text:
Talk:Globus Cassus

Size
"The largest structure that could be built using known materials is no more than two thousand kilometers in diameter, using carbon nanotube fibre"

I'm not surprised that this was unreferenced. As far as I know, no-one has ever made such a massive nanotube structure, so there would undoubtedly be unforseen problems building one this size. The solutions to the problems might even inspire a new way of building a structure more than 2000km in diameter...

I strongly suspect that the quote is just a lot of hot air anyway. It certainly didn't add anything to my understanding of the article! 212.137.27.116 (talk) 13:46, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

First post
Exactly what is the relevance of the links to "Max Tegmark's Parallel Universes paper" & the "Many Worlds & Parallel Universes" discussion list to the Globus Cassus project? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.113.254.196 (talk • contribs)

Rama
This is an interesting (and human) version of the vessel in Arthur C. Clarke's Rendezvous with Rama.
 * You sure? Is this supposed to actually go anywhere? I get the impression that it's supposed to stay in the solar system.Zafiroblue05 04:47, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Rama is also about a thousand times smaller. —Tamfang 03:20, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

General
Would the original author redraft this article and clarify the construction methods for GC? It may be his/her use of english, but I cannot see how sunlight enters "diagonal" openings. Perhaps an image would help. --die Baumfabrik 14:50, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Although I am not the original author I did find an image for it here and uploaded it. Fosnez 16:34, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

I distinctly remember a ship like this in the book Time ship, by Stephen Baxter. Does anyone know if he got the concept from this? I thought the book was published before this theory came out. It makes me wonder whether the idea was truly conceived by those mentioned in the article. -- I have grave reservations about the feasibility of this concept; there are many well-thought out habitat concepts around, including the Island One concept, the Stanford Torus, and the giant rings and cylinders described by Forrest Bishop and Tom McKendree; but the largest structure that could be built using known materials is no more than two thousand kilometers in diameter. And that uses carbon buckytube fibre; if you were to make a rotating habitat of steel as suggested in this 'Globus Cassus' concept and spun it to produce Earth-like gravity it would fall apart if it were more than about 20 kilometers in diameter. Additionally the 'Globus Cassus' design is the wrong shape; rotating a habitat produces centrifugal gravity which acts directly away from the axis of rotation, so the best configuration is a ring or cylinder (as can be seen by the design of the O'Neill colony and of the Stanford torus design). The design of this concept seems to be an oblate spheroid, which would result in a very small habitable region around the inside of the equator.

Basically the whole concept is pure fantasy, and does not represent a real engineering concept at all. (Eburacum) -- Being at geostationary orbit, the equatorial regions of Global Cassus would have, in the absence of Earth's mass below, an artificial gravity equal to roughly 2% of normal Earth gravity. The same would hold in the archival nodes. Human beings and animals could not survive indefinitely in such microgravity. The physics of Globus Cassus need to be thoroughly re-examined. Texomaleo 11:33, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think something along these lines needs to be included in the article. I've started a feasibility section to get the ball rolling on this one, though it may need a bit of tidying up. — jammycakes (t) 21:02, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

- The second paragraph describes Globus Cassus as "Earth/World's antipode". What is Earth/World? —Tamfang 23:53, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Requesting a "Reasons for" section
When reading this article one thing I was looking for which was never explained was

why the hell would you want to turn the planet inside out?

Did the creator of the Globus Cassus offer a reason, or was this a "why the hell not" proposition?--DCAnderson 02:23, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, the website calls it an "art project" - so the point is not so much do it, and certainly not to do it for practical reasons, but instead to get people all communing together just thinking about it. Or something like that. So, basically, yeah - it's just a "why the hell not?" idea. And it's totally impractical, and doesn't make much of a pretense towards being practical... zafiroblue05 | Talk 01:40, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It would greatly increase the area of habitable land. —Keenan Pepper 03:01, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Assuming *any* of it would be habitable. :p zafiroblue05 | Talk 07:20, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

This is one of the most screwed up things I've ever heard, it would destroy the whole planetary ecosystem, kill millions of animals and ruin the Earth, this kind of stuff could NEVER happen.

Faris b 19:08, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Notability
Does this meet Wikipedia's notability criteria? It looks a bit like a bad April Fool joke from a tabloid newspaper to me. It only gets about 500 hits or so in Google, and the book itself is ranked seven hundred and something thousandth on Amazon.com, which seems a little bit on the obscure side. I've been considering nominating it for deletion for this reason, but even if it remains, there needs to be an overview of the myriad technical problems involved in such a project (as per the Dyson sphere article). Jammycakes 22:56, 13 May 2006 (UTC) 12:36, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

This article should be deleted. I am listing it for deletion, it has no value and seems impossible and would only be the creation of a mental patient.

Faris b 19:05, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Look, it's an appalling idea but it was proposed - and published - by a notable architect in notable circumstances (the Venice Architecture Biennale), has been widely discussed and is therefore worthy of an article. There are articles on myriad horrendous subjects, but none should be deleted merely because they're horrendous. There is no way deletion is justified in this case. Pinkville 22:28, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Seriously? How could anyone support this?? Anyone who supports this should be shot and have their body burned!

Then maybe we need a new category "Warning, these articles are the most horrible stuff in the world, do not read unless you really want to!" or something like that!

Faris b 22:46, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Just because you don't like the subject of the article, that doesn't mean you have to feel that way about the article itself. Why don't you add some verifiable criticisms of the idea? —Keenan Pepper 22:52, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

The talk about deletion is pure nonsense. We need to discuss more such radical, astroengineering projects since they are the only way of saving our values from the impending catastrophes. - Milan

I'd like to point out that the issue of deletion has nothing to do with the merits (or lack therof) of the Globus Cassus project itself. Comments should be confined to the merits (or lack therof) of the article. Pinkville 13:35, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Exactly. —Keenan Pepper 18:35, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry; but as an outsider I fail to see any good reason for keeping this article without a discussion of the technicalities. The guy who proposed it may have been an architect, but he seems to have done exactly no homework on the kinds of forces that would be involved in a project like this. The object would fall apart, and even if it didn't it would have almost no inhabitable area. Eburacum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.14.250.18 (talk • contribs)

 * As is argued above, the issue of whether or not this proposal is or ever will be practicable is irrelevant to the notability of the subject and its worthiness of being included in Wikipedia. One could argue that Globus Cassus is simply a thought experiment, not altogether different from the Turing test, for example. Regardless, the book and the ideas therein have been discussed (in print and elsewhere) by a wide variety of thinkers, and that fact in itself establishes the article's worthiness for inclusion. Pinkville 17:34, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

No, that is not the case. Please indicate which 'thinkers' have 'examined' this proposal, and what conclusions they have reached. The proposal is entirely impossible, for very good physical reasons; for a start there is no possible physical material which is strong enough to build a structure (rotating to provide centrifugal gravity) more than a couple of thousand kilometers in diameter without falling apart. This is just an idle fantasy. Eburacum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.14.250.18 (talk • contribs)

 * The concept was presented at the Venice Architecture Biennale and the book in which it was published has won an award. Evidence of notability that many subjects would envy. The Tempest is also fantasy, so is Star Wars, so is Schrödinger's cat (in the sense that no one serious would actually construct such an experiment). They all have articles. You need to separate your distaste for Globus Cassus (a sentiment I share) from any evaluation of the article, which is the issue of concern here. Finally, please sign your comments with 4 tildes: ~ . Pinkville 15:29, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

I suspect that the book may have won an award for its artistic merit, while failing to attract any attention from critical thinkers. Is there any way that proper criticism of the concept can be introduced onto this page without breaking the 'No Original Research' or NPOV rules? I have had to point out the shortcomings of this concept a number of times now on various message boards. Quite a few people out there are quite interested in the design of space megastructures, in one way or another; this example is only worth presenting as a fantasy or example of an unworkable design. Eburacum 87.102.28.2 16:18, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
 * No difficulty with presenting criticism of the concept as long as you provide examples of such with citations.
 * Personally, I'm much less interested in the idea's feasability (or lack thereof) than the (to my mind) abhorrent mentality it represents with regard to the environment, political and economic issues, etc.... but again, that's beside the point. Unless I or someone else can find a published critique of the concept along the same lines. Pinkville 16:59, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

