text:
Laser ultrasonics

Laser-ultrasonics uses lasers to generate and detect ultrasonic waves. It is a non-contact technique used to measure materials thickness, detect flaws and carry out materials characterization. The basic components of a laser-ultrasonic system are a generation laser, a detection laser and a detector.

Ultrasound generation by laser
The generation lasers are short pulse (from tens of nanoseconds to femtoseconds) and high peak power lasers. Common lasers used for ultrasound generation are solid state Q-Switched Nd:YAG and gas lasers (CO2 or Excimers). The physical principle is of thermal expansion (also called thermoelastic regime) or ablation. In the thermoelastic regime, the ultrasound is generated by the sudden thermal expansion due to the heating of a tiny surface of the material by the laser pulse. If the laser power is sufficient to heat the surface above the material boiling point, some material is evaporated (typically some nanometres) and ultrasound is generated by the recoil effect of the expanding material evaporated. In the ablation regime, a plasma is often formed above the material surface and its expansion can make a substantial contribution to the ultrasonic generation. consequently the emissivity patterns and modal content are different for the two different mechanisms.

The frequency content of the generated ultrasound is partially determined by the frequency content of the laser pulses with shorter pulses giving higher frequencies. For very high frequency generation (up to 100sGHz) femtosecond lasers are used often in a pump-probe configuration with the detection system (see picosecond ultrasonics).

Historically, fundamental research into the nature of laser-ultrasonics was started in 1979, by Richard J Dewhurst and Stuart B Palmer. They set up a new laboratory in the Department of Applied Physics, University of Hull. Dewhurst provided the laser-matter expertise and Palmer the ultrasound expertise. Investigations were directed towards the development of a scientific insight into physical processes converting laser-matter interaction into ultrasound. The studies were also aimed at assessing the characteristics of the ultrasound propagating from the near field into the far field. Importantly, quantitative measurements were performed between 1979 and 1982. In solids, the measurements included amplitudes of longitudinal and shear waves in absolute terms. Ultrasound generation by a laser pulse for both the thermoelastic regime and the transition to the plasma regime was examined. By comparing measurements with theoretical predictions, a description of the magnitude and direction of stresses leading to ultrasonic generation was presented for the first time. It led to the proposition that laser-generated ultrasound could be regarded as a standard acoustic source. Additionally, they showed that surface modification can sometimes be used to amplify the magnitude of ultrasonic signals.

Their research also included the first quantitative studies of laser induced Rayleigh waves, which can dominate ultrasonic surface waves. In studies beyond 1982, surface waves were shown to have a potential use in non-destructive testing. One type of investigation included surface–breaking crack depth estimations in metals, using artificial cracks. Crack sizing was demonstrated, using wideband laser-ultrasonics. Findings were first reported at a Royal Society meeting in London with detailed publications elsewhere. Important features of laser ultrasonics were summarised in 1990.

Ultrasound detection by laser
For scientific investigations in the early 1980s, Michelson interferometers were exploited. They were capable of measuring ultrasonic signals quantitatively, in typical ranges of 20nm down to 5pm. They possessed a broadband frequency response, up to about 50MHz. Unfortunately, for good signals, they required samples that had polished surfaces. They suffered from serious sensitivity loss when used on rough industrial surfaces. A significant breakthrough for the application of laser ultrasonics came in 1986, when the first optical interferometer capable of reasonable detection sensitivity on rough industrial surfaces was demonstrated. Monchalin et al. at the National Research Council of Canada in Boucherville showed that a Fabry–Pérot interferometer system could assess optical speckle returning from rough surfaces. It provided the impetus for the translation of laser ultrasonics into industrial applications. Today, ultrasound waves may be detected optically by a variety of techniques. Most techniques use continuous or long pulse (typically of tens of microseconds) lasers but some use short pulses to down convert very high frequencies to DC in a classic pump-probe configuration with the generation. Some techniques (notably conventional Fabry–Pérot detectors) require high frequency stability and this usually implies long coherence length. Common detection techniques include: interferometry (homodyne or heterodyne or Fabry–Pérot) and optical beam deflection (GCLAD) or knife edge detection.

With GCLAD, (Gas-coupled laser acoustic detection), a laser beam is passed through a region where one wants to measure or record the acoustic changes. The ultrasound waves create changes in the air's index of refraction. When the laser encounters these changes, the beam slightly deflects and displaces to a new course. This change is detected and converted to an electric signal by a custom-built photodetector. This enables high sensitivity detection of ultrasound on rough surfaces for frequencies up to 10 MHz.

In practice the choice of technique is often determined by the physical optics and the sample (surface) condition. Many techniques fail to work well on rough surfaces (e.g. simple interferometers) and there are many different schemes to overcome this problem. For instance, photorefractive crystals and four wave mixing are used in an interferometer to compensate for the effects of surface roughness. These techniques are usually expensive in terms of monetary cost and in terms of light budget (thus requiring more laser power to achieve the same signal to noise under ideal conditions).

