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Jack Crawford (cricketer)

John Neville Crawford (1 December 1886 – 2 May 1963) was an English first-class cricketer who played mainly for Surrey County Cricket Club and South Australia. An amateur, he played as an all-rounder. As a right-handed batsman, Crawford had a reputation for scoring quickly and hitting powerful shots. He bowled medium-paced off spin and was noted for his accuracy and his ability to make the ball turn sharply from the pitch. Unusually for a first-class cricketer, Crawford wore spectacles while playing.

Crawford established a reputation as an outstanding cricketer while still a schoolboy. He played Test cricket for England before he was 20 years old, and successfully toured Australia with the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1907–08. He played only 12 matches for England, although critics believed he had a great future in the sport and was a potential future England captain. In two successive English seasons, he completed the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in first-class games.

A dispute over the composition of a Surrey side chosen to play a high-profile game in 1909, after several professional players were omitted for disciplinary reasons, led to an increasingly bitter disagreement between Crawford and the Surrey authorities. Crawford was told he had no future with the club, and moved to Australia. There, he worked as a teacher and continued his cricket career with South Australia. This arrangement had a controversial end, when he clashed with the South Australian Cricket Association over money and moved to New Zealand to play for Otago.

That relationship also ended badly, and he left Otago before being conscripted into the New Zealand armed forces near the end of the First World War. When he was demobilised, he returned to England and made his peace with Surrey. He played a handful of games between 1919 and 1921 but faded out of first-class cricket to pursue a career in industry. In all first-class cricket, Crawford scored 9,488 runs at an average of 32.60 and took 815 wickets at an average of 20.66. Although he continued to play cricket at a lower level, the remainder of Crawford's life passed in relative obscurity.

Early life and career
Jack Crawford was born on 1 December 1886 at Cane Hill, Coulsdon, Surrey, the youngest of three sons of the Rev John Charles Crawford and his wife Alice; the couple also had three daughters. Crawford senior was the chaplain at the recently opened Cane Hill Asylum, in the grounds of which Crawford was born. He grew up in a cricketing environment. His father and uncle, Frank Crawford, played first-class cricket for Kent; his brothers Vivian and Reginald were also first-class cricketers. The whole family played cricket and encouraged Crawford from a young age, and from the age of eleven he regularly played with adults.

After attending Glengrove School in Eastbourne, Crawford went to St Winifred's School in Henley-on-Thames where, in his two years in the cricket team, he scored 2,093 runs and took 366 wickets. In 1902, Crawford moved to Repton School. Reaching the cricket team in his first year, he remained in the eleven until he left the school in 1905. His impact was considerable. A 1906 report in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack rated him as one of the best three schoolboy cricketers in the previous 40 years, matched only by A. G. Steel and Stanley Jackson. Cricket historians similarly praised his cricket at Repton. Benny Green notes that his prolific achievements "created ... chaos among schoolboy cricketers." Gerald Brodribb describes him as "probably the best ever" schoolboy cricketer.

By 1904, Crawford dominated the Repton team. He scored 759 runs and his 75 wickets were more than the combined total of all the other bowlers in the team. He was particularly effective in the school's most important fixtures. The report in Wisden described him as possibly the best amateur bowler in England that year: he bowled medium-paced off spin, although he varied the speed of his delivery from slow to fast. Surrey County Cricket Club took an interest in Crawford almost immediately, calling him to a trial in 1903. Following his achievements in 1904, he was invited to play for the county. The county club was in the midst of a spell of uncertainty; several men captained the team, but only for a handful of matches each. The composition of the side continually changed, and the team performed poorly, causing unrest among supporters accustomed to success. Crawford was just one of many players brought in as an experiment, albeit one of the most successful. He made his first-class debut against Kent. Taking three wickets and top-scoring in Surrey's first innings with 54, Crawford did well enough to retain his place for another seven games, and was praised in the press for his performances. Against Gloucestershire, he took seven wickets for 43 runs in the second innings, and a total of ten wickets in the match. In the season as a whole he took 44 first-class wickets at an average of 16.93 to top the county's bowling averages, and scored 229 runs at an average of 16.35.

Although hampered by injuries during the 1905 season for Repton, his last at the school, Crawford scored 766 runs with a batting average of 85. In the five matches in which he was fit to bowl he took 55 wickets at an average under 13. In the August holidays, he returned to play for Surrey. In his second game, he took seven for 90 against Yorkshire and in his third, he scored his maiden first-class century—119 not out against Derbyshire—to become the youngest centurion for the county, a record that was not broken until 2013. Later, he took eight for 24 against Northamptonshire and scored 142 not out against Leicestershire. At the end of the season, he played in the Hastings Festival, appearing in several representative games for teams representing the South of England and played for the Rest of England against the County Champions Yorkshire. Crawford finished second in Surrey's batting averages for 1905; in all first-class games he scored 543 runs at an average of 33.93 and took 47 wickets at an average of 18.46. As the season ended, he was invited by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) to join their tour of South Africa that winter.

Tour to South Africa
Having finished his school career, Crawford joined the first MCC tour of South Africa in the 1905–06 season. The team was not particularly strong—before the tour, critics judged it to possess the equivalent strength of a moderate county side. The MCC was criticised by the press both in England and in South Africa for omitting many of the strongest players. As the youngest member of the team, Crawford was given the traditional role of writing press reports to be sent back home during the tour. When the team played in Worcester during the tour, the local press carried a report that Crawford planned to remain in South Africa. The 1906 Wisden carried the same story; in a comment on his success in 1905, it suggested that it was uncertain for how long he would play, and questioned whether, if he played Test cricket, he would do so for England or South Africa. The cricket historian Nigel Hart queries why Wisden mentioned South Africa; Crawford's only known connection came through his uncle, who had left South Africa five years before.

In all first-class matches on the tour, Crawford scored 531 runs at an average of 31.23, coming third in the tour batting averages, and took 34 wickets at an average of 18.44, placing him fifth among the regular bowlers in the team. In the early tour matches, Crawford recorded two five-wicket hauls and scored 98. He made his Test match debut for England against South Africa in the first Test at the age of 19 years and 32 days to become England's youngest Test cricketer, a record he held until Brian Close made his debut in 1949. Batting at number six, Crawford scored 44 runs in the first innings and 43 in the second; he took a wicket with his first delivery, bowling Bert Vogler. He was wicketless in the second innings, and bowled inaccurately as the home side recorded a one-wicket win. Wisden noted that Crawford batted well in both innings. After a month of cricket in between the Tests, during which Crawford scored 212 in a minor game, the English team were suffering from fatigue when the remaining matches were played. In the second Test, Crawford was promoted to open the batting, a position he retained for most of the series. In the final match, he scored 74, his first Test fifty and the highest score of his Test career. His best bowling also came in the final match, where he took three for 69.

In the Test series, Crawford scored 281 runs at an average of 31.22 and took nine wickets at 35.77. England lost the series 4–1, finding it difficult to bat against the South African googly bowlers. Wisden's tour report described Crawford's batting as one of the few positives for his side. Writing home during the tour, the MCC captain Pelham Warner frequently praised Crawford and the extent of his ability at a young age. The English press even parodied what Crawford's biographer, Michael Burns, describes as Warner's "near-obsession" with Crawford. Other critics believed that Crawford should have been more successful as a bowler but was distracted by the matting surfaces used in South Africa; because he was able to make the ball bounce and turn extravagantly from the surface, he tried to spin the ball too much and lost accuracy as a result.

Surrey cricketer
Returning to England for the 1906 season, Crawford completed the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in first-class cricket, the youngest player at the time to accomplish this feat. Against Gloucestershire, he scored 148 and then took seven for 85 and four for 63 with the ball; he also took ten wickets in his next game. In total, he compiled 1,174 runs at an average of 30.10, and took 118 wickets at an average of 20.28. These performances earned him selection for the representative Gentlemen versus Players matches at both Lord's and The Oval, in which he played for the amateur Gentlemen. At the end of the season, he was chosen as one of Wisden's Cricketers of the Year. The citation said: "Few cricketers have won equal fame at so early an age", and noted the unusual ease with which he had moved into first-class cricket. Crawford's powerful batting and straight hitting were praised, as was his accurate bowling. The report also stated: "That he should have done all this is the more astonishing from the fact that he invariably plays in glasses. No one handicapped in this way has ever been so consistently successful both as batsman and bowler."

By this stage, Crawford had a reputation as a batsman who favoured aggressive, powerful shots and his performances drew in crowds. In 1907, in the space of a few days, he hit deliveries in two different matches through the windows of both the home and the visitors' dressing rooms at The Oval. Towards the end of the season, he scored 103 runs in 90 minutes against Kent, his only century that year, hitting several deliveries into the crowd; The Times described the ball in this innings as "soaring away like a bird". Crawford's overall batting record was similar to the previous season: he scored 1,158 runs at an average of 30.47. With the ball, he took 124 wickets at 16.95, completing his second double. Once again, he was selected in both Gentlemen v Players matches, taking six for 54 in the second, and was chosen to play two of the three Test matches against South Africa. These were his only Test matches in England; he scored 26 runs in three innings and was wicketless after bowling 29 overs. He missed England's victory in the second match, the only match in the series not to be a draw, but Wisden's correspondent believed that the pitch conditions for that game made it a mistake to leave Crawford out. Despite his lack of success in the Tests, Crawford was invited to tour Australia that winter even before the South African series was complete; he suggested to the press that he might remain in Australia after the tour.

