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Kavadarci

Kavadarci (Кавадарци ) is a town in the Tikveš region of North Macedonia. In the heart of North Macedonia's wine country, it is home to the largest winery in Southeast Europe, named after the Tikveš plain. The town of Kavadarci is the seat of Kavadarci Municipality. Situated near Kavadarci is North Macedonia's largest artificial lake, Lake Tikveš.

Classical period
In the Tikveš region around Kavadarci, many artefacts and structures have been discovered dating back to prehistoric times. Bronze and ceramic artefacts were discovered at an archaeological site in the nearby town of Stobi (Стоби) dating to the 6th and 7th century BC. This town is said to have been established during the Hellenic period; being on the main road of Via Egnatia that led from the Danube to the Aegean Sea meant it became an important military, economic and cultural hub. The establishment of a mint during the Roman period aided in its prosperity and achieving the status of municipium, denars and coins reading “Municipium Stobensium” were also produced in this area. Numerous buildings and monuments of this era such as a theatre have been discovered. A Jewish community is said to have existed in Stobi during the 3rd century, however, its synagogue was torn down in the 4th century and a Christian basilica was built in its place. In the late 5th and early 6th century, the town was devastated in the great Avaro-Slavonic invasions. Stobi which was previously the centre of this region was replaced by the new village of Dukena.

Ottoman Empire

Much change took place during the occupation of the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century; the occupying Ottomans destroyed all existing villages replacing them with oriental architecture. Villagers from Rashtani and Dukena fleeing from the Ottomans settled in a new area, bringing with them many families that exist in Kavadarci today. From this settlement a new village emerged. During the 17th century this growing village attracted much attention and spurred a large migration of people from the surrounding hills and villages, establishing the new town called Kavadarci.

Kavadarci was under the jurisdiction of Bitola's area Pashaluk (Ottoman military territorial unit controlled by a Pasha). With the Turkish majority, many beys residences and several mosques were built throughout the town. By this time Kavadarci had been firmly established as the new centre of the Tikveš region. During the period of Bulgarian National Revival, a Bulgarian church municipality functioned in the town.

After the forming of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committee by Dame Gruev in 1894 and the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising many revolutionary troops operated in the Tikveš area, working with the aim of autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions.

20th century

During this period Kavadarci flourished, becoming a large economic, administrative and political center in the Tikveš area.

In June 1913, the Tikveš Uprising took place against the Serbian occupational forces. The resistance fighters freed the majority of the Tikveš region, including the towns of Kavadarci, Negotino, Vataša, and several small villages. Serbian military forces killed approximately 1,200 people and burnt more than 1,000 homes. Most of the Turks fled to Turkey. Recep Vardarlı moved to Turkey and founded Tikveşli ("Came from Tikveş" in Turkish) company, which produces yogurt and ayran, in 1943. The firm was sold to Danone in 1998.

From 1929 to 1941, Kavadarci was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. There was strong resistance against the Serbian occupation.

During the Second World War, after the defeat of Yugoslavia by Germany in April 1941 and before the entry of Bulgarian troops in Vardar Macedonia a local Bulgarian Action Committee was formed in Kavadarci. The town was under Bulgarian rule until September 1944.

"Between 2011 and 2012, the number of cancer diagnoses in Kavadarci and the surrounding villages rose significantly, from 981 to 1,332. According to the local medical clinic, pediatric cancers are also on the rise." In 2012, "there were 17 children under the age of six diagnosed with cancer."

Municipality of Kavadarci
The Municipality of Kavadarci spreads from the central region of Povardarie to the highlands of Vitačevo (Витачевo) and is located next to the Crna Reka (The Black River) (Црна Река) and the River Vardar (Вардар). Covering a large area in the Tikveš valley with a total ground surface of 391 km2, it comprises 31 settlements, the largest of these being Vataša (Ваташа).

Media
Two TV, two radio stations and one official web site operate in Kavadarci: They are KTV 41 and TVT, Radio Galaxy FM and Radio Kavadarci FM, and www.kavadar4e.com. All five are privately owned.

Politics
Since 2017, local elections were held on 15 October 2017, on 29 October 2017, and on 17 October 2021. Mitko Janchev won the elections and became the new Mayor of Kavadarci.

Wine
Kavadarci's most famous export is wine, the city being home to the largest winery in south-eastern Europe. Vineyards in the region cover a total area of 120 km2, producing up to 85,000 tons of grapes annually. The Tikveš winery is one of the oldest wineries in North Macedonia processing up to 55 million kilograms of grapes to produce approximately 35 million litres of wine each year. Of the 38,000 citizens, it is estimated that up to 85% are involved with the growing of grapes.

The tradition of wine making and grape growing in the Tikveš region date as far back as the 4th century BC. The industry thrived during medieval times with its production as was common at the time throughout Europe being made in monasteries.

The Tikveš region is in an area with a unique and favourable climate produced by the merging of the Mediterranean from the south and Continental from the north. Combined with arable soil, high with eroded clay content makes this a most favourable area to grow grapes.

The combined municipalities of Kavadarci and Rosoman use 20% of the North Macedonia’s total landmass (5,142 km2) for the cultivation of grapes. The country is the seventh largest exporter of wine to the EU from outside the region. Of the total harvested crop in Kavadarci, 80% are wine grapes and 20% are table grapes. The Tikveš winery processes up to 55 million km of grapes to produce approximately 35 million litres of wine each year. Although the largest and most prolific, Tikveš is by no means the only winery in the city: Others include Chekorovi (Чекоров) and Popov (Попов). The combined wineries in the region export up to 26 countries.

Ferronickel smelter
Another important industry is the manufacture of ferronickel in what has become known as the "Nickel Valley". Until 2013, the smelter received at least part of its input ore from the Ržanovo mine, to which it was connected by the world's longest conveyor belt. The company FENI Industries, with a colourful history of owners that included for a time Beny Steinmetz, Alexander Mashkevich, Patokh Chodiev and Alijan Ibragimov in the Cunico Resources vehicle, produced between 12000 and 16000 tons of ferronickel annually. The smelter was shut down for a time in around 2018 and re-emerged from a court-administered insolvency process as EuroNickel Industries.

Free Economic Zone
In a bid to attract more interest from domestic and foreign investors in 2000 the first Free Economic Zone (FEZ) of North Macedonia was founded in Kavadarci. German company DRÄXLMAIER Group was the first investor in the FEZ (Free Economic Zone) with the opening of their first plant in 2012. The plant manufactures electrical system sets for the automotive industry. The factory is the largest employer in the city, with the current employee count reaching above 5000 employees.

Tobacco
Kavadarci is known for its timber and tobacco production. Alliance One Macedonia, one of the largest tobacco processing companies in North Macedonia is located in Kavadarci, producing and exporting Macedonian Oriental tobacco to the United States, Japan, and selected EU and Asian countries.

Tikveški Grozdober

In the first week of September of each year a festival called "Tikveški Grozdober" (Тиквешки гроздобер, lit. Tikveš grape picking) is held for several days marking the beginning of the wine grape harvest in the Tikveš region and commemorating the liberation of Kavadarci. Such is the importance of this fruit, the city flag is composed of six circles in white and red representing the town's most abundant and important produce.

Tikveški Grozdober officially began in 1964. It takes place over several days and is one of the largest cultural manifestations of its kind in the region.

The festival includes folk, pop and rock concerts, traditional dancing, seminars, presentations and exhibitions. During this time the city centre houses many temporary restaurants, stalls and shops open to allow visitors to experience the smells and tastes of local delicacies. It culminates in a carnival procession through the main streets of the town.

Lake Tikveš

Lake Tikveš (Тиквешко Езеро) is the largest artificial lake in North Macedonia. It is located 165 m above sea level, 8 km southwest of Kavadarci on the Crna Reka, and  3 km  from the village of Vozarci. The lake was built in 1968 by redirecting river water and building a 104 m high dam. It has a surface area of approximately 14 km2, a length of 28.5 km and width of 500 m. The average temperature of the water is 24 °C, the maximum depth is 150 m, and the total volume is approximately 475 m3. Its two main sources of water are the Crna Reka and the Dragov River.

The artificial accumulation is provides water to the local area for businesses such as irrigation and fisheries. It generates electricity through the use of a hydro power plant (HPP), is a site for sports and recreation, and is a popular tourist attraction due to the cultural monuments and rich flora and fauna of the area.

The area around Lake Tikveš has been designated a protected zone; this was established and supported as a conservation project for the protection of the wildlife and surrounding environment by a local environmental association ODEK and a public enterprise Tikveško Pole.

