text:
Talk:Ricardo Montalbán

Formatting

 * What the hell happened to the formatting? -- Fortyseven

Paralysis

 * I found two slightly differing stories on what exactly caused his paralysis. If anyone knows for certain, please update the story. -- Fortyseven

I think it is the first one but I could be wrong.

Khan
Would it be reasonable to say that Ricardo Montalbán is best known for his role of Khan Noonian Singh, despite his appearances in other popular shows such as Fantasy Island? I don't know about anyone else, but my first thought whenever I hear the name Ricardo Montalbán is Khan. JesseG 20:15, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

I agree...pretty sad resume for a very good actor. Kidshare 19:26, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Whether it's "reasonable" depends totally on your age and perspective. He didn't just "appear" in Fantasy Island, he starred in it for several seasons and, to late 20th century audiences, it's his signature role. Of course, to older audiences, he might be best known as a romantic lead. In any event, I wouldn't pigeonhole a guy in one role just because it's the only thing I know. Pergish1 (talk) 16:48, 6 December 2009 (UTC)pergish1

Last Name question
This isn't a pressing issue or anything, but does his last name Montalbán have any relation to the famous ancient city of Monte Alban in Oaxaca? I only recently noticed the similarity. -- Bobak 17:30, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * You are quite right. This is quite common in Spanish names. For example, Hidalgo is a contraction of Hijo de Algo or son of somebody (son of someone of importance). Likewise, Montalbán is a name based on a contraction of Monte Alban. Sarum blue 04:19, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

No and absolutely NOT! And Sarum blue you are quite WRONG!!!! The name is Spanish (for White Spaniards) (Montalbán): habitational name from Montalbán de Córdoba from Latin montem albanum 'white mountain'. Source: Ancestry. From monte (“mountain”), referring to the hills surrounding the municipality to the east. Source: Wikitionary. Ricardo was a Spaniard by blood (DNA, ethnicity and White/European by race) and had nothing to do with any cities (Oaxaca) in Mexico! How could he?! His entire lineage was from Spain! Ricardo himself said it on video interview: he couldn't be "anything else but a Spaniard" as his entire lineage is from Spain (White race).

Nobody in his family tree was born in Mexico before he and his siblings, since his parents (Spaniards, aka Whites from Europe) moved from their native Spain (White peoples country in Europe) to Mexico (a red race country of "Indians" or Native Americans, later invaded by Spaniards in the 1700s). There is no difference between Sioux, Apache, Navajos and Mayans, Aztecs or Quechuas etc since they are from the same continent, all red race or "natives" of the Americas. Please stop erroneously referring to Reds as "Hispanic": that means from Spain, or "Latinos" that means the language of the Vatican (Latin) where all White-European languages (Latin-based) originate from. The "O" added at the end is ridiculous for a peoples with a rich history and culture that is completely SEPARATE from that of Spaniards and should be respected for their own heritage instead of being made to adhere to White peoples (European) culture. Their Aztec, Mayan, Quechua etc culture is far richer than that of their current language (Spanish) so please respect both cultures. Woke people need to reject the White man's savage imposition of their culture and ruling upon the noble Red race, which stands alone and apart from Europeans. Enough of calling people from "south of the USA border" "Spanish" (that's just the language) or "Hispanic" or "Latino" (equally as bad!) It's time to differentiate both cultures. Navajo indians aren't called "English" or "British" because they speak English, neither are Indians (from India) when they already speak English with a British accent. And Blacks are mainly mixed with Whites and you don't call them "Europeans" or "Whites" so why do it to Mexicans? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.80.255.137 (talk) 05:42, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

Cordoba
Though it is usually misquoted as "rich Corinthian leather", the correct line is "SOFT Corinthian leather." Video available at YouTube verify this. He also did the Plymouth Volare Commerical. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.28.158.53 (talk) 02:19, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It is not misquoted. A simple search for the exact phrase on YouTube reveals he indeed did say, “rich Corinthian leather.” 73.69.251.97 (talk) 03:56, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

Recent Happenings
I don't think that the relative time references in this paragraph are encyclopedic. They should be absolute. Lukas 03:11, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Ricardo Montalbán was a lifelong supporter of the Right To Life Movement. Very anti-abortion. Its funny how Wikipedia will hype an actor's political views when he or she is extreme leftwing, but won't mention it when he/she is a conservative. --2600:6C65:747F:CD3F:44E5:8A66:C20E:C906 (talk) 19:45, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Five Stages of the Actor
Does anyone have any verifiable source for this? I seem to recall Lorne Greene quoting these five stages in an interview. Enigmatick 07:34, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I clearly remember watching an interview where Montalbán resites these five rules. Of course, I can't say if they were verbatim what is written here. 193.91.181.142 (talk) 05:11, 2 August 2008 (UTC) (Nick)

 * Maybe it's such a nice little joke, that several actors have used it upon reaching a certain age. It's also attributed to Mary Astor (see Later life section of her article).  Rossrs (talk) 08:01, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

This quote has been attributed to the famed early silent film actress Mary Astor - Mr. Montalban re-used it. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Astor 2602:30A:C0AE:EB40:A83B:E6F5:67A8:61F9 (talk) 09:10, 15 March 2015 (UTC)

Taco Bell
He was mentioned the the Super Bowl Commercial

Screencap
I have deleted the screencap from the ibox (again). Screencaps are not free use in bios, only in character articles, see WP:FU. – ukexpat (talk) 00:29, 15 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I did not see the deleted image, but presuming it was an image of Montalban as Mr. Roarke, item #12 under "unacceptable uses" actually provides a notwithstanding clause. First, the individual pictured is no longer alive, second it is an image that depicts the individual in their most notable role. It is ridiculous and in my opinion utterly disrepsectful that this article has no image of the person. It's times like this that Wikipedia looks silly and deserves the criticism it gets for being too anal for its own good. 23skidoo (talk) 00:55, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Potential breach of copyright is a serious issue, trumping any alleged "direspect". – ukexpat (talk) 01:17, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Fair use is not an infringement. 23skidoo is pointing out that Wikipedia's policies, which you cited as the basis for the photo's removal, consider this a fair use.  The prohibition you seem to be relying on is against "Pictures of people still alive..."  Montalban is no longer still alive.  If you are referring to a different part of WP:FU, perhaps you can be more specific. TJRC (talk) 02:42, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Heaven Help Us
Surprisingly there's no article on the 1994-95 fantasy TV series in which Montalban starred (he played a Mr. Roarke character to a pair of "angels" one of whom I recall was played by a pre-OC Melinda Clarke). Not only is there no Wikipedia article, but IMDB has very little, although the series did exist and was shown quite a lot in the mid-90s. It should be added -- it was no classic but it was a series in which Montalban had a major role. I'm hesitant to add a redlink at the present time, however. 23skidoo (talk) 00:51, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Date of Death
There seems to be an edit war, swapping the date of death between the 13th and 14th.

L.A. Times reports the 14th: "Montalban died Wednesday morning..." . Ditto Hollywood Reporter, and Entertainment Weekly. Are there sources to the contrary? TJRC (talk) 00:58, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

L.A. Times and NY Times both report Jan 14, along with pretty much all other sources. Someone has set the date to Dec 14 Where did that come from????. Setting it to Jan 14. Does anyone has a rationale for Jan 13? Thisdaytrivia (talk) 04:37, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

Characteristics?
Could somebody add a line about Montalban's personal charisma through all his roles? Pauline Kael noted this in her review of "The Wrath of Khan": she suggested that this might be one reason that he _didn't_ get the parts he deserved. 128.147.28.1 (talk) 16:42, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Title of Knighthood
I know that he was only Knighted by the Pope, not the Queen on England or something, but I still feel that in respect for such a wonderful actor, his title on the article should be changed to "Sir Ricardo Montalbán", but I'm just saying. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Haon 2.0 (talk • contribs) 5:45:14 24 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree Montalbán is a wonderful actor. However, Papal Orders of Chivalry are "honorary" titles, meaning titles bestowed on non-citizens, without most of the legal obligations of knighthood or other nobility. Relevant policy citations:
 * Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)
 * Honorary knights – roughly, those not from the Commonwealth – are not called "Sir"
 * Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies
 * Honorary knights and dames are not entitled to Sir or Dame, only the post-nominal letters.
 * What I gather from this is knighthood bestowed from another country does not get a Sir. I think this style limitation helps prevent confusion, since in this case it would imply there is a Mexican knighthood (or a similar order of nobility), which I don't think there is. There is some controversy about the use of honorifics, but the safe bet would be to discuss the knighthood in the article body (as this article does), and avoid it in naming.
 * Other interesting things I just learned:
 * per Manual of Style/Biographies, honorifics with first names ("Sir Elton", "Dame Judi") are considered too casual for an encyclopedia
 * Sir Bob is not a "Sir" at all, tho he is dubbed so in the press, and cannot use the title.
 * / edg ☺ ☭ 14:38, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Citizenship
I reverted a change where User:Mcjones41 removed cited text from article which states that Montalban never became a citizen of the US. In his Edit Summary, the user includes a URL [] of a video interview and Mcjones41 states: "I just watched an interview with Montalban in which he states explicitly that he has US citizenship." I watched 28 minutes and did not hear him talk about becoming an American citizen. I looked for other sources of citizenship info, and found four that state he did not become an American citizen. Mgrē@sŏn 19:37, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Maybe it derives from him saying that he was "honored to be an American". It seems that many people don't realize that Mexicans are Americans too (America is a continent, not a nation). Ianbrettcooper (talk) 11:13, 19 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Also he registered to vote in US elections per sources so had American citizenship. It is only recently that American citizenship stopped being a requirement to register to vote. Geraldo Perez (talk) 03:45, 18 August 2021 (UTC)

 * It has happened to me, I tried to remove US citizenship from Ricardo Montalbán but IJBall reverted my edition twice12, the same thing happened with Nathalia Ramos who also replaced Spanish nationality instead of explicitly saying that she obtained US citizenship according to permanent residency or by immigration. 148.101.50.30 (talk) 01:09, 10 November 2022 (UTC)
 * See message immediately above the one you posted. He was registered to vote in US elections, thus he had US citizenship. Geraldo Perez (talk) 04:04, 10 November 2022 (UTC)
 * IP is also not paying attention to WP:CONTEXTBIO. All major words for Nathalia Ramos was an American (where she was born is not relevant to that), while Montalban is certainly known for American works in the U.S. so it's directly relevant in the lede. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 14:57, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

Trying to also find books as sources.
Latino American Cinema: An Encyclopedia of Movies, Stars, Concepts, and Trends, Scott Baugh, 2012, pages 175-77.

