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USS Coontz

USS Coontz (DLG-9/DDG-40) was a Farragut-class destroyer (1958) destroyer leader/frigate in the United States Navy. She was named after Admiral Robert Coontz, the US Navy's second chief of naval operations.

Commissioned in 1960, she spent the early part of her career in the Pacific Ocean, participating in four tours of duty during the Vietnam War. In the early 1970s she transferred to the east coast and spent the remainder of her service years in the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Persian Gulf. She assisted in saving USS Stark (FFG-31) after that ship was hit by Iraqi missiles. In 1975, as part of the Navy's reclassification process, all ships of her class were reclassified as guided missile destroyers (DDG).

Coontz was decommissioned in 1989, and sold for scrap five years later. Her transom nameplate was salvaged and donated to the city of Hannibal, Missouri, birthplace of Admiral Coontz.

Construction and commissioning
Coontz's keel was laid at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in March 1957, 39 years after Admiral Coontz left his post as the shipyard's commander. The first guided-missile frigate to be built on the West Coast, and the second ship to bear the name of the Navy's second chief of naval operations, Coontz was christened by Mrs. Robert J. Coontz, wife of the admiral's grandson, on 6 December 1958.

Coontz was commissioned on 15 July 1960 and completed post-shakedown training in April 1961. Coontz was commissioned 6 months ahead of Farragut, the lead ship of the class, some references refer to the class as Coontz-class frigates/destroyers. Coontz then became a unit of the Cruiser-Destroyer Force U.S. Pacific Fleet and joined the First Fleet as flagship of Destroyer Division 152, home port in San Diego, California. Commander, Destroyer Squadron 15 flew his flag in Coontz from 4 May to 12 July 1961.

DLG-9
Coontz departed from San Diego on 10 August 1961 and joined the Seventh Fleet as a unit of the fast carrier task force. Remaining with the Seventh Fleet for more than seven months, Coontz steamed 55000 nmi and visited ports in Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, B.C.C, Australia and American Samoa. While conducting training exercises to maintain full combat readiness, Coontz received the coveted "E" award for excellence in missilery.

Coontz returned to the United States on 23 March 1962 to rejoin the U.S. First Fleet and became the flagship of the Commander, Destroyer Squadron 17 in April 1962. On the second anniversary of her awards for excellence in Operations, Engineering and Gunnery, Coontz flew the flag of the Commander, Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla 11 from 1 August to 11 November 1962, when she again became the flagship for Commander, Destroyer Squadron 17. In October 1962 Coontz left San Diego and sailed out to sea about 200 nmi to provide protection for the Camp Pendleton Marine transports just in case they were needed during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Commander James R. Collier relieved Captain Reis in July 1962. Coontz sailed with the Seventh Fleet in Asiatic waters, visiting Yokosuka, Kobe, Kure and Beppu in Japan and Hong Kong, B.C.C in China. During this time Coontz was also designated a stand-by recovery ship for NASA's Mercury-Atlas 8 space mission. During the space flight on 3 October 1962, Wally Schirra orbited the Earth at an altitude of 100 mi. Although Coontz was listed as a stand-by ship for recovery operations, the vessel was not activated. Coontz returned to the U.S. in May 1963. In June 1963, Coontz demonstrated the kill capability of the Terrier surface-to-air missile in a sea power demonstration for President John F. Kennedy.

First modernization
Coontz was overhauled and her missile weapons systems extensively modernized from October 1963 to April 1964 at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard. Commander Eugene C. Kenyon, Jr. relieved Commander Collier on 7 March 1964.

Upon rejoining the Pacific Fleet in April 1964, Coontz successfully completed comprehensive weapons systems qualification trials and refresher training. Prior to departure for the Western Pacific on 5 August 1964, Coontz was awarded the Missile, Gunnery and engineering "E" award for combat excellence in these areas. On 3 August 1964, Coontz again became the flagship for Commander, Destroyer Squadron 17.

First Vietnam tour
Coontz joined the U.S. Seventh Fleet on 16 August 1964 as a unit of the fast carrier task force for six months. She steamed 41000 mi and visited Subic Bay, Philippines, Hong Kong, B.C.C., Sasebo and Yokosuka, Japan. In December 1964, Coontz was awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal for support of Vietnam War operations in the South China Sea. Her third Western Pacific tour completed, Coontz returned to the operational control of the Commander, First Fleet and returned to the United States on 6 February 1965.

Operations in the First Fleet included participation in the 1965 summer midshipmen training cruise. Coontz visited Bellingham, Washington; San Francisco, California; and Hilo and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii during this cruise. The "E", "C" and "A" awards were received during this period for excellence in engineering, communications and anti-submarine warfare. On 14 August 1965, Commander W. Cummings relieved Commander Kenyon as commanding officer.

Second modernization
From December 1965 to January 1966, Coontz received a Helicopter Landing and Handling Capability in San Diego. This conversion included relocation of deck vents, clearing all fantail obstructions, installation of a JP-5 fuel handling and purification system, and the introduction of equipment to provide Helicopter Starting and Service power. Coontz was the first of her class to receive the conversion and proudly boasted the addition of a helicopter to her many-faceted capabilities.

Second Vietnam tour
Coontz departed San Diego in January 1966 for a regular deployment as a unit of the U.S. Seventh Fleet for a total of six months. Coontz visited Shimoda, Shizuoka and Yokosuka, Japan; Subic Bay, Philippines, and Kaohsiung, Formosa. In March 1966, Coontz was awarded the Unit Commendation Ribbon for her WESTPAC performance.

On 1 July 1966, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats emerged from a port and moved to attack Coontz and USS Rogers (DD-876), steaming 55 mi offshore on search and rescue operations. Carrier planes sank all of the torpedo boats with bombs, rockets and cannon fire. Coontz picked up 19 North Vietnamese sailors who were later exchanged for American POWs captured in South Vietnam.

After completing her fourth Western Pacific route, Coontz changed operational control of Commander, First Fleet and returned to the United States 1 August 1966. In late September, the ship entered Long Beach Naval Shipyard for a regular overhaul.

After departing Long Beach Naval Shipyard in March 1967, Coontz returned to San Diego and commenced a training and upkeep period.

Third Vietnam tour
Coontz departed San Diego for WESTPAC on 25 July 1967. While deployed in the Western Pacific, Coontz was again attached to the U.S. Seventh Fleet and on search-and-rescue duty as well as aircraft carrier operations and special assignments. Commander E. Dale Geiger relieved Commander Cummings as Commanding Officer on 28 July 1967 while Coontz was en route to WESTPAC on her fifth tour with the U.S. Seventh Fleet. In August 1967, Coontz made an operational visit to Jakarta, Indonesia; the first U.S. warship to visit the nation since early 1963. Coontz then spent two 30-day periods in the Northern Search and Rescue Station in the Tonkin Gulf and participated in the rescue of nine aviators. After a brief visit to Hong Kong, B.C.C., Coontz headed for her home port, San Diego, via Sydney, Australia and Wellington, New Zealand, Pago Pago American Samoa and Pearl Harbor, arriving in San Diego 8 February 1968.

During the leave and upkeep period a Test and Evaluation Monitoring System (TEAMS) was installed for evaluation during operations with the First Fleet. This was the first automatic test system to be installed in the surface fleet. The operations included participation in the summer midshipmen cruise. Ports visited during this cruise were San Francisco, Seattle, and Pearl Harbor. Coontz then took part in First Fleet operations; including exercise Beat Cadence until Deploying on 15 November 1968.

Fourth Vietnam tour
Coontz arrived on Yankee Station one month later and spent Christmas on the line. On 8 February 1969, Commander Donald P. Roane relieved Commander Geiger as Commanding Officer before Coontz made a visit to Hong Kong, B.C.C.

Coontz returned to the Gulf of Tonkin for another Search and Rescue mission before going north for upkeep at Yokosuka, Japan. After an EC-121 aircraft was shot down by North Korean jets, Coontz was rushed into the Sea of Japan. From that assignment, Coontz returned to San Diego via Subic Bay on 18 May.

Third modernization
Leave and upkeep followed. In September 1969, Coontz participated in a HUKASWEX operation at sea as a unit of the First Fleet. After several more sea periods, Coontz went into an extensive upkeep period. During the year of 1969, Coontz won awards for excellence in Supply, Operations and ASW. The upkeep continued until deployment on 3 March 1970. On 8 July 1970, Commander Roane was relieved as Commanding Officer by Commander T.J. Bowen.

In January 1971, shortly after her last Seventh Fleet tour, Coontz departed San Diego via the Panama Canal for Atlantic waters and a major overhaul and modernization at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. In conjunction with this work, Coontz DLG-9 was decommissioned on 23 February 1971. After extensive anti-air warfare modification, Coontz was recommissioned on 18 March 1972 and transferred to her new home port of Newport, Rhode Island. Commander T.R.M.Emery was assigned to Coontz as Commanding Officer on 8 March 1972.

After a six-month test period in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba and other operations in the Caribbean, Coontz sailed on a "show the flag" cruise to South America and Africa. Subsequently, she entered Boston Naval Shipyard for a three-month Post Shakedown Availability. Following extensive training and preparation, Coontz departed on 6 July 1973 for her first deployment with the United States Sixth Fleet, operating in the Mediterranean Sea. Commander Emery was relieved as Commanding Officer by Commander F.N. Howe on 20 December 1973.

