text:
Talk:The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II

General Cleanup?
NEW Cleanup section BELOW.

I'm not sure how many people care around this time (July 2008), but I have several suggestions regarding the polishing/rewriting of this page.

- More details in the Plot section, outlining the campaign storylines in a couple of paragraphs
 * UPDATE (02 Sep 2008): Mission-by-mission added. Great job folks, but a shorter paragraph or two would be nice, I think.

- Adding a new Factions section, with general style of play and unique characteristics of each faction

- Reducing the Heroes section, replacing the story descriptions of the heroes with short descriptions of how they play (and possibly merging it into Factions section)

- Reducing the Create-a-Hero section (never tried it, so not sure how it works)
 * UPDATE (28 Sep 2008): Almost deleted, greatly summarized. More info perhaps?

- Merging Original Characters section with Heroes section
 * UPDATE (28 Sep 2008): Deleted, Third Age characters to Heroes section.

- Reducing the Comparisons with Tolkien's Writings section
 * UPDATE (28 Sep 2008): Deleted, some bits merged into Plot: Setting.

- Adding Critical Reception section, with quotes from several prominent game review sites and magazines
 * UPDATE (02 Sep 2008): Started. Need more info and review scores.

That's all I can think of right now. Anyone agree, have anything to add, or will personally make major edits, you're welcome.

Spiritaway5177 (talk) 00:06, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

 * A little help - WikiProject Video games Guidelines Spiritaway5177 (talk) 05:31, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Hope you're still here. And I'm glad someone has taken a good look at the article. We should worl together. Contact me please I want to get started quickly. Lord of Moria   Talk   Contribs  00:06, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi, just edit as you see fit and discuss ideas with everyone here! Spiritaway5177 (talk) 02:24, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Someone just deleted the whole 'un-encyclopedic' info in this article. This article needs serious work, but I don't think simply cutting off sections is gonna work all that well.. I restored most of it for now, and I'm merging some useful pieces from the to-be-deleted sections into other parts of the article. Point is, let's take it slowly.. Also, some updates to the above list. Edit and Add more ideas. Spiritaway5177 (talk) 02:24, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I think we should cut all the cruft. It makes the article look very, very messy. I think some sections should be merged, preferably all the characters and a new section created on factions. Lord of Moria   Talk   Contribs  11:40, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I've fixed most of the cruft and added tags to sections that need work. Also to save informationI've mergerd a few unnecessary sections. It looks like a template for GA to the eye slightly, but still the prose could do with some work and expressions. Lord of Moria   Talk   Contribs  12:25, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Minor detail corrected.
It stated that Haldir was son of Halmir. This is incorrect and is probably the result of confusion with the man in the first age of the same name. I corrected it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.177.124.143 (talk) 21:09, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup v.2?
The article went through some significant changes, so let's make a new list!

 * 'Characters' section looks sort of "out of place," since this is not particularly story-driven or character-focused. It mostly talks about units and heroes, so merge to 'Gameplay' in its own subsection?
 * 'Characters' into 'Factions.' Unit mechanism fits better in 'Gameplay.' Spiritaway5177 (talk) 04:35, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Some more general info about each factions and heroes would be nice. Not too game-guide style, though.
 * Faction characteristics added to 'Factions.' Good factions started. Too Game-guide-ish? Spiritaway5177 (talk) 04:35, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

 * 'Features' section looks too short. What should we put in here anyway??
 * 'Plot' section looks crowded. I think its content is summarized enough, but would suggest subheadings for 'Good' and 'Evil'.
 * A new 'Development' section, for some real-world history of the game, as well as techincal stuff. Necessary for GA.
 * Add more suggestions and/or edits!

Some role-model RTS pages: StarCraft (Featured article), Age of Empires III (Good article) Spiritaway5177 (talk) 19:10, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Please lets stick to the main body of of WP:MoS and avoid adding subsections that go into unecessary pedantic detail. The article should look concise otherwise we'll go back to what it originally was -- and we do not need another clean up. I reccommend that we should continue to add in as much detail as possible on the reception and gameplay areas rather than factions (in fact this should be brief [per faction]). We could add maps of some of the settings in the settings area and we need to expand the receptions area as this is where it will mostly be judged on. (I advise a table should be made of reviewers and scores both in a two column table). An example is given below on how to tackle such a section as reception. サラは、私を、私の青覚えている.    Talk   Contribs  16:38, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Images
How come there is only one image of the game in the article of actual gameplay? The picture even looks a bit strange... How about if someone adds to the article? KeeperOfTheKeys (talk) 22:13, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

A second expansion pack
they should make one, complete the semi-baked Arnor faction, and to add some more units to angmar, one to the single and last place available in the Thrall masters summon bar.

a second expansion that will seal this fine game forever (Til the next LOTR rts game).

peace. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.177.71.152 (talk) 00:18, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

Facebook Classification
This page is linked to Facebook as an 'Interest' rather than as a 'Game'. I prepose that the latter would be more accurate, and in line with BFMEI. I don't know how this would be changed, but would one of you? 95.145.200.119 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 23:23, 5 April 2011 (UTC).

Music section
Should there not be a section of the music from the game? The soundtrack was composed by Jamie Christopherson and features 16 songs. For more information read:
 * http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth-2-mw0002083778
 * http://www.jamiechristopherson.com/Projects/Games/LOTRBFME2.html --Kigsz (talk) 12:28, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't think there's enough information for an entire section (the links you provide only back up its existence) but it should at least be mentioned. -- Laser brain  (talk)  12:56, 18 December 2014 (UTC)
 * , any thoughts? -- Laser brain  (talk)  14:44, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Sure, probably a simple one or two sentence mention in the "Development" section should be enough, considering the minimal amount of information available. Gary  ( talk  ·  scripts )  17:02, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Perfect! English is not my native tongue so I am not feeling comfortable enough to do the editing myself but I can mention that the soundtrack was nominated in two categories during the GANG (Game Audio Network Guild) Awards 2007 as seen here: http://www.audiogang.org/awards/2007-awards/. --Kigsz (talk) 20:08, 19 December 2014 (UTC)

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TSL color space

TSL color space (Tint, Saturation and Lightness ) is a perceptual color space which defines color as tint (the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from another stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, yellow, and white, can be thought of as hue with white added), saturation (the colorfulness of a stimulus relative to its own brightness), and lightness (the brightness of a stimulus relative to a stimulus that appears white in similar viewing conditions). Proposed by Jean-Christophe Terrillon and Shigeru Akamatsu, TSL color space was developed primarily for the purpose of face detection.

Conversion between RGB and TSL
The conversion from gamma-corrected RGB values (0–1) to TSL is straightforward:

0.5 - \frac{\operatorname{atan2}(g', r')}{2\pi}, & \mbox{if}~g' \ne 0 \\ 0,                                        & \mbox{if}~g'=0 \\ \end{cases} $ – the zero special case is to maintain the original behavior
 * $T = \begin{cases}
 * $S = \sqrt{\frac{9}{5}\left( r'^2 + g'^2 \right)}$
 * $L = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B$ – the Luma

where:

 * $r = \tfrac{R}{R+G+B}, g = \tfrac{G}{R+G+B}$ – the rg chromaticity
 * $r' = r - \tfrac{1}{3}, g' = g - \tfrac{1}{3}$ – centering on white

Likewise, the reverse transform is as follows:

 * $R = k \cdot r$
 * $G = k \cdot g$
 * $B = k \cdot (1-r-g)$

where:

 * $r = r' + \frac{1}{3}$
 * $g = g' + \frac{1}{3}$
 * $$r' = \sqrt{\frac{5 S^2}{9(x^{-1}+1)}}$$
 * $$g' = \sqrt{\frac{5 S^2}{9(x+1)}}$$
 * $k = \frac{L}{0.185r + 0.473g + 0.114}$ – Luma converted to average intensity
 * $x = \tan^2 ({2\pi \cdot (T - \frac{1}{4})})$

For $T$ = 0, conversion from TSL to RGB is not unique because the sign of $r'$ is lost by the forward conversion due to the $g'$ = 0 special case. Removing the special case produces a system that deviates from the original paper but preserves the sign.

Advantages of TSL
The advantages of TSL color space lie within the normalization within the RGB-TSL transform. Utilizing normalized r and g allows for chrominance spaces TSL to be more efficient for skin color segmentation. Additionally with this normalization, the sensitivity of the chrominance distributions to the variability of skin color is significantly reduced, allowing for an easier detection of different skin tones.

Comparison of TSL to other color spaces
Terrillon investigated the efficiency of facial detection for several different color spaces. Testing consisted of using the same algorithm with 10 different color spaces to detect faces in 90 images with 133 faces and 59 subjects - 27 Asian, 31 Caucasian, and 1 African). TSL showed superior performance to the other spaces, with 90.8% correct detection and 84.9% correct rejection. A full comparison can be seen in the table below.

