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Mitchell Park, South Australia

Mitchell Park is a suburb south of Adelaide. It shares common boundaries with Marion, Bedford Park, Clovelly Park, and Ascot Park. In recent years it has undergone major redevelopments through a program of urban renewal which included the renovation of many properties owned by the former South Australian Housing Trust. These projects have won many awards.

The Flinders railway line forms the eastern boundary of Mitchell Park.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mitchell Park, South Australia


text:
Mike Manley (artist)

Michael Manley (born October 19, 1961) is an American artist, most notable as a comic strip cartoonist and comic book inker and penciller. Manley currently draws two syndicated comic strips, Judge Parker and The Phantom. He is also known for co-creating the Marvel Comics character Darkhawk.

Personal life
Manley was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Manley's grandfather was a commercial artist, and Manley was therefore aware as a child that one could make a living at drawing. He says he always liked comics and cartooning, and recalls being impressed when The Wonderful World of Disney showed the animation artists working behind the scenes.

As a youth in Michigan, Manley visited a comic book store every day after school, and became a serious collector and reader. By the time he was a teenager, Manley had decided he wanted to be a comic book artist or animator or illustrator.

"Frank Frazetta seemed to be able to do everything, so he was my role model," Manley said. "How could you escape him, he so influenced the art world that you would still get influenced by him through other artists who were influenced by him even if somehow you never knew his art."

A commercial art class in high school in Ann Arbor enabled Manley to assemble a portfolio, which led to his start in commercial printing at age fifteen. He attended Washtenaw Community College, but found the art education he was receiving there to be unsatisfying. At age twenty-one, Manley began working for the Detroit Metro Times as art director. Two years after, he had his first comic book art assignment at DC Comics.

He cites other artists in addition to Frazetta as inspiration: Alex Raymond, Stan Drake, Leonard Starr, John Prentice, and Al Williamson. In his late twenties, Manley would have the opportunity to work for a brief but intensely formative time alongside Williamson, in that artist's Honesdale, Pennsylvania studio.

Manley lives in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania just outside Philadelphia.

Comic book artist
Mike Manley has worked as an artist for major publishers such as Marvel Comics, DC Comics, and Dark Horse Comics. Manley, with writers Danny Fingeroth and Tom DeFalco, co-created in 1991 the Darkhawk series, which he drew for the first half of its run. He has also contributed to other comic book titles such as Batman, Quasar, Captain America, Marvel Universe, and The Power of Shazam!. His extensive bibliography in comic books includes a large number of short runs and fill-in issues on a wide variety of titles.

In his run on the Batman series, Manley was one of the artists of Batman #500 in which the character Azrael replaced Bruce Wayne as Batman. He drew the series during the "KnightsEnd" storyline and the Zero Hour: Crisis in Time crossover.

In 1995, Manley formed Action Planet Inc. as a home to publish his own comics and ideas, starting with the anthology Action Planet Comics, featuring his character Monsterman. In early 1996 he founded ActionPlanet.com, which has grown to include his award-winning on-line web comic, G.I.R.L. Patrol.

In 2007, while primarily working as an art teacher, Manley illustrated a new Secret Agent Corrigan story for the Swedish publisher Egmont Publishing (Manley's mentor Al Williamson had famously drawn the character's syndicated strip).

Book illustrator
Concurrently with some of his time at Marvel Comics, between 1985 and 1990, Manley illustrated children's books utilizing licensed characters. For Macmillan Publishing, he illustrated books in their Raggedy Ann and Andy series. For Golden Books and Western Publishing he worked on several children's fun and activity books, with Barbie, He-Man, Captain Power, Tiny Toons, Ghost Busters and the Muppets as some of the characters featured.

In 1989 Manley worked for West End Games on role-playing game books in the Star Wars line.

Animation artist
In 1996 Manley moved into the animation field, first working as a storyboard artist on Superman: The Animated Series for Kids' WB. The first of the seven episodes that included his work featured Lobo, and was titled "The Main Man, Part 2". Manley also worked on the storyboards team for three episodes of The New Batman Adventures between 1997 and 1998.

Throughout the 2000s, Manley created storyboards as a freelance artist on TV cartoons such as: Samurai Jack (on which series he also received two writing credits); Kim Possible; The Fairly OddParents; The Venture Brothers; Growing Up Creepie; and The Secret Saturdays. Other projects in this period included: Spy Groove for MTV; Spawn for HBO; ABC's One Saturday Morning; Clerks: The Animated Series, based on the Kevin Smith movie; and Justice League: The New Frontier.

Between 1998 and 2001, Manley was a background key designer for Superman: The Animated Series (nine episodes, following his time as a storyboard artist on that series), and background key designer then background designer on Batman Beyond (thirty-three episodes overall).

He is also credited as character designer on eight episodes of Batman: The Brave and the Bold between 2008 and 2009.

Art teacher
While working in both comics and animation, Manley created and edited ''Draw! Magazine'', a twice Eisner-nominated "how-to" magazine published by TwoMorrows Publishing. The magazine features step-by-step demos and articles on artists working in comics, cartooning, and animation. Manley also co-produced a how-to DVD along with Danny Fingeroth, How to Create Comics from Script to Print, also distributed by TwoMorrows.

In 2000, Manley started a new career as an art teacher. He taught in the animation department at the Delaware College of Art and Design (DCAD) until 2009 and became a senior lecturer at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia. Manley then enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, finishing his certificate in painting on his way toward completing his master's degree.

Comic strip artist
Manley was hired to draw the serial newspaper comic strip Judge Parker for four weeks beginning March 15, 2010, filling in for regular artist Eduardo Barreto during an illness. The syndicate essentially held a "two-man tryout" for Barreto's replacement, with Manley's audition following John Heebink's; Manley was offered the full-time job after he turned in his second week of art for the strip. Manley and Heebink had known each other since high school. Manley draws the strip for all seven days of the week.

In late March 2016, it was announced that Manley would succeed Paul Ryan, who had died unexpectedly, as artist on The Phantom daily strips (the Sundays would continue to be drawn by the incumbent, Terry Beatty). Manley's tenure began with the strip dated May 30, 2016. Manley noted that he and Paul Ryan are numbered among a small and notable group of artists who have professionally drawn the adventures of both Batman and The Phantom. The others have been Jim Aparo, Terry Beatty, Don Newton, Carmine Infantino (as a ghost for Sy Barry), Joe Giella (ghosting for Bob Kane) and Graham Nolan.

The choice of Manley to take on the Phantom received an endorsement from Comic Strip of the Day.com: "He's one of the few who has found a way to maintain some detail in an ever-shrinking print medium that has driven most artists to a simplified style that works better in shrinky-dink mode than when the comics are read on line, at least on a real computer with a real monitor."

Dark Horse Comics

 * Aliens Vs. Predator: War #1 (1995)

DC Comics

 * Adventures in the DC Universe Annual #1 (1997)
 * Adventures of Superman #519 (1995)
 * Aquaman: Sword of Atlantis #49 (2007)
 * Batman #500–506, 508–511, #0, Annual #19 (1993–1995)
 * Batman: Brotherhood of the Bat #1 (1995)
 * Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight Annual #3 (1993)
 * Batman: Shadow of the Bat #16 (1993)
 * Birds of Prey #66 (2004)
 * Cartoon Network Action Pack #29–30, 32, 34, 36, 39–40 (2008–2009)
 * Catwoman vol. 3 #14 (2003)
 * Catwoman Secret Files and Origins #1 (2002)
 * Convergence Justice League International #1–2 (2015)
 * Dexter's Laboratory #7, 12, 24, 33 (2000–2003)
 * Green Arrow vol. 2 #46 (1991)
 * Guardians of Metropolis #1–4 (1994–1995)
 * Hardware #4, 6–7 (1993)
 * Jaguar #7 (1992)
 * Power of Shazam #1–27, 37, Annual #1 (1995–1998)
 * Powerpuff Girls #7 (2000)
 * The Question Quarterly #4–5 (1991–1992)
 * Robotech Defenders #2 (1985)
 * Samurai Jack Special #1 (2002)
 * Star Trek: The Next Generation #18 (1991)
 * Superboy vol. 3 #68 (1999)
 * Supergirl Plus #1 (1997)
 * Superman #660 (2007)
 * Superman vol. 2 #95 (1994)
 * Superman Adventures #9, 25, 28, 34, 41, Special #1 (1997–2000)
 * Young Heroes in Love #4 (1997)

Egmont

 * Agent X9 #9/2007, 9/2009

First Comics

 * Jon Sable, Freelance #44, 46–49 (1987)

Image Comics

 * Action Planet Comics #3 (1997)
 * Deathmate Yellow #1 (1993)

Marvel Comics

 * Alpha Flight #71, 73–82, 84–91, 93–96 (1989–1991)
 * Black Panther vol. 4 #9–10 (1999)
 * Captain America #447, Annual #10 (1991–1996)
 * Clive Barker's Night Breed #7–8 (1991)
 * Daredevil #264 (1989)
 * Darkhawk #1–25, Annual #1 (1991–1993)
 * Deathlok vol. 2 #1–7, 9–15, Annual #1 (1991–1992)
 * The Destroyer #2 (1989)
 * Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #9–10 (2006)
 * Ghost Rider vol. 3 #38 (1993)
 * Ghost Rider/Blaze: Spirits of Vengeance #14–15 (1993)
 * Marvel Double-Shot #3 (2003)
 * Marvel Holiday Special #4 (1994)
 * Marvel Universe #4–7 (1998)
 * Moon Knight: Divided We Fall #1 (1992)
 * New Mutants #73 (1989)
 * Powerline #8 (1989)
 * Power Pack #50, 52 (1989)
 * The Punisher War Zone #7–11 (1992–1993)
 * Quasar #7–17 (1990)
 * A Shadowline Saga: Critical Mass #2, 4–5, 7 (1990)
 * Sleepwalker #8–10, 13–14, 17 (1992)
 * The Spectacular Spider-Man Annual #10 (1990)
 * Spider-Man #55 (1995)
 * Spider-Man Holiday Special '95 #1 (1996)
 * The Transformers #9 (1985)
 * Ultimate Civil War: Spider-Ham #1 (2007)
 * Weaveworld #1–3 (1991–1992)
 * Web of Spider-Man #66 (1990)
 * West Coast Avengers Annual #4 (1989)

Valiant Comics

 * Destroyer #0 (1995)
 * Ninjak #18–21 (1995)
 * Solar, Man of the Atom #57–58 (1996)
 * Timewalker #0 (1996)
 * X-O Manowar #4 (1992)

title: Mike Manley (artist)


text:
Judith Hermann

Judith Hermann (born 15 May 1970) is a German author. She has published several books of short stories and her first novel was published in 2014. She is a leading figure of the Fräuleinwunder ("girl wonder") group of women writers.

