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Bat lau dung laai

Bat lau dung laai is a Hong Kong Cantonese corruption of the Vietnamese phrase bắt đầu từ nay, meaning "from now on" (' = begin, start; ' = "from",  = "now", ).

The phrase was made famous in the 1980s and 1990s in Hong Kong, due to a Vietnamese-language radio public service announcement that was broadcast, nearly hourly, on public radio broadcaster RTHK.

Background of the radio announcement
The broadcast was first made on 16 August 1988, which announced the government's decision to implement a screening policy that would separate refugees from non-refugees (or boat people with economic motivations). The statement was read by Chung Wai-ming, a well-known RTHK radio personality. The Vietnamese portion of the broadcast was read by a Vietnamese boat person who was about to be repatriated.

Original text of the announcement
The radio announcement began with a sentence in Cantonese, the most commonly spoken Chinese variant in Hong Kong. 香港[政府]對越南船民已經實施甄別政策. 跟住嗰段越南話廣播，就係向佢哋講述呢個政策嘅內容.

This was then followed by a paragraph in Vietnamese.

Bắt đầu từ nay, một chính sách mới về thuyền nhân Việt Nam đã được chấp hành tại Hồng Kông. Từ nay về sau, những thuyền nhân Việt Nam kiếm cách nhập cảnh Hồng Kông với thân phận những người di tản vì vấn đề kinh tế sẽ bị coi là những người nhập cảnh phi pháp. Là những người nhập cảnh phi pháp, họ sẽ không có chút khả năng nào để được đi định cư tại nước thứ ba, và họ sẽ bị giam cầm để chờ ngày giải về Việt Nam.

After that, the announcement ended with another sentence in Cantonese.

剛才嗰段越南話廣播，係向企圖進入香港嘅越南船民，講述香港對佢哋實施嘅甄別政策㗎.

Meaning of the announcement in English
The first sentence in Cantonese Chinese: "[The] Hong Kong [Government] has implemented the policy of 'Comprehensive Plan of Action' on Vietnamese boat people. The following Vietnamese-language announcement will elucidate to them the content of the policy."

The message in Vietnamese: "From now on, a new policy regarding Vietnamese boat people has been implemented in Hong Kong. Hereafter, those Vietnamese boat people seeking to immigrate into Hong Kong as immigrants due to economic reasons will be considered illegal immigrants. As illegal immigrants, they will not have the ability to settle in a third country, and they will be detained until repatriated to Vietnam."

The final sentence in Cantonese Chinese: "The Vietnamese-language announcement, which has just been broadcast, elucidated the policy of 'Comprehensive Plan of Action' that the Hong Kong Government implements on the Vietnamese boat people who intend to enter Hong Kong."

Use of the phrase in Hong Kong
Due to the frequency of the broadcast, many Hong Kong people came to learn the phrase. Some, however, mistook the phrase as a term of greeting, similar to sawasdee in Thai. The phrase eventually became a metaphor for Vietnamese people and even Vietnamese culture.

The term is now considered to be a derogatory slur for Vietnamese people.

Early portrayal
The first recorded instance of the usage of "Bắt đầu từ nay" in Hong Kong entertainment programmes was during the 1980s, when it was used in a segment of the light entertainment show Enjoy Yourself Tonight. In the segment, a fight in the refugee camp was parodied, and two actors, using the stage names "Bắt đầu" and "Từ nay", roughed up one of the audience (played by an actor) in the "Legislative Council" meeting who was well known for creating commotions during Legislative Council meetings.

1990s
During the 1990s, some asylum seekers managed to use self-made tools to cut through the fence around the refugee camps and escaped. This incident was replayed on RTHK's news parody programme Headliner. In the video, the phrase was split into the following
 * Bắt đầu? (不漏?) (phonetically close to "bat lau", which means "leakless?", a reference to the supposedly high security measures in the refugee camp)
 * từ! (洞!) (phonetically close to "dung", which means "hole!", a reference to the holes that were cut and used as escape routes).
 * nay! (拉!) (phonetically close to "laai", which means "arrested!", a reference to the eventual arrest of the escapees).

2000s
In the 2000s, Vietnamese cuisine became popular in Hong Kong, and the phrase, which had faded out of memory after the resolution of the refugee problem, resurfaced in an advertising campaign for a Vietnamese restaurant.

2010s
The phrase was used at least twice during the 2010s on books.
 * 2010 travel book on Vietnam used the phrase in its title.
 * A Hong Kong émigrée to Canada used the phrase in her 2017 book on Vietnamese boat people, titled bắt đầu từ nay: The Boat People Saga.

title: Bat lau dung laai


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Indio Hills Palms

Indio Hills Palms Park Property and the Coachella Valley Preserve, located in the Indio Hills, contain the Thousand Palms Oasis and are a protected area in the Coachella Valley, located east of Palm Springs near Palm Desert, California. The Coachella Valley National Wildlife Refuge is contained within the Coachella Valley Preserve, and all are in the Colorado Desert section of the Sonoran Desert and adjacent to the Lower Colorado River Valley region.

California Fan Palm oasis
The Indio Hills Palms Park Property is managed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation. The Coachella Valley Preserve, a 2,206-acre (8.93 km2) area, is maintained by the non-profit Nature Conservancy and is one of the few in the desert with an oasis fed by natural springs that supports the only California native palm, the Washingtonia filifera, or California Fan Palm. The San Andreas Fault, visible from the valley floor as a line of greenery along the base of the hills, captures groundwater that nurtures the palms. The 1,000 Palms Oasis grove is easily reached by foot from the trailhead.

Desert pupfish
Naturally occurring artesian ponds provide habitat for the Desert pupfish, a small, endangered species of freshwater fish - roughly the size of a young goldfish. These ponds are part of the self-guided tour among the California Fan Palm groves.

Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard
The Coachella Valley National Wildlife Refuge is a restricted access habitat for the Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard, listed as an endangered species in California, a threatened species in the United States and the IUCN classifies it as endangered.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Indio Hills Palms


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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/September 10, 2006

Actuaries are business professionals who deal with the financial impact of risk and uncertainty. Actuaries are highly trained experts with a deep understanding of financial security systems, their reasons for being, their complexity, their mathematics, and the way they work. They evaluate the likelihood of future events and design creative ways to quantify the contingent outcomes in order to minimize losses associated with uncertain undesirable events. These risks can impact both sides of the balance sheet and require asset management, liability management, and valuation skills. It takes a combination of strong analytical skills, business knowledge and understanding of both human behavior and the vagaries of information systems to design and manage programs that control risk. Actuaries work in a number of insurance disciplines, which may be classified as life, health, pensions, annuities, and asset management, social welfare programs, property, casualty, liability, general insurance and reinsurance. (more...)

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Talk:Korg OASYS

GPL
Anyone know if Korg is complying with the GPL for their included Linux software? 24.165.233.150 04:51, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes, the source code covered under the GPL and LGPL is included on the CD-ROMs distributed with the product.

There was a Korg Oasys PCI launched in 2000 I think. As far as I know it has much in common with this Korg Oasys workstation. And also there was a Korg Oasys Workstation introduced about 10 years earlier on one of the music fairs and never continued. I remember something about from this earlyer disrupted project has the Trinity, the Triton and the Z1 gain birth. Does someone know anything about these things?

You can find some informaion here: http://www.synthony.com/museum.html under the name Korg Oasys KBD

I could also find this: Along with the Korg Prophecy, the Korg Trinity synthesizer was a descendant of the Oasys mega-synth that the company previewed in 1994 but never marketed. It's in wikipedia about Trinity. So I've remembered right.

Ok, finally I've found this page: http://www.vanille.de/extras/oasys/oasys.html I think there's enough information on this page about the long Trinity-and-Triton-and-Z1-and-Prophecy-and-PCI-card-instead-of-Oasys-project. It is intresting.

OASYS PCI
Yep, I used to have one of those. It sounded great, but almost as soon as I got it I had to migrate from Win95 to Windows XP, and although Korg had made a big deal about understanding how important driver support was to buyers, when the PCI didn't take off (high initial cost, many initial delays), they took a pragmatic decision to cut their losses and not spend more money to develop an XP-compatible driver for it. So mine spent a lot of time gathering dust or dangling from auxiliary secondary PC's in homebrew Heath-Robinson-type network arrangements while I waited for mLAN to get its act together. In the end I gave up and sold the thing. The card probably still has its fans out there.

Oh, and it was a ....very.... long PCI card, it wouldn't physically fit in some PCs.

length
(it was a full length PCI card, matching the PCI spec; some Windows PC cases didn't support full-length cards, and may not have always been clear about the restriction.) 71.117.94.212 21:55, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Korg OASYS


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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/September 11, 2006

Rudolf Vrba was Professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics at the University of British Columbia in Canada. In April 1944, Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler became the second and third of only five Jews to escape successfully from the German death camp at Auschwitz and pass information to the Allies about the mass murder that was taking place there. The 32 pages of information that the men dictated to horrified Jewish officials in Slovakia became known as the Vrba-Wetzler report. It is regarded as one of the most important documents of the 20th century, because it was the first detailed information about the death camp to reach the Allies that they accepted as credible. Although the report's release to the public was controversially delayed until after the mass transport of 437,000 Jews from Hungary to Auschwitz had begun on May 15, 1944, it is nevertheless credited with having saved many lives. Yehuda Bauer, Professor of Holocaust Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, has called Vrba "one of the Heroes of the Holocaust". (more...)

