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Denmark, Western Australia

Denmark is a coastal town located on Wilson Inlet in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, 423 km south-south-east of the state capital of Perth. At the 2016 census, Denmark had a population of 2,558; however, the population can be several times the base population during tourist seasons.

History
 't Landt van de Leeuwin (Leeuwin's Land) was the original Dutch name for the area from King George Sound to the Swan River. It was named after the Dutch East Indiaman Leeuwin, which sighted the coast from Hamelin Bay to Point D'Entrecasteaux in 1622. The coastline of the Denmark area was observed in 1627 by the Dutchman François Thijssen, captain of the ship 't Gulden Zeepaert (The Golden Seahorse), who sailed to the east as far as Ceduna in South Australia and back. Captain Thijssen had seen the south coast of Australia and charted about 1800 km of it between Cape Leeuwin and the Nuyts Archipelago.

Two centuries later, when the first Europeans entered the lands around the present Denmark, the area was inhabited by the Noongar. Aboriginal Australians called the river and the inlet Kwoorabup, which means "place of the black wallaby" (kwoor).

The Denmark River was given its modern name in December 1829 by naval ship's surgeon Thomas Braidwood Wilson after his mentor, naval surgeon Alexander Denmark, Physician of the Fleet, Resident Physician at the Royal Hospital Haslar, and past-Physician to the Mediterranean Fleet. Wilson found the river while exploring the area in company with the Noongar Mokare from King George Sound, John Kent (officer in charge of the Commissariat at Frederick Town, King George Sound), two convicts and Private William Gough of the 39th Regiment, while his ship the Governor Phillip was being repaired at King George Sound.

In August 1895  Millar completed the purchase of 20,000 acres of freehold timber country at Denmark River, known as the Denmark Estate, and in October 1895, after a stock exchange listing in London to raise the capital, Millars Karri and Jarrah Forests Limited commenced a railway extension from Torbay to Denmark River. The formation was completed and the first timber mill constructed at Denmark timber station in December 1895. A post office and savings bank was opened on 30 August 1897. Millars built its third mill in 1898 and by 1900 there were 800 workers and their families resident at Denmark, for a total population of 2,000.

Resource depletion soon resulted in a total collapse of the local karri timber industry. By May 1903, with the closure of No 1 Mill, the Denmark milling industry was in decline. On 30 September 1904 Millars' Denmark operation was closed down. In 1908 Millars sold the Denmark Estate and the Elleker-Denmark railway to the state government. A townsite was surveyed and provision made for a school site, recreation reserves and town hall site.

In 1911 the Denmark Ward of the Albany Roads Board was excised to form the Denmark Roads Board.

The population declined dramatically, and revived only with the introduction of the Group Settlement Scheme in the 1920s. Small farms of 40 ha were cleared from woodland to create pasture for cattle, dairying and orcharding, mainly apples. Conditions were often poor and some of the small farmers could hardly survive. They worked in one of the timber mills operating around the middle of the 20th century.

Tourism started when American soldiers, stationed in Albany during World War II, made outings to Denmark. After the war, Denmark became a popular holiday destination for Western Australians.

By the 1960s the population had increased to 1,500 and Denmark was becoming attractive to alternative life-stylers and early retirees. Intensive agriculturists such as wine growers had discovered the value of the rich karri loam for their vineyards. Riesling and Chardonnay were the first grapes grown on Denmark soil, soon followed by other varieties. Within 50 years the area became a wine subregion of critical acclaim, as part of the Great Southern Wine Region. The first winery, Tinglewood, opened in 1976, and by 2008, over twenty vineyards had been established around Denmark.

WAGR rail service
Millars' Elleker-Torbay-Denmark railway line closed on 31 May 1905. During negotiations over the sale of the railway line the State leased the line and WAGR rail services began on 3 May 1907. In 1908 Millars sold the railway to the state government. Line extension works beyond Denmark were started in 1926 and on 11 June 1929 the first passenger service ran to Nornalup. The Nornalup-Denmark-Torbay-Elleker rail service was permanently shut down on 30 September 1957 and the rails were lifted in 1963.

Climate
Denmark has a Mediterranean climate (Csb) with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census, Denmark had a population of 2,558. Of these, 67.9% were Australian-born, 11.8% were born in England or Scotland, 2.3% were born in New Zealand and 1.2% were born in South Africa. 2.1% identified as Aboriginal.

The demography fluctuates depending on tourism; with the town at full capacity during school holidays and throughout the summer. The many holiday houses kept in Denmark usually belong to wealthy Perth-based families. During the census (Tuesday 9 August) 19.6% of dwellings were unoccupied (national average 11.2%).

Facilities
Denmark is a rural town with timber milling, orcharding, beef cattle and dairy farming as its primary industries. Soil and climate attract wine growers, with tourism being the fastest growing business in Denmark. There is limited commercial fishing in Wilson Inlet. Denmark has no harbour.

The town is home to the Western Australian College of Agriculture – Denmark, a 560 ha working farm and educational facility for Year 10, 11 and 12 students providing specialist education in farming and farm-related studies. It is also home to Denmark Senior High School.

Denmark was awarded the title of Australia's Tidiest Town in 1998.

On the Denmark River near Wilson Inlet there is a wooden Heritage Railway bridge where several walking trails come together including the Bibbulmun Track, which runs from the Perth region to Albany, and the "Denmark–Nornalup Heritage Trail".

Denmark is on the South Coast Highway, and is serviced by the Transwa public transport system. The town has an airstrip for small planes.

Flora and fauna
Denmark is surrounded by native woodland with a large variety of trees, including the eucalypts marri, karri, jarrah and red tingle. The latter can reach a height of 60 m. A distinctive local tree is the red-flowering gum.

There are many indigenous bird species, including splendid fairy-wrens, emus, Australian white ibis, Australian magpies and Australian ringnecks. Many species of reptiles including snakes and skinks can be found. Marsupials such as the western grey kangaroo, the southern brown bandicoot and the common brushtail possum also live in the area.

The abundance of fish, squid and other marine life in the Denmark estuaries and along the coastline attracts bottlenose dolphins and seals; seasonally southern right whales rest there during their long migrations to the north.

Greens Pool (located between Denmark and Walpole) is a sandy white beach ringed by large granite boulders. It is part of William Bay National Park and a main tourist attraction in summer.

Denmark is a well-known recreational fishing location with a variety of catch including snapper, salmon, bream, King George whiting and abalone.

Notable people

 * Emma Booth – actress, was brought up in Denmark.
 * Joel Hamling – Fremantle Dockers footballer, was born in Denmark.
 * Luc Longley – former centre in the American National Basketball Association, and his wife, musician and celebrity chef Anna Gare, are Denmark residents.

title: Denmark, Western Australia


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Because We Want To

"Because We Want To" is a song performed by British pop singer Billie. The song was written by Dion Rambo, Jacques Richmond, Wendy Page, and Jim Marr and produced by Marr and Page for Billie's debut album, Honey to the B (1998). It was released as her debut single on 29 June 1998 and entered the UK Singles Chart at number one in July 1998, making Billie the youngest artist to debut at number one, at age 15. It also reached the top 10 in Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden. The song was the official theme of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Chart performance
Selling over 80,000 copies during its opening week, "Because We Want To" made Billie the youngest artist to debut at number one on the UK Singles Chart, aged 15. However, Helen Shapiro still holds the record as the youngest solo female singer to have topped the UK Singles Chart; "You Don't Know" rose to number one in 1961, when Shapiro was 14 years and 10 months old. Outside the United Kingdom, the song became a top-10 hit in Ireland, New Zealand, and Sweden, peaking at numbers nine, nine, and eight, respectively. Although the song became a hit in Canada, peaking at number 14 on the Canadian Singles Chart and number 30 on the RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart in September 1998, it did not chart in the United States.

Music video
The video (directed by Phil Griffin ) starts in a run-down street in London, where the ground is violently shaking. The reason is soon seen: A UFO is flying just metres from the ground. Billie is then seen teleporting from the ship and down onto the street. She starts singing and dancing and soon gathers huge crowds of supporters. In the video, cut scenes of Billie and her friends walking down side streets are seen. In one scene, she melts a bin which transforms into a dancing humanoid and in another scene she graffitis "Billie" on a billboard and an animated character then jumps from the billboard and dances along with the humanoid made from the melted bin. Later in the video, she and her friends sneak into a warehouse and have a party.

Track listings
UK CD1; Canadian, Australasian, and Japanese CD single
 * 1) "Because We Want To" (radio mix) – 3:45
 * 2) "G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T." – 4:19
 * 3) "Because We Want To" (Sgt. Rock 'Old Skool' mix-edit) – 4:11
 * 4) "Because We Want To" (Tall Paul v's Billie mix) – 8:47

UK CD2
 * 1) "Because We Want To" (radio mix) – 3:45
 * 2) "Because We Want To" (street mix featuring Sweet P) – 5:12
 * 3) "Because We Want To" (radio mix instrumental) – 3:45
 * 4) "Because We Want To" (video)

UK cassette single
 * A1. "Because We Want To" (radio mix) – 3:45
 * A2. "G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T." – 4:19
 * B1. "Because We Want To" (Tall Paul v's Billie mix) – 8:47

European CD single
 * 1) "Because We Want To" (radio mix) – 3:45
 * 2) "G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T." – 4:19

US 12-inch single
 * A1. "Because We Want To" (Tall Paul vs. Billie)
 * A2. "Because We Want To" (radio mix)
 * B1. "Because We Want To" (Sgt. Rock Old Skool mix)
 * B2. "Because We Want To" (street mix)

Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the Honey to the B album booklet.

Studios
 * Recorded at Ridge Farm (Surrey, England) and Marcus Studios (London, England)
 * Mixed at Metropolis Studios (London, England)

Personnel

 * Dion Rambo – writing
 * Jacques Richmond – writing
 * Wendy Page – writing, backing vocals, vocal arrangement, production, mixing
 * Jim Marr – writing, keyboards, programming, production, mixing
 * Billie Piper – vocals
 * Roger Jackson – additional keyboards
 * Yak Bondy – additional programming
 * Pete Craigie – recording, mixing
 * Steve Cooper – assistant engineering (Ridge Farm)
 * Michelle Barry – assistant engineering (Marcus)
 * Matt Tait – assistant engineering (Metropolis)

Certifications

 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Because We Want To


text: Template:Cornwall-geo-stub

title: Template:Cornwall-geo-stub


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The Ticket That Exploded

The Ticket That Exploded is a 1962 novel by American author William S. Burroughs, published by Olympia Press and later by Grove Press in 1967. Together with The Soft Machine and Nova Express it is part of a trilogy, referred to as The Nova Trilogy, created using the cut-up technique, although for this book Burroughs used a variant called 'the fold-in' method. The novel is an anarchic tale concerning mind control by psychic, electronic, sexual, pharmaceutical, subliminal, and other means. Passages from the other two books and even from this book show up in rearranged form and are often repeated. This work is significant for fans of Burroughs, in that it describes his idea of language as a virus and his philosophy of the cut-up technique. It also features the cut-up technique being used by characters within the story. The Ticket That Exploded lays the groundwork for Burroughs' ideas of social revolution through technology, which he would later detail in his book-length essay The Electronic Revolution.

