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Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association

The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) (Cumann Cearta Sibhialta Thuaisceart Éireann) was an organisation that campaigned for civil rights in Northern Ireland during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Formed in Belfast on 9 April 1967, the civil rights campaign attempted to achieve reform by publicising, documenting, and lobbying for an end to discrimination against Catholics in areas such as elections (which were subject to gerrymandering and property requirements), discrimination in employment, in public housing and abuses of the Special Powers Act.

The genesis of the organisation lay in the emergence of a more self-confident Catholic professional middle class who, following the example of the US civil rights movement, campaigned for equal rights and reform. The Campaign for Social Justice was formed in January 1964.

A younger generation, inspired by the 1960s wave of worker and student protests across Europe was also ready to take to the street to protest. They would go on to form People's Democracy in 1968.

The failure of the 1956-62 IRA border campaign encouraged Irish Republicans to prioritise radical popular street campaigns rather than rely on traditional physical force tactics. In this rethink of Republican strategy a key meeting took place in Maghera in August 1966 between the Wolfe Tone Societies which was attended by Cathal Goulding, then chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (IRA).

During its formation, NICRA's membership extended to trade unionists, communists, liberals, socialists, with republicans eventually constituting five of the 13 members of its executive council. The organisation initially also had some unionists, with Young Unionist Robin Cole taking a position on its executive council. Official Sinn Féin and Official IRA influence over NICRA grew in later years, but only as the latter's importance declined, when violence escalated between late 1969 until 1972, when NICRA ceased its work.

Origins
Since Northern Ireland's creation in 1921, the Catholic minority had suffered from discrimination from the Protestant and Unionist majority. James Craig, the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, declared to the Stormont Parliament "we are a Protestant Parliament and a Protestant State". Basil Brooke, who would later serve as Prime Minister of Northern Ireland for 20 years, in a speech to the Orange Order in 1933 stated "Many in this audience employ Catholics, but I have not one about my place. Catholics are out to destroy Ulster". Many historians regard the ethos of Northern Ireland as unambiguously sectarian.

 * Electoral representation. In order to ensure that the interests of minorities were protected and limit the electoral success of Sinn Féin, the Government of Ireland Act established proportional representation (P.R.) as the electoral system to be used in local government and the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. It did, however, allow for the parliaments to change the electoral system three years after first meeting. The Government of Northern Ireland contemplated abandoning P.R. in 1924, but feared antagonizing the Labour-led British government, so shelved the idea. However, after the Unionist Party lost 8 seats in the 1925 Northern Ireland general election, first past the post was introduced in time for the 1929 election. Despite losing more than 4% of the vote share compared with 1925, the Unionist Party managed to pick up 4 seats. Proportional representation for local government elections was abolished by the Northern Ireland government in 1920 for Northern Ireland's local elections in 1924.

 * The property franchise (which granted votes in local elections only to those who owned property) weighted representation heavily in favour of the Protestant community, as did the plural business votes they enjoyed for parliamentary elections. The result was that many towns and cities with a Catholic majority, even a substantial one, were Unionist-controlled: examples included Derry, Armagh, Dungannon, and Enniskillen. Electoral boundaries were carefully engineered: Belfast's representatives in Stormont went from 4 to 16 in 1921, but there was no increase in the nationalist representation, and Belfast continued to return one Nationalist Member of Parliament (MP).

 * In the 1965 Stormont elections the Ulster Unionist Party won 34 out of the 52 available seats, while in the 1966 elections to the Westminster parliament they won 11 of Northern Ireland's available 12 seats. The Stormont Assembly returned the Ulster Unionist Party to office continuously between Northern Ireland's founding in 1922 and the abolition of the Parliament in 1972.

 * Policing. Of the institutions of state, the police in particular were rightfully, based on all available evidence, seen by Catholics and nationalists as supporting (and in many cases collaborating with) the Protestant majority and Unionist cause.     Representation of Catholics in the Royal Ulster Constabulary, formed in 1922, never exceeded 20% and by the 1960s had sunk to 12%. The reserve police force (the Ulster Special Constabulary) was composed upon its formation largely of the paramilitary Ulster Volunteers and led by the Ulster Volunteers' former commander, Wilfrid Spender and remained almost exclusively Protestant until its disbandment.
 * Employment. The 1971 census offered the first opportunity to assess the extent of any discrimination in employment, as it was the first census since 1911 that provided cross-tabulation by religion and occupation. The census documented that Protestant male unemployment was 6.6% compared to 17.3% for Catholic males, while the equivalent rates for women were 3.6% and 7% respectively. Catholics were over-represented in unskilled jobs and Protestants in skilled employment. Catholics made up 31% of the economically active population but accounted for only 6% of mechanical engineers, 7% of 'company secretaries and registrars' and 'personnel managers', 8% of university teachers, 9% of local authority senior officers, 19% of medical practitioners, and 23% of lawyers.
 * Housing. Housing was inter-related with electoral representation, and therefore political power at local and Stormont levels. The general vote was confined to the occupier of a house and his wife. Occupiers' children over 21 and any servants or subtenants in a house were excluded from voting. So the allocation of a public authority house was not just the allocation of a scarce resource: it was the allocation of two votes. Therefore, whoever controlled the allocation of public authority housing effectively controlled the voting in that area.

Since 1964, the Campaign for Social Justice had been collating and publicising in its journal The Plain Truth what it regarded as evidence of discrimination. Its precursor, the Homeless Citizens League, had been holding marches to press for fair allocation of social housing. Both of these organisations had arisen at a time when the African-American civil rights organisation was headline news around the world. Both achieved success in bringing anti-Catholic discrimination to the attention of the media and, in the case of the Campaign for Social Justice, to politicians in Westminster.

The idea of developing a non-partisan civil rights campaign into one with wider objectives as an alternative to military operations, which the IRA Army Council had formally ceased on 26 February 1962, was pursued by the Dublin Wolfe Tone Society, although redirecting the civil rights movement to assist in the achievement of republican objectives had been mooted previously by others (including C. Desmond Greaves, then a member of the Connolly Association) as "the way to undermine Ulster unionism". The idea shared certain attributes with that of infiltrating Northern Ireland's trade unions as a means of furthering republican objectives, which had previously been tried and abandoned by the IRA in the 1930s.

The concept (set out in the August 1966 bulletin (Tuarisc) of the Wolfe Tone Societies) was to "demand more than may be demanded by the compromising elements that exist among the Catholic leadership. Seek to associate as wide a section of the community as possible with these demands, in particular the well-intentioned people in the Protestant population and the trade union movement." In 1969, after the civil rights movement had been active for several years, the strategy was described in Ireland Today, published by the Republican Education Department, as requiring that "the civil rights movement include all elements that are deprived, not just republicans, and that unity in action within the civil rights movement be developed towards unity of political objectives to be won, and that ultimately (but not necessarily immediately) the political objective agreed by the organised radical groups be seen within the framework of a movement towards the achievement of a 32-county democratic republic."

At a meeting which took place in Maghera on 13–14 August 1966 at the home of Kevin Agnew (a Derry republican solicitor), attended by the Wolfe Tone Societies of Dublin, Cork, Belfast, Derry, and County Tyrone, and the IRA's chief of staff, Cathal Goulding, it was proposed that an organisation be created with wider civil rights objectives as its stated aim. After these discussions an ad hoc body was formed which organised a seminar on 8 November 1966 in Belfast. The main speakers were the president of the Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement, Kader Asmal, a South African-born lecturer in law at Trinity College Dublin, and Ciarán Mac an Áilí, a Derry-born Dublin solicitor who was a member of the International Commission of Jurists and president of the Irish Pacifist Association.

The Republican movement increasingly saw campaigning around civil rights as a more productive way forward than the traditional armed struggle of physical force Republicanism. However, it would be an oversimplification to state that the IRA set up the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association. This would ignore the importance of campaigns that were emerging within Northern Ireland, such as the Campaign for Social Justice, and the growing numbers of middle class Catholic professionals, Labour activists and left-wing students who were prepared to take to the streets over civil rights.

It was agreed that another meeting should be called to launch a civil rights body and this took place in Belfast on 29 January 1967. Tony Smythe and James Shepherd from the National Council of Civil Liberties in London were present and there were more than 100 delegates from a variety of organisations, including Northern Ireland political parties.

A 13-member steering committee was tasked at the Belfast meeting with drafting NICRA's constitution. One member, Dolley, had taken part at the meeting at Agnew's house. The original committee consisted of:

 * 1. Chairman: Noel Harris, a trade unionist and member of the Draughtsmen and Allied Trades Association and the Communist Party.
 * 2. Vice-Chairman: Conn McCluskey, one of the founders of the Campaign for Social Justice.
 * 3. Secretary: Derek O'Brien Peters, of the Communist Party.
 * 4. Treasurer: Fred Heatley, of the Wolfe Tone Societies.
 * 5. Information Officer: Jack Bennett, a journalist with The Belfast Telegraph.
 * 6. Betty Sinclair, a communist member of the Belfast Trades Council.
 * 7. Liam McMillen, vice-chairman of the Republican Clubs and Commanding Officer of the IRA Belfast Brigade.
 * 8. John Quinn, of the Ulster Liberal Party.
 * 9. Professor Michael Dolley, of Queen's University Belfast, a civil libertarian and member of the National Democratic Party (Northern Ireland).
 * 10. Joe Sherry, of the Republican Labour Party.
 * 11. Jim Andrews, of the Ardoyne Tenants Association.
 * 12. Paddy Devlin, of the Northern Ireland Labour Party.
 * 13. Tony McGettigan, unaffiliated.

NICRA held a meeting to ratify the constitution on 9 April 1967. It was on this date that NICRA officially came into existence. There were some changes as the steering committee became NICRA's executive council, with Ken Banks of the Ardoyne Tenants Association replacing Jim Andrews; Kevin Agnew, a republican solicitor, replacing McMillen; and Terence O'Brien (unaffiliated) replacing McGettigan. Betty Sinclair became chairman. Robin Cole, a liberal member of the Young Unionists and chairman of the Queen's University Belfast Conservative and Unionist Association, was later co-opted onto the executive council.

