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Herbert O. Dunn

Herbert Omar Dunn (May 19, 1857 – March 6, 1939) was a Rear Admiral of the United States Navy.

Early years
He was born on May 19, 1857, in Westerly, Rhode Island. In 1877, as a cadet, Dunn sailed on the sloop-of-war USS Constellation (1854) on a voyage to the South Atlantic.

Career
Appointed ensign on 12 March 1881, Dunn was successively promoted to Lieutenant (junior grade) on 1 July 1887, lieutenant on 17 February 1893, and lieutenant commander on 1 July 1900.

By 1917, in the middle of the Great War, and now a vice-admiral, he was appointed the first commander of U.S. naval forces stationed at the U.S. Naval Base at Ponta Delgada, Azores. Dunn distinguished himself with the help he provided to the civil population when the great 1918 flu pandemic killed 2,000 people on the island.

In 1919 Dunn was in put in charge of an inquiry of homosexual activities among naval personnel at Newport, Rhode Island Navy bases.

Inventions
As an inventor, in 1889 he designed and patented the Dunn Anchor. This new anchor had many distinct advantages over old style maritime stock anchors used at that time. It had great holding power due to its moveable shanks and could be applied in applications of 200 to 20,000 pounds. Accepted by the American Bureau of Shipping, the Dunn Anchor thus became the standard for ships worldwide to date. He also held the patents for several other marine appliances.

Later years
Dunn retired in 1921 with the rank of Rear Admiral, and died in Baltimore, Maryland, on March 6, 1939.

title: Herbert O. Dunn


text:
User talk:Nightbeast/archive1

From User talk:Nightbeast

Archive1

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 00:36, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)
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Ele9699
If this dispute with Ele9699 is likely to continue, and you feel that he is using sock puppets, there are many options open to you. I suggest you refer the matter to the Association of Members' Advocates; as a last resort, you can request arbitration from the Arbitration Committee. I shall advise Ele9699 to do the same. --Gabriel Beecham/Kwekubo 21:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * If you are contacting me since I am the Coordinator of the Association of Members Advocates I must inform you that we are not mediators. If you need an advocate please contact the AMA members that are currently accepting new cases or post your information on the request for assistance page at the Association's AMA pages. Good luck. — ©    Alex756   01:14, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Serious game
Nightbeast, I've had cordial relationships with most Wikipedians I've come in contact with. Occasionally I've bumped heads with someone else, but almost always those conflicts have been resolved, peacefully. You are the one exception. When trying to resolve the issue of serious games and America's Army, we have gotten absolutely nowhere. When you respond to me, you often launch into incoherant rants that I nor almost anyone else can follow.

I gave up on America's Army figuring you weren't going to budge, depsite the fact that every serious game expert states that America's Army is the world's most successful serious game. It doesn't really matter if you like the idea of serious games or America's Army or not. But you've objected to even a NPOV statement such as "Serious games experts credit AA as the world's most successful serious game." I've listed sources, but you continued your stonewalling and so I gave up (I'm not getting paid to do this, after all).

But now you've reverted my mention of it on the serious games article. Please, I'd like to get this issue resolved. Can you, in a single sentence, state your objection to mentioning AA as a serious game? If you launch again into a rambling rant, we won't get anywhere. Can you state your objection in a single sentence? — Frecklefoot | Talk 18:59, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, NightBeAsT. As long as AA mentions it being a serious game, I'll probably stay away from any of your other AA edits.  :-)

 * If you feel the definition is out of whack, please make the edits or discuss them here first if you feel so inclined. The definition of an SG is kind of murky right now, so I wouldn't be surprised if many people are confused by or have different opinions about what constitutes a serious game.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:46, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

Frage
Hallo Nightbeast, darf ich dich fragen für wen oder wieso du den Song auf deine Benutzerseite gestellt hattest, du würdest mit eine großen Gefallen tun mir unbekannterweise das zu sagen.

Germany
"This is not to be summarized if you want a fair proportion of the history section" Can you explain what this edit summary means, please? We have a history of Germany article, the main article shouldn't be cluttered up. --Golbez 18:14, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * The existing version didn't mention why the revolution happened either; just that other revolutions were occurring. However, the way you put it, is better than the way the article did it. I deleted him because the article is about Germany, not him. What a single politician does - unless massively shaping the state, as Bismarck and Hitler did - is not needed for a SUMMARY of German history, and based on the short mention, he doesn't seem nearly as central as Bismarck or Hitler. I'll look at the changes again and take your comments into consideration. And wonder all you want about my treatment of the Third Reich section, I wonder why you said it that way, why not just say what you're wondering outright, hm? --Golbez 18:49, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, based on your assessment that Metternich is major, I'll put him back in. As for the rest, I'm not quite sure what you're saying; a quotation from a book is not a copyright violation if properly sourced. However, I don't see room in that section for any quotes. --Golbez 20:27, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't really see the point; personally, I don't care what some book says the proportion should be. I'll trust your description of it and take that into consideration, as I have all of your other edits. However, in my opinion, proportion is irrelevant; all that matters is content. So it's probably better if you don't upload it. --Golbez 21:03, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

German history
Hallo. Bezüglich deiner Nachricht von gestern. Ich begrüße es ausdrücklich, daß du dir die Mühe gemacht hast, das Stück über die Märzrevolution von 1848 hinzuzufügen, weil damit eine Lücke geschlossen worden ist in der Zeit zwischen der Auflösung des Heiligen Römischen Reiches und der Reichsgründung 1871. Andererseits bin ich in der Tat der Meinung, daß deine Fassung zu viele Einzelheiten enthält. Es macht nichts, wenn der Zusammenhang fehlt, ein paar Daten über die wichtigsten geschichtlichen Ereignisse sind genug. Hintergründe und Zusammenhänge können anderswo erörtert werden. Und die wichtigsten Ereignisse in der Zeit zwischen dem Wiener Kongreß und der Reichsgründung sind nun mal, in dieser Reihenfolge: das von national-liberalen Burschenschaften organisierte Wartburgfest 1817, die Karlsbader Dekrete von 1819, die Gründung des Zollvereins 1834, die Märzrevolution 1848, die Einberufung der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung in der Paulskirche, das Scheitern der Revolution, die Ernennung Bismarcks zum preußischen Ministerpräsidenten 1862, und die drei Kriege die zur deutschen Einheit führten. Zu erwähnen wäre da auch noch die Gründung des Norddeutschen Bundes 1867. Das alles kann kurz und knapp erwähnt werden, ohne daß man sich in Details verliert. - Heimdal 12:44, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Accusations
Your assumption of my alleged nationalist bias are completely missed. And it's not me who is pedantic here, I'm only enforcing the rule and adopting the interpretation used by other esteemed contributors (for instance User:Chris 73). If you want to question the interpretation, you should contact him. If you question the vote itself, please leave your protest at the Talk:Gdansk/Vote/discussion. Halibutt 17:52, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * (Response .NightBeAsT)

 * Indeed, your accusations are completely missed. I'm not obsessed with Poland, I simply know the most on its history and that's why most of my contributions are related to the history of Poland. On the other hand I barely ever contribute to topics I have no idea on. If that's nationalism, then the article on nationalism must be changed. Also, for me (that's what my user page says) Warsaw is the best place under the sun, just like my girlfriend is the most beautiful woman ever born. Please read my remarks for what they are and not for what you think they might be. By saying that I love my city (which, accidentially, seems to be in Poland), I'm not stating that Poland is better than other countries. I'm merely stating that for me that place is the best under a sun. User pages are for personal oppinions, do not confuse that with contribution to various articles. Also, if saying that my GF is the best is chauvinism, then the respective article should be changed as well..

