text:
Tina Pic

Tina Mayolo Pic (born May 9, 1966) is an American bicycle racer. She is a 6-time United States National Criterium Championships winner (2002–2005, 2007, 2009) and a 4-time USA Cycling National Racing Calendar points champion (2000, 2004–2006).

Career
Pic graduated from the University of Virginia with degrees in Finance and Marketing. She subsequently enrolled in a pre-medical programme at the University of Georgia, where she switched sports from triathlon and duathlon to cycling, winning the Collegiate National Championship in 1995 and turning professional the following year. Pic announced her retirement at the end of 2009 season, remaining with the Colavita team for 2010 as a director alongside team-mate Rachel Heal, replacing Iona Wynter. After the original Colavita team dissolved in October 2011, Pic joined the refounded Colavita-espnW team for 2012 as a director alongside Wynter. She subsequently made a comeback to racing for the team during the summer of 2012. For the 2014 season, she was the on-road directeur sportif of DNA Cycling p/b K4. In January 2015 she was announced by as part of their squad for the 2015 season.

Major results

 * 1998
 * Superweek
 * 1st July 17
 * 1st July 21
 * 3rd July 23
 * 1st Tour de Moore
 * 3rd Tour of Somerville
 * 3rd 89er Criterium
 * Tour LeFleur
 * 3rd Road race
 * 6th Criterium
 * 5th Time trial, National Road Championships
 * 5th Wilmington Classic
 * 5th Athens Twilight Criterium
 * 6th Overall Fitchburg Longsjo Classic
 * 6th Graton Road Race, Wine Country Classic
 * 7th Overall Enchanted Mountain Stage Race
 * 9th Overall Sea Otter Classic

 * 1999
 * 4th Tour of Somerville
 * National Road Championships
 * 5th Time trial
 * 6th Criterium
 * 7th Road race
 * 5th Overall Tour of the Gila
 * 5th Clarendon Cup
 * 6th LeFleur Criterium
 * 8th Athens Twilight Criterium

 * 2000
 * 1st Overall USA Cycling National Racing Calendar
 * 1st NYC Women's Challenge
 * 1st Tour of Somerville
 * 2nd BMC Tour of San Jose
 * 2nd BMC Software Criterium (Houston)
 * 3rd Overall Parker Dam Road Race
 * 1st La Paz County Park Criterium
 * Sequoia Cycling Classic
 * 3rd Rocky Hill Road Race
 * 4th Visalia Criterium
 * 3rd Merced Downtown Criterium, McLane-Pacific Bicycle Classic
 * National Road Championships
 * 4th Criterium
 * 6th Time trial
 * 8th Road race
 * 4th Overall International Tour de Toona
 * 4th Overall Tour of Willamette
 * 4th Overall Sea Otter Classic
 * 5th Chris Thater Memorial Criterium
 * 5th Capitol Cup Criterium
 * 7th Liberty Classic
 * 7th Clarendon Cup
 * 10th Overall Tour of the Gila
 * 1st Stage 4 (Silver City Criterium)

 * 2001
 * 1st Manhattan Beach Grand Prix
 * 2nd Overall Wendy's International Cycling Classic
 * 2nd Overall Valley of the Sun Stage Race
 * 1st Stage 3 (Mercury Criterium)
 * 2nd Chris Thater Memorial Criterium
 * 2nd Tour of Somerville
 * National Road Championships
 * 4th Criterium
 * 7th Time trial
 * 9th Road race
 * 4th Xcelerate Twilight Criterium
 * 5th Capital Cup
 * Sequoia Cycling Classic
 * 5th Rocky Hill Road Race
 * 8th Visalia Criterium
 * 7th Timex International Women's Open
 * 8th San Rafael Cycling Classic
 * 8th BMC Software Criterium (Austin)

 * 2002
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotUSA.PNG Criterium
 * 3rd Road race
 * 3rd Time trial
 * 8th Liberty Classic

 * 2003
 * 1st MaillotUSA.PNG National Criterium Championships
 * 1st Housatonic Classic Criterium
 * 9th Liberty Classic

 * 2004
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotUSA.PNG Criterium
 * 3rd Road race
 * 1st Overall USA Cycling National Racing Calendar
 * McLane Pacific Classic
 * 1st Road race
 * 1st Criterium
 * 2nd San Fran T-Mobile International
 * 4th Overall Sea Otter Classic
 * 5th Overall Tour du Grand Montréal
 * 1st Stage 1 (ITT)
 * 8th Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic
 * 1st Stage 4

 * 2005
 * 1st PanAmericanJersey.png Road race, Pan American Road Championships
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotUSA.PNG Criterium
 * 3rd Road race
 * 1st Overall USA Cycling National Racing Calendar
 * 1st Stage 7 International Tour de Toona
 * 1st Stage 1 Women's Tour of New Zealand
 * 6th Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic

 * 2006
 * 1st Overall USA Cycling National Racing Calendar
 * 1st Clarendon Cup
 * 1st Garret Lemire Criterium
 * 1st Sunny King Criterium
 * 1st Bikejam
 * 1st Tour of Somerville
 * 1st CapTech Classic
 * 1st Presbyterian Hospital Invitational Criterium
 * 1st Stage 2 Redlands Bicycle Classic
 * 3rd Overall International Tour de Toona
 * 3rd Liberty Classic
 * 4th Australia World Cup

 * 2007
 * 1st PanAmericanJersey.png Road race, Pan American Road and Track Championships
 * 1st MaillotUSA.PNG National Criterium Championships
 * 1st U.S. Open Cycling Championships
 * 1st Tour de Leelanau
 * 1st Presbyterian Hospital Invitational Criterium
 * Central Valley Classic
 * 1st Criterium
 * 1st Road race
 * 1st Richmond Cycling Classic
 * 1st Overall United States Criterium Southeast Series
 * 1st Roswell Race
 * 1st Walterboro Race
 * 1st Greenwood
 * 1st Hanes Park Criterium
 * 7th Overall Tour of Geelong
 * 1st Stage 4
 * 9th Liberty Classic

 * 2008
 * 1st Overall USA Cycling National Racing Calendar
 * 1st Overall US SpeedWeek Criterium Series
 * 1st Beaufort Memorial Cycling Classic
 * 1st Uptown Greenwood Pro Cycling Challenge
 * 1st Steadman Hawkins Cycling Classic
 * 1st Sunny King Criterium
 * 1st Historic Nalley Roswell Criterium
 * 1st Sandy Springs Cycling Challenge
 * 1st Tour of Somerville
 * Fitchburg Longsjo Classic
 * 1st Criterium
 * 3rd Road race
 * 1st Chris Thater Memorial
 * 1st Priority Health Grand Cycling Classic
 * 1st Stage 1 Mt. Hood Cycling Classic
 * 1st Stage 2 Nature Valley Grand Prix
 * 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 * 2nd AT&T Austin Downtown Criterium
 * 2nd Hanes Park Classic
 * 3rd Presbyterian Hospital Invitational Criterium
 * 6th Liberty Classic
 * 9th Road race, Pan American Road and Track Championships

 * 2009
 * 1st MaillotUSA.PNG National Criterium Championships
 * 1st Tour of Somerville
 * 1st Marion Classic
 * 2nd Sunny King Criterium
 * 2nd RFK Criterium
 * 2nd Presbyterian Hospital Invitational Criterium
 * 3rd Chris Thater Memorial
 * 5th San Jose Cycling Classic
 * 5th Hanes Park Classic

 * 2012
 * 4th Exergy Twilight Criterium

 * 2013
 * 5th Sunny King Criterium
 * 6th Delray Beach Criterium

 * 2014
 * 1st Overall Armed Forces Association Cycling Classic
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 1st Athens Twilight Criterium
 * 1st Historic Roswell Criterium
 * 1st Downtown Walterboro Criterium
 * 1st Wilmington Grand Prix
 * 2nd Manhattan Beach Grand Prix
 * 4th Gaffney Criterium
 * 5th Tour of Somerville
 * 6th Charlotte-Belmont Omnium
 * 7th Andersen Banducci Twilight Criterium
 * 8th Spartanburg Regional Classic

 * 2015
 * 1st Overall Tour of America's Dairyland
 * 1st Stages 1, 3, 4, 7 & 8
 * 1st Athens Twilight Criterium
 * 1st Wilmington Grand Prix
 * 2nd National Criterium Championships

 * 2016
 * 7th White Spot / Delta Road Race

title: Tina Pic


text:
Talk:Lane Cove Council

Separate page for the Local Government Area
As per discussion at Talk:List of Sydney suburbs, I have created a separate page for the Municipality of Lane Cove, the Local Government Area. -- Ianblair23 09:52, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Cleaning suburbs in LGAs to remove redlinks
Hi, Can people who know or care about this LGA please have a look at this message and see if they can please help solve any of the 5 redlinks in the "suburbs in this LGA" section of this page? (Usually solution is either to add a stub about the suburb / locality in question, or to remove it from the LGA's list). -- All the best, Nickj (t) 04:16, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Infobox Update
This page has had its infobox updated to Infobox Australian Place. This update has been automatically preformed by TheJoshBot. Please be aware that poorly filled templates can have infomation lost in the transition that is unknown to the bot. Check the page history for more infomation. The following infomation has been lost in the transition, and will need to be converted to the document prose:

Still a municipality ?
Is Lane Cove still a municipality ? I thought the title of Municipality had been replaced by the linguistically retarded "Lane Cove Council".Eregli bob (talk) 11:01, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Lane Cove Council


text:
Alagappa Chettiar

Sir Alagappa Chettiar (6 April 1909 – 5 April 1957) was an Indian businessman and philanthropist. He received the Padma Bhushan award (the third highest civilian award in India) in 1956.

Early life
Chettiar was born in Kottaiyur in the Sivaganga District of Tamil Nadu to K.V.AL. Ramanathan Chettiar and Umayal Achi. He attended Presidency College at Chennai, where he became friendly with Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a teacher who later became President of India. In 1930 at the age of 21 he was the first person to earn an M.A. (English Language and Literature) from the community of Nattukottai Nagarathars.

After his graduation he went to England to study law. He qualified for the Bar at Middle Temple, London, in England in 1933 and became a 'Bar-at-Law' in Chettinad, India. During that time he also earned a pilot certificate at Croydon, London, and became the first Indian trainee in the Standard Chartered Bank, London.

Business career
Chettiar's activities as a business entrepreneur were acknowledged by the British Government when he was knighted in the 1946 New Year Honours at the age of 37; however, he renounced using the title of the knighthood when India attained independence. The President of India on 26 January 1956 conferred the distinction of Padma Bhushan onto him.

