text:
Pyu city-states

The Pyu city-states (ပျူ မြို့ပြ နိုင်ငံများ) were a group of city-states that existed from about the 2nd century BCE to the mid-11th century in present-day Upper Myanmar (Burma). The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people, the earliest inhabitants of Burma of whom records are extant. The thousand-year period, often referred to as the Pyu millennium, linked the Bronze Age to the beginning of the classical states period when the Pagan Kingdom emerged in the late 9th century.

The major Pyu city-states were all located in the three main irrigated regions of Upper Burma: the Mu River Valley, the Kyaukse plains and Minbu region, around the confluence of the Irrawaddy and Chindwin Rivers. Five major walled cities- Beikthano, Maingmaw, Binnaka, Hanlin, and Sri Ksetra- and several smaller towns have been excavated throughout the Irrawaddy River basin. Hanlin, founded in the 1st century AD, was the largest and most important city until around the 7th or 8th century when it was superseded by Sri Ksetra (near modern Pyay) at the southern edge of the Pyu Realm. Twice as large as Halin, Sri Ksetra was eventually the largest and most influential Pyu centre. Only the city-states of Halin, Beikthano and Sri Ksetra are designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, where the other sites can be added in the future for an extension nomination.

The Pyu realm was part of an overland trade route between China and India. The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts, which would have an enduring influence on the political organisation and culture of Burma. The Pyu calendar, based on the Buddhist calendar, later became the Burmese calendar. The Pyu script, based on the Brahmi script, may have been the source of the Burmese script used to write the Burmese language.

The millennium-old civilisation came crashing down in the 9th century when the city-states were destroyed by repeated invasions from the Kingdom of Nanzhao. The Bamar people set up a garrison town at Bagan (Pagan) at the confluence of the Irrawaddy and Chindwin Rivers. Pyu settlements remained in Upper Burma for the next three centuries but the Pyu gradually were absorbed into the expanding Pagan Kingdom. The Pyu language still existed until the late 12th century. By the 13th century, the Pyu had assumed the Burman ethnicity. The histories and legends of the Pyu were also incorporated to those of the Bamar.

Background
Based on limited archaeological evidence, it is inferred that the earliest cultures existed in Burma as early as 11,000 BCE, mainly in the central dry zone close to the Irrawaddy. The Anyathian, Burma's Stone Age, existed around the same time as the lower and middle Paleolithic eras in Europe. Three caves located near Taunggyi at the foothills of the Shan Hills have yielded Neolithic artefacts dated to 10,000–6000 BCE.

About 1500 BCE, people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice, and domesticating chickens and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so. By 500 BCE, iron-working settlements emerged in an area south of present-day Mandalay. Bronze-decorated coffins and burial sites filled with earthenware remains have been excavated. Archaeological evidence at Samon River Valley south of Mandalay suggests rice-growing settlements that traded with China between 500 BCE and 200 CE.

In about the 2nd century BCE, the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people began to enter the Irrawaddy River Valley from present-day Yunnan using the Taping and Shweli Rivers. The original home of the Pyu is reconstructed to be Qinghai Lake, which is located in the present-day provinces of Qinghai and Gansu. The Pyu, the earliest inhabitants of Burma of whom records are extant, went on to found settlements throughout the plains region centred on the confluence of the Irrawaddy and Chindwin Rivers that has been inhabited since the Paleolithic. The Pyu realm was longer than wide, stretching from Sri Ksetra in the south to Halin in the north, Binnaka and Maingmaw to the east and probably Ayadawkye to the west. The Tang dynasty's records report 18 Pyu states, nine of which were walled cities, covering 298 districts.

Decline of Pyu city-states
It was a long-lasting civilisation that lasted nearly a millennium to the early 9th century until a new group of "swift horsemen" from the north, the (Mranma) (Burmans) of the Nanzhao Kingdom entered the upper Irrawaddy valley through a series of raids. According to the Tang Dynasty chronicles, the Nanzhao began their raids of Upper Burma starting as early as 754 or 760. By 763, the Nanzhao king Ko-lo-feng had conquered the upper Irrawaddy Valley. Nanzhao raids intensified in the 9th century, with the Nanzhao raiding in 800–802, and again in 808–809. Finally, according to the Chinese, in 832, the Nanzhao warriors overran the Pyu country, and took away 3000 Pyu prisoners from Halin. (In 835, the Chinese records say the Nanzhao also raided a state, generally identified by some but not universally accepted to be a Pyu state.)

To be sure, the Pyu and their culture did not disappear just because 3000 of them were taken away. The size of the Pyu realm and its many walled cities throughout the land indicates a population many times over. Indeed, no firm indications at Sri Ksetra or at any other Pyu site exist to suggest a violent overthrow. It is more likely that these raids significantly weakened the Pyu states, enabling the Burmans to move into Pyu territories. At any rate, evidence shows that the actual pace of Burman migration into the Pyu realm was gradual. Radiocarbon dating shows that human activity existed until c. 870 at Halin, the subject of the 832 Nanzhao raid. The Burmese chronicles claim the Burmans founded the fortified city of Pagan (Bagan) in 849 but the oldest radiocarbon dated evidence at Pagan (old walls) points to 980 CE while the main walls point to circa 1020 CE, just 24 years earlier than the beginning of the reign of Anawrahta, the founder of Pagan Empire.

At any rate, the Burmans had overtaken the leadership of the Pyu realm by the late 10th century, and went on to found the Pagan Empire in the middle of the 11th century, unifying the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery for the first time. Nonetheless, the Pyu had left an indelible mark on Pagan whose Burman rulers would incorporate the histories and legends of the Pyu as their own. The Burman kings of Pagan claimed descent from the kings of Sri Ksetra and Tagaung as far back as 850 BCE—a claim dismissed by most modern scholars. Pyu settlements remained in Upper Burma for the next three centuries but the Pyu gradually were absorbed and assimilated into the expanding Pagan Empire. The Pyu language still existed until the late 12th century but by the 13th century, the Pyu had assumed the Burman ethnicity and disappeared into history.

Archaeology
The Pyu were the earliest people in Southeast Asia to welcome in and adapt to Brahmic scripts in order to record their tonal language, inventing tonal markers. The Pyu shared a type of urbanism on a wide variety of scales. They had walled spaces with one side sealed by a water tank or a tank outside of the walls. In late prehistory, the Pyu settled for quite some time in Beikthano in the Yin River Valley than the Nawin River Valley at Sri Ksetra, because they proved their skills of water control using irrigation systems depended on their good knowledge of the conditions in each locality and area. According to Stargardt in “From the Iron Age to early cities at Srikestra and Beikthano, Myanmar” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, all the archaeology found a lot of major inscriptions on stone in phy language survive at Sri Kestra (Pyu), Hanlin and near Pinle (Hmainmaw), and Pagan (Bagan). They have strong evidence on the people were living in that century between the third-fourth and fifth-sixth centuries CE. All the record was nominated by World Heritage UNESCO and other historians. In this article, it mentioned and written also "Pyu" were among the earlies people in Southeast Asia. As Stargardt acknowledges in that article, "Sri Kestra" contained fields, irrigation canals, water tanks and iron-working sites, as well as monuments, markets (and elusive habitation areas) both inside and outside walls, all these halls also provide evidence of a powerful belief system in the elaborate provision of the dead”. In that article, the author adds upon his research in other's article, they also recorded old photo of founded place which is already surveyed in nine major burial terraces outside the southern city walls, old Buddhist monuments including the complex at "Beikthano" city and the queen "Panhtwar" cemetery.