In January 1974 Coontz changed home port from Newport to Norfolk, Virginia. She departed 15 November 1974 for a Mediterranean Sea deployment, participating in numerous U.S. and NATO exercises.

DDG-40
As part of a major re-designation of several classes of ships, Coontz was redesignated guided-missile destroyer 40 (DDG-40) on 1 July 1975. The ship's next deployment was on 17 January 1976 as part of the Standing Naval Forces Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT). The force operated in Caribbean, U.S. and Canadian waters with ships from four NATO navies prior to a transit to Northern Europe where Coontz visited 8 countries and participated in numerous NATO exercises. Commander Howe was relieved as commanding officer by Commander Silas O. Nunn III on 6 March 1976. Nunn was later relieved as commanding officer by Commander W. P. Martin on 8 April 1978.

After a one-year regular overhaul in Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Coontz departed on 21 July 1978 for comprehensive gunnery, missile and Harpoon system qualifications and refresher training at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba.

After returning home, Coontz participated in six months of local operations including GULFEX 78 in November 1978. In 1979 she served again with STANAVFORLANT, as flagship, hosting more than 35,000 visitors in 8 NATO countries and participating in various exercises with over 30 NATO ships. STANAVFORLANT operations included areas above the Arctic Circle, in the Baltic Sea, North Sea and the Norwegian Sea. Commander Martin was relieved as Commanding Officer by Commander C.P. Willoz on 28 September 1979.

On 14 July 1981, Coontz accidentally fired a live Harpoon missile about 60 nmi off St. Croix. The island was in range of the missile and it was fired toward the island, but a search by Coontz and aircraft from the carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) found no debris. The US Navy concluded that the Harpoon harmlessly impacted the sea since no trace of it was ever found.

In the fall of 1981, Coontz deployed again. This cruise included port visits in Western Africa as part of the West African Training Cruise, operations in the Mediterranean Sea and a transit into the Black Sea followed by a port visit to Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. Commander Willoz was relieved as Commanding Officer by Commander J.P. Reason on 6 September 1981.

Coontz participated in operations around the Eastern coast of Central America in mid 1982 making the first visit to Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles by a U.S. Navy ship in more than 13 years. In July of that year Coontz entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for a one-year regular overhaul, undergoing various configuration changes and equipment additions. During this yard period, Commander Reason was relieved as Commanding Officer by Commander L.P. Brooks, Jr. on 17 December 1982. Coontz completed overhaul on time in July 1983.

Operation Urgent Fury-Grenada
Three months out of overhaul in October 1983, Coontz steamed to the Caribbean Sea for weapons systems testing. While undergoing tests, Coontz received immediate tasking and altered course to join Operation Urgent Fury, the invasion of Grenada. The ship provided gunfire support and small boat interdiction for ten consecutive days in support of the amphibious assault. For this action, Coontz was awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary medal and the Meritorious Unit Commendation.

Final operations
In 1984, Coontz underwent pre-deployment work up including refresher training and a major fleet exercise. Upon completion, Coontz deployed to the Mediterranean Sea in October conducting operations in the Eastern Mediterranean off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon and in the Black Sea. Commander Brooks was relieved as Commanding Officer by Commander Charles H. Gnerlich on 25 February 1985. Coontz returned to Norfolk in May 1985.

From August to October 1985, Coontz underwent her first Phased Maintenance Availability, a new concept involving short periods of intense industrial work designed to maximize operational availability rather than placing ships in prolonged overhauls.

In November 1985, Coontz participated in Operation Bold Eagle, a joint exercise conducted with the US Army and US Air Force in Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. Coontz coordinated with airborne Air Force AWACS aircraft and Army ground units for air defense.

Coontz's next joint exercise was Ocean Venture '86. Coontz, along with Navy ships and Coast Guard cutters conducted quarantine operations exercises in the Caribbean operating areas. During this time Coontz requalified her Naval Gunfire Support Team at the Vieques Island Range near Puerto Rico.

In November 1986 Coontz was awarded her first and only Battle Efficiency Award. In addition she earned all eight line department awards in the areas of Navigation/Deck Seamanship, Main Propulsion, Damage Control, Anti-Air Warfare, Anti-Submarine Warfare, Anti-Surface Warfare, Electronic Warfare, and Communications.

In late 1986 and early 1987, Coontz underwent a work up period in preparation for deployment to the Persian Gulf on 5 February 1987. During her deployment, she served under the Commander, Middle East Forces. Coontz was tasked with ensuring the safe passage of all U.S. vessels as well as maintaining U.S. presence in the Persian Gulf during the escalation of the Iran–Iraq War. Commander Gnerlich was relieved as Commanding Officer by Commander William W. Cobb, Jr. on 11 April 1987. During deployment in the Persian Gulf, Coontz provided firefighting teams which aided in the rescue of USS Stark and her crew after she was struck by Iraqi Exocet missiles. Coontz returned to her home port of Norfolk, Virginia on 5 August 1987. Following a three-month maintenance availability (SRA) she operated as part of the United States Second Fleet until the end of her career.

Decommissioning
Commander Cobb was relieved as Commanding Officer by Commander W.E. Cox on 21 July 1989. Commander Cox oversaw the decommissioning of Coontz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 2 October 1989. She was sold for scrapping in April 1994, but had to be repossessed in October 1996. The ship was sold again in February 1999 to Metro Machine of Philadelphia. Although a few bits and pieces of her remain in private collections, the bulk of the ship was dismantled. The scrapping of USS Coontz was completed on 26 March 2003 in Philadelphia, with the scrap metal being sold to Camden Iron and Metal in Camden, New Jersey.

In 2006, the USS Coontz Association, composed of former officers and crew of USS Coontz, obtained the transom of ship from a private collector who had saved it from the scrap heap. The transom, which bears the name of the ship, was then donated to the city of Hannibal, Missouri, birthplace of the ship's namesake, Admiral Robert. E. Coontz. On 31 March 2007, several former crew members of Coontz, Navy deputy chief of information Admiral Nathan Jones and Hannibal city officials dedicated the transom at Nipper Park. The dedication occurred 50 years to the month after the laying of the keel of the ship.

title: USS Coontz


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Masterpiece (The Temptations album)

Masterpiece is a 1973 album by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label, produced and written by Norman Whitfield.

Overview
The title refers to the album being not the group's intended masterpiece, but Norman Whitfield's. Having already produced songs for the Temptations such as "Smiling Faces Sometimes" and "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" which emphasized his instrumental tracks over the group's vocals, Whitfield goes one step further here.

The title track, at nearly 14 minutes long, includes only three minutes of vocals from the group, who all share sections of the lead vocal. "Masterpiece" shares space on side one with "Hey Girl (I Like Your Style)", a slow classic-styled ballad led by Richard Street which opens the album. Side two of the LP opens with "Ma", an ode to a hillbilly mother led by Street, Damon Harris, and Melvin Franklin, which was recorded as the title track of Rare Earth's 1973 Whitfield-produced LP. "Law of the Land", led by Dennis Edwards, Street, and Harris, was recorded the same year by The Undisputed Truth. The song is a message track in the tradition of "Don't Let the Joneses Get You Down" from Puzzle People. "Plastic Man", with its lead vocal shared between Edwards, Harris, Franklin and Street, disparages "plastic people" who operate in backhanded ways, while the eight-minute album closer, "Hurry Tomorrow", is a solo spot for Harris, which explores a hallucinogenic drug trip.

Many critics, and the Temptations themselves, remarked that much of Masterpiece, and especially its title track, sounded like a Norman Whitfield/Funk Brothers solo recording featuring supporting vocals by the Temptations. Fans complained directly to the Temptations themselves, and some music journalists began snidely referring to the Temptations as "The Norman Whitfield Chorale Singers" and other such names. Masterpiece proved to be Whitfield's penultimate album with the Temptations; after producing their album 1990 later in 1973, he left Motown to form his own record label.

Despite the criticism directed towards the LP, "Masterpiece" became a #1 hit on the Billboard R&B singles chart, and a #7 hit on the Billboard Hot 100. Its follow-up, the "Papa Was a Rolling Stone"-like "Plastic Man", hit #40 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Hey Girl (I Like Your Style)" also became a Top 40 hit in the late summer/early fall of 1973. "Law of the Land" was released as a UK-only single by Tamla Motown, and just missed out on the UK Top 40, peaking at #41 in late 1973.

Masterpiece was the final Temptations LP recorded in Detroit at Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio. By 1973, Motown Records had completed its migration to Hollywood, California, and beginning with the next release, 1990, the Temptations would record in Los Angeles-area studios.

Track listing
All selections written and produced by Norman Whitfield.

