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Symbol rate

In a digitally modulated signal or a line code, symbol rate, modulation rate or baud rate is the number of symbol changes, waveform changes, or signaling events across the transmission medium per unit of time. The symbol rate is measured in baud (Bd) or symbols per second. In the case of a line code, the symbol rate is the pulse rate in pulses per second. Each symbol can represent or convey one or several bits of data. The symbol rate is related to the gross bit rate, expressed in bits per second.

Symbols
A symbol may be described as either a pulse in digital baseband transmission or a tone in passband transmission using modems. A symbol is a waveform, a state or a significant condition of the communication channel that persists, for a fixed period of time. A sending device places symbols on the channel at a fixed and known symbol rate, and the receiving device has the job of detecting the sequence of symbols in order to reconstruct the transmitted data. There may be a direct correspondence between a symbol and a small unit of data. For example, each symbol may encode one or several binary digits (bits). The data may also be represented by the transitions between symbols, or even by a sequence of many symbols.

The symbol duration time, also known as unit interval, can be directly measured as the time between transitions by looking into an eye diagram of an oscilloscope. The symbol duration time Ts can be calculated as:

 * $$T_s = {1 \over f_s}$$

where fs is the symbol rate.

For example, a baud rate of 1 kBd = 1,000 Bd is synonymous to a symbol rate of 1,000 symbols per second. In case of a modem, this corresponds to 1,000 tones per second, and in case of a line code, this corresponds to 1,000 pulses per second. The symbol duration time is 1/1,000 second = 1 millisecond.

Relationship to gross bit rate
The term baud rate has sometimes incorrectly been used to mean bit rate, since these rates are the same in old modems as well as in the simplest digital communication links using only one bit per symbol, such that binary "0" is represented by one symbol, and binary "1" by another symbol. In more advanced modems and data transmission techniques, a symbol may have more than two states, so it may represent more than one binary digit (a binary digit always represents one of exactly two states). For this reason, the baud rate value will often be lower than the gross bit rate.

Example of use and misuse of "baud rate": It is correct to write "the baud rate of my COM port is 9,600" if we mean that the bit rate is 9,600 bit/s, since there is one bit per symbol in this case. It is not correct to write "the baud rate of Ethernet is 100 megabaud" or "the baud rate of my modem is 56,000" if we mean bit rate. See below for more details on these techniques.

The difference between baud (or signaling rate) and the data rate (or bit rate) is like a man using a single semaphore flag who can move his arm to a new position once each second, so his signaling rate (baud) is one symbol per second. The flag can be held in one of eight distinct positions: Straight up, 45° left, 90° left, 135° left, straight down (which is the rest state, where he is sending no signal), 135° right, 90° right, and 45° right. Each signal (symbol) carries three bits of information. It takes three binary digits to encode eight states. The data rate is three bits per second. In the Navy, more than one flag pattern and arm can be used at once, so the combinations of these produce many symbols, each conveying several bits, a higher data rate.

If N bits are conveyed per symbol, and the gross bit rate is R, inclusive of channel coding overhead, the symbol rate can be calculated as:

 * $$f_s = {R \over N}$$

In that case M = 2N different symbols are used. In a modem, these may be sinewave tones with unique combinations of amplitude, phase and/or frequency. For example, in a 64QAM modem, M = 64. In a line code, these may be M different voltage levels.

By taking information per pulse N in bit/pulse to be the base-2-logarithm of the number of distinct messages M that could be sent, Hartley constructed a measure of the gross bit rate R as:

 * $$R = f_s \log_2(M)$$

where fs is the baud rate in symbols/second or pulses/second. (See Hartley's law).

Modems for passband transmission
Modulation is used in passband filtered channels such as telephone lines, radio channels and other frequency division multiplex (FDM) channels.

In a digital modulation method provided by a modem, each symbol is typically a sine wave tone with a certain frequency, amplitude and phase. Symbol rate, baud rate, is the number of transmitted tones per second.

One symbol can carry one or several bits of information. In voiceband modems for the telephone network, it is common for one symbol to carry up to 7 bits.

Conveying more than one bit per symbol or bit per pulse has advantages. It reduces the time required to send a given quantity of data over a limited bandwidth. A high spectral efficiency in (bit/s)/Hz can be achieved; i.e., a high bit rate in bit/s although the bandwidth in hertz may be low.

The maximum baud rate for a passband for common modulation methods such as QAM, PSK and OFDM is approximately equal to the passband bandwidth.

Voiceband modem examples:
 * A V.22bis modem transmits 2400 bit/s using 1200 Bd (1200 symbol/s), where each quadrature amplitude modulation symbol carries two bits of information. The modem can generate M=22=4 different symbols. It requires a bandwidth of 1200 Hz (equal to the baud rate). The carrier frequency is 1800 Hz, meaning that the lower cut off frequency is 1,800 − 1,200/2 = 1,200 Hz, and the upper cutoff frequency is 1,800 + 1,200/2 = 2,400 Hz.
 * A V.34 modem may transmit symbols at a baud rate of 3,420 Bd, and each symbol can carry up to ten bits, resulting in a gross bit rate of 3420 × 10 = 34,200 bit/s. However, the modem is said to operate at a net bit rate of 33,800 bit/s, excluding physical layer overhead.

Line codes for baseband transmission
In case of a baseband channel such as a telegraph line, a serial cable or a Local Area Network twisted pair cable, data is transferred using line codes; i.e., pulses rather than sinewave tones. In this case, the baud rate is synonymous to the pulse rate in pulses/second.

The maximum baud rate or pulse rate for a base band channel is called the Nyquist rate, and is double the bandwidth (double the cut-off frequency).

The simplest digital communication links (such as individual wires on a motherboard or the RS-232 serial port/COM port) typically have a symbol rate equal to the gross bit rate.

Common communication links such as 10 Mbit/s Ethernet (10BASE-T), USB, and FireWire typically have a data bit rate slightly lower than the baud rate, due to the overhead of extra non-data symbols used for self-synchronizing code and error detection.

J. M. Emile Baudot (1845–1903) worked out a five-bit code for telegraphs which was standardized internationally and is commonly called Baudot code.

More than two voltage levels are used in advanced techniques such as FDDI and 100/1,000 Mbit/s Ethernet LANs, and others, to achieve high data rates.

1,000 Mbit/s Ethernet LAN cables use four wire pairs in full duplex (250 Mbit/s per pair in both directions simultaneously), and many bits per symbol to encode their data payloads.

Digital television and OFDM example
In digital television transmission the symbol rate calculation is:

 * symbol rate in symbols per second = (Data rate in bits per second × 204) / (188 × bits per symbol)

The 204 is the number of bytes in a packet including the 16 trailing Reed–Solomon error correction bytes. The 188 is the number of data bytes (187 bytes) plus the leading packet sync byte (0x47).

The bits per symbol is the (modulation's power of 2) × (Forward Error Correction). So for example, in 64-QAM modulation 64 = 26 so the bits per symbol is 6. The Forward Error Correction (FEC) is usually expressed as a fraction; i.e., 1/2, 3/4, etc. In the case of 3/4 FEC, for every 3 bits of data, you are sending out 4 bits, one of which is for error correction.

