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Middle English literature

The term Middle English literature refers to the literature written in the form of the English language known as Middle English, from the late 12th century until the 1470s. During this time the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, became widespread and the printing press regularized the language. Between the 1470s and the middle of the following century there was a transition to early Modern English. In literary terms, the characteristics of the literary works written did not change radically until the effects of the Renaissance and Reformed Christianity became more apparent in the reign of King Henry VIII. There are three main categories of Middle English literature, religious, courtly love, and Arthurian, though much of Geoffrey Chaucer's work stands outside these. Among the many religious works are those in the Katherine Group and the writings of Julian of Norwich and Richard Rolle.

After the Norman conquest of England, Law French became the standard language of courts, parliament, and society. The Norman dialects of the ruling classes mixed with the Anglo-Saxon of the people and became Anglo-Norman, and Anglo-Saxon underwent a gradual transition into Middle English. Around the turn of the thirteenth century, Layamon wrote in Middle English. Other transitional works were popular entertainment, including a variety of romances and lyrics. With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in Parliament and courts of law. Early examples of Middle English literature are the Ormulum and Havelock the Dane. In the fourteenth century major works of English literature began once again to appear, including the works of Chaucer. The latter portion of the 14th century also saw the consolidation of English as a written language and a shift to secular writing. In the late 15th century William Caxton printed four-fifths of his works in English, which helped to standardize the language and expand the vocabulary.

Early period
After the Norman conquest of England, the written form of the Old English language continued in some monasteries but few literary works are known from this period. Under the influence of the new aristocracy, Law French became the standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society.

As the invaders integrated, their language and literature mingled with that of the natives. The Norman dialects of the ruling classes became Anglo-Norman, and Old English underwent a gradual transition into Middle English. Political power was no longer in English hands, so the West Saxon literary language had no more influence than any other dialect. Middle English literature is written, then, in the many dialects that correspond to the history, culture, and background of the individual writers.

While Anglo-Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture and administration, English literature by no means died out, and a number of important works illustrate the development of the language. Around the turn of the thirteenth century, Layamon wrote his Brut, based on Wace's twelfth century Anglo-Norman epic of the same name. Layamon's language is recognisably Middle English, though his prosody shows a strong Old English influence remaining.

Other transitional works were preserved as popular entertainment, including a variety of romances and lyrics. With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in Parliament and courts of law. Early examples of Middle English literature are the Ormulum, Havelock the Dane, and Thomas of Hales's Love Rune.

The Mercian dialect thrived between the 8th and 13th centuries and was referred to by John Trevisa, writing in 1387: "For men of the est with men of the west, as it were undir the same partie of hevene, acordeth more in sownynge of speche than men of the north with men of the south, therefore it is that Mercii, that beeth men of myddel Engelond, as it were parteners of the endes, understondeth better the side langages, northerne and southerne, than northerne and southerne understondeth either other…"

Not much lyrical poetry of the thirteenth century remains, and even fewer secular love poems; "Foweles in the frith" is one exception.

Late period
It was with the fourteenth century that major works of English literature began once again to appear; these include the so-called Pearl Poet's Pearl, Patience, Cleanness, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; Langland's political and religious allegory Piers Plowman; John Gower's Confessio Amantis; and the works of Geoffrey Chaucer, the most highly regarded English poet of the Middle Ages, who was seen by his contemporaries as an English successor to the great tradition of Virgil and Dante. Far more manuscripts of the Prick of Conscience than any other Middle English poem survive, however.

The Kildare Poems are a rare example of Middle English literature produced in Ireland, and give an insight into the development of Hiberno-English.

The latter portion of the 14th century also saw not only the consolidation of English as a written language, taking over from French or Latin in certain areas, but a large shift from primarily theological or religious subject matter to also include that of a more secular nature. Vernacular book production saw a growth in the number of books being copied, both secular and religious. Thus, the latter portion of the 14th century can be seen as one of the most significant periods in the history of the English language.

The reputation of Chaucer's successors in the 15th century has suffered in comparison with him, though Lydgate, Thomas Hoccleve, and Skelton are widely studied. At this time the origins of Scottish poetry began with the writing of The Kingis Quair by James I of Scotland. The main poets of this Scottish group were Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, and Gavin Douglas. Henryson and Dunbar introduced a note of almost savage satire, which may have owed something to the Gaelic bardic poetry, while Douglas's version of Virgil's Aeneid is one of the early monuments of Renaissance literary humanism in English.

It was a vibrant time for religious drama as well: many morality plays and miracle plays were produced, and some scripts survive today. Sidrak and Bokkus is another example of late Middle English literature.

Caxton and the English language
In the late 15th century the first English printer, William Caxton, printed four-fifths of his works in English. He translated a large number of works into English; Caxton translated 26 of the titles himself. Caxton is credited with printing as many as 108 books, 87 of which were different titles. However, the English language was changing rapidly in Caxton's time and the works he was given to print were in a variety of styles and dialects. Caxton was a technician rather than a writer and he often faced dilemmas concerning language standardisation in the books he printed. (He wrote about this subject in the preface to his Eneydos. ) His successor Wynkyn de Worde faced similar problems.

Caxton is credited with standardising the English language (that is, homogenising regional dialects) through printing. This facilitated the expansion of English vocabulary, the development of inflection and syntax and the ever-widening gap between the spoken and the written word. However, Richard Pynson, a Frenchman who started printing in London in 1491 or 1492 and who favoured Chancery Standard English, was a more accomplished stylist and consequently pushed the English language even further toward standardisation.

title: Middle English literature


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Alex Barron (racing driver)

Alex Joseph Barron (born June 11, 1970) is an American former race car driver. He began racing CART FedEx World Series Championship cars in 1998 and made his first Indy Racing League Northern Lights Series (now IndyCar Series) start in 2001.

The 1997 KOOL Toyota Atlantic Champion, moved across to the IRL, where he had trouble finding a regular drive and got his opportunities through injuries to other drivers. However, in 2006, he stepped down a level to race in the Champ Car Atlantic Championship, and then returned to IRL in 2007. After racing in the 2008 Rolex 24 at Daytona, Barron stopped racing at an international level.

Early years
Barron was born in San Diego, California. In 1996, the opportunity for him to move up to US National Formula Ford 2000 came with the DSTP Team. This proved to be a steep learning curve from kart to open wheel race car, for the young racer. However, a podium, a fastest lap and six top ten finishes won him to chance to race in Toyota Atlantic the following season.

Barron in his rookie season in the KOOL Toyota Atlantic series, surprised everyone, including his team, Lynx Racing by dominating and winning the 1997 championship, taking five victories along the way. With four pole positions, six fastest laps and nine top three finishes, he would also win the “Rookie of the Year” award.

Part of his prize for winning the Championship was a test with the Arciero-Wells Racing CART team. During his test, he was quickly matching the speed of their regular driver, Max Papis. Arciero-Wells were so impressed with him, they offered a testing contract. Following the retirement of Juan Manuel Fangio II, the All American Racers Team and their boss, Dan Gurney, wanted a young American driver who could develop with the team, and Barron got the call.

In just 24 races, 12 races in both the Formula Ford 2000 and Toyota Atlantic, Barron made the jump from racing karts to CART.

Indycars
Alex's time with Gurney and his AAR team was a troubled by an uncompetitive combination of the chassis (they used both Eagle and Reynard chassis), Toyota engines and Goodyear tyres. Midway through his second season (1999) with AAR, he was let go. Later that season, he was signed by Marlboro Team Penske to race in two 500 mile events. Once again he found himself in an uncompetitive combination, this time it was a Penske PC27B-99 with Mercedes engines and Goodyears.

It was not until the second half of 2000 season that Barron reappeared in CART, running with Dale Coyne Racing. The following season, he raced just the final two races for Arciero-Blair Racing. During these races, Alex led both, before retiring with problems the Ford Cosworth engines both times.

In 2002, Barron switched to the IRL, signing for Blair Racing, where he finish fourth in Indianapolis 500, co-winning the Rookie of the Year. Later that season, he would earn the first of his two IndyCar Series wins, the 2002 Firestone Indy 200 at Nashville Speedway. Sadly, Blair Racing would fold at the end of the season, leaving Barron without a full-time drive for 2003. In 2003, Barron drove for three teams. After replacing the injured Gil de Ferran for a one-off appearance for Marlboro Team Penske, he raced for Mo Nunn Racing, filling in for the injured Felipe Giaffone. It was with Mo Nunn that Barron scored his second IRL victory, in the 2003 Firestone Indy 400 at Michigan International Speedway. For the final three races of that season, Eddie Cheever hired Barron to drive for his Red Bull Cheever Racing outfit, instead of Buddy Rice. In his first race for Cheever, he gave the team their best finish of the season, seventh place at the Chicagoland Speedway.

In 2004 and 2005 he drove for Eddie Cheever's Red Bull Cheever Racing. Red Bull sponsorship of the team ended for 2006, leaving Alex unable to remain with the team - he instead took a step backward, returning to the Champ Car Atlantic Championship for 2006 with Polestar Racing Group where he finished 14th in points. Early that year he raced twice for alongside Michael McDowell for Playboy/Uniden Racing, with a best finish of sixth in the Rolex 24 At Daytona, the pair aided by Memo Gidley. Greg Beck signed him to run races part-time in the IndyCar Series for the 2007 season for CURB/Agajanian/Beck Motorsports. He competed in three races, including the Indy 500. Barron would return to Daytona for the 2008 Rolex 24, with Southard Motorsport, only to retire from the race. He would not race internationally again.

He now runs a kart business.

