text:
Invisible disability

Invisible disabilities, also known as hidden disabilities or non-visible disabilities (NVDs), are disabilities that are not immediately apparent. They are typically chronic illnesses and conditions that significantly impair normal activities of daily living.

For example, some people with visual or auditory disabilities who do not wear glasses or hearing aids, or who use discreet hearing aids, may not be obviously disabled. Some people who have vision loss may wear contact lenses.

Invisible disabilities can also include issues with mobility, such as a sitting disability like chronic back pain, joint problems, or chronic pain. People affected may not use mobility aids on some days, or at all, because severity of pain or level of mobility may change from day to day. Most people with repetitive strain injury move in a typical and inconspicuous way, and are even encouraged by the medical community to be as active as possible, including playing sports; yet those people can have dramatic limitations in how much they can type, write or how long they can hold a phone or other objects in their hands.

Mental illnesses or developmental disabilities, such as ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, Addiction, Dyslexia, Autism, or Schizophrenia, are also classified as invisible disabilities because they are usually not detected immediately by looking or talking to a person.

People with disabilities may experience solely visible or invisible ailments, while others experience both visible and invisible impairments. This includes impairments that may only be visible due to specific circumstances.

96% of people with chronic illnesses have an invisible disability. It is estimated that 1 in 10 Americans live with an invisible disability. This number is likely higher worldwide, as 80% of all people with disabilities live in developing countries.

Impact
Invisible disabilities can hinder a person's efforts to go to school, work, socialize, and more. Although the disability creates a challenge for the person who has it, the reality of the disability can be difficult for others to recognize or acknowledge. Others may not understand the cause of the problem, if they cannot see evidence of it in a visible way. Due to a lack of awareness and difficulty accessing support in certain environments, individuals with invisible disabilities may face challenges throughout daily life. Some people may go through a majority of their life until being properly diagnosed as providers can be unfamiliar with certain conditions or due to socioeconomic status. Students with cognitive impairments find it difficult to organize and complete school work, but teachers who are unaware of the reason for a student's difficulties, can become impatient. A columnist for Psychology Today wrote:

"I recently met Grace, a woman who had a traumatic brain injury when she was sixteen years old. She was in a car accident, an all too common occurrence. An accident occurs, the head hits a part of the car and internal damage to the brain results, ranging from mild to severe. Grace shows no outside cues of brain damage. There are no visible cues of her head injury. Grace's walking, vision and physical reflexes look 'normal.' [...] People look at Grace and assume she is fine and then react to her difficulty as if she is being lazy or choosing to be obstinate. Teachers' judgments of Grace have been based on assumptions made from Grace's physical appearance."

This lack of understanding can be detrimental to a person's social capital. People may see someone with an invisible disability as lazy, weak, or antisocial. A disability may cause someone to lose connections with friends or family due to this lack of understanding, potentially leading to a lower self-esteem. Individuals with invisible disabilities may experience guilt and feeling misunderstood when asking for support which can result in negative self-perception. Receiving accommodations can be a complex process of acquiring and submitting documentation of disability, which employers and educational institutions can deny or deem as outdated. Specialists and resources may be scarce, far and few between, with long waiting periods of up to several months, or even years. Someone who has a condition that is not immediately visible, such as chronic migraines, may struggle with the fear of being accused of faking or lying when it comes to asking for accommodations.

A disability that may be visible in some situations may not be obvious in others, which can result in a serious problem. For example, a plane passenger who is deaf may be unable to hear verbal instructions given by a flight attendant. It is for this reason that travelers with a hidden disability are advised to inform the airline of their need for accommodations before their flight. One such passenger wrote in The Globe and Mail that:

"Once, flying to Washington shortly after 9/11, I didn't hear the announcement that absolutely no one was to get out of their seat for the last 30 minutes of the flight. Normally, I get up to use the washroom 20 minutes before landing. If the nice stewardess had not remembered me and come over to my seat, crouched down to my eye level, and told me that if I had to use the washroom, I had better use it right now, who knows what might have happened. I later learned the air marshals on board would have thrown a blanket on me and wrestled me to the floor."

Some employees with an invisible disability choose not to disclose their diagnosis with their employer, due to social stigma directed at people with disabilities, either in the workplace or in society in general. This may occur when a psychiatric disability is involved, or a number of other medical conditions that are invisible. Researchers in the human resources field may need to take this non-disclosure into account when carrying out studies. Many people who think of those with a disability generally consider them lower to middle class due to their medical costs, and also because many people with disabilities often lack reliable, full-time employment. According to one US survey, 74% of individuals with a disability do not use a wheelchair or other aids that may visually portray their disability. A 2011 survey found that 88% of people with an invisible disability had negative views of disclosing their disability to employers. A 2022 study on disabled students found that those with invisible disabilities felt less supported by their educational institution than their visible counterparts. Students with visible disabilities are more likely to identify as disabled and disclose their identity compared to students with invisible disabilities. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2017 states that the unemployment rate for individuals with an invisible disability is higher than those without one. The unemployment rate for people with a disability was 9.2%, while the rate of those without was less than half of this at only 4.2%. BBC states that people with HIV specifically have an unemployment rate three times higher than those without HIV. Lower call-back rates have been observed in job applicants who choose to disclose their disability to possible employers.

Beyond the work force, Bureau of Labor Statistics data also showed that individuals with an invisible disability are also less likely to receive a bachelor's degree or higher education. People with disabilities are more likely to face difficulty accessing financial support; a UK study reports that disabled people pay approximately £583 average per month out of pocket on additional costs regarding their disability. Nature, a scientific journal, interviewed an individual who struggles with chronic fatigue syndrome who reported attending 117 doctor appointments and paying $18,000 in out-of-pocket expenses in 2017 alone. Insurance may not cover treatment, especially if it is experimental.

Worldwide
Based on findings by the World Health Organization, there are approximately 1.3 billion people that experience significant disability worldwide, representing at least 16% of the global population.

United States
In the United States, 96% of people with chronic medical conditions show no outward signs of their illness, and 10% experience symptoms that are considered disabling.

Nearly one in two Americans (165 million) has a chronic medical condition of one kind or another. However, most of these people are not actually disabled, as their medical conditions do not impair normal activities.

Ninety-six percent of people with chronic medical conditions live with a condition that is invisible. These people do not use a cane or any assistive device and act as if they did not have a medical condition. About a quarter of them have some type of activity limitation, ranging from mild to severe; the remaining 75% are not disabled by their chronic conditions.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a survey conducted from 2020 to 2021 found that over 1 in 5, 28%, of individuals are disabled, an estimated 70 to 80% of these disabilities being invisible.

Australia
In Australia, an article published in November 2022 states that of the approximately 4.4 million disabled Australians, an estimated 3.5 million or 80% of them have an invisible disability.

In 2018 there were 205,200 autistic Australians or 4.66% of the disabled population. Of these, 40.8% reported an unmet need for assistance with cognitive or emotional tasks.

Legal protection
On December 13, 2006, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) was formed, which in turn provides worldwide legal protection for persons with disabilities. With 82 signatories on the initial day, the CRPD became the first comprehensive human rights treaty of the new century, coming into effect on May 3, 2008 while emphasizing a shift of viewing persons of disabilities as 'objects' of charity to recognizing them as individuals with rights. The Convention addresses various facets of the lives of persons with disabilities, ensuring their rights in areas such as education, employment, healthcare, accessibility, privacy, and cultural and sporting activities.

Americans with invisible disabilities are protected by national and local disability laws, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act which outlaws the discrimination of people living with disabilities.

In the United Kingdom, the Equality Act 2010 (and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 before it) require employers to make reasonable adjustments for employees with disabilities, both visible and invisible. The nation has a number of other policies and acts relevant to invisible disability such as the Mental Capacity Act 2005, Care Act 2014, and Autism Act 2009. Access to Work (ATW) and the Disabled Students Allowance (DSA) are examples of government programs that provide support for disabled people in the workforce and educational institutions.

Responses
A growing number of organizations, governments, and institutions are implementing policies and regulations to accommodate persons with invisible disabilities. Governments and school boards have implemented screening tests to identify students with learning disabilities, as well as other invisible disabilities, such as vision or hearing difficulties, or problems in cognitive ability, motor skills, or social or emotional development. If a hidden disability is identified, resources can be used to place a child in a special education program that will help them progress in school. A number of universities worldwide have formulated policies to implement and enhance support services.

One mitigation is to provide an easy way for people to self-designate as having an invisible disability, and for organizations to have processes in place to assist those so self-designating. An example of this is the Hidden Disabilities Sunflower, initially launched in the UK in 2016 but now gaining some international recognition as well. Another similar example is the Help Mark badge created by a Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly member who had an artificial joint in her right leg. The badge design was done by Tokyo Metropolitan Government in 2012 and was used to spread awareness of hidden disabilities in preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games.

Campaigns
In the United Kingdom, activist Athaly Altay began the End Fake Claiming Campaign in 2021, to raise awareness of the widespread harassment faced by people with Invisible Disabilities. The campaign calls on the UK government to update Hate Crime laws to make fake claiming a specific hate crime.

