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Thiocyanic acid

Thiocyanic acid is a chemical compound with the formula HSCN and structure H\sS\sC\tN, which exists as a tautomer with isothiocyanic acid (H\sN\dC\dS). The isothiocyanic acid tautomer tends to dominate with the compound being about 95% isothiocyanic acid in the vapor phase.

 * Thiocyanic Acid Tautomerism V.1.svg

It is a moderately strong acid, with a pKa of 1.1 at 20 °C and extrapolated to zero ionic strength.

One of the thiocyanic acid tautomers, HSCN, is predicted to have a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. Thiocyanic acid has been observed spectroscopically.

The salts and esters of thiocyanic acid are known as thiocyanates. The salts are composed of the thiocyanate ion ([SCN]−) and a suitable cation (e.g., potassium thiocyanate, KSCN). The esters of thiocyanic acid have the general structure R\sS\sC\tN, where R stands for an organyl group.

Isothiocyanic acid, HNCS, is a Lewis acid whose free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes for its 1:1 association with a variety of Lewis bases in carbon tetrachloride solution at 25 °C have been reported. < HNCS acceptor properties are discussed in the ECW model. The salts are composed of the thiocyanate ion ([SCN]−) and a suitable cation (e.g., ammonium thiocyanate, [NH4]+[SCN]−). Isothiocyanic acid forms isothiocyanates R\sN\dC\dS, where R stands for an organyl group.

title: Thiocyanic acid


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File:Powellriverbcnasa.jpg

Image courtesy of Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center. .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Powellriverbcnasa.jpg


text: File:Ypiranga clube football.png

title: File:Ypiranga clube football.png


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amiya(Kani) Deb

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Article contents moved to new namespace: Amiya "Kani" Deb, current namespace deleted.

Amiya(Kani) Deb
Not notable. Found less than 50 entries on Google. Groeck 03:46, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn Ryan Norton T 03:53, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Paul Klenk 10:13, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comments only: I feel his notability should be established, as in this part of the world (Indian subcontinent) several bits of information are yet to be digitalized. --Bhadani 12:38, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep as per Bhadani. Manik Raina 15:14, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Bhanani. Trollderella 22:03, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain, but if kept, RENAME this. Radiant_ >|< 19:07, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (but rename) – Mohan Bagan is a top football club in India. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  06:37, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Never heard of him, but if he is what he is claimed to be it is a definite keep Tintin 10:02, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Ypiranga Clube

The Ypiranga Clube, commonly known as Ypiranga-AP, or simply Ypiranga, is a Brazilian multi-sport club based in Macapá, Amapá. The club is most notable for its association football team, that plays in the Campeonato Amapaense, the top division in the Amapá state football league system.

The Ypiranga Clube was founded in 1963. Its home stadium is the Zerão stadium, capacity 5,000. They play in blue and black striped shirts, black shorts and black socks.

Ypiranga is the second-best ranked team from Amapá in CBF's national club ranking, being placed 102nd overall.

Ypiranga's main rivals are Trem, with whom they contest the Tremy, and São José.

History
The Ypiranga Clube was founded on 15 May 1963, by the initiative of the father Vitório Galliani, vicar of Igreja Nossa Senhora da Conceição, who lead young members of the Juventude Oratoriana do Trem (JOT), a movement connected to Vitório Galliani's church. Under influence of Vitório Galliani, it was established that the club's official colors would be black and blue, the same colors of Italy's Internazionale, club supported by the father. Guaracy Freitas was elected as the club's first president.

In 1963, the club joined Federação Amapaense de Desportos. In 1964, Ypiranga disputed its first competition, the Second Division of the Amapaense Amateur Football Championship, and managed by Francisco Sales de Lima (nicknamed "Chicão"), the club won the competition, after defeating Independente 6–3 in the final, at Augusto Antunes Stadium. The champion team was composed of the following players: Manguinha, Lindoval, Barata, Guaracy and Suzico, Adauto and Ary, Peninha, Artur, Narciso and Almeida. The reservers: Elcio, Horácio, Otílio, Gadelha, Lery, Trombone, Tônati, Sabá Balieiro, and Joaquim Neto.

In 1976, Ypiranga won its first state championship, after the club and Santana drew 0–0 at Estádio Municipal Glicério de Souza Marques. The champion players were Emanuel, Buiuna, Damasceno, Waldir and Pitéo, Duranil and Dival, Ananízio, Tadeu, Jason and Dilermano, and the reserves were Odival, Paulo César, Bolinha, Orlandino, João Oliveira, Padeirinho Dewson and Nena. In 1986, after a poor campaign, Ypiranga was relegated to the Second Division of Campeonato Amapaense. However, the team won the second division in 1987, returning to the first division in 1988.

In 1991, under the administration of the chairman Luiz Góes, Ypiranga became a professional team. In 1992, Ypiranga reached its first professional competition title, after winning the state championship. The players of that team were Maurício, Zé Preta, Ponga, Cid and Neirivaldo, Edgar, Edvaldo and Serginho, Tiaguinho, Miranda and Jorginho Macapá, managed by Dadá Maravilha, who had won the 1970 World Cup as a player.

Stadium
Like other clubs in the state, Ypiranga does not have its own stadium. Since 2017, all football matches in Amapá are held at Zerão. Up until 2014, the team also played at Glicerão, which is currently undergoing renovation.

Symbols and nickname
Ypiranga's logo is uncommon, because it features a church's tower. This church's tower is located at Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição, which is a church located in Trem neighborhood. The club's nickname, Clube da Torre, is also a reference to the church's tower, and means Tower Club in English.

State

 * Campeonato Amapaense
 * Champions (10): 1976, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2018, 2020
 * Runners-up (2): 2012, 2019

 * Campeonato Amapaense Segunda Divisão
 * Champions (2): 1964, 1987

title: Ypiranga Clube


text: User talk:68.173.175.201

title: User talk:68.173.175.201


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Shakespeare Santa Cruz

Shakespeare Santa Cruz was an annual professional theatre festival in Santa Cruz, California, which ran from 1981 to 2013. After losing the financial support of the University of California, Santa Cruz, the company was relaunched through crowdfunding as Santa Cruz Shakespeare.

History
Shakespeare Santa Cruz was founded in 1981 and performed annually on the campus of the University of California, Santa Cruz. Plays by Shakespeare and other great dramatists were performed indoors on the UCSC Theater Arts Mainstage and outdoors in the Sinsheimer-Stanley Festival Glen. Bringing in professional actors, directors and designers from throughout the country, the Company's season ran from July to early September and presented three or four plays that ran concurrently in repertory six days a week (no performance on Mondays). With a mission to “cultivate the imagination, wit, daring, and vision that the greatest playwrights demand of artists and audiences alike," SSC sought to present a festival of theatre which showcased contemporary approaches to directing, designing and acting. It eschewed "museum Shakespeare." Attendance grew from 7,716 people in 1982 to 31,013 in 1992. Since its founding, the company's artistic directors have been Audrey Stanley (1982–86), Michael Edwards (1987–92), Danny Scheie (1993–95), Risa Brainin, Paul Whitworth (1996–2007), and Marco Barricelli (2008–2013). Some of the rising theatre stars who have worked at SSC are: David Aaron Baker, Bryan Cranston, Maria Dizzia, Colman Domingo, Dan Donohue, Caitlin FitzGerald, Richard Gunn, Peter Jacobson, Carrie Preston, Reg Rogers, and Michael Stuhlbarg.

In 1997, Artistic Director Paul Whitworth introduced the SSC annual Winter Holiday season. In keeping with the tradition of Shakespeare Santa Cruz’s fresh take on the classics, the holiday shows were original musicals written for SSC by playwright Kate Hawley with music composed by Gregg Coffin, Craig Bohmler and Adam Wernick. A fusion of the traditions of the British pantomime and the American musical, Cinderella, Gretel and Hansel, The Princess and the Pea and Sleeping Beauty were based on traditional fairy tales and appeal to audiences of all ages. The winter season performed in November and December.

In addition to the summer repertory season and the holiday show, Shakespeare Santa Cruz had two performance programs which sought to engage student actors with Shakespearean and other classical texts---the summer Fringe show and the Shakespeare to Go program. The Fringe show was an opportunity for the summer Company's acting interns to perform their own production in the Glen two nights each summer. Past productions included Lysistrata, The Antipodes, Fools in the Forest, and The Mock-Tempest. Shakespeare to Go was an educational engagement program—and recipient of National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) funding—featuring University of California Santa Cruz Theater Arts students who toured local schools in the spring performing one-hour versions of one of the full-length plays to be featured in the summer repertory season. Additionally, Shakespeare to Go presented a limited number of free public performances.

The festival was responsible for supporting itself, but had recently run deficits which were paid by the University of California. In 2008, with California's budget crisis having resulted in reduced funding, the university could no longer afford to cover these debts. An agreement was reached that if the theater could raise $300,000, it could continue operation. Within 10 days of the agreement's announcement, over $400,000 was raised. Claiming continuing financial problems, however, the UCSC Arts Division dean announced several years later that Shakespeare Santa Cruz would end after its 2013 holiday production.

Following this announcement, the theater company began a campaign to raise money to become an independent company. By February 2014, they raised over $1 million (USD) through crowdfunding to continue on without the financial support of the university. In March 2014, the new company changed its name to Santa Cruz Shakespeare.