American open wheel racing results
(key)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alex Barron (racing driver)


text:
Talk:Fighting American

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Talk:Communes of the Bas-Rhin department by arrondissements and cantons

Old talk
Hochfelden points to the wrong wikipedia article


text:
Talk:Shade (character)

Limited Series
In Victorian London, he would make enemies of the corrupt Ludlow family, whose efforts to kill him would span 150 years (and would be recounted in a 1997 limited series).

What was the name of this limited series? -- Jeffrywith1e 14:52, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It's just called The Shade and it's a 4 issue series. Hasn't been collected in a trade paperback or anything, but if you find the issues on eBay or elsewhere I can't recommend it enough MarkSutton 20:17, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Starman06new.jpg
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BetacommandBot 03:47, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

dealings with stargirl
I have head something that in one part of the infinite crisis whole grouping that Shade informed Stargirl of her fathers death. I don't remember the issue but it was a bit more that a cameo so maybe we could add the direct issue name, or a mention of the deed? macgyver tape (talk) 03:25, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Talk:Public company

Why is this a stub?
This article is both concise, reasonable and seemingly accurate to the topic in question. I don't see what else could be said about it, so why is it a stub? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kfj001 (talk • contribs) 04:14, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * For those reading the above who might think about looking at the article: it's not a stub anymore.  John Broughton 17:32, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Added links to the 10-K
I came looking for information on the 10-K form, but didn't find it under this, the first topic I jumped to. I was forgetting the specific name of the form I had used in college to research a number of companies. Copied and pasted from Form 10-K on the Wikipedia with a minor edit to remove the redundant definition of the SEC. My first edit, hope all the rules have been satisfied. As an additional note to mods/editors, the See Also links to Private offering and Public offering are broken and perhaps should be removed and a link to relevant forms mentioned in the article added. I am not yet familiar enough with Wikipedia philosophy on these to do this as yet. fugacity 13:55, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

State-owned businesses
I think that the explanation of why State-owned businesses are named "Public business" is just false. The State supposedly exists for and by the people, and so it represents and owns public things, simply because they are not private. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.85.113.49 (talk • contribs)

 * I noticed this too, and that the article doesn't cover this meaning anyway, so have link to public ownership. I would construe 'publicly-owned company' to mean the second, and 'publicly-listed company' to mean the first. --Cedderstk 22:36, 7 June 2006 (UTC).

 * From my point of view, I do not agree with some explanation on this site. I mean, a private company which only issue security notes on the market (e.g. registery on SEC), must report the 10-K form to the SEC and must comply with Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Otherwise, the explanation of public company should be more open, including companies which the shares are held by privete owener and have notes on markets. Hugo Garvett 6 September 2006 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.1.171.138 (talk) 13:49, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * While this may not be the meaning of the english version of the article, it is the exact (and only) meaning of the portuguese version linked as a translation, so I'm not sure if that link is correct or not as is. -- Drebes 14 October 2009.  —Preceding undated comment added 13:19, 14 October 2009 (UTC).

The definition
This may be a UK thing, so I am hesitant to change this straight away - but in the UK a "public company" means a company that has "plc" as a suffix to its name, and as a result of which: More generally (and colloquially), it means a company that actually does have its shares listed on a public exchange. It is the same meaning as what is currently in the public limited company article, which applies only to UK and Irish companies simply by virtue of the fact that the "plc" terminology is unique to them, However, the term "public company" is used more generally to include the same sort of company across the world.
 * Can offer its shares to the public (in particular, list them on a public exchange);
 * Has more extensive regulatory disclosure requirements.

The current definition in this article, of a company being owned by the public rather than a small group of individuals, is not the definition to my mind, so much as one of the common consequences of a company being public. This is sort of reflected in the rest of the article, which talks in corporate law terms.

What do people from outside the UK think about this? Arthur Markham 14:47, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Noting that there are three discussion topics addressing similar concerns, it appears that the phrase "public company" is rather vague and confusing depending upon the context. Having studied business associations within business and law classes in American higher education, I believe the following definitions are the most clear: a "public company" is any company created and owned by a government (e.g. federal, state, local, etc.), whereas a "private company" is any company created and owned by private individuals. A private company may be either a "closely held company" (or "close(d) company"), one with a small number of shareholders that are restricted from transferring/trading shares; or a "publicly held company" (or "open company"), one with a large number of shareholders that are free to transfer/trade shares. Tedbinger (talk) 03:17, 19 July 2008 (UTC)Tedbinger

 * That may be reasonably logical, but I don't think it's how the terms are used. I think that "public company" almost always means a company whose shares are publicly traded, not a company owned by the government. Westmorlandia (talk) 14:59, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm going to agree with Westmorlandia on this one. In common usage, the term "public company" is almost always used as the short form of "publicly held company". I do not recall having seen a company "created and owned by a government" referred to in this way, at least not in the US.  That would be either a government-sponsored enterprise or government-owned corporation, but not a "public company". — Satori Son 18:14, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

USA Definition of a Public Company
Could there be a short explanation of what, exactly, a Form S-1 is here? Or a link, perhaps? It is confusing to a layman such as myself as the definition is now. Forst pineapple 20:39, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Also, if someone who understood this better then I could clean up the stuff about a "reporting company" and explain what a reporting company *is*, this would be clearer. Forst 22:17, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Yankee Land Specific
It should be noted that the "Public versus private companies" section (as well as other content on this page) is specific to Yankee Land and is not a world view. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.3.93.44 (talk) 18:39, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Example of how a company goes public
There needs to be an example of how a company goes public. Specifically suppose someone has sole ownership of a company which company is worth $1 million in assets. This company generates $100,000 in revenue per year and $50,000 in profit per year. Now suppose this individual wishes to take his company public. Would number of shares be based on total value of all assets of the company, or something else? Now suppose the number of shares was determined to be 1 million. Could the individual only offer 1/2 shares for share when his company went public, thus ensuring that he retain at least 50% equity? - Yet the market cap would reflect his unsold shares and all other shares available to the public? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.126.163.20 (talk) 06:56, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * 106:113:149: 103.113.149.186 (talk) 07:37, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Advantages and disadvantages
Why is the "disadvantages" section just a list of more advantages? Shouldn't disadvantages be, well, disadvantages? Oh whatever, I'll change it myself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dstebbins (talk • contribs) 02:01, March 17, 2008 (UTC)

 * Was changed but was later changed back. It's still a little confusing. — Satori Son 18:29, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Hopefully better now. — Satori Son 18:35, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

Why there is so few explaination about the advantages and disadvantages? And noboday adds the link of principal-agent problem which is so common in public compaies. By learning international financial management i add it myself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by FreyaS (talk • contribs) 01:04, 18 October 2016 (UTC)

Five billion shareholders?!
Under the "Securities of a public company" section it states "companies with over 5,000,000,000 shareholders may be required to report". I'm guessing that number is wrong since I doubt any corporation is owned by 5/6 of the world's population. Anyone know the real number? JSLongwell (talk) 19:38, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

"Going public"
Is this what's referred to when someone says that a company is "going public" or "taken public"? Gaiacarra (talk) 00:57, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

what is the difference between an public and private company?
public companies can be public companies without being publicly traded. so then, what is the difference between an public and private company? is it just the number of shareholders that makes a company have to be public, as per SEC regulations? or is it something else? This is what wiki says but it is not clear: A company with many shareholders is not necessarily a publicly traded company. In the United States, in some instances, companies with over 500 shareholders may be required to report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; companies that report under the 1934 Act are generally deemed public companies. The first company to issue shares is thought to be the Dutch East India Company in 1601. also, wiki says: A public company is a company that has permission to offer its registered securities (stock, bonds, etc.) for sale to the general public, but how would you define "general public?" can't i put an ad in the paper to sell shares in my private company or is that illegal? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.244.63.248 (talk) 13:06, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

PLEASE PROVIDE SEC DEFINITION FOR PUBLIC COMPANY LIKE WIKIPEDIA DID FOR THE SPIN OUT ARTICLE
FROM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_out#U.S._SEC_definition

U.S. SEC definition The United States Securities and Exchange Commission definition of "spin out" is more precise. Spin-outs occur when the equity owners of the parent company receive equity stakes in the newly spun out company. For example, when Agilent Technologies was spun out of Hewlett-Packard in 1999, the stock holders of HP received stock in Agilent.

A company "spun out" in the common view but not considered a spin-out in the SEC's eyes would be considered by the SEC as a technology transfer or licensing of the technology to the new company. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.244.63.248 (talk) 13:12, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

LLC?
Yes, this only applies to the US. I don't practice business law, but my understanding is that an LLC is by definition not public. Ownership of its shares more closely resembles a partnership, where the ownership is not open to the general public. Further, taxes are pass-through to the owners of the company, meaning the LLC should not have to pay its own taxes. These two factors strongly suggest that an LLC is not a public company, and the wikipedia page for LLC states right at the top that it is a private form of business. 104.1.44.94 (talk) 19:12, 8 April 2019 (UTC)

Incorrect synonyms. What about public unlimited companies?
A public company is not necessarily a public limited company. Public unlimited companies did exist. An example would be American Express prior to 1965. Therefore, the first sentence in the article — "A public company, publicly traded company, publicly held company, publicly listed company, or public limited company is a company..." — is wrong. Thinkeditor 05:18, 24 April 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.6.233.34 (talk)

My gcash acount back on the wall 158.62.66.41 (talk) 20:19, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Help me may isea my gcash 158.62.66.41 (talk) 20:24, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Public company


text:
U Don't Have to Call

"U Don't Have to Call" is a song by American singer Usher. It was written by Pharrell Williams and produced by Williams and Chad Hugo under their production moniker The Neptunes for Usher's third studio album, 8701 (2001). The song was released as the third US single from the album and the fifth international single. In the US, it was first serviced to radio on January 18, 2002, and it was issued as a commercial single in Europe and Australia later that year.