Archaeological surveys have actually so far unearthed 12 walled cities, including five large walled cities, and several smaller non-fortified settlements, located at or near the three most important irrigated regions of precolonial Burma: the Mu River Valley in the north, the Kyaukse plains in centre, and the Minbu region in the south and west of the former two. The city-states were contemporaries of the Kingdom of Funan (Cambodia) and (perhaps) Champa (southern Vietnam), Dvaravati (Thailand), Tambralinga and Takuapa near the Kra Isthmus, and Srivijaya (southeast Sumatra). All these statelets foreshadowed the rise of the "classical kingdoms" of Southeast Asia in the second millennium CE.

City-states

Of the 12 walled cities excavated thus far, five are the remains of largest Pyu states: Beikthano, Maingmaw, Binnaka, Halin and Sri Ksetra.

Beikthano
Beikthano (ဗိဿနိုး ) situated in the irrigated Minbu region (near present-day Taungdwingyi) with direct land access to the well-watered Kyaukse plains to its northeast, is the oldest urban site so far discovered and scientifically excavated site. Its remains—the structures, pottery, artefacts, and human skeletons—date from 200 BCE to 100 CE. Named after the Hindu god Vishnu, the city may be the first capital of a culturally and perhaps even politically uniform state in the history of Burma. It was a large fortified settlement, measuring approximately 300 hectares inside the rectangular (3 x) walls. The walls and fortifications along it measured 6 m thick, and are radiocarbon dated to a period between 180 BCE and 610 CE. Like most subsequent cities, the main entrance of the walls led to the palace, which faced east. Stupas and monastic buildings have also been excavated within the city walls.

Maingmaw
Maingmaw (MY မိုင်းမော ), also called Mong Mao (not to be confused with Mong Mao), located in the Kyaukse region, was circular in shape, and has tentatively been dated to the first millennium BCE. It is also sometimes called Pinle after the village near its modern site in Myittha Township and should not the confused with Pinle Pyu, a speculated Pyu city in Southern Myanmar. At 2.5 km in diameter and 222 hectares, Maingmaw is one of the largest ancient cities on the entire Kyaukse plains. It has two inner enclosure walls, the outer of which is square while the inner one is circular. The plan of a circle within a square suggest a zodiac sign which represents a view of the heavens from the perspective of the sun, the manner in which 19th century Mandalay was also conceptualised. At almost dead centre, a 19th-century temple called Nandawya Paya, which was probably built upon the ruins of an ancient one. The city is bisected by a canal, thought to be contemporary to the city, though no scientific dating has confirmed it. Excavations—the first of which was carried out in 1979—have unearthed many artefacts, including jewellery, silver coins, and funerary urns. Many of the artefacts such as the coins and funerary urns are virtually identical to those found Beikthano and Binnaka.

Binnaka
Binnaka (MY ဘိန္နက ) too was located in the Kyaukse region, and virtually identical to its neighbour Maingmaw in numerous ways. Its brick structures shared the same floor plan as those found at Beikthano and other Pyu sites. Excavations have recovered pre-Buddhist artefacts, gold necklaces, precious stone images of elephants, turtles and lions, distinctive Pyu pottery, terracotta tablets with writing that strongly resembled the Pyu script, and various kinds of acid-etched onyx beads along with others made of amber and jade. Also excavated are distinctive silver coins identical to those found at Beikthano and Binnaka, stone moulds for casting silver and gold ornamental flowers, a gold armlet in association with a silver bowl that has Pyu writing on it, and funerary urns virtually identical to those found Beikthano and Binnaka.

Both Maingmaw and Binnaka may have been contemporary of Beikthano. The chronicles, which do not mention Beikthano at all, do mention the two, though not specifically as Pyu cities. The chronicles state that the ruler of Binnaka was responsible for the fall of Tagaung, the city identified by the chronicles as the original home of Burmese speakers. Binnaka was inhabited until about the 19th century, according to a Konbaung era palm-leaf sittan (record) discovered there.

Halin
Halin or Halingyi (MY ဟန်လင်းကြီး ), located in the Mu valley, one of the largest irrigated regions of precolonial Burma, is the northernmost Pyu city so far discovered. The earliest artefacts of Halin—city's wooden gates—are radiocarbon dated to 70 CE. The city was rectangular but with curved corners, and brick-walled. Excavated walls are approximately 3.2 km long on the north–south axis and 1.6 km on the east–west. At 664 hectares, the city was nearly twice the size of Beikthano. It has four main gates at the cardinal points, and a total of 12 gates, based on the zodiac. A river or canal ran through the city. Traces of a moat exist on all sides except the south, where it was probably not needed, as land was dammed there to create reservoirs.

This design of the city influenced the city planning of later Burmese cities and the Siamese city of Sukhothai. For example, the number of gates and configuration was also found in subsequent major Burmese capitals such as the 11th century Pagan and 19th century Mandalay. The city's configuration was also found at other contemporary cities such as Maingmaw and Beikthano in the Pyu realm and Danyawaddy and Wethali in Arakan as well as later cities such as Sukhothai, which emerged over a millennium later. Structural remains of temples at Halin show that the design of city's temples influenced the 11th to 13th century temples at Pagan. Excavated artefacts point to Halin's Pyu script to be the earliest writing in the Pyu realm (and in Burma). It was based on an earlier version of the Brahmi script (Mauryan and Guptan). Inscriptions at Sri Ksetra show a later version of the same script.

Known for the production of salt, a highly prized commodity in the first millennium, Halin was superseded by Sri Ksetra as the premier Pyu city-state circa 7th century. By the Chinese accounts, Halin remained an important Pyu centre until the 9th century when the Pyu realm came under repeated attacks from the Nanzhao Kingdom. The Chinese records state that the city was destroyed by the Nanzhao warriors in 832 CE, with 3000 of its inhabitants taken away. However, radiocarbon dating reveals human activity to about 870 CE, nearly four decades after the reported sack of the city.

Sri Ksetra

Sri Ksetra or Thaye Khittaya (MY သရေခေတ္တရာ ; lit., "Field of Fortune" or "Field of Glory" ), located 8 km southeast of Prome (Pyay) at present-day Hmawza village, was the last and southernmost Pyu capital. The city was founded between the 5th and 7th centuries, although during two of the recent excavations, January to February 2015 and December 2015 to February 2016, led by Janice Stargardt in Yahanda mound at Sri Ksetra, sherds stamped with Buddhist motifs were found, dated from c. 340 +/- 30 CE. and Pyu culture cremation burials around 270 +/- 30 CE. Sri Ksetra likely overtook Halin as the premier Pyu city by the 7th or 8th century, and retained that status until the Mranma arrived in the 9th century. The city was home to at least two dynasties, and maybe three. The first dynasty, called the Vikrama Dynasty, is believed to have launched the Pyu calendar, which later became the Burmese calendar, on 22 March 638. The second dynasty was founded by King Duttabaung on 25 March 739 (11th waxing of Tagu 101 ME).

Sri Ksetra is the largest Pyu site discovered thus far. (Only Beikthano and Sri Ksetra have been extensively excavated. Other important Pyu cities as Maingmaw and Binnaka could yield more artefacts with more extensive excavations.) It occupied a larger area than that of the 11th century Pagan or 19th century Mandalay. Circular in design, Sri Ksetra was more than 13 km in circumference and three to four km across, or about 1400 hectares of occupied area. The city's brick walls were 4.5 m high, and had 12 gates with huge devas (deities) guarding the entrances and a pagoda at each of the four corners.

It also has curving gateways, such as those found at Halin and Beikthano. In the centre of the city was what most scholars think represented the rectangular palace site, 518 x, symbolising both a mandala and a zata (horoscope), like in Maingmaw. Only the southern half of the city was taken up by the palace, monasteries and houses; the entire northern half consisted of rice fields. Together with the moats and walls, this arrangement ensured that the city could withstand a long siege by enemies.