 * This seems like a good medium-lenght summary of Montalban's career, and a good recent source. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 19:12, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

Vague language
Subsection on Fantasy Island and Wrath of Khan starts with a paragraph on FI that includes the statement, "For a while, the series was one of the most popular on television, and his character as well as that of his sidekick, Tattoo (played by Hervé Villechaize), became popular icons." This is vague language with no sources cited. For a while? One of the most popular? What is "a while?" Popularity is usually based on ratings. Can we agree that these statements need to be more specific? MandieJ1975 (talk) 21:59, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

Missing Credit
1961 “Hamlet” (German movie). Montalban provided the English dub for the German actor’s character “Claudius.” This movie was featured on Mystery Science Theater 3000. Maximilian Schell played the title role, performing in German and then providing his own English dub. Mermaid Terry (talk) 01:44, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ricardo Montalbán


text:
Abington, Indiana

Abington is an unincorporated community in Abington Township, Wayne County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

History
Abington was laid out and platted in 1817.

A post office was established at Abington in 1824, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1903. The name of this Quaker settlement recalled the Abington Monthly Meeting of the Society of Friends located in Pennsylvania.

Notable person

 * Orlando H. Manning, Lieutenant Governor of Iowa.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Abington, Indiana


text:
The Shadow (fairy tale)

"The Shadow" (Skyggen) is a literary fairy tale by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen. The tale was first published in 1847.

Plot summary
A learned man's shadow becomes self-aware and takes on a life of its own. The shadow gains insight into the dark side of human behaviour, then returns to the man and enslaves him. Fearful of being discovered, the shadow has the man killed.

Analysis
Jacqueline Banerjee suggested that Andersen wrote the story as a form of indirect revenge against Edvard Collin, the son of Anderson's patron, who had rejected him.

Literary critic Jack Zipes took the story to represent the Hegelian dynamic of master and slave.

Publication
"The Shadow" was first published 6 April 1847 as a part of ''New Fairy Tales. Second Volume. First Collection. 1847. (Nye Eventyr. Andet Bind. Første Samling. 1847.''). The work was re-published December 1847 as a part of A Christmas Greeting to my English Friends, again 18 December 1849 as a part of ''Fairy Tales. 1850. (Eventyr. 1850.), and 30 March 1863 as a part of Fairy Tales and Stories. Second Volume. 1863. (Eventyr og Historier. Andet Bind. 1863.'').

Precedent
In 1814, three decades before the publication of "The Shadow", Adelbert von Chamisso had published "Peter Schlemihl's Miraculous Story", a story about a man who sells his shadow to the devil in exchange for a bottomless wallet. Andersen's story was prompted by Chamisso's, and he refers to it in "The Shadow":

He was very annoyed, not so much because the shadow had disappeared, but because he knew there was a story; well-known to everybody at home in the cold countries, about a man without a shadow; and if he went back now and told them his own story, they would be sure to say that he was just an imitator, and that was the last thing he wanted.

Andersen's story in turn appears to have influenced Oscar Wilde's "The Fisherman and His Soul".

Adaptations
"The Shadow" became the first text of some considerable length to be published in Esperanto. It was contained in the 1888 Dua Libro (Second Book) by the creator of that language, L. L. Zamenhof (the first book had contained only single bible verses, short poems and the like).

Evgeny Shvarts explicitly based his Tyen (The Shadow) play on Andersen's tale, introducing additional characters and plot lines and a different ending. This play was the subject of two film adaptations, in 1971 and in 1991.

In 1945 the story was adapted as an episode of the syndicated radio program The Weird Circle.

In 1994 Frederik Magle, Thomas Eje, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen and others released the album The Song Is a Fairytale with songs based on Hans Christian Andersen's fairytales. "The Shadow" is one of the songs.

Skuggaleikur (Shadow Play) is an opera by Icelandic composer Karólína Eiríksdóttir with libretto by Sjón. Premiered in November 2006.

In 2003, the Carolina Ballet premiered a ballet version of "The Shadow" with choreography by artistic director Robert Weiss, set to the music of Khachaturian, Kabalevsky, Gyorgy Ligeti, Fauré and Rachmaninoff. The ballet features a sequence in which the poet contemplates his shadow in the mirror. The image, which at first copies his movements in complete synchrony, seamlessly emerges from the mirror frame (through changes in lighting) as another dancer in a gray full body stocking.

In 2022, Big Finish Productions released an adaptation of "The Shadow", called "The Shadow Master" in the eighth release of their War Master audiobook series, "The War Master: Escape from Reality", starring Derek Jacobi.

title: The Shadow (fairy tale)


text:
WGGS-TV

WGGS-TV (channel 16) is a religious independent television station licensed to Greenville, South Carolina, United States, serving Upstate South Carolina and Western North Carolina. Owned by Carolina Christian Broadcasting, it is sister to Hendersonville, North Carolina–licensed low-power GEB America affiliate WDKT-LD (channel 31). The two stations share studios on Rutherford Road in Taylors, South Carolina; WGGS-TV's transmitter is located at Paris Mountain State Park (just outside Greenville).

History
The station first signed on the air on October 29, 1972. It is the oldest independent station in the state of South Carolina, and was also the first new commercial station to sign on in the Greenville–Spartanburg–Asheville market since CBS affiliate WSPA-TV (channel 7) signed on in April 1956. Carolina Christian Broadcasting has owned the station for its entire existence.

The station initially ran a mixture of secular general entertainment programming for half the broadcast day (which over the years had mainly featured classic series such as The Lone Ranger, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, The Brady Bunch, Dennis the Menace, The Donna Reed Show, Leave It to Beaver, Father Knows Best and Rawhide, as well as Little Rascals, Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies and Popeye shorts) and Christian-related religious programming for the other half. It aired a larger amount of secular programming on Saturdays, and exclusively carried religious programs on Sundays. The station's programming policy, then as now, was very conservative in regards to content so as not to offend the sensibilities of its mostly fundamentalist and Pentecostal viewership.

WGGS came under fire for allegedly using a copyrighted name for one of its locally produced programs after ABC premiered the newsmagazine Nightline in 1980; this was despite the fact that the program used the title Ni te line long before Ni ght line's existence. Some of WGGS' other local productions at the time included the exercise program Beverly Exercise; a talk show hosted by Peggy Denny and the children's program Drick's Follies (running during the 1980s and 1990s), which featured public domain cartoon shorts from the 1930s to the 1950s.

In the early 1980s, Carolina Christian Broadcasting signed on two more stations: WCCT (now WACH) in Columbia and WGSE (now WFXB) in Myrtle Beach. WCCT produced its own version of Niteline once a week, and aired WGGS' version during the rest of the week. WCCT and WGSE aired far more cartoons, barter talk and game shows, and sitcoms than WGGS did, with Christian programming comprising only about a third of the schedules of both. Both stations were later sold off to secular interests (both WACH and WFXB are now affiliates of Fox; WACH is now owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group and WFXB is now owned by Bahakel Communications).

WGGS was the only independent station in the western Carolinas until the winter of 1979, when WAIM-TV (channel 40, now MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYA-TV) lost its secondary ABC affiliation and reformatted itself as independent station WAXA. WGGS began to phase out secular programs from its lineup in 1982, a process that sped up when WHNS (channel 21, now a Fox affiliate) signed on in April 1984. By 1986, the station almost entirely ran Christian-oriented religious programs. WGGS did acquire some additional secular cartoons and barter sitcoms to air during the late afternoons from 3 to 6 p.m. in the early 1990s, but by 1999, the station was back to airing a schedule almost entirely made up of religious programming. The station also turned down an offer by Paxson Communications to affiliate with Pax TV in 1998. The station originally signed off on a nightly basis until the early 1990s, when it reduced its off-hours to late Sunday night/early Monday mornings; channel 16 began broadcasting on a 24-hour schedule in late 1999.

Even after the digital television transition, WGGS' transmitter only provides grade B signal coverage to the North Carolina portion of the market. From the late 1970s until 1984, WGGS operated a low-power translator in Asheville on UHF channel 21. This was necessary in the days before there was significant cable penetration in the Greenville–Spartanburg–Asheville market. When this translator was displaced by WHNS when it signed on in 1984, WGGS reached a deal with the owners of WASV-TV (channel 62, now WYCW) in Asheville, to operate it as a full-power satellite until it was sold in 1995 to former WHNS owner Pappas Telecasting Companies.

WGGS-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 16, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 35 to channel 16.

On April 13, 2017, the FCC announced that WGGS participated in the 2016–17 spectrum reallocation auction and will be compensated $44.3 million to move its signal to the Low-VHF band. On September 6, 2019, WGGS transitioned from channel 16 to channel 2. In September 2023, WGGS petitioned the FCC for a move to UHF channel 29, citing reception issues and viewer complaints in its immediate broadcast area since the move to VHF 2. The petition was granted on March 4, 2024.

Programming
The station's schedule almost entirely consists of Christian programming. WGGS airs many shows hosted by televangelists, such as Jim Bakker, Benny Hinn, Kenneth Copeland, James Robison and Joyce Meyer as well as shows such as The 700 Club, In Touch with Dr. Charles Stanley and some locally produced programming such as the local Christian talk/variety show Niteline.

