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Brain Powerd

Brain Powerd (ブレンパワード) is a Japanese anime television series created by Sunrise. It was directed and written by Gundam creator Yoshiyuki Tomino and features mecha designs by Mamoru Nagano, character designs by Mutsumi Inomata, and music by Yoko Kanno. The 26 episodes of the series originally premiered on the satellite channel WOWOW between April and November 1998. The series was also aired across Japan on the anime network Animax, which also later broadcast the series across its respective networks worldwide, including its English language networks in Southeast Asia and South Asia. Animax aired Bandai Entertainment's localization, the series' English language television premiere. The anime series was licensed by Bandai and distributed across the region on DVD under the title Brain Powered.

The series is set on a future, decimated Earth after the discovery of a mysterious, alien spacecraft dubbed "Orphan". A group of researchers scour the planet for Orphan's disc plates using mecha called "Antibodies" in order to revive the craft, an event that would result in the utter destruction of all lifeforms on Earth. The protagonists Yu Isami and Hime Utsumiya must utilize a special Antibody called "Brain Powerd" to counter the Orphan plans and save humanity.

It was adapted into a manga, with art by Yukiru Sugisaki, which was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten magazine Shōnen Ace and later published in the United States in English by Tokyopop. A series of light novels, music CDs, and other merchandise relating to Brain Powerd also exist.

Plot
Brain Powerd is set in a future time in which Earth has been afflicted by earthquakes and floods. The source of this is a traced to a gargantuan, alien spacecraft dubbed "Orphan", which sits deep beneath the Pacific Ocean. Scientists Kensaku Isami and Midori Isami work within Orphan in order to uncover its vast knowledge, reach the Earth's surface with the craft, and travel the galaxy, resulting in the annihilation of all lifeforms on Earth. Their agents, the "Reclaimers", pilot living organic mechas (or "Antibodies") in the army Grand Cher, and seek to retrieve Orphan's vital disc plates which are scattered across the planet. The series begins with the teenage lead Hime Utsumiya venturing upon such a disc plate, which revives into a unique Antibody, called "Brain Powerd", with which she forms a deep connection. Within a year, Hime joins a group wishing to counter the ideals of the Orphan researchers, stationed aboard the battleship Novis Noah. She is soon joined by Yu Isami, an ex-Reclaimer who leaves Orphan after learning of the catastrophe his parents seek to unleash. Hime and Yu soon enter upon an adventure which may decide the future of humanity.

Production
Brain Powerd was produced by Sunrise and directed and written by Yoshiyuki Tomino, the creator of the long-running Gundam franchise. Brain Powerd is often compared to the Gainax's popular Neon Genesis Evangelion, a 1995 anime series with similar themes to Brain Powerd. He was enthusiastic about his first attempt at the "organic" mecha subgenre in place of the purely metallic robots he had worked with for so many years in his career. He wanted to write an interesting story for Brain Powerd in order to allow those who watched it to do so without "having a nervous breakdown" and to show fans "that there were often other things out there better than anime". Tomino has wished that more animators would see themselves as entertainers, though he admitted that he felt that Brain Powerd was not very entertaining and thus a failure in this regard.

Tomino was joined by a team of writers at Sunrise under the pseudonym Hajime Yatate. Other staff included The Weathering Continent and Windaria character designer Mutsumi Inomata; The Five Star Stories and Heavy Metal L-Gaim mecha designer Mamoru Nagano; and Macross Plus and The Vision of Escaflowne music composer Yoko Kanno. Nagano had also previously worked with Tomino Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam. Kanno described Tomino as "not detailed at all" when compared to other directors with which she worked. She found that he was concerned with human "age" in regards to each piece of music so that viewers of all ages would understand. The opening theme "In My Dream" was written and performed by Eri Shingyōji. The ending theme "Ai no Fīrudo" (愛の輪郭(フィールド)) was composed and arranged by Kanno, with lyrics written by Rin Iogi (a pseudonym for Tomino), and the song performed by Kokia.

Anime
The 26-episode Brain Powerd anime initially aired weekly on Japan's satellite channel WOWOW from April 8 to November 11, 1998. The series was also broadcast on the Japanese Animax and the Bandai Channel. Bandai first released the series on DVD in two halves on June 25, 1999, and September 25, 1999, as the Brain Powerd Perfect Box. Seven individual DVDs containing fewer episodes of the series each were released from July 25 to September 25, 2002. A "remastered" box set was released on August 24, 2007. Finally, Bandai released the entire series on DVD as Emotion the Best: Brain Powerd on April 7, 2011.

The English-dubbed version of Brain Powerd premiered on Animax in South Asia and Southeast Asia. In late 2000, Bandai Entertainment acquired the rights to distribute a dub in North America with the spelling Brain Powered. As with the licensed Silent Möbius, only the first few episodes were released on VHS in the region as test marketing for the show. The original opening sequence, which largely depicts nude women, was completely redone for the release. Three separate bilingual DVD sets totaling all 26 episodes were made available in North American retailers May 21 to September 24, 2002. The unedited opening sequences was restored for the DVD version. On April 26, 2006, the company compiled and released the entire series as Anime Legends: Brain Powered Complete Collection. Following the 2012 closure of Bandai Entertainment, Sunrise announced at Otakon 2013, that Sentai Filmworks has rescued Brain Powerd, along with a handful of other former BEI titles.

Manga and light novels
A manga prelude to the Brain Powerd television series, featuring the original story penned by Tomino and illustrations by Yukiru Sugisaki, was serialized monthly in the Japanese Kadokawa Shoten magazine Shōnen Ace beginning in the January 1998 issue. A total of four tankōbon chapter collections were released from May 27, 1998, to January 29, 2001. A series of three light novels written by Tomino and Akemi Mende were also published in Japan by Kadokawa Haruki Corporation: Brain Powerd Shinkai Yori Hasshi Te (ブレンパワード 深海より発して) on December 15, 1998; Brain Powerd Kāten No Mukou De (ブレンパワード カーテンの向こうで) on January 14, 1999; and Brain Powerd Kioku Heno Tabidachi (ブレンパワード 記憶への旅立ち) on February 13, 1999. The original manga was licensed for English translation and publication by Tokyopop in early 2003, also with the spelling Brain Powered. All four volumes were published between June 17, 2003, and January 6, 2004. Tokyopop replaced the Japanese version's color pages with highly saturated monochrome for their English release. As of May 2, 2005, the manga is out-of-print in North America.

CDs and other merchandise
A two-volume soundtrack featuring a total of 38 background and vocal tracks from the Brain Powerd anime series was published by Victor Entertainment in Japan on August 5, 1998, and November 21, 1998. CD singles featuring the opening theme by Eri Shingyōji and the closing theme by Kokia have also been released.

A non-scale model kit of Hime's Brain Powerd mecha was released by Bandai shortly after the show's debut. A Brain Powerd line of colored plastic non-scale model kits was released starting in November 2022 under Good Smile Company's Moderoid line. The line includes You (Yu) Brain, Hime Brain, Quincy's Grand Cher, Jonathan's Grand Cher, and a generic Grand Cher.

A single artbook titled Brain Powerd Spiral Book was published by Gakken in Japan on June 28, 1999. Characters and mecha from Brain Powerd have been featured alongside other Sunrise properties in video games published by Banpresto including Another Century's Episode for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, 2nd Super Robot Wars Alpha for the PlayStation 2, and Super Robot Wars J for the Game Boy Advance.

Reception
Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy of The Anime Encyclopedia summarized Brain Powerd "as if Tomino and his crew were thrown in at the deep end and told to wing it", though they found it "curiously watchable, thanks largely to Yoko Kanno's wonderful music".

title: Brain Powerd


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Ceta

Ceta may refer to:

 * Četa, an armed band of the Balkans
 * Anton Çeta (1920–1995), Albanian academic
 * Ceta Ramkhalawansingh, Canadian politician

CETA may refer to:
 * Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
 * Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
 * CETA Artists Project (NYC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ceta


text: Template:Ingham County, Michigan

title: Template:Ingham County, Michigan


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Moraine State Park

Moraine State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on 16725 acre in Brady, Clay, Franklin, Muddy Creek, and Worth townships in Butler County, Pennsylvania.

The park includes a man-made lake, Lake Arthur, formed by impounding Muddy Creek, which is 3225 acre and is used for recreational purposes. The surrounding park is used for hiking, bicycling, group camping, picnicking, and hunting. Moraine State Park hosts the annual Regatta at Lake Arthur in August. The park was the location of the 1973 and 1977 National Scout Jamborees. Moraine State Park is at the intersection of Interstate 79 and U.S. Route 422 and shares a border with Jennings Environmental Education Center to the north.

Moraine State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and its Bureau of State Parks as one of "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks".

History
Moraine State Park is named for the glacial moraines that cover its land. The moraines were formed at the conclusion of the Last glacial period, a time when glaciers covered much of North America. A tongue of the glacier reached into Pennsylvania and, as the ice receded, left deposits of gravel, sand and clay. These created a landscape of gently rolling hills.

The Erie was the area's dominant Indian tribe until they were all but wiped out by the Iroquois during the Beaver Wars of the 1600s. The French and Dutch demand for beaver pelts gave rise to great struggles for control of the territory between Indian nations as well as later open conflict between the British and French.

English Settlers followed French fur trappers into the Moraine State Park area during the 1700s. George Washington travelled through the park area while he was a young colonel with the Virginia Militia in his attempt to notify the French the area was claimed by the English. Washington most likely stayed twice within park boundaries and was shot at and narrowly escaped being killed by an Indian just south of the park. There is a Pre-Revolutionary cabin behind the Davis Hollow Marina that is the headquarters of the Pennsylvania Chapter of the North Country Trail Association. Visitors may still book an overnight stay at the cabin.

