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Tooth-friendly

The tooth-friendly label distinguishes products which are non-cariogenic and non-erosive, i.e. safe for teeth. To replace sugar, toothfriendly products often contain sweeteners (polyols, intense sweeteners) that are not fermented by the microflora of the dental plaque. Products that are certified as toothfriendly also do not contain excessive amounts of food acids.

History
In 1983, a WHO working group recommended that the consumption of non-cariogenic "toothfriendly" confectionery should be encouraged.

To provide consumers with easy guidance to toothfriendly products, the Swiss University dental schools decided in the early 1980s to launch a new public information campaign on nutrition and oral health. Instead of advising against the consumption of sweets, the new campaign took a different approach. The basic idea was that consumers should be educated and encouraged to eat only confectionery products that would not harm their teeth. Toothfriendly ("Happy Tooth") label was created. This registered trademark distinguishes products (confectionery, beverage, sweeteners, medicine) that have been proven in a scientific test to lack both significant cariogenic and erosive potential.

The "toothfriendliness" of a product is tested by means of intraoral pH telemetry. Applying a standardized method, the plaque pH is measured at least in four volunteers during and for 30 minutes after consumption of the product with an indwelling, interproximally-placed, plaque-covered electrode. Products that do not lower plaque pH below 5.7, under the conditions of this test, lack a cariogenic potential. The erosive potential is measured with a plaque-free electrode. The acid exposure of the teeth must not exceed 40 micromol H min.

The scientific basis for the use of the "Toothfriendly" label has been evaluated and accepted by the Swiss Federal Office of Health, the US-FDA, EFSA, the German Food Control and the competent Australian authorities.

Some examples of toothfriendly sweeteners are: sorbitol, maltitol, isomalt, xylitol, sucralose, stevia, isomaltulose, tagatose, mogroside, and erythritol.

Toothfriendly International certifies products that have been tested and proven to be safe for teeth. It is a non-profit association established in 1989 in Basel, Switzerland. Since then, the association has been granting the rights for the Toothfriendly label to distinguish products that are not harmful for teeth. The members of the organization are dentists, dental and public health institutions, confectionery and oral care manufacturers.

The Toothfriendly Foundation is the charitable arm of the association. The Foundation is responsible for caries prevention projects in less-developed countries.

title: Tooth-friendly


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FlexCast

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Fernando Rizo T/C 00:24, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

FlexCast

 * Delete. nn software, advertising, vanity MCB 08:18, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, also seems to be at least a partial copyvio from link given. Bovlb 08:22:41, 2005-08-29 (UTC)
 * Comment, redacted so it's no longer a direct copy-and-paste. PS. No I didn't do the original one. 69.142.2.68 08:24, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - NN, advertising.--inks 08:45, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dottore So 17:10, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete totally useless, adverstising. --Sebastian Kessel Talk 20:15, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jachin 22:12, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN. Cnwb 00:13, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

College of Agriculture and Life Sciences is the name of several colleges at different universities that offer instruction in agriculture and the life sciences.

 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Arizona
 * The College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences at Clemson University
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Florida
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Idaho
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Iowa State University
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Kyungpook National University
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Mississippi State University
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Seoul National University
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Texas A&M University
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Vermont
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Virginia Tech
 * The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Wisconsin–Madison


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Zin Desert

The Wilderness of Zin or the Desert of Zin (מדבר צין, Mīḏbar Ṣīn) is a geographic term with two meanings, one biblical and one modern Israeli, which are not necessarily identical.

Biblical Desert of Zin
The Desert of Zin is an area mentioned by the Torah as containing Kadesh-Barnea, and it is therefore also referred to as the "Wilderness of Kadesh".

Biblical Desert of Sin
Similarly named is the Wilderness of Sin. Modern English translations make a distinction, but it is not easily evident from the Septuagint and the Vulgate which, apart from a couple of instances, render both Hebrew ṣīn and sîn as "Sin". The "Wilderness of Sin" is mentioned by the Bible as being adjacent to Mount Sinai; some consider Sinai to refer to al-Madhbah at Petra, adjacent to the central Arabah, and it is thus eminently possible that the "Wilderness of Sin" and the "Wilderness of Zin" are the same place.

Identification
As of 1899, most scholars, as well as traditional sources, identified the Wilderness of Zin as being part of the Arabah.

Modern Desert of Zin
Modern Israel has adopted the name for a specific southern desert area, which might or might not be identical with the biblical Wilderness of Zin.

It was this region that the British Arabist and adventurer T. E. Lawrence was exploring in a military survey for the British army when he was drafted into service. His expedition, funded by the Palestine Exploration Fund, included a survey of the entire Negev Desert.

Important Bird Area
A 25,000 ha tract of Israel's "Zin Desert" area near Sede Boqer, 50 km south of Be'er Sheva and some 300-600 m above sea-level, has been recognised as the Cliffs of Zin and Negev Highlands Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. Significant bird populations for which the IBA was designated include sand partridges, common cranes, MacQueen's bustards, black and white storks, pallid scops owls, desert tawny owls, Egyptian and griffon vultures, sooty and lanner falcons, Arabian babblers, hooded wheatears and Sinai rosefinches.

title: Zin Desert


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User talk:Bungar

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Enjoy your stay! Havok (T/C) 08:21, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Bungar


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Afternoon, a story

afternoon, a story, spelled with a lowercase 'a', is a work of electronic literature written in 1987 by American author Michael Joyce. It was published by Eastgate Systems in 1990 and is known as one of the first works of hypertext fiction.

afternoon was first offered to the public as a demonstration of the hypertext authoring system Storyspace, announced in 1987 at the first Association for Computing Machinery Hypertext conference in a paper by Michael Joyce and Jay David Bolter. In 1990, it was published on diskette and distributed in the same form by Eastgate Systems. It was followed by a series of other Storyspace hypertext fictions, including Stuart Moulthrop's Victory Garden, Shelley Jackson's Patchwork Girl and Deena Larsen's Marble Springs. Eastgate continued to publish the work in the 2010s and distributed it on a USB flash drive.

Plot and structure
The hypertext fiction tells the story of Peter, a recently divorced man who witnessed a car crash. Hours later, he suspects that the wrecked car may have involved his ex-wife and their son.

The plot may change each time it is read if the reader chooses different paths.

Critical reception
Robert Coover reviewed this work i August 29, 1993  in the New York Times Book Review, "Hyperfiction; And Now, Boot Up the Reviews"

This is a highly discussed work of electronic literature since it was one of the first electronic interactive novels, therefore many articles have been written about it. Espen J. Aarseth devotes a chapter of his book Cybertext to afternoon, arguing that it is a classic example of modernist literature. It is however often thought of as a work of postmodern literature, as evidenced by its inclusion in the Norton Anthology of Postmodern American Fiction.

Chapters of Jay David Bolter's Writing Space and J. Yellowlees Douglas's The End of Books or Books Without End also discuss afternoon, as does Matthew G. Kirschenbaum's Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.

A number of scholars have discussed the extent to which afternoon extends or breaks with conventional definitions of narrative.

Early scholarship used and adapted the theory of narratology to understand afternoon. One of the first examples is Gunnar Liestøl's article "Wittgenstein, Genette, and the Reader's Narrative in Hypertext" in George Landow's Hyper/Text/Theory (1994). Jill Walker's 1998 analysis explores "ways in which the text confuses the reader but also the many stabilising elements that aid the reader to piece together a story". Rasmus Blok discusses "the sense of narrative" in afternoon.

This work was analyzed in Astrid Ensslin's work, Pre-web Digital Publishing and the Lore of Electronic Literature (2022).

Translations and editions
afternoon has been published in many different editions since it was first distributed on a floppy disk with a handwritten label in 1987. Dene Grigar has compiled an overview, with details about each edition.

The hypertext fiction has been translated into Italian, German, Polish and French.

title: Afternoon, a story


text: Category:Methylating agents

title: Category:Methylating agents


text: Category:Ethylating agents

title: Category:Ethylating agents


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Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning

Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning (née Stuart; 31 March 1817 – 18 November 1861) was a British aristocrat, artist and the first Vicereine of India. She was one of India's most prolific women artists – two portfolios in the Victoria and Albert Museum contain some 350 watercolours by her, the result of four major tours in the country. Her husband was Charles Canning, who served as Governor-General of India from 1856 to 1858 and then as Viceroy of India until 1862.

As the elder daughter of the British ambassador to France, she was born and raised in Paris. She moved to England with her family in 1831, marrying Canning four years later. From 1842 to 1855, Lady Canning served as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria and was a favourite of the monarch. She moved to Calcutta in 1856 upon her husband's appointment, and two years later she became India's first vicereine when the British Crown took over India.

As an artist and botanist Lady Canning collected flowers and plants during her frequent trips around India, while drawing the natural scenes around her. She became ill shortly before her scheduled return to England, and died of malaria in Calcutta. Her death was widely reported in England, where she was exemplified as a symbol of feminine virtue in the Victorian era. A type of Indian dessert, ledikeni, is named after her.

Early life and marriage
Charlotte Stuart was born on 31 March 1817 at the British embassy in Paris. Her father was the British ambassador, Sir Charles Stuart (later Baron Stuart de Rothesay), a grandson of the 3rd Earl of Bute. Her mother was Lady Elizabeth Yorke, a daughter of Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke.

