text:
User talk:Vidarlo

This page has been archived at User_talk:Vidarlo/Archive1

Hei. Eg tok meg til rette og henta biletet ditt av Gjelsvik over til Commons, sidan eg trong bilete til Askvollartikkelen på nn, eg vonar det er greit. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Askvoll_gjelsvik.jpg Viss du skulle vera i heimtraktene og ha med kamera hadde det vore gysla gildt om du tok fleire bilete, det er so skralt med illustrasjonar å finna til Sunnfjordartiklar! Helsing --Jorunn 23:16, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Takk for attendemeldinga. Det høyrest lovande ut med nytinga kamera! Bilete frå Fjærland og der omkring vil me gjerne ha, bilete frå indre Askvoll også. Elles er det ikkje berre Sogn og Fjordane som er interessant, bra bilete av andre stader er også kjekt. Alt av bilete som fortel om natur og kultur er av interesse. Når det gjeld Askvoll tenkte eg mest på bilete av grendene og øyar og fjordar og slikt, og av viktige bygningar som kyrkjene etc, men du veit betre enn meg kva motiv som best fortel om Askvoll (kan berre hugse å ha vore på nordsida av Dalsfjorden, og då var den delen enno i Fjaler, så eg er ikkje nett oppdatert). Eg ser i fram til bileta, det er svært gode sjansar for at dei vert brukt både på nn og på andre wikipediar. Eit bilete kan vere ein god inspirasjon til å få skrive artiklar om det biletet illustrerer, så med eit kamera kan du få sparka liv i oss slik at me får laga nye artiklar og forbetra dei gamle. --Jorunn 12:58, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Delivered by grafikbot 11:47, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Image:50bmg.jpg listed for deletion
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Image:Shag_tobacco.jpg listed for deletion
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Attack
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Laphroaig quarter cask.jpg)
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Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 19:34, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Black Viper Head.jpg
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File permission problem with File:Lacerta aigilis.jpg
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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described in section F11 of the criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ★ Bigr   Tex  02:18, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi! Thanks for the note. I've forwarded the e-mail with permission to the permissions-en@wikimedia.org. vidarlo 09:15, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vidarlo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"monteux west llc"

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Radiant_ >|< 08:56, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

"monteux west llc"
Looks like cleverly disguised vanity. You be the judge. --Ryan Delaney talk 17:19, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Speculation at best...all very hush hush, better delete it. Rx StrangeLove 19:35, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Borderline nonsense. Spam for a site with no Alexa ranking. --GraemeL (talk) 17:31, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for shadiness and possible hoaxery. --Agamemnon2 11:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Another VfD that, like many from 20 August, seems to have attracted very little discussion. Relisting in accordance with administrator's guidelines. --Tony Sidaway Talk  00:54, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for shadiness and possible hoaxery. --Agamemnon2 11:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Another VfD that, like many from 20 August, seems to have attracted very little discussion. Relisting in accordance with administrator's guidelines. --Tony Sidaway Talk  00:54, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete. Has already had a valid, unanimous VfD. Get on with it, and delete it. -Splash 00:59, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm following "When in doubt, don't delete", and note that nobody else had closed it yet although it's been past its lag time for over two days. Do feel free to close it if you are certain that this is a consensus. I have no opinion either way on the article, I haven't looked at it. --Tony Sidaway Talk  01:04, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That is fair enough, but those three voters are all established enough for me to be certain that this is a consensus. If I had a delete button, I would exercise it. -Splash 01:09, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * We don't do vote counts, really. Three or four people who agree about something doesn't really tell me much. More people coming along and agreeing, well that makes me more confident. And of course all the other administrators who looked at that day's listings before me had a chance to declare a consensus but they passed it over and move on to close other discussions. I'm pretty sure we can close now, but I prefer to let someone else do that. --Tony Sidaway Talk  01:25, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too "low-profile" to be verified.  URL in article does not lead to this supposed bank.  Thatdog 01:02, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Elfguy 01:17, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not verifiable. -- DS1953 01:22, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Dag Nabbit! Vanity! Roodog2k 02:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. *drew 02:35, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete, non-notable, vanity. — J I P | Talk 07:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as per Splash --TimPope 08:08, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Mariahb

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 16:36, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Mariahb


text: File:Pac-Man World.jpg

title: File:Pac-Man World.jpg


text:
User:Karl.Kirst

See my German user page.

de:Benutzer:Karl.Kirst es:Usuario:Karl.Kirst tr:Kullanıcı:Karl.Kirst

title: User:Karl.Kirst


text:
House Party (The Temptations album)

House Party is a 1975 album released by the American R&B vocal group, the Temptations, on Motown Records' Gordy label.

Overview
This album is made up of vaulted songs recorded both prior to and following the sessions for A Song for You. House Party contains the final sessions recorded by falsetto Damon Harris as a member of the group, as well as the first for his replacement, Glenn Leonard. The sessions featured a slew of producers and composers from both within and outside of the Motown stable. The completed project was overseen by Jeffrey Bowen, who produced A Song for You and the subsequent album, Wings of Love.

The Temptations were not given creative input on the final release, to which Otis Williams referred in his autobiography Temptations as a "mismatched collection of, pardon my French, shit." Despite Williams' reservations regarding the circumstances surrounding the compilation and release of these tracks, as well as the album's perceived lack of commercial appeal, fans of the group have given House Party favorable reviews in the years since its release.

Brothers Brian and Eddie Holland, collectively two-thirds of the Holland–Dozier–Holland hit-making stable, worked on the first track and only single, "Keep Holdin' On", while Stax Records stalwart Steve Cropper contributed to three songs as producer and/or writer. Vocal highlights include a rare lead performance by Otis Williams on his own composition, "Darling, Stand by Me (Song for My Woman)", the Richard Street-led ballad, "If I Don't Love You This Way" (a cover of a song by the Jackson 5 originally featured on their Dancing Machine album and named by the family group's lead singer Michael Jackson as one of his favourite songs ); Glenn Leonard's debut in the ensemble vocal of "What You Need Most (I Do Best of All)"; and fan-favorite bass singer Melvin Franklin's lead vocals on "Ways of a Grown-Up Man."

Personnel

 * Performers
 * Dennis Edwards – vocals (baritone/tenor)
 * Melvin Franklin – vocals (bass)
 * Damon Harris – vocals (first tenor/falsetto)
 * Glenn Leonard – vocals (first tenor/falsetto)
 * Richard Street – vocals (tenor/baritone)
 * Otis Williams – vocals (second tenor/baritone)

 * Producers
 * James Anthony Carmichael and Suzee Ikeda – "What You Need Most (I Do Best of All)", "Darling, Stand by Me" and "If I Don't Love You This Way"
 * Steve Cropper – "World of You, Love, and Music", "Ways of a Grown-up Man" and "Johnny Porter"
 * Brian Holland – "Keep Holdin' On"
 * Clayton Ivey and Terry Woodford – "It's Just a Matter of Time" and "You Can't Stop a Man in Love"
 * The Temptations – "What You Need Most (I Do Best of All)" and "Darling, Stand by Me"

title: House Party (The Temptations album)


text:
Talk:Whooping crane

La Brea Tar Pits fossils
I have heard that a lot of crane fossils were found in the La Brea Tar Pits. What is known about the prehistoric ancestor of the Whooping Crane? Melly42 16:38, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Whooping cranes number
According to the Environment magazine (March, 2007), there are 237 living species in the wild including 41 young cranes. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.111.128.52 (talk) 17:14, 23 April 2007 (UTC).

They are just as big INTUNEevolution 02:24, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

--- This article has population numbers scattered throughout -- 2003, 2007, 2011. It is as though different editors each added a population figure to one section without updating the entire article. With whoopers being a small heavily managed population, one would expect fluctuations, hopefully in an upward trend. Several different sections do not need to each mention population numbers and certainly not give numbers as much as a decade old as if it were the current population.

How about a new or revised section that actually graphs the population changes over time. I spose that rather than complain I should offer to make this change, but that would be too grown-up a thing to do. GeeBee60 (talk) 19:26, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

Other Large Bird Species
There are at least two other large long-legged bird species. The sandhill and the great blue heron. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.101.31.111 (talk) 19:37, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Wind Turbines
It is said that a prime location for approximately 40,000 wind turbines lies on the Western Flyway.

Some folks say the turbines are a hazard to the cranes, some say no, others say, "Let's have WC stew" (I would rather have "others" stew).