"U Don't Have to Call" peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. In the United Kingdom, it was released as a double A-side with "I Need a Girl (Part One)" by P. Diddy, on which Usher provides additional vocals; this release reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. "U Don't Have to Call" won Usher his second consecutive Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2003. The single's music video was filmed in Los Angeles at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel and features Usher going to a club with Sean Combs and other celebrities.

Background
"U Don't Have to Call" was written by Neptunes member Pharrell Williams and produced by Williams along with Chad Hugo. The song was initially given to Michael Jackson for his tenth and final studio album Invincible (2001), along with several other songs by The Neptunes. Jackson did not want any of the tracks, and so all the material was passed onto different artists, including Usher and Justin Timberlake. Lyrically, the song tells the story of a man who is tired of worrying about his woman and decides to go live it up with the friends.

Usher's intro on "U Don't Have to Call" was inspired by The Notorious B.I.G.'s "One More Chance" (1995) in which the rapper says: "Don't leave your girl around me / True player for real, ask Puff Daddy." In 2022, Usher commented on the intro: "I go into the studio with Pharrell, who did the song. I'm being authentic to the original, and me and JD were working on the entire 8701 album. So I go in the booth, and I'm like, "Don't leave your girl round me. True player for real, ask my nigga JD." And Pharrell was like, "Yo, man." So I'm like, "Oh, my bad." I flipped it to "Don't leave your girl around me / True playa for real, ask my nigga Pharrell."

Critical reception
"U Don't Have to Call" earned largely positive reviews from critics. In a retrospective review, Fact magazine wrote: "Muffled drums and star guitar – it’s no secret that The [Neptunes] were knocking beats like this out in their sleep in 2001, and without Usher's presence there's three or four songs on N.E.R.D. album In Search of… that you could easily confuse this with. Of course, none of that matters when Usher is present, and "U Don't Have to Call" is the peak moment of one of the Neps' most rewarding relationships." Lauren Nostro from Complex found the song to be "flawlessly written [...] and produced." She further called the song "the sweetest song about losing every fuck you give once you walk into the club." Nostro's colleague Craig Jenkins noted: "You can hear the Neptunes' A game on full display on "U Don't Have to Call," which features half a dozen fragmented, interlocking synth hooks colluding to create the melodic bed for Usher's vocal about a man taking his mind off a break up on a night out with friends. The multitracked weirdness abates for the song's jazzy middle eight, which, if it wasn't created explicitly for [Michael Jackson], was certainly inspired by [Jackson]."

Music video
A music video for "U Don't Have to Call" was directed by Little X. A continuation from the visuals for previous single "U Got It Bad," also directed by Little X, it was filmed back-to-back with the video for "I Need a Girl (Part One)" in February 2002, with the Westin Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles serving as one of the shooting locations. P. Diddy makes occasional appearances in the video. TLC member Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas who previously co-starred in "U Got It Bad" as the female lead, has a cameo in the video.

Picking up where the clip left off on "U Got It Bad," the video captures Usher who is "still sobbing" over the separation from his celebrity girlfriend, receiving an uplifting video call from Diddy, who prompts him to come to the club while flanked by his friends. In 2022, Mya Abraham from Vibe ranked the video among Usher's ten best visuals, writing: "As the singer dances like James Brown, half-naked in a bathrobe across his apartment floor and gets ready for a night out, this Director X-led video is signature early 2000s. Plus, if there's one thing Usher is gonna do, it's give us a dance break."

The music video on YouTube has received over 70 million views as of April 2024.

Track listings
US 12-inch single
 * A1. "U Don't Have to Call" (radio edit) – 3:59
 * A2. "U Don't Have to Call" (instrumental) – 4:32
 * B1. "U Don't Have to Call" (album version) – 4:30
 * B2. "U Don't Have to Call" (acappella) – 4:21

Australian CD single
 * 1) "U Don't Have to Call" (radio edit) – 3:59
 * 2) "U Don't Have to Call" (remix featuring Ludacris) – 4:18
 * 3) "U Don't Have to Call" (Pete Avila's organic club mix) – 6:16
 * 4) "Nice & Slow" (B-Rock's Basement mix) – 4:03

New Zealand CD single
 * 1) "U Don't Have to Call" (radio edit) – 3:59
 * 2) "U Don't Have to Call" (Pete Avila's organic club mix) – 6:16
 * 3) "U Don't Have to Call" (Pound Boys Boogie vocal) – 6:47
 * 4) "U Don't Have to Call" (remix featuring Ludacris radio edit) – 4:18

European CD single
 * 1) "U Don't Have to Call" – 3:53
 * 2) "U Don't Have to Call" (remix featuring Ludacris) – 5:08
 * 3) "U Turn" – 3:12

UK CD single
 * 1) "I Need a Girl (Part One)" (P. Diddy featuring Usher and Loon)
 * 2) "U Don't Have to Call" (remix featuring Ludacris)
 * 3) "I Need a Girl (Part Two)" (P. Diddy featuring Ginuwine, Loon, Mario Winans and Tammy Ruggeri)
 * 4) "I Need a Girl (Part One)" (video)
 * 5) "U Don't Have to Call" (LP version video clip)

UK 12-inch single
 * A1. "I Need a Girl (Part One)" (P. Diddy featuring Usher and Loon)
 * B1. "U Don't Have to Call" (remix featuring Ludacris)
 * B2. "I Need a Girl (Part Two)" (P. Diddy featuring Ginuwine, Loon, Mario Winans and Tammy Ruggeri)

Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the European CD single liner notes.

Studio
 * Recorded at The Record Plant (Los Angeles, California)
 * Mixed at Right Track Recording (Manhattan, New York City) and Criteria (Miami, Florida)

Personnel

 * The Neptunes – production
 * Pharrell Williams – writing, all instruments, arrangement
 * Chad Hugo – all instruments, arrangement
 * Usher – vocals
 * Brian Garten – recording
 * Supa Engineer "Duro" – mixing
 * Scott Kieklak – mixing assistant

title: U Don't Have to Call


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Doug Walters

Kevin Douglas Walters (born 21 December 1945) is a former Australian cricketer. He was known as an attacking batsman, a useful part-time bowler, and also as a typical ocker. He was a part of the Australian squad which finished as runners-up at the 1975 Cricket World Cup.

In 2011, he was inducted into the Cricket Hall of Fame by the CA.

First-class career
Walters made his first-class debut for New South Wales against Queensland in the 1962–63 season. His highest score was 253 and his best bowling was 7/63, both against South Australia in the 1964–65 season. In the domestic Sheffield Shield competition he played 91 matches, scoring 5,602 runs at 39.73 and taking 110 wickets at 32.81.

Walters announced his retirement from all forms of cricket in October 1981. He was not bothered at being heralded as "another Bradman" early in his career and held no grudges at being conscripted to the army in his youthful prime.

"Bradman was Bradman to me - it didn't matter what anyone else said", Walters said.

"I certainly didn't consider my self stepping into his shoes.

"As for my conscription into the army, I don't think it had any great effect on me - I was playing some of my best cricket as soon as I came out".

Test cricket career
After Walters' innings I wrote that with one necessary qualification I thought he would be come to be rated as the best bat produced by Australia since Neil Harvey proclaimed himself with his famous hundred at Headingley in '48. The reservation concerned his ability against really fast bowling, as to which I had no evidence...Only Lawry and Simpson have made more runs and had records to compare if one is to make a quantitative judgement. At all events my contention is at least arguable. Doug has made eleven hundreds for Australia, some of extreme brilliance, and if he ever played a dull innings I never saw it.
 * E.W. Swanton

Walters made his debut in Test cricket on 10 December 1965 at the Gabba against England in the 1965–66 Ashes series and quickly developed a reputation as a batsman who could 'make things happen' with a moment of brilliance on an important occasion. He scored 155 in his first Test innings and another century in his second Test. He was not at his best in the subsequent tour of England, averaging only 25.68 in 18 matches there, but elsewhere he was a quick-scoring batsman. Walters was denied an opportunity to tour South Africa in 1966-67 when he was conscripted to two years of National Service training, although effectively being exempted from Vietnam service in order to pursue his professional, cricketing career in Australia, and it wasn't until 1968 that he returned to the test arena. In the 1968-69 series against the West Indies, Walters was injured and unavailable for the first Test match, but in the remaining four Tests he scored a Bradman-like 699 runs, at an average of 116.5, with a highest score of 242 (in the process he became the first player to score a century and a double century in a single Test). In 1969–70 he showed a weakness against the South African fast bowlers Peter Pollock and Mike Procter, ducking while leaving his bat upright like a submarine periscope. This weakness was exploited by England's John Snow in the 1970-71 Ashes Series, who repeatedly sent down fast, short-pitched balls against Walters. Even so, Walters made 205 not out for New South Wales against the tourists, 112 in the First Test and three fifties thereafter, but few runs in between, making 373 runs (37.30) in the series. Walters starred in an unofficial Test series to a Rest of the World team led by Gary Sobers that toured in 1971–72 as a replacement for the politically unacceptable South Africans, scoring 355 runs in four matches at an average of 71.00, with two centuries. He famously hit a century in a session at the WACA against England in 1974, where he hit Bob Willis for six from the last ball of the day to bring up his ton. He missed the entire series when Australia beat West Indies 5–1 in Australia in 1975-76 due to an injury, but was soon back in the side. His 250 against New Zealand in 1977 is the highest by any batsman in the number six position. Walters was a part-time bowler, but his medium-paced "Golden Arm" broke many partnerships and yielded 49 Test wickets at 29.08. He wore the large sideburns popular in the 1960s and '70s and when not on the field was seldom seen without a cigarette hanging from the corner of his mouth. He was also famous for his laconic humour.

