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Talk:Substantia nigra

MPTP is formed during MPP and/or meperidine formation right? why credit that to heroin - Cocoapunk

=Sex as a reward= I do not know any experimental protocole using sex as a reward, restricted in monkeys to food and drink --Gerard.percheron 15:30, 21 June 2006 (UTC)gerard.percheron

 * This is in the 'function' section which I originally wrote as an attempt to relate what is know from the lab to the real world. Food and sex were the two examples that I could think of that I thought most readers would regard as rewarding. JeremyA 22:15, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe you misunderstand the statement. The release of dopamine causes a pleasurable euphoric feeling.  Dopamine is a physiologic reward for certain things i.e. sex and food.  --Drewlew (talk) 00:11, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Images at bottom, first row, fourth image with subtitle "Coronal section through mid-brain.": isn't that transverse? I just compared with the following image which is similar and said to be transverse. Could please someone check who has experience. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.32.123.135 (talk) 10:03, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

merge suggestion
I was wondering if the pars compacta and pars reticulata articles be merged into this Kpmiyapuram (talk) 18:20, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

No, I would advise against this. They may be anatomically related but within the circuitry of the basal ganglia (and generally) they serve very different functions. One (SNpc) provides a dopaminergic projections to the striatum (and limbic areas), whereas the other acts in the role of an output nuclei within the basal ganglia, similar to the globus pallidus internus. So, in the interests of clarity and ease of understanding then surely keep them apart! Joel 21:16, 25 May 2009 (GMT+1) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.208.12.195 (talk)

No, as they are two very distinctive brain regions and separation of articles only emphasizes that. As it has been 2 years since last statement in the discussion, I have removed the merge statement. --TamCaP (talk) 21:22, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Assessment for WikiProject Neuroscience
The article is tremendously improved. I would say it is C class at the moment, with a pretty straightforward route to B class, and strong potential for GA (but that's a separate process).

Problems and suggestions:

 * 1) I think "black" isn't the right word, it's really just sort of dark.
 * 2) It needs to be made clearer that SNc and SNr are functionally completely distinct. The common element of the name has the unfortunate effect of making you think that they are two parts of the same thing, but really they're two completely different things that lie side by side.  I would actually favor, after the lead, splitting the article into two parts, for SNc and SNr, at the highest level -- but I recognize that there are other valid ways to handle this.
 * 3) A circuit diagram showing the basic components of the basal ganglia would be extremely helpful. I see this as essential for getting to B.
 * 4) It ought to be explained that the SNr has a functional resemblance to the GPi, and that the two of them together place a blanket inhibition on a large number of motor systems, and that the basal ganglia activate behaviors by releasing them from this tonic inhibition.
 * 5) Should have some explanation of the direct and indirect pathways.
 * 6) Should point out that SNc is functionally similar to VTA, both dopaminergic, one projecting to ventral striatum which is involved in behavior-switching at a cognitive level, the other involved in behavior switching at a motor level. Drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine affect both areas but their addictive effects are due mainly to the actions in VTA.
 * 7) Could perhaps talk about LTP of the corticostriatal projections which is controlled by dopaminergic input from SNc, and the idea that this is the cellular mechanism for reward learning.
 * 8) Regarding SNc, it would be nice to give an overview of the Wolfram Schultz story.
 * 9) Might be helpful in explaining Parkinson's disease to say that dopamine sort of sets the threshold for behavior activation -- high dopamine means easy activation, low dopamine means it takes more "effort".
 * 10) Might also be worth saying that loss of neurons in SNc is a normal part of aging, and is partly implicated in the slowness and lack of expressiveness that we see in the elderly. It has been speculated that everybody would eventually become Parkinsonian if they lived long enough.

I'm sure there are other things, but these are the main suggestions I have at the moment. I'll also try to help out with this article to the extent that I can. Once again, it's already a very useful article, and a tremendous advance on what came before it. (Maybe I should explain that I sort of "stepped in" at WikiProject Neuroscience a couple of months ago because nobody else was doing anything there, and there isn't really anything "official" about this assessment or the feedback I'm giving -- wouldn't want to operate under false pretenses.) Looie496 (talk) 19:38, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Connection to Melanin Theory
I'd like to note that the Substantia nigra plays a role in the pseudoscience of Melanin theory. Should that be addressed here? --Pstanton 07:00, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't think it belongs here. No reason to draw attention to such an idiotic idea, unless it's a lot more notable than it looks. Looie496 (talk) 21:20, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

new edit
An IP editor has just made a large edit to the article apparently in a serious effort to improve it, but left it in an incoherent state. I'm going to revert the edit, but I'm not hostile to these sorts of changes -- please feel free to revert back if you're going to continue to work on the article. Also please use edit summaries for your edits, especially when making large changes to an article. Looie496 (talk) 16:35, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Regarding "dopamine is the critical neurotransmitter for reward"
I'm an ordinary person with Parkinson's Disease. In my reading, I get the impression that the statement is considered simplistic and slightly erroneous; dopamine affects motivation rather than reward. I daren't edit the article, so it would be nice if that statement could be reviewed just in case. Someone talked about this here, but 10 years ago. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.174.132.82 (talk) 12:14, 13 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Motivation is actually a component of reward, but more generally, dopamine mediates the integration of virtually all reward signals in the brain. It is not independently responsible for reward cognition though, it just plays a central role in mediating all of them.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 13:19, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

In the introduction: [the pars compacta supplies] the striatum with dopamine
"The pars compacta serves mainly as a projection to the basal ganglia circuit, supplying the striatum with dopamine."

This is a bugbear I have had for 10 years now, ever since I started my psychology degree. When sources talk about "supplying [X brain area] with dopamine", what do they actually mean? Do they mean that the neurons in the substantia nigra generate loads of dopamine and somehow transfer it to neurons in, e.g. the striatum, so that they can release it from *their* terminal boutons, or do they simply mean that the communication from the substantia nigra to the striatum is dopaminergic? I ask because I suspect it is the latter, but the image that this phrase conjures up in my mind is of the former, so if this is the case, I would propose changing the phrasing to something a bit clearer, despite being aware that this phrasing is standard and commonplace. Anditres (talk) 23:39, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Substantia nigra


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Jacques Basnage

Jacques Basnage De Beauval (8 August 1653 – 22 December 1723) was a celebrated French Protestant divine, preacher, linguist, writer and man of affairs. He wrote a History of the Reformed Churches and on Jewish Antiquities.

Biography
Jacques Basnage was born at Rouen in Normandy, the eldest son of the eminent lawyer Henri Basnage de Franquesnay. He studied classical languages at Saumur and afterwards theology at Geneva. He was pastor at Rouen from 1676 till 1685, when, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he obtained leave of the king to retire to Holland. He settled at Rotterdam as a minister pensionary till 1691, when he was chosen pastor of the Walloon church.

In 1709 the grand pensionary Anthonie Heinsius (1641–1720) secured his election as one of the pastors of the Walloon church at The Hague, intending to employ him mainly in civil affairs. Accordingly, he was engaged in a secret negotiation with Marshal d'Uxelles, plenipotentiary of France at the congress of Utrecht. He was then entrusted with several further important commissions.

In 1716 Dubois, who was at the Hague at the instance of the regent Orleans, for the purpose of negotiating the Triple Alliance between France, Great Britain and Holland, sought the advice of Basnage, who, in spite of the fact that he had failed to receive permission to return to France on a short visit the year before, did his best to further the negotiations. The French government also turned to him for help in view of the threatened rising in the Cevennes.

Basnage had welcomed the revival of the Protestant church by the zeal of Antoine Court. He assured the regent that no danger of active resistance was to be feared from it. True to the principles of Calvin, he denounced the rebellion of the Camisards in his Instructions pastorales aux Réformés de France sur l'obéissance due aux souverains (1720), which was printed by order of the court and scattered broadcast in the south of France.

Works
His works include several dogmatic and polemical treatises, but the most important are the historical. Of these may be mentioned Histoire de la religion des églises reformées (Rotterdam, 1690), the Histoire de l'église depuis Jésus-Christ jusqu'à présent (ib. 1699)—both of them written from the point of view of Protestant polemics—and, of greater scientific value, the Histoire des Juifs (Rotterdam, 1706, Eng. trans. 1708) and the Antiquités judaiques ou remarques critiques sur la république des Hébreux (1713). He also wrote short explanatory introductions and notes to a collection of copper-plate engravings, much valued by connoisseurs, called Histoires du Vieux et du Nouveau Testament, représentées par des figures gravées en taille-douce par R. de Hooge (Amsterdam, 1704).

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1697.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jacques Basnage


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George Bird Grinnell

George Bird Grinnell (September 20, 1849 – April 11, 1938) was an American anthropologist, historian, naturalist, and writer. Originally specializing in zoology, he became a prominent early conservationist and student of Native American life. Grinnell has been recognized for his influence on public opinion and work on legislation to preserve the American bison. Mount Grinnell in Glacier National Park in Montana is named after him.

Early life and education
Grinnell was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of George Blake and Helen Lansing Grinnell. The family moved when he was seven to Audubon Park, the section of Washington Heights in Manhattan which was developed from the estate after noted ornithologist John James Audubon's death in 1851. Grinnell graduated from Yale University with a B.A. in 1870 and a Ph.D. in 1880.

Exploration and conservation
Grinnell had extensive contact with the terrain, animals and Native Americans of the northern plains; after receiving his degree, Grinnell obtained a position in 1870 with an expedition of the Peabody Museum at New Haven to collect vertebrate fossils in the West for six months. He became friendly with, and was able to take part in the last great hunt of the Pawnee in 1872. He spent many years studying the natural history of the region. As a Yale graduate student, he accompanied Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer's 1874 Black Hills expedition as a naturalist. (He later declined a similar invitation for the ill-fated 1876 Little Big Horn expedition.)

In 1875, Colonel William Ludlow, who had been part of Custer's gold exploration effort, invited Grinnell to serve as naturalist and mineralogist on an expedition to Montana and the newly established Yellowstone Park. Grinnell prepared an attachment to the expedition's report, in which he documented the poaching of buffalo, deer, elk and antelope for hides. "It is estimated that during the winter of 1874-1875, not less than 3,000 Buffalo and mule deer suffer even more severely than the elk, and the antelope nearly as much." His experience in Yellowstone led Grinnell to write the first of many magazine articles dealing with conservation, the protection of the buffalo, and the American West.

