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Battle of Montaperti

The Battle of Montaperti was fought on 4 September 1260 between Florence and Siena in Tuscany as part of the conflict between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. The Florentines were routed. It was the bloodiest battle fought in Medieval Italy, with more than 10,000 fatalities. An act of treachery during the battle is recorded by Dante Alighieri in the Inferno section of the Divine Comedy.

Prelude
The Guelphs and Ghibellines were rival factions that nominally sided with the Papacy or the Holy Roman Empire, respectively, in Italy in the 12th and 13th centuries.

In the mid-13th century, the Guelphs held sway in Florence while the Ghibellines controlled Siena. In 1258, the Guelphs succeeded in expelling from Florence the last of the Ghibellines with any real power; they followed this with the murder of Tesauro Beccharia, Abbot of Vallombrosa, who was accused of plotting the return of the Ghibellines.

The feud came to a head two years later when the Florentines, aided by their Tuscan allies (Bologna, Prato, Lucca, Orvieto, San Gimignano, San Miniato, Volterra, and Colle Val d'Elsa), moved an army of some 35,000 men (including 12 generals) toward Siena. The Sienese called for help from King Manfred of Sicily, who provided a contingent of German mercenary heavy cavalry, as well as the Holy Roman states of Pisa and Cortona. The Sienese forces were led by Farinata degli Uberti, an exiled Florentine Ghibelline. Even with these reinforcements, though, their army numbered less than 20,000.

The battle
The Ghibelline army consisted of four divisions, with a well worked out but risky plan involving an ambushing force in the rear of the Florentine army. The first division, led by Count d'Arras, the seneschal of Count Giordano (the German mercenary commander), consisted of 200 German knights and 200 Sienese crossbowmen, who maneuvered unseen south of the battlefield around the Monselvoli-Costaberci Ridge and took up a position south of Monselvoli Hill along the road to Asciano with orders to charge the Guelphs upon hearing the Ghibellines shout “San Giorgio" ("Saint George"). The second division, led by the German commander Count Giordano d'Agliano, made up the vanguard of the Sienese main body and consisted of 600 German knights and 600 infantry. The third division, led by the captain of the Sienese forces, Count Aldobrandino Aldobrandeschi, formed the main body of the Ghibelline army, consisting of about 600 Tuscan knights and 17,000 Sienese and allied infantry. The fourth division, commanded by Niccolò da Bigozzi, centurion of the Terzi (Siena), made up the rearguard with the specific task of guarding the Sienese carroccio, and consisted of 200 Sienese knights and a few hundred armed priests and monks. According to Sienese tradition, the day before the battle, the Ghibelline army marched thrice around the Ropole Hill in full view of the Guelph army, changing uniforms each time and mounting non-combatants on pack animals in order to create the impression that their army was three times as large as it actually was. In addition, the Ghibellines conducted harassing night raids on the Guelph camp. The result sowed caution in the Florentine commanders, who decided on a strategic withdrawal and had begun to break camp when the Sienese army crossed the Arbia River, probably on a bridge at Taverne d'Arbia early on 4 September, and began advancing. The Florentines had no choice but to offer battle.

The battle took place at the foot of the Monselvoli-Costaberci Ridge about six kilometers east of Siena. The Ghibelline-Sienese army was arrayed north to south with the vanguard (German knights) on the north, or left wing, and the main body stretched out to the south. To the east, facing them, with the tactical advantages of being uphill and with a rising sun behind them were the Guelph-Florentines, in a defensive posture. The precise organization of the Guelph army is not known but it is nearly certain that they positioned their main body of infantry (some 30,000) on the south opposite the Sienese infantry with their cavalry (some 3,000 knights) on the north facing the German and Tuscan knights.

The Sienese-Ghibelline army waited until the sun was well up in order to deny that advantage to the enemy, and the battle finally started around 10:00 with a charge of the German knights, which forced the right wing of the Guelphs to withdraw. The Tuscan knights of the Ghibelline third division entered the melee, and while the knights were thus engaged on the north end of the battlefield, the Sienese and allied infantry attacked the Florentines on the steepest side of Monselvoli. The battle raged with the Florentines gradually gaining the upper hand due to the weight of superior numbers until about 15:00, when Niccolò da Bigozzi (in command of the Sienese 4th Division) attacked and stabilized the situation. At about this same time, a group of Tuscan Ghibelline exiles, who were fighting in the Sienese-Ghibelline army, convinced some relatives fighting on the opposite side to betray the Guelphs. Bocca degli Abati, a Florentine knight fighting on the Guelph side, joined the Ghibelline cause by charging the standard-bearer of the Florentine cavalry and cutting off the hand that held the Florentine battle flag. Bocca and the other Ghibelline sympathizers in the Guelph ranks then charged the Florentine carroccio, but without success.

By then it was late in the day and the Guelphs had the sun in their eyes. Around 18:00, the prearranged cry of “San Giorgio” went up from the Ghibelline ranks, and Count Arras led his German knights from ambush directly against the Florentine commander (who was probably Iacopino Rangoni da Modena, Uberto Ghibellino or Buonconte Monaldeschi — the chronicles differ) and killed him. This led to the beginning of a rout of the Florentine-Guelph forces. The greater part of the Florentine cavalry was destroyed, their camp sacked, and their carroccio was captured. It is estimated that 10,000 men died on the Guelph side, 4,000 went missing, and 15,000 were captured, the rest running for their lives. Some 600 Ghibelline soldiers died.

After the battle, the German soldiers in the Sienese army used part of their pay to found the Church of San Giorgio in the Via di Pantaneto — the Germans had called on Saint George as their battle-cry during the fight.

Depiction in the Divine Comedy
Dante studied under Florence's Chancellor Brunetto Latini, who was himself away from the battle scene, on embassy in Castile seeking help for Guelph Florence from Alfonso X el Sabio. Dante would have learned of the battle, its preparations (documented by Latini in the Libro di Montaperti), strategies and treachery, as well as those of the Battles of Benevento and Tagliacozzo, from the Chancellor, using material also to be gleaned later by Giovanni Villani, the Florentine merchant and historian. As a result, Dante in his Divine Comedy reserved a place in the ninth circle of Hell for the traitor Bocca degli Abati. The Ghibelline commander Farinata degli Uberti is also consigned to Dante's Hell, not for his conduct in the battle, but for his alleged heretical adherence to the philosophy of Epicurus.

title: Battle of Montaperti


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Lawesson's reagent

Lawesson's reagent (LR) is a chemical compound used in organic synthesis as a thiation agent. Lawesson's reagent was first made popular by Sven-Olov Lawesson, who did not, however, invent it. Lawesson's reagent was first made in 1956 during a systematic study of the reactions of arenes with P4S10.

Preparation
Lawesson's reagent is commercially available. It can also be conveniently prepared in the laboratory by heating a mixture of anisole with phosphorus pentasulfide until the mixture is clear and no more hydrogen sulfide is formed, then recrystallized from toluene or xylene.

Samples give a strong odor of hydrogen sulfide owing to partial hydrolysis. One common and effective method of destroying the foul smelling residues is to use an excess of sodium hypochlorite (chlorine bleach).

Mechanism of action
Lawesson's reagent has a four membered ring of alternating sulfur and phosphorus atoms. The central phosphorus/sulfur four-membered ring dissociates to form two reactive dithiophosphine ylides (R-PS2). Much of the chemistry of Lawessons's reagent is in fact the chemistry of this reactive intermediate.

 * [[Image:Dithia.png|300px]]

In general, the more electron rich a carbonyl is, the faster the carbonyl group will be converted into the corresponding thiocarbonyl by Lawesson's reagent.

Applications
The chemistry of Lawesson's reagent and related substances has been reviewed by several times. The main use of Lawesson's reagent is the thionation of carbonyl compounds. For instance, Lawesson's reagent will convert a carbonyl into a thiocarbonyl. Additionally, Lawesson's reagent has been used to thionate enones, esters, lactones, amides, lactams, and quinones.

 * [[Image:LR Ketone.png|400px|Thionation of a ketone to give a thioketone using Lawesson's reagent]]

In one study, reaction of maltol with LR results in a selective oxygen replacement in two positions.

 * [[Image:LR Maltol reaction.png|300px|Maltol reaction with LR]]

A combination of silver perchlorate and Lawesson's reagent is able to act as an oxophilic Lewis acid with the ability to catalyze the Diels–Alder reaction of dienes with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.

in some cases, alcohols may be converted to thiols by treatment with Lawesson's reagent.