At low to moderate frequencies (say < 1 GHz), the mechanism for detection is the movement of the surface of the sample. At high frequencies (say >1 GHz), other mechanisms may come into play (for instance modulation of the sample refractive index with stress).

Under ideal circumstances most detection techniques can be considered theoretically as interferometers and, as such, their ultimate sensitivities are all roughly equal. This is because, in all these techniques, interferometry is used to linearize the detection transfer function and when linearized, maximum sensitivity is achieved. Under these conditions, photon shot noise dominates the sensitivity and this is fundamental to all the optical detection techniques. However, the ultimate limit is determined by the phonon shot noise. Since the phonon frequency is many orders of magnitude lower than the photon frequency, the ultimate sensitivity of ultrasonic detection can be much higher. The usual method for increasing the sensitivity of optical detection is to use more optical power. However, the shot noise limited SNR is proportional to the square root of the total detection power. Thus, increasing optical power has limited effect, and damaging power levels are easily reached before achieving an adequate SNR. Consequently, optical detection frequent has lower SNR than non-optical contacting techniques. Optical generation (at least in the firmly thermodynamic regime) is proportional to the optical power used and it is generally more efficient to improve the generation rather than the detection (again the limit is the damage threshold).

Techniques like CHOTs (cheap optical transducers) can overcome the limit of optical detection sensitivity by passively amplifying the amplitude of vibration before optical detection and can result in an increase in sensitivity by several orders of magnitude.

Ultrasonic laser technique operation
The "Laser Ultrasonic" technique is part of those measurement techniques known as "non-destructive techniques or NDT", that is, methods which do not change the state of measurand itself. Laser ultrasonics is a contactless ultrasonic inspection technique based on excitation and ultrasound measurement using two lasers. A laser pulse is directed onto the sample under test and the interaction with the surface generates an ultrasonic pulse that propagates through the material. The reading of the vibrations produced by the ultrasounds can be subsequently measured by the self-mixing vibrometer: the high performance of the instrument makes it suitable for an accurate measurement of the ultrasonic wave and therefore for a modeling of the characteristics of the sample. When the laser beam hits the surface of the material, its behavior may vary according to the power of the laser used. In the case of high power, there is a real "ablation" or "vaporization" of the material at the point of incidence between the laser and the surface: this causes the disappearance of a small portion of material and a small recall force, due to compression longitudinal, which would be the origin of the ultrasonic wave. This longitudinal wave tends to propagate in the normal direction to the surface of the material, regardless of the angle of incidence of the laser: this would allow to accurately estimate the thickness of the material, knowing the speed of propagation of the wave, without worrying about the angle of incidence. The use of a high power laser, with consequent vaporization of the material, is the optimal way to obtain an ultrasonic response from the object. However, to fall within the scope of non-destructive measurements, it is preferred to avoid this phenomenon by using low power lasers. In this case, the generation of ultrasound takes place thanks to the local overheating of the point of incidence of the laser: the cause of wave generation is now the thermal expansion of the material. In this way there is both the generation of waves longitudinal, similarly to the previous case, and the generation of transverse waves, whose angle with the normal direction to the surface depends on the material. After a few moments the thermal energy dissipates, leaving the surface intact: in this way the measurement is repeatable an infinite number of times (assuming the use of a material sufficiently resistant to thermal stresses) and non-destructive, as required in almost all areas of application of this technology. The movement of the object causes a shift in the phase of the signal, which cannot be identified directly by an optical receiver: to do this it is first necessary to transform the phase modulation into an amplitude modulation (in this case, in a modulation of luminous intensity ). Ultrasound detection can therefore be divided into 3 steps: the conversion from ultrasound to phase-modulated optical signal, the transition from phase modulation to amplitude and finally the reading of the amplitude modulated signal with consequent conversion into an electrical signal.

Industrial applications
Well established applications of laser-ultrasonics are composite inspections for the aerospace industry and on-line hot tube thickness measurements for the metallurgical industry. Optical generation and detection of ultrasound offers scanning techniques to produce ultrasonic images known as B- and C-scans, and for TOFD (time-of-flight-diffraction) studies. One of the first demonstrations on small defects (as small as 3mm x 3mm) in composites was demonstrated by Dewhurst and Shan in 1993, for which they were awarded an outstanding paper award by the American Society for Non-Destructive Testing in 1994. This was also the time when significant developments on composite examinations were developed from the National Research Council of Canada and elsewhere. A wide range of applications have since been described in the literature.

title: Laser ultrasonics


text:
Talk:Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus

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New owner being "right wing extremist"
I was linked to this page from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Austria#Financial_situation, where it is stated that "The accusation that the private buyer was a right-wing extremist could, however, not be substantiated."