Grinnell made hunting trips to the St. Mary Lakes region of what is now Glacier National Park in 1885, 1887 and 1891 in the company of James Willard Schultz, the first professional guide in the region. During the 1885 visit, Grinnell and Schultz while traveling up the Swiftcurrent valley observed the glacier that now bears his name. Along with Schultz, Grinnell participated in the naming of many features in the Glacier region. He was later influential in establishing Glacier National Park in 1910. He was also a member of the Edward Henry Harriman expedition of 1899, a two-month survey of the Alaskan coast by an elite group of scientists and artists. Grinnell was prominent in movements to preserve wildlife and conservation in the American West. From 1880 to 1911 he served as editor and president of the weekly Forest and Stream, and wrote articles and lobbied for congressional support for the endangered American buffalo. In 1887, Grinnell was a founding member, with Theodore Roosevelt, of the Boone and Crockett Club, dedicated to the restoration of America's wildlands. Other founding members included General William Tecumseh Sherman and Gifford Pinchot. Grinnell and Roosevelt published the Club's first book in 1895. Grinnell also organized the first Audubon Society and was an organizer of the New York Zoological Society.

With the passage of the 1894 National Park Protective Act, the remaining 200 wild buffalo in Yellowstone National Park received a measure of protection. It was nearly too late for the species. Poaching continued to reduce the animal's population, which reached its lowest number of 23 in 1902. Grinnell's actions led to ongoing efforts by the Department of Interior to find additional animals in the wild and to manage herds to supplement the Yellowstone herd. This ultimately led to a genetically pure viable herd, and the survival of the species. Besides being editor of Forest and Stream, he contributed many articles and essays to other magazines, books, and professional publications, including:
 * "In Buffalo Days", in American Big-Game Hunting, edited by Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell, New York, 1893.
 * "The Bison," in Musk-Ox, Bison, Sheep and Goat, edited by Caspar Whitney, George Bird Grinnell, and Owen Wister, New York, 1904 American Sportsman's Library.

Ethnology of the Plains cultures
Grinnell's books and publications reflect his lifelong learnings about the ways of northern American plains and the Plains tribes. Along with J. A. Allen and William T. Hornaday, Grinnell was a historian of the buffalo and their relationship to Plains tribal culture. In When Buffalo Ran (1920), he describes hunting and working buffalo from a buffalo horse.

Grinnell's best-known works are on the Cheyenne, including The Fighting Cheyennes (1915), and a two-volume work, The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways (1923). His principal translator (and also an informant) for both books was George Bent, a Cheyenne of mixed race who had fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War. George E. Hyde may have done much of the writing.

In 1928, Grinnell explored the story of brothers Major Frank North and Captain Luther H. North, who led Pawnee Scouts for the US Army. In other works on the Plains culture area, he focused on the Pawnee and Blackfeet people: Pawnee Hero Stories (1889), Blackfoot Lodge Tales (1892), and The Story of the Indian (1895).

Of his work, President Theodore Roosevelt said, "In his books… Mr. George Bird Grinnell has portrayed [the Indians] with a master hand; it is hard to see how his work can be bettered."

Selected papers by Grinnell were edited and published in 1972 by J. F. Reiger, a professor of history at Ohio University-Chillicothe and the former executive director of the Connecticut Audubon Society.

Death and burial
A news service took a photo of him and his wife, Elizabeth Curtis Williams Grinnell, on Grinnell Glacier in 1925. He was still a traveler and explorer into his late seventies, but had a heart attack when he was 79 at home in New York in July of 1929. Despite a poor prognosis he recovered, slowly. Other illnesses kept him in the East in his final years, and Grinnell died April 11, 1938. He was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.

Selected works

 * Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk-Tales (1889) (Reprint: University of Nebraska Press, 1961)
 * Blackfoot Lodge Tales (1892) (Reprint: BiblioBazaar, 2006) ISBN 978-1-4264-4744-0
 * Hunting In Many Lands: The Book Of The Boone And Crockett Club (1895) (Reprint: Kessinger Publishing, 2007) ISBN 978-0-548-08525-7
 * The Story of the Indian (1895)
 * The Indians of Today (1900)
 * American Duck Shooting (Classics of American Sport) (1901) (Reprint: Stackpole Books, 1991) ISBN 978-0-8117-2427-2
 * The Punishment of the Stingy (1901)
 * Alaska 1899: Essays from the Harriman Expedition (1902) (Reprint: University of Washington Press, 1995) ISBN 978-0-295-97377-7
 * American Big Game in Its Haunts (1904) (Reprint: Dodo Press, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4065-4741-2
 * American Game-Bird Shooting (1910)
 * Trails of the Pathfinders (1911)
 * Beyond the Old Frontier (1913)
 * Blackfeet Indian Stories (1913) (Reprint: BiblioBazaar, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4346-0730-0
 * The Fighting Cheyennes (1915) (Reprint: Kessinger Publishing, 2007) ISBN 978-0-548-13400-9
 * When Buffalo Ran (1920, 2008) ISBN 978-1-4437-6845-0
 * The Cheyenne Indians, Vol. 1: History and Society (1923) (Reprint: Bison Books, 1972) ISBN 978-0-8032-5771-9
 * The Cheyenne Indians, Vol. 2: War, Ceremonies, and Religion (1923) (Reprint: Bison Books, 1972) ISBN 978-0-8032-5772-6
 * By Cheyenne Campfires (1926) (Reprint: University of Nebraska Press, 1971) ISBN 978-0-8032-5746-7
 * Two Great Scouts and Their Pawnee Battalion (1928) (Reprint: University of Nebraska Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0-8032-5775-7
 * The Boy Scout's Book of True Adventure: Fourteen Honorary Scouts. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1931.
 * Hunting on Three Continents, by George Bird Grinnell, Kermit Roosevelt, W. Redmond Cross, and Prentiss N. Gray (editors). New York: The Derrydale Press, 1933. -- The seventh book of the Boone and Crockett Club, this wide-ranging collection includes accounts of Expeditions toward the North Pole and to the south of the Equator, articles relating to wild animals, and other pieces that speak the perils of hunting game to the brink of extinction.
 * The Last of the Buffalo (American Environmental Studies), (Ayer Co Pub, 1970) ISBN 978-0-405-02665-2
 * The Passing of the Great West, (Winchester Press, 1972) ISBN 978-0-87691-065-8
 * The Whistling Skeleton: American Indian Tales of the Supernatural, (Four Winds Press, 1982) ISBN 978-0-590-07801-6
 * Native American Ways: Four Paths to Enlightenment, (A & D Publishing, 2007) ISBN 978-1-934451-93-9

title: George Bird Grinnell


text: Category:2006 in film

title: Category:2006 in film


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Trujillo State Anthem

The anthem of the Trujillo State, Venezuela, was written by Antonio Pacheco; the music was composed by Esteban Rasquin.

Lyrics in Spanish Language
Chorus ¡De Trujillo es tan alta la gloria! ¡De Trujillo es tan alto el honor! ¡Niquitao es el valor en la historia y Santa Ana en la historia es amor!

I ¡Oh Trujillo! El perdón de la patria que las armas los libre llamó: como un ángel radiante en justicia en tus campos ilustres brilló.

II En tus campos es de Dios el trabajo, en tus pompas es libre el corcel, en tus pueblos palpita la vida, y en tus valles se cuaja la miel.

III Con Bolívar y Sucre, los genios de la procera lucha inmortal Cruz Carrillo llevó esa Bandera a remotas regiones triunfales.

title: Trujillo State Anthem


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Talk:Horace (video game series)

Untitled
What kind of creature is Horace? He looks like a legged ghost. Nbettencourt
 * He's a delightful cartoon figure, obviously! At least that's what the packaging says. I don't think it was ever mentioned what he was really, and I can't say I ever thought about it. Seems like a human squeezed or truncated into a square block. Just a computer game sprite. Pengo 00:50, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Does anyone have any sources that could be cited for this article? Plus, I couldn't find anything current about the autohr of the games William Tang anything anyone? --Tomhannen 15:20, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * There was a brief mention of goes Skiing in Crash and also Hungry Horace. Something about Hungy Horace in Sinclair User. // Liftarn (talk)

title: Talk:Horace (video game series)


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Wikipedia:List of all single-letter-single-digit combinations

The list of all single-letter-single-digit combinations contains 520 elements of the form and -.

In general, any abbreviation expansion page is located at the shorter link. Once the abbreviation page has been created, the hyphen link should R from abbreviation to the other page.

Note that there is no distinction between upper case and lower case because the software that operates this wiki automatically capitalizes the first letter of an entry, so all entries will have an upper-case first letter: A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9  A-0 A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9  B-0 B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7 B-8 B-9 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9  C-0 C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 C-8 C-9 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9  D-0 D-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9 E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9  E-0 E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9  F-0 F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 G0 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9  G-0 G-1 G-2 G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7 G-8 G-9 H0 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9  H-0 H-1 H-2 H-3 H-4 H-5 H-6 H-7 H-8 H-9 I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9  I-0 I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4 I-5 I-6 I-7 I-8 I-9 J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9  J-0 J-1 J-2 J-3 J-4 J-5 J-6 J-7 J-8 J-9 K0 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9  K-0 K-1 K-2 K-3 K-4 K-5 K-6 K-7 K-8 K-9 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9  L-0 L-1 L-2 L-3 L-4 L-5 L-6 L-7 L-8 L-9 M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9  M-0 M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 M-5 M-6 M-7 M-8 M-9 N0 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9  N-0 N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9  O-0 O-1 O-2 O-3 O-4 O-5 O-6 O-7 O-8 O-9 P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9  P-0 P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5 P-6 P-7 P-8 P-9 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9  Q-0 Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Q-5 Q-6 Q-7 Q-8 Q-9 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9  R-0 R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6 R-7 R-8 R-9 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9  S-0 S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9  T-0 T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8 T-9 U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9  U-0 U-1 U-2 U-3 U-4 U-5 U-6 U-7 U-8 U-9 V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9  V-0 V-1 V-2 V-3 V-4 V-5 V-6 V-7 V-8 V-9 W0 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9  W-0 W-1 W-2 W-3 W-4 W-5 W-6 W-7 W-8 W-9 X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9  X-0 X-1 X-2 X-3 X-4 X-5 X-6 X-7 X-8 X-9 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9  Y-0 Y-1 Y-2 Y-3 Y-4 Y-5 Y-6 Y-7 Y-8 Y-9 Z0 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9  Z-0 Z-1 Z-2 Z-3 Z-4 Z-5 Z-6 Z-7 Z-8 Z-9


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Herman de Vries

Herman de Vries (born 11 July 1931 in Alkmaar) is a Dutch artist. He typically stylises his name in lower-case as herman de vries on his artwork 'to avoid hierarchy'. De Vries works and lives with his wife Susanne in Eschenau near Knetzgau, Germany.