Sri Ksetra was an important entrepôt between China and India. It was located on the Irrawaddy, not far from the sea as the Irrawaddy delta had not yet been formed. Ships from the Indian Ocean could come up to Prome to trade with the Pyu realm and China. Trade with India brought deep cultural contacts. Sri Ksetra has yielded the most extensive remains of Theravada Buddhism. Religious art suggests several distinct occupations with earlier influences stemming from Southeast India and later influences from Southwest India while 9th century influences include those from the Nanzhao Kingdom. Much of the Chinese account of the Pyu states was through Sri Ksetra. Chinese pilgrims Xuanzang in 648 and Yijing in 675 mentioned Sri Ksetra in their accounts of Buddhist kingdoms of Southeast Asia. The Tang histories mention the arrival at the court of an embassy from the Pyu capital in 801.

Tagaung
A small but politically significant Pyu site is Tagaung (MY တကောင်း ) located in Tagaung, Mandalay Region (about 200-km north of Mandalay) where Pyu artefacts including funerary urns have been excavated. Tagaung pottery is similar in size and cluster positions to other Pyu vessels but is otherwise very different to those further south. This may indicate a degree of influence from other sources or that it is markedly different from the central Pyu culture. The significance of Tagaung is due to the fact that the Burmese chronicles identify Tagaung as the home of the first Burmese kingdom. Aside from Beikthano and Sri Ksetra, most Pyu sites have not seen extensive or any excavation.

Pinle
The lost city described as Pinle Pyu (MY ပင်လယ်ပျူ, lit. 'Sea Pyu') is recorded as being located next to the sea. Unlike many other small Pyu sites, the city is speculated to be large in size located downstream from Sri Ksetra.

Some archaeologists believe that ruins near Ingapu, Ayeyarwady Region may be the location of Pinle Pyu. Historian Phone Tint Kyaw led a team to study the area in 2009 and concluded the site may be a Pyu site based on the use of Brahmi script, a script that dates towards the third century BC, and the architectural similarities to other Pyu sites, particularly a site in Shwedaung, Bago Region further up the Irrawaddy River. The ancient site itself was built symmetrically on a mountain ridge designed around stupas and water features. Based on its scale and the administrative societal structures of the Pyu period, the city would have been built by a monarch, rather than a feudal lord. Its absence in the Bagan Kingdom's fourth period records also indicates that the city likely fell into ruin well before the 11th century AD. However, more evidence and investigation is required to analyze the ancient artifacts found in the site. Finds from another site nearby include paleolithic tools and fossilized footprints, indicate that the overall area may be older than other Pyu sites.

Smaller Settlements
The New History of the Tang states the kingdom of Mi-ch'en sent an embassy to China in 805, and was attacked by Nanchao in 835.

Many Pyu settlements have been found across Upper Burma in Myinmu Township, near the mouth of the Mu river. One notable site is Ayadawkye Ywa in the Mu valley west of Halin lies south of another recently discovered Bronze Age site called Nyaunggan. Further south in Myingyan Township, west of Maingmaw, the Wati site (also spelled Wa Tee) is the remnants of a circular walled city.

There were also Pyu settlements in Lower Burma that may have been ignored or overlooked by the historical records aimed at legitimizing Upper Burmese kings' lineage. The Sagara (Thagara) site in Dawei is one such site comparable to Tagaung. Archaeological excavations in 2001 revealed several artifacts including terracotta urns in rice fields southeast of the walled site. Near Sagara, the site of Mokti has also revealed similar artifacts. The stupa in Sagara and votive tablets found at the site of Mokti are considered to have many 'Pyu' cultural traits but other artifacts show evidence of many cultural influences.

Agriculture
The economy of the Pyu city states was based on agriculture and trade. All important Pyu settlements were located in the three main irrigated regions of Upper Burma, centred on the confluence of the Irrawaddy and Chindwin rivers: Halin in the Mu valley, Maingmaw and Binnaka in the Kyaukse plains, finally Beikthano and Sri Ksetra at or near the Minbu district. (The irrigation projects of the Pyu were later picked up by the Burmans. King Anawrahta of Pagan would build irrigation projects in these three regions in the 1050s to turn them into the main rice granaries of Upper Burma. They would give Upper Burma an enduring economic base from which to dominate the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery in the following centuries. ) The Pyu grew rice, perhaps of the Japonica variety.

Trade
The Pyu realm was an important trading centre between China and India in the first millennium CE. Two main trading routes passed through the Pyu states. As early as 128 BCE, an overland trade route between China and India existed across the northern Burma. An embassy from the Roman Empire to China passed through this route in 97 CE and again in 120 CE. But the majority of the trade was conducted by sea through the southern Pyu states, which at the time were located not far from the sea as much of the Irrawaddy delta had not yet been formed, and as far south as upper Tenasserim coast towns such as Winga, Hsindat-Myindat, Sanpannagon and Mudon where Pyu artefacts have been found. (It is insufficient to conclude however that the Pyu had administrative and military control over these upper Tenasserim coastal towns.) The ports connected the overland trade route to China via present-day Yunnan.

The trading area of the Pyu states spanned across the present-day Southeast Asia, South Asia and China. Artifacts from the 2nd century northwest India to Java and the Philippines have been found at Beikthano. Likewise, Pyu artefacts have been found along the coasts of Arakan, Lower Burma, and as far east as Óc Eo (in present-day southern Vietnam). The Pyu also conducted trade and diplomatic relations with China. In 800 and 801–802, Sri Ksetra sent a formal embassy, along with 35 musicians to the Tang court. According to the Chinese, the Pyu used gold and silver coinage. But only silver coins have survived.

Currency
A notable feature of the Pyu states is the minting and use of silver coinage. Originated in the Pegu area, these coins date from the 5th century and were the model for most first millennium coinage in mainland Southeast Asia. The earliest type of these coins is not inscribed and depicts a conch on one side and a Srivatsa on the other. Many of the coins had a small hole along the perimeter, and may have also been used as amulets. Remarkably, after the use of coins ceased at the end of Pyu period in the late 9th century, coins did not reappear in the Burmese kingdoms until the 19th century.

Religion

The culture of Pyu city states was heavily influenced by India. Indian culture was most visible in the southern Pyu realm through which most trade with India was conducted by sea. The names of southernmost cities were in Pali or Sanskrit derived like Sri Ksetra (Thaye Khittaya) and Vishnu (Beikthano). The kings at Sri Ksetra titled themselves as Varmans and Varma. It was not just a southern phenomenon. To varying degrees, northern Pyu cities and towns also became under the sway of Indian culture. The Burmese chronicles claim that the founding kings of Tagaung were descended from no less than the Sakya clan of the Buddha himself.

By the 4th century, most of the Pyu had become predominantly Buddhist, though archaeological finds prove that their pre-Buddhist practices remained firmly entrenched in the following centuries. According to the excavated texts, as well as the Chinese records, the predominant religion of the Pyu was Theravada Buddhism. The Theravada school prevalent in the Pyu realm was probably derived from the Andhra region in southeast India, associated with the famous Theravada Buddhist scholar, Buddhagosa. It was the predominant Theravada school in Burma until the late 12th century when Shin Uttarajiva led the realignment with Ceylon's Mahavihara school.

The archaeological finds also indicate a widespread presence of Tantric Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism. Avalokiteśvara (Lokanatha) (called Lawkanat in Burmese; MY လောကနတ် ), Tara, Manusi Buddhas, Vaiśravaṇa, and Hayagriva, all prominent in Mahayana Buddhism, were very much part of Pyu (and later the Pagan) iconography scene. Various Hindu Brahman iconography ranging from the Hindu trinity, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, to Garuda and Lakshmi have been found, especially in Lower Burma.