Lawesson's reagent reacts with sulfoxides to form thioethers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lawesson's reagent


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User talk:Kittota

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Samohyl Jan 10:35, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kittota


text: File:GodzillaComics 23.jpg

title: File:GodzillaComics 23.jpg


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Search Engine Watch

Search Engine Watch (SEW) provides news and information about search engines and search engine marketing.

Search Engine Watch was started by Danny Sullivan in 1996. In 1997, Sullivan sold it for an undisclosed amount to Mecklermedia (now WebMediaBrands). In 2005, the website and related Search Engine Strategies conference series were sold to Incisive Media for $43 million. On November 30, 2006, Danny Sullivan left Search Engine Watch, after his resignation announcement on August 29, 2006. Rebecca Lieb was named editor-in-chief the following month.

In 2015, Incisive Media sold SES, Search Engine Watch, and ClickZ to Blenheim Chalcot.

Google's Matt Cutts has called Search Engine Watch "a must read." Yahoo's Tim Mayer has said that it is the "most authoritative source on search."

title: Search Engine Watch


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Berg en Terblijt

Berg en Terblijt (Berg or Berg en Terbliet ) is the official Dutch name of a village in the municipality of Valkenburg aan de Geul in the province of Limburg in the Southern part of the Netherlands.

History
The area now known as Berg en Terblijt has been inhabited since the Early Middle Ages. Between the 500 and 800 A.D., a couple of farming communities have been established at the Langen Akker, on the eastern side of the village, and around the Schone Poel, which is on the western side of the village. The Schone Poel has been argued to be a traditional small Frankish, being designed in a triangular form with farms around a central drinking pool. Until the late 1500s there had been a tradition of winemaking in the area of Berg en Terblijt. Even during the Eighty Years' War a couple of vineyards were producing wines from local varieties of vines, a tradition that has returned with the recent climate change that have made it possible once more to produce quality wines so far north.

Berg en Terblijt was a combination of Berg (4000 inhabitants) and Terblijt (100 inhabitants). Berg derived its name from its location, on top of a hill, overlooking Maastricht. The area of Berg en Terblijt is wooded and crossed by the Geul river.

In 1982 the area was merged with, forming the new municipality of Valkenburg aan de Geul.

People: economy, leisure
As Berg is situated along the edge of the Plateau of Margraten, a very fertile loess plain about 160 meters above NAP it has been an agricultural community for most of its history. Only in the last decades has the production of foodstuffs like grains and fruits lost most of its former importance. Nowadays, most villagers commute to work in nearby towns like Valkenburg and Maastricht. Being close to tourist hotspots Valkenburg and Maastricht, the village offers some bed and breakfast and hotel accommodation, as well as a camping site.

Since the early 1990s the village has had an own radio-station, Falcon Radio. In recent years the local television-station of TV Valkenburg has been broadcasting on cable in the municipality of Valkenburg aan de Geul, including Berg en Terblijt

Berg en Terblijt has a very active community life with various sports clubs (football, handball, tennis, badminton, judo billiards), a concert band, a mixed choir, a young adults club (Jonkheid), and a carnival club.

title: Berg en Terblijt


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The Lotus Eaters (TV series)

The Lotus Eaters is a BBC television drama first broadcast in 1972 and 1973.

The series, written by Michael J. Bird, deals with the lives of British expatriates living on the island of Crete, and their reasons for being there.

Plot
The central characters are a married couple, Erik (Ian Hendry) and Ann Shepherd (Wanda Ventham), who run a tavern called "Shepherd's Bar".

Ann is revealed in the first episode to be a sleeper agent of British Intelligence, Erik having been a broken-down drunk whom she was made to marry as part of her cover story. Other episodes deal with the other expatriates who frequented the bar. The most intriguing character in both series is the Greek police captain, Michael Krasakis (Stefan Gryff). In the second series the British Intelligence aspect is developed, until a clash with Soviet and Chinese agents results in both Ann and Erik having to leave Crete. In the final scene, about to board a plane leaving Heraklion airport, they have a partial reconciliation, since each is the only person the other can trust.

Main

 * Ian Hendry as Erik Shepherd
 * Wanda Ventham as Ann Shepherd
 * Maurice Denham as Nestor Turton
 * Stefan Gryff as Captain Michael Krasakis
 * Anthony Stamboulieh as Nikos

Recurring cast (Season 1 only)

 * James Kerry as Donald Culley (eps. 1, 3, 8–9)
 * Thorley Walters as Major Edward Woolley (eps. 1–4)
 * Sylvia Coleridge as Miriam Woolley (eps. 1–4)
 * Julia Goodman as Kirsten McLuhan (eps. 1–2, 4–5, 7, 9)
 * Martin Howells as Mark Potter (eps. 1–2, 4–5, 7, 9)
 * Karan David as Katerina (eps. 1–6, 8–9)
 * Carol Cleveland as Leigh Mervish (eps. 1–4, 7)
 * Karl Held as Philip "Pip" Mervish (eps. 1–4, 7)

Recurring cast (Season 2 only)

 * Timothy Carlton as Gerard Mace
 * John Horsley as Sir Hugh Russell (eps. 2–4)
 * Paul Maxwell as Sam Webber (eps. 2–6)
 * Susan Engel as Imogen Lundqvist (eps. 2–6)
 * Frank Duncan as Cotton
 * Godfrey James as Nicholson
 * Ronald Howard as Dr John Dartington (eps. 2–6)
 * Calliope Petrohilos as Ariadne Mazonaki (eps. 2–6)

Production
Location scenes in The Lotus Eaters were filmed in the Cretan resort of Aghios Nikolaos and derived its title from the lotus-eaters of Greek mythology, where those who ate the fruit of the lotus tree lost the desire to return home.

The series was also the first of the Mediterranean-based dramas written by Michael J Bird for the BBC. The others included Who Pays the Ferryman?, also set in Crete; The Aphrodite Inheritance, set in Cyprus; and The Dark Side of the Sun, set in Rhodes.

The series' theme is "Ta Trena Pou Fyghan" (Τα Τραίνα Που Φύγαν" = "The Trains That Departed), from the album Hellespont, composed by Stavros Xarchakos.

Episode details

 * Series 1:
 * Series 2:

title: The Lotus Eaters (TV series)


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User talk:David.Frew

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Alphax τεχ 10:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:David.Frew


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Dickson College

Dickson College is a public two-year secondary college located in the Canberra suburb of Dickson, Australian Capital Territory. It was established in 1976 on the former Dickson High School campus when it closed.

It was set to close after being announced as the sole college in Canberra to be eliminated for the Towards 2020 plan, but was spared when the final decision was made.

The college draws its students from Canberra's inner north, principally taking students from Campbell and Lyneham High Schools.

Enrollment
Currently there are just under 1000 students enrolled at Dickson College. The feeder schools are Lyneham High School, Campbell High School, and Emmaus High School.

Curriculum
Students are prepared for the ACT Year 12 Certificate, as mandated by the Department of Education and Board of Senior Secondary Studies.

More than half of Dickson College students who graduate with a Year 12 Certificate also obtain an ATAR and go on to study at university. In 2007 of the 215 students awarded a Year 12 certificate, 61% were awarded Tertiary Education Statements. In 2007, the median UAI gained by students of Dickson College was 78 compared with the average of students from all across ACT colleges of 79. Over 78% of students from the college who were awarded Tertiary Education Statements in 2007 scored over 65 for their UAI compared with 70% of all ACT students. 68 students were awarded a vocational certificate in 2007 and 131 students were awarded a vocational statement of attainment.

Notable alumni

 * Genevieve Bell, anthropologist, technologist, academic
 * David Branson, artist, theatre director, actor and musician
 * Jackie Chan, actor, filmmaker and martial artist (attended Dickson College in 1971)
 * Taro Gold, author, entertainer and entrepreneur (attended Dickson College in 1985)
 * Stephen Larkham, Australian rugby union representative.
 * Sussan Ley, politician
 * Garth Nix, author of young adult fantasy novels
 * Emily Banks, Epidemiologist
 * Paul McDermott, Comedian

title: Dickson College


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Richard Ridings

Richard John Ridings (born 19 September 1958) is an English actor. He portrayed Alan Ashburn in the ITV television drama Fat Friends, Bernard Green in the BBC One comedy-drama Common as Muck, Mr. Bumble in the BBC series Dickensian, and is the voice of Daddy Pig in Peppa Pig. He trained as an actor at Bretton Hall College, then the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. He is the father of singer-songwriter Freya Ridings.