Maybe one of these two pages is not entirely accurate and more sources should be consulted about this new owner if possible. RandomGreenCurtain (talk) 11:17, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus


text:
Talk:Bridgeton, Indiana

Mill
This mill should be mentioned, and this photo would be good to add. Badagnani (talk) 03:05, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bridgeton, Indiana


text:
Talk:Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu

Trivia stuff
OK, a couple things...

-Hayashimizu is not a teacher as stated in the Episode 3 trivia. I've corrected it to refer to his real position of student council president.

-What's the source for the episode 6 trivia about Shoji Gato liking women with ponytails?

-The whole Fumofuu series takes place after the events of the original FMP!, therefore the statement about episode 8 taking place after episode 24 of the original is redundant. I've removed it.

-CWD 17:25, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

This is possibly too trivial to even be trivia, but at the beginning of the stakeout episode, as Kaname and Kyoko are talking at the train station, a train comes in and a girl gets out who looks like NGE's Rei, except with maroon-ish hair (you only see the lower two-thirds of her face in profile, as she passes between Kaname and Kyoko; the "camera" is showing Kaname's perspective). The other thing is that at the beginning of the first Tessa-comes-to-Japan episode, when Kaname and Sosuke are talking about how he has to write up a report on a mercenary group, it looks like he's typing on a Dell laptop. I know because I have one. --Anon 18:44, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

List of Episodes
Wouldn't it be better to make a list of episodes page and a plot summary for this one? Dany174 14:32, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That probably wouldn't work for FMP?Fumoffu. Fumoffu does not have a continuous plot, rather it is more of a series of events occuring in the lives of the main characters.  Therefore, each episode basically has its own plot.  A plot summary would only work if there was a continuous story line throughout season, as is the case with Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid. --Miss Ethereal 15:03, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Your probable right but is still think a separate episode page would be a good idea. Maybe like the FLCL page has done. It would make the page look a lot cleaner. Dany174 17:13, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, I see what you mean. Sorry for the misinterpretation.  That's probably a good idea, but I have a concern with this.  Without the episode guide, the article would look pretty bare as the Trivia section would probably have to be moved as well (for reference).  Since Fumoffu has no continuous plot, the expansion would have to consist primarily of Character analysis, which is done on other Full Metal Panic!: The Second Raid.  All the primary characters already have their own character pages, so a brief summary of their role in Fumoffu can be done (I suppose).  If you think that there is enough relevant information for the Episode guide to have it's own page, and enough content can be added to the main article, than I suggest that you put it to a vote.  --Miss Ethereal 14:28, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * A complete episode listing exists on the List of Full Metal Panic Media. Is there a need to produce a complete episode synopsis in wikipedia? I agree with the opinion that the current layout is too long, and contains information that is not encyclopedia in tone or material. For instance, the trivia is interesting, but Wikipedia is not a catch-all of pop culture, and its place in the article is doubtful. If one wishes to create a complete episode synopsis and listing, perhaps they should do it any any number of external sites such as TV.com.Akatombo 04:24, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I must agree with Miss Ethereal above. If we remove the Episode List and Trivia section the article will look quite bare.  Because Fumoffu is a self-contained series, I believe that this article should also be self-contained, i.e. use any external resources that exist (i.e. character page) but keep the synopses and Trivia on this page.  Also, I believe that the Trivia section does indeed add value to this article.  For myself, after reading the trivia section, I re-watched the entire series, and because I knew those little tid-bits of trivia, I got even more of the in-jokes in the series.  My $.02. --Dormous 15:42, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

YES - this page could really use a list of episodes. ESPECIALLY since the idiots at IMDB made yet MORE so-called "improvements" - which includes complete removal of the episode list (as well as a lot of other information they USED to display)! 104.192.247.60 (talk) 21:51, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

It would be helpful, as there is conflicting information on how many episodes there are and what order they were broadcast in. 97.107.46.245 (talk) 17:59, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

Split
This article is just a mess and far too long. Both of the Episode guides and trivia sections should be split into their own articles with the main article focusing on a short plot summery, character discriptions, influences, critic/fan reactions, and media information. --TheFarix (Talk) 16:31, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Quotes Section
I would like to add a quotes section to this article. We shouldn't go nuts with the quotes, but there are some very funny lines in this anime, and quotes will give readers an idea of what the dialog/writing is like. Comments? --Dormous 21:57, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

I agree that a quotes section would would be a good addition to the article, but I think that the article should be shortened and cleaned up before another section is added.