Non-Theravada practices such as ceremonial cattle sacrifice and alcohol consumption were main stays of the Pyu life. Likewise, the greater prominence of nuns and female students than in the later eras may point to pre-Buddhist notions of female autonomy. In melding of their pre-Buddhist practices to Buddhist ones, they placed the remains of their cremated dead in pottery and stone urns and buried them in or near isolated stupas, a practice consistent with early Buddhist practices of interring the remains of holy personages in stupas.

Though their religious beliefs was a syncretic mix of many backgrounds, probably like in the early Pagan period, the outlook of the Pyu reportedly was largely peaceful. Tang Chinese records describe the Pyu as a humane and peaceful people to whom war was virtually unknown and who wore silk cotton instead of actually silk so that they would not have to kill silk worms, and that many Pyu boys entered the monastic life at seven to the age of 20. To be sure, this peaceful description by the Chinese was a snapshot of the Pyu realm, and may not represent the life in the city-states in general.

Language and script

The Pyu language was a Tibeto-Burman language, related to Old Burmese. But it apparently co-existed with Sanskrit and Pali as the court language. The Chinese records state that the 35 musicians that accompanied the Pyu embassy to the Tang court in 800–802 played music and sang in the Fan (Sanskrit) language. Many of the important inscriptions were written in Sanskrit and/or Pali, alongside the Pyu script. Recent scholarship, though yet not settled, suggests that the Pyu script, based on the Brahmi script, may have been the source of the Burmese script used to write the Burmese language. The Pyu sites have yielded a wide variety of Indian scripts from King Ashoka's edicts written in north Indian Brahmi and Tamil Brahmi, both dated to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, to the Gupta script and Kannada script dated to the 4th to 6th centuries CE.

Calendar
In addition to religion, the Pyu also imported science and astronomical expertise from India. The Chinese records also report that the Pyu knew how to make astronomical calculations. The Pyu calendar was based on the Buddhist calendar. There were two eras in use. The first was the Sakra Era, which was adopted in the Pyu realm in 80 CE, just two years after the new era had come into use in India. A second calendar was adopted at Sri Ksetra in 638, superseding the Sakra Era. The calendar, the first day of which was 22 March 638, later became the Burmese calendar, and is still in use in present-day Myanmar. (The existence of two Pyu calendars has been cause for dispute among scholars trying interpret the dates on the finds.)

Irrigation structures
The Pyu-era architectural practices greatly influenced later Pagan and Burmese architecture. The techniques of building dams, canals and weirs found in pre-colonial Upper Burma trace their origins to the Pyu era and the Pagan era. (Burmans likely introduced new water management methods, especially the canal building techniques which became the prevailing method of irrigation in the Pagan era.)

City planning
The Pyu city plans, consisted of square/rectangles and circles, were a mix of indigenous and Indian designs. It is believed that circular patterns inside the cities were Pyu while the rectangle or square shape of the outer walls and the use of 12 gates were Indian in origin. According to historian Cooler, "the adoption of Indian concepts of city planning incorporated a belief in the efficacy of the world axis that connects the centermost point in a properly constructed Mandala city with the city of the Gods above (Tavatimsa heaven) in order to assure prosperity throughout the kingdom below". Pyu-era city practices were the forefathers of the latter-day Burmese city and palace designs down to the 19th century Mandalay.

Temple design

From the 4th century onward, the Pyu built many Buddhist stupas and other religious buildings. The styles, ground plans, even the brick size and construction techniques of these buildings point to the Andhra region, particularly Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda in present-day southeastern India. Some evidence of Ceylonese contact is seen by the presence of Anuradhapura style "moonstones" discovered at Beikthano and Halin. By perhaps the 7th century, tall cylindrical stupas such as the Bawbawgyi, Payagyi and Payama had emerged at Sri Ksetra.

The Pyu architecture greatly influenced later Burmese Buddhist temple designs. For example, temples at Sri Ksetra such as the Bebe and Lemyethna were prototypes for the later hollow (gu) temples of Pagan. The floor plan of the 13th century Somingyi Monastery at Pagan was largely identical to that of a 4th-century monastery at Beikthano. The solid stupas of Sri Ksetra were in turn prototypes for Pagan's such as the Shwezigon, Shwehsandaw, and Mingalazedi, and ultimately, the Shwedagon in modern Yangon.

Demography
The city-states were mainly populated by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people, who like their cousins Burmans are believed to have migrated from the present Qinghai and Gansu provinces in north-central China, via Yunnan. Extensive external trade attracted sizeable communities of Indians and the Mon, especially in the south. In the north, trickles of Burmans may have entered the Pyu realm from Yunnan as early as the 7th century. (Modern scholarship however holds that Burmans did not arrive in large numbers until the mid-to-late 9th century, and perhaps as late as the 10th century, according to radiocarbon dating of Pagan's walls.)

The size of population of the Pyu realm was probably a few hundred thousand, given that the 17th and 18th century Burma (about the size of present-day Myanmar) only had about 2 million people.

Administration
The Pyu settlements were ruled by independent chiefs. The chiefs at larger city-states later styled themselves as kings, and established courts largely modelled after the Indian (Hindu) concepts of monarchy. Not all Hindu concepts such as divine kingship were fully adopted due to the presence of Theravada Buddhism. It is not clear if a vassalage-overlord relationship existed between the larger city-states and smaller towns. The Burmese chronicles mention alliances between the states such as one between Beikthano and Sri Ksetra. By and large, each Pyu city-state appeared to have controlled just the city itself.

The large size of the Pyu cities (660 to 1400 hectares) vis-a-vis Pagan (only 140 hectares) suggests that much of the population resided within the walls, as corroborated by the Chinese records. Archaeology in Pagan produced Pyu artefacts across a number of the settlements in the enclosed complex dating to the first millennium, until approximately 1100 C.E. when a shift to a monument-rich state and diffusion beyond walled boundaries is evident.

Current status of the finds
Aside from Sri Ksetra and Beikthano, the rest of the Pyu sites have not been extensively excavated. The care of the sites falls under the purview of the Ministry of Culture's Department of Archaeology. In November 2011, the Department reportedly was planning a museum at Sri Ksetra, and working with the UNESCO to gain recognition for Sri Ksetra, Beikthano and Halin as World Heritage Sites and the three old cities were recognised as World Heritage Sites in 2014.

title: Pyu city-states


text:
User talk:LAX20531

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! pamri 06:37, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:LAX20531


text:
Radvision

Radvision was a provider of video conferencing solution and enabling products for IP communication developers based in Tel Aviv, Israel. Radvision was acquired by Avaya in June 2012. Spirent Communications acquired Radvision's Technology Business Unit from Avaya in July 2014, to become Spirent Developer Tools Business Unit.

Beginning
Radvision was founded in 1992 by Ami Amir and Eli Doron with the goal of developing a video call management platform that would operate on users' personal computers through the organization's network. However, at that time, the demand for such a product was limited, which led the company to shift towards selling technological software toolkits to developers building VoIP equipment.

Technology Activities
Starting in 1995, Radvision participated in standardization activities for VoIP communication systems in collaboration with major players such as Intel and Microsoft. In the late 2000s, Radvision established a technology unit specializing in the development of software infrastructures, testing tools, and converged voice, video, and data services over IP and 3G networks.

In 2001, the company expanded its product range by adding full support for SIP protocols in addition to the dominant H.232 protocol at that time. At the same time, Radvision signed an agreement with Texas Instruments to integrate MEGACO into IP phones and VoIP gateways for residential and small office/home office environments.

