text:
Talk:Meskel

Untitled
The current wording says "[Meskel] celebrates the 4th Century discovery of the True Cross in Ethiopia". This implies the True Cross was found in Ethiopia, but I don't think this is the viewpoint of the Ethiopian Church (or any others). I think this is probably a misplaced modifier (i.e. Meskel is celebrated in Ethiopia) but I can find out for sure later. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 16:58, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding my previous comment, the festival does commemorate the same Saint Helena and her discovery of the True Cross in Jerusalem. Anyway I have re-written the article, followed by more re-writes of my re-writes. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 06:19, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Meskel isn't only an Ethiopian / Eritrean festival. It is celebrated all over the world by Orthodox and Catholics alike. According to the Gregorian calendar the feast day is September 14 and in the Julian it is September 27. --Tiqur Anbessa 20:00, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

"Meskel:" Amharic?
Re: "'Meskel' is Amharic for 'cross'." Is it actually an Amharic word, or does it go back further, perhaps to the Ge'ez language? The holiday is also celebrated in Eritrea, where it is called Meskel as well. Perhaps it is Amharic, but a shared word (similar to "Noel"). -- Gyrofrog (talk) 06:19, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Mesqel is Ge'ez so this should be changed in the text. --Tiqur Anbessa 20:00, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Chibo
The Chibo article is of very low importance and I think it would be better if it was included in this article rather than having one of it's own. Pixelatedbro (talk) 02:08, 11 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, there are actually three articles to which it might be merged, since it is used during those holidays. Only one of those is attributed to a source, though I've previously raised concerns about that source.  But I agree that this is currently a DICDEF. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 17:36, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

Queen
I am assuming that Queen Helena and Queen Eleni are one and the same, but if so this should be made explicit. PurpleChez (talk) 14:41, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Meskel


text:
Mario Santana

Mario Alberto Santana (born 23 December 1981) is an Argentine football coach and former professional player, in the role of winger.

Early career
Santana started his career in his native country with San Lorenzo. After his contract with San Lorenzo expired, he decided to try his luck in European football, moving to Italy in January 2002 for Serie A team Venezia, then relegated at the end of the season. He then followed his chairman Maurizio Zamparini to Serie B team Palermo, where he showed high qualities in his role.

In 2003, he was then loaned to Serie A side A.C. ChievoVerona (along with Stefano Morrone with Eugenio Corini moved to opposite direction), becoming one of the most interesting wingers in the Italian top division, and being first capped for the Argentina national football team in a friendly match against Japan on 18 August 2004. He then returned to Palermo, which was just promoted to Serie A at the time, for the following season.

Fiorentina
In May 2006, he was signed by la viola for €6.5 million (€5 million plus 50% of Parravicini) to prepare for 2006–07 UEFA Champions League 3rd qualifying round. But due to 2006 Serie A scandal, Fiorentina finished 9th and did not qualify for any European competitions.

In the 2009–10 season, La Viola signed Marco Marchionni, making Santana first became a backup player, likes the first group stage of 2009–10 UEFA Champions League match against Lyon, substituted Marchionni in the 72 minutes. He started the third group stage match, as Marchionni was rested. In the 4th match, he lost his starting place again to Marchionni. He substituted Juan Vargas in the 77th minute of that match. In the last two matches of the group stage, Santana played a new role as an attacking midfielder as Adrian Mutu was rested.

In the league, Santana was moved to left midfield position (rotated with Vargas), attacking midfielder, second striker (when Mutu was unavailable and later the coach preferred Jovetić) or right midfielder when Marchionni was rested.

Santana initially had a better chance to play after Martin Jørgensen left in January 2010.

On 14 February 2010, Santana was injured on the league match against Sampdoria, missed the Champions League match against Bayern Munich.

In April 2010, Santana was injured and expected to be out for 5 months after clash with opponent goalkeeper in a club friendly against San Miniato Basso.

Napoli and loans to Cesena and Torino
On 12 July 2011, Santana finally agreed to sign with Napoli over Cesena, leaving Fiorentina after five years. He moved on loan to A.C. Cesena on 31 January 2012.

On 12 July 2012, Santana was loaned out to newly promoted Torino F.C. for the 2012–2013 Serie A campaign.

Genoa, later years and return to Palermo
On 19 July 2013, Santana completed a move from Napoli to Genoa. In the January 2014 transfer window, he left Italy after 12 years competing in Serie A, signing a loan deal with Olhanense in Portugal.

He left Frosinone in January 2016 to sign a permanent deal with Lega Pro club Pro Patria, staying at the club also after the club's relegation to Serie D the following season. On 22 June 2018, after Pro Patria won the Serie D title, he signed a contract extension until 2019. He left Pro Patria by the end of the 2018–19 season.

In August 2019, he became the first signing of the refounded Palermo, who will restart from Serie D, thus marking his return with the Rosanero after thirteen years. He was also named team captain for the club's 2019–20 season.

On 27 September 2020, following his appearance in Palermo's first game of the 2020–21 Serie C season against Teramo, Santana became the first player in the club's history to have played in four different leagues (from Serie A to Serie D). A month later, he was sidelined after having contracted COVID-19.

On 3 March 2021, he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Catania in the Sicilian derby, which also was his first goal of the season; with this goal, he also became the first player to have ever scored at least one goal in the top four Italian divisions for Palermo.

On 14 July 2023, after two years in a coaching capacity at Palermo, Santana returned to active football as a player for Eccellenza Sicily club Athletic Club Palermo. He left the club just four months later, after appearing sparingly with the first team. In January 2024, he switched to futsal, joining Serie A2 team Palermo C5.

Coaching career
On 18 June 2021, Palermo announced Santana's retirement from active football, and his subsequent appointment as a youth team coach. On 16 January 2022, new Palermo first team head coach Silvio Baldini announced Santana will be part of his coaching staff until the end of the season. Following Baldini's departure and the hiring of Eugenio Corini (a former Palermo captain during Santana's first period with the Rosanero) as new head coach, Santana was confirmed as a first-team technical collaborator.

International career
He also played for Argentina at the Confederations Cup 2005 and has been frequently capped for the 2006 World Cup qualification matches.

Personal life
Santana acquired his Italian nationality through marriage to his first wife, Italian-Argentinian volleyball player Antonella Moltrasio. His nationality was granted in February 2008. He had two children from his first marriage. He successively remarried with a woman from Palermo, with whom he had two more children.

International goals

 * 1||18 August 2004|| Shizuoka Stadium, Fukuroi Japan||🇯🇵 japan||1–2||1–2||Friendly
 * }
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mario Santana


text:
Santa Cruz River (Argentina)

Santa Cruz River (Río Santa Cruz) is a river in the Argentine province of Santa Cruz. The Santa Cruz begins at the shore of the Viedma and Argentino Lakes, of glacial origin and located in the Los Glaciares National Park, and runs 385 km eastwards before reaching the Atlantic Coast, 350 km north of the southern tip of South America, creating a delta. It is one of the last large free-flowing rivers in Patagonia.

Dams
The river has an important flow of 790 m3 on average, and is used for irrigation. Two dams are planned for the river, the Jorge Cepernic and Nestor Kirchner Dams. They will have a combined installed capacity of 1,740 MW. Contracts to construct the dams were awarded to a consortium of Chinese and domestic companies in August 2013. It is estimated that the dams will destroy over half of the Santa Cruz River ecosystem.

History
Santa Cruz River was discovered by Europeans during Magellan's circumnavigation of the Earth, by Juan Serrano, captain of the Santiago, one of the ships of the Magellan fleet, by August 5, 1520. After learning of the favourable conditions that Serrano found at Santa Cruz, Ferdinand Magellan decided to move the fleet there from St. Julian, where they had stopped to overwinter, around August 24. They would spend six weeks at Santa Cruz before resuming their search for the strait that would link the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, now called the Magellan Strait.

By the start of April 1834, HMS Beagle had reached a stage in its survey voyage where minor repairs were needed to its keel and copper sheathing, so Captain Robert FitzRoy chose the river as a suitable place to lay the ship ashore. While this work was carried out, FitzRoy led an expedition upriver with aim of finding its source, 300 km distant in the Andes. Three boats set out on April 18, carrying twenty-five men, including FitzRoy and naturalist Charles Darwin. All involved took turn in teams dragging the boats up river for 16 days. Darwin took careful note of everything, including the terrain around the river, the flora and fauna of the region, and the geology exposed as the river cut through the plains.

April 22nd. -- The country remained the same, and was extremely uninteresting. The complete similarity of the productions throughout Patagonia is one of its most striking characters. The level plains of arid shingle support the same stunted and dwarf plants; and in the valleys the same thorn-bearing bushes grow. Everywhere we see the same birds and insects. Even the very banks of the river and of the clear streamlets which entered it, were scarcely enlivened by a brighter tint of green. The curse of sterility is on the land, and the water flowing over a bed of pebbles partakes of the same curse. Hence the number of waterfowl is very scanty; for there is nothing to support life in the stream of this barren river.

