text:
Talk:Royalty and Diplomatic Protection Department

I removed:
 * The Department had 423 uniformed and 48 civilian members in 2003, including 90 Royal Protection Officers, as well as 508 in the Diplomatic Protection Group, and additional officers in the Westminster Division.

Do the maths! -- Necrothesp 21:37, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

I think this should be -

 * The Department had 423 uniformed and 48 civilian members in 2003, including 90 Royal Protection Officers. There are also 508 in the separate Diplomatic Protection Group, and additional officers in the Westminster Division.Ncox (talk) 23:44, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

I don't think it should be merged, as it is a sufficiently important unit in its own right (i.e. attracts quite a lot of publicity). Ncox (talk) 23:44, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Date linking and Manual Of Style
I changed the date linking in the article because The Manual of Style  here says "the use of full date formatting is now deprecated." Kaiwhakahaere (talk) 04:16, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * First of all, that is taken from the subpage which is explicitly not WP policy. Second, some history.. one user went on a crusade across a hundred or so individual pages, forcing a backdoor change.  So no. Prince of Canadat 04:22, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It is taken directly from the MoS (not a subpage of anything) and it is explicitly wiki policy. Have a look at the Sarah Palin article (or the John McCain article). As you are so certain in your opinion, why don't you try wikilinking dates in the Palin article? I am again date formatting this article  in line with the wiki MoS which I quoted above. Kaiwhakahaere (talk) 23:13, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually no. The 'convention' was put through on the subpage, after brute-force backdoor changes made by a certain user who shall remain nameless.  But whatever.  As usual on WP, he who yells loudest gets whatever he wants. Prince of Canadat 00:04, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It doesn't fuss me too much how this became policy. But it is policy, so I apply it when I edit pages. Maybe it will be overturned one day, but until then..... --Kaiwhakahaere (talk) 00:16, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It bothers me because the user in question didn't actually seek consensus in the right place; he went crusading about until it was a fait accompli. Prince of Canadat 00:20, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

RE: Issue with type of weapon of the MP5
The German Heckler & Koch MP5, is a widely used submachine gun, the difinition of that (taken from Wikipedias page on sub machine guns) is: "A submachine gun (SMG) is a firearm that combines the automatic fire of a machine gun". Now for anyone who does not know, a firearm firing on automatic means if you pull the trigger without taking pressure off, bullets will continue to fire. A semi-automatic means that a bullet fires, every time the trigger is pulled. One user has been concerned over the fact that it is called a semi-automatic carbine, this is because the British Police do not use fully automatic, and this is what they designate it as. So calling it a submachine gun is plainly wrong, because in the case of the British Police it is a semi-automatic carbine. Police,Mad,Jack (talk · contribs) ☺ 09:04, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

If you dont wish to take my word for it, see This picture of an armed officer in London, taken by Adrian Pringstone

Zoom in on the fire selector, (above the trigger, if you did not know) and you will see a the selector pointing to a white box with a bullet in, and a line going through it. The other box is a red box with a bullet in it, meaning semi-automatic, if it was automatic it would have a box above that with many bullets in it, designating fully auto. Police,Mad,Jack (talk · contribs) ☺ 09:37, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Graphics
Either this article or Diplomatic Protection Group could use some different images - as it stands, the two articles use the same two photos, and look confusingly similar, at first glance. --McGeddon (talk) 17:23, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Not if your brain understands the different names of the pages, and content. Police,Mad,Jack (talk · contribs) ☺ 18:50, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

 * As I say, at first glance. When I clicked a link from one to the other, it took me a moment to realise I'd been taken to a different article rather than the top of the same one.
 * I've swapped the images around for now, to make the distinction between them clearer. --McGeddon (talk) 19:20, 14 November 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, cool. Police,Mad,Jack (talk · contribs) ☺ 20:07, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

This page is redundant
There is no trace of this department anymore, but the information is still good and should probably be moved to Protection Command - but only when Specialist and Royalty Protection Command is moved there over the redirect. See Specialist Operations for accurate structure. ninety:one 21:13, 13 December 2008 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Blue muffin89

Hello, ! I'm ulayiti, and I'd like to welcome you to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions, and I hope you'll like the place enough to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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title: User talk:Blue muffin89


text:
Hugh Lupton

Hugh Lupton is a British storyteller, one of the most prominent figures in the tradition of oral storytelling.

Early life and career
Lupton was born in 1952, the eldest child of Francis G. H. Lupton and Mary Gee/Lupton. He is the great nephew of Arthur Ransome (1884-1967) whom, as a boy, he often visited. Lupton can recall hearing his great uncle's classic children's stories set in Norfolk and the Lake District. "He (Ransome) was very old by then, in his dotage, but I remember him and stories were very important as I grew up." Lupton was born in Cambridgeshire, where there was much family heritage, and educated at the King's College School, Cambridge. He studied to become a teacher in Norwich. As of 2013 he was based at Spratt's Green near Aylsham.

Lupton co-founded the Company of Storytellers (with Ben Haggarty and Sally Pomme Clayton) in 1985, and for a while ran a branch of The Crick Crack Club in Norfolk. Lupton tells a wide variety of stories, including epics such as Iliad and Odyssey, but also collections of shorter stories such as I become part of it (tales from the pre-world) and folktales such as The Three Snake Leaves (tales from the Grimm Forest).

Children's books
Lupton and the Welsh storyteller Daniel Morden have written several volumes retelling ancient Greek stories.
 * Freaky Tales from Far and Wide (1999)
 * Norfolk Songline: Walking the Peddars Way (2000)
 * The Songs of Birds: Poems and Stories from Many Cultures (2000)
 * Tales of Wisdom and Wonder (2000), ill. Niamh Sharkey
 * Pirican Pic and Pirican Mor (2003)
 * The Gingerbread Man (2003)
 * The Story Tree: Tales to Read Aloud (2005), ill. Sophie Fatus
 * Riddle Me this: Riddles and Stories to Sharpen Your Wits (2007), ill. Sophie Fatus
 * Tales of Mystery and Magic (2010), ill. Agnese Baruzzi
 * la voz de los sueñosy otros cuentos(2003)
 * With Daniel Morden
 * The Adventures of Odysseus (2006), illustrated by Christina Balit
 * The Adventures of Achilles (2012), ill. Carole Hénaff
 * Theseus and the Minotaur (2013), ill. Hénaff
 * Orpheus and Eurydice (2013), ill. Hénaff
 * Demeter and Persephone (2013), ill. Hénaff
 * Greek Myths: Three Heroic Tales (2017), ill. Carole Hénaff

Awards
Lupton won the "Hodja Cup" (named for the Mulla Nasreddin: "The truth is something I have never spoken.") at The Crick Crack Club's renowned Grand Lying Contest in 2010.

title: Hugh Lupton


text:
User talk:80.47.174.90

Blocked for 3 hours
You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. - jredmond 21:39, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.47.174.90


text:
Joshua Trimmer

Joshua Trimmer (11 July 1795 – 16 September 1857) was an English geologist born at North Cray in Kent. He was the son of Joshua Kirby Trimmer of Brentford, and grandson of Sarah Trimmer (1741–1810), author of the Story of the Robins (1786).

Life
At the age of nineteen he was sent to North Wales to manage a copper mine for his father; subsequently he was placed in charge of a farm in Middlesex, where he acquired a knowledge of and an interest in soils; in 1825 he became manager (for his father) of slate quarries near Bangor and Carnarvon, and in this district he remained for many years. He discovered the marine shells in the drift of Moel Tryfaen. During the years 1850 to 1854 he was engaged on the Geological Survey, and surveyed parts of the New Forest in Hampshire. He died in London.

He published memoirs on the Origin of the Soils which cover the Chalk of Kent; On the Geology of Norfolk, as Illustrating the Laws of the Distribution of Soils (1847); and Proposals for a Geological Survey, specially directed to Agricultural Objects (1850); in this respect he was a pioneer in agricultural geology. He was also the author of another useful work Practical Geology and Mineralogy (1841).

title: Joshua Trimmer


text:
Susan C. Lee

Susan Clair Lee (born May 14, 1954) is an American politician. She has served as the 72nd Maryland Secretary of State since 2023. She was previously a member of the Maryland State Senate from 2015 to 2023, and of the Maryland House of Delegates from 2002 to 2015. She represented District 16, which is located in Montgomery County, and was the first Asian American elected to the Maryland State Senate and the first Asian American woman and first Chinese American to be elected to the Maryland legislature.