Disadvantages of TSL
TSL space could be made more efficient and robust. There currently exists no color correction algorithms for different camera systems. Additionally, despite a better accuracy of skin tone detection, detecting dark skin color still proves to be a challenge.

Applications
Being a relatively new color space and having very specific uses, TSL hasn’t been widely implemented. Again, it is only very useful in skin detection algorithms. Skin detection itself can be used for a variety of applications – face detection, person tracking (for surveillance and cinematographic purposes), and pornography filtering are a few examples. A Self-Organizing Map (SOM) was implemented in skin detection using TSL and achieved comparable results to older methods of histograms and Gaussian mixture models.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: TSL color space


text: User talk:200.6.217.121

title: User talk:200.6.217.121


text:
Death Has a Shadow

"Death Has a Shadow" is the series premiere and the first episode of the first season of the American animated television series Family Guy. Written by series creator Seth MacFarlane and directed by Peter Shin, the episode aired as a sneak peek on the Fox network in the United States on January 31, 1999, following Super Bowl XXXIII. In this episode, Peter loses his job after drinking too much at a stag party, causing him to fall asleep at work. He signs up for welfare to keep his wife Lois from finding out but gets much more money than he expected. After spending his money foolishly, Lois finds out and Peter decides to dump it from a blimp at the Super Bowl. He is arrested for welfare fraud and must await his family's rescue, as well as various performers who would later serve as frequent recurring and guest voices on the series.

The episode was the first overall episode to be animated by Film Roman, Inc. and Sunwoo Digital International, through its animation division Grimsaem Animation Co.

The basis for "Death Has a Shadow", as well as Family Guy as a whole, was MacFarlane's thesis film The Life of Larry, created in 1995 while he was a student at the Rhode Island School of Design. A sequel was conceived in 1996 called Larry & Steve, which aired in 1997 as a segment of Cartoon Network's World Premiere Toons. Both shorts caught the attention of Fox, who contacted MacFarlane in 1998 to develop a series based on the films. A hand-drawn pilot was created by MacFarlane with a budget of $50,000, which led to the series being accepted for production and the pilot being remade and extended into its broadcast form.

Critical responses to the episode were mostly positive. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed by 22 million viewers during its original airing in the United States. In the tenth season episode "Back to the Pilot", which premiered on November 13, 2011, Brian and Stewie go back in time to the events of this episode.

Plot
As Lois prepares dinner, Stewie puts the final touches on his mind-control device, only for it to be taken away from him by Lois, who will not allow "toys" at the table. Later, Peter asks Lois for permission to attend an upcoming stag party. After he promises he will not drink alcohol, Lois allows him to go. However, Peter forgets his promise to Lois and plays such drinking games as "Drink the beer". He goes to work the next day with a hangover and falls asleep on the job as a safety inspector in a toy factory. Peter misses dangerous objects such as a butcher knife, a surge protector, a gasoline can, razor blades, a porcupine, a toaster with forks inside, and plug-in water. The company receives bad press after releasing unsafe toy products, and Peter is promptly fired by Mr. Weed.

At dinner, Peter breaks the news to his children but decides to keep it from Lois. He tries different jobs, such as cereal mascot and sneeze guard, but fails miserably. Brian pressures him to tell her the truth, but all he manages to do is to tell Lois how fat she is. Brian insists that Peter must look out for his family's welfare. With the word "welfare" in his mind, Peter soon applies for government assistance at a welfare office. But a processing error creates a weekly check for $150,000, which is based on a remark former President Ronald Reagan made of a woman called Linda Taylor from Chicago, Illinois, calling her a "welfare queen" by making assumptions of earning such proportions from government benefits in 1974. Telling Lois he received a big raise, Peter spends his money on many foolish and extravagant things, such as renting the Statue of David, treating Meg to cosmetic surgery and even going so far as to surround his house with a moat to protect them from the Black Knight.

Unfortunately, Lois is given the welfare check by the mail lady and storms at Peter for lying to her. Peter decides to return the money to the taxpayers by dumping it from a blimp during Super Bowl XXXIII with Brian. After the commotion they cause, they are immediately shot down.

Eventually, Lois receives the bad news and goes to court, still angry at Peter for lying to her in the first place. After Peter apologizes for lying to Lois and accepting the money instead of reporting the welfare error, the judge sentences him to 24 months in prison for welfare fraud. Lois tries to explain he is not that bad and she loves him and insists that, no matter what, she will always stand by her husband. The judge agrees and sends her to jail with him. Stewie then whips out his mind control device and forces the judge into letting his father go free and get his job back.

Peter states that he has learned his lesson and will never commit welfare fraud again. Instead, he is going to try for such things as a minority scholarship, a sexual harassment suit, and a disability claim.

Background
MacFarlane initially conceived Family Guy in 1995 while studying animation under the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). During college, he created his thesis film entitled The Life of Larry, which was later submitted by his professor at RISD to Hanna-Barbera, which led to MacFarlane being hired by the company. In 1996, MacFarlane created a sequel to The Life of Larry entitled Larry and Steve, which featured a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve. The short was broadcast in 1997 as one of Cartoon Network's World Premiere Toons.

In 1997, MacFarlane planned to develop the Larry shorts into a short film series for Mad TV; however, the project was abandoned because the show did not possess a large enough budget to make any kind of animation. As development continued, the genre gradually shifted to a prime-time series, while the characters of Larry and Steve formed the basis for Peter and Brian, respectively. During the year, a Hanna-Barbera development executive introduced MacFarlane to alternative comedians Mike Darnell and Leslie Collins in an attempt to get Hanna-Barbera back into the prime-time business. The executives were unimpressed; a year later, MacFarlane contacted Collins at Fox; she arranged a meeting with him and the company executives to create a series based on the characters entitled Family Guy.

Fox proposed MacFarlane complete a 15-minute short, and gave him a budget of $50,000. After the pilot aired, the series was greenlighted. Premises were drawn from several 1980s Saturday-morning cartoons MacFarlane had watched as a child, such as The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang and Rubik, the Amazing Cube.

Production
Production of the pilot for Family Guy began in 1998, and took six months. Recalling the experience in an interview with The New York Times, MacFarlane stated, "I spent about six months with no sleep and no life, just drawing like crazy in my kitchen and doing this pilot."

Upon completion of the pilot, the series went on the air. "Death Has a Shadow" was the first episode of Family Guy to be aired. It was written by creator MacFarlane and was the first episode to be directed by Peter Shin. The episode guest-starred Lori Alan as Diane Simmons, Carlos Alazraqui as Mr. Weed, Mike Henry as Cleveland Brown, Billy West, Fred Tatasciore, Joey Slotnick, Phil LaMarr, Wally Wingert, and fellow cartoonist Butch Hartman as various characters. The episode aired after Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31, 1999.

For "Death Has a Shadow", several changes were made from the original pilot pitch. For the series, Lois was a redhead, as opposed to the original pilot, where she was a blonde. In the original pilot, Lois discovered that Peter lost his job, and by the end of the episode, he fails to get a new one nor does he apply for welfare. The idea for Peter to apply for welfare and unintentionally become wealthy was suggested by executive producer David Zuckerman, who suggested the idea in order to add a larger amount of plot to the episode. Several sequences and gags were integrated into the episode from creator MacFarlane's 1995 thesis film The Life of Larry, including the sequence where the Griffin family sees Philadelphia, and a brief cutaway where Peter farts for the first time at the age of 30. MacFarlane was cast as four of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire. MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it. MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design. Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, especially his performance in the 1964 musical My Fair Lady. MacFarlane uses his regular speaking voice when playing Brian. The voice of Quagmire was inspired by fast-speaking radio advertising spokesmen from the 1950s. MacFarlane also provides voices for various other recurring and one-time characters, including news anchor Tom Tucker and Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt.

Alex Borstein was cast as Lois Griffin, Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown, and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt. Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the original pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen". At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redheaded mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins. The voice was originally slower, but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less annoying...and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours". Seth Green was chosen to play Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman. Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition. His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's. Lacey Chabert was cast as Meg Griffin. Chabert voiced Meg Griffin for the first production season (15 episodes), but due to a contractual agreement was never credited. Chabert left the series because of time conflicts with schoolwork and her role on Party of Five, and was replaced by Mila Kunis.

Cultural references
In the final scenes of the episode, the Griffin family is seen watching a television program called TV's Bloopers, a reference to the 1984 ABC and NBC television series TV's Bloopers and Practical Jokes.

Towards the end of the courtroom scene, the Kool-Aid Man is seen breaking through a wall, which later became a running gag in the series involving a certain character or breaking through a wall and Peter's job as a Mascot is a parody of the Cocoa Puffs commercial.

During Peter's recount of his job search to Brian, the talent show flashback mirrors the setting from The Sound of Music and refers to the characters of the film, the von Trapp family.

