text:
Talk:Wrought iron

Corrosion resistance
Wrought iron does not rust, e.g. the old warship HMS Warrior 1860 is still sailing. 195.70.32.136 12:19, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think so. It won't rust if it's coated properly. I suspect the HMS Warrior is simply painted or something similar. —Ben FrantzDale 14:59, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * What about the massive 1600 year old iron pillar of hindu King Ashoka in Delhi? That is bare wrought iron and stands like new. 195.70.32.136 15:08, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting point. Perhaps the oxide is forming a passivation layer? I am not a metalurgist, I just know I see rusty ironwork all the time and if wrought iron is essentially pure Fe, then it should have essentially the same rusting characteristics as mild steel. I'll leave it to an expert to try to answer this better. —Ben FrantzDale 15:36, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Interestingly, there was some very old steel scaffold found on a building near the Delhi Pillar and that hadn't rusted either; I think like most things the potential for corrosion needs to be there in the first place, and there's not much potential for it in Delhi.--Ironimp (talk) 20:49, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The rust resistance of large wrought iron objects is an issue that has been under dsicussion in recent years. It appears that they absorb enough heat from the sun to enable them to dry themsleves.  Two Chinese iron statutes were placed under cover for their protection and proceeded to rust!  The 'conservation' measure proved to be counter-productive.  The case cited of the guns on HMS Warrior is not quite in point, as cannon are made of cast iron.  Painting would not help as the guns get hot when fired.  The surface of an iron object is black, because it quickly acquires a later of iron oxide.  This helps protect it against rust.  Teleworking 22:19, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Some of these W. iron artifacts are slow to rust because, for the most part, they are kept in low corrosive atmospheres. The potential for corrosion can change enormously on the same site,depending on elevation, and can therefore change according to location in different parts of the world. Also remember that many of these objects in the past have been coated in clear substances, such as clarified butter, and these have worn off without trace. ( See: Amaranths, TR., 1995, The iron Pillar at Delhi)

IF one is going to write authoritatively on these (or any) subject they should have some experience in the field. Much of the literature on this subject is sales hype and old wives tales. Stating that wrought iron does not rust of corrode is just plain wrong. While wrought has characteristics that slow its rusting (lack of sulfur and carbon) it does rust and often rusts to destruction. If it did not we would have many 2,000 to 3,000 year old iron artifacts like we do bronze. But we do not. There are just a handful over 1,000 years. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.4.23.24 (talk) 17:59, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

end of wrought iron
I have removed referecnes to Garden History and visitchurches.org.uk as they were providing inaccurate information. These would at best be tertiary sources, if not mere hearsay. I have substituted a WP:RS, though this is in fact inconsistent as to date, giving both 1976 and 1973 for last manufacture. I susepct that 1973 was the closure of the plant and 1976 of the company that owned it. The plant after re-erection in the museum was officially opened in 1987. Wrought iron was occasionally made there (as a demonstration), but I do not think it has been used for some years. I had not put this in the text as I do not think it worthwhile. Peterkingiron (talk) 19:44, 2 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the help with the RS's. I don't know if the reference to "Real Wrought Iron Company" should be included in the last sentence as it seems very much like an advertisement and doesn't really count as commercial because it is used only for restorations. Wizard191 (talk) 22:05, 2 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes it is an advert, but I do not think we will finbd a better source. Peterkingiron (talk) 22:13, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

Proposed merge from puddle iron
The Puddle iron page seems redundant and should probably be incorporated into this one. PeRshGo (talk) 21:21, 30 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I totally agree that the page is redundant. The term should be "Puddled iron", but the merge target should be Puddling (metallurgy), the process by which it was made.  This variety of iron is not an alloy, so that the present stub tag is wrong.  I will leave it a few days before undertakling a merge, to goive others the opportunity to comment.  Peterkingiron (talk) 22:11, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Support merge with Puddling (metallurgy) — per Peterkingiron. Wizard191 (talk) 18:29, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Merger undertaken as agreed by Wizard191 and me. Peterkingiron (talk) 18:16, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal (Wrought iron furniture)
I propose merging Wrought iron furniture here. A quick look at the history shows it was a promotional page and has attracted spamlinks, and I don't think "wought iron furniture" is some form so special (unlike what, Wrought iron fence?) that a separate article is warranted. There is, however, some possibly mergeable material about the history of wrought iron manufacture.  Glenfarclas  ( talk ) 04:41, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Support - per nom. Wizard191 (talk) 15:07, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Support agreed--=Motorhead (talk) 18:48, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Support -- I would suggest a new section "applications" or "uses" (towards the end), which will replace (or expand) the paragraph on this in the lead. Peterkingiron (talk) 18:03, 10 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 'Support —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 13:21, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Proposed merge from stringer (slag)
The article is relatively short and specifically about stringers for wrought iron, therefore the topic should be discussed here. Moreover, this article currently doesn't discuss the topic, so it would be a good addition. Wizard191 (talk) 20:23, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose: the talk page of the merger candidate describes the need for an individual page to consolidate wikilinks for the term. --Old Moonraker (talk) 17:09, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * That seems like a very weak reason for opposition, when we can easily put in anchors so that any incoming links go directly to the section. Wizard191 (talk) 22:52, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Anchors would help, if the proposal is carried. Meanwhile, without prejudging the outcome, I have added an inline link to the candidate article; there was already a brief but unlinked mention here that we hadn't spotted. --Old Moonraker (talk) 23:21, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I found the self standing article on stringer in relationship to wrought iron confusing - it needs to be tidied up and in my opinion should be incorporated.   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.95.86.110 (talk) 13:48, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Archaeometallurgy deleted
Dr Gerry McDonnell is a reliable source and his work has a place here. However, it has to be referenced for inclusion. Some context for his recent finding would also be useful. --Old Moonraker (talk) 08:55, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

i will include the work again with reference. For context a copy of the introduction to the report reads:

As part of the Master Crafts Series transmitted in spring of 2010 an iron smelt was conducted to illustrate how iron was made. The aim of the smelt was to produce a bloom of malleable iron that could be smithed to an artefact. The smelt was conducted on llllll09 and a successful bloom was produced. Half ofthe bloom was smithed down during the filming and a series of small memento artefacts were produced. A small bar of the iron was sent for analysis. Dr G McDonnell — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ironimp (talk • contribs) 16:46, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply. I don't think I expressed myself too well: by "context" I meant how it relates to the article in, as the guideline has it, a "seamless and ever-expanding exposition". As the experiment relates to the the bloomery process, perhaps it could follow on from one of the paragraphs in that section. Interesting material, well worth inclusion, but the main thrust should be in the bloomery article itself.--Old Moonraker (talk) 19:11, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

I have just picked up your message after resubmitting so it may be in the wrong place again. However, I see the pure iron from wrought iron as another process deriving from the bloomery method so like the other wrought irons perhaps it should have its own heading, also I think it will stimulate a lot of discussion and be expanded on in which case we may need to seperate in the future?; what are your thoughts?--Ironimp (talk) 20:37, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

Conservation
'True wrought iron is required for the authentic conservation of historic structures'

This statement has no basis and should be removed. Conservation (I am not sure what is meant by authentic?)of all fabrics is a matter of philosophical debate, there are situations when like for like replacement is appropriate and situations when it is not appropriate to use the same material for repair because it risks confusing the history. It is widely accepted amoungst conservation professionals, of which I am one,and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) that using the same materials for repair,can cause 'historic ambiguity'. In these situations the worked is 'signatured'in time by using a visably different material. What are the views on this?--Ironimp (talk) 16:23, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

I support Ironimp in asking for the above statement to be removed for two reasons.

Firstly the term "True wrought iron" cannot be substantiated. Wrought iron is a generic term covering all irons produced by being "wrought" or "worked". This can cover a number of production methods and a wide range of qualities and can also include pure irons. A recent smelt of iron ore in a charcoal furnace carried out by Dr Gerry McDonnell proved that "pure iron" i.e. iron with a purity greater than 99.7% with no laminations can be produced using only the materials and techniques available to our early ancestors suggesting that this type of homogenous iron pre-dates the laminated iron commonly referred to as wrought iron today. Therefore there is no such material as "true wrought iron".

