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Talk:Lewisville, Indiana

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title: Talk:Lewisville, Indiana


text:
Eamon Everall

Eamon Everall (born 6 October 1948) is an English artist and educator. He was one of the 12 founder members of the Stuckists art group. He paints in a "neo-cubist" style, with subjects from life worked on over a long period.

Life and career
He was born in Aldershot, Hampshire in an army family. He spent his childhood years in the UK, Europe and Asia, and attended 14 schools, including in Germany and the Far East. The last of these were St Edmunds School, Dover, and The Harvey Grammar School, Folkestone, both in Kent, England.

He studied art at the now-defunct Folkestone School of Art, and then Waltham Forest School of Art (now University of East London). He took a postgraduate course in advanced printmaking at Wimbledon School of Art, specialising in printmaking. After college he travelled abroad, and ended up working on a Rhine river steamer, then worked as a postman and a dustman.

1974–76, Everall won an ARCUK (Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom) scholarship and studied architecture at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, London. For the following twelve years he repaired musical instruments, was a builder's assistant labourer, antique fair promoter and part-time art lecturer.

From 1988 onwards, he has divided his week between his studio practice and working as Head of Art & Design, Redbridge Institute, London. He said that "adult learners really can turn out the goods and produce work of great depth and wit" and that he sees entry level students regularly gaining university places.

In 1996, he gained a post-graduate degree (MA) in Visual Theory. He was a founder member of the Stuckist art movement in 1999, and has been an exhibitor in all their main group shows since then. In 2000 he curated the Stuckist exhibition at the Metropole Arts Centre in Folkestone.

In 2004, he was one of the fourteen "founder and featured" artists in The Stuckists Punk Victorian held at the Walker Art Gallery for the Liverpool Biennial. In 2006, he was one of the ten "leading Stuckists" in the Go West exhibition at Spectrum London gallery.

He lives in east London on the edge of Epping Forest, practises Buddhist meditation, and lives frugally; his early years in Malaya have created a lasting taste for hot, spicy food.

Art
Everall creates vivid compositions incorporating elements of neo-cubism. He mostly works from life and observation, although there is considerable interpretation in the result.

Some of his paintings may take several years to complete, as changes are made and the composition revised over many layers. He is also technically knowledgeable, studying theories of "paint chemistry, technique, history of art, composition and the perceptual process. I consider such knowledge an essential part of the painter's method."

He goes on Buddhist meditation retreats, and this can inform his work: the idea for a painting The Gift came to him "in a flash" during one. He refrains from talking about the meaning of the painting, as it "works on a number of different levels. I'm trying to create paintings which can be revisited time and time again, so the viewer finds a growing set of meanings and sensations."

The basic subject of the painting is a woman standing behind a cluttered table of plates, fruit and books, and seen through a doorway (the painting is the shape and size of a door). There is an empty chair next to her and a guitar in between.

Behind her is what appears to be a window showing a typical English residential street. The woman's hands hold a wooden tray upon which lie an assortment of papers and magazines. Different viewpoints, visual perspectives and facetted images are employed throughout the painting which is built upon a vertical pictorial geometry based on a golden section rectangle and a square.

As of 2008, Everall is working on a series of paintings portraying artists associated with Stuckism. Completed so far are portraits of Billy Childish and Charles Thomson (co-founders of Stuckism), Ella Guru and Mark D, plus one of himself. All the portraits are either wholly from life or using drawings made from life, backed up with his own photos. The intention is to create more than 20 such works in the coming year.

As well as producing paintings and related 2D art work, Everall also creates 3D works which range from small palm sized ceramic pieces to large outdoor stone sculpture. He won a commission for a Millennium sculpture in East London.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eamon Everall


text:
Talk:Jonathan Frid

Born of Scottish and English ancestry
There's a fact tag on "Born of Scottish and English ancestry..." I propose:
 * Born of Scottish and Englishfact ancestry,

Note the book source only supports the claim of Scottish heritage ("Jonathan Frid formed a production company called Clunes Associates in the [sic] 1986 to produce and promote his one-man shows.  The name came from Frid's ancestral homestead in Scotland."). Good luck finding anything about English ancestry; too many false hits on the English language. TJRC (talk) 00:56, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Danger High voltage! 02:53, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Note that JF himself referred to his own English ancestry from his father's side of the family when asked by an interviewer in an interview for the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Foundation in 2008. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.99.31.173 (talk) 10:32, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

In his interview/feature in 'Fantastic Monsters of Filmland', English, German and Danish ancestry is mentioned. They do not mention Scottish ancestry, though it has been stated in official books and his mother was certainly Scottish (McGregor). The Mummy (talk) 23:03, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Date of death
John passed away on Friday, April 13th, 2012 in Hamilton, Ontario. Would someone please help me edit this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.31.24.184 (talk) 00:17, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

Please note that changes or additions to Wikipedia must be accompanied by a reliable source citation. Please do not make uncited claims, please do not change claims to say something that the cited source does not. The Hamilton, Ontario, newspaper and NBC's Today show website both give April 14. The April 13 date came from a fan site, not a journalistic source. Please see WP:VERIFY for the policy. Reverting in contradiction of cited sources is considered vandalism. WP:3RR does not apply to reverts for vandalism. -- Tenebrae (talk) 21:47, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I have reported this content dispute to WP:RFPP and WP:3RR. TomCat4680 (talk) 21:54, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

Seems there's an edit war that I may have inadvertently taken part of here, over his date of death.

Some sources say he died on April 13: Others, April 14:
 * E!
 * LA Times
 * Washington Post
 * New York Daily News
 * MSN*
 * Hamilton News*
 * New York Daily News
 * These two sources are currently included in the article.

Interestingly, the New York Daily News article earlier today said April 13; but has now been updated to say April 14. The article is tagged as having been updated 3 hours after its initial publication, but no indication of what the edit was. It looks to me like April 14 is the correct date; but I must admit that I really want it to have been Friday the Thirteenth. TJRC (talk) 01:12, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Add Newsday, which says it spoke to the family, to the April 14 list. --Tenebrae (talk) 02:48, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Add Kathryn Leigh Scott Scott's blog has posted a message from Frid's family mentioning the date mix up and clarified the date to be April 13. Sissyangel (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 15:50, 20 April 2012 (UTC).

 * He died the 13th. Many sources claim it, so unprotect it so someone can put the right info down so the family is not mad and people are misleaded. Entertainer91 (talk) 18:32, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/20/arts/television/jonathan-frid-ghoulish-dark-shadows-star-dies-at-87.html According to this New York Times article Johnathan Frid died on April 13th not April 14th. 24.129.63.245 (talk) 22:53, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

 * The New York Times has since run a correction, and now says April 14. --Tenebrae (talk) 23:39, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

 * The date of Jonathan Frid's death was Friday, April 13th, not April 14th as stated in the article. Thank you! 76.18.117.50 (talk) 23:15, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

 * He died on the 13th rather than the 14th of April 76.241.98.151 (talk) 23:26, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

There is an ongoing discussion on the different dates given by different sources, as you can see above, so let's add the nytimes to the list, and see if we can figure out which is the right one. Protection of the article should not be lifted until a firm conclusion on this can be reached. Nightscream (talk) 23:45, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

Reuters 13th of April. His obituary notice should have appeared in a local (Hamilton Ontario) paper of record. AndroidCat (talk) 13:06, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

 * And indeed, The Hamilton Spectator says April 14: "Frid’s character to live on: Hamilton actor helped make 1960s Dark Shadows a cult classic". --Tenebrae (talk) 14:16, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I'd note that Kathryn Leigh Scott's blog, which carries the purported family statement that USA Today cites (and some papers have used from there), says this supposed statement was given to the fan site Shadowgram . But nothing of the sort appears there. And since Newsday cites a family member for April 14, this raises questions. --Tenebrae (talk) 14:31, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

IT WAS REPORTED THAT MR. FRID DIED ON FRIDAY THE 13TH NOT ON SATURDAY THE 14TH. --76.89.208.78 (talk) 03:16, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

 * IT WAS ALSO REPORTED THAT MR. FRID DIED ON SATURDAY THE 14TH NOT ON FRIDAY THE 13TH.
 * Geez, turn your caps-lock key off and read a few posts above, will you? --Tenebrae (talk) 03:49, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Please don't shout. You must be more specific about exactly what you would like changed and gain consensus for that change. Danger High voltage! 04:36, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. This is at least the third time someone has started a new edit request section just to state what they think the date of death is, because they didn't bother reading the talk page. Nightscream (talk) 16:38, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Date of death proposal
It seems like it may be some time before we have any authoritative information on the date of Frid's death, if ever. In the meantime, the article says with apparent confidence "April 14." I propose that we acknowledge the uncertainty for the time being. Specifically:

 * In the lede, use "(December 2, 1924 – April 13 or 14, 2012)";
 * In the infobox, use "April, 2012 (aged 87)" (note, hard-coding instead of using death date and age)
 * In the section "Death," stating: "Frid died of natural causes in April 2012, at Juravinski Hospital in Hamilton, Ontario.[cites] News report vary as to whether the date of death was April 13[cites] or April 14.[cites]

Any objections? TJRC (talk) 21:34, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Note, if this sounds like an acceptable approach, I'll put together a formal edit request, with the formatted cites and all. TJRC (talk) 21:36, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Excellent idea, and we have a precedent with formatting in the infobox etc. at David Kelly (actor). --Tenebrae (talk) 23:47, 23 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, the most accurate reporting would be to say there is a discrepancy and cite sources for each. Great solution.842U (talk) 01:43, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

Hmmm... only one editor concurring. Is this enough to call a consensus? TJRC (talk) 19:39, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, I've gone through this kind of thing more often than I'd care to, and the way it's always seemed to work out — whether quickly, as at David Kelly, or after months and months, as at Demi Moore regarding her birth name — is to give 2 or 3 reliable-source citations for each contention. Unless we've got something like the Social Security Death Index (which wouldn't help in this case since he's not a US citizen), there's pretty much no way to ascertain if equally reliable sources disagree. --Tenebrae (talk) 23:54, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Taking a bold move, I took the information as recommended by TJRC and placed them in the artcile. Will someone please cite the article (I placed the cite needed templates in those places).  Thank you. swinquest (talk) 21:13, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Will do. On it. --Tenebrae (talk) 23:26, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

 * BTW, The New York Times just ran a correction: "This article has been revised to reflect the following correction: Correction: April 24, 2012: "An obituary on Friday about the actor Jonathan Frid, using information from a colleague, misstated the date of his death. It was April 14, not April 13." --Tenebrae (talk) 23:26, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

cc of post at User talk:Rusted AutoParts

 * Well, it's more than speculation — it was reported the 13th by the LA Times, the Washington Post and USA Today, to name three major papers. And both they and the ones saying the 14th have cited family sources since the family made a premature statement and then told a few papers something different. So that's not a practical phrase. And having someone shoot the tombstone is OR.

