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Payyanur

Payyanur, is a municipal town and a taluk, a sub-district administrative unit, in the Kannur district of Kerala, India. On 10 March 2018, Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan inaugurated Payyanur as the fifth taluk in the district. Payyanur taluk comprises 22 villages including 16 de-linked from the Taliparamba taluk and six from the Kannur taluk. The town is situated on the banks of the Perumba River.

Location
Payyanur is located 36 km North of District HQ Kannur city, 501 km away from State capital Thiruvananthapuram city, 301 km North of Ernakulam city, 126 km North of Kozhikode city, 56 km South of Kasaragod town and 112 km away from Mangalore city. The town lies by the side of three rivers - Perumba River, Punnakka river (Payyanur river) and Kavvayi river (Thattar river).

Demographics
As of 2011 census, Payyanur had a population of 72,111, with males constituting 46% of the population and females 54%. Payyanur has an average literacy rate of 94.08%. This is higher than the state average of 94.00%. Male literacy is 97.02%, and female literacy is 91.60%. In Payyanur, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Etymology
Payyan is an appellation of the Hindu deity Kartikeya and ooru means town or place. Thus Payyanur means the "land of Lord Kartikeya" derived from the presence of the Sri Subramany Swamy temple here.

During the Renaissance era, Payyanur was known to English sailors as Delyn, named after the nearby hill of Ezhimala.

Geography
Payyanur is located at coordinates 12.1°N, 75.2°W. It has an average elevation of 16 metres (51 feet).

History
Payyanur is one of several extant ancient civilized places in Kerala. The northern town of Kerala claims a rich recorded history. The archaeological remains excavated from Payyanur and nearby places prove the existence of a city in this area centuries ago.

The earliest known mention of this town is in the Brahmanda Purana, when Garga Muni talks about this place to the Pandavas during their exile.

Several notable travelers have described this area in their writings. Ibn Battuta visited Ezhimala in AD 1342 and wrote about the large seaport and the Chinese ships anchored here. Abul Fida in AD 1273, Marco Polo in AD 1293, the Italian explorer Niccolò de' Conti in the 15th century and the Portuguese scholar and traveler Barbosa all visited this place and gave extensive accounts of Ezhimala port, which was then known as "Heli". The scholar and author Hermann Gundert and William Logan, the Malabar District Collector during the British Colonial rule, who wrote Malabar Manual, also visited Payyanur and studied the rich heritage of the area.

Centuries back, Payyanur was a part of the Ezhimala/Mushika/Kolathiri Kingdom. King Nandan was well known as a great warrior and ruler. The books written during the Sangam period describe the area and King. Ezhimala was also under the rule of the Cheras. A famous ruler there was Pazhassi Raja.

Payyanur Pattu, the ballad written by an unknown person belonging to the Chettiar community sometime during the 13th or 14th century, was set here.

Evolution of Payyanur
In the past, the city of Kachil Patanam (presently Kavvayi) was the main town due to the proximity of waterways through Kavvayi River and its large seaport. It was both the administrative and business center during that time. According to historians, the ships from China and other countries used to visit this port and were anchored in the nearby river Changoorichal. Kavvayi retained its position during the rule of British East India Company also. They established the first Magistrate's court and Registrar's Office in Kavvayi.

Later, Kokkanisseri became the city center. The main road, which starts from Perumba in the east, up to old post office in the west and Kunhimangalam Mana in the south to government hospital in the north is called Kokkanisseri. The south of this town was called Payyanur village and the north of Kokkanisseri is called Moorikkovval village. The business center was called Kokkanisseri Bazaar. Later, the name Payyanur became common and thus the developed city of today came into existence.

During the regime of the Kolathiri Dynasty, Payyanur was a part of Kolathu Nadu, ruled by the Kolathiri Rajas based in Chirakkal near Kannur. During British rule, Payyanur was considered as a "farka" which in turn is a part of the Chirakkal Taluk. Until the formation of Kerala State in 1957, Payyanur remained in the Malabar District of the Madras State.

Education
Colleges in Payyanur
 * Swami Anandatheertha Campus, Payyanur
 * Ampere Institute of Engineering and Private ITI.
 * Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering & Technology.
 * Payyannur College, Edat.
 * Gurudev Arts & Science College, Mathil
 * College of Engineering and Technology, Payyanur
 * Govt. Residential women's polytechnic college Payyanur.
 * Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Regional Centre, Payyanur
 * AWH- al-badar special college Payyanur. Department of psychology

Administration
Payyanur Taluk is one among the five taluks in Kannur district which has administration over 22 villages.

Payyanur Municipality is divided into 44 wards covering an area of 54.63 km2 for which the elections are held every five years. The current ruling party is CPI(M).

Payyanur Assembly constituency is part of Kasaragod Loksabha constituency. The current Payyanur MLA is T. I. Madhusoodanan.

Law and Order
The municipality comes under the jurisdiction of Payyanur police station, established on 13 January 1881 during British raj.

Payyanur is also headquarters of one among the four sub divisions in Kannur rural police district formed on 18.02.2021. It is situated about 500 m west of National Highway 66. The sub division has jurisdiction over five police stations and one control room viz Payyanur, Pazhayangadi, Pariyaram medical college, Peringome and Cherupuzha. Indian Naval Academy at Ezhimala and Central Reserve Police Force Training Camp near Peringome, Pariyaram Govt Medical college and Govt Ayurveda Medical college are situated in Payyanur subdivdison limit.

Court complexes in Payyanur

 * Sub Court, Payyanur
 * Munsiff Court, Payyanur
 * Judicial First Class Magistrate Court, Payyanur

Transportation
The National Highway 66 passes through Perumba junction. Goa and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram can be accessed on the southern side. National Highway 66 is given node for construction of 6 lane road on Payyanur and other stretches of Kerala.

Payyanur has several private and KSRTC buses plying places inside and outside the district. Payyanur is well-connected to its suburbs through several bus services. Payyanur town has three bus terminals — KSRTC Bus terminal, Payyanur on NH-66 road, Old Bus Stand, Payyanur and New Bus Stand, Payyanur on the Main road, Payyanur.

Payyanur is one of the major station that lies in the Shoranur-Mangalore Section of Southern Railway and comes under A category stations under Palakkad division. The station has 3 platforms and 4 tracks.

The nearest Airport Kannur is 57 km away and Mangalore of 115 km away.

Social Service
Orator and freedom fighter KP Kunhirama Poduval, who founded Sanjayan Smaraka Grandhalayam at Annur (Sanjayan Memorial Library), is from here. Kelappan Service Center (perhaps the only institution built in memory of Kelappaji, also known as "Kerala Gandhi") and Payyanur Co-operative Stores are among a number of social organizations in the area.

Culture

'Theyyam' and religious festivals (Kaliyattam) of various temples attract people to Payyanur. Poorakkali and kolkali are the major traditional dance ritual performances. Architect Kunhimangalam Narayanan, dancer Vannadil Pudiyaveettil Dhananjayan, the Sanskrit scholar E. Sreedharan, are all from the area. The native place of legendary Kathakali master Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair is not far from this town. Kandoth in Payyanur is famous for pottery. The weaver's streets of various villages around Payyanur contribute to the fame of the handlooms of Kannur.

Pavithra Mothiram
Payyanur Pavithram, or Pavithra Mothiram is a particular ring worn during performing Vedic or holy rituals or during the "pithrubali" (ceremony performed for the well-being of the ancestors or departed souls) in the Hindu tradition. The traditional Pavitram is usually made of "dharba" grass. The formation of Payyanur Pavitram is closely related to Payyanur Sree Subrahmanya Swami Temple.

Notable people

 * V. P. Appukutta Poduval, freedom fighter
 * Unnikrishnan Namboothiri, film actor
 * P. V. Kunhikrishnan, judge of Kerala High Court
 * C. V. Balakrishnan, writer
 * Satheesh Babu Payyannur, writer
 * Dhananjayans, classical dancers- Padma awardee
 * K. U. Mohanan, cinematographer
 * Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri, lyricist
 * Kaithapram Viswanathan Namboothiri, music director
 * Sahal Abdul Samad, professional footballer
 * Malavika Mohanan, film actress
 * Parvathy Nambiar, film actress
 * Ganapathi S Poduval, film actor
 * K. C. Venugopal, Indian politician
 * P. Kunhikrishnan, space scientist
 * Subeesh Sudhi, film actor
 * Mohan Kupleri, film director
 * Anaswara Rajan, film actress
 * Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval, film director
 * Felix Bast, phycocologist

title: Payyanur


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County hall

A county hall or shire hall is a common name given to a building that houses the seat of local government for a county.

