text:
User talk:C12H22O11/archive01

Welcome from Rje
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! – Rje 16:15, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

IB
hey thanks for adding the article List of International Baccalaureate people

I started a List of International Baccalaureate graduates once, but it was voted to be deleted...

so i'm happy for the new article ! =)

PeregrineAY 07:58, 2005 Jun 22 (UTC)

Greetings
A page that you joined to help with associate with other members of the Wikipedia community is on VfD. Please see Votes for deletion/Wikipedian citizens of the world, and the related page Votes for deletion/Wikipedian supporters of the sovereign nation-state. Cognition 10:18, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Veritas Stadion
According to you the record attendance of the Veritas Stadion is 8200 from the FC Inter - TPS derby in 1996. However, there has been larger attendances in Kupittaa for example in the UEFA Cup -match TPS - Internazionale (about 15000) in 1987 and in 1968 in the match between TPS and Reipas. 1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.229.219.5 (talk • contribs) 14:58, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I did now some Veritas Stadion changes. You can check if they are alright --Pasini 15:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem. --Pasini 15:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Edinburgh
No problem. Have to admit, I'm not sure about the Monument on Calton Hill, but that certainly looks like what I remember as the Observatory. Oh, and to link a picture, just put a colon in front of where it says Image:Name.jpg: thus -- Image:Princes Street Gardens.jpg. You can do the same with cats and templates, too: Template:Metro station (I made a slightly different one for the Mexico City Metro; see (eg) Metro Bellas Artes). Cheers, –Hajor 00:07, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The station symbols? Each station has a different logo, so people who have trouble reading will know when it's time to get off the train, too. Althought that might have been more important 35 yrs ago when it first opened, they've kept the tradition going. It also helps that most of them are really well designed -- little icons of urban chic on street-corners all over the city. –Hajor 00:42, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Station logos. Duly expanded on Mexico City Metro. (I suppose as a Finn you're one of a select group not totally freaked out by bright orange metro trains.) –Hajor 01:19, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

WP:RM
I have made some format changes to your entry on WP:RM. Please read the guidelines on WP:RM to make sure that all the steps needed for a requested move have been completed. Philip Baird Shearer 18:03, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What to do on the talk page
 * What to do on this Requested moves page

reply about obscene image
I don't want minors to risk looking at porno pictures when looking at the speedy deletion category. I wanted to seclude those speedy deletion candidates for the pornographic safety of minors so they would look at the candidates that are appropriate for them. --SuperDude 02:34, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Four Freedoms Federation
Hi, I noticed you participated in the VfD for Four Freedoms Federation. I have also posted another related article on VfD: John Lilburne Research Institute. Like the other one, this is vanity/soapbox/original research by the same user. --JW1805 00:56, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Aboa Vetus
I am assuming good faith (that's why I've come to you here) but you have created a redirect to an article that doesn't exist. Why is this? Is it jsut a typo? --Celestianpower talk 22:20, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh - I see. That's perfectly fine. It is always best to create the page before the redirect and then suspicious people like me don't get the wrong impression!Sorry for any difficulty caused!! --Celestianpower talk 08:00, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Atheists of Silicon Valley sockpuppets
No problem. I was just going to add one or two, but once I opened the edit window I couldn't stop until I had finished. I gave up on attempting the same on the allied The God That Wasn't VfD.

Have you dealt with these people before? Nope. I just came across the article, and after waiting a week or so to if it would improve or demonstrate some minimal noteworthiness, I VfD'd it. Which apparently makes me part of the Vast Right-Wing Theocratic Christian Conspiracy, a fact that they're perfectly convinced they know about me despite their not having been on Wikipedia long enough to have even figured out how to add signatures. Just an article of faith for them, ironically enough. --Calton | Talk 03:54, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, you're so funny, guess anyone who accuses you of right wing bias is nuts.. I mean removing people's votes and calling them sockpuppets just cuz you don't like their votes, what an un republican thing to do [/sarcasm] *anon* 05:25, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Was that directed at me or Calton? Anyhow, yeah, I've been called a 'pinko' and a 'commie' (because I'm a socialist) and a 'raghead' (because I'm a Muslim), but never before in my life a republican... And I certainly wasn't aware I had any 'right wing bias'. I'm just committed to removing patent nonsense from Wikipedia. - ulayiti (talk)  12:46, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
Thank you for your support on my RfA! When I submitted it, I was unsure of how I'd do, but the support was great. I promise that I won't do anything too stupid with the trust you've given me. humblefool®Deletion Reform 19:48, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. Stop by Deletion reform!

Fantasia Festival
Well, if I create the redirects first, I won't forget to create them later. As long as a busybody doesn't speedily delete them before the day is out, it should work out fine. 132.205.46.179 21:12, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Hi, thank you for the "standard" wellcome message. I'm familiar with the methods and operations. I just left the German wing of WP. So I try to refresch (typical German mistake, sorry about) refresh my English and write for the English wing. Just in the moment I went through a lot of Germnay related articles, looking for minor updates I can do instandly without creating too many errors. ;-) --Grabert 00:03, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've answered on my talk, not to swap to much from one place to the next. --Grabert 00:23, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Arabic translation
Thanks for the kind words! You made my day. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 11:50, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support
Thank you for voting to support my RFA. I've been promoted, and I promise to wield the mop with good faith, patience, and fairness... except when I'm exterminating vandals with the M-16 recoilless nuclear Gatling mop. --malathion talk 07:57, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

How to Make a Page Title duplicate
i have created Muslims In ukraine but i want another heading 2 it krainian muslims How should i do that both hardings refer to same page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yahoo (talk • contribs) 14:42, 10 August 2005 (EET) (UTC)

How to make an image good size
i have uploaded images in pet shop boys and Mustafa Abdulcemil Kirimoglu but they are too big.how do we resize them to fit .? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yahoo (talk • contribs) 20:08, 10 August 2005 (EET) (UTC)

User:Coqsportif
Aloha. I bear no personal grudge against User:Coqsportif nor have I ever expected or asked him to prove he's Hawaiian. In fact, his user page was never changed after he made his claim, only prior. FYI...I have been working on WikiProject Hawaii as well as populating Category:Wikipedians in Hawaii. On August 7, I added five users to the category, all of whom claim to live in Hawaii, either on their user page or on discussion pages:

 * 02:03, 7 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:Marshman
 * 02:01, 7 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:KeithH
 * 02:01, 7 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:Zora
 * 02:00, 7 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:Aoi
 * 01:59, 7 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:Viriditas

Around two hours later at 04:22, a discussion was started on WP:ANI regarding User:Coqsportif and his disruptive trolling. At 13:02, User:Coqsportif added his user page to the category, two minutes after (13:00) making a comment to my talk pge. :

 * 13:02, 7 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:Coqsportif
 * 13:00, 7 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:Viriditas

It's safe to assume he saw the category on my user page and then added it to his own user page two minutes later. I wasn't aware that he had added this category until 03:12 on August 10, and removed it at that time, since he had never mentioned anything about Hawaii, and had an edit history of adding and removing things incorrectly, as well as engaging in trollish edits. It wasn't until 12:14 on August 10 that he claimed to be "Hawaiian", and the page has not been reverted after that time. --Viriditas | Talk 00:35, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comments, they mean a lot to me. --Viriditas | Talk 05:19, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Viriditas has indeed challenged my ethnicity, demanded to know what island I was born on and to otherwise comply with random instructions. I am doing my best to be co-operative but being told what to do constantly is tiresome, as was his repeated vandalism of my user page. My claim to be Hawaiian in fact came the very moment I put the category on my user page, Viriditas is embarked upon ex post facto justification for conduct that has been roundly condemned. I just hope the matter has concluded and he does not do it to others. Coqsportif 13:59, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Your "ethnicity" has never been challenged. In an attempt to make conversation with someone who claims to live in Hawaii, a place I call home, I asked you what island you were from.  You refused to answer this simple question.  The edit history links above demonstrate that you are mistaken about when you made your claim.  You did not claim to be Hawaiian when you put the category on your user page; in fact you waited three days.  In any case, I've long dropped the issue, but for some reason or another you keep bringing it up.  I'm on Maui btw, in case you ever decide to discuss the topic, but judging from the current state of your user page (you write "My Island Home...I lerv Hawaii") I'm convinced you're still trolling.  That's just my belief based on your words and actions.  Hopefullly, you'll prove me wrong.  --Viriditas  | Talk 05:19, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't disagree with your understanding of Wikipedia rules, as I remember them anyway. My point is that he has no right to seek personal information from me. He has no right to edit my user page, other than in circumstances which did not apply. He has no right to act trollishly, pointlessly attacking my every contribution. I am entitled to vigorously defend myself against such action, I assume. If so entitled, I will certainly persist, within the rules of the project. Frankly I'd rather get on with my writing, it's much more interesting. Coqsportif 22:18, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

the wub
As a matter of fact I've never read Beyond Lies the Wub (or any of Philip K Dick's books) o_O It's just a friend of mine who's really into sci-fi was reading it one day, and seeing the cover "wub" struck me as an amazingly funny word. I used it for my (now defunct) website, because of its similarity to web and it being short and memorable. It then became my new Internet pseudonym as well. I guess I'll probably read the book one day :) the wub  "?/!"  14:21, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh I didn't realise it was only a short story. The book I saw must have been a compilation then. I'll probably visit the library this weekend and try to hunt it down. I read PKD's WP article, seems like an interesting guy to say the least. the wub  "?/!"  14:54, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Me again, thanks for reverting the vandalism on my user page. Now I've been vandalised I feel like a real wikipedian :) the wub  "?/!"  10:19, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

