text:
Catalina Vasquez Villalpando

Catalina "Cathi" Vásquez Villalpando (born April 1, 1940) is the 39th Treasurer of the United States who served from December 11, 1989, to January 20, 1993 under President George H. W. Bush and is the only U.S. Treasurer ever to be sent to prison. She had held minor positions under President Ronald Reagan and had chaired the Republican National Hispanic Assembly. In 1994, Villalpando was found guilty of obstruction of justice and tax evasion.

Early life and education
Villalpando was born Catalina Vásquez to a poor family in San Marcos, Texas, one of four girls and two boys. Villalpando's father, a lifelong Democrat and migrant worker, used to take her and her siblings out into the fields so they would know what it was like to pick crops for a living.

After attending parochial school, Villalpando graduated from San Marcos High School. She subsequently went to work at a jewelry store and as a secretary at Southwest Texas State College, where she attended part-time. She did not complete her studies at Southwest, but at the suggestion of her father enrolled at the University of Texas College of Business Administration.

Villalpando's association with Republican Party politics began at this time when she took a secretarial position with the Texas Republican Party in Austin, Texas while attending business school.

Career
In 1969, Villalpando became an assistant to the local director of the Community Service Administration where she dealt with minority and business issues. Villalpando eventually became director and, later, worked for the now defunct Office of Economic Opportunity.

By the late 1970s, Villalpando was working for the Commerce Department's Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) in Texas. In 1979, Villalpando returned to the private sector taking up the position of vice president for the Mid-South Oil Company. She also organized her own consulting firm, V. P. Promotions, providing public relations to minority-owned savings and loan institutions under a federal contract.

Villalpando was an early supporter of George H. W. Bush for the 1980 election cycle. After Ronald Reagan secured the GOP nomination, she enthusiastically volunteered in the Reagan-Bush campaign effort in Texas. She was rewarded with a position as staff assistant in the White House Office of Presidential Personnel when Reagan took up office in 1981. Later that year, she returned to Texas where she served as the voter groups coordinator for the TRP.

For the next two years, Villalpando was a prolific activist in both Republican and Hispanic circles, serving on the boards of the Texas Federation of Republican Women, the Southwest Voter Registration Education Project, the League of United Latin American Citizens, and the American GI Forum. Additionally, she was appointed to seats on the Texas Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization at the Department of Transportation.

In 1983, Villalpando's work was noted by the Reagan administration and she returned to Washington, D.C. as a Special Assistant to the President for Public Liaison. In this capacity, she dealt with public interest groups, lobbyists, and the general public and soon stood out for her "formidable...administrative skills." Villalpando's political profile also rose considerably when her skills and ethnicity were utilized in outreach efforts to attract Hispanics to the Republican Party.

Private sector work
After two years, Villalpando left government service again and, in August 1985, took up the position of senior vice president – as well as partner and large shareholder – at Communications International, Inc. (CII), a Norcross, Georgia-based telecommunications firm. CII was run by its founder, Joseph Profit, a former Atlanta Falcons running back and popular businessman in Georgia who had served in various appointed capacities in the Reagan Administration and, later, the first Bush Administration. Villalpando was one of several high-profile Republicans that Profit brought on board who helped the company garner millions in federal contracts.

Despite her leaving government service during this time, Villalpando's political involvement, especially in regards to bringing more Hispanics into the Republican Party, did not cease.

In 1987, Villalpando became the national chair for the Republican National Hispanic Assembly (RNHA). At the time, the RNHA was the auxiliary of the Republican National Committee responsible for Hispanic outreach and advocacy on behalf of the Party. The effort to get her elected as the group's leader came at a time when the presidential campaigns of then Vice President Bush and Senate Minority Leader Robert Dole were engaged in a particularly nasty competition to win the support of Hispanic Republicans for the 1988 election cycle. Villalpando had developed a special talent for attracting Hispanics to the Party and, as a Bush ally, was expected to swing the support of the Assembly to his run for the GOP nod.

MBDA investigation
That same year, Villalpando's assumption of the RNHA leadership post came under scrutiny by the Commerce Department's inspector general. An unrelated investigation was already underway looking into allegations that MBDA director James Richardson Gonzalez and Ernest Olivas, Jr., an MBDA employee, had been using their positions to drum up support for Bush's campaign. The probe revealed that Olivas, a friend of Villalpando when the two were on staff together in the Reagan White House where he was the speech-writer for the vice president, had also been soliciting prominent Hispanic Republicans to support her bid for the RNHA chairmanship.

RNHA co-founder Francisco Vega was one of those contacted and who confirmed to investigators that Olivas had called him from his government office while on work time, a potential violation of the Hatch Act. Villalpando's role was tangential to the investigation and she was not implicated in any wrongdoing. Olivas subsequently left government service and became employed by Villalpando's company, CII, as manager of its Washington office.

U.S. Treasurer
On April 4, 1989, President Bush nominated Villalpando to be Treasurer of the United States. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 20, 1989, and was sworn in by the president on December 11. In attendance at her ceremony was Senator Phil Gramm of Texas and Gustavo Petricioli, Mexico's ambassador to the United States. As U.S. Treasurer, Villalpando became the highest-ranking Latina in the Bush Administration exhibiting a high-profile presence in the Hispanic community on its behalf.

As U.S. Treasurer, Villalpando presided over the first major change in U.S. currency since the motto "In God We Trust" was introduced in 1957. Beginning in September 1991, $10, $20, $50, and $100 bills with new, advanced technology designed to defeat digital printers were introduced into public circulation. The same year, Villalpando initiated a special program to raise $37 million by selling commemorative coins honoring Mount Rushmore. Half of the money raised would go toward restoration of the monument – the cost of which was estimated at $40 million – and half to pay into the national debt.

A number of $1 1988 Series banknotes have been found with Catalina Villalpando's courtesy autograph, which adds value for numismatists.

Clinton comments
In August 1992, Villalpando became embroiled in controversy over comments made by her and Commerce Secretary and Bush campaign manager Robert Mosbacher. The comments concerned ongoing sex scandals and rumors surrounding Arkansas Governor and Democratic presidential nominee Bill Clinton and former San Antonio mayor Henry Cisneros. Visiting the New Jersey delegation at the 1992 Republican National Convention, Villalpando reportedly said to the delegates, "Can you imagine two skirt-chasers campaigning together?" She also questioned Clinton's qualifications.

Some members of the delegation were not pleased with the comments, including former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, who called the remarks "totally unnecessary." Although both Bush and Villalpando issued apologies, Clinton campaign spokesman George Stephanopoulos called on the president to dismiss both officials.

Investigation
While still enveloped in the controversy surrounding her Clinton and Cisneros comments, Villalpando became the central figure in a criminal probe launched by the Department of Justice. The investigation initially focused on allegations that Villalpando accepted favors and other gratuities from CII while in office in violation of federal law. However, it also incorporated an array of potential charges including "bribery, conspiracy to defraud the government, making false or fraudulent claims, racketeering, making false statements to federal agents and fraud by wire, radio or television."

News of the investigation broke on October 29, the day after FBI agents raided several buildings and residences in Washington, D.C., Virginia, and Georgia. Among these were the homes of Villalpando and Olivas and the offices of CII in Norcross where boxes of documents were seized. The Treasury Department immediately placed Villalpando on leave. Olivas, who was already on leave from CII to act as director of Hispanic outreach for the Bush-Quayle re-election team, quit the campaign. Profit was not considered a suspect in the probe, telling reporters instead that investigators told him – and presumably other employees – that "'they...were witnesses' and would be asked to provide information."

Records obtained during the investigation revealed that Villalpando received in excess of $147,000 from CII after she assumed her post as U.S. Treasurer in December 1989. They further showed $441,417 in additional bonuses being received in the fall as she was readying her departure from the company. Finally, the records indicated that Villalpando still had between $250,000 and $500,000 in company stock.

According to Villalpando's notes, the $147,000 was listed as severance pay; however, no reference was made to it as required in the financial disclosure forms she submitted to the government upon being nominated. She did indicate at her confirmation hearings that she would retain her stock ownership in the company but promised to have no involvement in the firm's business. The following year, she received her severance payment and an additional $7,000 in accrued leave. Investigators were charged with determining whether these payments were expected but simply not reported or received in expectation of gaining influence in obtaining federal contracts.

