text:
Selective Service Act of 1917

The Selective Service Act of 1917 or Selective Draft Act authorized the United States federal government to raise a national army for service in World War I through conscription. It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917. The Act itself was drafted by then-Captain (later Brigadier General) Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany. The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November 11, 1918. The Act was upheld as constitutional by the United States Supreme Court in 1918.

Origins
At the time of World War I, the US Army was small compared with the mobilized armies of the European powers. As late as 1914, the Regular Army had under 100,000 men, while the National Guard (the organized militias of the states) numbered around 115,000. The National Defense Act of 1916 authorized the growth of the Army to 165,000 and the National Guard to 450,000 by 1921, but by 1917 the Army had only expanded to around 121,000, with the National Guard numbering 181,000.

By 1916, it had become clear that any participation by the United States in the conflict in Europe would require a far larger army. While President Wilson at first wished to use only volunteer troops, it soon became clear that this would be impossible. When war was declared, Wilson asked for the Army to increase to a force of one million. But by six weeks after war was declared, only 73,000 men had volunteered for service. Wilson accepted the recommendation of Secretary of War Newton D. Baker for a draft.

General Enoch H. Crowder, the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army, when first consulted, was opposed. But later, with the assistance of Captain Hugh Johnson and others, Crowder guided the bill through Congress and administered the draft as the Provost Marshal General.

A problem that came up in the writing of the bill and its negotiation through Congress was the desire of former President Theodore Roosevelt to assemble a volunteer force to go to Europe. President Wilson and others, including army officers, were reluctant to permit this for a variety of reasons. The final bill contained a compromise provision permitting the president to raise four volunteer divisions, a power Wilson did not exercise.

To persuade an uninterested populace to support the war and the draft, George Creel, a veteran of the newspaper industry, became the United States' official war propagandist. He set up the Committee on Public Information, which recruited 75,000 speakers, who made 750,000 four-minute speeches in 5,000 cities and towns across America. Creel later helped form the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy, with union leader Samuel Gompers as president, to win working-class support for the war and "unify sentiment in the nation". The AALD had branches in 164 cities, and many labor leaders went along although "rank-and-file working class support for the war remained lukewarm ...", and the campaign was ultimately unsuccessful. Many prominent Socialist leaders became pro-war, though the majority did not.

Effects
By the guidelines set down by the Selective Service Act, all males aged 21 to 30 were required to register to potentially be selected for military service. At the request of the War Department, Congress amended the law in August 1918 to expand the age range to include all men 18 to 45, and to bar further volunteering. By the end of World War I, some two million men volunteered for various branches of the armed services, and some 2.8 million had been drafted. This meant that more than half of the almost 4.8 million Americans who served in the armed forces were drafted. Due to the effort to incite a patriotic attitude, the World War I draft had a high success rate, with fewer than 350,000 men "dodging" the draft. Section 7 of the act provided that men would be "as far as practicable...grouped into units by States and the political subdivisions of the same," the most prominent example being the "National Army" infantry divisions.

Differences from previous drafts

The most important difference between the draft established by the Selective Service Act of 1917 and the Civil War draft was that substitutes were not allowed. During the Civil War, a drafted man could avoid service by hiring another man to serve in his place. A mostly inaccurate perception spread that substitutes were used primarily by wealthy men and was resented by those who could not afford them or considered them dishonorable.

The practice of substitutes was prohibited in Section Three of the Selective Service Act of 1917:

"No person liable to military service shall hereafter be permitted or allowed to furnish a substitute for such service; nor shall any substitute be received, enlisted, or enrolled in the military service of the United States; and no such person shall be permitted to escape such service or to be discharged therefrom prior to the expiration of his term of service by the payment of money or any other valuable thing whatsoever as consideration his release from military service or liability there to."

National registration days and termination
During World War I, there were three registrations. The Selective Service Act was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the Selective Draft Law Cases,. The Solicitor General's argument and the court's opinion were based primarily on Kneedler v. Lane, 45 Pa. 238, 252 (1863) and Vattel's 1758 treatise The Law of Nations.
 * The first, on June 5, 1917, was for all men between the ages of 21 and 30.
 * The second, on June 5, 1918, registered those who attained age 21 after June 5, 1917. A supplemental registration, included in the second registration, was held on August 24, 1918, for those becoming 21 years old after June 5, 1918.
 * The third, on September 12, 1918, was for men age 18 through 45.

After the signing of the armistice of November 11, 1918, the activities of the Selective Service System were rapidly curtailed. On March 31, 1919, all local, district, and medical advisory boards were closed, and on May 21, 1919, the last state headquarters closed operations. The Provost Marshal General was relieved from duty on July 15, 1919, thereby finally terminating the activities of the Selective Service System of World War I.

Draft categories
Conscription was by class. The first candidates were to be drawn from Class I. Members of each class below Class I were available only if the pool of all available and potential candidates in the class above it were exhausted.

African-Americans
The American military was entirely segregated at the time of World War I. While the Army had several regiments of black "Buffalo Soldiers", many politicians such as Sen. James K. Vardaman (Mississippi) and Sen. Benjamin Tillman (South Carolina) staunchly opposed any expanded military role for black Americans. Nevertheless, the War Department decided to include black people in the draft. A total of 2,290,527 black Americans were ultimately registered for the draft during the two calls of June 2 and September 12, 1917 – 9.6 percent of the total American pool for potential conscription.

Draft board officials were told to tear off the lower left-hand corner of the Selective Service form of a black registrant, indicating his designation for segregated units. The August 1917 Houston Riot, when armed black soldiers fired upon Houston police and civilians, also affected the War Department's decision-making. The great majority of black soldiers were employed only in labor functions, such as road-building and freight-handling. Only two black combat units were ultimately established – the 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions. Black Americans were entirely excluded from the United States Marine Corps and were consigned to menial labor in the United States Navy for the duration of the war.

title: Selective Service Act of 1917


text:
Happenings (Bobby Hutcherson album)

Happenings is an album by the jazz vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, released in 1967 on the Blue Note label. The album contains six compositions by Hutcherson, and one by Herbie Hancock, "Maiden Voyage".

Track listing
All compositions by Bobby Hutcherson, except as indicated.
 * 1) "Aquarian Moon" - 7:45
 * 2) "Bouquet" - 8:10
 * 3) "Rojo" - 6:03
 * 4) "Maiden Voyage" (Hancock) - 5:49
 * 5) "Head Start" - 5:16
 * 6) "When You Are Near" - 3:51
 * 7) "The Omen" - 6:59

Personnel

 * Bobby Hutcherson - vibraphone (tracks 1-6), marimba, drums (track 7 only)
 * Herbie Hancock - piano, box full of rocks (track 7 only)
 * Bob Cranshaw - bass
 * Joe Chambers - drums, marimba (track 7 only), triangle (tracks 2, 7), timpani (track 7 only)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Happenings (Bobby Hutcherson album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sarah Herby

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted. -R. fiend 15:12, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Sarah Herby
Sarah Herby is not a notable individual as yet.
 * Reason why the page should be deleted 82.35.214.165 04:19, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete Wow, this is a nobrainer. Which is good because after spending this much time with VfD, I have very little brains left :-/  ---CH  (talk) 07:15, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. It also required that railroads publicize shipping rates and prohibited short haul or long haul fare discrimination, a form of price discrimination against smaller markets, particularly farmers in Western or Southern Territory compared to the official Eastern states. The Act created a federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which it charged with monitoring railroads to ensure that they complied with the new regulations.

With the passage of the Act, the railroad industry became the first industry subject to federal regulation by a regulatory body. It was later amended to regulate other modes of transportation and commerce.

Background of the act
The act was passed in response to rising public concern with the growing power and wealth of corporations, particularly railroads, during the late nineteenth century. Railroads had become the principal form of transportation for both people and goods, and the prices they charged and the practices they adopted greatly influenced individuals and businesses. In some cases, the railroads were perceived to have abused their power as a result of too little competition. Railroads also banded together to form pools and trusts that fixed rates at higher levels than they could otherwise command.

Responding to a widespread public outcry, states passed numerous pieces of legislation. Through the 1870s various constituencies, notably the Grange movement representing farmers, lobbied Congress to regulate railroads. While the Senate would investigate and report its findings and recommendations in 1874, Congress declined to step in, mirroring the lack of consensus in approach. In the 1886 decision on Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois however, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws regulating interstate railroads were unconstitutional because they violated the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, which gives Congress the exclusive power "to regulate Commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." With many of those questions of approach decided, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act the following year; it was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland on February 4, 1887.

The act worked to keep rates and railroad revenue up on routes where competition existed. It did this by attempting to force publicity about rates and make rebates and discrimination illegal. ('Discrimination' meant lower rates for certain customers, e.g. politicians, large customers, sharp bargainers, long haul shippers, shippers in competitive markets, low season travelers.) Railroads saw that competition made it hard to pay their stockholders and bondholders the amount of money promised to them, and competition was therefore "bad."

Jurisdiction of the act
The act also created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), the first independent regulatory agency of the US government. As part of its mission, the ICC heard complaints against the railroads and issued cease and desist orders to combat unfair practices. While the ICC was empowered to investigate and prosecute railroads and other transportation companies that were alleged to have violated the act, its jurisdiction was limited to companies that operated across state lines. Over time the courts would further narrow the agency's authority, and in 1903 Congress established the Department of Commerce and Labor and its Bureau of Corporations to study and report on wider industries and their monopolistic practices. By 1906, the Supreme Court had ruled in favor of a railroad company in fifteen out of the sixteen cases over which it presided.

