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John Lambie (footballer, born 1941)

John Lambie (19 March 1941 – 10 April 2018) was a Scottish football player and manager. Lambie made over 200 appearances for Falkirk and also had a successful time with St Johnstone.

After retiring as a player, Lambie had four spells as manager of Partick Thistle. In his third spell, he guided them to consecutive promotions and entry to the Scottish Premier League in 2002, while also leading them to the semi-finals of the Scottish Cup in the same year. He also had spells as manager of Hamilton Academical (twice, winning the First Division in 1986) and Falkirk.

Lambie was known for his eccentricity, cigar smoking and fondness for pigeons. An occasion when he instructed for a concussed player to be told he was Pelé and sent back onto the pitch is one of the most famous quotes in British football.

Playing career
Born in Whitburn, Lambie played for his hometown junior team Whitburn before signing for Falkirk in 1958, where he turned professional and switched position from inside forward to full back. In August 1969 he joined St Johnstone, where he played in the October 1969 Scottish League Cup Final (1–0 loss to Celtic) and took part in the Perth-based club's first European campaign (reaching the third round of the 1971–72 UEFA Cup).

Coaching career
After retiring as a player in 1974, Lambie joined the St Johnstone coaching staff, and later moved to Hibernian. He became assistant manager at Hamilton Academical to his former Hibs colleague Bertie Auld, and succeeded him as manager in 1984. He led the Accies to the First Division title in 1985–86 and won away at Rangers in the next season's Scottish Cup.

Partick Thistle
In 1988, Lambie was appointed manager for the first time at Partick Thistle, but a year later returned to Hamilton, before going back to Thistle in 1990. He led Thistle to promotion to the top flight in 1992. Lambie subsequently kept Thistle, in the top flight for a following three seasons, and qualifying for the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup, the first time The Jags had been in European Competition since, the 1970s. Lambie, however, left in 1995 for his former club Falkirk, but quit his post in March 1996. The Herald wrote in 2002 that "It is odd how, despite Lambie playing over 200 games for Falkirk, and scoring a decent haul of goals as a defender, he is only remembered for his disastrous managerial reign".

Lambie returned for a third spell at Partick in 1999, with the club now in the third tier, the club had only just managed to save its existence through the Save the Jags campaign, run by the Thistle fans to save their club, which also attracted support from fans across Scottish Football, on an incredibly low budget, following a brush with potential liquidation, Lambie got them into the Scottish Premier League in 2002 via back-to-back promotions, having rebuilt the team, by signing the likes of Stephen Craigan, Martin Hardie and Danny Lennon, as well as bringing on the youth players, such as Alan Archibald and Kenny Arthur Also in 2002, he guided the club to the Scottish Cup semi-finals, where they lost 3–0 to Rangers at Hampden Park. The final stages of the season were chronicled in the BBC Scotland fly on the wall documentary Grasping the Thistle, known for Lambie's use of profanity.

In January 2003, Lambie announced that he would retire at the end of the season as he did not agree with new regulations in football; he had attempted to sign Nathan Lowndes and Steven Ferguson on loan from English clubs but was barred by FIFA as they had both recently played in Scotland for other teams. On 17 May 2003 he made his farewell in his last game at Firhill Stadium, a 1–0 loss to Dundee United, having already guaranteed survival in the SPL on a considerably lower budget than their competitors. He became a member of the club's board. In 2004, Lambie returned as manager for a fourth spell, this time as Caretaker, briefly around the end of 2004 and beginning of 2005, in a bid to help the team's struggles on the pitch under the new management foil of Derek Whyte and Gerry Britton, who were later dismissed from their roles, as Dick Campbell took over reign at Firhill.

Lambie is remembered for his reaction when Partick player Colin McGlashan suffered a concussion; he ordered his assistant Gerry Collins to "Tell him he's Pelé and get him back on". A book of football quotes titled Tell Him He's Pelé was released in 2010. He is also remembered for taming Chic Charnley, a player sent off 17 times in his career, whom he signed once for Hamilton and three times for Partick.

In 2018, Partick Thistle, renamed the old North Stand at Firhill, after Lambie, which was unofficially opened in April 2018, after a 2–1 win at Firhill over Lambie's former club Hamilton Academical, a result, which Thistle manager Alan Archibald and veteran striker Kris Doolan, who equalised for Thistle in the match, dedicated to Lambie.

Personal life and death
Lambie was known for his love of pigeon racing and cigars. He spoke of the importance of his Christian faith in his life. He was a member and activist for the Scottish National Party but said that he was not a suitable candidate to seek elected office.

He was awarded the position of Honorary Vice President of Partick Thistle F.C. in August 2006. He was inducted into the Halls of Fame at both Falkirk and Partick Thistle.

Lambie had three daughters with his wife Mamie, from whom he was separated at the time of his death at the age of 77 on 10 April 2018.

Manager

 * Hamilton Academical
 * Scottish Football League First Division: 1985–86, 1987–88

 * Partick Thistle
 * Scottish Football League First Division: 1991–92, 2001–02,
 * Scottish Football League Second Division: 2000–01
 * Tennents' Sixes: 1993

title: John Lambie (footballer, born 1941)


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Psyclon Nine

Psyclon Nine is an American band formed in 2000 in San Francisco, CA, known for their unique blend of electronic, industrial metal. Originally, Psyclon Nine's music was Terror EBM with melancholic atmospheres and black metal style vocals. However, the band has since evolved a more industrial metal sound with black metal elements.

Psyclon Nine's main music contributor is lead vocalist, lyricist, multi-instrumentalist, and producer Nero Bellum, who is the only remaining original member. In 2009, Psyclon Nine's fourth album We the Fallen was the band's first and only album to appear on the Billboard Charts.

Early days (1999–2003)
Psyclon Nine began in 1999 when roommates, Marshall Goppert and Josef Heresy created an industrial metal music project called "Defkon Sodomy", influenced by bands like KMFDM and Ministry. The band only performed under that name twice before changing it to Psyclon Nine. The name was a malapropism of Zyklon B, the trade name of hydrogen cyanide used in the gas chambers during the Holocaust. The “Nine” was used because of the number's significance in Aleister Crowley’s numerological writings. Around this time, Marshall and Josef took on their stage names as Josef Heresy, and Nero Bellum. Nero's name was taken from the Roman emperor, and Bellum is Latin for war.

Divine Infekt (2003–2004)
Bellum met with European NoiTekk record label executive Marco Gruhn at a San Francisco Grendel show, and persuaded him to sign Psyclon Nine. The band's first album Divine Infekt was recorded shortly thereafter, produced and engineered by Da5id Din of Informatik. The title track was remixed by Tactical Sekt and the album was released on September 15th, 2003.

Psyclon Nine toured lightly on the west coast in the United States and in Europe. They supported acts such as Dismantled, Nocturne, and Martin Atkins.

Bellum later said in an interview for Vampirefreaks about the Divine Infect remix, "Tactical Sekt's remix left a bad taste in my mouth", and attributed that to Anthony Mathers of Tactical Sekt in which his philosophical beliefs made him not want to collaborate with anyone outside of Psyclon Nine again.

I.N.R.I. (2004–2005)
In 2004, Psyclon Nine signed with the American industrial record label Metropolis and returned to Da5id Din's studio for mixing. INRI was released on April 26, 2005, on both Metropolis and NoiTekk Records. The album featured thirteen tracks of dark, aggressive electro focused on religious themes. The album also featured a cover of the Ministry song “You Know What You Are.”

In 2005, Nero Bellum met Rotny Ford of the industrial metal band Nocturne on the social networking site LiveJournal. The two discussed musical ideas which led to the band using guitars and drums in their live performances. Ford joined the band on keyboard and guitar.

Psyclon Nine made several major live appearances following the album's release, including several dates opening for Mindless Self Indulgence. The tour gained the band a fan base. Psyclon Nine returned to Europe for another tour that included a spot on the world's largest Gothic festival, Wave-Gotik-Treffen. It was around this time when drummer Abby Nex, who was also from Nocturne, joined the band as a live drummer.

Crwn Thy Frnicatr (2005–2008)
At the end of 2005, the band had dropped from their European label NoiTekk and Eric Gottesman quit the band. Gottesman was replaced by members of the industrial rock band Columbine: keyboardist VII and bassist Daniel Columbine.

With the release of Crwn Thy Frnicatr in 2006, Psyclon Nine began to stray from their early aggrotech sound into a darker black metal / industrial metal approach.

In late 2006, the band was featured on the cover of the German Gothic magazine Orkus.

Psyclon Nine went on their first headlining US tour, which eventually led to creative differences between the band and Columbine bassist Daniel. Daniel decided to leave the band at the end of the tour. Abbey Nex replaced him on bass, and Mushroomhead drummer Daniel Fox was used as a live fill-in drummer.

In early 2007, the band opened for Mushroomhead's 'Savor Sorrow' North American tour which gained the band huge attention among the underground extreme metal / industrial dance scene.

In May 2007, Psyclon Nine did a European tour that included a spot again at Wave Gotik Treffen. After the European tour, Rotny Ford decided to leave the band for personal reasons.

In October, the band opened for Mushroomhead again on their second North American tour with Josef on guitar and keys, Abbey on bass, VII on synth, and Daniel on drums.

In early 2008, the band released its first music video of the fan favorite track 'Parasitic' directed by Mushroomhead's Richard Thomas.

After the tour with Mushroomhead, Josef Heresy decided to leave the band to go back to college, and VII left to return to his band Columbine. Daniel Fox continued with Mushroomhead. At this time, Nero Bellum decided to move to Los Angeles, California, to begin writing a new album.

We the Fallen and first hiatus (2008–2010)
Nero Bellum appeared on the internet channel NoisescapeTV in 2008 and said that he was in the studio working on an album entitled We the Fallen, and has decided to stray away from the harsh EBM music style and incorporate a more black metal meets dark ambient sound.

In the fall of 2008, Bellum's mother committed suicide which delayed the album for several months. In early 2009, a MySpace blog Q&A video announced that Rotny Ford had rejoined the band, after reconciling at the funeral for Bellum's mother.

