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70 mm Grandeur film

70 mm Grandeur film, also called Fox Grandeur or Grandeur 70, is a 70 mm widescreen film format developed by William Fox through his Fox Film and Fox-Case corporations and used commercially on a small but successful scale in 1929–30.

History
In 1925, with the advent of television on the horizon, William Fox of the Fox Film Studio empire envisioned a "grand" cinema experience to keep the public coming to the movie theaters. As such, he soon put full efforts behind enhancing the silent 35 mm film showings by the addition of sound to be coupled to a wider than 35mm end product, with the hoped for result being a grand and lifelike experience for the viewers. This wide screen vision of William Fox soon resulted in his creating a partnership with Theodore Case and his assistant, Earl Sponable, pioneers of Sound on Film, with the partnership to be named the Fox-Case Corporation. The result was, first, the advent of Movietone Sound, then soon combined with the 70 mm "Grandeur" wide screen camera, with the Grandeur film process becoming the first theatrically successful wide screen film process when Fox Film Studio's released their epic made-for-Grandeur film, The Big Trail, in October 1930.

The 70mm Fox Grandeur cameras were manufactured by Mitchell Camera Corporation, and were based on the Mitchell Studio Standard 35mm camera, enlarged to accommodate 70 mm 4-perf film. The cameras were designated as Mitchell Model FC cameras, the FC designation most likely originally standing for Fox-Case, as the technical specifications and orders for the cameras were submitted to Mitchell by the Fox-Case Corporation. The first three Fox Grandeur production cameras to be delivered were FC-1, FC-2, and FC-3, delivered to Fox-Case Corporation in New York on May 1, 1929, eventually followed by a total of 8 or 9 Fox Film Studio Grandeur Cameras. An additional four Grandeur cameras were delivered to MGM in 1930, plus one additional camera that was delivered to Feature Productions, also in 1930. William Fox himself had purchased the Mitchell Camera Corporation in mid 1929, with expectations of cornering the market on the cameras and equipment necessary for producing wide screen cinema.

A small number of shorts and features were produced in 70mm wide Fox Grandeur in 1929, while Fox Studios prepared for their big release of a film specifically created to be shot in 70 mm widescreen. The 1929 shorts and features included several issues of Fox Movietone News called Fox Grandeur News first shown May 26, 1929. Features shot in Grandeur include Fox Movietone Follies of 1929, the musical Happy Days (1929), directed by Benjamin Stoloff, Song o’ My Heart (1930), a musical feature starring Irish tenor John McCormack and directed by Frank Borzage (Seventh Heaven, A Farewell to Arms). By April 1930, Fox Film Studios was prepared to begin filming for their greatest Grandeur epic film and Western The Big Trail (1930), directed by Raoul Walsh, cinematography by Arthur Edeson ASC, in which John Wayne at age 22 played his first starring role.

Song 'o My Heart was double-shot in both conventional 35 mm and Fox Grandeur, with all action and singing performed separately for the two processes. Production began in November 1929, and the 35mm version debuted on March 11, 1930, in New York. The Grandeur version, however, shipped from the labs on March 17, 1930, was never released and may no longer survive, according to film historian Miles Kreuger.

Filming of The Big Trail, which began in April 1930, was shot simultaneously in Grandeur and conventional 35mm movie film. Both versions survive, and differ significantly in composition, staging and editing. When the film was released on October 2, 1930, the only theaters equipped with the Grandeur projectors and wide screen were Grauman's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles and the Roxy Theatre in New York City.

The Fox Grandeur process was first and foremost of a small number of widescreen processes which were developed by the major Hollywood studios alongside sound in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Although the format proved to be successful, due to the Great Depression that began with the fall of Wall Street in October 1929, the Grandeur format then proved financially unviable for an industry still struggling to invest in the switch to talking pictures. Other theatres were resistant to making the large investment necessary, and the onset of the Great Depression rendered the prospect of large-scale adoption of the expensive system untenable. Ultimately, the widescreen aspect ratio did become established by the early-1960s. Fox used the Grandeur name again on a re-release of The King and I; this re-release was a Todd AO compatible 70mm reduction of the original CinemaScope 55 negative, advertised as being in “Grandeur 70”.

Unlike the later Todd-AO system (which printed onto 70mm film), Grandeur did not use the same perforations as 35mm film, but instead had larger perforations on a longer pitch of 0.234 inch (5.95 mm) compared to the 0.187 inch (4.75 mm) pitch used by both 35 mm film and modern 70 mm film. Although Grandeur used a four perforation pulldown (i.e. each frame occupied the height equivalent to four perforations on the film) rather than the five of Todd-AO, because of the longer pitch the height of the image, at 0.91 inch (23.1 mm), was slightly greater than that of the 0.816 inch (20.73 mm) Todd AO image. The image width was 1.84 inch (46.74 mm) giving an aspect ratio of 2:1 and providing enough space for a Fox Movietone variable-density optical soundtrack of approximately double the width of that used on a 35 mm print.

title: 70 mm Grandeur film


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Magnolia dawsoniana

Magnolia dawsoniana, known as Dawson's magnolia, is a magnolia species native to the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan in China, usually at altitudes of 1400 to 2500 m.

Description
It is a small, ornamental deciduous tree that can grow to heights of 20 m. Leaf shape is obovate to elliptic-obovate, 7.5–14 cm-long, and is bright green above and glaucous underneath. The white to reddish flowers are large (16–25 cm wide), fragrant, and appear before leaves. It was first discovered in western Sichuan in 1869 by Père Jean Pierre Armand and was introduced in western cultivation in 1908, when E.H. Wilson sent seeds from plants growing near Kangding, Sichuan, to Arnold Arboretum in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. They are, however, rarely cultivated.

Magnolia dawsoniana is cold hardy to USDA hardiness zone 6.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Magnolia dawsoniana


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The Yellow Knight of Oz

The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930) is the twenty-fourth book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the tenth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was illustrated by John R. Neill. The novel was followed by Pirates in Oz (1931).

Plot
Sir Hokus of Pokes grows tired of the Emerald City, and he and the Comfortable Camel set out for some adventure. Sir Hokes wants to rescue a damsel in distress, or at least find a monster to fight. Sir Hokus visits Marshland and befriends Ploppa, a giant mud turtle. Ploppa would like to accompany Sir Hokus on his adventures, but cannot leave the swamp. Sir Hokus is joined by the Comfortable Camel.

Meanwhile, a boy named Speedy blasts his way to Oz in a homemade rocket ship, where he finds himself in the underground kingdom of Subterranea. At his touch, a golden statue of a beautiful girl comes to life. She is called Marygolden, and she accompanies Speedy on his further adventures. Sir Hokes and Speedy join forces and, using the power of a bag of magic dates, they counter the magic of the evil Sultan of Samandra and restore the Corumbian Kingdom, which the Sultan had conquered and enchanted. Sir Hokus learns his true identity: he is actually the young and handsome Yellow Knight of Corumbia, transformed into old, absent-minded Sir Hokus by the Sultan's magic. Using the power of the magic dates, Sir Hokus regains his youthful form and vacates the Emerald City to rule as Prince of Corumbia, with Marygolden becoming his Princess.

Adaptation
L. Frank Baum adapted many of his Oz stories for stage and film versions, but The Yellow Knight of Oz is the only one of Thompson's Oz books that was adapted for the stage. In 1962, Sacramento theater manager Richard Fullmer obtained permission from Thompson, publisher Reilly & Lee, and the Baum estate to adapt the book. (Fullmer had previously produced his own adaptation of Baum's original Wizard of Oz.) Fullmer's version was premiered at the Sacramento Civic Theater in February 1963; it blended live actors with puppets for non-human characters like the Comfortable Camel.

Fullmer's adaptation was later revised by Christopher Sterling. This version was regularly acted at the annual conventions of the International Wizard of Oz Club.

Continuity
In A Brief Guide to Oz, Paul Simpson notes that this story presents a different origin for Sir Hokus: "In Thompson's introductory tale for him [The Royal Book of Oz], he is an Arthurian knight (and indeed most of this story plays into that background), but we learn at the end that he is a native-born Ozite."

title: The Yellow Knight of Oz


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Walter Ayoví

Walter Orlando Ayoví Corozo (born 11 August 1979) is a former Ecuadorian professional footballer who last played for the Monterrey Flash in the Major Arena Soccer League. He previously played as a left winger for Club Deportivo El Nacional in the Ecuadorian league and in the Ecuador national team, primarily in left defense. He is the cousin of fellow footballer Jaime Ayoví, who also plays in the Ecuador national team. He also holds Mexican citizenship.

Emelec
Ayoví was born in Camarones, Esmeraldas. He was transferred to Barcelona Sporting Club from Emelec on 23 January 2002, for an undisclosed amount. Despite links to several European club sides, including Mainz 05, for whom he played two friendly matches, and Arminia Bielefeld, both of the German Bundesliga, Ayoví remained on Barcelona's squad until 2006.

El Nacional
When he was transferred to El Nacional. In between contracts he has also played for the Al Wasl Club in Dubai, the UAE.

Monterrey
On 7 January 2009 rumors said that Club de Futbol Monterrey were interested in signing him. He was loaned to CF Monterrey shortly after, then made his debut on 6 February 2009 scoring his first goal on the 4th Week match against Estudiantes Tecos.

On 29 March 2009 CF Monterrey took their option to purchase Ayoví after a spectacular game between Ecuador and Brazil. He renewed his Monterrey contract December 2011, with his future firmly set on the club.

Pachuca
On 15 July 2015, after two seasons with Pachuca, his former team came to terms and agreed to release Ayoví.