Tikveš Strict Natural Reserve
Established in 1997, the Tikveš Strict Natural Reserve is 30 km southeast of Kavadarci and covers an area of approximately 100 km2. Some 23 species of predatory birds are present in the reserve and of these 17 nest in this area. It is said to be one of the most important ornithological sites in Europe.

Pološki Monastery and Church of St. Bogorodica of Drenovo
The Pološki Monastery was built in the 14th century by a father and a son from Prespa (Преспа), well known for building monasteries and churches across Macedonia. The pair set to work with the son building a church in Drenovo (Дреново) and the father the Pološki Monastery (Полошки Манастир). After the father had completed construction of the Pološki Monastery he returned to Drenovo.

The vanity and arrogance of the son made him claim that the church he built was so beautiful and so well made that even if Saint Ilija came down from the heavens he would not be able to destroy it. At that moment a lightning bolt appeared out of the blue sky: Saint Ilija angered by this claim split the new church in half. It is said that if the break is repaired, each year on the day of Ilinden (Илинден), August 2 (St. Elijah's Day) the church will split in the exactly same place.

The church within the Pološki Monastery is dedicated to Sveti Gorgija (Saint George) and is on the southwestern shore of Lake Tikveš that is accessible only by boat. Its fresco paintings are completely preserved and can be dated to the 14th century; the only exception being those in the narthex that was built during the 17th century. The most recent and last restoration to the building took place during the 19th century. The monastery is well known for its collections of unique icons, wood carvings and especially for its fresco art that differ from others of the same period due to its unusual compositions.

Marko’s Tower
Marko's Tower is a stone edifice located in the centre of Kavadarci; it was erected during the 18th century. The square structure stands at approximately 20 m with five stories. Its walls are 10 m thick, with three windows on the fourth and fifth floor. The only entrance is by the door on the second floor, accessible via a stone staircase. On the south wall of the fourth floor remains an opening that was used for defence; the opening on the fifth floor was to dispose of dirty water.

Ivan Mazov-Klime House of Culture
The Ivan Mazov-Klime House of Culture was founded in 1952 and formed an ensemble in 1953. The Tikveš Folk Ensemble is composed of 115 members and performs choreographed folk songs and dances throughout the country and abroad.

City Museum and Gallery
Built in 1973 and opened to the public in 1976, the City Museum houses many historical, archaeological and cultural exhibits. The gallery showcases work from local and international artists, organising five to eight exhibitions each year.

Sport
Kavadarci is the home of several sports teams. The best known are:
 * a professional football club named GFK Tikveš
 * a basketball team formerly known as KK Feni Industries, since 2019 known as KK EuroNickel 2005
 * a handball club named GRK Tikveš

GFK Tikveš play their home matches at Gradski Stadion Kavadarci, while KK Euronickel and GRK Tikveš use the multi-purpose indoor Jasmin Sports Hall.

Climate
Kavadarci has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

People from Kavadarci
Notable people from Kavadarci include:
 * Andon Dončevski, former football coach
 * Petar Angelov, handball player
 * Stojan Andov, politician
 * Strašo Pindžur, communist revolutionary
 * Todor Gečevski, basketball player
 * Vanče Šikov, footballer
 * Vrbica Stefanov, former basketball player
 * Zafir Hadžimanov, singer and composer
 * Petar Mazev, academic painter

Twin towns – sister cities
Kavadarci is twinned with:

 * 🇷🇸 Boljevac, Serbia
 * 🇺🇦 Bucha, Ukraine
 * 🇧🇬 Dobrich, Bulgaria
 * 🇷🇸 Gornji Milanovac, Serbia
 * 🇹🇷 Kemalpaşa, Turkey
 * 🇷🇸 Kovin, Serbia
 * Makarska, Croatia
 * 🇷🇴 Năsăud, Romania
 * 🇧🇬 Panagyurishte, Bulgaria
 * 🇧🇬 Pernik, Bulgaria
 * 🇧🇬 Pleven, Bulgaria
 * 🇲🇪 Rožaje, Montenegro

title: Kavadarci


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Jim Richards (broadcaster)

Jim Richards (born January 11, 1966, James Richard McGorty) is a Canadian radio personality.

Richards studied radio broadcasting at Loyalist College in Belleville, Ontario. In 1988 he launched his radio career at CJTN in Trenton, Ontario, close to Belleville; he also worked at CIHI in Fredericton, New Brunswick, CJCH in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He hosted a popular morning show at CFJB-FM in Barrie, Ontario, north of Toronto, and was nominated for medium-market morning show of the year in 1990.

From the early 1990s to 1996, he worked periodic shifts including a Saturday morning show on Toronto sports talk station CJCL. Sometime during his early days with The Fan, he was asked to change his name to something "less ethnic" and went with a derivation of his middle name, switching to Jim Richards as his on air name.

At the Fan, he gave George Stroumboulopoulos his first exposure as an on-air personality; the young board operator contributed regularly to Richards' shows. In 1994, a difficult year for sports media with both a Major League Baseball strike and National Hockey League lockout, the station gave Richards a midday shift with sports broadcaster Barb DiGiulio.

In the summer of 1996, he left the Fan to work at Toronto rock station Q107 and the Rock Radio Network, hosting overnight rock music programming syndicated across Canada for the latter.

He joined news-talk station CFRB in 1997. At CFRB, he hosted late evening talk show The Nightside. In 2004, Mark Elliot took over The Nightside and Richards moved to an earlier shift, weekday evenings from 8 to 11. Known officially as The Jim Richards Show, Richards also billed it as the "Showgram", "The Nighttime Friendly", "The Feel-Good Edition" and "The Three Hours of Love." In late 2005, with the departure of Michael Coren, Richards's shift briefly moved from 7 to 10 for several weeks until Kelly Cutrara was appointed Coren's replacement and Richards returned to the 8 to 11 slot. Richards was on the 10am-noon and 1pm-3pm time slot, to replace Leslie Roberts and Paul and Carol Mott respectively. He eventually hosted the 12pm to 2pm time slot on weekdays. On February 1, 2021, Richards's afternoon show ended and he was reported to have been included in the layoff of 210 employees at Bell Media properties across Canada. However, he returned to the air on March 1, 2021 as host of The Late Showgram with Jim Richards a new 5-hour long national overnight show produced at CFRB and carried by Bell Media Radio IHeartRadio talk radio network. At its launch, the program was being carried by CFRB Toronto, CJAD Montreal, CKTB St. Catharines, CFAX Victoria, CFRA Ottawa, CKFR Kelowna, CKLW Windsor, and CJBK London.

The overnight show was discontinued and Richards, as of 2024, hosts Newstalk Tonight, an early evening show which is syndicated on Bell Media Radio's news/talk stations.

title: Jim Richards (broadcaster)


text: User talk:71.241.224.2

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text: Template:Presidents of Slovenia

title: Template:Presidents of Slovenia


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Haapamäki

Haapamäki is a village in the municipality of Keuruu, Finland. It is historically an important meeting point of major railway lines, which converge at Haapamäki railway station. It is 16 km from Haapamäki to the center of Keuruu and 74 km to the city of Jyväskylä. According to Statistics Finland, Haapamäki has 857 inhabitants (December 31, 2016), while according to the town of Keuruu, the population of the Haapamäki village area is about 1,500.

In Haapamäki, the basic services are: bank, pharmacy, grocery store, car repair shop, café, veterinarian, barber and flea market. Haapamäki has two small lakes, Lake Petäisjärvi and Lake Niemelänjärvi, as well as a few ponds. Haapamäki also has opportunities for fishing and snowmobile safaris.

title: Haapamäki


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User talk:Mdgerrish

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title: User talk:Mdgerrish


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Talk:Property master

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 00:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Property master


text:
User talk:Loafalini

Welcome to Wikipedia!
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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 00:39, 31 August 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Loafalini


text:
Total Eclipse (Bobby Hutcherson album)

Total Eclipse is an album by jazz vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, released on the Blue Note label in 1969. It features Hutcherson's first recordings with saxophonist Harold Land, who would become a regular collaborator with Hutcherson throughout the early 1970s. Four of the five tracks are Hutcherson compositions, the exception being Chick Corea's "Matrix".

Composition and critical reception
In a 2013 profile of Hutcherson for Down Beat, Dan Ouellette wrote that Total Eclipse was a "marquee outing for the group, where hard-bop entered into the exploratory zone. The album dips in and out of Hutcherson's daredevil sensibility, with inventive vibe romps and pure elation." Ouellette described Hutcherson's composition "Pompeian" as "a questing voyage with a whimsical open and close and a complex middle section that is avant-leaning and charged as Hutcherson paints dark colors on the marimbas."