Does anyone KNOW the truth ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.63.237.3 (talk) 16:15, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

The Order of the Straight Arrow (King of the Hill)
In The King of the Hill episode The Order of the Straight Arrow. Hank and the guys choose to put the kids through a series of fake Native American rituals. However, Bobby takes the rituals seriously, and things become very serious indeed when, on a "snipe hunt", Bobby accidentally clobbers an endangered whooping crane. (Should it be mentioned, Maybe as a pop culture fact?) KingRaven (>$.$)> (talk) 03:23, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Range map
I don't know how to edit those maps, but the Idaho and New Mexico populations need to be removed. Maybe introduced populations in Florida (on the map) and Wisconsin (not on it) should be distinguished from the wild population. —JerryFriedman (Talk) 15:11, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to ruffle the feathers of WP:BIRDS move. Favonian (talk) 11:09, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

– No reason has been given for capitalizing the word "crane" in the article title or in the article, so let's correct it. There are a bunch of "cranes" that have the C capitalized in the title. I count at least 11 from the links on the Crane article. I like to saw logs! (talk) 05:55, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Whooping Crane → Whooping crane
 * Sandhill Crane → Sandhill crane
 * Common Crane → Common crane

 * Support, per Merriam Webster and American Heritage. Kauffner (talk) 10:48, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose – the WP:BIRDS project has a long-standing exception to the MOS:CAPS for official common names of bird species. If you start doing this, you'll be in a mess.  If you want to work on it, there is usually discussion going on at WT:MOS or WT:MOSCAPS.  Dicklyon (talk) 03:29, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Dicklyon for consistency's sake. It isn't just cranes - most bird articles are capitalised that way. There are good arguments either way, but we need to deal with all bird articles as a complete set. 81.142.107.230 (talk) 11:12, 15 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Pronounciation?
It pronounced "Wooping Crane" or "Hooping Crane?" Compare to whooping cough... 38.109.87.242 (talk) 20:41, 2 April 2015 (UTC)

External links and references
The External links section has far too many links so I tagged the article. Four would be the max but a couple of more might be allowed with discussion, however, this article has fifteen external links or almost 23% of the number of references. Links that are improperly used as a references need to be incorporated into the article and the excess ditched. There are also 23 (approximately 35%) of the references that need proper formatting. Otr500 (talk) 03:29, 31 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I tagged the article for the excessive links in the "External links" section and it was reduced and the tag removed. The section is still rather large with content better placed elsewhere. This will be more of an issue when attempts are made for article advancement. Otr500 (talk) 11:38, 1 August 2017 (UTC)
 * If you think some or all of the entries are better placed elsewhere, then do something about it. Agricolae (talk) 20:09, 2 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I just removed the BirdLife Species Factsheet. link from that section, since the original page is gone. Not sure if the "factsheet" is still online.--MCEllis (talk) 05:34, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

update?

 * The total number of cranes in the surviving migratory population, plus three reintroduced flocks and in captivity, exceeds 800 birds as of 2020.

Anybody care to update this or anything else in this article ?

- 189.60.49.251 (talk) 00:17, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whooping crane


text:
Sole Sisters

Sole Sisters, a.k.a. Only Girls (French title: Filles uniques), is a 2003 film directed by Pierre Jolivet.

Main cast

 * Sandrine Kiberlain – Carole
 * Sylvie Testud – Tina
 * Vincent Lindon – Adrien
 * François Berléand – Mermot

Plot
Carole, a Parisian judge, meets Tina, a thief who has been arrested twice for shoplifting expensive shoes.

title: Sole Sisters


text:
User talk:Honeyman

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
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 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 16:39, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

You're welcome
You are more than welcome. I like to spend a bit of time on Recent Changes, greeting, anti-vandalsim and the like. I myself wasn't 'greeted' and would have done better if I had! - which is the reason why I do it for others. Although the message is farily standard, I do encourage you to ask if you have anything you need help or advice with. Anyway, enjoy! Alf 17:35, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Great Article
You should be impudently proud of yourself, particularly as you learned this topic for first time while writing the article! What's next then, eh? As ever, if you need a hand, I burn too many hours online. Alf 22:55, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * PS: I've left a note on the article's talk page for posterity.
 * And the redirect is cool too!

Dewarism
You were right to doubt it. See update to Talk:Thomas Dewar, 1st Baron Dewar. Gordonofcartoon (talk) 04:00, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Sim-im
Got deleted. Besides those two Russian round-ups you found, I also found it covered in another on Tom's Hardware, and it has an editorial review on Softonic, which seems genuine (in that they didn't like it). Also found a long review in German here. You could probably recreate the article if you care about it. I'm busy with other stuff for now. Pcap ping  05:45, 12 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for notification (I am curious if my reply on my own talk page will make a "You have new messages" notification like this your comment made for me...). I'm afraid I do not plan to catch the SIM article, as I am not affiliated with them anyway - just was using SIM long ago, and kept track of development. Hope that if they make any progress in updating the SIM codebase, or if the "software notability guideline" is finalized someday, somebody recreates the article anyway. Good luck with Licq. Honeyman (talk) 18:52, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Deep Forest
On the Deep Forest page you undid my correction of the album name "Essence of Deep Forest" back to "Essence of Forest". My source for this correction was the band's own MySpace page (and they should know). Do you have a better source? If not, I will revert. [Please respond here.] HairyWombat (talk) 02:35, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, I've checked the Amazon.com, the proper name is clearly visible on the disk cover - that's the name the disk buyers know this album with. And it's very easy to misspell it even on the own MySpace page. Honeyman (talk) 08:49, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Thank you for the Amazon.com link. When I go there, I see two album covers. The one on the left is "Essence of the Forest", while the one on the right is "Essence of Deep Forest". The page says that the one on the right was an import, and has been discontinued by the manufacturer. Also, if you look on the band's MySpace page, you will see that "Essence of Deep Forest" is mentioned in several different places (and "Essence of the Forest" not at all). This makes it unlikely that it is a misspelling. Do you have a MySpace account? I do not, otherwise I would ask the band about this. As the album has clearly been released under both titles, I will include both in the Discography. HairyWombat (talk) 18:47, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Interesting. For some reason I didn't pay attention to the other disk. In general, I agree with your change (yes, this is not a misspelling), but from the tracklists of these two albums on Amazon, it seems to me that they are not just "released under both titles" (cause the tracklists are noticeably different, though many song titles are the same in both the albums). Indeed, the best way would be to question the group via MySpace, but unfortunately I don't have a MySpace account either. It seems it could be a bit more interesting story about these names. Honeyman (talk) 20:05, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I did a quick search, and the pages like http://www.deepfo restmusic.com/df04.htm suggest that these could be the two independent albums. Though I haven't found any reliable source, and the page above itself is even blocked by the Wikipedia spam filter. Honeyman (talk) 20:10, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

I gather the site is unsuitable as an external link because it is a fan site, and was blacklisted because somebody repeatedly tried to include it. What I find puzzling is that the two covers are almost identical. Anyway, we leave the article as it is, pending new information. I guess that is the best we can do for now. HairyWombat (talk) 06:31, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Later. Found more information here. Have updated the Discography accordingly. HairyWombat (talk) 18:56, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for cleaning up the inconsistencies! Honeyman (talk) 21:24, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Nemerle
Many thanks for taking the time to inject reasonable comments into the debate about deleting Nemerle. Your points are well made and illustrate (IMHO) the Wikipedia way. Cxbrx (talk) 07:16, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Honeyman


text:
Assem Qanso

Muhammad Assem Qanso (عاصم قانصوه, born 1937 in Baalbek) is a Lebanese politician. He is a former leader of the Lebanese Ba'ath Party.

Political career
Qanso joined the Lebanese Ba'ath in 1953. During the Lebanese war, the Lebanese Ba'ath was divided into two hostile groups: a pro-Iraqi group and a pro-Syrian group. Qanso is staunchly pro-Syrian.

Relations between the Kataeb Party and the Ba'ath Party improved when on the orders of Karim Pakradouni (the leader of the Kataeb Party) and Qanso agreed to establish a committee between the two parties to discuss Lebanese and Arab politics. Relations improved further when the Syrian Ba'athist government increased its contacts with the Kataeb Party. During the Lebanese civil war, the Lebanese parliament formed the National Dialogue Committee in 1975; Qanso was a National Dialogue Committee representative. Qanso opposed the notion that the resignation of Suleiman Frangieh, the President of Lebanon, would end the conflict.

Following the death of Hafez al-Assad in 2000, notable figures such as Abdul Halim Khaddam and Ghazi Kanaan, supported Rafic Hariri against Émile Lahoud, the then sitting President of Lebanon, during the 2000 general election. Qanso supported Khaddam and Kanaan's position, and declared during a parliamentary session "there is no zaim [leader] but Rafik Hariri." On a later occasion, he stated: "It was a message to Lahoud that, if he tried to break Hariri, Kanaan would break Lahoud." He later changed his position and supported to extend Lahoud's mandate, and Qanso began criticising the opposition. Qanso warned Walid Jumblat that "you are not out of reach of our militants". Jumblat replied by stating it was the Ba'ath Party which had ordered the assassination of his father, Kamal Jumblatt.