Chettiar launched his career by pioneering in textiles. In 1937 he started Cochin Textiles, later Alagappa Textiles at Alagappa Nagar near Thrissur in Kerala. The township for Cochin textile staff was named "Alagappa Nagar" in his memory. He held a diverse portfolio including rubber plantations, tin mines, textile mills, insurance companies, hotels, theatres, a stock exchange company and a private airline.

Philanthropy
Chettiar believed that education is needed for a human being to become productive, wholesome and humane. In 1943 he donated one lakh (100,000) rupees for the installation and development of the Tamil Department of Travancore University.

In 1947 at the Annie Besant centenary celebrations he answered the call for industrialists to help educate India by spontaneously offering to start an Arts College in Karaikudi. This college, Alagappa Arts College started at Gandhi Maleghai, opened three days later. His generous donations led to the establishment of a string of educational institutions, which formed the basis for the foundation of the Alagappa University in 1985 by the Government of Tamil Nadu.

He convinced Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to house one of the Government's National Research Institutes in the heart of the Alagappa campus. At the inauguration of the Central Electro Chemical Research Institute (CECRI) on 14 January 1953, the then vice-president of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan surmised: The magnificent gift of 300 acres of land and fifteen lakhs of rupees by Alagappa Chettiar helped the Government of India to select Karaikudi as the seat of Electro Chemical Research Institute. Being a businessman himself, Dr. Alagappa Chettiar is aware of the industrial possibilities of our country and the need for scientific, technical and technological education. In his lifetime he has built a monument for himself and you have only to look around.

Alagappa Chettiar pioneered the centre of excellence "A.C.College of Technology" (named after him) at Guindy, Chennai, which offers specialised Engineering & Technology courses including Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Refining & Petrochemicals, Textile Engineering, Leather Technology, Industrial Biotechnology, Ceramic Technology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Food Technology, etc. Presently it comes under the governance of Anna University. His gave away his own palatial residence in Kottaiyur to start a women's college.

Notable donations and institutions
His other foundations and charitable donations included:

 * Alagappa Chettiar College of Technology,(Now known as Alagappa College of Technology Campus- Anna University Chennai)
 * Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering & Technology (ACCET) at Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. (Now an autonomous government institution)
 * Alagappa Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
 * Alagappa Arts College, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
 * Alagappa College of Polytechnic, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
 * Alagappa Physical Education College, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
 * Alagappa Primary School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
 * Alagappa Montessori School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
 * Alagappa Preparatory School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu (this is a private school managed by his daughter founded after him)
 * Alagappa Matriculation School, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu (this is a private school managed by his daughter founded after him)
 * Alagappa Model Higher Secondary School at his birthplace, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
 * A ladies' hostel at Vepery, Chennai
 * A gift for the development of the township infrastructure of Kottaiyur
 * A gift for the Meenakshi club at Kandanur, Tamil Nadu
 * A donation for the H.M.I.S Fund
 * Foundation of an engineering college at Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
 * Foundation of a college of technology at Madras University, subsequently named Alagappa Chettiar College of Technology, Guindy, Chennai
 * A donation to establish higher education in Malaysia
 * A donation to establish the South Indian Educational Society at New Delhi in 1948
 * A donation to the Lady Doak College at Madurai
 * A donation for constructing "Alagappa Mandapam" at Thakkar Baba Vidyalaya in 1946 – the Foundation Stone was laid by M.K.Gandhi
 * A donation for publishing Tamil Kalangiyam
 * A donation to the Cochin Cyclone Relief fund
 * A donation for geological research by the Travancore government
 * A donation for establishing a maternity hospital and childcare centre in Cochin
 * A donation for indigenous medicine research by Ernakulam Maharaja College
 * A donation to fund students from Cochin to study abroad
 * Funding the morning food scheme for Cochin children
 * Establishing the South Indian chamber of commerce in Cochin

Death
At the age of 48, Chettiar succumbed to his illness. He was treated for cancer in 1955. After a brief recovery, his health worsened and died on 5 April 1957 at his residence in Vepery, Madras (now Chennai).

title: Alagappa Chettiar


text:
History of Queensland

The history of Queensland encompasses both a long Aboriginal Australian presence as well as the more recent periods of European colonisation and as a state of Australia. Before being charted and claimed for the Kingdom of Great Britain by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the coast of north-eastern Australia was explored by Dutch and French navigators. Queensland separated from the Colony of New South Wales as a self-governing Crown colony in 1859. In 1901 it became one of the six founding states of Australia.

Indigenous people
Established theories estimate that between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, humans first arrived in Australia – although some theories suggest this figure to be much higher. They are thought to have arrived either by boat or by land bridge. The most likely route was from Southeast Asia across the Torres Strait. During the initial ten thousand years, these people and their descendants are thought to have traveled over much of the continent.

Around 25,000 years ago, the ice age began with a rapid drop in the temperature of the Earth of eight degrees. Food was difficult to find and this led to the origin of seed-grinding technology. This climate change is estimated to have lasted for over 10,000 years. As the temperature rose, the land bridges from Southeast Asia to Tasmania were reclaimed by the sea.

About 15,000 years ago, global temperatures warmed and rainfall increased along the eastern coast of Australia. The inland of Queensland, also receiving rainfall, again became habitable. Coastal lands decreased due to rising sea levels and tropical rain forests spread. The Kalkadoon people of the inland central gulf region dug wells 10m deep to maintain their supply of freshwater.

From 10,000 years until European arrival, despite the favourable warmer climate, humans were unable to develop either agriculture or animal husbandry due to the lack of domesticable cereal plants or suitable animals. When James Cook explored and charted the east coast of Australia in 1770–1772 he was able to navigate close to shore in shallow water as HMB Endeavour was flat-bottomed, so he and the other scientists on board had plenty of time to examine the land through telescopes whilst depths were taken every few metres for the charts, but they reported they saw no evidence of either agriculture or permanent structures, which caused them to believe the people were nomads and therefore the land was "Terra Nullius" or without owners.

The peak Indigenous population in Queensland prior to European arrival is uncertain. The number may have been between 200,000 and 500,000 people. Numbers may have decreased at times of epidemics like smallpox. Rough calculations of the population can be made from the knowledge that Queensland supported 34.2 per cent of the total number of tribes in Australia and from the knowledge that 35 to 39 per cent of Australian indigenous people lived in Queensland. Queensland was the most densely populated region of the continent with two of the six to seven hundred Indigenous nations and at least ninety language groups.

European exploration
In 1606, the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of the modern-day town of Weipa on the western shore of Cape York. His arrival was the first recorded encounter between European and Australian Aboriginal people.

In 1606, Luis Váez de Torres, a Spanish explorer may have sighted the Queensland coast at the tip of Cape York. In that year, he had sailed the Torres Strait, the body of water now named after him.

In 1768, the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville sailed west from the New Hebrides islands, getting to within a hundred miles of the Queensland coast. He did not reach the coast because he did not find a passage through the coral reefs, and turned back.

Lieutenant James Cook wrote that he claimed the east coast for King George III of the Kingdom of Great Britain on 22 August 1770 when standing on Possession Island off the west coast of Cape York Peninsula, naming eastern Australia "New South Wales". This included the present Queensland. Cook charted the Australian east coast in his ship HM Barque Endeavour, naming Stradbroke and Morton (now Moreton Island) islands, the Glass House Mountains, Double Island Point, Wide Bay, Hervey Bay and the Great Sandy Cape, now called Fraser Island. His second landfall in Australia was at Round Hill Head, 500 km north of Brisbane. Endeavour was grounded on a coral reef near Cape Tribulation, on 11 June 1770 where he was delayed for almost seven weeks while they repaired the ship. This occurred where Cooktown now lies, on the Endeavour River, both places named after the incident. On 22 August Endeavour reached the northern tip of Queensland, which Cook named the Cape York Peninsula after the Duke of York.

In 1799, in Norfolk, Matthew Flinders spent six weeks exploring the Queensland coast as far north as Hervey Bay. In 1802 he explored the coast again. On a later trip to England, his ship HMS Porpoise and the accompanying Cato ran aground on a coral reef off the Queensland coast. Flinders set off for Sydney in an open cutter, at a distance of 750 mi, where the Governor sent ships back to rescue the crew from Wreck Reef.

19th century exploration and settlement
In 1823, John Oxley sailed north from Sydney to inspect Port Curtis (now Gladstone) and Moreton Bay as possible sites for a penal colony. At Moreton Bay, he found the Brisbane River whose existence Cook had predicted and proceeded to explore the lower part of it. In September 1824, he returned with soldiers and established a temporary settlement at Redcliffe. On 2 December, the Moreton Bay penal settlement was transferred to where the Central Business District (CBD) of Brisbane now stands. The settlement was initially called Edenglassie, a portmanteau of the Scottish towns Edinburgh and Glasgow. Major Edmund Lockyer discovered outcrops of coal along the banks of the upper Brisbane River in 1825. In 1839, transportation of convicts ceased, culminating in the closure of the Brisbane penal settlement. In 1842, a free settlement was permitted. In the same year, Andrew Petrie reported favourable grazing conditions and decent forests to the north of Brisbane, which led shortly to the arrival of settlers to Fraser Island and the Cooloola coast region. In 1847, the Port of Maryborough was opened as a wool port. The first immigrant ship to arrive in Moreton Bay was the Artemisia in 1848. In 1857, Queensland's first lighthouse was built at Cape Moreton.

Frontier war
Fighting between Aboriginals and settlers in colonial Queensland was more bloody than in any other colonial state in Australia, perhaps partly due to Queensland having a larger pre-contact indigenous population than any other colony in Australia, accounting for over one third, and in some estimates close to forty percent, of the entire pre-contact population of the continent. The latest and hitherto most comprehensive survey estimates that some 1,500 European settlers – and their Chinese, Aboriginal and Melanesian allies – died in frontier skirmishes with Aboriginals in Queensland during the nineteenth century. The same study indicates that the number of casualties Aboriginal people suffered in these battles with settlers and native police (frequently described by contemporary political leaders and newspapers as "warfare", "a kind of warfare", "guerrilla-like warfare", and at times as a "war of extermination") is highly likely to have exceeded 30,000. (That is a tripling of the hitherto used minimum estimates for Queensland.) Yet even this figure is liable to increase if the results of the first attempt to use extensive primary sources to calculate the Aboriginal casualties due to violence on the Queensland frontier in this period is used. A paper prepared by Raymond Evans and Robert Ørsted-Jensen for the annual AHA conference at the University of Queensland on 9 July 2014 indicated that a minimum figure of 65,000 Aboriginal casualties is a more realistic figure. The "Native Police Force" (sometimes "Native Mounted Police Force"), recruited and deployed by the Queensland government, was allegedly involved in the oppression, dispossession and murder of indigenous people during this period.