 * As to Chris- no, I'm not kidding. Numerous people saw the danger of such a vote before it was even started, yet they were ignored. Then Chris started adding German names (Germanic language names to be exact) to all articles linking to Gdansk, Szczecin and so on. We asked him to reconsider, we asked him several times to propose some more reasonable interpretation of the voting - yet to no effect. Please read the Talk:Gdansk/Vote/discussion and Template talk:Gdansk-Vote-Notice for details. However, to no effect. And since both User:Chris 73 and User:John Kenney are admins, they were able to enforce their views on the voting. If that is how wikipedia works, then why should we adopt double standards? If the results of that voting apply to the page on Amber or Lacznosciowiec Szczecin, then why not to Phidias?

Halibutt 18:43, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

Nazi Architecture
Hello,

I posted the Category:Nazi architecture to German Architects. Several of the architects on that page influenced Nazi architecture and several of the German Architects mentioned are Nazi architects so I think the Category:Nazi architecture is relevant. Please read the Nazi architecture entry for more information.

By posting this category I am not stating ALL of the members of the German Architect list participated in Hitler's Nazi Architecture program.

I would appreciate a Message from you, as I am happy to discuss the matter further.

Cordially,

Endurance 7 July 2005 14:23 (UTC)

Wikipedia as a press source 2005
Hi - I must have missed something but I failed to pick up the reference in The Calgary Herald article to Wikipedia and I am not sure then how you determine that Wikipedia was the press source. Regards--AYArktos 23:07, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * (Resonse .NightBeAsT)

Dispute about Anti-Polonism
Pls stop to pushing German POV on the Anti-Polonism article - your behavior prove the Anti-Polish sentiment amongs Germans. Thx--Witkacy 21:33, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * (Response .NightBeAsT)

 * Take a look on the provided articles of Wprost - dear Nightbeast i understand a little bit German, so i know how much Anti-Polish the German media and "a lot" of Germans are. Die dummen polacken bekommen alles mit. --Witkacy 22:02, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * (Response .NightBeAsT)

 * Ok, so you ignoring Polish sources... then go ahead with your German POV-pushing, the discussion (and vandalism of German users) of the article says more about German Anti-Polonism, than the whole article itself. Polen-Paule 22:56, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Let's avoid accusations and start dialogue. Alx-pl 22:17, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * (Response .NightBeAsT)

America's Army
Hey Nightbeast, I just wanted to congratulate you on getting past the dispute on America's Army and becoming a productive contributor. Andre ( talk ) 21:37, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

(Response .NightBeAsT)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Nightbeast/archive1


text:
Sikh Empire

The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous misls. At its peak in the 19th century, the empire extended from Gilgit and Tibet in the north to the deserts of Sindh in the south and from the Khyber Pass in the west to the Sutlej in the east as far as Oudh. It was divided into four provinces: Lahore, which became the Sikh capital; Multan; Peshawar; and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 4.5 million in 1831 (making it the 19th most populous country at the time), it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.

The formation of the empire began with the capture of Lahore from its Durrani ruler, Zaman Shah Durrani. Ranjit Singh was proclaimed as Maharaja of the Punjab on 12 April 1801 (to coincide with Vaisakhi), creating a unified political state. Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of Guru Nanak, conducted the coronation. The formation of the empire was followed by the progressive expulsion of Afghans from Punjab by capitalizing off Afghan decline in the Afghan-Sikh Wars, and the unification of the separate Sikh misls. Ranjit Singh rose to power in a very short period, from a leader of a single misl to finally becoming the Maharaja of Punjab. He began to modernise his army, using the latest training as well as weapons and artillery. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the empire was weakened by the British East India Company stoking internal divisions and political mismanagement. Finally, in 1849, the state was dissolved after the defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

Background
The foundation of the Sikh Empire can be traced to as early as 1707, the year of Aurangzeb's death and the start of the downfall of the Mughal Empire. With the Mughals significantly weakened, the Sikh army, known as the Dal Khalsa, a rearrangement of the Khalsa inaugurated by Guru Gobind Singh, led expeditions against them and the Afghans in the west. This led to a growth of the army which split into different confederacies or semi-independent misls. Each of these component armies controlled different areas and cities. However, in the period from 1762 to 1799, Sikh commanders of the misls appeared to be coming into their own as independent.

Mughal rule of Punjab
Sikhism began during the conquest of North India by Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. His grandson, Akbar, supported religious freedom and after visiting the langar of Guru Amar Das got a favourable impression of Sikhism. As a result of his visit, he donated land to the langar and the Mughals did not have any conflict with Sikh gurus until his death in 1605.

His successor Jahangir, saw the Sikhs as a political threat. He ordered Guru Arjan, who had been arrested for supporting the rebellious Khusrau Mirza, to change the passage about Islam in the Adi Granth. When the Guru refused, Jahangir ordered him to be put to death by torture. Guru Arjan's martyrdom led to the sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind, declaring Sikh sovereignty in the creation of the Akal Takht and the establishment of a fort to defend Amritsar.

Jahangir attempted to assert authority over the Sikhs by jailing Guru Hargobind at Gwalior Fort, but released him after a number of years when he no longer felt threatened. The Sikh community did not have any further issues with the Mughal Empire until the death of Jahangir in 1627. The succeeding son of Jahangir, Shah Jahan, took offence at Guru Hargobind's "sovereignty" and after a series of assaults on Amritsar forced the Sikhs to retreat to the Sivalik Hills.

The next guru, Guru Har Rai, maintained the guruship in these hills by defeating local attempts to seize Sikh land and playing a neutral role in the power struggle between two of the sons of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh, for control of the Mughal Empire. The ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, moved the Sikh community to Anandpur and travelled extensively to visit and preach in defiance of Aurangzeb, who attempted to install Ram Rai as new guru. Guru Tegh Bahadur aided Kashmiri Pandits in avoiding conversion to Islam and was arrested by Aurangzeb. When offered a choice between conversion to Islam and death, he chose to die rather than compromise his principles and was executed.

Formation of the Khalsa
Guru Gobind Singh assumed the guruship in 1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill rajas moved the guruship to Paunta. There he built a large fort to protect the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. The growing power of the Sikh community alarmed the Sivalik Hill rajas, who attempted to attack the city, but Guru Gobind Singh's forces routed them at the Battle of Bhangani. He moved on to Anandpur and established the Khalsa, a collective army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699.