The Doug Walters Stand at the Sydney Cricket Ground (opened 1985, demolished 2007) was named after him. There is currently a bar in the Victor Trumper Stand named after him.

He was a Channel Nine cricket commentator in the 1987/88 season.

In 1988, he wrote One for the Road which is a combination of stories and anecdotes from his early and later cricketing days. He later co-wrote a book, The Entertainers, with Mark Waugh in 1999.

He currently resides in Sydney with his wife Caroline.

Honours
On 14 June 1975, Walters was appointed Member of the British Empire for cricket.

In June 2022, Walters was appointed Member of the Order of Australia in the 2022 Queen's Birthday Honours for "significant service to cricket at the elite levels".

title: Doug Walters


text:
File:Wartoendwars.jpg

Fair use in War to End All Wars (album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Wartoendwars.jpg


text: User talk:63.204.132.16

title: User talk:63.204.132.16


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W. R. Myers High School

W. R. Myers High School is located in Taber, Alberta, Canada. Founded in 1950, it is the town's only public high school. Students at W.R. Myers range from grade 9 to grade 12. Taber's middle school, D.A. Ferguson, shares a Cafeteria and a band room with W.R. Myers. The school has about 480 students and 50 staff members both teachers and others. W.R. Myers has had a large success in Sports and Music, creating a name for itself in Western Canada. The Basketball team and the WR Myers Fighting Rebels Football team has brought much success to the school.

History
The new Taber High School opened its doors to students September 1950. Grades 10-12 moved into twenty classrooms equipped with a science lab, Two Home Economics rooms, one for homemaking the other for sewing, and Industrial Arts room with a small theatre, and a cafeteria with a kitchen. The structure, which cost about $200,000 to build, was to house 450 students.

In 1960 a Junior High wing and fine arts room, dubbed the "Lemon Squeezer" was constructed on the north end of the high school. The addition included two large gymnasiums, one for the Junior High grade 7-8 classes and one for the Senior High, a library and an office. At the time the new Junior/Senior High complex was named W.R Myers School in honour of Walter Ray Myers, a 27-Year school trustee. It was at this time that classes in the junior high school became departmentalized with one home room teacher and other individual teacher's instructing specific courses such as one for Math and one for Social, etc.

For nearly twenty years W.R Myers School saw little change except for a few cosmetic improvements and additions. Two air force hangars were moved just east of the school after World War II. One had three grade one classes in it, the other was the auditorium/gymnasium. Later, the grade one building became the industrial Arts shop. When the new gyms were completed at the Myers complex one of the hangars was moved to Cranford to be used as a community hall. A permanent Industrial Arts wing was added to the high school, and the air force hangar became a maintenance shop for the Taber School Division. Soon a Home Economics wing was added. It ran parallel to the Industrial arts wing. It was two story additions with a library; a visual aids room and business education classrooms. In the early 1970s, an Integrated Occupations Program for Junior and Senior High students was organized to accommodate students wanting to learn a trade rather than go to university. Students were being bussed from out-lying areas and there were many graduates working through their programs. In 1981, the two schools split, the north end becoming Taber Junior High for grades 7-9 and grades 10-12 becoming W.R. Myers High School.

With unexpected death of Junior High Principal, Donald A. Ferguson in 1985, the name was changed to D.A Ferguson Junior High. It was at that time that grade 6 classes were moved from the central school because of overcrowding.

By 1990, the grade 9 classes were moved to the high school and by 1994 D.A Ferguson had become D.A Ferguson Middle School housing grades 6-8, with W.R. Myers housing grades 9-12.

The school got a completely modern look when it underwent renovations. This included adding administration space, new library space that would be used for junior and senior high students, and an enclosed concourse hall along the east side of the school, a new ornamental façade at the entrance, and other changes to better utilize the school's space. By 2002 courses in multimedia were introduced after cable wiring was installed.

On April 28, 1999, eight days after the Columbine High School massacre, a 14-year-old former student entered the school and shot two students, killing one and wounding another.

title: W. R. Myers High School


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/World powers

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Power (international). There's nothing to merge. -Splash 06:02, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

World powers
This entry's topic encompasses too much information, and, since each of the topics listed within here are discussed elsewhere (and would be more in-depth in their own context,) I find this topic to be non-encyclopedic. Jolb 17:19, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Either merge with Power (international) or move to List of international powers and massively expand. Alba 17:55, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Power (international) unless some added value can be found. As it is, it looks like an incomplete List of world powers. -- Zanaq 19:01, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Power (international). "World power" is uncommon phraseology, IR journals are far more partial to Great power and Hegemon (which redirect to power (international) and hegemony). If intended in the sense of global multi-pronged projection of power, it is entirely unknown versus superpower (and hyperpower). - choster 21:49, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Damgalnuna

Damgalnuna, also known as Damkina, was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as the wife of the god Enki. Her character is poorly defined in known sources, though it is known that like her husband she was associated with ritual purification and that she was believed to intercede with him on behalf of supplicants. Among the deities regarded as their children were Nanshe and Asalluhi. While the myth Enki and Ninhursag treats her as interchangeable with the goddess mentioned in its title, they were usually separate from each other. The cities of Eridu and Malgium were regarded as Damgalnuna's cult centers. She was also worshiped in other settlements, such as Nippur, Sippar and Kalhu, and possibly as early as in the third millennium BCE was incorporated into the Hurrian pantheon. She appears in a number of myths, including the Enūma Eliš, though only a single composition, Damkina's Bond, is focused on her.

Name, character and iconography
The theonym Damgalnuna can be translated as "the great wife of the prince," the "prince" implicitly being Enki. Joan Goodnick Westenholz pointed out that the writing of her name with the cuneiform sign NUN reflects her connection with the city of Eridu, as it was used as a logographic representation of its name. Shortened writings include ddam-gal and possibly ddam. It is agreed that the second form of her name, Damkina, developed later. In late sources it could be spelled as Damkianna. This form is attested in Neo-Babylonian letters found in Uruk, according to Paul-Alain Beaulieu originally sent from Eridu. Further variant spellings such as Damnun, Damnuna and Damgalana are also attested. The Hurrian form of the name was Tapkina.

Damgalnuna's individual character was poorly defined beyond her spousal relation with Enki. She was believed to intercede with him on behalf of human supplicants, which has been compared to an analogous role attested for Adad's wife Shala, Shamash's wife Aya, Ishum's wife Ninmug or Inanna's attendant Ninshubur. Like Enki, Damgalnuna could be associated with exorcisms and ritual purification. In incantations, she could be invoked against demons.

It has been proposed that cylinder seal depictions of a goddess accompanied by Enki's symbolic hybrids, the fish man and the fish goat, on cylinder seals who can be identified as Damgalnuna. Julia M. Asher-Greve points out that sometimes she appears in the same scenes on them as Enki. It has also been suggested that lions might have been her symbolic animals.

In Mesopotamian astronomy, Damgalnuna was identified with the constellation Wagon of Heaven, corresponding to Ursa Minor.

Associations with other deities
Damgalnuna was the wife of Enki (Ea). In the myth Enki and Ninhursag, she and the eponymous goddess are treated as the same deity. However, Dina Katz points out that they were usually separate, and Ninhursag's husband was Šulpae. Deities considered to be children of Enki and Damgalnuna include Nanshe, Asalluhi, Marduk and Enbilulu.

In a variant of the Weidner god list, Damgalnuna is equated with Kiša, the wife of the river god Idlurugu. An Emesal vocabulary apparently mistakes her and her husband for the primordial deities Enki and Ninki. Despite their similar names, the two Enkis were not identical. Multiple alternate names are assigned to Damgalnuna in the god list An = Anum (tablet II, lines 173-184), including Ningikuga and Ninti. It has been argued that the latter name is also used to refer to her in the Hymn to Ninkasi, where this goddess is the mother of the eponymous beer deity. According to Antoine Cavigneaux and Manfred Krebernik, Ningikuga as a name of a spouse of Enki is to be distinguished with the use of this name to refer to the mother of Ningal or to Ningal herself.

The deities Ḫasīsu and Uznu, "wisdom" and "ear," were considered Damgalnuna's divine attendants (sukkals).

Worship
The worship of Damgalnuna is attested in all periods of history of ancient Mesopotamia, though the scope of her cult gradually declined. She already appears in the Early Dynastic Zame Hymns. According to this source, her cult center was Eridu. A first millennium BCE hymn to Nanaya which lists various city goddesses also preserves information about her association with this city, though it also addresses her as the "Queen of Kullaba."

Another city considered to be Damgalnuna's cult center was Malgium, located to the south of Eshnunna. Both of her names, Damgalnuna and Damkina, appear in texts from this city. She is listed as one of its deities in the Code of Hammurabi. Two of its rulers, Takil-ilišu and Ipiq-Ishtar, referred to themselves as appointed to their position by her and Ea. The temple of the pair located in this city might have been the Enamtila, "house of life," mentioned in an inscription of Takil-ilišu.

A temple dedicated to Damgalnuna also existed in Nippur. It was built by Shulgi. A metrological text from the Middle Babylonian period also attests the existence of a house of worship which she shared with her husband, treated as separate from the former by Andrew R. George.