At the outset of the voyage, FitzRoy had given Darwin the first volume of Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, which used the uniformitarian paradigm that the key to the past is the present and that led to the interpretation of present geology in the light of slow and gradual processes. Darwin was greatly impressed by the series of stepped plains of pebbles which would have formed over long periods in the sea, and went against Lyell's ideas of continuous gradual development by implying an intermittent process. When Darwin described this in his book on South America's geology, he wrote "I think we must admit, that within the recent period, the course of the Santa Cruz formed a sea-strait intersecting the continent. At this period, the southern part of South America consisted of an archipelago of islands".

In his Journal of researches, p. 218, Darwin criticised the catastrophism proposed by former geologists who, in trying to explain the erosion of the lava and other rocks of the valley,

"....would have brought into play, the violent action of some overwhelming debacle; but in [the case of the Santa Cruz] such a supposition would have been quite inadmissible; because the same step-like terraces, that front the Patagonian coast, sweep up on each side of the valley. No possible action of any flood could have thus modelled the land in these two situations; and by the formation of such terraces the valley itself has been hollowed out....we must confess it makes the head almost giddy to reflect on the number of years, century after century, which the tides unaided by a heavy surf, must have required to have corroded so vast an area and thickness of solid rock."

The expedition ended due to lack of supplies and turned around, had they gone a bit further they would have discovered that the source of the river valley was the glacial lake Lago Argentino at the foot of the mountain.

May 4th. -- Captain Fitz Roy determined to take the boat no higher. The river had a winding course, and was very rapid; and the appearance of the country offered no temptation to proceed any further. Everywhere we met with the same productions, and the same dreary landscape. We were now one hundred and forty miles distant from the Atlantic and about sixty from the nearest arm of the Pacific. The valley in this upper part expanded into a wide basin, bound on the north and south by the basaltic platforms, and front by the long range of the snow-clad Cordillera. But we viewed these grand mountains with regret, for we were obliged to imagine their nature and productions, instead of standing, as we had hoped, on their summits. Besides the useless loss of time which an attempt to ascend the river any higher would have cost us, we had already been for some days on half allowance of bread. This, although really enough for reasonable men, was, after a hard day's march rather scanty food: a light stomach and an easy digestion are good things to talk about, but very unpleasant in practice.

5th. -- Before sunrise we commenced our descent. W shot down the stream with great rapidity, generally at the rate of ten knots an hour. In this one day we effected what had cost us five-and-a-half hard days' labor in ascending On the 8th, we reached the Beagle after our twenty-one days expedition. Every one, excepting myself, had cause to b dissatisfied; but to me the ascent afforded a most interesting section of the great tertiary formation of Patagonia

title: Santa Cruz River (Argentina)


text:
Talk:Victor Grayson

Book author
According to this page ("David Clark (formerly a Lecturer in Politics, and himself the Labour MP for Colne Valley from 1970 to 1974)"), the author is indeed the David Clark who was an MP. Noel (talk) 16:59, 1 September 2005 (UTC) I do not understand the comment, "This article does not cite any references or sources." What is wrong with a biography? (Lord) David Clark is the author of the official biography of Grayson and, for a number of reasons, not least his (sometime down the line) being Victor's successor in Colne Valley, has some considerable authority.What does a person have to do to get recognised in Wiki?

Some further interest in Victor Grayson has been shown recently through Andrew Marr's History series, for which the above named biographer and I were both contacted by Mr Marr's researchers. The episode broadcast this week contained the speculative account of Grayson's disappearance, and so it is likely that this Wiki page will receive further interest in the near future.

193.61.19.112 (talk) 16:59, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

There are a number of files at The National Archives and elsewhere Jackiespeel (talk) 16:00, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victor Grayson


text:
Category:SAM Coupé games

This category contains computer games made for, or ported to, Miles Gordon Technology's SAM Coupé late 1980s-vintage 8-bit home computer.

title: Category:SAM Coupé games


text:
Darren Currie

Darren Paul Currie (born 29 November 1974) is an English former footballer who made over 600 appearances in The Football League. He is assistant head coach of Southend United.

Club career
Currie, who is the nephew of former Sheffield United, Leeds United and England footballer Tony Currie, began his career as a trainee at West Ham United in 1993 but did not play for the first team. He had a loan spell at Leyton Orient before joining Shrewsbury Town in February 1996 for a transfer fee of £70,000, for whom he made over 70 league and cup appearances in two seasons.

He was released by Shrewsbury in March 1998 and joined Plymouth Argyle until the end of the 1997–98 season. He then joined Barnet in summer 1998 and made over 140 league and cup appearances in three seasons. He was selected in the PFA Team of the Season for Division Three for two consecutive seasons but after Barnet were relegated to the Nationwide Conference at the end of the 2000–01 season, he left Barnet and joined Wycombe Wanderers for a transfer fee of £200,000. He left Wycombe by mutual consent at the end of the 2003–04 season after the club was relegated, having made over 140 appearances for the club.

Currie impressed Brighton manager Mark McGhee during pre-season trials in 2004 and was given a one-year contract, with McGee saying, "Darren has skills comparable with any player at this level." A few months later in December 2004, Currie joined Ipswich Town for a transfer fee of £250,000, which Brighton's financial position meant they could not turn down.

Currie made his debut for Ipswich in December 2004, scoring a goal and making another, as Ipswich beat Queens Park Rangers 4–2 away from home. He made 26 appearances for Ipswich in the 2004–05 season, as Ipswich reached the Football League Championship play-offs in May 2005.

Currie fell out of favour in the 2006–07 season, starting only six games before joining Coventry City on loan in November 2006 when Ipswich manager Jim Magilton could not guarantee him a place in the first-team. Currie had a two-week trial with the Major League Soccer club Los Angeles Galaxy early in 2007, for whom he made three substitute appearance, but was not offered a contract and returned to Ipswich.

He joined Derby County in March 2007 on a loan until the end of the season, which was extended until the end of May 2007 so he would be eligible for the 2006–07 season Football League Championship play-offs. He came on as a substitute in the second leg of the semi-final against Southampton as his side won on penalties, but he did not feature in the final. Currie scored once during his spell at Derby, his goal coming on a 2–0 win over Leeds United on 6 May 2007.

Currie joined Luton Town on a free transfer from Ipswich in July 2007, signing a two-year contract, and scored on his debut against Hartlepool United in August 2007. He made 38 league and cup appearances in the 2007–08 season as Luton went into administration, suffered a ten-point penalty and were relegated.

Following Luton's relegation to League Two, Currie was one of several players to be offered a free transfer in May 2008, but declared that he would not leave the club until his demands were met. After negotiating terms with Brighton & Hove Albion, Currie turned them down and signed a three-year contract with League Two side Chesterfield.

On 23 November 2009, Currie joined League Two side Dagenham & Redbridge on a month's loan, making his debut on 24 November in a 0–0 away draw against AFC Bournemouth. He signed an 18-month contract with Dagenham on 19 January 2010. He made 16 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 season as they won promotion to League One. The next season, Currie made a further 22 league appearances, scoring once, as Dagenham were relegated straight back to League Two. He left the club in May 2011.

Currie went on trial with League Two side Southend United in July 2011, though was not offered a contract.

On 5 August 2011, Currie joined Conference South side Boreham Wood as both a player and the club's assistant manager.

On 11 November 2011, Currie joined Isthmian League Premier Division side Hendon in a playing capacity.

In October 2012, Currie rejoined Dagenham & Redbridge as a development coach. He also registered as a player, taking squad number 29 and appearing on the substitutes bench in a 3–2 loss at York City on 20 October 2012. He appeared again on the bench for the 1–1 draw with Exeter City on 23 October 2012. Currie was promoted to assistant manager in February 2013, replacing Wayne Burnett who was promoted to manager following the departure of John Still to Luton Town. In December 2015, Currie and Warren Hackett became caretaker managers after Burnett was sacked. After two games in charge, Currie returned to his role as assistant after the return of Still.

Barnet
In June 2018, Currie returned to Barnet as assistant manager, once again as assistant to Still. Following Still's retirement on 28 December 2018, Currie took over as caretaker manager of the Bees. He was made permanent manager at Barnet on 23 January 2019. Currie's reign as Barnet manager got off to a good start following a 1–0 win away at Dagenham & Redbridge, a 1–1 draw at home to Boreham Wood and then beating Championship leaders Sheffield United in the FA Cup at Bramall Lane. They also took Brentford to a replay in the next round of the cup after a 3–3 draw at The Hive. Currie then led Barnet to the National League play-offs in his first full season in management, beating Yeovil Town 2–0 in the quarter-finals before losing by the same scoreline to Notts County in the semi-finals. On 12 August 2020, Currie and his assistant Junior Lewis left Barnet after failing to agree a new contract.