The three largest massacres of whites by Aboriginals in Australian colonial history all took place in Queensland. On 27 October 1857 Martha Fraser's Hornet Bank station on the Dawson River, in central Queensland took the lives of 11 Europeans. The tent camp of the embryo station of Cullin-La-Ringo near Springsure was attacked by Aboriginals on 17 October 1861, killing 19 people including the grazier Horatio Wills. Following the wreck of the brig Maria at Bramble Reef near the Whitsunday Islands, on 26 February 1872, a total of 14 European survivors were massacred by local Aboriginals. The Battle of One Tree Hill and Darkey Flat Massacre also took place in the 1840s.

Separation from New South Wales
In 1851, a public meeting was held to consider Queensland's separation from New South Wales. On 6 June 1859 Queen Victoria signed letters patent to form the colony of Queensland. A proclamation was read by George Bowen on 10 December 1859 whereupon Queensland was formally separated from New South Wales. Bowen became the first Governor of Queensland and Robert Herbert became the first Premier of Queensland. The young colony was keen to fill its treasury. Seeing the gold rushes and their effects in Victoria and New South Wales, the government of Queensland offered significant rewards to anyone discovering payable gold deposits.

Queensland was the only Australian colony that commenced immediately with its own parliament (responsible government), instead of first spending time with a governor appointed by The Crown. By this time, Western Australia was the only Australian colony without a responsible government. Ipswich and Rockhampton became towns in 1860, with Maryborough and Warwick becoming towns the following year.

In 1861, rescue parties for Burke and Wills, which failed to find them, did some exploratory work of their own, in central and north-western Queensland. Notably among these was Frederick Walker who originally worked for the native police. Brisbane was linked by electric telegraph to Sydney in 1861, however, the first operating telegraph line in Queensland was from Brisbane to Ipswich in the same year.

Gold rush
Although smaller than the gold rushes of Victoria and New South Wales, Queensland had its own series of gold rushes in the later half of the nineteenth century. In 1858, gold was discovered at Canoona, creating the short-lived Canoona gold rush. In 1867, gold was discovered in Gympie. James Nash's find was invaluable to the nascent Queensland colony, saving it from bankruptcy. Richard Daintree's explorations in North Queensland led to several goldfields being developed in the late 1860s. In 1872, William Hann discovered gold on the Palmer River, southwest of Cooktown. Chinese settlers began to arrive in the goldfields, by 1877 there were 17,000 Chinese in Queensland gold fields. In that year, restrictions on Chinese immigration were passed.

Late 19th century
1862 saw Queensland's western boundary change from longitude 141° E to 138°E.

In 1863, the first Chief Justice, Sir James Cockle was appointed.

On 25 November 1863, the Presbyterian Church of Queensland was officially established.

1864 was a bad year for Brisbane. In March of that year, major flooding of the Brisbane River inundated the centre of town, in April, fires devastated the west side of Queen Street, which was the main shopping district and in December, another fire, which was Brisbane's worst ever, wiped out the rest of Queen Street and adjoining streets.

1865 saw the first steam trains in Queensland, travelling (from Ipswich to Bigge's Camp, which is now known as Grandchester). Townsville was gazetted as a town in the same year. In 1867, the Constitution of Queensland was consolidated from existing legislation under the Constitution Act 1867. Sugar production was by then becoming a major industry. In 1867, six mills produced 168 tons of cane sugar, by 1870 there were 28 mills with a production of 2,854 tons. The production of sugar started around Brisbane but spread to Mackay and Cairns, and by 1888 the annual output of sugar was 60,000 tons. 1871 saw George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby become the Governor of Queensland.

The first record of a rugby match played in Queensland occurred in 1876.

In 1877, Arthur Edward Kennedy became the Governor of Queensland. The first meat processed in the state occurred at Queensport along the Brisbane River in 1881.

In 1883, Queensland Premier Sir Thomas McIlwraith annexes Papua (later repudiated by the British government).

On 2 June 1883, the decision to form a rugby union association was made at the Exchange hotel in Brisbane.

In 1883, Queensland's population passed the 250,000 mark.

1887, the Brisbane-Wallangarra railway line was opened, and in 1888 there was a 483 mi line opened between Brisbane and Charleville. There were other lines that were nearly complete from Rockhampton to Longreach, and others being constructed around Maryborough, Mackay and Townsville.

By 1888, there were more than 5 million cattle in Queensland. 1891 saw the Great Shearers' Strike at Barcaldine lead to the formation of the Australian Labor Party. The issue in the strike was whether employers were entitled to use non-union labour. There were troops and police called in, some sheds were fired, and there were mass riots. There was a second shearers' strike in 1894. Union-sponsored candidates won sixteen seats at the Queensland elections in 1893.

The 1893 Brisbane flood caused much destruction including destroying the Victoria Bridge.

The land where the Brisbane Cricket Ground now sits was first used as a cricket ground in 1895, with the first cricket match played there in December 1896.

In 1897, Native (Aboriginal) Police force disbanded. In 1897, Queensland passed legislation to appoint the first Chief Protector of Aboriginals in the state.

In 1899, the world's first Labor government, with Premier Anderson Dawson as the leader, was elected into power only to last one week.

In July 1899 Queensland offered to send a force of 250 mounted infantry to help Britain in the Second Boer War (Second Anglo-Boer War). Also in that year, gold production at Charters Towers peaked.

The first natural gas find in Queensland and Australia was at Roma in 1900 as a team was drilling a water well.

The Mahina Cyclone of 1899 strikes Cape York Peninsula, destroying a pearling fleet in Princess Charlotte Bay. The cyclone claimed the lives of around 400 people, making it Queensland's worst maritime disaster.

Indentured labourers from the Pacific Islands
During the 1890s many workers known as the Kanakas were brought to Queensland from neighbouring Pacific Island nations to work in the sugar cane fields. Some of whom had been kidnapped or coerced under a process known as blackbirding. When Australia was federated in 1901, the White Australia policy came into effect, whereby all foreign workers in Australia were deported under the Pacific Island Labourers Act of 1901. At this time there were between 7,000 and 10,000 Pacific Islanders living in Queensland. Most of them had been deported by 1908, by which time there were only 1500–2500 remaining.

Federation to First World War
April 1900 saw the bubonic plague enter Queensland at Rockhampton, where it persisted until 1909.

On 1 January 1901, following a series of referendums, the six Australian colonies including Queensland federated to form Australia as a nation. Certain powers previously exercised by the Queensland Government were ceded to the federal government under the Constitution of Australia. At this time Queensland had a population of half a million people.

The Trackson was an Australian automobile built in Brisbane. In 1901, the Chillagoe smelters commenced operations.

Brisbane was proclaimed a city in 1902.

In 1905, women voted in state elections for the first time.

In 1908, Witches Falls, now part of Tamborine National Park on Tamborine Mountain is declared the first national park in Queensland.

The University of Queensland was established in 1909.

The 1912 Brisbane General Strike lasted for five weeks.

World War I
The United Kingdom declared war against Germany on 4 August 1914. As Australia's new constitution was silent on the declaration of war, on 20 August 1914 Queensland made an independent proclamation of war between His Majesty the King (George V) and the German Emperor (Wilhelm II). Later Queensland made further independent proclamations of war against Austria and Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. Initially in 1914 the war in Europe did not impact greatly on life in Queensland, although the existing militia was deployed in the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force attack on German New Guinea.

The outbreak of war created a heightened sense of patriotism; the call for Queenslanders to volunteer for the Australian Imperial Force met its initial quota of 2500 men by September 1914. With so many willing to enlist, the army could insist on a high standard of physical fitness. However, the only women accepted by the army were single women nurses. Women doctors were not accepted by the army, arguing they could not stand the conditions (despite nurses enduring the same conditions) and, perhaps more tellingly, that male doctors would be unwilling to work with them. This led to a number of Queensland women finding unofficial ways to serve the war effort, e.g. Lilian Violet Cooper, Queensland's first female doctor served in the Scottish Women's Hospitals serving in Serbia while her companion Josephine Bedford also served in the Scottish Women's Hospitals as an ambulance driver in Serbia. Eleanor Bourne, another Queensland doctor, travelled to England to enlist as a medical officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps and later served in the Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps. Visiting London during the outbreak of the war, Annie Wheeler, a married nurse, remained in London and, with the assistance of her daughter Portia, became a volunteer worker for the comfort of Central Queensland soldiers, maintaining a comprehensive card index through which she ensured the soldiers and their families were kept well-informed and supported through practical and financial assistance. Eleanor Bourne. There was also a heightened suspicion of Germans with any known German military reservists being immediately arrested and detained.

In Queensland on 10 January 1916, Canon David John Garland was appointed the honorary secretary of the Anzac Day Commemoration Committee of Queensland (ADCCQ) at a public meeting which endorsed 25 April as the date promoted as "Anzac Day" in 1916 and ever after. Devoted to the cause of a non-denominational commemoration that could be attended by the whole of Australian society, Garland worked amicably across all denominational divides, creating the framework for Anzac Day commemorative services. Garland is specifically credited with initiating the Anzac Day march, the wreath-laying ceremonies at memorials and the special church services, the two minutes silence, and the luncheon for returned soldiers. Garland intended the silence to be used in lieu of prayer to allow the Anzac Day service to be universally attended, allowing attendees to make a silent prayer or remembrance in accordance with their own beliefs. He particularly feared that the universality of the ceremony would fall victim to religious sectarian disputes.

Over 58,000 Queenslanders fought in World War I and over 10,000 of them died.

The state's largest recorded earthquake struck in 1918 near Rockhampton with a magnitude of six.