The revised edition published in 1967 was 50% longer than the original, as Burroughs added more material and an appendix. In 2014, a 'Restored' edition was published by Grove Press, edited by Oliver Harris, which made a number of corrections and added an introduction and extensive notes. Establishing the text's manuscript history, the introduction showed that Burroughs wrote The Ticket after The Soft Machine and before Nova Express, and argued that the Trilogy defied any fixed sequence.

Plot introduction
The Ticket That Exploded continues the adventures of Agent Lee in his mission to investigate and subvert the methods of mind control being used by The Nova Mob, a gang of intergalactic criminals intent on destroying Earth.

From the book:

"The basic nova technique is very simple: Always create as many insoluble conflicts as possible and always aggravate existing conflicts—This is done by dumping on the same planet life forms with incompatible conditions of existence—There is of course nothing "wrong" about any given life form since "wrong" only has reference to conflicts with other life forms—The point is these life forms should not be on the same planet—Their conditions of life are basically incompatible in present time form and it is precisely the work of the nova mob to see that they remain in present time form, to create and aggravate the conflicts that lead to the explosion of a planet, that is to nova—"

In popular culture

 * A phrase in the book, "Language is a virus from outer space" was the inspiration for the Laurie Anderson song, "Language is a Virus from Outer Space - William S. Burroughs", originally composed for her performance work, United States. Under the shortened title, "Language is a Virus", the song was performed in her 1986 concert film, Home of the Brave, in which Burroughs also appeared.
 * The band Miranda Sex Garden takes its name from the novel.

title: The Ticket That Exploded


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File:Vanity Fair 2004 poster.jpg

Rationale of fair use for Vanity Fair (2004 film)

 * 1) The image is being used to illustrate the film in question.
 * 2) No free or public domain images have been located for this purpose.
 * 3) The image is of lower resolution than the original poster.
 * 4) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the film in any way.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The image is being used for informational purposes only.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Vanity Fair 2004 poster.jpg


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Islam in Lithuania

Islam in Lithuania, unlike many other northern and western European countries, has a long history starting from the 14th century. The medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, stretching from the Baltic to Black seas, included several Muslim lands in the south inhabited by Crimean Tatars. A few Muslims migrated to ethnically Lithuanian lands, now the current Republic of Lithuania, mainly during the rule of Grand Duke Vytautas (early 15th century). The Tatars, now referred to as Lithuanian Tatars, lost their language over time and now speak Lithuanian; however, they maintained Islam as their religion. Due to the long isolation from the greater Islamic world, the practices of the Lithuanian Tatars differ somewhat from the rest of Sunni Muslims; they are not considered a separate sect, however, although some of the Lithuanian Tatars practice what could be called Folk Islam. One anonymous Lithuanian Tatar who made Hajj to Mecca acknowledged in his work the risale that the Lithuanian Tatars had unorthodox customs and rituals so that they could possibly be viewed as infidel (kafir) from the perspective of orthodox Muslims.

In Lithuania, unlike many other European societies at the time, there was religious freedom. Lithuanian Tatars settled in certain places, such as around Raižiai (in Alytus district municipality).

Much of the Lithuanian Tatar culture, mosques, graveyards and such were destroyed by the Soviet Union after it annexed Lithuania. After restoration of Lithuanian independence however the government supported the promotion of Lithuanian Tatar culture among those Lithuanian Tatars who lost it. Three original wooden mosques remain now (in villages of Nemėžis, Keturiasdešimt Totorių (both in Vilnius district municipality) and Raižiai (Alytus district municipality), typically having relatively large Muslim populations), as well as a new brick mosque built in Kaunas during the period of interwar independence of Lithuania (in the 1930s) to commemorate the anniversary of Vytautas, the duke who brought Tatars and Islam to Lithuania. That mosque is called Vytautas Didysis Mosque after the Grand Duke Vytautas. In the capital of Lithuania, Vilnius, however, no mosque remains, as Russians destroyed the Lukiškės Mosque which was there. The Lithuanian Tatar community is trying to rebuild the mosque, but faces various problems, including lack of funds as well as certain actions by the government of Vilnius city municipality.

Currently, only several thousand Lithuanian Tatars remain, making up an estimated 0.1% of the country's population; however, with the restoration of Lithuanian independence, they are experiencing a kind of national revival with evidence to suggest there are several hundred non-Tartar converts to Islam.

During the time of the Soviet Union, some people from other Muslim nationalities were moved in, however many of them were atheists; as well other Muslims came as immigrants after restoration of independence, but as for now this number is very small compared to similar numbers in western Europe; therefore Lithuanian Tatars remain the core of Islam in Lithuania, supported by some Lithuanians who converted. Halal meat in the country remains difficult to obtain, with more observant Muslims slaughtering animals themselves.

title: Islam in Lithuania


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Whiritoa

Whiritoa is a small beach town on the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand between Whangamatā and Waihi Beach. It has a permanent population in the low hundreds, which swells to over a thousand during the New Year holiday period.

It has a convenience store, a library and a volunteer fire department. The local Surf lifesaving club has a close relationship with the community of regularly holidaying families.

At the north end of the 1.5 km beach is a small lagoon and past this is a short walk to Waimama bay. The lagoon has a cycle of being blocked by sand then being dug out by the council digger or enthusiastic members of the public. At the south end a short bush walk crosses through privately owned land to a blowhole.

The beach itself is popular for surfers as it often features a roaming sandbar or two. The shore is often quite steep meaning the waves are sometimes breaking directly on the sand making it difficult for casual swimmers.

History
Whiritoa beach is typical of many beaches along the eastern Coromandel Peninsula, starting its formation around 6,000 to 7,000 years ago.

Early Māori communities removed most of the original coastal forest and dune plants. Farmers then introduced stock to the dune area, disturbing the native sand-binding grasses and causing severe wind erosion. Most of the sand reserves eroded, reducing the height of the dunes and caused sheets of sand to move more than 200 m inland. The sand at Whiritoa Beach was mined for over 50 years; in total more than 180,000 m³ of sand has been removed. Since the 1960s coastal subdivision has covered most of what remains of the sand dune reserves.

Demographics
Whiritoa is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement and covers 0.91 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the larger Waihi Rural statistical area.

Whiritoa had a population of 216 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 48 people (28.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 18 people (9.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 96 households, comprising 99 males and 114 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.87 males per female. The median age was 56.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 21 people (9.7%) aged under 15 years, 27 (12.5%) aged 15 to 29, 93 (43.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 72 (33.3%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 87.5% European/Pākehā, 23.6% Māori, 1.4% Pacific peoples, 1.4% Asian, and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 47.2% had no religion, 38.9% were Christian and 1.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 24 (12.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 33 (16.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $24,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 18 people (9.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 60 (30.8%) people were employed full-time, 36 (18.5%) were part-time, and 9 (4.6%) were unemployed.

title: Whiritoa


text:
Talk:Franz Tausend

book
The golden years of Franz Tausend Titus Miller, German

Ed 2607:FEA8:4A2:4100:44A6:BB23:CCFA:3961 (talk) 08:50, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Franz Tausend


text:
Ranald Sutherland, Lord Sutherland

Ronald Iain Sutherland, Lord Sutherland (born 23 January 1932) is a Scottish former Senator of the College of Justice, having been appointed in 1985. Known as Lord Sutherland in the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary, he sat in the First Division of the Inner House of the Court of Session.

His most notable case was as a presiding judge in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial.

Sutherland is married to Janice, and they have two sons, Alan and Donald.

Brief Biography

 * Graduated from the University of Edinburgh (MA LLB) and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1956.
 * Served as an Advocate Depute from 1962 to 1964 and again from 1971 to 1977.
 * Appointed Standing Junior Counsel to the Ministry of Defence from 1964 to 1969.
 * Appointed Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1969.
 * Member of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Board from 1977 to 1985
 * Scottish Representative to the International Association of Judges.

title: Ranald Sutherland, Lord Sutherland


text:
Carl Snyder

Carl Snyder (April 23, 1869, Cedar Falls IA – 1946 Santa Barbara CA) was an American economist and statistician.

Although he attended the University of Iowa and studied in Paris, he was chiefly self-taught. He began as a journalist; at the age of 20, he was editor of the Council Bluffs Nonparell, later writing editorials for The Washington Post. Snyder was also something of a science writer, authoring popular articles in magazines such as McClure's and the Fortnightly Review about, for example, Jacques Loeb's experiments on the nature of living tissue. He was a president of the American Statistical Association, a Fellow of the American Association for Advancement of Science and of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and a member of the Institut Internationale de Statistique.

In the 1910s and 20s, Snyder was employed as a statistician in the research department of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, under Benjamin Strong. The two men clashed, but still respected each other. During these years, he lectured at American universities and contributed to economic and statistical journals.

Snyder's response to the Great Depression was to write his magnum opus Capitalism the Creator (1940). The book, written in an eccentric prose style replete with fragmentary sentences, is part classical liberal manifesto, part elucubration of an enthusiastic statistical autodidact. It blamed the Depression on the Fed's failure to stabilize the money stock and the price level. The book provided inspiration to such figures as Ayn Rand and Friedrich von Hayek.

Works

 * Carl Snyder: Capitalism the Creator. The Economic Foundations of Modern Industrial Society. Macmillan, New York 1940 (PDF).

title: Carl Snyder


text:
User:Jeremygbyrne/Astrology (film)

Astrology is a movie based on its namesake, the third book in Sylvia Roslyn La Some's Alchemy Cycle. Set in British Honduras, Mexico and Guatemala in the late 1930s the movie involves a mix of fictional and historical characters in a magic realist, parahistorical framework. It is in some senses a prequel to Alchemy.

Cast

 * Douglas Monroe — Danny Glover
 * Margarite Hessen —
 * Jose-Maria Menchú — Anthony LaPaglia
 * Frida Kahlo —
 * Pedro Ximenez —
 * Fritz Lang —
 * Diego Rivera —

Jose-Maria Menchú
"Brother Sun" was born in British Honduras (now Belize) in 1902, a "Mestizo" with a native Yucatec Mayan mother and a Spanish-Mexican father. "Rescued" from the streets of Corozal by a visiting priest who witnessed the murder of his mother, he was raised in a Franciscan monastery in Mérida and became a friar in 1920.