Nearby historic structures also include Old Stone House, a historic tavern and trading stop that has been turned into a museum by Slippery Rock University. McConnell's Mill is a rustic early American grist mill and central attraction at neighboring McConnell's Mill State Park.

Farmers cleared the land of trees and drained the swamps, but farming was difficult due to the glacial till beneath the shallow soil. Other settlers turned to the natural resources left by the glaciers and mined sand and gravel deposits. Limestone and clay mines were opened in the area; shale was discovered and was mined, as well as bituminous coal. Coal mining was a profitable enterprise and seven coal beds were deep mined and later strip mined. Later still, wells were drilled to extract oil and natural gas from deep within the Earth. When the mines were cleared and the wells tapped out, the land was left barren. Since the mines were left uncapped, the topsoil eroded from the land.

The rebirth of the land in and surrounding Moraine State Park can be tied to the efforts of Frank W. Preston who moved to nearby Meridian in 1926. He had emigrated from England to establish a glass research lab. In addition to his work with glass, Preston was also a geologist and naturalist. On a trip to the Muddy Creek Valley he noticed that, despite the barren landscape that had been left by the oil wells and strip mines, the valley had a rich natural history of moraines. Preston worked to form the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, which used acquired the land which became Moraine State Park, recreated the glacial landscape and preserved open spaces. Muddy Creek was dammed to form Lake Arthur.

The Western Pennsylvania Conservancy worked with the state to reclaim the land. The mines were sealed, over 400 oil and gas wells were capped, and the land that had been stripped was covered again with back fill, and graded to resemble its former condition. The soil was specially treated with fertilizer to allow for the growth of thousands of trees, shrubs and grasses. Lake Arthur was completed in 1970 with the opening of Moraine State Park on May 23, 1970.

Environment
Moraine State Park is part of the Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests ecoregion.

Hunting
Hunting is permitted on 13600 acre of Moraine State Park. Hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. The common game species are ruffed grouse, waterfowl, squirrels, pheasants, bear, turkey, white-tailed deer, and rabbits. The hunting of groundhogs is not permitted at the park.

Lake Arthur
Lake Arthur 40.9625°N, -80.12194°W is open for year-round recreational enjoyment. It is the home of the Lake Arthur Sailing Club and the Regatta at Lake Arthur. In addition to sailing, the lake is a popular fishing destination, and it has two swimming beaches. Osprey and bald eagles have made nests in the tree tops along Lake Arthur since the mid-1990s. All boats up to 20 hp are permitted on Lake Arthur. All powered boats are prohibited in the Game Propagation Area. Sailing is an especially popular activity. Races and regattas are held over the course of the summers. Sailboats, rowboats, kayaks, motorboats, canoes, and pontoon boats are available to rent in the Crescent Bay Area. There are two fueling points for power boats. Tenants pay to keep boats at the park's two marinas. Davis Hollow houses both pontoons and sailboats, while Watts Bay houses sailboats and catamarans. Both marinas are on the North Shore. All boats must have a current registration from any state or a launch permit from the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. The lake is open to ice boating during the winter months. Ice boats must display a state park launch permit.

The Moraine Preservation Fund operates a Passenger boat available for tours and dinner cruises of Lake Arthur. The organization also operates a gift shop and has been responsible for re-establishing many bird species, environmental education programs and attaining additional land for the park.

A section of the lake near Barber's Point is very popular for windsurfing. This is due to the higher than normal winds and relatively low boat traffic. All windsurfers are required to have a launch permit. Windsurfing lessons are available. Lake Arthur is a warm water fishery. The native fish species are largemouth bass, bluegill, black crappie and channel catfish. The fish commission stocks a population of walleye, muskellunge, and striped bass. All anglers are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. Lake Arthur is open during the winter months for ice fishing.

Two beaches at Moraine State Park are open for swimming daily, Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend from 11:00am until 7:00pm. Pleasant Valley Beach on the south shore is a 1,200 foot (365 m) grass and sand beach. It has a paved path that leads into the water and a sand volleyball court is nearby. Lakeview Beach on the north shore is a 550 ft long sand beach. Each beach has a bathhouse with showers and a snack stand.

Trails
The trails at Moraine State Park are all open to hiking. Some are also open to equestrian, cross-country skiing, bicycles, and mountain bikes. The North Country Trail which begins near Lake Champlain in New York passes through the park on its way to Lake Sakakawea in North Dakota. The Butler chapter of the North Country Trail Association maintains the Davis Hollow Cabin, a historic settler's cabin that hikers stop at to sleep and eat.

 * Hilltop Trail is a "moderate" hiking trail, 3.0 mi long. It is marked with green blazes. The trail begins and ends near the Bear Run Boat Launch. The trail is bumpy and grassy in sections before rising to steeper areas. It passes through different stages of forest regeneration, past bluebird houses and the remnants of a spring house. The trail is located on the South Shore,
 * Sunken Garden Trail is a "moderate" hiking trail, 3.0 mi long. It is marked with pink blazes. The loop trail begins and ends near the Pleasant Valley Boat Launch. The trail passes through a large wetland area, a stand of White Pine, a small pond and along the edge of Lake Arthur. It is located on South Shore.
 * Pleasant Valley Trail is an "easy" hiking trail, 2.6 mi long. It is marked with yellow blazes. Pleasant Valley Trail passes over hills and through valleys on the South Shore of Lake Arthur.
 * Wyggeston Trail is a "moderate" to "difficult" hiking trail, 4.5 mi long. It is marked with orange blazes. The trail begins just west of Pennsylvania Route 528 on Christley Road and ends at Old Route 422. The trail is rough and rocky and passes through an undeveloped part of the park that includes historic remnants of an old house foundation, stone fences, and a historic oil pump house.
 * Glacier Ridge Trail is a "difficult" hiking trail, 14 mi long. It is part of the North Country Trail and is marked with blue blazes. Glacier Ridge Trail connects Moraine State Park with the Jennings Environmental Education Center via the North Shore.
 * Five Points Trail is an "easy" hiking trail, 1.5 mi long. It is marked with light green blazes and is near Lakeview Beach and the cabins on the North Shore.

Cemeteries
Being a man-made lake, several properties were purchased by the government for the creation of the lake. Some of these properties contained burial plots. The most famous of these plots is Snyder Cemetery. The cemetery is known for its frequent hauntings that have been perceived by many different people. Other cemeteries in the area include: Davis Cemetery, Shaffer Cemetery, McCandless Cemetery, Robertson Cemetery, Horse Cemetery and many others.

Staying overnight
Guests interested in staying overnight at Moraine State Park have three options. A limited number of guests may use a shelter on the North Country Trail that is available on a reservation basis. Organized large groups, such as Boy Scouts can use one of two large group tenting area. Both areas lack showers, but they do have picnic tables, cooking grills and fresh water. There are eleven modern cabins available to rent at Moraine State Park. They are heated with electricity and sleep up to six people in two bedrooms. The cabins also have modern bathrooms, kitchens, a dining/living area and a dock on Lake Arthur. Renters need to bring their own bed linens, towels, cookware and tableware.

Winter recreation
Moraine State Park is open year-round, and it stays busy with visitors during the winter months. Pleasant Valley and Sunken Garden Trails are part of a larger network of trails open for cross-country skiing. There are approximately 20 mi of trails open to snowmobiling. Sledding is a very popular activity on the south shore near the Pleasant View Picnic Area. A section of Lake Arthur, near the Pleasant Valley Day Use Area is maintained for ice skating.

Nearby state parks
The following state parks neighbor or adjoin Moraine State Park:

 * Jennings Environmental Education Center (Butler County)
 * McConnells Mill State Park (Lawrence County)

title: Moraine State Park


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Dental extraction

A dental extraction (also referred to as tooth extraction, exodontia, exodontics, or informally, tooth pulling) is the removal of teeth from the dental alveolus (socket) in the alveolar bone. Extractions are performed for a wide variety of reasons, but most commonly to remove teeth which have become unrestorable through tooth decay, periodontal disease, or dental trauma, especially when they are associated with toothache. Sometimes impacted wisdom teeth (wisdom teeth that are stuck and unable to grow normally into the mouth) cause recurrent infections of the gum (pericoronitis), and may be removed when other conservative treatments have failed (cleaning, antibiotics and operculectomy). In orthodontics, if the teeth are crowded, healthy teeth may be extracted (often bicuspids) to create space so the rest of the teeth can be straightened.

Procedure
Extractions could be categorized into non-surgical (simple) and surgical, depending on the type of tooth to be removed and other factors.

Assessment and special investigations
A comprehensive history taking should be performed to find out the pain history of the tooth, the patient's medical history and the history of previous difficult extractions. The tooth should be assessed clinically i.e. checked visually by the dentist. Pre-extraction radiographs are not always necessary but are often taken to confirm the diagnosis and hence appropriate treatment plan. Radiographs also help in visualising the shape and size of roots which are beneficial in planning the extraction. All this information will aid the dentist in foreseeing any difficulties and hence preparing appropriately.

Obtaining consent from patient
In order to obtain permission from patient for extraction of tooth, the dentist should explain that other treatment options are available, what is involved in the dental extraction procedure, the potential risks of the procedure and the benefits of the procedure. The process of gaining consent should be documented in clinical notes.