Season history

 * 1981
 * The Taming of the Shrew
 * 1982
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * 1983
 * The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * Macbeth
 * 1984
 * Henry IV, Part 1
 * The Tempest
 * 1985
 * As You Like It
 * Hamlet
 * Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (by Tom Stoppard)
 * 1986
 * Twelfth Night
 * King Richard II
 * A Life in the Theatre (by David Mamet)
 * 1987
 * Much Ado About Nothing
 * King Henry V
 * Company (by Stephen Sondheim and George Furth)
 * 1988
 * The Comedy of Errors
 * Julius Caesar
 * Antony and Cleopatra
 * Titus Andronicus
 * 1989
 * Love's Labour's Lost
 * Romeo and Juliet
 * Once in a Lifetime (by George S. Kaufman & Moss Hart)
 * 1990
 * The Winter's Tale
 * Othello
 * Amadeus (by Peter Shaffer)
 * 1991
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * Measure for Measure
 * Waiting for Godot (by Samuel Beckett)
 * Our Town (by Thornton Wilder)
 * 1992
 * The Taming of the Shrew
 * Macbeth
 * A Doll's House (by Henrik Ibsen)
 * 1993
 * The Comedy of Errors
 * All's Well That Ends Well
 * Doctor Faustus (by Christopher Marlowe)
 * Damn Yankees (by Douglass Wallop, George Abbott, Richard Adler, and Jerry Ross)
 * 1994
 * The Merchant of Venice
 * The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * The Rape of Tamar (by Tirso de Molina)
 * 1995
 * The Tempest
 * King Lear
 * The Dresser (by Ronald Harwood)
 * 1996
 * Twelfth Night
 * Pericles
 * Tartuffe (by Molière)
 * 1997
 * As You Like It
 * King Richard III
 * The Forest (by Aleksandr Ostrovsky)
 * The Wind in the Willows (by Kenneth Grahame)
 * 1998
 * Much Ado About Nothing
 * Othello
 * The Marriage of Figaro (by Pierre Beaumarchais)
 * The Wind in the Willows (by Kenneth Grahame)
 * 1999
 * Romeo and Juliet
 * The Two Gentlemen of Verona
 * Arms and the Man (by George Bernard Shaw)
 * Cinderella (by Kate Hawley & Gregg Coffin)
 * 2000
 * Cymbeline
 * Love's Labour's Lost
 * Kean (by Jean-Paul Sartre)
 * Cinderella (by Kate Hawley & Gregg Coffin)
 * 2001
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * Macbeth
 * She Stoops to Conquer (by Oliver Goldsmith)
 * Gretel and Hansel (by Kate Hawley)
 * 2002
 * Coriolanus
 * The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * The Sea Gull (by Anton Chekhov)
 * Gretel and Hansel (by Kate Hawley)
 * 2003
 * The Comedy of Errors
 * Hamlet
 * Private Lives (by Noël Coward)
 * The Emperor's New Clothes (by Brad Caroll)
 * 2004
 * The Taming of the Shrew
 * The Tamer Tamed (by John Fletcher)
 * Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (by Edward Albee)
 * Lysistrata (by Aristophanes)
 * The Princess and the Pea (by Kate Hawley)
 * 2005
 * Twelfth Night
 * The Winter's Tale
 * Engaged (by W. S. Gilbert)
 * Cinderella (by Kate Hawley & Gregg Coffin)
 * 2006
 * As You Like It
 * King Lear
 * Pygmalion (by George Bernard Shaw)
 * Sleeping Beauty (by Kate Hawley)
 * 2007
 * Much Ado About Nothing
 * The Tempest
 * The Playboy of the Western World (by J. M. Synge)
 * Endgame (by Samuel Beckett)
 * The Princess and the Pea (by Kate Hawley)
 * 2008
 * All's Well That Ends Well
 * Romeo and Juliet
 * Bach at Leipzig (by Itamar Moses)
 * Burn This (by Lanford Wilson)
 * The Wind in the Willows (by Kenneth Grahame)
 * 2009
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * Julius Caesar
 * Shipwrecked! An Entertainment (by Donald Margulies)
 * 2010
 * The Lion in Winter (by James Goldman)
 * Love's Labour's Lost
 * Othello
 * Fringe Show: La Ronde (by Arthur Schnitzler)
 * 2011
 * The Comedy of Errors
 * The Three Musketeers (adapted from Alexandre Dumas)
 * Henry IV, Part 1
 * Fringe Show: Double Bind (Plautus's Menaechmi)
 * Bard Babes (by Robin Goodrin Nordli)
 * A Year with Frog and Toad (by Willie Reale & Robert Reale)
 * 2012
 * Twelfth Night
 * The Man in the Iron Mask (world premiere by Scott Wentworth)
 * Henry IV, Part 2
 * Fringe Show: The Mandrake (by Niccolò Machiavelli, translated by Wallace Shawn)
 * In Acting Shakespeare (written by James DeVita)
 * Honk! (by Anthony Drewe and George Stiles)
 * 2013
 * The Taming of the Shrew
 * Henry V
 * Fringe Show: Tom Jones (by Henry Fielding)
 * Shakespeare Unscripted
 * It’s a Wonderful Life, A Live Radio Show (by Joe Landry)

title: Shakespeare Santa Cruz


text:
Maple River (North Dakota)

The Maple River is a tributary of the Sheyenne River, about 198 mi long, in the Red River Valley of eastern North Dakota in the United States. Via the Sheyenne River, the Red River of the North, Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River, the Maple is part of the watershed of Hudson Bay.

Course
The Maple River flows through Steele, Barnes, Cass and Ransom counties. It begins as an intermittent stream near the town of Finley in Steele County, and flows generally southward to Enderlin, where it turns to the northeast and flows past Mapleton. It joins the Sheyenne River about 5 mi north of West Fargo, not far upstream of the Sheyenne's confluence with the Red.

At Enderlin it collects a short tributary known as the South Branch Maple River, which flows for its entire length in northern Ransom County.

title: Maple River (North Dakota)


text:
IceCube Neutrino Observatory

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory (or simply IceCube) is a neutrino observatory developed by the University of Wisconsin–Madison and constructed at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica. The project is a recognized CERN experiment (RE10). Its thousands of sensors are located under the Antarctic ice, distributed over a cubic kilometre.

Similar to its predecessor, the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), IceCube consists of spherical optical sensors called Digital Optical Modules (DOMs), each with a photomultiplier tube (PMT) and a single-board data acquisition computer which sends digital data to the counting house on the surface above the array. IceCube was completed on 18 December 2010.

DOMs are deployed on strings of 60 modules each at depths between 1,450 and 2,450 meters into holes melted in the ice using a hot water drill. IceCube is designed to look for point sources of neutrinos in the teraelectronvolt (TeV) range to explore the highest-energy astrophysical processes.

Construction
IceCube is part of a series of projects developed and supervised by the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Collaboration and funding are provided by numerous other universities and research institutions worldwide. Construction of IceCube was only possible during the Antarctic austral summer from November to February, when permanent sunlight allows for 24-hour drilling. Construction began in 2005, when the first IceCube string was deployed and sufficient data was collected to verify that the optical sensors functioned correctly. In the 2005–2006 season, an additional eight strings were deployed, making IceCube the largest neutrino telescope in the world.

Construction was completed on 17 December 2010. The total cost of the project was $279 million.

As of 2024, plans for further upgrades to the array are in the federal approval process. If approved, the detectors for IceCube2 will each be eight times the size of those currently emplaced. The observatory will be able to detect more sources of particles, and discern their properties more finely at both lower and higher energy levels.

Sub-detectors
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is composed of several sub-detectors which is also in addition to the main in-ice array.

 * AMANDA, the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array, was the first part built, and it served as a proof-of-concept for IceCube. AMANDA was turned off in May 2009.
 * The IceTop array is a series of Cherenkov detectors on the surface of the glacier, with two detectors approximately above each IceCube string. IceTop is used as a cosmic ray shower detector, for cosmic ray composition studies and coincident event tests: if a muon is observed going through IceTop, it cannot be from a neutrino interacting in the ice.
 * The Deep Core Low-Energy Extension is a densely instrumented region of the IceCube array which extends the observable energies below 100 GeV. The Deep Core strings are deployed at the center (in the surface plane) of the larger array, deep in the clearest ice at the bottom of the array (between 1760 and 2450 m deep). There are no Deep Core DOMs between 1850 m and 2107 m depth, as the ice is not as clear in those layers.

PINGU (Precision IceCube Next Generation Upgrade) is a proposed extension that will allow detection of low energy neutrinos (GeV energy scale), with uses including determining the neutrino mass hierarchy, precision measurement of atmospheric neutrino oscillation (both tau neutrino appearance and muon neutrino disappearance), and searching for WIMP annihilation in the Sun. A vision has been presented for a larger observatory, IceCube-Gen2.

Experimental mechanism
Neutrinos are electrically neutral leptons, and only interact very rarely with matter through the weak force. When they do react with the molecules of water in the ice via the charged current interaction, they create charged leptons (electrons, muons, or taus) corresponding to the flavor of the neutrino. These charged leptons can, if they are energetic enough, emit Cherenkov radiation. This happens when the charged particle travels through the ice faster than the speed of light in the ice, similar to the bow shock of a boat traveling faster than the waves it crosses. This light can then be detected by photomultiplier tubes within the digital optical modules making up IceCube.

The detector signatures of the three charged leptons are distinct, and as such it's possible to determine the neutrino flavor of charged current events. On the other hand if the neutrino scattered off the ice via the neutral current instead, the final state contains no information of the neutrino flavor since no charged lepton was created.