Secondly, the "authenticity"(validity) of a conservation project is evidenced by the results achieved by the blacksmith, e.g. visual aesthetics, reinstatement of orginal functionality and faithfullness of any replication work and not by the choice of material. Therefore it is the skill of the smith alone which determines whether or not the work is "authentic". GeorgeMeyrick (talk) 15:49, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

I have also considered that this statement could have a commercial purpose in the UK as there is only one supplier of Wrought iron.--Ironimp (talk) 18:02, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Wrought Iron.
As an apprentice nearly half a century ago, I worked with Wrought Iron and there are a few snippets that I would like to add.

WI never really melted, it was heated up to bright yellow heat and forge welded into larger pasty "blooms" under the power hammers. It was then consolidated into usable plates bars etc. The maximum bloom weight that could be worked like this was about 70lbs in weight.

WI was very usable for ships rivets as being heated to white heat without structure damage they could be thrown greater distances and still be hot enough to use. The stronger steel rivets could only be heated to a lower temperature without seriously damaging the structure and had a more limited "throw" distance.

In the older yards and factories WI was preferred to steel for uses such as chains and crane hooks. If over loaded, WI would stretch giving some visual warning of impending breakage, steel doesn't.

The part about WI being readily welded is only partially correct. WI can only be readily welded by heating to white heat in an old fashioned forge or furnace, then hammering. The more modern methods of electric welding only gave an indifferent weld.

The probable reason that WI was phased out in favour of steel was that adding carbon not only lowered the melting point of the alloy but also gave a ready liquid for pouring. Aditionally as steel could be poured in large quatities I don't think that there is any technical limit to the amount of steel that can be poured and rolled compared to the much smaller amounts of WI that can be produced.AT Kunene (talk) 10:26, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Rusting
I think that you contributor is correct. Wrought Iron did have a very high resistance to corrosion. Most of the paint schemes seemed to be to prevent weed and barnacle growth rather than rusting. There was surface rusting but nothing worse that I can remember.

I am also of the opinion that Brunels "Great Western" survived abandonment in the Falkland Islands because it was built of WI. A steel built ship would have long corroded away.AT Kunene (talk) 10:33, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Good or bad for welding?
The introduction states wrought iron is "good for welding". Lower down the page however, the section titled 'Defects' states it is "useless for welding". One of the two statements must be incorrect. Possibly the "useless" reference (uncited) is meant to describe only redshirt wrought iron, but one cannot be at all certain and in science one shouldn't have to assume or interpret any likely meanings. It rather defeats the object of the page if you want to know something simple but need to be an expert aleady before reading! Can someone clear this up, please? Thanks. Pete Hobbs (talk) 13:16, 23 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I've just found (and added) a warning against welding impure wrought iron, so presumably "useless for welding" doesn't apply to the material generally. --Old Moonraker (talk) 14:02, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

I've added an Inconsistent tag to the contradictory, and unsourced, claim. If it is meant to apply to redshort iron then the claim needs rewriting to properly convey this. -84user (talk) 08:44, 16 March 2018 (UTC) "welding Pocket Reference" says wrought iron can be oxyacetylene welded or brazed; it makes the observation the iron in the weld joint doesn't have the wrought iron structure any more. So, if you were picking something to make a welded structure out of, you might not pick wrought iron, but you apparently can weld it if necessary. --Wtshymanski (talk) 23:42, 16 March 2018 (UTC)
 * There are several welding processes. Wrought iron is easily forge welded, by hand and traditional means, or potential by some modern techniques (I doubt if they're used, but they ought to be workable). The more modern developed torch welding processes (gas or electric) are inappropriate for it. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:25, 16 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Google finds "Welding Journal Volume 24" from 1945, on page 79, the journal asserts that welding wrought iron to mild steel by arc or gas torch is feasible and they expect a resistance weld would also work.  The Google snippet of the Audel |
 * It's weldable with gas, although it's very long-winded and the process is practically a puddling furnace of its own. Much depends on the grade: merchant bar can't be welded like this, but triple shear (which is the same proportions, only a finer-grained material) can. It's easy to braze it, but the joints are weak and infamously unpredictable - they're a decent joint where the metals met, but not where the slag was. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:18, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Wrought iron welding in the historical sense was by hammering hot iron.Phmoreno (talk) 23:38, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

 * This is a characteristically inept edit, and quite wrong. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:18, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

On further checking I was able to find forge welding.Phmoreno (talk) 01:36, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

 * It now says, "It is therefore useless for welding or forging.", which is utter nonsense. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:08, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

References from Misa
I have gone through this book, ISBN 9780801860522, trying to find support for the references claimed for it in the article. I only found one (which I have added) so I have tagged the others with a  request. --Old Moonraker (talk) 05:39, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

 * The new reference from Gordon (ISBN 0-8018-6816-5 page 138) likewise doesn't support the text in the article. It refers to the respective benefits of man-powered and steam-powered hammers, but carries nothing about the origins of the term wrought. It describes best iron as being a product of rolling, rather than hammering. Tagged . --Old Moonraker (talk) 14:31, 27 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for adding the quote, but "For best grades of iron, they repeated the repeated the piling and rolling several times [sic]" still refers to rolling, not hammering. The tag still applies. --Old Moonraker (talk) 14:40, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually any of this is guessing what the true meaning of "wrought" is. Hammering is a required part of the process of making merchant iron, but in antiquity people were more concerned about iron articles, which had to be shaped by hammering.  Perhaps the most important reason for the term "wrought" is to differentiate it from "cast". So please reword as you see appropriate.Phmoreno (talk) 15:04, 27 August 2011 (UTC)
 * No, I can't find one that says precisely this either, and I have looked—that would have been more positive than sticking maintenance tags all over the place. OED includes hammering under "wrought", but only as a secondary meaning under the headword. At the end the day, if there isn't reference there isn't a place in the article.--Old Moonraker (talk) 15:48, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

Merge proposal: Stringer (slag)

 * Support -- The stub article on stringers is in fact dealing with the "inclusions", mentioned in the first line of this article. However, I would say that the includions are not merely "known as" slag, but are stringers of slag.  Peterkingiron (talk) 18:07, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

merge opinion and update:
I would be against merging this article. The name "wrought iron" commonly used to refer to the material --Fraulein451 (talk) 08:06, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

Soft iron
'Soft iron' is a term used in electronics, and seems to be no more than another term for wrought iron. Any objections to redirecting here and stating this in the intro? --عبد المؤمن (talk) 19:59, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

I recommend against this redirection
I suppose by 'soft iron,' the above editor is referring to electrical steel (usually at frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz; up to tens of kHz in some applications; also DC motors) and/or the materials used in inductors in applications such as radio-frequency circuits. Electrical steel isn't wrought iron; electrical steel lacks the slag inclusions which are present in wrought iron. For the materials used in inductors, see the article on magnetic cores; again, not wrought iron. Oaklandguy (talk) 06:21, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

Carbon content
The introduction Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon (less than 0.08%) content interferes that only iron with less than 0.08% carbon may be referred to as wrought iron. I am not an expert, but I believe this is misleading: the production methods (finery forge using charcoal, later puddling in hot air) removed carbon, and did so in fact to levels often below 0.08%. Although this was often the final result, it was not a limit in the sense that iron with a carbon content above 0.08% would not be considered whrought iron and that the product could not be used in construction etc. To my knowledge, standard puddling iron had carbon contents of up to 0.3%, for specific purposes even up to 0.6%. I thus feel that the initial phrase should be modified accordingly. --AHert (talk) 10:58, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I haven't read anything that would allow that high of a carbon content to be classified as wrought iron, Instead it would have been classified as steel.  However, it was known that steel could be produced with the puddling process, but quality control was a problem.Phmoreno (talk) 11:59, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * The "carbon content" would be measured according to that alloyed with the iron, rather than any free carbon still included in slag streaks. So the first grades of wrought iron, as merchant bar, are little different to pig iron (i.e. cast iron with plenty of free carbon) in overall composition, but this is a pure iron with carbon-rich slag. As the wrought iron bars are refined through the grades of single shear or double shear, this carbon and the slag is removed. It's either burned off, leaving wrought iron, or it's incorporated as shear steel. Both of those will have lower total carbon, but the iron remains a low carbon steel, i.e. classed as iron. or else it becomes a hardenable carbon steel and used for tools or blades. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:32, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

We've got a similar issue with "fibrous slag inclusions" which, according to the first paragraph can be up to 2% by weight - despite the third paragraph claiming wrought iron must be minimum 99.4% iron by mass. Those can't both be right at the same time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.134.169.160 (talk) 14:32, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

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Copy
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Relevant articles regarding recent historical analysis
Mooonswimmer 17:29, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Industrial Revolution iron method ‘was taken from Jamaica by Briton’ - The Guardian
 * English industrialist stole iron technique from Black metallurgists - New Scientist

title: Talk:Wrought iron


text:
MS Isabelle X

MS Isabelle X is a cruiseferry owned and operated till July 2023 by the Estonia-based Tallink and in January 2024 sold to Notamare Shipping, the Cyprus-based subsidiary of Bridgemans. She was built in 1989 by Brodosplit in Split, Croatia, back then Yugoslavia, for SF Line—one of the partners in the Viking Line consortium—as Isabella. The ship served as refugee housing in Tallinn until 1 July 2023.