De Vries began making art on the theme of "nature and plants" in 1953. He began painting in the late 1950s.

One of his installations, from May 2002, is an explicit critique of Saint Boniface and his felling of the Donar Oak: he planted, on the bank of the Rhine in Düsseldorf, a 7-metre oak tree surrounded by a palisade of cast-iron, gold-tipped spears. Along the palisade is written, in Latin, wynfrith me caesit--herman me recreavit ("Wynfrid cut me down, Herman resurrected me").

In 1993, as part of that year's World Horticultural Exposition in Stuttgart, de Vries created Sanctuarium, a small forest also enclosed by a circular palisade consisting of gold-tipped spears, in this case of wrought iron. His intention was for it to remain undisturbed, but the city parks department cleared the land in 2018 as part of a policy of periodic pruning. He and two other artists said they would take legal action against the city. A similar installation by de Vries in Münster is enclosed by a brick wall.

title: Herman de Vries


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Talk:European chemical hazard symbol

Requested move
These are specific to the EU and the title should probably state such to prevent confusion with other countries/standards, and there's more then one, so the title should probably be pluralized 69.142.2.68 22:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC) copied from WP:RM

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support Septentrionalis 22:15, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. To the singular variant, however, as per custom. Dragons flight 22:40, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

title: Talk:European chemical hazard symbol


text: User talk:82.172.23.66

title: User talk:82.172.23.66


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Thomas Kretschmann

Thomas Kretschmann (born 8 September 1962) is a German actor who has appeared in many European and American films. His notable roles include Lieutenant Hans von Witzland in Stalingrad (1993), Hauptmann Wilm Hosenfeld in The Pianist (2002), Hermann Fegelein in Downfall (2004), Captain Englehorn in King Kong (2005), Major Otto Remer in Valkyrie (2008), the voice of Professor Z in Cars 2 (2011), and as the journalist Jürgen Hinzpeter in A Taxi Driver (2017). He also portrayed Baron Wolfgang von Strucker in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015).

Kretschmann has twice been nominated for the Deutscher Fernsehpreis for Best Actor. He is also a European Film Award and Nika Award nominee.

Career
At the age of 25, he began acting, starring in numerous European films and television series, including Westler in 1985. Then in 1991, Kretschmann was awarded the Max Ophüls Prize for best young actor for his role in Der Mitwisser. He went on to star in his first full-length feature, the 1993 film Stalingrad. He achieved international recognition for his role as sadomasochistic rapist and murderer Alfredo Grossi in Dario Argento's The Stendhal Syndrome.

Although popular in his homeland, Kretschmann did not achieve notice in Hollywood until his role as Hauptmann Wilm Hosenfeld in Roman Polanski's 2002 film The Pianist. In the years since, Kretschmann has often portrayed military officers in films about the Third Reich. In the 2004 film Downfall, Kretschmann played Hermann Fegelein, a Waffen-SS colonel and brother-in-law to Eva Braun. In the 2008 thriller Valkyrie, Kretschmann played Major Otto Ernst Remer, a Wehrmacht officer who had a key role in stopping the 20 July Plot. Prior to the casting of Tom Cruise, Kretschmann had been considered to play Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg. Kretschmann also played Adolf Eichmann in a 2007 biographical film.

Kretschmann made his first appearance on American television in 2003 when he guest starred in 2 episodes of 24. He later also appeared in Relic Hunter. In 2004, Kretschmann played Timothy Cain, a ruthless Umbrella Major, in Resident Evil: Apocalypse. In the same year, he appeared in the French film Immortal with Linda Hardy. The film was notable for its use of a digital backlot and interaction between Computer-generated characters and real actors. In 2005, Kretschmann won a role in Peter Jackson's remake of King Kong, where he worked again with Adrien Brody, with whom he had costarred in The Pianist.

The following year, Kretschmann began to win acclaim for his role in Butterfly: A Grimm Love Story (Rohtenburg in Germany). A psychological thriller, the movie co-stars Keri Russell and was inspired by the Armin Meiwes cannibalism case. It was scheduled for a March 2006 release in Germany, but its showing is under injunction after Meiwes successfully sued to have it banned on grounds of infringement of his personality rights. At the 2006 Festival de Cine de Sitges, Kretschmann shared the Best Actor award for his performance in this film with his co-star Thomas Huber. Kretschmann also shared Best Actor with Huber at the 2007 Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival.

In 2008 Kretschmann was hired for the role of Johann Krauss in Guillermo del Toro's Hellboy II: The Golden Army. However, after several trials del Toro decided that Kretschmann's voice and the mechanical sound FX to Johann's suit did not mesh well, so the part went to Seth MacFarlane. That same year he appeared in the action thriller Wanted, alongside Angelina Jolie, Morgan Freeman and James McAvoy.

2009 saw Kretschmann guest star in the American science-fiction TV drama series FlashForward, as well as a major secondary part in the British biopic The Young Victoria as King Leopold I of Belgium. This film also received three Academy Awards nominations in 2010 for Best Art Direction, Makeup, and won for Costume Design.

The next year he returned to Germany, guest starring as himself in the romantic comedy Rabbit without Ears 2. Kretschmann then moved to Malaysia in the summer to shoot his scenes for the German biopic Jungle Child based on the eponymous bestseller by Sabine Kuegler. The film was released in early 2011. Walt Disney Pictures confirmed in November 2010, that Kretschmann would star as one of the voice talents in the Pixar film Cars 2. The film was released in the United States on 24 June 2011, in the United Kingdom on 22 July and in Germany on 28 July.

Kretschmann starred as Captain Kurt Brynildson in the 2011–2012 ABC original paranormal/adventure/horror television series The River about a group of people on a mission to find a missing TV explorer in the Amazon.

Kretschmann signed a multi-film contract with Marvel Studios to play Baron Wolfgang von Strucker, and first appeared as the character in a post-credits scene of the 2014 film Captain America: The Winter Soldier. He had a larger role as the character in the 2015 movie Avengers: Age of Ultron.

Kretschmann often re-records his own parts for the German dubs of his screen roles. Aside from acting, Kretschmann has also worked as a fashion model, including a stint as the face for a scent by Hugo Boss.

Awards

 * Best Young Actor (Der Mitwisser), Max Ophüls Festival, 1991
 * Best Actor (Rohtenburg), Sitges – Catalan International Film Festival, 2006
 * Best Actor (Rohtenburg), Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival, 2007

title: Thomas Kretschmann


text:
User talk:Vanished user kasjqwii3km4tkid

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)


text:
Antipope Gregory VI

On the death of Pope Sergius IV in June 1012, "a certain Gregory" opposed the party of the Theophylae (which elected Pope Benedict VIII against him), and had himself made pope, seemingly by a small faction. Gregory VI was the first to claim to be pope as successor to Sergius IV, and that Benedict VIII's claim was subsequent.

Promptly expelled from Rome, Gregory made his way to Germany, and craved the support of the Emperor Henry II (25 December 1012). That monarch, however, after promising him that his case should be carefully examined in accordance with canon law and Roman custom, took away from him the papal insignia which he was wearing, and bade him cease to act as pope in the meanwhile. After this, history knows the "certain Gregory" no more.

Of Benedict VIII, the Catholic Encyclopedia says:

"he was, though a layman, imposed on the chair of Peter by force, on May 18, 1012. Nevertheless, dislodging a rival, he became a good and strong ruler ..."

title: Antipope Gregory VI


text:
File:DinosaurJrBug.jpg

Cover for album Bug (Dinosaur Jr. album) by Dinosaur Jr..

title: File:DinosaurJrBug.jpg


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Severe congenital neutropenia

Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), also often known as Kostmann syndrome or disease, is a group of rare disorders that affect myelopoiesis, causing a congenital form of neutropenia, usually without other physical malformations. SCN manifests in infancy with life-threatening bacterial infections. It causes severe pyogenic infections. It can be caused by autosomal dominant inheritance of the ELANE gene, autosomal recessive inheritance of the HAX1 gene. There is an increased risk of leukemia and myelodysplastic cancers.

Most cases of SCN respond to treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim), which increases the neutrophil count and decreases the severity and frequency of infections. Although this treatment has significantly improved survival, people with SCN are at risk of long-term complications such as hematopoietic clonal disorders (myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia).

Kostmann disease (SCN3), the initial subtype recognized, was clinically described in 1956. This type has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, whereas the most common subtype, SCN1, shows autosomal dominant inheritance.

Presentation
Infants with SCN have frequent infections: 50% have a significant infection within one month, most others by six months. Their etiology is usually bacterial, especially staphylococcal, and they commonly involve abscesses, both cutaneous and of internal organs, pneumonia, mastoiditis (inflammation of the mastoid process), and sepsis. All of these are life-threatening for infants.

Genetics

Kostmann disease, SCN3, is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, but the commonest subtype of Kostmann syndrome, SCN1, is autosomal dominant.

A significant proportion of SCN lacks a known mutation. The recognized subtypes of Kostmann syndrome are:
 * SCN1 is the commonest form of SCN, which accounts for 60-80% of SCN, and the first to be genetically typified. This autosomal dominant form that arises from mutations of the ELANE (formerly ELA2) gene on chromosome 19p13.3, which encodes neutrophil elastase. Over a hundred ELANE mutations have been found in SCN1. This same gene is mutated in cyclic neutropenia.
 * SCN2 is caused by heterozygous (autosomal dominant) mutation of the GFI1 gene on chromosome 1p22. GFI1 is a repressor of several transcriptional processes, including ELANE, as well as miR-21 and miR-196b micro-RNAs which influence myelopoiesis.
 * SCN3 is the "classical", autosomal recessive form of Kostmann disease which arises from homozygous mutations in the HAX1 gene on chromosome 1p22.1. About one third of SCN3 individuals also have neurological changes including seizures, learning disabilities, or developmental delay.
 * SCN4 is caused by autosomal recessive mutation of the G6PC3 gene on 17q21. SCN4 is associated with structural cardiac abnormalities, enlarged liver, intermittent thrombocytopenia and a prominent superficial venous pattern. A subset of SCN4 has severe primary pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.
 * SCN5 arises from autosomal recessive Thr224Asn mutation in the VPS45 gene on chromosome 1q21.2. Unlike classical Kostmann disease, SCN5 also has defective platelet aggregation (thrombasthenia) and myelofibrosis. This type is refractory to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. There is an absence of lysosomes in fibroblasts and depletion of alpha granules in platelets. Accelerated apoptosis occurs in the neutrophils and bone marrow.
 * X-linked SCN (SCNX) is caused by mutation in the WASP gene on Xp11.

