text:
User:Ceesharp

I am an investigative historian, filmmaker and author residing in Toronto, Canada. I hold a Ph.D. in the history of espionage in international relations and criminal justice history from the University of Toronto and lecture in the history of the Third Reich, International Relations, Espionage and the American Civil War at Ryerson University.

My dissertation, Combat, Memory and Remembrance in Confederation Era Canada:The Hidden History of the Battle of Ridgeway, June 2, 1866 was recently published by Penguin Books Canada - Allen Lane Books in 2011 as Ridgeway: The American Fenian Invasion and the 1866 Battle That Made Canada

I have recently launched http://www.fenians.org and http://www.ridgewaybattle.ca dedicated to the Fenian Invasion of Canada 1866 and the Battle of Ridgeway.

I maintain a website on the history of the Toronto Police: http://www.russianbooks.org/crime/cp0.htm

I've written two true-crime history books published by Penguin-Berkley -- Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters and Female Serial Killers:  How and Why Women Become Monsters. See: http://www.petervronsky.com  I also wrote and directed a feature length documentary about underground culture in the last year of the Soviet regime:  Mondo Moscow:  The Art & Magic of Not Being There (1991) and numerous one-hour and thirty-minute television documentaries and specials.

I was the first person to have interviewed Russian witnesses in 1991-1992 to Lee Harvey Oswald's journey to the Soviet Union in 1959-1962 -- and I mean the first -- not even the KGB had interviewed some of these witnesses! I run a website about that at: http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald-in-russia.htm

I am also interested in, among many other things, the siege of Montsegur in 1244 and have a website on that as well: http://www.russianbooks.org/montsegur.htm

My main site is: http://www.petervronsky.org

title: User:Ceesharp


text:
User talk:Vl100butch

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Friday (talk) 01:39, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Vl100butch


text:
User talk:7Train

Welcome!

Hello, 7Train, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay.

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * Try our tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * Keep the Five Pillars of Wikipedia in mind, and remember to write from a neutral point of view.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~, or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

If you have any questions, see the help pages, ask a question at the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome, and good luck!

-- Kirill Lokshin 01:39, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Picture 013.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Picture 013.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 06:09, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Konyspecialed.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Konyspecialed.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. This is an automated message from BJBot 18:12, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Budd-logo.jpg
This is an automated message from a robot. You have recently uploaded Image:Budd-logo.jpg. The file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 19:38, 15 September 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. If you believe you received this message in error, please notify the bot's owner. OsamaKBOT 19:38, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Rm-1969.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Rm-1969.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  Mønobi 02:49, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Image:Lowerhack.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Lowerhack.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Nv8200p talk 17:16, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

License tagging for File:R33worldfaircar9309atcorona.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:R33worldfaircar9309atcorona.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information; to add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia.

For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 03:07, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Generalpulaskimemorialday-logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Generalpulaskimemorialday-logo.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 07:47, 16 September 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Salavat (talk) 07:47, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

File:Upperhack-92206-2.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Upperhack-92206-2.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Bility (talk) 22:25, 31 December 2009 (UTC) — Bility (talk) 22:25, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Willetspoint-8907.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Willetspoint-8907.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their license and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log].

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 20:58, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

File source problem with File:1969amcambassador.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:1969amcambassador.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 17:10, 17 April 2011 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Logan Talk Contributions 17:10, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

File source problem with File:MilfordMontague-br.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:MilfordMontague-br.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Magog the Ogre (talk) 14:35, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Valerie-alternatecover.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Valerie-alternatecover.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk ) 05:25, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Valerie-alternatecover.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Valerie-alternatecover.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

PLEASE NOTE:

 * I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions. If you have a question, place a template, along with your question, beneath this message.
 * I will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again.
 * If you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request.
 * To opt out of these bot messages, add  to your talk page.
 * If you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page.

Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 06:59, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:7Train


text:
Crain Communications Building

The Crain Communications Building is a 39-story, 582 foot (177 m) skyscraper located at 150 North Michigan Avenue in downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was also known as the Smurfit–Stone Building and the Stone Container Building. While the building was originally going to be called "One Park Place," it opened as The Associates Center, named after the initial tenant of the building, the Associates Commercial Corp.

Construction of the building began in 1983 and was completed in 1984. The building, noted for its unusually slanted facade, was designed by Sheldon Schlegman of A. Epstein and Sons. It has 39 floors of tenant space and the two spires at the top cover the main roof and serve as mechanical rooms for HVAC equipment.

History
Although the building looks as though it is split down the middle, the two sides are only slightly disjointed until nearing the top, where there is a gap between them. At times, its slanted roof—which has been likened to a skyscraper pared with a knife—displays local sports slogans on its face, such as "GO BEARS" and "GO SOX". It also displayed "VOTE 2008" during the 2008 election day rally at Grant Park.

At the time of its construction, the Associates Center was considered to be a smart building, with sophisticated environmental and security controls. Three years after its completion, the building played a role in the Touchstone Pictures film Adventures in Babysitting. It was also the location of Patrovita's office in the 1986 film Raw Deal. The building is also modeled in EA's SimCity 4, as well as being destroyed in the film Transformers: Dark of the Moon and in the videogame Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2. The building name was changed to the Crain Communications Building in March 2012, after Crain Communications moved its headquarters there.

The building is popularly referred to as the Diamond Building or the Vagina Building (from the locally popular but apocryphal story that, with its prominent vertical slit up the front, the building was designed to be a yonic counter to the phallic nature of most skyscrapers).

Tenants

 * Crain Communications
 * Consulate General of Sweden Chicago
 * Wells Fargo: Insurance Services
 * United Airlines: previously maintained a ticketing office in this building.

title: Crain Communications Building


text:
Birthright (Stargate SG-1)

"Birthright" is the 10th episode from the seventh season military science fiction adventure television show Stargate SG-1. The 142nd episode overall, "Birthright" was first broadcast on the Sci-fi Channel in the United States on August 15, 2003. The episode was written by Christopher Judge, who is best known as the character Teal'c on the show. Peter Woeste directed the episode.

In the episode, SG-1 encounters a group of Jaffa called the Hak'tyl. The team learns from the group's leader, Ishta (Jolene Blalock), that since the Goa'uld system lord Moloc declared that all newborn female Jaffa in his domain be sacrificed, the Hak'tyl have been secretly saving as many as they can. As the resistance depends on the increasingly-difficult-to-acquire Goa'uld symbiotes, SG-1 believe a drug called Tretonin can abate them.

This is the third of four episodes of Stargate SG-1 written by Christopher Judge and incorporates elements of the Amazons from Greek mythology, as well as looking at sexism and femicide within the fictional Jaffa and Goa'uld races. A sequel episode called "Sacrifices", also written by Judge, features as part of season 8.

Plot
While on a mission on an alien planet, SG-1 is attacked by Goa'uld Jaffa forces. Suddenly, six female Jaffa warriors storm in and take out the attackers. One of the warriors, Mala (Christine Adams) tells SG-1 they have sought them out and asks the team to accompany them back to their outpost, called Hak'tyl. SG-1 are introduced to their leader Ishta (Jolene Blalock), who explains that she is part of a resistance against the Goa'uld Moloc. They learn that Moloc has declared that all female Jaffa born within his domain be executed, as he believes that only male Jaffa can win his war against enemy Goa'uld. Ishta, Mala and Neith (Kathleen Duborg), all of whom served Moloc, tell Major Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) that they have been secretly saving newborn female Jaffa, smuggling them back to Hak'tyl. Needing Goa'uld symbiotes to survive, the Hak'tyl have been ambushing Jaffa patrols in order to take their symbiotes and give them to Hak'tyl when they come of age. Ishta appeals to Carter that Earth help them in procuring the Goa'uld symbiotes, and Carter explains to them that they've developed a drug called Tretonin that can be used instead of a symbiote. The idea is detestable to Neith, whose younger sister, Nesa, is fast approaching the age where she will need a symbiote.

Teal'c seeks out Ishta, who is unconvinced by the idea of using Tretonin and eventually she learns that Teal'c no longer has a symbiote and is using the drug. Ishta informs her people of the development and Mala, along with four other volunteers, travel to Stargate Command to test the drug. Nesa (Kirsten Zien) wants to volunteer, but her sister, Neith, does not allow her to go. The Hak'tyl volunteers are greeted by General George Hammond (Don S. Davis) at Stargate Command, and soon Dr. Janet Fraiser (Teryl Rothery) begins trialing the drug. Meanwhile, back on Hak'tyl, Teal'c and Ishta grow close as they stay up late into the night talking. Daniel Jackson (Michael Shanks) tells Nesa about how the drug can save her but is then confronted by her older sister Neith.

Back at Stargate Command, Mala has not responded to the Tretonin, and her situation has become dire. Although she will die without it, she refuses to take back her symbiote. Back on the planet, Neith plans to challenge Ishta's leadership, despite the worries of the others.

