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Colonia (music group)

Colonia is a Croatian dance music duo from Vinkovci, Croatia. The band has released thirteen albums and over 35 singles to date with various songs and albums gaining platinum status. They are known for winning the first ever Eurodance competition in 2001 and their various hits throughout the years.

1996–1997: Beginnings and Vatra i led
Colonia was founded in 1996 by Boris Đurđević and Tomislav Jelić, two DJs from Vinkovci, Croatia. As the two of them did not sing, they later hired Indira "Ira" Vladić (from Županja) to become their vocalist. The name of the group comes from the ancient Latin name of Vinkovci, which was "Colonia Aurelia Cibalae".

The first commercial release by the group was "Nek' vatre gore sve" in 1996. The song was sent to radio stations all over Croatia and enjoyed moderate success. The next single released was "Sve oko mene je grijeh" which charted on the Croatian national charts and became a hit. Colonia soon signed with the record company Crno-bijeli svijet (CBS), which facilitated the release of their 1997 debut album Vatra i led which sold over 40,000 copies.

1998–2001: Dora and Croatia Records
In 1998, Colonia entered HRT Dora, the Croatian national final for the Eurovision Song Contest with hopes to be the Croatian representative at the yearly song contest. At the final, held on March 6, 1998, the group placed fourth with the song "U ritmu ljubavi" having gained 87 points. The voting was tallied using 20 juries, one from each Croatian province, and a 21st jury consisting of viewer televoting. A few months later, Colonia won a prize for the song "Lady Blue" at Melodije hrvatskog Jadrana (Melodies of the Adriatic), an annual music festival. Then in 1999, Colonia released their next single "Njeno ime ne zovi u snu" and soon after their second studio album Ritam ljubavi.

Colonia soon became one of the best selling musical groups in Croatia, and switched record labels, signing with Croatia Records. With Croatia Records, Colonia released their third studio album titled Jača nego ikad which is their first album to be released in all Former Yugoslav republics. The song "Budi mi zbogom" was entered into the Croatian Radio Festival where it won second place and a cover version of "Deja vu" by the Japanese group KinKi Kids had great success in Asia reaching #1 on the charts. "Sexy Body" became a dance floor hit, was released in 2001 by Balloon Records in Austria on a compilation album and entered the DJ dance charts.

Colonia's fourth studio album Milijun milja od nigdje was released in 2001 and sold 50,000 copies in Croatia and over 300,000 worldwide making it the best-selling album in Croatia. The album was also released in all Former Yugoslav republics. The single "Za tvoje snene oči" won the Croatian Radio Festival and became a summer hit and the most played song in 2001. The song was also entered into the first annual "Eurodance" contest in 2001 where it became the first winner. The album was later re-released as a thank you to fans as an LP with the original songs and new remixes.

2002–2003: Continued success
In 2002, Colonia released their fifth album Izgubljeni svijet which features 13 new tracks and a DVD with their biography, discography, and music videos. The single "Oduzimaš mi dah" won the Croatian Radio Festival and became their second single in a row to become the most played song of the year in 2002. A few months later, The Best of, Volume 1 was released which included all of the hits and singles by the group.

In 2003, the album Dolazi oluja was released and its first single "C'est la vie" won the Croatian Radio Festival, Colonia's third win in a row. Milijun milja od nigdje and Izgubljeni Svijet were released in Slovakia and the Czech Republic where they reached number on the music charts. In December 2003, Colonia received three "Music Box" awards, one for "Best International Performer" and two for "Best Song". Both albums were released in all Former Yugoslav republics, though Izgubljeni svijet was released only as an audio CD in these countries.

2004: International releases
In January 2004, an English version of "Za tvoje snene oči" was released as "A Little Bit of Uh La La" with lyrics by Mary Susan Applegate, who had previously written for Celine Dion, La Bouche, and No Mercy. The song was released in vinyl, as a CD single, and on numerous compilations albums in over 36 countries. "A Little Bit of Uh La La" was also popular on the charts reaching number one on the Canadian Dance Chart. In Summer 2004, "Za tvoje snene oči", "Ti da bu di bu da" and "Deja vu" were released in Korea on the compilation albums Volcano, Beatman and Dancemania. Also in 2004, the singles "Luda za tobom" and "Običan dan" were released from the Dolazi oluja album.

2005–2006: Najbolje od svega
In 2005, Colonia ended their contract with Croatia Records, releasing "Gold Edition", a double disc compilation of hits and remixes, and also after releasing their new album "Najbolje od svega" under their new record label Menart. Najbolje od svega came close to reaching platinum certification. It features 13 new tracks including the hits "Najbolje od svega" and "Tako Sexy" along with remixes of both "Nema nade" and "Time". The album was also released in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. "Najbolje od svega" was the first album in six years not to be released in all Former Yugoslav republics, though it still fared well in their charts.

During Summer 2006, Colonia went on a tour with the name "Gastro club turneja" promoting Najbolje od svega, playing in 22 cities. The tour started on July 19, 2006, in Umag, Croatia and ended on October 15, 2006, in Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Colonia's last album with Croatia Records was Gold Edition, a compilation album containing their popular hits from their career at Croatia Records such as "Za tvoje snene oči", "Oduzimaš mi dah" and "Plamen od ljubavi". The album also includes 13 previously unreleased remixes.

2006–2007: Do kraja
On December 5, 2006, Colonia released their eighth studio album Do kraja, a modern dance album with Balkan and Croatian elements, after signing with Menart Records. In 2007, "Do kraja", first single from the album was released and it topped the Croatian and Slovenian charts, while another one of their songs was chosen as the main theme for the Croatian version of Big Brother. Colonia performed on the show on October 19, 2007, as promotion for both the song and album. The song was also entered in "Eurodance 2007" where it placed 16th out of 41.

The single "Pogledom me skini" was released with three remixes and music video. The song competed in the Croatian national selection for the OGAE Song Contest 2007, coming in fourth with 32 points. The contest is similar to the Eurovision Song Contest, but run by OGAE, the official fan club.

Colonia released the last single "Fjaka" from the album and it reached number two on the Croatian charts becoming a summer hit and then on July 3, 2007, the group released a limited edition of Do kraja with a second disc featuring eight new remixes. Following the release of the last single, Colonia went on tour throughout Croatia and its bordering countries performing 17 concerts from June 6 to August 25, 2007. With the release of "Do kraja", Colonia renewed their contract with Serbian label City Records and HAYAT Records of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

2008: Pod sretnom zvijezdom
On October 3, 2007, "Pod sretnom zvijezdom" was released to radio stations throughout Croatia as the first single from the upcoming album Pod sretnom zvijezdom and as a theme song for 2007 season of Big Brother (Croatia). The second single from the album, "Mirno more", was released on May 17, 2008, where it was performed at the "CMC Awards". On June 23, 2008, Colonia released its ninth studio album titled Pod sretnom zvijezdom which features 12 new tracks and a remix of "Sexy Body". It was soon re-released as Pod sretnom zvijezdom: Limited Edition on December 8, 2008, and included a second disk with the single "Avantura zove me" from Big Brother and two remixes of it, along with ten remixes of other album songs.

Đurđević also wrote the Hrvatski Idol winner's single "Treba mi snage za kraj" (I Need Strength For The End).

2008–2018
Between 2008 and 2017, the band has remained active, and they have released 3 more albums.

X (Ten) in 2010, Tvrđava (Fortress) in 2013, and Fenix (Phoenix) in 2015. After 2015, the band was a little less active than in previous years.

On May 31, 2017, popular Croatian newspapers Večernji list has announced that Indira Levak has left the band. At that time, it was still speculated whether the band will announce a new singer, or will completely cease to exist.

