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Series of 1928 (United States Currency)

The Series of 1928 was the first issue of small-size currency printed and released by the U.S. government. These notes, first released to the public on July 10, 1929, were the first standardized notes in terms of design and characteristics, featuring similar portraits and other facets. These notes were also the first to measure 6.313" by 2.688", smaller than the large-sized predecessors of Series 1923 and earlier that measured 7.438" by 3.141".

Federal Reserve Notes
Federal Reserve Notes featured a green Treasury Seal starting in 1928. This was the only type of currency that, at first, featured the seal over the large engraved word to the right of the portrait.

These notes also carried a seal bearing the identity of the Federal Reserve Bank of issuance. The bank was noted in the black, circular seal to the left of the portrait. This can be seen in the picture at the upper right, with a "7" in the seal. The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, responsible for the 7th district of the Federal Reserve System, issued this note. The regional seal is a design facet unique to Federal Reserve Notes, because almost all other types of notes were issued directly by the U.S. Treasury.

The 1928 Federal Reserve Notes were redeemable as per the following legend in the upper left corner of the note: Redeemable in gold on demand at the United States Treasury, or in gold or lawful money at any Federal Reserve Bank. While these notes were issued by the Federal Reserve Banks, they were still obligations of the U.S. Government, as stated: The United States of America will pay to the bearer on demand [so many] dollars. This obligation to exchange FRNs for gold ended in the early 1930s as the United States outlawed the private ownership of gold and left the gold standard in response to the Great Depression.

Design changes
The $5, $10, and $20 denominations were the first to be issued.

 * Series of 1928A for $5, $10, and $20 notes resulted from a signature change, and corresponds to Series of 1928 for the $50 and $100 denominations.
 * Series of 1928B for $5, $10, and $20 notes; Series of 1928A for $50 and $100 notes; and Series of 1928 for the large denominations reflected a change in the Federal Reserve Seal to contain a letter instead of a number. The four corner numbers were aligned vertically, as well, causing a shift in plate position letters on certain denominations.
 * Series of 1928C included only $5, $10, and $20 notes. This series of notes saw very low printing figures as a result of the Great Depression, as only certain districts issued notes. This series, the result of a signature change, is also known for its specific light green Treasury Seal variety.
 * Series of 1928D, also the result of a signature change, included only $5 notes and all notes were issued by the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. These 1928D series $5 notes are among the rarest small-size notes in existence today.

Series of 1928 Federal Reserve Note denomination set
All banknotes in the following table are Series of 1928 Federal Reserve Notes from the National Numismatic Collection at the National Museum of American History (Smithsonian Institution).

United States (Legal Tender) Notes
Series of 1928 United States Notes were issued in $2 (through 1928G) and $5 (through 1928F) denominations until the early 1950s. Also, for a brief period in 1933, Series of 1928 $1 United States Notes were issued as a response to the Great Depression. Most of these remained in storage before being released in Puerto Rico during 1948-9.

Silver Certificates and Gold Certificates
Series of 1928 through 1928E silver certificates were only issued in the $1 denomination. The design closely followed the 1923 $1 Silver Certificate.

1928 saw the last issuance of Gold Certificates to the public prior to their confiscation during the Great Depression.

title: Series of 1928 (United States Currency)


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Loretta Weinberg

Loretta Weinberg (born February 6, 1935) is an American Democratic Party politician, who served as a member of the New Jersey Senate from 2005-2022, where she represented the 37th Legislative District. She also served as Senate Majority Leader. Weinberg served in the General Assembly before being selected to replace retiring Senator Byron Baer.

Weinberg was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey in the 2009 election, having been selected by Governor Jon Corzine as his running mate on July 24. Corzine and Weinberg were defeated by the Republican ticket of Chris Christie and Kim Guadagno on November 3, 2009.

Biography
Weinberg serves on the Senate Health, Human Services and Senior Citizens Committee (as Vice-Chair) and on the State Government Committee (also as Vice-Chair). She is a former member of the Senate Commerce Committee and the Senate Judiciary Committee.

Weinberg was chosen by Democratic committee members in March 1992 to fill the seat vacated in the Assembly by D. Bennett Mazur, who had resigned due to illness. She served in the General Assembly, the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature, until 2005. In the Assembly, Weinberg served as the Majority Conference Leader from 2002 to 2005, Deputy Minority Leader from 1996 to 2001 and Assistant Minority Leader from 1994 to 1995. Weinberg served as the Chairwoman of the Health and Human Services Committee and Vice Chairwoman of the Family, Women, and Children's Services Committee. Additionally, she also served on the New Jersey Historical Commission, Legislative Services Commission and the New Jersey Israel Commission. Some of her past Committee assignments include the Community Services Committee, the Veteran Affairs Committee and, most recently, the Consumer and Regulated Professions Committee.

From 1975 to 1985, she was the Assistant Administrator of Bergen County. She was elected to the Teaneck Township Council in 1990, completing her council term in 1994. Besides her service in the Legislature, Weinberg has also been active in community organizations including the American Red Cross, Shelter Our Sisters, the Bergen Family Center, AARP Teaneck Chapter, New Jersey Network of Women Elected Officials, National Organization of Women Legislators and the National Council of Jewish Women.

Weinberg has been recognized as "Legislator Worker of the Year" by the National Association of Social Workers - New Jersey Chapter, The "Friend of New Jersey's Children Award" by the American Academy of Pediatrics - New Jersey Chapter and the "Legislator of the Year Award" by the New Jersey Center for Outreach and Services for the Autism Community (COSAC). She has been selected by Marquis Who's Who for inclusion in the "Who's Who of American Women List".

Weinberg was born in New York City and graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a B.A. in History. She has completed all course work for a Master of Public Administration from Fairleigh Dickinson University.

On January 13, 2020, Weinberg announced her retirement from politics in January 2022 when her current term expires.

Weinberg resigned on January 7, 2022, four days before the end of her term, to join a board of directors role at Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield of New Jersey.

Run for State Senate
Weinberg ran for the New Jersey Senate after fellow District 37 legislator Byron Baer resigned from the Senate on September 8, 2005. From the outset of his term, the resignation of the often-ailing Baer had been the subject of much speculation and maneuvering. In a January 7, 2004 article for PoliticsNJ.com, political reporter Steve Kornacki wrote, "Depending on whom you listen to, the 74-year-old Baer will step down sometime between the next few months and January 2008, when his term expires."

Kornacki identified a number of "potential successors" to Baer, including Hackensack Police Chief and former Assemblyman Charles "Ken" Zisa, who had briefly mounted a challenge to Baer's 2003 re-nomination before withdrawing it in what some have said was a deal brokered by Bergen County Democratic Organization Chairman Joe Ferriero; Bergen County Freeholder Valerie Huttle; Englewood Mayor Michael Wildes; and Weinberg. "But," wrote Kornacki, "whether Weinberg, who backed Zisa in his brief bid to topple Baer last year, does want it [the Senate seat] is an open question."

Sixteen months later, that question appeared to have been answered. In a May 3, 2005 PoliticsNJ.com article, Kornacki reported, "Weinberg essentially admitted to striking a deal with Ferriero. She said the chairman agreed to back her for [Assembly] majority leader, while she pledged to support a candidate of his choosing to replace state Senator Byron Barer when the 75-year-old steps down...some say she also had pledged support to Valerie Vainieri Huttle, a freeholder, for the Senate spot."

Following Baer's resignation, Ferriero backed Zisa to fill the vacancy, as expected. Huttle prepared to challenge Zisa for the nomination. Weinberg then let it be known she was interested, and on September 11, 2005, United States Senator Jon Corzine, the Democratic candidate for Governor of New Jersey, endorsed Weinberg for Baer's seat. Huttle bowed out of the race and endorsed Weinberg.

The Bergen County Democratic Organization caucused on September 15, 2005, to select a candidate. In balloting to replace Baer on an interim basis, Weinberg lost by a 114-110 margin to Zisa. In a separate vote, by a 112-111 margin, Zisa was selected over Weinberg to be the party's candidate on the November ballot. Though she congratulated Zisa in remarks made after results were announced at the September 15 caucus, Weinberg stated that inclusion of several uncounted ballots might change the results in her favor.

Weinberg filed a legal challenge to the caucus results to have the unopened ballots included, which she believed were cast for her. On September 20, 2005, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Peter Doyne refused to interfere in what he held was a party matter and upheld the decision of the election mediator, Rep. Steve Rothman, to exclude the five ballots. On September 23, 2005, an Appellate Court panel sent the case back to Judge Doyne, ruling that he did have the authority to address a party issue and that the five uncounted ballots cast by Tenafly Democratic Committee members could be counted irrespective of the failure to file their names within the specified 30-day window. Zisa announced on September 26, 2005, that he would appeal the Appellate panel's decision to the New Jersey Supreme Court. Judge Doyne's hearing on September 28 to readdress the issues was underway when the Supreme Court issued a ruling upholding the Appellate Court's decision and affirming that the 30-day rule for submission of new County Committee members could not be enforced. Judge Doyne decided on October 3, 2005, in Weinberg's favor, ruling that ballots from the "Tenafly Five" should be counted.