Giving local anaesthetic
Before extracting a tooth, the dentist would deliver local anaesthetic to ensure the tooth and surrounding tissues are numb before they start the extraction. There are several techniques to achieve numbness of the tooth including

 * infiltration – injection containing local anaesthetic is delivered into the gum near the root tip of the tooth to be extracted. This allows the local anaesthetic to penetrate through the bone, eventually reaching the nerve bundle of the tooth to be extracted.
 * nerve block – injection containing local anaesthetic is delivered to an earlier branch of a nerve. For example, the inferior alveolar nerve block can be used to anaesthetise all the lower teeth.

The two most commonly used local anaesthetics in the UK are lidocaine and articaine. Prior to injection, topical anaesthetic gel or cream, such as lidocaine or benzocaine, can be applied to the gum to numb the site of the injection up to a few millimetres deep. This should reduce the discomfort felt during the injection and thus help to reduce patient anxiety.

Removal of tooth
During extraction, multiple instruments are used to aid and ease the removal of the tooth whilst trying to minimally traumatise the tissues to allow for quicker healing. Extraction forceps are commonly used to remove teeth. Different shaped forceps are available depending on the type of tooth requiring removal, what side of the mouth (left or right) it is on and if it is an upper or lower tooth. The beaks of the forceps must grip onto the root of the tooth securely before pressure is applied along the long axis of the tooth towards the root.

Different movements of the forceps can be employed to remove teeth. Generally, while keeping downwards pressure attempts to move the tooth towards the cheek side (buccal) and then the opposite direction (palatal or lingual) are made to loosen the tooth from its socket. For single, conical-rooted teeth such as the incisors, rotatory movements are also used. A 'figure of eight' movement can be used to extract lower molars.

Instruments used are summarised below:

In terms of operator positioning when removing a tooth, the patient is placed more supine when extracting an upper and more upright when extracting a lower. This is to allow direct vision for the operator during the procedure. A right handed operator will stand to the front of the patient and to their right when removing any upper teeth or lower left teeth. However, they will stand behind the patient and to the right when extracting a lower right tooth.

Dental elevators can be used to aid removal of teeth. Various types are available that have different shapes. Their working ends are designed to engage into the space between the tooth and bone of the socket. Rotatory movements are then made to dislodge the tooth from the socket. Another similar looking but sharper instrument that can be used is a luxator; this instrument can be used gently and with great care to cut the ligament between the tooth and its boney socket (periodontal ligament).

Achieving haemostasis
Biting down on a piece of sterile gauze over the socket will provide firm pressure to the wound. Normally this is sufficient to stop any bleeding and will promote blood clot formation at the base of the socket.

Moreover, the patient must be inhibited from eating and drinking hot food in the first 24 hours. Using straw for drinking is also prohibited due to the negative pressure it can produce which will lead to removal of a newly formed clot from the socket.

The source of any bleeding can either be from soft tissues (gingiva and mucosa) or hard tissue (the bony socket). Bleeding of soft tissues can be controlled by several means including suturing the wound (stitches) and/ or using chemical agents such as tranexamic acid, ferric sulphate and silver nitrate. Bony bleeding can be arrested by using haemostatic gauze and bone wax. Other means of achieving haemostasis include electrocautery.

Reasons
Medical/Dental

 * Severe tooth decay or infection (acute or chronic alveolar abscess, such as periapical abscess – collection of infected material [pus] forming at the tip of the root of a tooth). Despite the reduction in worldwide prevalence of dental caries, it is still the most common reason for extraction of (non-third molar) teeth, accounting for up to two thirds of extractions.
 * Severe gum disease, which may affect the supporting tissues and bone structures of teeth.
 * Treatment of symptomatic impacted wisdom teeth e.g. that are associated with pericoronitis, unrestorable caries or cysts.
 * Prophylactic removal of asymptomatic impacted wisdom teeth. Historically, many asymptomatic impacted third molars were removed, however, both American and British Health Authorities now provide guidance about the indication for third molar removal. The American Public Health Association, for example, adopted a policy, Opposition to Prophylactic Removal of Third Molars (Wisdom Teeth), because of the large number of injuries resulting from unnecessary extractions.
 * Supernumerary teeth that are blocking other teeth from coming in.
 * Supplementary or malformed teeth.
 * Fractured teeth.
 * Teeth in the fracture line of the jaw bone
 * Teeth which cannot be restored endodontically.
 * Prosthetics; teeth detrimental to the fit or appearance of dentures.
 * Head and neck radiation therapy, to treat and/or manage tumors, may require extraction of teeth, either before or after radiation treatments.
 * Lower cost, compared to other treatments.
 * Medically unnecessary extraction as a form of physical torture.
 * It was once a common practice to remove the front teeth of institutionalized psychiatric patients who had a history of biting.

Orthodontic

 * In preparation for orthodontic treatment (braces). Extractions are commonly required before the provision of orthodontic treatment, to create space for crowded teeth to be moved into. The premolar teeth are the most commonly extracted teeth for this purpose.

Aesthetics

 * Cosmetic: to remove teeth of poor appearance, unsuitable for restoration.

Types
Extractions are often categorized as "simple" or "surgical".

Simple extractions are performed on teeth that are visible in the mouth, usually with the patient under local anaesthetic, and require only the use of instruments to elevate and/or grasp the visible portion of the tooth. Typically the tooth is lifted using an elevator, and using dental forceps, specific tooth movements are performed (e.g. rocking the tooth back and forth) expanding the tooth socket. Once the periodontal ligament is broken and the supporting alveolar bone has been adequately widened the tooth can be removed. Typically, when teeth are removed with forceps, slow, steady pressure is applied with controlled force.

Surgical extractions involve the removal of teeth that cannot be easily accessed or removed via simple extraction, for example because they have broken under the gum or because they have not erupted fully, such as an impacted wisdom tooth. Surgical extractions almost always require an incision. In a surgical extraction the dentist may elevate the soft tissues covering the tooth and bone, and may also remove some of the overlying and/or surrounding jaw bone with a drill or, less commonly, an instrument called an osteotome. Frequently, the tooth may be split into multiple pieces to facilitate its removal.

Common risks after any extraction include pain, swelling, bleeding, bruising, infection, trismus (not being able to open as wide as normal) and dry socket. There are additional risks associated with the surgical extraction of wisdom teeth in particular: permanent or temporary damage to the inferior alveolar nerve +/- lingual nerve, causing permanent or temporary numbness, tingling or altered sensation to the lip, chin +/- tongue.

Surgical procedure

 * 1)    Incisions are made full thickness through mucosa and periosteum to bone. In general, the flap is extended from one tooth behind the tooth concerned to one tooth in front, including the interdental papilla.
 * 2)    An anterior relieving incision is made extending down into the sulcus. This flap design is called “two sided”. A “three sided” flap includes an additional relieving incision posteriorly.
 * 3)    The flap is raised using periosteal elevator to expose the area of interest.
 * 4)    The flap is held out of the way with an instrument such as a rake retractor.
 * 5)    A small gutter of bone is drilled away around the tooth to make space into which an application point for instruments can be achieved. It is important that copious amount of saline is used to cool the bone during this process.
 * 6)    The tooth concerned can be removed using a combination of luxators, elevators and extraction forceps.
 * 7)    Any sharp bone is smoothed off and the wound is irrigated with saline.
 * 8)    The flap is repositioned and sutured in place.

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Use
Anticoagulants are drugs that interfere with the clotting cascade. Antiplatelets are drugs that interfere with platelet aggregation. These drugs are prescribed in certain medical conditions/situations to reduce the risk of a thromboembolic event. With this comes an increased risk of bleeding. Historically, the anticoagulant warfarin (belonging to the group of drugs called coumarins) and antiplatelets such as aspirin or clopidogrel, were prescribed commonly in these circumstances. However, whilst these drugs are still used, newer antiplatelet (e.g. ticagrelor) and anticoagulant (e.g. rivaroxaban, apixaban and dabigatran) drugs are being used more commonly. When considering dental treatment (including dental extractions) different guidance/precautions need to be followed depending on the drug prescribed and the individual patient circumstances. The Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme (SDCEP) provides excellent guidance on this topic.

Antibiotic Prescribing
Individual patient circumstances should be evaluated prior to the use of antibiotics to reduce the risks of certain post-extraction complications. There is evidence that use of antibiotics before and/or after impacted wisdom tooth extraction reduces the risk of infections by 66%, and lowers incidence of dry socket by one third. For every 19 people who are treated with an antibiotic following impacted wisdom tooth removal, one infection is prevented. Use of antibiotics does not seem to have a direct effect on manifestation of fever, swelling, or trismus seven days post-extraction. In the 2021 Cochrane review, 23 randomized control double-blinded experiments were reviewed and, after considering the biased risk associated with these studies, it was concluded that there is moderate overall evidence supporting the routine use of antibiotics in practice in order to reduce risk of infection following a third molar extraction. There are still reasonable concerns remaining regarding the possible adverse effects of indiscriminate antibiotic use in patients. There are also concerns about development of antibiotic resistance which advises against the use of prophylactic antibiotics in practice.

Assessing risk of nerve damage
The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), a branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), is a nerve that runs through the mandible (lower jaw) and supplies sensation to all the lower teeth, the lip and the chin. The lower teeth, and in particular the lower wisdom teeth, can therefore be in close proximity to this nerve. Damage to the inferior alveolar nerve is a risk of lower wisdom tooth removal (and other surgical procedures in the mandible). This means there is a risk of temporary or permanent numbness or altered sensation to the lip +/- chin on the side the surgery is taking place. Therefore, in order to assess this risk and inform the patient, the position of the inferior alveolar nerve in relation to a lower wisdom tooth needs to be assessed radiographically prior to extraction.