Isabelle has three sister ships, one in the Viking Line fleet, Gabriella, one in the Corsica Ferries fleet, Mega Victoria and one operated by DFDS Seaways, Crown Seaways.

Concept and construction
Isabella was the second of two sister ships ordered by SF Line from Brodosplit in Split, SFR Yugoslavia for Viking Line service (the first sister being Amorella). Order for Isabella was placed on 4 February 1986, her keel was laid on 15 September 1987, and she was launched on 13 August 1988. She has twelve decks. Delivery to SF Line took place on 15 June 1989, and on 20 June 1989 the ship left Yugoslavia for Finland.

Service history

Prior to entering service Isabella visited Pori, Finland where the ship was displayed to the public on 3 July 1989. She had originally been planned to replace Rosella on the Naantali–Mariehamn–Kapellskär route, but the authorities of Kapellskär failed to modernise the port of the town to accommodate a ship of such large size. As a result, when delivered the ship was placed on a new Naantali–Stockholm route for the northern hemisphere summer season, and 24-hour cruises from Helsinki for the rest of the year.

In spring 1992 the ship was rebuilt at Naantali with a new skybar on deck 11, new cabins in place of the former second car deck on deck 5 and her livery was slightly altered by the addition of a red stripe running along the windows of deck 6. After the 1992 summer season SF Line decided to terminate the Naantali–Stockholm service and the Isabella was placed on the Helsinki cruise route all year round. In summer 1993 she made a handful of cruises from Helsinki to Visby. After the 1994 summer season Isabella swapped routes with Cinderella and served Helsinki–Stockholm for the next three years. During the summer of 1996, instead of spending the day in Helsinki she made short 'picnic' cruises to Tallinn. These proved to be unprofitable and were terminated after the single season.

In 1997 Viking Line placed Isabella's newly purchased sister Gabriella on the Helsinki–Stockholm route and Isabella joined Amorella on the Turku–Mariehamn–Stockholm route. After this Isabella has occasionally sailed on the Helsinki route when the normal ships of that route have been docked. She was rebuilt with rear sponsons at Naantali in 2000.

In September 2007 the ship was again docked at Naantali. Her tax-free shop, pub and disco were completely rebuilt, and two restaurants based on new concepts replaced two earlier restaurants. Viking Line had plans to refurbish all of the ship's cabins as a part of their large-scale fleet rebuilding programme.

Starting from July 1, 2023, the ship Isabelle is chartered by the company Bridgemans Floatel LP.

In January 2013, Isabella was replaced by the newbuilding Viking Grace. She then temporarily replaced the docked Amorella from 16 January to 11 February. After that she was laid up in Turku awaiting her entrance on the Helsinki–Tallinn route for the summer season starting in May 2013. This was in case no buyer for her was found. Since the summer of 2012, Isabella was on sale on the international market.

On 5 April 2013, Viking Line announced that Isabella has been sold to the competitor Tallink. This meant that Isabella will not sail on the Helsinki–Tallinn route as originally planned. According to the CEO, "some 10 000 bookings" were affected by this but they were all compensated. Isabella replaced Silja Festival on the Stockholm–Riga route.

In April 2013, Isabella was renamed Isabelle and her port of registry was changed to Riga, Latvia. From late April 2013 until 5 May 2013, she was in Tallinn for maintenance and repainting. On 6 May she made her first voyage on the Riga–Stockholm route.

In April 2014, on board a passenger was found dead from unknown causes.

Since April 2022, the ship is acting as temporary accommodation for 1500 refugees fleeing war in Ukraine.

The vessel was relocated to Canada to serve as a floatel for workers at the Woodfibre LNG project in January 2024.

In 01 February 2024 the ship was sold to Notamare Shipping, the Cyprus-based subsidiary of Bridgemans.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: MS Isabelle X


text:
Leo White

Leo White (November 10, 1873 – September 20, 1948), was a German-born British-American film and stage actor who appeared as a character actor in many Charlie Chaplin films.

Biography
Born in Germany to Julius White and Ida Berg White, White grew up in England where he began his stage career. He was brought to the United States under the aegis of Daniel Frohman, a Broadway producer. He started his film career in 1911 and in 1913 moved to the Essanay Studios. In 1915, he began appearing in Chaplin's comedies and continued through Chaplin's Mutual Film comedies. His last appearance in a Chaplin film was a small role in The Great Dictator, released in 1940.

White also acted in and directed Triple Trouble (1918), Essanay's last Chaplin release. Chaplin himself acknowledged Triple Trouble in his autobiography but did not actually participate in its production. (White filmed new scenes around existing footage of Chaplin.)

White typically played dapper, continental villains or noblemen in films, and this typecast him for the rest of his screen career. Well into the 1940s, he was still playing excitable Frenchmen in short subjects and feature films. Before his death in 1948, White had appeared in over 400 films.

White died in Glendale, California, of a heart attack at the age of 74 on September 20, 1948. He was interred at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale.

