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Over the Hedge

Over the Hedge is an American syndicated comic strip, written by Michael Fry, and drawn by T. Lewis. It tells the story of a raccoon, a turtle, a squirrel, and their friends, who come to terms with their woodlands being taken over, by suburbia, trying to survive the increasing flow of humanity and technology while becoming enticed by it at the same time. The strip debuted June 12, 1995.

History
Cartoonists Michael Fry and T. Lewis began collaborating through an agent who represented both of them. At the time, Lewis was a children’s book illustrator, and Fry was a freelance writer. They originally conceived another comic strip called The Secret Life of Pigs, featuring two anthropomorphic pigs. This idea was rejected by editors, who thought that readers would not relate to the strip’s rural setting or the use of pigs as characters. In response, the two changed the lead characters to an ordinary raccoon and turtle, and in 1995, the strip was approved by United Feature Syndicate.

According to the Detroit Free Press, one factor in the strip’s initial success was the ending of Calvin and Hobbes in December 1995; when that strip ended, over 110 newspapers chose to run Over the Hedge as its replacement.

Main characters

 * RJ — RJ is a raccoon con artist. He takes pride in being extremely apathetic. He apparently envisions himself as an intellectual; however, his "facts" are obviously false. He is sometimes shown without a brain, using his brain cavity to store his "hanky" and breath mints. He loves to burgle human homes for food, as well as watch them, and their televisions, through the windows. He enjoys commenting on human life, and has studied humans, and knows their ways of getting food, and even has slightly imprinted on them. He was shown to care for Clara, even before she was born (after he learned that babies can hear some things outside of the mother from Verne) by reading The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, and singing a horrible version of "Stairway to Heaven". RJ is shown to have the ability to expand to fit a massive amount of food, and is known as "that horrible raccoon kid" on Halloween. His favourite food is Twinkies.
 * Verne — Verne is a cautious, easy going, lactose abhorrent turtle, who is reflective, and prone to allergies. Verne is a true renaissance turtle, an intelligent and quick witted observer with a deep spiritual side and a tingling feeling in his tail when something is not right. He is one of the most caring characters (second to "The Tree That Knows Stuff"), but he sometimes lacks basic common sense. His proudest achievement is gathering all of the air conditioners out of Suburbia, and shouting, "LET THE GLOBAL COOLING COMMENCE!!!", just as RJ was about to plug them all in. He is a computer nerd, and he once "broke" the Internet. Most recently, his shell was used as a hotspot for Queen Izzy, the Ant Queen, and her ant subjects, forcing him to first wear one cereal box of Lucky Charms, and then one utilikilt.
 * Hammy — A hyperactive squirrel, Hammy is the least intelligent, although also the most lovable character in the strip, spouting random comments at random moments. His comments usually state an unusually short lecture on a topic of little interest to the other characters. The character started the strip as "Hammy". He was later renamed as "Sammy", one continuity error that was assigned a fanciful explanation, when the film was in production, in May 2005. The character swapped places in December 2005, with his duplicate, also named "Hammy", from the other side of a mirror. RJ has addressed the character as "Hamilton".
 * Clara — A human infant, who can speak to and understand the animals, with surprising intelligence. She gets along best with RJ, often adding insight to his plans.

Film adaptation
An animated film adaptation, produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures, was released on May 19, 2006 (June 30, 2006 in Britain). The film adaptation features RJ befriending a group of woodlanders (two of whom are Hammy and Verne) and introducing them to suburbia, with an ulterior motive of helping him replenish the food supply he stole from a bear named Vincent.

Bruce Willis, Garry Shandling, Steve Carell, William Shatner, Wanda Sykes, Eugene Levy, Catherine O'Hara, and Nick Nolte star as RJ, Verne, Hammy, Ozzie (an opossum), Stella (a skunk), Lou and Penny (porcupines) and Vincent (a bear), respectively. The film features Avril Lavigne’s first major film role, as Heather, Ozzie's continuously embarrassed teenage daughter.

The film grossed $336 million worldwide. Following DreamWorks acquisition by Comcast in 2016, the film's rights are now owned by Universal Pictures.

title: Over the Hedge


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WVGN-LD

WVGN-LD (channel 19) is a low-power television station in Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas, serving as the NBC affiliate for the United States Virgin Islands. Owned by Caribbean Broadcasting Network, it is a sister station to dual This TV/Fox affiliate WVXF (channel 17). WVGN-LD's transmitter is located on Signal Hill.

WVGN is available on Viya Cable channel 11, and as part of the Virgin Islands locals package on Dish Network. The station was also available in Puerto Rico on Dish until December 31, 2013 when it was replaced by a new NBC station on WKAQ-TV's third digital subchannel.

The station simulcasts the 6 a.m., 5 p.m., 6 p.m., and 11 p.m. ET editions of WNBC's News 4 New York broadcasts. Notably, WNBC was the default NBC affiliate for the Virgin Islands until WVGN signed on. WVGN does not provide any local newscasts for the U.S. Virgin Islands.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: WVGN-LD


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User:Innominate Incarnate

Innominate Incarnate

title: User:Innominate Incarnate


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Super Best Friends

"Super Best Friends" is the third episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series South Park and the 68th episode of the series overall. Going by production order, it is the 4th episode of Season 5 instead of the 3rd. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on July 4, 2001. In the episode, Stan, Kyle, Cartman and Kenny discover the magician David Blaine performing in South Park and decide to join his cult, the Blaintologists. Stan quickly finds out that the Blaintologists are not as nice as everyone thinks and tries to convince the other boys that they have been brainwashed. Teaming up with Jesus, Stan calls upon the Super Best Friends, a parody of the Super Friends, to destroy Blaine and thwart the mass suicide pact he has launched.

The episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA in the United States. It depicts several religious figures, including Muhammad, whose appearance at the time of the original airing caused little to no controversy. Following Islamists' death threats regarding Muhammad's portrayal in the 2010 episode titled "201", the South Park Studios website no longer streams "Super Best Friends", nor is it available for streaming or purchase from online stores. The episode has been replaced on the South Park Studios with a notice: "We apologize that South Park Studios cannot stream Super Best Friends." The episode was also featured in syndication, but was permanently removed after the threats. It is one of five episodes which are unavailable on Max and Paramount+, along with season 14's "200", and the aforementioned "201", as well as season 10's "Cartoon Wars Part I" and "Cartoon Wars Part II".

Plot
David Blaine visits South Park, impressing the town's residents, including Kyle, Stan, Cartman, and Kenny, with his street magic. Mesmerized, the boys join the cult of "Blaintology", hoping to learn more about magic. Stan becomes progressively more disturbed by the cult and soon leaves, but Kyle refuses to join him, and so Stan asks Jesus for help. Meanwhile, Kyle and Cartman go door to door in a recruitment drive, sporting nametags labeled "Elder Kyle" and "Elder Cartman".

Jesus appears at Blaine's show in Denver, and challenges him by performing the miracle of the loaves and fish... after requesting that everybody in the audience turn around; Blaine manages to win the crowd with much more powerful enchantments. Jesus promptly requires the assistance of the Super Best Friends: a group of major religious figures including Muhammad, Buddha, Moses, Joseph Smith, Krishna, Laozi and "Sea Man", an Aquaman-like character. They are dedicated to defending the world against evil (except for Buddha, who "doesn't really believe in evil").

The Blaintologists, meanwhile, petition the government for tax-exempt status. Their request is denied, and all the Blaintologists are told that they are to commit mass suicide in Washington, D.C. Kyle is shown to have escaped the cult's control, but when he tries to convince Cartman that they should flee, Cartman reports him, and Kyle is imprisoned in a glass bubble and forced to participate at the mass suicide. When word about the mass suicide reaches the Super Best Friends, they consult Moses (previously seen in "Jewbilee") for advice.

In D.C., the Blaintologists begin to drown themselves in the Reflecting Pool even though it is only approximately a foot deep, while Cartman installs a hose in Kyle's glass bubble to fill it with water, so as to drown him. The Super Best Friends arrive at the scene, to which Blaine responds by animating the statue of Abraham Lincoln to fight them.

Meanwhile, Stan searches for his friends, first finding Kenny drowned in the pool and shouting "Oh, my God! They killed Kenny!", to which Kyle replies "You bastards!"; they alternately repeat their catchphrases in Marco Polo fashion to find each other. In order to defeat the Abraham Lincoln statue, the Super Best Friends create a giant animated John Wilkes Booth statue, which shoots it in the head, causing it to fall over and shatter Kyle's prison. Afterwards, Joseph Smith uses his ice powers to freeze the reflecting pool so as to prevent more suicides.

It is revealed that Cartman has not managed to kill himself, as he keeps coming up for air. Blaine curses the Super Best Friends for ruining his plans and flies away in a rocket ship. Stan finally announces that any religion which forces people to relinquish their money or control over their lives is really a cult. After his speech, Kyle reconciles with Stan, they amuse themselves with kicking a taunting Cartman in the testicles, and the episode ends with the Super Best Friends flying away.

References to Scientology
In the DVD commentary, Parker states that the episode's references to real-life magician David Blaine and Blaintology were allusions to Scientology.

Depiction of Muhammad
In 2005, cartoon depictions of Muhammad became more controversial during the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. The creators of South Park returned to this theme in later episodes, parodying censorship attempts and portraying Muhammad again in the 2006 episodes "Cartoon Wars Part I" and "Cartoon Wars Part II" and again in the 2010 episode "200". Further controversy ensued, and one group, "Revolution Muslim", warned that South Park's creators would "probably wind up like Theo van Gogh". Around this time, the original "Super Best Friends" episode was removed from the South Park Studios website.

Home media
"Super Best Friends", along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park: the Complete Fifth Season, were released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on February 22, 2005. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode.