On October 5, 2005, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that it would not hear an appeal from Ken Zisa and the Bergen County Democratic Organization. The "Tenafly Five" ballots were opened by Judge Peter Doyne, and each ballot was cast for Loretta Weinberg, thus giving her the slim margin of victory. Weinberg defeated Zisa by one vote in balloting to fill Baer's vacated seat on an interim basis, 115–114, and won the contest for the Democratic ballot spot in November, by a total of 116–112.

With Weinberg's victory, Bergen County Freeholder Valerie Huttle and Englewood Mayor Michael Wildes both announced their candidacy for Weinberg's Assembly seat. The choice was decided by yet another special convention of the Bergen County Democratic Committee on October 6, 2005, with Huttle outpolling Wildes 121–96. On Election Day, November 8, 2005, Huttle won the Assembly seat.

2007 primary challenge
In 2007, Ferriero endorsed a ticket of Englewood Mayor Michael Wildes, and Cid Wilson and Ken Zisa for Assembly, to face off in a primary challenge against incumbents Weinberg, and her Assembly running mates Valerie Huttle and Gordon M. Johnson. In a deal brokered by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine, Ferriero backed off the challenge and announced that he and the county party organization would endorse the three incumbents in the primary.

Fort Lee lane closure scandal
Weinberg played a major role in revealing the Fort Lee lane closure scandal. After reading about traffic jams in The Record, Weinberg began attending public meetings of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Weinberg convinced fellow state legislator John Wisniewski to take an interest in the case. Wisniewski would subpoena Port Authority officials, which eventually led to the lane closures becoming a major controversy.

District 37
Each of the forty districts in the New Jersey Legislature has one representative in the New Jersey Senate and two members in the New Jersey General Assembly. The other representatives from the 37th district for the 2018-2019 Legislative Session are:
 * Assemblywoman Valerie Huttle
 * Assemblyman Gordon M. Johnson

Legislation
Weinberg was a lead advocate of the 2002 New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law, which would restrict the sale of handguns in NJ to smart guns that "can only be fired by an authorized or recognized user" three years after the technology became generally available.

Bernard Madoff investment loss
Weinberg lost $1.3 million in a retirement fund that had been invested through a Beverly Hills, California financial planner with Bernard Madoff, without her knowledge. Other family members had also invested money with the same advisor. In an interview with The New York Times Weinberg stated that she did not expect to recoup her loss but she was "determined not to make this the centerpiece of my life", stating that she would "have to budget myself very carefully over the next several years".

2009 lieutenant governor campaign
Weinberg was selected as the Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey in the 2009 election by Governor Jon Corzine on July 24. She was attempting to become the state's first Lieutenant Governor.

In August during the campaign, following Republican gubernatorial candidate Chris Christie's acknowledgment that he had loaned $46,000 to First Assistant U.S. Attorney for New Jersey Michele Brown two years prior, while serving as her superior as the state's U.S. attorney, and that he had failed to report the loan on either his income tax returns or his mandatory financial disclosure report to the New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission, Weinberg called on Brown to recuse herself from the task of retrieving U.S. Attorney's Office records requested by the Corzine campaign under the Freedom of Information Act.

Weinberg engaged in a debate between herself and the other two major candidates for lieutenant governor, Kim Guadagno and Frank Esposito, at Monmouth University on October 8. Corzine and Weinberg were defeated by Chris Christie on November 3, 2009.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Loretta Weinberg


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User:JustifED737

JustifED737 22:30, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:JustifED737


text: User talk:70.105.137.94

title: User talk:70.105.137.94


text:
Zhou Chaochen

Zhou Chaochen (born 1 November 1937) is a Chinese computer scientist.

Zhou was born in Nanhui, Shanghai, China. He studied as an undergraduate at the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, Peking University (1954–1958) and as a postgraduate at the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (1963–1967).

He worked at Peking University and CAS until his visit to the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science) (1989–1992). During this time, he was the prime investigator of the duration calculus, an interval logic for real-time systems as part of the European ESPRIT ProCoS project on Provably Correct Systems.

During the periods 1990–1992 and 1995–1996, Zhou Chaochen was visiting professor at the Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, on the invitation of Professor Dines Bjørner. He was Principal Research Fellow (1992–1997) and later Director of UNU-IIST in Macau (1997–2002), until his retirement, when he returned to Beijing.

In 2007, Zhou and Dines Bjørner, the first Director of UNU-IIST, were honoured on the occasion of their 70th birthdays. Zhou is a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Books

 * Zhou, Chaochen and Hansen, Michael R., Duration Calculus: A Formal Approach to Real-Time Systems. Springer-Verlag, Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science, An EATCS Series, 2003. ISBN 3-540-40823-1.

title: Zhou Chaochen


text:
Talk:The Golden Goose

This article was moved from The Golden Goose (clearly a title) to Golden Goose apparently a species. This was an error. In general, it is wise to think before you interfere. Or at least pause blankly...--Wetman 22:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Golden Goose


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Martin Coles Harman

Martin Coles Harman (1885 – 5 December 1954)  was an English businessman who, in 1925, bought the island of Lundy.

Born in Steyning in Sussex and educated at Whitgift School in Croydon, Harman had six brothers and five sisters. At the age of 16, he left school to work for Lazard, and became an influential figure in early 20th-century corporate finance in the City of London. In 1913, he married Amy Ruth Harman (Bodger), and, in June 1919, Mr Harman moved to Chaldon, Surrey, where he lived with his wife and their four children. In 1926, he donated land he owned in the village to the National Trust which was subsequently named "Six Brothers Field" at his request.

Harman bought Lundy island and its supply boat the MV Lerina in 1925 for £25,000. In 1927, the GPO ended postal services to the island. For the next two years, Harman handled, and covered the costs of all the island's postage himself. On 1 November 1929, Harman introduced his own "Puffin" stamps to offset this cost. One Puffin is equivalent to one English penny, and printing of the stamps continues today covering the cost of shipping to the mainland, and postage in the UK and abroad. He later issued an independent Lundy currency of half Puffin and one Puffin coins, which were nominally equivalent to the British halfpenny and penny. This resulted in his prosecution by UK authorities for issuing illegal coinage under the Coinage Act of 1870. He was found guilty in 1931, and was fined £5 with fifteen guineas (£15 15s) expenses. The coins were withdrawn and have since become collectors' items.

In 1928, Harman established the Lundy pony.

By 1928, Harman controlled a portfolio of companies worth an estimated £12 million. However, in 1931, his wife Amy died of kidney failure aged 47, and one year later Harman was declared bankrupt. As Lundy had been held in trust, Harman was able to keep his ownership of the island despite his bankruptcy. In November 1933, Harman was found guilty on charges of conspiracy to defraud in connection with a Korean syndicate, and was sentenced to 18 months in prison.

Harman's son, John Pennington Harman was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross in Kohima, India in 1944. There is a memorial to him at the "VC Quarry" on the east side of Lundy.

title: Martin Coles Harman


title: User:Aditya2k


text:
Iona Abbey

Iona Abbey is an abbey located on the island of Iona, just off the Isle of Mull on the West Coast of Scotland.

It is one of the oldest Christian religious centres in Western Europe. The abbey was a focal point for the spread of Christianity throughout Scotland and marks the foundation of a monastic community by St. Columba, when Iona was part of the Kingdom of Dál Riata. Saint Aidan served as a monk at Iona, before helping to reestablish Christianity in Northumberland, on the island of Lindisfarne.

In the 12th century, the Macdonald lords of Clan Donald made Iona the ecclesiastical capital of the Royal Family of Macdonald, and subsequent Lords of the Isles into the early 16th century endowed and maintained the abbey, church and nunnery. Two of the Macdonalds (each named Angus) became Bishops of the Isles with the bishop's seat at Iona. St. Oran's chapel was the burial place for the Lords as evidenced by their grave slabs.

From 1207 to 1493, the early Clan Donald and its Lords of the Isles were entirely central to Iona abbey’s medieval existence, development and prestige. This enduring Macdonald phase equals the 300 year period of primary Columban monasticism. It is paramount in providing the sole witness to Iona’s extant architecture and is a principal witness to the surviving monuments. The Iona Abbey church was in all but name The Macdonald’s Cathedral of The Isles. Medieval Iona Abbey, as you see it today (restored in the 20th century) is largely the legacy of the 15th century Clan Donald Lords of the Isles and their Clan Donald Abbots and Bishops.

Today, Iona Abbey is the spiritual home of the Iona Community, an ecumenical Christian religious order, whose headquarters are in Glasgow. The Abbey remains a popular site of Christian pilgrimage today.

Early history
In 563, Columba came to Iona from Ireland with twelve companions, and founded a monastery. It developed as an influential centre for the spread of Christianity among the Picts and Scots.

At this time the name of the island and so the abbey was "Hy" or "Hii"; "Iona" only seems to date from the 14th century, as a mis-transcription of a Latinized "Ioua" for "Hy".

Lifestyle and practice
The prime purpose of the monastery was to create 'a perfect monastery as an image of the heavenly city of Jerusalem' – Columba wanted to 'represent the pinnacle of Christian virtues, as an example for others to emulate' - rather than explicitly missionary activity. The monks worshipped and worked daily, following Celtic Christianity practices and disciplines. They also managed assets and were involved with the local and wider community.