Career
He had roles in a series of other television series and feature films, among them Clockwise, The Ink Thief, Red Dwarf, Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased), Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Fierce Creatures and as Silas in Highlander: The Series. Ridings voices Daddy Pig in the animated children's series Peppa Pig, Father Christmas and Boss Dwarf in Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom, and Grooby in Q Pootle 5. In 2005, he took the lead role in the BBC Radio 4 sitcom Clement Doesn't Live Here Anymore, playing a sexually obsessed overweight ghost alongside Steve Furst and Amanda Abbington. The second series was transmitted in May, 2007.

Ridings has also provided voiceovers in video games, including the voice of Sarge in Quake III Arena, the Mentor in Dungeon Keeper and Dungeon Keeper 2, Mendechaus in War for the Overworld, Roach in Heavenly Sword, General Pig in Puppeteer, and ex-lawman Giles the Farmer in Fable II, on the Xbox 360 video game console. In 2010 he also provided the voice of Pigsy, in the video game Enslaved: Odyssey to the West and of Cornell (the Dark Lord of the Lycanthropes) in Castlevania: Lords of Shadow. In 2011 he provided the voice of the leader of the Machina refugees, Miqol, in Xenoblade Chronicles and in 2013 he provided the voice of the Hunter in DmC: Devil May Cry, the Daemon Lord in Castlevania: Lords of Shadow - Mirror of Fate, and the Green Man in Tearaway. In 2016 he voiced Thorgrim Grudgebearer in Total War: Warhammer.

Most recently, Ridings played a courageous ape named "Buck" in the "Planet of the Apes" prequel, Rise of the Planet of the Apes, which was released in August 2011. In 2015, he played Mr Bumble in the BBC miniseries Dickensian.

title: Richard Ridings


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User:Mad Cat

Capturing my interest - most aspects of life and living, humankind and all things curious.

Off road and on, when I am not elsewhere, Bristol is my home.

''"I am a connoisseur of roads. I've been tasting roads my whole life. This road will never end. It probably goes all around the world." - Mikey Waters, My Own Private Idaho (Gus Van Sant)''

Recent contributions:
 * Jing Ping (Dominican Folk Music)
 * Benedict Allen
 * First usage of negative numbers
 * History of zero (edit)
 * Calcium lactate
 * Babylonian numerals
 * Jake Meyer

title: User:Mad Cat


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Grass Valley, Western Australia

Grass Valley is a small townsite 13 km east of Northam, Western Australia in the Avon Valley area. The town is named after a local property of the same name that was established in 1833 by William Nairn.

The Northam to Kalgoorlie Eastern Goldfields Railway line passes through the town and includes a crossing loop. The railway was built through the area in 1894. Land was set aside for a townsite in 1898 and the town was gazetted in the same year.

The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. During its heyday of the 1950s–90s the town's local farmers were the largest producers of chaff (feed for racehorses) in Western Australia. The product was sought after by buyers throughout Western Australia as well as Asia and the Middle East. The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling and had a Type B structure in the 1970s. The post office within the town is reputed to be the smallest in Australia. The town also has an excellent tavern dating back to the golden days of the once-important rail head. The town is situated on the Golden Pipeline heritage trail. The pipeline passes through Grass Valley.

Grass Valley and surrounding districts are serviced by the Grass Valley Bush Fire Brigade, supported by over 50 local volunteer members. The Brigade has one appliance being a 4.4B (4,000L, 4WD, Broadacre) truck, although it has been recognised for over 10 years that a second appliance is desperately needed to adequately protect the district. The Grass Valley fire district is the largest fire district within the Shire of Northam and the Brigade is the second most active Brigade in regards to call-outs in the Shire. The Grass Valley Fire Shed is located on the corner of Wilson St and Keane St, Grass Valley on the site of the old Grass Valley school which ran from 1899-1945.

title: Grass Valley, Western Australia


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Devonshire Club

The Devonshire Club was a London gentlemen's club which was established in 1874 and was disbanded in 1976. Throughout its existence it was based at 50 St James's Street. The major Liberal club of the day was the Reform Club, but in the wake of the 1868 Reform Act's extension of the franchise, the waiting list for membership from the larger electorate grew to such an extent that a new club was formed to accommodate these new Liberal voters. The clubhouse was on the western side of St James's Street. The original intention was to call it the 'Junior Reform Club', along the model of the Junior Carlton Club formed in 1866, but complaints from the Reform Club's members led it to being named the Devonshire, in honour of its first chairman, the Duke of Devonshire, an aristocrat from a long line of Liberals.

The club was fortunate in obtaining the St James's Street premises of Crockford's Club, a renowned eighteenth century club which had closed down in 1845. The Devonshire did well in its first decade, but found itself in an awkward position from the 1880s upon the establishment of the National Liberal Club. With a further extension of the franchise in 1885, the much larger National Liberal was aimed at these new electors, and the Devonshire came to possess neither the prestige of Brooks's or the Reform, nor the broader appeal of the National Liberal. The Devonshire soon lost its political flavour.

In the 1960s the Golfers Club shared the premises using a club room at the back of the building and there was also a Masonic temple on site, catering for those lodges without premises.

After a great deal of financial trouble in the 1970s (mirrored in many other clubs of the time, including the Reform, the Carlton, the St James's, the United University, the Junior Carlton, the Army and Navy, and the United Service Club), it finally closed in 1976, with its membership being absorbed by the East India Club.

title: Devonshire Club


text:
User talk:Kle0012

Hello world

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title: User talk:Kle0012


text: User talk:86.135.116.39

title: User talk:86.135.116.39


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1790 House

The 1790 House, also called the Joseph Bartlett House or the Bartlett–Wheeler House, is a historic house located at 827 Main Street, Woburn, Massachusetts, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is close to the Baldwin House, with the Middlesex Canal running between them.

The 1790 House, originally on Main Street, has been moved closer to the canal to make room for a hotel. It now faces more south than its original facing of southwest.

History
The Federal style house was originally built in 1790 on the banks of the Middlesex Canal, for Woburn lawyer Joseph Bartlett. Shortly before completion it was purchased by Col. Loammi Baldwin, noted engineer, who hoped to convince expatriate scientist and inventor Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, to return to his home town. Although this idea never came to fruition, author Frances Parkinson Keyes, who later spent childhood summers in the home, refers to it repeatedly in her memoirs as the Count Rumford House. The house also features in her autobiography, Roses in December.

In 1815 Hall Jackson Kelley conducted a private school for boys in the house, and there he first read the newly published Journals of Lewis and Clark. Kelley conceived a passion for the Pacific Northwest and became the prime advocate of the United States settlement of Oregon. He then migrated west to become a legendary "mountain man" and explorer.

The house was purchased by the BNMC MA Realty LLC in March 2014. Previously, the house was owned by Woburn Daily Times Inc since 1981 and is currently used as office space. Before that it was owned by the North Congregational Church of Woburn, and used as a Sunday School.

Structure
The structure stands two stories tall beneath a hip roof, seven bays wide and four bays deep. It is of frame construction covered with clapboard, except at the front where it is imitation ashlar; wood quoins ornament its corners. A two tier Doric porch projects from the front facade, with single-story Tuscan pillars supporting the porch, and two-story Doric pillars at the corners. The upper level has a balustrade with Chinese railings. The two sides and rear also contain entrances, and the rear facade was once graced with a large Palladian window. (As of 2005, the rear facade seems to have been obliterated in a large-scale extension to the building.) There are two interior end chimneys.

At one time there was a large barn filled with old books behind the building; this was torn down in the late 1960s.

title: 1790 House


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Fresenius Medical Care

Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. KGaA is a German healthcare company which provides kidney dialysis services through a network of 4,171 outpatient dialysis centers, serving 345,425 patients. The company primarily treats end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which requires patients to undergo dialysis 3 times per week for the rest of their lives.

With a global headquarters in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany, and a North American headquarters in Waltham, Massachusetts, it has a 38% market share of the dialysis market in the United States. It also operates 42 production sites, the largest of which are in the U.S., Germany, and Japan.

The company is 32% owned by Fresenius and, as of 2020, generates around 50% of the group's revenue.