Filmography

 * In and Out (1914, Short) - Fritz
 * One Wonderful Night (1914) - Jean de Curtois
 * Leading Lizzie Astray (1914, Short) - Cafe Patron (uncredited)
 * Madame Double X (1914, Short)
 * Fatty's Faithful Fido (1915, Short)
 * His New Job (1915, Short) - Office Receptionist / Actor as Hussar Officer (uncredited)
 * A Night Out (1915, Short) - 'French' Dandy / Desk Clerk (uncredited)
 * The Champion (1915, Short) - Crooked Gambler (uncredited)
 * In the Park (1915, Short) - The Count - Elegant Masher (uncredited)
 * A Jitney Elopement (1915, Short) - Count Chloride de Lime - Edna's Suitor (uncredited)
 * The Tramp (1915, Short) - First Thief (uncredited)
 * Work (1915, Short) - The Secret Lover (uncredited)
 * A Woman (1915, Short) - Idler in the Park (uncredited)
 * The Bank (1915, Short) - Clerk (uncredited)
 * Shanghaied (1915, Short) - Third Shanghaied Seaman (uncredited)
 * A Night in the Show (1915, Short) - Frenchman / Negro in Balcony (uncredited)
 * Police (1916, Short) - Fruitseller / Flop House Manager / Policeman (uncredited)
 * The Floorwalker (1916, Short) - Elegant Customer
 * The Fireman (1916, Short) - Owner of the Burning House
 * The Vagabond (1916, Short) - Old Gypsy woman
 * The Count (1916, Short) - Count Broko (uncredited)
 * Max Wants a Divorce (1917, Short) - Loony Dancer (uncredited)
 * Back Stage (1917, Short)
 * The Hero (1917, Short) - The Count
 * Dough Nuts (1917, Short) - Camembert, the Proprietor
 * Cupid's Rival (1917, Short) - Rich Artist
 * The Villain (1917, Short)
 * The Millionaire (1917, Short)
 * The Goat (1917, Short)
 * The Fly Cop (1917, Short) - The Mayor
 * The Chief Cook (1917, Short) - Ham
 * The Candy Kid (1917, Short)
 * The Hobo (1917, Short) - Mr. Fox
 * The Pest (1917, Short) - The Count
 * The Slave (1917, Short) - The Vizier
 * The Stranger (1918, Short) - The Greaser
 * His Day Out (1918, Short)
 * The Rogue (1918, Short) - The Count
 * The Orderly (1918, Short)
 * Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley (1918) - Manicurist (uncredited)
 * The Scholar (1918, Short)
 * The Messenger (1918, Short)
 * The Handy Man (1918, Short)
 * Bright and Early (1918, Short) - An honest crook
 * The Straight and Narrow (1918, Short) - Safecracker
 * Triple Trouble (1918, Short) - Count (uncredited)
 * The Brazen Beauty (1918) - Tony Dewey
 * He's in Again (1918, Short) - The Prize Fighter
 * Blind Youth (1920) - French Louis
 * An Adventuress (1920) - Prince Halbere
 * Fists and Fodder (1920, Short) - A Rival
 * Mrs. Temple's Telegram (1920) - John Brown
 * Pals and Pugs (1920, Short) - Beau Brummel
 * The Devil's Pass Key (1920) - Amadeus Malot
 * You Never Can Tell (1920) - Mr. Renan
 * Married to Order (1920, Short) - The Milkman
 * The Rookie's Return (1920) - Henri
 * Her Sturdy Oak (1921) - Archibald Mellon
 * Keeping Up with Lizzie (1921) - Count Louis Roland
 * The Rage of Paris (1921) - Jean Marot
 * Headin' West (1922) - Honey Giroux
 * Beyond the Rocks (1922) - Pageant Director (uncredited)
 * Blood and Sand (1922) - Antonio
 * Breaking Into Society (1923)
 * Why Worry? (1923)
 * In Search of a Thrill (1923)
 * Sporting Youth (1924)
 * When a Girl Loves (1924)
 * Charley's Aunt (1925)
 * An Enemy Of Men (1925)
 * One Year to Live (1925)
 * The Tower of Lies (1925)
 * The Masked Bride (1925)
 * Ben-Hur (1925) - Sanballat
 * A Desperate Moment (1926)
 * The Girl from Montmartre (1926)
 * The Far Cry (1926)
 * The Beautiful Cheat (1926)
 * The Blonde Saint (1926)
 * On the Front Page (1926)
 * McFadden's Flats (1927)
 * See You in Jail (1927)
 * The Girl from Gay Paree (1927)
 * A Hero for a Night (1927)
 * How to Handle Women (1928)
 * Manhattan Knights (1928)
 * Thunder Riders (1928)
 * Our Blushing Brides (1930)
 * Sin Takes a Holiday (1930)
 * Call of the Flesh (1930)
 * Anna Christie (1930)
 * Monkey Business (1931)
 * This Modern Age (1931)
 * The Beast of the City (1932)
 * Arsène Lupin (1932)
 * Grand Hotel (1932)
 * Rasputin and the Empress (1932)
 * Lady for a Day (1933)
 * The Kennel Murder Case (1933)
 * The Invisible Man (1933)
 * Meet the Baron (1933) uncredited, as chef
 * Viva Villa! (1934)
 * The Scarlet Empress (1934)
 * The Thin Man (1934)
 * British Agent (1934)
 * Black Fury (1935)
 * The Case of the Curious Bride (1935)
 * A Night at the Opera (1935)
 * The Walking Dead (1936)
 * Bullets or Ballots (1936)
 * Satan Met a Lady (1936)
 * Cain and Mabel (1936)
 * The Prince and the Pauper (1937)
 * Marked Woman (1937)
 * Charlie Chan at Monte Carlo (1937)
 * Tovarich (1937)
 * Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)
 * Four's a Crowd (1938)
 * Nancy Drew... Reporter (1939)
 * Nancy Drew... Trouble Shooter (1939)
 * Each Dawn I Die (1939)
 * Blackmail (1939)
 * The Roaring Twenties (1939)
 * An Angel from Texas (1940)
 * Gambling on the High Seas (1940)
 * The Sea Hawk  (1940)
 * City for Conquest (1940)
 * The Great Dictator (1940)
 * The Letter (1940)
 * Meet John Doe (1941)
 * The Great Lie (1941)
 * Million Dollar Baby (1941)
 * Dangerously They Live (1941)
 * All Through the Night (1941)
 * Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
 * The Gay Sisters (1942)
 * Eatin' on the Cuff or The Moth Who Came to Dinner (1942) - Piano-Playing Narrator (uncredited) - voice dubbed by Mel Blanc
 * George Washington Slept Here (1942)
 * Gentleman Jim (1942)
 * Casablanca (1942) - Emile - Waiter (uncredited)
 * Background to Danger (1943)
 * Appointment in Berlin (1943)
 * Northern Pursuit (1943)
 * Mr. Skeffington (1944)
 * The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944)
 * Arsenic and Old Lace (1944) - Man in Phone Booth
 * Hotel Berlin (1945)
 * Lady on a Train (1945)
 * Devotion (1946)
 * Night and Day (1946)
 * A Stolen Life (1946)
 * Cloak and Dagger (1946)
 * The Verdict (1946)
 * The Unfaithful (1947)
 * My Wild Irish Rose (1947)
 * Silver River (1948)
 * Winter Meeting (1948)
 * My Dream Is Yours (1949)
 * Look for the Silver Lining (1949)
 * The Fountainhead (1949)

title: Leo White


text: Category:Cycloalkenes

title: Category:Cycloalkenes


text:
Kwakwani

Kwakwani is a mining and logging village on the Berbice River in the Upper Demerara-Berbice Region of Guyana. Its altitude is 44 metres (147 feet). Kwakwani is approximately 100 km south of Linden. In 1942, the Berbice Bauxite Company opened a Bauxite Mining in the area which is the main industry of the village. The population as of 2012 is about 2,504 people.

The village has a school and a clinic. It can be access via the unpaved road from Linden to Kwakani via Ituni, and is one of the many gateways to the interior of Guyana. The village is also home to Kwakwani Airport.

title: Kwakwani


text:
Nabarangpur district

Nabarangpur district, also known as Nabarangapur district or Nawarangpur district, is a district of Odisha, India. The city of Nabarangpur is the district capital. Most of its population is tribal and the land is heavily forested. It borders Kalahandi and Koraput districts. Nabarangpur district is situated at 19.14′ latitude and 82.32′ longitude at an average elevation of 572 m.

Geography
The district is mainly a relatively flat forested plateau with thick forest cover in the north and east of the district, while in the west there are some low hills which rise up to 1000 metres. In the south are the plains of the Indravati River, which forms much of the border with Koraput district, while the easternmost boundary close to Rayagada is in the Eastern Ghats. In the northeast is a tract named Panabeda Mutta around Chandahandi, around 150 metres above sea level.

History
Early history for the region is scanty. The Mauryas were believed to have exercised some control over the region, which was under the control of Kalinga. Kharavela, who led a Kalinga resurgence, mentioned the territory as Vidyadhara and used troops for the region in his conquests. The second and third centuries saw Nabarangpur ruled by the Satavahanas, Ikshavakus and Vakatakas in succession. However by 350 CE the district was not under the control of any major power, when Samudragupta led an expedition to the region. However Nabarangpur never came under direct control of the Guptas. In the 4th or 5th century CE the Nala dynasty, with their headquarters in Pushkari near Umerkote, took control of the entire Bastar-Koraput region. The ruins of large temples and land grants indicate extensive civilizational development in the area. The Nalas fought several wars with the Vakatakas, the first of which they won handily and the second of which Pushkari was destroyed. Nala power was briefly restored by Skanda Varman, who rebuilt Pushkari, but was soon swept away by the Chalukyas. At the end of the 5th century CE, the Eastern Gangas came to control the area, but this period is little-known.

By the middle of the 9th century CE, the territory, known as Trikalinga, was now under the Somvanshi rulers of South Kosala. In 1023, Rajendra Chola conquered the entire Bastar-Koraput region, then known as Chakrakota, but was soon beaten back by the Gangas.

At this time the Chindaka Naga dynasty, attested to in the Errakote inscription, established its rule in the region starting in 945. The Telugu Chodas, who accompanied Vikramaditya VI's expedition to the region, became feudatories to them. Although the dynasty lost strength starting in 1050, descendants of the family continued to rule until the 13th century. They were replaced by the Matsyas, who may have exercised some control over Nabarangpur. In the 14th century, the Silavamshis conquered the region and patronized Jainism and Shaktism. They were later made tributary to the Golconda Sultanate.

The modern district of Nabarangpur was under the territory of the Suryavanshi kings of Jeypore, who were previously feudatories of the Gajapatis starting in the 15 century CE until the dissolution of the princely state in 1951. When the Gajapatis collapsed in 1541 following the death of Prataparudra Deva, Vishwanath Dev, ruler of Nandapur and a former feudal lord of Pratap Rudra conquered a large territory that touched Bengal in the north to river Godavari in the south and stretched up to Visakhapatanam in the east till the kingdom of Bastar in the west.