Tammy Faye Messner, the ex-wife of former PTL and Heritage USA founder Jim Bakker, announced plans for a cooking show called You Can Make It! which began airing in May 2006 (Messner died of cancer in July 2007, but the show remains in production with a different host). The few secular programs on the station include infomercials, wildlife sporting programs, family-oriented public domain television series (such as The Cisco Kid, Scaly Adventures, and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet), and home improvement, health and fitness programs (such as P. Allen Smith Garden Style). The station also airs some Christian-oriented children's programming as well as a few programs (such as Praise the Lord) sourced from the Trinity Broadcasting Network—which does not have a full-time affiliate nor an owned-and-operated station in the Greenville–Spartanburg–Asheville market (however, the network's national feed is carried on Charter Spectrum and select other cable providers). Like many religious independents of its format, WGGS does not carry secular programming on Sundays, opting to air bible instruction shows, local church services and televangelist programs.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

title: WGGS-TV


text:
Pardhi

PARDHI is a Hindu tribe in India. The tribe is found mostly in Maharashtra and parts of Madhya Pradesh however small numbers can be found in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. The word Pardhi is derived from the Marathi word ‘Paradh’ which means hunting and Sanskrit word ‘papardhi’ which means hunting or the game to be hunted. In some parts of India Pardhis are known as Meywarees. They also have various other names like Advichincher, Phans Pardhi, Phanse Pardhi,  Langoli Pardhi,  Bahelia,  Bahellia,  Chita Pardhi,  Shikari,  Takankar,  Takia Pardhi. Pardhi tribe is divided in groups like Vaghri Pardhi and Phase Pardhi. These are further divided into subgroups like Pal Pardhi, Gav Pardhi, Takankar, Takari. Widely found surnames among them include Chauhan (Chavan), Rathod and Solanki.

History
The Pardhis are descendants of the Rajputs. Pardhis’ Rajput origin is confirmed by the fact that they have Rajput clan names and still speak Rajasthani dialect among them. Their names commonly end with the suffix "-singh". The Pardhis have common surnames like Salunkhe, Rathod, Sindiya, Chauhan (Chavan). They have also taken up Maratha surnames like Pawar, Shinde and Dabhade. They originated from Rajasthan. From where they migrated to Maharashtra and other states through Gujarat.

While in Gujarat, they took up Gujarati culture. They intermixed with Gujarati community and started speaking their language and also started worshipping Khodiyar Mata as their Kuldevi.

Present day distribution
According to the 1901 census the total number of Pardhi population was 12,214 of which 6,320 men and 5,894 women. During the same period in the state of Madhya Pradesh in the cities of Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore the total population of Pardhis were 1831. In the same state Bahelias and Chitas are also grouped with Pardhis. According to the 1981 census their number is 8,066. In Gujarat in 1981 census, Pardhi population is 814. In Maharashtra the Pardhi population is 95,115 (census data, 1981). According to 2001 census the total population of Pardhis in Maharashtra is 159,875. They are mainly spread over the districts of Amravati (20,568) Akola (17,578) Buldhana (16428) Jalgaon (16,849) Yavatmal (8,129) Osmanabad (9,959) Pune (7,230) and the other districts they are scattered. The Pardhi population data o f Mumbai is not available in the census record.

Language
Pardhis speak mixed dialects of Rajasthani and Gujarati mainly Wagdi language and Pardhi language. These languages are grouped in Bhil languages of western Indo-Aryan language group. The Bhil languages form a link midway between the Gujarati language and the Rajasthani–Marwari languages. Pardhi language is a spoken language which is North Bareli dialect of Bhil languages. It is an important language of the community. Apart from Pardhi language they speak Gujarati, Rajasthani, Kanarese, Telugu, Marathi, Marwari, Ahirani languages depending on their location.

Culture
Pardhi culture is very similar to Rajput culture due to their Rajput ancestry. However, their culture is a blend of Gujarati & Rajasthani culture. The marriage procession is of Rajput & Gujarati style. They follow the Shaktism sect of Hinduism and have certain Kuldevis similar to Rajputs. They worship Mauli Mata, Kalika Mata, Saptashrungi Mata, Vadekhan Mata and Khodiyar Mata as their Kuldevis. Dussehra is an important festival. They sacrifice a sheep or a goat to please the Kuldevis which is then distributed among the villagers. Animal sacrifice has been an integral part of Rajput culture since ancient times. However, the method of animal sacrifice is different in Pardhis than in Rajputs. Rajputs use the Jhatka method of sacrifice while the Pardhis use a method similar to Halal method, which is generally associated with Muslims.

In 2018, Dr. Mahendra Kumar Mishra, a noted tribal folklorist, documented the Pardhi Ramkatha from a noted Singer Smt Kumari Devi from Belsonda village of Mahasamund District of Chhattisgarh. Besides, they have abundant knowledge of forest ecology culture and the local technology represented in their first narratives. Pardhi people are still waiting for their land rights and are still depending on fast-vanishing forests.

Criminal Branding
Pardhis were prolific hunters. They were experts in ancient weaponry like Bows & arrows, swords and hunting traps. This made them highly efficient in guerrilla warfare. They were a nuisance for the British Empire along with other 150 Tribes of India who participated in 1857 revolt. There were numerous other revolts against British by these tribal communities. To keep these tribal communities in check, British Brought the Criminal Tribes Act and branded these tribes as criminals from birth. The criminal branding of the tribe goes back to 1871 after the British passed the "Criminal Tribes Act". About a hundred and fifty tribes were branded as criminal, and the police were given sweeping powers to arrest them and watch over their movements.

T. V. Stephens, a British officer at that time quoted: "... people from time immemorial have been pursuing the caste system defined job-positions: weaving, carpentry and such were hereditary jobs. So there must have been hereditary criminals also who pursued their forefathers’ profession."

Volume XII of the 1880 Bombay Presidency Gazette has further comments about the group stating:

"They are still fond of hunting and poaching and have not got rid of their turn for thieving.... The Phase Pardhi [a sub-tribe] is nearly always ragged and dirty, walking with a sneaking gait."

In 1952, the tribe was denotified as "criminal" and named as a nomadic tribe. However this has not changed the public perception of the tribe, and they continue to be stigmatized and live as outcasts, further aggravating their economic hardships.

Another Paradhi tribe called the Gav-Paradhi, settled primarily in the Amravati District Maharashtra, escaped the label of 'criminal tribe' as they were mostly agriculturalists.

Discrimination
Public pressure often prevents the nomadic community from settling in villages.

Nowadays, most of the settled Pardhis practice agriculture due to the strict imposition of the ban on hunting and poaching. The nomads go door to door to sell inexpensive items, handicrafts, or food items. A major portion of the child beggars of Mumbai belong to the Pardhi community. Stigma coupled with the lack of education has essentially crippled the community.

title: Pardhi


text:
Battle of Bystryk

The Battle of Bystrzyk happened on 31 May 1920 near the village of Bystryk near Kyiv. It was a part of the ill-fated offensive of the Budyonny's 1st Cavalry Army assault on the Polish-Ukrainian troops defending Kyiv after their offensive on Kyiv a month earlier, during the Polish-Bolshevik War.

The Bolshevik assault started on 26 May, with the aim of cutting off the Polish 2nd and 3rd Armies and encircling them in a huge pocket. One of the assaulting divisions of the Cavalry Army, the Soviet 11th Cavalry Division, managed to break the front line between the two Polish armies and assaulted a fortified village of Bystrzyk, defended only by a single infantry company of the Polish 50th Kresy Rifles Regiment. After a short skirmish, the Poles were defeated. As the Cossack cavalry took no prisoners, all 75 Poles were killed, including prisoners and wounded in action. The exact Russian losses are unknown. Shortly after the skirmish, the commander of the Polish 13th Infantry Division, Gen. Franciszek Paulik, dispatched the reserve Polish 40th Infantry Regiment, but it was too late to relieve the defenders of Bystryk and the regiment lacked enough firepower to defeat an entire division. Because of that, the Polish tactical counter-offensive was repelled. The following day, the Russian division expanded the gap, broke through to the other side of the front and managed to drive approximately 15 kilometres towards the rear of the Polish forces.

This created a gap in the Polish front and endangered the rear of the Polish 13th division. The commander of the Polish 6th Army, Gen. Wacław Iwaszkiewicz, ordered a counter-assault group to be created out of all available reserves. The group, commanded by Jerzy Sawicki, was composed of two regiments of his 3rd Cavalry Brigade, as well as two infantry battalions from the 19th Infantry Regiment and two batteries of field artillery. The Polish counter-assault started at 1 o'clock in the night of 1 June 1920. The Poles caught the 11th Cavalry Division by surprise in the village of Starościńce. Although the forces of both sides were more or less equal, the surprise was decisive and the Russians sounded a retreat after a short skirmish. After a successful pursuit, the 11th Division was forced back to its original positions from before the offensive started.

title: Battle of Bystryk


text:
Nationaltheatret station

Nationaltheatret Station (Nationaltheatret stasjon) is an underground railway station on the Drammen Line serving Vika and the central business district of Oslo, Norway. It is the second-busiest railway station in Norway, behind Oslo Central Station (Oslo S), from which Nationaltheatret is 1.4 km away. Owned and operated by Bane NOR, Nationaltheatret serves regional services to the Vestfold Line and the Oslo Commuter Rail operated by Vy, intercity services on the Sørland Line operated by Go-Ahead Norge, and the Airport Express Train.

The station is located below an Oslo Metro station with the same name. At ground level there is transfer to the Oslo Tramway and Ruter buses. Nationaltheatret is along with Holmestrand Station one of two underground mainline railway stations in Norway, and named for the adjacent National Theatre. The station opened as the terminus of Holmenkolbanen's light rail services in 1928. The railway station opened on 1 June 1980 and was upgraded to four tracks in 1999. The older section received a full renovation in 2008.

History

Planning of the extension of the suburban light rail Holmenkollen Line to the city center started in 1901. Construction began in 1912, but stopped again in 1914 because the municipality and the company could not agree on the location of the terminal station. The municipality wanted it at Ruseløkkveien. The following year, the municipality launched a contest to make the best suggestion for the tram networks. It took five years to select a winner, and this allowed the municipality and company to make a compromise by locating the terminus at Nationaltheatret. But not until 1926 was permission granted for the station. Construction commenced and the station and tunnel opened in 1928.

By the 1930s, Oslo had two main railway stations, Oslo East Station and Oslo West Station. Serving as the terminal station of the Drammen Line, Oslo West Station (Oslo V) was located in Vika, at the heart of the central business district of Oslo. The much larger Oslo East Station (Oslo Ø) served most commuter, regional and intercity trains. In 1938, the Station Committee of 1938 was established to look into a possible connection of the Drammen Line to Oslo Ø. Led by Axel Grenholm, the committee recommended building a branch from the Drammen Line as a tunnel under the city center, allowing all trains would terminate at Oslo Ø. It was proposed that the tunnel would run from Lassons gate west of Oslo V to Fred. Olsens gate, with an intermediate station close to the location of Oslo V.

