text:
Talk:Politics in The Simpsons

shifting alliances
It should be noted that the show was rather hard on Bill Clinton, in one episode, it went so far as having Clinton assure Lisa "You've learned a good lesson, if you complain long enough, you'll get your way...", when Marge protests "that's a pretty lousy lesson", Clinton responds "I'm a pretty lousy President", note fellow Dem Jimmy Carter is often ridiculed, in Marge in Chains, the town substitutes an Abe Lincoln Statue for one of Jimmy Carter, resulting in a riot, in another episode, Carter is portrayed as a rapper "I've got a brother named Billy and my teeth look silly",,,GOP Presidents Ford and Bush the elder were treated much better, in the past season however, in an apparent criticism of the Iraq war Homer refers to George W. Bush as "commander cuckoo bananas"....

 * Indeed, the show has definitely shifted, and hard. Homer, in particular, seems to be the voice of the opinions of whomever is writing for him at the time. Still, this could be part of his character, as he is 'the highly suggestible type' ^_^

 * In the past I think they tried to be even. Most TV comedies just refuse to say anything negative about the Democratic Party, they were one of the few to buck that trend. Still I think the general message was Republicans are actively evil whereas Democrats are basically good people who are just foolish or unlucky.--T. Anthony 14:16, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Why does everyone have to be either republicans or democrats? Lisa for example is definitely not republican, but she has said things that are more leftist than the democratic party's capitalist liberal centre-left policies. Like in the episode where she criticized people who have butlers.--DaGrob 18:34, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

But she clearly would vote Democrat, she even says in one episode "I don't like to support Republicans". I think the show likes to take the easier option of just satirising both sides, like in the episode where Bart gets an elephant the elephant walks through the Democrat conference and the banner says something like "we're pathetic losers" and then through the republican conference, where the banner says something like "we're evil and want bad things for you". Once you pick a side you get bogged down in having a message, as well as offending half your viewers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.157.46.127 (talk) 12:55, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Maybe the sections should be changed to "right-leaning" and "left-leaning"? --Rubber cat 08:31, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It doesn't list everybody (for example, it doesn't list Bart). It only list those characters who at one time or another have supported a specific party.--Per Abrahamsen 20:06, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

2017
I happen to think Lisa Simpson would vote Green, I can see similarities between her and Hillary but also with Jill Stein. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DcD2510 (talk • contribs) 13:13, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

The George H. W. Bush quote
I don't know the context, but it is necessarily a slam against the show? I suspect that the creators of The Simpsons doesn't think it represents how an American family should ideally be.--Per Abrahamsen 01:30, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Homer and Abe communists?
Why is Abe and Homer stated as communists? They are more likely mild Republican or non-belligerent. Abe has on several occasions criticized Democrats, and Homer seemed to have a good friendship with Republican former President Gerald Ford. Reason Abe could have the Communist Party card could be because he is senile, and it is typical for Homer if he took the card so he could exploit them. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.160.111.57 (talk) 13:36, 26 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Communist here refers to superficial party association, rather than inner conviction. Which makes the case clear for Abe (being a party member), less so for Homer (stealing a membership card doesn't make you a member).--Per Abrahamsen 14:28, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Paragraph 1
Politics is a common theme in the animated television series The Simpsons, and this phenomenon has had some crossover with real American politics. U.S. conservatives have voiced opposition to the show, perhaps because The Simpsons has mocked traditional authority figures such as teachers and parents. U.S. President George H. W. Bush has even said that the U.S. needs to be closer to The Waltons than to The Simpsons (although his son, George W. Bush is an admitted fan of the show). If the show has a liberal slant, this was joked about in the episode "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular," in which reference was made to "hundreds of radical right-wing messages inserted into every show by creator Matt Groening." More recently, however, U.S. conservatives have adopted a derisive Simpsons term for the French, "cheese-eating surrender monkeys." .

 * This should be deleted. The entire thing lacks citations and the only citation given says nothing specifically about only conservatives using these terms. Furthermore, sentences like "conservatives have voiced opposition to the show, perhaps because The Simpsons has mocked traditional authority figures such as teachers and parents. " Are a blatant NPOV violation. The word "perhaps" alone is indicative of an opinion with a POV.Jellonuts 21:47, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
 * There was a reference; please don't delete references. Secondly, the number of fact tags was indiscriminate; "hundreds of radical right-wing messages inserted into every show by creator Matt Groening" is a direct quote from the episode. CanadianCaesar Et tu, Brute? 00:19, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

I repeat, The reference that was there did not have the information it was cited as having. Also, **"Perhaps because..." is an opinion and violates NPOV. Also stop deleting citation requests, if you quote, paraphrase, or make assertations they require citations Jellonuts 22:30, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes it does. It says right wingers are using the phrase and got it from the Simpsons. CanadianCaesar Et tu, Brute? 02:35, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It does NOT say "It says right wingers are using the phrase" it says that one person, this columnist named Goldberg, said it. That is just an opinion, or a POV if you will, not a fact. The only fact it says is that this Mr. Goldberg said it, not that " U.S. conservatives have adopted a derisive Simpsons term for the French, "cheese-eating surrender monkeys"" That implies that most conservatives have done this, and I contest the factualness of that statement without sources. The column that is cited says "according to Goldberg", not "according to U.S. conservatives." Cite a source that identifies the that conservatives in general use this term to describe the French. Right now, this whole paragraph is just stating a POV. How can you not see that; "perhaps because..." alone is a buzz word for POV. The quotes and paraphrases from the President of the U.S. are not cited. " U.S. conservatives have voiced opposition to the show"...now this POV statement makes it sound like most conservatives are opposed to the show. Cite a reliable, reviewed source that indicates this to be true, or add in there that some U.S. moderates, liberals, and everybody in-between have expressed opposition. "If the show has a liberal slant".... encyclopedias are about facts, the nature of this statement also implies that this is not a fact, but a point of view. Cite some sources. However, I do see that "hundreds of radical right-wing messages inserted into every show by creator Matt Groening" is a direct quote from a linked episode, so I apologize for fact-tagging that.Jellonuts 03:43, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, that was all true if your memory goes back that far. But anyway, the source is good- it came from the Guardian, it's citable.  On the whole, though, I wouldn't be too heart-broken if the article went to AfD- I don't know if it's important enough to get worked up about.  Next time, though, try fixing stuff instead of deleting footnotes and claiming there was never any there, and adding unneeded fact tags. CanadianCaesar Et tu, Brute? 04:01, 31 January 2007 (UTC)  **I do apologize for the mistakes, I am getting better at this but I am still learning as I go. I'll be sure to put things on the talk pages before making a major edit or deletion. Thanks for reminding me.Jellonuts 04:43, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * left|150px|thumb|N.Y. Post cover from Dec. 7, 2006 -- Scorpion 04:02, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * No fair use pics on talk pages please. CanadianCaesar Et tu, Brute? 04:03, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Very well, but it still proves my point: More than one writer has used this phrase. -- Scorpion 04:05, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with you Scorpion, but not all of those writers are conservatives and not all conservatives use the term.Jellonuts 04:39, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Then why not just say "however, the derisive Simpsons term for the French, "cheese-eating surrender monkeys" has been used by some right wing advocates"? -- Scorpion 04:45, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * That's fine as long as you add in there "has been used by some left-wing and moderate advocates" too. Why single out one group when several have said it?Jellonuts 04:48, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * How about just "has been used by left and right wing advocates"? -- Scorpion 05:09, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Gun Politics
Treehouse of Horror XIII makes a statement about gun politics. Lisa convinces the entire town to disarm, from criminals to ordinary citizens to police as a tribute to a victim of gun violence. However, this "victim" turns out to be Billy the Kid, and he and his companions tear the town apart, being the only ones with firearms. Homer goes back in time to get the people of Springfield to retain their arms and directs them to the graveyard, where they shoot up the graves of Billy the Kid and his associates. They leap out of their graves and are chased over the horizon, outgunned and defeated. Lisa then admits that guns sometimes are the answer. However, at this point, another Homer appears from the distant future, who warns them of their course of action. He is promptly gunned down by Moe, who proceeds to steal his time machine in order to seek out "caveman hookers". CeeWhy2 —The preceding  signed but undated.

not OR
Scorpion the majority of the stuff that you are deleting like the members of the Springfield republican party comes directly from episodes of the Simpsons.I have noticed you like to destroy large parts of pages using the really week OR argument, but you do seem to want to help these pages —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Very well, I will explain why I removed what I did.

*Sideshow Mel, the party's gossip
 * Bob Dole
 * Ralph Nader
 * Count Dracula
 * A bloodthirsty troll-like creature
 * I can't remember Mel ever being shown in the party and the rest are real life or non-Simpsons figures.

==Springfield Cultural Advisory Board== Springfield's Cultural Advisory Board was featured in the episode "The Seven-Beer Snitch", a group that decides what to build to attract touring to Springfield. They also hold degrees relating to art. Known members of the board include: Marge Simpson, the leader
 * Julius Hibbert
 * Ned Flanders
 * Helen Lovejoy
 * Carl Carlson
 * Moe Syszlak
 * Seymour Skinner

Among one another, the board is shown as quick to coming to decisions, and they seldom mock one another. They are intelligent, though dim at times. Indeed, Julius Hibbert is also a member of the Republican Party and Mensa Society, however practices medicine illegally. The rest of the board is shown as a contemptuous group (a homemaker, a doctor, a religious man, a gossip, a drunk, a bartender, and a principal).
 * How exactly does that relate to politics? As well, calling them a contemptuous group is POV.

== Independents and minor political parties == None of the characters in the Simpsons animated series have been labeled as being an independent or affiliating with a minor political party. However, third political parties do exist in the fictional universe, albeit they are often not shown as a viable choice. * When Maggie is sent to day care, she is sent to one that operated under the principles of Ayn Rand, who is sometimes seen as a major influence on American Libertarianism.
 * When Ned Flanders first opened up the "Leftorium" ("When Flanders Failed"), it almost went under and Ned made a comment to Homer that the Springfield Libertarian Party would be using the space occupied by the store.
 * Frequent Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader is seen in the Simpsons episode Brawl in the Family as secret member of the Springfield Republican Party, no doubt a joke based upon the belief that Nader cost Al Gore the 2000 presidential election.
 * In the Treehouse of Horror VII segment Citizen Kang, aliens Kang and Kodos abduct current US presidential candidates Bill Clinton and Bob Dole and impersonate them. Several political jokes are made throughout the segment including a joke where Kang and Kodos, after being unmasked by Homer, state that they could either vote for one of them or "throw [their] vote away" on a third party candidate (to which Reform Party candidate Ross Perot is shown in the crowd.) Kang ends up winning and enslaving humanity.
 * In Brother from the Same Planet a Springfield Isotopes game is delayed whilst a representative of the Springfield Communist Party attempts to give a speech before being pelted with tomatoes.
 * Entire section is NN cruft and OR.

