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Mylan

Mylan N.V. was a global generic and specialty pharmaceuticals company. In November 2020, Mylan merged with Upjohn, Pfizer's off-patent medicine division, to form Viatris. Previously, the company was domiciled in the Netherlands, with principal executive offices in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK and a "Global Center" in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, US.

In 2007, the company acquired a controlling interest in India-based Matrix Laboratories Limited, a top producer of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for generic drugs, and the generics business of Germany-based Merck KGaA. Through these acquisitions, the company grew from the third-largest generic and pharmaceuticals company in the United States to the second-largest generic and specialty pharmaceuticals company in the world.

Mylan went public on the OTC market in February 1973. It was listed on the NASDAQ, and its shares were a component of the NASDAQ Biotechnology and the S&P 500 indices.

The company was founded in 1961 and developed and produced medicines for a wide range of medical disciplines, including oncology, anaphylaxis, antiretrovirals, cardiovascular, respiratory, dermatology, immunology, anesthesia and pain management, infectious disease, gastroenterology, diabetology/endocrinology, and women's healthcare.

Corporate headquarters
Founded in 1961, the company was first located in an abandoned skating rink in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. The facility was moved to Pennsauken, New Jersey in 1962, to Princeton, West Virginia in 1963, and then Morgantown, West Virginia, in 1965, and in 1976 it relocated its corporate headquarters to the Pittsburgh suburb Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. Finally in 2004 it moved to a new office center in nearby Southpointe, a suburban business park located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Cecil Township.

Stock
On February 23, 1973, Mylan had its initial public offering (IPO), when it became a publicly traded company on the OTC market under the ticker symbol MYLN. In 1976 the stock moved to NASDAQ. Their final stock move was in 1986, when their stock became available for trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol MYL. Prior to the Viatris combination, the stock was traded on the NASDAQ.

Founding to 1980
Mylan Pharmaceuticals was founded as a drug distributor in 1961 by Milan Puskar and Don Panoz. In 1966, the company began manufacturing penicillin G tablets as well as vitamins and other dietary supplements.

Panoz left the company in 1969 and Puskar quit the company in 1973, as it grew and experienced financial difficulties. The board hired Roy McKnight as board chairman, who convinced Puskar to return in 1976.

The company discontinued operating as a contract manufacturing organization in 1980 and instead chose to market their products under their own "Mylan-labeled" brand.

1980s
With the passage of the Hatch-Waxman Act in 1984, the company and other small generic companies gained value; in the eighteen months following passage of the law the company's earnings grew 166% to $12.5 million and its stock value rose 800%.

Dyazide & Maxzide
In the 1980s one of the most prescribed drugs in the US was Dyazide, a diuretic that was a combination drug containing triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide; it had been on the market since 1965 and its patents had expired in 1980. Complications arose with the introductions of generics versions, because the formulation of Dyazide resulted in variable batches that made it impossible for generic manufacturers to show that their versions were bioequivalent.

Some generic companies committed fraud trying to bring a generic version of Dyazide. Bolar Pharmaceutical had the first generic version approved in 1987, but it turned out that Bolar had fraudulently substituted Dyazide for its own version to conduct studies that were submitted to the FDA. By 1989 the FDA rescinded its approval based on its suspicions and filed criminal charges against Bolar, to which Bolar eventually pled guilty in 1991.

The company chose to develop a new version of a triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide combination drug instead of going the generic route; it developed a different, more stable formulation and used different dosages of each active ingredient (50 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 75 mg triamterene, compared with Dyazide's 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 50 mg triamterene). This drug had to get approval as a new drug, as opposed to a generic. Their product was called Maxzide and was approved in 1984. The higher dose allowed once per day dosing, which the company and its marketing partner, Lederle, believed would help it compete against Dyazide, which had $210M in sales in 1983. However, the company's patents on the drug were declared invalid in court, and its marketing exclusivity expired in 1987, prompting a rush of generic competition.

The company had concerns about the practices of its competitors and the FDA in general, and also with regard to companies seeking to bring generic versions of Maxzide. The company hired private investigators to examine its competitors' practices, and when it found evidence of corruption, it submitted it to the House Oversight and Investigations Committee, which investigated and found fraud and corruption within the Food and Drug Administration's generic drugs division and at other generic companies. Two of the companies that had gotten approval to market generic versions of Maxzide, Vitarine Pharmaceutical and Par Pharmaceutical, were targets of the company's initial investigation and were found to have used Maxzide to obtain their bioequivalence data, leading both companies to withdraw its generic competitor to Mylan's product.

The corruption in the nascent generics industry and at the office in the FDA regulating it was widely covered in the media, and led to widespread concern among doctors and the public in the late 1980s and early 1990s that generic drugs were not really the same as the branded drugs they were meant to replace.

Acquisitions begin
In 1987, the company entered into a joint venture with Bolar to buy Somerset Pharmaceuticals; Mylan wanted access to Somersets' drug discovery capabilities as well as its new drug for Parkinson's, selegiline; the deal was completed in 1988 but its consummation was dependent on FDA approval of selegiline, which came in 1989.

1990s
The company acquired Bertek Inc. in 1993 for its transdermal patch technologies, and kept it as a subsidiary. In 1999, the company renamed Bertek as Mylan Technologies Inc. (MTI). MTI eventually came to be the contract manufacturer for the selegiline transdermal patch and was the first company to market generic nitroglycerin, estradiol, clonidine, and fentanyl transdermal patches.

In 1996, the company acquired UDL Laboratories, a supplier of unit dose generic medications to institutional and long-term care facilities.

In 1998 when it was the world's second largest generics company, the company came under investigation from the Federal Trade Commission after it raised the prices of its products, tripling them in the case of lorazepam. The company had entered into an exclusive agreement with Profarmica, an Italian company that supplied drug ingredients, after which the company's competitors had higher prices and a diminished supply of raw ingredients for lorazepam and other drugs. Before the round of price increases the price of generic drugs had been 5 - 10% of the price of branded drugs and afterwards it was around 50%. The FTC filed suit at the end of 1998 and 32 states filed parallel actions. The case was settled in 2000, with the company paying a total of $147M -- $100M in disgorged profits into a fund to reimburse consumers and state agencies that had overpaid, $8 million in attorney's fees to the State Attorneys General, $35 million, plus $4 million in attorney's fees, to settle certain class actions with insurers and managed care organizations—and Mylan and three ingredient suppliers (Cambrex Corporation, Profarmaco S.R.L., and Gyma Laboratories) also agreed to an injunction barring them from entering into similar anticompetitive agreements in the future.

Attempted King Pharmaceuticals acquisition
In 2004, the company and King Pharmaceuticals began discussing a deal in which Mylan would acquire King for $4 billion; Mylan wanted to expand its presence in branded pharmaceuticals and to acquire King's sales force. The deal was complicated by a number of factors, and included an SEC investigation into King's accounting and Carl Icahn obtaining a 9.8% interest in Mylan and becoming its largest stakeholder in order to kill the deal. The parties called off the deal in February 2005. Afterwards, Icahn offered to buy Mylan for $5.4 billion and nominated a slate of board members to change the direction of Mylan; he won three seats in May 2005. In June, the company bought back 25% of its shares in order to fend off Icahn. In July, Icahn gave up his bid and sold his shares.

Matrix acquisition
In January 2007, the company acquired a controlling interest in Matrix Laboratories, an Indian supplier of active pharmaceutical ingredients, for approximately $736 million, with the takeover including all of Matrix's subsidiary firms, for example Docpharma. It was at the time the largest-ever takeover in the Indian pharma industry and also gave access to markets in China, India, and Africa.

EpiPen acquisition
In October 2007, the company acquired the generics division of Merck KGaA for $6.6 billion. The company acquired the rights to market the EpiPen in the transaction. At that time annual sales were around $200 million and the EpiPen had about 90% of the market.

In 2009, the company filed two lawsuits against the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette after the newspaper ran an article that was critical of the quality control procedures used at the company's Morgantown plant. The company had earlier quality control issues involving the FDA. The lawsuits were dropped in 2012 without any damages paid by the Post-Gazette, which stated "The Post-Gazette did not find and did not intend to report that Mylan had manufactured or distributed any defective drugs. The Post-Gazette regrets if any reader of the article thought otherwise."

Also in 2009, the company and its subsidiary UDL agreed to pay $118 million to settle a suit filed under the False Claims Act in which Mylan/UDL and two other companies were accused of underpaying states under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. The program requires drug companies to give rebates to states under Medicaid and the rebates are higher for new drugs than for generics; the suit said that the companies sold new drugs but paid rebates as if they were generics.

Generic Advair agreement
In 2011, the company entered into an agreement with Pfizer for the exclusive worldwide rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize Pfizer's generic equivalent to GlaxoSmithKline's Advair (US)/Seretide (UK) Diskus incorporating Pfizer's proprietary dry powder inhaler delivery platform. The company launched the product in the UK in 2015 and in February 2016 the FDA accepted its ANDA, putting it in line behind Hikma and Sandoz to launch a generic version in the US.

EpiPen4Schools launch
In 2012, the company launched a program called EpiPen4Schools to sell EpiPens in bulk and with discounts to schools. To participate in the program schools had to agree not to buy epinephrine autoinjectors from any other company for a year, a requirement which a company spokesperson said is no longer part of its program.

In December 2012, the National Association of State Boards of Education launched a policy initiative designed to "help state boards of education as they develop student health policies regarding anaphylaxis and epinephrine auto-injector access and use," and advocated for state laws protecting schools from legal liability for stocking and using epinephrine autoinjectors. Gayle Manchin, the mother of the company's CEO, Heather Bresch, had become president of the association in 2010, and shortly after had discussed donations from her "daughter's company" to the association. Manchin had been appointed to the West Virginia state school board by her husband, then-governor of the state Joe Manchin, in 2007. In a statement, the company said, "There is no truth to the suggestion that the company's efforts were anything but straightforward or that we are aware of anyone advocating inappropriately for the right of schoolchildren to have access to potential life-saving medicine."