The company is on the Best Employers List published by Forbes.

History
In 1996, Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA merged its dialysis business into W.R. Grace's National Medical Care to form Fresenius Medical Care.

In 2000, the company pleaded guilty to billing Medicare for unnecessary medical tests and to paying kickbacks for lab business and paid a $486 million fine.

In February 2012, the company acquired Liberty Dialysis Holding, which added 201 clinics, for $1.5 billion.

In March 2012, Rice Powell was appointed CEO.

In 2013, the company acquired Shiel Medical Laboratory, expanding services to New York City metro area. In December 2017, the company sold this business to Quest Diagnostics.

In February 2019, the company acquired NxStage, a U.S.-based maker of in-home dialysis devices, for $2 billion.

In March 2019, the company paid $231 million to the United States Department of Justice and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to settle allegations of civil bribery to obtain business in 13 countries, including Angola, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Spain. As part of the settlement the company agreed to retain an independent corporate compliance monitor for at least two years. In March 2023, the company was certified by the monitor that its compliance program is reasonably designed and implemented to detect and prevent violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). The certification was accepted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the United States Department of Justice.

title: Fresenius Medical Care


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/September 4, 2005


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Talk:Shallow Grave (1994 film)

Very detailed synopsis
The plot of the film concerns three flatmates who discover their new lodger dead in his room with a large amount of money. The three flatmates are Juliet Miller (a doctor), Alex Law (a journalist) and David Stephens (an accountant). They take on Hugo as a flatmate, but he soon dies of a drug overdose. Finding a large amount of money under his bead, they decide to dispose of the body and keep the money. (Many critics have wondered why they simply did not call the police about Hugo's death and simply not mention the money. Evidently, the three flatmates may have surmised that Hugo took part in some recent heist or kidnapping, and simply did not want to risk one of his criminal associates seeking the money once his death was reported.) They implement a plan to severe Hugo's hands and feet, as well as destroy his teeth (thus making identifying him by fingerprints and dental records impossible). They ditch Hugo's car into a quarry.

David becomes a much more paranoid and ruthless person after having gone through these events, and eventually holes up in the attic with the money, drilling holes in the ceiling to keep watch on events. Eventually, some of Hugo's criminal associates somehow find Hugo's car in the quarry (how is not explained) and from there manage to track down the three flatmates. David catches them by surprise and kills the criminals, whose bodies are similarly disposed of. However, the trust between the flatmates has by then disintegrated. Juliet appeals to David, attempting to woo him into sharing the money with her, though she has already evidently made plans to abscond with it, as she buys a ticket to Rio in Brazil. Eventually, forest workers find the bodies in the woods. The police manage to track Hugo's movements to the town where the flatmates live, and even question them.

This serves as the flashpoint. The three flatmates have a final confrontation. During this confrontation, David attacks Juliet, and Alex comes to her rescue. David stabs Alex through the shoulder, pinning him to the floor. Juliet stabs David through the neck. Since she cannot take Alex with her, she forces the knife even further into the floor.

However, though Juliet takes off with a briefcase she thinks contains the money, it in fact only contains only newspaper; Alex had earlier somehow managed to switch the money, and the camera shows us it is now under the floor. Aside from this, the end of the film is ambigous. Alex is shown still pinned to the floor, his eyes still moving, and smiling. The police are on the scene, but nobody seems to be helping him.

1. It is not clear how soon after he was stabbed that the police found Alex. It is possible that he screamed for help during the night and managed to rouse some neighbors, who presumably would have busted down the door and called the police.

2. A shoulder would would not necessarily kill someone, especially if the knife was left in, slowing down the bleeding. Then again, if he was wounded in a way that the blood reached the lungs or a lung was punctured, that could cause death.

3. Pictures are being taken off his face. It is possible that he had slipped into unconsciousness, leading people to think he was dead, but that the flash woke him up.

4. His blood does not appear to have coagulated, the way a corpse would have.

5. In the scenes taking place after the police have arrived, on the cramped image of the home video version, it is not clear if David's body has been removed or not. Some think it was, and think that if David's body was taken away and Alex is still there, that would indicate that Alex was alive, but on the truncated image of a tv screen, it is hard to tell if we are seeing the spot where David's body should be had his corpse been there.

6. Alex says "Hello, Inspector" to the policeman, but it is not clear if that is a voiceover from his spirit or him actually speaking (though the Inspector does seem to respond by turning his head).

7. Some have accused Danny Boyle of plot holes, so the fact that the paramedics should have been helping Alex is no different than movies where characters have battles at construction sites after dark with no security guards intervening. Boyle ignored this just so he could set up the scene of Alex laughing and the camera panning down to show the money underneath the knife transfixing Alex.

Trailers and alternative edits
I saw a trailer for Shallow Grave before cinematic release in Australia. It included a scene of Alex Law's grave, clearly showing his headstone. I've heard that some releases include this scene. Can anyone quote the name, DoB & DoD details off the headstone? Alex Law 16:52, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ShallowGrave2.jpg
Image:ShallowGrave2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:43, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Shallow.jpg
Image:Shallow.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:43, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 19:45, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Budget
Danny Boyle said "We had a million quid" i.e. GBP £1 million. Box Office Mojo claims the budget was $2.5 million. £1 million sterling converts to about USD $1.4 million (at 2020 exchange rates, and even looking at historical exchange rates seems like it might slightly but not significantly more than that). It is not clear how Box Office Mojo got the much larger $2.5 million budget figure. -- 109.76.203.156 (talk) 01:52, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

Page move
This page was moved from Shallow Grave to Shallow Grave (1994 film) without any discussion. The edit summary stated that as there was more than one film with this name the disambiguation makes sense. I disagree, this film is PRIMARY no disambig needed and should be moved back to the previous page name. Also as the primary target it is far better to bring most readers here anyway and at to provide other links at the top of the page for the tiny minority that might be looking for something else. -- 109.76.128.45 (talk) 20:50, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shallow Grave (1994 film)


text:
User talk:Thewatcherofall

Please do not remove Articles for Deletion notices from articles, nor add fake warning of blocking. Evil Monkey∴Hello 10:47, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Once again do not do this. You will be blocked from editing if you continue. Evil Monkey∴Hello 10:51, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You've been blocked for vandalism. Come back when you are ready to contribute. Evil Monkey∴Hello 10:58, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thewatcherofall


text:
Columbia blue

Columbia blue is a light blue color named after Columbia University. The color itself derives from the official hue of the Philolexian Society, the university's oldest student organization. Although Columbia blue is often identified with Pantone 292, the Philolexian Society first used it in the early 19th century, before the standardization of colors. Pantone 290, a slightly lighter shade of blue, has also been specified by some Columbia University offices, and is the current official color listed by the Columbia University visual communications office. Several other shades are also used by parts of the university in an official capacity.

The color has been adopted by several fraternities and sororities across the United States as well as by numerous secondary schools and other colleges and universities including Johns Hopkins University. It has also been used as the official color of a number of sports teams, including the Houston Oilers, the Buffalo Braves, and the Tampa Bay Rays.

History
Columbia blue derives from the official colors of the Philolexian Society, which was founded at Columbia in 1802. Members of the society have been reported to have worn blue satin rosettes and silver tassels as part of their academic regalia, while members of the rival Peithologian Society would wear white rosettes and gold tassels. The color was first combined with white to represent the university in 1852, during a joint event between the two societies. Both parties wishing to be represented in the promotion of the event, and having decided that using all four colors would be excessive, they picked the color scheme of blue and white, the former borrowed from the Philolexian Society, and the latter from the Peithologian. The two colors were quickly adopted by students to represent the College. According to John Howard Van Amringe, the color first entered official use during a boat race in 1873.

Tones
In a 2009 publication, the university officially lists Columbia blue as Pantone 290, though a darker shade, such as Pantone 292, may still be called Columbia blue when used on a light background. "Secondary Blues" used by the university include Pantone 284, 285, 286, and 280, while the Columbia University Irving Medical Center uses Pantone 7686 and 3005. In one of the first attempts at standardization, the university's athletics department declared Columbia blue to be Pantone 292 in 1999, though, as of 2016, the Columbia Lions actually use Pantone 291; however, Pantone 292 still remains a popular byword for Columbia blue and the university as a whole.