Example:
 * given bit rate = 18096263
 * Modulation type = 64-QAM
 * FEC = 3/4

then
 * $$\text{symbol rate} = \cfrac{18096263}{6\cdot\frac{3}{4}} ~ \cfrac{204}{188} = \cfrac{18096263}{6} ~ \cfrac{4}{3} ~ \cfrac{204}{188} = 4363638 $$

In digital terrestrial television (DVB-T, DVB-H and similar techniques) OFDM modulation is used; i.e., multi-carrier modulation. The above symbol rate should then be divided by the number of OFDM sub-carriers in view to achieve the OFDM symbol rate. See the OFDM system comparison table for further numerical details.

Relationship to chip rate
Some communication links (such as GPS transmissions, CDMA cell phones, and other spread spectrum links) have a symbol rate much higher than the data rate (they transmit many symbols called chips per data bit). Representing one bit by a chip sequence of many symbols overcomes co-channel interference from other transmitters sharing the same frequency channel, including radio jamming, and is common in military radio and cell phones. Despite the fact that using more bandwidth to carry the same bit rate gives low channel spectral efficiency in (bit/s)/Hz, it allows many simultaneous users, which results in high system spectral efficiency in (bit/s)/Hz per unit of area.

In these systems, the symbol rate of the physically transmitted high-frequency signal rate is called chip rate, which also is the pulse rate of the equivalent base band signal. However, in spread spectrum systems, the term symbol may also be used at a higher layer and refer to one information bit, or a block of information bits that are modulated using for example conventional QAM modulation, before the CDMA spreading code is applied. Using the latter definition, the symbol rate is equal to or lower than the bit rate.

Relationship to bit error rate
The disadvantage of conveying many bits per symbol is that the receiver has to distinguish many signal levels or symbols from each other, which may be difficult and cause bit errors in case of a poor phone line that suffers from low signal-to-noise ratio. In that case, a modem or network adapter may automatically choose a slower and more robust modulation scheme or line code, using fewer bits per symbol, in view to reduce the bit error rate.

An optimal symbol set design takes into account channel bandwidth, desired information rate, noise characteristics of the channel and the receiver, and receiver and decoder complexity.

Modulation
Many data transmission systems operate by the modulation of a carrier signal. For example, in frequency-shift keying (FSK), the frequency of a tone is varied among a small, fixed set of possible values. In a synchronous data transmission system, the tone can only be changed from one frequency to another at regular and well-defined intervals. The presence of one particular frequency during one of these intervals constitutes a symbol. (The concept of symbols does not apply to asynchronous data transmission systems.) In a modulated system, the term modulation rate may be used synonymously with symbol rate.

Binary modulation
If the carrier signal has only two states, then only one bit of data (i.e., a 0 or 1) can be transmitted in each symbol. The bit rate is in this case equal to the symbol rate. For example, a binary FSK system would allow the carrier to have one of two frequencies, one representing a 0 and the other a 1. A more practical scheme is differential binary phase-shift keying, in which the carrier remains at the same frequency, but can be in one of two phases. During each symbol, the phase either remains the same, encoding a 0, or jumps by 180°, encoding a 1. Again, only one bit of data (i.e., a 0 or 1) is transmitted by each symbol. This is an example of data being encoded in the transitions between symbols (the change in phase), rather than the symbols themselves (the actual phase). (The reason for this in phase-shift keying is that it is impractical to know the reference phase of the transmitter.)

N-ary modulation, N greater than 2
By increasing the number of states that the carrier signal can take, the number of bits encoded in each symbol can be greater than one. The bit rate can then be greater than the symbol rate. For example, a differential phase-shift keying system might allow four possible jumps in phase between symbols. Then two bits could be encoded at each symbol interval, achieving a data rate of double the symbol rate. In a more complex scheme such as 16-QAM, four bits of data are transmitted in each symbol, resulting in a bit rate of four times the symbol rate.

Not power of 2
Although it is common to choose the number of symbols to be a power of 2 and send an integer number of bits per baud, this is not required. Line codes such as bipolar encoding and MLT-3 use three carrier states to encode one bit per baud while maintaining DC balance.

The 4B3T line code uses three 3-ary modulated bits to transmit four data bits, a rate of 1.3$\overline{3}$ bits per baud.

Data rate versus error rate
Modulating a carrier increases the frequency range, or bandwidth, it occupies. Transmission channels are generally limited in the bandwidth they can carry. The bandwidth depends on the symbol (modulation) rate (not directly on the bit rate). As the bit rate is the product of the symbol rate and the number of bits encoded in each symbol, it is clearly advantageous to increase the latter if the former is fixed. However, for each additional bit encoded in a symbol, the constellation of symbols (the number of states of the carrier) doubles in size. This makes the states less distinct from one another which in turn makes it more difficult for the receiver to detect the symbol correctly in the presence of disturbances on the channel.

The history of modems is the attempt at increasing the bit rate over a fixed bandwidth (and therefore a fixed maximum symbol rate), leading to increasing bits per symbol. For example, ITU-T V.29 specifies 4 bits per symbol, at a symbol rate of 2,400 baud, giving an effective bit rate of 9,600 bits per second.

The history of spread spectrum goes in the opposite direction, leading to fewer and fewer data bits per symbol in order to spread the bandwidth. In the case of GPS, we have a data rate of 50 bit/s and a symbol rate of 1.023 Mchips/s. If each chip is considered a symbol, each symbol contains far less than one bit (50 bit/s / 1,023 ksymbols/s ≈ 0.000,05 bits/symbol).

The complete collection of M possible symbols over a particular channel is called a M-ary modulation scheme. Most modulation schemes transmit some integer number of bits per symbol b, requiring the complete collection to contain M = 2b different symbols. Most popular modulation schemes can be described by showing each point on a constellation diagram, although a few modulation schemes (such as MFSK, DTMF, pulse-position modulation, spread spectrum modulation) require a different description.

Significant condition
In telecommunication, concerning the modulation of a carrier, a significant condition is one of the signal's parameters chosen to represent information.

A significant condition could be an electric current (voltage, or power level), an optical power level, a phase value, or a particular frequency or wavelength. The duration of a significant condition is the time interval between successive significant instants. A change from one significant condition to another is called a signal transition. Information can be transmitted either during the given time interval, or encoded as the presence or absence of a change in the received signal.

Significant conditions are recognized by an appropriate device called a receiver, demodulator, or decoder. The decoder translates the actual signal received into its intended logical value such as a binary digit (0 or 1), an alphabetic character, a mark, or a space. Each significant instant is determined when the appropriate device assumes a condition or state usable for performing a specific function, such as recording, processing, or gating.

title: Symbol rate


text: User talk:70.50.115.241

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.50.115.241


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Codes of silence

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:23, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Codes of silence

 * Delete. Non-notable band. Returns no relevant hits on Google. —Charles O'Rourke 06:24, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Cnwb 08:34, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Badvertisement. Alf 12:35, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. -- Etacar11   03:50, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * D Klonimus 09:08, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grande Trilogie of Epick Workes

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. JYolkowski // talk 23:02, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Grande Trilogie of Epick Workes
Appears to be patent nonsense related to Bruce Giddenson - no google hits, first articles by contributor. - Bantman 06:34, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --Alan Au 07:26, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. --Agamemnon2 09:52, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. --GraemeL (talk) 12:10, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not as classy as the above biography. Alf 12:56, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This article is a careful hoax. The author (205.197.148.2) should be blocked as the worst kind of vandal: a non-obvious one. --Tysto 15:40, 2005 August 23 (UTC)
 * Comment I have encouraged User:Hamonicamusings and User:205.197.148.2 to comment here. Alf 19:01, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete hoax. -- Etacar11   03:57, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:List of fascist movements by country