The proximity of the root to the canal can be assessed radiographically and there are several factors which can indicate high risk of nerve damage:

 * Darkening of the tooth root where it crosses the canal
 * Deviation of the canal
 * Narrowing of the roots
 * Loss of the lamina dura of the canal
 * Juxta apical area: a radiolucency associated with the root of the tooth which is not caused by periapical infection

The lingual nerve can also be damaged (temporary or permanent) during surgical procedures in the mandible, in particular lower wisdom tooth removal. This would present as temporary or permanent numbness/altered sensation/altered taste to the side of tongue (side corresponding to side of surgery).

Immediate management
Immediately following the removal of a tooth, bleeding or oozing very commonly occurs. Pressure is applied by the patient biting on a gauze swab, and a thrombus (blood clot) forms in the socket (hemostatic response). Common hemostatic measures include local pressure application with gauze, and the use of oxidized cellulose (gelfoam) and fibrin sealant. Dental practitioners usually have absorbent gauze, hemostatic packing material (oxidized cellulose, collagen sponge), and suture kit available. Sometimes 30 minutes of continuous pressure is required to fully arrest bleeding.

Complications
Talking, which moves the mandible and hence removes the pressure applied on the socket, instead of keeping constant pressure, is a very common reason that bleeding might not stop. This is likened to someone with a bleeding wound on their arm, when being instructed to apply pressure, instead holds the wound intermittently every few moments.

Coagulopathies (clotting disorders, e.g. hemophilia) are sometimes discovered for the first time if a person has had no other surgical procedure in their life, but this is rare. Sometimes the blood clot can be dislodged, triggering more bleeding and formation of a new blood clot, or leading to a dry socket (see complications). Some oral surgeons routinely scrape the walls of a socket to encourage bleeding in the belief that this will reduce the chance of dry socket, but there is no evidence that this practice works.

The most serious post extraction healing complication is that slow or halted healing caused by the adverse effects of use of bisphosphonates which can cause osteochemonecrosis of the bone.

Healing process
The chance of further bleeding reduces as healing progresses, and is unlikely after 24 hours. The blood clot is covered by epithelial cells which proliferate from the gingival mucosa of socket margins, taking about 10 days to fully cover the defect. In the clot, neutrophils and macrophages are involved as an inflammatory response takes place. The proliferative and synthesizing phase next occurs, characterized by proliferation of osteogenic cells from the adjacent bone marrow in the alveolar bone. Bone formation starts after about 10 days from when the tooth was extracted. After 10–12 weeks, the outline of the socket is no longer apparent on an X-ray image. Bone remodeling as the alveolus adapts to the edentulous state occurs in the longer term as the alveolar process slowly resorbs. In maxillary posterior teeth, the degree of pneumatization of the maxillary sinus may also increase as the antral floor remodels.

Post-operative instructions
Post-operative instructions following tooth extractions can be provided to encourage healing of the socket and prevent post-operative complications from arising. The advice listed below is usually given verbally, and can be supplemented with instructions in the written form. The combination of both methods of delivery has been found to reduce the severity of pain experienced by patients post-extraction and results in higher levels of patient satisfaction compared to verbal post-operative instructions alone.

General advice
The following can be recommended to encourage healing after a tooth extraction.
 * Avoid exploration of the tooth socket with the tongue, a finger or toothbrush - otherwise this might disturb clot formation
 * Avoid rinsing mouth for 24 hours to prevent dislodging the blood clot. After 24 hours has passed use warm salty mouthwashes especially after meals to keep the wound clean. Patients may be advised to use a plastic syringe with a curved tip to clean the sockets during the healing process, though evidence for the effectiveness of this practice is limited.
 * Avoid alcohol for at least 24 hours
 * Try to relax for the remainder of the day, avoiding strenuous activities that will cause an increase in blood pressure as this might disrupt clot formation
 * For a few days, adopt a diet consisting of soft foods

Pain management
Many drug therapies are available for pain management after third molar extractions including NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory), APAP (acetaminophen), and opioid formulations. Although each has its own pain-relieving efficacy, they also pose adverse effects. According to two doctors, Ibuprofen-APAP combinations have the greatest efficacy in pain relief and reducing inflammation along with the fewest adverse effects. Taking either of these agents alone or in combination may be contraindicated in those who have certain medical conditions. For example, taking ibuprofen or any NSAID in conjunction with warfarin (a blood thinner) may not be appropriate. Also, prolonged use of ibuprofen or APAP has gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks. There is high quality evidence that ibuprofen is superior to paracetamol in managing postoperative pain.

Socket preservation
Socket preservation or alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) is a procedure to reduce bone loss after tooth extraction to preserve the dental alveolus (tooth socket) in the alveolar bone. At the time of extraction a platelet rich fibrin (PRF) membrane containing bone growth enhancing elements is placed in the wound or a graft material or scaffold is placed in the socket of the extracted tooth.

Post-extraction bleeding
Post-extraction bleeding is bleeding that occurs 8–12 hours after tooth extraction. It is normal for bleeding to occur for up to 30 minutes following the extraction. It is not uncommon for the extraction site to discharge a small amount of blood or to see saliva blood-stained for up to 8 hours.

Should post-extraction bleeding occur, UK guidance recommends biting onto a piece of damp gauze for at least 20 minutes whilst sitting in an upright position. It is important that the gauze is damp, but not soaking, to avoid disrupting clot formation and consequently inducing a rebound bleed. If the socket continues to bleed, it is recommended to repeat the process with a fresh piece of damp gauze for 20 minutes again. Should both attempts fail to stem the bleed, it is advised to seek professional advice.

Factors
Various factors contribute to post-extraction bleeding.

Local factors
 * Laceration of blood vessels
 * Osseous bleeding from nutrients canal/ central vessels
 * Inflammation
 * Infection
 * Traumatic extraction
 * Failure of patient to follow post-extraction instructions

Systemic factors
 * Platelet problem
 * Coagulation disorder/ excessive fibrinolysis
 * Inherited/medication-induced problems

Type of bleeding
1.   Primary prolonged bleeding

This type of bleeding occurs during/immediately after extraction, because true haemostasis has not been achieved. It is usually controlled by conventional techniques, such as applying pressure packs or haemostatic agents onto the wound.

2.   Reactionary bleeding

This type of bleeding starts 2 to 3 hours after tooth extraction, as a result of cessation of vasoconstriction. Systemic intervention might be required.

3.   Secondary bleeding

This type of bleeding usually begins 7 to 10 days post extraction, and is most likely due to infection destroying the blood clot or ulcerating local vessels.

Interventions
There is no clear evidence from clinical trials comparing the effects of different interventions for the treatment of post-extraction bleeding. In view of the lack of reliable evidence, clinicians must use their clinical experience to determine the most appropriate means of treating this condition, depending on patient-related factors.

