text:
Pegswood

Pegswood is a historic mining village and civil parish in Northumberland, England, and the site of the former Pegswood Colliery. Pegswood is two miles (3 km) east of Morpeth and three miles (5 km) west of Ashington, with a population of around 3,280. Pegswood is on a small hill above the valley in which Morpeth is situated, close to the River Wansbeck and to the small stream Brocks Burn.

History
The prevailing theory as to the origin of the name Pegswood is that it means being a personal name. Another theory is that the element Peg- derives from the Anglo-Saxon word pecg meaning pig. Pegswood started as a small farming settlement, yet with the discovery of coal and the opening of Pegswood colliery, the village expanded to accommodate miners in 1872. The colliery shut in 1969, however the village is still classed as a pit village. All that is left today are the Pit Heap, now a park, and the entrance to the mine shaft, now in the Bothal Court estate. Coinciding with the coal industry, there was also a brickworks in Pegswood, which has since closed down.

Though the original colliery closed, mining was practised until quite recently: as late as 1997, mining company The Banks Group opened up a 170 acre open-pit mine at Pegswood Moor, from which they extracted some 1.4 million tons of coal, with the help of a 236-ton face shovel made by Orenstein & Koppel. Also reaped was 84,000 tons of fire clay, a kind of high temperature resistant clay often found between coal layers. Mining there stopped in 2004, and the pit was converted into the Pegswood Community Park, which includes "a dedicated nature reserve, a new woodland and ponds." The second phase of the park's construction would also "provide a fishing lake, an amphitheatre sculpted out of the landform and a footpath link from Pegswood to Morpeth." Extensive open-pit mining still takes place in the area, but such operations remain controversial even when former sites are restored.

Like many other "former pit villages," Pegswood has benefited from increased interest among especially young families, who are attracted to such places for the countryside and the quality of education. Since 1969, when the pit closed, the town has welcomed new development plans and new housing estates have been built in an effort by Pegswood to "reinvent itself as a cheaper rural alternative to Morpeth and Newcastle." More recent renewal efforts include plans for a facelift for its Welfare Centre and a £48,000 garden with the colliery as its theme. Local services are also being improved.

Pegswood colliery
The existence of coal is attested in documentation dating from 1754. The Pegswood colliery was one of many in the north-east of England. The colliery opened ca. 1872 and was in operation until 1969. Acquired by the S.H. Fraser company in the 1880s, in 1947 the National Coal Board took over, following the 1946 Coal Industry Nationalisation Act. Starting in 1914, fire clay began to be produced besides coal. The colliery never had more employees than in 1921, with 857 employed underground and 182 above. No mining disasters (more than five dead) have happened; an incomplete list of mining deaths lists 54 fatalities.

Architecture
Some typical colliery-style houses from the late nineteenth century still exist in Pegswood however half of these have now been demolished to make way for new luxury housing near the local pit heap or Colliers Hill as it has now been dubbed.. Three noteworthy eighteenth-century houses remain, as well as a few remains from a fifteenth-century chapel. There is also a bridge over the East Coast Main Line.

In 2010, a sculpture funded by Welbeck Estates was erected on the Bothal Roundabout. Officially called 'Fire', but dubbed Robin of Pegswood, a bronze figure stands near the top of a stainless steel girder. The girder juts from the ground at an angle and its tip is curved into the shape of a bow with the bronze figure firing a "shovelled" arrow from it. Northumberland County Council has now installed lighting to enhance its night time viewing

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north to Stobswood and West Chevington, east to the boundary of Ashington, west to Benridge and Causey Park and south to Fairmoor and Morpeth. The total electorate is approximately 3,900. The current County Councillor is David Towns (Conservative) who was elected in May 2017.

Religion
There is a single church in Pegswood, St. Margaret's. A former church has been converted into housing.

Education
There is only one school in Pegswood, Pegswood Primary School. Secondary education is typically taken in either Ashington or Morpeth, the two closest towns.

Transport
Pegswood is served by Pegswood railway station on the East Coast Main Line. Rail services link Pegswood to Morpeth, Cramlington and Newcastle. Arriva North East run bus services to Morpeth, Ashington, Alnwick and Newcastle.

Pegswood lies on the A197 road, at the same distance from Morpeth as from Ashington. In 2007 a £9 million bypass was built to the south that removed about half of the traffic through the village. The bypass also necessitated a bridge, which is made from "the same weathering steel as the Angel of the North". Ironically, the man who fought for thirty years to have the bypass built, the then Parish Council chairman Jim Burley, was the first person to crash on it, in 2007: he was not seriously hurt.

Notable residents

 * Billy Kidd, football player

Television Filming
Some scenes on the 1996 TV Drama Our Friends in the North featuring the Metropolitan Police aggressively dealing with strikers during the UK miners' strike (1984–1985) were filmed in Pegswood. These can be seen in Episode 7 (set in 1984) at 21m 04s and 26m 26s.

title: Pegswood


text:
Talk:Grassroot Institute of Hawaii

{{Connected contributor|Masonica16|edited-here=yes|declared=yes} — Preceding unsigned comment added by Masonica16 (talk • contribs) 20:08, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

Sources for funding section
you support your reversion by saying "linking directly to the 990 isn't SOP- find a good reliable secondary source that discusses it. Neither is bunching several groups and calling them all "Charles Koch related" without a secondary source. Sourcewatch is also not a reliable, unbiased source."

Use of 990s as a source
Let's start with "linking directly to the 990 isn't SOP." You said this in response to a restoration I supported with a quote from wp:primary (which had cited in support of an earlier reversion), to wit: "A primary source may be used on Wikipedia only to make straightforward, descriptive statements of facts that can be verified by any educated person with access to the primary source but without further, specialized knowledge" (emphasis added). I don't find anything in wp:Primary about "SOP" being an exception to this statement. Is the exception found elsewhere? If there is such an exception then I request that you provide some evidence to support your conclusion that direct links to 990s 'are not SOP. Butwhatdoiknow (talk) 16:53, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Tchouppy is correct. It's a WP:WEIGHT issue, for one. 990s say lots of things--they are typically dozens of pages long. Picking one or two portions of a 990 to include in an article comes across as WP:CHERRYPICKING. Who decides what is important enough to include here? It's WP:UNDUE unless some other secondary source has picked up on something in particular, thus making it noteworthy enough for inclusion here. Marquardtika (talk) 17:03, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I'll be happy to explore all of these new and different rationales one at a time. To avoid confusion, for the moment let's just focus on the "SOP" rationale. Can you provide (a) a cite for the SOP rule and (b) evidence of the SOP regarding 990 form linking that support a reversion on that basis (trumping the wp:primary text)?

 * Here's a good thread Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 185 on why 990s and the like aren't generally good sources. Marquardtika (talk) 18:59, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you. The final post in that discussion says (bold added) "If there is information that undeniably HAS to be in the article, and it can be sourced to the federal filing, that is fine." Earlier a poster says (bold added) "The question was not about using financial information to establish notability. It was about whether it can be used in an article, and we all seem to be agreeing that it can." This seems in line with the may be used text in wp:primary, not a limitation on it. What am I missing? Butwhatdoiknow (talk) 19:12, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

 * You took three separate self-filed organizational 990s from 2006, 2010, and 2014 to list three funders. Are these major funders? Current funders? Three funders out of how many total funders? There's no context. Unless we have a secondary source discussing these particular donations, it's pretty random to include it (surely there are many other 990s we could include here too, so why these three?). So no, it's not information that "undeniably HAS to be in the article." The onus is on you to make an argument for why this information should be included. Marquardtika (talk) 19:59, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that you agree that linking directly to 990s is acceptable under certain conditions. Do I have that right? If so then I'll be happy to move on to a discussion of WP:WEIGHT, WP:CHERRYPICKING, WP:UNDUE, and WP:ONUS. Butwhatdoiknow (talk) 23:54, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I think it's appropriate to link to 990s in limited conditions, per WP:ABOUTSELF, such as listing organization revenue and expenses and board members. I don't think 990s are ever a sufficient source for reporting on donors. Marquardtika (talk) 03:46, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Do you have any reason for your belief that 990s are never a sufficient source for reporting on donors other than WP:WEIGHT, WP:CHERRYPICKING, WP:UNDUE, or WP:ONUS?

 * Other than the four reasons I gave you? You're the one who wants to add content. Two editors have disagreed with your edits. You should explain why you think this content should be in the article . Marquardtika (talk) 02:00, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I thought we were talking about the use of 990s as sources for the content. Do you want to take a break from that now and start a discussion about whether the content itself is significant? If not then yes, I am asking for any reasons other than the four you have given so far to support your belief that 990s are never a sufficient source for reporting on donors. Butwhatdoiknow (talk) 14:45, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

Prerequisite for adding a "Funding" section
Can 990s ever be used? yes. Should they be used to certify who is or is not a donor to an organization for purposes of wikipedia? Probably not. It is not newsworthy, wikipedia level information unless a secondary sources has discussed the information. Three random donors of an organization cherrypicked from those organizations' 990s is not newsworthy information appropriate for a wikipedia article. There is no rationale for adding a section on funding for an organization unless reliable sources have been reporting on that organization's funding. If it has not been deemed newsworthy by an actual, reliable news source, then it's not wikipedia appropriate. Tchouppy (talk) 15:48, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

 * You raise a number of issues. It seems to me that the most significant is the criteria for adding a Funding section at all. I'll respond to that when I have more time.

Proposed changes
Information to be added or removed: The "Official website" link in the "External Links" section should link to grassrootinstitute.org. Footnote 5 should link to grassrootinstitute.org/about. Footnote 7 should link to grassrootinstitute.org/jones-act. Also footnotes 8, 10 and 14 are dead links and should be removed, as there are no live versions of those links.

Explanation of issue: Three links incorrectly point to the domain new.grassrootinstitute.org, which is dead.

References supporting change: grassrootinstitute.org is the current live domain of the website.