The episode was included in the re-release of the fifth season on Blu-ray, released on December 5, 2017. This was the first time the episode was made available in HD, as the episode was not released alongside the rest of the season when it debuted in HD on iTunes in 2011. The episode is shown in its original presentation, without Muhammad's image being obscured as in later episodes of the series.

title: Super Best Friends


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User talk:Innominate Incarnate

Hi

title: User talk:Innominate Incarnate


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Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Rl

Rl
'''No consensus. (26/14/2) Closed 23:11, August 28, 2005 (UTC)'''

- Rl is here since July 2004, has 7,100 edits (5,500 in articles). Huge amount of work to keep Wikipedia clean, contributes to articles, talks with people, uses edit summaries, participates in Wikipedia namespace and VfD. Reliable in my experience. --Pavel Vozenilek 02:28, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I accept. Rl 09:14, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Support. This edit where Rl caught a spam hidden under seemingly valid name serves as example why. Pavel Vozenilek 02:34, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) BRIAN 0918  • 2005-08-21 04:45
 * 3) Merovingian (t) (c) 05:37, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Unequivocally support. A highly committed (insert joke here) and responsible user who would make a fine admin. He's being particlularly helpful to me dealing with a vandal. The JPS 10:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC) Oh, and willingness to admit potential deficiencies/problems demonstrates maturity that the wiki desperately needs. It is admirable that he has declared what he is uncomfortable with. Opposing honesty is absolutely disgraceful. The JPS 13:55, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support.  We need more hands, and this is a safe pair in which to shove a mop. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:21, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Looks like a good and experienced wikipedian.--May the Force be with you! Shreshth91  ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  15:38, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) David Gerard 16:47, 21 August 2005 (UTC) Passes my simple criteria: I have some idea who he is, he's been around and active long enough to be seasoned, he's not stupid or insane.
 * 8) Support, good editor, wikipedia will be better off if he has admin powers. Martin - The non-blue non-moose 17:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support. He knows his way around and is trustworthy. Rje 18:50, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support. Great editor, hand this fellow a mop. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy) 20:49, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support, not least for the wiki-fascist label. If the idiots are shooting at you, you know you're doing something right. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 01:31, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support, see no good reason to object. Christopher Parham (talk) 04:01, 2005 August 22 (UTC)
 * 13) Support Good editor, carries himself very professionally. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 14:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Support. Some phenomenal catches, including, most recently at the Boston article. And making the awful into the readable is an important goal. Friejose 17:12, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support. Coffee 18:52, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Suppport Yes I spelled it with three p's on purpose. D. J. Bracey (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 20:40, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Support. Earlier today I was browsing past here and didn't vote because I didn't really have an opinion, but later looking at my watchlist I noticed that RI just categorized an article I rewrote.  I like to think that my revision left it somewhere above awful, but at least now I know it's good ;-). LizardWizard 00:38, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Support. >5000 edits to article space, does enormous amounts of good work on RC patrol, has knowledge of policy, and, to use the memorable characterization above, is "not stupid or insane."—Encephalon |  ζ   04:05:14, 2005-08-23 (UTC)
 * 19) Support I endorse Rl's view on consensus.  Grue  05:27, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Support. Good editor. Func( t, c, @,) 03:23, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Support. Good contributions, and I appreciate his honesty in answering the candidate questions. Sietse 18:29, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:03, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) Support. Editor clearly understands Wikipedia policy far better than the hordes opposing him. Kelly Martin 03:44, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) Support, agree with Kelly Martin's comment. JYolkowski // talk 21:48, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) Andre ( talk ) 05:56, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * 26) Support. Checks out as a good editor. The "misunderstanding the notion of consensus" is in my opinion minor and fixable. I'm happy to support this candidate. Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 14:41, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * Rob Church Talk 01:31, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Oppose. Answer to Hamster Sandwich fundamentally misunderstands the notion of consensus. It's not the same as unanimity. Answer to first question sounds like he's not very keen on doing admin-related things. Doesnt' really sound very pro-active, either. Supposed to be no-big-deal, but some interest would be nice! Whilst VfD closures are often controversial, it is surprising to list a single debate which didn't go the 'right' way as an important conflict. -Splash 01:57, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I beg to differ. My answer was correct. 100% of the vote does indicate a consensus. There are lower percentages that may indicate consensus as well, but any realistic number I could have mentioned would have been too low for some and too high for others. There simply is no consensus on a percentage (see 1, 2). Rl 09:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Weak Oppose I endorse Splash's comments completely. I'm going to tell you the same thing I told another candidate last week. In your answers, you trash yourself and your work. You're fishing for compliments, or rather, support votes. Plus, your comment that "Everyone does it [revert vandalism]. My English always warned us about using words such as all, never, and every. I doubt vandals revert vandalism. Acetic Acid 03:23, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * I trash neither myself nor my work. "I am pleased with my work because I consider it important." Sorry you don't agree. Rl 09:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * "Most of my work was not about making the good great, but about making the awful decent." That's an pretty pejorative statement. Acetic Acid 20:35, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not really. It says he makes articles better. That must be a good thing, no? It also says that the helps repair some of the more awful messes that arrive here, and that is important to our outside image - someone comes across a rubbish article on a good topic, and they are likely to look elsewhere in future. -Splash 23:54, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It wasn't just that line. It was the entire answer. Even the first line about reverting vandalism comes off like the user has a bad attitude. And the part about 100% consensus is a little shady. But you're right. I probably took the "making the awful decent" sentence the wrong way. Changed from Oppose to Weak Oppose, if that does anything. Acetic Acid 06:13, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose, user has too weak a grasp of Wikipolicy. Radiant_ >|< 08:20, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose. Great contributions and fine edit summaries, but I am also perturbed by the candidate's interpretation of consensus. I don't like the statement: "I freely admit that I wouldn't be comfortable closing a contentious VfD". Fernando Rizo T/C 17:06, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Oppose - consensus doesn't necessarily mean unanimity. - ulayiti (talk)  18:52, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Oppose Whether the admission of discomfort with the prospect of closing a contentious VfD reflects a lack of confidence in the ability to do it well or a lack of desire to do it at all, I don't know. Both possibilities, though, strike me as a sign of not being cut out to be an administrator.  The Literate Engineer 22:02, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Oppose strange understanding of cosensus. Borisblue 01:00, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Oppose. I'd prefer not to oppose, but his comments aren't really what I want to see from a candidate. I'd like to see more willingness to make mistakes and also to admit them. Carbonite | Talk 11:51, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Oppose. Agree with comments above. Jonathunder 16:34, 2005 August 23 (UTC)
 * 8) Oppose: I think Rl is a fine editor, but he needs to research policy if he doesn't know it (with reference most especially to consensus, but also evident in other remarks by him). Perhaps we could have another look at this in a couple of months if Rl delves into policy a tad more.  Sunray 23:58, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rl continues to maintain (see comments, below) "...that there is no official agreement on any number lower than 100%." I would direct his attention to the following statement in the third paragraph of the guideline: "In day-to-day Wikipedia practice, e.g. on VfD, consensus means something closer to supermajority, usually a two-thirds majority. In other polls, it has been defined as a 70% majority. In yet other cases, such as approving a request for a person to become an administrator, it is generally considered an 80% majority" (bold text added). Admins generally abide by this, AFAIK. Sunray 09:02, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Weak Oppose. The 100% concept of consensus allows a liberum veto for POV warriors and trolls.  Will change vote to Neutral if candidate can explain that this eccentric view of consensus will not intefere with admin role.  Robert McClenon 00:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose. Consensus, etc. - brenneman (t) (c)  03:57, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Oppose Sorry to say, but I waited till I was able to guage the comments that have been coming in concerning my question. If you had said 65% or 70% or 75%, some concrete number, I might have voted for your promotion. Adminship should be at least partially about accountability to the community. Hamster Sandwich 20:19, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Oppose: As much as I hate the "consensus" terminology that has been introduced in VfD closures, there is a lot more here: It is necessary to get rid of trash, to revert vandals, and to obey consensus (66% is the threshold used by US legislators).  This is not because of "deletionism" or "inclusionism" or any other dadblamed "-ism."  This is because encyclopedias are tertiary reference sources, and anything that gets even a large delete vote is probably not suitably dead and cold to be part of an encyclopedia. Geogre 21:55, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Rob Church Talk 01:37, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Weak Support (waiting for user to answer candidate questions).   ral  315  06:09, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Neutral.   ral  315  05:05, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * Question for the candidate. I would like to know; In your opinion what percentage of the vote indicates a concensus at VfD? Hamster Sandwich 09:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 100% does. As for a lower number, the guideline doesn't provide one, and I am not going to make one up. I freely admit that I wouldn't be comfortable closing a contentious VfD. – If you are referring to my answer to question 3, an article with a vote count of 8 keep and 8 delete (after discounting sockpuppets and the like) should be kept. Rl 17:18, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Since this page is getting a bit long, I will will respond here as well to Splash's original claim (repeated by others) that I don't understand consensus: I never claimed only 100% of votes indicates a consensus. What I did say is that there is no official agreement on any number lower than 100%. Here is the quote that I am relying on, besides my personal experience: Policy: "What constitutes a rough consensus is not set in stone, some do consider a 2/3 majority a 'rough consensus', while others believe consensus implies a higher ratio. The exact method of determining rough consensus varies from time to time, case to case, and person to person." For what it's worth, there's also this gem from the guideline: "Some people feel this determination requires voting, which is why the system was originally called votes for deletion. Others maintain that consensus can be determined without regard to votes and have referred to this as a 'lack of voting'." Rl 08:39, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Question: Could you describe what you would take into account when closing a VfD? Hipocrite 13:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Vandals, link spammers and copyvios alone have kept me busy for quite a while now, so I don't see myself going into VfDs as long as the WP:CP backlog remains as common as it is these days. If I started closing VfDs, I would start with trivial ones (those that are virtually unanimous, which is the majority of VfDs I have seen) and observe some of the trickier ones more closely to see whether my own judgement is roughly in line with reasoning and decisions of experienced admins. Votes are a key criterion (as elaborated elsewhere on this page). Then there are sockpuppets, votes that were stuffed for instance by a posting on LJ, votes cast to make a point, VfDs where the trend clearly turned for a good reason (e.g. rewrite of the article) without early voters noticing, and VfDs that my POV does not permit closing even though I didn't vote (i.e. if the vote went roughly "my way"). There are many possible factors, and most are fairly obvious if they occur. If taking such criteria into account changed the outcome, I would turn to an experienced admin to check my work until I felt confident enough about my own judgement. Rl 15:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm abstaining because I've never run into this editor, but I have no reason to oppose, and I think the answers to the questions show a perfectly acceptable grasp of policy. Consensus is unanimity, and that we go by "rough consensus" is a trade-off that currently has to be made. And there is, indeed, no agreement on any number lower than 100%, nor agreement on what to do with disputed "votes", or we wouldn't be having any of these long, drawn-out arguments all over RfC/admin noticeboard/etcetera. Also, why are we primarily judging an admin candidate who has specifically stated a lack of interest in closing controversial deletions on his attitude toward controversial deletions? Mindspillage (spill yours?) 07:19, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this is the most sensible thing said on the issue so far, and I find Hamster Sandwich's new habit of pressing every admin candidate on VfD closure percentages to be counterproductive. --Michael Snow 18:15, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What a sad thing that the fine notion of "consensus" has now degraded into a qualified majority that must be obeyed. This used to be a wiki. -- Grace Note