Side one

 * 1) "Hey Girl (I Like Your Style)" – 4:36 (lead singer: Richard Street)
 * 2) "Masterpiece" – 13:49 (lead singers: Dennis Edwards, Otis Williams, Richard Street, Damon Harris, Melvin Franklin)

Side two

 * 1) "Ma" – 4:46 (lead singers: Richard Street, Damon Harris, Melvin Franklin)
 * 2) "Law of the Land" – 5:08 (lead singers: Dennis Edwards, Damon Harris, Richard Street)
 * 3) "Plastic Man" – 5:53 (lead singers: Dennis Edwards, Damon Harris, Melvin Franklin, Richard Street)
 * 4) "Hurry Tomorrow" – 8:06 (lead singer: Damon Harris)

Singles history

 * "Masterpiece" (Vocal)
 * Gordy single 7126, February 1, 1973; *B-side: "Masterpiece" (Instrumental)
 * "Plastic Man"
 * Gordy single 7129, May 10, 1973; B-side: "Hurry Tomorrow"
 * "Hey Girl (I Like Your Style)"
 * Gordy single 7131, July 24, 1973; B-side: "Ma"
 * "Law of the Land"
 * Tamla-Motown single TMG-866, 1973 (UK only); B-side: "Run Charlie Run" (from All Directions)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Masterpiece (The Temptations album)


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Crossed-field amplifier

A crossed-field amplifier (CFA) is a specialized vacuum tube, first introduced in the mid-1950s and frequently used as a microwave amplifier in very-high-power transmitters.

Raytheon engineer William C. Brown's work to adapt magnetron principles to create a new broadband amplifier is generally recognized as the first CFA, which he called an Amplitron. Other names that are sometimes used by CFA manufacturers include Platinotron or Stabilotron.

A CFA has lower gain and bandwidth than other microwave amplifier tubes (such as klystrons or traveling-wave tubes); but it is more efficient and capable of much higher output power.

Peak output powers of many megawatts and average power levels of tens of kilowatts can be achieved, with efficiency ratings over 70 percent. Their current use is in satellite ground stations and deep space communications networks.

Operation
A CFA's electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other ("crossed fields"). This is the same type of field interaction used in a magnetron; as a result, the two devices share many characteristics (such as high peak power and efficiency), and they have similar physical appearances. However, a magnetron is an oscillator, and a CFA is an amplifier (although a CFA can be driven to oscillate by application of improper low voltages as can any amplifier); a CFA's RF circuit (or slow-wave structure) is similar to that in a coupled-cavity TWT.

The CFA has the useful property that when power is shut off, the input simply passes to the output with little loss. This avoids the need for RF bypass switching in the event of failure.

Two CFAs can be connected sequentially with only one powered; if it fails, power can be removed from the primary tube and applied to the secondary as a backup. This approach with built-in redundancy was used on the S-band downlink transmitter on the Apollo Lunar Module, where high efficiency and reliability were needed.

A large negative voltage is placed on the green electrode in the center, and a large magnetic field is directed perpendicular to the page. This forms a thin spinning disk of electrons with a flow pattern like spinning water as it drains from a sink or toilet. A slow-wave structure is located above and below the spinning disk of electrons. Electrons flow much slower than the speed of light, and the slow wave structure reduces the velocity of the input RF enough to match the electron velocity.

The RF input is introduced into the slow wave structure. The alternating microwave field causes the electrons to speed up and slow down alternately. These disturbances grow larger as electrons spiral around the device, and electrons slow down as the RF energy grows. This produces amplification.

There is a small amount of RF feedback from output to input. This creates a slight random phase jitter when the device is pulsed.

title: Crossed-field amplifier


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Jay Cutler (bodybuilder)

Jason Isaac Cutler (born August 3, 1973) known professionally as Jay Cutler is an American retired professional bodybuilder. An IFBB Pro League bodybuilder, Cutler is a four-time Mr. Olympia winner, having won in 2006, 2007, 2009, and 2010; and a six-time runner-up, the most in history. He also won consecutive Arnold Classic titles in 2002, 2003, and 2004. In 2021, he was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame.

Early life
Jason Isaac Cutler was born in Worcester, Massachusetts on August 3, 1973. He grew up in nearby Sterling and attended Wachusett Regional High School in Holden. He began working in his brother's concrete construction business, Cutler Bros. Concrete, when he was 11 years old. His "first heroes" growing up were Jean-Claude Van Damme and Sylvester Stallone. He started training to be a bodybuilder at the age of 18. He graduated from Quinsigamond Community College in 1993 with a degree in criminal justice, intending to work as a corrections officer for a maximum security prison.

Career
Cutler was inspired to enter bodybuilding by personal trainer Marcos Rodriguez. His first contest was the 1992 Gold's Gym Worcester Bodybuilding Championships, at which he took second place. Desiring to be one of the largest competitors ever, he had his first overall win at the 1993 Iron Bodies Invitational. As he established a name for himself in the bodybuilding scene, he often appeared in bodybuilding-related videos including Battle for the Olympia 2001, a pre-contest documentary video directed by Mitsuru Okabe that highlighted many competitors as they prepared for the 2001 Mr. Olympia Competition. He went on to win consecutive Arnold Classic titles in 2002, 2003, and 2004, and placed second to Ronnie Coleman in the Mr. Olympia competition four times before claiming the title for the first time in 2006.

At the 2001 Mr. Olympia, Cutler tested positive for banned diuretics, but sued and had his second-place finish reinstated. He won the Olympia for a second consecutive year in 2007. He became the third Mr. Olympia in history (after Arnold Schwarzenegger and Franco Columbu) to win the title in non-consecutive years after defeating the reigning champion Dexter Jackson in 2009. He is still the only person to win the title back after losing it. His 2009 Olympia win is also when he did his famous "quad stomp" pose. In 2010, he won his fourth Mr. Olympia title, defeating Phil Heath. In 2011, he was runner-up to Heath at the Mr. Olympia. In 2012, he was unable to compete at the Mr. Olympia due to a biceps injury. He placed sixth in the 2013 Mr. Olympia.

Throughout his career, Cutler has been on the cover of fitness magazines such as Muscle and Fitness, Flex, and Muscular Development. He has not competed since 2013 and has instead focused on Cutler Nutrition, his bodybuilding supplement business, as well as other business ventures through social media. In 2021, he was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame.

Stats

 * Height: 5 ft
 * Off-season weight: 290-310 lbs
 * Competition weight: 260-275 lbs
 * Upper arms: 22 in
 * Chest: 58 in
 * Thighs: 30 in
 * Waist: 34 in
 * Calves: 20 in

Bodybuilding titles

 * 1993 NPC Iron Bodies Invitational – Teenage & Men's Heavyweight
 * 1993 NPC Teen Nationals – Heavyweight
 * 1995 NPC U.S. Tournament of Champions – Men's Heavyweight and Overall
 * 2000 IFBB Night of Champions
 * 2002 Arnold Classic
 * 2003 Arnold Classic
 * 2003 Ironman Pro Invitational
 * 2003 San Francisco Pro Invitational
 * 2003 Dutch Grand Prix
 * 2003 British Grand Prix
 * 2004 Arnold Classic
 * 2006 Austrian Grand Prix
 * 2006 Romanian Grand Prix
 * 2006 Dutch Grand Prix
 * 2006 Mr. Olympia
 * 2007 Mr. Olympia
 * 2009 Mr. Olympia
 * 2010 Mr. Olympia

Competitive placings

 * 1992 Gold Gym Worcester Bodybuilding Championships – 2nd
 * 1996 NPC Nationals, 1st place Heavyweight (earned IFBB pro card)
 * 1998 IFBB Night of Champions – 11th
 * 1999 Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic – 4th
 * 1999 IFBB Ironman Pro Invitational – 3rd
 * 1999 Mr. Olympia – 14th
 * 2000 English Grand Prix – 2nd
 * 2000 Joe Weider's World Pro Cup – 2nd
 * 2000 Mr. Olympia – 8th
 * 2000 Mr. Olympia Rome – 2nd
 * 2001 Mr. Olympia – 2nd
 * 2003 Mr. Olympia – 2nd
 * 2003 Russian Grand Prix – 2nd
 * 2003 GNC Show of Strength – 2nd
 * 2004 Mr. Olympia – 2nd
 * 2005 Mr. Olympia – 2nd
 * 2006 Mr. Olympia – 1st
 * 2007 Mr. Olympia – 1st
 * 2008 Mr. Olympia – 2nd
 * 2009 Mr. Olympia – 1st
 * 2010 Mr. Olympia – 1st
 * 2011 Mr. Olympia – 2nd
 * 2011 Sheru Classic – 2nd
 * 2013 Mr. Olympia – 6th

Books

 * Jay Cutler's No Nonsense Guide To Successful Bodybuilding ISBN 978-0-9744572-0-8

title: Jay Cutler (bodybuilder)


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Shagreen

Shagreen is a type of rawhide consisting of rough untanned skin, historically from a horse's or onager's back, or from shark or ray.

Etymology
The word derives from the French chagrin and is related to Italian zigrino and Venetian sagrin, derived from the Turkic sağrı / çağrı 'rump of a horse' or the prepared skin of this part. The roughness of its texture led to the French meaning of anxiety, vexation, embarrassment, or annoyance.

Preparation and uses

Shagreen has an unusually rough and granular surface, and is sometimes used as a fancy leather for book bindings, pocketbooks and small cases, as well as its more utilitarian uses in the hilts and scabbards of swords and daggers, where slipperiness is a disadvantage.

In Asia, the Japanese tachi, katana, and wakizashi swords had their hilts almost always covered in undyed rawhide shagreen, while in China, shagreen, whose use dates back to the 2nd century CE, was traditionally used on Qing dynasty composite bows. Typically the ears and the spaces above and beneath the grip were covered by polished shagreen (in which the calcified papillae are reduced to equal height and form a uniform surface), sometimes with inlay work of different coloured shagreen. Shagreen was a very common cover for 19th-century reading glasses containers as well as other utensil boxes from China.

