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Herbie Hide

Herbie Hide (born Herbert Okechukwu Maduagwu; 27 August 1971) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 2010. He held the WBO heavyweight title twice between 1994 and 1999, as well as the British heavyweight title in 1993. Hide was known for his formidable punching power and killer instinct in the ring.

Early life
Hide was born in Amauzari, Nigeria, and moved to England as a youngster, basing himself near Norwich in Norfolk. He was educated at Glebe House School and Cawston College.

Amateur career
Hide had a brief amateur career of 10 fights, which he finished with a record of 8 wins (7 KOs), 2 losses.

Highlights
1989 ABA Championships, heavyweight:
 * 1/8: Defeated M. Brown on points
 * 1/4: Defeated N. Smith RSC 1
 * 1/2: Defeated Denzill Browne RSC 3
 * Finals: Lost to Henry Akinwande on points

Professional career
Herbie Hide has fought for most of his professional boxing career as a heavyweight ; but later in his career, decided to go down to the lighter cruiserweight division. He was known as The Dancing Destroyer, and had a successful career, rising to domestic success at a very young age for a heavyweight. Hide has twice won the lesser regarded World Boxing Organization (WBO) heavyweight title.

Hide's professional career began in 1989 with a second round win, and he racked up a total of 25 successive wins, all but one inside the distance. His level of opposition was respectable, and included fighters such as Jeff Lampkin and James Pritchard.

At 25 wins to 0 losses (24 from knockout (KO)), Hide challenged Michael Bentt for the WBO heavyweight title in March 1994 at Millwall Football Stadium, Millwall, London. The inexperienced Bentt had previously won the title by knocking out the heavily favoured Tommy Morrison in one round. The Hide vs Bentt fight made headlines after the two boxers scuffled and threw punches at a pre-fight meeting; whilst in the bout itself, Hide out-boxed and knocked out Bentt in 7 rounds. Bentt was subsequently hospitalised, and never fought again.

A year later, Hide defended his WBO heavyweight title against former undisputed champion Riddick Bowe. Hide used his speed to out-box Bowe early on, and managed to hurt Bowe several times during the contest. However Bowe's size and class eventually told, and Hide was floored six times during the bout. Hide impressed with his courage, repeatedly picking himself off the canvas, before he was knocked out in the sixth round.

After his loss to Bowe, Hide fought twice in 1996, winning both by knockout (KO) against Michael Murray and Frankie Swindell, before earning another shot at the now-vacant WBO title in June 1997 against 38-year-old one-time International Boxing Federation (IBF) title holder Tony Tucker, despite Tucker losing three of his previous five fights. Hide knocked out the overweight Tucker in two rounds. Hide defended his WBO title twice in 1998; with quick stoppages of late replacement cruiserweight clubfighter Damon Reed, and in September 1998 against German Willi Fischer.

In June 1999, Hide faced the 6 ft 8in Ukrainian Vitali Klitschko at the London Arena, only the second world ranked fighter he had actually faced after Riddick Bowe. Hide, favoured to win at the time, was knocked out in two rounds.

Hide never featured as a main contender at heavyweight again, his only mildly notable wins coming against Joseph Chingangu (who also knocked Hide out in one of Hide's many comebacks), and Alexander Vasiliev.

In 2006, Hide moved down in weight to a more natural division at cruiserweight. Since then, he has won fourteen successive fights, most of which took place in Germany. Hide defeated Mikhail Nasyrov in December 2007 to win the World Boxing Council (WBC) International cruiserweight title.

In November 2008, when Johnathon Banks dropped out of a WBO cruiserweight title clash at London's ExCel Arena with just four days notice, Hide was announced as a potential opponent for former champion Enzo Maccarinelli, for the vacant title. This was despite Hide having fought just two weeks earlier, a victory against Lukasz Rusiewicz. Hide then fought in the Cruiserweight Prizefighter tournament. In the tournament, he defeated Welshman Wayne Brooks by unanimous decision, but was badly cut on the right eye in the process. He pulled out of the tournament to avoid losing his high WBC ranking due to the cut.

Personal life
In December 2003, Hide was 'attacked by a group of men' in a Norwich night club. This resulted in his subsequent arrest and conviction for 'possession of an offensive weapon, a 10-inch kitchen knife', for which he was fined £750.

In September 2008, Hide was warned by Norwich Magistrates that he faced 75 days in jail if £3,767 of outstanding motoring fines were not paid by 30 November 2008. During a television interview in July 2008, Hide claimed that promoter Frank Warren "had dishonestly and corruptly bribed Johnny Nelson to retire and give up his WBO cruiserweight title". When Warren sued for libel, Hide failed to respond and a default judgment of £35,000 was entered against him.

Hide appeared at Norwich Crown Court, charged with rape, but was found not guilty on 20 July 2011 after 'the prosecution offered no evidence'.

On 18 March 2012, a man in his 20s was fatally stabbed at Hide's home in Bawburgh. A suspect was arrested for murder in connection with the incident. Police said they believed Hide was not home at the time of the killing.

On 29 November 2013, Hide was sentenced to 22 months in prison for conspiracy to supply cocaine. He was targeted by the so-called 'fake sheikh' also known as Mazher Mahmood, an undercover News of the World reporter. After an initial refusal, Hide relented, and agreed to contact a drug dealer of his acquaintance to procure the drug. When he delivered the drug to the undercover reporter he was arrested and charged.

title: Herbie Hide


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Purushottam Das Tandon

Purushottam Das Tandon (1 August 1882 – 1 July 1962) was a freedom fighter from Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. He is widely remembered for his opposition to the partition of India, as well as efforts in achieving the Official Language of India status for Hindi. He was customarily given the title Rajarshi (etymology: Raja + Rishi = Royal Saint). He was popularly known as UP Gandhi. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1961.

Early life
Purushottam Das Tandon was born in Allahabad in a middle class Khatri family. After obtaining a degree in law and an MA in history, he started practicing in 1906 and joined the bar of Allahabad High Court in 1908 as a junior to Tej Bahadur Sapru. He gave up practice in 1921 to concentrate on public activities. Tandon ji worked as Professor of Hindi at Victoria College, Gwalior.

Freedom struggle
He was a member of Indian National Congress since his student days in 1899. In 1906, he represented Allahabad in the All India Congress Committee. He was associated with the Congress Party committee that studied the Jallianwala Bagh incident in 1919. In the 1920s and 1930s he was arrested for participating in the non-cooperation movement and Salt Satyagraha respectively. He and Jawaharlal Nehru were among the people arrested even before Mohandas K. Gandhi returned from the Round Table Conference at London in 1931. He was known for his efforts in farmers' movements and he served as the President, Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha in 1934. He also remained President of Servants of the People Society (Hindi (ISO): Lōka Sēvaka Maṇḍala ), a social service organisation founded by Lala Lajpat Rai, in 1921.

He worked as the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the present-day Uttar Pradesh for a period of 13 years, from 31 July 1937 to 10 August 1950. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly of India in 1946. He was a prominent leader of India.

Post-Independence
He tried for the position of the President of the Congress Party unsuccessfully against Pattabhi Sitaramayya in 1948 but contested successfully against Acharya Kriplani in the controversial and difficult 1950 election to head the Nagpur session. He soon resigned from Congress's president post because of differences with Nehru and as Nehru's popularity was needed for winning elections. Nehru, while being the PM, also became the president of Congress for 1951 and 1952. He was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1952 and the Rajya Sabha in 1956. He retired from active public life after that due to indifferent health. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award in 1961.

Religious tolerance
Several controversies and contradictions abound in the life of Purushottam Das Tandon. While he emphasised the similarities between Hindu and Muslim cultures, he is regarded to have carried the image of a soft Hindu nationalist leader. He was not as successful as Gandhi in summoning religious ideals to aspects of Public Service despite being associated with the moderate Radha Soami sect. He and KM Munshi were among those who strongly opposed religious propagation and conversion of a people of one religion to another; they strongly argued in the constituent assembly for a condemnation in the constitution of religious conversion.

Opposition to the partition of India
On 12 June 1947, the Congress Working Committee met and passed a resolution accepting the partition of India. When the same had to be ratified on 14 June by the AICC, one of the dissenting voices came from Tandon. On that occasion, he said, "Acceptance of the resolution will be an abject surrender to the British and the Muslim League. The admission of the Working Committee was an admission of weakness and the result of a sense of despair. The Partition would not benefit either community – the Hindus in Pakistan and the Muslims in India would both live in fear." Thus, he was strongly opposed to the partition of India.

Relations with Nehru
He and Jawaharlal Nehru had good relations in the beginning; Nehru who commended the "No Tax" campaign started by Tandon in 1930. In the 1940s, the differences between them increased. While Tandon was not perceived to be power-hungry, his relation with Nehru was not on good terms and he was believed to be a protégé of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. In 1950, his successful election to the post of Congress President against Acharya Kriplani, who was widely believed to be backed by Nehru, put the latter in a tight spot. The relations between the party and the government suffered during that period. Subsequently, it became a sort of unwritten norm for the leader of the government to also be the party president or at the least, have a pliable candidate in the post.

After Partition, Patel and Nehru developed differences over how to deal with the Muslim minority of India, especially as anti-Hindu violence reigned in Pakistan. Nehru argued that India's constitutional commitment to the security of its Muslim minority did not depend on how Pakistan treated its Hindu minority. Tandon, being close to Patel, differed with Nehru on this. So, Nehru launched an internal political battle against his own party's elected President and got the party's organisation to support his idea of secularism. Subsequently, it became clear that the nation's prime minister cannot be opposed by his party's elected president and Tandon resigned from the post of Congress' president to give way for Nehru. Tandon was elected president in 1950 and then Nehru was elected twice in 1951 and 1952.