In 1946, the Planning Office for Oslo Central Station, led by Fin Hvoslef, was established by the government. In 1950, they presented a new report, which recommended that a new route for the tunnel be considered, to ease construction and increase safety. This was in part based on an engineering report from 1949, which had made the first detailed plans for the line. Another committee, led by Oddvar Halvorsen, was established in 1960 to look at the matter again. Also it recommended a tunnel and a central station. However, it felt that the tunnel should be longer and intersect with the Drammen Line at a point between Skarpsno and Skøyen, and build a second station at Frogner. The proposal was presented to the Parliament of Norway on 4 November 1961, along with several other matters related to rail transport investments. Construction of the Oslo Tunnel, Oslo Central Station and Nationaltheatret was passed unanimously.

Another planning office was established in 1962, initially led by Erik Himle. The final plans for the route were passed by parliament in 1968, and construction started in 1971. The initial station was entirely blasted in bedrock and consisted of a single platform, 220 m long and 11 m wide. Adjacent to the bedrock is a layer of construction concrete and above the platforms, there are corrugated steel plates to catch drips and to reduce noise. The section of line past Nationaltheatret was part of a 480 m section of the Oslo Tunnel designated Studenterlunden. Of this, 280 m was to run with the Common Tunnel of the Oslo Metro directly above it, resulting in a two-story tunnel. However, just east of Nationaltheatret, the two lines diverge, so the metro station is not directly on top of the railway station.

The tunnel was officially opened on 30 May 1980 by Minister of Transport and Communications Ronald Bye and officially taken into use on 1 June. The tunnel, including Nationaltheatret, cost NOK 625 million Norwegian krone (NOK), of which Oslo Municipality had paid NOK 170 million. At first, the tunnel and Nationaltheatret was used by commuter trains from Lillestrøm to Drammen and Spikkestad, and trains from Eidsvoll and Årnes used the tunnel and turned at Skøyen. On 27 May 1989, Oslo V was closed and all traffic started running via Nationaltheatret.

From 1998, the Airport Express Train would start operating, and more capacity would be needed, both at Nationaltheatret and through the Oslo Tunnel. In 1995, then NSB held an architecture competition to expand the station, which was won by LPO Arkitektur og Design and their design "Next To Nothing". Construction commenced in October 1997 and consisted of building 830 m of new tunnel, a new double platform, a larger vestibule, escalators and artwork. During the work, 110000 m3 of rock were blasted and 33000 m3 of concrete were poured. The station was decorated with works by Anne-Karin Furunes, Terje Roalkvam and Katrine Giæver. The upgrades cost NOK 920 million and was officially opened by King Harald V on 16 December 1999.

The new entrance was designed by Arne Eggen and decorated by Terje Roalkvam. Other art was designed by Bård Breivik and Ole Enstad, including reuse of some of the original vestibule art from 1980, including a green marble wall designed by Katrine Giæver that runs along the hallway leading to the metro station. The new platform was built using typical 1990s materials, such as glass, metal and concrete, contrasting the old platform which was much darker and featured dark terracotta tiles which were popular during the 1970s.

In 2008, the old section of Nationaltheatret Station was renovated, including tracks 1 and 2 and the two original entrances. Upgrades included new lighting, a new public address system, new escalators which have lighting that changes color, a more powerful fire safety system, improved emergency exits and replacement of cables and baldachin. The upgrade made the old section lighter, and visually similar to the new section, as it was previously painted in dark red. Between 2008 and 2012, the Norwegian National Rail Administration performed a major upgrade to the section between Lysaker and Etterstad, including the permanent way past Nationaltheatret. Among the upgrades are axle counters, mounting of an overhead conductor rail, new switches and new tracks.

Facilities
Nationaltheatret is one of two underground mainline railway stations in Norway (the other being Holmestrand Station), located within the Oslo Tunnel on the Drammen Line. At ground level, there are three entrances to the station. On the east side of the station, the main entrance is from beneath 7. juni-plassen and Victoria Terrasse, facing Ruseløkkveien, and there is also an entrance from Johanne Dybwads plass, which is the site of the National Theatre. From the west, there is an entrance from Henrik Ibsens gate. There is a large, open vestibule near the surface at the entrance to Ruseløkkveien. It has high-mounted windows facing south, giving natural lighting. The area features escalators and elevators to the platforms, staffed ticket sale, lockers, kiosks and cafés. The station is also equipped with ticket machines and features baggage trolleys, washrooms and automated teller machines with an assortment of international currencies available. Parking is available 300 m away at Vika, where car rental is also provided. Bicycle parking and taxi stands are located at street level.

There are two platforms and four tracks, with the older tracks 1 and 2 serving west-bound trains towards Skøyen and Drammen, while the newer tracks 3 and 4 serve east-bound trains to Oslo S. The platforms are 242 and 250 m long, respectively, and located 30 m below the surface. The station has a capacity for 40,000 passenger per day and is the second-busiest in Norway.

Services
Vy's regional service along the Vestfold Line calls at Nationaltheatret, normally with a one-hour headway. Eastwards, these continue past Oslo S and serve the southern part of the Dovre Line until Lillehammer. All eight lines of the Oslo Commuter Rail stop at Nationaltheatret. However, not all services of all line operate west of Oslo S. The Airport Express Train operates direct, high-speed services to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen every 20 minutes, with the journey taking 28 minutes.

Located above the railway station, but nonetheless underground, is a metro station, which serves all six lines of the Oslo Metro. The next west-bound station is Majorstuen (formerly Valkyrie plass, but that station exists no more), while the next east-bound station is Stortinget. At ground level, there is transfer to lines 13 and 19 of the Oslo Tramway. The station is located on the Briskeby Line and serves westbound trains heading along the Briskeby and Lilleaker Lines, and eastbound station, via Jernbanetorget, along the Ekeberg Line and the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line. The station also serves Ruter buses 30, 31, 32, 54, 70 and 81.

title: Nationaltheatret station


text:
Template talk:Campaignbox Polish–Soviet War

Name
Please explain if you can, why, especially in view of all earleir discussions, you persist in changing the name of the war at Battlebox to a name different from the main name of the war used for a WP article itself. PBW is NOT the most commonly used English name and no other encyclopedia uses it. Britannica and Encarta both call it "Russo-Polish War" (both have separate articles). Encyclopedia Americana has no separate article but refers to it as "Polish-Soviet War" in its "History of PL" article. Finally, Columbia Encyclopedia, which doesn't have a separate article either, calls it "Russo-Polish War" in Tukhachevsky and Weygand articles and "Soviet-Polish War" in Belarus article. Besides, Norman Davies also writes "Polish-Soviet War" in the title of his book, while Robert Himmer uses "Russo-Polish War".

I could see why "Bolshevik" seems preferable to some Polish historians, but for obvious POV reasons, since just the name itself changes the flavor. I think we have a strong evidence that in accordance with WP policy ("most commonly used English name" and "like you would find in other encyclopedias") we should rename the template but I woould like to have text changed first unless you can articulate the reason of your reverts. What you or anyone considers "correct" matters less and is a matter of opinion. What is the "most commonly used name in English" is the name we should use. -Irpen 08:02, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, out of curiosity, why all placenames are Polish but OTOH Kiev and Warsaw. Are all (or most) of the classical English books on the subject listed in the reference section use "Wasylkowce"? If so, then fine with me. I am just curious. --Irpen 08:07, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * As to the place names - the reply is the same I gave at the Kiev Operation talk page some time ago: it's simply that the sources used by the authors of the campaignbox were Polish and did not mention the original toponyms. Feel free to add them if you know them - or move the articles to new places, in accordance with the contemporrary Ukrainian names of those places.

 * As to the name of the entire war - so far there was no consensus to move the article in question to a more apropriate title, so you might want to go on with the changes in other articles. However, as the Polish-Soviet War term is completely inaccurate, I'd suggest waiting with such changes until the naming dispute is ended. Halibutt 18:13, September 10, 2005 (UTC)

The way to deal with PBW vs PSW debate is to list this template at WP:RM. If the majority would agree that for the consistensy, the template and the article should use the same name, it will be moved. If not, it will stay.

As for the place names, as I said earlier, the original toponyms matter less than what's used in Egnlish language war literature. Do you have a Davies' book to check? If I had it, I would have done it myself. I don't mind Wasylkowce if Davies uses it similar to WW2 literature using Belorussia, KharkOv or Rumania. The battle articles should be moved to the names used in the E.L. history literature about this war. --Irpen 03:23, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, I have only the Polish translation of Davies' book at hand. But the problem with him might be that in some of his books (Warsaw Rising, for instance) he used a strange manner of translating personal names so that they sounded more pleasantly to an English ear. While this might've been a nice move that let the Brits or the Americans remember the personalities and places mentioned without having to break their tongues on Polish or Russian names, it also gets the names quite far from being accurate. You know, I mean the General BearCub instead of Leopold Okulicki, Barley Street instead of Chmielna Street and so on. Anyway, if I have time, I try to dig out the English edition of White Eagle, Red Star and check the names. However, if they turn out to be invented by Davies himself, I doubt we should adopt them here. Halibutt 06:18, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

OK, let's first see what he uses. Maybe Piotrus has an English book... In the meanwhile, I am sure already about some names here. There is little doubt about Volodarka. I am less sure about Myronivka/Mironovka, Vasylkiv/Vasilkov, Novofastov/Novofastiv/New Fastov. And some others. Modern names of these places are Ukrainian ones. But contemporary names of some were probably Russian. In any case, to have the narrow Polish names for those is definetely strange. Please, no flames. --Irpen 20:33, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, they have one huge advantage over Russian/Ukrainian names for the time being: at least we are sure that these were the names used by one of the sides of the conflict. The names used by the other side or by the locals are not so certain so far. Halibutt 01:50, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