VFD
Fellow inclusionist Wikipedian, please see Votes for deletion/List of HTML decimal character references (2nd nomination), and weigh in if you care to. :) — BRIAN 0918  • 2005-08-13 18:29

Re:Welcome
Thank you, it is nice to feel welcomed by at least one usere, after being made to felt unwelcomed by many other useres. --IsWayneBradygonnahavetosmackabitch104 23:01, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Re: Luna class starship VfD
Thanks I'm a little new to Wikipedia. I will remember that in the future Aeon 00:45, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Is there anyway
Hey can I close a discussion for deletion. I would like to be able to nominate it for deletion in the near future once the required amount of time as pasted

Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aeon1006 (talk • contribs) 03:55, 15 August 2005 (EET) (UTC)

Eas a' Chual Aluinn
Hello, I've just fixed the page,sorry for the confusion-I'm still learnin'. Gillean666 16:55, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Erik is not an alternative spelling for Eric
'Erik' is a Scandinavian name originally brought to North America by Scandinavian settlers and now is commonly spelled 'Eric'. Thus, I would argue that 'Eric' is the alternate spelling, rather than the other way around.

My name is Erik and I'm of Finnish heritage. It has always been quite an annoyance for me to have to constantly specify a 'k' instead of a 'c' when giving someone my name. This is made especially annoying considering my name's etymology.

Why the 'c'? Wasn't 'k' sufficient?

 * Thanks for your clarification on this matter. Your arguments are sound for keeping Eric rather than Erik, and I choose to respect the conventions of Wikipedia. I suppose I have let my emotions get in the way.

24.112.59.7 19:02, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:C12H22O11/archive01


text:
Unearth

Unearth is an American metalcore band formed in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1998. The group consists of lead guitarist Buz McGrath, vocalist Trevor Phipps, bassist Chris O'Toole, drummer Mike Justian and rhythm guitarist Peter Layman. They are currently signed to Century Media Records and have released eight studio albums. Their most recent studio album, The Wretched; the Ruinous, was released on May 5, 2023.

Formation and The Stings of Conscience (1998–2002)
Unearth was formed by Buz McGrath, Mike Rudberg, Chris Rybicki and Ken Susi in Boston, Massachusetts in 1998. The band began as Point 04 (containing McGrath, Rudberg, and Rybicki), and Trevor Phipps was recruited soon afterwards. The band attempted to recruit Phipps while he recovered from appendicitis, but Phipps was reluctant to join. However, when Phipps showed up to a jam session for one of Susi's side bands, Unearth was practicing instead, and Phipps agreed to join after hearing the song "Shattered by the Sun." The name "Unearth" was coined by drummer Mike Rudberg as he wanted the band to "Unearth" a new sound in the metal and hardcore world. Quickly gaining traction in Boston alongside Overcast, Shadows Fall, and other popular Boston NWOAHM bands and given high praise in independent 'Zines, They went on a short Northeast US Tour with Since the Fall and other Metalcore pioneers Arranged By Steve Cossman. Buzz McGrath especially adding to their Energetic Live show with incredible vertical air jumps with their new 7 Strings, also new to the Hardcore Scene.

On the small independent label, Endless Fight Records, they released their first EP called Above the Fall of Man in May 1999. Unearth then signed to Eulogy Recordings to release The Stings of Conscience in 2001 and the Endless EP in 2002. During the process of Endless, Chris Rybicki left the group and was first replaced by former Poison the Well bassist Andrew Abramowitz. After Abramowitz left, John Maggard came in.

The Oncoming Storm (2003–2005)
After playing tours and festivals like the New England Metal and Hardcore Festival with Unearth, Mike Rudberg departed from the group days after their performance at The SXSW in 2003, having performed the show in the nude. Also, Buz McGrath left for personal problems, but came back shortly after. The rest of Unearth would then use Tim Mycek of Sworn Enemy as temporary replacement drummer and Kia Eshghi of Rumi on lead guitar. Before McGrath returned, Mike Martin from All That Remains also filled in for him. After McGrath's return, Adam Dutkiewicz of Killswitch Engage also filled in on drums for the last two months of the year. In late 2003, they would later begin touring with Killswitch Engage, Shadows Fall, and Lamb of God for MTV's Headbangers Ball United States tour. In the spring of 2004, Unearth was one of the opening bands on the second MTV Headbangers ball tour, they played alongside groups like Hatebreed, Damageplan & Drowning Pool.

With Buz McGrath and new permanent drummer Mike Justian, of The Red Chord and previously post-hardcore band Hassan I Sabbah, Unearth released The Oncoming Storm through Metal Blade Records on June 29, 2004. That summer, they played at Ozzfest on the second stage. Unearth then went on tour once again in the Fall of 2004, this time as a headliner. Terror, The Black Dahlia Murder & Remembering Never all supported the band on that tour. In 2005, Unearth performed in the first ever Sounds of the Underground tour with numerous bands like Norma Jean, Gwar, and All That Remains. They would also tour with Slipknot & As I Lay Dying in late 2005 in the United States.

III: In the Eyes of Fire (2006–2008)
In early 2006, they began writing their next album. After the writing process, they recorded III: In the Eyes of Fire with well-known heavy metal producer Terry Date in Seattle. This latest coup was yet another landmark in their blossoming career, a fact the band were quick to acknowledge: "Working with Terry Date is another amazing feat for us on a growing list of accomplishments". As they finished their latest album, they performed at Ozzfest for the second time, including songs from the album even though it was not destined for release until August 8, 2006. During the release, they began their headlined Sanctity of Brothers tour with Bleeding Through, Animosity, Through the Eyes of the Dead and Terror. After participating in Japan's Loud Park festival, Unearth and Slayer toured together all around the U.S. in early 2007 on the Christ Illusion tour. They headlined a European tour in the beginning of 2007 with Job for a Cowboy, Despised Icon, and DÅÅTH. Which was followed by a U.S. & Canadian tour with Dimmu Borgir, DevilDriver and Kataklysm that began in the middle of April. It was during this tour that drummer Mike Justian was fired from the band for numerous reasons. To fill in for the rest of the tour, Gene Hoglan of Strapping Young Lad was recruited. They played in the 2007 Download Festival with Seemless/Kingdom of Sorrow/studio drummer Derek Kerswill who has since joined the band officially.

The band's live DVD Alive from the Apocalypse was released on March 18, 2008, and debuted at No. 13 on the Billboard Top Music Video Chart, with sales around 1,800. It was also certified gold in Canada a week after its release.

The March (2008–2010)
On October 14, 2008, Unearth released their fourth album, entitled The March. The album features a re-recorded version of the song "The Chosen", which they contributed to the album Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters Colon the Soundtrack. The band recently completed a tour with Gwen Stacy, The Acacia Strain, Whitechapel and Protest the Hero. They have completed the Never Say Die Club Tour with Parkway Drive, Architects, Despised Icon, Protest the Hero, Whitechapel and Carnifex. They have also completed the Metal Hammer Defenders of the Faith tour with other acts such as Lamb of God, Dimmu Borgir and Five Finger Death Punch

As of early 2009, it has been confirmed that The March has sold more than 100,000 copies worldwide. In March 2010, Unearth confirmed that they will be playing the Download Festival opening the festival on the Maurice Jones Stage (formerly known as Main Stage) along with Killswitch Engage, 36 Crazyfists and Them Crooked Vultures.

On September 20, 2010, it was announced that their former bassist, Chris Rybicki, was killed in a car accident caused by an intoxicated woman. He was 39 years old.

On October 25, 2010, Unearth issued a statement saying they and Derek Kerswill had amicably parted ways. The band stated there is no bad blood towards Kerswill, and that the situation is purely based on musical differences. Justin Foley will fill in for drums for their new album.

Unearth completed a North American tour with As I Lay Dying, All That Remains and Carnifex and headed to Europe for the 10-day "Persistence Tour" in December 2010.

Darkness in the Light (2011–2013)
In January 2011 the band entered the studio to work on their fifth studio album entitled Darkness in the Light, which was later released on July 5, 2011. The album was produced by Adam Dutkiewicz and drums were tracked by Justin Foley. On the Metal Injection LiveCast on Wednesday, April 13, Buz McGrath was the special guest. He discussed the new album and mentioned a possible release date. He mentioned that it was lead vocalist Trevor Phipps' best effort on all the Unearth albums.

