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Samuel C. Upham

Samuel Curtis Upham (February 2, 1819 – June 29, 1885) was an American journalist, lyricist, merchant, bookkeeper, clerk, navy officer, prospector, and counterfeiter, during the later part of the 19th century, sometimes, known as "Honest Sam Upham".

Early life
Samuel Curtis Upham was born in Montpelier, Vermont to Samuel Upham and Sally Hatch, a zealous Methodist farm couple. Upham left home at the age of 20, abandoning his family's hopes he would go into farming or blacksmithing, instead finding work in New York City as a clerk. In 1842 he joined the navy, achieving the rating of master's mate before his discharge three years later. After the navy, he worked as a bookkeeper in Philadelphia, where he met and married Anne Bancroft.

California
In January 1849, Upham sailed on the brig Osceola, to San Francisco, via Rio de Janeiro and Talcahuano, Chile, arriving in California on August 5, 1849, and participating in the California Gold Rush. Proving unsuccessful as a gold miner, Upham moved to Sacramento and founded the Sacramento Transcript, California's first daily newspaper published outside San Francisco. Becoming homesick in 1850, he sold his shares in the newspaper and travelled back to Philadelphia.

Upham later wrote about his adventures in Notes of a Voyage to California via Cape Horn, published in 1878. In the book he writes, "Descriptions of a life on the ocean wave read vary prettily on shore, but the reality of a sea voyage speedily dispels the romance." The book also pays close attention to the bawdy history of Sacramento, and includes lengthy appendices on California journalism and the California exhibition at the 1876 Centennial. In 1878 Upham also published Scenes in El Dorado in the Years 1849-50.

On returning to Philadelphia Upham resumed his family role, fathering two sons and supporting his wife and children with a stationery and toiletries shop. On March 20, 1860, he became one of the founder shareholders in the People's Pacific Railroad Company.

Civil War
At the start of the Civil War Upham began marketing patriotic items to support the Union, and novelty items mocking the Confederacy, such as cards depicting the head of Confederate President Jefferson Davis on the body of a jackass. In February 1862, he acquired a sample of Confederate money and quickly started producing his own counterfeits. His first printing consisted of 3,000 five-dollar notes, each stamped at the bottom with the words, "Fac-simile Confederate Note – Sold wholesale and retail by S.C. Upham 403 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia." He sold his first batch for a penny per copy. Cotton smugglers in the south quickly began buying Upham's novelty notes, trimming off the notice at the bottom and flooding the Confederate economy with the bogus bills.

Before long Upham was advertising what he called "mementos of the Rebellion" in the New York Tribune, Harper's Weekly, and other papers. He also advertised himself willing to buy genuine Confederate notes and stamps, as samples he could later duplicate. By late 1862 Upham was selling twenty-eight variations of Confederate bill denominations and postage stamps, with currency notes selling for five cents apiece. At some point Upham also switched from letter stock to high-quality banknote paper for his forgeries.

Upham's operation caused a dilemma for the Union government, as some members of Lincoln's administration genuinely feared that to permit an enterprise like Upham's to carry on from the North would provoke southerners to retaliate by counterfeiting northern currency. But the Union government did not possess any legal means to stop Upham – because the Union government did not recognize the legitimacy of the Confederate government, they could not prosecute someone for counterfeiting Confederate currency. So at first, Union officials simply tried to persuade Upham to cease operations – however, when he declined Upham soon found himself under investigation by these same officials, who alleged he was counterfeiting Union currency as well. Upham vehemently denied this claim, but likely would have gone to trial had U.S. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton not personally intervened to dismiss the case. Some conspiracy theorists allege Stanton was also Upham's source for genuine banknote paper, in a deliberate effort to destabilize the Confederate economy.

The Congress of the Confederacy responded to the flood of counterfeit bills by imposing the death sentence on convicted counterfeiters. Upham would later brag the Confederacy put a $10,000 reward on his capture, dead or alive. He later wrote, "During the publication of those facsimile notes I was the 'best abused man' in the Union. Senator Foote, in a speech before the rebel Congress, at Richmond, in 1862, said I had done more to injure the Confederate cause than General McClellan and his army..."

Upham later claimed he had "printed from March 12, 1862, to August 1, 1863, one million five hundred and sixty four thousand facsimile Rebel notes, of denominations ranging from five cents to one hundred dollars, and presume the aggregate issue, in dollars and cents, would amount to the round number of fifteen millions of dollars". Some modern analyses estimate his fake Confederate money amounted to between .93% and 2.78% of the Confederacy's total money supply.

By the end of the war other printers were making and selling their own counterfeit bills, prompting Upham to lower his prices. The complete devaluation of genuine Confederate currency by later war years further cut into his business. Southerners were largely eschewing Confederate notes, instead relying on barter or northern bills. CSA notes were rarely used after the fall of Vicksburg (July 1863) west of the Mississippi because of the difficulty of transporting notes across the Union controlled river. Mr. Jones, from his post war book "Life of a Rebel Clerk" states that Mr. CC Thayer (a signer of many CSA notes) tried to transport a large amount of CSA notes from Mississippi to Texas (CSA's Department of the Trans-Mississippi) but failed and returned to Richmond in late 1863.

Upham discontinued his facsimile business in late 1863 and returned to selling stationery, perfume, and hair dye. His notes were still being used in the war-torn South by Union soldiers and other persons after he shut down his business.

Post-war and death
In his later years Upham wrote lyrics for a number of hymns. He penned the words to Centennial ode, Song and chorus (1875), Columbia's centennial greeting, A cantata (1876), and The Old School House down by the Mill (1877).

When Upham died of stomach cancer in 1885, a minor mystery ensued over the whereabouts of his wealth. His estate was valued at $4,889.97, but he claimed to have sold upwards of $50,000 worth of counterfeit notes during the war. The proceeds of his counterfeiting operation have never been found.

Collectibles
Since his death many of Upham's counterfeit bills and postage stamps, and some of the perfume bottles he patented and used in his stationery and perfume business, have become valuable collector's items.

title: Samuel C. Upham


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Lavender (magazine)

Lavender is an American biweekly print and online magazine, part of Lavender Media, Inc., published in Minneapolis, Minnesota, for the LGBTQ+ community. It is distributed free of charge in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul and in some other cities throughout Minnesota and western Wisconsin.

History
Founded in 1995 by George Holdgrafer and Stephen Rocheford, Lavender's mission is "to appeal to the greatest number of Minnesota LGBTQ+ readers, and direct them to [their] advertisers." Lavender published its 500th issue in June 2014.

In 2017, Stephen Rocheford, CEO of Lavender, publicly voiced criticism of the exclusion of police officers from the 2017 Twin Cities Pride festival parade.

Controversies
In 2016, after the Orlando nightclub shooting, Lavender editors wrote an article accused of anti-Muslim bias. The opposition to the articles organized a Change.org petition aimed at Stephen Rocheford for singling out Islam as a source of violence.

Awards
In 2016, Lavender was named Magazine of the Year by the Minnesota Magazine & Publishing Association (MMPA). It has also received more than 100 MMPA awards in the categories of overall excellence, best digital media, best internet site, best director, best single cover, best feature article, best regular column, best single topic, best how-to article, best use of visuals, best redesign, best media kit, and best editor's or publisher's editorial.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lavender (magazine)


text:
Viðrar vel til loftárása

"Viðrar vel til loftárása" (Icelandic for "it's good weather for airstrikes"; pronounced ) is a song written and recorded by Icelandic post-rock band Sigur Rós for their second studio album Ágætis byrjun. The song appears as the seventh track on the album. It was also released as the B-side of Sigur Rós' debut single "Svefn-g-englar".

Background
The band named the song after a quote sarcastically spoken by an Icelandic weatherman during the Kosovo War: "í dag viðrar vel til loftárása" (meaning "today is good weather for an airstrike").

Music video
The band recorded a music video for the track. Set in 1950s Iceland, it features a football match between two teams of young boys. As one team scores a goal and celebrates, two young boys on the same team begin to kiss. The kiss is eventually broken up by the boys' fathers. All band members appear in cameo in the video: Jón Þór Birgisson is the soccer team coach, Orri Páll Dýrason is the scorekeeper, Georg Hólm is the referee, and Kjartan Sveinsson is one of the spectators. The fetus design from the Ágætis byrjun album cover is shown on a bottle from which one of the boys drinks.

Production for the music video began in the autumn of 2001. A general casting call was held in Reykjavík, which was also the location for principal photography. The video was directed by Icelandic directors Stefán Árni Þorgeirsson and Sigurður Kjartansson. The video won an Icelandic Music Award for "Best Video" in 2002. Music magazine NME ranked the video 9th on their list of "100 Greatest Music Videos".

The idea for the video came from Sigur Rós' former drummer Ágúst Ævar Gunnarsson.

title: Viðrar vel til loftárása


text: User:Mpk/Sandbox

title: User:Mpk/Sandbox


text:
Japan Spaceguard Association

The Japan Spaceguard Association (日本スペースガード協会) is a not-for-profit organization based in Tokyo, Japan. Its formal status under the Japanese law is Specified Nonprofit Corporation (特定非営利活動法人).

Missions
The aims of the Japan Spaceguard Association (JSGA) echoes that of The Spaceguard Foundation and other spaceguard movements: to protect the Earth's environment from a disastrous near-Earth object (NEO) collision by studying and observing the NEOs. JSGA operates the Bisei Spaceguard Center, owned by the Japan Space Forum, to achieve their goal. It is located near Bisei town in the western Japan. In addition to the search for NEOs, this facility will be used to track debris in Earth's orbit. The Minor Planet Center credits JSGA with the discovery of the main-belt asteroid, made at Kiso Observatory on 6 December 1996.