The establishment of the Khalsa united the Sikh community against various Mughal-backed claimants to the guruship. In 1701, a combined army of the Sivalik Hill rajas and the Mughals under Wazir Khan attacked Anandpur. The Khalsa retreated but regrouped to defeat the Mughals at the Battle of Muktsar. In 1707, Guru Gobind Singh accepted an invitation by Aurangzeb's successor Bahadur Shah I to meet him. The meeting took place at Agra on 23 July 1707.

Banda Singh Bahadur
In August 1708, Guru Gobind Singh visited Nanded. There he met a Bairāgī recluse, Madho Das, who converted to Sikhism, rechristened as Banda Singh Bahadur. A short time before his death, Guru Gobind Singh ordered him to reconquer Punjab region and gave him a letter that commanded all Sikhs to join him. After two years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of Zamindar families and distributing the land to the poor peasants who farmed the land.

Banda Singh Bahadur started his rebellion with the defeat of Mughal armies at Samana and Sadhaura and the rebellion culminated in the defeat of Sirhind. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to the supporters of Guru Gobind Singh. He executed Wazir Khan in revenge for the deaths of Guru Gobind Singh's sons and Pir Budhu Shah after the Sikh victory at Sirhind.

He ruled the territory between the Sutlej river and the Yamuna river, established a capital in the Himalayas at Lohgarh and struck coinage in the names of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. In 1716, his army was defeated by the Mughals after he attempted to defend his fort at Gurdas Nangal. He was captured along with 700 of his men and sent to Delhi, where they were all tortured and executed after refusing to convert to Islam.

Sikh Confederacy
The period from 1716 to 1799 was a highly turbulent time politically and militarily in the Punjab region. This was caused by the overall decline of the Mughal empire that left a power vacuum in the region that was eventually filled by the Sikhs of the Dal Khalsa, meaning "Khalsa army" or "Khalsa party". In the late 18th century, after defeating several invasions by the Afghan rulers of the Durrani Empire and their allies, remnants of the Mughals and their administrators, the Mughal-allied Hindu hill-rajas of the Sivalik Hills, and hostile local Muslims siding with other Muslim forces. The Sikhs of the Dal Khalsa eventually formed their own independent Sikh administrative regions, Misls, derived from a Perso-Arabic term meaning 'similar', headed by Misldars. These Misls were united in large part by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Cis-Sutlej states
The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of Sikh states in the Punjab region lying between the Sutlej River to the north, the Himalayas to the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi district to the south, and Sirsa District to the west. These states fell under the suzerainty of the Maratha Empire after 1785 before the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805, after which the Marathas lost control of the territory to the British East India Company. The Cis-Sutlej states included Kalsia, Kaithal, Patiala State, Nabha State, Jind State, Thanesar, Maler Kotla, Ludhiana, Kapurthala State, Ambala, Ferozpur and Faridkot State, among others.

While these Sikh states had been set up by the Dal Khalsa, they did not become part of the Sikh Empire. There was a mutual ban on warfare following the treaty of Amritsar in 1809 (in which the empire forfeited the claim to the Cis-Sutlej States, and the British were not to interfere north of the Sutlej or in the empire's existing territory south of the Sutlej), following attempts by Ranjit Singh to wrest control of these states from the British between 1806 and 1809

The Sikh crossing of the Sutlej, following British militarization of the border with Punjab (from 2,500 men and six guns in 1838 to 17,612 men and 66 guns in 1844, and 40,523 men and 94 guns in 1845), and plans on using the newly conquered territory of Sindh as a springboard to advance on the Sikh-held region of Multan, eventually resulted in conflict with the British.

Intra-Misl Wars
After the reign of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, the Sikh Misls became divided and fought each other. A sort of 'Cold War' broke out with the Bhangi, Nakkai, Dalelwala and Ramgharia Misls verses Sukerchakia, Ahluwalia, Karor Singhia and Kaniyeha. The Shaheedan, Nishania and Singhpuria also allied but did not engage in warfare with the others and continued the Dal Khalsa.

The Phulkian Misl was excommunicated from the confederacy. Rani Sada Kaur of the Kanhaiya Misl rose in the vacuum and destroyed the power of the Bhangis. She later gave her throne to Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Empire
The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the unification of the Misls by 1801, creating a unified political state. All the Misl leaders, who were affiliated with the army, were the nobility with usually long and prestigious family backgrounds in Sikh history.

The main geographical footprint of the empire was from the Punjab region to Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, Sindh in the south, and Tibet in the east.

In 1799, Ranjit Singh moved the capital to Lahore from Gujranwala, where it had been established in 1763 by his grandfather, Charat Singh.

Ranjit Singh annexed the Sial State, a local Muslim-ruled chieftaincy, after invading Jhang in 1807. The basis for this annexation was that the local ruler of Jhang, Ahmad Khan Sial, was conspiring with Nawab Muzaffar Khan of Multan and had signed a secret treaty with the latter. Hari Singh Nalwa was Commander-in-Chief of the Sikh Khalsa Army from 1825 to 1837. He is known for his role in the conquests of Kasur, Sialkot, Multan, Kashmir, Attock and Peshawar. Nalwa led the Sikh army in freeing Shah Shuja from Kashmir and secured the Koh-i-Nor diamond for Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He served as governor of Kashmir and Hazara and established a mint on behalf of the Sikh empire to facilitate revenue collection. His frontier policy of holding the Khyber Pass was later used by the British Raj. Nalwa was responsible for expanding the frontier of Sikh empire to the Indus River. At the time of his death, the western boundary of the Sikh Empire was the Khyber Pass.

The Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh paid regular annual tribute to the Sikh Empire starting 1819 until 1834. The tribute was paid to the local Sikh governors of Kashmir. The Namgyal kingdom would later be conquered by the Dogras, under the leadership of Zorawar Singh.

The domain of the Maqpon kingdom of Baltistan, based in Skardu, under the rule of Ahmad Shah Maqpon, was conquered in 1839–40 and its local ruler was deposed. The Dogras at this time were under the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire.

During the Sino-Sikh War of 1841, the forces of the empire invaded the Tibetan Plateau, which was then under the control of the Qing dynasty. However, this control was short-lived and the military of the empire was forced to retreat to Ladakh due to a counterattack by the Chinese and Tibetans.

Geography

The Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200,000 sqmi at its zenith. Another more conservative estimate puts its total surface area during its zenith at 100,436 sq mi (260,124 km sq).

The following modern-day political divisions made up the historical Sikh Empire: Jamrud District (Khyber Agency, Pakistan) was the westernmost limit of the Sikh Empire. The westward expansion was stopped in the Battle of Jamrud, in which the Afghans managed to kill the prominent Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa in an offensive, though the Sikhs successfully held their position at their Jamrud fort. Ranjit Singh sent his General Sirdar Bahadur Gulab Singh Powind thereafter as reinforcement and he crushed the Pashtun rebellion harshly. In 1838, Ranjit Singh with his troops marched into Kabul to take part in the victory parade along with the British after restoring Shah Shoja to the Afghan throne at Kabul.
 * Punjab region, to Mithankot in the south
 * Punjab, Pakistan, excluding Bahawalpur State
 * Punjab, India, excluding the Cis-Sutlej states
 * Himachal Pradesh, India, only the territories northwest of Sutlej river.
 * Jammu Division, Jammu and Kashmir, India and Pakistan (1808–1846)
 * Kashmir, from 5 July 1819 to 15 March 1846, India/Pakistan
 * Kashmir Valley, India from 1819 to 1846
 * Baltistan, from 1840 onwards
 * Gilgit, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, from 1842 to 1846
 * Ladakh, India 1834–1846
 * Lower part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
 * Peshawar, Pakistan (taken in 1818, retaken in 1834)
 * Excluding Waziristan, Ranjit Singh made no attempt to conquer Waziristan.