Bellum and Ford began the recording process for We the Fallen that included several guest spots including Brandan Schieppati from Bleeding Through, Gary Zon of Dismantled, Jamison Boaz of Epsilon Zero, and Johan van Roy of Suicide Commando. The album was produced by Jason Miller of Godhead and was released on September 9, 2009. It reached the top Billboard 500 sales and was sold in every Hot Topic store in the United States, which gave the band huge exposure across the nation.

In late 2009, Psyclon Nine embarked on a co-headlined tour with Imperative Reaction. Jon Siren of Mankind is Obsolete became the band's new full-time drummer, and Vlixx Vaden of HellTrash was the keyboardist. The tour was very hard on Bellum, and at the end of the tour he and his then-girlfriend separated.

On October 31, 2011, Psyclon Nine played their first show in over two years in New York City. Psyclon Nine played a few off dates together in 2012.

In 2011, Bellum went on tour with Dismantled as a live guitarist supporting their album The War Inside Me. He joined Dismantled again in 2012 for another tour of the United States with Accessory and Cyanide Regime as support.

In mid 2013, Bellum recorded guest vocals on extreme metal / aggrotech band Dawn of Ashes's new album, Anathema, and was featured in their music video for "Poisoning the Steps of Babel".

In late 2013, Bellum, Eric Gottesman, and Jon Heresy (the original members) played a one night show in San Francisco at the DNA Lounge, a venue that the band frequently performed at when first getting started. They played their first album Divine Infekt in its entirety for the album's 10 year anniversary.

Around the same time, Bellum announced on Psyclon Nine's Facebook page that the band's new album would be titled Order of the Shadow: Act 1, and would be released in November 2013 with the help of the band's Bandcamp website page that allowed fans to donate to help raise funds for the album's production. In return, fans would receive different sorts of merchandise. Chris Vrenna of Marilyn Manson and Nine Inch Nails helped produce a few tracks on the album.

After a long hiatus, Psyclon Nine went on their first US tour in over four years co-headlined with Dawn of Ashes. Both Ford and Siren returned, along with two musicians who were new to the band. They were bassist Merritt Goodwin and keyboardist Glitch Nix.

On November 12, 2013, Psyclon Nine released Order of the Shadow: Act I through Metropolis Records. The album continued the industrial black metal fusion previously heard on We the Fallen, but was heavily influenced by industrial rock, notably Marilyn Manson's Antichrist Superstar and Nine Inch Nails's The Downward Spiral.

In February 2014, the band released a music video for the track 'Use Once and Destroy' on YouTube.

On March 11, 2014, Psyclon Nine released a remix album entitled Disorder : The Shadow Sessions. It featured remixes of Order of the Shadow: Act I from Falling Skies, Die Sektor, Alien Vampires, Dismantled, MissFit Toys, Modern Weapons, and Life Cried.

Second hiatus (2014)
The band had booked a European tour for May 2014, however the merchandise from Bandcamp was never shipped to the people who donated. This left many fans to believe that Nero had stolen from them once again.

After the Bandcamp controversy, Ford and Siren posted on the official Psyclon Nine Facebook page that both had quit the band due to Bellum disappearing again, stating they felt he was irresponsible. Siren left a very apologetic letter to the fans on his personal Facebook page, explaining again how he and Ford had nothing to do with the Bandcamp donations.

On March 30, 2014, Nero Bellum explained on his personal Facebook page that he was in therapy and was unable to send out the Bandcamp orders. Due to Ford and Siren quitting the band and other misunderstandings, Nero felt it was time to put an end to Psyclon Nine, canceling their European tour.

Nero Bellum announced on his personal Facebook page that he wanted to perform one last series of concerts before putting an end to the band. Live band members consisting of guitarist Dorian Starchild, bassist Brent Ashley and drummer Kriz DK joined Psyclon Nine for their final performances.

A remix for the band Limnus entitled "The Devils Are Inside the Walls" (Psyclon Nine remix) was released in August 2014, followed by a second hiatus that lasted 8 months.

Reformed live band and Divine Infekt reissue (2015-2017)
On April 13, 2015, Psyclon Nine created a new official Facebook page and announced a live performance at the L.A. Dark United Underground in Los Angeles, CA on May 2, 2015. The reformed lineup featured Nero Bellum on vocals, Dorian Starchild on rhythm guitar, Ashes on lead guitar, and Raanen Bozzio on drums. They went on to do a few more shows (including a show at Bar Sinister in May 2015), resulting in Psyclon Nine returning as a live band. Bozzio was subsequently replaced by Anthem on electronic drums.

During mid to late 2015 and throughout 2016, Psyclon Nine resolved their former Bandcamp and Kickstarter merchandise controversies by partnering with merchandise management company Black Umbrella based in Las Vegas, NV. Psyclon Nine's Bandcamp page was also given a major graphical update in late 2015 and continues to carry older legacy merchandise along with signed albums and new apparel designs for fans to purchase. All merchandise shipments to fans have returned to a normal schedule of being sent out every Saturday.

On October 30, 2016, Psyclon Nine performed a special live set featuring songs exclusively from Divine Infekt, INRI and Crwn Thy Frnicatr. They played alongside label mates Dawn of Ashes for the first time in 3 years. Nero Bellum was also brought on stage during Dawn of Ashes' song "Poisoning The Steps of Babel" to provide vocals during his verse featured on the album. Bellum also provided backing vocals during the chorus.

On December 22, 2016, via Psyclon Nine's Facebook and Instagram pages, they announced the reissuing of their first album entitled "Divine Infekt". It was remastered by Nero Bellum and was made available in CD format and, for the first time ever, 12" vinyl format. The album was re-released via Metropolis Records on March 24, 2017.

During Spring of 2017, Psyclon Nine embarked on a small West Coast and East Coast tour entitled "Infektion Divinum". The tour was scheduled in tandem with the re-release of the band's first album "Divine Infekt". Psyclon Nine kept this tour exclusively "electronic" based sets in that it was performing songs from the albums "Divine Infekt", "INRI" and "Crwn Thy Frnicatr". This tour also marked the first time the band had ever played in Las Vegas, NV. Support acts for the tour included The Vile Augury, Lennon Midnight and Echo Black.

Icon of the Adversary: Act 2 (2018-present)
Through mid to late 2017 via Nero Bellum's official Facebook page, he hinted of a new album in the works. In early 2018, the new album was officially confirmed and is entitled "Icon of the Adversary: Act 2". The band debuted the first new single from the upcoming album called "Crown of the Worm" during a live performance in Downey, CA on February 24 as well as a teaser via Nero Bellum's official YouTube channel. The new album is tentatively planned for release in August 2018. The band also released a new shirt design via their Bandcamp page based on one of the songs entitled "Beware the Wolves". In June 2018, via the band's official Facebook page, tour dates for "Tour of the Worm" were announced.

Icon Of The Adversary was released on August 24, 2018, through Metropolis Records. Described as, "the epitome of dark metal industrial," with violent, mechanical drums, scathing vocals, punishing guitars and evil electronics. With Bellum saying, "he had to travel to a very dark place to make this album, & it shows."

Band members

 * Nero Bellum – lead vocals, keyboards (1999–present), rhythm guitar (1999–present), lead guitar (1999–2005), bass (1999–2004, 2009–2012, 2014–present)
 * Jon Siren – drums (2009-2014, 2018–present)
 * Dante Phoenix – rhythm guitar (2022–present)
 * Todd Buller – lead guitar, backing vocals (2023–present)

Former members

 * Josef Heresy – keyboards (1999–2008), rhythm guitar (2006–2007), lead guitar (2007–2008)
 * Eric Gottesman – keyboards (2000–2006), bass (2004–2006, 2007)
 * Abbey Nex – drums (2005–2006), bass (2007–2009)
 * Sevin - keyboards (2006–2008, 2017–2018)
 * Daniel Fox – drums (2007–2008)
 * Daniel Columbine – bass (2006)
 * Merritt Goodwin – bass (2012–2013)
 * Brent Ashley – bass (2014)
 * Dorian Starchild – rhythm guitar (2014), lead guitar, bass (2014–2015)
 * Vlixx – keyboards (2009)
 * Glitch NIX – keyboards (2013–2014)
 * Tim Sköld – rhythm guitar, bass (2018–2022)
 * Rotny Ford – lead guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (2005–2007, 2008–2014, 2015–2023), bass (2009–2012, 2015–2023)

Studio albums

 * Divine Infekt (2003)
 * INRI (2005)
 * Crwn Thy Frnicatr (2006)
 * We the Fallen (2009)
 * Order of the Shadow: Act 1 (2013)
 * Icon of the Adversary (2018)
 * Less to Heaven (2022)

Remix albums

 * Disorder : The Shadow Sessions (2014)
 * Versions: Icon Of The Adversary Remixed (2019)

Demos, Singles and EP

 * Divine Infekt Demos (2002) (Demo CD with 3 tracks: "Punished By Genocide", "As You Sleep" and "Tyranny")
 * Use Once and Destroy (2013) (Single)
 * Use Once And Destroy: Alterations : Abstractions : Aberrations [Psalms And Hymns Of Perversion] (2014) (EP with 7 tracks: "Use Once And Destroy [Shadow Sequence - Original Song]", "Use Once And Destroy [Version - Bile]", "Use Once And Destroy [Version - Cyanotic]", "Use Once And Destroy [Version - Dismantled]", "Use Once And Destroy [Version - Human Factors Lab]", "Use Once And Destroy [Version: Aesthetic Perfection]" and "Use Once And Destroy [Case Study - Video Edit]")
 * More To Hell (2023)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Psyclon Nine


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Australia's Naughtiest Home Videos

Australia's Naughtiest Home Videos is an Australian television comedy program that was broadcast on Nine Network on 3 September 1992. It was a one-off special spin-off of Australia's Funniest Home Video Show, depicting videos of sexual situations and other sexually explicit content. The program was notably taken off the air partway through the broadcast of its first and only episode on the order of then-network owner Kerry Packer.

Background
Australia's Funniest Home Video Show premiered in 1990, and it was similar in concept to the 1989 American special (and later series) America's Funniest Home Videos: viewers would send in amateur-shot videos that were unintentionally humorous, and the video deemed the "funniest" by the studio audience was awarded a prize at the end of the show.