Selection of movements
"Fascism" being a highly loaded term, some mention of the reasoning or source behind this listing should be provided. Some post-fascist parties such as the Justicialist Party are listed here, others such as National Alliance (Italy) are not. Also excluded are People's Party (Spain) and the Grand National Party of South Korea, which are descended from parties supporting former military regimes, meanwhile the Kuomintang and the Bharatiya Janata Party, which I in years of following geopolitics have often heard described as ideologically nationalist but never fascist, do appear. - choster 06:26, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, figured that might be a problem. I was aiming for inclusiveness; my general criteria were:
 * Self-proclaimed fascist or Nazi organizations
 * Nationalist movements which actively collaborated with the Axis
 * Movements called "fascist" somewhere else on Wikipedia (it's all your faults! ;) )
 * Movements using fascist-like symbology (e.g. Nazi swastikas, "88" in the name -- although the literature is full of swastikas and fasces used by-non fascist political entities)

IMO the hardest part to wade through was the ebb and flow of British white-power movements, many of which were established by a fairly short list of people whose own politics seem to shift dramatically (this seems also to be the case with Swedish movements).

I included the KMT based on Wang Jingwei and the BJP based on accusations in its article and in Hindutva; as for the People's Party and the Grand National Party, I just missed them. Stlemur 06:37, 23 August 2005 (UTC) (oh, and the Flagspot site was cited because it had a number of translations & transliterations)

Wang Jingwei left KMT and formed a Japanese controlled government in Nanjing, China, when China was in war with Japan. He was a traitor by any means. It does not make KMT fascist. Bobbybuilder 11:57, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Fascism gives the following criteria:

* exalts the nation, (and in some cases the race, culture, or religion) above the individual, with the state apparatus being supreme. * stresses loyalty to a single leader. * uses violence and modern techniques of propaganda and censorship to forcibly suppress political opposition. * engages in severe economic and social regimentation. * engages in syndicalist corporatism. * implements totalitarian systems.

Since a lot of the organizations on this page never came to power, I propose that for inclusion, a movement which did not come to power should satisfy six of:

 * 1. exalts the nation, (and in some cases the race, culture, or religion) above the individual, with the state apparatus being supreme.
 * 2. stresses loyalty to a single leader.
 * 3. advocates violence or uses modern techniques of propaganda and censorship to forcibly suppress political opposition.
 * 4. advocates severe economic and social regimentation.
 * 5. advocates syndicalist corporatism.
 * 6. advocates totalitarian systems.
 * 7. declares itself or holds itself out to be to be a fascist, national socialist, or falangist movement.

I say "six of" because a lot of neo-Nazi movements don't seem to have much economic agenda apart from protectionism and halting immigration, and as far as I know there's no amisyndicalistcorporatistornot.com.

Now of course, in a sufficiently big political entity there will be variation; it's fair to say that not all of the Kuomintang was fascist at once. It was, however, a strongly nationalist organization which spent many years ruling a single-party state, with a generally socialist political program that engaged in violent oppression of much of its opposition and supported Confucian values, which imply social regimentation; and from the Wang Jingwei article we know there were fascist-inspired suborganizations under its sponsorship. Furthermore, Chiang Kai-Shek did attempt to have a cult of personality (although it never really caught on)‡. Based on that I say put the KMT back on the list. Stlemur 17:55, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

‡ I know this isn’t really germane, but is this part “...did attempt to have a cult of      personality ...although it never really caught on...” one of the saddest things you ever read? He must have felt like the Charlie Brown Christmas Tree of dictators. :(

KMT is not socialist. You also need to study more about Confucian values. Bobbybuilder 12:03, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * See Talk:Kuomintang

I think the list is not very well made. The former Romanian Communist Party satisfies 5 of the above points(everything except 5 and 7), while most ultranationalistic groups have nothing to do with corporatism. --MikaelRo 01:59, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

I adjusted the criteria to comply common usage the word "fascism" :

1 Communist movement meets all criteria and that is right, however people for some reasons tend to differentiate it. BTW corporatism means power of non-elected group. That is what Communist parties stand for.

2 Benito Mussolini states that he just coined the word "fascism", while many historical figures like Caesar, Napoleon etc. and their supporters were actually fascists. --H.S. 15:25, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The definition used on this list derives from that used in WikiProject Fascism. I've reverted your proposed change for the time being; you're welcome, however, to make your case for a revised definition on that project's talk page. - Stlemur 15:39, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Subsections
I'm trimming the alphabetic subsections somewhat; they had a lot of additional text otherwise duplicated on this page, which is going to be a headache to maintain as well as fairly redundant. Shimgray 17:47, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've also redirected their talk pages here, to avoid confusion. Shimgray 17:53, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Posse Comitatus
Hello? What evidence do people have to call the Posse Comitatus "Fascist?" It is an anarchical movement. There were undoubtedly some neofascists in it, but let's not toss every ultra-right group into the Fascist bucket.--Cberlet 14:01, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * see discussion on Talk:Posse Comitatus (U.S. movement). It was agreed that Posse Comitatus has some connections to American fascism, but does not meet the criteria for a fascist movement. Stlemur 14:31, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Republican Party (U.S)
According to the definition of fascism currently being used in this article, it seems that the Republican Party of the United States of America is a fascist movement. I have added it to the list, and it has been removed. I am adding this comment in order to solicit opinions from those editors who have removed that entry. There are many references online to the fascist nature of this party, and it seems to clearly fit the description used in the fascism article. 67.168.255.50 12:08, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * This subject has been discussed on Talk:Republican Party (United States) and its classification under this list rejected by consensus. - Stlemur 12:20, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * This subject may have been discussed on Talk:Republican Party (United States), however I see no evidence that its classification under this list was rejected, by consensus or not. Shall I provide references? 67.168.255.50 12:39, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * If you can. The Republican Party is not fascist under any definitions I've seen. However, if you can provide reputable references that can prove that the Republicans are fascists under an acceptable definition then they can be added to the list. Until then don't add them in again. - DNewhall

 * I refer you to the Neo-Fascism article for a succinct summary of the rationale for describing the GOP as a fascist party. There is no need to look far and wide to find the evidence - it is right in front of us.  So far I have seen no evidence to refute the classification of the GOP as a fascist party, and welcome any that can be produced. --Dschor 01:31, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * There is simply not a significant number of serious published scholars who would make this claim to warrant adding the Repubs to the list. It is a tiny minority position.--Cberlet 02:14, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * There are a number of scholars who do make this claim, and it seems that this 'tiny minority position' is growing in popularity daily as the evidence develops. Part of the reason that more scholars do not come forward has to do with the economics of a corporate-run press and educational system.  If the Republicans in the United States are not fascist, what are they?  And what more must they do to warrant the label? --Dschor 10:44, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Please cite a new of the "number of scholars who do make this claim," and then we can compare them to those that refute the claim. Have you visited the Fascism page and read the text? Also, the arguments for the U.S. being fascist (or the Repubs) is at the Neo-Fascism page and the arguments are very weak and from a minority viewpoint. Perhaps this debate should move there where there is at list an iota of evidence provided--Cberlet 13:33, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