On January 31, 2011, the band was announced to be a part of the 2011 Mayhem Festival on the Jägermeister stage. Among the other bands billed for this tour were Disturbed, Godsmack, Megadeth, In Flames, Trivium, Suicide Silence, All Shall Perish, Kingdom of Sorrow Red Fang and Machine Head.

In 2013, Unearth was a part of the Brothers of Brutality tour headlined by Whitechapel and Emmure. John did not perform this tour due to personal matters. Former Poison the Well bassist Iano Dovi and Chimaira guitarist Matt DeVries took over until his return.

Watchers of Rule and departure of John Maggard (2014–2016)
During fall 2014, Unearth released two tracks from their new album Watchers of Rule, which was later released on October 28, 2014 via eOne Music and features 11 tracks on the regular edition and 13 tracks on the deluxe version.

In an interview with Noisefull, lead guitarist Buz McGrath revealed that the band currently has an open bass player position, confirming that John 'Slo' Maggard (who had been missing from touring for the last two years and did not contribute to Watchers of Rule) is no longer in the band. DeVries, who had performed live bass on all but one tour since the start of 2013, also chose to end his association with the band (and indeed stepped out of music altogether) at year's end, with Chris O'Toole being selected as a live fill-in afterward.

Unearth headlined the fury tour which featured acts like Fit For an Autopsy, Reflections, Great American Ghost, Ringworm and Culture Killer.

The band then supported Soilwork on their Fury Tour alongside Battlecross, Darkness Divided and Wovenwar.

In 2017, Unearth did a small spring headliner with Fit for an Autopsy, Exalt and Darkness Divided.

Extinction(s) (2018–2022)
In March 2018, Unearth announced that they would be playing the final touring portion of the Vans Warped Tour. They would be joined by bands like Every Time I Die, Motionless in White, Wage War, Chelsea Grin, Simple Plan, The Amity Affliction, Harm's Way and much more.

The first single off their newest album, Incinerate premiered on July 2, 2018. The album Extinction(s) was released on November 23.

In support of the new album, the band went on a late 2018 tour with Fit for an Autopsy once again, The Agony Scene and Traitors joined as support.

In early 2019, Unearth co-headlined The "Death to False Metalcore Tour" with Darkest Hour. Misery Signals, Malevolence and Left Behind joined as support on the tour.

Unearth supported Soulfly in the February of 2019 on the West Coast for their Ritual Tour.

Unearth opened up for All That Remains on their Spring Headliner Tour. Big Story and The 9th Planet Out also joined up on the tour.

Unearth opened up for Soulfly once again this year for the "Blood on the Streets" tour. Incite, Prison and Arrival of Autumn were all featured on the lineup.

Unearth than did a co-headlining tour with Darkest Hour in the December of 2019 across the West Coast portion in the United States. Unearth than did a mini east coast run with Gwar as they supported them on their "Use Your Collusion" tour with Savage Master.

Unearth headlined a European tour in the February of 2020 alongside Prong, Dust Bolt and Sinaro.

Unearth was supposed to headline a tour in Australia during the months of April and May that year with The Ascended, but the tour was postponed until further notice due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Unearth was one of the bands to open up for Shadows Fall on their reunion show at the Palladium venue in Worcester, Massachusetts, alongside Darkest Hour, Within the Ruins, Sworn Enemy and Carnivora.

On June 2, 2022, the band announced they had parted ways with Nick Pierce and that former drummer Mike Justian had returned to the band. They also announced they were working on a new album.

Unearth opened up for Killswitch Engage on their Holidaze Rager 2 tour in the December of 2022. Rivers of Nihil and Lybica also joined up as supporting acts.

The Wretched; the Ruinous and departure of Ken Susi (2023–present)
In January 2023, Unearth performed several headlining shows all across many different countries like Japan, Australia and Taiwan.

Unearth is set to headline a European tour in April 2023. Misery Index, Year of the Knife, Leach and Turbid North will be joining up as the supporting acts.

On March 3, 2023, the band announced their eighth album, The Wretched; the Ruinous, would be released on May 5. The band also released a new single from the album, "Mother Betrayal", and also announced they had officially parted ways with Ken Susi after he took an extended hiatus from the band.

On July 12, 2024, the band surprised released an EP titled Bask in the Blood of Our Demons.

Band members
Current members
 * Buz McGrath – lead guitar (1998–present)
 * Trevor Phipps – lead vocals (1998–present)
 * Chris O'Toole – bass, backing vocals (2014–present)
 * Mike Justian – drums (2002–2007, 2022–present)
 * Peter Layman – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2023–present; touring member 2005, 2022–2023)

Former members
 * Ken Susi – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1998–2023)
 * Mike Rudberg – drums (1998–2002)
 * Chris "Rover" Rybicki – bass (1998–2002; died 2010)
 * John "Slo" Maggard – bass, backing vocals (2002–2012)
 * Derek Kerswill – drums (2007–2010)
 * Justin Foley – drums (2011–2012)
 * Matt DeVries – bass, backing vocals (2012–2014)
 * Nick Pierce – drums (2012–2022)

Former touring members
 * Andrew Abramowitz – bass (2001)
 * Scott McDonald – guitar (2001)
 * Timmy Thompson – drums (2002)
 * Tim Mycek – drums (2003)
 * Adam Dutkiewicz – drums (2003)
 * Kia Eshghi – lead guitar (2003)
 * Gene Hoglan – drums (2007)
 * Mike Martin – lead guitar (2010)
 * Iano Dovi – bass (2013)
 * Doc Coyle – bass (2013)
 * Jordan Mancino – drums (2016–2017)
 * Mike Schleibaum – rhythm guitar (2019)

Discography

 * The Stings of Conscience (2001)
 * The Oncoming Storm (2004)
 * III: In the Eyes of Fire (2006)
 * The March (2008)
 * Darkness in the Light (2011)
 * Watchers of Rule (2014)
 * Extinction(s) (2018)
 * The Wretched; the Ruinous (2023)

title: Unearth


text:
Casas Grandes

Casas Grandes (Spanish for Great Houses; also known as Paquimé) is a prehistoric archaeological site in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. Construction of the site is attributed to the Mogollon culture. Casas Grandes has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the purview of INAH and a "Pueblo Mágico" since 2015.

Casas Grandes is one of the largest and most complex Mogollon culture sites in the region. Settlement began after 1130 AD, and the larger buildings developed into multi-storied dwellings after 1350 AD. The community was abandoned approximately in 1450 AD. Casas Grandes is regarded as one of the most significant Mogollon archaeological zones in the northwestern Mexico region, linking it to other sites in Arizona and New Mexico in the United States, and demonstrating the extent of the Mogollon sphere of influence.

The Casas Grandes complex is situated in a broad, fertile valley along the Casas Grandes or San Miguel River, approximately 56 kilometres (35 mi) south of Janos and 240 kilometres (150 mi) northwest of the state capital, Chihuahua. The settlement depended on irrigation to sustain its agricultural activities.

The archaeological zone is contained within the eponymous modern municipio (municipality) of Casas Grandes. The valley and region have been inhabited by aboriginal groups for millennia.

Pre-Columbian culture
Between 1130 and 1300 AD, the area's inhabitants started gathering in small settlements within this expansive fertile valley. The most extensive identified settlement is now recognized as Paquimé or Casas Grandes. It originated as a collection of 20 or more clusters of houses, each with a plaza and enclosing wall. These single-story adobe dwellings shared a unified water system. Evidence indicates that Paquimé possessed an intricate water management system comprising underground drain networks, reservoirs,, channels for water distribution to the residences, and a sewage system.

After being burned about 1340, Casas Grandes was rebuilt with multi-story apartment buildings to replace the small buildings. Casas Grandes consisted of about 2,000 adjoining rooms built of adobe, I-shaped Mesoamerican ballcourts, stone-faced platforms, effigy mounds, and a market area. About 350 other, smaller settlement sites have been found in the Casas Grandes area, some as far as 70 km away. Archaeologists believe that the area directly controlled by Casas Grandes was relatively small, extending out about 30 km from the city. The population may have been about 2,500 in Casas Grandes with perhaps 10,000 people living within its area of control.

Specialized craft activities included the production of copper bells and ornaments, extensive pottery, and beads from marine molluscs. These crafts were probably distributed by an extensive trading network. Casas Grandes pottery has a white or reddish surface, with ornamentation in blue, red, brown, or black. In the past it was sometimes considered to be of better manufacture than the contemporary pottery in the area. Effigy bowls and vessels were often formed in the shape of a painted human figure. Casas Grandes pottery was traded among prehistoric peoples as far north as present-day New Mexico and Arizona and throughout northern Mexico.