SCN occasionally may arise from SBDS mutations.

Usage
Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is used as the overarching term for all diseases that affect myelopoiesis most prominently. Kostmann syndrome can restrictively refer to Kostmann disease specifically, or can be used synonymously with SCN as an umbrella term. These syndrome subtypes are phenotypically similar despite arising from different gene abnormalities.

Kostmann disease is a form of severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), specifically type 3 (SCN3), which is a rare autosomal recessive condition in which severe chronic  neutropenia is detected soon after birth. The disorder was discovered in 1956 in an extended family in northern Sweden by Rolf Kostmann, a Swedish doctor.

Although mutations of more than 15 genes cause severe congenital neutropenia (in a general sense) not all of these are usually considered as SCN. Clinical usage excludes two broad categories of congenital neutropenia. Diseases are excluded that overtly affect multiple systems rather than impacting myelopoiesis most prominently. Thus SCN excludes the severe neutropenia which can occur in congenital diseases such as Shwachman–Diamond syndrome, Barth syndrome, Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, WHIM syndrome, and glycogen storage disease type Ib. A further group of other miscellaneous inherited disorders, such as hyper IgM syndrome, Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS), Griscelli syndrome (GS), PN, P14 deficiency, Cohen syndrome, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) can show congenital neutropenia, but lack bone marrow findings typical of SCN.

This group of diseases may also have additional features such as partial albinism, retinopathy, or neuropathy, and are not inclined to degenerate into acute myelogenous leukemia.

GATA2 deficiency
GATA2 deficiency is a grouping of several disorders caused by common defect, viz., familial or sporadic inactivating mutations in one of the two parental GATA2 genes. These autosomal dominant mutations cause a reduction, i.e. a haploinsufficiency, in the cellular levels of the gene's product, GATA2. The GATA2 protein is a transcription factor critical for the embryonic development, maintenance, and functionality of blood-forming, lympathic-forming, and other tissue-forming stem cells. In consequence of these mutations, cellular levels of GATA2 are deficient and individuals develop over time hematological, immunological, lymphatic, or other presentations that may begin as apparently benign abnormalities but commonly progress to a more serious disorder. A small but significant percentage of individuals with GATA2 deficiency's present with congenital neutropenia. This neutropenia is typically mild, often persists for years, and therefore is not a Kostmann syndrome disorder. Over time, however, the deficiency commonly progresses to include thrombocytopenia, increases susceptibility to infections due to, e.g. atypical mycobacteria or human papillomavirus, dysfunction of non-hematological organs, the myelodysplastic syndrome, and/or a leukemia, particularly acute myelogenous leukemia.

Pathophysiology
The various mutations are responsible for the untimely initiation of apoptosis in myelocytes, usually at the promyelocyte stage, leading to their premature destruction or maturation arrest in the bone marrow. The ineffective production of neutrophils leads to a decrease in the absolute neutrophil count and a subsequent increased susceptibility to infections. There may be, in addition, other underlying molecular/genetic changes producing DNA mutations and genome instability, which contribute to initiation and progression of this disease.

Diagnosis
An absolute neutrophil count (ANC) chronically less than 500/mm3, usually less than 200/mm3, is the main sign of Kostmann's. Other elements include the severity of neutropenia, the chronology (from birth; not emerging later), and other normal findings (hemoglobin, platelets, general body health). Isolated neutropenia in infants can occur in viral infections, autoimmune neutropenia of infancy, bone marrow suppression from a drug or toxin, hypersplenism, and passive placental transfer of maternal IgG.

A bone marrow test can assist in diagnosis. The bone marrow usually shows early granulocyte precursors, but myelopoietic development stops ("arrests") at the promyelocyte and/or myelocyte stage, so that few maturing forms are seen. Neutrophil survival is normal.

Treatment
Regular administration of exogenous granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) clinically improves neutrophil counts and immune function and is the mainstay of therapy, although this may increase risk for myelofibrosis and acute myeloid leukemia in the long term.

Over 90% of SCN responds to treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim), which has significantly improved survival.

title: Severe congenital neutropenia


text: User talk:70.18.217.216

title: User talk:70.18.217.216


text: User talk:24.193.165.185

title: User talk:24.193.165.185


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Gloxinia (genus)

Gloxinia is a genus containing three species of tropical rhizomatous herbs in the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. The species are primarily found in the Andes of South America, but Gloxinia perennis is also found in Central America and the West Indies, where it has probably escaped from cultivation.

Gloxinia perennis is the original (type) species of the genus, and for much of its history the genus consisted of only G. perennis and a very small number of other species. The classification of Gloxinia later changed reflect the 1976 classification of Hans Wiehler, who took a broader view of the genus. A recent analysis of Gloxinia and related genera based on molecular and morphological work has determined that Wiehler's circumscription of the genus was unnatural, both phylogenetically and morphologically. The analyses demonstrated that the genera Anodiscus and Koellikeria, each with a single species, were more closely related to Gloxinia perennis than were any of the other species included in Gloxinia by Wiehler, several of which proved to be more closely related to other genera (particularly Diastema, Monopyle, and Phinaea). As a result of this work, most former Gloxinia species have been transferred to other genera while Koellikeria erinoides and Anodiscus xanthophyllus have been transferred into a much more narrowly defined Gloxinia consisting of only three species, all of them characterized by having a raceme-like flowering stem.

Former Gloxinia species have been transferred to a large number of other genera, including the existing genera Monopyle and Sinningia, the resurrected genera Mandirola and Seemannia, and the new genera Gloxinella, Gloxiniopsis, Nomopyle, and Sphaerorrhiza.

Gloxinia perennis forms fertile hybrids with species of Seemannia, which was the primary reason for uniting the two genera in the past.

Sinningia speciosa, a popular houseplant, was originally described and introduced into cultivation as Gloxinia speciosa and is still sometimes referred to as "gloxinia" or "florist's gloxinia", although this name is now inaccurate and technically incorrect. Similarly, "hardy gloxinia" is Incarvillea delavayi, a member of the Bignoniaceae.

Species

 * Selected excluded species
 * Gloxinia burchellii = Sphaerorrhiza burchellii
 * Gloxinia dodsonii = Nomopyle dodsonii
 * Gloxinia gymnostoma = Seemannia gymnostoma
 * Gloxinia hirsuta = Sinningia hirsuta
 * Gloxinia ichthyostoma = Mandirola ichthyostoma
 * Gloxinia lindeniana = Gloxinella lindeniana
 * Gloxinia nematanthodes = Seemannia nematanthodes
 * Gloxinia planalta = Mandirola multiflora
 * Gloxinia purpurascens = Seemannia purpurascens
 * Gloxinia racemosa = Gloxiniopsis racemosa
 * Gloxinia reflexa = Monopyle reflexa
 * Gloxinia rupestris = Mandirola rupestris
 * Gloxinia sarmentiana = Sphaerorrhiza sarmentiana
 * Gloxinia speciosa = Sinningia speciosa
 * Gloxinia sylvatica = Seemannia sylvatica

References and external links

 * Roalson, E.H., J.K. Boggan, L.E., Skog, & E.A. Zimmer. 2005. Untangling the Gloxinieae (Gesneriaceae). I. Phylogenetic patterns and generic boundaries inferred from nuclear, chloroplast, and morphological cladistic data sets. Taxon 54 (2): 389–410.
 * Roalson, E.H., J.K. Boggan & L.E. Skog. 2005. Reorganization of tribal and generic boundaries in the Gloxinieae (Gesneriaceae: Gesnerioideae) and the description of a new tribe in the Gesnerioideae, Sphaerorrhizeae. Selbyana 25 (2): 225–238.
 * Wiehler, H. 1976. A report on the classification of Achimenes, Eucodonia, Gloxinia, and Anetanthus (Gesneriaceae). Selbyana 1 (4): 374–404.

Specific

title: Gloxinia (genus)


text: Category:2004 awards

title: Category:2004 awards


text: Category:2002 awards

title: Category:2002 awards


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David Brom

David Francis Brom (born October 3, 1971) is an American mass murderer. He killed his parents, brother and sister with an axe in February 1988 in Rochester, Minnesota, after an argument with his father.

Crimes
In the early evening of February 18, 1988, Olmsted County sheriff's deputies discovered the bodies of Bernard (43), Paulette (42), Diane (13), and Richard (11) Brom in the Brom family home. Missing from the home were the two oldest sons, David (16) and Joe (18). The police had been notified by the administration of David's school that students had reported hearing a "rumor" that David had informed another student that he had killed his family that morning. All four individuals had sustained numerous gashes in the head and upper body. Police subsequently found a blood-stained axe in the basement that forensic tests indicated was used to kill all four victims.

Immediately after the discovery, the police were concerned that David might be the victim of an abduction, but a friend of David's informed the police that David himself told her that he killed his family, and testified to the discussion in the subsequent trial. She told jurors at the trial that Brom stopped her on the morning of February 18, 1988, as she was going to school, and convinced her to skip school with him. He then detailed how he killed his parents, brother and sister. "He said he hit his dad with an axe, he kept hitting his dad and his dad kept on getting up." The girl said Brom told her he had gotten into an argument with his father at about 11:30 p.m. the previous night, and that he then stayed up until about 3 a.m. She indicated that Brom detailed the crime, saying that he went to his parents' room, first killing his father. Then he hit his mother and went to his brother's room. Then he saw his sister standing over their mother in the upstairs hallway, at which point he attacked them both.