Early twentieth century
Congress passed a minor amendment to the Act in 1903, the Elkins Act. Major amendments were enacted in 1906 and 1910. The Hepburn Act of 1906 authorized the ICC to set maximum railroad rates, and extended the agency's authority to cover bridges, terminals, ferries, sleeping cars, express companies and oil pipelines. The Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 strengthened ICC authority over railroad rates and expanded its jurisdiction to include regulation of telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. The Valuation Act of 1913 required the ICC to organize a Bureau of Valuation that would assess the value of railroad property. This information would be used to set freight shipping rates.

Motor Carrier Act of 1935
In 1935, Congress passed the Motor Carrier Act, which amended the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate bus lines and trucking as common carriers.

Later amendments
Congress enacted simplifying and reorganizing amendments in 1978, 1983 and 1994.

Deregulation
Congress passed various railroad deregulation measures in the 1970s and 1980s. The Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (often called the "4R Act") gave railroads more flexibility in pricing and service arrangements. The 4R Act also transferred some powers from the ICC to the newly formed United States Railway Association, a government corporation, regarding the disposition of bankrupt railroads. The Staggers Rail Act of 1980 further reduced ICC authority by allowing railroads to set rates more freely and become more competitive with the trucking industry.

The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 deregulated the trucking industry.

Abolition
Congress abolished the ICC in 1995 (see Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act) and many of its remaining functions were transferred to a new agency, the Surface Transportation Board.

title: Interstate Commerce Act of 1887


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Technics pr804

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. brenneman (t) (c) 05:28, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Technics pr804
This is naught but a list of the instrument's features and reads like advertising copy. Wikification would not help. Eddie.willers 04:21, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this is indeed unsalvageable. Nothing links to this entry in any case, can't see the merit of keeping it. --Lomedae 13:28, August 30, 2005 (UTC) Insert non-formatted text here I made it, and I am quite ashamed of it too. this article should be deleted and I should just start again.
 * Delete. Advertisement. --Fang Aili 14:14, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisement. --Dhartung | Talk 18:56, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..


text: User talk:69.237.11.172

title: User talk:69.237.11.172


text:
Stone Lake (California)

Stone Lake is in Stone Lake State Park, a California State Park, located in Sacramento County, California. The open space property protects two rare natural Central Valley lakes and their surrounding riparian habitat and grassland areas.

The County of Sacramento operates Stone Lake.

title: Stone Lake (California)


text:
Highway Act

Highway Act (with its variations) is a stock short title used in India, the United Kingdom and the United States for legislation relating to highways.

India

 * The National Highways Act, 1956

United Kingdom

 * The Highways Act 1555 (2 & 3 Ph. & M. c. 8)

 * The Highways Act 1562 (5 Eliz. 1. c. 13)

 * The Highways Act 1662 (14 Cha. 2. c. 6)

 * The Highways Act 1695 (7 & 8 Will. 3. c. 29)

 * The Highways Act 1696 (8 & 9 Will. 3. c. 16)

 * The Highways Act 1707 (6 Ann. c. 56)

 * The Highways Act 1710 (9 Ann. c. 23)

 * The Highways Act 1714 (1 Geo. 1. St. 2. c. 11)

 * The Highways Act 1715 (1 Geo. 1. St. 2. c. 52)

 * The Highways Act 1718 (5 Geo. 1. c. 12)

 * The Highways Act 1733 (7 Geo. 2. c. 9)

 * The Highways Act 1741 (15 Geo. 2. c. 2)

 * The Highways Act 1742 (16 Geo. 2. c. 29)

 * The Highways Act 1747 (21 Geo. 2. c. 28)

 * The Highways Act 1753 (26 Geo. 2. c. 28)

 * The Highways Act 1765 (5 Geo. 3. c. 38)

 * The Highways Act 1766 (6 Geo. 3. c. 43)

 * The Highways (No. 2) Act 1766 (7 Geo. 3. c. 42)

 * The Highways Act 1768 (8 Geo. 3. c. 5)

 * The Highways Act 1773 (13 Geo. 3. c. 78)

 * The Highway Act 1794 (34 Geo. 3. c. 64)

 * The Highways Act 1794 (34 Geo. 3. c. 74)

 * The Highway Act 1835 (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 50)

 * The Highway (Railway Crossings) Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 45)

 * The Highway Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict. c. 61)

 * The Highway Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 61)

 * The Highway Act 1864 (27 & 28 Vict. c. 101)

 * The Highways and Locomotives (Amendment) Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 77)

 * The Highway Rate Assessment and Expenditure Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict. c. 27)

 * The Highway Act Amendment Act 1885 (48 & 49 Vict. c. 13)

 * The Highways and Locomotives (Amendment) Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 77)

 * The Special Roads Act 1949 (12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 32)

 * The Highways Act 1959 (7 & 8 Eliz. 2. c. 25)

 * The Highways (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz. 2. c. 63)

 * The Highways (Amendment) Act 1965 (c. 30)

 * The Highways Act 1971 (c. 41)

 * The Highways Act 1980 (c. 66)

 * The Highways (Amendment) Act 1986 (c. 13)

 * The Highways (Obstruction by Body Corporate) Act 2004 (c. 29)

The Highway Acts 1835 to 1885 was the collective title of the following Acts:
 * The Highway Act 1835
 * The Highway Act 1862
 * The Highway Act 1863
 * The Highway Act 1864
 * The Highways and Locomotives (Amendment) Act 1878
 * The Highway Rate Assessment and Expenditure Act 1882
 * The Highway Act Amendment Act 1885

United States

 * Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956
 * Federal Aid Highway Act of 1973
 * Federal-Aid Highway Act (disambiguation page)
 * National Highway System Designation Act of 1995

title: Highway Act


text: User:SCZenz/Images

title: User:SCZenz/Images


text:
Gorda

Gorda may refer to:

 * Gorda, California, United States, a small town on the Pacific Ocean
 * Gorda Plate, a tectonic plate located beneath the Pacific Ocean near northern California
 * Cayo Gorda, a small island of Honduras in Caribbean Sea
 * Gorda, fat in Spanish and Portuguese

title: Gorda


text:
Natural family planning

Natural family planning (NFP) comprises the family planning methods approved by the Catholic Church and some Protestant denominations for both achieving and postponing or avoiding pregnancy. In accordance with the Church's teachings regarding sexual behavior, NFP excludes the use of other methods of birth control, which it refers to as "artificial contraception".

Periodic abstinence, the crux of NFP, is deemed moral by the Church for avoiding or postponing pregnancy for just reasons. When used to avoid pregnancy, couples may engage in sexual intercourse during a woman's naturally occurring infertile times such as during portions of her ovulatory cycle. Various methods may be used to identify whether a woman is likely to be fertile; this information may be used in attempts to either avoid or achieve pregnancy.

Effectiveness can vary widely, depending on the method used, whether the users were trained properly, and how carefully the couple followed the protocol. Pregnancy can result in up to 25% of the user population per year for users of the symptoms-based or calendar-based methods, depending on the method used and how carefully it was practised.

Natural family planning has shown very weak and contradictory results in pre-selecting the sex of a child, with the exception of a Nigerian study at odds with all other findings. Because of these remarkable results, an independent study needs to be repeated in other populations.

Pre-20th century
In ancient history, some Christian writers were against abstinence to prevent childbirth and some allowed it. Possibly the earliest Christian writing about periodic abstinence was by Clement of Alexandria. He wrote, "Let the Educator (Christ) put us to shame with the word of Ezekiel: 'Put away your fornications' [Eze. 43:9]. Why, even unreasoning beasts know enough not to mate at certain times. To indulge in intercourse without intending children is to outrage nature, whom we should take as our instructor."

In the year 388, St. Augustine wrote against the Manichaeans: "Is it not you who used to counsel us to observe as much as possible the time when a woman, after her purification, is most likely to conceive, and to abstain from cohabitation at that time...?" The Manichaeans (the group the early church father St. Augustine wrote of and considered to be heretics) believed that it was immoral to create any children, thus (by their belief system), trapping souls in mortal bodies. Augustine condemned them for their use of periodic abstinence during fertile periods: "From this it follows that you consider marriage is not to procreate children, but to satiate lust." About the year 401, St. Augustine wrote "Of the Good of Marriage" in which he affirmed married couples have the option of having sex without either of them intending procreation: "For, whereas that natural use, when it pass beyond the compact of marriage, that is, beyond the necessity of begetting, is pardonable in the case of a wife, damnable in the case of an harlot; that which is against nature is execrable when done in the case of an harlot, but more execrable in the case of a wife."

Saint Thomas Aquinas wrote in his Summa Contra Gentiles: "Hence it is clear that every emission of the semen is contrary to the good of man, which takes place in a way whereby generation is impossible; and if this is done on purpose, it must be a sin. I mean a way in which generation is impossible in itself as is the case in every emission of the semen without the natural union of male and female: wherefore such sins are called 'sins against nature.' But if it is by accident that generation cannot follow from the emission of the semen, the act is not against nature on that account, nor is it sinful; the case of the woman being barren would be a case in point."

Protestant Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin were opposed to unnatural birth control. Centuries later, John Wesley, the leader of the Methodist movement said that unnatural birth control could destroy one's soul.