Between the Wars
In 1919 the "Spanish flu" arrived in Queensland. From January to May 1919 the Queensland Government closed the border between Queensland and New South Wales to try to prevent the spread of the disease. The Queensland Commissioner for Public Health was empowered to examine, detain or isolate anyone with the disease or believed to have been in contact with a sick person. The Queensland Police were authorised to apprehend people or take other actions to prevent breaches of public health laws. Initially, the only border crossings allowed (and supervised by the Queensland Police) were Coolangatta, Wallangarra and Goondiwindi, but faced with public pressure, the Queensland Government extended border crossing points to include Wompah, Hungerford, Wooroorooka, Adelaide Gate and Mungindi. Mungindi was to become a popular target for "border breakers". Despite not being official entry points, the police were required to actively prevent crossings at border locations such as Killarney, Stanthorpe, Texas and Hebel. A number of police officers died from infections acquired in protecting the border. In May 1919 the restrictions on border crossings were removed as it was apparent that the virus was well established in Queensland and police administering the border crossings were returned to their normal duties.

Qantas was founded in 1920 to serve outback Queensland. 1920 saw Matthew Nathan become Governor and actively promotes British migration to Queensland. The Mount Mulligan mine disaster killed 75 workers in 1921. In 1922, the Queensland Legislative Council was abolished, making Queensland the only Australian state (to this day) without a bicameral legislature. On 9 June 1925, the Traverston rail disaster occurs – the worst rail disaster in Queensland's history until 1947. In 1927, the Duke and Duchess of York toured Queensland. They were here to open Parliament House in Canberra but spent time in southern Queensland to meet and greet people. In 1928, the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia makes the first flight, departing from Cloncurry. Also, in 1928, Sir Charles Kingsford Smith landed the Southern Cross in Brisbane, completing the first trans-Pacific flight. In 1935, 101 cane toads were brought into Queensland to try to control pests on sugar cane crops and bred to 3,000, which were released into areas around Cairns, Innisfail and Gordonvale. They have since spread to many parts of Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory. In late 1936 a lightning strike hit the Bundaberg Rum Distillery, destroying the distillery without any loss of life. It was rebuilt and is currently operating on the same site today.

The state's first national park ranger, Mick O'Reily was temporarily appointed between 1919 and 1923.

Second World War
During World War II, many Queenslanders volunteered for the Australian Imperial Force, the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy.

Following the outbreak of war with Japan, Queensland soon became a virtual frontline, as fears of invasion grew. Several cities and places in Northern Queensland were bombed by the Japanese during their air attacks on Australia. These included Horn Island, Townsville and Mossman.

There was a massive buildup of Australian and United States forces in the state, and the Allied Supreme Commander in the South West Pacific Area, General Douglas MacArthur, established his headquarters in Brisbane. Facilities were assigned or constructed to accommodate and train these forces such as Camp Cable south of Brisbane. Tens of thousands of Queenslanders were conscripted into Militia (reserve) units.

On 14 May 1943, the Australian Hospital Ship Centaur was sunk off North Stradbroke Island, by a torpedo from a Japanese Navy submarine. Later in the war, the 3rd Division, a Militia unit made of predominantly Queensland personnel, took part in the Bougainville campaign.

Post war
The 1948 Queensland Railway strike was a nine-week strike over the wages of railway workshop and depot workers. In 1952, Queensland's only whaling station opens at Tangalooma and closed a decade later. A cyclone crossed the coast over Coolangatta on 20 February 1954 causing significant damage.

The Shearers' strike of 1956 saw Queensland shearers off work between January and October in a dispute over wages. Henry Abel Smith becomes Governor in 1958. In 1962, the first commercial production of oil in Queensland and Australia began at Moonie. The first long-distance oil pipeline in Australia carried the oil 191 mi to the newly constructed Lytton Oil Refinery near the mouth of the Brisbane River. A program of drum lines to reduce shark attacks at beaches also began in 1962. 1968 saw Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen elected as Premier. He remained in that role for 19 years. In 1969, the first natural gas pipeline in Queensland and Australia, connecting the Roma gasfields to Brisbane, became operational.

1971 saw escalating protests in regard to the 1971 Springbok tour and Bjelke-Petersen declare a state of emergency in the state In the same year Daylight Saving is introduced to Queensland. Only to be abandoned the following year. The Box Flat Mine explosion took the lives of 18 men in 1972. Two years later the 1974 Brisbane flood caused widespread damage. In 1976, sand mining on Fraser Island is halted.

1980s
1982 saw Brisbane host the Commonwealth Games. In the same year, Eddie Mabo began action in the High Court to claim ownership of land in the Torres Strait on behalf of the indigenous inhabitants, following the Queensland Amendment Act, which was passed that year. In 1985, the Queensland government tried to end proceedings in the High Court by passing the Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act 1985, which claimed that Queensland had total control of the Torres Strait Islands after they had been annexed in 1879. This act was held as contrary to the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 by the High Court in 1988. The well-known Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) decision was handed down in 1992, which recognised the native title.

In 1987 in response to a series of articles on high-level police corruption in The Courier-Mail by reporter Phil Dickie, followed by a Four Corners television report, aired on 11 May 1987, entitled "The Moonlight State" with reporter Chris Masters the Fitzgerald Inquiry (1987–1989), presided over by Tony Fitzgerald QC, resulted in the deposition of a premier, two by-elections, the jailing of three former ministers and a police commissioner being jailed and losing his knighthood. Wayne Goss led the Labor Government to power in 1989. In 1980, the annual State of Origin series began at Lang Park in Brisbane. Two years later the Commonwealth Games was held in Brisbane.

In May 1987, the Fitzgerald Inquiry (1987–1989) into Queensland Police corruption was ordered by Deputy Premier Bill Gunn. On 1 December 1987, Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen was forced to resign as Premier of Queensland. His resignation is accepted by Governor Walter Campbell. In 1987, the Brisbane Bears Australian rules football team joined the VFL as the second team outside Victoria. It was merged with Fitzroy to become the Brisbane Lions in 1997. 1987 saw Brisbane host games of the first ever Rugby World Cup.

Expo '88 was held in Brisbane in 1988 to celebrate the Bicentenary of the First fleet founding the colony of Australia. The event was very successful and helped promote Brisbane and Queensland on the world stage. Also that year, the Brisbane Broncos and Gold Coast-Tweed Giants rugby league teams were founded, followed by the South Queensland Crushers and North Queensland Cowboys in 1995. In 1989, Queensland commenced a three-year trial of Daylight Saving. On 2 December 1989, the National Party government of Russell Cooper was defeated at the state election. The government of Labor Premier Wayne Goss commenced on 7 December 1989.

1990s
The 1990s saw Queensland undergo rapid population growth, largely as the result of interstate migration. Internal migrants were attracted to Queensland's buoyant economy, and the opportunity for young families to more easily purchase homes than market conditions would allow in Sydney. Queensland's population growth during the 1990s was largely concentrated in South East Queensland. In 1991, logging on Fraser Island ceases.

In October 1990, homosexuality was decriminalised in Queensland, the second last state to do so.

By the late 1990s, Queensland's rapid population growth was placing pressure on South East Queensland's infrastructure, including within Brisbane. Major planning of road, rail, electricity and water infrastructure was undertaken to cope with the growing population, with many of these projects being built during the following decade.

In 1992, Queensland held a referendum on Daylight Saving, which was defeated with a 54.5% "no" vote. In 1998, the use of the Brisbane and Bremer Rivers for the barging of coal ceases after 158 years.

The first nature refuge established under Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992 was declared for "Berlin Scrub", a forty-one-hectare site in the Lockyer Valley in 1994.

21st century
In 2001, the Goodwill Games were held in Brisbane. In 2003, both Brisbane and Townsville hosted games of the 2003 Rugby World Cup. In the same year, the oil pipeline running from Jackson to Brisbane bursts open at Lytton, causing Queensland's largest-ever oil spill. Cyclone Larry crossed the Queensland coast in March 2006 becoming the costliest tropical cyclone to ever impact Australia. That year residents of Toowoomba voted against the use of recycled sewage in drinking water in a referendum, halting a project that was described as the world's most ambitious wastewater recycling scheme. 2007 saw Anna Bligh become the state's first appointed female Premier.

According to the Bureau of Meteorology 2010 was Queensland's wettest year on record. At the end of 2010 and into the next year the state experienced widespread floods. Toowoomba and the Lockyer Valley experienced severe flash flooding in January. In February 2011, Cyclone Yasi crossed the Queensland coast in February, causing more damage than Cyclone Larry. In 2018 Gold Coast hosted the 2018 Commonwealth Games. It was the first time the city has hosted the games and the second for the state of Queensland, after Brisbane in 1982.

In 2020, despite a low number of cases during the COVID-19 pandemic, Queensland's state borders were temporarily and conditionally closed, and social distancing was introduced. In 2021, the State borders were again conditionally closed, and on July 21, it was announced that Brisbane would host the 2032 Summer Olympics. In mid-December 2023 Cyclone Jasper caused the record 2023 Cairns floods. It became the worst flooding event in Cairns, since records began in 1915, when the Barron River exceeded its record level of March 1977 at 3.8 metres.

title: History of Queensland


text:
Craigie Senior High School

Craigie Senior High School was a public co-educational high day school, that was located in Craigie, a northern suburb of Perth, Western Australia. The school was established in 1976 and was closed in 2003; and subsequently demolished.

Overview
Craigie SHS's main feeder schools when it opened were Craigie Primary School, Camberwarra Primary School, Padbury Primary School, Lymburner Primary School and Springfield Primary School.

Craigie SHS, opened in 1976, was considered to be surplus to the requirements of the WA Department of Education in 2002 following a decline in enrolments in previous years and was closed at the end of 2003 as part of the Local Area Education Plan. The buildings were demolished in 2004 and the land rezoned as urban in 2008. the land had not been developed; however has since been turned into a residential area.

Students from Craigie SHS moved to nearby state high schools in the surrounding area – Duncraig Senior High School, Belridge Senior High School or Padbury Senior High School. Many of the important historical items from the school are preserved at Padbury Senior High School.