Fraternities and sororities
Organizations, fraternities and sororities that use Columbia blue for their colors:

 * Delta Phi
 * Acacia
 * Lambda Kappa Sigma
 * Philolexian Society
 * Eta Chi Gamma of New York Institute of Technology

Colleges and universities

 * Columbia Basin College
 * Columbia University
 * Delaware State University
 * Johns Hopkins University
 * Lewis–Clark State College
 * Livingstone College
 * Moorpark College
 * Richard Stockton College
 * Southern University and A&M College
 * Sonoma State University
 * Spelman College
 * Stockton University
 * University of Dayton (until 1994)
 * University of San Diego
 * Warner Pacific College

Secondary schools
Columbia blue is used as one of the two or three color symbols for the following colleges, universities and high schools: • A.B. Lucas Secondary School (London, Ontario, Canada)

• Airline High School (Bossier City, Louisiana)

• Albert Einstein High School (Kensington, Maryland)

• Allen Central High School (Eastern, Kentucky)

• Antonian College Preparatory (San Antonio, Texas)

• Archbishop Molloy High School (Queens, New York)

• Arrowhead High School (Hartland, Wisconsin)

• Arroyo High School (California)

• Austin-East High School (Knoxville, Tennessee)

• Bath High School (Lima, Ohio)

• Battle Lake High School (Minnesota)

• Bartlesville High School (Oklahoma)

• Benjamin Elijah Mays High School (Georgia)

• Bishop Canevin High School (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

• Bishop Mora Salesian College Preparatory (Los Angeles, California)

• Bloomington Jefferson High School (Minnesota)

• Bowsher High School (Toledo, Ohio)

• Bridgeport High School (Ohio)

• Buena High School (California)

• Cactus High School (Arizona)

• Camden County High School (Georgia)

• Captain John L. Chapin High School (Texas)

• Cascade High School (Clayton, Indiana)

• Cedar Grove High School (Georgia)

• Centennial High School (Illinois)

• Central Linn High School (Halsey, Oregon)

• Central Valley High School (Veradale, Washington)

• Centreville High School (Virginia)

• Chanute High School (Kansas)

• Chapin High School (South Carolina)

• Charlotte Catholic High School (North Carolina)

• Chief Sealth International High School (Seattle, Washington)

• China Spring High School (Texas)

• C. Leon King High School (Florida)

• Clements High School (Texas)

• Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School (New York)

• Columbia High School (New York) (East Greenbush, New York)

• Columbia Secondary School (New York)

• Comstock High School (Kalamazoo, Michigan)

• Crescenta Valley High School (La Crescenta, California)

• Corvallis High School (Oregon)

• Cumberland County High School (Crossville, Tennessee)

• Digital Harbor High School (Maryland)

• Dougherty Valley High School (California)

• Dracut High School (Massachusetts)

• Dubuque Senior High School (Iowa)

• East Buchanan High School (Iowa)

• Eleanor Roosevelt High School (Greenbelt, Maryland)

• English High School (Boston, Massachusetts)

• Enrico Fermi High School (Connecticut)

• Fashion Institute of Technology (New York)

• Father Judge High School (Pennsylvania)

• First Colonial High School (Virginia)

• Finneytown High School (Cincinnati, Ohio)

• Forest Hills Northern High School (Grand Rapids, Michigan)

• Franklin Roosevelt High School (Dallas, Texas)

• Garber High School (Essexville, Michigan)

• George C. Marshall High School (Falls Church, Virginia)

• Gibbs High School (Corryton, Tennessee)

• Glendale High School (Missouri)

• Goddard High School (New Mexico)

• Governor John R. Rogers High School (Washington)

• Grand Rapids Christian High School (Michigan)

• Greater Johnstown High School (Pennsylvania)

• Greeley West High School (Colorado)

• Guilford High School (Illinois)

• Har-Ber High School (Springdale, Arkansas)

• Heritage High School (Tennessee)

• Heritage High School (California)

• Hillcrest High School (Country Club Hills)

• Hillsdale High School (California)

• Hirschi High School (Wichita Falls, Texas)

• Holy Name Central Catholic High School (Worcester, Massachusetts)

• Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy

• Interlake High School (Bellevue, Washington)

• Jean Ribault High School (Jacksonville, Florida)

• Thomas Jefferson High School (Iowa)

• Jersey Community High School (Illinois)

• John H. Reagan High School (Austin, Texas)

• Johns Jay Senior High School

• Albert Sidney Johnston High School (Austin, Texas)

• Kankakee High School (Kankakee, Illinois)

• Kings High School (Kings Mills, Ohio)

• L.D. Bell High School (Hurst, Texas)

• Lady Bird Johnson High School (San Antonio, Texas)

• Lake High School (Millbury, Ohio)

• Lakeridge High School (Lake Oswego, Oregon)

• Liberty High School (Hillsboro, Oregon)

• Lima Central Catholic High School (Lima, Ohio)

• Lower Cape May Regional High School (Cape May, New Jersey)

• Loyola College Prapatory High School (Shreveport, Louisiana)

• Maconaquah High School (Indiana)

• Madison High School (Portland, Oregon)

• Mahwah High School (Mahwah, New Jersey)

• Maine West High School (Des Plaines, Illinois

• Martha Layne Collins High School (Shelbyville, Kentucky)

• The Mary Louis Academy (New York)

• McMinn Central High School (Englewood, Tennessee)

• Meadowdale High School (Washington)

• Mira Loma High School (Sacramento, California)

• Montclair High School (California)

• Montpelier High School (Ohio)

• Monterey High School (Lubbock, Texas)

• Moore County High School (Lynchburg, Tennessee)

• Mount Rainier High School (Washington)

• Mountainside High School (Oregon)

• Nicolet High School (Wisconsin)

• North Fayette Valley High School (West Union, Iowa)

• North Forsyth High School (North Carolina)

• North Iredell High School (Olin, North Carolina)

• North Penn High School (Lansdale, Pennsylvania)

• North Pike High School (Mississippi)

• North Stafford High School (Virginia) (phased out after 2000)

• Oak Glen High School (West Virginia)

• Oakmont High School (Roseville, California)

• Olympia High School (Illinois)

• Page County High School (Virginia)

• Pace Academy (Georgia)

• Palisades Charter High School (California)

• Patrick Henry High School(Virginia)

• Paul M. Dorman High School (South Carolina)

• Penn Cambria High School (Pennsylvania)

• Pinckneyville Community High School (Illinois)

• Pleasant Valley High School (California)

• Pleasant Valley High School (Jacksonville, Alabama)

• Prospect High School (Illinois)

• Pueblo West High School (Colorado)

• Pueblo High School (Arizona)

• Putnam City West High School (Oklahoma)

• R B Stall High School (South Carolina)

• Ralston High School (Ralston, Nebraska)

• Ramona High School (Riverside, California)

• Ridgedale High School (Morral, Ohio)

• Roncalli High School (Wisconsin)

• Rye Neck High School (New York)

• Sam Rayburn High School (Pasadena, Texas)

• Sandwich High School (Massachusetts)

• St. Joseph's High School (South Bend, Indiana)

• St. Gregory College Preparatory School (Tucson, Arizona)

• St. Mary Catholic High School (Neenah, Wisconsin)

• Saugus High School (Santa Clarita, California)

• School of Education and Social Services (Texas)

• Seekonk High School (Massachusetts)

• Shawnee Mission East High School (Kansas)

• Simley High School (Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota)

• Skyline High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan)

• Skyline High School (Pratt, Kansas)

• Sky View High School (Smithfield, Utah)

• Willoughby South High School (Ohio)

• South Mountain High School (Phoenix, Arizona)

• South Salem High School (Oregon)

• Southside High School (Fort Smith, Arkansas)

• Springbrook High School (Maryland)

• Sunnyvale High School of Sunnyvale, California

• Thomas More High School (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)

• Thornridge High School (Dolton, Illinois)

• Toms River High School East (Toms River, New Jersey)

• Twin Falls High School (Idaho)

• Saint Elmo High School (Illinois)

• Union Grove Independent School District of Gladewater, Texas

• University Academy (Missouri)

• University City High School

• University High School (California)

• Veritas Academy (Savannah, Georgia)

• Villa Angela-St. Joseph High School (Ohio)

• Villa Park High School (California)

• Walt Whitman High School (Maryland)

• Webb City High School (Missouri)

• Waukesha North High School (Wisconsin)

• West Morris Central High School (New Jersey)

• West Orange High School (New Jersey)

• Wichita High School East (Kansas)