Complications

 * Infection: The dentist may opt to prescribe antibiotics pre- and/or post-operatively if he or she determines the patient to be at risk of infection.
 * Prolonged bleeding: The dentist has a variety of means at his/her disposal to address bleeding; however, small amounts of blood mixed in the saliva after extraction are normal, even up to 72 hours after extraction. Usually, however, bleeding will almost completely stop within eight hours of the surgery, with only minuscule amounts of blood mixed with saliva coming from the wound. A gauze compress will significantly reduce bleeding over a period of a few hours.
 * Swelling: Often dictated by the amount of surgery performed, to extract a tooth (e.g., surgical insult to the tissues, both hard and soft, surrounding a tooth). Generally, when a surgical flap must be elevated (i.e., the periosteum covering the bone is thus injured), minor to moderate swelling will occur. A poorly cut soft tissue flap, for instance, where the periosteum is torn off rather than cleanly elevated off the underlying bone, will often increase such swelling. Similarly, when bone must be removed using a drill, more swelling is likely to occur.
 * Bruising: Bruising may occur as a complication after tooth extraction. Bruising is more common in older people or people on aspirin or steroid therapy. It may take weeks for bruising to disappear completely. Hematoma Edema 01.jpg
 * Sinus exposure, possibly leading to infection, and oral-antral communication: This can occur when extracting upper molars (and in some patients, upper premolars). The maxillary sinus sits directly above the roots of maxillary molars and premolars. There is a bony floor of the sinus, dividing the tooth socket from the sinus itself. This bone can range from thick to thin, from tooth to tooth, from patient to patient. In some cases it is absent and the root is, in fact, in the sinus. At other times, this bone may be removed with the tooth, or may be perforated during surgical extraction. The doctor typically mentions this risk to patients, based on evaluation of radiographs showing the relationship of the tooth to the sinus. The sinus cavity is lined with a membrane called the Sniderian membrane, which may or may not be perforated. If this membrane is exposed after an extraction, but remains intact, a "sinus exposed" has occurred. If the membrane is perforated, however, it is a "sinus communication". These two conditions are treated differently. In the event of a sinus communication, the dentist may decide to let it heal on its own, or, may need to surgically obtain primary closure—depending on the size of the exposure and the likelihood of the patient to heal. In both cases, a resorbable material called "gelfoam" is typically placed in the extraction site to promote clotting and serve as a framework for granulation tissue to accumulate. Patients are typically provided with prescriptions for antibiotics that cover sinus bacterial flora, decongestants, and careful instructions to follow during the healing period.
 * Nerve injury: This is primarily an issue with extraction of third molars, but can occur with the extraction of any tooth should the nerve be close to the surgical site. Two nerves are typically of concern, and are found in duplicate (one left and one right): 1. the inferior alveolar nerve, which enters the mandible at the mandibular foramen and exits the mandible at the sides of the chin from the mental foramen. This nerve supplies sensation to the lower teeth on the right or left half of the dental arch, as well as sense of touch to the right or left half of the chin and lower lip. 2. The lingual nerve (one right and one left), which branches off the mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve and courses just inside the jaw bone, entering the tongue and supplying sense of touch and taste to the right and left half of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue as well as the lingual gingiva (i.e., the gums on the inside surface of the dental arch). Such injuries can occur while lifting teeth (typically the inferior alveolar), but are most commonly caused by inadvertent damage with a surgical drill. Such injuries are rare and are usually temporary, but depending on the type of injury (i.e., Seddon classification: neuropraxia, axonotmesis, & neurotmesis), can be prolonged or even permanent.
 * Displacement of tooth or part of the tooth into the maxillary sinus (upper teeth only). In such cases, the tooth or tooth fragment must almost always be retrieved.  In some cases, the sinus cavity can be irrigated with saline (antral lavage) and the tooth fragment may be brought back to the site of the opening through which it entered the sinus, and may be retrievable.  At other times, a window must be made into the sinus in the Canine fossa—a procedure referred to as a "Caldwell-Luc".
 * Dry-socket (Alveolar osteitis) is a painful phenomenon that most commonly occurs a few days after the removal of mandibular (lower) wisdom teeth. It typically occurs when the blood clot within the healing tooth extraction site is disrupted. More likely, alveolar osteitis is a phenomenon of painful inflammation within the empty tooth socket because of the relatively poor blood supply to this area of the mandible (which explains why dry-socket is usually not experienced in other parts of the jaw). Inflamed alveolar bone, unprotected and exposed to the oral environment after tooth extraction, can become packed with food and debris. Dry-socket typically causes a sharp and sudden increase in pain commencing 2–5 days following the extraction of a mandibular molar, most commonly the third molar. This is often extremely unpleasant for the patient; the only symptom of dry-socket is pain, which often radiates up and down the head and neck. A dry-socket is not an infection, and is not directly associated with swelling because it occurs entirely within bone – it is a phenomenon of inflammation, within the bony lining, of an empty tooth socket. Because dry-socket is not an infection, the use of antibiotics has no effect on its rate of occurrence. There is some evidence that rinsing with chlorhexidine before or after extraction or placing chlorhexidine gel in the sockets of extracted teeth provides a benefit in preventing dry-socket, but potential adverse effects of chlorhexidine have to be considered. The risk factor for alveolar osteitis can dramatically increase with smoking after an extraction.
 * Bone fragments: Particularly when extraction of molars is involved, it is not uncommon for the bones which formerly supported the tooth to shift and in some cases to erupt through the gums, presenting protruding sharp edges which can irritate the tongue and cause discomfort. This is distinguished from a similar phenomenon, where, broken fragments of bone or tooth left over from the extraction can also protrude through the gums. In the latter case, the fragments will usually work their way out on their own. In the former case, the protrusions can either be snipped off by the dentist, or eventually the exposed bone will erode away on its own.
 * Maxilla tuberosity fracture: Can occur especially during molar extractions. There can be a variety of factors causing this including single standing molar, extracting in the wrong order, inadequate alveolar support, pathological gemination or extension of maxillary sinus weakening the area.
 * Trismus: Trismus, also known as lockjaw, affects functions of the oral cavity by restricting opening of the mouth. A double blind, clinical study was done to test the effect of two different medications on post-extraction trismus. The patients who received a corticosteroid by IV had a statistically significant lower level of trismus when compared to patients receiving an NSAID by IV or no medication.
 * Loss of a tooth: If an extracted tooth slips out of the forceps, it may be swallowed or inhaled. The patient may be aware of swallowing it, or, they may cough, which suggests inhalation of the tooth. The patient must be referred for a chest X-ray in hospital if a tooth cannot be found. If it has been swallowed, no action is necessary as it usually passes through the alimentary canal without doing any harm. But if it has been inhaled, an urgent operation is necessary to recover it from the airway or lung before it causes serious complications such as pneumonia or a lung abscess.
 * Luxation of the adjacent tooth: The application of force during the extraction procedure must strictly be limited to the tooth that requires the extraction. Most cases of surgical extraction procedures require that the forces are diverted from the tooth itself to areas such as bone surrounding the tooth to ensure adequate bone removal before proceeding any further in the extraction procedure. Either way, the forces applied by various instruments during both simple and complicated surgical procedure may loosen the teeth present both in front of or behind the tooth depending upon the impact direction and location of the force being applied and that happening only if the forces divert from the actual tooth that needs extraction. Such deleterious forces may weaken the anchorage of adjacent teeth from within their bony socket, and hence result in weakening of the adjacent teeth.
 * Extraction of the wrong tooth: Misdiagnosis, altered tooth morphology, faulty clinical examination, poor patient history, undetected/unmentioned previous extractions that may predispose the operator to consider another tooth to be a replicate of the one previously extracted are a few causes of extraction of a wrong tooth.
 * Osteonecrosis: Osteonecrosis of the jaw is the slow destruction of bone in an extraction site. A case control study of 191 cases and 573 controls were used to understand the relationship between osteonecrosis of the jaw and prior usage of bisphosphonate drugs, which are commonly prescribed to treat osteoporosis. All of the participants were over 40 years of age, mostly female, and had been taking bisphosphonates for six months or longer. The presence of osteonecrosis of the jaw was reported by dentists' previous diagnosis of the participating case and control patient's medical records. Reports showed that women using bisphosphonates for more than two years are ten times more likely to experience osteonecrosis of the jaw, while women who have taken bisphosphonates for less than two years are four times more likely to suffer from osteonecrosis of the jaw when compared to women who were not taking bisphosphonates. Therefore, it is extremely important to report all medications used to the dentist before an extraction, so that osteonecrosis can be avoided.

Atraumatic extraction
Atraumatic extraction is a novel technique for extracting teeth with minimal trauma to the bone and surrounding tissues. It is especially useful in patients who are highly susceptible to complications such as bleeding, necrosis, or jaw fracture. It can also preserve bone for subsequent implant placement. Techniques involve minimal use of forceps, which damage socket walls, relying instead on luxators, elevators and syndesmotomy.

Replacement options for missing teeth
Following dental extraction, a gap is left. The options to fill this gap are commonly recorded as Bind, and the choice is made by dentist and patient based on several factors.

History
Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. Before the discovery of antibiotics, chronic tooth infections were often linked to a variety of health problems, and therefore removal of a diseased tooth was a common treatment for various medical conditions. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac invented the dental pelican, which was used through the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the dental key which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 19th century. As dental extractions can vary tremendously in difficulty, depending on the patient and the tooth, a wide variety of instruments exist to address specific situations. Rarely, tooth extraction was used as a method of torture, e.g., to obtain forced confessions.

title: Dental extraction


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ow-Ow

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Ow-Ow
Could not verify. Google search of "Ow-ow" +cryptozoology produces 17 unique hits, none of which appear to refer to this article's topic. Seems like a hoax to me. -Satori (talk) 16:14, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifyable through various combinations of ow-ow, the country names and creature/animal. --GraemeL (talk) 16:32, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete sheepish hoax based on Drop bear Tonywalton | Talk 18:42, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Better not forget to grease behind the ears then. Alf 19:27, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable, possible hoax, and in best of cases just non-notable. -Mariano 07:41, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - hoax - Tεx  τ  urε  21:04, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ow-Ow


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Service fraternities and sororities

Service fraternity may refer to any fraternal public service organization, such as the Kiwanis or Rotary International. In Canada and the United States, the term fraternal organization is more common as "fraternity" in everyday usage refers to fraternal student societies.

In the context of the North American student fraternity and sorority system, service fraternities and service sororities comprise a type of organization whose primary purpose is community service. Members of these organizations are not restricted from joining other types of fraternities. This may be contrasted with professional fraternities, whose primary purpose is to promote the interests of a particular profession, and general or social fraternities, whose primary purposes are generally aimed towards some other aspect, such as the development of character, friendship, leadership, or literary ability.

Some general fraternities and their chapters, especially members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council, emphasize the service aspects of their activities; however classification as a strictly service organization has legal meaning in regard to Title IX. Service fraternities, like professional fraternities and honor societies must be open to members of both genders since they do not have an exemption from Title IX similar to the one given in section (A)(6)(a) for social fraternities and sororities.

title: Service fraternities and sororities


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Devon White (baseball)

Devon Markes Whyte (formerly and commonly known as Devon White, born December 29, 1962), nicknamed "Devo", is a Jamaican-born American former professional baseball center fielder, best known for his defensive ability at that position. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the California Angels, Toronto Blue Jays, Florida Marlins, Arizona Diamondbacks, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Milwaukee Brewers. He currently serves as the first base coach for the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons, but was briefly called up to the Blue Jays as first base coach in 2022.

Early life
Born as Devon Whyte in Kingston, Jamaica, his family immigrated to the United States when he was nine years old. However, the paperwork had their family name misspelled as "White". His last name was legally changed back to its original spelling in 2003 at the behest of his children, but throughout his baseball playing career, he was known as "Devon White" and continues to sign autographs with that spelling. His daughter, Davellyn Whyte, played two seasons of professional basketball in the WNBA.

White attended Park West High School in Manhattan, New York City. White was primarily a basketball player in high school and only began playing baseball after watching New York Yankees and Mets games on television with his father. White received a scholarship offer to play both college basketball and college baseball for the Oklahoma State Cowboys.

California Angels
White was drafted by the California Angels in the 6th round of the 1981 draft. He made his major league debut in the late stages of the 1985 season for California, but he did not establish himself as a major leaguer until 1987, when he played a full season and hit with power and ran the basepaths with speed. In fact, he hit 24 home runs and stole 32 bases that season; he managed to steal at least fifteen bases and hit fifteen home runs before the All-Star break, and no rookie would do so again until 2022. In 1988, only his second full season, he won his first of seven Gold Gloves.