Sheffield United
Currie was appointed joint manager of the Sheffield United U23 team, along with Graham Coughlan, on 22 March 2021.

Southend United
On 20 October 2021, Currie joined National League side Southend United in the role of Assistant Head Coach to Kevin Maher.

Honours
Dagenham & Redbridge
 * Football League Two play-offs: 2010

Hendon
 * London Senior Cup: 2011–12

Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1999–2000 Third Division, 2000–01 Third Division

title: Darren Currie


text: Category:Peruvian poets

title: Category:Peruvian poets


text:
User talk:192.91.173.42

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January 2020
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text:
User:Kabl00ey

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title: User:Kabl00ey


text:
Labiaplasty

Labiaplasty (also known as labioplasty, labia minora reduction, and labial reduction) is a plastic surgery procedure for creating or altering the labia minora (inner labia) and the labia majora (outer labia), the folds of skin of the human vulva. It is a type of vulvoplasty. There are two main categories of women seeking cosmetic genital surgery: those with conditions such as intersex, and those with no underlying condition who experience physical discomfort or wish to alter the appearance of their vulvas because they believe they do not fall within a normal range.

The size, colour, and shape of labia vary significantly, and may change as a result of childbirth, aging, and other events. Conditions addressed by labiaplasty include congenital defects and abnormalities such as vaginal atresia (absent vaginal passage), Müllerian agenesis (malformed uterus and fallopian tubes), intersex conditions (male and female sexual characteristics in a person); and tearing and stretching of the labia minora caused by childbirth, accident, and age. In a male-to-female sexual reassignment vaginoplasty for the creation of a neovagina, labiaplasty creates labia where once there were none.

A 2008 study reported that 32 percent of women who underwent the procedure did so to correct a functional impairment; 31 percent to correct a functional impairment and for aesthetic reasons; and 37 percent for aesthetic reasons alone. According to a 2011 review, overall patient satisfaction is in the 90–95 percent range. Risks include permanent scarring, infections, bleeding, irritation, and nerve damage leading to increased or decreased sensitivity. A change in requirements of publicly funded Australian plastic surgery requiring women to be told about natural variation in labias led to a 28% reduction in the number of surgeries performed. Unlike public hospitals, cosmetic surgeons in private practice are not required to follow these rules, and critics say that "unscrupulous" providers are charging to perform the procedure on women who would not want it if they had more information.

Images of vulvae are absent from the popular media and advertising   and do not appear in some anatomy textbooks, while community opposition to sex education  limits the access that young women have to information about natural variation in labias. Many women have limited knowledge of vulval anatomy, and are unable to say what a "normal" vulva looks like. At the same time, many pornographic images of women's genitals are digitally manipulated, changing the size and shape of the labia to fit with the censorship standards in different countries. Medical researchers have raised concerns about the procedure and its increasing prevalence rates, with some speculating that exposure to pornography images on the Internet may lead to body image dissatisfaction in some women. Although it is also suggested that evidence for this is lacking, the National Health Service stated that some women bring along advert or pornographic images to illustrate their desired genital appearance.

Size of the labia
The external genitalia of a woman are collectively known as the vulva. This comprises the labia majora (outer labia), the labia minora (inner labia), the clitoris, the urinary meatus, and the vaginal opening. The labia majora extend from the mons pubis to the perineum.

The size, shape, and color of women's inner labia vary greatly. One is usually larger than the other. They may be hidden by the outer labia, or may be visible, and may become larger with sexual arousal, sometimes two to three times their usual diameter.

The size of the labia can change because of childbirth. Genital piercings can increase labial size and asymmetry, because of the weight of the ornaments. In the course of treating identical twin sisters, S.P. Davison et al reported that the labia were the same size in each woman, which indicated genetic determination. In or around 2004, researchers from the Department of Gynaeology, Elizabeth Garret Anderson Hospital, London, measured the labia of 50 women between the ages of 18 and 50, with a mean age of 35.6:

Contraindications
Labia reduction surgery is relatively contraindicated for the woman who have active gynecological disease, such as an infection or a malignancy; the woman who is a tobacco smoker and is unwilling to quit, either temporarily or permanently, in order to optimize her wound-healing capability; and the woman who is unrealistic in her aesthetic goals. The latter should either be counselled or excluded from labioplastic surgery. Davison et al write that it should not be performed when the patient is menstruating to reduce potential hormonal effects and the increased risk of infection.

Sex reassignment surgery
In sexual reassignment surgery, in the case of the male-to-female transgender patient, labiaplasty is usually the second stage of a two-stage vaginoplasty/vulvoplasty operation, where labiaplastic techniques are applied to create labia minora and a clitoral hood. In this procedure, the labiaplasty is usually performed some months after the first stage of vaginoplasty.

Anaesthesia
Labial reduction can be performed under local anaesthesia, conscious sedation, or general anaesthesia, either as a discrete, single surgery, or in conjunction with another, gynecologic or cosmetic, surgery procedure. The resection proper is facilitated with the administration of an anaesthetic solution (lidocaine + epinephrine in saline solution) that is infiltrated to the labia minora to achieve the tumescence (swelling) of the tissues and the constriction of the pertinent labial circulatory system, the hemostasis that limits bleeding.

Edge resection technique
The original labiaplasty technique was simple resection of tissues at the free edge of the labia minora. One resection-technique variation features a clamp placed across the area of labial tissue to be resected, in order to establish hemostatis (stopped blood-flow), and the surgeon resects the tissues, and then sutures the cut labium minus or labia minora. This procedure is used by most surgeons because it is easiest to perform. The technical disadvantages of the labial-edge resection technique are the loss of the natural rugosity (wrinkles) of the labia minora free edges, thus, aesthetically, it produces an unnatural appearance to the vulva, and also presents a greater risk of damaging the pertinent nerve endings. Moreover, there also exists the possibility of everting (turning outwards) the inner lining of the labia, which then makes visible the normally hidden internal, pink labial tissues. The advantages of edge-resection include removal of the hyper-pigmented (darkened) irregular labial edges with a linear scar. Another disadvantage of the trim or "amputation" method, is that it is unable to excise redundant tissues of the clitoral hood, when present. Complete amputation of the labia minora is more common with this technique, which often requires additional surgery to correct. In addition, the trim method does not address the clitoral hood. Clitoral hood deformities are common with this approach, again requiring additional corrective surgery. Some women complain of a "small penis" when the trim procedure is performed, owing to the un-addressed clitoral hood tissue and completely removed (amputated) labia minor. Most plastic surgeons do not perform this procedure, and instead favor the extended wedge approach, which is technically more demanding, but produces a more natural result and is able to create a natural and proportioned appearance to the vulva. Reconstructive procedures are often required after the trim (amputation) labiaplasty.

Central wedge resection technique
Labial reduction by means of a central wedge-resection involves cutting and removing a partial-thickness wedge of tissue from the thickest portion of the labium minus. Unlike the edge-resection technique, the resection pattern of the central wedge technique preserves the natural rugosity ("wrinkled" edge) of the labia minora. If performed as a full-thickness resection, there exists the potential risk of damaging the pertinent labial nerves, which can result in painful neuromas, and numbness. A partial thickness removal of mucosa and skin, leaving the submucosa intact, decreases the risk of this complication. F. Giraldo et al. procedurally refined the central wedge resection technique with an additional 90-degree Z-plasty technique, which produces a refined surgical scar that is less tethered, and diminishes the physical tensions exerted upon the surgical-incision wound, and, therefore, reduces the likelihood of a notched (scalloped-edge) scar. The central wedge-resection technique is a demanding surgical procedure, and difficulty can arise with judging the correct amount of labial skin to resect, which might result in either undercorrection (persistent tissue-redundancy), or the overcorrection (excessive tension to the surgical wound), and an increased probability of surgical-wound separation. The benefit of this technique is that an extended wedge can be brought upwards towards the prepuce to treat a prominent clitoral hood without a separate incision. This leads to a natural contour for the finished result, and avoids direct incisions near the highly-sensitive clitoris.

De-epithelialization technique
Labial reduction by means of the de-epithelialization of the tissues involves cutting the epithelium of a central area on the medial and lateral aspects of each labium minus (small lip), either with a scalpel or with a medical laser. This labiaplasty technique reduces the vertical excess tissue, whilst preserving the natural rugosity (corrugated free-edge) of the labia minora, and thus preserves the sensory and erectile characteristics of the labia. Yet, the technical disadvantage of de-epithelialization is that the width of the individual labium might increase if a large area of labial tissue must be de-epithelialized to achieve the labial reduction.