• Willowbrook High School (Illinois)

• Yorktown High School (Virginia)

• York High School (Maine)

Sports

 * The Buffalo Braves (now the Los Angeles Clippers)
 * The Denver Nuggets wore Columbia blue road jerseys from the 2003–04 NBA season to the 2016-17 NBA season
 * The Kansas Jayhawks football team used Columbia blue in the early 1960s and wore Columbia blue in an October 2011 homecoming football game against the Texas Tech Red Raiders to honor their 1961 Bluebonnet Bowl champions
 * The Kansas City Royals "powder blue" uniforms that debuted in 2008 are actually Columbia blue
 * The Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters basketball team wears their traditional Columbia blue jerseys instead of the university's official color Reflex blue
 * The Memphis Grizzlies introduced an alternate Columbia blue road jersey in 2009, which is actually "smoke blue"
 * The Tampa Bay Rays selected Columbia blue as one of its three color symbols in September 2007. The color is used in the team's logos, uniforms and official merchandise
 * The Houston Oilers used Columbia blue in their color scheme throughout their entire franchise history from 1960 to 1996. The Oilers moved to Tennessee in 1997 to become the Tennessee Oilers, and in 1999 would change their names and uniforms to become the present-day Tennessee Titans, including a switch to the slightly darker "Titans Blue"
 * The Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball team wears Columbia blue accents on their uniforms
 * The Utah Jazz wore Columbia blue alternate road jerseys from 2006 to 2010
 * The Houston Texans have had an alternate uniform that includes Columbia blue accents since 2024

title: Columbia blue


text:
Vacuum permittivity

Vacuum permittivity, commonly denoted $ε_{0}$ (pronounced "epsilon nought" or "epsilon zero"), is the value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum. It may also be referred to as the permittivity of free space, the electric constant, or the distributed capacitance of the vacuum. It is an ideal (baseline) physical constant. Its CODATA value is:

It is a measure of how dense of an electric field is "permitted" to form in response to electric charges and relates the units for electric charge to mechanical quantities such as length and force. For example, the force between two separated electric charges with spherical symmetry (in the vacuum of classical electromagnetism) is given by Coulomb's law:
 * $$F_\text{C} = \frac{1} {4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2} {r^2}$$

Here, q1 and q2 are the charges, r is the distance between their centres, and the value of the constant fraction $$1/(4\pi\varepsilon_0)$$ (known as the Coulomb constant, ke) is approximately $55.263$. Likewise, ε0 appears in Maxwell's equations, which describe the properties of electric and magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation, and relate them to their sources. In electrical engineering, ε0 itself is used as a unit to quantify the permittivity of various dielectric materials.

Value
The value of ε0 is defined by the formula
 * $$ \varepsilon_0 =\frac {1}{\mu_0 c^2}$$

where c is the defined value for the speed of light in classical vacuum in SI units, and μ0 is the parameter that international standards organizations refer to as the magnetic constant (also called vacuum permeability or the permeability of free space). Since μ0 has an approximate value 4π × 10−7 H/m, and c has the defined value 299 792  458 m⋅s−1, it follows that ε0 can be expressed numerically as
 * $$ \varepsilon_0 \approx \frac{1}{\left(4 \pi \times 10^{-7} \, \textrm{N/A}^{2}\right)\left(299792458 \, \textrm{m/s}\right)^2} \approx 8.8541878176 \times 10^{-12} \, \textrm{F}{\cdot}\textrm{m}^{-1}.$$

The historical origins of the electric constant ε0, and its value, are explained in more detail below.

Redefinition of the SI units
The ampere was redefined by defining the elementary charge as an exact number of coulombs as from 20 May 2019, with the effect that the vacuum electric permittivity no longer has an exactly determined value in SI units. The value of the electron charge became a numerically defined quantity, not measured, making μ0 a measured quantity. Consequently, ε0 is not exact. As before, it is defined by the equation ε0 = 1/(μ0c2), and is thus determined by the value of μ0, the magnetic vacuum permeability which in turn is determined by the experimentally determined dimensionless fine-structure constant α:
 * $$ \varepsilon_0 = \frac {1}{\mu_0 c^2} = \frac {e^2}{2\alpha h c}\ ,$$

with e being the elementary charge, h being the Planck constant, and c being the speed of light in vacuum, each with exactly defined values. The relative uncertainty in the value of ε0 is therefore the same as that for the dimensionless fine-structure constant, namely

Terminology
Historically, the parameter ε0 has been known by many different names. The terms "vacuum permittivity" or its variants, such as "permittivity in/of vacuum",  "permittivity of empty space", or "permittivity of free space" are widespread. Standards organizations also use "electric constant" as a term for this quantity.

Another historical synonym was "dielectric constant of vacuum", as "dielectric constant" was sometimes used in the past for the absolute permittivity. However, in modern usage "dielectric constant" typically refers exclusively to a relative permittivity ε/ε0 and even this usage is considered "obsolete" by some standards bodies in favor of relative static permittivity. Hence, the term "dielectric constant of vacuum" for the electric constant ε0 is considered obsolete by most modern authors, although occasional examples of continuing usage can be found.

As for notation, the constant can be denoted by either ε0 or ϵ0, using either of the common glyphs for the letter epsilon.

Historical origin of the parameter ε0
As indicated above, the parameter ε0 is a measurement-system constant. Its presence in the equations now used to define electromagnetic quantities is the result of the so-called "rationalization" process described below. But the method of allocating a value to it is a consequence of the result that Maxwell's equations predict that, in free space, electromagnetic waves move with the speed of light. Understanding why ε0 has the value it does requires a brief understanding of the history.

Rationalization of units
The experiments of Coulomb and others showed that the force F between two, equal, point-like "amounts" of electricity that are situated a distance r apart in free space, should be given by a formula that has the form
 * $$ F = k_{\text{e}} \frac{Q^2}{r^2}, $$

where Q is a quantity that represents the amount of electricity present at each of the two points, and ke is the Coulomb constant. If one is starting with no constraints, then the value of ke may be chosen arbitrarily. For each different choice of ke there is a different "interpretation" of Q: to avoid confusion, each different "interpretation" has to be allocated a distinctive name and symbol.

In one of the systems of equations and units agreed in the late 19th century, called the "centimetre–gram–second electrostatic system of units" (the cgs esu system), the constant ke was taken equal to 1, and a quantity now called "Gaussian electric charge" qs was defined by the resulting equation
 * $$ F = \frac{{q_{\text{s}}}^2}{r^2}. $$

The unit of Gaussian charge, the statcoulomb, is such that two units, at a distance of 1 centimetre apart, repel each other with a force equal to the cgs unit of force, the dyne. Thus, the unit of Gaussian charge can also be written 1 dyne1/2 cm. "Gaussian electric charge" is not the same mathematical quantity as modern (MKS and subsequently the SI) electric charge and is not measured in coulombs.

The idea subsequently developed that it would be better, in situations of spherical geometry, to include a factor 4π in equations like Coulomb's law, and write it in the form:
 * $$ F = k'_{\text{e}} \frac{{q'_{\text{s}}}^2}{4 \pi r^2}. $$

This idea is called "rationalization". The quantities qs′ and ke′ are not the same as those in the older convention. Putting ke′ = 1 generates a unit of electricity of different size, but it still has the same dimensions as the cgs esu system.

The next step was to treat the quantity representing "amount of electricity" as a fundamental quantity in its own right, denoted by the symbol q, and to write Coulomb's law in its modern form:
 * $$\ F = \frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{q^2}{r^2}. $$

The system of equations thus generated is known as the rationalized metre–kilogram–second (RMKS) equation system, or "metre–kilogram–second–ampere (MKSA)" equation system. The new quantity q is given the name "RMKS electric charge", or (nowadays) just "electric charge". The quantity qs used in the old cgs esu system is related to the new quantity q by:
 * $$\ q_{\text{s}} = \frac{q}{\sqrt{4 \pi \varepsilon_0}}.$$

In the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units the elementary charge is fixed at and the value of the vacuum permittivity must be determined experimentally.

Determination of a value for ε0
One now adds the requirement that one wants force to be measured in newtons, distance in metres, and charge to be measured in the engineers' practical unit, the coulomb, which is defined as the charge accumulated when a current of 1 ampere flows for one second. This shows that the parameter ε0 should be allocated the unit C2⋅N−1⋅m−2 (or an equivalent unit – in practice, farad per metre).