Dorados de Sinaloa
On 26 July 2015, it was confirmed that Ayoví had signed for newly ascended team, Dorados de Sinaloa, to join his compatriots Marcos Caicedo, Segundo Castillo, and Christian Suárez.

Return to Monterrey
On 9 December 2015, it was confirmed that Ayoví would be returning to the Rayados de Monterrey.

Monterrey Flash
In June 2022, Ayoví returned to professional football by signing with the Major Arena Soccer League's Monterrey Flash.

International career
Ayoví was called up to the final squad for the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in Japan and South Korea. Being one of the youngest members in that Ecuador team, he did not make an appearance in that tournament. He was a regular in the Ecuador national team that qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany but this time, surprisingly, he was not included in the final World Cup squad.

He was, however, called up to participate in the 2007 Copa América and scored a free kick against Colombia in a pre-tournament friendly. His two appearances Copa América came as a substitute against Mexico and as a starter against Brazil.

Ayoví became an important fixture in the Ecuador side that is competing in the CONMEBOL 2010 World Cup qualifiers. He solidified his starting position with a double against neighbors Peru in a 5–1 victory. On 11 June 2009, he scored against Argentina, leading Ecuador to a 2–0 win.

During the CONMEBOL 2014 World Cup qualifiers, Ayoví played in all 16 of the qualifying games for Ecuador, helping the team to qualify for the tournament finals in Brazil. Ayoví went on to play in every minute of Ecuador's World Cup campaign, starting at left back in the team's three Group E matches.

On 31 March 2015, Ayoví was capped for the 100th time by Ecuador in a 2–1 friendly loss to Argentina in New Jersey. Later that year, he was included in Ecuador's squad for the 2015 Copa América and captained La Tri in the opening match of the tournament, a 2–0 loss to hosts Chile in Santiago.

Club
Emelec
 * Serie A (2): 2001, 2002

El Nacional
 * Serie A (1): 2006

Monterrey
 * Mexican Primera Division (2): Apertura 2009, Apertura 2010
 * CONCACAF Champions League (3): 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13

title: Walter Ayoví


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Toyo University

Toyo University (東洋大学) is a private university with the main Hakusan campus in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. The university operates multiple satellite campuses in the Kanto region, including. Asaka, Kawagoe, Itakura, and Akabane.

The university consists of eleven graduate schools, a law school, eleven undergraduate faculties, forty four departments, various research institutes, and five affiliated high schools, serving a combined student body of more than 30,000 students.

Overview
The predecessor to Toyo University was Shiritsu Tetsugakukan (私立哲学館) (Private School of Philosophy), which was founded at Rinsho-in Temple by Enryo Inoue in 1887. Inoue felt that the subject of philosophy was neglected in Japanese schools of higher learning at the time. In 1906, the school was moved to its present site (Hakusan Campus) and its name was changed to Toyo University. The school's motto was "Protection of Country and Love of Truth".

Originally, courses were offered in philosophy, religion, ethics, education, Japanese, and classical Chinese, and the school continued to expand over time. In 1949, there was a substantial restructuring of the university, and faculties of Literature, Economics, Law, Sociology, Engineering and Business Administration were established. Faculties of Regional Development Studies and Life Sciences were established in April 1997. A law school was created in April 2004, and a Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre was founded in 2003.

Campuses

 * Hakusan Campus (5-28-20 Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo)
 * Akabane Campus (1-7-12 Akabane, Kita-ku, Tokyo)
 * Asaka Campus (48-1 Oka, Asaka-shi, Saitama)
 * Kawagoe Campus (2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama)
 * Itakura Campus (1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma)
 * Otemachi Satellite Campus (1F, New Otemachi Building, 2-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo)
 * Sports Center (92-1 Shimizu-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo)
 * Bangkok Office (Chulalongkorn University)

Hakusan Campus

 * Faculty of Letters（文学部）
 * Department of Philosophy
 * Department of Eastern Philosophy and Culture
 * Department of Japanese Literature and Culture
 * Department of English and American Literature
 * Department of History
 * Department of Education
 * Department of International Culture and Communication Studies
 * Faculty of Economics（経済学部）
 * Department of Economics
 * Department of International Economics
 * Department of Policy Studies
 * Faculty of Business Administration（経営学部）
 * Department of Business Administration
 * Department of Marketing
 * Department of Accounting and Finance
 * Faculty of Law（法学部）
 * Department of Law
 * Department of Business Law
 * Faculty of Sociology（社会学部）
 * Department of Sociology
 * Department of Global Diversity Studies
 * Department of Media and Communications
 * Department of Social Psychology
 * Faculty of Global and Regional Studies （国際学部）
 * Department of Global Innovation Studies
 * Department of Regional Development Studies
 * Faculty of International Tourism Management（国際観光学部）
 * Department of International Tourism Management

Akabane Campus

 * Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design（情報連携学部）
 * Department of Information Networking for Innovation and Design
 * Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences（スポーツ健康科学部）
 * Department of Health and Sports Sciences
 * Department of Nutritional Sciences
 * Faculty of Design for Welfare Society（福祉社会デザイン学部）
 * Department of Social Welfare Studies
 * Department of Child Studies
 * Department of Human Environment Design

Kawagoe Campus

 * Faculty of Science and Engineering（理工学部）
 * Department of Mechanical Engineering
 * Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering
 * Department of Applied Chemistry
 * Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 * Department of Architecture
 * Faculty of Information Sciences and Arts（総合情報学部）
 * Department of Information Sciences and Arts

Asaka Campus

 * Faculty of Life Sciences（生命科学部）
 * Department of Life Sciences
 * Department of Biomedical Engineering
 * Department of Biological Resources
 * Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences（食環境科学部）
 * Department of Food and Life Sciences
 * Department of Data Science for Food Systems
 * Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences

Graduate Schools

 * Letters (文学研究科)
 * Sociology (社会学研究科)
 * Law (法学研究科)
 * Business Administration (経営学研究科)
 * Economics (経済学研究科)
 * Global and Regional Studies (国際学研究科)
 * Social Welfare (社会福祉学研究科)
 * Human Life Design (ライフデザイン学研究科)
 * Health and Sports Sciences (健康スポーツ学研究科)
 * Science and Engineering (理工学研究科)
 * Information Science and Arts (総合情報学研究科)
 * Life Sciences (生命科学研究科)
 * Food and Nutritional Sciences (食環境科学研究科)
 * Information Networking for Innovation and Design (情報連携学研究科)

Rankings
Toyo University is ranked within the top 73rd in the Japan by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2022.

Japan University Rankings
THE(2022)　73

QS (2019)　71-75

Asian University Rankings
THE(2022)　501+

QS (2022)　401-450

World University Rankings
THE(2022)　1201+

External relations

 * United Kingdom
 * York St John University
 * Cardiff University
 * Australia
 * Curtin University
 * United States
 * The College of New Jersey
 * South Korea
 * Busan University of Foreign Studies
 * Inha University
 * Daegu University
 * Thailand
 * Chulalongkorn University
 * Thammasat University
 * Srinakharinwirot University
 * Assumption University (Thailand)
 * Chiang Mai University
 * Asian Institute of Technology
 * Indonesia
 * Darma Persada University
 * Ukraine
 * National Aviation University
 * Uzbekistan
 * Uzbekistan State World Languages University

Affiliated schools

 * Toyo University Himeji Junior and Senior High School
 * Toyo University Ushiku Junior and Senior High School
 * Toyo University Keihoku Junior and Senior High School
 * Keihoku Kindergarten

title: Toyo University


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Apple retail stores in the US

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Fernando Rizo T/C 23:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

List of Apple retail stores in the US

 * Delete. This is a list with no encyclopedic purpose. If someone is interested in finding out where an Apple retail store is, they should click on the external link from Apple Store (retail) to the Apple Stores web site.  —Charles O'Rourke 02:43, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not a business directory. Gazpacho 02:50, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Are we going to start doing this with every business? -R. fiend 04:55, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per R. fiend. This article creates a dangerous precedent.  - Thatdog 07:19, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising. Not encyclopedic because it an area where Wikipedia can never do the job as well as other obvious sources. Apple has a far more intense interest in making sure that the public has accurate, complete, comprehensive, up-to-date information on the location of Apple retail stores than Wikipedia ever will, and can be thoroughly relied upon to make this information available to those seeking Apple products—who, come to think of it, are far more likely to type "www.apple.com" into their browser than "en.wikipedia.org." Assuming they don't just open their local telephone book, of course. Dpbsmith (talk) 10:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Clearly unsustainable and outside the boundaries of an encyclopedic project. Dottore So 14:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic. -- BD2412 talk 15:05, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup with articles for each Apple store, like the one at Stanford.Gateman1997 21:14, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Erwin Walsh
 * Delete. Advertising. *drew 07:12, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as per previous arguments --TimPope 07:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Advertising, and a horrible "slippery slope" that could lead to the inclusion of every building in the universe. Xoloz 17:40, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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CHRW-FM

CHRW-FM (branded as Radio Western) is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 94.9 FM in London, Ontario. It is licensed as a community-based campus radio station by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. The station broadcasts from Room 250 of the University Community Centre at the University of Western Ontario.

The station is operated primarily by volunteers from both Western and the greater London community, although it is managed by a small team of industry trained staff and governed by a board of directors. Radio Western regularly broadcasts live coverage of Western Mustangs sports games during their regular season and playoffs, including men's and women's basketball, men's football, and men's hockey.

Origins
Radio Western's origins date from 1959 when student politicians suggested the idea for a student-run radio station. It was not until 1971 that a group of students began broadcasting for six hours every Sunday night on CFPL-AM 980. This encouraged the Western University Students’ Council (USC) to give financial support for a closed-circuit station to be set up first in Somerville House and inside the University Community Centre. It is a member of the National Campus Radio Association, Community Radio Fund of Canada, and the Pillar Nonprofit Network.