The producers often received racy or risque videos that could not be included into the program due to its family-friendly nature, and since the show's policy stated that videos sent in by viewers could not be sent back, videos that did not make it onto the program were still kept by the station. The producers decided to compile these videos into a one-off special aimed at an adult audience.

It differed from Australia's Funniest Home Video Show in more than just the content of the videos. It had a different opening, a modified version of the Australia's Funniest Home Video Show theme song, and a slightly modified set. It was hosted by Australian radio personality Doug Mulray. Due to the difference in content, the show aired at 8:30 PM and was preceded by a short message warning viewers of the show's content, and informing them that it was a one-off special that was different from Australia's Funniest Home Video Show.

Content
The show followed the same structure of Australia's Funniest Home Video Show, in which the videos were shown in short blocks, interspersed with humorous monologues written and delivered by Mulray. Mulray often poked fun at the content of the videos, which he described as "The most sensational collection of home videos since Rodney King nicked out for a pizza recently." Mulray also did humorous voice-overs as the videos were shown, similar to Danny McMaster's on Australia's Funniest Home Video Show.

The content of the videos included shots of animal genitalia, humans or animals humorously engaging in sexual intercourse, people who get accidentally and humorously disrobed, and other situations that often relied on ribald humour, including a child grabbing a kangaroo's testicles, a man lifting a barbell with his penis, a man getting his head squeezed between an erotic dancer's large breasts, an elderly woman removing an envelope from a stripper's undergarments with her dentures, two people running into water with flaming pieces of toilet paper hanging from their buttocks, and two people filmed having sex in the middle of a park.

Cancellation
Kerry Packer, the owner of the Nine Network at the time, was informed of the show's content by friends while having dinner. He tuned in to watch the show, which was being transmitted on TCN-9, and was so offended by its content that he phoned the studio operators and angrily shouted, "Get that shit off the air!". Within minutes, the program was pulled. Viewers saw a Nine Network ident interrupt the program with a speech by Nine continuity announcer John Martin of a "a technical problem" before beginning a rerun of the American sitcom Cheers, which filled the remaining airtime.

The Nine Network bumper occurred at different points in the program in different areas due to time differences: In the eastern states except Victoria, the bumper occurred at the beginning of a scheduled commercial break. In Victoria, the show abruptly switched to Cheers during a commercial break almost 46 minutes into its runtime but without the "technical problem" announcement. In South Australia and the Northern Territory, which are half an hour behind the east coast, it occurred immediately after Mulray's monologue about "bosoms" or after the aforementioned clip of a child grabbing a kangaroo's scrotum. The show was cancelled before it was scheduled to air in Western Australia, which is two hours behind the east coast, so its Nine Network affiliate displayed a graphic of the Nine Network logo on-screen with a brief message mentioning that the special was cancelled before beginning an episode of Cheers. When the show was cancelled, the message went as follows:

We apologise for this interruption. Unfortunately, a technical problem prevents us continuing our scheduled program for the moment. In the meantime, we bring you a brief, alternative program.
 * — John Martin, Nine Network continuity announcer.

Despite Packer's objections to the series' content, it was popular among viewers. The special was recorded to a record studio audience. After the announcement, Nine reportedly received "thousands" of phone calls from viewers, with 65 percent of callers upset with the program being pulled, in contrast to the 60 callers who called in during the show's broadcast, complaining about the show. Viewers were generally bewildered by the sudden interruption and the cut to Cheers, not knowing about the show's cancellation until it was widely reported by the Australian media outlets the next day.

The day after the special aired, a furious Packer showed up at Nine's headquarters and held meetings in which he loudly berated Nine's managers and censors, referring to the program as "disgusting and offensive shit." After these meetings, Mulray and many of the staff who were involved with the creation of the special were fired, with Mulray also being banned for life from Channel Nine. Kris Noble, the network's drama and entertainment chief, hid the original tape in the archives of the network's Willoughby studio.

On the same day, the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal announced an investigation into the series for possible broadcast standard violations, adding that more than 150 complaints regarding its controversial content were submitted and 25 percent of its callers objected to the program being shortened. Eventually, the ABT found that the program had not breached these standards and had been correctly rated as AO.

On his radio show the next day, Mulray commented, "I am the first man in Australian history to be pulled off by Kerry Packer."

Mulray returned to Nine to be a judge on the 2005 series StarStruck shortly after Packer's death on 26 December of that year.

Rebroadcast
In 2001, the original tape of the show hidden by Noble was located by Nine's head of factual television.

It was aired in its entirety at 8:30 PM on 28 August 2008, one week short of sixteen years after the original special, and at the same time. Promoted as "the show Kerry Packer didn't want you to see", it featured commentary from Bert Newton; Packer had died in December 2005, and Mulray refused Nine's request to host the special.

The special was interrupted by the Channel Nine bumper and "technical difficulties" announcement 36 minutes in, cutting to the Cheers opening credits before resuming to a monologue by Newton, who referenced the incident by saying "Instead, they got that announcement of 'technical difficulties' which you heard, which was true...it's TECHNICALLY very DIFFICULT to keep a show on air...with Mr. Packer on the phone YELLING at you!" The latter part of the special that never aired was then broadcast. However the re-airing was censored, with portions of Mulray's monologues (including jibes about "fat kids") being cut from the special as they were deemed to be "no longer acceptable".

title: Australia's Naughtiest Home Videos


text:
Sequence of tenses

The sequence of tenses (known in Latin as consecutio temporum, and also known as agreement of tenses, succession of tenses and tense harmony) is a set of grammatical rules of a particular language, governing the agreement between the tenses of verbs in related clauses or sentences.

A typical context in which rules of sequence of tenses apply is that of indirect speech. If, at some past time, someone spoke a sentence in a particular tense (say the present tense), and that act of speaking is now being reported, the tense used in the clause that corresponds to the words spoken may or may not be the same as the tense that was used by the original speaker. In some languages the tense tends to be "shifted back", so that what was originally spoken in the present tense is reported using the past tense (since what was in the present at the time of the original sentence is in the past relative to the time of reporting). English is one of the languages in which this often occurs. For example, if someone said "I need a drink", this may be reported in the form "She said she needed a drink", with the tense of the verb need changed from present to past.

The "shifting back" of tense as described in the previous paragraph may be called backshifting or an attracted sequence of tenses. In languages and contexts where such a shift does not occur, there may be said by contrast to be a natural sequence.

English
In English, an attracted sequence of tenses (backshifting) is often used in indirect speech and similar contexts. The attracted sequence can be summarized as follows: If the main verb of a sentence is in the past tense, then other verbs must also express a past viewpoint, except when a general truth is being expressed.

For example, if Batman spoke the following words:
 * I need a special key for the Batmobile.

the speech act may be reported using the following words:
 * Batman said that he needed a special key for the Batmobile.

with the present tense need replaced by the past tense needed, since the main verb of saying (said) is in the past tense. Further examples can be found at.

In some cases, though, a natural sequence of tenses is more appropriate. Here the tense of a verb in a subordinate clause is not determined by the tense of the verb in the superordinate clause, but is determined simply according to the sense of the clause taken apart from the rest of the sentence. The rule for writers following the natural sequence of tenses can be expressed as follows: imagine yourself at the point in time denoted by the main verb, and use the tense for the subordinate verb that you would have used at that time. Thus the tense used in the indirect speech remains the same as it was in the words as originally spoken. This is normal when the main verb is in the present or future tense (as opposed to past tense or conditional mood). For example:
 * Batman says that he needs a special key for the Batmobile. (main verb in present tense)
 * Batman has said that he needs a special key for the Batmobile. (main verb in present perfect, not past tense, so no backshifting)

However it is also possible to use the natural sequence even if the main verb is past or conditional:
 * Batman said that he needs a special key for the Batmobile.

This option is more likely to be used when the circumstance being expressed remains equally true now as it did when the speech act took place, and especially if the person reporting the words agrees that they are true or valid.

Debate amongst grammarians over the appropriateness of the two types of sequence of tenses goes back as far as the 18th century. Use of the attracted sequence sometimes leads to additional problems when the grammatical construction of indirect speech includes an incorporated quotation – that is, when an attempt is made (though using indirect rather than direct speech) to report the words actually spoken. For example, if a minister spoke the words "Such a policy is not without its drawbacks", then a writer may attempt to report this as follows:
 * The minister admitted that "such a policy is not without its drawbacks".

using quotation marks to denote that that portion of the sentence represents the minister's actual words. This, however, requires use of the natural sequence of tenses, which might not be felt appropriate in the given situation. There are various possible solutions to this problem:
 * Rearrange the sentence so that the incorporated quotations become set off, possibly as direct speech:
 * The minister did not claim perfection: "such a policy is not without its drawbacks", he admitted.

 * Cut down the incorporated quotation to exclude the verb:
 * The minister admitted that such a policy was "not without its drawbacks".

 * Use square brackets to indicate where the words deviate from those actually spoken:
 * The minister admitted that "such a policy [was] not without its drawbacks".

Similar problems arise from the other changes that typically occur in indirect speech, such as changes of pronoun (depending on speaker), etc.

For more details, see the article on indirect speech, and also the article on uses of English verb forms, particularly the sections on indirect speech and dependent clauses.

Russian
Indirect speech in Russian and other Slavic languages generally uses the natural sequence of tenses (there is no backshifting). For examples, see.

