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Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign

This is the complete order of battle for the four major battles of the Waterloo campaign.

Headquarters
L'Armée du Nord under the command of Emperor Napoleon I.

Major Général (Chief of Staff): Marshal Soult, Duke of Dalmatia.

Commander of artillery: General of Division Charles-Étienne-François Ruty.

Field commanders under the direct command of Emperor Napoleon:
 * Marshal Ney, Prince of the Moskova:
 * On 16 June 1815, at the battle of Quatre Bras, in command of the Left Wing: I Corps, II Corps (minus the Girard division, present at the battle of Ligny), III Cavalry Corps (minus the l'Héritier division, present at the battle of Ligny) and Imperial Guard light cavalry division.
 * On 18 June 1815, at the battle of Waterloo, effective field commander of all the French forces present, minus those engaged at Plancenoit (VI Corps and elements of the Guard).
 * Marshal Marquis de Grouchy:
 * On 16 June 1815, at the Battle of Ligny, in command of the French Cavalry Reserve: I Cavalry Corps, II Cavalry Corps, the l'Héritier division (detached from III Cavalry Corps) and IV Cavalry Corps.
 * Between 17 and 19 June 1815, in command of the Right Wing: III Corps (minus the Domon's cavalry division, present at the battle of Waterloo), IV Corps, I Cavalry Corps (minus the division of Subervie present at the battle of Waterloo, but with the Teste infantry division attached to it), II Cavalry Corps.

French Imperial Guard

 * Commander of the Garde Impériale: Marshal Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier (on sick leave, following a sudden attack of sciatica).
 * Aide-major général (2nd in command): General of Division Comte Antoine Drouot.
 * Sous-aide-major général: Colonel Hériot.

Anglo-allied Army order of battle
Combined British, Dutch and Hanoverian forces were under the supreme command of Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. The order of battle included below reflects all units of the Anglo-allied Army including those that were not present for the battles themselves (units spread across the area or on garrison duty). The casualty numbers include all the casualties suffered by each regiment over the three days of fighting during the campaign from 16 June 1815 to dawn on 19 June 1815.

Present at the Battle of Waterloo, Wellington had 71,257 soldiers available, 3,866 officers and 65,919 other ranks. By the end of the day's fighting the army had suffered 16,084 casualties (3,024 killed, 10,222 wounded and 2,838 missing) a loss of 24.6%.

I Corps
I Corps fielded 24,844 (1,233 officers and 23,383 other ranks) on 18 June 1815 taking into account those not present in the Order of Battle and the casualties on the previous two days.

II Corps
With so much of the Dutch Belgian contingent not present at the battle, only 579 officers and 8,677 men (9,256 in total) were fielded by II Corps.

Cavalry Corps
With only three regiments not present at the battle the Cavalry Corps was the most complete at Waterloo fielding 16,133 (933 officers and 13,897 men) after taking into account the small losses at Quatre-Bras and during the retreat on 17 June 1815.

Reserves
The reserves, 34,394 men and 56 guns, came under the direct command of Wellington during the Battle of Waterloo. The British 7th Infantry Division under Major General Kenneth MacKenzie was not present at the battle as the brigade manned various garrisons around the area. The Hanoverian Reserve Division was also not present, again manning garrisons on behalf of the army. Actual combatants from the Reserve present at the battle numbered 18,964 with 56 guns.

Prussian Army order of battle
The Prussian Army was led by Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstadt and his chief of staff August von Gneisenau and remained independent from the allied Anglo-Dutch-German army during the course of the campaign.

Staff
Major General Karl von Grolman, was Quartermaster General.


text:
R8

R8 or R-8 may refer to:

 * Audi R8, used from 1999–2006 by Audi for Le Mans 24 Hours race cars, and from 2007–2024 for a street legal car
 * List of Audi R8 automobiles
 * R8 Machine taper, originally designed for Bridgeport Milling Machines
 * R8 (Rodalies de Catalunya), a commuter rail line bypassing Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
 * R8 (SEPTA), a commuter rail line in Philadelphia, United States, which has been split into:
 * Chestnut Hill West Line: (R8 Chestnut Hill West)
 * Fox Chase Line: (R8 Fox Chase)
 * R8 (RER Vaud), an S-Bahn line in the canton of Vaud
 * R8: Contact with combustible material may cause fire, a risk phrase in chemistry
 * HK R8, a modified version of the Heckler & Koch SL8 rifle
 * Smith & Wesson M&P R8, a .357 Magnum revolver
 * HP roman8, an 8-bit character set
 * Kaliningrad K-8, a medium-range air-to-air missile known as R-8 in service
 * Kyrgyzstan Airlines, from its IATA airline designators
 * Leica R8, a 1996 manual focus 35 mm single-lens reflex camera
 * Canon EOS R8, a mirrorless camera
 * Radial Road 8 or R-8, an arterial road of Manila, Philippines
 * Receptor 8, the eighth in line of a series of cellular receptors, generally at the end of an acronym
 * Renault 8, a small family car produced in the 1960s and early 1970s
 * Roland R-8, a 1988 electronic drum machine
 * USS R-8 (SS-85), a 1919 United States Navy submarine
 * R8, sometimes used as text/SMS speak for "Reyt", a term used in Northern England. (Short for "Alright", or "Alreyt")
 * R8A (New York City Subway car)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: R8


text:
Battle of Boryspil

The Battle of Boryspil happened on 2 June 1920, near the town of Boryspil near Kyiv. It was fought between the Polish and Russian forces during the Polish-Bolshevik War and was a part of the Polish counter-assault after the ill-fated Russian offensive of 27 May.

History
After capturing Kyiv in early May, the Polish and Ukrainian forces of 2nd and 3rd Armies were centered on Kyiv, along the Dnieper river and a small bridgehead on the eastern side of the river. After the assault of the Budyonny's 1st Cavalry Army has been repelled, the Polish commander Edward Rydz-Śmigły feared that the Russian forces of the 12th Army might want to assault the bridgehead directly. To prevent this and disrupt the Russian preparations, an assault group was created in Kyiv, composed of merely two battalions of infantry from the elite 1st Legions Infantry Regiment. The Polish units were loaded onto river barges in Kyiv and shipped to the village of Vytachiv on the other side.

In the early morning of 2 June, the Poles assaulted the town of Boryspil, where the Soviet 58th Rifle Division was preparing for an assault. Although numerically inferior, the Polish forces managed to take the enemy by surprise and, after a short skirmish, the Russians withdrew eastwards. After capturing the Russian supply dumps, the Poles returned to Kyiv.

Although the losses on both sides were low, the Polish assault managed to disrupt the preparations of the Yakir's Group for the assault of the bridgehead.

title: Battle of Boryspil


text:
Hypoxemia

Hypoxemia is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in arterial blood. Hypoxemia has many causes, and often causes hypoxia as the blood is not supplying enough oxygen to the tissues of the body.

Definition
Hypoxemia refers to the low level of oxygen in blood, and the more general term hypoxia is an abnormally low oxygen content in any tissue or organ, or the body as a whole. Hypoxemia can cause hypoxia (hypoxemic hypoxia), but hypoxia can also occur via other mechanisms, such as anemia.

Hypoxemia is usually defined in terms of reduced partial pressure of oxygen (mm Hg) in arterial blood, but also in terms of reduced content of oxygen (ml oxygen per dl blood) or percentage saturation of hemoglobin (the oxygen-binding protein within red blood cells) with oxygen, which is either found singly or in combination.

While there is general agreement that an arterial blood gas measurement which shows that the partial pressure of oxygen is lower than normal constitutes hypoxemia, there is less agreement concerning whether the oxygen content of blood is relevant in determining hypoxemia. This definition would include oxygen carried by hemoglobin. The oxygen content of blood is thus sometimes viewed as a measure of tissue delivery rather than hypoxemia.

Just as extreme hypoxia can be called anoxia, extreme hypoxemia can be called anoxemia.

Signs and symptoms
In an acute context, hypoxemia can cause symptoms such as those in respiratory distress. These include breathlessness, an increased rate of breathing, use of the chest and abdominal muscles to breathe, and lip pursing.