Construction and buildings
Like other Celtic Christian monasteries, Columba's monastery would have been made up of a number of wattle and timber, or wood and thatch, buildings. These would have included a central church or oratory, the common refectory or kitchen, the library or scriptorium, monk cells or dormitories, and a guest house for visitors including pilgrims. It is believed that around 800AD the original wooden chapel was replaced by a stone chapel.

Columba's monastery was surrounded by a ditch and earth bank, part of which is believed to have pre-existed Columba's arrival, and part of which can still be seen to the north west of the current abbey buildings.

Columba's day room
Adomnán describes a building on a small mound, Torr an Aba, in the monastery grounds where St Columba worked and wrote. Charred wood has been dated from what is believed to be this site, and a socket to hold a cross (which is believed to have been erected later) is visible there.

Manuscript and book production
The production of Christian manuscripts, books and annals was an important activity in the Iona monastery. The Chronicle of Ireland incorporated annals compiled on Iona up to about 740. The Book of Kells, an illuminated manuscript, is believed to have been produced by the monks of Iona in the years leading up to 800.

Stone crosses
Stone crosses, both standing and lying, were used to mark graves in the Iona monastery. Large stone crosses were also erected, perhaps to broadcast key Christian messages, particularly in 800–1000. Their design reflected precious metal crosses. Some were carved from stone imported 50 miles by boat from Loch Sween.

Other technology
Remains of wood-turning and metal-working have been found at Iona, and of glass (windows and beads) that may date from the 7th century.

Trade
The Iona monastery's position in what was then a well-used seaway would have facilitated trade, as would St Columba's personal aristocratic background. Pigments from the south of France were used in Iona.

Viking attacks, and subsequent movement between Abbeys
The Iona Abbey was first attacked by Viking raiders in 795, with subsequent attacks taking place in 802, 806, and 825. During the 806 Viking attack, 68 monks were massacred in Martyrs' Bay, and this led to many of the Columban monks relocating to the new Columban Abbey of Kells in Ireland.

The building at Kells took from 807 until the consecration of the church in 814. In 814, Cellach, Abbot of Iona, retired to Kells, but, contrary to what is sometimes claimed, it is clear from the Annals that Iona remained the main Columban house for several decades, despite the danger of Viking raids.

In 825, St Blathmac and those monks who remained with him at Iona were martyred in a Viking raid, and the Abbey was burned. But only in 878 were the main relics, with Columba's reliquary shrine specified in the records, moved to Ireland, with Kells becoming the new main Columban house. Though not mentioned, this might well have been when the Book of Kells came to Kells. However, Iona Abbey was probably not deserted as its continued importance is shown by the death there in 980 of Amlaíb Cuarán, a retired King of Dublin.

St Columba established several monasteries in Britain and Ireland, although he was mainly based at Iona.

Other monks from Iona moved to the Continent, and established monasteries in Belgium, France, and Switzerland.

Benedictine abbey
In 1114 Iona was seized by the King of Norway, who held it for fifty years before Somerled recaptured it, and invited renewed Irish involvement in 1164: this led to the construction of the central part of the cathedral. Ranald, Somerled's son, now the Lord of the Isles, in 1203 invited the Benedictine order to establish a new monastery, and an Augustinian Nunnery, on the Columban Monastery's foundations. Building work began on the new abbey church, on the site of Columba's original church. The following year, in 1204, the site was raided by a force led by two Irish bishops. This was a response by Ireland's Columban clergy to the loss of its connections and influence at this significant site founded by St Columba. The Iona Nunnery, a foundation of the Augustinian Order (one of only two in Scotland - the other is in Perth), was established south of the abbey buildings. Graves of some of the early nuns remain, including that of a remarkable prioress, Anna Maclean, who died in 1543. Clearly visible under her outer robe is the rochet, a pleated surplice denoting the Augustinian Order. The nunnery buildings were rebuilt in the fifteenth century and fell into disrepair after the Reformation.

The abbey church was substantially expanded in the fifteenth century by the Macdonald Lords of the Isles who considered it their spiritual seat and the church, their Cathedral of the Isles. Following the Scottish Reformation, Iona, along with numerous other abbeys throughout the British Isles, was dismantled, and abandoned, its monks and libraries dispersed.

Modern abbey
In 1899 the Duke of Argyll (the land of good deeds) transferred ownership of the ruined remains of the Abbey and Nunnery sites to the Iona Cathedral Trust, which undertook extensive restoration of the Abbey church. In 1938, the inspiration of Reverend George MacLeod led a group that rebuilt the abbey and founded the Iona Community. The reconstruction was organised by the architect Ian Gordon Lindsay having generously been passed the project by his senior mentor and friend Reginald Fairlie. The surrounding buildings were also reconstructed during the 20th century by the Iona Community. This ecumenical Christian community continues to use the site to this day.

The simple square font was added in 1908 and dedicated to the memory of the Very Rev Theodore Marshall DD, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in that year.

In 2000 the Iona Cathedral Trust handed over the care of the Abbey, Nunnery, and associated sites to Historic Scotland.

In June 2021, the abbey reopened following a £3.75M renovation, fund-raised by the Iona Community over three years, and including a renewable energy system and high-speed broadband.

Items of interest
Many early Scottish kings (said to be 48 in total), as well as kings from Ireland, Norway and France, are said to be buried in the Abbey graveyard. However, modern scholars are sceptical of such claims, which were likely mythic associated with increasing the prestige of Iona. Numerous leading Hebrideans, such as various Lords of the Isles and other prominent members of West Highland clans, were buried on Iona, including a row of Maclean chieftains and several early MacLeod chiefs. The site was much loved by John Smith, 20th-century leader of the Labour Party, who was buried on Iona following his death in 1994.

Several high crosses are found on the island of Iona. St Martin's Cross (dated to the 8th century) still stands by the roadside. A replica of St John's Cross is found by the doorway of the Abbey. The restored original is located in the Infirmary Museum at the rear of the abbey.

The contemporary Jedburgh-based sculptor Christopher Hall worked for many years on carvings on the cloisters of the abbey, which represent birds, flora and fauna native to the island. He also was commissioned to carve John Smith's gravestone.

title: Iona Abbey


text: User talk:213.76.152.186

title: User talk:213.76.152.186


text:
Soe Hok Gie

Soe Hok Gie (17 December 1942 – 16 December 1969 ) was a Chinese Indonesian activist who opposed the successive dictatorships of Presidents Sukarno and Suharto.

Overview
Soe was an ethnic Chinese Roman Catholic, the fourth of five children in his family. His father Soe Lie Piet was a literary writer and magazine editor, and his elder brother Arief Budiman was a sociologist and lecturer at Satya Wacana Christian University and a vocal critical voice in Indonesian politics.

After spending his final years of senior high school at Kanisius, Soe attended the University of Indonesia (UI) from 1962 until 1969; upon finishing university he became a lecturer at his alma mater until his sudden death shortly before he was to turn 27. It was during his time as a student that Soe became an active dissident, protesting against President Sukarno and the PKI. Soe was a productive writer, with articles published in such newspapers as Kompas, Harian Kami, Sinar Harapan, Mahasiswa Indonesia, and Indonesia Raya. After the release of Riri Riza's Gie in 2005, his articles were compiled by Stanley and Aris Santoso and republished with the title Zaman Peralihan (Transition Era) by publisher GagasMedia.

An avid proponent of living close to nature, Soe quoted Walt Whitman in his diary: "Now I see the secret of the making of the best person. It is to grow in the open air and to eat and sleep with the earth". In 1965, Soe helped found Mapala UI, a student environmentalist organisation. He enjoyed hiking, and indeed died through inhaling poisonous gas while hiking up the volcanic Mount Semeru on the day before his 27th birthday. He was laid to rest in what is now the Museum of the Park of Memorial Stones (Museum Taman Prasasti) in Central Jakarta.

Fittingly, Soe once wrote in his diary:
 * "Seorang filsuf Yunani pernah menulis ... nasib terbaik adalah tidak dilahirkan, yang kedua dilahirkan tapi mati muda, dan yang tersial adalah umur tua. Rasa-rasanya memang begitu. Bahagialah mereka yang mati muda."

This roughly translates to English as "A Greek philosopher once wrote ... The best fate is to never have been born, second is to be born but die young, and the most unfortunate of all is to [reach] old age. This feels pretty right: Happy are those who die young." Soe attributed the statement, which echoes similar comments from Friedrich Nietzsche, to an anonymous Greek philosopher.

His diary was published in 1983, under the title Catatan Seorang Demonstran (English: Annotations of a Demonstrator). Soe's university thesis was also published, as Di Bawah Lantera Merah (Under the Red Lantern).