 * School factions:
 * Red = Cook
 * Blue = Dampier
 * Yellow = Stirling
 * Green = Otago

Notable alumni

 * Members of the hip-hop group Downsyde
 * Adam Pedretti from the Australian rock band Killing Heidi

title: Craigie Senior High School


text:
L&HR

L&HR may refer to:

 * Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway, a heritage railway in Cumbria, England
 * Lehigh and Hudson River Railway, a former railroad in northwestern New Jersey, United States

title: L&HR


text:
Talk:Algebraic closure

The proof
From which book is the proof? It is not from Atiyah and MacDonald, which follows the proof from Emile Artin, but I did not check the others.132.229.172.206 (talk) 10:23, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

Untitled
In what way can we speak of the algebraic closure? The K-isomorphism is non-canonical in general. --84.165.192.126 09:55, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

I guess that one step in the proof of the existence of an algebraic closure is missing. Namely, what you've constructed is a field, where each nonconstant polynomial from K[x] has a root. What about polynomials with coefficients from the new field? It seems that you should continue the process and then take the union, don't you? You also should mention the universal property of the algebraic closure and at least state that it holds for your construction. Sorry that I don't have time to insert this changes myself. Alexei — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stepanov239 (talk • contribs) 17:31, 17 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I expanded the proof. You are right. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 01:31, 25 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Algebraic closure


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tidewater plantation

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 06:39, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Tidewater plantation
POV student essay, no Tidewater region content, covered by articles such as Plantation --Dhartung | Talk 09:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - and fail the student that wrote this thing. --Zetawoof 16:09, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ramblings. I can believe that an article on this is write-able, but we would be better off starting over with a clean sheet. -Splash 22:37, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with above folks. -Fang Aili 16:57, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:68.4.4.100

title: User talk:68.4.4.100


text:
Talk:Indonesian philosophy

~

Prune back to stub?
As it is so poor, I suggest this article is pruned back to being a stub then rewritten. 212.84.99.221 13:40, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not clear to me that the article should be here at all (any more than an article on New Zealand philosophy, or Belgian philosophy, or Venezuelan philosophy). There just doesn't seem to be a distinctive school or variety of philosophy from Indonesia (as the article itself seems to say).  I'd have VfDed it, but I wanted to leave time for evidence to be given that proved me wrong. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 20:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Mel, I think we should not move too quickly here. My gut feeling is that there are aspects of ethics and political philosophy that are peculiar to Indonesia, and that given a week or two these might come out. There was a recent call for interwiki cooperation; I think this might be a case in point, and we should allow time for the author/s to improve the page. Banno 20:44, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well I might elaborate this article in the not too distant future, using materials from the Indonesian page. Meursault2004 23:17, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

If you've had a chance to read it, does it do anything to dispel the impression given by this article that in fact there's no distinctive Indonesian philosophy, just philosophy done by Indonesians (just as there's a lot of philosophy done by Dutch philosophers, but no Dutch philosophy)? I know that Banno has a gut feeling on this, but I have a gut feeling that goes the other way, supported by the negative evidence that in twenty-five years of studying and teaching philosophy, I've never seen any mention of Indonesian philosophy. I'd not put it up for deletion on the basis of the gut feeling, but the evidence, and the contents of the article itself, are pushing me in that direction. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:01, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The basis of my "gut feeling" is similar to yours, Mel, in both duration and content; but I'll fill it out a bit for you.

 * I have never read of a distinctively Indonesian philosophy, either; but then, I have never gone out of my way to look for one. But Indonesia is the third most populous nation, and has been buffeted by Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and western imperialism. It is not unlikely that there are philosophical notions that are endemic to the area; or at the least, adapted to Indonesian culture.

 * For example, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika is a notion that should well have been filled out by Indonesian academics. I'd like to know how.

 * Put the page up for deletion if you like. I will vote against it, for several reasons.

 * I think we should keep stubs if there is potential for growth. There is at least potential here. Stubs are good, in the same way as bookmarks are good.
 * I would not have a problem with having an article called New Zealand philosophy or Dutch philosophy, and might one day have a go at Australian philosophy. That the nuances of regional philosophy are not well-known outside of those regions seems to me to be a reason for having such articles in the Wiki, not against it, as you seem to suppose. (indeed, it would seem to me that having a decent categorisation of philosophies by region would go a long way towards dispelling the monolithic and misleading division into "Eastern" and "Western" philosophy - something I might take up in WikiProject Philosophy )
 * and the IP addresses are relatively new editors, and I think should be given the opportunity to work on this article with minimal interference - that is, not much beyond assisting with copy-editing.
 * We have an obligation to avoid the sort of systemic bias that creeps in as a result of our being mostly English-speaking Westerners - see WikiProject Countering systemic bias. Tolerating pages like this is part of that process. So does supporting non-English-speaking editors.

Yours, Banno 21:21, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, everyone! I'm a new kid here. Sorry for showing up late, but it's me who proposed this article. I don't mind the article status of being stub for the time being, since i can look for the valid references for it. I understand Mel's 'gut feeling' about the article. 'Indonesian Philosophy' is a new study even for us Indonesians. it is still growing and hasn't yet very well established such as Western philosophy, something that you Westerners can be proud of. However, as I wrote in the article, 'Indonesian Philosophy' has been studied by Indonesian academics since 1960. it only waits for somebody to 'light the fireworks' for the world and it really happened. 'The fireworks' have burnt Mel and other skeptics :-) FHidayat 9:02, September 4, 2005

Article as it stands (15 ix 05)
The article seems to be using a shifting and very broad notion of philosophy. Sometimes it's the academic discipline (as discussed in Philosophy), sometimes it includes a general world-view or set of cultural beliefs and practices, sometimes it includes theology... and the division into schools is similarly confusing. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:16, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * As an academic discipline, Indonesian philosophy is brand new. But, as a tradition, Indonesian philosophy includes worldviews, set of beliefs, religious speculations. I can show you Mel that your Western philosophy is not distinctive and not original too, if you really exaggerate that Indonesian philosophy is not distinctive and original. I just wonder how in this hybrid cultural interaction we can talk about the originality or authenticity of philosophy. Plato learned philosophy from Egypt, Mao Tse Tung learned from Lenin and Stalin, Nietzsche learned Buddhism, so I think it is no wonder Indonesians learn from you Westerners. No originality? Three of you Westerners read Plato's Phaedo. Each of you cannot reach similar conclusion. Why? Everybody has different understanding and with this difference, you can conclude differently in the form of different understanding, different philosophies. That had been done by Averroes, Avicenna, Thomas Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, when they read Plato's and Aristotle's works FHidayat 04:25, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Plato didn't learn philosophy from Egypt.
 * 2) No-one's denying that philosophers are interlinked, but that wasn't what I was asking about (though I'm still to be convinced that there's any more a distinctive Indonesian philosophy than that there's a distinctive Belgian philosophy, or Welsh philosophy, or Sri Lankan philosophy.
 * 3) The real problem is the the term "philosophy" is being used in a sloppy, vague, and unexplained way, so that a wide range of activities and things are being included with little if any attempt at reflection.
 * 4) The problem about these "schools" is also still there; "school" seems to be being used to distinguish between philosophy done at different times, or influenced by different traditions — but that's not what's notmally meant by the term. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 12:11, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, Mel. I am taking your comments into my full consideration. In near future, i'll add some words in introductory part to explain the term 'philosophy' i operate. Thx a lot. FHidayat 04:31, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

I have cited references
I have finished this article by citing references. Please comment and check. If you think it is satisfying, please set it free from 'verifying' note. Thanks. FHidayat 04:30, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Francis Xavier
Perhaps someone can verify the information on Francis Xavier. First, he was not a Portuguese but a Spaniard. Well actually he was a Basque :-) But did he translate (portions of) the Bible into Malay? I doubt that. It must have been someone else. Meursault2004 11:12, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the criticism, Revo. I've read some on-line articles and they made me sure that Francis Xavier was a Spaniard. He was associated as a Portuguese because the Portuguese King John III sent him to Portuguese colonies in the East Indies. FHidayat 03:41, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Pancasila should be in here...
If any school of thought can even be considered unique to Indonesia it should be Indonesia's Pancasila. I would argue that Pancasila is more than mere ideology because it encompasses a way of life which is very religious yet heterogenically tolerant, cooperative yet not socialist, responsibly accountable but not totallitarian, centralized but not hierarchical. Or at least these are my beliefs of what Pancasila is.

Conceived by a conference of Indonesia's founding fathers (but not by Sukarno alone, though he was the one to originally propose a version for consideration by the BPUPKI), it was an almagam of various philosophies gathered from various Indonesian cultures further refined by debate and discussion. Though much criticism has been flaunted upon it especially since the fall of Soeharto's regime, I personally feel that Pancasila's failure is more because within Soeharto's reinterpretation of Pancasila rather than within Pancasila itself. I also feel that a lot of the unravelling tendencies of Indonesian society is due to our forgetting of past staples of thinking such as gotong royong (familial cooperation), tenggang rasa (tolerance to the point of even helping the celebration of other religions' holidays), tepa selira (patience accompanied by a driven need to improve conditions civilly), etc. all of which is condensed within Pancasila's five tenets.

I'd write more on Pancasila but to do it justice I must dig up my old text books, and do a thorough deconstruction of them to clean them from New Order pollution; a task I fear I am not very qualified to do. --Lemi4 12:53, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree with u, Lemi. As stated in the article, it's Nasroen who has been the one who proposed Pancasila as one of the original Indonesian philosophical theme, and I fully agree with them. I am also planning to add some lines about it. Let's cooperate with it. Please give some beginning lines first. FHidayat 05:53, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, as this article has exceeded its page limit, I added some lines about Pancasila in article titled Pancasila Indonesia. Please comment on it FHidayat

Indonesian terms
There's a problem with Indonesian terms being used without explanation (at least, no explanation when they first appear). In particular:

 * mupakat, pantun-pantun, Pancasila, hukum adat, gotong-royong, and kekeluargaan

Incidentally, I think this article is great. I'm not a philosophy student, but I do think there are distinctive themes in Indonesian philosophy. --Singkong2005 08:55, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * hukum adat (or in Dutch, adatrecht) has been an object of study done by Dutch intellectual Cornelis van Vollenhoven (1874-1933), particularly in his Het Adatrecht van Nederlandsch-Indie. However, as suggested by an Indonesian thinker Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, hukum adat is only a part of adat as a whole. This article has explained (in adat part) that adat embraces in unison a particular society's tradition, custom, convention, law, and pre-scientific knowledge.

 * As for mupakat, this term was assumed as taken from Arabic word muwaffaqat, but was changed into Indonesian spelling, so it came as mupakat. This term was used (especially by Mohammad Yamin, an ultra-nationalist philosopher) to mean 'traditional way to decide something by collective deliberations'. This practice had been done by pre-Indonesian traditional societies or ethnic groups long before they knew the Western concept of democracy. In this article, this term has been explained in adat social structure part.

 * Pantun-pantun has also been explained in this article as an original kind of poem created by Indonesian traditional ethnic groups.