Chronic hypoxemia may be compensated or uncompensated. The compensation may cause symptoms to be overlooked initially, however, further disease or a stress such as any increase in oxygen demand may finally unmask the existing hypoxemia. In a compensated state, blood vessels supplying less-ventilated areas of the lung may selectively contract, to redirect the blood to areas of the lungs which are better ventilated. However, in a chronic context, and if the lungs are not well ventilated generally, this mechanism can result in pulmonary hypertension, overloading the right ventricle of the heart and causing cor pulmonale and right sided heart failure. Polycythemia can also occur. In children, chronic hypoxemia may manifest as delayed growth, neurological development and motor development and decreased sleep quality with frequent sleep arousals.

Other symptoms of hypoxemia may include cyanosis, digital clubbing, and symptoms that may relate to the cause of the hypoxemia, including cough and hemoptysis.

Serious hypoxemia typically occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen in blood is less than 60 mmHg, the beginning of the steep portion of the oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve, where a small decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen results in a large decrease in the oxygen content of the blood. Severe hypoxia can lead to respiratory failure.

Causes
Hypoxemia refers to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Thus any cause that influences the rate or volume of air entering the lungs (ventilation) or any cause that influences the transfer of air from the lungs to the blood may cause hypoxemia. As well as these respiratory causes, cardiovascular causes such as shunts may also result in hypoxemia.

Hypoxemia is caused by five categories of etiologies: hypoventilation, ventilation/perfusion mismatch, right-to-left shunt, diffusion impairment, and low PO2. Low PO2 and hypoventilation are associated with a normal alveolar–arterial gradient (A-a gradient) whereas the other categories are associated with an increased A-a gradient.

Ventilation
If the alveolar ventilation is low, there will not be enough oxygen delivered to the alveoli for the body's use. This can cause hypoxemia even if the lungs are normal, as the cause is in the brainstem's control of ventilation or in the body's inability to breathe effectively.

Respiratory drive
Respiration is controlled by centers in the medulla, which influence the rate of breathing and the depth of each breath. This is influenced by the blood level of carbon dioxide, as determined by central and peripheral chemoreceptors located in the central nervous system and carotid and aortic bodies, respectively. Hypoxia occurs when the breathing center doesn't function correctly or when the signal is not appropriate:
 * Strokes, epilepsy and cervical neck fractures can all damage the medullary respiratory centres that generates rhythmic impulses and transmit them along the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm, the muscle that is responsible for breathing.
 * A decreased respiratory drive can also be the result of metabolic alkalosis, a state of decreased carbon dioxide in the blood
 * Central sleep apnea. During sleep, the breathing centers of the brain can pause their activity, leading to prolonged periods of apnea with potentially serious consequences.
 * Hyperventilation followed by prolonged breath-holding. This hyperventilation, attempted by some swimmers, reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the lungs. This reduces the urge to breathe. However, it also means that falling blood oxygen levels are not sensed, and can result in hypoxemia.

Physical states
A variety of conditions that physically limit airflow can lead to hypoxemia.
 * Suffocation, including temporary interruption or cessation of breathing as in obstructive sleep apnea, or bedclothes may interfere with breathing in infants, a putative cause of SIDS.
 * Structural deformities of the chest, such as scoliosis and kyphosis, which can restrict breathing and lead to hypoxia.
 * Muscle weakness, which may limit the ability of the diaphragm, the primary muscle for drawing new air into lungs, to function. This may be a result of a congenital disease, such as motor neuron disease, or an acquired condition, such as fatigue in severe cases of COPD.

Environmental oxygen

In conditions where the proportion of oxygen in the air is low, or when the partial pressure of oxygen has decreased, less oxygen is present in the alveoli of the lungs. The alveolar oxygen is transferred to hemoglobin, a carrier protein inside red blood cells, with an efficiency that decreases with the partial pressure of oxygen in the air.
 * Altitude. The external partial pressure of oxygen decreases with altitude, for example in areas of high altitude or when flying. This decrease results in decreased carriage of oxygen by hemoglobin. This is particularly seen as a cause of cerebral hypoxia and mountain sickness in climbers of Mount Everest and other peaks of extreme altitude. For example, at the peak of Mount Everest, the partial pressure of oxygen is just 43 mmHg, whereas at sea level the partial pressure is 150 mmHg. For this reason, cabin pressure in aircraft is maintained at 5,000 to 6,000 feet (1500 to 1800 m).
 * Diving. Hypoxia in diving can result from sudden surfacing. The partial pressures of gases increases when diving by one ATM every ten metres. This means that a partial pressure of oxygen sufficient to maintain good carriage by hemoglobin is possible at depth, even if it is insufficient at the surface. A diver that remains underwater will slowly consume their oxygen, and when surfacing, the partial pressure of oxygen may be insufficient (shallow water blackout). This may manifest at depth as deep water blackout.
 * Suffocation. Decreased concentration of oxygen in inspired air caused by reduced replacement of oxygen in the breathing mix.
 * Anaesthetics. Low partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs when switching from inhaled anesthesia to atmospheric air, due to the Fink effect, or diffusion hypoxia.
 * Air depleted of oxygen has also proven fatal. In the past, anesthesia machines have malfunctioned, delivering low-oxygen gas mixtures to patients. Additionally, oxygen in a confined space can be consumed if carbon dioxide scrubbers are used without sufficient attention to supplementing the oxygen which has been consumed.
 * Hypoxic or anoxic breathing gas mixtures, and exposure to a vacuum or other extreme low pressure environment will remove oxygen from the blood in the alveoli.

Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
This refers to a disruption in the ventilation/perfusion equilibrium. Oxygen entering the lungs typically diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane into blood. However this equilibration does not occur when the alveolus is insufficiently ventilated, and as a consequence the blood exiting that alveolus is relatively hypoxemic. When such blood is added to blood from well ventilated alveoli, the mix has a lower oxygen partial pressure than the alveolar air, and so the A-a difference develops. Examples of states that can cause a ventilation-perfusion mismatch include:
 * Exercise. Whilst modest activity and exercise improves ventilation-perfusion matching, hypoxemia may develop during intense exercise as a result of preexisting lung diseases. During exercise, almost half of the hypoxemia is due to diffusion limitations (again, on average).
 * Aging. An increasingly poor match between ventilation and perfusion is seen with age, as well as a decreased ability to compensate for hypoxic states.
 * Diseases that affect the pulmonary interstitium can also result in hypoxia, by affecting the ability of oxygen to diffuse into arteries. An example of these diseases is pulmonary fibrosis, where even at rest a fifth of the hypoxemia is due to diffusion limitations (on average).
 * Diseases that result in acute or chronic respiratory distress can result in hypoxia. These diseases can be acute in onset (such as obstruction by inhaling something or a pulmonary embolus) or chronic (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
 * Cirrhosis can be complicated by refractory hypoxemia due to high rates of blood flow through the lung, resulting in ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
 * Fat embolism syndrome, in which fat droplets are deposited in the pulmonary capillary bed.

Shunting
Shunting refers to blood that bypasses the pulmonary circulation, meaning that the blood does not receive oxygen from the alveoli. In general, a shunt may be within the heart or lungs, and cannot be corrected by administering oxygen alone. Shunting may occur in normal states: Shunting may also occur in disease states:
 * Anatomic shunting, occurring via the bronchial circulation, which provides blood to the tissues of the lung. Shunting also occurs by the smallest cardiac veins, which empty directly into the left ventricle.
 * Physiological shunts, occur due to the effect of gravity. The highest concentration of blood in the pulmonary circulation occurs in the bases of the pulmonary tree compared to the highest pressure of gas in the apexes of the lungs. Alveoli may not be ventilated in shallow breathing.
 * Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Alveolar collapse, which can increase the amount of physiological shunting, may be managed through a combination of increasing oxygenation as well as positive pressure to recruit collapsed alveoli.
 * Pathological shunts such as patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, and atrial septal defects or ventricular septal defects. These states are when blood from the right side of the heart moves straight to the left side, without first passing through the lungs. This is known as a right-to-left shunt, which is often congenital in origin.