Signs displaying the message "Not Every Disability is Visible" were campaigned by Crohn's & Colitis UK to be installed in organizations and businesses.

title: Invisible disability


text:
Talk:Canberra/Archive 1

Why is this Canberra, Australia instead of Canberra? There is only one Canberra so far as I know, all the others are subsiduary ones named after this one - e.g., the English Electric Canberra bomber, or the USS Canberra. I vote we move it back to it's proper title. Tannin 11:24 Mar 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * Why? Australian inferiority complex. I recently moved Fremantle, Australia to Fremantle after searching the USGS geographical database and finding only one. In my experience, UK contributors have no problem squatting even on small town names. We can always disambiguate later, if necessary. -- Tim Starling 11:54 Mar 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * I just looked at the edit history for Canberra. Perhaps if we want to know why it's Canberra, Australia rather than Canberra, we should ask Karen Johnson, since she's the one who moved it here. The edit history is not blank, so if we want to move it back we will need an administrator to clear the way. -- Tim Starling 12:06 Mar 15, 2003 (UTC)

Thanks Tim. I'll pop a note on her user page. Tannin

This page will shortly be moved back from Canberra, Australia to Canberra, where it started. Some history will be lost in the process, since I will delete Canberra to make way for the move. Here are the lost edit summaries:

(cur) (last). . 05:56 Jun 24, 2002. . Karen Johnson (move to Canberra, Australia) (cur) (last). . M 02:43 Feb 26, 2002. . Graham Chapman (copyedit; small addition) (cur) (last). . M 10:20 Feb 24, 2002. . Conversion script (Automated conversion) (cur) (last). . 13:29 Aug 27, 2001. . 61.9.128.xxx (Initial description of canberra)

 * Thanks, Tim. By the way, if you haven't noticed, it was suggested on the list that Canberra, Australia needed to be disambiguated because of the "well-known military aircraft called the Canberra". The aircraft, of course, was named after the city, making it a subsiduary name, and is in any case properly titled English Electric Canberra, in line with Naming conventions (aircraft). So, to celebrate the return of "Canberra" to Canbera, I've taken a couple of hours off from my current spate of bird entries, and written up the aluminium one instead. Tannin 12:42 Mar 27, 2003 (UTC)

Can someone confirm "...its biggest inland city..."? I was undder the impression that was Wagga Wagga. PML.

 * Wagga has a mere 56,700 -- Tim Starling 09:20, 26 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Well put, PM67NZ. I think you've expressed the point nicely. (Ain't it funny how difficult it can be to get little things right sometimes.) Tannin BTW, how big is Albury-Wodonga? I guess that is the 2nd biggest inland city. Tannin 12:07, 11 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree, well put. (The lesson I take from this, comparing it with my own effort, is that it's easier to write clearly if you take the time to find out the correct information, instead of trying to write around the bits you don't know and are too lazy to look up.) —Paul A 14:43, 11 Sep 2003 (UTC)

How many 1928s were there, again?
"Suburbs that slowly were built over the next several years included Parkes, Barton, Kingston, Manuka, Braddon and Reid. These suburbs often had other names - for instance, Kingston was originally known as Eastlakes - before a formal renaming procedure took place in the late 1928s. These suburbs were built largely in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin's designs for Canberra. The men who built these suburbs lived in a series of worker's camps, and built buildings from quarries on the North Canberra area." I guess somone inserted the correct year, without editing the rest of the sentence.

 * Er, yes, that's quite right. Arno 10:25, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

About the Wagga Wagga query raised some time back: I believe the physical boundaries of the City of Wagga Wagga extend many kilometres beyond the urban area, perhaps 15-20 kms in some directions. So in total area it is probably up there - but in population terms it comes lower down the list.

JackofOz 23:41, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The City of Shoalhaven is ~160km north-to-south and ~80km east-to-west. However, the number living inj that area is small. I would urge disambiguating by talking about 'population'. Peter Ellis 23:59, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * As long as you are not including Tharwa, Hall, Jervis Bay and other ACT but non-Canberra locations in a Canberra population count, I can't see what a problem with a Canberra polulation count may be. Arno 07:58, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Government section
Does anyone here have any opinions about whether it is appropriate for the Canberra section to be here, as apposed to the page for the Australian Capital Territory? Perhaps Canberra/ACT is a special case, but I wouldn't expect to see the NSW government described on the Sydney page, for instance. --Millsdavid 01:39, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The first parragraph of the Canberra Government section explains why it is listed under the Canberra page. The legislative assembly is both the City Council and the Territory Government. An ACT government page should probably also exist, and possibly the content from the Canberra page could be moved there or the ACT government page could redirect to the Government Section of the Canberra page... Martyman 03:17, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Molonglo River, Western End???
The edit of Revision as of 19:54, 23 Oct 2004 by  84.64.52.190 says '''The Molonglo River flows through Canberra. At it's western end, it has been dammed to form the body of water in the centre of the city called Lake Burley Griffin.'''
 * The dam is not in fact at the western end of the river but is in fact at the western end of the lake... Any ideas how to fix this? Martyman 11:54, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

How about the western end of what is now designated to be Lake Burley Griffin? Arno 08:17, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

- I suggest I propose 'The Molonglo River was dammed in the 1960 to create Lake Burley Griffin. The Scrivener Dam is located at the western end of the lake. Robert Charles Scrivener, who recommended the site for the National Capital in 1909, laid out the plans for the creation of the lake and dam named after him. Reference: National Capital Authority website You can drop the history and put it elsewhere if you like, but I think the first bit addresses to wording problem. Since Martyman's initial post is quite old and the wording still hasn't been changed, I'll change it after this weekend unless somebody suggests something better. Adz 14:02, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * changes are fine by me--AYArktos 20:56, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not in a section about geography. I've rewritten a very choppy couple of sentences, but there's still room for improvement. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Skyring (talk • contribs) 14:37, 1 August 2005. (diff)

-- Did the international flights to Fiji scheduled for July 2004 eventuate? The article still talks about this as happening in the future. JackofOz 02:52, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Pronunciation
It seems to need a walter burley griffin plan picture, and perhaps more on its design and conception

Should incorrect pronounciations be included? I recently watched a recording of the ceremony in which they announced the name of Australia's new capital, and I quote the crown's representative:

"The city shall be called CAN-brah, with the emphasis on the can."

 * I think the pronunciations should be removed. Dropping the E is in perfect accord with standard pronunciations of similar words amongst Australians and the British whose accent ours developed from (cf similar cases like primary, where Americans pronounce the A like an E, or words phonetically and semantically similar, like Edinburgh or Greensborough, which in spite of diverse & unintuitive spellings all end in -bra), though admittedly more and more Australians tend to pronounce some similar letters, like the E in battery. Furthermore, I hear it pronounced almost exclusively as CAM-bra, with an M sound (the exceptions being amongst people who pronounce the O in Catholic). In any case, any time more than two pronunciations are listed, it suggests that there is no standard pronuncation and no reason exists to put it down. The absolute most I'd accept is '(rhymes with Edinbrugh or Greensborough)', or something similar (Something more well-known than Greensborough might be better ... I use it as the name of a train line in Melbourne).

 * With this in mind, I'm removing the pronunciation. 203.82.183.147 12:05, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

It's been a while since I visted this page, good to see that 3 syllable crap has gone.

 * Actually, I listened very carefully to see how it was pronounced when I was there, after discovering that my USAian "can-BER-ra" was grossly out of place. I found "CAN-bruh" by far the most common, but also occasionally heard "CAN-bu-ruh" with a very reduced third syllable. I'm tempted to say that the 2-vs-3 syllables is a class distinction, but I probably didn't hear enough speakers to support that. Anyway, it amazes me how many times people have fixed the pronunciation in the article only to have someone come along and change it again. However, I think it does need to be there, for the benefit of my many fellow USAians who don't have the faintest idea how it is actually pronounced by the residents. — B.Bryant 09:12, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * "can-BER-ra" - this is mainly the one that I had in mind, no Canberran ever says that, and I suggest it was the major bone of contention.
 * My private suspicion is that my fellow USAians keep putting that back in. — B.Bryant 16:55, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

In point of fact there is no officially correct pronunciation of Canberra. The majority of Australians certainly say "Can-bruh", but a significant minority of better-educated people (me, for example) make some effort to pronounce the e and say "Can-bu-ruh", which is a perfectly legitimate pronunciation. By analogy, the majority of people say "Febry" and "libry," but that doesn't make "February" and "library" incorrect. Adam 08:23, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Bobby is correct that the Can-BERR-a pronunciation is commonly used by Americans, and since the great majority of Wikipedia's readers are Americans the article needs to note that that pronunciation is incorrect. Adam 23:37, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that's just not true. I'm amazed by the number of native-born Australians (at least in NSW) who say "Can-BEAR-uh".  Perhaps it's regional, perhaps it's a function of education and/or class; I couldn't tell you.  The Americans I know say some variation on "CAN-buh--ruh" and I've only ever heard Australians say "Can-BEAR-uh".  If it's incorrect, don't blame it on the yanks. Quill 20:19, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Funny that the New South Welsh get the finger pointed at them, as they'd be the most likely to actually hear us saying it. I always associate this pronunciation with H.G. Nelson, he really makes a point of the BEAR, possibly in character, but probably not.