Early life and education
Lee was born in San Antonio, Texas. She grew up in Montgomery County and attended Winston Churchill High School. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Maryland College Park before graduating from the University of San Francisco School of Law. She is a member of the District of Columbia Bar and the California State Bar. Before becoming a state legislator, Lee was an attorney in private practice, having previously worked as an attorney for the United States Commission on Civil Rights and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. She was also the co-chairwoman of the Montgomery County NAACP Multicultural Community Partnership.

In the legislature
On February 19, 2002, Governor Parris Glendening appointed Lee to the Maryland House of Delegates following the election of Nancy Kopp as Treasurer of Maryland. This appointment came after a recommendation by the Montgomery County Democratic Central Committee, on which she sat. She was sworn in on February 21 and was subsequently elected to her first full term in 2002. She was re-elected in 2006 and 2010.

In August 2013, Lee announced that she would run for the Maryland Senate, seeking to succeed state senator Brian Frosh, who ran for Attorney General of Maryland in 2014. She won the Democratic primary with 85.1 percent of the vote, and later won the general election with 70 percent of the vote. Lee was sworn into the Maryland Senate on January 14, 2015. Since November 2018, she has served as the Senate majority whip.

Committee assignments

 * Maryland House of Delegates
 * Member, Judiciary Committee, 2002–2015 (member, gaming law & enforcement subcommittee, 2002–2003; civil law & procedure subcommittee, 2003–2006; chair, juvenile law subcommittee, 2007–2011; chair, family law subcommittee, 2011–2015)
 * Deputy Majority Whip, 2003–2015
 * Member, Joint Committee on Access to Mental Health Services, 2011–2014

 * Maryland Senate
 * Majority Whip, 2019–2023
 * Deputy Majority Whip, 2017–2018
 * Member, Judicial Proceedings Committee, 2015–2023
 * Joint Committee on Cybersecurity, Information Technology, and Biotechnology, 2015–2023
 * Executive Nominations Committee, 2019–2023
 * Legislative Policy Committee, 2020–2023

Maryland Secretary of State
On January 10, 2023, Governor-elect Wes Moore named Lee to serve as the Maryland Secretary of State. She took office in an acting position on January 18, and is the first Asian American person to serve as the Maryland Secretary of State. On February 14, the Maryland Senate unanimously approved Lee's nomination.

In September 2023, Lee said that her office would consider removing former President Donald Trump from the primary election ballot under the Fourteenth Amendment. She ultimately decided against excluding Trump.

COVID-19 pandemic
Between late May and June 2020, Lee virtually met four times with representatives from the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services, the Maryland Department of Juvenile Services, and the Maryland Judiciary. These meetings resulted in the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee releasing a report with 19 recommendations to help the state's correctional systems navigate the COVID-19 pandemic.

In March 2021, Lee rebuked disparaging statements made by former president Donald Trump regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, in which phases like "Kung Flu" and the "China virus" stoked racism toward Asian communities. Later that month, after CNN aired a clip showing senior Hogan health advisor and then-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention director Robert R. Redfield saying he believed the COVID-19 virus "escaped" from a lab in China in September or October 2019, Lee took to the floor of the Maryland Senate to condemn Redfield's comments and suggested that Asian-Americans could be targeted because of his remarks.

Crime and policing
During the 2020 legislative session, Lee introduced a bill that would require prosecutors to disclose whether facial recognition or DNA profiling were used during the criminal investigation of a case. The bill was withdrawn after its first hearing. She also introduced a bill that would make it a crime to possess ransomware with the intent to use it, with sentences up to 10 years in prison and or a $10,000 fine, following a ransomware attack that froze government computers in Baltimore.

During the 2021 legislative session, Lee introduced a bill that would repeal the prohibition on prosecuting sexual crimes against a victim who is the spouse of the assailant. The bill unanimously passed out of the Maryland Senate and passed the Maryland House of Delegates by a vote of 115-18.

Development initiatives
In January 2020, Lee criticized the proposed Capital Beltway and Interstate 270 expansions, telling The Washington Post, "So far the state's top-down kind of planning [on the toll lanes] has disregarded any dialogue about some of the financial risks, the risk to our environment, the risk to our communities, and to our businesses and to our quality of life". She also introduced a bill that would give counties the ability to block state toll projects.

Gun control
During the 2019 legislative session, Lee introduced a bill that would ban privately made firearms in Maryland. The bill was reintroduced during the 2022 legislative session, during which it passed the House of Delegates and the state Senate, and became law without Governor Hogan's signature. Following the bill's passage, she was invited to the White House by U.S. President Joe Biden, where he announced a new United States Department of Justice rule regulating privately made firearms.

During the 2020 legislative session, Lee introduced a bill that would require background checks for private sales of long guns. The bill passed the Maryland Senate by a vote of 31-14 and the Maryland House of Delegates by a vote of 87-47, but was vetoed by Governor Hogan on May 7, 2020. The Maryland General Assembly voted to override the governor's veto on February 9, 2021.

Immigration
In June 2018, following national outcry about the Trump administration's family separation policy, Lee called on Maryland counties to "stop taking blood money from ICE" to detain immigrants. At the time, only three counties (Frederick, Howard, and Worcester counties) had facilities for detaining immigrants that were used by ICE.

National politics
In April 2015, Lee endorsed U.S. Representative Chris Van Hollen in the 2016 United States Senate election in Maryland. In November, she endorsed former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for president.

Social issues
In February 2004, Lee criticized a bill that would have defined marriages in Maryland as the union of a man and woman, saying before a House Judiciary Committee hearing, "These bills are inflammatory, they are divisive and they promote intolerance to a large portion of our population". In February 2006, Lee voted against a bill that would amend the Maryland Constitution to ban same-sex marriage in the state. The bill failed to pass by a vote of 61-78. In 2012, she voted for the Civil Marriage Protection Act, which passed out of the Maryland House of Delegates by a vote of 72-67.

During the 2020 legislative session, Lee introduced a bill that would codify the right to abortion access. The bill was withdrawn in the final week of the legislative session, which was shortened by the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the 2021 legislative session, Lee introduced a bill that would have granted adoptees above the age of 18 access to their original birth certificates. The bill failed to pass out of the state Senate by a vote of 16-31. She also introduced a bill that would have required family law judges to undergo a minimum of 60 hours of training on child abuse investigations, implicit bias in custody decisions, parental alienation, and qualifications for child abuse evaluators and treatment providers.

Taxes
In November 2007, Lee voted in favor of House Bill 2, which raised individual and corporate income tax provisions, and House Bill 5, which increased the state sales tax, car titling tax, and hotel tax.

title: Susan C. Lee


text:
User talk:SidJ

Hello, ! I'm ulayiti, and I'd like to welcome you to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions, and I hope you'll like the place enough to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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User talk:Hgootzen

Welcome, from Journalist
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Talk:Sockshop

On 25 Aug 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Sockshop

title: Talk:Sockshop


text:
List of sovereign states by date of formation

Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.

This list includes the 195 states which are currently member states of the United Nations or non-member observer states with the United Nations General Assembly. This does not include extinct states, but does include several states with limited recognition.

For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation, see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements.

Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to Great Britain in 1707), while France is a Republic founded in 1870 (though the term France generally refers to the current French Fifth Republic government, formed in 1958).

Around 60 countries gained independence from the United Kingdom throughout its history, the most in the world, followed by with around 40 countries that gained independence from France throughout its history. Over 50% of the world's borders today, were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism.

An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an almost entirely modern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest extant constitution being that of San Marino, dating to 1600).

Independence dates for widely recognized states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of the League of Nations, there was no international body to recognize nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War). See also: disputed territories.

Many countries have some remote (or fantastically remote) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology, sometimes artificially inflating a country's "age" for reasons of nationalism, sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formalizing national identity. Such dates do not reflect the formation of a state (an independent political entity).

The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of formation events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history, please see the main article for that country.

Asia

 * Table notes

Europe

 * Table notes :

Sortable list
In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization (e.g. 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from the United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of a political union (e.g. 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g. 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).

Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.

In a union such as Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th-century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.

There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (i.e. not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), which was completely abolished after the German reunification. Modern Germany is a continuation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), it is not a successor state.

The Holy Roman Empire is not considered a state by modern historians, but a political entity bringing together several sovereign states in a confederation.

