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Radio One (New Zealand)

Radio One (also known simply as "The One") is a student radio station operating from the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. It broadcasts on a frequency of 91.0 MHz. it is a member of the Student Radio Network group of stations, all of which are run from New Zealand University campuses.

The impetus for the station began with an open letter to the President of the Otago University Students' Association (then Phyllis Comerford) from Alastair Thomson, who had worked on the Waikato University student radio station. This letter brought together other interested parties including members of the bands Netherworld Dancing Toys and The Verlaines:Graham Cockroft was the first station manager. With a grant from the OUSA of approximately $12,000, the station first went to air in early 1984 broadcasting from the OUSA's former boardroom. The station initially ran on a part-time basis during the university year until the 1986 when it started operating round-the-clock throughout the year. In 1987 Radio 1 shifted into a new annex to the Student Union building which was specifically designed to house the station, the OUSA's offices, and the university's student newspaper Critic Te Ārohi. The station celebrated its 25th birthday at the beginning of 2009.

In the station's early years, its 100 Watt transmitter was located on the top of the campus's tallest building (the 11-storey Richardson Building, then known as the Hocken Building), but since the 1987 it has had a transmitter on the top of Mount Cargill, 12 kilometres north of the campus. This gives the station a range which covers much of coastal Otago, from Oamaru to past Balclutha.

The changes to become a year-round station operating from purpose-built facilities and expanded coverage were undertaken by the 1986 station manager Chris Lambourne.

Radio One can now be heard anywhere in the world as it streams all content in 128 kbit/s stereo mp3 over the internet.

The station is run largely by volunteer announcers, with a small paid staff. It runs a wide variety of general interest and specialist shows, many of them catering for audiences not covered by Dunedin's other radio stations, such as The Local which plays only New Zealand content and Overgrown which is New Zealand's only Cannabis Law Reform themed radio show.

The Onecard scheme
In 1986, the station launched an innovative scheme to raise money to support the station - a loyalty card called "The Rad-one Card" (more recently just "The Onecard"). This gave subscribers ("Rad-ones") the opportunity to gain discounts at local stores and events, and to enter on-air competitions in return for a small annual fee. The scheme has been widely adopted by other student radio stations around New Zealand.

Notable former and current staff

 * Shayne Carter
 * Wallace Chapman
 * Charlotte Glennie
 * Sam Hayes
 * Aaron Hawkins
 * Sean Norling
 * Jan Hellriegel
 * Lesley Paris
 * David Pine
 * Dave "Norrie" Borrie
 * Quintin Jane

title: Radio One (New Zealand)


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Proud Like a God

Proud Like a God is the debut studio album by the German alternative rock band Guano Apes. The album was released in Germany on 6 October 1997 via GUN/Supersonic Records, internationally on 24 December 1997 via GUN/Supersonic and BMG International, and finally in the US on 28 September 1999 via RCA Records and BMG International. Two of Guano Apes' most popular and enduring songs are included on this album: "Open Your Eyes" and "Lords of the Boards", which peaked at #5 and #10 on the German charts, respectively.

The album has been certified Platinum for shipping 200,000 copies in both Germany and Switzerland.

Background
After winning the "Local Heroes" talent contest in 1996, Guano Apes entered Horus Studio in Hannover to record their debut album, and signed a record deal with GUN Records, a division of BMG. In the 2005 documentary Planet of the Apes, drummer Dennis Poschwatta called the recording process "a really bad experience", since the band hadn't realized that recording an album is substantially different from performing live. Vocalist Sandra Nasić, on the other hand, found working in the studio "interesting" and remembered how it made her feel respected as a singer, while guitarist Henning Rümenapp described it as "on-the-job training".

In August 1997, "Open Your Eyes" was released as a single, followed in 1998 by "Rain" and "Lords Of The Boards".

20th Anniversary Edition
October 2017 saw the release of Proud Like a God XX, a revamped 2CD version of the original album containing remixed versions of 10 songs ("Scapegoat" and "Tribute" were omitted entirely), plus the previously unreleased track "Score". The second disc contains thoroughly rearranged "2017 versions" of six songs from Proud Like A God, and three newly recorded cover songs. The track "Lose Yourself" was released as a single.

Band

 * Sandra Nasić - vocals
 * Henning Rümenapp - guitars
 * Stefan Ude - bass
 * Dennis Poschwatta - drums, vocals

Additional musicians

 * Afam - scratches
 * Geo Schaller - keys, programming
 * Smoke - cello
 * Michael Wolpers - percussion

Production

 * Wolfgang Stach - production (except "Lords of the Boards"), engineering
 * Guano Apes - production ("Lords of the Boards")
 * Ronald Prent - mixing
 * Anyway Wölfle - additional engineering

Reception
CMJ gave a favourable review, praising Sandra Nasić's vocal range and calling the album a "well-blended mix of sweet pop and bruising rock, with a little bit of electronica-informed loops and ambience thrown in for good measure."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Proud Like a God


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User:PhS

I am a French computer scientist, b. 1961, currently living in Paris. I love Wikipedia and have been contributing, albeit not very regularly, since 2005.

title: User:PhS


text: Talk:San Antonio Dragons

title: Talk:San Antonio Dragons


text: Talk:Proud Like a God

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Waverley Council

Waverley Council is a Local government area in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. First incorporated on 16 June 1859 as the Municipality of Waverley, it is one of the oldest-surviving local government areas in New South Wales. Waverley is bounded by the Tasman Sea to the east, the Municipality of Woollahra to the north, and the City of Randwick in the south and west. The administrative centre of Waverley Council is located on Bondi Road in Bondi Junction in the Council Chambers on the corner of Waverley Park.

The elected Waverley Council is composed of twelve councillors elected proportionally across four wards, each electing three Councillors, and the most recent election was held on 4 December 2021. The current mayor of Waverley Council since September 2019 is Councillor Paula Masselos of Lawson Ward, a member of the Labor Party.

Suburbs and localities in the local government area
Suburbs within Waverley Council are: • Bondi

• Bondi Beach

• Bondi Junction

• Bronte

• Clovelly (most is located within City of Randwick)

• Dover Heights

• North Bondi

• Queens Park

• Rose Bay (parts are located within Woollahra Council)

• Tamarama

• Vaucluse (most is located within Woollahra Council)

• Waverley

History
With the enactment of the Municipalities Act of 1858, which allowed for the creation of Municipalities for areas with over 500 electors, several petitions calling for the incorporation of the Waverley area were received by the Colonial Government and published in New South Wales Government Gazette on 11 November 1858 and 17 May 1859. One of the earliest meetings of local residents formed to call for a "Municipality of Waverley" was held at the Tea Gardens Hotel on Bronte Road on 20 December 1858.

The Governor of New South Wales approved the proclamation establishing the Municipality of Waverley on 13 June 1859, and it was subsequently published in the Government Gazette on 16 June 1859. The first returning officer, Charles St Julian, was appointed to conduct the first meeting of electors a few days later. The first election was held on 14 July 1859, with nine Councillors elected proportionately, and the Council first met on 23 July 1859 at the Tea Gardens Hotel, with John Birrell elected as the first chairman. On 21 February 1860, the council was divided into three wards electing three councillors each: Waverley Ward, Bondi Ward and Nelson Ward. A fourth ward covering the western corner of Waverley, Lawson Ward, was added on 22 April 1887, thereby bringing the number of aldermen to 12.

On 6 October 1944, the recommendation of a 1941 NSW Local Government Department Commission of Inquiry removing the Mill Hill area (37 acres) from the Municipality of Randwick and include it in the Waverley Municipality was proclaimed in the Government Gazette.

Council chambers
The first council meeting was held on 16 June 1859, but there was no permanent office for the conduct of Council duties some early meetings were held in the Charing Cross Hotel and others in the old School of Arts building in Bronte Road. In December 1860 the Council accepted an offer from Francis O'Brien to donate a site for a Council Chambers on Bondi Road. The cost of building was to be limited to £500, although approximately £700 was eventually spent. The foundation stone was laid in 1861, and a first meeting of Council was held there on 21 November 1861, the first Council building erected by any municipality under the Municipalities Act of 1858.

Discussions were held during the early 1900s over the need for new Council Chambers, and in 1913 a portion of the north-west corner of Waverley Park, which was the first public park in Waverley gazetted in 1880, was dedicated as the site for a new building. A report of the same year stated that the original building was too small for the staff, and had poor ventilation and lighting. It was later sold for £1,600. The new building was completed by the end of 1913, and on 6 January 1914 the Council met for the first time in the new chambers.

Parts of the 1913 chambers still form the shell of the present Council Chambers, although extensive alterations in 1962, and further development in 1976 and 1977 have altered its appearance considerably.

2016–17 amalgamation proposals
A 2015 review of local government boundaries recommended that the Municipality of Waverley merge with the Woollahra and Randwick councils to form a new council with an area of 58 km2 and support a population of approximately 274,000. Following an independent review, in May 2016 the NSW Government sought to dismiss the council and force its amalgamation with Woollahra and Randwick councils. Woollahra Council instigated legal action claiming that there was procedural unfairness and that a KPMG report at the centre of merger proposals had been "misleading". The matter was heard before the NSW Court of Appeal who, in December 2016, unanimously dismissed Woollahra Council's appeal, finding no merit in its arguments that the proposed merger with Waverley and Randwick councils was invalid. In July 2017, the Berejiklian government decided to abandon the forced merger of the Woollahra, Waverley and Randwick local government areas, along with several other proposed forced mergers.