--El Stubbso 23:10, 16 January 2008 (Eastern Australia Standard Time)

 * I disagree. That is something better left on Wikiquote. Showers (talk) 20:29, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Clean-Up Required
The Article is too long! I think we should Create a List of Full Metal Panic! Fumoffu? Episodes (see List of Death Note Episodes) and copy each Episode's Summary into individual articles. (See Cove (Death Note episode)) Then to make the page not as 'bare', we should write small summaries of each episode. Taipan198 10:58, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * There are summaries at List of Full Metal Panic! media. Perhaps for clean-up, we could move the summaries into their own separate articles. UnfriendlyFire 04:08, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, peer editing seems to have had an overall negative effect on the article so far. If one scrolls down to read the episode summaries, one will generally find a mess of contrived and extremely elementary writing, not even worthy of a grade schooler, much less an encyclopedia. I've taken efforts to clean this up a little, but there is really no way to fix it short of rewriting the entire section. The article would be cleaner if we could move the summaries onto a separate page and then revise them there. The trivia section is also in need of cleanup; not all episodes receive coverage, and most of the "facts" are unverified and incorrect claims. I hereby request that this article be protected from editing by unregistered and new users. --Mewarmo990 01:27, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * How about just deleting the long summary since there's a short summary already in the media section? Then bring down most of the info from the lead. The lead is way too long and it should summarize the article, not be the heart of the article. Just a suggestion. Toothpyx 04:20, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

I've removed the episode thing because it was a just ridiculously long heap of stuff. Then lo and behold I find another huge heap of stuff called, of all things, "Episode trivia". Needless to say, I removed that too. --Tony Sidaway 22:15, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Major Cleanup (2009)
I'm in the process of a significant article clean-up. I hope it'll improve our situation enough to remove both the cleanup flag and dismiss suggestions of a merge with the main FMP article. I'd be happy if you suggested what the article is missing in your opinion. OutOf Timer  Wanna chat?  01:44, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Episode titles are unecessary, a link to List of Full Metal_Panic! episodes should be used. Soundtrack details are fine, but don't add a tracklist as its already  here. Comparisons will need to be from reliable sources such as ANN, or AnimeOnDVD/Mania.com, unsourced comparisons will be OR. Quotes and trivia are highly discouraged, and will most likely be removed. "Trivia" that is sourced by reliable sourced can be used in relevant sections, but this will have to be things like production information, and not things like cameos, things you noticed in the background, pointing out parodys, etc. Dandy Sephy (talk) 04:07, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * In general what Dandy said, but cameos can be noted if they have some important impact with the series (see School Rumble as an example of when noting cameos is relevant). For soundtracks, mentioning the number, type, publisher, etc. is fine. Only if one soundtrack, drama CD, radio drama of a particular type is noted should it be listed. 陣 内 Jinnai 04:31, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

I've completed article cleanup and decided to take down both the Cleanup Flag (completed) and the Merge Flag (discussion lasting from September 2008 concluded that we only merge TSR). OutOf Timer  Wanna chat?  12:15, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu


text: Talk:Marshall, Indiana

title: Talk:Marshall, Indiana


text:
If (Bread song)

"If" is a song written by American singer-songwriter David Gates in 1971. Originally popularized by his group Bread, "If" charted at No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 when released as a single in 1971 and No. 6 in Canada. It also spent three weeks at No. 1 on the U.S. Easy Listening chart, and one week at the top of the Canadian AC chart.

Record World said that the "gentle song by group's own David Gates (he produced and arranged also) will score in short order."

In the U.S., Bread's tune was the shortest song title to become a top ten hit until 1993, when Prince hit No. 7 with "7", later matched by Britney Spears' No. 1 hit "3" in 2009. The song is distinguished by its opening line "If a picture paints a thousand words..."

Telly Savalas version
Telly Savalas recorded a mostly-spoken interpretation which reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks and No. 1 in Ireland in March 1975. It has the shortest title of any song to reach No. 1 in the UK. This version also charted at No. 12 on the US Billboard Easy Listening chart in late 1974. In Canada, "If" reached No. 88 on the Pop chart, and No. 40 on the AC chart. It also peaked at number 12 in Australia and was the 81st biggest selling single in Australia in 1975.

Other versions
Olivia Newton-John was one of the first to cover the song, recording a version for her 1971 debut solo album, If Not for You, performing the song during her first American TV performance that year on The Dean Martin Show.

A parody take on Savalas' rendition, by voice over artists Chris Sandford and Bill Mitchell performing as Yin and Yan, reached No. 25 in the UK in 1975.

Sephira covered the song on their 2015 album, Believe.

title: If (Bread song)


text:
Talk:Mecca, Indiana

Origin of Name
Could anyone comment on the origin/choice of the town's name? Xenophon777 (talk) 15:15, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mecca, Indiana


text:
Harmen Jansen Knickerbocker

Harmen Jansen Knickerbocker (ca. 1648 – ca. 1720) was a Dutch colonist associated with the settlements of Albany (formerly Beverwyck and Fort Orange), Schaghticoke, Red Hook and Tivoli and in New Netherland.