In order to establish the numerical value of ε0, one makes use of the fact that if one uses the rationalized forms of Coulomb's law and Ampère's force law (and other ideas) to develop Maxwell's equations, then the relationship stated above is found to exist between ε0, μ0 and c0. In principle, one has a choice of deciding whether to make the coulomb or the ampere the fundamental unit of electricity and magnetism. The decision was taken internationally to use the ampere. This means that the value of ε0 is determined by the values of c0 and μ0, as stated above. For a brief explanation of how the value of μ0 is decided, see Vacuum permeability.

Permittivity of real media
By convention, the electric constant ε0 appears in the relationship that defines the electric displacement field D in terms of the electric field E and classical electrical polarization density P of the medium. In general, this relationship has the form:
 * $$\mathbf{D} = \varepsilon_0 \mathbf{E} + \mathbf{P}.$$

For a linear dielectric, P is assumed to be proportional to E, but a delayed response is permitted and a spatially non-local response, so one has:
 * $$\mathbf D (\mathbf r,\ t) = \int_{-\infty}^t dt' \int d^3 \mathbf r'\ \varepsilon \left(\mathbf r,\ t; \mathbf r',\ t'\right) \mathbf E\left(\mathbf r',\ t'\right). $$

In the event that nonlocality and delay of response are not important, the result is:
 * $$\mathbf{D} = \varepsilon \mathbf{E} = \varepsilon_{\text{r}} \varepsilon_0 \mathbf{E}$$

where ε is the permittivity and εr the relative static permittivity. In the vacuum of classical electromagnetism, the polarization P = 0, so εr = 1 and ε = ε0.

title: Vacuum permittivity


text:
Atish Raj

Atish Raj (آتش راج, also spelled, Aatish Raj), was an industrial and avant-garde Pakistani rock band formed and fronted by Pakistani music journalist and writer, Nadeem F. Paracha.

Relaunch
In a recent development Paracha was approached by Zeeshan Pervez, leader of Sajid & Zeeshan, for the remixing of an Atish Raj song, "War in Heaven." The song was relaunched in February 2007.

title: Atish Raj


text:
Talk:Beehive House

Time travel?
Someone posted this question on the encyclopedia page, and I'm moving it here:

 * If not built until 1854, then how could it serve as executive mansion already in 1852 + 1853??

--Mamawrites

 * That's a good question. The answer is simple: I have no idea.  I got all the information for the article from the site linked at the bottom (no, I didn't just copy & paste it--I gathered the facts and wrote a new text).  Perhaps it was a typo from the original text?  I don't know.  Until someone can find out, however, I'm leaving it in.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 14:34, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * A possible source of confusion to the original researchers could be that the President's Office was a smaller building (construction began in 1852), located between Beehive House and Lion House. I don't know if the structure still exists or was later tied into the other residences.  -- Robocoder ( t|c ) 22:10, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beehive House


text: User talk:69.231.23.124

title: User talk:69.231.23.124


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Admiration

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Nufy8 20:39, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Admiration
Dictionary definition. Already at Wiktionary. KeithD (talk) 10:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Marskell 10:57, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * as per nominator Delete DV8 2XL 12:25, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * agree with nominator Delete Cje 12:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * DeleteV. Molotov [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 14:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Vanadium(V) oxide

Untitled
How many tons of V2O5 are needed to produce only 1 ton of Ferrovanadium?
 * Molar mass of V2O5 = 182 g/mol. This produces 2 x 51g = 102 g vanadium metal.  Since ferrovanadium contains anywhere from about 35 to 80% vanadium metal the answer to your question has quite a wide range, but roughly speaking (using the above calculation) 1 ton of V2O5 produces about 1 ton of ferrovanadium. Walkerma 16:00, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Liquid crystalline behaviour
An anonymous editor is insisting on including a section on this topic. However, the writing is so specialised as to be incomprehensible to the average reader - my PhD is in organic chemistry, and I don't understand a word of it. I have cleaned up the worst misspellings/grammar, but if this is to stay the editor needs to do the following: 333t an undergraduate chemistry student could understand, and a high school student could get the gist of. If the above concerns cannot be addressed, then I'm afraid the section will have to be removed again. Wikipedia is not Chemical Reviews, that's what the chemical literature is for. Walkerma 16:03, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Explain why this topic is important enough to appear on a general page on V2O5.
 * Explain the topic in terms th
 * Make the section briefer; currently this section is about as long as the "uses" section. Considering the huge importance of the uses of V2O5, that makes it unbalanced.  It might be OK if (say) V2O5 is about to become a major component of all the world's computer monitors, but somehow I don't think that's the case here.

Missing atoms in equation
In the Vanadium(V) oxide section, the equation :SO2  +  V2O5  →  SO3  +  2VO2 seems to be missing a few oxygen atoms. Would someone please fix it or explain the apparent four missing atoms? Thanks Jim1138 (talk) 00:12, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

You have one sulfur, 7 oxygen, and 2 vanadium atoms on the left hand side. You have one sulfur, 7 oxygen, and 2 vanadium atoms on the right. Mass balance seems right. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 04:55, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I can't count. Can I? Thanks Jim1138 (talk) 18:20, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Formation enthalpy
The enthalpy of formation seems very low (about -150 kJ) compared to sources such as the CRC Handbook which gives it as -1552 kJ (in my 1983-era 64th edition). The entropy values are similar, though. Any idea what the quoted source (R. Robie, B. Hemingway, and J. Fisher, “Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals and Related Substances at 298.15K and 1bar Pressure and at Higher Temperatures,” US Geol. Surv., vol. 1452, 1978.) says about methodology? It looks suspiciously like an exact 10-fold difference. Ewen (talk) 12:18, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

 * NIST says -1551 kJ.

 * Answering my own question, the original source [pdf https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1452/report.pdf] has been misquoted. I'll correct the data now. Ewen (talk) 13:05, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vanadium(V) oxide


text: Wikipedia:POTD/September 4, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/September 4, 2005


text:
Eastern Østfold Line

The Eastern Østfold Line (Østfoldbanens østlige linje) is a 79 km railway line which runs between Ski and Sarpsborg. It follows a more eastern route than the Østfold Line, with which it adjoins at both Ski Station and Sarpsborg Station, serving the Indre Østfold district. The line is single track and electrified. The Eastern Line serves the hourly R22 services of the Oslo Commuter Rail, operated by Vy. There is no regular traffic south of Rakkestad Station, although the line can be used for freight trains when the Western Line is closed.

The line was built at the same time as the Østfold Line, but opened three years later, on 24 November 1882. Stations were designed by Balthazar Lange. The Eastern Line has always featured fewer trains and had a lower standard. The line was electrified in 1958. It became the first line in Norway to feature the European Rail Traffic Management System, becoming operational in 2015.

Route

The Eastern Østfold Line runs from Ski Station through the municipalities of Ski, Tomter, Hobøl, Eidsberg, Mysen, Rakkestad and Sarpsborg. It largely runs eastwards from Ski, then turns southward at Mysen. With a length of 78.9 km it provides an alternative route to the Østfold Line between Ski and Sarpsborg. The line is single track and electrified at. It is the only railway in Norway to feature ERTMS, with both GSM-R and European Train Control System (ETCS) Level 2. The line's peak elevation of 153 m is reached at Eidsberg Station.

The term Østfold Line is most commonly used to describe the section from Oslo via Moss to Kornsjø. This is sometimes also referred to as the Western Line. Both uses exclude the section from Ski via Askim to Sarpsborg, known as the Eastern Line. At other times Østfold Line is used to refer to the entire network, both via Moss and Askim. Sometimes Western Line is used to only describe the section from Ski via Moss to Sarpsborg. Although the eastern and western branches were initially planned as equals, the western has become dominant due to it always having had a higher standard and serving all through trains.

Planning
The lack of early interest in a railway in Østfold was caused by the ice-free Oslofjord and the perceived non-necessity of build a line where a suitable waterway already existed. Proposals for a railway through the county then known as Smaalenene were first launched with two independent letters to the editor in 1866. They exemplified the debate which would follow, with one proposing a route along the coast through the larger coastal towns, while the other proposed an inner route via Askim and Rakkestad. Preliminary surveys were carried out the following year, which also investigated two routes to the Swedish border, one via Tistedalen and one along Iddefjord. The government was at first less enthusiastic, in part because they were concerned that no line would be built on the Swedish side.