Later, Vikram Dev I (1758-1781 CE) of Jeypore appointed his second son Jagganath Dev as the zamindar of Nowrangpur. The district was thus administered as a part of Koraput. Eventually Nabarangpur subdivision was created in 1941.

Nabarangpur played a part in the freedom movement. Several people from Nabarangpur were the founders of Congress in Koraput. They participated in the civil disobedience movement launched by Gandhi starting in 1942. On 24 August 1942, a crowd of people assembled in Dabugaon to launch a procession to decide the next stage of the freedom movement. At the flooded Turi River near Papadahandi, the police lathi-charged and fired on the demonstrators, killing 19, injuring 100 and arresting 140.

After Independence, the Odisha assembly abolished all zamindaris and estates. As part of this, the undivided Koraput district, which was known as the Jeypore Zamindari, was divided into 10 anchals, 3 of which were Nabarangpur, Borigumma and Umerkote. In 1958, some refugees from East Pakistan were settled in Umerkote subdivision as part of the Dandakaranya Project. In 1991, Nabarangpur district was carved out of Koraput district.

Economy
In 2006, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Nabarangpur one of the country's 250 poorest districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Odisha currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). The majority of the district's population is dependent on agriculture, with 40% of the land being under cultivation. In recent years some industry has been set up in the district.

Culture
Nabarangpur is well-known for its tribal culture. Some of the largest tribes are the Bhottadas and Gonds. Each of these tribes has their own language, customs and folk dances, although all understand & speak Odia. Some dances that are well-known include the Cherechera by the Bhottadas. The tribals in the district still follow their traditional religion, albeit heavily influenced by Hindu customs. Generally the tribes have certain similarities, such as totemistic clans, similar settlement patterns, and usage of mahua. Some major festivals unique to tribals of Nabarangpur include Chaitra Parab, Pus Parab and Magha Parab.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India Nabarangpur district has a population of 1,220,946, ranking it the 390th in population (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 230 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.81%. Nabarangapur has a sex ratio of 1018 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 48.2%. 7.18% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are 14.53% and 55.79% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 census, 68.64% of the population in the district spoke Odia, 7.12% Bhatri, 4.50% Gondi, 4.41% Bengali, 4.28% Chhattisgarhi, 2.49% Desia, 1.90% Halbi, 1.57% Kui and 1.40% Kuvi as their first language. Major Odia dialects of the region include Desia and Bhatri.

Vidhan sabha constituencies
The following are the four Vidhan sabha constituencies of Nabarangpur district and the elected members of that area:

* Since all seats of Nabarangpur district are covered by ST Seats no SC seat is assigned.

title: Nabarangpur district


text:
MS Anemos

MS Anemos is a cruiseferry owned and operated by the Greek ferry company Aegean Sea Lines. She was built in 1980 as Rosella by Wärtsilä Turku shipyard, in Turku, Finland, for SF Line, one of the owners of the Viking Line consortium. She served on Viking Line's Kapellskär–Mariehamn route before being sold to Aegean Sea Lines in January 2023.

New vessels for SF Line
The market for transporting passengers, cars and cargo trucks across the Baltic Sea between Finland and Sweden grew steadily during the 1960s and the early 1970s. During these years, two major carriers on these services emerged: Viking Line and Silja Line. By the time of the mid 1970s, the Ålandian based shipping company SF Line operated three ships as a part of Viking Line. Although not more than ten years old, these ships was already beginning to be too small and held too few passenger cabins to meet the growing demand from passengers. In response to this, as well as the newbuilings recently added to the Silja Line fleet, SF Line decided to order two new and bigger ships. These ships would later be known as the MS Turella and the Rosella.

Ordering
The lowest bid for building the two new vessels came from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. In order to save job opportunities in Finland, the Finnish state subsidised the construction of the new ships with 17 million Finnish markka. Thus, the order for the ships eventually went to Wärtsilä and both ships were to be built at their shipyard in Turku, Finland.

Design
SF Line's latest newbuilding was the Aurella, delivered to the company in 1973. The Aurella was of a new breed of ferries crossing the Baltic, she had two decks of public spaces along with two separate car decks. Inspired by the success of the Aurella, the newbuildings' design resembled her closely although more cabins and larger public spaces were added.

Naming
SF Line's earlier ships were all named with the suffix -ella with the prefix taken from names of the regions where the ships sailed. Thus the MS Kapella had her name taken from the port of Kapellskär, the MS Marella's from Mariehamn and the MS Aurella's from the Aura River in Turku. In this manner, the first of the newly built ships was named the Turella, the name deriving from the city of Turku. The second ship got her name, Rosella, from the region of Roslagen (the coastal areas north of Stockholm).

Building and Delivery
The Turella was put into Viking Line traffic between Turku and Stockholm on June 15, 1979. The Rosella was laid down on April 27, 1979 and was launched on August 14, 1979. Nine months later, on April 25, 1980, the Rosella was delivered to SF Line. Due to a seaman's strike in Finland, the Rosella wasn't put into service until May 23 when she started sailing on the Naantali-Kapellskär route.

Service history
During her entire career, the Rosella has been a part of the fleet of Viking Line. She has served on the longest time and on more routes than any other Viking Line ship.

Naantali–Mariehamn–Kapellskär (1980–1981)
When delivered, the Rosella was put in service on Viking Line's route between Naantali and Kapellskär together with her sister Turella and SF-Line's Aurella.

Turku–Mariehamn–Stockholm (1981–1988)
After one year of service, Rosella was transferred to the Turku–Stockholm route, switching routes with Slite's Diana II. The Rosella continued on this route until the delivery of the Amorella on October 14, 1988.

Naantali–Mariehamn–Kapellskär (1988–1993)
In 1987 SF Line made an agreement with Stena Line to sell the Rosella to them once the Amorella was delivered in March 1988. However, the Amorella's delivery was delayed by seven months, meaning the Rosella could not be delivered to Stena in time for the summer season 1988, and SF Line had to pay them compensations. In the end Stena and SF Line reached an agreement where the Turella, which was in better condition and easier to convert for the traffic Stena planned her for, was sold instead of Rosella. As a result the Rosella took over the Turella's role on the Naantali–Mariehamn–Kapellskär route, replacing her sister for the second time.

Turku–Mariehamn–Stockholm (1994–1997)
After the collapse of Rederi AB Slite, the other Viking Line partner, in 1993, SF Line was forced to reorganise its operations. After construction of additional cabins in place of the cardeck on deck 4, Rosella returned to the Turku–Mariehamn–Stockholm route in January 1994. During the summer seasons of 1995 and 1996 MS Cinderella replaced Rosella on the Turku route, freeing her to operate car-passenger friendly Naantali route during the high season.

Stockholm–Mariehamn cruises (1997–2003)
When Viking acquired MS Gabriella in 1997, the Rosella was replaced on the Turku–Stockholm service by MS Isabella. In the new situation the Rosella started making 24 (later 20/22) hour cruises from Stockholm to Mariehamn under the marketing name Dancing Queen during the winter season, but still returned to the Naantali–Mariehamn–Kapellskär route for the summer months. In 1999 the summer route's eastern terminus was changed to Turku, allowing Viking to give up the terminal at Naantali completely.

Helsinki–Tallinn (2003–2008)
Fearing losses after the termination of tax-free sales between Finland and Estonia after Estonia joined the EU in 2004, Viking Line decided to swap the routes of Rosella and Cinderella in autumn 2003. Rosella began a ferry-service between Helsinki and Tallinn with two daily departures from both ports, while the Cinderella (now renamed Viking Cinderella) took over Rosella's Stockholm–Mariehamn cruise itinerary. Due to high prices the Rosella's new route was extremely unpopular during the first year and the company strongly considered selling the ship. However, after prices were lowered the ship's popularity increased, to the extent that in 2006 Viking Line decided to order a new fast ferry for the Helsinki-Tallinn route, the MS Viking XPRS. The Viking XPRS replaced Rosella on the route on April 28, 2008.

Kapellskär–Mariehamn (2008-2023)
On 30 May 2008, the Rosella replaced the Ålandsfärjan on the Kapellskär–Mariehamn route. She was supposed to be a temporary ship and then replaced by the newbuilding Viking ADCC in 2010. However, when the building project was cancelled due to big delays at the shipyard Rosella became the permanent ship to sail on the route. In early 2011 MS Rosella underwent a major refurbishment where the public areas were extensively rebuilt and enlarged.