AAAHHHHHHH!!!!!!
AAAAAHHHHHH!!!!!!!! Which idiot proposed destroying the earth (a loveley fully functioning planet) into this hidious structure? Imagine mother earth being ruthlessly torn apart to become the building material for a giant piece of junk! Why spend such a huge amount of money to destroy something perfectly suitible to human life (okay maybe the tsunamis can be a bit of a problem)? why not tear up venus or mercury? why do this at all? All the space on solid objects in the solar system is sufficient enough to house the entire human race (at its current size, based on a growing trend in first world countries hopefully this will decrease) even if they are housed inside domes (or some other structure). Why do this? does it help the earth dodge killer asteroids? stop the sun from burning out? or is it because if we dont mutilate the earth it will blow us up? never mind the financial and political difficulties with this? oh yeah, and dont forget the hippie enviroMENTAL groups. Good greif. they'll REALLY have a fit, more so then I am having now. The bottom line is that the earth is itself a "living creature"- its volcanic activity, magnetosphere and life help maintain its temperature at an average on 15 degrees C, atmospheric pressure of one bar, an atmosphere rich in oxygen and the conditions for liquid water to exist. and the other countries? well the ones not crazy enough to spend all their money to tear up the earth will probably start a war with the others, shoot nukes at each other, cause 90% of all life to go extinct and then let the earth regenrate itself (something it can do independant of man, a differace from the global junkpiece which will, like a giant space station need some people to control it. and all this is a bit anthropocentric. what do you think the animalswould have to say about this? what if it all collapses and kills everyone? what if the earth implodes, to much of its interior sucked out? the thing is, the earth is not in any imeneant danger, it has a perfectly working life support system and no one wants to spend all teir money one this. why even care. 41.240.127.10 16:21, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, a couple of things...
 * No personal Attacks - You have no right to call anyone an idiot because they had an idea.
 * This project, like many others, if it were ever commenced would be done when the human race was at a difference place, socially, economically and spiritually ("Mother Earth")
 * I'm doubtful the animals would have much to "say" at all.
 * We are not going to be able to live on this rock forever - people have to have ideas Fosnez 20:22, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Okay. A couple of other things: This wasn't supposed to become a personal attack which it did. Sorry. "This is supposed to happen at a time when the earth is at a different place socially, economically and spiritually ("Mother Earth")" I was using "mother earth" as a metaphor, to describe how the earth is home to all known life and that it is a rare fragile place. "Im doubtful the animals would have anything to say at all" Yeah. the animals won't have anything to say but by transforming the earth into this "globus junkpiece" will destroy the relatively stable environment vital to evolution, and if this structure becomes in some way unstable and kills everything inside it, where will life re-evolve? Such a structure will probably need constant human attention, something the earth has done without for the last 3 billion years. "we are not going to be able to live on this rock forever-people have to have ideas" I dont see this as quite a good idea. by the time the earth starts to have habitation problems humans will probably be able to counteract this, for example: the sun is burning itself out. Simple. Move the earth into a safe orbit, and, if it gets to cold, light up a few antimatter fueled power generators to keeps the earth warm. Anyway, the "globus junkpiece" isnt designed to survive the sun burning itself out. I think, the main premise of the idea, is to provide more surface area for humans (and animals). But why dismantle the earth when there are many other planets, without native life that human could disrupt. why not move to those other celestial bodies? give me one reson why this should happen. 41.240.127.10 10:01, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Thats ok, I'm not suggesting we do this. But just like we look back on old prediction on how the future would be, think how people 300 years in the future will look back on this idea and think - "Gee thats spot on" or "Good grief, what was he smoking?" - Fosnez 10:41, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

wtfbbq
Being the Earth/World's antipode in many aspects, Globus Cassus acts as a philosophical model for the opposite-based description of the Earth/World and as a tool to understand the World's real functioning processes.

This sentence doesn't actually mean anything. It has no semantic value. It conveys no coherent point. It's like an HVAC technician talking about thermatic heat diffusors or an army cartographer talking about spare grid squares. Whoever wrote this is talking out of his/her ass. --76.224.64.68 22:19, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

The globus cassus is no more then a silly art project. It is definately not a viable idea. T.Neo (talk) 09:41, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
 * That doesn't confront his (valid) stylistic concerns —Preceding unsigned comment added by UndZiggy (talk • contribs) 02:25, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

That picture needs to be replaced
It depicts Globus Cassus as M&M shaped, and the triangular faces don't line up at all the way they should. Whoever made it had no concept of how multiview drawings work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by UndZiggy (talk • contribs) 02:27, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Leipzig Book Fair
I've added a couple of references to the article, but it needs a better one for the Leipzig Book Fair -- all I could find on Google was a link to the Globus Cassus website itself. Can anyone come up with a reliable secondary source (preferably online, though a dead tree one will do fine) for this? Snthdiueoa (talk) 13:02, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

German article vs. English article
Once again, the information given in the German article differs from that given in the English article. The German article states, that sunlight would enter through eight windows, whereas the English article says, that sunlight enters through two windows. Articles for other languages probably tell different numbers of windows too. Pardon my French, but WTF? White rotten rabbit (talk) 14:06, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Polar collapse immanent?
I may be missing something obvious here, but if the sphere is supposed to be stabilized by centrifugal forces, what will stabilize it at the poles?

While it's conceivable to have a ring of material being stabilized by spinning, it's not possible to rotate a sphere in all directions simultaneously, thus a sphere will always have to have poles which stand still. The whole gravitational forces of the rest of the planet will draw these poles towards the center of the sphere and thus quite quickly crush the whole structure.

A different problem with the concept is that of the conservation of angular momentum. Since the anuglar momentum of Earth must remain pretty much constant, dragging most of the planet matter further outward will lead to a reduction of rotational velocity, and it probably won't be possible (rough calculations pending) to adapt the rotational rate to attain enough centrifugal forces for artificial gravity.

Should these concerns be included? --Syzygy (talk) 13:13, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Energy
Where do you get the energy to lift the entire mass of Earth up to 85,000 km? .froth. (talk) 19:45, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Is this still notable enough for Wikipedia?
The Globus Cassus wiki at http://www.globus-cassus.org went offline about two years ago after being heavily and persistently spammed for a long time before that, and that domain name has now been taken over by a Japanese spam site peddling hair loss remedies.

Almost none of the statements in the article are backed up by any third-party sources whatsoever, despite some long-standing requests in this talk page for such sources. A Google search turns up almost nothing other than a handful of blogs. How on earth this article can possibly meet Wikipedia's notability criteria is completely beyond me. 86.173.168.84 (talk) 21:39, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm fine with deleting it. IMHO it's an idle fantasy the point of which I fail to see, riddled with pysical impossibilities, some kind of intellectual masturbation which nobody cares about. --Syzygy (talk) 08:34, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Looking at the AFD debates, it seems the "keep" arguments rested on the fact that it was an exhibit at an art exhibition called the Venice Architecture Biennale in 2004, which is apparently supposed to be pretty prestigious. However, as the second deletion discussion pointed out, if that's really the case, the almost complete lack of third party sources makes it the equivalent to someone winning a gold medal at the Olympics and getting no press coverage whatsoever when they return home. There's also the mystery of this prize that it won at the Leipzig book fair -- there's been a request on this talk page for four years now asking for information and sources on that, but so far none has been forthcoming, and a Google search also draws a blank.

 * A search of Google News turns up nothing. Google Scholar turns up four links, but one of these is just a PDF on someone's personal website, one of these is just an entry in a book catalogue, and the other two, as far as I can tell, are nothing more than footnotes. A more general Google search gives a handful of pages that treat it in rather more depth, but on closer inspection, every single one of them is a blog or a forum post, which apparently aren't supposed to count for the purposes of establishing notability. It's quite clearly had no coverage whatsoever in mainstream news sources, and nothing more than a couple of footnotes in scholarly journals.

 * The only conclusion that I can draw from this is that either (a) Globus Cassus is not notable enough for Wikipedia and should be deleted, or (b) contrary to what it claims, Wikipedia is an indiscriminate collection of information. 86.171.171.114 (talk) 08:37, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Globus Cassus


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La Comédie humaine

La Comédie humaine (English: The Human Comedy) is Honoré de Balzac's 1829–48 multi-volume collection of interlinked novels and stories depicting French society in the period of the Restoration (1815–30) and the July Monarchy (1830–48).

La Comédie humaine consists of 91 finished works (stories, novels, or analytical essays) and 46 unfinished works (some of which exist only as titles). It does not include Balzac's five theatrical plays or his collection of humorous tales: "Les Cent Contes drolatiques" (1832–37).

A pioneer of the modern novel, Balzac aims to describe the totality of reality and is interested in realities hitherto ignored in literature, because they were ugly or vulgar. He shows in its various forms the rise of capitalism and the omnipotence of money, leading to the disappearance of nobility and the dissolution of social ties. The title was chosen in reference to Dante's Divine Comedy. But instead of a theological enterprise, the author wanted to be a sociologist and created a non-Manichean universe, where love and friendship hold a great place, and which highlights the complexity of beings and the deep immorality of a social mechanism where the weak are crushed while the crooked banker and the venal politician triumph.

Gifted with a genius for observation, Balzac created human types that are strikingly true. Some of his characters are so vivid that they have become archetypes, such as Rastignac, the ambitious young provincial, Grandet, the miserly domestic tyrant, or Father Goriot, the icon of fatherhood. He gives an important place to financiers and notaries, but also to the character of Vautrin, the outlaw with multiple identities. His work includes a large proportion of courtesans and grisettes, alongside admirable and angelic women. The importance he gives to these women and their psychology earned him an enthusiastic female readership very early on.

In spite of the opposition of the Church, this work quickly became a printing phenomenon and obtained an immense repercussion in France and in Europe, deeply influencing the genre of the novel. Translated into many languages, it is still published today and has often been adapted for film and television.