The archaeologist Stephen Lekson has noted that Paquimé is aligned on roughly the same longitudinal axis as Chaco Canyon and Aztec Ruins, with an error of only a few kilometres/miles. Chaco reached its cultural peak first, then Aztec and Paquimé. The similarities among these sites may indicate that their ruling elites also had a ceremonial connection. Lekson proposed that ruling elites, once removed from their prior positions at Chaco, re-established their hegemony over the area at Aztec and later Paquime. This idea, though, remains controversial and is not as widely accepted as often reported (cf. Lekson 2009). It has been proposed, and more widely accepted, that the origins of Paquime can be found in its connection with the Mogollon culture.

Archaeological ruins
At the time of the Spanish Conquest, the district of Casas Grandes was studded with artificial mounds, from which looters took numerous stone axes, metates or corn-grinders, and earthenware pottery vessels of various kinds.

Before significant archaeological investigation, sizable portions of buildings from pre-Columbian times were extant about 800 metres from the modern community. The ruins were built of sun-dried blocks of mud and gravel, about 22 in thick, and of irregular length, generally about 3 ft, probably formed and dried in place. The thick walls seem to have been plastered both inside and outside. A principal structure extended 800 ft from north to south, and 250 ft east to west. It was generally rectangular, and appears to have consisted of three separate units joined by galleries or lines of lower buildings.

The eastern and western halves of the city are divided by a stone wall and reservoirs. The monuments on the east are rectilinear, puddled adobe structures used primarily for domestic and manufacturing purposes. The buildings on the west, on the other hand, are open earth mounds lined in stone for public displays. This visual structure defines the eastern side as lending toward the Puebloan peoples of North America and the west as referencing the cultures to the south in Mesoamerica. This visual motif is prevalent throughout the other sites sharing the same longitudinal line, indicating that they were built by a common group.

The homes at Paquimé were circular and semi-circular pit houses and coursed-adobe room blocks built around plazas. The living spaces varied in size from closet-sized to extensive courtyards. Walls at many of the angles stand 40 to 50 ft high, and indicate an original elevation of up to six or seven stories. Ruins about 450 ft from the main grouping consist of a series of rooms ranged round a square court, seven rooms to each side with a larger apartment at each corner. The settlement featured T-shaped doorways and stone disks at the bottom of ceiling support columns, both distinctive of Puebloan architecture. Casas Grandes had ballcourts, though they were relatively small compared to other major sites. The ballcourts at Paquime are in the classic "I" shape of those found Mesoamerica, and not the oval-shaped ones found in association with the Hohokam culture in south and central Arizona.

A 5000 lb iron meteorite was found in one of the rooms, carefully wrapped in linen. The meteorite is displayed in the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems and Minerals at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Excavations in one compound produced eggshell fragments, bird skeletons, and traces of wooden perches. Additionally, there is the presence of a row of macaw pens in the center of the site. Archaeologists concluded that the community had imported an initial population of scarlet macaws from Mesoamerica and raised them as their feathers were considered sacred and important in Mesoamerican rituals.

A major collection of Casas Grandes pottery is currently held by the Museum of Peoples and Cultures at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Stanford University in California also holds pottery artifacts from the site. A group of 23 pottery vessels from the site was acquired by the British Museum in 1979. A new permanent exhibit, Without Borders: The Deep History of Paquimé, has also recently opened at the Amerind Museum. The remainder of the material culture recovered from Paquime is located in the care of INAH in Casas Grandes, Chihuahua and Chihuahua City, Chihuahua.

Casas Grandes' ruins are similar to neighboring ruins near Gila and Salinas in New Mexico, as well as Arizona and Colorado. It is reasoned they represent cultural groups related and linked to the Mogollon culture. Early ethnologist Hubert Howe Bancroft, in his The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America (1874), had alleged that they are related to the modern-day Hopi People, referred as "Moqui" during his period. Contemporary scholars have not precisely identified the descendants of the Casas Grandes people.

Iconography
Iconography can be simply defined as pictorial or material relating to or illustrating a subject, the traditional or conventional images or symbols associated with a subject and especially a religious or legendary subject, including art. In the case with the ruins found at Casas Grandes, iconography has proven to be particularly important in understanding gender differences, especially in regards to trade, daily tasks, and religious rituals. Effigies (small figurines) were found through excavation of the site, thus the effigies show definite gender and sex differences between males and females in society. The similar characteristics of the effigies such as body positions, body proportions, activities, and facial decorations allow archaeologist to make assumptions of how gender differences were portrayed. Artisans of Casas Grandes depicted a wide range of behaviors and beliefs from rules about social behavior (sitting positions) to ritual activities (smoking) and the supernatural (horned/plumed serpents). Based on archaeologists' studies of the effigies found, the activities of women and men were both valued, and social differentiation was based more on individual status and class membership than sex and gender. Contrasting specific pictorial representations of the effigies include masculine identified features and activities such as sitting with their legs flexed to their bodies, decorated with pound signs and horned serpent imagery, smoking, and their penis. Females in contrast have large midsections sitting with their legs extended, decorated with modified pound signs and bird imagery, holding children and pots, and occasionally nursing. The effigies depicted the way in which the Casas Grandes people thought social life should be implemented based on gender differences and provide insight on the simple aspects of society.

Birth and death of Casas Grandes
Various theories exist as to the inhabitants of Casas Grandes, but the most logical relationship of Casas Grandes to Forty Houses 60 mi to the south and to TJ Ruins and Gila Cliff 200 mi to the north led to the common agreement that the site is part of the Mogollon culture sphere of influence.

Three other theories compete to explain its existence. The archaeologist Charles C. Di Peso advanced the theory that Casas Grandes was a backwater until about 1200 CE when pochteca (traders) from the Aztec empire or other Mesoamerican states to the south turned it into a major trading center. A diametrically opposed theory is that Casas Grandes was established by the elites of the Ancestral Puebloans from the north who were leaving Chaco Canyon and other areas during their decline. The third theory is that Casas Grandes is purely a local creation, a community that grew over time to dominate its region and adopted some religious and social customs from the civilizations of Mesoamerica. There is common academic agreement that trading existed between the cultures of Mesoamerica, Aridoamerica, and the American southwest, though not on a large or planned scale. As no system like the pochteca existed in the north, the architectural remains throughout yet share a commonality of knowledge from north to south, that included such ancient population centers such as at Snaketown.

Casas Grandes was abandoned in about 1450. It is unclear whether it was abandoned slowly over a period of years or quickly. The Spanish explorer Francisco de Ibarra found the site of Casa Grandes in 1565. The Indians nearby, non-agricultural nomads, probably Suma or Jano, told him that a war with village dwellers, the Opata, four days journey west had caused the abandonment of Casas Grandes and that the inhabitants had moved six days journey north. This story suggests the people of Casas Grandes joined the Pueblos on the Rio Grande in New Mexico.

Other theories are that the Casas Grandes people migrated west to Sonora and joined or became the Opata whom the Spaniards found in the mid 16th century living in "statelets," small but well-organized city states. It is also possible that Casas Grandes was abandoned because opportunities were greater elsewhere. Other communities in the Southwest are known to have been abandoned in favor of a new home.

The language the inhabitants of Casas Grandes spoke is unknown. Given the Mesoamerican influence on Casas Grandes, Nahuatl was probably widely spoken but it was not the primary language of the people.

title: Casas Grandes


text:
Clouds Rolling By

Clouds Rolling By is the third album by the Norwegian rock band BigBang, released in 2000. The album was released on both CD and LP, with the latter being limited to 500 copies.

The album's producers were Michael Ilbert and Nils B. Kvam, along with Bigbang. Drummer Olaf Olson was fired in the middle of the recording process and replaced by Karim Sayed.

"Across the Street" LP version is an extended re-recording of the "Across The Street (Demo '99)" released in the 2000 Girl in Oslo EP.

Personnel
Bigbang Additional personnel
 * Øystein Greni – lead vocals, lead guitar, piano, percussion, drums
 * Nikolai Eilertsen – bass, baritone guitar, piano, glockenspiel, backing vocals
 * Karim Sayed – drums, percussion, backing vocals

 * Michael Ilbert – producer
 * Nils B. Kvam – producer
 * Olaf Olsen – drums (track 2, 6, 7, 10 and 11), percussion (track 8)
 * Christer Engen – drums and percussion (track 2), percussion (Track 1 and 3)
 * Lars Horntveth – reeds (track 1, 7 and 11)
 * Svein Greni – saxophone (track 1 and 2)
 * Tarjei Grimsby – trombone (track 1 and 2)
 * Thomas Olsen – trumpet (track 1)
 * Martin Winstad – congas (track 2)
 * Øystein Bjørk – trumpet (track 2)
 * Michael Libert – piano (track 4)
 * Yngve Volent – cello (track 7), congas (track 11)
 * Øyvind Brække – trombone (track 7 and 11)
 * Terje Johannesen – trumpet (track 7 and 11)
 * Bendik Bjørnstad Foss – viola (track 7 and 11)
 * Emma Strømberg – violin (track 7 and 11)
 * Sunniva Attedal – violin (track 7 and 11)
 * Andreas Mjøs – vibraphone (track 11)

title: Clouds Rolling By


text:
National Union for the Defence of Democracy

National Union for the Defence of Democracy (in French: Union Nationale pour la Défense de la Démocratie) was a political party in Upper Volta. The UNDD is led by Hermann Yaméogo, the son of former president Maurice Yaméogo.