Labiaplasty with clitoral unhooding
Labial reduction occasionally includes the resection of the clitoral hood when the thickness of its skin interferes with the woman's sexual response or is aesthetically displeasing.

The surgical unhooding of the clitoris involves a V–to–Y advancement of the soft tissues, which is achieved by suturing the clitoral hood to the pubic bone in the midline (to avoid the pudendal nerves); thus, uncovering the clitoris further tightens the labia minora.

Laser labiaplasty technique
Labial reduction by means of laser resection of the labia minora involves the de-epithelialization of the labia. The technical disadvantage of laser labiaplasty is that the removal of excess labial epidermis risks causing the occurrence of epidermal inclusion cysts.

Labiaplasty by de-epithelialization
Labial reduction by de-epithelialization cuts and removes the unwanted tissue and preserves the natural rugosity (wrinkled free-edge) of the labia minora, and preserves the capabilities for tumescence and sensation. Yet, when the patient presents with much labial tissue, a combination procedure of de-epithelialization and clamp-resection is usually more effective for achieving the aesthetic outcome established by the patient and her surgeon. In the case of a woman with labial webbing (redundant folding) between the labia minora and the labia majora, the de-epithelialization labiaplasty includes an additional resection technique – such as the five-flap Z-plasty ("jumping man plasty") – to establish a regular and symmetric shape for the reduced labia minora.

Post-operative care
Post-operative pain is minimal, and the woman is usually able to leave hospital the same day. No vaginal packing is required, although she might choose to wear a sanitary pad for comfort. The physician informs the woman that the reduced labia are often very swollen during the early post-operative period, because of the edema caused by the anaesthetic solution injected to swell the tissues.

She is also instructed on the proper cleansing of the surgical wound site, and the application of a topical antibiotic ointment to the reduced labia, a regimen observed two to three times daily for several days after surgery.

The woman's initial, post-labiaplasty follow up appointment with the surgeon is recommended within the week after surgery. She is advised to return to the surgeon's consultation room should she develop hematoma, an accumulation of blood outside the pertinent (venous and arterial) vascular system. Depending on her progress, the woman can resume physically unstrenuous work three to four days after surgery. To allow the wounds to heal, she is instructed not to use tampons, not to wear tight clothes (e.g. thong underwear), and to abstain from sexual intercourse for four weeks after surgery.

Medical complications to a labiaplasty procedure are uncommon, yet occasional complications – bleeding, infection, labial asymmetry, poor wound-healing, undercorrection, overcorrection – do occur, and might require a revision surgery. An over-aggressive resection might damage the nerves, causing painful neuromas. Performing a flap-technique labiaplasty occasionally presents a greater risk for necrosis of the labia minora tissues.

Criticism
Labiaplasty is a controversial subject. Critics argue that a woman's decision to undergo the procedure stems from an unhealthy self-image induced by their comparison of themselves to the prepubescent-like images of women they see in commercials or pornography.

In Australia, the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners has issued guidelines on referring patients with dissatisfaction with their genitals to specialists. A change in requirements of publicly funded Australian plastic surgery requiring women to be told about natural variation in labias led to a 28% reduction in the numbers of surgeries performed. Unlike public hospitals, cosmetic surgeons in private practise are not required to follow these rules, and critics say that "unscrupulous" providers are charging to perform the procedure on women who would not undergo it if they had more information.

Increasing numbers of women in Western countries are also using Brazilian waxing to remove pubic hair, and choosing to wear tight-fitting swimwear and clothing. This has led to increased numbers of women complaining of pain and discomfort from chafing of the labia minora, as well as cosmetic concerns around how the appearance of genitals. In many countries, media regulation classifies "hardcore" and "softcore" pornography – demanding that magazines with "hardcore" pornography be wrapped in black plastic and sold only to people over 18 who show photo ID. Sales of magazines in black plastic tend to be low, and thus many magazine publishers choose to comply with the "softcore" standards. In Australian magazines, images of vulvas that do not look like "a single crease" are digitally modified to comply with the censorship standard. An Australian pornographic actress says that images of her own genitals sold to pornographic magazines in different countries are digitally manipulated to change the size and shape of the labia according to censorship standards in different countries. Community opposition to sex education limits the access that young women have to information about natural variation in labias.

Linda Cardozo, a gynaecologist at King's College Hospital, London, told the newspaper that women were placing themselves at risk in an industry that is largely unregulated. Nina Hartley says that "she’s seen every type of vulva in her three decades working in the industry. When young women start out in porn, producers don’t send them off for a routine labiaplasty."

Although female genital mutilation – the practice of cutting off a woman's labia and sometimes clitoris, and in some cases creating a seal across her entire vulva – is illegal across the Western world, Simone Davis, a professor and gender theorist at Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, argues that "when you really look carefully at the language used in some of those laws, they would also make illegal the labiaplasties that are being done by plastic surgeons in the U.S." The World Health Organization (WHO) defines female genital mutilation as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons." The WHO writes that the term is not generally applied to elective procedures such as labiaplasty.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published an opinion in the September 2007 issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology that several "vaginal rejuvenation" procedures were not medically indicated, and that there was no documentation of their safety and effectiveness. ACOG argued that it was deceptive to give the impression that the procedures were accepted and routine surgical practices. It recommended that women seeking such surgeries must be given the available surgical-safety statistics, and warned of the potential risks of infection, altered sensation caused by damaged nerves, dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse), tissue adhesions, and painful scarring.

In the UK, Lih Mei Liao and Sarah M. Creighton of the University College London Institute for Women's Health wrote in the British Medical Journal in 2007 that "the few reports that exist on patients' satisfaction with labial reductions are generally positive, but assessments are short-term and lack methodological rigour." They wrote that the increased demand for cosmetic genitoplasty (labiaplasty) may reflect a "narrow social definition of normal." The National Health Service performed double the number of genitoplasty procedures in the year 2006 than in the 2001–2005 period. The authors noted that "the patients consistently wanted their vulvas to be flat, with no protrusion beyond the labia majora ... some women brought along images to illustrate the desired appearance, usually from adverts or pornography that may have been digitally altered." The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynæcologists published the same concern about the exploitation of psychologically insecure women.

The International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Medicine produced a report in 2007 concluding that "vulvar plastic surgery may be warranted only after counseling if it is still the patient's preference, provided that it is conducted in a safe manner and not solely for the purpose of performing surgery".

title: Labiaplasty


text:
MS Zaandam

MS Zaandam is a cruise ship owned and operated by Holland America Line, named for the city of Zaandam, Netherlands near Amsterdam. She was built by Fincantieri in Marghera, Italy and delivered in 2000. Zaandam is part of the Rotterdam class and a sister ship to MS Volendam, MS Rotterdam, and MS Amsterdam.

The ship was denied access to the Panama Canal and then to Fort Lauderdale after an outbreak of COVID-19 early in the 2020 pandemic. Four passengers and crew died of COVID-19 during or after that voyage.

Design and description
The ship has a gross tonnage (GT) of 61,396, a net tonnage (NT) of 31,224 and measures. The ship is 780 ft long with a beam of 106 ft and a draught of 27 ft. As built the vessel had a GT of 60,906 and DWT 6,150. As built Zaandam was 237 m long overall and 202.8 m between perpendiculars with a beam of 32.3 m. The vessel is powered by a diesel-electric system turning two propeller shafts creating 37500 kW. This gives Zaandam a maximum speed of 23 kn.

The vessel can accommodate 1,432 passengers and 607 crew. The 716 cabins range in size from in size from 10.5 - 104.6 m2, of which 197 have a balcony. Zaandam has a musical theme, and is decorated with artefacts and memorabilia from different musical genres, such as a Baroque-style Dutch pipe organ and guitars signed by the Rolling Stones, Carlos Santana and Queen. One of the centre stairways has a saxophone signed by former United States President Bill Clinton on the mouthpiece. A total of 10 decks are accessible to passengers (with the top-most split in the middle to accommodate the Lido deck pool skylight and the "A" deck having only the port/starboard tender ship docks accessible), 5 of which contain cabins. The Lower Promenade Deck (Deck 3) has an exterior walkway along the ship's circumference, excluding the bow section.

Construction and career
The cruise ship was constructed by Fincantieri Cantieri Navali Italiana SpA at Marghera, Italy with the yard number 6036 and the keel was laid down on 26 June 1998. The vessel was launched on 29 April 1999 and completed on 6 April 2000. Zaandam was christened by Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in May 2000. The ship is registered in the Netherlands and owned and operated by the Holland America Line.

Zaandam currently sails through Canada and New England during the summer and during the winter sails Mexico and Hawaii. In December and January, Zaandam cruises the Antarctic and South America.