International asteroid monitoring project
JSGA as being a Specified Nonprofit Corporation, it is keen to have astronomical education for young people and in 2001 held Spaceguard Private Investigators of the Stars: the fugitives are asteroids! rally as part of its asteroid monitoring project. Yoshiaki Oshima was seated at the operating committee and the jury, and JSGA submitted a paper on that project in a proceedings. British Council advised JSGA for its contest and supported them to present their project to observatories and laboratories.

To run the contest and along with the Bisei Spaceguard Center, an optical telescope on the Canary island operated by Liverpool John Moores University in Liverpool transmitted images to each participant via internet connection. In total, 438 school classes and other teams signed up with 1,317 people, and 133 group and individual contestants reported the results of their observation. The Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper sponsored the project and run articles reporting the progress of the contest.

The Liverpool John Moores University and their Astrophysics Research Institute operates the National Schools' Observatory program with a robotic telescope on the Canary Islands, and schools in the United Kingdom register to monitor asteroids from remoted locations. They cosponsored the International Schools' Observatory (ISO) program British Council had organized, when 12 teams of junior high to senior high school classes took part from Asian and European countries.

The contestants for Spaceguard Private Investigators of the Stars sent their reports due March 4, 2001, and JSGA examined 133 reports over the period of two weeks. On 14 March the jury meeting was held, and winners were announced on Yomiuri Shimbun on 20 March 2001. Award overview as well as assessment comments were published along with presentation report and interviews to awardees. JSGA presented the prospectus for future astronomic education and asteroid hunting projects.

title: Japan Spaceguard Association


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Hew Dalrymple Ross

Field Marshal Sir Hew Dalrymple Ross, (5 July 1779 – 10 December 1868) was a British Army officer. After seeing active service during the Irish Rebellion of 1798, he fought as a troop commander in many of the battles of the Peninsular War and the Hundred Days. He went on to become the Artillery Commander, Northern District with delegated command over all the forces of the four northern counties before being promoted to Deputy Adjutant-General, Royal Artillery. Ross was the last person to hold the title of Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance, assuming responsibility for the artillery component sent to take part in the Crimean War under Lord Raglan. After the war he served as Master Gunner, St James's Park, a senior ceremonial post in the Royal Artillery.

Military career
Born the son of Major John Ross and Jane Ross (née Buchan), Ross was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery on 6 March 1795. Promoted to lieutenant on 10 May 1796, he saw active service during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and, following promotion to captain lieutenant on 1 September 1803, was elevated to the role of adjutant on 15 September 1803. He was further promoted to second captain on 26 July 1804 on appointment as adjutant of the 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery at Woolwich Barracks. Promoted to captain on 24 July 1806, he was given command of a troop of the Royal Horse Artillery, which later became famous as the Chestnut Troop.

In 1809, during the Peninsular War, the troop landed at Lisbon and joined Sir Arthur Wellesley's army. Ross's guns were attached to the Light Division and, with Robert Craufurd, took part in several actions during the Battle of the Côa in July 1810 and the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810. When André Masséna began his retreat from the Lines of Torres Vedras, Ross's troop joined the pursuit, seeing action at the Battle of Pombal, the Battle of Redinha and the Battle of Casal Novo in March 1811 as well as at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811. He was rewarded with promotion to major on 31 December 1811. Ross was present at the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812, the Siege of Badajoz in April 1812 and at the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812. After the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813, Ross's guns were continually with the most advanced troops, and they captured the sole remaining piece of artillery held by the French troops. He was rewarded with promotion to lieutenant colonel on 3 July 1813. In July 1813, Ross also took part in the Battle of the Pyrenees, which was followed by actions at Bidassoa in October 1813 and Nivelle in November 1813. During the Battle of the Nive in December 1813, Ross had his horse shot out from under him, but he was unharmed and in April 1814 he fought at the Battle of Bayonne. Following these military successes, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815. During the Hundred Days, Ross was engaged at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, and although half his guns were disabled, the remainder took part in the pursuit of the French. He was awarded the Russian Order of St. Anna, 2nd Class on 8 October 1815.

Ross became the Artillery Commander, Northern District in 1825 with delegated command over all the forces of the four most northern counties in England. Promoted to colonel on 22 July 1830, he became Deputy Adjutant-General, Royal Artillery on 23 April 1840, receiving promotion to major-general on 23 November 1841 and to lieutenant general on 11 November 1851. He became Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance on 2 May 1854 and in that capacity was responsible for checking the artillery component sent to take part in the Crimean War under Lord Raglan personally ensuring that every battery was despatched from the United Kingdom to the front in a high state of efficiency. He also founded the facility that was to become the Royal Artillery Experimental Unit at Shoeburyness. He was promoted to full general on 28 November 1854 and, following the abolition of the Board of Ordnance, became Adjutant-General, Royal Artillery on 22 May 1855. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 5 July 1855 and also served as colonel commandant of the Royal Horse Artillery.

Ross retired in April 1858; he became Master Gunner, St James's Park in 1864 and, having been promoted to field marshal on 1 January 1868, he became lieutenant-governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea on 3 August 1868. He died a few months later at his home in Knightsbridge in London on 10 December 1868.

Family
In 1816 Ross married Elizabeth Graham; they had two sons, Major Hew Graham Ross (1817-1848) and General Sir John Ross.

title: Hew Dalrymple Ross


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Armenia School Connectivity Program

The Armenia School Connectivity Program (ASCP) is a program which provides training, resources and internet access for schools in Armenia. It is implemented by Project Harmony and funded by the US Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs through the 1992 Freedom Support Act. The program allows the students, educators and community members of Armenia to access and share information. It is meant to increase the U.S-Armenian partnership at the schools and within the community, increase interaction between schools and the community, and civic engagement on the local, national and international levels. The Armenian School Connectivity Program supports the integration of educational technologies that is supposed to strengthen democracy and support civil society and cultural understanding.

Recruitment process
The schools recruited to the ASCP went through a competition completed on October 15, 2004. During the site set-up of the ASCP, local schools were affected by the rearrangements initiated within the framework of Armenia Education Quality and Relevance Project. The school building maintenance funds increased, becoming higher than the staff/student number involved in the ASCP network; this resulted in some ASCP schools to merge into one another, decreasing the number of schools involved in the network. A program assessment had a few more schools removed from the network for not having an adequate level of participation in the program. In the end, 330 schools were selected from all over Armenia to be a part of the Program network.

The recruitment process for the ASCEP was held under the Program Promotion and Enrollment Competition. Project Harmony announced the launching of the recruitment along with a program introductory highlighting the principals and specifics about the recruitment requirements and process that were distributed to all schools within the region. There was a Q&A session that applicants received; afterwards, possible applicants were given a follow-up consultation meeting with Project Harmony in all of the 11 regions. The selected schools that were part of the ASCP program were chosen based on the following criteria implemented by Project Harmony:

 * The principal of the school had to support the program and be willing to share the Internet Computer Center classroom with the community and other schools
 * The school's academic background had to meet certain quantitative and qualitative measures
 * There had to be a high motivation within the school for academics and administrative staff to use the classroom effectively
 * The community was involved in the school activities
 * The school participated in any U.S. government programs
 * The school participated in any improvement programs organized by either NGOs, the ministry of education, and other related organizations.
 * The school's geographic location

The online scrapbook
The online scrapbook is a competition meant to assess the development of the Armenian School Connectivity Program within its first six years running.

Project harmony involvement
The responsibility of Project Harmony (PH) was the long-term sustainability of the program. From the years 2000–2007, Project Harmony completed 3 interrelated school connectivity programs in Armenia. The first program implemented by PH, is referred to as Armenia connectivity 2000 (AC2K), outlined the expansion of Internet access through assessing the information and communication technology needs within the education system.

Project harmony brought together organizations and private donors to invest in ICT projects for Armenia. These projects were meant to help build a demonstration network of 24-internet- connected secondary schools from the city of Yerevan and a few regions close to the capital. This led to two following grants in support of the Armenia School Connectivity Program, eventually reaching across Armenia, and creating a network of 330 secondary schools with an Internet Computer Center (ICC). The program hired and appropriately trained approximately 600 ICC staff. The people responsible for the ICC program created outreach activities and information literacy programs for the local community. For the isolated and under-served communities of Armenia, project harmony expanded Internet accessibility through the Mobile Internet Lab project. The purpose of the Mobile Internet Lab was to ride through Armenia, offering basic computer and Internet literacy to the school and community members in remote villages. The Mobile Internet Lab was an altered flatbed truck with 5 workstations, a printer, a scanner, and a digital camera and satellite connection.