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text: User talk:69.3.183.54

title: User talk:69.3.183.54


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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/September 12, 2006

Tyrannosaurus is a famous dinosaur genus and a fixture in popular culture. Known colloquially as T. rex, the species Tyrannosaurus rex hails from what is now western North America. Some scientists consider the slightly older Tarbosaurus bataar from Asia to represent a second species of Tyrannosaurus, while others maintain Tarbosaurus as a separate genus. Like other tyrannosaurid theropods, Tyrannosaurus was a bipedal carnivore with a massive skull balanced by a long, heavy tail. Relative to the large and powerful hindlimbs, Tyrannosaurus forelimbs were small, and retained only two digits. Although other theropods rivaled or exceeded T. rex in size, it was the largest known tyrannosaurid and one of the largest known land predators, measuring over 12 meters (40 feet) in length and weighing as much as an elephant. Fossils of T. rex have been found in North American rock formations dating to the very end of the Cretaceous Period; it was among the last dinosaurs to exist prior to the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. More than 30 specimens of T. rex have now been identified, some nearly complete, which has allowed significant research into many aspects of its biology, including its life history and biomechanics. However, the feeding habits and potential speed of T. rex remain controversial.(more...)

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Ray Ryan (businessman)

Raymond John Ryan (January 9, 1904 in Watertown, Wisconsin – October 18, 1977) was an American professional gambler, oilman, promoter, and developer. Described as having a larger-than-life personality, he mingled with prominent businesspeople and movie stars, as well as with cardsharps and mobsters on his path to fame and fortune. His sensational murder case was never solved.

Biography
In the 1920s he went into the oil business, but was unsuccessful. In the process, he did, however, learn some powerful lessons about making timely investment decisions. He finally succeeded in the oil drilling in the 1940s due to the booming oilfields of southern Indiana, Illinois, and western Kentucky. His oil business was managed by Kentucky native, William "Billy" Gorman, who died in a mysterious horse riding accident in 1974.

In 1949, Ryan gave an inscribed gold key chain to Las Vegas mobster Davie Berman that read, "DB from Ray Ryan, 1949." Yet in the 1960s Ryan was reported to have testified against the mob in an FBI case, a factor that could have been linked to his eventual murder in 1977. Another theory is that he was alleged to have cheated mob-connected gambler Nick the Greek in poker for over $500,000 in 1949, and old resentments over this had flared up.

In the 1950s and '60s, Ryan was a land developer in Palm Springs, California. Real estate development in Palm Springs did not generate much interest until actor Clark Gable built a home there. Ryan joined with 24 other investors to purchase the run-down El Mirador Hotel in Palm Springs. After restoring it to its former elegance, he bought out his partners in 1960. The list of regular guests included William Holden, Dean Martin, Gregory Peck, Paulette Goddard, Ginger Rogers, Louella Parsons, and Freeman Gosden, among others. Howard Hughes secured a separate cottage to ensure privacy.

In 1962 Ryan, with partner Ernie Dunlevie, opened the Bermuda Dunes Country Club which later became a host club for the Bob Hope Classic golf tournament and where Clark Gable built a home on the sixth fairway.

Ryan was the target of a public IRS audit in the 1970s over some disallowed deductions stemming from his involvement in and development of the Mount Kenya Safari Club, in Nanyuki, Kenya, with actor William Holden.

Murder in Evansville, Indiana
In 1964, Marshall Caifano was convicted of extorting $60,000 from Ryan, who testified against him. The conviction was upheld in 1966, and Caifano was sentenced to 10 years in prison. When Caifano was released from prison in the 1970s, Ryan reportedly offered him $1 million in restitution; however, on October 18, 1977, Ryan was killed. Ryan went to a health club, as he often did. When he finished his workout, he walked outside to his new Lincoln Mark V coupe. However, someone had connected a bomb to the ignition of the car. As soon as Ryan turned the key, Ryan's car exploded violently. The impact of explosion killed Ryan almost instantly. It took investigators two days to locate and collect all of the pieces of the car – one piece of metal was located 377 feet from the scene of the explosion. The murder is unsolved.

title: Ray Ryan (businessman)


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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/September 13, 2006

Mariah Carey is an American pop and R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. Carey made her debut in 1990 under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola and became the first recording act to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola in 1993, a series of subsequent hit records established her position as Columbia's highest-selling act. According to Billboard magazine, she was the most successful artist of the 1990s in the United States. Carey took full creative control over her image and music following her separation from Mottola in 1997, and she introduced elements of hip hop into her album material. Her popularity was in decline when she left Columbia in 2001, and she was dropped by Virgin Records the following year after a highly publicized physical and emotional breakdown and the poor reception of Glitter, her film and soundtrack project. Carey later signed with Island/Def Jam and, after an unsuccessful period, returned to the forefront of popular music in 2005. In 2000 the World Music Awards named Carey the best-selling female artist of all time, and she has recorded the most U.S. number-one singles for a female artist. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/September 14, 2006

Operation Ten-Go was the last major Japanese naval operation in the Pacific campaign of World War II. The Japanese battleship Yamato, the largest battleship in the world, along with nine other Japanese warships, sortied from Japan on an intentional one-way mission to attack the Allied forces that were invading Okinawa. The Japanese force was attacked, stopped, and almost completely destroyed before reaching Okinawa by U.S. carrier aircraft which sank Yamato and five other Japanese warships. The battle emphasized the aerial control that the U.S. had attained in the Pacific theater as well as the vulnerability of surface ships to aerial attack. The battle also exhibited Japan's willingness to sacrifice large numbers of its people in desperate and suicidal tactics in an attempt to slow or stop the Allied advance on the Japanese homeland. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/September 15, 2006

Jabba the Hutt is a fictional character in George Lucas's science fiction saga Star Wars. He first appeared on film in Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi as an obese, slug-like alien. Jabba was originally portrayed by an immense latex puppet, but in other films he is a computer-generated image. The character's role in Star Wars is primarily antagonistic. He is a 600-year-old Hutt crime lord and gangster who employs a retinue of criminals, bounty hunters, smugglers, assassins, and bodyguards to operate his criminal empire. Jabba has a grim sense of humor, a bellicose laugh, an insatiable appetite, and an affinity for gambling, slave girls, and torture. The character was incorporated into the Star Wars merchandising campaign that corresponded with the theatrical release of Return of the Jedi. Jabba the Hutt's image has since played an influential role in popular culture, particularly in the United States. His name is used as a satirical literary device and a political caricature to underscore negative qualities such as morbid obesity and corruption. (more...)

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Joseph Kibweteere

Joseph Kibweteere (16 November 1932 - disappeared 17 March 2000) was one of the leaders of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, a group that splintered from the Catholic Church in Uganda and became infamous after 778 of its members were found dead. Although Kibweteere was assumed to have died in the incident, the Ugandan police shortly afterwards issued a warrant for arrest against the other leaders of the group. In 2014 it was announced by the Uganda National Police that there were reports that Kibweteere was hiding in Malawi.

Biography
Many details of Kibweteere's life, and especially death, remain unclear. What is known is that he came from a strongly pious Catholic background and was likely wealthy by Ugandan standards. He ran for political office in 1980 and owned enough land to donate some land for a school of his own design. The Catholic school he founded and led was apparently orthodox and at that point he had a positive image in the community. In 1960 he married a woman who would prove to outlive him.

During his life, Uganda experienced both religious and political upheaval, which likely influenced him. The strongest of these influences may have been religious movements that emphasized miracles and Marian apparitions. In 1984 he claimed to be experiencing sightings of the Virgin Mary. This vision had been brought to him by Credonia Mwerinde.

Religious acts
Around 1989 he came into contact with a woman named Credonia Mwerinde, a prostitute who claimed she was looking to repent for her sins. She had a background of claimed experiences dating back further than Kibweteere. Credonia claimed that she could see the virgin Mary when looking at a stone in the mountains. The stone apparently bore a strong resemblance to existing depictions of the Virgin Mary. Her father had claimed to have had a vision of his dead daughter, Evangelista, as early as 1960. His children and grandchildren would be affected by this. By 1989, Credonia and her sister, Ursula, were traveling through Uganda spreading the family's message. When Credonia met Kibweteere in the Kanungu District in western Uganda, he welcomed her with open arms and shared his own experiences. This would lead to their forming the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God.