The location of the county hall has usually denoted the county town.

In the case of Surrey, England, when county boundaries changed the county hall remained in Kingston upon Thames. County halls usually contain a council chamber, committee rooms and offices.

England
County halls in England, with the ceremonial county they served, include:

Scotland
County halls ceased to have a role in Scotland in 1975, when a system of large regional councils was introduced. Former county halls in Scotland, with the county they served, include:

Northern Ireland
County halls ceased to have a role in Northern Ireland in 1973, when a system of local government districts was introduced. Former county halls in Northern Ireland, with the county they served, include:

Wales
County halls in Wales, with the county they served, include:
 * Historic counties

 * Preserved counties

Republic of Ireland
County halls in the Republic of Ireland, with the county they serve, include:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: County hall


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Vang Stave Church

Vang Stave Church (Świątynia Wang; Vang stavkyrkje; Stabkirche Wang) or Mountain Church of Our Savior (Kościół Górski Naszego Zbawiciela) is a stave church located in Karpacz in the Karkonosze mountains in Poland. It was transferred to its present location from Vang in the Valdres region of Norway and re-erected in 1842. A notable tourist attraction, it is Poland's only stave church. It serves as a parish church of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland.

The church is a four-post single-nave stave church originally built around 1200 in the parish of Vang in the Valdres region of Norway.

History
Originally built as a Catholic church in the Middle Ages, following the Reformation it was used by a congregation belonging to the Church of Norway. In 1832, the local council decided to pull down the stave church because it was too small and had become structurally unsafe over the years. The plans for its demolition and replacement were known already in 1826, when the painter Johan Christian Dahl made the first attempt to save it. He urged the council to repair and extend it.

There was also an attempt to have it re-erected at Heensåsen in the same parish as an annex church. Knut Nordsveen, a local farmer, offered to donate the building site to the community, but his offer was rejected. Disappointed by the rebuff, he later sold his farm and emigrated to America. In 1932, a monument was erected in memory of him.

Relocation
While traveling in Norway in 1839, Dahl again visited Vang. He found the stave church still standing, beside a newly built larger log-built church seating 230 parishioners. Demolition of the old one was imminent. Dahl was more than ever convinced that the stave church must be preserved as a cultural monument. He proposed without success to have it re-erected as a Royal Chapel in Christiania, or as a museum church adjacent to the medieval Haakon's Hall in Bergen. Count Herman Wedel Jarlsberg announced his willingness to place it in his park at Bogstad manor near Christiania, but he died before the plan could be carried out.

Dahl saw no other way than to buy the church himself. He asked the vicar of Vang to bid on his behalf at the public auction held in January 1841. Dahl won the bid at 86 speciedaler, 1 ort and 7 skilling, on the condition that the site was cleared by the end of the year. Accused of being a speculant, Dahl defended himself by stating that his only intention was to rescue the church, and that he had no intention of making money from the deal.

The solution came from Crown Prince, later King Frederick William IV of Prussia, whom Dahl knew personally. After the exchange of several letters, he persuaded the prince to take over responsibility for the Vang Stave Church and cover the costs of re-erecting it in Potsdam.

The task of surveying the church, marking the materials, supervising the dismantling and preparing for the transportation was entrusted to the young German architect, who had helped Dahl to make the plates for his book on the stave churches, and who was probably also known to the Crown Prince. Schiertz did pioneering work in documentation and planning for an enterprise without precedent. His drawings and inventories are now priceless sources of knowledge about the original appearance of the stave church. All pieces were marked and packed for transportation during the summer. In September they were delivered at the harbour of Lærdalsøyri at the head of the Sognefjord, where they were loaded on board the Haabet, bound for Stettin (Szczecin). Upon arrival in Stettin after two months at sea, the materials were transferred onto a barge for the last leg of the journey to Berlin, where they were stored during the winter in the courtyard of the Altes Museum.

The original plan had been to re-erect the church on the Pfaueninsel (Peacock Island) near Potsdam. But in the meantime, this plan was discarded in favour of a site at the remote village of Karpacz Górny near Karpacz in the Giant Mountains (Karkonosze), in the province of Silesia. The idea probably came from countess Friederike von Reden of Bukowiec, whose memorial stands beside the church. Count Christian Leopold von Schaffgotsch Jelenia Góra|Cieplice, donated the site.

In the spring of 1842 the materials were again taken by river barge up the Oder to the foothills, and from there by wagon to the mountain village of Karpacz. The new site for the church is 885 m above sea level in Brückenberg, about halfway between Krummhübel and the peak of the Sněžka-Śnieżka.

Re-erection
The foundation stone was laid on 2 August 1842 in the presence of King Friedrich Wilhelm himself. It was a demanding task for carpenters who had never seen the church, nor any stave church, to rebuild it correctly. In spite of excellent drawings, most of the materials were discarded. Only the main construction, consisting of sills, posts and wall plates, were made use of, in addition to the carved doorframes. All of the external gallery was built with new materials, and every wall plank was replaced.

The long lost apse was reconstructed, albeit with a very strange baroque roof. The gallery and the flèche were reconstructed, but several new windows without historical precedent were put in. The doorways were turned inside out, with the carvings facing inward. The decorated ceiling above the choir was not restored, probably because it seemed too Catholic in a Protestant church. All the original roof trusses were renewed.

The work took two years and the total cost amounted to more than 75 000 marks. On the King's birthday, 15 October 1843, the flèche with the date 1200 was raised. On 27 July 1844 Prince Frederick of the Netherlands together with huge crowds witnessed the consecration of "Die Bergkirche unseres Erlösers zu Wang" (The mountain church of Our Savior of Vang). The former owner J. C. Dahl was not present, but he was happy to know that his project had been realised. He was spared the burden of preserving only certain decorated elements, and pleased that "a fair likeness" had been rebuilt.

Now serving a Polish Lutheran community, Wang church has become a major tourist attraction and is probably the world's most visited stave church with about 200,000 visitors each year.

Original building
The layout with four internal posts or staves is common to several stave churches in the Valdres region. But in the stave churches of Høre and Lomen they are incorporated into a construction with a raised roof above the central part of the nave, whereas the churches of Vang and Øye have ordinary saddle roofs, with no structural connection between the roof and the interior posts.

According to tradition, the church had been relocated once before at an earlier date, confirming the opinion of many scholars that it was much altered before leaving Vang. The Norwegian architect Arne Berg has after thorough examination of the rebuilt church concluded that the remaining original materials belonged to a stave church of the Sogn type with a raised roof above the central part of the nave. Dating evidence is, however, scant. He estimates it to have been built around 1200 – confirming the rather dubious date inscribed in 1843. It may have been rebuilt already in the medieval period, but perhaps as late as 1600.

Runic inscription N 83
There is a runic inscription listed in Rundata as N 83 located on the doorway of the church, of which the expert Magnus Olsen has proposed the translation: " Eindridi the dexterous carved (the doorway), the son of Olav of Lo" (Old Norse: Eindriði skar, mjáfingr, sonr Ólafs á Ló). If this is the correct interpretation, the inscription identifies the artist. His name was Eindridi, his nickname was "dexterous" or "handy", and his father was Olav of Lo. In 1937, the inscription was reported as badly damaged and hardly readable. The interpretations of the inscriptions are based on copies made before the church was moved.

Gallery
Old and modern photos

title: Vang Stave Church


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Live at Earls Court

Live at Earls Court is a live album by Morrissey, released in the US on 29 March 2005, and in Europe on 4 April 2005. Its sleeve notes state that it was "recorded live at Earls Court in London on 18 December 2004 in front of 17,183 people."

Track listing
All tracks written by Morrissey and Alain Whyte except as noted.

 * 1) "How Soon Is Now?" (Morrissey, Johnny Marr)
 * 2) "First of the Gang to Die"
 * 3) "November Spawned a Monster" (Morrissey, Clive Langer)
 * 4) "Don't Make Fun of Daddy's Voice"
 * 5) "Bigmouth Strikes Again" (Morrissey, Marr)
 * 6) "I Like You" (Morrissey, Boz Boorer)
 * 7) "Redondo Beach" (Patti Smith, Lenny Kaye, Richard Sohl)
 * 8) "Let Me Kiss You"
 * 9) "Subway Train – Munich Air Disaster 1958" medley (David Johansen, Johnny Thunders – Morrissey, Whyte)
 * 10) "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" (Morrissey, Marr)
 * 11) "The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get" (Morrissey, Boorer)
 * 12) "Friday Mourning"
 * 13) "I Have Forgiven Jesus"
 * 14) "The World Is Full of Crashing Bores" (Morrissey, Boorer)
 * 15) "Shoplifters of the World Unite" (Morrissey, Marr)
 * 16) "Irish Blood, English Heart"
 * 17) "You Know I Couldn't Last" (Morrissey, Whyte, Gary Day)
 * 18) "Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me" (Morrissey, Marr)

Singles
One single was released from the album:

 * 1) "Redondo Beach"/"There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" double A-side
 * B-sides: "Noise Is the Best Revenge", "It's Hard to Walk Tall When You're Small" (BBC Session)

It was released on 28 March 2005 in Europe and on 5 April in the United States. In the United Kingdom, the single reached number 11 in the Top 40. In Europe the single preceded the album, whereas in the United States the roles were reversed.