 * With all due respect, when major WP:RS papers contradict themselves, we can only report what they all say. Picking one over the other is POV. It also goes against the consensus on the article talk page.--Tenebrae (talk) 03:01, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Identity of Father
The source cited for Frid's father, Herbert Percival "H.P." Frid, does mention someone by that name, but does not make it clear that he is the father of Jonathan, the actor, as it never mentions Jonathan. Can we find other sources for this? Nightscream (talk) 06:05, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Concur. After giving it over a week, with no clarifiers or additional citations forthcoming, I've commented-out that section and the uncited information that followed, until WP:RS citing is found. --Tenebrae (talk) 14:28, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Is Maclean's a reliable source?  It says "the youngest son of Herbert Percival Frid, a wealthy construction executive, and his wife, Isabella Flora Frid (née McGregor)"; but that's a near-paraphrase of the Wikipedia article as it appeared at the time; and it's hard to tell whether the writer was cribbing from it. TJRC (talk) 23:56, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

 * One of Canada's most respected magazines, and there is information here that appears to have been generated independently. But you're right about the near-paraphrase — that's troublesome. --Tenebrae (talk) 23:23, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

Hi All, thought I'd contribute a bit to clarify the issue of John/Jonathan's father. He was indeed Herbert Percival Frid, as can be seen on a birth record from "Ontario, Canada Births, 1832-1917" on Ancestry. His name is also confirmed in the "1921 Census of Canada" on Ancestry, where his full name was also recorded. I saw a video of Jonathan where he was being driven around Hamilton & was pointing out his boyhood home(s), where he mentioned certain streets; I was able to find him easily in the Canada Census. In the "1931 Census of Canada" on Ancestry, Jonathan is listed as "John", age 6, along with his brothers-- their names were not abbreviated. It is my understanding from an Internet source I read recently (I don't remember where) that Jonathan was his stage name. My credentials: I am primarily an Archaeologist, but secondarily a Historian, & have been doing Genealogy for 30 years. Feel free to use these sources for citations if desired-- I don't know how to do that-- I have only be a 'light' editor on Wiki for many years. If there are any further questions, don't hesitate to ask. Cheers. SaturnCat (talk) 06:40, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

Frid's Hamilton Lifestyle
Hi. I just noticed tht this article on Mr. Frid was taken off a few months back. http://www.hamiltonnews.com/news/remembering-jonathan-frid/

Any reason on why? I think it does contribute much information on his Canadian lifestyle that many do not know. Hired Ghoul (talk) 01:37, 5 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The article's history shows that the reference was removed on December 6th 2012 by IP address 70.67.178.170, with the comment "Death". I think you could reasonable replace it. Maproom (talk) 12:07, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Did so. Freaking irresponsible anon IPs. --Tenebrae (talk) 17:17, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hello, I am assisting a former partner of Jonathan Frid in adding new information to his page. It's my first time editing so I am bound to make some errors (links,etc.) that I will fix as I learn how. Karamel patti (talk) 20:06, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Giving up for now. I'll try again tomorrow. Karamel patti (talk) 22:54, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

Advice on citation needed
Hello, I am preparing a small edit to the Jonathan Frid page for which I propose using this as a citation: Dark Shadows and Beyond - the Jonathan Frid Story, a 2021 Emmy-Award nominated documentary released by MPIMediaGroup, produced and directed by Mary O'Leary, herself a 5-time Daytime Emmy Award Winner (there is a short Wikipedia page about her). The documentation has also received many film festival award including a Telly Award. My question is how to provide a link for the citation since there is not (yet) a Wikipedia page for this documentary. So far I see the following options - could someone advise which one (or a different one) would be the best option?

 * 1) Jonathanfrid.org, where one can play the trailer for the documentary and which has links to where it can be watched for free (like Tubi) or purchased (like Amazon.com).
 * 2) The Youtube trailer for the documentary.
 * 3) A link to where the documentary can be played on Tubi. (seems temporary since they could at some point remove it)
 * 4) A link to where the documentary can be purchased on Amazon.com (seems a bit like an advertisement)
 * 5) A Youtube video recording a discussion between the host and several of the Dark Shadows TV series actors talking about and introducing the release of the documentary.

I'm thinking #1 may be the best course of action? Any recommendations would be greatly appreciated. Karamel patti (talk) 21:09, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

 * P.S. When citing, I will include a timestamp of where the information I am referencing is located in the documentary.
 * Sorry for the typo above: I typed documentation, I meant documentary. Karamel patti (talk) 21:12, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
 * use # 3. Provide as much information as possible (timestamp, name, date published, directors, production company, date the Tubi version was accessed, and so on). That way, when the link goes down, someone could still verify the information (such as by purchasing the documentary or borrowing it through a library). Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 23:17, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I appreciate the help. Karamel patti (talk) 00:19, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

David Howitt - nephew vs. cousin
Hello, I noticed a discrepancy between the newspaper article cited for "Frid's nephew David Howitt..", in which Mr. Howitt is noted as Jonathan Frid's nephew, and a different newspaper article where he is noted as Jonathan Frid's cousin (last page of The Hamilton Spectator's article here: thespec.com/news/hamilton-region/flashbacks-hamilton/2022/03/08/hamilton-actor-jonathan-frid-documentary-dark-shadows.html, which sometimes asks me to subscribe to see the article and sometimes doesn't - I have a PDF of the article if needed). So I checked the documentary here: tubitv.com/movies/637245/dark-shadows-and-beyond-the-jonathan-frid-story. At about timestamp 5:14 David Howitt is speaking on camera and the title says "David Howitt, Jonathan's Cousin". Later in the documentary David Howitt says "Uncle John." I was able to contact the 5-time Emmy Award-Winning producer of the documentary, Mary O'Leary, by phone, to ask about the seeming conflict. Ms. O'Leary confirmed that David Howitt is Mr. Frid's cousin, but that he called him "Uncle John" as an endearment because of their age difference. Ms. O'Leary noted that she was the one who was interviewing Mr. Howitt on camera in that segment of the documentary. Considering that Mr. Howitt referred/refers to Mr. Frid as "Uncle John", it seems understandable that the newspaper article cited for "Frid's nephew David Howitt" would therefore assume that Mr. Howitt was indeed Mr. Frid's nephew and not actually his cousin. Thoughts? Concerns? Is this clarification and evidence sufficient to change the wording in the page to "cousin" and adjust the citations accordingly? Karamel patti (talk) 03:21, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi, having received no comment and since there could be confusion on a reader's part between "cousin" potentially being used in the text (with citations), and the current cited newspaper article saying "nephew", I propose changing "nephew" to the more generic "relative." I'll go ahead and do that; please let me know if there are any objections. Karamel patti (talk) 02:54, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jonathan Frid


text:
Talk:Tuner

Sorry, I meant to just remove the dead links.Andycjp ２３rd Aug 2005 I found a crystal about 3 inches long and 1.5 inches wide at the end of Sand Creek road in Brentwood California, in Contra Costa County I think that there is another Brentwood in Southern California. There are bee hives a short hike off the road, on the ridge just before they become visible. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.166.144.11 (talk) 16:45, 5 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tuner


text: Talk:Mooreland, Indiana

title: Talk:Mooreland, Indiana


text:
Sergio Momesso

Sergio Francesco Momesso (born September 4, 1965) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who spent 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1983 and 1997.

Playing career
Momesso played his junior hockey for the Shawinigan Cataractes of the QMJHL, and was drafted 27th overall in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft by his hometown Montreal Canadiens. He made his NHL debut the following season at the age of 18, playing a single game for the Canadiens, but remained in junior for most of the following two seasons. In 1984–85, he recorded 56 goals and 146 points in 64 games, along with 216 penalty minutes, and was named QMJHL Player of the Year.

Montreal Canadiens and St. Louis Blues
For the 1985–86 NHL season, Momesso made the Canadiens' roster out of training camp and meshed well on a line with Brian Skrudland and Mike McPhee, recording 8 goals and 15 points in his first 24 games to start his career. However, he suffered a knee injury in December 1985 against the Boston Bruins that shelved him for the rest of the season; it also cost him an opportunity to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup, as Montreal would win the championship that season. The Canadiens still include Momesso in the 1986 championship team picture, and gave him a Stanley Cup ring. Momesso would spend two more seasons in Montreal but never recaptured the form of his rookie year. After the 1987–88 season, the Canadiens traded him to the St. Louis Blues along with goaltender Vincent Riendeau for Jocelyn Lemieux, Darrell May, and a second-round draft pick in 1989 (which Montreal used to select Patrice Brisebois).

After his first season in St. Louis, during which he recorded 26 points in 53 games, Momesso's career took an upward turn in 1989–90 when he was placed on a line with Brett Hull and Adam Oates. Spending much of the season on the Blues' top line, Momesso turned in the most productive year of his career, finishing with 24 goals and 32 assists for 56 points, along with 199 penalty minutes. However, he would lose his spot on the top line in 1990–91, and recorded just 10 goals through his first 59 appearances.