After successful lobbying from the company, in 2013, the "School Access to Emergency Epinephrine Act" became law after passing Congress with broad and bipartisan support; it protected anyone from liability if they administered epinephrine to a child in a school (previously, only trained professionals or the affected person were allowed to administer the drug, and were open to liability), and it provided some financial incentives for schools that didn’t already stock epinephrine autoinjector to start stocking them. Joe Manchin, the father of Mylan's CEO, was a senator at that time.

Agila acquisition
In 2013, the company acquired an Indian generic injectable drugs company, Agila Specialties Private, for $1.6 billion. In 2015, three plants acquired in that deal were issued warning letters by the FDA.

Abbott acquisition
In February 2015, in a tax inversion, the company acquired the generic drugs business in developed markets of Abbott Laboratories for $5.3 billion in stock.

Also in February 2015, the company acquired Mumbai-based Famy Care and expand its presence in the market for women's contraceptives at about $750 million.

Attempted Perrigo acquisition
In April 2015, the company attempted a hostile takeover of Perrigo, offering to buy $26 billion in shares directly from shareholders. Too few shareholders agreed to sell their stock by the deadline set in November 2015 and the effort failed.

Attempted purchase by Teva
Two weeks after the company made its first offer for Perrigo, Teva Pharmaceuticals offered to buy the company for $40 billion; the combined companies would have been the world's largest generic company and the 9th biggest drug company in the world. In July, Teva dropped its bid for Mylan and instead acquired Allergan's generic drug business for about the same price.

New COPD drug
In June 2015, the company agreed to work with Pulmatrix, a company with a proprietary inhaled drug delivery platform, to co-develop a product to treat for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; the product was PUR0200, a generic drug in a Pulmatrix device.

Meda acquisition
In February 2016, the company announced it would acquire Meda AB for $9.9 billion. In May 2016, the company announced it would acquire Renaissance Acquisition Holdings dermatology division for up to $1 billion.

In December 2016, the State attorneys general of 20 states filed a civil complaint accusing the company of a coordinated scheme to artificially maintain high prices for a generic antibiotic and diabetes drug. The complaint alleged price collusion schemes between six pharmaceutical firms including informal gatherings, telephone calls, and text messages.

In October 2017, the company announced the launch of the first FDA-approved generic of Teva’s long-acting Copaxone. Approximately three months later, Credit Suisse analyst Vamil Divan cited IMS Health data which showed that the new generic accounted for 10% of the market.

In May 2018, the company announced a collaboration with West Virginia University to expose children across West Virginia to STEM educational initiatives.

Valsartan recall
In 2018, valsartan manufactured by the company was voluntarily recalled due to the detection of trace amounts of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) which is a probable human carcinogen.

Generic Advair approval
In January 2019, the FDA announced its approval of the company's Wixela Inhub, the first approved generic version of GlaxoSmithKline's Advair Diskus.

Merger with Pfizer's off-patent drug business and name change to Viatris
In late July 2019, the company and Pfizer announced that Pfizer would spin off and merge its off-patent medicine division, Upjohn, with Mylan.

In November 2019, Mylan & Upjohn announced that the name of the new company would be Viatris. The company continued sales of Mylan's more than 7,500 products, including biosimilars, generics, brand and over-the-counter remedies, with brands including the Epi-Pen, Viagra, Lipitor and Celebrex.

The deal was structured as an all-stock, Reverse Morris Trust transaction. Pfizer shareholders owned 57% of the combined new company and Mylan shareholders owned 43%.

Stock
On February 23, 1973, the company became a public company via an initial public offering (IPO), on the OTC market. In 1976, the stock moved to NASDAQ and in 1986, it moved to the New York Stock Exchange.

Acquisition history
The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors:

 * Mylan (Founded 1961)
 * Somerset Pharmaceuticals (Acq 1989)
 * Dow B. Hickam (Acq 1991)
 * Bertek Inc (Acq 1993)
 * UDL Laboratories (Acq 1996)
 * Penederm Inc (Acq 1998)
 * Matrix Laboratories (Acq 2007)
 * Merck KGaA (Generics div.) (Acq 2007)
 * Bioniche Pharma Holdings (Acq 2010)
 * Pfizer Respiratory Delivery Platform (Acq 2011)
 * Agila Specialties (Acq 2013)
 * Abbott Laboratories (Generics div.) (Acq 2014)
 * Famy Care (Acq 2014)
 * Meda (Acq 2016)
 * Renaissance Acquisition Holdings (Dermatology div.) (Acq 2016)

EpiPen pricing
Mylan acquired the right to market and distribute the EpiPen line of epinephrine autoinjector devices from Merck KGaA as part of their 2007 deal; that right had formerly been held by Dey LP, a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck. According to Bloomberg News, the devices deliver about $1 worth of drug. At that time annual sales were around $200 million. Bresch, the company's CEO, saw an opportunity to increase sales through marketing and advocacy, and the company launched a marketing campaign to increase awareness of the dangers of anaphylaxis for people with severe allergies that made the brand "EpiPen" as identified with its product as "Kleenex" is with facial tissue. The company also successfully lobbied the FDA to broaden the label to include risk of anaphylaxis and in parallel, successfully lobbied Congress to generate legislation making EpiPens available in schools and in public places like defibrillators are, and hired the same people that Medtronic had worked with on defibrillator legislation to do so. Mylan's efforts to gain market dominance were aided when Sanofi's competing product was recalled in November 2015 and further when Teva's generic competitor was rejected by the FDA in March 2016.

By the first half of 2015, Mylan had an 85% market share of such devices in the US and in that year sales reached around $1.5 billion and accounted for 40% of Mylan's profit. Those profits were also due in part to Mylan's continually raising the price of EpiPens starting in 2009; in 2009 the wholesale price of two EpiPens was about $100, by July 2013 the price was about $265, in May 2015 it was around $461, and in May 2016 the price rose again to around $609, around a 500% jump from the price in 2009.

Starting in 2014, according to a 2017 report in the New York Times, mid-level executives began questioning the rate at which the company had increased and was planning to continue to increase the price of the Epi-Pen, and raising concerns that the price increases were unethical; the Times reported that when these concerns were brought to Robert Coury, the chairman of the board, Coury "replied that he was untroubled. He raised both his middle fingers and explained, using colorful language, that anyone criticizing Mylan, including its employees, ought to go copulate with themselves. Critics in Congress and on Wall Street, he said, should do the same. And regulators at the Food and Drug Administration? They, too, deserved a round of anatomically challenging self-fulfillment." The Times reported that Bresch provided similarly dismissive responses. The reporter noted that "Those top leaders’ responses are a far cry from the message on Mylan’s website, which says that 'we challenge every member of every team to challenge the status quo,' and that 'we put people and patients first, trusting that profits will follow'", and also noted that "The firm is a case study in the limits of what consumer and employee activism, as well as government oversight, can achieve."

In the summer of 2016, as parents prepared to send their children back to school and went to pharmacies to get new EpiPens, people began to express outrage at the cost of the EpiPen and the company was widely and harshly criticized, including criticism from Martin Shkreli, "poster boy for grasping pharma greed," letters from two senators and initiation of Congressional investigations. Mylan's pricing of the EpiPen was widely referred to as price gouging. The last price increase coincided with the company's airing of a new line of TV commercials that were described as "shocking" and "no holds barred", depicting an anaphylactic reaction from the point of view of the young woman having it at a party, and ending with the young woman seeing her swollen and hive-covered face in the mirror before she collapses. In response to criticism, the company increased financial assistance available for some patients to purchase EpiPens, a gesture that was called a "classic public relations move" by Harvard Medical School professor Aaron Kesselheim. The up to $300 saving cards can only be used by a small number of people who need the drug, and no one on Medicaid. They do nothing about the high price, he said, which is still being paid by insurers, who ultimately pass the cost onto consumers. The company further responded by releasing the first authorized generic version of the EpiPen in December 2016 at a more than 50% discount.

In September 2016, the New York State Attorney General began an investigation into the company's EpiPen4Schools program in New York to determine if the program's contracts violated antitrust law and the West Virginia State Attorney General opened an investigation into whether Mylan had given the state the correct discount under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and subpoenaed the company when it refused to provide the documentation the state requested.

In October 2016, the CEO of the company testified to Congress that Pfizer/King charged the company about $34.50 for one device. In September 2016, a Silicon Valley engineering consultancy performed a teardown analysis of the EpiPen and estimated the manufacturing and packaging costs at about $10 for a two-pack.

According to the Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Inspector General analysis, the U.S. government may have overpaid "as much as $1.27 billion between 2006 and 2016" to the company for the EpiPen emergency allergy treatment. This represents three times the proposed settlement of $465 million announced by the company in October 2016. In October 2016, the company announced a settlement with the US Department of Justice over rebates paid by the company to states under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. Questions had been raised by Congress and others about why EpiPen had been classified as a generic rather a proprietary product in the program since 1997; generic drugs have lower rebates (13%) than proprietary drugs (23%), and price hikes for generic drugs cannot be passed onto states, and a common form of pharmaceutical fraud involves misclassifying proprietary drugs as generic under the program. Under the agreement, the company agreed to pay a $465 million payment and to sign a corporate integrity agreement requiring it to perform better in the future; the settlement also resolved cases brought by states related to the rebates. Simultaneously with the settlement, the company also announced it was being investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission related to the drug rebate program. Republican Senator Chuck Grassley, chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee that launched the "probe of EpiPen pricing probe in 2016, released the analysis on May 30, 2017.

Executive pay
In a report published on June 12, 2017 Institutional Shareholder Services criticized the company for the "outsized compensation" of its directors. Former CEO Robert Coury received a $98 million 2016 pay package in spite of shareholder losses and the perceived harm to the company inflicted by the EpiPen controversies. The report urged the company's shareholders to oust all of the existing directors.

Execution drugs
The company manufactures rocuronium bromide, which is approved by the state of Alabama for use in executions by lethal injection. European manufacturers refuse to sell drugs which can be used for executions to the United States, except to distributors or users who sign legally binding agreements that the drug will not be used for executions down the delivery chain.