Latin
In Latin, the sequence of tenses rule affects dependent verbs in the subjunctive mood, mainly in indirect questions, indirect commands, and purpose clauses. If the main verb is in one of the non-past tenses, the subordinate verb is usually in the present or perfect subjunctive (primary sequence); if the main verb is in one of the past tenses, the subordinate verb is usually in the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive (historic sequence). For example, when the subordinate verb refers to a time contemporaneous or later than the time of the main verb, the present or imperfect subjunctive is used:
 * quaerit ubi sit (present subjunctive)
 * 'he asks where it is'

 * quaesivit ubi esset (imperfect subjunctive)
 * 'he asked where it was'

When the subordinate verb refers to a time earlier than that of the main verb, the perfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used:
 * nescio quid fecerit (perfect subjunctive)
 * 'I don't know what he did/has done/was doing'

 * nesciebam quid fecisset (pluperfect subjunctive)
 * 'I didn't know what he had done/had been doing'

If the main verb is a historic present (i.e. a present tense with a past meaning), either primary or historic sequence may be used, or in a long sentence even a mixture of the two:
 * legatos mittunt qui pacem petant/peterent (present or imperfect subjunctive)
 * 'they send (i.e. sent) ambassadors to ask for peace'

If the main verb is a perfect tense, it is usually followed by the historic sequence, but if the meaning is equivalent to an English present perfect (i.e. "have done"), it may be followed by primary sequence:

 * me praemisit haec ut nuntiem (present subjunctive)
 * 'he has sent me ahead to announce these things'

There are frequent exceptions to the sequence of tenses rule (see Latin tenses). For example, verbs in conditional clauses do not usually follow the rule:

 * dic quid facturus fueris si censor fuisses ? (perfect subjunctive + pluperfect subjunctive)
 * 'tell us what you would have done if you had been censor'

Consecutive clauses also do not always follow the rule:
 * Siciliam ita vexavit ut restitui non possit (present subjunctive)
 * 'he harassed Sicily so much (during his governorship) that it cannot be restored'

When the sentence is an indirect statement (which uses the accusative and infinitive construction in Latin), the main verb of the reported sentence is an infinitive which remains unchanged, no matter what the tense of the main verb. The present infinitive is used for a situation contemporaneous with the main verb:
 * dicit hostes adesse (present infinitive)
 * 'he says the enemy are present'

 * dixit hostes adesse (present infinitive)
 * 'he said the enemy were present'

The perfect infinitive is used for an event or situation earlier than the time of the main verb:
 * dicit Caesarem venisse (perfect infinitive)
 * 'he says that Caesar has come'

 * dixit Caesarem venisse (perfect infinitive)
 * 'he said that Caesar had come'

However, subordinate clauses in an indirect statement use the subjunctive mood, which is subject to the sequence of tenses rule:
 * locum ubi esset facile inventūrōs (Nepos)
 * '(he said) they would easily find the place where he was '

Greek
In Classical Greek, the tenses in subordinate clauses must correspond to those in the superordinate clauses governing them.

A principal tense (present tense, future tense, or perfect tense) in the superordinate clause is followed by a principal tense in the indicative mood or subjunctive mood. Such a principal tense is followed by:
 * the present tense when the action of the subordinate verb refers to the same time as the superordinate verb
 * the perfect when the action of the subordinate verb has been completed before the time of the superordinate verb
 * the future tense when the action of the subordinate verb is in the future of the time of the superordinate verb

A historical tense (imperfect, pluperfect, or aorist) in the superordinate clause is followed by a historical tense in the indicative mood or optative mood. Such a historic tense is followed by:
 * the imperfect when the action of the subordinate verb refers to the same time as the superordinate verb
 * the pluperfect when the action of the subordinate verb has been completed before the time of the superordinate verb
 * the aorist
 * the future tense in the optative mood when the action of the subordinate verb is in the future of the time of the superordinate verb.

Italian
The set of rules comprising the sequence of tenses (and modes of the main and subordinate clauses) in the Italian language corresponds in general to the "consecutio temporum" of the Latin grammar.

To determine the form of the verb in the subordinate clause it is necessary to know:

 * 1) if the verb in the main clause is in the indicative or subjunctive mood,
 * 2) if the verb in the main clause is in the present or past tense, and
 * 3) if the verb in the subordinate clause expresses an action which unfolds before, at the same time, or after the action indicated in the main clause.

The various combinations are summarized in four tables (see below).

The verb of the main clause is a past tense
If the verb of the main clause is in the past (simple past, imperfect, or past perfect), the verbal forms of the subordinate clause refer to the moment indicated in the main clause and adapt accordingly. The present in the subordinate clase will transform to imperfect, the past will become past perfect, etc.:

Sequence of tenses of the subjunctive
Despite the use of the subjunctive, the verbal tenses follow rules similar to those of the Indicative mood. The Present Indicative of the subordinate clause will be substituted with the subjunctive present; similarly, the present perfect will be substituted with its correspondent form, that of the past subjunctive and the Past perfect tense with the subjunctive past perfect.

The verb of the main clause is a past tense
If the verb of the main clause is in the past tense, the verbal forms of the subordinate will be adapted to that of the main clause:

title: Sequence of tenses


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cencered comic

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 04:13, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Cencered comic
Vanity page (and badly written). Eddie.willers 01:06, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Only one part of a non-notable blog. Delete. Al 01:33, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - hasn't been around long enough to be notable. Rob Church Talk 02:28, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for the reasons above IINAG 18:16, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Steve Casburn 21:06, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not interesting, badly written. Brequinda 10:37, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Rock-cut architecture

Rock-cut architecture is the creation of structures, buildings, and sculptures by excavating solid rock where it naturally occurs. Intensely laborious when using ancient tools and methods, rock-cut architecture was presumably combined with quarrying the rock for use elsewhere. In India and China, the terms cave and cavern are often applied to this form of man-made architecture, but caves and caverns that began in natural form are not considered to be rock-cut architecture even if extensively modified. Although rock-cut structures differ from traditionally built structures in many ways, many rock-cut structures are made to replicate the facade or interior of traditional architectural forms. Interiors were usually carved out by starting at the roof of the planned space and then working downward. This technique prevents stones falling on workers below. The three main uses of rock-cut architecture were temples (like those in India), tombs, and cave dwellings (like those in Cappadocia).

A related term, monolithic architecture, refers to free-standing structures made of a single piece of material. Monolithic architecture is often rock-cut, as in the Ellora Kailasanathar Temple, but monolithic structures may also be cast of artificial material, such as concrete. The largest monolithic statue in the world, the Gommateshwara statue of Bahubali at Shravanabelagola in the Indian state of Karnataka, was carved in 983 CE from a single block of granite.

Some rock-cut architecture is excavated entirely in chambers under the surface of relatively level rock. This is especially common in rock-cut tombs. Excavations instead made into the side of a cliff or steep slope can feature an impressive facade, as in Lycian tombs, Petra, and the Ajanta Caves. The most laborious and imposing rock-cut architecture is the excavation of tall free-standing monolithic structures entirely below the surface level of the surrounding rock, in a large excavated hole around the structure. Ellora in India and the Zagwe-built Lalibela in Ethiopia provide some of the most famous examples of such structures. Many parts of the world feature rock reliefs, relief sculptures carved into rock faces, often outside caves.

History
Ancient monuments of rock-cut architecture are widespread in several regions of world. A small number of Neolithic tombs in Europe, such as the c. 3,000 B.C. Dwarfie Stane on the Orkney island of Hoy, were cut directly from the rock, rather than constructed from stone blocks.

Alteration of naturally formed caverns, although distinct from completely carved structures in the strict sense, date back to the neolithic period on several Mediterranean islands e.g. Malta (Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni), Sardinia (Anghelu Ruju, built between 3,000 and 1,500 BCE) and others.

During the Bronze Age, Nubian ancestors of the Kingdom of Kush built speos between 3700 and 3250 BCE. This greatly influenced the architecture of the New kingdom. Large-scale rock-cut structures were built in Ancient Egypt. Among these monuments was the Great Temple of Ramesses II, known as Abu Simbel, located along the Nile in Nubia, near the borders of Sudan about 300 kilometers from Aswan in Egypt. It dates from about the 19th Dynasty (ca. 1280 BCE), and consists of a monumentally scaled facade carved out of the cliff and a set of interior chambers that form its sanctuary.

In the 8th century, the Phrygians started some of the earliest rock-cut monuments, such as the Midas monument (700 BCE), dedicated to the famous Phrygian king Midas.

In the 5th century BCE, the Lycians, who inhabited southern Anatolia (now Turkey) built hundreds of rock-cut tombs of a similar type, but smaller in scale. Excellent examples are to be found near Dalyan, a town in Muğla Province, along the sheer cliffs that faces a river. Since these served as tombs rather than as religious sites, the interiors were usually small and unassuming. The ancient Etruscans of central Italy also left an important legacy of rock-cut architecture, mostly tombs, as those near the cities of Tarquinia and Vulci. The creation of rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel began in the 8th-century BCE and continued through the Byzantine period. The Tomb of Absalom was constructed in the 1st century CE in the Kidron Valley of Jerusalem.

Rock-cut architecture occupies a particularly important place in the history of Indian Architecture. The earliest instances of Indian rock-cut architecture, the Barabar caves, date from about the 3rd to the 2nd century BCE. They were built by the Buddhist monks and consisted mostly of multi-storey buildings carved into the mountain face to contain living and sleeping quarters, kitchens, and monastic spaces. Some of these monastic caves had shrines in them to the Buddha, bodhisattvas and saints. As time progressed, the interiors became more elaborate and systematized; surfaces were often decorated with paintings, such as those at Ajanta. At the beginning of the 7th century Hindu rock-cut temples began to be constructed at Ellora. Unlike most previous examples of rock-cut architecture which consisted of a facade plus an interior, these temples were complete three-dimensional buildings created by carving away the hillside. They required several generations of planning and coordination to complete. Other major examples of rock-cut architecture in India are at Ajanta and Pataleshwar.

Artisans in the Nabataean city of Petra, in modern Jordan, extended the Western Asian tradition, carving their temples and tombs into the yellowish-orange rock that defines the canyons and gullies of the region. These structures, dating from 1st century BCE to about 2nd century CE, are particularly important in the history of architecture given their experimental forms. Here too, because the structures served as tombs, the interiors were rather perfunctory. In Petra one even finds a theater where the seats are cut out of the rock.

The technological skills associated with making these complex structures moved into China along the trade routes. The Longmen Grottoes, the Mogao Caves, and the Yungang Grottoes consist of hundreds of caves many with statues of Buddha in them. Most were built between 460 and 525 CE. There are extensive rock-cut buildings, including houses and churches in Cappadocia, Turkey. They were built over a span of hundreds of years prior to the 5th century CE. Emphasis here was more on the interiors than the exteriors.

Another extensive site of rock-cut architecture is in Lalibela, a town in northern Ethiopia. The area contains numerous Orthodox churches in three dimensions, as at Ellora, that were carved out of the rock. These structures, which date from the 12th and 13th centuries CE and which are the last significant examples of this architectural form, ranks as among the most magnificent examples of rock-cut architecture in the world, with both interior and exterior brought to fruition.