""I was experimenting with moving intervals in my playing, doing seconds and thirds to fourths and fifths. It was creating a different sound instead of typical jazz lines. The intervals were opened up. The idea was to try to make it sound simple even though it was music that was hard to figure out. Harold started playing the intervals, too, so that we could bounce off each other. Actually, I got a lot of my ideas from Joe Chambers, who was always trying to change the recipe. 'Pompeian' is full of the intervals playing--which actually reflected the scene that was going on in San Francisco at the time.""

- Bobby Hutcherson

AllMusic reviewer Steve Huey agreed that "Pompeian" was an "ambitious piece," but thought that "overall...the album foreshadows Hutcherson's move away from his explicit avant-garde leanings and into a still-advanced but more structured modernist framework. For some reason, Total Eclipse was the only post-bop-styled album Hutcherson and Land recorded together that was released at the time; though they're all high-quality, this remains perhaps the best of the lot." Huey went on to praise Land's playing, writing that his "solo lines are fluid and lengthy, assimilating some of Coltrane's innovations while remaining accessibly soulful" and that his "rounded, echoing tone is a nice contrast for the coolly cerebral post-bop that fills Total Eclipse."

Track listing

 * All compositions by Hutcherson except as indicated.

 * 1) "Herzog" – 6:36
 * 2) "Total Eclipse" – 8:54
 * 3) "Matrix" (Corea) – 6:44
 * 4) "Same Shame" – 9:28
 * 5) "Pompeian" – 8:50

Personnel

 * Bobby Hutcherson – vibraphone, marimba, orchestra bells
 * Harold Land – tenor saxophone, flute
 * Chick Corea – piano
 * Reggie Johnson – bass
 * Joe Chambers – drums

title: Total Eclipse (Bobby Hutcherson album)


text:
File:Patterns Album.jpg

Summary
Cover artwork for Bobby Hutcherson's Patterns LP.

title: File:Patterns Album.jpg


text: User talk:70.190.176.102

title: User talk:70.190.176.102


text:
IAR 95

The IAR 95 Spey was a Romanian project to produce a supersonic fighter jet for the Romanian Air Force. The project was started in the late 1970s and cancelled in 1981. Shortly after, the project was restarted again. The project was cancelled for good in 1988 due to lack of funds before a prototype could be built, although a full-scale mockup was being constructed.

Design and development
The design was a high-wing monoplane with lateral air intakes, a single fin, and a single engine. Designs with two fins and two engines were also considered, but it was decided to go with the single-engine single-fin design. Other designations given to this project are IAR-101 and IAR-S and refer to different design layouts.

Romania considered a joint program with Yugoslavia, but the latter declined because it was designing its own supersonic fighter jet, the Novi Avion.

Specifications
The following technical data applies to the design that progressed the furthest:

title: IAR 95


text:
Phiroze Palia

Phiroze Edulji Palia (5 September 1910 – 9 September 1981) was an early Indian cricketer. His first name is sometimes written as other orthographic variations including Phiroz. Palia represented India in his first ever Test match at Lord's in 1932. He suffered an injury while fielding. In the second innings he was hardly in a position to walk, but batted as the last man. He again toured England in 1936 and played at Lord's.

He represented United Provinces in the Ranji Trophy and the Parses in the Bombay Pentangular. His highest score was 216 made against Maharashtra in 1939–40 in a losing cause. He was an attractive left hand batsman and a useful spinner.

For a time, Palia was in the service of the Maharajkumar of Vizianagram. Later in life, he established a timber and furniture business in Bangalore. His father was a prominent figure in the business circles in Bombay in the 1920s.

title: Phiroze Palia


text: User talk:69.230.91.48

title: User talk:69.230.91.48


text:
Boston African American National Historic Site

The Boston African American National Historic Site, in the heart of Boston, Massachusetts's Beacon Hill neighborhood, interprets 15 pre-Civil War structures relating to the history of Boston's 19th-century African-American community, connected by the Black Heritage Trail. These include the 1806 African Meeting House, the oldest standing black church in the United States.

Overview
The historical site is located on Beacon Hill, a neighborhood just north of Boston Common. The site was designated in 1980 to "preserve and commemorate original buildings that housed the nineteenth-century free African-American community on Beacon Hill." That year President Jimmy Carter signed bills authorizing this and the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, as well as one to establish the National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center in Wilberforce, Ohio. He said:

"The two bills that I will sign today represent a three-pronged effort to preserve a vital, but long neglected, part of American heritage; the history and culture of Americans of African ancestry and their role in the history of our nation."

Boston's first African residents arrived as slaves in 1638 with early colonists. Over time, more of their descendants were born free to white mothers; in other cases slaveholders freed slaves for service. After the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts effectively abolished slavery by the terms of its new constitution. By the 1790 census, no slaves were recorded in Massachusetts. Subsequently, a sizable community of free Blacks and escaped slaves developed in Boston, settling on the north face of Beacon Hill, and in the North End. With a strong abolitionist community, Boston was long considered a desirable destination for southern Black slaves escaping slavery via the Underground Railroad. African Americans became activists in the abolition movement, also working to gain racial equality and educational parity with whites. They engaged in political processes to meet their objectives.

Before the Civil War, more than half of the 2,000 African Americans in Boston lived on the north slope of Beacon Hill; blacks also lived in the West End north of Cambridge Street, and in the North End. These areas gradually were occupied by new groups of immigrants after African Americans moved to southern areas of Boston. (The North End became a center of Italian immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.)

The historic site is one of 39 African-American Heritage Sites of the National Park Service.

Black Heritage Trail
The National Park Service wrote: "The historic buildings along today's Black Heritage Trail® were the homes, businesses, schools and churches of a thriving black community that organized, from the nation's earliest years, to sustain those who faced local discrimination and national slavery, struggling toward the equality and freedom promised in America's documents of national liberty."

Historical sites along the 1.6 mile (2.5 km) Black Heritage Trail in Beacon Hill include:

 * Robert Gould Shaw / 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment Memorial – commemorates the first African-American regiment of the United States Colored Troops during the Civil War and the officer who led the 54th Regiment until his death at the Battle of Fort Wagner in SC. This monument depicts their farewell march down Beacon Street, which was erected at the edge of Boston Common, across Beacon Street from the Massachusetts State House. Poet Robert Lowell won a Pulitzer Prize in the 20th century for his poem, "For the Union Dead," about this monument and soldiers. The regiment's heroic battle at Fort Wagner was the subject of the film Glory (1989).
 * African Meeting House – built in 1806, the oldest standing African-American church in the country is operated as part of the Museum of African American History. Displays include speeches from well-informed orators. Built in 1806, the meeting house is the oldest surviving African-American church building in the United States; it became known as the Black Faneuil Hall during the abolitionist movement. Here Frederick Douglass gave many speeches, including his impassioned call for blacks to take up arms against the South in the American Civil War.
 * Abiel Smith School – built in 1834, now adapted and operated as the Museum of African American History
 * Charles Street Meeting House – built in 1807, the church had segregated seating. In the 1830s some of the members formed the First Baptist Free Church, which became Tremont Temple. It was considered to be one of the first integrated churches in America.
 * John Coburn House – home of John Coburn, an African-American abolitionist, soldier and recruiter, who aided people on the Underground Railroad.
 * Lewis and Harriet Hayden House – Lewis Hayden was an escaped slave, abolitionist leader, recruiter for the 54th regiment during the Civil War. Afterward, he became a Grand Master of the Prince Hall Masons and was elected as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Active with the Underground Railroad, Hayden protected escaped slaves in his home, including Ellen and William Craft.
 * George Middleton House – One of the oldest standing homes in Beacon Hill. Middleton led the black militia, Bucks of America, during the Revolutionary War. He helped found the Free African Society and served as Grand Master of the Prince Hall African Masonic Lodge.
 * Phillips School – one of Boston's first integrated schools
 * Smith Court Residences – The five Smith Court homes typify those of black Bostonians in the 1800s. Two notable residents of 3 Smith Court are William Cooper Nell and James Scott, both involved in the abolitionist cause. Nell was an author and considered one of the nation's first black historians.
 * John J. Smith House – Smith was an abolitionist leader who helped fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad. He recruited for the all-black 5th Cavalry during the Civil War. Afterward he was elected as a three-term member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Smith lived in this house from 1878–1893.

Most sites on the trail are still used as residences and are not open to the public, except the African Meeting House, Abiel Smith School, and the 54th Regiment Memorial.