Charlotte's grandmother, the Countess of Hardwicke, was present for the birth; in a letter, she observed that the "first look of the young lady was so strikingly like her father as to make us all laugh". She was named after her godmother Queen Charlotte. A year later, Charlotte was joined by a younger sister, Louisa Anne (later Marchioness of Waterford); the pair were considered beautiful despite the plain looks of their parents.

Charlotte stayed in Paris with her family, acquiring a fluency in French, until 1831 when her father finished his posting as ambassador. They returned to London where they lived in a newly constructed residence in Carlton House Terrace. Three years after returning to London, in 1834, Charlotte came out in society. Shortly after doing so, she met the Hon. Charles Canning, only remaining son of the former Prime Minister, George Canning. The younger Canning proposed and Charlotte consented, but her father declined to permit the match due to political disagreements he held with George Canning. Eventually, under family pressure, he agreed to allow the marriage.

Charlotte married Charles Canning on 5 September 1835 at St Martin-in-the-Fields, London. He was elected to the British Parliament the following year, and in 1837 succeeded to his mother's title as Viscount Canning, whereupon Charlotte became Viscountess Canning. In 1859 Charles was raised in the peerage as Earl Canning and Charlotte became Countess Canning.

Lady of the Bedchamber
In 1842, Charlotte was appointed as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Victoria, becoming a favourite of both Victoria and her husband Prince Albert. She accepted the offer within a day, writing that serving the queen was a "source of pride and gratification". She may have consented for financial reasons, as the family, while respectable, was not wealthy. Her childless marriage to Lord Canning was also not the happiest of unions.

Charlotte held this position until 1855. Hubbard notes many traits that likely secured Charlotte her role in the Victorian court. In addition to being well-connected – as the daughter of an ambassador and spouse of a rising politician – Charlotte was of respectable character; she was discreet, intelligent, socially adept, and beautiful. She was also fluent in French, making her useful in certain social situations, and she was known for her intelligent conversation. Being a Lady of the Bedchamber was largely ceremonial; Charlotte served as a companion of the queen, accompanying her on daily outings and to formal ceremonies. She also entertained visiting royals and dined with the queen when Victoria was not with her family.

Lady Canning was an adherent of Anglicanism, her religious views tending towards high church traditions, despite Victoria's personal dislike of this perspective. Victoria favoured worship within the Presbyterian tradition found within the Church of Scotland; her ladies-in-waiting were drawn from different wings of the Established Churches.

Vicereine of India
Lord Canning was appointed Governor-General of India, and the couple moved to the country in January 1856. They resided at Government House in Calcutta. She disliked the formality and routine of the residence, writing that "its greatest sin is its intense dullness". The couple spent their retreats at Barrackpore, a "resonantly Anglicized place" sixteen miles from central Calcutta. An accomplished botanist, Canning came to love Barrackpore's "jungly" characteristics, noting that the "luxuriant growth in the jungly ground outside, of dazzling green during the Rains, is more beautiful than I can describe and I always think of the Palm House at Kew".

Lady Canning was in the country during the India Mutiny, a rebellion in India against the rule of the British East India Company that ran from May 1857 to July 1859. Her husband was much criticized for his perceived clemency of the rebels, but the Cannings had the firm support of Queen Victoria. After the end of the Mutiny, rule of India was transferred over to the British Crown. Lord Canning was made its viceroy, making his wife the country's first vicereine. Her new position lacked official duties, but she did play a social role and partook in philanthropic efforts.

Artistry
Owing to her high position in the country, Charlotte once described her situation as being "isolated to a degree I could never have imagined". She found comfort in her collection and artistic renderings of India's flora, and devoted much of her time to the garden at Barrackpore. As an amateur artist, Canning favoured watercolours and kept many portfolios of her works. The historian Eugenia W. Herbert describes Charlotte as the "most memorable and the most accomplished of the women botanical illustrators in India". Her efforts fill the pages of nineteen volumes, currently being held in Harewood House. She was also one of India's earliest photographers, taking many photos, and also commissioning and collecting others.

Also interested in natural history, Cxharlotte collected samples when travelling with her husband on his tours of India. Her cousin accompanied one of these trips and noted that Charlotte's "genuine love of plants and flowers makes every step in this country of interest to her." She also travelled without her husband. She kept a journal and wrote frequently to Queen Victoria, providing detailed accounts of life in India to the fascinated monarch. She also sent nature samples to Victoria's children. Victoria, in turn, replied regularly. Much of their correspondence still remains.

Death and legacy
After five years in India, Charlotte looked forward to returning to England and her family, with the intended departure date planned for sometime in January 1862. Queen Victoria had granted her rangership of Greenwich Park. She embarked on one final trip to see the mountains surrounding Darjeeling in October, and continued her trip into the following month by returning to Calcutta. She became ill during the journey and died at Government House of malaria, in her husband's arms. She was buried on the grounds of Barrackpore, in a small garden her husband described as a "beautiful spot" that looked upon a river she "was so fond of drawing". News of her demise reached Queen Victoria shortly before the death of her own husband, Prince Albert, in December.

Lady Canning's death was widely reported in England, where it "generated an extraordinary, unanimous demonstration of patriotic grief." She was exemplified as a symbol of feminine virtue across the British Empire, and her death was said to have "cast a gloom over Calcutta." Lord Canning grieved heavily and visited her grave daily; known for his reserved demeanour, he broke down into tears when comforted by the Bishop of Calcutta. He sent details of her final days to Queen Victoria, not realising that the monarch was also in mourning for the loss of a spouse. He did not long outlive his wife, dying the following year of liver disease. As a result, it fell to his heir Hubert de Burgh-Canning, to arrange for the construction of her tomb. By 1913, her grave and memorial were located adjacent to St John's Church in Calcutta, which is now viewable to the public.

Two portfolios in the Victoria and Albert Museum contain many of her watercolours and drawings. In India, a sweet dessert called ledikeni (or "Lady Kenny") bears Lady Canning's name. It is very similar to a pantua and is made of chhana and flour, and soaked in sugar syrup. There are several legends behind the dessert's origins; one holds that a confectioner named his concoction after Lady Canning in honour of her birthday, while another says the sweetmeat was prepared to commemorate her visit to India in 1856. It is said that it became more famous because of its name than its taste. It became fashionable among the Bengali elite to eat ledikeni in the decades after her death.

title: Charlotte Canning, Countess Canning


text:
Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Institute of High Pressure Physics, also known as Unipress (Polish: Instytut Wysokich Ciśnień Polskiej Akademii Nauk) is a scientific institute founded in 1972 by the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN).

Main fields of activity

 * Biological materials
 * Food preservation
 * High-pressure instrumentation
 * Nanocrystalline materials
 * Optoelectronics
 * Semiconductors
 * Superconductors

Notable people

 * Sylwester Porowski


text:
Past Brothers

The Past Brothers Rugby League Football Club, or Brisbane Brothers Rugby League Football Club nicknamed the Leprechauns, or more commonly known as Brothers, or as The Brethren, was a rugby league club based in the city of Brisbane, Australia, that played in the top level of football from its foundation in 1929 until 1998. The club previously played in the Queensland Cup and the Brisbane Rugby League premiership, but no longer plays in those competitions.

History
Past Brothers was founded in 1929 when former members (Tom Gorman, Gerry Allman, Stan Ross amongst others) of the Brothers Old Boys decided to found a new club to compete in the Queensland Rugby League Metropolitan competition in Brisbane.

Brothers Old Boys remained in the Brisbane Rugby League competition for the 1929 season before going back to rugby in 1930, whereupon the Past Brothers Club joined the Brisbane Rugby League competition.

Past Brothers did not win its first premiership until 1935 but quickly backed it up with more in 1939, 1942, and 1943. When district football was introduced in the 1930s, Brothers clearly defied the idea as, unlike their competition counterparts Valleys, Norths, Souths, Easts and Wests, they were not a location in Brisbane. Although the pressure was placed upon them by governing bodies, they were allowed to keep the unique name.

In the 1960s, while playing for Brothers, Peter Gallagher was selected as captain of Australia.

Brothers last success was as premiers in 1987, defeating the Redcliffe Dolphins in the grand final. The club had been runner-up to the Wynnum-Manly Seagulls the year before. By the time the Brisbane Broncos entered the Sydney Rugby League premiership in 1988, they were in financial trouble that only got worse as the years progressed. They were forced out of their traditional home at Corbett Park by financial administrators, and after temporarily playing out of Crosby Park, they relocated to Bray Park, renaming the club Pine Rivers Brothers. In 1998, they moved back to Brisbane under the name Brisbane Brothers and became a feeder club to the Broncos, before closing at season's end.

Seemingly out of its financial hardship by the turn of the century, Brothers applied for a position in the 2000 and 2001 Queensland Cups, but was ultimately unsuccessful. In 2002, it merged with Valleys and formed Brothers-Valleys, playing in the Quest Cup before re-entering the Queensland Cup in 2004. Brothers-Valleys finished last, with the only point coming from a draw in round 1. A new name and jersey were planned for the following year, but on 22 November the Queensland Rugby League announced, "The only club not participating in 2005 will be Brothers Diehards. While the QRL acknowledges the rich history associated with the organisation, the club’s inability to meet specified guidelines has resulted in this situation."

At present, Past Brothers' spirit continues to compete in the South East Division junior competitions, playing out of Gibson Park in Stafford as Brisbane Brothers JRLFC.

Crest and colours
Traditionally, the club wears a predominantly navy blue jersey with white butcher stripes (irregular hoops), although for a time they wore an all-navy blue jersey with a thick white bar through the middle. The numbers on the backs of the players' jerseys were normally red on a white background, although, depending on the jersey design being used, they were sometimes white on a blue background.