The signals from the PMTs are digitized and then sent to the surface of the glacier on a cable. These signals are collected in a surface counting house, and some of them are sent north via satellite for further analysis. Since 2014, hard drives rather than tape store the balance of the data which is sent north once a year via ship. Once the data reaches experimenters, they can reconstruct kinematical parameters of the incoming neutrino. High-energy neutrinos may cause a large signal in the detector, pointing back to their origin. Clusters of such neutrino directions indicate point sources of neutrinos.

Each of the above steps requires a certain minimum energy, and thus IceCube is sensitive mostly to high-energy neutrinos, in the range of 107 to about 1021 eV.

IceCube is more sensitive to muons than other charged leptons, because they are the most penetrating and thus have the longest tracks in the detector. Thus, of the neutrino flavors, IceCube is most sensitive to muon neutrinos. An electron resulting from an electron neutrino event typically scatters several times before losing enough energy to fall below the Cherenkov threshold; this means that electron neutrino events cannot typically be used to point back to sources, but they are more likely to be fully contained in the detector, and thus they can be useful for energy studies. These events are more spherical, or "cascade"-like, than "track"-like; muon neutrino events are more track-like.

Tau leptons can also create cascade events; but are short-lived and cannot travel very far before decaying, and are thus usually indistinguishable from electron cascades. A tau could be distinguished from an electron with a "double bang" event, where a cascade is seen both at the tau creation and decay. This is only possible with very high energy taus. Hypothetically, to resolve a tau track, the tau would need to travel at least from one DOM to an adjacent DOM (17 m) before decaying. As the average lifetime of a tau is $2.9 s$, a tau traveling at near the speed of light would require 20 TeV of energy for every meter traveled. Realistically, an experimenter would need more space than just one DOM to the next to distinguish two cascades, so double bang searches are centered at PeV scale energies. Such searches are underway but have not so far isolated a double bang event from background events. Another way to detect lower energy tau neutrinos is through the "double pulse" signature, where a single DOM detect two distinct light arrival times corresponding to the neutrino interaction and tau decay vertices. One can also use machine learning (ML) techniques, such as Convolutional Neural Networks, to distinguish the tau neutrino signal. In 2024 the IceCube collaboration published its findings of seven astrophysical tau neutrino candidates using such a technique.

There is a large background of muons created not by neutrinos from astrophysical sources but by cosmic rays impacting the atmosphere above the detector. There are about 106 times more cosmic ray muons than neutrino-induced muons observed in IceCube. Most of these can be rejected using the fact that they are traveling downwards. Most of the remaining (up-going) events are from neutrinos, but most of these neutrinos are from cosmic rays hitting the far side of the Earth; some unknown fraction may come from astronomical sources, and these neutrinos are the key to IceCube point source searches. Estimates predict the detection of about 75 upgoing neutrinos per day in the fully constructed IceCube detector. The arrival directions of these astrophysical neutrinos are the points with which the IceCube telescope maps the sky. To distinguish these two types of neutrinos statistically, the direction and energy of the incoming neutrino is estimated from its collision by-products. Unexpected excesses in energy or excesses from a given spatial direction indicate an extraterrestrial source.

Point sources of high energy neutrinos
A point source of neutrinos could help explain the mystery of the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays. These cosmic rays have energies high enough that they cannot be contained by galactic magnetic fields (their gyroradii are larger than the radius of the galaxy), so they are believed to come from extra-galactic sources. Astrophysical events which are cataclysmic enough to create such high energy particles would probably also create high energy neutrinos, which could travel to the Earth with very little deflection, because neutrinos interact so rarely. IceCube could observe these neutrinos: its observable energy range is about 100 GeV to several PeV. The more energetic an event is, the larger volume IceCube may detect it in; in this sense, IceCube is more similar to Cherenkov telescopes like the Pierre Auger Observatory (an array of Cherenkov detecting tanks) than it is to other neutrino experiments, such as Super-K (with inward-facing PMTs fixing the fiducial volume).

IceCube is more sensitive to point sources in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. It can observe astrophysical neutrino signals from any direction, but neutrinos coming from the direction of the southern hemisphere are swamped by the cosmic-ray muon background. Thus, early IceCube point source searches focus on the northern hemisphere, and the extension to southern hemisphere point sources takes extra work.

Although IceCube is expected to detect very few neutrinos (relative to the number of photons detected by more traditional telescopes), it should have very high resolution with the ones that it does find. Over several years of operation, it could produce a flux map of the northern hemisphere similar to existing maps like that of the cosmic microwave background, or gamma ray telescopes, which use particle terminology more like IceCube. Likewise, KM3NeT could complete the map for the southern hemisphere.

IceCube scientists may have detected their first neutrinos on 29 January 2006.

Gamma-ray bursts coincident with neutrinos
When protons collide with one another or with photons, the result is usually pions. Charged pions decay into muons and muon neutrinos whereas neutral pions decay into gamma rays. Potentially, the neutrino flux and the gamma ray flux may coincide in certain sources such as gamma-ray bursts and supernova remnants, indicating the elusive nature of their origin. Data from IceCube is being used in conjunction with gamma-ray satellites like Swift or Fermi for this goal. IceCube has not observed any neutrinos in coincidence with gamma ray bursts, but is able to use this search to constrain neutrino flux to values less than those predicted by the current models.

Indirect dark matter searches
Weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter could be gravitationally captured by massive objects like the Sun and accumulate in the core of the Sun. With a high enough density of these particles, they would annihilate with each other at a significant rate. The decay products of this annihilation could decay into neutrinos, which could be observed by IceCube as an excess of neutrinos from the direction of the Sun. This technique of looking for the decay products of WIMP annihilation is called indirect, as opposed to direct searches which look for dark matter interacting within a contained, instrumented volume. Solar WIMP searches are more sensitive to spin-dependent WIMP models than many direct searches, because the Sun is made of lighter elements than direct search detectors (e.g. xenon or germanium). IceCube has set better limits with the 22 string detector (about $299,792,458 m/s$ of the full detector) than the AMANDA limits.

Neutrino oscillations
IceCube can observe neutrino oscillations from atmospheric cosmic ray showers, over a baseline across the Earth. It is most sensitive at ~25 GeV, the energy range for which the DeepCore sub-array has been optimized. DeepCore consists of 6 strings deployed in the 2009–2010 austral summer with a closer horizontal and vertical spacing. In 2014, DeepCore data was used to determine the mixing angle θ23 and mass splitting Δm223. This measurement has since been improved with more data and improved detector calibration and data processing.

As more data is collected and IceCube measurements are refined further, it may be possible to observe the characteristic modification of the oscillation pattern at ~15 GeV that determines the neutrino mass hierarchy. This mechanism for determining the mass hierarchy only works as the mixing angle θ13 is large.

Galactic supernovae
Despite the fact that individual neutrinos expected from supernovae have energies well below the IceCube energy cutoff, IceCube could detect a local supernova. It would appear as a detector-wide, brief, correlated rise in noise rates. The supernova would have to be relatively close (within our galaxy) to get enough neutrinos before the 1/r2 distance dependence took over. IceCube is a member of the Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS).

Sterile neutrinos
A signature of sterile neutrinos would be a distortion of the energy spectrum of atmospheric neutrinos around 1 TeV, for which IceCube is uniquely positioned to search. This signature would arise from matter effects as atmospheric neutrinos interact with the matter of the Earth.

The described detection strategy, along with its South Pole position, could allow the detector to provide the first robust experimental evidence of extra dimensions predicted in string theory. Many extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, including string theory, propose a sterile neutrino; in string theory this is made from a closed string. These could leak into extra dimensions before returning, making them appear to travel faster than the speed of light. An experiment to test this may be possible in the near future. Furthermore, if high energy neutrinos create microscopic black holes (as predicted by some aspects of string theory) it would create a shower of particles, resulting in an increase of "down" neutrinos while reducing "up" neutrinos.

In 2016, scientists at the IceCube detector did not find any evidence for the sterile neutrino.

Results
The IceCube collaboration has published flux limits for neutrinos from point sources, gamma-ray bursts, and neutralino annihilation in the Sun, with implications for WIMP–proton cross section.

A shadowing effect from the Moon has been observed. Cosmic ray protons are blocked by the Moon, creating a deficit of cosmic ray shower muons in the direction of the Moon. A small (under 1%) but robust anisotropy has been observed in cosmic ray muons.

In November 2013 it was announced that IceCube had detected 28 neutrinos that likely originated outside the Solar System and among those a pair of high energy neutrinos in the peta-electron volt range, making them the highest energy neutrinos discovered to date. The pair were nicknamed "Bert" and "Ernie", after characters from the Sesame Street TV show. Later in 2013 the number of detection increased to 37 candidates including a new high energy neutrino at 2000-TeV given the name of "Big Bird".

IceCube measured 10–100 GeV atmospheric muon neutrino disappearance in 2014, using three years of data taken May 2011 to April 2014, including DeepCore, determining neutrino oscillation parameters ∆m232 = $2.9 s$ × 10−3 eV2 and sin2(θ23) = $8.711 m$ (normal mass hierarchy), comparable to other results. The measurement was improved using more data in 2017, and in 2019 atmospheric tau neutrino appearance was measured. The latest measurement with improved detector calibration and data processing from 2023 has resulted in more precise values of the oscillation parameters, determining ∆m232 = (2.41 ± 0.07) × 10−3 eV2 and sin2(θ23) = 0.51 ± 0.05 (normal mass hierarchy).