I have a conflict of interest since I work at the Grassroot Institute of Hawaii. Kentj1 (talk) 05:25, 20 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Good on you for resisting the urge to make these changes yourself. The first and last change seem to me to be non-substantive - just cleaning up references. And, since I don't presently have the time to make these changes, I authorize you to make them on my behalf. The middle three changes will require more thought. Butwhatdoiknow (talk) 16:01, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

Proposed change to Hawaiian sovereignty section
Information to be added or removed: "state-funded" should be inserted before the word "race-based" in the following sentence: "The lawsuit, filed in 2015, seeks to block race-based elections in Hawaii."

Explanation of issue: The lawsuit sought to block state-funded race-based elections, and did not pertain to privately-funded race-based elections, which the institute has no opinion on.

References supporting change: - https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/31104257/nai-aupuni-kicks-off-amid-heated-talks/ - https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-racial-spoils-system-invents-a-tribe-for-native-hawaiians-1450481177 - Pages 5A and 6A https://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/15A551-Akina-Appendix.pdf - Page 18 https://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Akina-Application.pdf

I have a conflict of interest. --Kentj1 (talk) 05:40, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ – MJL  ‐Talk‐☖ 03:41, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

Proposed edits to Jones Act section
Information to be added or removed: The following sentence should be deleted: "It does not condone a full repeal of the Jones Act."

Explanation of issue: The Grassroot Institute of Hawaii is not necessarily opposed to a full repeal of the Jones Act.

References supporting change: - https://www.cato.org/publications/cato-online-forum/updating-jones-act-21st-century-why-we-should-stop-calling-repeal - https://www.civilbeat.org/2013/06/19330-making-waves-kelii-akina-and-the-grassroot-institute-of-hawaii/ - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7sb9lACjGc&feature=youtu.be&t=805

Islehc (talk) 19:45, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

I reviewed said sources and they seem to support the notion that the Institute is in support of a full repeal, albeit not in a single giant leap. Maybe a different wording to accommodate for this stance? Any ideas? Nearlyevil665 (talk) 07:17, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I took a look at the first two sources above and they do not explicitly state that Grassroot Institute of Hawaii is against a full repeal of the Jones Act. As this is ambiguous, and there is no citation to verify this claim in the article, I have removed the sentence. It can be added back in, perhaps with different wording, if other sources are presented that verify GIH's stance on the Jones Act. I am also closing this ticket. Z1720 (talk) 03:02, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

Proposed changes
Information to be added or removed: Remove Section: Education[edit source] Remove text: The Grassroot Institute supports school choice.[citation needed]

Explanation of issue: The Grassroot Institute hasn’t commented about this issue in over four years. It is not a key issue that gives the reader a good idea of what issues the Institute focuses on.

References supporting change: Note the last time school choice was mentioned was in 2017 according to the "Education" category on its website: https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/category/issues/education/page/2/ Note the dates of the content in these search results: https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/?s=school+choice

Information to be added or removed: New section headline: Public pension debt Text for that section: As of 2019, Hawaii’s unfunded public pension liabilities total $14 billion. The Grassroot Institute supports offering new pension plans that prevent pension spiking and cap benefits at reasonable levels.

Explanation of issue: This is one of the key issues the Institute publishes research and commentary on.

References supporting change: Note "Pension Reform" is listed as one of the five key issues on the site's menu at www.grassrootinstitute.org The Institute has hosted a few events on the issue: https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/2020/05/could-hawaii-go-bankrupt/ Recent research published by the Institute, noting that its heavily focused on this issue: https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/2021/01/delaying-eutf-payments-will-add-8-billion-to-hawaii-taxpayer-debt/ Institute's media release on its report about the issue: https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/2018/08/report-how-to-resolve-hawaiis-public-pension-debt-crisis/
 * I will remove the Education section since it is unsupported. We need more reliable sources in order to include the Prension Reform information. I will look into that later. Tchouppy (talk) 23:15, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Not sure if you mean you need more sources to include the specific information or to include a section about pension reform. If the latter, here are some sources for your consideration. I've included these because they establish that the Institute is quoted by media as an authoritative source on the matter and has been for several years: •• Orange County Register publishing an Institute op-ed in Oct. 2010: https://www.ocregister.com/2010/10/04/hawaii-taxpayers-on-the-hook-for-9-billion-for-public-employee-unfunded-benefits/ •• Hawaii News Now covering news release from the Institute in Dec. 2015: https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/30380766/exclusive-dead-get-500k-pension-benefits/ •• Pacific Business News, Dec. 2015: https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2015/12/23/unfunded-liabilities-for-hawaiis-state-pension.html •• Institute hosts event with Thom Williams, executive director of the Employees' Retirement System of the State of Hawaii (org that manages the state pension funds), in Oct. 2017: https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/2017/11/ers-not-out-of-woods-yet/ •• Institute testifies to Kauai County Council about unfunded pension liabilities; covered Sept. 2018 by Kauai's The Garden Island: https://www.thegardenisland.com/2018/09/27/hawaii-news/pension-problems/ Masonica16 (talk) 16:36, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

Proposed changes: Introductory paragraph
Information to be added or removed: Replace "who continues to serve on its board of directors" in the introduction section with "who served on its board of directors until his passing on Nov. 28, 2020. "

Explanation of issue: Richard Rowland passed away on Nov. 28, 2020.

References supporting change: https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/rowland/

 * I removed the language regarding serving on the board. Given that it is now in the past sense, it doesn't really rise to the level of wikipedia newsworthy. My condolences on the loss of Mr. Rowland.Tchouppy (talk) 23:12, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

Change title of Wikipedia article
Information to be added or removed: Change title of article to Grassroot Institute of Hawaii

Explanation of issue: In addition to being the proper name, there are numerous organizations that use the Grassroot Institute label for short, or a similar variation of it (Grassroots Institute) such as: https://www.grassrootsinstitute.org/ http://grassrootsinstitute.net/ http://www.grassroots-institute.org/

References supporting change: Official name according to website: www.grassrootinstitute.org/about Legal name (though "inc" isn't necessary): https://pdf.guidestar.org/PDF_Images/2018/990/354/2018-990354937-17180013-9.pdf

Add 'Taxes' section
Information to be added or removed: Add section "Taxes"

The Grassroot Institute generally opposes tax increases and new taxes. It has opposed proposed increases to taxes including capital gains, income, transient accommodations, liquor, car-sharing, and more.

Explanation of issue: Major issue the Institute focuses on.

References supporting change: https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/2021/02/testimony-x-7-relating-to-taxes/ https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/2018/10/hawaiis-high-court-strikes-down-tax-proposal/ https://www.grassrootinstitute.org/2021/02/testimony-on-tax-related-bills-hb771-hb871-sb155-and-hb1388/ Masonica16 (talk) 00:52, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

 * The article mentions clearly the topic of taxes. If you have any specific content in mind, please provide it here, and an editor will review it. Ferkjl (talk) 20:35, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Grassroot Institute of Hawaii


text:
Medici Chapels

The Medici Chapels (Cappelle medicee) are two chapels built between the 16th and 17th centuries as an extension to the Basilica of San Lorenzo, in the Italian city of Florence. They are the Sagrestia Nuova ('New Sacristy'), designed by Michelangelo, and the larger Cappella dei Principi ('Chapel of the Princes'), a collaboration between the Medici family and architects. The purpose of the chapels was to celebrate the Medici family, patrons of the church and Grand Dukes of Tuscany.

These are not to be confused with the Magi Chapel in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi, then the main Medici home, that houses a famous cycle of frescoes by Benozzo Gozzoli, painted around 1459.

Sagrestia Nuova

The Sagrestia Nuova or New Sacristy, also known simply as the Medici Chapel, was intended by Cardinal Giulio de' Medici and his cousin Pope Leo X as a mausoleum or mortuary chapel for members of the Medici family. It balances Filippo Brunelleschi's Sagrestia Vecchia, the 'Old Sacristy' nestled beside the left transept of San Lorenzo, with which it consciously competes, and shares its format of a cubical space surmounted by a dome, of gray pietra serena and whitewashed walls. It was the first essay in architecture (1519–1524) of Michelangelo, who also designed its monuments that are dedicated to certain members of the Medici family, with sculptural personifications of the four times of day that were destined to influence sculptural figures reclining on architraves for many generations to come. The Sagrestia Nuova was entered via a discreet entrance in a corner of San Lorenzo's right transept, now closed.

Although it was vaulted over by 1524, the ambitious projects of its sculpture and the intervention of events, such as the temporary exile of the Medici (1527), the death of Giulio, eventually Pope Clement VII, and the permanent departure of Michelangelo for Rome in 1534, meant that Michelangelo never finished it.

The Madonna and Child was the first sculpture Michelangelo completed for the project, and although most of the following statues had been carved by the time of Michelangelo's departure, they had not been put in place, being left in disarray across the chapel. Later, in 1545, they were installed by Niccolò Tribolo. By order of Cosimo I, Giorgio Vasari and Bartolomeo Ammannati finished the work by 1555.

Four Medici tombs were intended for the project, but those of Lorenzo the Magnificent and his brother Giuliano (buried beneath the altar at the entrance wall) were never begun. The magnificent existing tombs are those of two more recently deceased and less well-known family members whose careers had been cut tragically short by their comparatively early deaths: Giuliano di Lorenzo, Duke of Nemours (d. 1514, aged 37) and his nephew (d. 1519, age 27) Lorenzo di Piero, Duke of Urbino, whose daughter Catherine de' Medici became Queen of France). The architectural components of these tombs are similar and with sculptures offering contrast.

In 1976, a concealed corridor with drawings by Michelangelo on its walls was discovered under the New Sacristy.

Cappella dei Principi

The octagonal Cappella dei Principi, surmounted by a tall dome 59 metres high, is the distinguishing feature of San Lorenzo when seen from a distance. It is on the same axis as the nave and chancel to which it provides the equivalent of an apsidal chapel. Its entrance is from the exterior, in Piazza Madonna degli Aldobrandini, and through the low vaulted crypt planned by Bernardo Buontalenti before plans for the chapel above were made.