The early horse-skin variety of equine-based faux-shagreen was traditionally prepared by embedding plant seeds (often Chenopodium) in the untreated skin while soft, covering the skin with a cloth, and trampling them into the skin. When the skin was dry, the seeds were shaken off, leaving the surface of the leather covered with small indentations. Sources are not clear whether this was being done to imitate pearl ray-skin shagreen from East Asia or if the technique was developed separately.

In the 17th and early 18th centuries, the term "shagreen" began to be applied to leather made from sharkskin or the skin of a rayfish (probably the pearled ray, Hypolophus sephen). This form is also termed sharkskin or galuchat. Such skins are naturally covered with round, closely set, calcified papillae called placoid scales, whose size is chiefly dependent on the age and size of the animal. These scales are ground down to give a roughened surface of rounded pale protrusions, between which the dye (again, typically green vegetable dye) shows when the material is coloured from the other side. This latter form of shagreen was first popularised in Europe by fr:Jean-Claude Galluchat (d. 1774), a master leatherworker in the court of Louis XV of France. It quickly became a fashion amongst the French aristocracy, and migrated throughout Europe by the mid-18th century. "The appeal of shagreen in Europe was closely bound up with the way the translucent skin absorbs colour, but in Japan, its whiteness was the measure of value".

Scholars concur that its popularity in Central Asia, where green footwear made of shagreen was popular into the 19th century, probably came as the result of its introduction from China perhaps during the 16th century rule of Suleiman the Magnificent. Three items made of shagreen can be found in the Topkapi Palace collection.

Since the 18th century shagreen has typically been used for covering portable items such as luggage, toilet cases and other boxes, the hard and robust looking finish seeming to assure its reputation for standing up to rough handling; book coverings are also known as well as larger pieces of furniture. The water-resistant qualities ascribed to the finish are probably why there are many toiletry cases and associated objects such as shaving kits, snuff boxes and other items of a personal nature. The restrained look of the skin was felt to be very suitable for men.

Items continued to be manufactured during the 19th century, usually influenced by 18th century examples. There was a definite resurgence in items being made during the 1920s and 1930s, the lean hard finish and traditional pale green tone lending itself very well to the prevailing Art-deco style. Many of these items are designed along modernist lines with little 18th century influence. A broad range of items date from this period including furniture and luggage.

In the 1970s, shagreen became fashionable again, partly due to the renewed interest in the Art-deco period. A range of items, including furniture such as small tables, have been manufactured since then, providing work for a small number of craftspeople catering to the luxury market. Small decorative items made of shagreen and silver have become popular in Southeast Asia; most are manufactured by high-end design studios in Thailand.

Even now, shagreen products continue to be used occasionally as decorative furnishings, particularly in luxury homes and are popular products amongst interior designers. Examples include shagreen photo frames, decorative boxes and jeweler holders. Another popular application of shagreen has been using it to create a vide poche (French for 'empty pockets'), designed hold small essentials such as keys, money and anything else you might typically need to 'empty from your pockets' when you arrive somewhere like home.

Medicine
In medicine, a shagreen patch is a patch of shagreen-like rough skin, often on the lower back, found in some people with the genetic condition tuberous sclerosis.

title: Shagreen


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Wikipedia:ASK

Wikipedia:ASK refers to multiple things:
 * Questions to find the right place to ask a question
 * WikiProject Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms for the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms WikiProject

title: Wikipedia:ASK


text:
Chelsea Cooley

Chelsea Scott Cooley Altman  (born October 30, 1983) is an American actress, singer, model and beauty pageant titleholder who has competed in the Miss Teen USA, Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants and who has held the Miss USA 2005 title.

As Miss USA, Cooley represented the Miss Universe Organization. Her "sister" 2005 titleholders were Natalie Glebova (Miss Universe, of Canada) and Allie LaForce (Miss Teen USA, of Ohio). She raised $22.8 million for breast- and ovarian-cancer research during her time as Miss USA.

Miss North Carolina Teen USA, Miss North Carolina USA
Cooley won the Miss North Carolina Teen USA 2000 title and represented North Carolina in the Miss Teen USA 2000 pageant, but did not place. Cooley first entered the Miss North Carolina USA pageant in 2004, where she placed first runner-up to Ashley Puleo. Puleo went on to place second-runner up at the Miss USA 2004 pageant. The following year, Cooley won the Miss North Carolina USA 2005 title on her second attempt.

Miss USA 2005 pageant
Cooley represented North Carolina in the Miss USA 2005 pageant broadcast live from Baltimore, Maryland on April 21, 2005. For her final question, Cooley drew the question of former Miss USA Shandi Finnessey. She was asked: "What famous person does your personality most parallel?" Her answer was: "I guess it would be Oprah. She has a passion for life. She loves what she does, and she works so hard to try to achieve everything in her life... I try to emulate myself after that."

Miss Universe 2005 pageant
Cooley competed as Miss USA in the Miss Universe pageant held in Bangkok, Thailand on May 31, 2005. The eventual winner of that pageant was Natalie Glebova of Canada.

As Miss USA
Within days of her pageant win in Baltimore, Cooley moved to a Trump Tower apartment in New York City which she shared with Miss Universe and Miss Teen USA during her reign. Cooley then traveled to Thailand to compete in the Miss Universe pageant, and she and newly crowned queen Natalie Glebova stayed in Thailand for a week after the competition.

Post-pageant
Cooley expressed a desire to move into the entertainment industry after passing on her crown.

Cooley is the president of an image consulting company, StandOut. Productions.

title: Chelsea Cooley


text:
Rus (special forces)

Rus' (Русь) was one of the special forces (spetsnaz) units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (MVD). Rus' belonged to the Independent Operative Purpose Division (ODON) rapid deployment division of the Internal Troops of Russia, the gendarmerie force of the MVD, and was assigned primarily to counter-terrorism duties.

Rus' was created on August 1, 1994, and traced its roots from the 4th Battalion of the Soviet OMSBON, the Independent Motorized Infantry Battalion of Special Purpose, later renamed ODON. The dedicated role of the Rus' unit was counter-terrorism and direct action in times of crisis, but actively participated in military and paramilitary operations in Chechnya and the broader North Caucasus region along with other MVD units, such as Vityaz. Rus' participated in numerous notable incidents in Russia, including in the Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis and the Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye hostage crisis.

On July 1, 2005, an entire platoon of Rus' commandos in Makhachkala, Dagestan, was eliminated by a roadside bombing attack while participating in the Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War.

On September 1, 2008, Rus' and Vityaz were formally deactivated and merged into a single unit, the 604th Special Purpose Center, under the direct command of ODON (formerly OMSDON). On 5 April 2016, the National Guard of Russia was established, resulting in the dissolution of the Interior Troops of Russia and the transfer of command of most armed forces under the MVD to the National Guard.

title: Rus (special forces)


text:
William Villiers, 2nd Earl of Jersey

William Villers, 2nd Earl of Jersey (c. 1682 – 13 July 1721 ), known as Viscount Villiers from 1697 to 1711, was an English peer and politician from the Villiers family.

Biography
Jersey was the son of Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey and his wife Barbara, daughter of William Chiffinch. He represented Kent in the House of Commons from 1705 to 1708. In 1711 he succeeded his father as earl.

During 1703 he travelled to Italy (Grand Tour) and he commissioned Massimiliano Soldani Benzi a bronze medal.

On 22 March 1704, William married Judith Herne, daughter of Frederick Herne and Elizabeth Lisle. They had three children:
 * Barbara Villiers (25 August 1706 – d. 1761), married firstly, Sir William Blackett, 2nd Baronet. She married secondly, Bussy Mansell, 4th Baron Mansell.
 * William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey (8 March 1707 – d. 1769)
 * Thomas Villiers, 1st Earl of Clarendon (19 June 1709 – d. 1786)

title: William Villiers, 2nd Earl of Jersey


text:
Charles Mann

Charles Mann may refer to:

 * Charles Mann (advocate-general) (1799–1860), British born administrator in South Australia (father of Charles Mann born 1838)
 * Charles Mann (American football) (born 1961), American football player
 * Charles Mann (Australian politician) (1838–1889), Attorney-General and Treasurer in South Australia
 * Charles Mann (songwriter) (1949–1991), AKA "Charles M. Mann", American songwriter, soul singer and musician of the 1970s
 * Charles Mann (singer) (born 1944), American singer from Louisiana, performer of the musical genre swamp pop
 * Charles A. Mann (1803–1860), New York politician
 * Charles C. Mann (born 1955), author and journalist
 * Charlie Mann (born c. 1959), Scottish sports broadcaster
 * USS Charles Mann (SP-522), a United States Navy tug and patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919

title: Charles Mann


text:
Talk:Adrenochrome

Adrenal extract
Extracts of the adrenal gland were first obtained by Polish physiologist Napoleon Cybulski in 1895. These extracts, which he called nadnerczyna ("adrenalin"), contained adrenaline and other catecholamines.In 1901, Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen.

Some people put adrenal extract under the tongue for physical or emotional stress, poor stress tolerance, general fatigue, allergies, autoimmune disorders, depression, pain and swelling (inflammation), low blood pressure, low blood sugar, drug and alcohol withdrawal, and discontinuation of cortisone drugs.

(Adrenaline)It is given intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin.

Adrenal extract is UNSAFE when injected. There have been at least 50 reports of serious infection at the injection site.