We can be fairly certain that the locals used Ukrainian names, at least for the small places in the area. What the commanders used probably differed from unit to unit. But as I said it matters less than historic literature. I am absolutely sure Davies doesn't use Wasylkowce and most other names. I am not that impatient. We can wait until someone gets a hold of his book in English. --Irpen 04:25, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, frankly speaking, the names used by the Polish commanders were quite special. After the French Military Mission came to Poland and started training Polish officers, they realised that the Polish Army was using different set of maps for different areas. So, a new, standarized set of maps was prepared and copied for all the units. It consisted of a mixture of Polish, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, German and even French maps, each with different naming scheme. At the same time order was issued that in all written orders all the placenames are to be put down the way they are on the map. Of course, some maps were in Cyrillic, unknown to many officers of Greater Poland, who either barbarized the names or simply used the Polish names instead. That is why some of the orders preserved in Polish archives are extremely hard to identify. So, in other words, many of Ukrainian placenames used by the Polish officers were neither Polish, Russian or Ukrainian, but rather some sort of approximation. Confusing, isn't it. OTOH I guess that the Red Army had even greater cartographic difficulties... Halibutt 08:41, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

I should be able to get my hands on English orginal of his book fairly easily - just let me know chapters and preferably paragraphs. Note, however, that Google Print gives you access to indexes and even some random pages of many books - maybe it can solve your dilemma? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 00:26, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * And while you are at it, please check the name for the whole war. We have now a strange collision with the war article and the template calling the war by different names. Thanks, --Irpen 02:26, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

This revert war with Voyevoda could have been prevented should my request above been addressed. Too bad. I will try to get my hands on the book myself but it is more difficult for me now than it used to be. --Irpen 06:14, 29 January 2006 (UTC)


text:
WYFF

WYFF (channel 4) is a television station in Greenville, South Carolina, United States, serving Upstate South Carolina and Western North Carolina as an affiliate of NBC. Owned by Hearst Television, the station maintains studios on Rutherford Street (west of US 276) in northwest Greenville, and its transmitter is located near Caesars Head State Park in northwestern Greenville County.

Channel 4 went on the air as WFBC-TV on December 31, 1953. It was formed from a three-way merger of applicants for the channel, most notably two Greenville radio stations: WMRC, which left the air as a result, and WFBC, owned by The Greenville News and The Greenville Piedmont newspapers. This ownership group, which became Multimedia, Inc. in 1968, led the station to number one in the market.

Under pressure to divest itself of the cross-ownership of the News and Piedmont, Multimedia traded WFBC-TV to the Pulitzer Publishing Company in 1983, and the call letters were changed to WYFF. Under Pulitzer and Hearst ownership, WYFF has typically remained the leader in the fragmented multi-city Greenville–Spartanburg–Asheville market.

WFBC-TV
Channel 4 was allocated to Greenville when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ended its multi-year freeze on TV station applications in April 1952. Prior to the freeze, in September 1948, the Greenville News-Piedmont Company, publisher of the local newspapers The Greenville News and The Greenville Piedmont and owner of radio station WFBC (1330 AM), had applied for channel 10. WFBC was one of three groups to apply for channel 4, along with Carolina Television, a group of local businessmen, as well as the Textile Broadcasting Company, owner of WMRC in Greenville. The three companies agreed to a merger under Carolina Television's application in July 1953; the combined firm took the name WMRC, Inc., and won the permit for channel 4. The merger led to the closure of WMRC on November 15, 1953; its management and staff moved to WFBC, and station WAKE took over its frequency and facilities.

After the merger, construction of WFBC-TV began in September 1953. The new station signed for network affiliation with NBC and began building a transmitter site and interim studios on Paris Mountain. A test pattern was broadcast for the first time on December 26, and WFBC-TV signed on at 11:30 p.m. on December 31, 1953—in time to carry the ball drop from Times Square to ring in 1954. Shortly after, at the direction of station manager Wilson Wearn, the station produced a live remote broadcast of a basketball game between Furman University and Newberry College on February 13, 1954—its first live local sports broadcast. That night, Frank Selvy of Furman scored 100 points, setting a college basketball milestone. The studios and transmitter both left Paris Mountain within five years. WFBC radio and television moved in April 1955 to a new 25000 ft2 facility on Rutherford Street, near what were then Greenville's city limits. In 1958, channel 4 began broadcasting from Caesar's Head, expanding coverage and eliminating multipath interference in the city of Greenville.

In its early years, channel 4 was recognized for a variety of children's programs, including Kids Korral, Romper Room, and especially Monty's Rascals, which aired under that title from 1960 to 1978. Hosted by Monty DuPuy, who had come to WFBC-TV from the radio station, and Stowe Hoyle, the show featured a live children's audience. After DuPuy left Rascals, the show continued as Rascal's Clubhouse until 1982.

The News-Piedmont Company expanded its broadcasting interests beyond Greenville when it acquired WBIR radio and television in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1960, followed by WMAZ radio and television in Macon, Georgia, in 1962. On January 1, 1968, the WFBC, WBIR and WMAZ stations, as well as the News, Piedmont, and Citizen and Times in Asheville were reorganized as Multimedia, Inc.

In the 1970s, federal regulators took a new tenor toward cross-ownership of newspapers and broadcast stations—such as the News and Piedmont and the WFBC stations. In 1975, the FCC moved to bar future acquisitions that created cross-ownership and ordered 16 such groups in small markets to break up their holdings, though others were allowed to remain grandfathered. Two years later, on March 1, 1977, a federal appeals court amplified the policy; instead of merely barring future purchases against the rule, it ordered the divestiture of all such pairings except those that were in the public interest.

Within days, Multimedia announced an agreement with McClatchy designed to extricate both groups from their heaviest cross-ownership burdens. Where Multimedia owned the WFBC stations and two daily newspapers, McClatchy had a similar situation in Sacramento, California: it published The Sacramento Bee, owned KFBK and KFBK-FM radio, and owned KOVR, an ABC-affiliated TV station. McClatchy and Multimedia proposed a straight trade whereby the former would acquire WFBC-TV and Multimedia would receive KOVR; as a result, neither company would own a newspaper and a TV station in the same market. Petitions were lodged against the deal by organizations in Greenville and Sacramento, as well as the San Joaquin Communications Corporation. The former two groups emphasized the unfamiliarity of the companies to their new markets, calling McClatchy "totally foreign" to upstate South Carolina and Multimedia "completely unknown to the Sacramento community". The latter had been in a legal battle since 1974 seeking to wrest KMJ-TV in Fresno from McClatchy control. While the community organizations abandoned their opposition to the trade, San Joaquin Communications Corporation refused to yield, and the transaction reached its deadline date of March 1, 1978, without being adjudicated by the FCC. Negotiations to extend the term failed, and the deal was called off by mutual agreement later that month. During this time, a radio annex was built at the WFBC studios, separating the radio and television operations.

WYFF
In March 1981, Multimedia reached an agreement in principle to trade WFBC-TV and WXII-TV in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, to the Pulitzer Publishing Company in exchange for Pulitzer's KSDK in St. Louis. As with the proposed KOVR-for-WFBC trade of 1977, the deal was designed to remove uncertainty around cross-ownership; Pulitzer published the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. It provided geographic diversity for both companies; Multimedia owned no stations west of the Mississippi River, and Pulitzer was seeking to reduce its dependence on the St. Louis economy. The transaction was filed with the FCC in December; Pulitzer had to sell a television station to remain within ownership limits and chose to spin off WLNE-TV in New Bedford, Massachusetts. The sale was approved in early 1983; as Multimedia retained the WFBC radio stations, channel 4 changed its call sign on March 2, 1983, to WYFF-TV ("We're Your Friend Four").

WYFF suffered a studio fire on June 23, 1985, after a battery short-circuited while being charged. The blaze caused $2.5 million in damage to equipment and set pieces, but the station did not miss a newscast; new equipment that had already been ordered and items loaned by other stations allowed WYFF to present its newscasts.

In 1998, Hearst-Argyle Television bought Pulitzer's entire television division, including WYFF-TV. The name continued until 2009, when the Hearst Corporation acquired Argyle's stake in the venture, took it private, and renamed it Hearst Television.

News operation
WFBC-TV started producing newscasts on its first full day on air, January 1, 1954; Norvin Duncan, a 14-year veteran of the WFBC radio staff, was the first news anchor for channel 4. Jim Phillips answered a blind advertisement and was hired as WFBC-TV's sports director in 1968; the job included announcing Clemson Tigers athletics. Phillips left channel 4 in 1980 but continued with Clemson until his death in 2003, calling more than 2,000 sporting events.

In 1976, channel 4 extended its 30-minute early evening newscast to an hour, the only local station to air a full hour of evening news. The news department expanded in the 1990s, beginning with the introduction of a morning newscast in 1990. The hour evening news format persisted until 1994, when the station reorganized into three half-hour evening newscasts between 5 and 6:30 p.m. During this time, two long-serving anchors joined WYFF. Carol Goldsmith—now Carol Clarke–began working at the station in 1985. In 1989, Michael Cogdill joined as a weekend anchor, rising to become the lead 6 and 11 p.m. anchor with Goldsmith in 1997; he retired in 2021 after 32 years.

Jane Robelot, a former anchor of CBS This Morning and graduate of Clemson University, returned to Greenville in 2007 and became a contributing reporter for WYFF, focusing on human interest stories. In 2009, the station started a local quarterly newsmagazine, Chronicle. The first edition, "Paul's Gift", centered on the organs donated by a dying man and how they saved three lives; it won a George Foster Peabody Award.

As in other multi-city markets, news viewership in the Greenville–Spartanburg–Asheville market has tended to be fragmented by city. Consequently, WYFF's news viewership has traditionally been strongest in and around Greenville, and its newscasts emphasize coverage of Upstate South Carolina. WYFF has traditionally been the leader in total news viewership in the market, with WSPA as its most common competitor, sometimes outpacing channel 4. By 2022, WYFF led the market in all news ratings time slots.

Notable former on-air staff

 * J. D. Hayworth – sports anchor, 1981–1986
 * Mike Seidel – meteorologist, 1984–1989

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Analog-to-digital conversion
WYFF signed on its digital signal on May 1, 2002. The station ended regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 4, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal moved from its pre-transition UHF channel 59, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to UHF channel 36. As part of the SAFER Act, WYFF kept its analog signal on the air until July 12 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

WYFF relocated its signal from channel 36 to channel 30 on September 6, 2019, as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction.