In July 2018, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory announced that they had traced an extremely-high-energy neutrino that hit their detector in September 2017 back to its point of origin in the blazar TXS 0506 +056 located 5.7 billion light-years away in the direction of the constellation Orion, the results had a statistical significance of 3-3.5σ. This was the first time that a neutrino detector had been used to locate an object in space, and indicated that a source of cosmic rays had been identified.

In 2020, evidence of the Glashow resonance at 2.3σ (formation of the W boson in antineutrino-electron collisions) was announced.

In February 2021, the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2019dsg was reported as candidate for a neutrino source and the TDE AT2019fdr as a second candidate in June 2022.

In November 2022, IceCube announced strong evidence of a neutrino source emitted by the active galactic nucleus of Messier 77. It is the second detection by IceCube after TXS 0506+056, and only the fourth known source including SN1987A and solar neutrinos. OKS 1424+240 and GB9 are other possible candidates.

In June 2023 IceCube identified as a galactic map the neutrino diffuse emission from the Galactic plane at the 4.5σ level of significance.

title: IceCube Neutrino Observatory


text:
Reaction norm

In ecology and genetics, a reaction norm, also called a norm of reaction, describes the pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments. One use of reaction norms is in describing how different species—especially related species—respond to varying environments. But differing genotypes within a single species may also show differing reaction norms relative to a particular phenotypic trait and environment variable. For every genotype, phenotypic trait, and environmental variable, a different reaction norm can exist; in other words, an enormous complexity can exist in the interrelationships between genetic and environmental factors in determining traits. The concept was introduced by Richard Woltereck in 1909.

A monoclonal example

Scientifically analyzing norms of reaction in natural populations can be very difficult, simply because natural populations of sexually reproductive organisms usually do not have cleanly separated or superficially identifiable genetic distinctions. However, seed crops produced by humans are often engineered to contain specific genes, and in some cases seed stocks consist of clones. Accordingly, distinct seed lines present ideal examples of differentiated norms of reaction. In fact, agricultural companies market seeds for use in particular environments based on exactly this.

Suppose the seed line A contains an allele a, and a seed line B of the same crop species contains an allele b, for the same gene. With these controlled genetic groups, we might cultivate each variety (genotype) in a range of environments. This range might be either natural or controlled variations in environment. For example, an individual plant might receive either more or less water during its growth cycle, or the average temperature the plants are exposed to might vary across a range.

A simplification of the norm of reaction might state that seed line A is good for "high water conditions" while a seed line B is good for "low water conditions". But the full complexity of the norm of reaction is a function, for each genotype, relating environmental factor to phenotypic trait. By controlling for or measuring actual environments across which monoclonal seeds are cultivated, one can concretely observe norms of reaction. Normal distributions, for example, are common. Of course, the distributions need not be bell-curves.

Reaction norm from an inbred population
One advantage of plants is that the same genotype, such as a recombinant inbred line (RIL), can be repeatedly evaluated in multiple environments, or a multi-environmental trial (MET). The reaction norm can then be explored based on the geographic location, mean trait value summarized from the whole population at each environment, or an explicit performance-free index capturing relevant environment inputs.

Misunderstanding genetic/environmental interactions
Popular non-scientific or lay-scientific audiences frequently misunderstand or simply fail to recognize the existence of norms of reaction. A widespread conception is that each genotype gives a certain range of possible phenotypic expressions. In popular conception, something which is "more genetic" gives a narrower range, while something which is "less genetic (more environmental)" gives a wider range of phenotypic possibilities. This limited conceptual framework is especially prevalent in discussions of human traits such as IQ, sexual orientation, altruism, or schizophrenia (see Nature versus nurture).

Popular conception of genotype/phenotype interaction

TRAIT SCALE <--6--5--4--3--2--1--0-->    ^ (Genotype A) ^                                 ^ (Genotype B) ^ |             |                                 |              |  Environ <--> Other                           Environ <--> Other extreme         extreme                         extreme          extreme

The problem with this common simplified image is not that it does not represent a possible norm of reaction. Rather, by reducing the picture from two dimensions to just one, it focuses only on discrete, non-overlapping phenotypic expressions, and hides the more common pattern of local minima and maxima in phenotypic expression, with overlapping ranges of phenotypic expression between genotypes.

title: Reaction norm


text:
Talk:The Edge Chronicles Twig Saga

Untitled
We need a talk page for this for clean up. Goodbye.

I modified the first part, but I cannot do anything to the Spoiler section, not having finished the series.

 * Have slightly started cleaning up this article, I got sidetracked from my main project on a related matter: The Great Library of Earth and Sky. Anyway, just adjusted some grammer, punctuation, still lots to do.--Ninty 16:19, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Just noticed, isn't that infobox for video games?--Ninty 10:46, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Support the project!
I'm glad to see that you agree with me that this needs to be cleaned up. If you're interested in the Edge Chronicles and are also appalled by the terrible and unorganized state most of the pages are in, help! Voice your support for my proposal that we create an Edge Chronicles WikiProject here! MythCreator (talk) 22:02, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Edge Chronicles Twig Saga


text:
User talk:TransUtopian

Re: Metadata
That information is added automatically when the image is uploaded. -- tomf688 {talk} 00:28, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Possible Keep section
Sorry, it took me a while to move it. I was doing some reading on fair use. It's there now at Possibly_unfree_images --Nv8200p (talk) 21:30, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Political Graveyard logo
Thanks for the heads-up -- I posted to the discussion page about that image. Is there more that I need to do to prevent the image from being deleted? Kestenbaum 19:41, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Re: Stargate Fan
What's Stargate? ;) Love the show.  I've never seen Starhunter. PrometheusX303 14:06, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I love Jack and Daniels little interactions too! The character developement in the show is great.  Jack doesn't seem too bright sometimes, but is witty and intelligent when he wants to be.  Daniel and Teal'c have their funny moments too.  I also like the fact that Jack is a Simpsons fan. PrometheusX303 13:51, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

History of Gibraltar
Thanks for the heads up. Sometimes unprotection doesn't "take" for whatever reason. It's fixed now. Thanks again. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 00:41, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Block icon
That is actually Drini's creation. ;)--Shanel 04:50, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the Current Events talk move
I was hesitant to move it back because I wasn't sure if that was normal or not, and wasn't sure how to do it and preserve history, as I've never moved before. Yeah, I'll probably read up on it eventually. TransUtopian 02:03, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem. Most standard moves can be done by clicking the move tab at the top of the page. joturner 02:31, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with your suggestion on current events about the region specific articles being made more prominent. Not sure how to change the template though myself either. Kurando | ^_^ 09:32, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Tawkerbot2's current events edit
Simply, it wasn't. The bot had a malfunction when a code edit was applied to the live version over a testing version. The bot was stopped right away and all of the edits were reverted. Sorry about the confusion -- Tawker 04:38, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No, the bot will only revert in the main article namespace, unless we start archiving articles, it won't happen :) -- Tawker 19:02, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Minor edits
Hey, thanks for pointing that out; I guess I've just ignored that ever since I made every edit minor by default in my preferences. I removed the Aung San Suu Kyi photo from the Politics section of the Myanmar article due to objections made by 2 users. I've been trying to gain support to make the Myanmar article featured (Featured article candidates/Myanmar), and it seems that some users do not feel that the photo be there. If you'd like to argue for the photo, please do so. Thanks. Hintha 03:12, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Show Hide on GA
FYI - I've left a note on the page where you asked the question, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Good_articles#Show.2FHide_template, cheers. SeanMack 22:58, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Your edit to Joe Lieberman
Your recent edit to Joe Lieberman (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // AntiVandalBot 13:27, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Re:I liked it
Thanx. Yea, I'm healed now, I've just got some little pink spots on my knee and elbow. íslenska hurikein | #12 (samtal) 00:21, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the help with the Moscow-City page. XAKxRUSx 05:35, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

2006 Cuban transfer of presidential duties
Thanks for restoring the bottom half of the page. I think I must have been caught by the Google toolbar bug. Cheers! Pburka 15:01, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

The occult and paranormal etc.
Oops. It's War of the Windsors: A Century of Unconstitutional Monarchy, Mainstream Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-84018-631-3 Masalai 01:22, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

She meant that the servants were all gay. As to the "quips and humour," well...maybe that has more character, but really: they're pretty bland, don't you think?Masalai 03:48, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

True, true, but you ought to have seen how the article looked a while back when it appeared substantially to have been written by contributers to the Women's Weekly, circa 1951 ("She had a never complain, never explain attitude that carried her through many heartaches" and like that). Masalai 04:21, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

I'm not wildly committed to the bare-as-bones "Quotations" rather than "Reported quips and humour"; if you think it's really better, go ahead. My effort was calculated to tone down the breathlessness of previous drafts without descending to the mildly silly criticisms that some seem to delight in inserting. Possibly "Reported quips" as a compromise? Masalai 14:06, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