Exercise
Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia occurs during exercise when a trained individual exhibits an arterial oxygen saturation below 93%. It occurs in fit, healthy individuals of varying ages and genders. Adaptations due to training include an increased cardiac output from cardiac hypertrophy, improved venous return, and metabolic vasodilation of muscles, and an increased VO2 max. There must be a corresponding increase in VCO2 thus a necessity to clear the carbon dioxide to prevent a metabolic acidosis. Hypoxemia occurs in these individuals due to increased pulmonary blood flow causing:
 * Reduced capillary transit time due to an increased blood flow within the pulmonary capillary. Capillary transit time (tc), at rest is around 0.8s, allowing plenty of time for the diffusion of oxygen into the circulation and the diffusion of CO2 out of the circulation. After training, the capillary volume is still the same however cardiac output is increased, resulting in a decreased capillary transit time, reducing to around 0.16s in trained individuals at maximal work rates. This does not give sufficient time for gas diffusion and results in a hypoxemia.
 * Intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunts are dormant capillaries within the lungs that become recruited when venous pressures become too high. They are normally located within deadspace area where gas diffusion does not occur, thus the blood passing through does not become oxygenated resulting in a hypoxemia.

Physiology
Key to understanding whether the lung is involved in a particular case of hypoxemia is the difference between the alveolar and the arterial oxygen levels; this A-a difference is often called the A-a gradient and is normally small. The arterial oxygen partial pressure is obtained directly from an arterial blood gas determination. The oxygen contained in the alveolar air can be calculated because it will be directly proportional to its fractional composition in air. Since the airways humidify (and so dilute) the inhaled air, the barometric pressure of the atmosphere is reduced by the vapor pressure of water.

History
The term hypoxemia was originally used to describe low blood oxygen occurring at high altitudes and was defined generally as defective oxygenation of the blood.

In modern times there are a lot of tools to detects hypoxemia including smartwatches. In 2022 a research has shown smartwatches can detect short-time hypoxemia as well as standard medical devices.

title: Hypoxemia


text:
Cipher Bureau (film)

Cipher Bureau is a 1938 American film directed by Charles Lamont. The film was successful enough to elicit a sequel, Panama Patrol.

Plot
Philip Waring, the head of a listening agency in Washington D.C., is dedicated to breaking up a foreign radio-spy ring. He enlists his naval-officer brother and tangles with beautiful spies.

Cast

 * Leon Ames as Philip Waring
 * Charlotte Wynters as Helen Lane
 * Joan Woodbury as Therese Brahm
 * Don Dillaway as Paul Waring
 * Gustav von Seyffertitz as Albert Grood
 * Tenen Holtz as Simon Herrick
 * Walter Bonn as Anton Decker
 * Si Wills as Lt. Clarke
 * George Lynn as Lt. Tydall
 * Jason Robards as Ellsworth
 * Sidney Miller as Jimmy
 * Hooper Atchley as Commander Nash
 * Robert Frazer as Paul's counsel

title: Cipher Bureau (film)


text:
Tecom

Tecom Co., Ltd. (Tecom; ) is the Telecom Arm of TECOM industrial group, a manufacturer of telecommunications equipment, that was established in 1980 in the Science-Based Industrial Park at Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Currently, there are over 1,400 employees.

TECOM's product lines include business communication systems, wireless communication systems, infrastructure transmission systems, and Broadband/IP communication systems.

Tecom is also involved in telecommunications service, such as providing GSM and Fixed Network services in Taiwan, broadband Internet access for building complexes, as well as Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) in rural communities and developing countries.

Tecom has been publicly listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange since November 1991. TECOM is also the name of the economic zone in Dubai - Internet City.

title: Tecom


text:
User talk:Optimistic-x

This is the talk page of Optimistic-x.

Translation request
Hi,

My name is Joy. Would it be possible for you to translate the following page to Chinese Wikipedia? I am not sure if my request to translate this page has been done. Thank you!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seongcheol#Death

Joy —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joyful12 (talk • contribs) 02:14, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

A Request for Help
Hi there Optimistic-x :), I noticed your username on Translators Available Chinese-to-English. I was wondering if you could help with updating Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi on the Chinese Wikipedia? Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi on the English Wikipedia has been majorly revamped- particularly, its being treated as a BLP now, since no ones been able to find evidence of his death. I'd do it myself, but I don't really know Chinese. I'd really appreciate your help in this :). Thanks in advance, Omirocksthisworld( Drop a line ) 08:27, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Optimistic-x


text:
Talk:Dizzy Devil

Mental retardation
I would say Dizzy Devil is mentally retarded - his behavior corresponds to all signs for mental retardation:

* sit up, crawl, or walk later than other children; * learn to talk later, or have trouble speaking, * find it hard to remember things, * not understand how to pay for things, * have trouble understanding social rules, * have trouble seeing the consequences of their actions, * have trouble solving problems, and/or * have trouble thinking logically.

--Abdull 08:20, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

End Tag Credit Gag
What episode(s) did he see at the end "show over"? :? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.116.22.20 (talk) 01:35, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Restoring
I'm restoring the article. Even though voting doesn't count as per WP:VOTE, the voting was 2 against 2. Many of you might not remember it, but I was a kid with the right age when Tiny Toons was airing. He was clearly one of the main characters of the show and probably the one with more merchandise. Back then it was rare to see a toy store without a stuffed Dizzy or a Kid's clothing store without Dizzy shirts. You can Google the character and you can even Google book him.

If someone thinks the article needs improvement, he can do the improvement or, instead of wasting time trying to delete an article time will only keep bringing back as per the above reasons, he can ask help to people that know about the topic (they'd probably be at the discussion pages of related topics.--20-dude (talk) 18:11, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

BTW, if you read the tag, you'll notice that the result of the discussion was "keep".--20-dude (talk) 20:12, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dizzy Devil


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Katerina Pisetsky

Katerina "Katya" Pisetsky (קטרינה "קטיה" איבגניה פיסצקי) is a Ukrainian-born Israeli rhythmic gymnast who competed at the 2004 and 2008 Olympic Games.

Early life
Katerina Pisetsky was born Yekaterina Yevgenyevna Pisetskaya (Катерина Євгенівна Пісецька, Екатерина Евгеньевна Писецкая) on 26 February 1986 in Zaporizhia, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union to parents Yevgeny and Tatiana. She is Jewish.

Pisetsky's parents enrolled her in rhythmic gymnastics when she was 6 years old. She first trained with Svetlana Zakharova at the "Priz" club. When Zakharova moved to Germany, she insisted on Pisetsky going to Lyudmila Kovalik, who was the first coach of Oxana Skaldina, a former world champion and Olympic medalist.

Career
Kovalik noticed Pisetsky's potential, and encouraged her to train with Lyubov Serebrianskaya (coach and mother of 1996 Olympic champion Yekaterina Serebrianskaya) at the Gratsia club in Simferopol. Her parents initially opposed the plan, which involved joining a sports boarding school, but accepted due to her grandmother's proximity to the city and ability to visit her often. She gradually developed her body movements and apparatus techniques. For two years, Pisetsky shared a room with Svetlana Rudalova, who later represented Belarus at the Olympics. Pisetsky was a medalist at the Ukrainian Junior Championships. She made her international debut at a 1998 competition in Slovenia and won the event. In 2000, she placed seventh at the Club World Championships in Tokyo.

In 2002, Serebrianskaya was sick with cancer and could not coach as actively as before. The Pisetsky family considered immigrating to Belarus or Israel. Despite her coach's objections, Pisetsky's parents decided to move to Tel Aviv, where she had competed once in 1999. She did not immediately continue gymnastics; after six months, she resumed training with Belarusian native Natasha Asmolov at her club in Petach Tikva.

Pisetsky won the 2002 Israeli Cup. Her first international competition representing Israel was the 2002 Thiais Grand Prix in France, where she placed 24th in the all-around. She was second at the 2003 Israeli Cup and consequently the second-ranked Israeli gymnast at the European Championship in Granada. At the 2002 European Championships, Pisetsky placed 13th in the all-around, the best result by an Israeli gymnast at the event. She also competed at the 2003 European Championships in Riesa, Germany, which was for individual apparatus only. Her top finishes were 10th place for both the ribbon and the clubs events.

Pisetsky initially qualified to the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens by placing 17th at the 2003 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships in Budapest. However, the Israeli Olympic Committee's strict criteria required her to place within the top 10 at an international event before she would be approved to compete in Athens. At the 2004 European championships in her native Ukraine, Pisetsky placed 11th all-around, just missing the cutoff. However, the Israeli Olympic Committee gave her a special exemption and named her to the Olympic team. She said learning she had officially qualified to the Olympics was the second happiest moment of her life, behind only the moment she first stepped off the plane after moving to Israel.