Brom was captured on February 19, 1988, while using a pay phone near the local post office. His case was initially referred to the juvenile court system because his age at the time of the crimes was 16, but was eventually sent to the adult judicial system based on the severity of the crime. As Brom's defense claim was insanity, mental illness was a factor in the trial, and much media and legal focus was placed on Minnesota's use of the M'Naghten Rules in determining if Brom was legally insane at the time of the crime. On October 16, 1989, Brom was convicted of first-degree murder and was given three consecutive life sentences with 52 years and 6 months before parole.

He is currently housed at the Minnesota Correctional Facility in Stillwater.

title: David Brom


text: Category:2001 awards

title: Category:2001 awards


text: Category:2000 awards

title: Category:2000 awards


text: Category:1999 awards

title: Category:1999 awards


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AOL Explorer

AOL Explorer, previously known as AOL Browser, was a graphical web browser developed by AOL. It was released in July 2005 as a free, standalone download, or as an optional software bundled while installing AOL Instant Messenger. AOL Explorer supported tabbed browsing and used Microsoft's Trident browser engine. The browser was briefly succeeded by AOL OpenRide in 2006, followed by AOL Desktop in 2007.

History
In 2003, AOL was given rights to Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser in a seven-year contract. As such, AOL Explorer shared similarities with Microsoft's flagship browser, notably the ability to access Windows updates, and install Internet Explorer-compatible plugins. Security features such as a pop-up blocker and spyware detection were built into the browser.

Version 1.5 was launched in May 2006, adding Desktop Widgets, Visual Themes, a Feeds Screensaver and various performance improvements. Desktop Widgets allowed the user to "tear off" a side panel and use it independently from the browser. RSS Feeds could be shown in a screensaver, and Show Page Preview allowed users to see previews of web page links without leaving the page.

Reception
AOL Explorer was praised by PC Magazine for its wealth of features and its visual design. Some criticisms were that the browser had "questionable anti-spyware tools", and that it did not support third-party toolbars.

title: AOL Explorer


text: Category:1998 awards

title: Category:1998 awards


text: Category:1997 awards

title: Category:1997 awards


text: Category:1996 awards

title: Category:1996 awards


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POF

POF or Pof may refer to:

Organizations

 * Pakistan Ordnance Factories, an organisation producing arms and ammunition for the armed forces of Pakistan
 * Patriot Ordnance Factory, an American manufacturer of firearms
 * Pillar of Fire Church, a Christian organization founded in Denver, Colorado
 * POF Music, a record label
 * French Workers' Party (Parti Ouvrier Français), a 19th-century socialist political party in France

Other

 * Plenty of Fish, an online dating service
 * Premature ovarian failure, partial or total loss of function of the ovaries before age 40
 * Part of Fortune, in astrology a significant point in a horoscope
 * Shrink wrap, or Polyolefin shrink film
 * Plastic optical fiber, a type of optical fiber used in telecommunication solutions
 * Point of failure, an engineering term related to reliability studies
 * Proof of funds, a statement by a bank or financial institution
 * Pof, a rock-climbing term for a resin-based substance used to increase friction
 * Power-over-fiber, a fiber optic cable that carries electrical power
 * "POF", a song by Ari Lennox from Age/Sex/Location, 2022

title: POF


text:
User talk:Vesseljg

Blake Harper
Wikipedia cannot use copyrighted commercial images to illustrate an article without express written consent from the copyright holder. (A photo which is specifically released for promotional use is not the same thing.) Do you have written consent from stablestud.com to use this image? Bearcat 22:32, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vesseljg


text:
User talk:Pearle/archive2

Perle's categories
I have a question if Category:Articles to check for link ordering and Category:Pearle edits needing manual cleanup are really neccessary? This bot is supposed to clean up the categories, but these two categories mess up the Wikipedia boots category. Is there something to do about it? Renata3 19:30, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I certainly do use them occasionally. I suppose they could be merged, though I do find it handy to have separate categories, because different problems get assigned to each. -- Beland 08:15, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Bug in category parsing
The automatic category lister is not robust in the face of incorrect markup in articles. See e.g.

Category:1997_films]\n[[Category:Best_Actor_Oscar_Nominee_(film)

Somewhere, someone forgot to close a bracket...

I realize that Ms. Wisebot cannot anticipate all possible typos and brainos that may occur, but at a minimum, there should not be any double-square-brackets in the list.

(I discovered this trying to look for category links; the parser found the start of a link, and then stalled out a few hundred kB later...)

Crism 22:50, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * MediaWiki does not add articles to "Category:1997_films" when it sees something like the above messed-up syntax, so for most purposes, Pearle probably shouldn't, either. I do occasionally post a list of categories with questionble characters in the name to Category:Wikipedia categories in need of attention so they can be fixed.  But what function or command were you using, or what were you trying to do, exactly?  Perhaps your application requires different behavior. -- Beland 08:54, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I was harvesting Wikipedia data for use as a very large set of heavily-interlinked test data. That included parsing Wiki text for links, and the infinitely open link caused Perl some headaches.  I ended up limiting the maximum length of a link to 1,024 characters, and Perl was much happier. crism 28 June 2005 23:56 (UTC)

What does this mean?
I just saw a Pearle edit on my watchlist with the summary "Mostly null edit to actually remove from Category:\s*Article names with other uses". As advertised, it was a mostly null edit. What effect did it have? --Carnildo 1 July 2005 02:55 (UTC)

 * Such edits usually just tidy up category and interwiki links, to conform to the style noted at User:Pearle. Null and mostly-null edits are needed in a certain weird situation which has to do with a bug in the Mediawiki software.  When an article uses a template that is in Category A, the article is also placed in Category A. But when the template is changed from Category A to Category B, the article doesn't move until the next time it's edited.  Pearle is working on renaming categories, which involves moving all the articles from one category to another.  When there are templates involves, she'll need to do null or mostly null edits to some articles after a human has changed the template over. -- Beland 3 July 2005 09:53 (UTC)

Faulty edit
This edit involved removing the blank line between the cats and the interwikis; this is faulty, and should not be done even to stimulate category links table regeneration, as there is intended to be a blank line between them. Could you please modify your bot?

Thanks.

James F. (talk) 2 July 2005 10:50 (UTC)

 * Well, for several months now, I have been leaving one blank line between category links and body text, and no blank lines between category and interwiki links.  I try to keep the number of blank lines in this area to a minimum because they cause extra whitespace in the finished product, which makes it easier to miss the fact that you haven't scrolled down to the very bottom of the page (and thus not see the category links there). -- Beland 3 July 2005 09:55 (UTC)

Moving categories
QUOTE (from summary):

 * Moving from Category:Future_games to Category:Computer_and_video_games_in_production

Why is this being done?  Thorpe talk 22:30, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Because this move was listed at Categories_for_deletion, presumably after being approved by the WP:CFD process. There was a small glitch in Pearle's code that added the destination category without noticing that it is already added by the template, but that's since been fixed and the mess cleaned up.  -- Beland 01:55, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * People are removing the new category from the article. Take WWE SmackDown! vs. RAW 2006 for example.  Thorpe talk 10:42, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it's back on now. Sorry.  Thorpe talk 10:44, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup
Goodjob with the cleanup... but, why are you moving stub notices to the bottom? As far as I know it goes:

stub

categories

interwiki

Thanks...gren グレン 16:20, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Putting the stub category at the bottom is a convention of WikiProject Stub sorting. It's done that way so the stub category is last in the list, so they don't obscure "real" categories for readers. -- Beland 19:57, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't see what you were referring to on that page. Sometimes it is recommended that stubs go above meta templates... like, if Hilary Clinton were a stub, it would go above the template of "First Ladies of the United States" since that is not related directly to the article... with this method I don't see how you can do that and you obfuscate the stub notice.  I figured it was meant to go first so that people would see it and fix it.  Is this an accepted standard at wikipedia?  Hmm... thanks. gren グレン 20:48, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * WikiProject Stub sorting says: "It is common practice to put the tag at the very bottom of the article." People requested that Pearle do this, so that's why she does.  I can definitely see your point about why putting the stub notice above navigational templates might be a good idea.  I don't know if there's a convention about how to deal with these situtations.  Personally, I don't think it matters all that much.  I mean, it should be obvious that the article is too short, anyway.  I think the stub tags are probably most useful in that they help people who are looking to expand articles on a given topic to find some good candidates.  It's also a good "yeah, we know this article is too short" for the benefit of readers, but it's not like an NPOV or accuracy dispute notice, where's it's rather important that they read it.  It's also worth noting that the category links themselves also appear below navigational templates, but fixing that would require software changes on the Mediawiki server. -- Beland 03:58, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

correlation ratio
What sort of cleanup did you have in mind for this article? Michael Hardy 20:13, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Pearle did not add the cleanup tag, only sorted by month, as the edit summary "Changing to " indicates.  It was originally added by an anonymous editor from 131.230.133.185.  I assume they did so because this article is incomprehensible to anyone unfamiliar with advanced statistical notation.  It could be repaired with a concrete example and an intuitive, rather than symbolic or mathematical explanation. A graph or two would also help a lot. -- Beland 01:54, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Minor
Dear bot, I appreciate your hard work. However, could you possibly be so kind as to mark the small changes in category names as minor? This would prevent my watchlist from getting long and unreadable. Thanks in advance. Halibutt July 5, 2005 05:46 (UTC)
 * Hmm. It's hard to determine in advance whether a command-line option will be used to make a major or a minor change. -- Beland 22:33, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, as far as articles are concerned, I suppose it's fair to say that category renaming is almost always, if not actually always, a minor matter. I'll mark changeCategory operations as minor from now on. -- Beland 21:37, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

VfD
Hi Pearle Wisebot, Could you please let your author know that as I've been going through Category:Articles to check for link ordering, I've noticed that you occasionally incorrectly tag pages that are marked with the VfD template, because that template includes a category? Could you ask your author to modify you to ignore the misplaced cateogry in the VfD template? Please let me know if this isn't clear. Thanks! -- Reinyday, 16:14, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've noticed that, too. Not a bad idea.  I put in a patch; hopefully this won't happen in the future. -- Beland 18:49, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Perfect! -- Reinyday, 05:19, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Kilmacud Crokes
In what way does the article need to be cleaned up.--Play Brian Moore 01:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely sure. Pearle did not add the cleanup tag; she only changed it to a date-specific one.  An anonymous editor (18.60.3.22) added the cleanup tag on 27 August.  I see User:Petaholmes had added the cleanup-importance tag on 14 August.  I guess this team is notable because they've won an all-Ireland championship?  If so, that should probably be mentioned first.  I think the article could probably use a copyedit (though there may be some Irish English variations that look like errors to me) and maybe some tweaking to make it sound less like the evening sports report and more like an encyclopedia.  Sometimes similar articles are supposed to have a similar format, so you might check other teams of the same type to see if there's a template or anything. -- Beland 01:18, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Catch phrase
Thanks for revising the tag on the page. Since I placed it there, I refactored much of the article. If you think the tag is no longer warranted, feel free to remove it. Many thanks. Paul Klenk 01:48, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The page reads cleanly to me, so I changed the generic cleanup tag to, since references seem to be the only remaining problem.  Thanks for your efforts, Beland 23:27, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