A debate on government funding of education, a classically liberal position in the United States versus the opposition of American conservatives towards increased government taxation can be seen in "The PTA Disbands". Edna Krabappel claims that the demands of the teachers are reasonable, asking simply for better supplies and a modest cost of living wage increase. Principal Seymour Skinner replies that the school is on a very tight budget as it is, pointing out that there's no more money in the school's budget even after the cutbacks he has made, since the school's funding has been cut yet again. Mrs. Krabappel is urging parents to support the teachers in their strike to better their children's futures, while Principal Skinner claims that to pay what the teachers are asking, they would be forced to raise taxes. The audience at the PTA meeting is left debating over whether the education system is worth greater investment through taxation.
 * Again, no sources, POV and OR.

The episode "Homer vs. The Eighteenth Amendment" can be seen as a statement against Prohibition, as a Prohibition scheme fails in the episode, and an officer charged with enforcing the law is catapulted out of town. While "The Cartridge Family" clearly mocks irresponsibility with firearms hiding behind the Second Amendment, Krusty is seen making a speech about how guns are valuable if handled responsibly ("Guns arn't toys. There for family protection, hunting dangerous or delicious animals and keeping the king of England out of your face.").
 * Once again, no sources, POV and OR.

The episode "Bart-Mangled Banner" relates to concerns about the USA PATRIOT Act and free-speech. In the episode the Simpson family is sent to a "re-education center" for defaming the USA, almost completely by accident. There they meet Bill Clinton who had been sent to the center for criticizing tax cuts. The family eventually escapes to France before returning to the US as immigrants.
 * Yet again, no sources, POV and OR.

==Sugar Lobby== The episode, "Sweets and Sour Marge" features Marge filing against a sugar company, Motherloving Sugar Co., which can in many ways be seen as a reference to the "Big Sugar". In the episode, Springfield gets in to the Duff Book of Records as the "Fat City USA". This makes Marge question the obesity in town and discover that all goods in Kwik-E-Mart are overloaded with sugar. The episode also features an arrogant sugar boss, Garth Motherloving (who claims his actual last name was "Hitler", although this could be sarcastic.), who was voiced by Ben Stiller and his company making sugar out of dump.
 * What exactly does that have to do with politics?

==Immigration== The Simpsons has also covered immigration controversies in the episode "Much Apu About Nothing."
 * No sources.

I always find it amusing when random people who have no knowledge of Wikipedia policy try to argue policy with experienced editors. If you want random "In this episode ____ does _____" facts, then start your own site, or join the Simpsons Wiki. I have a vast record of improving articles and take a look at The Simpsons, which is a Featured article and then this one and you'll notice a HUGE difference. -- Scorpion0422 23:01, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

I have been editing Wikipedia annonimesly at different addresses for over two years, and and it seems that must of the "improvements" you make are deliting large portions because you clame they are ether cruft or OR, just because you are not familiar with it. You have deleted several things that I have written involving both the simpsons and wrestling but until now I never had a good enough case to challenge you, I am going to re add the information with sources and explanations, but you do not seem to know much about u.s. politics(which is ok since you are Canadian). you seem to want to do a good job but editing is more then just deleting stuff it involves tagging and finding sources. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * If you really have been here for two years, then you would know that SNPP is not a reliable source. This is the kind of topic that could have a nice long and well sourced page, but it would require work. You need to back up all claims with sources, even if it does seem like its common knowledge. If you are interested in cleaning up the page, Planet Simpson is a good source. -- Scorpion0422 18:54, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Page protected
I've fully protected the page for 5 days. Debating in edit summaries is inefficient and just leads to more reverting. Use the talk page folks. CIreland (talk) 16:27, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

The list of members of the Republican Party
My arguments for the removal of the section:
 * 1) It's overdetailing and giving undue weight to minor jokes, perhaps the party itself figures slightly into the plot, but none of the members do.
 * 2) Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information.
 * 3) Like it or not, it is cruft.
 * 4) The only reasons you seem to be able to find that favour keeping it are essays that are used to attack arguments.
 * 5) You said "It has been here a long time before you decided out of the blue that it was cruft", so? The amount of time something stays in an article does not add to its notability. -- Scorpion0422 16:46, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Sorry it took so long for me to reply scorpion, I could not get to a computer this weekend My arguments for the keeping this section
 * you are siting an essay on one persons thoughts not guidelines
 * A lot of uses agree with it, and last time I checked WP:UNDUE and WP:NOT#INFO were policies. -- Scorpion0422 18:28, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It is a short list that is vary relevant to the article
 * Take a look at all of the Good Simpsons related articles and see how many have a list like that. -- Scorpion0422 18:28, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * As for your under weight argument, it seems to me that republicans being involved in politics is the majority viewpoint, and by erasing it you are violating the guidelines (do you even read these befor you link to them)
 * The republicans being involved IS important, but a list of the members is not. -- Scorpion0422 18:28, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Like I've told you before just because Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information douse not mean that you can openly discriminate against information.
 * I am tired of your cruft argument please read the following essay WP:ITSCRUFT
 * It seems to me that I've used several other policy based arguments. By the way, you criticize me for always citing an essay when you yourself have started citing essays. -- Scorpion0422 18:28, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * When you did your typical mass deletions in this article month ago you agreed that this was not cruft what made you change your mind —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.186.40.155 (talk) 17:47, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, the list is NOT relevant at all. Them being republicans doesn't effect their day to day lives in the show. And what are you talking about "discriminating against information"??? We don't have listcruft anywhere, you act like we have it in a lot of articles, and we just don't want a list of republicans. That is illogical and incorrect. We remove all cruft.  C t j f 8 3 talk 18:11, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Must include Mr. Burns
The Springfield Republican party is presented as an evil organization, so that it's highly-relevant that the evil Mr. Burns runs most or all the meetings. AnonMoos (talk) 20:49, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * republicans are evil...but I'd agree to listing him as the Springfield republican leader, but there is no reason we need a list of all the members.  C t j f 8 3 talk 22:31, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Major rewrite
I decided to do a major rewrite, since this was the worst Simpsons article based on the number cleanup tags assigned to it. Basically, I have removed everything that was unsourced. If you want to include this again, then you better find sources for it. --Maitch (talk) 13:10, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Brazil
After "Blame it on Lisa", several comments have been made about Brazil by the Simpsons. In the tenth episode of the 18th season, Lisa claims that Barnacle Bay is the most disgusting place they have ever travelled to. Bart then asks "What about Brazil?", and Lisa replies "AFTER Brazil". In an even later episode, someone in the family suggests they go on another vacation to Brazil, but Homer replies by saying that he heard the monkey problem was now even worse than the last time they were there, clearly a reference to the monkey comment that was supposed to be an especially grave insult to Brazil. Should this be referenced in the article? It's quite obviously references to the dispute. 83.109.72.15 (talk) 11:34, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Those are really more comments on the episode rather than the dispute and belong to the episode article.--Maitch (talk) 14:53, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Burns-sexual
This is a pretty minor point in the context of the whole article, but I wanted to call it out because I think a better reference could be found. I just added the bolded text below, based on this reference at the end of the sentence:

 * Smithers is shown to have a passionate and deep love for Mr. Burns; as late as 2007, during the show's 18th season, Matt Groening and executive producer James L. Brooks wrote in an interview that Smithers, being focused on one particular individual, was not homosexual, but "Burns-sexual".

The thing is, I was surprised to have read this in a 2007 interview. I think the above quote was totally defensible and presumably true before, certainly, about season 5 or 6 or so; but I think the quote became false as the show progressed. I'm convinced this is true but maybe someone knows of a reference that would defend this "transformation" being added to the article. Comet Tuttle (talk) 21:12, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Homosexuality
In the earlier seasons, there are often gags implying Milhouse or Martin are gay. These are quietly dropped as society changes and the show progresses. Paul Benjamin Austin (talk) 07:55, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Politics in The Simpsons


text:
Talk:Fugazi

Huh? Why is the main page for some band named after the concept, rather than being for the concept itself?
Shouldn't all this stuff be under Fugazi_(band), and the proper page for the actual military slang Fugazi? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.144.249.26 (talk) 14:59, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

Instrument soundtrack
this entry needs a serious rehaul, i dont even see anything about their first full length "13 songs" cmon people listen to fugazi before you write an "encyclopedia" entrysatan

The instrument soundtrack does not appear to mentioned anywhere?

um..."13 songs" wasn't their first full-length album..."repeater" was. "13 songs" was their first two e.p. records combined. -corndogtown

Fan site
WorldofFugazi.org — A fugazi fan site ///--- the link seems to be dead (its the last one i think)

ae you serious? what about 13 songs? whoever wrote this never even listened to fugazi. douche

 * 13 songs is listed in the combined editions. Fugazi never entered the studio to record "13 songs", 13 songs is a combination of other EP.Diego.tercero (talk) 14:09, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Beginnings
"Picciotto originally only sang, Picciotto likened his role for the first two years, as that of a toaster but quickly incorporated his guitar playing into the quartet."

How, exactly, did Guy behave like a toaster? Can anyone provide a quote from him or from a book explaining this quote in more detail?

"Initially, the early stuff was predominantly put together by Ian and Joe as the stuff they had been working on prior to Brendan and I joining the band, and for the first 2 years I didn't play guitar but functioned almost like a toaster - doing back-ups, singing lead and dancing around. But once I started playing guitar the way we write changed dramatically - it became completely democratic with every song bearing everyone's imprint."