Park rangers provide free, two-hour guided tours of the trail during the summer; off-season tours are available by reservation. A self-guided trail map and information is available online, at the Boston African American Historic Site, the Boston National Historic Site center, and at the Abiel Smith School.

Educational programs
Staff collaborated on the Freedom Rising: The 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation and African Military Service in the Civil War on May 2–4, 2013. The multi-day and multi-location program in Boston included historian Henry Louis Gates and actor Danny Glover, with exhibits at Harvard University and the Museum of African American History.

19th century population
While the black population increased markedly during this period, extensive immigration from Europe overshadowed that growth, with new immigrants from Ireland, Italy, the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, and other parts of eastern and southern Europe.


text: User talk:138.89.142.84

title: User talk:138.89.142.84


text: User talk:69.222.155.196

title: User talk:69.222.155.196


text:
Talk:Neudeck

=Neudeck in East Prussia= Neudeck was in East Prussia. Can anyone correct this article, since Ogrodzieniec is hundreds of miles away in Silesia. =Hindenburg Memoirs= Searching for my own answers to my own questions, I was able to determine the correct location of Neudeck. In his memoirs, Hindenburg reminisces about his childhood experiences at the family estate, which was in the family before 1863. Although he speaks of the area as East Prussia, it appears that Rosenberg and Finckenstein Kreis, were later part of West Prussia ( but on the border). Today Rosenberg is in Poland and called Susz. It is just south of Malbork Marienburg.

merge
Neudeck and Ogrodzieniec, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship are just the same places, this article is part of a "History" section. HerkusMonte (talk) 13:58, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neudeck


text: Template:Presidents of Serbia and Montenegro


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Chapman, Australian Capital Territory

Chapman is a suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, where many diplomats and some of the wealthier citizens of Canberra chose to take their residency. It is located in the Weston Creek area.

The suburb is named after Sir Austin Chapman (1864–1926), the member for Eden-Monaro from 1901 to 1926 who held portfolios in the Deakin and Bruce governments.

The theme for the street names in Chapman is the Australian film industry.

The local primary school in Chapman is the government run Chapman Primary School on Perry Drive. The school caters for students from Preschool to Year 6 and runs a before and afterschool care program.

Demographics
Chapman has a population of 2867 as of the 2021 census with 853 total families. 60.9% of Chapman's population is married with 14.2% being divorced, separated or widowed, while the remaining 39.3% of people never married.

75.7% of people living in Chapman were born in Australia with other countries of birth including 4.7% born in England, 1.2% born in South Africa and 1.2% born in Italy. only 28 people or 1% of the population of Chapman identify as Indigenous Australian.

Chapman has a relatively high median weekly household income at $3111 which is significantly higher than the incomes of the median resident of The Australian Capital Territory and the rest of Australia.

Chapman has a large percentage of its population having achieved tertiary degrees with 49.5% of people having achieved a Bachelor degree or above. This is a significantly higher proportion than the rest of The Australian Capital Territory (42.9%) and the rest of Australia (26.3%).

Geology
Laidlaw Volcanics pale to dark grey dacitic tuff covers most of Chapman. Shale, sandstone, ashstone and tuff is found near the west end of Rafferty Street. Quaternary alluvium covers up the eastern valley.

title: Chapman, Australian Capital Territory


text:
Talk:Sonny Moorman

Fair use rationale for Image:Sonnymoorman.JPG
Image:Sonnymoorman.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:36, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonny Moorman


text: User talk:80.103.214.178

title: User talk:80.103.214.178


text:
Peter Murphy (artist)

Peter Murphy (born 1959) is a British artist working in traditional egg tempera and gold leaf techniques, and a member of the Stuckist art movement.

Life and work
Peter Murphy was born in Leeds, England, and studied at Jacob Kramer College of Art and the University of East London. He trained with iconographer Guillem Ramos-Poquí.

Murphy uses traditional techniques from medieval altar painting, including egg tempera paint and gilding with gold leaf. He is a member of the Society of Tempera Painters and runs courses teaching these traditional techniques. He has led workshops in Byzantine painting techniques on the Greek island of Skyros. He has been commissioned by a number of churches in the UK, notably Tewkesbury Abbey and the church of St Mary Redcliffe in Bristol. He has also been employed by a number of museums. In 1998 he recreated a triptych by Simone Martini for the Barber Institute of Fine Arts.

He was one of a team on a TV show which recreated a Botticelli painting in a week. As well as traditional iconic subject matter of saints and madonnas, he has used the same techniques to depict rock heroes, including Elvis Presley, Jimi Hendrix and John Lennon. He formed a Broadstairs group of the Stuckists art movement in 2005 and has exhibited with the group on several occasions since, including I Won't Have Sex with You as long as We're Married, 2007, at the A Gallery, London.

In 2007, Murphy painted twelve "vibrant images"  for a new shrine to St. Ethelbert, king and martyr, in Hereford Cathedral, where the saint is buried. The images, painted in his usual Byzantine technique, tell the story of the saint and are incorporated on a seven-sided wooden structure around a pillar to the east of the high altar. Robert Kilgour, cathedral architect, designed the structure, which was made by Stephen Florence. In 2013 Murphy founded the St Peter's Centre for Sacred Art in the Medieval Church of St Peter's in Canterbury England to teach traditional Byzantine and Early Italian painting techniques.

title: Peter Murphy (artist)


text:
Fisher, Australian Capital Territory

Fisher is a suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia located in the district of Weston Creek. Fisher was named after Andrew Fisher (1862–1928), coal miner, founding member of the federal parliamentary Labor Party and Prime Minister of Australia for three terms between 1908 and 1915 (ACTLIC, 2004). The theme for the street names in Fisher is Australian mines and mining towns (ACTPLA, 2003).

Geology
Laidlaw Volcanics pale to dark grey dacitic tuff is found though most of Fisher except north slice of the suburb which is Deakin Volcanics red-purple and green grey rhyodacite with spherulitic texture.

title: Fisher, Australian Capital Territory


text:
Stirling, Australian Capital Territory

Stirling is a suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. It is located in the Weston Creek district.

The suburb is named after Sir James Stirling (1791–1865) who was the first Governor of Western Australia between 1829–1839 and established settlements at Perth and Fremantle in 1829. The suburb was gazetted in 1970. Its streets are named after Western Australian pioneers.

Stirling contains the Weston Campus of the Canberra College, which is located on Fremantle Drive.

Geology
Deakin Volcanics red-purple and green grey rhyodacite with spherulitic texture cover most of Stirling except for Laidlaw Volcanics pale to dark grey tuff on the southernmost quarter. Quaternary Alluvium covers the southwest quarter.

title: Stirling, Australian Capital Territory


text:
Qara Hülegü

Qara Hülegü (died 1252) was head of the ulus of the Chagatai Khanate (1242 - 1246, 1252).

He was the son of Mö'etüken (killed during the 1221 siege of Bamiyan), favored son of Chagatai Khan. He was nominated by Chagatai Khan, as well as Ögedei Khan, to become khan. Since he was still young, his mother Ebuskun acted as regent for him. In order to ensure his power, however, the Grand Khan Güyük Khan deposed him in 1246 and replaced him with one of Qara Hülegü's uncles, Yesü Möngke.

However, following the ascension of Güyük's successor, Möngke Khan, Qara Hülegü gained the Great Khan's favor by supporting him in his purges of the family of Ögedei. He was restored to his position of Chagatai Khan, but died before returning to his realm. Mongke permitted his wife Orghana Khatun (daughter of Toralchi Küregen, granddaughter of Qutuqa Beki) to serve as regent. Qara Hülegü was later succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah.

title: Qara Hülegü


text:
Mitchell Miller (philosopher)

Mitchell H. Miller, Jr. is an American philosopher. He was, until his retirement in 2013, the Dexter Ferry Professor in Philosophy at Vassar College. The majority of his work concerns the late dialogues of Plato, but he has also written on Hesiod, Parmenides, and Hegel.

Career
Mitchell “Mitch” Miller earned his bachelor's degree from Stanford University and his MA and PhD from the State University of New York at Buffalo. He joined Vassar’s Philosophy Department in 1972, rising to the rank of professor in 1984. He served as chair of the department from 1984 to 1987, in 1988, and again from 1994 to 1996. In 2009, he was appointed to the Dexter M. Ferry Jr. Chair.