Writing and cast

Years previously Christopher Judge, who also plays the character of Teal'c, had been encouraged by creator of the series Brad Wright to write for the show. Judge commented that there was somewhat of a reluctance amongst the shows writers to make Teal'c-centric episodes, with the exceptions of Peter DeLuise and Damian Kindler, so if Judge wanted more episodes, he should write them. Judge first pitched the concept of exploring the Amazons from Greek mythology in Stargate SG-1 around the time of season 5 in 2001, with Judge asserting that the Amazons "kind of lent itself very well to the whole Jaffa mythology". Around this time, Judge also pitched another episode, "The Warrior" which became his primary writing focus at the time. The following year, Judge worked again on his Amazons story with series creator Brad Wright, plotting out more elements of the story. Judge later explained that he was struggling in "tying it all in to why SG-1 would even be there", so instead decided to again pitch an entirely different episode to Wright, who encouraged Judge to instead focus on his new idea which would eventually become the season 6 episode "The Changeling". Prior to season 7, Judge had reworked the story: "I came up with concept of these women under one particular God who so wanted warriors that he would kill off the children until he got a boy - which led to one of their princesses spiriting their children away and so on". Judge then worked with showrunner Robert C. Cooper on finalising the structure of the story, with Cooper later reflecting "we really didn't want to do the typical Amazon story, and he always intended it to be very much about an underground railroad of women created by women who had been badly mistreated by a misogynistic Jaffa society".

Following the events of Judge's season 6 episode "The Changeling", where Teal'c loses his Goa'uld symbiote, Judge was keen to try and "take Teal'c another step towards being more human" in season 7. Judge was interested in developing a love interest for Teal'c, joking that "Teal'c is a totally red-blooded male. It stands to reason he would want a little feminine company every once in a while", jesting that "the only way his character could form some sort of romantic entanglement on the show was to write it himself". After finishing work on "Birthright", Judge had plotted out a three-part arc involving Ishta and Teal'c, although hadn't yet pitched it to Cooper.

Jolene Blalock portrays the character of Ishta, the leader of the Hak'tyl and Priestess of the Goa'uld System Lord Moloc. The character was written by Judge with actress Blalock in mind, although Judge didn't believe that Blalock would actually be willing or able. When casting the role, Victoria Pratt was also considered for the part. When creating the part, Judge's main aim was to try write a strong Jaffa character and tried not to think about what gender they would be. Blalock would later return in the season 8 episode "Sacrifices". Other members of the Hak'tyl include Christine Adams as Mala, Kathleen Duborg as Neith, Kirsten Zien as Nesa and Simone Bailly in the part of Ka'lel. Bailly believed her character would only appear in one episode, but she later reprised the part in season 8 and then recurred in season 9 and 10, with the character eventually becoming the representative of the Hak'tyl on the Free Jaffa High Council. Bailly, who maintained relationships with the show's creative team after SG-1 ended was invited to appear as the character of Lincoln in Stargate Universe. Elizabeth Weinstein	and Julie Hill also play Hak'tyl characters Emta and Ginra, as does Nikki Smook, partner of producer Michael Greenburg, who plays the part of Nictal. Greenburg asked Smook to appear as she had equestrian experience, as production required a number of actors who could comfortably ride horses. Smook also previously appeared as the character Nikka in "Scorched Earth". Judge's at-the-time girlfriend also appears as a background member of the Hak'tyl. Nigel Vonas portrays the Jaffa, Ryk'l, and Teryl Rothery appears as recurring character Dr. Janet Fraiser.

Filming and post-production
For the Hak'tyl costumes, costume designer Christina McQuarrie fashioned the costumes to be "functional, but sexy too", opting for "a more elemental feel" and also deciding against the heavy use of chain mail that was typically featured on the Jaffa. Makeup artist Jan Newman highlighted the episode as being "a real treat" for the makeup team, in that they got to style "outrageous hair" that was "more feminine than our usual military stuff". When creating hair and makeup looks for the Hak'tyl, Newman later explained that they "customised each look to their dresses so that we had lots of pinning and braiding".

Filming the episode took place in May 2003, with Peter Woeste directing and Jim Menard as cinematographer. Woeste wanted the cinematography to have a romantic feel to it and largely utilised long-focus lenses, with frequent use of close-up shots. Robert C. Cooper wanted a relatively long and "convincing fight sequence" to feature in the episode, encouraging Woeste to try and push the boundaries on what the series could achieve. Stunt coordinator Dan Shea worked with Woeste and the performers to choreograph the scene, with actors Christopher Judge and Jolene Blalock ultimately doing over 50% of the performance themselves.

The episode was largely shot on a private location in Langley, British Columbia along the Canadian United States border. Shooting took place in May 2003, with production running two separate crews out of the same location, one for "Birthright" and the other for "Heroes". Although masquerading as two different worlds, the Stargate erected on location was used for both episodes, with "Birthright" director Peter Woeste shooting from one side and "Heroes" director Andy Mikita shooting from the other. The episode's most prominent set, a Hak'tyl settlement, was constructed on the edge of a man-made lake. The wet weather conditions meant that production had trouble getting the 5 tonnes of set dressing to the location and therefore had to construct a temporary road leading to the set. Production designer Bridget McQuire's trip across Indonesia played influence on the Hak'tyl settlement, with Sumatran architecture in particular prompting the design of the Hak'tyl structures. Tent-like structures on wooden platforms were built around the lake, with a tent also constructed in the studio for interior shots. Production accidentally forgot to construct the studio tent on a wooden platform, meaning that people entering and exiting didn't entirely match in the finished episode. A wooden fishing raft was constructed and moored on the lake to further the idea that the Hak-tyl were a self-sufficient people, however could not be used during filming as the proper health and safety had not been put in place.

As well as regular series composer Joel Goldsmith, Kevin Kiner also contributed to the score, with this being his final input to the show.

Broadcast and ratings
"Birthright" was first broadcast on August 15, 2003 on the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States. The episode's broadcast and ratings were affected by the Northeast blackout of 2003, but still reportedly achieved a 1.5 Nielsen rating, viewed by some 1.2 million households. In the United Kingdom, the episode was first broadcast on December 1, 2003 on Sky One. The broadcast was Sky One's sixth most popular show that week, with 680,000 viewers. In Canada, the channel Space first aired "Birthright" on November 11, 2004.

Reception
Writing for SFX, Jayne Dearsley awarded the episode 3 out of 5 stars, calling it as an "interesting episode full of nice performances, with a cool fight scene". Dearsley praised Blalock "as being a great match for our brooding Jaffa hero", pointing out that "Christopher Judge writes an episode of Stargate in which he gets to snog Jolene Blalock", joking "you can't blame the guy for wanting Teal'c to get his end away for once". The reviewer was however critical that "all the women have the usual American TV-approved plucked eyebrows and perfect make-up, despite living in a forest". Jan Vincent-Rudzki for TV Zone negatively received the episode, describing it as "lots of posturing, pouting, fighting and taking illogical points of view, with a few I am a warrior thrown in" commenting that it "fails to be at all interesting". Vincent-Rudzki was mostly critical of Jolene Blalock, describing her as "a lady who cannot be said to have a particularly large build, and in trying to be a stern monotone Jaffa women, she manages to seem more like a Vulcan" as well as criticising a lack of "power" from the character. The reviewer awarded the episode 3 out of 10.

Writing for About.com, Julia Houston called the premise "familiar, but still quite fun", writing that whilst the episode was "a story every new sci-fi writer comes up with while they're getting their ya-yas out", writer Christopher Judge "does use a few professional tricks". The writer remarked "This is the Amazon Women scenario as complete male wish-fulfillment. The women warriors are beautiful, strong, sexual, and -- most importantly -- in need of salvation", drawing comparisons to the 1987 film Amazon Women on the Moon. Houston observed that whilst Judge was clearly inexperienced as a writer, he showed a strong audience understanding by having Jack and Daniel recognise and joke about the Amazons scenario right away.

Brigid Cherry for Dreamwatch positively received the episode, giving it 8 out of 10 believing that the "drama more than makes up for any lack of action". Cherry wrote "while this could have easily descended into sexist humour, it is saved by the taught and emotional scripting", praising writer Christopher Judge for giving his character of Teal'c a major role, without it feeling like an "ego job". Darren Rea for Sci-fi Online praised Blalock's performance, going on to write "this could have fallen flat on its face, but Blalock and Judge manage to turn this into an above average episode". Den of Geek's Juliette Harrisson gave a mixed response to the episode, believing it was "clearly motivated partly by giving him an opportunity for a love story with a gorgeous co-star", criticising the use of the Amazonian mythology as being the "hokiest of concepts". The writer did however praise Blalock's character of Ishta for "embodying a male fantasy of a woman who combines a maternal gentleness with formidable fighting skills is not easy, and Blalock does it well".

Analysing for PopMatters, Marco Lanzagorta considered SG-1 convincing the Hak'tyl to give up their dependence on the Goa'uld, and instead rely on a drug developed on Earth as an example of "intergalactic imperialism" "to impose contemporary U.S. ideologies on other cultures". The writer went on to argue "the series seems aware that such an attitude is troubling". Reviewing for Fansite Gateworld Alli Snow expressed that so far in season 7, "Birthright" was the episode he had "enjoyed" the most. Snow praised the writing, specifically the depth given to the characters of Ishta, Neith, and Mala, all of whom he quickly became invested in. The reviewer also appreciated Judge's performance as Teal'c, commenting that the episode "provided ample opportunity for Judge to sample a wide palate of emotions" arguing that "Perhaps not since "The Warrior" have we seen him so relaxed, or so verbose." Syfy Wire writer Lisa Granshaw called the episode "a bit cliche", however the author included Ishta in a list of characters they would most like to be explored in a spin-off series.