The opulent Cappella dei Principi, an idea formulated by Cosimo I de' Medici, was put into effect by Ferdinand I. It was designed by Matteo Nigetti, following some sketches tendered to an informal competition of 1602 by Don Giovanni de' Medici, the natural son of Cosimo I, which were altered in the execution by the aged Buontalenti. A true expression of court art, it was the result of collaboration among designers and patrons.

For the execution of its astonishing revetment of marbles inlaid with colored marbles and semi-precious stone, the Opificio delle Pietre Dure (the grand ducal hardstone workshop) was established. The art of commessi, as it was called in Florence, assembled jig-sawn fragments of specimen stones and porphyry to form the designs of the revetment that entirely cover the walls. The result was disapproved of by 18th- and 19th-century visitors, but has come to be appreciated for an example of the taste of its time. Six grand sarcophagi are empty; the Medici remains are interred in the crypt below. In sixteen compartments of the dado are coats of arms of Tuscan cities under Medici control. In the niches that were intended to hold portrait sculptures of Medici, two were executed by Pietro Tacca (1626–1642) that feature Ferdinando I and Cosimo II.

title: Medici Chapels


text:
Shirley, New Zealand

Shirley, sometimes referred to as Windsor, is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, about 5 km north-east of the city centre. The area was used for farming from the 1850s, and subdivision started in the early 20th century, with most of the houses being built between 1950 and 1980.

History
The suburb spreads across wholly flat land which before the arrival of the first European colonists in the 1850s consisted of streams running into marshland between weathered and grassy sand dunes. Sheep and dairy cattle began to be grazed on the land within a few years of the colonists' arrival, the area being part of the Sandhills station. Land began to be bought by families of small farmers from 1863 onwards, and during the rest of the 19th century the future suburb was a district of market gardens, dairy farms and small grazing farms divided by hedgerows. A farmhouse and stables could be found along the roads every few hundred metres. As more and more land was drained it was often highly productive. One large estate was established by the very wealthy Rhodes family who chose not to live on the land but instead resided in a very large mansion in Merivale. Their estate in the district was run by managers and overseers. The district's settlers were mostly English and Scottish, but some Irish families also settled, as well as – in the 1870s – a significant group of Poles from eastern Germany. A small village of shops and one or two churches had begun to grow up by that time along what would later become known as Shirley Road.

Most of the housing in Shirley was built between 1950 and 1980. A large block of state housing, known as the Emmett Block, developed on the western side of the suburb during the immediate postwar years. On the eastern side the housing was built mostly by private developers, among others Paramount Homes. The standard house built by developers was a one-storey bungalow of three or four bedrooms under a low roof in streets that sometimes followed the course of old streams, meandered in various artificial crescents, or else ended in cul-de-sacs. The socio-economic level of the suburb as a whole has always been very near the average for the suburbs of Christchurch. The poorest streets are in the Emmett Block.

Name
Susannah Buxton (née Shirley) was married to John Buxton (1806–1886). On her deathbed in 1868, she asked her son, Joseph Shirley Buxton (1833–1898), to gift land to the Methodists to build a church. Her wish was carried out and the Shirley Methodist Church was named after her. The suburb eventually became known as Shirley after the church.

Subdivision started in the early 20th century, at which time the area was known as North Richmond. The name then changed to Windsor, until it was discussed at a meeting at the Windsor Wesleyan School that land agents indicated land sold better if the locality was called Shirley instead of Windsor. Windsor thus went out of fashion as the name of the suburb, but it lives on in names like Windsor Golf Club, Windsor Service Station, Windsor House, and Windsor School.

Demographics
Shirley, comprising the statistical areas of Shirley West and Shirley East, covers 3.33 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Shirley had a population of 6,852 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 264 people (4.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 273 people (4.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,457 households, comprising 3,273 males and 3,579 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.91 males per female, with 1,317 people (19.2%) aged under 15 years, 1,452 (21.2%) aged 15 to 29, 2,940 (42.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,149 (16.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 80.1% European/Pākehā, 13.1% Māori, 5.1% Pasifika, 10.8% Asian, and 2.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 19.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 49.8% had no religion, 37.8% were Christian, 0.9% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.9% were Hindu, 1.2% were Muslim, 0.8% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 909 (16.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,155 (20.9%) people had no formal qualifications. 687 people (12.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 2,559 (46.2%) people were employed full-time, 816 (14.7%) were part-time, and 222 (4.0%) were unemployed.

Services
The suburb now includes one of the largest shopping malls in Christchurch, called The Palms Shopping Centre, together with the Shirley Golf Course and Bunnings Homebase.

The building of the Shirley Community Centre, which was the original building of Shirley Primary School, was listed as a Category II heritage structure with Heritage New Zealand and was badly damaged in the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. It has since been demolished.

Education
Shirley Intermediate School is a school for years 7 to 8 with a roll of students. It opened in 1934.

Shirley Primary School covers years 1 to 6 and has a roll of students. It opened in 1916.

Kingslea School is a special school and has a roll of students.

Rolls are as of

Shirley Boys' High School opened in September 1957. The site suffered from the 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, and the school moved to North New Brighton in 2019.

Marian College is a Catholic girls' secondary school which was in Shirley but moved to share space with Catholic Cathedral College in the central city after 2011 earthquake damage, and will move to a new site in Northcote in 2023.

Quinns Road School opened on 6 July 1955 and was renamed to Hammersley Park School in 1983. It was closed in 2012 after suffering earthquake damage, since its roll had fallen from more than 200 in the early 1990s to 49.

title: Shirley, New Zealand


text:
Eleanor Cabot Bradley Estate

The Eleanor Cabot Bradley Estate is a nonprofit country house and garden ground museum in Canton, Massachusetts. It is operated by The Trustees of Reservations. The grounds are open every day, sunrise to sunset, without charge.

History
In 1902, Dr. Arthur Tracey Cabot (b. 1852 in Boston to Dr. Samuel Cabot III and Hannah Lowell Jackson Cabot) hired architect Charles A. Platt to design a country house with landscaping and outlying farm buildings. Its formal grounds include lawns, a walled garden, and a parterre. Dr. Cabot had seven siblings, but no children. The estate was passed on to his niece, Eleanor Cabot (daughter of his brother, Godfrey Lowell Cabot), who married Major Ralph Bradley in 1919.

In 1945, she added ponds, a camellia house and greenhouse, and planted specimen trees. Additional land includes more than 60 acre of meadows and woods, with some 3 mi of walking trails.

The property was acquired through a bequest of Eleanor Cabot Bradley in 1991.

title: Eleanor Cabot Bradley Estate


text:
Talk:Scientific literature

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Adamlawson13, Dylanvanetta, Puppylover78. Peer reviewers: Agayheart, Kwilliams14, Khall4, ChloeGui, Chloelanestalcup, Elsiesgirl1915.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:47, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I've once heard that one third of the world's scientific literature is (or was) written in Russian. Any truth in that? DirkvdM 20:04, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

proposed page split
The main article for this subject is academic publishing, so this should nogically be scientific publishing, which would discuss in somewhat more detail the publishing aspects of the scientific literature. The intellectual aspects and structure of scientific literature is really a separate subject from that, and does belong under this heading. I would propose to carry out this split by starting a new page, and moving  the appropriate text (and fixing the links)-- and then adding the rest of the material that is needed. DGG 21:44, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

problems
two problems have been inserted-- one is reuse of material--a real problem that has been discussed but needs some sourcing, and the other is that print publications do notlike usingcolor becauseof the expense.--a problem gradually becoming much lessimportant. In almost all fields ofscience, onlinepublication avoids thisdifficulty. The subjects not having online publication are byu and =large some fieldson the humanities, not sciencticv literaure. And of course there are many other problem, most of much great importance -- affordability, open access, multiplicity of publication outlets, and everything else discussed in the article and related articles.. This needs a more subtle discussion or a better way of integrating it that "problems". DGG (talk) 04:51, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Removed bias allegations
I removed the sentence that alleged bias against by English language journals against articles written in the 3rd world. No citation was provided but one had been requested and never produced. I did this because there was no evidence presented to support the claim, and the claim is against the fundamental science principle of neutrality, and it is counter-intuitive to my own empirical observations of papers being successfully published by ESL people and people in the developing world. Page should not be reverted unless citation is presented. XXVII (talk) 07:47, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Thank you reviewers.
Thank you for reviewing our article and giving feedback. if you have any more to give that would be appreciated.

Dylanvanetta (talk) 17:08, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

Suggested Source
If anyone has any motivation to improve this article, I suggest you start with this source

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1878764915001606 CT55555 (talk) 01:26, 11 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scientific literature


text:
User talk:Mdprins

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Johntex 20:04, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Notability of Bells of the Sound
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Bells of the Sound, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Bells of the Sound seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Bells of the Sound, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 07:00, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Mdprins! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 1 of the articles that you created  is currently tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:55, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) H. Dean Wagner -

Proposed deletion of H. Dean Wagner

The article H. Dean Wagner has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * non-notable BLP that has remained unsourced for a long time

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Sadads (talk) 20:13, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mdprins


text:
Sebastián Rozental

Sebastián Rozental Igualt (סבסטיאן רוזנטל; born 1 September 1976) is a Chilean former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder or striker. At club level, Rozental played for Universidad Católica (1992–1996 and 2005), Colo-Colo (2001), and Unión Española (2003–04) in his native Chile, Rangers (1997–2000) in Scotland, where he became the first player from South America to play for the club, Independiente (2001) in Argentina, Grasshoppers (2003–04) in Switzerland, and Puerto Rico Islanders in the USL First Division (2005).

Early and personal life
Rozental was born in Santiago, Chile, and is Jewish.