 * So toasters Sing and dance now or what? XdiabolicalX 12:54, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps he meant in the Reggae sense where the MC's add additional lyrics over existing songs. This is just a guess as Fugazi clearly have Reggae influences - the electrical toaster idea just doesn't make any sense. Paul Tew 12:40, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I did think that but couldn't really see how it fitted with the article, you are right though it does make more sense that that of an electrical toster. XdiabolicalX 19:09, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

list of emo bands
why is this in the list of emo bands?
 * Because they are what Emo not My Chemical Romance or whoever. XdiabolicalX 12:54, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

see? the above cant even speak correctly let alone know what in the world theyre talking about. minor threat=hardcore; embrace=emo; fugazi=post-hardcore. seeing a progression and pattern here? its really not complicated. feb 10, androol
 * should this be taken off the list? if it is it should be taken off the emo band project that i see on topJkalltheway 21:26, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Emo isnt even a true genre of music. It's just a label people have been slapping on music since the early eighties, and the bands that get branded "Emo" arent all necessarily alike at all. Hence the reality that emo isnt really a genre of music, and I tend to agree with Guy when he says its the most retarded term ever.
 * Indeed, Fugazi are certainly not emo. I'll take it off. - ZEROpumpkins 07:54, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Sorry to disagree but fugazi are propper emo. Rites of spring invented emo and it is clear the similarities in rites of spring's music and fugazi's. Definately a lot more similar than those of bands which are currently categroized as emo these days. 22 september disposableandy
 * I think the majority of people would disagree with you there. Sure, Rites of Spring "invented" it, but that does not mean Fugazi must be it by default. Besides, there's not a great deal of emotional content in Fugazi's lyrics. - ZEROpumpkins 13:26, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

I'm going to have to side for Fugazi being emo. They are widely credited with fueling the D.C. movement, and despite what the term may have evolved to mean in regards to contemporary music, I say that they are indeed emo.Rwiggum (talk) 15:06, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Can you find a source that explicitly says so? Just because they're influential to emo bands that followed in their wake doesn't make them emo, and the D.C. movement wasn't totally "emo" itself. TheLetterM (talk) 16:08, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

The term emo was being used before rites of spring and fugazi. Minor threat was being called emo before any of these bands inceptions. The term EMO is retarded, as is breaking down and classifying music. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.169.244.162 (talk) 22:59, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Hardcore and Post Hardcore
How can a band be both hardcore and post-hardcore. I am going to change it for now, but if you disagree you can change it back, I suppose. --Kurasuke 22:48, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Fugazi aren't Industrial at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.56.48.235 (talk) 23:53, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

i dont think they are hardcore or post hardcore or really punk at all. if they are alternative rock, the real alternative rock which is slower and quieter than normal rock, see snow patrol Sunny Day Real Estate or Jimmy Eat World for some examples, then they are not hardcore or post hardcore. Real post hardcore on the other hand draws significant hardcore influence like Enter Shakari also Thrice used to be and UnderOath are too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.38.65.47 (talk) 13:30, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Well, what's your definition of "real" Post-hardcore anyway? The page on wikipedia states that "Post-hardcore is typically characterized by its precise rhythms and loud guitar-based instrumentation accompanied by vocal performances that are often executed as whispers or screams." If that same criteria can define bands like Thrice or Underoath, it certainly defines Fugazi. Do you have a source that states that Thrice and Underoath and Enter Shikari are post-hardcore, but Fugazi isn't? Feel free to post it, but I highly doubt you'll find it.

The band certainly has "significant hardcore influence"- Ian MacKaye was the lead singer in Minor Threat! Plus, the rest of the band did their time in various hardcore punk groups as well (Rites of Spring comes to mind). Their progression into Fugazi also matches the modus operandi of early post-hardcore groups- ex-members of hardcore punk bands who made music that had the intensity and dynamic of hardcore punk but without the speed or simplicity.

Also, comparisons to SDRE or Jimmy Eat World are completely unfounded (and frankly, I have no clue why you threw Snow Patrol in there). Both of those bands do have a sound similar to other alternative rock bands, but Fugazi doesn't, at all. They're about as comparable as apples are to oranges, with the implication that the apple should be considered an orange because hey, they're both fruit. TheLetterM (talk) 17:04, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

"Alternative Rock" is not a genre, it simply states that the music was not mainstream. Fugazi is certainly post-hardcore, as earlier edits realized. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.186.178.219 (talk) 21:29, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Certainly don't hear much QUEEN here, as stated in the article as a sound inspiration, tho I suppose Led Zep could be construed. More reasonable to perhaps list Gang of Four, Pylon, The Wipers, even The Pixies, or other bands of that ilk as source material for Fugazi's angular sound?

Allmusic entry
What's with the allmusic entry of Fugazi being named "afghan w"? Take this review for example. A Fugazi album, right? Now click on their name. It leads to here, which is the artist info for Fugazi (check the biography and such), however, the name at the top if "afghan w". Did somebody hack Allmusic or something? -albrozdude 23:47, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Failed GA
As of 13 October 2006, I am making a speedy failing for this article to reach Good Article status, per WP:WIAGA, because of the following fatal reasons: If all of those matters above have been fixed, this article can be renominate it again. Cheers. — Indon ( reply ) — 11:08, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) This article is totally unsourced. Please provide your reliable sources according to WP:CITE to support the three pillars of Wikipedia: neutral point of view, no element of original research and verifiable. I've put a template in this article for editors to fill in their references. Please do not consider it as discouraging.
 * 2) All of the images used are copyrighted and no fair use rationale given. Please provide images suitable for Wikipedia, per WP:ICT, or give fair use rasionale, per WP:FAIR.

"Backronym"
How is Fugazi a backronym? It's an acronym just like SNAFU. There's nothing "back" about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by BNutzer (talk • contribs)

 * Check an etymology dictionary: it's a backronym because the word predates the abbreviation, which was made up to fit. I believe this is in Partridge, but I'm on the road today, and I'll try to post a reference tomorrow.  I reverted to "backronym".  bikeable (talk) 06:35, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Changed back to acronym, as Fugazi is not a word, or at least not a word that Vietnam-era GIs were aware of. Quinine 10:05, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

What is the source reference for the origin of the name of the band? Fugazi is an actual word, and has also been the name of a famous nightclub in San Francisco for decades. Many soldiers on their way to and from Vietnam passed through San Francisco and many would have known about the club. Tmangray (talk) 19:07, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Reunion
Can any validate the reunion on september 3rd? My guess is that's probably a pranke, but I'd really like to know for sure.

update: it's a hoax http://dcist.com/2007/07/26/fugazi_reunion.php

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 15:31, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move debate was: Move

I've been bold and moved this article to Fugazi. Most of the other entities are fairly non-notable (along with a lot of etymology on the dab page), so this is by far the most notable. CloudNine (talk) 19:49, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Fugazi (band) → Fugazi — The current disambiguation of "(band)" is unnecessary, especially as "Fugazi" only serves as a redirect to this article. —jareha (comments) 19:36, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support, as nominator. jareha (comments) 19:36, 12 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Support, looks appropriate to me, with a hatnote saying for other uses see the dab page. It's definitely the most notable encyclopedic entry of things called "Fugazi".--h i s  s p a c e   r e s e a r c h 18:52, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

Waiting Room?
Terrific! No reference whatsoever of there most famous song. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.150.214.192 (talk) 17:04, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

I concur. "Waiting Room" is a punk-rock institution. It's extremely conspicuous by its absence in this article... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ruskin35 (talk • contribs) 17:13, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Fugazi IS
You don't say AT&T ARE, you don't say Congress ARE, and you don't say Fugazi ARE. It's a singular noun that agrees only with singular verbs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.117.5.88 (talk) 22:04, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Poor Sourcing/Poor Research
This article needs to rely on a variety of (primary) sources. Look at the notes section: currently 12 out of the 15 notes are from one source, Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground.

Thousands of articles have been written about the band and they've done well over a thousand (maybe 2,000-3,000) interviews throughout the last 22 years. Use a primary source instead of regurgitating one or a few books! A good place to start: washingtoncitypaper.com which has the full text of all articles from 1995 to the present. That paper has been writing about the band since the start (circa 1987-1988).
 * Primary sources should actually be avoid whenever possible. What you want for a well-written, well-referenced article are secondary sources. WesleyDodds (talk) 02:01, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Record/Tape/CD Prices
When I was a kid and tapes and records were still bought at stores, there was always this thing on the back of Fugazi albums that said "if this album costs more than 7 dollars, send 7 dollars to Dischord records, and we'll send you the record." I always thought that was the coolest thing in the world. And they would actually do it, too. (I know, because I did it once.) There should be some mention of that, because that was and is absolutely unheard of amongst musicians and music publishers. Mention of it should be added somewhere. I can't say where. Veteran Fugazi wikipedia editors have at it--that's my suggestion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.127.11.118 (talk) 03:35, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Refused $10 million from Atlantic
Is there another source for this and is the one that's listed acceptable? According to this article in Spin, this is an urban legend. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.137.149.128 (talk) 06:01, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Fugazi Live Series
About 800 live shows were taped throughout Fugazi's run, and they are now available on the Dischord website. NY Times did an article about it that was on the front page of nytimes.com; the Fugazi wikipedia page should probably include at least a mention. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/arts/music/fugazi-live-series-a-post-punk-bands-archive-of-shows.html

209.6.96.19 (talk) 23:25, 27 November 2011 (UTC)MBVECO

Past tense
Given the unlikelihood of Fugazi (realistically) ever getting back together and making more music, might it be appropriate to speak of the bands existence in the past tense?, e.g. :Fugazi WAS an American post-hardcore band" (instead of IS.) Perhaps yes.Cromulant (talk) 04:19, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Popular culture
Some entries in Wikipedia include a section on appearance in other cultural forms. "Fugazi" appears on the t-shirt of Neckbone, one of the boys in the movie MUD. Not sure where or how to add this. 2601:9:3A00:D4:251B:A2EC:5F0E:AD79 (talk) 03:51, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * One way would be to start a new section in the article called 'Popular culture', or something along those lines. Jonpatterns (talk) 10:02, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * In pop culture sections are mostly useless -- Guerillero |  My Talk  02:29, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

We don't need a timeline for fugazi
The band had one drummer replacement, we don't need a timeline for that — Preceding unsigned comment added by ICommandeth (talk • contribs) 04:40, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

"Years active" and "on hiatus"
Looking through the revision history, you can find a few edits removing "on hiatus" from the "Years active" section. has the summary "Seriously? Since 2003?", and I get the impression that the other edits were made with the same thing in mind: it's ridiculous to say that a band that hasn't played together for 15 years is just on hiatus.