The concept of sovereign state should not be confused with that of nation (for example there are even stateless nations). This list has the date of creation of current sovereign states but not of nations. The historiography of some nations, such as the Bulgarians, even separates the different states founded by these nations (for example First, Second and Third Bulgarian State)


text:
Talk:List of sovereign states by date of formation

UK: Date of current form of government should be 1707, not 1922
I don't think it's correct to say that the United Kingdom's current form of government was formed in 1922, with the independence of (most of the island of) Ireland. The government before and after 1922 was functionally the same, with the same constitution, practices, etc, just with a large chunk of territory lost. The Acts of Union between Scotland and England(+Wales) was what actually formed the current system of government. An argument could be made that the current form of government relies on a Prime Minister, so then the current form of government would be 1721.

The UK's situation is unclear, but regardless I don't think picking 1922 as the date of the current form of government makes much sense 143.167.240.144 (talk) 02:48, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The UK along with its Government were created in 1801. CicolasMoon (talk) 18:23, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Israel's first acquisition of sovereignty should be around 930 BC to match other ancient nations
I have noticed that for countries of ancient nations in this list the "date of acquisition of sovereignty" is the date of establishment of the earliest kingdoms even if that happened thousands of years ago, even if they are of a different nation and culture, and even if that sovereignty was disrupted since that time. For example: Iran is given the date 2600 BC, the time of the establishment of the Elamite kingdom in that area, even though the Elamites are a different nation from the Persians living there now (completely different language). India is given the date 2500 BC - the date of the Indus Valley Civilization, though no one knows if it had any cultural or genetic connection to modern-day Indians, and though it had lost its sovereignty several times in the interim period. Most recently to the British for 100 years. Japan got the date 660 BC although is mostly considered legendary. And there are more examples like this in the list. By the same logic, the "date of acquisition of sovereignty" of Israel should be set at the establishment of the first Jewish kingdoms in the holy land which was about 930 BC (according to latest estimates). This kingdoms were called Israel and Judea. Their historicity is undisputed. And their connection to modern Israel is obvious as well - same languages, same name, same religion, genetic descent etc. Vegan416 (talk) 12:08, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

 * @Wtmitchell Vegan416 (talk) 12:26, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @Vegan416 -- I am traveling in the non-urban Philippines, my laptop died and is not easily replaceable. I am poor at editing WP by cellphone so i must defer comment even though I would like to opine on this here/now. 122.53.92.30 (talk) 22:21, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @Wtmitchell
 * Can you opine now? It's been two months... Vegan416 (talk) 06:12, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, but I'm not focused on Israel here. This article is not a big interest item for me, but it's on my watchlist because of the messy situation regarding declaration of independence and acquisition of sovereignty (examples: Philippines, and the U.S.). The former generally gets celebrated as if it were equivalent to the latter, and it is not -- particularly if a failed revolution is involved. I think, without being able to cite specifics, that this article has a number of problems relating unclear definition of terms as used here. I do not think it is clear, for purposes of this article, what a "sovereign state" is and how/when, for purposes of this article, it is considered to have been "formed". I haven't thought any of that out well enough to suggest improvements. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 11:28, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Absolute nonsense, Israel now != Israel then. Selfstudier (talk) 22:28, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I'll ignore your disrespectful tone for the time being. But obviously if "Iran in 2600 BC"="Iran now", and "India in 2500 BC"="India now", and "Japan in 660 BC"="Japan now" and "Algeria of 202 BC"="Algeria now" and "Armenia in 880 AD"="Armenia now" then all the more so "Israel in 930 BC"="Israel now". Vegan416 (talk) 10:48, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Zero continuity between the two. Selfstudier (talk) 10:49, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @Selfstudier
 * 1. On the contrary. There is more continuity between 930BC Israel and 2024 Israel than between 2600BC Iran and 2024 Iran and between 2500BC India and 2024 India and 202BC Algeria and 2024 Algeria. For the sake of brevity, I'll make here a detailed comparison between the Israeli and Iranian case only. If you wish I can make detailed comparisons in the other cases as well.
 * 2. Name: The name of Israel is the same as it was in 930 BC - Israel. On the other hand, the name of Iran today is different from Elam (which is the source of the 2600BC date in the table here).
 * 3. Languages: The language in Israel now is basically the same as it was in 930BC - Hebrew. Children in elementary schools in Israel today can read and understand the Hebrew Bible. On the other hand, the Elamite language of the Elam kingdom is completely different from modern Persian and belongs to a completely different family of its own. Almost nobody in Iran today can read or understand Elamite (or even ancient Persian texts from BC times). You need to be a highly trained archeologist or linguist to do that.
 * 4. Religions: The religion of Israel now is basically the same religion as it was in 930BC - Judaism. On the other hand, the religion of Iran today is completely different from the religion of Elam which was a polytheistic religion. Even the later religion of the Persian empires predating Islam - Zoroastrianism is completely different from Islam and its few thousand remaining believers are somewhat persecuted and just barely tolerated in today's Iran.
 * https://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/14/opinion/choksy-iran-zoroastrian/index.html
 * 5. Genetics: The Jews are genetic descendants of the ancient Israelites. This was proven by several genetic studies (see below). The modern-day Iranians may be genetically related genetically to the ancient Elamites. But maybe not. So far I haven't found any scientific research on this subject.
 * https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/dna-from-biblical-canaanites-lives-modern-arabs-jews
 * https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)30487-6
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032072/
 * https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2009-10-1-r7
 * https://www.science.org/content/article/jews-and-arabs-share-recent-ancestry Vegan416 (talk) 13:37, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Not doing this. Not interested in WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS. Selfstudier (talk) 13:50, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not talking here about OTHER articles. I'm talking here about the internal consistency of THIS article. If you don't want to discuss the internal consistency of this article then your opinion is biased and should be rejected. Vegan416 (talk) 14:17, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * There's no continuity for any of them CicolasMoon (talk) 18:24, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Obviously most editors disagree with you... Vegan416 (talk) 20:17, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It's a good thing I don't base my worldview on the opinions of incorrect wiki editors. Although, I don't see any evidence to suggest that your statement is true... 2A00:23EE:1970:49B0:75E8:7367:9807:7CC9 (talk) 20:23, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, the fact is that this claims stay here for a very long time... Vegan416 (talk) 21:25, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, because most people are afraid to just correct things on here 2A02:C7C:4C89:3C00:2184:9A7F:4B92:D449 (talk) 21:47, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Doesn't look like it. There had been many changes in this page over time. Look at the history page. Vegan416 (talk) 22:13, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * While i certainly also have concerns over claims for "date of acquisition of sovereignty" dating back thousands of years through many different eras, as others have said Israel has a very clear and prolonged break in its existence as a state. I would be more inclined to delete the column altogether. A 2000+ year break in a states sovereignty or even existence does not meaningfully serve the purpose of the article. Yes, the modern state of Israel has made many efforts to re-establish old customs and history but it is in no way a continuation of the ancient kingdom.
 * If we were to include such early dates for states with such profound breaks in continuity, through massive changes in rule and demographics and that ceased to exist for thousands of years then almost any date for a state right back to it's first human settlement is open to being included. Having included the dates you mention it would then become very hard to argue against their inclusion. This would obviously not serve the purpose of the article which is to list the dates of the origin of modern sovereign states rather than to make a list of the dates of first human settlements in regions.
 * Simply put if the sovereignty has not been continuously maintained through the state since the date listed the date should not be included. In the case of Israel, the modern state has not had sovereignty over its territory since 930BC so should not be included. If you feel this is unfair, as mentioned I'd be open to discussing applying this to other states but i think continuity of the state in some meaningful form is essential for this list to make any sense or be manageable. Nickmista (talk) 01:51, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

Major inconsistency in this article with regard to "Date of acquisition of sovereignty"
Following the @Wtmitchell comment above starting with the words "I believe that this article is unclear and confusing", and my discussion with @Selfstudier about "Israel's first acquisition of sovereignty", I want to point a major inconsistency in this article that needs to be resolved.

There is an inconsistency in the way ancient nations/states are treated in this article, with no apparent justification whatsoever.

 * 1) On the one hand the we have a group of modern states whose "date of Acquisition of sovereignty"  is given hundreds or even thousands of years ago, despite the fact that many aspects of these dates can be disputed, such as: whether the modern concept of sovereignty even existed that far in the past?; were these states sovereign under any definition in those dates?; did their alleged sovereignty continue uninterrupted from those dates till now?; is there even a continuation of any national identity in those cases from then till now?; Are those dates accepted by historians or considered legendary? In this list of states we can find for example the following states: Algeria, Ethiopia, Morocco, Afghanistan, Armenia, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Mongolia, Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Ukraine, Georgia, and maybe some others I missed.
 * 2) On the other hand we have several modern states which have the same claim to have their "Acquisition of sovereignty" date to be hundreds or thousands years ago as the ones in the first group, and yet are given only a recent date in the 20th or 19th century.  This list includes for example: Greece, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Yemen, Israel and maybe some others I missed.