Rangers
Rozental became Rangers' first South American player when he signed for £4 million on 13 December 1996, the most expensive signing in Chilean history. He arrived at Rangers as a promising young talent, as he had broken into the Chile national team and was challenging Marcelo Salas and Iván Zamorano for a place in the starting eleven, following a decent scoring record at his club. He made his debut as a substitute in a league match at Motherwell. However injury struck in his second appearance for Rangers versus St Johnstone in the Scottish Cup; he started the game well and scored his first goal for the club, but was then taken off with a knee injury. He made three appearances in 1997–98 and another three in 1998–99. He had his first significant run in the team in the second half of the 1999–2000 season, helping Rangers complete a league and cup double. He made 11 appearances and scored 3 goals in the league that season, and scored twice in their cup semi final win over Ayr United. He was however left out of the squad for the final. He made 21 appearances for Rangers, scoring 6 goals.

Late career
Rozental signed for the Columbus Crew on 13 January 2006. His first goal as a Crew member came on a penalty kick on 15 April against the Chicago Fire. He played 20 games and scored 3 goals total during the 2006 season.

After spending one season with the Columbus Crew, Rozental got the Israeli citizenship and left for Israel and signed with Maccabi Petah Tikva. After failing to impress in one half season in Petah Tikva, Rozental signed a one-year contract with Maccabi Netanya.

International career
Rozental has been capped for Chile 27 times scoring 2 goals. In addition, he played for Chile B against England B on February 10, 1998. Chile won by 2-1.

He captained the Chilean squad that finished third in the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship and then scored 3 goals at the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship. Also, he took part of Chile U23 squad in the 1996 Pre-Olynpic Tournament.

Honours
Universidad Católica
 * Copa Interamericana: 1993
 * Copa Chile: 1995
 * Liga Chilena de Fútbol: Primera División: 2002 (C)

Rangers
 * Scottish Premier League: 1999–2000

Grasshoppers
 * Swiss Super League: 2002–03

Chile U17
 * FIFA U-17 World Cup third place: 1993

Individual
 * Chilean Footballer of the Year: 1996

title: Sebastián Rozental


text:
Santiago de Compostela Cathedral

The Santiago de Compostela Arch cathedral Basilica (Spanish and Galician: Catedral Basílica de Santiago de Compostela) is part of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela and is an integral component of the Santiago de Compostela World Heritage Site in Galicia, Spain. The cathedral is the reputed burial place of Saint James the Great, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ. It is also among the remaining churches in the world built over the tomb of an apostle, the other ones being St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, St Thomas Cathedral Basilica in Chennai, India and Basilica of St. John in Izmir, Turkey.

The archcathedral basilica has historically been a place of pilgrimage on the Way of St James since the Early Middle Ages and marks the traditional end of the pilgrimage route. The building is a Romanesque structure, with later Gothic and Baroque additions.

History
According to the legend, the apostle Saint James the Great brought Christianity to the Iberian Peninsula. However, in Acts 12 it is written that James was killed on order of Herod in Jerusalem.

According to legend, the tomb in Santiago was rediscovered in AD 814 by Pelagius the Hermit, after he witnessed strange lights in the night sky above the Libredon forest. Bishop Theodomirus of Iria recognized this as a miracle and informed king Alfonso II of Asturias and Galicia (791–842). The king ordered the construction of a chapel on the site. Legend has it that the king was the first pilgrim to this shrine. This was followed by the first church in AD 829 and then in AD 899 by a pre-Romanesque church, ordered by king Alfonso III of León, which caused the gradual development of this major place of pilgrimage.

In 997 the early church was reduced to ashes by Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir (938–1002), army commander of the caliph of Córdoba. St James' tomb and relics were left undisturbed. The gates and the bells, carried by local Christian captives to Córdoba, were added to the Aljama Mosque. When Córdoba was taken by king Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236, these same gates and bells were then transported by Muslim captives to Toledo, to be inserted in the Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo.

Construction of the present cathedral began in 1075 under the reign of Alfonso VI of Castile (1040–1109) and the patronage of bishop Diego Peláez. It was built according to the same plan as the monastic brick church of Saint Sernin in Toulouse, probably the greatest Romanesque edifice in France. It was built mostly in granite. Construction was halted several times and, according to the Liber Sancti Iacobi, the last stone was laid in 1122. But by then, the construction of the cathedral was certainly not finished. The cathedral was consecrated in 1211 in the presence of king Alfonso IX of Leon.

According to the Codex Calixtinus the architects were "Bernard the elder, a wonderful master", his assistants Robertus Galperinus and, later possibly, "Esteban, master of the cathedral works". In the last stage "Bernard, the younger" was finishing the building, while Galperinus was in charge of the coordination. He also constructed a monumental fountain in front of the north portal in 1122.

The city became an episcopal see in 1075 and the church its cathedral. Due to its growing importance as a place of pilgrimage, it was raised to an archiepiscopal see by Pope Callixtus II in 1120. A university was added in 1495.

It has been proposed that the peculiar lantern towers of several churches in the Duero valley (Zamora, Plasencia, Toro, Évora) were inspired by the Romanesque dome of Santiago, substituted by a Gothic one in the 15th century. The cathedral was expanded and embellished with additions in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

Exterior of the cathedral

Each of the façades along with their adjoining squares constitute a large urban square. The Baroque façade of the Praza do Obradoiro square was completed by Fernando de Casas Novoa in 1740. Also in baroque style is the Acibecharía façade by Ferro Caaveiro and Fernández Sarela, later modified by Ventura Rodríguez. The Pratarías façade, built by the Master Esteban in 1103, and most importantly the Pórtico da Gloria, an early work of Romanesque sculpture, were completed by Master Mateo in 1188.

Façade of the Obradoiro

The Obradoiro square in front of the façade alludes to the workshop (obradoiro) of stonemasons who worked on the square during the construction of the cathedral. In order to protect the Pórtico da Gloria from deterioration caused by weather, this façade and towers have had several reforms since the 16th century. In the 18th century it was decided to build the current Baroque façade, designed by Fernando de Casas Novoa. It has large glazed windows that illuminate the ancient Romanesque façade, located between the towers of the Bells and of the Ratchet. In the middle of the central body is St. James and one level below his two disciples Athanasius and Theodore, all dressed as pilgrims. In between, the urn (representing the found tomb) and the star (representing the lights Hermit Pelagius saw) between angels and clouds. The tower on the right depicts Mary Salome, mother of St. James, and the tower on the left depicts his father Zebedee. The balustrade on the left side depicts St. Susanna and St. John and the one on the right depicts St. Barbara and James the Less.

The Maximilian Staircase allows entrance to the façade. The stair was made in the 17th century by Ginés Martínez and it is of Renaissance style inspired by Giacomo Vignola of Palazzo Farnese. It is diamond-shaped with two ramps that surround the entrance to the old 12th century Romanesque crypt of the Master Mateo, popularly called the "Old Cathedral". According to Manuel Gago Mariño, the sculptures at the base of the Maximilian Staircase of the cathedral, built by Maximilian of Austria are also related to the Battle of Clavijo.

Between the existing plane of the façade of the Obradoiro and the old Romanesque portal (Pórtico da Gloria) there is a covered narthex.

This façade has become a symbol of the cathedral and the city of Santiago de Compostela. As such, it is the engraving on the back of the Spanish euro coins of 1, 2 and 5 cents.

South façade or das Pratarías

The façade of the Silverware (Pratarías in Galician) is the southern façade of the transept of the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela; it is the only Romanesque façade that is preserved in the cathedral. It was built between 1103 and 1117 and elements from other parts of the cathedral have been added in subsequent years. The square is bound by the cathedral and cloister on two sides. Next to the cathedral is the Casa do Cabido.

It has two entrance doors in degradation with archivolts and historical tympanums. The archivolts are attached over eleven columns, three are of white marble (middle and corners) and the rest of granite. In the center are the figures of twelve prophets and the Apostles on the sideline. On the tympanums is a large frieze separated from the upper body by a strip supported by grotesque corbels; on this floor are two windows decorated with Romanesque archivolts.

In the central frieze is Christ, with various characters and scenes. On the right six figures belong to the Stone choir of Master Mateo that were placed in the late 19th century. The original provision of the iconographic elements was invalidated since in the 18th century numerous images were introduced recovered from the dismantled Acibecharía façade. A central medallion shows the Eternal Father (or Transfiguration) with open hands and on the top surface there are four angels with trumpets heralding the Final Judgment.

In the tympanum of the left door is Christ tempted by a group of demons. To the right is a half-dressed woman with a skull in her hands, which could be Eve or the adulterous woman. This figure is not praying on her knees but is sitting on two lions. The jambs are Saint Andrew and Moses. In the left abutment, the Biblical King David seated on his throne with his legs crossed, translucent through the thin fabric of his clothes, and playing what appears to be a rebec, personifies the triumph over evil and is an outstanding Romanesque work, sculpted by Master Esteban. The creation of Adam and Christ's blessing is also shown. Many of these figures come from the Romanesque façade of the north or do Paraíso (current façade of the Acibecharía) and were placed on this façade in the 18th century.

In the tympanum of the right door there are several scenes from the Passion of Christ and the Adoration of the Magi. In one of the jambs is the inscription commemorating the laying of the stone:ERA / IC / XVI / V IDUS / JULLII Registration follows the Roman calendar, according to the computation of the Spanish era, corresponding to July 11, 1078. An image, unidentified, of a fox eating a rabbit and, against this, a badly dressed woman with an animal in her lap. Supported on the wall of the tower Berenguela appear other images representing the creation of Eve, Christ on a throne, and the Binding of Isaac.

North façade or da Acibecharía

The façade "da Acibecharía" (Galician name derived from the jet gemstone) is in the Praza da Inmaculada or Acibecharía, draining the last section of urban roads: French, Primitive, Northern and English through the old gate Franxígena or Paradise door. The Romanesque portal was built in 1122 by Bernardo, treasurer of the temple. This portal was demolished after suffering a fire in 1758; some sculptural pieces that were saved were placed on the façade das Pratarías. The new façade was designed in Baroque style by Lucas Ferro Caaveiro and finished by Domingo Lois Monteagudo and Clemente Fernández Sarela in the neoclassical style in 1769, although it retained some traces of the baroque.