I have read the Fascism and Neo-Fascism articles, and based on the criteria of both articles, the current incarnation of the GOP does appear to be a fascist party. You have suggested moving this debate, and with that in mind I have created an article Fascism (United States) that specifically addresses this issue. I am a n00b, and therefore the article is brief, incomplete, and inadequately sourced at the present time. However, I feel that it is in the spirit of wikipedia, and hope that it will help to remove this debate from the general articles on Fascism. I do feel that the GOP should be included on this page, but I respect the opinions of my fellow wikipedians, and therefore I will not attempt to add the Republican Party (United States) to this list until I feel that the Fascism (United States) article can stand alone as a defense of my position. Thank you for your interest in the subject. I apologize for my meager citations, and hope to remedy the situation as my wiki skills improve. --Dschor 18:48, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

I observe simply that it has become a political point of order to deem virtually all non-leftist political parties as fascist and this is a recent development. It is clearly a dishonest attempt to paint moderate and conserative parties as fascist when this is factually incorrect and everybody reading this, knows this.

The classical definition of fascism as per Merriam-Webster: fascism noun Save Word

To save this word, you'll need to log in. Log In fas·cism | \ ˈfa-ˌshi-zəm also ˈfa-ˌsi- \ Definition of fascism

1 often capitalized : a political philosophy, movement, or regime (such as that of the Fascisti) that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition 2 : a tendency toward or actual exercise of strong autocratic or dictatorial control early instances of army fascism and brutality— J. W. Aldridge

A critical element of fascism is that technically it requires an actual dictator in charge. Despite the hyperbole spouted by some extreme leftists, as an example, President Trump is in fact the duly elected President of the Constitutional Republic, of the United States of America, and no political faction in America is fascist by any honest interpretation. As such, neither the Republican Party nor any other political party should be classed as fascist.

If I were to take the time to vet every entry on the list of fascist countries and political parties, I am sure that most of them would fail to meet the necessary quality standards of Wikipedia as the determination of fascism would fail under scrutiny, to wit, the parties and countries of interest lack at the very least an actual dictator. Simply by that metric alone, the list is undoubtedly mostly a work of extreme leftist FICTION and should be marked as unreliable until painstakingly analyzed entry by entry against the actual classical definition of fascism.

It is the responsibility of all content authors to post factual, unbiased content, not content that serves any political agenda, be it yours or someone else's.

The truth is good enough for everybody. Anything LESS than the truth is NOT good enough for anybody. Harry Ashcroft (talk) 01:17, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Rhodesian Front
Can anyone point me to specific examples of Rhodesian Front political ideology that can be identified as fascist? Otherwise I suggest RF's removal from this list. Humansdorpie 23:09, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the Fascism WikiProject did not know of any factors that would make this fascist and we don't consider it part of the project anymore I removed the Rhodesian Front from the list. - DNewhall

Greek Fascism
Has this been removed from the list for a reason? --Dschor 10:40, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It's been renamed "4th of August Regime" as a result of the page move. It's absent from the list of fascist classifications because it isn't really a "broad classification" if it only happened in one government in one country following no particular party's ideology. I suppose you might classify it under "integralism", following the Salazar connection - Stlemur 12:34, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Sinn Féin/I.R.A. should be added.
Sinn Féin/I.R.A. should be added to this list, as their anti-Protestant policies are fascist, given the fact that Gerry Adams' speeches have an extremely racist overtone, as do the speeches of Martin McGuinness. - (Aidan Work 05:52, 10 January 2006 (UTC))
 * A discussion about this is underway at Talk:Sinn Féin. Consensus seems to be against inclusion; racist speech alone is not sufficient to qualify a group as fascist. - Stlemur 09:38, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Aiden I suggest you learn the meaning of fascist and stop with your biggotry. If thats the case, then the DUP are fascists. Jim-ie 02:27, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

The 'Maori Party' should also be added
The avowedly Britanniphobic 'Maori Party' should be added as well, because its leaders Tariana Turia & Pita Sharples are known for making extremely racist speeches, which advocates racial discrimination against British New Zealanders. - (Aidan Work 05:57, 10 January 2006 (UTC))
 * As above, racist speech alone doesn't qualify a group as fascist. - Stlemur 09:38, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Hindutva ?
C'mon guys.... Hindutva just qualifies for 1-2 categories here. I remvoign it. अमेय आर्यन DaBroodey 19:30, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Kahane Chai and Tenuat Kakh
Kahane Chai and Tenuat Kakh do not meet the article's stated criteria for being labeled 'fascist'. It did not stress loyalty to anyone. It had a spokesperson, who did not require any loyalty. Neither group used or professed violence other than self-defense. They did not exalt the nation or race "above" others. They were seeking segregated autonomy (i.e.: you stay on your side of the fence, and we stay on ours). It did not implement or consider totalitarianism. On the contrary, they professed democracy within the organization. I'm removing them from the list.

Also, I urge people to be more selective when labeling a movement as 'fascist' since it reduces the integrity and quality of the article. Obviously people are having differing points of view, so it's safer to not list an organization as fascist, than to be indiscriminate. The list really needs a fact based explanation for groups who do not label themselves as fascist.

 * What about Revisionist Zionism? --172.190.244.137 14:28, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

31 March additions to Russian entries
While I appreciate the enthusiasm, I find it a bit dubious to class "monarchism", "Stalinism", and "ultra-nationalism" as explicitly fascist movements without significantly greater evidence. Stalinism has things in common with other brutal regimes of the mid-20th century but was explicitly anti-fascistic and anti-corporatist; monarchism in and of itself isn't a fascistic movement, and the inclusion of the Action Francaise is fairly tenuous, stemming from that movement's collaboration with the Nazi regime, with Pamyat meanwhile having distinct neo-Nazi influences and putting out similar rhetoric. While I think a case can be made for the inclusion of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia on its own merits, meanwhile -- since they've expressed support for just about every economic system ever invented at one time or another -- ultra-nationalism itself, without other qualification, doesn't make a fascist movement. --Stlemur 09:56, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Parti fasciste révolutionnaire
Would it be possible for whoever added it to give a source for Parti fasciste révolutionnaire and its founder Lamour as I have yet to come across a reference to either of them anywhere. Keresaspa 13:49, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Apartheid
I question the inclusion of apartheid in the list of varieties. While it was a reprehensible policy, and the regime that implemented it fulfilled several of the inclusion criteria, apartheid itself did not. -Ahruman 15:34, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to agree in principle...it would be useful to have a blanket term for the National Party & its associated movements in South Africa and, if there's an ideological link, Rhodesia. --Stlemur 15:47, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Brazil
I have seen some people who call themselves members of the Integralist Action. Maybe it is active. Also, should we include PRONA party? El Chemaniaco 19:06, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

