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American Indoor Football

American Indoor Football (AIF) was a professional indoor football league, one of the several regional professional indoor football leagues in North America.

The AIFL began as a regional league with six franchises on the East Coast of the United States in 2005. After a rapid, and largely failed, expansion effort in 2006, most of the league's remaining teams jumped to the new AIFA (the rest joined the short-lived WIFL). The AIFA expanded throughout existing territory and, in 2008, expanded into the Western United States. The league legally divided into two entities to allow for a partial merger with the Southern Indoor Football League, which resulted in all of its Eastern teams merging into the SIFL and the AIFA only maintaining its western teams. The league's western component, which remained separate of the merger, had indicated it would play as the AIFA West for the 2011 season but ceased operations January 2011. The league announced it would be relaunching as American Indoor Football in time for spring 2012.

After the 2016 season, the AIF ceased operations with the former AIF owner stating his support for the recently created Arena Developmental League. In 2021, league owner John Morris announced he planned to relaunch the AIF for the 2022 season, though no games would be played.

In 2023, it was announced that the league was relaunched by president and commissioner John Morris with four new teams: the Cedar Rapids River Kings, Corpus Christi Tritons, RiverCity Rage and West Virginia Miners. The Columbus Lions rejoined the league after winning the most recent AIF Championship in 2016. However, in 2024, the league announced a merger with the National Arena League, thus effectively ending its second chance.

History
The league has its roots in the Atlantic Indoor Football League, which began play in 2005 under the leadership of Andrew Haines. The first team to join the AIFL was the Johnstown RiverHawks. The league began with six teams, all of them based in the eastern United States. Two teams played all of their games on the road, and the regular season was cut short two weeks because of teams being unable to secure venues for playoff games. In the 2005–06 offseason, the league changed its name to the American Indoor Football League, while nine expansion teams entered the league and a tenth (the Rome Renegades) joined from the National Indoor Football League.

The 2006 season was marred by the folding of two teams, and the league used semi-pro teams to fill scheduling vacancies. The league was briefly acquired by Greens Worldwide, Inc., the owners of the amateur North American Football League, during the 2006 season, but they terminated the contract soon afterwards. Nine teams left the league after the season, including four who split off to create the short-lived World Indoor Football League. On October 2, 2006, a massive reorganization took place as Morris and Michael Mink set up a new league, which absorbed all of the remaining AIFL franchises, and Haines was ousted. (Haines would go on to create the Mid-Atlantic Hockey League in 2007, before similar stability problems led to the forced divestiture of that league as well. Haines would, in April 2010, announce he was relaunching his league as the Ultimate Indoor Football League beginning in 2011 and revived two defunct former AIFL teams.) The league took on the American Indoor Football Association name at the same time.

The 2007 season was relatively successful for the league, as all 112 scheduled games were played and no teams folded mid-season, a major improvement over the past two seasons (when the AIFA was known as the AIFL). The AIFA Championship Bowl I was a neutral site game held in Florence, South Carolina. In addition, the league held its first All-Star Game the same weekend, also in Florence. League owners stated that the neutral site was chosen so that both games could be televised to obtain nationwide exposure for the league.

The league then expanded nationwide; some individual teams were able to acquire several players with NFL experience, a sign that the league had achieved a level on par with leagues such as af2. The league earned a major television contract as well: On September 17, 2007, The American Indoor Football Association owners John Morris and Michael Min announced that the league signed a three-year national television broadcast, mobile phone broadcast, and webcast licensing agreement with Simply 4Me Incorporated (d.b.a. SimplyMe TV). However, that deal was subsequently cancelled. Later in the season, FSN Pittsburgh agreed to pick up the remaining games; Erie, Pennsylvania-based Image Sports Network was also involved with the league.

Eight teams participating in the league in 2007 did not return for the 2008 season, including the 2007 champion Lakeland Thunderbolts. The AIFA became the third league since 2004 (excluding the folded WIFL and NIFL before its folding) to lose its standing champion (the 2004 NIFL champion Lexington Horsemen left to join the newly created UIF and later were in af2, and the 2006 champion Billings Outlaws also left to join two years later). However, nine teams signed on to begin play in 2008, and the league created a Western Conference. In 2007, the team farthest west was based in Mississippi; in 2008, the team farthest west was based in Arizona. Three of the four teams who had won the league championship to that point were no longer active league members.

The 2009 season culminated in AIFA Championship Bowl III, hosted by the Western Conference champion Wyoming Cavalry on July 25, 2009. The game, played before 6,500 fans at the Casper Events Center, saw the Reading Express defeat the Wyoming Cavalry for their first title, 65–42.

As the 2010 season approached, AIFA continued to expand its nationwide footprint. Expansion franchises had been added in Richmond, Virginia; Yakima, Washington; Wasilla, Alaska (believed to be the smallest city in America to host a national professional football franchise) and Wenatchee, Washington. The moves gave the AIFA a much more significant presence on the West Coast of the United States. To accommodate this, and to keep travel expenses down, for the 2010 season the AIFA adopted a scheduling system that effectively treated the Eastern and Western conferences as separate leagues, with no regular-season crossover between the two conferences. The league also secured a television contract with AMGTV, which was to syndicate a "Game of the Week" package to regional sports networks and its network of low-powered broadcast stations.

In 2010, the Baltimore Mariners completed the league's first-ever perfect season by winning all fourteen regular season games and winning AIFA Championship Bowl IV.

Split, partial merger with the SIFL and first cessation of operations
The AIFA arranged a split and partial merger with the Southern Indoor Football League after the 2010 season. As part of the deal, Morris would acquire the rights to the Eastern Conference teams and merge them into the SIFL, while Mink would retain the western conference teams, rights to the AIFA name, and television contract, the last of which was extended through 2013.

The AIFA West originally announced that it would begin its season with four teams, beginning in March 2011, after the Tucson Thunder Kats announced it would be suspending operations until 2012. As of January 2011, no schedule had been released, and the league informed the remaining three teams that there would not be a fourth team representing Eugene, Oregon as the league had earlier promised. The league attempted to work out a schedule with the remaining three teams, but the Reno Barons and Stockton Wolves were unwilling to go forward with such a schedule and broke from the league. Both teams operated as the two-team "Western Indoor Football Association" in 2011, each playing whatever semi-pro teams were willing to face them in addition to each other. With only the Yakima Valley Warriors left, the AIFA ceased operations; it said that it would attempt to relaunch in 2012 with eight to 12 teams in at least two regions of the United States.

As of June 2011, Morris had released a statement indicating he still represented the AIFA when he purchased the assets of the Fayetteville Force.

Relaunch, folding and second relaunch

On October 27, 2011, the AIFA announced it was relaunching as American Indoor Football (AIF). The move came in light of the dissolution of the SIFL and its breakup into the Professional Indoor Football League and the Lone Star Football League. AIF announced its intentions to absorb the three remaining SIFL teams not in either the PIFL or LSFL (the Harrisburg Stampede, Trenton Steel and Carolina Speed), as well as the remaining teams that would have participated in the AIFA West. AIF intended to launch an amateur division as well.

In 2015, the league absorbed the remains of the Continental Indoor Football League, picking up the Saginaw Sting and Chicago Blitz from that league; the CIFL Web site became a redirect to AIF's. (The two other surviving teams from that league chose to play in other leagues: Erie decided to join the PIFL, while the Marion Blue Racers fulfilled an earlier promise to join the X-League). In homage to the CIFL, AIF split into two conferences, one bearing the American name and the other (which includes both CIFL refugees) named the Continental Conference. The conference names were changed to Northern and Southern for the 2016 season.

The 2016 season saw the league grow from nine teams to a total of 28 announced teams. However, only 21 teams ever played a league game that season, including four teams that folded midseason and several other teams cancelling scheduled games. The Columbus Lions, which joined for 2016, would finish the season undefeated and win the championship. The Lions then announced that they were leaving the league due to the league's instability, especially in the Southern Division where the Lions were the only team that did not have a cancelled or rescheduled game. On July 7, 2016, the Lions' owners announced the formation of a new league, the Arena Developmental League. On July 13, the Lehigh Valley Steelhawks also announced they were leaving the AIF.

In response, AIF owner Jim Morris announced on July 18, 2016, that the AIF was ceasing operations immediately. He also announced his support of the new Arena Developmental League (which later changed its name to National Arena League before its inaugural season) and hoped the new league would take on many of the former AIF teams.

The Buffalo Blitz (formerly the Buffalo Lightning) used the official AIF football in their press announcement upon joining the Can-Am Indoor Football League, which was created by announced AIF 2017 expansion team Vermont Bucks. The Can-Am also used the AIF footballs in games during their only season.

On July 3, 2023, John Morris announced that the league would indeed relaunch in 2024 with four new teams: Cedar Rapids River Kings, Corpus Christi Tritons, RiverCity Rage and West Virginia Miners. On August 4, 2023, the league announced that the Columbus Lions, the last team to win the AIF Championship in 2016, were returning to the league. On August 24, 2023, the league announced that the Amarillo Venom would return and join the AIF for the 2024 season. On September 11, 2023, the league announced that an expansion team to be based in Albany, Georgia, would also join the AIF for 2024 as its eighth franchise. On September 29, 2023, the league announced the Beaumont Renegades as their ninth team for the 2024 season, but on October 30, the league announced that the Renegades will play an exhibition schedule only in 2024, and will join the league full time in 2025, while the AIF granted West Virginia Miners release from the league after change in the team ownership group. On February 20, 2024, it was announced that Brandon Ikard would be taking over as President/CEO of the AIF and moving the league in a new direction. On June 26, 2024, the AIF released the River Kings from the league. The next day, the league announced that league founder John Morris was stepping down as commissioner. On June 28, 2024, the league announced that the Beaumont Renegades were declared "a dormant franchise approved by previous league regimen", yet has invited the team to reapply for membership in the future.