The title
The title of the series is usually considered an allusion to Dante's Divine Comedy; while Ferdinand Brunetière, the famous French literary critic, suggests that it may stem from poems by Alfred de Musset or Alfred de Vigny. While Balzac sought the comprehensive scope of Dante, his title indicates the worldly, human concerns of a realist novelist. The stories are placed in a variety of settings, with characters reappearing in multiple stories.

Evolution of the work
The Comédie humaine was the result of a slow evolution. The first works of Balzac were written without any global plan (Les Chouans is a historical novel; Physiologie du mariage is an analytical study of marriage), but by 1830 Balzac began to group his first novels (Sarrasine, Gobseck) into a series entitled Scènes de la vie privée ("Scenes from Private Life").

In 1833, with the publication of Eugénie Grandet, Balzac envisioned a second series entitled "Scènes de la vie de province" (Scenes from Provincial Life). Most likely in this same year Balzac came upon the idea of having characters reappear from novel to novel, and the first novel to use this technique was Le Père Goriot (1834–35).

In a letter written to Madame Hanska in 1834, Balzac decided to reorganize his works into three larger groups, allowing him (1) to integrate his "La physiologie du mariage" into the ensemble and (2) to separate his most fantastic or metaphysical stories — like La Peau de chagrin (1831) and Louis Lambert (1832) — into their own "philosophical" section. The three sections were:
 * "Etudes de Moeurs au XIXe siècle" (Studies of Manners in the 19th Century) – including the various "Scènes de la vie..."
 * "Etudes philosophiques"
 * "Etudes analytiques" – including the "Physiologie du mariage"

In this letter, Balzac went on to say that the "Etudes de Moeurs" would study the effects of society and touch on all genders, social classes, ages and professions of people. Meanwhile, the "Etudes philosophiques" would study the causes of these effects. Finally, the third "analytical" section would study the principles behind these phenomena. Balzac also explained that while the characters in the first section would be "individualités typisées" ("individuals made into types"), the characters of the "Etudes philosophiques" would be "types individualisés" (types made into individuals").

By 1836, the "Etudes de Moeurs" was already divided into six parts:
 * "Scènes de la vie privée"
 * "Scènes de la vie de province"
 * "Scènes de la vie parisienne"
 * "Scènes de la vie politique"
 * "Scènes de la vie militaire"
 * "Scènes de la vie de campagne"

In 1839, in a letter to his publisher, Balzac mentioned for the first time the expression Comédie humaine, and this title is in the contract he signed in 1841. The publication of the Comédie humaine in 1842 was preceded by an important preface or "avant-propos" describing his major principles and the work's overall structure (see below). For this edition, novels which had appeared in serial form were stricken of their chapter titles.

Balzac's intended collection was never finished. In 1845, Balzac wrote a complete catalogue of the ensemble which includes works he started or envisioned but never finished. In some cases, Balzac moved a work around between different sections as his overall plan developed; the catalogue given below represents that last version of that process.

Balzac's works were slow to be translated into English because they were perceived as unsuitable for Victorian readers. John Wilson Croker attacked it in the April 1836 issue of the Quarterly Review, excoriating Balzac for immorality, saying "a baser, meaner, filthier scoundrel never polluted society …" The consensus of the day was that only Eugénie Grandet, Le Curé de Tours, Le Médecin de campagne and a few of the early short stories were suitable for females. Individual works appeared, but not until the 1890s did "complete" versions appear, from Ellen Marriage in London (1895–8, forty volumes edited by George Saintsbury, five omitted as too shocking) and from G. B. Ives and others in Philadelphia (1895–1900).

The "Avant-propos"
In 1842, Balzac wrote a preface (an "Avant-propos") to the whole ensemble in which he explained his method and the collection's structure.

Motivated by the work of biologists Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Georges Cuvier and most importantly Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Balzac explains that he seeks to understand "social species" in the way a biologist would analyse "zoological species", and to accomplish this he intends to describe the interrelations of men, women and things. The importance of the woman is underlined by Balzac's contention that, while a biologist may gloss over the differences between a male and female lion, "in Society the woman is not simply the female of the man".

Balzac then gives an extensive list of writers and works that influenced him, including Sir Walter Scott, François Rabelais and Miguel de Cervantes.

He then describes his writer's role as a "secretary" who is transcribing society's "history"; moreover, he posits that he is interested in something that no previous historian has attempted: a history of "moeurs" (customs, manners and morals). He also notes his desire to go behind the surface of events, to show the reasons and causes for social phenomena. Balzac then professes his belief in two profound truths — religion and monarchy — and his concern for understanding the individual in the context of his family.

In the last half of his preface, Balzac explains the Comédie humaine's different parts (which he compares to "frames" and "galeries"), and which are more or less the final form of the collection (see below).

Sources of the Comédie humaine
Because of its volume and complexity, the Comédie humaine touches on the major literary genres in fashion in the first half of the 19th century.

The historical novel
The historical novel was a European phenomenon in the first half of the 19th century — largely through the works of Sir Walter Scott, James Fenimore Cooper and, in France, Alexandre Dumas, père and Victor Hugo. Balzac's first novel Les Chouans was inspired by this vogue and tells of the rural inhabitants of Brittany during the revolution with Cooper-like descriptions of their dress and manners.

Although the bulk of the Comédie humaine takes place during the Restoration and the July Monarchy, there are several novels which take place during the French Revolution and others which take place in the Middle Ages or the Renaissance, including "About Catherine de Medici" and "The Elixir of Long Life".

The popular novel
Balzac's later works are decidedly influenced by the genre of the serialised novel ("roman feuilleton") popular at the time, especially the works of Eugène Sue which concentrate on depicting the secret worlds of crime and vice that hide below the surface of French society, and by the ethos of melodrama typical of these part-works.

Fantasy
Many of Balzac's shorter works have elements taken from the popular "roman noir" or gothic novel, but often the fantastic elements are used for very different purposes in Balzac's work.

His use of the magical ass' skin in La Peau de chagrin for example becomes a metaphor for diminished male potency and a key symbol of Balzac's conception of energy and will in the modern world.

In a similar way, Balzac undermines the character of Melmoth the Wanderer in his "Melmoth Reconciled": Balzac takes a character from a fantastic novel (by Charles Robert Maturin) who has sold his soul for power and long life and has him sell his own power to another man in Paris... this man then sells this gift in turn and very quickly the infernal power is traded from person to person in the Parisian stock exchange until it loses any of its original power.

Swedenborg
Several of Balzac's characters, particularly Louis Lambert, traverse mystical crises and/or develop syncretic spiritual philosophies about human energy and action that are largely modelled on the life and work of Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772). As depicted in his works, Balzac's spiritual philosophy suggests that individuals have a limited quantity of spiritual energy and that this energy is dissipated through creative or intellectual work or through physical activity (including sex), and this is made emblematic in his philosophical tale La Peau de chagrin, in which a magical wild ass's skin confers on its owner unlimited powers, but shrinks each time it is used in science.

Themes of the Comédie humaine
The following are some of the major themes that recur throughout the various volumes of the Comédie humaine:

France after the Revolution
Balzac frequently bemoans the loss of a pre-Revolutionary society of honor which has now become — especially after the fall of Charles X of France and the arrival of the July Monarchy — a society dominated by money.

Money and power
"At the origin of every fortune lies a crime" : this precept from the "Red Inn" recurs constantly in the Comédie humaine, both as a biographical truth (Taillefer's murderous fortune, Goriot's deals with the Revolutionary army), and as a sign of French collective guilt at the horrors of the Revolution (and most notably by the death of Louis XVI of France).

The other source of power is rank. People of good blood aspire to a title, while people with titles aspire to the peerage. The opening section of The Secrets of the Princess Cadignan provides an explanation of why the title of prince is not prevalent nor coveted in France (compared to contemporary Germany or Russia).

Social success
Two young men dominate the Comédie humaine: Lucien de Rubempré and Eugène de Rastignac. Both are talented but poor youths from the provinces, both attempt to achieve greatness in society through the intercession of women and both come into contact with Vautrin, but only Rastignac succeeds while Lucien de Rubempré ends his life by his own hand in a jail in Paris. The difference in outcome is partly explained by Balzac's views on heredity: Rastignac comes from a noble family, while only Rubempré's mother comes from a noble family (he had to obtain royal permission to use his mother's family name instead of his father's name Chardon). This deficit is compounded by the fact that his mother had not only married a commoner far beneath her in rank, but she had also performed menial labour to support herself when her husband died.

Another contrast is between Emile Blondet and Raoul Nathan. Both are multi-talented men-of-letters. Blondet is the natural son of the prefect of Alençon and is described as witty but lazy, incurably hesitant, non-partisan, a political atheist, a player of the game of political opinions (along with Rastignac), having the most judicious mind of the day. He marries Madame de Montcornet and eventually becomes a prefect. Nathan is described as half-Jewish and possessing a second-rate mind. Nathan succumbs to the flattery of unscrupulous financiers and does not see that they are prepared to bankrupt him to achieve their purposes. Blondet sees what is happening but does not enlighten Nathan. The downfall drives Nathan to attempt suicide by the method of "any poor work-girl". He then sells out to the government of the day (on Blondet's advice) to secure an income, and returns to living with the actress/courtesan Florine. In the end he accepts the cross of the Legion of Honour (which he formerly satirised) and becomes a defender of the doctrine of heredity.