In Athens, Pisetsky placed 16th all-around in qualification, missing the cutoff to advance to the final for the top 12. Following the Olympics, she completed her compulsory time serving in the Israeli army.

She competed as part of the Israeli group squad at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where the group finished seventh in qualification and sixth in the final.

title: Katerina Pisetsky


text:
Frank Schilling

Frank T. Schilling (born July 29, 1969) is a Canadian and Caymanian entrepreneur. Born in Germany, Schilling grew up in Canada and moved to the Cayman Islands 2003 (at the age of 34).

The Domain Name Industry
Since the turn of the century, Schilling has been a repeat entrepreneur, investor, technology thought leader and connector. As the founder of the Name Administration Inc. and later Uniregistry, Schilling was behind the management of more than 5,000,000 domain names along with the fastest growing domain name registrar and aftermarket sales platform in the World.

In 2003, Schilling financed the Caribbean's first ICANN accredited domain name registrar. He joined as a member of the ICANN business constituency and co-founded the non-profit Internet Commerce Association in 2006.

In 2012, Schilling was revealed by CNET as the financial backer of Uniregistry. In 2019, Uniregistry became a top 10 registrar of domain names across new GTLD's and existing CCTLD's. His registry services platform operated and provided back-end registry services to more than 30 top level domain names.

On February 11, 2020 Godaddy announced that it had acquired the assets of Schilling's Name Administration Inc., as well as the Uniregistry registrar, its secondary marketplace and Uniregistry investments in New York-based Brandsight.com for an undisclosed sum.

Creative Ventures
Following his success in the domain name industry, Schilling pursued more creative ventures. He is an active angel investor whose fund has early investments in Triller, Desktop.com, and ZoomProp.

Schilling formed GoldFYR Records, an independent music record label with partners Yannick "Vasco Got the Recipe" Powell, and Rico Rolando. GoldFYR endeavored to empower young music artists who would otherwise not have had a voice. Many talented R&B and hip hop musicians including Rico Rolando, Lonney Love, and Teodoro 'Teö' were signed to the label and are still actively growing their music catalogs today.

On June 23, 2021, it was announced that Schilling was the developer behind Port Zeus, the first man-made safe harbour in the Cayman Islands on the island of Cayman Brac. Port Zeus is located in the approximate vicinity where Christopher Columbus discovered the Cayman Islands in 1503.

In 2022, Schilling co-published an independent novel with economist Andrei Polgar titled Omnia Vincit: The Universe Wants You To Win. The novel touches on the beliefs that shaped his "rags to riches" journey and the lessons that transitioned his pursuit of financial gain toward goals centered in meaning and purpose — and how both intersect.

To honor his Canadian roots, Schilling installed 'Alice,' a 17,000 pound hand-made steel T-rex dinosaur sculpture in the city of Penticton in British Columbia. The sculpture was quickly designated a new cultural landmark in the Okanagan Valley.

In the Summer of 2023, Schilling opened Mykonos Steak Club, a dining destination on Seven Mile Beach in Grand Cayman. He is also the creator of Aphrodise, the popular Greek sparkling rosé.

Schilling plays himself and his various business interests are presented in Season 1 of the Hulu and Freeform series Grand Cayman: Secrets in Paradise.

Personal life
He has four children.

title: Frank Schilling


text:
Talk:Minister Faust

Removed
this recent unsourced anon addition at the very end:

"Indeed, it is widely rumoured that it was largely to promote this book that he ran for political office in the first place."

...You'd think that if he had, he'd have published the book as "Malcolm Azania" – or run as "Minister Faust..." Samaritan 08:21, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Alberta Centennial Medal
The subject of this article appears to be in the list of recipients of the Alberta Centennial Medal, which was awarded in 2005. Can anyone confirm if the subject of this article is the same person as on the list? —GrantNeufeld 09:01, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on Minister Faust. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150225005320/http://www.efs.ualberta.ca/en/Writer-in-Residence/WiRProfile.aspx to http://www.efs.ualberta.ca/en/Writer-in-Residence/WiRProfile.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150225005320/http://www.efs.ualberta.ca/en/Writer-in-Residence/WiRProfile.aspx to http://www.efs.ualberta.ca/en/Writer-in-Residence/WiRProfile.aspx
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title: Talk:Minister Faust


text:
Wayne Smith (musician)

Wayne Smith (born Ian Flemmings Smith, born 5 December 1965 – died 17 February 2014) was a Jamaican reggae and dancehall musician best known for his 1985 hit "Under Me Sleng Teng", which is regarded as the track which initiated the digital era of reggae.

Biography
Smith grew up in the Waterhouse area of Kingston, Jamaica. He performed with sound systems and began recording in 1980 at age 14, initially working with producer Prince Jammy, his next door neighbour, who produced his debut album Youthman Skanking (1982) and the 1985 follow-up Smoker Super.

His 1985 recording of "(Under Mi) Sleng teng", is generally regarded as the beginning of ragga style reggae. The rhythm was a preset pattern programmed into the Casio MT-40 by Okuda Hiroko who was still in her first year with the company after producing one of Japan's first master's theses on reggae. The lyrics were inspired by Barrington Levy's "Under Mi Sensi". Although there are a number of conflicting stories about how it was first found, the commonly accepted view is that Wayne Smith and Noel Davy discovered it. Smith had further hits with "Come Along" which used the Stalag riddim, and "Ain't No Meaning in Saying Goodbye".

After leaving Jamaica for New York in 1989, he established his own record label, Sleng Teng Records. He worked as well with several record producers from New York, Jamaica and Europe, such as Heartical Sound and Evidence Music. In 2011, Smith made his first European tour with Little Lion Sound from Switzerland. He returned to live in Jamaica in 2013 with his youngest daughter Arella and fiancé Fiona, settling in Mandeville.

Smith was admitted to Kingston Public Hospital on 14 February 2014 with severe stomach pains, and died on 17 February 2014, aged 48. He was survived by five children and three grandchildren.

Discography

 * Youthman Skanking (1982), Black Joy
 * Smoker Super (1985), Chartbound
 * Wicked Inna Dancehall, Rohit
 * Showdown Vol. 7 (1986), Hitbound – split with Patrick Andy
 * Under Me Sleng Teng (1986), Greensleeves
 * Sleng Teng + Computerised Dub (1986), Greensleeves – split with Prince Jammy

title: Wayne Smith (musician)


text:
Talk:Kalaupapa, Hawaii

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tangm3, Shcm17, Cmanders4.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Ghost Town?
I am OK with the term, but they have an acive post office.....and there are residents, HOW is this a ghost town???Coal town guy (talk) 17:02, 7 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The term isn't in the article anymore. --ThT (talk) 14:30, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kalaupapa, Hawaii


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Remo

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied by Starblind. android 79  14:27, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

Chris Remo
Delete A nn contributor to a website. A google search of "chris remo" shacknews returns 24 unique google hits. Most of the article's content would fall under hoax anyway. TM (talk) 08:23, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I've put up a speedy tag on the article since it was suggested during discussion. --TM (talk) 14:16, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

He is an official staffer at Shacknews.com who has a certain lore about him that is well seperated into a seperate section. Maybe the article should be LOCKED but not deleted. Since he does have a history of good stuff at idle thumbs, since it wasn't put up by shacknews officials, and since it is pretty clear what is goofy lore about Remo as it is seperated and what is fact, deletion would be wrong. Some of the related articles are junk and could be deleted, thats for sure. But the actual Chris Remo part should stay the same.

If anything, the now re-branded 'lore' section should be deleted and the article locked for a period.

I think the fable's of Chris Remo should be kept for future reference about the great man that is Chris Remo.

Yes he is a great guy but that is not the point of wikipedia. We don't need to infest this part of the internet with our diseases.

 * Delete. Not notable, hoax, attack page. android  79  11:26, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete - This should've been speedied... ! UniReb 12:23, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as hoax/nonsense. the wub  "?/!"  13:34, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied it. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:35, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Attic Records

Attic Records was a Canadian independent record label, founded in 1974 by Alexander Mair and Tom Williams. The label was known for developing Canadian talent, including Anvil, Lee Aaron, Maestro Fresh Wes, The Nylons, Teenage Head, and Triumph. The company was also active in distributing international acts not affiliated with a major label, most successfully with Jennifer Warnes, "Weird Al" Yankovic, Katrina and the Waves, and Creed.