At the top of the façade is an 18th-century statue of St. James, with two kings in prayer at his feet: Alfonso III of Asturias and Ordoño II of León. In the centre is the statue of Faith.

East façade or da Quintana
The façade of the cathedral that overlooks the Plaza de la Quintana has two gates: the Porta Real (royal gate) and the Porta Santa (holy gate). The construction of the Porta Real, baroque, was begun under the direction of José de Vega y Verdugo and by José de la Peña de Toro in 1666, and was completed by Domingo de Andrade in 1700, who built some of the columns that span two floors of windows, a balustrade with large pinnacles, and an aedicula with an equestrian statue of Saint James (now disappeared), well adorned with decorative fruit clusters and large-scale military trophies. The kings of Spain entered the cathedral through this door, hence its name, and the royal coat of arms on its lintel.

The holy door (Porta Santa) or Door of Forgiveness (Porta do Perdón) is the closest to the steps. It is usually closed with a fence and opened only in a Jacobean holy year (years when Saint James' Day, 25 July, falls on a Sunday). It was one of the seven lesser gates and was dedicated to St. Pelagius (for whom is named a convent just opposite). On this door niches contain the image of James, with his disciples Athanasius and Theodore at his side. On the bottom and sides of the door were placed twenty-four figures of prophets and apostles (including St. James) coming from the old stone choir of Master Mateo. Inside this door through a small courtyard is the true Holy Door, which enters into the ambulatory of the apse of the church.

Bell Towers
The early towers in the main façade of the cathedral were Romanesque (current façade of the Obradoiro). They are called the Torre das Campás, which is situated on the side of the Epistle (right) and Torre da Carraca, to the side of the Gospel (left). The two have a height of between 75 and 80 metres.

The first part of the tower was built in the 12th century, but in the 15th century several modifications were made and King Louis XI of France donated in 1483 the two largest of the thirteen bells.

Due to a tilt that was detected in its structure between the 16th and 17th centuries, the towers had to be reinforced with buttresses, between 1667 and 1670. The towers housing the bells were made by José de la Peña de Toro (1614–1676) in a baroque style, and completed by Domingo de Andrade. The architecture of the towers has a great effect in perspective with its vertical lines and the sequencing of its floors.

North Tower or da Carraca
It is located to the left of the façade del Obradoiro, and was built – like its partner – on the opposite side of an earlier tower of the Romanesque period. It was designed by Fernando de Casas Novoa in 1738, imitating the bell towers by Peña de Toro and Domingo de Andrade in the 17th century: baroque decorations adorned all kinds of ornamentation that provided a unifying architecture across the façade.

Clock Tower, Torre da Trindade or Berenguela

The Clock Tower, also called Torre da Trindade or, Berenguela, is at the intersection of the Pratarías square and the Quintana Square. Traditionally, construction was thought to begin in 1316, at the request of Archbishop Rodrigo del Padrón as a defence tower. After his death his successor, Archbishop Bérenger de Landore, continued work on it, though these dates are questioned by some authors. When he became main master of the cathedral, Domingo de Andrade continued with its construction and between 1676 and 1680 raised it two floors higher; the use of various structures achieved a harmonious and ornamental design, with a pyramid-shaped crown and a lantern as a final element, with four light bulbs permanently lit. It rises to 75 m.

In 1833, a clock was placed on each side of the tower by Andrés Antelo, commissioned by the Archbishop Rafael de Vélez. As part of its mechanism it has two bells, one, at the hour, called Berenguela, and a smaller one marking the quarter hours. These two were cast in 1729 by Güemes Sampedro. Berenguela has a diameter of 255 cm and a height of 215 cm, weighing approximately 9,600 kg, and the smaller weighs 1,839 kg with a diameter of 147 cm and a height of 150 cm. Both original bells cracked, forcing their replacement. The current replicas were cast in Asten (Netherlands) by the Eijsbouts house in 1989 and were placed in the cathedral in February 1990.

During a Jacobean Holy Year, pilgrims may enter the cathedral through the holy door (Porta Santa) to gain a plenary indulgence. During a holy year, the lantern of the Berenguela Tower is lit throughout the year. otherwise it stays unlit. The light acts as a lighthouse to guide pilgrims to the cathedral during the holy years.

Interior
The cathedral is 97 m long and 22 m high. It preserves its original, barrel-vaulted, cruciform, Romanesque interior. It consists of a nave, two lateral aisles, a wide transept, and a choir with radiating chapels. Compared with many other important churches, the interior of this cathedral gives a first impression of austerity until one enters further and sees the magnificent organ and the exuberance of the choir. It is the largest Romanesque church in Spain and one of the largest in Europe.

Portico of Glory
The Portico of Glory ("Pórtico da Gloria" in Galician) of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is a Romanesque portico by Master Mateo and his workshop commissioned by King Ferdinand II of León. To commemorate its completion in 1188, the date was carved on a stone and set in the cathedral, and the lintels were placed on the portico. Finalising the complete three-piece set took until 1211, when the temple was consecrated in the presence of King Alfonso IX of León.

The portico has three round arches that correspond to the three naves of the church, supported by thick piers with pilasters. The central arch, twice as wide as the other two, has a tympanum and is divided by a central column—a mullion—containing a depiction of Saint James. Vertically, the lower part is formed by the bases of the columns, decorated with fantastic animals, the middle portion consists of columns adorned with statues of the Apostles, and the upper part supports the base of the arches crowning the three doors. The sculpture is intended to serve as an iconographic representation of various symbols derived from the Book of Revelation and books of the Old Testament.

Tympanum
The arrangement of the tympanum is based on the description of Christ that John the Evangelist makes in Revelation (Chapter 1 v 1 to 18). In the centre, the Pantocrator is shown, with the image of Christ in Majesty, displaying in his hands and feet the wounds of crucifixion. Surrounding Christ is the tetramorph with the figures of the four Evangelists with their attributes: left, top St. John and the eagle and below St. Luke with the ox; on the right above, St. Matthew on the hood of the tax collector and below St. Mark and the lion.

On both sides of the evangelists, behind Mark and Luke, there are four angels on each side with the instruments of the Passion of Christ. Some are, without touching them directly, the cross and crown of thorns (left) and lance and four nails (right), another the column in which he was whipped and the jar through which Pontius Pilate proclaimed his innocence. Above the heads of these angels, two large groups of souls of the blessed, forty in all. In the archivolt of the central tympanum are seated the elders of the Apocalypse, each holding a musical instrument, as if preparing a concert in honor of God.

Mullion

In the mullion, the figure of Saint James is seated with a pilgrim's staff, as a patron of the basilica. St. James appears with a scroll which contains written Misit me Dominus (the Lord sent me). The column just above his head with a capital which represents the temptations of Christ. On three of its sides, facing the inside of the temple, two kneeling angels pray. At the foot of the saint there is another capital with the figures of the Holy Trinity. Under the Apostle there is a representation of the tree of Jesse, the name given to the family tree of Jesus Christ from Jesse, father of King David; this is the first time that this subject is represented in religious iconography in the Iberian Peninsula. The column rests on a base where there is a figure with beard to his chest (perhaps an image of Noah) and two lions. At the foot of the central column at the top inside, looking towards the main altar of the cathedral, there is the kneeling figure of the Master Mateo himself, holding a sign on which is written Architectus. This image is popularly known as Santo dos Croques from the ancient tradition of students hitting their heads against the figure for wisdom, a tradition that was adopted later by pilgrims, although steps are being taken to limit access, to stem deterioration from which the work has suffered.

Jambs
In the columns of the central door and two side doors, the apostles are represented, as well as prophets and other figures with their iconographic attributes. All are topped with its own capital which represents different animals and human heads with leaf motifs. The names of all the figures are on the books or scrolls held in their hands.

The four pillars of the portico are based on strong foundations which represent various groups of animals and human heads with beards. For some historians, these figures are images of demons and symbolize the weight of glory (the portico in this case) crushing sin. Other sources give an apocalyptic interpretation, with wars, famine and death (represented by the beasts) with situations that can only be saved by human intelligence (the heads of older men).

Side doors

The arch of the right door represents the Last Judgment. The double archivolt is divided into two equal parts by two heads. Some authors identify these heads with the figures of archangel Michael and Christ. For others, they are Christ-Judge and an angel or may indicate God the Father and God the Son. To the right of these heads, Hell is represented with figures of monsters (demons) that drag and torture the souls of the damned. On the left is Heaven with the elect, with figures of angels with children symbolizing the saved souls.

The arch of the left door depicts scenes from the Old Testament, with the righteous awaiting the arrival of the Savior. In the center of the first archivolt is God the Creator who blesses the pilgrim and holds the Book of Eternal Truth; to his right are Adam (naked), Abraham (with the index raised), and Jacob. With them are two figures that could be Noah (new father of humanity saved through the Flood) and Esau or Isaac and Judah. To the left of God are Eve, Moses, Aaron, King David and Solomon. In the second archivolt, the top, ten small figures represent the twelve tribes of Israel.

The nave
The barrel-vaulted nave and the groin-vaulted aisles consist of eleven bays, while the wide transept consists of six bays. Every clustered pier is flanked by semi-columns, three of which carry the cross vaults of the side aisles and the truss of the arched vaults, while the fourth reaches to the spring of the vault. Lit galleries run, at a remarkable height, above the side aisles around the church.

The choir is covered by three bays and surrounded with an ambulatory and five radiating chapels. The vault of the apse is pierced by round windows, forming a clerestory. The choir displays a surprising exuberance in this Romanesque setting. An enormous baldachin, with a sumptuous decorated statue of Saint James from the 13th century, rises above the main altar. The pilgrims can kiss the saint's mantle via a narrow passage behind the altar.