Translators
WYFF operates nine digital translators across the rugged mountains of western North Carolina.

 * Ela: W03AK-D
 * Sylva, etc.: W04DW-D
 * Bryson City: W05AR-D
 * Franklin, etc.: W06AJ-D
 * Burnsville: W07DS-D
 * Tryon & Columbus: W07DT-D
 * Spruce Pine: W10AK-D
 * Cherokee, etc.: W10AL-D
 * Canton, etc.: W10DF-D

title: WYFF


text:
Talk:WUXGA

My 2004 Dell has a 15.4" WUXGA
The statement on Dell selling 15,4" Laptops with WUXGA resolution from 2005 on is wrong: My laptop is from 2004 (or maybe even end-2003) and has exactly those properties. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 131.159.0.17 (talk • contribs).

More Products
I have added a mention for Alienware and Hypersonic who both sell laptops with WUXGA screens. Not sure how this list is going to work in future as the screens become more common. The models with the WUXGA screens I listed for Alienware and Hypersonic are not complete list of each laptop which contains one. --Shastrix 22:40, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I've removed the whole product section, as it serves no purpose to the article (other than 'write your favorite monitor down here' competition). The article is not about the monitors, but the resolution. It can contain what monitor first used this resolution, or any that was exceptionaly notable (notable meaning relevantly to the resolution), nothing more than that. - JohnyDog 22:43, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Size
WUXGA is like two A4 paper next to each other? A page says that on review of a 24" TFT.

 * Can't be. DIN 476 papers have an "aspect ratio" of √2:1, WUXGA is 16:10. — Mütze 17:47, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Not sure the designers had either A4 or the North American "Letter" size in mind, but according to several references I have found, the idea was that 16:10 fits two full pages of text. It could be they based this more on word processor documents as displayed on screen (with space around the edges) than a physical paper size. I have added this to the article with a reference from NEC. -- CFang 03:38, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

1080p
So this can view 1080p native?

Is this an encyclopaedia or Best Buy?
I've removed the product listing, as it's completely unmaintainable, uses lots of NPOV language, serves no purpose, and makes the article look ridiculous. If anyone wants to put it back in, please give a pretty decent reason why, fix the text, figure out when updating it should stop, and then put it back. Dave420 17:09, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Where to find Best Buy info?
If the removed products list is captured and updated somewhere else, please publish a link to that collection. From a notebook "fetish" list this was the most complete and correct list available in the web. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.47.77.5 (talk • contribs) 07:37:39, 2007-07-04
 * Here are a few links to partial lists of WUXGA monitors, Notebooks with 15.4" WUXGA LCDs and Notebooks with 17" WUXGA LCDs. --Edward Sandstig (talk) 17:20, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:WUXGA


text:
User:@lessandro

Hi! I'm @lessandro and I'm from Italy. I hope to be able to contribute positively also here in the english version of Wikipedia.

title: User:@lessandro


text:
Heat and Dust

Heat and Dust (1975) is a novel by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala that won the Booker Prize in 1975. The book was also ranked by The Telegraph in 2014 as one of the 10 all-time greatest Asian novels.

Plot summary
The initial stages of the novel are told in the first person, from the narrative voice of a woman who travels to India, to find out more about her step-grandmother, Olivia. She has various letters written by Olivia, and through reading these, and learning from her own experiences in India, she uncovers the truth about Olivia and her life during the British Raj in the 1920s.

Through the use of flashbacks, the reader experiences the story from Olivia's point of view. We discover that Olivia, although at first glance she seems simply to be a proper Englishwoman, is actually smothered by British social restrictions, and longs for excitement. She meets the Nawab, who instantly charms her, and gradually lets her into his life. Olivia is drawn to the charm and charisma of the Nawab, and he slowly gains control over her, as he does with other characters such as Harry. Harry is portrayed as weak due to his homosexuality and inability to withstand the Indian climate and food.

Olivia eventually becomes pregnant with the Nawab's baby, and out of fear decides to abort the child. This causes scandal in the town of Satipur. She then resides in an unnamed town ("Town X") for her remaining years. The novel ends with the present-day narrator (whose name is not mentioned) also becoming pregnant, deciding to spend her years in Town X, just as Olivia did.

Awards

 * 1975: Booker Prize

Film
The novel was made into a film of the same name in 1983 by Merchant Ivory Productions. It was an award-winning film, with a screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala based upon her novel, directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant.

title: Heat and Dust


text: User talk:71.112.11.220

title: User talk:71.112.11.220


text:
User:71.112.11.220

Hello World

title: User:71.112.11.220


text:
Wayne Smith (ice hockey)

Wayne Smith (born February 12, 1943) is a Canadian businessman and retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played two games in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1966–67 season.

Early life
Smith was born in Kamsack. He played junior hockey with the Saskatoon Jr. Quakers and collegiate hockey with the Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey team.

Career
Smith played for the Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League from 1966 to 1967. He played the following season with Portland Buckaroos of the Western Hockey League and retired at the end of the 1968–1969 season to pursue his business career. Smith was an executive with the May Department Stores Company, Martin Lawrence Galleries, and the Walt Disney Company.

Personal life
Smith has lived in Palos Verdes Estates, California, since 1981. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in business from the University of Denver in 1966 and an MBA from the Daniels College of Business in 1967. He is the nephew of Hockey Hall of Famer Clint Smith.

title: Wayne Smith (ice hockey)


text:
R7

R7 or R-7 may refer to:

Military

 * R-7 (missile), the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, created by the Soviet Union
 * R-7 (rocket family), a family of expendable space launch vehicles, created by the Soviet Union
 * HMS Ark Royal (R07), a 1985 Invincible class British Royal Navy light aircraft carrier
 * USS R-7 (SS-84), a 1919 R-class coastal and harbor defense submarine of the United States Navy

Transport

 * R7 (Belgium), the Liège ring road
 * R7 Chestnut Hill East Line, a SEPTA rail route in Philadelphia, USA
 * R7 expressway (Czech Republic), an expressway in Czech Republic
 * R 7 (Kosovo), a motorway in Kosovo
 * R7 expressway (Slovakia), a planned expressway in southern Slovakia
 * R7/A (New York City Subway car), a model of rail rolling stock manufactured in 1937
 * R7 (Rodalies de Catalunya), a rail line in Barcelona, Spain
 * R7 Trenton, a SEPTA rail route in Philadelphia, USA
 * R7 (RER Vaud), an S-Bahn line in the canton of Vaud
 * R7 road (Zimbabwe), A road connecting Gweru with Mvuma
 * Aserca Airlines, IATA designator R7, an airline based in Valencia, Venezuela
 * Radial Road 7 or R-7, an arterial road of Manila, Philippines
 * Renault 7, a sedan car
 * Rising Auto R7, an electric crossover SUV
 * Vashon Ranger R7, an American light-sport aircraft design
 * Yamaha YZF-R7, a 1999 racing homologation motorcycle by Yamaha
 * Yamaha YZF-R7 (2022 bike), a supersport motorcycle by Yamaha

Other uses

 * R7.com, a Brazilian news portal
 * R7 (drug), a TrkB agonist under investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
 * R7: May cause fire, a risk phrase in chemistry
 * R7 Quad, a model of driver (golf club)
 * ATC code R07, Other respiratory system products, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 * Leica R7, a 1992 film-SLR camera
 * Radeon R7, a series of graphics processing units made by AMD
 * School District of Webb City R-7, a school district in Jasper County, Missouri, USA
 * Drosophila's R7 photoreceptor, the development of which is governed by Sevenless

title: R7


text:
True North Records

True North Records is a Canadian independent record label.

History
True North Records was founded in Mississauga, Ontario in 1969 by Bernie Finkelstein. By 1971, True North was producing albums for various Canadian musicians, including Bruce Cockburn and Murray McLauchlan, which were then distributed by Columbia Records in Canada. The company also arranged US distribution for some of its artists.

In December 2007, the company was acquired by an investment group led by Linus Entertainment with Finkelstein remaining as Chairman. The company won a Juno Award in 1974 for "Best Independent Record Company of the Year" and began operating a concert division, True North Concerts, in 2008.

Artists and operations
True North Records' artist list includes Bruce Cockburn, Stephen Fearing, Rheostatics, Colin Linden, Lynn Miles, Howie Beck, Murray McLauchlan, John Bottomley, Lighthouse, 54-40, The Guess Who, The Paperboys, Blackie and the Rodeo Kings, David Wiffen, Rough Trade, Lorraine Segato, Gregory Hoskins and the Stickpeople, Scott B. Sympathy, Hunter Valentine, Joel Kroeker, Barney Bentall and Randy Bachman.

Current active artists also include: Matt Andersen, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Old Man Luedecke, Madison Violet, Gordon Lightfoot, The Mahones, and Leeroy Stagger.

The label has also been the Canadian distributor for albums by American and British artists such as Bananarama, Tim Buckley, Shawn Colvin, The Fixx, Stéphane Grappelli, Hoodoo Gurus, Ian Hunter, Janis Ian, Joy Division, Killing Joke, New Order, Harry Nilsson, Mudhoney, Echo & the Bunnymen, Rod Stewart, The String Cheese Incident, Hanson, Lenny Breau and Richard Thompson.

True North Records is distributed by Entertainment One in Canada and the United States; Other distributors include Planet in Australia and New Zealand; IRD in Italy; GO! Entertainment in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg; Alive AG in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland; Rootsy Music in Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway; and Essential Music in the United Kingdom.

In Canada, True North Records distributes for the following labels: Cooking Vinyl, Fuel 2000, SCI Fidelity, Eggy Records and Signature Sounds.

title: True North Records


text:
Talk:A38 road

Untitled
Date of extension from Derby to M1 and Mansfield is given from memory (it was the same time as Derby inner ring road IIRC).