On 24 June 2018, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that 73 people became ill on Zaandam in a norovirus outbreak en voyage from Seattle, Washington to Alaska.

On 1 July 2024, the main-belt asteroid (277118) Zaandam, discovered by Andrew Lowe in 2005, was named in honor of the vessel. The citation reads: "The cruise ship MS Zaandam encountered the total solar eclipse of April 8, 2024 off the west coast of Mexico. In spite of weather challenges, the skill and expertise of Captain Ane Smit, his officers, and crew ensured that the discoverer of this minor planet and the other passengers onboard successfully observed the eclipse."

Coronavirus pandemic
On 7 March 2020 Zaandam departed Buenos Aires, Argentina, sailing for San Antonio, Chile with 1,243 passengers and 586 crew. By 14 March, 13 passengers and over 100 crew members had fallen ill with "flu-like symptoms." She became stranded off the coast of Chile after being denied entry. By 24 March, the vessel was sailing for Port Everglades, a cruise-liner port in Florida, United States. The number of sick people aboard had risen to 77. Holland America dispatched sister ship MS Rotterdam to aid the ship by bringing supplies, additional medical staff, and COVID-19 tests, and also with the intention of transferring healthy passengers onto Rotterdam.

On 27 March, Zaandam was denied transit through the Panama Canal due to the number of sick people on board. Four passengers died while waiting for permission to transit the Panama Canal with the number of sick aboard climbing to 148. On 28 March 2020, Zaandam and Rotterdam were cleared by the Panama Department of Health to transit the Panama Canal. Some passengers from Zaandam transferred to the Rotterdam. Rotterdam followed Zaandam through the Panama Canal on her way to Port Everglades, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. At that time, the crew of Zaandam included four physicians and four nurses while Rotterdam's roster included two physicians and four nurses.

By 31 March 2020, the number reported as being "ill" had increased to 193. Rotterdam had taken almost 1,400 symptom-free people from Zaandam, leaving 450 passengers and 602 crew members on her sister ship.

By 30 March 2020, Holland America did not receive permission to dock either vessel at Fort Lauderdale as planned. The city's mayor, Dean Trantalis, "said he didn't want the ship to dock near his city, at least without extensive precautions." The Florida state governor, Ron DeSantis, was also hesitant to accept Zaandam at Fort Lauderdale, and declined to make a decision on 31 March 2020. The president of Holland America made a public plea for acceptance of the ship and expressed concern that various ports in several countries had been reluctant to provide provisions and medical supplies.

In a 30 March press conference, the state governor suggested that the best solution might be to send medical assistance to the ship. On 1 April, the governor announced that only residents of Florida could disembark when the ship arrived. 190 passengers and crew reported "flu-like" symptoms and eight had tested positive for COVID-19.

US President Donald Trump said on 1 April 2020 that "we have to help the people" [on the ships] and that discussions were under way with Canada and the United Kingdom about them "arranging flights to retrieve their citizens from the ship." After the ship was allowed to dock, nine passengers were taken to local hospitals, but 45 others who were ill were required to remain on board, receiving medical care, until they fully met "the CDC guidelines for being fit to travel." Crew from both ship were not permitted to disembark. The cruise line sought to arrange for passengers from other countries to leave Florida on chartered aircraft.

By 4 April, "14 critically ill people" were admitted to local hospitals, while the others were allowed to disembark when flights to their destinations were available. A fourth person, one of the crew, died in hospital on 10 April. As a result of the pandemic, Zaandam was taken out of active service.

In August 2021, Holland America Line announced Zaandam would return to cruising the Canada/New England region in May 2022. A book about Zandaam was published in June 2022 titled Cabin Fever: The Harrowing Journey of a Cruise Ship at the Dawn of a Pandemic, by Michael Smith and Jonathan Franklin.

title: MS Zaandam


text:
San Francisco Days

San Francisco Days is the fourth album by Chris Isaak, released in 1993. The album's sound was more upbeat than that of its predecessor, the darker Heart Shaped World, and Isaak's breakthrough hit "Wicked Game". It did not perform as well as Heart Shaped World, but was certified gold by the RIAA while several of its tracks became longtime staples of Isaak's live set. Later in 1993, the song "Two Hearts" was featured in the film True Romance and on its soundtrack.

The album was also Isaak's last to feature guitarist James Calvin Wilsey, who had been a member of his band since its formation, due to personal conflicts and drug problems. Wilsey only performed on a handful of tracks before departing, including the lead single, "Can't Do a Thing (To Stop Me)". The album was dedicated to the memory of Louie Beeson, who was the sound consultant.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Chris Isaak; except where noted.

 * 1) "San Francisco Days"
 * 2) "Beautiful Homes"
 * 3) "Round 'N' Round"
 * 4) "Two Hearts"
 * 5) "Can't Do a Thing (To Stop Me)" (Isaak, Brian Elliot)
 * 6) "Except the New Girl"
 * 7) "Waiting"
 * 8) "Move Along"
 * 9) "I Want Your Love"
 * "5:15"
 * 1) "Lonely With a Broken Heart"
 * 2) "Solitary Man" (Neil Diamond)

Personnel

 * Chris Isaak – vocals, guitar
 * James Calvin Wilsey – lead guitar
 * Rowland Salley – bass, vocals
 * Kenney Dale Johnson – drums, vocals
 * Jimmy Pugh – Hammond B3 organ on "I Want Your Love"
 * Danny Gatton – lead guitar
 * Jeff Watson – lead guitar
 * Tom Brumley – pedal steel guitar

title: San Francisco Days


text:
Hurricane preparedness in New Orleans

Hurricane preparedness in New Orleans has been an issue since the city's early settlement because of its location.

New Orleans was built on a marsh. Unlike the first two centuries of its existence, today a little under half of the modern city sits below sea level. The city is surrounded by the Mississippi River, Lake Pontchartrain to the north, and Lake Borgne on the east.

The earliest-settled parts of New Orleans and surrounding communities are above sea level. However, flooding was long a threat, from the periodic high waters of the Mississippi and from more occasional severe tropical storms which pushed the waters of Lake Pontchartrain into settled areas. Construction of the levees along the River began soon after the city was founded, and more extensive river levees were built as the city grew. These earthen barriers were erected to prevent damage caused by seasonal Mississippi River flooding. The Lake Pontchartrain shore was mostly undeveloped swamp, and only small levees were built there in the 19th century.

Colonial era
Awareness of the city's vulnerability to hurricanes dates back to the early Colonial era. A major hurricane hit the city in September 1722, leveling many of the buildings in the young city.

1794 was perhaps as dreadful a year as the city of New Orleans ever experienced, as it suffered two hurricanes in addition to a major fire.

19th century hurricanes
The 19th century saw powerful hurricanes such as the 1856 Last Island Hurricane and the 1893 Chenière Caminada hurricane, which were devastating.

The 19th century hurricanes were not nearly as media-covered, but they were still just as devastating as hurricanes are today. In this era, the news was not advanced enough to give minute by minute storm coverage.

The 1856 Last Island Hurricane was the first major hurricane in the Atlantic hurricane season. The storm first made landfall at Last Island, located southwest of New Orleans on the Gulf of Mexico, destroyed nearly every building on the island, and killed more than 200 people of the 400 people on the island. The island was "left void of vegetation" and fragmented into smaller islands that have remained uninhabited ever since. New Orleans received 13 in of rain during the storm.

The Chenière Caminada Hurricane of October 1893 also had a lasting impact whose wreckage was hard to prepare for. This natural disaster destroyed the island known as Chenière Caminada and about half the inhabitants were killed because of this disaster. Both of these islands were some of the earliest known islands in Louisiana.

Early 20th century hurricanes
1909 saw the Grand Isle hurricane hit the city. There was major flooding in the "back of town" area and in the undeveloped swamps north of town.

The 1915 New Orleans hurricane, or as it was called locally, "the Great Storm of 1915" struck with more wind damage than the 1909 storm. Flooding was more limited in scope and duration due to improved drainage pumping. However, Lake Pontchartrain rose to a higher level than previously recorded, overtopping some of the back levees. The Sewage and Water Board recommended taller levees to protect the city from flooding on the lake side.

A much larger project to build up levees along the lake and extend the shoreline out by dredging began in 1927. As the city grew, there was increased pressure to develop lower-lying areas. A large system of canals and pumps was constructed to drain the land. Flooding containment efforts until the mid-20th century primarily focused on floods from the Mississippi River.

In 1947, the Fort Lauderdale hurricane struck the New Orleans area. There was moderate wind damage. Flood prevention was largely successful in Orleans Parish, but there was severe flooding in the new East Jefferson suburbs near the Lake.

Late 20th century hurricanes
Hurricane Flossy in 1956 resulted in flooding in parts of Eastern New Orleans.