 * My (late) grandparents, who lived in Bondi, always said Can-BEAR-uh, but they also said FORE-head not FORR-ud, and WEDDUNZ-day not WENZ-day. It seems to be more confined to earlier generations, and rural people.  The pronunciation that the vast majority of Canberrans and other Australians use, in my experience, is not any of the ones discussed in the article at all, but CAM-bruh.  The N becomes M because the lips are well on their way to making the B sound.  Can you think of any other English language word that has an N followed by a B?  I can't.  (unbend that inbred gunboat Adam 23:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC))

This would probably be described as sloppy pronunciation by some, but it is what most of the citizens actually say. I often do the same, despite trying consciously not to, and I lived there for 27 years until 2002. Cheers JackofOz 22:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone else mentioned the "CAM-bruh" thing above. Probably along the lines of people who pronounce "September" as "Set-TEM-bur". Staying outta that one! Quill 22:57, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Funnily, there are a couple of other place names with the -erra suffix (maybe more if I thought about it). Jerrabomberra, we say "jeh-ra-bomb-bra" - the same way as Canberra, but Ginninderra strangely gets the -ERR treatment "gin-in-deh-err". So there you go.

Weird Stuff
I was perplexed to find that the soil in Canberra was unsuited to the construction of heavy-duty underground tunnels, according to the article. Huh?

Someone else also seemed to think that geologists were unable to reconstruct the previous vegetation pattern because farmers had cleared the land. Weird. We know what was there previously because there are still a few remnant pockets within Canberra and the rest of the ACT remains unoccupied. What geologists have got to do with it, I don't know.

The "womens breasts" stuff seems to be nonsense. Mount Ainslie and Black Mountain aren't near enough together to justify the description. They are just two out of any number of similar small mountains around the place such as Mount Taylor or Mugga Mugga. Canberry and Canbury (as place names) are found throughout the old British Empire and it is plausible that the local Aboriginal people simply pronounced this as "Kamberra". The earliest records aren't much help, but I'm pretty dubious about the name meaning "meeting place" - apparently "Ottawa" also means "meeting place" in the local tongue though none of the locals ever mentioned this before it was selected as the Canadian capital. Likewise Canberra.

There was no permanent Aboriginal population. It was too cold in winter and the Ngunawal folk moved to more clement areas, something many present day Canberrans try to do as much as possible. But the annual Bogong feast is true enough and to this day the moths return each spring, causing consternation when the new Parliament House was opened and the moths, attracted to the floodlights, found their way into the corridors of power. Pete 02:04, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * So fix the weirdnesses, Pete.

 * I already did. I was wondering if there was any reason why they were there and came here looking for discussions on tunnels. Pete 06:18, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * One big quibble, though. Sure, there probably wasn't a permanent Aboriginal population.  But there weren't "permanent Aboriginal populations" in most of Australia.  In most areas, they lived a nomadic lifestyle and moved to where the feeding and the climate was most pleasant (in other words, away from Canberra in winter).  So I don't think you can single out Canberra in that respect.--Robert Merkel 04:25, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The article, as written, gave the impression that there was a local population who celebrated the arrival of the Bogongs. In other areas, such as Sydney, there were local Aboriginal residents. They might not have had permanent residences, but they could certainly be found within a relatively small compass at any one time, regardless of season. What is now the ACT was more in the nature of a place to be visited, and in fact the Ngunawal were just one of two or three peoples to include the region as parts of their range. But the impression one might get nowadays, especially if you take the signs along the territory border at face value, is that the Ngunawal people were here in the ACT permanently and they were found nowhere else.

 * I might check out how well the Bogong-hunting story is covered elsewhere. The moths fly all the way from Queensland, did you know that? They breed amongst the mountains here where they are eaten by birds and lizards and so on and then the survivors fly all the way back. They are quite big moths and presumably well worth the eating, if your tastes run that way. Pete 06:18, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Urban structure - location of Parl House???
The Article suggests that Griffin intended for Parliament to be located at the lake. A visit to the National Capital Exhibition or to this website about the competition for a national capital, will reveal that he intended for there to be a 'Water Gate' by the lake (where Commonwealth Place is) and for Parliament to be located on Camp Hill, which used to be between where Old and New Parliament Houses now are, but as been smoothed over. Capital Hill was to be the site of a 'Capital', although he wasn't very clear about what exactly this would be. I've deleted the reference to the Parliament being by the lake. Thought I should put this up to explain why. Adz 02:55, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Canberra/Archive 1


text:
Brunei River

The Brunei River (Sungai Brunei) is a river which flows through Brunei and empties into the Brunei Bay towards the north-east direction. The Istana Nurul Iman, the official residence of the Sultan of Brunei, stands on its banks. The Brunei River is the shortest major river in Brunei. It is the major river basin within the Brunei-Muara District, the smallest but most populous district. It flows through the country's capital Bandar Seri Begawan. It is home to Kampong Ayer, the Brunei's traditional village on stilts above the river water.

History
The Sultanate of Brunei once controlled all Borneo, including parts of the Philippines and Indonesia. The region's thick jungle means the method of transport and communication was always via boats. This led to traditional settlements being established beside rivers and waterways. These waterways provided convenient transport through a jungle environment, and a supply of food.

In 2006 the Brunei government through the Department of Environment, Parks and Recreation, a department initiated the clean-up campaign of the Brunei. A total of $3.9 million has been allocated for the clean-up project, in addition to the $90,000 for the house-to-house waste collection.

Sites
Kampong Ayer is the traditional Bruneian village on stilts above the Brunei River. It was the traditional capital of Brunei for centuries during the Bruneian Sultanate and extended into the British protectorate. It is now part of the capital Bandar Seri Begawan, located across the city centre.

Some of Brunei's historical sites are located along the river banks, including:
 * Kota Batu archaeological site, the primary archaeological site in the country
 * Tomb of Sultan Sharif Ali, the 3rd Sultan of Brunei
 * Tomb of Sultan Bolkiah, the 5th Sultan of Brunei
 * Tomb of Sultan Muhammad Hasan, the 9th Sultan of Brunei
 * Makam di Luba, the tomb of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei
 * The Royal Mausoleum (Kubah Makam Di-Raja) which is the burial place for several Sultans of Brunei including Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the previous Sultan and father of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
 * Bubungan Dua Belas (the House of Twelve Roofs), the official residence of the British residents and high commissioners during the British protectorate
 * The Brunei Museum, the country's national museum, is located in Kota Batu area, on the edge of a hill overlooking the river. Nearby, it is also home to the Malay Technology Museum, and the Brunei Darussalam Maritime Museum.
 * The Limau Manis River, a source river of the Brunei River, is home to Limau Manis archaeological site which is datable to the Chinese Song dynasty (960–1279 AD).
 * Istana Nurul Iman, the palace of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, the current Sultan of Brunei, is located on a hill overlooking the Brunei River.
 * Istana Darul Hana, former palace of both Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, located on a hill overlooking the river.

Jong Batu
The river is also home to Jong Batu, a rock outcrop believed to be the remains of a ship belonging to Nakhoda Manis, a figure associated with the local legend of an unfilial son cursed into stone. Similar tales can also be found in the local legends of Indonesia and Malaysia.

Lumut Lunting
The inconspicuous tiny island of Lumut Lunting, which is described in Syair Awang Semaun as the site of a cockfight between the kings of Brunei and the Majapahit Empire, is one of several well-known local myths and tales that have been associated with the Brunei River. At the mouth of the Brunei River, Lumut Lunting is positioned between Pulau Sibungur and Pulau Berambang, as opposed to Pulau Pilong-Pilongan, which is farther out at sea and closer to Muara. Both islands, Pulau Pilong-Pilongan and Lumut Lunting, have ties to a long-standing myth that dates back more than 500 years. According to legend, the incident occurred in the early years of Awang Alak Betatar's first sultanate, somewhere in the 14th century.

At the time, a rooster owned by Awang Senuai, a relative of Awang Alak Betatar, was renowned for consistently triumphing in cockfights. In a cockfight, two carefully trained and conditioned roosters engage in combat as onlookers wager on the winner. The majority of conflicts result in the death of one or both roosters. Raden Angsuka Dewa, who also owned Asmara, a rooster reputed to be comparable to Mutiara, learned about this. Asmara was carefully cared for by his owner, who provided him with a unique coop and a golden plate that was hanging high. Asmara was rumored to be powerful, intelligent, and endowed with a unique ability. The native cocks were so horrified when he crooned upon entering Brunei that they did not crow for several days.

The Majapahit King ordered that if he lost, he would hand over the 40 ships that were loaded with supplies to Brunei; but, if he won, he would receive more of the areas that Brunei currently holds and governs. Another version stated that Brunei would still be Majapahit's vassal state if it lost. For the cockfight in front of the Sultan's Palace, Asmara and Mutiara underwent thorough training. Many people came to see the battle the day it took place. The roosters started pounce, peck, attack, and kick each other as the enthusiastic onlookers cheered them on. Suddenly, Mutiara and Asmara both flew out of the ring. During the altercation, Asmara was stabbed and suffered critical injuries. Asmara disappeared from view, fell into the water unconscious from his wound, and transformed into a rock into an island (Pulau Pilong-Pilongan). When Mutiara attempted to follow, he fell into the river that the King of Majapahit had cursed. (Lumut Lunting), also changed into a rock and an island. Elder Kampong Ayer residents have a saying that Lumut Lunting will never be submerged, no of how high the water level rises. If it does, that portends a negative omen, such as the passing of a king or the happening of an unfortunate event.

title: Brunei River


text:
Talk:Sample (statistics)

stub
I think there is enough information here so I can remove the stub tag. There are links to the many other pages that talk about the specifics of samples and sampling. Steve Simon 16:31, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

I've changed the introduction and highlighted some topics to be expanded on (e.g., stratified sample) at a later date. Steve Simon 02:53, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Mathematical description
The "Mathematical description" and the "Empirical description" describe different things; this is not just a matter of different ways of looking at the same thing.