Primary Destinations.
Could we add a list of primary destinations on the road. 20:03, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Recent Edits
Does anyone feel the recent edits do not really add anything to the article? It just seems to make the article longer with too many links, while not adding too much useful information. How would people feel about reverting to the [previous version] by SmackBot? jenuk1985 (talk) 00:45, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Just a warning that I am going to start rewriting the route section in a few days time, if anyone else wants to get in there and have a go before me... feel free! jenuk1985 (talk) 16:01, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Marsh Mills Slip Road Replacement
I recall that in the 1990's (I think, as I was young at the time) the slip roads at the Marsh Mills junction were replaced by a pioneering method of sliding the newly constructed slip roads into place. As this was so new at the time I remember that the Italian President or PM came to witness this. Does anyone remember why the replacement was needed, when it took place or any further information? After brief searching, all I found was a mention by the company that carried it out (HOCHTIEF (UK) Construction). If we can get more info/refs it should be good to put into the 'Improvements' Section. Zangar (talk) 15:10, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I seem to remember seeing some information on this dotted around, I'll see if I can dig it out over the next few days. I'm planning on having a go at rewriting this article to attempt to get it up to GA standard so I'll try to include it. Jenuk1985  |  Talk  15:13, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that, I've added a page for the A374 now if that helps. Feel free to review that and leave suggestions for my future editting/creation of these pages on my talk page. Zangar (talk) 18:18, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

I think I've finally found something to give a vague date towards this at the Independant Online. So it looks as if it was carried out in the mid 1990s and was due to concrete cancer, this should narrow down the searching! Also, are we able to use current and old OS maps as references, eg for how a road changed over time? Zangar (talk) 02:21, 26 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I have managed to dig out the following articles:   which gives quite a bit of information that could be incorporated. Yes maps can in theory be used as sources, but it is very difficult to date specific changes using them (unless you have two maps a year apart, one without the change, and another with the change, but even then it is not totally reliable, as they sometimes take a while to catch up).  Jenuk1985  |  Talk  13:16, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Structure of improvements section
I moved a lot of detail from the route section into the improvements section, as a result of this I split the improvements into counties, which seemed the most appropriate at the time (bear in mind, these sections will expand quite a bit over the coming days/weeks). But on the other hand, I feel it may be a bit excessive, does anybody have any suggestions on a better way to split this? There may be too many (major) improvements to realistically split into a section for each improvement as is commonly done on roads pages. Jenuk1985 |  Talk  19:36, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Most of the improvements section is unreferenced. It should be possible to get a reference for the date each section of road opened.--TimTay (talk) 19:48, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, most of the content is from the original route section which was largely unreferenced. The dates seem appropriate, so I don't feel we'd be justified in removing them until we have made a good attempt at finding sources. I can source some of the more recent improvements, and I'm sure that with a bit of digging, the older ones will come to us too. (Apologies for the original edit, it was a rather rough and ready reorganisation as a starting point for expansion) Jenuk1985  |  Talk  19:51, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Also of note is that the M5 Collumpton bypass actually opened as the A38, but that is really a tough one to find references for, I may have to locate the Devon archives for that one and go digging. I'm surprised such an "important" thing has so little coverage. Jenuk1985  |  Talk  19:55, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * No it is referenced, in a book on motorways, which I can borrow.Pyrotec (talk) 19:59, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
 * That would be great (as an aside, I understand that book has images of the original bypass, would you be willing to scan it and e-mail them to me, just out of personal interest? Jenuk1985  |  Talk  20:05, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Its this one, Charlesworth, George (1984), pp.135-140. - see M5 motorway.Pyrotec (talk) 20:07, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't have any info on the A38 itself at present, but there was an economic depression after the end of WW I and I remember my father telling that the Government put money into road improvement schemes in the 1920s as a way of providing work for the unemployed - the conversation actually referred to what is now Wolverhampton New road (A4123). So, what is the start date of the Improvements section, 1920s, 1960s/70s when motorway construction was under way, or more recently? Just something to consider.Pyrotec (talk) 19:59, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I feel without excessive digging for info, we may only be able to reference most improvements from the 1940s/50s onwards, but if we can dig out earlier info, that shouldn't stop us from including it if appropriate. IIRC a lot of work was carried out not long before the M5 came along in Worcestershire to straighten the road and widen to 3 lanes (the suicide lanes for those in the know). Worcestershire archives have a lot of images relating to this, but I haven't looked deep enough to find anything more than pictures yet. Jenuk1985  |  Talk  20:05, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Notable Locations
I felt that something like this should be put up for discussion before just including in the article, I don't think its been done before on a roads related, but would a table of notable locations, with an image and coords be useful?

And so on and so on...

Obviously it should be a fairly limited list, I've only included examples above. I think I have seen a similar thing used on a River article, but I can't for the life of me remember where! Jenuk1985 |  Talk  19:39, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes it could help bring the article up to GA-class. I've not see a table like this on a river article - the River Parrett has some coordinates in the infobox, but not a table as such; and both the River Parrett and the River Irwell are GAs.Pyrotec (talk) 19:52, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Right, I'll copy this table over as a starting point, it can be added to as we go along. Jenuk1985  |  Talk  19:54, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Nice start, but...

I just added some proper formatting into the coord templates and a kml template which displays a nice box on the right side of the page with google maps link to all the coords listed. Having said that, the table is a duplicate of an existing Wikipedia POI table. Take a look at River Parrett and Glastonbury Canal for two different versions of the same table that I worked on a while back. The former uses a GB-derivative of the latter, displaying OSGB map reference as well as regular coords. I'm not a big fan of OSGB coords myself so I would suggest we use the form in the Glastonbury canal article. Using the table has the advantage of consistency and it takes care of all the twiddly bits in the coord template for you.--TimTay (talk) 21:28, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

b.t.w. My vote would be a definite no for images. Add them into the A38 category in Commons (see the link in the External Links section for existing photos) and add the odd image in the article itself. If you have an image on every row the table will be huge. If you don't have an image on every row the table will look very odd with rows of different heights. Therefore my preference is no images. --TimTay (talk) 21:31, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for adding the kml tags, I had no idea that could be done! Can I suggest we try it with images to start with, if it does get overwhelming as we make progress then by all means remove them. There may be a case for making them slightly smaller, but not so small that they don't add anything. It may just be a case of experimenting as things evolve, I'll start adding some more points in a bit to bring it to a realistic length, then we can start playing with the design? Jenuk1985  |  Talk  21:38, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Birmingham to Lichfield
I feel we need something about the by-passing of Sutton Coldfield (the old A38 is now, I believe, the A5127), but I'm not qualified to supply dates etc. Jan 1 naD  (talk • contrib) 16:12, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Photo's out of date.
The photo of the junction with the M5 at Droitwich is out of date, as one of the two roundabouts has been turned into a signal-controlled semi-roundabout. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sslaxx (talk • contribs) 23:49, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

So Bristol International Airport is not on the map cited ?
Sorry, have reverted my query. Have just seen the article on Bristol Airport. Well done, Simple Bob, your edit stands. Dieter Simon (talk) 02:11, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Longest A road in England?
is the A38 or the A6 the longest in england? I think it might be the A6 C. 22468 (talk) 10:01, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I have qulified this statement. Unfortunately A6 road (England) does not give its length.  A1 must also be longer, but parts of it are now motorway and part of it is in Scotland.  Peterkingiron (talk) 16:34, 18 December 2010 (UTC)

Given that part of the route of the A38 is declassified in the centre of Bristol, does some clarification need to be made about the fact it's not the longest continuous (2 digit?) A road in the UK? Ccw34 (talk) 12:46, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

Devon Expressway
I propose that the Devon Expressway article be merged into A38 road. "Devon Expressway" is simply branding and only appears on a few signs at the start and end of the route, the route from Exeter to Plymouth was not even purpose built but was the result of joining several bypassed around towns. There is nothing different about this road to any other grade separated dual carriageway. I don't consider a separate article to be justified. ZoeL (talk) 20:52, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Merge. As long as Devon Expressway and A38 refer to the same road, there is no need to have two articles on the same road. –Fredddie™ 06:19, 29 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Merge no point having two articles for same road. --Simple Boba.k.a. The Spaminator (Talk) 09:07, 29 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Merge Agree no point in having the two separate articles.— Rod talk 12:00, 5 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Merge Since they both share the same location, it is doubtful wether the Devon Expressway should have its own importance for its own article. Jaguar (talk) 17:30, 17 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Clear consensus therefore merge done - please check for any problems as the two pages described the route in opposite directions.— Rod talk 19:57, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Never having seen any such signs on that section of the A38 myself, I am sceptical about the "Typical route confirmation sign seen on the Devon Expressway" image. (Even if they do exist – having been newly installed? – the shade of green used is much too light!) -- Picapica (talk) 09:40, 20 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes. It was news to me that my journeys from Bristol to Plymouth took me along the "Devon Expressway". Unless such signs actually exist, I don't think they should be illustrated. William Avery (talk) 11:54, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

Thanks for the confirmation that it wasn't just me (not) seeing things, William. Having now checked the image file on Wikimedia Commons I see that it was created in 2009, so I think this really is a case of an "invented" sign. I'll remove the illustration. -- Picapica (talk) 20:00, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

 * There's a 2004 Devon County Council document here that includes:

 * A sign has been erected at the southern end of the A39 in Cornwall promoting the A39 route as the Atlantic Highway. No signing of this nature extends into Devon at present along this route. However, precedent for route branding within the County of Devon exists along the A38 between Plymouth and Exeter which is signed as the Devon Expressway.