Advocacy for Hindi
Despite Gandhi and other leaders advocating the adoption of Hindustani, a mixture of Hindi and Urdu, as the National language, he insisted on the usage of Devanagari script and the rejection of the Urdu script as well as words with Arabic-Persian roots. This led to him being called a political reactionary by Nehru. His attitude towards the Sanskritisation or making the language more formal was also controversial. His insistence on the usage of numerals of Devanagari script over the international system and his debates in the constituent assembly on adoption of Hindi as the official language irked Dravidian leaders.

Anecdotes

 * A Speaker is supposed to be impartial and hence, speakers generally do not participate in their party meetings. Tandon, however, used to participate actively in his party meetings, as he was clear in his conscience that since he could separate these into different compartments, there should not be any issue. When he was questioned on this stand on the floor of the house, he offered to step down if any of the members of the house lacked confidence in him. No member pressed the issue.
 * As a staunch believer in ahimsa, he started using rubber chappals to avoid usage of leather.
 * Rajarshi Purushottam Das Tandon was at the time a member of parliament. Once, when he went to collect his salary cheque in the Parliament Office, he asked the clerk there to transfer the amount directly to a "Public Service Fund". The officials over there were pleasantly surprised by his generosity. One of his colleagues standing nearby said: "There are hardly four hundred rupees as your allowance for the whole month. And you are donating the entire amount for social service?" Tandon ji humbly replied – "You see, I have seven sons and all are earning sufficiently to raise their families; each one sends me one hundred rupees per month. I spend only about rupees three to four hundred from that and the rest goes to some philanthropic causes. This allowance as a Member-of-Parliament is again extra for some one like me. Why should I save it for myself or my family? It was because of this natural austerity and detachment from selfish possessions that he was called a "Rajarishi".
 * He was fondly called Rajarishi by Mahatma Gandhi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Purushottam Das Tandon


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User talk:Kansaikiwi

Invitation to an in-person meetup in Mohua / Golden Bay
Thinking about your summer break? Think about joining other Wikipedians and Wikimedians in Golden Bay / Mohua! Details are on the meetup page. There's heaps of interesting stuff to work on e.g. the oldest extant waka or New Zealand's oldest ongoing legal case. Or you may spend your time taking photos and then upload them.

Golden Bay is hard to get to and the airline flying into Tākaka uses small planes, so we are holding some seats from and to Wellington and we are offering attendees a $200 travel subsidy to help with costs.

Be in touch with Schwede66 if this event interests you and you'd like to discuss logistics.  Schwede 66  09:14, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kansaikiwi


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Bron (cant)

Bron is an argot (a cant) spoken by itinerant coppersmiths and tinkers in Miranda, Avilés, Asturias, Spain, as well as textile merchants in Fornela, León, Spain (where it is known as burón) and Cantal, Auvergne, France (where it is known as "broum" or "brount"). Despite being endemic to Asturias, both bron and xíriga (spoken by traveling craftsmen) are unrelated to the Asturian language (bable).

title: Bron (cant)


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Talk:Purushottam Das Tandon

Untitled
Hi, before I created the main page of this article, I noticed that there was a long delete history of 3 edits for copyright violation. (See WP:CP) It is sad that a distinguished recipient of Bharat Ratna was unrepresented on Wikipedia so long. Kindly ensure that all comments made are verifiable, NPOV and cited. Most importantly, please keep off copyright violations. Thanks...Gurubrahma 09:57, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
the tone of this article is quite defensive and corrective. The writer spends his time defending the person, without elaborating or discussing on the controversies or situation of the subject's life and time. A distinguished Indian must have a distinguished biography, and not an apologetic op-ed piece.

 * Dear Mr. Anon IP, could you please let me know where exactly this article is being defensive and corrective? I've sourced material to the best of my knowledge and energy. It is not an apolegetic op-ed sir, but it is called a Neutral Point of View. I'd wait till the 20th for further discussions; if none are forthcoming, I'd rmv the tags. --Gurubrahma 17:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * First off, dear sir, your attitude to criticism is problematic. Why get irritated? Any author on Wikipedia knows you will have all kinds of criticism, with no definite way to decide matters.

It reads like an op-ed. If I posted some called NPOV, then I know that means Neutral Point of View in question. I know perfectly well what kind of materials are supposed to be displayed in an Wikipedia inquiry, and what you were trying to do. There are many third-class sources on Tandon available, but I understand most Wikipeople try to put out something better.

Secondly, what you have done is to the best you could do, but not by Tandon or the objective of having a bio on Tandon on Wikipedia.

You simply need to re-organize this article, in the sense state more about his work in life, his beliefs, vision etc., rather than create special sections on his conflicts with Nehru, work for Hindi, etc. Plus you need to add more detail about those conflicts.

When you say, a ''protege of Sardar Patel" what the hell is that supposed to mean to anyone unacquainted with Nehru, Patel or Indian independence era politics? Your problem there is low info on what Nehru's attitude was, what Tandon's beliefs were and where Patel comes into all this.

When you organize your data in this manner as is now, you have a situation where your article appears to be "defensive," "corrective" and "apologetic." Because accompanying an inadequate detailing of his personal life, work and experiences, you give over-importance to conflicts and controversies. You state a problem, say with Nehru, and state your review of Tandon's stance. And nothing here gives the reader a chance to understand the controversy, understand Nehru's point of view, or Tandon's thinking process beyond a point. One is left with an idea that Nehru was a victimizer of Tandon. How true is that (Evidence needed...)? And is that a "Neutral Point of View? (Who's the judge, jury....?)"

Tone is a helluva lot in writing. It shapes the reader's understanding more than particular words end up doing. A misshapen article with what is ultimately incomplete info can do more harm than the good of having any entry on Tandon to begin with.

As you can see, I'm putting far more energy in criticizing you than correcting the mistakes in the article or making an ID on Wikipedia. I'll admit straight way that I really don't give a damn, nor care if you take any criticism in the spirit its intended. As I said, there are many third-class sources...

Yours Truly, Mr. Anon IP
 * Hi, one reason why you should get an account is because I did not know if you yourself reverted what you typed or if someone working from the same IP did so. Hence, reverted the removal of your reasons as to why it is POV. I do hope that you will invest your energy in creating an account and creating mistakes in this and other articles. Thanks, --Gurubrahma 05:59, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Everlasting Regards

 * Hi, as a matter of fact, I decided to erase my comments because I felt it was inevitably going to be a waste of words and provoke inevitable arrogance upon your part. It would have been a sin, to have printed words that would provoke you to sin. Anyway, I hate bitching, especially around other, more naturally proficient bitches. Everlasting Regards, Mr. Now Different Anon IP

P.S. - may I add, probably to no avail, that Tandon is probably better described as a soft Hindu nationalist leader than anybody associated with Hindutva, which is a more Savarkar-RSS brand of Hindu nationalism, but certainly different from Tandon's own beliefs.

Make Over
This is a much better version, better organized with more information without having to delete any previous info Gurubrahma put in.

I hope that both Gurubrahma and the Anon guy will treat this more objectively and with integrity, rathering than continuing to bitch around.

POV extreme
This anon IP is the same as the last anon IP, make no mistake. And if I'm not mistaken, it is the same fellow who called Wikipedia names when he could not handle the pressure on some of the pages he created. He announced grandly on a couple of user talk pages that he is giving up editing and that he has better things to do. tens of millions of people is extreme POV. While the writing style sparkles in places, it doesn't add new facts, but brings in fresh perceptions in the garb of facts. You can use Rajmohan Gandhi's Patel for facts, not for bringinging the point of view that the author espouses in that book. --Gurubrahma 10:11, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Clarification?
What are you talking about Gurubrahma? First off, I don't really care about edit wars. I don't give a damn about any problems you've had with other Wikiusers.

What is the factual basis for rejecting my edits? I haven't deleted any of your stuff, and only better organized the article.

I thought I was helping out when I read the other guy's dispute with you.

Clarification and Apology
Hello Gurubrahma,

I'm writing this to say that you were right - it was me giving you a little headache with the Purushottam Das Tandon article. And yes, I didn't have the stomach to get through the edit wars on Mahatma Gandhi, Gandhism. Furthermore, it was me removing your fancruft notice on the Gandhism article.

Its true that I've had my problems with you. I wasn't man enough to admit that your spirited and aggressive participation in Wikipedia was actually scaring me, as if there was something mentally wrong with me and my outlook on the world, and ability to communicate with other people. I think I got into Wikipedia totally for the wrong reasons.

I actually hate bitching, so I want to just say that you've been a good teacher - you've helped me understand my faults, and understand the hidden mistakes in my edits on various articles.

I wish you good luck on Wikipedia and your life. Go ahead and revert this article to its normal position.

Har Har Mahadev!

Nirav Maurya.