After the death of Credonia's father, Kibweteere became the official leader of the group. In the 1990s the movement strongly emphasized apocalypticism in their booklet A Timely Message from Heaven: The End of the Present Time. Hence, he led an elite circle of six men and six women deemed to be the "new apostles." These apostles had an equal number of women because of the emphasis they placed on Mother Mary as instrumental in sweeping them toward heaven. The group declared several dates upon which the end of the world would arrive; however, several of these dates came and went with no sign of an apocalypse. Reportedly, Kibweteere stated that the year 2000 would be followed by "year 1 of the new world." These and other claims had little effect on the wider world. For the most part, he remained an obscure figure in Uganda and never formally split with the Catholic Church.

Disappearance
In March 2000 the group began slaughtering cattle and buying massive amounts of Coca-Cola. These events did not initially raise alarm, but they were preparing for a feast before death. On March 17, Kibweteere apparently died in the group's mass murder. A member of Kibweteere's family stated that the ostensible leader's actions had been entirely influenced by Credonia Mwerinde.

A great deal remains unclear about his story and about the movement. The BBC reported that Kibweteere had been treated for bipolar disorder a year or so before the group suicide. At that time, the Ugandan authorities considered him a fugitive and mass-murderer because they believed him to have escaped. The date and nature of the apocalypse the group expected has been debated. There is one camp that indicates they believed it would come in 1999 and that the 2000 suicide was caused by the failure of that prophecy. This would seem confirmed by some of their activities of 1999, but, in their literature, 2000 is often seen as the "end year". The nature of his role and significance to the events is also disputed. Due to the circumstances, satisfactory answers to these and other questions may never be forthcoming.

Although Kibweteere was assumed to have died in the incident, the Ugandan police shortly afterwards issued a warrant for arrest against the other leaders of the group. In 2014 it was announced by the Uganda National Police that there were reports that Kibweteere was hiding in Malawi.

title: Joseph Kibweteere


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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/September 16, 2006

Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound that acts as a stimulant in humans. It is found in the leaves and beans of the coffee plant, in tea, yerba mate, guarana berries, and in small quantities in cocoa, the kola nut and the Yaupon Holly. Overall, caffeine is found in the beans, leaves, and fruit of over 60 plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them. Its name is derived from the Italian caffè plus the alkaloid suffix -ine. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant, having the effect of warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Beverages containing caffeine, such as coffee, tea, soft drinks and energy drinks, enjoy popularity great enough to make caffeine the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance. In North America, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily. Many natural sources of caffeine also contain widely varying mixtures of other xanthine alkaloids, including the cardiac stimulants theophylline and theobromine and other substances such as tannins. When a given caffeine mixture appears to have different effects, depending on its source, it is due primarily to varying concentrations of other stimulants and absorption rates of the mixture. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/September 29, 2007

The trade and use of saffron reaches back more than 3,000 years and includes marketing for medicinal, culinary, and colourative applications. Saffron, a spice derived from the dried stigmas of the saffron crocus, has remained among history's most costly comestibles. With its bitter taste, hay-like fragrance, and slight metallic notes, saffron has been used as a seasoning, fragrance, dye, and medicine. Saffron is native to Southwest Asia, but was first cultivated in Greece. In both antiquity and modern times, most saffron was and is used in the preparation of food and drink: cultures spread across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas value the red threads for use in such items as baked goods, curries, and liquor. Medicinally, saffron was used in ancient times to treat a wide range of ailments, including stomach upsets, bubonic plague, and smallpox; clinical trials have shown saffron's potential as an anticancer and anti-aging agent. Saffron has been used to colour textiles and other items, many of which carry a religious or hierarchical significance. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/September 29, 2008

Assata Shakur (born 1947) is an African-American activist who was a member of the Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army. From 1971 to 1973, Shakur was accused of several crimes, of which she would never be convicted, and made the subject of a multi-state manhunt. In May 1973, Shakur was involved in a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike, during which she and Trooper James Harper were wounded; New Jersey State Trooper Werner Foerster and BLA member Zayd Malik Shakur suffered fatal injuries. In 1977, she was convicted of the first-degree murder of Foerster and of seven other felonies related to the shootout. Between 1973 and 1977, Shakur was indicted in relation to six other alleged criminal incidents—charged with murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, bank robbery, and kidnapping—resulting in three acquittals and three dismissals. Shakur was then incarcerated in several facilities, where her treatment drew criticism from some human rights groups. She escaped from prison in 1979 and has been living in Cuba with political asylum since 1984. Since May 2, 2005, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has classified her as a "domestic terrorist" and offered a $1 million reward for assistance in her capture. Attempts to extradite her have resulted in letters to the pope and a Congressional resolution. Shakur was the aunt of hip hop artist Tupac Shakur (the sister of his stepfather, Mutulu Shakur), and her life has been portrayed in literature, film, and song. (more...)

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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/September 29, 2009

Vauxhall Bridge is a Grade II* listed steel and granite deck arch bridge in central London. It crosses the River Thames in a north-west south-east direction between Vauxhall on the south bank and Westminster on the north bank. Opened in 1906, it replaced an earlier bridge, originally known as Regent Bridge but later renamed Vauxhall Bridge, built between 1809 and 1816 as part of a scheme for redeveloping the south bank of the Thames. The original bridge was itself built on the site of a former ferry. The building of both bridges was problematic, with both the first and second bridges requiring multiple redesigns from multiple architects. The original bridge, the first iron bridge over the Thames, was built by a private company and operated as a toll bridge before being taken into public ownership in 1879. The second bridge, which took eight years to build, was the first in London to carry trams and later one of the first two roads in London to have a bus lane. In 1963 it was proposed to replace the bridge with a modern development containing seven floors of shops, office space, hotel rooms and leisure facilities supported above the river, but the plans were abandoned due to costs. With the exception of alterations to the road layout and the balustrade, the design and appearance of the current bridge has remained almost unchanged since 1907. The bridge today is an important part of London's road system and carries the A202 road across the Thames. (more...)

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text:
File:Tribute To Jack Johnson.jpg

Summary
Cover artwork for Miles Davis' A Tribute to Jack Johnson; alternate cover for all CD reissues.

title: File:Tribute To Jack Johnson.jpg


text:
User:Nkcgd

'Bout Me
I love Necastle United and football in general. Born in Hexham, Northumberland.

Pages I've Worked on
Tynedale R.F.C.

My Links
NUFC

True Faith

Nufc-Forum

title: User:Nkcgd


text: User talk:69.20.199.64

title: User talk:69.20.199.64


text:
User talk:Little-j

The 8oo Horsemen

What role did the 800 horsemen play in the liberation of Beersheba and therefore Jerusalem? Was God influential in their victory?

Throughout history Jerusalem has been a well sought after city. Ever since Israel’s King David captured the city from the Jebusites in 1004 BC the city has never had more than a few hundred years of peace. In 616 BC, Nebuchadnezzar captured the city and destroyed it. It was rebuilt again, only to be captured or destroyed again by the Greeks, Romans, Muslims and the Turks. Besieged over 40 times, the city has rarely been at rest. While there was foreign rule, Jerusalem ceased to be the capital of Israel and the Israeli’s were more often than not, banned from the city itself.

Beersheba holds a special significance for the Israeli’s. It was the place were Abraham built ‘the well of oath’, which is what gives the place it’s name. (Beersheba means ‘well of oath’.) However, not only does Beersheba hold spiritual significance, but if Beersheba could be captured, it would almost guarantee the capture of all of Jerusalem. To do this however, was no easy feat. One must cross the Sinai Desert, with no water except for that which could be carried. Any army that could not capture Beersheba not only faced defeat from the enemy, but also dehydration and the merciless desert sun which eventually led to death. Aside from a few battles, the Turks had been the holders of Jerusalem for over 1,000 years and they held it now without defeat for 400. Countless battles and eleven crusades, (including Napoleon’s,) had been fought to try and liberate Jerusalem, but none had succeeded. However, with the help of 800 men from Australia, a country that was only sixteen years old, this was all about to change.

On October 31st 1917, one of the many battles of World War One was taking place at Beersheba, the gateway to Jerusalem. By now the Allies had realised that Beersheba was the key to Jerusalem, as previous attempts to liberate Jerusalem other ways had failed. "...The British swept towards Gaza. They stormed the city on 26 March but were thrown back by determined enemy resistance. A second attempt on 17 April also ended in failure……... The key to victory was Beersheba.” The British and Australian allies, led by General Edmund Allenby  crossed the Sinai Desert to try to take Beersheba from the Turks, thus opening the gate way to Jerusalem. However, General Allenby’s 50,000 strong infantry, armed with heavy artillery and tanks could not get past the 4,600 Turks with their machine guns, who were entrenched in front of Beersheba. The men and horses had run out of water, all were parched from the hot desert sun. If they were to survive they had to take Beersheba before nightfall.

The allies were facing defeat, when a brigadier from the 4th division of the Australian Light Horsemen said to his commander, Lieutenant-General Harry Chauvel, “I believe we can take this town.” It was then that the Lieutenant General thought of one of the boldest (some would say craziest) plan in modern history. A charge across 5,500 meters against heavy machine-gun artillery with only 800 horsemen!