In September 2014, the London-based human rights organisation Reprieve told the company that it was the only FDA-approved manufacturer of rocuronium bromide without legal controls in place to prevent its use in executions, and there was "a very real risk that Mylan may soon become the go-to provider of execution drugs for states across the country". German asset manager divested itself of $70 million in Mylan shares for that reason. The company said that its distribution was "legally compliant," and that their restrictions did "prohibit resale to correctional facilities for use in lethal injections."

Management
Heather Bresch was an Executive Director and the CEO of Mylan from 2012 until the Viatris combination in 2020. Robert Coury was Chairman, and Rajiv Malik was President.

title: Mylan


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Empress Wang (Ping)

Empress Wang (王皇后) (8 BC – 5 October 23 AD ), formally Empress Xiaoping (孝平皇后), formally during her father Wang Mang's Xin dynasty Duchess Dowager of Ding'an (定安太后) then Princess Huanghuang (黃皇室主), was an empress during the Han dynasty and the last empress of the Western Han dynasty. She was the daughter of the eventual usurper Wang Mang, who established the Xin dynasty. Her husband was Emperor Ping. She is largely viewed by historians as a tragic figure, the victim of circumstances who tried to remain loyal to her husband of only a few years, but whose faithfulness to her husband's dynasty eventually led her to commit suicide at the end of her father's reign.

Family background
Empress Wang was born in 8 BC, to Wang Mang and his wife Lady Wang, the daughter of Wang Xian (王咸) the Marquess of Yichun. By the time of her birth, her father had resigned from his powerful position as commander of the armed forces, which he held under his cousin Emperor Cheng and briefly under Emperor Cheng's successor and nephew Emperor Ai. Her father was hated by Emperor Ai's grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Fu. However, in 1 BC, after Emperor Ai's death, Wang Mang's aunt Grand Empress Dowager Wang seized power back from Emperor Ai's male favourite (and probable lover) Dong Xian and recalled Wang Mang to serve as regent to her step-grandson, the young Emperor Ping.

Marriage
Once Wang Mang became regent, he built a personality cult around himself and became very popular. In 2 AD, Wang Mang decided to cement his position by having his daughter married to Emperor Ping. He declared, in accordance with ancient customs, that Emperor Ping would have one wife and 11 concubines, and started a selection process by identifying eligible noble young ladies. He disingenuously petitioned Grand Empress Dowager Wang that his daughter not be considered, and then started a petition apparently driven by the people to have his daughter selected as empress. The petitioners stormed the palace, and Grand Empress Dowager Wang, overwhelmed by the display of affection for Wang Mang, ordered that Wang Mang's daughter be made empress. On 16 March 4 AD, Emperor Ping officially married her and made her empress.

Young widowhood and temporary status as empress dowager
By circa 5 AD, Emperor Ping appeared to have grown out of a heart condition that he had suffered from, and it became plain that he resented Wang Mang for slaughtering his uncles in 3 AD and not allowing his mother to visit him in the capital, Chang'an. Wang Mang therefore resolved to murder the emperor. In the winter of 5 AD, Wang Mang gave pepper wine (considered in those days to be capable of chasing away evil spirits) to the 14-year-old emperor, but had the wine spiked with poison. As the emperor was suffering the effects of the poison, Wang Mang wrote a secret petition to the gods, in which he offered to substitute his life for Emperor Ping's, and then had the petition locked away. Historians generally believe that Wang Mang had two motives in doing this—to absolve himself of involvement in the poisoning if Emperor Ping recovered from the poisoning, and to leave evidence of his faithfulness for posterity. After a few days of suffering, Emperor Ping died making Empress Wang a widow at the age of 13. After Emperor Ping's death, Wang Mang assumed the unprecedented title of acting emperor (假皇帝).

In April 6 AD, Wang Mang selected Emperor Ping's cousin-once-removed (a great-great-grandson of Emperor Xuan), the one-year-old Liu Ying as the next emperor (to be known as Emperor Ruzi). However, using Emperor Ruzi's young age as a pretext, Wang Mang retained his role as acting emperor, while Liu Ying was given the title crown prince. Empress Wang was given the title empress dowager.

Wang Mang promised at the time that he would return the throne to Emperor Ruzi as soon as he was old enough, but on 15 January 9 AD, Wang Mang seized the throne and established the Xin dynasty. Later in 9 AD, the toddler Emperor Ruzi was created the Duke of Ding'an (定安公), and Empress Dowager Wang was given the title of Duchess Dowager of Ding'an (定安公太后).

Life during Xin dynasty
Traditional historical accounts describe Empress Wang as an unhappy widow during her father's reign, still retaining her loyalty to the overthrown Han dynasty. She often claimed to be ill and refused to attend imperial gatherings. Wang Mang, believing that he could solve her unhappiness by having her remarry, changed her title from Duchess Dowager of Ding'an to Princess Huanghuang in c. December 10 AD, terminating her formal linkage with the Han dynasty. He also intended to marry her to the son of one of his important officials, Sun Jian (孫建). He instructed Sun Jian's son to dress himself well and accompany physicians to go visit Princess Huanghuang. She was greatly offended and would not receive any guests afterwards.

Also in 10 AD, another potential suitor for Princess Huanghuang would get himself in trouble for the way that he tried to marry her. Zhen Xun (甄尋), the mayor of Chang'an and the son of Wang Mang's trusted ally and friend Zhen Feng (甄豐), had designs on both greater power and Princess Huanghuang. Because Wang Mang relied on spreading false prophecies to the people to persuade them that he was entitled to be the emperor, Zhen Feng took the chance to create some false prophecies of his own. His first attempt was a prophecy that indicated that the empire should be divided into two parts, each with a viceroy—with the western empire having his father Zhen Feng as viceroy, and the eastern empire having another important official Ping Yan (平晏) as viceroy. Wang Mang, although displeased, decided to go along with this prophecy, and in fact commissioned Zhen Feng and Ping as viceroys. Having seen the positive effect of his first false prophecy, Zhen Xun created a second false prophecy—that Princess Huanghuang should be married to him. Wang Mang decided to take this chance to suppress all prophecies that did not come from him, and ordered that Zhen Xun be arrested. Zhen Feng committed suicide, while Zhen Xun fled. In 11 AD, he was finally arrested and exiled to Sanwei (三危, in modern Jiuquan, Gansu).

Death
There are no further known historical records about Princess Huanghuang until 23 AD. At that time, her father's Xin dynasty was in shambles, with various rebellions rising against him. One of the strongest rebel forces, under Liu Xuan, a distant descendant of the Han dynasty imperial house, having entered the capital, Chang'an, the people of Chang'an rose against Wang Mang as well. They set fire to the main imperial palace, Weiyang Palace, and the fire quickly spread to the part of the palace where Princess Huanghuang lived. She sighed and said, "How can I again face my Han relations?" She then threw herself into the fire and died; her father was killed the day after.

Inclusion in the Lienü Zhuan
Her biography was added to the Lienü Zhuan (Biographies of Exemplary Women), which was first started by the Han dynasty scholar Liu Xiang. Empress Wang's biography is part 16 of Scroll 8, titled Supplemental Biographies  (新刊續列女傳).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Empress Wang (Ping)


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Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje

Ruben Bertrand Boumtje-Boumtje (born 20 May 1978) is a Cameroonian professional basketball executive and former player who last served as the assistant general manager of the Delaware Blue Coats of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Georgetown Hoyas and professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Portland Trail Blazers. Boumtje-Boumtje retired in November 2011 at age 33 due to a heart condition.

High school and college career
Boumtje-Boumtje attended Archbishop Carroll High School in Washington, D.C. for one year. He played college basketball at Georgetown University and holds career averages of 9.6 points and 6.8 rebounds per game. He ranks fourth on the Hoyas' all-time blocked shots list with 255, behind Patrick Ewing, Alonzo Mourning and Dikembe Mutombo.

NBA
Boumtje-Boumtje was selected in the 2001 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers with the 50th overall pick and participated in 44 games over three seasons from 2001 to 2004. What ended up being his final regular season NBA game took place on December 20, 2003 while the Blazers visited the San Antonio Spurs in a losing effort; Boumtje-Boumtje recorded one foul and one missed field goal in four minutes of playing time. On January 21, 2004, when he was traded along with guard Jeff McInnis to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for small forward Darius Miles.

He was waived soon afterwards, having never played a game for them. In July 2005, Boumtje-Boumtje was drafted in the 2005 AAPBL Draft but the league folded before a game was even played. On August 22, 2005, it was announced the Orlando Magic had signed him to a contract of undisclosed terms. He had played five games with them during the 2005 Reebok Vegas Summer League while averaging 4.8 points, shooting 56.3 percent of his field goals (9-of-16), and 3.6 rebounds in 16.8 minutes per game.

European leagues
Boumtje-Boumtje played the 2006–07 season for Alba Berlin in the ULEB Cup and the German Basketball Bundesliga. After the season, his contract was not renewed, but he joined league rival EWE Baskets Oldenburg in November as a replacement for injured Dan McClintock and later signed for the remainder of the 2007–08 season. Oldenburg renewed his contract for the 2008–09 season. The team became the German league champions in June 2009.

In 2010 Boumtje-Boumtje joined the Artland Dragons in Germany. In 2011, he signed with Bayern Munich, but he immediately retired after just 4 games, because of an irregularity with his heart.

Off-the-court
Boumtje-Boumtje speaks three languages - a native Cameroonian language, French and English. At Georgetown he was a pre-med, as well as a mathematics and biology double major. He was named Big East Scholar-Athlete of the Year in 2001, an honor often reserved for athletes in non-televised sports, and used the occasion to restate his intention to attend medical school if he were not drafted by the NBA. In 2014, Ruben earned a master's degree in Applied Mathematics and Statistics from Georgetown University. He recently interned at Elder Research.

After his playing career, he joined the Philadelphia 76ers’ staff as a technical scout. In 2019, he was hired as the assistant general manager of the Delaware Blue Coats of the NBA G League. In June 2020, he was let go from the 76ers organization after his contract was not renewed.

title: Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje


text:
CBS News Roundup

CBS News Roundup is an American overnight news program broadcast by CBS News 24/7 and CBS. Airing during the early morning hours each Monday through Friday, the program is anchored on Mondays by Matt Pieper, and by Shanelle Kaul during the remainder of the week.