 * As for gotong-royong and kekeluargaan, unfortunately, have not been elucidated in this article. I like to cite here a quote of Soekarno's speech which a bit expounds what being called as gotong-royong. Soekarno said: gotong-royong adalah pembanting tulang bersama pemerasan keringat bersama, perjuangan bantu-binantu bersama. Amal semua buat kepentingan semua, keringat semua buat kebahagiaan semua. Holopis-kuntul-baris buat kepentingan bersama! (Risalah Sidang BPUPKI & PPKI 1995:82). This can be translated as gotong-royong is scarbbling together, sweating together, struggling together. All of us work for all's interest, all of us sweat for all's happiness. All of us march together to work for all's interest. In short, as well-translated by Lemi4 above, gotong-royong is familial cooperation. This leads to another word, kekeluargaan, which can be translated (I am not all sure about it, though) as familiality--a traditional notion that all members of a particular ethnic group belongs to the same family, that is, the same ancestry, so they cannot hurt one another. They must consider other members of the same group as their brothers and sisters they should take care of.

 * By the way, I too find it helpful to give some explanation of the Indonesian terms above when they first appeared in the article, so I am editing it a bit soon. FHidayat 11:20, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Too bad, Singkong2005, I cannot add some more lines since this article has exceeded its page limit. I'm afraid it may affect the Wiki homepage. It seems that we have to be content to have it only in this 'Discussion' page.

Misleading title
As other editors have mentioned, this article does not deal with philosophy as such, but more with ethnic, religious, and political issues in Indonesia. Therefore, it should be renamed to a more appropriate title, or perhaps merged with Indonesia. -- noosphere 09:14, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * This is the peculiar characteristic of Indonesian philosophy which needs explaining. Philosophy in Indonesia has been considered as included in the larger entity called Adat or Kebudayaan and budaya. It hasn't been separated yet as happened in the history of Western philosophy. To indigenous Indonesians, reality is one; politics, religion, philosophy and spirituality are different aspects of the single reality. FHidayat 12:27, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Copy edit and re-read
Some cleanup is strill needed by someone with good knowledge of the material would help - whether the eds of 2 - 3 years ago are still around - who knows - probably moved on SatuSuro 13:25, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

-- I agree with u. Let me clean it up soon and re-read it, re-edit it. Thx FHidayat (talk) 09:52, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indonesian philosophy


text: User talk:71.107.152.90

title: User talk:71.107.152.90


text: User talk:80.160.75.131

title: User talk:80.160.75.131


text:
Melanosis

Melanosis is a form of hyperpigmentation associated with increased melanin.

It can also refer to:
 * Melanism
 * Ocular melanosis
 * Smoker's melanosis
 * Oral melanosis
 * Riehl melanosis

title: Melanosis


text:
Talk:Enigma (musical project)/to do

 * Create articles for Jens Gad, Andru Donalds, Louisa Stanley and Angel X.

 * Expand articles for Sandra Cretu and Frank Peterson.

 * Expand all articles about albums, singles and music videos.

 * Provide more information about Enigma before and after MCMXC a.D.'s release.

 * Provide more information about Michael Cretu's history and work.

 * Improve this article further, I know it's possible. :)

title: Talk:Enigma (musical project)/to do


text:
List of software development philosophies

This is a list of approaches, styles, methodologies, and philosophies in software development and engineering. It also contains programming paradigms, software development methodologies, software development processes, and single practices, principles, and laws.

Some of the mentioned methods are more relevant to a specific field than another, such as automotive or aerospace. The trend towards agile methods in software engineering is noticeable, however the need for improved studies on the subject is also paramount. Also note that some of the methods listed might be newer or older or still in use or out-dated, and the research on software design methods is not new and on-going.

Large-scale programming styles

 * Behavior-driven development
 * Design-driven development
 * Domain-driven design
 * Secure by design
 * Test-driven development
 * Acceptance test-driven development
 * Continuous test-driven development
 * Specification by example
 * Data-driven development
 * Data-oriented design

Specification-related paradigms

 * Iterative and incremental development
 * Waterfall model
 * Formal methods

Comprehensive systems

 * Agile software development
 * Lean software development
 * Lightweight methodology
 * Adaptive software development
 * Extreme programming
 * Feature-driven development
 * ICONIX
 * Kanban (development)
 * Unified Process
 * Rational Unified Process
 * Agile Unified Process

Rules of thumb, laws, guidelines and principles

 * 300 Rules of Thumb and Nuggets of Wisdom (excerpt from Managing the Unmanageable - Rules, Tools, and Insights for Managing Software People and Teams by Mickey W. Mantle, Ron Lichty)
 * ACID
 * Big ball of mud
 * Brooks's law
 * C++ Core Guidelines (Stroustrup/Sutter) P1 - P13 Philosophy rules
 * CAP theorem
 * Code reuse
 * Command–query separation (CQS)
 * Conway's law
 * Cowboy coding
 * Do what I mean (DWIM)
 * Don't repeat yourself (DRY)
 * Egoless programming
 * Fail-fast
 * Gall's law
 * General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns (GRASP)
 * If it ain't broke, don't fix it
 * Inheritance (OOP)
 * KISS principle
 * Law of Demeter, also known as the principle of least knowledge
 * Law of conservation of complexity, also known as Tesler's Law
 * Lehman's laws of software evolution
 * Loose coupling
 * Minimalism (computing)
 * Ninety–ninety rule
 * Open–closed principle
 * Package principles
 * Pareto principle
 * Parkinson's law
 * Principle of least astonishment (POLA)
 * Release early, release often
 * Robustness principle, also known as Postel's law
 * Rule of least power
 * SEMAT
 * Separation of concerns
 * Separation of mechanism and policy
 * Single source of truth (SSOT)
 * Single version of the truth (SVOT)
 * SOLID (object-oriented design)
 * There's more than one way to do it
 * Uniform access principle
 * Unix philosophy
 * Worse is better
 * You aren't gonna need it (YAGNI)

Other

 * Davis 201 Principles of Software Development
 * Don't Make Me Think (Principles of intuitive navigation and information design)
 * The Art of Computer Programming (general computer-science masterpiece by Donald E. Knuth)
 * The Cathedral and the Bazaar - book comparing top-down vs. bottom-up open-source software
 * The Philosophy of Computer Science
 * Where's the Theory for Software Engineering?
 * The Yo-yo problem

Programming paradigms

 * Agent-oriented programming
 * Aspect-oriented programming (AOP)
 * Convention over configuration
 * Component-based software engineering
 * Functional programming (FP)
 * Hierarchical object-oriented design (HOOD)
 * Literate programming
 * Logic programming
 * Modular programming
 * Object-oriented programming (OOP)
 * Procedural programming
 * Reactive programming

Software development methodologies

 * Agile Unified Process (AUP)
 * Constructionist design methodology (CDM)
 * Dynamic systems development method (DSDM)
 * Extreme programming (XP)
 * Iterative and incremental development
 * Kanban
 * Lean software development
 * Model-based system engineering (MBSE)
 * Pair programming
 * Mob programming
 * Rapid application development (RAD)
 * Rational Unified Process (RUP)
 * Rubber duck debugging
 * Scrum
 * Structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM)
 * Unified Process (UP)

Software development processes

 * Active-Admin-driven development (AADD)
 * Behavior-driven development (BDD)
 * Bug-driven development (BgDD)
 * Configuration-driven development (CDD)
 * Readme-driven development (RDD)
 * Design-driven development (D3)
 * Domain-driven design (DDD)
 * Feature-driven development (FDD)
 * Test-driven development (TDD)
 * User-centered design (UCD) (User-Driven Development (UDD))
 * Value-driven design (VDD)
 * Software review
 * Software quality assurance

Other materials, books, articles, etc.

 * Don't Make Me Think (book by Steve Krug about human computer interaction and web usability)


text:
Egg tooth

An egg tooth is a temporary, sharp projection present on the bill or snout of an oviparous animal at hatching. It allows the hatchling to penetrate the eggshell from inside and break free. Birds, reptiles, and monotremes possess egg teeth as hatchlings. Similar structures exist in eleutherodactyl frogs, and spiders.

Birds
When it is close to hatching, a chick uses its egg tooth to pierce the air sac between the membrane and the eggshell. This sac provides a few hours' worth of air, during which time the chick hatches. When a chick is ready to hatch from its egg, it begins the process of "pipping"; forcing the egg tooth through the shell repeatedly as the embryo rotates, eventually cutting away a section at the blunt end of the egg, leaving a hole through which the bird may emerge. Some species, including woodpeckers, have two egg teeth; one on both the upper and lower bill. After time the egg tooth falls off or is absorbed into the growing chick's bill.

Some precocial species such as the kiwi, and superprecocial species including megapodes, do not require an egg tooth to assist them in hatching. They are strong enough at the time of hatching to use their legs and feet to crack open the egg. Megapode embryos develop and shed their egg tooth before hatching.

Snakes and lizards
Most squamates (lizards and snakes) also lay eggs, and similarly need an egg tooth. Unlike in other amniotes, the egg tooth of squamates is an actual tooth which develops from the premaxilla.

Crocodilians
A baby crocodile has an egg tooth on the end of its snout. It is a tough piece of skin which is resorbed less than two months after hatching. Crocodile eggs are similar to those of birds in that they have an inner membrane and an outer one. The egg tooth is used to tear open the inner membrane; the baby crocodile can then push its way through the outer shell. If conditions are particularly dry that year, the inner membrane may be too tough for the crocodile to break through, and without assistance it will simply die inside the egg. Generally, however, the mother crocodile helps free it.

title: Egg tooth


text:
Horn Head

Horn Head is a peninsula in north-west County Donegal, Ireland, close to Dunfanaghy. It forms part of Sheephaven Bay.

Archeological significance
Horn Head has many remains of Neolithic stone circles, court tombs, passage tombs and prehistoric field boundaries.

Natural Heritage Area
Horn Head cliffs rise straight out of the water to a height of about 600 ft/180 m on the ocean side of the peninsula. They are an internationally important colony for breeding seabirds. Species include the European shag and the razorbill. It is designated as an Irish Natural Heritage Area and as a refuge for fauna specifically seabirds. Horn Head cliffs are also designated a Special Protection Area and a Special Area of Conservation by the Irish government.

McSwyne's Gun
McSwyne's Gun is a blow hole on the west side of the peninsula. Previously, during storms, water could be forced through it to a height of 200–300 feet with a noise that could be heard ten miles away. Although still functional, it is not as spectacular any more. Several people have been killed after getting too close and falling in.