Hurricane Betsy in 1965 alerted a new generation to the threat posed by major hurricanes. As radar showed the storm heading for the city, a mandatory evacuation of Eastern New Orleans was declared. The Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal channeled storm surge into the metro area. A levee failure was responsible for major flooding in the Lower 9th Ward.

The heavy flood damage caused by Hurricane Betsy brought concerns about hurricane flooding to the forefront. Betsy resulted in a major redesign of the levee system. By authorizing the United States Army Corps of Engineers to design and construct the flood protection, Congress essentially overrode responsibility for flood protection by the local levee boards. The Flood Control Act of 1965 directed the Corps of Engineers to plan for the maximum anticipated hurricane for the area. (This project was still under construction when the city was struck by Katrina 40 years later.)

The Corps of Engineers also designed a Lake Pontchartrain Hurricane Barrier to shield the city with flood gates like those which protect the Netherlands from the North Sea. Congress provided funding, and construction began in 1971. But the work stopped in 1977 when a federal judge ruled, in a lawsuit brought by the environmental group Save Our Wetlands, that the Corps' environmental impact statement was deficient. In 1985, after nearly a decade of court battles, the Corps scrapped the plan, and decided to reinforce the existing levee system instead.

The threat of 1969's Hurricane Camille was known in advance through improved radar technology and much of New Orleans braced for a repeat of Betsy. But Camille turned east and wreaked havoc on the Gulf coast of Mississippi and Alabama.

Hurricane Juan (1985) prompted a large evacuation from the city but did little damage.

Hurricane Andrew threatened the city in 1992. Clearly a major killer storm which had already devastated parts of south Florida, it prompted the largest evacuation of the city to date. Andrew turned west of the city but prompted re-evaluation of emergency evacuation procedures.

Hurricane Georges in 1998 precipitated an even larger evacuation. The Louisiana Superdome was opened as a shelter of last resort for those unable to evacuate, with unfortunate consequences as much of the venue was looted. Highways out of the city were tied up bumper to bumper, prompting development of the Contraflow lane reversal plan. The evacuation from Greater New Orleans and the Mississippi coast was the largest in U.S. history up to that point.

Georges missed the city, but it caused significant storm surge, raising the level of Lake Pontchartrain to the point that the city was spared major flooding only by the lake levees and flood walls. There was significant destruction to the areas just outside the flood walls, including at Little Woods [?] and at West End near the mouth of the 17th Street Canal.

21st century
In early 2001, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), named three major scenarios as being among the most serious threats to the nation: (1) a major hurricane hitting New Orleans, (2) a terrorist attack in New York City, and (3) a large earthquake hitting San Francisco. In 2004, a Corps of Engineers study was done on the cost and feasibility of protecting southeast Louisiana from a major Category 5 hurricane, including construction of floodgate structures and raising existing levees. The report also suggested that the chances of a major Category 5 hurricane directly striking New Orleans was a one-in-500-year event.

Warnings of dangerous vulnerability
In 2001, the Houston Chronicle published a story which predicted that a severe hurricane striking New Orleans, "would strand 250,000 people or more, and probably kill one of 10 left behind as the city drowned under 20 ft of water. Thousands of refugees could end up in Houston." In 2002, The Times Picayune published a feature covering various scenarios, including a Category 5 hurricane hitting the city from the south. The series also explored the various environmental changes that have increased the area's vulnerability. One article in the series concluded that hundreds of thousands would be left homeless, and it would take months to dry out the area and begin to make it liveable. But there would not be much for residents to come home to. The local economy would be in ruins.

Many concerns focus around the fact that the city lies below sea level with a levee system that was designed for hurricanes of no greater intensity than Category 3. Furthermore, its natural defenses, the surrounding marshland and the barrier islands, have been dwindling in recent years. Just a few months before Katrina, the FX docudrama Oil Storm depicted a Category 4 hurricane hitting New Orleans, killing thousands of people and forcing residents to evacuate and hide out in the Superdome, and speculated about a national economic meltdown caused by the decreased oil supply.

Hurricane Isidore
Hurricane Isidore in 2002 prompted some cautious New Orleanians to evacuate; the majority kept an eye on the news without leaving town. A state of emergency was declared a few days before landfall, and a curfew was also issued between 6 am and 10 pm. The Superdome was used as a "special needs" shelter for medical patients. There was relatively minor damage in the city; however, there was still some moderate flooding, with portions of Interstate 10 being closed due to rising water and the French Quarter being almost a foot underwater. The storm also shut down the Audubon Zoo.

LSU-USACE Study
In 2002 the Corps of Engineers, in conjunction with the Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute at Louisiana State University (LSU), and the authorities in Jefferson Parish, modeled the effects and aftermath of a Category 5 strike on New Orleans. The model predicted an unprecedented disaster, with extensive loss of life and property. The study identified the problem: the New Orleans area is like a bowl, surrounded by levees which are strongest along the outer Mississippi and primarily intended to contain river flooding. When a hurricane drives water into Lake Pontchartrain, the weaker levees bordering Pontchartrain and canals leading to it are overwhelmed. Water then flows into the below-sea-level city, accompanied by water overflowing the levees along the Mississippi on the south side of the city center.

Hurricane Ivan
In 2004 Hurricane Ivan's threat to the city resulted in the largest evacuation of the city to date. Mayor Ray Nagin issued a call for a voluntary evacuation of the city at 6 pm on September 13. An estimated 600,000 or more evacuated from Greater New Orleans. The contraflow plan was put into full effect for the first time, but rather late in the evacuation due to various confusions. This proved valuable practice, for the contraflow was implemented much more smoothly in 2005.

Hurricane Pam exercise
Hurricane Pam was a hypothetical hurricane used as a disaster scenario to drive planning for a 13-parish area in Southeastern Louisiana, including the city of New Orleans, in 2004. Developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Louisiana Office of Homeland Security, Emergency Preparedness, the National Weather Service, and Innovative Emergency Management, Inc., the mock hurricane scenario and its projected consequences were the focal point of an eight-day exercise held at the State Emergency Operations Center in Baton Rouge in July 2004. Hurricane Pam was imagined as a slow-moving Category 3 storm with sustained winds of 120 mph. It would bring up to 20 in of rain to some parts of southeastern Louisiana and produce a levee-topping storm surge. The consequence assessment for Hurricane Pam indicated that more than one million people would be displaced and that 600,000 buildings would be damaged, with some completely destroyed. 60,000 people would be killed. The report on the simulation, TIME reported, warned that transportation would be a major problem in any storm situation paralleling the fictional "Hurricane Pam."

Follow-on Hurricane Pam workshops were conducted in November/December 2004, July 2005, and August 2005.

The Hurricane Pam scenario and the level of attention that the federal government paid to it were discussed following the catastrophic effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans in November and December 2005.

On January 25, 2005, the Louisiana Sea Grant forum discussed additional results of several simulations of strong hurricanes hitting New Orleans.

Hurricane Cindy
Hurricane Cindy hit Louisiana at just barely hurricane strength on July 5, 2005. Many New Orleanians paid it little attention in advance, some having gotten blasé about threats of hurricanes which for decades had missed the city. However, Cindy's winds gusted to 70 mi/h in the city, knocking branches off trees and causing New Orleans' largest blackout since Hurricane Betsy in 1965. The experience encouraged many to evacuate when the much more powerful Hurricane Katrina was heading towards the city less than two months later.

Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina threatened the city in August 2005. The eye of the huge storm grazed the eastern side of the city, sparing it from the worst of its power. However, due to poorly designed levees and the worst civil engineering failure in United States history, most of the city experienced flooding similar to a direct hit; see: Levee failures in Greater New Orleans, 2005.

There were many predictions of hurricane risk in New Orleans before Katrina.

On August 26 the storm, at one point up to a Category 5, was in the Gulf with a projection to possibly hit New Orleans a few days later. (The previous day the projected path was towards the Florida Panhandle.) On August 27 Mayor Nagin declared a state of emergency and called for a voluntary evacuation. The following day he issued the city's first ever whole-city mandatory evacuation order. A mandatory evacuation order is an extreme measure: the most recent such order in Louisiana occurred when east New Orleans was ordered evacuated in 1965.

There have been various plans to mitigate or prevent catastrophes. The evacuation plans were the most successful. The contraflow worked relatively smoothly, and over 80% of the population succeeded in fleeing the area in advance of the storm. The evacuation no doubt saved thousands of lives. However, beyond the evacuation of those willing and able to leave town through their own resources, almost every other aspect of preparedness was found wanting.

Like many other cities, New Orleans heavily relied on evacuation in case of a Category 5 storm. The inadequacy of evacuation plans was shown when no provision was made in time to evacuate the large number of people– elderly, disabled, those without cars– who could not leave by their own means.