 * I'll be driving down there in a couple of weeks and see if I can spot any that still exist. Hybrid2712 (talk) 18:36, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

I've since come across one route confirmation sign headed Devon Expressway -- on the northbound carriageway after the Tamar Bridge crossing (see http://goo.gl/maps/pFwQc) -- but no evidence that this "branding" is repeated anywhere else. -- Picapica (talk) 10:55, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

A38 - minibus crash October 1962
I'm surprised that there is no mention of the very famous (at the time reportedly the worst road traffic accident in England) crash on the (then) three lane stretch between Berkeley Road and Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, on the evening of Thursday 18th October 1962 when a youth club minibus from Filton collided with an Express Carrier lorry travelling from Gloucester, both in the centre lane at the junction for Claypits next to the Mercury Café. 11 adults and young people in the minibus died either at the scene, or later at Gloucester Hospital. The news was so tragic (two families wiped out) that the Bristol Evening Post unusually ran a lunchtime edition on the Friday. My understanding is that this accident was important in that it led to a Ministerial Review of the use three lane, but single, carriageways in the UK. The A38 at this point has since been reduced from the three lanes that it was to single carriageway plus cycle lanes either side. Andywebby (talk) 13:53, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/bristol/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 11:10, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on A38 road. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071018020620/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/3454.aspx to http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/3454.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:43, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on A38 road. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140427185211/http://www.costain.com/news/news-releases/2010/3/30/giant-bridge-slide-completed.aspx to http://www.costain.com/news/news-releases/2010/3/30/giant-bridge-slide-completed.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140427205825/http://www.dywidag.co.uk/references/miscellaneous/details-miscellaneous/article/marsh-mills-viaduct-united-kingdom.html to http://www.dywidag.co.uk/references/miscellaneous/details-miscellaneous/article/marsh-mills-viaduct-united-kingdom.html
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120722202810/http://www.bikebrothers.co.uk/tdf1974.htm to http://www.bikebrothers.co.uk/tdf1974.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140427203812/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/page/planning-and-building-regulations/south-bristol-link-route-planning to http://www.bristol.gov.uk/page/planning-and-building-regulations/south-bristol-link-route-planning
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120917101857/http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/news/Village-calls-North-Somerset-clear-drains-avoid-road-disaster/article-469475-detail/article.html to http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/news/Village-calls-North-Somerset-clear-drains-avoid-road-disaster/article-469475-detail/article.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110827171832/http://www.cbrd.co.uk/futures/a38-selly-oak-bypass/ to http://www.cbrd.co.uk/futures/a38-selly-oak-bypass/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:47, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

Major junction reduction
Hello fellow Wikipedians. BTW I have reduced the amount of major junctions on this page from 58 to 7 by narrowing it down to just motorways. Thank you. Roads4117 (talk) 17:12, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:A38 road


text:
Feng Yuan

Feng Yuan (馮媛, imperial title Zhaoyi (昭儀), died 6 BC) was an imperial consort during China's Han Dynasty. She was a favorite of Emperor Yuan. She was viewed largely positively for her heroism and (presumed) humility, and viewed sympathetically for her death at the hand of her romantic rival Consort Fu.

Family background
It is not known when Feng Yuan was born. Her father Feng Fengshi (馮奉世) was a famous general during the reign of Emperor Xuan, and continued to serve in a number of important posts in the imperial government thereafter. She had nine brothers and three sisters. Her brothers Feng Yewang (馮野王), Feng Jun (馮逡), Feng Li (馮立), and Feng Can (馮參) all later became important officials as well.

As imperial consort
Feng Yuan became a consort to Emperor Yuan in 47 BC, the second year of his reign. She quickly became a favorite of his, along with Consort Fu. Consort Feng, along with Consort Fu, was given the imperial title Zhaoyi (昭儀) by Emperor Yuan, which is higher than any other imperial consort and one rank lower than the empress. She had a son with him, Liu Xing (劉興), who was later made the Prince of Xindu in c. July 37 BC.

While both Consorts Fu and Feng were imperial consorts who it seems that both of them were equally admired and loved by Emperor Yuan, an incident occurred that would cause Consort Feng to be greatly praised and respected, at Fu's embarrassment and jealousy. In 38 BC, while Emperor Yuan was watching a fight between wild animals, accompanied by a number of his concubines (but apparently not by Empress Wang Zhengjun), a wild bear broke loose and tried to get out of the cage. All of the noble men and women present, including Consort Fu, fled the scene. Only Feng stepped toward the wild bear, which was killed at the last moment by imperial guards. When Emperor Yuan asked her why she did so, Consort Feng replied that she had heard that once a bear had caught one person, it would continue attacking just that victim and no one else; because she was afraid that the bear would attack the emperor, she was willing to sacrifice herself. Consort Fu became greatly jealous of the praise that Feng received for this incident.

In recorded history, Consort Fu was ambitious, jealous, cunning, and domineering, and tried in every way to eliminate her rival and control the men in her family, but while Consort Feng is famous in history for her humility, respect, compassion and kindness, she just tries to live a peaceful life and protect her family. Consort Feng was never recorded in history as having had the same ambition that her rival Consort Fu had at displacing Crown Prince Liu Ao, the son of Empress Wang Zhengjun, with her son. This might have been because her son was younger not only to the crown prince, but also to Consort Fu's son Liu Kang (劉康), or it could have been that she was humbler and less ambitious.

During Consort Feng's years as imperial consort, Emperor Yuan considered promoting her brother Yewang to prime minister or similar positions due to his abilities, but each time thought that he would be criticized for an appearance of nepotism, and so never actually promoted Yewang as such.

As princess dowager
In 33 BC, Emperor Yuan died, and Crown Prince Ao ascended the throne as Emperor Cheng. Prince Xing went to his principality at Xindu, and Consort Feng went with him with the title Princess Dowager. When Prince Xing's principality was moved to Zhongshan (roughly modern Baoding, Hebei) in 23 BC, Prince Dowager Feng was similarly moved with her son. Not much is known about her years in Zhongshan. In 24 BC, Emperor Cheng considered making her brother Yewang commander of the armed forces, replacing his own uncle Wang Feng (王鳳), whose autocratic nature he had become resentful of, but he changed his mind after the news was leaked. In retaliation, Wang Feng removed Feng Yewang from his posts.

In 9 BC, Emperor Cheng, sonless, appeared to come to the resolution of making either his younger brother Prince Xing or his nephew Prince Liu Xin of Dingtao (Prince Kang's son) his heir. Emperor Cheng became convinced that Prince Xin was more capable, and at the same time, Prince Xin's grandmother, Consort Fu, was endearing herself to Emperor Cheng's wife, Empress Zhao Feiyan, her sister and Emperor Cheng's favorite Consort Zhao Hede, and Emperor Cheng's uncle Wang Gen with lavish gifts, and so the Zhaos and Wang Gen both praised Prince Xin as well. (There was no evidence that Consort Feng carried out similar lobbying effort on behalf of her son.) Emperor Cheng made Prince Xin crown prince in 8 BC.

In 7 BC, Emperor Cheng died, and Prince Xin ascended the throne as Emperor Ai. In the same year, Prince Xing also died, and his only son, the two-year-old Prince Jizi, succeeded him as the Prince of Zhongshan. Princess Dowager Feng continued to serve as princess dowager.

Death
Prince Jizi was born with a heart ailment, which when afflicting him, caused him to have circulation problems, manifesting itself outwardly as having his lips and appendages turn blue. Princess Dowager Feng raised him personally. She also often prayed to the gods. In 6 BC, Emperor Ai, hearing about his cousin's illness, sent imperial physicians along with his attendant Zhang You (張由) to go to Zhongshan to treat Prince Jizi. This, however, would have dire consequences of Princess Dowager Feng.

When the imperial attendant Zhang got to Zhongshan, suddenly, in a rage, left there and returned to the capital Chang'an. Once he did and was ordered to explain his conduct, he made up a false reason that he had discovered that Princess Dowager Feng was using witchcraft to curse Emperor Ai and his grandmother, Consort Fu, who by now carried the title empress dowager. Empress Dowager Fu, still resentful of Princess Dowager Feng from the days when they were romantic rivals, decided to use this opportunity to strike at Princess Dowager Feng. She sent a eunuch, Shi Li (史立), to serve as investigator, and Shi tortured a good number of Princess Dowager Feng's relations (including her younger sister Feng Xi (馮習) and her sister-in-law Junzhi (君之), one of her younger brothers'wife), some to death, but still could not build a solid case against Princess Dowager Feng. Shi Li decided to show Princess Dowager Feng who was actually behind the investigation, by referring to an incident in which then-Consort Feng defended Emperor Yuan against a bear which had broken loose. Princess Dowager Feng, realizing that Empress Dowager Fu was behind the investigation, went back to her palace and committed suicide. In total, 17 members of the Feng clan died as a result of the investigations. Prince Jizi, then still a toddler, was spared.

Before she committed suicide, Princess Dowager Feng reportedly said the following:

"That incident (involving the bear) happened deep in the palace and long ago, during a previous reign. How could this minor official know about it? It is clear that someone wants me dead, and would not stop until I am."

In 1 BC, after the deaths of Empress Dowager Fu and Emperor Ai, and after Emperor Yuan's wife Grand Empress Dowager Wang had seized power back from Emperor Ai's male favorite (and probable lover) Dong Xian, Princess Dowager Feng's reputation was restored. Later that year, her grandson Prince Jizi would become emperor, although as effectively a young puppet of Grand Empress Dowager Wang's nephew Wang Mang. Wang Mang would eventually murder him in 5 CE and usurp the Han throne in 8.

title: Feng Yuan


text:
The Indiscreet Jewels

The Indiscreet Jewels (or The Indiscreet Toys, or The Talking Jewels; Les Bijoux indiscrets) is the first novel by Denis Diderot, published anonymously in 1748. It is an allegory that portrays Louis XV of France as Mangogul, Sultan of Congo, who owns a magic ring that makes women's vaginas ("jewels") talk. The character of Mirzoza represents Louis XV's mistress Madame de Pompadour. Diderot portrayed Pompadour in a flattering light in The Indiscreet Jewels, most likely to ensure her support for his Encyclopedie.

Plot summary
Sultan Mangogul of Congo is bored with life at court and suspects his mistress Mirzoza of infidelity. A genie presents him with a magical ring that has unique properties. When the ring is rubbed and pointed at the vagina of any woman the vagina begins speaking about its amorous experiences, to the confusion and consternation of its owner. The Sultan uses the ring about thirty times, usually at a dinner or other social gathering, and on these occasions the Sultan is typically visible to the woman. However, since the ring has the additional property of making its owner invisible when required, a few of the sexual experiences are recounted through direct observation, as the Sultan makes himself invisible in the unsuspecting woman's boudoir.

English translations

 * From Their Lips to His Ear. Pocket Erotica Series #6 (New Urge Editions/Black Scat Books, ISBN 978-1735615912, 2020)

Links

 * Les bijoux indiscrets, tome premier (French) from Google Books
 * Les Bijoux Indiscrets: or, The Indiscreet Toys, volume I (English) from Google Books

title: The Indiscreet Jewels