Demographics
At the, there were 63,487 people in Waverley, of these 49.2% were male and 50.8% were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.4% of the population. The median age of people in Waverley Council was 35 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 15.4% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 12.0% of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 37.4% were married and 10.0% were either divorced or separated.

Population growth in Waverley Council between the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census was 3.31%; and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 Census, population growth was 4.57%. When compared with total population growth of Australia for the same periods, being 5.78% and 8.32% respectively, population growth in the Waverley local government area was a little over half the national average. The median weekly income for residents within the Municipality of Waverley was more than 1.5 times the national average.

The proportion of residents in Waverley who stated their ancestry was Jewish was three times the New South Wales and national averages. The proportion of households where Russian is spoken at home is thirteen times the state and national averages; and of all households where Hebrew is spoken in New South Wales, one third are located in Waverley, and in Australia, one tenth of households where Hebrew is spoken are located in Waverley. The proportion of residents who stated an affiliation with Judaism was in excess of twenty–eight times the state and national averages.

Council
NSW Local Government Elections are held every four years on the second Saturday of September as stipulated by the Local Government Act 1993.

Current composition and election method
Waverley Council is composed of twelve councillors elected proportionally from the four separate wards, each electing three Councillors. The mayor is elected by the Councillors at the first meeting of the council for a two-year term, typically in September, while the Deputy Mayor is elected annually by the councillors. The most recent election for the council was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council is as follows:

The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election by ward, is:

Heritage listings
The Waverley Council area has a number of heritage-listed items and conservation areas, including those listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register:
 * Bondi, 36 Anglesea Street: Electricity Substation No. 269
 * Bondi, Blair Street: Bondi Ocean Outfall Sewer
 * Bondi, 60 Blair Street: St Anne's Catholic Church, Bondi
 * Bondi, Military Road: Bondi Sewer Vent
 * Bondi Beach, Queen Elizabeth Drive: Bondi Beach Cultural Landscape
 * Bondi Junction and Waverley, Paul Street: Waverley Reservoirs
 * Bronte, 470 Bronte Road: Bronte House
 * Bronte, St Thomas Street: Waverley Cemetery
 * North Bondi, Ben Buckler Gun Battery
 * Vaucluse, 793 Old South Head Road: South Head General Cemetery
 * Waverley, 240 Birrell Street: St Mary's Anglican Church, Waverley
 * Waverley, 11 Victoria Street: Charing Cross (homestead)
 * Waverley, 45 Victoria Street: Mary Immaculate Catholic Church, Waverley

The Nib Literary Award
The Mark and Evette Moran Nib Literary Award, formerly The Nib Waverley Library Award for Literature, is organised and supported by the council, and the awards ceremony held in Waverley Library each year.

title: Waverley Council


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Talk:British Fascists

[Untitled]
It seems fair enough to merge the two. Although they were two different stages of the movement the line of development was continuous. I would suggest, however, retaining this article as the main one and merging British Fascisti into it, whilst retaining it as a redirect. Keresaspa 13:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

National affiliation
I would strongly dispute the allegation that the British Union of Fascists "National affiliation" was with the Conservative party. Certainly they campaigned for the Conservatives, as they were realist enough to know that the choice was between a Conservative government or a "socialist" Labour one. That does not make then affiliated to the Labour party. That is like saying that the Communists were affiliated to the Labour Party.Royalcourtier (talk) 07:49, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:British Fascists


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Malnad College of Engineering

Malnad College of Engineering (MCE) is an engineering college located in Hassan, Karnataka, India. It was established in 1960, during the second 5 year plan of India, as a joint venture between the Government of India, Government of Karnataka and the Malnad Technical Education Society, Hassan. The institution is affiliated with the Visvesvaraya Technological University in Belgaum.

The college is built on a campus of about 44 acre and is a technical education center.

The college was affiliated to the University of Mysore but changed affiliation to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum. In 2007 the college became autonomous.

Notable alumni

 * Job Kurian, Singer
 * Charan Raj, 2006, Music Director and Composer
 * Javagal Srinath, Former Indian Cricketer
 * Sudhir Shivaram, 1993, Indian wildlife photographer and entrepreneur

title: Malnad College of Engineering


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John Bost

Jean Antoine Bost (March 4, 1817 in Moutier-Grandval, canton of Bern-1 November 1881) was a Swiss Calvinist pastor and musician. His father, Ami Bost, was also a Pastor. He learned the piano with Franz Liszt.

In 1840, he gave up his musical career and he became Pastor in La Force, village of the Dordogne valley of France. In 1846, he inaugurated the new temple and decided to build the Asylum of his dreams by the temple. 'La Famille' (the Family) was inaugurated on May 24, 1848. It was immediately made available to children, orphans, disabled, incurables. He created 9 asylums during his life. In 1861, he married Eugénie Ponterie.

He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1864.

The Asylum has since flourished to become the John Bost Foundation where over 1000 people with a wide variety of disabilities live.

title: John Bost


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Fu Biao

Fu Biao (September 27, 1963 – August 30, 2005) was a Chinese actor.

Biography
Fu Biao was born in the family of an army officer on September 27, 1963, in Beijing. After graduating from high school, he entered a film academy in Beijing to learn acting. As a film actor, he acted for the first time in the Shanghai Triad (摇呀摇,摇到外婆桥). From 1997 he acted in several New Year films directed by Feng Xiaogang and became a recognizable actor. He died from liver cancer after having his liver transplanted twice

Fu's funeral was attended by some of the biggest names in Chinese entertainment, including Zhang Yimou, Feng Xiaogang, Xu Fan, Sun Haiying, Lü Liping, Xu Zheng, Tao Hong, Zhang Guoli, Deng Jie, Feng Gong, Han Hong, Liu Zhenyun, Cai Ming, Yu Quan, Hou Yaowen, Alex Man, Zhang Jizhong, Liu Xiao Ling Tong, etc.

Personal life
Fu Biao married actress Zhang Qiufang (张秋芳) in 1989. They portrayed a married couple in several films, including The Dream Factory (1997), Rhapsody of Spring (1998), Happy Times (2000), and several TV series, including Promise of Fate (2002) and Wife (2003) which they co-starred. Zhang Qiufang also had a cameo role in Sorry Baby (1999). In 2006, Zhang published a memoir Yin Ji (印记; "Mark") about her marriage with Fu. The book also included some of Fu's writing after his cancer diagnosis, as well as commemorative essays by family members and some of their celebrity friends.

Fu Biao's son Fu Zi'en (傅子恩), born in 1991, graduated from Beijing Film Academy's Directing Institute.

title: Fu Biao


text: Category:French judges

title: Category:French judges


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Triglyph

Triglyph is an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze in classical architecture, so called because of the angular channels in them. The rectangular recessed spaces between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze are called metopes. The raised spaces between the channels themselves (within a triglyph) are called femur in Latin or meros in Greek. In the strict tradition of classical architecture, a set of guttae, the six triangular "pegs" below, always go with a triglyph above (and vice versa), and the pair of features are only found in entablatures of buildings using the Doric order. The absence of the pair effectively converts a building from being in the Doric order to being in the Tuscan order.

The triglyph is largely thought to be a tectonic and skeuomorphic representation in stone of the wooden beam ends of the typical primitive hut, as described by Vitruvius and Renaissance writers. The wooden beams were notched in three separate places in order to cast their rough-cut ends mostly in shadow. Greek architecture (and later Roman architecture) preserved this feature, as well as many other features common in original wooden buildings, as a tribute to the origins of architecture and its role in the history and development of man. The channels could also have a function in channeling rainwater.

Structure and placing
In terms of structure, a triglyph may be carved from a single block with a metope, or the triglyph block may have slots cut into it to allow a separately cut metope (in stone or wood) to be slid into place, as at the Temple of Aphaea. Of the two groups of 6th-century metopes from Foce del Sele, now in the National Archaeological Museum of Paestum, the earlier uses the first method, the later the second. There may be some variation in design within a single structure to allow for corner contraction, an adjustment of the column spacing and arrangement of the Doric frieze in a temple to make the design appear more harmonious. In the evolution of the Doric order, the placing of the triglyphs evolved somewhat, especially at corners.

Outside the Doric
In post-Renaissance architecture the strict conventions are sometimes abandoned, and guttae and triglyphs, alone or together, may be used somewhat randomly as ornaments. For example, the Baroque Černín Palace in Prague (1660s) has triglyphs and guttae as ornaments at the top of arches, in a facade using an eclectic Ionic order.

title: Triglyph


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Shlomo Zalman Auerbach

Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (שלמה זלמן אויערבאך; July 20, 1910 – February 20, 1995) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi, posek, and rosh yeshiva of the Kol Torah yeshiva in Jerusalem. The Jerusalem neighborhood Ramat Shlomo is named after Auerbach.

Biography
Auerbach was the first child to be born in the Sha'arei Hesed neighborhood of Jerusalem founded by his maternal grandfather, Shlomo Zalman Porush, after whom he was named. His father, Chaim Yehuda Leib Auerbach, was rosh yeshiva of Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva, and his mother was named Tzivia.

Following his marriage, he studied under Zvi Pesach Frank at Kollel Kerem Tzion.