Life
Hermann was born in West Berlin. She grew up in the West Berlin neighborhood of Neukölln and remained there until the mid-nineties, when she moved to the district of Prenzlauer Berg in the former East Berlin.

She holds a master's degree in German and Philosophy and attended the Berliner Journalistenschule, a highly selective professional academy for journalists. During this training, she did an internship with the German language newspaper Aufbau in New York. While she was in America she worked on some of her first literary texts and realized that short stories were "her" genre. In an interview, she explained that her training as a journalist helped her to write concisely, although she knew that journalism was not suitable for her.

After returning to Berlin, she worked briefly as a free-lance journalist before she was awarded the Alfred-Döblin stipend from the Academy of Arts, Berlin in 1997. Recipients of this stipend are financed for three to twelve months while they live and work in the Alfred-Döblin House in Wewelsfleth.

In 1998 her first volume of short stories, Sommerhaus, später, was celebrated by critics, who felt they had discovered in her work the "sound of a new generation" (Spiegel 12/1999). Hermann quickly became a leading figure of the Fräuleinwunder ("miracle of the young women"), a term coined by German literary critic Volker Hage of Spiegel that grouped together female authors like Jenny Erpenbeck, Felicitas Hoppe, Zoe Jenny, Juli Zeh and Julia Franck who were gaining success at the time. Although "Fräulein" is an old-fashioned term, not politically correct, and rejected by the authors themselves, the term worked well as a marketing tool and has been adopted in Literary Criticism. Judith Hermann received both the Hugo Ball Prize and the Bremer Literatur-Förderpreis. In 2001 she was awarded the Kleist Prize.

Her second collection of stories, Nichts als Gespenster, followed in 2003, but to some extent was unable to fulfill the high expectations of critics. In 2009, her latest collection of short stories, Alice, was published. Alice comprises five connected stories about the death of five men, each story sharing a common protagonist, Alice. Iris Radisch, a famous critic for the German weekly newspaper Die Zeit titled her review of Hermann's book "Das große Männersterben" (The death of many men). Despite the melancholic subject, these stories are also about life must go on after death. In this respect, Alice is different from Hermann's earlier works, which had a much darker tone.

Hermann's first novel Aller Liebe Anfang, was published in 2014. It depicts a stalking scenario, in which the protagonist Stella is terrorized by a neighbor, Mister Pfister, when she is alone in her home during the day while her husband and daughter are at work and school. Mister Pfister appears one day on Stella's doorstep, wishing to speak with her and, after being denied, becomes fixated on her, leaving increasingly encroaching and aggressive messages in her mailbox and threatening to destroy her quiet family life. Hermann's novel is chilling, in part because of the restrained language she employs and in part because the stalking scenario nods to contemporary social fears about security and vulnerability.

Works

 * Sommerhaus, später (1998, S. Fischer) ISBN 3-596-14770-0
 * Summerhouse, later (2001, HarperCollins) ISBN 0-06-000686-2
 * Nichts als Gespenster (2003, S. Fischer) ISBN 3-596-15798-6
 * Nothing but ghosts (2005, Fourth Estate) ISBN 0-00-717455-1
 * Alice (2009, S. Fischer) ISBN 978-3-10-033182-3
 * Aller Liebe Anfang. novel (2014, S. Fischer) ISBN 978-3-10-033183-0
 * Lettipark. short stories (2016, S. Fischer) ISBN 978-3-10-403716-5
 * Daheim. novel (2021, S. Fischer) ISBN 978-3-10-397035-7

Films

 * Eisblumenfarm (based on "Sommerhaus, später"), Short-film by Dominik Betz (2004); with Philip Hellmann, Sara Hilliger, Gunnar Solka
 * Freundinnen, Short-film by Tobias Stille (2005); with Anneke Kim Sarnau, Regina Stötzel, Murat Yilmaz
 * Nothing But Ghosts, Drama by Martin Gypkens (2006); with August Diehl, Chiara Schoras, Fritzi Haberlandt

Awards

 * 1999 Förderpreis Bremen Literature Prize
 * 1999 Hugo-Ball-Förderpreis
 * 2001 Kleist-Preis
 * 2009 Friedrich-Hölderlin-Preis
 * 2014 Erich Fried Prize
 * 2018 Blixenprisen for Lettipark
 * 2021 Rheingau Literatur Preis for Daheim
 * 2022 Bremen Literature Prize for Daheim

title: Judith Hermann


text:
Jodi Gordon

Jodi Lee Gordon (previously Anasta; born 1 February 1985) is an Australian actress and model. From 2005 to 2010 she portrayed Martha MacKenzie in Home and Away. Gordon won the Logie Award for Most Popular New Female Talent in 2006. Gordon competed in the eighth season of Dancing with the Stars and made her debut feature film appearance in The Cup (2011). She has also appeared in Underbelly: Badness and Camp. From 2016 to 2023, Gordon played English teacher Elly Conway in Neighbours.

Early life
Gordon was born on 1 February 1985 in Mackay to Bronwyn and Ray. She has an older brother, Ben. Her father was born in New Zealand and is a New Zealander of Māori descent and her mother is Australian. From the age of 8, Gordon's family moved to various locations along the coast from Mackay, eventually settling in Sydney when she was 11. She played netball from the age of 12 to 16.

Modelling
At the age of 13, Gordon won a modelling competition and gained a contract with Vivien's Modelling Agency. Her modelling led her to Japan, London and Milan, where she lived for five months. While modelling in London for two months she took the opportunity to travel through Europe recreationally.

Gordon has been the official celebrity ambassador and model for Australian lingerie brand Crystelle, Shoe label Tony Bianco, and swimwear label 2Chillies. In 2013, she was announced as the new brand ambassador for Myer. In March 2017, she became an ambassador for car manufacturer Mazda's new CX-5 SUV. That same year, Gordon stepped down from her duties with Myer. In 2020, Gordon became an ambassador for skincare brand Esmi Skin Minerals.

Acting
In 2004, while preparing to move to New York, Gordon successfully auditioned for the role of Martha MacKenzie in the long-running Australian soap opera Home and Away. For her portrayal of Martha, Gordon won a Logie award for "Most Popular New Female Talent" in 2006. The 2009 Logie awards saw Gordon nominated for "Most Popular Actress".

Gordon was a contestant on the eighth season of Dancing with the Stars. She and her partner, Stefano Oliveri, were eliminated in the fifth week, on 12 October 2008. In January 2010, it was announced that Gordon would be leaving Home and Away after almost five years. She filmed her final scenes at the end of February and they aired in June of that year. Upon leaving Home and Away, Gordon took acting lessons and attended auditions for many television shows including Cops L.A.C..

In May 2010, Gordon won her first film role in The Cup. The film, which was released in 2011, is based on Media Puzzle's win in the 2002 Melbourne Cup. Gordon plays the role of Damien Oliver's partner, Trish. In November 2010, Gordon returned to Melbourne to film her next project, Any Questions for Ben?, a Working Dog production. A writer for the Herald Sun reported that Gordon turned down an offer to appear in a ten episode reality show series documenting the lives of the wives and girlfriends of Australian sportsmen.

In February 2011, the actress returned to television in Network Nine's telemovie Blood Brothers, based on the Gilham family murders. Elle Halliwell of The Sunday Telegraph reported Gordon had been cast in the upcoming series of Underbelly titled Underbelly: Badness in April 2012. Gordon portrayed Kylie Keogh. In April 2016, it was announced that Gordon had been cast in the role of school teacher Elly Conway in Neighbours. She initially signed a three-year contract and made her first appearance in July. Gordon departed the serial in January 2020 in order to move back to Sydney, but she agreed to reprise the role for the serial's then final episodes in 2022. After Neighbours was picked up by Amazon Freevee, Gordon confirmed that she would be reprising her role for a guest appearance, which was filmed in May 2023.

In October 2021, Gordon joined the season 6 cast of The Celebrity Apprentice Australia, which aired in May 2022. She was the third celebrity to be fired by Alan Sugar.

Personal life
On 4 March 2007, Gordon's boyfriend of two years, Chris Burkhardt, died from acute myeloid leukemia at the age of 23. In mid 2008, a storyline was introduced into Home and Away, in which Gordon's character was diagnosed with breast cancer. Gordon drew on her experience of Burkhardt's battle with leukaemia to take on the storyline.

In June 2009, Gordon was discovered by police cowering in a bedroom of a flat with Mark James Judge, an alleged biker gang member, during an armed response to an alleged attempted break in. No action was taken against Gordon or Judge for making a false report. It was further alleged by some media outlets that Gordon had disclosed to police that cocaine had been consumed on the day of the incident. Gordon later apologised for the distress the incident caused. In September 2009, Gordon made her first major public appearance since the incident at a parade for Crystelle lingerie. Following the incident, Gordon broke up with her partner, media heir Ryan Stokes.

Gordon sold her Potts Point apartment in January 2012 for $625,000 and she then moved to Clovelly.

Gordon became engaged to Sydney Roosters captain Braith Anasta in July 2011 and the couple married on 14 October 2012. On 25 August 2013, it was announced that Gordon and Anasta were expecting their first child together. Gordon gave birth to their daughter on 1 March 2014. Gordon and Anasta announced their separation on 11 December 2015, and their divorce was finalised in 2017. Gordon decided to keep her married surname, so it would be the same as her daughter's. In March 2020, she confirmed that she had reverted to her maiden name.

On 23 April 2022, Emily Cosenza of news.com.au reported that Gordon had entered a rehab clinic in Sydney. Gordon and her former partner, Sebastian Blackler obtained AVOs against one another in Windsor Local Court the previous week, following a "physical altercation" that occurred at the beginning of the month. Gordon and Blackler were banned from communicating with each other for two years. In June, Gordon confirmed that she had had a years-long dependence on alcohol and was in "a really dark place" before she sought help and entered rehab for 30 days. As of May 2023, Gordon is attending university full-time and studying counselling and communication skills.

title: Jodi Gordon


text:
List of places in Pennsylvania

This list of current cities, boroughs, townships, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

title: List of places in Pennsylvania


text:
Trisong Detsen

Tri Songdetsen was the son of Me Agtsom, the 38th emperor of Tibet. He ruled from AD 755 until 797 or 804. Tri Songdetsen was the second of the Three Dharma Kings of Tibet, playing a pivotal role in the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet and the establishment of the Nyingma or "Ancient" school of Tibetan Buddhism.