Official transfer
In May 2007, Project Harmony announced the final step to officially transfer the Armenian School Connectivity Program from the U.S government to the Government of Armenia. From the years 2005–2007, Project Harmony and the Armenian government worked together on the transfer of the ASCP to the Ministry of Education and Science. The Ministry of Education and Science, a financial co-sponsor of the ASCP sought to adopt the ASCP infrastructure and the systems and strategies employed to deliver ICT-enhanced educational activities. The completion of the transfer was anticipated on June 30, 2007. Until then, Project Harmony is responsible for sustaining the ASCEP. The National Center for Educational Technologies (NCET) was authorized the responsibility of completing the agency after the official transfer on July 1, 2007.

title: Armenia School Connectivity Program


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ladner Trunk Road

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. My personal opinion is that this was an attempt to use prose when a map would have conveyed the same information better. Rossami (talk) 02:13, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Ladner Trunk Road
While I have some sympathy for nearby 56th Street, which after all is the only access road to the exclave of Point Roberts, Ladner Trunk Road is nothing but a road described in exacting detail. Stay tuned for the entry on the parking meter in front of Pilatus' house! Pilatus 15:52, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. But it will live on in my memory as possibly the most tedious wikipedia entry I have ever read... Peeper 16:02, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yee gads and all that is holy that is tedious. Delete, now, please! -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 16:08, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Major attractions include a McDonald's! Makes me want to put this road on my itinerary next time I'm in Canada... well, not really. Delete in barely held anticipation of Pilatus' parking meter. -Satori (talk) 16:28, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete excruciating minutiae --TimPope 16:56, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I wanted to vote delete, but I have to vote neutral because I am in awe of the detail in this article- someone has way too much time on their hands. (Oh, and everyone else has voted to delete anyway, so it doesn't really matter how I vote).--Scimitar parley 18:04, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * oh, it always matters how you vote... HoratioVitero 18:07, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I say keep, it is clearly important to the community which it serves... HoratioVitero 18:07, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that every one of this user's edits, save for one minor edit to Bible, is to VfD. Zoe 21:34, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete impressive detail, but unencyclopedic. CDC   (talk)  18:18, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all roadcruft. --SPUI (talk) 18:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * weak keep to neutral This article would not be called into question if it were about Broadway in NYC Roodog2k 19:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep it looks factual and verifiable to me. Trollderella 19:51, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, factual and verifiable is not notable. Zoe 20:33, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Bu factuality and verifiability are deletion criteria, while notability is not. Trollderella 20:38, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Not true, and never has been true. This contention is only repeatedly issued by the estreme inclusionists who think that everything that is or has ever existed in the world should have an article, but it is not policy.  Zoe 20:47, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * not notable by whos definition?HoratioVitero 20:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What makes this road any more notable than any other road in the world? Zoe 20:47, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Notability is not relevant to deletion debates, it is not part of deletion criteria. Trollderella 20:53, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Repeating this mantra does not make it true. Zoe 21:28, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's odd that you put it that way, because, in fact, as you must clearly know, no matter how many times you repeat it, there is nothing in the deletion guidelines about notability. You know that there isn't. I'm not interested in arguing about this with you, I suggest we drop it an go and write articles. Trollderella 22:52, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Actual articles, though, not pointless trivia. Something considered "enyclopedic" is pretty much a priori notable. --Calton | Talk 00:45, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete or if that fails merge in to Ladner. Roads are best described in images as they convey the geographical location much better than any writing ever could. Having a McDonald's on this stretch of road is not worthy of note and it could hardly be called an attraction. Wikipedia is not the yellow pages. Why not suggest a WikiAtlas project to migrte all this stuff to? BTW, I've noticed roadcruft is extremely US, Canadian and Uk centric. I've yet to encounter an article about a random road from the Netherlands, which leads me to believe these articles are only relevant for the people who have some connection to the location in question. - Mgm|(talk) 21:14, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability as a critereon for inclusion is an inference from the section of WP:NOT that states: "Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of items of information. That something is 100% true does not mean it is suitable for inclusion in an encyclopedia." It is perfectly legitimate and standard operating procedure to vote based on a subject's notability or lack thereof. Zoe is absolutely correct. Fernando Rizo T/C 21:15, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An article on Pilatus' parking meter would be more interesting. (At least it's a cool-looking parking meter.) -Aranel (" Sarah ") 21:23, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable road. Sliggy 23:06, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above, minor non-notable road. Need to expand to road deletion outside the UK. - Hahnchen 00:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It doesn't even have a Tim Horton's, so I can't see how could be in any way notable. Delete. --Calton | Talk 00:45, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn roadcruft. --  Etacar11   00:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN and delete, for the love of all that is holy. Proto t c 09:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Road is only locally significant. I suspect, given the preponderance of road articles of late, that it might be worth having a policy discussion to hammer out clear guidelines as to the dividing line between notable roads and non-notable ones. (One user actually added a redlink to "Lorraine Drive" in Toronto, a monumentally non-notable residential street, to the dab page at Lorraine recently, and I shudder to think of what would happen if Wikipedia had an article on every single street in the world.) Bearcat 16:44, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably something truely dreadful like, erm, well, people looking for information on streets could find it. No, that's not right, sea levels would rise, anarchy would break out! ;) Trollderella 17:39, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Nobody needs information on every last dinky little three-house residential laneway in the world to be present on Wikipedia. Bearcat 18:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete it's just an insignificant street.Dottore So 17:02, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too generic, no distinguishing features. Mindmatrix 22:15, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, verifiable. Lack of notability is not a criterion for deletion.  Not sure how much verifiable information you could write about that parking meter, though... JYolkowski // talk 01:56, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Good detail, if someone wants to write detailed road articles, im all for it. --Cloveious 04:54, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Stop the insanity. Gamaliel 04:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Ladner Trunk Road, Ladner or a reluctant delete. If someone wants to do the work for a road that has regional significance, I say let them. --Rschen7754 23:36, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep signficant road in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia--Simon.Pole 08:35, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Nanotribology

Nanotribology is the branch of tribology that studies friction, wear, adhesion and lubrication phenomena at the nanoscale, where atomic interactions and quantum effects are not negligible. The aim of this discipline is characterizing and modifying surfaces for both scientific and technological purposes.

Nanotribological research has historically involved both direct and indirect methodologies. Microscopy techniques, including Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), Atomic-Force Microscope (AFM) and Surface Forces Apparatus, (SFA) have been used to analyze surfaces with extremely high resolution, while indirect methods such as computational methods and Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) have also been extensively employed.

Changing the topology of surfaces at the nanoscale, friction can be either reduced or enhanced more intensively than macroscopic lubrication and adhesion; in this way, superlubrication and superadhesion can be achieved. In micro- and nano-mechanical devices problems of friction and wear, that are critical due to the extremely high surface volume ratio, can be solved covering moving parts with super lubricant coatings. On the other hand, where adhesion is an issue, nanotribological techniques offer a possibility to overcome such difficulties.

History
Friction and wear have been technological issues since ancient periods. On the one hand, the scientific approach of the last centuries towards the comprehension of the underlying mechanisms was focused on macroscopic aspects of tribology. On the other hand, in nanotribology, the systems studied are composed of nanometric structures, where volume forces (such as those related to mass and gravity) can often be considered negligible compared to surface forces. Scientific equipment to study such systems have been developed only in the second half of the 20th century. In 1969 the very first method to study the behavior of a molecularly thin liquid film sandwiched between two smooth surfaces through the SFA was developed. From this starting point, in 1980s researchers would employ other techniques to investigate solid state surfaces at the atomic scale.

Direct observation of friction and wear at the nanoscale started with the first Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), which can obtain three-dimensional images of surfaces with atomic resolution; this instrument was developed by Gerd Binnig and Henrich Rohrer in 1981. STM can study only conductive materials, but in 1985 with the invention of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) by Binning and his colleagues, also non conductive surfaces can be observed. Afterwards, AFMs were modified to obtain data on normal and frictional forces: these modified microscopes are called Friction Force Microscopes (FFM) or Lateral Force Microscopes (LFM). The term "Nanotribology" was first used in the title of a 1990 publication and in a 1991 publication. in a title of a major review paper published in Nature in 1995 and in a title of a major Nanotribology Handbook in 1995.

From the beginning of the 21st century, computer-based atomic simulation methods have been employed to study the behaviour of single asperities, even those composed by few atoms. Thanks to these techniques, the nature of bonds and interactions in materials can be understood with a high spatial and time resolution.

Surface forces apparatus
The SFA (Surface Forces Apparatus) is an instrument used for measuring physical forces between surfaces, such as adhesion and capillary forces in liquids and vapors, and van der Waals interactions. Since 1969, the year in which the first apparatus of this kind was described, numerous versions of this tool have been developed.

SFA 2000, which has fewer components and is easier to use and clean than previous versions of the apparatus, is one of the currently most advanced equipment utilized for nanotribological purposes on thin films, polymers, nanoparticles and polysaccharides. SFA 2000 has one single cantilever which is able to generate mechanically coarse and electrically fine movements in seven orders of magnitude, respectively with coils and with piezoelectric materials. The extra-fine control enables the user to have a positional accuracy lesser than 1 Å. The sample is trapped by two molecularly smooth surfaces of mica in which it perfectly adheres epitaxially.

Normal forces can be measured by a simple relation:

 * $$F_{normal}(D)=k(\Delta D_{applied}-\Delta D_{measured})

$$

where $$\Delta D_{applied} $$ is the applied displacement by using one of the control methods mentioned before, $$k$$ is the spring constant and $$\Delta D_{measured}$$ is the actual deformation of the sample measured by MBI. Moreover, if $${\partial F(D)\over\partial D}>k$$ then there is a mechanical instability and therefore the lower surface will jump to a more stable region of the upper surface. And so, the adhesion force is measured with the following formula:

 * $$F_{adhesion}=k\Delta D_{jump}$$.

Using the DMT model, the interaction energy per unit area can be calculated:

 * $$W_{flat}(D)={F_{curved}(D)\over 2\pi R}$$

where $$R$$ is the curvature radius and $$F_{curved}(D)$$ is the force between cylyndrically curved surfaces.

Scanning probe microscopy
SPM techniques such as AFM and STM are widely used in nanotribology studies. The Scanning Tunneling Microscope is used mostly for morphological topological investigation of a clean conductive sample, because it is able to give an image of its surface with atomic resolution. The Atomic Force Microscope is a powerful tool in order to study tribology at a fundamental level. It provides an ultra-fine surface-tip contact with a high refined control over motion and atomic-level precision of measure. The microscope consists, basically, in a high flexible cantilever with a sharp tip, which is the part in contact with the sample and therefore the crossing section must be ideally atomic-size, but actually nanometric (radius of the section varies from 10 to 100 nm). In nanotribology AFM is commonly used for measuring normal and friction forces with a resolution of pico-Newtons.