Solving this inconsistency can go in one of two ways:

 * 1) My preferred way would be to raise the second group to the same level of the first one. If there is enough support for this way I am willing to take the task on myself.
 * 2) The other alternative is to move the first group to the status of the second one. That is, to decide that we don't want to get into all the controversies and disputes regarding ancient past, and just give the dates of the modern formal recognition of sovereignty which would mean something like the date of the establishment of the Liege of Nations or later, or something like that. This would effectively mean deleting the column of "date of Acquisition of sovereignty" and "Acquisition of sovereignty" from all the tables.

Your opinions? Vegan416 (talk) 13:42, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

 * The Israel thing is just national myth, that apart, some people are never going to be happy with a list like this because nuance cannot easily be reduced to a simple list. I would just AfD the article, with a possible outcome being a merge with List of national constitutions. Selfstudier (talk) 14:57, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Selfstudier The fact that there were independent Israelite/Jewish kingdoms in the land of Israel in the first millennium BC is established history and not a myth. That apart, an AfD is an extreme measure, and I'm not in favor of it at the moment (unless we try the other options first and they prove to be futile). Vegan416 (talk) 15:43, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The OR tag has been up there since 2019, if "other options" involves yet more OR, pass. So ancient history, national myths and the rest all binworthy afaiac. Selfstudier (talk) 16:11, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Selfstudier
 * I have no idea what the OR tag refers to. It was put there years before I got involved in this article. However you can rest assured that I don't intend to do any OR on this article. There is absolutely no need for it from my POV, as everything I'm going to add to the article will be based and referenced to established historical research from existing reliable secondary sources. Vegan416 (talk) 16:27, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Selfstudier@Wtmitchell
 * As I said I moved some countries from the the second group to the first, and I plan to move some more. Any comments so far? Vegan416 (talk) 08:15, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I think any discussion on dates regarding modern states needs to have clear direct continuity in the existence of that state. As mentioned it's essentially meaningless to regard states such as Greece, Iceland, Israel, Italy etc as having dates of "current form of government" or otherwise dating back to pre-history. This is a pointless and selective approach when the current forms of government bare essentially no resemblance to those ancient states. If we are to seriously consider these dates/claims we also need to seriously consider all dates of first settlement by humans as being traceable to the modern state which is not of course not at all the purpose of this article.
 * Reconciling these issues isn't trivial given the myriad of ways governments are constituted and the major and minor ways states can shift over time.
 * With regards to your question then my view is any break in continuity for the existence of these states resets the clock on any date in the article. If a country has been part of numerous kingdoms and conquered many times over centuries it cannot have a date of sovereignty thousands of years earlier since it has obviously not been sovereign since that time.
 * In practice, my view is that any date more than a few hundred years needs some very very close scrutiny since it is rare for a nation state to not change drastically and/or be conquered/annexed in that large an amount of time. I would guess dates more than 1000 years old would essentially disappear. Nickmista (talk) 00:52, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * As you said in you later comment here "I would be more inclined to delete the column altogether". Since I raised that possibility here several months ago nobody objected to deleting this column altogether, we can say there is a consensus about it. Also I have noticed recently something I missed before that, and that is that the article contains a second set of tables that have a column titled "Historical notes", which summarizes the entire history and changes in sovereignty of each land. This makes the columns of ""acquisition of sovereignty" and "Dates of acquisition of sovereignty" (in the first set of tables) completely redundant and superfluous as well as contentious. So I'll delete it later today. Vegan416 (talk) 06:43, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

A quick summary of proposed changes
Much of what i'm going to say has been raised already, so I wanted to make this thread to summarise the changes and see if there were any objections. Proposed changes:

1. Either remove 'Date of acquisition of sovereignty' (which i think @Vegan416 had said they would do). Or I can add text to clarify that it's explicitly referring to the creation of the current version of that state and update the dates accordingly. I'm a fan of the latter here, since the chart seems to capture the important bits (e.g. UK sovereignty 1707, date of current government = 1922)

This is for two reasons:

- First, the top of the article clearly states: "This list includes the 195 states which are currently member states of the United Nations or non-member observer states with the United Nations General Assembly. This does not include extinct states, but does include several states with limited recognition." "Extinct States" links to an article that has every non-current state, from ancient Egypt through to USSR. It's redundant and unnecessary to refer to the the '

- Second, it's a contentious/propaganda tool (is modern Cambodia closely tied to the Khmer empire listed? Is an ancient Israel connected to a modern one? Vegan mentioned language but that was resurrected in the 19th century. Why is Egypt only 1922, even though Coptic is still used in some communities? etc, etc)

-Third, it's misleading. The article is about modern nation-states, and it's absurd for a user to see that Israel has been around since 1300bce while Egypt appears to only exist from 1922 onward.

2. Rename article to 'List of (modern, current, something) sovereign states by date of formation'

This is to make it more explicit that this article is a list of current nation-states and not meant as a historical look 178.25.72.42 (talk) 23:48, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I tried to delete this column, but it turns out to be very difficult to do without messing up the formatting of the tables, so I gave it up as not worth the trouble. I agree to your suggestion as long as it is done CONSISTENTLY, and I'll watch for it. Anyway just a small correction. Hebrew was never a dead language. It's true that there were long period where it didn't serve as an everyday language, but it never ceased to be a literary language, and was often the only way that Jews from different countries could communicate with each other. Vegan416 (talk) 06:33, 26 June 2024 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Nilremx

Welcome, from Journalist
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Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Friday (talk) 21:44, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nilremx


text:
Eben Norton Horsford

Eben Norton Horsford (July 27, 1818 – January 1, 1893) was an American scientist who taught agricultural chemistry in the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard from 1847 to 1863. Later he was known for his reformulation of baking powder, his interest in Viking settlements in North America, and the monuments he built to Leif Erikson.

Life and career
Horsford was born in Moscow, New York, located in the Genesee River valley, to Jerediah Horsford and Maria Charity Norton. "At home he showed a certain inventive or mechanical skill, great ability in sketching, and unbounded interest in collecting specimens from the rich fossil deposits on the family farm." In 1837 Eben met James Hall working on the New York State Natural History Survey. Eben was of such service that Hall wrote Amos Eaton, effectively recommending him for scholarship. He instructed in perspective drawing at the school in Troy, New York, county seat of Rensselaer County.

In 1838 Horsford was awarded Bachelor of Natural Science in Engineering from Rensselaer School and took up teaching mathematics and natural history at Albany Female Academy. At some point he met Mary L'Hommedieu Gardiner of Shelter Island, New York, a student, and she became the object of his affection, but her father disapproved of the relationship on the grounds that Horsford's income was insufficient to support a family.

Seeking advancement, Horsford twice, for six weeks, taught chemistry at Newark College (Newark, Delaware). In 1842 he attended an event of the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists, and thereafter took up a study of Justus von Liebig's Organic Chemistry. Soon he was advocating Liebig's views on agricultural chemistry. He decided to study with Liebig at the University of Giessen in Germany, and departed October 10, 1844. After he qualified to work in Liebig's lab in October 1845, he took up the analysis of nitrogen content of grains, an index of their nutritive value as fodder. In February of the following year he began quantitative elemental analysis of "sugar of gelatin", then called glycocoll. Previous attempts at this analysis by Mulder and Bossingault had yielded unwieldy giants; Horsford's result was not exactly right.

Henry Darwin Rogers had been the leading candidate for the Rumford Chair of Physics until John White Webster got involved. Rogers had been tarnished by association with Vestiges of Creation, and as recommended by Webster, Horsford in Germany visited laboratories and industrial plants before returning from Liebig's lab. Since Rogers and George B. Emerson had charged Webster with incompetence, and challenged his Harvard position, Webster was keen that Horsford take the Rumford Chair rather than Rogers. On January 30, 1847, Horsford was elected unanimously by Harvard Corporation.

With his new position, Horsford obtained permission from Mary's father and they were wed on August 4, 1847. Two years after Mary's death in 1855, Horsford married Phoebe Dayton Gardiner (August 15, 1826 – October 8, 1900), Mary's sister. Horsford had four daughters by Mary and one daughter, Cornelia Horsford, by Phoebe.