Tour to Australia
The MCC team which toured Australia in 1907–08, like that which toured South Africa, faced questions about its strength. Because at least four first-choice players chose not to tour, and another was not selected despite strong claims, the team was less representative than usual for an Ashes series. The tourists lost the Tests 4–1, although Wisden suggested that the series was more competitive than suggested by the results.

Crawford began the tour well, taking seven wickets in the opening first-class match against Western Australia. In the second game, he scored 114 runs in 58 minutes against South Australia, the fastest first-class century scored in Australia until then, followed by bowling figures of five for 40 in the second innings. Crawford contributed little more with bat or ball in the lead-up to the Test series; in England, the cricketer Gilbert Jessop wrote an article suggesting that Crawford had become an "unsound" batsman. He scarcely bowled in the first Test, won by Australia, and both the English and the Australian press were critical of his bowling. Frederick Fane, the acting-captain of England, seemed to share this view in the second Test, withholding Crawford from the attack for some time. However, Crawford took five for 79 in the first innings helped to restrict Australia on a good batting pitch and took eight wickets in the match as England levelled the series.

Australia won the remaining games to win the series. In the third match, Crawford scored his only half-century of the series, hitting 62 out of England's 363 to help his team build up a first innings lead. However, Australia scored 506 at the second attempt, during which Crawford bowled nearly 46 overs to take three for 113. The series was settled in the fourth Test; Australia recorded a big victory after rain affected the pitch and created difficult batting conditions during England's first innings. On the first day, Crawford took five for 48, his best Test figures, as Australia were bowled out for 214 on a very good pitch. Wisden noted Crawford "[mixed] up his pace with remarkable skill". By this stage of the tour, the press looked on him much more favourably, and he received praise for his performances. However, his heavy workload with the ball affected his health; he lost a stone in weight during the tour, and before the final Test a Melbourne doctor diagnosed that he had "strained the right side of his heart" and advised that he see a specialist. Crawford played in that game, won by Australia, despite his ill health, with several other players unfit, and the tour manager later wrote that he looked poorly throughout and should not have played. Nevertheless, he bowled 54 overs and took eight wickets in the match.

Wisden considered Crawford's bowling to be one of the most successful features of the tour and praised his ability to spin the ball, reporting: "It was said of Crawford that even on the most perfect wickets he could at times make the ball break back." He led the English Test bowling averages with 30 wickets at an average of 24.73. His batting was less productive than expected; in five Tests, he scored 162 runs at an average of 18.00, batting usually at number eight. In all first-class matches on the tour, he scored 610 runs at 26.52 and took 66 wickets at 25.19. Crawford's contributions enhanced his growing reputation and critics expected his cricket to go from strength to strength. Australian batsman Clem Hill commented: "There are grand cricketers in this game, and then there is Jack Crawford." The final game in the series turned out to be Crawford's last Test. In 12 Test matches, he had scored 469 runs at an average of 22.33 and took 39 wickets at 29.48.

As the tour neared its completion, the Australian press reported that Crawford planned to remain in Australia, that he had attracted the attention of several "society" women, and that he had become engaged. Even so, he returned to England when the tour ended. In May 1909, he published a book about the tour, JN Crawford's Trip to "Kangaroo" land.

Background
During the 1908 season, Crawford narrowly failed to complete his third double. He scored 1,371 runs at an average of 37.05 and took 98 wickets at 21.48. His season began with a probable dispute over the Surrey captaincy. H. D. G. Leveson Gower had been appointed captain for 1908 but the combination of an injury and his marriage left him unavailable for four matches near the beginning of the season. Crawford also missed the beginning of the season; a newspaper article by Albert Trott, a former Australian Test all-rounder then playing for Middlesex, suggested that Crawford withdrew from the team because he was not appointed captain in Leveson Gower's absence. Instead Harry Bush, who had not played first-class cricket for five years, led the team. Trott was sympathetic to Crawford, stating that the Surrey committee went out of their way "to inflict a most undeserved slight" on Crawford.

In the remainder of the season, Crawford scored 232 against Somerset, his highest first-class score, as well as centuries against Derbyshire and Hampshire. The increased strength and variety of Surrey's bowling attack restricted his opportunities; he was used less as a strike bowler and bowled fewer overs than in the previous season. Contemporary reports suggested that his performances tailed off as the season progressed, possibly through tiredness from having played too much cricket, and that he became a less accurate bowler through trying too hard to spin the ball. The Surrey captaincy remained unsettled; Crawford led the team on several occasions, including Surrey's final game of the season, when his brother Vivian captained Leicestershire, their opponents.

Crawford, who played as an amateur but was not independently wealthy, received an increased expenses allowance during 1908, but other financial dealings with the committee were less successful: they paid his laundry bills in 1905, but refused to do so afterwards; additionally, they refused his request in 1907 to have part of his expenses paid for matches that he missed, as happened with the wages of professionals. His financial problems were compounded by his inability to find a suitable job, and the Surrey committee threatened that he "ought not to be played on the same terms" unless he "[commenced] to earn his livelihood".

Crawford's performances in the 1909 season were less effective than in previous years. He began well, but was later hampered by an injury which prevented him from bowling. His batting average also fell. Surrey experienced disciplinary problems with several of their professional players during the season. The club president, Lord Alverstone, favoured amateurs, arguing that a losing amateur team was preferable to a professional side that won; several professionals were left out in favour of amateurs. Apart from adversely affecting some players' careers, this preference had destabilised the team over several seasons. Crawford disagreed with Alverstone, but nevertheless frequently assumed the leadership in the absence of the regular captain Leveson Gower for much of the season. He captained Surrey to a win over the touring Australian team early in 1909 after a strong performance by the professional bowler Tom Rushby. However, his captaincy was strongly criticised in the press, particularly over his management of the bowling. Around this time, Crawford's form declined. With the bat, he was often dismissed attempting aggressive shots, and he lost his effectiveness as a bowler. As a result, he was not chosen for the Gentlemen and missed selection in the Ashes series. The press continued to criticise his captaincy, despite Surrey's good results under his leadership. Burns notes: "For a young man with no experience of prolonged failure on the cricket field, this was almost certainly a traumatic time."

Surrey had other problems at this time. When the team arrived in Chesterfield to play Derbyshire, eight of the professionals were arrested following an incident in the street; the matter was cleared up and the press suggested that the police had been over-eager. The county subsequently defeated Derbyshire by an innings in early July; Rushby and his fellow professionals Walter Lees and W. C. Smith were very successful with the ball. Shortly after this, Rushby and Lees were involved in an incident of some kind—the exact details are unknown. Leveson Gower suspended them, making them unavailable for Surrey's second match against the Australians. Crawford was asked to lead the team for that game, but with Rushby and Lees omitted, another bowler missing and himself unable to bowl owing to a shoulder injury, he considered the attack too weak. Consequently, he refused the captaincy, and apologised to the Australians for the selection of what he thought a substandard side. In Crawford's absence, Surrey were led by the professional Tom Hayward; the match, affected by rain, was drawn.

Correspondence and split
The cricket press noticed the absence of Crawford and the professionals from Surrey's team over the following games, and noted that Crawford was now playing club cricket. Meanwhile, Alverstone wrote to Crawford that the Surrey committee fully supported Leveson Gower's decision to omit Rushby and Lees, and told him that Surrey would not select him again unless he apologised to Leveson Gower. Crawford refused, writing to Alverstone: "I do not know who was responsible for the selection of the second eleven sort of team furnished up for such an important match ... There seems to be some impression amongst a few of the Surrey committee that I am some young professional instead of being a young fellow who has had an experience of cricket that has seldom fallen to the lot of anyone, and my request for an alteration of the team should have had some weight". In his History of Cricket, Benny Green describes the letter as evidence of a "literate and quietly self-confident young man who will not easily be manipulated."

Alverstone replied that he "regretted" Crawford's views; the committee respected Crawford as a "brilliant amateur with great experience", but Crawford had not supported his captain—a prime duty for an amateur. Crawford replied that he had been unaware of the reason for the suspensions of Rushby and Lees—which Alverstone and the committee disputed—and would have supported Leveson Gower, but suggested it was unfair to ask him to captain a weak bowling team and then demand he apologise for preferring not to. He also observed that the players omitted from the team against the Australians had since been restored to the county side, making their exclusion harder to understand in the first place.

At this point Leveson Gower withdrew his invitation for Crawford to appear at the Scarborough Festival; Leveson Gower also prevented Crawford's selection for the MCC winter tour of South Africa. Crawford's father wrote to the Surrey committee in support of his son. By the beginning of August 1909, two weeks after the match against the Australians, the Surrey committee severed their connection with Crawford; Leveson Gower felt that he had shown the "deepest ingratitude". Wisden reported: "The committee were much incensed and passed a resolution that Crawford be not again asked to play for the county." Informed of his expulsion by letter, Crawford replied to the committee a final time: "I fail to see why I should practically be branded as a criminal because, as acting captain, I declined the responsibility of skippering a team which did not include three essential players, an independence which I trust will remain in spite of the awful example made of me to every amateur in the United Kingdom."