Paternity
The Comédie humaine frequently portrays the complex emotional, social and financial relationships between fathers and their children, and between father-figures and their mentors, and these relationships are metaphorically linked as well with issues of nationhood (the king as father, regicide), nobility (bloodlines, family names), history (parental secrets), wealth (the origin of parental fortunes, dowries) and artistic creation (the writer or artist as father of the work of art). Father Goriot is perhaps the most famous — and most tragic — of these father figures, but in Le Père Goriot, Eugène de Rastignac also encounters two other paternal figures, Vautrin and Taillefer, whose aspirations and methods define different paternal paths. Other significant fathers in the series include Eugénie Grandet's abusive and money-hoarding father and César Birotteau, the doomed capitalist.

Maternity
At one end of the scale we have 100% maternal involvement – as depicted by the upbringing of the sisters de Granville (A Daughter of Eve) later Mesdames Felix de Vandenesse and du Tillet.

At the other end of the scale we have 0% maternal involvement – as depicted by the upbringing of Ursule Mirouët by four men: her half-uncle-in-law (an atheist and republican), the local priest (saintly), the district judge (learned) and a retired soldier (worldly).

We are left in no doubt that it is the second option that produces what Balzac considers to be the ideal woman. Ursula is pious and prone to collapsing in tears at the slightest emotion.

Women, society and sex
The representation of women in the Comédie humaine is extremely varied — spanning material from both the romantic and pulp traditions — and includes idealized women (like Pauline in La Peau de chagrin or Eugénie Grandet), the tragic prostitute Esther Gobsek (Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes), the worldly daughters of Goriot and other women in society who can help their lovers advance, the masculine and domineering Cousine Bette, and the alluring and impossible love object (Foedora in La Peau de chagrin or the heroine of La fille aux yeux d'or). The latter category also includes several lesbian or bisexual characters.

Structure of La Comédie humaine
Balzac's final plan (1845) of the Comédie Humaine is as follows (projected works are not included; dates are those of initial publication, whether or not the work was initially conceived as part of the Comédie Humaine):

Scenes from private life (Scènes de la vie privée)

 * At the Sign of the Cat and Racket (La Maison du chat-qui-pelote, 1830)
 * The Ball at Sceaux (Le Bal de Sceaux, 1830)
 * The Purse (La Bourse, 1832)
 * The Vendetta (La Vendetta, 1830)
 * Madame Firmiani (1832)
 * A Second Home (Une double famille, 1830)
 * Domestic Bliss (La Paix du ménage, 1830)
 * The Imaginary Mistress (La fausse maîtresse, 1842, a.k.a. Paz)
 * Study of a Woman (Étude de femme, 1830)
 * Another Study of a Woman (Autre étude de femme, 1842)
 * La Grande Bretèche (1832)
 * Albert Savarus (1842)
 * Letters of Two Brides (Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées, 1842)
 * A Daughter of Eve (Une fille d'Ève, 1838–39)
 * A Woman of Thirty (La Femme de trente ans, 1832)
 * The Deserted Woman (La Femme abandonnée, 1832)
 * La Grenadière (1832)
 * The Message (Le Message, 1832)
 * Gobseck (1830)
 * A Marriage Contract (Le Contrat de mariage, 1835)
 * A Start in Life (Un début dans la vie, 1845; first published as Le danger des mystifications, 1842)
 * Modeste Mignon (1844)
 * Béatrix (1839)
 * Honorine (1843)
 * Le Colonel Chabert (1844, first published as La transaction, 1832)
 * The Atheist's Mass (La Messe de l'athée, 1836)
 * L'Interdiction (1836, a.k.a. The Commission in Lunacy)
 * Pierre Grassou (1840)

Scenes from provincial life (Scènes de la vie de province)

 * Ursule Mirouët (1841)
 * Eugénie Grandet (1834)
 * The Celibates (Les Célibataires)
 * Pierrette (1840)
 * The Vicar of Tours (Le Curé de Tours, first published as Les célibataires, 1832)
 * The Black Sheep (La Rabouilleuse, 1842, a.k.a. A Bachelor's Establishment, a.k.a. The Two Brothers)
 * Parisians in the Country (Les Parisiens en province)
 * The Illustrious Gaudissart (L'Illustre Gaudissart, 1833)
 * The Muse of the Department (La Muse du département, 1843)
 * The Jealousies of a Country Town (Les Rivalités)
 * The Old Maid (La Vieille Fille, 1836)
 * The Collection of Antiquities (Le Cabinet des Antiques, 1839)
 * Lost Illusions (Illusions perdues)
 * The Two Poets (Les Deux poètes, 1837)
 * A Great Provincial in Paris (Un grand homme de province à Paris, 1839)
 * Eve and David (Ève et David, 1843)

Scenes from Parisian life (Scènes de la vie parisienne)

 * Splendors and Miseries of Courtesans (Splendeurs et Misères des courtisanes, 1847, a.k.a. A Harlot High and Low), comprising
 * Esther Happy (Esther heureuse, 1838)
 * What Love Costs an Old Man (À combien l’amour revient aux vieillards, 1843)
 * The End of Evil Ways (Où mènent les mauvais chemins, 1846)
 * The Last Incarnation of Vautrin (La Dernière incarnation de Vautrin, 1847)
 * A Prince of Bohemia (Un prince de la Bohème, 1844; first published as les Fantaisies de Claudine, 1840)
 * A Man of Business (Un homme d'affaires, 1846; first published as les Roueries d’un créancier, 1845)
 * Gaudissart II (1846; first published as un Gaudissart de la rue Richelieu; les Comédies qu'on peut voir gratis, 1844)
 * The Unwitting Comedians (Les Comédiens sans le savoir, 1846)
 * The Thirteen (Histoire des Treize)
 * Ferragus (1833)
 * The Duchess of Langeais (La Duchesse de Langeais, 1834)
 * The Girl with the Golden Eyes (La fille aux yeux d'or, 1835)
 * Old Goriot (le Père Goriot, 1835)
 * César Birotteau (Histoire de la grandeur et de la décadence de César Birotteau, 1837)
 * The Firm of Nucingen (La Maison Nucingen, 1838)
 * The Secrets of the Princess Cadignan (Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan, 1840, first published as Une Princesse parisienne, 1839)
 * The Government Clerks (Les Employés, 1838; first published as la Femme supérieure, 1837, a.k.a. Bureaucracy)
 * Sarrasine (1830)
 * Facino Cane (1836)
 * Poor Relations (Les parents pauvres)
 * Cousin Bette (La Cousine Bette, 1846)
 * Cousin Pons (Le Cousin Pons, 1847)
 * The Lesser Bourgeoisie (Les Petits Bourgeois, 1854, a.k.a. The Middle Classes)

Scenes from political life (Scènes de la vie politique)

 * A Murky Business (Une ténébreuse affaire, 1841, a.k.a. A Historical Mystery, a.k.a. The Gondreville Mystery)
 * An Episode Under the Terror (Un épisode sous la Terreur, 1830)
 * The Seamy Side of History (L'envers de l'histoire contemporaine, 1848, a.k.a. The Wrong Side of Paris, a.k.a. The Brotherhood of Consolation)
 * Z. Marcas (1840)
 * The Deputy for Arcis (Balzac published l'Élection in 1847 before he died and requested Rabou finish the rest)

Scenes from military life (Scènes de la vie militaire)

 * The Chouans (Les Chouans, 1829)
 * A Passion in the Desert (Une passion dans le désert, 1830)

Scenes from country life (Scènes de la vie de campagne)

 * The Country Doctor (Le Médecin de campagne, 1833)
 * The Lily of the Valley (Le Lys dans la vallée, 1836)
 * The Village Rector (Le Curé de Village, 1839)
 * The Peasants (Les Paysans, 1855; first part published in 1844, a.k.a. Sons of the Soil)

Philosophical studies (Études philosophiques)

 * The Wild Ass's Skin (La Peau de chagrin, 1831)
 * The Quest of the Absolute (La Recherche de l'Absolu, 1834, a.k.a. Alkahest)
 * Christ in Flanders (Jésus-Christ en Flandre, 1831)
 * Melmoth Reconciled (Melmoth réconcilié, 1835)
 * The Unknown Masterpiece (Le Chef-d'oeuvre inconnu, 1831)
 * The Hated Son (L'Enfant maudit, 1831)
 * Gambara (1837)
 * Massimilla Doni (1839)
 * The Maranas (Les Marana, 1834, a.k.a. Juana)
 * Farewell (Adieu, 1830)
 * The Conscript (Le Réquisitionnaire, 1831)
 * El Verdugo (1830)
 * A Drama on the Seashore (Un drame au bord de la mer, 1834)
 * The Red Inn (L'Auberge rouge, 1831)
 * The Elixir of Life (L'Élixir de longue vie, 1831)
 * The Exiles (Les Proscrits, 1831)
 * Maître Cornélius (1831)
 * About Catherine de' Medici (Sur Catherine de Médicis, 1842)
 * The Calvinist Martyr (Le Martyr calviniste)
 * The Ruggieri's Secret (La Confidence des Ruggieri)
 * The Two Dreams (Les Deux Reves)
 * Louis Lambert (1832)
 * Séraphîta (1835)