The tip is brought close to the sample's surface, consequently forces between the last atoms of the tip and the sample's deflect the cantilever proportionally to the intensity of this interactions. Normal forces bend the cantilever vertically up or down of the equilibrium position, depending on the sign of the force. The normal force can be calculated by means of the following equation:

 * $$F_{normal}=k\Delta V/\sigma$$

where $$k$$ is the spring constant of the cantilever, $$\Delta V$$ is the output of the photodetector, which is an electric signal, directly with the displacement of the cantilever and $$\sigma$$ is the optical-lever sensitivity of the AFM.

On the other hand, lateral forces can be measured with the FFM, which is fundamentally very similar to the AFM. The main difference resides in the tip motion, that slides perpendicularly to its axis. These lateral forces, i.e. friction forces in this case, result in twisting the cantilever, which is controlled to ensure that only the tip touches the surface and not other parts of the probe. At every step the twist is measured and related with the frictional force with this formula:

 * $$F_{frictional}={{\Delta Vk_\phi}\over {2h_{eff}\delta} }$$

where $$\Delta V$$ is the output voltage, $$k_{\phi}$$ is the torsional constant of the cantilever, $$h_{eff}$$ is the height of the tip plus the cantilever thickness and $$\delta$$ is the lateral deflection sensitivity.

Since the tip is part of a compliant apparatus, the cantilever, the load can be specified and so the measurement is made in load-control mode; but in this way the cantilever has snap-in and snap-out instabilities and so in some regions measurements cannot be completed stably. These instabilities can be avoided with displacement-controlled techniques, one of this is the interfacial force microscopy.

The tap can be at contact with the sample in the whole measurement process, and this is called contact mode (or static mode), otherwise it can be oscillated and this is called tapping mode (or dynamic mode). Contact mode is commonly applied on hard sample, on which the tip cannot leave any sign of wear, such as scars and debris. For softer materials tapping mode is used to minimize the effects of friction. In this case the tip is vibrated by a piezo and taps the surface at the resonant frequency of the cantilever, i.e. 70-400 kHz, and with an amplitude of 20-100 nm, high enough to allow the tip to not get stuck to the sample because of the adhesion force.

The atomic force microscope can be used as a nanoindenter in order to measure hardness and Young's modulus of the sample. For this application, the tip is made of diamond and it is pressed against the surface for about two seconds, then the procedure is repeated with different loads. The hardness is obtained dividing the maximum load by the residual imprint of the indenter, which can be different from the indenter section because of sink-in or pile-up phenomena. The Young's modulus can be calculated using the Oliver and Pharr method, which allows to obtain a relation between the stiffness of the sample, function of the indentation area, and its Young's and Poisson's moduli.

Atomistic simulations
Computational methods are particularly useful in nanotribology for studying various phenomena, such as nanoindentation, friction, wear or lubrication. In an atomistic simulation, every single atom's motion and trajectory can be tracked with a very high precision and so this information can be related to experimental results, in order to interpret them, to confirm a theory or to have access to phenomena, that are invisible to a direct study. Moreover, many experimental difficulties do not exist in an atomistic simulation, such as sample preparation and instrument calibration. Theoretically every surface can be created from a flawless one to the most disordered. As well as in the other fields where atomistic simulations are used, the main limitations of these techniques relies on the lack of accurate interatomic potentials and the limited computing power. For this reason, simulation time is very often small (femtoseconds) and the time step is limited to 1 fs for fundamental simulations up to 5 fs for coarse-grained models.

It has been demonstrated with an atomistic simulation that the attraction force between the tip and sample's surface in a SPM measurement produces a jump-to-contact effect. This phenomenon has a completely different origin from the snap-in that occurs in load-controlled AFM, because this latter is originated from the finite compliance of the cantilever. The origin of the atomic resolution of an AFM was discovered and it has been shown that covalent bonds form between the tip and the sample which dominate van der Waals interactions and they are responsible for a such high resolution. Simulating an AFM scansion in contact mode, It has been found that a vacancy or an adatom can be detected only by an atomically sharp tip. Whether in non-contact mode vacancies and adatoms can be distinguished with the so-called frequency modulation technique with a non-atomically sharp tip. In conclusion only in non-contact mode can be achieved atomic resolution with an AFM.

Friction
Friction, the force opposing to the relative motion, is usually idealized by means of some empirical laws such as Amonton’s First and Second laws and Coulomb's law. At the nanoscale, however, such laws may lose their validity. For instance, Amonton's second law states that friction coefficient is independent from the area of contact. Surfaces, in general, have asperities, that reduce the real area of contact and therefore, minimizing such area can minimize friction.

During the scanning process with an AFM or FFM, the tip, sliding on the sample's surface, passes through both low (stable) and high potential energy points, determined, for instance, by atomic positions or, on a larger scale, by surface roughness. Without considering thermal effects, the only force that makes the tip overcome these potential barriers is the spring force given by the support: this causes the stick-slip motion.

At the nanoscale, friction coefficient depends on several conditions. For example, with light loading conditions, tend to be lower than those at the macroscale. With higher loading conditions, such coefficient tends to be similar to the macroscopic one. Temperature and relative motion speed can also affect friction.

Lubricity and superlubricity at the atomic scale
Lubrication is the technique used to reduce friction between two surfaces in mutual contact. Generally, lubricants are fluids introduced between these surfaces in order to reduce friction.

However, in micro- or nano-devices, lubrication is often required and traditional lubricants become too viscous when confined in layers of molecular thickness. A more effective technique is based on thin films, commonly produced by Langmuir–Blodgett deposition, or self-assembled monolayers

Thin films and self-assembled monolayers are also used to increase adhesion phenomena.

Two thin films made of perfluorinated lubricants (PFPE) with different chemical composition were found to have opposite behaviors in humid environment: hydrophobicity increases the adhesive force and decreases lubrication of films with nonpolar end groups; instead, hydrophilicity has the opposite effects with polar end groups.

Superlubricity
“Superlubricity is a frictionless tribological state sometimes occurring in nanoscale material junctions”.

At the nanoscale, friction tends to be non isotropic: if two surfaces sliding against each other have incommensurate surface lattice structures, each atom is subject to different amount of force from different directions. Forces, in this situation, can offset each other, resulting in almost zero friction.

The very first proof of this was obtained using a UHV-STM to measure. If lattices are incommensurable, friction was not observed, however, if the surfaces are commensurable, friction force is present. At the atomic level, these tribological properties are directly connected with superlubricity.

An example of this is given by solid lubricants, such as graphite, MoS2 and Ti3SiC2: this can be explained with the low resistance to shear between layers due to the stratified structure of these solids.

Even if at the macroscopic scale friction involves multiple microcontacts with different size and orientation, basing on these experiments one can speculate that a large fraction of contacts will be in superlubric regime. This leads to a great reduction in average friction force, explaining why such solids have a lubricant effect.

Other experiments carried out with the LFM shows that the stick-slip regime is not visible if the applied normal load is negative: the sliding of the tip is smooth and the average friction force seems to be zero.

Other mechanisms of superlubricity may include: (a) Thermodynamic repulsion due to a layer of free or grafted macromolecules between the bodies so that the entropy of the intermediate layer decreases at small distances due to stronger confinement; (b) Electrical repulsion due to external electrical voltage; (c) Repulsion due to electrical double layer; (d) Repulsion due to thermal fluctuations.

Thermolubricity at the atomic scale
With the introduction of AFM and FFM, thermal effects on lubricity at the atomic scale could not be considered negligible any more. Thermal excitation can result in multiple jumps of the tip in the direction of the slide and backward. When the sliding velocity is low, the tip takes a long time to move between low potential energy points and thermal motion can cause it to make a lot of spontaneous forward and reverse jumps: therefore, the required lateral force to make the tip follow the slow support motion is small, so the friction force becomes very low.

For this situation was introduced the term thermolubricity.

Adhesion
Adhesion is the tendency of two surfaces to stay attached together.

The attention in studying adhesion at the micro- and nanoscale increased with the development of AFM: it can be used in nanoindentation experiments, in order to quantify adhesion forces

According to these studies, hardness was found to be constant with film thickness, and it's given by:

 * $$H=\frac{P_c}{A_c} $$

where $A_c$ is the indentation's area and $P_c$  is the load applied to the indenter.

Stiffness, defined as $S=\frac{dP}{dh} $, where $$h$$ is the indentation's depth, can be obtained from $r_c $ , the radius of the indenter-contact line.

 * $$S=2\cdot E'\cdot r_c $$

 * $$\frac{1}{E'}= \frac{1-\nu_i^2}{E_i}+\frac{1-\nu_s^2}{E_s} $$

$E' $ is the reduced Young's modulus, $E_i $  and $$\nu_i $$ are the indenter's Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio and $$E_s $$, $$\nu_s $$ are the same parameters for the sample.

However, $r_c $ can't always be determined from direct observation; it could be deduced from the value of $h_c $  (depth of indentation), but it's possible only if there is no sink-in or pile-up (perfect Sneddon's surface conditions).

If there is sink in, for example, and the indenter is conical the situation is described below. [[File:Nanoindentation.jpg|thumb|206x206px|Displacement of the tip ( h), elastic displacement of sample surface at the contact line with the indenter ( he), contact depth (hc), contact

radius (rc) and cone angle (α) of the indenter are shown. ]] From the image, we can see that:

 * $$h=h_c+h_e $$ and $$r_c=h_c\cdot\tan\alpha $$

From Oliver and Pharr's study

 * $$h_e=\epsilon\cdot h $$

where ε depends on the geometry of the indenter; $\epsilon=1-\frac{2}{\pi} $  if it's conical, $\epsilon=\frac{1}{2} $  if it's spherical and $\epsilon=1 $  if it's a flat cylinder.