If X is a random variable, then the n-tuple (X1,...,Xn), in which the Xi are n i.i.d. clones of X, is itself a (multivariate) random variable. This is what is called "a sample" in the section Mathematical description. A single experimentally observed outcome of this multivariate random variable is what is called "a simple random sample" in the section Empirical description.

I know that the use of the term "sample" to describe outcomes obtained by a sampling process is quite common. Is the "mathematical" meaning in which a sample is a multivariate random variable also common? If so, shouldn't we make it clear that we have two different meanings here (and give citations of sources for the "mathematical" meaning)? If not, the wording of the section on "Mathematical description" should be changed.

(Can someone explain why the first section is called "Empirical description"? It is not as if we observed lots of samples in the field and are now trying to describe, based on our observations, what we saw.)

--Lambiam 19:19, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes you can sample from a multivariate distribution. I suppose one can interpret a sample of length n (= n iid random variables) as a sample of length one from an n-dimensional variable if convenient for some purpose, but it is not exactly standard. The definition I gave is in virtually any book on mathematical statistics or probability. I have added a citation to a book I happened to have on my desk. The last paragraph in the section is a restatement what a random variable is: a mapping that assigns values to possible outcomes.
 * That is not what I mean. The sample itself, whose outcomes are vectors of which the length is the sample size, has a (boring) multivariate distribution. Google books won't let me read Wilks' definition, but I trust that is OK, which answers my first question. --Lambiam 23:40, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The word empirical means in probability and statistics from observation, see empirical probability. For the concept of sample in the sense of mathematical statistics it is fundamental that in principle one can repeat the sampling experiment and the results would be coming from some probability distribution. So, even if you may not have a lot of samples, you could, again in principle. Jmath666 (talk) 21:27, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * So it is not the description that is empirical, as the section title suggests, but the context of use: this describes the meaning of the term in empirical statistics. --Lambiam 23:40, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, I think these are two descriptions of the same thing, one from practitioner's view, one from theoretical view. Otherwise one could not do anything analytical/mathematically meaningful with the pracitioner's samples, such as hypothesis testing, just descriptive statistics. Jmath666 (talk) 01:02, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it is desirable to be able to make a distinction between a random variable, and an experimentally obtained (observed) outcome. The latter, assuming it is in numerical form, one can write on a piece of paper, put it in a table in an article, and so on. One cannot put the random variable itself in the article. Currently, a collection of such observations is also called a sample. If you look, for example, at our Mode (statistics) article, it defines the mode of a sample, where this clearly applies to a collection of observations, and not to a set of i.i.d. r.v.'s. Is it abuse of the term "sample" when authors write: "we obtained a sample of 183 specimens from ..."? Is there a better term for "a data set that has been collected by a sampling process"? --Lambiam 12:50, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps this second part should be moved to Random sample which looks pretty sad now. Also the Sample (probability) should link there. Then there would be no need for the "empirical description" heading. Jmath666 (talk) 22:15, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I support that, and, moreover, I think "simple random sample" should be merged into and then redirect to "random sample"; the different meanings of "random sample" should be cleared up better (I think a "simple random sample" is also a "random sample" in the empirical sense, even though the text suggests it is not). Is there a counterpart of the mathematical treatment for non-simple sampling methods (e.g. with no replacement)? --Lambiam 23:40, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I never heard "simple random sample" before. It may be used incorrectly here or something someone in some source made up.
 * To the second question, if you sample from a population without replacement, what you get are not values of independent random variables (since something was not replaced, the distributions are not identical and they are not independent) so it is not a random sample. But if you n sequences length m each starting from the beginning that would be random sample size n out of multivariate distribution dimension m... Oh that confusion when people use same word for different things and it gets perpetuated in undergraduate textbooks... Jmath666 (talk) 01:02, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Googling ["simple random sample" OR "simple random sampling"] gives more than a few hits; the terminology is sufficiently widespread that we cannot ignore it. See e.g. here. This page discusses many forms of "random sampling". --Lambiam 12:50, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Indeed simple random sample is something else than random sample (which is defined as iid); not a special case of it as the name might suggest... The article simple random sample also says so, correctly. These are not iid but only approximately so. I am sure statistics textbooks would have plenty of the kind of info about such things. One authoritative source is Kendall's advanced theory of statistics. I'll look at Wilks when I get to that office again. This whole sample related collection of articles would benefit from some coordination by someone who know what he is doing (which in statistics would not be me, at least not yet). Jmath666 (talk) 19:50, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * ...a random sample of length n (where n may be any of 1,2,3,...) is a set of n independent, identically distributed (iid) random variables with distribution F.
 * This definition seems excessively narrow. It excludes sampling without replacement from a finite population (violates the 'independence' condition) and it would also exclude things like stratified sampling schemes. I don't have sources handy - does anybody have a better, citable definition that could be substituted? --GenericBob (talk) 10:00, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

First sentence flawed?
The first sentence of the article is flawed. With the exception of a population that is all-inclusive, the population will always be a subset of another population (that is, a sample), and so on -- making the definition circular.

Another problem is with the operationalization of "taking" a sample of some population -- this is never discussed in the definition.

Without some kind of rigourous methodological approach, samples drawn from the same population could have wildly variant statistical characteristics. This shows that sample methodology is an essential statistical element -- but one which the definition neglects.

In other words, there is no way to characterize a discrete sample without also discussing how that sample was created. But this is just what the first sentence attempts to do.

Gsmcghee (talk) 00:10, 17 December 2009 (UTC)Gsmcghee (talk) 00:14, 17 December 2009 (UTC)Gsmcghee (talk) 00:16, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Every set is a subset of itself anyway. 134.2.18.135 (talk) 11:25, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

Infinite / finite samples?
There is no mention that a sample must be finite. But I can't imagine what an infinite sample is. It would be nice if someone could write something about this, preferably with an example.

Velle (talk) 08:56, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

 * It's possible to define a method for selecting an infinite sample. For instance, suppose your population is { xi }, where i=1 to +inf. Then you could toss a coin: on heads you select all the even-indexed members, on tails you select all the odd-indexed members.

 * But I can't think of a situation where it'd be useful. The usual point of a statistical sample is as a pragmatic way to derive information about the population/superpopulation, which means you're doing some calculation based on the sampled units. That's not going to be possible if the sample is infinite. If you have enough information to determine the statistical properties of the infinite sample, and you have reason to believe the sample is representative of the whole, then you probably already know the statistical properties of the population.

 * There is certainly plenty of discussion of how various properties, estimators etc. behave as the sample size tends to infinity, but "tends to infinity" and "infinity" are not the same concept. --GenericBob (talk) 09:59, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Sample (statistics) and Sampling (statistics) should be merged into one article. I am not a statistician, but it seems to me there is a large overlap between the articles (i.e. a WP:CONTENTFORK), neither of which are too long, and readers would be best served by a single, more comprehensive article. In a recent RfD discussion, there was uncertainty about how to handle redirects for related terms with respect to these articles. I am not sure which title the merged article should have, but perhaps Sample (statistics) would be better, emphasizing the thing (sample) rather than the process of obtaining it, but I have no strong feelings either way. Obviously whichever title is not kept will target the merged article via a redirect. Mdewman6 (talk) 21:39, 17 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I also stumbled across this. The concepts are so similar that I would also merge the articles. On the other hand quite some language versions of wikipedia seem to make a difference here... Biggerj1 (talk) 09:32, 19 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sample (statistics)


text: Category:Rivers of Brunei

title: Category:Rivers of Brunei


text:
Dizzy Panic

Dizzy Panic is a puzzle video game published in 1990 by Codemasters for the Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Master System, and Game Gear. The game is based on the Dizzy series and was designed by the Oliver Twins but was developed by Big Red Software. Gameplay involves moving a wall left and right so that falling shapes pass through the appropriately shaped holes in the wall.

The game is included in the 1993 The Excellent Dizzy Collection.

title: Dizzy Panic


text:
Talk:Kane and Abel (novel)

Captured?
The Bran is "captivated"? - or is he captured? Some-one who has read the book should check this. The article could also use some cleaning up (e.g., bringing in consistentcy in tense).
 * I've marked it for cleanup. Mostly the synopsis just needs its style polished, but there are a couple of obscure points and it should ideally be done by someone who has read the book. CalJW 07:52, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

the personalities involved
are murdoch and maxwell the personalities on whom THIS book is based?....going by their life stories,it's "the fourth estate" that is based on the lives of these two media personalities

the book is really interesting
the book is reaaly good it should be read i have not yet seen the video but reading the book i am sure it will be good. the book is very sophisticated and whoever reads it will benefit from it.

the baron is captured
the baron is captured by the guards and dies in the dungeon iside his castle

Fair use rationale for Image:Kaneandabel.gif
Image:Kaneandabel.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:13, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Repetition
In "Plot summary", a particular episode about one of the characters saving the other in the Second World War is oddly repeated (the book sounds so dull I have forgotten which character):

"Abel changes the name of the hotel from Richmond to Baron and builds up a successful hotel chain. By joining hands with Henry Osborne, who had by now entered politics, Abel plans to ruin Kane and his bank. Abel begets a daughter, named Florentyna in memory of his dead sister while Kane has a son, Richard. Abel during World War II would save Kane's life in France. He also divorces Zaphia when he returns home from the war. Meanwhile Kane's bank and Lester's bank merge and a provision is made that anyone who has a share of 8% can summon board meetings. Abel tries desperately to obtain 8% of the bank's stock but Kane manages to thwart his attempts. They unknowingly meet each other many times throughout the novel. On one instance, whilst Kane and Abel are fighting in World War II, Abel saves Kane's life. "

Right. Abel saves Kane. Now I know. Twice... Whoever boldly took on such an article perhaps needs to tidy it up.