Miller is an exponent of the significance of the so-called "unwritten teachings" of Plato, as Miller holds the controversial idea that Plato taught advanced concepts to his students at the Academy beyond those explicitly discussed by Socrates and other principal interlocutors in Plato's dialogues. The idea, which is dismissed by many Plato scholars, is based on a brief description of such teachings by Aristotle in his Metaphysics and Physics. The Seventh Letter, which was attributed to Plato in antiquity and is now the subject of debate concerning authenticity among scholars, also includes indications of such teachings. Miller has argued that evidence of these teachings can be found in the dialogues, but only through careful reading of structure and irony within them.

Miller's work has focused on several of the late dialogues, notably the Parmenides, Statesman, and Philebus, as well as the Republic. In his book on the Parmenides, Miller argues that the eight bewildering and contradictory hypotheses that end the dialogue form an ironic guide that allows the informed reader to interpret the whole, revealing through what Miller has called "psychagogy"—a transformation of the philosophical disciple's soul—the true nature of Plato's conception of the forms. That is, the ultimate purpose of the text is not to teach the reader didactically but to draw them into a different kind of thinking.

Books

 * The Philosopher in Plato's Statesman. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1980. Reprinted with additional material, Las Vegas: Parmenides, 2004, ISBN 978-1-930972-16-2
 * Plato's Parmenides: The Conversion of the Soul. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1986. Reprinted University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1991.

title: Mitchell Miller (philosopher)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jumper!

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. Woohookitty 08:13, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Jumper!
Non-notable game. Al 00:51, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete Google for jumper "helix games" gets only 200 results. Seems like a cult game. Ashibaka (tock) 00:57, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * weak delete as per above. Wow... someone actually decided to improve on Berzerk *yawn* Roodog2k 01:05, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I wonder, is this some kind of spam? Alr 01:17, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; non-notable. Jaxl | talk 01:19, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As notable as a good portion of our content, like small schools, tiny villages in Europe, broadcast towers, etc.  Is well written and is linked to.  It would be notable if it were a cult game. -- Reinyday, 01:55, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it's actually not linked to. All of the links are user pages, VFD pages, and a single article about another game by the same creator. (That last link is just a see-also.) - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 19:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What does it matter if a tiny village is in Europe? They should be treated as any other American village. - Mgm|(talk) 09:15, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * That is exactly my point. I hate when well written articles are called "non-notable".  We don't know when that content will be wanted.  If people want it, they will search for it or click links to it.  If they don't, they won't.  It is a loss for the Wikipedia when we delete good articles. -- Reinyday, 14:35, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per above. A rather good read IMHO DV8 2XL 02:03, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn game. ManoaChild 02:26, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Well written and as noteable as other content on site, 200 results is easily enough to keep something on here. Not redundant it also needs to be rewritten for perspective.--Machtzu 05:19, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain Not sure whether this is notable enough for a "Keep", but I see no reason for deleting it either, once someone has taken the time to write it (and quite well too). KissL 08:44, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per above. Surely there are thousands of other entries more deserving of our wrath? --Demogorgon's Soup-taster 09:47, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep; I would argue that it's well-written, at least marginally notable (200 hits isn't glory, but it's not vanity or nonexistance either), and seemingly-significant to some populaation segment. Passes the Pokemon test with flying colors as well.--Vengeful Cynic 15:51, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Pokemon test? - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 19:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * "Is it as or more notable than an individual Pokemon character?" Most Pokemon stubs have been merged because this was a notorious VfD joke, but the individual character (e.g. Charmander) is still a good marker for just bare notability. Ashibaka (tock) 22:05, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You need to be careful about that, as there are a LOT of Pokémon that have appeared in two games and maybe one episode of the anime. Charmander isn't a bad breakpoint for notability (I use Professor Frink as my personal test), but then you have Beldum or Trapinch... - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 22:09, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, a well-written article about a notable game. I actually have the game, and the article taught me a lot of new things about it. - ulayiti (talk)  17:01, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - This is a freeware game made with a "make your own game" toolset. I'm ambivalent about its notability, but please don't confuse this with a game published by a major publisher. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 19:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've made a decision. Homebrew games with no specific extraordinary claim or attribute are not notable. Delete. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 15:23, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Assuredly not notable. And, last time I checked, being well-written didn't give an article a pass on being deleted. Al 22:07, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete I don't like spam! And spam it is. Read the last two paragraphs The JCP is still under production. We have most of the programming done, and are now focusing on the creation of new levels. Some of the JCP-only objects that are available in the editor cannot be talked about until the JCP's release, but I assure you, anyone who was a fan of the official Jumper! games will love them! Spam spam spam spam spam. Sabine's Sunbird 01:29, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You're welcome to change it if you don't like it, or add a cleanup-tone tag. Deletion is not the way to deal with POV issues. - ulayiti (talk)   (my RfA)  12:28, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, well-wrtiten is not a keep criterion. Zoe 06:07, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Machtza.  Journalist C./ Holla @ me!

 * Delete The sheer obscurity of Jumper is not, in my opinion, reason enough to delete it. The following stuff is: First, it doesn't seem to provide much information one can't get from helixgamesinc.com or jumper fan sites. Also, the entire JCP section sounds like a sales pitch. I honestly think Jumper should have a wikipedia article, but not an ad campaign within Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.223.142.107 (talk • contribs) 04:30, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * . Personally, I think it's a non-notable subject, but if you feel it is a notable subject, expand and establish notability. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 02:11, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't really know enough about it to expand the article. (If I did, why would I have tried to look it up?). Also, I'll admit I don't really know much about how Wikipedia works, but what exactly would be the point of expanding and revising an article that's about to be deleted? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.223.142.107 (talk • contribs) 22:40, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not necessarily about to be deleted. AFD isn't an automatic death sentence, just a review to see if the article is worth keeping. If an article is rewritten to demonstrate notability, it generally ends up being kept. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 20:00, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Many less notable games have articles. --Nicodemus75 10:58, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Would you vote keep on those? - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 18:30, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Does it matter? --Nicodemus75 21:38, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, if you feel that there's are legitmately less-notable games that deserve keeping, your logic is consistent. If it's only because those less-notable games' articles haven't been deleted yet, it's not. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 01:43, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Perfectly verifiable and encyclopedic. The JCP section needs some serious cleanup, but that's not a reason for deletion. I can easily imagine someone playing the game and deciding to look for more information about it here. The name of the article does not seem to conflict with any other topics. Therefore, there is an advantage to keeping it, and no disadvantage to keeping it. Factitious 11:45, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jumper!


text:
Polemonium viscosum

Polemonium viscosum, known as sky pilot, skunkweed, sticky Jacobs-ladder, and sticky polemonium, is a flowering plant in the genus Polemonium native to western North America from southern British Columbia east to Montana and south to Arizona and New Mexico, where it grows at high altitudes on dry, rocky sites.

It is a perennial herbaceous plant growing 10–30 cm tall, with pinnate leaves up to 15 cm long with numerous small spoon-shaped leaflets 1.5–6 mm long and 1–3 mm broad. It has purple flowers 17–25 mm long.

It is grown as an ornamental plant in rock gardens.

title: Polemonium viscosum


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Brisbane/archive1

Brisbane
Well written, informed article of this transforational city. Mathieumcguire 00:54, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Refer to peer review, this is not how a city article should look and it is missing basic information, and references.--nixie 01:13, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * See Johannesburg for an example of a featured city article.--The Brain of Morbius 01:45, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Refer to peer review: it has a long way to go.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 05:29, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Peer review - I agree it's missing a lot, in fact missing such basic necessities as references. I live in Brisbane too, and the main impression I get is that the article doesn't really represent the Brisbane that I know.  That may be POV on my part - I'd have to read it through several times to be sure.  Move it to peer review and I'll be happy to discuss my thoughts further, because here is not the place to do that in detail. I've heard of "Brissie", I've heard of "BrisVegas" but I've never heard of "Brisneyland".  I should get out more perhaps. ;-) Rossrs 10:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object—It's not ready yet. -- Tony 00:34, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Object -- article does not have completed sections, lead to short, and long lists instead of prose. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  06:45, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Too many redlinks, and no references. - [[User:Mysekurity|Mysekurity ]] additions | e-mail ]] 21:45, 3 September 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:67.121.120.116

title: User talk:67.121.120.116


text: Template:Infobox Wikipedia vandal

title: Template:Infobox Wikipedia vandal


text:
Cheddar Man

Cheddar Man is a human male skeleton found in Gough's Cave in Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, England. The skeletal remains date to around the mid-to-late 9th millennium BC, corresponding to the Mesolithic period, and it appears that he died a violent death. A large crater-like lesion just above the skull's right orbit suggests that the man may have also been suffering from a bone infection.