 * Hi Nirav, all the best for your future endeavours. I would like to take this oportunity to commend you for starting articles such as Indian Nationalism and Gandhism, though I may not agree with the content in them. As for the reasons for reverting your edits, they are as follows: - freedom fighter includes national political leader - intro shdn't be too long. Rajarshi is correct usage. We don't translate the first names of Mohan das and Jawahar on Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru. Why here? rmved all see also as they don't directly tie-in to the article. A separate see-also section added. The wording of his being born at Allahabad suggests that Allahabad is now Uttar Pradesh. rmved overwiki of Allahabad. Constituent assembly implies that it is a body to frame constitution. Anyway, it is linked. Almost every leader opposed the alliance with Muslim League is Unencyclopedic tone. While some other leaders may hv opposed it, Tandon was at the forefront of this opposition. True disciple, tens of millions of people and the references to later congress presidents not having integrity - are POV. Thanks and regards, --Gurubrahma 12:59, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Fresh edits
Hi - just to note my point that Tandon was not an adherent of Hindutva - it is a very Savarkar-type Hindu nationalism that does not include other leaders espousing Hindu nationalist values like Lala Lajpat Rai, Lokmanya Tilak, Tandon himself and at times Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel.Rama's Arrow 21:38, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, point taken that Tandon was not an extremist or reactionary like Savarkar. But to me, "Hindutva" and "Hindu nationalism" are two terms explaining the same thing, though it is sad to see that the term "Hindutva" is appropriated exclusively by RSS and VHP ideologues. Also, why remove "See also"? Of the links, I don't think "Indian nationalism" has been referenced in the article anywhere, the others may have been, I am not sure. --Gurubrahma 13:22, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * "Hindu nationalism" is grander in the sense of (1) Shivaji and other folks resisting the tyranny and anti-Hindu pogroms of Muslim monarchs, (2) Lokmanya Tilak (3) Lala Lajpat Rai (4) the incorporation of Hindu philosophy and culture into freedom struggle and politics by Mohandas Gandhi, and (5) the defence of Hindus against League propaganda undertaken by Sardar Patel. A lot of the "Hindu nationalism" is often asserting the interests of the wider nation against some opponent ideology like Jinnah's two-nation theory, but Tilak, Lajpat Rai and Gandhi also revived lot of Hindu national, cultural ethos.

 * "See also" - I felt those links were a redundant addition to the article - "Indian nationalism" is linked via the freedom struggle template. Rama's Arrow 17:57, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Speaker
He worked as the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the present-day Uttar Pradesh for a period of 13 years, from July 31, 1937 to August 10, 1950

 * Hi - I want to ask you, does this statement mean Tandon did not resign in 1939 with the World War II outbreak, or take part in Quit India? According to R. Gandhi, all elected Congressmen resigned in 1939 when the INC protested the unilateral insertion of India into the conflict, and did not return to office until elections in 1946. For a man who became Congress president in 1950, I consider this highly unlikely as he would have no esteem left in the party if he hadn't resigned. Rama's Arrow 22:24, 10 February 2006 (UTC) original msg. from my talkpage

Yeah, it is very surprising and I too was wondering about that when writing the article. The actual source for the dates is an official site. Also, a couple of write-ups indicated that he was the speaker for over a decade. It may have so happened that it was the congress ministries that resigned, but the legislatures may have been placed in suspended animation. I know it for a fact that Tandon was a speaker for the United Provinces after independence as well. What beats me, however, is how he could be a member of the Constituent assembly in 1946, if he was still a speaker of the provinces' assembly. As far as his esteem goes, it has to be remembered that he lost an earlier election for the same post and that Nehru opposed him for the post. --Gurubrahma 17:13, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Purushottam Das Tandon


text:
Doris Margaret Anderson

Doris Margaret Anderson (July 5, 1922 – October 16, 2022) was a Canadian nutritionist and politician who served as a senator.

Anderson was born at St. Peters Bay, Prince Edward Island, the daughter of William W. and Florence (MacSwain) Anderson. She attended Prince of Wales College, Acadia University and Cornell University where she earned bachelor's and masters's degrees and was a nutritionist and educator by career. Her thesis in 1951 was entitled A History of Celiac Disease with Special Emphasis on Theories of Etiology and Treatment.

From 1948 to 1966, she was employed at Prince of Wales College in the home economics department, first as a lecturer, eventually rising to become an associate professor and department chair. She later served as a professor of home economics (1969–1980) and nutrition at the University of Prince Edward Island (1980–1988) before becoming professor emeritus in 1994. Anderson also worked with the Government of Prince Edward Island in the department of health. In 1995, Anderson was appointed to the Senate by Jean Chrétien, representing the senatorial division of St. Peter's, Kings County, Prince Edward Island. She retired at the mandatory age of 75 in 1997. She was a member of the Liberal caucus.

In 1982, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada in recognition of having been able to "help many children suffering from celiac disease and to contribute to education and mental health in her province".

Anderson died in Kings County, Prince Edward Island, on October 16, 2022, at the age of 100.

title: Doris Margaret Anderson


text:
Robert Redslob

Robert Redslob (3 February 1882 – 6 June 1962) was a German-French constitutional and public international law-scientist who was critical of the French constitution in the early twentieth century. He was born in Straßburg in Elsass-Lothringen. From 1900 to 1906 he studied Law (inter alia) in Straßburg and in Berlin. In 1913 he accepted a position as professor at the University of Rostock, and after the First World War he returned to Strasbourg to the newly established University of Strasbourg.

Redslob's ideas from his work Die parlamentarische Regierung in ihrer wahren und in ihrer unechten Form from 1918 had a remarkable influence on the German Weimar constitution of 1919. (The German title means ‘The parliamentary government in its true form and in its false (imperfect, incorrect) form’. The addition to the title: Eine vergleichende Studie über die Verfassungen von England, Belgien, Ungarn, Schweden und Frankreich is ‘A comparative survey of the constitutions of England, Belgium, Hungary, Sweden and France’.)

In his capacity as a professor at The Hague Academy of International Law, Redslob introduced the concept of heimat in relation to international law in 1931.

Redslob as a Modernist Legal Writer
Scholar Nathaniel Berman, who has written extensively on law and international affairs contends that Redslob's work is an example of a modernist tendency that flourished in international law between World War I and World War II. According to Berman, "[f]or Redslob, the clash between the revolutionary aspirations of nationalism and the self-preserving will of established states was nothing less than that between 'creative freedom and legality.'" Comparing Redslob's position as a modernist legal thinker to Picasso's status as a modernist painter, Berman describes four tendencies in the modernist view of international law that are parallel to the basic principles of high modernism in art. The modernist principles of international law, reflected in the work of Redslob and others, are: Berman's article has been cited as an example of the interdisciplinary approach that is prominent in the critical legal studies movement. Legal scholar David Kennedy, speaking of Berman's juxtaposition of Redslob and Picasso, said that "[w]hat is interesting is the way this juxtaposition foregrounds the role of the individual as a culture worker, the producer of legal texts and institutions. His project asks us to ask, 'What was Redslob's strategy?'"
 * 1) "A critique of the view of the sovereign state as the object which defines international law and to which it must seek to conform its doctrines and institutions";
 * 2) "Openness to hitherto repressed or denied forces of nationalism";
 * 3) "The unprecedented invention of a wide variety of techniques, understood as specifically legal";
 * 4) "Juxtaposition in international legal disputes, doctrines, and institutions, of elements incompatible under traditional legal criteria."

title: Robert Redslob


text:
Kungsholmen

Kungsholmen is an island in Lake Mälaren in Sweden, part of central Stockholm, Sweden. It is situated north of Riddarfjärden and considered part of the historical province Uppland. Its area is 3.9 km2 with a perimeter of 8.9 km. The highest point is at Stadshagsplan at 47 m. The total population is 71,542 (December 31, 2020).

Administratively, it is subdivided into the five districts Kungsholmen, Marieberg, Fredhäll, Kristineberg and Stadshagen.

Establishment
Franciscan friars from the Grey Friar's Abbey, Stockholm, began living on the island in the 15th century. Because of this, the island was named Munklägret (the Monks' encampment). The monks subsisted on cattle-breeding and fishing. They also managed the brickyard Själakoret at Rålambshov. As a result of the Swedish Reformation, which was concluded at the parliament in Västerås 1527, the monks were expelled and the area became property of the crown.

At the end of the 16th century, Johan III (son of Gustav Vasa) established an additional brickyard on the northern bank of the island. In 1635 the first bridge to Munklägret was built.

A few years later Queen Kristina donated large areas of land in the western part of the island to some of the generals from the Thirty Years War. They built magnificent entails and laid out great gardens. 1644 the crown donated the eastern part of Munklägret to the authorities of the city of Stockholm, which then received its first city plan. Three years later the remainder of the island was donated. In order to facilitate migration to Munklägret, privileges were given to artisans and manufacturers. For example, they were allowed to set up operations there without having to belong to the guilds and they were exempted from tax for ten years. In 1672 Munklägret became a separate parish (Kungsholmen) and the whole island was renamed Kungsholmen, meaning King's Island in Swedish.

Industrialization
When the Swedish Empire collapsed in the beginning of the 18th century the crown embarked on a generous economic policy to develop Kungsholmen, which was then largely empty of buildings. The entails were turned into factories and hospitals. In Hornsberg a cotton mill was established, at Marieberg a porcelain factory. In the early 19th century the military began to settle in Kungsholmen, which at the time was still a sparsely populated idyll.

When Samuel Owen settled in Kungsholmen, it had begun developing into a marked district factories and workers. This development was accentuated when the Bolinder brothers start building up their business at Klara Sjö, west of the Kungsbron, (King's Bridge) in the mid-19th century. The company AB Separator was established at the end of the 19th century. AB Separator would soon become a worldwide group of companies and at the beginning of the 20th century had more than 2,000 employees. The industrial breakthrough led to a huge population explosion. The population grew from just over 4,000 people in 1860 to 26,000 in 1890. During the 1880s several apartment blocks were built to remedy the housing shortage.

Modern Kungsholmen
In the early 20th century a radical structural change took place on Kungsholmen. The traits from the old industrial district are swept away and instead housing and public institutions were erected. St. Görans church was designed by architect Gustaf Améen (1864–1949) and built in 1910. At the division of the Kungsholmen parish in 1925, the new parish was named after the church.