On June 14, 2017, Croatian news portal Direktno has published an article, stating that the Boris Đurđević has announced a new singer, a 25 years old student of electronics, Ivana Lovrić.

Following the announcement, the band has released their first single with a new singer on July 27, 2017: Que sera. It was followed by the second single Zadnja suza on March 6, 2018.

Colonia's new album Nova Era (New Era) was announced on June 5, 2018.

Albums

 * 1997: Vatra i Led (Fire and ice)
 * 1999: Ritam ljubavi (Rhythm of love)
 * 2000: Jača nego ikad (Stronger than ever)
 * 2001: Milijun milja od nigdje (Million miles from nowhere)
 * 2002: Izgubljeni svijet (Lost world)
 * 2003: Dolazi oluja (The storm is coming)
 * 2005: Najbolje od svega (Best of all)
 * 2006: Do kraja (Until the end)
 * 2008: Pod sretnom zvijezdom (Under a lucky star)
 * 2010: X (Ten)
 * 2013: Tvrđava (Fortress)
 * 2015: Feniks (Phoenix)
 * 2018: Nova Era (New Era)

Compilations

 * 2002: The Best of, Volume 1
 * 2005: Gold Edition
 * 2009: Special Dance edition
 * 2010: Retroactive Early Years

Members
Boris Đurđević became a DJ in Vinkovci in the early 1990s. Other than his involvement in Colonia, he was later the author of theme songs for the Croatian version of Big Brother reality show and as the songwriter for the Hrvatski Idol winner's single "Treba mi snage za kraj" (I Need Strength For The End).

Tomislav Jelić is known as DJ Kameny, and had previously worked at the local hit radio station VFM in Vinkovci.

Indira Vladić attended a music school as a child, and played clarinet in the local tin band. In 1993 she took the job in County General Administration Office and spent four years there until being approached by Boris Đurđević and offered a job in Colonia. She was married to Narcis Mujkić. They divorced in 2010, after nine years of marriage.

Ivana Lovrić joined the band in mid-2017. She was first noticed by Luka Nižetić with whom she also recorded a duet song.

title: Colonia (music group)


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Bridelia

Bridelia is a genus of plant s in the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1806. It is widespread across Africa, Australia, southern Asia, and various islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Bridelia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Endoclita malabaricus.

The genus Bridelia was named in the honor of Samuel Elisée Bridel-Brideri by the German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow.

Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:

 * Bridelia adusta – Sarawak, Sabah
 * Bridelia affinis – Yunnan, Hainan, Thailand
 * Bridelia assamica – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bangladesh
 * Bridelia atroviridis – tropical Africa
 * Bridelia balansae – Nansei-shoto, S China, Indochina, Taiwan
 * Bridelia brideliifolia – E + C + SE Africa
 * Bridelia cathartica – C + S Africa
 * Bridelia cinnamomea – Andaman Is, S Thailand, Malaysia, W Indonesia
 * Bridelia curtisii – Andaman & Nicobar, Indochina, Sumatra
 * Bridelia duvigneaudii – C Africa
 * Bridelia eranalis – Zaïre
 * Bridelia erapensis – Papua New Guinea
 * Bridelia exaltata – Queensland, New South Wales
 * Bridelia ferruginea – tropical Africa
 * Bridelia finalis – Queensland
 * Bridelia fordii Hemsl. – S China to Hainan
 * Bridelia glauca – S + SE + E Asia, Papuasia
 * Bridelia grandis – W + C Africa
 * Bridelia harmandii – Indochina
 * Bridelia insulana – SE Asia, Papuasia, Queensland, Micronesia
 * Bridelia leichhardtii – Queensland
 * Bridelia macrocarpa – Maluku, New Guinea
 * Bridelia micrantha – tropical – S Africa, Réunion
 * Bridelia microphylla – Somalia
 * Bridelia mollis – southern Africa
 * Bridelia montana – India
 * Bridelia moonii – Sri Lanka
 * Bridelia ndellensis – C Africa
 * Bridelia nicobarica – Nicobar Islands
 * Bridelia oligantha – Papua New Guinea
 * Bridelia ovata Decne. – Indo-China to W. Malesia
 * Bridelia parvifolia – Hainan, Vietnam
 * Bridelia pervilleana – Madagascar
 * Bridelia pustulata – Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines
 * Bridelia retusa – S China, S + SE Asia
 * Bridelia rhomboidalis – Madagascar
 * Bridelia ripicola – C Africa
 * Bridelia scleroneura – Yemen, tropical Africa
 * Bridelia sikkimensis – Himalayas
 * Bridelia somalensis – Somalia
 * Bridelia speciosa – W Africa
 * Bridelia stipularis – S + E + SE Asia
 * Bridelia taitensis – Kenya
 * Bridelia tenuifolia – Angola, Namibia
 * Bridelia tomentosa – S + E + SE Asia, New Guinea, Australia
 * Bridelia triplocarya – Papua New Guinea
 * Bridelia tulasneana – Madagascar
 * Bridelia verrucosa – NE India, Himalayas
 * Bridelia whitmorei – Pahang
 * Bridelia wilksii – Gabon

Formerly included
Moved to other genera (Aporosa, Cleistanthus, Damnacanthus, Phyllanthus, Scleropyrum). • # B. acuminata - Phyllanthus triandrus

• # B. attenuata - Cleistanthus oblongifolius

• # B. buxifolia - Cleistanthus stipitatus

• # B. chartacea - Cleistanthus oblongifolius

• # B. collina - Cleistanthus collinus

• # B. diversifolia - Cleistanthus diversifolius

• # B. heterantha - Phyllanthus glomerulatus

• # B. horrida - Scleropyrum pentandrum

• # B. laurina - Cleistanthus stipitatus

• # B. loureiroi - Cleistanthus monoicus

• # B. monoica - Cleistanthus monoicus

• # B. oblongifolius - Cleistanthus oblongifolius

• # B. patula - Cleistanthus patulus

• # B. polystachya - Cleistanthus polystachyus

• # B. rufa - Cleistanthus rufus

• # B. rugosa - Aporosa lunata

• # B. sinica - Phyllanthus hohenackeri

• # B. spinosa DC. 1833 not (Roxb.) Willd. 1806 - Damnacanthus indicus

• # B. stipitata - Cleistanthus stipitatus

• # B. stipularis Hook. & Arn. 1837 not (L.) Blume 1826 - Cleistanthus stipularis

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bridelia


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Alphonzo Bell

Alphonzo Edward Bell Sr. (September 29, 1875 – December 27, 1947) was an American oil multi-millionaire, real estate developer, philanthropist, and champion tennis player. The westside Los Angeles residential community of Bel Air is named after him, as well as the Southern California communities of Bell and Bell Gardens.

Family and background
Bell was a native and lifelong resident of Los Angeles, whose family had deep financial and historical ties to the area, and played a key role in the history and development of Southern California. He was the son of James George Bell, who established Bell Station Ranch (now the site of the City of Bell), in the Santa Fe Springs area in 1875, and of Susan Albiah Hollenbeck. His uncle, Ed Hollenbeck, who arrived in California in the 1850s, founded the First National Bank, created Los Angeles's public transportation trolley system, and developed eastern portions of Los Angeles County.

After attending Occidental College, which had been founded by his father in 1887, and graduating at the top of his class as valedictorian in 1895, Bell enrolled at San Anselmo Presbyterian College for two years (he did not return for 3rd year). In 1902 he married Minnewa Shoemaker Bell, a native of Kansas.

Bell's son, Alphonzo E. Bell Jr., later served eight terms as a California Congressman. Bell's daughter, Minnewa Bell Gray Burnside Ross, married Elliott Roosevelt, son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in 1951.