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. Reverting vandalism isn't really a sysop chore, is it? Everyone does it. But I have 3800 pages on my watchlist, so a little convenience when reverting wouldn't hurt. I can imagine cleaning out WP:CP, because I've been fairly involved with that process. However, I expect that the tasks will find me, as they have until now. Yesterday, for instance, I could have added protection notices to pages that have been protected without a note.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. Most of my work was not about making the good great, but about making the awful decent. While I'd rather write artices myself, I am pleased with my work because I consider it important. I don't write FAs, my articles look like Mann Gulch fire; it covers the basics of an obscure, but notable subject, and offers resources that provide more information. I added a few hundred old paintings from the commons to articles; they often make great illustrations for the subject (rather than the artist) articles (e.g. Greta Bridge, Sens, Cranberry, Soap bubble). I caught numerous copyvios and link spammers (keeping track of them here).
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A.
 * One editor created wiki-facist just for me.
 * I've been accused of "butchering" an article when I reverted copyvios that had happened quite a while ago.
 * In Slashdot trolling phenomena, we had a bunch of anon editors who insisted adding a paragraph that didn't fit the article and resorted to vandalism when they didn't get their way.
 * I was pretty upset a few months ago when I managed to turn around a VfD only to see it deleted at an admin's discretion.
 * And I was once involved when metric units were repeatedly removed from an article because "they interrupt the flow of the writing".
 * The only case that really caused me stress was the last one, because the subject was important and the dispute was with a great editor that I couldn't dismiss as a rambling idiot. In every instance, I argued my case on the respective talk pages. If I didn't find support, I gave up. I don't expect to change my way of dealing with conflicts.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Rl


text:
Security lighting

In the field of physical security, security lighting is lighting that intended to deter or detect intrusions or other criminal activity occurring on a property or site. It can also be used to increase a feeling of safety. Lighting is integral to crime prevention through environmental design. A 2019 study in New York City found that the provision of street lights, an important type of security lighting, resulted in a "36 percent reduction in nighttime outdoor index crimes."

Planning considerations
Security lighting to prevent intrusions may be counter-productive. Turning off lights halved the number of thefts and burglary in Övertorneå Sweden. A test in West Sussex UK showed that adding all-night lighting in some areas made people there feel safer, although crime rates increased 55% in those areas compared to control areas and to the county as a whole.

In the early seventies, the public-school system in San Antonio, Texas, began leaving many of its school buildings, parking lots, and other property dark at night and found that the no-lights policy not only reduced energy costs but also dramatically cut vandalism.

Bright, unshielded floodlights often prevent people from noticing criminal activity, and help criminals see what they are doing.

While adequate lighting around a physical structure is deployed to reduce the risk of an intrusion, it is critical that the lighting be designed carefully as poorly arranged lighting can create glare which actually obstructs vision. Studies have shown that many criminals are aware of this effect and actively exploit it. The optimal design will also depend on whether the area will be watched directly by humans or by closed-circuit television, and on the location of the observers or cameras.

Security lighting may be subject to vandalism, possibly to reduce its effectiveness for a subsequent intrusion attempt. Thus security lights should either be mounted very high, or else protected by wire mesh or tough polycarbonate shields. Other lamps may be completely recessed from view and access, with the light directed out through a light pipe or reflected from a polished aluminium or stainless steel mirror. For similar reasons high security installations may provide a stand-by power supply for their security lighting.

Some typical considerations include:

 * Reduce and prevent glare and situations mentioned above
 * Shielded or full cut-off (FCO) lamp housings which conceal the bulb could be used, which should direct light onto the ground or target and away from observers. These lights should send no light above 80 degrees from the nadir. Lighting should be bright enough, and not "as bright as possible". In many cases a good rule of thumb is 0.5 watts per square metre (0.05 watts per square foot). This might need to be increased in complex environments, but conversely can be reduced in very open environments. Multiple lamps of moderate power instead of a few powerful lamps will reduce glare, provide more even illumination with reduced pools of shadow, and provide some redundancy if one lamp's bulb blows out or develops a bad ballast.
 * Prevent malicious tampering or interference. This means that besides the lamp itself, the entire circuit from the source (electric company or generator), through the wires, to the lamp and back should be protected.
 * Luminaires should be accessible so that the maintainer can replace blown bulbs as quickly as possible and clean the luminaires periodically. However they should be protected or somehow made inaccessible to tampering.
 * Ensure the electric meter box is locked or inaccessible, or else power the lights from a different line.
 * Control and power lines, where outside or vulnerable, should be either buried well underground (in conduits preferably) or at a height of at least 8 metres (about 24 feet).
 * Ideally multiple circuits should be used to prevent an accidental or malicious short or cut causing all illumination to fail.

Use
Security lighting can be used in residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and military settings. Some examples of security lighting include floodlights and low pressure sodium vapour lights. Most lights intended to be left on all night are high-intensity discharge lamps as these have good energy efficiency, thus reducing the cost of running a lamp for such long periods.

A disadvantage of low pressure sodium lamps is that the colour is pure yellow, so the illuminated scene is seen without any colour differentiation. Consequently, high pressure sodium vapour lamps (which are still yellowish, but closer to golden white) are also used, at the cost of greater running expenses and increased light pollution. High pressure sodium lamps also take slightly longer to restrike after a power interruption.

LED-based security lighting is becoming increasingly popular, due to its low electrical consumption (compared to non-LED lighting technologies), long lifespan, and options for different color spectrum ranges.

Other lights may be activated by sensors such as passive infrared sensors (PIRs), turning on only when a person (or other mammal) approaches. PIR sensor activation can increase both the deterrent effect (since the intruder knows that he has been detected) and the detection effect (since a person will be attracted to the sudden increase in light). Some PIR units can be set up to sound a chime as well as turn on the light. Most modern units have a photocell so that they only turn on when it is dark.

To reduce light pollution, the International Dark-Sky Association recommends the use of downward-facing security lights that preserve and protect the night time environment.

During the South African energy crisis increased rates of metal theft, house breaking and robberies were reported in areas effected by the loss of security lighting due to a loss of electricity in some urban areas.

U.S. NRC, 10 CFR 73.55(i)(6) Illumination
For nuclear power plants in the United States (U.S.), per the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 10 CFR Part 73, [security] lighting is mentioned four (4) times. The most notable mentioning contained in 10 CFR 73.55(i)(6) Illumination, which clearly identifies that licensees "-shall provide a  minimum illumination level of 0.2 foot-candles,  measured horizontally at ground level, in the isolation zones and appropriate exterior areas within the protected area-". [Ref] This is also the minimum illumination level specified in Table H–2 Minimum Night Firing Criteria of 10 CFR 73 Appendix H, for night firing. Per 10 CFR 73.46(b)(7) "-Tactical Response Team members, armed response personnel, and guards shall qualify and requalify, at least every 12 months, for day and night firing with assigned weapons in accordance with Appendix H-"; therefore on said respective shooting range [at night] per Appendix H, Table H-2, "-all courses [shall have] 0.2  foot-candles  at center mass of target area-" applicable to handguns, shotguns, and rifles. [Ref] 1 foot-candle is approximately 10.76 lux, therefore the minimum illumination requirements for the above sections also reflect  2.152 lux .

Limitations
An important limitation to the usefulness of security lighting is the simple fact that it is only useful at night. This is particularly significant for home owners because, contrary to a widespread myth, most household burglaries occur during the day, when the occupants are away at work or shopping.

As with any lighting, security lighting can reduce night vision, making it harder to see into areas that are unlit or are in shadow. Non-uniform illumination may also interfere with surveillance systems, as the wide dynamic range of security cameras may have difficulty adjusting to the changes in light intensity.

title: Security lighting


text:
Akilam one

The Akilam one is the first among the seventeen parts of Akilathirattu Ammanai, the religious book of Ayyavazhi. This section includes the Kappu, the first part; it tells of the Detchanam, and describes the political and sociological situation in the early world.

The Kappu
The word, Kappu, in Tamil means "the act of the author taking refuge in the Almighty before writing a book". Almost all the ancient works in Tamil begin with Kappu. In this case, however, the Kappu on the one hand functions as an act of the author taking refuge, and on the other hand, reveals the personal liberation of each and every life in the Universe. In this section the author says that, because of the coming of the Kaliyan, God incarnates the Santror to save and rule the universe under One Word, and I am he who heard which God says about that.

Noolcchurikkam
This part provides a summary, in a grand style, of all the events of the Akilam from the beginning of the Universe to the end. It gives a little more information about the Vaikunda Avatharam. This part also includes the spread of God in the mind of the author before writing, and also Adiyeduttharulal (the act of giving the first verse of Akilam, by God to the author).

Benefit of the Book
This is the part in which Akilam narrates briefly the benefits of it in a religious way. It says that one who hears its reading will attain Ultimate Completeness, and one who abuses it will be sentenced to Hell.

Novelty of Detchanam
According to Akilathirattu, Santror took birth in this world before the Kali Yukam in Detchanam, and so this Detchanam is the Land of the earliest civilization of Human Beings. In this part, the novelty, sociology, and theology of the civilization were deeply narrated.

Justice of Governance
This part tells about the way in which Chozhan (not to be confused with later Cholas), the king of Detchanam, rules his country at an early age, and so suggests the path by which a king should rule his country.

Justice of Divinity
This part tells about the thought of people about the Almighty and about their religious harmony during that age, and tells the way by which one should be divinized.

Justice of Common Man
This part of the book tells us about the moral character of the people, and also their way of life in harmony with nature, particularly women.

Integrity of Castes
This part describes the caste system in the early days. It says that although there were several castes, it was merely a classification; the people of different castes lived as one caste without antipathy.

Neetiya Yukam
The very first yukam (which is pronounced yugam in Tamil, and which means "aeon") was called Neetiya Yukam. During this time, divine, human, and all other virtues flourished without hindrance. The human race lived united as a family, without distinctions of caste, and were not subjected to uliyams (pronounced oozhiyam, and meaning slavery or severe labour). They did not fear demons, and there was perfect harmony among the creatures of the Earth, as well as among those who lived in the Fourteen Worlds. In this yukam, the king was righteous and did not oppress his people through taxes or other means.