In 2004, Radvision was selected by Freescale to provide development tools for applications that capitalized on the specialized processing capabilities of their chips. Additionally, during the same year, Radvision introduced an extensive suite of developer solutions specifically designed for 3G and WiFi technologies. Radvision adopted IMS technology in 2006 and signed a licensing agreement with Microsoft to provide SIP-based Live Communications Server-compatible tools. In 2010, the company collaborated with Samsung to develop a dedicated multimedia LCD monitor for HD video conferencing. Additionally, the company introduced BEEHD, a new client framework for desktop, embedded, and mobile devices, offering a comprehensive solution for advanced video communications

Video Activities
Radvision quickly established itself as a major player in the field of video conferencing. In 1993, they developed innovative technology enabling real-time video transfer over IP networks. The following year, in 1994, Radvision introduced a video gateway connecting IP and ISDN networks, paving the way for advanced video communications. In 1996, the company unveiled its range of viaIP video conferencing solutions, followed by the introduction of a Gatekeeper system (ECS) in 1998.

In early 2001, Radvision collaborated with Cisco to launch a range of video conferencing products based on its technology. In 2006, they also partnered with Lifesize to collaborate on high-definition video communications. Simultaneously, they implemented video conferencing systems in the networks of major service providers. In 2010, Radvision established a new strategic partnership with Microsoft to develop a powerful combination of hardware and software solutions integrated with Microsoft Lync. As a pioneer in the field of technology gateways, Radvision introduced the SCOPIA 3G Video Gateway in 2007, becoming the first product in the emerging 3G industry. In 2012, Radvision enriched its video conferencing offerings with the SCOPIA suite, which emerged as one of the most high-performance HD video conferencing systems in its category.

IPO, Mergers and Acquisitions Activities
In March 2000, Radvision went public on NASDAQ (RVSN) and successfully raised $76 million, with a valuation of $380 million. Its shares were traded on both the NASDAQ and Tel Aviv Stock Exchanges until June 2012. In early 2001, Gadi Tamari took over from Ami Amir, and starting from January 2006, Boaz Raviv assumed the role of CEO until the company was acquired by AVAYA in June 2012.

Radvision also expanded its activities through mergers and acquisitions. In 2004, they acquired Visionex, a Chinese company, along with its IView management platform. This acquisition strengthened Radvision's presence in the video conferencing market, particularly in the field of management solutions.

In 2005, Radvision acquired FVC.com, a company specializing in video conferencing, along with their software product Click to Meet (formerly CU-SeeMe). This acquisition enhanced Radvision's product range and enabled them to offer more comprehensive solutions for workstations.

In 2009, a significant acquisition occurred when Cisco acquired Radvision's competitor, Tandberg, for approximately $3.3 billion. This acquisition had a significant impact on the video conferencing industry and opened new opportunities for Radvision by strengthening its own brand position in the global market.

In 2010, Radvision continued its acquisition strategy by purchasing the assets of the Italian company AETHRA. This acquisition allowed Radvision to expand its product portfolio by adding high-quality video conferencing room systems. It further strengthened their market position and enabled them to meet customer needs with a more comprehensive SCOPIA offering.

Finally, in 2012, Radvision was acquired by Avaya, a company specializing in enterprise unified collaboration.

Locations
Radvision has its headquarters in Israel, with offices in the United States, United Kingdom, Brazil, India, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, China, and Singapore.

title: Radvision


text:
Iwajuku Site

The Iwajuku site (岩宿遺跡) is an archaeological site located in what is now the Kasuke neighborhood of the city of Midori, Gunma Prefecture in the northern Kantō region of Japan with finds from the Japanese Paleolithic period. It received protection as a National Historic Site in 1979.

Overview
The site is located about 4.4 km west-southwest of JR East Kiryū Station at an elevation of 196.2 meters above sea level, and is a cutting through the central saddle of two hills extending from northeast to southwest. The site was discovered in 1947 by a seller of nattō and amateur archaeologist Aizawa Tadahiro, who passed through this cutting every day on his way to work. One day, Aizawa found a small flake of obsidian which resembled a microlith in a layer of red soil much lower than the black topsoil layer. He continued to look in the area, but could find no evidence of Jōmon pottery, but in subsequent months found numerous other stone tools, including a stone arrowhead in 1949. Puzzled by these discoveries, he visited a professor of archaeology at the University of Tokyo, but was ridiculed as it was the prevailing academic orthodoxy that the earliest settlement of Japan was by the Jōmon people and that no artifacts could (or would) be found below the layer of black Kantō loam which dates from the early Jōmon period. The fact that he had claimed to have found such artifacts was derided due to his amateur status. However, Aizawa was undeterred and continued to approach other academia, convinced that he had found something of importance. He was eventually able to convince a professor of archaeology at Meiji University to take a look at the site.

The team from Meiji University chose three locations, which were labeled "A", "B", and "C". Site A was located on the north side of the hill and contained many stone tools buried between two distinct layers of red soil. Site B was where Aizawa had first excavated stone fragments and a stone spear. Site C was located about one kilometer to the northwest of the other sites. It contained no stone tools in the red soil layer, but the black layer of soil above it contained many Jōmon pottery fragments from the earliest Jomon period, confirming that artifacts excavated from the red soil layer underneath had to date from before the earliest Jōmon period. The period was named the "Japanese Paleolithic period" and this finding overturned the prevalent theories and indicated that humans had resided in the area from before the 10th millennium BC, or since the end of the last Ice Age. Since this find, over 5,000 Late Paleolithic sites have been discovered, many at existing Jōmon archaeological sites, from southern Kyushu to northern Hokkaido.

Due to the acidic nature of the volcanic ash from which the red soil strata is made, little other than stone implements has been discovered in the Iwajuku excavations. It is known that the climate was approximately seven to eight degrees C below present averages, and the extent of subalpine forest was three hundred to four hundred meters lower in elevation than at present. Large game animals such as the now extinct Naumann elephant, along with brown bears, giant deer, tigers, wolves and monkeys inhabited the area. Little is known of the inhabitants of the Iwajuku site, and it is assumed that they were a hunter-gatherer culture without a fixed settlement.

Based on the soil strata in which they were found, and the type of tool, archaeologists have divided the site into three cultural phases:

Iwajuku I Culture dates from around 25,000 years ago with artifacts buried about 1.3 meters below the Kantō loam surface in a dark red layer of soil. In this layer 29 tools made of chert or shale were discovered, including two polished stone axes, two stone knives, a stone scrapers, and a stone wedge for splitting bones. In addition, some Lithic flakes were also found, indicating that the inhabitants had the ability to make these tools.

Iwajuku II Culture dates from about 18,000 years ago, with artifacts buried about 0.8 meters below the Kantō loam stratum. Over 180 stone tools were found in this layer, with materials including chert, obsidian, andesite, shale, hornfels, and agate. The finds included two stone arrowheads, eight blades, four tools for cutting wood, and many lithic flakes and lithic cores. The stone tools found in this layer are smaller than those found in the Iwajuku I layer. The presence of obsidian was also a surprise, as this material is not native to Gunma Prefecture, and the raw materials must have some from sites hundreds of kilometers away in Nagano, Tochigi, or even Kōzushima in the Izu Islands.

Iwajuku III Culture was found to contain stone arrowheads and a thumb-shaped scraper, but remains undefined.