Tennis achievements
While in college the senior Bell was Inter-Collegiate Tennis Champion, and later Pacific Coast Tennis Champion, who at one time earned national rankings of fifth in singles and eighth in doubles. Known for his "net-rusher" style, Bell went on to win two medals in tennis at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis – a bronze in the men's singles event, and a silver in the men's doubles tournament, partnering with Robert LeRoy.

Oil, real estate & other business ventures
After striking oil on their ranch at Santa Fe Springs, Bell entered the oil business with his father in the early 1920s, establishing the Bell Petroleum Co., and developing what became one of the richest oil fields in California. With the ensuing California oil boom, or "black-gold" rush, competition from various less scrupulous large oil companies was fierce—several of whom, along with William Randolph Hearst, tried to drive the more honest Bell's smaller operation out of business—a saga documented in the fictionalized account by writer Upton Sinclair in a 1927 novel Oil!, also the basis for the 2007 movie, There Will Be Blood.

Bell, known for his almost puritanical morality and honesty, used portions of his initial profits to develop upscale real estate communities in West Los Angeles, including parts of Westwood, Beverly Hills, and Pacific Palisades. He became a visionary real estate developer, anticipating the influx of Hollywood elite and other wealthy residents who would be lured by the burgeoning film industry. In 1922, building on over 600 acre that he had acquired, Bell founded Bel Air Estates, an exclusive and upscale neighborhood now known as Bel-Air, enhancing the surrounding area with lush vegetation, new roads, and utilities; designed, laid out and developed the Bel-Air Country Club and the Bel Air Bay Club; The Riviera Country Club also owes its inception to Bell*. According to Claude Wayne, Bell went to see the late Frank Garbutt of the Los Angeles Athletic Club and told him that he would give the land free if Garbutt would build the club.(*Alphonzo E. Bell: a Biography by John O Pohlmann ) While many such clubs thrived on sales of bootleg liquor during the years of Prohibition, Bell refused to allow the sale of illegal spirits in any of his clubs or establishments, which lost him some membership. William Randolph Hearst's longstanding vendetta with Bell had started when Bell refused to sell a homesite to Hearst for a home to house his silent-film-star mistress, Marion Davies in Bell's Bel-Air Estates development.

For themselves and their young extended family, Bell and his wife Minnewa in 1921 built a showplace 42-room house on 1760 acre in portions of the areas that are now Bel Air and Pacific Palisades which they called Capo Di Monte (Italian for "Top of the Hill"). Today nothing of the house remains, except for some of the terraced gardens and rock walls, and their former horse riding stables, which now constitute a portion of the Bel-Air Hotel – with what was once the Bell stable's manure barn, now one of the favorite celebrity guest suites.

In 1926, Bell provided land in Bel Air to the proposed location of UCLA in Westwood. The deeds for the land granted to the university had strict racial provisions and dictated:"5. That neither the whole nor any part of said premises shall be sold, rented or leased to any person of Ethiopian, Chinese or Japanese descent, nor shall the same be occupied by any such person excepting as a professor or instructor of the University of California or a member of his family, excepting also as a servant or employee of the person using said premises exclusively for residential purposes."

Philanthropy
Throughout his lifetime, and just prior to his death in 1947, as well as in his will, Alphozo Bell Sr. gave the larger share of his wealth to various charities – including Occidental College, University of California, Los Angeles, the L.A. Presbyterian Church, and other church groups and charitable organizations.

Today, he is honored by memorial tributes to him at – among others – Occidental College, UCLA, and the Bel-Air Country Club.

title: Alphonzo Bell


text:
Cover Girl (film)

Cover Girl is a 1944 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Charles Vidor, and starring Rita Hayworth and Gene Kelly. The film tells the story of a chorus girl given a chance at stardom when she is offered an opportunity to be a highly paid cover girl. It was one of the most popular musicals of the war years.

Primarily a showcase for Hayworth, the film has lavish modern and 1890s costumes, eight dance routines for Hayworth, and songs by Jerome Kern and Ira Gershwin, including "Long Ago (and Far Away)".

Plot
Rusty is a very lovely and beautiful chorus girl at a Brooklyn, New York nightclub run by her boyfriend Danny McGuire. Fellow showgirl Maurine Martin enters a contest to be on the cover of Vanity magazine, so Rusty tries out as well. When Maurine is given a lukewarm evaluation by Cornelia Jackson, she sabotages Rusty's chances, giving her terrible advice on how to act toward Cornelia. Cornelia's boss, magazine editor John Coudair, decides to check out Maurine at Danny's nightclub, but his eye is immediately drawn to Rusty. It turns out that 40 years earlier, he had become instantly smitten with showgirl Maribelle Hicks, whom Rusty looks exactly like; he later discovers that Maribelle is Rusty's recently deceased grandmother.

Danny is worried that, with her newfound fame, Rusty will leave him. She is quite willing to stay if only Danny would ask her. John brings along impresario Noel Wheaton to see Rusty perform; Noel is impressed by both her marvelous beauty and talent. Backstage, he offers her a job. Danny does not want to stand in her way, so he picks an argument to send her packing. Rusty becomes a famous star on Broadway after appearing in a musical produced by Wheaton, and emotionally decides to marry him. At the last second, however, she leaves the wedding and reunites with Danny, her true love.

Cast
Notes
 * The film features cameo appearances by Jinx Falkenburg and Anita Colby as themselves, and a quick appearance by Shelley Winters, early in her career, as one of the young fans / autograph hounds.
 * In one of Hollywood's most unusual reprised roles, Kelly played Danny McGuire again in the 1980 film Xanadu, which was based on the 1947 movie Down to Earth starring Rita Hayworth.

Musical numbers
Cover Girl marked the first film collaboration of Jerome Kern and Ira Gershwin.

 * "The Show Must Go On" (Kern - music, Gershwin - lyrics)
 * "Who's Complaining?" (Kern, Gershwin)
 * "Sure Thing" (Kern, Gershwin)
 * "Make Way For Tomorrow" (Kern, Gershwin, E.Y. Harburg - lyrics)
 * "Put Me to the Test" (Kern, Gershwin)
 * "Long Ago (and Far Away)" (Kern, Gershwin)
 * "Poor John" (Henry E. Pether - music, Fred W. Leigh - lyrics)
 * "Alter-Ego Dance" (Kern)
 * "Cover Girl (That Girl on the Cover)" (Kern, Gershwin)

Production
Columbia Pictures originally wanted to use Warner Bros. star Dennis Morgan for Cover Girl, but when Kelly's project at MGM, Dragon Seed, was postponed, MGM extended their loan of Kelly to Columbia, allowing this film to be made with him. Columbia's production head, Harry Cohn, was initially opposed to having Kelly do the film, but producer Schwartz nevertheless obtained him, promising Kelly that he would be able to choreograph, which MGM had not allowed him to do.

Columbia gave Kelly almost complete control over the making of this film, and many of his ideas contributed to its lasting success. He removed several of the soundstage walls so that he, Hayworth, and Silvers could dance along an entire street in one take. He also used trick photography so that he could dance with his own reflection in the sequence "Alter-Ego Dance", achieved using superimposition to give his "double" a ghost-like quality. Kelly, along with Stanley Donen, devised the choreography. Film historians consider Cover Girl the point where Kelly hit his stride in a musical role that foreshadowed the best of his future work.

The film was Hayworth's fourth musical: the first two she had done opposite Fred Astaire. Hayworth's singing voice was dubbed by Martha Mears.