Personnel

 * Morrissey – vocals
 * Boz Boorer – guitar, congas, clarinet, backing vocals
 * Jesse Tobias – guitar
 * Michael Farrell – keyboards, percussion, trumpet, backing vocals
 * Gary Day – bass
 * Dean Butterworth – drums

title: Live at Earls Court


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Halsbury's Laws of Australia

Halsbury's Laws of Australia is similar to Halsbury's Laws of England, but is written for Australia. It is an encyclopaedia of the laws of Australia. Published by LexisNexis, it is one of the two foremost legal encyclopaedias in Australia, the other being The Laws of Australia - Encyclopedia by Lawbook Co.

Halsbury's Laws of Australia, like other legal encyclopaedias, provide a summary on the current state of laws of Australia. Subjects are arranged systematically by subject area and covering all nine jurisdictions, with case and statute law authorities which support legal propositions.

title: Halsbury's Laws of Australia


text:
Lamu Archipelago

The Lamu Archipelago is located in the Indian Ocean close to the northern coast of Kenya, to which it belongs. The islands lie between the towns of Lamu and Kiunga, near the Coast Province. It is a part of Lamu District.

The largest of the islands are Pate Island, Manda Island and Lamu Island. Smaller islands include Kiwayu, which lies in the Kiunga Marine National Reserve, and Manda Toto. Today the largest town in the archipelago is Lamu Town, on Lamu Island. The town is on the World Heritage List.

The archipelago contains several archaeological/historical sites of great significance, such as Takwa and Manda Town (both on Manda Island) and Shanga (on Pate Island). Some have been partially excavated in later years, shedding important new light on Swahili history and culture.

There are some other accounts that mention Chinese ships of Zheng He's fleet sinking near Lamu Island in Kenya in 1415. Survivors settled on the island and married local women. This has been proven recently by archaeological work on the island that has resulted in the finding of evidence to suggest this connection. Further DNA testing done on some residents show that they indeed have Chinese ancestors.

The Mosques of Lamu Archipelago
For centuries, the Swahili coast of East Africa has been a cultural crossroads. The mosques, central to the religious life of the region, bear witness to this rich heritage. Their architecture reflects not only Islamic traditions but also the artistic influences of various trading partners. This is particularly evident in the design of the mihrab, the prayer niche of symbolic importance within a mosque.

The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed a period of significant change on the Swahili coast, particularly in the Lamu archipelago. The rise of Pate as a major political force, challenging Portuguese control of Mombasa, is thought to have been the catalyst for a distinct "new Swahili mihrab" style. This essay examines the development of this unique style, exploring its key features, the influences that shaped it, and prominent examples.

The period was marked by a surge in mosque construction, with 22 mosques built in Lamu town and 12 in Pate between 1750 and 1820. A new style of mihrab (prayer niche) was developed, characterised by two key elements: a pronounced use of stucco for decoration and the adoption of the trilobal arch.

The trilobal arch, a more elaborate design than the broken arch used previously, emerged in the 17th century under the influence of Indian traders. By the late 18th century this form had evolved into a polylobal design. The construction techniques for the mihrab arches involved ashlar blocks of coral bound with mortar, covered with a thick layer of stucco, and topped with pointed arches with a central boss.

Decoration played an important role in the new style. The tympanums, the recessed areas above the arch, continued the tradition of using inlaid ceramics as seen in Pate. However, there was a change in the material used for the central boss, from coral to stucco. The frame of the mihrab itself was decorated with stucco panels with geometric designs. The interior of the mihrab apse was decorated with triangular plaster mouldings, while the semi-dome vault had a fluted surface.

Examples of this style include a Lamu mihrab with an inscription dated 1753, and mihrabs at Simambaya and Utondwe (Tanzania) dated 1796 and 1782 respectively. Interestingly, Omani mosques built during this period showed a strong resemblance to the Swahili models, with bays parallel to the qibla wall and a projecting mihrab. The Omani Simambaya Mosque, built between 1725 and 1765, is an example of this similarity.

A later example, the Swahili Wa Deule mosque at Shela (Lamu), built in 1848 according to an inscription in the mihrab, demonstrates the continued use of the trilobal arch. This particular mihrab was framed by semicircular mouldings and decorated with panels of floral and geometric motifs.

The influence of external factors is also evident in this architectural development. The flowering of this new style finds parallels in Yemeni mosques, particularly in Surat, where mihrabs with finely carved trilobal arches suggest a growing economic relationship with India. The Ndia Kuu Mosque in Mombasa, excavated in 1985, reinforces this external influence. This 17th century mosque, probably used by Indian and Pakistani mercenaries, had a square plan, a small mihrab decorated with Indian-style volutes and blind arcades, and two small pillars flanking the mihrab projection.

In conclusion, the 18th and 19th centuries witnessed a dynamic change in the design of mihrabs within the mosques of the Lamu archipelago. The emergence of Pate, changing political landscapes and external influences from India and Oman all contributed to the development of a distinct 'Lamu style', characterised by the widespread adoption of the trilobal arch and the use of stucco ornamentation.

title: Lamu Archipelago


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Coala

Coala is a helicopter action game developed by Bitfusion for the Amiga. It was published in 1995 by Empire Software.

Gameplay mainly consists of entering a battle between two sides. The player flies a helicopter, and may choose between AH-64 Apache, the MI-35 Hind and the Mi-28 Havoc. When the player scores 100 points, a fictional ultimate helicopter called A88 Coala is unlocked.

Coala is one of the few Amiga games with a virtual cockpit mode. The game required a 68020 processor.

title: Coala


text:
Talk:Boris Piotrovsky

Middle name?
I'd say it should be 'Boris Piotrovsky,' or 'Boris Borisovich Piotrovsky,' or 'B.B. Piotrovsky.' Russians don't have 'middle names,' but patronymics. Shall we remove 'B.'? --barbatus 11:08, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * No objections? I'm deleting that middle initial then. --barbatus 17:55, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Boris Piotrovsky


text:
Talk:Live at Earls Court

Live at Earls Court is a must for all Moz fans, I feel. He sounds great and I in the little he says between songs so much can be heard. MozbeeVgn!

Recorded at multiple dates?
Depite the assertion on the liner notes that this album was "Recorded live at Earls Court in London on the 18th of December 2004 in front of 17,183 people" - there is some suggestion that some tracks from the album were taken from other dates on the tour. Can anyone categorically confirm or deny this?

--Dilb0t 10:35, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I had heard it was recorded across a couple nights too. I think I read that at Passions Just Like Mine, which has currently exceeded its bandwidth, so I can't confirm it. Folkor 17:09, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The relevant paragraph is: "As the title suggests, this album was recorded at London's Earls Court on 18 December 2004. However, although it features mainly this date, when Morrissey's vocals were not the best the recording was patched with segments from other British dates from the same leg of the tour (Glasgow, Birmingham, Brighton and Dublin). Similarly, the chit-chat with fans in the front rows, a few biting comments and the allusions to the upcoming Christmas holiday were dropped or replaced with banter from those other dates." - "Live At Earls Court" from PassionsJustLikeMine
 * Although there's no reason to doubt the truth of this suggestion, this isn't really enough to qualify as a reliable reference. Presumably it's been deduced from unofficial audience recordings. --David Edgar (talk) 23:13, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Live at Earls Court


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Cannon Fodder 2

Cannon Fodder 2: Once More unto the Breach, or simply Cannon Fodder 2, is an action-strategy shoot 'em up game developed by Sensible Software and published by Virgin Interactive for the Amiga and DOS in November 1994. The game is the sequel to Cannon Fodder, a successful game released for multiple formats in 1993. The game is a combination of action and strategy involving a small number of soldiers battling through a time-travel scenario. The protagonists are heavily outnumbered and easily killed. The player must rely on strategy and heavy secondary weapons to overcome enemies, their vehicles and installations.