His first major published work, Meorei Esh, was the first ever written on the subject of using electricity on Shabbat.

He was the brother-in-law of Rabbi Sholom Schwadron, who married his sister Leah.

Auerbach died on February 20, 1995. An estimated 300,000 - 500,000 people attended his funeral in 1995. He was interred on Har HaMenuchot.

Auerbach had seven sons, including rabbis Shmuel Auerbach and Ezriel Auerbach, and three daughters.

Students
Rabbis who were his students include:
 * Zalman Nechemia Goldberg, his son-in-law.
 * Meir Kessler
 * Avigdor Nebenzahl
 * Yehoshua Neuwirth

Works
Sefarim written by Auerbach include:
 * Meorei Eish, a pioneering work concerning electricity in halacha, (1935)
 * Ma'adanei Eretz, a two-volume book regarding agricultural halacha, (1946)
 * Minchas Shlomo (responsa), first volume (1986), second volume (2003)
 * Minchas Shlomo, a commentary on the Talmud

He also authored a commentary on Shev Shema'tata.

His rulings on medical matters and halacha were summarized and publicized by Yehoshua Neuwirth in his book Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchatah, Abraham S. Abraham in his Nishmat Avraham, and Avraham Steinberg in his Encyclopedia Hilchatit Refuit.

title: Shlomo Zalman Auerbach


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Three Springs, Western Australia

Three Springs is a town located 313 km north of Perth, Western Australia on the Midlands Road, which until the opening of the Brand Highway in 1975 was the main road route from Perth to the state's north. The town is the seat of the Shire of Three Springs. Its economy is based on agriculture (mainly broad acre grain cropping and sheep farming) and mining.

History
The first Europeans to pass near the Three Springs area were government Assistant Surveyor Augustus Charles Gregory and Francis Thomas Gregory (both attached to the department of the Surveyor-General) and their brother Henry Churchman Gregory, on a public-private funded expedition to search for new agricultural land beyond the settled areas. On 14 September 1846 they camped at Eneabba Springs, 40 km southwest of Three Springs, while returning to Perth from the Irwin River. In 1867, government Assistant Surveyor Charles Cooke Hunt, while undertaking a road survey recorded the words "Three Springs" at the site of the current town after some nearby springs. The name began to appear on official maps from then on and land in this region was soon taken up as pastoral leases.

In 1895 the Midland Railway was built under a land grant scheme from Midland Junction to Walkaway. Under the land grant scheme the railway consortium was able to select land within 40 mi of the new railway. Three Springs was a siding on the line. In 1907 the government declared a townsite adjacent to the railway siding, gazetted as Kadathinni in 1908. It was also intended to change the name of the station when the townsite was named, but this was overlooked, and it remained Three Springs. The townsite was also locally known as Three Springs, and in 1946 the name was officially changed to Three Springs to conform with local usage.

In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding.

Flora
The shrub Banksia trifontinalis (Three Springs Dryandra) is named after the town, in the vicinity of which it was first collected.

Economy
Three Springs' economy is built on mining and agriculture, including broad acre grain cropping and sheep farming, as well as cattle, pigs and wildflower intensive farming.

Imerys S.A. a French industrial minerals company, operates the world's second largest talc mine just outside the Three Springs townsite. Up until 2004, the talc was railed to Geraldton for export. As a result of contamination from iron ore at the port rail unload facility, since 2004 it has been transported by road.

Notable residents

 * James “Jimmy” Gardiner (1861-1928) - served as local member in the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia, colonial treasurer, inaugural state leader of the Country Party, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, chairman of the Western Australian Cricket Council, president of the Western Australian Cricket Association, founding Vice President of the Kadathinni Cricket Club, Inaugural Patron of the Three Springs Race Club, Inaugural Vice President of the Three Springs Rifle Club.
 * Patrick Lynch (1867-1944) - State Minister for Works, federal Minister for Works and Railways, President of the Senate, farmer.

title: Three Springs, Western Australia


text:
Talk:Gyumri

Cimmerian origin of name
I first read about it in the city museum, and to be honest I never heard of Greek colonization in the region other than the coastal area of the Black Sea. I think this needs to be mentioned like it's done in the Crimea article. The first Kingdom that the Cimmerians destroyed was Urartu, Gyumri (Kumari) was on the territory of Urartu.

This site mentions it in the history section: http://www.gyumri.am/eng/history.html It's also mentioned here: "Gomer. Gomer is apparently the oldest son of Japheth. He is listed first and is one of only two sons whose descendants are listed. He is traditionally connected to the Cimmerians and the North Pontic steppe regions from about 1200 BC. The Cimmerians lent their name to the Crimean peninsula. A connection with the ancient Armenian city of Gyumri (also attested as Kumairie, Kumayri, Gumri, Gimira, etc.) is an intriguing possibility for the original Gomerite homeland. "

http://www.pursiful.com/writings/table_of_nations.html --Eupator 19:47, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the link, I have updated the main page with it.

 * As far as the supposed Greek origins of the first settlement go, the information comes from Brittanica and the other reference book cited on the main page. With both alternative explanations attributed now, we should be in good shape :) Ahasuerus 20:23, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Here is an excellent article on the biblical patriarchs: http://www.imninalu.net/2history03.htm#North

Gyumri: An Armenian Rendition of a Turkish name?
Wasn't it the Turks who called the city "Gumru"? I remember reading somewhere that the correct name of the city is supposed to be "Kumayri" and that after independence, residents decided to call it "Gyumri" because "Kumayri" phonetically sounded too much like the Armenian expression "Kou mayri" which means "Your mothers'". I'm not sure if this is at all accurate, but the thing about the city name sounding like the expression rings true. Hakob 02:38, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I have heard that too :) To be honest I'm not sure if it's an urban legend or not. Considering that Gegharkunik was never changed to different name because of what it sounds like i'm guesing it's just an urban legend.--Eupator 21:14, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Turks use Gumru/Gümrü, it doesn't mean anything in Turkish as much as I know but Gümrük means Customs.--Kagan the Barbarian 11:07, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It was called Gumru when it was part of the Ottoman Empire, but that doesn't mean the name is Turkish in origin. C'mon, tell all Eupator, what does "Gegharkunik" sound like! Meowy 16:58, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Expanding History
I'll be expanding the History section of this article, anyone want to give me a hand? ;-)

Here's a page that has some useful info: http://www.gyumri.am/eng/history.html Hakob 06:17, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Old city views
Uploaded some images on Commons. You can use them in this article :) FHen 16:11, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Deleted copyright
Je vous prie de supprimer la photo de Charles Aznavour Image:Aznavour-statue.jpg de cette page qui est sous copyright. Wikipedia est le site sous la licence libre, donc luttons contre les violences de copyright. Cordialement, Armenak

Dear 85.107.45.145. The marked towns were in Western Armenia, from where some Armenians emigrated during the 1826-28 war. They became "Turkish" cities after the Armenian Genocide. So pls discuss your postfactual edits here. Andranikpasha (talk) 09:53, 23 January 2008 (UTC) I also made some corrections, included the more reliable number of inhabitants from. Andranikpasha (talk) 23:24, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Gyumri continued to develop in the 19th century, when, along with its surroundings, it became part of Russia, as a result of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813).
This phrase is misleading. It comes afterÄrabian regime" and at once it ecame Part of the Russian empire under which it developed. Why is intentionally kept quiet about its Iranian Period? Becoming part of the Russian ampire after the Russo-Persian wars assumes that it was part of Iran=Persia. History should be neutral and not written in a anationalistic way. I have also said this in a number of occasion to editors from republic of Azerbaijan--Babakexorramdin (talk) 16:34, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Gap
There is a gap in the history section, which is more than a thousand years. Could somebody who has sources improve the section? --Seksen iki yüz kırk beş (talk) 15:24, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Azerbaijani version of the name
Azerbaijani people have lived in this city for centuries and have been deported by Soviet or Armenian authorities. Lots of people from this city are of Azerbaijani decent. They all use Azerbaijani version of the name of this city. Thus, Azerbaijani version of the name also should be published. --Verman1 (talk) 18:27, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

 * This is precisely the same thing you've posted on the Yerevan and Artik talk pages. Perhaps you can introduce some sources as well as give your opinion if we should may be extend the same logic to the Baku, Kirovabad/Ganja, Tbilisi, and even Moscow pages on Wikipedia. I don't think habitation is the sole criteria for inclusion of a certain group's spelling of a town or city's name. Something much more substantial is required. --Marshal Bagramyan (talk) 20:08, 27 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Just look at the article Yerevan and you can clearly see the article stating that At the beginning of the 20th century, Yerevan city's population was over 29,000, of which 49% were Azerbaijani Tatars (today referred to as Azerbaijanis), 48% Armenians and 2% Russians. --Verman1 (talk) 07:14, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

 * And? Armenians once formed a plurality in Tbilisi until very recently, but I don't see anyone clamoring to add the way they spelled the name to that article. The point is that the presence of a certain group is not the sole criteria to add the spelling to an article. The way you are going about this, furthermore, seems like you are trying to push a point of view, so please demonstrate better evidence than population statistics. Thanks.