On Old Babylonian seals from Sippar, Damgalnuna and Enki are one of the three most commonly invoked divine couples, though they appear less frequently than Shamash and Aya or Adad and Shala. One of such objects, which belonged to a certain Enkimansum, has been inscribed with the formula "servant of Enki and Damgalnuna." They had a sanctuary in Sippar-Amnanum inside of the temple complex of Annunitum. It is known from a document stating that a number of officials, including the sanga priest of Annunitum, were responsible for inspecting its property after a theft occurred.

An inscription with Ashurnasirpal II indicates that Damgalnuna also shared a temple with her husband in Kalhu.

Hurrian reception
Damgalnuna was incorporated into Hurrian religion, where she similarly fulfilled the role of Ea's wife. According to Piotr Taracha, it is possible the transfer of her cult occurred in the third millennium BCE already. She is mentioned in the treaty between Šattiwaza and Šuppiluliuma I, in which she appears near the end of the list of divine witnesses, between Belet-ekalli and Išḫara. She is among the deities depicted in the Yazılıkaya sanctuary, where she appears in a procession of goddesses, between Shalash and Nikkal. She was also worshiped alongside other Hurrian deities in the Hittite capital, Hattusa, and in Nerik.

Mythology
Only a single myth in which Damgalnuna plays a central role is known. She appears in it under the name Damkianna, though it has been suggested that in this context it might refer to Zarpanit. The text is known from two copies, one Neo-Assyrian and another Neo-Babylonian or later. Two translations have been published so far, one by Takayoshi Oshima and another by Wilfred G. Lambert, who gave it the title Damkina's Bond. Based on the fact that Marduk is already presented as a king of the gods, but at the same time Nabu is his scribe rather than son, the latter author assumed that it was originally composed under the rule of either the Kassite or Isin II dynasty. The former concludes it cannot be earlier than the reign of Nebuchadnezzar I. Based on the available evidence for the association between Damgalnuna and Malgium, Lambert suggested it originated in this city. The myth focuses on a conflict between the pantheons of Babylon and Nippur, led respectively by Marduk and Enlil, though its details are uncertain. The forces of Nippur lose, and the conflict is eventually resolved through Damgalnuna's intervention, prompted by a message about the battle delivered to her by Neretagmil, the sukkal of the god Nāru. Lambert argued that to that end, she released an object referred to as a "bond" (il-let-sa) in his translation, the nature of which is left unstated but which according to hi was something possible to display, perhaps a clay tablet. Oshima instead refers to it as a "burden" and concludes that it might have been some sort of plague or natural disaster. The colophon of the Neo-Babylonian copy states that the contents of the tablet were a secret and revealing them to anyone from outside its intended audience of ancient scholars was considered a taboo of Marduk.

Damgalnuna appears in Enūma Eliš as Marduk's mother. However, the text provides her with no genealogy, and no account of her birth is included. The form of her name used in this text is Damkina.

According to Nathan Wasserman, one of the inscriptions of king Ipiq-Ishtar of Malgium might contain a reference to a flood myth involving Ea (Enki) and Damkina (Damgalnuna). It states that when an unspecified disaster was about to befall this city, Ea instructed his wife to save it by "insuring long dynastic kingship," which according to Raphael Kutscher should be understood as a euphemism for placing an usurper on the throne.

A hymn dedicated to Damgalnuna, identified in a subscript as a šir-šag-ḫula ("song of a joyful heart"), is also known. It focuses on her spousal relation to Enki.

title: Damgalnuna


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U Got It Bad

"U Got It Bad" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released through Arista Records as the second official single from his third studio album 8701 (2001). It was written by Usher, Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox, and produced by Dupri, with Cox credited as co-producer. Released in the United States on August 21, 2001, "U Got It Bad" is an R&B ballad that, according to MTV, incorporates "digi-coustic" guitars, a "slow-burning bass line" and "sex funk" drums. The lyrics notably contain some quick direct allusions to other soul music ballads, mainly Maxwell's "Fortunate" and Prince's "Adore".

"U Got It Bad" was released to generally favorable reviews from critics. It became Usher's third song to top the US Billboard Hot 100 as well as the second consecutive single from 8701 to do so. Elsewhere, it entered the top five in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, and reached the top 40 on most charts that it appeared on. The song's accompanying music video, directed by Little X, was filmed as a two-part story with "U Don't Have to Call" and features Usher's then-girlfriend, TLC's Chilli, as his love interest.

Background and writing
"U Got It Bad" was written by Usher, Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox, with production helmed by the former and co-production from the latter. Recording was done by Brian Frye and mixing by Dupri and Phil Tan, at Southside Studios, Atlanta, Georgia in 2000. John Horesco IV provided mixing assistance, William "Billy" Odum performed the Guitar and Usher provided all vocals. Talking to Complex, Dupri stated that "U Got It Bad" was inspired by Usher's previous single "Nice & Slow", saying that he produced the song as he wanted to re-produce a track similar to the latter in terms of success, for Usher's 8701 (2001).

The lyrics to the song were, according to Dupri, inspired by a true story after he and Usher had been in the studio trying to record some music for the album, but Usher was continually distracted by a girl he had brought into the studio. Following an argument, the girl left. A while later, they started on talking on the phone, which prompted Dupri to kick Usher out of the studio telling him, "We're going to do this [session] later on. You got it completely too bad right now. You got it bad." This ignited the inspiration for the song, and once Usher had left, Dupri started writing its lyrics, with the notion that it was going to be a big hit. Once Usher had returned to the studio, Dupri shared the story of the song with him.

Composition and release
"U Got It Bad" is an R&B ballad. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, it is written in the key of B minor and has a tempo of 66 beats per minute. Usher's vocal range spans from the low note of F♯4 to the high note of A5. The song is actually a semitone lower in the key of B-flat minor, which would have the vocals span from F4 to A♭5. "U Got It Bad" is a slow jam, that makes use of "digi-coustic" guitars, a "slow-burning bass line" and "sex funk" drums. Usher's vocals "floats and runs" between the song's melodies, before intensifying when entering the chorus.

The Neptunes-produced track, "I Don't Know", was initially intended as the album's second single. Rapper P. Diddy was to direct its music video in Los Angeles in July 2001. The song was receiving radio play prior to the release of 8701 first single "U Remind Me". However, Usher instead released "U Got It Bad" as the album's second single, as it presents his own unique sound, "If you wanna know what a Usher record is, then ["U Got It Bad" is] it," while using both Michael Jackson and Bobby Brown as examples of artists who "solidified" their music through their own unique music. "U Got it Bad" was released as a CD single in the US on December 18, 2001.

Reception
"U Got It Bad" earned generally favorable reviews from music critics. NME called the song 8701's "stand-out track [that] deals with the spectre of first love with passion, honesty and some raw beats." Kelefa Sanneh from The New York Times cited "U Got It Bad" as 2001's "best slow jam, coasting along on a double-time vocal line and a whisper of acoustic guitar." Austin Williams from Vibe noted that "U Got It Bad" "isn't like most begging music that's celebrated. Though it certainly contains the fundamental elements of the subgenre – passionate singing, dramatic declarations of love, and a music video with a grand gesture of desperation – there's a generality to its writing that's preserved its resonance."

"U Got It Bad" was nominated for several prizes, including the 2002 Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single – Male. In 2002, it won the 2002 Teen Choice Love Song award, and in 2003, the song was awarded an ASCAP Award for Publisher of the Year. In 2016, Complex ranked the song number eight on their list of the 25 greatest Usher songs, with editor Edwin Ortiz calling it a "slow-burning ballad meant to top anything Usher had released prior," further writing: "Whereas "Nice & Slow" delivered a slow jam vibe ripe for a late night rendezvous, "U Got It Bad" was the antithesis of an erotic fantasy, with Usher exploring a relationship he can't sensibly appreciate." In 2021, American Songwriter ranked the song number five on their list of the 10 greatest Usher songs.

Chart performance
"U Got It Bad" topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on the week of December 15, 2001, becoming Usher's third number-one song on the chart. It was his second Hot 100 number one from 8701 after "U Remind Me", which reached the position in July of the same year. "U Got It Bad" marked the first time he obtained two consecutive number one hits. In December 2001, Usher became one of the few Arista acts to have more than one Hot 100 number one hit, with Whitney Houston having eleven, Barry Manilow and Milli Vanilli with three, and Monica with two. "U Got It Bad" was also atop the Hot 100 Airplay chart that week, with an audience impression of 135 million. The following week, the song was replaced by Nickelback's "How You Remind Me", moving it to number two. Nickelback's single remained number one for four consecutive weeks, before being replaced by "U Got It Bad" on the week of January 8, 2002, which went on to top the Hot 100 for five weeks. On the same week, the song broke the record for the highest audience impression on the Hot 100 Airplay chart, previously held by Alicia Keys, with 149,858,700 listeners. The song's popularity helped 8701 rise from number twenty-three to eight on the US Billboard 200 on the week of October 11, 2001.

Music video
A music video for "U Got It Bad" was directed by Canadian filmmaker Little X. Co-starring TLC member Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas as the female lead, the video starts with Usher tossing and turning in bed, troubled by the thought of his ex-girlfriend (Thomas). After awakening, he turns on the TV, only to see his ex, a celebrity on her own, on every station. The video proceeds to introduce flashbacks of happier times between the two, suggesting that he still longs for his ex. In his desperation to find her, he braves the rain, bursting into her trailer to apologize and reconcile with her. However, this is revealed to be his imagination, and instead of opening the door of the trailer, he walks away ashamed. Disgusted, he makes his way home and lies in his bed, alone.