CII, it was revealed, had a large amount of business with the government. Between 1983 and 1992, the telecommunications firm was awarded 56 non-competitive contracts totaling $68.6 million. As recently as the Persian Gulf War, CII had been awarded huge contracts to provide communication networks for U.S. forces in the region as well as to help rebuild Kuwaiti infrastructure after the war.

Though placed on leave at the end of October 1992, Villalpando remained in her post until the Clinton Administration was inaugurated in January, 1993.

Conviction
The investigation did not support charges of influence-peddling on Villalpando's part. Instead, the probe began to intersect with another criminal investigation ongoing within the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) over fraud and the improper awarding of federal contracts during the Reagan administration. In May 1992, Villalpando was ordered to testify before a grand jury as well as produce certain documents related to that case involving HUD official Deborah Gore Dean. Villalpando's own investigation began to turn toward her failure to reveal compensation from CII and failure to pay appropriate taxes. The following year, she was also accused of obstruction of justice by lying to investigators as well as ordering the destruction of subpoenaed documents.

At her trial, prosecutors charged Villalpando with three felonies: tax evasion (specifically $47,013 in Federal income taxes), conspiracy to make false statements regarding her finances (namely that she believed she owed less than she did), and obstruction of a grand jury (due to the destruction of officially requested records in the HUD probe). The charges carried a maximum penalty of a $750,000 fine and 15 years imprisonment. Villalpando admitted to concealing "substantial funds and benefits", received by her from CII, information which was "capable of influencing the actions and judgments of those departments and agencies" tasked to evaluate her qualification for the post of U.S. Treasurer. She further admitted that the conspiracy to conceal information was begun as early as March 1989, when she first learned that President Bush intended to nominate her for the post. Villalpando also acknowledged that in July 1992, she asked her longtime acquaintance Olivas to destroy documents subpoenaed by the independent counsel in the Dean case.

On February 18, 1994, Villalpando pleaded guilty to all three counts and was released pending her sentencing at which time she was expected to cooperate with ongoing probes into CII contracts and HUD in return for consideration. At her sentencing, Villalpando received four months imprisonment, three years of probation (four months of which to be served under house arrest), 200 hours of community service, and a $150 tax evasion fee. Prosecutors had unsuccessfully sought a harsher penalty.

Post-Treasurer years
In 2003, she appeared on a list produced by the D.C. government of notorious tax scofflaws. According to this report, the former treasurer owed the district government $168,417.72 in back taxes.

In 2006, Villalpando was awarded an honorary doctorate for her work from Atlantic Union College, a small liberal arts institution. She also served as that year's commencement speaker, admonishing the graduates to "embrace the tough times encountered in life." Villalpando also thanked the Seventh-day Adventist Church – under whose auspices the college operates – for being there when she was at her lowest.

Villalpando currently works as a quality assurance specialist at the Amerix Corporation call center in Columbia, Maryland.

Personal life
Villalpando married her high school sweetheart in 1970. The marriage produced one son and ended in divorce a few years later. As of 2003 she resided in Reisterstown, Maryland.

title: Catalina Vasquez Villalpando


text: File:Nick Fury7.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Nick Fury7.jpg


text:
Lilies (film)

Lilies (French title: Les Feluettes) is a 1996 Canadian film directed by John Greyson. It is an adaptation by Michel Marc Bouchard and Linda Gaboriau of Bouchard's own play Lilies. It depicts a play being performed in a prison by the inmates.

The film screened at numerous festivals, including Sundance, and received critical acclaim; it was nominated for 14 awards Genie Awards at the 17th ceremony, winning 4, including Best Picture.

Expository narration
Lilies is set in a Quebec prison in 1952. Jean Bilodeau (Marcel Sabourin), the local bishop, is brought to the prison to hear the confession of Simon Doucet (Aubert Pallascio), a dying inmate. But Doucet in fact has a very different revelation for Bilodeau: he has enlisted his fellow inmates to stage a play set in 1912, when Bilodeau and Doucet were childhood friends.

The play within the film
Most of the film consists of the play within the film, presented by the inmates for Bilodeau and Doucet. Because it is taking place within a prison, the female roles are portrayed by the male prisoners. The young Bilodeau and Simon are performed by younger inmates (Matthew Ferguson and Jason Cadieux).

The play dramatizes a period during Bilodeau and Simon's childhood in Roberval, Quebec, when they were both coming to terms with their homosexuality. Simon has a romantic relationship with Vallier (Danny Gilmore), while Bilodeau remains repressed and tries desperately to convince Simon to join the seminary with him. All three are involved in a school play dramatizing the martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, with Simon in the lead role. The St. Sebastian play's homoerotic undertones contribute to Bilodeau's sexual awakening, which involves an unrequited love for Simon. Bilodeau recognizes the nature of the relationship between Simon and Vallier, and confronts them one afternoon after the rehearsal of the St. Sebastian play. Simon and Vallier attack and subdue Bilodeau, so that Simon can engage him in a derisively passionate kiss. In the middle of the kiss, Vallier's mother, the Countess de Tilly (Brent Carver) enters the arena, forcing Simon to break off the kiss and flee. Vallier's mother (who is slightly insane) is unperturbed at what she has seen, and has Vallier escort her to the arrival of a Parisian aristocrat arriving in a hot air balloon.

Simon's father is also at the arrival, where Vallier's mother unwittingly reveals to him that she saw his son passionately kissing Bilodeau. In a rage, Mr. Doucet finds Simon and brutally beats him, to the point where he must find medical attention for his wounds. He chooses to see a Parisian doctor staying at the hotel in town (to avoid the town doctor telling his business), and he meets Lydie-Anne (Alexander Chapman), a young Parisian baroness. Because of the beating, Simon renounces his love for Vallier and appears to fall in love with Lydie-Ann, eventually becoming engaged to her. However, Vallier's mother encourages Vallier to attend the engagement party and declare his love for Simon. At the party, it becomes apparent that Simon never stopped loving Vallier and was only using Lydie-Ann to pass as heterosexual. Because her feelings are hurt, Lydie-Ann reveals to Vallier's mother that her estranged husband is living happily in Paris with a new wife and child. She also tells her that she came to Roberval on the recommendation of Vallier's father, and while he mentioned structures and the landscape of the town, he never once spoke of the wife or child he left behind there.

After the party, Simon and Vallier meet for one last romantic encounter. Afterwards, Vallier's mother says that she will be going to Paris, and invites Simon and Vallier to see her off. Instead, she leads them to a place in the woods, where she lies down in a shallow grave and has Vallier strangle her to death. Bilodeau witnesses the murder, and is spurred to confess his love for Simon. When rejected, he sets fire to the room where Vallier and Simon are staying and locks the door, trapping Vallier and Simon. Bilodeau is remorseful and returns in time to drag Simon to safety, but leaves Vallier behind, and falsely tells arriving policemen that Vallier already dead,and Vallier perishes in the flames.

Conclusion
The play reveals that Vallier's murder is the crime for which Simon Doucet was falsely arrested and convicted. Thus, the play was designed not as Doucet's confession of his sins, but a ploy to extract a confession of guilt from Bilodeau. Bilodeau asks Doucet to kill him, but Doucet refuses.

Style
In a 2017 interview with CBC Arts, Greyson described the film as a "strange Genet-inflected-via-Fellini fable".

The play-within-the-film is sometimes shot in realistic settings, while other scenes explicitly take place in the prison chapel. Realist scenes segue into prison scenes through visible set changes. After a realist autumn scene, leaves are shown being removed from the chapel floor. The final lovemaking scene between Doucet and Vallier is presented in realist style, but fades into a prison scene when the boat in which the couple are having sex becomes a bathtub in the chapel.

Even in the realist scenes, however, female characters in the prison play are portrayed by the male actors portraying the prisoners.

The play's dialogue and acting are deliberately heightened according to stage, rather than film conventions.