If the Manichaeans had an accurate idea of the fertile portion of the menstrual cycle, such knowledge died with them. Documented attempts to prevent pregnancy by practicing periodic abstinence do not appear again until the mid-19th century, when various calendar-based methods were developed "by a few secular thinkers". The Roman Catholic Church's first recorded official approval of periodic abstinence from 1853, where a ruling of the Church's Sacred Penitentiary addressed the topic. Distributed to confessors, the ruling stated that couples who had, on their own, begun the practice of periodic abstinence—if they had "grave reasons"—were not sinning by doing so.

In the Catholic Church, a grave/significant reason for using NFP can include social, economical, medical and other analogous reasons that may motivate a couple to practise it to postpone pregnancy. The Church holds that the motivations behind NFP should not be selfish or self-centered.

In 1880, the Sacred Penitentiary reaffirmed the 1853 ruling and went slightly further. It suggested that, in cases where the couple was already practising artificial birth control and could not be dissuaded to cease attempting birth regulation, the confessor might morally teach them of periodic abstinence.

Early 20th century
In 1905, Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde, a Dutch gynecologist, showed that women only ovulate once per menstrual cycle. In the 1920s Japanese gynecologist Kyusaku Ogino and Austrian Hermann Knaus independently made the discovery that ovulation occurs about fourteen days before the next menstrual period. Ogino used his discovery to develop a formula for use in aiding infertile women to time intercourse to achieve pregnancy.

In 1930, John Smulders, a Roman Catholic physician from the Netherlands, used Knaus and Ogino's discoveries to create the rhythm method. Smulders published his work with the Dutch Roman Catholic medical association, and this was the official rhythm method promoted over the next several decades. While maintaining procreation as the primary function of intercourse, the December 1930 encyclical Casti connubii by Pope Pius XI gave recognition to a secondary—unitive—purpose of sexual intercourse. This encyclical stated that there was no moral stain associated with having marital intercourse at times when "new life cannot be brought forth". This referred primarily to conditions such as current pregnancy and menopause. In 1932, a Catholic physician published a book titled The Rhythm of Sterility and Fertility in Women describing the method, and the 1930s also saw the first U.S. Rhythm Clinic (founded by John Rock) to teach the method to Catholic couples. It was during this decade that Rev. Wilhelm Hillebrand, a Catholic priest in Germany, developed a system for avoiding pregnancy based on basal body temperature.

Since 20th century
A minority of Catholic theologians continued to doubt the morality of periodic abstinence. Some historians consider two speeches delivered by Pope Pius XII in 1951 to be the first unequivocal acceptance of periodic abstinence by the Catholic Church. The 1950s also saw another major advance in fertility awareness knowledge: Dr. John Billings discovered the relationship between cervical mucus and fertility while working for the Melbourne Catholic Family Welfare Bureau. Billings and several other physicians studied this sign for a number of years, and by the late 1960s had performed clinical trials and begun to set up teaching centers around the world.

The Vatican II Constitution on the Church in the Modern World declared: "While not making the other purposes of matrimony of less account, the true practice of conjugal love, and the whole meaning of the family life which results from it, have this aim: that the couple be ready with stout hearts to cooperate with the love of the Creator and the Savior. Who through them will enlarge and enrich His own family day by day" (50). Beyond that the council of bishops was told to leave to the Pontifical Commission on Birth Control the task of advising Pope Paul VI on the issue. 64 of the 68 Commission members who voted recommended allowing other means of contraception, but Paul VI determined otherwise.

Humanae Vitae, published in 1968 by Pope Paul VI, addressed a pastoral directive to scientists: "It is supremely desirable... that medical science should by the study of natural rhythms succeed in determining a sufficiently secure basis for the chaste limitation of offspring." This is interpreted as favoring the then-new, more reliable symptoms-based fertility awareness methods over the rhythm method. Just a few years later, in 1971, the first organization to teach a symptothermal method, using both mucus and temperature observations, was started. Now called Couple to Couple League International, this organization was founded by John and Sheila Kippley, lay Catholics, along with Dr. Konald Prem. During the following decade, other now-large Catholic organizations were formed: Family of the Americas(1977), and the Creighton Model as part of the Pope Paul VI Institute (1985), both mucus-based systems of NFP.

Use of the term natural family planning to describe calendar-based methods is considered incorrect by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, which considers such methods "inaccurate". Some organizations have considered calendar-based methods to be forms of NFP. For example, in 1999 the Institute for Reproductive Health at Georgetown University developed the Standard Days Method (SDM), which is more effective than the rhythm method. SDM is promoted by Georgetown University as a form of natural family planning.

Prevalence
It is estimated that 2%–3% of the world's reproductive age population relies on periodic abstinence to avoid pregnancy. However, what portion of this population should be considered NFP users is unclear. Some Catholic sources consider couples that violate the religious restrictions associated with natural family planning to not be NFP users.

There is little data on the worldwide use of natural family planning. In Brazil, NFP is the third most popular family planning method. The "safe period" method of fertility awareness is the most common family planning method used in India, although condoms are used by some. Of all American women surveyed nationally in 2002, only 0.9% were using "periodic abstinence" (defined as "calendar rhythm" and "natural family planning") compared to 60.6% using other contraceptive methods. In Italy, where the vast majority of citizens claims to be Catholic, NFP methods are rarely taught.

In 2002, Sam and Bethany Torode, then a Protestant Christian couple, published a book advocating NFP use. Many NFP clinics and teaching organizations are associated with the Catholic Church, as well as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and some members of the Muslim faith.

Some fundamental Christians espouse Quiverfull theology, eschewing all forms of birth control, including natural family planning.

Contraception
Some proponents of NFP differentiate it from other forms of birth control by labeling them artificial birth control. Other NFP literature holds that natural family planning is distinct from contraception. Proponents justify this classification system by saying that NFP has unique characteristics not shared by any other method of birth regulation except for abstinence. NFP is open to life, it alters neither the fertility of the woman nor the fecundity of a particular sex act. That NFP can be used to both avoid or achieve pregnancy.

The Catholic Church has often said that it considers the use of contraception not to conform with God's will for Catholic marriage, in that it interrupts the procreative aspect of the sexual union, making it unnatural and counter to what God has outlined for married couples. Pope John Paul II said in Love and Responsibility that an integral aspect of the love between husband and wife is the openness to the real potential of becoming a parent, or becoming a parent of another, whenever the spouses give of themselves in the sexual embrace. Edward Sri makes an additional commentary on Love and Responsibility in Men, Women, and the Mystery of Love, claiming the openness to life within marriage bolsters an emotional intimacy to supplement physical intimacy.

These claims about how contraception can negatively impact fidelity within marriage are supported by a 2021 study in of more than 2,000 married women, some of whom practised NFP within their marriage and some who practised contraception. The study found that women who practised NFP were 58% less likely than their peers who used contraception to get divorced. "Although there are lower odds of divorce among NFP users, the reason might be due to their religiosity."

Methods
There are three main types of NFP: the symptoms-based methods, the calendar-based methods, and the breastfeeding or lactational amenorrhea method. Symptoms-based methods rely on biological signs of fertility, while calendar-based methods estimate the likelihood of fertility based on the length of past menstrual cycles.

Clinical studies by the Guttmacher Institute found that periodic abstinence resulted in a 25.3 percent failure under typical conditions, though it did not differentiate between symptom-based and calendar-based methods.

Symptoms-based
Some methods of NFP track biological signs of fertility. When used outside of the Catholic concept of NFP, these methods are often referred to simply as fertility awareness-based methods rather than NFP. The three primary signs of a woman's fertility are her basal body temperature (BBT), her cervical mucus, and her cervical position. Computerized fertility monitors, such as Lady-Comp, may track basal body temperatures, hormonal levels in urine, changes in electrical resistance of a woman's saliva, or a mixture of these symptoms.

From these symptoms, a woman can learn to assess her fertility without use of a computerized device. Some systems use only cervical mucus to determine fertility. Two well-known mucus-only methods are the Billings ovulation method and the Creighton Model FertilityCare System. If two or more signs are tracked, the method is referred to as a symptothermal method. Two popular symptothermal systems are taught by the Couple to Couple League and the Fertility Awareness Method (FAM) with Toni Weschler. A study completed in Germany in 2007 found that the symptothermal method has a method effectiveness of 99.6%.

A study by the World Health Organization involving 869 fertile women from Australia, India, Ireland, the Philippines, and El Salvador found that 93% could accurately interpret their body's signals regardless of education and culture.

A symptohormonal method of NFP developed at Marquette University uses the ClearBlue Easy fertility monitor and cycle history to determine the fertile window. The monitor measures estrogen and LH to determine the peak day. This method is also applicable during postpartum, breastfeeding, and perimenopause, and requires less abstinence than other NFP methods. Some couples prefer this method because the monitor reading is objective and is not affected by sleep quality as BBT can be.

Calendar-based
Calendar-based methods determine fertility based on a record of the length of previous menstrual cycles. They include the Rhythm Method and the Standard Days Method. The Standard Days method was developed and proven by the researchers at the Institute for Reproductive Health of Georgetown University. CycleBeads, unaffiliated with religious teachings, is a visual tool based on the Standard Days method. According to the Institute of Reproductive Health, when used as birth control, CB has a 95% effectiveness rating. Computer programs are available to help track fertility on a calendar.

Lactational amenorrhea
The lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) is a method of avoiding pregnancy based on the natural postpartum infertility that occurs when a woman is amenorrheic and fully breastfeeding. The rules of the method help a woman identify and possibly lengthen her infertile period.