Horn Head House
Horn Head House, or Landlord's House as it is locally known, stands on the Sheephaven Bay side of Horn Head. The Horn Head estate was bought in 1700 by Captain Charles Stewart, a veteran of the Battle of the Boyne, who commissioned William Wray of Ards to build the present house in 1701, when it was the largest house in the Dunfanaghy area. Stewart was appointed High Sheriff of Donegal for 1707–08. It remained the seat of the Stewarts of Horn Head, several of whom were also High Sheriffs, from then until 1935. It has been empty since then.

Lookout towers
Horn Head has remains of two lookout towers, one from Napoleonic times and one from World War II. Both give views of the Atlantic Ocean and Tory Island.

title: Horn Head


text:
Karl Bermingham

Karl Bermingham (born 6 October 1985) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a forward.

He began his career in the Premier League with Manchester City spending the first three years of his professional career, also having brief loan spells with both Lincoln City and Burnley before returning to his native Ireland. He remained in Irish football for the rest of his career playing for Newry City, Derry City, Waterford United, Monaghan United, Shelbourne and Longford Town. He has represented the Republic of Ireland at schoolboy level.

Early career
Bermingham played for the Irish-based club until moving to Manchester City's youth system. He made his league debut, however, for Lincoln City, where he spent three months on loan at the end of the 2004–05 season. At the start of the 2005–06 season he made a number of appearances in first team friendlies for Manchester City but did not play any competitive matches.

During Autumn 2005 he was loaned out to Burnley, and was released by Manchester City at the end of the 2005–06 season. He had an unsuccessful trial with Dunfermline Athletic in July 2006 before signing with Newry City in October, scoring on his debut against Coleraine.

Return to Ireland
In early 2007, he was invited to join Derry City on trial prior to the impending kick-off of the 2007 League of Ireland season. Impressing in pre-season, he earned a one-year contract with the Candystripes on 2 February 2007.

In July 2007 Bermingham joined Waterford United and made his first appearance for the Blues against Shamrock Rovers on 10 July 2007. He scored his first goal for the Blues during his home debut against Sligo Rovers in a 2–1 loss.

Bermingham signed for Monaghan United for the 2009 First Division season. In his first season with the Mons, Bermingham scored 17 goals, equalling the club's single season record, held by Andy Myler. The 2010 season was not as successful for Bermingham, with manager Mick Cooke preferring a strikeforce of Sean Brennan and Philly Hughes, but Bermingham still managed to score 10 goals.

Bermingham parted company with Monaghan United following the 2010 season. He scored 29 goals in 70 league and cup appearances for the club. On 20 February 2011, Bermingham signed for Shelbourne. Bermingham secured promotion with Shelbourne to the Premier Division in 2011 but struggled to score goals with one goal in 24 league and cup appearances. He also made an appearance for Shelbourne as a substitute during their 2011 FAI Cup final defeat to Sligo Rovers.

Bermingham departed Shelbourne at end of 2011 and signed for Longford Town ahead of their First Division campaign in 2012. He was released by Longford at the end of the 2012 season.

Career statistics
Correct as of 6 November 2011.

Competitions include Setanta Sports Cup, Leinster Senior Cup, Munster Senior Cup and League of Ireland promotion/relegation play-offs

title: Karl Bermingham


text:
User talk:Hengest

Odinic rite
could you give an edit summary, please? is the Italian group not a "chapter" in spite of their claim? Is there evidence for a French group? hearth, you will note is less informative a link as kindred. dab (ᛏ) 10:04, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * see my reply on Talk:Odinic Rite. I also invite you to give your opinion regarding terminology (and accuracy) on Talk:Persecution of Heathens. regards, dab (ᛏ) 12:41, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Odinist Fellowship
I moved a comment you left at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Neopaganism to Talk:Odinist Fellowship where it is much more likely to be noticed by that article's contributors. Thanks. Jkelly 01:45, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Hello
I edited the Odinist Fellowship entry to be more accurate. If you have any further information about the Fellowship and what happened to it upon Else's death it would really help to round out the article. Here are two links to groups identifying themselves as the Odinist Fellowship. One has not been updated since Else's passing and the other is in the UK. Kindred Folk, Odinism in West Yorkshire WeniWidiWiki 06:30, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Odinist entries
Hello - hopefully I am catching you while you are still online. I'd really like to make a push to get some verifiable references in the OR and OF entries with some citations from books and news articles if that is possible - I know such things must exist, but I'm on the other side of the pond and don't have the access to them that you probably do. Any help would be much appreciated. - WeniWidiWiki 16:43, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Odinic Rite
An article that you have been involved in editing, Odinic Rite, has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. GeezerBird (talk) 23:39, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Hello, Hengist
Hengist, I go back to the early days of the Odinic Rite, from the time of John Yeowell and Ralph Harrison. I remain a friend of Ingvar, although I continue to support the Odinic Rite as well. --ThorLives (talk) 00:43, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Well that still gives you no right to pass yourself off as the Odinic Rite. Ingvar is no friend of the OR and attempted to destroy it before setting up the Odinist Fellowship, after being categorically denied permission to use the name by Else Christensen. I have now made it clear on the discussion page that you do not speak for the OR and that the OR has no interest in petty internet squabbles about what others choose to label themselves. Hengest (talk) 20:34, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hengest


text:
User:Prqc

Hey all! My main concern regarding Wikipedia are articles on current affairs, as well as biographies of notable politicians.

Currently, I am working on the following entries in Wikipedia:

 * Christian Wulff
 * Don Brash
 * Angela Merkel
 * Gerhard Schröder
 * Indira Gandhi

My overall objective is to ensure that Wikipedia preserves its liberal standards, whilst also becoming a readable, modern and accessible encyclopaedia for everyone, regardless which country or continent we live. In cases of suggestions, just feel free to to drop a line. See y'all later.

title: User:Prqc


text:
International Basketball League

The International Basketball League (IBL) was a semi-professional men's basketball league featuring teams from the West Coast of the United States. In 2010 the Albany Legends became the first team in the Northeastern United States to join. The IBL also sometimes featured teams from China and Japan which temporarily relocated to the United States for the IBL season. The IBL season typically ran from the end of March through July.

History
Founded by Portland area sports promoter Mikal Duilio, the league featured rules designed to create a fast-paced, high-scoring brand of basketball. Duilio first began planning for the league with a series of test games in Portland and Seattle in November 2003. These games featured a mixture of traditional college and NBA rules, plus two rules created specifically for the league:

 * The "Immediate Inbound" Rule: After a made basket, the referee threw the ball to a nearby player from the team which had been scored on, instead of a player throwing in the ball from under the basket, to eliminate wasted time.
 * A 22-second shot clock was used instead of the NBA's 24-seconds. A defensive non-shooting foul or kicked ball reset it to 12.

The test games proved popular and resulted in the founding of the IBL in August 2004. Founded with eight teams, the league expanded to 17 by the start of the season in April 2005. Each team played approximately 20 regular season games, most of them centered on their home region, with the teams with the two best records playing in a championship game at the end of the season. The Battle Creek Knights won the inaugural title by going undefeated in the regular season and beating the Dayton Jets in the finals.

In the league's first year, the up-tempo rules resulted in the average team scoring 126.9 points per game, nearly 30 points more than the NBA team average in 2004–05, and slightly higher than the NBA record for points per game by a team in a single season, set by the Denver Nuggets in 1981–82.

In 2010, the league launched a winter season which saw nine different teams compete. Four teams played an entire schedule and thus made them eligible for the playoffs.

In July 2011, Duilio sold the league to Vancouver, Washington, businessman Bryan Hunter. Sharleen Graf was appointed as the league's new commissioner.

In March 2014 the IBL ceased operation as an independent entity and combined with the West Coast Basketball League (WCBL). Teams were split into an 'International Conference' and 'Continental Conference' based on geography. The owner of the NBA over the past decade has actively been internationalizing the game by recruiting potential international players and expanding overseas markets.

Joined other leagues

 * Akron Cougars (joined the Universal Basketball League. The league folded before the first season.)
 * Battle Creek Knights (joined the Independent Basketball Association)
 * Dayton Air Strikers (rejoined the Premier Basketball League)
 * Gary Splash (joined the Independent Basketball Association
 * Holland Blast (joined the Independent Basketball Association)
 * Lake County All-Stars (joined the Independent Basketball Association)
 * Lansing Capitals (joined the Independent Basketball Association)
 * Kankakee County Soldiers (left to form the Independent Basketball Association )
 * Salem Stampede (joined the National Athletic Basketball League)
 * Santa Barbara Breakers (joined the West Coast Pro Basketball League)
 * Snohomish County Explosion (joined the National Athletic Basketball League)
 * Washington Raptors (joined the American Basketball Association)
 * West Virginia Wild (joined the National Professional Basketball League, then the American Basketball Association)

Commissioners

 * Mikal Duilio (2004–July 2011)
 * Sharleen Graf (July 2011 – 2014)

Players

 * Toby Bailey, former UCLA player and NCAA Champion; NBA player
 * Tim Hardaway, former Golden State Warriors star
 * David Jackson, former NBA and Euroleague player; former Oregon Duck
 * Shawn Kemp, former Seattle SuperSonics star
 * Lamond Murray, 13-year NBA veteran
 * Dennis Rodman, former Chicago Bulls player and Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame member
 * Bryon Russell, former Utah Jazz star
 * Fred Vinson, former Seattle SuperSonics player and current NBA Assistant Coach
 * Grayson Boucher American street ball player

Coaches

 * Rob Ridnour, head coach of the Bellingham Slam and father of Seattle SuperSonics guard Luke Ridnour
 * Logan Vander Velden, head coach of the Battle Creek Knights and former Los Angeles Clippers player

title: International Basketball League


text:
Mirjalol Qosimov

Mirjalol Kushakovich Qosimov (Mirjalol Qoʻshoqovich Qosimov, Мирджалол Кушакович Касымов; in English also: Mirdjalal Kasimov or Kasymov) (born 17 September 1970) is a former head coach of the Uzbekistan national football team. He also played for the national team as a playmaker in midfield. Qosimov is currently the manager of AGMK.

Club career
Qosimov finished his career in 2005 with Mash'al Mubarek, which plays in Uzbek League (O'zbekiston Oliy Ligasi). He played a vital role in Mash'al becoming runners-up during the 2005 Uzbek national football club championship, which was the club's best ever finish. 2005 he decided to finish his career. Kasimov previously starred for Pakhtakor Tashkent and Alania Vladikavkaz in Russia. With 210 goals in his playing career, he is a member of Club 200 of Berador Abduraimov and Gennadi Krasnitsky club. He is one of the most successful and famous players of Uzbek football of the modern period.