Home media
The episode was first released as part of the "Volume 34" region 2 DVD on March 29, 2004, along with episodes "Avenger 2.0" and both parts of "Evolution" and was the 2nd most popular DVD release that week in the United Kingdom. It was then released as part of the complete Season 7 boxsets on October 19, 2004 in region 1 and February 28, 2005 in region 2. The episode, along with the rest of season 7 were first made available digitally in January 2008 through iTunes and Amazon Unbox. The episode, along with every other episode of the series, was made available to stream for the first time through Netflix in the USA on August 15, 2010. Director Peter Woeste is joined by director of photography Jim Menard and set decorators Mark Davidson and Robert Davidson for the audio commentary of the episode. A deleted scene was posted on the Sci-Fi Channel's website after the episode aired, where Sam comforts Janet following the loss of Mala.

title: Birthright (Stargate SG-1)


text:
Virginia City (film)

Virginia City is a 1940 American Western film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Errol Flynn, Miriam Hopkins, Randolph Scott, and a mustachioed Humphrey Bogart in the role of the real-life outlaw John Murrell. Based on a screenplay by Robert Buckner, the film is about a Union officer who escapes from a Confederate prison and is sent to Virginia City from where his former prison commander is planning to send five million dollars in gold to Virginia to save the Confederacy. The film premiered in its namesake, Virginia City, Nevada. The film was shot in black and white (sepiatone).

Plot
Union officer Kerry Bradford stages an escape from Confederate Libby Prison run by the commandant, Vance Irby. Bradford reports to Union headquarters and is sent to Virginia City, a Nevada mining town, to find out where $5,000,000 in gold that Southern sympathizers plan to ship to the tottering Confederacy is being kept. On the westbound stagecoach, he meets and falls in love with Julia Hayne who, unbeknown to him, is in fact a dance-hall entertainer and a rebel spy, sent by Jefferson Davis to assist in the transfer of the gold by wagon train. Also on the stagecoach is John Murrell, leader of a gang of "banditos", travelling as a gun salesman. Before he and his gang can rob the stage, Bradford gets the drop on Murrell, who is forced to send his men away.

When the stage reaches Virginia City, Julia gives Bradford the slip and heads off to warn Captain Irby, who is now managing the gold-smuggling operation, that Bradford is in town. Bradford follows Irby to the rebels' hideout behind a false wall in a blacksmith's shop, but the gold is moved before he arrives. The Union garrison is called out to patrol the roads to prevent any wagons from leaving town.

While Irby is meeting with the sympathetic town doctor, Murrell shows up looking for someone to set his broken arm. Irby offers Murrell $10,000 to have his banditos attack the garrison, which will force the Union soldiers guarding the roads to come to its defense. While the soldiers are busy, Irby's rebels will smuggle the gold out in the false bottoms of their wagons. First Irby needs to take care of Bradford. He uses Julia to arrange a meeting between the two men, and then takes Bradford prisoner, intending to return him to prison.

The rebels' caravan is stopped at a Union outpost. At first, they are allowed to proceed, but after watching the bullion-laden wagons have difficulty moving through the soft dirt, the soldiers become suspicious and attempt to inspect the wagons. The Southerners start a firefight, killing the soldiers. In the confusion, Bradford escapes. Pursued by Irby and his men, he rides his horse down a steep incline and ends up somersaulting down the hill. The rebels, believing him dead, continue toward Texas. Bradford returns to the outpost and sends a telegraph to the garrison. Major Drewery, the garrison commander, arrives with a contingent of cavalry. Drewery, scornful of Bradford as a soldier, does not take his advice and ends up following a false trail, causing the pursuit to fall further behind the rebels, who are themselves fighting thirst, privation, and the unforgiving terrain. Bradford persuades Drewery to allow him to take a small detachment to follow his hunch.

Bradford and his men catch up with the caravan which is trapped in a canyon and being attacked by Murrell's banditos who are attempting to take the gold. Irby is wounded in the gunfight, but Bradford's military skills and the rebels' long guns eventually drive off the banditos. Before dying, Irby delegates command of the caravan and its gold to Bradford. During the night, knowing that in the morning both Murrell's men and Drewery's command will arrive, Bradford takes the gold from the wagons and buries it in the canyon to prevent its capture.

Drewery and his men arrive in the morning in time to crush the outlaws' renewed attack, and Murrell is killed. Bradford refuses to disclose the gold's location and is brought up on charges in a court-martial. He defends his action in that, "as a soldier", he knew the gold might have been used to win the war for the South and prevented that, but "as a man" he knows it belongs to the South and would prefer that it be used to rebuild the South's shattered economy and wounded pride after the war. The court finds him guilty of high treason and sentences him to death on April 9, 1865.

The day before the scheduled execution, Julia meets with Abraham Lincoln and pleads for Bradford's life. Lincoln reveals that at that very moment, Generals Lee and Grant are meeting at Appomattox Courthouse to end the war. As the war is over, and in a symbol of the reconciliation between North and South, Lincoln pardons Bradford.

Cast

 * Errol Flynn as Captain Kerry Bradford
 * Miriam Hopkins as Julia Hayne
 * Randolph Scott as Captain Vance Irby
 * Humphrey Bogart as John Murrell
 * Frank McHugh as Mr. Upjohn
 * Alan Hale as Olaf "Moose" Swenson
 * Guinn "Big Boy" Williams as "Marblehead"
 * John Litel as Thomas Marshall
 * Douglass Dumbrille as Major Drewery
 * Moroni Olsen as Dr. Robert Cameron
 * Russell Hicks as John Armistead
 * Dickie Jones as Cobby Gill
 * Frank Wilcox as Union Outpost Soldier
 * Russell Simpson as Frank Gaylord
 * Victor Kilian as Abraham Lincoln
 * Charles Middleton as Jefferson Davis

Uncredited

 * Ward Bond as Confederate Sergeant
 * Roy Gordon as Maj. Gen. Taylor
 * Thurston Hall as Gen. George Meade
 * Howard C. Hickman as Confederate Gen. Page
 * Jack Mower as Outpost Officer
 * Charles Trowbridge as James Seddon
 * William Hopper as Lieutenant

Production
The film was a follow-up to Dodge City although it has entirely new characters and was not a sequel, predating it by eight years in historical time. It was originally called Nevada and was to star basically the same director and cast as Dodge City: Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Ann Sheridan, Donald Crisp, Guinn Williams, and Alan Hale. The title was eventually changed to Virginia City, which had been owned by RKO, but they agreed to give it to Warners.

De Havilland dropped out and was replaced by Brenda Marshall. However, within a few weeks, Miriam Hopkins replaced her. Randolph Scott was hired to play Flynn's antagonist. Victor Jory was going to play the main villain, but had a scheduling conflict due to his appearance in Light of Western Stars. He was replaced by Humphrey Bogart, requiring It All Came True to be pushed back.

There was six weeks' filming based in Flagstaff, Arizona.

Release and reception
The film was given a gala premiere in Reno and Virginia City.

Critical reception
Frank Nugent of The New York Times, despite criticizing the acting talents of Flynn and Hopkins, wrote that "there is enough concentrated action in [Virginia City], enough of the old-time Western sweep, to make it lively entertainment".

Filmink magazine called it "a big, expensive, noisy movie which aims for size and spectacle over, say, suspense and thrills – I don't think director Michael Curtiz was any more excited by Westerns than Flynn, but both do professional jobs, as does Scott."

Box office
According to Warner Bros records, the film earned $1,518,000 domestically and $602,000 foreign.

When the film was released in France in 1947, it became one of the most popular movies of the year.

title: Virginia City (film)


text:
Avenger 2.0

"Avenger 2.0" is the 9th episode from the seventh season of military science fiction adventure television show Stargate SG-1 and is the 141st overall. It was first broadcast on August 8, 2003, on the Sci-Fi Channel. The episode was written by duo Joseph Mallozzi and Paul Mullie, and was directed by Martin Wood.

In this episode, Dr. Jay Felger (Patrick McKenna), a scientist at Stargate Command, is struggling to produce anything of merit and his future with the program is called into question by General George Hammond (Don S. Davis). In a desperate attempt to keep his job, Felger presents Major Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) with a computer program he calls Avenger, which he believes they will be able to use in order to permanently disable any Stargate of their choosing.

The episode is a sequel to the season six episode "The Other Guys" which was written by Damian Kindler and directed by Wood. Written as season seven's comedy episode, it focuses predominantly on Amanda Tapping's character Samantha Carter, along with Patrick McKenna, who reprises his role as Dr. Jay Felger. They are joined by Jocelyne Loewen who portrays Chloe Angstrom.