From Category:Environment to Category:Environmentalism
Many of the recent moves from Category:Environment to Category:Environmentalism are inapproraite, as the pages moved discuss an aspect of the environment, not political activism. Andy Mabbett 22:18, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed. The entirety of Category:Environment was approved for merger with the latter by WP:CFD, and Pearle was blindly implementing that decision.  I have left a note at Categories_for_deletion explaining the situation and linking to background information.  The participants of that page will need to figure out what to do now; I'm sure your input on that would be helpful. Thanks, Beland 02:58, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I never had a chance to get involved in discussion on the move and I would have liked to since I do a lot of work on the category. The move has reulted in mant incorrect categorisations. I will set up a Wikiproject:Environment soon (busy at present) to discuss it. Alan Liefting 02:53, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I have set up Wikiproject Environment to discuss these issues and set up some goals on the Environment articles and categories. Alan Liefting 07:51, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Stop cleaning the Category:Cold War people
Well nothing to add. Recently the bot removed Charles de Gaulle.... Ericd 23:06, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Please undo those changes. Joseph Stalin, Vladimir Bukovsky, Natan Sharansky... @#$%@!#$%?  ←Humus sapiens←ну? 23:27, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This category has been deleted per Categories for deletion/Log/2005 September 6. I've changed the edit summary used in this situation to make this clearer for future purges. -- Beland 23:56, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Sort key fix for Pearle's rename
FYI: -- User:Docu

 * I guess you mean . Is this a request to sort articles of name X to "*" when they are in categories of the form "List of X"? -- Beland 20:20, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Someone moved the page since my post above. That broke the diff link. Pearle had removed the sortkey, which sorted the article under R (or L) rather than at the beginning of the category where it used to be. -- User:Docu
 * Oh, you're right. It was easy to find the regexps responsible; I have fixed them so they preserve leading (and all other) whitespace in sortkeys now.  Thanks for catching that. -- Beland 02:02, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

E-102 Gamma
Do you think the E-102 Gamma article is cleaned up yet? --anon
 * Well, apparently someone does, because the cleanup tag has been removed. Pearle and I have no opinion on the matter. (Other than that I am amazed at the amount of work that's gone into documenting a fictional character in a video game.) -- Beland 02:31, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Cat:British institutions ->Cat British organisations
Becasue this was done by a mechanism other than "move", history is lost. Regards, Rich  Farmbrough 19:06, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point, though this is standard procedure at Categories for deletion, whether or not a bot is involved. You might want to comment on the talk page there if you think this should be changed. -- Beland 02:27, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup tags
Hi Pearle,

Should I do as you did, and add a date to the cleanup tags I add, since I probably will add more (because I'm going through all of WP's articles to find flukes and discrepancies or articles that need re-working). Lincher 19:47, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * You may do so if you like, or not. Pearle is a computer program, and will automatically add the date based on when you added the tag (just so we can have the many thousands of articles tagged for cleanup sorted by month) if you don't choose to do so.  Thanks, Beland 02:26, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Error
Your bot, in it's "Moving from Category:Wikipedia_maintenance to Category:Wikipedia_maintenance_templates" edit spree, is moving the category outside of the tag. Can you please correct this? (I was going to do it manually until I saw how many articles had been modified). —Locke Cole 20:36, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that. I fixed these and moved the rest manually. -- Beland 22:14, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. =) —Locke Cole 23:00, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for Cleanup-month
On List_of_African_American_jurists on this edit:. I know its a bot, but its helpful. I shall have to remember that its rather than just. I meant to put in cleanup date, honest, I just couldn't find it anywhere. Anyway, thanks again. Zordrac (talk) Wishy Washy  Darwikinian Eventualist 14:11, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
For to read --213.49.157.200 21:55, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

wikify tags too?
Apparently the Wikify template has been changed to use month subdates similar to the cleanup tag. See here: Template talk:Wikify. Would there be any easy way your bot could pick these up too? Thanks for your time. --W.marsh 22:01, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That was easy to implement. Now doing a test run. -- Beland 03:12, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Whaaa…?
This edit defies comprehension. What you up to, Pearle? (NB: I'm going to attach the new information you posted to the end of the article, so don't go slathering it all over again, y'hear?) —Phil | Talk 09:04, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, that was me. The older, larger chunk of data is getting out of date, but the new listings are tuncated, because I ran out of hard drive space in the middle of the run.  Sorry about the confusion; I have to upload them directly like that because of character encoding issues. -- Beland 12:01, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Please modify Pearle's behavior
This edit shows Pearle "changing to ." However, you'll notice that she's also added an unnecessary tag, cluttering Category:Articles to check for link ordering with articles that don't need to be checked. -- Reinyday, 08:13, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ug, http://www.wikimedia.org/langlist seems to have disappeared. This is what Pearle uses as the canonical list of wiki languages.  That's why the interwiki links are now being flagged as garbage.  I will figure out where the list went and do a cleanup run as soon as I get off work. -- Beland 15:00, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, developer Tim has kindly restored the langlist. I have added a check to prevent this from causing a Pearle malfunction in the future, and done a special cleanup run on Category:Articles to check for link ordering. Everything there now should have some kind of real problem.-- Beland 19:27, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the fast response! -- Reinyday, 21:00, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Animal (band) listed for deletion
An article that you have been involved in editing, Animal (band), has been listed at Articles for deletion/Animal (band). Please look there to see why this is, if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. AmiDaniel (Talk) 08:43, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup-date
Hi there. you've been changing CleanupDate tags with cleanup-date, but in the process, you've changed the original dates to December 2005. (e.i. ) Please, just replace the template's name, not the date. Good wiking, Mariano (t/c) 08:52, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm. There must be a bug in Pearle's date-of-tagging detector.  I will look into it. -- Beland 19:39, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think some regexp changes may have fixed this, but if anyone notices this happening again, please leave a note. -- Beland 14:53, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Gantz
pearle keeps trying to change cleanup-english and failing to do so, im not aware of any dated variant of this template. Maybe there should be? maybe pearle should stop trying to change it? Discordance 13:17, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Yes; same point: the bot seems to think that "cleanup-english" is equivalent to "cleanup-date" and can be modified (as it just attempted to do on Science fiction on television.)— LeflymanTalk 09:58, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * See Template talk:Cleanup-english. -- Beland 13:25, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have temporarily solved this by redirecting cleanup-english to copyedit, for unrelated reasons. I looked at the matching code, and I'm not sure why cleanup-english is triggering an unsuccessful attempt.  I will have to look at it again when I am more awake. -- Beland 21:04, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This should be fixed by some changes made a few days back. -- Beland

Game
Why does your bot tell me that the "Definitions" heading and the Template:Wiktionary that follows it are out of order?! Seahen 03:26, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Someone inappropriately used subst: on an 1911 Britannica template, causing a link to "Category:1911 Britannica" to appear directly above the "Definitions" header, where it does not belong. Someone has subsequently fixed it. -- Beland 18:19, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

DJ Pierre
Has an out-of-order category in the Cite-sources template - hence Pearle spots it. This is really symptomatic of self-ref cleanup tags which, perhaps, like stubs should not be at the top? Rich Farmbrough 13:51 11  May 2006 (UTC).
 * The problem was that someone inappropriately used subst: for unreferenced, which inserted a Category: link at the top of the page, where it does not belong. It is common practice for these templates to be at the top of the page, where they are most visible.  I replaced the result of the subst: with the template itself. -- Beland 18:17, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Bait Bazi
I have to clarified and wikified this page as per your request. Please inform me if it meets the criteria or I have to furthur improve it. There are 11,700 hits on Google if you search for Bait Bazi. Thanks. Siddiqui 13:39, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Forwarded to User:Sandstein, the originator of the request. -- Beland 23:42, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Yorkshireisms
Could you give me a few pointers as to what I should do so as to conform to Wiki style? Thanks. andreasegde 08:15, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Pearle is a computer program that automatically refiles articles to be wikified by month. But the main documentation for wiki style is Guide to layout. -- Beland 19:26, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

category exclusion request
Hello again. Pearle, can you please exclude articles tagged with Category:Articles for deletion from appearing in Category:Articles to check for link ordering? When people substitute the template, then Category:Articles for deletion appears before the body of the article. Thanks!!! -- Reinyday, 23:55, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Erp. I think so. I will add this to my todo list. -- Beland 18:12, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, should be fixed now. -- Beland 06:37, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Helena Jaworska
You changed the wikify tag I had on this article to wikify-date. I was going to put a wikify-date tag on there, but only one section of the article needs to be wikified -- a regular wikify tag says "article or section" but wikify-date just says "article", which is incorrect in this case. What is the correct thing to do? Is there a special wikify tag that I could put in the article that I don't know about? Should the wikify-date template be changed to that it would include article sections as well? Or make an entirely new template? — Ed Gl  15:21, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah...it's really an automatic re-filing. I changed the wikify-date template to say "article or section"; having a separate tag just for sections that need to be wikified seems a bit much, when you can just indiciate this by where you place it. -- Beland 18:25, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Football Aid
(moved from User:Pearle) I've noticed you did an edit on Kaká back a while ago. I nominated the article at Football Aid/Article Improvement. Maybe you can help out by voting and do more edits. There are also more articles you can do and you can nominate articles yourself.Kingjeff 00:40, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Pearle is a computer program mostly involved in refiling articles tagged for attention. 8) -- Beland 21:02, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Bowling books
Hi,

Your bot? has changed the bowling books pages - said it may delete them for being "nn book" - fair enough but what does that mean so I am able to expand?

Many thanks.