Home grounds
Traditionally the club's home ground was Corbett Park in The Grange. However, it was forced out by financial administrators when the club's financial position severely worsened. The club temporarily played out of Crosby Park in Albion and Lang Park, but in 1996 it relocated to Bray Park in the Pine Rivers Shire, hoping for greener pastures. This proved unsuccessful, and in 1998 the club was back in Brisbane. Through feeder club arrangement with the Brisbane Broncos, it played some "home" games as curtain-raisers at ANZ Stadium, with the remainder at Crosby Park, sharing the venue with Brothers Rugby Club. Currently, the brand name lives on in Brisbane through the junior club, Brisbane Brothers JRLFC, which has successfully operated out of Gibson Park, Stafford, since 2006.

title: Past Brothers


text:
Banque Indosuez

Banque Indosuez was a French bank, the product of the 1975 merger of Banque de l'Indochine and Banque de Suez et de l'Union des mines. It was purchased by Crédit Agricole in 1996, and formed the core of what is now Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank. As of 2022, its brand survives in Indosuez Wealth Management, the Crédit Agricole group's wealth management arm.

History
In 1966, to prevent an outright takeover of military-industrial concern Schneider by Belgium's Empain group, the Banque de l'Indochine acquired 10 percent of Schneider's capital. As a consequence of that transaction, Empain took 11 percent of the bank's own capital. Its chairman François de Flers then attempted to counter Empain's influence in the bank (as the rest of the shareholder base was highly dispersed) by inviting the Compagnie Financière de Suez, with which the bank had several common business interests, to invest in it as well. In January 1967, Suez acquired 7 percent of the bank's capital, the same amount as held by Empain by then. De Flers subsequently invited La Paternelle, an insurer, to acquire a further 4 percent of the bank's capital, thus consolidating a group of friendly shareholders. In late 1969, the Assurances du groupe de Paris (AGP), a holding company that had been formed in the meantime and owned La Paternelle, owned 22 percent of the Banque de l'Indochine, and by 1972, 45 percent. AGP subsequently sold its stake to the Compagnie Financière de Suez. In 1975, the latter merged the Banque de l'Indochine with its subsidiary the Banque de Suez et de l'Union des Mines, to form Banque Indosuez.

Banque Indosuez was nationalized, together with its longstanding rival Paribas, by the government led by Pierre Mauroy under President François Mitterrand. It was then privatized in 1986 by the government led by Jacques Chirac. A decade later in 1996, it was purchased by Crédit Agricole and renamed Crédit Agricole Indosuez in 1997, incorporating Crédit Agricole's international and market activities.

Indosuez Wealth Management

Indosuez Wealth Management is the wealth management arm of the Crédit Agricole group and perpetuates the Indosuez brand, even though it covers a much narrower market segment than Banque Indosuez used to. It is headquartered at 17 rue du Docteur Lancereaux in Paris and has offices in several financial centers, including in Geneva.

Overseas developments
In Vanuatu, Indosuez incorporated its branches in 1978 to form Banque Indosuez Vanuatu (BIV). The government of Vanuatu took a 20% stake in BIV in 1983 as BIV was performing a number of central banking functions, though it was not the monetary authority. In 1993, Bank of Hawaii acquired Banque Indosuez's operations in Vanuatu to form Banque d’Hawaii (Vanuatu). Bank of Hawaii sold these operations to Australia and New Zealand Banking Group in 2001.

In 1982, following Indosuez's nationalization, the Malaysian activities were reorganized as the Malaysian-French Bank. These were acquired by Multi-Purpose Capital Holdings Berhad in 1987, and renamed Alliance Bank Malaysia Berhad in 2001 after merger with six other banking institutions in Malaysia.

In 1983 the government of Papua New Guinea invited foreign banks to open affiliates on condition that the foreign parent could only own 49 percent. However, it agreed that Bank of Papua New Guinea (BPNG; the central bank) would buy that portion of the remaining shares that local investors did not take up. Banque Indosuez established Banque Indosuez Niugini—49 percent Indosuez, 41.5 percent BPNG, and the remainder public. In 1997, Bank of Hawaii purchased Banque Indosuez Nuigini Ltd in Papua New Guinea from Banque Indosuez and renamed it Bank of Hawaii (PNG) Ltd.

In 1989, Banque Indosuez closed its branch at Mata-Utu in Wallis and Futuna.

Westpac acquired Banque de Polynésie in 1990, when Indosuez was divesting itself of almost all of its overseas retail banking operations. In New Caledonia, Westpac also acquired the operations of Banque Indosuez in 1990, but sold them in 1998 to Société Générale Calédonienne de Banque, a subsidiary of Société Générale.

The activity in Djibouti became Banque Indosuez Mer Rouge and later Bank of Africa (Red Sea), the second largest bank in Djibouti.

title: Banque Indosuez


text:
Rahul Sanghvi

Rahul Sanghvi (born 3 September 1974) is an Indian cricketer, specialising in left arm orthodox spin. He played for the Delhi state team. He played one Test match, which was the first Test between Australia and India in 2001 but was dropped after Australia claimed a 10 wicket victory. He played in 10 One Day Internationals. He has played first-class cricket for three teams: Delhi, North Zone and Railways.Currently Rahul is with IPL Franchise Mumbai Indians where he is managing the team and scouting of players since the inception of IPL in 2008. Rahul is also looking after MI Capetown, MI Emirates, MI Women's team and MI Newyork Teams as well. Much of the success of MI's talent scouting goes to Rahul's sharp and intellegent cricketing mind as he can scout talent with ease.

In 1997–98 he set a world record when he took 8–15 for Delhi against Himachal Pradesh in a Ranji Trophy One Day match which later in 2019 Shahbaz Nadeem broke,a two-decade-old world record for best bowling figures in List A cricket, with a haul of 8/10 against Rajasthan. In 2016 he was found violating the conflict of interest for performing his existing role at IPL while being a DDCA selector.

title: Rahul Sanghvi


text:
Talk:Celestial marriage

Untitled
Perhaps this article should be merged with "Sealing (Mormonism)". There is significant overlap but different approaches to the subject. At least they ought to be made consistent with one another. --andersonpd 08:28, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

This article needs to be cleaned up quite a bit. The opening paragraph suggests that only The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints performs celestial marriages, but subsequent paragraphs confuse the different usage of the term among different groups. As it stands, it's not very useful and should either be re-written or merged into another article. --NThurston 22:44, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that there is overlap. I came to this article as a redirect from "Eternal Marriage". I was hoping to find information on world religions that teach some principle or another of post-mortal marital relationships, a non-Mormon-centric article much like the article Baptism for the dead. I know many people believe in marriage in the after-life, it's quite a romantic notion. But I'm not sure how many or which religions teach it as a doctrine. If there are others besides the LDS church, than this article could definitely use revision to cover that and the LDS focus should be kept in Sealing (Mormonism). Unless someone wants to write a new article, but I think it's a topic that can best be covered in an existing one.-Puff (talk) 20:45, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Celestial marriage historically synonymous with plural marriage
The article states that historically, celestial marriage and plural marriage were synonymous terms. I believe this is accurate, but there are some editors who are intent on changing this. I think to do so they would need to find a pre-1890 source where it is clear that a non-polygamous marriage is being referred to as "celestial marriage". This does not mean just quoting D&C 132 and interpreting it as you please—we need another source.

To illustrate the problem of using D&C 132: one editor in an edit summary said evidence that the terms were not synonymous could be found in that D&C 132 mentions "wife" in the singular. This interpretation totally disregards that the section speaks of marrying this wife in the "new and everlasting covenant", which historically was also understood to mean plural marriage.

Of course, the LDS Church interprets these words differently today, but that's not the point. The point is that historically they were the same. –SESmith 23:14, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Pretty sure you would have to show that the terms are historically synonymous rather then challenge people to prove they aren't. This is a bit like asking people to show references that the pyramids were never used as indoor ballooning arenas. Drewder (talk) 20:03, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Swedenborg
Someone added a paragraph that contradicted the Swedenborg section, and seemed to be written with a very apologetic bias so I removed it. If the author disagrees with the removal, please provide evidence to support your assertion. Descartes1979 05:10, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, I thought it should be removed too and was about to. –SESmith 05:13, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * As did I, but I didn't remove. The someone was an anonymous editor, User:201.220.15.66. My edits were to remove the "some historians" and other weasel language and pro and con POV language. -Visorstuff 19:06, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Celestial Marriages and Celestial Plural Marriages
It isn't simply that the scripture itself says "a wife" singular is included in the doctrine of celestial marriage. It is the history.

The fact is that sealings for time and eternity (i.e. Celestial marriages) were being performed for monogamous couples long before 1890. The majority of the sealings were between one man and one wife all throughout the Church's history.

The Official History of the Church, Vol. 5, p.134-136:

"...it is borne in mind that at this time the new law of marriage for the Church—marriage for eternity, including plurity of wives under some circumstances—was being introduced by the Prophet, it is very likely that the following article was written with a view of applying the principles here expounded to the conditions created by introducing said marriage system."

Marriage for eternity included plural wives only "some circumstances". Most eternal marriages were not plural. The Doctrine and Covenant's "new and everlasting covenant" referred to eternal marriage as opposed to "till death do us part". I invite anybody to read the section for themselves.