Debates
Roderick Hindery reported that a number of Western Catholics have voiced significant disagreement with the Church's stance on contraception. In 1968, the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops issued what many interpreted as a dissenting document, the Winnipeg Statement, in which the bishops recognized that a number of Canadian Catholics found it "either extremely difficult or even impossible to make their own all elements of this doctrine" (that of Humanae vitae). Additionally, in 1969, they reasserted the Catholic principle of primacy of conscience, a principle that they said should be properly interpreted. They insisted that "a Catholic Christian is not free to form his conscience without consideration of the teaching of the magisterium, in the particular instance exercised by the Holy Father in an encyclical letter." Catholics for a Free Choice claimed in 1998 that 96% of U.S. Catholic women had used contraceptives at some point in their lives and that 72% of U.S. Catholics believed that one could be a good Catholic without obeying the Church's teaching on birth control. According to a nationwide poll of 2,242 U.S. adults surveyed online in September 2005 by Harris Interactive (they stated that the magnitude of errors cannot be estimated due to sampling errors, non-response, etc.), 90% of U.S. Catholics supported the use of birth control/contraceptives. A survey conducted in 2015 by the Pew Research Center among 5,122 U.S. adults (including 1,016 self-identified Catholics) stated 76% of U.S. Catholics thought that the Church should allow Catholics to use birth control.

In 2003, the BBC's Panorama claimed that Church officials have taught that HIV can pass through the membrane of the latex rubber from which condoms were made. It was considered not true according to the World Health Organization, despite a 2000 report by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stating that consistent use of latex condoms reduced the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 85% relative to risk when unprotected, not 100% safe.

In an interview on Dutch television in 2004, Belgian Cardinal Godfried Danneels argued that the use of condoms should be supported to prevent AIDS if sex with a person infected with HIV should take place, though it is to be avoided. According to Danneels, "the person must use a condom in order not to disobey the commandment condemning murder, in addition to breaking the commandment which forbids adultery. ... Protecting oneself against sickness or death is an act of prevention. Morally, it cannot be judged on the same level as when a condom is used to reduce the number of births." In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI asserted that handing out condoms is not the solution to combating AIDS and actually makes the problem worse. He proposed "spiritual and human awakening" and "friendship for those who suffer" as solutions.

Artificial family planning proponent Stephen D. Mumford claimed that the primary motivation behind the Church's continued opposition to contraceptive use is the impossibility to make changes without spoiling papal authority with regards to papal infallibility. Mumford gives as an example the citation made by dissident theologian August Bernhard Hasler of a minority report co-authored by Pope John Paul II prior to his papacy:

"If it should be declared that contraception is not evil in itself, then we should have to concede frankly that the Holy Spirit had been on the side of the Protestant churches in 1930 (when the encyclical Casti connubii was promulgated), in 1951 (Pius XII's address to the midwives), and in 1958 (the address delivered before the Society of Hematologists in the year the pope died). It should likewise have to be admitted that for a half century the Spirit failed to protect Pius XI, Pius XII, and a large part of the Catholic hierarchy from a very serious error. This would mean that the leaders of the Church, acting with extreme imprudence, had condemned thousands of innocent human acts, forbidding, under pain of eternal damnation, a practice which would now be sanctioned. The fact can neither be denied nor ignored that these same acts would now be declared licit on the grounds of principles cited by the Protestants, which popes and bishops have either condemned or at least not approved."

It is said that none of the instances cited falls under the domain of papal infallibility; the Pope is not considered infallible except in the rare, solemn occasions when he is speaking ex cathedra. According to M. R. Gagnebet, though the encyclical Humanae vitae is considered by some to be a non-infallible document, "the doctrinal authority of the Pope and the Bishops is not limited to infallible teaching. The duty of obedience is not restricted to definitions of faith".

Theological opposition has come from some denominations of Protestant Christianity. The Reformed theologian John Piper's Desiring God ministry states of NFP, "There is no reason to conclude that natural family planning is appropriate but that 'artificial' (non-abortive) means are not." Eastern Orthodox couple Sam and Bethany Torode, former advocates of NFP-only, have redacted their position to include barrier methods and explain their current theology this way:

"We also see honest congruity with the language of the body by saying 'no' to conception with our bodies (via barrier methods or sensual massage) when our minds and hearts are also saying 'no' to conception. We don't believe this angers God, nor that it leads to the slippery slope of relativism or divorce. We strongly disagree with the idea that this is a mortal sin.... It's a theological attack on women to always require that abstinence during the time of the wife's peak sexual desire (ovulation) for the entire duration of her fertile life, except for the handful of times when she conceives."

Traditionalist Catholic priest Francis Ripley criticizes the concept:

"The use of the term 'Natural Family Planning' has come under sharp attack from traditional Catholic writers in recent years because it implies the right of the couple to 'plan' their family; whereas the Catholic norm is to let God plan one's family and to accept the children when (and if) God gives them—as a blessing from Him on the marital union and on society."

title: Natural family planning


text:
Talk:Natural family planning

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title: Talk:Natural family planning


text:
Mountains of the Moon (film)

Mountains of the Moon is a 1990 American biographical film depicting the 1857–1858 journey of Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke in their expedition to Central Africa, which culminated in Speke's discovery of the source of the Nile River and led to a bitter rivalry between the two men. The film stars Patrick Bergin as Burton and Iain Glen as Speke. Delroy Lindo appears as an African whom the explorers meet.

The film was directed by Bob Rafelson based on the 1982 novel Burton and Speke by William Harrison.

Music
The original music was composed by Michael Small, who incorporated genuine traditional African music into a traditional orchestral palette. The soundtrack album was released on Polydor Records, but is long out of print. There are two major themes, one for Burton and the other for Africa. There is also a love theme for Burton's relationship to his wife Isabel Burton (portrayed in the movie by Fiona Shaw).

Availability
The film was released in a pan and scan VHS edition from a widescreen laserdisc and is currently available as both a pan and scan and widescreen DVD.

Imprint Films released the film on Blu-ray in its original aspect ratio along with special features on February 28, 2024.

Reception
Peter Travers described Mountains as "an epic of sweep and intimacy", and Siskel & Ebert gave it two thumbs up. Ebert wrote, "It's the kind of movie that sends you away from the screen filled with curiosity to know more about this man Burton." In Newsweek, critic Jack Kroll wrote, "The exploits of Sir Richard Francis Burton make Lawrence of Arabia look like a tourist." Mountains of the Moon holds a rating of 65% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews.

title: Mountains of the Moon (film)


text:
The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park

The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park is a state park of California, United States, protecting a secondary forest in the watershed of Aptos Creek and Soquel Creek within the Santa Cruz Mountains. It is located outside Aptos, California, and contains over 40 mi of hiking trails and fire roads through 10223 acre of variable terrain.

History
The park was named after Nisene Marks, a passionate nature lover and the mother of a Salinas farming family that purchased the land from lumber companies (and others) in the hopes of finding oil. After drilling efforts failed to find any oil, Marks' children donated the original 9700 acre of land in her memory to the state of California (with the help of the Nature Conservancy) in 1963.

The first people to live on the land of Nisene Marks were the Ohlone tribe. They relied on the land, harvesting and utilizing the natural resources along the edges of the forest. The California State Parks department, with additional help from the Save the Redwoods League, expanded the park to 10036 acre. The park is on land that was clear-cut during a forty-year period of logging (1883–1923) by the Loma Prieta Lumber Company. Evidence of logging operations, mill sites and trestles is visible in the park. In recent years, an ancient grove of redwood trees was preserved and added to the park.

The park offers rugged semi-wilderness, rising from sea level to steep coastal mountains of more than 2600 ft. The park is a popular spot for running, hiking and horseback riding. Mountain biking is restricted to the fire road as of 2004 because of deed restrictions regarding the state park.

The epicenter of the Loma Prieta earthquake on October 17, 1989, was in this park. The quake's epicenter and Five Finger Falls are the two most popular attractions in the park.

Natural history
Four-fifths of the park is covered in dense redwood forest. Chaparral is found on a few of the hotter, steeper ridges. Douglas firs grow among redwoods in a number of areas. Other trees species include: alders, maples, and cottonwoods near creeks; tanoaks in the understory of redwoods; and Pacific madrone, California bay, and several oak species.

The park is inhabited by a number of animals. This list includes banana slugs, which can be found in various forests in Santa Cruz, as well as California slender salamanders. Additionally, a multitude of plant varieties can be found in the park. Various mushrooms and native plants are commonly seen, including parrot mushrooms and Solomon's plume flowers.

Geology
The San Andreas, San Gregorio, and Zayante earthquake faults affect the geology of the state park. Slightly southeast of park boundaries runs the San Gregorio; the Zayante fault intersects with the Aptos Creek Canyon in the park, and the San Andreas fault runs parallel to the northeastern border.

The epicenter of the Loma Prieta earthquake on October 17, 1989, was in this park. The quake's epicenter and Five Finger Falls are the two most popular attractions in the park. Various ancient sea stone sedimentary rocks can be found in creek beds in the park, as the park used to be a shallow inland sea. The soil of the park is sandy and loamy, and therefore vulnerable to landslides.

Recreation
The park is a popular spot for running, hiking, and horseback riding. Additionally, it is a common location for mountain biking, which can be done on several trails, including the Aptos Rancho Trail, Split Stuff Trail, Terrace Trail, and Vienna Woods Trail. The park includes picnic tables where visitors can sit and enjoy the sights.