Outnumbered six to one, the 4th division of the Australian Light Horsemen charged towards Beersheba, undeterred by the countless shells exploding around them or by the bomb-dropping planes overhead. The Light Horsemen thundered on while some of their comrades fell as bullets from the Turkish guns found their mark. Armed only with bayonets and rifles, the horsemen rode on and soon the Turks found that their bullets where flying harmlessly overhead as they could not adjust their sights quickly enough. (In the midst of all the confusion and fear, some even forgot to.) The Light Horsemen jumped into the trenches, attacking the Turks, then onto Beersheba. They had done it. Beersheba had been captured.

As the sun set on that day the men and horses were now able to drink from the remaining wells. For most, it was the first water they had tasted for 40, even up to 70 hours. With Beersheba captured, the allies now had water and shelter from the desert sun. They no longer had to battle the desert as well as the Turks. The 50,000 strong infantry, led by the Light Horsemen, could now advance towards Jerusalem. Beersheba had given them a great advantage. The Light Horsemen walked the streets of Beersheba proudly. Just over a month later, on December 11, they were walking the streets of Jerusalem.

When General Allenby led the Allies through the Jaffa Gate, many Arabs thought he was fulfilling prophecy and he was in fact the Messiah, who would end the Turk’s rule. Due to his respect for The Holy City, Jerusalem, General Allenby entered on foot gaining him the respect of the Arabs and the name Alla-nebi meaning The Pilgrim or The Prophet of god. The name backwards meant Servant of Allah and from this and because of the prophecy, the Turks came to believe that the general was some kind of super human, sent from Allah. In fear, they quickly surrendered and General Allenby read the declaration of the liberation of Jerusalem in front of the tower of David. The Israelis could return to their capital city once more.

The liberation of Beersheba and Jerusalem was no easy feat, and even today people agree that there is no way it could have happened; but it did. One of the most amazing things about it was that out of the 800 Light Horsemen, only 36 were wounded and just 32 men died (mostly during the fighting in the trenches). The Allies captured 38 officers, 1200 soldiers, along with many guns and vehicles. Furthermore, the Turks had orders to destroy the wells if Beersheba was taken, so the Allies would have no water, but out of the 17 wells, only 2 were destroyed and just 2 were damaged. Twelve hours of fighting by the 50,000 strong infantry could not break the Turks defences. The men and horses had no water, but still Beersheba was taken by 800 men in a matter of minutes. When they went onto Jerusalem, the Turks, instead of putting up a fight to the very end, fled in fear.

Yet, the most amazing thing of all is that the Light Horsemen had to charge Beersheba twice! Due to a breakdown in communications and because of British Commander Murray, (who had headed up the earlier, unsuccessful attacks on Jerusalem) the ANZAC’s were ordered to pull out of Beersheba. The British and Welsh infantry tried unsuccessfully to take the town again, resulting in thousands of casualties. The Light Horsemen were ordered to make a second charge, and for the second time they succeeded.

People marvel at the courage and strength of the light Horsemen, but these humble ANZAC’s didn’t take the glory for themselves. “Actually, what happened was my horse had not had water for about 60 to 70 hours and so when we lined up the regiment to charge my horse got a whiff of the water and just bolted. There was simply no stopping him. All I did was hang on for dear life…”.

The Israeli’s are known as God’s chosen people and many believe that God lent a hand in delivering Beersheba and Jerusalem to the Allies. Who, unlike other conquerors, gave it back to the rightful owners. There is no way that man alone could achieve such a feat. God was looking after his chosen people and he was also looking after their liberators.

Many battles had been fought and many brave men had lost their lives in trying to take Beersheba and liberate Jerusalem. For many years they died in vain, even until General Allenby’s 50,000 troops where driven back by the Turks. However there were 32 men that did not die in vain. They were the 32 out of the 800 Australian Light Horsemen that charged Beersheba and took hold of the town leading the way for the Allies to liberate Jerusalem. Still today, though many years later, historians are puzzled at how the Light Horsemen could have possibly achieved victory. All the odds were against them but it happened. Jerusalem is the capital of Israel once more, belonging to the Israeli people. There is only one explanation for this amazing feat. God; the God of Abraham, the God of Israel was the real liberator of Jerusalem, and he did it through the Australian Light Horsemen.

Bibliography ·	http://www.generals.org/articles_reports_words/Australia/Articles/The%20Australian%20Light%20Horsemen.html

·	http://www.colstringer.com/feature.htm#Top

·	http://www.swcs.com.au/aust3.htm

·	http://members.lycos.co.uk/blewholt/wwihorseroh/page12.html

·	http://www.ask.co.uk/ix.asp?q=Lieutenant%2DGeneral+Harry+Chauvel

·	http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWgaza.htm

·	http://www.home.zonnet.nl/rene.brouwer/ww1chrono.htm#1918

·	http://www.anzacday.org.au/history/ww1/overview/mideast.html

·	Australian Encyclopedia 2 (sixth editon)- bear-comp, Australian Geographic pty. Ldt., Nsw, Australia, 1996

·	Col Stringer, 800 Horsemen- God’s History Makers, Col Stringer Minestries Inc. Qld, Australia, 2000.

title: User talk:Little-j


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User talk:Markz85

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. — Mateo SA | talk 04:56, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

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User talk:Nkcgd

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --fvw *  04:57, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
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Subpages
NEVER copy the source of a userbox onto your userpage. Always use –. Here are your new subpages:
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James Milner Off the pitch section
Over the past few weeks I’ve been researching desperately to try and expand this section. But for the most part I can only find very trivial facts. Another user has told me that off the pitch sections are not mandatory and in this case it would be best to remove it completely. I’m not so sure, however minor his off the pitch activities might be it would be useful to give an idea of what he’s like as a person.

Please give me your views. Should it be expanded, removed completely or charged in some other way. Please give your views in the Milner Off the pitch section on my talk page. Buc 16:44, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

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Talk:Bernard Barker

CREEP?
The article mentions Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) numerous times. All other Watergate related articles refer to this as CRP. I think there's some political tom-foolery going on. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.104.231.235 (talk) 19:46, 12 October 2011 (UTC)
 * "CREEP" is how it was commonly pronounced and referred to at the time. Infrogmation (talk) 21:52, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

Citizenship
The Early Life paragraph both says he was born with dual-citizenship and later that he became a citizen.

Tbsmith (talk) 02:41, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bernard Barker


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Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site

The Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site is a preserved home once rented by American author Edgar Allan Poe, located at 532 N. 7th Street, in the Spring Garden neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Though Poe lived in many houses over several years in Philadelphia (1838 to 1844), it is the only one which still survives. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.

Poe's time in Philadelphia
Poe lived in at least three different locations in Philadelphia, including homes on Arch Street, on 16th and Locust Streets, and on Coates Street near 25th Street.

While living in Philadelphia, Poe published some of his most well-known works, including "The Tell-Tale Heart," "The Murders in the Rue Morgue," and "The Gold-Bug". It has been called his most prolific period. Poe published 31 stories during his time in Philadelphia as well as several literary criticism pieces, including his February 1841 review of Charles Dickens's novel Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty.

In reviewing the novel, which inspired Poe's 1845 poem "The Raven", he correctly predicted the novel's resolution before its final serialized installment was published. Dickens is said to have remarked, "The man must be the devil". Poe's years in the city have been described as the happiest of his life.

Home's history
The Historic Site is the only one of Poe's Philadelphia homes still standing and is located in the historical Spring Garden district on the northern edge of Philadelphia.

Poe rented the house early in 1843 and is believed to have lived there for about a year or less along with his wife Virginia and his aunt/mother-in-law Maria Clemm. It is uncertain when the family moved into the home, which was then at the corner of Seventh Street and Brandywine Alley (no longer extant) though believed to be some time before June. In a letter to James Russell Lowell dated June 20, 1843, Poe invites Lowell to visit him: "My address is 234 North Seventh St., above Spring Garden, West Side." Speculation as to which stories and poems were written in this home are unprovable, but suggestions include "A Tale of the Ragged Mountains", "The Balloon-Hoax", and "Eulalie".

The neighborhood was then predominantly made up of Quakers. The family's decision to move may have been prompted by Virginia's health, as she was struggling with tuberculosis. Her mother, Maria Clemm, maintained the home for the small family. A neighbor later recalled: "Mrs. Clemm was always busy. I have seen her mornings clearing the front yard, washing the windows and the stoop, and even white-washing the palings. You would notice how clean and orderly everything looks." A visitor referred to the home as little more than a lean-to. Poe occasionally had difficulty paying rent, though the landlord, a plumber, was tolerant of this. The family moved out the first week in April 1844 and made their way to New York.