The new university president was Edward Everett, and Abbott Lawrence had come forward to finance a new scientific school at Harvard. But the funds for Horsford’s lab were consumed by heating costs and salaries for a janitor and assistants. In April 1854 Horsford realized that the demands put upon him were unreasonably onerous and he wrote the Corporation: "The necessity of the elementary instruction made it my fortune to be oppressed pecuniarily and professionally. In attempting to do what seemed to be required, I was compelled almost to lose sight of the objects which as a scientific man I had placed before myself."

Horsford taught chemistry and conducted research at the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard for 16 years. For textbooks, the same ones that were used in Germany were also followed at Harvard (and Yale): Heinrich Will's Outlines of the course of Qualitative Analysis followed in the Giessen Laboratory (1847), and Remigius Fresenius's Instruction in Chemical Analysis (quantitative) (1846). His publication included such topics as phosphates, condensed milk, fermentation, and emergency rations.

In 1849, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

A generous supporter of higher education for women, Horsford became president of the board of visitors of Wellesley College, and donated money for books, scientific apparatus, and a pension fund to the college. He enjoyed remarkable success through his development of processes for manufacturing baking powder and condensed milk. In seeking patents for his inventions, Horsford was assisted by Charles Grafton Page, a patent solicitor who had previously worked at the US Patent Office.

Professor Eben Norton Horsford created the Shelter Island Public Library in Shelter Island, New York in 1885. He donated 280 volumes for the first library, which was initially housed in a closet in the Old Store, a building that functioned as a post office, telegraph station, and local meeting place. After the store burned down in 1891, a new library for more books donated by Professor Horsford was built on a nearby lot donated by his daughter Lilian, and his daughter Cornelia became the library's first president.

Baking powder

Baking powder had contained baking soda and cream of tartar. Horsford replaced the cream of tartar with the more reliable calcium biphosphate (also known as calcium acid phosphate and many other names). He did this a little earlier than August Oetker. In 1854, Horsford, with partner George Wilson, formed the Rumford Chemical Works. They named it after the title of Horsford's position at Harvard.

Horsford obtained patents for the production of calcium biphosphate as well as other chemicals. The creation of a commercially successful baking powder was the basis of his wealth, enabling him to pursue personal and philanthropic interests in later life. Horsford's development of baking powder was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark in 2006.

Vikings
Horsford became interested in the theory that the Vikings, specifically Leif Ericson, had visited North America, and set out to prove it. He connected the Charles River Basin to places described in the Norse sagas, invented Old Norse etymologies for Algonquian place-names like Naumkeag, Namskaket, and Amoskeag, and 'discovered' Viking archaeological remains. Horsford had a plaque documenting all this placed on Memorial Drive near Mount Auburn Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. A few miles upstream, at the mouth of Stony Brook, he had Norumbega Tower built marking the supposed location of Norumbega, a Viking fort and city, complete with its Althing and America's first Christian bishop. He also commissioned a statue of Leif Ericson that stands on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston. The professor wrote a series of books, articles, and pamphlets about the Vikings' visits to Massachusetts. After his death, his daughter Cornelia Horsford took up the cause. Their work received little support from mainstream historians and archeologists at the time, and even less today.

In honor of Horsford's generous donations to Wellesley College, a building named Norumbega Hall was dedicated in 1886 and celebrated by a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier.

Selected works

 * 1846: Analyses of Grains and Vegetables (Distinguishing the nitrogenous from the non-nitrogenous ingredients, for the purpose of estimating their separate values for nutrition.) Includes On Ammonia found in Glaciers and Action and Ingredients of Manures.
 * 1847: Glycocoll (gelatine sugar) and some of its products of decomposition, The American Journal of Science and Arts Series 2, 3:369–381 via Hathi Trust
 * 1848: (editor) Liebig's Researches on the Chemistry of Food and the Motion of the Juices in the Animal Body, Lowell Massachusetts
 * 1850: Connection between the atomic weights and the physical and chemical properties of barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium, and some of their compounds, American Journal of Science and Arts, series 2, volume 9, New Haven
 * 1850: Relation of the chemical constitution of bodies to taste
 * 1852: A Discussion of the Explosion of Burning Fluid which Took Place at Salem
 * 1860: Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Analytical, as applied and relating to arts and manufacture
 * 1860: Chemistry volume 2: Fuel to Zinc
 * 1860: Problems in Physics, from Ausgaben auf der Physik by Fliedner
 * 1864: The Army Ration
 * 1869: The Theory and Art of Bread-making: A New Process Without the Use of Ferment
 * 1875: Report on Vienna Bread
 * 1887: (editor) Zeisberger's Indian Dictionary : English, German, Iroquois, Algonquin, Cambridge Massachusetts
 * 1889: The Problem of the Northmen, John Wilson and Son.
 * 1890: The Discovery of the Ancient City of Norumbega, Houghton, Mifflin.
 * 1890: The Problem of the Northmen, Houghton, Mifflin.
 * 1891: The Defenses of Norumbega, Houghton, Mifflin.
 * 1892: The Landfall of Leif Erikson, A.D. 1000, and the Site of his Houses in Vineland, Damrell and Upham.

title: Eben Norton Horsford


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Subbotnik

Subbotnik and voskresnik (from суббо́та for "Saturday" and воскресе́нье, for "Sunday") were days of volunteer unpaid work on weekends after the October Revolution, though the word itself is derived from суббо́та (subbota for Saturday) and the common Russian suffix -ник (-nik).

The tradition is continued in modern Russia and some other former Soviet Republics. Subbotniks are mostly organized for cleaning the streets of garbage, fixing public amenities, collecting recyclable material, and other community services.

The first mass subbotnik was held on April 12, 1919, at the Moscow-Sortirovochnaya railway depot of the Moscow-Kazan Railway upon the initiative of local Bolsheviks. It was stated in the Resolution of the General Council of Communists of the Subraion of the Moscow-Kazan Railway and Their Adherents that "the communists and their supporters again must spur themselves on and extract from their time off still another hour of work, i.e. they must increase their working day by an hour, add it up and on Saturday devote six hours at a stretch to physical labour, thereby producing immediately a real value. Considering that communists should not spare their health and lives for the victory of the revolution, the work is conducted without pay." This subbotnik prompted Lenin to write the article , where he called subbotniks "the actual beginnings of the communism".

On April 12, 1969, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first Subbotnik, the Soviet Union revived the concept and millions of citizens volunteered for extra work at least as late as 1971.

The first all-Russian subbotnik was held on May 1, 1920, and Vladimir Lenin participated in removing building rubble in the Moscow Kremlin, an episode portrayed in a famous painting by Vladimir Krikhatsky, Lenin at the First Subbotnik, of Lenin carrying a log.

Subsequently, "communist subbotniks" and "voskresniks" became obligatory political events in the Soviet Union, with annual "Lenin's Subbotnik" being held in the vicinity of Lenin's birthday.

Subbotnik was also promoted in the 1950s in the Eastern Bloc countries and in particular in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), as the USSR sought to build up the GDR as the westernmost outpost of socialism in Europe.

In Czechoslovakia, a similar kind of work was known as Action Z (Akce Z), from Czech word zvelebování, "improvement", referring to the typical activities from garbage removal to housing construction.

title: Subbotnik


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User:TommyP

Biography
TommyP is my nickname on Wikipedia, and I am a minor contributer to various articles.

title: User:TommyP


text:
Talk:Need for Speed: Underground

Help
I have a Russian version of NFS: Underground. When I play the main mode "Underground" the message "the engine has explosed" ("взорван двигатель") when trying to go faster appears, however there is no tuning at this second level. If anybody knows the answer, please reply to FDNY at yandex dot ru :) Brandmeister 21:44, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * In the EN(US) version of NFSU2 for the PS2, the only time it says anything like that (for me) is when you are in a drift race, and it says "Blown Engine" if you don't shift fast enough, I don't have the original NFSU, so I'm not sure exactly what you mean. Hope that helps :) --Wulf 05:47, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

In the UK version, i've only had that message if i don't shift in a drag race and let my engine temperature rise too much. Xp132476 11:05, 28th November 2006

Drift & speed
It is not 100% correct to state that "speed does not matter" in the drift mode, because the points for drift is multiplied according to the speed of the car, what doesn't matter is the time needed to finish the laps.--DelftUser 20:54, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

in fact speed does matter and if it falls below a certain minimum the screen says too slow and the points get credited and and the counter starts again....have edited the same.gunslotsofguns 22:10, 4 April 2006 (UTC) help me....how can i unlock different engine packges....plz help —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.204.89.206 (talk) 05:25, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Online Status
Has this game officially gone offline yet?--Dannycas 3:18, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Still online, but NFSU 2 is offline now. 172.208.106.224 16:39, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

The website says NFSU is offline as of January 13, 2006. Professor Chaos 18:26, 6 July 2007 (UTC) what is the cord to open the onlock —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.13.78.61 (talk) 20:44, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

OR
There's a lot of stuff here about what fans thought, what the industry thought etc without references. mg e kelly 17:08, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Nitrous Oxide
This may explain the absence of nitrous oxide in this mode, since it serves no suitable purpose in this situation.