Vancouver Canucks
At the trade deadline in 1991, the Blues dealt Momesso to the Vancouver Canucks in a six-player deal along with Geoff Courtnall, Cliff Ronning, and Robert Dirk in exchange for Garth Butcher and Dan Quinn. The trade would turn out to favour Vancouver, as all four players they acquired would be significant contributors for several seasons. Momesso got his Canuck career off to a fine start, recording 6 goals in 11 games to help the team on a successful late-season push to qualify for the playoffs.

Momesso's stay in Vancouver would be the longest stop of his career. Through his first two seasons with the Canucks, he largely played on a line with Jim Sandlak and former St. Louis teammate Cliff Ronning, with the two large wingers, Sandlak and Momesso, used to create space for centre Ronning. As a result, the line would be known as "the Twin Towers." In 1991–92, he played some of the best hockey of his career, finishing with 20 goals and 43 points despite missing 26 games due to injury. In 1992–93, he had another solid year with 18 goals and 38 points, as well as a career-high 200 penalty minutes.

1993–94 would be a struggle for Momesso, as he finished with just 27 points, his lowest total since 1989. However, he redeemed himself in the 1994 playoffs, as his strong physical play on a line with Martin Gelinas and Nathan LaFayette was one of the catalysts for Vancouver's run to the Stanley Cup Finals. Along the way, he scored an overtime winner in the second round of the playoffs against the Dallas Stars.

After Vancouver
After a solid performance during the lockout-shortened 1994–95 season with 25 points in 48 games, Momesso was dealt to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Mike Ridley. He never found his legs in Toronto and was dealt after only 54 games to the New York Rangers, finishing the season with 11 goals and 23 points in 73 games. In 1996–97, he was dealt mid-season back to the St. Louis Blues, and finished the year with 1 goal and 4 points in 40 games.

Unable to get another NHL contract, Momesso signed with Kölner Haie in Germany and enjoyed four successful seasons in the DEL before retiring in 2001. He finished his NHL career with totals of 152 goals and 193 assists for 345 points in 710 games, along with 1557 penalty minutes. He never missed the NHL playoffs in his career, and recorded 18 goals and 26 assists for 44 points in 119 postseason games.

He returned to North America to act as an assistant coach at Concordia University and for Shawinigan. Momesso's family owns a restaurant in Montreal's Notre-Dame-de-Grâce district and Sergio has opened his own restaurant, Cafe Momesso.

On September 16, 2010, it was announced that Momesso would join the broadcast team with CJAD radio as colour commentator and game analyst for Montreal Canadiens broadcasts.

Momesso is now an analyst with TSN690 and regularly joins Off the Cuff with Chris Nilan on a weekly basis.

Personal life
Momesso's Italian-born father, Alessandro was an all-star soccer player in Montreal. Two of Momesso's nephews, Marco and Giulio Scandella, are professional ice hockey players.

Post playing media career
He has been giving radio commentary for Montreal Canadiens hockey on the English-language radio station with the play-by-play rights working for CJAD until the end of the 2010-2011 season. For the 2011-2012 season, Team 990 the Montreal TSN Radio station obtained English language rights for games and Momesso currently provides commentary for them.

title: Sergio Momesso


text:
Talk:Visio Corporation

Untitled
this links to the wrong ted johnson —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.45.4.118 (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Visio Corporation


text:
User:Alfred Centauri/sandbox

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula

TL
(Note: In the following, subscript notation is used for 1st and 2nd partial derivatives.)

For an ideal lossless two conductor transmission line (TL), the voltage across the conductors and the current through the conductors must satisfy the following equations:

 * $$V_x + L I_t = 0 \,$$

 * $$I_x + C V_t = 0 \,$$

where L and C are the inductance and capacitance per unit length of the TL.

These equations lead to the following wave equations for the voltage and current:

 * $$V_{xx} - LC V_{tt} = 0 \,$$

 * $$I_{xx} - LC I_{tt} = 0 \,$$

Consider such a TL of unit length that is unterminated at both ends. The current at the ends of the TL is constrained to be zero. With these boundary conditions, the solution to the current wave equation is:

 * $$I(x,t) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n(t) \sin(n \pi x) \,$$

where

 * $$a_n(t) = 2 \left [ \left ( \cos(\frac{n \pi t}{\sqrt{LC}}) \int_{0}^{1} I(x,0) \sin(n \pi \tau)\, d\tau \right ) + \left ( \sin(\frac{n \pi t}{\sqrt{LC}}) \int_{0}^{1} I_t(x,0) \sin(n \pi \tau)\, d\tau \right ) \right ]$$

For

 * $$I(x,t) = 0 \,$$

the only solution is the trivial solution:

 * $$a_n(t) = 0 \,$$

which can only be true when the initial conditions are:

 * $$I(x,0) = I_t(x,0) = 0 \,$$

Thus:

 * $$V_x = 0 \Rightarrow \ V(x,t) = constant \,$$

That is, for a finite length ideal lossless TL that is unterminated at both ends, there is no possible superposition of waves that give the solution V(x,t) = constant, I(x,t) = 0.

 * works for me. Pfalstad 02:23, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Capacitor Weirdness
{I found this in the Displacement Current article}

Over the years, many scientists and engineers have questioned whether or not displacement current "causes" magnetic fields. The following simple derivation shows how displacement current and charges interact to form magnetic fields.

The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with plates of area A and plate separation of d may be expressed as:

$$C=\varepsilon_{R}\epsilon_{O}\frac{A}{d} $$ 		(1)

Where $$\epsilon_{R}$$ and $$ \epsilon_{0} $$ are dielectric and free space permittivity, respectively.

Another basic equation relates the uniform charge, Q stored in a capacitor, to the capacitance C, and the Voltage across the plates, V.

$$Q=CV \,$$ (2)

Divide both sides of equation (2) by the distance between the plates, d:

$$\frac{Q}{d}=C\frac{V}{d}$$				(3) Assuming a uniform electric field directed in the +z direction, $$E_z = \frac{V}{d}$$, we may rewrite equation (3) as follows:

$$\frac{Q}{d}=CE_z$$					(4)

Substitute the value for C from equation 1 into equation (4):

$$\frac{Q}{d}=\varepsilon_{R}\epsilon_{O}\frac{A}{d}E_z$$ (5)

Multiply both sides of equation 5 by d, and take the partial derivative of equation 5 with respect to time to yield:

$$\frac{\partial Q}{\partial t} = \varepsilon_{R}\epsilon_{O}A \frac{\partial E_z}{\partial t} $$					(6)

Using the constituitive relation $$\varepsilon_{R}\epsilon_{O} \vec E = \vec D$$, equation (6) may be written as:

$$ \frac{\partial Q}{\partial t}=A\frac{\partial D_Z}{\partial t}$$ (7)

The point form of Ampere’s law, as modified by Maxwell, is often written as:

$$ \nabla \times \vec H =J +\frac{\partial \vec D}{\partial t}$$	          (8)

Applying Ampere's law to our capacitor, we have:

$$\frac{\partial H_y}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial H_x}{\partial y} = J_z + A^{-1}\frac{\partial Q}{\partial t}$$ (9)

{What follows is nonsense}

But $$A^{-1}\frac{\partial Q}{\partial t}$$ is another way of expressing J. In this case, since the electrical field is Transverse to the plane of the conductor, we define a new term,

$$J_{T}=A^{-1}\frac{\partial Q}{\partial t}$$		(10)

The term “J” has traditionally been taken to mean “longitudinal conduction current.” To differentiate it from $$J_{T}$$, let us rename J as $$J_{L}$$ standing for longitudinal current flow. With these re-definitions, we can now rewrite equation (9) in a form that is consistent with the spirit of Ampere:

$$\nabla \times H=J_{L}+J_{T}$$ 			(11)

Conclusion Equations 8, 9 and 11 may be used interchangeably, but only if one understands that the source of the magnetic fields is the motion of charges, $$\frac{\partial Q}{\partial t}$$.

Theoretical basis for impedance
For a system such as an electric circuit that is described mathematically by a linear system of non-homogeneous differential equations, the solutions to these equations are in general of a different form than the driving functions. For example, consider a simple circuit consisting of a voltage source and a capacitor. The current through the capacitor proportional to the derivative of the the voltage across the capacitor.

 * $$i_C(t) = C\frac{dv_C(t)}{dt}\,$$

In general, a function and its derivative are not of the same form. For example, let:

 * $$v_C(t) = 1 + 2t (V) \,$$

The capacitor current is then given by:

 * $$i_C(t) = 2C (A)\,$$

The ratio of the voltage and current associated with the capacitor is then:

 * $$\frac{v_C(t)}{i_C(t)} = \frac{1 + 2t}{2C} \,$$

This ratio clearly changes with time.

However, there is a special function, the complex exponential, that is of the same form as its derivative:

 * $$\frac{d}{dt}e^{s_0t} = s_0e^{s_0t} \,$$

Let the source voltage be given by:

 * $$v_S(t) = e^{s_0t} \,$$

where:

 * $$s_0 = \sigma_0 + j \omega_0 \,$$

The capacitor voltage is then given by:

 * $$v_C(t) = e^{s_0t} (V)\,$$

and the the capacitor current is:

 * $$i_C(t) = s_0Ce^{s_0t} (A)\,$$

The ratio of this voltage and current is:

 * $$\frac{v_C(t)}{i_C(t)} = \frac{1}{s_0C} \,$$

which is clearly constant with time.