Excavated in 1903, Cheddar Man is Britain's oldest near-complete human skeleton. The remains are kept by London's Natural History Museum, in the Human Evolution gallery.

Analysis of his nuclear DNA indicates that he was a typical member of the Western European hunter-gatherer population at the time, with a most likely phenotype of blue-green eyes, dark brown or black hair, and dark or dark-to-black skin, with no genetic adaption for lactase persistence into adulthood. Supplementary Material (p.18-19): "This individual has light or blue/green eye colour, it is not light blue, there are elements of brown/yellow in the eye to give a proposed perceived green colour. Better coverage at the low sequenced marker would clarify this but blue/hazel cannot be ruled out. It is certainly not a brown eyed or clear blue-eyed individual...

Skin pigmentation [assumptions about missing information omitted] The following range for skin pigmentation prediction is possible for this individual with these parameters:... Intermediate 0.152 - 0.038 Dark-Black 0.848 - 0.962 Final prediction: Dark/Dark-to-Black skin If we omit the three missing alleles, our tool produces 0.752 and 0.248 probabilities for the intermediate and dark-black category respectively, changing the prediction ranges to 0.752- 0.038 and 0.248-0.962. However, note that this completely removes the locus from the prediction model; hence the prediction will not perform optimally (how the prediction model was made). It is therefore best to have some allele present to infer the most probable range for Cheddar Man and we derive the ranges above from the extreme allele constellations only. Explanation: The missing loci certainly impact on this prediction; however, utilizing the input of all ancestral alleles is the preferred option over the use of the derived alleles at these loci – hence 0.152 for intermediate and 0.848 for Dark-to-Black would be the most probable profile. That being said a broad range is present in both the intermediate and dark-black categories due to the missing loci. Also, this effect of skipping a skin pigmentation prediction category with regards probability values, tends to be observed more often in admixed individuals. What is important to note is the input of the dark-black prediction is significant on the intermediate category and therefore it is acceptable to propose a dark complexion individual over an intermediate/light prediction even though the intermediate range is present. It is unlikely that this individual has the darkest possible pigmentation, but it cannot be ruled out. Better sequencing coverage would clarify to what degree this individual has a dark complexion."

Archaeological context
The near-complete skeleton, an adult male who probably died in his early twenties, was discovered in 1903 by labourers digging a drainage ditch. No grave goods have been reliably associated with the skeleton. It is likely that Cheddar Man was moved to the cave after death as part of what may have been a Mesolithic funerary practice, although it is also possible that he simply died in situ.

Cheddar Man has been directly radiocarbon dated on two separate occasions, giving calibrated dates of 8540–7990 BC and 8470–8230 BC.

Morphology
Cheddar Man was relatively small compared to modern Europeans, with an estimated stature of around 1.66 m, and weighing around 66 kg. Proportionally, he is in most respects similar to modern Europeans, and may be described as 'cold-adapted', but with a high crural index (thigh length to leg length ratio) which is much higher than the modern European average and higher even than the modern sub-Saharan African average, and a high tibia length-to-trunk height ratio similar to modern North Africans.

Phenotype
Nuclear DNA was extracted from the petrous part of the temporal bone by a team from the Natural History Museum in 2018. While the relevant genetic markers on the Cheddar Man genome have low sequencing coverage, limiting the accuracy of the predictions, they suggest (based on their associations in modern populations whose phenotypes are known) that he most likely had intermediate (blue-green) eye colour, dark brown or black hair, and dark or dark-to-black skin, with no derived allele for lactase persistence. These features are typical of the Western European population of the time, now known as Western Hunter-Gatherers, another example being Loschbour man discovered in Luxembourg. This population forms about 10%, on average, of the ancestry of Britons without a recent family history of immigration. Brown eyes, lactose tolerance, and light skin are common in the modern population of the area. These genes came from later immigration, most of it ultimately from two major waves, the first of Neolithic farmers from the Near East, another of Bronze Age pastoralists, most likely speakers of Indo-European languages, from the Pontic steppe.

Ancestry
About 85% of his ancestry can be modelled as coming from the c. 14,000–7,000-year-old Villabruna genetic cluster, and only c. 15% from the Goyet Q2 cave cluster whose genes are found in association with the Late Upper Palaeolithic Magdalenian culture. He is not closely related to the earlier Magdalenian individuals found in the same cave, whose ancestry is entirely from the Goyet cluster. The genomes of all British Mesolithic individuals sequenced to date other than Cheddar Man can be modelled as only Villabruna-related (WHG) ancestry, without additional Goyet-related admixture. The results of the Natural History Museum study gave evidence that Cheddar Man's ancestry, and the wave of anatomically modern humans he was part of, originated in the Middle East. This suggests that his ancestors would have left Africa, moved into the Middle East and later headed west into Europe, before eventually traversing Doggerland, a land bridge which connected Britain to continental Europe. It is estimated that 10% of the genomes of modern white British comes from this population of anatomically modern humans.

British Mesolithic hunter gatherers like Cheddar Man contribute negligibly to the ancestry of modern British people, due to later migrations like those of Neolithic farmers and the Bell Beaker culture effectively completely replacing the previous inhabitants of Britain, with the WHG/Villabruna ancestry in modern British people instead deriving from continental hunter gatherers.

Uniparental haplogroups
Cheddar Man's Y-DNA belonged to an ancient sister branch of modern Haplogroup I2-L38 (I2a2). The I2a2 subclade is still extant in males of the modern British Isles and across other parts of Europe. The mitochondrial DNA of Cheddar Man was discovered to be haplogroup U5b1 by a Natural History Museum study in 2018 using next generation sequencing. Some 65% of western European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers had haplogroup U5; today it is widely distributed, at lower frequencies, across western Eurasia and northern Africa. In 1996, Bryan Sykes of the University of Oxford first sequenced the mitochondrial DNA from one of Cheddar Man's molars as U5a using PCR testing. The difference between the older result and the 2018 Natural History Museum result was attributed to the use of older PCR technology and possible contamination.

In popular culture
Soon after the discovery of the skeleton, Cheddar Man became part of a discourse of British nationalism and cultural heritage, with an initially proposed age of 40,000-80,000 years. The specimen was heralded by some as the 'first Englishman'.

The analysis of Cheddar Man's mitochondrial DNA by Bryan Sykes in 1996 was broadcast on a regional television programme in the UK, Once Upon a Time in the West. The programme emphasised the connection between Cheddar Man and Adrian Targett, a history teacher from a local school, both of whom belonged to mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U5, although this cannot demonstrate a direct connection between Cheddar Man and this individual, and many people with the same mtDNA haplogroup could probably be found even within the local area. The programme generated coverage in national and international media, which focused mainly on the supposed relationship between Cheddar Man and the local history teacher, and failed to emphasise that mitochondrial DNA is only passed on through the mother, and makes up only a small proportion of an individual's genome. In 2018, the publication of the genetics study by Brace et al. and subsequent facial reconstruction of a dark-skinned and blue-eyed Cheddar Man resulted in widespread media coverage. This coverage again described Cheddar Man as the "first Brit" (despite older remains of modern humans being known from Britain). Public discourse surrounding the reconstruction of Cheddar Man heavily revolved around the themes of immigration, national identity, race, and Brexit. Some saw Cheddar Man's predicted dark skin colour as a helpful riposte to anti-immigration arguments, while others condemned it as fake news and left-wing politically correct propaganda. A dark skin colour was "strongly suggested" through exhaustive DNA studies. The current scientific consensus holds that populations living in Europe became lighter-skinned over time because pale skin absorbs more sunlight, which is required to produce enough vitamin D. There are a handful of genetic variations linked to lighter skin; it was determined in the study that Cheddar Man had "ancestral" versions of all these genes, strongly suggesting he would have had "dark to black" skin tone, but combined with blue eyes.

title: Cheddar Man


text:
Talk:Extraterrestrial life in culture

Images
In response to the prior comment
 * Seems like this article is begging for images...--Tchalvak

I've attemped to enrich the article with images and linked them to the MAJ12 SOM101 -supposedly forged ofcourse- doc descriptions. Dhatz 19:22, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Talk from "Aliens in Fiction"
'The article "Aliens in Fiction" was merged with and redirected to this article. The following discussion took place at "aliens in fiction", retrieved on 31st August 2005, some time after the merge:'

"Modemac (Copied text from 'Planets in fiction' to prevent duplication)"

Nice move. Thanks. :-)

Reverted. Surely intelligent/unintelligent is more important than humanoid/non-humanoid.