The Surrey committee initially attempted to keep the dispute private, but Crawford sent copies of the letters to the newspapers, explaining in a letter that he wished to end speculation about his absence from the Surrey team. Burns notes that this "[generated] a strong response from the public, mainly unsympathetic to the young amateur" in the letters pages of many newspapers. Many commentators felt that the argument could have been resolved easily had either side made concessions. Green comments that the committee probably either expected Crawford to back down, or were happy to sacrifice him to establish their authority. Another of the players involved, Rushby, left Surrey at the end of the season to play league cricket, but later returned to the team. Crawford's father made a further attempt to end the dispute between Surrey and his son in 1910, asking the committee to reverse their decision. Wisden reported that Alverstone declined on the grounds that it would suggest a lack of confidence in the committee, but that if Crawford "came forward in a sportsmanlike way [Alverstone] would be proud to give his personal support to the step proposed. This of course meant that an apology was expected."

In his History of Cricket, Green contended that the "Surrey committee must be held accountable for a degree of idiocy rarely met with even in the realms of cricket administration" for the way they dealt with Crawford, "one of the world's most prodigious all-rounders." Hart observes that Crawford was challenging figures high up in the cricket establishment on the Surrey committee; he also suggests that Crawford's actions in his later career, and the complaints made against him by other cricket authorities, reveal a stubbornness in his character and suggest he was not merely a victim of the Surrey committee. The Times speculated that factors other than the dispute may have contributed to Surrey's decision. Burns believes that Crawford was feeling pressure from several directions: his inability to secure a job, possible frustration at the controlling influence of his father, a desire to be independent, his poor run of form and criticism of his captaincy. Even though, according to Burns, it was an "unwinnable battle", he suggests simply: "Young Jack was in the mood for a fight."

At the end of the season, Crawford played his last matches in England for 10 years, appearing for an "England XI" against the Australians and for the Gentlemen of the South. He had previously discussed emigrating to Australia with the Australian Test player Victor Trumper, who had asked Clem Hill to investigate a potential teaching post at St Peter's College, Adelaide. Originally, assuming that he would be part of the MCC tour to South Africa, he planned to take up his position in March 1910. When the dispute arose, Crawford sent a telegram to inform the college he would take up the post of "Resident Master" early in 1910, for a salary of £160 per year. Burns suggests that this knowledge that he had the offer of work may have prompted him to take a stand against the Surrey committee. In October 1909 he was offered the position of "Ordinary Master" at the college, and £50 towards his travel expenses if he departed immediately. He left England by boat two days later, seen off by his family. No cricket figures saw his departure, but there was considerable interest from the press.

Cricket in South Australia
At St Peter's School, Crawford combined his teaching role with supervision of sports, including acting as coach for the cricket team. On several occasions, he had to request leave from the headmaster to play first-class cricket. After arriving in Australia in December 1909, he was playing district cricket for East Torrens within a week, and played in South Australia's last three matches in the Sheffield Shield competition; the team went on to win the trophy for the first time since 1893–94. Crawford played a large part in this success. There was some controversy over his eligibility to play; New South Wales initially protested, but there was a precedent for ignoring the requirement of a three-month qualification period, and the New South Wales Cricket Association (NSWCA) Executive Committee accepted this in the case of Crawford, to the displeasure of the full NSWCA. Over four seasons, Crawford played 22 matches for South Australia, scoring 1,512 runs at an average of 40.86 and taking 120 wickets at 23.86. Green suggests that such a performance would have earned him Test selection if he had been Australian, and Wisden noted that his record in Australia was impressive.

In the 1910–11 Australian season, Crawford scored a half-century in every first-class game he played but was less successful with the ball. His success against the touring South Africans, perhaps helped by his experience facing their googly bowlers on previous occasions, brought him close to selection for the Australian Test team that year. The Australian Board of Control eventually decided that, as he had already appeared for England, they could not choose him; instead they picked Charlie Kelleway as the all-rounder. Crawford resigned from his position as St Peter's in March 1911, suggesting to the press that he might move into farming. He may have considered leaving South Australia, but the Cricket Association appointed him as a clerk at the Adelaide Oval, a position which earned £200 per annum, with additional responsibility for coaching and youth scouting. Meanwhile, in England, after unsuccessful attempts by his father to change the mind of the Surrey committee, including a failed bid to secure his own election to the committee, Crawford sent a written apology to Surrey at some time in 1910. Consequently, the committee passed a motion in March 1911 which ended the ban on Crawford playing for the county.

Press rumours over the following 12 months cast doubt on Crawford's future, suggestions including a return to England for the 1912 season. Instead, he remained with South Australia in the 1911–12 season. Although less successful generally, he played for a non-representative Australian XI against the MCC touring team which contested the Ashes that season and scored 110 in as many minutes against bowlers including Sydney Barnes, at the time regarded as the greatest bowler in the world. The following season, in which South Australia again won the Shield, Crawford took seven for 31 against Western Australia, including a hat-trick, and scored 163 in 177 minutes against Victoria before taking eight for 66 in their first innings.

In 1913, Crawford was included in an Australian team which toured North America. The team was organised by Edgar Mayne, a South Australian batsman who tried to secure backing from the Australian Board of Control to make it an official representative team, but the Board refused to do so. In all matches, Crawford scored over 1,000 runs and took over 200 wickets, and he was particularly effective as a bowler in the matches designated first-class. He later stated that this was the best tour he had been on; more press rumours suggested that he would return to England at the conclusion of the tour, but he returned to Australia with the rest of the team.

Further controversy
In December 1913, Crawford wrote to the South Australian Cricket Association (SACA) asking for a six-month leave of absence and a guaranteed renewal of his contract. The SACA described his letter as "arrogant" before eventually granting his request and offering him a three-year contract worth around £300 per year, including coaching fees. In effect, he wanted to double his salary or leave to seek a position in New Zealand. Describing these events, Hart comments: "Crawford's financial dealings with the SACA reveal him both as mercenary and as an awkward 'cuss'. The latter aspect of his personality needs to be taken into account lest he be considered merely an establishment victim in his parting with Surrey". On the field, Crawford was successful in 1913–14. He took 34 wickets, and against New South Wales he hit 91 in 89 minutes before taking 10 wickets; against Victoria he took eleven wickets. This latter match was his last for South Australia. Later in 1914, Crawford toured New Zealand with an Australian team—assembled without the approval of the Australian Board of Control —which contained many leading players, under the captaincy of the former Canterbury batsman Arthur Sims. In first-class games on this tour Crawford took 21 wickets and scored a century, but his most notable innings came in a minor match. Against the "XV of South Canterbury", he scored 354 in five-and-a-quarter hours, striking 14 sixes and 45 fours. He and Victor Trumper shared a partnership of 298 in 69 minutes, and Monty Noble helped him to score 50 runs in 9 minutes as the Australian team scored 922 for nine.

In March 1914, the Otago Cricket Association (OCA) offered Crawford a three-year contract worth £350 per year, and a share in the management of a sports store, to play for them. Briefly returning to Adelaide after the tour, he resigned from his South Australia contract before moving to Dunedin in June 1914. The South Australian Cricket Association were widely criticised for failing to retain Crawford; in their defence, the committee publicly stated that Crawford had been offered an increased deal and had promised to turn down any offers made to him in New Zealand, but went back on his word. Later historians—Nigel Hart in his biography of Crawford, and Chris Harte in his A History of Australian Cricket (1993)—condemned Crawford as arrogant and mercenary for his behaviour towards South Australia. Harte also suggests that Crawford left Australia with many debts. Burns, however, suggests that Crawford may have wanted to maximise his earnings to support his upcoming marriage, and notes that his South Australian teammates held no grudges and even organised a farewell presentation. Once in his new position, Crawford immediately organised a Colts team which produced several future Otago players. While qualifying to play for Otago, he played club cricket in Dunedin, scoring 559 runs and taking 88 wickets. During the 1914–15 season he appeared in four first-class games for Otago, in which he scored 337 runs and took 30 wickets. He briefly returned to Australia in 1915 to marry Anita Schmidt in Melbourne in April. Schmidt—from Adelaide and described in the society press as a "beauty"—and Crawford met in 1912 when the former was 18 years old and became well known as a couple at fashionable events in Adelaide. Burns suggests that the wedding took place in Melbourne rather than Adelaide because Crawford may have been avoiding his creditors. Two days after the wedding, the couple returned to New Zealand.

Crawford's wages caused the OCA some financial difficulty and were the cause of extended negotiations in 1915. Part of the settlement involved Crawford receiving a lower salary in return for freedom to offer his services to other clubs on a freelance basis. As a consequence, he represented different teams throughout the season in local cricket. He was also paid to coach at Otago Boys' High School. There were other difficulties; the association complained about the lateness of Crawford's report on the Otago team, and were unhappy that he also coached golf. Crawford in turn told the association that several Otago players were late for practice. After further complaints about Crawford's coaching in 1916, the OCA decided to terminate his contract. Crawford initially offered to continue for less money—£245. The OCA bargained, suggesting a payment of £200, whereupon Crawford insisted that he should be paid £300. The OCA then proposed to terminate his contract immediately for a payment of £150 but he refused. He was eventually paid £200 in June to leave Otago. That November, with the First World War into its third year, New Zealand brought in conscription. Crawford was called up in July 1917, and was posted to a training camp near Wellington in late 1917. During this time, he played twice for Wellington's cricket team in first-class matches during early 1918. When given weekend passes, he visited his wife who was left alone in Dunedin. He travelled to England prior to a posting to the Western Front, although he arrived too late to join the fighting. He was part of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade but it is unclear what his rank was. The Repton School War Register states that he was a rifleman but New Zealand press accounts named him as a quartermaster sergeant. According to a 1992 article in Wisden Cricket Monthly by Jim Sullivan, Crawford was demoted while he was in the army. The reasons are unknown, but Burns speculates that his "independent and obstinate nature" made it difficult for him to accept military discipline. While Crawford was in the army, his wife moved to Adelaide. According to Anita, the marriage became unhappy in 1916 and Crawford left her in November of that year. She claimed that he had not supported her financially from that point. When the war ended, she returned to live in Australia with her parents. Her subsequent career as a dress designer and fashion buyer necessitated a move to London, where Crawford was living, in 1921 but the couple never reconciled. They were divorced, with some publicity in Australia, in 1923; in court, she gave evidence that he had an affair with a "third party". She went on to remarry and to have a successful career as a designer and orchestral conductor.