Soe's diary served as the inspiration for a 2005 film, Gie, which was directed by Riri Riza and starred Nicholas Saputra as Soe Hok Gie. Soe is also the subject of a 1997 book, written by Dr. John Maxwell and entitled Soe Hok-Gie: Diary of a Young Indonesian Intellectual. The book was translated into Indonesian in 2001, and re-titled Soe Hok-Gie: Pergulatan Intelektual Muda Melawan Tirani (which roughly translates to English as Soe Hok-Gie: A Young Intellectual's Struggle Against Tyranny).

title: Soe Hok Gie


text:
Open-container law

An open-container law is a law which regulates or prohibits drinking alcohol in public by limiting the existence of open alcoholic beverage containers in certain areas, as well as the active consumption of alcohol in those areas. "Public places" in this context refers to openly public places such as sidewalks, parks and vehicles. It does not include nominally private spaces which are open to the public, such as bars, restaurants and stadiums.

An open-container law may also refer to the prohibition of drivers (and sometimes passengers) from having any open container of an alcoholic beverage inside their vehicle in areas that are readily accessible to vehicle occupants (this generally excludes the trunk).

The stated purpose of these laws is to restrict public intoxication, especially the dangerous act of operating a vehicle while intoxicated.

United States
In the United States, open-container laws are U.S. state laws, rather than federal laws; thus they vary from state to state.

The majority of U.S. states and localities prohibit possessing or consuming an open container of alcohol in public places, such as on the street, while 24 states do not have statutes regarding the public consumption of alcohol. However, the definition of "public place" is not always clear. California is unique in that it does have a state law on the books that only prohibits possessing alcoholic beverage containers that have been opened (unless that container is in one's possession "for the purpose of recycling or other related activity") in public places owned by a city, county, or city and county, or any recreation and park district, regional park, or open-space district, but similar to states that have no law, the state law only applies to some or all of the aforementioned areas in which the "city, county, or city and county have enacted an ordinance".

The possession of cans, bottles or flasks or other vessels containing an alcoholic beverage could potentially result in a violation of open container laws.

To be “open”, in most cases, means that some of the contents have been removed, the seal is broken, the cap is off or the alcohol is otherwise readily accessible.

Some states that have legalized cannabis possession also prohibit open containers that contain cannabis in public places.

Open container restrictions are not always rigorously enforced, and open containers may in fact be legally permitted in nominally private events which are open to the public. This is especially true in downtown districts and during holidays and sporting events; see tailgate party.

Cities
There are public places in the United States where open containers are explicitly permitted:

 * Gainesville, Florida allows the consumption of alcoholic beverages in public.

 * Indiana allows the consumption of alcoholic beverages in public.
 * Hood River, Oregon allows the consumption of alcoholic beverages in public.
 * The city of Butte, Montana, prohibits open containers only between 2am and 8am. Drinking openly in the street is allowed throughout the city (and elsewhere in Montana where no local laws exist) during the other 18 hours of the day. A recent attempt to pass a comprehensive open container prohibition in Butte met with widespread opposition and was dropped. However, Montana state law does prohibit open containers in vehicles on a highway.
 * In the Power & Light District of Kansas City, Missouri, a special Missouri state law preempts Kansas City's ordinary local law against open containers and allows the possession and consumption of alcoholic beverages on the street in open plastic containers. Although Missouri has no statewide open container law, the Power & Light District remains the only part of Kansas City where open containers are allowed actually on the street, and throughout the rest of Kansas City, open containers remain expressly prohibited.
 * In unincorporated Clark County, Nevada (including the Las Vegas Strip) the laws allow the possession and consumption on the street of alcoholic beverages except within parking lots or, if the alcohol was purchased in a closed container, on the premises of or within 1000 ft of the store from which it was purchased. It is also illegal to possess a glass or aluminum beverage container on specially designated streets during special events, such as the Strip on New Year's Eve.
 * The city of New Orleans, Louisiana allows the possession and consumption on the street of any alcoholic beverage in an open plastic container (not in glass bottles or containers). In some parts of Louisiana, however, open containers are still prohibited, despite the fact that drive-thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal.
 * In the Savannah Historic District of downtown Savannah, Georgia, city law allows possession and consumption on the street of one alcoholic beverage in an open plastic container of not more than 16 usoz. Because Georgia has no state public open container law, the city law governs. Throughout the rest of Savannah, however, open containers remain prohibited.
 * Within an approximately 80 acre area of downtown Dalton, Georgia, city law allows possession and consumption on the street of one alcoholic beverage in an open paper or plastic cup of no more than 16 usoz between 12:30 p.m. and midnight. The boundaries of the permitted area are Hawthorne Street, the western right-of-way of the L&N Railway, Morris Street, and Thornton Avenue. The beverage must be dispensed by a licensed establishment in the designated area in a cup that meets specifications issued by the Downtown Dalton Development Authority. Throughout the rest of Dalton, however, open containers remain prohibited.
 * The state of Ohio, since 2015, allows cities to create a limited number of "designated outdoor refreshment areas" (DORA) where alcoholic beverages are permitted (Sub. H.B. No. 47). Cities that have created these districts include Canton, Delaware, Hamilton, Lancaster, Logan, Lorain, Middletown and Toledo.
 * The city of Mobile, Alabama allows open plastic containers with a commercially printed name or logo of a designated licensee.
 * The city of Tampa, Florida allows up to two drinks in plastic containers per person on the Tampa Riverwalk, purchased from one of the licensed facilities along it, between 11am and 1am.
 * In 2020, New Jersey made public drinking allowed in tourist spots such as the beach and boardwalk of Atlantic City, while Michigan allowed cities to grant social district permits for the open consumption of alcohol.

Vehicles

To comply with the TEA-21 rules of the federal Department of Transportation, a state's motor vehicle open container laws must:

 * Prohibit both possession of any open alcoholic beverage container and consumption of any alcoholic beverage in a motor vehicle;
 * Cover the passenger area of any motor vehicle, including unlocked glove compartments and any other areas of the vehicle that are readily accessible to the driver or passengers while in their seats;
 * Apply to all open alcoholic beverage containers and all alcoholic beverages, including beer, wine, and spirits that contain one-half of one percent or more of alcohol by volume;
 * Apply to all vehicle occupants except for passengers of vehicles designed, maintained or used primarily for the transportation of people for compensation (such as buses, taxi cabs, and limousines) or the living quarters of motor homes;
 * Apply to all vehicles on a public highway or the right-of-way (i.e. on the shoulder) of a public highway;
 * Require primary enforcement of the law, rather than requiring probable cause that another violation had been committed before allowing enforcement of the open container law.

Currently, 39 states and the District of Columbia are in full compliance with federal government guidelines. However, passengers may either possess open containers or consume alcohol in Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Louisiana, Missouri, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. These states do not currently meet the necessary level of TEA-21 compliance.

In some states, the open container laws apply even if your vehicle is parked on a public road, street, highway, interstate or another publicly maintained thoroughfare. For example, in Texas a vehicle does not need to be in motion for the driver to be cited for an open container violation. Mississippi is currently the only state which does not expressly prohibit the possession of an open container while driving but many states allow passengers to have an open container.

Penalties for open container violations vary from state to state but include fines, possible jail time, license demerit points and community service.

Cannabis Open Container Laws

In U.S. states that have legalized cannabis possession, open container laws typically extend to cannabis. This currently includes 11 states, including California, Illinois, Colorado and Massachusetts. In these states, a container of marijuana cannot be opened and readily accessible to the driver of a vehicle.

title: Open-container law


text: Talk:Stretford End

title: Talk:Stretford End


text:
Suketu Mehta

Suketu Mehta is the New York-based author of Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found, which won the Kiriyama Prize and the Hutch Crossword Award, and was a finalist for the 2005 Pulitzer Prize, the Lettre Ulysses Prize, the BBC4 Samuel Johnson Prize, and the Guardian First Book Award. His autobiographical account of his experiences in Mumbai, Maximum City, was published in 2004. The book, based on two and a half years of research, explores the underbelly of the city.

He has won a New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship for his fiction. Mehta’s work has been published in The New Yorker, The New York Times Magazine, National Geographic, Granta, Harper’s, Time, Newsweek, The New York Review of Books and Scroll.in, and has been featured on NPR’s Fresh Air, and NPR's All Things Considered. Mehta has also written original screenplays for films, including New York, I Love You (2008) and Mission Kashmir with novelist Vikram Chandra.

His latest book This Land Is Our Land: An Immigrant's Manifesto, was published in June 2019 under a 2007 Guggenheim fellowship.

Personal life
Mehta was born in Kolkata, India, to Gujarati parents and raised in Mumbai, where he lived until his family moved to the New York area in 1977. He is a graduate of New York University and the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop. Mehta is a cancer survivor.

Mehta is an Associate Professor of Journalism at New York University and lives in Manhattan with his wife Darshana Narayanan.

Awards

 * He won a Whiting Award in 1997.
 * He won the O. Henry Prize for his short story Gare du Nord published in Harper's Magazine in 1997.
 * He won a Fellowship of the New York Foundation for the Arts.
 * He won a 2007 Guggenheim Fellowship.
 * 2005 Pulitzer Prize finalist for the book Maximum City.
 * Maximum City was also chosen as one of the books of the year 2004 by The Economist.
 * Maximum City won the 2005 Kiriyama Prize.