Art
Ancient rock cut tombs, temples and monasteries often have been adorned with frescoes and reliefs. The high resistance of natural cliff, skilled use of plaster and constant microclimate often have helped to preserve this art in better condition than in conventional buildings. Such exceptional examples are the ancient and early medieval frescoes in such locations as Bamyan Caves in Afghanistan with the most ancient known oil paintings in the world from 8th century CE, Ajanta Caves in India with well preserved tempera paintings from 2nd century BCE, Christian frescoes on Churches of Göreme, Turkey and numerous other monuments in Asia, Europe and Africa.

Chronology

 * Egyptian rock-cut tombs (1450 BCE, Thebes, Egypt).
 * Hittite rock-cut sanctuaries (1250 BCE).
 * Phrygian rock-cut tombs such as the Midas monument (700 BCE).
 * Etruscan rock-cut tombs, Etruria, Italy (500 BCE).
 * Tomb of Darius I (Naqsh-e Rostam (480 BCE).
 * Lycian rock-cut tombs (4th century BCE).
 * Barabar caves, India (250 BCE).
 * Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, India (2nd century BCE).
 * Buddhist caves, Western Ghats, India (100 BCE).
 * Petra, Jordan (100 CE).
 * Buddhist caves, Northwestern India (100 CE).
 * Houses, Tiermes, Spain (100 CE)
 * Buddhist caves, Dunhuang, China (400 CE).
 * Buddhist caves, Ajanta, India (480 CE).
 * Hindu temple, Elephanta, India (600 CE).
 * Hindu temple, Southern India (650–750 CE).
 * Hindu, Buddhist and Jain caves, Ellora, India (700–900 CE).
 * Churches, Cappadoccia, Turkey (900 CE).
 * Churches, Lalibela, Ethiopia (1000 CE).

title: Rock-cut architecture


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matlab problems

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 04:13, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Matlab problems
POV, the article itself is well enough written, but a page on the problems of MATLAB cannot be neutral.Zeimusu | Talk page 01:06, 2005 August 27 (UTC)

 * Delete I already merged it with MATLAB Ryan Norton T 01:08, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That means it must be Kept. Gazpacho 01:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I did not quite understand your logic Gazpacho... Manik Raina 15:09, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete : Would be quite okay if merged with Matlab, which is done, so this page can be deleted Manik Raina 15:09, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If a merge has taken place, the only allowable "deletion" is actually to redirect to Matlab so that the history is preserved. ESkog 20:03, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No, this is simply not true and I wish people would stop repeating this myth. There is a perfectly straightforward procedure for merging histories, available to any sysop, that allows a GFDL-compliant "merge and delete" to be performed. It is discouraged only because it is laborious. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:37, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Frisch–Peierls memorandum

The Frisch–Peierls memorandum was the first technical exposition of a practical nuclear weapon. It was written by expatriate German-Jewish physicists Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls in March 1940 while they were both working for Mark Oliphant at the University of Birmingham in Britain during World War II.

The memorandum contained the first calculations about the size of the critical mass of fissile material needed for an atomic bomb. It revealed that the amount required might be small enough to incorporate into a bomb that could be delivered by air. It also anticipated the strategic and moral implications of nuclear weapons.

It helped send both Britain and America down a path which led to the MAUD Committee, the Tube Alloys project, the Manhattan Project, and ultimately the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Rudolf Peierls
Rudolf Peierls was born in Berlin in 1907. He studied physics at the University of Berlin, at the University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld, the University of Leipzig under Werner Heisenberg, and ETH Zurich under Wolfgang Pauli. After receiving his DPhil from Leipzig in 1929, he became an assistant to Pauli in Zurich. In 1932, he was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship, which he used to study in Rome under Enrico Fermi, and then at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge under Ralph H. Fowler. Due to Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, he elected to not return home in 1933, but to remain in Britain. He worked with Hans Bethe at the University of Manchester, then at the Mond Laboratory at Cambridge. In 1937, Mark Oliphant, an Australian and newly appointed professor of physics at the University of Birmingham, recruited him for a new chair there in applied mathematics.

Otto Frisch
Otto Robert Frisch was born in Vienna in 1904. He studied physics at the University of Vienna, from which he received his DPhil in 1926. He worked at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin until 1930, when he  obtained a position at the University of Hamburg under the Nobel Prize-winning scientist Otto Stern. As non-Aryans, Stern and Frisch were dismissed after Hitler's accession. Stern found Frisch a position in Britain with Patrick Blackett at Birkbeck College at the University of London, and a grant from the Academic Assistance Council. He followed this with a five-year stint at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen with Niels Bohr where he increasingly specialised in nuclear physics, particularly the physics of neutrons, which had been discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. Oliphant invited Frisch to come to the University of Birmingham in the summer of 1939. When the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 prevented his return to Copenhagen, Oliphant found him a position at the University of Birmingham.

Nuclear fission
During the Christmas holiday in 1938, Frisch visited his aunt Lise Meitner in Kungälv in Sweden, where she had relocated after Germany's annexation of Austria. While there she received the news that her former colleagues Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Berlin had discovered that the collision of a neutron with a uranium nucleus produced barium as one of its byproducts. Frisch and Meitner hypothesized that the uranium nucleus had split in two. They estimated the energy released at around 200 MeV, and Frisch appropriated the term fission from biology to describe it. Hahn's paper described the experiment and the finding of the barium byproduct. Meitner and Frisch's paper, dated 16 January 1939, explained the physics behind the phenomenon. Frisch went back to Copenhagen, where he was able to isolate the fragments produced by fission reactions. Frisch later recalled that: "In all this excitement we had missed the most important point: the chain reaction. It was Christian Møller, a Danish colleague, who first suggested to me that the fission fragments (the two freshly formed nuclei) might contain enough surplus energy each to eject a neutron or two; each of these might cause another fission and generate more neutrons... So from Møller's remark the exciting vision arose that by assembling enough pure uranium (with appropriate care!) one might start a controlled chain reaction and liberate nuclear energy on a scale that really mattered."

The news of the discovery of fission was brought to America by Bohr in January 1939. Bohr and John A. Wheeler set to work applying the liquid drop model developed by Bohr and Fritz Kalckar to explain the mechanism of nuclear fission. George Placzek, who was skeptical about the whole idea of fission, challenged Bohr to explain why uranium seemed to fission with both very fast and very slow neutrons. Bohr had an epiphany that the fission at low energies was due to the uranium-235 isotope, while at high energies it was due mainly to the more abundant uranium-238 isotope. The former makes up just 0.7% of natural uranium; while the latter accounts for 99.3%. On 16 April, Bohr, Placzek, Wheeler, Eugene Wigner and Leon Rosenfeld discussed whether it would be possible to use a nuclear chain reaction to make an atomic bomb, and concluded that it was not. Bohr observed that "It would take the entire efforts of a country to make a bomb."

British response
In Britain, scientists also considered whether an atomic bomb was practical. At the University of Liverpool, Chadwick and the Polish refugee scientist Joseph Rotblat tackled the problem, but their calculations were inconclusive. At Cambridge, Nobel Prize in Physics laureates George Paget Thomson and William Lawrence Bragg wanted the government to take urgent action to acquire uranium ore to keep it out of German hands. The Secretary of the Committee for Imperial Defence, Major General Hastings Ismay asked Sir Henry Tizard for an opinion. Tizard was sceptical of the likelihood of an atomic bomb being developed, reckoning the odds of success at 100,000 to 1.

Even at such long odds, the danger was sufficiently great to be taken seriously. It was not considered worthwhile to immediately acquire the uranium, but Tizard's Committee on the Scientific Survey of Air Defence was directed to conduct research into the feasibility of atomic bombs. Thomson, at Imperial College London, and Oliphant, at the University of Birmingham, were tasked with carrying out a series of experiments on uranium. By February 1940, Thomson's team had failed to create a chain reaction in natural uranium, and he had decided that it was not worth pursuing.

Memorandum
As enemy aliens, at least until Peierls' naturalisation papers came through in February 1940, Frisch and Peierls were excluded from the most important—and secret—war work being done by Oliphant's team at Birmingham, that on radar. However, Oliphant would ask Peierls a theoretical question about, say, the solution to Maxwell's equations in a hemispheric cavity. Peierls knew that questions of this nature related to the work on microwave radar, and Oliphant was doubtless aware of this too, but the façade of secrecy was maintained. The nuclear investigation was not yet secret, so Frisch was available to work on it. He began experimenting with uranium enrichment through thermal diffusion, a process first demonstrated in Germany by Klaus Clusius. Progress was slow; the required equipment was not available, and the radar project had first call on the available resources.

Francis Perrin had defined a critical mass of uranium to be the smallest amount that could sustain a chain reaction, and had calculated the critical mass of uranium oxide (not metal) to be about 40 t. He reckoned that if a neutron reflector were placed around it of materials such as iron or lead which did not greatly impede fast neutrons, this might be reduced to 12 t. Peierls also attempted to simplify the problem by using the fast neutrons produced by fission, thus omitting consideration of moderator. He then calculated the critical mass of a sphere of uranium metal in a theoretical paper written in 1939. He later recalled that the size of the critical mass "was of the order of tons. It therefore appeared to me that the paper had no relevance to a nuclear weapon."

However, Bohr had argued that the uranium-235 isotope was far more likely to capture neutrons, so fissile even using neutrons of low energy. Frisch wondered what would happen if he were able to produce a sphere of pure uranium-235. When he used Peierls' formula to calculate this, he received a startling answer. Peierls later observed that: "Any competent nuclear physicist would have come out with very similar answers to ours if he had been asked: "What is the likely fission cross-section of pure U235? What critical size for separated U235 follows from this? What will be the explosive power of such a mass? How much industrial effort would be needed to do the separation? And would the military value be worthwhile?" The only unusual thing that Frisch and I did at this point was ask those questions."

Realising the sensitive nature of the document, Peierls typed it himself. One carbon copy was made. Today the original is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University.