Several families lived in the home after Poe until it was purchased by Richard Gimbel, son of the founder of Gimbels department store, in 1933. A fan of Poe, he refurbished the home and opened it as a museum. In his will, he left the property to the city of Philadelphia. The National Park Service began overseeing the property in 1978, reopening the home in 1980.

Home today
The site combines both Poe's former residence and two adjoining houses which were not built until after Poe left Philadelphia. The rooms of the house are left in arrested decay and are not furnished to look like they did during Poe's time. The neighboring residences include a welcome area, gift shop, a film screening room, and some minor exhibits.

The site includes a reading room decorated based on Poe's theories in "The Philosophy of Furniture", which is the only room on the site furnished to look like it did in the 19th century,. This was not part of Poe's original home and is not meant to suggest Poe had a similarly decorated room. The room includes a complete collection of Poe's works, including criticism, and audio interpretations of his work. A statue outside of the home depicts a large raven, representative of one of Poe's most famous poems, "The Raven" (1845). The cellar in the house resembles one described in "The Black Cat" (1843), also written while Poe lived in Philadelphia. Though the house does not include any items originally owned by the Poe family, many items are collected nearby at the Free Library of Philadelphia.

The site is affiliated with the Independence National Historical Park. The site is open Friday-Sunday, 9 AM to 5 PM (closed from Noon to 1 PM) with guided tours (call for information on times) or self-guided tours at any time. Admission is free. Paid membership in the Friends of Poe Society, which also sponsors events throughout the year, aids in the upkeep of the home.

title: Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site


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Siwash Rock

Siwash Rock is a rock outcropping in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada's Stanley Park. A legend among the Indigenous Squamish people surrounds the rock. It is between 15 and 18 m tall. It became known to mariners as Nine Pin Rock for its resemblance to a bowling pin.

Geology
About 32 million years ago, a volcanic dike formed in the sedimentary rock that forms the foundation of the park (sandstone and mudstone). Magma was forced to the surface through a fissure in the Earth's crust creating the basalt stack, which is more resistant to erosion than the softer sandstone cliffs. Siwash Rock is the only such sea stack in the Vancouver area.

Name
The Squamish name for the rock is Slhx̱i7lsh, or sometimes Lhilhx̱í7elsh. This name refers to the story of a man transformed by X̱ays. The hole in the rock is where Slhx̱i7lsh kept his fishing tackle, according to Andrew Paull. In Legends of Vancouver, poet Pauline Johnson relates a Squamish legend of how a man was transformed into Siwash Rock "as an indestructible monument to Clean Fatherhood." A plaque near the rock (pictured) states that it is "Skalsh the unselfish", who was transformed by "Q'uas the transformer" as a reward for unselfishness.

There is some controversy over the name of the rock. "Siwash" is a Chinook Jargon word for a person of First Nations or Native American heritage. Though the word 'siwash' in the jargon did not necessarily have a negative connotation and was used by native peoples themselves, its etymology can be traced to the French word "sauvage", which means wild or undomesticated. The word is considered by some to be derisive, but remains in use in certain place names and other contexts without derogatory associations, as with Siwash Rock, Siwash Sweater, etc.

History

Up on the cliffs overlooking Siwash Rock is a lookout point off the Siwash hiking trail. While today it is an ideal spot for park users to admire the scenery, it was known as "Fort Siwash" during the wars. An artillery battery was mounted there in the First World War, as were searchlights in the next war. A runaway mountain goat, according to park board lore, lived free in this area for almost a year in the mid-1960s until he was hit by a car and died in another area in the park. Also residing in this area, until he was arrested shortly after the Second World War, was a man living in a nearby cave for a 17-year period interrupted only by his service overseas to fight in the war.

The small Douglas fir atop Siwash Rock that helped make it such a distinctive landmark for the first generations of Vancouverites did not survive the exceptionally dry summer of 1965. An article on the tree's passing in the Vancouver Sun reads more like an obituary than news story, quoting former Vancouver Member of Parliament, H. H. Stevens as saying "I've known that tree for about 68 years now and I'm sorry the tree has died because it was one of our main attractions in Stanley Park." A park superintendent felt sure that it was "virtually impossible to establish another fir up on the rock from a young plant." Less than three years later, however, while park crews were still working to restore the park's forest from the devastation of Typhoon Freda, persistent efforts were rewarded when new saplings finally began taking root.

In 2017, Vancouver Park Board commissioner Catherine Evans introduced a motion to change the rock's official name to Slhx̱í7lsh. As Siwash is derived etymologically from sauvage (the French word for savage), Evans said: "We shouldn't have a name for any part of our land that is derogatory to the Indigenous people of this land." Indigenous comedian JR Redwater quipped "They say 'Siwash Rock' has to be changed because it's from an Indian word, derived from a French word, that's kinda-sorta-but-not-really a racial slur. That's like black people being offended by the Rio Negro."

title: Siwash Rock


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User talk:Jnrl

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Alan Au 05:00, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jnrl


text:
Mounds State Park

Mounds State Park is a state park near Anderson, Madison County, Indiana featuring Native American heritage, and ten ceremonial mounds built by the prehistoric Adena culture indigenous peoples of eastern North America, and also used centuries later by Hopewell culture inhabitants. It is separate from (and about 79 miles northwest of) the similarly named Mounds State Recreation Area (near Brookville, Franklin County, Indiana). The park receives about 400,000 visitors annually.

The park is 1 of 14 Indiana State Parks that are in the path of totality for the 2024 solar eclipse, with the park having 3 minutes and 45 seconds of totality.

Earthworks
The term earthworks includes any structure made from the earth. In Native American studies, there are three primary types: mounds, circular enclosures, and complexes. All are found in Central Indiana and in the state park. Mounds State Park has a complex of enclosures, both circular and rectangular. There are seven enclosures and four additional earthworks, which have been divided into two groups, the northern complex and the southern complex. The Great Mound enclosure is the dominant structure in the park and the southern group.

Mounds
These earthworks were created as a dedication to the Sun God and Earth Mother. The mounds were used as gathering places for religious ceremonies as well as viewing astronomical alignments.

When working at the Anderson mounds, archeologists learned that the maps used since the late 1800s were inaccurate. Research showed that the earthworks had been misrepresented in the map. This issue is significant since it affects the context of the site. Archaeological surveys of the park have shown that people have used the land for about 10,000 years, beginning as early as 8000 B.C. and continuing through about 1400 AD.

There are believed to be 8 circular earthworks in the park, but only 4 are visible today. This area was used for rituals and has been targeted by looters in the past, who caused significant damage to the artifacts and their stratigraphy. Estimates by radiocarbon dating suggest the rituals began around 250 B.C. Another feature of this site is the fiddle-back enclosure. Although there has been no evidence of astronomical activities here, it marks the spot where the sun sets on the summer solstice.

Great Mound
The Great Mound is the largest of the ten earthworks in the Mounds State Park. The Great Mound is approximately 390 ft across and consists of a circular outer embankment 9 ft high and 63 ft wide, surrounding a 60 ft wide ditch that is 10.5 ft deep. The central platform, 138 ft is diameter with a central mound, 4 ft high and 30 m in diameter. The central mound was excavated in 1968/69 and found to have three clay layers, each with ashes, showing a succession of use periods. The complex has been dated to 160 BCE through 50 CE These dates are obtained through radiocarbon dating and some artifacts. A nearby log tomb was found with a platform pipe typical of Hopewell styles from 50 C.E. Post hole remnants were dated to 60 BCE and 230 CE. Radiocarbon dates from excavated material of the Great Mound established 160 BCE +/- 90 for the embankment. The neighboring ‘Fiddleback Mound was dated to 120 BCE +/- 70.

The three floors of the Great Mound were created by a repeated process that included adding a layer of subsoil, burning the ground, then covering the floor in a layer of powdered white calcite, made from bone, shell, and limestone. This gave the floor a clay consistency as well as deep purple color. Each floor had basins and pits of unknown purposes. Near the gateway of the mound platform, a large pit was found containing various artifacts. These artifacts included chipped stone, flakes, burned bone, a fragment of shell, fragments of mica, and burned clay chunks. Built above this pit was a log tomb, called so because the floor of the tomb was laid with logs. When excavated, two human burials were found inside the tomb; a 50-year-old adult male, and the redeposited partial remains of a cremated individual. Also, artifacts such as a limestone platform pipe, flakes, fire-cracked rocks, mica fragments, pottery, burned and unburned bone, and seven deer bone awls were found in the tomb.

A hundred years after the mound was started, the construction of the Great Mound's platform was started. Although the embankment appears random and irregular, it was carefully crafted.

The only other aboriginal features on the platform were numerous small post holes encircling the top. These holes most likely held a brush fence erected to hide sacred activities carried out on the platform. After the mound was completed, several more pits were dug, some of them spanning from the surface to the lowest floor. One pit was possibly looted, while two other pits contained human burials. No other artifacts were found in these pits.