Religious policy
The Sikh Empire allowed men from religions other than their own to rise to commanding positions of authority.

The Fakir brothers were trusted personal advisors and assistants as well as close friends to Ranjit Singh, particularly Fakir Azizuddin, who would serve in the positions of foreign minister of the empire and translator for the maharaja, and played important roles in such important events as the negotiations with the British, during which he convinced Ranjit Singh to maintain diplomatic ties with the British and not to go to war with them in 1808, as British troops were moved along the Sutlej in pursuance of the British policy of confining Ranjit Singh to the north of the river, and setting the Sutlej as the dividing boundary between the Sikh and British empires; negotiating with Dost Muhammad Khan during his unsuccessful attempt to retake Peshawar, and ensuring the succession of the throne during the Maharaja's last days in addition to caretaking after a stroke, as well as occasional military assignments throughout his career. The Fakir brothers were introduced to the Maharaja when their father, Ghulam Muhiuddin, a physician, was summoned by him to treat an eye ailment soon after his capture of Lahore.

The other Fakir brothers were Imamuddin, one of his principal administration officers, and Nuruddin, who served as home minister and personal physician, were also granted jagirs by the Maharaja.

Every year, while at Amritsar, Ranjit Singh visited shrines of holy people of other faiths, including several Muslim saints, which did not offend even the most religious Sikhs of his administration. As relayed by Fakir Nuruddin, orders were issued to treat people of all faith groups, occupations, and social levels equally and in accordance with the doctrines of their faith, per the Shastras and the Quran, as well as local authorities like judges and panches (local elder councils), as well as banning forcible possession of others' land or of inhabited houses to be demolished. There were special courts for Muslims which ruled in accordance to Muslim law in personal matters, and common courts preceded over by judicial officers which administered justice under the customary law of the districts and socio-ethnic groups, and were open to all who wanted to be governed by customary religious law, whether Hindu, Sikh, or Muslim.

One of Ranjit Singh's first acts after the 1799 capture of Lahore was to revive the offices of the hereditary Qazis and Muftis which had been prevalent in Mughal times. Kazi Nizamuddin was appointed to decide marital issues among Muslims, while Muftis Mohammad Shahpuri and Sadulla Chishti were entrusted with powers to draw up title-deeds relating to transfers of immovable property. The old mohalladari system was reintroduced with each mahallah, or neighborhood subdivision, placed under the charge of one of its members. The office of Kotwal, or prefect of police, was conferred upon a Muslim, Imam Bakhsh.

Generals were also drawn from a variety of communities, along with prominent Sikh generals like Hari Singh Nalwa, Fateh Singh Dullewalia, Nihal Singh Atariwala, Chattar Singh Attariwalla, and Fateh Singh Kalianwala; Hindu generals included Misr Diwan Chand and Dewan Mokham Chand Nayyar, his son, and his grandson; and Muslim generals included Ilahi Bakhsh and Mian Ghaus Khan; one general, Balbhadra Kunwar, was a Nepalese Gurkha, and European generals included Jean-Francois Allard, Jean-Baptiste Ventura, and Paolo Avitabile. other notable generals of the Sikh Khalsa Army were Veer Singh Dhillon, Sham Singh Attariwala, Mahan Singh Mirpuri, and Zorawar Singh Kahluria, among others.

The appointment of key posts in public offices was based on merit and loyalty, regardless of the social group or religion of the appointees, both in and around the court, and in higher as well as lower posts. Key posts in the civil and military administration were held by members of communities from all over the empire and beyond, including Sikhs, Muslims, Khatris, Brahmins, Dogras, Rajputs, Pashtuns, Europeans, and Americans, among others, and worked their way up the hierarchy to attain merit. Dhian Singh, the prime minister, was a Dogra, whose brothers Gulab Singh and Suchet Singh served in the high-ranking administrative and military posts, respectively. Brahmins like finance minister Raja Dina Nath, Sahib Dyal, and others also served in financial capacities.

Muslims in prominent positions included the Fakir brothers, Kazi Nizamuddin, and Mufti Muhammad Shah, among others. Among the top-ranking Muslim officers there were two ministers, one governor and several district officers; there were 41 high-ranking Muslim officers in the army, including two generals and several colonels, and 92 Muslims were senior officers in the police, judiciary, legal department and supply and store departments. In artillery, Muslims represented over 50% of the numbers while the cavalry had some 10% Muslims from among the troopers.

Thus, the government was run by an elite corps drawn from many communities, giving the empire the character of a secular system of government, even when built on theocratic foundations.

A ban on cow slaughter, which can be related to Hindu sentiments, was universally imposed in the empire. Ranjit Singh also donated large amounts of gold for the plating of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple's dome.

The Sikhs attempted not to offend the prejudices of Muslims, noted Baron von Hügel, the Austrian botanist and explorer, yet the Sikhs were described as harsh. In this regard, Masson's explanation is perhaps the most pertinent: "Though compared to the Afghans, the Sikhs were mild and exerted a protecting influence, yet no advantages could compensate to their Mohammedan subjects, the idea of subjection to infidels, and the prohibition to slay kine, and to repeat the azan, or 'summons to prayer'."

According to Chitralekha Zutshi and William Roe Polk, Sikh governors adopted policies that alienated the Muslim population such as the ban on cow slaughter and the azan (the Islamic call to prayer), the seizure of mosques as property of the state, and imposed ruinous taxes on Kashmiri Muslims causing a famine in 1832. In addition, begar (forced labour) was imposed by the Sikh administration to facilitate the supply of materials to the imperial army, a policy that was augmented by the successive Dogra rulers. These policies led the Kashmiri Muslim population to emigrate en masse to more lenient neighboring regions, particularly Ladakh. As a symbolic assertion of power, the Sikhs regularly desecrated Muslim places of worship, including closing of the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar and the conversion of the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore to an ammunition store and horse stable, but the empire still maintained Persian administrative institutions and court etiquette; the Sikh silver rupees were minted on the Mughal standard with Persian legends.

Christian missionaries had been active in the Punjab even prior to the dissolution of the empire in 1849.

Administration
The empire was divided into various provinces (known as Subas), them namely being:

Demography
The population of the Sikh empire during the time of Ranjit Singh's rule was estimated to be around 12 million people. There were 8.4 million Muslims, 2.88 million Hindus and 722,000 Sikhs.