Notice that Lorenzo Snow had to specify that he was referring to Celestial plural marriage instead of just celestial marriage:

"He knew the voice of God—he knew the commandment of the Almighty to him was to go forward—to set the example, and establish Celestial plural marriage. He knew that he had not only his own prejudices and pre-possessions to combat and to overcome, but those of the whole Christian world…; but God…had given the commandment" [The Biography and Family Record of Lorenzo Snow, pp. 69-70 (Salt Lake City, 1884)].

However, if you prefer to keep your bias in the Wiki page rather than my supposed bias, feel free to do so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Smpf38 (talk • contribs) 17:55, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

External Links & Swedenborg
The link for heaven and hell chapter 40 is not really related to this article neither is the reference. I noticed that Swedenborg stuff has already been removed and I think these are just left overs. It would be better to have a link to an article written by someone in the LDS church. I will remove the two items, and if someone can find reason to put it back be my guest. Redrok84 (talk) 02:56, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I restored the content and the link - I think it is quite relevant. I could use some help looking up the reference so we can get it sourced, since I don't have a copy of Quinn's book.--Descartes1979 (talk) 19:32, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Major restructuring proposal in a related article
A major restructuring proposal for all polygamy articles related to Mormonism has been made at Talk:Joseph Smith, Jr. and polygamy. Please visit and give your two cents. --Descartes1979 (talk) 05:27, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Alleged linguistic incoherence
The "afterlife" link takes to "celestial Kingdom" which redirecst to Degrees of glory. I wonder if "degrees of glory" could be directly written in the article... Anyone has anything to say about it? Maurice Carbonaro (talk) 12:42, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Context on public perception from media or responses from independent organisation?
It is surprising that there is no mention of the mainstream public controversy and skeptical perception around this celestial marriage concept. The article could be improved by adding a position from a non-religious organisation eg NYT, BBC or government body. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.41.217.162 (talk) 00:52, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

Zero evidence women will have to choose between husbands
"Proxy sealings, like proxy baptisms, are merely offered to the person in the afterlife, indicating that the purpose is to allow the woman to choose the right man to be sealed to, as LDS doctrine forbids polyandry." I see zero evidence to support this conclusion. The statement "as LDS doctrine forbids polyandry" is not evidence, since the LDS church also forbids polygamy. I consequently removed all after the word "indicating." I'm not an experienced wikipedia editor, so I hope that's alright. Thanks. 24.10.178.224 (talk) 22:18, 27 April 2014 (UTC)
 * As a believing LDS Church member, it is my understanding that where multiple marriages are performed, either the persons involved will remain sealed to however many people they got sealed to in this life or they will be given the choice as to which individual they want to remain with. I could be mistaken on this, however, so anyone who has greater knowledge on the subject is free to correct me if I'm in error. In the meantime, I have no problem with the text you removed. Thanks for discussing it on the talk page. I have a tip that may help you. You may want to consider getting a regular registered user account here on Wikipedia. Your edits would thus carry greater weight and be less likely to be challenged and reverted if you were a name rather than a mere IP address. Just something for you to consider. --Jgstokes (talk) 22:51, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 external links on Celestial marriage. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100925074920/http://i4m.com/think/temples/celestial_marriage.htm to http://www.i4m.com/think/temples/celestial_marriage.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100924145805/http://i4m.com/think/temples/temple_legacy.htm to http://www.i4m.com/think/temples/temple_legacy.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100724211938/http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/NEWFILES/IsPMRequiredToday.htm to http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/NEWFILES/IsPMRequiredToday.htm
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Why are only Swedenborgians mentioned?
The Swedenborgian conception of eternal marriage is the only parallel Christian practice mentioned, which I feel is odd, considering the rich traditions of eternal marriage sacraments in ancient and medieval Christianity. There's no conclusive evidence at all that Joseph Smith was influenced by Swedenborg and the supposed links between the Swedenborgian eternal or "heavenly" marriage and the Latter-day Saint eternal marriage are fairly weak. If we are to mention non-LDS Christian parallels to eternal marriage, Swedenborgian views, which are held by only about 50,000 people today, should be only a small portion of the entire section. The Eastern Orthodox Church, with a worldwide membership of 220 million, recognizes its sacrament of holy matrimony to be an eternal spiritual sealing between husband and wife which cannot be broken by death, because Christ overcame death. This marriage sacrament is only binding when performed by the proper priesthood authority. The Oriental Orthodox Churches, with a total membership of around 60 million, hold pretty much the same beliefs, and Orthodox theologians cite early Christian writings for support of their belief in eternal marriage. Jacobalbee (talk) 21:27, 22 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Plus there's the countless types of Christianity where it's taken as a given by most of their worshippers; Church of England for example. I suspect the concept of Eternal Marriage is shared by the great majority of Christians. 2A00:23C5:CE1C:DB01:D9E3:B21E:4712:8758 (talk) 15:31, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

Celestial Marriage
Women may not be sealed to more than one man at any time. Neither in this life nor in the next. Please stop referring to the church as Mormon or LDS. We respectfully ask that you use the full name, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. If you have to shorten, please at least say The Church of Jesus Christ or The restored Church of Jesus Christ. Thank you. 75.170.2.18 (talk) 23:53, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Celestial marriage


text:
Talk:Japantown, Edgewater, New Jersey

Hi, I know the area near Fort Lee and I know all about Edgewater and Mitsuwa. I edited some part because they renouvated the whole place and Kinokuniya's gone. Also, many Japanese people come and buy all their goods in side this marketplace which is very convinent.Englishfun

Is this someone we know...? Thanx 69.142.2.68 08:28, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Also, shouldn't the period be removed from "NJ." ? Thanx 69.142.2.68 08:30, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi, I don't know what you're talking about, but I am the one who created the entry for Japantown in Edgewater NJ... I've been there and it was a requested page, so I wrote what I knew from when I was there. Please add or correct if anything is wrong. My only reference is what I saw when I shopped there. Natsuki 21:21, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

How is this a Japantown?
How is this a Japantown? It is a set of retail stores, it is not a residential center or a center of Japanese culture. Clarifications, please? --ChrisRuvolo (t) 00:54, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It's called Japantown by the people who live in the surrounding area. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 19:24, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I've always heard people (Japanese and English speakers) refer to it as Mitsuwa or Yaohan (back in the day). If referring to the area specificly, they would say "the area around Mitsuwa/Yaohan", or "over by Mitsuwa/Yaohan".  I've never heard it called nihonmachi or Japantown.  --ChrisRuvolo (t) 00:57, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * There are only 3 Japantowns in the United States, all in California. Japantowns must be officially recognized by the government (municipal/state/federal) to be called such. Falsedef 19:40, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japantown, Edgewater, New Jersey


text:
User talk:NatsukiGirl

This is my talk page... see my user page for info about me personally Natsuki 20:15, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, CA
I think that you've gone a little overboard in your description of the Kinokuniya bookstore in the Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, California article, especially since it is already the only commercial establishment mentioned by name. Blank Verse  ∅ 12:33, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually I didn't. Someone laid out a description that was very misleading. She wrote only the few itsems she prefered to buy that were offered at the store, so I filled in the broarder spectrum. We should either leave it detailed or remove it all together, which is fine by me as Kinokuniya has it's owh wiki page anyway. Natsuki 16:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably the best thing is to pare it back to:
 * They have a large selection of Japanese-language books, magazines, music CDs, manga and anime. They also have a selection of English-language books on Japanese subjects, and translated manga and anime.
 * How does that look? The other choice, like you've said, is to delete the description completely. I'm a partial to the store since it one of the places that I always visit when I go to Little Tokyo, but the description is really not necessary to the article. Blank Verse  ∅  16:59, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yea, that's better. I'm partial as well, my loft is about 15-min by foot from Weller, actually, and I go to that particular branch on a weekly basis. The original description looked a bit biased toward what that person prefered... not a propor reflection of what the store offers. Your new short version is best. Natsuki 19:00, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I spend enough money there only going every 2-3 months (from the Long Beach area). I'd go broke if I went there every week.
 * Since you're in the LA area, you might be interested in the Southern California WikiProject. There's also been one LA meetup that happened very close to you (at Phillippe's) and there's info on future meetups at WP:MULA. Blank Verse  ∅  15:39, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hahaha, well, I mostly walk there and back as my weekly "fresh air" (if we can even call it that 'gags on stanky L.A. air'). Also, I do all my food shopping at Marukai and Mitsuwa, we go out for ramen a lot, and they stagger the new magazines I like to get at Kino, which works out to my having/wanting to go on over there every week. Natsuki 17:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Testing
A suggestion: If you want to test things without using your User page, you can create a subpage under your user name. Although many users name their test page a sandbox, you can use any name that you want. Here is a link for a sandbox page for you: User:NatsukiGirl/Sandbox. You can also have multiple subpages, so some users use them for creating notes to themselves, to work on articles before they edit them, to work on new articles, etc.