History
In 1900, a series of strange misshapen skeletons were unearthed from similar mounds in nearby Alexandria, Indiana. This brought thousands of tourists from around the Midwest. In 1910, several locals admitted to stealing chimpanzee skeletons from the nearby Muncie Zoo's monkey house. In 1915 the skeletons were sold to a local museum which burned down in 1919.

What is now Mounds State Park was the location of an amusement park that operated from 1897 until 1929. While the amusement park exploited the native-made mounds, it also helped to protect them by making them a point of regional pride and a destination; otherwise they might have been plundered or otherwise destroyed. When the Great Depression hit, the property was sold to the Madison County Historical Society, which transferred ownership to the State of Indiana, after which it became Mounds State Park.

Canoeing is also available in Mounds State Park on the White River.

title: Mounds State Park


text:
National Assessment of Educational Progress

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is the largest continuing and nationally representative assessment of what U.S. students know and can do in various subjects. NAEP is a congressionally mandated project administered by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), within the  Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the United States Department of Education. The first national administration of NAEP occurred in 1969. The National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB) is an independent, bipartisan board that sets policy for NAEP and is responsible for developing the framework and test specifications.The National Assessment Governing Board, whose members are appointed by the U.S. Secretary of Education, includes governors, state legislators, local and state school officials, educators, business representatives, and members of the general public. Congress created the 26-member Governing Board in 1988.

NAEP results are designed to provide group-level data on student achievement in various subjects, and are released as The Nation's Report Card. There are no results for individual students, classrooms, or schools. NAEP reports results for different demographic groups, including gender, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity. Assessments are given most frequently in mathematics, reading, science and writing. Other subjects such as the arts, civics, economics, geography, technology and engineering literacy (TEL) and U.S. history are assessed periodically.

In addition to assessing student achievement in various subjects, NAEP also surveys students, teachers, and school administrators to help provide contextual information. Questions asking about participants' race or ethnicity, school attendance, and academic expectations help policy makers, researchers, and the general public better understand the assessment results.

Teachers, principals, parents, policymakers, and researchers all use NAEP results to assess student progress across the country and develop ways to improve education in the United States. NAEP has been providing data on student performance since 1969.

NAEP uses a sampling procedure that allows the assessment to be representative of the geographical, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity of the schools and students in the United States. Data is also provided on students with disabilities and English language learners. NAEP assessments are administered to participating students using the same test booklets and procedures, except accommodations for students with disabilities, so NAEP results are used for comparison of states and urban districts that participate in the assessment.

There are two NAEP websites: the NCES NAEP website and The Nation's Report Card website. The first site details the NAEP program holistically, while the second focuses primarily on the individual releases of data.

History
NAEP began in 1964, with a grant from the Carnegie Corporation to set up the Exploratory Committee for the Assessment of Progress in Education (ESCAPE). The first national assessments were held in 1969. Voluntary assessments for the states began in 1990 on a trial basis and in 1996 were made a permanent feature of NAEP to be administered every two years. In 2002, selected urban districts participated in the state-level assessments on a trial basis and continue as the Trial Urban District Assessment (TUDA).[need citation]

The development of a successful NAEP program has involved many, including researchers, state education officials, contractors, policymakers, students, and teachers.

Assessments
There are two types of NAEP assessments, main NAEP and long-term trend NAEP. This separation makes it possible to meet two objectives:

 * 1) As educational priorities change, develop new assessment instruments that reflect current educational content and assessment methodology.
 * 2) Measure student progress over time.

Main
Main NAEP assessments are conducted in a range of subjects with fourth-, eighth- and twelfth-graders across the country. Assessments are given most frequently in mathematics, reading, science, and writing. Other subjects such as the arts, civics, economics, geography, technology and engineering literacy (TEL), and U.S. history are assessed periodically.

These assessments follow subject-area frameworks that are developed by the NAGB and use the latest advances in assessment methodology. Under main NAEP, results are reported at the national level, and in some cases, the state and district levels.

National
National NAEP reports statistical information about student performance and factors related to educational performance for the nation and for specific demographic groups in the population (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender). It includes students from both public and nonpublic (private) schools and depending on the subject reports results for grades 4, 8, and 12.

State
State NAEP results are available in some subjects for grades 4 and 8. This allows participating states to monitor their own progress over time in mathematics, reading, science, and writing. They can then compare the knowledge and skills of their students with students in other states and with the nation.

The assessments given in the states are exactly the same as those given nationally. Traditionally, state NAEP was assessed only at grades 4 and 8. However, a 2009 pilot program allowed 11 states (Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, South Dakota, and West Virginia) to receive scores at the twelfth-grade level.

Through 1988, NAEP reported only on the academic achievement of the nation as a whole and for demographic groups within the population. Congress passed legislation in 1988 authorizing a voluntary Trial State Assessment. Separate representative samples of students were selected from each state or jurisdiction that agreed to participate in state NAEP. Trial state assessments were conducted in 1990, 1992, and 1994. Beginning with the 1996 assessment, the authorizing statute no longer considered the state component a "trial.”

A significant change to state NAEP occurred in 2001 with the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, also referred to as "No Child Left Behind" legislation. This legislation requires that states which receive Title I funding must participate in state NAEP assessments in mathematics and reading at grades 4 and 8 every two years. State participation in other subjects assessed by state NAEP (science and writing) remains voluntary.

Like all NAEP assessments, state NAEP does not provide individual scores for the students or schools assessed.

Trial Urban District Assessment
The Trial Urban District Assessment (TUDA) is a project developed to determine the feasibility of using NAEP to report on the performance of public school students at the district level. As authorized by congress, NAEP has administered the mathematics, reading, science, and writing assessments to samples of students in selected urban districts.

TUDA began with six urban districts in 2002, and has since expanded to 27 districts for the 2017 assessment cycle.

Long-term trend
Long-term trend NAEP is administered to 9-, 13-, and 17-year-olds periodically at the national level. Long-term trend assessments measure student performance in mathematics and reading and allow the performance of today's students to be compared with students since the early 1970s.

Although long-term trend and main NAEP both assess mathematics and reading, there are several differences between them. In particular, the assessments differ in the content assessed, how often the assessment is administered, and how the results are reported. These and other differences mean that results from long-term trend and main NAEP cannot be compared directly.

Although NAEP has been administered since the 1970's, in 2021 US DOE officials have decided to postpone the assessment in math and reading due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The reasons for postponing include the possibility of skewed student samples as well as results due to differing distance learning options and because of safety concerns for proctors and students.

Assessment schedule
NAGB sets the calendar for NAEP assessments. Please refer to the entire assessment schedule for all NAEP assessments since 1968 and those planned through 2017.

Main NAEP assessments are typically administered over approximately six weeks between the end of January and the beginning of March of every year. Long-term trend assessments are typically administered every four years by age group between October and May. All of the assessments are administered by NAEP-contracted field staff across the country.

NAEP State Coordinators (NSC)
NAEP is conducted in partnership with states. The NAEP program provides funding for a full-time NSC in each state. He or she serves as the liaison between NAEP, the state's education agency, and the schools selected to participate.

NSCs provide many important services for the NAEP program and are responsible for:
 * coordinating the NAEP administration in the state,
 * assisting with the analysis and reporting of NAEP data, and
 * promoting public understanding of NAEP and its resources

New digitally-based assessments (DBA)
While most NAEP assessments are administered in a paper-and-pencil based format, NAEP is evolving to address the changing educational landscape through its transition to digitally-based assessments. NAEP is using the latest technology available to deliver assessments to students, and as technology evolves, so will the nature of delivery of the DBAs. The goal is for all NAEP assessments to be paperless by the end of the decade. The 2011 writing assessment was the first to be fully computer-based.

Interactive Computer Tasks (ICTs)
In 2009, ICTs were administered as part of the paper-and-pencil science assessment. The computer delivery affords measurement of science knowledge, processes, and skills not able to be assessed in other modes. Tasks included performance of investigations that include observations of phenomena that would otherwise take a long time, modeling of phenomena on a very large scale or invisible to the naked eye, and research of extensive resource documents.

Mathematics Computer-Based Study
This special study in multi-stage testing, implemented in 2011, investigated the use of adaptive testing principles in the NAEP context. A sample of students were given an online mathematics assessment which adapts to their ability level. All of the items in the study are existing NAEP items.

Technology and Engineering Literacy (TEL) Assessment
The TEL assessment framework describes technology and engineering literacy as the capacity to use, understand, and evaluate technology as well as to understand technological principles and strategies needed to develop solutions and achieve goals. The three areas of the assessment are:

 * Technology and society – deals with the effects that technology has on society and on the natural world and with the sorts of ethical questions that arise from those effects.
 * Design and systems – covers the nature of technology; the engineering design process by which technologies are developed; and basic principles of dealing with everyday technologies, including maintenance and troubleshooting.
 * Information and communication technology – includes computers and software learning tools; networking systems and protocols; hand-held digital devices; and other technologies for accessing, creating, and communicating information and for facilitating creative expression.

Eighth-grade students throughout the nation took the assessment in winter of 2014. Results from this assessment were released in May 2016.