CBS has carried an overnight news block since 1982; it was known as CBS News Nightwatch until 1992 and then Up to the Minute until September 18, 2015. From then through May 28, 2024, Up to the Minute was replaced by the CBS Overnight News, which eschewed a dedicated anchor by largely repackaging segments from the CBS Evening News and other CBS News programming. On May 29, 2024, it was replaced by the CBS News 24/7-produced CBS News Roundup.

Overview
CBS News Roundup broadcasts beginning at 2:00 a.m. ET and is transmitted in a continuous one-hour broadcast delay loop until 8:00 a.m. ET when the CBS Morning News – the network's early-morning news program – begins in certain areas of the Pacific Time Zone. (Most CBS stations air the CBS Morning News at 4:00 a.m. local time or earlier, depending on the start time of the station's local breakfast television). Most of the network's stations do not air the program's entire broadcast loop and preempt portions of it in order to air local programming (usually infomercials or syndicated) – joining the program in progress anywhere from five minutes to as much as 1½ hours after the start of the program – with affiliates looping the show until the CBS Morning News begins. Some stations and affiliates, including CBS Television Stations, carry a rebroadcast of the CBS Evening News in the first half-hour they air or leading into their morning newscasts (except Sunday into Monday morning, when—with the exception of KCNC—Face the Nation is substituted).

Its main competitor is ABC's World News Now, which follows a more irreverent format than the more straightforward news style of CBS (NBC has not aired a late-night newscast since the cancellation of NBC Nightside in 1998, and locally scheduled syndicated programming or NBC News Now's Top Story with Tom Llamas leads into Early Today).

History
The program's history traces back to the launch of the network's first overnight news program, CBS News Nightwatch, which premiered on October 3, 1982; that program was originally anchored by Christopher Glenn, Felicia Jeter, Karen Stone and Harold Dow, who were later joined by Mary Jo West. In 1984, production of Nightwatch moved from New York City to Washington, D.C., at which time Charlie Rose (who later returned to CBS News as co-anchor of CBS This Morning) and Lark McCarthy became the program's anchors. Nightwatch's format was a hybrid of a traditional newscast and an interview and debate show; during the original 1982 format, local affiliates had the option of inserting local news updates into the program.

Up to the Minute
CBS announced its decision to cancel CBS News Nightwatch in early 1992. Around this time, ABC and NBC were setting up their own late-night newscast programs (World News Now and NBC Nightside, respectively; only World News Now is still on the air) and replaced it with a more traditional news program in the same vein as the other two, titled Up to the Minute, on March 30, 1992. The program was originally anchored by Russ Mitchell and Monica Gayle, who both left the program in 1993 (Gayle subsequently became co-anchor of the CBS Morning News), and were replaced by Troy Roberts, at which point the program switched to the single-anchor format which it used for the rest of its run; production of the newscast returned to the CBS Broadcast Center in New York, situated in front of a working newsroom used by the affiliate news service CBS Newspath. Regular on-air contributors to Up to the Minute included John Quain, who served as the program's technology consultant beginning in 1998.

The program's on-air graphics package and set were often several years behind that of CBS News' daytime broadcasts, with components of the news division's early-1990s era graphics package being used on the program until 2005, when it began to follow the current look of the CBS Evening News. The newsroom behind the anchors was also covered by frosted-glass paneling, likely to hide the equally-outdated CBS News and Up to the Minute branding mounted along the walls. In March 2009, when Michelle Gielan was named anchor of Up to the Minute, production of the program was integrated with the CBS Morning News, with the same anchors being used on both programs.

In November 2012, Up to the Minute moved to Studio 57 at the CBS Broadcast Center, the same studio space that was also home to CBS This Morning. At that time, it became the last remaining news program on any of the big three networks or major cable news channels to begin broadcasting in high-definition (by comparison, the CBS Morning News had upgraded to HD two years earlier in November 2010).

CBS Overnight News
On June 25, 2015, Newsday reported that CBS News had decided to cancel Up to the Minute but planned on retaining the 3 a.m. timeslot for news programming. Up to the Minute ended its run after 23 years on September 18, 2015. The program was replaced three days later on September 21 by the CBS Overnight News. In terms of content, the show was largely unchanged from its predecessor, except it no longer had a dedicated anchor. Much of the program now consisted of repackaged segments from the CBS Evening News, introduced by its anchor using footage from the earlier broadcast. Other segments were linked by CBS News correspondents in front of video walls in secondary studios.

CBS News Roundup
In April 2024, with the announced rebranding of the CBS News streaming network as CBS News 24/7, CBS announced a new late-night newscast known as the CBS News Roundup, which would premiere in June, and air on the service at 1:00 a.m. ET/10 p.m. PT. The title is familiar to CBS News Radio listeners from its own daily evening newscast, the CBS World News Roundup.

The Roundup premiered on May 29, 2024, also replacing the CBS Overnight News on the main network. The new program returns to having a having a dedicated anchor, with Matt Pieper hosting on Mondays, and Shanelle Kaul for the remainder of the week. It is broadcast from Studio 57 at the CBS Broadcast Center, which had been the main home of CBS News 24/7 since 2022.

CBS News Roundup airs live from 1 a.m. to 2 a.m. ET weekdays on CBS News 24/7 and is broadcast on CBS tv from 2:30 to 3:30 a.m. local time, or in other early morning time slots depending on the station.

Anchors

 * Christopher Glenn (1982–1984; deceased)
 * Felicia Jeter (1982–1984)
 * Karen Stone (1982–1984)
 * Harold Dow (1982–1984; deceased)
 * Mary Jo West (1983–1984)
 * Charlie Rose (1984–1990; later with Fox and PBS; now fired)
 * Lark McCarthy (1984–1990)
 * Various hosts (1990–1992)
 * Russ Mitchell (March 30, 1992–1993; now with WKYC in Cleveland)
 * Monica Gayle (1992–1993; later with WJBK in Detroit; now retired)
 * Troy Roberts (1993–1995; now a correspondent for 48 Hours)
 * Sharyl Attkisson (1993–1995; now with WSYX in Columbus, Ohio and special correspondent for Sinclair Broadcast Group)
 * Nanette Hansen (1995–1998)
 * Mika Brzezinski (1997–2000; now with MSNBC)
 * Melissa McDermott (2000 – March 10, 2006)
 * Meg Oliver (March 20, 2006 – March 20, 2009)
 * Michelle Gielan (March 23, 2009 – June 18, 2010)
 * Betty Nguyen (June 21, 2010 – April 6, 2012; later with NBC News; now a morning co-anchor at WFOR-TV in Miami)
 * Terrell Brown (April 9, 2012 – January 18, 2013; now with WLS-TV in Chicago)
 * Anne-Marie Green (January 21, 2013 – September 18, 2015)
 * Jeff Glor (September 21, 2015 – May 2, 2016; December 5, 2017 – May 10, 2019)
 * Scott Pelley (September 22, 2015 – June 16, 2017)
 * Elaine Quijano (May 9, 2016 – June 1, 2020)
 * Anthony Mason (June 20, 2017 – December 1, 2017)
 * Norah O'Donnell (July 16, 2019 – May 28, 2024)
 * Jericka Duncan (December 7, 2020 – May 27, 2024)
 * Shanelle Kaul (May 29, 2024 – present)
 * Matt Pieper (June 3, 2024 – present)

title: CBS News Roundup


text:
Talk:Trokosi

The word "allegedly" seems out of place here. The practice of trokosi is for compensation of crimes actually committed. You may as well say people are executed in some parts of the USA for allegedly commiting serious crimes. But they are actually executed for serious crimes that they actually commited. There will be mistakes in any criminal/justice system, but this is obvious and pointing it out especially carries some connotations.

Essentially, I'm saying that this article violates NPoV, wrongly suggesting that the "alleged crimes" are being used as a vain justification of these evil practices.BenBildstein 05:00, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Juliana Dogbadzi spent 17 years in slavery because her grandfather had "allegedly" stolen two dollars. Maybe we can look at the facts: Girls and women are punished for a crime someone else (might have) committed. This is not, as far as I know, something that is practiced in the US.

The "crimes" are being used by fetish priests as an excuse to keep women as slaves, according to tradition. The women work for the priests and are also raped as part of rituals. They are not allowed to feed themselves or their children.

I am saying that the article in question points out the problem with trokosi in an accurate way.

Alleged crimes
The term alleged is valid because the priest receives the revelation of crimes supposedly committed through a process called divination, that is, by contacting the spirit of the shrine. No objective proof is ever sought to confirm or disprove the validity of his claim that a crime has been committed. Unlike those tried by a court system where evidence is presented and weighed by a jury or a judge, the only "proof" of the alleged crimes for which trokosi suffer is the unchallenged word of the priest, a word obtained through consultation with spirits. Therefore, to say that the it is a real crime and not just an alleged crime for which the girls suffer would be a dramatic overstatement at best. Any crime is alleged until it is proven or verified in some unbiased way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Musoniki (talk • contribs)

 * Your argument seems to be based on the fact that their religion is wrong, and therefore that any crimes identified by divine means must also be false. We can't say "supposedly" etc, we state the facts - whether the reader believes or not is up to them. Wikipedia doesn't believe or not believe in any particular religion. Secretlondon 19:21, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Merged to Ritual servitude
I have merged this article to Ritual servitude. Some cleanup may be in order there. Kevin 05:41, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trokosi


text:
Talk:Kurt Busiek

Marvels
any article about Kurt Busiek should mention "Marvels", the four-issue series that he did with Alex Ross. "Marvels" told many of Marvel Comics classic stories, starting with the arrival of the human torch and ending with the death of Gwen Stacey, from the perspective of a photojournalist who covered the events. It's wonderful storytelling, and won Busiek the critical accliam that allowed him to launch Astro City (he mentions this in the introduction to the first Astro City trade paperback.)
 * Are you kidding?! It sucked, as did the "art."  70.53.108.112
 * Whether or not it and the art sucked, which is highly subjective and debatable, Marvels recieved a large amount of critical acclaim and attention at the time. Two years ago, a 10th anniversity hardcover edition was published that is still in print.  Alex Ross was tapped for a similar art style in Kingdom Come by DC, another high profile series.  You may think Marvels sucked, but considering how well it was regarded, we'll need more than personal opinion to ommit Marvels from this article.  --Impulse 22:27, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Interesting thing I noticed while reading some old books. There's a length letter printed in Captain America 239 (1979) by a Kurt Busiek. I'm assuming it's the same Kurt, might be work putting in the article. Impulse 05:24, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Adding the checklist
Hey all I've added the Kurt Busiek checklist from the man himself. I know its not in proper form. I'm not that familiar with all the Wiki stuff yet. As soon as I get some time I'll get around to doing it if no one else does it first...