In the 1978 presidential elections the UNDD launched Macaire Ouédraogo as its candidate. Ouédraogo got 254,465 votes in the first round (25.22%) and 552,956 votes (43.8%) in the second. In the National Assembly held the same year, the UNDD came in second winning 13 seats. In 2005 the party, refounded, took part in the presidential election of 13 November, where its candidate Hermann Yaméogo won 0.76% of the popular vote.


text:
Tiangong space station

Tiangong, officially the Tiangong space station , is a permanently crewed space station constructed by China and operated by China Manned Space Agency. Tiangong is a modular design, with modules docked together while in low Earth orbit, between 340 and 450 km above the surface. It is China's first long-term space station, part of the Tiangong program and the core of the "Third Step" of the China Manned Space Program; it has a pressurised volume of 340 m3 (12,000 cu ft), slightly over one third the size of the International Space Station. The space station aims to provide opportunities for space-based experiments and a platform for building capacity for scientific and technological innovation.

The construction of the station is based on the experience gained from its precursors, Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2. The first module, the Tianhe ("Harmony of the Heavens") core module, was launched on 29 April 2021. This was followed by multiple crewed and uncrewed missions and the addition of two laboratory cabin modules. The first, Wentian ("Quest for the Heavens"), launched on 24 July 2022; the second, Mengtian ("Dreaming of the Heavens"), launched on 31 October 2022.

Nomenclature
The names used in the space program, previously all chosen from the revolutionary history of the People's Republic, have been replaced with mystical-religious ones. Thus, the space capsule Divine Vessel, spaceplane Divine Dragon , land-based high-power laser Divine Light , and supercomputer Divine Might.

These poetic names continue as the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and future probes of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program are called Chang'e – after the Moon goddess. The name "Tiangong" means "heavenly palace". Across China, the launch of Tiangong-1 was reported to have inspired a variety of feelings, including love poetry. The rendezvous of the space vehicles has been compared to the reunion of the cowherd and the weaver girl.

Wang Wenbao, director of the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), told a news conference in 2011: ""Considering past achievements and the bright future, we feel the manned space programme should have a more vivid symbol, and that the future space station should carry a resounding and encouraging name. We now feel that the public should be involved in the names and symbols, as this major project will enhance national prestige and strengthen the national sense of cohesion and pride.""

On 31 October 2013, CMSA announced the new names for the whole space station program:
 * The precursor space labs would be called Tiangong, code TG. Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2 were launched respectively in 2011 and 2016.
 * The large modular space station would be called Tiangong as well, without number.
 * The cargo transport spacecraft would be called Tianzhou, code TZ. The first Tianzhou mission successfully launched and deorbited in 2017. The first mission to the space station, Tianzhou 2, flew on 29 May 2021. Subsequently, Tianzhou 3, Tianzhou 4 and Tianzhou 5 were launched respectively on 20 September 2021, 9 May 2022 and 12 November 2022.
 * The Modular Space Station Core Module would be called Tianhe, code TH. Tianhe was successfully launched on 29 April 2021.
 * The Modular Space Station Experiment Module I would be called Wentian, code WT. Wentian was successfully launched on 24 July 2022.
 * The Modular Space Station Experiment Module II would be called Mengtian, code MT. Mengtian was successfully launched on 31 October 2022.
 * The separate space telescope module would be called Xuntian, code XT (telescope), receiving the previously intended name for the Experiment Module II. Launch is planned for 2026.

Purpose and mission
According to CMSA, which operates the space station, the purpose and mission of Tiangong is to develop and gain experience in spacecraft rendezvous technology, permanent human operations in orbit, long-term autonomous spaceflight of the space station, regenerative life support technology and autonomous cargo and fuel supply technology. It will also serve the platform for the next-generation orbit transportation vehicles, scientific and practical applications at large-scale in orbit, and technology for future deep space exploration.

CMSA also encourages commercial activities led by the private sector and hopes their involvement could bring cost-effective aerospace innovations. Space tourism at the space station is also considered.

Scientific research
The space station will have 23 experimental racks in an enclosed, pressurised environment. There will also be platforms for exposed experiments; 22 and 30 on the Wentian and Mengtian laboratory modules, respectively. Over 1,000 experiments are tentatively approved by CMSA, and scheduled to be conducted on the space station.

Agriculture in microgravity was explored with cultivation of rice and Arabidopsis thaliana as sustainable food sources for long-term spaceflight.

The programmed experiment equipment racks for the three modules as of June 2016 were:
 * Space life sciences and biotechnology
 * Ecology Science Experiment Rack (ESER)
 * Biotechnology Experiment Rack (BER)
 * Science Glove-box and Refrigerator Rack (SGRR)
 * Microgravity fluid physics and combustion
 * Fluids Physics Experiment Rack (FPER)
 * Two-phase System Experiment Rack (TSER)
 * Combustion Experiment Rack (CER)
 * Material science in space
 * Material Furnace Experiment Rack (MFER)
 * Container-less Material Experiment Rack (CMER)
 * Fundamental Physics in Microgravity
 * Cold Atom Experiment Rack (CAER)
 * High-precision Time-Frequency Rack (HTFR)
 * Multipurpose Facilities
 * High Micro-gravity Level Rack (HMGR)
 * Varying-Gravity Experiment Rack (VGER)
 * Modularized Experiment Rack (RACK)

Education and cultural outreach
The space station features space lectures and popular science experiments to educate, motivate and inspire the younger Chinese generation and world audience in science and technology. Each lecture is concluded with a question-and-answer session with school children's questions from classrooms across China. The first and second Tiangong space lesson was conducted in December 2021 and March 2022, as a part of the Shenzhou 13 mission. This tradition continued with the Shenzhou 14.

The CSSARC is the Amateur Radio payload for the Chinese Space Station, proposed by the Chinese Radio Amateurs Club (CRAC), Aerospace System Engineering Research Institute of Shanghai (ASES) and Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT). The payload will provide resources for radio amateurs worldwide to contact onboard astronauts or communicate with each other, aim to inspire students to take interests and careers in science, technology, engineering, and math, and encourage more people to get interested in amateur radio.

The first phase of the payload is capable of providing the following functions utilising the VHF/UHF amateur radio band:

 * V/V or U/U crew voice
 * V/U or U/V FM repeater
 * V/V or U/U 1k2 AFSK digipeater
 * V/V or U/U SSTV or digital image

Structure

The space station is a third-generation modular space station. First-generation space stations, such as early Salyut, Almaz, and Skylab, were single-piece stations and not designed for resupply. Second generation Salyut 6 and 7, and Tiangong 1 and 2 stations, are designed for mid-mission resupply. Third-generation stations, such as Mir and the International Space Station, are modular space stations, assembled in orbit from pieces launched separately. Modular design can greatly improve reliability, reduce costs, shorten development cycles, and meet diversified task requirements.

Modules
The initial target configuration for the end of 2022 consisted of three modules. Previous plans suggested expanding to six modules by duplicating the initial three, but as of 2023, planning has shifted to adding a single multi-functional module with six docking ports instead. In October 2023, China announced revised plans to expand the station to six modules starting in 2027.

The Tianhe Core Cabin Module (CCM) provides life support and living quarters for three crew members and provides guidance, navigation, and orientation control for the station. The module also provides the station's power, propulsion, and life support systems. The module consists of three sections: living quarters, a service section, and a docking hub. The living quarters will contain a kitchen and toilet, fire control equipment, atmospheric processing and control equipment, computers, scientific apparatus, communications equipment to send and receive communications via ground control in Beijing, and other equipment.

In 2018 a full-scale mockup of CCM was publicly presented at China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in Zhuhai. The video from CMSA revealed that two of these core modules have been built. Artist impressions have also depicted the two core modules docked together to enlarge the overall station.

The first of two Laboratory Cabin Modules (LCM), Wentian, provides additional avionics, propulsion, and life support systems as backup functions for the CCM. The Wentian is also fitted with an independent airlock cabin to serve as the main entry-exit point for extravehicular activities (EVA), replacing the Tianhe docking hub. For the scientific payload, the LCM is equipped with multiple internal science racks and 22 payload adapters on the exterior for various types of experiments. Aside from scientific equipment, the module features three additional living quarters designed for short-term stay, which will be used during crew rotation. Wentian was launched and docked with the Tianhe on 24 July 2022.

The second LCM, Mengtian, was launched on 31 October 2022. The Mengtian module is equipped with expanded in-orbit experiment capacity. The module is divided into multiple sections, including the pressurised crew working compartment, the unpressurised cargo section, the cargo airlock/on-orbit release mechanism, as well as the control module section featuring external experiment adapters, a communication antenna, and two solar arrays. In total, it carries 13 experimental racks and 37 external payload adapters. The cargo airlock is specifically designed for conveying payloads from inside the station to the exterior.