The visuals for follow-up single "U Don't Have to Call", filmed in February 2002, served as a continuation from "U Got It Bad". At the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards, the video was nominated for Best Male Video and Best R&B Video. It also received a Video of the Year nod at the 2002 BET Awards. In 2018, Little X told Billboard: "This one was a little more personal. I was young and was kind of venting through my own life experience through the song. Usher and I were around the same age, and it was just one of those [videos] that really clicked. I think there was something special about that video, having a really young director with a really young artist making this thing happen together."

The music video on YouTube has received over 305 million views as of May 2024.

Track listing
Notes Sample credits
 * $undefined$ denotes co-producer
 * "U Remind Me (remix)" contains samples from "The Message" as performed by Grandmaster Flash.

title: U Got It Bad


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Cinema of Transgression

The Cinema of Transgression is a term coined by Nick Zedd in 1985 to describe a New York City–based underground film movement, consisting of a loose-knit group of artists using shock value and black humor in their films. Key players in this movement were Zedd, Kembra Pfahler, Tessa Hughes-Freeland, Casandra Stark, Beth B, Tommy Turner, Jon Moritsugu, Manuel DeLanda, David Wojnarowicz, Richard Kern, and Lydia Lunch, who in the late 1970s and mid-1980s began to make very low-budget films using cheap 8 mm cameras.

Zedd outlined his philosophy on the Cinema of Transgression in The Cinema of Transgression Manifesto, published under the name Orion Jeriko in the zine The Underground Film Bulletin (1984–90).

Cinema of Transgression continues to heavily influence underground filmmakers. In 2000, the British Film Institute showed a retrospective of the movement's work introduced by those involved in the production of the original video films.

List of notable films

 * Why Do You Exist (Nick Zedd, 1998)
 * You Killed Me First (Richard Kern, 1985)
 * Where Evil Dwells (David Wojnarowicz and Tommy Turner, 1985)
 * Raw Nerves: A Lacanian Thriller (Manuel DeLanda, 1980)
 * Mommy, Mommy, Where's My Brain? (Jon Moritsugu, 1986)
 * Llik Your Idols (Angélique Bosio, 2007)
 * Wrecked on Cannibal Island (Casandra Stark, 1986)
 * Stigmata (Beth B., 1991)
 * Blank City (Celine Danhier, 2009)
 * Nymphomania (Tessa Hughes-Freeland and Holly Adams, 1993)
 * Tromeo and Juliet (Lloyd Kaufman, 1996)

title: Cinema of Transgression


text:
File:BnG Strip 06-07-2000.png

Bob and George comic for June 7, 2000. An example of an early hand-drawn comic.

title: File:BnG Strip 06-07-2000.png


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Trenton Line

The Trenton Line is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail (commuter rail) system. The route serves the northeastern suburbs of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with service in Bucks County along the Delaware River to Trenton, New Jersey.

Route
Trenton Line trains operate along a four-track line from 30th Street Station via the Philadelphia Zoo (without stopping there), to North Philadelphia, before running parallel to I-95 and then US 13 for several miles. It crosses the Delaware River at Trenton, New Jersey before making its final stop at Trenton Transit Center, which is also served by Amtrak and New Jersey Transit trains.

The route is part of the middle leg of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor; all 11 of Amtrak's Northeast Corridor services run along this line. The line's termini, 30th Street and Trenton Transit Center, have long been among the busiest Amtrak stations in the country. On weekdays, Amtrak connections are also available at North Philadelphia and Cornwells Heights. Connecting Trenton Line service is listed in timetables for NJ Transit's Northeast Corridor Line, of which Trenton Transit Center is the southern terminus.

History
Electrified service between Philadelphia and Trenton began on June 29, 1930.

Between 1984–2010 the route was designated R7 Trenton as part of SEPTA's diametrical reorganization of its lines. Trenton Line trains operated through the city center to the Chestnut Hill East Line on the ex-Reading side of the system. The R-number naming system was dropped on July 25, 2010. , most Trenton Line trains continue through Center City to the Chestnut Hill East Line, while some trains terminate at Temple University or continue to other destinations.

The Trenton Line usually has two push-pull electric-locomotive-hauled trains on the morning express runs and two on the evening express runs. Each train is usually made up of 6 coach trailers made by Bombardier with ACS-64 locomotives hauling them.

SEPTA activated positive train control on the Trenton Line on May 1, 2017.

Stations
The Trenton Line includes the following stations north of the Center City Commuter Connection; stations indicated with gray background are closed. All stations within the Philadelphia city limits have a ticket office for purchasing ticket(s) to ride the Trenton line. Many stations outside the city limits have a ticket office as well, however they have shorter hours (most outside the city limits are closed on weekends) and fewer amenities than the ticket offices inside the stations within Philadelphia. Cornwells Heights station is considered a popular station on the route as it is the busiest SEPTA Regional Rail station outside of Center City, and serves Amtrak trains as well.

Ridership
Between FY 2013–FY 2019 yearly ridership on the Trenton Line ranged from 3.1–3.6 million before collapsing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Trenton Line


text: User talk:81.231.191.105

title: User talk:81.231.191.105


text: User talk:67.70.251.90

title: User talk:67.70.251.90


text:
Electoral district of Dubbo

Dubbo is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Dugald Saunders of the National Party.

Dubbo is a regional electorate covering three local government areas, including all of Dubbo Regional Council, Narromine Shire, and the majority of Mid-Western Regional Council. Its major population centres are Dubbo, Narromine, Wellington and Mudgee.

History
It was first created in 1894, abolished in 1904, and then recreated in 1930.

Dubbo has been generally conservative leaning throughout its history, with the Country/National and parties holding it for most of its lifetime. The conservative bent grew even stronger during the 1980s and 1990s, and the seat was widely seen as National Party heartland. This changed in 1999, when Dubbo became one of a number of key National Party seats to fall to rural independents, with the narrow victory of Tony McGrane. He was returned with a much larger majority at the 2003 election, and when he died in 2004, was replaced by another independent, Dawn Fardell, who won the resulting by-election. Fardell was re-elected in 2007 election; only to be comprehensively defeated by the Nationals Troy Grant at the 2011 general election.

The city of Dubbo itself occasionally votes for, and Labor did manage to hold Dubbo for three short stints between the 1930s and 1950s. However, Labor has not held the seat since 1959, and there is no prospect of Labor retaking it in the foreseeable future. Labor did not field a candidate in the 2004 by-election, and achieved 6.5% of the first preference votes at the 2011 general election.

Localities
Localities within the electorate of Dubbo include:

Apple Tree Flat, Apsley, Arthurville, Avisford, Bakers Swamp, Ballimore, Bara, Barneys Reef, Ben Buckley, Beni, Benolong, Beryl, Biraganbil, Birriwa, Bocoble, Bodangora, Bombira, Botobolar, Bournewood, Brocklehurst, Buckaroo, Budgee Budgee, Bundemar, Bungaba, Burroway, Burrundulla, Caerleon, Canadian Lead, Carcalgong, Collingwood, Comobella, Cooyal, Cope, Cross Roads, Crudine, Cudgegong, Cullenbone, Cumbandry, Cundumbul, Curra Creek, Dandaloo, Dripstone, Dubbo, Dunedoo, Elong Elong, Erudgere, Eschol, Euchareena, Eumungerie, Eurimbla, Eurunderee, Farnham, Frog Rock, Galambine, Geurie, Gin Gin, Gollan, Goolma, Goonoo Forest, Grattai, Green Gully, Gulgong, Guntawang, Hargraves, Havilah, Hayes Gap, Home Rule, Kains Flat, Kerrs Creek, Linburn, Loombah, Lue, Maitland Bar, Maryvale, Mebul, Medway, Menah, Meroo, Merotherie, Merotherie, Milroy, Minore, Mogriguy, Montefiores, Mookerawa, Mount Aquila, Mount Arthur, Mount Frome, Mount Knowles, Mudgee, Mullamuddy, Mumbil, Nanima, Narromine, Neurea, North Yeoval, Piambong, Ponto, Putta Bucca, Pyramul, Queens Pinch, Rawsonville, Riverlea, Spicers Creek, Spring Flat, St Fillans, Stony Creek, Stuart Town, Stubbo, Suntop, Tallawang, Tambaroora, Terrabella, Terramungamine, Tomingley, Toongi, Trangie, Triamble, Twelve Mile, Two Mile Flat, Two Mile Flat, Ulan, Ulan, Ullamalla, Walmer, Wambangalang, Wellington, Wilbetree, Windeyer, Wongarbon, Worlds End, Wuuluman, Yarrabin, Yarragal, Yarrawonga.

title: Electoral district of Dubbo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ikool

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:12, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Ikool
Neologism --Ryan Delaney talk 07:07, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. --TheMidnighters 10:21, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete feydey 13:10, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Total humbug. Haven't found even one hit in Google for the supposed meaning. --Lomedae 13:46, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ikool


text: User talk:69.173.181.97

title: User talk:69.173.181.97


text: File:AboveTheLaw-UncleSamsCurse.jpg

title: File:AboveTheLaw-UncleSamsCurse.jpg


text:
Mario Frick (footballer)

Mario Frick (born 7 September 1974) is a Liechtensteiner retired professional footballer who is currently a manager for Luzern. He has earned 125 caps and scored a national record 16 goals for his country from his international debut in 1993 until his retirement in 2015. Mainly a striker, Frick was also deployed as a centre-back on occasion.

Early career
Born in Chur, Graubünden, Switzerland, Frick started his career with the youth team at Liechtensteiner club FC Balzers, in which he then played four seasons in the first team within the early 1990s.