Incidentally, who wrote this above? > "the book is reaaly good it should be read i have not yet seen the video but reading the book i am sure it will be good. the book is very sophisticated and whoever reads it will benefit from it"

?? Anyway, they sure come across like the perfect Jeffrey Archer reader. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.158.234.155 (talk) 22:48, 25 March 2008 (UTC) YA!!!!!!!!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.238.89.18 (talk) 21:37, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

"polewas"?
What on earth is a polewas? I can't find it in the OED, and there aren't any English Google results for the word apart from mirrors of this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.8.204.9 (talk) 15:35, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Recrafted?
In 2009 Archer marked the 30th anniversary edition (83rd impression) as "recrafted", which apparently took him nine months. It is not quite clear in what way the book has changed, as the plot remains identical. Any secondary sources that could be used to describe the differences? JFW | T@lk  23:34, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Disagree with template message that plot summary may be too long or detailed
The plot summary section has a template message claiming that:

This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

I disagree. It is useful to many readers of a long and complex novel to have a detailed description of the plot, rich with names and events to serve as a reference when a name is encountered whom the reader cannot quite place, or a plot detail is referenced which the reader cannot quite recall. New readers of English, those with reading disabilities, people who have begun the novel and then suspended it, and people who have developed some degree of memory deficiency are among those who benefit from a detailed plot summary. Indeed, some publishers provide descriptive lists of characters for very long or involved fictions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:EA50:4D00:E1FA:B801:D1BD:3E6 (talk) 21:54, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kane and Abel (novel)


text:
Neumann series

A Neumann series is a mathematical series of the form
 * $$ \sum_{k=0}^\infty T^k $$

where $$T $$ is an operator and $$T^k := {}T^{k-1}\circ{T}$$ its $$k$$ times repeated application. This generalizes the geometric series.

The series is named after the mathematician Carl Neumann, who used it in 1877 in the context of potential theory. The Neumann series is used in functional analysis. It forms the basis of the Liouville-Neumann series, which is used to solve Fredholm integral equations. It is also important when studying the spectrum of bounded operators.

Properties
Suppose that $$T$$ is a bounded linear operator on the normed vector space $$X$$. If the Neumann series converges in the operator norm, then $$\text{Id}-T$$ is invertible and its inverse is the series:
 * $$ (\mathrm{Id} - T)^{-1} = \sum_{k=0}^\infty T^k $$,

where $$ \mathrm{Id} $$ is the identity operator in $$X$$. To see why, consider the partial sums
 * $$S_n := \sum_{k=0}^n T^k$$.

Then we have
 * $$\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}(\mathrm{Id}-T)S_n = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}\left(\sum_{k=0}^n T^k - \sum_{k=0}^n T^{k+1}\right) = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}\left(\mathrm{Id} - T^{n+1}\right) = \mathrm{Id}.$$

This result on operators is analogous to geometric series in $$\mathbb{R}$$, in which we find that:
 * $$(1-x)\cdot(1 + x + x^2 + \cdots + x^{n-1} + x^n) = 1-x^{n+1},$$
 * $$1 + x + x^2 + \cdots = \frac{1}{1-x}.$$

One case in which convergence is guaranteed is when $$X$$ is a Banach space and $$|T| <1$$ in the operator norm or $$\sum |T^n|$$ is convergent. However, there are also results which give weaker conditions under which the series converges.

Example
Let $$C\in \R^{3 \times 3}$$ be given by:

\begin{pmatrix} 0 & \frac{1}{2}  & \frac{1}{4} \\ \frac{5}{7} & 0 & \frac{1}{7} \\ \frac{3}{10} & \frac{3}{5} & 0 \end{pmatrix}. $$ We need to show that C is smaller than unity in some norm. Therefore, we calculate:

\begin{align} \end{align} $$
 * C||_{\infty} &=\max_i \sum_j |c_{ij}| = \max \left\lbrace \frac{3}{4}, \frac{6}{7}, \frac{9}{10} \right\rbrace = \frac{9}{10} < 1.

Thus, we know from the statement above that $$(I-C)^{-1}$$ exists.

Approximate matrix inversion
A truncated Neumann series can be used for approximate matrix inversion. To approximate the inverse of an invertible matrix $$\mathbf A$$, we can assign the linear operator as:
 * $$T(\mathbf x)=(\mathbf I-\mathbf A)\mathbf x$$

where $$\mathbf I$$ is the identity matrix. If the norm condition on $$T$$ is satisfied, then truncating the series at $$n$$, we get:
 * $$\mathbf A^{-1} \approx \sum_{i=0}^n (\mathbf I-\mathbf A)^i$$

The set of invertible operators is open
A corollary is that the set of invertible operators between two Banach spaces $$ B $$ and $$ B' $$ is open in the topology induced by the operator norm. Indeed, let $$ S : B \to B' $$ be an invertible operator and let $$ T: B \to B' $$ be another operator. If $$|S-T| < |S^{-1}|^{-1} $$, then $$T$$ is also invertible. Since $$ |\mathrm{Id}-S^{-1}T| < 1 $$, the Neumann series $$ \sum(\mathrm{Id}-S^{-1}T)^k $$ is convergent. Therefore, we have
 * $$ T^{-1}S = (\mathrm{Id} - (\mathrm{Id} - S^{-1}T))^{-1} = \sum_{k=0}^\infty(\mathrm{Id} - S^{-1}T)^k $$

Taking the norms, we get
 * $$ |T^{-1}S| \le \frac{1}{1 - |\mathrm{Id} - (S^{-1}T)|} $$

The norm of $$ T^{-1} $$ can be bounded by
 * $$ |T^{-1}| \le \tfrac{1}{1-q} |S^{-1}| \quad\text{where}\quad q = |S-T| \, |S^{-1}|. $$

Applications
The Neumann series has been used for linear data detection in massive multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems. Using a truncated Neumann series avoids computation of an explicit matrix inverse, which reduces the complexity of linear data detection from cubic to square.

Another application is the theory of Propagation graphs which takes advantage of Neumann series to derive closed form expression for the transfer function.

title: Neumann series


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xiong mao kung fu

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 03:48, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Xiong mao kung fu
Nicely formatted article, but unfortunately it is only so much advertising for a newly created, non-notable martial art. 0 Google hits outside of WP, possible hoax. Fire Star 04:51, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unless it can be verified with external refs. I smell hoax too. MCB 07:49, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per submitter. --GraemeL (talk) 12:11, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems pretty hoaxy. Optichan 19:33, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - hoax - Tεx  τ  urε  20:59, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete "The Xiong Mao Kung Fu organisation is, at present, in its infancy." That basically sums up my argument. --Rschen7754 22:37, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
NBA high school draftees

The NBA high school draftees are players who have been drafted to the National Basketball Association (NBA) straight out of high school. The process of jumping directly from high school basketball to the professional level is also known as going prep-to-pro. Since 2006, drafting high school players has been prohibited by the NBA collective bargaining agreement, which requires that players who enter the draft be 19 years of age or older and at least one year removed from high school.

The NBA has long had a preference for players who played college basketball, and the vast majority of players who play in the NBA attended college beforehand. Out of the thousands of people who have played in the NBA, only forty-one went prep-to-pro, not including international players.

Early years
In the early years of the NBA draft, a player had to finish his four-year college eligibility to be eligible for selection. Reggie Harding, who had graduated from high school but did not enroll in a college, became the first player drafted out of high school when the Detroit Pistons selected him in the fourth round of the 1962 draft. However, the NBA rules at that time prohibited a high school player to play in the league until one year after his high school class graduated. Thus, he spent a year playing in a minor league before he was re-drafted in the 1963 draft by the Pistons. He finally entered the league in the 1963–64 season and played four seasons in the NBA and American Basketball Association (ABA).

In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Haywood v. National Basketball Association ruled against the NBA's requirement that a player must wait four years after high school graduation (which in most cases was spent playing in college) before turning professional. This ruling allowed players to enter the NBA draft without waiting four years, provided they could give evidence of hardship to the NBA office. The NBA's rival, the ABA, had already instituted a hardship exemption in 1969.

Moses Malone was the first to play professionally directly out of high school in 1974, though with an ABA team before the merger of that association with the NBA. Two high school players, Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby, applied for hardship and were declared eligible for the 1975 draft. They had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league, which granted them the right to start earning a living by starting their professional careers earlier. Dawkins was selected 5th by the Philadelphia 76ers while Willoughby was selected 19th by the Atlanta Hawks. Dawkins played 14 seasons and averaged 12 points and 6 rebounds per game. Willoughby played 8 seasons with 6 different teams and averaged only 6 points per game. Neither player reached the level of success that was expected. It is argued that they could have been better players if they had college basketball experience before entering the NBA.

After Dawkins and Willoughby, no high schoolers were drafted for 14 years, though several players entered the league without playing college basketball. One player, Shawn Kemp, enrolled in college but never played any games due to personal problems. In 1989, a year after his high school graduation, he was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics. He played 14 seasons in the NBA and was selected to 6 All-Star Games and 3 All-NBA Teams.