Both LCMs provide a pressurised environment for researchers to conduct science experiments in freefall or microgravity which could not be conducted on Earth for more than a few minutes. Experiments can also be placed on the outside of the modules for exposure to the space environment, cosmic rays, vacuum, and solar winds. Overall, Wentian prioritises life science, while the Mengtian focus on microgravity experiments.

The axial port of the LCMs is fitted with rendezvous equipment for docking at the axial port of the CCM. A mechanical arm called the indexing robotic arm, externally resembling the Lyappa arm used on the Mir space station, moves Wentian LCM to the starboard side, and the Mengtian LCM module to a port-side port of the CCM. The Indexing robot arms differentiate from the Lyappa arm as they are used when docking is needed in the same plane, while the Lyappa arm controls the pitch of the spacecraft to re-dock it at a different plane. The Chinarm on the Tianhe module can be used as a backup for docking relocation.

Communication
The real-time communications, including live audio and video links, are provided by the Tianlian II series of data relay satellites. A constellation of three satellites was launched into geostationary orbits, providing communication and data support for the station.

Docking
Tiangong is fitted with the Chinese Docking Mechanism used by Shenzhou spacecraft and previous Tiangong prototypes. The Chinese docking mechanism is based on the Russian APAS-89/APAS-95 system. Despite NASA describing it as a "clone" to APAS, there have been contradictory claims on the compatibility of the Chinese system with both current and future docking mechanisms on the ISS, which are also based on APAS. It has a circular transfer passage that has a diameter of 800 mm. The androgynous variant has a mass of 310 kg and the non-androgynous variant has a mass of 200 kg.

The Chinese Docking Mechanism was used for the first time on Shenzhou 8 and Tiangong 1 space stations and will be used on future Chinese space stations and with future CMSA cargo resupply vehicles.

Power supply
Electrical power is provided by two steerable solar power arrays on each module, which use gallium arsenide photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Energy is stored to power the station when it passes into the Earth's shadow. Resupply spacecraft will replenish fuel for the station's propulsion engines for station keeping, to counter the effects of atmospheric drag. The solar arrays are designed to last up to 15 years.

Propulsion
Tiangong space station is fitted with conventional chemical propulsion and ion thrusters to adjust and maintain the station's orbit. Four Hall-effect thrusters are mounted on the hull of Tianhe core module. The development of the Hall-effect thrusters is considered a sensitive topic in China, with scientists "working to improve the technology without attracting attention". Hall-effect thrusters are created with crewed mission safety in mind with effort to prevent erosion and damage caused by the accelerated ion particles.

A magnetic field and specially designed ceramic shield were created to repel damaging particles and maintain the integrity of the thrusters. According to a report by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the ion drive used on Tiangong ran continuously for 8,240 hours without a glitch during the testing phase, indicating its suitability for Tiangong's designated 15-year lifespan. These are the world's first Hall thrusters to be used on a human-rated mission.

Robotic arms
The Tiangong station features five robotic arms. The longest one is the 10-meter-long, ISS Canadian-style SSRMS robotic arm, nicknamed Chinarm, mounted on the Tianhe core module.

The Wentian module features a smaller, 5 m long SSRMS robotic arm that is 5 times more accurate in positioning than the Chinarm. The Wentian arm is primarily used to transfer extravehicular experiments and other hardware outside the station during astronaut EVAs. A dual-arm connector is installed on the Chinarm, providing it the capability to link with the  Wentian robotic arm, extending its reach and weight-carrying limits.

The Mengtian module carries a payload release mechanism, installed to assist in cargo transfer. The robotic arm can retrieve experiments from the cargo airlock, then install them onto the external adapters fitted on the module exterior. It can also be used to launch microsatellites.

Two Indexing robotic arms, developed by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology, are fitted on top of docking ports for the two laboratory modules to help relocate them during construction.

Planning
In 2011, it was announced that the future space station was planned to be assembled from 2020 to 2022. By 2013, the space station's core module was planned to be launched earlier, in 2018, followed by the first laboratory module in 2020, and a second in 2022. By 2018, it was reported that this had slipped to 2020–2023. In February 2020, a total of 11 launches were planned for the whole construction phase, beginning in 2021. In 2021, it was reported China National Space Administration planned to complete the construction of the space station in 2022.

Tiangong modules are self-contained and pre-assembled, in contrast to the US Orbital Segment of the ISS, which required spacewalking to interconnect cables, piping, and structural elements manually. The assembly method of the station can be compared with the Soviet-Russian Mir space station and the Russian orbital segment of the International Space Station, making China the second nation to develop and use automatic rendezvous and docking for modular space station construction. The technologies in the construction are derived from decades of Chinese crewed spaceflight experiences, including those gained from Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2 prototypes, as well as the purchase of aerospace technology from Russia in the early 1990s. A representative of the Chinese crewed space program stated that around 2000, China and Russia were engaged in technological exchanges regarding the development of a docking mechanism used for space stations. Deputy Chief Designer, Huang Weifen, stated that near the end of 2009, China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) began to train astronauts on how to dock spacecraft.

In accordance to the plan, by the end of 2022, the fully assembled Tiangong space station had three 22 metric-ton modules in a basic T-shape. With the modular design, the Tiangong space station can be further expanded into six modules prospectively enabling for more astronaut participation in the future.

Assembly

The construction of the Chinese Space Station officially began in April 2021. The planned 11 missions include three module launches, four crewed missions, and four autonomous cargo flights. On 29 April 2021, the first component of the station, Tianhe core module, was launched to the orbit aboard the Long March 5B rocket from Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site. On 29 May 2021, Tianzhou 2 autonomous cargo spacecraft was launched to the Tianhe core module in preparation for the Shenzhou 12 crew, who will be responsible for testing Tianhe's various systems and preparing for future operations. On 17 June 2021, Shenzhou 12 team docked with the space station, marking them the first visitors to the Tiangong station. The first crew mission began the examination of the core module and verification of key technologies. On 4 July 2021, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo began their first spacewalk in upgraded Chinese Feitian spacesuits, outfitting the space stations with extravehicular activity (EVA) equipment, such as foot restraints and the standing platform for Chinarm. Shenzhou 12 commander Nie Haisheng stayed inside the station and tested the robotic arm movements. Liu Boming and Nie Haisheng completed the second spacewalk on 20 August 2021 and installed various devices outside of the station, including a thermal control system, a panoramic camera, and other equipment. On 16 September 2021, the Shenzhou 12 crew entered the returning spacecraft and undocked from Tianhe. Before leaving the orbit, the crew performed various radial rendezvous (R-Bar) maneuvers to circumnavigate around the space station. They tested the guidance system and recorded lighting conditions while approaching the Tianhe from different angles. The crew landed in the Gobi Desert of Inner Mongolia on the same day. Tianzhou 3 cargo spacecraft, which arrived at the launch facility a month earlier, was immediately rolled out onto the launch pad for the next supply mission.

On 20 September 2021, Tianzhou 3 autonomous freighter was launched from the Wenchang Satellite Launch Center in preparation for the arrival of Shenzhou 13 crew. The Shenzhou 13 was the first six-month mission on the Tiangong station, whereas previous Shenzhou 12 was only three months in length. The Shenzhou 13 docked with the space station on 15 October 2021. Missions for the Shenzhou 13 crew included orbit experiments, spacewalks, and for the station's future expansion. On 7 November 2021, Shenzhou 13 crew Zhai Zhigang and Wang Yaping conducted the first spacewalks to test the next-generation EVA suit and robotic Chinarm, making Wang Yaping China's first female spacewalker. One of the missions in the 6.5-hour extravehicular activity was to install a dual-arm connector to the 10-meter-long robotic arm. The connector can provide the capability for Chinarm to extend in length with another 5-meter-long segment mounted on the Wentian module that will arrive in 2022. According to Gao Shen of the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), the combined 15-meter Chinarm will have greater range and weight-carrying capacity. During spacewalks, various preparations were performed on the robotic arm for manipulation and construction of future modules.

On 26 December 2021, Shenzhou 13 crew Zhai Zhigang and Ye Guangfu conducted the second spacewalk to install a panoramic camera, which will be used for space station monitoring and robotic arm observation. They also practiced various movements with the help of Chinarm controlled by the monitoring astronaut Wang Yaping inside the station. During the construction phase of the station in 2021, according to documents filed by China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and reported by Reuters, the station had two "close encounters" with SpaceX's Starlink satellites on July 1 and October 21, with the station conducting evasive adjustment maneuvers. On 5 January 2022, Shenzhou 13 team used the 10-meter long Chinarm to relocate the Tianzhou 2 supply ship by 20 degrees before returning it to the original location. This maneuver was conducted to practice the procedures, equipment, and backup operation system needed for future module assembly. On January 13, the crew tested the emergency docking system by controlling the cargo spacecraft manually. In March 2022, Shenzhou 13 crew began the preparation to undock from the space station. The crew landed in China on 16 April 2022, after staying 182 days in the low-Earth orbit. Soon afterward, China launched Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft in preparation for the next crewed mission in May. The automated freighter docked with the space station on 9 May 2022, and carried vital maintenance equipment and a refrigerator for scientific experiment.