Reception
The episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. In a 2008 review, Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode an 8.9/10, praising the integration of humor into the episode's storyline. Haque noted that the episode was "a very strong start to this long running classic series, and revisiting it serves as a reminder that unlike many other television shows, there are very few awkward moments, and much of the show's brilliance is immediately apparent." In 2009, the site singled out "Death Has a Shadow" as a "strong start [to Family Guy]".

Robin Pierson of The TV Critic gave the episode a mixed review, rating the episode a 67/100, calling it one of the most densely packed pilots on television. He mentioned that it was entertaining but said that there were many jokes that followed the quality-does-not-win-out-over-quantity saying. He compared Peter to Homer Simpson and he compared the show to The Simpsons and King of the Hill. He criticized the amount of unfunny jokes while he praised the surreal moments. At the end of his review he stated that Family Guy was a different kind of animated comedy which set out to do jokes that other cartoons couldn't do, also mentioning that the show had promised to become really funny.

A more negative review came from Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker, who called the animation clunky, which he said made Hanna-Barbera's animation look state-of-the-art. Tucker also said in his review that he hoped that smart people would use the Family Guy half-hour to turn off the television set and start a debate over the air strikes in Kosovo. He also called the show "The Simpsons as conceived by a singularly sophomoric mind that lacks any reference point beyond other TV shows". Even before it aired the pilot had received some criticism from the Parents Television Council, a watchdog; the creator of this website L. Brent Bozell III wrote that he initially speculated that Family Guy would be "pushing the envelope". The episode was watched by 22.01 million people after the Super Bowl.

title: Death Has a Shadow


text:
Mieskuoro Huutajat

Mieskuoro Huutajat (Men's Choir Shouters) is an internationally famous shouting choir from Oulu, Finland. They were established in 1987 and originally comprised 20 shouting men, since expanded to 30.

Led by conductor Petri Sirviö, the choir is best known for their loud renditions of Finnish patriotic songs, but have also performed foreign tunes such as The Star-Spangled Banner.

They were guest performers at Congratulations, a special 50th anniversary concert for the Eurovision Song Contest held in Copenhagen, Denmark in October 2005, at which they performed Waterloo. Co-host Renars Kaupers suggested jokingly that perhaps Finland's notoriously poor performances at Eurovision in future could be remedied by the choir performing their own songs. This suggestion was somewhat ironic, as Finland won the subsequent contest.

The performances show some similarities to the traditional Māori's haka war cries.

Documentary film
The choir was portrayed in a documentary film Screaming Men, released in 2003, directed by Mika Ronkainen.

title: Mieskuoro Huutajat


text:
File:Captain salt cover.jpg

Image Description

 * Front cover of Captain Salt in Oz by Ruth Plumly Thompson, illustrated by John R. Neill.
 * source = http://pictures.abebooks.com/KENPA/850321217.jpg

Non-free/fair use media rationale in Captain Salt in Oz
Although this image is subject to copyright, it is covered by US fair use laws because:
 * 1) The image is only being used in the article about the book (Captain Salt in Oz) for informational and educational purposes.
 * 2) Use of the book cover visually identifies the book and its author in a manner that mere prose cannot, and meets all criteria in WP:NFCC.
 * 3) This image enhances the article in which it's displayed, as it provides an immediate relevance to the reader more capably than the textual description alone.
 * 4) The image is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * 5) The image is the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 6) The image is a low resolution image of the book cover, in an inferior graphics format (JPEG).
 * 7) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 8) The use of this image will not affect the value of the original work.
 * 9) The use of this image will not limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute or make a profit from the original. In particular, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the book.

title: File:Captain salt cover.jpg


text:
Category:Contopus

Contopus is a bird genus of the family Tyrannidae, also called pewees.

title: Category:Contopus


text: User talk:216.61.101.247

title: User talk:216.61.101.247


text: User talk:69.162.44.234

title: User talk:69.162.44.234


text:
Dragomirov

Dragomirov (Драгомиров) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Abram Dragomirov (1868–1955), Russian general
 * Mikhail Dragomirov (1830–1905), Russian general
 * Vladimir Dragomirov (1867–1928), Russian general

Fictional

 * Natalia Dragomiroff, princess and character in Murder on the Orient Express

title: Dragomirov


text:
File:Handy mandy cover.jpg

Summary
Cover of Handy Mandy in Oz by Ruth Plumly Thompson, illustrated by John R. Neill.

Fair Use rationale
Although this image is subject to copyright, it is covered by US fair use laws because:
 * 1) The image is only being used in the article about the book Handy Mandy in Oz for informational and educational purposes.
 * 2) Use of the book cover visually identifies the book in a manner that mere prose cannot, and meets all criteria in WP:NFCC.
 * 3) This image enhances the article in which it's displayed, as it provides an immediate relevance to the reader more capably than the textual description alone.
 * 4) The image is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * 5) The image is the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 6) The image is a low resolution image of a book cover, in an inferior graphics format (JPEG).
 * 7) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 8) The use of this image will not affect the value of the original work.
 * 9) The use of this image will not limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute or make a profit from the original.

title: File:Handy mandy cover.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Atomic Blonde

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 03:16, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Atomic Blonde
More band vanity - nice website though --Doc (?) 20:09, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. In time this band may become noteworthy, and I emphasize may, nevertheless their only claim to fame seems to be on a grassroots marketing campaign via myspace.com. Also the article itself reads like an ad. I agree, they do have a nice website though. --Dysepsion 22:34, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Absolutely delete. Typical Non-notable band vanity.  Is that tag coming anytime soon, people? JDoorjam 22:57, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The film of the same name is more famous. Alf 23:27, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete good luck to them, but nn band vanity. -- Etacar11   00:04, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wychwood

Wychwood or Wychwood Forest is a 501.7 ha biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Witney in Oxfordshire. It is also a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade 1, and an area of 263.4 ha is a national nature reserve The site contains a long barrow dating to the Neolithic period, which is a scheduled monument.

In past centuries the forest covered a much larger area, since cleared in favour of agriculture, villages and towns. However, the forest's area has fluctuated. Parts cleared for agriculture during Britain's centuries under Roman rule later reverted to forest. The existence of the ancient Wychwood is recognised by the authoritative Victoria County History, but the planned Volume XIX has yet to be completed.

Etymology
Wychwood is derived from an Old English name Huiccewudu meaning 'wood of a tribe called the Hwicce. The Hwicce were the Anglo-Saxon people living in the area from some time in the 6th century until the assimilation of the Old English peoples into the wider Middle English society.

Toponymy
Three villages take part of their name from Wychwood Forest: Milton-under-Wychwood, Shipton-under-Wychwood and Ascott-under-Wychwood. These villages, commonly referred to as The Wychwoods, used to be part of the Royal Forest of Wychwood.

History

 * Long barrows and later Bronze age round barrows show the area was settled from at least 3000 BC. 500BC to 40AD - increase in social organisation and construction of earthworks such as Knollbury Camp and Grim's Ditch.
 * During Roman times, the region was within a road network with Akeman Street crossing it. Remains of Roman villas have been found at North Leigh and Stonesfield.
 * After the decline of Roman control much of the open land reverted to woodland. Later Saxon settlements were restricted to the woodland edge or large clearings.
 * In the reign of Ethelred II (978-1016) a royal hunting lodge was established at Woodstock.
 * Wychwood was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. The king had hunting rights over the whole area designated as Royal Forest, even though much of the land was held by various lords. Only the woodland at Woodstock (later Blenheim), Cornbury and a large area near Kingstanding Farm belonged directly to the king.
 * By 1300 Wychwood was divided into 3 portions, centered on the parks of Woodstock, Cornbury and a part which included the Bishop of Winchester's Witney estate.
 * In 1704 Woodstock Park was given by the Crown to the Duke of Marlborough. By then Cornbury was in private hands.
 * In 1778 the navy procured 500 trees from Wychwood yet by 1792 a report by the Crown Commissioners found only 173 oaks of ship building quality, with fences down, coppices full of deer, cattle and swine, and the locals helping themselves to firewood.
 * In 1857 the 10 sq. miles of Wychwood remaining as Royal Forest was taken out of Forest Law by a disafforestation act of Parliament. Ancient forest rights, granted to commoners, were ended and the commoners compensated. Within 2 years 2000 acres of woodland was converted to farmland and housing and 10 miles of new roads were built. Seven new farmsteads were built, including King's Standing Farm. The parish of Leafield and its church dates from this time. The remaining woodland was enclosed in 1867 and still exists.

Wychwood was formerly an extra-parochial area, in 1858 Wychwood became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1949 the parish was abolished and merged with Cornbury Park to form Cornbury and Wychwood, part also went to Leafield. In 1931 the parish had a population of 253.