Writing Computer-Based Assessment
In 2011, NAEP transitioned its writing assessment (at grades 8 and 12) from paper and pencil to a computer-based administration in order to measure students' ability to write using a computer. The assessment takes advantage of many features of current digital technology and the tasks are delivered in multimedia formats, such as short videos and audio. Additionally, in an effort to include as many students as possible, the writing computer-based assessment system has embedded within it several universal design features such as text-to-speech, adjustable font size, and electronic spell check. In 2012, NAEP piloted the computer-based assessment for students at grade 4.

Studies using NAEP data
In addition to the assessments, NAEP coordinates a number of related special studies that often involve special data collection processes, secondary analyses of NAEP results, and evaluations of technical procedures.

Achievement gaps
Achievement gaps occur when one group of students outperforms another group and the difference in average scores for the two groups is statistically significant (that is, larger than the margin of error). In initial report releases NAEP highlights achievement gaps across student groups. However, NAEP has also releases a number of reports and data summaries that highlight achievement gap. – Some examples include the School Composition and the Black-White Achievement Gap and the Hispanic-White and the Black-White Achievement Gap Performance. These publications use NAEP scores in mathematics and/or reading for these groups to either provide data summaries or illuminate patterns and changes in these gaps over time. Research reports, like the School Composition and Black-White Achievement Gap, also include caveats and cautions to interpreting the data.

High School Transcript Study (HSTS)
The HSTS explores the relationship between grade 12 NAEP achievement and high school academic careers by surveying the curricula being followed in our nation's high schools and the course-taking patterns of high school students through a collection of transcripts. Recent studies have placed an emphasis on STEM education and how it correlates to student achievement on the NAEP mathematics and science assessments.

NAEP-TIMSS Linking Study
The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is an international assessment by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) that measures student learning in mathematics and science. NCES initiated the NAEP-TIMSS linking study so that states and selected districts can compare their own students' performance against international benchmarks. The linking study was conducted in 2011 at grade 8 in mathematics and science. NCES will "project", state and district-level scores on TIMSS in both subjects using data from NAEP.

National Indian Education Study (NIES)
The NIES is a two-part study designed to describe the condition of education for American Indian/Alaska Native students in the United States. The first part of the study consists of assessment results in mathematics and reading at grades 4 and 8. The second part presents the results of a survey given to American Indian/Alaska Native students, their teachers and their school administrators. The surveys focus on the students' cultural experiences in and out of school.

Mapping State Proficiency Standards
Under the 2001 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965, states develop their own assessments and set their own proficiency standards to measure student achievement. Each state controls its own assessment programs, including developing its own standards, resulting in great variation among the states in statewide student assessment practices. This variation creates a challenge in understanding the achievement levels of students across the United States. Since 2003, NCES has supported research that compares the proficiency standards of NAEP with those of individual states. State assessments are placed onto a common scale defined by NAEP scores, which allows states' proficiency standards to be compared not only to NAEP, but also to each other. NCES has released the Mapping State Proficiency Standards report using state data for mathematics and reading in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, and most recently 2013.

Past studies
Over the years, NCES has conducted a number of other studies related to different aspects of the NAEP program. A few studies from the recent past are listed below:
 * The Oral Reading Study was undertaken to discover how well the nation's fourth-graders can read aloud a typical grade 4 story. The assessment provided information about students' fluency in reading aloud and examined the relationship between oral reading, accuracy, rate, fluency, and reading comprehension.
 * America's Charter Schools was a pilot study conducted as a part of the 2003 NAEP assessments in mathematics and reading at the fourth-grade level. While charter schools are similar to other public schools in many respects, they differ in several important ways, including the makeup of the student population and their location.
 * Private Schools educate about 10 percent of the nation's students. In the first report, assessment results for all private schools and for the largest private school categories—Catholic, Lutheran, and Conservative Christian—were compared with those for public schools (when applicable).  The second report examined differences between public and private schools in 2003 NAEP mean mathematics and reading scores when selected characteristics of students and/or schools were taken into account.
 * Technology-Based Assessment project was designed to explore the use of technology, especially the use of the computer as a tool to enhance the quality and efficiency of educational assessments.

Criticism
NAEP's heavy use of statistical hypothesis testing has drawn some criticism related to interpretation of results. For example, the Nation's Report Card reported "Males Outperform Females at all Three Grades in 2005" as a result of science test scores of 100,000 students in each grade. Hyde and Linn criticized this claim, because the mean difference was only 4 out of 300 points, implying a small effect size and heavily overlapped distributions. They argue that "small differences in performance in the NAEP and other studies receive extensive publicity, reinforcing subtle, persistent, biases."

NAEP's choice of which answers to mark right or wrong has also been criticized, a problem which happens in other countries too. For example, a history question asked about the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling, and explicitly referred to the 1954 decision which identified the problem, not the 1955 decision which ordered desegregation. NAEP asked students to "describe the conditions that this 1954 decision was designed to correct." They marked students wrong who mentioned segregation without mentioning desegregation. In fact the question asked only about existing conditions, not remedies, and in any case the 1954 decision did not order desegregation. The country waited until the 1955 Brown II decision to hear about "all deliberate speed." Another history question marked students wrong who knew the US fought Russians as well as Chinese and North Koreans in the Korean War. Other released questions on math and writing have had similar criticism. Math answers have penalized students who understand negative square roots, interest on loans, and errors in extrapolating a graph beyond the data.

NAEP's claim to measure critical thinking has also been criticized. UCLA researchers found that students could choose the correct answers without critical thinking.

NAEP scores each test by a statistical method, sets cutoffs for "basic" and "proficient" standards, and gives examples of what students at each level accomplished on the test. The process to design the tests and standards has been criticized by Western Michigan University (1991), the National Academy of Education (1993), the Government Accountability Office (1993), the National Academy of Sciences (1999), the American Institutes for Research and RTI International (2007), Brookings Institution (2007 and 2016 ), the Buros Center for Testing (2009), and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016).

Interpretation of NAEP results has been difficult: NAEP's category of "proficient" on a reading test given to fourth graders reflects students who do well on the test and are at seventh grade level. NAEP's category of "proficient" on a math test given to eighth graders reflects students who do well on the test and are at twelfth grade level. The fact that few eighth graders are proficient by this standard and achieve at twelfth grade level has been misinterpreted to allege that few eighth graders achieve even at eighth grade level. NAEP says, "Students who may be proficient in a subject, given the common usage of the term, might not satisfy the requirements for performance at the NAEP achievement level" James Harvey, principal author of A Nation at Risk, says, "It's hard to avoid concluding that the word was consciously chosen to confuse policymakers and the public."


text:
User:NatsukiGirl

Original Articles

 * 1) YUKI - my favorite singer, I'm proud to be the creator of this page
 * 2) Shaka Labbits - one of my favorite bands
 * 3) Shugo Chara! - one of my favorite manga series (note: someone decided to delete my original article and restart a new one in order to appear as the original creator. If you really care [you probably don't] you can see the truth in the history of the pages. You can find a history link I posted in the discussions page that proves I am the original creator *sigh*). Also, recently added info on the newest spin-off manga series.

Extensive Edits

 * 1) JUDY AND MARY - my favorite band, I helped a lot on this page
 * 2) Urusei Yatsura - my favorite manga, I added Games and helped with the Title section
 * 3) Kamichama Karin - another fave manga, helping out with special/limited edition info
 * 4) Haruki Murakami - my favorite author, I added translation and nejimaki info
 * 5) The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle - my favorite book, I added the same stuff here also
 * 6) My Melody - my favorite sanrio character, I added the description and game info
 * 7) George Catlin - I added family info, I'm a direct descendant from his proper family
 * 8) Memento - moved and disambiguated Memento_(film)

title: User:NatsukiGirl


text: Category:Guano Apes albums

title: Category:Guano Apes albums


text:
Talk:Frank Sturgis

Frank Sturgis (Fiorni)
This article used to say that Frank attended Old Dominion University before he joined the Norfolk Police Dept. Now it says he attended VPI. ODU did not exist at that time. I do believe he attended William and Mary Norfolk Div. before joining the police dept. It seems I remember him telling me that, but I cannot be sure at this date. Tyeriver (talk) 01:37, 6 May 2015 (UTC)

Sparticus says he went to VPI, I added the reference, which was a broken external link (URL has changed. Raquel Baranow (talk) 02:35, 6 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Frank Sturgis. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/13893143/the_last_confessions_of_e_howard_hunt/1

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:44, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

Help with fr.wikipedia
There is a French Wikipedia article called "Clan Fiorini", largely by an IP editor, that claims there is a mafia family involving two people, Florio Fiorini and Frank Fiorini, i.e. Frank Sturgis. The article has citations about Frank and about Fiorio, but none of the citations actually link the two and I can see no evidence that there is such a thing as the "Clan Fiorini".