Qosimov was the first Uzbekistani and the second Asian player after South Korean Cha Bum-Kun to have scored in UEFA competitions, UEFA Cup. On 12 September 1995, in the 1995–96 UEFA Cup, he scored for Alania against Liverpool.

International career
In 1987, Qosimov got his first international experience as a member of the Soviet U-17 football team and won with the national USSR team the FIFA U-16 championship in Canada, becoming one of the rising stars of the tournament. One year later, 1988 Mirdjalol with USSR U-18 won the European U-18 Football championship title

In 1994 Uzbekistan won the Asian Games and he was selected as the best midfield player in Asia; in 1993, 1998, 2001 and 2004 he was named the best football player in Uzbekistan. Kasimov captained the Uzbek national team for a long time in the 2000s. His last international match in the national team was against the Bahrain national football team in the World Cup 2006 qualifiers in Tashkent.

He played his final match in professional football on 2 June 2007 at MHSK Stadium in Tashkent against a combined team of European and Asian stars. The match brought together famous players such as Iranian Ali Daei, his counterpart Alireza Mansurian, and ex-Qatar international Mubarak Mustapha, his former trainer from Alania, Valeri Gazzaev, Russian footballers Viktor Onopko and Andrei Karyaka. It was the last match in his bright career that lasted more than 20 years and 67 appearances in the uniform of the national team and 31 goals.

Managing career
He started his trainer career as coach of Mash'al Mubarek, his last player station, where he retired as player. In 2006, he became co-trainer to Rauf Inileev of the Uzbekistan national and Uzbekistan Olympic football team. In December 2007 Kasymov was appointed as coach of Bunyodkor. In 2008, he managed to bring his club to the semi-final of the AFC Champions League in the club's first appearance in this tournament, which is considered to be the best international performance of Bunyodkor's history actually. Bunyodkor won in quarterfinal of tournament in two leg matches Saipa. On 25 September 2008 Brazilian legend, Zico was appointed as the new coach of Bunyodkor, Kasimov remained adviser-coach at club side.

On 16 September 2008, he became head coach of the Uzbekistan national football team for the qualification stage of the 2010 World cup. On 6 April 2010 he was replaced by Vadim Abramov as national team trainer. After Luiz Felipe Scolari left Bunyodkor in May 2010, Qosimov was named coach of the club again.

The authoritative football news website Goal.com named Qosimov as Best Coach of Month (May 2012) for the successful play of Bunyodkor in the AFC Champions League in that month.

On 4 June 2012, Qosimov was appointed as the new head coach of the Uzbekistan national football team for the second time after Vadim Abramov resigned from his post (lost 0-1 against Iran at home).

On 3 January 2013, IFFHS published its list of The World's best National Coach 2012 and Qosimov ranked 14th in the list among 17 coaches with 6 points, followed by Oleg Blokhin and the current coach of Switzerland, Ottmar Hitzfeld. In monthly survey Coach of the Month by Football Federation over the 2012 Kasymov was named best coach 6 times. UFF named Kasymov Coach of the Year on 21 January 2013.

Qosimov resigned his post as Bunyodkor's head coach on 5 April 2014 to concentrate on his work in the national team. He also led the U-23 national team for the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon.

On 22 December 2018 Qosimov was appointed as head coach of AGMK to prepare team for upcoming 2019 Uzbekistan Super League and qualification matches of 2019 AFC Champions League. On 12 February 2019 in 2nd preliminary round of 2019 AFC Champions League AGMK won Istiklol by 4:0. But in next play-off round one leg match on 19 February 2019 lost to Al-Nassr 0:4 und failed to qualify to group stage tournament.

Player
Club
 * Russian Premier League: 1995
 * Russian Premier League runner-up: 1992, 1996
 * Uzbekistan Super League: 1998, 2002, 2003
 * Uzbekistan Super League runner-up: 1993, 2005
 * Uzbek Cup: 1993, 1997, 2002, 2003

Soviet Union U18
 * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 1987
 * UEFA U-18 Championship: 1988

Uzbekistan
 * Asian Games: 1994

Individual
 * Uzbekistan Footballer of the Year (4): 1993, 1998, 2001, 2004
 * Uzbek League Topscorer: 1998 (22 goals)

Manager
Bunyodkor
 * Uzbekistan Super League: 2010, 2011, 2013
 * Uzbekistan Super League runner-up: 2012
 * Uzbek Cup: 2010, 2012, 2013
 * AFC Champions League semi-final: 2008, 2012

AGMK
 * Uzbek Cup runner-up: 2019

Individual
 * Uzbekistan Coach of the Year: 2012

Player
Mirjalol Qosimov as Alania Vladikavkaz player performed 3 international appearances in UEFA tournaments. In the UEFA Cup season 1995–96 Kasymov played twice in a match against FC Liverpool won by albion team with 2–1 and scored an only goal of his team. In UEFA Champions League season 1996–97 qualifying round he played in a match against Rangers F.C. on 7 August 1996 won by Rangers with 3–1.

''Statistics accurate as of match played 12 November 2004 in Russian Premier League.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Uzbekistan's goal tally first.

title: Mirjalol Qosimov


text:
Bergius process

The Bergius process is a method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of high-volatile bituminous coal at high temperature and pressure. It was first developed by Friedrich Bergius in 1913. In 1931 Bergius was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of high-pressure chemistry.

Process
The coal is finely ground and dried in a stream of hot gas. The dry product is mixed with heavy oil recycled from the process. A catalyst is typically added to the mixture. A number of catalysts have been developed over the years, including tungsten or molybdenum disulfide, tin or nickel oleate, and others. Alternatively, iron sulfide present in the coal may have sufficient catalytic activity for the process, which was the original Bergius process.

The mixture is pumped into a reactor. The reaction occurs at between 400 and 500 °C and 20 to 70 MPa hydrogen pressure. The reaction produces heavy oils, middle oils, gasoline, and gases. The overall reaction can be summarized as follows:
 * (where x = Degrees of Unsaturation)

The immediate product from the reactor must be stabilized by passing it over a conventional hydrotreating catalyst. The product stream is high in cycloalkanes and aromatics, low in alkanes (paraffins) and very low in alkenes (olefins). The different fractions can be passed to further processing (cracking, reforming) to output synthetic fuel of desirable quality. If passed through a process such as platforming, most of the cycloalkanes are converted to aromatics and the recovered hydrogen recycled to the process. The liquid product from Platforming will contain over 75% aromatics and has a Research Octane Number (RON) of over 105.

Overall, about 97% of input carbon fed directly to the process can be converted into synthetic fuel. However, any carbon used in generating hydrogen will be lost as carbon dioxide, so reducing the overall carbon efficiency of the process.

There is a residue of unreactive tarry compounds mixed with ash from the coal and catalyst. To minimise the loss of carbon in the residue stream, it is necessary to have a low-ash feed. Typically the coal should be <10% ash by weight. The hydrogen required for the process can be also produced from coal or the residue by steam reforming. A typical hydrogen demand is ~80 kg hydrogen per ton of dry, ash-free coal. Generally, this process is similar to hydrogenation. The output is at three levels: heavy oil, middle oil, gasoline. The middle oil is hydrogenated in order to get more gasoline and the heavy oil is mixed with the coal again and the process restarts. In this way, heavy oil and middle oil fractions are also reused in this process.

The most recent evolution of Bergius' work is the 2-stage hydroliquefaction plant at Wilsonville AL which operated during 1981-85. Here a coal extract was prepared under heat and hydrogen pressure using finely pulverized coal and recycle donor solvent. As the coal molecule is broken down, free radicals are formed which are immediately stabilized by absorption of H atoms from the donor solvent. Extract then passes to a catalytic ebullated-bed hydrocracker (H-Oil unit) fed by additional hydrogen, forming lower molecular weight hydrocarbons and splitting off sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen originally present in the coal. Part of the liquid product is hydrogenated donor solvent which is returned to Stage I. The balance of liquid product is fractionated by distillation yielding various boiling range products and an ashy residue. Ashy residue goes to a Kerr-McGee CSDA unit which yields additional liquid product and a high-ash material containing unreacted coal and heavy residuum, which in a commercial plant would be gasified to make the H2 needed to feed the process. Parameters can be adjusted to avoid directly gasifying any of the coal entering the plant. Alternative versions of the plant configuration could use L-C Fining and/or an antisolvent deashing unit. Typical species in the donor solvent are fused-ring aromatics (tetrahydronaphthalene and up) or the analogous heterocycles.

History
Friedrich Bergius developed the process during his habilitation. A technique for the high-pressure and high-temperature chemistry of carbon-containing substrates yielded in a patent in 1913. In this process liquid hydrocarbons used as synthetic fuel are produced by hydrogenation of lignite (brown coal). He developed the process well before the commonly known Fischer–Tropsch process. Karl Goldschmidt invited him to build an industrial plant at his factory the Th. Goldschmidt AG (now known as Evonik Industries) in 1914. The production began only in 1919, after World War I ended, when the need for fuel was already declining. The technical problems, inflation and the constant criticism of Franz Joseph Emil Fischer, which changed to support after a personal demonstration of the process, made the progress slow, and Bergius sold his patent to BASF, where Carl Bosch worked on it. Before World War II several plants were built with an annual capacity of 4 million tons of synthetic fuel. These plants were extensively used during World War II to supply Germany with fuel and lubricants.

Use
Coal hydrogenation is not used commercially any more.

The Bergius process was extensively used by Brabag, a cartel firm of Nazi Germany. Plants that used the process were targeted for bombing during the Oil Campaign of World War II. At present there are no plants operating the Bergius Process or its derivatives commercially. The largest demonstration plant was the 200 ton per day plant at Bottrop, Germany, operated by Ruhrkohle, which ceased operation in 1993. There are reports of a Chinese company constructing a plant with a capacity of 4 000 ton per day. It was expected to become operational in 2007, but there has been no confirmation that this was achieved.

Towards the end of World War II the United States began heavily financing research into converting coal to gasoline, including money to build a series of pilot plants. The project was enormously helped by captured German technology. One plant using the Bergius process was built in Louisiana, Missouri and began operation about 1946. Located along the Mississippi river, this plant was producing gasoline in commercial quantities by 1948. The Louisiana process method produced automobile gasoline at a price slightly higher than, but comparable to, petroleum-based gasoline but of a higher quality. The facility was shut down in 1953 by the Eisenhower administration, allegedly after intense lobbying by the oil industry.

title: Bergius process