Merger with the NAL
On July 9, 2024, the league announced they were joining the National Arena League, which added the Tritons and Stampede and welcomed back the Lions. The Venom were not a part of the merger.

Basic rule differences

 * AIF did not use rebound nets found in the Arena Football League and National Arena League.
 * One linebacker could move flat to flat but was required to stay in drop zone.
 * Platooning and free substitution were allowed, meaning players did not have to play both offense and defense.
 * Franchises were required to have at least nine players that originated from within a 120-mile radius of the team's home town.
 * The AIF ball pattern was similar to that of the basketball in the American Basketball Association, with red, white, and blue panels as opposed to the brown colored football of most leagues. This pattern originated in the AIFL and is also used in the UIFL.

Two rule changes appeared to be inspired by Canadian football rules:

 * Two offensive players could be in motion at one time. The AFL allows only one in motion.
 * The AIF recognized the single (also known as an uno or rouge). If a kickoff goes through the uprights, or if the receiving team does not advance the ball out of the end zone on a kickoff, the kicking team is awarded one point and the ball is spotted at the opponent's five yard line.

Substitute teams

 * Chambersburg Cardinals (2006)
 * Columbus Blackhawks (2006)
 * Dallas Falcons (2024)
 * Philadelphia Scorpions (2006)

title: American Indoor Football


text:
Talk:Yushania

2005-09-14
Should descriptive quotes be added from the American Bamboo Society. On the pages for each species of Yushania? The Tollan 01:39, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Why does "ringal" redirect here?
Not mentioned in article. 31.53.185.104 (talk) 15:17, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * This site says that it is the common name of Yushania anceps, but there is no page about that species here yet. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 20:46, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Yushania


text:
User:Mikix

About Me
I am Michael Terry, a 20-something computer programmer living in Somerville, Massachusetts.

I maintain several open source programs and contribute to the GNOME project.

I keep a web log.

Search user languages

title: User:Mikix


text:
Port Jervis Line

The Port Jervis Line is a predominantly single-track commuter rail line running between Suffern and Port Jervis, in the U.S. state of New York. At Suffern, the line continues south into New Jersey on NJ Transit's Main Line. The line is operated by NJ Transit Rail Operations under a contract with Metro-North Railroad (MNRR).

During weekday rush hours trains operate in express service, making stops only at New York state stations and at major stations in New Jersey where transfers can be made to services into New York City.

The line runs through some of the most remote and rural country found on the Metro-North system, and includes both its longest bridge, the Moodna Viaduct, and longest tunnel, the Otisville Tunnel.

Norfolk Southern Railway (NS) shares the use of the track for local freight operations between Suffern and Port Jervis. The New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway operates over the line between Hudson Junction (east of Campbell Hall) and Port Jervis, and onward to Binghamton over the former Erie Railroad Delaware Division (now the Central New York Railroad). The tracks have been owned by NS since the 1999 split of Conrail, but were built by the Erie and incorporated into Conrail on its formation on April 1, 1976. Metro-North leased the entire line from NS in 2003, with the possibility of outright purchase after 2006. Since 2003, MNRR immediately began a substantial track and signal improvement program in order to provide a more reliable and comfortable service, for $183 million.

Erie Railroad use

The portions of the line from Suffern to Harriman and from Otisville to Port Jervis were built as the mainline of the New York and Erie Rail Road, opening to Port Jervis in 1848. The route south of Suffern is slightly younger (connected for through service in 1853); the original mainline ran east from Suffern to Piermont. The portion from Harriman to Otisville was built in 1906–1909 as a low-level freight bypass named the Graham Line. This portion of the line bypasses the original Erie mainline through Monroe, Chester, Goshen and Middletown.

The line, along with the Main Line through Paterson, served as a segment of the Erie Railroad's long-distance flagship trains to points west such as Binghamton, New York State's Southern Tier, Buffalo and Chicago, on daily routes such as the day train, the Erie Limited. Additional through trains to Chicago were the Pacific Express, and its east-bound counterpart, the Atlantic Express. The Lake Cities and the Atlantic Express/Pacific Express were night-time departures. The Erie Limited was discontinued in 1963. Other routes west were eliminated throughout the course of the 1960s. The last train west of Port Jervis, #21/#22, a daily train to Binghamton, had its final run on November 27, 1966.

MTA/NJ Transit use
On November 14, 1973, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority agreed to subsidize existing Erie Lackawanna Railway service on the Port Jervis Line between Suffern and Port Jervis, which became part of Conrail on April 1, 1976. The MTA subsidy began on September 16, 1974. New Jersey Transit subsidized the service within New Jersey. The MTA was only responsible for paying for Conrail's operation and maintenance of the line and stations. A federal statute, the Northeast Rail Services Act of 1981, was passed, relieving Conrail of its obligation to operate commuter rail service for local and state transportation agencies after December 31, 1982. To ensure that service was not terminated, the MTA created a wholly-owned subsidiary, the Metro-North Commuter Railroad.

Weekday service was added on the branch on August 17, 1982, in the form of shuttle service to and from Suffern. Four new northbound trips would operate to Middletown, leaving Suffern at 7:08 a.m., 10:35 a.m., 4:55 p.m., and 9:05 p.m., while three new southbound trips to Suffern would operate from Middletown, leaving at 5:23 a.m., 8:57 a.m., and 2:57 p.m., and one new southbound trip would leave from Tuxedo at 7:05 p.m..

On January 1, 1983, Metro-North took over the commuter operations of Conrail in the state of New York, and New Jersey Transit Rail Operations took over the commuter operations of Conrail in New Jersey. This included service west of the Hudson River, where rail lines do not connect directly with New York City. These lines pass through New Jersey, stopping at Secaucus Junction, where New Jersey Transit trains provide service to New York Penn Station multiple times per hour, and terminating at Hoboken Terminal.

In 1983, Conrail installed continuous welded rail on the line between Tuxedo and Suffern, and between Middletown and Harriman.

The MTA initially equipped the lines with second-hand equipment. In 1984, the Main Line between Harriman and Middletown was abandoned, and service was moved to the longer (by 6 miles) Graham Line, the Erie's freight cutoff. Officially, the first day of regular service on the Graham Line was April 18, 1983. Since this was the first passenger service on the Graham line, new stations were built, but without facilities in order to minimize costs. At the time this was a very unpopular move with commuters, who were used to having their trains stop right in the center of their towns. However, the MTA cited that it was responding to pressure by the towns to have the service moved out of the populated areas due to "traffic concerns" caused by the closures of the grade crossings. The Graham Line passed through no populated areas, and driving to the new stations was an additional time cost for many commuters. However, others wanted trains out of the center of the towns, and so the switch was made. The old mainline was no longer used for freight, so following the move to the Graham line, it was abandoned. The line from Harriman to Middletown is now the Orange County Heritage Trail.

On October 27, 1991, all but one pair of trains on the line now ran through to or from Hoboken instead of operating as shuttles to or from Suffern. Three Port Jervis-bound PM trains, and four Hoboken-bound AM trains began making limited stops in New Jersey. The shuttle service had been implemented in August 1982 with RDCs.

Improvements and MTA lease
In the mid-1990s, as Orange County started to become a popular place for commuters, political pressure caused the MTA to start improving service and stations. In the 2000s, growth in Orange County accelerated; stations were upgraded with expanded parking lots, which became paid lots in line with the rest of the Metro-North system.

Metro-North had a handshake agreement with Conrail to purchase the line for $9.8 million in 1997, but it was not completed before the Norfolk Southern Corporation (NS) and the CSX Corporation agreed to acquire Conrail in spring 1997 for $10 billion. Metro-North had estimated it would cost $88.5 million to bring the line into a state of good repair. The acquisition was approved on July 23, 1998, and was implemented in 1999. As part of the transaction, the Port Jervis Line went under the control of NS.

In April 2002, Norfolk Southern told Metro-North that it would not renew the existing trackage agreement between the two parties, which was set to expire on December 31, 2003. The agreement had required Norfolk Southern to maintain the line at a standard to permit Metro-North trains to operate between 60 and 79 miles per hour in exchange for Metro-North's paying the railroad at the going cents-per-mile rate. Metro-North paid Norfolk Southern $583,420 in 2002. Norfolk Southern no longer wanted to spend money maintaining the line to such a standard when it only operated two slow freight trains a day over the line.

On January 22, 2003, the Metro-North Railroad Committee of the MTA Board approved a 49-year lease of the entire line from Norfolk Southern. Metro-North would take over responsibility for maintaining the line. The lease would cost Metro-North $500,000 in 2003, increasing to $1.5 million in 2004, $3 million in 2005, and $3 million subject to an adjustment in the consumer price index every three years. Either side could begin negotiations to sell the line to Metro-North in 2006, when NS would stop leasing the line from a subsidiary of Conrail, and would be in a position to sell. As part of the deal, Norfolk Southern would retain exclusive free trackage rights to operate freight trains over the line, and would be exempted from county and town property taxes. On January 30, the full MTA Board approved the lease. The lease took effect on April 1, 2003.

In January 2003, after plans to lease the line were announced, agency staff began creating an inventory of the rail line to prioritize capital upgrades. In August, it was reported that Metro-North would install continuous welded rail on seven miles of the line, with five miles of it being between Howells and Otisville, with the rest south of Harriman. The project, which was to be completed by the start of winter, was intended to improve signal reliability, reduce maintenance costs, and permit smoother rides. This would be the railroad's first major project to improve the line since its lease took effect.