Non-technical
The memorandum was written in two parts. The first was an elegant and comprehensive outline of the implications of their calculations. It included a proposal that the best defence against such a weapon would be to develop one before Germany did so. In a few short pages these two scientists anticipated the policies of deterrence which would shape Cold War geopolitics. The second was an explanation of the science supporting their conclusions. The memorandum opens with: "The attached detailed report concerns the possibility of constructing a "super-bomb" which utilises the energy stored in atomic nuclei as a source of energy. The energy liberated in the explosion of such a super-bomb is about the same as that produced by the explosion of 1,000 tons of dynamite. This energy is liberated in a small volume, in which it will, for an instant, produce a temperature comparable to that in the interior of the sun. The blast from such an explosion would destroy life in a wide area. The size of this area is difficult to estimate, but it will probably cover the centre of a big city.

In addition, some part of the energy set free by the bomb goes to produce radioactive substances, and these will emit very powerful and dangerous radiations. The effects of these radiations is greatest immediately after the explosion, but it decays only gradually and even for days after the explosion any person entering the affected area will be killed.

Some of this radioactivity will be carried along with the wind and will spread the contamination; several miles downwind this may kill people."

Calculations
Peierls' starting point was a paper by Francis Perrin, in which he had derived critical mass calculations in terms of nuclear constants. The physicists considered a sphere, which has the minimum surface area for a given volume. A critical mass occurs when the number of neutrons produced equals the number that escape. Perrin assumed that the mean free path was much larger than the radius of the sphere. Peierls did not agree, and commenced his own calculations. A key insight came from Frisch, who wondered what would happen if, instead of natural uranium, a sphere of the uranium-235 isotope was used. By definition, the mean free path is:
 * $$\ell = 1/\sigma n ,$$

where $ℓ$ is the mean free path, $n$ is the number of target particles per unit volume, and $σ$ is the effective fission cross section area. Peierls did not perform the calculation, leaving this task to Frisch. The chemistry of uranium was not well known at the time, and Frisch believed that its density was 15 g/cm3; the true value is approximately 19 g/cm3. The fission cross section value was more problematic. For this, Frisch turned to a 1939 Nature article by L. A. Goldstein, A. Rogozinski and R. J. Walen at the Radium Institute in Paris, who gave a value of $11.2 cm2$. This was too large by an order of magnitude; a modern value is about $1.24 cm2$. Using the values he had, Frisch calculated the value of the mean free path for uranium-235 using the Avogadro constant:
 * $$\ell = 1 / (1 \times 10^{-23}\ \mathrm{cm^{2}})(15\ \mathrm{g\ cm^{-3}})(6 \times 10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}} / 235\ \mathrm{g\ mol^{-1}}) = 235/90\ \mathrm{cm} = 2.6\ \mathrm{cm} .$$

Peierls and Frisch claimed that the critical radius was about 0.8 times the mean free path. From this, Frisch could calculate the volume of the sphere from the well-known equation:
 * $$V = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 = \frac{4}{3}\pi (2.6 \times 0.8\ \mathrm{cm})^3 \approx 38\ \mathrm{cm^3} .$$

The mass then comes out to be:
 * $$38\ \mathrm{cm^3} \times 15 \mathrm{g\ cm^{-3}} = 570\ \mathrm{g} \approx 600\ \mathrm{g} .$$

Frisch and Peierls then considered the speed of a uranium fission chain reaction, exponential in nature, where "τ is the time required for the neutron density to multiply by a factor e." The available data was very approximate, but their central point – that a bomb was possible using fast (~2 MeV) neutrons – remains. Jeremy Bernstein remarked of this effort: "Let me make the same point by asking a somewhat different question but using the correct numbers. How much time does it take to fission a kilogram of 235U using fast neutrons?" Using modern values he found that to be "equal to about a microsecond, which makes the point about the rapidity of fission with fact [sic] neutrons".

In the original memorandum, if the neutrons had velocities of 109 cm/s, then they would have an average time between fission collisions of $2.6 s$. Therefore, Bernstein's time for a kilogram of uranium-235 to fission is found by solving:
 * $$1000 \times (6 \times 10^{23} /\ 235) = e ^ {t / \tau } ,$$

where $τ$ was the mean time for fission neutron density to increase by e. Given the doubling time
 * $$t^{1/2} = 2.6 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{s} ,$$

this implied a mean fission exponential folding time of
 * $$\tau = t^{1/2} / ln(2) \approx 4.0 \times 10^{-9}\ \mathrm{s} .$$

This led to a calculation of the energy released, which Peierls reckoned as approximately:
 * $$ E = 0.2 M (r^2/\tau^2) (\sqrt {(r / r_0 )} - 1) ,$$

where M is the mass of the sphere, r is the radius, and r0 is the critical mass radius.

The conclusion drawn was that a few kilograms would explode with the energy of thousands of tons of dynamite.

Influence
The memorandum was given to Oliphant, who passed it on to Tizard in his capacity as the chairman of the Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Warfare (CSSAW). He in turn passed it to Thomson, the chairman of the committee to which the CSSAW had delegated responsibility for uranium research. Thomson's committee was about to disband. It had studied nuclear reactions in uranium, and the use of graphite as a neutron moderator in a nuclear reactor, but its results had been negative, and it had concluded that the rate of capture of neutrons by the graphite was too great to make such a reactor a practical proposition. The Frisch–Peierls memorandum caused Thomson to reconsider. After discussions between Cockcroft, Oliphant and Thomson, CSSAW created the MAUD Committee to investigate further. As enemy aliens, Peierls and Frisch were initially excluded from its deliberations, but they were later added to its technical subcommittee.

The research from the MAUD committee was compiled in two reports, commonly known as the MAUD reports in July 1941. The first report, "Use of Uranium for a Bomb", discussed the feasibility of creating a super-bomb from uranium, which they now thought to be real. The second, "Use of Uranium as a Source of Power" discussed the idea of using uranium as a source of power, not just a bomb. The MAUD Committee and report helped bring about the British nuclear program, the Tube Alloys project. Not only did it help start a nuclear project in Britain but it helped jump-start the American project. Without the help of the MAUD Committee the American program, the Manhattan Project, would have started months behind. Instead they were able to begin thinking about how to create a bomb, not whether it was possible. Historian Margaret Gowing noted that "events that change a time scale by only a few months can nevertheless change history."

In August 1941, Oliphant was sent to the US to assist the Americans with microwave radar. He took the initiative to enlighten the scientific community there of the ground-breaking discoveries of the MAUD Committee. He travelled to Berkeley to meet with his friend Ernest Lawrence, who soon caught his enthusiasm. Oliphant convinced the Americans to move forward with nuclear weapons, and his lobbying resulted in Vannevar Bush taking the report directly to the president. Leo Szilard later wrote: "if Congress knew the true history of the atomic energy project, I have no doubt but that it would create a special medal to be given to meddling foreigners for distinguished services, and that Dr Oliphant would be the first to receive one."

title: Frisch–Peierls memorandum


text:
Category:Professional wrestling images

Media files pertaining to professional wrestling.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Professional wrestling images


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Rick and Bubba

The Rick and Bubba Show is an American comedy radio show based in Birmingham, Alabama. Nationally syndicated and produced at WZZK-FM, the show is live every weekday for five hours and is hosted by Rick Burgess and Bill "Bubba" Bussey.

The Show will be ending in December 2024.

The Rick and Bubba Radio Show
The radio program began on January 8, 1994. Rick Burgess was hosting the wake-up show on 103.7 WQEN in the Birmingham radio market and asked the station's chief engineer, Bill "Bubba" Bussey, to co-host it with him. The pairing proved successful. It later moved to 94.5 WYSF in Birmingham. And since 2007, it has been the morning show on WZZK-FM, a country music station.

On February 11, 2008, the broadcast location of the show moved to the "Rick and Bubba Broadcast Plaza and Teleport" in Vestavia Hills, which houses the studio as well as management offices for the show. This location allows fans to see the show from the sidewalk inside Vestavia Hills City Center, as well as from the "Golden Ticket" seats inside the studio.

In March 2009, The Rick and Bubba Show was heard on XM Radio Channel 158, but is no longer available on satellite radio.

A televised version of the show premiered November 1, 2012 on Heartland. It lasted until February 1, 2016. It had also been seen on the Turner South Network.

In January 2022, The Rick and Bubba Show moved to their "No Name Studio" at SummitMedia in Birmingham. SummitMedia owns WZZK-FM and its facilities have studios for several radio stations that broadcast across the area.

On February 1, 2024, after their 7:00 am break, Rick and Bubba announced their co-hosted show would be ending. The pair will continue on the air until their 'Big Year Ender' on December 13, 2024. In January 2025, the program will be rebranded to "The Rick Burgess Show" with the same crew members continuing in their roles. Helmsey will be departing the show at the end of the 2024 as well.

Books
Their first book, Rick & Bubba's Expert Guide to God, Country, Family & Anything Else We Can Think Of (ISBN 0-8499-0992-9), was published in March 2006, and quickly became a best-seller at Amazon.com and Books-A-Million as well as making the New York Times best seller list at the number 7 spot in the Miscellaneous category.
 * Rick & Bubba's Expert Guide to God, Country, Family & Anything Else We Can Think Of (ISBN 0-8499-0992-9), March 2006
 * The Rick and Bubba Code: The Two Sexiest Fat Men Alive Unlock the Mysteries of the Universe (ISBN 0-8499-1877-4), June 2007
 * Rick and Bubba for President: The Two Sexiest Fat Men Alive Take on Washington (ISBN 0-8499-1878-2), June 2008.
 * Rick and Bubba's Big Honkin' Book of Huntin (ISBN 1-4016-0401-3), September 2008
 * Rick and Bubba's Guide to the Almost Nearly Perfect Marriage (ISBN 1-4016-0399-8), June 2009.
 * Rick and Bubba's Big Honkin' Book of Grub (ISBN 1-4016-0402-1), March 2010
 * We Be Big: The Mostly True Story of How We Became Rick and Bubba (ISBN 1-4016-0400-5), March 2011

Audio recordings
Rick and Bubba have released "best of" CDs every year since 1998. The 2006 release Radio Gold, Volume 1, reached the number 9 spot on the Billboard Top Comedy Albums chart.
 * The Smell Of Success (1998)
 * Stay In It! Volume 1 (1999)
 * Stay In It! Volume 2 (1999)
 * Hey Buddy... Ya Broadcasting (2000)
 * A Radio Oddity (2001)
 * She Commenced To Shaving (2002)
 * Got It Like We Like It! (2003)
 * How 'bout That! (2004)
 * Pull Our Finger! (2005)
 * Radio Gold (2006)
 * ... and Cake (2007)
 * 14 Years and Still No Awards (2008)
 * Radio Revolution (2009)
 * I Don't Think We Got the Tools to Pull This Off (2010)
 * Good Night Look at That! (2011)
 * Triple Option (2012)
 * Again.... Let Me Be Clear (2013)
 * XXL One Score and Several Pounds Ago (2014)
 * Wow! What a Wheel! (2015)
 * Who's Got It Better Than Us? (2016)
 * Can’t Have Nuthin’ (2017)
 * Making Radio Great Again (2018)
 * 25 Big Ones (2019)
 * Follow the Science...A Radio Pandemic (2020)
 * Heard Immunity (2021)
 * Where's The Bathroom? (2022)
 * Ruff Patch (2023)

title: Rick and Bubba


text:
John Jude Palencar

John Jude Palencar (born February 26, 1957) is an American illustrator and fine artist, who specializes in works of fantasy, science fiction, and horror. In 2010, he was given the Hamilton King Award. His highly detailed work is described as containing a rich language of symbols and archetypes, which are left open to interpretation by the viewer.