The empire Tri Songdetsen inherited had declined somewhat from its greatest extent under the first Dharma King, Songtsen Gampo. Disintegration continued when, in 694, Tibet lost control of several cities in Turkestan and, in 703, Nepal broke into rebellion. Meanwhile, Arab forces vied for influence along the western borderlands of the Tibetan empire. Nevertheless, Tri Songdetsen became imperial Tibet's greatest ruler and an unparalleled Buddhist benefactor.

Tri Songdetsen and his support for Buddhism
Tri Songdetsen is very important to the history of Tibetan Buddhism as one of the three 'Dharma Kings' (Tibetan:chögyel) who established Buddhism in Tibet. The Three Dharma Kings were Songtsen Gampo, Tri Songdetsen, and Ralpacan.

The Skar-cung pillar erected by Sadnalegs (ruled c. 800-815) says that during the reign of Tri Songdetsen, "shrines of the Three Jewels were established by building temples at the centre and on the borders, Bsam-yas in Brag-mar and so on". The first edict of Tri Songdetsen already mentions a community of monks at Bsam-yas (Samye), consisting of the former army.

Indian traditions
Songdetsen became emperor in 755, at the young age of 13. His conversion to Buddhism took place in 762 at age 20. In post-imperial sources, is claimed to have invited Padmasambhava, Śāntarakṣita, Vimalamitra, and various other Indian teachers to come to Tibet to spread the latest understanding of the teaching. The two pandits began by establishing Samye as the first vihara in Tibet. Several Tibetans were eventually initiated as monks and a vast translation project was undertaken translating the Buddhist scriptures from Sanskrit into Classical Tibetan. Yeshe Tsogyal, previously either the consort or wife of Tri Songdetsen, became a great master after studying with Padmasambhava, and is considered the Mother of Buddhism.

Chinese traditions
The first documented dissemination of Chan Buddhism to Tibet, chronicled in what has become known as the Statements of the Sba Family, occurred in about 761 when Tri Songdetsen Detsen sent a party to the Yizhou region to receive the teachings of Kim Hwasang, a Korean Chan master, who they encountered in Sichuan. The party received teachings and three Chinese texts from Kim, who died soon after.

Tri Songdetsen patronised a second party to China in 763. This second expedition was headed by a high minister, Sba Gsalsnan. There is scholarly dissent about whom Gsalsnan encountered in Yizhou. Early scholarship considered Kim, but this had been revised to Baotang Wuzhu (714-774), head and founder of Baotang Monastery in Chengdu. Both Kim and Baotang Wuzhu were of the same school of Chan, the East Mountain Teaching.

Debates
Tri Songdetsen, hosted a famous two-year debate from 792-794, known in Western scholarship as the "Council of Lhasa" (although it took place at Samye at quite a distance from Lhasa) outside the capital. He sponsored a Dharma debate between the Chan Buddhist Moheyan, who represented the third documented wave of Chan dissemination in Tibet, and the scholar Kamalaśīla, a student of Śāntarakṣita. Effectively the debate was between the Chinese and Indian Buddhist traditions as they were represented in Tibet.

Sources differ about both the nature of the debate as well as the victor. Stein (1972: p. 66-67) holds that Kamalaśīla disseminated a "gradualist approach" to enlightenment, consisting of purificatory sādhanā such as cultivating the pāramitās. Kamalashila's role was to ordain Tibetans as Buddhist monks and propagate Buddhist philosophy as it had flourished in India. Stein (1972: p. 66-67) holds that Kamalaśīla was victorious in the debate and that Tri Songdetsen sided with Kamalaśīla.

Stupa construction
Tri Songdetsen is also traditionally associated with the construction of Boudhanath in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal.

The role of Padmasambhava on the other hand was to establish the teaching of Buddhist Tantra in Tibet. During the reign of Tri Songdetsen the combined efforts of Padmasambhava, Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla established both the Indian Buddhist philosophical interpretation and Buddhist tantra in Tibet.

Political and military activities
In 763 Tri Songdetsen sent an army of 200,000 men to the border with Tang China, defeating the forces there and then continuing on to take Chang'an, the Tang Chinese capital, forcing Emperor Daizong of Tang to flee the capital. In 783 a peace treaty was negotiated between China and Tibet giving Tibet all lands in present-day Qinghai.

The King also formed an alliance with Nanzhao in 778, joining forces to attack the Chinese in Sichuan.

Tri Songdetsen next sought to expand westward, reaching the Amu Darya and threatening the Abbasid Caliph, Harun ar-Rashid. The Caliph was concerned enough to establish an alliance with the Chinese emperor. Tri Songdetsen would be preoccupied with Arab wars in the west while taking pressure off his Chinese opponents to the east and north until his rule ended in 797.

Retirement, death and succession
Tri Songdetsen had four sons: Mutri Tsenpo, Muné Tsenpo, Mutik Tsenpo, and Sadnalegs. The eldest son, Mutri Tsenpo, died early.

Tri Songdetsen retired to live at the palace at Zungkar and handed power to his second son, Muné Tsenpo, in 797. From this point there is much confusion in the various historical sources. It seems there was a struggle for the succession after the death of Tri Songdetsen. It is not clear when Tri Songdetsen died, or for how long Mune Tsenpo reigned. The Testament of Ba, a Tibetan historical text which may date back to the 9th century, claims that Muné Tsenpo insisted that his father's funeral be performed according to Buddhist rather than traditional rites.

It is said that Mune Tsenpo was poisoned by his mother, who was jealous of his beautiful wife.

Whatever the case, both the Old Book of Tang and the Tibetan sources agree that, since Mune Tsenpo had no heirs, power passed to his younger brother, Sadnalegs, who was on the throne by 804 CE.

The other brother, Mutik Tsenpo, was apparently not considered for office as he had previously murdered a senior minister and had been banished to Lhodak Kharchu near the Bhutanese border.

title: Trisong Detsen


text: Category:Presbyterianism in Canada

title: Category:Presbyterianism in Canada


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Clinical medicine/Collaboration

Collaboration on articles helps speed up the creation and improvement of articles. Please feel free to inform others in the Clinical Medicine Project about work you are starting, wish collaboration on or seek peer review for.

For older collaborations, see archive.

1) Topics we are currently working on
''This is a list of current projects. Individuals may not want to review them yet, since they may not be complete.''

 * Hypotonia - would appreciate some professional collaboration on this article, particularly in dividing underlying causes into categories (bacterial infections, viral infections, congenital diseases, neurological disorders, etc.), and just a general overview for medical accuracy. MamaGeek Joy 15:11, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * There are too many ways of spliting - neurological and muscular, or genetic or developmental, congenital or acquired. I've had a go with congenital vs aquired, but the reader will have to look at each entry (eg meningitis can be viral or bacterial) David Ruben Talk 00:26, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Amygdala - this one is stable now, but might soon tend to stray from the track. FranklinT 01:19, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Chronic Pain- I have substantially revised the outline and text and I am in the process of further elaboration and reference enhancement.Robert J. Kaplan 02:16, 19 April 2007 (UTC)Rkapla02

2) Request for collaboration
''This is a list of pages being worked upon where individuals would appreciate the active help of others in discussing and developing an article.

3) Things up for review
This is a list of recently completed pages that request review for factual/design/completeness reasons

Joncomelately

 * I've pretty new here but I've expanded aseptic meningitis as it was on the stub list, and also because it may be vaguely relevant to my finals revision. It's my first attempt at one of these, so won't be great.  It could probably do with a couple more pictures and some history, and maybe a few more references.  Would appreciate a review at some point.  Cheers Iain Joncomelately 17:27, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've fixed some links, faults, names. It seems to be good. I don't know what kind of images we should put into the article. And there are no external links. NCursework 13:28, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've just created a page on Gallop rhythms, and would appreciate some feedback on that at some point. Also, I edited a bit of Congestive heart failure which seemed a bit odd to me, and have made a note about it on the talk page.  If anybody disagrees, please let me know.  Cheers Iain Joncomelately 10:50, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Peer review of Surgery requested
The high-importance article Surgery has recently been substantially expanded. A peer review is requested to ensure Surgery is technically sound. If anybody wants to review Surgery and make any [beneficial] edits, please go ahead. Also if anybody can provide any references for it, please go right ahead. H Padleckas 03:25, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Request for peer-review of Influenza
Hi there. I'm trying to improve this page at the moment. Feedback and suggestions would be most welcome. This is the review page. Thank you. TimVickers 02:08, 21 October 2006 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sega Dreamcast Hello Kitty

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge with Dreamcast. - Mailer Diablo 17:42, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Sega Dreamcast Hello Kitty
Not in the slightest bit worthy of its own article, surely. Dtcdthingy 00:45, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Dreamcast, and redirect this page.— Encephalon | ζ  01:03:04, 2005-08-19 (UTC)
 * Merge into Dreamcast. Certainly needs a mention with a picture, certainly doesn't need its own article. -Splash 02:10, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per Splash, above. Fernando Rizo T/C 02:35, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, no need to delete. Trollderella 03:07, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge Doesn't deserve its own article.Amren 05:36, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Lovely article, pretty picture. Nice name. Hello Kitty! --Tony Sidaway Talk 01:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy) 04:31, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The Hello Kitty Dreamcast is already menctioned on the Dreamcast article. Arm 07:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Heteromeles

Link it to other wiki languages, i don't know what's wrong

 * Asturianu
 * Català
 * Deutsch
 * Español
 * Suomi
 * Russian
 * Français
 * Svenska
 * Winaray

all have Heteromeles pages unlinked --Dignitee (talk) 04:12, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heteromeles


text:
Darth Vader's Psychic Hotline

Darth Vader's Psychic Hotline is a fan film that made its debut on the Internet on April 16, 2002, created by fans of the Star Wars franchise. It is a spoof of Star Wars and Miss Cleo-type psychic hotline infomercials, with Darth Vader taking calls and giving advice to various Star Wars characters.

While the film primarily spoofs the Star Wars universe in the format of an infomercial, there are several other notable targets, including subtle references to Star Trek, Babylon 5, Back to the Future, Battlestar Galactica, and Close Encounters of the Third Kind.

The film also uses a similar concept as the television show Frasier, where many of the guest callers are voiced by celebrities. This film features the voices of Kevin J. Anderson as Luke Skywalker, Claudia Christian as Princess Leia, Peter David as an Imperial officer, and Mike Jittlov as Han Solo.