For the purpose of classifying fictional alien species, the difference between "humanoid" and "non-humanoid" probably offers a better way to list them in Wikipedia. After all, we're talking about fictional alien species, and the vast majority of aliens portrayed in science fiction are "intelligent." Yes, there have been a number of stories about "non-intelligent" alien species, but the most popular stories I know of (in both print and film) are dealing with "intelligent" species. And in the movies and TV especially, "humanoid" aliens are certainly portrayed more often than "non-humanoids." Look at Star Trek, for instance. The Klingons are certainly "intelligent," and they are also "humanoid" -- as are just about every alien race in the Star Trek universe. But the Mysterious Aliens of 2001: A Space Odyssey are also certainly "intelligent." Are they "humanoid?" Modemac

 * "And in the movies and TV especially, "humanoid" aliens are certainly portrayed more often than "non-humanoids." - But this is an artifact caused by the necessity of human beings playing them.

COMPLAINT: some of my recent contributions were erased by the next guy. I'm willing to accept that this was an honest mistake, but can we please be careful not to erase other people's work without good reason. Thank you. - Lee M 14:30, 9 Sep 2003 (EDT)

 * Restored my additions. - Lee M

What this page really needs is a little history of 'aliens in fiction' With the number of Sci-fi buffs we have here surely we can do better than the couple of sentences we have here. I'm going to make a start - please add what you know. DJ Clayworth 18:37, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Note to self (or anyone else who is nearer their books): add in the various Lensman aliens. Velantians spring to mind (dragons?) and those tub-shaped chaps with the multiple arms, and then there's the really cold ones. And that's just the other 2nd Stage Lensmen, what about the villains? Phil 15:14, Nov 25, 2003 (UTC)
 * OK, so that's the Velantians and Rigellians, now to try to remember what the nitro-breathing cold suckers were called, plus that shed-load of others. Phil 17:25, Nov 26, 2003 (UTC)

Seems like this article is begging for images... --Tchalvak

(end of old discussion)

poetry
The stuff I've just added was plunked in the middle of Cosmic pluralism recently and threw the page for a loop. I'm adding it here because it makes a bit more sense on a page dealing with fiction. Marskell 13:45, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * No sensible person thinks that the history of the idea in the 18th century belongs here. Deleted. --Wetman 20:14, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Wetman that it is quite peculiar to find Milton, for example, in this article. I would suggest a new article, Extraterrestrial life in literature perhaps. Alexander 007 02:19, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * What about a rename here to Extraterrestrials and culture? A general page that can logically take anything of this sort? This page needs a good re-working anyhow. Marskell 09:31, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and moved this to Extraterrestrials in culture. I hope this partly addresses Wetman's concerns.

 * An obvious attempt was made at some point to systematically link to this page all over the place and I've spent 2 hours on what links here already. I think we should link to Extraterrestrials, first and foremost. It's a comprehensive page and this page is noted at the very top of it, if people would rather just read on this topic.

 * I think, the next step is to improve this page. Marskell 13:31, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Now that there is an appropriately contemporary section on Extraterrestrials in Poetry, I'm curious if it and the following section Historical Ideas should be somewhat merged, since poetry is the source. Perhaps not. B Merrell 10:04, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

The word "alien"
Where does the word "alien" come from? I know it also means a person from another country, but since when did it start meaning an extraterrestrial creatures? Who started that usage?--Sonjaaa 17:15, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Move back requested
I suggested this be moved back to Extraterrestrial life in culture. The reasoning is explained on Requested moves. Comment as you like. Marskell 15:10, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I've move-protected this page and the redirect pending the outcome of the move request. Tom Harrison Talk 16:03, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think extraterrestrial life in popular culture might be a better destination. There has recently been some effort to wrangle other "real or hypothetical X in fiction/literature/pop culture" articles together into Category:In popular culture. -Sean Curtin 00:50, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Or maybe extraterrestrial life (popular culture)? I don't like "life in culture" because it makes me wonder if culture means something else, like a culture of life organisms growing.--Sonjaaa 05:08, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * "In popular culture" rather than just "in culture" would be fine. The bracket might make sense but it's not Wiki style at the moment. Marskell 06:18, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Can we please move to extraterrestrial life in popular culture or extraterrestrial beings (popular culture) then?--Sonjaaa 11:38, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Again, without the bracket. That is not the format people have been using. Marskell 11:58, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Removal
Beginning with the sentence "Some assert that it is often the case in reality" the Typical characteristics section went on to give pride of a place to an extensive conspiracy theory. Wiki is not the place for this. Marskell 10:07, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

What To Do About Long Long Lists
I'd like to question the wisdom of including, in this article, lists of fiction/video games/anything which have elements of extraterrestrials in them, because obviously there are hundreds of thousands if not millions or tens of millions of such works.

I propose:
 * removing all these list elements
 * making a Wiki Category to represent each of these categories- because Categories scale much better than lists in articles

What does everyone think? brain 00:46, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Sam Cassell
I removed Sam Cassell from the list of types. Since there does seem to be some popular connection between his appearance and that of fictional aliens, perhaps he should be mentioned somewhere in the article, but not as a category of extraterrestrials. Lusanaherandraton 06:36, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Extraterrestrial life in culture


text:
PFM-1 mine

PFM-1 (ПФМ-1 — Противопехотная Фугасная Мина-1) is a scatterable high explosive anti-personnel land mine of Soviet and Russian production. It is also known as a Green Parrot or Butterfly Mine. The mines can be deployed from mortars, helicopters and aeroplanes in large numbers; they glide to the ground without exploding and will explode later upon contact.

Design
The mine consists of a polyethylene plastic container containing 37 g of VS-6D or VS-60D liquid explosive. The two wings of the PFM-1 allow it to glide after being released in the air, then spin, stabilizing it and slowing its descent, similar to maple seeds. The thick wing contains the liquid explosive. The two wings together are 120 mm long. The plastic body can be produced in a variety of colours for best camouflage. As existing stocks were in European green rather than sand coloured, the first examples used in 1980s Afghanistan were green and easily visible. This led to their name 'green parrots'.

The shape and bright colour is attractive to children, inspiring claims that they were deliberately designed to look like a toy.

The mine comes in two variants: PFM-1 and PFM-1S. The only difference between the two variants is that the PFM-1S comes with a self-destruct mechanism, with a nominal self destruct time for 85% of all mines of 40 hours. The self destruct mechanism is designed to activate after 1– 40 hours depending on ambient temperature. The PFM-1S self-destruct mechanism is not very reliable, and is likely to leave mines in an armed or sensitive state; with mines known to continue to randomly self-destruct for weeks after deployment. The mines cannot be laid manually and must be laid only using minelaying systems, such as remote mining machine UMZ, portable mining kit - PKM (mortar), and those present on multiple rocket launchers, helicopters (VSM-1 mine system) or airplanes. The remote minelaying systems can only use cluster munition containing PFM-1 mines. The cassettes that contain the PFM-1 mines are KSF-1 (72 PFM-1), KSF-1S (64 PFM-1S) or KSF-1S-0.5 (36 PFM-1 and 36 PFM-1S).

Because the mine is so light, it can be carried in waterways and move downstream after heavy rains or melting snow. The PFM-1 mines are notorious for attaining good camouflage in the conditions of dense foliage, snow or sand.

Action
The mine is stored with a pin restraining a detonating plunger. Once the arming pin is removed, the plunger is slowly forced forward by a spring until it contacts the detonator, at which point it is armed.

Deformation of the soft plastic skin of the mine forces the arming plunger to strike the detonator, detonating the mine. Because the body of the mine is a single cumulative pressure primer, it is extremely dangerous to handle the mine: The Imperial War Museum states that "A pressure in excess of 5kg would activate the mine". Holding it between the thumb and forefinger may be enough to make it explode. The charge is usually nonlethal, although sufficient to maim.

Disposal
The PFM-1(S) mines can be disposed by destruction or activation by mechanical or explosive means; they cannot be disarmed. The mines are generally disposed of in-situ to prevent unintended initiation while moving. If the mine has to be moved, it is done so with an implement that is at least 3 meters long, made of soft materials (for example, plastic) to prevent injury in the event the mine detonates in transit. The disposal technician should ideally wear suitable personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and a helmet with a ballistic visor of at least 8–10 mm of PMMA. If the mine is to be destroyed mechanically, then they should be driven on by the tracks of an armoured vehicle, or impacted with a load weighing at least 60 kg. Otherwise, the technician must dispose of the mine with at least 200 grams of explosive at least 4–5m away. The requirement to use soft materials is due to secondary fragments that may be generated as a result of the mine exploding: if the mine is placed on a hard or metallic surface, such as asphalt or steel, it could generate secondary fragmentation and potentially wound the disposal technician, or people around them. As it is almost impossible to tell the PFM-1 and PFM-1S versions apart care should be taken when approaching them as the mine's self-destruction mechanism may actuate.