A museum has been built near the ruins and is the center of research and investigation. Some artifacts from the site are on display at the Meiji University Museum in Tokyo. These items were designated Important Cultural Properties in 1975.

title: Iwajuku Site


text:
L'Isle-Verte, Quebec

L'Isle-Verte is a small municipality located along the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, in the Rivière-du-Loup Regional County Municipality of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region, Quebec, Canada. The name of the village refers to Île Verte (French for "Green Island"), a nearby island that is not within its municipal boundaries. Village and island are joined by a seasonal ferry.

It is known for its lamb, fed in a salted marsh, a luxury product in Quebec. Its marshes along the Saint Lawrence River are a protected bird sanctuary part of the Baie de l'Isle-Verte Ramsar wetland.

On January 23, 2014, a major fire destroyed the Résidence du Havre, a home for the elderly, killing thirty-two residents.

Demographics
Population trend:
 * Population in 2016: 1294 (2006 to 2011 population change: -11.9%)
 * Population in 2011: 1469 (2006 to 2011 population change: 0.3%)
 * Population in 2006: 1464
 * Population in 2001: 1519
 * 2001 to 2006 population change: -3.6%
 * Population in 1996: 1567 (adjusted for boundary change)
 * Population in 1991: 1013

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 615 (total dwellings: 675)

Languages:
 * English as first language: 0.8%
 * French as first language: 98.8%
 * English and French as first language: 0.4%
 * Other as first language: 0%

Notable people

 * Charles Borromée Rouleau was born in L'Isle-Verte in 1840.

title: L'Isle-Verte, Quebec


text:
User:Consul~enwiki/Third Republic

The Third Republic was initially very successful. However, after the deaths of the early leaders of the revolution, the government quickly lost touch with the outlying cities. Republic control shrunk to the larger population centers that maintained a tenuous connection with the capital at Newfoundland. The country was reduced to anarchy.

title: User:Consul~enwiki/Third Republic


text:
Renal replacement therapy

Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is therapy that replaces the normal blood-filtering function of the kidneys. It is used when the kidneys are not working well, which is called kidney failure and includes acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Renal replacement therapy includes dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), hemofiltration, and hemodiafiltration, which are various ways of filtration of blood with or without machines. Renal replacement therapy also includes kidney transplantation, which is the ultimate form of replacement in that the old kidney is replaced by a donor kidney.

These treatments are not truly cures for kidney disease. In the context of chronic kidney disease, they are more accurately viewed as life-extending treatments, although if chronic kidney disease is managed well with dialysis and a compatible graft is found early and is successfully transplanted, the clinical course can be quite favorable, with life expectancy of many years. Likewise, in certain acute illnesses or trauma resulting in acute kidney injury, a person could very well survive for many years, with relatively good kidney function, before needing intervention again, as long as they had good response to dialysis, they got a kidney transplant fairly quickly if needed, their body did not reject the transplanted kidney, and they had no other significant health problems. Early dialysis (and, if indicated, early renal transplant) in acute kidney failure usually brings more favorable outcomes.

Types
Hemodialysis, hemofiltration, and hemodiafiltration can be continuous or intermittent and can use an arteriovenous route (in which blood leaves from an artery and returns via a vein) or a venovenous route (in which blood leaves from a vein and returns via a vein). This results in various types of RRT, as follows:
 * continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) — continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a form of dialysis therapy used in critical care settings. The benefit of CRRT for critically ill patients is that it runs slowly (generally over 24 hours to several days) allowing for removal of excess fluid and uremic toxins with less risk of hypotensive complications.
 * continuous hemodialysis (CHD)
 * continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD)
 * continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD)
 * continuous hemofiltration (CHF)
 * continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH or CAVHF)
 * continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH or CVVHF)
 * continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF)
 * continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration (CAVHDF)
 * continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF)
 * intermittent renal replacement therapy (IRRT)
 * intermittent hemodialysis (IHD)
 * intermittent venovenous hemodialysis (IVVHD)
 * intermittent hemofiltration (IHF)
 * intermittent venovenous hemofiltration (IVVH or IVVHF)
 * intermittent hemodiafiltration (IHDF)
 * intermittent venovenous hemodiafiltration (IVVHDF)

History of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Before implementing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), acute renal failure (ARF) in critically ill, multiple organ failure patients was managed by intermittent hemodialysis and the mortality rate was very high. Hemodialysis is effective in clearance and ultrafiltration, but it has deleterious effects on hemodynamic stability. In 1971, Lee Henderson described the basis for convective transport in blood purification techniques. Subsequently, in 1974 he described hemodiafiltration combining convection and diffusion. These seminal papers represented the basis for the development of chronic hemodiafiltration by Leber and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) by Peter Kramer.

With his team, Peter Kramer (Died unexpectedly in 1984), had actually first reported the use of continuous hemofiltration in Germany in 1977. Peter Kramer in ASAIO presented a paper describing the use of arteriovenous hemofiltration in the management of ARF. Kramer tried that as a mean of managing diuretic-resistant fluid overload. Kramer described his experience of attaching a microporous hemofilter to the femoral artery and vein, and flowing blood through it at around 100 ml/minuets Liters of plasma filtrate poured out. He replaced it with an infusion of electrolyte solution. Kramer explained that this could be done continuously, avoiding the volume shifts and other problems of intermittent hemodialysis. For those in the audience who cared for patients with anuric ARF, this was an epiphany of thunderbolt proportions. He used a hollow fiber “haemofilter” that originally designed as an alternative to HD for chronic renal failure and produced 300-600 ml/hour of ultrafiltrate by convection. The simple, pumpless system made use of temporary dialysis catheters sited in the patient’s femoral artery and vein and could be rapidly established in critically ill patients. Using an isotonic salt solution for fluid replacement, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) was soon extended to the management of ARF. In 1982, Kramer presented his experience with its use in more than 150 intensive care patients at a meeting of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs(ASAIO). Before that, Henderson et al and Knopp, had studied hemofiltration in animals and as an alternative to dialysis in chronic renal failure, but it was really Peter Kramer’s report in ASAIO meeting in 1982 that stimulated many of nephrologists and intensivists to undertake the serious evaluation of CAVH in ARF in the ICU.

At first, in CAVH, the prescribed ultrafiltration rate was achieved manually by arranging the filtrate bag at the right height, thereby changing the negative pressure caused by the filtrate column. The replacement fluid was also regulated manually. Few years later, CAVH was developed in several centers for managing ARF in critically ill patients with multiple organ failure. In 1986, it has been reported that CAVH improve the patient survival from 9% to 38% with full nutrition in ARF. Moreover, a workshop presented at ASAIO in 1988 summarized the development and role of continuous hemofiltration. Since late 1980s, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has been studied extensively. In 1982, the use of CAVH in Vicenza was extended for the first time to a neonate with the application of specific minifilters. Two years later, CAVH began to be used to treat septic patients, burn patients and patients after transplantation and cardiac surgery, even with regional citrate anticoagulation. In 1986, the term continuous renal replacement therapy was applied to all these continuous approaches. The technology and terminology were expanded to include slow continuous ultrafiltration for fluid removal without replacement, continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD), and continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration. Meanwhile, clinical and technical limitations of CAVH spurred new research and the discovery of new treatments, leading to the development of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH), continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) and continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). The low depurative efficiency was overcome by applying filters with two ports in the dialysate/filtrate compartment and through the use of counter-current dialysate flow, allowing the addition of diffusion and the birth of continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration or hemodialysis (CAVHDF or CAVHD).