Awards
The film was nominated for 14 Genie Awards at the 17th ceremony. It won the following awards:
 * Best Motion Picture
 * Best Sound (Don Cohen, Keith Elliott, Scott Purdy, Scott Shepherd, Don White)
 * Best Costume Design (Linda Muir)
 * Best Art Direction (Sandra Kybartas)

Other Genies for which the film was nominated, but did not win:
 * Best Direction – John Greyson
 * Best Actor in a Leading Role – Danny Gilmore
 * Best Actor in a Leading Role – Jason Cadieux
 * Best Actor in a Leading Role – Matthew Ferguson
 * Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Alexander Chapman
 * Best Adapted Screenplay – Michel Marc Bouchard and Linda Gaboriau
 * Best Sound Editing – Janice Ierulli, Donna Powell, Tony Currie, Diane Boucher, Jane Tattersall and Richard Harkness
 * Best Original Score – Mychael Danna
 * Best Editing – André Corriveau
 * Best Cinematography – Daniel Jobin

The film also won the following awards:
 * Montreal World Film Festival, 1996 – Best Canadian Film
 * L.A. Outfest, 1997 – Outstanding Narrative Feature
 * Austin Gay and Lesbian International Film Festival, 1997 – Audience Favorite

The film was also nominated for the following awards, but did not win:
 * Locarno International Film Festival, 1996 – Golden Leopard
 * GLAAD Media Awards, 1998 – Outstanding Film (Limited Release)

Streaming
In 2017 the film was released online on the Canada Media Fund Encore+ YouTube channel.

title: Lilies (film)


text:
Tom Colbert

Tom Colbert (born December 30, 1949) is a former Associate Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court. He was appointed to the Court's District 6 seat in 2004, by Governor Brad Henry, becoming the first African-American to serve on the court. On January 4, 2013, he was sworn in as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and served In that post until January 2015. After completing his two-year term as Chief Justice, he resumed his previous position on the court as Associate Justice representing the 6th Judicial District. On January 19, 2021, Colbert’s retirement was announced by the Oklahoma Supreme Court, effective February 1 of the same year.

Early life
Colbert was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and graduated from high school in Sapulpa, Oklahoma. His educational background includes an associate degree from Eastern Oklahoma State College, and a Bachelor of Science degree from Kentucky State University in 1973. After completing his service in the U.S. Army, he enrolled in Eastern Kentucky University, where he earned a master's degree in Health Education, then moved to Chicago to begin teaching in the public schools.

He soon moved back to Oklahoma, where he entered the University of Oklahoma College of Law, and earned and a Juris Doctor degree in 1982. He was then hired as assistant dean at Marquette University Law School, where he worked until 1984.

Career in law
In between his attendance at EKU and OU, Colbert served in the Criminal Investigation Division of the United States Army. Following graduation from law school in 1982, he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in order to accept the post of Assistant Dean of Marquette University Law School, serving until 1984. Returning to Oklahoma in 1984, he was appointed as an Assistant District Attorney in Oklahoma County, serving in that capacity until 1986. He entered private law practice in Oklahoma City in 1986. Over the next decade, he alternated between private practice and service as an attorney with the Oklahoma Department of Human Services. Between 1986 and 2000 he also served as assistant general counsel for the Oklahoma Department of Human Services. From 1999 to 2004, he served as a Judge on the Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals and was the first African-American to serve on that Court. Colbert briefly served as Chief Judge of the Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals prior to his appointment to the Oklahoma Supreme Court District 6 seat in 2004, by Governor Brad Henry, becoming the first African-American to serve on the court. On January 4, 2013, he was sworn in as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, replacing former Chief Justice Steven W. Taylor. After serving his two-year term as Chief Justice, he returned to his former status on the Supreme Court representing the 6th Judicial District. On January 19, 2021, Colbert’s retirement was announced by the Oklahoma Supreme Court, effective February 1 of the same year.

Professional associations
Colbert is a member of the Tulsa Bar Association, the Oklahoma Bar Association, the American Bar Association, and the National Bar Association.

Honors

 * Colbert received the Tulsa Community College Service award in 2004.
 * In 2005, he was inducted in the Eastern Oklahoma State College Hall of Fame, and received the Thurgood Marshall Award of Excellence and the OU Black Alumni Society—Trailblazer Award.
 * In 2013, he received the Oklahoma City/ County Historical Society – Pathmaker Award and the Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher Diversity Award.
 * He was recognized by the University of Oklahoma College of Law as a Distinguished Alumnus at its March 2016 Order of the Owl Hall of Fame annual ceremony.
 * He was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame on November 16, 2017.

Personal
Colbert is married to Dorthea (née Guion) and has three adult children. He was raised by a single mother, Edith Colbert, of Sapulpa.

During his swearing-in ceremony as chief justice in 2013, Colbert told the assembled guests that he had once considered resigning from the Oklahoma Supreme Court to pursue a more remunerative career as a private lawyer. He said that his wife and mother talked him out of the idea, saying that he would be letting down so many other people who had made sacrifices so that he could attain such an influential position.

title: Tom Colbert


text:
Talk:Freedb

Article title
If the canonical form of the name is "freedb" (all lower-case, as given in the first line of this article and at the official website), why is this article titled "FreeDB"? - dcljr (talk) 04:15, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Moved article and added technical restrictions note. jareha 07:16, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

CD tracks
Is there information on the cd tracks themselves that allow media players or home cd players to identify them? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.169.216.241 (talk) 11:27, 10 September 2005

 * No, there isn't. (Added IP signature above.) jareha 07:16, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Well, actually, if a cd is encoded with cdtext information and the player is capable of reading it (and the optical drive is capable of retrieving the cdtext information and passing it to the software player...) then the track information could be read. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.176.71.117 (talk) 11:47, 4 March 2006

Ambiguity?
"freedb is used primarily by media player" is that meant to be media players, as in the category of things, or media player as in Windows Media Player? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.88.199.179 (talk) 14:51, 17 January 2007

2020 shutdown
As per 2020-01-04, freedb.org has a special header reading:
 * Urgent notice
 * freedb.org and its services will be shut down on March 31st of 2020.

I can’t quite find further information on that website, yet I wonder what this implies concerning the CDDB-freedb as well as the bridging to MusicBrainz. Independently, an announcement that grave ought to be noted in the article introduction. -- Gohnarch░ 21:38, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

 * "On the 13th of June 2020 it was observed that the URL used for lookups, freedb.freedb.org, no longer resolved to a host name and as a result the service no longer appears to operate." What is the source and cause? 79.139.51.27 (talk) 18:02, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Is this service still used to any significant extent? Adding new records to the database is no longer possible. What service(s) have succeeded it? 2fort5r (talk) 07:38, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Additionally, is it possible to correct freedb entries? I've noticed several CD entries containing errors. 2fort5r (talk) 12:26, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

Freedb is dead. Long live GNUdb? There is a new GNU service, called gnudb.org that is doing the same thing that freedb did. Maybe the article called "freedb" should be renamed or somehow include a section on gnudb.org? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.26.222.199 (talk) 00:59, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freedb


text:
Withdrawal

Withdrawal means "an act of taking out" and may refer to:
 * Anchoresis (withdrawal from the world for religious or ethical reasons)
 * Coitus interruptus (the withdrawal method)
 * Drug withdrawal
 * Social withdrawal
 * Taking of money from a bank
 * Water withdrawal
 * Withdrawal (military)
 * Withdrawal reflex
 * Withdrawal, Twista/Do or Die EP
 * "Withdrawals" (Tyler Farr song)

title: Withdrawal


text:
Talk:Baihao Yinzhen

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 January 2020 and 9 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): KZZZ01.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:13, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Removed all references
I removed all references. Except for the ones to Chadao's tea blog (which is a good blog, IMHO), the references all looked like pretty egregious examples of WP:CITESPAM. I would recommend reading WP:RS before adding sources; in general blogs are not acceptable unless there is great reason to trust the blog's authority and editorial integrity. In some unusual cases, in the world of tea, company websites might be acceptable, but I think only in cases where there is reason to believe the information should be trusted, such as when the company has clearly identified the source of their information, or is recognized as an authority on the subject. Blogs and company websites that do not clearly identify authorship, method of research / sources of the information, and an editorial policy are not acceptable as sources. Cazort (talk) 15:49, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification Cazort. I chose those sources because they were the only ones I could find. In the absence of reliable sources, perhaps the page itself should be deleted. timo (talk) 17:53, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

Silver needle tea question
I am certain that Bai Hao Yinzhen tea is Silver Needle Tea, but not too sure if Junshan Yinzhen tea can also be called Silver Needle tea. Does anyone know for sure? I ask because I made a redirect page for "Silver needle tea" today, I pointed it to Bai Hao Yinzhen tea. But if both teas are called Silver Needle Tea, then I need to make a change so that people can find BOTH teas. Thanks. Fallendarling (talk) 00:58, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Baihao Yinzhen is referred to as Silver Needle in popular practice, abbreviated from the full name White Hair (or White Down) Silver Needle. Junshan Yinzhen, even though with the same "Yinzhen" part of the name, however, is not referred to as Silver Needle. That is because the original Junshan Yinzhen was a yellow tea, so it looked yellowish. And due to the type of tea cultivar used to make the tea, the down was not as prominent as that in Baihao Yinzhen, and the leaf size a lot smaller. Therefore, the Silver Needle name is used for Baihao Yinzhen and not other downy shoot tea varieties. Back to Junshan Yinzhen: genuine Junshan Yinzhen is extremely rare, if not extinct, nowadays. Most teas called by that name are leaf shoot green teas produced from various cultivars and locations, they don't taste like the traditional yellow tea. There has been some discussions in the web in Mainland China about this, although they got exterminated quite readily because of commercial concerns.