On September 9, 1989, he became one of the few players in baseball history to get on first base then score by stealing second base, third base, and home.

Toronto Blue Jays
On December 2, 1990, he was traded with Willie Fraser and Marcus Moore to the Toronto Blue Jays for Junior Félix and Luis Sojo.

White won two World Series and five Gold Gloves with the Toronto Blue Jays. With a .336 batting average in his post-season career with the Blue Jays, compared to a .270 regular season average with Toronto, White consistently upped his game to help Toronto reach playoff success.

In 1992, White collected 3.9 Defensive Wins Above Replacement, which led the major leagues.

In Game 3 of the 1992 World Series against the Atlanta Braves, White was the central part of one of the most famous plays in World Series history. With David Justice batting and runners on first and second base, Justice hit a fly ball which White chased down and caught while jumping into the wall. White then threw the ball to second baseman Roberto Alomar who threw to John Olerud at first to try to double up Terry Pendleton, but Pendleton had already been called out for running past Deion Sanders. Olerud promptly threw the ball to third baseman Kelly Gruber who chased down Sanders, diving and clipping him on the heel with his glove. However the umpire, Bob Davidson, did not see the tag, and called Sanders safe, which cost the Jays the second triple play in World Series history. After the game, Davidson watched the replay and admitted he missed the call.

While playing for the team, White appeared on Canadian children's television show Under the Umbrella Tree, in uniform in what was then known as The Skydome talking with characters Jacob Bluejay and Iggy Iguana, in 1993 episode Baseball Fever.

Florida Marlins
After the 1995 season, White signed with the Florida Marlins and won another World Series in 1997, although he only hit .215 in the playoffs that year.

Later years
He later played with the Arizona Diamondbacks, the Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Milwaukee Brewers before retiring in 2002. On April 11, 2000, while leading off for the Dodgers as the first batter in the first game at Oracle Park (then called Pacific Bell Park) in San Francisco, White recorded the first base hit in the ballpark's history, off Giants pitcher Kirk Rueter.

Career statistics
In 1941 games over 17 seasons, White posted a .263 batting average (1934-for-7344) with 1125 runs, 378 doubles, 71 triples, 208 home runs, 846 RBI, 346 stolen bases, 541 bases on balls, .319 on-base percentage and .419 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .986 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions. In 49 postseason games including three World Series, White batted .296 (56-for-189) with 27 runs, 12 doubles, 4 triples, 3 home runs, 20 RBI, 7 stolen bases and 19 walks.

Coaching career
In January 2017, White was hired by the Blue Jays organization to be the hitting coach of the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. In July 2022, White was called up to the Blue Jays as the interim first base coach for incumbent Mark Budzinski who was on bereavement leave.

Personal life
A cousin of White's, Jayden Hylton, also plays baseball.

title: Devon White (baseball)


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User:Miha Ulanov

About me
My name is Mikhail Ulanov, also known as Miha Ulanov. An astrophysicist by training, I am currently employed as a research scientist in Ioffe Institute.

Computing

 * ZX Spectrum
 * Psion
 * BBS
 * Fidonet
 * Linux
 * Perl
 * History of computing
 * Panoramic photography
 * Soviet photo cameras
 * Fansub
 * Cartography
 * Cycling

title: User:Miha Ulanov


text:
User:Cursive/Sandbox/Oceania Club Championship

The Oceania Club Championship is a tournament organised by the Oceania Football Confederation in order to determine the Oceania representative at the FIFA Club World Championships.

User:Cursive/Sandbox/Oceania Champions Cup 1999

User:Cursive/Sandbox/Oceania Champions Cup 2000

User:Cursive/Sandbox/Oceania Champions Cup 2004-05


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Brenda Bakke

Brenda Jean Bakke (born May 15, 1963) is an American actress, best known for her roles in 1990s films Hot Shots! Part Deux, Gunmen, Demon Knight, Under Siege 2: Dark Territory, and L.A. Confidential.

Life and career
Bakke was born in Klamath Falls, Oregon, and began her acting career in a Portland stage production of Years Ago at age 15. After graduating in 1981 from Sunset High School, near Beaverton, Oregon, she moved to Los Angeles to study acting at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. She made her screen debut in the 1986 movie Hardbodies 2, and the following year, guest starred in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. In later years, she had a number of roles in low-budget genre movies, such as Gunhed, Solar Crisis, and The Medium.

In 1993, Bakke appeared as Michelle Huddleston in the comedy film Hot Shots! Part Deux, where the love interest of Charlie Sheen. The following year, she played the female leading role in the action-comedy film, Gunmen. In 1995, she appeared as Cordelia the prostitute in Ernest Dickerson's Demon Knight, and as Captain Linda Gilder in Under Siege 2.

During the 1995-96 television season, she was a regular cast member in the CBS horror series, American Gothic alongside Gary Cole. In 1997, Bakke appeared as Lana Turner in the neo-noir mystery crime film, L.A. Confidential. In 1999, she returned to television with the role of the lead character's mother in the short-lived Fox drama series, Ryan Caulfield: Year One.

In 2000s, Bakke continued appearing in films, playing roles in smaller movies, such as The Quickie and Moving August. She spent the following years playing guest star roles in episodes of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, NYPD Blue, The Mentalist, and Supernatural. In 2015, she began appearing in the recurring role of Virginia in the Oprah Winfrey Network prime time soap opera If Loving You Is Wrong. In 2016, Bakke appeared in guest starring roles in episodes of Heartbeat and Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders.

title: Brenda Bakke


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Talk:Royal Librarian (United Kingdom)

Untitled
As it stands; this article is the same as Royal Librarian. It needs either to be fleshed out to a full article on the Library, or converted to a redirect to Royal Librarian (or vice versa). — Grstain 16:15, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

"The current Librarian is the Jane the Honourable Lady Roberts, LVO" There are too many 'the's in this sentence. I THINK the correct form is "the Honourable Lady Jane Roberts, LVO".

title: Talk:Royal Librarian (United Kingdom)


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User talk:Ernestma

New Brunswick Emergency Measures Organization - Disaster Operations Page
This page is provided to share information concerning disaster operations in New Brunswick, Canada.

The New Brunswick Emergency Measures Organization is the provincial lead agency for emergency management.

title: User talk:Ernestma


text:
Category:Mountains of Greenland

For a ranked listing of the 100 highest mountains of Greenland, see List of mountains in Greenland.

title: Category:Mountains of Greenland


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In the Flesh (Star Trek: Voyager)

"In the Flesh" is the fourth episode of season five of the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager, the 98th episode overall. It originally aired on November 4, 1998. The story was written by Nick Sagan, son of astronomer Carl Sagan.

Plot
On stardate 52136.4, the Federation starship Voyager encounters a space station that contains a near-complete recreation of Starfleet Academy on Earth. First Officer Chakotay and Tactical Officer Tuvok have investigated the recreation, finding that those inside appear to be Starfleet personnel, cadets, and others, such as the groundskeeper Boothby, played by Ray Walston. Chakotay also meets an officer, Commander Valerie Archer, and arranges to meet her later for a date. Caught in an area they should not be in by a cadet, Chakotay and Tuvok stun him and transport him back to Voyager. When they attempt to question the cadet and take a DNA sample, he commits suicide. The Doctor discovers the "cadet" is really a genetically-altered member of Species 8472, a highly dangerous race the crew had previously encountered. Captain Janeway orders Seven of Nine to begin preparing warheads using her Borg nanoprobes, but also looks for a diplomatic solution, sending Chakotay back to the simulation to learn more.

Chakotay keeps a date he earlier arranged with Valerie, during which she speaks candidly about the simulation, with which Chakotay attempts to play along. Valerie secretly takes a sample of his DNA and discovers that Chakotay is human. She alerts her superiors, and soon Chakotay is captured. Boothby, appearing as the highest-ranking member of Species 8472 present at the simulation, interrogates Chakotay, believing that Starfleet is preparing to invade fluidic space and attack their species. The Voyager crew arrives at the simulation to attempt to rescue Chakotay, creating a tense stalemate. Janeway and Boothby agree to enter negotiations to settle the matter peacefully.

During these talks, the Voyager crew learn that this station is but one of several similar training grounds for Species 8472, and question if the species themselves are planning to invade Earth, while the aliens steadfastly refuse to believe that Starfleet is not preparing to attack them. Janeway, seeing the stalemate, orders her crew to stand down, which gains the trust of Valerie and Boothby. They reveal the stations are not a staging area, but only a reconnaissance mission to prepare themselves for an eventual invasion by Starfleet. Agreeing that a truce is possible, the Voyager crew trades information on the Borg nanoprobes for Species 8472's information on genetic modifications. The two sides complete their discussions, and soon Voyager resumes its journey home with less fear of the threat from Species 8472.

Production
According to writer Nick Sagan, the original concept for "In The Flesh" had the Voyager crew discovering a picture of Species 8472 in an ancient Earth culture, leading them to discover that some human legends of demons and devils grew out of early contact with Species 8472. When the writers couldn't work this idea out, Sagan wrote the episode as a Cold War parable, using his father's work toward détente as inspiration. Sagan says the episode originally "didn't end quite so 'happy happy;'" it had a more ambiguous ending. Producer Brannon Braga wanted to resolve the issue. Originally, the script called for a dream sequence where Species 8472 razed Janeway's hometown on Earth. However, due to the very high cost of the computer animation used for Species 8472, the scene was scrapped.