The game retained the mechanics and gameplay of its predecessor but introduced new levels, settings and graphics. Former journalist Stuart Campbell designed the game's levels, making them harder and more tactically demanding, as well as introducing a multitude of pop culture references in the level titles. The development of the game's plot was hampered by budget constraints and the resulting lack of explanation confused reviewers. Critics enjoyed the gameplay retained from the original Cannon Fodder but were disappointed at the lack of new mechanics or weapons, comparing the game to a data disk. Reviewers praised the game's level design, though less so those of its alien planet. Critics gave Cannon Fodder 2 positive reviews but lower scores than its predecessor and gave mixed criticism of the new theme music and increased difficulty.

Synopsis
Cannon Fodder 2 is a military-themed action game with strategy and shoot 'em up elements. The player controls a small squad of up to four soldiers. These soldiers are armed with machine guns which kill enemy infantry with a single round. The player's troops are similarly fragile, and while they possess superior fire-power at the game's outset the enemy infantry becomes more powerful as the game progresses. As well as foot soldiers, the antagonists include vehicles and missile-armed turrets. The player must also destroy buildings which spawn enemy soldiers. For these targets, which are invulnerable to machine gun fire, the player must use secondary, explosive weaponry: grenades and rockets. Ammunition for these weapons is limited and the player must find supply crates to replenish his troops. Wasting these weapons can potentially result in the player not having enough to fulfil the mission objectives. The player can opt to shoot crates – destroying enemy troops and buildings in the ensuing explosion – at less risk to his soldiers than retrieving them, but again at a greater risk of depleting ammunition.

The player proceeds through 24 missions divided into several "phases" each, making 72 levels in all. There are various settings including medieval, gangster-themed Chicago, an alien spacecraft and an alien planet. The player must also contend with mines and other booby traps. As well as shooting action, the game features strategy elements and employs a point-and-click control system more common to strategy than action games. As the player's troops are heavily outnumbered and easily killed, he must use caution, as well as careful planning and positioning. To this end, he can split the squad into smaller units to take up separate positions or risk fewer soldiers when moving into dangerous areas. In alternative settings, heavy weapons are replaced graphically by such units as battering rams (replaces trucks) and wizards (replaces rockets).

The game's plot – minimally expounded in the manual – concerns soldiers partaking in a Middle Eastern conflict (which forms the game's early levels) abducted by aliens to do battle on an alien world (which forms the later levels). During the process of space travel, the aliens send the soldiers to various times and places, resulting in the intervening medieval and Chicago settings.

Development
The game is the sequel to Cannon Fodder, which drew criticism for its juxtaposition of war and humour and its use of iconography closely resembling the remembrance poppy. The cover art's poppy was ultimately replaced with a soldier, in turn replaced by a hand grenade for Cannon Fodder 2, regarding which Amiga Power joked: "The great thing about an explosive charge wrapped in hundreds of meters wound-inflicting wire is that it doesn't have the same child-frightening, 'responsible adult' freaking, society-disrupting effect as an iddy-biddy flower". The One felt the new historical and science-fiction themes an attempt to avoid similar controversy as befell Cannon Fodder. Amiga Power itself had become embroiled in the controversy due to its planned use of the poppy on its cover (also abandoned) and perceived inflammatory commentary its editor Stuart Campbell. Campbell later left the magazine to join Sensible Software as a programmer and worked on the sequel as his first game.

A small team of "essentially four" people – among them first-time level-designer Campbell – created the game, retaining the Cannon Fodder engine. Prior to Campbell's arrival from a journalism career, Sensible Software had devised the game's time-travelling theme and decided upon the various settings. However, it had not yet developed a plot to expound these themes. It was not possible to illustrate the story in the game itself, due to Cannon Fodder 2's simple nature and so Campbell began work on an elaborate "plot-to-be", partially completing a novella intended to accompany the final product. This version of the story had the time-travelling aliens plotting to intervene in various parts of human history to create chaos, which they intended to exploit to enslave and destroy humanity. The protagonists' kidnappers were envisioned as sympathisers who would send them through time to defend mankind. Virgin vetoed the proposal as too expensive and took charge of the manual's production. The result was a simplified explanation which described the soldiers as in the employ of the aliens and did not clarify the time-travel element. Campbell later said the loss of the novella was an example of a publisher preferring to maximise profit from a game rather than build intellectual property towards the end of the Amiga's commercial life.

As the game was to retain the same engine, the developers could not add new gameplay features. Campbell instead set out to make the levels more interesting, creating multiple paths through the missions. More obvious solutions would be more difficult, and the hidden, "proper" paths easier to execute once deduced. While Campbell intended the game to be harder, he also wished to improve the difficulty curve, which he argued was a flaw of its predecessor. He also tended to make the levels smaller and reduced instances of water obstacles, which he regarded as frustrating in the first game. The designer conceded that some levels turned out to be too difficult – due to his inexperience as a developer and the fact he became so skilled while play testing – but maintained that level 8 of the original was worse than any of his creations. Campbell named most of the game's levels after songs titles and lyrics (prominently The Jesus and Mary Chain), but also referenced wider pop culture artifacts such as gameshows and Bugs Bunny cartoons, as well as some original titles. He also referenced classic games in the level design itself.

At the time, Jon Hare said changing the formula would be detrimental, and unnecessary to provide enjoyment and value. He later reflected that Sensible had poorly managed the project in "delegating" the design to newcomer Campbell. He felt this to be a consequence of Sensible Software avariciously spreading itself thin, by that point attempting to exploit its success. Hare sold Sensible to Codemasters in 1999 and consequently worked on an abortive Cannon Fodder 3, with such a title ultimately published by Russia's Game Factory Interactive for the PC in 2012.

Reception
Cannon Fodder 2 retains the same mechanics and core gameplay of its predecessor, prompting reviewers to say: "It's still as wonderfully playable as it ever was", and to acknowledge "all the amazing control and playability" of the original. Reviewers complained about the lack of plot, with Amiga Power stating: "There's little explanation as to why you're doing this time-travelling and absolutely none in the game. As a result, the game doesn't hang together". AUI called the plot "pointless", while Amiga Computing called it a "slight problem", saying "you have to guess what is going on in the game because there's no plot explanation [...] it's all very confusing!"

The game is markedly more difficult than its predecessor. Amiga Format called this "good/bad news", whereas The One directed its "major criticism" at the difficulty level, saying that "some of the levels are quite simply horrendous", and that the game is "close to being intensely frustrating at times". Amiga Computing also felt the high difficulty to be the "biggest problem": "I like a game to get progressively harder rather than getting virtually impossible after just four missions". Amiga Format also criticised the difficulty and felt "some of the levels are a bit of a drag". Amiga Power was annoyed at the early tutorial missions, finding them redundant, but otherwise noted the increased challenge as a positive, and said: "The original game went in pulses of fiendishly hard and stupidly simple levels, but in CF2 the difficulty curve's, well, more of a curve". The reviewer praised the clever level design, explaining: "The levels penalise you for taking the obvious route and reward you for trying an obscure approach [...] loads of levels make you think before you move, injecting puzzle elements into the killing", citing the example of traps with empty vehicles as bait. The reviewer praised the smaller, tighter levels with a difficulty curve within those levels: "gung-ho" sections building to tactical play against tougher enemies. He compared this favourably with the first game: "The level design is consistently better", in particular the "Beirut, Mediaevil and Chicago levels look and play wonderfully". He nevertheless felt the thematic shifts lacked coherence and atmosphere.

The game's alien planet levels drew much criticism, on which Amiga Computing opined "whoever chose the colour schemes should be thrown away in jail". While he praised their mechanics, Amiga Power's reviewer said: "I hate the entire look of the alien planet [...] From the disgusting purple pools to the silly flowers". Some reviewers enjoyed the graphics but felt there was no change between the two games. CU Amiga said "it's the same game started up with new graphics" as well as the new levels. Amiga Computing praised the new main theme music. Amiga Power said it was not as good as its predecessor and also pointed out that the in-game music remained the same as the original Cannon Fodder and had grown tiresome. The magazine questioned the lack of an option to disable it. Critics decried the lack of new weapons,  pointing out that the original armaments and vehicles had merely been made to look different in the various settings, while behaving in the same manner.