Early life
Palencar was born February 26, 1957, in Fairview Park, Ohio. He developed an interest in the subject matter of horror and science fiction early in life; dressing up as an alien with a homemade custom latex masks and exhibiting a fascination in both scaring others and being scared himself. In the third grade, his family would move to Middleburg Heights, Ohio. He would win his first award in art in fifth grade with a three-colour block print for the Cleveland’s Plain Dealer newspaper calendar contest. He went on to attended Midpark High School. It was in high school that the artist came under the art training of Frederick C. Graff, who up until today is a established award winning artist, primarily in watercolor. After winning numerous art awards and selling a few paintings in high school, Palencar decided to pursue a career in art. He attended the Columbus College of Art and Design (CCAD) on scholarship, receiving a BFA degree in 1980. During his college years he worked for the American Greetings Card Company and freelanced, establishing a list of regional and national clients in editorial, advertising and corporate art. As a senior at CCAD he won the top cash award at the Society of Illustrators Student Exhibition and was also presented with a scholarship to the Illustrators Workshop held in Paris, France.

Illustration career
While still in college at Columbus College of Art and Design, Palencar exhibited work at the Society of Illustrators and the work on display attracted the attention of Byron Preiss. The result would be an early and prominent assignment for the artist in 1982 with the commission to illustrate The Secret, a puzzle book produced by Byron Preiss and published by Bantam Books. The illustrations for the book depict the visual components of 12 puzzles, each of which lead the reader on a treasure hunt. Preiss had hidden ceramic boxes, each redeemable for a jewel, in twelve cities and to date only three of the puzzles have been solved and the jewels recovered.

Palencar's first introduction to illustrating for fantasy and speculative fiction came shortly after college when working for Time-Life Books on The Enchanted World Series. The young artist would contribute to many books in the series, including Legends of Valor(1984), Ghosts(1984) and Night Creatures (1985).

His work has since appeared on hundreds of book covers for just about every major publisher in the U.S., and in over thirty countries around the world. The artist has created cover art for such authors as H. P. Lovecraft, Ursula Le Guin, Marion Zimmer Bradley, P.D. James, Charles de Lint, R.L. Stine, Octavia Butler, David Brin and Stephen King. New York Times Best Selling author, Christopher Paolini, a fan of John's work, named the lead character's birthplace "Palancar Valley", after John in his NY Times Bestseller, Eragon for which John also painted the cover, as well as creating the type treatment that would be used for the remaining three books in the series. Stephen King owns three works by the artist from the Dark Tower series.

Palancar has also created editorial illustrations for Time Magazine, Smithsonian Magazine, National Geographic, and Nat. Geo. Television as well as worked on entertainment projects for Lucas Arts, Paramount Pictures, and Vivendi Universal.

In 2000, Palencar became the Artist in Residence at the Cill Rialaig Arts Centre, in County Kerry Ireland.

In 2007, Underwood Books published Origins:The Art of John Jude Palencar, a 128 page overview of the artist's work with a foreword by Christopher Paolini

In 2008, Palencar was awarded the Spectrum Award for Grand Master, which is an annual award presented to an artist who has worked for at least twenty years at a consistently high level of quality and has left his or her mark on the field of contemporary science fiction, fantasy and horror artwork.

In 2012, Tor Books editor David Hartwell was passing by the Tor art department and noticed a painting by Palancar leaning against the wall, Hartwell asked art director Irene Gallo what the painting was for and was told that the work had no specific commission. Hartwell used the work to initiate The Palencar Project, in which five writers, L.E. Modesitt, Jr, Gene Wolf, Michael Swanwick, Gregory Benford and James Morrow all wrote short stories based on the painting. The same painting would later be used as the cover for The One-Eyed Man by L. E. Modesitt Jr.

The George R.R. Martin 2019 A Song of Ice and Fire wall calendar was illustrated by Palencar.

Working process
Initial ideas are sketched quickly, to provide an art director with a general idea of how a finished work might appear. Once an approval for an idea is in hand, the artist creates a detailed rendering in pencil with subtle shading on a plate finish board. The final Palencar paintings are executed in acrylic, but in a watercolor fashion, in which initial thin layers are laid down as a wash first. Multiple layers and subtle colors are then woven together and then the artists begins to introduce opaque and semi opaque washes. Working in this manner borrows technical approaches from oil, watercolor and egg tempera mediums.

Personal life
Palencar lives in Medina County, Ohio with his wife Lee. The couple have two boys, Ian and Kit. Kit, also an artist teaches drawing and painting at the University of Akron. Palencar maintains a personal collection of skulls and articulated skeletons that serve as inspiration and reference for many paintings.

Exhibitions
Palencar has exhibited in numerous group shows in galleries, colleges and universities throughout the United States.

Solo

 * Between Worlds, Canton Museum of Art, 2019
 * University of the Arts, Richard C. von Hess Gallery, 2008

Group

 * La Mars Art Center, Exhibition of the American Watercolor Society, 2020
 * Society of Illustrators, Masters of The Fantastic, 2019
 * Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Unveiling Visions: The Alchemy of the Black Imagination, curated by John Jennings and Reynaldo Anderson, 2015
 * Kosart Studios & Gallery, Maleficium: Dark Art Exhibition, 2015
 * Butler Institute of American Art, 2013
 * Allentown Art Museum, At the Edge: Art of the Fantastic,curated by Patrick and Jeannie Wilshire, 2012
 * Nucleus Gallery, At the Mountains of Madness:A Tribute to the Writings of Lovecraft, 2010
 * Images of Ireland, National Museum, Dublin

Awards

 * Gold Medal, American Water Color Society, for The Dark Line, 2020
 * Gold Medal (Institutional), Spectrum 27, 2020, for The Stranger: The Seventh Faith
 * Silver Medal (Institutional), Spectrum 26, 2019, for The Nights Watch
 * Hamilton King Award, Society of Illustrators, 2010, for cover of Muse and Reverie by Charles de Lint
 * Gold Medal, Society of Illustrators, 2010
 * Spectrum Grand Master Award, 2008
 * Gold Medal (book), Spectrum Awards 1996, for Blood Debt
 * Gold Medal (book), Spectrum Awards 1995, for Becoming Human
 * Chesley Awards Winner 2006, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1995

title: John Jude Palencar


text:
Belmont railway station (Harrow)

Belmont was a station in Belmont, north-west London on the Stanmore branch line. It was opened on 12 September 1932 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway as the only intermediate station on a short branch line (opened in 1890) running north from Harrow & Wealdstone to Stanmore, in anticipation of the Metropolitan Railway opening its own branch line to a new Stanmore station (now served by the Jubilee line) the same year.

Belmont station was rebuilt with a central island platform and a passing loop. The rebuilt station opened on 5 July 1937. The station was located on the north side of Kenton Lane to the west of Belmont Circle.

From the perspective of the branch line, the connection to the main line was north-facing, i.e. away from central London. Hence the branch line could not take direct commuter services from the city, limiting its operation to a shuttle service.

The direct service provided by the Metropolitan offered strong competition to the L&NWR station at Stanmore and passenger services beyond Belmont were ended on 15 September 1952, though a daily freight train served the goods yard at Stanmore. The passing loop was removed in 1955. The line to Stanmore was closed completely on 6 July 1964, as part of the railway cuts implemented under the Beeching Axe. Passenger services from Belmont to Harrow were withdrawn on 5 October 1964.

The track was lifted in 1966 and the station site is now occupied by a car park.

title: Belmont railway station (Harrow)


text:
Talk:Rick and Bubba

Rewritten
I've rewritten the article to take care of the copyvio problem. I'd like some input on if this is adequate. --Ichabod 01:09, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Proposed merge
I propose that Rick Burgess (radio personality) and Bill Bussey be merged into this article, because there does not appear to be enough content for them to stand on their own. In fact, they could simply be redirected at this point, since there is no unique information in those articles. Khatru2 10:39, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

2nd. 7:25 CT, 27 January 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.184.72.32 (talk • contribs)

I agree. I created this page, and the other two are stubs. Tim Long 03:20, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty new at doing things on Wikipedia, so I'll need a good bit of advice and clarification. I put up the two pages for Rick Burgess (radio personality) and Bill Bussey with the idea of adding more biographical information for each individual later.  After looking at the guidelines on Biographies of Living People I surmise that these two people fall right around the border of being noteworthy enough to justify separate bio pages.  However, there have been a good many articles published on both of these people (usually together but some separately) that supply a fair amount of information on them.

 * Also, there are a few things about each of them that might be more appropriate to list on separate bio pages such as Bill Bussey's activity in amateur radio and competitive tennis and Rick Burgess' college football play and evangelistic speaking activities.