Plot
Dr. Jay Felger (Patrick McKenna) and his assistant, Chloe (Jocelyne Loewen) are working in their lab at Stargate Command, when Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson) and Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) arrive to see a demonstration of weapon Felger's been working on. When Felger activates the weapon, it causes power around the base to fail. Afterwards General George Hammond (Don S. Davis), who is unimpressed by Felger's work over the previous six months, questions his future at Stargate Command. A desperate Felger tells Hammond he's working on something big, but Hammond is skeptical and gives him just 24 hours to present something of merit. Back in their lab, Felger tells Chloe what's transpired and decides that he'll pitch an invention he calls Avenger, despite Chloe's warnings that it isn't finished.

The next day he presents his idea to Carter; a computer program that they can use to disable any Stargate. Recognising the idea's potential, Carter sells it to Hammond, who agrees to allow Felger to develop it with Carter. Their program, Avenger, is soon ready to be tested, with a Gate on a planet controlled by the Goa'uld system lord Ba'al selected as the target. After they deploy the program, O'Neill and Teal'c (Christopher Judge), who are off world, fail to check in with Stargate Command at the scheduled time. Stargate Command dials the gate of the planet O'Neill and Teal'c are on and they make contact with the pair who explain to Hammond and Carter that they are unable to dial the Stargate on their world and are therefore stuck, with O'Neill assuming that it's been caused by Felger's program. This is soon confirmed by their allies in the Tok'ra, who inform them that the entire network is being affected and that Stargate Command's Gate is the only one seemingly still working.

Carter deduces from the reports that Avenger appears to have caused a 'periodic correlative update' in the Stargate system, whereby all Stargate's update and compensate for stellar drift, something thought to only occur once ever 200 years and she theorises that this is somehow distributing the virus around the network. Carter believes that Stargate Command remains unaffected as they do not use a traditional Dial-Home Device with the Earth Stargate, but instead use their own contraption. Stargate Command does its best to bring its off-world personnel back to Earth, but O'Neill and Teal'c remain stuck and now under attack from enemy forces, whilst they also make contact with Daniel Jackson (Michael Shanks) who is also stuck on another planet where the rising floods threaten him and the inhabitants that he was helping relocate. Carter, Chloe and Felger try to find a solution and soon learn that Ba'al is benefiting from the chaos by using his large fleet of ships to attack other Goa'uld system lords. After failing to fix the situation, Felger slips out of Stargate Command. Carter goes to find him and talks him into coming back and they conclude that the Stargate on the planet controlled by Ba'al which they originally targeted with the virus might hold the key to fixing the problem. Knowing that they will be stuck off-world if they cannot fix the Stargate, Carter and Felger volunteer to go to the planet, despite it being controlled by the forces of Ba'al.

Both Carter and Felger leave for the planet, prepped with an anti-virus program which they believe will undo the damage caused by Avenger. When they start to work on the Dial-Home Device, Felger soon discovers that Avenger has been tampered with and the pair conclude that it must have been the work of Ba'al, since he gained most when the gate system went offline. As it's no longer Avenger they're working with, Felger has to come up with a whole new program and to make matters worse, one of Ba'al's Jaffa patrol's arrives at the Stargate. Carter fends off the patrol, but the Jaffa call for reinforcements who soon press their attack against Carter and Felger. As the pair are cornered and running out of options, a Goa'uld Alkesh ship descends upon the pair, but much to their surprise begins attacking Ba'al's Jaffa, who retreat. The Alkesh ring transport activates and O'Neill and Teal'c emerge, having stolen the ship from their attackers and decided to come and help. Felger is then able to solve the problem and they return to Stargate Command.

Development and writing

After his introduction in the season six episode "The Other Guys", the SG-1 writers were keen to bring back the character Dr. Jay Felger, portrayed by Patrick McKenna. Executive producer Robert C. Cooper conceived "the notion of a virus that can potentially target and shut down specific gates", which he married with bringing back Felger. Cooper observed that in "The Other Guys", Felger was "so over the top and wacky" that coming up for a reason for him to return "was really about coming up with something even more spectacularly stupid for him to have done" which is how the writers arrived at the character seemingly braking the entire Stargate system, commenting that it was "the only thing we could possibly imagine being big enough". Although Cooper came up with the story, it was assigned to Joseph Mallozzi and Paul Mullie to flesh out and script. Writer of "The Other Guys" Damian Kindler, who created Felger, had hoped to write it, jesting "at first I was like, 'I created Felger! I want to write Felger!' But then, when I stopped whining, I thought, 'Well this is exciting. I want to see how they write him, what their take is".

Mullie and Mallozzi worked on their outline for what they originally referred to as "Felger Gate Screw-Up" in January 2003, with Mallozzi revealing "It takes us only a couple of days to hammer out a tease and five solid acts". Robert C. Cooper then pointed out that their "first act would make a better second act break", so the writing duo reworked their story accordingly. In their script, Mallozzi included "a salute to one of my own high school teachers, Mr. Hoffan", having Felger refer to Mallozzi's former science teacher in a scene with Chloe. At one stage, it was written that Felger would be still be living with his mother, however it was changed to him instead living alone. The writing duo struggled to come up with a title for the episode, with "System Crash", "Domino Effect", "Deadlock", "Paralysis", "Gridlock", and "No Way Back" all being considered and rejected. According to Mallozzi "The titles grow increasingly ridiculous, bearing little if any relation to the story" with "Flashpoint", "Dark Gambit" and "Twilight of Nevermore" all being rejected before Robert C. Cooper suggested "Avenger 2.0". Mallozzi noted that "Avenger 2.0" was one of the last episodes that "Paul Mullie, and I truly co-wrote", with the pair instead doing most of their work separately in for future episodes.

A comic book was created for the story, The Amazing Avenger, which in the episode would inspire Felger's naming of the virus. Director Martin Wood noted that naming the virus was particularly difficult for their legal department, as so many superhero-like names were copyrighted. Art director James Robbins designed and illustrated the comic, with the titular character based on director Martin Wood's likeness. The comic book appears again in the Stargate Atlantis episode "The Gift" and SG-1 episode "Citizen Joe". It was originally written that Felger would be painting Warhammer figures, however the company denied the idea believing that it "would depict the game in an unfavorable light" according to Mallozzi. Instead they opted to give Felger his own custom-made Stargate-maquette, along with his own homemade SG-1 figures.

Cast and filming

Patrick McKenna reprises his role as Dr. Jay Felger, whilst Jocelyne Loewen portrays his lab assistant, Chloe Angstrom. Gary Jones and Dan Shea reprise their roles as Technician and Siler, whilst director Martin Wood also cameos as both Stargate Command technician and a Tok'ra operative who can be heard in an audio-only communication to Stargate Command. Paul Lazenby, Terrance Leigh, Jim Dunn, Terrance Morris, Christopher Sayour, James Michaelopolis, Tony Morelli, Ron Robinson, Chris Lozanski, Sylvester Stuart all portray Jaffa soldiers. John Billingsley, who portrayed Coombs in "The Other Guys" commented that he "was actually very sorry that they didn't bring my character back" in the episode, noting that the shows producers were unable to approach him as he was in the middle of filming Star Trek: Enterprise.

"Avenger 2.0" was directed by Martin Wood, with Jim Menard as director of photography. Filming took place in early May 2003, with production filming both "Avenger 2.0" and "Enemy Mine" concurrently. Tynehead Regional Park in Surrey, British Columbia was used for the scene where Jay Felger goes to 'feed the ducks', and with limited sunlight left in the day had to use a three-camera setup to quickly cover the scene. Felger's apartment was filmed at the Accent Inn across the road from The Bridge Studios in Burnaby, British Columbia. Wood imagined Felger's research laboratory as being deep in a part of Stargate Command that had not previously been seen onscreen, and therefore reconfigured the Stargate Command set walls in a new way for both his laboratory and the surrounding corridors. Wood wanted Felger to be "obtrusive" in his scenes and therefore looked to position McKenna in-front of or overly close to other characters. McKenna, along with the other actors were given room to improvise, with McKenna taking it upon himself to pretend to be on the phone to Simon Coombs from "The Other Guys" in the scene where his mother phones him at work. Wood felt that in "The Other Guys", the comedy came from both Coombs and Felger being "clowns", but in "Avenger 2.0" directed Amanda Tapping to play the straight man to contrast Felger's behaviour.

Due to the Iraq War, there was a shortage of the blank casing used in the FN P90 weapon that was often used in the show. Filming the episode marked the first time which Amanda Tapping's character Major Samantha Carter would instead be using a new custom built firearm, an amalgamation of three different weapons, known as the 'Carter Special'. In the battle scene, Tapping had a number of issues, firstly knocking over the styrofoam ruins, and then struggling to run backwards whilst firing her new weapon and then reload. Tapping later recalled struggled to insert the gun magazine, "I finally jammed in on so hard that I exploded the clip and all these shells went flying. I turned to Patrick McKenna and I said, 'I'm sorry. I'm Stargate Barbie and we're going to die.'" In post-production, Mallozzi noted that they had "some terrific outtakes" from the episode. Amongst the scenes that were shortened included the battle-sequence against Ba'al's Jaffa, with shots of Carter grenading their attackers being cut. The CGI shots of the Goa'uld Alkesh were taken from "The Other Guys" to save money.