During this peaceful time, Kroni was born. Kroni, who is analogous to Satan in the Christian tradition, is viewed as a primordial personification of evil. Though Kroni is said to have been born with multitudinous limbs, each the size of a mountain, he nevertheless assumes different forms in different yukams: for example, as Ravana or Duroyodhana. In opposition, Vishnu also incarnates in different yukam with different Avatars, for example Rama or Krishna.

In order to quell the ravenous hunger in his stomach, Kroni drank all of the waters of the sea. With these waters being insufficient, he swallowed Kailayam, the abode of Sivan (Shiva), then proceeded to devour the entire universe. Mayon, residing with Isvaran (another name for Shiva) in Kailayam, escaped to undertake tavam (tapas, meaning "austerity") to receive permission from Isvaran to destroy Kroni. Isvaran granted this permission, but made Mayon aware of the necessity to appear in different forms in the successive six Yukams in order to destroy the Six Fragments of Kroni. Following this advice, Mayon sliced Kroni into six fragments, and saved the universe. The first yukam thus came to an end.

Chathura Yukam
According to Ayyavazhi mythology, in the second yukam, called Chathura Yukam, one of the six Pieces of Kroni was formed as a creature called Kuntomasali in the shape and size of a mammoth leech, and when it disturbed the tavam of those in Thavalokam, Mayon destroyed it by catching it in a hook.

Request of Devas
After the two Yukams are completed, Devas requested of Sivan that as they did not find anyone claiming boons in the previous Yukams, so in the following Yukams, the Asuras should be created with the capability of thinking and looking smart, and they should claim boons, and so live prosperously.

Netu Yukam
In the ensuing Netu Yukam, according to Ayyavazhi mythology, another fragment of Kroni was created into two wicked persons called Thillaimallalan and Mallosivahanan. They ruled over the people most wickedly, by extracting Uliyam and Iraikal (taxes) from them. When it became unbearable, the Thevarkal (celestial beings) complained to Isvaran, who in turn, commissioned Mayon to carry out the destruction of the wicked rulers, which he later did.

Kretha Yukam
This part tells about the fourth aeon, called Kretha Yukam. The third fragment of Kroni was, once again, made into two siblings called Suraparppan and Sinkamuka Suran, and they were given responsibility to rule the earth. The wicked rulers began to crush the Thevarkal, who once again reported it to Mayon.

title: Akilam one


text:
Litsea

Litsea is a genus of evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs belonging to the laurel family, Lauraceae. The genus includes a large number of accepted species in tropical and subtropical areas of North America and Asia.

Characteristics
They are typically dioecious trees or shrubs. The leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen depending on species, and aromatic. They have leaves alternate or opposite or in whorls. The inconspicuous flowers range from greenish to white, greenish-yellow, to yellowish. The inflorescences are pseudo-umbels, flat-topped or rounded flower clusters, each pseudo-umbel with an involucre of four or six decussate bracts.

Species
Currently accepted species include:

 * Litsea aban-gibotii Ng
 * Litsea accedens (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea accedentoides Koord. & Valeton
 * Litsea acrantha Ridl.
 * Litsea acutifolia (Liou Ho) Kosterm.
 * Litsea acutivena Hayata
 * Litsea aestivalis (L.) Fernald
 * Litsea akoensis Hayata
 * Litsea alba Kosterm.
 * Litsea albayana S.Vidal
 * Litsea albescens (Hook.f.) D.G.Long
 * Litsea albicans (Kurz) Hook.f.
 * Litsea albida (Kosterm.) Kosterm.
 * Litsea alleniana A.C.Sm.
 * Litsea alveolata C.K.Allen
 * Litsea amicorum Kosterm.
 * Litsea anamo Kosterm.
 * Litsea andreana Ng
 * Litsea aneityensis Guillaumin
 * Litsea angulata Blume
 * Litsea anomala Merr.
 * Litsea areolata (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea artocarpifolia Gamble
 * Litsea assamica Hook.f.
 * Litsea aurea Kosterm.
 * Litsea auricolor Kosterm.
 * Litsea auriculata S.S.Chien & W.C.Cheng
 * Litsea australis B.Hyland
 * Litsea bainingensis Rech.
 * Litsea balansae Lecomte
 * Litsea barringtonioides Kosterm.
 * Litsea baruringensis Elmer
 * Litsea baviensis Lecomte
 * Litsea beilschmiediifolia H.W.Li
 * Litsea bennettii B.Hyland
 * Litsea bernhardensis C.K.Allen
 * Litsea beusekomii Kosterm.
 * Litsea biflora H.P.Tsui
 * Litsea bindoniana (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
 * Litsea boerlagei Kosterm.
 * Litsea bombaiensis M.R.Almeida
 * Litsea borneensis (Meisn.) Boerl.
 * Litsea bourdillonii Gamble
 * Litsea brachypoda C.K.Allen
 * Litsea brachystachya (Blume) Fern.-Vill.
 * Litsea brassii O.C.Schmidt
 * Litsea brawas (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea breviumbellata C.K.Allen
 * Litsea brookeana Kosterm.
 * Litsea buinensis Kosterm.
 * Litsea burckelloides A.C.Sm.
 * Litsea calicaris Kirk
 * Litsea calophylla (Miq.) Mansf.
 * Litsea calophyllantha K.Schum.
 * Litsea cambodiana Lecomte
 * Litsea cangyuanensis J.Li & H.W.Li
 * Litsea caroli Teschner
 * Litsea carrii Kosterm.
 * Litsea castanea Hook.f.
 * Litsea catubigensiskos Kosterm.
 * Litsea caulocarpa Merr.
 * Litsea ceramensis Kosterm.
 * Litsea chaffonjonii H.Lév.
 * Litsea chartacea Hook.f.
 * Litsea chengshuzhii H.P.Tsui
 * Litsea chewii Kosterm.
 * Litsea chinpingensis Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea chrysoneura Kosterm.
 * Litsea chrysophoena (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea chrysopleura (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea chunii W.C.Cheng
 * Litsea cinerascens Ridl.
 * Litsea citronella Kosterm.
 * Litsea clarissae (Teschner) Kosterm.
 * Litsea clarkei Prain
 * Litsea claviflora Gamble
 * Litsea clemensii C.K.Allen
 * Litsea coelestis H.P.Tsui
 * Litsea collina S.Moore
 * Litsea complanata C.K.Allen
 * Litsea confusa Koord. & Valeton
 * Litsea connorsii B.Hyland
 * Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook.f.
 * Litsea coreana H.Lév.
 * Litsea coriacea (B.Heyne ex Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea costalis (Nees) Kosterm.
 * Litsea costata (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea crassifolia (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea crebriflora S.Moore
 * Litsea crenata C.K.Allen
 * Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.
 * Litsea cuprea Merr.
 * Litsea curtisii Gamble
 * Litsea cuspidata (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea cuttingiana C.K.Allen
 * Litsea cylindrocarpa Gamble
 * Litsea densiflora (Teschner) Kosterm.
 * Litsea deplanchei Guillaumin
 * Litsea depressa H.P.Tsui
 * Litsea dielsiana Teschner
 * Litsea dilleniifolia P.Y.Pai & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea diospyrifolia Quisumb.
 * Litsea discocalyx Kosterm.
 * Litsea diversifolia Blume
 * Litsea domarensis O.C.Schmidt
 * Litsea dorsalicana M.Q.Han & Y.S.Huang
 * Litsea doshia (D.Don) Kosterm.
 * Litsea dunniana H.Lév.
 * Litsea eberhardtii H.Liu
 * Litsea elliptica Blume
 * Litsea ellipticibacca Merr.
 * Litsea elmeri Merr.
 * Litsea elongata (Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea engleriana Teschner
 * Litsea erectinervia Kosterm.
 * Litsea eugenioides A.Chev. ex H.Liu
 * Litsea exsudens Kosterm.
 * Litsea fenestrata Gamble
 * Litsea ferruginea Blume
 * Litsea ficoidea Kosterm.
 * Litsea filipedunculata Kosterm.
 * Litsea firma (Blume) Hook.f.
 * Litsea flexuosa (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea floribunda (Blume) Gamble
 * Litsea fluminensis Kosterm.
 * Litsea fo K.Schum. & Lauterb.
 * Litsea formanii Kosterm.
 * Litsea forstenii (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea fosbergii Kosterm.
 * Litsea foveola Kosterm.
 * Litsea foxiana Gamble
 * Litsea fulva (Blume) Fern.-Vill.
 * Litsea fulvosericea C.K.Allen
 * Litsea garciae S.Vidal
 * Litsea gardneri (Thwaites) Meisn.
 * Litsea gemelliflora (Miq.) Boerl.
 * Litsea ghatica Saldanha
 * Litsea gigaphylla Kosterm.
 * Litsea gilgiana Teschner
 * Litsea glaberrima (Thwaites) Trimen
 * Litsea glabrata (Wall. ex Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea glaucescens Kunth
 * Litsea globifera Kosterm.
 * Litsea globosa Kosterm.
 * Litsea globularia Ng
 * Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.
 * Litsea gongshanensis H.W.Li
 * Litsea gorayana Udayan & Robi
 * Litsea gracilipes Hook.f.
 * Litsea gracilis Gamble
 * Litsea grandifolia Lecomte
 * Litsea grandis (Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea granitica B.Hyland
 * Litsea grayana A.C.Sm.
 * Litsea greenmaniana C.K.Allen
 * Litsea griffithii Gamble
 * Litsea grisea Boerl.
 * Litsea guppyi (F.Muell.) Forman
 * Litsea habbemensis C.K.Allen
 * Litsea hayatae Kaneh.
 * Litsea helferi Hook.f.
 * Litsea henricksonii Kosterm.
 * Litsea himalayensis R.Kr.Singh
 * Litsea hirsutior Kosterm.
 * Litsea hirsutissima Gamble
 * Litsea hirta (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea honghoensis H.Liu
 * Litsea hookeri (Meisn.) D.G.Long
 * Litsea hornei A.C.Sm.
 * Litsea humboldtiana Guillaumin
 * Litsea hunanensis Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea hupehana Hemsl.
 * Litsea hutchinsonii Merr.
 * Litsea hypophaea Hayata
 * Litsea ichangensis Gamble
 * Litsea ilocana Merr.
 * Litsea imbricata Guillaumin
 * Litsea impressa (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea imthurnii Turrill
 * Litsea indoverticillata Robi & Udayan
 * Litsea insignis (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea intermedia (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea irianensis Kosterm.
 * Litsea iteodaphne (Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea japonica (Thunb.) Juss.
 * Litsea jaswirii Ng
 * Litsea johorensis Gamble
 * Litsea kakkachensis R.Ganesan
 * Litsea kauloensis Teschner
 * Litsea keralana Kosterm.
 * Litsea kerrii Kosterm.
 * Litsea khasyana Meisn.
 * Litsea kingii Hook.f.
 * Litsea kobuskiana C.K.Allen
 * Litsea kurzii King ex Hook.f.
 * Litsea kwangsiensis Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea kwangtungensis H.T.Chang
 * Litsea laeta (Nees) Trimen
 * Litsea laevigata (Nees) Gamble
 * Litsea lanceolata (Blume) Kosterm.
 * Litsea lancifolia (Roxb. ex Nees) Fern.-Vill.
 * Litsea lancilimba Merr.
 * Litsea lecardii Guillaumin
 * Litsea ledermannii Teschner
 * Litsea leefeana Merr.
 * Litsea leiantha (Kurz) Hook.f.
 * Litsea leytensis Merr.
 * Litsea liboshengii H.P.Tsui
 * Litsea ligustrina (Nees) Fern.-Vill.
 * Litsea lithocarpoides Kosterm.
 * Litsea litseifolia (C.K.Allen) Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea liyuyingii H.Liu
 * Litsea longepedunculata Kosterm.
 * Litsea longipedicellata Kosterm.
 * Litsea longipes Hook.f.
 * Litsea longistaminata (H.Liu) Kosterm.
 * Litsea luzonica (Blume) Fern.-Vill.
 * Litsea machilifolia Gamble
 * Litsea machiloides Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea mafuluensis C.K.Allen
 * Litsea magnifolia Gillespie
 * Litsea maingayi Hook.f.
 * Litsea mairei H.Lév.
 * Litsea maluensis Teschner
 * Litsea martabanica (Kurz) Hook.f.
 * Litsea mathuataensis A.C.Sm.
 * Litsea megalophylla Merr.
 * Litsea meghalayensis R.Kr.Singh
 * Litsea mekongensis Lecomte
 * Litsea melchioriana (Teschner) Kosterm.
 * Litsea mellifera A.C.Sm.
 * Litsea membranifolia Hook.f.
 * Litsea meyeri Kosterm.
 * Litsea miana Guillaumin
 * Litsea micrantha Merr.
 * Litsea microphylla Merr.
 * Litsea minor Teschner
 * Litsea miquelii I.M.Turner
 * Litsea mishmiensis Hook.f.
 * Litsea mollis Hemsl.
 * Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers.
 * Litsea montis-dulit Airy Shaw
 * Litsea morobensis C.K.Allen
 * Litsea morotaiensis Kosterm.
 * Litsea morrisonensis Hayata
 * Litsea moupinensis Lecomte
 * Litsea muellerorum I.M.Turner
 * Litsea myricopsis H.Lév.
 * Litsea myristicifolia (Wall. ex Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea mysorensis Gamble
 * Litsea nemoralis (Thwaites) Trimen
 * Litsea neocaledonica S.Moore
 * Litsea neohebridensis Kosterm.
 * Litsea nervosa (Meisn.) Grierson & D.G.Long
 * Litsea nigrescens Gamble
 * Litsea nigricans (Meisn.) Boerl.
 * Litsea nitida (Roxb. ex Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea noronhae Blume
 * Litsea novoguinensis Teschner
 * Litsea novoleontis Bartlett
 * Litsea nuculanea (Kurz) Hook.f.
 * Litsea oblongifolia Merr.
 * Litsea obscura (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea ochracea (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea oleoides (Meisn.) Hook.f.
 * Litsea oligophlebia H.T.Chang
 * Litsea oppositifolia Gibbs
 * Litsea orizabae Mez
 * Litsea orocola Kosterm.
 * Litsea ovalifolia (Wight) Trimen
 * Litsea ovalis Kosterm.
 * Litsea pallens Lundell
 * Litsea pallida (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea pallidifolia Merr.
 * Litsea palmatinervia (Meisn.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Drake
 * Litsea palustris Kosterm.
 * Litsea panamanja (Buch.-Ham. ex Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea paoueensis Guillaumin
 * Litsea papillosa C.K.Allen
 * Litsea papuana K.Schum.
 * Litsea parvifolia (Hemsl.) Mez
 * Litsea pedicellata Bartlett
 * Litsea pedunculata (Diels) Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea penangiana Hook.f.
 * Litsea pentaflora Guillaumin
 * Litsea pentagona Merr.
 * Litsea perfulva Elmer
 * Litsea perglabra C.K.Allen
 * Litsea perlucida C.K.Allen
 * Litsea perrottetii (Blume) Fern.-Vill.
 * Litsea persella Ridl.
 * Litsea philippinensis Merr.
 * Litsea phuwuaensis Ngerns.
 * Litsea pickeringii (A.Gray ex Seem.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Drake
 * Litsea pittosporifolia Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea plateifolia Elmer
 * Litsea polyneura (Meisn.) Boerl.
 * Litsea populifolia Gamble
 * Litsea pringlei Bartlett
 * Litsea prolixa S.Moore
 * Litsea propinqua (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea pruriens Kosterm.
 * Litsea pseudoculitlawan Nees
 * Litsea pseudoelongata H.Liu
 * Litsea pseudolongifolia Kosterm.
 * Litsea pseudoumbellata Kosterm.
 * Litsea psilophylla Kosterm.
 * Litsea pumila Kosterm.
 * Litsea punctata Boerl.
 * Litsea punctulata Kosterm.
 * Litsea pungens Hemsl.
 * Litsea quadrangularis Kosterm.
 * Litsea quercoides Elmer
 * Litsea racemosa C.T.White
 * Litsea rangoonensis (Meisn.) Hook.f.
 * Litsea resinosa Blume
 * Litsea reticulata (Meisn.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex F.Muell.
 * Litsea richii A.C.Sm.
 * Litsea ridleyi Gamble
 * Litsea rigidifrons Kosterm.
 * Litsea riparia (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea ripidion Guillaumin
 * Litsea robusta Blume
 * Litsea rotundata (Blume) Kosterm.
 * Litsea rotundifolia (Nees) Hemsl.
 * Litsea rubescens Lecomte
 * Litsea rubicunda Kosterm.
 * Litsea rubiginosa Boerl.
 * Litsea rubra Blume
 * Litsea salicifolia (Roxb. ex Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea saligna (Nees) N.P.Balakr.
 * Litsea samoensis (Christoph.) A.C.Sm.
 * Litsea sandakanensis Merr.
 * Litsea santapaui Kosterm.
 * Litsea sarawacensis Gamble
 * Litsea schlechteri Teschner
 * Litsea scortechinii Gamble
 * Litsea seemannii (Meisn.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Drake
 * Litsea segregata Elmer
 * Litsea semecarpifolia (Wall. ex Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea sepikensis Kosterm.
 * Litsea sericea (Wall. ex Nees) Hook.f.
 * Litsea sessiliflora Hook.f.
 * Litsea sessilifructa (C.J.Qi & K.W.Liu) L.Wu & J.J.Zhou
 * Litsea sessilis Boerl.
 * Litsea sinoglobosa J.Li & H.W.Li
 * Litsea solomonensis C.K.Allen
 * Litsea spathacea Gamble
 * Litsea spathulata Kosterm.
 * Litsea staintonii Kosterm.
 * Litsea steenisii Kosterm.
 * Litsea stenophylla Guillaumin
 * Litsea stickmanii Merr.
 * Litsea stocksii (Meisn.) Hook.f.
 * Litsea subauriculata Kosterm.
 * Litsea subcoriacea Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea suberosa Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea suboppositifolia Ng
 * Litsea subovata (Miq.) Kosterm.
 * Litsea subumbelliflora (Blume) Ng
 * Litsea sulavesiana Kosterm.
 * Litsea sumatrana Boerl.
 * Litsea szemaois (H.Liu) J.Li & H.W.Li
 * Litsea talaumifolia Kosterm.
 * Litsea tannaensis Guillaumin
 * Litsea taronensis H.W.Li
 * Litsea tenuipes Ridl.
 * Litsea teysmannii Gamble
 * Litsea tharpiana Standl.
 * Litsea thorelii Lecomte
 * Litsea tibetana Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea timonioides Kosterm.
 * Litsea timoriana Span.
 * Litsea tomentosa Blume
 * Litsea travancorica Gamble
 * Litsea trichophylla Kosterm.
 * Litsea triflora Guillaumin
 * Litsea tsinlingensis Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea tuberculata Boerl.
 * Litsea turfosa Kosterm.
 * Litsea udayanii Robi
 * Litsea umbellata (Lour.) Merr.
 * Litsea unita Boerl.
 * Litsea urdanetensis Elmer
 * Litsea utilis (Meisn.) Boerl.
 * Litsea vang Lecomte
 * Litsea vanoverberghii Merr.
 * Litsea variabilis Hemsl.
 * Litsea varians (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea veitchiana Gamble
 * Litsea velutina Elmer
 * Litsea venulosa (Meisn.) Hook.f.
 * Litsea versteeghii C.K.Allen
 * Litsea verticillata Hance
 * Litsea verticillifolia Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea virens (Nees) Boerl.
 * Litsea viridis H.Liu
 * Litsea vitiana (Meisn.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Drake
 * Litsea walkeri Trimen
 * Litsea whiteana C.K.Allen
 * Litsea whitfordii Merr.
 * Litsea wightiana (Nees) Wall. ex Hook.f.
 * Litsea wilsonii Gamble
 * Litsea wrayi Gamble
 * Litsea xanthophylla (Blume) Boerl.
 * Litsea yaoshanensis Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang
 * Litsea yunnanensis Yen C.Yang & P.H.Huang

title: Litsea


text:
Johor–Singapore Causeway

The Johor–Singapore Causeway is a 1.056 km causeway consisting of a combined railway and motorway crossing that links the city of Johor Bahru in Malaysia across the Straits of Johor to the district and town of Woodlands in Singapore. It was the only land connection between the two from 1928 until 1998, when the Tuas Second Link opened.

The distance between Singapore's Woodlands Checkpoint and Malaysia's Bangunan Sultan Iskandar is approximately 2.4 km. The causeway also serves as a water pipeline between the two countries.