Foresters of Wychwood
While Wychwood was a designated Royal Forest, royalty entrusted the management of the forest to loyal servants. The men in charge of the forest were called Foresters of Wychwood and, in later years, Keepers of Wychwood. Foresters were tasked with supplying the king with deer, wood, timber and charcoal. They were also charged with upholding the king's law by protecting the forest with the assistance of under-foresters, riding foresters and walking foresters. Foresters, together with verderers (judicial officers) could hold court and try offenders for both minor and major offences. The office of Forester of Wychwood was until 1361 held by the family of de Langley, seated at the manor of Langley in the parish of Shipton-under-Wychwood. They were followed by the Earls of Warwick until 1499. Management was then given by the kings as favors to courtiers for life, among them were Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester), Sir John Fortescue (Chancellor), Lord Clarendon (Chancellor) and George Spencer, the 4th Duke of Marlborough.

Modern Wychwood
Some of the land that had been cleared for agricultural use was purchased by the Woodland Trust, and re-planted with native English deciduous trees creating Shillbrook Wood, a 9 acre site near Bampton, and Eynsham Wood, a 13.37 acre site near Eynsham.

Since the late 1990s there has been a resurgence of interest in the history and identity of the Wychwood, exemplified by the founding of the Wychwood Project, now known as The Wychwood Forest Trust. Since 2000, the Wychwood Forest Trust has held an annual Forest Fair at a variety of locations within the old Wychwood boundary. This is a better-behaved revival of the traditional fair that was closed down in 1856 because of rowdy behaviour.

The modern Wychwood Forest Fair is centred on rural skills, heritage crafts, local communities and countryside traditions. It attracts a large number of visitors even in bad weather.

The Oxford University Historical Re-Enactment Society, also known as the Wychwood Warriors, is a reenactment group that recreates aspects of Saxon life in Wychwood during the Dark Ages.

Fragments of the ancient forest survive, one on the Cornbury Estate near Charlbury retaining the name 'Wychwood'.

Paintings

 * By Newell Plain, Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire by William Bowley (1789-1861)
 * Duck Shooting in Cornbury Park, Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire by William Bowley (1789-1861
 * Barking Timber in Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire by Joshua Cristall (1768-1847)
 *  Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire by William Turner (1789-1862). Written in ink on the back of the painting: A scene where a pleasure fair was formerly held in Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire / William Turner Shipton on Cherwell / Oxon / 1809. Written on the back of the drawing in faded ink.
 * In the Forest of Wychwood by Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851)

Literature

 * Wychwood by E. V. Thompson
 * Magic at Wychwood by Sally Watson
 * Oxfordshire Folk Tales by Kevan Manwaring (Chapter Sixteen: The Highwaymen of Wychwood Forest)
 * The Children of Men by P.D. James (Protagonist Theo Faren wants to use Wychwood Forest as a hiding place)
 * Wychwood (2017) by George Mann is a novel using a legend of occult practices in this ancient forest as the basis for a modern crime story.
 * Parts of The Blanket of the Dark by John Buchan are set in Wychwood.

title: Wychwood


text: User talk:202.179.105.18

title: User talk:202.179.105.18


text:
National Task Force

The National Task Force (Nationella insatsstyrkan, NI), formerly known as the National Task Force of the Swedish Civilian Police (Ordningspolisens nationella insatsstyrka), is a police tactical unit within the National Operations Department of the Swedish Police Authority.

History
After the assassination of Olof Palme in 1986, two state commissions were appointed to assess Sweden's counter-terrorism capabilities. As a result, the government ordered the Swedish National Police Board to organize the "Standby Force Against Terrorism" (Beredskapsstyrkan mot terrorism) within the Stockholm County Police Authority in 1990. The group was soon renamed Nationella insatsstyrkan and became also a resource for the whole of Sweden. The right to make decisions about when they were used was delegated by the government to the Swedish National Police Board. After a parliamentary decision in 2002, the NTF was transferred from the Stockholm County Police Authority to the National Criminal Police (Rikskriminalpolisen). In connection with the reorganization of the police in 2015, the NTF was placed under the National Operations Department.

Tasks and operations
The NTF is meant to handle extraordinarily difficult or life-threatening criminal situations, such as terrorism and hostage situations.

The main tasks of the unit includes:

 * Counter terrorism
 * Hostage rescue
 * Special reconnaissance
 * High risk arrests
 * Maritime operations
 * Negotiation in crisis situations
 * Reinforced close protection
 * Securing evidence in complex or high risk situations

The unit also conducts intervention tasks in cities or areas located outside of the area of responsibility of the reinforced regional task forces of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö, and that are too complex for the regional task forces of the non-metropolitan regions to handle.

The NTF has participated in international operations in an advisory role. They regularly accompany the personal protection details of the Swedish Security Service abroad, providing a CAT (counter assault team) capability. They were also deployed aboard the Swedish Coast Guard vessels participating in the EU-led border security operation Triton, acting as a boarding party.

Organization
The NTF has one head of the unit with a number of subordinated coordinators, and a staff of experienced police officers from the unit. Under this management group the force is divided into 8 groups: The NTF is part of the National Intervention Concept (NIK). Launched in 2015, this concept standardized and regulated the employment, structure and capabilities of the Swedish police's tactical units. The NIK divides the various tactical units into three levels of capabilities:
 * Alpha
 * Bravo
 * Charlie
 * Delta
 * Echo
 * Fox (snipers)
 * Golf (snipers)
 * Hotel (divers)

National capability: Provided by the NTF

Reinforced regional capability: Provided by the RRTF (Piketen) in regions Stockholm, West and South.

General regional capability: Provided by regional tactical teams dispersed throughout their respective region. This capability exists in regions North, East, Mid and Bergslagen.

Selection
The unit recruits operators bi-annually. To be eligible for service with the NTF the applicant is required to have completed either:

 * Police training: Two and a half year in length (including probationary service period)
 * Minimum of 4 years of continuous service in either the military, coast guard or customs

Applicants who meet the basic requirements are then tested on their physical and psychological stamina during two 2 day periods. If successful they're invited to attend a grueling 10 day selection course in the field, At the end of the recruitment process an average of 6-10% of the candidates remain and progress to the roughly 7 months long operator training course.

Candidates not already serving as police officers undergo a shorter, compressed police training roughly 18 months in length (including a 6-month probationary service period) to become badged police officers prior to attending the operator training course.

Service
Members of the NTF work full-time in the force. At the units inception the operators used to work two weeks on the unit followed by two weeks of regular police work, but as the need for them increased they changed it to full-time to cope with the demand and the need for more training. Most members have prior military service and as of recently direct application from the military to the unit is possible.

About 50% of the day-to-day work is dedicated to training, with the remaining 50% consisting of readiness and operational missions. The majority of the units operational taskings comes from the Swedish Security Service, being the agency with the primary responsibility for counter terrorism and counter extremism. The unit perform roughly 100 operational missions per year.

The NTF has a close and active cooperation with the military, they have aviation support via the Air Force's UH-60 Black Hawks and regularly train with their military counterpart, the Special Operations Task Group. The NTF also has an active cooperation with several equivalent units in Europe in place via the ATLAS counter terrorism network, especially with other Nordic units such as the Danish AKS and the Norwegian Delta.

For maritime operations the NTF is supported by the Coast Guard, whose National boarding group operates rigid-hulled inflatable boats.

Armament & equipment
The NTF are issued a wide variety of weapons, namely being the MP5 submachine gun, and LWRC M6 and LWRC REPR rifles.

As well as shotguns. In addition, all operators are equipped with the SIG Sauer P226 pistol as a sidearm, which is the standard sidearm used by all Swedish police officers.

Snipers are equipped with the Sako TRG M10 Sniper Weapon System in .338 Lapua Magnum.

The special equipment of the NTF is significantly different from that of the ordinary police. Operators are equipped with different radios, as wells as vest and uniforms from American manufacturer Crye Precision, ballistic Ops Core helmets and AN/PVS-31 night vision goggles. They distinguish themselves from other Swedish police by the green uniforms worn while operating in uniform.

Commanders

 * ????–2010 – Bertil Olofsson
 * 2010–2015 – Marie Jarnérus
 * 2015–present – Hampus Nygårds

Similar units

 * 🇩🇪 – GSG 9
 * 🇫🇷 – RAID
 * 🇺🇸 – FBI Hostage Rescue Team
 * – AKS
 * 🇳🇴 – Delta
 * – SCO19
 * 🇫🇮 - SIU

title: National Task Force


text:
Birmingham Conservation Trust

Birmingham Conservation Trust is a charity which saves and restores historic buildings in the city of Birmingham, England.

History
Birmingham Conservation Trust was founded in 1977 by Birmingham City Council as a vehicle to preserve and restore the city's built heritage. The Trust's first ever project was the Georgian Brewmaster's House which was completed in 1984.