1970s
The station has its roots as a weekly radio show called "Radio Western" that was broadcast overnights on CFPL-FM starting in 1971. The University Students' Council subsequently launched a carrier current station, which was added to the city's cable FM service in 1978 and was available on AC radios in some university buildings at 610 kHz.

1980s
In January 1980 the station formally organized as CHRW and applied to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission for an FM license, which was granted in 1981 with 50 watts at 94.7 MHz on the FM dial. The station moved to the public airwaves on October 31 of that year. Chief announcer, John R. Quain, played the station's first song, "On the Air" by Peter Gabriel. In 1987, Radio Western increased its power from 50 to 5,000 watts and decreased it from 5,000 to 3,000 watts in 1990.

1990s
The power decrease to 3,000 watts was granted and implemented in October 31 1990, exactly 9 years after the station's first broadcast, allowing coverage of the surrounding area from Chatham to Woodstock.

2000s
In 2000, the station was recognized for Outstanding University Sports Coverage with the Fred Sgambati Media Award.

In November 2003, the station increased power again to 6,000 watts, moving to its current frequency 94.9 FM and its tower was moved to One London Place from its previous location in the city's Cherryhill area. Radio Western can be heard across London and through several counties in Southwestern Ontario, reaching past Woodstock, St. Thomas and surrounding communities between Lake Erie and Lake Huron.

2010s
In January 2018, the Western University Students' Council held a referendum to determine if the station was still relevant to students' funding. The vote resulted in a decrease in student tuition funding from $12 to $10.50 over a period of three years.

In November 2018, a previously unreleased recording of an interview with Kurt Cobain from 1991 was released by a former student volunteer.

2020s
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the station transitioned to broadcasting pre-recorded shows from all hosts in accordance with Western University's lockdown procedures. Co-op and work-study opportunities were also halted for volunteers in March 2020. In September 2022, the station began to re-introduce live hosts with volunteers and staff returning to campus.

Notable alumni

 * Adrienne Arsenault – CBC News journalist.
 * Avis Favaro – CTV News Medical Correspondent.
 * Basia Bulat – Singer-songwriter whose first EP was recorded at the station in 2005 while studying English.
 * Bryan Webb – Former Music director, now lead vocalist for the Constantines.
 * Cameron Bailey – CEO of TIFF, volunteered at the station and The Gazette student newspaper while completing a Bachelors in English Literature in 1987.
 * Dan Shulman – MLB sportscaster at Sportsnet and ESPN.
 * Elliotte Friedman – NHL sportscaster and regular panelist on CBC Hockey Night in Canada.
 * James Rocchi – Former Program Director who became an in-house film critic at Netflix, then an English teacher in Los Angeles.
 * John McKenna – Volunteered as a sports commentator and wrote for student newspaper The Gazette, then went on to become Executive producer at CHCH TV in Hamilton.
 * John R. Quain – Radio Western's first Chief Announcer, journalist, and current contributor for The New York Times.
 * Kevin Newman – Former Global National anchor got his start in broadcasting while a student at Western, serving as the station's first News director.
 * Liz Trinnear – Volunteered while studying at the Faculty of Information and Media Studies, then went on to become a VJ on MuchMusic.
 * Pat Nagle – First Station Manager who then became a Senior Manager at CBC North.
 * Rob Faulds – Sportscaster on Sportsnet, volunteered while studying biology and psychology.
 * Stephen Brunt – Hosted a jazz show while studying journalism, before turning his attention to sports writing.
 * Steve Patterson – Comedian.
 * Thalia Assuras – Television journalist.

title: CHRW-FM


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Cruz Records

Cruz Records was an offshoot record label of SST Records, owned by the Black Flag guitarist Greg Ginn. The label was founded in 1987. Its roster consisted mainly of pop punk and grunge bands, along with Ginn's solo records. The label has remained inactive since the mid-1990s although the pieces of its back catalog that are still in print are still available through SST Records.

Artists

 * ALL
 * Chemical People
 * Greg Ginn
 * Jack Endino
 * Skin Yard
 * Big Drill Car
 * TonyALL
 * Goodbye Harry
 * Endino's Earthworm
 * Rig

title: Cruz Records


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Pirates in Oz

Pirates in Oz (1931) is the twenty-fifth book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the eleventh written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was illustrated by John R. Neill. The novel was followed by The Purple Prince of Oz (1932).

Plot
Peter returns for a third time, washing up on the Octagon Isle after a shipwreck. He joins King Ato of the Octagon Isle, who has been abandoned by his subjects, and Captain Samuel Salt, who has been abandoned by his crew of pirates. Together, they sail on the Nonestic Ocean (which surrounds the continent which includes Oz and its neighbor countries).

Meanwhile, Ruggedo, the deposed Gnome King, is back. He had been cursed with loss of speech by a magical "Silence Stone" at the end of his previous appearance in The Gnome King of Oz, and is scraping out a living as a peddler and beggar. He decides to answer an advertisement for the position of King of the Land of Menankypoo, whose people are also mute. These people demand "a dumb king" and Ruggedo meets this requirement. While serving as king, he recovers his ability to speak, joins forces with an ambitious magician, and also becomes leader of Captain Salt's mutinous pirates and Ato's rebellious subjects. He trains these followers into a military force, and attempts once again to conquer Oz.

This is one of the few Oz books in which Ruggedo appears as a sympathetic character. The reader faces danger, overcomes obstacles, and experiences gratifying moments of triumph with him. Of the two narrative threads in the book, his is the more complex and suspenseful. (The other is Peter and Captain Salt and King Ato sailing around the Nonestic Ocean, visiting small islands.)

Besides Captain Salt, this book introduces two notable characters: Clocker, a clockwork man who is not as trustworthy as Tik-Tok, and Pigasus, a flying pig whose riders are magically compelled to speak in rhyming jingles. Pigasus returns as a principal character in 1935's The Wishing Horse of Oz while Captain Salt and King Ato return in 1936's Captain Salt in Oz.

Reception
The Nashville Banner said, "This is one of the very best of the Oz books."

title: Pirates in Oz


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Twisted Metal: Black

Twisted Metal: Black is a vehicular combat video game developed by Incog Inc. Entertainment and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 video game console. It is the first game developed by Incognito Entertainment. It is a reboot of the Twisted Metal series and was released on June 19, 2001. An online enabled multiplayer-only variant, Twisted Metal: Black Online, was released later as a free send-away.

Both Twisted Metal: Black and Twisted Metal: Black Online were reissued as part of Sony Greatest Hits program. A standard downloadable version of Twisted Metal: Black is included in the first batch of copies of Twisted Metal for PlayStation 3, discernible by the "Limited Edition" tab near the top of the cover art. In December 2015, the game was made available for the PlayStation 4 through the PlayStation Network.

Overview
In concept, Twisted Metal: Black is a demolition derby that permits the usage of ballistic projectiles. Players choose a vehicle and an arena—or a series of arenas in the story mode—to engage in battle with opposing drivers. A variety of weapons and upgrades are obtainable by pick-ups scattered throughout the stage. The objective of the game is to be the last one standing.

The basis of the plot follows the same structure as in all the previous games: Calypso runs a car-based contest called Twisted Metal (though in the game the contest is never called that), in which the various characters compete risking their lives to claim the tournament's prize - any single wish they desire, no matter the difficulty, rarity or even reality of such wish. Although Calypso is indeed malevolent, characters who have malevolent wishes (which make most of the cast) have their wishes granted without him tricking them on the wishes, while those seeking more noble ends (such as Outlaw's driver Agent Stone) find that Calypso usually has the last laugh.

In a somewhat different take from previous games, each character has their own story, which they narrate from their own point of view. Each of them starts with them being visited by Calypso, who knows what they desire and offers them in his contest. More of the characters' background is revealed in their midpoint cutscene, presented as a dream experienced when they briefly pass out after the sub-boss Minion is defeated. The characters' ending movie showing their wish being granted is presented after defeating the final boss Warhawk.

The game instead takes place within a single city known as "Midtown", with most competitors coming from the city's mental asylum, "Blackfield".

Twisted Metal: Black has a cast made up from both new and returning characters, some of which have changed drastically from their previous appearances. There are a total of fifteen selectable characters, in which ten of them are selectable from the very beginning and the other five must be found and unlocked.

Reception
Twisted Metal: Black received "universal acclaim" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Daniel Erickson of NextGen said, "The best car combat game in history is also the most creative. Go get it." Dan Elektro of GamePro said, "If you've lost your taste for Twisted Metal, this is the game that will bring back your appetite. Twisted Metal: Black is car combat action at its best."

Many critics praised its dark and outstanding storylines for each character and its variety of weapons and unlockables, but its hover style controls for not changing much from the previous installments and its unbalanced difficulty were noted criticisms. Maxim gave the game all five stars and called it "a road rager's dream come true". Playboy gave it 90% and called it "fun for the whole family!" The Cincinnati Enquirer gave it four stars out of five and called it "a fight to the finish, so it's important to keep moving and to quickly learn how and when to use each of the weapons".

The game was nominated at The Electric Playground's 2001 Blister Awards for the "Best Multiplayer Console Game" and "Best Console Driving Game" awards, but lost to Halo: Combat Evolved and Grand Theft Auto III, respectively. It was also nominated for the "Best Shooting Game" award at GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2001 Awards, which also went to Halo. The game also came in ninth in their list of the Top 10 Overall. A year later, the Online version was nominated for the "Best Online Game on PlayStation 2" award at their Best and Worst of 2002 Awards, which went to SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs. During the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the latter online version received a nomination for the "Online Gameplay of the Year" award, which went to Battlefield 1942.