NICRA's constitution, aims and philosophy
NICRA, as it eventually emerged, differed from what had been outlined in Tuarisc and discussed at Agnew's home in Maghera. The form which NICRA took was determined by the coalition of forces which came together to create it, of which republicans were only one element. Civil rights were the banner to which republicans, nationalists, communists, socialists, liberals and the unaffiliated could rally. NICRA's executive council brought together such diverse groups as the republican Wolfe Tone Society and the Campaign for Social Justice, whose founders and leaders believed traditional nationalist politics were ineffective in serving the needs of the Catholic minority.

The constitution of NICRA was based on that of the British National Council for Civil Liberties. NICRA's name was expressed in English only. The constitution emphasised the association's character as non-party and non-denominational, and as a body which would make representations on the broad issues of civil liberties and would also take up individual cases of discrimination and ill-treatment and stated NICRA's aims as "to assist in the maintenance of civil liberties, including freedom of speech, propaganda and assembly". NICRA's aims were:
 * 1. To defend the basic freedoms of all citizens.
 * 2. To protect the rights of the individual.
 * 3. To highlight all possible abuses of power.
 * 4. To demand guarantees for freedom of speech, assembly and association.
 * 5. To inform the public of their lawful rights.

It had six main demands:
 * 1. "One man, one vote" which would allow all people over the age of 18 to vote in local council elections and remove the multiple votes held by business owners – known as the "business vote".
 * 2. An end to gerrymandering electoral wards to produce an artificial unionist majority.
 * 3. Prevention of discrimination in the allocation of government jobs.
 * 4. Prevention of discrimination in the allocation of council housing.
 * 5. The removal of the Special Powers Act.
 * 6. The disbandment of the almost entirely Protestant Ulster Special Constabulary (B Specials).

Links with other civil rights associations
In conscious imitation of the philosophy of, and tactics used by, the American Civil Rights Movement, and modeled somewhat on the National Council for Civil Liberties, the new organisation held marches, pickets, sit-ins and protests to pressure the Government of Northern Ireland to grant these demands. The Northern Irish movement incorporated much of the African American movement's vernacular, and protest songs such as "We Shall Overcome" and "We Shall Not Be Moved" became common at NICRA protests. In 1968, Derry civil rights leader Finbar O'Doherty would refer to Northern Irish Catholics as Ulster's "white negros" in a speech that gained traction in the world's press. This widespread attention, particularly in the United States, helped NICRA secure a much wider international and internal support than traditional nationalist protests had done.

NICRA's innovation (drawing on the approach adopted by the Campaign for Social Justice) was to rely on and seek to vindicate civil rights, i.e. rights adhering to all citizens of Northern Ireland as British citizens under the existing constitutional settlement, rather than base its demands on the nationalist goal of reunification in a republic comprising the whole island of Ireland. For many supporters of NICRA, that did not mean accepting the constitutional settlement or entail any obligation of loyalty to the UK: assertion of those rights was a device by which the condition of the Catholic minority could be improved. However, from the outset there were tensions within the association between those advocating militant and confrontational methods, in particular the socialist and republican elements of the movement, such as Eamonn McCann, Michael Farrell and Cyril Toman, and those who remained wedded to the pacifist American civil rights model. Toman later joined Provisional Sinn Féin.

Allegations against NICRA and ties with republicanism
The Northern Ireland government accused NICRA of being a front for republican and communist ideologies. Unionists suspected that NICRA was a front for the IRA. The involvement of republicans, such as IRA chief of staff Cathal Goulding, and groups like the Irish National Foresters, the Gaelic Athletic Association and the Wolfe Tone Societies would only further fuel their suspicions. After the failure of the IRA's Border Campaign, republicans had been seeking peaceful ways of advancing their cause by joining Trade Unions and the Northern Ireland Labour Party, and then NICRA when it was formed in 1967. On 4 October 1968, a day before NICRA's Derry march, the IRA admitted that it was infiltrating trade unions as well as civil rights marches.

NICRA arose from a meeting of the republican Wolfe Tone Societies. The republican movement was influential in getting NICRA to participate in protest marches, however, due to the various different groups that made up NICRA, it could not control the organisation's direction. The radical views of individuals within NICRA were highlighted by a commission of inquiry set up by the British Government following the spread of civil unrest in 1969. The report by a Scottish judge, Lord Cameron stated, "certain at least of those who were prominent in the Association had objects far beyond the 'reformist' character of the majority of Civil Rights Association demands, and undoubtedly regarded the Association as a stalking-horse for achievement of other and more radical and in some cases revolutionary objects, in particular abolition of the border, unification of Ireland outside the United Kingdom and the setting up of an all-Ireland Workers' Socialist Republic." Yet despite this, the aims of the NICRA executive, as set out in April 1969, maintained an aversion for an outright call for constitutional change in Northern Ireland and did not call for the end of partition. Bob Purdie has maintained that the outright republicanism of NICRA was more an issue of perception than of purpose and that the "civil rights movement was perfectly sincere in its view of its marches as non-sectarian".

First civil rights march
In an effort to highlight the issue of public housing being allocated preferentially to Protestants in County Tyrone, Austin Currie, at a meeting of NICRA in Maghera on 27 July 1968, proposed holding a protest march from Coalisland to Dungannon Market Square. There was opposition to the idea from some in NICRA's executive, in particular from the NICRA chair and veteran communist Betty Sinclair who felt that unionists would see the march simply as a nationalist demonstration. After extended discussion the proposal was agreed and a march organised for 24 August.

A counter-protest was planned by Ian Paisley's Ulster Protestant Volunteers, who viewed the proposed march through the unionist-dominated Market Square as provocative. Hoping to avoid a confrontation, the UUP MP for South Tyrone, John Taylor, tried to get Paisley to abandon the counter protest, and have the NICRA march rerouted. The call for a reroute was supported by the Unionist mayor of Dungannon district. Late on 23 August arrangements were made to halt the march near Quarry Lane at Thomas Street, Dungannon, and divert it to Anne Street.

The Tyrone Brigade of the IRA sought permission from its Dublin headquarters to participate, resulting in a call for as many republicans to attend from Northern Ireland as possible. The NICRA march took place on 24 August 1968, attracting around 2,500 people and was followed by five nationalist marching bands from Coalisland to Dungannon. RUC officers prevented the march from entering Dungannon while 1,500 counter demonstrators jeered. Speeches were generally considered 'mild' with the exception of the address given by Gerry Fitt who said: "'My blood is boiling at the police ban and let me tell the County Inspector and District Inspector who are in charge of the police here to-night that they are only a pair of black bastards of Gestapo and we are not afraid of the blackthorn sticks and batons and but for the presence of women and children I would lead the march into The Square'."

The march is considered to have passed off peacefully, though there are accounts of minor stone throwings with several marchers trying to break through the police line only to be rebuffed by the RUC and restrained by the marshalls. The chairperson of NICRA Betty Sinclair managed to convince the marchers to restrain themselves and show that they were "peaceful people asking for our civil rights in an orderly manner". The crowds dispersed without incident. Footage of the march can be found in the RTE archives.

Derry March
The Coalisland-Dungannon march was considered a "disappointing anti-climax" and some more radical marchers felt that the police barricade should have been broken and that future police barricades would be broken. The Derry Housing Action Committee requested that the next march be held in Derry and was supported by the Derry Labour Party, the Derry Labour Party Young Socialists, the Derry Housing Action Committee, the Derry City Republican Club, the James Connolly Society and NICRA. On 8 September, a notice of the "Derry march" was submitted, with the march taking place on 5 October 1968.

The route proposed on behalf of the Civil Rights Association was one commonly followed by 'Protestant' and 'Loyalist' marches in Derry. It was to start from the Waterside Railway Station, east of the River Foyle, cross the river along Craigavon Bridge and proceed to the Diamond, the central point of the city. This route traversed certain Protestant districts and ended within the city's walls, which have major significance in Orange tradition. Local Unionists objected to the route of the march through what was viewed Unionist-dominated territory, and were concerned that the Diamond War Memorial would not be respected.

Unionist opposition hardened after Cathal Goulding, then IRA chief of staff, appeared on Ulster television on 27 September claiming that the IRA were actively supporting the civil rights campaign. On 1 October, the Apprentice Boys of Derry announced their intention to march the same route on the same day and time, although its governor said he knew nothing of a planned parade. William Craig, the Northern Ireland Home Affairs Minister, banned both the civil rights march and the Apprentice Boys' march on police advice in the hope of avoiding serious disorder. Craig said he was not against freedom of expression but that it should not be done in areas where it is likely to cause provocation, especially as he saw NICRA as "a republican-nationalist organisation".

With the march banned, and fearing that the presence of radicals may lead to violence, some members of NICRA's executive believed that they should withdraw their support for the march and unsuccessfully lobbied the Derry Housing Action Committee to call the march off. At a meeting of the South Derry IRA it was decided to push any of the politicians present on the day of the march into the police lines if marchers were blocked. The banned march started at the Waterside station, and attracted 400 protesters with local organisers duly insisting that MPs McAteer, Currie and Fitt should lead the march. Eamonn McCann (one of the organisers of the march) estimated that a further 200 watched from the pavements. Others there included Republican Labour MP Gerry Fitt, who brought three British Labour Party MPs with him, and members of the media.

The marchers decided to ignore the rerouting and were stopped by the Royal Ulster Constabulary before it had properly begun. After several marchers were hit by police batons, with Fitt being hospitalised, the marchers sat down and gave short speeches. This was followed by some retaliation from the marchers who hurdled stones and placards at the police. The police eventually moved in with batons, chasing and hitting those who fell by the wayside.

Aftermath
The footage of police brutality garnered global attention, the event having since been recalled, colloquially and academically, as the onset of the Troubles. Northern Ireland Prime Minister Terence O'Neill made his "Ulster at the crossroads" speech on television on 9 December, appealing for calm. As a result of the announcement of various reforms, NICRA declared a halt to marches until 11 January 1969, while People's Democracy disagreed with this stance.