The residential areas in Fredhäll and in Kristineberg were built in the 1930s after a functionalist city plan. The bridges Västerbron and Tranebergsbron were also built the same decade, and Sankt Eriksbron received its current dimensions. The Stockholm metro was drawn through Kungsholmen in the 1950s, first out to Vällingby and later also another line to Solna, Sundbyberg and Järvafältet. At this time the military moved out and the large hospital Serafen is supplanted (on another location) by the more modern Saint Göran Hospital.

Prominent buildings and structures

 * Saint Göran Hospital (Swedish: Sankt Görans sjukhus), one of Sweden's oldest hospitals.
 * Stockholm City Hall, built 1911–1923.
 * Stockholm Court House from 1909–1915.
 * Kristineberg Palace from around 1750.
 * DN-Skrapan, completed in 1964.
 * Rådhuset metro station, opened in 1975.

Bridges leading to Kungsholmen

 * From Norrmalm:
 * Stadshusbron
 * Klarabergsviadukten
 * Kungsbron
 * Blekholmsbron
 * Barnhusbron
 * Sankt Eriksbron
 * From Solna:
 * Ekelundsbron
 * From Bromma:
 * Tranebergsbron
 * From Lilla Essingen:
 * Mariebergsbron
 * Fredhällsbron (part of the Essingeleden motorway.)
 * From Södermalm:
 * Västerbron

title: Kungsholmen


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User:Jukeboksi/Studies/International marketing

In Wikipedia

 * Korea - The main article about korea
 * Korean history is long and complicated - with the division of Korea to North Korea and South Korea being just about the only thing people elsewhere know about it
 * Korean language is written in alphabets called Hangul, which is phonemic (like western writing) and has 14 consonants and 10 vowels, so it's really not very tought to learn.

Categories
 * w:Category:Korea - a category that contains (most of) the articles in Wikipedia about Korea
 * w:Category:South Korea
 * w:Category:North Korea

Business specific

 * Chaebol (jě'-bэl) is the Korean word for conglomerates (huge companies that operate in a wide field of business activities.
 * List of South Korean companies
 * List of North Korean companies

In other Wikimedia projects

 * There is a Wikibook on Korean language
 * Wikimedia Commons has pictures and other media from Korea that we can use in the presentation.
 * commons:Category:South Korea - for media specific to the south
 * commons:Category:North Korea - for media specific to the north

Future

 * There is even an article on Korean reunification. Now how can that be enclopedic..?

Non-wikipedia sources
note that South Korean governmental domains end in go.kr so those domain give very authorative and concise information

Statistics and general information

 * The CIA world factbook on South Korea - all the statistics we need
 * The CIA world factbook on North Korea

Automatic translation Korean<->English

 * http://babelfish.altavista.com/ - Babelfish can machine translate Korean to/from English either whole webpages (you can follow the links in the translated version) or other text (max 150 words)

Authorities

 * Korean Customs Service - Tariffs, Laws and Regulations, exchange rate etc.
 * Presidential office
 * Korean Trade Comission


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Hugo Preuß

Hugo Preuß (Preuss) (28 October 1860 – 9 October 1925) was a German lawyer and liberal politician. He was the author of the draft version of the constitution that was passed by the Weimar National Assembly and came into force in August 1919. He based it on three principles: all political authority belongs to the people; that the state should be organized on a federal basis; and that the Reich should form a democratic Rechtsstaat (state based in law) within the international community.

Early life and academic career
Hugo Preuß was born in Berlin on 28 October 1860 as the only child of Levin Preuß (1820 or 1821–62), a Jewish owner of a lithographic business, and his wife Minna (née Israel, 1826–99). Hugo's father died in 1862 and in 1863 his mother married her husband's brother, Leopold Preuß (1827–1905), a well-off grain merchant. After growing up in the western part of Berlin Hugo Preuß attended university from 1878 at Berlin and Heidelberg, studying Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften (law and governance) but with additional courses on history and philosophy. In May 1883, he passed the ''1. Staatsexamen'' and in November was awarded the Dr. iur. at Göttingen. He stopped working as a legal Referendar in 1886 and instead chose a career as an academic teacher. In 1889, he was habilitated with his publication Gemeinde, Staat, Reich als Gebietskörperschaften and began working as a Privatdozent (lecturer) at the university in Berlin. Although the quality of his writings was appreciated by academia, his Jewish religion and democratic-liberal views prevented him from becoming a tenured professor at the conservative Berlin university.

In 1889, Preuß also married Else Liebermann, daughter of Carl Liebermann in Berlin. She was also related to Max Liebermann, the artist, and to Felix Liebermann. Hugo and Else had four sons, one of whom died early. The others were Ernst (*1891), Kurt (*1893) and Jean (Hans, *1901).

In 1895, he became a member of the municipal parliament in Charlottenburg, Berlin. Only in 1906 did Preuß become a full professor, at the Berliner Handelshochschule newly founded by local merchants. He taught there until 1918, when he also was Rektor. His main focus was on constitutional law and on autonomous municipal administration (kommunale Selbstverwaltung). In 1906, the first volume of Die Entwicklung des deutschen Städtewesens was published. From 1910-18 he was honorary city councillor for the FVP. In this capacity he contributed to the project that what would later become the Greater Berlin Act. In 1912, he unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the Reichstag. In his widely read publication Das deutsche Volk und die Politik of 1915 he forcefully argued for a transformation of the Obrigkeitsstaat into a Volksstaat.

Revolution, political career and Weimar Constitution
Only a few days after the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II had been announced during the German Revolution of 1918–19, Preuß, in an article published on 14 November 1918, called on the middle-classes to "accept facts" and cooperate in creating the republic. On 15 November, the head of the revolutionary government, Friedrich Ebert of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) appointed Preuß as Staatssekretär des Innern. At the time, the revolutionary Council of the People's Deputies (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) co-existed with the old Imperial bureaucracy. Although the Council served as the cabinet and took the important decisions, it lacked an administrative apparatus and thus made use of the existing structures. Under the old Imperial constitution, the Staatssekretäre had been the heads of the various Ämter, not true ministers but more senior civil servants working for the Reichskanzler (chancellor). Preuß' role thus could be described as head of the "Ministry of the Interior". The Council of the People's Deputies tasked him with preparing a draft for a new republican constitution. In November, Preuß also was a founding member of the new DDP.

On 13 February 1919, Preuß became Reichsinnenminister (Interior Minister) in the first elected government of the republic under Ministerpräsident Philipp Scheidemann (SPD). Preuß opposed vehemently the Triple Entente prohibition of the incorporation of German Austria into Germany as a contradiction of the Wilsonian principle of self-determination of peoples. The government resigned on 20 June 1919 in protest against the Treaty of Versailles. It was followed by the government of Gustav Bauer (SPD), who appointed Preuß Reichskommissar für Verfassungsfragen (commissioner for constitutional issues). On 14 August 1919, the Weimar Constitution came into force. The final version of the constitution naturally was different from his original draft in various ways. Preuß' ideas were notably rejected concerning the reorganisation of the individual territories of the Reich—blocked by the new governments of the States. He also was unable to put into practice his idea of a very narrow definition of fundamental rights, limited to the classical freedoms, which he wanted to codify in just three articles of the constitution. Moreover, his attempt to change the nature of the second parliamentary chamber (made up of delegates from the individual State governments) proved impossible. However, some parts of the Weimar Constitution (on the role of parliament, government and Reichspräsident), considered especially problematic in hindsight, were strongly shaped by his ideas. In particular, the powerful position of the head of state, the Reichspräsident, who was given authority to dissolve the Reichstag with no effective limitations and who had considerable emergency powers under Article 48, did not appear to Preuß as a contradiction to the idea of a democratic state. He felt this was a necessary precaution to deal with the danger of a dictatorship of the parliamentary majority and to resolve conflicts between government and parliament by the most democratic method available—through new elections. Preuß also was pessimistic about the ability of the political parties to operate successfully within the new framework: they had no experience in taking on responsibility or with the sort of compromise required for stable government. Under the Empire the governments had operated mostly independently of the parties and the Reichstag majority of the day.

Later life

From 1919 to 1925 Preuß was a member first of the Verfassunggebende Preußische Landesversammlung (1919/20), the equivalent of the National Assembly for the Freistaat Preußen, and then the Preußischer Landtag. He published numerous works on legal and constitutional issues as well as pro-republican writings. He was also active in the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold. Hugo Preuß died in Berlin on 9 October 1925. He is buried at the Urnenfriedhof Gerchtsstraße Berlin-Wedding. Since 1952 the grave has been an Ehrengrab (honour grave) of what is now the State of Berlin.

The Jewish background of the main author of its constitution was one reason why the Weimar Republic was referred to as Judenrepublik ("Jews' Republic") by its detractors on the right.