Works

 * This Land Is Our Land: An Immigrant's Manifesto. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2019. ISBN 978-0-37427-602-7
 * This Land Is Our Land: An Immigrant's Manifesto. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2019. ISBN 978-0-37427-602-7
 * This Land Is Our Land: An Immigrant's Manifesto. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2019. ISBN 978-0-37427-602-7

title: Suketu Mehta


text: User talk:70.177.166.200

title: User talk:70.177.166.200


text:
Andy Dunlop

Andy Dunlop (born Andrew Dunlop, 16 March 1972) is a Scottish musician, who is the lead guitarist of Scottish indie band, Travis.

Biography
Dunlop attended Lenzie Academy. The band Travis got their break with the album The Man Who, named after a bestselling book. The album was internationally successful, and became the biggest selling album in the UK in 1999.

As well as being the guitarist, Dunlop has also contributed several songs. "You Don't Know What I'm Like", "Ancient Train" (both featuring Dunlop on lead vocals), "Central Station" and "The Sea" (with Fran Healy taking lead vocals). For their sixth album, Ode to J. Smith, Dunlop contributed "Quite Free", which he co-wrote with Fran Healy and Dougie Payne. Also on Travis' fifth studio album he co-wrote "3 Times and You Lose" and "Big Chair". Dunlop continues to write songs and delivered songs like "Boxes", "The big screen" and "Parallel lines" for the album "Where you stand".

Together with Guy Berryman and Will Champion of Coldplay, Dunlop contributed to the first solo album of a-ha keyboardist Magne Furuholmen entitled Past Perfect Future Tense.

Dunlop is known for the long fingernails on his right hand which he uses instead of picks, much like a flamenco guitarist. Dunlop is married to Jo Monaghan. In December 2005 the couple's first child, a son, was born, and is named Dylan Green Dunlop.

title: Andy Dunlop


text:
Homogeneity (physics)

In physics, a homogeneous material or system has the same properties at every point; it is uniform without irregularities. A uniform electric field (which has the same strength and the same direction at each point) would be compatible with homogeneity (all points experience the same physics). A material constructed with different constituents can be described as effectively homogeneous in the electromagnetic materials domain, when interacting with a directed radiation field (light, microwave frequencies, etc.).

Mathematically, homogeneity has the connotation of invariance, as all components of the equation have the same degree of value whether or not each of these components are scaled to different values, for example, by multiplication or addition. Cumulative distribution fits this description. "The state of having identical cumulative distribution function or values".

Context
The definition of homogeneous strongly depends on the context used. For example, a composite material is made up of different individual materials, known as "constituents" of the material, but may be defined as a homogeneous material when assigned a function. For example, asphalt paves our roads, but is a composite material consisting of asphalt binder and mineral aggregate, and then laid down in layers and compacted. However, homogeneity of materials does not necessarily mean isotropy. In the previous example, a composite material may not be isotropic.

In another context, a material is not homogeneous in so far as it is composed of atoms and molecules. However, at the normal level of our everyday world, a pane of glass, or a sheet of metal is described as glass, or stainless steel. In other words, these are each described as a homogeneous material.

A few other instances of context are: dimensional homogeneity (see below) is the quality of an equation having quantities of same units on both sides; homogeneity (in space) implies conservation of momentum; and homogeneity in time implies conservation of energy.

Homogeneous alloy
In the context of composite metals is an alloy. A blend of a metal with one or more metallic or nonmetallic materials is an alloy. The components of an alloy do not combine chemically but, rather, are very finely mixed. An alloy might be homogeneous or might contain small particles of components that can be viewed with a microscope. Brass is an example of an alloy, being a homogeneous mixture of copper and zinc. Another example is steel, which is an alloy of iron with carbon and possibly other metals. The purpose of alloying is to produce desired properties in a metal that naturally lacks them. Brass, for example, is harder than copper and has a more gold-like color. Steel is harder than iron and can even be made rust proof (stainless steel).

Homogeneous cosmology
Homogeneity, in another context plays a role in cosmology. From the perspective of 19th-century cosmology (and before), the universe was infinite, unchanging, homogeneous, and therefore filled with stars. However, German astronomer Heinrich Olbers asserted that if this were true, then the entire night sky would be filled with light and bright as day; this is known as Olbers' paradox. Olbers presented a technical paper in 1826 that attempted to answer this conundrum. The faulty premise, unknown in Olbers' time, was that the universe is not infinite, static, and homogeneous. The Big Bang cosmology replaced this model (expanding, finite, and inhomogeneous universe). However, modern astronomers supply reasonable explanations to answer this question. One of at least several explanations is that distant stars and galaxies are red shifted, which weakens their apparent light and makes the night sky dark. However, the weakening is not sufficient to actually explain Olbers' paradox. Many cosmologists think that the fact that the Universe is finite in time, that is that the Universe has not been around forever, is the solution to the paradox. The fact that the night sky is dark is thus an indication for the Big Bang.

Translation invariance
By translation invariance, one means independence of (absolute) position, especially when referring to a law of physics, or to the evolution of a physical system.

Fundamental laws of physics should not (explicitly) depend on position in space. That would make them quite useless. In some sense, this is also linked to the requirement that experiments should be reproducible. This principle is true for all laws of mechanics (Newton's laws, etc.), electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, etc.

In practice, this principle is usually violated, since one studies only a small subsystem of the universe, which of course "feels" the influence of the rest of the universe. This situation gives rise to "external fields" (electric, magnetic, gravitational, etc.) which make the description of the evolution of the system depend upon its position (potential wells, etc.). This only stems from the fact that the objects creating these external fields are not considered as (a "dynamical") part of the system.

Translational invariance as described above is equivalent to shift invariance in system analysis, although here it is most commonly used in linear systems, whereas in physics the distinction is not usually made.

The notion of isotropy, for properties independent of direction, is not a consequence of homogeneity. For example, a uniform electric field (i.e., which has the same strength and the same direction at each point) would be compatible with homogeneity (at each point physics will be the same), but not with isotropy, since the field singles out one "preferred" direction.

Consequences
In the Lagrangian formalism, homogeneity in space implies conservation of momentum, and homogeneity in time implies conservation of energy. This is shown, using variational calculus, in standard textbooks like the classical reference text of Landau & Lifshitz. This is a particular application of Noether's theorem.

Dimensional homogeneity
As said in the introduction, dimensional homogeneity is the quality of an equation having quantities of same units on both sides. A valid equation in physics must be homogeneous, since equality cannot apply between quantities of different nature. This can be used to spot errors in formula or calculations. For example, if one is calculating a speed, units must always combine to [length]/[time]; if one is calculating an energy, units must always combine to [mass][length]2/[time]2, etc. For example, the following formulae could be valid expressions for some energy:
 * $$E_\text{k} = \frac 12 m v^2 ; E = m c^2 ; E = p v ; E = hc/\lambda$$

if m is a mass, v and c are velocities, p is a momentum, h is the Planck constant, λ a length. On the other hand, if the units of the right hand side do not combine to [mass][length]2/[time]2, it cannot be a valid expression for some energy.

Being homogeneous does not necessarily mean the equation will be true, since it does not take into account numerical factors. For example, E = mv2 could be or could not be the correct formula for the energy of a particle of mass m traveling at speed v, and one cannot know if hc/λ should be divided or multiplied by 2π.

Nevertheless, this is a very powerful tool in finding characteristic units of a given problem, see dimensional analysis.

title: Homogeneity (physics)


text:
Kiriyama Prize

The Kiriyama Prize was an international literary award awarded to books about the Pacific Rim and South Asia. Its goal was to encourage greater understanding among the peoples and nations of the region. Established in 1996, the prize was last awarded in 2008.

Winners include Greg Mortenson, David Oliver Relin, Luis Alberto Urrea, Piers Vitebsky, Nadeem Aslam, Suketu Mehta, Shan Sa, Inga Clendinnen, Pascal Khoo Thwe, Rohinton Mistry, Patricia Grace, Peter Hessler, Michael David Kwan, Michael Ondaatje, Cheng Ch'ing-wen, Andrew X. Pham, Ruth Ozeki, Patrick Smith, and Alan Brown.

Prize
The prize was worth $30,000, split evenly between a non-fiction and a fiction winner. It was awarded by Pacific Rim Voices, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California. For its first three years, the prize was given only to one book, either fiction or non-fiction.

To be eligible, a book had to significantly concern some aspect of life or culture in one of the four Pacific Rim subregions: the North Pacific; Southeast Asia and the South Pacific; the Americas; and the Indian subcontinent. Books could be written in or translated into English from another language. Books were submitted by publishers by late October each year and were judged by separate panels of five judges, one for fiction and one for non-fiction. The decisions were made between November and February. Finalists were announced at the end of February, and the prize itself was given at the end of March.

Judges included Alan Cheuse, James D. Houston, Sally Ito, Gish Jen, Chalmers Johnson, Nicholas Jose, Maxine Hong Kingston, Ruthanne Lum McCunn, Lisa See, Linda Spalding, Robert Sullivan, Gail Tsukiyama, Kathleen Tyau, and Jade Snow Wong.