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Major overwrite
Well this article is clear, fascist movements. Considering to I checked history of this article user Yeeted Or Yote who made big rewriting of it,including nationalist and neo nationalist governments into list and who is blocked, so all what he added can be removed. Article is clear, this is the list of the fascist movements and it should be kept in that way. No personal opinions or feelings. Strong sources and references and focus on fascism. Not something like, hey it has or had right wing government or movement is right wing, someone wrote it has or had nationalist leader or so, so it is fascist and let put it under. In content what I removed I checked 6 or 7 examples and I didnt find even single reference to someone wrote about fascism. So fascism, fascist movements, clear cut movements and where countries are clear cut examples of fascism and to they are ruled in that way and where is references, possibly academic to clearly says it was fascist or national socialists rule there. If there is a country of party etc, with strong nazi or fascist leanings, it can be formed category or countries and parties with fascist aligned policies or so and called like that but also to be good sourced in that way here on in the main article. And to say, I checked rules of the wikipedia, this is not personal blog or soapbox, and no advocacy of any kind here and always neutral point if view. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.222.122.247 (talk) 02:25, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

Hey There! Far-Right States
The Reason those states were listed were because of the dispute of whether they could be considered fascist or not you'll notice that those nations have been cited as fascist on numerous occasions their placement is due to a semi-fascism rather than undeniablity such as the axis. it is worth nothing that many of these places were also run by people who based their ideas and views on individuals such as Mussolini. I think it would be most accurate to reinstate them on the page. it would certainly be inconsistant to remove states and parties that ARE described as fascist on the rest of Wikipedia. Hardly opionated to describe states that are noted by historians as bordering on fascism to be bordering on fascism. as the article states Since definitions of fascism vary, entries in this list may be controversial. 150.107.172.172 (talk) 02:37, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The other IP seem right, see the article's title, it's about movements, not countries, we should not confuse things.(KIENGIR (talk) 08:39, 19 September 2020 (UTC))
 * I agree and it start to looks as just vandalism. Wikipedia is not someone personal web blog where someone can make own personal views and mix apples and oranges or make synthesis of things. Article title is pretty well clear, and it is about fascism. Someone personal feelings, belong to blogs or something like that. Article is clear, topic is clear and if eventually something is there more that need to have strong relevant sources and wide accepted categorisation as that. Fascist states were clear minority and they are more or less well-known and movements also.178.221.216.105 (talk) 01:30, 22 September 2020 (UTC)

Continuation
Movements include sovereign states and governments and even with the removal of those lists you have remained the list described as directly fascist so the "confusion" would still remain, it is also worth mentioning there is already an article called "list of fascist movements" this article serves as a more expansive less detailed list on a country by country basis. A considerable number of these states and parties are  described in their own articles and in the linked sources as having fascist or near fascist  tendacies, as the article does not group them under the mainstream fascist groups and instead under their own categories due to dispute over the nature of these groups I do not feel it is misleading or incorrect. 150.107.172.172 (talk) 21:57, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

No Japan?
really — Preceding unsigned comment added by LandLoveLiberty (talk • contribs) 20:06, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Clear cut examples, with variety of sources who put widely accepted agreement to something is fascist or nazi, or proto fascist, not every totalitarianism is nazism, and this article is list of fascist/nazi movements, so main topic form need to be mentained.178.221.219.24 (talk) 04:29, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

 * The IP editor is correct. This list should include clear cut examples with widely accepted agreement that they are fascist or nazi; similar to the requirement at WP:CATDEF. The entries which they have removed do not meet that criteria. Not only is not all totalitarianism nazism; not all statism is fascism. - Ryk72 talk 05:18, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't know about the others, but Manchukuo's Concordia Association does seem to be Fascist, for instance this source refers to the Concordia Association as "the nucleus of a fascistic corporatism" and that it "claimed to be both anticapitalist and anticommunist and sought to overcome class and other divisions by organizing people through their communities."

 * https://books.google.com.br/books?id=L77chgc58X8C&pg=PA74&dq=concordia+association+fascist+manchukuo&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTwZT7rpLtAhUhH7kGHXFnAscQ6AEwBHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false

 * Corporatism, anti-Capitalism, anti-Communism, and class collaboration, those are some of the core tenets of Fascism. This other source says that Manchukuo had corporatism as its base, and that the Concordia Association followed the model of Fascist Italy, it futher mentions that Mark Peattie, a Japanologist, characterized Manchukuo as a "military fascist" regime, it mentions also that it sought to organize Manchurians into communities and overcome class divisions, and that it was both anti-Capitalist and anti-Communist, it also says the heads of the Concordia Association sought to apply Italian fascist principles to the Manchukuo state.

 * https://books.google.com.br/books?id=BRjNCF98rqwC&pg=PA141&dq=concordia+association+fascist+manchukuo&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih_e21sJLtAhUjF7kGHThbCRIQ6AEwAnoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false

 * So again, it does seem that the Concordia Association was Fascist, still though, there's no need to create a new section for Statism and militarism, because, as Ryk72, Statism and militarism, and totalitarianism for that matter, is not necessarily Fascism. -- 179.183.144.142 (talk) 00:38, 21 November 2020 (UTC)


text:
Pacific Institute

The Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security is an American non-profit research institute created in 1987 to provide independent research and policy analysis on issues of development, environment, and security, with a particular focus on global and regional freshwater issues. It is located in Oakland, California.

The institute's primary focus is on creating "a world in which society, the economy, and the environment have the water they need to thrive now and in the future." The mission of the institute is to "create and advance solutions to the world’s most pressing water challenges."

History and research
Institute staff analyze science and policy to provide solutions to sustainable water issues, provide workshops and briefings for communities involved in issues surrounding water, climate, energy, environmental security, and globalization, and address challenges around hydrologic sciences, water management, and water policy. Institute researchers in 2014 warned that the lack of replenishment water in the Salton Sea was leading to a "period of very rapid deterioration." With the increased shrinkage, dust storms would increase and a rotten-egg smell could reach to the coastal cities. The Institute regularly published the biennial report on the world's water, with nine volumes between 1998 and 2018 (The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources). In 2012 the Institute produced a new book A 21st Century U.S. Water Policy published by Oxford University Press. The Institute's Water and Conflict Chronology tracks water-related conflicts since 2500 BC.

Peter Gleick co-founded the institute in 1987 and directed it until mid-2016. Gleick is now president emeritus and Senior Fellow, having been succeeded as president by Jason Morrison.

title: Pacific Institute


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bruce Giddenson

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:37, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Bruce Giddenson
Appears to be patent nonsense associated with Grande Trilogie of Epick Workes - no google hits, first article by editor. - Bantman 06:26, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --Alan Au 07:27, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. --Agamemnon2 09:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. I'm tempted just to tag it as nonsense. --GraemeL (talk) 12:09, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to BJAODN as a first article, it's utterly fanciful nonsense and hope to see equally well constructed real articles from the editor in future, meanwhile I've reverted 1315 and 1280. Alf 12:53, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment This particular article was created by User:Hamonicamusings and subsequently edited by User:205.197.148.2, I have encouraged 'them' to comment here. Alf 18:59, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete This article is a careful hoax. The author (205.197.148.2) should be blocked as the worst kind of vandal: a non-obvious one. --Tysto 15:40, 2005 August 23 (UTC)

yeah, this is hamonicamusings. I agree with Alf's suggestion, and put it up on the BJAODN. Even though it's a hoax, it was a pretty well thought out one...you have to give me that, at least. I am thinking though that it could use some historical references. No matter. I also thing that Tysto needs to lighten up a bit. But yeah, delete it or Move it to BJAODN. Probably the best place for it anyway. Hamonicamusings 20:17, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I tend to agree with Tysto; this is an example of the insidious vandalism that poses the greatest threat to WP. It was undetected for about 12 hours, and even touched up by other editors; I only caught it because I was watching 1280 and sensed that the article didn't look right.  It could have stayed up for a long time without detection as a glaring example of WP's shortcomings. - Bantman 21:13, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

BJAODN. Awesome hoax. Wish it was true. -HX
 * Delete hoax. -- Etacar11   03:53, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Keystone Corridor

Unconfirmed?
I have not heard of plans to skip 30th Street Station or Ardmore, so I have moved them to the unconfirmed section. --Luciuskwok 06:26, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

You guys are too pessimistic.
What's this crap about 45mph switches? With enough sexy, sexy grade separation you could have the Keystones on the center tracks at the west end of Zoo, and they'd already be accelerating past 60 through Overbrook.