On the other hand (not to leave a dead horse unkicked) characterising the quotations as humour, quips, etc. somewhat prevents one from adding un-humorous quotations. I was just about to add the business about President Jimmy Carter kissing her and her reacting that nobody had done that since her husband died. Which is not exactly funny, but is nonetheless entertaining -- especially for those of us who found Jimmy Carter mildly cringe-making when he was in office.Masalai 18:09, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Flagging down admins
Hi TransUtopian: I noticed your comment on Articles for deletion/Moogle Mafia about "flagging down" admins. There are a number of ways to get administrator attention, depending on the circumstance. For WP:AFD's, there's no need to contact anyone, they will be closed within a few days: often there is a great backlog that takes a while to clear. For other things, the administrator's noticeboard is a good place to get admin attention, or you can just contact an active admin from this list directly (or you could just contact me :-) — Mets 501 (talk) 15:22, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the headsup. If I looked at AfD's more than a few days past freshness, I'd probably see they're all closed. Didn't think of it. I know some are relisted if there's not much discussion, but I didn't know if some slip through the cracks considering 100-200 per day. I knew about WP:AN but not WP:LOA, so thanks for that too! TransUtopian 15:31, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem. Basically no AFDs ever slip through the cracks, because Articles for deletion/Old is maintained by a bot, saying exactly how many AFDs are still open on a given day. — Mets 501  (talk) 15:36, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

John Prescott - controversies
Thank you for renaming the section links; I forgot to do that. BlueValour 16:07, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Hurricane Ernesto
Whoops, thanks for changing that caption back. That was an error on my part, and I forgot to fix it. :) --Core des at talk. ^_^ 21:00, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Numbers of PMs
I can't cite, because, obviously, it's impossible to prove a negative. But, apart from the fact that it's just never done, it's an essentially silly thing to do with British Prime Ministers — the position wasn't even official until 1905, and before that there is often extreme doubt as to who, if anyone was, Prime Minister, and if certain short-lived ministries or attempted ministries really count. Saying "X was Prime Minister" is sometimes dodgy enough, without being so absolutely certain as to assign a number to him. Proteus (Talk) 15:38, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Re: sprotect
Usually, on Requests for page protection (which is from where I made the protections you mentioned). For particularly urgent cases, WP:AN or WP:AN/I, although if it's that urgent, you've generally been beaten to it. John Prescott has already been sprotected. -Splash - tk 00:25, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Calderon
No, you first. See Talk:Vicente Fox and WP:AN/I in a few minutes. I suggest you read WP:BLP from start to finish. Ya ya ya ya ya ya 19:18, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Florence pictures
Sorry, I produce a complete new infobox from a spreadsheet any time, for speed and (I thought) reliability - and I hadn't noticed there was a new image. I'll get it right next time.--Keith Edkins ( Talk ) 06:15, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Ann-Richards-Senate-photo.jpg
An image that was uploaded or altered, Image:Ann-Richards-Senate-photo.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Angr 08:55, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

How did you locate that image? It's really nice and looks official, but I can't find a link to it, aside from the direct one you provided, in the News section or via search on Senator Dorgan's site. I didn't list it for deletion, but the person who did does have a point. If it can be verified it's a work of the US federal government, it's PD. State governments aren't carte blanche PD, from what I understand. TransUtopian 22:57, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello, TransUtopian. If that Senate image is causing trouble, I can create another equivalent image quickly, as a closeup portrait.  Let me know.  That image of Ann Richards was displayed on a webpage that U.S. Senator Dorgan used to announce a conference event about Women's Health; a similar announcement also occurred at WHWL ("Women's Health ~ Women's Lives") [on the Whwl.org webpage: WHWL-Speakers2005]; however, the similar image of Ann Richards at WHWL is only 7865 bytes, not the same hi-resolution file size as the image on Senator Dorgan's website.  The Senate photo seems to be a full-size PR photo perhaps distributed for Ann Richards by her entourage, but I could not find any webpage that claimed a copyright for that photo, and I cannot verify the origin of that photo.  Again: I can create another equivalent image quickly from a public-domain photo, as a closeup portrait.  Let me know. Thanks.  -Wikid77 23:54, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

your comments on talk north korea
you said you found info on 2 political parties from the CIA world factbook, I'm not sure what the world factbook is, but isnt the CIA the United State's secret police? how can they be trusted to provide neutral facts on a country the US opposes?--Frogsprog 13:14, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Template:WestWing-stub
Your welcomme.--Pixel ;-) 23:46, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Re: Question
I use vandalfighter but only for specific purposes, most of the time I use Lupin's scripts, other java scripts and the IRC channel (irc.freenode.net #vandalism-en-wp). Pretty much every javascript can be found at WP:JS. For starters, try to use this script, very useful for anti-vandalism activities. If you have questions feel free to leave a message on my talk page. --Y.Ichiro (会話| + |投稿記録|メール) 04:14, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm too lazy to maintain my userbox page, it's all filled with broken scripts and substituted templates, etc. ;) --Y.Ichiro (会話| + |投稿記録|メール) 13:23, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Two
"Two Strikes" is not (yet) an official policy. It's my personal policy, and one that I've encouraged other admins to adopt. You're correct in that it's a simplified way of expressing "placing the blatantvandal and test4 templates on a user's talk page within minutes of each other and having the person vandalise again a couple minutes later". Template:Two may provide some illumination; note the somewhat informal language. DS 12:34, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Cheryl Cole
Nice catch on the IMDb deletion. My bad. Desertsky85451 19:02, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Mubarak
Thanks for the citation. But is it a fact or just rumors? what do you think? :). --TheEgyptian 06:12, 7 October 2006 (UTC) --TheEgyptian 06:37, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Not really, I never heard about it, neither any of my family members or my friends. But in case that was true, I guess it would be a good subject for the Egyptian media. Anyway, I was just interested to know. :).

The Tennessean
I think I was actually referring to our article on the Los Angeles Times, which used a similar description of political position at the time. Deltabeignet 17:27, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Blocking Vandals
Many thanks for the helpful advice. Together we will fight the scumbags who vandalise this work !!! Pete Orme 10:28, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Re: User block question
Hey, there. The blocking policy is a little fuzzy on the matter, by my understanding -- there are admins out there who will indefblock an account if its first two edits are vandalism, and there are those who treat new accounts just as they would an IP, starting with 24/31 hour blocks. I think in my case, it depends on how malicious the user seems. Which I suppose is pretty subjective. It was once suggested that the real purpose of indeffing vandalism-only accounts was to break up their contribs; if they can only ever get a few edits in before being blocked, no one will ever have the misfortune of mistaking them for experienced users. Or something like that. It rarely ever hurts to report a vandal to AIV -- even if they're not blocked, they'll frequently at least get watched and/or warned. So, with that in mind, it's always good to see somebody patrolling for vandals. :) Thanks for that, I think it's important. Regards, Luna Santin 15:25, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Publicmind.com
Do you know why this page has been deleted? Why is there not record of notice of it going to be deleted? Thanks. --Zaurus 22:19, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

How did you fill this cite template?
Hi, thanks for adding a citation for the 1988 publication of We in the USSR. That newspaper review was already in the References section, but the one you added had more detail so I copied it there.

How did you fill this cite template? I have been laboriously filling them manually using copy and paste, but wondered if Template:Wikicite and Template:Wikiref are the preferred means. --Jtir 17:44, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for restoring good edit in Thaksin Shinawatra
Thanks for restoring that good edit in Thaksin Shinawatra. I had missed that one. Patiwat 00:23, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

glasnost in the USSR explains the 1988 publication of We (novel) there
Hi, glasnost in the USSR resulted in many literary classics being published there during 1988-1989:

Far down in footnote 1, We (with the translitered title My) is said to have been published in 1989, not 1988.

--Jtir 15:13, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Re: Astronomical vandalism?
Why did you block User talk:198.83.126.254? I don't see any obvious vandalism after 3 October, unless my only basic knowledge of astronomy prevents me from preceiving the vandalism to the various topics today. (If you're wondering why I'm asking, I saw this reported on AIV when I reported someone else, and am surprised/confused by this block.) TransUtopian 17:41, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello and thank you for your enquiry! The reason for the blocking is becuase the IP editor was adding many unsourced and unverified references to astronomical articles, such as,  and  to the Astronomical object article. The reason that these edits are vandalism is because the article doesn't mix hypothetical objects with measured and studied objects.  Hypothetical objects should be listed in List of hypothetical astronomical objects instead.  The same with this edit, which mixes the now-disproven with the actual objects in the Saturnian system. The reason why this is a block and not a blatantvandal warning is because of the extent of the edits and that the IP editor has received repeated final warnings but has still persisted.  If they choose to use the unblock function and can make a reasonable case as to the validity of their edits then the block can be lifted.  I am quite prepared to admit fault if the evidence can be presented to me but the evidence that I have shown above leads me to believe otherwise. Regards, (aeropagitica) 18:13, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

I see now that the edits to Astronomical object are antithetical to the first sentence on that page, but are the edits to the other pages also vandalism? For example, the Saturn's natural satellites diff adds a disproven body to one already there. Should that be reverted (it's still top) or the sentence removed? There's several other edits that haven't been reverted that I'm not sure if they're good or bad.

Also, the repeated final warnings resulted from ten edits around 01:00 UTC 3 October, such as this one. The IP's talk page history shows no warning or discussion with the user re: the Astronomical object edits. Those and this one were bad, but the others, including one which was reverted, seem like good edits.

I'm also quite prepared to admit fault not being certain the other edits are good or at least good faith, or if there's something else I'm missing, but please consider what I've said. TransUtopian 18:39, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You make some good points. It is possible that not all of the edits are vandalistic in intent or result; it is possible that they were all made in good faith. The point about contributing to Wikipedia is that that the contributions are backed-up by sources, references and citations, where appropriate.  The block was made on the basis of systematic inclusion of theoretical astronomical bodies in an article about actual astronomical bodies.  The systematic nature of the edits demonstrates intent and subtle vandalism is still vandalism.