For your signature: I was going to mention the problems that I saw in your test signature, but it looks like you are figuring it out. Blank Verse  ∅ 17:00, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hahaha, thanks... actually, I can't figure it. I was trying to code it like like so NatsukiGirl\talk however, even in raw format it sems to only want to accept the talk link... and not the main link. I switched back to normal to give up, and now it won't link anything at all. NatsukiGirl 17:03, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ack... I that's weird... now the talk isn't a link even though I did it by hand there.... O_o wtf NatsukiGirl

You have to remember that a link that goes to the page that the link is on becomes bolded, but not a link. For example: User talk:NatsukiGirl. It looked like you actually had it right, but it didn't look right because you were using the signature on your User and Talk pages. That's another reason you should test something like your signature on a Sandbox page. Blank Verse  ∅ 17:11, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hahaha, now I feel like a dumb ass... I should have noticed this... Thank you! ^^;;

 * Weeeee -- NatsukiGirl \talk 20:00, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure! I'll be proud to be listed as a NatsukiFriend. ;-) Blank Verse  ∅  07:35, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Welcoming other editors to the Wikipedia
One thing that you'll find as you participate in the Wikipedia is that the Wikipedia has a number of unwritten traditions, such as always bottom-posting your messages and replies on Talk pages. Another tradition is that welcome messages are placed on a user's Talk page and not on their User page. That means that a couple of the new editors that you have welcomed recently on their User page have also recieved welcomes on their Talk page from other editors. I looked at the page for the Welcoming committee, but even that page said nothing about this tradition.

To make it easier, you can use the {{welcome}} template and then add your signature. Many of the regular members of the Welcoming committee have created their own custom welcome messages that they keep on a user subpage and then copy or transclude to the Talk page when they welcome a new editor. Blank Verse  ∅ 11:55, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Vaginal flatulence
Your edits to Vaginal flatulence are appreciated, but do try to assume not only good faith on the part of your fellow editors, but that there might be some research applied. Your edit summary was:
 * wrote better description of causes... men should probably not try to GUESS when it comes to a woman's vagina

As it turns out, the text you were refering to was written by me (a man), but was based on the advice of a woman (a doctor, as it happens) who runs a medical advice column. I wish I could have used her exact words, but of course, that would be a copyright infringement.

It think that ultimately, though you were a bit more wordy about it, the two are roughly the same mechanic from different points of view (one describing the moving of air, one describing the change in structure that causes air to move in the first place).

Again, thanks for your work on Wikipedia, and happy editing! -Harmil 22:52, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I think I get it... in which case, the way you wrote it makes it sound as if the vagina is changing shape on it's own, when in reality it's not "expanding and contracting" as if controlled by involuntary force... but rather, to produce the SOUND of a vag-fart you have to either displace air using an object or actively squeeze the muscles to contract, otherwise the air would simply seep out without making a sound, and thus wouldn't be a vag-fart.

 * The vagina "getting smaller" doesn't cause the sound... the vagina relaxes back to a smaller size slowly... some kind of extra force is required to create the "fart" noise. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 23:25, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Maison Ikkoku
No, it is not a comedy. It is at best a comedic romance (there is a big difference). The focus of Maison Ikkoku is never on the comedic aspect of the show (nor in the manga). It is on the developing relationship between Kyoko and Godai. Ranma 1/2 was a romantic comedy, while Maison Ikkoku is a comedic romance, and later in the series, tends more towards dramatic romance than comedy. I will admit that Takahashi probably planned it to be a comedy at the start of the series, but it is very evident that as the story evolved, keeping it as a comedy would not work, and the shift was made to focus on the romance/drama of the series. -Js2756 21:28, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You're grabbing at straws now. It IS a romantic comedy, hands down... trying to call it a comedic romance is like trying to say something isn't violet, it's purple. Calling it a romance will cause people to think it's a drama, or sappy... and it's really not, it's a romantic comedy. Unless you can come up with a better reason than "I said so" it's going to remain "romantic comedy" on the wikipage... and I will file a dispute if I have to. Wiki is supposed to be NPOV... and I aim to keep it that way. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 21:47, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Humm... ok, I'll buy the new wording. But please don't mislead people anywhere else. Originally you took out the comedic all together, and that's what I had an issue with. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 21:48, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It may be a case of semantics, but it is still significant. Classifying Maison Ikkoku as a comedy signifies that the primary purpose of the show is to make the viewer/reader laugh.  This is not the case, especially near the end of the series, where the series is by far much more focused on drama, and yes, some sappy romance.  The primary purpose is to tell about Kyoko's and Godai's relationship.  There are comedic elements throughout the show, but never is the focus purely to make the viewer laugh (except in those stupid fillers).  The boxset even states, "It is a story that takes place in Japan.  It is a story about love.  It is a story about life."  This seems to place a lot more emphasis on the romance than the comedy of the show.  In the same vein, Fullmetal Alchemist and Inuyasha should not be listed as comedies.  They have comedic elements, but their primary classification is as fantasy adventure series. -Js2756 11:34, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

What?
You're watching my story unfold? You're waiting for my stuff to get deleted, well thanks. Uhh why? The Fascist Chicken 22:33, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Well it lasted 30 minutes or so, there that's something special. The Fascist Chicken 23:04, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I was joking... I'm the one who put the delete tag on your page. I thought it was amusing watching you try to finish an article that's going to be deleted. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 23:18, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Jerry Mahoney
Hey, give me a chance, I'm still in the process of creating and researching this article. If you'd checked, it's linked from Bruce-Mahoney Trophy. Please don't kill it yet. IceKarmaॐ 02:38, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, ok. I'll remove the tag. I'm not an admin so I can't delete it... not would I, the tag is just so people can check it faster. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 02:40, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi
Hi

You welcomed me before I'd even made an edit. That's quick! James James 02:55, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I was sitting on Recent Changes welcoming people. :) -- NatsukiGirl \talk 05:40, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Your question on Memento
The details of how/when to disambiguate are listed on Disambiguation; if you want a proper disambiguation page, first you'll have to move the page to a new name, then make the disambiguation. But disambiguation pages are usually only used for things with at least three articles to disambiguate between... If there are only two pages, the more common solution is to have one of them come up as the "main" page, with a link at the top along the lines of ''This is a page about momentos. For the movie of the same name, see Momento (movie).'' See Clock tower for an example. Aquillion 03:46, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yea, there should be a disambig... there's the dictionary definition of 'memento', the movie, the phrase 'memento mori', and there's also a few songs also titled 'memento' or 'memento mori.' Thank you for instructions on how to do it. :) -- NatsukiGirl \talk 05:38, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Ack! You need to move pages using the 'move' tab (next to 'history'); see Move. The problem with copying-and-pasting the way you did is that it doesn't preserve the history, making it impossible to see who added what; you should revert Memento and use the move tab to move it instead, then create the new page in its place.

Additionally, you created your cut-and-paste page at Momento (movie), probably because I misspelled it in the link above. That's why your link to it went to a redirect... there was a seperate, older redirect called Memento (movie) that you linked to from your disambiguation which just redirected to Memento.

Unfortunately, that old redirect at Memento (movie) will prevent you from moving Memento there, since you can't move a page over an existing page; so you'll need to ask an administrator to delete the redirect first.

For now, I'll revert the page Memento and redirect my mispelling Momento (movie) there; Memento needs to be moved to Memento (movie) via the move-tab to preserve its history. Then you can create the disambiguation page in its place. Aquillion 06:31, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Haha... I'm so sorry dragging you into this... maybe I should have left it alone. I went to sleep after I tried to fix the link... so that's why I didn't revert it myself. Thanks for all your help. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 16:36, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Welcome messages
Hello! Always remember to use "subst:" when leaving the "Welcome" template:. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:53, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Why is that? I'm going to go sandbox it now and look... but... why exactly is the reason we should do that? Just wondering. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 16:32, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Partly it's because it allows the new user to delete part of it but keep just the links she finds useful (or to re-format the links). Also, if it isn't used, then every time the page is opened it has to retrieve the template text; it's much more efficient to use "subst", which places the text on the page once and for all. See Help:Subst (and Template messages/User talk namespace). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:22, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

this is NatsukiGirl aka 69.231.245.82
There are at least two possible explanations. One is that your internet browser is set (or has been changed) to reject the internet cookies from the http://en.wikipedia.org servers (or set to reject all internet cookies). If you will tell me which browser that you are using, I can probably tell you how to check your settings (as long as it's a WinDoze browser or has a WinDoze version).

Another possibility is that the developers has made a change to the MediaWiki software that has temporarily made things all wonky. That happened to me a couple of months ago where, for about three hours, a sign-in lasted about 5 minutes before I would be logged out (the normal setting seems to be if you don't do anything in 30-40 minutes you get logged out, which means that if you are doing several things at the same time, like also reading your email, you might get logged out).

If you think it is a software bug, you can check the Wikipedia's bugzilla report site, or MediaWiki 1.5 bugs.

Also: Emptying your internet browser's cache can sometimes miraculously clear up problems on the Wikipedia. Blank Verse  ∅ 19:44, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Welcoming IP address
Forgive me, but I noticed your message on Drini's talk page. I thought I would make you aware of a welcome template for IP users:. This tells the user about Wikipedia and encourages them to register an account. Also, sometimes IP users will ask questions or talk to you on your talk page. I hope this helps! Psy guy (talk) 20:10, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * That will come in handy! Thank you for showing me! :) -- NatsukiGirl \talk 20:23, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * You can also use the welcomeip template, which is similar to the welcome template, but you have to pipe your User name (e.g. ).  Blank Verse  ∅  05:42, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

But remember to use "subst" again. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:02, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * yea, I gathered that (points to User:NatsukiGirl/Playroom I already tested subst:Anon there, see?). ;) -- NatsukiGirl \talk 20:27, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I couldn't resist visiting User:NatsukiGirl/Playroom, but it wasn't as exciting as I'd hoped. Still, glad to see that my caveat was unneeded. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:19, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * hahaha, sorry it wasn't exciting... I just wanted to use a word other than 'Sandbox'... "always the rebel" or something. Hehe. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 16:10, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Message from User:Dugan

 * this was originally added to the "Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, CA" section. Blank Verse  ∅  05:42, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Natsuki, is there any possibility for getting a font option on the edit page? I am comfortable in typing 14 point Dugan Dugan 19:15, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

SmackBot
Thanks for your thanks. SmackBot did unlink May, it also made other fixes to links, which is why it puts "&/or general fixes" in the edit summary. The "or" is because someone else may have fixed the "main" problem by the time SmackBot gets there (although with this particular run, I was able to check that hadn't happened). Rich  Farmbrough 10:08 28  March 2006 (UTC).