Jose-Maria's mother was a Cruzob, a proud citizen/believer of the short-lived independent Mayan nation of Chan Santa Cruz, which revolted against the formal caste system in 1847 and maintained its independence until it was conquered by Mexico in 1901. (The revolution — against the sovereign nation of Yucatán, at that stage not a part of Mexico — had originated as a defence of communally held lands against the expansion of private ownership. The syncretic Cult of the Talking Cross became the Cruzob state religion, inspiring the ongoing resistance against the resurgent Yucatecans/Mexicans. The war was settled in 1915 when the socialist Mexican government allowed the independent Maya the land reforms they'd long been asking for.) His father was a revolutionary intellectual from Mexico City, hoping to find amongst the Maya a rural socialist utopian opposition to the Díaz dictatorship, who was killed in the final defence of Chan Santa Cruz.

Menchú became involved with Margarite Hessen and Douglas Monroe's 1937/38 expedition to the newly-discovered "City of the Snake", Calakmul in the heart of the Campeche Petén, on the trail of film-maker Fritz Lang and the mysterious and almost certainly diabolical Doctor M. He proved heroically invaluable to the group, and became a lifelong inspiration to the youngest expedition member, nine year-old Pedro Ximenez, the boy who would become Giovanni Cardinal Masci, Bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mireto.

Plot
Note the first edition of occult encyclopaedia, the fabulously illustrated The Secret Teachings of All Ages by Manly Hall (text, reprint on Amazon), published in 1928, features in the film. (It included a detailed section on Alchemy and criticised modern materialism ("linking Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism to Pythagoreanism, Alchemy, etc etc to the shadowy Illuminati pulling the strings behind the formation of the United States and its model of government. America supposedly has some sort of Mystical Destiny that was predetermined by a group of Immortal Magi, the true initiates of the Elysian and Hermetic mysteries, and so on.") The book inspires both Monroe and Hessen, on different sides of the planet, to seek out the Serpent Wisdom in the Amazon.

Note connection to later novels by intrigues surrounding "discovery" of oil in Arabia in 1938 (Munroe has personal knowledge about a discovery there in the 1910s). (The Saudi regime of Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud has been established by St John Philby and his predecessors in the British Secret Service (in coordination with Allen Dulles's CIA — formed from the ORG following the success of the "Saints" in promoting their eschatonic form of Zionism by engineering the Holocaust — who engineer the wahabbist ideology into the House of Saud in 1914 and eventually Abdul Aziz into power over the whole of Saudi Arabia.) Also discussing aliens in Islam, possibly explaining Dabbat al-ard.

Saints and Serpents
The 4,500 year-old conspiracy group nicknamed "the Saints" are, in the mythos of the Cycle, in perpetual opposition to "the Serpents" (although it eventually transpires that both groups were founded as schismatic branches of the same dinosaur religious system). The Serpents, recalling an ancient tradition, seek to prevent the fated End of the World, which they believe will constitute a mass harvesting of the souls of humanity by a malevolent force, recapitulating the fate of their erstwhile fellows.

Timeline
[ << Previous ] [ Next >> ]

1938

 * Events in the movie also touch on events during the century 1863 through 1963, and on events in the Middle East in the early years of the twentieth century.

[ << Previous ] [ Next >> ]

Trivia
The story of Astrology forms the basis of the Call of Cthulhu adventure The Quicksilver Screens

title: User:Jeremygbyrne/Astrology (film)


text: Category:Montpellier

title: Category:Montpellier


text:
Winfred P. Lehmann

Winfred Philip Lehmann (June 23, 1916 –August 1, 2007) was an American linguist who specialized in historical, Germanic, and Indo-European linguistics. He was for many years a professor and head of departments for linguistics at the University of Texas at Austin, and served as president of both the Linguistic Society of America and the Modern Language Association. Lehmann was also a pioneer in machine translation. He lectured a large number of future scholars at Austin, and was the author of several influential works on linguistics.

Early life and education
Winfred P. Lehmann was born in Surprise, Nebraska on June 23, 1916, the son of the Lutheran minister Philipp Ludwig Lehmann and Elenore Friederike Grosnick. The family was German American and spoke German at home. They moved to Wisconsin while Lehmann was a boy.

After graduating from high school, Lehmann studied German and classical philology at Northwestern College, where he received his BA in humanities in 1936. He subsequently enrolled at the University of Wisconsin. At Wisconsin, Lehmann specialized in phonetics and Indo-European and Germanic philology. He studied a variety of topics, including the works of John Milton and Homer, German literature, and became proficient in a diverse number of languages, including Old Church Slavonic, Lithuanian, Old Irish, Sanskrit and Old Persian. His command of languages would eventually extend to Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, Turkish, and several branches of the Indo-European languages, including Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Balto-Slavic, Hellenic, Anatolian and Indo-Iranian.

Among his teachers at the University of Wisconsin were the Indo-Europeanist and Balticist Alfred E. Senn, Celticist Myles Dillon, Scandinavist Einar Haugen, and Morris Swadesh, William Freeman Twaddell and Roe-Merrill S. Heffner. Haugen's fieldwork among Scandinavian Americans would prove highly influential for Lehmann's later work on sociolinguistics. With Swadesh, Lehmann carried out studies on the Ho-Chunk people. Twaddell and Heffner were to have the strongest influence on him. He spent much time working with Heffner on phonetics, and the two co-wrote several articles on dialectology and sociophonetics for the journal American Speech, which are still of importance to scholars today. Lehmann gained his MA in 1938, and his PhD in 1941, both in Germanic linguistics at Wisconsin. His PhD thesis on verbs in Germanic languages was co-directed by Twaddell and Heffner.

Early career
From 1942 to 1946, Lehmann served in the Signal Corps of the United States Army. During World War II he was an instructor in Japanese for the United States Army, and eventually became officer-in-charge of the Japanese Language School. The administrative experience and knowledge of non-Indo-European languages that he acquired during the war would have a major impact on his later career.

Since 1946, Lehmann taught at Washington University in St. Louis, where he served as instructor (1946) and as assistant professor (1946–1949) of German. Wishing to focus more on linguistics and philology rather than only the German language, he arranged with Leonard Bloomfield to spend the summer at Yale University to catch up with advances in linguistics during the war, but these plans came to nothing after Bloomfield suffered a debilitating stroke.

Career
In 1949, Lehmann transferred to the University of Texas at Austin, which at the time had about 12,000 students and was known for its strength in philology and for its university library. He subsequently served as Associate Professor (1949–1951) and Professor (1951–1962) of Germanic Languages at University of Texas at Austin. During this time Lehmann published his influential work Proto-Indo-European Phonology (1952).

Since 1953, Lehmann served as Chairman of the Department of Germanic Languages (1953–1964), Acting Chairman of the Department of Slavic Languages (1960–1965). In 1963 he was made Ashbel Smith Professor of Linguistics and Germanic Linguistics (1963–1983). The Ashbel Smith professorship accorded him twice the salary of an ordinary professor. In 1964, Lehmann became the founding Chairman of the Department of Linguistics (1964–1972).

As the chairman of both the Germanic and linguistics departments, Lehmann oversaw the development of highly successful first-rate programs in German and linguistics. Knowledge of languages, and linguistics in particular, was in great demand after the launching of Sputnik 1, and his programs received generous funding through the National Defense Education Act and from the National Science Foundation. His efforts were greatly aided by the strong support he received from university president Harry Ransom. Lehmann arranged world-class conferences in both linguistics and German literature, established several linguistic institutes, a Visiting Writer's Program, and hired numerous distinguished professors in German and linguistics. Scholars hired by him during this time include Emmon Bach, Robert T. Harms, Edgar C. Polomé and Werner Winter. In 1961, Lehmann established the Linguistics Research Center (LRC), of which he was Director until his death. Through the LRC, he secured millions in funding to the field of machine translation and historical linguistics. Lehmann was also instrumental in the establishment of the Arabic Center (later the Center for Middle Eastern Studies) and the Hindi-Telugu Center (later the Center for South Asian Studies). He notably cooperated with Gardner Lindzey on developing studies in psycholinguistics.

Lehmann was well known for his teaching style, and notably encouraged his students to seek to understand his lectures rather than just simply writing them down. Instead of only grading his students' papers and exams, he would give them detailed evaluations of their performance, and encouraged them to pursue and develop ideas. Lehmann strongly encouraged his students to seek having their works published in academic journals.

Under the leadership of Lehmann, the departments for Germanic languages and linguistics at University of Texas at Austin both became among the top five graduate programs in North America, which they remained for 25 years. Almost ten percent of all PhDs awarded in linguistics in the United States during this time came from the University of Texas at Austin. He supervised more than fifty PhDs and mentored hundreds of students, many of whom would acquire prominent positions in their respective fields.

Lehmann was president of the Linguistic Society of America in 1973, and president of the Modern Language Association of America in 1987. He remains the only person to have led both of these organizations, which are the two most important and prestigious professional organizations for linguistics in the United States. Throughout his career, Lehmann was also Member of the Association for Computational Linguistics (President in 1964), the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, the American Oriental Society, Société de Linguistique de Paris, Indogermanische Gesellschaft, Linguistic Society of India, Societas Linguistica Europaea, Early English Text Society, the board of directors of the American Council of Learned Societies, Corresponding Member of the Institut für Deutsche Sprache, chair of the board of trustees of the Center for Applied Linguistics (1974–), and Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. He was also a Fulbright and Guggenheim Fellow.

Combined with his teaching and administrative duties, Lehmann was engaged with research and writing. His Historical Linguistics: An Introduction (1962) has been translated into Japanese, German, Spanish and Italian, and remains a standard work on historical linguistics. He edited the Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics (1967), which remains a standard work on both Indo-European, historical, and comparative linguistics. His Proto-Indo-European Syntax (1974) was hailed as breakthrough by linguist Robert J. Jeffers, who reviewed it in the journal Language. Studies in Descriptive and Historical Linguistics, a festschrift in Lehmann's honor, was published in 1977 under the editorship of Paul Hopper. His influential Syntactic Typology was published in 1981.

In 1983, Lehmann was made Louann and Larry Temple Centennial Professor in the Humanities at University of Texas at Austin. He received the Harry H. Ransom Award for Teaching Excellence in the Liberal Arts in 1983, which he would describe as the greatest honor of his career. In 1984, together with fellow researcher Jonathan Slocum, Lehmann developed a groundbreaking prototype computer program for language translation, which the LRC put into commercial production for Siemens.