Also in 2003, Secaucus Junction station opened, reducing travel time to Midtown. Metro-North covered $53 million of the cost of that project, and spent $75 million to upgrade stations on the line and order new train cars in anticipation of the project. The opening of Secaucus was expected to increase ridership by 1,000 people a day, but that did not materialize with changes in commuting patterns after the September 11 attacks.

Hurricane Irene
Service north of Suffern was suspended due to severe damage from Hurricane Irene on August 28, 2011. 14 miles of the line were damaged. The roadbed was washed away, signal cables were exposed or went underwater, bridge structures were exposed, the right of way along the Ramapo River eroded, and track was damaged. There were eight washouts on the line near Harriman, and 50 overall. On August 29, Metro-North President Howard Permut said that it would take months to repair the line. Shuttle bus service began being offered to all stations on September 12. An emergency $500,000 contract was granted to AECOM to analyze the conditions of structures and tracks along the 14-mile section with damage.

Shuttle train service between Harriman and Port Jervis started on September 19, and full train service resumed on November 28, 2011, one month earlier than anticipated. While repairs were initially estimated to cost $60 million, that projection was reduced to $30 to $40 million in November 2011.

Future expansion and improvements
In 2008, Metro-North and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) began a joint feasibility study of a possible branch from the line to Stewart International Airport, which the Port Authority had taken over the year before, ending a seven-year privatization experiment. The PANYNJ withdrew from the study after its first phase, having decided that express bus service could meet the same needs much more cheaply. Metro-North is continuing the study on its own. Future improvements for the line include the completion of the cab-signaling system and the construction of a yard near Salisbury Mills to relieve pressure on the Suffern yard.

In a 2013 report, the MTA revealed that planning was underway for installing a second track between Sloatsburg and the Moodna Viaduct, and for the construction of a midway yard on the line.

In 2013, Metro-North spent $3 million to repair the Otisville Tunnel and $67 million to replace the line's signal system, which dated to the 1940s.

$83 million was allocated in the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Program to keep the Port Jervis Branch in a State of Good Repair. This money will be allocated to repairing the Moodna and Woodbury Viaducts, station improvements, replacing or rehabilitating under-grade bridges, track improvements and capacity improvements. The MTA's 20 Year Needs Report includes the installation of Positive Train Control; the continued rehabilitation and replacement of under-grade bridges and culverts; the replacement of the diesel fleet; and the replacement of the Woodbury and Moodna Viaducts.

In 2017, Metro-North started its West of Hudson Regional Transit Access Study to evaluate possible improvements in the Port Jervis Line service. An open-house presentation took place on February 15, 2017. $150 million in improvements will be made from 2017 to 2023. As part of the study, three possible sites for a midpoint yard were evaluated: Harriman, Salisbury Mills, Campbell Hall. The Campbell Hall site was chosen as it has the least potential to block the line if a train breaks down; because of its lower cost; and because it advances an operating plan to have inner service on the line run from Middletown. In addition, three passing sidings would be added near the Tuxedo, Salisbury Mills and Middletown stations. The sidings and the yard would allow for increased service on the line, from the current 27 trains a day to as many as 44. Trains between Port Jervis and Middletown would be increased by one to 26; trains between Middletown and Campbell Hall would be increased from 27 to 37, and trains between Campbell Hall to Hoboken would be increased to 44. The midpoint yard and passing sidings would be open in 2023.

The passing sidings would all be at least two miles (3.2 km) long, bringing the line closer to the railroad's eventual goal of double-tracking all of it. While they can be built within the railroad's existing right-of-way, the midpoint yard—estimated to be 3000 by—would require the purchase of additional land. When complete it could hold as many as nine additional trains.

In April 2020, work to install cab signaling on the entire line to support Positive Train Control was completed.

Description
Port Jervis Line trains start at Hoboken and then stop at Secaucus Junction to take passengers connecting from New York Penn Station. Most of the Port Jervis Line trains then travel to New York State at Suffern, running non-stop or making one stop at Ramsey Route 17 station. Those can be routed via either the Main Line or Bergen County Line between Secaucus and Ridgewood. On weekends, most Port Jervis trains run local, making all stops on either line.

From Suffern, the line follows the same narrow valley as the New York State Thruway and NY 17. The stations at Sloatsburg and Tuxedo are very close to 17 and, while Harriman also has its entrance on 17, its actual platform is farther back, adjacent to the Thruway. Harriman is the busiest station on the line. One peak hour train in each direction runs nonstop between Secaucus and Harriman. The Tuxedo station is the only stop on the line with the original (1883) passenger station building.

After crossing under the on-ramp from 17 to the Thruway and passing Woodbury Commons, the line gradually moves away from the Thruway, crossing NY 32 and running along the shoulder of Schunemunk Mountain, where it twice is crossed by hiking trails. At Schunemunk's north end, it curves along to the Moodna Viaduct: the highest and longest railroad trestle east of the Mississippi River. Immediately afterward, it crosses NY 94 and arrives at Salisbury Mills-Cornwall in the Town of Cornwall.

The westward curve accelerates afterward and the line begins to run almost east–west across central Orange County. Campbell Hall station services the towns of Goshen, Montgomery and Walden.

The track crosses the Wallkill River, then Interstate 84, to run parallel to NY 211 near Highland Lakes State Park for a while. Shortly after leaving the highway's side, trains arrive at Middletown near the popular Galleria at Crystal Run shopping mall.

Almost unnoticed from the highway, the line crosses under the Route 17 expressway (the future Interstate 86) after leaving Middletown. A second track begins at Howells, to accommodate trains waiting for others to clear the Otisville Tunnel. The siding rejoins the mainline just after the Otisville station, as trains enter a mile-long (1.6 km) tunnel under the Shawangunk Ridge: the longest on Metro-North.

Once on the western end, in some of the most undeveloped countryside Metro-North passes through, trains make a long descent of the west side of Shawangunk Ridge, parallel to the Neversink River valley southwards, reaching valley level just before the terminal station Port Jervis and the yard beyond.

Operations
Due to the arrangement between the MTA and NJ Transit, although the MTA subsidizes the service and maintains all of the facilities (except for the Suffern station), the actual operation of the line is almost totally under the control of NJ Transit–the trains are operated by NJT personnel; the trains are dispatched from Hoboken and the ticket vending machines on station platforms are NJT machines, not Metro-North's. The fare system is a combination of NJT and Metro-North policies.

Rolling stock
All trains on the Port Jervis Line are push-pulled by diesel locomotives, with locomotives normally facing west. Most of the equipment used on the line is owned by NJ Transit, while some coaches and locomotives are owned by Metro-North. The locomotives used on the line range from GP40PH-2Bs, F40PH-3Cs, PL42ACs and GP40FH-2Ms, with the occasional ALP-45DP. A total of fifteen locomotives are in Metro-North colors. Coach cars on the line are all Comet V's both owned by Metro-North and NJ Transit.

title: Port Jervis Line


text:
User talk:The Tollan

This user name came from the technologically advanced human society the Tollan in the science fiction show "Stargate SG-1."

title: User talk:The Tollan


text:
Callie

Callie is a given name, nickname and surname. It is an English feminine given name that is often used as a form of Carrie and sometimes as a diminutive of Caroline.

Notable people who are known by this name include the following:

Given name

 * Callie Brown
 * Callie Crossley, American broadcast journalist and radio presenter
 * Callie V. Granade (born 1960), US district judge
 * Callie Hernandez, American actress
 * Callie House (1861–1928), American political activist
 * Callie Visagie (born 1988), South African rugby union footballer

Nickname

 * Carolyn Callie Khouri (born 1957), screenwriter and director
 * Calliope Callie Thorne (born 1969), American actress

Surname

 * Ashley Callie (1976–2008), South African actress
 * Dayton Callie (born 1946), Scottish-born American actor

Fictional characters

 * Callie Briggs, on the TV series SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron
 * Callie Cadogan, on the TV series The 100
 * Callie Maggotbone, on the TV series Ugly Americans
 * Callie McPherson, in the novel Cut
 * Callie Rogers, on the American soap opera The Young and the Restless (1998–2000)
 * Callie Shaw, in The Hardy Boys series
 * Calliope Callie Torres, on the TV series Grey's Anatomy
 * Sheriff Callie, title character of the Disney Junior TV series Sheriff Callie's Wild West
 * Callie, cousin of Marie and one of the Squid Sisters from Splatoon (2015) and its sequels Splatoon 2 (2017) and Splatoon 3 (2022).
 * Callie Adams Foster, a main character in the American TV series The Fosters.

title: Callie


text:
Howard, Rhode Island

Howard was originally a farming hamlet in the southern part of Cranston, Rhode Island.

In the mid-19th century, most of the land was acquired by the State of Rhode Island to construct a state prison, a poor house, and other state facilities. The Rhode Island State Prison, designed by prison reformer John Haviland was first built here in 1878, is a stark and imposing gothic structure built of granite block. Over the last several decades, numerous other institutional buildings for incarcerated criminals and the intellectually disabled were constructed here.

Today, Howard encompasses an area of almost one square mile. Its numerous prison buildings house over 2,000 male and female prisoners as well as several hundred mental health patients.

title: Howard, Rhode Island


text:
WCKW

WCKW (1010 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Garyville, Louisiana, United States. The station is owned by Covenant Network.

Programming
WCKW broadcasts a Catholic radio format to the greater New Orleans area, most notably the River Parishes of St. John the Baptist, St. Charles, and St. James.