This ratio defines the impedance of the capacitor at the complex frequency s_0:

 * $$Z_C(s_0) = \frac{1}{s_0C}\,$$

Transconductance doubling
$$i_O=2 (I_B + I_S) \sinh{\left ( \frac{v_I-v_O}{V_T} \right )}$$

$$v_O = i_O R_L = 2 (I_B + I_S) R_L \sinh{ \left ( \frac{v_I-v_O}{V_T} \right )}$$

$$\frac{di_O}{dv_I} = \frac{2 (I_B + I_S)}{V_T} \cosh{ \left ( \frac{v_I-v_O}{V_T} \right )} \left ( 1 - \frac{dv_O}{dv_I} \right )$$

$$\frac{v_I-v_O}{V_T} = \sinh{^{-1} \left (\frac{v_O}{2 (I_B + I_S) R_L} \right)}$$

$$\cosh{ \left (\frac{v_I-v_O}{V_T} \right )} = \cosh{ \left [\sinh{^{-1} \left (\frac{v_O}{2 (I_B + I_S) R_L} \right )} \right]} = \sqrt{ \left (\frac{v_O}{2 (I_B + I_S) R_L} \right )^2 + 1}$$

$$\frac{di_O}{dv_I} = \frac{\sqrt{ \left (\frac{v_O}{R_L} \right )^2 + 4 \left (I_B + I_S \right )^2}}{V_T} \left (1 - \frac{dv_O}{dv_I} \right )$$

$$\frac{di_O}{dv_I} = \frac{\frac{\sqrt{ \left (\frac{v_O}{R_L} \right )^2 + 4 \left (I_B + I_S \right )^2}}{V_T}}{1 + \frac{\sqrt{ \left (\frac{v_O}{R_L} \right )^2 + 4 \left (I_B + I_S \right )^2}}{V_T} R_L} = \frac{1}{1 + \frac{V_T}{\sqrt{v^2_O + 4 \left (I_B + I_S \right)^2 R^2_L}}} \, \frac{1}{R_L} $$

Energy of a free particle
In classical mechanics, the energy of a free particle is just the kinetic energy denoted by $$T$$:

 * $$T = \frac{1}{2}m | \, \vec v \, | ^2 = \frac{| \, \vec p \, |^2}{2m}$$

where m is the mass, $$\vec v$$ is the velocity, and $$\vec p$$ is the classical momentum of the particle:

 * $$\vec p = m \vec v$$

In relativistic mechanics, the total energy of a free particle is given by:

 * $$E = \gamma m c^2 = \sqrt{(|\, \vec p \, | c \, )^2 + (mc^2)^2}$$

where $$c$$ is the speed of light, $$\gamma$$ is the Lorentz factor and the relativistic momentum $$\vec p$$ is given by:

 * $$\vec p = \gamma m \vec v \,$$

and the kinetic energy is given by:

 * $$T = E - E_0 = \gamma m c^2 - m c^2 = m c^2(\gamma -1) \,$$

where $$E_0 \,$$ is the rest energy.

Energy of a particle in a potential field
In classical mechanics, the total energy of a particle in a potential is the sum of the kinetic energy, $$T$$ and the potential energy, $$V$$.

 * $$E = T + V \,$$

so that the classical kinetic energy is given by:

 * $$T = E - V \,$$

In relativistic mechanics, a potential energy cannot be simply added to or subtracted from the kinetic energy to get the total energy since, within the Special Theory of Relativity (STR), energy is not a  scalar quantity. Instead, energy is a component of a four-vector. For example, the energy-momentum four-vector describing the kinetic energy-momentum of a free particle is:

 * $$\mathbf p = \left( -\frac{E}{c}, \vec p \right)$$

where $$E \,$$ is the relativistic energy of a free particle: $$E = E_0 + T \,$$.

Potential energy-momentum
As the kinetic energy of a particle is a component of a four-vector, it follows that the potential energy of a particle must also be a component of a four-vector - a potential energy-momentum four-vector. The total energy must also be a component of a four-vector - the total energy-momentum four-vector which must be the sum of the kinetic and potential energy-momentum four-vectors:

 * $$\mathbf P = \mathbf p + \mathbf \phi (\mathbf x) = m \mathbf U + \mathbf \phi (\mathbf x) \,$$

where $$\mathbf P$$ is the total energy-momentum four-vector (total four-momentum), $$\mathbf p$$ is the kinetic energy-momentum four-vector (kinetic four-momentum), $$\mathbf \phi$$ is the potential energy-momentum four-vector (potential four-momentum), $$\mathbf x = \left( -ct, \vec x \right) \,$$ is the  position four-vector and $$\mathbf U = \left( -\gamma c, \gamma \vec v \right) \,$$ is the four-velocity:

Classical Lagrangian
In the classical (non-relativistic) Lagrangian mechanics, the action $$\mathcal{S}$$ of the particle in a potential is defined by:

 * $$\mathcal{S}[\vec x(t), \vec v(t)] \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=} \int_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}} L(\vec x, \vec v, t)\, dt \ $$

where $$L(\vec x, \vec v, t)$$ is the Lagrangian of the system. According to Hamilton's principle, the action of a system is stationary:

 * $$\frac{\delta \mathcal{S}}{\delta \vec x(t)} = 0$$

By the calculus of variations, the action is found to be stationary when the Euler-Lagrange equation holds :

 * $$\frac{d}{dt} \left ( \frac{\partial L}{\partial \vec v} \right ) - \frac{\partial L}{\partial \vec x} = 0$$

The Lagrangian, as the time rate of change of the action, is an energy and so must be a function of the kinetic and potential energy of the particle. For the particle in a potential system, the Lagrangian is defined to be:

 * $$L = \frac{1}{2}m | \, \vec v \, |^2 - V(\vec x)$$

Inserting the Lagrangian into the Euler-Lagrange equation yields the familar Newtonian equation of motion:

 * $$\frac{d}{dt} \left ( \frac{\partial L}{\partial \vec v} \right ) = \frac{d}{dt} m \vec v = \frac{d \vec p}{dt}$$

 * $$\frac{\partial L}{\partial \vec x} = -\nabla V(\vec x)$$

$$ \Rightarrow \frac{d \vec p}{dt} = - \nabla V(\vec x)$$

Lorentz invariant Lagrangian
The classical momentum $$\vec p$$ and the classical Lagrangian $$L \,$$ are related by:

 * $$\vec p = \frac{\partial L}{\partial \vec v}$$

Relating the total energy-momentum four-vector of a particle to its relativistic (Lorentz invariant) Lagrangian in the same manner gives:

 * $$P_\mu = p_\mu + \phi_\mu = mU_\mu + \phi_\mu = \frac{\partial L}{\partial U^\mu}, \qquad \mu = 0, 1, 2, 3$$

Integrating with respect to the four-velocity gives:

 * $$L = \frac{1}{2}mU_\mu U^\mu + \phi_\mu U^\mu + C$$

where C is the constant of integration with respect to $$\mathbf U$$.

Integrating $$\mathbf P$$ with respect to the particle's four-velocity yields a Lorentz invariant Lagrangian that contains a kinetic term and a potential term. The constant of integration could be a function of $$\mathbf x$$ only but, as will be shown later, this would destroy the Lorentz invariance of the Lagrangian. Thus, $$C$$ must be a constant with respect to both $$\mathbf U$$ and $$\mathbf x$$.

In the classical limit ($$\, c \rightarrow \infty \,$$), the classical Lagrangian should be recovered from the Lorentz invariant Lagrangian:

 * $$\lim_{c \to \infty}L = -\frac{1}{2}m c^2 + \frac{1}{2}m | \, \vec v \, |^2 - V(\vec x) + C$$

where $$V = c \, \phi^0 \, $$ (before taking the limit!) in the reference frame where $$\phi^i = 0 \,$$.

The classical Lagrangian is recovered if:

 * $$C = \frac{1}{2}m c^2$$

$$\Rightarrow L = \frac{1}{2}m c^2 + \frac{1}{2}mU_\mu U^\mu + \phi_\mu U^\mu$$

The Lorentz covariant Euler-Lagrange equation
The relativistic (Lorentz covariant) Euler-Lagrange equation is:

 * $$\frac{d}{d \tau} \left ( \frac{\partial L}{\partial U^\mu} \right ) - \frac{\partial L}{\partial x^\mu} = 0$$

where $$\tau$$ is the proper time:

 * $$d \tau = \frac{dt}{\gamma}$$

Insert the Lorentz invariant Lagrangian into the Lorentz covariant Euler Lagrange equation:

 * $$\frac{d}{d \tau} \left ( \frac{\partial L}{\partial U^\mu} \right ) = \frac{d}{d \tau} \left ( m U_\mu + \phi_\mu \right ) = m \frac{d U_\mu}{d \tau} + \frac{\partial \phi_\mu}{\partial x^\nu} \frac{\partial x^\nu}{\partial \tau} = \frac{d p_\mu}{d \tau} + \phi_\mu,_\nu U^\nu$$

 * $$\frac{\partial L}{\partial x^\mu} = \frac{\partial \phi_\nu}{\partial x^\mu} U^\nu = \phi_\nu,_\mu U^\nu$$

Putting this together and rearranging yields the equation of motion for the particle:

 * $$\frac{d p_\mu}{d \tau} = \left (\phi_\nu, _\mu - \phi_\mu, _\nu \right ) U^\nu$$

In 3 plus 1 form, this equation is written as:

 * $$\frac{dp_0}{dt} = \frac{d \gamma m c}{dt} = \vec v \cdot \left ( -\nabla \phi_0 + \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial \vec \phi}{\partial t} \right )$$

 * $$\frac{d \vec p}{dt} = \frac{d \gamma m \vec v}{dt} = c \left ( \nabla \phi_0 - \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial \vec \phi}{\partial t} \right ) + \vec v \times \left ( \nabla \times \vec \phi \right )$$

The spatial fields
To simply the form of these equations, make the following identifications with the field terms above in parenthesis:

 * $$\vec \mathfrak{E} \equiv \nabla \phi_0 - \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial \vec \phi}{\partial t} = - \nabla \phi^0 - \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial \vec \phi}{\partial t}$$

 * $$\vec \mathfrak{B} \equiv \nabla \times \vec \phi$$

Substituting yields:

 * $$\frac{dp_0}{dt} = \frac{d \gamma m c}{dt} = -\vec \mathfrak{E} \cdot \vec v$$

 * $$\frac{d \vec p}{dt} = \frac{d \gamma m \vec v}{dt} = c \, \vec \mathfrak{E} + \vec v \times \vec \mathfrak{B}$$

The unit of the $$\mathfrak{E}$$ and $$\mathfrak{B}$$ fields is momentum per meter or alternately, force per speed.