Cover Girl was Columbia's first Technicolor musical, and songwriter Arthur Schwartz's first venture into producing. The film was a big hit, and made stars out of both Hayworth and Kelly. The success of Cover Girl caused MGM to pay closer attention to Kelly as a viable property, and they allowed him to create his own dance numbers for his next film, Anchors Aweigh (1945), co-starring Frank Sinatra. Columbia bought the film rights to Pal Joey, which Kelly had done on Broadway, hoping to pair up Kelly and Hayworth again, but MGM refused to loan him out, and instead the film was made with Sinatra playing the lead.

Awards and honors
Carmen Dragon and Morris Stoloff won the 1944 Academy Award for Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture.

The following were nominated, but did not win:
 * Lionel Banks, Cary Odell and Fay Babcock for Best Art Direction
 * Rudolph Maté and Allen M. Davey for Best Cinematography
 * Jerome Kern (music) and Ira Gershwin (lyrics) for Best Original Song for "Long Ago (and Far Away)"
 * John P. Livadary for Best Sound, Recording.

The song "Long Ago (and Far Away)" was also ranked 92nd on the American Film Institute's 2004 list AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs.

title: Cover Girl (film)


text:
Childebrand I

Childebrand I (678 – 743 or 751) was a Frankish duke (dux), illegitimate son of Pepin of Heristal and Alpaida, and brother of Charles Martel. He was born in Autun, where he later died. He married Emma of Austrasia and was given Burgundy by his father, becoming a duke. He distinguished himself in the expulsion of the Saracens from Francia alongside his brother when he captured Marseille, one of the largest cities still in Umayyad hands.

He was the patron of the continuator of the Chronicle of Fredegar, as was his son Nibelung I or Nivelon.

Levellain believe that Childebrand was actually the half-brother of Charles Martel, related through his mother. His date of death is also contentious, as some sources place his death at 743 while others claim he lived until 751.

title: Childebrand I


text:
List of Test cricket umpires

This is a list of cricket umpires who have officiated at least one men's Test match. As of January 2024, 497 umpires have officiated in a Test match. Current members of the Emirates Elite Panel of ICC Umpires, appointed by the International Cricket Council to officiate in Test matches and One Day Internationals, are shown in bold. Current members of the Emirates International Panel of ICC Umpires, who may also be called upon to officiate in Test matches in busy cricketing years, are marked with a dagger (†).

In December 2019, in the first match between Australia and New Zealand, Aleem Dar stood in his 129th Test match, breaking the record previously set by Steve Bucknor.

In-game changes
The figures above include the following occasions when an on-field umpire was replaced during a Test, (apart from Amiesh Saheba replacing Billy Doctrove for the 2nd Test between India and Pakistan at Kolkata in 2007, and Rod Tucker replacing Aleem Dar for the 2nd Test between England and Sri Lanka at Chester-le-Street in 2016).

 * Three umpires were used for the 2nd Test between Australia and New Zealand at Hobart in 2001–02. Steve Davis was injured and was replaced on field by John Smeaton during the third day.
 * Three umpires were used for the 2nd Test between South Africa and India at Durban in 2006–07. Mark Benson was ill and was replaced on field by Ian Howell during the third day.
 * Three umpires were used for the 2nd Test between India and Pakistan at Kolkata in 2007–08. Billy Doctrove was ill and was replaced on field by Amiesh Saheba during the fourth day.
 * Three umpires were used for the 2nd Test between New Zealand and India at Napier in 2008–09. Billy Doctrove was ill and was replaced on field by Evan Watkin on the third day.
 * Three umpires were used for the 2nd Test between Australia and West Indies at Adelaide in 2009–10. Mark Benson was ill and was replaced on field by Asad Rauf on the second day.
 * Three umpires were used for the 2nd Test between West Indies and New Zealand at Port of Spain in 2014. Rod Tucker was ill and was replaced on field by Richard Illingworth on the fourth day.
 * Three umpires were used for the 2nd Test between England and Sri Lanka at Chester-le-Street in 2016. Aleem Dar was ill and was replaced on field by Rod Tucker on the fourth day.
 * Three umpires were used for the 4th Test between India and England at Mumbai in 2016–17. Paul Reiffel was injured and was replaced on field by Marais Erasmus on the first day.
 * Three umpires were used for the 1st Test between India and Sri Lanka at Kolkata in 2017–18. Richard Kettleborough was ill and was replaced on field by Joel Wilson on the third day.
 * Three umpires were used for the 2nd Test between South Africa and Australia at Port Elizabeth in 2017–18. Chris Gaffaney was ill and was replaced on field by Sundaram Ravi on the second day.

title: List of Test cricket umpires


text:
Gulf of Tomini

The Gulf of Tomini (Teluk Tomini), also known as the Bay of Tomini, is the equatorial gulf which separates the Minahassa (Northern) and East Peninsulas of the island of Sulawesi (Celebes) in Indonesia. The Togian Islands lie near its center. To the east, the Gulf opens onto the Molucca Sea.

Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Gulf of Tomini as being one of the divisions of the East Indian Archipelago. It is defined as the waters west of the "Western limit of the Molukka Sea", which is elsewhere defined as the line running from "Tg. Pasir Pandjang (-0.65°N, 123.41667°W)... across to Tg. Tombalilatoe (123° 21′ E) on the opposite coast".

title: Gulf of Tomini


text:
Sindh River

The Sindh River, a tributary of the Yamuna River, flows through the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

Course
The Sindh originates on the Malwa Plateau in Vidisha district, and flows north-northeast through the districts of Guna, Ashoknagar, Shivpuri, Datia, Gwalior and Bhind in Madhya Pradesh to join the Yamuna River in Jalaun district, Uttar Pradesh, just after the confluence of the Chambal River with the Yamuna River. It has a total length of 470 km, out of which 461 km are in Madhya Pradesh and 9 km are in Uttar Pradesh.

Tributaries
The major tributaries of the Sindh are the Parbati, Pahuj, Kwari (Kunwari), and Mahuar. The Mahuar River is also locally known as the Samoha River and passes through the former Karera Wildlife Sanctuary.

Dam
Manikheda Dam has been constructed across the Sindh River in Shivpuri district and a Pickup Dam named as Mohini Sagar is situated downstream.

title: Sindh River


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Robert LeRoy

Robert LeRoy (February 7, 1885 – September 7, 1946) was a tennis player from New York City in the United States, who won two medals at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis. He won a Silver medal in both the men's singles event and the men's doubles tournament, partnering Alphonzo Bell.

Tennis career
He played collegiate tennis at Columbia University, where in 1904 and 1906 he won the National Collegiate Athletics Association singles championship.

In 1907, he was a singles finalist at the U.S. National Championships, now known as the US Open. In the semi-finals against Henry Mollenhauer, LeRoy trailed 2 sets to 1 and 5–2 and Mollenhauer had two match points. A questionable line call and his opponent suffering from cramps allowed LeRoy to reach the final, where he lost in straight sets to eventual seven times champion William Larned.

At the tournament now known as the Cincinnati Masters, he won three consecutive singles titles (1907–1909), and reached another singles final (1906). In doubles, he won two titles (1904 and 1905, both with Raymond D. Little), and reached another doubles final (1907 with Irving Wright). In mixed doubles in Cincinnati, he won the title in 1904 with Winona Closterman, and reached two other mixed doubles finals (1905 with Helen Homans and 1907 with Marjorie Dodd).

title: Robert LeRoy


text:
Abisko

Abisko (Ábeskovvu) is a village in Sápmi (Lapland), in northern Sweden, roughly 200 km north of the Arctic Circle, and near Abisko National Park, located 4 km west of the village. It had 85 inhabitants as of 2005.

Permafrost is common around the village albeit this low altitude permafrost is disappearing because of global warming and increased snowfall.