History
The station signed on in December 1970 as country music outlet WKQT, the sister station of WCKW-FM. These stations were founded by Sidney Joseph Levet III, a New Orleans native and an electronic engineer. In February 1990, Levet was named Broadcaster of the Year by the Louisiana Association of Broadcasters. (Levet died in 1997.)

By 1973, both stations became simulcasts with the AM becoming WCKW on March 2, 1985. After the FM flipped to active rock, the AM was sold in 2000 to River Parishes Radio, who switched it to a gospel format. The station briefly became "WLTS" on October 20, 2000, but the station was reassigned the call sign "WCKW" by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on November 24, 2000. Covenant Network purchased the station on January 2, 2007 and began transmitting its Catholic programming.

title: WCKW


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Henry Ward Ranger

Henry Ward Ranger (January 29, 1858 – November 7, 1916) was an American artist. Born in western New York State, he was a prominent landscape and marine painter, an important Tonalist, and the leader of the Old Lyme Art Colony. Ranger became a National Academician (1906), and a member of the American Water Color Society. Among his paintings are, Top of the Hill, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; and East River Idyll, Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Early life
Henry Ward Ranger was born on January 29, 1858, in New York State. His mother was Martha Marie, and his father Ward Valencourt Ranger. He was born in the rural western part of New York State, most likely in Geneseo and grew up in Syracuse, where his father worked as a commercial photographer, but his father also had some artistic training and later taught drawing. As a young man he studied music, excelling on the piano and organ.

Ranger grew up drawing and painting and received initial encouragement from his parents. After graduating from public school, he studied at Syracuse University for two years, where he studied art formally for the first time. While he worked in his father's photographic business, he began painting watercolor landscapes, which were said to have surprisingly free brush work for someone who had not yet studied abroad. He moved to New York City in 1878 where he saw works of the Barbizon School for the first time. He supported his art studies by reviewing music and theater for several New York newspapers. In 1883, he married an Helen Jennings, a divorced actress with a son.

Europe
The newly formed Ranger family moved to Europe, visiting Paris first, but then settling in Laren, Holland where he became active with the Hague School painters, Jozef Israëls, Anton Mauve and the Maris brothers. Ranger was rapidly adopted by the Dutch painters and he quickly adopted their subjects and way of working. He sketched with the Hague School artists and learned to paint the quickly changing skies of the low counties. Because of the flatness of the land, the skies were important in Hague School paintings, and the cloud-filled skies with their diffused light became characteristic of Ranger's early work. The artist enjoyed living in the modest town, and his work advanced enough to be accepted by the Paris Salons by the late 1880s, and his work was accepted by leading Dutch collectors.

The United States
Ranger set up a New York studio in 1888, so he could paint landscapes there and cultivate American collectors. In 1892, he had a major exhibition of twenty-four paintings at Knoedler Galleries in New York, which received a positive review. He painted watercolors that were considered free and vibrant by critics like Arthur Hoeber. Once back in the United States, Ranger became one of the leaders of the "Tonal" school of painting, and it is he who was given credit for coming up with the name "Tonalist." An exhibition of his paintings at the Lotos Club in the mid-1890s institutionalized the style. In 1894, he had an exhibition at the Macbeth Gallery, the first firm to specialize in the works of American artists. This exhibition included many works that had been done on a sketching trip to Canada.

Founding of the Old Lyme School
Ranger was the first member of the Florence Griswold circle in the Old Lyme Art Colony in Old Lyme, Connecticut. He first stayed at Florence Griswold's boardinghouse in the summer of 1899, perhaps having heard about the area from several colleagues who had summered there and in nearby towns on the Connecticut coast in the 1890s. Inspired by the landscape's resemblance to the Barbizon forest of France, the art colony was established under Ranger's leadership in 1900.

The gathering in Old Lyme was the largest art colony of its time. At Ranger's example, the artists' primary purpose was to make preliminary studies while working directly from nature, with the further intent that the paintings' surfaces be texturally interesting. Then, in emulation of the Old Masters, Ranger and his followers added layers of golden-brown glazes to finish their works, in order to "acquire the tonal expression of a subject."

The ascendance of Tonalism in Old Lyme was truncated when Childe Hassam joined the colony in 1903, and with his arrival Impressionism became the dominant manner of the artists painting there." In 1904 Ranger moved twenty miles east to Noank, where he continued to paint forest interiors and coastal scenes, though with a palette that increasingly suggested the influence of Impressionism.

Legacy
Immediately after his death, Ranger's work continued to bring good prices. When his estate was auctioned off in 1917, 129 paintings sold for $66,240; the New York Times claimed it was the highest average price paid for the works of a dead artist.

Ranger's artistic legacy has been problematic. Once considered the leader of the 'Tonal School', his reputation declined precipitously in the 1930s. That he was heavily influenced by the Hague School, the Barbizon School and the Venetian Renaissance helped to account for some of his most vibrant painterly characteristics, yet it also marked Ranger's work as among the most conservative examples of the Tonalist movement. The Tonalism of Old Lyme came to be viewed as anachronistic, and Ranger's stock suffered as a result.

Recent reassessment has restored credit to Ranger, as "an artist whose influence is not generally understood and whose work has been neglected far too long." In his best landscapes there is "an emotion visible in the molten forces bubbling up from his surfaces in thick impastos, luscious and rich with jewel-like tone, a painterly approximation of the underlying powers constantly transforming the natural world."

A successful businessman, Ranger made a bequest to the National Academy of Design, allocating between $250,000 and $400,000. Ranger's gift allowed the National Collection, now the Smithsonian American Art Museum, to purchase major works by American artists.

title: Henry Ward Ranger


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cocktailrobot

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 02:57, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

Cocktailrobot
Neologism with only very limited use, referring to a form of art, which, however, isn't entirely clear from the article. Please take a look at the related pages Shifz and Magnus Wurzer, too, about which I haven't quite made up my mind yet. However, this one should be deleted. Martg76 02:43, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sadly, the Cocktailrobots are now all in RA (Robots Anonymous). If the claim to international relevence on Magnus Wurzer cannot be verified then I would see no problem with all three of these articles being deleted — if this art movement were to take off, an article could always be created later on, eh? Perhaps some Wiener Wikipedians could indicate whether this group has gotten much attention there? --DavidConrad 03:30, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Cocktailrobot isn't even a neologism, it's just two words run together. Take the links away and it's just dicdef, anyway. Shifz at least seems to have done something of note. My vote is to Delete Cocktailrobot and Magnus Wurzer as nn, Keep Shifz as an art group. --Outlander 21:22, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dicdef at best, not an encyclopedia article.  I think it's very questionable whether this is a word, since in most contexts it would seem to be two words simply run together per Outlander. Quale 17:35, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Satanspet

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Satanspet


text:
Roycroft

Roycroft was a reformist community of craft workers and artists which formed part of the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States. Elbert Hubbard founded the community in 1895, in the village of East Aurora, New York, near Buffalo. Participants were known as Roycrofters. The work and philosophy of the group, often referred to as the Roycroft movement, had a strong influence on the development of American architecture and design in the early 20th century.

History
The name "Roycroft" was chosen after the printers, Samuel and Thomas Roycroft, who made books in London from about 1650–1690. The word roycroft had a special significance to Elbert Hubbard. Hubbard believed "roycroft" meant "king's craft" in French. In guilds of early modern Europe, king's craftsmen were guild members who had achieved a high degree of skill and therefore made things for the King. The Roycroft insignia was borrowed from the monk Cassiodorus, a 13th-century bookbinder and illuminator.

Elbert Hubbard had been influenced by the ideas of William Morris on a visit to England. He was unable to find a publisher for his book Little Journeys, so inspired by Morris's Kelmscott Press, decided to set up his own private press to print the book himself, founding Roycroft Press.

His championing of the Arts and Crafts approach attracted a number of visiting craftspeople to East Aurora, and they formed a community of printers, furniture makers, metalsmiths, leathersmiths, and bookbinders. A quotation from John Ruskin formed the Roycroft "creed":

"A belief in working with the head, hand and heart and mixing enough play with the work so that every task is pleasurable and makes for health and happiness."

The inspirational leadership of Hubbard attracted a group of almost 500 people by 1910, and millions more knew of him through his essay A Message to Garcia. The Roycroft Press is also credited for publishing partner publications, such as Carl Lothar Bredemeier's The Buffalo Magazine for Arts in 1920.

In 1915 Hubbard and his wife, noted suffragist Alice Moore Hubbard, died in the sinking of RMS Lusitania, and the Roycroft community went into a gradual decline. Following Elbert's death, his son Bert took over the business. In attempts to keep his father's business afloat, Bert proposed selling Roycroft's furniture through major retailers. Sears & Roebuck eventually agreed to carry the furniture, but this was only a short lived success.

Fourteen original Roycroft buildings are located in the area of South Grove and Main Street in East Aurora. Known as the "Roycroft Campus", this rare survival of an art colony was awarded National Historic Landmark status in 1986.

The Elbert Hubbard Roycroft Museum, housed in the George and Gladys Scheidemantel House, in East Aurora is the main collection and research centre for the work of the Roycrofters.

Roycroft Inn
Part of the Roycroft Campus, the Inn is a hotel with a restaurant and lobby bar across the street from the primary buildings. It first opened for visitors in 1905 and in 1986, as part of the Roycroft Campus, became a National Historic Landmark. A nine year restoration was completed in 1995, with funding from the Margaret L. Wendt Foundation; the total cost was $8 million. At that time, the facility re-opened. The Salon area contains restored murals by Roycroft artist Alexis Jean Fournier.