I don't think it's too ridiculous. If a band says they're not broken up, I'd say they're not broken up. And since "on hiatus" keeps getting added back in, I think others are in aggreement. Still, it's something that's come up a few times, so it seems like it deserved a discussion topic.

Even if we agree that they are on hiatus, though, there might be a problem. Template:Infobox musical artist says Only calendar year ranges or a single calendar year should be listed; for example, do not distinguish between the period Paul McCartney was in the Beatles and his solo career. I'm not sure if this is to make it machine readable or something? But it does allow the word "present" as an exception, for currently active bands/artists. Is this a problem? Languorrises (talk) 01:12, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

Coriky and Messthetics
Added Coriky information and updated The Messthetics entry to include second album. Top pocket man (talk) 17:47, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Fugazi


text:
Macedonian dynasty

The Macedonian dynasty (Greek: Μακεδονική Δυναστεία) ruled the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 1056, following the Amorian dynasty. During this period, the Byzantine state reached its greatest extent since the Early Muslim conquests, and the Macedonian Renaissance in letters and arts began. The dynasty was named after its founder, Basil I the Macedonian who came from the theme of Macedonia.

Origins
The dynasty's ethnic origin is unknown, and has been a subject of debate. During Basil's reign, an elaborate genealogy was produced that purported that his ancestors were not mere peasants, as everyone believed, but descendants of the Arsacid (Arshakuni) kings of Armenia, Alexander the Great and also of Constantine the Great. Some Persian writers such as Hamza al-Isfahani or Al-Tabari, called Basil a Saqlabi, an ethnogeographic term that usually denoted the Slavs, but it can be interpreted as a generic term encompassing the inhabitants of the region between Constantinople and Bulgaria.

Thus, claims have been made for the dynasty's founder (Basil I) being of Armenian, Slavonic,  or "Armeno-Slavonic" descent from his paternal side.

The author of the only dedicated biography of Basil I in English has concluded that it is impossible to be certain what the ethnic origins of the emperor were, though Basil was definitely reliant on the support of Armenians in prominent positions within the Byzantine Empire.

List of rulers

 * Basil I the Macedonian (Βασίλειος Α') (811–886, ruled 867–886) – married Eudokia Ingerina, mistress of Michael III; died in hunting accident
 * Leo VI the Wise (Λέων Ϛ') (866–912, ruled 886–912) – son of Eudokia Ingerina, legal son and heir of Basil I; possibly the natural son of Michael III; created church crisis with his fourth marriage—Zoe Karbonopsina, who took over as regent for their son, Constantine VII, in 914 and ruled the empire until 919
 * Alexander (Αλέξανδρος) (870–913, ruled 912–913) – son of Basil I, regent for nephew
 * Constantine VII the Purple-born (Κωνσταντῖνος Ζ') (905–959, ruled 913–920 and 945-959) – son of Leo VI and Zoe Karbonopsina; married Helena, daughter of Romanos Lekapenos
 * Romanos I Lekapenos (Ρωμανός A') (c. 870–948, ruled 920–944) – staged a successful coup in 919 and became senior emperor in 920; deposed in 944 and exiled
 * Romanos II the Purple-born (Ρωμανός Β') (938–963, ruled 959–963) – son of Constantine VII
 * Nikephoros II Phokas (Νικηφόρος Β' Φωκᾶς) (912–969, ruled 963–969) – successful general, married Romanos II's widow, regent for Basil; assassinated (Origin: Cappadocian)
 * John I Tzimiskes (Ιωάννης Α')(925-976, ruled 969–976) – successful general, brother-in-law of Romanos II, lover of Nikephoros's wife but banned from marriage, regent for Basil II and Constantine VIII
 * Basil II (Βασίλειος Β') the Bulgar-slayer (958–1025, ruled 976–1025) – son of Romanos II
 * Constantine VIII (Κωνσταντῖνος Η') (960-1028, ruled 1025–1028) – son of Romanos II; silent co-emperor with Basil II, sole emperor after his brother's death
 * Zoe (Ζωή) (c. 978–1050, ruled 1028–1050) – daughter of Constantine VIII
 * Romanos III Argyros (Ρωμανός Γ') (968–1034, ruled 1028–1034) – eparch of Constantinople; Zoe's first husband, arranged by Constantine VIII; murdered
 * Michael IV the Paphlagonian (Μιχαήλ Δ') (1010–1041, ruled 1034–1041) – Zoe's second husband
 * Michael V the Caulker (Μιχαήλ Ε') (1015–1042, ruled 1041–1042) – Michael IV's nephew, Zoe's adopted son
 * Theodora (Θεοδώρα) (980–1056, ruled 1042) – daughter of Constantine VIII, co-empress with Zoe
 * Constantine IX Monomachos (Κωνσταντῖνος Θ') (1000–1055, ruled 1042–1055) – Zoe's third husband
 * Theodora (Θεοδώρα) (ruled 1055–1056) – restored

Non-dynastic

 * Michael VI (Μιχαήλ Ϛ') (ruled 1056–1057) – chosen by Theodora; deposed and entered monastery

Family tree

 * Basil I the Macedonian (813–886)
 * from his marriage to Maria:
 * Constantine (865–878), co-emperor with his father
 * Anastasia
 * from his marriage to empress Eudokia Ingerina:
 * Leo VI the Wise (866–912)
 * Eudokia (died 892)
 * Anna, betrothed and married to Louis the Blind
 * Basil (died 900)
 * Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (905–959), married Helena Lekapene, daughter of Romanos I Lekapenos
 * Romanos II (938–963) married to Bertha, daughter of Hugh of Italy king of Italy
 * childless by his marriage to Bertha of Italy
 * from his marriage to Theophano:
 * Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer (957–1025)
 * Constantine VIII (961–1028) married Helena, daughter of Alypius
 * Eudokia
 * Zoe (978–1050), married:
 * Romanos III Argyros (ca. 968–1034)
 * Michael IV the Paphlagonian (1015–1042)
 * Constantine IX Monomachos (ca. 1000–1055)
 * Theodora (980–1056)
 * Anna Porphyrogeneta (963–1011), married Vladimir I of Kiev
 * Agathe
 * Theodora, married John I Tzimiskes
 * Stephen I (867–893), Patriarch of Constantinople
 * Alexander (870–913)

title: Macedonian dynasty


text:
Talk:List of lakes of Sweden

Untitled
The article on Vättern says that its deepest point is at least 136 m, but it's not on the "Deepest" list. Is there an explanation for this, or is it a mistake? / Alarm 18:11, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * My source for this article comes from a pdf file which seemed official. I saved it to my hard drive and have no uploaded it on http://www.stoisk.se/Documents/Fiskar.pdf . The pdf lists the "deepest" lakes without Vättern. A quick search on google gives this page: http://aktuellt.fiskeriverket.se/sottochsalt/file/Utgavor_pdf/nr%204_webb.pdf which on page three gives Vättern a deepest depth of 120 meters. It may also be mentioned that I have removed from the page Vättern the (to me) another flawed description, namely of Vättern containing more water than Vänern, which according to the first link I provided above is clearly debunct. // Fred-Chess 20:56, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, then it seems as if it is the Vättern article that needs to be changed. The pdf could possibly be referred to as a source in the article. / Alarm 21:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It has been done. The pdf can't be uploaded to wikipedia as it isn't free, and I don't remember where I got it from anymore, but I've added the above link to the article. Fred-Chess 22:06, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Area
According to Statistisk Årsbok 2012 by Statistiska Centralbyrån and to Sveriges sjöar by Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut (who uses figures of Sveriges Nationalatlas -The National Atlas of Sweden - gathered from Lantmäteriet - the National Survey), i.e. what must be considered the most official figures, the ten largest lakes in Sweden are (in km2):

Vänern 5519 Vättern 1886 Mälaren 1090 Hjälmaren 477 Storsjön 456 Torneträsk 330 Siljan 292 Hornavan 262 Akkajaure 260 Uddjaure 249

Bolmen is 12th on this list (after Storavan 184) with 173. --Episcophagus (talk) 18:00, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of lakes of Sweden


text:
When the Boat Comes In

When the Boat Comes In is a British television period drama produced by the BBC between 1976 and 1981. Across the whole series, events are set in the time period from 1919 to 1937. The series stars James Bolam as Jack Ford, a First World War veteran who returns to his poverty-stricken (fictional) town of Gallowshield in the North East of England. The series dramatises the interwar political struggles of the 1920s and 1930s and explores the impact of national and international politics upon Ford and the people around him.

Production
The majority of episodes were written by creator James Mitchell, but in series 1 north-eastern writers Tom Hadaway, Sid Chaplin and Alex Glasgow contributed episodes, and in series 3 Jeremy Burnham and Colin Morris shared writing duties with Mitchell. Mitchell also wrote three tie-in books to the TV show: When the Boat Comes In, When the Boat Comes In: The Hungry Years and When the Boat Comes In: Upwards and Onwards. The final book brings the reader up to date with the end of the second series of the TV show.

Series 1 of When the Boat Comes In was produced by Leonard Lewis, Series 2 and 3 were produced by Andrew Osborn, and Series 4 was produced by David Maloney.

The traditional tune "When the Boat Comes In" was adapted by David Fanshawe and sung by Alex Glasgow for the title theme of the series. Fanshawe also composed the incidental music. The BBC revived the series in 1981, with the fourth series telling the story of Jack Ford as he returns to Britain penniless, after six years spent bootlegging in the United States of America, and follows him as he sets up in London.

