. There are certainly plenty of people descended from Irish settlers in Australia including Prime Ministers such as Paul Keating. Capitalistroadster 09:58, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move, per gren. Unless somebody provides evidence that "Irish Austrailians" is commonly used in Australia. The only place that I'm aware of it being in usage is in the US. --GraemeL (talk) 12:12, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep page and title, I'm sure the list of irish aussies will grow. Erich 16:05, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Irish had a significant role in the growth of Australia, just as they did the US. We have similar articles for a variety of nations; I see no need to delete this one. Ambi 16:44, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but perhaps move to Irish Australian to match Irish American and Irish Canadian. - SimonP 19:03, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Irish Australian, reference, let it grow. No more reason to delete this that there is to delete Chinese Canadian or Greek American. CanadianCaesar 20:25, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Move to Irish in Australia. The basic premise of the article is valid: the Irish were indeed a major influence in the history of Australia. Hesperian 12:30, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the content, regardless of the title it may eventually reside at. Useful topic. — Sesel wa  22:58, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Sesel.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 09:51, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It has a lot of potential. 64.109.248.118 04:17, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment a list of "Irish Australians" would be fairly useless at this point. There's just too many of us to list, and frankly most people couldn't care less about their own ethnicity one way or another --- wouldn't even know if they were Irish/English/whatever if it weren't for their surnames.  That's not to say that the influence of Ireland on Australia wouldn't make a good article (apart from the original research problem); there was a time when Irish/English Catholic/Protestant etc. was significant (cf. William McKell). --fuddlemark 15:09, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Busan Asiad Main Stadium

Busan Asiad Main Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Busan, South Korea. It was built for the 2002 Asian Games and was also used for matches at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. It has a capacity of 53,769. The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2002 Asian Games and was also the venue of athletics events during the games. It is the home venue of the K League club Busan IPark.

2002 FIFA World Cup
The stadium was one of the venues of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and held the following matches:

title: Busan Asiad Main Stadium


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Immaculée Nahayo

Immaculée Nahayo Nyandwi (1948 - 17 November 2018) was a Burundian politician who was President of the National Assembly of Burundi from 16 August 2005 to 2007, the first woman to hold this position in Burundi. She was also elected as Speaker of the African Parliamentary Union (APU) to March 2007.

Political career
An ethnic Hutu member of the National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD), she replaced Jean Minani of the Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU), who had been National Assembly president since 2002.

She subsequently served as Minister of National Solidarity, Repatriation, National Reconstruction, Human Rights, & Gender beginning in July 2007. She has been elected as Adviser in COMESA.

Personal life
Born in Gatara (Kayanza Province), Nahayo was the mother of six children. Her husband, Simon Nyandwi, was interior minister until his death on 22 March 2005.

Nyandwi died on 17 November 2018 in Brussels, Belgium, aged 70.

title: Immaculée Nahayo


text:
Talk:Starquake (astrophysics)

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 07:58, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Starquake (astrophysics)


text:
User talk:R.O.C

Template:Republic of China infobox
Please provide justifications on the template talk page before replacing the map image with the 1947 map. This issue has already been discussed at length before where it was decided to use only the areas where the ROC exercises effective control. -Loren 07:58, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Checked the newly uploaded image, thanks for clarifying the issue. -Loren 08:22, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Re: Sounds good. My apologies for misinterpreting what was happening, unfortunetely we've had some problems concerning the map in the template before. -Loren 08:27, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, having another one of those sleepless nights. We tend to get a lot of traffic here on En, so in general that means a higher number of productive users, but also a higher number of POV pushers and vandals to watch out for. Fortunetely, most of the people here are quite reasonable. Anyhow, welcome to En. I hope you decide to stick around, we can always use another good editor. -Loren 09:12, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Hello
Born in Shandong, but username "ROC"? That's a sight you don't see everyday unless you happen to be 90 years old... :D May I ask what exactly you did to my bio? I saw a few sentences being replaced in the edit diff, but both versions before and after were the same... -- Миборовский U 04:12, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Okaay... thanks for the explanation. Roc, huh? Well, I was worried that we seemed to be getting an overwhelming number of Taiwanese people (and sympathisers) and almost no Mainland Chinese... not surprising considering the Great Firewall and that many overseas Chinese are pretty anti-China... Cheers! -- Миборовский U 04:50, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia New York Meet-Up
Howdy! Please come to the First Annual New York Wikipedian Central Park Picnic. R.S.V.P. @ Meetup/NYC --David Shankbone 20:43, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Email
roc this is Belayet. I need your email address. Please reply at my email bellayet@gmail.com. And thank you for your accompany at wikimania 2007.--Bellayet 18:29, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Race and intelligence
If you think the images you’ve added to this article are necessary, could you please participate in its talk page and justify your edits there? It’s generally considered poor conduct to re-add information to an article that’s already been reverted once, while not engaging in any discussion about your edits. --Captain Occam (talk) 01:36, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:LocationROC full.png

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This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:00, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

Privacy issue
For the readers, Based on This user's past usage of Skype and MSN messager, that Skype's account asked my account about pathway to getting Medical license in my country. For information, I only know this user because this user and I participated in Wikipedia project. That is all. -- Ktsquare (talk) 16:07, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * This instance of inquiry happened in 2018, 2019 or 2020. -- Ktsquare (talk) 21:15, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:R.O.C


text: Template:User war

title: Template:User war