By 1872 the disagreement over an interior or coastal route was raging and a compromise was proposed in which the line would be built with two branches. The government recommended a twin-armed line on 5 April 1873 and was approved in Parliament on 5 June. Detailed surveying was led by Carl Abraham Pihl and concluded on 31 March 1874. He wanted the route to take the shortest possible way from Askim to Rakkestad, bypassing Mysen. The short-cut was not endorsed by Parliament. With increasing cost estimates, Parliament decided to reduce the standard on the Eastern Line. The line was approved with 59 against 42 votes in Parliament on 4 June 1874.

Construction
Construction commenced in 1874, initially only on the section from Oslo to Halden. Work was subdivided into eleven sections on the Western Line and four on the Eastern Line. The former received a rail weight of 30 kilograms per meter (60 lb/ft). Work on the Eastern Line did not start until 1877. It received a track weight of only 25 kilograms per meter (50 lb/ft). A recession hit in 1877 and the government stopped all construction for a period, initially only continuing it on the Western Line. This caused an uproar along the line and municipal councils sent inn demands that construction resume. Funding was thus granted again in 1878. About 1,100 people were hired to work on the Eastern Line. Most of the workforce were Swedish immigrants. Groundwork was conducted directly by the railway based on accords, with the track was laid by contractors.

The Østfold Line was the first railway in Norway were all bridges were built with iron. This allowed for the construction of viaducts at some places, which changed the mass balance allowing the line to follow a better gradient. The most prominent on the Eastern Line was the Solberg Viaduct, the Hobøl Viaduct and the Langnes Bridge. The bridges and viaducts were all designed by Axel Jacob Petersson.

The Western Line from Oslo to Halden was taken into revenue service on 2 January 1879. Construction of the Eastern Line was delayed and was opened in stages. The section from Ski to Spydeberg taken into use on 1 February 1882. Next followed the line to Slitu on 17 July. Ordinary operations commenced on 24 November.

Steam operations
From the 1890s there were two morning trains which ran from Mysen to Oslo. The station was therefore equipped with a roundhouse for two locomotives. A military battery was established at Langnes Bridge in 1899.

Askim Station became a hub for three branch lines. The Kykkelsrud Line was built in 1899to allow access to the pulp mill Glommens Træslliperi. It was extended to Kykkelsrud between 1914 and 1918 in conjunction with the construction of Kykkelsrud Power Station. The Vamma Line was completed in 1909 and later extended. It was used to construct Vamma Power Station. The first was the Solbergfoss Line, which opened in 1918 to allow the construction of Solbergfoss Power Station. The line proved popular and continued with passenger train operations until 4 January 1965. Hafslund built the Hafslund Line from the Eastern Line to their main plant. Built between 1897 and 1899, it remained in use until 1974. The same years there was also a branch line from Rakkestad Station to Rakkestad Tegelverk.

Railcars were introduced on the Eastern Line in 1928. This was a move to make the train more competitive against buses and trucks, which had better surface coverage than the train. The railcars would initially stop at request, normally at level crossings. This was formalized in 1932, when 38 new stations were official established. A large number of these were closed in 1947. The Østfold Line was electrified in 1940, after which all trains on the Eastern Line stopped at Ski for transshipment. Throughout the 1950s there grew up more urban areas around some of the largest stations. The most prominent were Askim, Mysen and Rakkestad, which all received a prominent town center and grain silos.

Electric operations
The Eastern Line was finished electrified on 4 December 1958. The allowed for faster and direct services to the capital. The electrification cost 17 million kroner. Services were predominantly offered with NSB Class 68 multiple units. Later NSB Class 69 became prominent, but the Eastern Line was among the last lines to see them in regular use. When NSB Class 72 was introduced in 2002, the Eastern Line was among the first places it was introduced. Passenger services between Rakkestad and Sarpsborg were terminated on 15 June 2003.

A triangular track was installed at Hafslund Station south of Sarpsborg, operative from 7 April 1995. Trains which wanted to run from the Eastern Line southwards towards Halden previously had to drive into Sarpsborg Station and then change direction. The new 472 m connection line made this unnecessary. Four stations with very low patronage, Drømtorp, Langli, Langnes and Askim Næringspark, were closed in 2012.

The Eastern Østfold Line was chosen as a trial line for implementing the European Rail Traffic Management System in Norway. Trials first ran in November 2013 on the section from Rakkestad to Sarpsborg, as this line did not have regular traffic. The entire line was upgraded for a total 1.2 billion kroner in the following years. In addition to a new signaling system and centralized traffic control, the platforms and stations at Kråkstad, Tomter, Spydeberg, Askim and Mysen were modernized. At the same time NSB started using their newest Class 75 multiple units. The upgrades were official opened on 31 August 2015.

Operations
Regular trains on the Eastern Østfold Line consist of an hourly service from Mysen to Ski and onward via the Østfold Line to Oslo Central Station and then onwards along the Drammen Line to Skøyen Station. In addition there are some rush-hour trains which operate all the way to Rakkestad. Travel time from Mysen to Oslo S is one hour and four minutes, and 41 minutes to Ski.

There is no regular freight traffic on the line. However, if there are closures of the Western Østfold Line, the Eastern Line can be used as a bypass if the trains are equipped with ERTMS.

Architecture
Peter Andreas Blix was hired to design the stations on the Østfold Line, but quit before those on the Eastern Line were designed. The job thus fell to his successor Balthazar Lange, who continued largely in the same style as Blix. The Eastern Line received standardized designs. Second-class stations were built at Spydeberg, Askim and Rakkestad, each which were 123 m2. Third-class stations were built at Kråkstad, Tomter, Slitu, Mysen, Eidsberg, Gautestad and Ise. All the buildings were wooden with rich decorations, especially on the gables.

Future
The Follo Line is under construction and is scheduled for completion in December 2022. It will allow trains to run directly from Ski to Oslo in 11 minutes, down from 23 minutes today. The National Rail Administration has expressed desires to cut the travel time from Mysen to Oslo to 45 minutes. Removal of less used stations, better signaling and the Follo Line are the means by which they hope to achieve this. Critical for this is to reroute the access from the Eastern Line in to Ski Station. With the current layout, they come in from the east and as such cannot access the new line without crossing over all the tracks. To avoid this, a new connection needs to be built with the Eastern Line leaving Ski Station to the south, the one track flying over Western Line and then following a new route to a point around Kråkstad Station.

title: Eastern Østfold Line


text:
User talk:BryanJones

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, BryanJones! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

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WP:CVU status
The Counter-Vandalism Unit project is under consideration to be moved to and/or  status. You have been identified as a project member and your input as to this matter would be welcomed at WT:CVU. Thank you. Delivered on behalf of user:xaosflux 01:16, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:BryanJones


text:
User talk:Mad Cat

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Mad Cat! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
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There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  10:54, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Nice name The League of Crazy M en 11:24, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Image:Benedict Allen with Mentawai.jpg
Hi did you take this pic?Genisock2 02:04, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

 * thankyou for letting me know.Genisock2 12:32, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mad Cat


text:
User talk:Mshahidil

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Mshahidil! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
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There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  10:55, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Image:7CG.jpg listed for deletion
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An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Wikilogogv7.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. User:Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr) 13:31, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mshahidil


text: Category:Megalopygidae

title: Category:Megalopygidae


text:
First of May

First of May may refer to:
 * May 1, the first day of May
 * International Workers' Day, aka Labor Day, chosen by an organization of socialist and communist political parties
 * First of May, a village and municipality in Entre Ríos Province of Argentina
 * A reference to May Day in the context of a fertility or Spring holiday
 * First of May Bookshop, an Edinburgh bookshop that sold LGBT books in the late 1970s - early 1980s
 * First of May (1958 film), a French comedy film
 * The First of May (1998 film), an American independent film
 * First of May (2015 film), Taiwanese film
 * "First of May" (Bee Gees song), a 1969 song by the Bee Gees
 * "First of May", a 2003 song by Jonathan Coulton from the album Smoking Monkey
 * "First of May", poem by Langston Hughes
 * First of May, subtitle of Symphony No. 3 by Dmitri Shostakovich
 * First of May, A novice performer or worker in their first season. Shows usually play the season's opening spot on the first of May, so the term means someone "green" who is new to circus life.

title: First of May


text:
User talk:Texas.veggie

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Texas.veggie! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
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There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  10:56, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Texas.veggie