Famous Roycrofters

 * Arthur H. Cole (1899–?), coppersmith
 * Jerome Connor (1874–1943), sculptor of Elbert Hubbard statue, North Wind on the Roycroft Chapel, and others.
 * William Wallace Denslow (1856–1915), illustrator of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
 * Alexis Jean Fournier (1865–1948), American painter, including 20 murals at the Roycroft Inn.
 * William Joseph "Dard" Hunter (1883–1966), American authority on making paper by hand, as well as printing using handmade type. He published a number of books on traditional, pre-industrial, techniques for making paper.
 * Walter Jennings, coppersmith and jeweler
 * Karl Kipp (1882–1954), worked in the bindery in 1908 and later established the Roycroft Copper Shop.
 * Fredrick Kranz, created find leather goods.
 * Victor Toothaker (1882–1932), coppersmith
 * Samuel Warner (1871–1947), book designer, artist and illustrator for many Roycroft books.

title: Roycroft


text:
Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown

Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown is the 13th prime-time animated television special based on the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. In the United States, it debuted on CBS on January 28, 1975.

The special received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Children's Special at the 27th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1975. It was one of two Peanuts specials nominated that year, along with It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown, but they both lost to Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus (another Bill Melendez production).

Plot
Linus is fond of his teacher, Miss Othmar. To show his love, he buys her a huge heart-shaped box of candy. When he leaves, Sally believes that he bought it for her and decides to make him a valentine in return. Later, Lucy goes to a "pawpet" show held by Snoopy. With Charlie Brown as the narrator, Snoopy tells a story about true love. At home, when Sally tries to make a valentine with very little success, Charlie Brown tries to show her how to cut out a heart, only to get upstaged by Snoopy, who makes a music box themed valentine.

Valentine's Day comes and the gang brings valentine cards for everybody. Charlie Brown brings a briefcase hoping to receive many. During the party, everybody gets their cards and candy hearts (including one read by Sally and acted out by Snoopy, that, somehow, contains the entirety of Sonnet 43 from Sonnets from the Portuguese by Elizabeth Barrett Browning). After the cards are passed out, it turns out Charlie Brown has received nothing except for one candy heart which says "FORGET IT, KID!". Linus is also upset as he was unable to give the box of candy to Miss Othmar (as she left with her boyfriend). Charlie Brown and Linus vent their heartbreak in different ways: Linus throws the candy off a bridge (where each piece is caught and eaten by Snoopy and Woodstock). Charlie Brown slams his briefcase on his mailbox and kicks the latter, hurting his foot.

The next day, when Charlie Brown checks his mailbox for a belated valentine from the Little Red Haired Girl, Violet gives Charlie Brown a used valentine (having erased her name from it) as an apology. Schroeder sees past the attempt and thoroughly reprimands her, Lucy, Sally, and the others. He warns Charlie Brown not to accept them because of what happened. Despite his best efforts, he does so anyway. As he and Linus meet at the brick wall later, he admits remorse that he let Schroeder down after he defended him against the girls' thoughtlessness. However, he expresses hope that Violet's pity valentine will start a trend and he will get more the next year. Linus warns him not to be too optimistic at all.

Voice cast

 * Duncan Watson as Charlie Brown
 * Melanie Kohn as Lucy van Pelt
 * Stephen Shea as Linus van Pelt
 * Lynn Mortensen as Sally Brown
 * Greg Felton as Schroeder
 * Linda Ercoli as Violet/Frieda
 * Bill Melendez as Snoopy/Woodstock

Music score
The music score for the special was composed by Vince Guaraldi (except where noted) and conducted and arranged by John Scott Trotter. It was recorded by the Vince Guaraldi Trio on December 30, 1974, and January 3, 1975, at Wally Heider Studios, featuring Guaraldi (piano, electric piano, Minimoog, ARP String Ensemble, electric guitar), Seward McCain (electric bass) and Vince Lateano (drums).

The special's theme song, "Heartburn Waltz" (Track 15) is performed in ten different variations.

 * 1) "Heartburn Waltz" (version 1, piano-driven)
 * 2) "Heartburn Waltz" (version 2)
 * 3) "Valentine Interlude" (version 1)
 * 4) "Linus and Lucy" (bridge; pounding erasers)
 * 5) "Heartburn Waltz" (version 3, minor key)
 * 6) "Piano Sonata No. 20, Op. 49 No. 2 in G Major: I. Allegro ma non troppo" (Ludwig van Beethoven)
 * 7) "Heartburn Waltz" (version 4, Latin shuffle)
 * 8) "Linus and Lucy" (bridge; heart-shaped box of candy)
 * 9) "Pawpet Overture" (Lucy and the Concession stand)
 * 10) "Nocturne in E♭ major, Op. 9, No. 2" (aka "Freddie's Mood)" (version 1, Pawpet Theater music) (Frédéric Chopin, arr. by Vince Guaraldi)
 * 11) "Heartburn Waltz" (version 5)
 * 12) "Never Again"
 * 13) "Minuet in G Major, BWV Anh. 116" (Johann Sebastian Bach)
 * 14) "Woodstock's Mambo"
 * 15) "Heartburn Waltz" (version 6)
 * 16) "Jennie L."
 * 17) "Heartburn Waltz" (version 7)
 * 18) "Valentine Interlude No. 2"
 * 19) "Heartburn Waltz" (version 8; different cue than that of cue 15 above despite identical title)
 * 20) "There's Been a Change"
 * 21) "Woodstock's Revenge"
 * 22) "Heartburn Waltz" (aka "Charlie Brown's Wake-Up") (version 9)
 * 23) "Heartburn Waltz" (version 10, closing tag)
 * 24) "Nocturne in E♭ major, Op. 9, No. 2" (aka "Freddie's Mood") (version 2, Paw Pet Theater music end credits) (Frédéric Chopin, arr. by Vince Guaraldi)

No official soundtrack for the special was released. However, a mono version of "Heartburn Waltz" (version 6) was first released in 1998 on Charlie Brown's Holiday Hits, marking the first time any music cues from the special received a general release.

In the mid-2000s, recording session master tapes for seven 1970s-era Peanuts television specials scored by Guaraldi were discovered by his son, David Guaraldi. This resulted in four additional cues — "Never Again", "Heartburn Waltz" (version 8), "There's Been a Change" and "Heartburn Waltz" (aka "Charlie Brown's Wake-Up") (version 9) — being made available on the compilation album, Vince Guaraldi and the Lost Cues from the Charlie Brown Television Specials, Volume 2 (2008).

Television
The special originally aired annually on CBS from 1975 to 2000. The special placed in the top 20 for television ratings in its first airing in 1975.

The special aired annually on ABC from 2001 until 2020, paired with A Charlie Brown Valentine starting in 2009. (In this special, Linus attempts to give a valentine to his teacher as Charlie Brown hopes to receive one.) After that, Be My Valentine and other Peanuts specials left broadcast TV for streaming and moved to Apple TV.

After the original special aired in 1975, similar to what happened after It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown, many children sent Charlie Brown lots of valentines via Charles Schulz out of sympathy.

Home media
The special was released on the CED format in 1982 along with It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown, He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown, and Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown. It was released on VHS in 1986 and 1988, from Media Home Entertainment and its Hi-Tops Video subsidiary, respectively, through the "Snoopy's Home Video Library" collection. That release cut out the part in the opening scene where Snoopy keeps shooting arrows. It was released again in its entirety by Paramount Home Media Distribution on January 11, 1995, and was re-released in clamshell packaging on October 1, 1996. Paramount released the special on January 7, 2003 on DVD with You're in Love, Charlie Brown and It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown. It was rereleased on January 15, 2008 by Warner Home Video in a "remastered deluxe edition" with a new bonus featurette, "Unlucky in Love: An Unrequited Love Story". It has also been released on laserdisc, and is available on iTunes.

title: Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown


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User:Bsod2

Hi all, this is a page containing what I find interesting in the Wikipedia. You are welcome to discuss it at the talk page. I try to make this page into a readable article, perhaps with the aim to make some sensible additions to the wikipedia itself at some point.

In this userspace I have: /Sandbox

Interesting wikipedia articles

 * WikiProject C++
 * Portal:Contents

 * Evolutionary origin of religions, Development of religion, Anthropology of religion, Prehistoric religion.

Identity
nl:Gebruiker:Bsod2 fr:Utilisateur:Bsod2 de:Benutzer:Bsod2

title: User:Bsod2


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Dylan Baker

Dylan Baker (born October 7, 1959) is an American actor. He gained recognition for his roles in films such as Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987), Happiness (1998), Thirteen Days (2000), Road to Perdition (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), Spider-Man 3 (2007), Trick 'r Treat (2007), Revolutionary Road (2008), Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues (2013), and Selma (2014). On television he has had prominent roles in series such as Murder One (1995–1996), The Good Wife (2010–2015), Damages (2011), The Americans (2016), and Homeland (2018). For The Good Wife he earned three Primetime Emmy Award nominations.

In 1991, Baker was nominated for a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his performance in the original production of La Bête. In 2013, he made his directorial debut with the film 23 Blast.

Early life and education
Baker was born in Syracuse, New York and raised in Lynchburg, Virginia. He began his acting career as a teenager in regional theater productions. He attended Holy Cross Regional Catholic School, went on to attend Darlington School, and graduated from the Georgetown Preparatory School in 1976.

Baker attended the College of William and Mary in Virginia and later graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1980. He then received a Master's in Fine Arts from the Yale School of Drama, where he studied alongside Chris Noth and Patricia Clarkson.