In the choir aisle the lattice work and the vault of the Mondragon chapel (1521) stand out. The radiating chapels constitute a museum of paintings, retables, reliquaries and sculptures, accumulated throughout the centuries. In the Chapel of the Reliquary is a gold crucifix, dated 874, containing an alleged piece of the True Cross.

Crypt
The crypt, below the main altar, shows the substructure of the 9th-century church. This was the final destination of the pilgrims. The crypt houses the relics of Saint James and two of his disciples: Saint Theodorus and Saint Athanasius. The silver reliquary (by José Losada, 1886) was put in the crypt at the end of the 19th century, after authentication of the relics by Pope Leo XIII in 1884.

Throughout the course of time, the burial place of the saint had been almost forgotten. Because of regular Dutch and English incursions, the relics had been transferred in 1589 from their place under the main altar to a safer place. They were rediscovered in January 1879.

Botafumeiro
A dome above the crossing contains the pulley mechanism to swing the "Botafumeiro", which is a famous thurible found in this church. It was created by the goldsmith José Losada in 1851. The Santiago de Compostela Botafumeiro is the largest censer in the world, weighing 80 kg and measuring 1.60 m in height. It is normally on exhibition in the library of the cathedral, but during certain important religious holidays it is attached to the pulley mechanism, filled with 40 kg of charcoal and incense. In the Jubilee Years (whenever St James's Day falls on a Sunday) the Botafumeiro is also used in all the Pilgrims' Masses. Eight red-robed tiraboleiros pull the ropes and bring it into a swinging motion almost to the roof of the transept, reaching speeds of 80 km/h and dispensing thick clouds of incense.

Other burials

 * Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao, at the Panteón de Galegos Ilustres ("Pantheon of Illustrious Galicians"), Bonaval
 * Fructuosus of Braga
 * Rosalía de Castro
 * Fernando Pérez de Traba
 * Ferdinand II of León
 * Alfonso IX of León
 * Pedro Fernández de Castro
 * Gaspar de Ávalos de la Cueva

title: Santiago de Compostela Cathedral


text:
Katarzyna Figura

Katarzyna Małgorzata Figura ( Polish pronunciation : ; born 22 March 1962) is a Polish film, theatre and television actress. She is sometimes billed as "Kasia Figura", as in Prêt-à-Porter, Robert Altman's 1994 film.

Career
Figura was born in Warsaw, Poland. She graduated from the National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw and continued her studies at the Parisian Conservatoire d'Art Dramatique. She is one of the most recognized and popular actresses in the contemporary Polish film industry. She often played blond bombshells, prostitutes, and wives of rich men. Recently, she has changed her image radically in favor of more mature characters, who are very often sorrowful and embittered.

Katarzyna Figura still appears in TV shows. For many years, she has been featured in single episodes of popular sitcoms, and has regularly appeared in the show Witches (since 2005). In 2004, she made her come-back to theater after a long-term absence. Her role in Alina to the West by Paweł Miśkiewicz in the Warsaw Drama Theater was highly regarded by the critics. She shaved her head for that role, consequently breaking from her sex symbol image. She played at Teatr Współczesny between 1985 and 1988. Branded a Polish Marilyn Monroe after her role in Radosław Piwowarski's film Pociąg do Hollywood (1987), her first big part. She lost out for roles in The Player (1992), Dracula (1992) and Goldeneye (1995).

She was awarded two Golden Lions Awards for Best Actress (1999 and 2003) at the Gdynia Film Festival as well as the Eagle Award (2004).

Private life
She has one son, Aleksander (b. 1987), with her former husband Jan Chmielewski. Her first daughter, Koko Claire Figura-Schoenhals, was born 24 October 2002 in New York, USA. Her second daughter, Kaszmir Amber, was born 27 February 2005 in Warsaw, Poland.

Selected filmography

 * Zginął pies (1976, Short)
 * Mysz (1980, TV Movie)
 * Bez końca (1985) - Asystentka hipnotyzera (uncredited)
 * Przeznaczenie (1985) - Laura
 * Rośliny trujące (1985, TV Movie) - Goga 'Saganka'
 * Osobisty pamiętnik grzesznika przez niego samego spisany (1986) - Cyntia
 * Ga. Ga. Chwała bohaterom (1986) - Once
 * Zkrocení zlého muže (1986)
 * Pierścień i róża (1987) - Rózia
 * Komediantka (1987) - Mimi Zarzycka
 * Pociąg do Hollywood (1987) - Marilyn
 * Season of Monsters (1987) - Annabella
 * Kingsajz (1988) - Ala
 * W klatce (1988) - Marta
 * Nebojsa (1989) - Cerná paní
 * Estación Central (1989) - Elena
 * Rififi po sześćdziesiątce (1989, TV Movie) - Eliza
 * Porno (1990) - Superblondyna
 * Swinka (1990) - Dolores Mendoza
 * Mleczna droga (1991, TV Movie) - The Death
 * ''Panny i wdowy (1991) - Karolina Lechicka
 * Obywatel świata (1991)
 * L'ambassade en folie (1992) - Sasha Moliniva
 * The Player (1992) - Kasia Figura
 * Screen Two (1992, TV Series) - Leni
 * Wesoła noc smutnego biznesmena (1993, TV Movie)
 * Vortice Mortale (1993) - Vida Kolba
 * Fatal Past (1994) - Jennifer Lawrence
 * Ready to Wear (1994) - Sissy's Assistant
 * Wrzeciono czasu (1995) - Matylda
 * Too Fast Too Young (1996) - Kaddy Havel
 * Germans (1996) - Maritza
 * Autoportret z kochanka (1996) - Diana
 * Bieg do drzewa (1996)
 * Słoneczny zegar (1997)
 * Historie miłosne (1997) - Kryska, zona Filipa
 * Szcześliwego Nowego Jorku (1997) - Teriza
 * Kiler (1997) - Rysia
 * Prostytutki (1998) - Grazia
 * Złoto dezerterów (1998) - Basia
 * Kiler-ów 2-óch (1999) - Rysia, Siara's Wife
 * Ajlawju (1999) - Gosia
 * Zakochani (2000) - Edyta Bobicka
 * Stacja (2001) - Wolanski's wife
 * Career of Nikos Dyzma (2002) - Nurse
 * The Pianist (2002) - Neighbour
 * Zemsta (2002) - Podstolina Hanna
 * Żurek (2003) - Halina
 * Ubu Król (2003) - Ubica
 * We're All Christs (2006) - Registry Office Clerk
 * Summer Love (2006) - The Woman
 * Aria Diva (2007, Short) - Diva Joanna
 * To nie tak, jak myślisz, kotku (2008) - Maria
 * Kochaj i tańcz (2008) - Basia - Hania's mother
 * The Magic Stone (2009)
 * Cudowne lato (2010) - Matka - Aurelia
 * Och, Karol (2011) - Judge
 * Wyjazd integracyjny (2011) - Mrs. Jadzia
 * Yuma (2012) - Halinka
 * Komisarz Blond i Oko Sprawiedliwosci (2012) - Lolek Orchiestra
 * Bejbi blues (2012) - Neighbour
 * Podejrzani zakochani (2013) - 'Fourty'
 * Panie Dulskie (2015) - Melania 'Mela'
 * Słaba płeć? (2015) - Mother
 * Papierowe gody (2017) - Agata's mother
 * Ah śpij kochanie (2017) - Ruda
 * 7 uczuć (2018) - Gosia
 * Diablo (2019) - Feliksa
 * Nerd (2019) - Norbert's Mom
 * Never Gonna Snow Again (2020) - Owner of bulldogs
 * Raz, jeszcze raz (2020) - Mother
 * Dziewczyny z Dubaju (2021) - Dorota

authors: قنديل البحر ليس لذيذًا

title: Katarzyna Figura


text:
Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland

The Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland (CHESS) was a body representative of students in Scotland, founded in 2001 by the Students' Associations of Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities, and Glasgow University's students' representative council.

CHESS is inactive and has not published minutes since April 2009.

CHESS was founded in 1999 out of the previous Scottish Ancients Group when the Students' Association at Strathclyde demonstrated an interest in membership. Membership of CHESS was compatible with membership of the National Union of Students Scotland, though at the time the organisation went dormant no members except Aberdeen University Students' Association were affiliates of National Union of Students Scotland.

The goal of CHESS was to provide a national forum for dialogue and policy enhancement on issues affecting students. The body provided a channel for representing the views of students in Scotland to national and governmental bodies.

The CHESS Executive Committee was made up of two representatives from each member institution, usually the president and one other. There were two office bearers in CHESS; the convener, who chaired meetings and represented CHESS externally, and the secretary, who dealt with all administrative matters.

Members

 * Aberdeen University Students' Association
 * Dundee University Students' Association
 * Glasgow University Students' Representative Council
 * University of St Andrews Students' Association
 * Open University Students Association in Scotland
 * Glasgow School of Art Students' Association
 * National Postgraduate Committee (dormant since 2007 )

Former members

 * Edinburgh University Students' Association (joined in 2002 as a founding member; disaffiliated on 10 January 2006 )
 * University of Strathclyde Students' Association (disaffiliated in March 2010)


text:
Talk:Face (sociological concept)

Multiple merge?
The current WP articles about sociological "face" are disorganized and redundant. While I may have overlooked some, What do you think of merging all these into one comprehensive Face (sociological concept) article? Keahapana (talk) 00:59, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Face (sociological concept) has redirects from:
 * Loss of face
 * Lose face
 * Losing face
 * Face (self image)
 * Face (Asian social concept) has redirects from:
 * Mianzi
 * Lianzi
 * To lose face
 * Lost face
 * Losing Face
 * Face (social custom)
 * Face (social concept)
 * Face (Chinese social concept)
 * Face saving has a redirect from:
 * Save face
 * Facework has a redirect from:
 * Face/Facework Theory

Merge discussion
I've tagged the above merge proposal. Any comments? Keahapana (talk) 00:47, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * No, entirely different concept. --  李博杰    | —Talk contribs email guestbook complaints 11:22, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but I don't understand what's different. The English expression lose face is borrowed from Chinese diulian 丟臉. Doesn't the literature in this field treat sociological and psychological "face" as a cultural universal? Keahapana (talk) 23:15, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Done, apparently (: not by me, mind you) --Sigmundur (talk) 01:11, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

it makes no sense that the chinese concept has no article but the roman one does 142.120.132.255 (talk) 08:12, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

An early usage
According to City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City, page 63, Sir Claude McDonald said the following in early 1898:
 * "...saving 'face', a very important consideration with Chinese..."