By July 2006, the game had sold 950,000 units and earned $31 million in the U.S. NextGen ranked it as the 61st highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between October 2000 and July 2006 in that country.

Twisted Metal: Harbor City
A sequel project is Twisted Metal: Harbor City, though it was never officially announced and the project was later scrapped.

Details on the game were revealed in the PlayStation 2 port of Twisted Metal: Head-On, Extra Twisted Edition. It was originally planned the levels of Harbor City to be greatly expanded and inter-connected with one another, giving a greater feeling of a single, complete world rather than stand-alone levels.

The four completed levels were included in the game as a bonus feature entitled Twisted Metal: Lost.

Webisodes
Animation S4, a producer of 3D and Flash animations, created a series of six original Flash "Webisodes" to promote the release of Twisted Metal: Black, beginning with No-Face, and including Billy Ray Stillwell, Dollface, Bloody Mary and Mr. Grimm.

title: Twisted Metal: Black


text:
Category:Ports and harbours of the United Kingdom

Water ports and harbours of the United Kingdom.


text:
Transcontinental (company)

Transcontinental Inc., operating as TC Transcontinental, is a Montreal-based packaging, commercial printing and specialty media company.

Transcontinental is publicly-traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange, and has over 8,000 employees—the majority of which are based in Canada, the United States and Latin America.

History
The company was founded in 1976 by Rémi Marcoux and partners Claude Dubois and André Kingsley as a flyer-printing business. It generated $2.9 million in revenue in its first year of operations. In 1978, the company was renamed GTC Transcontinental Group Ltd., and it established a Door-to-door flyer distribution division known as Publi-Home Distributors.

In 1979, the company entered the publishing industry after acquiring Les Affaires and SIC. It also purchased the Imprimerie Chartier (now Transcontinental Saint-Hyacinthe) printing plant.

In 1984, the company went public on the Montreal Exchange, and later the Toronto Stock Exchange.

Transcontinental subsequently performed a number of acquisitions over the decade that followed, including 20 Telemedia-owned community newspapers in the Montreal area, The Hockey News, and a number of commercial printing companies (including Southam Inc.'s plants and printing division), among others.

On January 29, 2000, GTC Transcontinental announced its acquisition of the publishing business of Telemedia for $150 million, including Canadian Living, Homemakers, and the Canadian editions of Elle and TV Guide. In 2002, Transcontinental acquired 12 newspapers and two printing plants in Atlantic Canada and Saskatchewan from CanWest Global for $255 million, in what was one of the company's largest transactions to date.

In 2003, after receiving the contract to print La Presse, the company established its new Transcontinental Métropolitain printing plant.

In 2006, the company enters a segment offering strong growth potential in the publishing market by acquiring Chenelière Éducation, the leading publisher of French-language educational resources in Canada.

In 2011, Transcontinental reached an agreement to exchange assets with the U.S. printer Quad/Graphics, acquiring six of its Canadian plants (dating back to its predecessor Quebecor World) and a prepress in Markham, Ontario, in exchange for Transcontinental's Mexican operations, and a stake in a black-and-white book printing operation owned by the company.

In 2012, Rémi Marcoux stepped down as chair of the board, and was succeeded by his daughter Isabelle Marcoux.

In December 2013, Quebecor Media subsidiary Sun Media announced that it would sell 74 of its community newspapers in Quebec to Transcontinental in a deal valued at $75 million. The Competition Bureau approved the sale in May 2014, under the condition that Transcontinental divest 34 of its Quebec newspapers for competition reasons.

In March 2014, Transcontinental acquired U.S.-based Capri Packaging to expand into the flexible packaging market. The company described it as a "new promising growth area", amidst softening revenue in advertising, and decreases in its core printing businesses. In November 2014, Transcontinental sold 15 of its consumer magazines, including Canadian Living and The Hockey News, to Quebecor's Groupe TVA for $55.5 million. Transcontinental also received a contract to print magazines and marketing materials for TVA through 2021.

In May 2016, Transcontinental sold its 13 newspapers in Saskatchewan to Star News Publishing of Alberta. As a result, a Transcontinental plant in Saskatoon was also shut down. On December 1, 2016, Transcontinental Media acquired Rogers Media's financial industry publications, including Advisor's Edge, Avantages, Benefits Canada, and Conseiller.

On April 13, 2017, Transcontinental announced that it had divested media assets in Atlantic Canada to SaltWire Network.

On April 18, 2017, Transcontinental announced that it planned to place 93 of its remaining newspapers in Ontario and Quebec (including Montreal's Métro) for sale, in order to "contribute to the continued sustainability of local media and to foster greater connections with the advertisers and communities they serve", and to focus more on its educational publishing and specialty media operations.

In April 2018, Transcontinental announced that it would acquire Coveris Americas for US$1.3 billion, its largest acquisition to-date, as part of an effort to bolster its flexible packaging business. Isabelle described the proposed purchase as one that would "[crystalize] our strategic shift toward flexible packaging and solidifies our commitment to profitable growth". The purchase would make Transcontinental the seventh-largest packaging company in North America.

On September 19, 2019, Transcontinental divested its financial industry publications between Contex Media and Newcom Media.

On December 9, 2021, Francois Olivier retires after 28 years with TC Transcontinental, the last 13 as President and Chief Executive Officer.

On December 10, 2021, Peter Brues. A member of the Board of Directors of Transcontinental Inc. since 2018, succeeds him as President and Chief Executive Officer.

On June 7, 2023, Thomas Morin was named TC Transcontinental's President and Chief Executive Officer. He previously served as President of TC Transcontinental Packaging, beginning in 2019, and has been a member of TC Transcontinental’s Executive Management Committee since then.

TC Transcontinental Packaging
Transcontinental established its packaging business in 2014 with the purchase of Capri Packaging, as part of a move to diversify its business activities.

The division focuses primarily on the production of flexible packaging, such as bags, pouches, rollstocks, labels, die cut lids, shrink films and advanced coatings.The division has grown primarily via the acquisitions of other vendors, having consolidated into one of the largest converters of flexible packaging in North America.

TC Transcontinental Packaging has operations in the United States, Canada, Guatemala, Ecuador, Colombia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand.

TC Transcontinental Printing
Transcontinental Printing is the largest commercial printing company in Canada, and one of the largest in North America.

In January 2016, the Toronto Star announced it would outsource its newspaper printing to Transcontinental with a five-year contract beginning in July 2016, and the contract has been extended to the end of 2027. The operations were shifted to its Vaughan plant.

This was followed in November 2017 by the announced closure of its Métropolitain plant, primarily due to the La Presse newspaper ceasing print and moving to a digital-only model.

In May 2019, Transcontinental announced that it would close its Brampton plant by the end of 2019.

TC Media
The Media Sector of TC Transcontinental is composed of TC Media Books and Groupe Constructo. TC Media Books is the leading Canadian French-language educational publishing group as well as a trade book publisher, the leader in the supplemental educational material market in Québec and the leading distributor of French-language specialized books in Canada.

TC Media Books publishes for all levels of instruction in print and digital formats, mainly under the Chenelière Éducation, Gaëtan Morin Éditeur, Beauchemin, Modulo, Graficor and Édisem brands.

TC Media Books is also being active in general interest publishing mainly under the Éditions Caractère and Éditions Transcontinental brands.

Groupe Constructo is the leader un strategic information for Québec’s construction industry and is also a partner of CGI Inc. in operating Québec’s electronic tendering system (“SEAO”).

During decades, TC Media was a leading provider of media solutions in Canada.

The sector reached Canadian consumers and professionals through a wide rang of print and digital publishing products in French and English: newspapers, magazines, trade publications, mass marketing tools, etc.

title: Transcontinental (company)


text:
Žamberk

Žamberk (Senftenberg) is a town in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 5,900 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Geography
Žamberk is located about 13 km northeast of Ústí nad Orlicí and 49 km east of Pardubice. It lies in the Orlické Foothills. The highest point is the hill Hůrka at 516 m above sea level. The Divoká Orlice River flows through the town.

History
Žamberk was founded in the second half of the 13th century, during the colonization of this region. Its predecessor was a Slavic settlement on a trade route from Moravia to Kłodzko Land. The first written mention of Žamberk is from 1332, under its German name Senftenberg. Soon after, the Czech name began to be used, which testifies to the majority of the Czech population.

In the middle of the 14th century, Žamberk was divided between the estates of Litice and Žampach with different owners. As a part of the Litice estate, it was owned by the Pernštejn family and Ernest of Bavaria. In 1563, it was acquired by Mikuláš of Bubna of Litice. In 1575, he bought the second part of Žamberk and merged the two parts. In 1575–1600, he had a castle built here and since then it was known as the Žamberk estate. The Bubna of Litice family owned the estate until 1809.

Economy
The largest industrial employer based in the town is Bühler CZ, a manufacturer of food processing machines with more than 250 employees.

Transport
The I/11 road from Hradec Králové to Šumperk runs through the town.

The railway station named Žamberk, which serves the town, is located in the territory of the neighbouring Dlouhoňovice. It lies on the railway line heading from Hradec Králové to Letohrad.

Sights
The historic centre is formed by Masarykovo Square and adjacent streets. The main landmark of the square is the town hall. It is a Neoclassical building from 1810. In the middle of the square are a Marian column from the late 17th century and a fountain with sculptures of a nymph and a centaur.

The Church of Saint Wencleslaus is the highest building in the town. Its existence was first mentioned in 1348.

The Žamberk Castle is a Renaissance building that includes the Chapel of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and a castle park, probably founded in the 19th century. The castle is inaccessible to the public.