Happy Birthday
Congratulations! SalvadorRodriguez 19:03, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Huh? why? -- NatsukiGirl \talk 19:52, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Another LA-area Wikipedia meetup?
There is a proposal for a 3rd LA-area meetup at Philippe's on Saturday, 24 June 2006. If you are interested in another meetup, please visit the proposal and comment on the date and location. Blank Verse 08:30, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Atheist and Intelligence groupings on userpage
ok dotn get ticked atme for doiong this but i didnt know how else to send you a message... how did you get those atheist and intelligent things on your profile and the godlike english thing? were those actual test results or just a cutsey thing you did yourself? cause id liek to take the tests also. Thank you Levito

 * I made the yellow atheist and pink intelligence ones, the godlike ones is an actual grouping though, so go to the edit page to see the coding for them, feel free to use and change them when you put them on your own userpage. You can test them out by creating a subpage to your userpage, by the way. Good luck! :) -- NatsukiGirl \talk 21:54, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Babel Userbox
What is the "code" for the babel userbox "This user speaks english at a godlike level"? Much Appreciated. -- Lego@lost EVIL, EVIL! | 06:25, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * you can go to my user page, click edit page, and look at the code. -- NatsukiGirl \talk

The Bot
Again, answering for Hagerman here, just trying to be helpful. But, as far as I know, the way the bot was initially constructed (and it seems to be the most logical to me) was to automatically watch all Wikipedia users. That way, people who don't sign (and there are a lot of them) and who also would probably not sign up for a bot that always signed for them, still are able to be held accountable to the other users in the conversation. So, it watches everybody. But like I said, it takes about four seconds to opt out, which I did, since I always sign and the bot can cause edit conflicts and such. I agree with you that the bot's message can seem a little unnecessary if you are a responsible user who was just about to go back and sign. Overall though, the pros outweigh the cons, in my opinion. Cheers, --Tractor kings fan 21:34, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Shugo Chara
I created the first Shugo Chara article until someone deleted it, then yours was created. So it's revese. I createc the first one but someone identified it as 'Spam', although it wasn't. I am not foolish. The version of the new Shugo Chara article is mine to-date, just check it's history page. If you want the redirect on your Shugo Chara article gone, please say so. no need to fuss. I do not want to sound mean, I'm sorry! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sir aaron sama girl (talk • contribs) 00:03, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * As I said on your talk page and on the shugo chara discussion page, the evidence is available in the histories, and there's simply no arguing at this point. You are probably too immature for wikipedia if you find your actions in any way acceptable. -- NatsukiGirl \talk 20:28, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Re: A comment
Oh, it's on youtube, just search for Shugo chara sub or something. It's in Japanese with subtitles. Crowstar Crow callsTalon Marks 23:00, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia Loves Art
First off, I apologize for the spam. You are receiving this message because you have indicated that you are in Southern California or interested in Southern California topics (either via category or WikiProject, or I happen to know personally).

I would like to invite you to the Los Angeles edition of Wikipedia Loves Art, a photography scavenger hunt to be held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) on Saturday, February 28, 2009, from 1:00 to 7:00 PM. All photos are intended for use in Wikipedia articles or on Wikimedia Commons. There will be a prize available for the person who gets the most photos on the list.

If you don't like art, why not come just to meet your fellow Wikipedians. Apparently, we haven't had a meetup in this area since June 2006!

If you are interested in attending, please add your name to Wikipedia Loves Art. Please make a note if you are traveling to the area (train or plane) and need transportation, which can probably be arranged via carpool, but we need time to coordinate. Lodging is as of right now out of scope, but we could discuss that if enough people are interested.

Thank you and I hope to see you there!  howcheng  {chat} 00:44, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Speedy deletion nomination of Shaka Labbits

A tag has been placed on Shaka Labbits requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article, which appears to be about a real person, individual animal(s), an organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, does not indicate how or why the subject of the article is important or significant: that is, why an article about it should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you can assert the notability of the subject,. Clicking that button will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit |the article's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. You may freely add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

See the guidelines for specific types of articles: biographies, websites, bands, or companies. Jerzy•t 06:29, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Wikipedia Meetup
You are invited to "Come Edit Wikipedia!" at the West Hollywood Library on Saturday, July 27th, 2013. There will be coffee, cookies, and good times! -- Olegkagan (talk) — Message delivered by Hazard-Bot at 04:01, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia Meetup
Help build the Wikipedia community in Southern California at "Come Edit Wikipedia!" presented by the West Hollywood Library on Saturday, August 31st, 2013 from 1-5pm. Drop in for some lively editing and conversation! Plus, it's a library, so there are plenty of sources. --Olegkagan (talk) — Message delivered by Hazard-Bot at 02:51, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

Edit-a-thons at UC Riverside
The UCR Libraries are hosting three edit-a-thons focusing on their great special collections (science fiction, water resources, the Inland Empire and more) on Oct. 12, 2013, Oct. 26, 2013, and Nov. 23, 2013. Please participate if you can! Details and signup here. All are welcome, new and experienced editors alike! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 04:05, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Resurrection of Southern California Task Force
After moving from Los Angeles County to Kern County to San Luis Obispo County, I am finally realizing that there is life in California outside of L.A. and San Francisco, where I lived and grew up. Oh, I have also lived in San Diego, San Bernardino, San Joaquin, Yolo and Sacramento counties, and I earned my undergraduate degree in Riverside County. I am trying to breathe life into the Southern California Task Force, and I hope you will join me. Could you visit our list of participants at the other end of this link and update your description of what you are interested in doing for us, assuming that you still want to be in the mix, that is.

In recompense, I will buy you a drink during the Wikipedia Week I am planning for Morro Bay on the Central Coast in July. Yours sincerely, BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 18:17, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

This Thursday: Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Getty Center
You are invited to join the Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Getty Center in LA on October 15! (drop-in any time, 10am-4pm)--Pharos (talk) 18:25, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

7th Annual Los Angeles Wiknic
It's the 7th Annual Los Angeles Wiknic! Sunday, September 30, 11:00-4:00 PM Pan Pacific Park, 7600 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90036 Hang out. Consume crowd-sourced BBQ! Bask in the glory of late September in Los Angeles (and the glory of our new user group, Wikimedians of Los Angeles). RSVP (and volunteer) here. We hope to see you there! JSFarman (talk) 02:50, 9 September 2018 (UTC) Join our Facebook group, or follow us on Twitter! To opt out of future mailings about LA meetups, please remove your name from this list.

Invitation to attend a Southern California Regional mini Unconference
Who: All Wikipedians & Wikimedians

What: Southern California Regional mini Unconference.

When: Sunday 3 March 2019, 2:00PM PST / 1400 until 4:10PM PST / 1610

Where: Philippe's at Chinatown, Los Angeles

Sponsor: San Diego Wikimedians User Group ( US-SAN )

Your host:

Please add your username to our attendees list so we know how many will be attending, due to the limited size of the cafe.

(Delivered: 00:38, 10 February 2019 (UTC) You can unsubscribe from future invitations to San Diego Wikimedians User Group events by removing your name from the WikiProject San Diego mass mailing list & the Los Angeles mass mailing list.)

Art + Feminism 2019
- MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:06, 3 March 2019 (UTC)

Southern California Wiknic & Bonfire invitation

 Meetup-San Diego-September 2K19 Who: All members of the public

What: Southern California Wiknic & Bonfire.

When: Sunday 1 September 2019, 2:00PM PDT / 1400 until 10:00PM PDT / 2200

Where: La Jolla Shores

Sponsor: San Diego Wikimedians User Group ( US-SAN )

Your host:

Please add your username to our attendees list so we know how many will be attending, and please add your intended potluck contribution to the list.

Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject San Diego at 18:27, 1 August 2019 (UTC). You can unsubscribe from future invitations to San Diego Wikimedians User Group events by removing your name from the WikiProject San Diego mass mailing list, and from the Southern California meet-up group by removing your name from the LA meet-ups mailing list.

Happy New Year from Wikimedians of Los Angeles!
--JSFarman (talk) 02:08, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:NatsukiGirl


text:
Talk:Berkatlah Yang DiPertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan

This page should really be deleted and content merged into Negeri_Sembilan. I might get round to it later, but anyone else is welcome to do it--inks 08:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Translated, though my guess is that this will get AfDed.  x42bn6   Talk  09:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Toothfriendly International

Toothfriendly International is a non-profit association which was established in 1989 in Basel, Switzerland. The purpose of the association is to advance oral health, particularly through preventive measures which include regular oral hygiene (toothbrushing with a fluoridated toothpaste), appropriate dietary habits (avoidance of frequent intake of sugary foods) and regular check-ups by a dentist. It is governed by an executive board of dental professionals.

Since 1989, Toothfriendly International grants the rights for the Toothfriendly quality mark. The Toothfriendly label distinguishes products that are demonstrably not harmful for teeth. The association has national groups in Switzerland, Germany, Turkey, Japan, Korea and Thailand.