He seemed to be speculating on a possible reason for the Chinese wanting to retain jurisdiction in Kowloon Walled City. Not sure if this is an early enough usage to be included, but there it is if someone more knowledgeable about this subject feels it's notable. — tk tk  tk  00:16, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

This article should not be merged with any other topics, as it is a very important and distinct concept in contemporary Western psychology, as well as an old and well-established figure of speech in the English language with potential contexts and inferences that are different from its origins within the Chinese language. This article should instead be expanded to include its detailed history and origins, including the non-English equivalents and predecessors of the term, and provide links to related articles that are separate from the general subject. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cerauno (talk • contribs) 06:05, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

"Face" as a Game of Courtship
Courtship is a Game of Emotional Enhancement between Males and Females in non-Christian Semetic and Aryan societies.

For males, the ultimate objective is to win the hand of his chosen female so that he may obtain the rights to her earth chakra energies. For females, the ultimate objective is to receive as many emotional enhancements as possible from the male before accepting his offer. The more enhancements received, the more bonds are created between the male and the female.

The game, at its most base level, is played with earth chakra energies only.

The game at its most sophisticated is when complex chakra emotions and intellectual energies are engaged.

The game intensifies if the male's offers of admiration are accepted by slow degrees. This stimulates even more male energies and the game spirals upwards with increasingly sophisticated exchanges of energies between the two participants.

As this sophisticated game of enhancement progresses, the female receives many emotions of admiration for her feminine attributes of physical beauty, earth chakra energy, Isha qualities and intellectual capabilities. The male receives many emotions of admiration for his masculine attributes of strength, successfulness, skill in stimulating the female's emotions, oratorical eloquence, and intellectual capabilities. Both participants greatly increase each other's "Face", or sense of self-worth by these exchange of admiration.

The ultimate short-range goal of this sophisticated version of is to stimulate as many earth, sacral, heart and intellectual energies as possible before the female finally accepts the male's offer.

The ultimate long-range goal is to develop as many complex bonds as possible of mutual admiration, love and respect before the female gives her hand in acceptance.

The various levels played, from simple to sophisticated, are contingent upon the type of each individual's Energy as qualified by the earliest forms of social rank or caste. The game is at its most successful when the rankings are equal, and is impossible to play if the energies are too diverse in nature or quality.

Isobel Chaveh (talk • contribs) 21:00, 25 October 2016 (UTC)

 * What you just said, is one of the most insanely idiotic things I have ever heard. At no point, in your rambling, incoherent response, were you even close to anything that could be considered a rational thought.  Everyone in this room is now dumber, for having listened to it.  I award you no points, and may God have mercy on your soul.
 * Mercster (talk) 02:00, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

This makes no sense whatsoever. Could you provide some justification and documentation for such broad sweeping statements, encompassing the supposed contexts motives and functions of courtship behavior in a broad variety of cultures, many of which do not even have the concept or category of "chakras" as part of their cultural or religio-spiritual belief systems? What you wrote smacks of Woo, and projection of very particular assumptions on other quite unique cultures. Which in turn smakcs of privilege and intellectual arrogance. 208.65.192.1 (talk) 18:04, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Smacks of complete bollocks, in fact.
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 03:31, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Face (sociological concept). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110614054308/http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/Y/Ning.Yu-1/Yu-2001.pdf to http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/Y/Ning.Yu-1/Yu-2001.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061016043650/http://www.benjamins.nl:80/jbp/series/JAPC/14-2/art/0004a.pdf to http://www.benjamins.nl/jbp/series/JAPC/14-2/art/0004a.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050513045141/http://www.wpel.net:80/v11/v11n1longcope.pdf to http://www.wpel.net/v11/v11n1longcope.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:32, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

Rewriting "Facework" section?
I was going to edit this section for wording, punctuation, and grammar, but I found that I couldn't understand half of it. I checked its main cited source for clarification, only to discover that almost all of it is lifted from said source. It looks like whoever pasted it over tried to reword the passage they sourced and gave up halfway. This might also be the case for other sections of the article, if the same contributor tried their hand at a section other than just this one.

I don't know nearly enough about facework to competently rewrite this section, but it'd be great if another capable contributor could pick this up. Unslept em (talk) 09:35, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Face (sociological concept)


text:
August 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

August 18 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - August 20

All fixed commemorations below are observed on September 1 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For August 19, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on August 6.

Feasts

 * Afterfeast of the Dormition.

Saints

 * Martyr Andrew Stratelates and 2,593 soldier-martyrs with him, in Cilicia (284-305)
 * Saint Sarah the Righteous (17th century BC)
 * Saint Moses and Sarah of Alexandria (3rd century)
 * Martyrs Timothy, Agapius, and Thecla, of Palestine (304)
 * Martyrs Eutychianus, Strategius and Myron, by fire (304)

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Saint Julius, an early martyr in Rome (c. 190)
 * Saint Rufinus, a saint venerated in Mantua in Italy from early times, confessor.
 * Saint Magnus of Anagni, martyr (2nd century)
 * Saint Saint Maginus of Tarragona, hermit (3rd century)
 * Saint Sixtus III, bishop of Rome (440)
 * Saint Marianus, a hermit in the forest of Entreaigues in Berry in France, confessor (c. 515)
 * Saint Donatus, presbyter, born in Orleans in France, he lived as a hermit on Mt Jura near Sisteron in Provence (c. 535)
 * Saint Elaphius, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne in France (580)
 * Saint Mochta (Mochteus), possibly born in Wales, he founded the monastery of Louth in Ireland (6th century)
 * Saint Bertulf of Bobbio, a monk at Luxeuil in France, then went to Bobbio in Italy where he became abbot on the repose of St Attalas (640)
 * Saint Magnus of Avignon (660)
 * Saint Calminius (Calmilius), a hermit who founded the monasteries of Villars and Mauzac near Riom in France (c. 690)
 * Saint Guenninus, Bishop of Vannes in Brittany (7th century)
 * Saint Namadie (Namadia), wife of St Calminius, as a widow she became a nun at Marsat in France (c. 700)
 * Saint Sebaldus, probably born in England, he lived as a hermit near Vicenza in Italy, then preached with St Willibald in the Reichswald in Germany (c. 770)
 * Saint Credan, eighth Abbot of Evesham Abbey (780)
 * Saint Marinus, Bishop at the monastery of St Peter in Besalú in Catalonia in Spain (c. 800)
 * Saint Badulf (Badour, Badolf), a monk and Abbot of Ainay, near Lyons in France (850)
 * Saint Leovigild and Christopher, monks, martyred in Cordoba under Abderrahman II (852)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * Saint Pitirim, Bishop of Perm (1455)
 * Venerable Theophanes of Docheiariou monastery, the New Wonderworker (16th century)

New martyrs and confessors

 * Saint Nicholas Lebedev, Priest of Tver, New-Martyr (1933)
 * Saint Mary (Korepova), nun and confessor (1942)

Other commemorations

 * "Donskoy" Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (Theotokos "Of the Don"), commemoration of salvation of Moscow from the Tatar siege (1591)
 * Uncovering of the relics (1646) of St. Gennadius, Abbot of Kostroma (1565)
 * Repose of Abbess Maria (Ushakova) of Diveyevo (1904)
 * Repose of Archimandrite Spyridon (Efimov) (1984), disciple of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco.

title: August 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


text:
Talk:Anti-French sentiment

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Francophobia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070703103358/http://www.rotten.com/library/culture/american-francophobia/ to http://www.rotten.com/library/culture/american-francophobia/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:17, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

Anti-French sentiment in the United States
There's a proposal to blow up the article Anti-French sentiment in the United States, and start over. Your feedback would be welcome at this discussion. Thank you. Mathglot (talk) 01:02, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

Recent Contributions from MarioSuperstar77
In this threat to start an edit war, MarioSuperstar77 seems to feel that he can simply add a trivial instance of anti-French sentiment with one source and have it qualify for a article with an incredibly broad scope. I maintain that this is trivia and 100% WP:UNDUE. Since he's already threatening to start edit-warring over it, I thought I would attempt to head that off with a discussion here. Cheers. Benicio2020 (talk) 23:45, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Just because something is verifiable by some source, doesn't mean it automatically qualifies for inclusion in an article. If it did, articles would become bloated, unreadable collections of every occurrence of a term ever recorded or discoverable on the internet. The other aspect of this is WP:DUEWEIGHT, which says that we should "fairly represent all significant viewpoints that have been published by reliable sources, in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint in published, reliable sources." Given the wide scope of this topic, it's questionable whether such ephemeral items of limited interest represents a "significant viewpoint" that should remain in this article. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and the content we publish in the article should be the kind of thing that merits inclusion in an encyclopedia. Mathglot (talk) 07:38, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I said I was gonna undo your revision, I never stated I would start an edit-war with you. You're projecting. MarioSuperstar77 (talk) 12:04, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * You're not undoing anything. You are going to discuss here, and understand that you are the only editor with your point of view, and you are going to see other editors tell you that you are wrong, and you are going to listen to them. Benicio2020 (talk) 15:47, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * 1 v 3 is a sample too small to use the word 'only'. I would not have commented here in the first place if you did not exaggerate the one thing I said to you. I assumed you reverted my edit in bad faith since it was sourced and all, so that was why I made a comment as harsh as I did. and you are going to see other editors tell you that you are wrong, and you are going to listen to them, is this supposed to be a struggle session? For real, calm down, what's your problem? You're being so antagonizing for no good reason. MarioSuperstar77 (talk) 16:40, 23 August 2021 (UTC)
 * cool it, just try to be diplomatic... you started this discussion with an attempt to discredit ... focus on the content. There's no need to demean him or be rude; he did  NOT  threaten to start an edit war... stop being uncivil. Put down your weapons bro.
 * Now onto the real discussion. The section in question is trivial. We've already talked about the "frogs" content (on Benicio's talk page), but about the singular tweet... that totally is WP:UNDUE. One tweet does not constitute France being unfrequently the target of either mockery or vicious criticism. I agree with above--just because it's reported by a reputable source does not automatically qualify its inclusion into an encyclopedia article. EDIT: forgot signature --PerpetuityGrat (talk) 13:19, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