Leading Derry Housing Action Committee member, Eamonn McCann, later admitted that, "our conscious if unspoken strategy was to provoke the police into over-reaction and thus spark off a mass reaction against the authorities".

1969 riots
Events escalated until August 1969, when fighting broke out at the annual Apprentice Boys of Derry march as it marched through the city's walls and past a perimeter with the nationalist Bogside area. Initially some loyalist supporters had thrown pennies down from the walls onto Catholics and mocked the Bogside's poverty. Catholics then threw nails and stones at loyalists leading to an intense confrontation. The RUC intervened, and a three-day riot ensued known as the Battle of the Bogside. Rioting quickly spread throughout nationalist areas in Northern Ireland, where at least seven were killed, and hundreds wounded. Thousands of Catholics were driven from their homes by loyalists.

In a subsequent official inquiry, Lord Scarman concluded, "We are satisfied that the spread of the disturbances [in Derry in August 1969] owed much to a deliberate decision of some minority groups to relieve police pressure on the rioters in Londonderry. Amongst these groups must be included NICRA, whose executive decided to organise demonstrators in the Province so as to prevent reinforcement of the police in Londonderry." In December 1969 and January 1970, both Sinn Féin and the IRA split into "Official" and "Provisional" wings, with the "Official" wings retaining influence in NICRA.

Internment and Bloody Sunday
The British government introduced internment on 9 August 1971 at the request of the Northern Ireland Prime Minister, Brian Faulkner. The British Army, in co-operation with the RUC, arrested and interned 342 people suspected of being involved with the IRA. 116 of those interned were subsequently found to have no involvement with the IRA and were quickly released.

The introduction of internment was not a closely guarded secret, with newspaper editorials appearing and discussion on television. The IRA went underground or fled across the border. As a result, fewer than 100 arrested were from the IRA. By this stage, support for NICRA began to wane, however NICRA continued to organise anti-internment marches. In Derry, on 30 January 1972, NICRA took part in a mass anti-internment march which had also been banned. Fourteen unarmed demonstrators were shot and killed by the Parachute Regiment during the march, and it became known as Bloody Sunday.


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John Story (martyr)

John Story (or Storey) (1504 – 1 June 1571) was an English Roman Catholic martyr and Member of Parliament. Story escaped to Flanders in 1563, but seven years later he was lured aboard a boat in Antwerp and abducted to England, where he was imprisoned in the Tower of London, and subsequently executed at Tyburn on a charge of treason.

Life
He was born in 1504, the son of Nicholas and Joan Story of Salisbury. He became a Franciscan tertiary. Story was educated at Hinxsey Hall, University of Oxford, where he became lecturer on civil law in 1535, and two years later became principal of Broadgates Hall, afterwards Pembroke College. He received his D.C.L. in 1538, and the following year resigned his position at Broadgates and was admitted as an advocate at Doctors' Commons. He married Joan Watts.

He appears to have temporarily abjured his Roman Catholic beliefs and took the Oath of Supremacy. In 1544, in recognition of legal services performed in Boulogne for the crown, King Henry VIII confirmed Story in the position of Regius Professor of civil law at Oxford. Having been chosen Member of Parliament for Salisbury in 1545 and Hindon in Wiltshire. Just after the accession of King Edward VI in 1547, Story gained notoriety by his opposition to the Act of Uniformity in 1548. For crying out "Woe unto thee, O land, when thy king is a child," Story was imprisoned by the House of Commons, but he was soon released and went into exile with his family to Louvain, where he became a member of the University.

After the accession of Queen Mary he returned to England in August 1553. His patent as Regius Professor was renewed but he resigned his interest in his position at Oxford, and was made chancellor of the dioceses of London and of Oxford and dean of arches. Queen Mary being now on the throne, Story was one of the officials in prosecuting heresy, and one of her proctors at the trial of Thomas Cranmer at Oxford in 1555.

Under Queen Elizabeth, he was again returned to Parliament (as member for East Grinstead in 1553, Bramber in April 1554, Bath in November 1554, Ludgershall in 1555 and Downton in 1559). On 20 May 1560, he underwent a short imprisonment in the Fleet for "having obstinately refused attendance on public worship, and everywhere declaiming and railing against that religion we now profess." In 1563, he was again arrested and committed to the Marshalsea, but managed to escape to Flanders, where he became a pensioner of King Philip II, and acted as the King's almoner for the Catholic exiles. Engaged by the Duke of Alba (Alva in Dutch), Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, to prevent the export of heretical books from the Netherlands to England, he was lured onto a trading boat at Antwerp in 1570 and conveyed to Yarmouth and thence to imprisonment in the Tower of London. According to Bede Camm, Story represented the old order, and was well known among the Catholic refugees. Brought home by fraud and violence and then executed, Camm sees this as meant to send a message to the exiles, demonstrating "how strong Elizabeth was to punish and how powerless Spain to protect".

In spite of his claim that he was a Spanish subject, he was tried for high treason (for having supported the Northern Rebellion of 1569 and encouraging the Duke of Alba to invade) and was condemned to death on 2 May 1571. The spectacle of his trial moved St. Edmund Campion, who was present, to reconsider both his own position and his Catholic duty.

He was executed at Tyburn by being hanged, drawn and quartered on 1 June 1571. With the rope around his neck he made a long speech and pleaded on behalf of his wife "who hath four young children".

Veneration
In 1886, John Story was beatified by Pope Leo XIII owing to a papal decree originally approved by Pope Gregory XVI in 1859.

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All English Wikipedia articles or edits produced by Fade are dual licensed as described above. This license is retroactive, however, I reserve the right to cease using the dual license at any time by removing this notice from my page. The most recent notice shall have priority. I encourage you to dual-license your contributions as well. --Fade 14:29, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

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Oyo Hotel & Casino

Oyo Hotel & Casino is a casino hotel near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States. It is owned by Highgate and Oyo Hotels & Homes, and its casino is operated by Paragon Gaming. It is located east of the Strip and next to the Tropicana resort. The hotel has 696 rooms with a 30000 sqft casino.

The property originally opened on July 26, 1973, as a Howard Johnson's hotel. Since then, it has changed ownership and names several times, most recently operating as the Hotel San Remo (1989–2006) and the Hooters Casino Hotel (2006–2019), the latter in partnership with the Hooters restaurant chain. The hotel includes the original 10-story tower and an 18-story addition added in 1991.

Howard Johnson Hotel (1973–1975)
The hotel was originally a Howard Johnson's Motor Lodge. Construction began in September 1972. It was developed at a cost of $8 million, by a group of local businesspersons led by Paul Oesterle. It was built along Tropicana Avenue, just east of the Las Vegas Strip and adjacent to the Tropicana resort. The Howard Johnson Hotel opened on July 26, 1973. A gaming license was issued for the property later that year, allowing the operation of 150 slot machines.

The hotel included 332 rooms, spread across a 10-story tower and two-story bungalows. By 1974, Oesterle had plans to expand the hotel by adding three additional 10-story towers with 544 new rooms. However, his company Oesterle Nevada soon declared bankruptcy as it was unable to pay its debts. Eureka Federal Savings and Loan, holder of the hotel's mortgage, foreclosed on the property and bought it at auction for $7.7 million in March 1975.

Ownership changes and renamings (1975–1989)
In September 1975, Eureka sold the Howard Johnson's to Bernard Nemerov, a former part owner of the Riviera casino, for $10 million. Nemerov renamed it as the Paradise Hotel. He reopened the property's casino on New Year's Day 1976. Five months later, the Paradise was targeted in a credit scam by 54 mobsters associated with the Philadelphia crime family. The scheme left the casino with insufficient cash to operate, and it was forced to close and went bankrupt.

The property was purchased in 1977 by a group led by New York businessman Andrew DeLillo, who then renamed it as the 20th Century. It was later sold to Herb Pastor, owner of the Coin Castle and Golden Goose casinos in Downtown Las Vegas, who renamed the 20th Century as the Treasury Hotel. At that time, the property featured a country western theme.

Former football player Gerry Philbin purchased the Treasury in 1982 for $20 million; the casino closed at that time because Philbin had not obtained a gaming license, though the hotel continued to operate. By the end of the year, Philbin was forced to put the hotel into Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

In 1985, the DeLillo family regained ownership of the Treasury through foreclosure and renamed it as the Pacifica Hotel. It was announced that the Pacifica would be marketed to gay travelers, but this plan proved controversial and was soon abandoned. Later that year, the Pacifica was renamed as the Polynesian Hotel.

Hotel San Remo (1989–2006)
In 1989, it was purchased by Sukeaki Izumi, a Japanese industrialist and hotelier, who renovated it with an Italian Riviera ambience and renamed it the Hotel San Remo. He paid a reported $30 million for the purchase and renovation. During its initial years, the San Remo was affiliated with the Ramada hotel chain. It became popular as a bargain property. A second hotel tower, rising 18 stories, was finished in 1991. It brought the total room count to 711, and the San Remo now employed 600 workers.

In 2004, Izumi's company, Eastern and Western Hotel Corp., began looking for opportunities to grow the hotel. The company sought to take advantage of heavy development that had occurred at the nearby Tropicana – Las Vegas Boulevard intersection since 1989. Hooters approached with a redevelopment proposal. Ultimately, a group of nine partners in Hooters of America acquired a two-thirds interest in the property, which was put under control of a joint venture, 155 East Tropicana, LLC. Plans were announced in August 2004 to redevelop the San Remo as a Hooters brand casino and hotel. Hooters of America, owner of the Hooters trademark, would receive 2% of revenue as royalties.

Of the property's many names, San Remo had the longest run. Hooters launched a nine-month, $130 million renovation in 2005, as part of the rebranding effort. The entire property was renovated, including its hotel. The room count was reduced to 696, the result of several units being converted into suites.

Hooters Casino Hotel (2006–2019)
Hooters Casino Hotel opened on February 2, 2006, the weekend of Super Bowl XL. The opening was low-key for a Las Vegas debut, with a handful of celebrities in attendance, such as TV personality Brooke Burke.