The members of the organization are dental professionals, dental and public health institutions, confectionery and oral care manufacturers.

title: Toothfriendly International


text:
User:Paul D. Anderson

I am a software engineer living and working in the Seattle area.

Any opinions expressed are entirely my own.

A vector space, also called a linear space, is a mathematical structure consisting of a set of elements, called vectors, and two binary operations: vector addition and scalar multiplication. These operations have to satisfy certain axioms, listed below.

An example of a vector space is three-dimensional Euclidean space, R3. In this space, a vector consists of an ordered triplet of real numbers, (x, y, z). The components of the vector, x, y, and z, specify the three-dimensional coordinates of the vector, and can represent, for example, position. Vector addition and scalar multiplication for this space are defined component-wise:

 * $$(x_1, y_1, z_1) + (x_2, y_2, z_2) = (x_1 + x_2, y_1 + y_2, z_1 + z_2); \quad a \times (x, y, z) = (a \times x, a \times y, a \times z).$$

Vector spaces are characterized, in part, by their dimension and by the nature of the scalars used. Generally, scalars must be elements of a mathematical structure called a field. Common examples of fields are the real and complex numbers. Many useful vector spaces (but by no means all) are defined over the real and complex numbers. The dimension of a space is, roughly, the number of independent directions in the space. A vector space can have a single dimension, or the number of dimensions can be very large, even infinite. R3 is a three-dimensional real vector space. (Alternatively, it is a three-dimensional space, or 3-space, over the reals.)

Vector spaces are the subject of linear algebra. The linearity of the space derives from the axioms, the study of sets of linear equations. The axioms of the binary operations preserve linearity and are useful in sol

The theory is further enhanced by introducing on a vector space some additional structure, such as a norm or inner product. Such spaces arise naturally in mathematical analysis, mainly in the guise of infinite-dimensional function spaces whose vectors are functions. Analytical problems call for the ability to decide if a sequence of vectors converges to a given vector. This is accomplished by considering vector spaces with additional data, mostly spaces endowed with a suitable topology, thus allowing the consideration of proximity and continuity issues. These topological vector spaces, in particular Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces, have a richer theory.

title: User:Paul D. Anderson


text:
Talk:Landau's function

[Untitled]
I disagree with the preceding recursive formula. IMNSHO, it gives the wrong value for g(29) (it gives 2310, not the correct 2520). (comment by User:128.174.253.191 moved from body of article)

 * The recursion formula is straightforward to prove ; it's just the properties of LCM applied to the definition of the Landau function. If that formula gives g(29)=2310, then g(29)=2310.  Maybe Sloane's has the error.  What evidence do you have that g(29) is really 2520?  An actual partition of 29 whose LCM really is 2520? GTBacchus 08:32, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Feel free to mock me. 2^3 + 3^2 + 5 + 7 = 29, 2^3 * 3^2 * 5 * 7 = 2520. User:128.174.253.191

 * Mock you? Not at all.  Since you found a partition whose LCM is 2520, that means that g(29) really is at least 2520, and the recursion formula, as you note, fails to give that result.  I've just been playing with it, and 29 is the first natural number for which it fails.  If you write out the first 29 maximal partitions, I think it's clear why it fails.  We have the partition 29=5+7+8+9, whose LCM is 2520.  But, there is no k for which 2520=lcm(k,g(29-k)).  For example, if we look at lcm(5,g(24)), it turns out that 24=7+8+9 wasn't a maximal partition for 24, but it's the one that gives the best lcm with 5.  I dunno how much of that made sense, but the recursion formula is certainly wrong.  I'll just remove it now. GTBacchus 18:51, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think asserting it is straightforward to prove and then using "really" twice is rather condescending, however having a pissing match about this is a waste of our time. Amling, formerly User:128.174.253.191.

 * Goodness, I didn't mean that at all, nor do I want a "pissing match". I apologize.  I have no desire to condescend to you.  What an unfortunate miscommunication.  :-(  GTBacchus 06:21, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

On an unrelated note, I don't agree with what you've added about g(n) growing like exp(sqrt(n log(n))). It is unclear what you mean by grows like, but log(f(n)) ~ sqrt(n log(n)) does not imply f(n) ~ exp(sqrt(n log(n))), e.g. for f(n) = n exp(sqrt(n log(n))). I do not know whether g(n) ~ exp(sqrt(n log(n))). Amling

 * Good point. Oops.  Unsubstantiated claim removed.  Good night. GTBacchus 06:21, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. f(n) = n exp(h(n)) does NOT mean log(f(n)) ~ h(n). You're missing a log(n) in there, which can't be removed since it is neither constant nor -> 1...
 * Informally speaking, ln(g(n)) ~= sqrt(n ln(n)) +/- epsilon (epsilon ~= 0), so g(n) ~= exp(sqrt(n ln(n))) * exp(epsilon), and since exp(epsilon) ~= 1, g(n) ~= exp(sqrt(n ln(n))). Is something very wrong about this pseudo-proof? User:128.174.253.191 19:24 28 January 2005 (UTC)
 * Informally speaking, ln(g(n)) ~= sqrt(n ln(n)) +/- epsilon (epsilon ~= 0), so g(n) ~= exp(sqrt(n ln(n))) * exp(epsilon), and since exp(epsilon) ~= 1, g(n) ~= exp(sqrt(n ln(n))). Is something very wrong about this pseudo-proof? User:128.174.253.191 19:24 28 January 2005 (UTC)

Re. equivalence with the Riemann Hypothesis, this article claims "for all n"; the Riemann Hypothesis article claims "for sufficiently large n". The citation in that article is in French, so I am not sure of what it says, although my friend (who is actually a mathematician) believes that it only proves "for sufficiently large n". (I should not actually say "only"; as the claim is equivalence, changing from "sufficiently large" to "all" strengthens one direction and weakens the other.) 66.31.30.18 (talk) 23:32, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Landau's function


text:
Democratic Students Federation

Democratic Students Federation (DSF) is a left-wing student organization in Pakistan. It was first established on 13 January 1951 in Karachi by students of the Dow Medical College, led by Mohammad Sarwar and including MRA Hashmi, Asif Jaffery, Asif Hameedi, Yousuf Ali and S Haroon Ahmed, as the organization that previously dominated campuses, the Muslim Students Federation (affiliated with the Muslim League), began to wither. From its inception, it was close to the Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP), and therefore banned along with the CPP in 1954. Its members, however, managed to infiltrate other student organizations, notably the National Students Federation founded in 1958.

It emerged as a splinter group of the National Students Federation in the early 1970s when a pro-China faction of NSF parted from its pro-Moscow parent party, the Communist Party of Pakistan. In 1981, Anwar Zeb and his associates started the revival of DSF in partnership with the Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP). DSF was further reorganized in 1982, and quickly spread through all of Pakistan. It played an active role in uniting students, labour unions, nationalists and left wing parties to struggle against Ziaul Haq's military and fundamentalist rule. During the struggle it lost its leader Nazir Abbasi who was tortured and killed in military custody. Many of its leaders were thrown in prisons and punished. This leftist and secular organization became more popular in North-West Frontier Province (Pakhtunkhwa), which is now a center of Islamist militancy. However, its influence started to decline after the collapse of Soviet Union in the early 1990s.

title: Democratic Students Federation


text:
User:Cinnamix

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anjing tebisa maen lostsaga memek gm

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title: User:Cinnamix


text:
Pennington's Seventeenth Summer

Pennington's Seventeenth Summer (also called Pennington's Last Term) is the first novel in a quartet for young adults by K. M. Peyton. The series is about Patrick Pennington, known to his friends as Penn. In this first title he is sixteen and in his final year of school. The novel was first published in 1970.

Plot summary
Penn is a troublemaker and is generally disliked by all but two of his teachers, especially Mr Marsh (or ‘Soggy’), who has had it in for him for years. Penn has very little faith in himself or those around him. He habitually causes trouble for himself, due largely to his defensiveness and inability to consider the consequences of his actions. He has already had a number of brushes with the law.

Only the games master, Mr Matthews, and his piano teacher, Mr Crocker, see any potential in him. In this book he discovers that his musical ability is much more extraordinary than he had thought and that he may actually enjoy playing the piano. However, his temper and rash behaviour are likely to lead him to jail before he has a chance to see where his talent can take him.

Sequels
This book was followed by The Beethoven Medal (1971) and Pennington’s Heir (1973).

In The Beethoven Medal, Pat - now a music student - meets 16-year-old Ruth Hollis (chief character of Fly-By-Night and The Team, also by Peyton). While his musical talent is developing, he has yet to master his natural aggression.

In 'Pennington's Heir', Pat and Ruth marry and have a son. They live in poverty while Pat struggles to establish his career as a concert pianist.

The final book in which Patrick Pennington features is Marion's Angels (later retitled Falling Angels). Pat, now a successful professional musician, and Ruth meet Marion Carver and her widowed father. Echoes of a medieval past are mixed with the present as Pat embarks on a concert series to raise funds to restore the church Marion has cared for.

title: Pennington's Seventeenth Summer


text:
York city walls

York has, since Roman times, been defended by walls of one form or another. To this day, substantial portions of the walls remain, and York has more miles of intact wall than any other city in England. They are known variously as York City Walls, the Bar Walls and the Roman walls (though this last is a misnomer as very little of the extant stonework is of Roman origin, and the course of the wall has been substantially altered since Roman times). The walls are generally 13 feet (4m) high and 6 feet (1.8m) wide. They are the longest town walls in England.