Regulations

 * Natural and cultural features of the park may not be removed or disturbed.
 * Stay on marked trails to avoid erosion.
 * Biking is only permitted on the Aptos Creek fire road and the four single-track trails below the steel bridge.
 * With the exception of service animals, dogs are only allowed on the Aptos Creek fire road and the four single-track trails below the steel bridge. Dogs must be on leash at all times.
 * Horses are only permitted on the Aptos Creek fire road and the four single-track trails below the steel bridge. Horses are not allowed past the steel bridge.
 * There is currently no camping in the park.
 * Fires are prohibited in all areas of the park.
 * There is an $8 vehicle day-use fee.

title: The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park


text:
User:Ptdecker

Biography
Born in Columbia, Missouri, and grew up in small town Indiana (Bloomfield) and moved to the Kansas City area (Lee's Summit) for 4th grade. Survived my teen years in Lee's Summit. Started College back in Columbia and finished a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science at back in Kansas City. Married Ruth Anne, a Kansas girl, and jumped the State line. Worked 18 years in Information Technology, enjoyed a change of focus in Marketing at EMBARQ until I could no longer stand working for a failing Fortune 500, did some more consulting in San Diego, and am currently leading an excellent development team at iModules. For a time, "Made up my mind to make a new start, Going to California with an aching in my heart." Came back to Kansas to raise my Daughter a year later. Where things go from here, we'll just have to see. ..

Interests
My Daughter, synthesizers, electronics, reading, woodworking, gadgets, outdoors, drawing, programming, dancing, friends, and just about anything else (except tomatos).

Mini Wiki Experiment
Testing the coupling of a blog with a wiki at my Rambling Mind Blasts mini scratchpad wiki site.

 * This experiment died in a flaming ball of dung; however, I have successfully implemented MediaWiki at iModules for my development team and they are using it to good effect.--P Todd (talk) 20:20, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Bot Info

Active Projects

 * Currently working on fleshing out the Max Headroom (TV series) entries and bringing it into the television WikiProject. I just luv Max!
 * Set up the stub pages, page flow, and category structure for the locks and dams on the Upper Mississippi River.
 * Set up initial page and an activie maintainer of the Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts page.

Contact
E-Mail: ptdpublic [at] mac.com (or email me via Wikipedia) Web  : Rambling Mind Blasts

title: User:Ptdecker


text:
Talk:List of Tasmanians

earlier gems of widsom
By god you guys really are clutching at straws now! It's all very well for that pulp tabloid we call The Mercury to glorify into sainthood some people who've done very little, but surely on Wikipedia we can keep it up to a certain standard, can't we? i.e. Just because Tassie is a small state and we care about fairly common achievements, it doesn't mean the rest of the world cares that much. For instance, you wouldn't expect a page, "People of Bruny Island" to produce many in it, would you? But you certainly wouldn't expect them to elevate the level of those who do live on Bruny to make up the numbers. Essie Davis--good luck to her, probably a lovely girl and her family must be very proud--but she's little more than a bit-player in a couple of recent films, and not as prominent as ANY of the people on any other "People of BLANK" pages. Simon Ditcham delivered the newspaper from his parents' shop in Kingston to my house last week. I also once had a similar job--should I be on the list too? Freya Stafford--imagine how long the List of notable Melburnians would be if they included everyone from these TV shows? Can we be more careful in future? wait and see if it turns out someone is noteworthy.

PLEASE if you are going to go off on a rave like this (from an address that has been warned already) at least identify yourself to clarify most of your thoughts about the issues, and be prepared to have civil discussions rather than anonymous posts like this. If you have issues with the way wiki is created, join in. er... We at wiki?User:SatuSuro 08:38, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Ha, don't be too hasty talking about warnings on addresses since that IP is a public computer (and it wasn't me who was warned). It was I, tilgrieog, who wrote it, but honestly I don't think adding that info would change the ability for us to discuss it (as I said everything necessary), so I don't really think it matters in every post. "Off on a rave"? I'm offended by that since everything I said was representative of my opinion in a civil debate over why this article looks a little amateur. "er... We at wiki?" I don't know what you mean by that. If you want more clarification, I'm saying that most of the people on the list shouldn't be there! They're simply not that prominent, and almost every one of these LIST pages is more like a blog than an actual article, incomplete and with no common standards.

 * Agreed, this is a pretty lame page. I think I actually created it to get this stuff off the main Tasmania article. I think this list either needs to go up for afd or edited down. --Jgritz 08:57, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Really lame. I vote afd. Meow meow - purr purr (talk) 14:00, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Dombrovskis and Truchanas
Not wishing to disrespect their memories, but how true is it to include these guys on a list of people that Tasmania has produced? Both were born in Europe. I don't know how old Dombrovskis was when he arrived in Tassy, but Truchanas was 25, well past his formative years. It may be true to say that Tasmania nurtured them, even held them to her bosom. But "produced" them? Maybe it's just a matter of slightly redefining the list rather than removing anybody from it. Similarly, we might say that Russell Crowe is recognised as an Australian actor (except when he throws phones in hotel lobbies), but could we say that he is an actor that Australia has "produced"? Cheers JackofOz 04:27, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Demographically and economically Tasmania exports more people than stay, and when you think of the current silverspoons and silvertails buying up land and places who are from the mainland _and_ who will invariably return (to the mainland, like the 70's generation who returned), the transient nature of existence for a large percentage of people who have had Tasmania as home for a year or decade, or whatever is - I would hazard a guess a larger number than those born and stayed forever (mind you in the pubs in queenstown in the mid 70's we had guys born and died in queeny who used to brag that they hadnt been beyond gormanston in their life)  Another way of looking at it - there are probably more tasmanians in victoria than there are in tasmania (apropos the greeks in melbourne). This is a very long way of saying if someone has had residence and passion for the landscape such as dombrovskis and truchanas they deserve to remain.User:SatuSuro 13:50, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Royce Hart/Paul Hudson/Paul Williams
I removed Paul Hudson and added Royce Hart to list of notable Tassie Aussie Rules footballers. Paul Hudson, althuogh the son of Peter, wasn't born in Tasmania and has little to do with it. Also I would not think his career is significant enough to mention. The ommision of Royce Hart is dumbfounding, probably Tasmania's greatest ever footballer. He is one of the AFL/VFL greatest ever Centre Half Forwards. Paul Williams is also a notable Tasmanian born Australian Rules player. 250+ games, All Australian selection and a premiership medal. I will try to add more great Tasmanian footballers as I think of them.

Jabso 09:04, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Christoper Koch and Richard Davey
I am reinstating these two, and have left a message on jgritz's talk page about this. They are notable writers. User:SatuSuro 03:37, 9 January 2006 (UTC) aka vcxlor

 * I also disagree wholeheartedly with Jgritz re editing this article down, regardless - it needs to be maintained and expanded, specially

if the face of the issues that tasmanians "get it" - either ignored, left out or whatever from mainlanders.User:SatuSuro 04:05, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * My theory was if they don't have an article, they don't deserve to be on the list. We should also change the page to "list of notable tasmanians". Christopher Koch I would include as he's had recogition internationally. Richard Davey, no, - Most of my friends have been in his plays, and as far as I can tell they've only really been produced in Hobart and Strahan, with the Strahan play's success mainly being linked to the tourism aspect. I agree with anon's above comments, that you might expect this list in the Mercury, but not on wikipedia.  --Jgritz 05:13, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I still beg to disagree - just because the article has been started today (note that others are establishing further details on Koch, not me) does not mean that there aren't other tasmanian writers who somebody hasnt got around to doing articles on! not good enough!

keep the faith! User:SatuSuro 06:41, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Politicians, Sols, War heroes
Where are the politicions? Also isn't Sols, the authour of the Snake cartoon series a Tasmanian? What about Tasmanian war heros? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.169.149.35 (talk • contribs) 12:48, 22 April 2006
 * Politicians are listed under "Arts" for some reason. I've made a new section, and sorted them into state and federal.  I have cautiously removed a few of the state ones as they aren't really notable outside of Tasmania.  I left Jim Bacon and Paul Lennon, but maybe they should be removed as well.  Not sure if I should include Janie Dickenson - who was the youngest elected female mayor in Australia - maybe not notable enough for this list.
 * Sols - of course - I have added him and will endeavour to write an article.
 * War heroes - Alec Campbell was the longest surviving Gallipoli vet wasn't he? There are probably others but I don't know of any who are well known.
 * -- Chuq 04:55, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

thanks Chuq, another one pops into my head, Mark "Chopper" Reed

Mercury's top 200 list
This is an interesting list - http://www.news.com.au/mercury/story/0,22884,21084203-921,00.html

Of course, The Mercury is known for over-hyping non-notable locals (they still have the occasional article on what Reggie is doing) but this list could prove a good source of people who should have articles.

It appears that many obvious names are missing - from what I can see there are only living people on the list (Jim Bacon and Alec Campbell are notably absent) -- Chuq 08:20, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

The Mercury list is a fine example of sensationalist gutter trash journalism and should only be considered a very loose guideline at best.Meow meow - purr purr (talk) 13:54, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

About 20 might even be recognised by an average mainlander with an interest in Tasmania - if thats anything to go by - and of that at least 10 of them are blowins - retirees or mainlanders who have shifted down. But then Canberra is in a little world all by itself - and we are so as well in Perth - so I am not making claims for anywhere being any better at such a list - at least the Canberra times looks better design wise than the mercury or the west australian :| SatuSuro 14:05, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Red links
This list is for established articles - it is not a wish list - if you were involved with putting a red link in - please either write the article - or leave the link out until an article is written - thanks SatuSuro 09:45, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The same with the Hobart article as it has many red links. What's with Hobartian's and their red links?? :P  Aaroncrick  ( Tassie Talk ) 10:14, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Tasmanians


text:
Tomasz Wawrzecki

Tomasz Antoni Wawrzecki (Tomas Vavžeckis) (1753–1816) was a distinguished Polish-Lithuanian politician and military commander. During Kościuszko Uprising, he succeeded Tadeusz Kościuszko as the Supreme Commander of the National Armed Forces.