The religious demography of the empire is estimated to have been just over 10% to 12% Sikh, 80% Muslim, and just under 10% Hindu. Surjit Hans gave different numbers by retrospectively projecting the 1881 census, putting Muslims at 51%, Hindus at 40% and Sikhs at around 8%, the remaining 1% being Europeans. The population was 3.5 million in 1831, according to Amarinder Singh's The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar. Hans Herrli in The Coins of the Sikhs estimated the total population of the empire to be around 5.35 million during 1838.

An estimated 90% of the Sikh population at the time, and more than half of the total population, was concentrated in the upper Bari, Jalandhar, and upper Rachna Doabs, and in the areas of their greatest concentration formed about one third of the population in the 1830s; half of the Sikh population of this core region was in the area covered by the later districts of Lahore and Amritsar.

In 1839, a major pogrom, called the Allahdad, targeting the local Jews of Mashhad in Qajar Persia had occurred. A group of Persian Jewish refugees from Mashhad, escaping persecution back home in Qajar Persia, settled in the Sikh Empire around the year 1839. Most of the Jewish families settled in Rawalpindi (specifically in the Babu Mohallah neighbourhood) and Peshawar. Most of these Jews would leave for India during the partition of 1947.

Revenue
Land revenue was the main source of income, accounting for about 70% of the state's income. Besides this, the other sources of income were customs, excises and monopolies.

Decline
After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the British East India Company to launch the First Anglo-Sikh War.

The Battle of Ferozeshah in 1845 marked many turning points, the British encountered the Punjab Army, opening with a gun-duel in which the Sikhs "had the better of the British artillery". As the British made advances, Europeans in their army were specially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army "became demoralized, the backbone of the enemy's position would be broken". The fighting continued throughout the night. The British position "grew graver as the night wore on", and "suffered terrible casualties with every single member of the Governor General's staff either killed or wounded". Nevertheless, the British army took and held Ferozeshah. British General Sir James Hope Grant recorded: "Truly the night was one of gloom and forbidding and perhaps never in the annals of warfare has a British Army on such a large scale been nearer to a defeat which would have involved annihilation."

The reasons for the withdrawal of the Sikhs from Ferozeshah are contentious. Some believe that it was treachery of the non-Sikh high command of their own army which led to them marching away from a British force in a precarious and battered state. Others believe that a tactical withdrawal was the best policy.

The Sikh empire was finally dissolved at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the British province of Punjab. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown.

Timeline

 * 1699: Formation of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh.
 * 1710–1716: Banda Singh defeats the Mughals and declares Khalsa rule.
 * 1716–1738: Turbulence, no real ruler; Mughals take back the control for two decades but Sikhs engage in guerrilla warfare
 * 1733–1735: The Khalsa accepts, only to reject, the confederal status given by the Mughals.
 * 1748–1757: Afghan invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani
 * 1761–1767: Recapture of Punjab region by Afghan in Third Battle of Panipat
 * 1763–1774: Charat Singh Sukerchakia, Misldar of Sukerchakia misl, establishes himself in Gujranwala.
 * 1764–1783: Baba Baghel Singh, Misldar of Singh Krora Misl, imposes taxes on the Mughals.
 * 1783: Sikh capture of Delhi and the Red Fort from the Mughals
 * 1773: Ahmad Shah Durrani dies and his son Timur Shah launches several invasions into Punjab.
 * 1774–1790: Maha Singh becomes Misldar of the Sukerchakia misl. Bataille de Sobraon.jpg in 1846.]]
 * 1790–1801: Ranjit Singh becomes Misldar of the Sukerchakia misl.
 * 1799, formation of the Sikh Khalsa Army
 * 12 April 1801 (coronation) – 27 June 1839: reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
 * March 1809 – August 1809: Nepal–Sikh War
 * 20 February 1810: Siege of Multan (1810)
 * 1 June 1813: Ranjit Singh is given the Kohinoor Diamond.
 * 13 July 1813: Battle of Attock, the Sikh Empire's first significant victory over the Durrani Empire.
 * March – 2 June 1818: Battle of Multan, the 2nd battle in the Afghan–Sikh wars.
 * 3 July 1819: Battle of Shopian Bataille d'Aliwal 1.jpg on 28 January 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War]]
 * 14 March 1823: Battle of Nowshera
 * 30 April 1837: Battle of Jamrud
 * 27 June 1839 – 5 November 1840: Reign of Maharaja Kharak Singh
 * 5 November 1840 – 18 January 1841: Chand Kaur is briefly Regent
 * 18 January 1841 – 15 September 1843: Reign of Maharaja Sher Singh
 * May 1841 – August 1842: Sino-Sikh war
 * 15 September 1843 – 31 March 1849: Reign of Maharaja Duleep Singh
 * 1845–1846: First Anglo-Sikh War
 * 1848–1849: Second Anglo-Sikh War

title: Sikh Empire


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bernard Cohen

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 05:55, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Bernard Cohen
Vanity Page - nothing to see here. Benjamin Gatti 14:37, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Emeritus professor, but does need a lot more to make it a good article. Alf 17:14, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This needs a lot more to make it a good stub. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 17:47, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless it can be expanded into an encyclopedia article Dlyons493 17:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess I go with Redirect to Bernard Cohen (disambiguation). Really nothing more on this page than on that one. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 17:47, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * After expansion, Keep. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 14:06, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is the chap who in a televised debate offered to eat on-camera as much plutonium oxide as Ralph Nader could eat of caffeine.  He compared the risks of such exposure to the risks associated with a six month vacation in Denver and to the risks of the average WWI draftee. A bit of a self-publicist, but at the time a self-publicising tenured professor at the University of Pittsburgh. --Tony Sidaway Talk  20:43, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems notable enough. Keep as per Tony Sidaway, if the article has been expanded by the time the VfD is closed. Uppland 21:16, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Absolutely delete -- completely non-notable one-time attention-getter. This is a fifteen-minutes-of-famer whose fifteen weren't that important.  Do you know how many tenured professors there are in the United States?  Sheesh. JDoorjam 23:28, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Why isn't fifteen minutes of fame enough? He's notable enough that he might show up in a history book. We've got minor actors galor, why not a tenured professor that reached national notability, if only briefly?--Prosfilaes 04:00, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, had fifteen minutes of fame. Kappa 04:03, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This listing is partly my fault, and I apologise. I left it as a minimal stub, thinking wrongly that Professor Emeritus would be sufficient proof of notability, which in Australia it possibly is, but in the US people we would call Senior Lecturer or Associate Professor seem to be able to use this title automatically after retirement, so in hindsight what I left was a deletable sub-stub. I then got involved in NPOV discussions and didn't get back to expand it, but others now have (thank you). Cohen is very well known for his pro-nuclear activities, we've even heard of him in Australia. His 1990 book The Nuclear Energy Option doesn't sell very well largely because he has made the full text of it available online, but it does sell. Andrewa 06:48, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Tony Sidaway, above.--Nicodemus75 06:54, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article gives relevant info. Could be also used for the discussion in the nuclear power phase-out article. Ben T/C 07:39, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Passes the average college professor test. Sjakkalle (Check!)  14:32, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep agree with Lord Voldemort on all points. Benjamin Gatti
 * Comment: This is of course a change of vote by the page's nominator, leaving only one delete vote currently outstanding although that one is an absolute delete, which I assume is even stronger than a strong delete. I think I should also point out that as I am not Professor Cohen, this wasn't ever a vanity page. No change of vote. Andrewa 03:37, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Or rather, a change in content of the article, good work, and yeah I agree, the page has been saved. Benjamin Gatti
 * Comment: There doesn't seem to have been much doubt that it would be kept. I'm a bit surprised at your mistaking this for a vanity page, as you seem to have an active interest in the particular debate in which Cohen is prominent. No change of vote. Andrewa 00:44, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I am interested, but without content, I found the page of no use. It needed to shape up or ship out. I learned something about him - no idea he offered to swallow plutonium. I wonder if he offered to live in Chernobyl? I wonder if he offered to adopt irradiated children orphaned by Chrnobyl? I wonder if his antics weren't merely sensational? As for Vanity, i think a page which serves no more purpose than a business card is a vanity page whether self-promoting or not - if i'm wrong about that - i'd be happy to use a different word. Benjamin Gatti 18:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Chernobyl has nothing to do with missions to Neptune that need plutonium-based power cores. Surely countering false claims about a material's danger is more than just sensational? --Prosfilaes 19:40, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Tony Sidaway. Hall Monitor 19:35, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wilton, Wiltshire