 * Azerbaijani Tatars are not what are now referred to as Azerbaijani today. Azerbaijani Tatars are what Azerbaijani's in northern Iran are referred to.HyeSK (talk) 19:09, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

Universities in Gyumri
I think the part about the universities and institutions of higher education in Gyumri is too short. Maybe we could try to add some detailed information about the universities (faculties, research areas, etc.). A list of all universities would be nice to have. Afterwards, maybe we could add an individual entry for each university. It would be really nice, if I could find some students from Gyumri. --Dvin (talk) 15:55, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Gümrü
in Turkish. Böri (talk) 11:40, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Photo of Azerbaijanis
Interfase added an inappropriate photo of an insignificant (less than 4%) ethnic minority of a town to support Azeri territorial claims. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest#Photographs_and_media_files Editors should exercise discretion and rely on Talk pages when images may be controversial or promotional. If the addition of an image is challenged by another editor, it was not uncontroversial]. 188.255.44.254 (talk) 14:59, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

I see you have some problems with Azerbaijani people. But it is your own problem and has nothing with this article. Azerbaijanis were a part of the history of this town. This photo is on a the postcard created during the period of the Russian Empire (Azeri propagandist?). At the end of the 19th century (during the period of Russian Empire) in Gymri more than 1000 Azerbaijanis lived. And this image reflects it and is very informative for readers. This photo shows us part of history of this town. I still don't understand what claims do you talk about? If you have another historical photos of the population of this town please fell free and add. But your removing of this historical image, which reflects history of this town, is just vandalism. --Interfase (talk) 15:15, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Too much people (150000) are living in Gyumri to put photoes of every 1000 here. 1000 is a little number for that and nothing else. be sure I have no problems with Azeris. 188.255.44.254 (talk) 15:23, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Do you understand the difference between historical photo and photo of the modern population of the town? --Interfase (talk) 15:25, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Why this "historical" Azerbaijani postcard is not dated? 188.255.44.254 (talk) 15:26, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
 * This is not Azerbaijani postcard. This is a postcatd of the Russian Empire. See description (written with pre-reform orthography). It was made before 1917. --Interfase (talk) 15:30, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Before 1917 is not a date (nor written on the card). It is not dated (while almost every Russian postcard was correctly dated to be used by post) and even a fake a think. 188.255.44.254 (talk) 15:35, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I see you started to say some absurd arguments. First. you removed this photo saying that it is unsignificant, now you say that the postcard is a fake. This discussion is useless. Any discussion with anonimous, who just want to remove images, is useless. I noted administrators about your vandalism actions. --Interfase (talk) 15:46, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Discussion at talk is necessary if you're going to add a controversial photo with many issues: 1) it is redundant, 2) it is not dated, 3) the publisher is not known. Every postcard has a publisher, Russia is not a publisher. 188.255.44.254 (talk) 15:58, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

I'd suggest the IP to avoid using phrases like "propaganda" and Interfase to be more willing discuss before adding pictures, because Azerbaijanis have never been a significant part of Gyumri' population. Just to make this clear, there were 4 times more Russian in Gyumri at the turn of the 20th century than Azeris. -- Ե րևանցի talk  17:42, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
 * And? It's not a reason to remove historical image. --Interfase (talk) 17:47, 5 October 2013 (UTC)
 * See WP:WEIGHT and WP:NPOV. If you think you're right there are more civil ways to solve this dispute and edit warring is not one of them. -- Ե րևանցի talk  18:42, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

Western Armenian
Both Western, and Eastern Armenian are utilozed by Armenians the world over. In Armenia as well, there is both Eastern and Western dialect spoken. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1012:B00A:1F1D:83C7:DD1F:CBE2:6644 (talk) 18:48, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

Western Armenian has never been official in Armenia (including in Gyumri). It is simply irrelevant here. We don't put the Levantine Arabic version of, say, Cairo in its intro. -- Ե րևանցի talk  23:06, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

The Armenian language has two primary dialects - Eastern and Western. Eastern Armenian is spoken primarily in Armenia, Russia, Georgia, and Iran. The other major populations of Armenians around the world are speakers of the Western dialect. These nations include the U.S., France, UK, Germany, Brasil, and Argentina among many others. In the current day and age, the two dialects use different spellings for various words, and many times completely different words for the same topic. Eastern Armenian has been highly permeated by the Russian language while Western Armenian and Krapar (Classic Armenian) have not. Also, the Eastern Armenian alphabet has been modified at various times under Russian and Soviet rule, with various letters being modified or completely removed to "Russify" the language.

I, on various wikipages, have added the Western Armenian spelling to the pages, as it is relevant to proper understanding of the Armenian language. Listing only one dialect (Eastern) as the language Armenian (hy) is dishonest and disingenuous. It provides an incorrect understanding of the language. My edits are providing a greater understanding - is this not what we are all here to do?

The arguments from two wikiusers are that Western Armenian is not the official language of Armenia (neither is Eastern Armenian - Armenian is the official language) or that Eastern is more widely spoken (which is in fact false). Since when do either of these reasons negate the relevance of a language? And, since when do false arguments hold weight? Changes reverted back, as your arguments are invalid. And, no kidding, as Levantine Arabic is not spoken in Egypt and never was. Also, Levantine Arabic uses the same letters, only the spoken tongue is different. Western Armenian is spoken in Armenia, however. HyeSK (talk) 23:27, 8 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Place name variations are not there to provide an understanding of (or an acknowledgment of the existence of) the various dialects or branches of a language. Generally, the alternative spellings of a place name, or the giving of alternative names for the same place, need to have a direct connection to the history of, or the inhabitants (past or present) of, that particular place. You are not giving any evidence to indicate that this is the case for Gyumri (nor, I think, is it the case for Gyumri). Also, your arguments, if accepted, open a particular door that should not be opened - for example, there have been past attempts at getting place names in Armenia rendered using the modern Azeri alphabet. Tiptoethrutheminefield (talk) 22:30, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

This is why I wish people had more knowledge of the language AND history. Gyumri's dialect is that of Western Armenian. This page actually did NOT have the Western spelling, I added it and Yerevantsi had a heart attack over it, then changed it to "classic spelling". Western Armenian is a more widely spoken dialect which uses this spelling and if we are making an honest Wikipedia, it would be most proper to use "Western Armenian" over "Classical Armenian". Also, you must understand Western Armenian speakers will search for these places with the Western Armenian spelling. As far as the Azeri alphabet, that is nothing more than a propaganda machine. HyeSK (talk) 10:15, 12 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I did not have a "heart attack". Do not use inflammatory language. You have already been warned. See WP:CIVIL for more. Your rhetoric doesn't help anybody here. You still have not proved how the Western Armenian spelling (Կիւմրի) is relevant in the lead. Also Կիւմրի is NOT the classical spelling, Գիւմրի is. The case is different for Yerevan, because that city has always been known by that name. Gyumri was called Alexandropol in the 19th and early 20th centuries and Գիւմրի was never widely used when the classical spelling was dominant in Armenian literature. On the contrary, Yerevan has been more or less a significant town for several centuries now and its name was spelled Երեւան in all of Armenian literature until the 1922-40 reform. -- Ե րևանցի talk  13:17, 12 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Yerevantsi is right - it is all rhetoric unless you provide sources. For the Western Armenian spelling to be relevant for the lede sources that state that Gyumri had a significant population of Western Armenian speakers will need to be provided, and some evidence that they referred to their city as Կիւմրի, rather than Alexandropol. A large % of Gyumri's growth in the 1830s was from Armenians coming from Erzurum - but is Erzurum a zone of Western Armenians speakers? Tiptoethrutheminefield (talk) 21:41, 12 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I changed to to classical, as per YOUR edit on the Yerevan page. If it is acceptable to you there, then why not here? Answer me this, what is it hurting?  Are you able to tell me how this takes away from the page, or decreases the validity of the page?  I happen to believe it only adds to these points.  It's not rhetoric, it's historical fact and a valid and widely used form of Armenian.  And, I will keep fighting for it.  Take a look at the page of Armenian language on Wiki.  You will see the dialect from what is now know as Erzurmum is spoken in Gyumri - it's a Western dialect. I invite anyone to challenge this.  And, Yerevan was NOT always know as Yerevan.  It was first known as Erebuni.  Get your history straight.  I should also point out Yerevantsis reasons for why Western Armenian should not be used are false, so he keeps switching why it should not be included.  It's an agenda, not an honest argument.  He is also completely incorrect on his comments about the classical spelling. Կ was used as the name Gyumri has the "G" pronunciation.  The Գ being used (which has a "K" sound in Western Armenian or Classical Armenian) would not have happened until the Soviet Era, when the pronunciation of the letters was altered.  Again, get your facts straight.  https://www.britannica.com/place/Gyumri HyeSK (talk) 22:26, 12 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Գ was pronounced "g" in Eastern Armenian prior to the Soviet reform (and was pronounced "g" in Classical Armenian). The Soviet reform did not change the pronunciation of most, if not all, letters, but rather altered the orthography.  Jackal  05:09, 13 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Jackal, it's nice to meet you. For the sake of argument, let's say you're right.  It doesn't change the fact Gyumri was also know as Kumari and Kumayri.  I co-founded an organization called "Gyumri Project Hope".  I was our job to find the history of Gyumri and capitalize on it to improve the city and increase tourism among other areas.HyeSK (talk) 09:12, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Has anyone considered involving a linguist or two into the conversation? Here are two:

 * Just a thought. --Kansas Bear (talk) 00:38, 13 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Just a thought. --Kansas Bear (talk) 00:38, 13 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Just a thought. --Kansas Bear (talk) 00:38, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm not overly well informed on issues concerning Modern Armenian dialects, but might be able to help. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 03:04, 13 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Like Florian Blaschke, I'm not at all conversant with issues of Armenian, Armenian dialectology, or the Armenian diaspora. --Taivo (talk) 06:22, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

First, the correct Standard Eastern Armenian pronunciation of Gymuri is [gjumˈɾi], not [ˈgjumɾi]. As for including the Traditional spelling and the Western Armenian form, I have no opinion on this. I would include the Karin dialect pronunciation of the city and not the Standard Western Armenian, which is what HyeSK is trying to do. --Vahagn Petrosyan (talk) 11:43, 13 August 2016 (UTC)
 * What is known as the Gyumri is really the Karin (Erzurum) dialect, as you rightly pointed out. But I don't notice any significant difference in how Gyumri residents pronounce Gyumri as compared how it is pronounced by Yerevan residents. -- Ե րևանցի  talk  15:34, 13 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Possibly. I am not familiar with the phonology of the Karin dialect. In any case, it is not the same as Standard Western Armenian. --Vahagn Petrosyan (talk) 08:09, 14 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I think that content that is difficult to summarise, that needs detailed explanations to be correctly understood, or has some uncertainty attached to it, should not be in the lede but should be dealt with in the article body. Tiptoethrutheminefield (talk) 14:21, 14 August 2016 (UTC)
 * There is no "standard" Western Armenian. All of the dialects, which are not Eastern - i.e. spoken in Georgia, Iran, Armenia, or any of the former CIS, use the same spelling and letters under the dialect of Western Armenian - եւ not և, կ for the English "g" sound not "գ", "տ" for the English "d" sound not "դ", etc., etc.  I am really getting the feel people are just giving their opinion, rather than having deep knowledge on the subject.  Out of all the excuses I've received for why listing Western Armenian is irrelevant, not one was true, and new ones are made up as the discussion goes along.  What is the battle about?  Western Armenian is spoken by millions of Armenians around the world and has different spellings from Eastern Armenian.  Someone please tell me how adding both spellings takes away from pages. HyeSK (talk) 20:18, 14 August 2016 (UTC)
 * You don't know what you're talking about. There is Standard (Literary) Western Armenian. It is based on the Constantinople dialect but is not identical with it. Armenian dialects do not fall neatly into "Eastern" and "Western" groupings. Instead, there are eleven dialect groups according to Jahukyan's multi-feature statistical classification. If you want to give the Standard Western Armenian pronunciation of the city name (I am not opposed to this in principle), be so kind not to confuse orthography with language. Both Standard Eastern Armenian and Standard Western Armenian can be written in reformed and traditional orthographies. By the way, եւ vs և has nothing to do with orthography. Those are just typographical variants of each other, such as Latin ﬀ vs ff. --Vahagn Petrosyan (talk) 08:52, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Western Armenian has never been standardized like Eastern Armenian has. Yes, there are 11 dialect groups, but to my knowledge they are all considered "Western dialects" - as they use the same pronunciation of letters and use the same words such as «կուգամ» instead of «կալիս եմ» or «կգամ» or «ըլլա» vs. «լինի» to name a few.  I would like to learn more about what you are saying, but I don't find it proper to do on this page.  Could you please propose another way for us to communicate on this subject?  Also, if you are not against this principle, do you agree with listing it as Western Armenian?  HyeSK (talk) 10:08, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I am very busy these days. Can't communicate. I don't mind listing Western Armenian, but I am not a Wikipedia regular. I don't know about Wikipedia's policies. --Vahagn Petrosyan (talk) 13:17, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Not a problem. For the rest of the individuals on this discussion.  Is the issue now resolved?  Western Armenian is an acceptable designation. HyeSK (talk) 17:14, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
 * No, you still need to present sources. Any "deep knowledge on the subject" is irrelevant without sources because this knowledge is original research without sources. If there are no sources you cannot place this content into the article, even if it is accurate content.Tiptoethrutheminefield (talk) 22:43, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, I would be very curious to learn as to how all 11 dialect groups are considered Western. Until then, I would kindly request HyeSK cease inserting Western Armenian pronunciations into articles of locations where it was never spoken: Jermuk is not pronounced chermoug by its inhabitants and it makes little sense to include it there even as a kind of supplement. In my opinion, the pronunciations used in each Armenian article need to be determined by popularity or preeminence of usage but also by historical accuracy and legitimacy. For example, I am against having the Eastern pronunciation of writer Hagop Baronian's name in his respective article--as a Western Armenian, he never would have used it (except, perhaps, in a humorous manner). Likewise, Eastern Armenian author Derenik Demirchian does not need to be rendered into the Western Terenig Demirjian (and hasn't been...yet). It is de rigueur for those in Armenian studies to render most names in the Eastern but when writing about Western Armenian speakers, they usually make the decision to stick with the Western pronunciation (such as scholar James R. Russell did in this article--see the first full paragraph on page 3).  Jackal  08:19, 17 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Armenian language and Classification des dialectes arméniens definitely indicate that the dialects of Armenian cannot be straightforwardly classified as either western or eastern, and the pronunciation of the stop consonants in the two standard dialects each represents only two variants of at least seven. I don't know what the pronunciation in the Karin dialect is, though. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 22:11, 17 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I have presented evidence unlike you, Jackel. How about you present evidence to back up your claims?  This statement is to Tiptoethrutheminefield, as well.  I clearly showed the dialect spoken in Gyumri is Western dialect.  Writing in one form of Armenian and then referring to it as if it is the only form of Armenian is dishonest and misleading.  As I have asked many times now - how is it hurting the article?  How is it not improving the article? HyeSK (talk) 18:35, 18 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Sarajevo has a section containing its other names. HyeSK (talk) 19:39, 18 August 2016 (UTC)
 * You have actually not presented even one source to support your proposed content addition. Please read WP:OR to understand the status in Wikipedia of your "presented evidence". Tiptoethrutheminefield (talk) 22:16, 18 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Also, according to Karin dialect, the գ in Գյումրի is really pronounced as a voiced [gʰ] not a voiceless [kʰ] in that dialect, so I don't understand what HyeSK's complaint is really all about! HyeSK seems to be unaware that in the local dialect, unlike in Standard Western Armenian, գ does not merge with թ, but is kept apart, so the spelling (based on the SWA pronunciation) he proposes is inaccurate (moreover, the merger is not actually shown in SWA spelling, the letters are used as in Classical Armenian and therefore kept separate even if the sounds are pronounced identically). --Florian Blaschke (talk) 23:30, 18 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Ah, I think what HyeSK is trying to argue is that Գյումրի Gyumri was originally spelt with կ, and the new spelling arose as a consequence of the local pronunciation with [ɡ], which was supposedly rendered as գ by speakers of Standard Eastern Armenian. However, it is necessary to prove that the name of the city was ever spelt with կ in Classical Armenian (the fact that the Hurrian name was Kumayri does not prove this). --Florian Blaschke (talk) 23:58, 18 August 2016 (UTC)
 * My opinion is as follows. The name of the city should be spelled how the residents of Gyumri currently spell it.  If someone here can actually find an example of an older spelling as it would have been spelled by residents of Gyumri at the time (e.g., in 19th-century Russian Armenia, not in 19th-century Ottoman Armenia), then I would support an additional entry along the lines of "Historical: [Historical spelling] ([Dialect])", where [Dialect] is Western Armenian, Karin Dialect, or Classical Armenian (depending on what the sources indicate).  I do not, however, support adding any spelling other than the current spelling until an appropriate old written source is found.  I do not find theoretical arguments about what the spelling "must have been" to be compelling.  Ketone16 (talk) 03:57, 19 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Again, is anyone able to refute my claims (which I have supported with evidence via Wikipedia and other websites)? Also, I am not proposing we take away the Eastern Armenian spelling - merely that we have BOTH of the spellings.  And, actually, I am arguing the Western Armenian spelling is Կիւմրի (which it is) and is valid.