The Trust continued to be affiliated to Birmingham City Council until a "Transition Grant" from the Heritage Lottery Fund in 2014/2015 made it possible for the Trust to become independent of the council. However, the Trust retains a good relationship with the council and over the last few years has seen it working on the Prefabulous project which focused on the council owned grade II listed prefabs on the Wake Green Road in the city.

In 2004 the Trust completed the conservation and restoration of the last surviving court of Back to Back houses on Hurst Street in the city. These are now run as a visitor attraction by the National Trust.

The Trust moved on to a short term project managing the protection of Perrott's Folly – a tower in the city which has close associations with J. R. R. Tolkien. Structural work was undertaken to ensure the stability of the tower which is now owned and managed by the ReFuture Collective.

The Trust has also been instrumental in the formation of other charitable trusts set up to oversee single projects within the city. These include Highbury Hall, which is now maintained by the Chamberlain Highbury Trust and the Moseley Road Baths which are now run by the Moseley Road Baths CIO.

The Trust's flagship project is Newman Brothers' Coffin Works: a grade II* listed Victorian factory situated in the Jewellery Quarter. Now run as a museum, the factory and its contents tells the story of Newman Brothers, Birmingham's last coffin-furniture firm, who operated from their Fleet Street premises for over 100 years until 1998 when workers laid down their equipment, and walked out of the building for the very last time, leaving everything, including personal belongings behind. The firm made some of the world's finest coffin furniture, including the fittings for the funerals of Winston Churchill, Joseph Chamberlain, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother and Diana, Princess of Wales.

Sections of the factory now comprise workshops and commercial units which house local businesses as well as the heritage hub which sees the Trust sharing offices with the Heritage Trust Network and Civic Voice.

Aims
Birmingham Conservation Trust believes in working with local people to find imaginative and sustainable solutions that address local needs. By doing this the Trust aims to:
 * create better places in which to live, work and play
 * enhance local distinctiveness and create a new identity for the City that integrates the best of the old with the new
 * form partnerships with local communities, with business, industry and the voluntary sector
 * empower communities within the City to help improve their environment for the better
 * act as a catalyst for urban regeneration in run down areas of the City
 * contribute to the local economy by drawing funds into the City and encouraging tourism and leisure
 * combine the best of modern design with the use of traditional construction skills

It also seeks to actively encourage access and promote enjoyment of the city's historic buildings by:
 * taking part in the Heritage Open Days in the City
 * giving talks and lectures to local groups
 * staging exhibitions and events linked to our projects.

title: Birmingham Conservation Trust


text:
Moa Martinson

Moa Martinson, born Helga Maria Swarts sometimes spelt Swartz, (2November 1890 – 5August 1964) was one of Sweden's most noted authors of proletarian literature. Her ambition was to change society with her authorship and to portray the conditions of the working class, and also the personal development of women. Her works were about motherhood, love, poverty, politics, religion, urbanization and the hard living conditions of the working-class woman.

Early life
Martinson was born on 2November 1890 in Vårdnäs, Linköping Municipality. Her mother was Kristina Swartz (sometimes spelt Christina Schwartz) who served as a maid wherever jobs were available. There are no legal records stating who her father was, but according to researchers Annika Johansson and Bonnie Festin, he was probably Anders Teodor Andersson, a farmhand who served at the Kärr farm in Motala at the same time as Swartz. Since she carried, what in those days was referred to as an illegitimate child, she had to go to her parents home for the birth. Swartz' father, Nils Peter Swartz, was a poor soldier who lived with his wife, Carin Olofsdotter, in a derelict croft in Vårdnäs. On 17February 1891, Swartz sued Andersson for child support at the Motala district court, where two witnesses testified that they had seen her and Andersson in the same bed around the time the child would have been conceived. Andersson failed to appear in court in February as well as on the two following hearings. Swartz finally said that he had gone to America and the proceedings were stayed.

The identity of her father was unknown to Martinson her entire life, but her speculations about who it could be were an inspiration for her work. In her book Pigmamma ("Maid Mother") she portrays her mother's situation as pregnant with a married man's child. At one point she thought that her father was a married man, whom her mother had worked for. Her romantic view of her mysterious father decreased as time went by. In her book Mor gifter sig (My Mother Gets Married), written twelve years later, it became clear how much Martinson despised her absent father. In Fjäderbrevet (The Feather Letter), written another six years later, there is no mention of him at all.

During the first years of her life, Martinson lived with her paternal grandparents and their youngest daughter Hulda while Swartz worked as a maid or in the textile mills in Norrköping. There are several discrepancies in the timeline of Martinson's early years between official records and her books. These are most likely due to that her stories built on the oral traditions of the family. In 1892, her grandfather became ill and died and her grandmother could no longer take care of Martinson so she went to live with her mother. There is no record of where they lived until 1894, when they moved to Norrköping. Swartz earned very little money. In 1894–1896, she worked at Norrköping's wool weaving mills, where working conditions were extremely bad and wages low. During her early school years, Martinson had a stepfather, Alfred Karlsson, who she described as an alcoholic. He was a sometime statare who worked odd jobs in the countryside outside Norrköping. He married Swartz on 11March 1896, and they had three more daughters, but they all died within days of being born. After the years at the textile mill, the family moved several times to different locations in Östergötland, settling down for a time wherever work was available. This affected Martinson's schooling since they only stayed in one place for a couple of months. Despite this, she left school with high marks after six years in 1903. She was confirmed in 1905 in Risinge Church, Finspång Municipality, after which she got her first job at a farm in Vikbolandet.

In Martinson's book Kvinnor och äppleträd (Women and Apple Trees), which is set in Norrköping, she described the hard and ruthless situation that she and her mother was in during the 1890s. Because of the book, Martinson was accused for denigration by right-wing critics, but Martinson said that what she did was the opposite. The different run-down lodgings the family moved in and out of are described in the books Kyrkbröllop (Church wedding) and (My Mother Gets Married) as well as in a couple of the short stories in Jag möter en diktare (I meet a poet).

Kitchen maid and pantry chef
At the age of fifteen, she trained to become a pantry chef; at the time, she was the youngest in that profession in Sweden. During the summer of 1906, she worked as a kitchen maid in the main restaurant at the Norrköping Exhibition of Art and Industry. Situated at the top of Syltberget ("Sylt Hill"), the restaurant was accessed by an 80-steps stairway. In Kungens rosor (The King's Roses), Martinsson recounts her work in the restaurant and mentions the stairs. The novel got its name from a conversation that she had at the exhibition with King Oscar II of Sweden on 3July 1906. The conversation revolved around flowers, which the King said that he felt had souls. , the stairs remain and have been named "Moa Martinson's Stairs".

"In the midst of summer, she walks down the eighty steps. Counting them out loud one after the other, even though she knows very well their number. It is cloudy, almost dark, even though it is only July. The bright nights are waning. The scents of roses and honeysuckles waft around her. She stops, enthralled by the silence and beauty of the summer night. The noise from the day's bustle still lingers in her ears."

In 1906, Martinson moved to Stockholm in the hope of getting a job, but this turned out to be harder than she expected. During the financial depression of 1907–1909, she had to move back to Norrköping. At this time, she followed events related to concerns about the labour market. This period of Martinson's life had a significant impact on her political engagement. She also wrote poems and sent a collection to a notary interested in literature, but her work was rejected. She later described the poems as "lofty", since that was how she thought such texts should be written.

First marriage
In 1908–1909, Martinson worked as a pantry chef at restaurants and hotels in Sweden. In the winter of 1909, she met Karl Johansson in Ösmo. He was nine years older, and was a stone worker who lived with his brother Valfrid and their father Johan Petter in a torp called Johannesdal, in the woods between Ösmo and Sorunda. She became pregnant in March 1909 and Johansson proposed, but Martinson was doubtful about marrying him. Despite this, she and Karl moved to Johannesdal and in her book Den osynlige älskaren ("The Invisible Lover") she wrote about her first year as mother and wife, the hard life in Johannesdal and how she desperately wanted to get away.

In 1910, her first son Olof was born, and in 1922 she and Johansson were married. The reason she hesitated for such a long time to marry him was partly due to Johansson's drinking and partly because she did not want to live in the dark forest. After the birth of Olof, the family soon expanded. In 1911, their second son Tore was born, followed by three more sons: Erik in 1913, Manfred in 1914 and Knut in 1916. The birth of Knut was especially hard, since she had to deliver him all alone on the kitchen floor in the torp. Martinson recounted the birth in Kvinnor och äppelträd, which has been called "one of Swedish literature's most powerful depictions of a childbirth".

Life on Johannesdal was poor and hard but the upbringing of her sons was important to Martinson. She was opposed to spanking children and disliked the militant nationalistic romanticism taught in schools at the time.