Recipients
2008

 * Lloyd Jones — Mister Pip (fiction)
 * Julia Whitty — The Fragile Edge: Diving and Other Adventures in the South Pacific (nonfiction)

2007 The 2007 prize for fiction, awarded to Haruki Murakami, was declined by Murakami "for reasons of personal principle."
 * Haruki Murakami — Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman (fiction)
 * Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin — Three Cups of Tea (nonfiction)

2006

 * Luís Alberto Urrea — The Hummingbird’s Daughter (fiction)
 * Piers Vitebsky — The Reindeer People (nonfiction)

2005

 * Nadeem Aslam — Maps for Lost Lovers (fiction)
 * Suketu Mehta — Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found (nonfiction)

2004

 * Shan Sa — The Girl Who Played Go (fiction)
 * Inga Clendinnen — Dancing with Strangers (nonfiction)

2002

 * Rohinton Mistry — Family Matters (fiction)
 * Pascal Khoo Thwe — From the Land of Green Ghosts (nonfiction)

2001

 * Patricia Grace — Dogside Story (fiction)
 * Peter Hessler — River Town: Two Years on the Yangtze (nonfiction)

2000

 * Michael Ondaatje — Anil's Ghost (fiction)
 * Michael David Kwan — Things That Must Not Be Forgotten: A Childhood in Wartime China (nonfiction)

1999

 * Cheng Ch’ing-wen — Three-Legged Horse (fiction)
 * Andrew X. Pham — Catfish and Mandala: A Two-Wheeled Journey through the Landscape and Memory of Vietnam (nonfiction)

1998

 * Ruth L. Ozeki — My Year of Meats (fiction)*

1997

 * Patrick Smith — Japan: A Reinterpretation (nonfiction)*

1996

 * Alan Brown — Audrey Hepburn's Neck (fiction)*

(*) Note: Only one Kiriyama Prize, for fiction or nonfiction, was awarded in the first three years of the award: 1998, 1997, and 1996.

title: Kiriyama Prize


text:
Talk:Geon (physics)

Comments
I have printed out Wheeler's original article, and will read it and do some work on this. I am thinking we might move the good ideas from Black hole electron here and redirect. -- SCZenz 22:41, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Excellent! But make sure to study the book by Griffiths, Colliding Plane Waves.  It might not be clear from a glance why this is relevant, but search the arXiv for ultraboosts, plane waves and quantum gravity.  The Aichelburg-Sexl ultraboost and CPW basics is essential for reading arXiv papers dealing with attempts to model ultrarelativistic collisions of particles.  Note that this is directly related to papers by t'Hooft and Gibbons which you may already know.---CH  (talk) 08:28, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll do my best, but looking at that many articles outside my subfield will take me some time. It looks like you can do a much better job with it than me, if you have time.  If not, I'll get to it in the end. -- SCZenz 09:18, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Geons & particles?
A geon is a quantum-mechanical entity if it consists of a single photon, gravitationally confined in a closed loop (ring) configuration. It would have one unit of angular momentum and two quantized energy concentrations with opposite electric fields. Each energy concentration would have 1/2 unit of angular momentum. DonJStevens 17:51, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

This doesn't make much sense to me. Do you have a citation?---CH (talk) 22:11, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * CH: Linear photon momentum is photon energy divided by light velocity. Linear momentum is h/wavelength. Angular momentum in a one wavelength loop (ring) is h/wavelength multiplied by the radius (wavelength/2 pi). The photon angular momentum is h/2 pi. One wavelength of electromagnetic radiation consists of two energy pulses just as rf antenna excitation current consists of two energy pulses per cycle. Each pulse carrys 1/2 of the energy in one wavelength or in this case 1/2 of the energy in one photon so each energy concentration will have angular momentum equal to 1/2 of the photon angular momentum or h/4 pi.

DonJStevens 19:29, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Alexander Burinskii prepared the paper "Microgeon with spin, Sov.Phys JETP, 39, 1974, p.193." He considered the Kerr ring as a gravitational wave-guide for stationary photon propagation along the Kerr ring orbit. I have not read this yet but it should be of interest. DonJStevens 16:35, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Kerr ring? Did you mean the so-called ring singularity, or corotating (counterrotating) circular photon (test particle) orbits in the equatorial plane? Something which is always an issue in this kind of discussion is that it is not always clear in gravitation theory whether conventional notions from quantum mechanics are appropriate, still less how to apply them rigorously, or to come up with better notions. But you probably know this. Thanks for the citation.---CH 04:23, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Hi CH; The Kerr ring is treated as ring singularity and a gravitatoinal photon waveguide (in the particle equtorial plane) by Burinskii. In his Dirac-Kerr electron paper page 2, Burinskii writes; "Recall, that angular momentum J = h bar/2 for parameters of electron is so high that black hole horizons disappear and the source of the Kerr spinning particle represents a naked singular ring. -- It was suggested that the Kerr singular ring represents a string which may have some excitations generating the spin and mass of the extended particle-like object -"microgeon"-." More detailed information follows. The very best of writers and theorists has some problems with clarity when working with this subject. I believe Burinskii is on the right track here. DonJStevens 19:27, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Burinskii is (at least mostly) correct because evidence that the electron is gravitationally confined is accumulating. As an example, the following equation defining the electron Compton wavelength, has no logical basis if the electron is not gravitationally confined. Electron Compton wavelength is equal to 2 times (3Gm) exponent 1/3, times (2 pi) exponent 5/3. Where m is the electron mass.DonJStevens 00:56, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Students beware
I created the original version of this article and thought I was monitoring it for bad edits, but apparently not, given the comment by Don Stevens about work by Burinskii which I believe is flawed.

In any case, I am leaving the WP and am now abandoning this article to its fate. Just wanted to provide notice that I am only responsible (in part) for the last version I edited; see User:Hillman/Archive. I emphatically do not vouch for anything you might see in more recent versions. I hope for the best, but have some reason to think that at least some future versions may present slanted information, misinformation, or disinformation.

Good luck in your search for information, regardless!---CH 23:57, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Don't leave
Hi CH; I want to seriously ask you not to leave the WP. Your input is much needed and will be very difficult to replace. Regarding the Burinskii work; it may be flawed; reviews by others like yourself will expose errors that may exist. I believe Burinskii would appreciate communication from you describing any apparant flaws.

If he can show that time dilation factors outside of a K-N bh and within a K-N bh are equal, his basic concept will be more difficult to find flawed. DonJStevens 16:13, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Comment by Dr. Carol Blaney: I asked the most genius quantum topologist of our era to read my (web-posted) paper, and He congratulated me for "rediscovered Wheeler's geons". How thrilling! Would anyone care to peek at my paper and tell me specifically if my equations match Wheelers? Where I can find (on web) Wheeler's original equations for his 'photon trapped in its own warped spacetime', specifically his method for calculating it's circular diameter? My equations seem to match those of early string theory: The apparent mass (of this Light RING) is the square root of n times the Planck mass... thanks for anyone who cares to help an ignorant soul find her way... see my paper on Light RINGS (supposedly geons) at http://drcarolblaney.blogspot.com/ Dr.CarolBlaney (talk) 16:00, 22 October 2008 (UTC) Also see, http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/discussionpost/Electron_as_a_ring_singularity_56595 DonJStevens (talk) 13:07, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

Reply to Dr. Blaney: Your conclusion that geons (Light RINGS), particles (electrons) and the Planck mass are closely related, is shared by many of our best known theorists. (see book The Elegant Universe by Brian Greene, pages 320/322) We must determine how GR and quantum mechanics can merge without conflict. We expect an electromagnetic geon, comsisting of a single photon, would have the angular momentum value h/2pi. The electron angular momentum value, h/4pi implies that electrons are gravitational wave geons with light velocity referance frame spin. DonJStevens (talk) 13:10, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * You can read about geons here. The paper considers a system of two gravitationally interacting photons.178.120.70.78 (talk) 03:16, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geon (physics)


text:
Amiga Disk File

Amiga Disk File (ADF) is a file format used by Amiga computers and emulators to store images of floppy disks. It has been around almost as long as the Amiga itself, although it was not initially called by any particular name. Before it was known as ADF, it was used in commercial game production, backup and disk virtualization. ADF is a track-by-track dump of the disk data as read by the Amiga operating system, and so the "format" is really fixed-width AmigaDOS data tracks appended one after another and held in a file. This file would, typically, be formatted, like the disk, in Amiga Old File System (OFS).

ADF
Most ADF files are plain images of the Amiga-formatted tracks held on cylinder 0 to 79 of a standard 3.5 in double-density floppy disk, also called an 880 KiB disk in Amiga terms. The size of an ADF will vary depending on how many tracks have been imaged, but in practice it is unusual to find ADF files that are not 901,120 bytes in size (80 cylinders × 2 heads × 11 sectors × 512 bytes/sector).

Most Amiga programs were distributed on double-density floppy disks. There are also 3.5-inch high-density floppy disks, which hold up to 1.76 MB of data, but these are uncommon. The Amiga also had 5.25-inch double-density disks. The WinUAE Amiga emulator supports all three disk formats, but 3.5-inch double-density is the most common.

ADF files can be downloaded and copied to Amiga disks with the EasyADF application and various applications freely available on the Internet. As they are plain disk images, they can be handled by the Unix tool. On Linux and NetBSD, which support the most common Amiga filesystems, ADF files can be mounted directly.