Career
Baker's Broadway theatre credits include Eastern Standard, La Bête (for which he received a Tony Award nomination), Mauritius, and God of Carnage. He won an Obie Award in 1986 for his performance in the off-Broadway play Not About Heroes. The next year, he made his motion picture debut in the feature film Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987).

Baker's first recurring TV role was on Steven Bochco's highly acclaimed Murder One (1995). Since then, he has appeared in such TV series as Northern Exposure, Law & Order, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Without a Trace, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, The West Wing, and the short-lived sitcom The Pitts.

He garnered major critical attention with his performance as a tormented pedophile in Todd Solondz's Happiness (1998). In 2000, he portrayed Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in Thirteen Days, a historical drama about the Cuban Missile Crisis. He also held a small role in Requiem for a Dream, where he played a doctor who sees Jared Leto's character with a severely infected, rotting arm. In 2002 he portrayed Alexander Rance, an accountant for the Chicago Outfit, in Road to Perdition. He played Dr. Curt Connors in Spider-Man 2 (2004) and Spider-Man 3 (2007).

During the short-lived 2007 series Drive, Baker played the role of John Trimble, a father with a terminal illness. In 2009, Baker played William Cross in NBC's Kings, in which his wife Becky Ann Baker played Jessie Shepherd, the mother of protagonist David Shepherd. Baker also guest starred in an episode of Monk, playing a theater critic in "Mr. Monk and the Critic". Baker guest starred in the November 2010 House episode "A Pox on Our House". Baker guest starred in the season four finale of Burn Notice as Raines, an old spy friend of Michael's. He reprised the role in the season five premiere, and also permitted his likeness to be used in the Burn Notice graphic novel "A New Day". In 2010, Baker played Hollis B. Chenery in Secretariat.

Baker played Pashto-speaking CIA agent Jerry Boorman in season 4 of the TV series Damages. He guest-starred in "Upper West Side Story" (2012), an episode of the TV series White Collar. He had a recurring role as the father of Katharine McPhee's character Karen Cartwright on the NBC TV series Smash. He appeared in the USA Network miniseries Political Animals (2012). For his performance as Colin Sweeney on The Good Wife, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2010, 2012, and 2014.

Baker performed with Helen Mirren on Broadway in The Audience, a play that depicted meetings between Queen Elizabeth II and important historical figures. Baker played former Prime Minister John Major. The play opened on March 8, 2015.

Baker portrays corrupt DEA Agent Bill Peterson in the seventh season on The Mentalist.

In 2016, Baker had a memorable recurring role as deep-cover KGB agent William Crandall, a morally conflicted biological weapons expert, on Season 4 of FX series The Americans.

In September 2017, it was announced that Baker would be joining the cast of the Showtime drama Homeland for the show's 7th season, as Sen. Sam Paley, a 'maverick' who is leading an excessive investigation of the administration of new President Elizabeth Keane.

He starred in the 2020 series Hunters, in which his wife had a supporting role.

Audiobooks
Baker is a prolific narrator of audiobooks, from fiction (The Grapes of Wrath, The Corrections) to biographies (Steve Jobs) to Argo.

He received the 2002 Audie Award for Abridged Fiction for his reading of The Corrections by Jonathan Franzen. He has also recorded Franzen's 2015 novel Purity.

Personal life
In 1990, Baker married actress Becky Gelke, now known professionally as Becky Ann Baker. They have a daughter and reside in New York City.

On September 1, 2015, Baker tried to save the life of his neighbor, Broadway and movie actress and dancer Vivien Eng, when her apartment caught fire in the New York City high-rise where they both lived. Unfortunately, he was driven back by smoke and fire. Firefighters eventually got the seriously injured woman out of the apartment and rushed her to the hospital, where she died two days later.

title: Dylan Baker


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The Mercury (Pennsylvania)

The Mercury is a daily newspaper published in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, United States.

Awards
The Mercury is the smallest circulation newspaper in the U.S. to have its staffers win two Pulitzer Prizes. In 1979, staff photographer Thomas J. Kelly III won in the Spot News Photography category. In 1990, staff Tom Hylton won in the Editorial Writing category. The Mercury has won hundreds of other state and national awards in the past 89 years.

Campaigns
Some of its investigative work has led to changes in state and federal laws. In its most recent public service campaign, The Mercury led the battle to overturn a middle-of-the-night pay raise that Pennsylvania lawmakers voted themselves in July 2005. The newspaper published a series of editorials by editor Nancy March and op-ed columns by City Editor Tony Phyrillas demanding the repeal of the pay raise. The newspaper also collected 10,000 letters from readers demanding repeal of the pay raise and delivered them to the state Capitol in Harrisburg. One month after the letters were delivered, the legislature voted to repeal the pay raise. The Mercury celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2006 and continues as a crusading small-town newspaper. The Mercury covers parts of Montgomery, Chester and Berks counties in southeastern Pennsylvania. The Mercury won seven awards in the 2007 editorial excellence contest sponsored by Suburban Newspapers of America. Located at the corner of Hanover and King streets in Pottstown, The Mercury has a daily circulation of 27,500 and also posts stories at its Web site. The Mercury is owned by the MediaNews Group, formerly Journal Register Company, one of the largest newspaper chains in the country.

title: The Mercury (Pennsylvania)


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User talk:Bsod2

Welcome to my discussion page :)

subsubstubs
Your recent articles have essentially no content, and aren't useful so I'm redirecting them. People can presumably find more about them at Universal Networking Language. --W.marsh 01:38, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I just dont know how to make stubs right now... As soon as I figured that out, I'll try to make stubs out of the pages. 01:43, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah if a page really has nothing but a link to another page, generally it should be redirected until more can be written there. --W.marsh 01:54, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * that "#redirect Universal Networking Language" you did, works. Thanks Marsh :)

Frege
There is a discussion going on at talk:Gottlob Frege. Tkuvho (talk) 10:55, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bsod2


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Talk:Marshrutka

Untitled
Kind of weird, I think it should begin with PAZ picture. And I thought PAZ is still the backbone of this transport, because Gazelle is low-capacity and usually the ride is triple the cost –Gnomz007(?) 02:46, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * I replaced the image with the one of PAZ, but someone living in Russia should really just take a picture of a real thing. The PAZ picture is not even good enough for the pre-1992 section, because PAZ, even being crampy, crappy, and small, is technically still a real bus, not a mini-cab.  Plus, the picture has unverified status.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus amurensis) 12:20, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Pictures
What kind of minibuses are these monstrosities (I assume the ones in the Kiev and St. Petersburg pictures are the same model)? I've never seen one quite like these before. Just curious.—Ëzhiki (ërinacëus amurënsis) • (yo?); 00:35, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, have not looked. It seems like in SPb they are presently the only one in existence abakharev 01:29, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The St. Petersburg one appears to be some kind of Mercedes Benz minibus (a newer Mercedes-Benz TN, I presume) and is definitely not the Tata Etalon in the Kiev picture.--Paffka (talk) 19:32, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clarification!—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 19:37, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

City legends
What about suicidal caucasian "Gazellist" without driving license and "40 minutes of horror and you're at home"? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 194.186.150.252 (talk) 14:54, 23 December 2006 (UTC).
 * The one not speaking Russian, too? The same guy who stacks up twenty-five passengers into a twelve seat vehicle? These are kind of rooted out by now, but still the safety issues deserve a Level 1 Heading. --46.138.160.123 (talk) 07:45, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

A few changes
I took away the verifiable notice because this article is not encyclopedic. It relates the experiences of travellers in former Soviet Bloc countries and provides other travellers with an understanding of a public transport system that is not found in English-speaking countries.

Clarified the GAZelle photo since it is only typical in Russia. I have firsthand experience seeing and travelling on marshrutki in Moscow, Chelyabinsk, Ekaterinburg and Satka (CHEL), as well as in Ukraine (Kiev, Dnepropetrovsk, Krivoy Rog, Simferopol, Feodosia).

Wavetossed (talk) 21:40, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Just because the article in its current form is based on "experiences of travellers" is not an excuse not to request references. I restored the "unreferenced" note.  As for the image caption, I had to remove "Russian" from it because that particular image was taken in Ukraine (I should know, I am the photographer).  If you look closer, you'll see that the sign is in Ukrainian and that the license plate is Ukrainian as well.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 13:39, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Insert non-formatted text here