Return to England
After the First World War, Crawford returned to live in England, and was demobilised from the New Zealand Army in April 1919. Looking for work, he wrote to Surrey offering to play for them if they found him some employment in turn, but the committee, while writing that they would be pleased if he played for the county again, could not "see [their] way to find him employment". Crawford may have been contemplating playing professional cricket—unheard of for a former Public School cricketer—but instead found work at Repton, his old school. It is unclear what his position at Repton was at this time; he seems to have had no official cricketing role and it is possible he worked as a teacher simply to maintain his amateur status. In any case, Crawford remained at Repton only until the end of the academic year; his short stay may have been the result of poor results by the cricket team. However, Burns suggests: "Another indication that the school was not entirely happy to be associated with the Surrey rebel, whose baggage also included an indifferent war record, was that when the Old Boys cricket team, the Repton Pilgrims, was formed in 1921, Crawford was alone among the school's former distinguished players not to be made a member. He was not invited to join the club until 1952."

Having settled his disagreement with Surrey, Crawford resumed his English first-class cricket career in 1919. After appearing for the Gentlemen against the Players, Crawford returned to play for Surrey against the Australian Imperial Forces. He scored 144 not out, which was later described by Wisden as the innings of his life. Surrey were 26 for five in reply to the tourists' innings of 436 when Crawford came in to bat. Neville Cardus reported: "[Crawford] fell upon the advancing Australian attack, and by driving seldom equalled, threw it back." He more than doubled his score after the ninth wicket had fallen, hitting 73 out of the last 80 runs scored in 35 minutes to take Surrey past the target required to avoid the follow-on. Among his other successes, he scored 92 against Yorkshire. Playing against Kent, he hit 48 not out as Jack Hobbs and he scored 96 in 32 minutes; this partnership took Surrey to victory as they chased an apparently impossible chase in the short time remaining in the match.

In total, Crawford played in eight games in 1919, scoring 488 runs and taking 20 wickets. Wisden commented that his batting was as good as it had ever been, but his bowling lacked spin and accuracy. He played only four more times in first-class cricket. Part of the explanation was that he joined Dunlop Rubber as a manager at one of its mills in Rochdale. He played as an amateur for Rochdale Cricket Club in 1920, but by 1921 he had left the club—the Manchester Guardian speculated that he had returned to Surrey. He returned to live with his family in Merton Park, and played for the local cricket club. Of his first-class matches, one was for Surrey against the Australian touring team of 1921 and the others were for teams representing the Gentlemen. In his entire first-class career, Crawford scored 9,488 runs at an average of 32.60 and took 815 wickets at 20.66.

From the mid-1920s until his retirement in 1952, Crawford worked for the importers Elders and Fyffes. He played cricket and hockey for the firm until the Second World War, but kept a far lower profile than in his earlier cricketing life. He married his second wife, Hilda May Beman, in December 1925, but he never had children. He maintained a loose connection with cricket; he appeared at a birthday dinner for Pelham Warner, at a centenary celebration for the Free Foresters Cricket Club and in a radio broadcast for Jack Hobbs's 80th birthday. Crawford had a stroke in early 1962 and remained ill for the rest of the year; he died, aged 76, in a Surrey hospital on 2 May 1963.

Style and technique
Crawford's obituary in The Times described him as one of the best young players to play cricket in England and said: "Although he invariably played in glasses, he was a most attractive player to watch, an aggressive hitter of the ball and a dangerous medium-paced bowler". Wisden described him as a "hard-hitting batsman", and said he played mainly from the front foot. He had an orthodox batting technique, moved his feet well to get to the ball, and played very straight. Herbie Collins, who played with Crawford in Australia, described one of his innings as "a hurricane innings, full of classical shots charged with dynamite."

As a bowler, Crawford's technique was also orthodox, although he was unusual in using his second and third fingers to spin the ball—most bowlers used their first and second. His bowling pace varied from fast to medium,  and he spun the ball so much that his fingers snapped audibly as he released it. An accurate bowler, it was difficult for batsmen to score runs against him. Crawford could swing the ball away from the bat, but his most effective delivery was his off break: Clem Hill stated that Crawford could make the ball turn several inches, despite the hard pitches prevalent in Australia when he played there. John Arlott described him as "the schoolboy genius who turned on Australian pitches where no one else deviated from straight". In 1937, Herbie Collins wrote, at a time when Wally Hammond was considered to be the world's leading all-rounder, that "people who have seen both men consider [Crawford] a better all-rounder".

Commenting on the interruption of Crawford's career by his dispute with Surrey, Neville Cardus wrote: "His break with Surrey must be regarded as a sad deprivation of fame and pleasure to himself, and a grievous loss to the annals of English cricket. It is as certain as anything in a man's life can be confidently postulated, that had he continued to play in English county cricket ... he would have taken his place amongst the select company of England's captains." The Times commented: "It was one of the great disappointments of English cricket in the first quarter of this century that his outstanding promise was never fully realized." Hart observes that Crawford's on-field successes were many up to 1909 but after that, his career effectively stalled during his absence from English cricket. Hart notes Crawford's "capacity to get on the scoreboard and up establishment noses. He could turn games around and agreements over, antagonise the powerful, endear himself to the young and those young enough at heart to care to characterise great personal performances as 'heroic'". He concludes that Crawford spent the last 40 years of his life "in comparative sporting obscurity". No-one on the Surrey committee ever expressed regret at what had happened, and Leveson Gower did not mention the affair in his autobiography.

title: Jack Crawford (cricketer)


text:
Sierra Nevada Logging Museum

The Sierra Nevada Logging Museum is a museum dedicated to preserving the history of logging in the Sierra Nevada region. The museum is located on California State Route 4 in the Stanislaus National Forest, near Arnold, in Calaveras County, California, United States.

Introduction
The Sierra Nevada Logging Museum tells the history of loggers and logging-related industries in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California – from the discovery of gold in 1848 and California Gold Rush to the present day. The geographic scope of the Museum encompasses the 18 counties of the Sierra Nevada range, from Lassen County in the North to Kern County in the South.

Facilities
The Sierra Nevada Logging Museum is located in the community of White Pines on a 7 acre site, originally occupied by the historic logging and mill workers' camp of the Blagen Lumber Company, which operated from 1938 to 1962. The museum is in a 2400 sqft building, on a forested slope above White Pines Lake (elevation 4,000 feet). It has an indoor exhibit space, as well as outdoor exhibits of large logging equipment and artifacts.

Indoor museum
Museum exhibits highlight economic, technological, social, and cultural contributions made throughout the region by loggers and the logging industry. Interior displays include working models of sawmills and logging camps, historic logging photos, dioramas illustrating the evolution of logging from the 1850s to the present day, and a large collection of logging tools such as handsaws, drag saws and chainsaws, peaveys and canthooks, broadaxes and felling axes. Also, a full-size scene of a 1930s-era logging camp family cabin, and touch-screen displays of logging sights and sounds are highlights of the museum.

Open-air museum
Interpretive trails guide visitors to historic artifacts: a Willamette Steam donkey that first operated in Tuolumne County, a "two-man" sawmill, a 1920 Shay logging locomotive (under restoration), several enormous logging arches, three caterpillar tractors from the 1930s, a drying-yard lumber carrier, a historic Adams horse-drawn grader used for road clearing in the woods, and many others.

Surrounding amenities
The 7 acre location is for recreational as well as educational use. An amphitheater, picnic tables, and barbecue pits in the forest and along the lakefront. From the museum, easy walking trails lead to swimming, boating and fishing at White Pines Park, and to a hiking trail all the way around White Pines Lake, passing the site of the old Blagen Sawmill and its log pond.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sierra Nevada Logging Museum


text:
Talk:Great Yorkshire Show

Showground area
The GYS website has conflicting information; the 'About the Show" page states 450 acres while the "Facts and Figures" page quotes 250. I've mailed the GYS via the website asking for clarification; meanwhile I've removed the area from the article altogether. Tonywalton | Talk
 * Confirmation now received from the Yorkshire Agricultural Society that the correct figure is 250 acres. They have amended their "About the Show" page accordingly and I'm putting that figure back in the article. Tonywalton [[Image:Pentacle_1.svg|15px]] | Talk 15:14, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

150th anniversary
If the first show was in 1838, 2008 was the 170th anniversary. Or do they mean the 150th time the show was put on, allowing for war years etc? Derek Andrews (talk) 16:31, 10 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The latter. I've clarified the statement. Tonywalton Talk 18:30, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

2012 event

 * A BBC TV news item on 10 July 2012 about the cancellation showed a bulldozer (likely there as an exhibit) towing a big lorry out of muddy ground, after the rain turned the ground into a hippopotamus wallow. (I saw similar ground conditions at the Royal Lancashire Agricultural Show at Blackburn one year.) Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:23, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:41, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Great Yorkshire Show


text:
Burn-Up Scramble

Burn-Up Scramble is a 2004 12-episode anime television series directed by Hiroki Hayashi. Though the basic premise is in keeping with its predecessors Burn Up! and Burn-Up Excess it is an entirely new series with some new and some old characters, and a very different art style.