The film has played at many film festivals, and proven popular with Star Wars fans, winning several awards, including Best Visual Effects and a Special Award for Merit at the 2003 Dahlonega International Film Festival. It was the second runner-up for the Audience Choice Award in the Lucasfilm-sponsored 2002 Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards.

List of film references

 * Babylon 5
 * Back to the Future Part II
 * Battlestar Galactica
 * Close Encounters of the Third Kind
 * Star Trek
 * Star Wars

title: Darth Vader's Psychic Hotline


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User:UncleJo

Note: A series of sockpuppets have been editing the same set of pages (usually Victoria of the United Kingdom, Pope Pius XII, Jim Duffy (author) and Dublin statues and their nicknames) identical ways to include almost identical information, all of it POV. All were pages I had edited. Skyring had a history of Wikistalking me, for which the ArbComm imposed a one year ban. Within hours of contributing to a debate on Wikistalking this latest campaign started, with many aspects of the campaign (abusive edit summaries, undoing changes I had made, etc) exactly what Skyring did. He had threatened to use sockpuppets to continue to wage campaigns against me if banned. Fear ÉIREANN \(caint) 00:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:UncleJo


text:
User talk:UncleJo

...at the junction,

title: User talk:UncleJo


text:
Kailahun

Kailahun is the capital of Kailahun District in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. Kailahun is a major business and commercial center of Kailahun District. The population was 13,108 in the 2004 census, a 2006 estimate of 18,411 and a current estimate of about 30,411. Kailahun lies in the far east of Sierra Leone, approximately 200 miles east of Freetown (320 miles by road), about 51 miles north east of Kenema (75 miles by road), and near the border of Liberia.

Kailahun is a trade center, and is one of the major towns in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. The population of Kailahun is largely from the Mende ethnic group. As with most parts of Sierra Leone, the Krio language of the Sierra Leone Creole people is by far the most widely spoken language in Kailahun and is the primary means of communication in the city.

Government
The town is home to Kailahun district council and the District Council Hall. David Keili Coomber is the town chief of Kailahun. Kailahun, along with the entire Kailahun District is governed with a district council form of government, which is headed by a District Council Chairman, who is responsible for the general management of the town and for seeing that all local and national laws are enforced. The District Council Chairman is elected directly by the residents of the district of Kailahun. The current chairman of Kailahun district council is Tom Nyuma of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). Nyuma won the July 2008 Sierra Leone local council elections in a landslide with 75% of the vote. The candidate of the People's Movement for Democratic Change (PMDC) came in distant second, followed by the candidate of the All People's Congress (APC). Nyuma replaced fellow SLPP member Augustine Kortu who was the District Council Chairman until July 2008. Kortu is from the minority Kissi ethnic group.

Media
The local radio station in Kailahun is a private station Radio Moa - The Voice of the Voiceless on 101.5 FM] which operates from Radio House. The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Service (SLBS) television and radio station, are on the air in Kailahun. BBC World Service, and several other international TV stations are on the air in the city, via satellite.

Ethnicity
The population of Kailahun is largely from the Mende. Minority ethnic groups with significant population are the Kissi, Kono, Sherbro and Vai.

Sport
Like the rest of the country, football is by far the most popular sport in the city. The city has several clubs in the lower divisions of the Sierra Leone football league.

Health
Kailahun is home to Kailahun Government Hospital which was refurbished after being damaged in the Sierra Leone Civil War and was reopened in 2004.

title: Kailahun


text:
User:Glenn W

Glenn W

Not much to say here. Adding text here so if anyone finds it in his/her interest to click on the link to my username, they don't get an empty page.

 * Casual Wikipedia user. Have been using Wikipedia as a reference source for a couple of years.
 * Became member to upload image for the gallery of the Sony PSP.
 * Hope can be of more help in the future.

title: User:Glenn W


text:
Talk:Guardian

The link to the Baha'i Faith is not working for some reason?

This was fixed August 18th 2005 by User: Nmentha

Guardian (title)
Would prefer to put Guardian (title) on here as I am trying to disambiguate Guardian and it is used as a title on many pages without meaning legal guardian.

I have now written the pages with references - anyone disagree? Pixie2000 21:53, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Guardian (computer games)
Many pages refer to this which are computer games - I see these have been removed in the past - anyone got a suggestion as how I disambiguate them?Pixie2000 21:53, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Clean-up tag
I've removed the clean-up tag as it's been on for three months and has had a couple of small improvements. I can't see any further problems with the TV section, but if anyone else does, please edit the page or re-tag it. Thanks, Boleyn2 (talk) 19:05, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

More or less opposite of a Wizard
A Guardian is also the opposite magical character class of a Wizard, although, one could conceivably be borderline between the two. These are 2 different fictional Universes, but I will contrast the examples anyway: Harry and Link. Obviously, Harry Potter is a Wizard. He may use weapons occasionally, but his expertise is in magic. Although the word "Guardian" is not specifically used in his series, Link is a Guardian. He uses magic at times, but his expertise is in weaponry (sword, shield, boomerang, bombs, archery (bow and arrow), even a hook shot for climbing over walls).

So, we can include this definition of Guardian as well. The Mysterious El Willstro (talk) 00:20, 24 August 2014 (UTC)

Two candidates for this name
There are articles for The Guardians (2017 French film) and The Guardians (2017 Russian film). I don't see that one of them is notable enough compared to the other to claim this title. - Donald Albury 15:18, 27 May 2018 (UTC)
 * The Russian film is called Guardians -- not The Guardians. —  Film Fan  17:19, 27 May 2018 (UTC)
 * The title of the article is The Guardians (2017 Russian film). - Donald Albury 00:39, 28 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, it has incorrectly been moved to that title without discussion by, so I am trying to move it back to its correct title. —  Film Fan  00:50, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guardian


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Jackie Manuel

Jackie Kameron Manuel (born March 29, 1983) is an American basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach at American University of the Patriot League.

College career
Born in West Palm Beach, Florida, Manuel gained notoriety as a defensive specialist for the North Carolina Tar Heels from 2001-2005. He started 85 out of 126 games for the Tar Heels. Manuel was also a tri-captain of UNC's 2005 National championship team.

NBA D-League
After not being selected in the 2005 NBA draft, Manuel was selected by the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League expansion draft. In 2005, he was injured most of the D-League season; he was signed by the Fayetteville Patriots but did not play one game due to injury. In 2006, he was selected by the NBDL representative of the Los Angeles Lakers.

NBA career
On August 1, 2007, the Boston Celtics signed Manuel to a non-guaranteed one-year contract. On October 25, however, Manuel was waived by the team.

Return to the NBA D-League
On Sept. 24, 2008, Manuel would be selected as the expansion Erie BayHawks' second overall pick in the 2008 NBA D-League Expansion Draft.

North Carolina assistant (2011–2012)
In 2011, Manuel joined Roy Williams' staff at UNC as assistant strength and conditioning coordinator.

UNC Greensboro assistant (2012–2016)
After a one-year stint at UNC, Manuel joined former North Carolina teammate Wes Miller's coaching staff at UNC-Greensboro for the 2012-2013 season.

Valparaiso assistant (2016)
After four years at UNCG, Manuel moved to Valparaiso to be an assistant for Matt Lottich.

UNC Wilmington assistant (2017–2020)
When former UNC assistant C.B. McGrath was named head coach at UNC Wilmington, Manuel was an assistant for him for four years.

UNC women's assistant (2020–21)
Manuel joined the UNC women's basketball staff as Director of Player Personnel, Development and Recruiting Operations in September 2020. On April 13, 2021, head coach Courtney Banghart posted a tweet indicating Manuel was leaving the UNC women's team to pursue other opportunities.

Return to the men's staff (2021–2023)
On April 15, 2021, Manuel was announced as the Director of Player and Team Development for Hubert Davis' inaugural North Carolina coaching staff. Manuel joins former Tar Heel players Jeff Lebo, Sean May, and Brad Frederick as members of the coaching staff. Manuel's role, unlike the other three, was not an on-bench position.

American University assistant (2023–present)
Manuel left his alma mater once again in April 2023 to join Duane Simpkins' staff at American University. Manuel and Simpkins were both assistant coaches under Wes Miller at UNCG.

Personal life
Manuel was married in August 2005 to his wife Ronda Jae.

In high school, Manuel won two state championships at Cardinal Newman High School in West Palm Beach, Florida. He earned a B.A. in African-American studies from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in May 2005. In February 2010, Manuel earned a certificate in coaching from Michigan State University.

On November 28, 2007, Manuel's brother, Donta, a thirteen-year veteran of the Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office, was killed while he was removing stop sticks from a roadway during a police chase. A pursued stolen car had passed by and while Deputy Manuel was removing the stop sticks, a patrol car in pursuit of the stolen car hit him and his partner, Deputy Jonathan Wallace, killing both.

Awards

 * All-ACC Defensive Team: 2004, 2005.

title: Jackie Manuel


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Pink and Black Records

Pink and Black Records is an imprint record label of Fat Wreck Chords created to distribute albums from female-fronted bands. The first record released on this label was the Dance Hall Crashers album Purr in 1999. Pink & Black is named for the two favorite colors of Erin Burkett, ex-wife of Fat Mike, and one of the founders of Fat Wreck Chords.