Cultural References
Jack O'Neill asks Felger and Chloe if the weapon they've created is a Phaser, with Chloe replying that it's "more like a Photon torpedo" which are both weapons in the Star Trek franchise. Felger compares himself and Carter to Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, whilst when the enemy Jaffa troops appear Carter responds to Felger saying "think Bolivia" in reference to the Bolivian army who kill Butch & Sundance in the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Whilst preparing to go through the Stargate with Major Carter, Felger packs Duct tape into his bag, a reference to The Red Green Show which actor Patrick McKenna portrays the character of Harold. O'Neill calls Felger "Folger", which is a coffee brand in the United States and Canada.

Broadcast and ratings
The episode was first broadcast on August 8, 2003, on the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States, and reportedly earned a Nielson rating of 1.8. In the United Kingdom the episode was first shown on Sky One on November 24, 2003, attracting 650,000 viewers. The episode was syndicated onto Channel 4 on October 31, 2004, and was viewed by 1.687 million households. In Canada, the episode was first shown on Space on November 4, 2004.

Reception
Brigid Cherry for Dreamwatch enjoyed the episode, writing "While it doesn't reach the heights of Wormhole Extreme (well, what would?) it's a pretty decent and fun romp" and awarded it 6 out of 10. Julia Houston for About.com wrote "It's cute and chuckle-worthy, but I find myself wishing for something with more substance". Houston felt that "the tone of the episode is a little too uneven" and was of the opinion that "Felger's idea really is a great one and should be used in a more serious episode". Jan Vincent-Rudzki for TV Zone heavily criticised the episode awarding it just 3 out of 10, proclaiming "it isn't funny, just irritating". Keith R.A. DeCandido for Tor.com also reacted poorly to the episode, stating it "shows that “The Other Guys” mostly worked because of John Billingsley, whose absence is keenly felt in this unfunny disaster". TV Guide made the episode one of their 'top picks' for the week.

Response from contributors on fansite Gateworld.net was divided, with contributor Alli Snow calling it a "fun frolic", praising the episodes humour, whilst another contributor, Lex panned the episode writing "Felger The Geek just wasn't up to the task of providing an entertaining hour of usually intelligent television". Darren Rea for Sci-fi Online awarded the episode 9 out of 10 writing "This episode proves, once again, that when SG-1 does comedy it knows how to pull out all the stops." Co-writer of the episode, Joseph Mallozzi reflected on the episode, writing "it's one of those episodes you wish you could do-over".

Home media
The episode was first released as part of the "Volume 34" region 2 DVD on March 29, 2004, along with episodes "Birthright" and both parts of "Evolution" and was the 2nd most popular DVD release that week in the United Kingdom. It was then released as part of the complete Season 7 boxsets on October 19, 2004, in region 1 and February 28, 2005, in region 2. The episode, along with the rest of season 7 were first made available digitally in January 2008 through iTunes and Amazon Unbox. The episode, along with every other episode of the series, were made available to stream for the first time through Netflix in the USA on August 15, 2010. Direct Martin Wood is joined by actor Amanda Tapping for the audio commentary, whilst a behind the scenes of the episode "Directors Series" feature is also included home media sets.

title: Avenger 2.0


text:
Irving Vendig

Irving Vendig (October 11, 1902 – January 7, 1995) was an American soap opera writer best known for creating The Edge of Night.

Career
Born in the Mississippi city of Holly Springs, Vendig created The Edge of Night for Procter and Gamble Productions and CBS Daytime in 1956. He had been a writer on the Perry Mason radio show and when Erle Stanley Gardner refused to allow the show to become a soap opera, Vendig refashioned the show into The Edge of Night, and brought actor John Larkin, who played Mason on the radio, to the show as series star Mike Karr. The character of Mike's daughter, Laurie Ann Karr, was named for Vendig's daughter Laurie Ann.

Vendig was the series' head writer from 1956 until 1960, then co-head writer with James Gentile from 1960 until 1965. Vendig was credited on-air as series' creator until his departure from the daytime drama in 1965.

He also created the NBC Daytime drama Three Steps to Heaven. He also wrote for the daytime dramas Search for Tomorrow (which he wasn't able to see at his Florida home because the local CBS affiliate didn't carry it), Paradise Bay and The Clear Horizon. He created Hidden Faces, a short-lived drama for NBC, which was similar in theme to his more famous The Edge of Night, which starred Stephen Joyce, Conard Fowkes, Louise Shaffer, Tony Lo Bianco and future Oscar nominee Linda Blair.

title: Irving Vendig


text:
Stone Container Building

Stone Container Building is the former name for two structures in Chicago:

 * The London Guarantee Building at 360 North Michigan Avenue
 * The Crain Communications Building at 150 North Michigan Avenue

title: Stone Container Building


text:
Variable capacitor

A variable capacitor is a capacitor whose capacitance may be intentionally and repeatedly changed mechanically or electronically. Variable capacitors are often used in L/C circuits to set the resonance frequency, e.g. to tune a radio (therefore it is sometimes called a tuning capacitor or tuning condenser), or as a variable reactance, e.g. for impedance matching in antenna tuners.

Mechanically controlled capacitance
In mechanically controlled variable capacitors, the distance between the plates, or the amount of plate surface area which overlaps, can be changed.

The most common form arranges a group of semicircular metal plates on a rotary axis ("rotor") that are positioned in the gaps between a set of stationary plates ("stator") so that the area of overlap can be changed by rotating the axis. Air or plastic foils can be used as dielectric material. By choosing the shape of the rotary plates, various functions of capacitance vs. angle can be created, e.g. to obtain a linear frequency scale. Various forms of reduction gear mechanisms are often used to achieve finer tuning control, i.e. to spread the variation of capacity over a larger angle, often several turns. Maximum capacitance is achieved when the plates are "meshed" together, that is, they are inter-laced. Minimum capacitance is achieved when the plates are "unmeshed", that is, they are not inter-laced.

A vacuum variable capacitor uses a set of plates made from concentric cylinders that can be slid in or out of an opposing set of cylinders (sleeve and plunger). These plates are then sealed inside of a non-conductive envelope such as glass or ceramic and placed under a high vacuum. The movable part (plunger) is mounted on a flexible metal membrane that seals and maintains the vacuum. A screw shaft is attached to the plunger; when the shaft is turned the plunger moves in or out of the sleeve and the value of the capacitor changes. The vacuum not only increases the working voltage and current handling capacity of the capacitor, it also greatly reduces the chance of arcing across the plates. The most common usage for vacuum variables are in high-powered transmitters such as those used for broadcasting, military and amateur radio, as well as high-powered RF tuning networks. Vacuum variables can also be more convenient; since the elements are under a vacuum, the working voltage can be higher than an air variable the same size, allowing the size of the vacuum capacitor to be reduced.

Very cheap variable capacitors are constructed from layered aluminium and plastic foils that are variably pressed together using a screw. These so-called squeezers cannot provide a stable and reproducible capacitance, however. A variant of this structure that allows for linear movement of one set of plates to change the plate overlap area is also used and might be called a slider. This has practical advantages for makeshift or home construction, and may be found in resonant-loop antennas or crystal radios.

Small variable capacitors operated by screwdriver (for instance, to precisely set a resonant frequency at the factory and then never be adjusted again) are called trimmer capacitors. In addition to air and plastic, trimmers can also be made using a solid dielectric, such as mica.

Multiple sections
Very often, multiple stator/rotor sections are arranged behind one another on the same axis, allowing for several tuned circuits to be adjusted using the same control, e.g. a preselector, an input filter and the corresponding oscillator in a receiver circuit. The sections can have identical or different nominal capacitances, e.g. 2 × 330 pF for AM filter and oscillator, plus 3 × 45 pF for two filters and an oscillator in the FM section of the same receiver. Capacitors with multiple sections often include trimmer capacitors in parallel to the variable sections, used to adjust all tuned circuits to the same frequency.

Butterfly
A butterfly capacitor is a form of rotary variable capacitor with two independent sets of stator plates opposing each other, and a butterfly-shaped rotor arranged so that turning the rotor will vary the capacitances between the rotor and either stator equally.

Butterfly capacitors are used in symmetrical tuned circuits, e.g. RF power amplifier stages in push-pull configuration or symmetrical antenna tuners where the rotor needs to be "cold", i.e. connected to RF (but not necessarily DC) ground potential. Since the peak RF current normally flows from one stator to the other without going through wiper contacts, butterfly capacitors can handle large resonance RF currents, e.g. in magnetic loop antennas.

In a butterfly capacitor, the stators and each half of the rotor can only cover a maximum angle of 90° since there must be a position without rotor/stator overlap corresponding to minimum capacity, therefore a turn of only 90° covers the entire capacitance range.