Please reference the Armenian wikipage for Gyumri and the two articles from Western Armenian news sources, using the spelling I have proposed as an addition:

1.) https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%AB, 2.)http://www.agos.com.tr/am/hvotvadzi/12683/hahasdani-aghn-yes-giwmri, 3.)http://www.araraddaily.com/Araradnew/DailyNews-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80-Lebanese-Political-News/3146/news/19/Lebanese-Armenian-News/ HyeSK (talk) 10:48, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

 * How are these relevant to the discussion? Ketone16 (talk) 00:59, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * No one is arguing that modern Western Armenian doesn't have a word for Gyumri. There's also an English word, a Russian word, a Turkish word, an Azerbaijani word, and I guess Italian and Dutch words for Gyumri as well.  Whether or not there is a Western Armenian word for Gyumri is irrelevant.  It's only relevant what the city was called by its residents, or if there is some historical name that globally transcended the local name (as is the case, for example, for some former Roman cities).  What we need are examples of how Gyumri was spelled by its citizens (i.e., not by people in Ottoman Armenia) before it was renamed Aleksandropol.  We don't need original research speculating about what the spelling "must have been".  Ketone16 (talk) 01:23, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Our job is not to refute your original research. Your job is to provide an actual source that shows the historical spelling of Gyumri by the people of Gyumri, not sources in the modern Western Armenian dialect.  Ketone16 (talk) 01:28, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * What an absurd notion. Did you read the articles?  My presumption is that you do not read or write in Armenian.  It specifically speaks of the name prior to Aleksandropol.  And, still today, western speakers spell it as Կիւմրի:  It doesn't matter how the majority of locals spell it.  I posted factual documentation to the name.  There is even a wikipage, in Armenian, using the both the spellings I provided Գիւմրի I think we'll just get a mediator involved at this point.  HyeSK (talk) 09:34, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I do not read Armenian, nor is that a requirement for editing the English-language Wikipedia. Since this is the English-language Wikipedia, perhaps you could make yourself useful by providing translations of the relevant portions.  I put all three articles through Google Translate (which did better on some articles than others), but did not see anything that referred to the pre-Aleksandropol name -- at least not anything that had a reliable source associated with it.  Being able to find another wikipage with both spellings is irrelevant.  Wikipedia does not operate by precedent, it operates by policies.  Copying something from another Wikipedia article does not help if that article is not reliably sourced.  I don't think we need a mediator, I think we need you to respect the Wikipedia policies on original research, POV-pushing, and reliable sources.  I note that you've been warned other times about edit warring for POV-pushing over Armenian nationalism and specifically this Western Armenian obsession.  Apparently you haven't learned much from the experiences.  Ketone16 (talk) 15:58, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Watch how you address me, first and foremost. See WP:CIVIL for more. Secondly, I provided an article, in English, previously in the thread - make yourself useful and read the entire thread to find it. Second, the articles use the spelling I am proposing to add, just as the wikipage I have provided, which is referenced.  You also seem to pull information from your backside, as I have NEVER been warned about "nationalism".  And I do not have an "obsession" with Western Armenian - that's Yerevantsi who accused me of such rubbish, when it is him who has an agenda against Western Armenian.  It is the most widely spoken Armenian and had relevancy.  Next time you try to make a point, try using factual information instead of making things up.HyeSK (talk) 12:21, 27 August 2016 (UTC)
 * All, I have provided documentation, yet received no response from an active profile. HyeSK (talk) 19:03, 2 September 2016 (UTC)
 * That's because your documentation is not actually a source for the content you want to add. Newspapers written in Western Armenian will naturally spell Gyumri using the WA spelling, just like a newspaper in China will naturally spell it using Chinese characters. However, the mere existence of these spellings does not mean they should be inserted into the article. We need sources that indicate that the WA spelling has some sort of specific connection to the population (past or present) of Gyumri. Tiptoethrutheminefield (talk) 20:30, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
 * That is exactly what the articles did. One article specifically discusses all three names.  Are you even reading them?  Could we get a moderator involved in this?HyeSK (talk) 20:15, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

To be honest, I think more than enough resilience has been shown towards user "HyeSK". The user in question is pretty much only here to push his POV agenda into these articles, given the number of times he started edit-wars about this whole "Western Armenian-Eastern Armenian" stuff, and given by the context of his related edits, e.g. (""You just have a chip on your shoulder, for some reason, towards Western Armenian. It will be, and has been, always relevant. Have a little respect for the most widely spoken dialect of Armenian. And, use a little logic once in a while". Given his pattern of re-instignating edit-wars about this matter, of which his first attempt was as early as 12 Februari 2016 (!), I'd say this is on the border of WP:NOTHERE. Ever since this revision of 12 Februari 2016, he has re-added this content eight more times on the Yerevan page, by the sole means of edit-warring, and some eight times on the Gyumri page. - LouisAragon (talk) 04:47, 13 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Actually, I just made a brief dig, and I believe that he has been abusing IP socks as well in order to be able to do the same thing. Please take a look at how IP 185.13.199.81 literally reinstated the exact same edit originally made by "HyeSK", on the Gyumri article, as well as the Yerevan article, and in both circumstances used an edit summary fully akin to those used by HyeSK. - LouisAragon (talk) 04:47, 13 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Nice try, but I only use my username. How about you make accusations based on fact and not your biased opinion?  Being I am the only one to provide sources, your argument is dead out of the water. Please, explain to me how you classify edit warring if solid sources are used? HyeSK (talk) 08:48, 13 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I used to be a Wikipedia editor and closed my old account due to this nonsense. It doesn't take a rocket scientist to see people are being intellectually dishonest on this subject.  I took the time out of my day to read all of this and HyeSK is correct.  The user has posted various sources and you all have changed your arguments every time the user supports their arguments.  I am an Armenian, from Toronto, but I was born and raised in Gyumri until the age of 14.  In school we had many books where the old spelling of Gyumri was used.  I doubt they are unavailable digitally.  On the same note, I see  Ե րևանցի  has followed this dishonesty on other pages, which I will refute if needed.  HyeSK this is the reason I initially stopped editing on Wiki, as a majority of the editors work together to promote their world view, rather than to create a intellectually honest platform.  You're not alone, and I am here to support where valid.  This is definitely a case where it's valid.  The page should have both spellings, if even solely based off of the news articles posted which clearly use the spelling addition proposed.  LouisAragon if you want to accuse HyeSK of edit warring, then the same should be applied to the other parties, as they are denying sourced fact.  What do you expect a user, who provides documentation, to do?  Allow the dishonesty to stand?  If there was one argument made and HyeSK was unable to produce documentation to support their claim, OK, but that's not the case.  TheManOfTheHour (talk) 10:27, 21 October 2016 (UTC)
 * TheManOfTheHour - Am I sure appreciative someone has brought some logic to this discussion and, well, to Wikipedia in general. I am perplexed by the intellectually disingenuous behavior over this issue.  As you know, I have posted 3 articles from Western Armenian publications using the proper spelling of the city.  I am not even asking to remove the current spelling, only to add a second one.  I believe this also serves to make Wikipedia more accessible to Western speakers. HyeSK (talk) 15:11, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

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Classical Spelling
All:

Hello. I read through the talk page and noticed the Classical Orthography had been added to the references at the bottom of the page; that's a positive step forward. There is only one change I made and I accidentally performed the changed without being logged in. The Classical Orthography actually uses Կ instead of Գ, so I altered the spelling to be Կիւմրի.

Let me know if you have any questions.

ArmenianSniper (talk) 10:57, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gyumri


text:
Talk:Waverley, New South Wales

Separate page for the Local Government Area
As per discussion at Talk:List of Sydney suburbs, I have created a separate page for Waverley Council, the Local Government Area. -- Ianblair23 13:22, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Streets
Have restored names of Birrell and Victoria Streets, which someone had deleted. I think it's logical to have them there, under the shots of the churches.

Sardaka 09:36, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Removal of reference under “notable resident” born in Chattanooga TN (not Waverley NSW)
Removed the following text from page:

“Barney Wilson, a resident of Waverley and Graduate of Waverley College, who had recently turned 18.“

Note this reference links the Waverley resident to a famous basketballer

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Wilson 59.100.159.162 (talk) 10:49, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waverley, New South Wales


text:
Artinskian

In the geologic timescale, the Artinskian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Artinskian likely lasted between and  million years ago (Ma) according to the most recent revision of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) in 2022. It was preceded by the Sakmarian and followed by the Kungurian.

Stratigraphy
The Artinskian is named after the goniatite grits of Artinsk which was introduced by Roderick Murchison, Édouard de Verneuil and count Alexander von Keyserling in their The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains (1845). The grits of Artinsk, in turn, get its name from the Artinsky District with center in the Russian smalltown of Arti (formerly Artinsk zavod), situated in the middle Urals, about 170 km southwest of Yekaterinburg. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Alexander Karpinsky in 1874.

Base of the Artinskian
The base of the Artinskian Stage is defined as the first appearance datum (FAD) of the conodont species Sweetognathus whitei and Mesogondolella bisselli. In order to constrain this age, the ICS subcommission on Permian stratigraphy informally proposed a candidate GSSP in 2002, later followed by a formal proposal in 2013. The proposed GSSP location — the Dal'ny Tulkas roadcut in the Southern Urals, near the town of Krasnousolsky — was eventually ratified in February 2022.

U-Pb radiometric dating found that the base of the Artinskian was approximately 290.1 million years old (Ma), based on the position of the rock layer at the Dal'ny Tulkas roadcut containing the FAD of S''. whitei'' relative to three precisely dated ash beds surrounding it. Earlier radiometric reported a much younger age of 280.3 Ma for the Sakmarian-Artinskian boundary.

Top of the Artinskian
The top of the Artinskian (and the base of the Kungurian) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodonts Neostreptognathodus pnevi and Neostreptognathodus exculptus first appear. The proposed GSSP candidate — the Mechetlino section (Southern Urals).