Development of double-lumen venous catheters and peristaltic blood pumps was invented in the mid-1980s, when CVVH was proposed. The presence of a pump that generated negative pressure in part of the circuit made it necessary to add a device to detect the presence of air and a sensor to monitor the pressure in the circuit, to avoid, respectively, air embolisms and circuit explosion in case of coagulation or obstruction of the venous line. Later, ultrafiltrate and replacement pumps and a heater were added to the circuit. The development of CVVH allows to increase the exchange volumes, and subsequently, the depurative efficiency. The use of counter-current dialysate flow led to further improvements and the birth of CVVHD and CVVHDF. Now Continuous renal replacement therapy has become the mainstay of management of renal failure for multiple organ failure patients in the ICU.

Information technology and precision medicine have recently furthered the evolution of CRRT, providing the possibility of collecting data in large databases and evaluating policies and practice patterns. The application of artificial intelligence and enhanced human intelligence programs to the analysis of big data has further moved the front of research ahead, providing the possibility of creating silica-trials and finding answers to patients’ unmet clinical needs. The opportunity to evaluate the endophenotype of the patient makes it possible to adjust treatments and techniques by implementing the concept of precision CRRT. This allows clinicians to normalize outcomes and results among different populations or individuals and establish optimal and personalized care

Ethical discussions
Accountability for reasonableness is often used as a theory of ethics to understand the decision-making process behind renal replacement therapy.

title: Renal replacement therapy


text:
Gerard Glaister

John Leslie Glaister DFC (21 December 1915 – 5 February 2005), known as Gerard or Gerrard Glaister, was a British television producer and director best known for his work with the BBC. Amongst his most notable successes as a producer were Colditz, The Brothers, Secret Army and Howards' Way.

Biography
After studying at RADA, Glaister made his West End debut in 1939. With the outbreak of war, he joined the Royal Air Force, commissioned as Pilot Officer on 8 September 1939 and initially flying a Blenheim bomber. He later served as a photo reconnaissance pilot in 208 Squadron RAF in the Western Desert, initially flying Westland Lysanders. It was during these latter duties that he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 6 October 1942, for a hazardous reconnaissance flight in an unarmed Hurricane at extremely low level across the Italian front line. He rose to the rank of Squadron Leader and retired from the RAF on 5 August 1952 (for medical reasons). Glaister later drew on his RAF experiences when, in 1963, he produced Moonstrike, a drama about resistance agents in occupied Europe during the Second World War. From 1962, he worked on the popular Dr Finlay's Casebook. His 1968 production The Expert is based on the work of his uncle, forensic scientist Prof John Glaister FRSE.

Glaister's success ended with the 1991 series Trainer, which was moved from prime time to a weeknight slot because of its perceived failure. However, it sold well overseas.

Glaister was married three times and had three daughters, two from his final marriage, to Joan.

Producer

 * 1958: Starr and Company
 * 1958: Big Guns
 * 1959: The Widow of Bath
 * 1959: The Men From Room 13
 * 1962: The Dark Island
 * 1962: Dr. Finlay's Casebook
 * 1963: Moonstrike
 * 1967: The Revenue Men
 * 1968: The Expert
 * 1970: Codename
 * 1971: The Passenger
 * 1972: The Long Chase
 * 1972: The Brothers
 * 1972: Colditz
 * 1975: Oil Strike North
 * 1977: The Mackinnons
 * 1977: Secret Army
 * 1979: The Fourth Arm
 * 1980: Buccaneer
 * 1981: Blood Money
 * 1981: Kessler
 * 1983: Skorpion
 * 1984: Cold Warrior
 * 1984: Morgan's Boy
 * 1985: Howards' Way
 * 1991: Trainer

Writer

 * 1968: The Expert
 * 1972: The Brothers
 * 1972: Colditz
 * 1975: Oil Strike North
 * 1975: You're On Your Own
 * 1977: Secret Army
 * 1979: The Fourth Arm
 * 1985: Howards' Way

Director

 * 1962: The Set Up
 * 1962 The Share Out
 * 1962: The Dark Island
 * 1962: Dr. Finlay's Casebook
 * 1966: King of the River
 * 1968: The Expert
 * 1970: Codename
 * 1975: Oil Strike North

title: Gerard Glaister


text:
File:Desensitized.jpg

Drowning Pool's album Desensitized.

 * Fair Use Rationale: low resolution image, used to show what album looks like, won't impair record company's profits in any way

Fair use rationale for the article Desensitized (Drowning Pool album)
I, Jogers, believe that the use of this non-free image in the article Desensitized (Drowning Pool album) is fair because: ''Note that this does not claim fair use in articles other than Desensitized (Drowning Pool album). If you wish to use this image in another article, please add a new fair use rationale below.''
 * 1) No free or public domain images can be created for this album cover.
 * 2) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the album in any way.
 * 3) This image is widely distributed in other venues, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is.
 * 4) The cover is being used for educational and informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original album in any way, or deprive its copyright holders of any financial gain.
 * 5) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, and could not be used as artwork on illegal CD copies of the album.

title: File:Desensitized.jpg


text:
Desensitized (Drowning Pool album)

Desensitized is the second studio album by American rock band Drowning Pool. It was their first album since the death of vocalist Dave Williams as well as the only album to feature replacement vocalist Jason Jones. The album debuted at number 17 on the Billboard 200 chart.

The album cover features porn star Jesse Jane. Desensitized shows less nu metal elements than Drowning Pool's previous album, Sinner.

Jones left the band soon after the album's release because of personal and musical differences. "Step Up” is the only song from Desensitized that is played live during today's performances. "Step Up" was featured in the 2004 film The Punisher and was the theme song for WWE's WrestleMania XX. It was also featured in the compilation album MTV2 Headbangers Ball, Vol. 2.

Writing and recording
Writing for the album began in 2003. Recording began towards the end of the year and was finished in March 2004.

Jason Jones said most of his songs are about the struggle when he was living as a homeless man "People were like, 'Look at this fucking homeless guy,'" "It's a struggle, man, and a lot of my songs are about the struggle."

Of "Cast Me Aside", Jason Jones remarked: "You get a rash of calls from people you haven't heard from in 10-12 years who are suddenly wanting to kick it again. I was like "Where the fuck were you?" You know... that whole shit of everyone loves you when you're on top kinda thing."

Personnel
Drowning Pool
 * Stevie Benton – bass
 * Jason Jones – vocals
 * Mike Luce – drums
 * C. J. Pierce – guitar

Production
 * Produced and recorded by Johnny K
 * Mixed by Randy Staub
 * Additional engineering by Tadpole and James Murray
 * Assistant engineer at Groovemaster Recording: James Winans
 * Assistant engineers at Ocean Studios: Jason Cupp and Alex Pavlides
 * Assistant engineer at Armoury Studios: Misha Rajaratnam
 * Guitar tech: Tony McQuaid
 * Recorded at Groovemaster Recording in Chicago, Illinois, and Ocean Studios in Burbank, California
 * Mixed at Armoury Studios in Vancouver, Canada
 * Mastered by Tom Baker at Precision Mastering in Hollywood, California
 * Demos / Pre-production by Ben Schigel at Last Beat Studios in Dallas, Texas
 * Band photos: Clay Patrick McBride
 * Cover star: Jesse Jane
 * Art direction: Ed Sherman

title: Desensitized (Drowning Pool album)


text:
Wikipedia:Non-main namespace pages for deletion

Non-main namespace pages for deletion was a deletion discussion forum that existed in 2005. It was spun off from Votes for deletion (which itself evolved into Articles for deletion) in August 2005 and renamed Miscellany for deletion two months later.

Later on, several other specialised deletion discussion forums were formed in addition to Articles for deletion. These include (as of 2016):
 * Templates for discussion
 * Files for discussion
 * Categories for discussion
 * Redirects for discussion

Deletion discussions that don't fall into one of the above categories are located at Miscellany for deletion. Editors are asked to make deletion requests at the appropriate forum.


text:
Li Cunxin

Li Cunxin (born 26 January 1961) is a Chinese-Australian former ballet dancer turned stockbroker. He was the artistic director of the Queensland Ballet between 2012 and 2023.