2009 election and parliamentarian
There were discussions within the Ba'ath Party if Qanso was to give up his candidacy in the Baalbek-Hermel electoral district to Fayez Shukr, the leader of the Ba'ath Party. Qanso announced his candidacy for a seat in the Baalbek-Hermel electoral district in April 2009. In the 2009 parliamentary election, the Ba'ath Party won two seats as part of the March 8 Alliance; Qanso and Kassem Hachem. Qanso was elected to parliament in the Baalbek-Hermel district. The United States Government led by Barack Obama announced an extension of its travel ban and asset freeze against those seeking “to undermine Lebanon’s legitimate and democratically elected government.” Qanso was amongst those effected by the extension of sanctions. The Ba'ath Party which supports Najib Mikati, the then Prime Minister of Lebanon, claimed, through Qanso, that it "should have been represented in the [Mikati] government, just like the Syrian Social Nationalist Party”.

Syrian Civil War
Qanso supports the position of the United Nations Security Council which condemned the use of violence by the Ba'athist government, but which also called for ending the violence and holding those of fomenting the violence accountable. The decision to expel Syria from the Arab League was, according to Qanso, an American plot against Syria. Qanso condemned the Arab League sanctions towards Syria, and compared them to "complementary to the US plot against Syria, which targets its oil wealth." In an interview with MTV Lebanon Qanso accused a conspiracy centered around Lebanon First bloc MP Okab Sakr, Hani Hammoud, and Saad Hariri, former Prime Minister of Lebanon, of fomenting the uprising in Syria. He further claimed that there was no good reason for the Assad government to resign.

Qanso tried to persuade Mikati to expel Maura Connelly, the United States Ambassador to Lebanon, from the country in late 2011 because of the United States position towards Syria during the ongoing war. In the beginning of January 2012 Qanso claimed that al-Qaida had infiltrated more than 20 political organisations in Lebanon, this was in deep contrast to what Mikati stated when he claimed that Lebanon was "al-Qaida free". Qanso further claimed that "If Syria falls, the last resistance bastion will turn into a state similar to that of Egypt or Libya and will become a breeding ground for Salafis and [the Muslim Brotherhood]. On 30 January Qanso stated his believes that "The vast majority of [Syrian] people are with the Ba'ath Party that is tasked with protecting Syrian President Bashar Assad.” At the same time he announced that the Lebanese Ba'ath Party would hold a conference on 7–8 February 2012 in Syria to discuss and approve the reform package which is planned to be introduced by Bashar al-Assad's government.

title: Assem Qanso


text: User talk:62.135.93.160

title: User talk:62.135.93.160


text:
Intertec Superbrain

The Intertec SuperBrain was an all-in-one commercial microcomputer that was first sold by Intertec Data Systems Corporation of Columbia, South Carolina, USA in 1979. The machine ran the operating system CP/M and was somewhat unusual in that it used dual Z80 CPUs, the second being used as a disk controller. In 1983, the basic machine sold for about US$2000 1983.

There were several variants, including the SuperBrain II (released in 1982), SuperBrain II Jr., "QD" (quad density disk drives) and "SD" (super density) models.

Intertec also released a similar looking dumb terminal, the Intertube, and smart terminal, the Emulator.

The SuperBrain is notable for being at the user end of the first Kermit connection in 1981.

The machine was practical and useful in the office environment, but somewhat limited until the arrival of the first 5 MB hard drive in one of the floppy drive bays. This was soon replaced by the 10 MB hard drive.

Up to 255 CompuStar workstations could be daisy-chained together via DC-37 "Chaining Adaptor" parallel ports to share the "central disk system" (one of the three hard drive peripheral options below). Each computer, or VPU (Video Processing Unit), was assigned a unique number from 1 to 255 by setting an eight-position DIP switch.

Peripherals

 * CompuStar DSS-10 10 MB Hard Drive (CompuStar Disk Storage System)
 * CDC 96 MB Hard Drive (80 MB fixed disk with 16 MB removable platter)
 * Priam 14" 144 MB Hard Drive

Applications

 * Microsoft BASIC
 * 8080 Assembler
 * Microsoft COBOL 74
 * APL

In pop culture
The Superbrain can be seen in two episodes of Knight Rider: one in Season 1, Episode 10, "The Final Verdict" (1982), and the second in Season 1, Episode 18, "White Bird" (1983).

In John Carpenter’s The Thing, Dr. Blair uses a Superbrain to analyse samples from The Thing from which he estimates that it will take over the world in about three years.

title: Intertec Superbrain


text:
Wings of Love (The Temptations album)

Wings of Love is a 1976 album by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label.

Background
Producer Jeffrey Bowen preferred Dennis Edwards to the rest of the group, and wanted to produce an Edwards solo album instead of a group album. As a result, Bowen de-emphasized the rest of the group's vocals and placed them at levels far below Edwards' leads, prompting his dismissal as the Temptations' producer after this album's release. Unsurprisingly, Edwards sings lead on all but one of the songs on the album; "China Doll" has Richard Street taking the lead vocal.

Release
The album was an unsuccessful release, both commercially and critically. Wings of Love's only single, "Up the Creek (Without a Paddle)" was co-written by Sly Stone, the inspiration for many of the Temptations' late 1960s/early 1970s "psychedelic soul" records; because of tax reasons, he could not take a publishing credit on the song. Stone and other members of the Family Stone appear on "Up the Creek", as well as "Sweet Gypsy Jane" and "China Doll"

Track listing
All lead vocals by Dennis Edwards except where indicated

Side one

 * 1) "Sweet Gypsy Jane" – 4:28
 * 2) "Sweetness in the Dark" – 3:28
 * 3) "Up the Creek (Without a Paddle)" – 3:06
 * 4) "China Doll" – 3:26 (lead singer: Richard Street)

Side two

 * 1) "Mary Ann" – 7:41
 * 2) "Dream World (Wings of Love)" – 5:38
 * 3) "Paradise" – 3:26

Personnel

 * Dennis Edwards - tenor/baritone vocals
 * Glenn Leonard - first tenor/falsetto vocals
 * Richard Street - second tenor vocals
 * Melvin Franklin - bass vocals
 * Otis Williams - baritone vocals
 * Sly Stone, Truman Thomas - clavinet, organ and ARP
 * Freddie Stewart - bass, guitar
 * William "Billy Bass" Nelson - bass, guitar
 * Rusty Allen - bass
 * Ollie E. Brown - drums, percussion
 * Pat Rizzo, Steve Madaio - trumpet
 * Donald Charles Baldwin - Moog, Moog programming, keyboards, rhythm and vocal arrangements

title: Wings of Love (The Temptations album)


text:
Douglas Bell (politician)

Douglas Leslie Dewey Bell, (June 15, 1926 – April 18, 2021) was a Canadian politician who served as the commissioner of Yukon. He was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1989 and a member of the Order of Yukon in 2019. Bell died at the age of 94 in 2021 after a period of declining health.

title: Douglas Bell (politician)


text:
Talk:Zoophilia/Archive 14

Unprotected
I unprotected the article, it has been protected way too long now and with the enacted temporary injunction there shouldn't be too much trouble with the article. --Conti|✉ 19:52, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Finally. Zetawoof 21:39, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Where does it belong
Dr Zen asked about animal behaviour. It made me realise an important angle is missing... there is a whole field dedicated specifically to studying and learning to interpret animal body language and behaviour "in their own world". It's called Ethology, and it should be mentioned in this article because as Dr Zen rightly says there is nowhere a mention of animal studies which would support or deny claims by zoophiles whether animals can (or do) engage sexually. As it happens that field has significant evidence relevant to this subject, its well known in that field. So a small section a few lines long is probably needed. (2 paragraphs, a for and against, if theres a divided view, but I don't recall Ethology having a "divided view"??). Any suggestions what to say and where to place it in the article? FT2 05:05, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * (Moved from above now the article's open to editing)

And also, JAQ, can you post up a version of where your reworking of the article's at, so we can get some idea? Thanks. FT2 03:01, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)

Changes in my revision
Since I'm making a bunch of changes, wholesale and unilaterally, and specifically without interactive debate over them, I want to explain them here first. One of the few things I agree with Ciz about is that this article had developed a general tone and preponderance of material aimed at justifying zoophilia. I'm not criticizing anyone for wanting that idea to get across, but if you feel strongly about a subject, and you like the way the article about it reads... the article probably isn't neutral enough. The same applies to me, but this topic isn't one I really have that much emotional investment in; it interests me mostly because I think articles along the "fringe" like this are important to Wikipedia's reputation of neutrality. So I hope this comes close to a NPOV, though I'm sure it's imperfect.

Overall
I made edits to just about everything, mostly for the sake of clarity, grammar, etc. and also to help establish a consistent "voice" to the text.

Terminology & Categorization
The article had inconsistent usage of terms, especially interchanging zoophilia and zoosexuality. For example, it talked about laws against "zoophilia", which is inaccurate because there are no laws against the paraphilia of being attracted to an animal; the laws are against sexual activity. Zoosexuality especially might refer in one place to a sexual orientation, and in another to a sex act. To avoid confusion, I standardized on zoophilia and bestiality, which are each the most widely recognized term for their respective phenomena. To avoid overuse of the terms, I used phrases such as attraction to animals or sex with animals as substitutes. I moved the Terminology and Categorization sections up in order to help establish terms before trying to talk about them.