1995–2005
In 1995, Kevin Garnett, USA Today's high school basketball player of the year, announced his intentions to forgo college, and declared himself eligible for the 1995 NBA draft. The move was highly controversial; the conventional wisdom at the time was that high-schoolers were neither emotionally nor physically mature enough for the rigors of the NBA game. On draft day, Garnett was selected with the #5 pick in the first round by the Minnesota Timberwolves. Garnett led the Timberwolves to eight consecutive playoff berths and made 10 All-Star teams in his 12 years with the team. In 2004, the Wolves advanced to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the Lakers; Garnett was named Most Valuable Player that year. After a trade in the 2007 offseason to the Boston Celtics, he was a core player in the Celtics' first NBA title in over 20 years.

In 1996, two notable players made the jump from high school to the NBA. The first was Kobe Bryant, selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th pick of the NBA draft, but traded almost immediately to the Los Angeles Lakers. The second was Jermaine O'Neal, selected by the Trail Blazers with the 17th pick. O'Neal was traded in 2000 to the Indiana Pacers (and later to the Miami Heat). In 1997, another All-Star caliber player, Tracy McGrady, was selected by the Toronto Raptors. In 1998, three high-schoolers were drafted with Al Harrington and Rashard Lewis experiencing the most success. Darius Miles became the highest high school player selected with the third pick in the 2000 NBA draft, until the following year when Kwame Brown was selected first overall. Further into the 2000s, draftees out of high school who would see success in the NBA included Tyson Chandler in 2001, Amar'e Stoudemire in 2002, LeBron James and Kendrick Perkins in 2003, Dwight Howard and Shaun Livingston in 2004, and Andrew Bynum in 2005.

2005–present
In 2005, both the NBA and the players' union started to discuss the possibility of implementing a new age requirement. The league lobbied for an age minimum of 20 while the union was against an age requirement. Finally in July 2005, both sides compromised in the new collective bargaining agreement, requiring that the minimum age for entry into the NBA be 19 and that entrants be at least one year removed from high school.

Some players support the new age limit. Gerald Green called it "a smart move", saying that "[not everybody is] LeBron James ... He came in ready and he dominated the league. There's a lot of players that have to get developed. Me, I've got to get developed. But I guess that age limit, that one year of college experience, can get you more developed and I think that's pretty good." Others, however, strongly criticize the rule. Andrew Bynum said "That's something I'll never understand. Because in no other business can the owner, or a stock trader, or a CEO of a company try to protect themselves by putting rules like that." Former Florida Gators and current Chicago Bulls head coach Billy Donovan believed that the rule made high schoolers feel like they were being punished. Spencer Haywood, the plaintiff in the Haywood v. National Basketball Association decision, supported an age limit of 20, allowing players time to mature. He left college after his sophomore season to play in the ABA.

List
There have been 41 high school draftees in the NBA draft. Three draftees were selected first overall; Kwame Brown in the 2001 NBA draft, LeBron James in 2003, and Dwight Howard in the 2004 NBA draft. Two draftees went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season: LeBron James and 2002 draftee Amar'e Stoudemire. Three draftees went on to win the Most Valuable Player Award: Kevin Garnett in, Kobe Bryant in , and LeBron James in , , , and. Ten draftees have been selected to the All-Star Game and ten draftees have been selected to the All-NBA Team.

Controversy
Despite the success of some high school players drafted, the entry of high school players into the NBA remains controversial. Critics say that high school players are not mentally and physically mature or prepared enough to handle the pressure of professional play; thus, they are less likely to develop properly and reach their potential. Instead, they believe that colleges are useful at filtering out players who can dominate against weak competition in high school, but cannot succeed at a higher level of play. They also think that the influx of high schoolers bypassing colleges in favor of the NBA caused collegiate play to deteriorate. Universities are wary of spending time recruiting, as many players are financially motivated to turn pro fresh out of high school.

On the other hand, proponents argue that there is no valid reason to exclude high school players. Michael McCann, writer of law article "Illegal Defense: The Irrational Economics of Banning High School Players from the NBA Draft", contends that players drafted straight out of high school can do as well as any other players in the NBA. The article finds that "on average, these [high school] players perform better in every major statistical category than does the average NBA player". Others instead believe that the problem was due to the lack of established farm system in basketball until recently. In other major sports, such as baseball and hockey, it is common for young players to develop in their minor league systems.

Discourses on the validity of high-school players entering the NBA directly, bypassing college, have also been impacted by the recent legalization of name, image and likeness deals by the NCAA, which allow collegiate athletes to profit from sponsorship deals. This has effectively reduced the financial incentives that basketball players have to move directly to the NBA from high school by allowing colleges and their boosters to compensate players. In addition, it has decreased some players' propensity to enter the NBA as soon as possible after playing one year in college, leading to them staying in school for multiple years to capitalize on NIL deals they make money from. This trend is especially noticeable in players who do not project as well to the NBA but are collegiate stars, such as Drew Timme of Gonzaga, who stated that his NIL earnings were comparable to the NBA two-way contract he was likely to sign once he turned professional.

title: NBA high school draftees


text:
Oppenheim (disambiguation)

Oppenheim is a small town in Germany.

Oppenheim may also refer to:

 * Oppenheim, New York, U.S.
 * Oppenheim (surname)
 * Oppenheim family, prominent European banking family since the 18th century
 * Oppenheim Architecture, architecture, planning and interior design practice

title: Oppenheim (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Zero1355

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you.

SKY
sky i love! 租房 北京租房 公寓 北京公寓

title: User talk:Zero1355


text:
Talk:Ewell

"Ewell" origins
I've removed the passage starting: "Some people have suggested that the name Ewell is an abbreviation of "Epsom well"..." as it seems superfluous to include a counter to information that is patently incorrect. The counter reasoning was sound, but unnecessary for a clean article. Discuss if you strongly think this part was of value. Tubusy 20:05, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Info box
There was this box at the bottom of the page which I've pasted here. I've looked at many Surrey pages and I haven't seen this. Could someone sort it out? It really need a title or something SuzanneKn 20:12, 28 June 2007 (UTC) London Outer Orbital Path
 * The box is explained in the center link... it's not for Surrey pages as such, but the walking route one can travel around London, so only certain towns will have it. :) Tubusy 12:11, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Fitznells Manor
May I suggest a link to my Fitznells Manor article? EricPolymath (talk) 19:50, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Civil War tunnels?
I added a to that line, partly because I'm simply interested and would like to read more, but also because it doesn't seem at all easy to find such information otherwise. I don't know the area, so am not entirely sure where I should be looking, but all I could find quickly was this page and the tunnels mentioned there are stated as being probably from no earlier than the late 17th century, so not Civil War era. Assuming that other tunnels are the ones mentioned in the WP article, I think an inline reference would be extremely helpful. Loganberry (Talk) 22:51, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Petula Clark
Interesting that both the Epsom and Petula Clark articles say that she was born in Epsom! (I was born and brought up in Ewell and was constantly irritated by people in the area, especially residents of Epsom, who claimed that they lived in Ewell when they obviously did not!!!) — Preceding unsigned comment added by EricPolymath (talk • contribs) 17:47, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Village or Town
This article repeatedly refers to this area as a village it's very large size for a village would suggest that it is undeniably a town. It's population quoted here is even larger than Epsom the other large settlement in it's borough (although the link used as a source is a dead one but I have no reason to doubt it). I have never been to the area so is it really refered to as a village because to me that sounds very pretentious and reinforcing of Surrey stereotypes. I also dispute the sentence which states it contains a rural character that seems absurd to me as the area is very much within London's urban sprawl. Eopsid (talk) 12:32, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

Google maps
Can anyone tell me why, despite the large scale, Google thinks is important enough to include the town of Ewell here? Bizarre really...only the major cities of Europe are listed yet there is this little town in the borough of Epsom and Ewell being shown!! Is one of the programmers working on Google maps possible from this locale? Or is there a Google link? Otherwise what an incongruous inclusion, yes?109.151.96.42 (talk) 16:38, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Ewell. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071030192829/http://www.gwp.enta.net/surrnames.htm to http://www.gwp.enta.net/surrnames.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:22, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ewell. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215611/http://www.nsdatabase.co.uk/locationdetail.cfm?locationid=572 to http://www.nsdatabase.co.uk/locationdetail.cfm?locationid=572

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:42, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ewell


text:
Talk:Professional Widow

Untitled
The anecdote about Trent Reznor in the lead of this page seems inappropriate for this article, as it is not directly related to the song itself. Logosun (talk) 12:03, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

The tone of this article could certainly use some work. It seems a bit chatty. --Jacqui M Schedler 04:57, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't have time to make an infobox right now, as I am about to leave for my wiki-vacation, but I have uploaded an image for it: Image:ToriAmos-ProWidow-USscan.jpg --Jacquelyn Marie 16:19, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * One infobox coming right up! It's not quite complete, though. I'm quite lazy. Ric | opiaterein 16:11, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Should there be some mention of the fact that this song is supposedly about Courtney Love? Tori herself has debunked the theory (or at least chosen not to confirm either way), but it is a widely held belief. Any ideas? Pumpkingrrl 02:38, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

The misheard lyrics section was far to speculative to be encyclopedic. I am removing it in favor of simply mentioning in the body of the text how frequently the lyrics were misinterpreted, with a citation. Pacian 04:57, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Someone re-added it but I have deleted it again. I would posture that EVERY song has lyrics that are misheard by someone, somewhere, at some time, and there would need to be a valid and reliable source showing that THIS song's lyrics are so commonly misheard as to make that fact encyclopedic (IE: "Kiss the Sky/Kiss This Guy"). Additionally it seems that the "misheard lyrics" were copied from a web page that allows people to say what they "misheard" from any given song, which is subjectable to prank lyrics. Midnightguinea 20:15, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * This was not Amos' first 12" single by any means whatsoever. Not counting ones released with her band Y Kant Tori Read, her first 12" single was for her very first solo single "Me and a Gun"; to wit, there were a MINIMUM of four other 12" singles released before this one. 70.211.116.203 (talk) 08:18, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Professional Widow. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051119134202/http://hereinmyhead.com/collect/bfp/bfp5.html to http://hereinmyhead.com/collect/bfp/bfp5.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:04, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Professional Widow


text: User talk:71.105.179.169

title: User talk:71.105.179.169


text: User talk:69.149.72.147

title: User talk:69.149.72.147


text:
Free trade agreement

A free trade agreement (FTA) or treaty is an agreement according to international law to form a free-trade area between the cooperating states. There are two types of trade agreements: bilateral and multilateral. Bilateral trade agreements occur when two countries agree to loosen trade restrictions between the two of them, generally to expand business opportunities. Multilateral trade agreements are agreements among three or more countries, and are the most difficult to negotiate and agree.