Series

 * Series 1: 8 January to 1 April 1976 (13 × 50 minute episodes)
 * Series 2: 29 October 1976 to 4 February 1977 (13 × 50 minute episodes)
 * Series 3: 8 September to 15 December 1977 (15 × 50 minute episodes)
 * Series 4: 17 February to 21 April 1981 (10 × 50 minute episodes)

Regular cast

 * James Bolam as Jack Ford (1976–77, 81 / Series 1–4 / 48 episodes)
 * James Garbutt as Bill Seaton (1976–77 / Series 1–3 / 39 episodes)
 * Jean Heywood as Bella Seaton (1976–77 / Series 1–3 / 39 episodes)
 * John Nightingale as Tom Seaton (1976–77 / Series 1–3 / 39 episodes)
 * Edward Wilson as Billy Seaton (1976–77, 81 / Series 1–4 / 35 episodes)
 * Malcolm Terris as Matt Headley (1976–77 / Series 1–3 / 34 episodes)
 * Susan Jameson as Jessie Ashton née Seaton (1976–77, 81 / Series 1–4 / 30 episodes)
 * Madelaine Newton as Dolly (1976–77 / Series 1–3 / 30 episodes)
 * Basil Henson as Sir Horatio Manners (1976–77 / Series 1–3 / 25 episodes)
 * Geoffrey Rose as Arthur Ashton (1976–77 / Series 1–3 / 18 episodes)
 * Rosalind Bailey as Sarah Headley née Lytton (1977, 81 / Series 2–4 / 23 episodes)
 * William Fox as the Duke of Bedlington (1976–77 / Series 2–3 / 13 episodes)
 * Lois Baxter as Lady Caroline No. 2 (1977, 81 / Series 3–4 / 15 episodes)

Semi-regular cast

 * Michelle Newell as Mary Seaton née Routledge (1976 / Series 1 / 6 episodes)
 * Noel O'Connell as Young Tommy (1976–77 / Series 2–3 / 6 episodes)
 * Catherine Terris as Miss Laidlaw (1976–77 / Series 2–3 / 7 episodes)
 * Vernon Drake as Hotel Porter (1976–77 / Series 2–3 / 7 episodes)
 * Isla Blair as Lady Caroline No. 1 (1976–77 / Series 2 / 5 episodes)
 * Roger Avon as Mr. Redshaw (1976 Series 1 / 1 episode) and Stan Liddell (1977-81 / Series 2–4 / 5 episodes)
 * Ian Cullen as Geordie Watson (1977, 81 / Series 2–4 / 4 episodes)
 * Bobby Pattinson as Eddy Morton (1976–77 / Series 2–3 / 4 episodes) and Joe Pierce (1981 series 4 / 1 episode)
 * John Gabriel as Dr Stoker (1976–77 / Series 2–3 / 3 episodes)
 * Ralph Michael as Father Courtnay (1976–77 / Series 2–3 / 3 episodes)
 * Sheri Shepstone as Nellie (1976–77 / Series 2–3 / 3 episodes)
 * John Malcolm as Poskett (1976–77 / Series 2–3 / 3 episodes)
 * Martin Duncan as Roddy (1977 / Series 2–3 / 3 episodes)
 * David Lawton as Tovey No. 1 (1976–77 / Series 2 / 3 episodes)
 * John Kidd as Tovey No. 2 (1977 / Series 3 / 5 episodes)
 * Christopher Benjamin as Channing (1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes)
 * Colin Douglas as Stobart (1976 Series 2 / 1 episode), John Ryder (1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes), Fred Randall (1981 series 4 / 1 episode)
 * Murray Hayne as Norman Hodges (1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes)
 * Peter McGowan as Len Laidlaw (1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes)
 * Christine Anderson as Rosie Mason (1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes)
 * W. Morgan Sheppard as Robert Joseph Dixon (1977 / Series 3/ 3 episodes)
 * Mary Larkin as Isobel Murcheson (1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes)
 * Joby Blanshard as Milburn (1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes)
 * Judy Loe as Tania Corley (1981 / Series 4 / 3 episodes)
 * David Graham as Kaganovich (1976 Series 2 / 1 episode) and Morty Black (1981 Series 4 / 2 episodes)
 * Roy Pattison as pit deputy (1976 Series 1 / 1 episode), Jones (1977 / Series 3 / 2 episodes) and Joe Pierce (1981 / Series 4 / 1 episode)
 * Alan Hockey as Jimmy Benson (1976 / Series 1 / 1 episode), Clegg (1977 / Series 2 / 1 episode) and foreman (1977 /Series 3 / 1 episode)
 * Richard Henry as picket leader (1976 / Series 1 / 1 episode), man in pub (1977 / Series 2 / 1 episode) and Danny Lockhart (1981 / Series 4 / 1 episode)
 * Gordon Faith barman (1976 / Series 1 / 1 episode), patient (1976 / Series 2 / 1 episode) and Dave (1977 / Series 3 / 1 episode)

DVD releases
All four series are available on DVD in the UK.

title: When the Boat Comes In


text:
Lake St. Catherine (Louisiana)

Lake St. Catherine (Lac Sainte-Catherine) is a brackish-water lake that is located in eastern Orleans Parish, within the city limits of New Orleans, between Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne in Louisiana. Between Lake St. Catherine and Lake Borgne was the original Town of Lake Catherine. Established between Unknown Pass and Miller's Ditch, it was settled for railroad workers, trappers, hunters and fishermen.

New Orleans Hurricane of 1915
The 1915 Hurricane destroyed the town and thirty-five people lost their lives by remaining in the town. It was rebuilt with a number of hunting and fishing clubs being established along with the railroad workers and the Rigolets Train Station. During the Great Depression, clubs like the Winchester Club, which was for gentlemen only, The Rosemary and St. James Place were boarding houses for families and sportsmen to stay and hunt and fish the area. There were a number of families who owned camps in the area prior to Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Some of their family members worked for the railroad and helped maintain the line. The town was built next to the railroad track; the last known resident of the town was Mr. Acy. The entire area was heavily damaged during Katrina.

New Orleans East Land Bridge
To the north, between Lake St. Catherine and Lake Pontchartrain is a nine-mile (14 km) long populated island known as the New Orleans East Land Bridge which had been well-populated since the 1920s, with several marinas, taverns, and restaurants, boat yards and docking facilities. Pre-Katrina the area total population was 754, not counting the weekend camp owners. On a Labor Day weekend the total population of the area would reach two to three thousand with friends and family all joining together for the last big weekend before winter.

The New Orleans East Land Bridge is made up of five distinct residential areas: the Rigolets, Chef Pass, Greens Ditch, Lake St. Catherine, and Fort Pike Subdivision; all of which border Highway 90 in New Orleans East.

Geography
Lake St. Catherine is a shallow lake. Inlets that feed into it include Fort Pike Canal; Sawmill Pass; Marques Canal; Unknown Pass; Miller's Pass; St. Catherine Pass; and Counterfeit Pass. The lake has excellent fresh water and salt water fishing and is also abundant in crabs, clams, and shrimp. Ponds off the main lake are ideal during hunting season for ducks and geese.

Hurricane Katrina

Two lives were lost during Hurricane Katrina in 2005; the death toll would likely have been more severe if most people had not evacuated. Father Arthur Ginart, better known as "Father Red" to his parishioners, lost his life by choosing to remain in his church, St. Nicholas of Myra, located near Chef Menteur Pass, during the storm. It is assumed that he drowned inside the church and was washed out to sea by the retreating storm surge, which gutted the building. The church was closed, but then reopened in 2014. The second to lose his life was Wayne Aaslestad, who chose to stay with his home and was later found inside his car in Lake Pontchartrain. It is assumed he tried to evacuate too late.

title: Lake St. Catherine (Louisiana)


text:
Arctous alpina

Arctous alpina (syn. Arctostaphylos alpina), the alpine bearberry, mountain bearberry or black bearberry, is a dwarf shrub in the heather family Ericaceae. The basionym of this species is Arbutus alpina L..

Description
Arctous alpina is a procumbent shrub usually less than 6 in high with a woody stem and straggling branches. The leaves are alternate and wither in the autumn but remain on the plant for another year. The leaves are stalked and are oval with serrated margins and a network of veins. They often turn red to scarlet in autumn. The flowers are in groups of two to five, white or pink and urn-shaped and about 3 to 5 mm long. They have five sepals, five fused petals with five small projecting lobes, ten stamens and a single carpel. The fruits are spherical, 9 to 12 mm long, initially green, then red and finally glossy black and succulent when ripe. This plant flowers in June.

Distribution and habitat
Arctous alpina has a circumpolar distribution. It is found at high latitudes, from Scotland east across Scandinavia, Russia, Alaska, Northern Canada and Greenland. Its southern limits in Europe are the Pyrenees and the Alps, in Asia, the Altay Mountains and Mongolia, and in North America, British Columbia in the west, and Maine and New Hampshire in the east. Its natural habitat is moorland, dry forests with birch and pine and hummocks covered in moss at the edges of bogs.

Ecology
Arctous alpina forms a symbiotic relationship life with fungi which supply it with nutrients such as phosphorus. The berries are appreciated by birds.

title: Arctous alpina


text:
Verifone

Verifone, Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Coral Springs, Florida. Verifone provides technology for electronic payment transactions and value-added services at the point-of-sale. Verifone sells merchant-operated, consumer-facing and self-service payment systems to the financial, retail, hospitality, petroleum, government and healthcare industries. The company's products consist of POS electronic payment devices that run its own operating systems, security and encryption software, and certified payment software, and that are designed for both consumer-facing and unattended environments.

Its products process a range of payment types, including signature and personal identification number (PIN)-based debit cards, credit cards, contactless/radio frequency identification cards, smart cards, prepaid gift and other stored-value cards, electronic bill payment, check authorization and conversion, signature capture and Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT).

In 2018, Verifone was acquired by Francisco Partners for $3.4 billion. The company's architecture enables multiple applications, including third-party applications, such as gift card and loyalty card programs, healthcare insurance eligibility, and time and attendance tracking, and allows these services to reside on the same system without requiring recertification upon the addition of new applications.

Overview
As of October 31, 2013, the company held trademark registration in 22 jurisdictions (including registration in the EU that covers various country level registrations that the company had previously filed) for the ‘VERIFONE’ trademark and in 32 jurisdictions (including registration in the EU that covers various country level registrations that the company had previously filed) for ‘VERIFONE’ trademark, including its ribbon logo. On November 3, 2014, The company unveiled a new corporate logo, and brand identity that represents a new Verifone that is driving the future of commerce in a rapidly evolving digital world where electronic payments, commerce and mobility are converging. From its beginnings as the first payment device manufacturer, Verifone's product and point-of-sale service offerings have changed considerably. Verifone offer payment technology expertise, and services that add value to the point of sale with merchant-operated, consumer-facing and self-service POS payment systems.