Transportation
Daily passenger electric trains run by SJ AB connect Stockholm with the Norwegian city of Narvik, stopping at both the Abisko village (the name of that railway station is Abisko Östra [east]) and the Abisko Turiststation. Additional regional trains provide links along the Kiruna-Narvik stretch. Abisko is also reachable by car via the highway E10 which has linked Kiruna and Narvik since the early 1980s. Other local forms of transportation include hiking and dog-sledding in winter. A chair-lift provides access to a point below the summit of nearby Mt. Nuolja.

Tourism
The 425 kilometer-long Kungsleden hiking trail, which follows the Scandinavian mountain range, starts (or ends) at the Abisko Turiststation (consisting of a railway station of the same name and the Abisko Youth Hostel) (approx. 4 km west of the village itself) and follows through the national park. The Nordkalottruta uses trails of the park as part of its longer passage. The Abisko Turiststation, run by the Svenska Turistföreningen (STF), houses many visitors to the park and provides lodging, food, and other amenities, and is one of many similar facilities located periodically along the Kungsleden trail. The national park is known for its Cross-country skiing opportunities, snowshoeing, and other winter sports (Mount Nuolja and nearby Björkliden provides Backcountry skiing and freeriding opportunities). As its location is 195 km north of the Arctic Circle, summer hikers enjoy the midnight sun, while winter visitors may find the light pollution-free location ideal for viewing the aurora borealis. One of the most recognized natural sights is Lapporten, a U-shaped valley visible from Abisko. Abisko is also located near the 330 square kilometre (130 sq mi) lake Torneträsk.

Research Station
Abisko is home to the Abisko Scientific Research Station, an important centre for research into Arctic ecology and climate change. The research station hosts the Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, where research, education and outreach on aquatic and terrestrial ecology are undertaken.

Climate
Abisko has a subarctic climate (Dfc), typical of Northern Sweden in Lapland. Summers are cool and rainy with chilly nights and snow covers are often modest except for during milder winters where maritime air brings more precipitation. Winters are long and cold but somewhat moderated by mild Gulf Stream air coming from the west. That means Abisko has a milder annual mean temperature than municipal seat Kiruna in spite of the chilly summers. Precipitation peaks during summer. Abisko is a very cloudy village by Swedish standards but is also one of the driest places in the country due to it being in a rain shadow from the Scandinavian Mountains. The difference between it and relatively nearby Riksgränsen is extreme, with Abisko receiving a lot less than half of its precipitation.

title: Abisko


text:
Rebévelier

Rebévilier is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois).

History
Rebévelier is first mentioned in 1181 as Robervilier.

The noble Rebévelier family appears in historic records during the 13th and 14th centuries. For most of its history, the village was owned by Bellelay Abbey under the Prince-Bishop of Basel. Until the Protestant Reformation of 1531, it was part of the parish of Sapran. However, Rebévelier remained Catholic when the surrounding communities converted. Rebévelier became part of the parish of Undervelier, while Les Cerniers joined the parish of Saulcy. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Rebévelier became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Rebévelier was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

By the end of the 19th century, most of the French-speaking Catholic residents had moved away and the village was now German speaking and Mennonite. In 1974-75, during the voting that led to the creation of the Canton of Jura, Rebévelier wished to remain part of the Canton of Bern. Therefore, in 1976, they were administratively moved from the Delémont district into the Moutier district so they could remain in Bern.

Geography
Rebévelier has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 2.12 km2 or 59.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.41 km2 or 39.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.02 km2 or 0.6% is settled (buildings or roads).

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 0.6%. Out of the forested land, 34.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 5.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 5.9% is used for growing crops and 27.9% is pastures and 25.6% is used for alpine pastures.

The municipality is located west of the Pichoux gorge. It consists of the hamlets of Rebévelier and Les Cerniers.

The municipalities of Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan, Souboz and Rebévelier were considering a merger on 1 January 2015 into a new municipality, Petit-Val. When Rebévelier chose to not go forward with the merger, the other four municipalities merged on 1 January 2015.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Deer Sable attired and hoofed Gules trippant on a Mount of 5 Coupeaux Vert.

Demographics
Rebévelier has a population of, all Swiss citizens. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -2.1%, all due to migration.

Most of the population speaks German (20 or 66.7%) as their first language with the rest speaking French.

, the population was 59.6% male and 40.4% female. The population was made up of 28 Swiss men and 19 Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 22 or about 73.3% were born in Rebévelier and lived there in 2000. There were 5 or 16.7% who were born in the same canton, while 3 or 10.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and or 0.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 34.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 41.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 23.9%.

, there were 16 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 13 married individuals and 1 widow or widower.

, there were 3 households that consist of only one person and 4 households with five or more people. , a total of 9 apartments (52.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 5 apartments (29.4%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (17.6%) were empty. In 2011, single family homes made up 46.7% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 43.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Evangelical People's Party (EVP) (17.2%), the Christian Social Party (CSP) (17.2%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (16.6%). In the federal election, a total of 23 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 69.7%.

Economy
, Rebévelier had an unemployment rate of 2.6%. , there were a total of 23 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 23 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. No one was employed in the secondary sector or the tertiary sector. There were 16 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 18.8% of the workforce.

there were a total of 18 full-time equivalent jobs, all in agriculture.

, there were 4 workers who commuted away from the municipality. A total of 12 workers both lived and worked in Rebévelier.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Rebévelier making 150,000 CHF was 13.5%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.9%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 13 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 2 made over 75,000 CHF per year. The greatest number of workers, 5, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Rebévelier was 100,100 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011, 0.0% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

Religion
From the, 6 or 20.0% were Roman Catholic, while 1 or 3.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 23 individuals (or about 76.67% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.

Education
In Rebévelier about 38.5% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 23.1% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 3 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, all were Swiss men.

, there were no students attending any school in the municipality. During the same year, 7 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Rebévelier


text:
Reconvilier

Reconvilier is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois).

History
Reconvilier is first mentioned in 884 as Roconis villare. The former German name Rokwiler is no longer used today.

The oldest trace of a settlement in the area are two ceramic and three bronze bowls which probably come from a Roman villa from the 2nd or 3rd century. In 884, the village appears as an estate belonging to Moutier-Grandval Abbey. The noble Reconvilier family appears in historical records beginning in the 12th century and lasting until the 15th. The village remained under the Abbey's control until it was secularized around 1531. Then Reconvilier came under the authority of the provost of Moutier-Grandval who represented the Prince-Bishop of Basel. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Reconvilier became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Reconvilier was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

The Chapel of Saint-Léonard in Chaindon is first mentioned in 962. However, both Reconvilier and Chaindon were part of the parish of Tavannes for most of their history. In 1530, the entire Tavannes parish, including Reconvilier converted to the new faith of the Protestant Reformation. It separated from the parish to form an independent parish in 1908. The current parish church was built as a village church in 1740. It was renovated in 1924-26 and again in 1992.

Industry began to move into the village in the second half of the 19th century. In 1851 the watch parts factory Bueche, Boillat et Cie opened. In 1876 a station on the Basel-Biel railroad opened in Reconvilier. The convenient transportation link allowed the village to expand into an important watchmaking center. The Bueche, Boillat et Cie company changed their name to Générale Watch Co in 1895 and until 1975 it sold Helvetia brand watches. In 1853, the Société horlogère was created. It sold watches under the Reconvilier Watch Company name until 1970. Both factories closed during the Quartz crisis of the 1970s, though the Reconvilier Watch Company name was reincorporated in Zug in 2006. The company now, operates under the name of Société Horlogère Reconvilier AG and besides producing a classic watch line, they have now moved into the business of supplying high-tech, GPS-based watches, which feature distance measurement for golf players. In 1855, Bueche, Boillat et Cie built a foundry to supply metal to the company. After passing through several different owners, it became part of Swissmetal in 1989. Today the manufacturing sector still provides over half of all jobs in the municipality.