(Added to User:Pearle on 11:17, 9 April 2006 by User:FK0071a)

 * Pearle is a computer program that does not tag articles for deletion. Which page(s) in particular are you referring to?  Perhaps I can help figure out what happened if the problem has not already been resolved. -- Beland 21:02, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Gail McKenna
Brilliant article

PKN3
Can you clarify what I need to do to wikify the PKN3 stub? Thanks! Sandwich Eater 12:49, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This was left on User talk:Pearle; Pearle is a computer program that merely refiles articles to be wikified by month. But to answer your question, a good place to start would be to make appropriate words and phrases into links to other Wikipedia articles.  See Guide to layout for more info. Thanks! -- Beland 06:40, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Sorting the category in {{subst:afd}}
I noticed you making this edit: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rollonfriday&diff=63791665&oldid=63791240. I'm somewhat confused about the link-order tag, which I've removed; your operator should feel free to put it back. There were no categories or interwiki links on the page but the AfD category (and two transcluded from cleanup tags and so not written on the page). There is a good reason the AfD category is written inside the AfD tag and not at the bottom of the page! Perhaps your operator could check to see if this is the problem? --ais523 13:47, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have excluded articles in "Category:Articles for deletion" from automatic processing, which should prevent this problem from happening in the future. -- Beland 06:37, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Wikify tag
Hi, the wikify template is now modified to place articles into the the dated category automatically - so once all of the current articles listed in the articles to be wikified category are retagged (with wikify again works or with wikify-date) Pearle no longer needs to replace wikify with wikify date.

Cheers --Errant Tmorton166(Talk)(Review me) 21:30, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That's not actually possible with the current version of Mediawiki, without using subst:. The template page asks people not to do that (which is good).  In fact, there are still articles being added to the unsorted category, so Pearle is still needed. -- Beland 04:58, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Clean Up Tag
Hello Pearle, I was just wondering if you could please elaborate on why you tagged my Nakamura article as requiring cleanup, considering the fact that it holds information of proportions that are similiar to most of my articles. Is this conclusion justified through the fact that it could be put into lesser words, or some other reason? I Thank you very much if you could tell me.

Farewell, Darin Fidika

 * User:Pearle is actually a computer program that merely refiles cleanup requests by month. The cleanup tag was first added by User:CPAScott.  Looking at the article, I would guess it was so tagged because the wording is very awkward and it needs some additional context in places. The cleanup tag will help people interested in fixing English grammar and whatnot to find the article and improve it. -- Beland 04:56, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

wikify - wikify-date
Hello

I've noticed that Pearle hasn't done the daily change of "wikify" to "wikify-date" for a few days. Just thought I'd let you know, in case there's a problem! -Ladybirdintheuk 12:57, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Probably just because my laptop hasn't been home enough at the right time of day. Thanks for noticing, though! -- Beland 05:00, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Radio Blagon
Hi, I saw you participated in pages related to radio. I just wanted a little bit of help to correct an article I've tried to translate from French. It's about a French independent Internet radio called Radio Blagon. My english is not perfect, so I make a lot of little mistakes. If you have a bit of time to have a look at the grammar, the spelling and the general style of this article, that would be great. Thanks, Ajor 18:50, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Internet trolling
Please do not make statements attacking people or groups of people. Wikipedia has a strict policy against personal attacks. Attack pages and images are not tolerated by Wikipedia and are speedily deleted. Users who continue to create or repost such pages and images in violation of our biographies of living persons policy will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Thank you.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. KMFDM FAN (talk) 00:13, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Buildings and structures in Birmingham, England
I have nominated buildings and structures in birmingham, england for renaming to buildings and structures in birmingham. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 19:45, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Opportunity to comment on Batavia
There is a discussion starting up at Talk:Batavia (disambiguation), that may be of interest to you. The subject is technically a page move discussion, but the purpose of the discussion is to decide where Batavia should redirect. Until earlier today, Batavia redirected to History of Jakarta, but during this discussion, it is redirecting to Batavia (disambiguation). Your comments and suggestions are welcome.

Thanks for your help. HuskyHuskie (talk) 22:39, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

You are receiving this because you are one of the principal editors of one of the articles that is linked to Batavia (disambiguation). This notice is being posted to all of the top three editors of each of these articles (in terms of total edits), with the following exceptions: This is an attempt to be a neutrally-phrased posting in keeping with the principles of WP:CANVASS. If you find anything in the wording or the manner posted to be a violation of that guideline, please notify me at my talk page.
 * editors who are blocked
 * anonymous IP editors
 * editors who, despite ranking in the top three of edits to an article, have only a single edit to said article

Category:Healthcare by country
Category:Healthcare by country, which you created, has been nominated for discussion. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Karl.brown (talk) 20:38, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Category:Gray's Anatomy images
Category:Gray&, which you created, has been nominated for discussion. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. — This, that, and the other (talk) 07:47, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Category:Towns in Andhra Pradesh by district has been nominated for discussion
Category:Towns in Andhra Pradesh by district, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to see if it abides with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Marcocapelle (talk) 22:42, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pearle/archive2


text: Category:2006 awards

title: Category:2006 awards


text:
385571 Otrera

385571 Otrera, provisional designation, is a Neptune trojan leading Neptune's orbit in the outer Solar System. It was discovered by American astronomers Scott Sheppard and Chad Trujillo at Las Campanas Observatory on 16 October 2004. It measures approximately 100 kilometers in diameter and was the second such body to be discovered after.

Orbit and classification
Neptune trojans are resonant trans-Neptunian objects in a 1:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune. These Trojans have a semi-major axis and an orbital period very similar to Neptune's (30.10 AU; 164.8 years).

Otrera belongs to the group, which leads 60° ahead Neptune's orbit. It orbits the Sun with a semi-major axis of 30.027 AU at a distance of 29.3–30.7 AU once every 164 years and 6 months (60,099 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic.

Physical characteristics
The discoverers estimate that the body has a mean-diameter of 100 kilometers based on a magnitude of 23.3. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, it measures approximately 74 kilometers in diameter using an absolute magnitude of 8.8 and an assumed albedo of 0.10.

Naming
This minor planet was the first Neptune trojan to be named in November 2015. It was named after Otrera, the first Amazonian queen in Greek mythology. The naming scheme is to name these objects after figures related to the Amazons, which was an all-female warrior tribe that fought in the Trojan War on the side of the Trojans against the Greeks.

title: 385571 Otrera


text: Category:2007 in film

title: Category:2007 in film


text:
Talk:Campbell Scott

Untitled
Where did that photo come from? He looks like he's at Death's door!! I saw him in a couple films made only 2 years ago and he doesn't look nearly that old. My first reaction was that he's in old-age makeup for a role. Perhaps we could find a better, more representative photograph? Woodson

This rundown of Scott's work has overlooked one of the most important works of all: his direction and leading role in a film version of Shakespeare's Hamlet (2000). This is set in the post-bellum American South, and Scott delivers a fine performance, highly intelligent, and one of the most appealing and youthful of the many Hamlets. Scott is in full command of the material, and it is a very naturalistic, American version of the material. Most of the other characters are also excellent. A production unfortunately not well known, but available on DVD. This is also missing from the page on Hamlet film versions. [USer75.157.254.178 (talk) 07:39, 24 July 2008 (UTC)Bozorgg]

Is his full name George Campbell Scott, Junior? I haven't seen any documentation suggesting that, but a lot of "Juniors" who have famous fathers go by their middle names to distinguish their own identities and was wondering if he might be one of them.PhantomWSO (talk) 20:14, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Campbell Scott. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090408045733/http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/campbell_scott/index.shtml to http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pages/campbell_scott/index.shtml

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:12, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

siblings
This article says he has one paternal sister, Devon Scott. But, according to his father's page, he has three paternal sisters. 2600:1700:BC01:9B0:544F:E012:2320:EFE4 (talk) 22:19, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I've changed the wording of that sentence to take into account that Campbell Scott has more than one paternal half sister, as indicated by the reference used for that line. LooksGreatInATurtleNeck (talk) 11:11, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Campbell Scott


text:
Sialidosis

Mucolipidosis type I (ML I) is an inherited lysosomal storage disease that results from a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-N -acetyl neuraminidase (sialidase). The lack of this enzyme results in an abnormal accumulation of complex carbohydrates known as mucopolysaccharides, and of fatty substances known as mucolipids. Both of these substances accumulate in bodily tissues.

Presentation
Symptoms of ML I are either present at birth or develop within the first year of life. In many infants with ML I, excessive swelling throughout the body is noted at birth. These infants are often born with coarse facial features, such as a flat nasal bridge, puffy eyelids, enlargement of the gums, and excessive tongue size (macroglossia). Many infants with ML I are also born with skeletal malformations such as hip dislocation. Infants often develop sudden involuntary muscle contractions (called myoclonus) and have red spots in their eyes (cherry red spots). They are often unable to coordinate voluntary movement (called ataxia). Tremors, impaired vision, and seizures also occur in children with ML I. Tests reveal abnormal enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly) and extreme abdominal swelling. Infants with ML I generally lack muscle tone (hypotonia) and have mental retardation that is either initially or progressively severe. Many patients suffer from failure to thrive and from recurrent respiratory infections. Most infants with ML I die before the age of one year.

Related conditions
Other diseases that result from a deficiency in the sialidase enzyme are categorized in a broader group known as sialidoses. Because ML I is classified as a sialidosis, it is sometimes referred to as sialidosis type II.

A rarer form of sialidosis – sialidosis type 1– occurs in children and adolescents and is often referred to as the juvenile form of the disorder. Children usually begin to show symptoms during the second decade of life, and myoclonus and cherry-red macules are often the initial symptoms. Patients usually develop seizures and progressive deterioration of coordinated muscular and mental activities.

Pathophysiology
The role of sialidase is to remove a particular form of sialic acid (a sugar molecule) from sugar-protein complexes (referred to as glycoproteins), which allows the cell to function properly. Because the enzyme is deficient, small chains containing the sugar-like material accumulate in neurons, bone marrow, and various cells that defend the body against infection.

Diagnosis
The detection of high urinary sialyl oligosaccharides and the confirmation of lysosomal enzyme deficiency in leukocytes or cultured fibroblasts make the diagnosis.