Split stator
The closely related split stator variable capacitor does not have the limitation of 90° angle since it uses two separate packs of rotor electrodes arranged axially behind one another. Unlike in a capacitor with several sections, the rotor plates in a split stator capacitor are mounted on opposite sides of the rotor axis. While the split stator capacitor benefits from larger electrodes compared to the butterfly capacitor, as well as a rotation angle of up to 180°, the separation of rotor plates incurs some losses since RF current has to pass the rotor axis instead of flowing straight through each rotor vane.

Differential
Differential variable capacitors also have two independent stators, but unlike in the butterfly capacitor where capacities on both sides increase equally as the rotor is turned, in a differential variable capacitor one section's capacity will increase while the other section's decreases, keeping the sum of the two stator capacitances constant. Differential variable capacitors can therefore be used in capacitive potentiometric circuits.

History
The variable capacitor with air dielectric was invented by the Hungarian engineer Dezső Korda. He received a German patent for the invention on 13 December 1893.

Voltage tuned capacitance
The thickness of the depletion layer of a reverse-biased semiconductor diode varies with the DC voltage applied across the diode. Any diode exhibits this effect (including p/n junctions in transistors), but devices specifically sold as variable capacitance diodes (also called varactors or varicaps) are designed with a large junction area and a doping profile specifically designed to maximize capacitance.

Their use is limited to low signal amplitudes to avoid obvious distortions as the capacitance would be affected by the change of signal voltage, precluding their use in the input stages of high-quality RF communications receivers, where they would add unacceptable levels of intermodulation. At VHF/UHF frequencies, e.g. in FM Radio or TV tuners, dynamic range is limited by noise rather than large signal handling requirements, and varicaps are commonly used in the signal path.

Varicaps are used for frequency modulation of oscillators, and to make high-frequency voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs), the core component in phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizers that are ubiquitous in modern communications equipment.

BST device are based on Barium Strontium Titanate and vary the capacitance by applying high voltage to the device. They have a dedicated analogue control input and therefore introduce less non-linearities than varactor diodes, especially for higher signal voltages. The limitations for BST are stability over temperature and linearity in demanding applications.

Digitally tuned capacitance
A digitally tuned capacitor is an IC variable capacitor based on several technologies. MEMS, BST and SOI/SOS devices are available from a number of suppliers and vary in capacitance range, quality factor and resolution for different RF tuning applications.

MEMS devices have the highest quality factor and are highly linear, and therefore are suitable for antenna aperture tuning, dynamic impedance matching, power amplifier load matching and adjustable filters. RF tuning MEMS are still a relatively new technology and has not yet been accepted broadly.

SOI/SOS tuning devices are constructed as solid state FET switches built on insulated CMOS wafers and use MIM caps arranged in binary-weighted values to achieve different capacitance values. SOI/SOS switches have high linearity and are well suited to low power applications where high voltages are not present. High voltage endurance requires multiple FET devices in series which adds series resistance and lowers the quality factor.

The capacitance values are designed for antenna impedance matching in multi-band LTE GSM/WCDMA cellular handsets and mobile TV receivers that operate over wide frequency ranges, such as the European DVB-H and Japanese ISDB-T mobile TV systems.

Transducers
Variable capacitance is sometimes used to convert physical phenomena into electrical signals.

 * In a capacitor microphone (commonly known as a condenser microphone), the diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and vibrations produce changes in the distance between the diaphragm and a fixed plate, changing the voltage maintained across the capacitor plates.
 * Some types of industrial sensors use a capacitor element to convert physical quantities such as pressure, displacement or relative humidity to an electrical signal for measurement purposes.
 * Capacitive sensors can also be used in the place of switches, e.g. in computer keyboards or "touch buttons" for elevators that have no user-movable parts.

title: Variable capacitor


text:
Space Race (Stargate SG-1)

"Space Race" is the 8th episode from the  seventh season of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 and is the 140th episode overall. It was first broadcast on the Sci-Fi Channel on August 1, 2003. The episode was written by Damian Kindler and was directed by Andy Mikita.

In the episode, Warrick (Alex Zahara) comes to Stargate Command to ask for their assistance in winning a race on his homeworld, Hebridan. After agreeing to provide him the power-generator he requires, Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) convinces Warrick that she should be his copilot for the race.

The episode is a sequel to the season 6 story "Forsaken", also written by Kindler and directed by Mikita. For "Space Race", Kindler wanted to revisit the character of Warrick and journey to his planet for the first time. The episode was one of the most visual effects-heavy and expensive episodes of the show so far. The response from both audiences and critics was extremely mixed.

Plot
Warrick (Alex Zahara) arrives at Stargate Command to ask for their help in winning a race on their homeworld, Hebridan. Warrick asks to use one of Stargate Command's naqahdah power generators on his ship, the Seberus, having previously used one to great effect. In exchange Warrick promises to provide specifications for his peoples ion engine technology. Major Carter (Amanda Tapping) agrees and asks to accompany him as his copilot. SG-1 travel to Hebridan, where they are introduced to Eamon (Patrick Currie), the Seberus' creator and Warrick's younger brother. Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson) and Daniel Jackson (Michael Shanks) leave to meet with members of the Hebridian government, whilst Teal'c (Christopher Judge), Carter and Eamon work on the Seberus. After the group leave the Seberus' hanger, a man sneaks in and heads towards the ship.

As the race begins, the first stage tests the competitors shields and weapons against weapon satellites, which Warrick and Carter successfully handle. The second stage involves passing around a sun, however as the Seberus approaches it, her systems shut down and Warrick discovers they've been deliberately sabotaged. As Carter and Warrick try to fix the issue, Teal'c and Eamon begin investigating who might have sabotaged them. After successfully fixing the Seberus, they perform a gravitational slingshot and head back into the race. Meanwhile, Eamon discovers that his supervisor Del Tynan (Allan Lysell) had accessed his computer. To find the evidence they need, he and Teal'c go to Tech Con and manage to access Del Tynan's computer, helping them unravel the fact that he's sabotaged nearly every ship in the race except one, Muirios (Benjamin Ayres). Suddenly Tynan returns to his office and catches the pair.

Back in the race, Warrick and Carter decide to rescue Golon Jarlath (Scott MacDonald) after his ship is also disabled. At Tech Con, Tynan explains to Teal'c and Eamon that he thinks that the Serrakin are destroying the human race by crossbreeding and he's making sure that the winner is a human for the first step of overthrowing the Serrakin. He contacts Warrick to drop out or else he'll kill Eamon and Teal'c. Suddenly, O'Neill, Daniel and President Hagan arrive with guards and arrested Tynan and his men. Hagan now has the evidence to put Tynan in jail. With Eamon and Teal'c safe, the Seberus is back in the race but in third place. Jarlath reconfigures the communications array to freeze Muirios' ship, with the Seberus taking second place. Later, at the SGC, Carter receives word that Warrick had been hired by Lael to co-pilot on her new contract from Tech Con and Earth has an ion engine to study.

Writing and development
In early pitch meetings for season 7, showrunner Robert C. Cooper told writer Damian Kindler that he would like to revisit the character of Warrick from the episode "Forsaken" which Kindler wrote. Cooper specifically wanted to visit Warrick's homeworld, Hebridan and learn more about the Serrakin and human people. Kindler was inspired by the Boonta Eve Classic podrace from Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, building his episode around a race, in the space around Hebridan. Across all of season 7 Kindler was "very focused on" writing stories centred around Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping), commenting that "I had kind of a mini agenda coming into season seven, which was I really wanted to write some good Carter stories". Kindler wanted to use "Space Race" as a way of expanding Carter's personality to the audience, joking that "it doesn't all have to be about calibrating things, it can be fun". This lead Kindler to making Carter the main focus of the episode, taking part in the race with Warrick.

Throughout the episodes development, how far to push the camp, comic-book like style of Kindler's episode was discussed in the writing and later production meetings, with Kindler commenting that he believed the story provided temptation go too-far and "turn it up to 11". Early in the episodes conception, Kindler had wanted to include alien media broadcasts of the race, as a "send-up of reality television", noting RoboCop as inspiration. Cooper nixed the idea until the first cut of the episode came in short, which allowed Kindler to revisit the idea. Kindler, Paul Mullie and Joseph Mallozzi conceived a number of scenes they believed to be hilarious, Cooper however was unhappy with them and Kindler continued developing them. Kindler and Cooper had between four and five drafts before completing the final take on the alien media scenes.

Design
Much of the episode is centred around the Hebridian spaceship Serberus, belonging to Warrick that was previously featured in "Forsaken". Production designer Bridget McGuire commented that the Serberus had to be redesigned as the episode required "a set that was being asked to do more than it was originally designed for", with the original set constructed at a 30-degree angle to give the impression the ship had crashed. In "Space Race" one of the key considerations was giving an authentic sense of motion onboard the ship, with Kindler specifically citing the air sequences in the TV miniseries Band of Brothers as an inspiration. The set was reconstructed on a gimbal which could be controlled remotely to simulate movement onboard. As the gimbal created such powerful movement onboard, safety harnesses and working seatbelts had to be fitted on the set to keep the actors and crew safe during filming.