In 1994, Frick played abroad for the first time, signing with FC St. Gallen. In doing so, Frick became the first ever professional footballer in Liechtenstein history.

Frick joined Basel's first team for their 1996–97 season under head coach Karl Engel. After playing in two test games, Frick played his debut for his new club in the 1996 UEFA Intertoto Cup in the away game against Antalyaspor on 29 June 1996 as Basel won 5–2. Then after playing in another test game, in which he scored a goal against Thun as Basel won 4–0, Frick played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game in the Stadion Brügglifeld on 10 July as Basel won 1–0 against Aarau. He scored his first goal for his club on 27 July in the away game in the Stadion Wankdorf against Young Boys as Basel drew 2–2. The game was later recorded as a 3–0 forfeit victory for FCB because YB used an unqualified player. Frick scored his first recorded domestic league goal for Basel on 11 August in the away game in the Stade Tourbillon as Basel drew 2–2 with Sion.

Between the years 1996 and 1999 Frick played a total of 115 games for Basel scoring a total of 37 goals. 81 of these games were in the Nationalliga A, five in the Swiss Cup, three in the UIC and 26 were friendly games. He scored 30 goals in the domestic league, two in the Cup, one in the UIC and the other four were scored during the test games.

After his spells in the Swiss Super League with FC Basel and then FC Zürich, where he built a successful strike partnership with South Africa striker Shaun Bartlett, Frick began catching the eyes of scouts from some of the best leagues in the world, including the Serie A in neighboring Italy.

Italy
He signed ahead of the 2000–01 Serie C season for A.C. Arezzo, becoming the first ever Liechtensteiner to play professionally in Italy. On his debut, Frick scored both goals in a 2–1 win against Lucchese. With Arezzo, he scored an impressive 18 goals in 23 matches and became the highest scoring foreigner in the division at the time. Frick's good form helped Arezzo reach the Serie B promotion play-offs but they lost to Livorno 5–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals.

After his debut season with Arezzo, Frick signed a contract with Serie A club Hellas Verona. His first Serie A goal for Hellas came in a 2–2 draw against Parma on 28 October 2001.

Manager Alberto Malesani employed a 3–4–3 attacking formation with Frick being one of the three forwards. He would play alongside other promising youth including Alberto Gilardino, Adrian Mutu, Mauro Camoranesi, Sebastien Frey, Martin Laursen, Massimo Oddo, and Marco Cassetti, all of whom would both go on to have successful careers.

However, after a three-year stay in the Serie A, Verona was relegated at the end of the 2001–02 season. Frick signed with Serie B side Ternana on 25 August 2002. Frick was described at the time as a player with "pace and predatory instincts [that] make him a danger inside the penalty area and he has proved he can score against tough opponents."

On 8 January 2006, Frick extended his contract with Ternana until June 2009. Frick would go on to leave Ternana at the end of the 2005–06 season following their relegation from Serie B. Frick played four seasons with Ternana, amassing a total of 133 league games and scored 44 goals; both were personal records for Frick at a single club.

Frick moved to A.C. Siena in July 2006. He wore the number 7 as one of the club's starting formation, playing in the Serie A once again. Upon the expiry of his contract in May 2009, he left Siena.

Later career
On 22 June 2009, FC St. Gallen signed the Liechtensteiner forward on a free transfer until June 2010.

Following his spell with St. Gallen, Frick moved onto Grasshoppers in January 2011.

Frick decided to end his professional career and go part-time, returning to his first club FC Balzers in July 2011. Frick retired as a player following the 2015–16 season at the age of 41.

International career
Frick made his Liechtenstein debut in October 1993 in a friendly against Estonia, and established himself almost immediately as a key player for the Liechtenstein national football team. He went on to score his first goal for the national team in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Romania in September 1997.

On 7 June 2000, Frick scored a notable goal away to Germany to level the scores at 2–2; Germany would score 6 goals in the last 10 minutes of the match though to win 8–2.

Frick had a falling out with both the national coach, Ralf Loose, and the Liechtenstein Football Association near the end of the 2002 World Cup qualification stages, and he was left out of the team. This episode is chronicled in Charlie Connelly's book, Stamping Grounds: Liechtenstein's Quest for the World Cup. After changes concerning both the Liechtenstein Football Association and the coach, Frick returned to be part of the squad, which included playing in both games against England.

During a Euro 2008 qualifier against Latvia, Frick netted the only goal of the game which brought Liechtenstein their first win over a side that had qualified for a major tournament.

On 10 August 2011, Frick made a record 100th appearance for Liechtenstein.

Frick announced his retirement from international football in October 2015, at the age of 41, after 125 appearances and 16 goals for the Liechtenstein national side. He made his final international appearance for Liechtenstein in a 3–0 defeat to Austria in a European qualifying match on 12 October 2015.

Frick is the all-time record goal-scorer for Liechtenstein.

International

 * Scores and results list Liechtenstein's goal tally first.

Managerial career
On 17 September 2018, Frick was appointed manager of FC Vaduz. In his first season at the club, Frick led the club to a world record 47th Liechtenstein Football Cup title with a 3–2 win over FC Ruggell on 1 May 2019. In January 2020 his contract was extended until summer 2021.

Frick guided the club back into the Swiss Super League on 10 August 2020 following a second place finish in the 2019–20 Swiss Challenge League and subsequent 5–4 aggregate victory over FC Thun in the relegation play-offs.

On 20 December 2021, he was announced as the new head coach of struggling Super League club FC Luzern.

Personal life
Frick's sons, Yanik and Noah, are also professional footballers and both internationals for the Liechtenstein national football team.

As a player
Balzers
 * Liechtenstein Football Cup: 1990–91, 1992–93

FC Zürich
 * Swiss Cup: 1999–2000

Individual
 * Liechtensteiner Footballer of the Year: 1993–94, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2006–07

As a manager
FC Vaduz
 * Liechtenstein Football Cup: 2018–19

Individual
 * Swiss Super League Team of the Year: 2022–23

title: Mario Frick (footballer)


text:
Mario Frick (politician)

Mario K. Frick (born 8 May 1965) is an advocate and political figure from Liechtenstein who served as the Prime Minister of Liechtenstein from 1993 to 2001.

Early life
Frick was born on 8 May 1965 in Chur to trustee Kuno Frick and Melita Kaufmann as one of six children. From 1977 to 1985 he attended high school in Vaduz and proceeded to study law in University of St. Gallen, where he received a diploma in 1991.

Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
Frick was the Deputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein from May 1993 under Markus Büchel until he resigned in October under pressure from the Progressive Citizens' Party after the Landtag of Liechtenstein withdrew its confidence in him, and Frick became Prime Minister of Liechtenstein. Hans-Adam II subsequently called the October 1993 Liechtenstein general election which resulted in a win for the Patriotic Union. He became Europe's youngest head of government at 28 years old.

During his tenure as prime minister, Liechtenstein entered the European Economic Area after a successful referendum in 1995, and also joined the World Trade Organization the same year. However, it also faced problems in its foreign relations, such as a dispute with the Czech Republic begun in 1992 over the confiscation of Princely properties estates in 1945, and a 2001 dispute with Germany in the International Court of Justice over royal property confiscated in order to pay war debts.

Later life
After the end of his term as prime minister, Frick was notably prominent in the political controversy surrounding the 2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum, whereby it was proposed that the ruling prince be given wider powers; a number of other measures were also proposed. Frick led the opposition to the proposed changes which, however, were subsequently approved by the electorate.

Since 2002, Frick is a co-owner of the law firm Advocatur Seeger, Frick & Partner based in Schaan. He was chairman of the board of directors of media company Vaduzer Medienhaus AG from 2003 to 2009.

Personal life
Frick married Andrea Haberlander (born 11 February 1965) on 16 September 1992 and they have three children together.

Frick's brother Jürgen was shot and killed in the underground garage of Frick & Co. Bank in the town of Balzers on 7 April 2014. The shooter Jürgen Hermann later shot and killed himself, his body found in Lake Constance on the German side of the lake. Hermann tried to sue Frick in 2010 but the suit was thrown out by the courts.

title: Mario Frick (politician)


text:
Gerard Batliner

Gerard Batliner (, ; 9 December 1928 – 25 June 2008) was an advocate and political figure from Liechtenstein who served as Prime Minister of Liechtenstein from 1962 to 1970.

Early life and career
Batliner was born on 9 December 1928 in Eschen as the son of farmer Andreas Batliner and Karolina Schafhauser as one of six children.

He studied law at the University of Fribourg and in Paris. From 1956 he worked as a lawyer in Vaduz. He was a member of the board of directors of the AHV/IV/FAK in Liechtenstein from 1959 to 1962.

Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
Batliner was the fifth Prime Minister of Liechtenstein, from 16 July 1962 to 18 March 1970. He succeeded the role from Alexander Frick following his resignation in July 1962.

He worked in expanding Liechtenstein's foreign affairs, particularly working towards the country's accession into the Council of Europe. Batliner's term also included the establishment of the Liechtenstein Development Service in 1965, and the Social Welfare Act in 1967.

Later life
In 1973 Batliner was involved in the founding of the Liechtenstein Society for Environmental Protection.

In 1974 Batliner became involved in politics again where he served in the Landtag of Liechtenstein until 1982. He served as the President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein from January 1974 to December 1977. He was also a member of the European Commission on Human Rights from 1983 to 1990 and the head of the Liechtenstein delegation to the European Commission for Democracy through Law from 1991 to 2003.

He received honorary degrees from the University of Basel and Innsbruck. He died in Eschen on 25 June 2008, aged 79 years old.