Wilton is a town and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. Lying about 3 mi west of the city of Salisbury, and until 1889 the county town of Wiltshire, it has a rich heritage dating back to the Anglo-Saxons.

Carpets have been manufactured at Wilton since the 18th century. The town is home to Wilton House, country seat of the Earls of Pembroke, and has a large Romanesque Revival parish church. The rivers Wylye and Nadder meet at Wilton.

History

The history of Wilton dates back to the Anglo-Saxons in the 8th century, and by the late 9th century it was the capital of Wiltunscire, a shire of the Kingdom of Wessex. It remained the administrative centre of Wiltshire until the 11th century. Wilton was of significant importance to the church, with the founding of Wilton Abbey in 771 amongst other establishments. In 871 Alfred the Great fought and lost an important battle here against the Danish armies, leaving him in retreat for several years.

Despite further attacks, Wilton remained a prosperous town, as recorded in the 11th-century Domesday Book. The building of Salisbury Cathedral nearby, however, caused Wilton's decline, as the new site of Salisbury, with a new bridge over the River Avon, provided a convenient bypass around Wilton on the trade routes.

Wilton Abbey was surrendered to Henry VIII in 1539 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and in 1541 much of the estate was granted to William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, who began to build Wilton House.

An outbreak of smallpox in 1737 killed 132 people. The Old Town Hall was completed in 1738.

On the formation of Wiltshire County Council in 1889, Wilton lost its role as county town to Trowbridge, which could be more easily reached by rail from all parts of the county.

Economy
By the 17th century, weaving had become a busy trade, and the carpet industry began in 1741 when two French weavers were brought in by Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke to teach the local people new skills. Carpet weaving prospered until 1815, when peace following the Napoleonic Wars introduced European competition. Machinery to produce Axminster carpets was installed in 1835. The Wilton Royal Carpet Factory was founded at the turn of the century, with the help of the then Lord Pembroke, to rescue the previous carpet factory that had fallen into financial difficulty. The factory continued to operate until 1995, when it closed temporarily after a takeover before re-opening under another name. Today the site is used as a shopping outlet.

Transport
The arrival of the railways led to increased prosperity. Wilton once had two railway stations: the first (later known as Wilton North) opened by the Great Western Railway in 1856 on their line from Westbury to Salisbury; the second (later known as Wilton South) by the Salisbury and Yeovil Railway in 1859 on the West of England line from London Waterloo to Exeter. The stations closed in 1955 and 1966 respectively, although the lines remain open; the nearest station is now at Salisbury.

Public transport access to Wilton is now provided by several bus routes operated by Go South Coast under the Salisbury Reds brand, which ply between Salisbury and several places west of Wilton. A dedicated Park & Ride service operates from the car park between Kingsway and The Avenue, towards Salisbury city centre.

Media
Local TV coverage is provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Salisbury and Rowridge TV transmitters. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Wiltshire on 103.5 FM and Greatest Hits Radio South (formerly Spire FM) on 102 FM. The town is served by the local newspaper, Salisbury Journal.

Military connections
The headquarters of Land Forces (and predecessors) was at Erskine Barracks, northeast of Wilton, from 1949 to 2010. After the headquarters moved to Marlborough Lines near Andover the site was sold for housing.

Governance
The boundaries of the modern civil parish originate with the Borough of Wilton, defined in 1885. The parish includes the villages of Bulbridge and Ditchampton. In 1894 Wilton absorbed the western part of the neighbouring parish of Fugglestone St Peter, the rest going into a new parish of Bemerton.

The parish elects a town council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant local government functions. As of 2021, Wilton is in the 'Wilton' electoral division, which also includes nearby Quidhampton and Netherhampton. The total division population taken at the 2011 census was 4,806.

Parish church
The Grade I listed Church of St Mary and St Nicholas was built as a replacement for St Mary's Church between 1841 and 1844 at the instigation of Catherine Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (the daughter of Semyon Vorontsov, Russian ambassador to Britain) and her younger son Sidney Herbert. It was designed by the architect Thomas Henry Wyatt in Romanesque Revival style with considerable Byzantine influences, and includes a 105 ft campanile.

The church's unusually large size for the community it serves reflects the wealth of its original benefactors. Many of the materials used in its construction were imported from continental Europe, including marble columns from Italy and 12th and 13th century stained glass from France.

Notable people

 * Dudley Cockle (1907–1986), cricketer
 * Edith Olivier (1872–1948), first woman mayor of Wilton, writer
 * Sydney Olivier (1870–1932), cricketer
 * Edward Slow (1841–1925), poet and carriage builder
 * A. G. Street, country author, farmed at Ditchampton Farm

title: Wilton, Wiltshire


text:
Application-oriented networking

Application-oriented networking (AON) involves network devices designed to aid in computer-to-computer application integration. Application-oriented networks are sometimes called "intelligent networks" or "content-based routing networks" and they are generally network technology that can use the content of a network packet or message to take some sort of action.

Application-oriented networking was popularized by Cisco Systems in response to increasing use of XML messaging (combined with related standards such as XSLT, XPath and XQuery) to link miscellaneous applications, data sources and other computing assets. Most Application-Orientated Networks manipulate structured data based in a human-readable format like XML.

Many of the operations required to mediate between applications, or to monitor their transactions, can be built into network devices that are optimized for the purpose.

The rules and policies for performing these operations, also expressed in XML, are specified separately and downloaded as required. Cisco has adopted the AON acronym as the name of a family of products that function in this way.

Routing decisions
During the rise of the internet many routing decisions were made at layer 4 i.e. based on the TCP/IP address and/or the port number. Application-oriented networks work at layer 7 of the OSI stack and because they can examine the content of the message they can make routing decisions based on many different criteria including such things as the value of the purchase order or the ship date.

title: Application-oriented networking


text:
Superfuzz Bigmuff

Superfuzz Bigmuff is the debut EP and first major release by the Seattle grunge band Mudhoney. It was released on October 20, 1988, through record label Sub Pop. The album was later re-released in 1990 in the form of Superfuzz Bigmuff Plus Early Singles.