The tensor field
Taking another look at the four-vector equation:

 * $$\frac{d p_\mu}{d \tau} = \left (\phi_\nu, _\mu - \phi_\mu, _\nu \right ) U^\nu = \mathfrak{F}_{\mu\nu} U^\nu$$

The term in parenthesis is just the exterior derivative of the potential energy-momentum four-vector $$\mathbf \phi$$ defining $$\mathfrak{F}_{\mu\nu}$$, an anti-symmetric tensor  field of  rank 2. This equation can be written in component free form:

 * $$\frac{d \mathbf p}{d \tau} = \mathbf {d\phi(U)} = \mathbf {\mathfrak{F}(U)}$$

The unit of the $$\mathbf \mathfrak{F}$$ field is momentum per meter or alternately, force per speed.

The exterior derivative of the tensor field
One of the properties of the exterior derivative is the following  identity:

 * $$\mathbf {d \mathfrak{F}} = \mathbf {d^2 \phi} \equiv 0$$

In component form, this is:

 * $$\mathfrak{F}_{\alpha\beta,\gamma} + \mathfrak{F}_{\beta\gamma,\alpha} + \mathfrak{F}_{\gamma\alpha,\beta} \equiv 0 \,$$

In 3 plus 1 form, this is:

 * $$\nabla \cdot \vec\mathfrak{B} \equiv 0$$

 * $$\frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \vec \mathfrak{B} + \nabla \times \vec \mathfrak{E} \equiv 0$$

The divergence of the tensor field
The divergence of the field $$\mathbf \mathfrak{F}$$ gives the source of the field:

 * $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf \mathfrak{F} = \mathbf \mathfrak{g}, \qquad \mathfrak{F}^{\alpha \beta},_\beta = \mathfrak{g}^\alpha$$.

$$\mathbf \mathfrak{g}$$ is a four-vector and is the source of $$\mathbf \mathfrak{F}$$. The unit of $$\mathbf \mathfrak{g}$$ is momentum per square meter, a current density four-vector or a four-current.

Written in 3 plus 1 form, this is:

 * $$\nabla \cdot \left ( - \nabla \phi^0 - \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \vec \phi \right ) = \nabla \cdot \vec \mathfrak{E} = \mathfrak{g}^0$$

 * $$ \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} c \, \left ( \nabla \phi^0 + \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial \vec \phi}{\partial t} \right ) + \nabla \times \left ( \nabla \times \vec \phi \right ) = - \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial \vec \mathfrak{E}}{\partial t} + \nabla \times \vec \mathfrak{B} = \vec \mathfrak{g}$$

The conserved four-current
The source of $$\mathbf \mathfrak{F}$$ is $$\mathbf \mathfrak{g}$$, the current density four-vector - a four-current. As $$\mathbf \mathfrak{F}$$ is antisymmetric, the divergence of $$\mathbf \mathfrak{g}$$ is identically zero:

 * $$\mathfrak{g}^\mu,_\mu = \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial g^0}{dt} + \nabla \cdot \vec g \equiv 0$$

Thus, $$\mathbf \mathfrak{g}$$ satisfies a continuity equation and thus, is a conserved current. The quantity $$\rho$$ that is conserved is:

 * $$\rho_M = \frac{g^0}{c}$$

where $$\rho_M$$ is a moment (mass X displacement) volume density.

A current density is the product of a volume density and a velocity:

 * $$\mathfrak{g}^\mu = U^\mu \rho_{M_0} = \frac{U^\mu}{\gamma} \gamma \rho_{M_0} = \frac{U^\mu}{\gamma} \rho_M$$

where $$\rho_M \equiv \gamma \rho_{M_0}$$ and $$\rho_{M_0} \,$$ is the invariant (Lorentz scalar) moment density:

 * $$(c \,\rho_{M_0})^2 = \mathfrak{g}_\mu \, \mathfrak{g}^\mu$$

By interpreting $$\mathbf g$$ as a four-current, $$\mathbf g$$ is constrained to be a time-like four-vector, i.e., a tachyonic current density is presumed to be unphysical.

Energy-momentum waves
In the special case where $$\mathbf \mathfrak{g}$$ is the zero four-vector, the field equations become:

 * $$\mathfrak{F}^{\alpha \beta},_\beta = 0 = \nabla (\nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi) - \Box \, \mathbf \phi$$

where $$\Box$$ is the D'Alembert operator

In 3 plus 1 form, this is written as:

 * $$\nabla \cdot \vec \mathfrak{E} = 0$$

 * $$\nabla \times \vec \mathfrak{B} = \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial \vec \mathfrak{E}}{\partial t}$$

While $$\mathfrak{g}$$ contains a term that depends on the divergence of the four-potential ($$\nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi$$), the equations of motion for the particle do not so that the divergence of $$\mathbf \phi$$ is a degree of freedom. The field equations for $$\mathfrak{g}$$ = 0 become:

 * $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi = 0 \, \Rightarrow \, \Box \, \mathbf \phi = 0$$

This is a wave equation for the four-potential $$\mathbf \phi$$. In 3 plus 1 form, this wave equation becomes:

 * $$\nabla^2 \phi_0 = \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2 \phi_0}{\partial t^2}$$

 * $$\nabla^2 \vec \phi = \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2 \vec \phi}{\partial t^2}$$

Thus, waves propagating with the speed $$c$$ can exist in the four-potential field as energy-momentum waves.

Point sources
Let the invariant four-current be equal to $$ - c \, \rho_{M_0}$$:

 * $$\mathfrak{g}_\mu \mathfrak{g}^\mu = - c \, \rho_{M_0}$$

Then, there is a Lorentz frame where:

 * $$\mathfrak{g} = \left ( - c \, \rho_{M_0}, \vec 0 \right )$$

In this frame:

 * $$\mathfrak{g}^0 = c \, \rho_{M_0} = \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \left (\nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi \right ) - \Box \, \phi_I = - \nabla^2 \phi_I$$

 * $$\vec \mathfrak{g} = \vec v \, \rho_M = \nabla \left ( \nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi \right )$$

The equation for $$\mathfrak{g}^0$$ is Poisson's equation. A solution is for $$\rho_M$$ to be zero everywhere except at the spatial origin where $$\rho_M$$ is infinite:

 * $$\rho_M = \frac{M(t)}{m^3} \, \delta (r) \, \Rightarrow \, \phi_I = \frac{M(t)}{4 \pi r}$$

This is the solution for a point source at rest with a (coordinate) time varying moment charge of M(t).

The charge of a point source is constant
Except at the spatial origin, the four-current for the point source solution is:

 * $$\mathfrak{g}^0 = 0 \,$$

 * $$\vec \mathfrak{g} = \nabla \left ( \nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi \right )= \nabla \left ( \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \frac{M(t)}{4 \pi r} \right )$$

But, unless $$\nabla \left ( \nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi \right )$$ vanishes, this is a space-like four-current which conflicts with the requirement that the four-current be time-like. Thus, in this case:

 * $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi = 0 \, \Rightarrow \, \frac{\partial \phi_I}{\partial t} = 0 \, \Rightarrow \, \phi_I = \frac{M}{4 \pi r}$$

where $$M$$ is a constant. The requirement that the four-current is time-like leads to the requirement that $$\phi^0 = \phi_I \,$$ is constant in time in this frame. But, this must be true in any other Lorentz frame:

 * $$\mathbf \phi = \left ( \gamma \phi_I, \gamma \phi_I \, \frac{\vec v}{c} \right ) \, \Rightarrow \, \nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi = 0 \, \Rightarrow \, \frac{\partial \phi^0}{\partial t} = 0 $$

Thus, the requirement that the four-current is time-like implies that, for point source, $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi = 0$$ and that the charge of a point source is constant. More importantly, the fact that any $$\mathbf \phi$$ can be represented as a superposition of point sources leads to the generalization of these results. Thus, the following results are true in general:

 * $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf \phi = 0$$

 * $$\frac{\partial \phi^0}{\partial t} = 0$$

Point source as a particle
The point source in the previous section is located at the spatial origin. In another Lorentz frame where the point source has a relative velocity $$\vec u$$, the position of the point source is:

 * $$\mathbf x = \left(\gamma ct, \gamma \vec u \, t \right)$$

and force four-current $$\mathfrak{g}$$ in this frame is

 * $$\mathbf \mathfrak{g} = \left(\gamma c \rho, \gamma \vec u \, \rho \right)$$

The point action charge at rest at the spatial origin in one frame is seen as moving point charge in another constituting a force current.

title: User:Alfred Centauri/sandbox


text:
Talk:Middletown, Indiana

Untitled
The information about small town traffic control that is being provided for the article, although interesting, is not relevant. That is why I have reverted it. Moorematthews 16:10, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

The info has been reverted and labeled as trivia, trivial information is throughout wikipedia.

title: Talk:Middletown, Indiana


text:
Talk:Kiosk

Merge
Please don't merge these articles! I'd suggest doing the opposite: Leave kiosk with the first two definitions and move the third part to Internet kiosk or wherever.  23:45, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * I fully agree with what KF said. Rl 07:32, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Or wherever?.. kiosk these days means checking in at the airport (ie check-in kiosk) or getting money (ATM) or buying a ticket (ticketing kiosk). I recommend highlighting the archaic as archaic and then branching to electronic kiosks and building structure underneath that one (and include internet kiosks, or bill pay kiosks, or ticketing kiosks, etc/etc...7/2008 ck

Ckeefner (talk) 03:19, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

kiosk in israel
Can someone please write about the kiosk culture in israel at the fourth aliyah ? Kiosk in India is a kind of booth generally known by Ghumti or Thadi or Tapra. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.36.255.120 (talk) 11:05, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Suggestions for kiosk in general
Good to see information about archaic kiosks (buildings where news distributed). Question is what is best: talking about kiosks (electronic) that are relevant and used primarily and subjugating the archaic?