Like Burn-Up W and Burn-Up Excess, the series centers on a busty police officer and martial artist name Rio Kinezono, leader of the super-secret squad known as Warriors. She just wants to find love in her life... so much so that she often changes around her living arrangements just to attract the right man. So far, the only man she was able to attract is her perverted superior, Yuji Naruo... and he's being protected by Matsuri Tamagawa, his overly-zealous girlfriend. Her Warriors teammates are Maya Jingu, a quiet girl but an extreme gun-nut, and Lilica Evett, a shy and insecure telepath.

In this series, Rio Kinezono is more interested in pursuing romance than fashion as in the earlier series. Her martial arts abilities are enhanced and she is even able to dodge bullets fired at her. The Maya Jingu character design is changed quite a bit, she has longer hair, shorter and less well endowed. Lilica Evette is a shy, insecure, and slightly clumsy psychic rather than the cheerfully energetic computer and tech expert. Yuji Naruo is now Head Chief rather than a fellow officer and driver, and continually makes inappropriate romantic overtures to Rio Kinezono instead of just being obsessed with seeing the girls in their underwear. The unnamed Commander is not involved in Warrior activities and has a more minor role than Maki the commander in the earlier series.

Plot
Set in AD. 2023, Tokyo the government is concerned about the increase in major criminal organizations, terrorists and other threats to the security of society. This leads to the formation of special extralegal police team from within the Metro Police Section 8 Branch called Warrior. Under their Commander, the team combines the talents of martial arts expert Rio Kinezono and skilled marksman and gun expert Maya Jingu. They are joined later by the shy Lilica Evette who uses her psychic powers to assist them in their crime-solving adventures. Later, the Police Council create obedient New Warriors to replace the original Warriors. These New Warriors are genetically modified humans with superhuman strength gained via drugs and based on data obtained from monitoring Rio and Maya's missions.

Characters
Although many of the characters in Burn Up Scramble share the same names as characters from Burn Up W and Burn Up Excess, they have undergone various changes in terms of art design, personality, and plot.

 * Rio Kinezono
 * Rio is the volatile leader of the Warriors, blond and large breasted. Rio is just as good at physical combat as her previous incarnation and is now able to dodge bullets. She is the character that most resembles her counterpart from W and Excess. She bears very similar character designs and personality traits, however now she is more driven to seek a happy love life than her previous obsessions with fashion and spending in the earlier series.
 * Rio is the volatile leader of the Warriors, blond and large breasted. Rio is just as good at physical combat as her previous incarnation and is now able to dodge bullets. She is the character that most resembles her counterpart from W and Excess. She bears very similar character designs and personality traits, however now she is more driven to seek a happy love life than her previous obsessions with fashion and spending in the earlier series.

 * Maya Jingu
 * Maya is an expert marksmen but is more softly spoken and level-headed than in the earlier series. Visually, her character design has changed quite a bit; she now has long dark hair woven in a plait and is less well endowed.
 * Maya is an expert marksmen but is more softly spoken and level-headed than in the earlier series. Visually, her character design has changed quite a bit; she now has long dark hair woven in a plait and is less well endowed.

 * Lilica Evette
 * Lilica is a shy, insecure, and slightly clumsy psychic, but when she gets drunk, she becomes more uninhibited and somewhat daffy. She looks up to Rio, addressing her with the honorific 'senpai'. Because of the possible danger her powers present, Lilica is outfitted with magnetic wrist and ankle restraints. Her character is the most changed from her previous version. The new Lilica is around the same height as Rio, has a figure to match, short orange hair and a tanned complexion while the previous Lilica was shorter, flat-chested and sported pink hair.
 * Lilica is a shy, insecure, and slightly clumsy psychic, but when she gets drunk, she becomes more uninhibited and somewhat daffy. She looks up to Rio, addressing her with the honorific 'senpai'. Because of the possible danger her powers present, Lilica is outfitted with magnetic wrist and ankle restraints. Her character is the most changed from her previous version. The new Lilica is around the same height as Rio, has a figure to match, short orange hair and a tanned complexion while the previous Lilica was shorter, flat-chested and sported pink hair.

 * Warriors Commander
 * The unnamed Commander is the creator and commander of the Warriors. She answers to the Central Police Council, and gathers Rio, Maya and Lilica to form the Warriors and hands out their assignments.
 * The unnamed Commander is the creator and commander of the Warriors. She answers to the Central Police Council, and gathers Rio, Maya and Lilica to form the Warriors and hands out their assignments.

 * Yuji Naruo
 * Yuji holds the rank of Head Chief in the Metro Police Section 8 Branch. He is portrayed as a smart, well educated officer from a wealthy family and obsessively pursues Rio romantically, even at work. In the previous series he was a low-level perverted policemen. He still serves as comic relief in the series.
 * Yuji holds the rank of Head Chief in the Metro Police Section 8 Branch. He is portrayed as a smart, well educated officer from a wealthy family and obsessively pursues Rio romantically, even at work. In the previous series he was a low-level perverted policemen. He still serves as comic relief in the series.

 * Matsuri Tamagawa
 * Matsuri is Yuji's current girlfriend, and a police officer as well. While she is oblivious to Yuji's attentions to Rio, she perceives Rio as a threat to her marrying Yuji in the future. She is constantly threatening Rio to staying away from him, oblivious to the fact that Rio is not interested in Yuji.
 * Matsuri is Yuji's current girlfriend, and a police officer as well. While she is oblivious to Yuji's attentions to Rio, she perceives Rio as a threat to her marrying Yuji in the future. She is constantly threatening Rio to staying away from him, oblivious to the fact that Rio is not interested in Yuji.

 * New Warriors
 * The New Warriors are genetically modified women with superhuman strength gained via drugs and their skills are based on data obtained by monitoring Rio and Maya's earlier missions. They were created in a collaboration between the Central Police Council and criminals, using illegal human experiments and funding.

Reception
Burn Up Scramble was quite a departure in visual style, character design and plot from the Burn Up W and Burn Up Excess anime. The computer-aided production came in for some criticism in the Anime News Network DVD review which suggested that it gave "the staff new ways of coming up with lazy shortcuts. ...the key frames and poses look loaded with energy but they're strung together by awkward motions that don't look like fighting at all."

title: Burn-Up Scramble


text:
Sinclair Community College

Sinclair Community College is a public community college in Dayton, Ohio.

History
Sinclair Community College is named for David A. Sinclair, a Scottish immigrant and secretary of the Dayton YMCA (1874–1902), who founded the adult training school that eventually became Sinclair College in 1948.

Sinclair Community College was featured in a 2009 issue of The New York Times. The article explained how community colleges in the United States, like Sinclair, help to create jobs in an unstable economy. The article also stated that Sinclair is widely known as one of the best community colleges in the region. That year its enrollment was 25,345 students, and the main campus was one of the largest community college campuses in North America.

According to the Dayton Daily News, in 2013 Sinclair purchased a 3.4 acre addition to the Courseview Campus Center in Mason with the intent of eventually serving 10,000 students there. Also that year, the college opened a second Mason facility, "Building B." In August 2016, Sinclair Community College and the University of Cincinnati signed a partnership allowing Sinclair students attending the Mason campus to pursue a bachelor's degree in Information Technology at UC.

In March 2013 the college settled a First Amendment lawsuit by revising a speech code that prohibited students and visitors from holding signs on campus. Four years later, in March 2017, the college ordered student Advisors A.J. Owens and Dr. Matt Massie to apologize to Forest Wilson, a student and candidate for Student Senate President concerning Wilson's campaign to get food stamps accepted on campus.

Campus locations
Sinclair has 5 regional campus locations throughout Southwest Ohio: the main Dayton Campus, and locations in Centerville, Englewood, Huber Heights, and Mason.

Notable alumni and faculty

 * Trudy Krisher, faculty from 2001 until her retirement
 * Buster Douglas, a former professional boxer who played basketball for Sinclair from 1979 to 1980.

title: Sinclair Community College


text:
Purple Pills

"Purple Pills", also known as "Purple Hills" in the radio edit, is a song by American hip hop group D12, taken as the second cut from their debut studio album, Devil's Night. It achieved notable success, reaching number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100, number two in United Kingdom, Ireland, and Norway, and the top 10 in Australia, Finland, Flanders, the Netherlands, and Sweden.

Background
The track features verses rapped by Eminem, Bizarre, Proof, Swifty and a joint verse between Kuniva and Kon Artis. The album version of the song contains many references to drug use, with "purple pills", "golden seals", and "Mushroom Mountain" being examples of recreational drug use. When it was announced that the group intended to release the track as a single, due to the drug and sex references, it was deemed inappropriate for play on many radio stations, and as such, a censored version of the song, "Purple Hills", was made.