Album information
The album was named after two of the band's favorite guitar effects pedals: the Univox Super-Fuzz and the Electro-Harmonix Big Muff, which helped to provide the band's signature "dirty" sound.

The cover artwork is a photograph of frontman Mark Arm (left) and guitarist Steve Turner (right) performing live by photographer Charles Peterson. Other artwork on the album includes more photos of the band performing and them posing topless.

Guitarist Turner also considered it to be Mudhoney's first official studio album, despite it being an EP initially.

Song information
"In 'n' Out of Grace" opens with a sample of the eulogy from Peter Fonda's character in the 1966 movie The Wild Angels, saying "We wanna be free to do what we wanna do…"; the same sample was later used on Primal Scream's song "Loaded", and also a refraining soundbite and quote in the 2013 film The World's End (film).

Reception and legacy
During initial release, the EP sold incredibly poorly (even by Sub Pop standards), however, it has since been acknowledged as one of the seminal records of the Seattle scene. In mid-2008 the EP charted at #25 on the UK Indie Album Chart, a peak for the EP, twenty years after its release.

Along with Mudhoney's second album Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge, it was included in 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In its review, Jamie Gonzalo called it "sexy, smart, humorous and hard", as well as writing "[Mudhoney] emerged from the underground with this mischievous workout, achieving tense and dramatic musical structures with Turner's scalping guitars, Mark Arm's angry vocals, Matt Lukin's mighty bass and Dan Peters' propulsive drums." Kurt Cobain listed the EP in his top fifty albums of all time.

Track listing
Adapted from the album liner notes.

Superfuzz Bigmuff deluxe edition (2008)

 * Tracks 15–17 recorded April–May 1988, mixed November 2007 by Johnny Sangster.
 * Releases marked with an asterik (*) are various artists compilation albums.

 * Tracks 1–9 recorded live at the Metropol in Berlin, 10 October 1988, and tracks 10–15 broadcast live at KCSB-FM, Santa Barbara, 16 November 1988. Tracks 1–9 mixed November 2007 by Johnny Sangster.

Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes.

 * Mudhoney
 * Mark Arm – vocals, guitar
 * Steve Turner – guitar, backing vocals
 * Matt Lukin – bass
 * Dan Peters – drums

 * Technical personnel
 * Jack Endino – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Charles Peterson – photography

title: Superfuzz Bigmuff


text:
Talk:Superfuzz Bigmuff

External links modified
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title: Talk:Superfuzz Bigmuff


text:
Talk:Bayer process

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): GrostoTwig.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:28, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Spelling
Aluminium vs. aluminum is not an American vs. British issue; it is an IUPAC standard issue. See Naming conventions (chemistry).

Anonymous comment
The first equation is not balanced. Fix it 212.179.206.80 14:40, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Equation:

The first two equations are not connected it seems. This is supposed to be a process, but we're not accounting for one OH- between the end of the first equation and the beginning of the second.
 * There is a discrepancy between the diagram and the text. The diagram shows the product as sodium aluminate NaAl(OH)4 but the text says aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)3. I think the equation should be Al2O3 + 2 NaOH +  3 H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4. The sodium aluminate probably is precipitated as aluminium hydroxide later, but I think a step has been missed out. Biscuittin (talk) 14:28, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I have added the missing step, see article. Biscuittin (talk) 20:35, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The missing step is that silicon dioxide also dissolves in the NaOH, and the aluminum must be separated. see http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/327aluminum.html for details -- 174.137.243.141 (talk) 20:30, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
 * discussion of silica in NaOH is found at http://www.cal-water.com/pdf/Silica_scaling_Remediation.pdf and the reaction is SiO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2SiO3 + H2O. -- 208.76.231.70 (talk) 15:35, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

The process has undergone several modifications; here is an historical account http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/num17-18/num17-18%20p15-19.pdf and discussion at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed068p270.1 it should be noted that the CO2 route is no longer used industrially. -- 208.76.231.70 (talk) 15:01, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Patnaik (2002, Handbook of inorganic chemicals / Pradyot, Patnaik. ISBN 0-07-049439-8) writes that the Bayer process "is not suitable for extracting bauxite that has high silica content (>10%)" but the entire description appears to be in disagreement with other sources concerning the content of the "red mud", so we should be careful. -- 208.76.231.70 (talk) 15:10, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * http://ip.com/patfam/en/39540637 describes using starch or other products as a flocculent to remove fine particles -- 208.76.231.70 (talk) 14:07, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Student Editing
Hi I'm a student planning to edit the page to include links to other Articles on Wikipedia for certain terms with articles. I will also add to the history section and add a "Waste" section below the procedure. I will also provide more sources. Thanks GrostoTwig (talk) 03:29, 12 April 2018 (UTC)GrostoTwig

title: Talk:Bayer process


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Left Overtures (reprise)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete (again). -- RHaworth 06:17:42, 2005-08-23 (UTC)

Left Overtures (reprise)
This should maybe be a speedy, as it was almost unanimously VfDed before, but the content might be substantially different now. The guy who recreated it was, I believe, the same guy who wrote the original article, and a complete ass during the last VfD. -R. fiend 14:40, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Ronnie James Dio, Ted Nugent, and Kansas all shop there when in town. And R fiend calling someone an ass is like Elton John calling someone gay. --Boycottthecaf 17:51, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Article has been updated. Hope that makes you happy, poopheads. --Boycottthecaf 21:23, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No claim to notability; author should explain what is notable about the store. Sdedeo 14:55, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The award winning barbershop next door seems to to have more of a claim to notability. --GraemeL (talk) 16:00, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I thought the article about this shop was nicely written though, but I wouldn't want every second hand record shop which had a large collection of n to be in the encylopedia. Alf 17:34, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn store. Could be speedy deleted since this recreation is almost identical to the original article, including the long, irrelevant letter and the misspelling of "boasts".  Zoe 19:20, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * If that's true I'll tag it for speedy and see what happens. -R. fiend 00:31, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability claim unverifiable. -- Schaefer 05:28, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File talk:Soldiers Sailors Mon IN 1970.jpg


text:
Talk:1951 Indianapolis 500

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External links modified
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Bill Mackey chassis make
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title: Talk:1951 Indianapolis 500


text:
Talk:1952 Indianapolis 500

Removed Formula One infobox
At right is the Formula One infobox which was removed from the article in June 2012. It was (presumably) preserved here on the talk page to make it easier to put back, in case it is ever decided to do that. DH85868993 (talk) 23:18, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

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 * In 1952 Indianapolis 500 on 2011-05-25 03:28:41, 404 Not Found
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--JeffGBot (talk) 17:44, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:1952 Indianapolis 500


text:
Talk:1950 Indianapolis 500

Removed Formula One infobox
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Legend needed
The Classification chart needs explanation of the "(W)" and "(R)" behind some drivers' names. Casey (talk) 16:04, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

I second that. I have no idea what those abbreviations mean. Please explain. --Ukdan999 (talk) 15:14, 27 December 2016 (UTC)
 * (W) = past winner; (R) = rookie. I've added a footnote. DH85868993 (talk) 00:36, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:1950 Indianapolis 500


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Karin Alvtegen

Karin Alvtegen (born 8 June 1965, Huskvarna, Sweden) is a Swedish author of crime fiction. Alvtegen's psychological thrillers are generally set in Sweden. Four of her books have been translated into English: Missing, Betrayal, Shadow and Shame.