Founded in Hawaii, U.S. in 1981, Verifone in 2014 operated in more than 150 countries worldwide and employed nearly 5,000 people globally. Verifone's steady growth came organically through a dedication both to innovation and strategic partnerships, and from smart acquisitions. Core focus and growth areas for the company include mobile commerce,  security, services and emerging global markets.

Verifone has headquarters in Coral Springs, Florida; London, U.K.; and Singapore and a presence in more than 45 countries.

History
Verifone was founded by William "Bill" Melton and incorporated in Hawaii in 1981, and named itself after its first product, the name standing for Verification telephone.

Since the late 1980s, Verifone has held more than 60 percent of the U.S. market, and during the 1990s the company captured more than half of the international market for such systems. In 1996, the company placed its five millionth system. Domestic and international sales of POS systems continue to form the majority of Verifone's annual sales, which hit $387 million in 1995 and were expected to top $500 million in subsequent years.

The sudden growth of the Internet, and especially the World Wide Web, in the mid-1990s created a demand for secure online financial transaction applications. Verifone has designed applications conforming to the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) standards developed by Visa Inc. and MasterCard. With the $28 million 1995 acquisition of Enterprise Integration Technologies, the company that developed the Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP), and a $4 million equity investment in CyberCash, Inc., led by Verifone founder William Melton, and with 1996 partnership agreements with Internet browser leaders Netscape, Oracle Corporation, and Microsoft, Verifone has rolled out a suite of software products targeted at consumers, merchants, and financial institutions allowing secure purchases and other transactions online. Purchases over the Internet, which still produced as little as $10 million in 1995, were expected to reach into the billions by the turn of the century. Verifone has also been working to marry the smart card to the Internet; in 1996, the company introduced the Personal ATM (P-ATM), a small smart card reader designed to be attached to the consumer's home computer, which will enable the consumer not only to make purchases over the Internet, but also to "recharge" the value on the card. Verifone has also partnered with Key Tronic to incorporate a P-ATM interface directly into that company's computer keyboards.

1980s: Introduction and rapid growth

By the beginning of the 1980s, the major credit card companies began seeking methods to reduce processing costs and losses due to fraud. In 1981, Visa and MasterCard began offering merchants discounts on their transactions if they agreed to use newly developed automated transaction technology for all credit card purchases greater than $50. This move opened the way for the creation of an industry devoted to producing POS authorization systems. Early systems typically had starting prices of $900.

Verifone introduced its first POS product in 1982. By lowering manufacturing and operating costs through outsourcing production, Verifone brought its first system to the market at $500. Working with Visa, Verifone captured a large share of the POS market. In 1984, the company introduced ZON credit card authorization system was priced at $125. It took advantage of improvements in processor speeds and the lowering cost of both processors and memory. The following year, Verifone moved its headquarters to Redwood City, outside of San Francisco. The company's revenues grew to $15.3 million, earning a net profit of $864,000.

The company doubled revenues, to about $30 million, in 1986. By January 1988, Verifone controlled more than 53 percent of the POS systems market. Revenues had reached $73.4 million, with net earnings of more than $6 million. The following year, the company increased its dominance in the industry with the purchase of the transaction automation business of Icot Corp., then second in the market with a 20.5 percent share. The acquisition boosted Verifone's revenues to $125 million. By then, Verifone had entered the international market, starting with Australia in 1988 and placing its millionth ZON system in Finland in 1989.

1990s: Expansion into new markets
Verifone went public in March 1990, raising more than $54 million. As the credit card industry matured, Verifone pushed to install its systems into new markets, such as restaurants, movie theaters, and taxis,  as well as developing software capacity to bring its systems into the health care and health insurance markets and to government functions. International sales also began to build, as use of credit cards became increasingly accepted in foreign markets. VeriFone was also building its global operation, opening facilities in Bangalore, Singapore, England, Dallas, and Ft. Lauderdale, in addition to its Hawaii and California facilities. Rolling out its Gemstone line of transaction systems, which added inventory control, pricing, and other capabilities, Verifone was aided by announcements from Visa and MasterCard that the companies would no longer provide printed warning bulletins, while requiring merchants to seek authorization for all credit card transactions by 1994.

Revenues jumped from $155 million in 1990 to $226 million in 1992. Verifone had just placed its two millionth system a year ago. By 1993, Verifone systems were in place in more than 70 countries, including its three millionth system, in Brazil, representing the company's expansion in the Latin American market. International sales, which had contributed less than ten percent of revenues before 1990, now accounted for more than 30 percent of the company's nearly $259 million in annual revenues.

Banks began rolling out debit cards in the mid-1990s. In response, Verifone produced terminals designed with keypads for PIN numbers. But as the domestic credit and debit card markets neared saturation, Verifone changed its primary focus to producing software applications, offering vertically integrated systems, including applications for standard computer operating systems. It also built a new plant near Shanghai in China in 1994 to increase production capacity.

Verifone moved to take the lead in the coming smart card revolution, teaming up with Gemplus International, a France-based maker of the cards, and MasterCard International to form the joint venture SmartCash. To place the company close to technological developments in France and the rest of Europe, Verifone opened its Paris research and development center in 1994. The company launched its smart card in May 1995. The company introduced its Personal ATM, a palm-sized smart card reader capable of reading a variety of smart card formats, in September 1996, with the product expected to ship in 1997. Among the first customers already signed to support the P-ATM were American Express, MasterCard International, GTE, Mondex International, Visa International, Wells Fargo Bank, and Sweden's Sparbanken Bank. Contracts for each called for the purchase of a minimum of 100,000 units; the total market potential for the device was estimated at more than 100 million households. In addition, Verifone began developing smart card readers to supplement and eventually replace its five million credit and debit card authorization systems.

In 1995, Verifone began the first of its aggressive steps to enter an entirely new area, that of Internet-based transactions. In May 1995, the company partnered with Broadvision Inc., a developer of Internet, interactive television, computer network, and other software, to couple Verifone's Virtual Terminal software—a computer-based version of its standard transaction terminal—with BroadVision's offerings, thereby extending Verifone's products beyond the retail counter for the first time. In August 1995, however, Verifone took an even bigger step into the Internet transaction arena, with its $28 million acquisition of Enterprise Integration Technologies, developer of the S-HTTP industry standard for safeguarding transactions over the World Wide Web. Verifone followed that acquisition with a $4 million investment in William Melton's latest venture, CyberCash Inc., also working to develop Internet transaction systems.

By 1996, Verifone was ready with its Payment Transaction Application Layer (PTAL) lineup of products, including the Virtual terminal interface for merchants conducting sales with consumers; Internet Gateway or vGATE, to conduct transactions between merchants and financial institutions; and the Pay Window interface for consumers making purchases on the Internet. After securing agreements from Netscape, Oracle, and Microsoft to include Verifone software in their Internet browsers, Verifone and Microsoft announced in August 1996 that Verifone's virtual point of sale (vPOS) would be included in the Microsoft Merchant System to be released by the end of the year. Verifone's announcement of the P-ATM, able to be attached as a computer peripheral, wedded the company's smart card and Internet transaction efforts.

Hewlett-Packard acquired Verifone in a $1.18bn stock-swap deal in April 1997. Four years later Verifone was sold to Gores Technology Group in May 2001. In 2002 Verifone was recapitalized by GTCR Golder Rauner, LLC. In 2005, Verifone was listed as a public company on New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: PAY).

2000s: Acquisitions
In October 2004, Israeli-based Lipman Electronics had acquired United Kingdom-based Dione plc, to go alongside its "NURIT" brand. On November 1, 2006 Verifone completed its acquisition of Lipman, and added both Dione and NURIT products to its portfolio for an undisclosed sum.

In September 2006 Verifone acquired some divisions of Irish terminal and payment services company Trintech Group plc – headquartered in Dublin with offices in Montevideo, Neu-Isenburg and London amongst other locations – in a 12.1M USD (€9.4M) cash transaction.

The company was formerly known as VeriFone Holdings, Inc. and changed its name to VeriFone Systems, Inc. in 2010. In 2014 the company rebranded itself as Verifone with a lowercase 'f'. Verifone in 2014 was based in San Jose, California, and has marketing and sales offices across the world. High economic growth abroad, coupled with infrastructure development, support from governments seeking to increase value-added tax (“VAT”) and Sales Tax collections, and the expanding presence of IP and Wireless communication networks resulted in revenue from abroad exceeding revenue generated from domestic sales. Specifically, its North America market share fell from 57.4% of total revenues in 2006, to only 39% or $359.14 million in total revenues for fiscal 2008. On the other hand, International operations went from comprising only 42.5% of total revenues in 2006 to 61% or $564.46 million of total revenues in 2008.

In April 2018, Verifone was acquired by Francisco Partners for US$3.4 billion.

Products
Verifone, Inc. is an international producer and designer of electronic payment methods and devices. The company divides its business into two segments: Systems Solutions and Services. Systems Solutions consists of operations related to the sale of electronic payment products that enable electronic transactions. The Services segment includes warranty and support services. In fiscal year 2008, Verifone's Systems Solutions segment generated 87.5% of total revenues, which amounted to $807.46 million, while its Services segment contributed 12.5%, or $114.46 million in revenue.

Its principal product lines have included point-of-sale, merchant-operated, consumer-facing and self-service payment systems. It provides countertop electronic payment terminals that accept card payment options Mobile payment, chip and PIN, and Contactless payment, including Near field communication (NFC)  as well as support Credit and Debit cards, EBT cards, EMV, and other PIN-based transactions; an array of software applications and application libraries; and portable devices that support 3G, GPRS, Bluetooth, and WiFi technologies.

The company also offers multimedia consumer facing POS devices; unattended and self-service payment methods designed to enable payment transactions in self-service environments; and integrated electronic payment systems that combine electronic payment processing, fuel dispensing, and ECR functions, as well as payment systems for integration. In addition, it provides mobile payment methods for various segments of the mobile point of sale environment; contactless peripherals; network access devices; security systems; payment-as-a-service and other managed services, terminal management, payment-enabled media, and payment system security; and server-based payment processing software and middleware. Further, the company offers equipment repair or maintenance, gateway processing, remote terminal management, software post-contract support, customized application development, helpdesk, customer service, warehousing, and encryption or tokenization services.