It is one of the busiest border crossings in the world, with 350,000 travellers daily. Many Malaysians continue to live in Malaysia and commute daily (with either public or private motorised transportation) to Singapore, enduring extremely long journey times with extreme heavy traffic congestion on weekdays. The border is handled by immigration authorities of both countries at the Southern Integrated Gateway (Malaysia) and Woodlands Checkpoint (Singapore). Since 26 March 2022, both countries have permitted pedestrians to walk along the Causeway by foot,  but this is not common; pedestrian walking is generally limited to instances of standstill vehicular congestion on the Causeway which prevents passengers from boarding regular-hour cross-border public buses after clearing immigration.

Construction and opening
In the late 19th century, Singapore was transformed into a major international trading port and was a steamship coaling station. At the turn of the 20th century, British Malaya was transformed into a major producer and exporter of raw materials such as tin, rubber, gambier, and pepper for international markets. The connection to Singapore from Johor was through a ferry link. Railways across the peninsula, and in Singapore from the ferry point to Tank Road in the south of Singapore completed the trade transport network within British Malaya. From June 1909 onward, goods were transported on wagon-ferry, while passengers were transported on passenger ferries (3 ferries from 1912 onward, 2 ferries before 1912). The wagon-ferry could accommodate 6 wagons at a time, while the passenger ferries had a capacity of about 160 each. As international trade demands grew, it was necessary to operate the ferry link round-the-clock in 1911 to bring the commodities from British Malaya into Singapore to be transshipped. Additional ferry steamers were constructed, however they soon were overloaded. The passenger steamers often had to exceed its designed limits, carrying "as many as 250 passengers". Additionally, the increasing costs of the maintaining the ferries were a concern on the long-term viability of the ferries. The annual expenditure in 1912 was estimated to be 53,750 Straits dollars (£1.8 million in 2000).

In 1917, Federated Malay States (FMS) Director of Public Works, W. Eyre Kenny's proposal to build a rubble causeway gained support among the Federal Council of the FMS.His suggestion was to have the foundation to be laid in the soft "white and pink clays" at the proposed site, have an opening span for ships to be allowed through the bridge, and have the rubble sourced from the quarries at Pulau Ubin and Bukit Timah as there were ample granite being sold at reasonable prices. Among the alternatives to the Causeway design were a bridge or upgrading the wagon-ferries and train ferries. The bridge proposal wasn't followed through because the Straits was too deep, going at 70 feet at some points and foundations would be lacking. An opening span would be required, and the bridge would require significant maintenance. The train ferries to replace the wagon-ferries would be too expensive as well.

The causeway proposal was accepted by FMS Chief Secretary and Straits Settlements Colonial Secretary, Edward Lewis Brockman, and Straits Settlements Governor and FMS High Commissioner, Sir Arthur Henderson Young. In 1917, Governor Young cited the six-fold increase in railway receipts in Singapore from 82,000 Straits dollars (£2.7 million in 2000) in 1912 to 480,000 Straits dollars (£11.8 million in 2000) in 1916 as an evidence to the rapid growth of the railway traffic, and thus the FMS Railway Administration could not defer any longer on the improvement works required. The British government had consultant engineers Messrs Coode, Fitzmaurice, Wilson & Mitchell of Westminster to prepare plans for the eventual Causeway. The plans were presented to the FMS, Straits Settlements and Johore governments in 1918. The plan was approved in 1919 after the sharing of the costs of constructing the Causeway, was negotiated between the three governments.

By the engineering standards of its time, the Causeway was a technically challenging project. It was also one of the largest engineering projects in Malaya then. Many considerations were factored for the finalised design. Tidal studies were carried out prior to the construction and design features were incorporated in consideration to the structure itself, its surroundings, and continued ship passage through the Straits. The orientation also factored in the current railway terminations on both shores. The design would be 3,465 feet long, 60 feet wide, sufficient enough for two lines of metre-gauge railway tracks and a 26 foot wide roadway, with space reserved for laying of water mains at a later date. Floodgates were incorporated at the lock to control the tides.

The construction contract was awarded to Messrs Topham, Jones & Railton Ltd of London on 30 June 1919. The engineering firm had completed major works at the dockyards and harbour in Singapore, and had necessary work capacity and experience in the area available. The contract allowed the firm a period of 5 years and 3 months to complete the construction. Construction started in August 1919, starting with the lock at Johore's bank. Sequence of construction would allow minimal disruption to existing shipping or ferrying services.

On 24 April 1920, a ceremony was held to mark the laying of the foundation stone. The Johore Sultan, Sultan Ibrahim, the newly appointed Governor of Straits Settlements and High Commissioner of the FMS, Sir Laurence Guillemard, his wife among other invited guests graced the ceremony on board Sea Belle, a sea yacht, in the middle of the Straits. The ceremony commenced with prayers and Governor Guillemard was invited to pull a silken cord which activated machinery to empty a load of rubble from a barge into the water. Sirens from the surrounding ships then greeted the now emptied barge. A second barge of rubble was emptied as well with air tolak bala and air doa selamat being poured into the Straits. A gun salute of five rounds fired from Bukit Timbalan marked the end of the ceremony.

British Malaya was impacted by the Depression of 1920–21 as she was a primary source for many commodities internationally. The constructions process was thus under intense public scrutiny and criticism. Additionally, the British Admiralty would like to have the locks be widened and deepened to accommodate British warships. However, it was found to be difficult to engineer and was very costly. The FMS and Straits Settlements government thus had considered dropping the project.

In January 1923, the lock was open for local sea craft. On 1 October, the partially completed Causeway was officially opened to passenger traffic. The Causeway was officially completed in 1924 when the finishing touches to the lock was done. With an estimated cost 17 million Straits dollars (£277 million in 2000), over 2,300 staff and labourers were employed to during the course of the construction. An opening ceremony was conducted in Johore on 28 June 1924. The Johore Sultan and Governor Guillemard graced the ceremony which a ribbon cutting ceremony was held. A special holiday was declared in Johore for more of the public to take part in the festivities. The opening marked a new era which uninterrupted communications between Singapore and Bangkok now exists. The administration of the Causeway was formalised in 1925 with the formation of the Johore Causeway Control Committee. Under FMSR, the committee was given full autonomy to oversee the efficient management and maintenance of the Causeway.

World War II and post-war period
As the Japanese invasion of Malaya drew to a close, the Allied forces under the command of Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival began retreating from their positions in Johore, crossing the Causeway in the early hours of 31 January 1942. The Causeway was then blown up with two explosions. The first wrecked the lock's lift-bridge, while the second caused a 70 feet wide gap in the Causeway and severed the water-carrying pipelines as well. Though this action forced the Japanese to cross the Straits elsewhere, they soon took the city and constructed a girder bridge over the gap.

The bridge remained in its war-torn state until the return of the British after the surrender of the Imperial Japanese forces. The girder bridge was replaced with two Bailey bridge extensions in February 1946, with the rubble of the demolished lift bridge cleared and the railway tracks re-laid. Reconstruction plans of lock channel and lift bridge were looked at in the late 1940s, but were subsequently shelved since demand for water passage through the Causeway wasn't substantial enough to justify the reconstruction costs.

During the Malayan Emergency of 1948 to 1960, as a strategic conduit between Singapore and Malaya, travellers were subjected to stringent security measures to impede the movement of enemy combatants and weapons between Singapore and Malaya. The checks, together with attacks on railway lines further aggravated the traffic congestion on the Causeway. Additionally, the Causeway would be further congested during public holidays and festive seasons.

Independence and border control
The Causeway first became an international border when the Federation of Malaya achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Plans were made to introduce immigration controls at the Causeway, however, a system of strict identity card checks was implemented instead. The Causeway became an internal state border when the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak merged to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963.

On 22 July 1964, as part of a curfew after racial riots in Singapore, the Causeway was closed to travellers without police permission. It was reopened during non-curfew hours the following day and normal traffic had resumed by 26 July.

After Singapore's separation from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, the Causeway became the border connector between the two countries. Immigration checkpoints were built on both sides, with passport controls implemented on the Singaporean side from June 1967 and on the Malaysian side from September.

Toll collection at the Causeway checkpoint began on 1 November 1984, with ten lanes in total. The toll booths were built by the Malaysian Highway Authority. By December, over S$384,000 worth of toll money were collected. The toll collection reduced traffic congestions in the Causeway. Toll payments were collected for the Malaysian federal government.

To support the ever-increasing trade and foot traffic on the Causeway, both the Malaysian and Singapore governments carried out works to widen the Causeway multiple times as well as to improve checkpoint facilities. Singapore replaced its checkpoint in 1999, followed by Malaysia in 2008. A second border crossing bridge, the Malaysia–Singapore Second Link between Tanjung Kupang and Tuas, was completed in 1998.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Malaysia instituted a nationwide movement control order on 18 March 2020 and closed the country's borders, affecting hundreds of thousands of cross-border commuters between Malaysia and Singapore. However, the flow of cargo, goods and food supplies continued. On 29 November 2021, authorities of both countries eased their land border controls, and began to allow a restricted daily flow of 2,880 residents to travel between the countries by the Causeway under a vaccinated travel lane scheme via designated bus services. However as the infections of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant spiked, the number of travellers allowed was halved between 23 December 2021 and 20 January 2022. The quota of daily passengers was increased to 3,420 on 14 March 2022. From 1 April 2022, the quota was lifted with no restrictions imposed on the mode of travel across the land connections.

Traffic volume
The Causeway is regularly described as one of the busiest land crossings in the world. It has been estimated that between 250,000 - 400,000 on a typical day.

In March 2023, it was reported that about 376,000 people crossed Singapore's land checkpoints (including both the Causeway and the Second Link) every day.

Between 16 June and 18 June 2023, during the school holidays period in Singapore, it was reported that an average of 406,000 persons crossed the Causeway each day, with a peak of 430,000 crossings on 16 June 2023.

On 28 March 2024, according to the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, 510,000 people crossed the Singapore-Malaysia land borders ahead of a 3-day Good Friday weekend. This was reported to be the highest traffic at Singapore's land borders in a single day. There were continuous tailbacks at Woodlands Checkpoint throughout the day, with queues extending beyond the Seletar Expressway.

Singapore Checkpoint
In a bid to ease congestion and reduce waiting time, a QR code system was implemented on March 19, 2024. Travellers in cars passing through Singapore’s Woodlands and Tuas checkpoints can clear immigration using QR codes – instead of their passports. The overall waiting time can be reduced by more than 30 per cent if most car travellers use QR codes for immigration clearance, said the Singapore authorities.

Malaysia Checkpoint
Immigration Department of Malaysia announced the news on its Facebook page (June 26, 2024). The first phase of testing of MyRentas will only be available to bus passengers and Malaysian at the Sultan Iskandar Building. The testing period will be three months (until 12 September 2024), after which it will be open to other checkpoint users. MySejahtera's MyTripQR code clearance system was officially launched at the Second Link checkpoint between Singapore and Malaysia at the beginning of this month, but is currently only available for motorcycle lanes and bus passengers.