The Serburus set consisted of a single compartment, which would initially serve as the rear hold and engine room. A removable wall could then be taken out after the scenes were complete, opening it up to be redressed as the cockpit area. In order to further show motion in the ship, McGuire and her team placed electrical cables, straps and placed cargo around the ship so that "when all these things swayed back and forth you'd know that the ship was moving". The set was constructed so that various panels could be removed to allow for filming, although the small scale meant that direction would have to be give to the set via walkie talkie. The exterior of the set was entirely computer generated, with the exception of the boarding stairs leading down from the ship. The Serburus was originally going to be redressed as the drill in "Fallout", however McGuire made the petitioned to instead build an entirely new set.

For the race sequence, each of the competing spaceships was independently designed, predominantly by production designer James Robbins, with Kindler noting that he wanted the ships to appear similar to each other, as if they'd been customised - referencing the NASCAR Cup Series as influence. The Laguna Seca race track in Central California was also cited as the basis for the race layout in the episode. Every movement of the race was carefully storyboarded so that the visual effects matched the live action photography.

Cast
Dion Johnstone had previously portrayed the Serrakin pilot Warrick, but was unavailable at the time of shooting, due to rehearsals for the Stratford Festival. As Warrick was central to the story, the part was recast to frequent guest actor Alex Zahara, who had played numerous roles across Stargate SG-1. Zahara spent some time watching Johnstone's performance in "Forsaken", but Kindler rationalised that the character would be somewhat different, commenting "when we first met Warrick he was on a planet for 3 years, fighting off people, barely able to eat anything decent. Since he's gotten back, he's back to his fighting weight".

The part of Eamon, Warrick's brother and the creator of the Serburus, was cast to Patrick Currie. Currie who also portrays the Replicator character Fifth elsewhere in the series, also took over the character of Chaka (also from Johnstone) in the previous episode "Enemy Mine". Currie had originally been approached to take on the role of Warrick but declined as he had no previous experience in prosthetic makeup and was unsure he could handle playing an already established character, commenting that he didn't want to let the shows producers down. He believed having to turn the role down was a "blessing in disguise", as he was then offered the slightly smaller part of Eamon, which whilst requiring prosthetic makeup, he would have "free rein" as far as the character was concerned. Currie wanted to play up Eamon being the "bratty little brother" as much as possible, describing him being "so tired of hearing his older brother getting all the accolades, and is just a little bitter and mad". The Serrakin prosthetic makeup worn by Currie and Zahara, amongst others, took around two and a half hours to apply.

Colin Murdock portrays race pundit Ardal Hadraig, whilst Peter Kelamis portrays the part of former race champion turned pundit, Coyle Boron, with Kelamis previously having played the role of Dr. Brent Langham in the episode "Smoke and Mirrors". Don Cherry and Ron MacLean's punditry on Hockey Night in Canada served as inspiration for the characters and their commentary of the race. Kelamis would later go on to play the reoccurring part of Adam Brody on Stargate Universe. Additionally Scott MacDonald plays Golon Jarlath, Terence Kelly features as Miles Hagan, Allan Lysell as Del Tynan, Benjamin Ayres as Muirios, Nick Misura as Taupen and Lindsay Maxwell as La'el Montrose. Showrunner Robert C. Cooper's wife, Hillary Cooper plays the receptionist. Damian Kindler's wife also filmed scenes for the episode, but was ultimately cut out.

Filming
Andy Mikita directed the episode, having also been responsible for "Forsaken". Filming took place in the first week of May 2003 and was shot almost entirely by the shows first unit. Much of the episode took place outside of the show's main sets. Powertech Labs Inc, an electrical testing facility in Surrey, British Columbia was used as the Serburus' hangar and mission control on the alien world of Hebridan. Director of photography Jim Menard wanted to show as much of the building interior as possible, without having to bring in huge amounts of lighting equipment. The film crew experimented with an alternative to their usual film, trailing Fuji Reala film stock, suited to mixed daylight and tungsten lighting, which meant they could rely more on the buildings house lights.

Both the interior and exterior of The Palisades, an apartment building, in Alberni Street, Downtown Vancouver was used as the headquarters for the Hebridian Tech Con Group corporation. As traffic and buildings that would break the allusion of it being another world could be seen around The Palisades, many of the windows were tinted, with a temporary wall built around one of the main courtyards to help obscure the views.

On set visual effects supervisor James Tichenor commented that trying to portray the sense that they're in an "intense race in an environment that doesn't lend itself to intensity" proved "especially challenging". For the race scenes onboard the Serburus, Mikita used image shakers on the cameras, with Menard and the gaffer moving lights on ropes to further give the impression of motion and simulate the ship's movement.

Post-production
James Tichenor oversaw the episode's visual effects, which was handled by effects studio Image Engine. The episode was one of the most effects-heavy and expensive of the show so far. Production designer James Robbins conceptualised the alien ship Seberus for the episode "Forsaken". Rainmaker Digital Effects 3D lead animator Wes Sargent then used Robbins drawings to create the computer model, with Bruce Woloshyn & Michelle Comens designing the shots and composition work from Trevor Strand. Wes Sargent noted that as the original ship model had not been seen in much detail, therefore the Image Engine team "changed the look somewhat" as well as adding additional detail". The digital matte painting of the alien world Hebridan was created entirely in house by Playback Supervisor Krista McLean.

Tichenor commented that they shot high-dynamic-range imaging of the alien hanger, a process which was relatively new for the Stargate SG-1 visual effects team in order to light the alien ship visual effects shot. The completed effects were delivered on July 14, 2003. In order to give a sense of position in space and speed, the race course was littered with objects, such as satellites, planets, asteroids, buoys to give a sense of speed and position.

The episode originally came in six minutes under-time and had to be lengthened by new scenes, such as the alien media and race commentary scenes which were shot later during pick-ups. The pick-ups and new scenes resulted in the episode then coming in over-time. A number of scenes were then cut which mostly centred around Daniel Jackson and Jack O'Neill at a reception banquet, including the pair contacting Carter during the race, a scene where O'Neill makes a joke about bonspiel and a small cameo from Kindlers wife.

Broadcast and reception
"Space Race" was first broadcast on August 1, 2003 on the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States. According to Nielsen ratings, the episode had a 1.7 household rating. In the United Kingdom, the episode was first shown on Sky One on November 17, 2003 and drew an estimated 690,000 viewers, making it Sky One's 7th most popular broadcast that week.

Writer and producer Joseph Mallozzi commented that "Space Race" "to no one's surprise, was a little divisive when it came to fan opinion. Some fans loved it. Others hated it". Starburst praised the episode, writing "Fast-paced and bolstered by convincing special effects, Space Race is a terrifically entertaining hour of Stargate". The reviewer felt that it gave Amanda Tapping and Christopher Judge the chance to shine, commenting that "Tapping keeps a sly grin on Carter's face, even in the most dangerous of spots" and that "Judge plays it cool, as always". Writing a glowing review, Darren Rea of Sci-fi Online commented that "this episode has so much going for it", awarding 10 out of 10. Rea praised the episodes visual effects, believing that they "some of the best that SG-1 has to offer", as well as highlighting the quality of the comedic writing. WhatCulture described the episode as "standard", "fun episode". Julia Houston for About.com felt that although the episode was centred around "a seemingly unimportant event", it was instead "for fun and a little Girl Power". Houston praised the episode's humour, particularly enjoying the race commentators, believing that they "pretty much steal the show, especially with all the Tech Con ads and the floating Jumbo-Tron".

Dreamwatch reviewer Brigid Cherry called the episode "all rather dull and predictable", noting similarities to the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Drive" which had aired in 2000. Cherry felt as though Carter was "shoehorned into the story" but did respond positively to the subplot, enjoying Teal'c reprising his "Murray" alias. Writing for TV Zone, Jan Vincent-Rudzki called the "Space Race" a "real dud" going so far to say that "nothing is right" with the episode, awarding it 2 out of 10. The reviewer questioned where Samantha Carter's interest in racing had come from, feeling as though the character had shown "no hint of this interest before, and she doesn't seem very interested for the rest of the episode". Vincent-Rudzki continued to criticize "Daniel the cypher", feeling as though the character only appeared from time-to-time to ask Sam questions and called the race itself "barely interesting", believing that "any tension that might have been built was stopped dead in the tracks by splitting the race story with another plot".

DVD Talk writer John Sinnott placed the episode amongst his "low points" of season 7, writing that he felt it was "terribly clichéd, almost to the point of being painful". Tor.com reviewer Keith R.A. DeCandido declared "Space Race" the worst episode of Stargate SG-1's seventh season, believing it was the sort of story and quality found in the original Battlestar Galactica and Buck Rogers in the 25th Century. DeCandido found on redeeming moment, commenting "Christopher Judge manages the biggest laugh of the entire season just by identifying himself as Murray". Featured reviews on fansite Gateworld.net were mixed. Contributor Alli Snow praised the episodes "motion-picture worthy" visual effects, as well as highlighting Christopher Judge's performance. Awarding 3 out of 5 stars, Snow noted that the episode "doesn't even go close to taking itself seriously, which also contrasts sharply with the last few episodes aired", but as with previous episode felt the lack of Richard Dean Anderson's Jack O'Neill was continuing to have a negative impact on the season. Another contributor criticised the episode for being "littered with caricatures, jokes that simply weren't funny, and scenes that were, quite frankly, a waste of screen time", believing the main redeeming feature to be the exploration of Samantha Carter being a "speed junkie". Reviews by TV Zone and Gateworld both criticised decision to make the Hebridan & Serrakin alien cultures derivative of United States culture, with TV Zone questioning how American culture had made its way across the galaxy calling the inhabitants "cliché". TV Zone particularly disliked the race commentators, calling them "excruciating" comparing them to the commentators from the Boonta Eve Podrace in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. On the contrary, Starburst found the culture and commentary of the race "especially funny".