Works

 * Franz Lieber, ein Bürger zweier Welten. Habel, Berlin 1886 (Digital version)
 * Gemeinde, Staat, Reich, 1889
 * Das städtische Amtsrecht in Preußen, 1902
 * Die Entwicklung des deutschen Städtewesens. Vol. 1: Entwicklungsgeschichte der deutschen Städteverfassung, 1906
 * Stadt und Staat, 1909
 * Zur preussischen Verwaltungsreform, 1910
 * Das deutsche Volk und die Politik, 1915
 * Deutschlands republikanische Reichsverfassung, 1921
 * Vom Obrigkeitsstaat zum Volksstaat, 1921
 * Um die Weimarer Reichsverfassung, 1924
 * Staat, Recht und Freiheit. Aus vierzig Jahren deutscher Politik und Geschichte, 1926 (Collected works, collected by Theodor Heuss)
 * Verfassungspolitische Entwicklungen in Deutschland und Westeuropa, ed. by Hedwig Hintze, Berlin 1927
 * Reich und Länder. Bruchstücke eines Kommentars zur Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches, ed. by Gerhard Anschütz, Berlin 1928
 * Gesammelte Schriften. Im Auftrag der Hugo-Preuß-Gesellschaft e.V. 5 Volumes (4 published so far), ed. by Detlef Lehnert, Tübingen 2007-, Vol. 1: Politik und Gesellschaft im Kaiserreich, 2007; Vol. 2: Öffentliches Recht und Rechtsphilosophie im Kaiserreich, 2009; Vol. 3: Verfassungsentwürfe, Verfassungskommentare, Verfassungtheorie [not yet published]; Vol. 4: Politik und Verfassung in der Weimarer Republik, 2008; Vol. 5: Kommunalwissenschaft und Kommunalpolitik, 2012.

title: Hugo Preuß


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File:The Secret of NIMH.jpg

Licensing
Poster for The Secret of NIMH - Illustrated by Tim Hildebrandt.

title: File:The Secret of NIMH.jpg


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List of ambassadors of Canada to France

The ambassador of Canada to France (Ambassadeur du Canada auprès de la France) is the official representative of the Canadian government to the government of France. The official title for the ambassador is Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Canada to the French Republic (Ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire du Canada auprès de la République française). The ambassador of Canada to France is Stéphane Dion who was appointed on the advice of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on May 31, 2022.

The Embassy of Canada is located at 130, rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, 75008 Paris, France.

History of diplomatic relations

The mission in Paris was established in 1882, when Hector Fabre was sent to serve as an "Agent of the Dominion (of Canada)", in the form of a Commissioner. He was accorded no formal diplomatic status, however, as Britain had not accorded Canada the right to establish formal diplomatic relations with foreign states. In 1891, Fabre was succeeded by Senator Philippe Roy as Canada's Agent in France.

Official diplomatic relations between Canada and France were established on January 31, 1928, a legation was established with Philippe Roy continuing on as the first Envoy to France with diplomatic privileges on September 24, 1928. The legation moved from Paris to London on June 24, 1940, following Germany's invasion of France. Canada officially recognized the French Committee of National Liberation on August 27, 1943. Canada officially recognized the Provisional Government of the French Republic on October 23, 1944, and following the Liberation of Paris, Canada's embassy was re-established in Paris on August 24, 1944 with George Philias Vanier as Canada's first Ambassador.

Canada's mission to France is the second-oldest Canadian diplomatic post, the oldest being the Canadian High Commission in London. Technically, however, Paris is Canada's oldest foreign mission, since the diplomatic posting to London was not considered to be a "foreign" mission because Canada was a member of the British Empire.

The official residence of the Canadian ambassador is located at 135 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. The building is known as the Hôtel de Rigny and was purchased by the Canadian government in 1950.

title: List of ambassadors of Canada to France


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Muddus National Park

Muddus (Muttos) is a national park in northern Sweden. It is situated in the province Lapland, with its largest part in the Gällivare Municipality. Furthermore, it belongs to the largely untouched UNESCO World Heritage classified Laponian area.

Natural scenes include the old-growth forest with large trees, large boggy grounds, and deep ravines in between the rocks. Sweden's oldest known pine tree is also located here. It has been estimated to be at least 710 years old, as it was found to have withstood a forest fire in 1413.

Wildfires
Forest fires in Muddus National Park have left traces on sample plots. There are fire scars on living or dead trees or charcoal fragments in the humus layer. The park was investigated on 75 separate sample plots. Some of the major fire years in the Muddus area coincide with forest fires in other parts of northern Sweden, in the taiga of western Russia, and in central Siberia. There is constant regeneration happening in the wildlife in the National Park. Forest fires were shown to have occurred in the five different types of forest. The fires that were most frequently occurring of fires in the pine forests occurred with within the span of 81–90 years, while the mean frequency was 110 years. The interval of time elapsed since the last forest fire occurred in the pine forests was 144 years. Some of the major fire years in the Muddus area coincide with forest fires in other parts of northern Sweden, in the taiga of western Russia, and in central Siberia.

Mires
In 1940 a range of mires were found in the Muddus National Park. The park also went under investigation for its mires and wetlands. The mires consisted from ombrotrophic bogs to rich fens. They are found to be very rich in bryophytes. There are 66 species and you can find them in dry habitats as well.

Geography
It is known for its waterfalls, deep ravines, low mountain and forest where the trees have seen many generations of people pass by.

Birds
Due to a large-scale forestry landscape structure; the structure and composition of boreal bird communities are in North Sweden. Birds control the effects of patch size, forest age and tree species compositions. The most common birds that live in the park are Capercaillie. These birds are black grouse and hazel hen. They are constantly being reproduced in the forest year-round. The second most common bird that is found here is the Siberian jay and Siberian tit. These birds are intensely present mostly during the summer time. Other animals that reside in the park are whooper swans, bean geese and black-throated loons appear on the lakes. Located at the marshes of the park, cranes, sandpipers and snipes are present

Deers
Reindeer are in the Muddus National park are present in the area year-around. Although rare, there are also brown bears, lynx and wolverines in the park. It is common, to encounter reindeer, elk or some of the forests’ and marshes’ many birds.

Flora
The Muddus National Park trees show how large non-systematic variations are there. This is due to climatic changes because of industrialization in Sweden through the years.

There are an abundance of spiders that have been found in the Muddus National Park. In particular, There has been four species of different genital characters of spiders have been found. This is due to the abundance of spruce, pine forest, and shallow lakes in the northern taiga zone. There was 157 spiders collected from the southern park of the park.

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Field and Game Australia

Field & Game Australia (FGA) is an Australian non-government organization formed in 1958 for conservation, hunting and clay target shooting. It is based in Seymour, Victoria.

FGA advocates for "sustainable utilisation" and hunting to conserve the native flora and fauna of Australia. FGA volunteers undertake waterfowl counts each year to assist governmental wildlife managers to obtain waterfowl population numbers and locations. These figures are not published but reported to the Hunting Advisory Committee.

FGA members have built and organised the construction of thousands of nest boxes across Australia. These are monitored regularly, nesting numbers are recorded, and introduced species are removed. This work has been successful in breeding birds and educating the wider community of the importance of wetlands and their native inhabitants.

History
The Victorian Field and Game Association was established in 1958 at Sale. The name comes from "field sportsmen" and "game management" abbreviated to "Field & Game". Field & Game was formed by hunters who were concerned at the loss of wetland habitat for the game birds they observed and hunted.

Other resolutions adopted at that first meeting in 1958 were:
 * To develop Victorian facilities for game bird hunting by the promotion of conservation and management projects.
 * To develop a greater public appreciation of the pleasures and values of game bird hunting.
 * To organise a deputation to the Chief Secretary seeking the establishment of a shooter's license to fund game conservation.

At its first meeting the association adopted the following motto- "The wildlife of today is not ours to dispose of as we please. We have it in trust. We must account for it to those who come after". ~ King George VI

Initially the association concentrated its efforts on three wetlands of significance: Winton Swamp near Benalla (now Lake Mokoan), Tower Hill in Western Victoria and Jack Smith Lake in Gippsland.

In those early days the association appeared as radical in its aims as many contemporary conservation groups do today. This was because hunters placed a value on swampland, which at the time because of its unsuitability for agriculture, was otherwise regarded as being useless. Many in the community thought the FGA members odd, when they proposed that regulated water supply from irrigation systems should be available to wetlands.

"Building Assets for all Australians"
Members of the association lobbied for the introduction of a shooter's license system that would make funds available for the protection of wetland habitats. Under Sir Henry Bolte's direction, the shooter's license was established in 1959 and provided Victoria's first-ever funds for game and wildlife management. Important areas of waterfowl habitat were purchased and the Game Research Station at Serindip near Lara was established – now a wetland education centre. The shooters license raises over $4 million annually. A new game license introduced in 1990 raises another $1 million annually.

In 1978 the FGA won the Conservation Council of Victoria's prize for the organization that had contributed the most to conservation over a five-year period.

Organisational structure
FGA has over 15,000 members, over 60 branches and 51 simulated field clay target shooting grounds throughout Australia. FGA volunteers spend thousands of hours on a variety of activities, including wetland rehabilitation and management, shooter education, waterfowl identification courses ("WIT tests"), firearm safety and training, pest and vermin eradication, and organised duck hunts and fox drives.

The individual FGA branches are made up of the members of the national body, and the branches' delegates vote at national meetings. Each branch is an incorporated association, with individual members being entitled to vote at branch meetings. The current chairman of Field & Game Australia (national body) is Russell Bate. Its current patrons include former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser, former Speaker of the House of Representatives David Hawker and zoologist Prof. Grahame Webb. Former patrons include the late Sir Henry Bolte, and former Victorian Governor the late Sir Rohan Delacombe.

Legal issues
In 2009, Sale Field & Game spokesperson Gary Howard was found guilty in Sale Magistrates Court on the charges of taking and using water without authority, and with interfering with the flow in a waterway. Howard was fined $1500 and ordered to pay costs of $1500. The Heart Morass adjoins Lake Wellington and water taken from the river was beneficial to the environment and did not deprive any other land users or downstream environments. The actions were uncovered by the anti-hunting group Coalition Against Duck Shooting, who monitored Heart Morass after learning that 100 FGA members had paid to hunt on the opening weekend. The police investigation showed that Howard, who is on the committee of management for Heart Morass, had released water onto the property, owned by the FGA, just prior to the opening of the hunting season to attract ducks for better game conditions for paying members.