Southern Integrated Gateway
The Southern Integrated Gateway consists of the Sultan Iskandar Building and the Johor Bahru Sentral railway station (JB Sentral).

Sultan Iskandar Building is the customs, immigration and quarantine (CIQ) complex handling road traffic and pedestrians. It was officially opened by the Malaysian Prime Minister, Abdullah Badawi on 1 December 2008 and went into full operations on 16 December 2008. The old Tanjung Puteri CIQ complex was subsequently demolished. As the new CIQ complex was located 1 km further inland from the old checkpoint, as well as the lack of a dedicated pedestrian walkway on the new access road, pedestrians are officially no longer allowed to cross the Causeway on foot, though it is tolerated during severe traffic congestion.

JB Sentral railway station is the main railway station of Johor Bahru since 21 October 2010, replacing the old Johor Bahru railway station. JB Sentral also serves as the southbound exit immigration and customs checkpoint for rail passengers heading toward Singapore.

Woodlands Checkpoint

The new Woodlands Checkpoint, built partially on reclaimed land, was opened in 1999 to accommodate the increasing traffic flow and the soot which had enveloped the old customs complex over the years. The old customs complex, built in the early 1970s, at the junction between Woodlands Road and Woodlands Centre Road closed after the new checkpoint was opened in July 1999, although the motorcycle lane remained opened in the morning until 2001, and it had been reopened on 1 March 2008 for goods vehicles only.

The new checkpoint complex also houses the Woodlands Train Checkpoint, opened on 1 August 1998, as the Singapore railway border clearance facility, which was previously co-located with Malaysian immigration and customs at Tanjong Pagar railway station. The relocation to Woodlands caused disputes between the two countries, which was resolved in 2010. On 1 July 2011, Woodlands Train Checkpoint replaced Tanjong Pagar railway station as Singapore's inter-city railway station. Northbound rail passengers pass through co-located border clearance for both countries at Woodlands Train Checkpoint before boarding the train to Malaysia. Southbound rail passengers clear Malaysian exit controls at JB Sentral, and Singapore immigration and customs on arrival at Woodlands Train Checkpoint.

Attempts to have the causeway replaced
As far back as 1966, there were several calls by the Malaysians to remove the Causeway. In 1966, in the Johor state legislative council, the speaker said that the Causeway was "more a hindrance than anything else" while a port should be built close to Johor Bahru to rejuvenate the city's economy. The state of Johor currently already has developed ports including Pasir Gudang and Tanjong Pelapas.

The second demand came in year 1986 when Israeli President Chaim Herzog visited Singapore. At that time, the Singapore Government was criticised by Malaysian politicians and the press for allowing his visit.

Under the Mahathir Mohamad administration, the Malaysian government scheduled to build a new customs, immigration and quarantine complex on a hilltop near the Johor Bahru railway station. A bridge was planned to link the new customs complex with the city square. The project was named Southern Integrated Gateway (Gerbang Selatan Bersepadu) by the government. The project was awarded to a construction company, Gerbang Perdana. During the construction, one of the two underpass channels located at the end of the old customs complex had been blocked. Roads exiting from the old customs complex have been diverted. The design envisages a re-direction of traffic flow to the new customs complex after the completion of the proposed new bridge to Singapore. The old customs complex will be torn down once the new customs complex begins operation. All this while, no agreement had been reached with the Singapore Government on replacing the causeway with a proposed new bridge.

The proposals on replacing the old causeway with a new bridge has resulted in a political rift between the two countries since the early 2000s. The Malaysian government envisioned that disagreement by Singapore to participate in the project would result in a crooked bridge above Malaysian waters with half the causeway remaining on the Singapore side. However, Singapore has hinted that it might agree to a bridge if its air force is allowed to use part of Johor's airspace. Malaysia refused the offer and negotiation is said to be still ongoing.

In January 2006, Malaysia unilaterally announced that it is going ahead to build the new bridge on the Malaysian side, now referred to as scenic bridge. The construction of the new scenic bridge on Malaysian side officially began on 10 March 2006, when the piling works of this bridge was completed, but on 12 April 2006, construction was halted and scrapped by Mahathir's successor, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, with growing complications in both negotiation (the conditions set by Singapore were strongly opposed by the people of Malaysia on grounds of national sovereignty) and legal matters with Singapore.

In 2006, Badawi has said that "in [the] future, there won't be just one or two bridges between Malaysia and Singapore." That same year however, the Sultan of Johor called for the demolition of the link, reasoning that the Causeway is undermining the state economy as it is causing a brain drain.

Charges
Vehicles have to pay toll charges at both sides of the causeway. The toll plaza at the Malaysian side is operated by PLUS Expressway Berhad. In Singapore, the Vehicle Entry Permit (VEP) charges apply to cars and motorcycles that have utilised the 10-VEP free days.

Others

 * New Ten VEP-Free Days Scheme And Shorter VEP Operating Hours, news release, Land Transport Authority, Singapore, 15 May 2005.

title: Johor–Singapore Causeway


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Boyup Brook, Western Australia

Boyup Brook is a town in the south-west of Western Australia, 269 km south-southeast of Perth and 31 km northeast of Bridgetown. The town lies on Kaniyang land within the Noongar nation.

The name Boyup is derived from the name of a nearby pool "Booyup", an Aboriginal term meaning "place of big stones" (large granite outcrops common in the area) or "place of big smoke" (from burning the many surrounding grass trees).

The town's economy is primarily agricultural. It is a Cooperative Bulk Handling receival site.

History
About 1839, John Hassell brought sheep and cattle from the eastern states of Australia via Albany, and acquired a lease of land along what would later become Scotts Brook, south of the current town site. Although he grazed this stock in the area, the leases did not become permanent, and Hassell later moved to Kendenup.

In 1845, Augustus Gregory followed the Blackwood River from the junction of the Arthur and Beaufort Rivers downstream for about 170 km. He carved his initials and the date into a jarrah tree, approximately 16 km north-east of where the town now lies. That tree is now dead, but the stump and the markings remain. The stump – now known as the Gregory Tree – has been covered for preservation.

The first permanent settlement in the area was a 12000 acre lease, south of the current town site, along what became known as Scotts Brook. This lease was granted to William Scott and his wife Mary ( Keane),  who arrived in 1854, having travelled from Albany. They named the property Norlup, and in about 1872 built a new house that remains to this day (albeit with more recent extensions and renovations), and is now listed on the Heritage Council of Western Australia's register.

In 1861 James George Lee Steere, in partnership with Mr J H Monger, took up a 100000 acre lease near the Blackwood River. Shortly afterwards, his wife Catherine and their baby son travelled from Bunbury to join him.

In 1871 William Forrest moved into the area, to a farm called Dwalganup.

By 1882 there were nineteen families in the area. In 1896 land was set aside for a future town and the Upper Blackwood Road Board district (which became the Shire of Boyup Brook in 1961) was created as a separate local government area.

Boyup Brook was declared a town on 9 February 1900. The district had an area of 1240 sqmi, and in December 1900 an estimated population of 400. Milestones in the town's early history include:
 * 1900 – The town's first building was opened, a school, with 15 students.
 * 1909 – A railway line from Donnybrook reached Boyup Brook.
 * 1910 – The Agricultural Hall was opened.
 * 1911 – A permanent policeman was assigned to the town. The hotel was opened. The railway line was extended from Boyup Brook to Kojonup and Katanning.
 * 1912 – An official post office was established. (An unofficial post office had existed for three years prior to that.)
 * 1914 – Land in the town site was opened for leasing.
 * 1924 – The Upper Blackwood Soldiers' Memorial Hospital was opened.
 * c. 1930 – Electricity was generated and distributed within the town site.
 * 1936 – The town hall was opened.

Name of the town
The town was originally gazetted as Boyup by an Executive Council minute dated 31 January 1900.

However the name Boyup Brook was in common use by the locals, the Progress Committee and the Upper Blackwood Road Board. In 1908 residents suggested that the town be renamed to Boyup Brook, to avoid confusion with the similarly named Boyanup. Lee Steere, by now the Speaker of the Assembly and member for Nelson, which included the area, strongly supported the use of the name over that of "Throssell", which had been advocated by some at the time.

The name was ultimately changed to Boyup Brook on 5 February 1909 to match the railway station that was built in 1908–1909. Even after the change, there was still confusion about the name within the government, as can be seen in the name and text of the Boyup-Kojonup Railway Act 1909, assented some 10 months after the official change of name.

Country music festival
The town hosts the Boyup Brook Country Music Festival, an annual event, held in February each year. The festival has been held since 1986 and the attendance at the event has increased from 500 at the first festival to over 13,000 in recent years. It was originally held on the town's football oval, but in 2007 the purpose-built "Music Park", with a permanent 18 m stage and sound shell, was officially opened and the festival has been held there each year since.

Sport
Boyup Brook has many sporting teams within the community. In summer, cricket, tennis, swimming and lawn bowls are prominent, while in winter, Australian rules football, field hockey, netball and golf are played.

In cricket, Boyup Brook currently participates in the Warren Blackwood Association, having competed in the now disbanded Donnybrook Blackwood Cricket association. They have won five premierships, in 2001, 2006, 2008, 2012 and 2013.

The Boyup Roos football team participates in the Lower South West Football League. The Roos have won three premierships, in 1981, 2012 and 2022. The tennis and netball clubs run both juniors and seniors. The hockey club has their own junior club, as well as a ladies team that participates in the Bunbury competition. Golf is played during the winter weeks.

title: Boyup Brook, Western Australia


text:
User:Mdeuk

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Hello, and welcome to my userpage!
Most of the edits I make on Wikipedia are minor (cleanups of page content, removal of vandalism etc) however I do contribute on some pages where I feel that I can add meaningful and relevant information to the content.

What is your outlook on life?
I think it can be summed up in one sentence: Every day is a new day, enjoy it - you only live once!

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text:
Charles Callahan Perkins

Charles Callahan Perkins (March 1, 1823 – August 25, 1886) was an art critic, author, organizer of cultural activities, and an influential friend of design and of music in Boston.

Biography
Charles C. Perkins was born in Boston on March 1, 1823, to James and Eliza Greene (Callahan) Perkins. His father, descended from Edmund Perkins who emigrated to New England in 1650, was a wealthy and philanthropic merchant. The family was wealthy. Perkins was the great nephew of Thomas Handasyd Perkins, who founded the Perkins shipping empire J. & T.H Perkins with Charles' grandfather James.