What does this mean, "absence of nitrous oxide"? Of course you don't need laughing gas in this game. I don't play this game, so other readers are likely to not understand this.--75.26.11.48 03:35, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Ahahahahaha, oh man that was one of the funniest things I've read. No my friend you've misunderstood that statement, Nitrous Oxide (NOS) while sometimes used as an anesthetic, is also used in Car Racing to allow engines to burn oxygen faster by injecting Nitrous Oxide into the Fuel Mixture. So when in this case it's referring to it's use in racing, and yes in the Drift Mode there is no NOS because it doesn't matter how quickly you get to the finish, only how many points you get. And besides I don't think it would be that helpful even if they had it, as Drift tracks have lots of tight corners and sharp turns and very little straight road to use NOS to get some speed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gamer112 (talk • contribs).

Italian Admin needs help
Hi, I'm an admin of the italian Wikipedia and in our Wikipedia the Fair use is a little different because here in italy we have different laws. However "our lawyer" has said that we could add only a photo for article but this photo has to be made from us and not downloaded. The problem is that almost all that i know haven't NDFUnderground because it makes problem with the "Most Wanted" edition. So, i'm asking you if you could send me a screenshot (if it is possible with an high resolution ;) ). If you want send me the screenshot, write me in my talk page because i think that'n not secure write there my email adress :) Thanx for who could answer and help me ;) Hi and excuse me for my bad english, [  F i l n i k  |  Talk!  | Discus ]  18:57, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * A my friend had already help me :) Bye, [  F i l n i k  |  Talk!  | Discus ]  20:02, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Melissa?
At the end of the plot, the article says, "A challenger who, after being beaten by the player, reveals to be Eddie's girlfriend, Melissa." However, just below it, in the characters box, it says Melissa is the player's girlfriend. Which is it? Joe D 21:09, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Cars section
Most of the other Need for Speed games have a section devoted to the cars available in the game. Just curious, but this one doesn't, and I'm wondering why? Perhaps it was deleted for some reason? This game was geared toward a different crowd as the previous games, as there was the potential for people to build & race cars that they own/could potentially own (less exotic). As this opened a door for an entirely different group of fans, I'd think that at least some of them would've added this section by now.  Zchris87v  21:21, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I also think a list of cars would be appropriate for this article. 110.175.156.43 (talk) 11:21, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

 * lists of cars aren't appropriate for ANY game articles, barring the occasional exception that I can't think of. DurinsBane87 (talk) 03:06, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

Well I think a list of cars is appropriate. It doesn't make any sense if the article tells people about the game, but not about the cars. 74.216.80.113 (talk) 18:19, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

Seventh? Tenth?
Someone just edited the page and changed the game from being the tenth game in the series to the seventh game in the series, can someone confirm what number it is and cite it please? Thanks SyBer WoLff  17:28, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

It is the seventh game in the series if you exclude Motor City Online. I went through the references and external links and if you go to http://www.mobygames.com/game/need-for-speed-underground at Moby Games link it says that is the seventh game in the series. Also if you count the games, its the seventh game in the series. 1st TNFS, 2nd NFSII, 3rd NFSIIIHP, 4th NFSHS, 5th NFSPU, MCO is not considered a Need for Speed game, although it is considered to be apart of the Need for Speed franchise, 6th NFSHP2, 7th NFSU, 8th NFSU2, 9th NFSMW, 10th NFSC, 11th NFSPS, 12th NFSU, 13th NFSS, 14th NFSN, 15th NFSW, 16th NFSHP, 17th S2U, and 18th NFSTR. 74.216.99.188 (talk) 17:04, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

POV Check on Reception
Most of the negative comments near the end of the article seem to be in none of the actual citations given for the game, and paint a rather negative picture. (Especially the 'slight praise', which is rather odd given the fairly high (low-80s) metacritic scores, which are downright over-the-top for Metacritic scores for a racing game, which is not one of the more popular genres). Thus, I've nominated the reception section to be checked against POV. 108.8.228.148 (talk) 07:51, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Need for Speed: Underground


text:
Letitgo

"Letitgo" is a song by American musician Prince from his fifteenth studio album, Come (1994). Despite statements that the album consisted entirely of "old" material, "Letitgo" was actually newly composed for the album. The mid-tempo song relies heavily on a drum machine pattern and bass guitar with synthesizers in the refrain. A keyboard and percussion solo appear toward the end. The song is sung in falsetto in unison with another track layered in his regular, lower register. Kathleen Bradford provides backing vocals, while Eric Leeds provides flute accompaniment.

The track was produced, arranged, composed and performed by Prince, with the additions of Kathleen Bradford on background vocals, Eric Leeds on flute and additional keyboards by Ricky Peterson. The lyrics speak of Prince's disappointment with Warner Bros. Records' decision not to release music as quickly as Prince created it. He chides them that they will be sorry when he leaves the company.

The B-side was the album track "Solo", a downbeat number with Prince's voice only accompanied by harp, which was composed by David Henry Hwang. The title refers not to a musical solo, but actually that Prince's mood is "so low". It ties in with the slightly more upbeat "Letitgo". In addition, a CD single was released in the UK containing an edit of "Letitgo", "Solo", the extended version of "Alexa de Paris" (originally the B-side to "Mountains" in 1986) and "Pope", which was originally on The Hits 2 from 1993. A maxi single on CD and vinyl included several remixes of the track provided by Quincy "QD3" Jones III, Chronic Freeze., J-Sw!ft and Gerald "G Bomb" Baillergeau.

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "On what could be one of the final projects issued under the name Prince, punters are given a dark jack/funk ditty, pumped with a thick bassline and a wicked hook that is truly irresistible. Given the heat he is enjoying at radio under his alter-ego, the future of this superior effort looks mighty bright. One of many reasons to dive into the new Come collection." In 2019, Alexis Petridis from The Guardian commented, "By 1994, Prince was more interested in fighting with his record company than the quality of his releases. Come was evidently thrown together to fulfill his contract. But even when he didn't really care, he couldn't turn his talent off completely. "Letitgo" isn't a classic, but nor is it a disaster. Perhaps he made more of an effort because it's about his desire to leave the Warners label."

Chuck Campbell from Knoxville News Sentinel called it a "snoozer single". In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton described it as "a fairly nondescript piece of Prince funk", while Dave Jennings from Melody Maker viewed it as "a monstrously tedious, tired piece of wine-bar funk". Pan-European magazine Music & Media wrote, "After the royalty in exile as Symbol, he now returns in his original identity with a mean swingbeat track of early Janet Jackson proportions. Will he keep the ballet army under control?" Alan Jones from Music Week gave "Letitgo" four out of five, calling it "one of his seductive rolling funk numbers".

Chart performance
"Letitgo" was moderately successful on the charts, peaking at number 31 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number 10 on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart, number 13 on the Rhythmic chart, number 17 on the Mainstream/Pop chart and number 30 on the UK Singles Chart.

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Letitgo" contains clips from the 3 Chains o Gold motion picture. It contains Prince signing a contract with an early version of his love symbol signature.

Track listings

 * US 12-inch and CD
 * 1) "Letitgo" (Caviar radio edit) – 4:59
 * 2) "Letitgo" (Cavi' street edit) – 5:02
 * 3) "Letitgo" (Instrumental) – 5:02
 * 4) "Letitgo" (On the Cool-Out Tip radio edit) – 4:34
 * 5) "Letitgo" (Sherm Stick edit) – 5:42
 * 6) "Letitgo" ((-) Sherm Stick edit) – 5:42
 * 7) "Letitgo" (original radio edit) – 4:15
 * 8) "Letitgo" (original album version) – 5:33

 * 7-inch single
 * 1) "Letitgo" (edit) – 4:15
 * 2) "Solo" – 3:48

 * UK 12-inch single and CD
 * 1) "Letitgo" (edit) – 4:15
 * 2) "Solo" – 3:48
 * 3) "Alexa de Paris" (extended version) – 4:54
 * 4) "Pope" – 3:28

title: Letitgo


text:
User:Jbritto

I live in Bangalore, India

Wikipedia Talk Page

Wikimedia Commons Contributions

Frequently Edited Pages
Several India and Technology related pages including:
 * Bangalore
 * Chennai

Contributions to Wikimedia Commons
I upload pictures that I have taken to Wikimedia Commons under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License, and encourage you to do the same.

title: User:Jbritto


text:
Voskresnik

Voskresnik may refer to:

 * Voskresnik (day), a day of volunteer unpaid work on Sunday after the October Revolution
 * Voskresnik (liturgy), a Slavonic liturgical book of Eastern Christian hymns

title: Voskresnik


text:
Jim Pederson (businessman and politician)

James Pederson (born July 12, 1942), is an American businessman, co-founder of the commercial development firm The Pederson Group, and was the Chairman of the Arizona Democratic Party from 2001 to 2005. In 2006, he ran for a seat in the United States Senate, losing to incumbent Jon Kyl.