Archaic buildings like that (and POP fixtures in malls for that matter) are relevant but focusing on them tends to communicate that they are predominant, and they are not.

Also -- the subpages like Internet Kiosk should be about internet kiosks. The internet kiosk page for the last 4 years has mutated into a everything you need to know about kiosks in general and relatively nothing about internet kiosks (ie pay for use cybercafes of which there are 10s of thousands in China. Maybe we don't want to talk about those? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ckeefner (talk • contribs) 03:05, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Ckeefner (talk) 04:45, 11 November 2008 (UTC)Can we please reorient this page so that the archaic "kiosk" is secondary to the modern? What is the point of view on this?

Link to disambiguation page?
I came here because I wanted to read up on the situation between vendors of DVDs who operate out of a "booth" (presumably having something to do with monopolistic trade practices) and the recent bankruptcy reorganization going on in California. (It may have something to do with an economic contest between Blockbuster Video and some other similar firm).

All I have to work with, is the word "kiosk" (which the main article does an excellent job confusing me about).

Isn't a kiosk just an Eastern European way of saying booth? Dexter Nextnumber (talk) 20:16, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Etymology
For the Middle Persian Argument, cf. Mackenzie, D.N.: A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1971, p. 51 or ask in the next Kiosk.

Iranian Kiosk
Add some examples of Iranian Kiosks such as the Qazvin Chehelsotun or Hasht Behesht. Salazar the terrible (talk) 13:06, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kiosk


text:
Rotary Botanical Gardens

Rotary Botanical Gardens is a non-profit 20 acre botanical garden located in Janesville, Wisconsin that is open to the public.

Overview
The 20-acre site contains a number of themed gardens, including Japanese, Scottish, French formal, Italian, and English cottage gardens. The Japanese garden borders a pond that is spanned by a red Japanese-styled bridge. A sunken garden is surrounded by limestone walls and perennial plantings. Its entrance is a Tudor-style stone arch that was once the entrance to the Parker Pen Company's world headquarters formerly located in Janesville. There are also less formal gardens, such as a fern and moss garden, and shade, prairie, and woodland gardens.

Rotary Botanical Gardens is a self-sustaining non-profit organization. With over 100,000 visitors annually, it is the most frequented tourist destination in Rock County. It is also a popular site for weddings and receptions. The popular Holiday Light Show event started in 1996 and features over 1 million lights and has become a regional attraction.

History
Rotary Botanical Gardens was established in 1988 by Janesville Rotary Clubs on the grounds of a defunct sand and gravel quarry. Owned by the city, the site was filled with debris and equipment. The city leased the site to the Rotarians, who began a multi-year cleanup project. After tons of rubbish were removed, gardens, walkways, benches, and gazebos were added. A ramshackle building on the property was rehabilitated and turned into a visitors' and environmental center. In 2002, meeting rooms, classrooms, and a gift shop were added and an addition to the Rath Environmental Center was completed in 2005.

Awards

 * 2012 - First-place winner in category III of the All-America Selections (AAS) Landscape Design Contest
 * 2013 - First-place winner in category III of the All-America Selections (AAS) Landscape Design Contest

title: Rotary Botanical Gardens


text:
Talk:Capability (computers)

Might be a good idea, I have been staring at the capabilities page for 10 minutes and I still cannot see where it says what a capability is, looking at the other page...

Ok much better, defined in the first line no less !! I am for the merger.

--John van v 23:46, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree with John, the passwd example in the page on capability-based security is crucial to understanding what capabilities are, a merge should be performed.

title: Talk:Capability (computers)


text: Category:Practical joke devices

title: Category:Practical joke devices


text:
Talk:Mount Summit, Indiana

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Mount Summit, Indiana


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Talk:Interactive kiosk

Merger of Kiosk and Interactive kiosk
Please don't merge these articles -- see Talk:Kiosk.  23:47, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have done it the other way round, i e put the final part of the Kiosk article here. This article still has to be wikified, hopefully by someone who won't create too many (double) redirects.  12:00, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

Unverified information
Is there a reliable source for the information that says Japan has as many vending machines and internet kiosks as it has people? If it is true, it still sounds like a fairly outlandish claim that could damage the article's credibility; a source to quote on statistics is nice. 11:48, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

(moved) "They are particularly common in Japan, where the number of vending machines and Internet-connected kiosks is probably greater than the human population." Vending machines states that Japan has approximately 23 vending machines per capita; I very much doubt that this statement can be verified. Insomnius 18:27, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

promotional links
There are several manufacturers of Vending kiosks and the Redbox link and Solection link (no longer exists) should be removed? The self-order kiosk from Acrelec should be removed.

Personally the Internet Kiosk page is really no place for any of these other sectors such as Vending or Movie Ticket/etc. We've defaulted to just included all verticals on this one vertical page.

7/2008 -- Suggestions for kiosk in general

Good to see information about archaic kiosks (buildings where news distributed). Question is what is best: talking about kiosks (electronic) that are relevant and used primarily and subjugating the archaic?

Archaic buildings like that (and POP fixtures in malls for that matter) are relevant but focusing on them tends to communicate that they are predominant, and they are not.

Also -- the subpages like Internet Kiosk should be about internet kiosks. The internet kiosk page for the last 4 years has mutated into a everything you need to know about kiosks in general and relatively nothing about internet kiosks (ie pay for use cybercafes of which there are 10s of thousands in China. Maybe we don't want to talk about those?

kiosk history
I recommend adding back in the Kiosk History off craig keefner's site. Craig began in kiosks 15 years ago as moderator for newsgroup CIK and founded the current kiosk association at selfservice.org and his history has milestones/events in the "Electronic Kiosk" industry that are found nowhere else.

related links
You still have promotional links from people on this page that are not mainstream players in the interactive kiosk market. they are using this page for promo purpose (acrelec for example). They don't even register on published research radar. Ckeefner (talk) 03:23, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

related links are duplicates
There is a page for self-service kiosks? How is that different from interactive kiosks? Or is it just a new page created so that someone else can promote that phrase since they have websites for paid content for that phrase? Ckeefner (talk) 03:25, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Some PLATO Hotline history
I am the programmer who implemented the PLATO Hotline in 1977. Murray Lappe came up with the idea and some of the design for the Hotline but did not do any of the technical work. I was an undergrad at the university and was hired to write the program. Murray designed the diamond shaped front page and sketched out the user interface in each of the subtopics. I took his design and fleshed out the UI design, designed the database layout (my first database project!) and wrote all of the code (in TUTOR). It was a fun project but I did not know until reading this article that it was the first kiosk software, or at least is considered to be so by Arc Design Consulting. After it was installed, I sometimes hung around the Student Union where the terminal was located, to watch people interact with my software. I don't remember many "queues" as the Arc Design article claims, although it was certainly a novelty to have a computer terminal out in a public place at that time, and it attracted attention. Mnudelman (talk) 00:32, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

paragraph removed from main article because of multiple issues
The first self-service, interactive kiosk was developed in 1977 at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign by a pre-med student, Murray Lappe. The content was created on the PLATO computer system and accessible by the plasma touch screen interface. The plasma display panel was invented at the University of Illinois by Donald L. Bitzer. Lappe's kiosk, called The Plato Hotline allowed students and visitors to find movies, maps, directories, bus schedules, extracurricular activities, and courses. When it debuted in the U of Illinois Student Union in April 1973. , more than 30,000 students, teachers, and visitors stood in line during its first 6 weeks, to try their hand at a "personal computer" for the first time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.169.181.50 (talk) 14:38, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interactive kiosk


text:
Wikipedia talk:School and university projects/Instructions for students

This page is directed at students using Wikipedia as part of a project. It is currently in draft form; alterations and comments appreciated. Shimgray 18:35, 15 August 2005 (UTC)''
 * I thought this was a little general and vague. I decided to try a completely different approach; see User:Dpbsmith/Dartmouth. Comments, discussion, and edits welcome. Dpbsmith (talk) 22:49, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I moved this to discussion as to not confuse the newbies. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 23:47, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Deletion and school projects
I see I posted this at the wrong wikiproject Deletion of teacher assigned projects Kopachuk Middle School...there has been a reply to whit that the student in order to meet his teacher's pre-requisite had to use user space rather than article space. Why invite teachers and students to learn and write articles on wikipedia if they are deleted? It seems moot. SriMesh | talk  16:51, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Here is another school project where the teacher has asked the kids to write about local Edmonton bands which got speedy deleted, and the kids are giving up and asking why bother with the teacher's assignment if they won't stay on wikipedia. band article deletion The articles created at this Unannounced class project for the most part survived AFD, and they received help from various wikipedians about manual of style to help them through the AFD nominations. SriMesh | talk  23:05, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Wikiproject membership - Admins - coordinators
Can this Wikipedia talk:School and university projects page have membership and admins -perhaps through wikiproject Education  or its child projects, WikiProject Education in Australia, WikiProject Education in Canada, WikiProject Universities, WikiProject Schools, WikiProject School Years, WikiProject Alternative education, WikiProject Homeschooling... to help find articles which come onto wikipedia as is above and get deleted before it is discovered they are part of a class project, so that the teacher/students can be contacted about templates etc. This message also posted at the other wikiprojects as well. Kind Regards SriMesh |  talk  23:19, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
 * found it Classroom coordination with coordinators, and instructions for students with contacts. Tis already made.  SriMesh |  talk  23:44, 19 October 2008 (UTC)


text:
Dave Whelan

David Whelan (born 24 November 1936) is an English businessman and former footballer. During his football career, he played for Blackburn Rovers and Crewe Alexandra. Whelan is the former owner of club Wigan Athletic, having also been the chairman of the club for twenty years, before passing the position over to his grandson, David Sharpe, who eventually passed the ownership over to International Entertainment Corporation.