Roman walls
The original walls were built around 71 AD, when the Romans erected a fort (castra) occupying about 50 acres or 21.5 hectares near the banks of the River Ouse. The rectangle of walls was built as part of the fort's defences. The foundations and the line of about half of these Roman walls form part of the existing walls, as follows:
 * a section (the west corner, including the Multangular Tower) in the Museum Gardens
 * the north-west and north-east sections between Bootham Bar and Monk Bar
 * a further stretch between Monk Bar and the Merchant Taylors' Hall, at the end of which the lower courses of the east corner of the Roman wall can be seen on the city-centre side of the existing wall.

The line of the rest of the Roman wall went south-west from the east corner, crossing the via principalis of the fortress where King's Square is now located. The south corner was in what is now Feasegate, and from here the wall continued northwest to the west corner. The point where the wall crossed the via praetoria is marked by a plaque in St Helen's Square near the Mansion House.

Multangular Tower
The Multangular Tower in the Museum Gardens is the most noticeable and intact structure remaining from the Roman walls. It was constructed as part of a series of eight similar defensive towers. The walls are almost certainly the creation of Septimius Severus; however, the Multangular Tower is probably a later addition of Constantine the Great around 310–320 AD. It has ten sides, based on a regular fourteen-sided figure designed so that a circle through the internal angles of the internal face is tangential to the curve. The rear four sides are missing to provide access to the interior of the tower. A low plinth or skirt extends out from the lowest course.

The tower stands almost 30 ft tall, has an external diameter of 48.5 ft at the base and 46 ft above the skirt. Length of each side varies from 7.5 ft to 11 ft on the inner face. The tower projects beyond the curtain wall to a distance of 36.75 ft. The foundations are concrete, atop which the tower extends having a rubble and mortar core between ashlar faced courses of small magnesian limestone blocks. At 15 ft a scarcement reduces the thickness of the wall from 5 ft to 3.25 ft, which continues for a further 4 ft before being capped by 11 ft of 13th century masonry in which arrowslits can be seen.

After the Romans
The Danes occupied the city in 867. By this time the Roman defences were in poor repair, and the Danes demolished all the towers save the Multangular Tower and restored the walls.

The majority of the remaining walls, which encircle the whole of the medieval city, date from the 13th – 14th century. From the east corner of the Roman walls, the medieval wall extends to Layerthorpe Bridge. After the bridge, the King's Fishpool, a swamp created by the Normans' damming of the River Foss, provided adequate security for the city, and no walls were ever built in this area.

In the Middle Ages the defence of the city was further helped not just by the walls but on the rampart underneath and the ditch surrounding them. The ditch along the walls was once 60 feet (18.3m) wide and 10 feet (3m) deep. In modern times the ditch was almost all  filled in and no longer exists. For this reason the ground directly around the walls is higher in most places than it would have been in medieval times.

The walls resume beyond the now canalised Foss at the Red Tower, a brick building which has been much restored over the years. They continue south and west around the Walmgate area, terminating in another tower (Fishergate Postern), near York Castle, which was formerly surrounded by its own walls and a moat.

A small stretch of wall on the west side of Tower Gardens terminates at Davy Tower, another brick tower located next to the River Ouse. This originally ran up to the castle walls, with a postern on Tower Street.

Beyond the Ouse, the walls resume at Skeldergate, where there was once another postern. They climb past Baile Hill, take a right turn and proceed north-west parallel to the Inner Ring Road. Near the railway station, they turn right again in a north-easterly direction, finishing at Barker Tower on the Ouse.

Barker Tower was once linked to Lendal Tower by a chain across the river, parallel to the 19th-century Lendal Bridge. A small stretch of wall then leads to the entrance to Museum Gardens, the Multangular Tower and the original line of the Roman walls.

The walls were repaired during the English Civil War by Parliamentarians as well as during the later Jacobite Risings due to fears of an invasion from Scotland.

The walls were restored in the Victorian period after falling into disrepair. The Victorians widened the wall-walk as well as extending it in some areas, (such as in the northern area with views of the cathedral), previously, in some areas, there probably would  have only been narrow ledges that could be used to support a timber wall-walk in times of danger. They also rebuilt the battlements and sometimes the tops of the walls. Some slit windows are at the wrong height and some are narrow for the full width of the parapet. Some parts of the walls still have small holes called musket loops from the 17th century for muskets to fire from although they are of uncertain age due to restoration. In the northern area where you have views of the Cathedral, the walls were defended from interval towers which would have been higher  than they are now after the Victorian restoration. Some of the merlons spaced along the walls were added by the Victorians. However,some pre-date this period as can be seen in the 1782 Micklegate Bar illustration and the 1807 illustration showing the Multangular Tower and walls, although, very few original Medieval merlons remain. Perhaps one of the most notable additions to the wall was Robin Hood tower, built in 1889.

Today the walls are a scheduled ancient monument and a grade I listed building.

Bars
The walls are punctuated by four main gatehouses, or 'bars', (Bootham Bar, Monk Bar, Walmgate Bar and Micklegate Bar below). These restricted traffic in medieval times, and were used to extract tolls, as well as being defensive positions in times of war.

Bootham Bar
Although much of Bootham Bar was built in the 14th and 19th centuries, it also has some of the oldest surviving stonework, dating to the 11th century. It stands almost on the site of porta principalis dextra, the north western gate of Eboracum. It was named in the 12th century as barram de Bootham, meaning bar at the booths, after the nearby market booths. It was the last of the bars to lose its barbican, which was removed in 1835.

Monk Bar
This four-storey gatehouse is the tallest and most elaborate of the four, and was built in the early 14th century. It was intended as a self-contained fort, and each floor is capable of being defended separately. The current gatehouse was built to replace a 12th-century gate known as Munecagate, which stood 100 yd to the north-west, on the site of the Roman gate porta decumana – that location is indicated by a slight dip in the earth rampart. From 1993 to 2020, Monk Bar housed a museum called the Richard III Experience at Monk Bar and today, it retains its portcullis in working order.

Walmgate Bar
Most of Walmgate Bar was built during the 14th century, although the inner gateway dates from the 12th century. It was originally called Walbegate, the word Walbe possibly being an Anglo-Scandinavian personal name. The Bar's most notable feature is its barbican, which is the only one surviving on a town gate in England. It also retains its portcullis and has reproduction 15th century oak doors. On the inner side, an Elizabethan house, supported by stone Tuscan order columns (originally of Roman origin but modified in 1584), extends out over the gateway. The house was occupied until 1957.

The Bar has been repaired and restored many times over the years, most notably in 1648, following the 1644 Siege of York in the English Civil War when it was bombarded by cannon fire, and in 1840 after it had suffered years of neglect. It was also damaged in 1489 when, along with Fishergate Bar, it was burnt by rebels who were rioting over tax raises.

Micklegate Bar
The name of this four-storey-high gatehouse is from the Old Norse 'mykla gata' or 'great road', and leads onto Micklegate. It was the traditional ceremonial gate for monarchs entering the city, who, in a tradition dating to Richard II in 1389, touch the state sword when entering the gate.

The lower section was built in the 12th century while the top storeys in the 14th; the original barbican was removed in 1826. At least six reigning monarchs passed through this gate. Its symbolic value led to traitors' severed heads being displayed on the defences. Heads left there to rot included: Henry Hotspur Percy (1403), Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham (1415), Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (1461), and Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland (1572).

The Bar was inhabited until the 20th century. The upper two floors contain living quarters, which today are a museum known as the City Walls Experience at Micklegate Bar. A restoration of the Bar was completed in late 2017.

Minor bars
Besides the four main bars, there are two smaller bars.

Fishergate Bar
This Bar originally dates from around 1315, when it was documented as being called Barram Fishergate. It was bricked up following riots in 1489, but was reopened in 1827 and today provides pedestrian access through the walls between the Fishergate area (actually Fawcett Street/Paragon Street) and George Street.

Victoria Bar
As the name suggests, this bar is a 19th-century addition to the walls. It was opened in 1838 to provide direct access between Nunnery Lane and Bishophill. However, during its construction the remains of an ancient gateway were found beneath it. This was probably the gateway known in the 12th century as the lounelith or secluded gateway (in comparison to Micklegate Bar or the great bar located four hundred yards away). This was a small entrance to the city which dated back to early medieval times but was blocked up later with earth and stone, possibly during the period when the walls consisted solely of a wooden palisade before they were rebuilt in stone (from around 1250).

title: York city walls


text:
Happy Tooth

The Happy Tooth is a registered trademark of Toothfriendly International. It stands for guaranteed toothfriendly quality.

The Happy Tooth mark distinguishes products that are not harmful for teeth. In order for products to carry the logo they have to be scientifically tested and proven not to be cariogenic or erosive. The test is based on the measurement of the pH of dental plaque and saliva and is carried out by three appointed independent university institutes.

The compliance of a product is tested by means of intra-oral pH telemetry. Applying a standardized method, the plaque pH is measured at least in four volunteers during and for 30 minutes after consumption of the product with an indwelling, interproximally placed, plaque-covered electrode. Products which do not lower plaque pH below 5.7 under the conditions of this test, lack a cariogenic potential. The erosive potential is measured with a plaque free electrode. The acid exposure of the teeth must not exceed 40 mmol H min. Schachtele Ch.F. et al. (1986). Human plaque acidity models – Working Group Consensus Report. J. Dent. Res., 65 (Spec. Iss.): 1530–1531.

Toothfriendly International grants the rights to use the trademark.

title: Happy Tooth