20:10, 2 January 2007 (UTC) Astrozac

Mercury Poisoning unreferenced
The claim of mercury poisoning needs to be referenced. The footnoted interview refers to Kurt's sinus condition, but does not say anything about poisoning - with mercury or anything else.--Ossipewsk 01:50, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

In the Mercury Poisoning article, it notes him having been an example of suffering from this illness. Te Dailly Rubbings 12:41, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * A while ago I added a link to the article to a Google archived message from Kurt in RACMU way back in October 2001. I should do. Luis Dantas 13:51, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Personal Life
It's faulty reasoning to say that Astro City and other less mainstream work is "more challenging" than, say, Superman. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.88.171.183 (talk) 00:19, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

First works
In the Secret Identity author bio, it notes that his first Marvel work and his first DC work were released on the same day. I assume the DC comic is Green Lantern #162, but does anyone know the Marvel piece? 24.60.166.137 (talk) 03:22, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It was Power Man and Iron Fist #90. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.20.191.124 (talk) 02:08, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Quotes section vandalised
Can somebody please have a look at the Quotes section in the article? Somebody seems to have removed it and replaced it by a flame directed as Busiek as a writer. 195.169.118.227 (talk) 17:37, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Biff! Bang! Pops!
The article should probably mention [https://www.cbr.com/comic-book-legends-revealed-438/ Biff! Bang! Pops!], probably at the end of the first paragraph of Early Life. This is significant because it was (by years) his first commercially published work; a work with a noted collaborator (Scott McCloud); and the first Marvel/DC crossover comic. I will not make the change myself; as a friend of Kurt's and publisher of the current edition of The Liberty Project, I have a conflict of interest (although I gain nothing from the edit I'm suggesting.) --Nat Gertler (talk) 15:48, 15 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kurt Busiek


text:
Cherry Tree railway station

Cherry Tree railway station serves Cherry Tree in the Blackburn with Darwen borough of Lancashire, England. The station is 3 km southwest of Blackburn railway station. It is managed by Northern, who also provide all the passenger services calling there.

The station is a two platform stop situated on the A674 road for Blackburn and was opened soon after the Blackburn to Preston line, in 1847. The former Lancashire Union Railway branch line to Chorley, Wigan and St Helens Shaw Street (opened in 1869) diverged a short distance to the west of the station, but this closed to passengers on 4 January 1960 and completely in 1966.

The station is unstaffed, all of its permanent buildings having been demolished (shelters still survive on both platforms). Only the western end of each platform is now used, with the sections east of the bridge on both sides now derelict. It has been refurbished in recent years, with a Community Rail Lancashire and local authority-sponsored cleanup & repair project carried out by local schoolchildren, college students, volunteers and council workers in 2014. The station has a long-line PA system and digital information screens in place to provide train running information. It also has full step-free access to both platforms for disabled passengers.

As of January 2018, along with other Stations on this line, a new touch screen Ticket Machine was added to the Station.

Services
Monday to Saturdays, there is an hourly service from Cherry Tree towards Preston westbound and Blackburn, Burnley Central and Colne, eastbound. There is a two-hourly service in each direction on Sundays.

title: Cherry Tree railway station


text:
Talk:Aircraft Operations Center

Merging
This list is pretty short, and since the Aircraft Operations Center article is also short, it might be more useful to merge this list with that article. Alternatively, it might also be useful to just fold them both into the Hurricane Hunters article. --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 05:03, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aircraft Operations Center


text:
Category talk:Julius Caesar

Untitled
Uhh ... perhaps the main article on J.C. belongs in the adoptive parent category, but does this category? Wiki'dWitch 05:04, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Cfd 4 Sep 2005
Consensus was to keep, see archived discussion for details. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 20:33, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Category:Historical figures portrayed by Shakespeare
Per a question at the help desk, I removed this category from Category:Historical figures portrayed by Shakespeare. The main article is still categorized in the Shakespeare category, but it's probably not necessary to have every Julius Caesar article also be in the Shakespeare category.  · rodii ·  15:28, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Julius Caesar


text:
Talk:List of aircraft of the AOC

Merging
This list is pretty short, and since the Aircraft Operations Center article is also short, it might be more useful to merge this list with that article. Alternatively, it might also be useful to just fold them both into the Hurricane Hunters article. --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 05:03, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of aircraft of the AOC


text:
Katif

Katif, Qatif or Qateef (קָטִיף; قطيف) may refer to the following:

 * Qatif, a region in Saudi Arabia
 * Katif (moshav), a former Israeli moshav in the Gaza Strip
 * Gush Katif, the largest former Israeli settlement bloc in the Gaza Strip

title: Katif


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mexico City Metropolitan Airport

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Fernando Rizo T/C 00:09, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Mexico City Metropolitan Airport
I have thought long & hard about this one. *Weak Redirect to Benito Juarez International Airport. Alr 05:35, 29 August 2005 (UTC) Alr, you have two votes on the page, both at 0535.— Encephalon |  ζ   07:50:23, 2005-08-29 (UTC)
 * 1) Firstly, the airport's name and IATA code are wrong. I believe the author is talking about the 'Benito Juarez International Airport', IATA code: MEX.
 * 2) Secondly, MEX is not in the Top 10 of world's busiest airports and certainly NOT the busiest in Latin America (that honour belongs to Juan Santamaria in Costa Rica).
 * 3) Thirdly, there is no information other than a list of airlines and destinations allegedly operating from the airport. Both lists are incomplete, inaccurate and inconsistent. There are no verifiable sources given.
 * 4) And, finally, yes..I do live in Mexico. Eddie.willers 05:06, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Far lesser airports have articles on them (see Saskatoon International Airport). Lack of information is not justification for VFD -- be bold and expand it. 23skidoo 05:31, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Did you even read what he said or look at the page in question? There's no such thing as "Mexico City Metropolitan Airport". This article is garbage. Alr 05:35, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. How bizarre; this looks like a completely made-up major international airport with many of the same airlines and flights as Benito_Juarez_International_Airport, but a completely new list of terminals, etc.  "MJX" (given in the text) appears to be the IATA code for Robert J. Miller Air Park, Toms River, New Jersey.  Nothing useful to merge; no point in redirecting a made-up name.  Benito Juarez is, of course, extremely notable. Bikeable 05:37, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Mexico City Metropolitan Airport" gets all of two hits on Google, so no redirect is necessary.  Thatdog 05:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Redirect to Benito Juarez International Airport . Delete Alr 05:35, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Eddie.willers.— Encephalon |  ζ   07:50:23, 2005-08-29 (UTC)
 * Vote changed to delete after Encephalon pointed out my brain-cramp. Trollderella, there appears to be a good reason for the google count: the airport apparently does not exist.— Encephalon |  ζ   08:00:11, 2005-08-29 (UTC)
 * You, are, on looking more closely, quite correct. This should be deleted. The facts about it are mostly relating to Benito Juárez International Airport. Trollderella 08:04, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete, hoax. Proto t c 11:21, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hoax indeed. Dottore So 13:20, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete has the hallmarks of a hoax. -Splash 18:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * HOATX Klonimus 21:58, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jachin 22:08, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. But I would consider a redirect from Mexico City International Airport to Benito Juárez International Airport as appropriate, since some non-Mexicans might not know about Benito Juárez. --Tito xd 23:45, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - same reasons as Encephalon & Trollderella Wangi 14:19:00, 2005-09-06 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Eritrean Liberation Front

The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF; ተጋደሎ ሓርነት ኤርትራ; جبهة التحرير الإريترية; Fronte di Liberazione Eritreo), colloquially known as Jebha, was the main independence movement in Eritrea which sought Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia during the 1960s and the early 1970s. It was established in 1960 after Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie violated a 1952 UN resolution that guaranteed Eritrea the right to an autonomous government. Idris Muhammad Adam and other Eritrean intellectuals founded the ELF as a primary Pan Arab movement in Cairo, but the first attack was led by Hamid Idris Awate in 1961. Over the course of the 1960s, the ELF was able to obtain support from Arab countries such as Egypt and Sudan. However, tensions between Muslims and Christians in the ELF along with the failure of the ELF to ward off Ethiopia's 1967–1968 counter offensive internally fractured the ELF, causing it to split. By the mid 1970s, the ELF and the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), an ideologically Maoist liberation movement, were the key liberation movements in Eritrea. The EPLF ultimately overtook the ELF as the primary Eritrean independence movement by 1977, and the ELF was subsequently defeated in 1981.

Origins (1948–1959)
Since Italy was defeated in World War II, the fate of Ethiopia and Eritrea was left to the United Nations. A 1948 UN commission failed to agree on whether Eritrea would be independent. In 1952, Eritrea became officially part of Ethiopia under UN Resolution 390 A, which was passed on December 2, 1950. However, Eritrea would remain an autonomous government, meaning that the country could have their own government structures, flag, and official language. Ethiopia was also prohibited from forcibly intervening in Eritrea's domestic occurrences. However, some Eritreans were not satisfied with the UN's decision to place Eritrea under Ethiopian control. Early independence movements can be traced back to 1949, when some Muslims living in Eritrea formed a group that would grow into the Eritrean Liberation Front. Nonetheless, in the early 1950's, this group remained relatively inactive. Discontent with the Ethiopian government ensured as Emperor Haile Selassie took actions to destabilize Eritrea's autonomous government. As Ethiopia was more authoritarian than Eritrea, Selassie felt that increased freedom in Eritrea would destabilize Ethiopia. Consequently, the same year that the UN resolution went into effect, Selassie disposed of Eritrea's constitution. In 1953, the Eritrean Trade Union was outlawed. By 1955, Eritrea's president was removed and a year later, the Eritrean National Assembly ceased to exist. The year 1956 also marked the year that Amharic replaced Arabic and Tigrinya as the official language of Eritrea. The coming years also saw the suppression of insurgency movements against Ethiopia, the arrests of newspaper editors who spoke against the Ethiopian crown, the seizure of private Eritrean businesses, and the removal of the Eritrean flag. The United States remained inactive despite the UN Resolution being fragrantly violated. This was due to a 1953 agreement signed between the United States and Ethiopia, which guaranteed access to the Kagnew Radiomarina in Asmara. This Red Sea military base was vital for the United States military since it enhanced overseas communication.