Early life
Tomasz Wawrzecki was born in the Meikštai manor in 1754 or 7 March 1759. Wawrzecki was a judge in the Lithuanian Tribunal in 1778, 1782 and 1784.

Great Sejm (1788–1792)
During the Four-Year Sejm, Wawrzecki belonged to the Patriotic Party. In 1790, in his manor in Kalviai, Kaišiadorys near Kruonis, he replaced serfdom with contractual agreements.

On 17 May 1790, Wawrzecki, Matheus Butrymowicz, Jacek Jezierski and Ignacy Wyssogota Zakrzewski all condemned attacks against the Jewish population of Warsaw. Wawrziecki was of the opinion that Jews should have equal rights, however, this was motivated by the desire to make them socio-culturally resemble Poles more.

Together with others, Wawrziecki contributed to writing the Constitution of 3 May 1791 and also initiated the foundation of civilian and military administrative commissions. Wawrzecki was Grand Standard-bearer of Lithuania.

Kościuszko Uprising
During the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794, Wawrzecki was a member of the National Supreme Council of Lithuania and then the Supreme National Council. From 12 May to October 12, Wawrzecki commanded the Samogitian Division. In 1794, Wawrzecki gave his peasants personal freedom.

After Tadeusz Kościuszko was captured in the Battle of Maciejowice on October 10, lieutenant general Tomasz Wawrzecki was named his successor. From 12 October, Wawrzecki was the Supreme Commander of the National Armed Forces. After Warsaw was taken over by the Russian Empire following the Battle of Praga, he retreated with the remnants of his forces southwards. On November 18, Wawrzecki was taken prisoner by the Imperial Russian Army in Radoszyce. On November 22, the captured senior officers that signed an assurance that they would not fight against Catherine II of Russia were released, however Wawrzecki did not sign it and was thus sent to Saint Petersburg. Wawrzecki's surrender to the Imperial Russian Army on 16 November 1794 marked the effective end of the uprising. Wawrzecki was imprisoned in Petropavlovsk fortress in 1794, but was amnestied in 1796 by Paul I of Russia.

Later life
In 1800, he and his wife were the initiators of building the Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Kalviai in Kalviai, whose building was completed and consecrated in 1806. In 1807, he replaced his peasants' corvée with quit-rent. Wawrzecki was the head of the second section of the Vilnius Charity Society that was established in 1807.

In March 1813, a Temporary Council for a new government in the Russian-conquered Duchy of Warsaw was created. It consisted of Tomasz Wawrzecki, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Nikolay Novosiltsev and Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki. Wawrzecki was the chairman of the Commission of Justice of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1813–15. On 20 June 1815, when the Kingdom of Poland was re-created as a Russian puppet state, Wawrzecki delivered a speech praising Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia. Wawrzecki was the Justice minister of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815–16 and proposed that the Lithuanian Statutes should be the new law in the Kingdom of Poland, as he thought that the Lithuanian Statutes were better than the Napoleonic Code. Wawrzecki was part of conservative Lithuanian nobility that opposed keeping of the Napoleonic Code within Congress Poland. He died on 5 August 1816 in Vidzy, then part of the Russian Empire's Lithuania-Vilnius Governorate, but now in Belarus.

Awards

 * Order of Saint Stanislaus in 1786.
 * Order of the White Eagle in 1791.

title: Tomasz Wawrzecki


text:
Biff Henderson

James Jackson "Biff" Henderson, Jr. (born October 3, 1946) is an American comedian and television personality best known for his work on the Late Show with David Letterman. He was the show's stage manager and appeared in occasional humorous segments, which often involved interviewing people at public places and events.

Early life and education
Henderson was born in Durham, North Carolina, in the Hayti District. He acquired the nickname "Biff" from his mother when her friend had a dream involving a boy named "Biff". Henderson played tennis in his school years. One of his friends and opponents was tennis legend Arthur Ashe. Henderson graduated from Hillside High School in Durham, and earned a degree in business administration from Hampton Institute. He also served in the United States Army and deployed to Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

Career
In 1970, Henderson had been in New York to interview with The Hertz Corporation, which at the time had been co-owned with NBC by the Radio Corporation of America. His need for a restroom in the RCA Building led to a chance encounter with a janitor who introduced him to an NBC sales executive. He would join NBC, working first for the NBC Radio Sales Services and Station Clearances Department and then as stage manager during NBC's coverage of the World Series, coverage of various NASA missions, plus shows such as Today and To Tell the Truth.

His association with David Letterman, which spanned 35 years, began in 1980 as a stage manager on The David Letterman Show (NBC). He rejoined Letterman with the launch of Late Night with David Letterman (NBC) in 1982, remaining with it and Late Show with David Letterman (CBS) for their entire runs. Henderson frequently participated in the on-screen antics and sometimes was the star of short segments recounting his humorous adventures in New York. Henderson's "theme" music on the show was "Milestones" by Miles Davis.

Henderson took part in a Jimmy Kimmel Live! skit honoring Back to the Future during a Kimmel broadcast from Brooklyn in October 2015. When Michael J. Fox (as Marty McFly) and Christopher Lloyd (as Emmett Brown) ask Kimmel what became of their nemesis Biff, Henderson came onstage, prompting "Marty" to tell Kimmel, "no, not that Biff."

title: Biff Henderson


text:
User talk:Drwho

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 04:28, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:Lenny.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lenny.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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title: User talk:Drwho


text:
Talk:Renntech

what does RENN stand for? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.218.143.66 (talk) 01:54, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
This article has been renamed from RENNtech to Renntech as the result of a move request. - Move as per WP:MOSTM.

RENNtech → Renntech — MOS:TM: standard capitalization. ENeville (talk) 16:18, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Support I have done a few similar move requests recently (Brabus, Getrag) and this was on my to-do list. Beat me to it! "Renn" is just German for racing so no reason to capitalise. Examples of "Renntech" in reliable sources elsewhere = Autoweek, Gale company profiles database, Automotive Industries, motorsport.com. Would also support RennTech as CamelCase is also used. I confess that the current page does reflect very common use; this is one trademark which gets "respected" frequently, but I would not say always, like iPod/eBay. Fatsamsgrandslam (talk) 18:28, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Support per MOS-TM. Llamasharmafarmerdrama (talk) 05:31, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Renntech


text:
Talk:Myesyats

Is it just me, or does this sound like the word for month to anyone else? Vivafelis 04:29, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Myesyats


text:
Monterey State Beach

Monterey State Beach is a protected beach on southern Monterey Bay in Monterey County, California. It extends from the city of Monterey to Seaside.

The Seaside end of Monterey State Beach is a popular launch spot for paragliders. Surf fishing is permitted.

title: Monterey State Beach


text:
List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign

This is a list of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign between 6 June and 25 August 1944. Primary ground combat divisions and brigades are listed here; unit articles may contain a complete order of battle.

United Kingdom
See also Hastings  Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy

Independent and GHQ brigades included 30th Armoured; 1st Tank Brigade; 4th Armoured; 1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers; 31st Tank; 34th Tank; 6th Guards Tank Brigade; 27th Armoured (to 9.1944); 33rd Armoured; 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade; the headquarters of 74th, 76th, 80th, 100th, 101st, 105th, 106th and 107th Anti-Aircraft Brigades; numerous light anti-aircraft (LAA) and HAA regiments; and 56th Infantry Brigade, which joined 49th Division from 20 August 1944.

Free Norwegian forces
Approximately 1,950 Norwegian military personnel took part in the Normandy campaign in separate Norwegian units or as part of other Allied units in addition to 45 civilian ships with approximately 1,000 men from Nortraship. The Norwegian units operated under British command and were therefore primarily employed in the Gold, Sword and Juno sectors.

Some of the participating units:
 * Air Force
 * 331 Squadron
 * 332 Squadron
 * Navy
 * HNOMS Stord (G26)  S-class destroyer
 * HNOMS Svenner (G03) S-class destroyer
 * HNOMS Glaisdale (L44) Hunt-class destroyer
 * HNOMS Andenes (K01)  Flower-class corvette
 * HNOMS Eglantine (K197) Flower-class corvette
 * HNOMS Rose (K102) Flower-class corvette
 * HNOMS Nordkapp fishery protection vessel
 * Motor Launches No. 128, 213 and 573


text:
City of Auburn

The Auburn City Council (officially known as the City of Auburn) was a local government area in the Greater Western Sydney region of New South Wales, Australia. Prior to its 2016 merger, the council area was located about 15 km west of the Sydney central business district and had a culturally diverse population. Notable features in the area included the Gallipoli Mosque, located in the suburb of Auburn. The suburb of Sydney Olympic Park, the site of the main venues of the 2000 Summer Olympics, was located in the council area.

On 10 February 2016 the Auburn City Council was suspended by the Minister for Local Government, and an administrator appointed. A public enquiry was held into allegations of "councillors misusing their positions." Prior to the suspension, the Mayor of Auburn City Council was Councillor Le Lam. On 12 May 2016, as part of a NSW State Government program of local government reform, Auburn City Council was abolished. Parts of Auburn City Council, Parramatta City Council, and Holroyd City Council merged to form the Cumberland Council as a new local government area. The remainder of the Auburn City Council area was merged into the City of Parramatta Council.