In February 2013, Viking Line announced that Rosella will be re-flagged to Finland.

Greece (2023-present)
Viking Line's M/S Rosella is sold to the Greek shipping company Aegean Sealines Maritime Co. Rosella will be deployed there in the Aegean. Viking Line has been working hard to modernise its fleet. Alternative solutions for the short routes between Sweden and Åland are being examined.

The ship finished its services for Viking Line on 8 January 2023. Delivery was scheduled for the second half of January 2023. Rosella had been part of Viking Line's fleet since 1980. Although the ship is of a good standard, it no longer meets Viking Line's strict sustainability requirements.

Renamed as “Anemos”, she left Mariehamn for the last time on 24 January 2023. Anemos arrived at Greece on February 7, 2023 and moored at Perama for renovation and repairs.

title: MS Anemos


text:
Ituni

Ituni is a village in the interior of Guyana, at an altitude of 100 metres (331 feet). The area grew as a result of bauxite mining in the area.

Ituni is closely affiliated with Linden, its closest neighbours are Kwakwani, Aroaima, Maple Town and Laddern's Ville on the Berbice River. It is located between two of Guyana's major rivers, the Berbice and the Demerara. It has a primary school, Howell Wilson Primary School, but students attend secondary school in Kwakwani or Linden.

In 1946, a railway line opened between Ituni and Mackenzie. Even though the line was for mining operations, irregular passenger trains continued until 1982. The railway line has been replaced by trucks, however most of the track is still in place.

In the active times of Demerara Bauxite Company (owned by Alcan ), Ituni had consistent water and electricity. Ituni depends solely on logging for its economic livelihood. It has the Ituni Small Loggers Association.

Poor conditions of the Linden/Kwakwani road led to a protest in 2013 by residents of Ituni and other Berbice river communities. The road serves as lifeline for the people of the sub-region and was in a state of disrepair for decades.

In 2019, a well was installed by Guyana Water Incorporated. Before, water was only provided for two hours a day.

title: Ituni


text:
Jeff Mathis

Jeffrey Stephen Mathis (born March 31, 1983) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Toronto Blue Jays, Miami Marlins, Arizona Diamondbacks, Texas Rangers and Atlanta Braves.

Early life and education
Mathis was born and raised in Marianna, Florida, the son of Danny and Bunnee Mathis. He has one brother, Jake Mathis, who played in the minor leagues.

At Marianna High School, Mathis played both football and baseball, winning four district titles and a regional title. He also appeared in the 1999 state title game in baseball, along with the state championship game in football in 2000.

After his playing career concluded, the Jackson County School Board renamed the road leading up to Marianna High School's baseball field in Mathis's honor.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Mathis was drafted in the first round by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim out of high school in 2001, which he accepted in lieu of attending Florida State University. He quickly moved up the ranks, and by 2005, he was with the Salt Lake Bees at the Triple-A level. In 2005, he had a .276 batting average with 21 home runs across 111 games. Noted for his defensive skills, he also earned the Angels' minor league Defensive Player of the Year award.

Following the 2005 season, the Angels declined to pursue the return of their free agent starting catcher, Bengie Molina, allowing Mathis to take Molina's spot.

Major leagues
After a solid 2006 spring training, Mathis was expected to see substantial playing time at catcher, sharing the position with José Molina. However, once the regular season began, he struggled greatly on both defense and offense. The Angels demoted him back to the minor leagues about one month into the season. Mathis was replaced on the Angels roster by catcher Mike Napoli, who later became a very offensive-minded catcher that transitioned to being a first baseman and designated hitter for his offensive prowess. He was later recalled back to the majors on September 1. Overall in 2006 he played 23 games, having a .145 batting average and collecting 8 hits with 2 doubles and 2 home runs.

Mathis entered the 2007 season fighting for the two catcher positions with Mike Napoli and José Molina. He would end up being sent back to the minors with the Salt Lake Bees. In the beginning of July, Napoli sustained a high ankle sprain, making the Angels recall Mathis to the majors. He made his first season start on July 4 against the Texas Rangers. He went 0 for 2, ground and flying out in a 2–4 loss. On July 21, Molina was traded to the New York Yankees, making Napoli and Mathis hold the two catcher positions for the rest of the season. The trade also indicated the Angels’ confidence in Mathis. Overall in 2007, Mathis played in 59 games, accumulating 36 hits, with 12 doubles and 4 home runs while accruing a .211 batting average.

On July 23, 2008, Mathis had 4 hits and 6 RBI (the highest in a single game for both categories that season) in a 11–14 win against the Cleveland Indians. Mathis noted that his team's pitcher, John Lackey, "obviously didn't have his best stuff today, but he kept battling through it... and luckily we were able to put some runs on the board for him." Overall in 2008, Mathis played in 94 games, the most in a single season. However, he had a batting average of .194, below the Mendoza Line.

In game 3 of the 2009 American League Championship Series, Mathis hit an 11th-inning walk-off RBI double, defeating the New York Yankees 5–4. In spite of his poor regular season stats (.211 batting average), he used his strong playoff offensive performance and excellent defensive skill to bolster his case for a raise to $1.3 million, beating the Angels management in arbitration. The arbitration hearing was also something of a watershed in the amount of consideration paid to Mathis' defensive statistics. The LA Times highlighted the stark comparisons with competing catcher Mike Napoli: "in 657 innings with the agile Mathis behind the plate, Angels pitchers had a 3.99 earned-run average; they had a 4.86 ERA in 758 innings with Napoli catching. Mathis also caught 17 of 69 attempted base-stealers for a 24.6% success rate; Napoli, who will make $3.6 million in 2010 but is coming off two 20-homer seasons, caught 13 of 87 attempted base-stealers for a 14.9% success rate". Mathis had been among the AL leaders in pitchers' earned run averages while behind the plate.

In 2010, Mathis was ranked by Beyond the Box Score as one of the worst defensive catchers in baseball. He also matched his career-worst batting average of .194, while posting a sub-.500 OPS in over 200 at bats.

Toronto Blue Jays
On December 3, 2011, following the acquisition of Chris Iannetta, he was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for pitcher Brad Mills.

Nine days later, Mathis signed a contract with the Blue Jays to avoid arbitration. He signed a one-year deal and was guaranteed to earn $1.5 million. Mathis made his first career pitching appearance in a game against the Texas Rangers on May 25. Pitching in the 8th inning, Mathis gave up a hit and walked a batter, but ended the inning without surrendering a run. He became the sixth position player for the Blue Jays to pitch in a game, and the first since Mike McCoy on June 11, 2011. He made a second pitching appearance exactly two months later, mopping up in a 16–0 loss against Oakland. In that game, Mathis gave up 3 hits and 2 runs (both earned) in 1 inning of work.

On August 14, 2012, Mathis was signed to a two-year contract extension worth $3 million. It included a 2015 club option worth $1.5 million. Mathis was hitting .215 with six home runs over 147 plate appearances at the time of extension.

Miami Marlins
On November 19, 2012, Mathis was traded to the Miami Marlins along with Adeiny Hechavarria, Henderson Álvarez, Yunel Escobar, Jake Marisnick, Anthony DeSclafani, and Justin Nicolino, in exchange for Mark Buehrle, Josh Johnson, José Reyes, John Buck, and Emilio Bonifacio. Mathis was expected to serve as the back-up to Rob Brantly.

In his first spring training game with the Marlins on February 23, 2013, Mathis broke his collarbone on a foul tip hit by Matt Holliday. He was the only catcher with major-league experience besides Brantly, and was expected to miss 6 weeks. Mathis made his season debut on May 16, going 0–4 with 2 strikeouts. On June 30, he hit a walk-off grand slam against Tyson Ross of the San Diego Padres to give Miami the win, 6–2. On November 1, 2014, the Marlins exercised their $1.5 million 2015 option on Mathis.

On December 18, 2015, Mathis re-signed with the Marlins on a 1-year deal worth $1.5 million. He hit his third career grand slam (first since 2013) in a June 14, 2016 game against the San Diego Padres.

Arizona Diamondbacks
Mathis signed a two-year, $4 million deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks on December 5, 2016. During the 2017 season, he appeared in 60 games with the Diamondbacks, batting .215 with two home runs and 11 RBIs. He hit .200 with 1 home run and 20 RBI in 2018.