Attic Records ceased to exist as an independent company in 1999, when it was bought by a consortium headed by Allan Gregg and merged with TMP (The Music Publisher) and Oasis Entertainment Distribution to form The Song Corporation. The Attic label briefly continued to exist as a subsidiary of The Song Corporation, but within months of its acquisition, the label name was changed to "Song Recordings".

The Song Corporation filed for bankruptcy in May 2001. Attic's Canadian catalog and masters are now owned by Unidisc Music.

Artists

 * Aaron Carter
 * Adrian Zmed
 * Anvil
 * Lee Aaron
 * Blind Vengeance
 * Body Electric
 * The Bop Cats
 * Rob McConnell & The Boss Brass
 * Coal Chamber
 * Sara Craig
 * Creed (Canada only, 1997–99)
 * Downchild Blues Band
 * Shirley Eikhard
 * Fludd
 * The Frantics
 * Fun Factory
 * Patsy Gallant
 * Goblin
 * Goddo
 * Hagood Hardy
 * Haywire
 * House of Pain
 * The Irish Rovers
 * Jazmin
 * Jennifer Warnes
 * Jerry Cantrell
 * Michaele Jordana
 * Junkie XL
 * Judas Priest
 * Kamahl
 * Katrina and the Waves
 * Ken Tobias
 * Killer Dwarfs
 * Klaatu
 * Life of Agony
 * The Lincolns founded by Prakash John
 * Lio
 * M-Appeal
 * Machine Head
 * MacLean & MacLean
 * Maestro Fresh Wes
 * Motörhead
 * Dutch Mason
 * Belinda Metz
 * Digital Underground
 * Elton Motello
 * The Nylons
 * The Orb
 * The Bopcats
 * Plastic Bertrand
 * Queen of the Stones Age
 * Raggadeath
 * Razor
 * Rita Coolidge
 * Ron Nigrini
 * Run DMC
 * Annie Ryan
 * Secret Service
 * Sepultura
 * Skee-lo
 * Slipknot
 * The Soft Boys
 * Soulfly
 * Teenage Head
 * George Thorogood
 * Ken Tobias
 * Toyah
 * Triumph
 * Type O Negative
 * Wayne County & the Electric Chairs
 * Warriors
 * Jesse Winchester
 * Rick Worrall
 * "Weird Al" Yankovic

title: Attic Records


text:
Ablington

Ablington may refer to two places in England:

 * Ablington, Gloucestershire
 * Ablington, Wiltshire

title: Ablington


text:
Ablington, Gloucestershire

Ablington is a village in the county of Gloucestershire, England. It is located in the Coln Valley and is part of the Bibury civil parish, 6 mi north-east of Cirencester. Ablington is in the Cotswolds which has been designated by Natural England as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).

Ablington Manor, a late 16th century country house with later additions, is a Grade I listed building.

The name 'Ablington' is derived from the 'estate called after Eadbald' (personal name Ēadbald + ing + tūn) and is recorded as Eadbaldingtun in 855, as Ablinton between 1209-1509 and Ablyngton between 1286 and 1601.

title: Ablington, Gloucestershire


text:
Laodicea on the Lycus

Laodicea on the Lycus (Λαοδίκεια πρὸς τοῦ Λύκου Laodikeia pros tou Lykou; Laodicea ad Lycum, also transliterated as Laodiceia or Laodikeia) (modern Laodikeia) was a rich ancient city in Asia Minor, now Turkey, on the river Lycus (Çürüksu). It was located in the Hellenistic regions of Caria and Lydia, which later became the Roman Province of Phrygia Pacatiana. It is now near the modern city of Denizli.

Since 2002, Pamukkale University has continued archaeological excavations, followed by intensive restoration work.

In 2013 the archaeological site was inscribed in the Tentative List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey.

It contained one of the Seven churches of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelation.

Location
Laodicea is situated on the long spur of a hill between the narrow valleys of the small rivers Asopus and Caprus, which discharge their waters into the Lycus.

It lay on a major trade route and in its neighbourhood were many important ancient cities; it was 17 km west of Colossae, 10 km south of Hierapolis. and 160 km east of Ephesus. It was situated in the ancient region of Phrygia, although some ancient authors place Laodicea in differing provincial territories, not surprising because the precise limits of these territories were both ill-defined and inconstant; for example, Ptolemy and Philostratus call it a town of Caria, while Stephanus of Byzantium describes it as belonging to Lydia.

History

Laodicea on the Lycus was built on the site of an earlier pre-Hellenistic settlement, on a hill above the Lycus river, close to its confluence with the Maeander. Laodicea was founded by Antiochus II Theos, king of the Seleucid Empire, in 261-253 BC in honour of his wife Laodice, together with several other cities of the same name. According to Pliny the Elder, the town was originally called Diospolis, "City of Zeus", and afterwards Rhoas. It soon became a wealthy city. In 220 BC, Achaeus declared himself king of the region but was defeated by Antiochus the Great in 213 BC. Antiochus transported 2,000 Jewish families to Phrygia from Babylonia. Many of Laodicea's inhabitants were Jews from this time, and Cicero records that Flaccus later confiscated the considerable sum of 9 kg of gold, which was being sent annually to Jerusalem for the Temple.

After the Battle of Magnesia in 188 BC, when the Romans defeated the Seleucids, the Treaty of Apamea was signed, which gave control of the whole of western Asia Minor to the Kingdom of Pergamon. With the death of its last king, its territory was bequested to Rome in 133 BC. It received from Rome the title of free city. It suffered greatly during the Mithridatic Wars but quickly recovered under the dominion of Rome. Towards the end of the Roman Republic and under the first emperors, Laodicea benefitted from its advantageous position on a trade route and became one of the most important and flourishing commercial cities of Asia Minor, in which large money transactions and an extensive trade in black wool were carried out. Its renowned wealth is referred to in the Bible.

During the Roman period, Laodicea was the chief city of a Roman conventus, which comprised 24 cities besides itself; Cicero records holding assizes there c. 50 BC.

Strabo (64 BC - 24 AD) attributes the celebrity of the city to the fertility of the soil and the wealth of some of its inhabitants, amongst whom may have been Hiero of Laodicea, who adorned the city with many beautiful buildings and bequeathed to it more than 2000 talents at his death.

The wealth of its inhabitants engendered a taste for the arts of the Greeks, as is manifest from its ruins, and that it contributed to the advancement of science and literature is attested by the names of the sceptics Antiochus and Theiodas, the successors of Aenesidemus (1st century BC), and by the existence of a great medical school. Its wealthy citizens embellished Laodicea with beautiful monuments. One of the chiefs of these citizens, Polemon (r. 37 BC - 8 AD), became King of Armenian Pontus (called after him "Polemoniacus") and of the coast round Trebizond. The city minted its own coins, the inscriptions of which show evidence of the worship of Zeus, Æsculapius, Apollo, and the emperors.

The area often suffered from earthquakes, especially from the great shock that occurred in the reign of Nero (60 AD) in which the town was completely destroyed. However, the inhabitants declined imperial assistance to rebuild and restore the city by their own means.

The martyrdom of Lulianos and Paphos is believed to have happened here.

The Byzantine writers often mention Laodicea, especially in the time of the Komnenian emperors. In 1119, Emperor John II Komnenos and his chief military commander, John Axouch, captured Laodicea from the Seljuk Turks in the first major military victory of his reign.

It was fortified by the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. In 1206–1230, it was ruled by Manuel Maurozomes. The city was destroyed during the invasions of the Turks and Mongols.

Christianity at Laodicea

With its large Jewish community, Laodicea very early became a seat of Christianity and a bishopric. The Epistle to the Colossians mentions Laodicea as one of the communities of concern for Paul the Apostle. It sends greetings from a certain Epaphras from Colossae, who worked hard for the Christians of the three Phrygian cities of Colossae, Laodicea ad Lycum and Hierapolis. Asking for greetings to be sent to the Laodicean Christians, the writer requests that his letter be read publicly at Laodicea (Colossians 4:16) and that another letter addressed to the Laodiceans (see Epistle to the Laodiceans) be given a public reading at Colossae. Some Greek manuscripts of the First Epistle to Timothy end with the words: "Written at Laodicea, metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana". Laodicea is also one of the seven churches of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelation.