The casino included an on-site Hooters restaurant. Former Miami Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino also opened a steak and seafood restaurant known as Dan Marino's Fine Food and Spirits. The hotel-casino employed 1,000 workers, including more than 200 of the restaurant chain's signature Hooters Girls, who worked at the property as waitresses, bartenders, cocktail servers, and casino dealers.

The hotel-casino was promoted at more than 100 Hooters restaurant locations. The property struggled in its early years, but still proved to be more profitable than the San Remo. Roughly 80 percent of its clientele was male. The Hooters brand was found to be a turn-off for female gamblers, as well as wealthy tourists and business travelers. The property also appealed to a younger demographic, whereas casinos generally relied on a middle-age clientele. To increase profits, the property added new slot machines and began marketing to an older demographic. Hooters began to turn a profit in 2007, after taking cost-cutting measures, such as staff reductions. The casino was popular for its $3 minimum blackjack, and its Hooters restaurant was the chain's most profitable location.

During 2007, 155 East Tropicana accepted an unsolicited offer from Hedwigs Las Vegas Top Tier, a joint venture of NTH Advisory Group and Silverleaf Real Estate, to buy the property for $225 million (including assumption of $130 million in debt). Hedwigs planned to redesign and rebrand the casino once again, as a "lifestyle, entertainment-driven boutique hotel". Analysts called the agreement "curious" given Hooters's poor earnings performance. The deal fell through in June 2008 when Hedwigs failed to make a required payment. Profits fell again that year, due to the Great Recession.

With revenue declining, the casino began defaulting on loan payments in April 2009. Canpartners Realty Holding Co., a subsidiary of Canyon Capital, bought up much of the company's debt at a heavy discount and planned to foreclose on the hotel. The owners, seeking to block foreclosure, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in August 2011, listing only $63 million in assets against liabilities of $163 million. After a planned February 2012 auction attracted no outside bidders, the bankruptcy court approved Canpartner's $60 million credit offer for the property, with the sale expected to close around March 30. The Navegante Group was approved to manage casino operations, while Canyon Capital said it was seeking a major hotel chain to take over and rebrand the property.

In May 2015, Canyon Capital sold the casino to Trinity Hotel Investors, based in New York, for $70 million. At first, Trinity was expected to rename the property and place it under the management of Holiday Inn, but they later decided to retain the Hooters branding. Trinity hired Paragon Gaming to replace Navegante as the property's operator in 2016.

Joystixx, a 21-and-over video game lounge, had opened in 2011, but it saw minimal success and was replaced a year later by the Saloon, featuring live music. The Saloon was added as part of a property-wide remodel. Another renovation, costing $18 million, was underway in 2017. The project included makeovers of the casino floor and hotel rooms. The world's largest Steak 'n Shake restaurant, with seating for 200 people, opened inside the Hooters casino in 2018.

Oyo Hotel & Casino (2019–present)
In August 2019, Oyo Hotels & Homes partnered with New York-based investment and management company Highgate to purchase the property for $135 million. They announced plans to rename it as Oyo Hotel & Casino Las Vegas, while retaining the Hooters restaurant. The Oyo rebranding process began on September 16, 2019, and included restaurant upgrades as part of a $20 million renovation. The casino floor is 30000 sqft.

Live entertainment
The San Remo featured budget-priced entertainment in the 1990s. Among its offerings was Showgirls of Magic, which ran from 1996 to 2005, in the 180-seat Parisian Cabaret. The show included dancing and comedy. It was produced, directed and choreographed by Bonnie Saxe, mother of magician Melinda Saxe. In 1999, the show was renamed Les Trix, capitalizing on the Strip's opening of the Paris Las Vegas resort. By 2001, the name had been changed back to Showgirls of Magic, and the show was revamped. It initially featured a family friendly edition, followed by a topless version later in the evening; the former was eliminated in 2003, in favor of another topless performance.

Broadway Cabaret, another show in the 1990s, featured songs from various Broadway musicals. In 1999, the San Remo debuted Night Madness, a music and magic show starring Julie McCullough and Corinna Harney. Comedian Bobby Slayton performed at Hooters from 2007 to 2009. Comedian Geechy Guy created The Dirty Joke Show a year later.

Purple Reign, a tribute show to the musician Prince, opened at Hooters in 2009. Men of X, a male stripper revue, also opened that year. Raack N Roll, a show featuring topless female dancers, debuted in 2011. The three shows closed in 2012, allowing renovation work to commence on the property's performance venue.

A dinner and magic show, featuring the duo Jarrett & Raja, opened at Hooters in 2017. Other entertainment included singer Gordie Brown and the show Cons of Comedy. Cherry Boom Boom, a show featuring female dancers and rock and roll music, opened in 2019. That year, Hooters also debuted Hilarious 7, featuring a rotating lineup of seven comedians, each giving a 10-minute performance.

title: Oyo Hotel & Casino


text:
Legacy (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

"Legacy" is the 80th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the sixth episode of the fourth season. It marked the point at which the series surpassed the number of episodes in the original series.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, the Enterprise crew is caught in the midst of a civil war on Turkana IV, former crew member Tasha Yar's homeworld. While negotiating with one of the factions, they discover that the faction's representative is Tasha's younger sister, Ishara Yar.

Plot
The Enterprise, under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart), responds to a distress call from the Federation freighter Arcos, which has suffered engine failure and taken emergency orbit around the planet Turkana IV, the birthplace of the Enterprise's late chief of security, Tasha Yar. The Enterprise arrives just as the Arcos explodes, and finds a trail left behind by the freighter's escape pod leading to the colony. Turkana IV's government collapsed 15 years before; and the last Federation ship to visit, six years earlier, was warned by the colony's warring factions that trespassers to the planet would be executed. Because the freighter crew's lives are in danger, Picard decides to attempt a rescue.

Commander Riker (Jonathan Frakes) leads an away team to the surface, where they find the colonists initially unperturbed by their presence, but soon end up in a standoff with one of the colony's two remaining warring factions, the Coalition. Their leader, Hayne (Don Mirault), reveals that the other faction, the Alliance, holds the Arcos survivors hostage, and offers the Enterprise the Coalition's support in exchange for Federation weapons, a proposal that Riker rejects. Hayne, however, after learning of Tasha Yar's service aboard the Enterprise, instead offers as a liaison Ishara Yar (Beth Toussaint), saying she is Tasha's sister. Picard accepts Ishara aboard; although the crew is initially skeptical, DNA tests support her claim, and she gradually gains their trust. Commander Data (Brent Spiner), who was especially close to Tasha, becomes friends with Ishara, who seems ready to leave behind her life in the colony.

To find the hostages, Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge (LeVar Burton) suggests using the crashed escape pod's instruments; Ishara recommends that she beam separately to a nearby location as a distraction, because her implanted proximity device will set off the Alliance's alarms. The crew executes the plan, but Ishara is wounded in the attempt. Riker rescues her, and is impressed by her bravery. Later, Ishara privately tells Hayne "It's working."

When the Enterprise receives a message from the Alliance announcing that they are preparing to kill the Arcos crew, Picard's crew decides to execute Ishara's proposed rescue plan: Dr. Crusher (Gates McFadden) removes Ishara's proximity device, which she gives to Data as a memento. Riker leads an away team to the planet, where they rescue the hostages, but Ishara disappears in the confusion. Data finds her trying to disable the Alliance security grid; Ishara reveals that a large Coalition force is just outside the Alliance perimeter waiting to attack. Data concludes that all her interaction with the crew was a ploy. Riker arrives to distract Ishara just as she fires at Data, who dodges and then stuns her and reverses her attempted sabotage. Riker notes that her phaser was set to kill.

With the away team and Ishara back aboard the Enterprise, Hayne demands that Picard return Ishara and challenges his jurisdiction. While Riker argues that they have cause to hold her for firing on two Starfleet officers, Picard decides to allow her to leave. As Data escorts her to the transporter room, Ishara claims he was the closest thing she had to a friend. Data considers his relationships with both Ishara and Tasha, as the Enterprise departs.

Releases
"Legacy" was released in the United States on September 3, 2002, as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation season four DVD box set.

title: Legacy (Star Trek: The Next Generation)


text:
Brooklyn Community Board 8

Brooklyn Community Board 8 is a New York City community board that encompasses the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Crown Heights, Prospect Heights, and Weeksville. It is delimited by Flatbush Avenue on the west, Atlantic Avenue on the north, Ralph Avenue on the east, and Eastern Parkway on the south.

Its current Chairperson is Irsa Weatherspoon, Robert Matthews is Chair Emeritus, and its District Manager is Michelle George.

title: Brooklyn Community Board 8


text:
Midland Railway Workshops

The Midland Railway Workshops in Midland, Western Australia, were the main workshops for the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) for over 80 years.

History
The first railway workshops in Western Australia were located at Fremantle and shifted to Midland in 1904.

The Midland Railway Workshops were involved with all WAGR rolling stock and engine construction and maintenance. Steam engines continued to operate on mainline service until 1971, and all major maintenance occurred at the workshops.

Workforce
Generations of workers at the workshops had considerable numbers of European migrants who arrived in Australia with limited English language, and there were significant groups of Italian migrants in the workforce.

The workforce of the workshops had a rich history and, since closing, there have been projects to record oral history and collect information about the place and people involved.

Closure
In April 1993, the Richard Court Liberal Party (conservative) State Government announced that the workshops would be eventually closed. A number of protests and rallies were held to save the workshops, but they were not successful. On 4 March 1994, the remaining workers assembled at the traditional workshops meeting area, the flagpole. Long-time employee and timekeeper, Kevin Mountain lowered the Australian flag for the last time, ending not only his career but 90 years of Western Australian railway history.

Coal dam

Located at the far western end of the workshops site is a 200 by 50 m dam. Initially created as a storage dam for water supplies in the late 1890s, it was increased in size in 1947 for coal storage. A treatment plant built on the site in 1974 used the dam to discharge wastewater.