Life and career
Pederson was born and raised in Casa Grande, Arizona, the oldest of six brothers. Pederson's father, Ed Pederson, was the City Manager of Casa Grande for 25 years, and his mother, Lillian Pederson, was a registered nurse who stayed home to raise her sons. After high school in Casa Grande, Pederson went to the University of Arizona where he earned a bachelor's degree in political science and a master's in public administration.

After college, Pederson took a job with the Research and Budget Division for the city of Phoenix, and later worked as administrative assistant to Phoenix Mayor Milt Graham. When Graham left office, Pederson entered the commercial-development business working for Grossman Company Properties and Westcor and eventually formed The Pederson Group with his brother Gary. The Pederson Group has since developed over 25 retail projects across Arizona.

Pederson has been married to Roberta Pederson for 33 years. They have 3 children and 6 grandchildren.

Chairman of the Arizona Democratic Party
In 2001, Pederson was elected chairman of the Arizona Democratic Party, which was then in need of funds and new infrastructure. Pederson was able to bring both. He is credited with recruiting two top-notch candidates for statewide office 2002: then-Arizona Attorney General Janet Napolitano for Governor and former Phoenix mayor and gubernatorial candidate Terry Goddard for Attorney General. Both won, and credit is often given to Pederson for his funding, his fundraising ability, and his leadership in rebuilding the Democratic party infrastructure.

Pederson's work, however, did not carry the state for Democratic candidate John Kerry in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, and none of the much-publicized campaigns by Democratic challengers in Arizona for the 2004 United States House of Representatives elections were successful in unseating Republican incumbents. Though the party didn't fare well in the 2004 federal elections, the Democratic Party increased its ranks in the Arizona State House of Representatives and lost only one Arizona State Senate seat, while George W. Bush carried Arizona by more percentage points in 2004 than he did in the 2000 election.

2006 United States Senate candidacy

On September 14, 2005, Pederson formally announced his intention to run, in his home town of Casa Grande, Arizona. Pederson faced Jon Kyl, an incumbent who ran for a third term in the Senate. Early head-to-head polls showed Kyl significantly ahead of Pederson. In addition, a poll released on September 19, 2006, by SurveyUSA indicated that Kyl was still in the lead, although by a narrower margin: Kyl led Pederson by 48% to 43% with 7% undecided.

The race was one of the most expensive in Arizona history. As of May 7, Kyl's campaign had raised over $9 million primarily from private donations and large fundraising dinners. Pederson's campaign raised over $5 million primarily through a dinner event with former U.S. President Bill Clinton and a $2 million donation from Pederson himself.

In the general election on November 7, 2006, Pederson attained 44% of the popular vote (506,759 votes) compared to 53% of the vote for winner Jon Kyl.


text:
BBC Wildlife

BBC Wildlife is a British glossy, all-colour magazine about wildlife, operated and published by Immediate Media Company. It produces 13 issues a year.

BBC Wildlife was launched in January 1963 as Animals Magazine, edited by filmmaker Armand Denis. In 1974 the magazine was renamed Wildlife, and in November 1983 the magazine joined BBC Magazines as BBC Wildlife.

From 1981, and for 23 years, it was edited by Rosamund Kidman Cox. In May 2004, BBC Wildlife moved to Origin Publishing, which became Immediate Media, and Sophie Stafford took over the editorship after working as a section editor for two years. In 2013, Matt Swaine took over the reins, followed by Sheena Harvey in 2015. The current Editor, Paul McGuinness, took over in May 2019.

Editions are now numbered such that the January 2005 edition was volume 23, number 1.

Regular contributors
Regular columnists include:
 * Mark Carwardine
 * Nick Baker

Regular writers include:
 * Chris Packham
 * Amy-Jane Beer
 * Tim Birkhead
 * Helen Scales
 * Stephen Moss

title: BBC Wildlife


text:
Dan Eaves

Daniel John Eaves (born 3 June 1975 in Worcestershire) is a British auto racing driver. He competed in the British Touring Car Championship between 2000 and 2005, and again in 2009, winning a total of six races (including a triple-race clean sweep at Thruxton in 2005) and claimed a best finish of third place in the drivers' championship in 2005.

Career
Eaves started racing karts in 1990 before switching to the Halfords MG Midget Challenge in 1994, finishing 3rd. In 1995 he came second in the Caterham K Series Championship. In 1998 he won the Renault Spider Cup and earned a test with the Williams touring car team and the nickname Spiderman because of his dominance in the series.

He raced in the National Saloon Cup in 1999 and 2000, finishing 4th in the series both times with a Bowman Motorsport Peugeot 306. In 2000 the British Touring Car Championship ran a Class B for these cars, and Bowman Motorsport under the name of Touring Car VIP Club had Eaves entered 2 rounds in his 306. When Vic Lee took over the team, renaming Vic Lee Racing, Eaves was retained to drive in a new factory Peugeot entry for the 2001 BTCC, in a Peugeot 406 coupe. This was a transitional year for the championship, and Eaves finished 5th out of a fairly thin field, although he beat veteran team-mate Steve Soper. For 2002 Peugeot pulled out but the team remained, with Halfords backing and now with Independent status. Eaves won Indy honours ahead of former Superbike racer Aaron Slight, and team-mate Tim Harvey. For 2003 his team-mate was Carl Breeze and later Danny Buxton, this time in a VLR-built 307, and after a slow start he was Independent class winner several times. The team pulled out before 2004, but Dan was given a drive with Team Dynamics in a Honda Civic. He was 8th in the standings that year, taking his first ever championship win.

In 2005 Eaves continued with Team Dynamics (which was entered as Team Halfords in reference to their main sponsor) racing a Honda Integra. He recorded five wins, including 3 at Thruxton – the first time that one driver had ever won three BTCC races in one meeting. He also won the final race at the Croft circuit in Yorkshire.

He ended the season 3rd in the championship after the fight to take second place in the championship went down to the last race at Brands Hatch. Eaves was in a 3-way fight on point with Yvan Muller and Jason Plato. It ended when he was caught up in a controversial crash caused by a rear end shove from Yvan Muller going into turn 1 that also collected Jason Plato. Muller retained second place in the championship on Points and Eaves finished in third place in the Championship, only four points behind the Frenchman.

At the end of the 2005 season it seemed a certainty that Eaves would be retained by his team due to his recognised support and wingman to help Matt Neal take the driver title (team orders advantaged Neal), but in February 2006, a disagreement with team owner Steve Neal resulted in Team Dynamics replacing him with Gordon Shedden for the 2006 season.

Eaves was poised to join Team Clyde Valley Racing in the 2007 BTCC season, when the team were tipped to enter a pair of bio-ethanol Chevrolet Lacettis. However, the team did not appear in that year or in 2008 after a sponsor pulled out. The team entered in 2009 giving Eaves his return to the BTCC alongside Adam Jones in a pair of bio-ethanol fuelled SEAT Leons under the banner of Cartridge World Carbon Zero Racing. However Eaves backed away from the team to allow them to bring in some sponsorship held by another driver Gordon Shedden after a frustrating start to the season for Eaves (lack of spares and an underpowered engine) caused him to re-think whether he wanted to drive for the struggling CVR. Problems with the finances of the team meant the team later withdrew from the season.

It was speculated that Eaves may return to BTCC in the 2013–14 season with 888 which didn't materialise.

Personal
Dan is married and he has a daughter who was born in 2007 and a son in 2008.