Oliver and Pharr, therefore, did not consider adhesive force, but only elastic force, so they concluded:

 * $$F_e=\frac{2}{\pi}\cdot E' \cdot \tan\alpha \cdot (h-h_f)^2$$

Considering adhesive force

 * $$P=F_e+F_a$$

Introducing $W_a$ as the adhesion energy and $$\gamma_a$$ as the work of adhesion:

 * $$W_a=\frac{-\gamma_a\cdot4\cdot\tan\alpha}{\pi\cdot\cos\alpha}\cdot h_c^2 $$

obtaining

 * $$F_a=- \frac{\gamma_a\cdot 8 \tan\alpha}{\pi\cdot \cos\alpha}\cdot (h-h_f) $$

In conclusion:

 * $$P(h)=\frac{2E'\cdot \tan\alpha}{\pi}\cdot(h-h_f)^2- \frac{\gamma_a\cdot 8 \tan\alpha}{\pi\cdot \cos\alpha}\cdot (h-h_f) $$

The consequences of the additional term of adhesion is visible in the following graph: During loading, indentation depth is higher when adhesion is not negligible: adhesion forces contributes to the work of indentation; on the other hand, during unloading process, adhesion forces opposes indentation process.

Adhesion is also related to capillary forces acting between two surfaces when in presence of humidity.

Applications of adhesion studies
This phenomenon is very important in thin films, because a mismatch between the film and the surface can cause internal stresses and, consequently interface debonding.

When a normal load is applied with an indenter, the film deforms plastically, until the load reaches a critical value: an interfacial fracture starts to develop. The crack propagates radially, until the film is buckled.

On the other hand, adhesion was also investigated for its biomimetic applications: several creatures including insects, spiders, lizards and geckos have developed a unique climbing ability that are trying to be replicated in synthetic materials.

It was shown that a multi-level hierarchical structure produces adhesion enhancement: a synthetic adhesive replicating gecko feet organization was created using nanofabrication techniques and self-assembly.

Wear
Wear is related to the removal and the deformation of a material caused by the mechanical actions. At the nanoscale, wear is not uniform. The mechanism of wear generally begins on the surface of material. The relative motion of two surfaces can cause indentations obtained by the removal and deformation of surface material. Continued motion can eventually grow in both width and depth these indentations.

At the macro scale wear is measured by quantifying the volume (or mass) of material loss or by measuring the ratio of wear volume per energy dissipated. At the nanoscale, however, measuring such volume can be difficult and therefore, it is possible to use evaluate wear by analyzing modifications in surface topology, generally by means of AFM scanning.

title: Nanotribology


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Henry Rono

Henry Rono (12 February 1952 – 15 February 2024) was a Kenyan track and field athlete who specialised in various long-distance running events. Although he never competed at the Olympics, Rono is remembered as one of the most prolific collegiate competitors in the history of track in the United States, as well as being the former record holder for the 3000 metres steeplechase for over a decade. Rono also set the world record for the 5000 metres twice: once in 1978, then again in 1981.

Running career
Born in Nandi Hills, Kenya, into the Nandi tribe, Rono started running while at primary school. Starting in 1976, he attended college in the U.S. at Washington State University in Pullman, along with his compatriot Samson Kimobwa, who broke the 10,000 m world record in 1977. Rono was mentored on the Palouse by Cougar head coach John Chaplin. More Kenyan runners later enrolled at WSU, including Bernard Lagat, Mike Kosgei, Patrick Muturi, Richard Twuei, and Peter Koech, who won a silver medal in the 3,000 meters Steeplechase at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

While at Washington State, Rono became only the third runner in history (after Gerry Lindgren and Steve Prefontaine) to win the NCAA Cross Country Championship three times, in 1976, 1977, and 1979. His winning time of 28:07 in 1976, remains the fastest 10,000 m cross-country time in NCAA history (in 2008 Galen Rupp ran 27:41 at the NCAA regional meet on a course that was said to be 80 m short of the regular measure). He was also NCAA steeplechase champion in 1978 and 1979 and NCAA Indoor Champion in the 3000 m in 1977.

The peak of Rono's running career was the 1978 season. In a span of only 81 days, he broke four world records: 10,000 m (27:22.5), the 5000 m (13:08.4), the 3000 m steeplechase (8:05.4), and the 3000 m (7:32.1); an achievement unparalleled in the history of distance running. He lowered the 10,000 record by almost eight seconds, the 5000 by 4.5, the steeplechase by 2.6, and the 3000 by a full three seconds. That August, he also won the 5000 m and 3000 m steeplechase gold medals at the Commonwealth Games in Canada at Edmonton. Among his other performances was a steeplechase / 5000 m double in one day during qualifying at the NCAA championships at the University of Oregon at Eugene's Hayward Field. He set meet records in both events, turning in an 8:18 and 13:22. The former took six seconds off the NCAA meet record for the steeplechase. When he ran the steeplechase final the next day, he won in 8:12.39, taking another six seconds off the steeplechase mark. He won 10,000 m and 3000 m steeplechase gold medals in July at the All-Africa Games.

Although he was never quite as dominant as he was in 1978, Rono continued to run and compete at the same high level for the next four years, running the world's fastest 5000 meters of the year (13:19) and winning the NCAA cross country championships in 1979, running one of history's fastest 10,000 meters races in 1980 (27:31.68), having a strong year in the 5000 meters with several high quality races, including another 5,000 m world record (13:06.20) in 1981, and running history's third fastest 5000 meters (13:08.9) as well as twice running under 27:30 to come within seconds of his world record for 10,000 meters in 1982.

Rono never competed at the Olympics, as his country Kenya boycotted in 1976 and 1980; by 1984, he was no longer competing.

His 3000 m steeplechase world record (8:05.4) stood for eleven years, and, as of 2023, still stands as the collegiate record. His 10,000 meters world record remained the fastest time ever run by an NCAA athlete until Sam Chelanga's 27:08 in 2010 at the Payton Jordan invitational.

After turning 55 in February 2007, it was reported that Rono would attempt to break the world masters mile record for the 55–59 age group. 2007 was also the year Rono's autobiography, Olympic Dream, was published.

Rono coached high school athletics in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and pursued a graduate degree in special education. He was also co-owner of Turbo Health Care Services Inc. and Rhinow Corp.

Rono died after a short illness on 15 February 2024, at the age of 72.

Personal bests

 * One mile – 3:59.2 indoors (1977)
 * 3000 metres – 7:32.1 (1978)
 * 5000 metres – 13:06.20 (1981)
 * 10,000 metres – 27:22.47 (1978)
 * 3000 metres steeplechase – 8:05.4 (1978)

title: Henry Rono


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Category:Education in Armenia

This category collects all articles about education in Armenia. Please use the respective subcategories.

title: Category:Education in Armenia


text:
Catch phrase (disambiguation)

A catchphrase is a phrase or expression that is popularized, usually through repeated use.

Catch phrase or catchphrase may also refer to:
 * Catch Phrase (game), a word guessing party game by Hasbro
 * Catch Phrase (U.S. game show)
 * Burgo's Catch Phrase, an Australian version of the above
 * Catchphrase (British game show), a long-running British game show based on the original American show listed above
 * "Catch Phrase", a song by Neil Innes from the album Taking Off

title: Catch phrase (disambiguation)


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Rockwell Automation Headquarters and Allen-Bradley Clock Tower

The Rockwell Automation Headquarters is an office building located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The building is known for once having the largest four-faced clock in the world.

History
The Allen-Bradley Clock Tower, owned by Allen-Bradley, a product brand of Rockwell Automation, has long been a landmark in Milwaukee. According to the Guinness Book of World Records: "The largest four-faced clock is that on the research and office addition of the Allen-Bradley Company. Each face has a diameter of 40 ft. Dedicated on October 31, 1962, it rises 280 ft from the streets of Milwaukee, and requires 34.6 kilowatts of electricity for lighting and power." It has since been surpassed by the 141 ft clock faces of the Abraj Al Bait.

The original plan for the clock tower date as far back as 1959, when it appears on early drawings for the proposed addition. Created by architect Fitzhugh Scott, the plans included several towers in its design, only one of which would house a clock. This was scaled back, however a smaller tower on an existing building was kept and modified to display the outdoor temperature using a large digital display. The interest in creating the tower was Harry Bradley, younger of the firm's two founding brothers. An inventor, Bradley including in his tinkering several of the clocks which he owned.

The Clock Tower's lighted faces have been used as a navigation aid for Lake Michigan mariners over the years, except during the 1973 oil crisis when the clock was unlit from November 1973 to June 1974.

The clock tower is referred to by the nickname "the Polish Moon", due to its large lit white faces and location on Milwaukee's southside neighborhood which was developed by polish immigrants to the city during the 20th century.

Clock size
The current clock tower stands at 280 ft. Because the octagonal faces are nearly twice the size of the faces of London's Big Ben, chimes were never added in an attempt to allow Big Ben to remain the largest four-faced chiming clock in the world. In fact, that title has belonged to the Minneapolis City Hall clock since 1909. Each hour hand of the Allen-Bradley Clock Tower is 15.8 ft long and weighs 490 lb. Each minute hand is 20 ft long and weighs 550 lb. The hour markings are 4 ft high.