Development of the Woodbridge Lakes housing estate near the site prompted environmental studies of the heavy metals and sludge within the dam. The dam has been retained for its heritage value as a water feature, with some of the area comprising public open space.

Memorial to Fallen Soldiers

At the courtyard entrance to the workshops is a Memorial to Fallen Soldiers. The memorial commemorates the 70 railway workers who enlisted from the workshops and died in World War I. It was unveiled in 1925. A further 25 men who lost their lives in World War II were later added to the memorial. The figure of Peace atop the memorial was the work of Pietro Porcelli.

The memorial reads "In enduring commemoration of the loyalty devotion and sacrifice of workshop comrades who fell in the Great War 1914–1918. These our glorious dead. Erected by their fellow employees."

Changes
Recent years saw use of the workshops for a very limited period of time – narrow gauge access to the workshops from the main railway line was re-instated in mid-2004, and effectively ceased in late 2007. The Midland Redevelopment Authority (MRA) appears to have removed the workshops from any significant working rail heritage status.

Until late 2007 the Australian Railway Historical Society had performed restoration work and housed part of their collection in the workshops.

South Spur Rail Services used to occupy several roads, in part due to their association with the Spirit of the West restaurant train that was stabled in the workshops; they have since moved to an area closer to Bellevue and the Roe Highway overpass.

Transwa used the workshops for storage of the new Prospector and Avonlink railcars during their trials. Likewise, Transperth used the workshops for storage of the new B series railcars upon delivery from Queensland until bogie exchanges from standard gauge to narrow gauge could take place, at which time the cars were moved to either the Claisebrook or Nowergup depots.

Despite its disinterest in supporting working rail heritage to continue at the workshops, the MRA has produced an undated pamphlet that gives a brief overview of the workshops history, which is derived from various sources including the Midland Railway Workshops Site Conservation Policy of 1994 produced by Heritage and Conservation Professionals.

The eastern end of the workshops site has already been developed into a bulky goods retail area and the Western Australian Police Operations Centre has incorporated the former Flanging Shop into their centre. The St John of God Midland Public and Private Hospitals also occupy a portion of the former workshops site.

The section of the workshop area to the east of the main railway buildings has been demolished to make way for projects which the Midland Redevelopment Authority has earmarked for further development. The main buildings in the middle of the workshop area remain.

Heritage strategy
In 2001 and 2004 the Heritage strategy for the Midland Central redevelopment area was produced by the Midland Redevelopment Authority. It identified railway workshops' "zones of significance" and assessed and considered as important heritage items more than 40 structures and areas including:

 * Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office
 * Laboratory - chemical and metal testing
 * Railway Institute
 * Pattern Shop
 * Tank Building/Pattern Store
 * Power House
 * Boiler House/Copper Shop
 * Tarpaulin Shop/ Electrical Shop
 * Block 1
 * Block 2
 * Block 3
 * Gatekeepers Office
 * Timekeepers Office
 * Foundry
 * Main Store
 * Ambulance Building
 * Tool Room
 * Canteen
 * Recreation Hall
 * Plating Shop
 * Copper Shop
 * Weighbridge
 * Sewerage system
 * Elevated tank
 * Hydraulic Accumulator
 * Oil Store
 * Paint Shop
 * War Memorial and Garden
 * Main Conduit
 * Shunting Yard
 * Underwater Coal Storage Dam
 * Flagpole
 * Compressed Air Tanks
 * Supply Shed (1 and 2)
 * Wells
 * Panel Shop

Rail heritage centre
In 2004, the possibility of a railway heritage centre based in part of the workshops was investigated by the Midland Redevelopment Authority, following public meetings and consultation. However, the possibility of such a centre was not followed.

Personnel
George Alfred Julius, inventor of the automatic totalisator, was a premium apprentice here in the early years of the 20th century, before moving to Sydney and co-founding his own engineering partnership.

title: Midland Railway Workshops


text:
OM Group

OM Group Incorporated is a metal-based chemistry firm based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It is a provider of speciality chemicals, advanced materials and technologies. The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange prior to being privatized by Apollo Global Management in June 2015.

Overview of Operations
OM Group employs approximately 6,000 people and has locations in Canada, China, D.R. Congo, France, Finland, Germany, India, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

OMG has six business units:
 * Advanced Organics
 * Advanced Materials
 * Electronic Chemicals
 * Compugraphics
 * Ultra Pure Chemicals
 * Battery Technologies

Of these six units, its three main business platforms are: magnetic technologies, battery technologies and speciality chemicals.

OM Group supplies more than 4,000 customers, serving more than 50 industries worldwide, including automotive systems, electronic devices, aerospace, industrial and renewable energy.

History
The roots of the company date back to the 1940s when the company's predecessor Mooney Chemical Company was founded in 1946 in Cleveland by namesake James Mooney and his partner Carl A. Reusser. Forging strong ties with copper and nickel miners in Zaire and Zambia, Mooney quickly became key supplier of the metals, helping maintain some of the highest levels of productivity in the cobalt specialty-chemicals industry. In the mid-1990s, for example, OM Group's sales per employee were more than double the industry average, at $850,000 compared with less than $300,000.

In the 1970s James Mooney's seventh son, James P. Mooney joined the firm at the age of just 23, joining three of his brothers in the executive office. Despite a reluctance to incur debt and therefore infrequent acquisitions, the brothers expanded the firm's product line through the purchases of Mobil Oil’s subsidiary in Pennsylvania, Chicago's Lauder Chemical, and Cleveland's Harshaw Chemical in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. By 1984, the company's 40 employees generated about $2 million in annual sales.

After more than four decades of family ownership, numerous members of the Mooney family decided to sell their stakes in the business and in 1991, President James Mooney started to seek buyers.

OM Group Inc was established in 1993 as a result of the merger between the American company Mooney Chemicals, the Finnish firm Kokkola Chemicals Oy, and France’s Vasset SA. Initially named Outokumpu Metals Group when the merger went ahead in 1991, after which the company operated as a subsidiary of the Finnish firm, Kokkola spun off its 96 percent share in the company in 1993, leading to the establishment of the OM Group. Mooney continued to own a 4% share.

In the mid-nineties, the firm's geographical reach was dramatically expanded as a result of the merger and foreign sales increased by more than 50 percent. In 1994, the company invested $19.7 million in a physical plant, increasing its capacity to produce specialty chemicals.

In 1995, OM Group and Dainippon Ink & Chemicals created a Japan-based joint venture. OM hoped that its cooperative enterprise would capture 15 percent of the $470 million Japanese market for cobalt-nickel inorganic compounds by the turn of the century. Later in the year, OM entered the chemical recycling industry through the acquisition of Hecla Mining Co.'s Apex mining division in Utah.

Recent news
On 10 August 2007, OM Group Incorporated acquired the electronics business of Rockwood Holdings Inc.. The Rockwood Electronics businesses consist of printed circuit board (PCB) chemicals, ultra pure chemicals (UPC) and photomasks.

EaglePicher Technologies was sold to OM Group Inc. in 2010.

In October 2014, OM Group acquired Ener-Tek International, a designer, developer and manufacturer of high-performance lithium-ion and silver-zinc cells and batteries for niche applications in defence and aerospace markets, for a fee of $24 million.

As a result of dwindling sales as a result of the slowdown in industrial activity in Europe in the preceding two years, in June 2015 OM Group agreed to be privatized by Apollo Global Management who made an offer of around $1.03 billion in cash.

On November 23, 2015, the company announced its name change to Vectra and said it was moving its headquarters to St. Louis, Missouri.

ST. LOUIS, Jan. 14, 2017 /PRNewswire/ — Vectra Co. (“Vectra”), a leading technology-driven diversified company serving global markets, announced today that it has completed the sale of its Borchers business division to affiliates of The Jordan Company, L.P. (“Jordan”), a U.S.-based private equity firm with original capital commitments in excess of $8 billion.

title: OM Group


text:
Cladoxycanus

Cladoxycanus is a monotypic genus of moths belonging to the family Hepialidae. It consists of only one species, Cladoxycanus minos, which is endemic to New Zealand. C. minos was first described by George Hudson in 1905.

title: Cladoxycanus


text:
Frank Stone (painter)

Frank Stone (22 August 1800 – 18 November 1859) was an English painter. He was born in Manchester, and was entirely self-taught.

Career
He was elected an Associate of the Society of Painters in Water Colours in 1833 and Member in 1843; and an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1851.

The works he first exhibited at the Academy were portraits, but from 1840 onwards he contributed figure pictures, scenes from Shakespeare, scripture and sentimental subjects, many of which were engraved.

In 1850 he led the opposition within the Academy to the innovations of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, having already criticised their work in the previous year. When Dante Gabriel Rossetti wrote a very critical review of Stone's work in return, Stone launched an outright assault on Pre-Raphaelitism, initiating the controversy that engulfed the movement. Leading Pre-Raphaelite William Holman Hunt later depicted a print of one of Stone's works in the background of his painting The Awakening Conscience. It has been suggested that this was intended as an insult, since the furniture of the room was supposed to represent the bad taste of the characters depicted. "Among London writers and artists Stone had many acquaintances. He was the associate of Thackeray, and of the poets Campbell and Rogers, and the intimate friend of Dickens. From 1845 to 1851 he resided at Tavistock House, Tavistock Square (afterwards the dwelling of Dickens). He frequently assisted Dickens in theatricals, and in 1847 he accompanied the novelist in a troupe of amateur players on a tour in the north."

According to William Powell Frith, Stone was a loyal friend, but very argumentative, "No fair-weather friend was he, but true as steel when friendly countenance might be sorely needed. Still, I confess there were drawbacks to the enjoyment of Stone's society. It was enough for anyone to advance an opinion for Stone to differ from it."

He was the father of the painter Marcus Stone who illustrated many works by Charles Dickens (the Stones were Dickens' neighbours for many years) and himself produced a frontispiece for an edition of Martin Chuzzlewit. He also had a daughter, Ellen Stone.