Since DHEA levels decline with age, some researchers speculate that supplementing your body's falling levels of the hormone might help fight aging. And some small studies have reported positive anti-aging effects from the use of DHEA supplements

Adrenal gland is responsible for the production of Cortisol Aldosterone DHEA and Androgenic Steroids Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline).

Based on this, I suspect some instances of purported "adrenochrome" to be a misnomer of adrenal extract. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A601:AACF:CF00:A52E:404B:A451:13F2 (talk) 13:07, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Reference to similarities with LSD and Psilocybin
I just read the article referenced (Sommer, R., and H. Osmond Am. Anthropologist 62:1051 (1960).). It has nothing to do with what it is citing; it is a three page synthesis of studies on word association. I'm removing the sentence until there is real support of it. Chris b shanks (talk) 22:05, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Furthermore, if anyone has access to the book, they should check the reference (Hoffer, A. and Osmond, H. The Hallucinogens (Academic Press, 1967).). Considering the second reference (mentioned above) one was completely off-topic, this one needs checking. Chris b shanks (talk) 22:09, 22 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I suspect hoax on the whole idea of adrenochrome being a psychotropic drug. I can't imagine the oxidation of adrenalin would have a drastic effect on its metabolism.  I even more strongly suspect any implication that the drug is used/abused for recreational purposes.  Consider the fact that pure adrenaline is schedule VI according to the US FDA, meaning there is little to no abuse potential.  Most of these claims of psychoactive effects seem to have stemmed from Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.  As a result I made it clear in the text that the Hoffer&Osmond is making the claim, and leave it to the reader to accept it or not.  As talk suggests, the source in question may not even support the claim at all. -Verdatum (talk) 00:33, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

https://www.fbcoverup.com/docs/library/1962-THE-EFFECT-OF-ADRENOCHROME-AND-ADRENOLUTIN-ON-THE-BEHAVIOR-OF-ANIMALS-AND-THE-PSYCHOLIOGY-OF-MAN-Intl-Rev-of-Neurobiology-Vol-4-pp-307-365-LC-59-13822-A-Hoffer-Assoc-Editor-Academic-Press-1962.pdf

Not a hoax. This wikipedia page is in poor condition and is a stub. Adrenochrome may cause irritability, apathy, visual and auditory hallucinations, acute schizophrenia, tachycardia,loss of concentration, paranoia, ambivalence, alterations in perception and estimation of time,difficulty in concentrating, relaxation, euphoria, giggling etc.

"In a few subjects disturbed associations carried on until the next placebo experiment although they had been normal before. This they had never observed with LSD, mescaline, or psilocybine. They finally concluded that the changes in thinking induced by adrenochrome were similar to those observed in schizophrenia."

"Most of the subjects had not taken other hallucinogens and so had no basis for comparison. Of the group that did, two compared it to mild psilo-cybine experiments and three to mild LSD reactions"

Seems like an unstable molecule with adrenochrome semicarbazone being not psychoactive ,d-adrenochrome and dl-adrenochrome showing psychoactive properties. Possibly depends on how your body metabolizes the substance is why some people are more susceptible to effect. During the experiments with LSD there are instances of no effects reported. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A601:AACF:CF00:2402:DEA0:4E6B:1983 (talk) 12:09, 18 July 2020 (UTC)

In anodic plating process
As a metalurgist, I have used substances containing Adrenochrome, (in solution) to facilitate the anodic plating process. If further interested, see Mil-P-23377 Anodic Coatings. Also see "Anodizing". David A. Davis ddavis1715@hotmail.com —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.27.25.194 (talk • contribs) 23:09, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Pure adrenochrome is a hallucinogen
Rinkel found that adrenochrome is not a hallucinogen. However, most likely he was using adrenochromesemicarbazide, which is inert. This substance does not get hydrolized and it does not release adrenochrome in the body. Rinkel later admitted his mistake in a largely unknown report. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Cooltrance (talk • contribs) 20:24, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

 * From : http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/adrenochrome.txt
 * Adrenochrome causes chemicaly induced schizophrenia. Its semicarbazone does not...Peoplez1k 23:53, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Based on this link, this quote is originally from Legal Highs by (Adam Gottlieb). In that same section, it mentions that adrenochrome is not dissolvable in water, whereas a source later on in that same link, that appears to be quite a bit more reputable states that adrenochrome crystals readily dissolve in water.  I'm not familiar with the Gottlieb text, but with a title like "Legal Highs", it could very well be of the same calibur as The Anarchist Cookbook, and wouldn't be surprised if it contained content extolling the effects of Smoking banana peels.  I would not consider this link (that appears to be a message board archive of some sort) to be a Reliable Source. -Verdatum (talk) 00:45, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) & Adrenochrome
It is possible to have adrenochrome formation from Epinephrine in solution pH slightly acid with a low concentration in sulfite & EDTA (anesthesic solution)? Thanks —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.161.216.129 (talk • contribs) 12:31, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Impossible. Epinephrine needs an oxidizing agent to form adrenochrome; specifically, silver oxide. Fuzzform —The preceding comment was added on 01:36, 16 February 2006.

William Gibson mention
I forget the name of the short story, but William Gibson mentions the adrenaline -> adrenochrome skitz thing in a short story in the collection "Burning Chrome." He has a character tell a "wiz" addict that the drug she's on must have some kinky little tail to keep the adrenaline from turning into adrenachrome, or she'd be skitz by now. -- TCallahan. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.25.62.140 (talk • contribs) 15:52, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

"Pop Culture"
Seeing as the references in music have being removed and that an entire page of reference to Andrenochrome probably isnt warrented perhaps a small section under "Usage in Song Lyrics" / "Popular culture references", any thoughts 62.254.167.3 15:44, 21 March 2007 (UTC)PreachanStoirm (couldnt log in at time of writing)

I agree with the Adrenochrome in music idea. It's the title of a Sisters of Mercy song and I've long wondered about it, but reading Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas finally drove me to look it up here. The page could use some more references. Somgoth (talk) 05:41, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Another item that could be considered a popular culture reference to adrenochrome is an episode of the TV series, Fear the Walking Dead. In the 14th episode of the 3rd season (warning: potential spoilers), characters consume a drug extracted from zombie brains which should be seen as a tangential reference to the adrenochrome of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. Cosmicaug (talk) 17:26, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

When talking about Qanon, it says a "false conspiracy theories"... I'm not an English professor, but that's a bit close to a double negative for my liking.

Wikipedia is not a concordance of passing pop culture "mentions." The Thompson and Burgess references have received attention in secondary sources that discuss the conspiracy theory, but that is not a reason to go listing every cultural work that drops the compound's name. 73.71.251.64 (talk) 19:28, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 07:51, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Another Cultural Mention
Episode 1 of the British detective show "Lewis" involves several characters who, during their college years, killed a girl to obtain adrenochrome in pursuit of the ultimate high. It sounds like they simply lifted the idea straight from Fear and Loathing, however 220.29.16.5 (talk) 15:17, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The drug had actually been mentioned in the programme's predecessor, Inspector Morse, by the eponymous character, as a drug that was produced by the human body itself. But it could never (according to Morse) be used ethically, since its extraction caused the death of the person whose body produced it

 * Nuttyskin (talk) 00:30, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

A Clockwork Orange
In the opening scene of A Clockwork Orange, the main character talks about drinking milk laced with "drencrom" which appears to be a commercial version of adrenochrome (in universe). Not sure how to add this/if it should be added.TheNeutroniumAlchemist (talk) 04:00, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I came over here to suggest the same thing. Crotchety Old Man (talk) 14:02, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

The Doors of Perception (Huxley)
The (alleged) hallucinogenic properties of adrenochrome, and its chemical similarity to mescaline and LSD are mentioned in Aldous Huxley's (1954) essay, The Doors of Perception . The essay, mostly about Huxley's experience with mescaline, was very widely read by people involved in (or just interested in) the psychedelic drug culture of the 1960s, and it is almost certainly where Hunter Thompson heard about adrenochrome, and the ultimate source of all the other pop culture references. (The rock band, The Doors, also took their name from Huxley's essay, which itself derived its title from the poet William Blake.) Treharne (talk) 05:33, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

Trip reports suggest very weak psychoactive effects
From http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.cgi?S1=329&S2=-1&C1=-1&Str= : "To sum up, effects were extremely weak, absolutely not fun nor psychedelic in anyway, and short lived." Another thing that the trip reports suggests is how scarce the substance is, as there is only three of them. That may be another cause of the myths surrounding this drug. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.95.155.8 (talk) 11:37, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

"mysticism"
what this section has to do with mysticism or religion is totally unclear, despite dropping those words multiple times 23:04, 11 May 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.189.46.33 (talk)

I removed this as the source does not support the claim
A number of recently published papers consider Hoffer's paper a landmark contribution to the notion that impairment of what's now termed the anti-oxidant defense system (AODS) seems to play a role in schizophrenia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Michaplot (talk • contribs) 09:28, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

PIKHAL (Alexander Shulgin)
From entry #157 (TMA; 3,4,5-TRIMETHOXYAMPHETAMINE): "Also there had been interest in reports that adrenalin that had become old and discolored seemed to elicit central effects in man. The oxidation products were identified as the deeply colored indolic compound adrenochrome and the colorless analogue adrenolutin. The controversy that these reports created just sort of died away, and the adrenochrome family has never been accepted as being psychedelic. No one in the scientific community today is looking in and about the area, and at present this is considered as an interesting historical footnote."