Appearance in popular culture
The tower made an appearance on the NASCAR Busch Series race car of Mike Bliss in 2004. To celebrate Rockwell Automation and Allen-Bradley's 100-year association, the #20 Rockwell Automation car was painted black with gold accents, along with the Rockwell/Allen-Bradley 100 Years symbol on the hood and quarter panels. The Clock Tower was depicted on the car in front of the wheel well. In Season 1, Episode 3 of Apple TV series Ted Lasso, the title character references spending three hours and 42 minutes alone at the clock tower.


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Flint River (Michigan)

The Flint River is a 78.3 mi river in the Flint/Tri-Cities region of Michigan in the United States. The river's headwaters are in Columbiaville in Lapeer County and flows through the counties of Lapeer, Genesee, and Saginaw. The cities of Lapeer, Flint, Flushing, and Montrose are along its course.

Name
The river's name is a translation from the Ojibwe language ᐲᐧᐋᓇᑰᓐ ᓰᐱ Biiwaanagoonh-ziibi (Flinty River). For a time, an Indian Reservation named Pewonigowink (Biiwaanagoonying: By the Flinty [River]) existed near Genesee, Michigan.

Course
The Flint River drains 1332 sqmi of Michigan, in Lapeer, Genesee, Shiawassee, Saginaw, Oakland, Tuscola, and Sanilac counties.

The river forms in Lapeer County near Columbiaville where the river's South Branch and North Branch come together. Its volume is supplemented by numerous creeks, including: Kearsley Creek, Thread Creek and Swartz Creek in Genesee County, and Misteguay Creek in Saginaw County. The river flows in a southwesterly direction past Flint before turning northward near Flushing. It empties into the Shiawassee River in the Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge near the city of Saginaw, as do the Bad River and Cass River. The Shiawassee then converges with the Tittabawassee River to form the Saginaw River. The Saginaw empties into the Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron.

Features along the Flint River
The river is dammed in Richfield Township to form the Holloway Reservoir, which was formed in 1953 and fully completed 1955. The reservoir was constructed, originally, as a water supply for Flint, and to move the river through the city more quickly to dilute sewage. By 1967, though, the city purchased its drinking water from the City of Detroit, via a pipeline from Lake Huron, and only used the reservoir as an emergency back-up water supply.

The C.S. Mott Dam just 5 mi downstream and west of Genesee forms C S Mott Lake and was completed in 1972 for recreational use. Local attractions along the lake include Crossroads Village (home of the Huckleberry Railroad), Stepping Stone Falls, and the riverboat Genesee Belle.

The next dam is the Utah Dam. A largely steel dam, it was completed in 1928 to prevent industrial discharges from entering the drinking water supply downstream. The gates have since been locked in the open position so that it no longer impedes the flow of the river.

The Hamilton Dam exists downstream at the University of Michigan–Flint campus in downtown Flint. Constructed in 1920, it once also served as a pedestrian bridge, but is now in severe disrepair. Because of its dilapidation, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ordered that steps be taken by 2008, and if that did not occur that the river be lowered to reduce the use of the dam. In 2008, the city of Flint spent $30,000 on a pre-engineering study to assess whether a new dam was needed or the old one be repaired.

Finally, downstream from the Hamilton Dam is an inflatable dam just west of the Grand Traverse Street Bridge. The Fabridam was completed in 1979 mostly for visual and recreational purposes as it impounds very little of the river. It was replaced in 2001 with a $604,000 Obermeyer Hydro Inc. dam.

In the city of Flint, the river flows past the sites of several former General Motors factories, most notably Chevrolet's first assembly plant, which was bisected by the river, and downtown through the campus of the University of Michigan–Flint and Riverbank Park. Also along the river front is the Flint Carriage Factory site, later Dort Motors. The Durant-Dort Carriage Company Office, now a historic landmark, is across the street. Continuing downstream, the river runs past Kettering University and McLaren Hospital, then into Flint Township and through Flushing. The stretch of the Flint River from downtown Flint to Kettering University is channelized with concrete sides.

A recreational trail called the Flint River Trail runs along the river from Grand Traverse Street in downtown Flint to Carpenter Road on one side and Johnson Elementary School on Pierson Road on the other. It is a paved path, except behind the Flint water plant. North of Carpenter Road, the trail connects to the Mott Lake Trailway, which goes to Bluebell Beach on Bray Road and Stepping Stone Falls on Branch Road in Genesee Township. Another portion of the Mott Lake Trailway runs alongside the lake from the corner of Center Road and Coldwater Road to the corner of Genesee Road and Stanley Road. Together, the trails run 21.5 mi. An organization named Friends of the Flint River Trail maintains it, in addition to the Genesee County Parks & Recreation Commission and Flint Parks & Recreation Department.

Wildlife, conservation, and pollution
The river has suffered from decades upon decades of industrial pollution, although cleanups following the Clean Water Act have vastly improved pollution since the 1950s and 1960s.

The river has the same fishing advisory as the Great Lakes. Fish in the river include smallmouth bass, walleye, and some trout.

The water in the Flint River has high levels of chlorides (thought to be the result of, in part, road salt), making it highly corrosive to lead pipes. Chlorides do not pose a direct threat to fish, wildlife, or humans, but cause problems in that they corrode lead and other metals in piping and plumbing.

Flint water crisis
In April 2014, reacting to years of cost increases in water purchased from Detroit, the City of Flint voted to join a new water project bringing Lake Huron water directly to Flint by 2016. When the decision was announced, Detroit invoked a termination clause in the contract cutting Flint off from Detroit water in one year. Flint and Detroit negotiated to maintain the connection to the Detroit system but ultimately the decision was made to switch its water source from Detroit back to water from the Flint River. Almost immediately, residents began complaining about the water's taste and appearance, saying it was cloudy and emitted a foul odor.

The city issued a notice informing Flint residents of their water containing unlawful levels of trihalomethanes, a chlorine byproduct linked to cancer and other diseases. The Hurley Medical Center, in Flint, released a study in September 2015, which stated the proportion of infants and children with high concentrations of lead in their blood had nearly doubled since the city switched its water source. While tests showed that the water leaving Flint's treatment plant was lead-free, by the time that water reached household taps it could still contain elevated levels of lead. This happened because the Flint River water was more corrosive to lead pipes than the previously used water source, Lake Huron; a study conducted by Virginia Tech professor Marc Edwards, a leading authority on water quality, showed that the Flint River water corroded lead pipes at 19 times the rate of water piped from Detroit.

Cities and villages along the river

 * Montrose, Michigan
 * Flushing, Michigan
 * Flint, Michigan
 * Genesee, Michigan
 * Columbiaville, Michigan
 * Lapeer, Michigan

title: Flint River (Michigan)


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User talk:Overmage

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

- Would you mind taking another look at this one? The host in question at least does not appear to me to be an open proxy. SQL Query me! 02:10, 7 May 2018 (UTC)

Thank you very much, ! (and also )  θvξr    magξ   spellbook 16:45, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Overmage


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Ring of Red

Ring of Red (リング・オブ・レッド) is an alternate history turn-based strategy video game released by Konami for the PlayStation 2 console. It was one of the first PlayStation 2 games made with CD-ROM-based technology. Ring of Red was released in 2000 for Japan followed by North America and Europe in 2001. An emulated version for the PlayStation 3 was released as a PS2 Classic on October 4, 2011 in North America.

The game is based on an alternate history theory that after the defeat of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy near the end of World War II, Japan was conquered and occupied by both Soviet and American forces - rather than solely by the US, as in actual history. The occupation created two countries, consisting of the north governed by a pro-communist government and the south by a pro-democracy government with Hokkaidō occupied by Soviet forces. Tensions between the two Japans were at an all-time high during the Cold War with a Japanese War (similar in cause to the actual Korean War) taking place with Armored Fighting Walkers, giant walking mechas being used with great success by both the North and South Japanese militaries.

Gameplay
Combat is split between a turn-based battlefield for moving units, and a real-time mode for combat. The latter includes the AFWs moving through their attack patterns and support troops that have their own abilities.

Tactical map

In each mission, players deploy their units on a map. Each square contains terrain that provide movement and defense bonuses or penalties. Both sides consist of units made up of a single AFW and three squads of infantry. The player and the enemy take turns in moving their units around the map in order to complete certain objectives, such as pursuing a unit, capturing a town or protecting a convoy. Some missions have branching objectives that give different bonuses.

Players can engage in combat by moving within distance of an enemy unit, depending on the range the AFW is in prior to combat. If players are successful in destroying the enemy AFW, the enemy unit is removed from the map and players gain experience points. If the enemy destroys a player AFW, the entire unit is removed until the next mission.

In addition to combat, players can capture cities, which can provide more troops for recruitment and heal friendly troops, and can dedicate turns to repairing their units. Each mission has parameters which result in player defeat, such as not completing the mission within the time limit or losing Weizegger's AFW.

Ring of Red features a day/night cycle. Each move takes a certain amount of time, which influences how often units can be issued orders, which in turn affects what time of day combat takes place. In addition, there is simulated weather and natural disasters.

Combat

Combat takes place in a real-time environment. Players begin with their AFW standing in opposition to the enemy AFW. If either AFW is destroyed, combat ends and the unit is removed from the strategic map. If neither AFW is destroyed within the prescribed time limit, the battle ends in a draw. Units can also end combat by escaping from the battlefield or by engaging in close combat, which automatically ends the match.

Combat consists of players moving and operating their AFW and issuing orders to accompanying infantry. AFWs must wait until their main weapon is loaded before they can attack, either against the enemy AFW itself or its infantry support. When aiming, players are given a first-person view from the AFW along with a hit probability percentage. The more time spent aiming, the more accurate the shot becomes and the more damage is done. Base accuracy is dependent on range, battle conditions, and type of AFW, although the rate of increase of accuracy slows down as it increases.