Analytical studies (Études analytiques)

 * Physiology of Marriage (Physiologie du Mariage, 1829)
 * Little Miseries of Conjugal Life (Petites misères de la vie conjugale, 1846)
 * Pathology of Social Life (Pathologie de la vie sociale, 1839), a collection of nonfiction essays
 * Treatise on Elegant Living (Traité de la vie élégante, 1830)
 * Theory of Walking Habits (Théorie de la démarche, 1833)
 * Treatise on Contemporary Stimulants (Traité des excitants modernes, 1839)

Posthumous "definitive" structural revision by Rabou
In French, the series is more often published according to the plan of the posthumous "Definitive Edition" that was prepared by Charles Rabou, Balzac's chosen literary executor who he even entrusted to complete some of his unfinished works in the series:

Scenes from private life (Scènes de la vie privée)

 * At the Sign of the Cat and Racket (La Maison du chat-qui-pelote, 1830)
 * The Ball at Sceaux (Le Bal de Sceaux, 1830)
 * Letters of Two Brides (Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées, 1842)
 * The Purse (La Bourse, 1832)
 * Modeste Mignon (1844)
 * A Start in Life (Un début dans la vie, 1845; first published as Le danger des mystifications, 1842)
 * Albert Savarus (1842)
 * The Vendetta (La Vendetta, 1830)
 * A Second Home (Une double famille, 1830)
 * Domestic Bliss (La Paix du ménage, 1830)
 * Madame Firmiani (1832)
 * Study of a Woman (Étude de femme, 1830)
 * The Imaginary Mistress (La fausse maîtresse, 1842, a.k.a. Paz)
 * A Daughter of Eve (Une fille d'Ève, 1838–39)
 * The Message (Le Message, 1832)
 * La Grande Bretèche (1832; often included in Another Study of a Woman (1842))
 * La Grenadière (1832)
 * The Deserted Woman (La Femme abandonnée, 1832)
 * Honorine (1843)
 * Béatrix (1839)
 * Gobseck (1830)
 * A Woman of Thirty (La Femme de trente ans, 1832)
 * Old Goriot (le Père Goriot, 1835)
 * Le Colonel Chabert (1844, first published as La transaction, 1832)
 * The Atheist's Mass (La Messe de l'athée, 1836)
 * L'Interdiction (1836, a.k.a. The Commission in Lunacy)
 * A Marriage Contract (Le Contrat de mariage, 1835)
 * Another Study of a Woman (Autre étude de femme, 1842; often includes La Grande Bretèche (1832))

Scenes from provincial life (Scènes de la vie de province)

 * Ursule Mirouët (1841)
 * Eugénie Grandet (1834)

 * From The Celibates (Les Célibataires)
 * Pierrette (1840)
 * The Vicar of Tours (Le Curé de Tours, first published as Les célibataires, 1832)
 * The Black Sheep (La Rabouilleuse, 1842, a.k.a. A Bachelor's Establishment, a.k.a. The Two Brothers)

 * From Parisians in the Country (Les Parisiens en province)
 * The Illustrious Gaudissart (L'Illustre Gaudissart, 1833)
 * The Muse of the Department (La Muse du département, 1843)

 * From The Jealousies of a Country Town (Les Rivalités)
 * The Old Maid (La Vieille Fille, 1836)
 * The Collection of Antiquities (Le Cabinet des Antiques, 1839)

 * From Lost Illusions (Illusions perdues)
 * The Two Poets (Les Deux poètes, 1837)
 * A Great Provincial in Paris (Un grand homme de province à Paris, 1839)
 * Eve and David (Ève et David, 1843)

Scenes from Parisian life (Scènes de la vie parisienne)

 * The Thirteen (Histoire des Treize)
 * Ferragus (1833)
 * The Duchess of Langeais (La Duchesse de Langeais, 1834)
 * The Girl with the Golden Eyes (La fille aux yeux d'or, 1835)
 * César Birotteau (Histoire de la grandeur et de la décadence de César Birotteau, 1837)
 * The Firm of Nucingen (La Maison Nucingen, 1838)
 * Splendors and Miseries of Courtesans (Splendeurs et Misères des courtisanes, 1847, a.k.a. A Harlot High and Low), comprising
 * Esther Happy (Esther heureuse, 1838)
 * What Love Costs an Old Man (À combien l’amour revient aux vieillards, 1843)
 * The End of Evil Ways (Où mènent les mauvais chemins, 1846)
 * The Last Incarnation of Vautrin (La Dernière incarnation de Vautrin, 1847)
 * The Secrets of the Princess Cadignan (Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan, 1840, first published as Une Princesse parisienne, 1839)
 * Facino Cane (1836)
 * Sarrasine (1830)
 * Pierre Grassou (1840)
 * Poor Relations (Les parents pauvres)
 * Cousin Bette (La Cousine Bette, 1846)
 * Cousin Pons (Le Cousin Pons, 1847)
 * A Man of Business (Un homme d'affaires, 1846; first published as les Roueries d’un créancier, 1845)
 * A Prince of Bohemia (Un prince de la Bohème, 1844; first published as les Fantaisies de Claudine, 1840)
 * Gaudissart II (1846; first published as un Gaudissart de la rue Richelieu; les Comédies qu'on peut voir gratis, 1844)
 * The Government Clerks (Les Employés, 1838; first published as la Femme supérieure, 1837, a.k.a. Bureaucracy)
 * The Unwitting Comedians (Les Comédiens sans le savoir, 1846)
 * The Lesser Bourgeoisie (Les Petits Bourgeois, 1854, a.k.a. The Middle Classes)
 * The Seamy Side of History (L'envers de l'histoire contemporaine, 1848, a.k.a. The Wrong Side of Paris, a.k.a. The Brotherhood of Consolation)

Scenes from political life (Scènes de la vie politique)

 * An Episode Under the Terror (Un épisode sous la Terreur, 1830)
 * A Murky Business (Une ténébreuse affaire, 1841, a.k.a. A Historical Mystery, a.k.a. The Gondreville Mystery)
 * The Deputy for Arcis (Balzac published l'Électionin 1847 before he died and requested Rabou finish the rest)
 * Z. Marcas (1840)

Scenes from military life (Scènes de la vie militaire)

 * The Chouans (Les Chouans, 1829)
 * A Passion in the Desert (Une passion dans le désert, 1830)

Scenes from country life (Scènes de la vie de campagne)

 * The Peasants (Les Paysans, 1855; first part published in 1844, a.k.a. Sons of the Soil)
 * The Country Doctor (Le Médecin de campagne, 1833)
 * The Village Rector (Le Curé de Village, 1839)
 * The Lily of the Valley (Le Lys dans la vallée, 1836)

Philosophical studies (Études philosophiques)

 * The Wild Ass's Skin (La Peau de chagrin, 1831)
 * Christ in Flanders (Jésus-Christ en Flandre, 1831)
 * Melmoth Reconciled (Melmoth réconcilié, 1835)
 * The Unknown Masterpiece (Le Chef-d'oeuvre inconnu, 1831)
 * Gambara (1837)
 * Massimilla Doni (1839)
 * The Quest of the Absolute (La Recherche de l'Absolu, 1834, a.k.a. Alkahest)
 * The Hated Son (L'Enfant maudit, 1831)
 * Farewell (Adieu, 1830)
 * The Maranas (Les Marana, 1834, a.k.a. Juana)
 * The Conscript (Le Réquisitionnaire, 1831)
 * El Verdugo (1830)
 * A Drama on the Seashore (Un drame au bord de la mer, 1834)
 * Maître Cornélius (1831)
 * The Red Inn (L'Auberge rouge, 1831)
 * About Catherine de' Medici (Sur Catherine de Médicis, 1842)
 * The Calvinist Martyr (Le Martyr calviniste)
 * The Ruggieri's Secret (La Confidence des Ruggieri)
 * The Two Dreams (Les Deux Reves)
 * The Elixir of Life (L'Élixir de longue vie, 1831)
 * The Exiles (Les Proscrits, 1831)
 * Louis Lambert (1832)
 * Séraphîta (1835)

Analytical studies (Études analytiques)

 * Physiology of Marriage (Physiologie du Mariage, 1829)
 * Little Miseries of Conjugal Life (Petites misères de la vie conjugale, 1846)
 * Pathology of Social Life (Pathologie de la vie sociale, 1839), a collection of nonfiction essays
 * Treatise on Elegant Living (Traité de la vie élégante, 1830)
 * Theory of Walking Habits (Théorie de la démarche, 1833)
 * Treatise on Contemporary Stimulants (Traité des excitants modernes, 1839)

Rabou's "definitive" revisions and additions were generally panned by literary critics, and that has left Balzac's final ordering more common in English translation than Rabou's.