Management
Treatment of sialidosis is similar to the other progressive myoclonic epilepsy disorders, which consists of managing seizures and myoclonus along with palliative, supportive, and rehabilitative care.

title: Sialidosis


text:
Letitia Vriesde

Letitia Alma Vriesde (born 5 October 1964) is a former track and field athlete from Suriname, who specialised in the 800 metres but was also successful over 1500 metres. She is the first (and to date, only) sportsperson from Suriname to compete at five Olympic Games. She won a silver medal at the 1995 World Championships and a bronze medal at the 2001 World Championships. Vriesde holds the South American records for the 800 metres, 1000 metres and 1500 metres (indoors and outdoors) and also for the 3000 metres (indoors).

Career
Vriesde started running in Suriname, coached by Luiz de Oliveira. She left Suriname after failing to be selected for the 1984 Olympics to train in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, Vriesde competed for Atletiekvereniging Rotterdam.

She competed in the 800 metres at the 1988 Summer Olympics, and broke into the highest echelons of the sport in 1991, when she reached the finals of both the 800 and 1500 metres at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Tokyo, finishing in fifth and ninth places respectively. At the 1992 Summer Olympics Vriesde set a record of sorts by recording the fastest ever non-qualifying time (1:58.28) in an 800 metres semi-final.

Vriesde won a bronze medal in the 800 metres at the 1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships, before going on to win a silver medal at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics behind Cuba's Ana Quirot. At both competitions, she became the first South American female athlete to win a medal.

A year later, she missed the finals at the 1996 Summer Olympics, running a nearly identical time to her 1992 Olympic performance (1:58.29), again placing fifth in her semifinal. Vriesde won a bronze medal in the 800 metres at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics behind Mozambique's Maria Mutola and Austria's Stephanie Graf. Throughout her career, Vriesde also won many medals at the Pan American Games, Central American and Caribbean Games and South American Games.

Vriesde was disqualified and stripped of her gold medal at the 2003 Pan American Games after testing positive for excessive caffeine levels. She was said to have the equivalent of five gallons of coffee in her system. She was not banned however and went on to compete at that year's World Championships. Drinking too much coffee or taking a common cold tablet would no longer get athletes disqualified after a new global list of banned substances was drawn up by the World Anti-Doping Agency and applied from 1 January 2004.

Vriesde retired soon after competing at her seventh World Championships in 2005. In Paramaribo a street formerly known as Cultuurtuinlaan was changed into Letitia Vriesdelaan. The Surinamese Government also gave her a piece of land in appreciation of her achievements.

Personal life
Vriesde married Bas van Veen on 9 September 2005 in Middelburg, Holland. Her daughter Joi Vienna was born on 19 March 2007.

Personal bests

 * 400 m 52.01 (1997)
 * 800 m 1:56.68 (1995)
 * 1000 m 2:32.25 (1991)
 * 1500 m 4:05.67 (1991)
 * Mile 4:30.45 (1992)
 * 3000 m 9:15.64 (1991)

As of 2017, Vriesde's 800m best of 1:56.68 ranks her 58th on the World all-time list.

Vriesde’s top 10 800 m performances

 * 1:56.68 AR 2 WCh Gothenburg 13.08.95
 * 1:57.07 3rA WK Zürich 16.08.95
 * 1:57.09 3 Her Monte Carlo 10.08.96
 * 1:57.16 4= GPF Monte Carlo 09.09.95
 * 1:57.35 3 WCh Edmonton 12.08.01
 * 1:57.86 4 Her Monte Carlo 16.08.97
 * 1:57.96 AR 5 APM Hengelo 28.06.92
 * 1:57.98 2 Nikaïa Nice 16.07.97
 * 1:58.11 2 ISTAF Berlin 01.09.95
 * 1:58.12 4 WCh Athens 09.08.97
 * 1:57.35 3 WCh Edmonton 12.08.01
 * 1:57.86 4 Her Monte Carlo 16.08.97
 * 1:57.96 AR 5 APM Hengelo 28.06.92
 * 1:57.98 2 Nikaïa Nice 16.07.97
 * 1:58.11 2 ISTAF Berlin 01.09.95
 * 1:58.12 4 WCh Athens 09.08.97
 * 1:57.96 AR 5 APM Hengelo 28.06.92
 * 1:57.98 2 Nikaïa Nice 16.07.97
 * 1:58.11 2 ISTAF Berlin 01.09.95
 * 1:58.12 4 WCh Athens 09.08.97
 * 1:57.98 2 Nikaïa Nice 16.07.97
 * 1:58.11 2 ISTAF Berlin 01.09.95
 * 1:58.12 4 WCh Athens 09.08.97
 * 1:58.11 2 ISTAF Berlin 01.09.95
 * 1:58.12 4 WCh Athens 09.08.97
 * 1:58.12 4 WCh Athens 09.08.97
 * 1:58.12 4 WCh Athens 09.08.97
 * 1:58.12 4 WCh Athens 09.08.97

World rankings
Women's 800 m
 * 1990 #26
 * 1991 #9
 * 1992 #9
 * 1993 #38
 * 1994 #72
 * 1995 #4
 * 1996 #8
 * 1997 #4
 * 1998 #7
 * 1999 #9
 * 2000 #14
 * 2001 #4
 * 2002 #31
 * 2003 #44
 * 2004 #63

Women's 1500 Women's 400 m
 * 1990 #83
 * 1991 #17
 * 1997 #54

800 metres event history

 * 1988 Seoul    round one     heat 4  4th  2:01.83
 * 1988 Seoul    semi-finals   heat 2  8th  2:02.34
 * 1992 Barcelona round one    heat 3  2nd  1:59.93
 * 1992 Barcelona semi-finals  heat 1  5th  1:58.28
 * 1996 Atlanta  round one     heat 1  2nd  1:59.71
 * 1996 Atlanta  semi-finals   heat 2  5th  1:58.29
 * 2000 Sydney	round one    heat 2  4th  2:02.09
 * 2004 Athens   round one     heat 3  4th  2:01.70
 * 2004 Athens   semi-finals   heat 3  8th  2:06.95

1500 metres event history

 * 1988 Seoul	round one    heat 2  12th  4:19.58
 * 1992 Barcelona round one    heat 2  5th   4:10.63
 * 1992 Barcelona	semi-finals  heat 1  8th   4:09.64

Competition record
1Representing the Americas

title: Letitia Vriesde


text:
Otto Erich Hartleben

Otto Erich Hartleben  (3 June 1864 – in Clausthal; 11 February 1905 in Salò) was a German poet and dramatist from Clausthal, known for his translation of Pierrot Lunaire.

Childhood, Education and Marriage
Orphaned as a child, Hartleben was brought up by his grandfather in Hanover. Among his youthful acquaintances there were Karl Henckel, Arthur Gutheil and the future industrialist and politician Alfred Hugenberg and together they published a volume of poetry Quartett in 1886. After completing his schooling in Celle in 1886 he went to study law, first in Leipzig, where he got to know Hermann Conradi and Adolf Bartels, and later in Berlin. He studied for the civil service in Stolberg (Harz) and in Magdeburg. Giving up his legal studies, he returned to Berlin where he lived as a freelance writer, eventually moving to Munich in 1901. After the death of his grandfather in 1893, Hartleben inherited 80,000 marks and on 2 December married his lifelong companion, ex-waitress “little mop” Selma Hesse.

Career
In 1900 he had a resounding success with his “officer’s tragedy” Rosenmontag (Carnival Monday) which deals with an ill-fated affair between a simple girl and a young officer from an old military family. He used the proceeds to purchase the Villa Halkyone in Salò on Lake Garda. Here he founded in 1903 the Halkyone Academy for the Pure Sciences, which included among its members Peter Behrens, Otto Julius Bierbaum, Franz Blei, Gerhart Hauptmann, Alfred Kubin, Emil Orlik and Ferdinand Pfohl, and which boasted just two rules: "§ 1. Membership of the Halkyone Academy confers neither duties nor rights. § 2. Everything else is governed by the spirit of the Halkyone community."

Letters
Hartleben's legendary reputation in turn-of-century letters is due chiefly to the many artistic groups he founded or contributed to, from the Bavarian Bohemian Beer Brotherhood at school in Celle (1885) to the Menschenclub (a club for “humans”) in Magdeburg (1890), the Karlsbad Idealists’ Club (1891), the Verbrechertisch (“Rogues’ Table”) in Berlin (1896), the Berlin Naturalists’ Society known as Durch (“Through”), the Berlin drama movement Freie Bühne (“Free Stage”), the Berlin Free Literary Society, the Leipzig "Auguren College", not to mention the lively interest he took in the Friedrichshagener Dichterkreis (Friedrichshagen Poets Circle).

Journalist
He also co-produced the weekly journal Die Jugend (“Youth”), in which he made humorous jibes at contemporary society and its morals. One of his key characters was Serenissimus, the gone-to-seed ruler of an imaginary peppercorn principality.

Translator
He is especially noted today for his translations of other writers’ poetic works, in particular of Albert Giraud’s Pierrot Lunaire which forms the Sprechstimme text of Arnold Schoenberg’s work of that name.

Death
Hartleben died in Salò, Italy.

Works

 * "Studententagebuch", poetry, 1886
 * "Die Serényi", stories, 1887
 * "Angele", comedy, 1891
 * "Hanna Jagert", comedy, 1893
 * "Die Geschichte vom abgerissenen Knopfe", stories, 1893
 * "Ein Ehrenwort", drama, 1894
 * "Meine Verse", poetry, 1895
 * "Vom gastfreien Pastor", stories, 1895
 * "Der römische Maler", novella, 1898
 * "Ein wahrhaft guter Mensch", comedy, 1899
 * "Rosenmontag”, tragedy, 1900
 * "Von reifen Früchten. Meiner Verse zweiter Teil", poetry, 1902
 * "Liebe kleine Mama", stories, 1904
 * "Diogenes", comedy, 1905
 * "Im grünen Baum zur Nachtigall", Studentenstück, 1905
 * "Das Ehefest", novella, 1906
 * Tagebuch 1906
 * Aphorismen, edited by van den Trelde 1920

Filmography

 * The Serenyi, directed by Alfred Halm (1918, based on the novella Die Serényi)
 * Rosenmontag, directed by Rudolf Meinert (1924, based on the play Rosenmontag)
 * Love's Carnival, directed by Hans Steinhoff (1930, based on the play Rosenmontag)
 * Sommerliebe, directed by Erich Engel (1942, based on the novella Die Serényi)
 * Love's Carnival, directed by Willy Birgel (1955, based on the play Rosenmontag)

title: Otto Erich Hartleben