Beginning with the Shenzhou 14, China officially started the final construction phase for the space station, with three astronauts tasked to oversee the arrival of two labotorary modules in 2022. On 5 June 2022, Shenzhou 14 crew arrived at the space station, docking at the Earth-facing nadir port. Shenzhou 14 crew will begin the assembly for both Wentian and Mengtian modules, arriving in second half of the year. The crew installed carbon dioxide reduction system for the space station, tested Feitian spacesuits, and debugged Tianhe core module. On 19 July 2022, Tianzhou 3 was undocked from the station, making way for the arrival of the Wentian module. On 24 July 2022, the Wentian laboratory module was launched from the Wenchang space center and rendezvoused with the Tianhe core module on the same day. Wentian is the second module for the Tiangong space station, and the first laboratory cabin module (LCM). The module is equipped with an airlock cabin, which will become the primary entry-exit point for future EVAs. The module also feature backup avionics, propulsion, and life support systems, improving Tiangong space station's operational redundancy. On 2 September 2022, the crew member Chen Dong and Liu Yang performed their first spacewalk from the new Wentian airlock, installing and adjusting various external equipment as well as testing emergency return procedures. On 17 September 2022, astronauts Chen Dong and Cai Xuzhe performed the second spacewalk, installing external pumps and verified emergency rescue capability. On 30 September 2022, all crew members worked in coordination, moving the Wentian module from the forward port to the starboard lateral docking port, which is its planned permanent location on 30 September 2022 at 04:44 UTC. The relocation process was largely automated with the assistance of the Indexing robotic arm. In October 2022, CMSA prepared to launch the third and final module, Mengtian, to complete the construction for the Tiangong space station.

On 31 October 2022, Mengtian module was launched from the Wenchang space center, and docked with the station 13 hours later. The assembly of the Mengtian marks the final step in the 1.5-year construction process. According to China Academy of Space Technology, the rendezvous and docking process for Mengtian was conducted expeditiously, as then L-shaped Tiangong station consumed large amount of energy to stay oriented in its asymmetrical arrangement. On 3 November 2022, Mengtian was relocated autonomously from the forward docking port to port-side lateral docking port via Indexing robotic arm, and successfully berthed at its planned permanent location with Tianhe module at 01:32UTC (9:32BJT), forming a T-shape. Subsequently, CMSA announced the construction of the Tiangong space station is officially complete. Designer of Mengtian module, Li Guangxing, explained the space station was maneuvered to a special position, utilizing the Earth's gravity to help stabilize the docking process. At 07:12UTC, The Shenzhou 14 crew entered the Mengtian module. On 10 November 2022, Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft undocked from the Tiangong, and Tianzhou 5 was prepared to launch on the same day. Tianzhou 5 was launched on 12 November 2022, carrying supplies, experiments, and microsatellites to the space station. It also contained gifts for China's first crew handover ceremony in orbit. The completed station had extra capacity for expanded crew activities and living space for six, allowing crew rotation. On 29 November 2022, the Shenzhou 15 crew Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming, and Zhang Lu was launched to the space station. The crew spent one week together for handover and verification for sustainable six-man operations. With the crew rotation operation, China commenced its permanent space presence.

Expansion
According to CMSA, the Tiangong space station is expected to be expanded from three to six modules, with improved versions of the Tianhe, Wentian, and Mengtian modules.

According to Wang Xiang, commander of the space station system at the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), the potential next phase would be adding a new core module. “Following our current design, we can continue to launch an extension module to dock with the forward section of the space station, and the extension module can carry a new hub for docking with the subsequent space vehicles,” Wang told CCTV. In October 2023, CAST presented new plan on the 74th International Astronautical Congress to expand the Tiangong to 180 tons, six-module assembly, with at least 15 years of operational life. A multi-functional module with six docking ports was planned as the foundation for the expansion. New sections included 3D printers, robots, improved robotic arms, and space debris observation, detection, and warning systems.

The Xuntian space telescope module is planned to launch in 2026.

International co-operation
China's incentive to build its own space station was amplified after US Congress prohibited NASA from any direct engagement & cooperation with CNSA thus effectively prohibiting any Chinese participation in the International Space Station (ISS) in 2011, although China, Russia and Europe mutually vowed intentions to maintain a cooperative and multilateral approach in space. Between 2007 and 2011, the space agencies of Russia, Europe, and China carried out the ground-based preparations in the Mars500 project, which complement the ISS-based preparations for a human mission to Mars.

Tiangong has involved cooperation with France, Sweden, and Russia.

Cooperation in the field of crewed space flight between the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA, formerly known as CMSEO) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) was examined in 2011, and participation in the development of China crewed space stations and cooperation with China in the fields such as visiting astronauts, and scientific research was discussed.

In November 2011, the China National Space Administration and the Italian Space Agency signed an initial cooperative agreement, covering areas of collaboration within space transportation, telecommunications, Earth observation, and so on.

On 22 February 2017, the CMSA and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) signed an agreement to cooperate on long-term human spaceflight activities. The agreement holds importance due to Italy's leading position in the field of human spaceflight with regards to the creation and exploitation of the International Space Station (Node 2, Node 3, Columbus, Cupola, Leonardo, Raffaello, Donatello, PMM, etc.) and it signified Italy's increased anticipation in China's developing space station programme. The European Space Agency (ESA) started human spaceflight training with CMSA in 2017, with the ultimate goal of sending ESA astronauts to Tiangong. To prepare for the future missions, selected ESA astronauts lived together with their Chinese counterparts and engaged in training sessions such as splashes-down survival, language learning, and spacecraft operations. However, in January 2023, ESA announced that the agency will not send its astronauts to China's space station due to political and financial reasons.

In 2019, an Italian experiment High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) was scheduled on board the Chinese station.

In 2019, international experiments were selected by the CMSA and the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) in a UN session. 42 applications were submitted, and 9 experiments were accepted. Some of the experiments are a continuation to the ones on Tiangong-2 such as POLAR-2, an experiment of researching Gamma-ray burst polarimetry, proposed by Switzerland, Poland, Germany, and China. Canadian Professor Dr. Tricia Larose of the University of Oslo has been developing a cutting-edge cancer research experiment for the station. The 31-day experiment is to research whether weightlessness has a positive effect in stopping cancer growth. The High Energy Cosmic Ray Detector project is conducted by a 200 scientists team from Europe, mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Under UNOOSA framework, Tiangong is also expected to host experiments from Belgium, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Spain, involving 23 institutions and 17 countries.

Regarding the participation of foreign astronauts, CMSA has repeatedly communicated its support for such proposals. During the press conference of the Shenzhou 12 mission, Zhou Jianping, the chief designer of China Manned Space Program, explained that multiple countries had expressed their wishes to participate. He told journalists that the future participation of foreign astronauts "will be guaranteed". Ji Qiming, an assistant director at CMSA, told reporters that he believes: ""In the near future, after the completion of the Chinese space station, we will see Chinese and foreign astronauts fly and work together.""

In October 2022, the station opened its selection process to Hong Kong and Macau, the two special administrative regions of China.

Crew activities

Astronauts on the Tiangong station follow China Standard Time (CST) for their daily schedule. The crew often wakes up around 7:00 and begins their daily conference with Mission Control in Beijing before starting work at 08:00 (00:00UTC). The crew will then follow their planned schedule until 21:00, after which they report their work process to Mission Control. At 13:30, astronauts enter their living quarters to take a nap, which typically takes an hour. The crew also has multiple breaks for eating and resting. The Tiangong station features a lighting scene function to simulate lighting conditions on Earth, including daylight, dusk, and night. As the station experiences 16 sunrises and sunsets per day in low Earth orbit, this function helps to avoid disruption to the crew's circadian rhythm.

The Tiangong space station is fitted with home automation functions, including remote-controlled appliances and a logistics management system. The crew can use their tablet computers to identify, locate, and organize items inside the station, as all items in the station are marked by QR codes. This will help ensure an orderly environment as more cargo arrives. Inter-device communication inside the station is completely wireless via the Wi-Fi network to avoid cord mess.

Food and personal hygiene
Meals consisting of 120 different types of food, selected based on astronauts' preferences, are stored aboard. Staples including shredded pork in garlic sauce, kung pao chicken, black pepper beef, yuxiang shredded pork, pickled cabbage, and beverages, including a variety of teas and juices, are resupplied by trips of the Tianzhou-class robotic cargo spacecraft. Fresh fruit and vegetables are stored in coolers. Huang Weifen, the chief astronaut trainer of CMSA, explains that most of the food is prepared to be solid, boneless, small-piece. Condiments such as pork sauce and Sichuan pepper sauce are used to compensate for the changes in the sense of taste in microgravity. The station is equipped with a small kitchen table for food preparation, a refrigerator, a water dispenser, and the first-ever microwave oven in spaceflight so that astronauts can "always have hot food whenever they need." Following the astronauts' feedback, larger supplies of vegetables were included since Tianzhou 4, making the variety of vegetable increased to 32.