All in all, directing the Silver Needle page to the Baihao Yinzhen page is good, but not the Junshan Yinzhen page.

Bill Ukers (talk) 16:31, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

This article is inaccurate, misleading, and lacking in definitive content
The content in this article now cannot define what a baihao yinzhen really is. What it does is to further indulge imitation products to be sold as the genuine ones. Accurate information should not be short of reputable references. There simply are too many reliable, independent sources out there for much better and definitive description of this tea than what this article can provide. I am surprised no one has been trying to improve this. Bill Ukers (talk) 16:04, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Genuine productions are from Fujian
It is key to state that the origin is from Fujian because it was where it started and the specific cultivars and local growing environment together yield the characteristic taste. In reality, many other provinces, and even in Nepal, are producing the tea with various dai bai cultivars they get from Fujian, but there are taste differences. I am amending the article accordingly. Please let me know if you have strong reasons to disagree with this change.

Bill Ukers (talk) 13:09, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

rewritten and references cited
I have rewritten the article to re-align facts and realistic practices, complete with reliable references. I also deleted some of the production regions that claimed to be also the origins. For historical references of the true origins, please go to the stated references for more reading. The two Chinese sources cited are some rare examples of reliable and non-biased writings, the Zhongguo Chajing book was published before the crazy capitalization on China happened and the Zhongguo Baicha book was from a rare scholar written with extensive field work and lab work supports. Those who can read Chinese and are interested in White teas are encouraged to read these two rather than the marketing writing and sales talks that flood the market. As for the two Englsih sources, the Tea Guardian site is an independent tea commentary and references with critical point of views and the Joseph Needham encyclopedia does not need my introduction.

Please share with me your thoughts about this re-writing.

Bill Ukers (talk) 15:29, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baihao Yinzhen


text:
William Murray Black

William Murray Black (December 8, 1855 – September 24, 1933) was a career officer in the United States Army, noted for his ability to organize and train young engineers.

Biography
Black, born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, graduated first in the United States Military Academy class of 1877 and was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers. From 1886 to 1891 Black headed the Jacksonville District, and in 1897-98 he was the Engineer Commissioner on the governing board of the District of Columbia. In the Spanish–American War, he was Chief Engineer, 3d and 5th Army Corps. As Chief Engineer under Generals William Ludlow and Leonard Wood (1899–1901), and six years later as advisor to the Cuban Department of Public Works, he modernized Havana's sanitary system. As commandant of the Army Engineer School (1901–03), Black moved it from the Fort at Willets Point, New York to Washington Barracks, D.C. After his return from Cuba in 1909, he was Northeast Division Engineer and chairman of a board to raise the battleship USS Maine (ACR-1). Devoted to training young engineer officers in the art of war, General Black's greatest responsibility came as Chief of Engineers during World War I in mobilizing and training some 300,000 engineer troops for a wide range of military engineering tasks. For this work he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the citation for which reads:

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General William Murray Black, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility as Chief of Engineers, in planning and administering the engineer and military railway services during World War I."

He retired October 31, 1919, and died in Washington, D.C., on September 24, 1933. He is buried at West Point Cemetery.

Legacy
The USS General W. M. Black (AP-135), launched July 1943, was named in his honor as was the dustpan dredge William M. Black.

title: William Murray Black


text:
Wood gas generator

A wood gas generator is a gasification unit which converts timber or charcoal into wood gas, a producer gas consisting of atmospheric nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, traces of methane, and other gases, which – after cooling and filtering – can then be used to power an internal combustion engine or for other purposes. Historically wood gas generators were often mounted on vehicles, but present studies and developments concentrate mostly on stationary plants.

Origins
Gasification was an important and common technology during the 19th and early 20th century. Town gas produced from coal was widely used, mainly for lighting purposes. When stationary internal combustion engines based on the Otto cycle became available in the 1870s, they began displacing steam engines as prime movers in many works requiring stationary motive power. Adoption accelerated after the Otto engine's patent expired in 1886. The potential and practical applicability of gasification to internal combustion engines were well understood from the earliest days of their development.

In 1873, Thaddeus S. C. Lowe developed and patented the water gas process by which large amounts of hydrogen gas could be generated for residential and commercial use in heating and lighting. Unlike the common coal gas, or coke gas which was used in municipal service, this gas provided a more efficient heating fuel.

During the late 19th century internal combustion engines were commonly fueled by town gas, and during the early 20th century many stationary engines switched to using producer gas created from coke which was substantially cheaper than town gas which was based on the distillation (pyrolysis) of more expensive coal.

During World War II, gasoline was rationed and in short supply. Due to the lack of gasoline from petroleum, older people recalled how to build gasifiers for both wood and coal, and how to convert internal combustion engines to run on gaseous fuel, and wood gas generators were in active production. In Great Britain, France, the United States and Germany, large numbers of such generators were constructed or improvised to convert wood and coal into fuel for vehicles. Commercial generators were in production before and after the war for use in special circumstances or in distressed economies. Some World War II era wood gas generators were of the "Imbert" downdraft type, designed around 1920 by French inventor Georges Imbert.

Germany produced Gazogene units for vehicles including cars, trucks, artillery tractors and even tanks, to preserve the limited supplies of fuel. Even in non-combatant countries, such as Sweden, Brazil or Spain, gasogene was popular, as oil became hard to obtain. In Brazil, a racer named Chico Landi won at São Paulo's Interlagos circuit in 1944, driving a wood gas-powered Alfa Romeo.

Coal-based town gas production was generally displaced by petroleum-based gas and natural gas. However, Great Britain continued her use of coal-based town gas until the North Sea natural gas discoveries in the 1960s and 1970s.

Post World War II
When oil prices rose there was renewed interest in wood gas generators. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) published a book in March 1989 describing how to build a gas generator in an emergency when oil was not available. It described a design called the "stratified downdraft gasifier" which solves several drawbacks of earlier types.

The European Union sponsored a wood gas project in Güssing, Austria, starting in 2005. This project was an electric power plant with a wood gas generator and a gas engine to convert the wood gas into 2 MW electric power and 4.5 MW heat. There was also an experimental device to use the Fischer–Tropsch process to convert wood gas to a diesel-like fuel. By October 2005, it was possible to convert 5 kg of wood into 1 litre of fuel.

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) is also known to have trucks that run off of wood gas generators. The trucks are common outside of Pyongyang and are in rural villages and smaller towns. These trucks are utilized due to sanctions placed on North Korea regarding imports of oil and gas.

Design
There is a rich literature on gas-works, town-gas, gas-generation, wood-gas, and producer gas, that is now in the public domain due to its age.

Most successful wood gas generators in use in Europe and the United States are some variation of the earlier Imbert design. Wood gas generators often use wood; however, charcoal can also be used as a fuel. It is denser and produces a cleaner gas without the tarry volatiles and excessive water content of wood.

The FEMA wood gas generator is (by definition of the FEMA manual) an emergency gasifier. It is designed to be rapidly assembled in a true fuel crisis. This simplified design has distinct benefits over the earlier European units such as easier refueling and construction but is less popular than the earlier Imbert design because of significant new problems, which include a lack of a fixed oxidization zone and allows the oxidization zone to creep to a larger area, causing a drop in temperature; a lower operating temperature leads to tar production and it lacks a true reduction zone further increasing this design's propensity to produce tar. Tar in the wood gas stream is considered a dirty gas and tar will gum up a motor quickly, possibly leading to stuck valves and rings.

A new design known as the Keith gasifier improves on the FEMA unit, incorporating extensive heat recovery and eliminating the tar problem. Testing at Auburn University has shown it to be 37% more efficient than running gasoline. This system set the world speed record for biomass powered vehicles and has made several cross country tours.

The United Nations produced the FOA 72 document with details about their wood gas generator design and construction, as does World Bank technical paper 296.