In Victoria, following the 2011 duck season where an illegal protester was shot in the face by a shooter and in 2012 when other illegal protesters were charged and prosecuted, regulations were changed to increase public safety. New regulations were adopted in September 2012 and will be in place for the 2013 season. They incorporate what is known as "human safety regulations".

Advocacy of shooter's rights
Field and Game Australia represents members interests with government and legal submissions from time to time.

In 2002 the FGA were represented in the High Court in relation to the Yorta Yorta Native Title claim over areas in the Goulburn and Murray Valleys. The Yorta Yorta claim was over 200000 km2 of land. The Yorta Yorta people gave evidence that they traditionally used the land to camp, hunt and fish. FGA opposed the claim for exclusive possession as they also used the land to camp hunt and fish.

In 2005–06, the Victorian Environmental Assessment Council proposed five new national parks (Barmah, Gunbower, Lower Goulburn, Warby-Ovens, Leaghur-Koorangie and a significant addition to Murray-Sunset) and five new regional or other parks. This would have significantly reduced public access to public land currently used for camping, fishing and hunting. The proposal would have restricted boat access to rivers enjoyed by Victorians. VEAC's proposals were based on economic assumptions that were shown to be flawed. FGA engaged consultants to challenge the economic assumptions and VEAC's proposals were subsequently rejected by the Victorian Government.

Members of Field & Game are included in an insurance scheme that provides them with $20 million public liability insurance and gun insurance.

Accomplishments
From 1963 to 1965, the VFGA opposed a proposal by the Victorian Government to drain the Hird and Johnson Wetlands near Kerang. Prior to this event, the organisation has worked to preserve these wetlands.

In 1978, the VFGA won the Victorian Conservation Prize for "the defence of Victoria's wetlands, the preservation of wildlife habitat and development of public awareness". The prize is awarded annually to an organisation who has shown notable contributions to conservation over the previous five years. The prize was awarded by the Minister for Conservation, but since the 1980s that prize has been replaced by LandCare Awards.

Research by the VFGA in Victoria during 1992-1993 showed that lead levels in Pacific black duck at Lake Buloke had reached internationally recognised levels dangerous to waterfowl (waterfowl mistakenly ingest lead pellets along with gravels as gastroliths needed to aid their digestion of food). This prompted the VFGA to work with government and support the phase-out of lead shots for waterfowl hunting, which was completed in 2002.

In 2001, FGA founded the Wetland Environmental Taskforce Public Fund (WET) to raise money to protect wetlands. WET has purchased the remaining Heart Morass wetlands from a private farm. Much of the wetland had been already drained to create pastures, and WET's purchase of the Heart Morass will protect it.

title: Field and Game Australia


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LNER Gresley Classes A1 and A3

The London and North Eastern Railway Gresley Classes A1 and A3 locomotives represented two distinct stages in the history of the British "Pacific" steam locomotives designed by Nigel Gresley. They were designed for main line passenger services and later express passenger services, initially on the Great Northern Railway (GNR), a constituent company of the London and North Eastern Railway after the amalgamation of 1923, for which they became a standard design. The change in class designation to A3 reflected the fitting to the same chassis of a higher pressure boiler with a greater superheating surface and a small reduction in cylinder diameter, leading to an increase in locomotive weight. Eventually all of the A1 locomotives were rebuilt, most to A3 specifications, but no. 4470 was completely rebuilt as Class A1/1.

The names for the locomotives came from a variety of sources. The first, Great Northern, was named after its parent company. Others were given the names of high-ranking railway officials, but most were given the names of famous racehorses. One was named after the company's most famous long-distance passenger train, the Flying Scotsman. Flying Scotsman is the sole member of the class to be preserved.

Class A1: Great Northern genesis
The new Pacific locomotives were built at the Doncaster "Plant" in 1922 to the design of Nigel Gresley, who had become Chief mechanical engineer of the GNR in 1911. The intention was to produce an engine able to handle, without assistance, mainline express services that were reaching the limits of the capacity of the Ivatt large-boilered Atlantics.

Gresley's initial Pacific project of 1915 was for an elongated version of the Ivatt Atlantic design with four cylinders. Finally realising that he was in a design impasse, he took as a model the new American Pennsylvania Railroad class K4 Pacific of 1914. This in turn had been updated from a series of prototypes scientifically developed in 1910 under Francis J. Cole, Alco's Chief Consulting Engineer at Schenectady and the Pennsylvania's K29 Alco prototype of 1911, also designed by Cole. Descriptions of those locomotives appeared in the British technical press at the time and gave Gresley the elements necessary to design a thoroughly up-to-date locomotive.

The first two GNR Pacifics, 1470 Great Northern and 1471 Sir Frederick Banbury were introduced in 1922. The Great Northern board ordered a further ten '1470-class' locomotives, which were under construction at Doncaster at the time of the formation of the LNER in 1923. This included the future sole surviving member of the class, 4472 Flying Scotsman, then nameless and numbered 1472.

In line with the philosophy behind Cole's Alco prototypes, the Gresley Pacifics were built to the maximum limits of the LNER loading gauge with a large boiler and wide firebox giving a large grate area. The firebox was set low and rested on the trailing carrying axle. However, unlike the Pennsylvania K4, the firebox was not of the flat-topped Belpaire variety, but a round-topped one that was in line with Great Northern tradition. Features in common with the American types were the downward profile towards the back of the firebox and the boiler tapering towards the front. Heat transfer and the flow of gases were helped by use of a combustion chamber extending forward from the firebox space into the boiler barrel, along with a boiler tube length limited to 19 ft, features inherited from the K4 type but not present on the earlier Cole Prototypes. The boiler pressure was rated at 180 psi.

The 1470-class Pacific was the third Great Northern locomotive type to incorporate Gresley's universal 3-cylinder layout. All three cylinders drove the middle coupled axle. The outside cranks were set at 120°, with the inside crank displaced by about 7 degrees to allow for the 1:8 inclination of the inside cylinder, this slight deviation from even spacing being a suggestion by Harold Holcroft of the SECR which enabled the outside cylinders to be perfectly horizontal. Gresley conjugated valve gear derived the motion of the inside valve spindle from the two outside valve spindles: this eliminated an inaccessible middle set of valve gear between the frames. A feature of the K4 that had soon been abandoned by the Pennsylvania Railroad was an unusual three-bar version of the Laird slide-bar. However, Gresley adopted this type of slide-bar for all his locomotives and it was later taken up by Bulleid for his Pacifics and by Riddles for the British Railways standard designs.

LNER period
The Great Northern Railway was incorporated into the newly formed LNER as a result of the 1923 Grouping. Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer of the new company, which was the second largest of the "Big Four" railway companies in Britain. Realising the need for standardisation, Gresley adopted his GNR Pacific design as the standard express passenger locomotive for the LNER main line, designating it 'A1' within the LNER locomotive classification system. The choice was made after comparative trials with an equivalent North Eastern Railway (NER) Pacific, classified 'A2'. Between 1923 and 1925, 51 A1 locomotives were built; twenty by the North British Locomotive Company, and the remainder by Doncaster Works. However, Gresley's Pacifics had been designed to work within the bounds of the Great Northern Railway, meaning maximum distances of less than 200 miles (322 km). After the grouping, the locomotives were required to have a far greater operating range.

Early improvements
In 1924, number 4472 Flying Scotsman, renumbered and named for the occasion, was displayed at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley along with the first member of the Great Western Railway (GWR) Castle Class, number 4073 Caerphilly Castle. The latter weighed 19.6 LT less than the Pacific, but was claimed to be the most powerful locomotive in Britain with a tractive effort rated at 31625 lbf.

In the following months, the two railway companies ran comparative exchange trials between the two types from which the Great Western emerged triumphant with 4079 Pendennis Castle. The LNER learned valuable lessons from the trials which resulted in a series of modifications carried out from 1926 on number 4477 Gay Crusader. Changes to the valve gear included increased lap and longer travel, in accordance with Great Western practice; this allowed fuller exploitation of the expansive properties of steam and reduced back pressure from the exhaust, transforming performance and economy; the economies in coal and water consumption achieved were such that the 180 psi Pacifics could undertake long-distance non-stop runs that had previously been impossible. There followed a complete redesign of the valve gear, which was applied to 2555 Centenary in 1927, with the rest of the class being modified in due course. Locomotives with modified valve gear had a slightly raised running plate over the cylinders in order to give room for the longer combination lever necessary for the longer valve travel. Another modification was made in 1927 when number 4480 Enterprise was fitted with a 220 psi boiler. This was closely followed by two other locomotives which also incorporated variations in the cylinder diameter and superheater size for comparative purposes. This led Gresley to make a radical departure from Churchward practice by increasing the number of large tubes containing superheating elements, hence increasing the superheater surface area in contact with the hot gases, thus raising steam temperature. The presence of the larger superheater could be recognised from the square covers on either side of the smokebox, a feature that the locomotives retained throughout the rest of their existence.

At the 1925 British Empire Exhibition, Flying Scotsman was again exhibited; but this time, the GWR sent Pendennis Castle.

Most of the locomotives built as class A1 (also all of those built as class A3) had vacuum brakes for both locomotive and train. However, the LNER had inherited a substantial amount of Westinghouse-braked coaches, mainly from the NER, and it was necessary to provide some locomotives with Westinghouse brakes to work trains formed of ex-NER coaches. Accordingly, fifteen (nos. 2568–82) of the forty A1s ordered by the LNER in 1923 had dual Westinghouse and vacuum brakes for the train – on these, the locomotive brakes were Westinghouse. In 1928, the LNER decided to standardise on the vacuum brake, and as the number of Westinghouse-braked coaches subsequently decreased, the need for Westinghouse-braked locomotives also fell. The fifteen A1s with Westinghouse brakes were converted to vacuum brakes between 1933 and 1935.