 * Wikipedia is a collaborative effort. No one can do everything.  What we can do is to check our facts and also ensure that our edits are made appropriately.  If you have a question about an editor's decision, you can either ask the editor directly or be bold and confirm or revert the edit based upon reliable sources that you have checked.  The burden of proof is upon the editor including the facts.  If they cannot supply a reliable source for their assertions then the facts can be questioned by anyone.  All articles are open for review all the time.  You are not at fault for questioning some edits rather than others.  You are also not at fault for either attempting to verify questionable edits or marking those edits as requiring verification by other editors. Regards, (aeropagitica) 21:28, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

2005 Alexandria riot
Hi there. I'm checking about your opinion about the latest edits by Groggy Dice for the article 2005 Alexandria riot, as you made the latest edits just before him. The refrence says: Three people have died during a riot outside a Coptic church in Alexandria, Egypt, after a protest against a play accused of offending Islam. So it's not an anti-Christian riot...and not "felt", but it's a fact.

Thanks for your concern. --TheEgyptian 00:23, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Singapore Cablevision vandal edits
Sorry, I was asleep by the time you posted on my talk page. I see that the vandal appears to have stopped for now, anyway. Soft blocks don't always work because the "recently used IP" autoblock can also kick in. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 05:31, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Um, not that I can tell from the options given. Maybe I'm just being ignorant and stupid, though. If you do find out it's possible, let me know. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 14:54, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Images of Lost characters
Greetings. Five images of characters from Lost (TV show) were listed on WP:CP. I replaced the copyright tags, and gave a fair use rationale for each. I believe it is a fair use of the images to use them in articles about the fictional characters -- howevery, it is not "fair use" to use the same images in articles about the actors. (This is because anyone could take a photo of the actor and release it under a free license; but a photo of the character would violate HBO's copyright no matter what.) For this reason, I kept the images, but removed them from articles about the actors.

Unfortunately, two of the images, Image:Lost-claire.jpg and Image:Lost-jin.jpg, are now orphans. If these images are not used in articles about the characters, they will be deleted in seven days. (The articles Claire Littleton and Jin-Soo Kwon exist and have an image already each, although the images are incorrectly tagged.) Do what you will.

Just keeping you in the loop. All the best, – Quadell (talk) (random) 18:13, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello again. You asked why the images of the characters didn't qualify as "fair use" in the pages about the actors. That's a good question, and the answer is complicated.
 * As you well know, Claire Littleton is a fictional character. There is no way to illustrate her that would not violate Touchstone's copyright. (I assume it's Touchstone that hold's the copyright.) Even if you drew a picture of her yourself -- in fact, even by describing her -- you're violating Touchstone's copyright. That's not a problem, of course, because that would clearly be "fair use" under U.S. law ("fair dealing" in Australia). But the point is, there is no possible way that anyone could create a picture of Claire Littleton that would be truly "free".
 * Now the actress, Emilie de Ravin, is a real person. Using the image of her playing Claire Littleton would legally be "fair use" under U.S. copyright law, but on the other hand, it would be possible to take a photo of her (or draw a picture of her) and release it under a free license. A free replacement image might exist, and if none exist, one could be created.
 * Until recently, Wikipedia had a fairly permissive attitude about fair use. But recently, the rules have tightened up. If a free image exists or could be created, then even if it would be very difficult to create that fair image, we can't use a non-free one. We used to keep the non-free one until a free one is found, but not anymore. That's why we can't use the Emilie image to illustrate what Claire looks like.
 * All the best, – Quadell (talk) (random) 14:31, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * P.S. One more thing. You'll note that the Emilie article contains an image of her playing Brenda in The Hills Have Eyes. Why is that okay, you may wonder? The answer is that the image in the article is obviously not being used to illustrate what the actress looks like. It's in the "filmography" section, not the lead. It isn't in the actor infobox. It isn't even large. So yes, it would be possible to use the image of Claire in the Emilie article so long as it is clearly being used to illustrate the character, and not the actress. (It can't be in the infobox, or at the top, etc.) This may seem like a fine line, but the principle is that you can't use a non-free image to illustrate what a free image could illustrate. Make sense? – Quadell (talk) (random) 14:37, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

"Could be created"? Can you link me to the policy update for that please? TransUtopian 14:36, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure. It's at Fair use criteria (included at Fair use), right there at the top of criterion #1. Discussion is here. – Quadell (talk) (random) 14:43, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Talk:List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College closeness
Hi:

I finally responded to your post from Monday. Sorry to have taken so long; Real LifeTM keeps intruding on my activities.

— DLJessup (talk) 20:48, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Re: Thanks re: rvv user talk pages
No prob. Thanks for reporting him (although someone else or myself would have reported such a troublesome person with glee). I honestly can't stand people like that ^^. Anyway, your welcome and happy editing! -- Sasuk e  -kun  27  21:53, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Crustaceans
Wow, blast from the past! I forgot about that... :) Zagalejo 14:07, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Panthera
Hi TransUtopian. Once you corrected my edits in lion. thank you. Can you have a quick view on Panthera, if that what I wrote is grammatically right? I changed something in the introduction, because the hyoid bone is not the reason for the ability to roar (Walkers mammals of the wordl). Thanks a lot.--Altaileopard 17:02, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Serena St Germaine.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Serena St Germaine.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. This is an automated message from BJBot 02:49, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

London/Glasgow
Yep, sorry, my mistake - I realised I had put it in the wrong place after posting, but was unsure whether it was acceptable to edit talk pages after making a comment. Feel free to move the comment if that is allowed. Yeanold Viskersenn 03:30, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

RV
Thanks for explaining that appreciate that!(Sparrowman980 04:08, 1 July 2007 (UTC))

TransUtopian
Hey, do you watch Starhunter (and is your username derived from the show)? Matthew 08:11, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yep. Dresden files is pretty good, I'm just hoping they renew for a second season. I like Starhunter as well, at first I hated it, but it's grown on me over time. Hehe! Matthew 13:52, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

RfD nomination of Hatnotes
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you.  Mel sa  ran  (formerly Salaskаn) 02:31, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Who said my edit was vandalism? Do you have proof of that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Taiwan88 (talk • contribs) 21:33, August 24, 2007 (UTC)

CSS template exclusion
I've fixed your user CSS setup. This was accomplished by fixing the code slightly and moving the page to the intended title, User:TransUtopian/monobook.css. Note that this code will only take effect while you use the default "monobook" skin – if you want to use the Modern skin or other alternative you'll need to copy the code to modern.css or an equivalent. I was only able to effect this change because I have administrative privileges; only you and administrators can edit your .css and .js files. If you have any further problems, feel free to let me know. Nihiltres { t .l } 04:23, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

A special thank you for the code fixing, administrative page moving and explanation! TransUtopian (talk) 20:11, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

Re: Your Message
Text adventures + Doctor Who, what could be better? ^_^ Thanks for your compliment! --Alinnisawest,Dalek Empress ( extermination requests here ) 21:40, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Hello from Feel Sunny:)
I just thought to say hello - before we start to argue on WP news portal:) I would also propose we discuss some points more privately and with more goodwill and not starting edits war.FeelSunny (talk) 01:11, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

RE:RE: Blagojevich
Copied from my talk page, no response required

Hey folks, since there's two users in this talk I'll just thread this here. I promoted it to ITN on the reasoning that the removal of a state executive is, IMO, notable whether the subject himself is or not (though I'd figure it is inherent). Seemed obvious to me that this was more than Wikinews, which is why I skipped the discussion phase.

As to the portal, thanks for letting me know, I was not aware of the duplication being needed in the editing, I thought it was transcluded. Learn something new every day ;)

And lastly, I still think that it should be on the main page. While I can understand Spencer's logic in that it needs more information to make it encyclopedic and not just news, I personally don't think that anymore should or could be added to the article on the Blagojevich scandal at the time and it is a pretty descriptive article.