History
Prior to European settlement, the Wangal Aboriginal people lived around the Auburn area. European settlement began in the 1790s. The Auburn area was a farming area, known as "Liberty Plains", which became the name of the local parish.

The Borough of Auburn was proclaimed on 19 February 1892 and became the Municipality of Auburn in 1906. On 20 June 1906, the hitherto unincorporated area around Silverwater and Newington was combined into the Municipality of Auburn, becoming the "Newington Ward" returning three aldermen. The secretary of the Newington Progress Association who led local efforts to join Auburn, future NSW premier Jack Lang, was elected to first position in the new ward in 1907, and served as Mayor of Auburn in 1909–1911.

To the east, the Borough of Rookwood was proclaimed on 8 December 1891. In 1913 Rookwood was renamed "Lidcombe", a portmanteau of the names of the two previous mayors, in an attempt to distance the municipality from the necropolis. On 1 January 1949, with the passing of the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948, the Municipalities of Auburn and Lidcombe were amalgamated to form the new "Municipality of Auburn". In 1993, a change in the law meant that "municipality" ceased to be a legal category of local government area and Auburn Municipal Council became "Auburn Council".

Auburn council seats
The first meeting of the council was held in Lee's Temperance Hotel at the corner of Mary Street and Park Road, Auburn, in 1892, and the foundation stone of the first Auburn Town Hall, incorporating a post office, on Auburn Road was laid in 1896 by the Postmaster-General, Joseph Cook. Designed by E. A. Henry and built by Wilkins & Fewster of Granville, the town hall was also officially opened by Cook on 29 June 1898.

This building was short-lived however, and was replaced in 1926–1927 on the same site by the second Town Hall which was designed by the mayor, Albert Thomas "Benny" Briggs, and built by H. M. Crouch. The former Auburn mayor and then state Premier, Jack Lang, laid the foundation stone on 6 November 1926 and officially opened the building on 12 July 1927. On the official opening, Lang declared: "When the old Town Hall in Auburn, which is being demolished, was opened in 1898, the population did not exceed 2000; while to-day the town has grown so rapidly that, to say the population exceeds 20,000, is a conservative estimate, and Auburn has outgrown its Town Hall."

Following amalgamation in 1949, council meetings were initially divided between the Lidcombe Town Hall and the Auburn Town Hall on Auburn Road, but eventually all functions were moved to the Auburn Town Hall. This continued until the completion of the Auburn Administrative Building, which was officially opened by the mayor, Stanley Hedges, on 10 July 1965. It was situated at the rear of the existing Town Hall on a block fronting Susan and Queen Street, Auburn and was completed at a final cost of AU£198,000.

This remained the council seat until council commissioned in 2000 Michael Davies Architecture to create a new Civic Centre on the same site, incorporating council offices, chambers, city library and police station. Council first met in the new Civic Centre on 26 September 2000. The Civic Centre project won the Local Government Property Award at the 2001 Australian Property Institute Excellence in Property Awards.

Auburn Botanic Gardens

The Auburn Botanic Gardens originated from the County of Cumberland planning scheme (1946–1951) which set aside the area along the banks of the Duck River for recreation. Both before and after the scheme, Auburn council dumped rubbish and sewage along the banks and in brick and tile clay-pits for many years. In July 1968, Eric Black, the chief engineer of Auburn Municipal Council from 1949 to 1979, presented a detailed report to the council on proposing a mixture of sporting grounds and intensive cultivation of the Duck River parklands. Black envisaged a series of gardens representing national styles from around the world. This vision was later reduced, though some elements survived, including the Japanese gardens and lake, the formal gardens and reflection pool, and the different Australian habitats.

Construction work on the Botanic Gardens site began in 1969 and involved the excavation of the Japanese Gardens Lake. In 1973, hundreds of trees were planted in the Avenue of Remembrance, Garden of Trees and Woodland area. The gardens were opened by New South Wales governor Sir Roden Cutler on 11 September 1977.

City status
A project by Auburn Council to seek city status began in April 2006. A special poll held on 13 September 2008 found a large proportion (72.4%) of the electorate supported the project. On 24 June 2009 Governor of New South Wales Marie Bashir issued a proclamation granting Auburn city status, which was gazetted on 17 July 2009 as "Auburn City Council".

Council dysfunction and suspension
In March 2013, Auburn council voted to dismiss the general manager since 2005, John Burgess, in a decision derided as entirely political and resulting from the general manager's release of information relating to the corrupt activities of former councillor and deputy mayor, Jack Au, to the ICAC, who was subsequently suspended by the Minister for Local Government. On his departure, the general manager noted "I think that there needs to be a high-level policy review to ensure that similar circumstances are not allowed to exist in other councils, [...] All general managers should be objectively assessed based on performance."

In 2015–16, council came under increasing scrutiny when the deputy mayor, Salim Mehajer was charged with threatening the father of one of the victims in the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis and was investigated over a conflict of interest when he voted on council matters regarding rezoning despite it being alleged that he had pecuniary interests in those matters. As a result, Mehajer was given a four-month suspension from Council on 29 January 2016.

On 10 February 2016, the Council was suspended while a public enquiry into allegations of "councillors misusing their positions" was conducted. An administrator, former Mosman Council General Manager Viv May, was appointed to manage the affairs of the council in the interim. On 18 February the administrator reversed decisions for two major developments that were set to benefit Mehajer. The former Liberal mayor, Ronney Oueik, later appeared before the state government public inquiry conducted by Commissioner Richard Beasley SC, and denied suggestions that he had shown favouritism in several planning decisions, as well as opposing developments of political opponents. Oueik later sued NSW opposition leader (and Member for Auburn), Luke Foley, whom he had stood against as the Liberal candidate at the 2015 election, for defamation following Foley's comments to media that he had represented "self-interest, not community interest" during his time as mayor. This defamation suit was thrown out of court in October 2017. In April 2018, Mehajer was convicted on multiple counts of electoral fraud relating to his election at the 2012 Auburn Council election. He was sentenced on 22 June 2018 to 21 months in prison with a non-parole period of 11 months.

2016 amalgamations
A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the City of Auburn merge with adjoining councils. The government considered two proposals. The first proposed a merger of parts of Auburn, Holroyd and Parramatta to form a new council with an area of 72 km2 and support a population of approximately 219,000. The second proposed a merger of parts of Parramatta, Auburn, The Hills, Hornsby, and Holroyd to form a new council with an area of 82 km2 and support a population of approximately 215,725.

On 12 May 2016, Auburn City Council was abolished by the NSW Government. Parts of Auburn City Council (south of the M4 Western Motorway) and Parramatta City Council (Woodville Ward), and Holroyd City Council merged to form the Cumberland Council as a new local government area. The remainder of the Auburn City Council area north of the M4 Western Motorway (including parts of the Sydney Olympic Park) was merged into the City of Parramatta Council.

At the last meeting of the Cumberland Council to be held at the Auburn Civic Centre on 21 December 2016, with the council chambers being taken over by the Auburn Library, the administrator, Viv May, noted: ""It is no secret that in recent years these Chambers bore witness to behaviour by a select few Councillors and staff that did not meet the minimum standards of probity, transparency or decency that the public has every right to expect from its public officials. If not for the intervention of other arms of Government or the continued efforts of other Councillors, this behaviour would have continued. To dwell on the negative is to omit from this story the wonderful contributions of many people who did seek to act in the interest of the public, including past Alderman, Councillors and Council Staff. Their public service is honoured and recognised.""

Suburbs in the local government area
Suburbs within the Auburn City boundaries immediately prior to its abolition were:

 * Auburn
 * Berala
 * Lidcombe
 * Newington
 * Regents Park (With parts within the City of Bankstown)
 * Rookwood
 * Silverwater
 * Sydney Olympic Park
 * Wentworth Point
 * Granville (Parts within City of Parramatta and City of Holroyd)

Homebush Bay had previously been a suburb but was subsequently divided between Sydney Olympic Park, Wentworth Point and Lidcombe.

Demographics
At the 2011 Census, there were 73,738 people in the Auburn local government area, of these 51.8% were male and 48.2% were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.6% of the population. The median age of people in the Auburn area was 31 years, which is significantly lower than the national median of 37 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 19.7% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 8.5% of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 53.2% were married and 8.9% were either divorced or separated.

Population growth in the Auburn area between the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census was 16.31%; and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 Census, population growth was 13.51%. When compared with total population growth of Australia for the same periods, being 5.78% and 8.32% respectively, population growth in Auburn local government area was double the national average. The median weekly income for residents within the Auburn area was lower than the national average, being one of the factors that place the City in an area of social disadvantage.

At the 2011 Census, the proportion of residents in the Auburn local government area who stated their ancestry as Chinese, or as Lebanese, was in excess of six times the national average. The proportion of residents who stated an affiliation with Islam was in excess of eleven times the national average. Meanwhile, as at the Census date, the area was linguistically diverse, with Arabic, Cantonese, Mandarin, Turkish, and Korean languages spoken in households, and ranged from five times to 22 times the national averages.

Council
Following the dismissal of the councillors on 10 February 2016 and until the council's abolition on 12 May 2016, it was managed by a government-appointed administrator, Viv May, a former general manager of Mosman Council, who reported directly to the Minister for Local Government.