Compliance with the Ottawa Convention
In 2017, the government of Belarus announced that it had destroyed its stockpiles of PFM-1 mines. The last 78 PFM-1 mines held by Belarus were destroyed as the highlight of the closing ceremony marking the elimination of their landmine stock.

Ukraine stated that its stockpile of PFM-1 mines in 1999 was 6,000,000 units. In a November 2008 presentation, Ukraine indicated that it had destroyed 101,088 PFM-1 mines per the convention in 1999. Following the agreement between the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA, formerly known as NAMSO) on 1 September 2012, a three-way agreement between Ukraine, NSPA and the EU was signed, which figurated that the EU would provide 3.689 million euros for the destruction of 3.3 million mines. In 2013, the NSPA provided assistance in destruction of 300,000 mines. In 2014, following the outbreak of war with Russia, Ukrainian representatives did not attend in person but submitted a document to the Mine Ban Treaty Third Review Conference, stating that it had destroyed 568,248 mines since the ratification, with an additional 576 mines in 2014, leaving its stockpile at 5,434,672 mines. After failing to meet the Ottawa Treaty deadline of November 2018 on the destruction of its anti-personnel mines, Ukraine requested the deadline be extended to 1 June 2021, later asking for further extension on 8 June 2020. In 2019, 67,236 mines were destroyed. Amid continuing conflict in the Donbas region, in 2020 Ukraine refused to destroy any PFM-1 mines.In 2021, Ukraine's PFM-1 stockpile was reported at 3,363,828 mines.

Russia, as well as the United States, China, and several other countries, are not signatories of the Ottawa Treaty (the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention).

Afghanistan
PFM-1 was used during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, allegedly resulting in a high number of casualties among children from the mine being mistaken for a toy due to its shape and coloring.

Ukraine
The Ukrainian government alleged that the Russian Federation deployed PFM-1 mines during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. At the start of the invasion, in March 2022, Deutsche Welle found no evidence to support the accusation. In June, Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that Russia had used "at least seven types of antipersonnel mines in at least four regions of Ukraine: Donetsk, Kharkiv, Kyiv, and Sumy", but could not ascertain PFM-1 use in its briefing.

In summer 2022, HRW found no credible information about Ukraine using any anti-personnel mines, but said in January 2023 that its team "saw physical evidence of PFM antipersonnel mine use in seven of the nine areas around Izyum" in Kharkiv Oblast, and urged the Ukrainian government to investigate possible PFM use by its forces.

In Russian-controlled Donetsk many PFM-1 were widely dispersed, and Russian and local sources accused the Ukrainian army of being responsible for their deployment. There have been reported casualties, the most prominent of which was the Russian influencer Semfira Sulejmanova. Another Russian influencer, Semyon Pegov, reportedly had his leg injured and was hospitalized as a result of these mines.

Similar weapons
The PFM-1 is very similar to the BLU-43 landmine used by the US Army in Operation Igloo White in Laos during the Vietnam War. According to a U.S. military document, the Soviet military created PFM-1 after reverse-engineering BLU-43.

Specifications (PFM-1 & PFM-1S)

 * Dimensions: 119 x
 * Activation pressure: 5.1-25.5 kgf
 * Weight:
 * Mine: 75 g
 * Charge: 37 g of VS-6D or VS-60D liquid explosive
 * KSF-1 cassette: 9.2 kg
 * Shelf life: 10 years
 * Temperature range : -40 to 50 C
 * Fuze: MVDM/VGM-572 (МВВДМ ВГММ-572)
 * Self-destruct time (PKM-1S): 1–40 hours (85% nominal self destruction within 40 hours)

title: PFM-1 mine


text:
Category talk:East Asian swords

Cfd 23 Aug 2005
No consensus, no change, see discussion for details. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 00:56, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:East Asian swords


text:
KPBA (1270 AM)

KPBA (1270 AM) was an American AM radio station transmitting from Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Launched as KADL in 1960 by Jefferson County Broadcasting Company, as part of the Southwestern Broadcasting group, KPBA had its license cancelled by the FCC in 2005.

Beginning
Jefferson County Broadcasting Company was granted a construction permit by the Federal Communications Commission for a new AM radio station in July 1959. Authorized to transmit with 5,000 watts of daytime-only power on a frequency of 1270 kHz, KADL began licensed broadcast operations on August 19, 1960. At launch, Louis Alford was the station's general manager with Philip D. Brady acting as technical director and Albert Mack Smith serving as secretary-treasurer.

License holder Jefferson County Broadcasting Company was in turn owned by Southwestern Broadcasting and operated as one of several stations owned by that group across the Arkansas and Mississippi. Southwestern Broadcasting was originally jointly owned by Louis Alford, Philip D. Brady, and Albert Mack Smith.

1960s and 1970s
By 1961, Albert Mack Smith took over as general manager of KADL with Chester Pierce serving as both station manager and commercial manager. By 1965, the station was playing at least 50 hours of country & western music each week and Leon Soles joined the staff as chief engineer. By 1971, KADL had transitioned to a "100%" country & western music format. The station would maintain this music format throughout the 1970s with Albert Mack Smith still serving as general manager of the station and Chester Pierce serving as both station manager and chief engineer. In the late 1970s, the FCC authorized KADL to broadcast with 5,000 watts of power on an unlimited basis, no longer just during daylight hours.

Decade of changes
After nearly 23 years of operation as KADL, the station was assigned new call sign KABS by the FCC on April 6, 1983. The station's call sign was changed to KZLR on March 30, 1987, in support of a new format under new ownership but faced with serious economic challenges, the station went dark until new ownership could be found. The station resumed broadcasting in 1988 with new owners and the call sign was changed yet again, this time to KPBA on December 29, 1988. (The KPBA call letters had been previously used at 1590 AM, which became KYDE in 1976.)

Those owners also struggled financially in the shrinking media market of Pine Bluff and by the early 1990s the station was under the ownership of Family Time Ministries of Berlin, New Jersey. Dr. R.J. Lightsey, a minister and later founder of the Jubilee Christian Center, served as KPBA's general manager from August 1991 through April 1993 when the station was sold to Wheeler Chapel Missionary Baptist Church.

Jackie Harris years
In October 1996, the FCC approved the sale of KPBA by the church to National Football League player Jackie Harris, a native of Pine Bluff. Harris, then a tight end with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, told the Fort Worth Star-Telegram that he decided to buy KPBA shortly after giving an interview on the station. Harris continued KPBA's Christian radio format. By 1999, he had expanded his media holdings to three radio stations, all playing a Christian radio format.

In June 2001, Jackie Harris and his wife Letrece were honored for their "commitment to downtown Pine Bluff" as Small Business Persons of the Year by the Greater Pine Bluff Chamber of Commerce. Six weeks later, Harris and his company, Metro Media Group Inc. of Pine Bluff, were being sued for non-payment of debts related to the purchase of two sister stations to KPBA. Harris owed Delta Radio Inc. more than $150,000 for the purchase of those two stations, one in Pine Bluff and the other in Dumas, and owed Claud Solley back rent for the relay tower used by the Dumas station. The suits were dropped after Harris paid both Delta Radio Inc. and Claus Solley in full on August 8, 2001.

After completing two years of a four-year contract to play for the Dallas Cowboys, Harris was released by the team in late February 2002 to "create salary cap room". This deprived Harris of a scheduled $400,000 roster bonus and effectively ended his NFL career. A creditor in the August 2001 lawsuit noted that Harris "lives from contract to contract" and that he relied on his income as a professional football player to subsidize his many business ventures.

Shutdown
On July 22, 2002, the Federal Communications Commission's New Orleans Enforcement Bureau issued a Notice of Apparent Liability (NAL) against the station's licensee, Metro Birch Enterprises, Inc., a license-holding subsidiary of Metro Media Group Inc. of Pine Bluff. The NAL states that "The agent observed that the station's antenna tower, which had radio frequency potential at the base, was not enclosed inside a fence or other protective enclosure. Additionally, the station's public inspection file consisted of only a few letters from the public."

On January 28, 2003, the station was fined $17,000 "for wilfully violating Sections 73.49 and 73.3526(a)(2) of the Rules."

KPBA was deleted from the FCC database on June 24, 2005.

title: KPBA (1270 AM)