Conditions on the strategic map strongly influence the battle conditions. Battles fought at night receive a penalty in base accuracy. Different types of terrain grant different bonuses and penalties to base accuracy. Furthermore, various terrains can also block attacks randomly, such as trees in forests.

Certain support troops can compensate for terrain conditions by deploying range-finders before the battle starts, and Afws, in tandem with squadrons stationed on the mech itself, can launch flares to provide Battlefield illumination.

Players also have access to Maximum Attacks, which are unique abilities that can only be used a certain number of times in each mission. Maximum Attacks vary between pilots, but include techniques such as powerful shots, unaimed snap-shots, dodging, instant movement and instant loading. Some crews also provide special shells which can provide illumination or do devastating damage against AFWs or infantry.

Infantry
Three infantry squads accompany the AFW in each unit, two fighting on the ground and the third riding on the mech itself as crew. Some squad types, such as the Mechanic or Medic, provide bonuses to healing units between turns, while Recon units allow the AFW to start combat at the optimum distance for the range the engagement begins at.

During the combat turn, squads fight automatically, aiming at either the soldiers in the enemy unit or the enemy AFW, depending on their designation (Anti-Infantry or Anti-AFW). Each squad has a different ability that is used in the Vanguard (deployed in front of the mech) or Rearguard (deployed behind it). These can range from special attacks against the enemy AFW or infantry, fixing damaged portions of their own machine, or defending against attacks.

Setting
Ring of Red is set in an alternate history 1960s where the Allies ended World War II by invading Japan in the costly Operation Downfall rather than the use of the atomic bomb. With the Cold War looming over the horizon, Hokkaidō is ceded to the Soviet Union, and the remaining portions Japan are partitioned into Communist Republic of North Japan and capitalist South Japan. North Japan was supported by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, while the United States and other capitalist countries supported the South, and Germany makes engineering contributions to both sides.

In 1950, like the Korean War, the Japan War took place when communist-backed North Japan invaded the south. The north and the south fought for three years in which South Japan, with the help of its Western Allies, repelled the invasion but neither side was able to gain the upper hand. The war finally ended in 1953 in a stalemate mainly dictated to both Japans by both super powers.

A significant development in this timeline is the design and deployment of mecha called Armoured Fighting Walkers (AFWs). They were used with negligible effect in the European theatre of war after Hitler ordered their deployment at the Battle of Kursk, however they proved more effective in the rugged terrain of Japan and other countries. The establishment of a no fly zone over Japan under the RACINI Treaty - based on the presumption that nuclear weapons could only be delivered by airplane - has furthered AFW development. However, this treaty does not prevent the use of nuclear weapons by AFWs or ballistic missiles should one of the sides decide to develop such weapons.

When the Type 3 prototype AFW is stolen by elite Northern agent and Vietnam veteran Yu Kaiho under the orders of the North Japanese general Hidetomi Minakawa, Masami "Wei" von Weizegger and Ryoko Minakawa were sent to retrieve the prototype for South Japan at all costs. In their quest to retrieve it, they will learn there are bigger ambitions at play than tipping the balance of the Cold War, and even their own allies may not be trusted.

Plot differences
In the Japanese version, it is stated that Wei and Ryoko's commanding officers Schreingen and Rodriguez are former members of the Nazi Party but evaded punishment in return for information regarding AFWs and allowed to stay in South Japan. There are no references to this in the EU and US versions. The Japanese version also mentions the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki being followed up by Operation Downfall.

Reception
The game received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

GameSpot said the game "is easily the best strategy game out on the PS2 at this time." IGN criticized the dialogue and the overall translation, but praised the game as "a very satisfying strategy experience." GameRevolution criticized the pace of the gameplay and the graphics, while praising its simplicity and depth. Eurogamer criticized the soundtrack, lack of voice acting and translation, but praised the graphics and gameplay, saying "People who enjoy involving battle strategy romps...will definitely find Ring of Red captivating." GamePro called it "repetitive and sometimes even boring...yet it manages to be hypnotically fun." Greg Orlando of NextGen said, "With this Ring, we certainly are wed to mass destruction – yet we marry not out of love, but for looks and quick, easy fun."

However, the game was criticized for having many errors in its localization, such as misspelling, factual errors and incoherent dialogue. Ring of Red was also faulted for not having any voice acting.

title: Ring of Red


text:
Category:Collegiate a cappella groups

The following are collegiate a cappella groups.

title: Category:Collegiate a cappella groups


text:
Talk:Jessica Rabbit (disambiguation)

Untitled
Jessica is considered by some to be the world's sexiest cartoon character since Tex Avery's "Red Hot Riding Hood".

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Rabbit"

The above sentence is potentially weasely as it does not cite sources or specify who 'some' are supposed to be.

Would someone knowledgeable be able to clarify? does 'Some' refer to her fans? to fans of 'Who framed Roger Rabbit'? to an internet poll?

 * The line should be removed, it's obviously POV. She was obviously drawn to be sexy, but until we get a panel of experts on this, the line's gone.--Agent Aquamarine 00:51, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Response
I'd like to know that too. Who wrote the article, anyway? They forgot about The Little Mermaid when mentioning the sexiest cartoons. Nevertheless and notwithstanding, where I come from, a lot of men kept in their gem collection stickers featuring Jessica. I mean, some of them probably don't even know her name (That's probably due to the fact that the poeple who make those stickers don't even bother to keep Jessica's original colors), but if you ask them, they would answer without hesitation "She is the sexiest cartoon ever". Back to the article, "Some" is most likely to be an euphemism for "the author of this [Jessica Rabbit's] article". --Plavalagunanbanshee 15:35, 15 September 2005 (UTC) (Look at the post I made at T-x discussion!) Hey, I recently discovered a lot of truck drivers have Jessica (as a sticker, of course) pasted on the windows of their trucks. Turns out, Jessica is as traditional as that commonly seen image of Calvin (from Calvin and Hobbes) peeing (we don't actually see his penis, we see him from the back :P). Anyway, the Jessica in the stickers is not the same as the one in the movie. For the sake of those nasty truck drives, her secondary sex characteristics have been exaggerated (her boobs are way bigger), and also she's never drawn correctly (the perverts who draw her probably have no artistic training); the Jessica depicted in the article is not the one from the movie, it's the truck version. The colors are also big giveaways: The true Jessica wears purple gloves. I found another disturbing article on poor Jessica. !

Article tone
Is it just me, or do most of the sections in this article seem to be written as if they're an advertisement, and aren't neutral enough for Wikipedia's standards?60.240.207.206 13:36, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

how so? i just ran through this the other day, didn't notice it. Bouncehoper 04:36, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

question about "frankenstein"
Ok, I can understand why that pargraph (Jessica is the Frankenstein of all these different actresses) might be considered POV, but if I remember correctly, there is in fact some truth to the statement--that the animators set out to pick the best features from old-time actresses to make one bombshell. Will sniff and see if I can find it--does this sound familiar to anyone else? Bouncehoper 04:50, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Melyssa Ford
Melyssa Ford should not be mentioned on this page. The two are not equivalent, and when people come here looking for one of the most famous cartoon characters in the last 20 years, they don't expect to be brought to a redirect page for a relatively unknown model/actress for whom the nickname is not even well-attributed. The two are nowhere near equivalent. Do a Google Image search for "Jessica Rabbit". See how many hits of Melyssa Ford come up. (A maximum of 2%.) Using the standard Google language settings, there are ~800,000 Google page hits for "Jessica Rabbit". There are no more than 775 "real" Google hits for "Jessica Rabbit" "Melyssa Ford". . Most of those hits are false positives.

This page should be an immediate redirect to the character Jessica Rabbit with a redirect message upon arrival (as I've already set up at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit_characters#Jessica_Rabbit). This shouldn't even be a matter of debate. Bueller 007 (talk) 00:49, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Obviously, whether somebody is known or unknown depends on the circles one travels in. I would say that being the subject of a profile in The New York Times indicates that Melyssa Ford is hardly "relatively unknown".
 * What shouldn't be a matter of debate is being truthful in writing edit summaries. You wrote that searching for the terms "Jessica Rabbit" "Melyssa Ford" produced 3,000 Google hits, which is off by a factor of 5.
 * I don't mind changing this page into a redirect, but I object to your lying about the reason. — Malik Shabazz 02:55, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I object to you calling me a liar. As a person even slightly familiar with the Internet should know, Google page hits vary depending on the language settings.  Set yours to English, French and Japanese exclusively and let me know how you fare.  Incidentally, the results I got were a maximum of 3000 "Jessica Rabbit" AND "Melyssa Ford" and 100000 for "Jessica Rabbit".  That's 3%.  If you use Google's standard language settings as you did you get ~16000 hits for "Jessica Rabbit" AND "Melyssa Ford", but you also get 800000 hits for "Jessica Rabbit".  (Strange how you neglected to mention that part...)  That's 2%.  And as I've already pointed out above, most of those hits are fake. There are only 780 real hits for "Jessica Rabbit" AND "Melyssa Ford", and most of those are false positives.  Bueller 007 (talk) 18:41, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

DMB page
This is needed as a DMB page since it is a three-way disambiguation. There is no reason to lose the link to the vibrator and make it harder for readers to find the page. TerriersFan (talk) 15:02, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jessica Rabbit (disambiguation)


text:
John Conlee

John Wayne Conlee (born August 11, 1946) is an American country music singer.

Between 1978 and 2004, Conlee charted a total of 32 singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, and recorded 11 studio albums. His singles include seven No. 1 hits: "Lady Lay Down", "Backside of Thirty", "Common Man", "I'm Only in It for the Love", "In My Eyes", "As Long As I'm Rockin' with You" and "Got My Heart Set on You". In addition to these, Conlee had 14 other songs reach the Top Ten.