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) Races in bold indicate pole position – 1 point awarded in 2001–2002 all races, 2003–present just in first race (2000 in class). Races in italics indicate fastest lap – 1 point awarded all races (2000 in class) * signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap – 1 point given (2001–2002 just for feature race, 2003–present all races)

title: Dan Eaves


text:
Portal:Association football/World Cup

 * Final match. After a 1-1 draw following extra time, Italy defeat France 5-3 on penalties and win their fourth World Cup title.
 * Third place match. Germany defeat Portugal 3-1.
 * France defeat Portugal 1-0 with a penalty kick that clipped the crossbar and crept in from "Zizou" Zinedine Zidane and secure a place in the final match.
 * Italy defeat Germany 2-0 with both goals scored in extra time and secure a place in the final match.
 * France end Brazil's winning streak 1-0 and complete the list of semifinalists.
 * After finishing with a goalless draw following extra time, Portugal defeat England 3-1 on penalties, and advance to the semi-finals.
 * With two goals from Luca Toni, Italy beat Ukraine 3-0 and advance to the semi-finals.
 * After finishing with a 1-1 draw following extra time, Germany defeat Argentina 4-2 on penalties and advance to the semi-finals. Klose scores Germany's only goal in the match and is still the competition's top scorer so far (5 goals).
 * France turn the tables against Spain 3-1 and complete the quarter finalists' list.
 * Brazil beat Ghana 3-0 and advance to the quarter finals; The defending champions set some historical records in this match; longest winning streak in World Cups with 11 wins; First team to score 200 goals in the World Cup and Ronaldo, who scores Brazil's first goal, surpasses Gerd Müller as the top scorer in the World Cup's history (15 goals).
 * After finishing with a goalless draw following extra time, Ukraine defeat Switzerland 3-0 on penalties, and advance to the quarter finals. For the first time in any World Cup final, a team is eliminated without conceding a goal in open play.
 * Italy score a penalty in the last minute to defeat Australia 1-0 and advance to the quarter finals.
 * Portugal defeat Netherlands 1-0 and advance to the quarter finals. For the first time in any World Cup final, four players are sent off.
 * England defeat Ecuador 1-0 and advance to the quarter finals. David Beckham scores the goal from a free-kick.
 * Argentina score a goal in extra time to defeat Mexico 2-1 and advance to the quarter finals.
 * Germany defeat Sweden 2-0 and advance to the quarter finals.
 * Group stage results:
 * Group A | Group B | Group C | Group D | Group E | Group F | Group G | Group H

Archive

title: Portal:Association football/World Cup


text:
User talk:Magnoliafann

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. - ulayiti (talk)  21:45, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Blocked for 3 hours
You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. - jredmond 21:46, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Magnoliafann


text: User talk:209.66.200.65

title: User talk:209.66.200.65


text:
Morton Salt

Morton Salt is an American food company producing salt for food, water conditioning, industrial, agricultural, and road/highway use. Based in Chicago, the business is North America's leading producer and marketer of salt. It is a subsidiary of holding company Stone Canyon Industries Holdings, Inc.

History
The company began in Chicago, Illinois, in 1848 as a small sales agency, Richmond & Company, started by Alonzo Richmond as agents for Onondaga salt companies to sell their salt to the Midwest. In 1910, the business, which had by that time become both a manufacturer and a merchant of salt, was incorporated as the Morton Salt Company. In 1889, it was renamed after the owner, Joy Morton. Joy Morton started working for E. I. Wheeler in 1880, buying into the company for $10,000, with which he bought a fleet of lake boats to move salt west.

In 1896, Alfred Bevis founded the Bevis Rock Salt Company, building on the failed Lyons salt company in which he had previously invested and run. His daughter, Florence, married Dr. Charles Howard Longstreth, whom Bevis brought into both the Lyons and Bevis salt companies as an executive. Their son, Bevis Longstreth, became president and general manager on his return from service in World War I.

In 1919, Morton Salt acquired Bevis. About ten years later, Bevis Longstreth founded Thiokol Corporation. In 1969, the name "Morton-Norwich" came into use. Thiokol merged with Morton Salt in 1982 to form Morton-Thiokol. This merger was divested in 1989, following the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, which was blamed on Morton-Thiokol products. Morton received the company's consumer chemical products divisions, while Thiokol retained only the space propulsion systems concern.

Morton owns the second-largest solar saline operation in North America, which it acquired in 1954, in Matthew Town, Inagua, The Bahamas.

Around 1958, the company realized that their salt was not living up to their slogan. A chemist, Richard A. Patton, was given the assignment to solve this problem. He invented a machine that would coat the salt with a byproduct of salt mining, magnesium oxide. Calcium silicate is now used instead for the same purpose. The same chemist developed a total of 27 patents, along with fellow chemists, that expanded Morton's commercialization of magnesium oxide.

In 1999, Morton Salt was acquired by the Philadelphia-based Rohm and Haas Company, Inc. and operated as a division of that company along with the Canadian Salt Company, which Morton had acquired in 1954.

On April 2, 2009, it was reported that Morton Salt was being acquired by German fertilizer and salt company K+S for a total enterprise value of US$1.7 billion. The sale, completed by October 2009, was in conjunction with Dow Chemical Company's takeover of Rohm and Haas.

In June 2016, a wall at the Morton Salt storage facility at 1308 N. Elston Avenue, in Chicago, collapsed and tons of salt and brick spilled suddenly onto several cars belonging to a neighboring car dealership. No one was injured and investigation initially found that the salt was piled too high. Repairs to part of the roof had also been neglected.

On April 30, 2021, K+S Aktiengesellschaft sold its North and South American business units, including Morton Salt, to Stone Canyon Industry Holdings, Mark Demetree and affiliates for $3.2 billion. The deal closed in April 2021.

Current overview
The Morton Salt Company's current headquarters office is in the River Point building at 444 West Lake Street in Chicago, becoming its first tenant in December 2016. Its previous headquarters was at 123 North Wacker Drive. Prior to its acquisition in 1999, the firm's corporate headquarters was at 100 North Riverside Plaza (later the headquarters of Boeing) and before that at 110 North Wacker Drive and 208 West Washington Street Morton operates a research & development laboratory in Elgin, Illinois, and produces salt at eight vacuum evaporation plants, six underground mines, five solar evaporation plants, and five packaging facilities across the United States, Canada, and The Bahamas.

Logo and advertising
Morton Salt's logo features the "Morton Salt Girl", a young girl walking in the rain with an opened umbrella and scattering salt behind her from a cylindrical container of table salt; this logo is considered to be one of the ten best-known advertising symbols in the United States. The company's logo and its motto, "When it rains, it pours", both originating in a 1914 advertising campaign, were developed to illustrate the point that Morton Salt was free flowing even in rainy weather. The company began adding magnesium carbonate as an absorbing agent to its table salt in 1911 to ensure that it poured freely.

The Morton Salt Girl, also known as the Umbrella Girl, has gone through seven different iterations, including updates in 1921, 1933, 1941, 1956, and 1968, and a 'refresh' on the 100th anniversary of its creation. The company sells associated memorabilia and makes some of its vintage advertisements freely available. In 2005, the Morton Salt Girl was shown in MasterCard's "Icons" commercial during Super Bowl XXXIX, which depicts several advertising mascots having dinner together. The logo has its centennial in 2014, which was celebrated with 100 parties in 100 cities, Morton Salt Girl Centennial Scholarships to benefit certain fine arts and culinary arts students at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and the Kendall College School of Culinary Arts, Morton Salt Girl day at Wrigley Field, Facebook and Instagram lookalike contests, and other activities. Also in 2014, the Morton Salt Girl was voted into the Advertising Week Walk of Fame on Madison Avenue in New York City; it is the first icon featuring a woman to be inducted.

Morton Arboretum
Morton Salt is the sponsor of the Morton Arboretum, a 1700 acre botanical garden in Lisle, Illinois. It was established by Joy Morton, the company's founder, in 1922 to encourage the display and study of shrubs, trees, and vines. About 300,000 visitors a year hike on miles of trails, and over 3,600 kinds of plants are displayed.

In popular culture
In the 1989 Cheers episode "Feeble Attraction", Norm was planning to finally fire Doris, who he hired as a secretary for his failing painting company. She came into Cheers with a rain coat and umbrella leading Frasier to comment "You're going to fire the Morton Salt Girl".

In the 2011 episode "The Fight" of the television series Parks and Recreation, Morton Salt is one of three products publicly endorsed by the character Ron Swanson (Nick Offerman).

The Timbers Army used the Morton Salt Girl in a large tifo display and T-shirts during the kickoff match to the 2013 Major League Soccer season between the Portland Timbers and the New York Red Bulls.

As part of their "Walk Her Walk" campaign, Morton Salt funded the development of the music video "The One Moment" by the band OK Go, released on November 23, 2016.

title: Morton Salt