"Purple Hills" removes most of the drug and sex references and replaces them with comical lyrics. Such changes include the line "I've been to mushroom mountain" altered to say "I've climbed the highest mountain"; and the line "I take a couple uppers, I down a couple downers" changed to "I've been so many places, I've seen so many faces." Most of Bizarre's verse is entirely changed, due to the strong amount of sexual and drug content in it. Music videos were made for both "Purple Pills" and "Purple Hills" respectively. The accompanying music videos were directed by Joseph Kahn.

Release
In the United States and United Kingdom, radio play was limited to "Purple Hills", as "Purple Pills" was deemed not suitable for radio. However, a number of underground radio stations in the United States played "Purple Pills". Music channels were also restricted to playing the video for "Purple Hills". When physically released, two versions of the single were made available in the United Kingdom — one for "Purple Pills", with the "Purple Pills" audio track and music video, and one for "Purple Hills", with the "Purple Hills" audio track and music video. In Europe and Australia, one version of the single was available—this contained "Purple Pills" as an audio track but the music video for "Purple Hills". In America, one version of the single was available — this contained "Purple Hills" as an audio track with no enhanced section.

Track listings
Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies an additional producer.
 * $undefined$ signifies a co-producer.

title: Purple Pills


text:
User:Johann Wolfgang/Index-1

Pages I created:
Robert Adamson (photographer), Haemin, Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen, Requiem for a Heavyweight, Scale-focus, Under-Sheriff, Shigella dysenteriae, Brachycephalization, Meteoritics, Apostlebird, Arlberg Tunnel, Winnipeg Public Library, Origins of World War II Game , Starship Trooper Game, 1776 Game , No. 119 Squadron RAF, HMS Lord Nelson, HMS Ocean, HMS Royal Oak (1862), HMS Swiftsure (1870), Balsam Creek, Ontario, Rhenania RH-107, Rhenania RH-97, Rhenania RH-130, Rhenania RH-87, Rhenania RH-98, Argonaut AR-702A, Argonaut AR-706, Argonaut 781, Argonaut 600, Argonaut 601, Ephemeral, Bons, Holey Dollar, Lachine Canal Railway Tokens, Hudson's Bay Tokens, Strozzi Place, Simone del Pollaiolo, Godesberg Castle, Piazza della Signoria, Loggia della Signoria, Palazzo Vecchio, Church of Saint Apostoli, Flying dragon, Akiva Baer ben Joseph, Lord Alanbrooke, Albigenses, King-post, Hadal, Paraminosalicylic acid, Paraminobenzoic acid,

title: User:Johann Wolfgang/Index-1


text:
Namibia Breweries Limited

Namibia Breweries Limited (NBL) is a brewery founded in 1920 and based in Windhoek, Namibia. On April 26, 2023, Heineken announced that it had completed the purchase of NBL.

Upon completion of the acquisition, its operations were integrated into Heineken Beverages, a company created by the multinational from the merger of its South African unit, NBL and another African brewery acquired by the Dutch company, Distell.

History
The brewery was founded in 1920 when Carl List and Hermann Ohlthaver acquired four small breweries with financial difficulties. The breweries were merged under the name South West Breweries Limited (SWB).

In March 1990, SWB changed its name to Namibia Breweries Limited when Namibia gained independence. Ohlthaver & List Group of Companies are still the majority shareholder.

Since 2003, Namibia Breweries Limited has been working in partnership with Heineken South Africa. After 2010, NBL started to buy shares of Heineken SA, eventually reaching a 25% ownership of the Dutch subsidiary in South Africa.

In 2014, Namibian Breweries Limited became the first brewer in Africa to switch to solar energy, and on a large scale. It invested in a 1.MW Solar Power plant installed on existing roof structures and covering up to 34% of its energy use.

In November 2021, Heineken announced the purchase of two African breweries (NBL and Distell) for US$4.6 billion – with Namibia’s valued at €400 million. The acquisition was completed in 2023.

Description
NBL brew all of their beers according to the Reinheitsgebot (German purity law) from 1516. Other than the four top-selling beers NBL also produces some speciality beers like Urbock - a winter bock beer. Nambrew also distributes other beer brands like Erdinger Weissbeer, Guinness and Kilkenny in the region. The low alcohol (2%), low calorie product Windhoek Light was endorsed by the South African Heart Foundation.

Currently NBL exports 20.5% of its production to South Africa and 22 other countries world-wide.

Products
Own products: Brewed under licence:
 * Club Shandy
 * Tafel Lager
 * Tafel Lite
 * Tafel Radler
 * Camelthorn
 * King Lager
 * Hansa Draught
 * Windhoek Draught
 * Windhoek Lager
 * Windhoek Light
 * Windhoek Non-alcoholic
 * McKane: Soda Water, Tonic Water, Lemonade, Dry Lemon and Cranberry
 * Vigo (malt soft drink): Marula, Wild Orange and Kiwano
 * AquaSplash
 * Amstel Lager
 * Amstel Lite
 * Heineken
 * Horizon
 * Strongbow

Distribute:
 * Guinness
 * Erdinger
 * Erdinger Non-alcoholic
 * Foundry Cider
 * Archers Aqua (various flavours)

title: Namibia Breweries Limited


text:
Computer Peripherals

Computer Peripherals, Inc. (CPI) was an American manufacturer of computer printers, based in Rochester, Michigan.

CPI's precursor, Holley Computer Products, was formed as a joint venture between Control Data Corporation (CDC) and the Holley Carburetor Company in April 1962. Holley developed and produced a series of drum printers. In June 1964, CDC bought out Holley and partnered with NCR and ICL to form CPI in Rochester.

In the early 1970s CPI also had a branch in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. This division made punched card readers and 9-track magnetic tape drives for both parent companies (CDC and NCR).

In 1978 CDC bought controlling interest of CPI. CPI produced several train printers under the CDC and Fastrain brands, including the CDC Model 512 (1967), the Fastrain A 1200 LPM (1969) and the Fastrain 9372-III 2000 LPM (1976).

In 1977, CPI began manufacturing printers at a factory in Stevenage, Herts, UK that was originally used for the manufacture of ICL1900 computers. By 1979, the factory also made 9-track tape drives which were used in ICL and CDC computers, and were sold with industry-standard interfaces for use with other manufacturer's computers.

In 1982, CDC acquired a controlling interest in Centronics in exchange for CPI and $25 million in cash. CPI was merged into Centronics and eventually the Rochester facility was closed.

title: Computer Peripherals


text:
Agam Kuan

Agam Kuan (अगम कुआं, "unfathomable well") is an ancient well and archaeological site in Patna, India. It is said to date back to the period of Mauryan emperor, Ashoka (304–232 BCE). It is circular in shape, lined with brick in the upper 13 m and wooden rings in the remaining 19 m.

The Agam Kuan is set within an archaeological site identified by the Archaeological Survey of India which also contains the adjacent Shitala Devi temple where the Shakti deity Shitala Devi is venerated. Inside this temple, the pindas of the Saptamatrikas (the seven mother goddesses) are worshipped. The temple is widely revered for its belief in curing smallpox and chicken pox.

Location
Agam Kuan is situated close to the Gulzarbagh railway station, on the way to Panch Pahadi, on the outskirts of Patna, Bihar state. It is east of Patna and south-west of Gulzarbagh Station. India

According to the legend
During the 1890s, the British explorer, Laurence Waddell, while exploring the ruins of Pataliputra, identified Agam Kuan as the legendary well built by Ashoka for the purpose of torture before he embraced Buddhism, as part of Ashoka's Hell chambers. The torture practice was also reported by Chinese travellers (most probably Fa Hien) of the 5th and 7th centuries A.D. The well is stated to have been used to torture convicts by throwing them into the fire that used to emanate from the well. Ashoka's Edict no. VIII makes mention of this well, which was also known as "fiery well" or "hell on earth". Another popular legend states that this was the well where Ashoka threw 99 of his elder half-brother's heads and put the heads in the well to obtain the throne of the Mauryan Empire. However, in archaeological surveys, no evidence of head bones or a skeleton has been discovered from the well, which contradicts the Buddhist Sinhalese legend.

According to a myth, the well has a subterranean link with the Patala (netherworld) or hell; this was inferred on the basis that a saint found a heavy log in the well which was supposed to have been lost in the sea. Another geo-hydrological link suggested that Agam Kuan is connected to the Ganges river. The site is also connected with several Jain legends, the most notable of them being that of a Jain monk, Sudarshana, who, when thrown into the well by a king named Chand, floated to the surface and was found seated on a lotus.

Visitors throw coins into Agam Kuan, as it is still considered auspicious. It is used for many religious ceremonies, especially Hindu weddings. Although it is venerated, the well waters are not consumed. Offerings of flowers and coins are thrown into the well usually during summer months as the well's history is linked to "heat and hell". Dating to Mohammedan rule, the Mughal officials offered coins of gold and silver to Agam Kuan.

Features
The structure is 105 ft deep, circular in plan, with a diameter extending over 4.5 m. It is brick-encased in the upper half to a depth of 44 ft while the lower 61 ft are secured by a series of wooden rings. Covered with moss, the surface structure, which now covers the well and forms its most distinctive feature, has eight arched windows. The well was refurbished during the reign of Emperor Akbar and a roofed structure was built around the well. This circular structure has been fitted with eight windows which are well placed.