There is a program called ADF Opus, which is a Microsoft Windows–based program that allows people to create their own ADF files. This program supports creating double density (880 KB ADF files, the most common) and high-density (1.76 MB) ADF files. ADF Opus also allows people to convert ADF files into ADZ files.

There is also a GPL command line program called unADF, which allows you to extract files from an ADF file.

The part of utility pack amitools contains a set of programs named xdftool. It is under GPL and can read, write, format, and do other operations with ADF-images.

ADZ
An ADZ file is an ADF file that has been compressed with gzip. The typical file extension is, derived from.

IPF
The ADF file format can only store disks that have legal AmigaDOS format tracks. Disks with non-standard tracks may be available in ADF format, albeit cracked in order to create a regular AmigaDOS volume. However, the Amiga itself was not limited to storing data in these standard tracks. The Amiga's floppy disk controller was very basic but transparent, and for that reason very flexible allowing disks of other and custom formats to be read and written as well. Disk handling is not locked down like the one in a modern PC, and so most of the work to read and write disks is done by the operating system itself. However, because programmers did not have to use the operating system routines, it was quite normal for games developers to create their own disk formats and also apply many different sorts of copy protection. As it was, most full-price commercial Amiga games had some form of custom disk format and/or copy protection on them. For this reason, most commercial Amiga games cannot be stored in ADF files unaltered, but there is an alternative called Interchangeable Preservation Format (IPF) which was specifically designed for this purpose.

The Software Preservation Society Interchangeable Preservation Format (.IPF) is an open format for which the source code of the official library is available.

DMS
ADF files were sometimes compressed using the Disk Masher System, resulting in .dms files.

FDI
FDI (from Formatted Disk Image) is a universal disk image file format specification originally published by Vincent Joguin in 2000. The FDI format is publicly documented, and accompanied by open source access tools. Because the format can store raw low-level data, as is for example required to support copy protection schemes and other non-standard formats, FDI files can be larger than disk image files in other formats. The typical file extension is. Because of the universal design of the FDI format, files in other disk image formats, such as ADF, ADZ and DMS, can in theory be converted to FDI.

title: Amiga Disk File


text:
User:Oppolo

Nothing to see here, I believe.

I found it. Sorry. I'm probably not very exciting. Go Norton! Mrjeff 21:09, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Boo!--Codenamecuckoo 17:33, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Oppolo


text:
Homogeneity and heterogeneity (statistics)

In statistics, homogeneity and its opposite, heterogeneity, arise in describing the properties of a dataset, or several datasets. They relate to the validity of the often convenient assumption that the statistical properties of any one part of an overall dataset are the same as any other part. In meta-analysis, which combines the data from several studies, homogeneity measures the differences or similarities between the several studies (see also Study heterogeneity).

Homogeneity can be studied to several degrees of complexity. For example, considerations of homoscedasticity examine how much the variability of data-values changes throughout a dataset. However, questions of homogeneity apply to all aspects of the statistical distributions, including the location parameter. Thus, a more detailed study would examine changes to the whole of the marginal distribution. An intermediate-level study might move from looking at the variability to studying changes in the skewness. In addition to these, questions of homogeneity apply also to the joint distributions.

The concept of homogeneity can be applied in many different ways and, for certain types of statistical analysis, it is used to look for further properties that might need to be treated as varying within a dataset once some initial types of non-homogeneity have been dealt with.

Regression
Differences in the typical values across the dataset might initially be dealt with by constructing a regression model using certain explanatory variables to relate variations in the typical value to known quantities. There should then be a later stage of analysis to examine whether the errors in the predictions from the regression behave in the same way across the dataset. Thus the question becomes one of the homogeneity of the distribution of the residuals, as the explanatory variables change. See regression analysis.

Time series
The initial stages in the analysis of a time series may involve plotting values against time to examine homogeneity of the series in various ways: stability across time as opposed to a trend; stability of local fluctuations over time.

Combining information across sites
In hydrology, data-series across a number of sites composed of annual values of the within-year annual maximum river-flow are analysed. A common model is that the distributions of these values are the same for all sites apart from a simple scaling factor, so that the location and scale are linked in a simple way. There can then be questions of examining the homogeneity across sites of the distribution of the scaled values.

Combining information sources
In meteorology, weather datasets are acquired over many years of record and, as part of this, measurements at certain stations may cease occasionally while, at around the same time, measurements may start at nearby locations. There are then questions as to whether, if the records are combined to form a single longer set of records, those records can be considered homogeneous over time. An example of homogeneity testing of wind speed and direction data can be found in Romanić et al., 2015.

Homogeneity within populations
Simple populations surveys may start from the idea that responses will be homogeneous across the whole of a population. Assessing the homogeneity of the population would involve looking to see whether the responses of certain identifiable subpopulations differ from those of others. For example, car-owners may differ from non-car-owners, or there may be differences between different age-groups.

Tests
A test for homogeneity, in the sense of exact equivalence of statistical distributions, can be based on an E-statistic. A location test tests the simpler hypothesis that distributions have the same location parameter.


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ILP Contingent

The British Independent Labour Party sent a small contingent to fight in the Spanish Civil War. The contingent fought alongside the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) and included George Orwell, who subsequently wrote about his experiences in his personal account Homage to Catalonia.

Contingent membership
The main body of the ILP contingent consisting of about 25 men departed from England on 1 January 1937, under the leadership of Bob Edwards, later a Member of Parliament for the Labour Party.

The ILP had begun organising volunteers in November 1936 following the return to Britain of Bob Edwards from delivering an ambulance sent by the ILP for the POUM militia. Though there had been five times the number of volunteers, the ILP would only accept unmarried men for its contingent and 25 men left Britain on 8 January as the vanguard of a larger force to be sent later. However, the day after the contingent left, the British government announced that it would prosecute anyone going to fight in Spain and the ILP did not try to recruit any more volunteers.

On arriving in Barcelona, they had two weeks of very basic training, and were joined by Bob Smillie, grandson of the well-known Scottish socialist and miners' leader of the same name. Smillie had been in Barcelona working with John McNair as the representative Youth section of the International Bureau for Revolutionary Socialist Unity. However, he became convinced that he would be of most service at the front and persuaded McNair to let him sign up when the ILP contingent came over. He later died in Valencia.

The ILP contingent was attached to the POUM’s English-speaking contingent, as part of the centuria commanded by Georges Kopp. Once at the front, the initial group of twenty-five was sent to the front at Monte Oscuro, within sight of Zaragoza, some 12 miles to the south west, where they joined by a number of others who had arrived at the front a few weeks earlier, including Eric Blair, not yet using his pen name George Orwell; an Australian, Harvey Buttonshaw; US Revolutionary Workers League member Wolf Kupinski; and Bob Williams, a Welshman married to a Spanish woman who joined up with his brother-in-law, Ramon. With these, and other, additions the ILP contingent numbered somewhere between thirty and thirty-five. They left the front, with the POUM militia, in mid-February 1937 to take part in the siege of Huesca, some 50 miles away.

Eric Blair's background, prep school and Eton and his experience in Burma as police officer, are well known. The backgrounds of the other members of the contingent were diverse. Members were recorded as coming from South Africa (Buck Parker ), the United States (Harry Milton, Wales, Belfast (Paddy O'Hara), Chorley, Larkhall, Glasgow (Charles Doran), Anglesey, Manchester, Bristol (Tom Coles), Dartford, Bingley, Twickenham and Golders Green. Four had fought in the First World War: Martin, who had gone to Spain driving the ambulance with Edwards and who, because of his experience in artillery, had stayed on; Doran; Harry Thomas of London and Arthur Chambers, who died in 1938 after transferring to a CNT unit. Few others, apart from Harry Webb, the stretcher-bearer and O'Hara, who had some training in first aid, had either military or medical experience.

War experiences
Arriving at the Lenin Barracks in Barcelona, where they were initially stationed, on 10 January, a discussion circle was formed. Whilst the discussion group centred on political issues the group was not solely concerned with such topics. A social secretary was also appointed to 'arrange concerts and entertainments' and a sports secretary was elected with a hasty football match organised between the ILPers and a team of Spanish militia-men.

The training received at the Barracks was notoriously short and at the end of January the ILP contingent, as the British section of the POUM militia, began their journey, stopping off at Lerida, where they were visited by the ILP's representative in Spain, John McNair, before leaving for the area surrounding Huesca on the Aragon Front on 2 February. At the front, the contingent took over three advanced posts, about 100 yards distant from the others, joined by communication trenches. The outposts, on the slope of the hills looking west, were about two hundred yards from the nearest Nationalist lines on the opposite slopes looking east.

Bob Edwards, reporting in the New Leader, the ILP's weekly paper, was keen to stress the most 'exciting' aspects of the unit's work. He wrote about scouting within hearing distance along the Nationalist lines with Blair, of holding their position and dealing with the desertion of Nationalists. The main descriptions of fighting against the Nationalists which appears both in Homage to Catalonia and in the New Leader, concerned a night attack in which some of the contingent took part resulting in injuries to Reg Hiddlestone, Paddy Thomas and Douglas Thompson. Injuries were also sustained at other times, Blair himself was famously shot through the throat by a sniper. However, the reality of the contingent's activity was more mundane. It largely consisted of building roads from their dug-out to the nearest Spanish position and creating a dug-out for community purposes where they could meet to talk and receive instructions. In terms of military combat the contingent saw relatively little action.