The first three bishops attributed to the see of Laodicea are very uncertain, their names recalling people mentioned in the New Testament: Archippus ; Nymphas, already indicated as bishop of Laodicea by the Apostolic Constitutions of the last quarter of the 4th century (a man named Nymphas or, according to the best manuscripts, a woman named Nympha is mentioned in ); and Diotrephes. After these three comes Sagaris, martyr (c. 166). Sisinnius is mentioned in the Acts of the martyr Saint Artemon, a priest of his church. Nunechius assisted at the Council of Nicaea (325). Eugenius, known by an inscription, was probably his successor. Constantius transferred the Arian Cecropius to the See of Nicomedia.

When Phrygia was divided into two provinces, Laodicea became the metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana: it figures under this title in all the Notitiae Episcopatuum. Some twenty incumbents are known besides those already enumerated; the last occupied the see in 1450. Since then, the bishopric has become a titular see, listed as Laodicea in Phrygia by the Catholic Church, which has appointed no further titular bishops to the see since the transfer of the last incumbent in 1968.

Sixty canons of a Council of Laodicea, written in Greek, exist. The testimony of Theodoret asserts this assembly was actually held, the date of this assembly being much discussed. Some have even thought that the council must have preceded that of Nicaea (325), or at least that of Constantinople (381). It seems safer to consider it after the latter. The canons are, undoubtedly, only a resume of an older text and appear to be derived from two distinct collections. They are of great importance in the history of discipline and liturgy; some Protestants have invoked one of them in opposition to the veneration of angels.

The site

The existing remains attest to its former greatness. Its many buildings include a stadium, baths, temples, a gymnasium, two theatres and a bouleuterion (Senate House). On the eastern side, the line of the ancient wall may be distinctly traced, with the Ephesus gate's remains; streets traverse the town, flanked by colonnades and numerous pedestals. North of the town, towards the Lycus, are many sarcophagi, with their covers lying near them, partly embedded in the ground, and all having long been rifled.

The West theatre has been recently restored (2022) with virtually complete banks of stone seats. Originally built in the Hellenistic period, it held 8000 spectators and was used until the 7th c. AD.

Also, much of the vast 35,000 m2 west (or central) agora has been restored with many of its tall 10.8m columns. The 100m long and 11m high back wall is covered with frescoes and is considered important for world archaeology.

Particularly interesting are the remains of an aqueduct starting several km away at the Baspinar spring in Denizli and possibly having another more distant source. Unusually, to cross the valley to the south of Laodicea, instead of the usual open channel carried above the level of the city on lofty arches as was the usual practice of the Romans, an inverted siphon was employed consisting of a double pressurised pipeline, descending into the valley and back up to the city. The water pressure in the siphon at the bottom of the valley was a challenge without strong piping. The low arches supporting the siphon commence near the summit of a low hill to the south of the city where the header tank was located and thence continue to the first terminal distribution tank (castellum aquae) at the edge of the hill of the city, whose remains are visible to the east of the stadium and South Baths complex. The water was heavily charged with calcareous matter, as several arches were covered with a thick encrustation where leaks occurred later. The siphon consisted of large carved stone pipes; some were much incrusted, and some completely choked up. The terminal tank has many clay pipes of various diameters for water distribution on the north, east, and south sides, which were replaced in time because of the choking by sinter. To the west of the terminal is a small fountain next to the vaulted gate. The aqueduct appears to have been destroyed by an earthquake, as the remaining arches lean bodily on one side without being much broken. A second distribution terminal and sedimentation tank are visible 400m north of the first, to which it was connected via another siphon of travertine blocks, and this one was bigger and supplied most of the city.

In 2015, a rare marble block was found with the inscription of the water law. Issued in 114 AD, it regulated the use of water imported from the mountains to Laodicea on pain of 5 to 12.5 thousand denarii fines imposed for polluting water, destroying channels, or opening water pipes.

The stadium/hippodrome near the city's southern extremity is in a good state of preservation. The seats are arranged along two sides of a narrow valley, which was taken advantage of for this purpose and was closed up at both ends. Towards the west are considerable remains of an underground passage by which chariots and horses could be admitted into the arena, with a long inscription over the entrance.

Immediately north of the stadium lies a gymnasium complex coupled with twin baths peculiar to the region. It is linked to the south agora on its north side and a bouleuterion. An inscription shows the ensemble was built for Hadrian's visit in 135.

In 2019 a statue of Roman emperor Trajan was unearthed at the site.

Notable people

 * Polemon of Laodicea, a sophist
 * Menander Rhetor, rhetorician
 * Varus of Laodicea (Οὔαρος), a sophist
 * Antiochus of Laodicea (Ἀντίοχος), philosopher
 * Theiodas of Laodicea (Θειωδᾶς), philosopher
 * Heras of Laodicea (Ἡρᾶς), fighter

title: Laodicea on the Lycus


text:
Cuicuilco

Cuicuilco is an important archaeological site located on the southern shore of Lake Texcoco in the southeastern Valley of Mexico, in what is today the borough of Tlalpan in Mexico City.

Construction of the Cuicuilco pyramid began a few centuries BCE, during the Late Preclassic period of Mesoamerican history. The site was occupied until its destruction by the eruption of Xitle, sometime between 245 and 315 CE.

Based on its date of occupation, Cuicuilco may be the oldest city in the Valley of Mexico and was roughly contemporary with, and possibly interacting with, the Olmecs of Mexico's Gulf Coast region (also known as the Olmec heartland).

Importance
Based on known facts, it was the first important civic-religious center of the Mexican Highlands, its population probably including all the social strata and cultural traits that would characterize the altépetl (city-state) of classical Mesoamerica.

Cuicuilco also represents one of the early sites in Meso America to show state formation. There is evidence of a four tier settlement hierarchy as well as having made investments in architectural projects. It became a rival of the Teotihuacan which was also located in the Valley of Mexico (about 60 km to the northeast). Their interactions were mostly hostile and was personified by both cities taking defensive positions against each other throughout the Valley of Mexico.

It was destroyed and abandoned following the eruption of the volcano Xitle, causing migrations and changes to the population and culminating in the consolidation of Teotihuacan as the ruler of the Central Highlands during the Early Classic period.

At the site are eight of the many housing and religious buildings that once existed and the remains of a hydraulic system that supplied water to the city. One of the pyramids was built in a strategic position, representing early prehispanic attempts to link religious concepts with cosmic events through building construction.

Etymology
The etymology is unknown.

According to Mexico's Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (National Institute of Anthropology and History, INAH), American archaeologist and anthropologist Zelia Nuttall (1857–1933) believed that Cuicuilco means: “Place where songs and dances are made”.

History
Cuicuilco was founded as a farming village, but provides evidence of early religious practices, including stone offerings and the use of ceramics as grave goods. The city grew around a large ceremonial center with pyramids and an associated urban area that included plazas and avenues bordering a series of small, shallow pools. These pools were fed by runoff from the nearby hills of Zacayuca and Zacaltepetl. The population at the city's peak is estimated at 20,000 people. The features of the site include terraces, various buildings, fortifications, and irrigation ditches and canals. The main known structure is a pyramidal basement built about 800–600 BCE.

Although this site produced a new ceramic tradition (around 600–200 BCE), it is considered that the overall site area was developed over several generations of inhabitants.

Archaeological evidence, ceramic and structures, indicate that Cuicuilco developed during the first millennium BCE, during the Preclassic, as a small settlement, its inhabitants interacting with other sites in the Basin of Mexico as well as relatively distant regions, e.g. Chupicuaro to the west and Monte Albán southeast.

Estimated occupation periods for Cuicuilco may be considered tentative at best. The earliest occupation is estimated in 1200 BCE, and included many farming villages of similar configuration and space distribution. During the period 1000–800 BCE, conical structures with an oval base were built. Specialists call these sites regional capitals, considering that they had higher hierarchy and functioned as integration centers, eventually becoming larger regional capitals.