Blame for lack of preparedness has been leveled at all levels of government. New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin had been criticized for not following the city's evacuation plan which called for the use of school buses to transport disadvantaged and elderly citizens out of the city. Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco was also criticized for not deploying the Louisiana National Guard sooner, although she did in fact deploy them before the hurricane hit and requested reinforcements from other states. Blanco asked for additional resources from the federal government, but refused to declare martial law or a state of emergency. Disorganization began when the Louisiana Governor declined a proposal from the White House to put National Guard troops under the control of the federal government. President George W. Bush and Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff were also criticized for failures on the federal level as well as with his leadership role. FEMA chief Michael D. Brown admitted on the 1 year anniversary of landfall that there was no plan, and claimed that in the immediate aftermath of the disaster White House officials told him to lie to put a more positive spin on the Federal response.

Hurricane relief plan vs. non-existent flood relief plan
One of the most significant planning failures was that there was no plan for the effects of a levee breach with the mass flooding that would result. After a typical hurricane hit the region, the plan would be for disaster relief forces to reach the city by overland routes. Since there was no New Orleans mass flooding and isolation by flooding plan, the plan that was pulled off the books was the hurricane relief plan. This plan failed because the relief personnel, most of whom were in trucks, could not get past nor through the areas that were under water. That there was no mass flooding relief plan to be executed was obvious by the lack of any heavy-lift helicopters such as Chinooks in relief forces that would have replaced the usual truck-born hurricane relief forces. A mass flooding with regional isolation plan would not have used land-based relief forces at all overland relief was impossible because of the barrier in place with the flooding.

Louisiana Superdome fiasco
The city's designation of the Louisiana Superdome as a "shelter of last resort" proved poor. It did not meet the safety standards required for a Red Cross shelter and thus it was not staffed by them or the Salvation Army. It was already known that the generators did not have enough capacity to provide lights and air conditioning for the entire dome in case of a power failure, and also pumps providing water to second-level restrooms wouldn't function. Thousands were trapped inside it as the area around it flooded and part of the roof blew off. Provisions for supplies were just barely adequate; sanitation, medical, and crowd control were worse. Since there was no flood-based federal nor state plan, heavy lift capacity helicopters that could have brought 16 tons of water, medical and food per flight were nowhere to be found. The much less effective hurricane-only response utilized much smaller UH and Black Hawk helicopters.

Under the National Response Plan, disaster planning is first and foremost a local government responsibility. On the day after the Hurricane, Michael Chertoff invoked the National Response Plan, transferring emergency authority to the Department of Homeland Security.

Civil order broke down, infrastructure failed, and some 80% of the city flooded. A few government responders, including Coast Guard helicopters and Louisiana Fisheries & Wildlife Boats, responded early and worked hard to save people stranded in the flooding, but their numbers were inadequate for the scope of the disaster. Private volunteers with boats assisted with rescue in great numbers, but significant Federal response was largely absent until 5 days after the disaster.

Post-Katrina

The next major hurricane threat to the city after Katrina came less than a month later, as Hurricane Rita headed towards the Gulf Coast as the city was still in ruins. Repopulation of some parts of the city had just begun when it was canceled and the city ordered re-evacuation. The levee system again failed, re-flooding low-lying portions of the city such as the Lower Ninth Ward.

Hurricane Ernesto in 2006 originally threatened Louisiana before hitting Florida, causing early preparations and rising oil prices.

Making landfall in Louisiana on September 1, 2008 as a category two hurricane, Hurricane Gustav was the first to put large scale preparations in motion, although the storm was still in Caribbean on the third anniversary of Katrina. Locals were warned to prepare for a possible evacuation of the city. Additional National Guard units were called out, and a state of emergency was declared. No "shelters of last resort" were to be used. Soon afterwards, 1.9 million people were evacuated from southern Louisiana, including 200,000 from the City of New Orleans. Contraflow lanes were again initiated. Forty-three deaths occurred in Louisiana as a result of the storm.

During the category four Hurricane Ida in August 2021, the post-Katrina levee system successfully defended the city, but some suburbs without levees or where levees were still under construction flooded.

Levee preparations and funding issues
Southeast Louisiana Project funding:

2004 :

 * Corps of Engineers' request: $11 million
 * Bush request: $3 million
 * Approved by Congress: $5.5 million

2005 :

 * Corps of Engineers' request: $22.5 million
 * Bush request: $3.9 million
 * Approved by Congress: $5.7 million

2006 :

While no detailed proposals had yet been made to augment the New Orleans levee system to be capable of withstanding a category 4 or greater hurricane, in October 2004, the Corps of Engineers submitted a proposal to Congress requesting US$4 Million to fund a preliminary study for such a plan. Congress tabled the proposal, never addressing it on the floor, citing budgetary concerns resulting from the Iraq War. A senior Corps official made an off-hand estimate that this project would require approximately $1 Billion dollars and would take 20 years, stating "It's possible to protect New Orleans from a Category 5 hurricane... we've got to start. To do nothing is tantamount to negligence." Whether or not such additional funding might have been capable of preventing the extensive flooding in New Orleans caused by Katrina, is a matter that has yet to be determined.
 * Bush request: $2.9 million

Starting in 2003, federal spending on the Southeast Louisiana Project was substantially reduced. Lt. General Carl Strock, Chief of Engineers at the Corps of Engineers, said that, "at the time that these levees were designed and constructed, it was felt that that was an adequate level given the probability of an event like this occurring." Strock also said that he did not believed that funding levels contributed to the disaster, commenting that, "the intensity of this storm simply exceeded the design capacity of this levee." Strock also told reporters that the Corps of Engineers "had a 200- or 300-year level of protection. That means that an event that we were protecting from might be exceeded every 200 or 300 years."

From 2001 through 2005, the Bush administration battled with Congress to cut a total of approximately 67% from the budgetary requests from the Corps of Engineers for levee augmentation projects in the New Orleans area, but ultimately settled with Congress on a 50% cut in these budgetary requests. In February 2004, Al Naomi, a project manager for the Corps of Engineers, stated that, "I've got at least six levee construction contracts (in the New Orleans area where funding has been cut) that need to be done to raise the levee protection back to where it should be (because of settling). Right now I owe my contractors about US$5 Million. And we're going to have to pay them interest."

Even as the Bush administration was cutting the Corps of Engineers' budget, many were criticizing the administration for not cutting the budget more. The New York Times, in particular, published several editorials criticizing the large size of the $17 Billion Corps budget, and called for the Senate to cut, "pork," in S. 728, which would have provided $512 Million in funding for hurricane protection projects in southern Louisiana.

Just after Hurricane Katrina hit, there was some concern expressed that government officials had placed an overemphasis on disaster recovery, while neglecting the process of pre-planning and preparation.

In the 17 months following Katrina, five investigations were carried out. The only federally ordered study was conducted by the American Society of Civil Engineers and paid for by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Two major independent studies were done by the University of California at Berkeley and Louisiana State University. Two minor studies were done by FEMA and the insurance industry. All five studies basically agree on the engineering mechanisms of failure.

The failure mechanisms included overtopping of levees and floodwalls by the storm surge, consequential undermining of flood wall foundations or other weakening by water of the wall foundations, and the storm surge pressures exceeding the strength of the floodwalls. In June 2006, a contrite Lt. Gen Carl Strock took responsibility for the failure of metro New Orleans flood protection, calling the system "a system in name only."

As of August 2006, the Corps of Engineers planned to spend $6 billion to make sure that by 2010, the city would probably be flooded only once every 100 years. But this would not equal the best levee system in the world, which is in The Netherlands. That system is designed to protect populated areas against anything but a 1-in-10,000-years flood. If the Corps built a 1-in-500-year levee system in New Orleans, Ivan van Heerden, deputy director of Louisiana State University's Hurricane Center, says, it would cost $30 billion.

According to a study by the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council, levees and floodwalls surrounding New Orleans—no matter how large or sturdy—cannot provide absolute protection against overtopping or failure in extreme events. Levees and floodwalls should be viewed as a way to reduce risks from hurricanes and storm surges, not as measures that eliminate risk. For structures in hazardous areas and residents who do not relocate, the committee recommended major floodproofing measures such as elevating the first floor of buildings to at least the 100-year flood level.

The impact of Louisiana's sinking coast
When the Corps of Engineers started systematically leveeing the river in the 19th century, it cut off the region's main source of silt, the raw material of delta-building in the Mississippi River Delta and the Wetlands of Louisiana. The weight of large buildings and infrastructure and the leaching of water, oil and gas from beneath the surface across the region have also contributed to the problem. Following the great floods of 1927, the Mississippi River was surrounded by a series of levees meant to protect the city from such floods. In 1965, New Orleans was hit by Hurricane Betsy, which caused tremendous flooding in the New Orleans area. The federal government began a levee-building program to protect New Orleans from a Category 3 hurricane (the same strength as Betsy). These series of levees were completed in recent years before Hurricane Katrina.