Class A3
The outcome of the various experiments and modifications made to the A1s in the late 1920s was a new Class A3 "Super Pacific", the first example of which was number 2743 Felstead. This locomotive appeared in August 1928 with 220 psi (1.52 MPa) boiler, 19-inch (483 mm) cylinders, increased superheat, long-travel valves, improved lubrication and modified weight distribution. Another new development was the changeover from right- to left-hand drive, less convenient for a right-handed fireman, but more so for sighting signals, resulting in the modification of all earlier locomotives.

Twenty-seven A3s were built from new, until 1935, with little variation except for a new type of boiler with a "banjo dome", an oval steam collector that was placed on top of the rear boiler ring. The first banjo dome was hidden beneath the casing of Cock o' the North of 1934; it was subsequently used in the A4 streamliners. The last nine A3 Pacifics were constructed with the device in 1935, and it became a standard fitting on all LNER large, wide-firebox boilers that were applied to new locomotives until 1949, except for a short period while Edward Thompson was CME. The banjo dome was one of the Gresley features he disliked. It was also applied to replacement boilers on the A3s.

Although all of the original Class A1 locomotives were eventually rebuilt to Class A3 specifications, it was a drawn-out process that lasted until 1949; 60068 Sir Visto was the last locomotive to be converted. The changeover to left-hand drive took longer, and continued into the Fifties.

Further experiments
Despite having settled on a new standard type, Gresley continued to experiment on individual locomotives, in one of which experiments ACFI feedwater heaters were installed in A1 2576 The White Knight and A3 2580 Shotover. However, on the Pacifics the increase in efficiency was deemed insufficient and the apparatus was eventually removed. In 1935, number 2544 Lemberg received Trofimoff piston valves of an ingenious design with automatically varying steam passages.

A3s 2747 Coronach and 2751 Humorist were subjected to smoke deflection trials following an accident  on the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) due to poor visibility; this included the modification of the upper smokebox area surrounding the chimney. Originally the whole smokebox wrapper was retained in order to form an air duct, with the exit behind the chimney, but this was found ineffective. The next stage, at least with 2751, was to cut off the top part of the wrapper, but retaining the sloping plate that directed air flow upwards, and therefore lifting the smoke above the locomotive. The original chimney was replaced by a double stove-pipe variety, and miniature deflector plates were added on either side, angled to concentrate the air flow when the locomotive was on the move.

Smoke-lifting devices were not a priority with the normal single-chimney Pacifics. However, with its double chimney and subsequent fitting of a double Kylchap exhaust in 1937, Humorist continued to pose a problem in this regard and always had small wings on either side of the chimney. Finally, in the 1950s, it acquired the Peppercorn-type of deflector plates.

Tenders
The original A1s were coupled to a traditional Great Northern type of tender with coal rails of a design that can be traced back to Stirling days. The A1-variant was a much-enlarged eight-wheel version carrying 8 LT of coal and 5000 impgal of water. In 1928, a new special type of tender body was built for the new non-stop Flying Scotsman train. This tender had a corridor connection and an access tunnel through the water tank. It was of a more modern design with high side sheets curved in at the top and had a coal capacity of 9 LT. In order to be able to pack an extra ton of coal, a single coal rail was provided on this particular series, but was later deemed unnecessary. Ten of these corridor tenders were built, and a non-corridor version of similar design followed with 8-ton coal capacity and no coal rail. Further series of both types had disc wheels instead of the previous spoked variety.

Pre-war performance
The early A1 Pacifics were a match for the performances demanded of them in the early 1920s. They were certainly able to take loads single-handed that were beyond the capacity of their Atlantic predecessors as was shown in a test run made by No. 1471 Sir Frederick Banbury when it took a 20-coach train weighing 600 LT over the 105 mi from London to Grantham at an average speed of 51.8 mph. However this was at the cost of heavy coal consumption, and general performance was well below the ultimate potential of the design. This was largely due to a regression from the earlier 3-cylinder 2-6-0 design, which was the first to have the standard Gresley conjugated motion combined with long valve travel. However, practical problems were experienced with components quickly suffering from premature wear, especially in the main bearing of the large 2:1 lever which had not yet been fitted with the very necessary ball race; excessive 'play' led to so much over-travel of the middle valve, that it began to hit the end-covers. In order to prevent this, when applying the gear to the Pacifics, Gresley fell back on the expedient of shortening valve travel even though that choked the exhaust at speed, was responsible for the heavy coal consumption, and negated most of the advantages gained by the locomotive's revolutionary design. However, by incorporating the Great Western-inspired valve modifications, the economies in coal and water consumption achieved were such that the 180 psi Pacifics could undertake long-distance non-stop runs that were previously impossible. The first and most spectacular outcome occurred in 1928, when the Pacifics were called upon daily to work the Flying Scotsman train non-stop over the 392 mi between London and Edinburgh. Initially three A1s and two A3s took turns on this service. The modifications also gave the A1 locomotives greater speed potential, and the proof of this came in 1933 when a high-speed 3-car diesel railcar service had been mooted. As this would have provided limited accommodation for passengers, it was proposed to use steam traction at similar service speeds with six carriages. A trial return run between London and Leeds was made with modified A1 locomotive number 4472, Flying Scotsman; on the return trip with 6 coaches weighing 208 LT it attained 100 mph just outside Little Bytham in Lincolnshire for just over 600 yd. There were earlier claims to this speed, notably by the Great Western locomotive 3440 City of Truro, but this 1933 run is generally considered to be the first reliably recorded instance. On a later trial run to Newcastle upon Tyne and back in 1935, A3 number 2750 Papyrus reached 108 mph hauling 217 LT at the same spot, maintaining a speed above 100 mph for 12.5 consecutive miles (20.1 km), the world record for a non-streamlined locomotive, shared with a French Chapelon Pacific.

Wartime service
Along with all the Gresley 3-cylinder types, the Pacifics suffered from low wartime maintenance standards, conditions for which they had not been designed. Following Gresley's sudden death in 1941 Edward Thompson took over and following the end of hostilities in 1945 Thompson made a request to his works staff that a locomotive be selected for rebuild, the first of Gresley's A1 Pacifics, Great Northern was selected and became the LNER Class A1/1 specification with divided drive and separate valve gear for the inside cylinder. Thompson intended to rebuild to this configuration all the Gresley A1s that had not been converted to A3 standard; in the meantime the remaining Gresley A1s were reclassified as A10s. The rebuilding of these locomotives as A1/1 never happened. Instead, the conversion to A3 standard continued. The A1/1 was at first classified as A1, and reclassified as A1/1 when Arthur Peppercorn designed and constructed his own Class A1s in 1947 this class owing a great deal to the work of Thompson in showing the improvements that could be made on availability and maintenance costs when compared to the Gresley set up of conjugated valve gear instead of 3 sets.

Post-war recovery and nationalisation
The Gresley 3-cylinder drive arrangement continued to bring a number of practical problems, the root of which was probably the need for the inside cylinder to be steeply inclined in order to give space for the inside connecting rod to clear the leading coupled axle; at the same time, the inside valve spindle had to be parallel with the outside ones from which it derived its motion. This problem had been overcome by what Holcroft called a "twist in the ports" (the passages that carried steam in and out of the cylinders). A consequence was that the length of these passages was greater than that generally recommended, increasing "dead space", and this was combined with a shorter exhaust passage. The net result would be rather different working conditions in the middle cylinder from those on the outside. A contributing problem was that any elongation of the outside valve spindles was multiplied by the conjugated valve gear. Although this had been anticipated at the design stage, the overall consequence was that the inside cylinder had a tendency to give more power than the other two as speed increased, leading to the overloading of the inside connecting rod bearings, especially the big-end which was liable to overheat and fail. Various experiments were tried over the years to cure this chronic ailment, and it was only towards the end of the steam era that a real solution was found in Great Western methods of lubrication and manufacture for the big-end bearing. Other problems persisted, such as a stiff, insensitive regulator and overall design flaws that hampered maintenance.

In spite of all this and the introduction of more recent Pacifics, in the middle of the 1950s Gresley types continued to have a quasi-monopoly of East Coast Main Line express passenger services, and as the Sixties approached they went through yet another series of improvements comparable to those of the 1920s. The most significant of these was the fitting of the French double Kylchap exhaust system, which was entirely due to the persistence from 1956 of P. N. Townend, Assistant District Motive Power Superintendent at King's Cross locomotive shed. These modifications greatly reduced exhaust back pressure, making the locomotives more economical and free-running, and also kept the firetubes clean, reducing turn-around time, so much so that they were able to fit into the more intensive diesel locomotive workings. The Kylchap arrangement was already being universally applied to the A4 streamlined Pacifics, though with the non-streamlined A3 locomotives, the soft exhaust would cause the smoke and steam to drift into the driver's forward vision. The solution came in the form of narrow German-style smoke deflectors, which somewhat changed the appearance of the A3 locomotives in their latter days.