Advantages
Wood gas generators have a number of advantages over use of petroleum fuels:
 * They can be used to run internal combustion engines (or gas turbines, for maximal efficiency) using wood, a renewable resource, and in the absence of petroleum or natural gas, for example, during a fuel shortage.
 * They have a closed carbon cycle, contribute less to global warming, and are sustainable in nature.
 * They can be relatively easily fabricated in a crisis using materials on hand.
 * They are far cleaner burning than a wood fire or a gasoline-powered engine (without emissions controls), producing little, if any soot.
 * When used in a stationary design, they reach their true potential, as they are feasible to use in small combined heat and power scenarios (with heat recovery from the wood gas producer, and possibly the engine/generator, for example, to heat water for hydronic heating), even in industrialized countries, even during good economic times, provided that a sufficient supply of wood is attainable. Larger-scale installations can reap even better efficiencies, and are useful for district heating as well.

Disadvantages
The disadvantages of wood gas generators are:
 * the large specific size
 * the relatively slow starting speed; the time to heat the initially cold batch of wood to the necessary temperature level can take many minutes and in bigger plants even hours until the designed power is reached.
 * a batch burning operation, that some designs feature, and that regularly interrupts the gas producing process.
 * the stop operation out of a high load level is difficult (for example the stop of the engine using the gas): the residual heat still produces gas, which for a certain time leaves the gasifier either without control, or has to be used in a burner
 * the primary combustible fuel-gas produced during gasification is carbon monoxide: it is an intentional fuel-product, and is subsequently burned to safe carbon dioxide in the engine (or other application) along with the other fuel-gases; however, continuous exposure to carbon monoxide can be fatal to humans even in small to moderate concentrations.
 * the humidity of the wood (usually 15 to 20%) and the water vapor created by the O- and H-atoms of the dry wood itself (about 0.4 liters of water loaded with organic substances per kg of dry wood) condenses during the gas cooling and filtering procedure and yields a liquid (see also wood tar), which needs specific waste water treatment. This treatment requires about 25 to 35% of the created wood gas energy.

Safety consideration
When not carefully designed and used, there exists considerable potential for injury or death due to wood gas containing a large percentage of poisonous carbon monoxide (CO) gas. Wood gasifiers of proven design and thoroughly tested construction are considered safe to use outdoors, or in a partially enclosed space, for example, under a shelter open to the air on two sides; they may also be considered relatively safe to use in an extremely well ventilated (e.g. negative pressure) indoor area not connected to any indoor area used for sleeping, equipped with redundant (more than 1), completely independent, battery-powered, regularly tested carbon-monoxide gas detectors. However, prudence must dictate that any sort of experimental wood gasifier design or new construction be thoroughly tested outdoors, and only outdoors, with a "buddy" at all times, and with constant vigilance for any sign of headache, drowsiness, or nausea, as these are the first symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.

In addition, mixtures of excessive quantities of air and gas should be avoided as this could lead to the deflagration (explosion) of the gas in question if a combustion source is present. Long-term storage of wood-gas, except through the use of a gasholder-type water-displacement apparatus, should not be attempted, due to the volatile elements present in the gas, which, if allowed to excessively precipitate, will condense in the storage vessel. Under no circumstances should wood-gas ever be compressed to more than 1 bar above ambient, as this may induce condensation of volatiles, as well as lead to the likelihood of severe injury or death due to carbon monoxide or deflagration if the vessel leaks or fails.

Media coverage
In 2008, an example of designing and constructing a working wood gas generator powered truck was shown on the National Geographic Channel's Planet Mechanics in the eighth episode, "Tree Powered Car".

In 2009, another example of designing and constructing a working wood gas powered generator engine was in the TV series The Colony in the second episode of the first season "Power Struggle". Also used in the tenth episode "Exodus" to power an escape vehicle.

A 2010, Mother Earth News article discussed and showed pictures of a wood gas powered engine installed in a pickup truck. As part of the BBC science series "Bang Goes The Theory", a Volkswagen Scirocco was converted to a design by Martin Bacon to run on used coffee grounds, and after its build in 2010 was driven solely on coffee from London to Manchester successfully. Part of the team are now working on a more advanced design leaning towards top speed as opposed to range.

On September 14, 2011, at the Bonneville Salt Flats a truck modified with a wood gas powered engine set a new world speed record for vehicles powered by wood gas with a speed of 73 mph.

On the popular US radio program Car Talk, a caller in episode 1201 (which aired on January 7, 2012, and was subsequently named "20 Miles Per Woodchip"), described a wood gas generating vehicle he rode in as a boy during World War II in Germany. The hosts were not familiar with the technology, likely because it was never widely adopted in the US.

On March 12, 2012, on a season 2 episode of Doomsday Preppers, a wood gas generator is shown running a Ford truck and a house electric generator by prepper Scott Hunt on his multi-acre woodland property in South Carolina.

Serbian TV sitcom "Truckdrivers 2" (="Kamiondzije II") from 1983. talks, as a part of plot, about a gas generator affixed to a chassis of a lorry.

An article appeared in Mother Earth News in April 2012 featuring the Keith gasifier, showing pictures and talking with inventor Wayne Keith.

In the BBC documentary Wartime Farm, Episode 5 (aired October 2012) they built a coal gas powered ambulance according to the specifications of a 1943 gas powered vehicle.

In Season 3 Of Mountain Men On The History Channel, Eustice Conway is shown operating a wood gasified Toyota pickup for hauling goods

The Finnish prime minister Juha Sipilä has received some media attention also for the wood gas powered car he built as a hobby prior to his political career. The "El Kamina", model year 1987 Chevrolet El Camino, is the fastest wood-gas powered car, 140 km/h, 87 mph.

List of commercially available systems
There are only a few companies that produce wood gasifier systems commercially. A list can be found here below. Since wood gas systems have the tendency of being rather large, most focus on stationary applications (electricity production). Some may be suitable for building into vehicles though.

 * Ankur Scientific Energy Technologies
 * GASEK
 * Holzenergie Wegscheid GmbH
 * Vulcan Gasifier LLC
 * Victory Gasworks
 * Garringer Gasifier
 * ALL Power Labs
 * Husk Power Systems
 * STAK Properties LLC
 * Foutch Manufacturing
 * Gasógenos GADA
 * REP Renewable Energy Products GmbH
 * Gasification Australia Pty Ltd
 * International Supply Biz
 * Borealis Wood Power Corp
 * Zhengzhou Shuliy Machinery Co., Ltd
 * Volter
 * Burkhardt GmbH
 * Spanner Re² GmbH
 * MRC Green
 * Associated Engineering Works
 * National innovation Foundation – India,
 * Trillion Gasifiers
 * Northern Self Reliance
 * Superior Gasification
 * Creeco (Pvt) Ltd., Pakistan
 * Tactical Wood Gas Inc
 * SynCraft Engineering GmbH

title: Wood gas generator


text:
Chorna (river)

The Chorna, Chyornaya or Chorhun (Чорна, Chorna, Чёрная, Chyornaya, Çorğuna), which translates from the Ukrainian and Russian as "Black River", is a small river in southern Crimea. It is 34.5 km long.

The Chorna River begins in the Baydar Valley northeast of the small town of Rodnikivs'ke (44° 28' N 33° 51' EG), just west of which it flows into a reservoir. From there it continues in a westerly direction to the town of Inkerman (Belokamensk) where it enters the Bay of Sevastopol, on the southwest coast of the Crimean peninsula.

Inkerman was a key location during the Crimean War of 1853–1856 and the Chorna lends its name to the Battle of Chernaya (Chyornaya) River of 1855.

title: Chorna (river)


text: User talk:69.238.96.237

title: User talk:69.238.96.237


text:
Friedrich Alfred Krupp

Friedrich Alfred Krupp (17February 1854 – 22November 1902) was a German steel manufacturer and head of the company Krupp. He was the son of Alfred Krupp and inherited the family business when his father died in 1887. Whereas his father had largely supplied iron and steel, Friedrich shifted his company's production back to arms manufacturing. Friedrich greatly expanded Krupp and acquired the Germaniawerft in 1896 which gave him control of warship manufacturing in Germany. He oversaw the development of nickel steel, U-boats, the diesel engine, and much more. He died in 1902, possibly by suicide, after being accused of homosexuality. His daughter Bertha inherited the company.