Reviewers more generally criticised the similarity between Cannon Fodder and Cannon Fodder 2. The One, AUI, and Amiga Computing compared the new game to a "data disk" rather than a full sequel. Kieron Gillen later reflected that it would be called a "semi-sequel" or "stand-alone add-on pack" if released today. CU Amiga conceded that the designers could have added little new to such a simple game without tampering with the basic, successful mechanics; Sensible Software was accused of "laziness" by The One, and of "greed" by AUI.

While it awarded 90%, Amiga Power felt the game was poor value for money compared to the original, while CU Amiga said it was "still worth buying". AUI said the game was "a must" for those without the original, otherwise Cannon Fodder 2 is "basically exactly the same game as before", with the "saving grace" of new levels. Amiga Computing enjoyed the game but said it was not as good as expected and that there are "too many similarities and not enough differences to make this sequel a classic". The One summarised: "If you've got CF1, love it, and want seconds, only harder, look no further – but, if like myself you've played Cannon Fodder to death and would've liked to have seen the game developed in some way, I think you'll be a bit disappointed".

title: Cannon Fodder 2


text:
User:Karl Meier/workspace1

Wikimedia Commons has more media related to:

Wikimedia Commons has more media related to:

title: User:Karl Meier/workspace1


text:
SCS

SCS may refer to:

Canada

 * St. Clement's School, a private girls school located in Toronto
 * Simcoe Composite School, a public secondary school in Norfolk County, Ontario

India

 * School of Communication Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh
 * St. Columba's School, Delhi, a Catholic boys school
 * St. Crispin's Senior Secondary School, in Gurgaon, Haryana

United States

 * Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Saint Christopher School, a catholic elementary school in Metairie, Louisiana
 * Salisbury Christian School, a private school in Salisbury, Maryland
 * Saraland City Schools, in Saraland, Alabama
 * Shelburne Community School, in Shelburne, Vermont
 * Shelby County Schools (disambiguation)
 * Sierra Canyon School, California, United States
 * Southfield Christian School, a primary and secondary private school in Southfield, Michigan
 * Smithtown Christian School, in Smithtown, New York
 * Stevens Cooperative School, in Hoboken and Jersey City, New Jersey
 * Sumter County School District (disambiguation)

Other countries

 * St. Cuthbert's Society, a college of the University of Durham
 * Saba Comprehensive School, Saba, Dutch Caribbean
 * St. Christopher's School, Harare, an independent, co-educational, day school in Harare, Zimbabwe
 * South Crest School, a primary and secondary private school in Muntinlupa, Philippines

Geography

 * South China Sea
 * State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, a political entity that existed in 1918
 * St. Clair Shores, Michigan, a city in the United States
 * Scatsta Airport (IATA airport code), on Mainland, Shetland Scotland
 * Shopping City Süd, a shopping mall south of Vienna, Austria

Organizations

 * ScS, Suite Centres Sunderland, a UK retailer
 * St. Catherine of Siena Parish, Wilmington, Delaware, a Catholic church
 * Scottish Court Service, now Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service, a non-ministerial department of the Scottish Government
 * Singapore Children's Society, a charitable organisation based in Singapore
 * Society for Classical Studies, founded in 1869 as the American Philological Association
 * Society of Christian Socialists, an American socialist organization
 * Soil Conservation Service, the former name of the US Natural Resources Conservation Service
 * Special Collection Service, a highly classified joint US Central Intelligence Agency-National Security Agency program
 * Syrian Computer Society, Syria's domain name registration authority
 * Society for Modeling and Simulation International, an American technical association

Technology

 * SCS Software, a Czech video game development company
 * Single-crystal silicon, a based material used in virtually all modern electronic equipment
 * Self-contained system (software), a software architecture
 * Sony Creative Software, an American software company
 * SimCity Societies, a city-building simulation computer game
 * Single Channel Simulcast, a special transmission mode, allowing the transmission of an analogue and a digital program in the same channel
 * Spinal cord stimulator, an implanted medical device for chronic pain management
 * Bus SCS, a domotic proprietary bus for home and building automation
 * Single-byte Character Set, or SBCS, a character encoding

Other uses

 * State Civil Service, State-Level Administrative Services of India.
 * Social Credit System, a proposed national reputation system in China
 * Sea Control Ship, a small aircraft carrier
 * Senior Civil Service, a salary grade in the British Civil Service
 * Smooth clean surface, a metalworking process
 * Someday Came Suddenly, the debut album by Attack Attack!
 * Synthetic catalytic scavenger, an artificial antioxidant
 * Supply chain security, in transportation and logistics
 * Sweet chili sauce, a condiment

title: SCS


text:
Kiunga, Kenya

Kiunga is a division in the Lamu District of Coast Province located close to the Indian Ocean coast of northern Kenya, and only 15 kilometres to the border with Somalia. A major marine conservation area, the Kiunga Marine National Reserve has its headquarters at Kiunga. The reserve is an important habitat for mangrove, turtles, and many species of birds. Total population of the division is 3310 (1999 census ). In 2019, desalination plant powered by 50 kW solar panels was installed at Kiunga at a cost of $1/2$ million US dollars by the non-profit organization GivePower, producing up to 70 tonnes of clean water per day.

title: Kiunga, Kenya


text:
User:Astrolox

I'm Astrolox.

Currently I'm just a casual user that tries to ensure stuff I read here is correct. If you want to leave me a message, please edit my talk page.

title: User:Astrolox


text:
Talk:2005 NBA playoffs

Untitled
Can anyone put the scores of each playoff game into table format and insert it into the article? I don't know how to do that, sorry. King 11:12, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

Why is there a cleanup tag on this page? It looks perfectly reasonable to me. --EngineerScotty 19:21, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NBA Playoffs.png
Image:NBA Playoffs.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 22:19, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:2005 NBA playoffs


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Kiunga

Kiunga may mean:

Places

 * Kiunga, Kenya
 * Kiunga Marine National Reserve
 * Kiunga, Papua New Guinea
 * Kiunga Rural LLG, Papua New Guinea
 * Kiunga Urban LLG, Papua New Guinea

Other uses

 * Kiunga (fish), a genus of blue-eyes from Papua New Guinea

title: Kiunga


text:
User:Rubik-wuerfel

Well, I'll soon add some content here... Be patient please.

title: User:Rubik-wuerfel


text:
Alexander Scott Bullitt

Alexander Scott Bullitt (1761 – April 13, 1816) was an American pioneer, planter, slaveowner, and politician from Virginia who became an early settler in Kentucky and a politician during the early days of Kentucky statehood.

Early and family life
Bullitt's family had come to America as refugee French Huguenots in 1685. Arriving first in Maryland, part of the family settled in Prince William County, Virginia. Alexander was born there in 1761, the son of colonial planter and politician Cuthbert Bullitt and Helen (Scott) Bullitt. His father owned plantations and slaves, as well as was a major lawyer involved with local and colonial affairs. Alexander's early schooling was directed at making him a lawyer. His uncle Thomas Bullitt was a pioneer and military officer, involved with western exploration.

Career
At first, Bullitt emulated his father's career, serving part-time in the Virginia House of Delegates representing Prince William County.

Settling in Kentucky
However, his family's land claims and investments serving as an example, in 1784 he relocated over the Cumberland Road to Kentucky. Bullitt settled first in an area that became Shelby County but soon found the area too isolated and subject to raids from Native Americans.

Thus he relocated toward the Ohio River. His late uncle Thomas Bullitt, after commanding the Virginia militia westward during Dunmore's War, had returned to the Falls of the Ohio and surveyed a town site in 1773. In 1800 the Virginia legislature incorporated the new town and named it Louisville. Alexander bought 1000 acres (4 km2) about 9 miles (14 km) south of Louisville and began clearing another farm. He named the plantation Oxmoor, after the fictional farm of the novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman.

In August 1785, his neighbor, Colonel William Christian, who had represented Fincastle County, Virginia during the American Revolutionary War and was now developing a neighboring Jefferson County property, brought his wife and family from Virginia. Two months later Alexander married their young daughter Priscilla, and thus also improved his political associations (her uncle was Patrick Henry). They built Oxmoor Farm, starting the main house in 1787, and growing tobacco, hemp, and corn. In 1789, Bullitt owned twenty-three enslaved people at Oxmoor. By 1795, that number had increased to seventy.

Political career
In 1784 Bullitt first became involved with Kentucky politics. He became an officer of the local militia, and was part of a convention at Danville that first proposed a separation from Virginia. After Colonel Christian died in a skirmish with Indians in 1786, Bullitt continued with the local militia and was promoted to the rank of major. He also became a trustee of the town of Louisville.