The use of "partner" in reference to animals has been questioned because it assumes mutuality in the relationship. But no better alternative (at least one that doesn't assume the opposite) has come up, so I skated around it with other phrasings as best as I could.

Legal status
I removed a few anecdotal cases that while both factual and arguably interesting, didn't have much bearing on the larger basic question of legality. I reorganized the data into a bullet list by jurisdiction, which should facilitate adding more data points, and discourage putting in too much about any one country.

Mythology/Lit
This section was (to me) disappointingly brief, so I've added more examples from my own research.

Porn
I moved this section after Mythology because it flows better chronologically there. I'd also rather save the lurid for last.

Research
I'm sorry, but way too much space was devoted to quotes from research papers. The idea is to cite facts, not to provide excerpts of the papers. I think the extensive list of books etc. - which I've left as it was - is adequate for anyone interested in more in-depth reading on the subject. And frankly, the whole Research section was clearly arguing for the general conclusion that zoophiles are just as well-adjusted as anyone else (and probably even moreso). Maybe that's correct, but it was still advocacy, not consensus. It'd make a persuasive article (if it were on another site, I'd supporting including it in the "pro-zoo links" section... hint, hint) but I don't think it belongs in a Wikipedia article, where NPOV is required. Maybe with the inclusion of more critical studies, it could work as a separate "Research into Zoophilia" article, but that'd still be a stretch, IMHO. In any case there was too much to fit here, and the 32KB guideline agreed with me. In removing most of this material, I probably threw out some baby with the bathwater (so to speak); I certainly wouldn't object to selective re-introduction of some the material back into the article, in places where references to researched information are needed. The old content is there in the history database if you want to go fishing for it.

Religious perspectives
Since religion is where a lot of anti-zoo sentiment comes from, I figured this warranted a section, and I did some research to fill it out. Unfortunately I only know the general outlines of non-Biblical theologies, and couldn't find clear statements about how Sikhism, Confucianism, or Taoism view bestiality. (Hopefully these links will draw someone who does know to stop by and add the info.)

Extent of occurance
I accepted FT2's rephrasing of the percentages and did some other work on presentation. The section about proportion of zoophiles engaging in bestiality consisted mostly of truisms and repetition of points made elsewhere about the difficulties of defininition, so I removed it. Lacking any hard data on that question (of which I'm aware), the introductory distinction betwen the philia and the activity should suffice in making that point.

Criticisms
This section set up some strawmen against zoophilia, and also gave more space and depth to rebuttal of criticisms than the criticisms themselves. I've left it fairly sketchy, I admit, but I have a feeling this section will get plenty of attention going forward, so I don't feel too bad about that.

Health
FT2 submitted some language for this, but I toned down some of the "this is safe" claims, especially the bit about AIDS being completely untransmissible, given the plausible hypothesis that HIV mutated from SIV. (You may not be able to give it to a dog, but I wouldn't be so sure about a chimp.)

 * Some commentaries on zoophilia suggest that a possible motive for zoophilia is fear of disease (I found little evidence of this as a motive BTW). But I looked it up anyway. I couldn't find any evidence that dogs could get AIDS or any aids-like illness, and if the cannot get it, then they cannot communicate it.  Monkeys can perhaps, but even so monkeys are primates, the body chemistry is unusually similar to humans.  Most virii are quite host specific, and the HIV virus is a very fragile one. To cite just one factor, dogs have a warmer body than primates and humans to the extent AIDS would not survive in them. Samples from pet, vetinary and AIDS websites:

 * "First off there is no risk of HIV from this type of activity" and  (R. Frascino MD, AIDS foundation, commenting on oral sex from dogs, a source of body fluids)''
 * "HIV is a very fragile virus and cannot be spread to animals. Humans are the only known animals to carry HIV. There is no risk of catching HIV or AIDS from a pet."
 * "Could I have been infected by a cat or dog? Can I infect my cat or dog? No. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus only infects human and other primates and, therefore, cannot be spread from or to dogs, cats, or even birds, fish or reptiles."

 * Sorry - I hadnt thought of chimps. I guess like most folks I was thinking in terms of dogs and other non-primates. I think at the least its safe to say, there is no documented case and the risk is believed non-existent by professionals. FT2 07:39, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)

JAQ version
Nice work - I've cleaned some of the wording, a few sentences had historic wording that didnt read well, or were poorly worded, so I have fixed those a bit, but I've left it pretty much untouched so others can review it. Only 4 changes beyond minor grammar and format fixes:
 * 1) First para of introduction - was still too wordy and the wording and flow about zoosexual and bestiality was capable of further improvement, I felt.
 * 2) Sentence that stuck out like a sore thumb removed from "lifestyle", it didnt add much either, I think this was originally a "Ciz-ism".
 * 3) Clumsy last sentence shortened in "religious views".
 * 4) Health and safety - 1st para simplified and made more direct, 2nd paragraph had kept the original very clumsy 1st sentence which added nothing, and was still capable of improvement in flow and focus.
 * 5) I added one sentence back in the 2nd paragraph which I felt was needed, but I severely trimmed it to remove the original POV feel, in line with the rest of JAQ's work in that direction.
 * 6) Also added short sentence on AIDS in line with whats known, since thats one STD people do ask questions about.

The couple of sentences I feel got left out, I'll leave, until others have had a chance to review it more, then ask here for opinions.

FT2 11:21, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)

"Bestiality" vs. "zoosexuality"
I've gone through the article and replaced most occurences of the former (those which are not part of the titles of books etc.) with the latter (or "zoosexual acts"). The reason is simply that the former term, no matter how much more common it is, is still POV. I hope everyone understands. -- Schnee (cheeks clone) 23:50, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * No, I don't understand. In fact, I don't even understand the opening paragraph anymore.  Thanks to the terminology edits to far, it changes direction, reverses itself, and contradicts itself.  For example, changing the phrase "to avoid confusion about the meaning of zoosexuality" to "to avoid confusion about the meaning of zoophilia" not only changed its very meaning (by changing the subject of the phrase), it completely obliterated the point: that zoosexuality has two ambiguous meanings, which were previously being confused in this article... and now will be again.  Over the past couple months, considerable effort has gone into explanations that being a zoophile doesn't equate to being a dog-f*cker.  This article no longer makes a clear and consistent distinction between the two, instead using zoosexuality - which sometimes refers to the sexual orientation - to refer to the sexual act.  As for bestiality being POV, I don't see it as any more condemnatory than zoophilia is supportive.  I'm sorry if bestiality offends some people, but there's a whole other class of people who find zoophilia and most of the information in this article offensive.  Unfortunately there are no truly NPOV terms available.  Furthermore, these two terms are objectively the most widely understood.  In the context of an encyclopedia, I'd much rather avoid a term because of its ambiguity, than to avoid another term because some consider it offensive.  I think that clarity and understanding should be higher priorities than avoiding offense or terminology-pushing.  It seems to me that a compromise in the spirit of NPOV would be to accept these two biased-but-usable terms, and leave zoosexuality - whose meaning is so "neutral" that it means different things to different people - out of it. JAQ 03:42, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

How about we cut out the buzzwords and use descriptive terms instead? It is pretty obvious that many use the term "bestiality" chiefly as an insult, or as an imprecise and derogatory term. It is also obvious that "zoosexuality" is being used sometimes to mean "sexual attraction to animals" (like "homosexuality" means "sexual attraction to the same sex") and sometimes to mean "sexual behavior with animals". These terms do not do very well by the "clarity and understanding" criterion.

So perhaps it is better to jettison these terms when precision is needed, and replace them with descriptive expressions. This has precedent in medical literature that has taken to referring to "men who have sex with men" rather than "gay men" in describing, e.g. AIDS and STD risk factors -- the point being that it isn't being gay that increases the risk of STDs, but rather having male/male sex.

Some possibilities to replace "bestiality" or "zoosexuality" when referring to "humans having sex with dogs, horses, tigers, dolphins, etc." would include:
 * "human/animal sex"
 * "sex with animals"
 * "human/nonhuman sexual intercourse" (if sexual intercourse is actually involved in the specific case)
 * "cross-species sex" (since humans are animals)
 * "sex with pets" (to distinguish from, say, sex with someone else's horse after breaking into their farm, or sex with wild animals)
 * "sex with (species)" (stating the specific species in question in a particular case)

Some possibilities to replace "zoosexuality" when referring to "humans having sexual feelings or desires towards animals, irrespective of whether they act on them" would include: Likewise, the term "zoosexual" for "a person who (desires/has) sex with animals" would need to go, unless there's going to be a clear convention (which should be based on outside sources) as to which of these two possibilities it is used to refer. --FOo 04:47, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * "sexual fantasies about animals"
 * "sexual desire towards animals"
 * "exclusive sexual desire towards animals"

 * That sounds good. FWIW (mostly directed at JAQ), I think the terms "zoophilia" and "zoosexuality" *are* both neutral and clear, but I don't mind other terms being used, as long as they, too, are neutral. "bestiality" simply isn't, because it is typically used as a word with decidedly negative connotations, and also because it does have a second meaning of brutal acts etc. "zoosexuality" is neutral, on the other hand: it doesn't contain any further connotations and just points to the facts, or at least when you want to refer to sexual acts/relationships/... with/involving animals. But yeah, further clarification can only be a good thing, especially with a controversial topic such as this. -- Schnee (cheeks clone) 05:00, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I have to say, my 1st reaction was to side with JAQ on this. Bestiality is a common and expected term in this article. But it is POV. However to most people, zoosexual acts and zoosexuality may also be considered a "softener" by some readers, and it's an unfamiliar one too. I am undecided whats best, so I will recuse myself from editing and from the debate which term to use, until I see a clear justification for using one, or a clear negative justification not to use the other. My initial feeling is "Bestiality" is simply a shorter, simpler, more familiar term, and other things being equal, that matters. But I'm not 100% sure.