Sagan believes that the character of Valerie Archer "is in some way a connection to Captain Jonathan Archer on Enterprise." (Valerie says that she comes from a long line of Starfleet officers, so it is possible that the real Valerie Archer is one of Jonathan Archer's descendants.) Archer's name is an homage to two other science-fiction characters: Dave Bowman, the lead character of 2001: A Space Odyssey; and Ellie Arroway, the lead character in Carl Sagan's novel Contact. "You put bow and arrow together and you get Archer," said Sagan.

Tucker Smallwood made his first appearance in the Star Trek franchise with "In the Flesh". At the time he was recovering from bell's palsy, paralysing half of his face. He only initially agreed to an audition because he thought he'd play an alien and have it covered by make-up. Instead, he played the human form of the member of Species 8472 masquerading as Admiral Bullock. He later went on to gain the recurring role of the Xindi-Primate council member in the third season of Star Trek: Enterprise.

The computer monitor used by Species 8472 in this episode is largely composed of parts from an earlier prop: a Krenim game used in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "The Year of Hell, Part II". This monitor reappears in the later episodes "Life Line" and "Nightingale"; in both episodes, it still displays symbols associated with Species 8472.

Actor Robert Beltran, who played Chakotay, listed "In The Flesh" among his favorite episodes of the series.

Reception
TrekWeb gave the episode an "A-/A" rating, calling it "Voyager's best this year, with a nice twist and a wonderful message" despite what "really was a bad premise". Michelle Erica Green of The Trek Nation found the episode "engrossing... apart from unfortunate similarities with the excellent Deep Space Nine episode "Homefront", which also took place at Starfleet Command and focused on shapeshifting aliens who were planning to infiltrate Earth." Green found that the episode "had nice balance and some clever wit."

Releases
On November 9, 2004, this episode was released as part of the season 5 DVD box set of Star Trek: Voyager. The box set includes 7 DVD optical discs with all the episodes in season 5 with some extra features, and episodes have a Dolby 5.1 Digital Audio track.

On April 25, 2001, this episode was released on LaserDisc in Japan, as part of the half-season collection, 5th Season vol.1. This included episodes from "Night" to "Bliss" on seven double sided 12 inch optical discs, with English and Japanese audio tracks for the episodes.

title: In the Flesh (Star Trek: Voyager)


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Talk:Vlastimirović dynasty

Maps
being that I don’t have the “competence” for this area, and presumably you are not either by same logic, but maybe you can explain your edit? Thanks. OyMosby (talk) 17:10, 27 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Also a note the map has NO cited sourcing. So how is it incompetent to remove an unsourced map claiming territory lines? I did see any. RS is needed no matter how “competent” any other editor is thought to be.OyMosby (talk) 17:21, 27 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The map has no sources, because there are no sources which claim that in the 9th century the area east of Stari Ras or the entire valley of the Bosna river were part of any Serbian feudal proto-state.--Maleschreiber (talk) 17:43, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vlastimirović dynasty


text: User talk:82.39.32.95

title: User talk:82.39.32.95


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Recha Freier

Recha Freier (Hebrew: רחה פריאר) born Recha Schweitzer, (October 29, 1892 in Norden, East Frisia – April 2, 1984 in Jerusalem) founded the Youth Aliyah organization in  1933. The organization saved the lives of 7,000 Jewish children by helping them to leave Nazi Germany for Mandatory Palestine before and during the Holocaust.

Recha Freier was also a poet, musician, teacher and social activist.

Early life
Recha Schweitzer was born into a Jewish Orthodox family. Her parents were Bertha (née Levy, 1862–1945 in Theresienstadt), a French and English teacher, and Menashe Schweitzer (1856–1929), who taught several subjects at a Jewish primary school. She grew up in a music-loving family and learned to play the piano.

Already as a child Recha Schweitzer was confronted with antisemitism: a notice in Norden's city park stated that "Dogs and Jews are forbidden." In 1897 her family moved to Silesia, where she received home-schooling for a while before attending the lycée in Glogau, where she was mocked by her classmates because she wouldn't write on the Sabbath. Her reaction to the humiliation inflicted upon her had a lifelong impact on her and made her become a full-hearted Zionist.

Recha Schweitzer completed her gymnasial studies in Breslau, passed the exams for teachers of religion, and studied as a graduate student of philology in Breslau and Munich.

Family life and career
In 1919 she married Rabbi Dr. Moritz "Moshe" Freier (1889–1969), with whom she moved to Eschwege, Sofia, and finally in 1925 to Berlin, where her husband worked as a rabbi. Their sons Shalhevet, Ammud and Zerem were born in 1920, 1923 and 1926 respectively, and their daughter Ma'ayan in 1929. During this time, in addition to her family obligations, Recha Freier worked as a teacher at a German high school in Sofia, and as a writer and folklorist.

Youth Aliyah activities
In 1932, one year before the Nazi seizure of power, Recha Freier was asked by her husband to assist five Jewish teenage boys who were denied professional training and employment due to their Jewish background. After turning first to the Jewish Employment Agency, who could only counsel patience, she conceived the idea that the boys instead could be sent to Palestine, where they could be trained as farmers in the Jewish workers' settlements. By the end of 1932, the first group of youth left Berlin with the help of funds donated by Wilfrid Israel to Freier. This proved to be the beginning of the Youth Aliyah. "The utter senselessness of Jewish life in the Diaspora stood palpably before my eyes", she wrote. After that she strove incessantly to save the Jewish youth of Germany.

The difficulties which Recha Freier faced were immense. Jewish organizations and parents were skeptical about the plan to send children alone to a distant country. In January 1933, Recha Freier founded in Berlin the Committee for the Assistance of Jewish Youth or Youth Aliyah (Hilfskomitee für Jüdische Jugend), which was recognized by the World Zionist Congress but which at that stage received no financial support. Recha Freier contacted the labor movement in Palestine, as well as Henrietta Szold, the founder of Hadassah, who had at her disposal the support, financial and otherwise, of American Jewry. Freier asked Szold to take charge of the teenagers after their arrival in Palestine. Szold initially opposed the plan, finding it unfeasible, but eventually accepted the role offered to her by Freier and thus become the director of Youth Aliyah's Jerusalem office.

In 1938, Recha Freier worked alongside people such as Aaron Menschel, director of the Vienna Youth Aliyah office, in an endeavor to save Austrian Jews. In this year too, largely coinciding with the Kristallnacht pogrom, Jews in Germany of Polish Nationality, were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Freier endeavored to obtain the release of these Jews from the camps. This became possible by making use of permits issued by the Nazi authorities and given to the Jewish representative body—the Reich Association of Jews in Germany—for distribution to such Jews as could undertake to leave Germany within two weeks of receiving the permit. Freier took 100 such permits, without permission, and filled in the names of Jewish concentration camp prisoners. These prisoners were released and ultimately reached Palestine. When it became known that Freier had taken the permits without the knowledge of the officers of the Reich Association of Jews in Germany, Freier was informed that she was not allowed to take any more permits, and was ousted from the Zionist leadership in Berlin, including her position as the director of the Youth Aliyah offices.

Freier remained in Nazi Germany until the middle of 1940 and then crossed the border into Yugoslavia illegally with the help of professional smugglers. Even after entering Yugoslavia she continued her activities and managed to save 150 youths whose parents had already perished in concentration camps. After a sojourn of several months in Yugoslavia she continued to Palestine in 1941.

When Freier arrived in Jerusalem, Szold told Freier that there was no room for her in the running of the Youth Aliyah in Palestine. Thus Freier withdrew from her formal role within the Youth Aliyah. In 1943, Freier established the Agricultural Training Center for Israeli children whose aim it was to provide a proper education for children from impoverished families; children living in inferior social conditions. This she did by arranging for these children to be brought up in a Kibbutz, in workers’ settlements or in family units set up for this purpose.

Henrietta Szold is often wrongly credited as the founder of the Youth Aliyah. It was only after Henrietta Szold's death in 1945, when Moshe Kol was at the head of the Youth Aliyah organization (1947-1966), that Freier's achievements in establishing the organization and in saving thousands of German Jewish youth was recognized. This came about after Freier brought a lawsuit against Kol, alleging that her role in establishing the Youth Aliyah movement and in saving the lives of thousands of Jewish youth from Europe, was being purposely ignored.

By 1939, Youth Aliyah saved 7,000 youths, who made aliya to Palestine and were absorbed into worker's settlements.

Music and opera
In 1958, Freier established the Israel Composer's Fund, and in 1966 she founded, together with the composer Roman Haubenstock-Ramati, the Festival "Testimonium" ("Witness"), designed to support the setting to music the stories of central events in the life of the Jewish people. For this purpose she managed to engage the help of notable composers, both Jewish and non-Jewish, such as Ben-Zion Orgad, Mauricio Kagel, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Iannis Xenakis, Lukas Foss and others. She also wrote a number of libretti for Israeli composers. These included Mark Kopytman (Chamber Scenes from the Life of Süsskind von Trimberg, written for the "Testimonium" series, 1982), Josef Tal (Amnon and Tamar, 1958, based on the Book of Samuel), and Yitzchak Sadai (Trail 19, 1982).

Late recognition
Recha Freier, through her activities in the Youth Aliyah, saved over 7,000 young Jews who immigrated to Palestine and were absorbed into the Yishuv. Recognition first came in 1975, when the 83-year-old received an honorary doctorate from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem for her initial idea of "organized transport of youth into kibbutzim", and in 1981 she received the Israel Prize for her life's work, her outstanding contribution to the people and State of Israel, in the field of Social Welfare, Community and Youth.

Death
Recha Freier died in 1984 in Jerusalem.