Retirement
Lehmann retired as Louann and Larry Temple Centennial Professor Emeritus in the Humanities in 1986. Although having retired from teaching, he was still very active as a researcher at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin, and continued to write books and articles. In 1986 Lehmann founded the journal Computers and Translation, now Machine Translation, of which he was the founding editor. His Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) has been described as the best work ever published on Germanic etymology. He received the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1987.

Notable works authored by Lehmann during his final years include the third edition of Historical Linguistics (1992) and Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics (1993). Language Change and Typological Variation, a second festschrift in his honor, was published by the Institute for the Study of Man in 1999 under the editorship of Edgar C. Polomé and Carol F. Justus. Lehmann completed his final monograph, Pre-Indo-European (2002), at the age of 86.

Death and legacy
Lehmann was preceded in death by his wife Ruth and his son Terry, and died in Austin, Texas on August 1, 2007.

Throughout his career, Lehmann wrote more than fifty books and special issues of journals, and over 250 articles and more than 140 reviews. These works covered a diverse set of topics, including Middle High German literature, Japanese grammar, Old Irish, Biblical Hebrew, and textbooks on the German language. His contributions to the fields of Indo-European, Germanic and historical linguistics, and machine translation, have been significant, and several of his works on these subjects have remained standard texts up to the present day. He is remembered for his crucial role in establishing the University of Texas at Austin as one of America's leading institutions in linguistics, and for the large numbers of students that he taught and mentored, many of whom have made major contributions to scholarship.

Personal life
Lehmann married Ruth Preston Miller on October 12, 1940, whom he met while studying at the University of Wisconsin. A specialist in Celtic linguistics and Old English, Ruth was Professor of English at the University of Texas at Austin. Winfred and Ruth had two children, Terry Jon and Sandra Jean.

Winfred and Ruth were both environmentalists and animal-lovers. They donated 160 acre of land in the northwest of Travis County, Texas to The Nature Conservancy to create the Ruth Lehmann Memorial Tract. The family inhabited a spacious house on Lake Travis, where they cared for rescued animals.

Aside from linguistics and the environment, Lehmann's great passion was literature, particularly early Germanic literature and the novels of his friend Raja Rao and James Joyce. He was also a skilled pianist. Lehmann was a close friend of John Archibald Wheeler, with whom he shared an interest for literature. Despite his wide circle of friends, Lehmann was nevertheless a very private man.

Selected works

 * (With Alfred Senn) A Word Index to Wolfram's "Parzival,", University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1938
 * (With Roe-Merrill S. Heffner) A Word-Index to the Poems of Walther von der Vogelweide, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1940
 * (With Lloyd Faust) A Grammar of Formal Written Japanese, Harvard University Press, 1951
 * Proto-Indo-European Phonology, University of Texas Press and Linguistic Society of America, (1952)
 * The Alliteration of Old Saxon Poetry, Aschehoug, (1953)
 * (With J. L. Dillard) The Alliterations of the Edda, University of Texas, 1954
 * The Development of Germanic Verse Form, University of Texas Press and Linguistic Society of America, 1956
 * (With Helmut Rheder and George Schulz-Behrend) Active German, Dryden, 1958, 2nd edition, including revised Handbook, records, and tapes, published as Active German Revised, Holt, 1962.
 * (With Takemitsu Tabusa) The Alliterations of the Beowulf, Department of Germanic Languages, University of Texas, 1958
 * (With Helmut Rehder, L. Shaw, and S. N. Werbow) Review and Progress in German, Holt, 1959
 * (With Virginia F. Dailey) The Alliterations of the Christ, Guthlac, Elene, Juliana, Fates of the Apostles, and Dream of the Rood, Department of Germanic Languages, University of Texas, 1960.
 * Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, Holt, 1962, 2nd edition 1973, 3rd edition, 1992
 * Exercises to Accompany Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, Holt, 1962, 2nd edition, 1973.
 * (With Helmut Rehder and Hans Beyer) Spectrum: Modern German Thought in Science, Literature, Philosophy and Art, Holt, 1964.
 * (With H-J. Hewitt) Selected Vowel Measurements of American English Speech, University of Texas, 1965.
 * Computational Linguistics: Procedures and Problems, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, 1965.
 * (Editor and translator) A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics, Indiana University Press, 1967.
 * (Editor with Yakov Malkiel) Directions for Historical Linguistics: A Symposium, University of Texas Press, 1968.
 * Descriptive Linguistics: An Introduction (includes Instructor's Manual), Random House, 1972, 2nd edition, 1976.
 * (With T. J. O'Hare and Christoph Cobet) German: Language and Culture (includes student workbook and teacher's manual), Holt, 1972.
 * Proto-Indo-European Syntax, University of Texas Press, 1974.
 * (Editor) Language and Linguistics in the People's Republic of China, University of Texas Press, 1975.
 * (R. P. M. Lehmann) An Introduction to Old Irish, Modern Language Association of America, 1975.
 * (Editor) Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language, University of Texas Press, 1978
 * Linguistische Theorien der Moderne, Peter Lang, 1981
 * (Editor) Syntactic Typology, University of Texas Press, 1981
 * Language: An Introduction, Random House, 1982
 * (Editor with Yakov Malkiel) Perspectives on Historical Linguistics, Benjamins, 1982
 * (Editor) Natural Language Processing, 1985
 * (Editor) Language Typology 1985: Papers from the Linguistic Typology Symposium, Moscow, December 9–13, 1985, John Benjamins, 1985
 * A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, Brill, 1986
 * (Editor) Computers and Translation, 1986–1987
 * (Editor) Language Typology, 1987: Systematic Balance in Language, Benjamins, 1990
 * (Editor with Helen-Jo Jakusz Hewitt) Language Typology 1988: Typological Models in Reconstruction, Benjamins, 1991
 * Die gegenwärtige Richtung der indogermanistischen Forschung, Archaeological Institute of the Academy of Sciences, 1992
 * Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, Routledge, 1993
 * Residues of Pre-Indo-European Active Structure and their Implications for the Relationships among the Dialects, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1995
 * Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, Routledge, 1996
 * (With Esther Raizen and Helen-Jo Jakusz Hewitt) Biblical Hebrew: An Analytical Introduction, Wings Press, 1999
 * Pre-Indo-European, Institute for the Study of Man, 2002

title: Winfred P. Lehmann


text:
User:JohnDBuell/H2G2 English to German Comparison

Most of the following text has been incorporated into the article Differences in versions of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and will likely not be updated anymore (and may be deleted in the future).

 * No Wowbagger in the German Life the Universe and Everything adaptation
 * No plot-thread with Ford through the German So Long and Thanks for All the Fish adaptation until the very end (thus no speaking clock, etc).
 * The original 12 German episodes are actually the same as the BBC Primary Phase - the difference is the Germans left IN all of the material that Adams and Brett/Perkins cut out!
 * Setting: The series is still set in England ("Mr. Prosser", Arthur being charged 5 Pfund (Pounds) to have his windows cleaned, the four packets of peanuts cost Ford 28 pence, Bevingford Umgehungsstrasse (bypass)), but the protest against Lady Cynthia Fitzmelton sounds more like a German "Demo" (demonstration) of the 80s/90s than the English protest in Fit the First.
 * The Vogon poem from the end of Fit the First/German episode one is reprised at the beginning of German radio episode two.
 * Zaphod's two heads are represented through an echo effect on a few of the actor's lines.

 * Fit the Sixth/Episode Six:
 * Trillian points out that when she saw the Haggunenon Underfleet Commandant, it looked like a box of size nine chukka boots. In the German version, this is translated to a box of size 42 (!) soccer shoes (German sizes, of course).
 * Arthur's line "As far as I can see you might as well lower haystacks off the boatdeck of the Lusitania," is changed to Titanic.
 * The F/X description (pg 115 in the 25th anniversary script book) about the colour of the eyes of the Bugblatter Beast, etc. is READ by the German announcer, uniquely for their edition.

 * Music in both German series was by Frank Duval
 * Director, first series: Ernst Wendt
 * Director, second series: Hartmut Kirste


text:
Tin Hlaing

Tin Hlaing (တင်လှိုင်) is a former Minister of Home Affairs of Myanmar. He is a colonel. He belongs to the State Peace and Development Council. Myanmar has acceded the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons. This he pointed out in 2004. According to him, Myanmar endeavors to strive against trafficking of women.

title: Tin Hlaing


text:
Walter Jackson Bate

Walter Jackson Bate (May 23, 1918 – July 26, 1999) was an American literary critic and biographer. He is known for Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography-winning biographies of Samuel Johnson (1978) and John Keats (1964). Samuel Johnson also won the 1978 U.S. National Book Award in Biography.

Biography
Bate was born in Mankato, Minnesota. He studied under Douglas Bush and later taught at Harvard University.

His critical work, especially The Burden of the Past and the English Poet, responds to and anticipates some aspects of the work of Harold Bloom. His biographies of Keats and Johnson have enjoyed extraordinary reputations both as scholarly resources and as works of literature in their own right.

He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1957 and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1966. Bate retired from teaching at Harvard in 1986, and died on July 26, 1999, at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, aged 81. A brief memoir appeared in 2013.

Major works

 * Negative Capability: The Intuitive Approach in Keats (1939; reprinted 1976, 2012).
 * From Classic to Romantic: Premises of Taste in Eighteenth-Century England (1946; reprinted in 1961).
 * Criticism: The Major Texts edited by (1952).
 * The Achievement of Samuel Johnson (1955).
 * The Stylistic Development of Keats (1958).
 * Prefaces to Criticism (1959).
 * John Keats (1963).
 * Keats: A Collection of Critical Essays (1964).
 * Coleridge (1968).
 * The Burden of the Past and the English Poet (1970).
 * Samuel Johnson (1977).

title: Walter Jackson Bate


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dave Zarzycki

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Dave_Zarzycki
vanity, non-notable 193.190.253.144 11:35, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, substubby too. - Mgm|(talk) 12:25, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as nn-bio. Tagged as such. --GraemeL (talk) 12:41, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete speedy or otherwise. Alf 13:45, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect with launchd. JYolkowski // talk 01:29, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Given time this will grow.  AlistairMcMillan 01:52, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 05:54, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Ayyavazhi Wikipedians

This page contains Wikipedians who have identified themselves (at least on Wikipedia) as being Ayyavazhi. Please only specify your user page in this category, and not any sub-pages.

title: Category:Ayyavazhi Wikipedians


text:
Talk:Road signs in the United Kingdom

Merger proposal
Put simply, I'm not sure that road signs in Wales are distinctive enough to warrant a separate article, given the only difference appears to be that they're bilingual. It's important to mention this, of course, but a subsection of this article may be a more appropriate place to do so. For context, Northern Ireland has a subsection here, whereas Gaelic road signs in Scotland is a separate article.