No matter it all, thanks for the input and the learning opportunity from all three. Keegan talk 06:11, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Television program
Television program has been nominated for a good article reassessment. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to good article quality. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status will be removed from the article. Reviewers' concerns are here.  Czech Out  ☎ |  ✍  17:04, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use File:Astley jones.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Astley jones.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under a claim of fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first non-free content criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information or which could be adequately covered with text alone. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please remove the tag.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace this non-free media by finding freely licensed media of the same subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or similar) media under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our non-free content criteria. You can find a list of description pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, non-free media which could be replaced by freely licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if uploaded before 13 July 2006), per our non-free content policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Mosmof (talk) 01:50, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:TransUtopian


text:
User talk:Hellorajni

Speedy deletion of MRCB
A tag has been placed on MRCB requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. -- BeezHive (talk|contribs) 05:40, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hellorajni


text:
User:Johann Wolfgang/Gerbil

Gerbil Related

 * Gerbillus campestris
 * Gerbillus lowei
 * Gerbillus somalicus
 * Gerbillus stigmonyx
 * Gerbillus dasyurus
 * Gerbillus vivax
 * Gerbillus mackilligini
 * Gerbillus jamesi
 * Gerbillus maghrebi
 * Gerbillus amoenus
 * Gerbillus poecillops
 * Gerbillus famulus
 * Gerbillus nanus
 * Gerbillus brockmani
 * Gerbillus garamantis
 * Gerbillus grobbeni
 * Gerbillus principulus
 * Gerbillus quadrimaculatus
 * Gerbillus watersi
 * Gerbillus juliani
 * Gerbillus mesopotamiae
 * Gerbillus henleyi
 * Gerbillus syrticus
 * Gerbillus pusillus
 * Gerbillus percivali
 * Gerbillus diminutus
 * Gerbillus ruberrimus
 * Gerbillus bottai
 * Gerbillus harwoodi
 * Gerbillus muriculus
 * Gerbillus mauritaniae
 * Gerbillus simoni
 * Gerbillus zakariai
 * Gerbillus gerbillus
 * Gerbillus cheesmani
 * Gerbillus cosensi
 * Gerbillus aquilus
 * Gerbillus gleadowi
 * Gerbillus andersoni
 * Gerbillus bonhotei
 * Gerbillus pyramidum
 * Gerbillus acticola
 * Gerbillus burtoni
 * Gerbillus dongolanus
 * Gerbillus floweri
 * Gerbillus riggenbachi
 * Gerbillus tarabuli
 * Gerbillus allenbyi
 * Gerbillus hesperinus
 * Gerbillus pulvinatus
 * Gerbillus bilensis
 * Gerbillus perpallidus
 * Gerbillus riggenbachi
 * Gerbillus latastei
 * Gerbillus dunni
 * Gerbillus hoogstraali
 * Gerbillus occiduus
 * Gerbillus rosalinda
 * Gerbillus agag
 * Gerbillus dalloni
 * Gerbillus nigeriae
 * Gerbillus nancillus

title: User:Johann Wolfgang/Gerbil


text:
MediaWiki:Nstab-portal

Portal

title: MediaWiki:Nstab-portal


text:
User:Cyberherbalist

I don't have a lot of time to contribute, but I try! I coined the word "cyberherbalist" a few years ago and tried to start a medicinal herb web information page, but it didn't stay up very long.

I am now retired. I am a computer programmer by profession, and among my hobbies are Ham Radio (I am WA7MC - formerly KD7UST).

Articles I've Created

 * Alma-Seidler-Ring
 * David Sherman
 * Dan Cragg
 * Robert C. Oaks
 * John R. Lasater
 * Ferdinand Maria von Senger und Etterlin - I served under his command from 1980-1983 while a part of AFCENT in the US Army
 * Bruce D. Porter - A personal acquaintance
 * Rudolf K. Poecker - I served as a missionary under him. Of course it got deleted for non-notability
 * Konkow language - The language of my Native American ancestors
 * Iris 3000 Videophone - I owned one of these things, once upon a time.
 * USAT General Brehon B. Somervell - A friend of mine served aboard this US Army ship.
 * Victor Lundin
 * Comet Ikeya-Murakami
 * Howard Vollum Award
 * Augustine Peter Curtin - My family lived next to Dr. Curtin's home / medical practice in Cheltenham, England from 1969 to 1971. He was a fine man and we considered him a family friend. -- deleted for non-notability

There are others, not all are listed here.

title: User:Cyberherbalist


text:
Emmanuel III Delly

Mar Emmanuel III Delly (, مار عمانوئيل الثالث دلّي; born Karem Delly; 27 September 1927 – 8 April 2014) was an Iraqi Catholic prelate who served as Patriarch of Baghdad and primate of the Chaldean Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic sui juris particular church of the Catholic Church.

He was born in Tel Keppe and was ordained a priest on 21 December 1952. He was consecrated a bishop in December 1962 at the age of 35. He was elected Patriarch of the Chaldean Church on 3 December 2003, succeeding the late Patriarch Raphael I Bidawid. He was made a cardinal on 24 November 2007.

Birth
Karem Delly was born in Tel Keppe, in northern Iraq, on 27 September 1927 to Jarjes Murad Delly and Katrina Putros. He was baptized on 6 October 1927 by Father Francis Kattola.

Episcopal life
Since his election as Patriarch in December 2003, Mar Emmanuel III Delly continued to work for the Chaldean Church. In Iraq, the Chaldean Church, which is the largest Christian group, consists of eight dioceses totaling 100 parishes and approximately 1,000,000 people. Additionally, there are another eight dioceses outside of Iraq, in countries including Iran, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Europe, Australia, Canada and the U.S. It is estimated that the Chaldean population is over one and a half million devotees worldwide. He was well known for his respect and cooperation with leaders of other churches and faiths, mainly Muslims.

During his 42 years as a bishop, Delly's contributions to the Chaldean Church include building of many churches in and outside of Iraq. He supervised the Chaldean monasteries and convents, as well as several Chaldean religious journals and publications.

On 17 October 2007, Pope Benedict XVI announced that he would make Delly a Cardinal. Delly was elevated to the College of Cardinals in the consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on November 24, 2007. Pope Benedict XVI said that by naming Delly a cardinal he was demonstrating his "spiritual closeness and [his] affection" for Iraqi Christians.

On 19 December 2012, Delly resigned as patriarch of Chaldean Catholic Church and Pope Benedict named Archeparch Jacques Ishaq as administrator ad interim. At the same time Pope Benedict convoked a synod to be held to Rome of the Chaledean Church to choose Delly's successor as patriarch.

Cardinal Delly did not participate in the 2013 conclave, having already reached age 80.

Death
Cardinal Delly died on 8 April 2014, aged 86, in San Diego, California, where he had lived in retirement. Pope Francis offered his condolences.

His funeral was held at St. Peter's Chaldean Catholic Cathedral in San Diego and at Mother of God Cathedral in Detroit. He is buried in Holy Sepulchre Catholic Cemetery in Detroit. This is the first time a Chaldean patriarch has been buried outside the homeland.

Educational degrees

 * Master's Degree in Philosophy, Pontifical Urbaniana University.
 * Pontifical Urbaniana University—Faculty of Philosophy—Program of Studies (accessed 13 November 2007)
 * Doctor of Sacred Theology, Pontifical Lateran University.
 * Doctor of Canon Law, Pontifical Lateran University.

Languages
Mar Emmanuel III Delly spoke Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic, French, Italian, Latin, and English fluently.

title: Emmanuel III Delly


text: User talk:Bengalsox101

title: User talk:Bengalsox101


text: User talk:172.154.104.20

title: User talk:172.154.104.20


text:
Sugar, Sugar

"Sugar, Sugar" is a song written by Jeff Barry and Andy Kim, produced by Barry and recorded by The Archies, a fictional bubblegum pop band from Archie Comics. It was released as the group's third single on the Calendar Records label on May 24, 1969, rereleased on the Kirshner Records label in July 1969, and included on their second album, Everything's Archie. In the autumn of 1969, it topped both Billboard Hot 100 (for four weeks) and the UK Singles Chart (for eight weeks), ranking number one for the year in both America and the UK. It is the most successful bubblegum pop single of all time, and is widely regarded as the apotheosis of the late-1960s/early-1970s bubblegum music genre. In mid-1970, R&B/soul singer Wilson Pickett achieved success on both the US soul and pop charts with a cover version.

Background
Produced by Jeff Barry, the Archies' recording of "Sugar, Sugar" features a group of studio musicians managed by Don Kirshner, former music supervisor to the Monkees. Ron Dante provided the lead vocals, accompanied by Toni Wine and songwriter Andy Kim. Together they provided the voices of the Archies using multitracking. The single was initially released in late May 1969 on Kirshner's Calendar label (as with the Archies’ two previous singles), achieving moderate success in the early summer in several radio markets. When re-released in mid-July 1969 (with pressings also on the Kirshner label), it attained enormous success nationwide across several months. The track was also made available (along with two other Archies singles) on the back of boxes of Post breakfast cereal Super Sugar Crisp. “Sugar, Sugar” features on the LP Everything's Archie – the second album credited to the Archies, released in November 1969.

Upon the song's initial release Kirshner had promotion men play it for radio station personnel without revealing the group's name, as the Archies' previous single, "Feelin' So Good (S.K.O.O.B.Y.-D.O.O.)", had peaked at No. 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In an article published in The Washington Times, lead vocalist Ron Dante recounts that the label was removed from the record. It was taken to a top radio station, 1260 KYA in San Francisco, where the program director was told: "Just play it! It's a mystery group."

"Sugar, Sugar" is written in the key of D major.

Reception
In the issue of Billboard magazine dated September 20, the single started a four-week run at number one on the Hot 100, replacing the Rolling Stones' "Honky Tonk Women". It spent a then-lengthy 22 weeks on the Hot 100 (longer than any other single in 1969), and was one of only ten singles to spend 12 weeks in the Top Ten during the decade. It topped Billboard year-end list of the Top Hot 100 Singles of 1969. In August 1969 the record was certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million. (In 1989 the gold threshold was lowered to 500,000.) In 2018 “Sugar, Sugar” ranked 81 in Billboard's Hot 100 60th Anniversary chart.

Between late October and mid-December 1969 the single spent eight weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart. "Sugar, Sugar" was awarded a gold disc in January 1970. In February 2024 the song was certified Silver by the BPI for selling 400,000 units since it was made available digitally in November 2004.

In the chart dated September 13, 1969, "Sugar, Sugar" topped the RPM 100 national singles chart in Canada, where it remained for three weeks. It also peaked at number one on the South African Singles Chart. On February 5, 2006, "Sugar, Sugar" was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame, as co-writer Andy Kim is originally from Montreal, Quebec.