Early life and education
Krupp was born in Essen, Germany. His father was Alfred Krupp, who turned the small local ironworks of Krupp into one of the most powerful companies in the world. Raised in the unhealthy atmosphere of the Ruhr, he suffered from asthma and was more interested in natural sciences than business, so his father even considered passing the company to one of his own nephews.

Career
However in 1887, Friedrich took over the leadership of his late father's company. He married Baroness Margarethe von Ende (1854-1931). They had two daughters: Bertha and Barbara (married Tilo, Baron von Wilmowsky).

Whereas his father had largely supplied iron and steel for railroads in America, with the rise of Carnegie Steel, Friedrich shifted his company's production back to arms manufacturing. During his time in charge, he greatly expanded Krupp, acquiring Germaniawerft in 1896 which gave him control of warship manufacturing in Germany. He oversaw the development of nickel steel, U-boats, the diesel engine, and much more. Krupp increased and diversified the output of the Krupp Works, which he extended by the incorporation with them of other enterprises. A member of the House of Lords of Prussia and Council of State, he also sat in Germany's Reichstag from 1893 to 1898.

Personal life
For four years, beginning in 1898, Krupp spent several months of the year on the Italian island of Capri, staying at the hotel Quisisana. He kept two yachts there, Maya and Puritan. His hobby was oceanography. He met Felix Anton Dohrn and Ignazio Cerio on Capri.

In 1902 he died, apparently by suicide. His daughter Bertha inherited the company and shortly thereafter married Gustav Halbach, the grandson of Henry Bohlen.

Scandal and death
In the 1890s, the owner of a luxurious hotel in Berlin discovered that Krupp was meeting with young Italian male lovers; homosexuality was criminalized in Germany, but Krupp's ally, Kaiser Wilhelm II, prevented any development of a controversy, at least domestically. However, the Kaiser was unable to influence events in Italy. On 15 November 1902, the Social Democratic magazine Vorwärts claimed that Friedrich Alfred Krupp was homosexual, that he had a number of liaisons with boys and men on Capri, and that his closest attachment was to Adolfo Schiano, an 18-year-old barber and amateur musician. This report appeared in the German press months after stories of an unnamed foreign businessman's homosexual orgies were printed in local and Neapolitan papers demanding an inquest. Capri locals were aware of Krupp's homosexual activities, but those in positions of power turned a blind eye, including the owner of Quisisana, who had a certain influence over a local political party, to which Krupp contributed funds. The Neopolitan paper Il Mattino was the first to publish an article, while withholding Krupp's name. Its source in Capri was a teacher who resented Krupp's choice of a different Italian language instructor. This teacher had also been heavily criticized by the same political party that had the support and patronage of Krupp, causing the teacher to support the opposing political party.

Krupp returned to Germany, waiting for the scandal to pass. Instead, Italian newspapers continued to identify a wealthy foreign capitalist as the center of homosexual activity. The first report in Germany appeared in the Catholic newspaper Augsburger Postzeitung in August 1902. It cited reports in two Italian newspapers and like them described but did not name the industrialist.

In October 1902, Krupp's wife Margarethe von Ende received anonymous letters and, according to some reports, compromising photos of her husband's orgies. She asked Kaiser Wilhelm II, a Krupp family friend, to take action against her husband. The Kaiser responded by having her committed to an insane asylum.

The newspaper Vorwärts then published their article titled "Krupp in Capri", stating: "If Krupp continues to live in Germany, he will be subject to penalties under Paragraph 175 of the Code. When certain illegal practices lead to a public scandal, the police have a duty to promote legal action." Under Paragraph 175, homosexual acts were punishable by years of hard labor. Krupp sued the newspaper and sought help from his allies in government, including Kaiser Wilhelm. Copies of Vorwärts were seized and destroyed, even in the homes of subscribers. It seemed that Krupp had decided to give battle. However, by now his nerves were shot, perhaps because of the suspicion that this time the scandal was so big and well-grounded that even his wealth and his friendships could not save him if due process occurred.

A week after Vorwärts published the allegations against Krupp, on 22 November 1902, Krupp died. It is uncertain whether he died of suicide or illness.

In a speech at Krupp's burial, Kaiser Wilhelm attacked the Social Democratic politicians, insisting that they had lied about Krupp's sexual orientation. Krupp's heirs initiated a lawsuit against Vorwärts, but soon abandoned the action.

title: Friedrich Alfred Krupp


text:
Talk:Coya Knutson

Untitled
I created this article just because, after a recent reference to Coya Come Home in the Times, I went to see what was on Wikipedia and found there was no article about this amazing woman. So, naturally, I wrote it, already somewhat familiar with the story from that George article the year after she died.

I have never lived in Minnesota, don't think I ever will, and I make no pretense to any special understanding of that state or its politics. I put this out based on what I knew and what I found online; I'd certainly be happy if someone with even more knowledge wanted to build on this. Daniel Case 04:17, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 22:17, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Coya Knutson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040709101542/http://www.prairieagcomm.com/redlakecounty/html/onews.cfm?ID=77 to http://www.prairieagcomm.com/redlakecounty/html/onews.cfm?ID=77

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:50, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coya Knutson


text:
Bonanzaville, USA

Bonanzaville, USA is a history museum complex in West Fargo, North Dakota. Bonanzaville, the museum of the Cass County Historical Society, is made up of forty buildings on 12 acre, many of them are historic and from the region. These buildings have been moved to the museum grounds and now form a village setting. Most of the buildings have a special theme. Displays include a prairie church, a general store, a drug store, a fire station, Fargo's first house, and a schoolhouse. There are also several newer buildings which have been constructed on the grounds including an aircraft museum and an automobile museum.

Other exhibits include horse-drawn vehicles, firefighting vehicles and equipment, medical and dental equipment, a law enforcement museum, a telephone museum, and a newspaper printing press. Bonanzaville has several hundred thousand artifacts in their collections and on display.

Location and events
Bonanzaville is located just off of Interstate 94 (Exit 343) and about 2+1/2 mi west of the city of Fargo, North Dakota. The complex is open from May through September, but event venues are open year-round. The highlight of the museum's year is the annual "Pioneer Days", the largest and longest-running annual event in the Fargo–Moorhead area. The event is held the third weekend of August. Other popular events include the July 4 Celebration, Ghost Tours, Paranormal Investigations, and Christmas on the Prairie. In November 2018, the producers of Antiques Roadshow announced that the historical television show was planning to film at Bonanzaville in June 2019.

Exhibits
An exhibit on the Jewish experience in North Dakota opened in 2017. The North Dakota State University Fargo History Project prepared an exhibit on the Spanish–American War that opened in 2019.

Telephone Pioneers Museum
The telephone museum was a hardware store donated by Oscar Loken of Tower City and converted by US WEST Telephone Pioneers. The exhibits show telecommunications devices, such as receivers, switching equipment, and glass or porcelain line insulators. Many of the telephone equipment was from the local service area of Northwestern Bell Telephone Company. Old and new type cable were removed from Fargo in 1978 and are on display.

The Telephone Pioneers maintain the telephone equipment which allows calls to be made from one building to another.

There are various telephony related items in the museum.

Flooding
A spill of 200000 USgal of water flooded Bonanzaville in January 2019.

title: Bonanzaville, USA


text:
Damian Chapa

Damian Robert Chapa (born October 29, 1963) is an American actor, film director, screenwriter, and producer.

Biography
Chapa's ancestry is of Mexican, Italian, German and Native American descent. He now calls San Antonio, Texas home.

Chapa played the part of evangelist Leroy Jenkins in the 2002 film The Calling. Perhaps his most notable film role is that of Miklo Velka in Taylor Hackford's Blood In Blood Out. He appeared as Ken Masters in Raúl Juliá's final film Street Fighter, based on the video game Street Fighter II: The World Warrior.

In 2011, Damian Chapa was arrested in Madrid and later transferred to a Munich jail to await a court appearance on a charge of the alleged rape of former girlfriend Roxanna Foell. He was subsequently released and exonerated and paid several thousand euros by the German government in September 2011 after being held in custody wrongfully for seven weeks. Chapa has apparently since filed a $1.3 million lawsuit for damages against Foell.

title: Damian Chapa


text:
Chyornaya Rechka (Saint Petersburg)

The Chyornaya Rechka (Чёрная Речка), originally Mustajogi (in the Karelian language), is a small river in Saint Petersburg. It is 8.1 kilometres long, and flows into the Great Nevka, a branch of the Neva.