Bands

 * Dance Hall Crashers
 * Fabulous Disaster
 * The Flipsides

title: Pink and Black Records


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sea anenomes

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep and of course feel free to redirect. --Tony Sidaway Talk 01:44, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

After further review, the outcome of this vote was Redirect. There are no votes to keep this article. - Tεx  τ  urε  15:10, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Sea anenomes
Delete. Pretty cute article about anemones that isn't worth merging. Redirect common spelling error? (The author also claims to hold a "copywrite", but I feel as though it doesn't exactly hold up. JDoorjam 00:51, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, if it's copyrighted, it's copyvio. So we have a redundant copyvio. Delete, I'm afraid. No redirects — we don't redirect misspellings, do we? That would necessitate an infinite number of pages.— Encephalon | ζ  01:09:57, 2005-08-19 (UTC) I bow before the compelling wisdom of the misslepping redirectors. :) Vote change: Redirect, to sea anemones.— Encephalon  | ζ  03:50:21, 2005-08-19 (UTC)
 * we do redirect from common misspellings, particualrly for often mis-spelled terms. DES (talk) 03:42, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * We don't generally pre-emptively create redirects for all potential mis-spellings, as we pre-emptively create redirects for pluralizations, different capitalizations, and so forth. But if someone has actually made the mistake and created a duplicate article at the mis-spelled title, then we redirect, on the grounds that if one person did it once, then others are likely to do the same in the future, and the redirect both prevents the whole cycle repeating and edifies readers. Uncle G 05:09:43, 2005-08-19 (UTC)
 * Delete, though I'm tempted to steal the content for my school report. Flowerparty  talk 01:18, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Flowerparty  talk 17:23, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. No need to delete. Plausible misspelling. (I know I'd need to look up the spelling for this one!) Pburka 01:31, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I had to look it up to write the summary. JDoorjam 02:02, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect would be useful in this case. Not generally a fan of redirects for misleppings, but this one is worthwhile. In case of an otherwise no-consensus vote, this may be taken as a delete. -Splash 02:13, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect for sure. I'm a pretty strong speller, but I would probably fumble through two or three mis-spellings of "anenome" before I got it right. Fernando Rizo T/C 02:38, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. -Sean Curtin 03:00, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * merge and redirect Trollderella 03:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Pburka or delete if no consensus to redir. DES (talk) 03:42, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. Capitalistroadster 05:00, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Agree with above.Amren 23:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Might I suggest Traswiki to simple english wikipedia as they don't currently have an article on it. The language seems simple enough and it seems like parts of this article could serve as a good start for a simple english one. --Aqua 00:27, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect "Anemomes" "Amemones"  "Amenones" The word in the title is hard to spell. I'd call this a common enough misspelling. I don't agree with the transwiki-to-simple idea. This page isn't just simple English; it's childish. There is a difference. — Nowhither 22:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
French frigate Belle Poule (1766)

Belle Poule was a French frigate of the Dédaigneuse-class frigate, designed by Léon-Michel Guignace. She is most famous for her duel with the British frigate HMS Arethusa (1759) on 17 June 1778, which began the French involvement in the American War of Independence.

1768 – 1777
Belle Poule was built in Bordeaux between March 1765 and early 1767. She served in two campaigns in the West Indies, where due to her good sailing performance she was selected for the first French attempt at covering her hull with copper to resist marine growths.

From 1772 to 1776, she was sent on hydrographic missions, during which the young La Pérouse came to the attention of his superiors.

On 12 December 1776, she left India to return to Brest. At the time, France was not yet engaged in the American War of Independence, but there had been numerous incidents involving French and British ships. Indeed, on 27 April 1777, Belle Poule was chased by a British ship of the line, which she easily evaded to reach Brest. In December 1777, Belle Poule was selected to ferry Silas Deane back to America, along with news of the French-American Alliance.

1778 – 1801
On 7 January, the British ships of the line HMS Hector (1774) and HMS Courageux (1761) stopped her and demanded to inspect her. In spite of the overwhelming superiority of the British forces, her captain, Charles de Bernard de Marigny, answered:

I am the Belle Poule, frigate of the King of France; I sail from sea and I sail to sea. Vessels of the King, my master, never allow inspections

The British offered apologies and let the frigate sail through. However, opposing winds prevented the ship from crossing the Atlantic, and after 36 days, Belle Poule had to return to Brest. Franklin later sailed to America aboard  Sensible.

Fight of Belle Poule and Arethusa
When war broke out, Belle Poule was sent on a reconnaissance mission, along with the 26-gun frigate FRENCH FRIGATE Licorne, the corvette FRENCH CORVETTE Hirondelle, and the smaller Coureur, to locate the squadron of Admiral Keppel. They encountered the British squadron, which chased them.

HMS Arethusa (1759) caught up with the French and a furious battle ensued. Eventually, Arethusa had to break off the fight, having lost her main mast. The British captured the smaller French ships, but the two frigates escaped the numerous ships of the line pursuing them. Belle Poule lost 30 killed and 72 wounded, among which her captain, Lieutenant Jean Isaac Chadeau de la Clocheterie. Arethusa had eight men killed and 36 wounded. The battle was so famous that ladies of the high society invented the hairstyle "Belle Poule", with a ship on the top of the head.

Between September and October 1778, Belle Poule teamed up with French ship Vengeur and captured five privateers. In 1779, Belle Poule served as coast guard and convoy escort.

Capture
On the evening of 14 July 1780 Captain Sir James Wallace of the 64-gun ship of the line HMS Nonsuch (1774) was off the Loire where her boats were burning the French frigate Legere. He observed three vessels to the north west, signalling each other, and immediately gave chase. At about midnight Nonsuch caught up with one of the three off Île d'Yeu and commenced a two-hour action. When the French vessel struck her colours was identified as Belle Poule. She was armed with 32 12-pounder guns, had a crew of 275 men and was under the command of Chevalier Raymond-Marie, chevalier de Kergariou-Coatlès. In the engagement Belle Poule lost 25 men killed, including Kergariou, and 50 other officers and men, including her second captain, wounded. Nonsuch had lost three men killed and 10 wounded, two of whom died later. The two French vessels that escaped were the frigate Aimable, of 32 8-pounder guns, and the corvette Rossignol, of 20 6-pounder guns.

British service
She was commissioned in February 1781 into the British Royal Navy, retaining her name. She served for the next 21 months under Captain Philip Patton with William Bligh as the ship's Master. On 17 April she, with HMS Berwick (1775), captured the privateer Calonne, under the command of Luke Ryan. Calonne was only two years old, a fast sailer, and well equipped for a voyage of three months and a crew of 200 men. She was armed with twenty-two 9-pounder guns, six 4-pounder guns and six 12-pounder carronades.

Belle Poule participated in the Battle of Dogger Bank (1781). Hollandia, one of the Dutch ships-of-the-line, sank after the battle. Belle Poule took away her flag, which was kept flying, and carried it to Admiral Parker.

Fate
The Royal Navy put Belle Poule into ordinary at Chatham in November 1782. She then served briefly as a receiving ship from 1796 before the British Admiralty sold her for breaking up in 1801.

title: French frigate Belle Poule (1766)


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Wilmer, British Columbia

Wilmer is a small settlement near Invermere, British Columbia. The settlement was originally known as Peterborough and was founded in 1886. The explorer David Thompson founded a Northwest trading company post near the present-day site of Wilmer after crossing the Rockies via Howse Pass in 1807. Thompson spent a winter there while mapping the region. The site of the fort is now the National Historic Site Kootenae House.

The settlement, originally Peterborough, was changed in 1902 to honour Wilmer Wells, provincial minister of public works.

Wilmer is situated on the West benchland, 20 Kilometers north of Invermere BC, overlooking the Rocky Mountain Trench.

title: Wilmer, British Columbia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Return to subroutine ASS68000

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 04:19, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Return to subroutine ASS68000
Article about assembly language instructions that do nothing particularly interesting. Subroutine already discusses hardware implementation in general.
 * Delete. Gazpacho 00:54, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 00:55, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We do not need to list every instruction in the instruction set of every processor in existance. This is way too specialized. ManoaChild 01:54, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's linked from the RTS page, so a one-line summary could be inserted there and then delete. — RJH 14:56, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Fwahobadagadz

Feel free to edit this page to discuss stuff. ---

Classic Rock
Hello. I was wondering if you would like to participate in my classic rock survey. I'm trying to find the most liked classic rock song. There is more information on my user page. Hope you participate! 02:59, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Image:Banner.gif
Hello, I noticed that Image:Banner.gif which you uploaded doesn't have a copyright tag associated with it. I saw that you attempted to tag it as 'art', but I'm not sure this is the most appropriate tag, since you specify that you created the image. I suggest you take a look at the copyright tags you have to choose from and decide which one fits best. Any questions, just ask on my talk page. David Johnson [ T|C ] 22:48, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi there. In response to your message on my talk page: the tags listed under 'for image creators' are the main ones, although there are a few others. The one which I think will meet your needs is cc-by-sa-2.5. This says that people have permission to use your image for anything they like, but they MUST credit you as the author and if they distribute it to others, they must keep these same license terms. Let me know if this doesn't meet your needs and I'll see what other licenses may do what you want. Unfortunately there is no way to rename an already uploaded image - it muse be deleted then re-uploaded. Images (and articles) can be quickly deleted by adding a del tag to them. I'll tag Image:Banner.gif for deletion for you, so you can go ahead and re-upload the image with a more specific name. Oops, that's not correct. It seems you can rename the image by going to the image page, clicking on 'Upload a new version of this file' then changing the file name. David Johnson [ T|C ] 22:56, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Since I posted the above I've discovered a new tag: CommunityUseOnly. This tag means that the image may only be used on user pages at Wikipedia (so it may not be copied, or used in articles on Wikipedia). I would suggest this is the best tag to give all the images on your user page - art is not appropriate for works you have created yourself. David Johnson [ T|C ] 00:37, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for sorting this out: I know it's a pain to mess about with copyright tags, but such things are necessary to ensure everyone gets maximum benefit out of Wikipedia. Thanks again! David Johnson [ T|C ] 02:12, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
 * > Wow, that was a fast. no problem, thank you for helping me along in aquiring a better knowledge of the wikipedia and how to use it. -Fwahobadagadz

Your username
Is your username a reference to fhqwhgads? It's the first thing I thought of when I saw it. Mibluvr13 19:45, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fwahobadagadz


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Sa Pa (ward)

Sa Pa or Sapa, was a frontier township and capital of former Sa Pa District, now a ward of Sa Pa town in Lào Cai Province in north-west Vietnam.

Sa Pa ward is bordered by Mường Hoa commune to the east, Phan Si Păng ward to the west, Cầu Mây ward to the south and the wards of Hàm Rồng, Sa Pả to the north.

title: Sa Pa (ward)


text:
User talk:JosephRocker

Hi, I'm Joseph Rocker. I'm new to Wikipedia, an avid Republican (in the U.S.A.), and hope to make many meaningful contributions to the political articles on this site. I think that this is a great community and hope to be a valued member of it.

title: User talk:JosephRocker


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Navajo Nation Police

The Navajo Nation Police (formerly known as the Navajo Tribal Police) is the law enforcement agency on the Navajo Nation in the Southwestern United States. It is under the Navajo Division of Public Safety. It is headed by a Chief of Police, six Police Captains and eight Police Lieutenants. It includes: Internal Affairs, Patrol, K-9 Unit, Police diving, Tactical Operations Team, Traffic Unit, Fiscal management, Recruitment, and Training Divisions. The Navajo Nation Police are responsible for seven districts: Chinle, Crownpoint, Dilkon, Kayenta, Shiprock, Tuba City, and Window Rock. There are also several substations in each district ranging from one-man substations or up to five officers each. Currently, there are 210 sworn police officers (134 patrol), 28 criminal investigators, and 279 civilians acting as support staff for the department. There are approximately 1.9 police officers per 1,000 people and one officer is responsible for patrolling 70 sqmi of reservation land. The Navajo Nation Police are funded by federal contracts and grants and general Navajo Nation funds. This police department is one of only two large Native American police Departments with more than 100 sworn officers in the United States (the other is the Oglala Lakota Nation's police department).