Awards and commemoration

 * 1975, an honorary doctorate from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem for the idea of "organized transport of youth into kibbutzim"
 * 1981, the Israel Prize for special contribution to society and the State of Israel.
 * 1984 (in November, posthumously), commemorative plaque affixed by the City Council of Berlin-Charlottenburg at the Jewish Community Center in honour of "Recha Freier, the Founder of Youth Aliya".
 * 1990, the Recha Freier Educational Center at Kibbutz Yakum near Tel Aviv is founded in her honour.
 * Kikar Recha Freier, a square in Jerusalem's Katamon neighborhood, is named after her.
 * In 2018 an Israeli stamp was issued in her honor.

Published works (selection)

 * Arbeiterinnen erzählen (lit.: Stories told by female workers), Berlin, 1935
 * Auf der Treppe (lit.: On the staircase), Hamburg, 1976
 * Fensterläden (lit.: Window shutters), Hamburg, 1979
 * Let the Children Come: The Early History of Youth Aliyah, London, 1961
 * Testimonium, compilation of texts for the music events: I Jerusalem (1968); II The Middle Ages (1971); III De Profundis (1974); IV Lucem cum Fulgeret (If ever I saw the light shining, Job 31:26) (1976); V Trial 19 (Spanish Inquisition) (1979); VI From the Revealed and From the Hidden (1983).
 * Libretto for Chamber Scenes from the Life of Süsskind von Trimberg by Mark Kopytman, chamber opera, 1982

title: Recha Freier


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User:Cursive/Sandbox/Oceania Champions Cup 1999

The 1999 Oceania Club Championships was held in September 1999. The tournament was designed to decide the Oceania Football Confederation's entrant into the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship. The competition was held in Fiji (Nadi and Lautoka).

Group Stage
The nine participants were placed in three groups, where each team played the other teams once. The group winners and best second place team progressed to the semi-finals.

Semifinals
The top team from each groups progressed to the semifinals, along with the best second place team.

Third Place Playoff
The third place playoff was cancelled (due to injuries).

Final
South Melbourne FC are the 1999 Oceania Club Champions and qualify for the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oldest dams

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. After the suggestion to move it, there was support for that and it will make things consistent in any case. -Splash 00:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Oldest dams
This article is pointless, as the information exists at Cauvery and at Kallanai. Tom Radulovich 16:22, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep has potential to grow, and definately needs work, but not a candidate for deletion. At worst you could redirect it to a list of dams by age, or develop it into an interesting article on old dams. Trollderella 16:47, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note, the information was added by Balasubramanian J, an 'Archival specialist in Indian Heritage informations'. Most of the information is present in other articles, so it may be a good idea to edit this and add more information on other old dams. Trollderella 16:54, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep definitly has room, and reason, to grow HoratioVitero 17:58, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that every one of this user's edits, save for one minor edit to Bible, is to VfD. Zoe 21:33, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep needs work, but an interesting subject. Roodog2k 19:51, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: don't lose the info; I'm not sure whether I recommend merging with Dam or History of Civil Engineering or keeping as a separate article, with consideration for a name that makes it easy to find for someone with an interest. That sounds like keep but keep and merge are not really the same vote but two alternatives. Still thinking -- WCFrancis 21:15, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Decided Keep. --WCFrancis 01:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect to Dam makes the most sense to me. Fernando Rizo T/C 22:07, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If the consensus does indeed end up being keep, let me recommend a page move to a title like World's oldest dams, in keeping with precedent set by World's tallest structures and World's longest tunnels. Fernando Rizo T/C 23:03, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, too much information to merge comfortably, with potential for much more. Kappa 22:48, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename per Fernando Rizo. Capitalistroadster 00:05, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article at present is rather pointless, but there's certainly potential here. Also, agree with the proposed name change to 'World's oldest dams'.Wandering oojah 00:14, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I support the renaming as suggested above. - Mgm|(talk) 08:49, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with dam, The information is definitely encyclopedic, but I think it would be better to have such info in the main dam article. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:19, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User:Cursive/Sandbox/Oceania Champions Cup 2000

The 2000-01 Oceania Club Championships was held in January 2001. The tournament was designed to decide the Oceania Football Confederation's entrant into the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship, however that Club World Championship tournament was cancelled by FIFA. The competition was held in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, with all matches held at the Lloyd Robson Stadium.

Group Stage
The eleven participants were placed in two groups, where each team played the other teams once. The group winners and best second place team progressed to the semi-finals.

Match schedule
Note: The OFC disciplinary committee ruled that 7 of PanSa's 18 players were not registered according to international transfer rules, some of which had been fielded in their first two matches. The first two matches were thus awarded 2-0 to the opposition, whilst PanSa were unable to field a team in the 3rd match (which was not played, and subsequently awarded 2-0 to Tafea FC). PanSa then withdrew from the competition, causing their fourth match to be awarded 2-0 to Titavi FC.

Semifinals
The top two teams from each groups progressed to the semifinals.

Final
Wollongong Wolves are the 2000-01 Oceania Club Champions and qualifed for the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship. However, the Club World Championships were cancelled that year.


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Pisa Tinoisamoa

Apisaloma Donald "Pisa" Tinoisamoa (born July 15, 1981) is a former American football linebacker. He was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the second round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at Hawaii.

Early life
Tinoisamoa attended Vista High School in Vista, California. In football, he was a three-time All-Palomar League, a three-time All-CIF pick, an All-American pick as a senior, and a three-time All-State selection and an All-American running back. His 1996, '97, and '98 Panther football teams won the Palomar League and CIF titles. As a senior, Tinoisamoa recorded 75 tackles (12 for loss), six sacks, and three fumble recoveries (one for a score) and offensively, rushed for 1,600 yards and 23 touchdowns and he became the first-ever player ever in San Diego County history to make First-team All-CIF on both offense and defense.

College career
At the University of Hawaii, Tinoisamoa recorded 289 tackles (210 solo) with 15.5 sacks, 11 QB pressures, six forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, nine passes defensed, two interceptions, and one blocked field goal while starting 27 of 35 games for Rainbow Warriors.

He was a First-team All-Western Athletic Conference pick and was the recipient of the Alec Waterhouse Award, given to team's Most Valuable Player as he led team with career-high 129 tackles (89 solo), with 6.5 sacks, 18 tackles for loss, eight QB pressures, two interceptions, five passes defensed, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and blocked kick. He was named Second-team All-WAC as junior when he tallied 86 tackles (67 solos) with five sacks, 11 tackles for loss, four QB pressures, three passes defensed, and three forced fumbles. As sophomore, he recorded 74 tackles (54 solos), four sacks, 10 tackles for loss, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, five passes defensed, and four QB pressures. He did not play as freshman.

St. Louis Rams
Tinoisamoa was drafted out of the University of Hawaii by the St. Louis Rams in the second round (43rd overall) of the 2003 NFL Draft. On July 24, 2003, Tinoisamoa signed a four-year $2.90 million contract with the Rams.

In his rookie season he played in all 16 games and finished the season with 76 tackles, two sacks and three interceptions. He was the first Rams rookie to lead the team in tackles.

The following season, he recorded a career-high 95 tackles and 1.5 sacks. In 2005, he led the team tackles for the third straight season, recording 94. He also recorded 1.5 sacks and two interceptions.

On October 11, 2006, he signed a five-year $24.7 million contract extension with the Rams. The 2006 season saw him play in 11 games after breaking his hand versus the Chicago Bears on December 11. He finished the campaign with 36 tackles and two sacks. In 2007, he recorded 40 tackles and two interceptions in 9 games. Hand, knee, shoulder, elbow, and ankle injuries struck in '06 and '07, forcing Tinoisamoa to miss 12 of 32 games. But he stayed healthy the following season, playing all 16 games and led the team in tackles.

On May 8, 2009, Tinoisamoa was released by the Rams. Tinoisamoa was scheduled to make a base salary of $3.25 million and count $4.25 million against the cap. Releasing him freed up $2.25 million in cap space.

Chicago Bears
Tinoisamoa agreed to a one-year contract with the Chicago Bears on May 29, 2009. Pisa was named starting strong-side linebacker in August 2009. He follows Adam Archuleta as another player brought over to the Chicago Bears who was coached under Lovie Smith in St. Louis during Smith's time as defensive coordinator.

Tinoisamoa was placed on Injured Reserve due to a knee injury on December 2, 2009. After the Bears signed linebacker Cato June, Tinoisamoa's jersey number was changed to 49, giving June number 59.

On April 12, 2010 the Bears re-signed Tinoisamoa.

title: Pisa Tinoisamoa


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User:Cursive/Sandbox/Oceania Club Championship 2004-05

The 2004/5 Oceania Club Championships was held in from April to June, 2005. The tournament was designed to decide the Oceania Football Confederation's entrant into the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship.

Preliminary Round
A preliminary round was held, with the format being a two-legged playoff to determine who went through to the final round. The travelling team played two matches in the host's country. The aggregate scores are shown.

Results
The Australian representatives (Sydney FC) and the two Tahitian Teams (AS Pirae and AS Manu Ura) were seeded to the final round.

Final Round
The eight remaining teams were seperated into two groups, each team playing the other teams once. The top two teams from each group progressed to the semi finals.

Semifinals
The top two teams from both groups progressed to the semifinals.

Final
Sydney FC are the 2004/5 Oceania Club Champions and qualify for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship.


text: User:Sultan of smoov

title: User:Sultan of smoov


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Category:Mountains of the Solomon Islands

The mountains of Solomon Islands.


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User talk:Toomuchfranking

Archiving your talkpage
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