Colour
According to https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrénochrome adrenochrome is blue in the solid state. Simon de Danser (talk) 17:04, 18 July 2020 (UTC)

Chirality
According to https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0012884 this article is about the (R)-enantiomer. Simon de Danser (talk) 19:31, 18 July 2020 (UTC)

 * strictly probably not. In the body yes. However in vitro adrenochrome is most likely synthesised from synthetic epinephrine which containers both enantiomers and I can't see any way for the ring closing reaction to be stereoselective.©Geni (talk) 19:44, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

"not related to chromium/chrome"
It would be more helpful to state what the "chrome" part of the name does indicate, instead of what it doesn't. And that is: the substance's characteristic red color that Green and Richter relied on during their experiments to isolate it. (DOI:10.1042/bj0310596) The color in solution is already mentioned, but is not linked back to the name. 73.71.251.64 (talk) 19:26, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 February 2021
Please add this sentence to the section "Adrenochrome is a component of several false conspiracy theories such as QAnon and the Pizzagate conspiracy theory.[18][19][20]":

Because adrenochrome can easily be synthesized from adrenalin through oxidation, it would be inefficient to extract adrenochrome from human blood. CanmodWiki (talk) 16:41, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Please provide a reliable source to support your claim. SmartSE (talk) 17:13, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Reading the sources already cited, it seems the conspiracy theory goes that they extract adrenaline from human blood to make adrenochrome, so that statement wouldn't really work. I agree that a succinct statement explaining why the theory makes no sense could be helpful, but to do that we'd need to explain what the conspiracy theory is in the first place – possibly that would warrant it's own section? Something like "As adrenochrome is widely available and usually sourced synthetically, there would be no need to extract it from human blood" might do, but again to do that we'd need to first explain what the conspiracy theory actually is first. Volteer1 (talk) 17:15, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

Controlled substance?
Doesn't seem to be, per this Health Canada letter https://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/HC/StatusDecisions/A-2013-00235%20-%20PDFs/NC-Adrenochrome-2011-01-24.pdf. That's not a strong enough source to state that it's not controlled either, decided to remove the claim either way. 98.2.228.116 (talk) 23:14, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 July 2023
fix the "tortired" children bit and move the twitter url to references. completely unprofessional but what more can I expect from wikipedia I guess. 2601:242:C001:4C0:844F:F157:4367:B751 (talk) 14:21, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting comment.svg Note: Edit reverted.  — Paper9oll  (🔔 • 📝)  14:28, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

color again
The article says at one point adrenochrome is deep violet, in another piece it's described as pink. Here in the talk pages, it's further described as red, and blue. I myself have never seen the substance, but perhaps someone who has could then provide a link to a reliable source? Gzuckier (talk) 20:27, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It says that the solid is violet, but if it is dissolved in water then those solutions appear pink. Colours can be like that. I added the source for deep violet, which seemed reliable enough to me.--Project Osprey (talk) 21:30, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adrenochrome


text:
Little Minnesota River

The Little Minnesota River is a 71.4 mi headwaters tributary of the Minnesota River in northeastern South Dakota and west-central Minnesota in the United States. Via the Minnesota River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.

Course
The Little Minnesota rises in Marshall County, South Dakota from the Coteau des Prairies near the town of Veblen and flows generally southeastward through Roberts County, where it collects two small tributaries, Standfast Creek and the Jorgenson River. Near the Minnesota state line, it passes within a mile of Lake Traverse, part of the Hudson Bay watershed, from which it is separated by a low continental divide. The river enters Minnesota at the town of Browns Valley and shortly enters Big Stone Lake, which is drained by the Minnesota River. The region between Lake Traverse and Big Stone Lake is known as the Traverse Gap; it was formed by Glacial River Warren which drained Lake Agassiz (the lakebed of which is now the Red River Valley) toward the end of the last of the ice ages.

At Peever, SD, the river measures approximately 63 cubic feet per second.

title: Little Minnesota River


text:
Talk:Sensation (fiction)

Sensation is the means by which the wirkd ud reoresented by the mind through detectying the physical energy from the environment and encoding it as neural signals. Perception is the manner in which sensations are selected ,ornainzed and interpreted--Gary123 01:42, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

"In the West, the human body's senses are divided into eight.." The logic of this paragraph is never completed; how are senses categorized elsewhere than "The West"? Renfield 18:22, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Can someone put a disambiguisation page in front of this. I'd like to add a page about the Sensation Event held evry year in Amsterdam : The world largest indoor techno/trance party with a dress code. More information : http://sensation.id-t.com/

Merge
I placed a merge tag on this article since it seems to be referring to the same concepts that Sensation and perception psychology is. —Wknight94 (talk) 21:03, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I vote against merging these articles. S&P Psychology is a subfield within psychology, so it is actually a discipline, whereas sensation and perception are two topics or areas of research within that field. They should be separate, just as we have personality psychology but also different entries for various areas of study, e.g. trait theory. Jcbutler 23:58, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

suggestion for a rewrite
I think this article would be better of as a discussion of the process of sensation, as it is studied in physiology and psychology, rather than the current entry, which overlaps too much with sense. Possible topics might include: definition, relation to perception, sensory adaptation, sensory thresholds, etc. Jcbutler 18:43, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

I dislike the 8 listed senses, because the list appears too arbitrary for my liking. It's also not consistent with the other pages it links to. The link to the Somatosensory system currently includes proprioception, pain, temperature sense, and the visceral senses as all part of the Somatosensory system, yet this page lists proprioception and visceral senses seperately, doesn't mention sensing temperature or pain at all, and defines touch by the link to the Somatosensory article. Even that article doesn't seem complete to me. For example, perception of electrical currents isn't listed: but if you scuff your feet on a carpet, and reach toward a metal object, and you'll feel a sensation that is distinct from touch, temperature, or pain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.254.142.195 (talk) 23:38, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Humans cannot detect electric currents in the sense that certain other animals can. However if you apply a voltage across human tissue this will cause responses in numerous sensory receptors, chiefly mechanoreceptors and nociceptors.Manning (talk) 23:00, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Planned merge underway.
Both this article and Sense have too much overlap, and they directly contradict each other to boot (this article claims there are exactly eight senses, which contradicts what is claimed in the Sense article). Once the sensory systems are removed from this article, precious little remains, and what does remain should be integrated into Sense.

I am currently reworking Sense to de-emphasise its rigidly neuroanatomical viewpoint (which I am the original creator of, sadly) and broaden its coverage to include psychological definitions and layperson usage. Manning (talk) 23:00, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Missing Content
While investigating a vandal, I noticed that this page was significantly shorter than it used to be... It looks to me like the old content (see diff) was removed on account of overlapping Sense, but the edit occurred half a year after it was discussed above with no apparent consensus... I'm out of my field here, so I don't want to revert, but it seems like it wouldn't be out of order... In its current form, this article's a stub! Fogster (talk) 22:48, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Not sure whether Sense and Sensation require two different articles. This article now appears to be primarily about the fiction writing technique, so maybe it should be converted to that alone. ThreeOfCups (talk) 04:33, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sensation (fiction)


text:
ARP Avatar

The ARP Avatar was a guitar synthesizer manufactured by ARP Instruments beginning in 1977. While innovative, being one of the first commercial guitar-controlled synthesizers, it was a commercial failure, and is widely blamed for the financial collapse of ARP Instruments.

History
ARP Instruments began developing the Avatar in 1977, hoping to tap into the guitar player market, which was four times larger than the keyboard player market at the time. The Avatar was a synthesizer module virtually identical to the ARP Odyssey without a keyboard with an added 6-way "fuzzbox" distortion effect, intended to be played by a solid body electric guitar via a specially-mounted hexaphonic guitar pickup whose signals were then processed through discrete pitch-to-voltage converters.

Although groundbreaking as one of the first commercial guitar-controlled synthesizers, ARP spent $4 million on Avatar's research and development and initial production, and sales of the guitar synthesizer over the two years it was on the market totaled only $1 million. Guitarists were not quick to adopt the new technology, mostly due to the unit's price and technical eccentricities. After failing to recoup the Avatar's losses, ARP Instruments declared bankruptcy in May 1981.

An early Avatar was delivered to Pete Townshend in the summer of 1977. Other notable Avatar users include Mike Rutherford, Steve Howe, Paddy Kingsland of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, Howard Leese, and Jimmy Page.

Due to the Avatar's similarities with the synthesis architecture of the Odyssey, it has regained a little stature among collectors as a standalone synthesizer.

title: ARP Avatar


text:
Talk:Elohist

Benjamin
E is theorized to have been composed by collecting together the various stories and traditions concerning biblical Israel and its associated tribes (Dan, Napthali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulon, Ephraim, Manesseh, Benjamin),

Wasn't Benjamin (by happenstance, admittedly) a tribe of Judah? john k 23:11, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

The territory of Benjamin was divided between both kingdoms. Culturally, however, Benjamin seems to have been more akin to the north, as Saul and his son Ishbaal, although from the tribe of Benjamin, are seen as "northern" monarchs.--Rob117 01:20, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Elohim
Glad to see that you don't reference the "Elohim" article, which does not reference any historical or cultural traditions outside of the OT. -- LKS 5/29/06

Aren't Aaronite priests and Levitical priests the same thing? You say that E treats God as a human like figure, but doesnt E treat god more as a transcendental figure?