Personnel
The studio musicians on the Archies song are:
 * Ron Dante – lead vocals
 * Toni Wine – backing vocals, handclaps
 * Andy Kim – backing vocals, handclaps
 * Ray Stevens – handclaps
 * Ron Frangipane – keyboards
 * Gary Chester – drums
 * Joe Mack, also known as Joey Macho – bass
 * Dave Appell – guitar
 * Sal DiTroia – guitar

Background
In 1970 American R&B/soul singer Wilson Pickett recorded a cover version of "Sugar, Sugar" (titled "Sugar Sugar", with no comma) in his Criteria Studios sessions. Pickett's rendition of the song was produced by Dave Crawford, Jerry Wexler, Rick Hall and Tom Dowd. The track was released by Atlantic Records as the second single from Pickett's tenth studio album, Right On.

Reception
In May 1970 Pickett's cover of "Sugar, Sugar" reached No. 4 on Billboard's R&B chart, then in June peaked at No. 25 on the Hot 100. The parent album Right On reached No. 197 on the Billboard 200 album chart. Pickett's recording was used in Ang Lee's 1997 film The Ice Storm. In Canada, "Cole, Cooke & Redding" was the A-side and charted first, reaching No. 58 in April 1970.

Personnel

 * Wilson Pickett – vocals
 * Eddie Hinton, Jim O'Rourke, Jimmy Johnson – guitar
 * David Hood, Harold Cowart – bass
 * Barry Beckett, Billy Carter – keyboards
 * Roger Hawkins, Tubby Zeigler – drums

Other versions

 * Sakkarin (a pseudonym of Jonathan King) recorded it (as "Sugar Sugar") in 1971, reaching No. 12 in the UK chart as well as No. 20 in Ireland and No. 21 in Germany.
 * In 2011 it was used in the intro of Cake Boss.
 * In the episode "Boy-Scoutz 'n the Hood" of The Simpsons, Homer Simpson hallucinates himself singing the song while lost at sea.
 * Greg Page (former yellow Wiggle of the Wiggles) released a cover in 2024.

title: Sugar, Sugar


text:
Membrane switch

A membrane switch is a custom switch assembly that can open or close the conducting path in an electrical circuit and requires at least one contact made of or attached to a flexible substrate. Its assembly differs from traditional mechanical switches: a membrane switch's construction consists of various thin layers sandwiched together using pressure-sensitive adhesives. Each layer in a membrane switch assembly serves a different purpose, and custom features require the addition of specialty layers. Typical implementations arrange multiple membrane switches across its layered structure to form a keypad interface that allows human interaction to control electronic systems.

Unique to membrane switches, they are the only switches that can utilize the benefits of flexible printed electronics. These circuits are generally printed on Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) or Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) substrates. The ink used for printing the circuit is usually filled with copper, silver, or graphite and therefore conductive.

Construction
The ASTM defines a membrane switch as "a momentary switch device in which at least one contact is on, or made of, a flexible substrate."

A membrane switch typically has 5 or more layers made of flexible substrate.

Common Membrane Switch Layers

•Graphic overlay: The top layer of a membrane switch is the graphic overlay. This layer serves as the user interface, as it will typically show the user how to operate the device. This layer will often be made by digitally printing or screen printing ink onto the back of a hard coated PET or polycarbonate substrate.

•Spacer top adhesive: The spacer top adhesive layer typically goes beneath the graphic and adheres the graphic to the rest of the membrane switch.

•Dome retainer: The dome retainer goes below the spacer top adhesive layer. The dome retainer layer holds the metal domes or shorting pads that will be used to activate the switch. This layer is typically made of thin, flexible PET.

•Spacer adhesive: The spacer adhesive layer goes beneath the dome retainer. This layer includes ventilation cuts that allow air to flow when the tactile switches are actuated.

•Circuit layer: Typically conductive inks are printed on thin flexible PET to make the circuit layer. Silver and carbon inks are most commonly used. Sometimes FPCs or PCBs are used instead. The circuit layer is what allows the membrane switch to function. When the switch is not actuated, the circuit is open and current does not flow. When the user activates the switch by pushing down on the metal dome or shorting pad, the circuit becomes closed and current is able to flow, triggering the appropriate response from the membrane switch.

•Mounting adhesive: The bottom layer of a membrane switch is the mounting adhesive, which is used to attach the membrane switch to the desired application.

The layers of a membrane switch are normally assembled using pressure-sensitive adhesives, although inexpensive designs can be held together by other mechanical means such as a keyboard housing.

Backlighting
There are three standard methods for back lighting membrane switches.

The first option is using Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to back light. LEDs can either be surface mounted to the circuit layer or be placed on a separate LED layer. There are two types of LEDs typically used in membrane switch backlighting. Top fire LEDs shine directly upwards and are suitable indicator lights. Side fire LEDs shine sideways and are ideal to use with light guide film to uniformly light large areas of a membrane switch.

A second option is optical fiber. In a typical design, two or more layers of woven fiber-optic cloth are used to form a rectangular light-emitting area. The fibers coming off one end are then bundled into a circular ferrule and coupled to one or more LED light sources. Remote light sources offer 10,000 to 100,000 hours of life. Optical fibers are not affected by extremes in humidity (0% to 100%) or temperature (-40 to + 85 deg C).

The third standard option is to use electroluminescent (EL) lamps. They are lower priced compared to fiber optics and offer additional design flexibility. The color of light emitted from an EL lamp can vary depending on the phosphors that are used. Some common colors are blue/green and yellow/green, white, blue and orange. EL lamps have a half-life of approximately 3000–8000 hours depending upon the quality of the phosphor. Once they reach their half-life, the brightness starts to fade rapidly. EL lamps are thus not a good choice if the lamp is on for an extended period of time. Fading or flashing could double the life of the lamp.

Shielding
A membrane switch is an electrical switch for turning a circuit on and off. It differs from a mechanical switch, which is usually made of copper and plastic parts. A membrane switch is a more integrated and reliable solution consisting of layers, including a flexible printed circuit. Key components in the design and functionality of membrane switches are the conductive materials used for shielding against electrostatic discharge (ESD), electromagnetic interference (EMI), and radio frequency interference (RFI).

Types of Conductive Materials

1.  Printed Conductive Grids: These grids are typically printed onto polyester films and used for their high electrical conductivity. They form a crucial part of the switch's structure, offering protection against electrical disruptions caused by static electricity or external electromagnetic fields.

2.  Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Films: Known for their excellent conductivity and transparency, ITO films are used in areas of membrane switches that require clear visibility, such as display windows, while also providing effective electromagnetic shielding.

3.  Aluminum Foil: Aluminum foil is employed for its superior conductivity and is particularly effective in providing EMI and RFI shielding in adverse environmental conditions. Its use in membrane switches ensures the durability and reliability of the electronic components under various environmental stresses.

Grounding and Effectiveness

To ensure the effectiveness of these shielding materials, they must be properly grounded. This is typically achieved by connecting them to a metal case, a metallic backplate, or via grounding wires that extend from the circuit tail. Proper grounding is essential for dissipating accumulated electrical charges and minimizing the risk of interference from external electromagnetic fields, thus enhancing the overall reliability and performance of the membrane switch.

Applications
Classic applications of membrane switches include microwave oven panel, air conditioner control panel, TV remote control etc. Tactile feedback of keys can be provided by embossing the top PET layer or embedding metal snap domes, polyester domes or forming the graphic layer.

The benefits of membrane switches include ease of cleaning, sealing ability and their low profile. Membrane switch can be used together with other control systems such as touch screens, keyboards, lighting, and they can also be complicated like the membrane keyboards and switch panels in mobiles and computers. They are reliable, effective, low-cost user interfaces, suitable for a wide range of products, and available with many creative options.

Depending on industry and application, membrane switches are also referred to as membrane keyboards and membrane keypads.

title: Membrane switch


text:
File:Jethro Tull - War Child.jpg

Summary
Cover to War Child (album) by Jethro Tull.

title: File:Jethro Tull - War Child.jpg


text:
Maple River

Maple River may refer to:

Rivers

 * Maple River (Iowa), a tributary of the Little Sioux River in the U.S. state of Iowa
 * Maple River (Michigan), any of three rivers in the U.S. state of Michigan
 * Maple River (Burt Lake)
 * Maple River (Grand River tributary)
 * Maple River (Muskegon River)
 * Maple River (Minnesota), a tributary of the Le Sueur River in the U.S. state of Minnesota
 * Maple River (North Dakota), a tributary of the Red River of the North in the U.S. state of North Dakota
 * Maple River (North Dakota–South Dakota), a tributary of the Elm River in the U.S. states of North Dakota and South Dakota

Places

 * Maple River, Iowa, an unincorporated community
 * Maple River State Game Area, a wildlife area in the U.S. state of Michigan
 * Maple River Township (disambiguation)

title: Maple River


text: User talk:69.246.160.226

title: User talk:69.246.160.226


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amy Purdy

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 01:14, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Amy Purdy
Not notable Groeck 03:57, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep google shows a ton of media mentions about her being a double-amputee (if this is the same one - if its not it should reflect that one...) Ryan Norton T 04:29, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Changing my request to Keep and rework. You are right. I (only) looked for an actress with that name. Article should reflect her real background. Groeck 04:48, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I updated the article with information collected from the internet. Groeck 06:12, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Groeck's rewrite - seems notable enough. Capitalistroadster 08:26, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Groek's rewrite. Fernando Rizo T/C 18:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.