Early life
Whelan was born in Bradford and raised in Wigan. His forebears hailed from County Tipperary, Ireland.

Football career
Whelan played 78 times as a left back, scoring three times for Blackburn Rovers and was a member of its 1960 FA Cup Final team, which lost 3–0 to Wolverhampton Wanderers. Whelan himself did not complete the game, a feisty challenge from Whelan on Norman Deeley culminated in the Blackburn man being withdrawn before half time due to a broken leg. Whelan's injury is one of many serious injuries suffered by players in the 1950–60 era and was known as the Wembley hoodoo. Following his leg break, Whelan was sold to Crewe Alexandra, where he made his debut on 23 February 1963 in a 4–0 first round League Cup defeat at Port Vale, and notched up 115 appearances through to April 1966. He then retired to concentrate on developing a retail grocery business.

Whelan Discount Stores
Whelan started out a market stall on Wigan market after working with Howarth Brothers on their stall in Blackburn. He later progressed into a grocers, before visiting America where he studied the self-service supermarket. He returned to England and set about creating a supermarket chain. By the late 1960s the business had 10 stores based across Lancashire. In 1978 Whelan sold the business to Morrisons for £1.5 million.

JJB Sports
Whelan acquired a Wigan based fishing and sports store JJ Bradburns in 1971. He continued to use the company name JJB Sports (JJB are the initials of the two previous owners John Jarvis Broughton, followed by J J Bradburn) and continued the retail of sports goods. By 1980, JJB had seven stores, and continued to expand throughout the 80s and 90s, to become the UK's second biggest sports retailer, focused mainly on sports clothing.

In 2005, JJB Sports was fined £5.5 million by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) for fixing the price of the English National Team and Manchester United shirts in 2000 and 2001. Which? (the Consumers' Association) issued proceedings against JJB, suing for damages on behalf of consumers affected by the price fixing. Whelan gradually scaled down his interests in the company, and in 2005 stepped down as chairman. However, in October 2006, he personally intervened to overturn the settlement of a pay dispute at JJB's Wigan warehouse negotiated by new chairman Tom Knight, branding it "the equivalent of Communism", prompting a two-day strike.

In January 2007 he sold £50m worth of shares in JJB, before selling his remaining 29% stake in June 2007. This action was in breach of an agreement Whelan had with the stock exchange on 26 January 2007, whereby he undertook to make no further disposals for the following 12 months.

DW Sports Fitness
In March 2009, Whelan acquired back troubled JJB's nationwide chain of fitness clubs and stores. Wigan Athletic's stadium became the DW Stadium and their new sponsor, DW Sports Fitness, taking the initials of its owner and his new company.

Wigan Athletic F.C.
Whelan bought Wigan Athletic in February 1995, when they were a Division Three team. After Whelan took the reins he announced that he would get Wigan Athletic into the Premier League, a promise he fulfilled in 2005. This began with the Division Three title in 1996–97, the Division Two title in 2002–03 and promotion to the Premiership as Championship runners-up in 2004–05. He funded the £30 million construction of the club's new JJB Stadium (now the DW Stadium) which opened in 1999 and on its completion was one of the largest football stadiums outside the Premier League.

Wigan, who were tipped to be relegated from the Premier League in their first season, not only managed to stay up (and remained in the top flight for eight years), but claimed a 10th place league position and also reached the final of the Football League Cup.

In 2005, Whelan threatened to quit the club unless the price of policing games was reduced.

In 2007, he called for the relegation of West Ham United as punishment for their incorrect registration of Carlos Tevez and Javier Mascherano. He subsequently called for Premier League Chairman Dave Richards and chief executive Richard Scudamore to resign.

An arbitration committee met to consider the affair. It ruled in favour of the Premier League. Wigan managed an end-of-season victory at Sheffield United, a 2–1 win with the goals being scored by Paul Scharner in the 14th minute and a penalty from David Unsworth in injury time of the first half, after Jon Stead had equalised for Sheffield United in the 38th minute. It was a dramatic final-day Premiership survival story, with the result saving Wigan and condemning Sheffield United to the Championship.

On 11 May 2013, in a dramatic ending to the FA Cup Final against Manchester City, Ben Watson scored a header in the 91st minute to win the game 1–0. This was Wigan's first major trophy in their history and gave Whelan the chance to hold the FA Cup trophy, 53 years after breaking his leg as a 1960 finalist. Three days later, a defeat to Arsenal saw Wigan relegated to the Championship, ending a spell of eight years in the Premier League. On 3 March 2015, Whelan stepped down as chairman, appointing his 23-year-old grandson, David Sharpe, as the new chairman.

Wigan Warriors
After the announcement of Maurice Lindsay's intention to retire immediately from the club after the Warriors' loss at the hands of Catalans Dragons on 29 July 2007, Whelan managed to persuade him to stay on until the end of the season. After the announcement of Lindsay's retirement however, Whelan said he would be willing to sell the club after a proposed takeover from a "genuine Wigan fan" earlier in the year.

On 24 October 2007, it was announced that Ian Lenagan, former owner of Harlequins RL, had completed his takeover of Wigan Warriors, buying out Whelan's 89% stake in the club with the deal taking effect from 1 December 2007.

Orrell Rugby Union Club
Wigan Warriors Rugby League Club Chairman Maurice Lindsay and business tycoon Dave Whelan, the then owner of the JJB Sports empire, had already been making noises about forming a rugby union side. Initial contact was made via Whelan's Finance Director Simon Moorehead and an exciting night saw the members promised £10,000,000 investment over 5 years, with Mr Whelan expressing the dream to be drinking red wine away to Toulouse in the European Cup in the not-too-distant future. Wide-eyed, and with these promises of future success, the members reluctantly sold their shares in the club for £1,000 each, to the new owners, with Lindsay becoming the club's new Chairman.

Politics
A supporter of the Conservative Party, Whelan has donated in total £1.5 million to the party since 2007, with his most recent donation of £100,000 made in August 2014. He said David Cameron had his full support.

In 2013, he called for a mandatory minute's silence at all football games to mark the death of Margaret Thatcher. The Football Association rejected the proposal.

Controversies
In November 2014, Whelan was accused of making antisemitic statements, following an interview he gave The Guardian, defending his decision to hire Malky Mackay as manager of Wigan. Mackay was under investigation by the FA for alleged racism and antisemitism in e-mails and text messages he sent while manager of Cardiff City. During the interview, Whelan was quoted as saying "Jewish people chase money more than everybody else." The statements were condemned by West Ham United co-chairman David Gold and former FA and Premier League executive Simon Johnson, both of whom are Jewish. Whelan was also accused of racist attitudes by defending Mackay's alleged referral to Chinese people as "chinks". Cardiff City owner, Vincent Tan, who is Malaysian Chinese, said of Whelan, "I think he has insulted the dignity of the Chinese". Whelan later apologised for his remarks. Anti-racist organisation Kick It Out offered support to Whelan, saying that they had a responsibility to ensure that people of his age would understand "modern expectations".

Whelan threatened to leave his position at Wigan if the FA found him guilty of racism. At the first match since the controversy, on 22 November against Middlesbrough, he was applauded by Wigan fans as he took his seat in the DW Stadium.

On 27 November, the FA charged Whelan with an aggravated breach of FA Rule E3 [2], as his comments had included "a reference to ethnic origin and/or race and/or nationality and/or religion or belief". He was given a six-week ban and fined £50,000 on 31 December, although the FA investigation concluded that he was neither a racist nor had intended to cause offence. In March the following year, Whelan resigned his position as Wigan chairman, naming as replacement his grandson, David Sharpe, with the Whelan family remaining as majority shareholders.

As a player
Blackburn Rovers
 * FA Cup runner-up: 1959–60

As an owner
Wigan Athletic
 * Football League Second Division: 2002–03
 * Football League Third Division: 1996–97
 * FA Cup: 2012–13
 * Football League Championship second-place promotion: 2004–05
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2005–06

Individual
 * On 30 August 2007 He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Wigan by Wigan Borough Council.
 * In July 2015 He was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) by the University of Bolton.

title: Dave Whelan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jonathon DiTroia

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:36, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Jonathon DiTroia
vanity, original research Ben-w 23:47, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, Vanity page. Aranda56 20:44ET, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. No assertion of notability. Pburka 00:58, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, speedy if possible. He's 18, I'd say nn as a scholar at this point. --  Etacar11   02:41, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete quickly. Hall Monitor 19:42, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Apancu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Romania_articles_missing_geocoordinate_data

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Coord

title: User:Apancu


text:
Talk:Highness

Untitled
Whoever is reverting the list of styles, stop. I created the list and have added styles on as they have come to notice; all exist and are legitimate. I have no idea what you are on about. Yanksta x 13:48, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I have never heard of some of the more obscure styles ("Exalted Highness" for the Nizam is an exception). Could you share your sources for them, and especially for the translations and ranking you assign them? I have a difficult time understanding how "Your Princely Highness" can signal a higher style than "Your Grand Ducal Highness"? And I have always understood that some of the adjectives layered on top of or coupled with "Durchlaucht" are not translated literally into English, but are simply translated as "Serene Highness" since they do not suggest a higher style than that borne by monarchs (and their families) who use the unadorned Durchlaucht/Altesse Serenissime? I do, however, much appreciate the usually ignored fact you make clear that sytles may suggest rank, but do not define or carry it in and of themselves.Lethiere 02:02, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I would personally seperate the styles so that Eastern ones are seperate. The levels of "exaltation" are more clear among European styles than for European and Eastern combined. Charles 02:30, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll dig up some sources; the rank is based mostly on British protocol. For example, under the British Empire, Indian princes bearing the style of Highness ranked immediately below dukes, and those breaing the Sultanic Highness style of Egypt ranked immediately after those bearing the style of Royal Highness. What you seem to be confused about regarding Princel/Grand Ducal is the type of state involved. The princes of Germany were not princes in the royal sense, and used the title of "Durchlaucht" or Serenity. This is usually translated into English as HSH Prince, although there was never any prince in the royal sense or Highness involved. Exceptions to this rule included royalty who used that style, such as certain cadet members of the french royal family and male-line grandchildren of certain Italian monarchs. Princely Highness was a style used by certain monarchs colonialized by European powers. the ranking as assigned based on the wishes of the European power. Yanksta x 15:28, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

I understand that HH The Aga Khan was granted the style of His Highness by HM Queen Elisabeth II in 1957.