History
The Navajo Treaty of 1868, which released Navajos from captivity at Fort Sumner, established law enforcement as the responsibility of the federal government. The first Navajo police force was created in 1872 and dissolved three years later. Although there were police on the reservation, they were funded and supported by the United States government. The Navajo Nation operated under the direction of the BIA from the late 19th century until 1959, when it established its own tribal police force. While the force was and remains largely funded by the federal government, the force has operated on its own since 1959. The Navajo Nation police is responsible for law enforcement and for the care and custody of prisoners.

Equipment and vehicles
All officers are issued a service Glock 22 40 caliber sidearm, expandable baton, handcuffs, bullet-resistant vest, pepper spray and portable radio linked to a central dispatch. Rural substation officers are issued take-home vehicles, a shotgun, metal spike strips and speed radar guns. There are 200 vehicles in the Police department's fleet ranging from sport utility vehicles (SUV) such as: Chevrolet Tahoe, Chevrolet Blazer, Chevrolet Suburban and Jeep Liberty to Sedans: Chevrolet Impala. There are Kawasaki Kz1000s for motor units, 4-Wheel all-terrain vehicles (ATV) for special events/crowd control, and street bicycle units. All patrol vehicles are currently outfitted with laptop computer technology working with local Wi-Fi internet connection to assist officers to write and file reports electronically. The department recently obtained a mobile command post vehicle which is assigned to the Shiprock district located in Shiprock, New Mexico.

In 2018 chief of police Phillip Francisco restarted the Navajo Nation police academy, using the former Chinle jail as a training headquarters. Twelve new recruits graduated in June 2018, the first in-house graduates in ten years.

Fallen officers
, since the establishment of the Navajo Nation police department, at least fourteen officers have died in the line of duty.

Fictional portrayals
Officers of the Navajo Nation police are the subjects of a series of mystery novels by Tony Hillerman. The novels deal primarily with fictional officers named Joe Leaphorn, Jim Chee, and Bernadette Manuelito. After Tony Hillerman's death in 2008, daughter Anne Hillerman has continued the mystery series.

The Hillerman novels and characters were used in a 2002 PBS television series Skinwalkers: The Navajo Mysteries and later in the AMC series Dark Winds in 2022.

Navajo police are also the subjects of the Ella Clah police procedural romance novels by the husband and wife authorial team of Aimee and David Thurlo.

title: Navajo Nation Police


text:
Fansipan

Fansipan (Vietnamese: Phan Xi Păng, ) is a mountain in Vietnam. Its height was 3143 m in 1909, and it presently stands at 3147.3 m. It is the highest mountain on the Indochinese peninsula (comprising Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia), hence its nickname, "the Roof of Indochina". It is located in the Lào Cai province of the Northwest region of Vietnam, 9 km southwest of Sa Pa, in the Hoang Lien Son mountain range. Administratively, it is shared between Tam Đường District, Lai Châu and Sa Pa town.

Etymology
The origin of the name Phan Xi Păng is unclear. The most commonly accepted theory is that it evolved from Hủa Xi Pan ("the tottering giant rock")—the name that the locals called the mountain, based on its shape. Another theory suggests that the name came from the Hmong people, as it means "azalea mountain" in their language, due to the prevalence of azaleas and other species of the Rhododendron genus on the mountain.

It has also been suggested that the name could have derived from Phan Văn Sơn, a geography official in the Nguyễn dynasty who helped the French map the area and define the border with China in 1905. Due to the inaccurate local pronunciation, the name generally evolved into Phan Xi Păng.

Geography
Fansipan is the tallest mountain in the Hoang Lien Son range, situated on the border of Lào Cai and Lai Châu provinces, with its peak located on the Lào Cai side. The mountain is part of Hoàng Liên National Park. It has a topographic prominence of 1613 m, ranking sixth in Vietnam.

Geology
Fansipan was formed around 250–260 million years ago, between the Permian period in the Paleozoic era and the Triassic period in the Mesozoic. The Himalayan orogeny since Late Mesozoic has further uplifted Fansipan and the Hoang Lien Son range and created the Red River Fault to the east.

Summit mark
The initial metal pyramid was made and installed on the mountain's peak by Soviet engineers from Hòa Bình province, in 1985. The amateur mountaineering expedition was the first since the end of the colonial period and was officially timed to the 40th anniversary of Victory Day of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany.

Hiking
Fansipan can be climbed in a steep and fairly strenuous hike. Previously, it took about 5–6 days from Sa Pa to reach the peak and return. Now, the total time is usually only about three days, even two, or for experts and strong, healthy people, it can be done in one day.

Tour companies in the area will arrange hikes to the summit that take one to three days. Most recommend taking the two- or three-day options, and few guides will take tourists on a round trip in a single day.

A very small village is located at around 1500 m, where accommodation and food is offered. Further up, at 2800 m, is an overnight camp. Most booked trips include the use of these facilities in their price, should they be required.

Cable car

A cable car to the peak of Fansipan was inaugurated on 2 February 2016. The gondola lift departs from a terminal in Muong Hoa valley, near Sa Pa, and takes twenty minutes to reach the summit. The service holds two Guinness World Records for the longest nonstop, three-rope cable car in the world, spanning 6.3 km, and the greatest elevation difference by a nonstop, three-roped cable car for the 1410 m difference in elevation between the termini. Currently, there are also climbing trains that help climbers get past the walking stairs.

title: Fansipan


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Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Mo Mowlam

Mo Mowlam

 * Nominated on 00:50, 19 August 2005 (GMT); needs 5 votes by August 26.

An immensly popular politician who was very influential in the politics of Northern Ireland and who is likely to die soon - the page will get many hits in the next few weeks.

Support:
 * 1) Dmn  € Դմն 00:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * It's not really a stub and generally when important people die this happens so it get's improved anyway. -- Joolz 11:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've just noticed she's now died :/  :-( -- Joolz 11:07, 19 August 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:School prayer

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Kmcdavi, SavannahHinde, Pkoewle, WarrenforPrez.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:45, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
The article view only represents a US view on public prayer. What about the rest of the world? I don't know the command to put a label on the top page saying that the article does not represent a world view. This article could use one I think. Arm 00:56, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok I found the right tag. An issue as big and widespread as shoving religion down everyones throat (public prayer) has got to be an issue that exists outside the United States. --Arm 06:51, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It certainly is. I will return later (possibly much later) to add information about the UK position.  I would also be interested to hear views from other countries (eg France, which is highly secularised) on their experiences. --Ross UK 19:50, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I see that I have been beaten to it! Will add more at some point. --Ross UK 12:30, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

School Prayer
One thing about this article: no one ever said that kids can't pray in school at all. I changed the article to reflect the fact that it was MANDATORY prayer eliminated from public school, not prayer altogether.

What the article conspicuously lacks is a history of school prayer. It has a history of decisions affecting it, but it does not discuss whose bright idea it was in the first place! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.217.142.210 (talk) 18:51, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

The last sentence in the Reinstatement paragraph is very biased and pushing an agenda: "Lou Engle, founder of The Call movement, has proposed a correlation between the prohibition of school prayer in 1962 and 1963 and the decline of SAT scores, increase of teen pregnancies and increase of children born out of wedlock in those same years." The link for this has no information on this claim. Its just a Christian website. --Punkrocker27ka (talk) 04:42, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

Graduation
I heard of a few graduations across the US that were devoid of prayer due to complaints. I know for certain one happened in my school, Munford, and I also heard something about a school in Kentucky. I would appreciate help in expanding the new subsection. Neutronium 05:49, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I left that in, and even expanded it a bit, but I'm not sure it really has a place in an encyclopedia. It's a news item, specific to a particular time and place.  But it does illustrate one aspect of the debate.Mark Foskey (talk) 04:31, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I took it out. It read as follows:

 * At Graduation

 * A controversy at a high school in Tennessee may provide an example of the way the controversy plays out in parts of the US. In May 2006, the ACLU of Tennessee, in response to letters it received from several students, convinced Munford High School's principal to replace official prayer at graduation with a moment of silence. Retrieved July 15, 2006 During the planned moment of silence, students pulled out cards with the Lord's Prayer written on them and began to read, to cheers from the audience.  In the aftermath, some have concluded that the school's ACLU club faculty adviser has lost her job over the incident.

 * Two sources were given:

 * "Munford Grads Go in Prayer"
 * "Munford ACLU Adviser is Fired"Retrieved July 15, 2006

 * There are minor sourcing problems--everything seems to be from a single website, and we're relying on a Wayback Machine copy, and I can't find any prominent news sources that covered the event.

 * But the main problem is that "A controversy at a high school in Tennessee" is, we're told, to "provide an example of the way the controversy plays out in parts of the US." Well that's not a single data sample, and of necessity it's a  controversial one--at least locally.

 * Drowned in the detail of an individual case we lose the detail. Have many high schools stopped leading their graduates in prayer?  In which school systems does the practice of mandatory prayer at graduation continue?  In the meantime I don't see a need for a separate section on graduation until there is something substantial to write. --TS 11:53, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

I think it will be hard to find any sources confirming the practice of "mandatory" (student-led but made mandatory by the administration) prayers at graduations. At my graduation (high school in Indiana) there were 2 student-led prayers which were basically mandatory. They were not mentioned in the program (but mentioned during practice) and I assume (I am just a foreign exchange student so I don't have extremely deep insight into K12 education) it is the same in most other high schools, at least in the Bible Belt. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.25.153.16 (talk) 02:52, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Canada
It's strange to mention Canada in the introduction but not have a section for that country. The actual right protected is "freedom of conscience and religion", the reason being that school prayers would be prejudicial against students of different religions. The ban does not apply to all "state" schools, as prayers are still allowed in separate schools. —Preceding unsigned comment added by The Four Deuces (talk • contribs) 05:28, 17 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The article did have a large sourced section on Canada (British Columbia) which was deleted by an IP vandal (86.17.109.91) on 18:35, 25 November 2008 which wasn't corrected until now. Cheers! Wassupwestcoast (talk) 02:07, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

encyclopedic, public domain source (please assimilate content ...)
I'm adding Congress's CRS reports to their relevant talk pages, since they're so thorough and you can just copy-and-cite the content ... here's yours:

 * http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS:_Prayer_and_Religion_in_the_Public_Schools:_What_Is%2C_and_Is_Not%2C_Permitted%2C_August_18%2C_2000
 * http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS:_Legislative_Prayer_and_School_Prayer:_The_Constitutional_Difference%2C_October_26%2C_1994

PS with this information, you should be able to create a stand-alone article School prayer (United States), which would be long overdue ...Agradman talk/contribs 00:38, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

Information needed
This article needs more information about private individuals who have been forbidden from doing religious acts such as praying by the government. Cousin Kevin (talk) 22:37, 28 December 2009 (UTC)
 * For example???Adam in MO Talk 19:44, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

Old joke
As long as there are final exams, there will be prayer in school. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.175.225.22 (talk) 14:08, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Pgg804 (talk) 13:30, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:School prayer


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Clarence Barber

Clarence Lyle Barber (May 5, 1917 – February 27, 2004) was a Canadian economist and academic.