Grounds
In addition to the Agam Kuan, the archaeological site features a temple, as well as several ancient and medieval sculptures. The Shitala Devi temple is adjacent to the well, and is dedicated to Shitala Devi, which houses the pindas of the Saptamatrikas (the seven mother goddesses). The temple is widely venerated for its belief in curing smallpox and chicken pox, and it is also visited by devotees for wish fulfillment. The temple's female priest is an uncommon practice.

A statue of Yaksha of the Mauryan art period stands guard outside the temple. It was described earlier by Alexander Cunningham when he visited the site in 1879–80. This artifact is not traceable in the present day.

title: Agam Kuan


text:
Talk:Hammer Films

I think you've done this wrong way round. It's not that I don't think "Hammer films" is a less appropriate title, but the vast majority of the editing was done on Hammer Horror - and after this change the edit history is now hidden away on a redir page. Merge the smaller hammer films article into the larger hammer horror and redirect it. We can always get an admin to sort out the naming if really necessary. - Motor (talk) 13:20:54, 2005-08-19 (UTC)

 * Good point - I didn't really think of the edit history when I made the move. How do we approach an admin to do this? (I'm not an experience Wikipedian...)Rayray 13:25, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Start by undoing your recent edits... then merge the information from Hammer Films into the Hammer Horror article. Once you've done that and everyone is satisfied that we've covered everything and haven't lost any useful info from this article (we have a consensus in other words), edit Hammer Films to be a redirect to Hammer Horror (the other way around from what you've done here) and then we'll put Hammer Films up for speedy deletion and explain why (I'll do that if you want). Once Hammer Films has been deleted by an admin, we'll move Hammer Horror (with the move page options, which preserves the edit history and talk page) to Hammer Films. Let me know if I haven't been clear enough. BTW: The consensus is important... as someone in the edit history of Hammer Films notes... horror wasn't the only notable output of Hammer. So the Hammer Horror article will need work to be a more general one... and, of course, we'll need to ensure that people know the purpose of all this. - Motor (talk)

 * OK. I've reverted, merged Hammer Films into Hammer Horror and redirected Hammer Films. Phew. Grateful if you can check I've done everything properly.Rayray 14:25, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks fine -- though you might want to make one more edit to Hammer Films (add a space or something) so that you can note in the edit history that anyone thinking of reverting the changes should read the talk page about the eventual page move and lodge any objections. Then, we'll wait a couple of days to see if anyone objects, and then put Hammer Films up for speedy deletion and do the move. - Motor (talk) 14:34:32, 2005-08-19 (UTC)

Speedy del request for Hammer Film Productions
Hammer Horror, Hammer Films, Hammer Film Productions Ltd. -- all deal with essentially the same subject. Only Hammer Horror has an appreciable edit history and so that is the one we plan to merge all the information into, but its name no longer accurately represents it. Hence the need to move it to: Hammer Film Productions -- which at present is just (and has only ever been) a redir page to Hammer Horror. Motor (talk) 18:31:41, 2005-08-19 (UTC)

Double redirects
Please note Special:Whatlinkshere/Hammer horror. All these articles need speedy fixing because Hammer horror is now a double redirect. -- RHaworth 13:24:23, 2005-08-20 (UTC)
 * Only Hammer horror needed fixing to avoid redirecting to Hammer Horror - it now goes direct to Hammer Film Productions. - Motor (talk) 13:46:51, 2005-08-20 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hammer Films


text:
Paola Vukojicic

Paola Vukojicic (Paola Vukojičić, Паола Вукојчић; born August 28, 1974) is a retired field hockey goalkeeper from Argentina, who won the silver medal with the national women's hockey team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece and at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, the World Cup in 2002, two Champions Trophy (2001, 2008) and two Pan American Games. She started playing the sport at San Isidro Club, and made her debut for Argentina in the 1998 World Hockey Cup in Utrecht.

title: Paola Vukojicic


text: File:D12 - Purple Pills - CD cover.jpg

title: File:D12 - Purple Pills - CD cover.jpg


text:
Library Hall of Fame

The Library Hall of Fame was a list created in 1951 that recognized leaders of the late 19th- and early 20th-century library movement, on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the American Library Association.

A similar list was published in 1999, honoring "100 of the most important people in 20th-century librarianship," limited to "only people who lived and died in [the 20th century]."

title: Library Hall of Fame


text:
User:Davidkinnen/Legal Sandbox

Right to retain a personal copy of the complaint document
At all times the accused has the right to retain a copy of the complaint document.

The complaint document is marked CITATION and is sent out by the procurator fiscal, the Scottish body responsible for prosecutions.

Right to request precognition interviews of prosecution witnesses
The purpose of a precognition interview is to establish what a witness will say in response to prosecution and defence questions at trial.

The accused may request for Police Scotland officers to be precognised.

Right to request precognition of defence witnesses
People who would be helpful for the defence of trial may be requested to provide a precognition interview via the defence solicitor.

Right to call defence witnesses to trial
The accused has the right to request for the defence solicitor to call defence witnesses to trial.

Right to have access to crown witness statements
Some solicitors will email the crown witness statements in full. Other solicitors might provide summary versions of these statements.

Right to serve a "Statement of uncontroversial evidence"
The accused may serve a statement of uncontroversial evidence on the procurator fiscal and the court.

A defence solicitor can undertake this on the accused behalf.

If the procurator fiscal does not respond the evidence in the statement is taken as proven for the purposes of the trial.

Right to change defence solicitors
If a defence solicitor does not provide legal advice or refuses to undertake requested precognitions, the accused has a right to change solicitors.

Right to complain to the Scottish Legal Complaints Commission (SLCC)
If a solicitor refuses to undertake precognition interviews for the defence of the case the accused has a right to complain to the Scottish Legal Complains Commission.

title: User:Davidkinnen/Legal Sandbox


text:
Alan Butcher

Alan Raymond Butcher (born 7 January 1954) is a former English cricketer who is part of a family known for its strong cricketing connections. Although only selected to play for England on one occasion, he was lauded for his skills in first-class cricket and was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1991. He became Essex coach in 1993, and coached Surrey between 2005 and 2008. Cricket writer, Colin Bateman noted Butcher was, "a popular and accomplished left-handed opener, unlucky to be consigned to membership of the 'One Cap Club'... despite consistent county performances and an ability to tackle quick bowlers, Butcher was passed over".

Early years
Born in Croydon, Surrey, Butcher played his earliest organised cricket with Beckenham under-11's. His parents moved to Australia where he spent five and a half of his formative years during which time he played for Glenelg youth team. His performances there won him their Junior Cricketer award for outstanding play and a selection to the South Australia under-15 team. Had his parents stayed in Australia, he would likely have joined the senior side and later been eligible to play for Australia as his adopted country. However, his parents chose to move back to England.

Cricket in the family
Cricket is a strong tradition in Alan Butcher's family. His two brothers, Martin and Ian, both played first-class cricket and both of his sons have also gone on to do so. His elder son, Mark found fame playing for, and also captaining, Surrey and was for some time a mainstay batsman for England, not suffering the one-Test fate of his father. The younger, Gary, has also played for Surrey and Glamorgan. In 1991, Mark and Alan Butcher played against each other in a Sunday League match at The Oval, on the occasion of Mark's Surrey debut. Mark Butcher announced his retirement from cricket in 2009.

Early years
Butcher was a left-handed opening batsman with an aggressive playing style and a fondness for hitting shots off the back foot, although he started his career as a left-arm fast-medium bowler. He began playing for Surrey in 1972 as a bowler, but started opening the batting in 1975. He stayed with Surrey for 15 years. When Grahame Clinton joined Surrey in 1979, the two formed a successful and longstanding opening partnership. They shared in nineteen century opening stands for Surrey, including one of 277 against Yorkshire in 1984.

International selection and sole Test cap
In 1979, he was picked to play for England against India in a Test match at The Oval, but he did not settle, and only managed scores of 14 and 20. He was not selected for England in Test matches again (although he did play one one-day international against Australia in 1980), in spite of the opinion of the then England captain Mike Brearley, who rated him one of the top players of fast bowling in the county game. During his time with Surrey, he averaged between 1,300 and 1,700 runs each season.

Later years and retirement from playing
In 1982, Butcher made 86 not out in the final as Surrey won the NatWest Trophy. In 1986, Surrey declined to renew his contract and he seriously considered retiring as a cricketer. However, Glamorgan approached him with an offer of a team place which he accepted. He eventually rose to captain Glamorgan in 1989, before retiring in 1992. He made 22,667 runs in first-class matches in 684 innings, with 46 hundreds and a high score of 216 not out. His most productive season was 1990, when he scored 2,116 runs at 58.77, which contributed to his being selected as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in the 1991 edition. He also took 141 wickets in his career at 38.53, with a best innings analysis of 6 for 48.

English counties
Butcher followed his playing career with coaching roles at Essex and Surrey. However, he made a surprise comeback as a player for Surrey in 1998, at the age of 44, when injury left them short of players. His recall coincided with the day his son Mark Butcher made his maiden Test century for England against South Africa. In his first County Championship match since 1992, Butcher senior scored 22 and 12.