Political involvement
Martinson's political interest started to develop in 1921, when unemployment in Sweden was higher than ever before, and in 1922 she and Johansson joined the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden where Martinson became very active. To further educate herself, she read the works of authors like Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Émile Zola, Maxim Gorky and Martin Andersen Nexø. Because of her political interest in better pay and conditions for workers and her ability to speak in any context, she was elected to the municipal council in Sorunda where she represented the Labour Party. She resigned from office in 1926. In November 1922, Martinsson wrote her first article for the syndicalist paper Arbetaren's ("The Worker's") page for women. She continued writing for the paper and in 1923 she had articles published weekly in Arbetaren. In her articles she wrote about how men and women should work together for a better world. She frequently engaged in debates, especially those involving women's issues.

With her work for Arbetaren she developed her writing skills, but even though she often pushed the boundaries in her articles, she went too far in 1924, when she wrote that women and men should receive equal pay for equal work. Quarrels started at the magazine, resulting in Martinson resigning from the paper, but due to her contributions in Arbetaren she was now known to the public although mostly in syndicalistic circles.

One author who had significant impact on Martinson was Martin Andersen Näxö. It was the first time she recognized her own experiences in a literary work. She wrote a letter to him, telling him about her own life and also sent an article she had written for Arbetaren. Näxö responded positively, telling her she should write a book about her life. Shortly afterwards Martinson started writing the book Pigmamman ("The Maid Mother"). In 1925, she worked for a new magazine called Vi kvinnor ("We women"), where she contributed with articles, novels and causeries.

Magazine articles
In April 1925, Martinson's two youngest sons, Manfred and Knut, went through the ice and drowned in Lake Styran by the torp and she was devastated. She worked incessantly to keep her grief at bay.

In September 1925, Vi Kvinnor was discontinued and soon after Martinson started working for Arbetaren again. She also worked for the paper Brand in April 1925, and became part of the political circles in Stockholm. She wrote her first story Pigmamma ("Maid Mother") in 1924–25, and it was published as a serial in Brand in 1927. In June 1926, her first article for Arbetarekuriren was published and in 1927 her work was published in Templar-kuriren ("The Templars Courier"), Arbetaren and Nynäshamns-posten ("The Nynäshamn Post"). In October that year, she was also writing for Tidevarvet (The Epoch) which was a politically radical magazine for women published by the Fogelstad Citizen School for Women with Elin Wägner as editor. Her first contribution was an article about unemployed men's women. She wrote it under a new signature, Moa, because she did not want the syndicalistic circles she moved in to see that she worked for a liberal magazine. However, her work for Tidevarvet was mostly novels and stories and her political articles were still published in the syndicalistic press. She had found the name "Moa" in the novel Jökeln (Bræen) by Danish author Johannes V. Jensen, where the character "Moa" was described as the first mother of humanity.

In November 1927, Martinson traveled to Gothenburg at the request of chief editor P.J. Welinder at the Arbetare-kuriren. She was hoping to be offered a job at the paper, but instead Welinder wanted her to work as a housemaid for him and do some writing for the magazine in exchange for food and shelter in his house. Martinson turned down the offer. While she was at the editorial office, she met Harry Martinson for the first time. He was a former sailor, now hobo writer who had been published in Brand and Arbetare-kuriren so she had heard of him and read some of his works.

Johansson's death
Shortly after Martinson's return to Johannesdal, her husband was afflicted by a nervous disorder. He started hallucinating and could not eat or sleep. She tried to get him to a doctor but he refused. On 14January 1928, Johansson committed suicide by putting a stick of dynamite in his mouth and lighting the fuse. By then, Martinson had considered divorcing him for a long time since theirs had not been an easy marriage. After Johansson's death her economic situation was difficult. Martinson's friends in Stockholm started a fund-raising and manage to collect SEK 3,300 to ease her financial situation. Having lost two sons and one husband, she became very depressed. In March 1928, she took a typing course at the Fogelstad Citizen School for Women and when she left the school it was as "Moa". During her stay at Fogelstad, she received a letter from Harry Martinson, who asked if he could come and stay for a while at the torp in Johannesdal so he could work. He arrived in the summer of 1928.

Second marriage
During the summer of 1928, Martinson and Harry fell in love. However, in 1928–1929 she became more depressed and in March 1929, she was hospitalized at Södertälje hospital. During Martinson's stay in the hospital, Harry lived at Johannesdal and they communicated through letters. On 3October 1929, they got married. Shortly thereafter, in May 1930, Harry was diagnosed with tuberculosis leaving Martinson devastated.

The couple had very little money so in 1932, Martinson sent a draft called En man byggde ("A man built") to publisher Tor Bonnier. She continued to develop the draft during the following year and when it was finalized into a book, the title was changed to Kvinnor och Äppleträd. It was published in 1933, and the author was named as "Moa Martinson". Because of the timing and the theme, the book was categorized as "modernist literature". This became Martinson's literary debut and it gained a lot of attention. Simultaneously, Harry was diagnosed with neurosis and Martinson was deeply concerned for him. He was fourteen years younger than she, and their marriage had not been easy. As writers, they also had very different styles. While Martinson was characterized as an unpolished realist, Harry was a refined modernist.

During the winter of 1933, their financial situation improved and they rented an apartment in Saltsjöbaden in the hope of solving their marriage problems. At the beginning of 1934 Harry suffered from depression. Up until then, he had never stayed in one place for such a long time as he had done with Martinson at Johannesdal. He started to leave the apartment now and then without any explanation of why or where he was going, and would be gone for days. Harry's friends blamed Martinson for his disappearance, and there were even those who believed that she was to blame for both his physical and mental pain. Not knowing where her husband was, Martinson soon became desperate with despair and jealousy. She even hired a private detective, but when this yielded nothing, she soon gave up. Unknown to Martinson, Harry had started to see a new woman during his time away from home. According to Kerstin Engman, the name of the woman was Karin L., and another source, Söderberg, speaks of a love affair with poet Karin Boye and several other women. In the summer of 1934, Harry confessed that he had been seeing another woman but said that he had ended the affair. Martinson became furious, but she forgave him.

However, Harry's affair with Karin was not over and the same summer they traveled to Tällberg in Dalarna. Harry told Martinson that he needed to be alone and that it would be good for them to be apart for a while. After a couple of weeks, Harry grew tired of Karin and returned to Johannesdal. During the last years of their marriage, he continued to wander off now and then from Martinson and Johannesdal.

Decline and divorce
On 6June 1934, Harry abruptly left Martinson and the house in Johannesdal and took to the road again, leaving behind the manuscript for Flowering Nettle (Nässlorna blomma). When he had been gone ten days, Martinson posted a personal telegram on the Swedish radio urging him to come home. With the announcement, Harry's flight became public and the story circulated in the newspapers. The couple kept in contact indirectly through their publishers and friends. On 2August, Martinsson wrote to Harry that she was going to commit suicide and that the manuscript was going to follow her to the grave. She had buried the manuscript in the woods. The letter reached Harry while he worked his passage aboard a ship to Rotterdam. A week later, he was back home in Johannesdal and he, Martinson and one of their sons dug up the manuscript.

In August 1934, the couple were invited to the first All Union Congress of Soviet Writers in Moscow as part of the Swedish delegation. Gorky became the first chairman of the congress during which the new doctrine of Socialist realism was formed. Martinson became fascinated by the communist society, while Harry was appalled by Stalin's cult of personality.

In the autumn of 1935, the tension between Martinson and Harry seemed to have disappeared. She was working on Mor gifter sig. In 1937, she decided to leave the Bonnier publishing company. Instead she joined the Tidens publisher which was owned by the Swedish Social Democratic Party. Martinson decided to leave because she had been having disagreements with Tor Bonnier since 1934. He was one of the Bonnier-founder's two grandsons who jointly ran the company at the time. Her choice of Tidens was also partly due to political reasons. Starting with a collection of poems called Motsols ("Counterclockwise"), Martinson's works were now published by Tidens. She had been working on Motsols for ten years. It consisted of poems about politics, love and nature.

During the 1930s, Martinson experienced severe stomach pains. Despite several diagnoses made by different doctors, no remedy could be found and the pain continued. In June 1937, she was hospitalized at the Södertälje hospital where it was discovered that buckshots had accumulated in her appendix. She had an operation on 16June and during her stay at the hospital, she and Harry kept in contact through letters. Harry's were love letters, while Martinson still found it difficult to trust him after his extramarital affairs. Her letters were not as affectionate as his and their relationship was crumbling. On 8February 1939, Harry experienced pain in one of his knees and was hospitalized. He stayed in the hospital during spring and was discharged on 13June, after which he went to Stockholm and stayed with friends. He broke contact with Martinson and after Midsummer 1939, he filed for divorce and never returned to her or Johannesdal. They were granted legal separation on 4March 1940, and divorced in 1941. By then Harry was already engaged to his second wife Ingrid Lagercrantz. They were married until Harry committed suicide on 11February 1978 at the Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm by cutting his stomach open with a pair of scissors in what has been described as a "hara-kiri-like manner", due to a depression following a controversy regarding the Nobel Prize in Literature he received in 1974.