If the great pyramid of Cuicuilco is an expression of this growth, then this level of development was reached between 800 and 600 BC, when it was built. If true, these proto-urban characteristics might have extended into the late Preclassic, with Cuicuilco weakening between 100 BCE and 1 CE, the time when Teotihuacan began to develop, later becoming an important urban center in the Classic period.

Beginning of the Culture
In the mid-Preclassic (c. 800 BCE), settlements emerged in the area, which slowly evolved and grew, becoming cities, subsequently developing into a major civic-ceremonial urban centers in the late Preclassic (c. 100 CE). With twenty thousand inhabitants, complex ritual systems, and social stratification, comparable to Teotihuacan during the Late Formative period.

Some experts theorize that the development of the site, from its foundation, was due to its strategic location near the pass of Toluca, and near the shores of Lake Texcoco.

Under this perspective, although the place produced (around 600–200 BCE) a new ceramic tradition, is also evident that the region was configured by successive generations.

Culture Growth
Towards the late Preclassic period, around 150 BCE, Cuicuilco became an urban regional center, with a population estimated at 20,000 inhabitants, comparable with Teotihuacan at that time (cf. Sanders, 1981). Cuicuilco's development was affected by the eruption of the Xitle volcano, which formed a layer of lava that partially or completely covered the city's structures, whose extension is inferred to have reached nearly 400 hectares (cf. ibid.).

Physiological characteristics of the culture
The inhabitants had round heads affected by direct or oblique tubular cranial deformation, the first being more common. Dental mutilation was practised. The average life span was 51 years, affected mainly by diseases like osteomyelitis.

Agriculture and food
From their location, inhabitants had access to natural resources, as they were located approximately 4 km from Lake Xochimilco, and near the Sierra de las Cruces and Ajusco (cf. Sanders 1981: 173); In addition there were water springs and streams. Prehispanic groups managed to produce food. The economic base was centered on agriculture, probably supplemented by hunting, fishing and gathering; access to wood had to be simple, from nearby forests, and agricultural land in the vicinity of the nuclear portion of the site, buried today under meters of volcanic lava and modern buildings.

End of the culture
The decline began in the early 1st century BCE, with the rise of Teotihuacan as a center of cultural and religious influence. By the year 400 CE, the Xitle volcano, located in the vicinity of Ajusco (Nahuatl: atl, xochitl, co, “water”, “flower”, “place”; “place of flowers in water”), and part of the Sierra de Ajusco-Chichinauhtzin, erupted, burying and destroying what still remained of Cuicuilco and Copilco (another important ceremonial center). This disaster led to the dispersion of Cuicuilca culture towards Toluca and Teotihuacan, which hosted a large part of the Cuicuilcas and incorporated many features of their culture.

It is considered that the Cuicuilco's decline (100 BCE to 1 CE) had a minor recovery in 1–150 CE, due to the presence of representations of fire deities.

Also, according to some other sources, a series of volcano eruptions and the destruction of Cuicuilco took place in the 1st century BC.

In spite of the abandonment of Cuicuilco as an important ceremonial center, people continued making offerings even after the site was covered by lava from the Xitle volcano, which happened around 400 CE or in the range 245 to 315 AD. With Cuicuilco in ruins, Xitle erupted once again, covering much of the city in lava. This lava flow is evident based on excavation around the main pyramid. Excavations show a layer of lava separating the modern surface from the original, ancient surface. This shows much of the city was completely destroyed by the lava flows. This series of eruptions gave rise to Teotihuacan as the center of the Basin of Mexico.

From the beginning of the last century, “El Pedregal” was an attractive place to define the predecessor cultures of the Teotihuacan y Mexica cultures in the México basin. Investigations at Cuicuilco B demonstrated that the site's development was as a consequence of internal dynamics.

Archaeologists conclude that Cuicuilco was a prominent community prior to the emergence of Teotihuacan as an urban center, noting that the six small communities which some archeologists believe eventually combined to become Teotihuacan were founded and showing evidence of modest growth at the same time that Cuicuilco was building pyramids and public monuments. The city seems to have been abandoned around AD 150 to 200 after the eruption of a nearby volcano, Xitle, although the territory was reoccupied at a much later date. Pottery and other evidence suggest that refugees from the volcanic disaster migrated north and became part of the population pool of Teotihuacan, near the northern shore of the Lake Texcoco.

Archaeological site
The site of Cuicuilco is covered by a dense volcanic lava field known as the Pedregal de San Ángel. The lava covers an area of approximately 80 km2, including the foothills of the Ajusco mountain range and extending down to a nearby lake shore. A 1956 study concluded that the uneven lava deposits, reaching a depth over 10 m in areas, were a major factor in the preservation of Cuicuilco. The site is also inside a modern urban area, and is partially covered by buildings associated with the National University of Mexico. Only partial archaeological investigation has been possible, and modern building techniques have damaged the prehistoric city. Several 1990 archaeological finds at Cuicuilco, consisting of a circular pyramid constructed within a plaza with smaller structures associated with the agricultural system, were destroyed for the construction of a multi-storied office complex. Consequently, the true size and complexity of Cuicuilco may be difficult to ascertain.

Other investigations
The prehispanic settlement and its surroundings, upon being covered by lava, were sealed and preserved. Archaeological materials above the lava were affected differently during the last 2000 years.

The lava flow sealed off the northern shore of the lake and appears to have created a marshy peat deposit in the eastern section. Multiple layers of volcanic ash from Xitle and possibly from Popocatepetl have been detected in the peat.

It has also been suggested that other volcanoes in the area may have played a role.

"No geological evidence under the Xitle flow suggests an earlier eruption, but another monogenetic volcano, Chichinautzin, was also active in the area prior to Xitle and is believed to have had a similarly large flow and to have resulted in similar ecological changes. The Yololica volcano also erupted at about the same time as Xitle, and its lava flows are only a few kilometers from Cuicuilco".

During Byron Cummings' 1922–1925 exploration, ceramics were found from phases preceding the eruption. Eduardo Noguera (1939) excavated burials in the proximity of the pyramidal sector known as Cuicuilco A, corresponding to the preclassical archaeological site. In 1957, investigations by Heiser and Bennyhoff provided relevant information to refine the chronological sequence of the main building basement (cf. Schávelzon, 1983)

Between 1966 and 1968, important complexes of architectural structures were found as well as a series of conical formations, a group called Cuicuilco B, where more than 300,000 ceramic pots were rescued (Müller, 1990). Based on analysis of archaeological ceramics of Cuicuilco B, Florence Müller determined that the occupation of the settlement continued after the Xitle eruption, during the Classical, Epiclassical, postclassical periods until the Spanish conquest, even though the importance of the site as well as the number of inhabitants dropped radically.

In 1990, in the sector known as Cuicuilco C, Rodríguez identified predominant preclassical ceramic materials, as well as, to a lesser extent, pots from later periods, including colonial and modern (Rodriguez, 1994).

Stratigraphy has determined that, after the Xitle eruption, materials were deposited on a layer of lava cushions associated with a body of water, which demonstrate the presence of settlements or villages from approximately 200 to 950 CE, according to the preliminary analysis of ceramic layer

Features of archaeological materials allow inferring the context of the natural and cultural training processes. Inhabitants discarded vases and fragments in the vicinity of the body of water, and many pots were trapped in the lava, especially domestic pieces such as pans, pots, pitchers, dishes, boxes and comales, even if it does not preclude the possibility that at the end of the life of these vessels, they were simply thrown into the water, considered as trash. On the other hand, the presence of braziers fragments, miniature pieces and Tlaloc vases indicates that these were thrown into the water as offerings as part of rites similar to those recorded by Spanish chroniclers as Sahagún (1989) and Duran (1967) in the twin cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco as well as in other settlements in late postclassical Mexico.

Many ceramic materials identified in the preliminary analysis correspond to phases of Teotihuacan's apogee during the classical period (Tlamimilolpa and Xolalpan phases), between 200 and 650 CE. According to recently adjusted chronology based on radiocarbon dating (cf. Rattray, 1991); predominant types are temporarily located in the epiclassical period, 650-950 CE, Coyotlatelco tradition (cf. Rattray, 1966), and are contemporaneous with the Tula Chico occupation (cf. Cobean, 1990), as well as other important settlements in the Valley of Mexico, as Cerro de la Estrella and Azcapotzalco (altepetl). There are also materials, although in low percentages, whose production and consumption starts in the epiclassical (based recent research made in the Tula region) but have been associated with the Tula apogee. According to ethno-historical sources and some radiocarbon dating, it is located chronologically between 950 and 1150 CE. (cf. Cobean, 1990)

These archaeological materials indicate strong social interaction between the Valley of Mexico and other regions under the hegemonic power of Teotihuacan, as well as the conformation of sociopolitical units after the decline of said Empire, also as evidence of socio-economic aspects associated with the emergence of the Toltec State.