Geography
Reconvilier has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 3.69 km2 or 44.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.46 km2 or 41.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.06 km2 or 12.8% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes.

During the same year, industrial buildings made up 1.5% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 7.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.3%. Out of the forested land, 37.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 16.6% is used for growing crops and 14.3% is pastures and 13.2% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Tavannes valley. It consists of the village of Reconvilier and the hamlet of Chaindon.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent a Bend wavy Sable and in chief sinister a Mullet of Five of the same.

Demographics
Reconvilier has a population of. , 16.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -2.3%. Migration accounted for -2.7%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.2%.

Most of the population speaks French (1,999 or 82.7%) as their first language, German is the second most common (166 or 6.9%) and Italian is the third (72 or 3.0%).

, the population was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. The population was made up of 897 Swiss men (40.1% of the population) and 197 (8.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 980 Swiss women (43.8%) and 164 (7.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 682 or about 28.2% were born in Reconvilier and lived there in 2000. There were 744 or 30.8% who were born in the same canton, while 369 or 15.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 445 or 18.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 21.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.7%.

, there were 933 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,146 married individuals, 197 widows or widowers and 141 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 351 households that consist of only one person and 58 households with five or more people. , a total of 998 apartments (87.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 66 apartments (5.8%) were seasonally occupied and 77 apartments (6.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0.4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 5.99%. In 2011, single family homes made up 63.5% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire urbanized village of Reconvilier is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 32.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (24.3%), the FDP.The Liberals (8.1%) and the Evangelical People's Party (EVP) (7.6%). In the federal election, a total of 580 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 39.5%.

Economy
, Reconvilier had an unemployment rate of 2.4%. , there were a total of 814 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 25 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 353 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 28 businesses in this sector. 436 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 54 businesses in this sector. There were 1,138 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.1% of the workforce.

there were a total of 683 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 16, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 333 of which 250 or (75.1%) were in manufacturing and 83 (24.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 334. In the tertiary sector; 145 or 43.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 13 or 3.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 25 or 7.5% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4 or 1.2% were technical professionals or scientists, 29 or 8.7% were in education and 83 or 24.9% were in health care.

, there were 629 workers who commuted into the municipality and 573 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.1 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. A total of 565 workers (48.0% of the 1,176 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Reconvilier. About 2.9% of the workforce coming into Reconvilier are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 11% used public transportation to get to work, and 56.9% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Reconvilier making 150,000 CHF was 13.3%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.5%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 980 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 280 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 16 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Reconvilier was 106,218 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.

In 2011 a total of 5.0% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

Religion
From the, 1,082 or 44.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 687 or 28.4% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 12 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.50% of the population), there were 4 individuals (or about 0.17% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 266 individuals (or about 11.01% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 63 (or about 2.61% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 5 individuals who were Buddhist, 3 individuals who were Hindu and 5 individuals who belonged to another church. 176 (or about 7.28% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 114 individuals (or about 4.72% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Reconvilier about 49.2% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 12.4% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 187 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 61.5% were Swiss men, 24.1% were Swiss women, 6.4% were non-Swiss men and 8.0% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 266 students attending classes in Reconvilier. There were 3 kindergarten classes with a total of 40 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 5.0% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 27.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 8 primary classes and 145 students. Of the primary students, 17.9% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 17.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 5 lower secondary classes with a total of 81 students. There were 9.9% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 9.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 308 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 274 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 34 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 70 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality has a railway station, Reconvilier. It is located on the Sonceboz-Sombeval–Moutier line and has regular service to Biel/Bienne and Moutier.

title: Reconvilier


text:
Roches, Switzerland

Roches is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois).

History
Roches is first mentioned in 1308 as Roschers.

For most of its history the village was owned by provost of Moutier-Grandval under the Prince-Bishop of Basel. After the 1798 French invasion, Roches became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Roches was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

In 1791 a glass factory opened was built in the village. In 1817 Célestin Châtelain acquired the factory and operated it until its closure in 1840. Two years later, he opened the Verrerie de Moutier glass factory in nearby Moutier, which grew to become the most important window glass company in Switzerland. Even while the glass factory was in operation, the village remained generally agrarian. In 1876 the Basel-Moutier railroad opened a station in Roches and the village became a local industrial center. However, this industrial growth was short-lived and today only small firms operate in Roches.

Geography
Roches has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 2.12 km2 or 23.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.47 km2 or 71.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.35 km2 or 3.9% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.08 km2 or 0.9% is either rivers or lakes and 0.03 km2 or 0.3% is unproductive land.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 0.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.8%. Out of the forested land, 68.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 10.6% is pastures and 12.6% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located along the Birs river in the Moutier Canyon.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Gules and Argent a Monastery Counterchanged.

Demographics
Roches has a population of. , 6.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -2.3%. Migration accounted for -2.3%, while births and deaths accounted for -1.4%.

Most of the population speaks French (184 or 81.8%) as their first language, German is the second most common (34 or 15.1%) and Italian is the third (3 or 1.3%).

, the population was 49.8% male and 50.2% female. The population was made up of 99 Swiss men (45.6% of the population) and 9 (4.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 103 Swiss women (47.5%) and 6 (2.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 78 or about 34.7% were born in Roches and lived there in 2000. There were 48 or 21.3% who were born in the same canton, while 67 or 29.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 22 or 9.8% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 65.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.3%.

, there were 96 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 98 married individuals, 17 widows or widowers and 14 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 20 households that consist of only one person and 9 households with five or more people. , a total of 90 apartments (76.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 18 apartments (15.4%) were seasonally occupied and 9 apartments (7.7%) were empty. In 2011, single family homes made up 47.5% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 39.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (15.4%), another local party (10.5%) and the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP) (10.4%). In the federal election, a total of 68 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 39.3%.

Economy
, Roches had an unemployment rate of 1.29%. , there were a total of 45 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 20 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 14 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 4 businesses in this sector. 11 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector. There were 122 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.0% of the workforce.

there were a total of 35 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 13, of which 11 were in agriculture and 3 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 13 of which 10 or (76.9%) were in manufacturing and 1 was in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 9, of which 8 were in a hotel or restaurant.

, there were 39 workers who commuted into the municipality and 86 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 36 workers (50.7% of the 71 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Roches. About 10.3% of the workforce coming into Roches are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 8.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 69.7% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Roches making 150,000 CHF was 13.2%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.4%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 103 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 24 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 2 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The greatest number of workers, 28, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Roches was 99,979 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 3.7% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

Religion
From the, 95 or 42.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 71 or 31.6% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 23 individuals (or about 10.22% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 12 (or about 5.33% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 23 individuals (or about 10.22% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Roches about 39.2% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 13.6% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 18 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 55.6% were Swiss men, 22.2% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 11 students attending classes in Roches. There were no kindergarten classes in the municipality. The municipality had one primary class and 11 students.

, there were a total of 16 students attending any school in the municipality. All 16 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 25 students from Roches attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Roches, Switzerland


text:
First Portuguese Republic

The First Portuguese Republic (Primeira República Portuguesa; officially: República Portuguesa, Portuguese Republic) spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. The latter movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar.

The sixteen years of the First Republic saw eight presidents and 45 ministries, and were altogether more of a transition between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Estado Novo than they were a coherent period of governance.