I mean really, there's no reason those trains can't do 110 right through freaking Paoli if you're willing to make the investment. We got Democrats in charge now, this is a real possibility! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.92.207.51 (talk) 08:54, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Article scope
There's a lot of overlap here with Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line and Keystone Service; it's not clear to me how much material should be covered here and not elsewhere. Mackensen (talk) 12:11, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

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Snuffy Browne

Cyril Rutherford "Snuffy" Browne (8 October 1890 – 12 January 1964) was a West Indian Test cricketer who was a member of the first West Indies Test cricket team, playing against England in 1928.

Browne was born in Robert's Tenantry, St Michael, Barbados. A right-arm medium pace bowler and right-handed batsman, he played first-class cricket for Barbados and British Guiana in a career that extended from 1909 to 1938. His best bowling figures were 5 for 77 and 8 for 58 for British Guiana against Barbados in 1925–26. His highest score was 103, scored in an hour, and the only century in the match, when the touring West Indians beat Kent in 1928. He toured England in 1923, when no Tests were played, and again in 1928. He played two Tests on the 1928 tour and two at home when England visited the West Indies in 1929-30.

At one time he was a magistrate in British Guiana. He was the first West Indian to be elected an honorary life member of the Marylebone Cricket Club. He died in Georgetown, British Guiana, aged 73 years.

title: Snuffy Browne


text:
Talk:Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

Cotabato City & Marawi
I recently found this reference - 15 August 2001: Two southern cities, Marawi and Cotabato, chose in a referendum to join the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao.

Unspecified(CB). Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania. London, UK: Europa Publications, 2001. p 175.

L Hamm 06:29, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The last referendum conducted in ARMM to expand it was held in 2001, of all the provinces and cities proposed for inclusion only Basilan province and Marawi City voted for inclusion. Isabela City which is part of Basilan, declined, hence it remains to be part of Zamboanga peninsula region. I'll be glad to post the results of the referendum I obtained from the Commission on Elections, for the plebiscites held in 1990 for the ARMM's creation and 2001 for its expansion. Scorpion prinz 09:59, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Maguindanao voters approve new province
Of Maguindanao’s more than 500,000 registered voters, 285,372 favored the creation of Shariff Kabunsuan province. Shariff Kabunsuan became the country’s 80th province and the 6th in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

The new province, carved out of Maguindanao, is composed of the towns of Datu Odin Sinsuat, Kabuntalan, Upi, Sultan Kudarat, Datu Blah Sinsuat, Sultan Mastura, Parang, Buldon, Matanog and Barira.

ARMM is now composed of Maguindanao, Shariff Kabunsuan, Lanao del Sur, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi and the city of Marawi.

Constitutionality of ARMM
Rob Fran (talk) 09:06, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Is the foundation of the ARMM Republic Act No. 6734 otherwise known as the Organic Act unconstitutional?

The constitution 1987 of the Philippines declares separation of church and state. It states that "NO PUBLIC MONEY MAY BE SPENT IN SUPPORT OF ANY RELIGION".

Currently the philippine government continues to spend billions of pesos each year for the salaries of the governors, mayors and all the officers and employees of the ARMM. The philippine government financially supports the Muslims but not any other religion. There is the office of the "Muslim Affairs" paid for by the government. There is no government supported office for the "iglesia ni cristo affairs" or any other religion. There is only the office of the "muslim affairs".

The Philippine government does not spend a centavo on any other religion because it is supposedly unconstitutinal. Yet here is the ARMM and the government spends billions of pesos on it every year.

The constitution of the Philippines claims that there is "Separation of Church and State" yet here is the ARMM and it is 100% supported by the Philippine government. Now this is not separation of church and state. This is embracing the muslim religion. Isn't this unconstitutional?

The ARMM is not an autonomy for any other religions in the philippines. It is only for the Muslims. Isn't this prejudicial and isn't this contradictory to the 1987 constitution declaring separation of church and state?

 * I've also wondered about this but whether it is constitutional or not (after all, the self-same constitution provides for an autonomous Muslim region, making ARMM constitutional, but possibly also contradictory) Wikipedia is not the place to discuss this issue. This talk page is meant to improve the article on ARMM, not a forum about ARMM itself. --seav (talk) 10:37, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair scope
Due to sensitivity of this article, it is suggest that qualified Wikipedian-who is either from Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao or is Muslim-should be able to give fair and impartial editing on this scope. Yet, I edit because I myself as Amerikano live in Northern Mindanao for 3 1/2 years, and believe in diversity. Also, any Wikipedians must quit using foreign new source such as BBC or CNN and start using national news outlets as main sources like Manila Bulletin and many more at Newspapers_published_in_the_Philippines. Dmaestoso DRC 10:42, 5 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't know about scope but see WP:DUE and WP:RS regarding exclusion of sources. Also, see the lead sentence of WP:V Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 01:22, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

armm election suspension: a key of good governance
please joint post your position —Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.206.129.174 (talk) 09:12, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Academic debate on partitioning
http://fsi.stanford.edu/events/partitioning_the_philippines__is_it_desirable__is_it_realistic__a_scholarly_conversation

http://cddrl.stanford.edu/events/partitioning_the_philippines__is_it_desirable__is_it_realistic__a_scholarly_conversation/

Rajmaan (talk) 18:03, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

Area
There seems to be discrepancy between sources in the land area of ARMM. In general we use the values from the National Statistical Coordination Board. In this case, the ARMM land area would be the sum of the provinces:

As stated at Talk:Lanao del Sur, these values are unreasonably high and must be considered erroneous (or maybe include the sea). On the other hand, there is no agreement in other sources on the land value. The most logical values are those at ARMM Regional Profile (because it gives a breakdown of various land uses), except for Basilan, which is shown at 2,217.8 km2, whereas every other source generally shows a value some 1000 km2 less. The values of the Bangsamoro Development Plan match the ARMM Regional Profile, but gives 132,723 ha for Basilan. Taking this report as the most authoritative, the land area for ARMM is calculated as:

12,525.79 km2 will be used as the land area unless a more reliable authoritative or primary source can be found. -- P 1 9 9 ✉ 18:27, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Updated: Isabela's area is 223.73, therefore Basilan's area is 1103.50 and ARMM area is 12,535.79 km2. -- P 1 9 9 ✉ 16:11, 19 September 2016 (UTC)

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Languages in regional articles
Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 03:43, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

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Stuart Hughes

Stuart Hughes (born June 9, 1959) is a Canadian actor known for his leading roles on the stages of many Canadian theatre companies, including Shaw Festival, Stratford Festival and Soulpepper Theatre Company (of which he is a founding member).