Stone died on 18 November 1859, and was buried six days later on the western side of Highgate Cemetery. The inscription on his grave (plot no.9947) has largely worn away.

title: Frank Stone (painter)


text:
Thubten Zopa Rinpoche

Thubten Zopa Rinpoche (born Dawa Chötar, 3 December 1945 – 13 April 2023) was a Tibetan Buddhist lama in the Gelug school. He is known for founding the Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition and Maitripa College in Portland, Oregon.

Biography
Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, also called Lama Zopa Rinpoche has an extensive biography of him in the book The Lawudo Lama by Jamyang Wangmo.

Lama Zopa Rinpoche was born in Thangme, Nepal, in 1945. Early in life, he was recognized as the reincarnation of the Lawudo Lama Kunzang Yeshe, from the same region (hence the title "Rinpoche"). At the age of ten, he went to Tibet and studied and meditated at Domo Geshe Rinpoche's monastery near Pagri. He took his monastic vows at Dungkar Monastery in Tibet.

Lama Zopa Rinpoche left Tibet in 1959 for Bhutan after the Chinese occupation of Tibet. Lama Zopa Rinpoche then went to the Tibetan refugee camp at Buxa Duar, West Bengal, India, where he met Lama Yeshe, who became his closest teacher. The Lamas met their first Western student, Zina Rachevsky, in 1967 then traveled with her to Nepal in 1968 where they began teaching more Westerners.

Lama Zopa met Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama, in Nepal in 1986 and in Tibet.

Lama Zopa is most noteworthy as the co-founder, with Lama Thubten Yeshe, of Kopan Monastery and the Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition (FPMT). In 1972 he along with Lama Yeshe founded Tushita Meditation Centre near McLeod Ganj at village Dharamkot in Himachal Pradesh. Since the 1984 death of Lama Yeshe, Lama Zopa has served as the FPMT's spiritual director. FPMT is involved with a number of charitable activities including "offering food to ordained Sangha; providing scholarships to study Buddhist philosophy; offering to the main teachers of the Lama Tsongkhapa tradition and sponsoring annual debates; offering grants for social services such as to old age homes, schools, hospitals and monastic institutions; providing comprehensive Dharma programs; translating Dharma texts; sponsoring holy objects: statues, stupas and prayer wheels, and saving animals."

Death
From 10 April 2023, Lama Zopa Rinpoche stayed up in the mountains in the Tsum Valley. Due to altitude sickness he had to be brought down urgently. On arrival back in Kathmandu, Rinpoche stopped breathing. The main doctor at Karuna Hospital tried for some time to revive him, but was not successful. Rinpoche died at about 9.30 am Nepal time, 13 April 2023, at the age of 76.

Teachings
Lama Zopa Rinpoche's books are published by Wisdom Publications and Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. Free transcripts of some of his teachings are available from the Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive.

Lama Zopa Rinpoche offered spiritual advice on a range of topics to students, many of which are available on the FPMT and LYWA websites.

Lineage
Lama Zopa Rinpoche was a Gelugpa lineage holder, having received teachings from many of the great Gelugpa masters. His Root Guru is HH Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso since he was a young boy studying in Buxa, India. Lama Zopa Rinpoche was a devoted student of the 14th Dalai Lama and has outlined that offering service to the Dalai Lama as much as possible and to be able to fulfill his wishes is the highest priority for the FPMT organization.

Published books
Lama Zopa Rinpoche has a number of books published by Wisdom Publications and Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive including the following titles:
 * How To Enjoy Death: Preparing to Meet Life's Final Challenge without Fear
 * The Four Noble Truths: A Guide to Everyday Life
 * Bodhichitta: Practice for a Meaningful Life
 * Dear Lama Zopa: Radical Solutions for Transforming Problems into Happiness
 * Ultimate Healing
 * The Door to Satisfaction
 * Transforming Problems Into Happiness
 * The Heart of the Path Book: Seeing the Guru as Buddha
 * Teachings From the Medicine Buddha Retreat Book
 * Sun of Devotion, Stream of Blessings Book
 * How Things Exist: Teachings on Emptiness

title: Thubten Zopa Rinpoche


text:
Talk:Urban Dead

Updated the Wikipedia information
There were new updates made within the game, I've updated the current information that is in wikipedia. The changes that I've made are "With the new additions of the skills "bellow" and "scout safehouse", the highest level possible to be obtain in the game is 45". if you find some grammar mistakes within this statement then feel free to correct it.

Changed the "Just recently" to October 14 2008. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.69.57.124 (talk) 21:54, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Untitled Comment
Thought the wiki would be a good link. Hope i'm right, and it doesn't get deleted, like all my other stuff. -Jack

 * Wiki link is great :) --BoboDaHobo 20:11, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Did anyone have a look at the urbandead page that was re-directed here before that action was taken? I'd suggest that some salvage work could be done to move content from there onto this page.MLA 17:44, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * OMFG! Urban Dead made it into Wikipedia. I astounded. This be a great game.

Has anyone ever considered making a MUD based on Urban Dead? There would be far less bandwidth involved, and it would probably be much more versatile due to the more interactive "live" interface. I don't know anything really about constructing/running a MUD, but if anyone's interested in this, please get in touch with me, because it'd be fun to organize a group to make something like this happen. My AIM screen name is "Gay Old Hobo", and my MSN is "analdisco@hotmail.com". --Disco 03:35, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Urban Dead gives military people stormtrooper syndrome. Woodrow Buzard 18:20, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Urban Dead Survivor Diaries
I thought this might be significant enough to include as part of the UD community... dunno, though.

http://www.graham-russell.co.uk/ud/latest.php

It can't really hurt. It's not like the links section is overcrowded. I'll stick it in, though it might be better to link to the entery page at http://www.graham-russell.co.uk/ud/index.php. --Snark365 (talk) 18:44, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Strict political correctness enforcement
Damn, the political correctness enforcement on this site is strict. Kevan banned every IP address I ever logged in from (including public networks) simply for posting an off-color joke about the Mohammed Cartoons. It wasn't even that bad or racist, nothing O'Reilly wouldn't say.
 * AFAIK characters only get banned for cheating, maybe you were doing that as well. Banning public network IP addresses seems unlikely.
 * Judging by the amount of homophobic grafette I've seen I suspect not. Of course mostly it doesn't last long since it get painted over by other users.Geni 14:19, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I play alot and i've seen some really racist people on there.

User:Zerath13
 * Indeed. --Secruss (talk) 02:19, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

A matter of semantics
"Player-killing"? Unfortunately for those used to the term elsewhere, it doesn't have it's full connotations in Urban Dead. PKing in UD is purely survivor vs. survivor, and the term may be more related to TKing. The problem with simply using TKing is that there are groups, as well as the survivor vs zombie conflict. Does TKing necessarily refer to, say, one member of the same group killing another, or is there a third term that needs to be invented for this sort of thing?

I had a rather indepth debate with an Argentinian friend of mine on the Urban Dead Wiki, but nothing really came from it. 60.227.18.35 02:45, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Since there's no NPCs, PKing may not be the correct term for it, but you'll be hard pressed to change everyone's terminology. "Murder" may be a better term. Go Creedy Guerilla Raiders!--Secruss (talk) 02:22, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Necrotech
Would anybody present have a porblem with me adding a bit of info on it?--Labine50 06:22, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Graphics
Does the PC version just have colored blocks on the map, while the Mac version has graphical depictions of the blocks, ie a hospital picture for a hospital block? I've seen posts with pictures in them, but I'm on a PC and I've never seen them, so I'm wondering. Thanks. - MSTCrow 02:18, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Neither has the graphics by default, but there are extenstions on Firefox that make them - --iamajpeg 12:58, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

something to think of
i think every so often we should have a thung that says what players from the game sugy for new players to join, zed or human and which class.

like, 3 months ago it was suicide to join as humans and peopel woudl probly tell you to join zombies. it might help and i like to help and support suicide ideas for a game!--Cody6 02:29, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I joined as a human, and I've always worked at being human. Sometimes it just takes awhile to get to revive points.  Also, some idiots just kill any zed they see. - MSTCrow 07:03, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

that would be most people. i cant stay in 1 place had to evacuate ackland mall... the caiger. at giddings, goign back to joachiam, which i fled when it fell around thebig bash. at the moment its hard ot tell ewhat to do. the cneter is stil la waste land...

You live a lot longer and easier if you join a group. I reccomend the DEM personally, though i'm kinda biased considering i'm a part of the MFD.Silver seren 17:02, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

my recent changes
shacknews deservs as much mention as the mall tour, in shorter time then the tour, they took down caiger mall, the final haven in malton.--Cody6 01:06, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

No matter what they're achievements are, no player-made group deserves a mention in this article. Shacknews is just another zombie group, no matter how fast they took down a mall. Mentioning them would mean we'd have to mention News Channel 4, the DEM, and The Militant Order of Barhah. --YoungOcelot 03:06, 24 February 2007 (UTC)then why mention the mall tour? they didn't change the game to the degree shacknews did...--Cody6 17:16, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Shacknews did not set a precedent in anything, and they certainly did not change the game, which extends beyond the walls of Caiger Mall. Mentioning something like the Many would perhaps be in order, as that was the first large group of zombies in the game that actually posed a threat to malls, not to mention something like the RRF, which had a long standing presence in the game, and, in fact, still exists. You could list off a bunch of groups in the article, if you feel they're entitled to be mentioned, but the bit about "changing the game" doesn't really fit. --daranzt 17:49, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
 * how much do you play the game? caiger mall was the human stronghold, shacknews did somethoing nobody thuaght possible, they ran down the biggest target in the game, they actuly have more fame then any other group, they just disbanded since there was little else to do after raiding the well known locations. the RRF and others are worth mentionng, but they didn't do as much as shacknews, belive me.--Cody6 17:56, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I realized something, the big bash should also atleast be mentioned since they did have a major affect on the game, the brought more then half the city to it's knee's and brought the zed/survivor ratio to 2:1.