FTAs, a form of trade pacts, determine the tariffs and duties that countries impose on imports and exports with the goal of reducing or eliminating trade barriers, thus encouraging international trade. Such agreements usually "center on a chapter providing for preferential tariff treatment", but they also often "include clauses on trade facilitation and rule-making in areas such as investment, intellectual property, government procurement, technical standards and sanitary and phytosanitary issues".

Important distinctions exist between customs unions and free-trade areas. Both types of trading bloc have internal arrangements which parties conclude in order to liberalize and facilitate trade among themselves. The crucial difference between customs unions and free-trade areas is their approach to third parties. While a customs union requires all parties to establish and maintain identical external tariffs with regard to trade with non-parties, parties to a free-trade area are not subject to such a requirement. Instead, they may establish and maintain whatever tariff regime applying to imports from non-parties as they deem necessary. In a free-trade area without harmonized external tariffs, to eliminate the risk of trade deflection, parties will adopt a system of preferential rules of origin.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) originally defined free-trade agreements to include only trade in goods. An agreement with a similar purpose, i.e., to enhance liberalization of trade in services, is named under Article V of the General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS) as an "economic integration agreement". However, in practice, the term is now widely used in politic science, diplomacy and economics to refer to agreements covering not only goods but also services and even investment. Environmental provisions have also become increasingly common in international investment agreements, like FTAs.

History
The OED records the use of the phrase "free trade agreement" with reference to the Australian colonies as early as 1877. After the WTO's World Trade Organization - which has been considered by some as a failure for not promoting trade talks, but a success by others for preventing trade wars - states increasingly started exploring options to conclude FTAs.

Legal aspects of free trade agreements
The formation of free trade areas is considered an exception to the most favored nation (MFN) principle in the World Trade Organization (WTO) because the preferences that parties to a free-trade area exclusively grant each other go beyond their accession commitments. Although Article XXIV of the GATT allows WTO members to establish free-trade areas or to adopt interim agreements necessary for the establishment thereof, there are several conditions with respect to free-trade areas, or interim agreements leading to the formation of free-trade areas.

Firstly, duties and other regulations maintained in each of the signatory parties to a free-trade area, which are applicable at the time such free-trade area is formed, to the trade with non-parties to such free-trade area shall not be higher or more restrictive than the corresponding duties and other regulations existing in the same signatory parties prior to the formation of the free-trade area. In other words, the establishment of a free-trade area to grant preferential treatment among its member is legitimate under WTO law, but the parties to a free-trade area are not permitted to treat non-parties less favorably than before the area is established. A second requirement stipulated by Article XXIV is that tariffs and other barriers to trade must be eliminated to substantially all the trade within the free-trade area.

Free trade agreements forming free-trade areas generally lie outside the realm of the multilateral trading system. However, WTO members must notify to the Secretariat when they conclude new free trade agreements and in principle the texts of free trade agreements are subject to review under the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements. Although a dispute arising within free-trade areas are not subject to litigation at the WTO's Dispute Settlement Body, "there is no guarantee that WTO panels will abide by them and decline to exercise jurisdiction in a given case".

A free trade agreement is a reciprocal agreement, which is allowed by Article XXIV of the GATT. Whereas, autonomous trade arrangements in favor of developing and least developed countries are permitted by the Decision on Differential and More Favorable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries adopted by signatories to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1979 (the “Enabling Clause”). It is the WTO's legal basis for the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). Both free trade agreements and preferential trade arrangements (as named by the WTO) are considered as derogation to the MFN principle.

Trade diversion and trade creation
In general, trade diversion means that an FTA would divert trade away from more efficient suppliers outside the area towards less efficient ones within the areas. Whereas, trade creation implies that an FTA area creates trade which may not have otherwise existed. In all cases trade creation will raise a country's national welfare.

Both trade creation and trade diversion are crucial effects found upon the establishment of an FTA. Trade creation will cause consumption to shift from a high-cost producer to a low-cost one, and trade will thus expand. In contrast, trade diversion will lead to trade shifting from a lower-cost producer outside the area to a higher-cost one inside the FTA. Such a shift will not benefit consumers within the FTA as they are deprived the opportunity to purchase cheaper imported goods. However, economists find that trade diversion does not always harm aggregate national welfare: it can even improve aggregate national welfare if the volume of diverted trade is small.

FTAs as public goods
Economists have made attempts to evaluate the extent to which FTAs can be considered public goods. They first address one key element of FTAs, which is the system of embedded tribunals which act as arbitrators in international trade disputes. These serve as a force of clarification for existing statutes and international economic policies as affirmed in the trade treaties.

The second way in which FTAs are considered public goods is tied to the evolving trend of them becoming “deeper”. The depth of an FTA refers to the added types of structural policies that it covers. While older trade deals are deemed “shallower” as they cover fewer areas (such as tariffs and quotas), more recently concluded agreements address a number of other fields, from services to e-commerce and data localization. Since transactions among parties to an FTA are relatively cheaper as compared to those with non-parties, FTAs are conventionally found to be excludable. Now that deep trade deals will enhance regulatory harmonization and increase trade flows with non-parties, thus reducing the excludability of FTA benefits, new generation FTAs are obtaining the essential characteristics of public goods.

Qualifying for preferences under an FTA
Further information: Rules of origin

Unlike a customs union, parties to an FTA do not maintain common external tariffs, which means they apply different customs duties, as well as other policies with respect to non-members. This feature creates the possibility of non-parties may free-riding preferences under an FTA by penetrating the market with the lowest external tariffs. Such risk necessitates the introduction of rules to determine originating goods eligible for preferences under an FTA, a need that does not arise upon the formation of a customs union. Basically, there is a requirement for a minimum extent of processing that results in "substantial transformation" to the goods so that they can be considered originating. By defining which goods are originating in the PTA, preferential rules of origin distinguish between originating and non-originating goods: only the former will be entitled to preferential tariffs scheduled by the FTA, the latter must pay MFN import duties.

It is noted that in qualifying for origin criteria, there is a differential treatment between inputs originating within and outside an FTA. Normally inputs originating in one FTA party will be considered as originating in the other party if they are incorporated in the manufacturing process in that other party. Sometimes, production costs arising in one party is also considered as that arising in another party. In preferential rules of origin, such differential treatment is normally provided for in the cumulation or accumulation provision. Such clause further explains the trade creation and trade diversion effects of an FTA mentioned above, because a party to an FTA has the incentive to use inputs originating in another party so that their products may qualify for originating status.

Databases on FTAs
The database on trade agreements provided by ITC's Market Access Map. Since there are hundreds of FTAs currently in force and being negotiated (about 800 according to ITC's Rules of Origin Facilitator, counting also non-reciprocal trade arrangements), it is important for businesses and policy-makers to keep track of their status. There are a number of depositories of free trade agreements available either at national, regional or international levels. Some significant ones include the database on Latin American free trade agreements constructed by the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), the database maintained by the Asian Regional Integration Center (ARIC) providing information agreements of Asian countries, and the portal on the European Union's free trade negotiations and agreements.

At the international level, there are two important free-access databases developed by international organizations for policy-makers and businesses:

WTO's Regional Trade Agreements Information System
As WTO members are obliged to notify to the Secretariat their free trade agreements, this database is constructed based on the most official source of information on free trade agreements (referred to as regional trade agreements in the WTO language). The database allows users to seek information on trade agreements notified to the WTO by country or by topic (goods, services or goods and services). This database provides users with an updated list of all agreements in force, however, those not notified to the WTO may be missing. It also displays reports, tables and graphs containing statistics on these agreements, and particularly preferential tariff analysis.

ITC's Market Access Map
The Market Access Map was developed by the International Trade Centre (ITC) with the objectives to facilitate businesses, governments and researchers in market access issues. The database, visible via the online tool Market Access Map, includes information on tariff and non-tariff barriers in all active trade agreements, not limited to those officially notified to the WTO. It also documents data on non-preferential trade agreements (for instance, Generalized System of Preferences schemes). Up until 2019, Market Access Map has provided downloadable links to texts agreements and their rules of origin. The new version of Market Access Map forthcoming this year will provide direct web links to relevant agreement pages and connect itself to other ITC's tools, particularly the Rules of Origin Facilitator. It is expected to become a versatile tool which assists enterprises in understanding free trade agreements and qualifying for origin requirements under these agreements.

title: Free trade agreement


text:
Kuala Belait

Kuala Belait (Pekan Kuala Belait; Jawi: ; abbrev: KB) is the administrative town of Belait District, Brunei. The population of the town proper was 4,259 in 2016. Kuala Belait is officially a municipal area (kawasan bandaran), as well as a village under the mukim of the same name. The town is located 85 km west of the country's capital Bandar Seri Begawan, and 20 km west of Seria, the district's other town. It is also in the westernmost part of country, near the mouth of the Belait River.