Early years of the Republic
After the republican uprising of 5 October 1910 that overthrew King Manuel II, a republican constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with little power in the hands of the president and a bicameral system. The republic caused important fractures in Portuguese society, especially between the monarchical rural population, the unions and the Catholic Church. Even the Republican Party was divided. The most conservative sector separated to form the Evolutionist Party and the Republican Union Party. Despite those secessions, the Portuguese Republican Party (commonly known as Democratic Party after this split, unlike the previous Portuguese Republican Party to the proclamation of the Republic), led by Afonso Costa remained the main political force of the Republic. The opposition forces began to use violence as a method to get closer to power, as there was no truly democratic political and parliamentary tradition, while almost all political factions were fighting for radical transformations that would end the immobility that had characterized to the House of Braganza.

The Democratic Party (officially Portuguese Republican Party) saw in the beginning of the First World War a unique opportunity to achieve its objectives: to end to the threat of an invasion by Spain and foreign occupation of the colonies, and within the internal level, creating a national consensus around the regime and even around the party. These domestic objectives were not achieved, since participation in the conflict decreed in 1917 was not subject to national consensus and it was not possible to mobilize the population, even more so there was hostility towards entering the war when Portugal had to send a contingent of almost 12,000 soldiers to France and colonial troops from Germany invaded the Portuguese colony of Mozambique. What happened was the opposite, Portugal's financial difficulties prevented it from forming an adequate contingent for the war, and the armed forces were not prepared for a fight on a European scale, which is why internal criticism of Portugal's entry into the war caused ideological differences to widen. The lack of consensus on Portugal's participation in the war made possible the emergence of two dictatorships, led by Pimenta de Castro (January – May 1915) and Sidónio Pais (1917–1918), called the President-King.

Sidonism, also called Dezembrism (Spanish Diciembrism), contained certain elements of modernization, but said regime preached some of the political solutions that would be used by the dictatorships totalitarians and fascists of the 1920s and 1930s. Sidónio Pais tried to rescue traditional values, especially the Pátria and tried to govern in a charismatic way. Attempts were made to abolish traditional parties and alter the existing model of national representation in parliament (which was said to exacerbate divisions within the Homeland), through the creation of a corporatist senate and a single party, the "National Republican Party", as well as the attribution of functions to its leader. The state carried out an economic policy interventionist persecuting unions and labor movements. Sidónio Pais also attempted to restore public order, turning the republic into a more acceptable model for the monarchists and Catholics who still remained a political force.

The power vacuum created after the assassination of Sidónio Pais on 14 December 1918 led the country into a brief civil war. In northern Portugal the restoration of the monarchy was proclaimed on 9 January 1919 and four days later a monarchical insurrection took place in Lisbon. A republican coalition, led by José Relvas coordinated the repression of the uprisings using military personnel loyal to the regime and armed civilians. After a series of confrontations with the monarchists, they were definitively defeated in Oporto on 13 February 1919. This military victory allowed the Portuguese Republican Party return to government and emerge triumphant in the elections that took place during that year, winning them by an absolute majority.

Search for stability
It was during this republican restoration that a reform was attempted to provide the regime with greater stability. In August 1918 a conservative President was elected – António José de Almeida (whose Evolutionist Party had joined during the war with the Portuguese Republican Party , to form the "Sacred Union") – and his government was given the power to dissolve parliament. The relations with the Holy See that had been restored by Sidónio Pais, were preserved. The president used his new power to resolve the government crisis of May 1921, appointing the Liberal Party (the result of the postwar merger between the Evolutionists and the Unionists) to prepare for the next election.

The Portuguese Republican Party won again by an absolute majority, but discontent with this situation did not disappear. There were many accusations of political corruption, and the opposition's attacks increased. At the same time, all political parties suffered from infighting, especially the ruling party. The party system was discredited because the government of the Portuguese Republican Party that had emerged from the polls was not really stable. The presidents' opposition to single-party governments that disagreed with the Portuguese Republican Party and everyone's desire to monopolize power caused the virtual absence of stability in the nation's government. Several different formulas were tried, including single-party governments, coalitions and presidential executives but none of them had any effect, causing the use of force to be considered "the only way" for the opposition to prevail if it wanted to enjoy the fruits of the can.

Religion
The First Republic was intensely anti-clerical. Historian Stanley Payne points out, "The majority of Republicans took the position that Catholicism was the number one enemy of individualist middle-class radicalism and must be completely broken as a source of influence in Portugal." Under the leadership of Afonso Costa, the Minister of Justice, the revolution immediately targeted the Catholic Church; the provisional government began devoting its entire attention to an anti-religious policy, in spite of the disastrous economic situation. On 8 October the religious orders in Portugal were expelled, and their property was confiscated. On 10 October – five days after the inauguration of the Republic – the new government decreed that all convents, monasteries and religious orders were to be suppressed. All residents of religious institutions were expelled and their goods were confiscated. The Jesuits were forced to forfeit their Portuguese citizenship. A series of anti-Catholic laws and decrees followed each other in rapid succession. On 3 November, a law legalizing divorce was passed and then there were laws to recognize the legitimacy of children born outside wedlock, authorize cremation, secularize cemeteries, suppress religious teaching in the schools and prohibit the wearing of the cassock. In addition, the ringing of church bells to signal times of worship was subjected to certain restraints, and the public celebration of religious feasts was suppressed. The government also interfered in the running of seminaries, reserving the right to appoint professors and determine curricula. This whole series of laws authored by Afonso Costa culminated in the law of Separation of Church and State, which was passed on 20 April 1911.

The republicans were anticlerical and had a "hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation, like that of the French Revolution, and the future Mexican Constitution of 1917 and the Spanish Constitution of 1931. On 24 May 1911, Pope Pius X issued the encyclical Iamdudum which condemned the anticlericalism of the new republic for its deprivation of religious civil liberties and the "incredible series of excesses and crimes which has been enacted in Portugal for the oppression of the Church."

The Republic repelled a royalist attack on Chaves in 1912.

Decline of the Republic
In the mid-1920s the national and international political scene was favorable to the emergence of an authoritarian solution, through which a strengthened government could impose public order and restore the political situation. The armed forces, whose political interest had increased due to the First World War and whose leaders had not forgotten that the Portuguese Republican Party had sent them to fight when The military themselves warned that they were not ready to fight, they were approaching the conservative forces, considering the reactionary military as "the last bastion" of order against the chaos that was developing throughout the country.

There were links between conservative politicians and military officials, who added their political and corporate demands to the situation. Finally, on 28 May 1926 the Portuguese Revolution of 1926 took place, a coup d'état by the armed forces supported by almost all the political parties that had given up on their plans to establish a stable government and conferred that mission on the army.

As had happened with the coup d'état of Sidónio Pais in 1917, the population of Lisbon did not try to protect the Republic, and the left parties themselves and their unions refused to resist the coup, allowing authority to pass into the hands of the army. With this began a military dictatorship that would maintain the formal structure of the Republic, but whose authoritarianism would slowly lead to the autocratic regime known as Estado Novo in the year 1932. The Estado Novo would remain in power without interruptions until 1974, when it would be overthrown by the Carnation Revolution and the Third Portuguese Republic would be established and democracy established in the country.

Heads of state and government
The First Portuguese Republic was an unstable period in the History of Portugal. In a period of 16 years (1910–1926) Portugal had 8 Presidents of the Republic, 1 Provisional Government, 45 Prime Ministers and 1 Constitutional Junta:

Evaluation of the republican experiment and legacy
Most historians have emphasized the failure and collapse of the republican dream by the 1920s. José Miguel Sardica in 2011 summarized the consensus of historians: ""… within a few years, large parts of the key economic forces, intellectuals, opinion-makers and middle classes changed from left to right, trading the unfulfilled utopia of a developing and civic republicanism for notions of "order," "stability" and "security." For many who had helped, supported or simply cheered the Republic in 1910, hoping that the new political situation would repair the monarchy’s flaws (government instability, financial crisis, economic backwardness and civic anomie), the conclusion to be drawn, in the 1920s, was that the remedy for national maladies called for much more than the simple removal of the king … The First Republic collapsed and died as a result of the confrontation between raised hopes and meager deeds.""