Merging
I think this article should be part of Minibus article instead."Marshrutka" is a slang word by the way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.219.160.246 (talk) 12:32, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * "Minibus" is a type of vehicle; "marshrutka" is that vehicle in a certain application. The difference is quite significant, so the merger, in my opinion, is unwarranted.  The article could, however, use a rename (to routed taxi, for example), as "marshrutka" is not an English word.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 18:25, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Marshrutka is not necessarily a minibus.--achp (talk) 22:12, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll indeed rename it. Óðinn (talk) 05:45, 9 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't quite agree with the argument for the move. That argument can be used to rename all traditional articles on wikipedia to some strange English description, that in fact, nobody uses.--Paffka (talk) 18:56, 9 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, how about the argument that "Marshrutka" is only a Slavic term, whereas in the Baltic, Caucasian and Central Asian states it is called something else?.. Besides, there is a specific policy called WP:NEO. Óðinn (talk) 06:16, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the fact that it's not marshrutka everywhere is what I agree with as a fair reason to move. Fair enough for the neologism rule whether it sounds right or not. --Paffka (talk) 20:28, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * "Routed taxicab" is the more radical neologism, with a mere 28 (12) English ghits. "Marshrutka" has 15k English ghits. "Marshrutka" is definitely the dominant name, I guess CIS countries and Bulgaria have adopted the term from Russia, whether they're Slavic countries or not. I found another name mentioned only in the Romania section, and it looks like the kind of word that languages of the former Soviet Union would be keen to borrow because it's hard to translate. Another solid argument is that all other Wikipedias have their article named marshrutka in the native spelling, not a translation. Please don't undertake such moves without a careful discussion. Todor→Bozhinov 13:24, 15 November 2008 (UTC)
 * "Routed taxicab" is hardly a neologism; it's just a rare combination of two English words. If ghits are your concern, I suggest moving the article to "fixed-route taxi" (1,090 ghits) or "routed taxi" (11,000 ghits), both of which are much more Anglophone-friendly than "marshrutka", a word absent from every English dictionary I've consulted.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 14:54, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
 * As for "marshrutka" being only a Slavic term, I lived in Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan for over 2 years, and speak Turkmen fairly well, and I never heard them called anything other than "marshrutka." In fact it was so common I had no idea it was a slang term, though the ending is sort of a tip-off, and never even thought about the etymology. In Turkmenistan they were mostly GAZelles and mainly did intercity routes (the Turkmen government subsidizes gasoline and does not enforce taxi licenses, so in the towns every private car is a taxi and only larger cities have marshrutka routes inside the city -- before the monetary reform and change in gas prices, an in-the-city taxi ride in Turkmenabat/Charjew was about 5,000 manat and a bus/marshrutka was like 3,000, so not a huge difference -- $0.12 vs. $0.20. For intercity trips, though, the marshrutka could be significantly cheaper).
 * As for the name change, I would argue that this form of public transport (as opposed to what's discussed in minibus) ONLY exists in the FSU and is called by the same name everywhere. If someone were to try to find this article directly, they would surely look up 'marshrutka,' as I did, not 'fixed-route taxicab', which is not an entirely accurate translation anyway since I think most native speakers would never call a van a 'taxicab'. The only argument here is whether this particular type of minibus warrants a separate article from minibus, and I believe it does. Stuffisthings (talk) 14:39, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

In English, marshrutka is the word I use, with marshrutkas for the plural. In Catalan/Spanish I might say "taxi de línia"/"taxi de linea", if I'm describing to someone not familiar with them. But overall, marshrutka/marxrutka is the clearest word, and in Catalan/Spanish with feminine agreement. Aquesta nit, no n'hi havia marxrutki. (although one also finds examples of "marxrutkes" for the plural). - Francis Tyers · 20:25, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Editing the article
I think this article needs to be sorted out. There is some structure of the article shown in contents, but there is poor structure within the text, it is just hard to read.

It would be great if somebody who lives in CIS countries (and knows english well) would edit this article to fix its structure and make it more realistic, because as of 2009-06-13 it indeed looks like a single traveller's experience.

I live in Poltava, Ukraine and I can tell a bit about this topic (and I may edit a part of article later). It is necessary to add more 'Bogdan's, because since early 2000's their amount has greatly increased, they are popular in all ukrainian cities, e.g. in Poltava they make ca. 1/2 of all so-called (*1) marshrutkas. Also maybe it would be good to place info about a ticket price in marshrutkas (the differ from 1.25 to >2.50 UAH as I know - as of June 2009).

1: In fact, native people in Poltava doesn't refer 'Bogdan's and 'Tata Etalon's to marshrutkas, either they are reffered to busses along with bigger ones (and the same price of 1.00 UAH). Only smaller ones (Gazelle, BAZ, Rutah, Mercedes Sprinter, and similar) are called marshrutkas (with price of 1.25 UAH, and do not have a conductor). That's all the difference about it. 193.84.90.3 (talk) 17:54, 13 June 2009 (UTC) Roman K.

 * I agree that there is a problem related to determining the type and shape of vehicle that qualifies as marshrutka. Though my experience is limited, I have not heard anyone refer to Bogdans, Etalons, PAZs and the photographed Shaolin as marshrutka. However, the article was already written when I first came across it, so I didn't raise an alarm. Information about price as a number is, I believe, not something worth mentioning as it is subject to difference from region to region and change from time to time. I have been to Poltava and have many fond memories. Cheers.--Paffka (talk) 18:19, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

The lead
It reads like some discussion which is inappropriate. 93.72.146.196 (talk) 17:08, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

Renaming article
Propose to change the title of the article on the Marshrutnoe taxi or Routed taxi. The word "marshrutka" (маршрутка) is indeed a slang or colloquial name formed from the "маршрутное такси" (marshrutnoe taxi). In the Russian-language Wikipedia article also called "Маршрутное такси". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.161.247.2 (talk) 21:26, 9 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Please file a move request, or few people are likely to notice this section. Feel free to contact me if you need help. Cheers,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); February 11, 2013; 13:04 (UTC)
 * As a foreigner hardly speaking Russian or any related language, I heard about "marshrutki" all the time when I was in Ukraina. I could not care less about the "appropriate" grammatical form. reference to the word "taxi" is misleading because AFAIK marshrutki run scheduled services. Rbakels (talk) 09:54, 11 May 2013 (UTC)
 * While living in Russia, I also think that the article should be renamed "Marshrutnoe taxi" because this name is used in official documents and the media. The word "marshrutka" really is common in everyday speech, but in official publications, it is undesirable.I have filed a request to change myself, but unfortunately I was not good at wiki engine.89.223.47.199 (talk) 14:45, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

Other names
I first heard the word in Ukraina, and I am really surprised it is so widely used. Which leads to the question why in Poland they simply talk about minibuses (or was that for me as a foreigner)? Still Polish is a Slavic language as well. In Albania these buses are called "furgon" (which is probably no original Albanian word I guess). Rbakels (talk) 09:52, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

MOAR
We need even MOAR irrelevant details in pictures' captions here( Ukrained2012 (talk) 03:45, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Marshrutka


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Cricket in fiction

The sport of cricket has long held a special place in Anglophone culture, and a specialised niche in English literature. Cricket is the official summer sport in England, and it is widely known as the "gentleman's game", owing to the unique culture of the sport and its emphasis on ideals such as grace, sportsmanship, character and complexity. Cricket has therefore often attracted the attention (and in some cases, fandom) of the literati – Lamb, Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt were all players of the game – and some of the greatest English writers have written about cricket. This was particularly true in the era before the Second World War, for example, during the Edwardian era, and in the 1920s and 1930s.

Victorian literature
An early chapter of Dickens's famous first novel The Pickwick Papers, serialised as early as 1836, features a brief description of a cricket match between the All-Muggleton team and the Dingley Dell Cricket Club. Mr Pickwick watches as Mr Jingle provides a running commentary on the game ("Capital game—smart sport—fine exercise—very" is a typical Jingle comment.)

Cricket also plays a prominent part in Tom Brown's Schooldays (1857), Thomas Hughes' classic novel of life at Rugby. A century after Hughes's book, the school's bully Flashman (and his cricket career) were resurrected by the novelist George MacDonald Fraser (see below). Anthony Trollope also wrote occasionally about cricket.

E. W. Hornung wrote a series of short stories about the adventures of the gentleman thief A. J. Raffles, who was a fine cricketer. In The Field Bazaar, a short story by Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson discuss Watson's history as a cricketer and his plans to help the University of Edinburgh raise money for a new cricket pavilion.

Cricket in pre-WWII literature
There have been several famous cricket matches in post-Victorian literature, notably the village cricket match which forms the centrepiece of A. G. Macdonell's minor classic England, Their England (1933).

Another well-known example comes from the work of Siegfried Sassoon. In 1928, Sassoon, by then a famed war poet, published Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man, the first volume of his George Sherston trilogy. The book, ostensibly a novel, is in effect a lyrical love-letter from the author to his vanished Edwardian childhood, set in the dreamy English countryside. The Butley flower show match is a classic evocation of cricket on the village green.

Cricket played a role in the Lord Peter Wimsey novels of Dorothy Sayers. There are numerous references to Wimsey's achievements as a cricket blue at Oxford, and an extensive description of a game of cricket is a crucial element in solving the murder in Murder Must Advertise (1933).

Another writer from this period is Hugh de Sélincourt. He wrote two novels with cricket as their subject – The Cricket Match (1924) is better known than its successor The Game of the Season (1935). Oxford University Press reprinted both these books in the early 1980s.

The novel Son of Grief by Dudley Carew (1936) was rated highly by John Arlott. He wrote: It has its darknesses, but it is convincing, and its characters are rounded and credible.

The great humorist P. G. Wodehouse was an avid fan of the game and a dedicated player as well – winning admiration for his medium paced bowling. Cricket is central to the plot of his novel Mike (1909) and its sequels including Psmith in the City (1910), which feature talented cricketer Michael "Mike" Jackson and his friend Psmith, also revealed to be a talented player. Wodehouse's cricketing companions included J. M. Barrie, Hugh de Selincourt and Arthur Conan Doyle, playing for either the "Punch XI" or the Allahakbarries, whose name, said Barrie, derived from the Arabic invocation meaning "Heaven help us". (This is technically incorrect as the meaning of the Arabic phrase Allahu Akbar is God is great.) Cricket popped up frequently in his novels and short stories, and the anthology Wodehouse at the Wicket, edited by Murray Hedgcock, is an attempt to capture the Master's writings about his favourite sport.

J. M. Barrie and A. A. Milne – creators of Peter Pan and Winnie the Pooh respectively – also wrote about cricket.

Post-war fiction
Bruce Hamilton wrote the novel Pro: An English tragedy in 1946. Also in 1946 came The Devil in Woodford Wells, a novel by Harold Hobson (1946).

William Godfrey (a pseudonym of Sam Youd) wrote the first two novels of what had been intended to be a trilogy: The Friendly Game (1956) and Malleson at Melbourne (1957).