Born in Wolseley, Saskatchewan, he received a B.A. in economics from the University of Saskatchewan in 1939. He won a scholarship to Clark University where he obtained his M.A. in 1941 and he received a Ph.D. in 1952 from the University of Minnesota.

He taught economics at the University of Manitoba from 1949 to 1982 and served as head of the department from 1963 to 1972. Barber also taught at McMaster University, Queen's University, McGill University, and the University of Victoria. His professional interests included macroeconomic theory, international economics, and monetary theory. Barber's best known theoretical contribution was his formulation of the concept of the effective rate of protection. He spent the year 1959-60 living in Manila, Philippines as an advisor working for the United Nations providing assistance to the 1960 Census.

Effects of the Great Depression in his youth motivated Barber to study economics. In 1978, Barber wrote "On the Causes of the Great Depression" where he made a link between demographics and economics. He cited how demand for housing in the U.S. began to drop beginning in 1926. Early in 1929, demand for housing dropped precipitously. The stock market crash in October of that same year was preceded by a decline in demand, Barber argues, that began with a lower formation of households concomitant with lower rates of marriage. After World War I, a birth dearth had resulted; a dearth that demographers have shown did not end until World War II ended. (see Causes of the Great Depression) The death of young men as soldiers in World War I, coupled with the Flu Pandemic of 1918 wrought their eventual harm to the economy as a whole. The increase in secularization during the 'Roaring Twenties', as automobiles became widespread, and availability of electricity and electrical appliances and such, may have had its effect too. Barber showed in "On Causes..." that lower demand for mortgages and other loans preceded by some years a shortage of loan availability as the Great Depression deepened towards 1933.

After the Winnipeg flood of 1950, he was economic adviser and director of research for the Manitoba Royal Commission Flood Cost-Benefit from 1957 to 1959. The result of which led to the construction of the Red River Floodway. In 1987, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2001, he was awarded the Order of Manitoba.

In 1947, he married Barbara Anne Patchet. They had four children: Paul, Stephen, David, and Alan.

From 1982 to 1985 Clarence served on the Royal Commission on Economic Union and Development Prospects For Canada, more commonly known as the Macdonald Commission. It was on this commission where he argued for free trade with the United States.

title: Clarence Barber


text:
Category:Regional municipalities in Nova Scotia

The regional municipalities of Nova Scotia.

Nova Scotia originally had three incorporated cities: Halifax, Dartmouth, and Sydney.

In 1995 and 1996, all three cities were dissolved and amalgamated into regional municipalities. Nova Scotia no longer maintains cities as first-tier municipalities, however it has designated the former cities of Halifax and Dartmouth, the two largest by population, as "Metropolitan Areas" within their respective regional municipality. Sydney, being somewhat smaller in population, is referred to as an "Urban Community."


text:
Wasser, Germany

Wasser is a village in southwest Germany, in the Upper Rhine Valley, located at the Elz River. In June 2005, Wasser had 1717 inhabitants. In the mid-1970s it was part incorporated into the city of Emmendingen.

Emmendingen

title: Wasser, Germany


text:
User:JosephRocker

Hi, I'm Joseph Rocker. I'm new to Wikipedia, an avid Republican (in the U.S.A.), and hope to make many meaningful contributions to the political articles on this site. I think that this is a great community and hope to be a valued member of it.

title: User:JosephRocker


text:
Internal Security Act 1960

The Internal Security Act 1960 (Akta Keselamatan Dalam Negeri 1960, abbreviated ISA) was a preventive detention law in force in Malaysia. The legislation was enacted after the Federation of Malaya gained independence from Britain in 1957. The ISA allows for detention without trial or criminal charges under limited, legally defined circumstances. On 15 September 2011, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak said that this legislation will be repealed and replaced by two new laws. The ISA was replaced and repealed by the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 which has been passed by Parliament and given the royal assent on 18 June 2012. The Act came into force on 31 July 2012.

Structure
The Internal Security Act 1960 was consisted of 4 Parts containing 85 sections and 3 schedules (including 21 amendments).
 * Part I: Preliminary
 * Part II: General Provisions Relating to Internal Security
 * Chapter I: Prohibition of Organizations and Associations of a Political or Quasi-Military Character and Uniforms, etc.
 * Chapter II: Powers of Preventive Detention
 * Chapter III: Special Powers Relating to Subversive Publications, etc.
 * Chapter IV: Control of Entertainments and Exhibitions
 * Chapter V: Other Powers for the Prevention of Subversion
 * Chapter VI: Miscellaneous
 * Part III: Special Provisions Relating to Security Areas
 * Chapter I: Proclamation of Security Areas
 * Chapter II: Powers Relating to Preservation of Public Security
 * Chapter III: Offences Relating to Security Areas
 * Chapter IV: Powers of Police and others
 * Chapter V: General
 * Chapter VI: Power to make Regulations
 * Part IV: Miscellaneous Provisions
 * Schedules

History
Preventive detention was first implemented in Malaya by the British in 1948 to combat the armed insurgency of the Malayan Communist Party during the Malayan Emergency. The Emergency Regulations Ordinance 1948 was enacted by the British High Commissioner Sir Edward Gent. It allowed the detention of persons for a period not exceeding one year. This ordinance targeted acts of violence and only imposed temporary detention. The Malayan Emergency ended in 1960 and the ordinance was repealed. However, preventive detention was retained and remains a feature of Malaysian law today. In 1960, the government passed the Internal Security Act (ISA) under the authority granted by Article 149 the Malaysian Constitution.

The stated purpose of the ISA was to deter communist activity in Malaysia during the Malayan Emergency and afterwards. The first Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman, defined the purpose of the act as to "be used solely against the communists...My Cabinet colleagues and I gave a solemn promise to Parliament and the nation that the immense powers given to the government under the ISA would never be used to stifle legitimate opposition and silence lawful dissent".

In response to criticism that the ISA was not democratic or was too open to abuse, the first internal security minister, Ismail Abdul Rahman, stated:

"I maintained then and I maintain now the view that the Internal Security Act is essential to the security of this country especially when democracy is interpreted the way it is interpreted in this country. To those in opposition to the government democracy is interpreted to mean absolute freedom, even the freedom to subvert the nation. When cornered by the argument that democracy in the Western sense means freedom in an ordered society and an ordered society is one in which the rule of law prevails, they seek refuge in the slogan that we should imitate Western democracy one hundred per cent.

I am convinced that the Internal Security Act as practiced in Malaysia is not contrary to the fundamentals of democracy. Abuse of the Act can be prevented by vigilant public opinion via elections, a free Press and above all the Parliament."

However, partly due to massive street protests involving the public and politicians from both sides which portrayed the ISA as draconian and unnecessary in view of Malaysia's progress to "developed nation" status, on 15 September 2011, Prime Minister Najib Razak announced that The Internal Security Act will be abolished. Two new laws will be introduced instead to safeguard peace and order.

Reform
The government is in the final stages of revising the Internal Security Act. Home Minister Datuk Seri Hishammuddin Tun Hussein has stated that ISA amendments will revolve around five areas – the length of detention, rights and treatment of detainees and their families, the power of the Home Minister, the use of ISA for political reasons and detention without trial. In revising the ISA, the government met with key stakeholders to discuss amendments. Hishammuddin and Home Ministry's officials met for about three hours with representatives from the Attorney-General's Chambers, the Bar Council, the Barisan Nasional Backbenchers Club, the National Council for Women's Organisations and the National Civics Bureau. The Home Minister said that during the discussions, all parties agreed that there should be a law in place to protect the people against terrorism and militancy. The Law Reform Committee set up to review detentions under the Internal Security Act (ISA) has submitted its amendment proposals to the Cabinet. Parliament is expected to conclude its review of the amendments during its current sitting.

Law
Some notable sections of the legislation include:

Section 73(1) Internal Security Act 1960: "Any police officer may without warrant arrest and detain pending enquiries any person in respect of whom he has reason to believe that there are grounds which would justify his detention under section 8; and that he has acted or is about to act or is likely to act in any manner prejudicial to the security of Malaysia or any part thereof or to maintenance of essential services therein or to the economic life thereof."

Section 8 ISA: Power to order detention or restriction of persons. "(i) If the Minister is satisfied that the detention of any person is necessary with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of Malaysia or any part thereof or to the maintenance of essential services therein or the economic life thereof, he may make an order (hereinafter referred to as a detention order) directing that that person be detained for any period not exceeding two years."

Section 8(1) theoretically restricts detention to a period not exceeding two years but this limit is readily circumvented because under Section 8(7), the duration of the detention order may be extended indefinitely in increments of up to two years The extension of the detention order may be made on the same grounds as those on which the original order was based or on different grounds. In delivering the judgment of the Court, Steve L.K. Shim CJ (Sabah & Sarawak) in ''Kerajaan Malaysia & 2 Ors. v Nasharuddin bin Nasir'' (2003) 6 AMR 497 at page 506, ruled that the powers extended to the Home Minister are valid under the Malaysian Constitution. In addition, preventive detention is also now allowed by the Dangerous Drugs (Special Preventive Measures) Act 1985 and the Emergency (Public Order and Prevention of Crime) Ordinance 1969. The Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) has recently recommended that the ISA be repealed and replaced by new comprehensive legislation that, while taking a tough stand on threats to national security (including terrorism), does not violate basic human rights.