Sardica, however, also points up the lasting effects of the republican experiment: ""Despite its overall failure, the First Republic endowed twentieth-century Portugal with an insurpassable and enduring legacy—a renewed civil law, the basis for an educational revolution, the principle of separation between State and Church, the overseas empire (only brought to an end in 1975), and a strong symbolic culture whose materializations (the national flag, the national anthem and the naming of streets) still define the present-day collective identity of the Portuguese. The Republic’s prime legacy was indeed that of memory.""

title: First Portuguese Republic


text:
Hdparm

hdparm is a command line program for Linux to set and view ATA hard disk drive hardware parameters and test performance. It can set parameters such as drive caches, sleep mode, power management, acoustic management, and DMA settings. GParted and Parted Magic both include hdparm.

Changing hardware parameters from suboptimal conservative defaults to their optimal settings can improve performance greatly. For example, turning on DMA can, in some instances, double or triple data throughput. There is, however, no reliable method for determining the optimal settings for a given controller-drive combination, except careful trial and error.

Depending on the given parameters, hdparm can cause computer crashes or render the data on the disk inaccessible.

Usage examples
hdparm has to be run with special privileges, otherwise it will either not be found or the requested actions will not be executed properly.

Display information of the hard drive: sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda

Turn on DMA for the first hard drive: sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/sda

Test device read performance speed (-t for timing buffered disk reads) of the first hard drive: sudo hdparm -t /dev/sda

Enable energy saving spindown after inactivity (24*5=120 seconds): sudo hdparm -S 24 /dev/sda

To retain hdparm settings after a software reset, run: sudo hdparm -K 1 /dev/sda

Enable read-ahead: sudo hdparm -A 1 /dev/sda

Change its acoustic management, at the cost of read/write performance (Some drives, such as newer WD drives and all SSDs, ignore this setting.): sudo hdparm -M 128 /dev/sda

If the disk synchronisation intervals are too short, then even small amounts of data will be written to disk which can have severe consequences for its lifespan. The better way would be to collect small data into bigger chunks and wait until the chunk is big enough to be written to disk.

Current web browsers like Chrome write regularly small chunks when browsing in order not to lose any important data when the application crashes. However, this lets the disk spin very often as the drive repeatedly needs to unleash and then park its heads. The generated noises can be thus regarded as distracting by the user. To circumvent this issue, the user can switch the drive to the lowest degree of power management (next value, 255, turns power management off): hdparm -B 254 /dev/sda

Additionally, changing the value of /proc/sys/vm/dirty_expire_centisecs can have an effect on the performance. It sets the flush interval when dirty pages are written to disk.

These commands are only effective in the long-run if the user makes the changes persistent. However, the settings the user can set via hdparm are reverted each time the system is rebooted. Therefore, it might be wise to restore the personal settings upon boot. An appropriate place that exists in most Linux distributions is the /etc/rc.local script.

title: Hdparm


text:
User talk:Lotrgamemast

Welcome!

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No Problemo
No problemo 141.209.236.224 19:49, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

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Open source WikiProject
Hi! I'd like to join your WikiProject_Open_Source!

I've added my name to the list of members.

Do you want me to create a template for it or anything? (For example, "This user is a member of WikiProject Open Source"?)

I'd be interested to help out with this!

Best wishes,

Yuser31415 talk 02:05, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

AfD Nomination: Cancer (song)
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My Chemical Newsletter

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mcr616 Speak! 20:26, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

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My Chemical Newsletter

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Message from the My Chemical Romance task force
Hello!

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:WikiProject My Chemical Romance

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title: User talk:Lotrgamemast


text:
Wollmar Boström

Wollmar Filip Boström (15 June 1878 – 7 November 1956) was a Swedish diplomat and tennis player. He competed at the 1908 and 1912 Olympics in singles and men's doubles and won a bronze medal in the doubles in 1908, finishing fifth in three other events.

He was son to Governor of Södermanland County Filip Boström and nephew to Prime Minister Erik Gustaf Boström. In 1903 he started working at the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1909–13 he served as president of the Swedish Tennis Association, and in 1918–22 was a cabinet secretary. From 1925 till 1945 he was the Swedish minister in Washington.

title: Wollmar Boström


text:
User:Noisy/MDT

Multiple Designers Theory is a proposal offered as a critique of intelligent design. It is defined and promoted by its originator – Richard B. Hoppe – on websites associated with the evolution/creationism/intelligent design debate, such as ISCID (where it was introduced ), ARN and The Panda's Thumb (update in 2004).

According to its originator: "as its name implies, the central tenet of Multiple Designers Theory is that if intelligent design is implicated in the properties and structure of life of on earth, then multiple designers are implicated, not merely a single designer." In his introduction of the concept in 2002, Hoppe denies that it is a parody of intelligent design: "I am known to be an ID critic, and readers may therefore believe that this description of Multiple Designers Theory is presented as a parody of ID. It is not. It is a logical extension of a dominant stream of thought in current ID."

The proposal offers an alternative to the assumption within the intelligent design movement that there is a single designer of life on Earth, i.e. the Christian God. The proposal offers a number of indicators that may be investigated to explore the 'theory':
 * Design-versus-design, as in evolutionary arms races
 * Designs acting in concert, as in pollination
 * Failures and imperfections of design, where designs fail to find peaks on a fitness landscape
 * Intermittent interventions, as opposed to front-loading.

Since investigations into multiple designers might actually fail to make any such discrimination, MDT does not exclude the single-designer possibility. However, while the ideas offer fruitful ground for research, Hoppe has failed to inspire anyone within the ID community to follow up on his approach, and remains the sole investigator: Investigating MDT using Designer Discrimination Algorithms on The Panda's Thumb.

title: User:Noisy/MDT


text:
Talk:Finesse Mitchell

Untitled
Non-copyrighted stub created. ErikNY 17:23, 29 August 2005 (UTC) He is not Kel Mitchell

title: Talk:Finesse Mitchell


text: User talk:82.79.168.47

title: User talk:82.79.168.47


text:
Mount Pantokrator

Mount Pantokrator (sometimes Pantocrator, Pantōkrator, Παντοκράτωρ in Greek) is a mountain located in north-eastern Corfu. At 906 m, it is the highest mountain on the island. At the summit, the whole of Corfu can be seen, as well as Albania which lies a short distance from the island. On particularly clear days it is also possible to see Italy despite it being around 130 km away. At the top there is a café for tourists, a telecommunications station, whose largest tower stands directly over a well, and a monastery. The first monastery on the site was Angevin, built in 1347 but then destroyed sometime around 1537. The current church on the site dates from around 1689, and the current facade was built during the 19th century. It is dedicated to the transfiguration of Christ. To get to the peak, you can either drive to Mount Pantokrator up a series of winding roads from the coast, or walk to the top. If you choose to walk, one of the best places to start is in Old Perithia, Corfu's oldest village, where it takes approximately 2 hours for a round trip. The village of Old Perithia dates back to the 14th century and the 'Perithians' helped build the original monastery using local wood and limestone. The village of Old Perithia (and the now abandoned village of Sinies) can be seen from Pantokrator and with its 130 house and 8 churches Old Perithia is said to sit at the foot of Pantokrator, 'The Almighty.' The walk to Pantokrator from Spartilas is part of The Corfu Trail, an established long distance walking route of about 200 km from South to North Corfu. It's also possible to walk from Old Perithia to the summit of Pantokrator.

title: Mount Pantokrator