The station's core module, Tianhe, provides the living quarters for the crew members, consisting of three separate sleeping berths, a space toilet, shower facility, and gym equipment. Each berth features one small circular window, a headphone set, ventilation, and other amenities. Neuromuscular electrical stimulator is used to prevent muscle atrophy. The noise level in the working area is set at 58 decibels, while in the sleeping area, the noise is kept at 49 decibels. The ventilation system provides air circulation to the crew, with 0.08m/s wind speed for the working areas and 0.05 m/s for the sleeping stations. Three additional living quarters for short-term stay are located in the Wentian laboratory module.

Operations
Since 5 June 2022, Tiangong has been a permanently crewed station, typically staffed with a crew of 3 people but capable of supporting up to 6 people. After the completion of the station in November 2022, it housed a crew of 6 people for the first time for 5 days during the crew rotation from Shenzhou 14 to Shenzhou 15 in December 2022. Operations are controlled from the Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center in China. To guarantee the safety of astronauts on board, a Long March 2F/G with a Shenzhou spacecraft will always be on standby for an emergency rescue mission.

Crewed missions
The first crewed mission to Tiangong, Shenzhou 12, lasted 90 days. Starting with Shenzhou 13, subsequent missions have had a normal duration of about 180 days.

CMSA has announced the testing of the Mengzhou spacecraft to eventually replace Shenzhou. It is designed to carry astronauts to Tiangong and offer the capability for lunar exploration. China's next-generation crew carrier is reusable with a detachable heat shield built to handle higher-temperature returns through Earth's atmosphere. According to CMSA officials, the new capsule design is larger than the Shenzhou. Mengzhou is capable of carrying astronauts to the Moon, and can accommodate up to six to seven crew members at a time, three more astronauts than Shenzhou. The new crewed spacecraft has a cargo section that allows astronauts to bring cargo back to Earth, whereas the Tianzhou cargo resupply spacecraft is not designed to bring any cargo back to Earth.

Cargo resupply

Tianzhou (Heavenly Vessel), a modified derivative of the Tiangong-1 spacecraft, is used as robotic cargo spacecraft to resupply this station. The launch mass of Tianzhou is around 13,000 kg with a payload of around 6,000 kg. Launch, rendezvous and docking shall be fully autonomous, with mission control and crew used in override or monitoring roles.

List of missions

 * All dates are UTC. Dates are the earliest possible dates and may change.
 * Forward ports are at the front of the station according to its normal direction of travel and orientation (attitude). Aft is at the rear of the station, used by spacecraft to boost the station's orbit. Nadir is closest to the Earth, zenith is on top. Port is to the left if pointing one's feet towards the Earth and looking in the direction of travel; starboard to the right.

{{legend|lightblue|Uncrewed cargo spacecraft are in light blue colour}} {{legend|#cfc|Crewed spacecraft are in light green colour}} {{legend|wheat|Modules are in beige colour}}
 * Key

End of mission
Tiangong is designed to be used for 10 years, though it could be extended to 15 years and will accommodate three astronauts. CMSA crewed spacecraft use deorbital burns to slow their velocity, resulting in their re-entry to the Earth's atmosphere. Vehicles carrying a crew have a heat shield which prevents the vehicle's destruction caused by aerodynamic heating upon contact with the Earth's atmosphere. The station itself has no heat-shield; however, small parts of space stations can reach the surface of the Earth, so uninhabited areas will be targeted for de-orbit manoeuvres.

Visibility

Similar to the ISS, the Tiangong space station can also be seen from Earth with the naked eye due to sunlight illumination reflected off the modules and solar panels, reaching a brightness magnitude of at least -2.2 mag.

In popular culture
A predecessor, the Tiangong-1 space laboratory, and the International Space Station are subjects in the 2013 feature film Gravity.

Near the end of the Netflix original animated film Over the Moon (2020), a red dragon is depicted playing with Tiangong space station.

title: Tiangong space station


text:
Hella

Hella is an American English slang term originating in and often associated with San Francisco's East Bay area in northern California, possibly specifically emerging in the 1970s African-American vernacular of Oakland. It is used as an intensifying adverb such as in "hella bad" or "hella good". It was eventually added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2002, citing a 1987 first use in the Toronto Star. It is possibly a contraction of the phrase "hell of a" or "hell of a lot [of]", in turn reduced to "hell of", though some scholars doubt this etymology since its grammatical usage does not align with those phrases; or of "hellacious". It often appears in place of the words "really", "a lot", "totally", "very", and in some cases, "yes". Whereas hell of a is generally used with a noun, according to linguist Pamela Munro, hella is primarily used to modify an adjective such as "good".

According to lexicographer Allan A. Metcalf, the word is a marker of northern California dialect. According to Colleen Cotter, "Southern Californians know the term ... but rarely use it." Sometimes the term grippa is used to mock "NorCal" dialect, with the actual meaning being the opposite of hella.

Early use
Hella has likely existed in northern California English since at least the mid-1970s. Geoff Nunberg, a UC Berkeley linguist, has theorized on the origins of the slang term "hella". "Hella emerged somewhere in Northern California around the late 1970s, and although it spread to other places, it’s still associated with this region," says Nunberg. Historically, many slang words have spread from black English to white English and not in the other direction, which is why Nunberg says he suspects it started in Oakland, an area that, at one point, was 47% African American.

By 1993, Mary Bucholtz, a linguist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, collated materials from an urban high school (Mt. Eden High School) in the Bay Area and found that hella was "used among Bay Area youth of all racial, ethnic, and socio-economic backgrounds and both genders." Hella remains part of the dialect of northern California, where it has grown in popularity.

Spread
By 1997, the word had spread to hip hop culture, though it remained a primarily West Coast term. With the release of the 2001 No Doubt song "Hella Good," one Virginian transplant in California "fear[ed] the worst: nationwide acceptance of this wretched term." Since the early 1990s hella has been used regularly in the Pacific Northwest as a common slang term, particularly in Seattle and Portland, Oregon. Popular area rappers Blue Scholars and Macklemore regularly use the term in their lyrics; Macklemore uses the word several times in his worldwide hit song "Thrift Shop".

In the South Park episode "Spookyfish," which was the 1998 Halloween special, the character Cartman repeatedly used the term hella to the annoyance of the other characters, which contributed to its currency spreading nationally. "You guys are hella stupid" is one of the phrases spoken by a talking Cartman doll released in 2006. The Sacramento-based band Hella chose its name for the regional association; Zach Hill says "It's everywhere up here.... We thought it was funny, and everyone says it all the time."

Hella was included on the BBC's list of 20 words that sum up the 2000–2009 decade, defined as "An intensive in Youthspeak, generally substituting for the word very".

Paralleling the use of the minced oath heck, some people use hecka in place of hella. Younger school children may be required to use this form. Church culture in Northern California also encouraged usage of hecka over hella.

The Prince song "U Got The Look," released in 1987 on the album Sign o' the Times, features the lyric "your body's hecka slammin'...", which would appear to be an early adoption of the term hecka in its accepted vernacular usage.

Intensifier
While intensifiers similar to hella exist in many colloquial varieties, hella is uncommonly flexible. It can be used to modify almost any part of speech, as shown below:

 * That pizza was hella good: hella modifies the adjective good, where Standard American English would use very.
 * Chris's pizza is hella better than anyone else's: hella modifies the adjective better, replacing much.
 * I ate hella pizza: hella modifies the noun pizza, replacing a lot of.
 * I ran to the pizza joint hella quickly: hella modifies the adverb quickly, replacing very.
 * Was the party fun last night? -- Hella!: hella is used on its own as a reply replacing very or totally.

SI prefix
An online petition begun in 2010 by Austin Sendek of Yreka, California seeks to establish "hella-" as the SI prefix for 1027. The prefix was recognized by Google in May 2010,  and Wolfram Alpha in May 2011. In 2013, Andrew McAfee suggested the term hellabyte with this usage. In 2022, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures adopted the prefix "ronna-" to represent 1027, as the symbol H, commonly used to represent "hella-", is already in use in the metric system for the Henry, a unit of inductance.

title: Hella


text:
File:Imagined oceans cover.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album Imagined Oceans by Karl Jenkins.

title: File:Imagined oceans cover.jpg


text:
Patrick of Avernia

Some martyrologies mention against 16 March a Patrick, bishop of Avernia. Avernia was the Latin name for the Auvergne, but no such Patrick is known there. The reference should have been to Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland.

The mistake is believed to have been made by a copyist who wrote "Avernia" for "Hivernia" or "Hibernia", and once the second saint got into the martyrologies his feast was moved to another day to avoid confusion.

title: Patrick of Avernia