In the 1960s, Leslie Frewin edited a couple of anthologies of literary cricket (including both short stories and extracts from novels) under the title The Best of Cricket's Fiction.

A Season in Sinji (1967) by J.L. Carr is a novel mainly set at a fictional RAF base in West Africa during the Second World War; it features a bizarre cricket match.

More recently, George MacDonald Fraser claimed in his novel Flashman's Lady (1977) that Harry Flashman was the first cricketer to record a "hat-trick". The caddish fictional hero participates in a cricket match at Lord's in 1842 that features some of the leading cricketers of that era – Felix, Fuller Pilch, and Alfred Mynn. (Flashman gets Felix's wicket through skill, Pilch's through luck, and Mynn's by 'knavery'.) MacDonald Fraser takes great care to describe the sights and sounds of Lord's as it was in the 1840s. Although very different from Sassoon's style, his descriptions of the cricket match and its setting often reach an idyllic beauty that fits in well with the romantic nostalgia for village cricket during much of the 20th century.

In Life, the Universe and Everything (1982), the third book in Douglas Adams's Hitchhiker series, Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect travel through the space-time continuum to Lord's, where a shocking act of cricket vandalism takes place – the Ashes trophy is stolen by a band of robber-robots from the planet Krikkit. The novel contains an alternative explanation of the genesis of the game – cricket is actually the product of a sort of "interspecies collective unconscious memory", and it is the humans who have shamelessly trivialised it into a sport.

About 50 years after the bodyline controversy, Paul Wheeler wrote a fictionalised account of that infamous series in Bodyline: The Novel (1983). Wheeler also wrote the script for the Australian mini-series Bodyline (1984).

Willie Rushton wrote the comic novel W.G. Grace's Last Case (1984), in which he imagined the cricketer having a side-line as a private detective.

Also in the 1980s, the writer and broadcaster Peter Tinniswood published a series of ten books on cricket, fictional and humorous in nature.

Early professional cricket in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars forms part of the historical backdrop to Bernard Cornwell's novel, Gallows Thief (2002).

Cricket is a major part of the novella 24 for 3 (2007) by Jennie Walker, set in London, and the novel Netherland (2008) by Joseph O'Neill, set in New York.

Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew by Shehan Karunatilaka (2008) (known only by the subtitle in the USA) is in large part, an exploration of Sri Lankan cricket.

In 2012 the former Derbyshire opening batsman and screenwriter Peter Gibbs wrote a novel, Settling the Score, about a fictional county match late in the 1969 season.

New Zealand cricket fiction
New Zealand has produced some cricket fiction (mainly works for children and young people) and two adult novels in Michael O’Leary's Out of It (1987) and W. J. Foote's Poetry in Motion: The Tragic Tale of the Pukemanu Prodigy, New Zealand's Greatest Slow Bowler (2003).

O’Leary's cult novella presents a fictionalised one-day match between New Zealand's mid-1980s team and an Out of It XI made up of rock stars, famous artists, poets and writers.

A new edition of Out of It appeared in 2012 edited by cricket poetry anthologist Mark Pirie and published by HeadworX in Wellington, New Zealand. Pirie also lists books of New Zealand cricket fiction as an appendix sourced from Rob Franks's comprehensive bibliography of New Zealand cricket literature, Kiwi Cricket Pages (UK, c2006).

Australian cricket fiction
Malcolm Knox wrote the cricket crime novel A Private Man (2004), set against the background of a Test match in Sydney. Also in 2004 was Steven Carroll's The Gift of Speed, set during the West Indian tour of Australia in 1960-61.

Jock Serong's The Rules of Backyard Cricket (2016), another cricket crime novel, tells the story of the rivalry between two brothers in the Melbourne suburbs who grow up to play in the Australian team.

title: Cricket in fiction


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United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence

The United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI), also known as the House Intelligence Committee, is a committee of the United States House of Representatives, currently chaired by Mike Turner. It is the primary committee in the U.S. House of Representatives charged with the oversight of the United States Intelligence Community, though it does share some jurisdiction with other committees in the House, including the Armed Services Committee for some matters dealing with the Department of Defense and the various branches of the U.S. military.

The committee was preceded by the Select Committee on Intelligence between 1975 and 1977. House Resolution 658 established the permanent select committee, which gave it status equal to a standing committee on July 14, 1977.

Jurisdiction
The committee oversees all or part of the following executive branch departments and agencies: • Office of the Director of National Intelligence

• Central Intelligence Agency

• Defense Intelligence Agency

• Department of Defense

• Department of Energy

• Department of Homeland Security

• Department of Justice

• Department of State

• Department of Treasury

• Drug Enforcement Administration

• Federal Bureau of Investigation

• National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

• National Reconnaissance Office

• National Security Agency

• Office of Naval Intelligence

• Sixteenth Air Force

• Space Delta 7

• Army Intelligence and Security Command

• Coast Guard Intelligence

• Marine Corps Intelligence Activity

History
Prior to establishing the permanent select committee in 1977, the House of Representatives established the "Select Committee on Intelligence", commonly referred to as the "Pike Committee", so named after its last chairman, Otis G. Pike of New York. The select committee had originally been established in February 1975 under the chairmanship of Congressman Lucien Nedzi of Michigan. Following Nedzi's resignation in June, the committee was reconstituted with Pike as chair, in July 1975, with its mandate expiring January 31, 1976. Under Pike's chairmanship, the committee investigated illegal activities by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

The final report of the Pike Committee was never officially published due to Congressional opposition. However, unauthorized versions of the draft final report were leaked to the press. CBS News reporter Daniel Schorr was called to testify before Congress, but refused to divulge his source. Major portions of the report were published by The Village Voice, and a full copy of the draft was published in England.

During the 1980s the HPSCI worked to acquire access to covert action notifications of the CIA, as well as to strengthen the role of the committee in intelligence agency funding. Under the Reagan administration, the HPSCI and United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) worked with Director of Central Intelligence William J. Casey on what was known as the "Casey Accords". The accords required that covert action findings were to be accompanied by "scope papers" that included a risk/gain assessment of each such activity. However, the deal was not acceptable to the HPSCI, and after the Iran–Contra affair, more pressure was placed on strengthening the oversight of committees.

In 2017, the committee was tasked along with the SSCI to evaluate the degree of Russian interference in the 2016 US elections. The committee was also investigating allegations of wiretapping of Donald Trump, as well as ties between Russian officials and members of Trump's presidential campaign. The committee came under intense scrutiny in 2017 and 2018 due to allegations of partisanship and leaks of classified information by members and their staff. In March 2018, the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 elections was abruptly ended by the committee's Republican members despite the assertion by Democratic members that the investigation was incomplete and had failed to gather pertinent information. Notably, House Intelligence Republicans released a draft of their investigatory report which contradicted some findings of the U.S. Intelligence Community and was written without the input of House Democrats. In March 2018, after further disagreements, Republican committee member Tom Rooney claimed that the committee had "lost all credibility" and had become "a political forum for people to leak information to drive the day's news."

With the change of party leadership in the House in the 116th United States Congress, the committee launched a probe of Trump's finances and Russian ties in February 2019. In June 2019, in the course of hearings on the national security implications of climate change, the White House blocked the submission of a statement by the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research Office of the Geographer and Global Issues, and the analyst who wrote the statement, Rod Schoonover, resigned.

117th Congress

 * Subcommittees

Select Committee chairs

 * Lucien N. Nedzi (D), 1975
 * Otis G. Pike (D), 1975–1976

Permanent Select Committee chairs

 * Edward P. Boland (D), 1977–1985
 * Lee H. Hamilton (D), 1985–1987
 * Louis Stokes (D), 1987–1989
 * Anthony C. Beilenson (D), 1989–1991
 * David K. McCurdy (D), 1991–1993
 * Dan Glickman (D), 1993–1995
 * Larry Combest (R), 1995–1997
 * Porter Goss (R), 1997–2004
 * Pete Hoekstra (R), 2004–2007
 * Silvestre Reyes (D), 2007–2011
 * Mike Rogers (R), 2011–2015
 * Devin Nunes (R), 2015–2019
 * Adam Schiff (D), 2019–2023
 * Mike Turner (R), 2023-present


text:
Bean-Spill

Bean-Spill is the third extended-play single and fourth release overall by American hardcore punk band Minutemen.

Background
The Minutemen's second LP, What Makes a Man Start Fires?, was recorded in the summer of 1982 but the release was delayed due to SST's lawsuit with Unicorn Records. To fill the lengthy gap between releases, SST Records partner Joe Carducci volunteered to release an EP on his Thermidor Records label.

Recorded in two sessions with side A recorded at Media Art in Hermosa Beach with Spot and side B recorded in November 1981 at Casbah Studio in Fullerton, CA. The latter session also saw the recording of what became the first seven tracks of The Politics of Time.

The EP includes two of the band's most enduring early numbers, "Split Red" and "If Reagan Played Disco." Bean-Spill is notable for being the only Minutemen record to feature bassist Mike Watt, rather than guitarist D. Boon as the lead vocalist on most of the songs. Boon only sings on "Split Red" and "Futurism Restated".

The original pressing featured on its B-side label a red-and-orange reproduction of a Raymond Pettibon drawing of a man's naked lower torso, with the spindle-hole located on the rectal area, and the caption, "We Need The Money".

While the original EP went out of print after Carducci folded Thermidor and joined SST as a partner, the tracks can be found in their original running order the Post-Mersh Vol. 3 CD, and with the side two tracks preceding the side one tracks on the My First Bells cassette.

title: Bean-Spill