Surname and Dutch Origins
It appears to be the case that he never used the surname Knickerbocker, as we know it, during his own lifetime; that he went by a variety of surnames including Van Bommel, and the variety of forms that would evolve into Knickerbacker towards the end of his life, and Knickerbocker after his death. Very occasionally the name Van Wye or Van Wijhe appears as part of the evolving name, or in addition to it, and Van Alstyne says this indicates he came from Wijhe.

Knickerbocker 'probably arrived in New Netherland/New York sometime in 1674 during the brief re-occupation of the colony by the Dutch in the third Dutch-Anglo War. First addressed as Van Bommel in Albany City records, it is fairly certain that he came from the general region called Bomlerswardt, lying between the Dutch fortified towns of Bommel-Zoutbommel and Maas Bommel.' If, indeed, Knickerbocker did come to the colony from the Bommel area, then it is much less clear why he's twice identified as being 'Van Wijhe"; perhaps, he'd lived in the tiny village of Wijhe, in Overijssel province, as well; perhaps, as some family historians claim, his family roots are associated with the village and a family of minor nobility originating there.

Historians associated with Castle Wijenburg, a Wijhe family holding in Echteld, Netherlands, have observed, "In the USA, the family Knickerbocker circulates a pedigree in which they (possibly) descend from Roelof van Wijhe of the Arnhem van Wijhe branch. We have not found any evidence for this. In this Knickerbocker family tree Roelof van Wijhe has a son Johannes van Wijhe (van Bommel) who married Jannetje Jansen from Masterlandt. Their son was Harmen Jansen van Wye (or Wijhe) who arrived in the USA in 1674 and in 1682 signed a contract with the name "van Wyekycback". This name then became Knickerbocker in America." In 2016 castle historians indicated they've been researching the history of both the castle and the family for more than a decade and state:  " Roelof had two daughters but we've never found any proof for a son" and "We have never found any proof for a link between the Knickerbocker family and the Van Wijhes from Echteld."

Family
Harmen married Elizabeth Bogaert, the daughter of Jan Bogaert and Cornelia Everts of Harlem, New York. Before 1682, Harmen settled near what is now Albany, New York, and there in 1704 he bought through Harnie Gansevoort one-fourth of the land in Dutchess County near Red Hook, New York, which had been patented in 1688 to Pieter Schuyler.

In 1722, Schuyler deeded seven (of thirteen) lots in the upper fourth of his patent to the seven children of Knickerbacker. The eldest of these children, Johannes Harmensen, received from the common council of the city of Albany a grant of 50 acre of meadow and some acres of upland on the south side of Schaghticoke Creek. This Schaghticoke estate was held by Johannes Harmensen's son Johannes (1723–1802), a colonel in the Continental Army in the War of Independence, and by his son Herman, (1779–1855), a lawyer, a Federalist Party (United States) representative in Congress in 1809-1811, a member of the New York Assembly in 1816, and a famous gentleman of the old school, who for his courtly hospitality in his manor was called the "prince of Schaghticoke," and whose name was borrowed by Washington Irving for use in his (Diedrich) Knickerbocker's History of New York (1809).

Largely owing to Irving's book, the name Knickerbacker/Knickerbocker has passed into current use as a designation of the early Dutch settlers in New York and their descendants. Herman's son David Buel Knickerbacker (1833–1894), who maintained the original spelling of the family name, graduated at Trinity College in 1853 and at the General Theological Seminary in 1856. He was a rector for many years at Minneapolis, Minnesota, and in 1883 was consecrated Protestant Episcopal bishop of Indiana.

title: Harmen Jansen Knickerbocker


text:
List of early British private locomotive manufacturers

This is a list of early British private locomotive manufacturers in chronological order. Many listed manufacturers have changed their names, have been taken over or merged. Some began with other products, such as textile or mining machinery. Some later made only industrial or specialised locomotives, often for export.