In 1792 when the idea of Kentucky statehood was accepted, Bullitt became a delegate to the convention (again in Danville) and was part of the committee that drafted the first state Constitution. With the new constitution effective, in June he was one of twelve men elected to the State Senate. He was elected its speaker, and served there until 1800.

When a second state constitution was sought, in 1799, Bullitt presided at the convention that wrote it. This new constitution created the office of Lieutenant Governor and he was elected to that office in 1800 serving under Governor James Garrard.

In 1804 or 1808 Bullitt returned to private life and full-time farming at Oxmoor.

Personal life
He married Priscilla Christian (1785–1806), daughter of William Christian and his wife Annie Henry Christian (sister of Patrick Henry). Four of their children reached adulthood: William Christian, Anne, Helen Scott, and Cuthbert.

After his first wife died, Bullitt remarried, to widow Mary Churchill Prather. They had two children, Thomas James and Mary (Polly).

Death and legacy
Bullitt died at Oxmoor in 1816 and is buried in the family graveyard. Bullitt County, Kentucky was named in his honor. Henry Clay's last court case concerned the will of Mary (Polly) Bullitt that her two brothers challenged.

title: Alexander Scott Bullitt


text: User talk:81.72.1.74

title: User talk:81.72.1.74


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sockshop

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Note that I ignored "votes" which I interpreted to be either sarcastic, joking or, in one case, made by a suspected troll.

Two serious people explicitly asked for a "delete then redirect". The target is very similar to the version being nominated, convincing me that there was at least some content reuse. If so, we cannot delete this version without violating the attribution history requirements of GFDL. Reviewing the history of this version, I find nothing so objectionable that we must take all the extra steps to purge the history. I am going to exercise my discretion and redirect to Sock Shop. Rossami (talk) 21:40, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Sockshop
100% pure commercial advertising for a shop selling socks. Calton | Talk 11:14, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete at least a partial copyvio of http://www.sockshop.co.uk/aboutus -- Ryan Norton T 11:25, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's not even an entertaining advert...although the pictures are verging on the hilarious. Peeper 11:29, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:SOCK :) Radiant_ >|< 11:46, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Blatant advertising. kvidell 11:47, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, blatant advert. Let's not worry about copyright violations, that only prolongs its existence. - Mgm|(talk) 12:14, August 25, 2005 (UTC) I changed my vote.
 * Comment. There must be a well stocked branch near Mr Parker's Law Firm practise. Seriously though, this is an established retailer with near nationwide coverage in the UK, admittedly not as famous as Boots the Chemist or Marks & Spencer, and at present it does read as Badvetising. Alf 13:22, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And I've noticed there is a duplicate page at Sock Shop. Alf 16:25, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've greeted and suggested the editor make comments here. Alf 16:27, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak Keep but cleanup and de-copyvio it. Does seem like a fairly large retail chain in operation more than 20 years.  We have plenty of retail store articles... Category:Retail corporation stubs lists about 400 of them. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:01, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please the wp:sock does not really apply here this time if you ask me this is a notbale chain as starblind just said Yuckfoo 19:32, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it's a well know chain in the UK. Trollderella 19:49, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep with cleanup to remove ad-like copy and copyvio. Verifiable. Funny, though, I don't see any possible sockpuppet votes. *grin* -- WCFrancis 20:43, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Can't see anything notable about this particular sock company. They make socks.  —Charles O'Rourke 23:41, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not so sure that thay actually make the socks themselves, they are a retailer, they probably get puppets to make the socks for them. Alf 09:04, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete and redirect to Sock Shop which I've edited to wikiformatting standards and which appears to be the proper spelling of the name. - Mgm|(talk) 08:59, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect as per Mgm. Alf 09:04, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Votes for deletion/Stardestroyer.net2. Or to Sock Shop.  Whichever. Proto t c 09:23, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect I posted this section, whilst I can see your concerns about advertising, I was trying to make sure no products were mentioned and it was factual with no offers or ads. Take for example entry - iRobot - this shows the key two products Roomba and Packbot (a great entry), but has been kept, there are more examples. There are no issues of copywrite I can confirm. Thanks though for reformatting the Sock Shop entry. Toomuchfranking 10:38, 26 August 2005
 * Redirect. Although I would like to see some further work on the article. Alf 21:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC) (I had to change this vote as I intially thought I was on Sock Shop, redirect this to there. Alf 21:04, 29 August 2005 (UTC))
 * Keep as per WP:SOCK. Do not redirect.  —RaD Man (talk) 04:50, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Chelse Swain

Chelse Elizabeth Ashley Swain (born May 25, 1983) is an American actress, best known for playing Bonnie Lisbon in the 1999 American film The Virgin Suicides. Her sister is the actress Dominique Swain.

title: Chelse Swain


text:
File:Let go by nada surf.jpg

Fair use in Let Go (Nada Surf album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Let go by nada surf.jpg


text:
Talk:Øye Stave Church

Untitled
There are an old history about the hiding of this church. When Vang stave church was sold to the King of Prussia, Fredrik Wilhelm IV, the local residents was very upset and afraid the same thing was going to happen with Øye stave church too. So one night they get together and thore down the church and hide it. The next morning the church was gone without anyone ever knowing what had happend. Then in 1935 the remains of the church was rediscovered.

The story about how the church was hidden away should be checked. I only got it from memory.. Agtfjott 11:18, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

It was hidden before FW moved Vang stave church. Agtfjott 12:38, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Saying is the church was on storage when it was hidden (?) John Erling Blad (Agtfjott/jeb) 22:56, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Øye Stave Church


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Takab

Takab  is a city in the Central District of Takab County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

The famous historical complex Takht-e Soleyman is situated to the North-East of the city. Takht-e-Soleyman was one of Takab's oldest Zoroastrian fire temples during the Sassanid Dynasty and had the name Azargoshnasp. The Karaftu Cave is also situated in Takab near Saqqez.

Etymology
Shiz is the ancient name used during Persian Empire for Takab. Takab means one narrow water way in Persian language. Tak means one or alone and Ab means water. Takab was originally known as Tikan Təpə by its native Turkic Afshar people until 1941 when Iran's Academy of Persian Language and Literature officially changed it to Takab. Afshar people are one of the Oghuz Turkic peoples. These originally nomadic Oghuz tribes moved from Central Asia and initially settled in Iranian Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan republic, and Eastern Turkey. Later some of them were relocated by the Safavids to Khorasan and Mazandaran.

Language, ethnicity, and religion
The predominant language spoken in the city is Azerbaijani, while the predominant religion is Shia Islam. Minority Kurdish tribes include Shekak, Sharani, Moslanlu and Zafranlu, while most of the Azerbaijani population is of the Afshar tribe. The Azerbaijanis have also been described as 'Turkmans'. Nowadays out of twenty-three neighborhoods in Takab city, ten neighborhoods are completely inhabited by Azerbaijanis and four neighborhoods are mostly inhabited by Azerbaijanis, and six neighborhoods are completely inhabited by Kurds and three neighborhoods are mostly inhabited by Kurds.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 43,702 in 10,078 households. The following census in 2011 counted 44,040 people in 11,749 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as of 49,677 people in 14,369 households.

Economy
The majority of residents of Takab earn their income from agriculture. Takab is home to the biggest gold mine in the entire country and one of the biggest in the Middle East.

Notable people

 * Shahriar Afshar, Iranian-American physicist and inventor.
 * Esmaeil Zolfi, Iranian businessman and philanthropist.

title: Takab


text:
Talk:Hard palate

Does the production of /g/ and/k/ really involve 'interaction' between the tongue and the hard palate?

No, production of /g/ and /k/ involves the tongue and the soft palate, behind the hard palate. 87.74.69.224 06:06, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Article Assessment for WikiProject Anatomy
Hello. I am a member of WikiProject Anatomy, a Wikipedia wide project that maintains and improves articles that fall under the scope of anatomy. Since your article has fallen under our scope, I have placed the correct templates on this talk page for verification. Upon review of this article, I'd like to make a few points, as shown: I'm glad this article could fall within our scope, and I hope to see it grow large! Many thanks! Renaissancee (talk) 21:08, 3 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Assess articles with class and importance factors
 * 2 years has elapsed since this comment, and the article remains a stub. Time to merge soft palate, hard palate, and palate into one article? DiverDave (talk) 05:02, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hard palate


text:
Gareth Cheeseman

Gareth Cheeseman was a fictional salesman played by Steve Coogan in the episode "Dearth of a Salesman" of Coogan's series Coogan's Run.

title: Gareth Cheeseman


text:
Kaveh Golestan

Kāveh Golestān Taghavi Shirazi (8 July 1950 – 2 April 2003) was an Iranian photojournalist and artist. In 1988 he took the first pictures of the aftermath of the Halabja chemical attack during the Iran–Iraq War.