History
In 1914, a 60 mi road connecting Kuala Belait and Brunei Town was completed. Kuala Belait was a small fishing village at the turn of the 20th century. The natives were Belait Malays who were mainly fishermen. There was a disagreement between the two groups of settlers which caused one of those groups to the relocated up to the west bank of the mouth of the Belait River. The village is now known as Sungai Teraban. The Kuala Belait Sanitary Board was established in 1929, and this marked the transition of Kuala Belait from a village to a town. In 1930, British Malayan Petroleum Company (BMPC) constructed a telephone line along the Belait coastline which linked up Seria and Rasau with their main headquarters in Kuala Belait. A hospital was built by BMPC and completed in 1931, followed by the first private English school being built that same year. Telephone lines stretching from Kuala Belait to Tutong was dismantled in 1934 after failing to meet expectations. By 1939, pipelines and roads between the town and Miri has been constructed. On December 16, 1941, the town was captured after an amphibious assault was carried out at Belait Beach by 10,000 soldiers from the Japanese Kawaguchi Detachment and remained part of the Japanese occupation of British Borneo during World War II. Moreover during the Japanese occupation of Kuala Belait, war crimes such as massacre and execution of Indian prisoners of war (POW) of the 2/15th Punjab Regiment were committed out by the Japanese. It can also be noted that 55 Indian prisoners died from starvation in the POW camp in town. As part of Operation Oboe Six, the Australian 9th Division arrived in Kuala Belait on June 24, 1945, followed by the recapturing of the port of Kuala Belait. Reconstruction plans for the destroyed town were approved in 1949. Within the same year, a new church in town was consecrated.

Due to the increase in profits from the oil industry in the 1950s and 1960s, rapid development was seen throughout Kuala Belait. The first offshore gas field, South West Ampa, was discovered 13 km off Kuala Belait in 1963. During the 1962 Brunei revolt, rebels of the TKNU managed to gain control of the town, but was soon liberated by the 1/2nd Battalion Gurkha Rifles Regiment. Siege by the rebels against the town's police station were repelled by the local police force. After independence from Britain in 1984, a number of new government buildings were constructed to house the local services of the Brunei government. In 1990s, the two-lane road along the coast leading from Muara to Kuala Belait was upgraded to 4-lane.

Administrative division
The area of Kuala Belait comprises territorial division which can be informally grouped into three main areas: Pekan Kuala Belait or Kuala Belait Town, and Kampong Pandan and Mumong suburbs. The latter two areas are further divided into three and two kampongs or villages respectively. Pekan Kuala Belait is also officially a kampong-level administrative division. All of the villages constitute almost all of Mukim Kuala Belait, a subdistrict of Belait.

Local authority and town definition
The town of Kuala Belait is administered under Jabatan Bandaran Kuala Belait dan Seria (Kuala Belait and Seria Municipal Department), a government department under Kementerian Hal Ehwal Dalam Negeri (the Ministry of Home Affairs). The department comprises Lembaga Bandaran or the Municipal Board, which is headed by Pengerusi Lembaga Bandaran (Chairman of the Municipal Board). The current chairman is Ridzuan Haji Ahmad.

Overlapping territory
The area under the authority of the Municipal Department overlaps with that under Jabatan Daerah Belait or the Belait District Office. The municipal area consists of Pekan Kuala Belait, the whole of Kampong Pandan suburb, and parts of Mumong suburb. However, all of the kampongs are also under the governance of the Belait District Office, since they constitute the proper subdivisions of the district and subdistricts, and subsequently the headmen of the kampongs, known as ketua kampong (with the exception of Pekan Kuala Belait since there is none assigned), answers to the Pegawai Daerah or District Officer.

Oil and gas
Kuala Belait is located in the vicinity of the onshore Rasau gas field. However Brunei Shell has various facilities in town to support the oil and gas production facilities in the vicinity.

The Kuala Belait Bunkering Station (KBBS) is located near the mouth of the Belait River. It supplies domestic gas to the town and other bulk chemicals in support of the various activities. The Kuala Belait Wharf is the main point from which personnel to and from the offshore platforms, off the Belait districts, embark and disembark.

Marine
The Kuala Belait supply base is located to the south of the wharf, and is the main point for logistics for Shell. The Marine Construction Yard (MCY) in Sungai Duhon, commonly known as SCO, is where construction of marine structures are carried out prior to installation offshore.

Demography
Kampong Kuala Balai has historically served as the Belait population's hub. However, the population has scattered over the past 50 years, and now, Belait tribe members may be found in and around the town. By 1938, Kuala Belait's population had increased to 5,000, and the BMPC was the city's major employer, with 1,185 out of 2,265 workers under its payroll. 1,193 people were counted in Kuala Belait at the time of the 1931 census. It was reportedly 12,000 in 1948, due to the development around the district's oilfield. The town has a sizable Chinese population, and most Europeans are concentrated in Kuala Belait and Seria.

Climate
The climate of Kuala Belait is tropical. The weather is warm, humid and rainy all year.

Road
Most of the roads within the municipality are surfaced. There are buses taking passengers to Miri from Kuala Belait. The Kuala Belait Highway from the Malaysian border west of Sungai Tujuh, Kuala Belait links up with multiple other highways leading to Bandar Seri Begawan and Muara Town.

Water
It is possible to hire a water taxi at the public wharf close to the Kuala Belait market to go upriver towards Kuala Balai. There are also trips organized by the Kuala Belait Boat Club to sail out in the open sea to various nearby destinations. A timber jetty used to exist in Rasau in 1930.

The Kuala Belait Port is one of the three ports of Brunei. The part of the port near the mouth of the river is operated by Brunei Shell and public entry is restricted. The commercial port of Kuala Belait is located to the south of the municipality in Kampong Sungai Duhon and its environs further upriver from the mouth. Due to silting of the river mouth, the port can only take shallow draft vessels. Two breakwaters have been constructed at the mouth of the Belait River to reduce silting of the river mouth.

Air
Commercial travellers would have to travel to either Bandar Seri Begawan or Miri to catch a commercial flight. There is a helipad at Suri Seri Begawan Hospital.

Infrastructure
The town is also home to the Consulate of Mexico and St. John's Church.

Education
Primary education is offered in various government and private schools. There are currently three government primary schools: The government also has built three schools which offer secondary education: There are four private schools in Kuala Belait. They may offer primary, secondary or both. Secondary students opting for sixth form education study at Pusat Tingkatan Enam Belait. The sixth form students currently share facilities with the secondary students. However, the sixth form is expected to have its own stand-alone campus in the near future. Alternatively, students opting for vocational education may proceed to study at one of the two post-secondary institution, namely:
 * Ahmad Tajuddin Primary School
 * Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Primary School
 * Pengiran Setia Jaya Pengiran Abdul Momin Primary School
 * Perdana Wazir Secondary School
 * Pengiran Jaya Negara Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar Secondary School
 * Sayyidina Ali Secondary School
 * Chung Hua Middle School, Kuala Belait
 * International School Brunei, Kuala Belait
 * St. James' School
 * St. John's School
 * Institute of Brunei Technical Education, Jefri Bolkiah Campus - a government post-secondary institution providing technical and vocational qualifications; and
 * Kemuda Institute - a private college that offers Foundation, Diploma and Advanced Diploma courses.

Places of interest
Kuala Belait town itself has a number of tourist attractions. Some of these are:

 * Silver Jubilee Park is a park built to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah’s accession to the throne, as a gift from the people of Kuala Belait.
 * Menara Cendera Kenangan is a monument built to commemorate the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah's 50th Birthday, along the Belait River.
 * Tea Pot Roundabout (locally known as 'kiri') is a monument in Kampong Pandan sponsored by Brunei Shell Petroleum.
 * Belait District Museum is a museum dedicated to the Belait District.
 * Kampong Pandan Mosque is a mosque in Kampong Pandan, built in 1994.
 * Mohammad Jamalul Alam Mosque is a mosque in Kampong Melayu, built in 1961.
 * Istana Kota Manggalela is the residence of the Sultan of Brunei in the Belait District, completed in 1958.
 * Belait Beach lies along the coast of Kuala Belait.

Notable people

 * Yusoff Abdul Hamid (born 1949), politician and diplomat
 * Maizurah Abdul Rahim (born 1999), sprinter
 * Abu Sufian Ali (born 1966), diplomat
 * Abdul Hariz Herman (born 2000), footballer for MS ABDB
 * Hong Kok Tin (1910–1989), businessman and nobleman
 * Adinin Ibrahim (1932–2023), businessman
 * Princess Jaga (died 1967), daughter of Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
 * Christina Koning, novelist and writer
 * Tiger Lim (born 1974), blogger and YouTube comedian
 * Suyoi Osman (born 1952), politician and minister
 * Adina Othman (born 1955), bureaucrat
 * Zulkhairy Razali (born 1996), footballer who plays striker for Indera SC
 * Ng Teck Hock (1928–2008), nobleman

Sister cities/towns

 * 🇮🇩 Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

title: Kuala Belait


text:
User talk:Maggles

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 04:59, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maggles