 * 1785 RB Longridge & Company Bedlington First loco built 1837. Closed 1855 after producing 206 locomotives.
 * 1790 William & Alfred Kitching, Darlington First loco 1832. Bought by Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1862. Closed 1886.
 * 1790 Benjamin Outram & Company, Butterley, Derbyshire Civil engineering firm, but had a strong interest in railways. Became Butterley Company in 1805
 * 1795 Fenton, Murray & Wood, The Round Foundry Leeds, First loco 1812. Became Fenton, Murray & Jackson in 1826.
 * 1805 Butterley Company, Butterley, Derbyshire Built locos for its own use plus two for the Midland Counties Railway. Closed in 1965, though the Butterley Engineering Company survives
 * 1810 Haigh Foundry, Wigan First loco 1835. Closed 1856, after producing 103 locomotives.
 * 1810 J and C Carmichael, Ward Foundry Dundee  Two locos only in 1833. Became James Carmichael in 1853. Limited liability in 1894. Closed 1929.
 * 1816 William Fairbairn & Sons Manchester First loco 1839. Loco business bought by Sharp Stewart in 1863.
 * 1817 R & W Hawthorn, Newcastle Became Hawthorn Leslie in 1884.
 * 1819 Foster, Rastrick and Company, Stourbridge, Four locomotives in 1829, including first in USA. Closed 1831.
 * 1823 Robert Stephenson & Company Newcastle Became R.Stephenson & Hawthorn in 1937.
 * 1823 Edward Bury & Company, Liverpool Became Bury, Curtis & Kennedy in 1842
 * 1824 G and J Rennie, Blackfriars see George and John Rennie
 * 1826 Fenton, Murray & Jackson, The Round Foundry Leeds Closed 1843. Fenton took over Shepherd and Todd's Railway Foundry in 1846.
 * 1826 Mather, Dixon and Company, Liverpool Moved to Bootle in 1839. Closed 1843.
 * 1828 Sharp, Roberts & Company, Manchester First loco 1833. Became Sharp Brothers and Company in 1843.
 * 1828 Timothy Hackworth, Shildon First loco 1829.
 * 1830 Rothwell, Hick and Rothwell, Bolton Became Rothwell and Company 1832
 * 1830 Charles Tayleur and Company, (Vulcan Foundry) Warrington Became Vulcan Foundry in 1847
 * 1830 Tulk and Ley, Whitehaven. Taken over by Fletcher Jennings Ltd. in 1857
 * 1831 Crook and Dean, Little Bolton. Built locos for Bolton and Leigh Railway in 1831 including Salamander and Veteran
 * 1832 Rothwell and Company, Bolton Closed approx 1864
 * 1833 Benjamin Hick and Sons, Bolton Last locos 1850. Became Hick, Hargreaves and Company, acquiring limited liability in 1889.
 * 1834 George Forrester and Company, Liverpool, Closed 1890. Last locomotive circa 1847.
 * 1834 Day, Summers and Company, Southampton, First loco 1837, became Summers, Day and Baldock in 1847.
 * 1834 John George Bodmer, Bolton, First loco 1842, last loco circa 1845.
 * 1835 James Kitson, Airedale Foundry, Leeds, Became Todd, Kitson & Laird in 1838.
 * 1835 John Coulthard & Son, Gateshead, Became R. Coulthard and Company in 1853.
 * 1836 Nasmyth, Gaskell & Company, Patricroft Became James Nasmyth in 1850.
 * 1837 Henry Stothert and Company, Bristol, Became Stothert, Slaughter and Company in 1841.
 * 1837 Jones, Turner and Evans, Newton-le-Willows became Jones & Potts in 1844.
 * 1837 Kerr, Mitchell & Neilson, Glasgow Became Kerr, Neilson and Company in 1840.
 * 1837 Thomas Kirtley, & Co. Warrington Failed in 1841
 * 1838 Shepherd and Todd, the Railway Foundry. Leeds, Became Fenton, Craven and Company in 1846.
 * 1838 Todd, Kitson & Laird, Leeds Also known as Kitson and Laird, also Laird and Kitson. Became Kitson, Thompson and Hewitson in 1842.
 * 1839 Fossick & Hackworth, Stockton-on-Tees
 * c1839 Thompson & Cole, Little Bolton Built five locos including two for the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway.
 * c1839 Stark and Fulton, Glasgow Built locos between 1839 and 1849.
 * c1840 Isaac Dodds and Son, Rotherham, First locomotive 1849 though possible previous work for the Sheffield & Rotherham Railway. Closed 1868.
 * 1840 Andrew Barclay Sons & Co Kilmarnock First steam loco 1859. Began building diesels in 1935. Merged with Hunslet Group 1972. Still in business as Hunslet-Barclay).
 * 1840 Kerr, Neilson & Company, Glasgow, First locos 1843. Became Neilson and Mitchell in 1845.
 * 1841 Stothert, Slaughter & Company, Bristol, Became Slaughter, Grüning & Company in 1856.
 * 1842 Bury, Curtis & Kennedy, Liverpool Wound up 1851.
 * 1842 Kitson, Thompson & Hewitson, Leeds Later Kitson and Hewitson, then Kitson & Company in 1863.
 * 1843 W. B. Adams, Fairfield Works, Bow, Steam-powered carriage 1847. Locos from 1849. Adams radial axle box. Closed circa 1872.
 * 1843 Sharp Brothers & Company, Manchester Became Sharp, Stewart & Company in 1852
 * 1843 Gilkes Wilson Middlesbrough First locomotives built 1847. Became Hopkins Gilkes and Company in 1865
 * 1844 Charles Todd, Leeds Closed 1858. Taken over by Carrett, Marshall and Company
 * 1844 Jones and Potts, Newton-le-Willows Closed 1852. Jones then opened a company in Liverpool.
 * 1845 Neilson & Mitchell, Glasgow, Became Neilson & Company in 1855
 * 1846 Hawthorns & Company, Leith Set up by R & W Hawthorn to provide engines for Scotland. Closed circa 1872
 * 1846 Fenton, Craven & Company, Leeds Became EB Wilson & Company in 1846
 * 1846 EB Wilson & Company, Leeds Built Jenny Lind Closed 1858
 * 1847 W. G. Armstrong and Company, Newcastle on Tyne Became Armstrong Whitworth in 1897.
 * 1847 Vulcan Foundry, Warrington, Limited liability in 1864. In 1955 became part of English Electric. Last locomotive 1970. Works closed 2002
 * 1847 Summers, Day and Baldock, Southampton No locomotives built after 1839. Later became Day, Summers and Company
 * 1849 George England and Co., Hatcham Iron Works, New Cross