Recurring characters

 * Eugène de Rastignac – student, dandy, financier, politician (appears in 28 works)
 * Lucien Chardon de Rubempré (the use of "de Rubempré" is contested) – journalist, parvenu
 * Jacques Collin a.k.a. Abbé Carlos Herrera a.k.a. Vautrin a.k.a. Trompe-la-Mort – a criminal run away from forced labour
 * Camusot – examining magistrate (The Collection of Antiquities, A Commission in Lunacy, Scenes from a Courtesan's Life; his father also appears in A Distinguished Provincial at Paris)
 * Blondet, Emile – journalist, man of letters, prefect (The Collection of Antiquities, A Distinguished Provincial at Paris, Scenes from a Courtesan's Life). Compare and contrast with Raoul Nathan.
 * Raoul Nathan – in 19 works, writer, politician
 * Daniel d'Arthez
 * Delphine de Nucingen née Goriot
 * Roger de Granville
 * Louis Lambert
 * la duchesse de Langeais
 * la comtesse de Mortsauf
 * Jean-Jacques Bixiou – in 19 works, artist
 * Joseph Bridau – in 13 works, painter
 * Marquis de Ronquerolles – in 20 works
 * la comtesse Hugret de Sérisy – in 20 works
 * Félix-Amédée de Vandenesse
 * Horace Bianchon – in 24 works, doctor
 * des Lupeaulx – public servant
 * Salon leaders: the Duchesse de Maufrigneuse, the Marquise d'Espard
 * Dandies: Maxime de Trailles, Henri de Marsay
 * Courtesans: La Torpille (Esther van Gobseck), Madame du Val-Noble
 * Financiers: Ferdinand du Tillet, Frédérick de Nucingen, Keller brothers
 * Actresses: Florine (Sophie Grignault), Coralie
 * Publishers/Journalists/Critics: Finot, Etienne Lousteau, Felicien Vernou
 * Money lenders: Jean-Esther van Gobseck, Bidault a.k.a. Gigonnet

 * Characters who appear in several titles but only significantly in one of them
 * Birotteau
 * Goriot
 * Claude Vignon
 * Mademoiselle des Touches (aka Camille Maupin)

Characters in a single volume

 * Raphaël de Valentin
 * le baron Hulot
 * Balthazar Claës
 * Grandet
 * le cousin Pons

References and notes

 * Balzac. La Comédie humaine. Pierre Citron, ed. Preface by Pierre-Georges Castex. Paris: Seuil, 1965. 7 vols.  ISBN 2-02-000726-6
 * Rey, Pierre-Louis. La Comédie humaine.  Collection: Profil d'une œuvre. Number 64.  Paris: Hatier, 1979. ISBN 2-218-04589-3

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: La Comédie humaine


text:
User talk:Darcagn

Welcome from Redwolf24
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title: User talk:Darcagn


text:
Category:Disk magazines

A disk magazine is a publication contained entirely on computer-readable media, such as a diskette or CD-ROM. Its content consists of some combination of text, graphics, multimedia, and executable programs, and it is normally specific to one particular computer platform or operating system.

 * For more information, see the article about Disk magazines.

title: Category:Disk magazines


text:
Man in the Mirror

"Man in the Mirror" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson. It was written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. It was released in January 1988, as the fourth single from Jackson's seventh solo album, Bad (1987).

"Man in the Mirror" topped the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, becoming Jackson's tenth number-one single on the chart, and was certified 3× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was nominated for Record of the Year at the 31st Grammy Awards.

The song peaked at number 21 in the UK Singles Chart upon release in 1988, but in 2009, following the news of Jackson's death, the song peaked at number 2. Keeping the gospel choir arrangement, the song was remixed for the soundtrack of Jackson's tribute tour Immortal.

An instrumental version of the song was played at the end of Jackson’s memorial service.

Writing and recording
"Man in the Mirror" was written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett. Jackson's producer, Quincy Jones, invited Garrett to his home with a group of other songwriters and asked them to write material for Jackson's next album. Garrett recalled that Jones told the group: "I just want hits, that's all I want."

Garrett took the brief to Ballard, her writing partner, who began playing a keyboard figure; Garrett wrote the lyrics. The two recorded a demo over the course of a week, with Garrett on vocals. Garrett delivered the tape to Jones, who called back a few hours later to tell her he approved. At Jackson's request, Garrett and Ballard wrote a longer middle eight and modified the lyrics. Jones enlisted the Andraé Crouch Choir to record gospel vocals.

The song runs for 5 minutes and 19 seconds and the sheet music for the song shows the key of G major. 2 minutes and 53 seconds into the song, the key changes to A-flat major.

Critical response
When Ed Hogan reviewed the song, he called it "gentle." Jon Pareles of The New York Times noted that this song has "gospelly lift." Rolling Stone Davitt Sigerson thought that "Man in the Mirror" stands among the half dozen best things Jackson has done: "On 'Man in the Mirror,' a song he did not write, Jackson goes a step further and offers a straightforward homily of personal commitment: 'I'm starting with the man in the mirror/I'm asking him to change his ways/And no message could have been any clearer/If you wanna make the world a better place/Take a look at yourself and then make a change.

In 2009, Josh Tyrangiel from Time named "Man in the Mirror" among Jackson's ten best songs and "one of Jackson’s most powerful vocals and accessible social statements, not to mention the best-ever use of a gospel choir in a pop song". In 2017, ShortList's Dave Fawbert said the song contained "one of the greatest key changes in music history".

Music video
One of the videos is a notable departure from Jackson's other videos mainly because Jackson himself does not appear in the video (aside from a brief clip toward the end of the video in which he can be seen donning a red jacket and standing in a large crowd). Instead, it featured a montage of footage of various major news events and famous people.

The "Man in the Mirror" music video was directed, produced and edited by Don Wilson. Don and Jackson developed the idea for the video. Larry Stessel who was video commissioner at Epic Records at the time was the executive producer. It features a montage of clips of starving children in Africa, Adolf Hitler, Hitler's American "relatives", George Lincoln Rockwell's American Nazi Party, the Ku Klux Klan, John F. Kennedy and his body being carted away after his assassination, Robert Kennedy and his assassination, Martin Luther King Jr., the Kent State shootings, Mother Teresa, Mahatma Gandhi, start of the Iran hostage crisis, Muammar Gaddafi, Desmond Tutu, Mikhail Gorbachev, John Lennon, Nelson Mandela, Pieter Botha, Lech Wałęsa, the June Struggle in South Korea, Camp David Accords, INF Treaty, homeless people in the U.S., the rescue of Jessica McClure, kids in graduation, and other historical figures.

PCM Stereo music video version of this song was included on Number Ones, Michael Jackson's Vision, the Target version DVD of Bad 25, and the song's video that released on VHS in 1989.

An alternate live video was used as the opening song in Jackson's film Moonwalker with live audio and footage from several live performances of the song during the Bad world tour. The first segment of Moonwalker is a live performance of "Man in the Mirror" during his Bad tour in Europe and America. Clips from Met Center among others can be seen.

Live performances
Jackson performed a live, extended version of the song at the 1988 Grammy Awards, having Garrett, the Winans, and the Andraé Crouch choir perform with him. It was staged by Vincent Paterson. He also performed the song as the ending of the concert during the Bad tour's second leg, and regularly as the ending of the Dangerous World Tour. Live versions of the song are available on the DVDs Live at Wembley July 16, 1988 and Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour. The song was rehearsed for the HIStory World Tour, but was cut from the final set list and was replaced with HIStory as the ending song. On July 16, 1996, Jackson also performed "Man in the Mirror" at the Royal Concert Brunei. The last time this song was performed was on October 21, 2001, at the United We Stand concert that was held in Washington D. C. as a tribute to the victims of September 11 attacks.

The instrumental introduction to the song was played at the end of Jackson's memorial service, while his casket was being carried out; followed by the appearance of a spotlight shining on a microphone on an empty stage, which symbolized his absence. After a closing prayer that incorporated themes from the song, the spotlight remained shining on the lone microphone. The song is also featured as the final number in Michael Jackson's This Is It.

Track listing

 * 12" and CD
 * 1) "Man in the Mirror" (single version) – 5:04
 * 2) "Man in the Mirror" (album version) – 5:19
 * 3) "Man in the Mirror" (instrumental) – 5:19

 * 7"
 * 1) "Man in the Mirror" (single version) – 5:04

 * 7" / 12" picture disc
 * 1) "Man in the Mirror" – 4:55
 * 2) "Man in the Mirror" (instrumental) – 4:55

Chart performance
"Man in the Mirror" was the 4th consecutive number-one single for Jackson's Bad in the United States. The single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 48 on February 6, 1988, and reached number 1 by its 8th week on the chart, on March 26, 1988, where it remained for 2 weeks.

The song originally peaked at number 21 in the United Kingdom in 1988. However, following Jackson's death on June 25, 2009, "Man in the Mirror" re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 11, and the following week the song peaked at number 2, held off by Cascada's "Evacuate the Dancefloor". This song had been at top 100 for 15 consecutive weeks in this chart. In Australia the song originally charted at number 39. After Jackson's death, the song re-entered the chart and reached number 8. It was also the top single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK. It has sold 567,280 copies in the UK as of January 2016.