Home media
"Space Race", along with previous episodes "Lifeboat", "Enemy Mine" and "Revisions" were first released on Region 2 DVD on March 8, 2004 as part of the "Volume 33" standalone disc, before being released as part of the Season 7 boxset on October 19, 2004. A "SG-1 Directors Series: Space Race" is included amongst the DVD's special features, providing a behind the scenes look at the film of the episode, whilst the DVD audio commentary was provided by director Andy Mikita, director of photography Jim Menard and writer Damian Kindler.

After the episode first aired, a deleted scene was made available on the Scifi Channel's website, involving Teal'c & O'Neill discussing sabotage. The episodes along with the rest of season 7 were first made available digitally in January 2008 through iTunes and Amazon Unbox. The episode, along with every other episode of the series, were made available to stream for the first time through Netflix in the USA on August 15, 2010. Along with the rest of the series, the episode has been upscaled for releases on various streaming platforms and the 2020 Blu-ray release.

title: Space Race (Stargate SG-1)


text:
Darrington

Darrington may refer to:

Places

 * Darrington, West Yorkshire, England
 * Darrington, Washington, United States

People

 * Denton Darrington (born 1940), American politician
 * Michael Darrington, British businessman
 * Mike Darrington (born 1931), English snooker player
 * Darrington Sentimore (born 1990), American football player

title: Darrington


text:
Talk:Poincaré recurrence theorem

Orbit definition
I would appreciate if you'd define the term "orbit" before you use it. What orbit is this? An orbit in phase space? An orbit in the real space? Are we talking about some bound systems, like an atom? If not, what are the mathematical properties of an "orbit"? Is it a curve? Is it a surface? Does it have to be continuous? Does it have to be differentiable? Does it have to be closed? 92.52.23.13 (talk) 16:48, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

Precise formulation
There is no precise formulation in section "precise formulation". I would suggest it to be excluded. In it's place there could be some section giving motivation to what follows. Motivation, by the way, need not be too much complicated. There is no need to mention ODE, flow maps, Hamiltonian systems, Liouville what ever... this could go in an "optional" section at the end of the article. André Caldas (talk) 01:43, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I completely disagree. The article does not have any careful statement of the theorem anywhere. I think the least an article can do is say what it is talking about.Daqu (talk) 07:51, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

is this topological or measurable dynamics?
I vaguely recall that the poincare recurrence theorem is a statement in topological dynamics, not measurable dynamics. But I might be wrong. Haven't thought about this stuff for a while. Dmharvey Talk 01:42, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I vaguely recall a defintion based on measure. I don't think they had topological dynamics in Poincare's time. But I dunno. I'll keep my eye out for a reference.  linas 00:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And BTW, have you seen the baker's map images? They're stunning, I remember the first time I saw them. First umpteen-ten-or-hundred-thousand iterations, you have pure, unadulterated white noise. And then, all of a sudden, wham, the original image re-emerges (although its tainted by speckles.) Very dramatic. The speckles are clearly show the recurrance is "measure based". linas 01:01, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Expanding the article
Hi, all

I took the liberty to start expanding this article. It definitely needs much more. On the other hand, the last paragraph contains material which is a result of my own thinking about the subject, so it may not be appropriate for inclusion in WP. I hope there are people here who can judge it better.

Dmanin 07:53, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it is appropriate to have a formal statement of the theorem. I don't know the formal statement -- I did once upon a time -- and I'd like to see it there. Dmharvey 14:21, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree completely. Dmanin 23:40, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

This doesn't seem right
Hi.

I noticed this:

"In mathematics, the Poincaré recurrence theorem states that a system having a finite amount of energy and confined to a finite spatial volume will, after a sufficiently long time, return to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of its initial state."

But this does not seem to work. For example, consider the simple system given by iterating the function f(z) = z/2, in, say, the unit disk of the complex plane. (This can be expressed as a function of time as f(z, t) = z/(2^t), which generalizes it to continuous time as well.) This is confined to a finite amount of (complex) space, and yet all points inevitably tend toward zero, and except for zero itself, never return to an "arbitrarily small neighborhood" of the initial state. The unit disk shrinks inexorably to zero under the iteration. But Poincaré's theorem is true (otherwise it would not be a theorem), so I must be missing something here. Does the "energy" of the system need to be conserved in order for this to work, and so does my system above not have a constant "energy" (what is the general, mathematical definition of "energy" for a dynamical system, anyway?) with respect to time t? If so, then should not the statement of the theorem in the opener be modified? mike4ty4 20:37, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The first line is a rather imprecise formulation of the theorem, meant to be accessible to as many people as possible. The precise statement, later on, explains that the map has to be volume-preserving. In your example, the map shrinks sets and thus Poincaré's theorem does not apply.
 * I understand that the first sentence of the article, that you quoted above, is misleading, so I rewrote it. I hope that helps. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 07:51, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

questionable paragraph
This paragraph:
 * One possible way of reconciling entropy and recurrence is the following. Poincaré's theorem hinges on the fact that phase trajectories don't intersect. But this premise breaks if there is environment-induced noise in the system. Roughly speaking, environment influence introduces a timescale for the duration of the period for which the system can be considered isolated. If the system is chaotic, this isolation timescale grows only logarithmically with decreasing noise level. Hence, Poincaré recurrence timescale has to be compared with this isolation timescale (and not with such an extrinsic timescale as human lifespan). The limit of large system (recurrence timescale $$\rightarrow\infty$$) which is perfectly isolated (isolation timescale $$\rightarrow\infty$$) is therefore ill-defined, and since isolation timescale grows "very slowly", while recurrence timescale grows "very quickly", physically speaking, we can't have large isolated systems. That is, "large isolated system" is a result of two idealizations, which depends on the order in which they are applied, and realistically, if the system is large, it can't be isolated for the purposes of proving the recurrence theorem.

Seems to me to be questionable, and in any case is not sourced to any citation, and so unless a citation is given we'd have to treat it as a piece of OR. So I will remove it (someone can add it back in if they have a proper cite). --SJK (talk) 06:38, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's OR, I've seen this discussed in the literature, sorry I have no references. it's interesting, dunno if it's "true". linas (talk) 19:39, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Section: "Recurrence theorem and entropy" Needs editing
I'm not happy with this section. It doesn't cite any references, and I'm not satisfied that its claim regarding the fact that their are no times to compare the recurrence time to are true, principally because there is certainly a time scale associated with the mean free path, velocity and the density of the gas, which can be shown to be very small compared to the recurrence time. In terms of experiment one can also claim the recurrence times are very large compared to the constraints of any possible experiments.
 * Actually, the recurrence time for any macroscopical system is going to be longer than most of the times listed in 1 E19 s and more, and there is little doubt that, for example, the half-life of the proton is a characteristic time scale of a system made of hydrogen gas in a box. -- A r m y 1 9 8 7 ! ! ! 10:39, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that sentence was hogwash; OR, I guess. I removed it. It's reproduced below.
 * However this explanation is not entirely satisfactory, since there is not, in fact, any characteristic timescale in the system,  compared to which the recurrence time could be said to be very large. Without a reference timescale the notion of "very large" has little meaning.
 * I removed above. linas (talk) 19:44, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Deleting incorrect example
I am deleting the following text which was found in the section "Precise formulation"

 * As an example, the deterministic baker's map exhibits Poincaré recurrence which can be demonstrated in a particularly dramatic fashion when acting on 2D images. A given image, when sliced and squashed hundreds of times, turns into a snow of apparent "random noise". However, when the process is repeated thousands of times, the image reappears, although at times marred with greater or lesser bits of noise.

The phenomenon discussed here is not an example of Poincare recurrence. Although Poincare recurrence predicts that eventually the image would return to a state close to the original state, this is in a "monkeys on a typewriter eventually producing the works of Shakespeare" sense, not within "thousands of times". The editor who added this may have been thinking of certain number-theoretic phenomena which cause this kind of behavior for certain transformations (though as far as I know not for the baker's transformation), see e.g. the article of Freeman Dyson and Harold Falk in the American Mathematical Monthly, "Period of a discrete cat mapping". David9550 (talk) 19:06, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

Links with Nietzsche's Eternal Return
What about adding a section of 'Links with philosophy' regarding the possible connection to the Eternal Return by Nietzsche? James Dioniso (talk) 14:32, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

Interesting. I think it's relevant.

-Mildare — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2806:2F0:9260:5A55:B875:5ADB:7B8E:C22F (talk) 05:23, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poincaré recurrence theorem