However, an unintended consequence of the levees was that natural silt deposits from the Mississippi River were unable to replenish the delta, causing the coastal wetlands of Louisiana to wash away and the city of New Orleans to sink even deeper. The Mississippi River delta is subsiding faster than any other place in the nation. While the land is sinking, sea level has been rising. In the past 100 years, land subsidence and sea-level rise have recently added three feet to all storm surges. That extra height puts affected areas under deeper water; it also means flooding from weaker storms and from the outer edges of powerful storms spreads over wider areas. The marshes that ring New Orleans, as well as the land depression of the city itself, originally above sea level, have sunk the quickest.

The problem with the wetlands was further worsened by salt water intrusion caused by the canals dug by the oil companies and private individuals in this marshland. This erosion of the wetlands not only caused Louisiana to lose 24 sqmi per year of land annually and 1900 sqmi of land since the 1930s, but it also destroyed Louisiana's first line of defense against hurricanes.

Hurricanes draw their strength from the sea, so they quickly weaken and begin to dissipate when they make landfall. Hurricanes moving over fragmenting marshes toward the New Orleans area can retain more strength, and their winds and large waves pack more speed and destructive power. Scientists working for the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources measured some of these effects during Hurricane Andrew in 1992. Andrew's surge height dropped from 9.3 ft at Cocodrie to 3.3 ft at the Houma Navigation Canal 23 mi to the north. For every mile of the marsh-and-water landscape it traversed, it lost 3.1 inches of height, sparing some homes farther north from more flooding. Currently Louisiana has 30% of the total coastal marsh and accounts for 90% of the coastal marsh loss in the lower 48 states. The engineering of the river has basically brought the Gulf of Mexico much closer to New Orleans, making it more vulnerable to hurricanes.

The combination of sinking land and rising seas has placed the Mississippi River delta as much as 3 ft lower relative to sea level than it was a century ago, and the process continues. That means hurricane floods driven inland from the Gulf have risen by corresponding amounts. Storms that once would not have had much impact can now be devastating events, and flooding now penetrates into places where it has rarely occurred before. The problem also is slowly eroding levee protection, cutting off evacuation routes sooner and putting dozens of communities and valuable infrastructure at risk of being wiped out by the flooding.

State and federal officials have recently pushed a $14 billion plan to rebuild wetlands over the next 30 years, to be funded by oil and gas royalties, called Coast 2050. Louisiana will receive US$540 million under the energy bill enacted in August 2005. More money for this program is likely to come with aid from Hurricane Katrina. The original actual cost needed for the project, however, was $14 billion.

Wetlands have the capacity to absorb storm surges at the rate of 1 ft per 2.7 mi. However, due to the systematic, long-term nature of wetland loss, and because wetland remediation can take decades, it is not possible to pinpoint blame for wetland loss on any specific Congress, legislature, President, or governor.

title: Hurricane preparedness in New Orleans


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Roved

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Nufy8 18:12, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Roved
POV neologism Punkmorten 17:04, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom, DV8 2XL 17:21, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete self-confessed 'logism. -Splash 01:16, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom, also links are mostly blogs Stamford spiney 08:49, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Roved


text:
Team (Slovak band)

Team, sometimes stylized as TEAM, is a Slovak rock band led by Pavol Habera. It was founded in 1980 in the city of Martin, in what was then Czechoslovakia. The band won the Zlatý slavík music award in 1989, 1990, and again in 1991. After the success of their first album, Team, in 1988, the band decided to rerecord it in Esperanto. This made it easier for them to travel abroad, especially the UK, as they played at Esperanto meets outside of Czechoslovakia. The song "Držím ti miesto" (I'm Holding You a Spot) from their 1990 album Team 3 was included on the soundtrack of the 2005 American film Hostel.

Beginnings
Team was founded by guitarist Dušan Antalík and bassist Ivan Válek in 1980 in the city of Martin. This was part of Czechoslovakia at the time, and is now in Slovakia. The band's first known lineup consisted of Antalík, Válek, as well as singer and keyboardist Milan Dočekal and drummer Ivan Marček. Between 1982 and 1984, the group was inactive as its members had to perform compulsory military service. They got back together in 1985 and recorded their first single, "Beh" (Run). In 1986, they were joined by second keyboardist Bohuš Kantor. They recorded their second single, "Na jednej lodi" (On One Boat), and began preparing their debut album.

Early albums
In 1988, vocalist Pavol Habera joined Team. Most of the material for the band's debut album had already been prepared, and Habera contributed the songs "Máš moje číslo" (You've Got My Number) and "List od Vincenta" (Letter from Vincent), which he originally recorded with his previous band Avion. The record's biggest success was the track "Reklama na ticho" (Silent Advertisement), and the album itself did very well. Team decided to record it again in Esperanto, with the help of new manager Stano Marček.

Their second album, Team 2 - Prichytený pri živote (Caught Alive) saw the replacement of drummer Ivan Marček with Erich Siegel. The album was carried by the singles "Prievan v peňaženke" (Hole in the Wallet) and "Lietam v tom tiež" (I'm in it Too). Siegel also played on Team's next album, Team 3, which spawned the hit "Držím ti miesto" (I'm Holding You a Spot). During this period, the group moved from Opus Records to Tommü Records. Pavol Habera launched a successful solo career in 1990, the same year Team 3 was released.

Team 4, 5, 6
Ivan Marček returned to play on Team's fourth album, Team 4, which was released in 1991. The record was produced by the group independently and recorded at a studio built by Antalík and Dočekal. In 1993, the album Team 5 was released, and included a track sung by Dušan Antalík. In 1995, Team announced they were taking a one-year break.

Upon their return in 1996, Team released the album Team 6 - Voľná zóna (Free Zone). This was the only album without Habera on vocals, with Roman Révai behind the microphone, except for the song "Moc mlada" (Too Young), which was sung by Antalík. It was also the last album with Bohuš Kantor. Milan Dočekal and Ivan Marček also did not take part in the project, with Ďuso Petrus taking over on drums.

Habera's return–present
In 1997, Habera returned to Team. Their next album, Team 7 - 7edem (7even), was released in 2000. It included the hit "Krátke lásky" (Short Loves). A new keyboard player, Juraj Tatár, was added to the group. Marček returned again on drums for the band's next album, Team 8 - Mám na teba chuť :-) (I've Got a Taste for You), which came out in 2002. In addition to the title song, the track "Slovník cudzích snov" (Dictionary of Foreign Dreams) was also a success. In 2003, the band recorded the concert album Team 9 - Live in Praha. This was followed by Team X and Team 11, released in 2004 and 2007, respectively.

In December 2011, the band announced a farewell tour for 2012. Habera stated: "After almost 30 years since the establishment of Team, we want to close one extraordinary and successful chapter of our musical lives, and the best way is to play for our fans." Team planned to play in six Slovak and ten Czech cities. They were accompanied on tour by the band Horská Chata, from Team's hometown of Martin.

In May 2014, longtime drummer Ivan Marček died. His replacement is Marcel Buntaj. The band continues to tour and perform. In 2019, they conducted the Habera & Team 2019 Tour of Czechia and Slovakia.

Band members
Current
 * Pavol Habera – vocals, guitar
 * Dušan Antalík – guitar, vocals
 * Ivan Válek – bass
 * Juraj Tatár – keyboards
 * Marcel Buntaj – drums
 * Matěj Morávek – touring guitarist

Past
 * Ivan Marček – drums
 * Milan Dočekal – keyboards
 * Erich Siegel – drums
 * Bohuš Kantor – keyboards
 * Roman Révai – vocals
 * Ďuso Petrus – drums
 * Emil Fratik – drums

Discography
Studio albums
 * Team 1 (1988)
 * Ora Team (also Team en Esperanto) (1989)
 * Team 2 – Prichytený pri živote (1989)
 * Team 3 (1990)
 * Team 4 (1991)
 * Team 5 (1993)
 * Team 6 – Voľná zóna (1996)
 * Team 7 – 7edem (2000)
 * Team 8 – Mám na teba chuť :-) (2002)
 * Team X (2004)
 * Team 11 (2007)

Live albums
 * Team 9 – Live in Praha (2003)

Compilations
 * Team – Hity (1994)
 * Best of Team (1997)
 * Team – Zlaté hity (2000)
 * Pavol Habera & Team Best of – Piesne o láske (2002)
 * Best Of 1988–2005 (2005)
 * Gold (2006)
 * Pavol Habera & Team – Největší Hity (2007)
 * Team / Prichytený pri živote (2009)
 * Od A po Zet (2016)

title: Team (Slovak band)