A detenu can make representations against his/her detention if an order of detention has been made against the detenu by the Minister under Section 8(1) of the ISA but under Section 73 however, the detenu seems to have no such right. Generally, the attitude of the Malaysian courts in respect of detention under Section 73 is that the courts have jurisdiction only in regard to any question on compliance with the procedural requirements of the ISA and they seldom grant any substantive rights to the detenu.

Article 151 of the Malaysian Constitution gives to any person detained without trial (under the special powers against subversion) certain administrative rights. By the terms of Article 151 the authority, on whose order a person is detained, shall, as soon as may be, inform the detainee of the grounds of detention and the allegations of fact on which the order is based. The detainee shall also be given an opportunity within three months, of making representations against the order to an Advisory Board. The Advisory Board as the name implies is not a court. Its determinations are also mere recommendations that the government is under no obligation to accept. It may also be handicapped in its deliberations by the discretionary power of the government to withhold facts, the disclosure of which would, in the executive’s opinion be against national interest.

Any person may be detained by the police for up to 60 days without trial for an act which allegedly threatens the security of the country or any part thereof. After 60 days, one may be further detained for a period of two years each, to be approved by the Minister of Home Affairs, thus permitting indefinite detention without trial. In 1989, the powers of the Minister under the legislation was made immune to judicial review by virtue of amendments to the Act, only allowing the courts to examine and review technical matters pertaining to the ISA arrest.

The Reid Commission
‘Anti-government’ has at times been simply equated to being ‘anti-national’. In their Report, the Reid Commission (that was entrusted with the job of drafting the Merdeka Constitution) mentioned that the rights they were recommending had already been firmly established throughout Malaya and the guarantee of the fundamental rights would be provided by the mechanisms of: the Constitution being the supreme law; ‘the power and duty of the Courts to enforce these rights’; and, ‘the Courts would annul any attempt to subvert any of them whether by legislative or administrative action or otherwise’. [See Chapter IX, Fundamental Rights: Constitutional Guarantees, Para 161 p. 70 of the Report.]

Hardial Singh Khaira [Is it the ISA per se or the Interpretations Given by the Judiciary that Makes it Such a Draconian Law Now?], in his analysis of judgments related to the ISA maintains that 'not only have the Malaysian courts failed to annul the encroachments on the fundamental rights but their lack of judicial activism has in fact subverted those rights further. The failure of the Malaysian courts in relation to the ISA starts with the fact that they have generally accepted the subjective satisfaction of the executive for justifying the detention of an individual.' He further adds that the 'current approach of the Malaysian courts only serves to reduce executive accountability and respect for human rights under the rule of law.'

Release
Although the government may release detainees unconditionally, in some cases, it has required those being released to make a public confession on television and radio.

The case of Raja Petra Kamarudin, a well known blogger of Malaysia Today website, detained under the Internal Security Act on 12 September 2008 and was subsequently released 56 days later, was due to the habeas corpus filed by his lawyer citing unlawful detention by the Home Ministry. The High court, on 7 November 2008, over-ruled that detention and he was set free on the same day.

Criticism
Due to the alleged draconian nature of the ISA, several human rights organisations and opposition political parties have strongly criticised the act and called for its repeal. Foreign governments, notably that of the United States, have also pressured the government to repeal the act.

After the promise to repeal the ISA made in September 2011, there was nonetheless cynicism about the timing and delay of the repeal.

Domestic
Several opposition parties such as the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), the Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) have spoken out against the ISA. Many of them have leaders or prominent members who were held under the ISA, such as Mohamad Sabu of PAS, Lim Kit Siang, Karpal Singh and Lim Guan Eng of the DAP, and Anwar Ibrahim of the PKR. Previously in the 1960s, the law had been denounced by such opposition leaders as Tan Chee Khoon, who said:

"This infernal and heinous instrument has been enacted by the Alliance Government at a time when the emergency was supposed to be over. Then it promptly proceeds to embody all the provisions of the Emergency Regulations which during the Emergency had to be re-enacted every year, but now it is written into the statute book ad infinitum..."

However, several politicians from the Barisan Nasional coalition, including its largest component party, the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO or Umno), that has governed Malaysia since independence have also criticised the ISA. The fifth Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, went on the record in 1988 to state "If we want to save Malaysia and Umno, Dr Mahathir (then Prime Minister) must be removed. He uses draconian laws such as the Internal Security Act to silence his critics." The year before, he had also stated "Laws such as the Internal Security Act have no place in modern Malaysia. It is a draconian and barbaric law." In 2003 when he became Prime Minister, however, Abdullah called the ISA "a necessary law," and argued "We have never misused the Internal Security Act. All those detained under the Internal Security Act are proven threats to society." But opposition parties believe it is a threat to Umno rather than a threat to the country.

Prior to becoming Prime Minister, Mahathir had also adhered to a critical view of the ISA. In 1966, when Mahathir spoke out in support of the Internal Security (Amendment) Bill 1966 as a backbencher, he stated that "no one in his right senses like[s] the ISA. It is in fact a negation of all the principles of democracy." After becoming Prime Minister however the former premier had little if any hesitation using the law to suppress what he termed racialism but was seen by some as a move against his political opponents, the most notable of events being the infamous Operasi Lalang in 1987.

Recently former rapporteur to the United Nations Param Cumaraswamy, who is on record for his opposition of the ISA, suggested its use on former Malaysian Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir for alleged racial incitement by the latter at a speech in Johor Bahru on 17 May 2008, arguing that the reasoning of the former premier in the use of the law would be applicable against him now in light of his own racial excesses Such tit for tat justification however was condemned by various groups, notably PAS for inconsistency and double standards shown by the former rapporteur in his position as regards the ISA.

In Kota Kinabalu, United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) led by its Secretary-General Datuk Wilfred Madius Tangau, on 23 September 2008, joined its 3 other Barisan Nasional (BN) counterparts MCA, Gerakan and MIC, petitioning government review of ISA. Madius said the party supports former de facto Law Minister Datuk Zaid Ibrahim's position that the ISA should only be used against those who posed a threat to national security, such as terrorists: "Clearly in the case of Seputeh MP, Teresa Kok, Raja Petra Kamaruddin, and Sin Chew Daily reporter, Tan Hoon Cheng, there are so many other public order laws that can be used against them if, at all, there is a case to do so."

Notable uses of the ISA
Since 1960 when the Act was enacted, thousands of people including trade unionists, student leaders, labour activists, political activists, religious groups, academicians, NGO activists have been arrested under the ISA. Many political activists in the past have been detained for more than a decade.

As of 2005, 10,662 people have been arrested under the ISA in the previous 44 years, 4,139 were issued with formal detention orders and 2,066 were served with restriction orders governing their activities and where they live. In addition, 12 people were executed for offences under the ISA between 1984 and 1993. Source: Figures were provided in a written answer by Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, who is also Minister for Internal Security, to parliamentary opposition leader Lim Kit Siang, whose statement was quoted by AFP in newsreports dated 3 February 2005

The ISA has been consistently used against people who criticise the government and defend human rights. Known as the "white terror", it has been the most feared and despised, yet convenient tool for the state to suppress opposition and open debate. The Act is seen by some as an instrument maintained by the ruling government to control public life and civil society.

The ISA was used extensively during the 1987 Operation Lalang in which Opposition members were silenced by the UMNO government through the use of ISA. Many opposition leaders were detained and the ISA was also used to detain Anwar Ibrahim.

The ISA was also used against militants. In August 2011, 3 Indian nationals who were members of the Babbar Khalsa International were arrested and deported. A Jemaah Islamiah member arrested in 2009 under the ISA was deported to Indonesia.

One of the most recent application of ISA was against Hindu activists belonging to the group HINDRAF who voiced out against the government policies that resulted in Malaysian Indians being marginalised and sidelined from the country's development. In response, Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi personally signed the detention order that allows the leaders of HINDRAF to be detained without trial for two years, with the option for the detention order to be renewed indefinitely.

The government of Prime Minister Najib Razak has used the similar Emergency Ordinance on several occasions.

Repeal
Prime Minister Najib Razak first announced the proposed repeal of the ISA on 15 September 2011 when he claimed that the repeal was made "to accommodate and realise a mature, modern and functioning democracy; to preserve public order; enhance civil liberty and maintain racial harmony." The ISA is to be repealed and replaced by the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 which was passed and given the royal assent on 18 June 2012 but is not yet in force as of July 2012 as it is still waiting for the date of commencement to be announced by the Minister of Home Affairs, Hishammuddin Hussein. On 9 July 2012, Najib Razak was reported to have said that the ISA was scrapped because it did not help the ruling government politically.

Other references

 * text of the Internal Security Act (Act 82) at the Attorney General's website
 * Chow, Kum Hor (6 November 2005). "9/11 changed Hu's view of ISA". New Sunday Times, p. 8–9.
 * Kamaruddin, Raja Petra (31 October 2005). "A taste of one’s own medicine". Malaysia Today.
 * Kamaruddin, Raja Petra (4 November 2005). "The true meaning of political doublespeak". Malaysia Today.
 * Khaira, Hardial Singh, Preventive Detention: Part I – Constitutional Rights and the Executive, [2007] 1 MLJ lxiii; [2007] 1 MLJA 63
 * Khaira, Hardial Singh, Preventive Detention: Part II – Police Power To Arrest And Detain Pending Enquiries [2007] 4 MLJ cxxxii; [2007] 4 MLJA 132
 * mytwosens.blogspot.com
 * (September 1999) "Document – Malaysia: Human rights undermined: Restrictive laws in a parliamentary democracy", Chapter 4. Amnesty International.

title: Internal Security Act 1960


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File:PinkFivePoster.jpg

Pink Five movie poster

title: File:PinkFivePoster.jpg


text:
Sané

Sané is a surname. Notable persons with this surname include:
 * Abdoulaye Sané (born 1992), Senegalese footballer
 * Ibou Sané (born 2005), Senegalese footballer
 * Ibrahima Sané (born 1989), Senegalese footballer
 * Ismaila Sané (born 1956), Senegalese musician
 * Jacques-Noël Sané (1740–1831), French naval engineer
 * Landing Sané (born 1990), French basketball player
 * Leroy Sané (born 1996), German footballer, son of Souleymane
 * Ludovic Sané (born 1987), Senegalese footballer
 * Pape Sané (born 1990), Senegalese footballer
 * Sadibou Sané (born 2004), Senegalese footballer
 * Salif Sané (born 1990), Senegalese footballer
 * Souleymane Sané (born 1961), Senegalese footballer, father of Leroy
 * Tidiane Sane (born 1985), Senegalese footballer
 * Vieux Sané (born 1989), Senegalese footballer

title: Sané