JAQ's other points:
 * 1) Zoosexuality is not a term which has multiple disputed meaning.  Zoophilia is.  That is the reason why, although the article is called "Zoophilia", that term needs clarification in the introduction - because the very word that titles the article has 3 separate referents. As far as I'm aware, zoosexuality has only one referent and needs no clarification.
 * 2) I agree with his logic about ambiguity and familiarity over "zoosexual acts / bestiality". A lot of zoosexuals refer to their acts as bestiality, so it can't be that offensive a term. Maybe FOo has the answer. As I say, I'm recusing myself from editing, I will comment only when an idea seems to have merit here.

FT2 05:06, Jan 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * The WHO seems to believe, that "bestiality" means a "behaviour, that is excessive violent, brutal, mean, cruel and painful" (like a beast's behaviour; see http://m-w.com/). Could somebody change the redirect from Bestiality to Zoophilia? --83.129.180.156 01:01, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I was very surprised to find that the "bestiality" article redirected to "zoophilia", as I had never heard the term "zoophilia" before. I wasn't aware of negative connotations involved in the word "bestiality" (as opposed to negative opinions about the behavior).  Could anyone provide any evidence of this?  Is there any evidence that the term "zoophilia" has any use in widespread media, or in the psychological profession?  Google News showed "bestiality" to be in much more common usage, and I think we should follow the more common and well-known use.  Wikipedia shouldn't attempt to create linguistic change; it should attempt to document existing language and usage.  -- Creidieki 22:37, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Non sexual zoophilia and others
I've been looking critically at the first few sections of the article: terminology, lifestyle and non-sexual. Non-sexual is mostly "terminology" or a different aspect of "lifestyle", and is short. So I'm wondering about moving the "non sexual" text to the start of "lifestyle" (possibly renaming to "Zoophilia"), or add to "terminology". Don't edit yet, I just figured I'd see what people think? FT2 16:26, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)

Explanation of Tony Sidaway's revert of Zetawoof's edit
Hi, I reverted this edit because I question the reason given for removing a recently added site: "we're not linking to a site with banners like those".

As you probably know, we have no way of controlling what kind of advertising banners a website will run, and indeed we have no way of knowing what kind of ads any external site may run in the future. Those banners shown seem to be in keeping with the fact that it's a zoophilia site, so I don't think a reader would think them out of place.

It may be that the site in question is not very good, or fails to pass the sniff test for other reasons. That's fine. I won't revert further, I just want to query the reason given for deletion in this case. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 00:56, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, understood. Most of the other external sites that we've linked from this article have minimal explicit advertising; if nothing else, bold links at the top of the page to "LIVE DOG FUCKING SHOWS" seems a little bit over-the-top to me. (And yes, I understand that the specific content of the banners isn't something we can control.) I also have a feeling that the linked site is an unauthorized mirror of the content. I've changed the link to another site which carries the same content, but without the in-your-face banner.

 * While we're on the subject of links, it seems a bit odd to me that we're linking to two sites (zoophilia.net and zoophile.net) which appear to be owned by the same group ("Jones Holding, Ltd.", according to whois), one of which partially mirrors an old version of this article on the front page. Most of the articles linked from those pages appear to have been copied, with and without attribution, from other sources. Thoughts? I'm in favor of replacing them with alternatives, wherever possible.

 * Also, I removed the link to Humane Concepts, as the domain appears to have lapsed, or something. Zetawoof 10:03, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your excellent work. I do agree that where content appears to have been significantly plagiarized we should link to the original, and where content is available without banner advertising this should be prefered to sites containing equivalent content with banners. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 10:35, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Link to AnimalDB
I'm not going to revert this one right off the bat, but I'm leery of linking to this site (Art: AnimalDB.com). I'd like some opinions: does this belong here?

(Relevant information: the site is an index of pornography involving animals. The site does not make the files available for download, but 'does' sell some of them.) --Zetawoof 04:03, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * In the absence of any other opinions, I'm gonna pull this link. It definitely isn't art, and, if a reader really wants to find pornography, I'm sure they can find it for themselves. --Zetawoof 22:45, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

AnimalDB
Zetawoof,

I would like to reopen discussion of the link to AnimalDB.com; your rationale and concerns are valid, and they present an excellent starting point for discussion.

In regard to the claim that the contents of the site are not art, I would like to point-out that vintage gay/lesbian pulp fiction and films are now considered to be culturally significant and worthy of analysis. When an alternative lifestyle is forced into the shadows, pornography is often one of the few media accepted to convey a group's sociosexual ethos.

Although there is a lot of video fodder and "low art" on record at this site, can we make a judgment about its cultural or artistic value? If there is a Wikipedia precendent here then I would be open to invoking it, but my personal contention is that such an artistic judgment would be out of order. Further, I have located numerous historically-significant works on this site (film and print) that seem to be poorly documented elsewhere online.

As for the site appearing to be for-profit, I'm certainly sensitive to the problems of Google bombing and similar abuses. I suppose we must consider whether the value of the content outweighs the potential for ulterior motive. Ringbang 05:15, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The quick test is look at other sites. Do they list as external links, sites whose front page is "anal sex, oral sex, video labels, video clip database"...?  I don't think so.  Some older stuff is often a good cultural example and develops a certain validity, but thiis appears to be all modern and basically a porn site, and calling it "the largest erotica database" doesnt change that.  Delete. FT2 17:25, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

More links
I've quickly reviewed the article and thought that I never actually checked the links on it. I have removed two links and have a question over a third:

 * 1) BEASTFORUM.COM - This appears to be nothing more than yet another porn and sexual forum with subscription and credit card porn facilities, and similar demerits to other sites which have been added from time to time and removed. It also appears that the IP of the site (195.190.153.58, NetGroup DataCenter A/S) resolves suspiciously close to the IP of the poster who added it (195.190.153.194, NetGroup DataCenter A/S), my conclusion is that the link was added by its owner to increase traffic.  Either way it doesn't belong here, so I have removed it.
 * 2) PURE - domain not found, to many zoo links as it is, removed untill a better justification comes along to keep it.

The questionable one is www.zoophile.net, we have a link to zoophilia.net and a link to zoophile.net, the former seems more interesting and relevant. Do folks feel the latter should be kept too? FT2 16:31, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * As I'd mentioned earlier, zoophile.net and zoophilia.net both appear to have the same host, who appears to ALSO be the host of beastforum.com (confirmed both by IP address similarity and by WHOIS). I'd push to leave BF off, remove both zoophile.net and zoophilia.net, and find alternate sources for any useful information that had been on the latter pair. As far as PURE - well, if the link's dead, that's a bit of a no-brainer. --Zetawoof 16:45, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * (1) Removed zoophile.net - both it and UZP are "general resource pages", UZP seems broader though out of date (2002), zoophile.net is dubious (above), it's also basically just a list of "how-tos" with different species. (2) I also added zoophile.org while digging round in Google: the sponsorship is one small text-only dark-blue-on-black mention of the sponsors name on the front page, thereafter its completely ad-free. It seems a good example of a porn and contact-free community and skimming the posts it appears that it's regularly used for support, advice, philosophy and community purposes, and is strictly moderated for anonymity and sensible talk, not just "chat". So I think it adds balance and value. Comments? FT2 17:13, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Bestality legal in The Netherlands?
The article says that bestality is legal in The Netherlands. I doubt that (I'm Dutch). Last year there was a case about a man raping a horse that didn't belong to him. The owner of the horse sued him but the judge couldn't prosecute him because there was nothing written in the law about bestality. This caused some public outrage which led to a law that forbids sex with animals. I'm not sure though, so could somebody explain/correct this? --"Dutchy" (User:213.10.115.193) 0:50, May 6, 2005 (GMT)

title: Talk:Zoophilia/Archive 14


text:
Heptalene

Heptalene is a polycyclic hydrocarbon with chemical formula C12H10, composed of two fused cycloheptatriene rings. It is an unstable, non-planar compound which is non-aromatic. The dianion, however, satisfies Hückel's rule, is thermally stable, and is planar.

title: Heptalene


text:
Frank Marsh

Frank Marsh may refer to:

 * Frank Lewis Marsh (1899–1992), American biologist, educator and creationist author
 * Frank Marsh (footballer) (1916–1978), English footballer
 * Frank Marsh (politician) (1924–2001), Nebraska politician
 * Frank Marsh (nephrologist) (1936–2011), British nephrologist
 * Frank Wayne Marsh (born 1940), former professional American football defensive back

title: Frank Marsh


text:
Atrioventricular septal defect

Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) or atrioventricular canal defect (AVCD), also known as "common atrioventricular canal" or "endocardial cushion defect" (ECD), is characterized by a deficiency of the atrioventricular septum of the heart that creates connections between all four of its chambers. It is a very specific combination of 3 defects:

1) Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), a hole in the wall between the right and left atria;

2) Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), a hole in the wall between the right and left ventricles; and

3) Abnormalities of the mitral and/or tricuspid valves.