Countertop and PIN Pads
The company's countertop devices accept various card payment options, including payment options using Near field communication (NFC) technology, mobile wallets, chip and PIN, QR code and contact-less payments. Its VX Evolution generation of countertop devices supports a range of applications, such as pre-paid products, including gift cards and loyalty programs. The VX Evolution devices also integrate the company's NFC software technology to manage multiple NFC-based mobile wallets, applications, and programs. It also offers various other VX model countertop devices, including a hybrid device that reads both magnetic strip and chip card transactions using a single card reader, offering options for a range of connectivity choices, and battery operated and color displays. The company also supplies PIN pads that support credit and debit card, EBT, EMV, and other PIN-based transactions, and include multiple connectivity options, including a 3G option and NFC capability. Its countertop devices also support a range of applications that are either built into electronic payment systems or connect to electronic cash registers (ECRs) and POS systems. In addition, it offers a range of certified software applications and application libraries that enable its countertop systems and PIN pads to interface with major ECR and POS systems.

Verifone has sold numerous point-of-sale credit card reading products, including the ZON Jr (1984), Tranz 330 and ZON Jr XL(1987), Omni 460 (1991) and Omni 3200 (1999) which were the most successful transaction terminals of their times. The company's most popular current products include the Omni 3700 Family, featuring the Omni 3750 and Omni 3740. In 2004, Verifone introduced its newest line of products, Vx Solutions (also called VerixV). These include the Vx510, Vx520 and Vx570, which are countertop terminals offering dial-up or Ethernet access, and the Vx610 and Vx670 which are portable, include batteries, and an integrated wireless communications module. The Vx610 is offered in GPRS, CDMA, and WiFi wireless configurations, and is considered a 'countertop mobile' product. The Vx670 is a true portable or 'handover' version available with GPRS, WiFi, and as of November 2007, Bluetooth-integrated communications modules. The Vx670, in particular, is a deterrent against the theft of credit information because the customer is not required to relinquish possession of his or her credit card; instead transacting directly with the Vx670 in a 'pay at table' sense. The Vx510 is repackaged as Omni 3730, capitalizing the huge sales of the Omni 3700 series. A derivative of Omni3730 is the Omni 3750LE, which has reduced features, but lower price. The VX Evolution devices integrate the company's NFC software technology to manage multiple NFC-based mobile wallets, applications, and programs.

Multimedia Customer Facing
The company's range of multimedia consumer facing POS devices are designed to allow merchants, primarily in the multi-lane retail environment, to engage in direct customer interaction through customized multimedia content, in-store promotions, digital offers, and other value-added services using a POS device. Its multimedia consumer-facing products are offered under its “MX solutions” brand. These products include color graphic displays, interfaces, ECR compatibility, key pads, signature capture functionality, and other features that serve customers in a multi-lane retail environment. The company's “MX solutions” also feature a modular hardware architecture that allows merchants to introduce capabilities, such as contactless or NFC. Its “MX solutions” include a range of products that support these same features in self-service market segments, such as taxis, parking lots/garages, ticketing machines, vending machines, gas pumps, self-checkouts, and quick service restaurants.

In 2005 Verifone released its first full color EFT-POS terminal, the MX 870. The MX 870 is capable of full screen video and is used to build applications by Verifone customers. The MX 870 is the first in the MX 800 series of Visual Payment Terminals, to compete with MX 850, MX 860 and MX 880. All of these terminals run Embedded Linux and use FST FancyPants and the Opera (browser) for their GUI platform.

In 2009, Verifone partnered with Hypercom and Ingenico to found the Secure POS Vendor Alliance, a non-profit organization whose goal is to increase awareness of and improve payment industry security.

In 2010 Verifone announced the VX Evolution product line, designed to PCI PED 2.0 specs and providing native support for VeriShield Total Protect, Verifone's encryption and tokenization solution. The VX Evolution line is an extension of Verifone's countertop and PIN pad products and included a number of upgrades from earlier models, such as full color display, ARM 11 processors and a fully programmable PIN pad.

Competition
Verifone is one of the top three providers of electronic payment systems and services in the world. The markets for this company's products are highly competitive, and have been subject to price pressures. Competition from manufacturers, distributors, and providers of similar products have caused price reductions, reduced margins, and a loss of market share (need date that this started). For example, one of Verifone's former customers--First Data Corporation has developed its own series of proprietary electronic payment systems for the U.S. market. Moreover, Verifone competes with suppliers of cash registers that provide built in electronic payment capabilities and producers of software that support electronic payment over the internet, as well as other manufacturers or distributors of electronic payment systems. Finally, Verifone competes with smaller companies that have been able to develop strong local or regional customer bases. The firm's main competitors are: Verifone acquired a smaller competitor Hypercom in an all-stock transaction deal in 2011.
 * PAX Technology
 * Ingenico
 * NCR Corporation

Divestments

 * Global Bay sold to Manhattan Associates in 2014.

Corporate affairs
The company is run by a board of directors made up of mostly company outsiders, as is customary for publicly traded companies. Members of the board of directors as of June 2014 are: Robert W. Alspaugh(Director), Karen Austin(Director), Paul Galant(Director; Chief Executive Officer),  Alex W. (Pete) Hart(Chairman of the Board of Directors), Robert B. Henske(Director), Wenda Harris Millard(Director), Eitan Raff(Director), Jonathan I. Schwart(Director), Jane  J. Thompson(Director).

Under the Corporate Governance Guidelines of the company, the Board is free to select its Chairman and company's CEO in the manner it considers to be in its best interests at any given point in time. Since 2008 the positions of Chairman of the Board and CEO have been held by separate persons. The Board believes that this structure is appropriate for them because it allows CEO to focus his time and energy on leading its key business and strategic initiatives while the Board focuses on oversight of management, overall enterprise risk management and corporate governance. The Board and its committees meet throughout the year on a set schedule, usually at least once a quarter, and also hold special meetings from time to time. Agendas and topics for Board and committee meetings are developed through discussions between management and members of the Board and its committees. Information and data that are important to the issues to be considered are distributed in advance of each meeting. Board meetings and background materials focus on key strategic, operational, financial, enterprise risk, governance and compliance matters.

Board’s Role in Risk Oversight
The Board executes its risk management responsibility directly and through its committees. As set forth in its charter and annual work plan, Audit Committee has primary responsibility for overseeing their enterprise risk management process. The Audit Committee receives updates and discusses individual and overall risk areas during its meetings, including financial risk assessments, operations risk management policies, major financial risk exposures, exposures related to compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, and management's actions to monitor and control such exposures. The Vice President of Internal Audit reviews with the Audit Committee company's annual operational risk assessment results and at least once each quarter the results of internal audits, including the adequacy of internal controls over financial reporting. The Vice President of Internal Audit and Chief Information Officer report to the Audit Committee on information systems controls and security.

Throughout each fiscal year, the Audit Committee invites appropriate members of management to its meetings to provide enterprise-level reports relevant to the Audit Committee's oversight role, including adequacy and effectiveness of management reporting and controls systems used to monitor adherence to policies and approved guidelines, information systems and security over systems and data, treasury, insurance structure and coverage, tax structure and planning, worldwide disaster recovery planning and the overall effectiveness of company's operations risk management policies. The Audit Committee is generally scheduled to meet at least twice a quarter, and generally covers one or more areas relevant to its risk oversight role in at least one of these meetings.

The Compensation Committee oversees risks associated with company's compensation policies and practices with respect to executive compensation and executive recruitment and retention, as well as compensation generally. In establishing and reviewing the executive compensation program, Compensation Committee consults with independent compensation experts and seeks to structure the program so as to not encourage unnecessary or excessive risk taking. Company's compensation program utilizes a mix of base salary and short-term and long-term incentive awards designed to align the executive compensation with success, particularly with respect to financial performance and stockholder value. The Compensation Committee sets the amount of company's executives’ base salaries at the beginning of each fiscal year. A substantial portion of bonus amounts are tied to overall corporate performance and stockholder value. Compensation provided to the executive officers also includes a substantial portion in the form of long-term equity awards that help align executives’ interests with those of its stockholders over a longer term.

The Corporate Governance and Nominating committee oversees risks related to company's overall corporate governance, including development of corporate governance principles applicable to company, evaluation of federal securities laws and regulations with respect to its insider trading policy, development of standards to be applied in making determinations as to the absence of material relationships between company and a director and formal periodic evaluations of the Board and management.

Adoption of Majority Voting Provision
In considering best practices of corporate governance among peer companies and governance practices recommended by shareholder advisory organizations and supported by company's stockholders, company amended its Bylaws and the Corporate Governance Guidelines in fiscal year 2013 to adopt a majority voting provision which became effective immediately following the close of it 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Such provision provides that, in an uncontested election of directors, each director shall be elected by the vote of the majority of the votes cast (meaning the number of shares voted “for” a nominee must exceed the number of shares voted “against” such nominee), and in a contested election, each director shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast.

A contested election is defined as an election for which company's Corporate Secretary determines that the number of director nominees exceeds the number of directors to be elected as of the date that is ten days preceding the date their first mail notice of meeting for such meeting to stockholders. Under the amended Corporate Governance Guidelines, any nominee in an uncontested election who receives a greater number of “against” votes than “for” votes shall promptly tender his or her resignation following certification of the vote. The 12 Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee shall consider the resignation offer and shall recommend to the Board the action to be taken. In considering whether to recommend accepting or rejecting the tendered resignation, the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee will consider all factors that it deems relevant including, but not limited to, any reasons stated by stockholders for their “withheld” votes for election of the director, the length of service and qualifications of the director, their Corporate Governance Guidelines and the director's overall contributions as a member of Board. The Board will consider these and any other factors it deems relevant, as well as the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee's recommendation, when deciding whether to accept or reject the tendered resignation. Any director whose resignation is under consideration shall not participate in the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee deliberation and recommendation regarding whether to accept the resignation. The Board shall take action within 90 days following certification of the vote, unless a longer period of time is necessary in order to comply with any applicable NYSE or SEC rule or regulation, in which event the Board shall take action as promptly as is practicable while satisfying such requirements.

title: Verifone


text:
User:Cherrychase

A lonely pilgrim from Glastonbury still searching for the perfect to pick.

title: User:Cherrychase


text:
Independent's Day

Independent's Day is the third studio album by American rapper Royce da 5'9". It was released on June 28, 2005 through M.I.C Records. Production was handled by K.I.D.D., Great Scott, Nottz, Asar, and Carlos "6 July" Broady, who also served as executive producer together with Akino Childrey and Royce. It features guest appearances from Ingrid Smalls, Street Lord Juan, Big Herk, Blade Icewood, CeeLo Green, Jay Black, K-Doe, Kid Vishis, La the Darkman, Sara Stokes and Yo Gotti.