 * There were two semi-rival groups of Levitical priesthood, the "Mushite" presthood from Shiloh and Tel Dan, and the "Aaronite" presthood from Jerusalem. John D. Croft (talk) 08:07, 5 May 2015 (UTC)

documentary hypothesis
"This article describes the opinion of the documentary hypothesis without taking into account alternative opinions; see the documentary hypothesis article for details on disputes over this theory." Someone recently added an alternative opinion, so now the article contradicts itself. Leadwind 23:04, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, there is no analogous statement at the Jahwist page. Delmlsfan 15:11, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Sacrifice of Isaac
The article currently claims
 * In the Elohist work, Isaac does not ever appear again after this story, and the story appears to imply that Isaac was sacrificed.

but provides no citation for this claim.

I have been unable to find a translation of the relevant text, but I have found two scholarly sources that seem to indicate the above claim is incorrect.

Source 1:
 * but the Elohist spoils his pathetic narrative by a close which, for modern taste, could hardly be more prosaic. 'And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold, a ram caught in the thicket by his horns, and Abraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt-offering instead of his son' (p2178)

Source 2:
 * [Under the Elohist heading]
 * Abraham obeys until the very last moment when he is instructed by an angel to substitute a ram for Isaac. (p851) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Topherwhelan (talk • contribs) 06:51, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

DJP Sequence
The lead mentions a "DJP Sequence" without explaning what it is. Richard-of-Earth (talk) 18:38, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I have expanded "DJP sequence" to read "Deuteronomist-Jahwist-Priestly source sequence" with wikilinks for each which should make it a little clearer what is meant, and if not, it should make it easier for them to figure it out. However, I used hyphens here, and I'm not certain if WP:MOS prefers n-dashes or other for this type of usage, so that might need updating. I also wikilinked Horeb to Mount Horeb considering that many people make a clear distinction between the two mounts even though many others consider the two mounts to be the same. The Horeb article is a decent length, although it may still need a bit of expansion (the extra length of the Biblical Mount Sinai article, in comparison to Horeb, is mostly due to a long section speculating on its possible location). — al-Shimoni  (talk) 04:56, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

Elohist-Jahwist differences
I'm moving the below text out of the article, as it's been unsourced since it was added in 2005, and parts of it are dubious (see the point raised earlier on this talk page about the sacrifice of Isaac, for example). I'll leave it here in case anyone wants to find sources for it. DanFromAnotherPlace (talk) 13:42, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elohist


text: Category:VIC-20 software

title: Category:VIC-20 software


text:
Lockean proviso

The Lockean proviso is a feature of John Locke's labor theory of property which states that whilst individuals have a right to homestead private property from nature by working on it, they can do so only if "there was still enough, and as good left; and more than the yet unprovided could use".

Locke's formulation
"Nor was this appropriation of any parcel of land, by improving it, any prejudice to any other man, since there was still enough and as good left, and more than the yet unprovided could use. So that, in effect, there was never the less left for others because of his enclosure for himself. For he that leaves as much as another can make use of, does as good as take nothing at all. Nobody could think himself injured by the drinking of another man, though he took a good draught, who had a whole river of the same water left him to quench his thirst. And the case of land and water, where there is enough of both, is perfectly the same."

Agreement
The phrase Lockean proviso was coined by libertarian political philosopher Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State, and Utopia. It is based on the ideas elaborated by John Locke in his Second Treatise of Government, namely that self-ownership allows a person the freedom to mix his or her labor with natural resources, converting common property into private property. Locke concludes that people need to be able to protect the resources they are using to live on their property and that this is a natural right. Nozick used this idea to form his Lockean proviso which governs the initial acquisition of property in a society, but in order for his ideas of ownership of property to get off the ground and be cogent he devised the criterion to determine what makes property acquisition just, which is the proviso. The proviso says that although every appropriation of property is a diminution of another's rights to it, it is acceptable as long as it does not make anyone worse off than they would have been without any private property.

Locke's proviso has been used by Georgists, socialists, and Basic Income advocates to point to land acquisition as illegitimate without compensation. In Georgism, the possession of land is proper only so long as the market rent is paid to the relevant community. If a plot of land has a positive rent, that implies that there is not land of similar quality freely available to others.

Critique
Libertarians of the modern Austrian School and anarcho-capitalist traditions such as Murray Rothbard have accepted Locke's other views on property whilst rejecting the Lockean proviso. Some take Anarcho-Capitalist economist Walter Block and his rejection of the Lockean proviso to be grounds for a Blockian Proviso more in line with the very "logic of homesteading."

French researcher Ai-Thu Dang has criticized Nozick's reading of the Lockean proviso, saying it denatures its meaning, especially Locke's "articulation to moral rules governing enrichment".

Socialist critics of the Proviso such as G.A. Cohen point to the issue that the Proviso does not take into account previously existing inequalities. Cohen describes the Lockean Proviso's first-come-first-served approach as "morally dubious". He uses the example of someone claiming a beach as "their own" and charging admission in exchange for lifeguarding service. This would satisfy the proviso because it doesn't make anyone's life "worse" but it fails to consider how much better off everyone would be if someone owned the beach and charged only 50 cents for better service. He continues that this superior alternative is never considered under Nozick’s proviso.

Karl Widerquist and Grant McCall argue that even weak versions of the proviso, such as the one used by Nozick, are unfulfilled by contemporary societies. The poorest people today, even in wealthy nations, are worse off than they could reasonably expect to be in a stateless hunter-gatherer band that treats the environment as commons that cannot be owned by anyone. They write, "Establishing hunter-gatherer quality-of-life as the baseline for comparison sets an extremely low bar. The tragedy of state societies today is that for all their wealth and achievement they have so consistently failed to surpass that bar."

title: Lockean proviso


text:
Baltimore Washington International Turf Cup

The Baltimore Washington International Turf Cup is an American Grade III invitational horse race run over one mile. Inaugurated in 1952, it was raced at Laurel Park Racecourse on the turf in Laurel, Maryland, at a distance of $1 1/2$ miles (12 furlongs), and attracted top turf horses from North America and Europe.

It was held annually from 1952 to 1994, then it was discontinued because of its place on the late fall calendar and the popularity of the Breeders' Cup Turf. The race was brought back in 2005 as the Colonial Turf Cup run at Colonial Downs in Richmond, Virginia, and then at Laurel Park Racecourse as the Commonwealth Turf Cup in Laurel, Maryland, from 2015 to 2016. Then in 2017 the original root of race name was brought back as well adding it to a portion of its last version the Turf Cup suffix. So it is now being called the Baltimore Washington International Turf Cup. The race has been contested at Pimlico Race Course since 2021.

When it was founded by John D. Schapiro (owner of the Laurel Park Racecourse), it was the only international horse race in the United States. Until then, bringing horses from Europe and elsewhere to the United States for a specific race was unprecedented. J. Samuel Pearlman, editor of the Daily Racing Form, discussed the idea with Schapiro after the 1950 racing season. Less than a year and half later, the concept became a reality.

Usually just called the International, the race drew the best Thoroughbreds from the U.S. and Europe; it was important enough to attract horses from the Soviet Union during the 1960s, despite the Cold War. In the 1980s, the Washington, D.C. International was part of a million-dollar bonus given to any horse who won both it, the Canadian International Stakes at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, and the Turf Classic at Belmont Park in New York.

In the race's early days, few American horses excelled on the turf; some were turf specialists, while others built their race records on the dirt and then specifically switched over to grass for the International. U.S. Hall of Famer Kelso won five straight Horse of the Year honors competing almost entirely on the dirt in the early 1960s and finished second three times in a row in the International. In 1964, the great gelding finally won the race in an American record time of 2:23.80. He had given the event international status in Europe by just missing three times, before winning it at age seven.

The Washington, D.C. International Stakes was raced at a distance of $1 1/2$ miles from its inception in 1952 until 1986, when it was shortened to $1 1/4$ miles. With the exception of 1993 (when it was raced at one mile), the International remained at $1 1/4$ miles until its final running in 1994.

Run the Gantlet won the International in 1971; his son Providential won it in 1981. Providential was bred and previously owned by Bertram R. Firestone, whose wife Diana won the race the following year with her filly April Run after coming in second to Providential in 1981.

During its run, the D.C. International Stakes was won by horses from the United States 22 times and by foreign representatives 21 times.

Records
Speed record:
 * 2:23.80 @ 1-1/2 miles: Kelso (1964) (stakes and track record)
 * 1:59.60 @ 1-1/4 miles: Paradise Creek (1994)
 * 1:52.98 @ 1-3/16 miles: Showing Up (2005)
 * 1:33.35 @ 1 mile: Caribou Club (2019)

Most wins by a horse:
 * 2 – Bald Eagle (1959, 1960)
 * 2 – Fort Marcy (1967, 1970)

Most wins by an owner:
 * 3 – Nelson Bunker Hunt (1973, 1975, 1976)

Most wins by a jockey:
 * 3 – Manuel Ycaza (1959, 1960, 1967)
 * 3 – Lester Piggott (1968, 1969, 1980)

Most wins by a trainer:
 * 4 – Maurice Zilber (1973, 1975, 1976, 1980)

Winners of the Baltimore Washington International Turf Cup since 1952
* In 1958, Tudor Era finished first, but was disqualified and set back to second.


text:
Talk:KOF: Maximum Impact

Untitled
Recent interviews with SNK have shown that Max Impact should actually be comsidered part of the Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting series, and not a 3D version of King of Fighters. This makes total sense, given how the game looks, feels, and plays.