Education
As a teenager, Hughes lived in London, Ontario, where he attended Saunders Secondary School and played French horn and violin in the school orchestra and band. He performed in school drama productions and also had roles in plays at Theatre London.

Career
Hughes has received many award nominations for his work in film and television, and on stage. He has received three Dora Awards for the roles of Billy in The Collected Works of Billy the Kid, The Man in On the Verge (Tarragon Theatre) and Kit Carson in The Time Of Your Life (Soulpepper). He received an ACTRA Award for his lead role in the film The Drawer Boy.

He appeared in Mayday season 12 episode 1, as Commandant James Gibson (2012). He also played Oscar "Butch" Bowers in the 2017 film version of It.

title: Stuart Hughes


text:
Talk:Chapterhouse (band)

I got to "chapterhouse" by clicking a link from the "abbey" article. Surely this isn't what they intended to link to. Also "Chapterhouse" is a book in the Dune series. This page should be a disambig or have links to the other articles. I'll try and do this if I have the time, but someone else is free to take the lead. --Davidstrauss 06:30, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Nirvana
Should be a mention of their (Reading?) festival appearance where they had the unenviable task of following Nirvana's UK debut. Pretty much sounded the death knell for shoegazing. exolon 23:40, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I've removed the reference to Nirvana's 'UK debut' in the article. They had been playing UK dates since at least 1989. 62.77.181.13 (talk) 12:55, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

"No further material"
why does this article state the band released no further material after 1993, when the album list has Rownderbowt in 1996? is that a compilation or remixes? the wording should still be changed by someone who knows more specifics than I do.

"Pearl" at #7 on US modern rock?
That sounds wrong... ridiculously high for a band of this type. UK chart maybe??

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100302173242/http://www.ticketweb.co.uk:80/user/?region=gb_london&query=detail&event=357791 to http://www.ticketweb.co.uk/user/?region=gb_london&query=detail&event=357791
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Requested move 4 March 2021

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved as proposed. Consensus is clear and well-supported. BD2412 T 06:00, 11 March 2021 (UTC)

Chapterhouse → Chapterhouse (band) – Move the article about the 1987–1994 band to a disambiguated title, and redirect Chapterhouse to Chapter house as an alternative spelling and primary topic of long-term significance. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 08:30, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per "chapterhouse is" test in books In ictu oculi (talk) 10:37, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nome & Iio. Johnbod (talk) 14:30, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support no clear primary topic but redirect to the DAB since the band gets slightly more (1,562) than the house (1,356)[|Chapter_house].  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 09:23, 5 March 2021 (UTC)
 * the proposal is not to redirect to a disambiguation page. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 10:34, 6 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm aware of that, I'm just saying that I probably only support the 1st part of the proposal (the band move) but perhaps instead have WP:NOPRIMARY for this term instead and redirect to the DAB.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:02, 6 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Very obviously not the primary topic for this word. The religious edifice clearly is the primary topic in terms of common usage and long-term significance. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:21, 5 March 2021 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Chapterhouse (band)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fur Foot

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Merge. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:39, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Fur Foot
This article is such nonsense I gotta pay out the wazoo sending this VFD in all the way from Panama City, Panama. This article is useless on its own, precedent set for deletion of all Toad Patrol character pages with the Slippery Jack deletion. []. Rainbowwarrior1977 06:31, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * CSD pn, uv and a lot of other two letter acronyms. --Apyule 07:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or Keep if the toad patrol people think that their article is too long.--Apyule 12:46, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Toad Patrol. --Alan Au 07:24, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete - I've gone ahead and flagged it as such as well... Merge with Toad Patrol. Usrnme h8er 08:00, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, major character in Toad Patrol. Kappa 11:15, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Toad Patrol. Nandesuka 12:44, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect this and any other Toad Patrol character stubs. Thatdog 19:26, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect Trollderella 21:02, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/D F D

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash 21:28, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

D F D
two teenagers that want to start a band. Google turns up nothing.

 * Keepwhy not have a page about them? its prety detailed. and its 3 guys that have a rap group. theyre pretty popular in portland (preceding unsigned comment by 21:18, 1 September 2005)
 * Because we have generally accepted criteria at WP:MUSIC to decide whether a musical artist should have a Wikipedia article, and we can't find evidence that this group meets any of those criteria. Delete. --Metropolitan90 17:47, September 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Completing orphaned nomination. No vote.  JYolkowski // talk 14:55, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, the article admits to being non-notable: "Their ultimate goal is to become a success story, by receiving national attention and becoming rap legends." Nothing on a Google search, either. Paul 16:05, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete non notable G Clark 16:11, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn --rob 02:58, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep

 * Keep

 * Keep

 * Keep

 * Keep

 * Keep

 * Keep

 * Keep (preceding unsigned comment by 23:23, 5 September 2005)

 * Delete, Delete, Delete, Delete, Delete! Ashibaka (tock) 00:15, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with fire, along with the sockpuppets.--Scimitar parley 17:46, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --MacRusgail 14:36, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete – spam through self promo --None-of-the-Above 21:03, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Simple nn band vanity. MCB 23:20, 10 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/D F D


text:
Glen Murray (ice hockey)

Glen John Murray (born November 1, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger who played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Boston Bruins, Pittsburgh Penguins and Los Angeles Kings. He is currently the Director of Player Development for the Kings.

Playing career
Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Murray was raised in the Bridgewater area and played junior hockey for the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Murray spent three seasons with the Wolves, putting up 84 points in his final year.

Murray was a first-round draft pick, 18th overall by the Bruins in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft. He spent four seasons with the Bruins before being traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins with Bryan Smolinski for Kevin Stevens and Shawn McEachern. Murray's stay with the Penguins only lasted a little over a year and he was eventually on the move again; this time he was traded to Los Angeles Kings for Ed Olczyk. Murray enjoyed moderate success with the Kings, picking up some good numbers during his five-year stay, but on October 24, 2001, Murray would once again find himself in the middle of a trade. Murray was traded back to the Boston Bruins with Jozef Stümpel for Jason Allison and Mikko Eloranta.

In July 2002, Murray signed a two-year contract with the Bruins.

Murray enjoyed his greatest offensive season in 2002–03, scoring 92 points (44 goals and 48 assists) for the Bruins and earning a spot in the 2003 NHL All-Star Game.

In August 2005, Murray signed a four-year, $16.6 million contract extension with the Bruins.

In November 2008, Murray had ankle surgery, claiming it was a result of an injury he sustained during play of the 2007–08 NHL season. As a result, his agent filed a claim against the Boston Bruins. The Bruins ended up winning arbitration and on July 23, 2008, Murray was placed on waivers by the Bruins. Three days later, on July 26, the Bruins announced the buyout of Murray's contract to free up salary cap room.

International play
Murray was selected to play for Team Canada at the 1998 World Championships held in Zürich and Basel in Switzerland. He played in 5 games and scored 1 goal and 2 assists as Canada finished in 6th place. He was then called up to the roster again in 2004 and scored 2 goals and 2 assists as he helped Canada capture the gold medal.

Awards

 * Selected to two NHL All-Star games: 2003, 2004.