The Jewish cemetery was established in around 1700 and today there is a small exposition on Jewish population in the town.

Notable people

 * Prokop Diviš (1698–1765), inventor, catholic priest
 * Theodor Brorsen (1819–1895), Danish astronomer and botanist; worked here
 * Eduard Albert (1841–1900), Austrian surgeon, professor and historian
 * Václav F. Kumpošt (1846–1874), founder of the Vesmír magazine
 * August Seydler (1849–1891), astronomer, theoretical physicist and professor
 * Jan Vilímek (1860–1938), illustrator and painter
 * Josef Ježek (1884–1969), politician
 * Oldřich Marek (1911–1986), entomologist and teacher; worked here
 * Petr Eben (1929–2007), composer

Twin towns – sister cities
Žamberk is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Fresagrandinaria, Italy
 * 🇵🇱 Nowa Sól, Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Püttlingen, Germany
 * 🇺🇸 Rice Lake, United States
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, France
 * 🇩🇪 Senftenberg, Germany
 * 🇦🇹 Senftenberg, Austria
 * 🇭🇺 Veszprém, Hungary

Žamberk also has friendly relations with Miharu in Japan.

title: Žamberk


text:
Ivan Barkov

Ivan Semyonovich Barkov (Ива́н Семёнович Барко́в; c. 1732–1768) was a Russian poet, the author of erotic "Shameful Odes". He was a student of Mikhail Lomonosov, whose works he frequently parodied. He was also a translator and editor at the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Biography
Ivan Barkov was born in 1732 in the family of an Orthodox priest. In 1744 he entered an Orthodox Seminary where he spent 5 years. In 1748 at Lomonosov's recommendation he was admitted to the Academic Gymnasium. Language and poetry were his fields of study. He was an uneven student, and he repeatedly was subjected to corporal punishment (whippings) for drunkenness, insolence, and slander against the rector. In 1751 he was demoted to a typesetter at the Academy's printing workshop, and in 1753 he was promoted to the position of a scribe in the Academy's administrative office.

In 1755-56 he was Lomonosov's personal secretary, and in this period he wrote "A Brief History of Russia", which was published in 1762. In 1759-60 he edited the medieval "Nestor's Chronicle" for publication. In 1756 he was dismissed from the Academy for drunkenness and insubordination, after several reprieves, and reinstated until final dismissal in 1766.

Barkov translated Horace's Odes into Russian in 1763, Phaedr's Fables in 1764, and Ludovico Lazzaroni's "Il Mondo degli Eroi" in 1763.

He died in 1768. There were widespread rumors that he died either in a suicide, with the autoepitaph Жил грешно и умер смешно (lived sinfully and died ridiculously) "on a piece of paper inserted into his anus", or in an outhouse drowning.

Poetry
Barkov was highly regarded as an able interpreter and a poet. Since poetry was his hobby more than his job, he could afford to use simpler language in his work. Most of his poems are outrightly obscene or even pornographic, although very funny. Written copies of his work circulated Russia since their creation.

Several works commonly yet erroneously ascribed to Barkov actually date from the 1840-60s.

Legacy
Ivan Barkov had a major impact on Russian language and later literati. His name is being brought up in any dispute on introduction of slang words into language, and, although his verses were unpublished for a very long time for being immoral, written copies of his work could always be found in student environments.

Books
Kniaz'kin, I.V. Russkii Priap Ivan Barkov ISBN 5-93630-240-7 Pages: 224 Publisher: DEAN Year: 2002

title: Ivan Barkov


text:
Xenia Gratsos

Xenia Gratsos (February 12, 1940 – August 8, 2018) was a Greek-American actress who worked both in film and on stage, under the name Brioni Farrell. She was born in Greece and moved to the United States to pursue her acting career. She had a long career with multiple roles in U.S. television and film. She lived in southern California with her husband, actor Eugene Robert Glazer. Following troubling signs in 2006, she was diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease in 2007; she died in 2018, from complications associated with the disease.

Filmography
Except where noted, was credited as Brioni Farrell.

title: Xenia Gratsos


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/R 2763

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete all. - Mailer Diablo 16:58, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

R 2760, R 2762, R 2763, R 2764, R 2765, SPR 2790, SPR 2792
This is hilarious. Apparently, one user has started to integrate the 2004/05 ÖBB train schedule into Wikipedia. These pages do not describe train lines (which might be encyclopedic), but individual trains, giving their exact schedule. Also, train schedules have been added to the pages of the towns where the trains stop (e.g. Oberwart). Note that this information expires in December. Delete. Martg76 02:51, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As a transportation buff, I think this is too much. Wikipedia is not a travel guide. Gazpacho 03:13, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No real possiblity of an encylopedic article emerging. Very hard to maintain. Zeimusu | (Talk page) 03:28, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unmaintable Mussolini-cruft. Fernando Rizo T/C 03:32, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delte as per Zeimusu DES (talk) 03:35, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This is the first instance of railcruft I've seen on Wikipedia. It'd be BJAODN-worthy if it wasn't so serious. Delete. AlbertR 06:36, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a railway schedule. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this unencyclopedic cruft. Nandesuka 11:00, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Choo choo!  Perhaps someone knowledgable could take the time to explain the reason these articles will (probably) be deleted to the original contributor, as he (it's not gonna be a she) has clearly put a lot of work into this.  I especially like "URGENT: These information are only valid til 10 December 2005". Proto t c 11:04, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete how bizarre. Dottore So 14:11, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Schedulecruft. -- BD2412 talk 15:10, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete all individual railway stations are bad enough. --TimPope 07:54, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopedic and mainly, unmainatainable. Pavel Vozenilek 15:59, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/R 2763


text: Category:Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors


text:
Talk:History of Minnesota

Geological history
Overkill. Why not start with the Big Bang? As far as I can tell, it's the convention with this type of article to go back only to the earliest human habitation (see History of California, History of Texas and Utah). Maybe the geological history - cleaned up, as a deal of it's a bit amateur ("thunder lizards" have a proper name, y'know) - could be put under a separate article called Minnesota regional geology or similar? Tearlach 02:51, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Geological history and early life

''2.7 billion years ago, the first pieces of land that would later form the U.S. state of Minnesota began to rise up out of an ancient ocean as a chain of volcanic islands. Much of the underlying gneiss rock of today's state had already been formed nearly a billion years earlier, but still laid underneath the sea. Except for the region where the islands appeared in what is now the northern part of the state, most of the region remained underwater. About two billion years ago, much of the water had drained away. Heavy mineral deposits containing iron collected on the shores of a receding sea to form the Mesabi, Cuyuna, Vermilion, and Gunflint iron ranges from the center of the state up into what is now Canada.

''1.1 billion years ago, a rift valley began to pull the state apart. Lava emerged from cracks along the edges. The rift extended from the current Lake Superior area through the state and down into what is now Kansas. However, the separation stopped before the land could become two separate continents. About 100 million years later, the last volcano in the area went quiet''.

''550 million years ago, the area found itself repeatedly inundated with water of a shallow sea that grew and receded through several cycles. At this point, the land mass of what is now North America ran along the equator. At that time, Minnesota had a tropical climate. Small marine creatures such as trilobites, coral, and snails float through the sea. The shells of the tiny animals sink to the bottom of the sea, eventually forming limestone and sandstone. When dinosaurs roamed the planet, Minnesota didn't have a remarkable population of thunder lizards. The region remained coastline for a long period, with creatures resembling crocodiles and sharks sliding through the nearby seas''.

''Other land animals followed as the dinosaurs disappeared, but much of the historical record of this time was etched away as glaciers expanded and retreated across the region through several cycles starting about 2 million years ago. Ice ages come and go as humans develop in other parts of the world. The ice continued to retreat for the last time about 12,500 years before the present time. Melting glaciers filled the lakes and rivers of the state. Minnesota was on the southern edge of Lake Agassiz at this time, a massive lake with a volume rivaling that of the Great Lakes combined together. The River Warren was the southern outlet of the lake, and had an immense flow through the valleys now used by the Minnesota River and Mississippi River. Falls on the river were precursors to the Saint Anthony Falls''.

''At this time, a number of giant animals roamed the area. Beavers were the size of bears, and mammoths were 14 feet (4.3m) high at the shoulder and weighed 10 tons. Even buffalo were much larger than they are today. Glaciers continued to retreat and the climate became warmer in the next few millennia. The giant creatures eventually died out about 9,000 years ago''.

Topics that should be covered
The Minnesota Historical Society list of history topics would be a good place to start expanding this article. (And it needs expanding -- the article doesn't even cover major historical figures like Hubert Humphrey or Walter Mondale.) If nothing else, the topic areas on the page could cover some of the topic division of this article. --Elkman 19:48, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Also the Minnesota Commission of Public Safety should be discussed as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.57.23.143 (talk) 07:03, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

NWA
Good idea, Elkman to write about historical significance of NWA.