Either the article should be merged, or it should be expanded to include any other distinctively Welsh features which haven't yet been mentioned. A.D.Hope (talk) 13:27, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose - I think that if the Wales article was expanded with more history behind specifically Welsh-language signs then it would be enough to warrant its own article, since there's a lot of history there that's separate from the history of road signs in England. Suntooooth (talk) 00:41, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Is there much to expand on? Bilingual signs seem to be the only difference between Welsh road signs and those in the rest of the UK. We could flesh out the history, as it seems a bit brief, but the whole article would still be comfortably short enough to be a section of the UK article. A.D.Hope (talk) 20:46, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't know the specifics since it's been a long time since I last looked into it, but I think the history would fill more than one section on the UK article. There's a long history of protests and controversy - for example, protestors painting over English-only road signs, and various opinion pieces claiming that Welsh-language signs cause crashes. Suntooooth (talk) 14:56, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I suppose the obvious question is, if there is this extensive history, why isn't it in the Welsh article? If we can summarise the controversy succinctly I can't see a Welsh section being longer than the current 'Crown Dependencies' or 'Overseas Territories' sections here. A.D.Hope (talk) 16:31, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I assume because no one that knows the history well has both seen the article and decided to expand the article - it is a more obscure part of Welsh-language history (despite its importance), and Welsh-language history is already a topic not many know about, so it makes sense that it hasn't attracted anyone who knows the issue well enough yet.
 * If the history is written out and it's still too short, then I'd be slightly less opposed to the merger; as it is right now, I don't see how Welsh-language sign history could be shorter than the Gaelic road sign article, considering their histories are fairly similar. Suntooooth (talk) 15:11, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Oppose - I believe the topic of Bilingual signs in Wales should be a separate topic particularly on the history, although don’t mind the article being reformed into Welsh road signs in Wales (scope wise doesn’t necessarily need to be renamed) in line with the Gaelic article. Especially considering the Welsh campaign is longer than the Gaelic one?  Dank Jae  09:23, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Regretfully oppose – there are not enough users worldwide who are interested in Welsh road signs to warrant an addition of this size to the main article. ---Ehrenkater (talk) 17:49, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

Meaning of Black Circle in Orange Rectangle
While watching Police Interceptors season 7 episode 1, I noticed a roadway sign for "Stamford" on the first line, and "A1" on the next line. To the right of the "A1" was an orange square, about the same height as the "A1", with a black circle in the square; it almost looked like an afterthought (couldn't tell whether it was painted or embossed. I could not find a meaning for it on the web. I presume it meant there's a roundabout, but, don't most such intersections have one? So, what does it mean? Skaizun (talk) 20:37, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Was it a diversion route? the wub "?!"  21:29, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Road signs in the United Kingdom


text:
Telopea Park

Telopea Park is one of the oldest parks in Canberra, Australia. The name of the park is from Walter Burley Griffin's original plan for Canberra where he planned Telopea Park at the end of Sydney Avenue. The park is named after the floral emblem of New South Wales, also known as the Waratah. Griffin planned that the state capital city avenues were terminated with a park named after the generic botanical name for a native plant from that particular state. The park covers 0.079 km2.

The park was established in 1922 and is very long and thin, with many large native and introduced trees. A stormwater drain runs along the middle of the park, which is crossed by several bridges. The park has barbecue areas and playground equipment, and is a popular destination. It was listed by the ACT Heritage Council in 2012.

The park is bounded by Telopea Park West (street) and Telopea Park East (street) on either side, with Manuka Oval at the southern end, across New South Wales crescent, and Bowen drive on the Northern End, near Lake Burley Griffin. Telopea Park School is located adjacent to the southwest end of the park.

The park is between the suburbs of Barton and Kingston close to Lake Burley Griffin.

title: Telopea Park


text:
John Cameron, Lord Coulsfield

John Taylor Cameron, Lord Coulsfield, (24 April 1934 – 28 February 2016) was a Scottish judge who served as a Senator of the College of Justice from 1987 to 2002.

Biography
Cameron was born on 24 April 1934 in Dundee. His father was John Reid Cameron, director of education for Dundee Council and his mother was Annie Duncan, a teacher.

Cameron was educated at Fettes College in Edinburgh, before getting an open scholarship to study at Corpus Christi College, Oxford where he studied classics. When he failed the entrance examination for the civil service, he attended University of Edinburgh where he studied for an LLB.

He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1960, and lectured in public law at the University of Edinburgh from 1960 to 1964. He was appointed Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1973, and served as an Advocate Depute from 1977 to 1979. He was Chairman of the Medical Appeals Tribunal for Scotland from 1985 to 1987.

He was appointed as a Senator of the College of Justice in 1987, taking the judicial title Lord Coulsfield. He was the Scottish Judge on the Employment Appeal Tribunal from 1992 to 1996. Before joining the Court of Session he was a judge in the Courts of Appeal of Jersey and Guernsey. In 2000, he was one of the four judges at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial.

Cameron retired from practicing law in 2002. He served as Editor of the Scottish Law and Practice Quarterly and chair of the committee for legal education in Scotland. He died on 28 February 2016 at the age of 81 after a short illness.

title: John Cameron, Lord Coulsfield


text:
Kandalanu

Kandalanu was a vassal king of Babylon under the Neo-Assyrian kings Ashurbanipal and Ashur-etil-ilani, ruling from his appointment by Ashurbanipal in 647 BC to his own death in 627 BC.

After the failed rebellion by the preceding king of Babylon, Shamash-shum-ukin, against Ashurbanipal, Kandalanu was proclaimed as the new vassal king of Babylon. His background is uncertain; it is possible that he was one of Ashurbanipal's younger brothers, a Babylonian noble who had sided with him in Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt, or a simple-minded or deformed man appointed as king to ensure he did not gain the support of the Babylonians for further actions against Assyrian rule.

A mysterious figure, Kandalanu's reign is poorly attested, with historical evidence from his time as ruler being limited to date formulae and chronological texts. Some historians believe that Kandalanu was the same person as Ashurbanipal, Kandalanu simply being the name used by the king in Babylon, but this idea is considered unlikely by modern researchers.

Historical background
Babylonia had been conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire by Tiglath-Pileser III ((r. undefined – undefined)745–727 BC) less than a century before Kandalanu became its king. For most of the period since this conquest, the Assyrian king had simultaneously reigned as the king of Babylon, though the Babylonians often resented their rule. In an attempt to possibly mitigate the animosity of the Babylonians, Esarhaddon ((r. undefined – undefined)681–669 BC) upon his death granted the kingships of Assyria and Babylonia to two different sons. The elder son Shamash-shum-ukin was granted Babylonia while the younger Ashurbanipal was to become the King of Assyria.

Though this arrangement of two kings worked for some time, Shamash-shum-ukin was in a subordinate position to Ashurbanipal. Inscriptions suggest that any orders Shamash-shum-ukin gave to his subjects first had to be verified and approved by his brother. Ashurbanipal had a permanent garrison stationed at Borsippa, a city deep inside Shamash-shum-ukin's domain. There are also preserved petitions sent by officials in Babylon directly to Ashurbanipal—had Shamash-shum-ukin been the universally respected sovereign of Babylon, he would probably have been the receiver of such letters. Royal records from Babylonia during the time of peaceful coexistence between Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin mention both their names, but contemporary documents from Assyria only mention Ashurbanipal, reinforcing that the two kings were not equal in status.

Shamash-shum-ukin grew resentful and in 652 BC he rebelled, assembling a coalition of Assyria's enemies to aid him in his effort to rid himself of Ashurbanipal's yoke. The revolt was unsuccessful and by 650 BC, most of the cities under Shamash-shum-ukin's control had been besieged, including Babylon itself. Having endured starvation and disease over the course of the siege, Babylon fell in 648 BC and was plundered. The circumstances of Shamash-shum-ukin's death after the siege are unclear; though popular legend has it that he committed suicide by setting himself on fire in his palace, contemporary texts (chiefly Ashurbanipal's own annals) only say that he "met a cruel death" and that the gods "consigned him to a fire and destroyed his life". In addition to suicide though self-immolation or other means, he might have been executed or killed accidentally.

Reign and role
With Shamash-shum-ukin's defeat, Ashurbanipal had once more incorporated the region into the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Instead of assuming the kingship himself, he appointed a new vassal king, Kandalanu. Kandalanu's background is uncertain, he might have been a younger brother of the king or a Babylonian noble who had allied with him in the civil war. His name appears to mean some sort of physical deformity, possibly a clubfoot. Alternatively, he might even have been simple-minded, and because of either deformity of simple-mindedness unlikely to gain support for any action towards Assyria. He might also have been perfectly healthy as the appointment of a deformed or simple-minded king might have been seen as a grave offence by the Babylonians and could thus have instigated more unrest in the region.

The only surviving authentic contemporary records of Kandalanu's reign are date formulae in documents referring to his rule and chronological texts (a chronicle and later king lists). His kingdom he ruled was the same as Shamash-shum-ukin's with the exception of the city of Nippur, which Ashurbanipal converted into a powerful Assyrian fortress. His authority is likely to have been very limited and nothing is known of his actions and activities. He probably lacked any true political and military power, which was instead firmly in the hands of the Assyrians.

Identification with Ashurbanipal
Traditionally, the final year of Ashurbanipal was assumed by historians to have been 627 BC as per an inscription at Harran made by Adad-guppi, the mother of the Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus nearly a century later. The final contemporary evidence for Ashurbanipal being alive and reigning as king is a contract from the city of Nippur made in 631 BC. To get the attested lengths of the reigns of his successors Ashur-etil-ilani and Sinsharishkun to match, his rule must have ended in 631 BC, the year of his death. If it had ended in 627 BC, the inscriptions of his successors Ashur-etil-ilani and Sinsharishkun in Babylon would have been impossible, as the city was seized by Nabopolassar in 626 BC, and never again fell into Assyrian hands.