Personnel

 * Written and composed by Siedah Garrett and Glen Ballard
 * Produced by Quincy Jones
 * Co-produced by Michael Jackson
 * Michael Jackson: lead and background vocals
 * Featuring Siedah Garrett, the Winans and the Andraé Crouch Choir
 * Ollie E. Brown: clap and cymbals
 * Dann Huff: guitar
 * Greg Phillinganes: piano
 * Glen Ballard, Randy Kerber: synthesizers
 * Glen Ballard: drum programming
 * Siedah Garrett: background vocals
 * The Winans: Carvin, Marvin, Michael and Ronald Winans
 * Andraé Crouch and his Choir: Sandra Crouch, Maxi Anderson, Rose Banks, Geary Faggett, Vonciele Faggett, Andrew Gouche, Linda Green, Pattie Howard, Jean Johnson, Perry Morgan, Alfie Silas, Roberto Noriega
 * Rhythm arrangement by Glen Ballard and Quincy Jones
 * Synthesizer arrangement by Glen Ballard, Quincy Jones and Jerry Hey
 * Vocal arrangement by Andraé Crouch

title: Man in the Mirror


text:
Microsoft Student

Microsoft Student is a discontinued application from Microsoft designed to help students in schoolwork and homework. It included Encarta, as well as several student-exclusive tools such as additional Microsoft Office templates (called Learning Essentials) and integration with other Microsoft applications, like Microsoft Word. An example of that is data citations, Encarta dictionary and research Encarta features, which are available in a toolbar in Word.

The product also included Microsoft Math, language and literature resources (book summaries), and research tools (such as access to an online version of Encarta). Student 2006 was the first version of the product and a new version was produced by Microsoft every year until 2009.

Microsoft announced in March 2009 that they will cease to sell Microsoft Student and all editions of the Encarta encyclopedia by June 2009, citing changes in the way people seek information and in the traditional encyclopedia and reference material market as the key reasons behind the termination. Encarta 's closing is widely attributed to competition from the larger online encyclopedia Wikipedia.

title: Microsoft Student


text:
Parkwood, Western Australia

Parkwood is a southeastern suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of Canning.

History
Parkwood was first settled by Henry Willett of Willett & Co, who was granted Canning Location 21 on the Canning River (which included nearby Lynwood) and settled in the area in June 1832. In November 1964, the Shire of Canning proposed the names "Burtsdale" and "Willetton" for Willetton and Lynwood/Parkwood respectively, the name Burtsdale honouring Septimus Burt, who purchased the land in 1882. In August 1965, developers at Lynwood requested the name "Clovercrest Estate", but finally agreed to "Lynwood". The name Willetton was shifted westwards and Lynwood was gazetted in December 1965.

Parkwood became its own suburb in 1993 and Lynwood still exist north of High Road.

Geography
Parkwood is bounded by High Road to the north and northeast, Nicholson Road to the east, Roe Highway to the south and Willeri Drive to the west.

Facilities
Parkwood is a residential suburb with a scattering of parks of varying sizes. It contains Lynwood Senior High School (1974) and Parkwood Primary School (1975, originally called West Lynwood), which contains one of Perth's seven primary-school-level Intensive English Centres. The program is designed to assist refugees, displaced children and others with low English literacy, many of whom have special needs.

Riverton Forum Shopping Centre (previously Stockland Riverton), opened in 1986 as Riverton Forum and was acquired by Stockland in the mid-late 2000s but was handed to Elanor in 2023 and is situated in Parkwood on the southern side of High Road, is near the Canning Arts Centre and the Riverton Leisureplex that are both situated in Riverton on the northern side of High Road. The Riverton Leisureplex is a large facility with sporting, fitness and recreation facilities first opened on 9 November 2001, is operated by the City of Canning and includes the council's largest library. The building was designed by the architectural firm James Christou and Partners.

The southeast is served by a neighbourhood shopping centre on Vellgrove Avenue and community and sports centre, which back onto Whaleback Golf Course, an 18-hole public golf course. The facility first opened on 9 January 1981 on a buffer reserve between the Canning Vale industrial area and the housing developments in Parkwood and Lynwood, and was significantly upgraded in December 2002.

Bus

 * 75 Canning Vale to Elizabeth Quay Bus Station – serves Vellgrove Avenue, Pegley Drive, Lyndale Avenue, Hossack Avenue and Willeri Drive
 * 208 Murdoch Station to Cannington Station – serves Nicholson Road
 * 506 Bull Creek Station to Parkwood – serves Vellgrove Avenue and High Road
 * 507 Bull Creek Station to Cannington Station – serves Hossack Avenue, Torridon Avenue and Vellgrove Avenue
 * 508 Bull Creek Station to Cannington Station – serves High Road

title: Parkwood, Western Australia


text:
Talk:Bernard of Septimania

Untitled
Doubtless the "clean-up" notice was applied by someone who wanted to see finished articles at all the redlinks, but didn't have the inclination to work on them. --Wetman 01:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Seeing what the article was like when I edited it in January (even after I'd amended some of the worst bits), I suspect it was more a matter of the execrable English of the original article. But it's now so improved that I quite concur with the removal of the clean-up tag. PWilkinson 22:09, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup
What's wrong: Srnec 17:37, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
 * unfinished links (like Guillem of Toulouse|Guillem) and missing links
 * inconsistencies of grammar, orthography, language, and linking
 * a general disorderliness which makes the article sloppy and hard to read
 * format of the headings and the opening section
 * redundancy

I cleaned up a little of the inconsistent words a week or so ago. There really wasn't much wrong with it when I saw it. JR Finley Firstly let me say that this is basically very very good stuff, unfortunately the English is a bit foggy. In the spirit of helpfulness let me say this:

831 Revolt 2d paragraph 3d sentance "even it was murdered" at the begining of the parenthetical statement I guess that this is an excuse for some of the action, the murder of their sister, however there is a better way of saying it.
 * There was much more wrong with it and the tag should not have been removed, but I believe I have fixed it up nicely. If not, please improve it. Srnec 19:50, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Title Section
The "Title" section is exceptionally well done and well researched, IMHO. Thank you. I wish more pages had a section like this! 155.213.224.59 (talk) 12:21, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bernard of Septimania


text: User talk:70.34.247.35

title: User talk:70.34.247.35


text:
Lázně Libverda

Lázně Libverda (Bad Liebwerda) is a spa municipality and village in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

Etymology
The original German name Liebenwerde is an abbreviation of "auf dem Lieben werde", which then meant "on a lovely island". The Czech name Libverda was created by transcription.

Geography
Lázně Libverda is located about 16 km northeast of Liberec. It borders Poland in the east.

Lázně Libverda lies in the Jizera Mountains. The highest peak in the municipality and in the whole mountain range is Smrk with 1124 m. Part of the Jizerskohorské bučiny National Nature Reserve is located in the southern part of the municipal territory. The creek Libverdský potok flows through the municipality.

History
The first written mention of Lázně Libverda is from 1381, when it was part of the Frýdlant estate.

Spa
The healing power of the local spring was first mentioned in 1601 in a report, which stated that the healing effects were known by pilgrims already at the end of the 14th century. In 1785, a new big spring was uncovered, and between 1786 and 1818, several other spring were uncovered. In 1952, the last two spa springs, Kyselka and Nový vrt, were drilled.

Transport
There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.

Sights
The spa are an architecturally valuable and comprehensive set of Neoclassical buildings, built from the second half of the 18th century until 1820. They have preserved their form almost unchanged to this day.

Obří sud ("Giant Barrel") is a restaurant located in a real wooden barrel. It was built in 1931. Later, another building was added to the original barrel. The barrel has a length of 14.2 m, a height of 11.4 m and a width of 10.5 m. The rare restaurant is a symbol of Lázně Libverda.

Twin towns – sister cities
Lázně Libverda is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Mirsk, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Świeradów-Zdrój, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Trzebiel, Poland

title: Lázně Libverda


text:
Henning Solberg

Henning Solberg (born 8 January 1973) is a Norwegian rally and rallycross driver. Together with his female co-driver Ilka Minor, he currently competes in the World Rally Championship (WRC) with cars of M-Sport.

Solberg is the older brother of the 2003 FIA World Rally Champion Petter Solberg and through his Swedish spouse Maud the stepfather of Swedish rally driver Pontus Tidemand.

Career

Henning Solberg was born in Askim, but grew up in Spydeberg. Like his younger brother Petter, Henning started his career as a driver in bilcross (Norwegian low-budget rallycross similar to Swedish folkrace and Finnish jokamiehenluokka) and rallycross events, and switched completely to rallying in the mid-1990s. Between 1999 and 2003, he became the Norwegian Rally Champion for five years in a row.

After several events as a privateer in the WRC, Solberg got a contract with Bozian Racing for the 2004 season. At his first event with the Peugeot 206 WRC, the 2004 Swedish Rally, Solberg took his first WRC points by driving to sixth place. This remained his best result and only points-finish of the season.

For the 2005 season, Solberg was signed by the BP Ford World Rally Team, Ford's factory WRC team. He competed in seven rounds alongside Ford's main drivers Toni Gardemeister and Roman Kresta. His best result came at the Cyprus Rally, where he beat team-mates Gardemeister and Kresta to the fourth place. With nine points, Solberg finished 14th in the drivers' world championship.