The Chyornaya Rechka is known for famous duels that took place there, including the 1909 duel between Nikolai Gumilyov and Maximilian Voloshin over the matter of a fictitious poet called Cherubina de Gabriak [in the Finnish language: Kaprijakin (Kaprion) Kerubitar], and the fatal duel between poet-playwright Alexander Pushkin and Georges d'Anthès. The Chyornaya Rechka contributes to St. Petersburg's weather – since water absorbs and radiates heat slower than land it makes temperatures less extreme in a place so close to the polar zone.

title: Chyornaya Rechka (Saint Petersburg)


text:
KNOL (FM)

KNOL (107.5 FM), branded as "K-Love", is a contemporary Christian formatted non-commercial radio station serving the New Orleans metropolitan area. The station is owned by Educational Media Foundation and broadcasts at 107.5 MHz with an ERP of 15 kW from Jean Lafitte, Louisiana.

History
Although KNOL has been a country music formatted station for most of its existence under the call letters KCIL, the station was a Rhythmic Top 40 as "Hot 107" in the late 1980s.

In 2007, KCIL filed with the FCC to move its city of license to Jean Lafitte, in order to better serve New Orleans. The change was approved in May 2007.

On May 2, 2011, KCIL changed its call letters to KXMG. On July 1, 2011, KXMG changed its format to Spanish Contemporary Hit Radio, branded as "Mega 107.5". For most of 2011, reception quality for KXMG was inconsistent within the most heavily urbanized areas of the New Orleans metropolitan area and nearly non-existent north of Lake Pontchartrain.

KXMG was an affiliate of the New Orleans Saints radio network for Spanish-language broadcasting.

On March 17, 2015, KXMG changed their format to Educational Media Foundation's "K-Love" contemporary Christian format. The station changed its call sign to KNOL on May 12, 2015, after EMF acquired the station outright from Sunburst Media-Louisiana, LLC, at a purchase price of $3.2 million.

Former competitors

 * Crescent City Radio
 * 830 AM WFNO
 * 1540 AM KGLA

title: KNOL (FM)


text:
Harry Taylor (engineer)

Harry Taylor (June 26, 1862 – January 27, 1930) was a U.S. Army officer who fought in World War I, and who served for a time as Chief of Engineers.

Early life
Taylor was born in Tilton, New Hampshire, and graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1884 and commissioned in the Corps of Engineers.

Military career
After serving in engineer offices in Wilmington, North Carolina, and New York City, Taylor served from 1891 to 1900 on fortifications and rivers and harbors construction work in Oregon and Washington. Later he pursued similar work in New England and New York. Transferred to the Philippines, he supervised all fortification work there in 1904–05. Taylor was district engineer in New London, Connecticut, from 1906 to 1911. He then headed the River and Harbor Division in the Office of the Chief of Engineers for five years.

During World War I he served as chief engineer, American Expeditionary Forces in France (mid-1917 to mid-1918). In this capacity he supervised the construction of railways, barracks, wharves, and shelters throughout France. Taylor was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal and the French Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor).

After serving as assistant chief of engineers six years, he was named major general, Chief of Engineers, on June 19, 1924. Wilson Dam was completed during his tenure. General Taylor retired June 26, 1926. He died from pneumonia on January 27, 1930, in Washington, D.C., and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

In 1943, the navy transport ship USS General Harry Taylor (AP-145) was named in his honor.

title: Harry Taylor (engineer)


text:
Gettin' Ready

Gettin' Ready is the fourth studio album by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label released in 1966. It marks the transition of the group from having Smokey Robinson as its main producer, with new producer Norman Whitfield taking over Robinson's position. Two #1 R&B hit singles, one from each producer, are included: "Get Ready" from Robinson with Eddie Kendricks on lead, and "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" from Whitfield with David Ruffin on lead. Also included is the original version of "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby," which would be rerecorded as a hit for Marvin Gaye in 1969. The album was also one of the last albums to contain tracks co-authored by members of the group until the release of The Temptations Do The Temptations (1976). As with previous Temptations albums, several songs are written by members of The Miracles: Smokey Robinson, Bobby Rogers, Pete Moore, Ronnie White, and Marv Tarplin.

Side one

 * 1) "Say You" (Charles Jones, Robert Dobyne, Robert Staunton) (lead singers: David Ruffin, Melvin Franklin)* 2:33
 * 2) "Little Miss Sweetness" (Smokey Robinson) (lead singer: David Ruffin) 3:12
 * 3) "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" (Edward Holland, Jr., Norman Whitfield) (lead singer: David Ruffin) 2:36
 * 4) "Get Ready" (Robinson) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks; adlibs: Melvin Franklin) 2:44
 * 5) "Lonely, Lonely Man Am I" (Holland, Eddie Kendricks, Whitfield) (lead singers: Paul Williams, Melvin Franklin) 2:37
 * 6) "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" (Janie Bradford, Barrett Strong, Whitfield) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks) 2:41

Side two

 * 1) "I've Been Good to You" (Robinson) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks, Melvin Franklin) 3:04
 * 2) "It's a Lonely World Without Your Love" (Ivy Jo Hunter, William "Mickey" Stevenson) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks) 2:36
 * 3) "Fading Away" (Pete Moore, Robinson, Bobby Rogers) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks) 2:41
 * 4) "Who You Gonna Run To" (Robinson) (lead singer: Paul Williams) 3:12
 * 5) "You're Not an Ordinary Girl" (Moore, Robinson, Rogers, Marv Tarplin, Ronnie White) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks) 2:54
 * 6) "Not Now (I'll Tell You Later)" (Robinson, Otis Williams)*** (lead singers: Eddie Kendricks, Melvin Franklin) 2:59

1998 CD reissue bonus tracks

 * 1) "Give It Up" ** (Sylvester Potts, Mary Wells) (lead singer: Paul Williams) 2:21
 * 2) "The Man Who Don't Believe In Love" ** (Marv Johnson) (lead singer: Paul Williams) 2:27

Notes
 * (*) in mono
 * (**) bonus tracks for compact disc re-release, unreleased tracks dating from the Elbridge Bryant era of the early 1960s.
 * (***) Recorded in 1963 during the Elbridge Bryant era with The Supremes as background vocals.

The Temptations
with:
 * David Ruffin – vocals (side one, tracks 1–5 on side two)
 * Eddie Kendricks – vocals
 * Paul Williams – vocals
 * Melvin Franklin – vocals
 * Otis Williams – vocals
 * Elbridge "Al" Bryant – vocals (track 6 on side two, CD version bonus tracks)
 * The Andantes – backing vocals ("Get Ready")
 * The Supremes – backing vocals ("Not Now, I'll Tell You Later")
 * The Funk Brothers – instrumentation
 * Detroit Symphony Orchestra – instrumentation (some tracks)

Producers

 * Smokey Robinson – "Little Miss Sweetness", "Get Ready", "I've Been Good to You", "Fading Away", "Who You Gonna Run Two", "You're Not an Ordinary Girl" and "Not Now, I'll Tell You Later", Executive Producer
 * Norman Whitfield – "Ain't Too Proud to Beg", "Lonely, Lonely Man Am I" and "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby", Executive Producer
 * Robert Staunton and Robert Walker, producers – "Say You"
 * William "Mickey" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter – "It's A Lonely World Without Your Love"
 * Sylvester Potts (of The Contours) – "Give It Up"
 * Marv Johnson – "The Man Who Didn't Believe in Love"

title: Gettin' Ready


text:
William R. Fairchild International Airport

William R. Fairchild International Airport is a public airport located within the city limits of Port Angeles in Clallam County, Washington, United States. It is 3.5 mi northwest of the central business district of Port Angeles, near the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The airport is owned by the Port of Port Angeles.

History
The airport was developed from 1934 through 1948 by the Works Progress Administration, the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy. It was named Clallam County Municipal Landing Field when ownership was given to Clallam County in 1948. Three years later the county transferred the airport to the Port of Port Angeles. In 1953, William R. Fairchild started the Angeles Flying Service and became the first airport supervisor. The airport was renamed in his honor in September 1969, following his death in an aircraft accident earlier in the year.

Facilities and aircraft
William R. Fairchild International Airport covers an area of 797 acre at an elevation of 291 ft above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways:

 * 8/26 measuring 6347 x
 * 13/31 measuring 3245 x

The primary runway is operated with an instrument landing system and can handle aircraft up to an Airbus A319.