Nonetheless, higher unemployment rates and taxes caused tens of thousands of Eritreans to emigrate to Saudi Arabia and Sudan. The Ethiopian army successfully suppressed protests that arose in Eritrea, including a 1958 trade union strike. The struggle for independence turned violent with this strike as many protesters were killed. Infuriated, a group of Eritreans led by Mohamed Said Nawd and Saleh Ahmed Eyay who had fled to Sudan organized the Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM) in November 1958. The ELM, which was composed primarily of students and laborers, focused on organizing demonstrations against Ethiopian occupation. ELM strongholds were located in the urban central highlands, where a large proportion of Christians lived.

Egypt and the Formation of the Eritrean Liberation Front (1960–1962)
In 1960, Egypt began to fund military training for Eritreans in Alexandria. Future revolutionary leaders such as Idris Muhammad Adam were trained at the Alexandria military camp. The tactics that this camp used were influenced by those of the national liberation front in Algeria. In addition to military training, Egypt also provided media resources for Eritreans to use to gain support for the independence movement. For instance, Woldeab Woldemariam used his Radio Cairo radio program to publicize anti-Ethiopian propaganda and encourage Eritreans to join the uprising against Ethiopia. In July 1960, the ELF was openly established in Cairo by Idris Muhammad Adam and other Eritrean intellectuals and students. The founders of the ELF were primarily Muslim and the movement thus adopted Pan-Arabic beliefs. Some scholars argue that the Eritrean independence movement was religious in nature: by 1971, the majority of ELF army members were Muslim and the Ethiopian ruling class was Christian. Egypt helped organize Arab support for the ELF. The Arab League countries such as Syria, Iraq, Libya, Kuwait, and Yemen pledged their support for the ELF in April 1962. These countries saw the economic potential of Arab control of the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. They also felt compelled to help their fellow Muslims attain independence from the Christian Ethiopians. Additionally, Sudan and Egypt worked together in attempt to prevent Ethiopian access to the Nile River. As a consequence, Sudan allowed the ELF to use their land to ship weapons to and organize military operations. However, despite the emergence of the ELF, the United States chose to remain loyal to Ethiopia as they signed a secret pact with Ethiopia affirming their opposition to Eritrean insurgency movements.

Hamid Idris Awate and the armed struggle for independence (1961–1962)
Hamid Idris Awate was a former soldier when the Italians controlled Eritrea and Ethiopia who had not joined the ELM or ELF. The ELF had purchased rifles that were used during the colonial era, leading them to have Awate initiate the first battle in the Eritrean independence movement. In August 1961, Awate had been hiding from Ethiopian authorities on Mount Abal. On September 1, 1961, Awate came into confrontation with the Ethiopian government, which is when he used guerilla war tactics to continue the ELF's struggle. The September 26, 1961 issue of the Ethiopian newspaper Zemen reported Awate's attacks for the first time, labeling him a bandit and giving the Eritrean liberation struggle public attention. In response, Awate motivated further military action by claiming that he was fighting "for the sake of the Eritrean flag and their homeland." Further 1961 attacks took place in Eritrea's western lowlands. These rural communities were composed of Muslims who had been oppressed by the Ethiopian government, thus exhibiting the greatest antagonism for Ethiopia. Also, the western lowlands were close to Sudan, the movement's safe haven. Awate's movement gained momentum when Eritrean members of the Sudan Defense Force joined his movement. By March 1962, the Ethiopian police force were no longer able to suppress Awate's movement, leading Ethiopian authorities to publicly announce that anyone supporting Awate or withholding information regarding Awate would be imprisoned. In June 1962, Awate died, which led to the merger of his group with the ELF. That, with the combination of the Ethiopian government's discovery and subsequent suppression of the ELM, led to the ELF emerging as the main independence movement in Eritrea. On November 14, 1962, Emperor Haile Selassie annexed Eritrea after the Assembly was figuratively held "at gun point" to vote for annexation. Selassie remarked that "We thank our people of Eritrea who, guided by a deep sense of patriotism and unity, have labored without crease to bring about this advancement. We vow before God, that, as we have repeatedly stated, we shall spare no effort to secure the happiness and advancement of our people." Israel later revealed its support of Eritrea's annexation, providing funding to train the Ethiopian police force.

Expansion of the ELF (1962–1966)
The ELF began to receive arms from Saudi Arabia and North Yemen in 1962. There were 250 members of the ELF in 1963. That was also the year when military aid in the form of weapons from China, Iraq, and Syria intensified. The ELF then raided several Ethiopian bases and military establishments with this aid between 1961 and 1965. This era was also when women also began to play a role in the ELF: they sent messages, obtained weapons, and served as cooks and nurses to the soldiers. In 1965, the ELF army grew to 2,000 members organized in seven platoons.

This led the president of the ELF, Idris Mohamed Adem, to meet with the leaders of each platoon to restructure the ELF in May 1965. They agreed in dividing Eritrea into four Zonal Commands with the Revolutionary Command located in Kassala. Like the Egyptian-funded military training, the organization of the ELF was inspired by the organization of the Algerian national liberation front. The first zone was located in western Eritrea and was populated by Muslims and Beni Amer. Their leader was Mahmoud Dinni. The second zone consisted of Eritrea's northern highlands, which was populated by Muslim nomads and led by Omer Hamed Ezaz. The third province included Eritrea's central plateau, which was populated by Tigrinya-speaking farmers and Muslim Saho pastoralists. Abdelkerim Ahmed was the leader of zone three. The fourth zone was the central and southern coast, consisting of Muslim nomads and led by Mohammed Ali Omero. As a consequence of this restructuring, the ELF was strong enough to prevent Ethiopia from entirely controlling Eritrea. They also maintained control through their "belief that they had the sole mandate of representing the Eritrean people." Therefore, they suppressed any other liberation movement. As the ELF grew in strength, Ethiopia increased military spending by 68.2%. Also, the relationship between Ethiopia and Sudan fractured as each country supported the liberation movements in the other country. This weakened both countries militarily and politically. Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and President Nasser of Egypt also worked with the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in the early 1960's to ease hostility between the two nations. However, Egypt did not terminate its support for the ELF; they just moved their operations to Syria.

Internal problems (1966–1971)
In 1966, the ELF began to incorporate Christians into the movement. This resulted in an increasing amount of military confrontations in the highlands near Sudan. As a result, a fifth Zonal command that covered the Eritrean highlands was established by Osman Idris Galadewos. Concerned about the growing strength of the ELF, Ethiopia procured military support from Israel and the United States to launch a counter-offensive movement against the ELF. The goal of this counter offensive was to internally fracture the ELF between Christians and Muslims, which proved effective by the summer of 1967. Ethiopia first decimated hundreds of villages in Eritrea in early 1967, which caused the Arab countries to suspend their support for the ELF in June 1967. This resulted in Wolde Kahsai's Christian fighters betraying the ELF in the summer of 1967. Another Christian group under Haile Woldetensae's leadership was executed by ELF Muslims after they surrendered to the Ethiopian consulate. Hostility between Christians and Muslims ensured even when the Christians did not deflect to the Ethiopian side of the conflict as proven by the September 1967 massacre of 50 Christians in zone four. The internal political conflicts and recent military losses experienced by the ELF in the late 1960's convinced members that the ELF had to be restructured. The resulting movement became known as the Eslah movement. The Eslah movement first merged zones three and five together in September 1968, forming the Tripartite Unity Forces. However, this unification did not resolve the ELF's internal division, which led to the Adobha conference between ELF leadership in August 1969. This conference abolished the Zonal Command system and instead redivided Eritrea into three regions. The ELF experienced significant military victories in the aftermath of the 1969 conference, the most prominent of those being the assassination of Ethiopian General Tshomi Ergetu in late 1970. Nonetheless, Ethiopia struck back with the bombing of Keren on Christmas Eve, 1970. Hundreds of women and children died, leading French newspaperman Andre Fontaine of Le Monde to remark that the Ethiopians had successfully destabilized the Eritrean independence movement. Moreover, internal divisions ensured within the ELF during this time period regarding the tension between Muslims and Christians and Eritrea's interactions with Arab countries. The government of the Arab countries released propaganda since 1964 that stressed the homogeneous Arab nature of Eritrea. Also, prominent Christian revolutionary leaders like Woldeab Woldemariam had uneasy relations with the Arab world. This even caused Saudi Arabia to cease its support for the ELF in 1967. Also, there was the 1969 and 1970 massacre of Christian ELF soldiers and the assassination of prominent Christian ELF figures such as Wolde Ghiday and Kidae Kiflu. Therefore, in 1971, Abraham Tewoide and Isaias Afwerki founded a faction that broke away from the ELF that would eventually combine with other breakaway factions to form the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF). Additionally, women within the ELF established the Women's Union in 1967 to protest the inequalities they faced. Women were dissatisfied that they were unable to hold ranks within the ELF that were comparable to those held by men. Nonetheless, ELF leadership largely ignored these women until the 1971 first National Congress, which is when the ELF first recognized that women were vital to the operation of the ELF.

Formation of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (1971–1973)
Although the Eritrean Liberation Forces - People's Liberation Forces (ELF - PLF) formally split from the ELF in 1971, the ELF was strictly divided since mid-1969. This division was a direct consequences of the defeats suffered by the ELF as a result of Ethiopia's 1967–1968 counter offensive. The PLF was frustrated that the ELF Revolutionary Command failed to maintain the support of many Christian fighters during Ethiopia's counter offensive. The PLF also felt that the Revolutionary Command was guilty of insubordination to ELF military leadership, leading Othman Sabbe to call for the complete removal of the Revolutionary Command. The Revolutionary command, on the other hand, felt that PLF members had violated the ranks of the ELF.