Conlee has been a member of the Grand Ole Opry since 1981.

Early life
Conlee was born on a tobacco farm in Versailles, Kentucky. By age 10, Conlee had begun singing and playing guitar, and later sang tenor in a barbershop quartet.

Conlee did not immediately take up a musical career, instead becoming a licensed mortician, employed by Duell-Clark Funeral Chapel, and later a disc jockey at radio stations WQXE in Elizabethtown, Kentucky, and at WLAC in Nashville.

Music career

In pursuit of a music career, Conlee moved to Nashville, Tennessee, by 1971. He signed to ABC Records in 1976. Conlee charted for the first time in 1978 with "Rose Colored Glasses", a No. 5 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, as well as the title track on his 1978 debut album. The album produced his first two No. 1 hits with "Lady Lay Down" and "Backside of Thirty".

Following ABC's merger with MCA Records, Conlee released his 1979 album Forever on MCA. Its singles, "Before My Time" (No. 2) and "Baby, You're Something" (No. 7), were top ten hits. A second MCA release, Friday Night Blues, produced two more No. 2 hits: the title track and "She Can't Say That Anymore". The song "What I Had with You" (No. 12) followed. The 1981 album, With Love, accounted for yet another hit with "Miss Emily's Picture" (No. 2), which Conlee performed live on Hee Haw on January 3, 1981.

Conlee's 1982 album Busted led off with a cover of the Harlan Howard song of the same name. The album's last single, "Common Man", returned him to the top of the charts in 1983. Three more No. 1 hits came from the 1983 album In My Eyes: "I'm Only in It for the Love" (co-written with Kix Brooks), the title track and "As Long as I'm Rockin' with You". MCA also released a Greatest Hits album in 1983.

Blue Highway in 1984, his last studio album for MCA, produced another No. 2 with "Years After You". A year later, a second Greatest Hits album produced his last MCA single with the No. 5 "Old School", before he moved to Columbia Records. Conlee's first Columbia release, Harmony, gave him his last No. 1 hit with "Got My Heart Set on You" in 1986. A second and final album for Columbia, American Faces, reached the Top 10 for the last time with "Domestic Life". This was followed by "Mama's Rockin' Chair" at No. 11 (his last Top 40 hit). From there, Conlee moved to 16th Avenue Records, releasing Fellow Travelers in 1989.

In 2005, Conlee donated his concert performance of "Rose Colored Glasses" at the Wildhorse Saloon in Nashville, to benefit the Lymphatic Research Foundation in New York. Conlee sang his signature song and auctioned off a pair of "rose-colored glasses" with the proceeds going to LRF.

Conlee has appeared on Larry's Country Diner and Wednesday Night Prayer Meeting (released on DVD/CD) via RFD-TV and Country Road TV.

Academy of Country Music Awards

 * 1979
 * John Conlee
 * Top New Male Vocalist
 * Won
 * }
 * }

Country Music Association Awards

 * rowspan=2| 1979
 * Rose Colored Glasses
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2| John Conlee
 * rowspan=2| Male Vocalist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 1980
 * Nominated
 * }
 * 1980
 * Nominated
 * }

title: John Conlee


text:
Small Dead Animals

Small Dead Animals (SDA) is a Canadian blog, focusing largely on politics (Canadian, U.S., British and international) from a conservative perspective. Saskatchewan-based blogger Kate McMillan founded the blog and is the primary contributor.

Small Dead Animals was voted Best Canadian Blog in the Weblog Awards for 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007. In 2008, SDA was narrowly voted Best Conservative Blog in North America over Ace of Spades HQ.

Defamation
In 2008, human rights lawyer Richard Warman sued McMillan, Ezra Levant, Kathy Shaidle and the National Post over links to comments criticizing him at a Canadian internet forum, freedominion.ca. The National Post settled with Warman soon after the suit was launched and, in June 2015, Shaidle, Levant and McMillan all settled in exchange for undisclosed amounts and the issuance of public retractions and apologies. McMillan posted the following apology on her blog: "Apology to Richard Warman

Material previously appeared here in which a guest blogger made an allegation that Mr. Richard Warman had posted a bigoted attack on the internet against Senator Anne Cools. I have no evidence that this is true and I retract it and apologize to Mr. Warman for it without reservation."

The Libranos
McMillan coined the phrase "The Libranos" (a play on "liberal" and "Sopranos") to refer to the Liberal Party of Canada in light of the sponsorship scandal. A year later, a photograph of two Conservative MPs with a poster-sized version of a Western Standard cover based on her concept sparked a national controversy when Joe Volpe likened the MPs to Ku Klux Klan members.

Coverage in media
Small Dead Animals has received some press coverage from the Toronto Sun, including:

 * Publishing a letter from a soldier's widow after he died in a training exercise and the media became intrusive during and before the funeral.
 * Commenting negatively on Alberta Progressive Conservative premier Ralph Klein's slide to the left.
 * Criticizing a no-jail sentence for Paul Coffin, who was involved in the sponsorship scandal.
 * Noting Celine Dion's choice of pronouns when discussing Hurricane Katrina on Larry King Live.

McMillan and some other Canadian bloggers provided commentary on the 2006 Canadian elections to the CBC and BBC News. SDA and McMillan have been mentioned on the floor of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.

title: Small Dead Animals


text:
User:Greckard

Ahoy hoy!

So, I guess I am now in Wikipedia. My name is Gary Stephen Reckard Jr. I live in Gainesville, FL and am currently working to become a Master Computer Scientist. (glaven) --Greckard 15:59, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Greckard


text: Talk:Veolia Transport

title: Talk:Veolia Transport


text:
Mexican Federal Highway 85

Federal Highway 85 (Carretera Federal 85) connects Mexico City with the Mexico–United States border at Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. Highway 85 runs through Monterrey, Nuevo León; Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas; Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí; and Pachuca, Hidalgo. It ends at the intersection of Highway 95 in the San Pedro area of Mexico City. Highway 85 is the original route of the Pan-American Highway from the border to the capital as well as the Inter-American Highway.

Through most of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León, it is a freeway and is essentially a southern continuation of U.S. Interstate 35. Highway 85 has two alternate toll routes (Autopistas); both are named Carretera Federal 85D; one is from Nuevo Laredo to Monterrey (123.1 kilometers MXN$177) and Pachuca to Mexico City (45.8 kilometers MXN$33). Highway 85D has wider lanes, offers a more direct route, and is continuously being repaired and repaved.

Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, to Monterrey, Nuevo León
Federal Highway 85 is a 6-lane divided unrestricted access road from Nuevo Laredo to Monterrey. Gateway to the Americas International Bridge in Nuevo Laredo is the highway's starting point. In Nuevo Laredo MFH 85 is also known as Reforma Avenue passing through Downtown Nuevo Laredo and Nuevo Laredo's main commercial districts and Industrial Parks. At kilometer 26 there is a Mexican customs stop known as Garita Kilómetro 26. All vehicles exiting the border area are required to stop for inspection and proof of citizenship is required. The highway is divided into Highway 85 (known as la libre; the "free road") and the toll Highway 85D (known as la cuota) whose starting point at the World Trade International Bridge in Nuevo Laredo then connects with MFH85 then splitting again after the Mexican check point. At about midway between Nuevo Laredo and Monterrey, Highway 85 crosses the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range (at the Paso de Mamulique). Highway 85 passes through several cities and small towns including:

 * Nuevo Laredo
 * Sabinas Hidalgo
 * Salinas Victoria
 * Escobedo
 * San Nicolás de los Garza
 * Monterrey

Monterrey, Nuevo León to Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas
Federal Highway 85 in Monterrey is mainly a 6-lane divided unrestricted access road. In Monterrey the highway intersects various highways and loops. At the southern end it becomes a 4-lane divided highway leading to Linares, Nuevo León. From Linares to Ciudad Victoria the highway becomes a 2 lane road. Highway 85 passes through several cities and small towns including:
 * Montemorelos
 * Linares
 * Allende
 * Santiago
 * Villagrán
 * Hidalgo
 * Ciudad Victoria

Ciudad Victoria, Tamulipas to Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas
Federal Highway 85 is a 2-lane divided highway from Ciudad Victoria to Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas. Highway 85 passes through mainly rural areas.

Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas to Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí
Federal Highway 85 is a 2-lane divided highway from Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas to Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí. Highway 85 passes through mainly rural areas.

Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí to Pachuca, Hidalgo
Federal Highway 85 is a 2-lane divided highway from Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí to Actopan, Hidalgo. From Actopan to Pachuca, Hidalgo it becomes a 4-lane divided highway. Highway 85 passes through several cities and small towns including:
 * Tamazunchale
 * Axtla de Terrazas
 * Ixmiquilpan
 * Actopan
 * Pachuca

Pachuca, Hidalgo to Mexico City
Federal Highway 85 is a 4-lane divided highway from Pachuca, Hidalgo to Mexico City. Highway 85 passes through several cities and small towns including:
 * Villanueva
 * Ecatepec
 * Teotihuacán de Arista
 * Mexico City

title: Mexican Federal Highway 85


text:
User talk:Claudiaz~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! 	D. J. Bracey (talk) 16:02, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * How to write a great article
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Reply to WTA Season
I'm willing to help but I don't know quite what you mean by the 'hall of fame of all WTA tournments' Please explain. Thanks for contacting me. (Please reply on my talk page so I know I got messages) - Nick_C 18:29, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've replied to your new question on my talk page - 18:01, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * So how may I help you in creating a page for every WTA Tour tennis tournament? - Nick_C 19:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Claudiaz. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Claudiaz~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:08, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:38, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Claudiaz~enwiki