It is a restricted area where deposits were affected by activities of the 20th century, fragments found of Aztec ceramics from the end of the late postclassical, materials of the colonial period (native and Spaniards) as well as 19th-century European fine earthenware. This material provides evidence of a settlement or village in Cuicuilco from the Tepaneca-Aztec empire, before the Spaniards' arrival, continuing the occupation of land owners such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo and other.

Current situation
Due to its location, Cuicuilco is in a difficult situation. Among the issues are modern planning and economic interests of the place, as well as disputes on conservation and legislation of the archaeological heritage.

Known Cuicuilco is divided into two zones. The first is known as Cuicuilco A, where the ceremonial center is located. The other is called Cuicuilco B and lies West of Cuicuilco A, in the Olympic village Sports Centre.

Its importance is recognized by all historians and archaeologists; however it has barely been studied, especially when compared with other archaeological sites, such as Teotihuacan and Tula. The main investigation obstacle is that the area is covered almost entirely with a lava layer of about 9 to 10 meters thick. This difficulty is compounded by urbanization of the area, with constructions directly above the archaeological site, such as the Telmex building and the Cuicuilco commercial Plaza in 1997.

The existing Cuicuilco Site Museum is the design of renowned Mexican architect Luis Macgregor Krieger.

title: Cuicuilco


text:
Ablington, Wiltshire

Ablington is a small village in the English county of Wiltshire, on the River Avon, close to the village of Figheldean and about 3.5 mi north of the town of Amesbury.

Barrow Clump, a prehistoric site re-used as a burial ground for an Anglo-Saxon village, is some 700 metres east of Ablington.

The settlement was recorded as Alboldintone in the Domesday Book. Ablington farmhouse is an 18th-century thatched building, extended in c. 1880 and at later dates.

For local government purposes, Ablington is part of Figheldean civil parish.

title: Ablington, Wiltshire


text:
Talk:One Froggy Evening

Untitled
May Muddy Mudskipper from the Ren and Stimpy TV series be a reference to One Froggy Evening?

I'm wondering why Steven Spielberg compares One Froggy Evening to Citizen Kane.

Thanks, --Abdull 08:32, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Inspirations
Anybody know which African myth was an influence on One Froggy Evening? -- Logotu 16:59, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It's "The Hunter and the Tortoise". Plot is identical. http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/display.php?author=barker&book=folktales&story=hunter 38.105.155.134 (talk) 17:52, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Maybe the reference to such a myth was, in itself, a myth. Baseball Bugs 17:58, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It concerns a speaking (and silent) skull. Nigerian? A version is somewhere on the Internet. This isn't very helpful I know. "An inverted cycle of tales about a skull that refused to talk occurs in several African and African American traditions, commonly titled 'The Talking Skull Refuses to Talk'", say Dov Noy et al. in Folktales of the Jews (Chjapter "The Rabbi Who Was Tricked" p. 31).

--Wetman (talk) 02:37, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Not only was I not hallucinating, but many moons ago I got the gist of the Yoruba tale into Skull (symbolism). --Wetman (talk) 02:42, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know much about that subject. I'll have to bone up on it. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 02:44, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * ... time passes ...

 * According to our article: 'Ol' Rip the Horned Toad' and sources therein, this is the original inspiration for the cartoon. I added this to 'See also', but somebody should do further research to find a definitive source before integrating to main article, in my opinion. --2606:A000:4C0C:E200:A1FA:194E:E841:B585 (talk) 19:02, 17 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Well, now the article says the cartoon was partly inspired by the 1944 Cary Grant movie, "Once Upon a Time". While it's more probable than the link to an ancient African myth or folk tale (from which region and culture in Africa, by the way? It's a big place, and not a monolithic culture), there's no citation.  Did Michael Maltese or Chuck Jones ever cite the movie as inspiration for the cartoon, for example?  If there's a citation to back up the statement, should it not be referenced as a note?  Best regards(talk) 19:24, 4 December 2020 (UTC)theBaron0530

Languages
MJF sings in English and Italian, so Italian should be listed in the Languages heading. That is all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.174.91.232 (talk) 15:50, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:One Froggy Evening


text:
Aaron Archer

Aaron C. Archer (born 1972 in Canton, Ohio) is an American illustrator and creative professional who spent over 18 years at Hasbro, designing for toy brands like Transformers, G.I. Joe, and others. Archer worked on the Transformers brand for over 13 years, collaborating with Takara on hundreds of toys. Archer acted as the Creative Lead for all Transformers partnerships including four feature films, four video games, five animated series, theme park rides, and countless publishing projects. In 2013, Archer retired from Hasbro in order to pursue independent projects.

Archer worked on other Hasbro/Kenner toy lines including various Batman lines, Star Wars and Alien Resurrection, amongst others. Archer's earliest Transformers work were designs for the later Beast Wars toys, including Transmetal 2 Megatron, Dinobot, and Cheetor. Archer was the Design VP on the Transformers brand, a role that essentially made him the highest-ranking creative Transformers staffer on the Hasbro side of the business (Transformers are produced in partnership with Takara).

Archer managed a design team that is responsible for concept design, both for larger storyline concepts (Archer claims the idea for the show Transformers: Cybertron was initially created on a Taco Bell napkin over lunch) and for the look of individual characters, while Takara's engineers are responsible for converting Hasbro designs into three-dimensional action figure form. Takara also has say in design choices.

Archer is also known in Transformers fandom for his brief stint posting on the website TFW2005.com's boards under the assumed name "Orson" (a reference to Orson Welles, voice of Unicron). Archer responded to fan questions in an unusually cryptic style, answering either-or type questions with a straightforward "NO" and only answering specific parts of multi-part questions (most likely due to non-disclosure issues). The "Orson's World" message board was eventually shut down by Hasbro and issued a statement that they wanted to treat all fansites fairly.

Prior to working for Hasbro, Archer self-published a comic book, Gumbo, with Jeff McCormack. Both attended the University of Akron, in Akron, Ohio.

Some homages to Aaron include the Transformers movie toy Longarm having "Orson's Towing" on the door, the early name for Universe Skalor being listed as "Archerbot", and the Transformers: Animated character "Angry Archer".

title: Aaron Archer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2005 Michelle Bachelet Scandals (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was RESULT. Woohookitty 03:58, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

2005 Michelle Bachelet Scandals
I am renominating this for VfD, because the previous VfD was trolled by same user posting anonymously to Keep, using different IPs. I consider this article to be wholly irrelevant. This is the same as having a full article on Bush choking on a pretzel.

 * Delete - Irrelevant. Undermines Wikipedia. —Cantus… ☎   08:33, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Should have been deleted the first time round (all votes to keep were sockpuppetry). Proto t c 12:14, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I agree with user Cantus that this is "irrelevant!"
 * Delete as per nominator.--nixie 12:28, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and re-direct to Michelle Bachelet. Once in the article, the editors can decide whether to keep/edit/remove information, based on how much it was noted in the domestic press.   --rob 14:07, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but Cantus, you doofus, we could've just merged the page today if you hadn't renominated it. Now it lives on for another week. Eliot 14:28, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete By the sound of it, even the Bush pretzel incident was a bigger deal than these "scandals". Not everything mentioned in some newspaper somewhere needs an article.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:41, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this is not a political scandal. As I said when I originally nominated it.  Zoe 19:28, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per my original vote. Any relevant and lasting content will find its way onto the Michelle Bachelet page, esp. if she wins. Dottore So 01:08, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge I've said this one AND I WILL SAY THIS AGAIN: this event was important to us Chileans. I understand this American-centrist encyclopedia will not understand this scandals' importance, so I propose that this is merged with the Michelle Bachelet article.200.55.213.30 16:07, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, possibly the first part deserves a sentence in the Michelle Bachelet article, but the rest is pure irrelevancy. Thryduulf 16:19, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.