Make "1.1.1 Britain" section more accessible to readers
The "1.1.1 Britain" section was a little hard to follow as it was. I made a few edits that are about using more accessible language and providing some extra historical context I believe is necessary for those with no knowledge of English history. Nxavar (talk) 10:24, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

Battle of France
Six weeks doesn"t make a months . This statment are false and fuel the francophobia and hide the retreat of Dunkirk who played a massive role in the surrender of France . 2A01:CB00:456:9C00:4C86:BAB:5A72:BAD4 (talk) 10:57, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anti-French sentiment


text: User talk:80.3.32.8

title: User talk:80.3.32.8


text:
Walk, Don't Run (film)

Walk, Don't Run is a 1966 American romantic comedy film directed by Charles Walters (his final theatrical release), and starring Cary Grant (in his final film role), Samantha Eggar, and Jim Hutton. The film is set during the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and is a remake of the 1943 film The More the Merrier. The title stems from the basic rule of racewalking: that competitors must not run at any point (both feet leaving the ground).

Plot
In 1964, important British businessman Sir William Rutland arrives two days early in Tokyo and encounters a housing shortage caused by the 1964 Summer Olympics. While at the British Embassy seeking help, he spots an advertisement for a roommate and soon finds himself at the residence of Christine Easton, who insists it would be improper to take him in as a housemate. Easton had forgotten to advertise that she wanted to sublet to a woman, but eventually, lets Rutland stay.

Rutland sublets half of his space to American Olympic competitor Steve Davis, without consulting Easton. While Easton is less than thrilled with the arrangement, she has to put up with it, as she has already spent Rutland's share of the rent. Rutland sets about playing matchmaker for the two young people, in spite of their disparate personalities and Easton's engagement to a boringly dependable British diplomat, Julius D. Haversack.

Davis repeatedly dodges questions about his Olympic sport. Rutland meddles in the young couple's romantic troubles. To further his matchmaking, he strips down to his boxer shorts and a T-shirt so he can pretend to be a competitor and talk to Davis during his event, the 50-kilometre walk, and eventually heals the breach between the young lovers.

Production
Filming locations were at the Hotel Okura Tokyo, Embassy of the United Kingdom, Tokyo, and Yoyogi National Gymnasium.

Grant retired from acting to focus on raising his daughter. He died in 1986.

Score
The film's music was composed by Quincy Jones, with Peggy Lee contributing to the writing of the songs "Stay with Me" and "Happy Feet".

Personnel

 * Quincy Jones – composer, conductor
 * Toots Thielemans – harmonica, whistles
 * Harry "Sweets" Edison – trumpet
 * Bud Shank – reeds
 * Earl Palmer – drums
 * Carol Kaye – electric bass
 * Emil Richards – percussion
 * Don Elliot Voices – vocals on "Happy Feet"
 * Tony Clementi – vocals on "Stay with Me"
 * Jack Hayes, Leo Shuken – orchestrations
 * Richard Hazard – vocal orchestrations

Reception
The film grossed $7,500,000 at the box office, earning $4.5 million in US theatrical rentals. It was the 29th highest grossing film of 1966.

title: Walk, Don't Run (film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/It's a Dio Christmas

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:56, 7 September 2005 (UTC)  This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 09:05, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

It's a Dio Christmas
No record of this album exists. False information. SeannyFunco 20:08, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Al 20:48, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom Groeck 20:49, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jachin 22:35, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. -Hmib 02:26, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete joke. I like the Elven Workers Union song, though. --  Etacar11   02:43, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Medial collateral ligament

The medial collateral ligament (MCL), also called the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) or tibial collateral ligament (TCL), is one of the major ligaments of the knee. It is on the medial (inner) side of the knee joint and occurs in humans and other primates. Its primary function is to resist valgus (inward bending) forces on the knee.

Structure
It is a broad, flat, membranous band, situated slightly posterior on the medial side of the knee joint. It is attached proximally to the medial epicondyle of the femur immediately below the adductor tubercle; below to the medial condyle of the tibia and medial surface of its body.

It resists forces that would push the knee medially, which would otherwise produce valgus deformity. It provides up to 78% of the restraining force that resists valgus (inward pressing) loads on the knee.

The fibers of the posterior part of the ligament are short and incline backward as they descend; they are inserted into the tibia above the groove for the semimembranosus muscle.

The anterior part of the ligament is a flattened band, about 10 centimeters long, which inclines forward as it descends.

It is inserted into the medial surface of the body of the tibia about 2.5 centimeters below the level of the condyle.

Crossing on top of the lower part of the MCL is the pes anserinus, the joined tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles; a bursa is interposed between the two.

The MCL's deep surface covers the inferior medial genicular vessels and nerve and the anterior portion of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle, with which it is connected by a few fibers; it is intimately adherent to the medial meniscus.

Development
Embryologically and phylogenically, the ligament represents the distal portion of the tendon of adductor magnus muscle. In lower animals, adductor magnus inserts into the tibia. Because of this, the ligament occasionally contains muscle fibres. This is an atavistic variation.

Injury
An MCL injury can be very painful and is caused by a valgus stress to a slightly bent knee, often when landing, bending or on high impact. It may be difficult to apply pressure on the injured leg for at least a few days. It can be caused by a direct blow to lateral side of knee. The most common knee structure damaged in skiing is the medial collateral ligament, although the carve turn has diminished the incidence somewhat. MCL strains and tears are also fairly common in American football. The center and the guards are the most common victims of this type of injury due to the grip trend on their cleats, although sometimes it can be caused by a helmet striking the knee. The number of football players who get this injury has increased in recent years. Companies are currently trying to develop better cleats that will prevent the injury. MCL is also crucially affected in breaststroke and many professional swimmers suffer from chronic MCL pains.

There are three distinct levels in a MCL injury. Grade 1 is a minor sprain, grade 2 in a major sprain or a minor tear, and grade 3 is a major tear. Based on the grade of the injury treatment options will vary.

Treatment
Depending on the grade of the injury, the lowest grade (grade 1) can take between 2 and 10 weeks for the injury to fully heal. Recovery times for grades 2 and 3 can take several weeks to several months.

Treatment of a partial tear or stretch injury is usually conservative. Most injuries that are partial and isolated can be treated without surgery. This includes measures to control inflammation as well as bracing. Kannus has shown good clinical results with conservative care of grade II sprains, but poor results in grade III sprains. As a result, more severe grade III and IV injuries to the MCL that lead to ongoing instability may require arthroscopic surgery. However, the medical literature considers surgery for most MCL injuries to be controversial. Isolated MCL sprains are common.

title: Medial collateral ligament


text:
Lateral collateral ligament

Lateral collateral ligament can refer to:
 * Fibular collateral ligament, a ligament in the knee
 * Lateral collateral ligament of ankle joint
 * Radial collateral ligament of elbow joint

title: Lateral collateral ligament


text:
Dines Bjørner

Professor Dines Bjørner (born 4 October 1937, in Odense) is a Danish computer scientist.

He specializes in research into domain engineering, requirements engineering and formal methods. He worked with Cliff Jones and others on the Vienna Development Method (VDM) at IBM Laboratory Vienna (and elsewhere). Later he was involved with producing the RAISE (Rigorous Approach to Industrial Software Engineering) formal method with tool support.

Bjørner was a professor at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) from 1965–1969 and 1976–2007, before he retired in March 2007. He was responsible for establishing the United Nations University International Institute for Software Technology (UNU-IIST), Macau, in 1992 and was its first director. His magnum opus on software engineering (three volumes) appeared in 2005/6.

To support VDM, Bjørner co-founded VDM-Europe, which subsequently became Formal Methods Europe, an organization that supports conferences and related activities. In 2003, he instigated the associated ForTIA Formal Techniques Industry Association.

Bjørner became a knight of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1985. He received a Dr.h.c. from the Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic in 2004. In 2021, he obtained a Dr. techn. from the Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. He is a Fellow of the IEEE (2004) and ACM (2005). He has also been a member of the Academia Europaea since 1989.

In 2007, a Symposium was held in Macau in honour of Dines Bjørner and Zhou Chaochen. In 2021, Bjørner was elected to a Formal Methods Europe (FME) Fellowship.

Bjørner is married to Kari Bjørner, with two children and five grandchildren.

Selected books

 * Domain Science and Engineering: A Foundation for Software Development, Bjørner, D. Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science, An EATCS Series, Springer Nature. Hardcover ISBN 978-3-030-73483-1; softcover ISBN 978-3-030-73486-2; eBook ISBN 978-3-030-73484-8 (2021).
 * Software Engineering 1: Abstraction and Modelling, Bjørner, D. Texts in Theoretical Computer Science, An EATCS Series, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-21149-7 (2005).
 * Software Engineering 2: Specification of Systems and Languages, Bjørner, D. Texts in Theoretical Computer Science, An EATCS Series, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-21150-0 (2006).
 * Software Engineering 3: Domains, Requirements, and Software Design, Bjørner, D. Texts in Theoretical Computer Science, An EATCS Series, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-21151-9 (2006).
 * Formal Specification and Software Development, Bjørner, D. and Jones, C.B. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-329003-4 (1982).
 * The Vienna Development Method: The Meta-Language, Bjørner, D. and Jones, C.B. (editors). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 61, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-08766-4 (1978).

title: Dines Bjørner