Auto Peer Review
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and may or may not be accurate for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Ravedave (help name my baby) 01:34, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Please expand the lead to conform with guidelines at WP:LEAD. The article should have an appropriate number of paragraphs as is shown on WP:LEAD, and should adequately summarize the article.
 * Per WP:CONTEXT and WP:MOSDATE, months and days of the week generally should not be linked. Years, decades, and centuries can be linked if they provide context for the article.
 * See if possible if there is a free use image that can go on the top right corner of this article.
 * There may be an applicable infobox for this article. (Note that there might not be an applicable infobox; remember that these suggestions are not generated manually)
 * Per WP:MOSNUM, there should be a non-breaking space -  between a number and the unit of measurement. For example, instead of 18mm, use 18 mm, which when you are editing the page, should look like: 18&nbsp;mm.
 * There are a few occurrences of weasel words in this article- please observe WP:AWT. Certain phrases should specify exactly who supports, considers, believes, etc., such a view.
 * Watch for redundancies that make the article too wordy instead of being crisp and concise. (You may wish to try Tony1's redundancy exercises.)
 * While additive terms like “also”, “in addition”, “additionally”, “moreover”, and “furthermore” may sometimes be useful, overusing them when they aren't necessary can instead detract from the brilliancy of the article. This article has 17 additive terms, a bit too much.
 * Vague terms of size often are unnecessary and redundant - “some”, “a variety/number/majority of”, “several”, “a few”, “many”, “any”, and “all”. For example, “ All pigs are pink, so we thought of a number of ways to turn them green.”
 * Temporal terms like “over the years”, “currently”, “now”, and “from time to time” often are too vague to be useful, but occasionally may be helpful. “I am now using a semi-bot to generate your peer review.”
 * As done in WP:FOOTNOTE, footnotes usually are located right after a punctuation mark (as recommended by the CMS, but not mandatory), such that there is no space inbetween. For example, the sun is larger than the moon [2]. is usually written as the sun is larger than the moon.[2]
 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that the it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 2a.

GA passed

 * 1. Well written? Pass
 * 2. Factually accurate? Pass
 * 3. Broad in coverage? Pass
 * 4. Neutral point of view? Pass
 * 5. Article stability? Pass
 * 6. Images? Pass

It thus passes all the GA criteria with success and is thoroughly well written. It is broad enough and as expected it is neutral. Some pictures really help the reader in situating the context and in picturing the areas. Lincher 02:17, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Some Revert Needed
Tutmosis has begun copyediting the article. IMO, some of what he has done improves the clarity and mission of the article, however, in some cases he has changed meanings or facts, most likely inadvertently, such as changing 1600s and 1700s to 16th century and 17th century. In order to avoid massive simultaneous editing, I'll wait a few days to see if he is done before correcting mistakes he has introduced. If it gets too screwed up, we can revert to Jonathunder's 11 October version. Appraiser 02:26, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Politics
I don't think "Contemporary Politics" describes the content. e.g. The first paragraph starts with the 1948 convention. Perhaps the section should try to do an overview of politics from 1840 to present, in keeping with the history of the state. I'd also like to see the put back in to direct the reader there for more detail. Appraiser 14:47, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * My idea there was to keep the "Modern Minnesota" section together as a post-World War II collection of topics. The Great Depression section covers some of the prewar politics, such as the Farmer-Labor party's attempts to bring the state out of the depression in the 1930s.  The postwar politics section definitely needs some expansion, and I'm hoping to get to it soon.  (Of course, anyone is welcome to help.)  In particular, I want to cover how Hubert Humphrey became mayor of Minneapolis and pushed for civil rights reform years before it became a national issue (with his help), how he united the Farmer-Labor Party with the Democratic Party, his election and career in the Senate, and his election as Vice President.  Then, I want to cover Senator Walter Mondale, Wendell Anderson, Rudy Perpich, possibly Al Quie, and possibly some others.  Paul Wellstone isn't even mentioned, and I think he should be.  Let me know what you think about the organization I'm looking into.  --Elkman - (Elkspeak) 16:58, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * That makes sense to me now. How about ===Post-war politics=== as a header?  --Appraiser 17:13, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Works for me. --Elkman - (Elkspeak) 18:45, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Good work here. I propose to invigorate the early 20th century Minnesota history on class and race relations and the Scandinavian immigration period in Minnesota's history, recovering some of the engaging, really vigorous history (from Jennifer Delton's "Making Minnesota Liberal", Hy Berman, Wellstone's dissertation on the rural powerline resistance, the early 20th century Minnesota foresters' papers, etc.)-- the early anti-racism programs, early left politics, early anti-labor businessmen's political organization, the innovative and extraordinary use of the National Guard to *protect* workers and advance labour law modernization/liberalization, the moderization (de-Southernization) of the Democratic party, the fate of the N. MN communist Finns who emigrated to the Soviet Union, the incredible, precocious, red-green ecological principles early foresters attempted to enact in Minnesota.

These rather profound aspects of Minnesota's history have far-reaching, often national political import (See radio documentarian Ahndi Fridell's upcoming KFAI series on Minnesotans who influenced the national scene.), predating as it does by a good half century to 100 years our notions of "recent" innovations like environmentalism, anti-racism, and the application of liberal theory to English feudalism-derived American labor law. It would be great if we didn't suppress the history that makes Minnesota thought-provoking and unique in the United States with a 'disappeared' treatment. I'd bet people would be interested to know that all of the U.S. hasn't always been Texas writ large(r). Blanche Poubelle (talk) 17:07, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Hotbed of medical care and research
Under this section, I think it would be more complete if someone could add a blurb about the University of Minnesota. They have a number of world medical "firsts", especially in the transplant field. A couple of big events could probably be picked out of this list and referenced to the following link: U of M page ....... Another possible ref Gopher backer 21:20, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

What's left?
What's left before nominating for FA? -Ravedave (Adopt a State) 22:53, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I wanted to mention a little bit about Paul Wellstone in the "Postwar Politics" section, at least from a historical perspective as one of Minnesota's influential state senators. Also, if anyone wants to review the intro section to make sure it's concise, that would help.  After that, I think it's ready for the FA nomination.  I'm on vacation right now (in warm, sunny Miami), and I didn't want to nominate the article before I got back.  I'll be back early next week.  --Elkman - (Elkspeak) 16:34, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The first reference is a dead link. Even though it was gathered on 1/12/07, I think the Star Tribune pulls a lot of their general news articles off the web about three weeks after they're published.   Gopher backer 16:29, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, the reference is a dead link, and they pull their articles after about three weeks or so. I'll pull the URL from that reference, but since they published the article in the paper on that date, I think it's still valid to cite the article in the first place.  --Elkman - (Elkspeak) 22:36, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Introduction
Comments on the Featured Article candidacy indicate the introduction may be too long. Here is my suggested revision (text only):
 * The history of Minnesota is the human history of the U.S. state of Minnesota from the earliest human settlement to the present day. It tells the story of a land shaped by the influences of both its original Native American settlers and more recent European immigrants.  In the past several centuries the state’s economy has transitioned from one based on extractive industries such as fur trading,  logging, agriculture, and mining all made possible by abundant natural resources, to today’s diverse economy with particular emphases on banking, computers, and health care, while logging, farming, and mining remain prominent.

 * The first people came to the region during the last Ice Age, following herds of game. The Anishinaabe, the Sioux, and the other Native American inhabitants of the region represent the descendants of these first early settlers. European presence began with the arrival of French fur traders in the 1600s. During the 1800s most of the Native American population was driven out as American settlers moved westward.  Fort Snelling was built between 1819 and 1825 as a frontier outpost to protect the United States' territorial interests.  The fort guarded Saint Anthony Falls which attracted early settlers seeking power for sawmills; it also protected the downriver settlement which became Saint Paul.  Minnesota Territory was organized in 1849, and on May 11, 1858,  Minnesota became the 32nd US state.

 * Shortly after statehood came the American Civil War and the Sioux Uprising. Following these disruptions the state entered into an era of intense growth, with immigrants attracted by opportunities in logging and agriculture.  The construction of railroads in the late 19th century helped to attract immigrants, establish the farm economy, and bring goods to market.  Minneapolis grew up next to Saint Anthony Falls and the water power from the falls, coupled with innovations in milling methods, enabled the city to become the “milling capital of the world”.

 * The discovery of huge deposits of high-grade iron ore in northern Minnesota at the end of the 19th century led to the development of an industry which included open-pit mining of th ore and its and shipment to Great Lakes steel mills via ports at Duluth and Two Harbors. The development of the flour milling and mining industries along with other changes in the economy resulted in population shifts from rural areas into central cities.  Economic development and social changes led to a more prominent role for the state government.

 * The Great Depression was felt with layoffs in the iron mining industry and with trouble in labor relations, but New Deal programs brought relief to the state. After World War II, Minnesota companies such Sperry Rand, Honeywell and Control Data started the high-tech sector.  The Twin Cities also became a regional center for arts and culture with several cultural institutions such as the Guthrie Theater, Minnesota Orchestra, and the Walker Art Center.

I think it squeezes a couple of lines out of the present text. If the authors of this article feel it it useful, please use it. Kablammo 20:14, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Kablammo, good idea. I took yours and went farther. For an article this size people might expect or be used to something like four paragraphs. -Susanlesch 22:03, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

The history of Minnesota is the story of a state shaped by its original Native American residents, European exploration and settlement, and the emergence of industries made possible by the state's natural resources. Minnesota achieved prominence through fur trading, logging, and farming, and later, railroads, flour milling and iron mining. Today, the state is a center for banking, computers and health care, while logging, farming and mining are still important.

The first settlers followed herds of large game to the region during the last Ice Age, and from them descended the Anishinaabe, the Sioux, and the other Native American inhabitants. Fur traders from France arrived during the 1600s and by the 1800s as they moved west, Europeans drove out most of the Native Americans. Built to protect United States territorial interests, Fort Snelling brought early settlers to Saint Anthony Falls, who used the waterfall for powering sawmills, and to the downriver settlement that became Saint Paul.

Minnesota became a part of the United States as the Minnesota Territory in 1849, and became the 32nd US state on May 11, 1858. Following the American Civil War and the Sioux Uprising, the state's natural resources were tapped for logging and farming. Railroads attracted immigrants, established the farm economy and brought goods to market. Minneapolis grew from the waterfall's power, and by innovating milling methods, became the "milling capital of the world."