Artinskian Warming Event
Around 287 million years ago occurred an interval of pronounced warming known as the Artinskian Warming Event (AWE). This period of global warming accelerated the deglaciation that had been occurring since the Sakmarian following the end of the most intense glacial phase of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age. In addition, it is also associated with significant global drying, which had gradually been occurring since the Carboniferous-Permian boundary. Major aridification during the AWE is evidenced by a positive δ18O excursion observed in brachiopod fossils, with arid and semi-arid conditions expanding across much of Pangaea as glaciers receded to refugia in the polar regions of Gondwana.

title: Artinskian


text:
Talk:Waverley Council

Separate page for the Local Government Area
As per discussion at Talk:List of Sydney suburbs, I have created a separate page for Waverley Council, the Local Government Area. -- Ianblair23 13:24, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Infobox Update
This page has had its infobox updated to Infobox Australian Place. This update has been automatically preformed by TheJoshBot. Please be aware that poorly filled templates can have infomation lost in the transition that is unknown to the bot. Check the page history for more infomation. The following infomation has been lost in the transition, and will need to be converted to the document prose:

Suburbs need updating
Vaucluse is not listed - it is partially in the Waverley boundary, like Rose Bay. Perhaps they should have "(partial)" after their name. "Bondi North" is incorrect. The suburb is called North Bondi. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Barcs265 (talk • contribs) 09:50, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

Need to define the four current wards
These are referred to but never properly defined.

MarmotteiNoZ 03:53, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waverley Council


text:
Talk:George Szekeres

A long illness?
I apologise for being a bit insensitive here, but I'm unaware of any long illness that George was suffering from; I have removed that sentence until someone can back it up a little bit. George was still in his office at UNSW several days a week as late as 2002 — remarkable for someone in his mid-90s. George and Esther moved to Adelaide in mid 2004; I had thought the reason was Esther's poor health rather than George's. Dmharvey Talk 13:25, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Death with wife?
Shouldn't it be noted that George and Esther both died within hours of each other, as noted in Esther's page?

 * It already says that. Dmharvey 23:35, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Szekeres


text:
Willoughby, New South Wales

Willoughby is a suburb located on the lower North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 8 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Willoughby.

The City of Willoughby takes its name from the suburb but its administrative centre is located in the adjacent suburb of Chatswood, which is the local area's major commercial centre.

European settlement
There is some conjecture as to how Willoughby was named. Some historians believe it was named after a parish, while others believe that Surveyor-General Sir Thomas Mitchell decided to commemorate Sir James Willoughby Gordon whom he had served during the Peninsular War and was the quartermaster-general in England when the First Fleet sailed to Botany Bay.

Captain Arthur Phillip's search for "good land, well watered" led to the discovery and colonisation of the rough shores of Roseville Chase, where Samuel Bates built a farm at Echo Point. Later developments included the building of the first post office in 1871 and the construction of Pommy Lodge in the same year. The latter—a small sandstone building in Penshurst Street—was originally the Congregational Church, which later changed premises. Laurel Bank Cottage, a single-storey home, was constructed in Penshurst Street in 1884. The cottage is now owned and run by the local Masonic Lodge as a function and conference facility.

Circa 1920, Telford Lane—between Fourth Avenue and Eastern Valley Way—was created and paved; the method used was the one pioneered by Thomas Telford in England in the nineteenth century. This lane is one of the few surviving examples of the Telford method in Sydney.

In 1934, the Willoughby incinerator was built in Small Street, after a design by Walter Burley Griffin. It has been described as "a particularly successful example of an industrial building integrating function with site." Like Telford Lane, the incinerator is listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.

The suburb was home to the headquarters of the Nine Network, under the callsign of TCN-9 for 64 years until it moved to North Sydney in November 2020. Next to this site was the Channel 9 TV Tower which at 233 metres high was the tallest in Australia; its demolition commenced in April 2021, to be replaced by 460 new homes.

Heritage listings
Willoughby has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 85–87 Penshurst Street: Laurelbank
 * 2 Small Street: Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Willoughby

Commercial area
Willoughby has a number of small shops, restaurants and hotels. There are several small groupings of shops, the majority of which are on Mowbray Road, Willoughby Road, Penshurst Street and High Street.

Parks and recreation
Bicentennial Reserve which includes Hallstrom Park, features a soccer field, T Ball & softball fields and a children's playground. Willoughby Leisure Centre features a 25m lap pool, spas, children's pool, swim school, gym, basketball courts, netball courts and baseball field. Flat Rock Gully, built on an old rubbish tip, is bushland with two walking tracks to Long Bay, following the creek line.
 * Carlson Park
 * Julian St Park
 * Willoughby Squash courts
 * Hallstrom Park
 * Willoughby Park

Transport
Artarmon is the nearest station for Willoughby's residents, on the western border of the suburb. Also, a number of bus routes cover the area. It is close to St Leonards and Chatswood stations. The Gore Hill Freeway, a major arterial route into the Sydney CBD, runs along the southern border of Willoughby, with exit from the freeway from Reserve Road and entry from Reserve Road and Willoughby Road. Bus Routes serving Willoughby include:
 * 115 Chatswood – Pitt Street via Crows Nest, North Sydney
 * 120 Chatswood – Queen Victoria Building via Warringah Freeway
 * 205 Willoughby East – City Gresham Street via Warringah Freeway
 * 267 Chatswood – Crows Nest via Northbridge

Busways' Willoughby Bus Depot is located in Willoughby East.

Schools

 * Willoughby Public School (K – Year 6)
 * Willoughby Girls High School (Year 7 – Year 12, girls only)
 * St Thomas' Catholic Primary School (K – Year 6, Catholic School)

Other

 * Willoughby Fire Station, Laurel Street
 * 1st Willoughby Scouts, Laurel Street
 * Bridgeview Hotel, Willoughby Road
 * The Willoughby Hotel, Penshurst Street

Churches

 * Armenian Evangelical Church
 * St Stephen's Anglican Church
 * St Thomas's Catholic Church
 * Willoughby Uniting Church
 * Willoughby Presbyterian Church

Population
In the 2021 Census, there were 7,124 people in Willoughby. 62.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were China (without SARs and Taiwan) 4.6%, England 4.4%, Hong Kong 2.5%, New Zealand 2.0% and South Africa 1.3%. 68.7% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 5.9%, Cantonese 4.6%, Armenian 2.0%, Japanese 1.8% and Croatian 1.1%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 39.8%, Catholic 25.5%, Anglican 11.4% and Eastern Orthodox 3.0%.

Willoughby is known for a large Armenian community, who arrived in the area in the 1960s-1970s. More Armenian families made their home there once an Armenian Apostolic Church was built on Macquarie Street, Chatswood, close to the border with Willoughby. Willoughby contains several Armenian Churches and Community Centres (Cultural Clubs). It is home to the first Armenian Saturday School which still operates on Saturdays at Willoughby Girls High.The Armenian-speaking population of Willoughby makes up 1.2% of the total Armenian-speaking population of Australia, although the population of Willoughby makes up less than 0.05% of the total population of Australia.

Notable residents

 * John Davies, gold medal-winning Olympic swimmer for Australia in the 1952 Summer Olympics
 * Matthew Reilly, best-selling author
 * Evonne Goolagong, tennis legend
 * Doc Neeson, lead singer of The Angels

title: Willoughby, New South Wales


text:
Ernst Joachim Förster

Ernst Joachim Förster (8 April 1800 – 29 April 1885) was a German painter and an art critic, author of a number of elaborate and important works bearing on the history of art in Germany and Italy.

Biography
He was born in Saaleplatte, and initially studied theology and philosophy, but soon devoted himself to art, entering the studio of Peter von Cornelius at Munich. He was employed in painting the frescoes in the Aula at the University of Bonn, and those of the Glyptothek and the arcades at Munich, but his reputation rests chiefly on his discovery of several ancient pictures, and on his works on the history of art. His greatest discovery was the frescoes of Altichiero da Zevio, which date as far back as 1376, in the Chapel of San Giorgio at Padua.

It is known that he lived at Löwen Straße 8 in Munich around 1850. His brother was Friedrich Christoph Förster. He was the son-in-law of Jean Paul, whose works he edited, and whose biography he wrote.

Art works
Among his paintings are “Hellas Liberated,” and portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Altenburg and children. Among his frescoes are scenes from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's poems, and scenes from Christoph Martin Wieland's Musarion and Die Grazien, in the Royal Palace at Munich.

Literary works
Among his works are excellent guide books to Munich, Italy, and Germany.
 * Die Wandgemälde der Sanct Georgenkapelle zu Padua (1859)
 * Vorschule der Kunstgeschichte (1862)
 * Denkmale deutscher Baukunst, Bildnerei und Malerei (1853–69)
 * Geschichte der deutschen Kunst (1851–60)
 * Geschichte der italienischen Kunst (1869–78)
 * Peter von Cornelius (1874)

Family
He was the younger brother of historian and poet Friedrich Christoph Förster.

title: Ernst Joachim Förster


text:
Robert Rintoul

Robert Stephen Rintoul (12 January 1787 – 22 April 1858) was a Scottish journalist and campaigner for political reform.

Life
He was born at Tibbermore, Perthshire, Scotland in 1787, and educated at the Aberdalgie parish school. After serving his apprenticeship to the printing trade he became the printer and subsequently the editor of the Dundee Advertiser.

In 1808, in his first year in Dundee, he came into conflict with the Provost of Dundee, Alexander Riddoch, and together with George Kinloch began a local radical movement. In 1819 he was invited to London with Riddoch as part of a parliamentary debate on the Burgh Reform Act.

In 1811 he was promoted from printer to printer and editor of The Advertiser. He stepped down from these roles in February 1825.

In 1826 he went to London where he was editor of The Atlas before, in July 1828 with the assistance of friends, founding The Spectator. In this publication Rintoul strongly supported the Reform Bill, and to him was due the catchphrase "The bill, the whole bill, and nothing but the bill".