OMV Peugeot Norway WRT (2006)
In 2006, Solberg partnered Manfred Stohl at the OMV Peugeot Norway W.R.T., and drove the Peugeot 307 WRC in 12 of the 16 WRC rounds plus the non-WRC event Rally Norway. He achieved his first ever podium finish coming in third in the Rally of Turkey. With six other points-scoring positions to his name, he finished eighth in the drivers' standings. Solberg also appeared in an edition of the BBC show Top Gear, where he rallied a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution in a downhill snow track in a race against the Norwegian bobsleigh team at Lillehammer. The Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is 1365 meters long with 16 turns and an 8.5% average grade and Solberg's route was equally challenging. With Top Gear presenter James May as his "co-driver," Solberg made it 1:02:24 in the Evo while the bobsled (with presenter Richard Hammond in it) beat Solberg with a time of 59:68.

Stobart Ford (2007–2011)
For 2007, Solberg was given a full-time drive with the Stobart VK M-Sport Ford Rally Team. He achieved his second podium finish in the World Rally Championship by driving his Ford Focus RS WRC 06 to third place at his home event, the 2007 Rally Norway, when the rally was part of the WRC calendar for the first time. He later took his career third podium finish at the 2007 Rally Japan, and finished sixth in the drivers' championship, ahead of Subaru's Chris Atkinson and his young team-mate Jari-Matti Latvala.

Solberg retained his place at the Stobart team for the 2008 season. In Sweden he was on course for a podium finish before a puncture and a crash on the second day put him out of the points. For México Solberg was nominated to score points for the Munchi's team. He achieved a fifth-place finish despite suffering two punctures. In the series' first-ever Jordan Rally, he recorded his best result of the season by finishing fourth. After five more points-scoring finishes were followed by five rallies with no points, Solberg finished eighth overall in the drivers' standings. At the 2008 Mountain Rally Norway, the first round in the 2008 Norwegian Rally Championship, Henning took first in his class driving a Ford Fiesta ST N3.

In 2009, Solberg had his career-best start to the season. He drove his Focus RS WRC 08 to fourth place both in the season-opening Rally Ireland and the following Rally Norway. After a road accident ended his chances in Cyprus, he finished fifth in Portugal and took his career fourth podium place in Argentina, behind the Citroën duo Sébastien Loeb and Dani Sordo. He achieved another podium in Poland.

In 2010 Solberg was driving Ford Focus RS WRC 08 at first 6 events but at 2010 Rally Bulgaria he drove a Ford Fiesta S2000. At 2010 Rally Finland, 2010 Rallye Deutschland and 2010 Rally Japan he drove Ford Focus RS WRC 08 again. At last two rallies he drove Ford Fiesta S2000. His co-driver is Ilka Minor, but during her injury was his co-driver Stéphane Prévot. Every time Solberg participated in WRC with a S2000 car he scored points and beat a few WRC drivers.

Go Fast Energy World Rally Team (2012)
Henning Solberg competed for the privateer Go Fast Energy World Rally Team along with Matthew Wilson in the first half of the 2012 season. In Monte Carlo, due to various issues, he finished outside the top ten. Henning could retaliate on the next round in Sweden, finishing in 7th place. After that, the whole Go Fast team disappeared as a whole.

2013-present
Solberg made his return to the WRC on the 2013 World Rally Championship's second round, Rally Sweden, after a one-year hiatus. His co-driver was Emil Axelsson, and used M-Sport's Fiesta RS WRC. The car sported a full white design without any sponsors, although they later put up "Can you watch this space?" stickers to cover the space on the sides and the hood. The pairing finished 8th, after a 4m20s time penalty. Solberg stated in a stage-end interview that he's working to find funds for a programme, but nothing is certain yet.

Division 1*

 * ''Division 1 was rebranded as Division 2 in 1997.

title: Henning Solberg


text:
Category:Education in Slovenia

This category collects all articles about education in Slovenia. Please use the respective subcategories.

title: Category:Education in Slovenia


text:
Talk:Manado Malay

Untitled
The original article claimed that Manado Malay and Bahasa Indonesia are mutually unintelligible. This is absolutely untrue. What *is* true is that the Indonesian spoken in the region around Manado has far more Dutch loan words than official Bahasa Indonesia.
 * That's why that language is considered to be a creole (mostly based on Malay grammatically, but with a deep influence from Dutch for its terminology, and now with increasing influence of other Germanic languages including English, due to contacts with the Philippines, but also older influences from Spanish or Portuguese which remain as they are also used/borrowed in English; as well there are some limited influences from other Austronesian and Sinitic languages). Yes there are still Malay/Indonesian words recognizable in common terms, because after all this is the national language and there's lot of contact, so people tend to mix them variably). But such mixing also occurs in modern Indonesian and Malay, so in some meaning there's a sort of "convergence" (meaning that it's not sure that Manado Malay will remain sufficiently distinct for long from Malay/Indonesian and their many local variants: the Indonesian "standard" is also evolving, just like the Malaysian standard), because most people are now becoming bilingual (and may be then, the Indoensian and Malay standards will converge and include their regional terminologies, to become a "hat language", no longer considered a creole -- like what occured in French, English, German or Dutch, after a long period of transition of several centuries and multiple reforms to develop their growing modern standard (which is now quite far from their original "Old" or "Middle" variants which were much more local/regional, so much that these older variants are difficult to read or write correctly by native people speaking the modern standards). In a long term however, the "Manado Malay" will remain as an historic point of evolution, which will be interesting to study for future readers and speakers of newer Indonesian/Malay standards when they will have evolved (if these Malay/Indonesian standards continue being used and not replaced later by another one, more inclusive). verdy_p (talk) 12:59, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manado Malay


text:
Category talk:Electricity

Cfd 14 Aug 2005

 * Consensus was to keep, see cfd log for discussion.  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  01:18, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Electricity


text:
Konnerud

Konnerud is a village located south of the city of Drammen in Buskerud, Norway. Konnerud has a population of 10 314 (2019)

Etymology
One of the local farms gave its name to the entire area. Many of the farms located on Konnerud have names that ends with rud (mean clearing). It is generally believed that the farms located near Konnerud date from 1100 - 1400.

Mining
Many valuable and high quality metals and minerals including silver, copper and lead are located around Konnerudkollen, a small mountain near Konnerud. In the middle 1730s, action was taken to mine these minerals. Due to the lack of prior experience, development had been delayed until Count Wedel-Jarslberg brought in mining experts from Germany. The minerals had to be transported to Svelvik, resulting in expenses which soon exceeded revenues from mining. Many of the fishing lakes of Konnerud, such as Svensedammen and Sagdammen, exist today purely because of this problem, as the mines needed a place nearby to clean the minerals. The mining provided jobs for newcomers to Konnerud, and investors earned considerable profit until the mining was given up on completely in 1790.

Konnerudkollen Hotel
Konnerudkollen Hotel (Norwegian: Konnerudkollen Touristhotel) opened in 1898 and was used as a place where visitors could relax and get away from the stress of city life. The King of Norway, Haakon VII stayed there. It burned down to the ground in the early 1960s. Today, only two buildings remain of the hotel. Remains of the foundation can still be seen clearly. The lot where the hotel once was placed is now used as a place to keep horses.

Konnerud Old Church
In 1737, Konnerud received a church of their own due to the increased population resulting from the mining operation. The oldest church in Konnerud, (Norwegian: Konnerud Gamle Kirke), was originally built in 1760, but quickly deteriorated because of the lack of care. It was rebuilt again in the middle of 1850 and consecrated during 1858. Konnerud Old Church was designed by the architect, Georg Fredrik Wilhelm Hanstein (1820-1862). The altarpiece was painted by Nils Alstrup Dahl (1876-1940).

Konnerud School
In 1746, Count Wedel-Jarslberg decided that he would build a school in Konnerud (Norwegian: Konnerud skole). The main reason was to attract miners with families to the mines. The school burnt down completely in 1933, but was quickly rebuilt again in 1934, which was doubled in size. The school originally had a house meant for the principal, but the idea was cast away after the Second World War when the house was used by Nazi commanders. Due to the growing number of children in Konnerud, the school has had buildings attached to it during 1954, 1981, 1996 and finally in 1997. For a long time, Konnerud School was the largest school in Buskerud. The largest number of students was 750 in 1983–84.

Skiing and sports
Konnerud has hosted the FIS Cross-Country World Cup on several occasions. Over half of Konnerud's inhabitants are members of the Konnerud multi-sport club (Norwegian: Konnerud Idrettslag). The Konnerud multi-sport club is one of the largest sports clubs in Norway. Since 2003 the club has - with great success - arranged World Cup Sprint in cross-country skiing in the center of Drammen. Known for its snowy winters, Konnerud is used as a recreational area for the people living in Drammen who loves skiing in the well prepared tracks leading deep into the forests.

Other sources

 * Haugen, Einar (1967) Norwegian-English Dictionary A Pronouncing and Translating Dictionary of Modern Norwegian (The University of Wisconsin Press) ISBN 978-0-299-03874-8

title: Konnerud