Final composition and election method
Auburn Council was composed of ten councillors elected proportionally as two separate wards, each electing five councillors. All councillors were elected for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor and deputy mayor were elected by the councillors at the first meeting of the council, typically in September. The last election was held on 8 September 2012 and the council was suspended on 10 February 2016. The final makeup of the council, prior to suspension, was as follows:

Town Clerk/General Manager
The Local Government Act, 1993 removed the requirement that the administrative head of a council be a "Town or Shire Clerk" and specified that the head was to be known as the "General Manager". Auburn Council had previously recognised the changing nature of role in appointing the last Town Clerk as a "Town Clerk and General Manager", which lasted from 1992 to 1993.

Logo
The council logo used until amalgamation in 2016 was based on the local Eastern Swamphen.

title: City of Auburn


text:
File:Stickup.jpg

Summary
The cover artwork for Bobby Hutcherson's Stick-Up! LP.

title: File:Stickup.jpg


text: User talk:4.172.180.70

title: User talk:4.172.180.70


text:
Oceania Footballer of the Year

The Oceania Footballer of the Year award was presented each year to the best football (soccer) player from the Oceania region, as chosen by a panel of football journalists. The award was dominated by Australian players until that nation became part of the Asian Football Confederation. After this, it was similarly dominated by New Zealand players. New Zealand's Wynton Rufer is tied with Harry Kewell for the most titles with three awards each, whilst New Caledonia's Christian Karembeu, New Zealand's Shane Smeltz and Ryan Nelsen and Australia's Robbie Slater have each won the award twice.

Other Oceania Awards
Wynton Rufer was voted as the Oceania Footballer of the Century.

Mark Bosnich was voted Oceania Goalkeeper of the Century.

title: Oceania Footballer of the Year


text:
User:Sabrina97463

Sabrina Ann White ( HOLLOWAY ) I am an adopted child in 1969, in the state of OREGON county of LANE town EUGENE. I have found my bio family and I am looking for any information.I need to know the real story. NAMES; Cobiskey,Carpenter, Rose, Good, McKinny, Holtaling, Hayes, ...... To start. Thank you.

About me, I am 36 years young,my daughter Melody Rue Anna Holloway age 17. I am a full time student at Kaplan University ( distanse learning )in Iowa,I am in the Paralegal study's program. I work with autistic adults with a wonderfull program S.E.S (specialised employment services ) THANK YOU Sabrina WHite Augest 2005

title: User:Sabrina97463


text:
Stick-Up!

Stick-Up! is an album by the jazz vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, released on the Blue Note label in 1968. The album is Hutcherson's first without drummer Joe Chambers. Billy Higgins took over on drums on the recording session. It also features Joe Henderson and is the first recorded meeting of the vibrist and pianist McCoy Tyner. Five of the six tracks are Hutcherson compositions, with the exception being Ornette Coleman's "Una Muy Bonita".

Track listing
All compositions by Bobby Hutcherson except as noted.
 * 1) "Una Muy Bonita" (Ornette Coleman) - 6:27
 * 2) "8/4 Beat" - 6:59
 * 3) "Summer Nights" - 6:59
 * 4) "Black Circle" - 6:57
 * 5) "Verse" - 9:32
 * 6) "Blues Mind Matter" - 3:32

Personnel

 * Bobby Hutcherson - vibraphone
 * Joe Henderson - tenor saxophone (except track 3)
 * McCoy Tyner - piano
 * Herbie Lewis - bass
 * Billy Higgins - drums

title: Stick-Up!


text:
Bassetts Island

Bassetts Island is a Y-shaped island within Pocasset Harbor and Red Brook Harbor, in Bourne, Massachusetts, USA. 41-40’48” North x 070-38’13” West

Is located between two Peninsulas, Wings Neck to the North and Scraggy Neck to the South, and is geographically separated into four portions, the central, northeast, southeast, and the western. The island is approximately 60 acres of woodland, marshland and beach.

The island is inhabited year round with one house on the western portion and five houses on the northeastern portion. There are no roads on the island, but with the exception of the southern portion, there is a minor path that runs throughout the island. The island can only be accessed via boat and has no utility services to the island.

There are two channels, one on the North Side and one on the South side. The North channel provides access to Pocassett Harbor and the Barlow's Landing Boat Ramp. The South channel provides access to Red Brook Harbor, Kingman Yacht Club, Parker's Boat Yard, Hen Cove and the Hen Cove boat ramp, Hospital Cove and the Red Brook Herring Run. The South Channel be shallow and tight due to a large sand bar that extends from the Southern tip of the island.

The Western side of the Southern tip provides great boat accessible swimming and a sandy beach. In contrast, the Eastern side of the Southern tip has rocky beach. Anchorage can be found on the North, East and West sides of the island, but the Westerly anchorage isn't as protected as the other two. During the summer months, the Easterly side of the island is a favorite among locals.

The island's history dates back to the mid 1600s when it was owned by William Numuck, a Wampanoag, whom also owned most of Pocasset and Cataumet stretching from the Pocasset River to the Falmouth Town line and also included Numuck's Island (Auntchishogquechike Island).

Location
The island is southeast of Wings Neck, west of Patuisset (neighborhood) & Handy Point, northwest of Long Point, and northeast of Scraggy Neck & the Anchorage.

Central
The central portion of the island is the most forested area on the island. Also, there are two small salt ponds on the central portion which connect with Red Brook Harbor.

Northeast
The northeast portion of the island is moderately forested. There is a small inland pond. Also, there are several residential buildings spread out along the northeast portion.

Southeast
The southeast portion is the least forested portion of the island. Half of the portion is marshy, but the southeast portion has the sandiest coastline on the island. There are no buildings nor man-made structures on this portion of the island.

West
The western portion, the widest and shortest arm of the island, is sparsely forested. There is some marshy land on the eastern side, extending towards the center of the arm. On the western side are several buildings, a tennis court, and a pier.

title: Bassetts Island


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Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site

The Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site, located in Danville, California, preserves Tao House, the Monterey Colonial hillside home of America's only Nobel Prize-winning playwright, Eugene O'Neill.

History of Tao House
Eugene O'Neill had won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936, and used the prize money to build what he named Tao House above Danville. O'Neill and his wife lived in the home from 1937 to 1944. By the time he moved here, O'Neill had already lived in over 35 places, but he called this secluded house his "final home and harbor". At this home, O'Neill wrote his final plays: The Iceman Cometh, Long Day's Journey Into Night, Hughie, and A Moon for the Misbegotten. Due to a degenerative condition in his hand, he was unable to complete another play after 1943.

O'Neill and his wife, actress Carlotta Monterey, showed their interest in Asian art, decor, and thought in preparing the home. The two personally designed the two-story, three-bedroom home from the ground up. The ceilings were dark blue to mimic the sky with dark wood floors representing the earth, as well as Noh masks, Chinese guardian statues, and Chinese lacquerware furnishings throughout the interior. Outside, Carlotta installed a garden in a zigzag pattern which Chinese tradition indicated would keep away evil spirits. They also planted several trees, including pine, almond, and redwood. The O'Neills moved to Boston after World War II. The house was saved from demolition in the early 1970s. Several women formed the Eugene O’Neill Foundation, including president Darlene Blair and executive vice president Lois Sizoo, in order to raise money to buy Tao House, which had been named a National Landmark in 1971. They did so through several fundraising projects, including benefit performances of Eugene O’Neill's play Hughie featuring Jason Robards. Through their efforts, Tao House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971, a National Historic Site in 1976, and passed into the management of the National Park Service in 1980. The Foundation has produced an annual festival of O'Neill's works since 1999, including performances on site.

Legislative history
Congressman George Miller and Senator Alan Cranston introduced companion bills to have Tao House recognized as a National Historic Site in 1975. AB 4539 was signed into law in Sacramento in September 1976, making the site California State property. George Miller's HR 9126 passed in Congress and, on October 19, 1976, President Gerald Ford signed SB 2398 into law. Tao House and the property were designated a National Historic Site. Finally, on June 12 of 1980, ownership of Eugene O'Neill NHS officially transferred to the federal government, making it exactly under the NPS.

The establishment of Eugene O’Neill National Historic Site is justified by two reasons. First, the site is needed to commemorate Eugene O’Neill, one of the greatest writers in American literature. Eugene O’Neill lived in Tao House from 1937 to 1944, and wrote his most brilliant playwrights. Preserving Tao House will provide public memorial of the works of Eugene O’Neill and his life. Second, the site will serve education and opportunity of performing arts to public. Providing proper cultural sources to society is one of the important missions of National Park Service.

Current situation
Eugene O'Neill Foundation is looking for subscribers.

Archive
The Foundation maintains an archive of Eugene O'Neill-related material at Tao House (including photographs, playbills, manuscripts, posters, and O'Neill's original phonograph record collection) and sponsors events such as productions of O'Neill plays, staged in the adjacent barn.

Visiting the house
The National Park Service does not publish the address of the property, but it is widely known that it is located near Kuss Road in Danville. A locked gate prevents unauthorized vehicles from reaching the site. The Site occupies 13 acre accessible via car only by private road, so advance reservations are required to visit. Private vehicles are not allowed. Transportation to the site is provided by a twice-daily free shuttle from Danville at 10am and noon on Wednesdays to Sundays and also at 2pm on Saturdays. Reservations are required except on Saturdays when tours are self-guided.

Trails from Las Trampas Regional Wilderness also lead to the site. Reservations are also recommended for those arriving for a tour via horseback or on foot.

title: Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site