The marriage between Martinson and Harry is recounted in the memoirs Tröskeln ("The Threshold") (1982) by their friend Swedish writer Ivar Lo-Johansson. She also relied on Lo-Johansson to deliver messages to Harry when he was out on his wanderings and his whereabouts were unknown to her.

Later life and death
Over six years Martinson had published eight books and had gained most critics' respect. In September 1939, World War II broke out, which she saw as the biggest threat to the working class. In her opinion, the non-socialist ruling countries were sending out workers to fight for values they did not share. When it came to Soviet participation in the war, Martinson had a different opinion and believed that Russian workers were defending their revolution.

In order to make more money and avoid loneliness Martinson entered a new area, the film industry. She had help from her friend, actress Naima Wifstrand. Martinson wrote a lengthy screenplay that she sent to director Per Lindberg, who became interested. She proposed that they would contact AB Svensk Filmindustri (SF). However, Martinson's ambitions were too big and when she demanded an advance and an answer straight away, SF showed no interest.

In the autumn of 1942, she met Karl Gunnarsson, whom she had first encountered in 1910 when she worked as a pantry chef at the Elfkarleö Hotel, south of Gävle. Gunnarsson was a writer too and the meeting with him reminded Martinson of her youth during the 1910s and the move to Johannesdal. Her memories were given shape in a love novel called Den osynlige älskaren ("The Invisible Lover").

During the 1940s, Martinson became known in Sweden as "the Mother of the People". Her books were reaching a wide audience and she now had readers who could identify with the environment she was portraying, instead of people being shocked by her naturalistic scenes. She wrote diligently and had causerie and debate articles published in several daily and weekly papers. She was also frequently hired to give lectures and traveled the country on different tours. In 1944, she made her radio debut. Because of her strong personality, what she said and did caused attention, and she became a role model for many women in Sweden and most of all for women in the working class.

In November 1954, Martinson's mother Kristina Swartz died at the age of 83. Their relationship had been very strong, and Martinson's mother had been a big influence and inspiration for her work. In My Mother Gets Married, she characterized Swartz as her best and most trusted friend. At that time, Martinson's literary reputation was low as it had decreased throughout the years. When her health became worse in the 60s, she stopped writing. However, despite her low reputation as a writer, Martinson still meant a lot to working-class women. Even though her health was deteriorating, she still enjoyed debating and never stopped expressing her feelings.

On 5August 1964, Martinson died at 73 years of age in Sorunda. She is buried at Sorunda Church.

Legacy
During the 1970s, Martinson became a role model for female writers during the feminist movement in the Nordic countries. Earlier, during the 1960s, she had been labeled "the cheerful chronicler of misery" by Swedish author Erik Hjalmar Linder.

"Paradoxically enough, I am mostly indignant not because I was denied the possibility to get a university education, but because I landed right in the same anonymous hell as my mother. Maybe it was even harder for me, for I was fully conscious that it was hell. I was clear about the injustice against all of us, and powerless."

In 1989, a literary award named after Martinson was instituted by the Workers' Educational Association (Arbetarnas bildningsförbund, ABF) and the Moa Martinson Society. The Moa Award (Moa-priset) is an annual prize awarded to a person who writes in the spirit of Martinson.

Awards

 * The Nine Society's Grand Prize, 1944

Films

 * (1974) Rågvakt, film for television, based on the novel with the same name, directed by Göran Bohman, starring Christina Evers
 * (1986) Moa, biographical film directed by Anders Wahlgren, with Gunilla Nyroos in the title role

Television series

 * (1979) Mor gifter sig, based on the novel with the same name, directed by Per Sjöstrand and starring Gurie Nordwall, Hans Wigren and Nina Ullerstam

title: Moa Martinson


text:
RVM

RVM may refer to:

Companies and organizations

 * Reich Ministry of Transport (Reichsverkehrsministerium), German government agency (1919–1945)
 * Religious of the Virgin Mary, an ecclesiastical community of Filipino Roman Catholic women
 * Rayo Vallecano de Madrid, a football club

Mathematics, science, medicine and technology

 * Red Velvet Mite, arachnids known for their bright red colors
 * Rostral ventromedial medulla, a group of neurons in the medulla oblongata
 * Real-valued measurable, an axiom asserting the existence of a real-valued measurable cardinal number
 * Reference Verification Methodology, a method for functional verification of complex designs
 * Relevance vector machine, a machine learning technique.
 * Reverse vending machine, a sensor-based machine for sorting and recycling
 * Ruby Version Manager, a software tool to manage Ruby programming language versions
 * "RVM", abbreviation for the Jikes Research Virtual Machine
 * .rvm - file extension associated with PDMS

Other uses

 * "RVM", station code for Richmond Main Street Station, Richmond, Virginia
 * Royal Victorian Medal, Commonwealth military decoration post-nominal letters

title: RVM


text:
File:Silver princess cover.jpg

Description
Cover of The Silver Princess in Oz by Ruth Plumly Thompson, illustrated by John R. Neill.

Non-free/fair use media rationale in The Silver Princess in Oz
Although this image is subject to copyright, it is covered by US fair use laws because:
 * 1) The image is only being used in the article about the book (The Silver Princess in Oz) for informational and educational purposes.
 * 2) Use of the book cover visually identifies the book and its author in a manner that mere prose cannot, and meets all criteria in WP:NFCC.
 * 3) This image enhances the article in which it's displayed, as it provides an immediate relevance to the reader more capably than the textual description alone.
 * 4) The image is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * 5) The image is the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 6) The image is a low resolution image of the book cover, in an inferior graphics format (JPEG).
 * 7) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 8) The use of this image will not affect the value of the original work.
 * 9) The use of this image will not limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute or make a profit from the original. In particular, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the book.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Silver princess cover.jpg


text:
User talk:JS Jr

It is Wikipedia policy that your edit summaries be accurate and not misleading. Gamaliel 20:11, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Please refrain from undoing other people's edits repeatedly. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia under the three-revert rule, which states that nobody may revert an article to a previous version more than three times in 24 hours. (Note: this also means editing the page to reinsert an old edit. If the effect of your actions is to revert back, it qualifies as a revert.) Thank you. Gamaliel 20:13, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

This is your final warning. Please do not keep undoing other people's edits without discussing them first. This is considered impolite and unproductive. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia under the three-revert rule, which states that nobody may revert an article to a previous version more than three times in 24 hours. Thank you. Hall Monitor 22:53, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Joe Scarborough edit summaries
Remember, we all know for a fact that you have let several 3RR violations slip by when your version is the one being reverted to

WP:3RR. Knock yourself out. --Calton | Talk 23:48, September 4, 2005 (UTC)

Block
This account has been permanently blocked as per Account_suspensions. If you wish to contest this block, please do so here or on the Wikipedia mailing list. Further sockpuppets will also be blocked and their contributions reverted as per policy on users evading blocks. Gamaliel 23:50, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * templates substituted by a bot as per Template substitution Pegasusbot 06:08, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:JS Jr


text:
Campa

Campa may refer to:

 * Asháninka, an indigenous people living in Peru and Acre (state), Brazil
 * Campa languages
 * CAMPA bill, India
 * Câmpa, a tributary of the river Jiul de Est in Romania
 * Campa Cola, a soft drink brand in India
 * The historical Campā or Champa polities of South-East Asia

People with the surname

 * Cesare Campa (born 1943), Italian politician
 * Felipe Campa (born 1979), Mexican boxer
 * Joe Campa, United States Navy sailor
 * Miranda Campa (born 1914), Swiss-Italian actress
 * Pio Campa (1881–1964), Italian actor
 * Riccardo Campa (born 1967), Italian sociologist
 * Roberto Campa (born 1957), Mexican lawyer and politician
 * Valentín Campa (1904–1999), Mexican railway union leader and presidential candidate
 * Ammar Campa-Najjar (born 1989), American Democratic politician

title: Campa


text:
File:Scalawagons cover.gif

Image Description

 * Front cover of The Scalawagons of Oz by John R. Neill.