New industry came from iron ore, discovered in the north, mined relatively easily from open pits, and shipped to Great Lakes steel mills from the ports at Duluth and Two Harbors. Economic development and social changes led to a more prominent state government and a population shift from rural areas to cities. The Great Depression brought layoffs in mining and trouble in labor relations but New Deal programs helped the state. After World War II, Minnesota became known for technology, fueled by early computer companies Sperry Rand, Control Data and Cray. The Twin Cities also became a regional center for the arts with cultural institutions such as the Guthrie Theater, Minnesota Orchestra, and the Walker Art Center.

 * I like it. I may suggest some minor tweaks, but I'll let others weigh in first. Kablammo 22:32, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Susanlesch. I used the introduction you provided, but with a few minor tweaks.  The shorter format looks better -- I have to admit that the introduction was too long.  Anyone else is welcome to revise it.  --Elkman - (Elkspeak) 01:32, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

bots on the loose
User:Betacommand is trying to delete anything that links to www.famousamericans.net, including valid sourcing in articles such as this. It's an attempt to purge WP of "spam" to for-profit sites. In this article, the reference in question was added at least a year ago, prior to the article achieving FA status. There is a discussion here: Administrators' noticeboard about it. Personally, I'd rather see a statement sourced by a for-profit site then unsourced (the same argument could be made for newspapers, magazines, and other news sources. --Appraiser (talk) 14:55, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * A I am not a bot, second there is a major reliability issue here. along with the massive spamming that has been done by that domain. βcommand 14:57, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * We should all strive to successively improve the quality of the sources we cite. Perhaps we eventually will get to the point where all of our sources are to peer-reviewed or fully sourced authorities.  But until we get to that point, reference to some source is better than none, and neither articles nor their editors should suffer because of unrelated spamming from or regarding the domain from which the source is taken.  Let's limit the remedy to the harm; stop the spamming, eliminate the addition of the domain from External links sections, but allow the retention of sources used in in-line referencing.  Kablammo (talk) 15:26, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * that fails to address the fact that the site is not reliable and thus should not be linked to. βcommand 15:29, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It is not clear to me why it is not reliable-- I don't have time to research that now. I doubt no one's good faith here.  Perhaps a solution is to retain the source but have the Minn Wikiproject members undertake to replace it.  Kablammo (talk) 15:35, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I have reinstated the reference. Is this an acceptable substitute?  Kablammo (talk) 16:08, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * From what I can tell, the only fact being cited by the reference is that Picard dn Gay was there too. Therefore I think it is a good substitute.  Thanks.--Appraiser (talk) 16:54, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) Thank you Kablammo.
 * 2) Betacommand, I believe you are now in violation of the 3R rule.
 * 3) The "fact" that is cited in this case is that Father Louis Hennepin was accompanied by Michel Aco and Antoine Auguelle (aka Picard Du Gay). Are you claiming that that is not true? Based on what alternate source? If it is not true, why don't you fix the article and provide your source?  To simply delete the reference because you believe it to be unreliable without changing the text makes no sense at all to me.
 * 4) As an FA, this article has been well-scrutinized.  It offends me that in the article's 3+year history, the only "contribution" you have provided is to delete the source used on a statement about a relatively uncontroversial event that happened three hundred years ago at a place you have probably never been to.  I ask you again to please cease and desist.  Thank you.--Appraiser (talk) 15:31, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * whether or or not its FA makes no difference, what its referencing does not matter, the fact is what you are citing has know to lie about information is NOT a reliable source and should not be used. Please find a better source. βcommand 15:34, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Removal of famousamericans.net link
Per Durova's message at WP:AN, I have again removed the famousamericans.net link. Take a look at that whole thread for details. Ioeth (talk contribs friendly) 17:02, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The site has now been blacklisted. This method of procedure is hardly respectful of the collaborative process, nor of the work of many editors.  For a handful of editors to remove in-line references added by many editors to many articles (even user sandboxes), without adequate explanation or discussion with those affected, is unwise. This matter was under active discussion above and yet this precipitate action was taken to forestall it.  Kablammo (talk) 17:12, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Please also see the diff here. Ioeth (talk contribs friendly) 17:16, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, and the discussion rages on there, and elsewhere, with differing points of view. Is not collaboration and discussion an important value here? When parties are working toward a solution do you not know how destructive it can be to present them a fait accompli? Kablammo (talk) 17:24, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * the site has major RS issues, they said George Washington was the 4th president of the USA, get over it, and find better sources. βcommand 17:20, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * That would be a problem, unless it is referring to officers under the Articles of Confederation. Kablammo (talk) 17:24, 10 December 2007 (UTC)  Is there a claim that the use of the source here was unreliable?  Kablammo (talk) 17:26, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * the whole domain has problems. Please also note my wording, I said the fourth president. there is one entry were the guy is his own father. there is no need to disprove every page if you know the people running the site are full of bullshit. βcommand 17:31, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * β, that may well be. And if so, then we should find a better reference-- something we were working on, as you see above.  But the removal of the link from a FA, accompanied only by a cryptic explanation linking to the wrong page, followed by a blacklisting of the site (by another editor) while discussion was ongoing at the page where that discussion is located and at several talk pages, was unproductive.  In these articles we believe in collaboration and discussion; we have always managed to work things out without involving any sort of process other than direct discussion.  I do not question your motives; I only suggest your methods could have been better. We all have a common interest-- to improve the quality of our work, including references, and discussion with and suggestions from you or anyone are welcome. Kablammo (talk) 17:39, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Given the quantity of articles that had references pointing to famousamericans.net, it would have been completely impossible to notify major contributors to all of the articles that linked to it. I'm sorry that the process seems poor, but it's a spam site with garbage information in it, so to me it's better to protect against it even if it results in a discussion like this one, rather than having it plastered all over Wikipedia.  Ioeth (talk contribs friendly) 17:41, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * This reasoning sounds an awful lot like the reasoning I hear from teachers who never allow their students to look at Wikipedia (because it has errors). I checked George Washington's entry on famousamericans.net (now blacklisted) and see no glaring errors.  The example cited may have been a short-lived revision just like we see here every day.  I agree that the site should not be allowed to stay in External links sections, and that if it is cited as a reference, the facts need to be scrutinized.  But in this particular case, I don't believe the facts are in error and I don't believe it was added by a spammer or in an inappropriate place.  Fortunately Kablammo found an alternative reference for us to use here, but I believe wholesale deletion of references without bothering to check for accuracy or appropriateness is counterproductive to Wikipedia, and that is the reason I first thought the action was that of a bot (blind deletion without human scrutiny).--Appraiser (talk) 18:35, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

I encourage everyone to read the more general discussion at WP:AN, then join in the sub-discussion of what's been done at WP:AN -- A. B. (talk) 23:47, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Recording
Started recording for May 11 front FA. Enjoy my bastardized French! .:DavuMaya:. 06:32, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

First sentence
Any way that first sentence can be changed? It makes it sound like the blurb on the back of a book or for a film. Not encyclopedic at all.  Al Tally  (talk) 11:06, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I've removed the most blurb like bit (in my opinion). Guest9999 (talk) 17:42, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Explanation of Great Depression
From the Great Depression section of the article:

'One of the causes of the Depression was that United States businesses in the 1920s had improved their efficiency through standardizing production methods and eliminating waste. Business owners were reaping the benefits of this increase in productivity, but they were not sharing it with their employees because of the weakness of organized labor, nor were they sharing it with the public in the form of lowered prices. Instead, the windfall went to stockholders. The eventual result was that consumers could no longer afford the goods that factories were producing.'

I've never heard this explanation before. It doesn't seem sensible to begin with (wouldn't competing businesses try to lower prices to increase sales?), and there is extensive documentation of far more significant causes in the Great Depression article. I know this claim is referenced, but that doesn't mean it shouldn't be balanced out. 74.65.13.18 (talk) 11:56, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * A bigger question would be why this explanation is in the article at all. Nothing specific in the history of Minnesota is part of this cause so why is it here?  I think we should delete the statement.  What's relevant here is how the Great Depression affected the history of Minnesota, not what caused it. DavidRF (talk) 15:12, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I got that particular statement from Norman Risjord in his book A Popular History of Minnesota. I think he was making the argument that this particular cause of the Depression was especially applicable to Minnesota.  He also writes: "Minnesota, with its 'open shop' mills and mines, commitment to industrial peace, and long-suffering farmers, helped bring about the crash and shared in the general economic decline."  He later makes the point that Minnesota's experience during the Depression helped shape the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party and its platforms during the 1930s.  I'll think about whether there's a way to reword that section, or if there's a way to make the Minnesota portion more relevant.  --Elkman (Elkspeak) 01:52, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That sounds very reasonable, Elkman. I don't know why the first ideological policeman sees himself as an arbiter of Depression history, given he claims to have never heard a basic, famous, and extensively-analyzed impetus to that and the current Depression. Reassert history. This article seems to have been overly sanitizied of Minnesota's remarkable political history.Blanche Poubelle (talk) 17:19, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

FYI: New related article
FYI: I just created a new article Territorial era of Minnesota covering the period from the Louisiana Purchase to statehood. It's perhaps at a C quality level now and needs a lot of scrubbing (including more references) but I think it is pretty "complete" contentwise.

Any comments are welcome. And thanks to User:Elkman for providing a number of references that saved me a lot of time.