As Orwell later put it:
 * Meanwhile nothing happened, nothing ever happened. The English had got into the habit of saying that this wasn't a war it was a bloody pantomime.

Suppression of POUM
Although the ILP contingent did not play a major part in the military side of the Spanish Civil War it was famously and controversially involved in the events surrounding the battles between rival Republican groups in Barcelona, known as the Barcelona May Days. The ILP contingent, although on leave in Barcelona, were split into groups during this fighting and none of the ILP contingent were drawn into the fighting in any extended way. However, the significance of Barcelona for the ILP lay not so much in the events themselves as in the reaction to the situation. Immediately after the events the Communist press began to attack POUM, claiming they were solely responsible for the fighting and were in league with the fascists in doing so. These accusations were quickly published in the Daily Worker, appearing in the 11 May issue. The New Leader of 21 May carried extensive comment on the 'Counter-Revolution in Spain'. ILP General Secretary Fenner Brockway argued that the Communists were on the wrong side of the barricades and were now 'committed to the defence of property', suggesting that the Communist Parties not only in Spain, but everywhere, had ceased to be revolutionary parties. The Communist Party responded by accusing the ILP of 'taking part in the fascist rising'.

On 16 June, the POUM was made illegal, accused of collaborating with the enemy. Its leaders were arrested and Andreu Nin murdered. ILP leader John McNair arrived in Barcelona on 18 June with money and documents to organise the evacuation of the ILP contingent and was promptly arrested as a "POUM agent" but was released when he had proven his identity. He then went into hiding with Orwell and Cottman and managed to leave the country. Most of the rest of the contingent returned to Britain over the next six months. Meanwhile, in Britain, the Communist Party press had been accusing both the ILP and POUM of being agents of fascism. The press published two interviews with former contingent member Frank Frankford claiming he had witnessed fraternisation at the front with the enemy, that Kopp was receiving his orders from Huesca and that the Nationalist faction even supplied the POUM with arms.

The situation for the members of the ILP contingent in Spain was made extremely uncomfortable by the attacks on POUM and it became more so as the Communists banned the ILP's Spanish 'brother party'. The ILP made considerable efforts to get its members home safely and several of the ILP contingent made furtive returns home escaping police arrest. For example, Cottmann, McNair, Blair and his wife Eileen O'Shaughnessy, who had been working for McNair at the ILP office, made an escape across the border by train posing as wealthy English businessmen. Of those closely associated with the ILP contingent, the arrest of Kopp, the unit commander, and Milton, one of the American members of the contingent, were of particular concern. However, both were eventually released. Milton did not spend long in jail, as McNair ensured his release. Kopp on the other hand, despite attempted intervention on his behalf by the ILP, remained in prison for a further eighteen months. However, most attention both at the time and since, has focused on the case of Bob Smillie who died in jail in Valencia, officially of appendicitis, on 13 June. Smillie's death has been surrounded in mystery, and has been the subject of much speculation, focussing on accusations that he was "done to death" by the Communists. Although the issue remains controversial, recent scholarship tends to concur with the contemporary findings of the official ILP report into the investigation, conducted by David Murray of Motherwell ILP, found that the authorities were guilty of carelessness rather than violence or direct malice. Orwell had this to say on the matter, in Chapter 14 of Homage to Catalonia:

"Of course I assumed at once that Smillie had been shot. It was what everyone believed at the time, but I have since thought that I may have been wrong. [. . .] I must say this, however. Bob Smillie was only twenty-two years old and physically he was one of the toughest people I have met. He was, I think, the only person I knew, English or Spanish, who went three months in the trenches without a day's illness. People so tough as that do not usually die of appendicitis if they are properly looked after. But when you saw what the Spanish jails were like--the makeshift jails used for political prisoners--you realized how much chance there was of a sick man getting proper attention. The jails were places that could only be described as dungeons. In England you would have to go back to the eighteenth century to find anything comparable. [. . .] Smillie's death is not a thing I can easily forgive. Here was this brave and gifted boy, who had thrown up his career at Glasgow University in order to come and fight against Fascism, and who, as I saw for myself, had done his job at the front with faultless courage and willingness; and all they could find to do with him was to fling him into jail and let him die like a neglected animal. I know that in the middle of a huge and bloody war it is no use making too much fuss over an individual death. One aeroplane bomb in a crowded street causes more suffering than quite a lot of political persecution. But what angers one about a death like this is its utter pointlessness. To be killed in battle--yes, that is what one expects; but to be flung into jail, not even for any imaginary offence, but simply owing to dull blind spite, and then left to die in solitude--that is a different matter. I fail to see how this kind of thing--and it is not as though Smillie's case were exceptional--brought victory any nearer."

Smillie, the first foreigner associated with the POUM to become a mortal victim of the Stalinist repression, had been detained at the French border accused of "carrying arms" - a dud hand-bomb was found among the various souvenirs he had with him.

By November 1937, there were claimed to be 15,000 anti-fascist prisoners in the Republic’s jails, about 1,000 of them from the POUM. The Right Opposition and other marxist groupings organised an international campaign in solidarity with the POUM prisoners which probably saved their leaders from a similar fate to Nin’s. The IBRSU also sent several delegations to Spain to visit the party’s prisoners and try to secure their release, the first headed by its General Secretary, Fenner Brockway. In August, another delegation arrived including the ILP MP James Maxton. A third delegation went in November headed by another ILP MP, John McGovern.

Despite the suppression of POUM, not all of the ILP contingent returned home immediately. Arthur Chambers, Bob Williams and Reg Hiddlestone all stayed on to fight in Spain. Williams returned home in December 1938 after being injured three times, Hiddleston was the final member of the contingent left in Spain, returning home in February 1939, leaving Barcelona only hours before Barcelona fell. Chambers was the only member of the ILP contingent to be killed in combat in Spain when he was shot by a sniper in August 1938 after transferring to a Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) unit.

ILP Contingent

 * Agnew, John
 * Avory, Lewis Ernest
 * Bennett, William
 * Blair, Eric (George Orwell), corporal; wounded by sniper 20.5.37
 * Braithwaite (Branthwaite), John
 * Buttonshaw, Harvey
 * Castle, Les
 * Chambers, Bill, corporal, killed after transferring to another unit 8/37
 * Clarke, William
 * Clinton, Arthur, wounded in shoulder during shelling 3/37
 * Coles, Tom
 * Connor, Jock
 * Cottman, Stafford
 * Donovan, (Paddy) John, sergeant
 * Doran, Charles
 * Edwards, Bob, driver of ILP ambulance 9/36; Poum captain - returned to Britain in March 1937 for ILP conference, but because of British anti-volunteer policy he couldn’t return to Spain,
 * Evans
 * Farrell, James
 * Frankford, Frank
 * Gross, George
 * Hiddlestone, Reg, wounded in night attack 4/37
 * Hunter, Philip, leg injury 4/37
 * Jones, Uriah, served until early 1938; after the disbanding of the Poum militia joined Psuc unit
 * Julius
 * Justessen, Charles
 * Kupinsky/i, Wolf, ("Harry Milton"), In Barcelona's Modelo prison 13.8.37. - released after pressure from US consulate
 * Levin, Louis
 * McDonald, Robert
 * Mcneil, Hugh
 * Martin, W. B. - drove ambulance from Britain to Aragon in September 1936. Had been an artillery man in the first world war and was put in charge of artillery section of 60 men
 * Moyle, Douglas
 * O’Hara, Patrick, first aid
 * Parker, Thomas "Buck", corporal, wounded during advance 4/37
 * Ramon
 * Ritchie, John
 * Smillie, Bob died in prison
 * Smith James J
 * Stearns, Douglas Clark
 * "Tanky" (James Arthur Cope)
 * Thomas, Harry, Welshman wounded in night attack 4/37
 * Thomas, Parry
 * Thompson, Douglas, wounded in night attack 4/37
 * Webb, Harry
 * Williams, Bob
 * Wilton, Mike
 * Wingate, Sybil, joined ILP contingent (she was already in Barcelona) as nurse.

Notes and references

 * Fenner Brockway, Inside the Left, 1942
 * Buchanan, Tom "The Death of Bob Smillie, the Spanish Civil War and the Eclipse of the Independent Labour Party", The Historical Journal, 1997
 * Buchanan, Tom 'The Death of Bob Smillie: a reply', The Historical Journal, 2000
 * Cohen, Gidon The Failure of a Dream; The Independent Labour Party from disaffiliation to World War II, 2007
 * Bernard Crick, George Orwell: A Life, 1980
 * Hall, Christopher 'Not Just Orwell':The Independent Labour party Volunteers and the Spanish Civil War, Warren and Pell, Barcelona, 2009
 * Newsinger, John "The Death of Bob Smillie", The Historical Journal, 1998
 * George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia
 * Thwaits, Peter "The Independent Labour Party Contingent in the Spanish Civil War", Imperial War Museum Review, 1987

title: ILP Contingent