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 25,158 aircraft operations, an average of 69 per day: 79% general aviation, 20% air taxi, and <1% military. At that time there were 66 aircraft based at this airport: 91% single-engine, 4.5% multi-engine, 1.5% jet, and 3% helicopter.

Fairchild Airport is also home to Port Angeles' Civil Air Patrol squadron.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anal Sex in Brasil

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Deleted. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 03:10, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Anal Sex in Brasil
Not quite nonsense, but close; I don't see how this can become a worthwhile article. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 04:22, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Keep. I am just pointing out (no-one else has) that anal sex is pretty much considered totally normal and done a lot in Brasil much more so than in places like Argentina and the U.S. You should try it sometime. We even say in Brasil that if you dont do anal on the first date you are doing something wrong thank you Obrigado!Wiki brah 04:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge with Anal sex. --Apostrophe 04:57, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Apostrophe. Nateji77 05:11, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge; with Anal sex. - and we appreciate the effort but it's a bit too specific to really be practical in an encyclopedia of this proporion. I would also like some documentation of some sort as the article seems to be based on the authors subjective opinion. | Celcius 05:11, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain: Is such an entry going to open a pandora’s box for “similar entries? --Bhadani 05:18, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I find the term "opening Pandora's box" a bit inappropriate in this context ;) Aecis 09:19, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I do agree. --Bhadani 09:25, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Sounds very POV. I'd like to see it backed up with some supporting evidence.  Wait, that didn't sound right... -PlainSight 05:21, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and do not redirect unless sourced. Zoe 05:35, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. There's not much that's factual or verifiable here, thank God. There may be some valid points about relative prevalence of different sexual practices in different places, but without references it doesn't belong here. Trollderella 06:44, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have book sources for this statement plus my own personal experiences growing up in São Paolo and besides i think the girls in Rio do it more than here even thank you
 * Delete not backed up with anything. LOOK AT THIS USER'S CONTRIBUTIONS -- a lot of nonsense. unsigned hysteriacalism by User:Paul_Klenk
 * Strong delete. Verifiability is a necessity in this and similar cases, "own personal experiences" simply isn't good enough. I don't want to see a number of articles on sexual practices in different parts of the world based purely on personal experiences. If the statements can be sourced, they could possibly be merged somewhere - if they are not, they should just go. / Alarm 08:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Anal sex or delete if not verified. This is too granular for a seperate entry. - Mgm|(talk) 09:37, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for various reasons noted above. --Bhadani 09:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unverified. Uppland 10:13, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete and send author to Siberia for six years. I do not agree with the suggestion to merge with Anal Sex as this page has zero content to contribute to that page. Contains several unverifiable gems
 * The percentage of Brazilian women practicing anal sex is much higher than the United States. Who says and how can you verify this ?
 * "While this is all good fun" is not the tone of an encyclopedia.
 * Hetrosexual spread AIDS is much higher in Brazil than in Argentina. How do you know it's because of anal sex ? Manik Raina 11:51, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing here, and, practically speaking, nothing ever will nor should. I'd call it "original research", except that there's no research. --Calton | Talk 12:44, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and book flight to Brazil. Proto t c 14:21, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and do not merge. Merge implies redirect. If someone believes that the topic is not adequately covered in the main article, go edit that article. But don't leave this page.  -- DS1953 14:44, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Proto, uh sorry DS. Dottore So 18:15, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless references are added. Thue | talk 18:17, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and nuke Brasil. They will suffer the same fate as Sodom!!! No worthwhile content addition, highly unencyclopedic, unverifiable, 'nuff said. -Hmib 18:41, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with prejudice. "Granular," that's the word I was looking for.  Thanks, MGM.    Paul Klenk 21:54, 26 August 2005 (UTC) Pls. note that Klenk has voted twice for some reason thank you.Wiki brah 04:11, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Noted. Have you also noted that many people have asked you nicely to take more care creating articles, stub categories, and I'd add anything else? No change of vote (below). Andrewa 18:22, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research/unverifiable. --Carnildo 22:01, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons above. Groeck 06:31, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No merge. Gamaliel 09:17, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research. Nandesuka 22:41, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with no merge as something between original research and patent nonsense. ESkog 22:52, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV. *drew 22:59, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as banal analysis. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:31, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - there's nothing that could be merged as there is nothing cited by references as being factual. Rossrs 14:52, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete lack of referemnces DV8 2XL 16:26, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Short unattributed essay, no useful content. Misspelled name despite several users discussing this issue with the creator regarding previous articles (also up for deletion). The creator has been the subject of a great deal of comment in various places, generally good natured and assuming good faith so far, but we are close to having a more confrontational discussion IMO. Andrewa 17:57, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete pending references. This is a known phenominon, that anal sex is somewhat more widely practiced in Brazil than elsewhere in latin america. And it has lead to slightly higher rates of m2f HIV transmition. Klonimus 20:24, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete Not verified, very POV, and pointless. I do not suggest merging.
 * Speedy Delete via IAR - This ought to be a CSD. Speedy delete and use IAR as an excuse in the ensuing RFAr. Seriously though, think about it. How the hell is this encyclopedic? -- Phroziac  ( talk ) 03:08, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:68.58.44.243

title: User talk:68.58.44.243


text: Category:User tpi-2

title: Category:User tpi-2


text: File:Tempts-in-mellow-mood.jpg

title: File:Tempts-in-mellow-mood.jpg


text:
Josephine Acosta Pasricha

Josephine Acosta Pasricha (born March 26, 1945-June 6, 2020) was a Filipino indologist who translated the "Ramacharitamanasa" of Tulasi Dasa, the Hindi translation of the Ramayana by Valmiki in Sanskrit, into the Filipino language.

Pasricha herself was mentored by Filipino indologist Juan R. Francisco. She made a complete unpublished Filipino translation of the seven books of the "Ramacharitamanasa" of Tulasi Dasa, accompanied with contextual, intertextual and textual analysis, and cross-references with Sanskrit, Hindi and English translations.

An expert in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, she was also a Ford Foundation research scholar to the University of Delhi. She taught humanities in the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, up until her death. In the undergraduate level, she taught Art Appreciation, Aesthetics and Hermeneutics. In the graduate level, she taught Advanced Aesthetics, Advanced Hermeneutics, Cultural Studies, Feminist Philosophy and Theology of the Body.

She was one of the editors of the Filipino translation of Kama Sutra by Marvin Reyes and Paz Panganiban. The translation is based on the work of Vatsyayana and Sir Richard Burton. Dr. Pasricha died on June 6, 2020 due to cardiac arrest.

Personal life
Pasricha was married to an Indian man and had two daughters, Sarina and Satya (also known as Selene). Both daughters were raised in the Philippines and now work in India for a global Indian Informational Technology company.

Author

 * The Theory of the Sublime in the Mahabharata
 * Introduction to Art Appreciation, co-author with Manolita Policarpio and Inez Pascual
 * Introduction to Art Appreciation and Aesthetics, co-author with Tomas Hernandez

Editor

 * Kama Sutra, a Filipino translation

title: Josephine Acosta Pasricha


text:
Kōichi Kawakita

Kōichi Kawakita (川北 紘一) was a Japanese special effects director, cinematographer, and optical photographer.

Director

 * Monster Planet of Godzilla (1994)
 * The God of Clay (2011)

Special effects director

 * Ultraman Ace (1972-1973)
 * Ultraman Taro (1973-1974)
 * Ultraman 80 (1980-1981)
 * Sayonara Jupiter (1984)
 * Gunhed (1989)
 * Godzilla vs. Biollante (1989)
 * Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991)
 * Godzilla vs. Mothra (1992)
 * Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993)
 * Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla (1994)
 * Yamato Takeru (1994)
 * Godzilla vs. Destoroyah (1995)
 * Rebirth of Mothra (1996)
 * Rebirth of Mothra II (1997)
 * Chouseishin Series (2003-2006)
 * Chouseishin Gransazer (2003-2004)
 * Genseishin Justirisers (2004-2005)
 * Chousei Kantai Sazer-X (2005-2006)

Special effects assistant director

 * Godzilla vs. Hedorah (1971)
 * Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla (1974)
 * The War in Space (1977)
 * The Mighty Peking Man (1977)

Actor

 * Godzilla vs. Hedorah (1971) - Bar Patron (uncredited)
 * Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991) - Underground shopping center patron (uncredited)
 * Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993) - Rodan hand puppet (uncredited)
 * Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack (2001) - Minor Role (SDF officer) (final film role)

title: Kōichi Kawakita