Personal life
Batliner married Christina Negele (born 30 July 1946) on 17 July 1965 and they had two children together.

Honors and awards

 * 1970: Awarded the title of "Princely Judicial Councilor"
 * 1974: Grand Decoration of Honor in Silver on Ribbon for Services to the Republic of Austria.
 * 1988: Honorary doctorate Dr. iur. h. c. of the University of Basel
 * 2001: Honorary doctorate Dr. iur. h. c. from the Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck
 * Grand Cross of the Princely Liechtenstein Order of Merit

title: Gerard Batliner


text:
Business manager

The Oxford English Dictionary defines a business manager as "a person who manages the business affairs of an individual, institution, organization, or company". Compare manager.

Business managers drive the work of others (if any) in order to operate efficiently and (in the case of for-profit companies) to make a profit. They should have working knowledge of the following areas, and may be a specialist in one or more: finance, marketing and public relations. Other technical areas in which a business manager may have expertise include law, science, and computer programming. In some circumstances, business managers even have oversight over human resources.

Role profile
In many businesses, the role may be established to relieve the owner of responsibility, in order to focus on specific aspects of company expansion. Typically, the business manager and the owner work may work in synergy to ensure successful running of business. Having a specialization in a particular field, such as sales, marketing, public relations or finance aids in efficiency, yet despite the usual academic qualities of a business manager, business managers also develop personal qualities that are helpful in performing the role efficiently.

A social skill of a business manager is the ability to understand and know what each of their subordinate employee's tasks are and how to work with each employee in working toward successful completion of such tasks.

A business manager should be willing to accept constructive criticism from employees, develop social skills, be organized, honest and able to take good decisions. A good business manager should be willing to work along his or her employees in order to create a better work environment.

Examples in industry
In the music industry, a business manager is a representative of musicians or recording artists or both, whose main job is to supervise their business affairs and financial matters. The role largely originated from Allen Klein, who represented numerous performers, helping them to both invest their incomes wisely and to recover unpaid (or underpaid) royalties and fees.

Business managers commonly have an overlapping presence in both the entertainment and sports industries, as illustrated by business manager Barry Klarberg, who represents entertainer Justin Timberlake as well professional athletes C. J. Wilson, Mark Messier and Anna Kournikova.

In government and the military, the equivalent position is executive officer or chief of staff.

title: Business manager


text:
Bob Wian

Robert C. Wian (June 15, 1914 – March 31, 1992) was the founder of the Big Boy restaurant chain. The restaurant started as a 10-stool hamburger stand in Glendale, California, opening in 1936 with an investment of $300 raised from the sale of his car. Wian sold Bob's Big Boy and rights to the Big Boy chain to the Marriott Corp. in 1967 for $7 million ($ million in ).

Biography
Wian was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Robert E. Wian and his wife Cora. The Wians moved to Glendale in 1924 while the younger Wian was still a child. Wian served as the mayor of the city of Glendale from October 1948 to April 1949 replacing a mayor who was removed by a recall election. He continued on the city council but resigned in August 1948, citing conflicts with Bob's Big Boy and "a desire to make an occasional fishing trip". Wian was also a member of the service organization 20-30 Club, serving as president of the local Glendale club, governor of the Southern California district, and as national trustee.

After selling Big Boy, Wian remained as a Marriott vice-president and president of the "Big Boy Restaurants of America" division for about a year, then sat on the Marriott board for an additional year before retiring. As a board member, Wian recommended Marriott approach his friend Roy Rogers about the use of his name to rebrand the corporation's RoBee's Roast Beef chain.

Wian married Frances Abbott in 1935, who bore his only natural son, Robert Paul "Bobby" Wian (1936–1973). Following his divorce from Abbott in 1956, he married June Ealey-Baehler in 1957, becoming step-father to her son, Chapman "Chappy" Baehler, and daughter Barbara Baehler. The couple also adopted a son, Casey, and daughter, Julie. His joy in Casey and Julie, and his time with them too limited by business, influenced his decision to sell Big Boy.

Wian retired in the 1970s and enjoyed outdoor activities on his 800-acre ranch in Valyermo, CA where he lived until relocating to Newport Beach in 1985.

Wian died in Newport Beach, California, in 1992.

title: Bob Wian


text:
The Adventures of the Black Stallion

The Adventures of the Black Stallion is a drama television series that starred Mickey Rooney and Richard Ian Cox, as a trainer and a teenaged horse racer and was loosely based on the book series by Walter Farley. The series originally ran on The Family Channel and YTV from September 15, 1990, to May 16, 1993, before cancellation. It has since been shown in re-runs throughout the world. Mickey Rooney is the only original cast member from The Black Stallion film to reprise his role in the show. In France, the show ran on M6 from April 20, 1991.

Most of the episodes in the first season are set around Canada. During the second and third season, the show moves away from the farm, and has many episodes set in New Zealand, Paris and the United States. The Adventures of The Black Stallion was filmed on location in British Columbia, Canada, as well as France and New Zealand. 16 horses portrayed The Black across the three countries.

Synopsis
The show follows the life of fifteen-year-old horse racer Alec Ramsay (Richard Ian Cox), his wild stallion The Black, and their trainer Henry Dailey (Mickey Rooney). In the series, Alec's father died before the series start, leaving Alec and his mother to run Hopeful Farm. The show focuses both on life at Hopeful Farm and on the racing circuit. During the first season, most of the races are unprofessional circuit races and match races because The Black's an unpapered horse, meaning there is no proof of his lineage. During the second season, The Black's history is uncovered and Alec is able to obtain his papers, allowing him to be raced on the professional circuits around the world.

The series maintained that Alec was the only one who can ride The Black. He is known for having a violent temper with anyone besides Alec, though he does allow some people around the farm to hold his halter and lead him around, most notably Henry. He only seems to do grudgingly, however, and tends to be far less tolerant of others if Alec isn't around to keep him under control. To help keep the high-strung horse calm at the track, the gelding Napoleon is frequently taken on the road with them.

Characters

 * Mickey Rooney as Henry Dailey
 * Richard Ian Cox as Alec Ramsay
 * Marian Filali as Nicole Berthier (Season 2 - Season 3)
 * Michele Goodger as Belle Ramsey (Season 1)
 * Virginie Demians as Catherine Varnier (Season 1)
 * Jean-Paul Solal as Pierre Chastel (Season 1)
 * David Taylor as Nathaniel 'Nate' MacKay (Season 3)
 * Docs Keepin Time as The Black

Reception
In 1991, the series was nominated for a Young Artist Award in the "Best Off-Prime Time or Cable Family Series" category, and while it lost to Harry and the Hendersons, Richard Ian Cox won the award for the "Best Young Actor Starring in an Off-Prime Time or Cable Family Series" category. Cox was nominated again in 1992 for the "Best Young Actor Starring in a Cable Series" category. In the same year, Mickey Rooney was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category of "Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role" for his portrayal of Henry Dailey.

Episode list
When the show was first aired, many of the episodes were shown out of production order, especially during the first season.

Film
Other theatrical films, The Black Stallion (1979), The Black Stallion Returns (1983), and The Young Black Stallion (2003) were also based on Farley's book series.

DVD releases
Echo Bridge Entertainment released all three seasons on DVD in Region 1 in 2006, 2007, and 2008. These releases contain the episodes arranged in production order instead of air date.

Alliance Home Entertainment has released all three seasons on DVD in Canada.

title: The Adventures of the Black Stallion


text: Talk:Chronomics

title: Talk:Chronomics


text:
Random seed

A random seed (or seed state, or just seed) is a number (or vector) used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator.

For a seed to be used in a pseudorandom number generator, it does not need to be random. Because of the nature of number generating algorithms, so long as the original seed is ignored, the rest of the values that the algorithm generates will follow probability distribution in a pseudorandom manner.

A pseudorandom number generator's number sequence is completely determined by the seed: thus, if a pseudorandom number generator is reinitialized with the same seed, it will produce the same sequence of numbers.

The choice of a good random seed is crucial in the field of computer security. When a secret encryption key is pseudorandomly generated, having the seed will allow one to obtain the key. High entropy is important for selecting good random seed data.

If the same random seed is deliberately shared, it becomes a secret key, so two or more systems using matching pseudorandom number algorithms and matching seeds can generate matching sequences of non-repeating numbers which can be used to synchronize remote systems, such as GPS satellites and receivers.

Random seeds are often generated from the state of the computer system (such as the time), a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator or from a hardware random number generator.

title: Random seed


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dyou

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:13, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Dyou
Slang dictdef. --Ryan Delaney talk 07:11, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Wikipedia is not a dictionary CanadianCaesar 08:00, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. --Lomedae 13:47, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Alf 14:37, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dyou


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sirajul Islam

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:16, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Sirajul Islam
Notabilty not established, other than being a professor. Note that the name is common, so Google may return links/results to many other persons of the same name.

 * Delete: NN. --Ragib 07:11, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: I also agree with Ragib. --Bhadani 07:30, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. There is a Sirajul Islam who is chief editor for Banglapedia, the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. This proves that the same man is also a professor in the Department of History, University of Dhaka. (I found it by querrying Google on Banglapedia, then requerrying the results on his name.) Let's welcome this article as a bio-stub, & improve on it in order to help fill one more systemic gap in our coverage. -- llywrch 18:55, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Being responsible for development of a national encyclopedia is certainly evidence that his scholarship is highly regarded in Bangladesh. Capitalistroadster 01:47, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per llywrch. --Apyule 02:26, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per llywrch, although if multiple Sirajul Islams are deserving of articles, may in time need to become a disambig. The Literate Engineer 06:30, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.