--Mcorazao (talk) 15:49, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Immigration?
Nothing on this topic. Sca (talk) 14:42, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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WP:URFA/2020
This isn't quite at the modern FA standards. There's uncited text throughout, a few doubtful web sources, and books are cited without giving page numbers. I'm also unconvinced that there various sections all represent due weight. There seems to be very little organized content about non-political occurences after 1950. Having an entire paragraph in a statewide history article about the Mayo Clinic seems to be a bit WP:UNDUE, and section about modern Minnesota is overly skewed to the political end, IMO. This needs some citation work, some trimming in a few areas, and expansion in others. Hog Farm Bacon 04:09, 6 December 2020 (UTC) I'm still seeing a lot of citation cleanup needs and non-reliable sources, just a few samples: Also, User:Evad37/duplinks-alt reveals some MOS:OVERLINKing cleanup needs. I'm hoping that has reconsidered participation in Wikipedia, and will help restore this important article to status. The Mankato mass hanging alone makes this an article of worthy of keeping its star. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  21:57, 4 December 2021 (UTC)
 * It looks like has been working on the article. Thanks for your improvements! (t · c)  buidhe  02:59, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * is still working to make improvements to this article, which is greatly appreciated! When improvements are complete, I invite you to WP:URFA/2020 to mark this article as "satisfactory". URFA/2020 is a project to review and improve older FAs, and your input there on this article's quality will help us speed up that process. Z1720 (talk) 14:52, 9 October 2021 (UTC)
 * HF, the History of Minnesota could not be comprehensive without a paragraph about Mayo, although the prose could possibly be tightened. In the same vein, the content about Cargill seems about right, Honeywell seems about right, but 3M might need beefing up. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  21:57, 4 December 2021 (UTC)
 * "Railway Grand Divisions".
 * American Rails in 8 Countries, The story of the 1st Railroad Service, Transportation Corps, Special and Information Section, Headquarters, Southern Line of Communication, European Theater of Operations, United States Army, p.33 [11]
 * The Saga of the 732nd Railway Operation Battalion Subject Report Activity Feb- Apr 1945:, Angelfire website [12]
 * USAFHRA Document 00175615
 * Ironworld Discovery Center, The American Folklife Center, The Library of Congress website,[13]
 * Some boosterism ("More than any other Midwestern state, ") could be reduced.
 * The entire first para in "Postwar politics" is based on one 1988 book, is overly detailed, and needs updating. If the entire history of politics in MN were detailed at the same level, the article would be huge.
 * Similar to Mayo, Hubert Humphrey could be tightened.
 * The paragraph on civil rights is going to need to mention a LOT of current research and issues, as MN has become front-line in BLM issues.
 * Separate section for Korea, Viet nam?
 * The words Somali and Somalian don't occur anywhere in the article (1b, Comprehensive). Ditto for Hmong; big fail in comprehensive re substantial immigrant populations.
 * Risjord, p. 228 has it (can be borrowed from archive.org by registering a free account). Sandy Georgia (Talk)  16:04, 17 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Lots of work to be done here still, and I wonder whether the article should proceed to FAR. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  22:07, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Pls see WP:WIAFA; FAs are generally cited to high quality sources, and there are multiple history books available, which are more scholarly than some of the websites being added. A comprehensive survey of the literature should be undertaken; the objective of a FAR is not just to tack on some websources. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  17:00, 17 February 2022 (UTC)

who lost the Civil War
the topic is important according to all the state historians. According to Google scholar there are over 270,000 discussions in scholarly books and articles re [Minnesota "civil war"] see https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=1%2C27&q=Minnesota+%22civil+war%22&btnG=  Rjensen (talk) 01:11, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

 * , I just saw a concerning edit summary about Civil War content removed, but haven't looked closely. Please have a look at my comments at Featured article review/History of Minnesota/archive1; you might be able to lend a hand. A good deal of work is needed here, and some books will need to be consulted. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  01:15, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

Lynchings and executions
Section moved here for future reference. WP:UNDUE in this article per SandyGeorgia and I agree. -SusanLesch (talk) 16:42, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

According to the Minnesota Historical Society there have been 20 lynchings in the State, three of which were African Americans. The balance have been Native Americans and whites. It is speculated that there have been other lynchings that did not come to the attention of authorities or the press.

Minnesota's first execution happened in St. Paul in 1860. A woman named Ann Bilansky was accused of poisoning her husband and sentenced to hang. The State legislature voted to commute her sentence to life imprisonment, but Governor Alexander Ramsey vetoed that and issued her death warrant. Ann was the only female, but 26 males would hang after her. In 1906 the hanging of William Williams was botched in St. Paul, which ended up being a strangulation that took 14 minutes. The news of the botched execution brought an end to capital punishment in Minnesota.

Civil rights
The Independent Development of Civil Rights in Minnesota: 1849-1910 Sandy Georgia (Talk)  00:38, 24 February 2022 (UTC)

Ku Klux Klan
For reasons similar to Lynchings and executions above, the Klan is WP:UNDUE and that paragraph is copied here for future reference. I've been through this story before in Minneapolis. It looked bright and shiny like it belonged. However, gross spectacle didn't lead to any lasting effect, and I am confident that the two sentences that remain in this article are enough. -SusanLesch (talk) 15:41, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

"Advocating that the true American was the white Protestant, the Ku Klux Klan reemerged from the Civil Rights Act of 1871 around 1921. It remained viable in the state only until 1926 when it experienced a loss of power throughout the Midwest, for the most part because of the sordid murder conviction of an Indiana Grand Dragon. In 1923 the Klan tried to ruin the reelection of a Minneapolis mayor by running its own Exalted Cyclops who instead wound up in jail. The Klan had attracted women and families through everyday events like church suppers and weddings. Owatonna hosted annual parades, somewhat impeded by a 1923 Minnesota law prohibiting wearing masks to conceal identity. The Klan officially was dissolved by state administrative housekeeping in 1997."

 * That's too much information, but see the section just above this one. A section on civil rights might include one line about the KKK in Minnesota, along with other developments. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  16:01, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you, SandyGeorgia. I plan to use William Green's 2015 book, Degrees of Freedom: The Origins of Civil Rights in Minnesota, 1865–1912 (Green cites the paper you posted above.) I bought it years ago; now's my chance to read it. -SusanLesch (talk) 18:58, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

Living veterans
Moving this here for discussion; unclear what it adds to the article, and unless a secondary source considers these numbers significant to the history of Minnesota, or has some commentary on them, the content seems WP:UNDUE. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  20:26, 4 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Mention of wars in Korea, Vietnam and Iraq might justify inclusion but I have no problem with the table coming out. -SusanLesch (talk) 00:21, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

Technology
Re IBM building the "world's fastest supercomputer" cannot be cited to IBM-- it requires independent, third-party sourcing. {{pb}] Also, I can't tell what the sentence means. What does the 2004 to 2008 refer to? The years it was fastest? The years it was built? The model number? What is the "and Watson"? Another computer they built? What is the "palace? A residence or business?  I'm trying to vary the prose also to avoid built ... built ... and forcing the reader to click out to see what an Eero Saarinen is, and avoid mixing a building with two computers, but I can't tell what the sentence means. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  15:03, 7 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Ah ha... I see I was misreading what source it was; and now I will read the source to address my prose queries. Thanks, Susan; my apologies. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  17:10, 7 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I rewrote to this to conform with the source; sorry again for misreading what the source was. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  17:30, 7 March 2022 (UTC)
 * You did a great job of writing English from the contracted sentence I had. Thanks. -SusanLesch (talk) 19:39, 7 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I edit a lot from my iPad, because of back pain, and miss stuff ... like the correct source :) Sorry for the extra agida, Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  20:18, 7 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Minnesota


text:
Hokku

Hokku (発句) is the opening stanza of a Japanese orthodox collaborative linked poem, renga, or of its later derivative, renku (haikai no renga). From the time of Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694), the hokku began to appear as an independent poem, and was also incorporated in haibun (in combination with prose). In the late 19th century, Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902) renamed the standalone hokku as "haiku", and the latter term is now generally applied retrospectively to all hokku appearing independently of renku or renga, irrespective of when they were written. The term hokku continues to be used in its original sense, as the opening verse of a linked poem.

Content
Within the traditions of renga and renku, the hokku, as the opening verse of the poem, has always held a special position. It was traditional for the most honoured guest at the poetry-writing session to be invited to compose it and he would be expected to offer praise to his host and/or deprecate himself (often symbolically) while superficially referring to current surroundings and seasons. (The following verse fell to the host, who would then respond with a compliment to the guest, again, usually symbolically).

Form
Typically, a hokku is 17 moras (or on) in length, composed of three metrical units of 5, 7 and 5 moras respectively. Alone among the verses of a poem, the hokku includes a kireji or "cutting-word" that appears at the end of one of its three metrical units. Like all of the other stanzas, a Japanese hokku is traditionally written in a single vertical line.

English-language hokku
Paralleling the development of haiku in English, poets writing renku in English nowadays seldom adhere to a 5-7-5 syllable format for the hokku, or other chōku ('long verses'), of their poem. The salutative requirement of the traditional hokku is often disregarded, but the hokku is still typically required to include a kigo (seasonal word or phrase), and to reflect the poet's current environment.

Example
Bashō composed the following hokku in 1689 during his journey through Oku (the Interior), while writing renku in the house of a station master in Sukagawa at the entrance to Michinoku, in present-day Fukushima:

"ふうりゅうの初やおくの田植うた

fūryū no / hajime ya oku no / taue-uta

beginnings of poetry— the rice planting songs of the Interior"

- (trans. Haruo Shirane)

Hearing the rice-planting songs in the fields, Bashō composed a poem that complimented the host on the elegance of his home and region—which he associated with the historical "beginnings" (hajime) of fūryū or poetic art—while suggesting his joy and gratitude at being able to compose linked verse or "poetry" (fūryū) for the "first time" (hajime) in the Interior (oku).

title: Hokku