It was later upgraded to His Royal Highness by the Shah of Iran. Yanksta x 13:48, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Use of Highness by British Royal Family
The article states "Before 1917, it was also used by some junior members of the British royal house." In fact it was used after that time, by Princess Marie Louise and Princess Helena.

It was also used by Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk.

Pincess Maud's sister, Princess Alexandra did not use it after she married HRH Prince Arthur of Connaught. And their son Prince Alastair of Connaught who was born HH lost the style in 1917.

= Royal Highness vs Imperial Highness =

It would appear that those using the style of imperial highness would outrank a royal highness. With this being the case would member of the Imperial House of Japan, outrank member of the british royal family i.e in theory would The Prince of Wales be expected to bow before The Crown Prince of Japan ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.93.21.103 (talk • contribs)

 * That is only the case within a singular system, such as the system within the Holy Roman Empire or in the German Empire. Between nations in the present day, the style of the heir does not grant a specific precedence. I *believe* precedence is calculated by the length of the monarch's reign, so his or her heir would outrank another heir based on that. Charles 02:10, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Norway
The styles used officially in Norway are majestet (Majesty) and kongelig høyhet (Royal Highness) only. Styles such as høyhet (Highness) or eksellense (Excellence) do not exist. Junior members of the royal family, including the king's sisters, the crown prince's sister, or his younger children, do not hold any styles at all. Occasionally some of them may be referred to as "Highness" by foreigners merely by courtesy or assumption or pretence, but this style has no legal basis in Norway and they are not "official holders of the style Highness". Garn Svend (talk) 15:08, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

Another Highness?
What about the historical German title of Electoral Highness?93.55.51.142 (talk) 23:43, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Variations and precedence
I am pretty sure that Highness (HH) has a higher precedence than Serene Highness. In fact I believe it comes directly after Royal Highness (HRH) in precedence. I am happy to be proven wrong, but this is how these styled are usually understood in royal and princely circles ¬¬¬¬ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2407:7000:8402:B200:D81F:F7CA:2C7:5926 (talk) 02:31, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

 * In German, Austrian, English and Russian usage, yes, the style of "Highness" (Hoheit), which was the usual translation of the 19th century style attributed to a sovereign duke (Herzog) ranks above "Serene Highness" (Durchlaucht), associated with a sovereign prince (Fürst), which ranks immediately above "Illustrious Highness" (Erlaucht", borne by a sovereign count (Reichsgraf).

 * But the rank is reversed in Latin countries, such as Belgium, France, Italy, Monaco, Portugal and Spain. There, Serene Highness (altesse sérénissime) outranks Highness (altesse), as the former was assigned in France to princes du sang (who were in the line of succession to the French throne), whereas Highness was accorded to the princes étrangers (foreign princes, e.g. House of Guise, House of Rohan, La Tour d'Auvergne, etc) at the French court who were not reigning sovereigns. Thus the Belgian Prince de Ligne is only "Highness", whereas the mediatized Dukes of Arenberg and of Cröy rank higher, and are "Serene Highness", all of them, of course, below members of the monarch's dynasty, who are "Royal Highness". Not all Benelux dukes (Beaufort-Spontin, Ursel) or princes (Chimay, Merode, Bernadotte af Wisborg) were allowed to use the style of Highness.

 * Above Highness, but below Royal Highness are "Electoral Highness" and "Grand Ducal Highness". That is why the latter has been abandoned by the family of the Grand Dukes of Luxembourg, since they are all now descendants of Grand Duchess Charlotte's marriage to Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma, who descends from the Kings of Spain and of France, but who was actually the son of a deposed Duke of Parma when he married. FactStraight (talk) 23:19, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

Highness is wrong
The style of Highness ranks above all the other variations bar Royal Highness and Imperial Highness.2407:7000:8402:B200:A432:9E16:864A:8D1D (talk) 10:04, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

Sir plez help me i m so poor on help this job no many sir plez help me job
Help job 119.152.209.146 (talk) 10:51, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

Sir I need your help please sir i need your suggestion n present i was there when madam opened centre point in avenues
Sir I neeu I need you 94.129.49.140 (talk) 22:32, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Exalted Highness be merged into this article. It would fit well if merged into Highness considering the other entire article is barely even a brief paragraph. Estar8806 (talk) 00:03, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Highness


text: Talk:Spiceland, Indiana

title: Talk:Spiceland, Indiana


text: Talk:Springport, Indiana

title: Talk:Springport, Indiana


text: Talk:Straughn, Indiana

title: Talk:Straughn, Indiana


text: Talk:Sulphur Springs, Indiana

title: Talk:Sulphur Springs, Indiana


text:
User:Ntzolov

Nick Tzolov, Miami Beach, FL based photographer. Website: www.adoraphoto.com. Contact: nick@adoraphoto.com

title: User:Ntzolov


text:
Talk:Alto, Indiana

Alto youth go to what school?
I grew up in Alto, and I graduated from Western High School in Russiaville, not Kokomo.

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Talk:Cassville, Indiana

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Talk:Greentown, Indiana

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text:
NASA insignia

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) insignia has three main official designs, although the one with stylized red curved text (the "worm") was retired from official use from May 22, 1992, until April 3, 2020, when it was reinstated as a secondary logo. The three logos include the NASA insignia (also known as the "meatball" ), the NASA logotype (also known as the "worm"), and the NASA seal.

The NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959, and slightly modified by President Kennedy in 1961.

History
The NASA logo dates from 1959, when the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) transformed into an agency that advanced both astronautics and aeronautics—the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

NASA seal
In the NASA insignia design, the sphere represents a planet, the stars represent space, the red chevron is a wing representing aeronautics (the latest design in hypersonic wings at the time the logo was developed), and then the orbiting spacecraft going around the wing. It is known officially as the insignia.

NASA "meatball" insignia
After a NASA Lewis Research Center illustrator's design was chosen for the new agency's official seal, the executive secretary of NASA asked James Modarelli, the head of Reports Division at Lewis Research Center, to design a logo that could be used for less formal purposes. Modarelli simplified the seal, leaving only the white stars and orbital path on a round field of blue with a red vector. He then added white N-A-S-A lettering.

NASA "worm" logotype
In 1974, as part of the Federal Graphics Improvement Program of the National Endowment for the Arts, NASA hired Richard Danne and Bruce Blackburn to design a more modern logo. In 1975, the agency switched to the modernist NASA logotype, nicknamed "the worm", a red, stylized rendering of the letters N-A-S-A. The horizontal bars on the "A"s are removed in the worm logo, with the negative space within each of them suggesting the tip of a rocket.

The NASA logotype was retired from official use on May 22, 1992 by NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin. The design was used only for special occasions and commercial merchandising purposes approved by the Visual Identity Coordinator at NASA Headquarters until 2020, when it was brought out of retirement by administrator Jim Bridenstine, and unveiled on the booster for SpaceX's Crew-Demo 2 Mission. the "worm" logotype – in a medium blue instead of red – is part of the branding of the NASA Federal Credit Union. For the 2022 Major League Baseball season, the Houston Astros introduced an alternate space-themed uniform as part of the league's City Connect program, with "Space City" rendered in the "worm" logotype in place of the team's name on the jersey front, and numerals and player nameplate in the same font.

Usage regulation

The official NASA seal is reserved for use in connection with the NASA Administrator. It is used in more formal traditional and ceremonial events such as award presentations and press conferences. According to NASA Headquarters, the seal should never be used with the NASA insignia, since the two elements are intended for different purposes and are visually incompatible when seen side by side.

Since its reintroduction in 2020, the "worm" logotype has been used only for human spaceflight-related activities, featuring prominently on the SpaceX Crew-1 mission to the International Space Station and on the Solid Rocket Boosters of the SLS rocket used for the Artemis I mission.

Unlike most images produced by the United States Government, the insignia, the "worm" logo and the NASA seal are not in the public domain. Their usage is restricted under Code of Federal Regulations 14 CFR 1221. These NASA emblems should be reproduced only from original reproduction proofs, transparencies, or computer files available from NASA Headquarters.

The colors used in the logo are the following:

Red:
 * Pantone 185
 * Process 0C, 100M, 100Y, 0K
 * RGB 252R, 61G, 33B
 * HEX #FC3D21

Blue:
 * Pantone 286
 * Process 100C, 060M, 0Y, 0K
 * RGB 11R, 61G, 145B
 * HEX #0B3D91

Popularity
The NASA logos have been popular and used in popular culture, most notably in Star Trek as an inspiration for its symbols,  and particular in US-American culture it has been representing the capability and identity of the United States. Especially since 2017, NASA insignia have become popular fashion elements, after the fashion company Coach received permission for using the then-retired "worm" logo on a line of purses and clothing. After that, additional companies have used the "worm" logo in their designs, and NASA has reintroduced its official use.

title: NASA insignia


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Talk:Andrews, Indiana

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