Non-free/fair use media rationale in The Scalawagons of Oz
Although this image is subject to copyright, it is covered by US fair use laws because:
 * 1) The image is only being used in the article about the book (The Scalawagons of Oz) for informational and educational purposes.
 * 2) Use of the book cover visually identifies the book and its author in a manner that mere prose cannot, and meets all criteria in WP:NFCC.
 * 3) This image enhances the article in which it's displayed, as it provides an immediate relevance to the reader more capably than the textual description alone.
 * 4) The image is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * 5) The image is the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 6) The image is a low resolution image of the book cover, in an inferior graphics format (GIF).
 * 7) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 8) The use of this image will not affect the value of the original work.
 * 9) The use of this image will not limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute or make a profit from the original. In particular, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the book.

title: File:Scalawagons cover.gif


text:
Alberta Darling

Alberta Darling (born April 28, 1944) is an American educator, politician and former member of the Wisconsin State Senate. She represented Wisconsin's 8th State Senate district from 1993 through 2022 as a Republican. Her constituency included many of the municipalities directly north and northwest of Milwaukee and part of the city of Milwaukee. She also served three years in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Before entering public office, she was a teacher and marketing director.

Personal life and education
Darling was born in Hammond, Indiana, and raised in Peoria, Illinois, where she graduated from Richwoods High School. She attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in secondary education in 1966. After graduating from UW-Madison, she moved to Milwaukee and did graduate work at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee from 1972 to 1974.

Prior to her election to the legislature, Darling taught high school English and was later the marketing and business development director for the Milwaukee Art Museum.

Darling met her husband, William "Bill" Darling, during their time at UW-Madison. The two married in 1967, and up until his death in the spring of 2015, Bill was an ear, nose and throat surgeon in southeast Wisconsin. Darling and her husband had two children and three grandchildren. She is a longtime resident of River Hills, Wisconsin, which she represented in the Senate.

Wisconsin State Legislature

Darling first joined the Wisconsin State Legislature by winning a special election in 1990 for the 10th district, defeating Rick Graber in the primary. She served the remainder of the term and a full two-year term in the State Assembly before being elected in 1992 to the State Senate, a seat she has held ever since. Darling faced a contentious election in 2008, though she fended off a challenge from State Representative Sheldon Wasserman by a mere percentage point and would go unopposed in the next two regular election cycles in 2012 and 2016. In 2020, Darling faced a challenge from Neal Plotkin, a sales representative and substitute teacher from Glendale. The race was heavily targeted by Democrats amidst eroding support for Republicans in suburban districts, and Darling was outspent as Plotkin was boosted by a significant edge in outside spending. However, Darling won re-election by eight percentage points (a margin nearly identical to the 2011 recall) as she garnered split-ticket support among Joe Biden voters to secure a comfortable win despite a razor-thin 167-vote margin in the presidential election in her district. Throughout her tenure in the Legislature, Darling has earned a reputation as a fiscal conservative with moderate views on some issues. She endorsed Ted Cruz over Donald Trump in the 2016 Republican presidential primary.

From 2000 to 2021, she served on the influential Joint Finance Committee (responsible for the state budget) and notably served as the longtime Senate co-chair. Her six sessions chairing the committee is tied for most in state history. During the 2021–2023 legislative session, Darling chaired the Committee on Education, served as the Vice-Chair of the Committee on Elections, Election Process Reform and Ethics and also served on the Committee on Judiciary and Public Safety, the Committee on Universities and Technical Colleges, the Joint Survey Committee on Retirement Systems, and the Joint Legislative Council. She is also a member of the Wisconsin State Fair Park Board and the Wisconsin Center District.

2011 recall
Darling was one of nine Senators (six Republicans and three Democrats) to face a recall election effort in 2011 following the enactment of 2011 Wisconsin Act 10. On March 2, 2011, the "Committee to Recall Darling" officially registered with the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board and on April 20, 2011, the recall campaigns announced that they had gathered nearly 30,000 signatures – enough to trigger a recall election. The 8th Senate District was considered a heavy target for Democrats and outside spending, yet Darling would defeat Democratic challenger Sandy Pasch by a larger margin than she had won in 2008; 54 percent to 46 percent. The election was notably the last race to be called with the balance of the Senate and the ultimate fate of Republican reforms at stake, and received national coverage on election night as a result.

title: Alberta Darling


text:
Navajo-Churro

The Navajo-Churro, or Churro for short, (also American or Navajo Four-Horned) is a breed of domestic sheep originating with the Spanish Churra sheep obtained by the Diné around the 16th century during the Spanish Conquest. Its wool consists of a protective topcoat and soft undercoat. Some rams have four fully developed horns, a trait shared with few other breeds in the world. The breed is highly resistant to disease. Ewes often birth twins, and they have good mothering instincts. This breed is raised primarily for wool, although some also eat their meat.

The common Diné word for the breed, Dibé dits’ozí, means "long fleeced sheep." T’áá Dibé is also occasionally used, meaning "first sheep." The churro is important to Diné subsistence and culture.

History
The Spanish Churra (renamed Churro by American frontiersmen) was first imported to North America in 1598 by Juan de Oñate and used to feed Spanish armies and settlers. By the 17th century, Churros were popular with the Spanish settlers in the upper Rio Grande Valley. The Diné acquired Churro flocks by trading. The Churro soon became an important part of the Diné economy and culture. The Navajo bred sheep to adapt to a pastoral lifestyle in a harsh desert environment.

During the Navajo Wars, American soldier Kit Carson instructed his troops to destroy Navajo crops and kill their livestock, including the Churro sheep, in 1863. They killed thousands of sheep. Some small clusters in remote canyons survived the attack. The entire Navajo nation was then forced to march to a reservation. The Navajo nation and the US government signed Treaty of Bosque Redondo in 1868, allowing the Navajo to return to their homeland. As part of the agreement, the US government provided sheep to the Navajo; however, these breeds were unfamiliar and contaminated the Churro sheep line.

In the 1930s, the US government implemented the Navajo Livestock Reduction, intended to reduce the amount of sheep and horses on Diné lands. Tens of thousands of Churro sheep were slaughtered, and their numbers dwindled. The Livestock Conservancy estimated that less than 450 Churros remained by the 1970s. This reduction of the flocks drove many Diné ranchers into poverty. Many Diné who had traditionally lived off of the land and agriculture turned to wage work.

Restoration of the breed began in the 1970s when breeders began acquiring Churro phenotypes with the purpose of preserving the breed and revitalizing Diné and Hispanic flocks. The Navajo Sheep Project, headed by Lyle McNeal, was the first organization to start a breeding program.

While the Navajo-Churro breed is no longer in danger of extinction, it is still considered a rare breed. There were over 8,000 head of Navajo-Churro sheep in 2022.

Cultural role

Diné weavers have used Churro wool to make rugs, wall hangings, and other products since the late 1600s. The sheep naturally produce wool in fourteen colors, so weavers can produce complex colorwork without needing to dye the wool. The yarn produced from the wool is durable, coarse, and non-pilling. Many Diné through the early 20th century made their livelihood in farming and ranching. Woven products, such as rugs and blankets, were and continue to be important exports.

Carding wool, spinning yarn, and weaving are traditionally women's work among the Diné. As such, flocks of sheep traditionally belonged to women and were passed from a mother to her children. Children learned to tend the sheep at a young age.

The specific Churro breed, as opposed to sheep in general, is an important part of Diné cultural identity. Elders in particular remembered the Churro flocks from the early 20th century. Some were overjoyed to see the revitalization from the 1970s onward: "I said, 'Why are you crying for grandpa?' He said, 'It's been a long time since I've seen these sheep. I'm so happy that they're here again.'"

Description

Churros are small sheep with long, thin tails, horizontal ears, and a double coat. Ewes are 40-60 kg, while rams are 55-85 kg. The sheep are long-lived and can be productive for up to 15 years. An ideal Churro, according to the breed standard, has a bare face, bare legs, and a mostly bare belly. The sheep are hardy with light bones, narrow bodies, and long legs. They do not reach their full-grown size until well into their second year.

Most rams have horns, either two or four. Rams may also have scurs or be polled. Ewes are more likely to have scurs or be polled; however, they may also have two or four horns. Sheep with more than two horns are polycerate. Although this is more common in rams, the polycerate trait appears in ewes as well. This is because they possess a mutation on the HOXD1 gene, a mutation also found in old heritage breeds like the Jacob Sheep.

Churros come in a variety of colors, including reds, browns, black, white, and mixes, and color may change with age. The color is separated into the fleece color and the points color (legs and head). The sheep may also have different color patterns, such as eye patches and hip spots.

Fleece and meat
The Navajo-Churros possess a dual coat, which has an inner and an outer layer. The fleece is composed of an inner coat (80% of fleece), and outer coat that is hair fibers (10-20% of fleece) and kemp (a coarse, opaque fiber, less than 5% of fleece).

The fleece color is separated from the points color. The fleece can often change from lamb to adulthood. Blacks, for instance, often white out with age.

The meat is lean with a low fat content. Meat may be eaten for sustenance, or it may be used in traditional medicine.

Listings
Navajo-Churros are listed by The Livestock Conservancy as critical. They are also part of the Ark of Taste, a list of endangered heritage foods catalogued by Slow Food.

title: Navajo-Churro