 * Two questions I have are (1) how long is it likely to be before the individual pages are merged (if that occurs) and, (2) can that be reversed later if circumstances change and appropriate information if available for full-fledged separate bio pages. Also, one of the things that prompted my making a page for Rick Burgess (radio personality) was that fact that there were two other Rick Burgesses listed that way, one of them also in radio broadcasting.  And, if there was to be a separate page for Rick Burgess (radio personality) it then made sense to have a similar one for Bill Bussey
 * JPate 14:56, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your input. If you can add verifiable information from reliable sources to the articles about the individuals, please do.  In answer to your questions, there is no exact time frame for a merge, but Merging and moving pages suggests 5 days to 2 weeks.  The process is reversible if new sources or evidence of notability can be provided.  In the future, it would probably be a good idea to include the information about notability when you initially create the article.  In that case, there would be no question about the necessity of a merge. Khatru2 23:05, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the information. I'm in the process of checking the various information and making sure that it all comes from reliable sources and is verifiable, and I'm checking the guidelines for that to get familiar with all the proper procedures.  I think I'll have the updated pages ready to go sometime next week.
 * JPate 22:09, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * If JPate is able to expand the guys' articles properly, then they could continue to stand alone. Otherwise, they should be merged into the main article. You know, we could probably get everything we need with one phone call to Bubba, but that would be original research]. Darn. [[User:Realkyhick|Realkyhick 04:27, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I redirected the articles because it has been three weeks with no new content added. If anyone finds new information to warrant separate articles, feel free to restore them. Khatru2 08:12, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Death of Rick's son
Please explain why Rick's son's death is relevant to this article. As sad as it is, this article is about the duo of Rick & Bubba and their radio show, and Bronner's death just isn't relevant to the content. If Rick had died, yes. Rick's son, no. I'm not trying to be insensitive to the situation. It's a sad day for that family and all R&B's fans and I sympathize with them, but as far as Wikipedia is concerned, this isn't encyclopedic, in my opinion.--Zpb52 (talk) 21:37, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I believe the event's inclusion is warranted because 1) a large part of their show is given to discussing their families, and 2) since "Rick Burgess" redirects here, this article is a de facto biography for Burgess. Bronner's death will have a significant impact on the show for quite some time. Frankly, I'm in favor of separate bio articles for Burgess and Bussey, but I believe that issue has already been decided some time ago. Barring that, a mention of the tragedy is warranted.

OK, folks, what's your opinion? - Realkyhick (Talk to me) 22:37, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Third Party - I've never heard the show, but it seems like if they discussed the matter on air, it would be relevant to the article. However, looking at the edit that was reverted, I don't know if it necessitates its own section and three paragraphs' worth of information.

A lot of the material in the intro could be moved to History (for sure the book and movie info), and maybe even a section for "Major show events" could be created; this event could fall under that section. Torc2 (talk) 01:45, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Third opinion
Hey. Sorry, but I don't think it should be included on the page. If Bronner was notable in his own right, it would be one thing, but the fact is that it's too peripheral to necessitate its own section. One sentence under the History section might be okay, but only if it has information on why it's notable to their radio show. Remember that not everything that happens belongs on Wikipedia. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 02:10, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

As suggested by netural party Post Deleted

Post Deleted Post Deleted Post Deleted Post Deleted Post Deleted Post Deleted Post Deleted
 * That's nice. I'm sorry for your grief, but this is an encyclopedia, not a memorial site. --Zpb52 (talk) 22:40, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, due to your admiration for the show and your emotional attachment to the subject in question, your opinion is biased. When seeking Third Opinions, as myself and User:Realkyhick did, Wikipedia recommends using neutral parties so they can see the argument objectively. This is nothing personal, it's just Wikipedia policy. --Zpb52 (talk) 23:54, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not trying to run you off. I just want you to follow the rules. Before you go, take a look at this: What Wikipedia is not. It will give you a good idea of what NOT to post from now on. --Zpb52 (talk) 03:55, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * No. If you're going to be a constructive editor on Wikipedia, you need to read and understand the rules before you go breaking them, that's all. You're taking this WAY too personally. Chill, dude. --Zpb52 (talk) 04:10, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, you need to chill. Try to get some sleep and have a good night. --Zpb52 (talk) 04:23, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * By the way, if you want to see a civil discussion between two Wikipedia users, see the discussion below. --Zpb52 (talk) 04:24, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * "Going away" does not involve coming back and continually violating Wikipedia policy, as you have been doing all afternoon.--Zpb52 (talk) 04:32, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I have to go to bed. It's been fun! Maybe it'll die now. --Zpb52 (talk) 04:44, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

FWIW, From another fan
I'll start off by saying, I'm a noob at editing here, and I'm a huge fan of the show. I think Bronner's death *is* important to the show's history section, as it's definitely changing the timbre and atmosphere of the show, and certainly for the immediate future. Perhaps the best thing to do would be, once Rick returns to the show, to add, under the "History" section or a "Significant Events" section, a line such as "Rick took an extended leave of absence from the show from January 21, 2008 to (Return Date) to mourn the accidental drowning death of his youngest son, Bronner," then link/reference this to Rick's Bio page, where there would obviously be a more thorough description of this tragedy. MHaz1701 (talk) 03:56, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Good idea, actually. If the page ends up splitting, that's a good course of action to take. --Zpb52 (talk) 03:59, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If it doesn't split, I think some small mention should be made, though; it is a pretty important event in the show's life. At the very least, I think maybe it should be mentioned that Rick is currently on a LOA and why, until we know something further about his return date and whether or not to split the article. That way, there's at least acknowledgement of his absence and the cause, in the history section, even if it doesn't split. MHaz1701 (talk) 04:03, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * That, too, is a good idea. Because it's in the context of the radio show, that information would be relevant. What we don't need is a three-paragraph news article/obituary. --Zpb52 (talk) 04:11, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * How about something like "Rick is currently on a leave of absence from the show to mourn the drowning death of his youngest son, Bronner. His return date to the show is currently not known." The only thing that makes me, honestly, "iffy" about this is whether or not Bubba and Speedy et al decide to go to "Best Of" shows until he returns.  Or could the line be edited as necessary for this possibility? MHaz1701 (talk) 04:16, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I've posted something similar to that at the bottom of the header. Remember, Wikipedia is not a crystal ball, so we shouldn't speculate on his return, just announce the fact he's gone for the moment.--Zpb52 (talk) 04:18, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I like it. I made one change: swapped "Rick" for "Burgess."  Reasoning: the article is about "Rick and Bubba," not "Burgess and Bussey..."  More people will understand who "Rick" is in context of the article by itself than they will "Burgess." MHaz1701 (talk) 04:27, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Mildly disagree with first names for style reasons. Using last names is more formal than first names, and is the normal WP style. - Realkyhick (Talk to me) 04:51, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. This should accomplish all we need to accomplish right now. Good suggestions, my friend.--Zpb52 (talk) 04:28, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Chaos, panic and disorder... My work here is done... MHaz1701 (talk) 04:30, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Ordinarily, I'd agree with you about last names vs. first names, but I think "Rick" is clearer than "Burgess" in the context of the article. Fans of the show would immediately know who "Burgess" is, but non-fans would probably get confused. Note: I'm trying to treat this article as an isolated piece for the sake of discussion, with a reader who has no prior knowledge of the show as my model. MHaz1701 (talk) 05:11, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Split into three articles
I propose this article be split into three separate and distinct articles:

 * Rick Burgess
 * Bill "Bubba" Bussey
 * The Rick and Bubba Show (from which "Rick and Bubba" will redirect)

We can include all the biographical info on each host, and create a page which is all about the show.

It would also, in effect, provide a compromise for the info about Bronner's drowning. That information would be accepted on Rick Burgess' bio page. --Zpb52 (talk) 17:28, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Are both of them notable on their own? Would those two pages be able to exist without turning into fan pages? If we are to follow this proposal, I wouldn't do a redirect; I'd do a move. Much cleaner that way. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 17:31, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * At this point, I would say yes. Rick Burgess is on the Christian speaking circuit, and maintains a separate weekend career doing stuff like that. Bill Bussey is venturing into his own things as well. They are a team, but they are notable in their own rights, in my opinion.--Zpb52 (talk) 17:34, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Votes For

 * Vote For Split: Reasons mentioned above. --Zpb52 (talk) 17:28, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Split, as was originally done by other editors. I think they're notable enough in their own right for separate articles now. (I thought it back then, too, but I lost that battle.) - Realkyhick (Talk to me) 19:57, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Split, as long as both articles come out as verified and notable. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 20:36, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Split Both Rick and Bubba are at least minor celebrities outside of the show.MHaz1701 (talk) 04:31, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Split - The two men have outside lives and ventures that place them into the public eye independently of one another. Each is hired frequently as a speaker at events where the others do not attend. While it is possible that neither would have been in the public eye initially without the show, the same can be argued for many musicians who have never recorded without their bands or actors who have only appeared on one television show or in one movie. Both did have radio careers prior to teaming up as well.Steventhomas42 (talk) 15:47, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Split - There's definitely enough info now for the split. (btw I changed my vote)  G o o g o l me * 17:20, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Split - I do think Bronner's death should be briefly mentioned on the R&B page, but detailed in Rick's bio. The reason is because on the Archive Page of the Extreme Club the audio of the days without Rick are archived & available indefinitely, because "the events of these days changed all our live forever".SuBassmaster (talk) 19:35, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment is someone going to do this? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:29, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Votes Against

 * Keep as one: Neither of them are significant without the other. --Ichabod (talk) 02:21, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Keep as one: There is not enough significant biographical information to warrant separate pages. Perhaps short individual bios could be included on this page, as supplementary background information of the show itself. --User:Arob22 (User talk:Arob22)

Neutral Votes

 * Split if someone adds more bio As stated above, there isn't much bio info but if the pages are split, there needs to be alot more bio. but splitting would make the pages alot clearer. there are too many subjects for this page. Googolme (talk) 15:45, 27 May 2008 (UTC) changing my vote

Tag removed
The tag has been in place for over two years with no action, so I have removed it. An article on one or other or both of the people can be created by doing some research and building up the relevant sections within this article. When there is enough verifiable material, new articles can be created per WP:Summary style. At present there is not enough sourced material to create an article so a split cannot be done (which is likely why nobody has done it so far). When enough material has been created in this article the split can be done - though if people need assistance, a new Split tag with a new date can be placed on the article.  SilkTork  *YES! 17:45, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rick and Bubba