Texas Rangers
On November 15, 2018, Mathis signed a two-year deal, with the Texas Rangers. In 2019, Mathis hit .158/.209/.224/.433 with 2 home runs and 12 RBI over 86 games. On defense, he helped Lance Lynn and Mike Minor finish in the top 10 in AL Cy Young Award voting. In 24 games in 2020 for Texas, Mathis slashed .161/.221/.355 with 3 home runs and 9 RBI over 62 at-bats.

Philadelphia Phillies
On February 16, 2021, Mathis signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies organization that included an invitation to spring training. On March 24, 2021, Mathis was released from his contract with the Phillies after ten spring training games.

Atlanta Braves
On March 30, 2021, Mathis signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves organization. On May 2, 2021, Mathis was selected to the active roster after starter Travis d'Arnaud and backup Alex Jackson were placed on the injured list. After going hitless in 9 at-bats, Mathis was designated for assignment on May 19 following the acquisition of Kevan Smith. He was outrighted to the Triple-A Gwinnett Stripers the next day. Mathis received his only World Series ring, as the Braves went on to win the World Series.

He became a free agent on November 7, 2021.

Player profile
After leaving the Angels, Mathis became a heavily defensive catcher who excels in pitch framing and catching base stealers. Because of these skills, he was a preferred catcher to pitchers such as Jose Fernandez and Zack Greinke, despite being among the league worst in many batting statistics.

Personal life
Mathis and his wife Jenna have two daughters.

title: Jeff Mathis


text:
Hagley railway station

Hagley railway station serves the English village of Hagley, Worcestershire. Trains call in each direction, running to or through Kidderminster westwards and through Stourbridge and Birmingham Snow Hill eastwards. Customer Information Screens are installed on either platform. All services are operated by West Midlands Trains.

The station retains one of its Great Western Railway era station buildings and its canopied footbridge, both dating from 1884. Although typical of its era, very few examples of that kind of ornamental ironwork bridge now survive and it was listed grade 2 in 2000. When it was refurbished in late 2011, the colours reverted from its former navy blue and white to the original GWR cream and salmon livery. The footbridge was also used by Hornby as the basis for its 00 Gauge model.

History
The original village of Hagley was a mile away uphill; when its station first appeared in timetables in 1862 as part of the Oxford, Worcester & Wolverhampton Railway, it was a rough and ready structure with platforms built of old sleepers. With the line subsequently being taken over by the Great Western Railway, and the expansion of Lower Hagley along the nearby road to Worcester, there was a demand for a proper building with a station approach up to it. Canopied brick buildings were constructed on either side of the line at this time. While the one on the Stourbridge side housed waiting rooms and toilets, on the Kidderminster and Station Drive side there was the stationmaster's office, the ticket office, and two more waiting rooms and toilets.

Under him the stationmaster had a booking clerk and three porters as well as someone to deliver parcels and personal luggage. There were also three signalmen at the box beyond the Brake Lane bridge and maintenance workers responsible for the track and embankments. The signal box has now gone while the building on the Stourbridge platform has been demolished and replaced with a metal shelter. In the former goods yard north of the station on Brake Lane were coal merchants and the offices responsible for dealing with livestock brought by train for sale at the Monday cattle market, which was located uphill in the old village (at the junction of the A491 and the A456). Where the sidings for coal trucks and the cattle pens used to be, there is now a private housing development named The Sidings after the site.

Services
Off-peak West Midlands Railway services call half-hourly in each direction, running to Kidderminster westwards, with some services extending to Worcester (Foregate Street before 9pm and thereafter Shrub Hill (Mondays to Saturdays) and through Stourbridge and Birmingham Snow Hill eastwards. Additional trains (making the service 3tph or 4tph also call during the morning and evening peaks. A half hourly service runs in the late evenings and an hourly service on Sundays.

From September 2002 until May 2023, Chiltern Railways peak-hour services from Kidderminster to London Marylebone called at Hagley.

title: Hagley railway station


text:
Democratic Alliance (Italy)

The Democratic Alliance (Alleanza Democratica, AD) was a social-liberal political party in Italy.

AD was founded in 1993 with the intent of becoming the container of an alliance of centre-left forces; however, the project did not succeed. As such, AD acted as a minor social-liberal party, proposing economic liberalism, criticism of the Italian left's statism, and a shake-up of the political system.

AD members were mainly former Republicans and former Socialists, while its founder and leader, Willer Bordon, was a former member of the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left.

The party ran in the 1994 general election within the Alliance of Progressives and obtained a mere 1.2% of the vote, due to the uneasy alliance with the traditional left and the competition by Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia, which embraced most of AD's policies. In the 1995 regional elections AD was part of the Pact of Democrats electoral alliance with the Segni Pact and the Italian Socialists. Most AD members continued to be part of the centre-left coalition, with the notable exceptions of Ferdinando Adornato and Giulio Tremonti, who would eventually join Forza Italia.

In the 1996 general election AD was a minor member of The Olive Tree, and evolved into the Democratic Union (UD) with the entry of other Republicans such as Antonio Maccanico, and some Socialists including Giorgio Benvenuto. The UD would be merged into The Democrats in 1999, and Bordon would serve as a minister in 1999–2001.

title: Democratic Alliance (Italy)


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MS Expedition

MS Expedition is an expedition cruise ship owned and operated by the Canada-based G Adventures (formerly known as Gap Adventures). She was built as a car/passenger ferry in 1972 by Helsingør Skibsværft og Maskinbyggeri A/S, Helsingør, Denmark as Kattegat for Jydsk Færgefart A/S. Subsequently, she sailed under the names nf Tiger for P&O Normandy Ferries, Tiger for Townsend Thoresen and Ålandsfärjan for Viking Line, prior to conversion into a cruise ship in 2008. The MS Expedition has the IMO number 7211074 and is ice-strengthened, having an ice class of 1B. There are two higher classes, being 1A Super and 1A.

As a car ferry
The Kattegat was delivered in 1972 and placed on the intra-Denmark Grenå—Hundested service of Jydsk Færgefart A/S. She stopped serving on that route in December 1977. In March 1978 she was sold to the London-based Midland Montague Leasing Ltd who leased the ship to P&O Normandy Ferries Ltd, also based in London. After rebuilding at Caillard S.A., Le Havre, France, the ship was renamed nf Tiger and placed on the Dover—Boulogne-sur-Mer service. In 1985 P&O Normandy Ferries was bought by Townsend Thoresen. The ship's name was shortened to Tiger, but she remained on the same service.

In July 1986 the ship was laid up, and in November of the same year she was sold to Finlandshamnen AB, a subsidiary to SF Line, one of the owners of the Viking Line consortium. After being rebuilt, the ship was renamed Ålandsfärjan (in English "The Åland Ferry") and was placed on the Mariehamn—Kapellskär service in May 1987. In 1993, following bankruptcy of the other Viking Line partner, Rederi AB Slite, the Ålandsfärjan's route was extended into Naantali—Mariehamn—Kapellskär (freight only on the Mariehamn—Naantali part of the route), but this solution was found impractical and soon the ship reverted to the earlier route). In 2002 the ship was rebuilt at Baltic Ship Repairers, Tallinn, Estonia, where sidesponsons were added for increased stability. In January 2007, Viking Line ordered a replacement for her to be delivered in summer 2009, codenamed Viking ADCC.

On 23 October 2007, the Ålandsfärjan touched the bottom near Mariehamn. Passengers were readied for evacuation, but an inspection of the ship revealed no major damage and she was able to continue to Mariehamn under her own power, arriving some 30 minutes behind schedule. As a result of the accident, all departures until 22 November were cancelled. Investigations revealed that the cause for the accident was the new duty rosters: the officer on duty was inspecting the new roster and because of that failed to notice that the ship should have made a course change whilst approaching Mariehamn.

In September 2007 an Ålandian newspaper claimed that the Ålandsfärjan would be replaced on the Mariehamn—Kapellskär route in spring 2008, when Rosella would take over the route. On 8 April 2008, Viking Line confirmed the claim and on 30 May, the Rosella replaced the Ålandsfärjan on that route.

As the MS Expedition cruise ship
On 27 May 2008, Viking Line revealed that they had sold the Ålandsfärjan to Gap Adventures with delivery in June 2008. Following delivery to her new owners, the ship was renamed Expedition, and on 27 June the ship sailed for Aker Yards Rauma Shipyard. On that day she was also formally registered in the name of Expedition under the Liberian flag in the ownership of the Expedition Shipping Company LTD (FME) Monrovia, Liberia.