After publishing and managing the affairs of The Spectator for more than thirty years, he sold it in February 1858.

He died in London on 22 April 1858.

title: Robert Rintoul


text:
South Arabia

South Arabia (جنوب الجزيرة العربية) is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it has also historically included Najran, Jizan, Al-Bahah, and 'Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and Dhofar of present-day Oman.

South Arabia is inhabited by people possessing distinctive linguistic and ethnic affinities, as well as traditions and culture, transcending recent political boundaries. There are two indigenous language groups: the now extinct Old South Arabian languages and the unrelated Modern South Arabian languages, both members of the Semitic family.

Etymology
The term Yamnat was mentioned in Old South Arabian inscriptions on the title of one of the kings of the second Himyarite Kingdom known as Shammar Yahrʽish II. The term was probably referring to the southwestern coastline of the Arabian peninsula and the southern coastline between Aden and Hadramout. One etymology derives Yemen from, meaning "South", and significantly plays on the notion of the land to the right (𐩺𐩣𐩬). Other sources claim that Yemen is related to yamn or yumn, meaning "felicity" or "blessed", as much of the country is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (fertile Arabia), as opposed to Arabia Deserta (deserted Arabia). Classical Latin and Greek writers used the name "India" to refer to South Arabia (ancient Yemen). The use of the term "India" arose from the fact that the Persians called the Abyssinians whom they came into contact in South Arabia by the name of the Cushitic people who lived next to them, i.e., Indians. Southern Arabia was part of Indian Ocean trade routes for millennia. With the advent of the Omani Empire, ties were strengthened between India and the Eastern Coast of Africa and Madagascar.

History
Three thousand years ago, several ancient states occupied the region of South Arabia, being M'ain, Qataban, Hadhramaut, and Saba. In these ancient times South Arabia claimed several notable features: the famous dam at Marib, the cosmopolitan incense trade, as well as the legendary Queen of Sheba. Two thousand years ago the Himyarites became the masters of South Arabia, dominating the region for several centuries. The Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum invaded South Arabia first in the 3rd–4th centuries, then later in the 6th under King Kaleb who subjugated the region, c. 520. They were displaced by Persian forces of the Sassanid dynasty, c.575, who also arrived by sea. A half-century later, in the year 6 A.H. (628), the region converted to Islam.

Ancient
Ancient kingdoms and appellations: Pre-Islamic foreign occupiers:
 * Saba'
 * Ma'īn
 * Qatabān
 * Ḥaḑramawt
 * Awsān
 * Himyar
 * Arabia Felix (the term the Romans used to refer to South Arabia)
 * Axum ( 3rd–4th, 6th centuries)
 * Sasanian Empire (6th– 7th centuries).

Islamic dynasties

 * Umayyad 661–750
 * Abbasid 750–897
 * Ziyadid 819–1022
 * Zaydi Imams 897-1962
 * Najahid 1022-1158
 * Sulaihid 1047–1138
 * Zurayid 1083-1193
 * Mahdids 1159–1174
 * Ayyubid 1174–1228
 * Rasulid 1229–1454
 * Tahiride 1454–1526

Early modern and colonial

 * Northern
 * Yemen Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (1517–1635)
 * Yemeni Zaidi State (1597–1849)
 * Yemen Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1849–, 1872–1918)
 * Principality of Najran (1633–1934)
 * Southern
 * Aden city
 * Aden Province (1839–1937)
 * Colony of Aden (1937–1963)
 * Regional
 * Sultanate of Lahej (1728–1967)
 * Aden Protectorate (1874–1959)
 * Federation of Arab Emirates of the South (1959–1962)
 * Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967)
 * Protectorate of South Arabia (1963–1967)

Modern
Yemen: Beyond Yemen:
 * Unified
 * Republic of Yemen (1990–present)
 * Northern
 * Idrisid Emirate (1906–1934)
 * Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916–1920)
 * Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970)
 * Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
 * Southern
 * Qu'aiti Sultanate (1858–1967)
 * People's Republic of South Yemen (1967–1970)
 * People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1970–1990)
 * Other articles
 * Yemeni Unification (1990)
 * North Yemen and South Yemen
 * Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994)
 * Greater Yemen
 * South Yemen insurgency
 * Houthi insurgency in Yemen (2015)
 * Najran, Jizan, 'Asir, Al-Bahah in Saudi Arabia
 * Dhofar in Oman

title: South Arabia


text:
Erastus Fairbanks

Erastus Fairbanks (October 28, 1792 – November 20, 1864) was an American manufacturer, Whig politician, a founder of the Republican Party, and the 21st and 26th governor of Vermont.

Biography
Fairbanks was born in Brimfield, Massachusetts, to Phebe (Paddock) Fairbanks (1760–1853) and Joseph Fairbanks (1763–1846). Ephraim Paddock, the brother of Phebe Paddock, was his uncle. He studied law but abandoned it for mercantile pursuits, and operated a store in Wheelock, Vermont. He married Lois Crossman (1792–1866) on May 30, 1815. The couple had nine children.

Career
Finally settling in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, in 1824, Fairbanks formed a partnership, E. & T. Fairbanks & Co., with his brother Thaddeus for the manufacture of scales, stoves and plows. Thaddeus Fairbanks later invented the first platform scale, which made it possible to calculate the weight of farm products and other goods shipped by wagon and railroad car; the device proved so successful that the renamed Fairbanks Scales company became the largest employer in the state.

The Fairbanks family was involved in numerous charitable and civic endeavors throughout St. Johnsbury and the surrounding towns, including the 1842 founding of St. Johnsbury Academy.

Fairbanks was a member of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1836 to 1840. He was a Whig Presidential Elector for Vermont in 1844 and 1848. He was President of the Passumpsic Railroad, which completed a line from White River to St. Johnsbury in 1850. Though he would ultimately withdraw from the venture due to disputes about labor and planning with the Boston Associates, Fairbanks and his company would be the first to fund the Hadley Falls Dam project in 1846. The project, conceived by one of his salesmen and personal associates, George C. Ewing, ultimately created Holyoke, Massachusetts.

Fairbanks was elected the 21st Governor of Vermont in 1852 and served until 1853. During this term, a law was passed forbidding the sale or traffic of intoxicating beverages. The law was not repealed until 1902.

Fairbanks was one of the founders of the Republican Party, and a delegate from Vermont to the first Republican National Convention in 1856. He was 26th Governor of Vermont from 1860 to 1861. During his second term he rendered valuable aid in the equipment and dispatch of troops in the early days of the American Civil War.

Family life
With his brothers Thaddeus and Joseph P., he founded St. Johnsbury Academy. He was the father of Horace Fairbanks and Franklin Fairbanks.

Death
Fairbanks was a Congregationalist. He died in St. Johnsbury, Caledonia County, Vermont, on November 20, 1864 (age 72 years, 23 days). He is interred at Mt. Pleasant Cemetery, St. Johnsbury, Vermont.

title: Erastus Fairbanks


text:
User talk:Dougjames21

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Your article, Give a Doug a Hug Day, is being listed for deletion. WP:ISNOT a venue for promotion of new ideas or original research (an invented holiday falls in there somewhere) but rather a third source for established, notable information. You can check the link from the article for the deletion discussion. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 13:28:51, 2005-08-30 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dougjames21


text:
White Eagle

White Eagle(s) may refer to:

History and politics

 * Coat of arms of Poland, a white eagle
 * Crusade of Romanianism, or White Eagles, a 1930s far-right movement in Romania
 * Task Force White Eagle, a Polish military unit during the War in Afghanistan 2002–2021
 * White Eagles (paramilitary), a 1990s Serbian paramilitary group

Film

 * White Eagle (1922 serial), an American Western film serial
 * The White Eagle, a 1928 Soviet silent drama film
 * White Eagle (1932 film), an American Western directed by Lambert Hillyer
 * White Eagle (1941 film), an Argentine drama directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen
 * White Eagle (1941 serial), an American film serial based on the 1932 film
 * White Eagle (1942 short film), a Polish-British short film nominated for Best Documentary Film at the 15th Academy Awards
 * White Eagle Enterprises, a film production company founded by Sylvester Stallone

Sports

 * Bonnyrigg White Eagles FC, an Australian soccer club based in Bonnyrigg
 * Dianella White Eagles SC, an Australian soccer club based in Perth
 * New Town Eagles SC, originally White Eagle, an Australian soccer club based in Hobart
 * Serbian White Eagles FC, a Canadian soccer team based in Toronto
 * Springvale White Eagles FC, an Australian soccer club based in Melbourne

Structures

 * White Eagle Hall, a venue in Jersey City, New Jersey, US
 * White Eagle Museum, a Polish military museum in Skarżysko-Kamienna, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * The White Eagle School, in Devpur Jakhwali, Gujarat, India

Other uses

 * Chief White Eagle (c. 1825–1914), Native American chief of the Ponca, politician, and civil rights leader
 * White Eagle (album), a 1982 album by Tangerine Dream
 * White Eagle (Twilight: 2000), a 1990 tabletop game adventure
 * White Eagle, Oklahoma, US, an unincorporated community
 * White Eagle Aviation, a Polish airline
 * The White Eagle Lodge, a spiritual organization in England

title: White Eagle


text: User talk:216.125.74.2

title: User talk:216.125.74.2