AVCD is caused by an abnormal or inadequate fusion of the superior and inferior endocardial cushions with the mid portion of the atrial septum and the muscular portion of the ventricular septum. Unlike some heart defects, the condition will not resolve over time and most infants must undergo open heart surgery. The surgery to correct this defect is usually successful and most babies do very well post-op.

Symptoms and signs
Symptoms may include difficulty breathing (dyspnea) and bluish discoloration on skin, fingernails, and lips (cyanosis). An infant will begin to show signs of congestive heart failure, which can include rapid breathing, feeding problems, slow weight gain, low energy, and cold, clammy sweating. Symptoms often appear between 1-2 months of age but can occur earlier in some newborns.

Complications
Normally, the four chambers of the heart divide oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood into separate pools. When holes form between the chambers, as in AVSD, the pools can mix. Consequently, arterial blood supplies become less oxygenated than normal, causing ischemia and cyanosis in distal tissues. To compensate, the heart must pump a larger volume of blood to deliver enough oxygen, leading to cardiac enlargement and hypertrophy.

The development of pulmonary hypertension is very serious. And this because the left ventricle is weakened due to its overuse. When this happens, the pressure backs up into the pulmonary veins and the lungs. This type of damage is irreversible which is why immediate treatment is recommended after diagnosis.

Associated conditions
Down syndrome is often associated with AVCD. Other risk factors include: having a parent with a congenital heart defect, alcohol use while pregnant, uncontrolled diabetes treatment during pregnancy and some medications during pregnancy.

This type of congenital heart defect is associated with patients with Down syndrome (trisomy 21) or heterotaxy syndromes. 45% of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease. Of these, 35–40% have AV septal defects. Approximately 40-50% of fetuses diagnosed with AVCD have Down syndrome, and a further 15-20% are associated with other chromosomal abnormalities and syndromes, such as DiGeorge syndrome. The remaining 30-40% of cases are not linked to a syndrome, with AVCD observed without other major defects.

AVCD is also linked with Noonan syndrome. The pattern seen in those patients with Noonan syndrome differ from those patients who have Down syndrome in that "partial" AVCD is more prevalent in those with NS, whereas those with down syndrome show a prevalence of the "complete" form of AVCD.

Pathophysiology
Defective embryonic formation of the heart results in multiple holes between the heart chambers. In AVSD, all four chambers are connected, but the exact characteristics of holes and malformations may vary between patients. Even within the categories of "complete" and "partial" AVSD, multiple morphologies exist, with varying clinical consequences. Clinical and physiological manifestations of disease may also change over time, in response to continued stress.

Genetic Relationship
Like other congenital heart defects, major associations have been found between AVCD and genes regulating embryonic cell cilia. These human cell cilia normally contain receptors for signal molecules that regulate the healthy and organized tissue. Dysfunctional cilia can create multiple disease manifestations, leading to broad syndromes. Chromosome 21 harbors important regulators for cilia, and trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) can de-regulate them.

Diagnosis
AVSDs can be detected by cardiac auscultation; they cause atypical murmurs and loud heart tones. Confirmation of findings from cardiac auscultation can be obtained with a cardiac ultrasound (echocardiography - less invasive) and cardiac catheterization (more invasive). It is also possible to diagnose AVSD in-utero via routine fetal ultrasounds or, more conclusively, fetal echocardiograms.

Classification
A variety of different classifications have been used, but the defects are usefully divided into "partial" and "complete" forms.
 * In the partial AVSD, there is a small or partial defect in the interventricular septum, and a primum atrial septal defect, which is a moderate or large connection between the atria, often featuring mitral valve regurgitation. Partial AVSD may be asymptomatic in early childhood, but typically progresses by late childhood or adulthood into symptoms of heart failure. The onset of symptoms may be earlier in children with more significant mitral regurgitation.
 * In the complete AVSD (CAVSD), there is a large ventricular component beneath either or both the superior or inferior bridging leaflets of the AV valve. The defect involves the whole area of the junction of the upper and lower chambers of the heart, i.e. where the atria join the ventricles. There is a large hole between the lower portion of the atria and the upper or 'inlet' portion of the ventricles and this is associated with a significant abnormality of the valves separating the atria from the ventricles. The valves in effect become a common atrio-ventricular valve, and the severity of the defect depends largely on the supporting attachments of the valve to the ventricles and whether the valve allows dominant flow from the right atrium to right ventricle and from left atrium to left ventricle ("unbalanced" flow). The overall problems are similar to those of VSD but are more complicated. There is an increased flow of blood to the lungs through both the ventricular and atrial components of the defect. In addition, the abnormal atrio-ventricular valve invariably leaks, so that when the ventricles contract, blood flows not only forwards to the body and the lungs, but also backwards into the atria. The back-pressure effect on the atria causes congestion of blood in the left atrium in particular, and this in turn causes congestion in the veins draining the lungs. The effect on the baby is to worsen the heart failure that is associated with an isolated VSD and to hasten the onset of pulmonary hypertension. It should be mentioned that CAVSD is found in approximately one-third of babies who have Down syndrome, but it also occurs as an isolated abnormality.

Treatment
Treatment is surgical and involves closure of the atrial and ventricular septal defects and restoration of a competent left AV valve as far as is possible. Open surgical procedures require a heart-lung machine and are done with a median sternotomy. Surgical mortality for uncomplicated ostium primum defects in experienced centers is 2%; for uncomplicated cases of complete atrioventricular canal defect, 4% or less. Certain complications such as tetralogy of Fallot or highly unbalanced flow across the common AV valve can increase risk significantly.

Infants born with AVSD are generally in sufficient health to not require immediate corrective surgery. If surgery is not required immediately after birth, the newborn will be closely monitored for the next several months, and the operation held-off until the first signs of lung distress or heart failure. This gives the infant time to grow, increasing the size of, and thereby the ease of operation on, the heart, as well as the ease of recovery. Infants will generally require surgery within three to six months, however, they may be able to go up to two years before the operation becomes necessary, depending on the severity of the defect.

title: Atrioventricular septal defect


text:
Grace Ogot

Grace Emily Ogot (née Akinyi; 15 May 1930 – 18 March 2015) was a Kenyan author, nurse, journalist, politician and diplomat. Together with Charity Waciuma she was the first Anglophone female Kenyan writer to be published. She was one of the first Kenyan members of parliament and she became an assistant minister.

Biography
Ogot was born Grace Emily Akinyi to a  Christian family on 15 May 1930 in Asembo, in the district of Nyanza, Kenya – a village highly populated by the predominantly Christian Luo ethnic group. Her father, Joseph Nyanduga, was one of the first men in the village of Asembo to obtain a Western education. He converted early on to the Anglican Church, and taught at the Church Missionary Society’s Ng'iya Girls’ School. From her father, she learned the stories of the Old Testament and it was from her grandmother that Ogot learned the traditional folk tales of the area from which she would later draw inspiration.

Grace Ogot's background was very interesting. Ogot attended the Ng'iya Girls' School and Butere High School throughout her youth. From 1949 to 1953, she trained as a nurse at the Nursing Training Hospital in Uganda. She later worked in London, England, at St. Thomas Hospital for Mothers and Babies. She returned to the African nursing English.

In addition to her experience in healthcare, Ogot gained experience in multiple different areas, working for the BBC Overseas Service as a script-writer and announcer on the programme London Calling East and Central Africa, operating a prominent radio programme in the Luo language, working as an officer of community development in Kisumu County and as a public relations officer for the Air India Corporation of East Africa. In 1975, Ogot worked as a Kenyan delegate to the general assembly of the United Nations. Subsequently, in 1976, she became a member of the Kenyan delegation to UNESCO. That year, she chaired and helped found the Writers' Association of Kenya. In 1983, she became one of only a handful of women to serve as a member of parliament and the only woman assistant minister in the cabinet of then President Daniel arap Moi.

Personal life
In 1969, Grace Ogot married history professor Bethwell Allan Ogot, a Luo from Gem Location, and later became the mother of four children. Her proclivity for storytelling and her husband's interest in the oral tradition and history of the Luo peoples would later be combined in her writing career. Ogot died on 18 March 2015.