Life and career
Alvtegen's second novel, Missing, was awarded the premier Nordic crime writing prize the Glass Key award in 2001. Translated in 2003 and published in the United States in 2009, the novel was nominated for the 2009 Edgar Award for best novel by the Mystery Writers of America. In 2006, the novel was adapted into the television miniseries Missing, directed by Ian Madden and with Joanne Froggatt and Gregor Fisher.

Alvtegen's 2005 novel Shame was shortlisted for the Crime Writers' Association Duncan Lawrie International Dagger award for crime novels in translation upon publication in English.

Alvtegen has worked as a teleplay writer, having penned 24 episodes of the Swedish soap opera Rederiet.

In 2013, Alvtegen fell ill in what was later diagnosed as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), essentially preventing her from writing. In June 2019, Alvtegen announced that she would become an ambasssader for the Open Medicine Foundation, an organisation that funds research into ME/CFS.

Alvtegen is grandniece of the children's novelist Astrid Lindgren.

Novels
Note: in 2011 Shame was reissued in the UK with the title Sacrifice.
 * Guilt (translated by Anna Paterson) (2007) – Skuld (1998)
 * Missing (translated by Anna Paterson) (2003) – Saknad (2000)
 * Betrayal (translated by Steven T. Murray) (2005) – Svek (2003)
 * Shame/Sacrifice (translated by Steven T. Murray) (2006) – Skam (2005)
 * Shadow (translated by Steven T. Murray) (2008) – Skugga (2007)
 * A Probable Story (not yet published in English) – En Sannolik Historia (2010)
 * Butterfly Effect (not yet published in English) – Fjärilseffekten (2013)

Screenplay

 * 2004 – Hotet ("The Threat")

title: Karin Alvtegen


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Talk:1953 Indianapolis 500

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Talk:1954 Indianapolis 500

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Link
Doctorindy↔Talk 13:48, 7 May 2019 (UTC)
 * For later use
 * https://www.newspapers.com/image/105547960/

title: Talk:1954 Indianapolis 500


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Talk:1955 Indianapolis 500

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Talk:1956 Indianapolis 500

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Not happy, Jan!

"Not happy, Jan!" was a line delivered by actress Deborah Kennedy in an Australian television advertisement from the year 2000. Due to the ad's popularity in Australia, the line entered the cultural vernacular as a catchphrase used to express a feeling of discontent.

Background
The television commercial from which the phrase originated was created by advertising agency Clemenger BBDO Melbourne for Sensis (the directories arm of Telstra), to promote the upcoming deadline for advertising in Australia's Yellow Pages. In the commercial, a businesswoman (Kennedy) has just discovered that one of her staff (Jan, played by Rhonda Doyle) has neglected to book an ad in the upcoming year's Yellow Pages. Realising they will have to wait another year, she calmly goes through some anger management techniques. When Jan runs away from work, Kennedy's unnamed character talks to herself and counts to ten before opening the window and shouting "Not... happy... Jan!" towards the fleeing figure of Jan. The phrase was ad-libbed by Kennedy on the day of shooting. The ad ended up becoming lucrative for Australia's Yellow Pages, with the words "Closing Soon. Call 132378" appearing on television from 2000 to 2003.

Since the advertisement, "Not happy, Jan" has entered the Australian vernacular to express displeasure, particularly at a problem caused by another's negligence or incompetence. In the time immediately following the advertisement, it was usually said in a manner which mimicked the advertisement, but today is usually spoken with a casual, slightly stern tone. Understandably, women named Jan were particularly targeted.

The phrase was co-opted by the unsuccessful 'Not happy, John!' campaign, opposing the re-election of Australian Prime Minister John Howard in the 2004 federal election. The title of the campaign also became the title of a book detailing the negative aspects of the Howard Government. Both "Not happy, Jan", and "Not happy, John", are common noms de plume used in short letters to newspaper editors.

The commercial was featured on a 2005 episode of the Australian TV series 20 to One as one of the best Australian commercials of all time. The catchphrase "Not happy, Jan!" was also rated as best catchphrase in Australia on the similar TV series The Spearman Experiment in 2009.

The characters were relaunched in 2019, including a role reprisal with Deborah Kennedy, with the ad duplicated almost shot-for-shot as promotion for the re-launch of Darrell Lea chocolates, putting a twist on the end of the ad by having Darrell Lea chocolates calming Kennedy's character into forgiveness and having her character shout "No worries, Jan!". Sensis sent cease-and-desist requests to Darrell Lea confectionery company, their advertising agency Akkomplice, and the television stations broadcasting the updated commercial, which was acknowledged by Darrell Lea, who withdrew the ad and sardonically offered Yellow Pages chocolates to calm them down.

title: Not happy, Jan!


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Talk:1957 Indianapolis 500

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Talk:1958 Indianapolis 500

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Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.bjwor.com/031112.html
 * In 1958 Indianapolis 500 on 2011-06-04 18:29:36, HTTP Redirect Loop: ->  ->
 * In 1958 Indianapolis 500 on 2011-06-04 20:09:55, HTTP Redirect Loop: ->  ->
 * In 1958 Indianapolis 500 on 2011-06-24 03:12:57, HTTP Redirect Loop: ->  ->

--JeffGBot (talk) 03:13, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

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Pat O Conners Death Mystery
Who has an idea of how or what happened to Pat 115.64.139.95 (talk) 08:45, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1958 Indianapolis 500


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Talk:1959 Indianapolis 500

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Talk:1960 Indianapolis 500

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Time Trails section
Needs reworded. It states that Jim Hurtubise was the "fastest qualifier in the field"...which is not the case. He had the single fastest qualifying lap, but the fastest qualifier in the field was the pole sitter, Eddie Sachs. ShelbyMarion (talk) 19:52, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

 * No, it is 100% accurate to state that Jim Hurtubise is the "fastest qualifier in the field." The pole position winner is technically the driver who starts in grid position #1. He is only technically the fastest qualifier on the first day (first "round") of time trials. Due to the nature of time trials at Indy (particularly during that period when there were 4 days of time trials), it was not at all uncommon for the a driver on the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th day of time trials to post a speed faster than that of the pole position winner. There are several other years in which the pole winner was not the fastest qualifier, recent years include 1996, 1991, 1981, 1976. Doctorindy↔Talk 02:51, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

Thanks, DoctorIndy. I know about Indy's unique qual procedures; I had simply misread his speed 149 as 146. It my darned dyslexia! ShelbyMarion (talk) 13:29, 8 May 2014 (UTC)
 * No problem! Doctorindy↔Talk 16:10, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:1960 Indianapolis 500