A once popular theory to explain the discrepancy between the 42-year reign claimed in the Harran inscription and the more likely 38-year reign, for instance defended by Polish historian Stefan Zawadski in his book The Fall of Assyria (1988), is that Ashubanipal and Kandalanu were the same person, Kandalanu simply being the name the king used in Babylon. This is considered unlikely for several reasons. No previous Assyrian king is known to have used an alternate name in Babylon. Inscriptions from Babylonia also show a difference in the lengths of the reigns of Ashurbanipal and Kandalanu; Ashurbanipal's reign is counted from his first full year as king (668 BC) and Kandalanu's is counted from his first full year as king (647 BC). All Assyrian kings who personally ruled Babylon used the title "King of Babylon" in their own inscriptions, but it is not used in Ashurbanipal's inscriptions, even those made after 648 BC. Babylonian documents treat them as two different people, with no contemporary Babylonian sources describing Ashurbanipal as king of Babylon.

title: Kandalanu


text: Template:Belgium-bio-stub

title: Template:Belgium-bio-stub


text:
Daegu Metro

Daegu Metro is a metro system that serves primarily the South Korean city of Daegu, operated by Daegu Transportation Corporation from 5:30AM to 0:00AM with the interval from 5 to 8 minutes between each car's arrival. With the fastest track speed at 80 km/h, it takes 55 minutes for Line 1 and Line 2, and 48 minutes for Line 3 to reach the terminus station. As of 2015, the number of average daily passengers is 186,992 people for Line 1, 177,984 people for Line 2, and 69,127 people for Line 3.

History
The construction of Daegu Metro was recommended to the city after the City of Daegu conducted the research in 1985 to find the ways to improve the city's transit. Following the establishment of the committee to oversee the new metro transit construction in September 1989, the study was conducted from 1989 to 1990 to evaluate whether the construction project was feasible. The guidelines for the metro transit's construction and operation was approved in January 1991. While the guideline focused on solving the traffic issues due to the overpopulation of the downtown area, it set the consequent goals of improving the city with more efficiency resulting from shorter commuting times, cleaner environment with reduced auto traffic and energy expense, larger outreach to bring the transit to those outside the urban area, and improved transportation capacity.

Line 1
The construction of Daegu Metro Line 1 began in December 1991 and the first 10.3 km long section between Jincheon and Jungang-ro began on November 26, 1997. After the second 24.9 km long section of Line 1 between Jincheon and Ansim opened on May 2, 1998, the extension was made to Daegok towards south in May 2002. The most recent extension was made from Daegok to Seolhwa in 2016, making Line 1 28.4 km long with 32 stations. The line serves its function to connect the southwestern area of the downtown to the city's east.

Line 2
The construction of Line 2 began in December 1996 and was completed on October 18, 2005, with the 28.0 km long section between Munyang and Sawol. In June 2007, the line was extended to connect the three newly built metro stations in the neighboring city of Gyeongsan. Another construction to add the 3.3 km long section to the line from Sawol to Yeungnam University of Gyeongsan was completed in September 2012. As of now, the line is 31.4 km long with 29 stations.

Line 3
The construction of Line 3 was completed between Gyeongbook University Hospital's Chilgok campus and Yongji on May 17, 2009. The most recent extension was made on April 23, 2015, with the entire line being 23.1 km long with 30 stations. Being operated as a light rail system with monorails, the line is also commonly referred as Sky Rail.

Future plans
The transport department has approved the plan to build the Automated Guideway Transit line in Daegu. The color of AGT line will be purple.

Fare
The fare is 1,400 won for a token to any stop on the subway and only 1,250 won with the use of a transportation card.

Rolling stock
Daegu Metro lines are segregated, each with its own distinct vehicles. Lines 1 and 2 use the same railway technology (rapid transit), while Line 3 uses an entirely different system (monorail).

Accidents and incidents
On 28 April 1995, a gas explosion occurred during the construction of Line 1 near the District of Sangin. 101 people near the site, including 53 students, were killed and 143 people were injured.

On 18 February 2003, the Daegu subway fire broke out when an arsonist set fire to a train during the rush hour, killing 192 people and injuring 148 people. The incident raised great concerns and consequent awareness in the public safety of the metro transit, prompting the city to replace the subway car's internal materials to be more flame retardant, placing the emergency gas masks and respirators within the subway cars, and improving the safety guidelines.

In December 2008, the Daegu Safety Theme Park opened with the goal to educate and raise awareness of the public metro safety to the city's people as well as visitors.

title: Daegu Metro


text:
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (D)

Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.

Dahomey

 * Dates :	1899 – 1944; 1960 – 1975
 * Capital :	Porto Novo
 * Currency : 	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Main Article :

 * See also :	Benin;
 * French West Africa

Dai Nippon

 * Refer : 	Japanese Naval Control Area

Dairen

 * Refer :	Port Arthur & Dairen

Dakar – Abidjan

 * Dates :       1959 only
 * Currency :    100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Refer :       French West Africa

Dalmatia (German Occupation)

 * Dates :	1943 – 1945
 * Currency :	100 centesimi = 1 lira
 * 100 Pfennige = 1 Reichsmark

 * Refer :	German Occupation Issues (WWII)

Dalmatia (Italian Occupation)

 * Dates :	1919 – 1923
 * Currency :	100 centesimi = 1 corona

 * Refer :	Italian Occupation Issues

Damao

 * Refer :	Portuguese India

Danish West Indies

 * Dates :	1855 – 1917
 * Capital :	Charlotte Amalie (St Thomas)
 * Currency :	(1855) 100 cents = 1 dollar = 5 Danish kroner
 * (1905) 100 bit = 1 franc = 1 Danish krone

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of the Danish West Indies

Danubian Principalities

 * Refer :	Moldo–Wallachia

Danzig

 * Dates :	1920 – 1939
 * Currency :	(1920) 100 pfennige = 1 mark
 * (1923) 100 pfennige = 1 Danzig gulden

 * Refer : Free City of Danzig

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of Free City of Danzig

 * See also :	Danzig (Polish Post Office)

Danzig (Polish Post Office)

 * Dates :	1924 – 1939
 * Currency :	100 groszy = 1 zloty

 * Refer :	Polish Post Abroad

Dardanelles (Russian Post Office)

 * Dates :	1909 – 1910
 * Currency :	40 paras = 1 piastre

 * Refer :	Russian Post Offices in the Turkish Empire

Das Island

 * Refer :	Abu Dhabi

Datia

 * Refer :	Duttia

DDR

 * Refer :	East Germany

Debrecen (Romanian Occupation)

 * Dates :	1919 – 1920
 * Currency :	100 filler = 1 korona

 * Refer :	Romanian Post Abroad

Deccan

 * Refer :	Hyderabad

Dédéagh
Overprint used on French stamps issued by a French post office in the Thracian city of Dedêagatz (now called Alexandroupoli) when it was part of the Ottoman Empire.

 * Refer :	Dedêagatz (French Post Offices)

Dedêagatz (French Post Office)
The office issued French stamps with overprint of Dédéagh (see above) when Thrace was part of the Ottoman Empire.

 * Dates :	1893 – 1914
 * Currency : 	French and Turkish used concurrently

 * Refer :	French Post Offices in the Turkish Empire

Dedêagatz (Greek Occupation)
When Greek forces invaded Thrace in 1913 during the Second Balkan War, Bulgarian stamps in use there were overprinted with a Greek inscription and currency value.

 * Dates :	1913 only
 * Currency : 	100 lepta = 1 drachma

 * Refer :	Thrace

 * See also :	Greek Occupation Issues;
 * Gumultsina;
 * Western Thrace;
 * Western Thrace (Greek Occupation)

Democratic Federation of Yugoslavia

 * Refer :	Yugoslavia (Democratic Federation)

Denikin Government

 * Dates :	1919 – 1920
 * Currency :	100 kopecks = 1 Russian ruble

 * Refer :	Russian Civil War Issues

Denmark

 * Dates :	1851 –
 * Capital :	Copenhagen
 * Currency :	(1851) 96 rigsbank skilling (RBS)= 1 rigsdaler
 * (1875) 100 ore = 1 krone

Deutsche Besetzung Zara

 * Refer :	Dalmatia (German Occupation)

Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)

 * Refer :	East Germany

Deutsche Militarverwaltung Kotor

 * Refer :	Dalmatia (German Occupation)

Deutsche Post

 * Refer :	East Germany

Dhar

 * Dates :	1897 – 1898
 * Currency :	4 pies = 1 anna

 * Refer :	Indian Native States

Diego – Suarez

 * Dates :	1890 – 1896
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Refer :	Madagascar & Dependencies

Diu

 * Refer :	Portuguese India

Djibouti

 * Dates :	1977 –
 * Capital :	Djibouti
 * Currency : 	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Main Article Postage stamps and postal history of Djibouti

 * Includes :	Djibouti (French Colony);
 * Obock

 * See also :	French Somali Coast;
 * French Territory of Afars & Issas

Djibouti (French Colony)

 * Dates :	1893 – 1902
 * Capital :	Djibouti
 * Currency : 	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Refer :	Djibouti

Dobruja (Bulgarian Occupation)

 * Dates :	1916 only
 * Currency :	100 stotinki (стотинки) = 1 lev (лев)

 * Refer :	Bulgarian Territories

Dodecanese Islands (British Occupation)

 * Refer :	Middle East Forces

Dodecanese Islands (Greek Occupation)

 * Dates :	1947 only
 * Currency :	100 lepta = 1 drachma

 * Refer :	Greek Occupation Issues

 * See also :	Aegean Islands (Dodecanese);
 * Middle East Forces

Dominica

 * Dates :	1874 –
 * Capital :	Roseau
 * Currency : 	(1874) 12 pence = 1 shilling; 20 shillings = 1 pound
 * (1949) 100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Main Article Postage stamps and postal history of Dominica

Dominican Republic

 * Dates :	1865 –
 * Capital :	Santo Domingo
 * Currency :	(1865) 8 reales = 1 peso
 * (1880) 100 centavos = 1 peso
 * (1883) 100 centimos = 1 franc
 * (1885) 100 centavos = 1 peso

 * Main Article Postage stamps and postal history of the Dominican Republic

Don Territory

 * Dates :	1918 – 1920
 * Currency :	100 kopecks = 1 Russian ruble

 * Refer :	Russian Civil War Issues

Donetsk People's Republic

 * Dates :	May 2014 –
 * Currency :	100 kopiykas = 1 Ukrainian hryvnia

 * Refer :	Ukraine

Dorpat (German Occupation)

 * Dates :	1918 only
 * Currency :	100 pfennige = 1 Reichsmark

 * Refer :	German Occupation Issues (WWI)

Dresden

 * Refer :	South East Saxony (Russian Zone)

Dronning Maud Land

 * Refer :	Norwegian Dependency

Dubai

 * Dates :	1963 – 1972
 * Capital :	Dubai
 * Currency : 	(1963) 100 naye paise = 1 rupee
 * (1966) 100 dirhams = 1 riyal

 * Main Article :

 * See also :	British Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia;
 * Trucial States;
 * United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Duitsch Oost Afrika Belgische Bezetting

 * Refer :	German East Africa (Belgian Occupation)

Dungarpur

 * Dates :	1932 – 1948
 * Currency :	12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	Indian Native States

Durazzo (Italian Post Office)

 * Dates :	1902 – 1916
 * Currency :	40 paras = 1 piastre

 * Refer :	Italian Post Offices in the Turkish Empire

Dutch East Indies

 * Dates : 1864 - 1950

 * Main article : Postage stamps and postal history of the Dutch East Indies

Duttia

 * Dates :	1893 – 1899
 * Currency :	12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	Indian Native States

title: Compendium of postage stamp issuers (D)


text:
384 (number)

384 (three hundred [and] eighty-four) is the natural number following 383 and preceding 385. It is an even composite positive integer.