Writing career
In 1968, Grace Ogot read her short story "A Year of Sacrifice" at a conference on African Literature at Makerere University in Uganda. After discovering that there was no other work presented or displayed from East African writers, Ogot became motivated to publish her works, which she subsequently did both in the Luo language and in English. "A Year of Sacrifice" appeared in print as Ogot's first published work in the African journal Black Orpheus in 1963. In 1964, her short story "The Rain Came" was published as part of the collection Modern African Stories, co-edited by Es'kia Mphahlele, who had organised the earlier mentioned conference on African Literature at Makerere University in Uganda in 1962. "The Rain Came" was a reworked version of "A Year of Sacrifice" but considerably shortened and with a different beginning and ending. Also in 1964, the short story "Ward Nine" was published in the journal Transition.

Ogot's first novel The Promised Land, set in the 1930s, was published in 1966 and focused on Luo emigration and the problems that arise through migration. Her main protagonists emigrate from Nyanza to northern Tanzania, in search of fertile land and wealth. The story also focused on themes of tribal hatred, materialism, and traditional notions of femininity and wifely duties. 1968 saw the publishing of Land Without Thunder, a collection of short stories set in ancient Luoland. Ogot's descriptions, literary tools, and storylines in Land Without Thunder offer a valuable insight into Luo culture in pre-colonial East Africa. Her other works include The Strange Bride, The Graduate, The Other Woman and The Island of Tears.

Many of her stories are set against the scenic background of Lake Victoria and the traditions of the Luo people. One theme that features prominently within Ogot's work is the importance of traditional Luo folklore, mythologies, and oral traditions. This theme is at the forefront in "The Rain Came", a tale that was related to Ogot in her youth by her grandmother, whereby a chief's daughter must be sacrificed to bring rain. Furthermore, Ogot’s short stories juxtapose traditional and modern themes and notions, demonstrating the conflicts and convergences that exist between the old ways of thought and the new. In The Promised Land, the main character, Ochola, falls under a mysterious illness which cannot be cured through medical intervention. Eventually, he turns to a medicine man to be healed. Ogot explains such thought processes as exemplary of the blending of traditional and modern understandings, "Many of the stories I have told are based on day-to-day life… And in the final analysis, when the Church fails and the hospital fails, these people will always slip into something they trust, something within their own cultural background. It may appear to us mere superstition, but those who do believe in it do get healed. In day-to-day life in some communities in Kenya, both the modern and the traditional cures coexist."

Another theme that often appears throughout Ogot’s works is that of womanhood and the female role. Throughout her stories, Ogot demonstrates an interest in family matters, revealing both traditional and modern female gender roles followed by women, especially within the context of marriage and Christian traditions. Such an emphasis can be seen in The Promised Land, in which the notions both of mothers as the ultimate protectors of their children and of dominant patriarchal husband-wife relationships feature heavily. Critics such as Maryse Condé have suggested that Ogot's emphasis on the importance of the female marital role, as well as her portrayal of women in traditional roles, creates an overwhelmingly patriarchal tone in her stories. However, others have suggested that women in Ogot’s works also demonstrate strength and integrity, as in "The Empty Basket", where the bravery of the main female character, Aloo, is contrasted by the failings of the male characters. Though her wits and self-assertion, Aloo overcomes a perilous situation with a snake, while the men are stricken by panic. It is only after she rebukes and shames the men that they are roused to destroy the snake. In Ogot’s short stories, the women portrayed often have a strong sense of duty, as demonstrated in "The Rain Came", and her works regularly emphasise the need for understanding in relationships between men and women.

Prior to Kenyan Independence, while Kenya was still under a colonial regime, Ogot experienced difficulties in her initial attempts to have her stories published: "I remember taking some of my short stories to the manager [of the East African Literature Bureau], including the one which was later published in Black Orpheus. They really couldn't understand how a Christian woman could write such stories, involved with sacrifices, traditional medicines and all, instead of writing about Salvation and Christianity. Thus, quite a few writers received no encouragement from colonial publishers who were perhaps afraid of turning out radical writers critical of the colonial regime."

She was interviewed in 1974 by Lee Nichols for a Voice of America radio broadcast that was aired between 1975 and 1979 (Voice of America radio series Conversations with African Writers, no. 23). The Library of Congress has a copy of the broadcast tape and the unedited original interview. The broadcast transcript appears in the 1981 book Conversations with African Writers.

Three novels by her were posthumously published, launched by her husband in 2018.

Publications
From the collection of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC:

 * Aloo kod Apul-Apul (1981), in Luo.
 * Ber wat (1981), in Luo.
 * The Graduate, Nairobi: Uzima Press, 1980.
 * The Island of Tears (short stories), Nairobi: Uzima Press, 1980.
 * Land Without Thunder; short stories, Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1968.
 * Miaha (in Luo), 1983; translated as The Strange Bride by Okoth Okombo (1989)
 * The Other Woman: Selected Short Stories, Nairobi: Transafrica, 1976.
 * The Promised Land: a novel, Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1966.
 * The Strange Bride, translated from Dholuo (originally published as Miaha, 1983) by Okoth Okombo; Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya, 1989. ISBN 9966-46-865-X
 * Simbi Nyaima - the Lake that Sank (2018)
 * The Royal Bead (2018)
 * Princess Nyilaak (2018)

title: Grace Ogot


text: Category:Julius Caesar

title: Category:Julius Caesar


text:
Pietro Verri

Count Pietro Verri (12 December 1728 – 28 June 1797) was an Italian economist, historian, philosopher and writer. Among the most important personalities of the 18th-century Italian culture, he is considered among the fathers of the Lombard reformist Enlightenment and the most important pre-Smithian authority on cheapness and plenty.

Early life
Pietro Verri was born to a conservative noble family the eldest son of Gabriele Verri and Barbara Dati Della Somaglia, in a house of the Archinto in via Stampa 19 in Milan, then under Austrian rule. He had three brothers: Alessandro, Carlo and Giovanni. After the death of his brother, Carlo, he raised his nephew Luigi Castiglioni and greatly influenced the young man. He studied in the Jesuit college in Monza, five years (1740–44) in the college of Barnabites in San Alessandro in Milan and two years (1744–45) in Rome in the college of Nazareno run by the Scolopi order. He received a strong religious education, from which he began to rebel when he reached his twenties.

He volunteered to serve in the Seven Years' War in order to escape his father's decision to register him for legal studies but quit after a year. In mid-September 1759, he met the economist Henry Lloyd and developed a lifelong friendship with him. Verri soon became convinced that Political Economy had to be at the center of all serious social and political interests. In his early life, he translated Destouches' works and wrote satirical almanacs (Borlanda impasticciata, Gran Zoroastro and Mal di Milza) which scandalized the Milanese society.

Verri's early steps in educating himself in the science of civil society were guided by four eighteenth-century intellectual giants of the Enlightenment: Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, David Hume, Edward Gibbon, and Helvétius. In combination, these particularly informed his emerging views on law and civil society, the importance of historical understanding, his utilitarian tendencies and, more specifically, economic issues associated with trade, money, credit, and taxation. In 1761, together with his brother Alessandro, he founded a literary association, the Società dei Pugni ("Society of the Fists"), and, from 1764, published the magazine Il Caffè ("The Coffeehouse"). Pietro Verri was the founder, leader, and active contributor to both. Il Caffe appeared between 1764 and 1766 in successive magazines made in two volumes. Magazine 10 of Volume 1 has an article by Pietro Verri devoted to thoughts on the spirit of Italian Literature Here Verri describes Galileo-Newtonianism at the philosophical level as a force of renovation, providing a new connecting frame for scientific reasoning, in the spirit of what we have called above moral Newtonianism. his magazine became an important reference on Enlightenment Milan. Other figures who wrote on it include his brother Alessandro, the famous philosopher Cesare Beccaria, Alfonso Longo and Pietro Secchi.

Political economy
In 1764, he also entered the public administration, where he distinguished for his reforming attitudes: in particular, he proposed the abolition of the exaction of taxes through intermediaries. After a documented Bilance on the Commerce of the State of Milan, In 1769 Verri published notable work, Elementi del Commercio ("Elements of Commerce"), inspired by a wide interpretation of liberalism in commerce. This was followed by the Meditazioni sull'economia politica ("Reflection's on Political Economy", 1771), the book contains 40 sections and when Verri's Meditiazioni first appeared was well received. Its success was considerable, in just one year, five different editions produced. According to Schumpeter, Verri was one of the first economists to figure out a balance of payments and Schumpeter adds Verri is the most important pre-Smithian authority on Cheapness and Plenty.

His work is clearly one of the many examples in the economic literature which during the quarter-century after 1750 marks the emergence of political economy as a separate science. Pietro Verri provides the first systematic contribution stemming from the quarters of Lombard enlightenment in the field of political economy. From the vantage point afforded by Verri's political economy, we gain a considerably attractive view of the most significant elements and characteristic concepts of Lombard enlightenment during the latter half of the 18th century.