There was a guild of Japanese players who were the first to beat Kel'thuzad in World of Warcraft, who was the hardest instance boss until the Burning Crusade was released. Several players were amazed by them actually being able to accomplish what other guilds couldn't. Does that mean we're going to mention them? No, it doesn't. You're exaggerating Caiger Mall falling, anyway. It brought the city to it's knees? No, it didn't. Maybe it brought the suburb Caiger Mall was in to it's knees, but the rest of Malton went on about it's business. --YoungOcelot 13:07, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * that didn't bring the game to it's knee's, the big bash did, by the time people made the trek to the southwest whcih was a wasteland of red dangers,
 * ok, one questin, when was this picture made? http://wiki.urbandead.com/index.php/Image:50suburbs.jpg--Darkmagic 02:46, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

It's a real screenshot from July 19th, 2006. It was one of the highest points for zombies. --Sir Sonny Corleone RRF CRF DORIS Hunt! 02:52, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * that seems to show what the big bash did, later, they brought the area of safety to the corners of malton, the bash did something no other group or alliance ever has.--Cody6 14:58, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

YoungOcelot, you are badly wrong. Cody6 is correct about the page. I agree with you Cody go ahead and edit the way you want as long as you dont vandalise. As for Ocelot remain civil or you will be reported. English User 20:56, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

I say it'd be better if no groups were mentioned in the article. After all, there's way too many groups in the game, and lots of them have considerable achievements. For example, the original CoL established a system for hunting down PKers in the game (which shows you how the playerbase adapts to the game, seeing how there's not system for marking PKers by the game itself). The Many were the first zombie group. DARIS was also a group that, early in the history of the game, managed to pull off something unexpected by taking control of a suburb. Also, I've been playing this game since August 2005, and let me tell you that Caiger isn't everything. It's not the entire city, and the fall of Caiger does not affect everyone else in the game. --daranzt 01:40, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Daranz, that's exactly what I said. AS for English User, ignore him. He's a sad child who I helped in getting banned once. --YoungOcelot 08:37, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

i dont know what Ocelot is talking about. I was never banned. Eng 19:16, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Check my talk page, and the history. --YoungOcelot 19:16, 26 February 2007 (UTC) the bash did more then mall tour did so if any groups they deserve something, they do. they brought the living portion of the game to it's knee's in a short amount of time and took out most of the city. and ya, caiger did have a big impact, to poeple who cared, it was the only place never to fall to zeds until shacknews, both b4 and after the mall update, the fact is, shacknews did soemthing nobody thuaght possible, they destoryed caiger and the bash just trashed most of the game.--Cody6 21:20, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes, but you're still exaggerating. Shacknews just took down Caiger. They didn't move on to destroy every other hideout in half of Malton, they just took down the Caiger mall. Sure, people thought it was impossible, but that doesn't mean people were brought to their knees. By your logic, we should mention every time a mall is destroyed. Oh, and "just trashed most of the game."? That's just stupid, man. You're basically saying that the humans were doomed as soon as Caiger Mall fell --YoungOcelot 00:46, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Alright, let's make a deal. I'll let you mention Caiger Mall as long as you don't say, "It changed the tide of the game/doomed humans" --YoungOcelot 00:52, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * you know whats funny is, i said THE BIG BASH NOT SHACKNEWS brought the human game to it's knee's, they desroyed the southwest and south, there approach would make many people leave, they were the focal point of the zombie power on malton.--Cody6 01:01, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

So? Blackmore Building pretty much demolished Ridleybank, but that didn't send all the human players there packing. --YoungOcelot 02:37, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Blackmore was a suburb, the bash was the highest point and had we not retaken, they had the power to turn us into nomads with no permanet safew area, the fact is, the bash deserves mention.--Cody6 03:05, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

That's just not true. Even if the south had been overrun by zombies, they wouldn't of been able to take back the entire city. You're saying that if the Big Bash had been successful, humans would forever have no place in Urban Dead. You're exaggerating the whole thing out of proportion. --YoungOcelot 03:11, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * eventuly after we got are numbers back up... but still...the bash brought the game to it's knee's and could have killed the human population in almost every fortress... --Cody6 03:36, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

But it didn't. --YoungOcelot 05:03, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * thats because of the flaw's in the design of groups like the bash and the mall tour, groups designed to trash a suburb or mall in the mall tours case, and then leave and let ferals or other groups maintain the zed power there.

that was the ultimate falw in the tour groups, they grow to large and don't try to hold or keep attacked targets down, the bash though took down a large area in a short amount of time and zeds at first keep it that way, though its obiouse that the southwest by the time i first jouned was low in zed pops in places, i managed to survive in a red street corner for 3 hours without attack, then lated a week inside a closed door's building without harm.--Cody6 01:38, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Cody I know you are right. I have played this game enough. Ocelot, just end this now it is going knowhere. If you dont stop attacking Cody I will report for violating the good faith rule. Cody edit the way you please as long as you dont vandalize. Ocelot, since you are an ex-vandal (or maybe still one) you should be careful. Wont want to be banned, know would you? Eng 20:04, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

I say we scrap the whole idea and not include the mention of any group in the article. In order for one to understand the significance of a group in the game, they have to be already familiar with the history, and general power arrangement within the game. A more general description of various coordination efforts on both sides of the fence would be in order, methinks. --daranzt 22:46, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Eng, who get a life, find a girlfriend, call your mom, and quit acting like an idiot on Wikipedia. PLEASE. Oh, and Daranz is right. Besides, if we mention one group, the others will want to be mentioned. --YoungOcelot 23:34, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Hey...sorry if I'm kind of butting in here, but I think it's OK to mention the Big Bash as long as Cody doesn't use any words like, "It changed the tide of the game" Just thought I'd share my opinion :) --Red Shotgun 23:43, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * aND YET IT DID, IT MADE the zeds 2:1 on humans.--Cody6 14:47, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, but that was only for a little bit. The zeds and humies became even after a while. I don't think the Big Bash had much to do with it, actually. --Red Shotgun 21:46, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

yes i am sure that the fact that any suburb they went to became a red one had nothing ot do with it... they hit more places then the mall tour did, the mall tour only hit malls and the suburbs they were in, the bash was a confederate anarchy so it had some power, for a while peopel tyalked almost only about where the bash was or what it was, hell, i started out in the southwest shortly after they left.--Cody6 03:41, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

I think we need to end this stupid argument. Cody, a lot of people are disagreeing, so it's probably best not to mention it at all. --Red Shotgun 06:20, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

i'm used ot fighting uphill battles, i had to on the galactic war invasion.--Cody6 17:18, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Red Shotgun is right. This should have been over, cause Caiger is back together within like a week. Get over it. Gloomy Sunday User:GloomySunday 01:39, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

But, as a diffrent caiger, plus about a week ago yagoton once again fell and its more like trying to retake a fortress of zeds then retaking a suburb, caiger was wihin a week because holding fallen targets is rather boring to a major zedgroup that is aimed at taking down the high profile things...--Cody6 20:15, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

All of this stuff would fit on something like a wiki about Urban Dead, but not a wiki about everything. It's too specific for general information about a game. Mystic 16:36, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

If your going to mention any groups in the article,put The Dead in,they wrecked the game and nearly wiped out the survivors. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.208.16.171 (talk) 21:26, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Speedy Deletion?
I've noticed a very large trend of getting rid of MMORPG pages lately. I see articles getting deleted which are about WELL established games that many people are talking about and playing all over the net. It seems like somebody feels like it's time to go housecleaning, and I find it worrisome. This Article should NEVER be nominated for speedy deletion. It's too well established, lots of people have been working on it, etc. To do a speedy delete on this article is a mistake. There are very large followings of these MMORPGs, some have hundreds of thousands of players (This one has tens of thousands) to say they are not notable is a major mistake in my opinion. If someone feels the article is inappropriate, fine, let's discuss it and maybe delete it, but a speedy delete? ...and with so many MMORPG articles being speedy deleted? It makes me nervous. Matt Brennen 22:54, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

As of April 21, 2006 593,275 people play Urban Dead. I don't see any credible reason for deleting an article on something that has that wide a following. It would just be ridiculous.--Filippo Argenti 00:11, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * This article is not a candidate for speedy deletion. It asserts it's notability. It's not a candidate for a serious prod because it is well-written and has sources, and it would most likely survive an AfD because those sources are what the other articles claimed to have but couldn't provide, multiple non-trivial mentions in reliable third party sources. The only way this could conceivably be nominated is out of spite. DarkSaber2k 18:45, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That's how many accounts have been created (now up to 785,702). There are actually only 34,639 active accounts at the moment.  Still notable though. --Pdeq (talk) 08:32, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Ganking?
In reference to the line: "Urban Dead is not limited to survivor versus zombie combat, groups of survivors can attack other survivors, this is known as player killing or ganking.[1]"

I have never seen anyone call that act "ganking", neither in the game nor the game's wiki. It may be a term used in some games, but it is not used widely throughout UD. Any objections to removing it? --Pdeq (talk) 00:23, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * No. None. I have been playing UD for a bit over a year and have been an active member of it's wiki and I've never seen that term used.--Nick90210 (talk) 09:42, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Removed since nobody has disagreed. Calling it ganking is specifically labelling the tactic as griefing, I've not played the game for a long time but surely if this was a Bad Thing human players wouldn't be able to attack each other? Someoneanother 10:25, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Whether survivor-on-survivor killing is a bad thing is debatable. The goal was simply to be consistent with the way the terms are commonly used in game.  Griefing has its own special use in UD that does not usually include PKing.  Again, PKing is not a very good name for survivors killing other survivors (as all characters are players), but that is how it is used by most people in the game. --Pdeq (talk) 04:34, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Players
Should there be a section or maybe under game play, about how the players completly control the game and groups that have impacted the game Coho (talk) 17:57, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

I honestly think that might get this page to look more like a fansite than an encyclopdic entry on the subject. As with any MMORPG, player DO controll the events, so I don't think anything has to be said about it. Javascap (talk) 19:20, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Nexus War
Not really much but maybe we could add Nexus War as a footnote? its made using the same game mechanics, and the same author I think.Eyclonus (talk) 12:46, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think it is the same author, going by http://wiki.nexuswar.com/index.php/FAQ#What.27s_the_Relationship_to_Urban_Dead.3F

"There is no "official" relationship, though I believe several of the NexusWiki administrators were (or still are) also moderators on the UDWiki. I've never spoken with Kevan Davis (the creator of Urban Dead), so there's that." Seems conclusive to me. No-genius (talk) 09:51, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Nexus War was made by Jorm,Leader of the Militiant Order of Barhah. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.208.16.171 (talk) 02:29, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Nexus War was inspired on UrbanDead. It had several interface and game mechanics similatities, but the author were diffrent (Kevan created UD, Jorm created NW) and the second was mostly done from scratch using Java (iirc) while the first was done with perl (again, iirc). While the admin staff of the Urban Dead Wiki was not directly involved in the development of the game, we did got to play it in the beta stages -- as did many in the RRF, the MOB (both zombie groups) and some few others --Hagnat (talk) 18:58, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Urban Dead


text:
The Lost Girl

The Lost Girl is a novel by D. H. Lawrence, first published in 1920. It was awarded the 1920 James Tait Black Memorial Prize in the fiction category. Lawrence started it shortly after writing Women in Love, and worked on it only sporadically until he completed it in 1920.