In mathematics
384 is:
 * the sum of a twin prime pair (191 + 193).
 * the sum of six consecutive primes (53 + 59 + 61 + 67 + 71 + 73).
 * the order of the hyperoctahedral group for n = 4
 * the double factorial of 8.
 * an abundant number.
 * the third 129-gonal number after 1, 129 and before 766 and 1275.
 * a Harshad number in bases 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17, and 62 other bases.
 * a refactorable number.

Computing
Being a low multiple of a power of two, 384 occurs often in the field of computing. For example, the digest length of the secure hash function SHA-384, the screen resolution of Virtual Boy is 384x224, MP3 Audio layer 1 encoding is 384 kibps, in 3G phones the WAN implementation of CDMA is up to 384 kbit/s.

title: 384 (number)


text:
Lord Cullen

Lord Cullen may refer to:

 * Francis Grant, Lord Cullen (died 1726/1663–1726), Scottish judge, Solicitor General for Scotland and Lord of Session
 * Robert Cullen, Lord Cullen (1742–1810), Scottish judge, Lord of Session from 1796, involved in founding the Royal Society of Edinburgh
 * William James Cullen, Lord Cullen (1859–1941), Scottish judge, Senator of the College of Justice from 1909
 * Brien Cokayne, 1st Baron Cullen of Ashbourne (1864–1932), British businessman and banker
 * William Cullen, Baron Cullen of Whitekirk (born 1935), Scottish judge; Lord Justice General and Lord President of the Court of Session, additional Lord of Appeal in the House of Lords

title: Lord Cullen


text:
User:Celestianpower/sig

—Cel es tianpower háblame 20:05, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Celestianpower/sig


text:
Elleker, Western Australia

Elleker is a small town in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, about 16 km west of the regional city of Albany. It is situated along the Lower Denmark Road; the main tourist route from Albany to Denmark.

The town was planned by the Western Australian Land Company, who built the Great Southern Railway in 1886–1889. It was originally known as Lakeside, due to its proximity to Lake Powell, but did not develop initially. The Government purchased the railway in 1896, redesigned the town and gazetted it as Lakeside in 1899. The town emerged as a railway junction between the Torbay line, which served timber sawmills in the area, and the Great Southern railway, and it was renamed Torbay Junction in 1908. In 1921, it was renamed Elleker on the recommendation of a former member of the Albany Road Board who lived in the area, after Ellerker in the East Riding of Yorkshire. The reasons for the omission of the first "r" are not known.

The townsite includes several houses, a general store, oval, town hall, railway siding as mentioned and a telephone booth.

Its close proximity to Mutton Bird Beach and the Elleker-Grasmere Road see the townsite experience tourism fluctuations over the summer months.

The townsite is noted for the presence of the house used as the Leonard family home in the Nine Network TV show Lockie Leonard (2007–2010), based on the book series by Tim Winton.

title: Elleker, Western Australia


text:
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (H)

Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.

Hadhramaut

 * Refer :	Qu'Aiti State in Hadhramaut

Haiti

 * Dates :	1881 –
 * Capital :	Port-au-Prince
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 gourde

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of Haiti

Hamburg

 * Dates :	1859–1867
 * Currency :	16 schillings = 1 mark

 * Refer :	German States

Hanover

 * Dates :	1850–1866
 * Currency : 	(1850) 12 pfennige = 1 gutegroschen; 24 gutengroschen = 1 thaler
 * (1858) 10 pfennigs = 1 groschen; 30 groschen = 1 thaler

 * Refer :	German States

Hatay

 * Dates :	1938–1939
 * Capital :	Alexandretta
 * Currency :	(1938) 100 centimes = 1 piastre
 * (1938) 100 santims = 40 paras = 1 kuru

 * Main article : Postage stamps and postal history of Hatay

Haute Volta

 * Refer :	Upper Volta

Hawaii

 * Dates :	1851–1898
 * Capital :	Honolulu
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of Hawaii

Heilungkiang

 * Refer :	Kirin & Heilungkiang

Hejaz

 * Dates :	1916–1926
 * Capital :	Mecca
 * Currency : 	40 paras = 1 piastre

 * Refer :	Saudi Arabia

 * See also: 	Hejaz-Nejd

Hejaz-Nejd

 * Dates :	1926–1932
 * Capital :	Riyadh
 * Currency : 	(1926) 40 paras = 1 piastre
 * (1929) 110 guerche = 10 riyal = 1 gold sovereign

 * Refer :	Saudi Arabia

 * See also: 	Hejaz

Heligoland

 * Dates :	1867–1890
 * Capital :
 * Currency :	(1867) 16 schillings = 1 mark
 * (1875) 100 pfennige = 1 mark

Hellas

 * Refer :	Greece

Helvetia

 * Refer :	Switzerland

Herm

 * Refer :	Channel Islands

Herzegovina

 * Refer :	Bosnia & Herzegovina

Hoi-Hao (Indochinese Post Office)

 * Dates :	1902–1922
 * Currency :	(1902) 100 centimes = 1 franc
 * (1918) 100 cents = 1 piastre

 * Refer :	China (Indochinese Post Offices)

Holkar

 * Refer :	Indore

Holland

 * Refer :	Netherlands

Holstein

 * Dates :	1864–1867
 * Capital :	Kiel
 * Currency :	16 schilling = 1 mark

 * Refer :	German States

Honduras

 * Dates :	1866 –
 * Capital :	Tegucigalpa
 * Currency :	(1866) 8 reales = 1 peso
 * (1878) 100 centavos = 1 peso
 * (1933) 100 centavos = 1 lempira

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of Honduras

Hong Kong

 * Dates :	1862 –
 * Capital :	Victoria
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar
 * Main article : Postage stamps and postal history of Hong Kong

Hong Kong (Japanese occupation)

 * Dates :	1945 only
 * Currency :	100 rin = 1 sen; 100 sen = 1 yen

 * Refer :	Japanese Occupation Issues

Horta

 * Dates :	1892–1905
 * Capital :
 * Currency :	1000 reis = 1 milreis

 * Refer :	Azores Territories

Horthy Regime

 * Refer :	Szeged

Hrvatska

 * Refer :	Croatia

Hungary

 * Dates :	1871 –
 * Capital :	Budapest
 * Currency :	(1871) 100 krajczar = 1 forint
 * (1900) 100 Fillér (heller) = 1 korona (krone)
 * (1926) 100 Fillér = 1 pengo
 * (1946) 100 Fillér = 1 forint

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of Hungary

 * See also :	Szeged

Hungary (French occupation)

 * Refer :	Arad (French Occupation)

Hungary (Romanian occupation)

 * Dates :	1919–1920
 * Currency : 	100 Fillér = 1 korona

 * Refer :	Romanian Post Abroad

Hungary (Serbian occupation)

 * Dates :	1919 only
 * Currency : 	100 Fillér = 1 korona

 * Refer :	Serbian Occupation Issues

Hyderabad

 * Dates :	1869–1948
 * Currency :	12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	Indian Native States

title: Compendium of postage stamp issuers (H)


text:
Toshio Ikeda

Toshio Ikeda (池田 敏雄) was a Japanese engineer. He was the former managing director of Fujitsu and was the pioneer of domestic computer production in Japan.

title: Toshio Ikeda


text:
Vestmanna

Vestmanna is a town in the Faroe Islands on the west of the island of Streymoy.

It was formerly a ferry port, until an undersea tunnel, the Vágatunnilin, was built from Vágar to Kvívík and Stykkið further south on Streymoy. The cliffs west of Vestmanna, Vestmannabjørgini, are very popular for excursions by boat.

A 'Vestmann' was a "Westman", or Gael in Old Norse. The original name was Vestmannahavn, i.e. "Westmen's/Irishmen's harbour".

History
In December 1759, during the Seven Years' War, François Thurot's squadron sheltered from stormy conditions at Vestmanna. The lack of supplies available from the islanders motivated the subsequent raids by the squadron on the north Irish coast.

Geography
It is surrounded by the mountains of Hægstafjall (296 m), Økslin (317 m), Loysingafjall (639 m), and Moskurfjall (624 m).

Tourism
Vestmanna is often called the tourist village of the Faroe Islands. The main tourist attraction is Vestmannabjørgini. In 2012, a camping site was established at Inni á Fjørð with a capacity of 120 caravans in addition to tents.

title: Vestmanna


text:
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ia–In)

Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.

Icaria

 * Refer :	Ikaria

ICC

 * Refer :	Indochina (Indian Forces)

Iceland

 * Dates :	1873 –
 * Capital :	Reykjavík
 * Currency :	(1873) 96 skilling = 1 riksdaler
 * (1876) 100 aurer = 1 krona

Idar

 * Dates :	1939 – 1950
 * Currency :	12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	Indian Native States

IEF

 * Refer :	Indian Expeditionary Forces (IEF)

Ifni

 * Dates :	1941 – 1969
 * Capital :	Sidi Ifni
 * Currency :	100 centimos = 1 peseta

 * Refer :	Spanish West Africa

Ikaria

 * Dates :	1912 – 1913
 * Capital :	Agios Kirykos (Ayios Kirikos)
 * Currency :	100 lepta = 1 drachma

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	Greek Occupation Issues

Ile Rouad

 * Dates :	1916 – 1921
 * Capital :
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 piastre

 * Refer :	Alaouites

Ili Republic

 * Refer :	Sinkiang

Imperial Japanese Government

 * Refer :	Brunei (Japanese Occupation)

Inde

 * Refer :	French Indian Settlements

India

 * Dates :	1852 –
 * Capital :	Delhi
 * Currency :	(1852) 12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas = 1 rupee
 * (1957) 100 naye paise = 1 rupee
 * (1964) 100 paisa = 1 rupee

 * See also :	East India

Indian Convention States

 * Includes :	Chamba;
 * Faridkot;
 * Gwalior;
 * Jind;
 * Nabha;
 * Patiala

Indian Expeditionary Forces (IEF)