After the formal split in 1971, the ELF held its first National Congress to determine the future of the movement. The ELF responded by instituting the ELF Revolutionary Council and structuring their troops into twelve battalions. The ELF also demanded that the breakaway factions rejoin the ELF. War between the ELF and the ELF - PLF was initiated in February 1972 on the directive of the ELF Revolutionary Council. Under the leadership of Osman Saleh Sabbe, Romadan Mohamed Nur, and Isaias Afwerki, the EPLF was formed in August 1973 from the ELF - PLF and other breakaway factions. Both men received their guerrilla warfare training in China and implemented stringent policies to quash rebellion movements. Inspired by Maoist ideology, the EPLF managed the Eritrean People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP), which was a far left-wing political movement that Nur and Afwerki established in 1971.

Liberation of Eritrea (1974–1977)
In September 1974, a military coup known as the Derg removed Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie from power. This marked a shift in Ethiopia's Cold War alignment from the west to the east. Meanwhile, the rise of President Anwar El Sadat in Egypt converted the country to a western Cold War alignment. This shift in leadership paved the way for Ethiopia's request for Egypt to cease their support for the Eritrean independence movements.

Also, by this time, the EPLF had amassed the support of Eritreans living in the Christian highlands. Nonetheless, Selassie's fall from power enabled the ELF and the EPLF to put aside their differences and jointly invade Asmara in January 1975. This offensive was largely successful; it liberated 95% of Eritrea. Additionally, in May 1975, Idris Mohammed Adem was replaced by Ahmed Mohammed Nasser as the leader of the ELF. By the mid-1975, Ethiopia began to fight back against the Eritrean independence movements by using propaganda to counter the Arab countries' notion of a holy war. This crumbled Ethiopia's relationship with Egypt and Sudan. Consequently, Sudan continued to support Eritrean independence movements and amassed Egypt's as a military ally if Ethiopia were to invade Sudan. Furthermore, as Ethiopia was allied with the Soviets, Egypt provided aid to Eritrean independence movements out of fear of the Nile River being controlled by the USSR. By 1977, the EPLF was the primary independence movement in Eritrea. The EPLF captured Keren in late 1976, establishing an efficient city administration and filling the markets with food. The liberation movements also forced an Ethiopian retreat after a week of fighting in Asmara, leaving many dead soldiers on the streets unburied. In Massawa, the EPLF managed to hold off the Ethiopians in early 1977, despite Soviet assistance. Nonetheless, as a result of the fighting, over 90,000 Eritreans were homeless in 1977, leading the EPLF to provide medical and food assistance. The EPLF also allowed women to undergo military training in 1975. Between January 23 and 31, 1977, the EPLF convened in Sahel for the meeting of its first congress. There, the EPLF proposed a plan for Eritrea's independent government, which included steps to resolve gender inequality. Nonetheless, Eritrea's first liberation came to a close, as Ethiopia's army grew to 40,000 troops, following the fall of the Massawa naval base in December 1977 and the fall of Barentu in April 1978.

Fall of the ELF (1978–1981)
With the assistance of the USSR, Ethiopia successfully took back most of Eritrea by the middle of 1978. Consequently, the EPLF withdrew to Sahel and Nakfa. There, they engaged in sporadic raids of Ethiopian strongholds. The ELF mustered support from the Arab world to attempt a counter offensive on the Ethiopian army. However, the attack failed and the ELF placed the EPLF at fault for not aiding their counter offensive. The EPLF also suspected the ELF of working with the Arab countries to reach a peace agreement with Ethiopia. Therefore, in 1980, hostility between the EPLF and ELF reemerged after the ELF left Sahel. The EPLF reclaimed the northern Red Sea area of Eritrea in 1980 whereas the ELF fled to Sudan in the face of battle with Ethiopia and the EPLF. In Sudan, the ELF lost their weapons and consequently, dissolved. Therefore, in 1981, the EPLF was the only Eritrean independence movement still afloat.

The Eritrean War for Independence continued for another ten years, with the EPLF as the primary independence movement. Eritrea achieved full independence on May 24, 1991.

Affiliated organizations

 * General Union of Eritrean Students
 * General Union of Eritrean Workers
 * General Union of Eritrean Women
 * General Union of Eritrean Peasants
 * Eritrean Red Cross and Red Crescent Society

title: Eritrean Liberation Front


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Lamest edit wars ever (2nd nomination)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy keep (only recently survived VFD nomination).

Lamest edit wars ever
Lame page used for POV pointscoring and attacking users This is the ultimate nonsense page.

 * It is used on occasion by trolls who are fighting edit wars to attack people defending articles from attack. (Banned user User:Skyring used various his 22 sockpuppets, for example, to attack every user who refused to allow him to break MoS rules or who reverted his edits as a banned user. Yet attempts by User:Proteus, myself and others to remove his claims were then put on the page as lame edit wars by him, and users who appealed for that to stop were pilloried.
 * It is used to trivialise serious accuracy disputes (eg, the correct year Nancy Reagan was born in is regarded as a supposed lame edit war; applying naming conventions, MoS standards etc.)

There are some edit wars that can deserve criticism but this page seems more about taking the piss on users than actually doing anything useful. Any attempt to enter into serious debate about the issues, or to stop the page being used itself as a weapon in edit wars becomes futile. This page in its current form is neither NPOV nor accurate, but filled with POV score-settling, often from people who are more interested in ridiculing fellow Wikipedians than in actually doing serious work themselves. It is the lamest of lame pages and deserves to be binned. Fear ÉIREANN \(caint) 05:09, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And yet, it moves. This page illustrates what happens when editors refuse to collaborate. VfD is often a tactic resorted to by a sore loser, so when the page deletion is proposed by someone whose edits are involved in one or more of the listings, we are entitled to take that into account when considering the matter. This page is humorous, harmless, and instructive. It provides some relief from Wikistress. It allows us to see ourselves as others see us, warts, words, and all. I oppose the suggested deletion of it. --StanZegel 05:24, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The fact that a year-banned user, banned for wikistalking by the ArbCom, was able to use the page as a weapon in his attacks on Wikipedia, and that any attempts by users to defend themselves from attacks were then described as "lame", shows the ludicrousness of the page. The fact that users who tried to get something as elementary as the right year someone was born correct ended up having their efforts described as "lame" shows the page's ridiculousness. The fact that people trying to enforce conventions on US/BE spelling, or MoS rules, on Naming Conventions, on trying to enforce a truce and stop a troll reigniting it, etc all found themselves pilloried on the page by others shows just how worthless at best, provocative at worst, this ridiculous page is. All it is is a means by which some wikipedians (including trolls) can attack other users. This is supposed to an encyclopædia, not a game, much less a game that allows vandals to smear other people's work and get away with it.  Fear ÉIREANN \(caint)  05:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmm. Thinking about the enforcing part of Jtdirl's tirade... There possibly is the thing something should be learned from. Wikipedians, volunteers, are not very eager to get enforced, imo. Perhaps some more diplomatic means would do much more better than enforcement in the style of Jtdirl and company. After all, discussion and collaboration is not totally forbidden here in WP. Arrigo 10:08, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I would be more inclined to accept that the complaint is made in good faith if you had not attempted to avoid drawing attention to it by omitting an edit summary and marking the edit as "minor" when you placed the VfD notice on the talk page. Personally, I think anyone doing that should be automatically banned for a week if they are a newbie, three months if they should have known better. It is deceitful and unworthy of someone who provides much valuable content. But as for the page under discussion, Children need a confined and designated place to fight; better here than throughout the Wikipedia. --StanZegel 05:49, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If it was done as a minor edit it is because that is how my preferences are set up and I forgot to unclick the box. Please don't make unfair personal attacks. This is a serious issue about a POV page that contributes nothing to Wikipedia but allows people ridicule the work of serious users trying to uphold standards. Do you really think users trying to get dates right in articles only to find that they are ridiculed for it on this page, will encourage them to both trying to get things right in other articles? That users fighting sockpuppets will bother if sockpuppets can smear them on pages like this, and have users like you defend their entries? Or that people will bother trying to keep a coherent house style when their efforts to ensure the community-agreed conventions and MoS in the face of edit wars by anonymous IPs are ridiculed by people like you as lame? Fear ÉIREANN \(caint)  06:06, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Whether you tick the minor edit box or not, you know that you should state an edit summary and that making something a VfD should be mentioned in the edit summary. --StanZegel 06:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Dear Jtdirl, I want to ask you the following, and I expect an honest answer from you: Do you regard the edit actions over Queen Victoria (and other articles with those styles etc) made by User:Skyring and his alleged sockpuppets as lame or not lame? Please answer honestly and clearly. 217.140.193.123 06:46, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Is this tonight's identity you are running with Arrigo? Maybe you like to explain why you like to pretend to be two different people on Wikipedia, and in particular why you hide behind your IP when editing this page? It is that sort of gaming that has made this page a joke. Fear ÉIREANN \(caint)  07:00, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Dear Jtdirl, I am still waiting for your honest answer to the question I posed above. 217.140.193.123 07:19, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. We've hashed over this before about two months ago, and the result was an almost-unanimous keep: see Votes for deletion/Lamest edit wars ever.  I don't see that anything has changed since then. --Carnildo 06:13, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The page's use as a vehicle by sockpuppets has. Fear ÉIREANN \(caint)  06:18, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Dear Jtdirl, you are doing marvellous job in show. If the banned User:Skyring is reading this page, I believe his "sockpuppet attacks" will decrease drastically as he laughs out loud rolling on the floor, thus being somewhat less capable of stroking keys. I am sure the humor of this situation is not missed by most of viewers here. Arrigo 10:13, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. A good page of object lessons -- which some do not seem to be learning. Apparently, User:Jtdirl is pitching a fit because at least one of his edit wars is on there -- and to get recursive, a subsequent lame edit war to remove any mention of it. So now we have this, the lame nuclear option. --Calton | Talk 06:26, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * No. an "edit war" of mine was not in there. My enforcement, along with others, of a ban was, put there by the person banned by Jimbo and then by the ArbCom. The user under at least 5 sockpuppet identities, used it as part of his "war" to get around his ban, for example:

 * 1) (cur) (last)  02:47, 22 August 2005 JYolkowski m (Reverted edits by Except for the tool to last version by Jtdirl)
 * 2) (cur) (last) 02:46, 22 August 2005 Except for the tool m (Nah, it's still lame)
 * 3) (cur) (last) 02:38, 22 August 2005 Jtdirl m (Reverted edits by He's a good bloke and to last version by Jonathunder)
 * 4) (cur) (last) 02:36, 22 August 2005 He's a good bloke and m (Check it out - it's about as lame as they come!)
 * 5) (cur) (last) 01:57, 22 August 2005 Jonathunder (RV dubious addition ("new" user's first edit was to this page!))
 * 6) (cur) (last) 01:54, 22 August 2005 For playing the fool (→Names)

Other users too have been targeted on that page that way. One frequent contributor hides behind an IP rather than use his account to add in attacks on people who get in his way. It isn't a Lamest edit wars ever page as much as an Attacks on users by other users page. Fear ÉIREANN \(caint) 06:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. All right, now at least one thing has changed. Me. --80.222.74.5 06:43, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Very strong keep. As long as the write-ups are kept NPOV so as to skewer both sides, I don't see the problem. This page is healthy for Wikipedia, as it puts things into perspective and serves as examples of how ludicrous things can get — and as a reminder to everyone that one should never be blinded to the lameness of an argument. This page makes me laugh, and God knows there's little to laugh about edit warring. What's even more lame is when a person involved in a lame edit war tries to edit war to get it off the list. Bottom line: screw 'em if they can't take a joke. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 06:45, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to a Talk page. Yes, the content is "healthy for Wikipedia", but not as an article. MCB 06:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, useful page for fetching precedent for edit war disputes, learning how to edit Wikipedia, or just having a few laughs. I particularly liked that article about an American city that its creator wanted to preserve in the exact same state. — J I P | Talk 07:11, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikipedia: or User: space. This is interesting enough to keep around but it is definitely NOT an encyclopedia article.  Thatdog 07:21, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Its address is Lamest_edit_wars_ever 217.140.193.123 07:25, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Just to note that this is already in the Wikipedia namespace. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 07:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see now. So technically Jtdirl is nominating the redirect for deletion?  I'd be fine with that as long as we keep the actual article.  ;)  Thatdog 07:31, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong Keep. Thank you for correcting the VfD title, Khaosworks. Thatdog 08:49, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. There isn't a whole lot of wiki-humour which is actually funny, but this page is an exception.  If someone is making malicious or bad-faith additions, that should be dealt with in the normal manner and is not cause for deletion.  Also, this survived a VfD very recently with near-unanimous consensus to keep. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  08:27, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The page is instructive. As a sideline issue, the diff shows an edit by nominator Jtdirl, marked also "m" (minor edit), which IMO must be regarded as very disruptive. Arrigo 08:47, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not suitable for article space, but I'm fine with it in WP space.  --Alan Au 09:07, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We've already been through this, haven't we? The person who's trying to get this deleted sounds like a grade-school hall monitor; the other kids never liked that type. *Dan* 10:23, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * The strongest KEEP I've ever given in my life --Fallout boy 11:04, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep, close vote. Bad faith nomination. The lame edit wars page is awesomely useful. Proto t c 11:25, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Breach of Trust (band)

Breach of Trust is a Canadian hard rock band originally from La Ronge, Saskatchewan. The band's principal songwriters, Marty Ballentyne and Zane Kryzanowsky, are both of indigenous heritage.

History
The band was formed in 1994 by vocalist/guitarist Marty Ballentyne, drummer William Aubut, bassist Zane Kryzanowsky, and guitarist Darryl Lavallee. In 1995, they independently released a 5-song EP called Dead Issue EP. In 1997, Lavallee left the band and was replaced by Colin Cheechoo, the son of country singer-songwriter Vern Cheechoo.

In 2000, Breach of Trust released their debut album, Songs for Dying Nations, in 2000. Shows across Canada that summer, a music video for the song "Who Am I?", and rave reviews from online sites helped to create a buzz around the band, and major labels began attending shows. In 2001 Breach of Trust signed with EMI and "Songs For Dying Nations" was re-released that year. The band won three awards at the 2002 Indigenous Music Awards (then-named the Canadian Aboriginal Music Awards). Breach of Trust won Best Songwriter, Best Group or Duo and Best Rock Album.

While radio never embraced the group, MuchMusic, particularly the shows Going Coastal, The New Music and Loud, were big supporters of the band, and Breach of Trust performed live in the Much studios on two occasions.

In 2001, the band toured with Amen, Flybanger, Finger Eleven, Slurpymundae, and Headstrong. They played the 3rd stage at Edgefest in Barrie, Ontario on July 1, 2001, alongside Billy Talent and The Dears.

In 2002, Kryzanowsky left the band. Cheechoo left to join a band called Cessate. The band recruited bassist Brent Stutsky and guitarist Dean Zabolotney in 2003, and recorded a new album in the summer. The album was held back from release until 2004 at the request of the band, who were unhappy with some of the mixes. The album Breach of Trust was released in November 2004. The band did shows with The Tea Party and the single "Bad Trip," received some airplay on MuchMusic.

Aubut, Stutsky and Zabolotney left the band and it became inactive until early 2007, when Ballentyne, Cheechoo and singer/guitarist Donovan Bruyere performed at the 2007 National Aboriginal Achievement Awards in Edmonton, and at various other shows until the end of 2009. In 2011, Bruyere left the band; guitarist Terry Aubut joined in 2012 but the band broke up soon after.

In 2019, Cheechoo and William Aubut announced that they had joined the band Side Step the Crow. Ballantyne moved to Ottawa and formed the band The Uglies.

In May, 2022, the band's Facebook page changed its name to "The Illusion of Certainty," and Ballentyne announced upcoming shows featuring any former Breach of Trust member that wished to participate. On June 8, the band's first single in eighteen years, "Settle for Nothing," was released via SoundCloud and later on Spotify. The single is the first from the band's upcoming third album titled "The Illusion of Certainty," which is due to be released in winter 2023.

Discography

 * Dead Issue EP (1995), Rockin' Rod Records
 * Songs for Dying Nations (2000), Independent
 * Songs for Dying Nations (2001), EMI re-release
 * Breach of Trust (2004), EMI
 * The Illusion of Certainty (2023)
 * Fubar: The Album, "Eyes of A Stranger" (Payolas cover) (2003), EMI

title: Breach of Trust (band)


text:
User:VoodooKobra

Scott Arciszewski is the Chief Development Officer of Paragon Initiative Enterprises. He has been programming in PHP for over 13 years and specializes in application security, Cryptography, security engineering, and web programming.

Paragon Initiative Enterprises offers Technology Consulting, Code Auditing, and App Development services to small and medium business in and around Orlando, FL. If you need |PHP security or cryptography expertise, you want to hire Paragon Initiative Enterprises.

Recommended Reading

 * Choosing the Right Cryptography Library for your PHP Project: A Guide (2015)
 * A Gentle Introduction to Application Security
 * Basic Cryptography Concepts
 * How to Safely Generate Random Strings and Integers in PHP
 * How to Prevent Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerabilities in PHP
 * How to Prevent SQL Injection Vulnerabilities in PHP
 * Don't use Mcrypt in PHP
 * Building a Secure Login Feature with a Remember Me Checkbox
 * Securing Your Business's Online Presence - A Guide For Non-Experts

title: User:VoodooKobra


text:
User talk:Hakusa

Hello; I'd like to talk to you about Badcorp.org. You said you wrote the original article ; was it published anywhere else? --Merovingian (t) (c) 05:12, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

No. How should I have phrased that?

 * No, that's not necessary. If you haven't published it anywhere else, than it's not a copyright violation (copyvio).  I posted the Copyvio notice because I thought somebody not affiliated with BadCorp had pasted the article from somewhere on the BadCorp website; this is against the rules, but there's no need to worry.  I've restarted the article, and moved it to BadCorp.org, since that's the dominant spelling on the website.  What do you think about it?  I want to you to have at least some of what you wrote in the article.  --Merovingian (t) (c) 05:25, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Alright, thank you. I will begin re-writing the artical now.

 * That's completely fine, but I will be editing it as well, mainly to make sure it complies with the rules. By the way, welcome to Wikipedia!  You can start reading about our community here.  --Merovingian (t) (c) 05:35, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Sounds fair.

 * I've fixed it up a bit; it's not necessary to mention yourself or other contributors to the article, because you can see who's contributed by viewing a page's edit history: Edit history of the BadCorp.org article --Merovingian (t) (c) 06:05, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

I see. Thanx.

 * Of course. I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia; you can leave a note on my talk page at any time, if you have any questions at all.  --Merovingian (t) (c) 06:12, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

BTW: How do I create a sig.

 * Typing ~ creates the default. To customize your signature, use the "Nickname" blank on the Preferences page.  --Merovingian (t) (c) 06:58, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Thanx

 * Sure thing. --Merovingian (t) (c) 07:04, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

About Wikireality
You deleted this, so I thought I'd have a discussion with you about it. Firstly order of buisness: is it wiki appropriet? The reason I feel it is is because wikipedie is the only medium to try a cooperative experiment like this. I want to see how people will chang and effect this fictitious world. understand? PS: Please note that I was in the prosses of adding to it when you deleted it. --Hakusa - Wiki addict: 05:18, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello, Hakusa. I found your article "Wikireality" in Category:Candidates for speedy deletion. It was then deleted, as requested by User:William Graham who had tagged it with db-nonsense. I don't think this article is appropriate as an article in an encyclopedia.
 * This website is meant for building an online encyclopedia, so please do not use this website to run your experiments.
 * Frankly, I don't understand what you were trying to say in the article. (You lost me with "one could say "Yuri eats grass to survive".....) If you want a discussion on 'Wikireality', I suggest that you go to Village pump.
 * Hope this helps. -- PFHLai 05:37, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Badcorp.gif)
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title: User talk:Hakusa