 * Won a gold medal at the 2004 World Championships with Team Canada.

title: Glen Murray (ice hockey)


text:
Canberra Centre

Canberra Centre is a large shopping centre located in the northern section of the Canberra City Centre, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, being the second largest centre in the Australian Capital Territory, behind Westfield Belconnen. It opened on 6 March 1963 as the Monaro Mall, becoming the first in Australia to contain three floors and be fully enclosed, though would later expand to cover a substantial outdoor component on Garema Place. It was designated an Australian Capital Historic Site in 1997. It underwent a $220 million redevelopment and became the Canberra Centre in 1989. It was the first shopping centre in Canberra to have a car park operated by ticket machines. As at December 2020, Canberra Centre was 94,259 m2 in size with over 403 retailers.

History
Prime Minister Robert Menzies opened the original shopping centre, known as the Monaro Mall, on 6 March 1963. At the time it was the first Australian three-storey, fully enclosed and air conditioned shopping centre. with David Jones, Marcus Clark & Co., Coles New World Supermarket, McEwans Hardware (now closed) and 58 speciality shops. The centre was expanded and rebranded as Canberra Centre and was opened officially by Rosemary Follet on 2 November 1989. Canberra Centre originally consisted of 4 city blocks: David Jones, Myer, City Market (a fresh food precinct) and Target. To access either City Market or Target, you had to either exit the main atrium and cross Bunda Street or access via the now-demolished travelators that ran parallel to Ainslie Avenue from the car parks.

At this time, Canberra Centre was owned and managed by Canberra Advance Bank, which later became St George Bank. In 1992 Queensland Investment Corporation expressed interest in purchasing Canberra Centre and put in a 50% stake purchase of the centre. In 1993 the old Bunda Street entrance was aligned diagonally to be on the corner of Petrie Plaza and Bunda Street. Another extension occurred in 1993 of the Upper Floor fashion atrium, where Pumpkin Patch was. It was not until 2002 when a major expansion occurred, by extending the atrium by crossing over Bunda Street and closing Ainslie Avenue to allow access to City Market and Target without going outdoors. By this time, the original atrium was under refurbishment. The columns were painted in shades of white and dark green, replacing the previous watery-blue and maroon. Balustrades were re-fitted with stainless steel and painted black, replacing the brass and maroon. The Lower Ground Floor replaced all the brass and maroon chairs and tables, with plastic black and white ones. The Centre Court fountain was removed and replaced with a 360 TV. The centre clock, which ran up 3 levels, was removed due to being maroon and brass. All the toilets were refurbished and centre signage was replaced, again due to being brass letters on maroon wood.

Further expansions were completed in late 2006, this time closing half of the City Market Car Park and City Market for retail space. The new mall added another 100 stores, a second food court and relocated City Market (now called the Fresh Food Precinct). On the northern end of Bunda Street, Canberra Centre's new dining and entertainment precinct, North Quarter houses restaurants on street level and indoor.

On 28 February 2007, a severe thunderstorm known as a "supercell" passed over Canberra causing flash flooding, severe hail and property damage. The Canberra Centre along with the Australian National University and Campbell High School sustained heavy damage with flooding and damage to internal fit out. Severe damage was inflicted on most parts of the centre including the brand new expansion. The first sign of trouble for those inside the centre came when water began pouring from the ceiling of the Dendy Cinema. After ten minutes, staff began a hasty evacuation. Borders (now closed) also sustained heavy damage and flooding.

In mid 2013 the lower ground level food court was closed due to its refurbishment that will finish late - 2013. The David Jones lower ground level closed as well. Myer lower ground level continued to open. On Thursday 31 October 2013 the new Refurbished Lower Level Food Court was opened so as the Myer and David Jones lower ground.

In July 2017, a renovated section of the Canberra Centre known as Monaro Mall reopened as the Beauty precinct with brands like Jurlique, Lush, Crabtree and Evelyn, Mecca Maxima, Inglot, L'Occitane, Aveda.

New fashion brands H&M, Gorman, and Calvin Klein were also opened in 2017.

End of 2018 and 2019 saw new brands like Superdry, Nike, The North Face, Vans, Levi's open stores on the lower level on the mall.

title: Canberra Centre


text:
Teslin, Yukon

The community of Teslin (/'tɛs.lɪn/ TESS-lin) (Tlingit: Desleen) includes the Village of Teslin in Yukon, Canada. Teslin is situated at historical Mile 804 on the Alaska Highway along Teslin Lake. The Hudson's Bay Company established a small trading post at Teslin in 1903 (i.e. Teslin Post).

Teslin is home to the Teslin Inland Tlingit First Nations. The name Teslin came from a Tlingit word "Teslintoo." Teslin has one of the largest Native populations in Yukon. Much of the community's livelihood revolves around traditional hunting, trapping and fishing.

Demographics

 * Village of Teslin

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Teslin had a population of $239$ living in $126$ of its $144$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $255$. With a land area of 3.77 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Teslin Post 13 had a population of $19$ living in $10$ of its $11$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $30$. With a land area of 1.17 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.
 * Teslin Post 13

Arts and culture
Teslin is made up of two moieties; Wolf and Crow. Under the moiety of Wolf there are two clans; Eagle (Dakhl'awedi') and Wolf (Yanyedi). The Crow moiety have three clans; Raven's Children (Kukhhittan or Crow), Frog (Ishkitan) and Split tail Beaver (Deshitan). Under their matrilineal kinship system, children are considered born into the mother's clan, and descent is traced through her line.

George Johnston (trapper) (1884–1972), trapper and photographer, founder of "Teslin Taxi." He captured the life of the inland Tlingit people of Teslin and Atlin in numerous photos taken between 1910 and 1940. Johnston also brought the first car to Teslin; it was a 1928 Chevrolet. He built a 3 to 5 mi road for his "Teslin taxi" since the Alaska Highway had not been built yet. In winter, he put chains on the car, painted it white, and drove it on frozen Teslin Lake. The '28 Chevy has been restored and is now on permanent display at the George Johnston Museum in Teslin.

Government
In 1995 the Teslin Inland Tlingit negotiated and signed a land claims agreement with the federal government, under which they re-established their own government and became self-sustaining. The Teslin Inland Tlingit now enact their own legal and political framework for government-to-government relations with Canada and the Yukon.

The Teslin Tlingit Council have the right to make their own laws and regulations. There are many different departments within Teslin Tlingit Council (TTC), for example: Finance, Lands and Resources, Health and Social.

The people have developed the Teslin Tlingit Council Clan System Government, which combines traditional Tlingit Clan culture with contemporary organizational and management principles. The five clans (Eagle, Crow, Frog, Wolf, and Beaver) each appoint five members to the 25-member General Council, and have recognized Elders (persons 58 years and older) on the Elders Council.

Climate
Teslin has a dry-summer subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfc). Summer days are mild along with cool nights. Winters are cold and snowy, with annual snowfall averaging 148.4 cm. Teslin is one of the warmest communities in the Yukon, with a yearly average of -0.6 C.

Notable people

 * Marian Horne (born 1943), politician (Yukon Party), elected in 2006 as MLA, Minister of Justice and Minister responsible for Women's Directorate in the Yukon Legislative Assembly
 * Sam Johnston (Yukon politician), Tlingit elder and former politician, former chancellor of Yukon College, and member of the Order of Yukon

title: Teslin, Yukon