Early life and education
Golestan was the son of the Iranian filmmaker and writer Ebrahim Golestan and the brother of Lili Golestan, translator and the owner-artistic director of the Golestan Gallery in Tehran, Iran.

He was educated at Millfield School in Somerset, England.

Life and work
In 1988, working as a freelance photographer, he took the first pictures of the aftermath of the Halabja chemical attack during the Iran–Iraq War. He was awarded the Robert Capa Gold Medal for his work covering the 1979 revolution for Time.

His picture was shown, among many other people, in the end credits of Roger Waters: The Wall.

Death
On 2 April 2003 Golestān was killed, aged 53, as a result of stepping on a land mine while working for the BBC in Kifri, Iraq. He is buried in a cemetery in the east of Tehran.

Personal life
Kaveh was married to Hengameh Golestan; they had a son, Mehrak, who is a musician.

title: Kaveh Golestan


text:
Christian Enzensberger

Christian Enzensberger (24 December 1931 – 27 January 2009) was a German Professor of English studies, author and a translator of English literature into German.

Life
Born in Nuremberg, Enzensberger was one of the more enigmatic figures in German letters. Younger brother of the literary celebrity and political figure Hans Magnus Enzensberger, he maintained a relatively low media profile throughout his career, in spite of being embroiled in one of the more interesting literary scandals of early 70s Germany.

From 1969 until 1994, Enzensberger held a post as Professor of English Literature at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He is today chiefly known in Germany for his 1963 translation of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Alice through the Looking-Glass.

In 1970, Enzensberger became the only author ever to refuse the Literaturpreis der Stadt Bremen, offered in the wake of the publication of Größerer Versuch über den Schmutz (translated by Sandra Morris and published by Calder & Boyars in 1972 as Smut: An Anatomy of Dirt). The book generated a furore when it was first published in Germany, not least due to its linking of personal cleanliness with totalitarianism. Smut is an experimental work in which dirt is described scientifically, personally and perversely by a panoply of narrative voices, including fragments from the anthropologist Mary Douglas alongside writers from Samuel Beckett through William S. Burroughs to Jean Genet. It has since then fallen into neglect and remains out of print in both English and German.

He died in Munich in January 2009.

Published works (selection)

 * Größerer Versuch über den Schmutz. 1968 (Smut: An Anatomy of Dirt. 1972, translated by Sandra Morris) published in the U.S. by Continuum Books in 1974.
 * Viktorianische Lyrik. Tennyson und Swinburne in der Geschichte der Entfremdung. Hanser Verlag, München 1969
 * Literatur und Interesse – Eine politische Ästhetik mit zwei Beispielen aus der englischen Literatur. Band 1: Theorie. Band 2: Beispiele, Shakespeare ‚Der Kaufmann von Venedig’, Dickens ‚Oliver Twist’. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1977 (Zweite, fortgeschriebene Fassung 1981, ISBN 3-518-27902-5)
 * Brief an Herbert Marcuse. Akzente. Issue 1, Volume 25. February 1978
 * Was ist was. Greno Verlag, Nördlingen 1987, ISBN 3-891-90233-6

Translations (selection)

 * Von Hopkins bis Dylan Thomas. Englische Gedichte und deutsche Prosaübertragungen. Gemeinsam mit Ursula Clemen, Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1961
 * George D. Painter: Marcel Proust. Teil 1. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1962
 * Giorgos Seferis: Poesie. Gedichte. Griechisch und deutsch. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1962, 4. Auflage 2005 ISBN 3-518-01962-7
 * Lewis Carroll: Alice im Wunderland. Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1963, TB ISBN 3-458-31742-2
 * Lewis Carroll: Alice hinter den Spiegeln. Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1963, TB ISBN 3-458-31797-X
 * Edith Sitwell: Gedichte. Englisch und deutsch. Übersetzt von Christian Enzensberger, Erich Fried und Werner Vordtriede, Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1964
 * Ogden Nash: I’m a Stranger Here Myself. Selected Poems – Ich bin leider hier auch fremd. Ausgewählte Gedichte. Nachdichtungen von Christian Enzensberger, Walter Mehring und Ulrich Sonnemann, Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek 1969
 * Edward Bond: Trauer zu früh. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1969
 * Edward Bond: Lear. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1972
 * T. S. Eliot: Gesammelte Gedichte 1909–1962. Zweisprachige Ausgabe. Aus dem Englischen von Christian Enzensberger u. a., Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1972, TB 2002 ISBN 3-518-38067-2
 * Edward Bond: Bingo. Szenen von Geld und Tod. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1975
 * Ian McEwan: Der Zementgarten. Aus dem Englischen von einer studentischen Arbeitsgruppe unter Leitung von Christian Enzensberger, Diogenes Verlag, Zürich 1980, TB ISBN 3-257-20648-8
 * Samuel Beckett: Mehr Prügel als Flügel. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1989, TB ISBN 3-518-39183-6

Secondary literature (selection)

 * Review of Größerer Versuch über den Schmutz by Wolfgang Hildesheimer published in Der Spiegel, issue 1, 1969 page 96 under the headline Sauber ist nicht Schön

title: Christian Enzensberger


text:
British Rail Class 84

The British Rail Class 84 was a 25 kV AC electric locomotive that operated on the West Coast Main Line (WCML) of the London Midland Region.

The ten strong class was one of five prototype classes of electric locomotives built in the early stages of WCML electrification. Built between 1960 and 1961, the type was not a success, as they were beset by technical problems, and after several lengthy periods of storage, and unsuccessful attempts at resolving these problems, British Rail decided to withdraw the entire fleet between 1977 and 1980.

History
As part of the modernisation of the West Coast Main Line, which included electrification, 100 locomotives of five types were acquired from different manufacturers. Ten Class AL4 locomotives numbered E3036 - E3045 were built in 1960 by the North British Locomotive Company in Springburn, Glasgow, to a design by GEC.

Locomotive E3040 worked the inaugural AC electric-hauled train from Manchester Piccadilly to Crewe on 12 September 1960.

Power supply
The locomotives always worked on power provided by overhead catenary energised at 25,000 V AC. However, the main transformer, normally operated with the four windings in series, could be operated at 6250V AC with the transformer windings in parallel. This voltage was initially to be used where limited clearances gave concern over use of the higher voltage. Since the clearances were found to be adequate, the lower voltage connections were locked out of use.

Service
Once in service a number of problems emerged with the class, including rough riding, flashovers in the transformer windings, short lifespans for the motor spring drives, and major problems with the mercury-arc rectifiers. In April 1963 the entire fleet was temporarily taken out of service, and was returned to GEC Dukinfield, the builder of the electrical equipment, in an attempt to find a solution, and remedial work was carried out.

When the class returned to service, the problems persisted, and in 1967 they were placed into storage, using the former steam shed at Bury, along with Class AL3. During this time E3043 went to Rugby Testing Centre for trials.

Reprieve and rebuilding
The persistent problems could have been the end of the ten locomotives of Class 84, but the extension of the West Coast Main Line electrification to Glasgow meant that more electric locomotives would be needed. It was therefore decided that the stored Class AL3 and AL4 locomotives would be repaired, and returned to service which was conducted at Doncaster.

After spending five years in storage, all ten locomotives were rebuilt with silicon rectifiers and dual brakes in 1972. and were reclassified under TOPS as Class 84, being renumbered 84001 - 84010.

Withdrawal
The second rebuild overcame some of the previous problems, however new problems emerged involving traction motor failures, caused in part by the long period they had spent in storage, and the class continued to give trouble in service. By the mid-1970s, having already spent a substantial amount of money on them, British Rail could not justify any further investment in the fleet, especially since the recently introduced Class 87s allowed them to be sidelined. The decision was taken to withdraw them from service, with 84005 and 84007 being the first to be withdrawn in April 1977, the last to be withdrawn were 84003 and 84010 in 1980.

After withdrawal
Several of the locomotives were saved from scrap: 84001 was donated to the National Railway Museum for preservation. 84002 and 84010 were returned to GEC for a proposed scheme to use them as new-technology test bed locomotives, however this project never materialised, and both were scrapped in December 1982.

84009 saw further use in a new guise; it passed to the British Rail Research Division, and was rebuilt as an unpowered mobile load bank tester, to test the power supply to new and upgraded overhead line equipment, and was renumbered as ADB968021. In 1992 it was withdrawn from service and broken up. 84003, was saved to be used as a source of spares for 84009 and for possible conversion to departmental use, but was scrapped in 1986.