 * Dates :	1914 – 1922
 * Currency :	12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	Indian Overseas Forces

Indian Feudatory States

 * Refer :	Indian Native States

Indian Native States

 * Includes :	Alwar;
 * Bamra;
 * Barwani;
 * Bhopal;
 * Bhor;
 * Bijawar;
 * Bundi;
 * Bussahir;
 * Charkari;
 * Cochin;
 * Dhar;
 * Dungarpur;
 * Duttia;
 * Hyderabad;
 * Idar;
 * Indore;
 * Jaipur;
 * Jammu & Kashmir;
 * Jasdan;
 * Jhalawar;
 * Kishangarh;
 * Las Bela;
 * Morvi;
 * Nandgaon;
 * Nawanager;
 * Orchha;
 * Poonch;
 * Rajasthan;
 * Rajpipla;
 * Scinde;
 * Shahpura;
 * Sirmoor;
 * Soruth (Saurashtra);
 * Travancore;
 * Travancore-Cochin;
 * Wadhwan

 * See also :	Indian Convention States

Indian Overseas Forces

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	China Expeditionary Force;
 * Congo (Indian UN Force);
 * Gaza (Indian UN Force);
 * Indian Expeditionary Forces (IEF);
 * Indochina (Indian Forces);
 * Korea (Indian Custodian Forces);
 * Mosul (Indian Forces)

Indochina

 * Dates :	1889 – 1949
 * Capital :	Saigon
 * Currency :	(1889) 100 centimes = 1 franc
 * (1918) 100 cents = 1 piastre

 * Main Article
 * Postage stamps and postal history of Indochina

Indochina Territories

 * Main Article
 * Postage stamps and postal history of the Indochina Territories

 * Includes
 * Annam (Indochina);
 * Cambodia (Indochina)

 * See also
 * Annam & Tongking;
 * Cochin-China

Indochina (Indian Forces)

 * Dates :	1954 – 1968
 * Currency :	(1954) 12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas = 1 rupee
 * (1957) 100 naye paise = 1 rupee
 * (1964) 100 paisa = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	Indian Overseas Forces

Indochinese Post Offices Abroad

 * Refer :	China (Indochinese Post Offices)

Indonesia

 * Dates :	1945 –
 * Capital :	Djakarta
 * Currency :	(1945) 100 cents = 1 gulden or 100 sen = 1 rupiah
 * (1950) 100 sen = 1 rupiah

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of Indonesia

 * See also :	Riau-Lingga Archipelago

Indore

 * Dates :	1886 – 1950
 * Currency :	12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	Indian Native States

Ingermanland

 * Refer :	North Ingermanland

Inhambane

 * Dates :	1895 – 1920
 * Capital :	Inhambane
 * Currency :	(1895) 1000 reis = 1 milreis
 * (1912) 100 centavos = 1 escudo

 * Refer :	Mozambique Territories

Inini

 * Dates :	1932 – 1946
 * Capital :	Camopi
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Refer :	French Guiana

Inner Mongolia

 * Refer :	Mengkiang (Japanese Occupation)

International Commission in Indochina (ICC)

 * Refer :	Indochina (Indian Forces)

International Court of Justice (The Hague)

 * Dates :	1934 – 1958
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 gulden

 * Refer :	International Organisations

International Education Office

 * Dates :	1944 – 1960
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 franc

 * Refer :	International Organisations

International Labour Office

 * Dates :	1923 – 1960
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 franc

 * Refer :	International Organisations

International Organisations

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Council of Europe (Strasbourg);
 * International Court of Justice (The Hague);
 * International Education Office;
 * International Labour Office;
 * International Refugees Organisation;
 * International Telecommunication Union;
 * League of Nations (Geneva);
 * UNESCO;
 * United Nations (UN);
 * Universal Postal Union (UPU);
 * World Health Organisation;
 * World Intellectual Property Organisation;
 * World Meteorological Organisation

International Refugees Organisation

 * Dates :	1950 only
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 franc

 * Refer :	International Organisations

International Telecommunication Union

 * Dates :	1958 – 1960
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 franc

 * Refer :	International Organisations


text:
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Io–Iz)

Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.

Ionian Islands

 * Dates :	1859 – 1864
 * Capital :	Argostolion (Cephalonia)
 * Currency :	12 pence = 1 shilling; 20 shillings = 1 pound

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	Cephalonia and Ithaca (Italian Occupation);
 * Corfu (Italian Occupation);
 * Corfu & Paxos (Italian Occupation);
 * Ionian Islands (Italian Occupation);
 * Zante (German Occupation)

Ionian Islands (German Occupation)

 * Refer :	Zante (German Occupation)

Ionian Islands (Italian Occupation)

 * Dates :	1941 – 1943

 * Refer :	Italian Occupation Issues

 * See also :	Cephalonia and Ithaca (Italian Occupation);
 * Corfu (Italian Occupation);
 * Corfu & Paxos (Italian Occupation);
 * Zante (German Occupation)

Iran

 * Dates :	1935 –
 * Capital :	Tehran
 * Currency :	(1868) 20 shahis = 1 kran; 10 krans = 1 toman
 * (1881) 100 centimes = 1 franc
 * (1885) 20 chahis = 1 kran; 10 krans = 1 toman
 * (1932) 100 dinars = 1 rial; 20 rials = 1 pahlavi

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of Iran

 * Includes :	Persia

Iraq

 * Dates :	1923 –
 * Capital :	Baghdad
 * Currency :	(1923) 16 annas = 1 rupee
 * (1931) 1000 fils = 1 dinar

Iraq (British Occupation)

 * Dates :	1918 – 1923
 * Currency :	16 annas = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	British Occupation Issues

Ireland

 * Refer :	Northern Ireland;
 * Republic of Ireland

Irian Barat

 * Refer :	West Irian

Island

 * Refer :	Iceland

Isle of Man
Isle of Man Post
 * Dates :	1973 –
 * Capital :	Douglas
 * Currency :	100 pence = 1 pound

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of the Isle of Man

 * See also :	Great Britain (Regional Issues)

Isole Italiane dell' Egeo

 * Refer :	Aegean Islands (Dodecanese)

Isole Jonie

 * Refer :	Ionian Islands (Italian Occupation)

Israel

 * Dates :	1948 –
 * Capital :	Jerusalem (claimed)
 * Currency :	(1948) 1000 prutot (mils) = 1 Israeli pound
 * (1960) 100 agorot = 1 pound
 * (1980) 100 agorot = 1 shekel

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of Israel

Istria

 * Refer :	Venezia Giulia & Istria

Istria (Yugoslav Occupation)

 * Dates :	1945 only
 * Currency :	100 centesimi = 1 lira

 * Refer :	Venezia Giulia & Istria

ITA-Karjala

 * Refer :	Eastern Karelia (Finnish Occupation)

Italian Austria

 * Refer :	Dalmatia (Italian Occupation);
 * Trentino (Italian Occupation);
 * Venezia Giulia (Italian Occupation)

Italian Colonies (General Issues)

 * Dates :	1932 – 1934
 * Currency :	100 centesimi = 1 lira

 * Main Article Needed :

Italian Colonies (British Occupation)

 * Refer :	BA/BMA Issues;
 * Cyrenaica (British Occupation);
 * Dodecanese Islands (British Occupation);
 * East Africa Forces;
 * Eritrea (British Occupation);
 * Middle East Forces (MEF);
 * Somalia (British Occupation);
 * Tripolitania (British Occupation)

Italian East Africa

 * Dates :	1936 – 1941
 * Capital :	Addis Ababa
 * Currency :	100 centesimi= 1 lira

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa

Italian Levant

 * Refer :	Italian Post Offices in the Turkish Empire

Italian Occupation Issues

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Albania (Italian Occupation);
 * Cephalonia and Ithaca (Italian Occupation);
 * Corfu (Italian Occupation);
 * Corfu & Paxos (Italian Occupation);
 * Dalmatia (Italian Occupation);
 * Ethiopia (Italian Occupation);
 * Fiume & Kupa Zone (Italian Occupation);
 * Ionian Islands (Italian Occupation);
 * Lubiana (Italian Occupation);
 * Montenegro (Italian Occupation);
 * Saseno (Italian Occupation);
 * Trentino (Italian Occupation);
 * Venezia Giulia (Italian Occupation)

 * See also :	Castelrosso (Kastellorizon)

Italian Post Offices Abroad

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Alexandria (Italian Post Office);
 * Crete (Italian Post Offices);
 * Khania (Italian Post Office);
 * Pechino (Italian Post Office);
 * Tientsin (Italian Post Office)

 * See also :	Italian Post Offices in the Turkish Empire

Italian Post Offices in the Turkish Empire

 * Dates :	1873 – 1923
 * Currency :	(1873) 40 paras = 1 piastre
 * (1908) 100 centesimi = 1 lira

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Benghazi (Italian Post Office);
 * Constantinople (Italian Post Office);
 * Durazzo (Italian Post Office);
 * Jannina (Italian Post Office);
 * Jerusalem (Italian Post Office);
 * Salonika (Italian Post Office);
 * Scutari (Italian Post Office);
 * Smirne (Italian Post Office);
 * Tripoli (Italian Post Office);
 * Valona (Italian Post Office)

Italian Social Republic

 * Dates :	1944 – 1945
 * Capital :	Salò (Lake Garda)
 * Currency :	100 centesimi = 1 lira

 * Refer :	Italy

Italian Somaliland

 * Dates :	1905 – 1936
 * Capital :	Mogadishu
 * Currency :	100 centesimi = 1 lira

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Benadir

 * See also :	British Occupation Issues;
 * Italian East Africa;
 * Jubaland;
 * Somalia

Italian States

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Modena;
 * Naples;
 * Neapolitan Provinces;
 * Papal States;
 * Parma;
 * Piedmont;
 * Romagna;
 * Sicily;
 * Tuscany

 * See also :	Sardinia

Italy

 * Dates :	1862 –
 * Capital :	Rome
 * Currency :	(1862) 100 centesimi = 1 lira
 * (2002) 100 cent = 1 euro

 * Includes :	Italian Social Republic

Italy (Austrian Occupation)

 * Dates :	1918 only
 * Currency :	100 centesimi = 1 lira

 * Refer :	Austro-Hungarian Military Post

Ithaca (Italian Occupation)

 * Refer :	Cephalonia and Ithaca (Italian Occupation)

Ivory Coast

 * Dates :	1959 –
 * Capital :	Abidjan
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of Ivory Coast

 * Includes :	Ivory Coast (French Colony)

 * See also :	French West Africa

Ivory Coast (French Colony)

 * Dates :	1892 – 1944
 * Capital :	Abidjan
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Refer :	Ivory Coast