Having been Surrey's Assistant Coach, he was appointed the Chief Coach for the 2006 season. He left his post following Surrey's relegation from the 1st Division of the County Championship in 2008.

International
From 4 March 2010 until early 2013 Butcher was the head coach of the Zimbabwe national cricket team. Butcher was highly credited for reviving Zimbabwean cricket as the national and domestic game greatly improved. When Butcher took over, the team's confidence was at an all-time low. Butcher gave that side more confidence and responsibility. In return, the Zimbabwean team defeated Australia and Pakistan in the warm-ups of the 2010 ICC World Twenty20, but struggled in the main event. They also defeated Sri Lanka and India (twice) in the Tri-Series tournament.

Following this, expectations were high that Zimbabwe would spring an upset or two at the 2011 Cricket World Cup, but the team could not match those expectations.

This was followed by victory in Zimbabwe's first Test match in six years, against Bangladesh, which was a historic achievement, further backed up by another ODI Series win. The team then had a nine-match losing streak before they broke it with a record win against top opponent New Zealand, chasing 328 to win. They then nearly defeated the same opponents in the one-off Test, chasing 366 at Bulawayo, but a spectacular collapse, in which they lost six wickets for 44 runs made them end up with a 34-run loss.

With their recent improved performances Butcher, who had a major role to play, said that his team could beat New Zealand on the Test match in the return leg in January 2012.

He wrote a book about his time with Zimbabwe entitled ''The Good Murungu? A Cricket Tale of the Unexpected'', which was published in 2016.

title: Alan Butcher


text:
Wikipedia:People by year/Reports/No other categories/1/Aa-Ac

Aa

 * Laurie Aarons (1917-2005)

Abb-Abd

 * Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566-652), Islam-related_stubs,
 * Ali Abbasi (1963-2004), British_people_stubs,
 * Jean-Pierre Abbat (1928-1993)
 * Watkins Moorman Abbitt (1908-1998), American_politician_stubs,
 * George Abbot (English writer) (1603-1648), 1911_Britannica, Writer_stubs,
 * Amos Abbott (1786-1868), Politician_stubs,
 * Jack Abbott (1944-2002)
 * Jacob Abbott (1803-1879)
 * John Stevens Cabot Abbott (1805-1877), 1911_Britannica, A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature,
 * Josiah Gardner Abbott (1814-1891)
 * Nehemiah Abbott (1804-1877)
 * Robert Abbott (born 1933), American_people_stubs, Technology_stubs,
 * Dave Abbruzzese (born 1968), Musician_stubs,
 * Thomas Abbt (1738-1766)
 * `Abd Allah II ibn `Ali `Abd ash-Shakur (died 1930), Nobility_stubs,
 * Abd-el-Aziz IV (1880-1943), 1911_Britannica,
 * Abdallah ibn Al-Aftas (1004-1060), African_people_stubs,
 * Mohammed Abdel Wahab (died 1991), Musician_stubs,
 * Faye Glenn Abdellah (born 1919)

Abe-Abk

 * Natsumi Abe (born 1981)
 * Abed Hamed Mowhoush (died 2003), Iraqi_people_stubs, Military_biographical_stubs,
 * Bruno Erhard Abegg (1803-1848), People_stubs,
 * Johann Friedrich Abegg (1765-1840), People_stubs,
 * Julius Friedrich Heinrich Abegg (1796-1868)
 * Richard Abegg (1869-1910), Scientist_stubs,
 * Johann Christian Ludwig Abeille (1761-1838), Musician_stubs,
 * Heinrich Abeken (1809-1872), 1911_Britannica,
 * Heinrich Friedrich Otto Abel (1824-1854), People_stubs,
 * Karl von Abel (1788-1859)
 * Sigurd Abel (1837-1873)
 * Johann Martin Abele (1753-1805)
 * Pete Abele (1916-2000)
 * Hermann Abelen (1820-1854)
 * Wilhelm Ludwig Abelen (1813-1843)
 * Johann Philipp Abelin (died 1637)
 * Raymond Abellio (1907-1986)
 * Amandus Augustus Abendroth (1767-1842)
 * John Abernethy (minister) (1680-1740), 1911_Britannica,
 * Johannes Abezier (1380-1424)
 * Walter Abish (born 1931), Writer_stubs,
 * Mikheil, Prince of Abkhazia (died 1866)

Abo-Abu

 * Abolhasan Saba (1902-1957), Iran-related_stubs, Musician_stubs,
 * Russ Abbot (born 1947), People_stubs,
 * Edward Abraham (born 1913)
 * Harry Nathan Abrams (1904-1979), People_stubs,
 * Talbert Abrams (1895-1990)
 * Chimen Abramsky (born 1917), British_people_stubs,
 * Svetlana Abrosimova (born 1980)
 * Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz (1646-1699)
 * David Manker Abshire (born 1926), People_stubs,
 * Philip Absolon (born 1960), People_stubs,
 * Karl Friedrich Abt (1733-1783)
 * Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi (died 1578), Nobility_stubs,
 * Siddiq Abubakar III (1903-1988), People_stubs,
 * Abulkhair Khan (1428-1468), People_stubs,

Aca-Aci

 * Acacio Gabriel Viegas (1856-1933)
 * Friedrich Accum (1769-1838)
 * Goodman Ace (1899-1982), American_actor_stubs,
 * Antoine Achard (1696-1772), People_stubs,
 * Franz Karl Achard (1753-1821)
 * Igram van Achelen (1528-1604)
 * Gottfried Achenwall (1719-1772)
 * Edward Goodrich Acheson (1856-1931), People_stubs,
 * Lucas Achtschellinck (1626-1699)
 * Valens Acidalius (1567-1595)

Ack-Aco

 * Franz Ackerman (1330-1387)
 * Gary Ackerman (born 1942)
 * Raymond Ackerman (born 1931)
 * Ernst Christian Wilhelm Ackermann (1761-1835)
 * Georg Christian Benedict Ackermann (1763-1833)
 * Jacob Fidelis Ackermann (1765-1815)
 * Johann Adam Ackermann (1780-1853)
 * Johann Christian Gottlieb Ackermann (1756-1801)
 * Josef Ackermann (born 1948), People_stubs,
 * Konrad Ernst Ackermann (1712-1771)
 * Rudolph Ackermann (1764-1834)
 * Gardner Ackley (1915-1998), People_stubs,
 * Johann Michael Ackner (1782-1862)
 * Edward Ackroyd (1810-1887)
 * Harriet Acland (1750-1815)
 * Andreas Acoluthus (1654-1704)
 * Jacob Acontius (died 1566)
 * Giacomo Aconzio (1492-1565), Writer_stubs,
 * Santos Acosta (1828-1901), People_stubs,


text:
Gregorius Thomas Ziegler

Gregorius Thomas Ziegler was bishop of Linz from 7 March 1770 until 15 April 1852. He worked to strengthen the Catholic church in Austria, introducing a number of religious orders to his diocese.

Early life
Ziegler was born at Kirchheim in Schwaben near Augsburg. He joined the Benedictines at Wiblingen Abbey in 1788 and was ordained priest on 25 May 1793. He taught in various Benedictine institutions until he became prior of Wiblingen.

After the dissolution of Wiblingen abbey in 1806 he removed with some of his confreres to Tyniec in Poland and taught theology at the neighbouring University of Cracow. When the Benedictines were forced to leave Tyniec in 1809 he was engaged as professor of church history at the Lyceum of Linz, 1809–15, and of theology at Vienna, 1815-22. On 2 February 1822, he became bishop of the new diocese of Tyniec, but transferred his see to Tarnów, where he began the erection of a seminary and renovated the cathedral. The diocese changed its name in Diocese of Tarnow in April 1826 (but Tarnow was previously a diocese in 1783-1805).

Bishop of Linz
On April 13, 1827, Ziegler was promoted to the diocese of Linz, where he remained until his death. Although the Catholic church throughout Austria at this date was still dependent to a very great degree on the government in ecclesiastical matters, Ziegler worked to revive and strengthen the ecclesiastical spirit in his clergy and people. With the support of Archduke Maximilian of Este, he introduced the Jesuits to the area, settling them on the Freinberg near Linz. He also founded numerous other religious establishments (Franciscans, Salesians, Sisters of Mercy, etc.).

The Revolution of 1848 not only increased political liberty, but also gave to the Catholic church greater independence in its own province. Ziegler at once made use of the regained freedom to revive popular missions, which had been discontinued since the reign of Maria Theresa. In 1850 at his instance a ten day's mission was held by the Redemptorists, at which the number of communicants was reckoned at 50,000. In the same year, the diocesan theological institute was placed entirely under episcopal supervision, and an examination of candidates for the position of parish priests was established; in October for the first time examinations were held by prosynodal examiners.

Works
Ziegler's works include:
 * Die Feier der heil. Firmung in der Kath. Kirche (Vienna, 1817)
 * Das Kath. Glaubensprincip (Vienna, 1823)
 * Züge und Schilderungern aus dem Leben des sel. Seb. Franz Job (Linz, 1835)

He also wrote various minor works, pastoral letters, occasional lectures, and sermons. In addition, Ziegler re-edited Klypfel's Institutiones theologiae dogmaticae (Vienna, 1819–21) and contributed various theological treatises to Jakob Frint's Theologische Zeitschrift (Vienna, 1813–16).

title: Gregorius Thomas Ziegler