Can anyone here shed light on this? Best I can tell, the article should be deleted, but my French is not up to doing an AfD(!), so can anyone help with that, or can anyone offer citations supporting the claims in that article, or any link between Frank and Florio? Bondegezou (talk) 09:35, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
 * In addition the fr. article for Frank Sturgis is currently at Frank Fiorini, in contravention of fr.'s WP:TITRE (the equivalent of WP:COMMONNAME). It appears to be an IP editor pushing a conspiracy theory to me, but this is not my area of expertise. Bondegezou (talk) 09:50, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

Date of Jim Garrison’s appearance on The Tonight Show
The article says that the date that Jim Garrison appeared on the Tonight Show was December 31, 1968, but it was actually January 31, 1968. See this link for a list of Tonight Show episodes for that year: List of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson episodes (1968)

I’m not very good at editing Wikipedia, so maybe someone else can insert this correction. Billtaverner (talk) 03:58, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frank Sturgis


text:
User talk:Jessecurry

1

Spam in The Towers at Channelside
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on The Towers at Channelside, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because The Towers at Channelside is blatant advertising for a company, product, group, service or person that would require a substantial rewrite in order to become an encyclopedia article. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting The Towers at Channelside, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 12:42, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of The Towers at Channelside

The article The Towers at Channelside has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * Doesn't meet WP:NOTABILITY

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Boleyn (talk) 17:09, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Gorilla Systems

The article Gorilla Systems has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NCORP. Company lacks significant coverage from reliable, independent sources."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. The1337gamer (talk) 15:38, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jessecurry


text:
Anthelia

Anthelia may refer to:

 * Anthelia (coral), a genus of soft coral
 * Anthelia (plant), a genus of liverwort in the family Antheliaceae
 * The plural of Anthelion, a rare optical phenomenon

title: Anthelia


text:
Talk:Theodore Streleski

Spelling of "de Leeuw"
So someone had changed the spelling to "deLeeuw", which broke the link to Karel de Leeuw, so I changed it back. Then I changed the other instances for consistency. Then I started to wonder and checked into it. Google returns about twice as many hits for "karel de leeuw" as "karel deleeuw", but they aren't all about the mathematician. On MathSciNet it seems that he himself wasn't consistent; some papers have him one way and some the other (though rather more seem to have the space than not).

Anyway I don't feel strongly about it if anyone has a strong argument for the no-space. But in any case there should be a redirect so that both spellings are blue links. --Trovatore 05:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Stanford University alumni?
Streleski is in the category Stanford University alumni even though he presumably never received his doctorate after murdering a professor. Undergrad was at UUIC. Thoughts on the appropriateness of this categorization? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aednichols (talk • contribs) 02:58, 6 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The article on Alumnus says that an alumnus is "a former student and most often a graduate of an educational institution." There is no denying that he is a former student, and although he is not a graduate, he might be still considered an alumni. I think these decisions have to do with the school's preference. My alma mater chooses to list all former students as alumni, but I do not know about Stanford. -- Тимофей ЛееСуда .  03:11, 6 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually, per the Stanford Alumni Association to be a part of the Alumni Association, one must "have completed a minimum of three academic quarters as a matriculated, degree-seeking student, in a degree-granting program." So basically, since Streleski was an enrolled student in the PhD program (degree granting) for many years, he would be eligible to join the Alumni Association although they might refuse him for not being in "good moral character." By their own requirements, I believe that he is a Stanford Alumnus. -- Тимофей ЛееСуда .  03:16, 6 January 2014 (UTC)
 * There are several categories under Category:Stanford University alumni. --Error (talk) 18:46, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

Dead?
Google says he died in 2017. No references I can find substantiate it. Given he was born in the 1930s it makes sense but it needs something to back it up before one adds it to Wikipedia. AprilHare (talk) 17:42, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theodore Streleski


text:
Talk:Ron Ziegler

post-watergate?
what did ziegler do after watergate? Kingturtle 05:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Parents?
Only his father is listed ("Ziegler was born to Louis Daniel Ziegler..."), without any mention of his mother. This should be rectified. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.97.209.158 (talk) 18:16, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 04:00, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

"Inoperative"
I came to this entry expecting to learn about Ziegler's famous euphemistic use of the word "inoperative". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:410:A014:20:C5AD:830C:D55F:12C7 (talk) 18:59, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ron Ziegler


text:
Samuel P. Taylor State Park

Samuel P. Taylor State Park is a state park located in Marin County, California, United States, which includes approximately 2700 acre of redwood forest and grassland. The park contains about 600 acre of old-growth forest, some of which can be seen along the Pioneer Tree Trail.

History
The park is named for Samuel Penfield Taylor, who found gold during the California Gold Rush and used some of his money to buy a parcel of land along Lagunitas Creek. In 1856, Taylor built the Pioneer Paper Mill, the first paper mill on the Pacific Coast. In the 1870s, the North Pacific Coast Railroad was built between Cazadero and a pier in Sausalito where passengers could transfer to a ferry to San Francisco. The railroad passed near Taylor's mill, and, ever the entrepreneur, he built the "Camp Taylor Resort" alongside the tracks. A destination for San Franciscans, the resort offered both a hotel and tent camping, as well as swimming, boating, fishing, and a dance pavilion.

Taylor died on January 22, 1886, and his family lost the mill and resort in the Panic of 1893. However, a 1910 newspaper advertisement for the "Camp Taylor Resort," touting its dance pavilion and on-site grocery and butcher, indicates that the resort continued to operate. The mill burned down in 1916, and in 1945 the State of California took possession of the property for non-payment of taxes.

During the state budget deficit, Taylor Park was one of many state parks that were at risk of closing due to lack of funding. Efforts were made to find funding to keep Samuel P. Taylor and other parks open. The San Francisco Chronicle, on October 7, 2011, reported that "the National Park Service has agreed to take over security and operations of Samuel P. Taylor Park."

title: Samuel P. Taylor State Park


text:
The King of Ireland's Son

The King of Ireland's Son is a children's novel published in Ireland in 1916 written by Padraic Colum, and illustrated by Willy Pogany. It is the story of the eldest of the King of Ireland's sons, and his adventures winning and then finding Fedelma, the Enchanter's Daughter, who after being won is kidnapped from him by the King of the Land of Mist.

The work is based in Irish folklore, described as "his great synthesis of fireside tales", and "a marvellous compendium of Irish folktales re-told". The 1916 edition published by Henry Holt is interleaved with plates of illustrations in full colour.

Stories

This work is considered a classic of Irish children's literature, featuring a collection of interwoven magical stories that form a lengthy and complex narrative.

When the careless King of Ireland's son goes out,

His hound at his heel,

His hawk on his wrist,

A brave steed to carry him whither he list,

The blue sky above him,

The green grass below him

He meets an eccentric old man who invites him to a game of chess with the winner choosing the stakes. Characters such as Flann, also known as Gilly the Goat-Boy, the proud Lasarfhiona or Flame-of-Wine, the magical Spae-Woman, and the harsh farmer who employs Flann as a farmhand, contribute to making this story engaging and memorable.

In the first segment, Fedelma, the Enchanter's Daughter, the oldest son of the King of Ireland loses a wager against his father's enemy and should find him in a year and a day's time. He is advised by a talking eagle to spy on three swan maidens that will descend on a lake. They are the daughters of the Enchanter of the Black Back-Lands, the wizard the prince is looking for. The prince is instructed to hide the swanskin of the swan with a green ribbon, who is Fedelma, the Enchanter's youngest daughter. After arriving at the Enchanter's kingdom, he promises marriage to Fedelma, resisting her sisters', Aefa and Gilveen, advances, and is forced to fulfill three difficult tasks to the Enchanter.

In the chapter The Unique Tale, the Spae-Woman tells the heroes the following story: a queen wishes for a blue-eyed, blonde-haired daughter, and carelessly wishes her sons to "go with the wild geese". As soon as the daughter (named Sheen, 'Storm') is born, the seven princes change into gray wild geese and fly away from the castle. It is later revealed that Sheen changed her name to Caintigern and became Queen when she married the King of Ireland, who, in turn, is the father of two of the main characters: the King of Ireland's Son and Gilly of the Goatskin (Gilla Na Chreck An Gour). The seven wild geese are, thus, their uncles.

Reception
Although the book was written in America in the years before 1916, Colum was a close friend and colleague of some of those who led the Easter Rising. The King of Ireland's Son was the ultimate calling-up of Irish mythology and legend, and, paired with James Stephens' Irish Fairy Tales, made many happy hours for children curled up before glowing turf fires to read by the light of Tilley lamps in the long winter evenings of the new Ireland.

Adaptations
Another evolution from the original folktale was written by Brendan Behan, published in Brendan Behan's Island, 1962, pp. 136–141.

title: The King of Ireland's Son


text:
User talk:Gumpest

So i herd i came olololololololololol I also luuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuvvvvvv MUDKIPZ IM LIKE THE BULLCRACKER COZ I MAKE IT HOT AND ITS A THRILLER WOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOP

title: User talk:Gumpest