Aker Yards subsequently drew up plans for the conversion and refurbishment of the vessel, and on 10 September 2008 the conversion contract was signed between Aker Yards and Gap Adventures. The conversion cost thirteen million dollars. The Expedition then re-entered service on 4 January 2009, re-launching GAP's polar cruise program which had been halted due to the sinking of their previous ship, Explorer. MS Expedition was formally christened at Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands on 11 October 2010.

Between June and September 2009 the Expedition was chartered to Spitsbergen Travel, a daughter company of the Norway-based Hurtigruten, for week-long cruises around Spitsbergen. Following this, she underwent further repair work in Las Palmas, Gran Canaria after she developed engine problems in October 2009. A major overhaul was done on both main engines and at the same time there were repairs to a corroded deck, renovation of crew cabin areas and also the removal of some asbestos. The work was due to be completed by December 2009, but ultimately resulted in the cancellation of much of the first Antarctic season. In February 2010 she arrived in Ushuaia, Argentina, for the remainder of her first season in the Antarctic with GAP Adventures, before returning to the Arctic in June 2010 for her first full season in the north. Since then she has been alternating between the two polar regions each year during their respective summer seasons and offering additional cruises during the transitional journeys from one pole to the other. These included a cruise along the west coast of Africa and a cruise along the west coast of South America, stopping at ports along the way.

On 23 July 2012, the Expedition touched bottom at Isispynten, east of Nordaustlandet in the Arctic. Reports state that the ship was travelling at a low speed at the time and that nobody was ever in any danger. The ship freed itself under its own engine power and continued on its way. One reason given for this was the buildup of rubbish in the bottom of the channel which had severely restricted the depth of water in an area that the ship had regularly travelled through.

In November 2014, several trips had to be cancelled when her port engine failed unexpectedly whilst the ship was berthed in Ushuaia, Argentina. This was fully repaired and trips are now running again normally. However, at the end of the 2015 Arctic season, she was due to have both engines replaced.

In November, 2015 two trips were cancelled because of delays in the shipyard in Italy.

Arctic tours
The 2015 Arctic season typically includes three different types of tour. The first starts in Edinburgh, Scotland, and visits Orkney, travels the Norwegian coast and then finishes at Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen. Following tours circumnavigate the islands of Svalbard, starting and finishing at Longyearbyen. The final tour of the season travels from Longyearbyen to Greenland and finishes in Reykjavík, Iceland.

Antarctic tours
The Antarctic season includes various tours starting at either Ushuaia, Argentina or Montevideo, Uruguay, crossing the Drake Passage and travelling along the Antarctic Peninsula, visiting the South Shetland Islands, the Weddell Sea, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia.

Cruising style
The ship carries a maximum of 134 passengers and travels the polar regions with a number of on-board guides and scientific experts/lecturers in relevant fields. Numerous trips ashore are arranged to see the landscapes, geology, flora and fauna, by using 12-man Zodiac inflatable boats. In the Arctic, the guides are armed and trained in the use of flare guns and rifles, due to the possibility of polar bear encounters and are in constant radio contact with the ship and each other. The ship contains a heated mudroom in which boots and clothing can be stored after excursions, enabling anything wet to dry out quickly.

On board, there are viewing platforms, a bar and restaurant, five different standards of cabin (all en-suite) and a lounge big enough to accommodate all passengers in which lectures and presentations can be given. Live evening entertainment is provided in the Polar Bear Bar. There is also a gym, sauna, library, computer room and a gift shop. Passengers can also keep in touch with the outside world via a satellite-linked internet/phone system.

title: MS Expedition


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HeR Interactive

HeR Interactive is a video game company based in Bellevue, Washington. The company was founded as a division of American Laser Games, and spun off as an independent entity. It later bought out its former parent company. The company designs, develops and publishes adventure-mystery games, most of which are based on the Nancy Drew franchise.

History
The company was launched as a division of American Laser Games called "Games for Her Interactive" in May 1995. Its first title was McKenzie & Co. After finding some initial success, the company became independent of American Laser Games and eventually bought out its former parent company. Her Interactive relocated to Bellevue, Washington in the late 1990s. Since 1998, the company developed 33 entries in its Nancy Drew adventure-mystery game series. Nancy Drew: Codes & Clues has been praised for encouraging girls to learn coding.

Stuart Moulder joined as CEO in May 2011 with a goal of diversifying the company's funding sources. He left the company in 2014. Penny Milliken replaced him that same year. Nancy Drew: Midnight in Salem, suffered many delays from its planned release at the end of 2015, due in part to the firing of a good majority of their staff. An official announcement made by HER indicated the game was set to be released November 19, 2019. However, it was pushed back, finally releasing on December 3, 2019, to mixed reviews.

In April 2023, the company announced that a new Nancy Drew game is currently in development, with several teasers released on their social media. Nancy Drew: Mystery of the Seven Keys was released on May 7, 2024.

Nancy Drew Adventure

 * Secrets Can Kill (PC 1998)
 * Stay Tuned for Danger (PC 1999)
 * Message in a Haunted Mansion (PC 2000/GBA 2001)
 * Treasure in the Royal Tower (PC 2001)
 * The Final Scene (PC 2001)
 * Secret of the Scarlet Hand (PC 2002)
 * Ghost Dogs of Moon Lake (PC 2002)
 * The Haunted Carousel (PC 2003)
 * Danger on Deception Island (PC 2003)
 * The Secret of Shadow Ranch (PC 2004)
 * Curse of Blackmoor Manor (PC 2004/DVD 2007)
 * Secret of the Old Clock (PC 2005)
 * Last Train to Blue Moon Canyon (PC 2005)
 * Danger by Design (PC 2006)
 * The Creature of Kapu Cave (PC 2006)
 * The White Wolf of Icicle Creek (PC 2007/Nintendo Wii 2008)
 * Legend of the Crystal Skull (PC 2007)
 * The Phantom of Venice (PC 2008)
 * The Haunting of Castle Malloy (PC 2008)
 * Ransom of the Seven Ships (PC 2009)
 * Warnings at Waverly Academy (PC 2009)
 * Trail of the Twister (PC/Mac 2010)
 * Secrets Can Kill Remastered (PC/Mac 2010)
 * Shadow at the Water's Edge (PC/Mac 2010)
 * The Captive Curse (PC/Mac 2011)
 * Alibi in Ashes (PC/Mac 2011)
 * Tomb of the Lost Queen (PC/Mac 2012)
 * The Deadly Device (PC/Mac 2012)
 * Ghost of Thornton Hall (PC/Mac 2013, iPad/Android/Kindle Fire 2014)
 * The Silent Spy (PC/Mac 2013)
 * The Shattered Medallion (PC/Mac 2014)
 * Labyrinth of Lies (PC/Mac 2014)
 * Sea of Darkness (PC/Mac 2015)
 * Midnight in Salem (PC/Mac 2019)
 * Mystery of the Seven Keys (PC/Mac 2024)

Nancy Drew Dossier

 * Lights, Camera, Curses (PC 2008)
 * Resorting to Danger (PC 2009)
 * Ship of Shadows (cancelled)

Nancy Drew Mobile Mysteries

 * Shadow Ranch (iPad/iPhone/iPod Touch 2011)
 * Castle Finster (cancelled)

Other releases from Her Interactive

 * McKenzie & Co (PC 1995)
 * The Vampire Diaries (PC 1996)
 * The Cody Capers: Cody Pops the Case (PC 2007)
 * The Hardy Boys: Treasure on the Tracks (Nintendo DS 2009)
 * Nancy Drew: Codes & Clues (iPad/Android/Kindle Fire 2016)
 * Odyssey: The Young Socratics (Release only) (PC/Mac 2017)

title: HeR Interactive


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Maresville

Maresville (Mariadorp) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
Maresville is situated 4 miles (6 km) north of Montreuil-sur-Mer, on the D146 road. Near to Longvilliers and not far from the coastal town of Le Touquet, it is home to 102 people (2017).

Places of interest
The town has no shops, though is home to a small farm with a produce shop and the beautiful fifteenth century church of St. Maur. There is a small hotel that has a great reputation and a restaurant that draws people from miles around.

title: Maresville