Synopsis
Alvina Houghton, the daughter of a widowed Midlands draper, comes of age just as her father’s business is failing. In a desperate attempt to regain his fortune and secure his daughter’s proper upbringing, James Houghton buys a theater. Among the traveling performers he employs is Ciccio, a sensual Italian who immediately captures Alvina’s attention. Fleeing with him to Naples, she leaves her safe world behind and enters one of sexual awakening, desire, and fleeting freedom.

Editions

 * The Lost Girl (1920), edited by John Worthen, pub. Cambridge University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-521-22263-X.
 * The Lost Girl, pub. New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1921. Online edition at Google Books. Snippet view, United States Only.

title: The Lost Girl


text:
Jacob Barsimson

Jacob Barsimson (יעקב ברסימסון) was one of the earliest Jewish settlers at New Amsterdam (New York City), and the earliest identified Jewish settler within the present limits of the state of New York. He was an Ashkenazi Jew of Central European background.

Barsimson had been sent out by the Jewish leaders of Amsterdam, Dutch Republic to determine the possibilities of an extensive Jewish immigration to New Amsterdam. With the fall of Dutch Brazil, it was imperative for Jews planning to leave Europe to find other new homes.

He arrived at that port on the ship Peartree (or de Pereboom) on August 22, 1654, having left the Netherlands on July 8. Barsimson used a passport issued to him by the Dutch West India Company. Another Jew named Jacob Aboaf also left the Netherlands on the ship, but departed at England. Barsimson was succeeded by a party of 23 Jews, who arrived at New Amsterdam in September from Brazil. They established Congregation Shearith Israel, the first Jewish synagogue in what would become the United States. Most of these Jewish settlers were Sephardim.

Jewish rights
Governor Peter Stuyvesant initially discriminated against the Jews present in New Amsterdam in a variety of ways. They were barred from serving in the militia or practicing the Jewish religion in a synagogue. In a letter to the Amsterdam Chamber of Commerce, Stuyvesant said that they were committing blasphemy. He also accused them of engaging in "their customary usury" and "deceitful trading". He restricted their ability to purchase land or trade.

In November 1655, Barsimson and another early Jewish settler, Asser Levy, petitioned the government of New Netherland for permission to stand guard to the colony like other burghers, or else to be relieved from the special monthly tax imposed on Jews in the colony, as a penance for not standing in the guard. Their request was refused with a statement that they may go elsewhere if they liked. However, Levy began serving in the militia in 1657.

In 1656, they successfully lobbied for approval to construct a Jewish cemetery, after initially being denied this request.

Barsimson and other early American Jews succeeded before long in obtaining instructions to Governor Peter Stuyvesant from his superiors, the Dutch West India Company of Holland, overruling his discrimination against Jews in the colony.

In June 1658, Barsimson was summoned to court as defendant on a Saturday, but the court decided that "Though [defendant] is absent, yet no default is entered against him, as he was summoned on his Sabbath." Therefore he was officially excused twice that month from appearing in court, due to religious reasons.

title: Jacob Barsimson


text:
User talk:RayGun

Isis and Set
Could you substantiate the claim, made in the Isis article, that Set was "gay"? The context supplied also seems to indicate bisexual would be a more appropriate description, but that's straying from the topic somewhat. I am familiar with Ancient Egyptian mentions of masturbation, but homosexuality is rather a low-profile topic.

What would be most useful is a reference to the papyrus or other ancient author reporting the Nephthys/Set/Isis/Anubis tale.

Urhixidur 14:33, 2005 August 20 (UTC)

 * He was originally god of the desert, thus infertile, leading to "oh, he must be gay then"
 * He had a male lover/boyfriend/partner/fuck-buddy (a libyan god called Ash, who was god of Oases)
 * His favourite food was lettuce. This might be a bit obscure so I'll explain:
 * Egyptian lettuce is very tall and thin (like the shaft of a penis)
 * Egyptian lettuce is very firm (like an erection)
 * Lettuce emits a creamy/milk-like substance when rubbed (c.f. masturbation)
 * I.e. saying lettuce is his favourite food is a euphamism for saying he likes swallowing cock.
 * He topped Horus (Interfemoral intercourse) (in the battles between Horus and Set)
 * The Oxyrhynchus fish is a symbol of Set, due to its unusual snout resembling that of the strange Set-animal. The Oxyrhynchus fish (representing Set) swallowed one of the 13 body parts of Osiris when Osiris was dismembered by Set. The part it swallowed was the penis.
 * Although he was married to Nepthys, he had no children
 * He was so uninterested in having sex with Nepthys, even when disguised as the beautiful Isis, she had an affair, resulting in the birth of Anubis

Homosexuality was a non-issue in ancient Egypt - Set being gay meant nothing significant, simply an extrapolation of his being god of desert, and thus infertile. --RayGun 11:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:RayGun


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Liquor spitslickers

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Tony Sidaway Talk 01:30, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Liquor spitslickers
This band was nominated for deletion in late 2004, and kept with 4 delete votes and 2 keep votes (one of them from a band member). I believe it should be nominated again because this band does not meet WP:MUSIC. They are not well-known in Norway with 20 hits on a Norwegian search engine, no media coverage, 37 hits on google, no AllMusic, no albums, no tours... Delete. Punkmorten 14:48, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Meelar (talk) 15:20, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the article mentions recording due out in early 2005, we're now over half way through, if there is other evidence of notability, I will re-consider. Alf 15:33, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not-notable per nominator. --GraemeL (talk) 15:59, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. --TheMidnighters 16:01, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. --Agamemnon2 11:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
International Steel Group

International Steel Group (ISG) was an American steel company, headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, which was established by the New York investment firm WL Ross & Co LLC to acquire the assets of bankrupt steel companies and combine them together in a new company.

In 2004, it was ranked #426 on the Fortune 500 list.

History
International Steel Group was created in 2002, after the turn-around investment fund WL Ross & Co. LLC, purchased the LTV Steel (Ling-Temco-Vought) and Acme Steel corporations.

The next year, it acquired what was left of the remaining assets of the dissolved Bethlehem Steel, formerly America's second-largest steel producer, without merging.

In 2005, ISG was acquired by Mittal Steel, which merged with Arcelor to become ArcelorMittal in 2006.

The Luxembourg based ArcelorMittal is an integrated steel and mining multinational corporation, and is the world's largest steel producer.

Timeline

 * 2002: ISG purchased the assets of Acme Steel, and the integrated steel assets of LTV in February.
 * 2003: ISG acquired the Bethlehem Steel Corporation assets, and the Gary plate mill of U.S. Steel.
 * 2004: ISG purchased the assets of Weirton Steel, Georgetown Steel, and an HBI facility in Trinidad and Tobago.
 * 2005: Completed merger with Mittal Steel Company in April.
 * 2006: Mittal completed takeover of Arcelor, to form ArcelorMittal.

title: International Steel Group


text: User talk:69.174.170.250

title: User talk:69.174.170.250


text:
User:Dleemans

What else is new

title: User:Dleemans


text:
Tatau

Tatau is a town, and the capital of the Tatau District (4,945.8 square kilometres) in Bintulu Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. The district's reported total population for Tatau (year 2010 census) was 30,383. Tatau became a district in 1987. Before that it was a Sub District under Bintulu District. The main spoken languages are Iban, Kenyah, Beketan and Punan.

Secondary school

 * SMK Tatau

Primary school

 * SK Tatau
 * SJK(C) Chung Hua Tatau
 * SK Ulu Kakus
 * SK Tatau
 * SK Sungai Bagiau
 * SK Sangan Iban
 * SK Rumah Keseng
 * SK Rh Tayai
 * SK Ng Tau
 * SK Ng Penyarai
 * SK Kuala Tatau
 * SK Kuala Serupai
 * SK Kuala Annau
 * SK Kelawit
 * SK Nanga Tau
 * SK Nanga Muput
 * SK Rumah Barrau

Pan Borneo Highway project
As the part of the Pan Borneo Highway, Tatau is put into works package contract (WPC09) from Sg. Arip Bridge to Bintulu Airport Junction. The main proposal is upgrading the existing road from two way lane to four way two lane and constructing a new parallel bridges alongside of the project, including the main Batang Tatau Bridge. It was taken by the turnkey contractor, Lebuhraya Borneo Utara (LBU) Sdn Bhd and the main contractor of this WPC is KKBWCT Joint Venture Sdn Bhd.

Government
The entire Tatau district was governed by Bintulu Development Authority (BDA) meanwhile its sub-district, Kuala Tatau, which links it to Balingian in Mukah district, are under the administration of Dalat and Mukah District Council (MDDM).

Climate
Tatau has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round.

title: Tatau


text: File:Drinkme.jpg

title: File:Drinkme.jpg