Recording
Main recording sessions took place at MPA Studios in Canton, Michigan. According to Royce, "Independent's Day is not just this album's title. It's a mind state. All the artists chosen to be collaborators are unsigned or independent and have been bubbling. We plan to take that underground buzz and put them over the radar".

Personnel

 * Ryan "Royce da 5'9"" Montgomery – main artist, executive producer
 * Amery "Big Herk" Dennard – featured artist (track 3)
 * DaJuan Wren – featured artist (tracks: 3, 7, 17)
 * Ingrid Smalls – featured artist (tracks: 3, 6, 10, 12, 18)
 * Sara Stokes – featured artist (track 4)
 * Breezy Brie – featured artist (track 4)
 * Squeeze – featured artist (track 4)
 * Thomas "CeeLo Green" Callaway – featured artist (track 5)
 * Mario "Yo Gotti" Mims – featured artist (track 6)
 * Marcus "Kid Vishis" Montgomery – featured artist (track 7)
 * Darnell "Blade Icewood" Lyndsey – featured artist (track 10)
 * Jay Black – featured artist (track 10)
 * June a.k.a. Jah The 5'9 – featured artist (track 12)
 * Làson "La the Darkman" Jackson – featured artist (track 16)
 * Ernie K-Doe – featured artist (track 17)
 * Chuck Alkazian – additional live drums (track 2), mixing (tracks: 2-7, 9, 10, 12-14, 16-18)
 * Carlos "Six July" Broady – producer (tracks: 2, 6, 13, 14, 18), mixing (tracks: 2-7, 9, 10, 12-14, 17, 18) , executive producer
 * K.I.D.D. – producer (tracks: 3, 7, 10, 12)
 * Walter "Great" Scott – producer (tracks: 4, 17)
 * James Terry – co-producer (tracks: 4, 17)
 * Dominick "Nottz" Lamb – producer (tracks: 5, 9)
 * Jason "Asar" Qualls – producer (track 16), recording (tracks: 2, 4, 6, 10, 12-14, 16) , engineering
 * Ryan "West" Hyland – recording (tracks: 3-5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 17), engineering
 * Rob Nelson – recording (track 18)
 * Larry Nix – mastering
 * Akino "Kino" Childrey – executive producer
 * Delmore Uto – artwork, design
 * Jeremiah "DJ Mumbles" Otto – artwork, design
 * Brian Horn – photography
 * Scottie Rosner – A&R
 * Kefing "KC" Cowans – A&R

title: Independent's Day


text:
Helgi Sigurðsson

Helgi Sigurðsson (born 17 September 1974) is an Icelandic former professional footballer and manager of ÍBV. A forward, he played for clubs in Iceland, Germany, Norway, Greece, and Denmark and represented Iceland at international level.

Club career
Helgi was born in Reykjavík, Iceland. He started his career at Víkingur Reykjavik and won the Icelandic championship with them in 1991. He then moved to Knattspyrnufélagið Fram before signing for VfB Stuttgart in Germany.

Joined Stabæk in 1997 and won the Norwegian Football Cup final with them in 1998, scoring two of three of Stabæk's goals.

In 1999, he moved to Panathinaikos F.C. in Greece, nicknamed the Shark. He played one game in the Champions League for Panathinaikos, coming on as a sub for Nikolaos Lymperopoulos against Valencia

He signed for Danish club AGF in February 2004. In 2006, he returned to Iceland and signed for Knattspyrnufélagið Fram for the second time in his career. A year later he left Fram and signed for their Reykjavík rivals, Valur.

He was a key player for Valur when in 2007 they won their 20th league title and their first in 20 years. He had a great season, playing all 18 league games and scoring 12 goals. He was picked player of the season in Landsbankadeildin for the 2007 season.

He returned to his youth club, Víkingur Reykjavik before the 2010 season. Before the 2013 season he left Víkingur and became assistant manager at Fram while also playing 2 games for the club. Early in the 2013 season the Fram manager quit and Helgi quit after that.

International career
He made his debut for Iceland in an August 1993 friendly match against the USA as a substitute for Arnór Guðjohnsen and has been capped 62 times since and scored 10 goals. He also scored his first international goal against the US, in April 1994, earning his 4th cap. His last match was a 3–0 friendly win against Faroe Islands in 2008.

Managerial career
In mid-season 2015, Helgi teamed up with his home club Víkingur Reykjavik taking the role of assistant manager alongside manager Miloš Milojević. Helgi then became Icelandic champion with Víkingur U18 team in September 2016. Winning a convincing 1–0 win over Breiðablik in the final.

After the 2016 season, Helgi was released from his post at Víkingur to take the role of manager at Fylkir.

title: Helgi Sigurðsson


text:
Lazar Branković

Lazar Branković (Лазар Бранковић; c. 1421 – 20 February 1458) was Despot of Serbia, from 1456 to 1458. He was the third son of Despot Đurađ Branković and his wife, Eirene Kantakouzene. He died without sons, and was succeeded by his elder brother, Despot Stefan Branković.

Biography

Both Grgur and Stefan, his older brothers, were blinded by orders of Ottoman sultan Murad II in 1441. Lazar apparently became the heir to their father as the only son not to be handicapped. Đurađ died on 24 December 1456. Lazar succeeded him as planned.

According to Fine, his brief reign mostly included family quarrels with his mother and siblings. In 1457, Lazar gave an oath of subservience to Mehmed II, son and successor of Murad II. Fine considers this to be an attempt to prevent an Ottoman invasion. His only other decision of consequence was to appoint Mihailo Anđelović, a member of the Angelos family, as his chief official. Mihailo briefly served as head of a regency council following the death of his lord.

Lazar died on 20 February 1458. George Sphrantzes recorded the date but not the cause.

Family
Lazar and his relations are named in "Dell'Imperadori Constantinopolitani", a manuscript held in the Vatican Library. The document is also known as the "Massarelli manuscript" because it was found in the papers of Angelo Massarelli (1510–1566). Masarelli is better known as the general secretary of the Council of Trent, who recorded the daily occurrings of the council.

The Massarelli manuscript names him as a son of Đurađ Branković and Eirene Kantakouzene. "The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits 1250-1500" (1994) by D. M. Nicol questioned his maternity, suggesting Đurađ had a prior marriage to a daughter of John IV of Trebizond. However his theory presented no sources and failed to take into account that John IV was born between 1395 and 1417. He was unlikely to be a grandparent by the 1410s.

On 11 September 1429, Đurađ made a donation to Esphigmenou Monastery at Mount Athos. The charter for the document names his wife Irene and five children. The Masarelli manuscript also names the same five children of Đurađ and Eirene. Other genealogies mention a sixth child, Todor Branković. He could be a child who died young and thus not listed with his siblings.

The oldest sibling listed in the Massarelli document was Grgur Branković. The 1429 document mentions him with the title of Despot. According to Fine, Grgur was appointed governor of territories of southern Serbia associated to the House of Branković. He was reportedly appointed by Murad II of the Ottoman Empire in 1439. In April 1441, Grgur was accused of plotting against Murad and his governorship terminated. He was imprisoned in Amasya and blinded on 8 May 1441. According to Miklosich, Grgur and his brothers co-signed a charter by which Đurađ confirmed the privileges of the Republic of Ragusa. The charted was dated to 17 September 1445. According to the "Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten" (1978) by Detlev Schwennicke, Grgur retired to a monastery under the monastic name "German". According to Fine, Grgur resurfaced in 1458, claiming the succession of the vacant throne of Serbia for himself or his son. The Massarelli manuscript mentioned Grgur as unwed. Later genealogies name his wife as "Jelisaveta". Vuk Grgurević, a son of Grgur, was later a titular Serbian despot (1471–1485). He was possibly an illegitimate.

The Massarelli manuscript next names an older sister of Lazar, Mara Branković. She was one of the wives of Murad II. Then are listed Stefan Branković and "Cantacuzina", a sister with the Latinized version of their mother's last name. Later genealogies give her name as Katarina. She married Ulrich II of Celje. Lazar is listed fifth and last, the youngest child of the marriage.

Marriage and children
In 1446, Lazar married Helena Palaiologina of Morea. She was a daughter of Thomas Palaiologos, Ruler of Morea, and Catherine Zaccaria of the Principality of Achaea. They had three daughters:

 * Helen (Mary), wife of King Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia.
 * Milica, wife of Leonardo III Tocco of Epirus.
 * Jerina, wife of Gjon Kastrioti II

title: Lazar Branković


text:
Stuart Emerson

Stuart Emerson is a background vocalist and session musician playing drums, bass, keyboards and guitar. He has worked on albums for artists including Meat Loaf and Bonnie Tyler.

His first recordings were with NWOBHM band Emerson which included Simon Blewitt (a.k.a. Sam Blue), Stuart Emerson, Brian Emerson, Dru Irving, Jon Sellers. They released their debut single "Something Special" in 1983 on Neat Records without much commercial success. Other members of the band who did not appear on the single include Charles McKenzie, and Mick White (later of Samson).

Emerson met singer Lorraine Crosby in Newcastle upon Tyne when he was looking for a singer for his band. They began writing together, and also became a couple. In the early 1990s, Crosby sent songwriter and producer Jim Steinman some demos of songs she had written with Emerson. Steinman asked to meet them, and the couple decided that they would move to New York City to give their careers a boost. They then followed Steinman after he moved to Los Angeles, living in the Magic Hotel, where all of Meat Loaf's band were staying, until they could find somewhere permanent to live. Crosby performed on song "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)", but as she recorded the track as guide vocals, she did not receive payment for the session she does however receive royalties. The couple eventually returned to England with little money.

He is currently recording and writing with John Parr of St Elmo’s fire fame and writing and recording with his now wife Lorraine

Notable appearances include:

title: Stuart Emerson