Withdrawal
The prototype locomotive, number 60113 Great Northern, had been rebuilt by Edward Thompson into a virtually new design. The first to be withdrawn was 60104 Solario in 1959. Otherwise the class remained intact until 1961, and was still operating on express passenger work. The last class member to be withdrawn by British Railways was number 60052, Prince Palatine in January 1966. 60103 Flying Scotsman was withdrawn in 1963, and has since been preserved at the National Railway Museum in York.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 10 May 1926, during the General Strike, locomotive No. 2565 Merry Hampton was hauling an express passenger train which was deliberately derailed by striking miners south of Cramlington, Northumberland.
 * On 10 December 1937, no. 2744 Grand Parade was destroyed in the Castlecary rail accident when it ran into the rear of a standing train in snowy conditions, the other train being hauled by LNER Class D29 4-4-0 No. 9896 Dandie Dinmont. The driver and fireman survived with minor injuries although the locomotive and tender were buried under the four following coaches. 35 other passengers and railway crew were killed in the accident. As Class A3 locomotives were still in production at the time, a replacement was built with the same name and number.
 * On 9 August 1947, locomotive No. 50 Persimmon was hauling a passenger train that was run into by another at Doncaster due to a signalman's error. Twenty-one people were killed and 188 were injured.
 * On 26 October 1947, locomotive No. 66 Merry Hampton was hauling an express passenger train which was derailed at Goswick, Northumberland due to excessive speed through a crossover. Twenty-eight people were killed and 65 were injured.
 * On 19 February 1949, a freight train became divided at New Southgate, London. The rear portion was able to run back and cross from the down slow line to the down fast line due to a signalman's error. Locomotive No. 60107 Royal Lancer was hauling a parcels passenger train that collided with the wagons.
 * On 14 July 1951, locomotive 60058 Blair Athol was hauling the 'West Riding' express near Huntingdon when two of its coaches caught fire. Twenty-two people were injured, but all the passengers and crew escaped with no fatalities.
 * On 14 November 1951, locomotive 60100 Spearmint ran away on the 1 in 44 Cowlairs incline approaching Glasgow Queen Street Station. A defective repair on a vacuum pipe had left the engine without brakes. The engine, which was scheduled to work the afternoon departure to Leeds, collided with the stock for the same train which was being shunted across the station, the dining-car crew were injured in the collision.
 * On 5 August 1957, locomotive No. 60036 Colombo was hauling a passenger train when it crashed into the buffers at York station.
 * On 15 December 1961, an empty coaching stock train was in a rear-end collision with a freight train at Conington, Huntingdonshire. Locomotive No. 60078 Night Hawk was hauling a freight train that ran into the wreckage. A third freight train then ran into the wreckage.
 * On 29 September 2023, locomotive No. 60103 Flying Scotsman was involved in a slow speed rear-end collision with the Belmond Royal Scotsman ahead of a 100th year anniversary tour run at the Strathspey Railway in Aviemore, Highland. 5 people were injured with two being hospitalised, however both the locomotive and the Royal Scot suffered no superficial damage. The final two days of its stint at the Strathspey Railway were postponed while the RAIB investigated the cause of the accident.

Preservation
The sole surviving member of the A3s and A1s is 4472 (60103) Flying Scotsman. The locomotive was withdrawn from service with British Railways in 1963 and after being saved from scrap it was sold for preservation to Alan Pegler. After overhaul, Scotsman worked a number of railtours, including a non-stop London–Edinburgh run in 1968, the final year of steam traction on British Railways.

After a much-publicised appeal in 2004, Flying Scotsman was purchased by the National Railway Museum in York and is now part of the National Collection.

A spare A3 boiler that was fitted to 60041 Salmon Trout and 60097 Humorist, but mainly on Salmon Trout survives at National Railway Museum's National Collection. Cylinder parts from Salmon Trout purchased by Alan Pegler still exist to this day, they are a part of Flying Scotsman.

Models
Model railway companies Tri-ang, and later Hornby, have produced 'OO'-scale models of both the Gresley A1's and A3's almost continuously since the 1960s. In the 2000s, Hornby also produced live steam examples, re-using the chassis from the initial LNER Class A4 models. Trix and later Liliput made both loco drive and tender drive versions in 'OO' gauge. Although now owned by Bachmann, the models have never been resurrected. Other manufacturers have produced models in other scales, such as Minitrix, Graham Farish, and Dapol (N-gauge) and Bassett-Lowke (O-gauge).

title: LNER Gresley Classes A1 and A3


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Stora Sjöfallet National Park

Stora Sjöfallet (, lit. 'The Great Lake Falls'; Stuor Muorkke) is a national park in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden, in Gällivare Municipality and Jokkmokk Municipality. The national park covers 1278 km2 and is the third-largest in Sweden. The park is located about 20 km north of the Arctic Circle by the Norwegian border and surrounds the Akkajaure reservoir from the north, east and south.

The area was declared a national park in 1909. The national park is part of the Laponian area, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Stora Sjöfallet is also a part of Natura 2000, which is a network for protected areas in the European Union.

History
When the national park was created in 1909 the main reason was the great waterfall called Stuor Muorkkegårttje in the Sami languages. The great waterfalls at the heart of the park were historically among the most powerful and visually striking in Europe, but relatively soon after the area was given its protected status, the government permitted hydroelectric development of the falls, which deprived the sheer drop of most of its visible water flow except for a few times a year and damaged the shorelines of Akkajaure.

Later developments in this part of the park include a power line, roads, and gravel banks. Already in the 1960s the status as national park was questioned due to these severe changes, and today the area of the falls is no longer a part of the national park. Today the lake Akkajaure, that divides the park into two, is artificial.

The name of the park comes from a five-level waterfall on the Lule River. Each of the five levels is named after a man who has been important in the history of Lapland. The first is SG Hermelin (Hermelin's fall), who was a great entrepreneur in the industrial history of Norrbotten. Lars Levi Laestadius, the founder of Laestadianism, and Düben, doctor and author of the book Om lappland och lapparne (transl. About Lapland and the Lapps), have also given their names to levels in the fall. The two last levels were named after Carl Anton Petterson, who presented the Stora sjöfallet to the Swedish people, and Henrik Adolf Widmark, who was strongly committed to the mountains of Lapland.

The mountains were formed about 400 million years ago when two continents collided. The sea between them disappeared and the sediment of the seabed was pressed into a mountain range. There are still traces from the ice age in the area, for example terminal moraines and outcrops polished by the ice.

Geography
The part of the park south of the lake Akkajaure, which has been broken out of the park, is dominated by the mountain Áhkká, which is also called "the queen of Lapland" or "Nils Holgersson's mountain" after Selma Lagerlöf's story. The lower hills in the south of the park are covered by forests of fir trees. North of the lake is the mountain Kallaktjåkkå, whose north face faces the narrow and deep Teusa-valley.

The park's highest peak is 2015 m above sea level and is a part of the mountain massif Áhkká, which has thirteen peaks and ten glaciers.

Global warming makes the glaciers melt 10 m each year.

Plants and animals
The flora is one of the reasons that the area became a national park. The bedrock is lime-poor, which has resulted in large areas covered with dwarf birch and crowberry. The park also has plenty of lichens and sjöfallskvartsiten or "the Sjöfalls' sandstone" is unique for the park.

Of the approximately 400 species of flora that can be found in the mountains, about half of them have been found in Stora sjöfallet national park. Arenaria humifusa is an example. Cloudberry, which is also called "the gold of Lapland", can be found in the park from the middle of July to the end of August.

About 125 different species of birds have been observed in the park. Some common species are European golden plover, meadow pipit, and northern wheatear. Eurasian whimbrel, long-tailed jaeger, eagle, and rough-legged buzzard can also be seen and, with a bit of luck, the unusual species lesser white-fronted goose, gyrfalcon, and great grey owl can be observed. Sjaunja, the largest bird reserve in Sweden, borders to the park in the east.

Mammals that one can catch sight of are reindeer, moose, red fox, ermine, and rabbit. Among these, the reindeer is the most common, and two Sami communities', Sörkaitum and Sirka, pastures are within the area. Rarer species that can also be observed are lynx, wolverine, Arctic fox, and brown bear.

The large differences in altitude have resulted in large differences in the vegetation, for example old-growth forest, mountain birch forest, bare mountain, and boulder fields. In the hollows for example globe-flower and aconitum can be found, while the Ranunculus glacialis, snow bunting, and rock ptarmigan prefer higher altitudes.

Tourism
The national park is easiest to reach from the road from Porjus. The road passes Vietas and continues to the west end of the park. It is most appropriate to visit the park between March and September, but other periods work as well.

Kungsleden passes through the northern part of the national park. In the south part of the park there are no trails or cabins.

Some attractions are the Count and the Countess, the Áhkká massif, the Áhkká terraces, Seven sisters, and the Teusa valley.

Cabins can be found in some parts of the park. Otherwise accommodation can be found in Vietas and at Stora Sjöfallet's mountain resort. Activities that are offered are fishing, skiing, snowmobiling, hiking, and ice climbing.

There are special rules for people that visit the park. For example, it is forbidden to:
 * hunt, fish, or catch insects.
 * pick or dig up plants.
 * break branches or hurt living or dead trees and bushes.
 * collect minerals.
 * drive a motor vehicle outside special roads.
 * ride a horse or bring a dog (during some periods it is allowed to bring the dog if it is on a leash).
 * fly in valleys or lower than 300 m above the ground.

However, gathering dead branches to make a fire or arrange protection is permitted. One may also pick berries and fungi.

title: Stora Sjöfallet National Park


text:
User talk:MattDP/fast bowling

Review:
 * 1) I would prefer if the images are in png format instead of jpeg.
 * 2) The images are untagged. If it is your work please licence it as PD-self, GFDL-self or a cc-by-sa tag. See [Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]] for more details.
 * 3) dippers can bounce too. The only condition is that the dipper has to curve before bouncing.  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  10:03, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:MattDP/fast bowling