Meditiazioni can be separated three different parts. The first, covering the first five sections, presents the general principles of the science by explaining economic development and growth, circulation, production, exchange, money, and prices in general terms. These general principles are supplemented and elucidated on money, industry, interest, and circulation and on population. Part II then applies these principles to a number of policy questions in political economy: the distribution of landed property, guilds and other forms of restrictive practices through privilege, price controls, controls over sales, sumptuary laws and some observations associated with population and agriculture. Part III presents the theory of finance while the last three sections act as a sort of summary of the policy implications of the material presented. First 5 editions of Meditiazioni do not contain any mathematical term, however, some footnotes added in the sixth edition in order to interpret Verri's economic thought into mathematical terms.

The aim of political economy to increase national power, strength and happiness is achievable through an increased population, incentives to labor, increased production and an appropriate balance between it and consumption. Success in achieving this policy objective can be measured by at least three different means in the absence of reliable national output data, as Verri indicates at various points in his treatise. These are the balance of trade, which he regarded as an imperfect measure; the level of the rate of interest, which he saw as a better measure, and population size and characteristics, which he saw as the best measure because it could be most accurately measured.

Verri's economic theory concentrates on three subjects: 1. prices; 2. aggregate equilibrium; 3. distribution.

Theory of prices
According to Verri, the price of a commodity is directly related to "need" and inversely to plenty. By "need", Verri does not mean any indeterminate desire, but the effective demand of goods, i.e. the level of demand at which the expected utility of any good is higher than the cost individual are ready to pay in order to acquire it. Verri stresses consumer sovereignty, by arguing that demand regulates supply and not the contrary. As to plenty, it basically depends on the market form: it is larger when the market approximates to perfect competition.

An equilibrium between production and consumption
The problem of equilibrium between production ("reproduction" in Verri's terms) and consumption is analyzed examining two opposed cases of disequilibrium. Verri's contribution is strictly connected here to the basic theoretical assumptions of his theory of action. It is also very original in its issues.

The first case takes place when national consumption is greater than production and the balance of commerce is unfavorable. Unlike Hume, Verri pays no attention to deflux of money and to the ensuing deflation. His interest is devoted to real re-equilibrating mechanisms. There are two possible solutions to disequilibrium: the first one is negative and consists of factor mobility (emigration of a part of the laboring force). When the other solution prevails, new productive branches are created in the country: these new industries compete in quality and price with those located abroad, toward which the demand for imported goods was addressed. This process of import substitution re-equilibrates the balance of commerce. Welfare grows in the country with the increasing size of the internal market. The role of ideas is central to this picture: a class of individuals understands the existence of national demand for certain goods and produces it at better conditions than foreign competitors.

In the second case, consumption is smaller than production, and the balance of commerce is favorable. As a matter of fact, Verri engages himself in demonstrating that a favorable balance of commerce is possible at certain conditions, that inflation is not a necessary outcome of it, and finally that a growth of the real side of the economy is consistent with it. Inflation takes place only if the extra monetary demand clashes with rigidities on the supply side (in this case, money "stops" in the hands of an unmodified number of sellers). However, this case is not very likely in a "polite" nation. Verri describes here a sort of Hume-Cantillon transmission mechanism without inflation. Additional money, passing from hand to hand, incites industry and puts unemployed factors at work. The Verrian self-sustained mechanism of growth based on increasing income, new needs, and new productions, is the result of this first impulse. Here too, the entrepreneurial spirit plays an essential part.

Distribution
Like the other parts of his economic contribution, Verri's theory of distribution also springs from the theory of needs and desires. As many of the economists of his time, Verri has a preference for a society in which the weight of the middle class is large. The members of this class, urged by their needs, are stimulated to work hard in order to better their condition. Inequality of fortunes, as far as it is moderate and gradual, is an additional stimulus, giving to everyone a hope to ascend in the social scale. On the contrary, when inequality is too high, society is condemned to poverty and to a stationary state. Rich landlords take no care of their goods, having no anxiety for future welfare. Moreover, the poor are too poor to be influenced by superior need and to hope to better theircondition. As in the savage state, the poor have primary needs, but imagination and desire play no role in their life. Absolute equality of properties is not a better solution. The only effect of the Roman agrarian laws and of similar institutions are that of destroying desire and hindering development.

Philosophical work
As early as 1763, Verri wrote his early study Meditiazioni sulla felicita, a philosophical pamphlet. Verri spells out the foundational pieces of his approach to civil life. Afterward, as resistance against his reforming work in administration stiffened, Verri devoted himself increasingly to philosophy. In 1773 he wrote Dell'indole del piacere e del dolore ("Discourse on Pleasure and Pain"), followed in 1777 by Osservazioni sulla tortura ("Observations on Torture"), in which he stressed the uselessness and cruelty of torture.

He argues that the excess of desires over and above possibilities or "power" is a measure of unhappiness. The search for happiness in the form of the removal of unhappiness is a core issue in Pietro Verri's political philosophy. He appears from the start as one of the leading representatives eighteenth-century eudomistic views. Happiness, Verri argues, can be pursued in two ways. Happiness, in fact, consists in the reduction of the difference between the two elements of desires and power: that reduction can be achieved by acting upon either one or the other of the two elements. It can be said therefore that the object of happiness being reduced to a difference, it can be conquered either by "addition"(of power) or by "subtraction" (of desires). Verri declares addition to be superior. An addition in the form of the enlargement of power provides the main route to happiness as compared with a check on desires. Verri, however, lays a special emphasis upon creativity rather than mere enjoyment of what is already in our possession as a condition for happiness.

His two most important productions (Discourse on the Nature of Pleasure and Pain, 1773; Meditations on Happiness, 1781) contain new and ingenious ideas on the function of pain and the law of contrasts, which were afterward adopted by Kant, Schopenhauer, and Wundt and discussed by Dumont, Bouillier, and Regalia.

Influence
A comprehensive reading of Verri's economic and philosophical writings suggests a new perspective in the analysis of the interplay between moral sense theory, legislation and the competitive framework of a market economy which is not irrelevant to the understanding of the same relationship in other eighteenth-century writers, including Adam Smith. For Verri's Meditazioni are explicitly rooted in a 'historical' investigation of moral sentiments, and of the way in which these may influence the pursuit of private or public interest, and the characteristics of legislation.

Verri's influence can be seen first, his friend and colleague from the Il Caffè, in Beccaria's known work in on Crimes and Punishments. Beccaria had been largely inspired by Verri himself and defended by him. It is proposed in the present paper to revisit some of the basic tenets of Pietro Verri's political economy, with more in view than dwell on specific intuitions and theorems: namely, relate those to Verri's own quite original conception of the economy. The 18th-century philosopher Condillac apparently shared Verri's ideas on land reform. In the 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Say showed a favorable attitude towards Verri's treatment of productive and unproductive labor.

Verri's books also reached to Voltaire and De Felice reports Voltaire's description of Verri's Meditazioni as ‘the truest, wisest and clearest’ book he had ever read on the subject of political economy, but no letter from Voltaire to Verri or any other similar reference to Verri's work can be found in the standard collected edition of Voltaire's works. However, Caspari mentions Voltaire's thanks to Verri for sending him a copy of the Meditazioni, dating it precisely at 19 March 1772 on the authority of Mauri.

Adam Smith's personal library included two copies (1771 and 1772) of Verri's Political Ecoonomy. Smith's reading Italian ability is well documented. The themes of a probable influence of Verri on Smith (the analysis is based on a comparison of Verri's Economia Politica with Smith's Wealth of Nations can be summarized as follows: of the perverse effects of the corn trade prohibitions.
 * A strong emphasis on the balance of consumption and production, which finds an echo in Smith's text.
 * A political economy of effective supply – that is, of cheapness-and abundance – based on a theory of price and on a criticism of the idea of money neutrality.
 * A notion of a spontaneous order – that is, order as the result of human action but not of human design – which Verri discovers from an analysis
 * The canons for an effective tax system.

In spite of favorable references to Verri by such authorities as McCulloch and Ingram, Verri's fortune as an economist was inferior to his merits.

Later life and works
In 1777, he began the Storia di Milano ("History of Milan", two volumes, 1783 and 1798), a notable example of Enlightenment historiography. The ecclesiastical reforms of Joseph II of Austria inspired him the Dialogo fra Pio VI e Giuseppe II a Vienna ("Dialogue between Pius VI and Joseph II in Vienna", 1782), followed by La Decadenza del Papa ("The Pope's Decay"), marked by his disappointment for the lack of influence of Enlightenment's ideas on the Papacy. Joseph II's increasing despotism led Verri to abandon any position in the Austrian administration of Lombardy in 1786; ten years later, after the French invasion, he returned as a member of the Milanese municipality and was one of the founders of the Cisalpine Republic. Though disapproving the Jacobin excesses, Verri, however, welcomed the possibility of moral and economic improvement in the aftermath of the French Revolution, which he considered influenced in turn by the Enlightenment movement. In 1786, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

On the night of 28 June 1797, during a meeting in the hall of the Municipality, he died of a sudden apoplectic attack, at sixty-eight. He is buried in the chapel of the Sanctuary of the Blessed Virgin of Lazzaretto di Ornago, next to his first wife.

Verri's death bicentenary was commemorated on an Italian postage stamp in 1997.

title: Pietro Verri