Perkins attended several schools before entering Harvard College, where he found the prescribed academic course irksome. He graduated in 1843. He had previously drawn and painted and went abroad soon after graduation to study art. In Rome he became friendly with and encouraged the sculptor Thomas Crawford, then struggling economically. In 1846, Perkins took a studio at Paris, where he had instruction from Ary Scheffer. Later he pursued studies in the history of Christian art in Leipzig. Returning to Paris he took up etching with Bracquemond and Lalanne. He made many etchings to illustrate his own books.

Perkins, independently wealthy, devoted his life to interpreting the art of others. In 1850-51 and from 1875 until his death he was president of the Handel and Haydn Society, Boston, and sometimes conducted their concerts and wrote music the ensemble performed. (The German publisher Breitkopf and Härtel, the world's oldest music publishing house, issued Perkins's Piano Trio and two string quartets in 1854 and 1855 respectively; Perkins's compositions were the first works by an American ever published by that firm.) He married on June 12, 1855, Frances Davenport Bruen, daughter of the Rev. Matthias Bruen, of New York. They gave many concerts and recitals at their home. Perkins was the largest subscriber to the construction of the Boston Music Hall, for which he also contributed the great bronze statue of Beethoven, modeled by his friend Crawford, which since 1902 has stood in the entrance hall of the New England Conservatory of Music, Boston. An invitation extended to Perkins in 1857 to give some lectures at Trinity College, Hartford, on "The Rise and Progress of Painting," started him as a lecturer.

After another European sojourn ended in 1869, he lectured frequently on Greek and Roman art before Boston school teachers, and on sculpture and painting at the Lowell Institute. he served for thirteen years on the Boston school committee. He brought to Boston the South Kensington methods of teaching drawing and design to children, and he was instrumental in founding the Massachusetts Normal Art School, now the Massachusetts College of Art and Design. As a committeeman he was also assigned the third division of the school system, comprising the North and West Ends. He took pains to know personally all teachers of his division, often entertaining them at his home.

Prior to 1850, Perkins had proposed an art museum for Boston but had found the plan premature. When others revived this project twenty years later he supported it. He was second among the incorporators of the Museum of Fine Arts, secured for its opening a gift of Egyptian antiquities, and made valuable suggestions for arranging its exhibits. He advocated showing contemporary work as well as the arts of antiquity. He was also elected president of the Boston Art Club, a post he held for ten years. He systematically devoted part of each day to writing Tuscan Sculptors, published in London in 1864, which brought him a European reputation. It was followed in 1868 by Italian Sculptors, with illustrations drawn and etched by the author. He edited, with notes, Charles Locke Eastlake's Hints on Household Taste (1872),  Art in Education (1870), Art in the House (1879) from the original of Jakob von Falke, and Sepulchral Monuments in Italy (1885).

In 1878 he brought out, with illustrative woodcuts which he had designed, Raphael and Michaelangelo, dedicated to Henry W. Longfellow, and included Longfellow's previously unpublished translations of the sculptor's sonnets. His Historical Handbook of Italian Sculpture appeared in 1883, and in 1886, in French, Ghiberti et son École. At the time of his death he had nearly finished his closely documented History of the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston, Massachusetts, which others completed. He was also critical editor of the Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings, edited by Champlin.

He was the grandfather of editor Maxwell Perkins and the great-grandfather of Archibald Cox. Perkins died on August 25, 1886, in Windsor, Vermont in a carriage accident while he was driving with U.S. Senator William M. Evarts of New York.

title: Charles Callahan Perkins


text:
Elsecar Heritage Centre

Elsecar Heritage Centre is a visitor attraction centre in Elsecar, Barnsley, England. Operated by Barnsley Museums, it has independent shops, studios, galleries and cafes in former Victorian engineering workshops. It also has a large antiques centre. A visitor centre and regular tours share the unique history of the village, an industrial estate village of ironworks and collieries, built for the Earls Fitzwilliam of Wentworth Woodhouse. Elsecar is now recognised to be of international significance, one of the UK's first model villages and a precursor to places like Saltaire.

Close to the heritage centre, at the Elsecar New Colliery, is a Newcomen steam engine, the only such engine still in its original location and now understood to be the world's oldest steam engine still in situ.

The New Yard
The New Yard workshops were built for Earl Fitzwilliam in 1850, as a base for carpenters, engineers, joiners, blacksmiths and others who supported the village's collieries, ironworks and the Wentworth Woodhouse estate. The workshops later became part of the National Coal Board until closure in the 1980s.

The New Yard is now home to almost 40 independent shops, galleries, cafes, a children's play space and large antiques centre.

A visitor centre has exhibits, films, interactive displays for children and an in-depth digital reconstruction of what the village and its valley looked like in the year 1880.

The Elsecar Ironworks
The rolling mill of the former Elsecar Ironworks now hosts large events, including antiques fairs, maker markets, concerts and weddings.

The Earl's Great Engine
The Elsecar New Colliery is the site of the only Newcomen beam engine in the world still in its original location, built in 1795 at the instruction of William Wentworth, the 4th Earl Fitzwilliam.

It is now recognised to be the world's oldest steam engine still in place anywhere.

It pumped water out of Elsecar New Colliery and ran from 1795 until 1923 when it was replaced by electric pumps. In 1973 the engine was classified as a scheduled ancient monument.

The engine was restored to working order (worked by hydraulics) over the period 2012–14.

Visitors can visit it 7 days a week (except in extreme weather) and on special open days and weekly tours between Easter and October each year.

title: Elsecar Heritage Centre


text:
Peter Manicas

Peter Manicas (1934-2015) was a philosopher of science and society at [Queens College, City University of New York] and [the University of Hawaii at Manoa].

He is the author of many books that include
 * Death of the State
 * War and Democracy
 * Logic as Philosophy
 * A History and Philosophy of the Social Sciences
 * A Realist Philosophy of the Social Sciences
 * Social Process in Hawaii
 * Rescuing Dewey: Essays in Pragmatic Naturalism

Following description of his book: A History and Philosophy of the Social Sciences, provides some of the core elements of his thought which are radically different from mainstream views. This book is in three main parts: (I)It deals first with the history of certain key ideas from the early modern period (assessing thinkers from Hobbes and Marx to Hegel, Weber and Kuhn, (II) before exploring the institutional and social features which have shaped the emergence of modern social science,(III) concluding by suggesting an alternative realist philosophy for the future. This ambitious critical history of the variety of the disciplines we group together as social sciences argues that the defining characteristic of social science, both historically and in the present, is ideology. Based originally on a flawed idea of science, the ‘social sciences’ have incorporated and refined a set of assumptions about the nature of state and society, assumptions which have been institutionalized with the growth of modern universities. A deep moral vision informs this study. A (if not the) principle moral of Professor Manicas's historical sketch is that ‘the modern social sciences have been, unwittingly or not, defenders of the status quo; (p. 276)… Despite this history, ‘social science is potentially liberating’ (ibid.). But, the human sciences can be liberating disciplines, humanizing practices, only if they empower people to see that ‘while social reality is real enough, it is not like unchanging nature, but is just that which is sustained by human activities, activities regarding which human have the only say’ (ibid.). This means, in effect, empowering human beings to see themselves as “causal agents” and as such, beings ‘capable of re-fashioning society in the direction of greater humanity, freedom, and justice’ (p. 277). Vincent Colapietro, Pennsylvania State University, Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, Newsletter

External

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20120912171516/http://www2.hawaii.edu/~manicas/

 * https://obits.staradvertiser.com/2016/01/08/peter-t-manicas/

title: Peter Manicas


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Clyde Hurley

Clyde Lanham Hurley, Jr. (September 3, 1916 – August 14, 1963) was a trumpeter during the big band era. He was born in Fort Worth, Texas to Clyde Lanham Hurley and Esther Brown. Scott Yanow describes Hurley as "a fine trumpeter with a fat tone and a hard-driving style". He died of a coronary occlusion in Fort Worth leaving two sons and a former wife.

Career
Self-taught, he learned to play the trumpet by playing along with Louis Armstrong records. His talent was encouraged and nurtured by his mother, Esther Brown Hurley, who had a career in the early days of Texas radio traveling by train from Fort Worth to stations in San Antonio and Houston where she sang and played piano live. He studied music at the Texas Christian University in Fort Worth from 1932 to 1936 where he participated in the school's jazz band. He began his career working with territory bands. In 1937, while drummer/band-leader Ben Pollack was touring through Texas he heard Hurley and invited him to join his orchestra where Hurley soloed on "So Unexpectedly". After a year with Pollack, while on tour in Los Angeles, Hurley left to become a studio musician. Hurley was playing with Paul Whiteman when Glenn Miller sent for him to join the Miller band on its Glen Island Casino opening in May 1939, the year following fellow Fort Worthian Tex Beneke joining Miller's band. Beneke recommended Hurley to Miller.

During the time he was with Miller, Hurley was one of the key soloists. He appeared on the band's studio recordings and live performances throughout America, including Carnegie Hall, Cafe Rouge in Hotel Pennsylvania and the Paramount Theatre, New York City. He shared trumpet solo honors with John Best, with Hurley taking the "hot" solos and Best taking the rest. Hurley played the trumpet solo on Glenn Miller's "In The Mood", "Slip Horn Jive" and "Tuxedo Junction." After a difference of opinion with Miller over the style of music the band was playing, Hurley left Miller in May 1940 to work with Tommy Dorsey and then joined Artie Shaw in 1941.

After his stint with Shaw, he did freelance work for the movie studios. In 1941, he played the trumpet track for the classic Walter Lantz cartoon "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company B." He worked for MGM from 1944 to 1949 and for NBC from 1950 to 1955. During the late 1950s, Hurley played in Dixieland groups, recording with Matty Matlock's Rampart Street Paraders. In 1954, he recorded live with Ralph Sutton and Edmond Hall at the Club Hangover. His studio work in the 1950s included sessions with Paul Weston. He played solo on "Memories of You" on Weston's "Solo Flight" album.

Family
On April 20, 1940, Hurley was listed in the census as living with his then wife, Katherine Ann Foster (b. June 7, 1917, d. September 3, 1994) at 4114 Prescott Ave., Dallas, Texas, the house of his in-laws. Hurley had two sons: Clyde Lanham Hurley III (b. 1937, d. 2022); and Lawrence Foster Hurley (b. 1941).

title: Clyde Hurley