 * 1850 John Fowler & Company, Leeds First locos 1866. Limited liability in 1886. Locomotive activities ended 1968
 * 1850 James Nasmyth, Patricroft Became Patricroft Ironworks in 1857
 * 1852 John Jones & Son, Liverpool Closed 1863
 * 1853 Sharp, Stewart & Company, Manchester, later Glasgow, Limited liability in 1864. Took over Clyde Locomotive Company  in 1888. Merged into North British Locomotive Company in 1903
 * 1853 R Coulthard & Company Gateshead Closed 1865. Passed to Black, Hawthorn & Co
 * 1854 Beyer, Peacock & Company, Gorton Foundry, Manchester, Limited liability 1902. Famous for Garratt locomotivess. Reorganised for diesel-hydraulic in 1961. Closed 1966
 * 1854 Brassey & Company, Canada Works, Birkenhead Subsidiary of Brassey, Jackson, Betts and Company. Last loco circa 1875
 * 1855 Neilson & Company, Glasgow, Became Neilson, Reid and Company in 1898
 * 1856 Slaughter, Grüning & Company, Bristol Became Avonside Engine Company in 1866
 * 1857 Patricroft Ironworks, Patricroft Became Nasmyth, Wilson & Company in 1867
 * 1857 Ruston, Proctor & Company Lincoln Locomotives built from 1866. Became Ruston & Hornsby in 1918.
 * 1857 Fletcher Jennings, Whitehaven. Became Lowca Engineering Co. Ltd. in  1884
 * 1858 Manning Wardle Leeds, Closed 1927
 * 1860 Hudswell Clarke, Leeds, Became Hudswell, Clarke and Rogers in 1870
 * 1862 Lilleshall Company, Oakengates, Shropshire Last steam locos 1888.
 * 1863 Dübs & Company, Glasgow Joined North British Locomotive Company in 1903
 * 1863 James Cross & Company, Sutton Engine Works, St Helens
 * 1863 Kitson & Company, Leeds Closed 1938
 * 1864 Hunslet Engine Company, Leeds, Limited liability in 1902. Moved into diesels around 1930. Still occasionally built steam engines. Closed 1995, but the Barclay works remains as Hunslet-Barclay
 * 1864 Fox, Walker & Company, Bristol, Became Peckett & Sons in 1880
 * 1865 Yorkshire Engine Company, Sheffield Acquired in 1948 by United Steel. Diesel units produced from 1949. Taken over by Rolls-Royce in 1965 and worked transferred to Sentinel Waggon Works, Shrewsbury.
 * 1865 Henry Hughes & Company, Loughborough, Became Falcon Railway Plant Works in 1883
 * 1865 Black, Hawthorn & Company, Gateshead, Became Chapman & Furneaux in 1896
 * 1865 Edward Borrows & Sons, St Helens
 * 1865 Hopkins Gilkes & Company Middlesbrough  Became Tees-side Iron and Engine Works Company Limited in 1875
 * 1866 Avonside Engine Company, Bristol Closed 1934
 * 1867 Nasmyth, Wilson & Company, Patricroft Limited liability in 1882. Became Patricroft Royal Ordnance Factory in 1939
 * 1870 Hudswell, Clarke & Rogers, Leeds, Became Hudswell Clarke & Company in 1881
 * 1872 Barclays & Company, Kilmarnock, Merged with Andrew Barclay and Company in 1888
 * 1874 Sir Arthur P. Heywood, Duffield Pioneered 15 in gauge, see Duffield Bank Railway
 * 1875 WG Bagnall, Stafford, Limited liability in 1887. In 1951 taken over by Brush Traction as Brush Bagnall Traction
 * 1875 Tees-side Iron & Engine Works Company Middlesbrough Closed 1880
 * 1877 Hartley, Arnoux and Fanning, Stoke, Taken over by Kerr-Stuart in 1893
 * 1878 Davies & Metcalfe, Manchester Built locomotives for the Vale of Rheidol Railway in 1902.
 * 1880 Peckett & Sons, Atlas Works, Bristol, Last steam loco 1958. Taken over by Reed Crane and Hoist Co until this also closed, but name carried on by Peckett & Sons of Ongar
 * 1881 James Kerr & Company, Glasgow Sub contracted loco building, then became Kerr, Stuart & Company at Stoke in 1893
 * 1881 Hudswell Clarke, The Railway Foundry, Leeds Limited liability in 1899. Began building diesels approx 1920. Taken over by Hunslet Engineering
 * 1883 Falcon Railway Plant Works, Loughborough, Became Brush Electrical Engineering Company in 1889
 * 1883 Dick, Kerr & Company, Kilmarnock, Locomotive production moved to Preston in 1919.
 * 1884 Clyde Locomotive Company, Atlas Works, Springburn Bought by Sharp Stewart in 1888
 * 1884 Hawthorn Leslie & Company, Newcastle upon Tyne, Was R&W Hawthorne.  Became R.Stephenson & Hawthorn in 1937
 * 1884 Lowca Engineering Company, Whitehaven. Became New Lowca Engineering Co. Ltd.  in 1905
 * 1886 Clyde Locomotive Company, Glasgow 1886-1888 taken over by Sharp, Stewart
 * 1889 Brush Electrical Engineering Company, Loughborough, Last steam 1914, closed in 2021
 * 1893 Kerr, Stuart & Company, Stoke, Closed 1930
 * 1896 Chapman and Furneaux Gateshead Took over Black Hawthorne & Co. Closed 1902
 * 1897 Armstrong Whitworth, Newcastle Last locos approx 1937.
 * 1898 Neilson, Reid & Company, Glasgow Amalgamated into the North British Locomotive Company in 1903
 * 1903 North British Locomotive Company, Glasgow, Closed 1962
 * 1905 New Lowca Engineering Company, Whitehaven. Closed 1912
 * 1911 EE Baguley Burton upon Trent Now Baguley-Drewry
 * 1918 English Electric Company, Taken over by General Electric Company in 1960
 * 1918 Ruston & Hornsby Lincoln Last locomotives c.1967. Now specialises in gas turbines.
 * 1937 Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns Darlington and Newcastle on Tyne, Became subsidiary of English Electric in 1962