There are still some weird issues, of course -- like the game's suggetion that Rock didn't meet Terry until he was an adult, and like Ryo's default costume being his younger variant from King of Fighters.

This may suggest something about the turn the series will take with Max Impact 2, however..

The title
Can't we just move this to The King of Fighters: Maximum Impact? I mean is there really any doubt in anyone's mind as to what it stands for? Anyways, my main beef with the "KOF" part is that it screws with game lists.

 * The King of Fighters '94
 * The King of Fighters 2000
 * KOF: Maximum Impact
 * The King of Fighters XI

Kinda see how it just kills the flow a bit?--SeizureDog 21:03, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Sure, but that is how it's called (and even the announcer pronounces the title "K.O.F."). And if you go there, "'94", "'95", "'96", etc also feel awkward once you reach "2000". And they all look weird once you get to "XI"... 88.161.129.43 (talk) 08:37, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

"The King of Fighters: Maximum Impact Regulation "A" was released for Taito Type X2 on July 14, 2007 and for PlayStation 2 on July 26, 2007 and only in Japan.[1]" That line should be removed, its an updated version of the sequel, not this game. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:908:FD31:1E80:397F:537C:F014:1796 (talk) 10:01, 25 June 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:KOF: Maximum Impact


text: User talk:206.72.37.2

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text: User talk:70.241.80.55

title: User talk:70.241.80.55


text:
Richie Rich (rapper)

Richard Serrell (born June 25, 1967), better known by his stage name Richie Rich, is a rapper from Oakland, California.

Early years (1987-99)
Richie Rich first entered music in the late 1980s with the group 415. With D-Loc, DJ Daryl, and JED, Rich crafted a Bay Area album in 1989 called 41Fivin, which sold well around the Bay Area and spawned a Richie Rich solo album in 1990, titled Don't Do It.

His rapping style had an influence on Snoop Dogg, and the group 415 inspired the name of the group 213.

As the group was ready to sign a major-label contract with Priority Records in 1990, however, Richie Rich was arrested for possession of cocaine. 415 released its next album and faded from the scene soon after, while Rich sat in jail; he was released a year later, and began appearing on tracks by 2Pac and the Luniz. Richie Rich soon found himself being in the middle of a bidding war between Def Jam Records and Relativity Records. He choose to go on Russell Simmons' label Def Jam. Before forming his own label, Oakland Hills 41510, he released his second solo album in 1996, Half Thang, which peaked on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums at number 57.

By 1995, Richie Rich had become the first Bay Area rapper to sign with New York's Def Jam Records, and his major-label album, Seasoned Veteran, was released in late 1996 Seasoned Veteran did rather well on the charts, and music videos were soon released for three songs on the album. Just as Rich's career was booming, a merger at Def Jam (with PolyGram) left him without much direction. Richie Rich was going to release a second album on Def Jam, although it kept getting pushed back. He soon had the decision to stay or go, he decided to go.

Ten-Six Record Years (1999-present)
Rich then started his own label with partner Lev Berlak, named Ten-Six Records. Four years after Seasoned Veteran, his fourth album The Game was released. The album has sold over 300,000 units independently but was panned by critics and fans alike.

In 2021, Rich's 1996 song Let's Ride was featured in the television series Blindspotting.

Studio albums

 * Don't Do It (1990)
 * Half Thang (1996)
 * Seasoned Veteran (1996)
 * The Game (2000)
 * Nixon Pryor Roundtree (2002)
 * Fed Case (2017)

Collaboration albums

 * 41Fivin with 415 (1989)
 * The Grow Room with The Mekanix (2020)

Compilation albums

 * Greatest Hits (2000)
 * Grabs, Snatches & Takes (2004)

Mixtapes and street albums

 * Town Bidness (2010)
 * Town Bidness Volume 2 (2011)

Extended plays

 * Geeks Revenge (Rodney) (1990)

title: Richie Rich (rapper)


text:
Talk:Longsight

User:Arsebiscuits121 added fac here with his first edit. Sorry, but this article is nowhere near satisfying the criteria to become a featured article. -- ALoan (Talk) 00:26, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Merger
Merge The article lays no other claim to notability other than his representation of the Longsight ward.

See also Articles for deletion/Abid Chohan

JASpencer 22:01, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * And added Mohammed Sajjad for same reason. JASpencer 18:35, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Crime
Given the prevelance of Longsight in UK news for its gun-crime levels I feel a new section should be created on 'Crime' similar to that of Moss Side however I lack the knowledge to do so myself.
 * Over one hundred news articles on gun crime related to the Longsight area

 * This should probably include the information currently in the "history" section of the page. That's not history but an introduction for those who might wonder why they've heard of Longsight Nogbad (talk) 14:06, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

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text: User talk:69.163.43.56

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text:
Talk:1990 Colorado-Missouri football game

Merge
Basically, this article and Fifth Down have the same content, and describe the same situation. --OntarioQuizzer 17:58, 14 December 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Longsight

Longsight

 * previous FAC withdrawn


text:
Cūḷavaṃsa

The Cūḷavaṃsa or Chulavamsa (Pāli: "Lesser Chronicle") is a historical record, written in the Pali language, of the monarchs of Sri Lanka. It covers the period from the 4th century to 1815. The Cūḷavaṃsa was compiled over many years by Buddhist monks, and displays a variety of epic styles. It is generally considered to be a sequel to the Mahavamsa ("Great Chronicle") written in the 6th century by the monk Mahanama. The Mahavamsa and the Cūḷavaṃsa are sometimes thought of as a single work (referred to as the "Mahavamsa") spanning over two millennia of Sri Lankan history.

Contents
The Cūḷavaṃsa is a continuation of the Mahavamsa. But unlike the Mahavamsa it was written by different authors at different periods. The Cūḷavaṃsa is divided into two parts.

The first part, chapters thirty-seven to seventy-nine, begins with the 4th century arrival of a tooth relic of Siddhartha Gautama to Sri Lanka and continues to the reign of Parakramabahu the Great (1153–1186) in the 12th century, and was written in the 13th century. While the authorship of the first part is traditionally ascribed to the Buddhist monk Thera Dhammakitti, many historians now believe it to be a collaborative effort, written by a number of monks.

The second part, whose author remains unknown, records Sri Lankan history from the 12th century, with the reign of Vijayabahu II and continues the history of the Sinhalese monarchy to that of Parakramabahu IV (Chaps. 80-90). Within the second part the section of the chronicle which deals with the period from Parakramabahu IV to the death of Kirti Sri Rajasinha was compiled by Tibbotuvāve Sumangala Thera, while the last chapter was continued to 1815 by Hikkaduve Siri Sumangala. This portion of the chronicle has not been assigned a definite authorship and is generally considered inferior, both in style and in factual reliability, to Dhammakitti’s portion.

Significance
Tradition has it that the work was compiled by the monk Dhammakitti, whom Geiger regards as 'a man of literary culture ... acquainted with Indian Niti literature'. He regards 'the history of Parakkama [sic] as the real kernel, the main subject of the Culavamsa', much in the same way that Dutugemunu's life is the major part of the Mahavamsa.

Geiger believes that it is not possible 'to form a harmonious and credible picture of the single acts attributed to the youthful Parakkama [sic]' simply from the information presented in the Lesser Chronicle. The explanation for this lies in the writer's approach to history:

"The explanation lies in Dhammakitti's conception of the way in which his task was to be achieved. From literary sources, from what he had read he drew an ideal picture of an Indian king. The man whose glorification was his aim must correspond to this picture. He must have all the qualities belonging to an Indian king and employ all the methods of statecraft which political science prescribes or recommends. All these individual traits the compiler combines with the data furnished by tradition, without question as to probability or improbability of these."

- W. Geiger, The Culavamsa, 1930

That there is a certain amount of truth contained in the text is corroborated by numerous carvings, edicts and monuments still extant in Sri Lanka today – e.g., Parakramabahu's wars with Gajabahu II and Manabharana are attested to by at least one rock-carving from this period. Furthermore Geiger also believes that the Culavamsa 'does not consciously relate ... false [information]'.

The primary source for Parakramabahu's reign is the Cūḷavaṃsa.

Translation
The foremost translation of this work was that of Wilhelm Geiger from Pali into German, completed in 1930. This was subsequently translated into English by Mabel Haynes Bode, and the English translation was revised by Geiger. In 1929 an English edition was published by Oxford University Press, translated by C. M. Rickmers.

The British colonial government commissioned a translation into English of the Cūḷavaṃsa in 1871 and published it alongside George Turnour's translation of the Mahavamsa.

Continuations and related works
In 1871, the British colonial government of Sri Lanka commissioned a 101st chapter of the Cūḷavaṃsa, covering the period from 1815-1871.

In 1935, Yagirala Pannananda, a Buddhist monk, wrote Mahavamsa Part III, a further extension of the Cūḷavaṃsa, in Sinhala. While not authorized by any government agency or religious organization, it was eventually accepted as part of the larger Mahavamsa/Cūḷavaṃsa tradition.

In 1977, the government of Prime Minister JR Jayawardene established a commission to extend the chronicle to cover the years 1935-1977.

title: Cūḷavaṃsa