Preservation
One locomotive (84001) has been preserved by the National Railway Museum: This was initially meant to be temporary; the locomotive was to be exchanged at a later date for a more representative example of WCML electric traction such as a or. It was later on loan to the Scottish Railway Museum, Bo'ness.

title: British Rail Class 84


text:
Talk:J. R. Jayewardene

The Ancestors of JR Jayawardene
On February 14, 1815, a British division entered Kandy and took possession of the city and Ehelepola as sent to capture the king who had by then fled the city for safety. His hiding place was soon discovered at a place closer to Meda Mahanuwara in Kandy.

The party consisted of John D'Oyly, Capt. Hardy, Major Lionel C. Hooke, Ehelepola Nilame, Pilimatalawe Dissawa, Don Andryas Wijesinha Jayawardena Tamby Mudaly, Mudaliyar Dias Abeysingha, Ekneligoda Nilame, the Mohottalas Kawdumune, Kurandumune, Torawature, Delwala, Mahawalatenna and others.

Explanation of the changes and deletions made on 25 Aug

 * The previous version was too long, contained information that was not relevant to a (short) biographical article on JR Jayewardene and was not NPOV. Have made deletions and changes to try and clean it up -- 206.165.217.125 11:20, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Discussion text in article
The following text was added to the main body of the article by anonymous user 148.87.1.172. It properly belongs here on the talk page:

 * This is not entirely true, read below, the Tamil militancy took off in 1983 after the elections of 1982. So Mrs. B's civic rights being stripped off had nothing to do with the separatists who were only a minor irritant at that time. Also, Mrs. B. was never a presidential nominee, her civic rights were stripped way before the presidential nominations.

To which I respond: the article never said this was about the Tamil militants, it was about Jayewardene strong-arming the 1982 election against a Sinhalese rival.

I did change "presidential nominee" to "likely presidential nominee".

The user also said about Black July:

 * have these claims ever been verified?

To which I respond: Yes. I added a reference. Tyronen 16:14, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

The Ancestors of JR Jayawardene are Tamil blood
Descended from a family of the Colombo Tamil Chetty Community who trace their origins to the Coromondel Coast South India during Dutch rule (mid 17th cent.). The Colombo Chetty community from Nagapatnam, India is well documented from 1663 during the reign of King Rajasingha 11 of Kandy. Several generations before the birth of Don Adrian, a male member of his ancestors had married a Sinhalese lady by the name of Jayawardena and JR Jayawardene is a descent of them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.77.144.118 (talk) 18:25, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Relations to Japan
He played a major role in re-admitting Japan to the world community at the San Francisco Conference. Are there more informations? It is also mentioned in the Japanese Wiki, but I lack of specific language skills.--87.187.62.143 (talk) 21:36, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

Treason
Was Jayewardene ever charged in connection with his having "contacted the Japanese and discussed a rebellion to drive the British from the island"?101.98.138.52 (talk) 18:55, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:22, 23 September 2018 (UTC)
 * 1977 Cabinet of Sri Lanka.jpg

title: Talk:J. R. Jayewardene


text:
Ostromir Gospels

The Ostromir Gospels (Остромирово Евангелие) is the oldest dated book of Kievan Rus'. Archeologists have dated the Novgorod Codex, a wax writing tablet with excerpts from the Psalms, discovered in 2000, to an earlier time range, but unlike the Ostromir Gospels, it does not contain an explicit date. It is currently held in the National Library of Russia.

The Ostromir Gospels was created in 1056 or 1057 (the year 6564 in the Byzantine calendar) by the deacon Gregory for his patron Ostromir, the posadnik of Novgorod, probably as a gift for a monastery.

Description
The book is an illuminated manuscript Gospel Book lectionary containing only feast-day and Sunday readings. It is written in a large uncial hand in two columns on 294 parchment sheets of the size 20 x 24 cm. Each page contains eighteen lines. The book is concluded by the scribe's notice about the circumstances of its creation.

Three full page evangelist portraits survive, by two different artists, and many pages have decorative elements. The close resemblance between this and the equivalent pages in the Mstislav Lectionary suggests they are both based on a common prototype, now lost. The two artists who produced the evangelist portraits were both heavily influenced by Byzantine models, but the style of the portraits of Saints Mark and Luke seems to derive from Byzantine enamelled plaques rather than manuscripts.

More early Russian manuscripts have survived from Novgorod, which was never occupied by the Mongols, than any other centre. Like other medieval Russian manuscripts, the Ostromir Gospels is written in a peculiar local version of Church Slavonic. For example, the word "водоу" ('water') is found rather than the correct Old Slavonic accusative form "водж", and the word "дрѫже" ('friend') is found rather than "дроуже" in the vocative form.

Later history
It is thought that the book was taken from one of Novgorod's monasteries to the personal collection of the Russian tsars in the Moscow Kremlin, where it was first registered in 1701. Peter the Great ordered that it be taken to St. Petersburg, where there was no mention of it until 1805, when it was discovered in the dressing room of the late Catherine the Great.

The Gospels were deposited in the Imperial Public Library in St Petersburg, where it remains. Alexander Vostokov was the first to study it in depth, demonstrating that the Church Slavonic of the manuscript reflects the East Slavic linguistic background of the scribe. The first facsimile edition was published under Vostokov's supervision in 1843.

In 1932, the gem-studded book-cover induced a plumber to break into a case, remove and steal the binding, and hide the parchments behind a bookcase. Although the book was quickly recovered, no replacement binding has been provided to date.

title: Ostromir Gospels


text:
Jason, North Carolina

Jason is a small unincorporated community in eastern North Carolina, United States, in Greene County. Incorporated in 1885, Jason is an agricultural based community with town water system and volunteer fire service. Jason is located roughly halfway between Snow Hill and LaGrange on Highway 903. First named Aloc, meaning "leave alone" by the Tuscarora Indian tribe, Jason was settled by the Hardy, Mewborn, Aldridge and Kearney families. There was also a cotton mill on the northern side of town, which was one of the first in Greene County.

The Benjamin W. Best House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

title: Jason, North Carolina


text:
Fukue Airport

Fukue Airport (福江空港), is a third class airport located 1.7 NM southwest of Gotō, Nagasaki Prefecture, off the western coast of Kyūshū, Japan. The airport also serves the city of Fukue. It is also known as Gotō-Fukue Airport (五島福江空港) and, since 2014, also styled Gotō Tsubaki Airport (五島つばき空港). Currently the terminal building's exterior displays both names. Tsubaki means camellia, and is a notable reference on Fukue Island which is famed for producing camellia oil and is home to two ancient camellia trees each over 300 years old that have been declared 'national monuments'

Summary
The airport opened in October of 1963. It is located on the largest island in the Goto Islands at the foot of Onidake mountain. The surrounding area is largely cultivated farmland.

A pilot for ANA remarked that the air current can be unfavorable based on the wind direction and thus landing and takeoff from this airport required skill and experience. It is also both the southernmost and westernmost airport serviced by Oriental Air Bridge.

The airport serviced 127,594 people during the 2012 fiscal year and 135,535 during the 2013 fiscal year.

title: Fukue Airport


text:
Talk:Alexander Scott Bullitt

Explain Birth Year
I've used 1761, while the web seems equally divided btween 1761 and 1762. A descendant, William Marshall Bullitt, wrote an autobiography that used 1762. Church records in Virginia list him as baptized in early January, 1762. The concern was that his parents married in late summer of 1761. I've used 1761 (December but date unknown) based on a short sketch of his father written by Inman Horner and published as "Cuthbert Bullitt", in the William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd Series, #2, (1922). Comment here or my talk page. Thanks, Lou I 11:23, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexander Scott Bullitt


text:
Sara Bakati' language

The Sara language is a language spoken in Kalimantan in Indonesia by about 200 people.

title: Sara Bakati' language


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"Xavier Pick"

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep, nomination withdrawn -- Francs2000 | Talk 16:14, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

"Xavier Pick"
Probably a vanity article. Weak delete. — J I P | Talk 11:23, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't realise it was a misnamed requested article. I withdraw my delete vote. — J I P | Talk 13:35, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong keep - I initially put the vfd tag on this page but after checking on Google, found relevant google links referring to this guy as a British artist. Also after moving it to the location without the quotation marks and pressing "What Links Here" I discovered that it's actually a requested article. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 11:25, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Francs. - Mgm|(talk) 12:16, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to right name space. Alf 13:28, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and renamed. Capitalistroadster 14:38, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.