text: Talk:Montezuma, Indiana

title: Talk:Montezuma, Indiana


text: Talk:Rockville, Indiana

title: Talk:Rockville, Indiana


text: Talk:Rosedale, Indiana

title: Talk:Rosedale, Indiana


text:
Secane, Pennsylvania

Secane is an unincorporated community in Ridley Township and Upper Darby Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. At its center is retail shopping and a commuter rail station. Immediately surrounding the center are four large garden apartment complexes surrounded by single-family homes. The neighborhood has a curvilinear/cul-de-sac street pattern typical of post-World War II residential development. It is located in two school districts, Upper Darby and Ridley.

History
Secane is named after a 17th-century Algonquin leader. In July 1683, William Penn purchased the lands between Chester Creek and the Schuylkill River from the Unami chiefs Secane and Icquoquehan.

Secane was the home of the Tully-Secane Country Club. However, the Archdiocese of Philadelphia converted the golf course into Our Lady of Fatima Church.

Geography
Secane is divided between the municipalities of Ridley Township, and Upper Darby Township, and is often confused with Clifton Heights, since the two communities share the same ZIP code.

The Muckinipattis Creek initiates in Secane and runs south through the community until its confluence with Darby Creek in Tinicum Township. Secane has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and average monthly temperatures range from 33.2 °F in January to 78.0 °F in July. The local hardiness zone is 7a.

Education
Ridley School District serves houses in Ridley Township. Upper Darby School District serves houses in Upper Darby Township.

Our Lady of Angels Regional School in Ridley Township, near Morton, is the area Catholic school. It formed in 2012 from a merger of Our Lady of Fatima in Secane and Ridley Township and Our Lady of Perpetual Help in Ridley Township.

Demographics
Secane has a population of almost 24,000 people and was farmland before it was developed into a residential area in the 20th century.

Transportation
Three main roads run through the town, Providence Road, South Avenue and Franklin Avenue, which leads to Kedron Avenue (Route 420). Secane station is a stop on the SEPTA Regional Rail Media/Wawa Line, which runs west from Philadelphia to Wawa. The station was previously a stop on the Pennsylvania Railroad and known as Spring Hill.

Notable people

 * Pat Croce, former Philadelphia 76ers owner
 * Joe Sestak, retired U.S. Navy officer and congressman

title: Secane, Pennsylvania