Early life
Li was the sixth of seven brothers, born into poverty in the Li Commune near the city of Qingdao in the Shandong province of the People's Republic of China. He often had to support his extremely poor family. Li's early life coincided with Mao Zedong's rule over the new Communist nation. Li had a strong desire to serve China's Communist Party. He was quite politically devout, eventually joining in the CCP's Youth League. At the age of eleven, he was chosen by Madame Mao's cultural advisors to attend the Beijing Dance Academy, where students had to undergo 16-hour-a-day training. He attended the academy for seven years. The regime in Beijing Dance was harsh, starting each morning at 5:30. Li performed well in the political class, but did poorly in ballet. This changed when he met Teacher Xiao, who had a passion for ballet. Xiao's passion influenced Li, and by the end of the seven years of training, he graduated at the top of his class.

Career
Artistic Director of the Houston Ballet Ben Stevenson was teaching two semesters at the Beijing Dance Academy. He offered a full scholarship for two dancers to study at the Houston Ballet summer school and Li was chosen as one. (Li was one of the first students from the Beijing Dance Academy to go to the United States under financial support from the central government of the People's Republic of China.)

United States
After his study at the summer school, Li defected to the West. He was held in the Chinese Consulate in Houston, his defection creating headlines in America. He had begun a relationship with an aspiring American dancer, Elizabeth Mackey, and in 1981, they married so that Li could avoid deportation. After 21 hours of negotiations, and intervention by George Bush Sr. (U.S. Vice President at the time), Li was allowed to stay in the US as a free man, but his Chinese citizenship was revoked.

Australia
Li subsequently danced with the Houston Ballet for sixteen years, during which he won two silver and a bronze medal at International Ballet Competitions. While dancing in London, he met ballerina Mary McKendry from Rockhampton, Australia. They married in 1987. In 1995 they moved to Melbourne, Australia, with their two children. Li became a principal dancer with the Australian Ballet.

In July 2012, Li was named artistic director of the Queensland Ballet. Li established himself as a mainstay of Brisbane's cultural scene.

On 20 June 2023, Li announced that he and his wife Mary would retire at the end of 2023, her being in the teaching position as principal repetiteur with the ballet company. Li cited a heart condition, and Mary has been undergoing treatment for cancer. Li is now retired and living in Brisbane.

Honours
He was named Australian Father of the Year in 2009.

In July 2016, Barbara Baehr and Robert Whyte from the Queensland Museum named a newly discovered spider species Maratus licunxini after Li Cunxin. Dr Baehr said a Queensland Ballet performance of Li Cunxin's A Midsummer Night's Dream reminded her of the stunning mating display of the peacock spider. Li said he was honoured to have the spider named after him saying "having seen this incredible spider, the intricate mating dance, the fancy peacock markings, I can understand why Barbara would make a link with our ballet dancers."

After 18 years off-stage, Cunxin returned for a one-off performance as Drosselmeyer, specially choreographed by Ben Stevenson, in The Nutcracker for the Queensland Ballet, dancing again with his wife, Mary McKendry, with whom he last danced in this work 26 years ago in Houston.

In the 2019 Birthday Honours, Cunxin was appointed officer (AO) of the Order of Australia for "distinguished service to the performing arts, particularly to ballet, as a dancer and artistic director".

On 11 December 2023, at the graduation ceremony of the University of Queensland, Li was honoured with the degree of Honourary Doctor of Letters, and gave the graduation speech. Others honoured were Katherine Hirschfeld AM also awarded a Doctor of Letters, and Professor Julie Duck awarded the university's R.H. Roe Award.

Stockbroking
After arriving in Australia in 1995, when sidelined by a sprained ankle, Li occupied himself by gaining work experience with ANZ Securities and embarking on a three-year diploma course with the Australian Securities Institute. He had previously become interested in the stock market while in Houston. The Australian Ballet and ANZ Securities accommodated his desire to work at two professions simultaneously, dancing and stockbroking. On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays he worked at the stockbroking firm from 7:30am till noon when he arrived at the Australian Ballet for rehearsals and to prepare for performances. He followed this routine for two years. He believed these were his best years as a dancer. "I got to a level I thought I would never reach, a fusion of technique and artistry. When I was younger I might have been better technically, but I was lacking artistic maturity." Li retired from ballet in 1999 at the age of 38 and joined Bell Potter Securities to establish its Asian desk.

Mao's Last Dancer
In 2003 Li published his autobiography, Mao's Last Dancer. It has received numerous accolades, including the Australian Book of the Year award. In 2008, the children's version of this book, Mao's Last Dancer: The Peasant Prince (illustrated by Anne Spudvilas), won the Australian Publishers Association's Book of the Year for Younger Children and the Queensland Premier's Literary Awards Children's Book Award.

Mao's Last Dancer was adapted into a 2009 feature film of the same name by director Bruce Beresford and writer Jan Sardi, starring Chi Cao, Bruce Greenwood and Kyle MacLachlan. At the São Paulo International Film Festival 2009 the film won Best Foreign Feature Film Audience Award (tied with Broken Embraces).

Personal life
Li's first marriage was to Elizabeth Mackey in 1981. They later divorced in 1987.

Mary McKendry and Li married in 1987, and have three children: Sophie (1989), Thomas (1992), and Bridie (1997).

On 20 June 2023, Li announced that he and Mary would retire at the end of 2023, her from the teaching position as principal repetiteur with the ballet company. Li cited a heart condition. Mary has been undergoing treatment for cancer.

title: Li Cunxin


text:
User:Consul~enwiki/Colonial Anarchy

The great Anarchic Period of early colonial history took place after the fall of the Kingdom of Man. Small, petty states arose and fought Third Republic forces for control of the more economically-powerful lands. Oddly enough, this stimulus provided the drive for both Republic and petty state forces to develop more advanced technology. Eventually, this period was ended by the formation of the Fourth Republic, the government that would return humanity to the stars.

title: User:Consul~enwiki/Colonial Anarchy


text:
Chuck E. Weiss

Charles Edward Weiss (March 18, 1945 – July 20, 2021) was an American songwriter and vocalist. A fixture on the Los Angeles scene, Weiss was known for an eclectic mix of blues, beat poetry, and rock and roll. His music included strains of every rhythmic style from nursery rhymes to zydeco.

Early life
Weiss was born in Denver, Colorado, on March 18, 1945. His parents owned a record store (The Record Center, 434 16th Street). Through his parents, and by spending time at a local music venue, Ebbetts Field, he met Lightnin' Hopkins. Hopkins was impressed with his drum playing and took him on tour, where Weiss had the opportunity to play with Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Roger Miller, Dr. John, and others. Weiss was a disc jockey on alternative rock station KFML-FM-Denver in the early 1970s.

Music
Weiss' first credited releases are on Tom Waits records, and the two acts – close friends after meeting when Waits played at the Denver nightclub, Ebbetts Field, where Weiss played in the house band in the early 1970s – would continue to be associated from the rest of Weiss' career. Weiss co-wrote Spare Parts 1 on Wait's Nighthawks at the Diner, while being namechecked in another song. Chuck was referred to in Tom Waits' song title "Jitterbug Boy (Sharing a Curbstone with Chuck E. Weiss, Robert Marchese, Paul Body and The Mug and Artie)" and in other lyrics from the Small Change album. Weiss was the subject of Rickie Lee Jones's hit song "Chuck E.'s In Love", from her 1979 debut album. At the time, Jones was linked romantically to Tom Waits. All three lived in the Tropicana Hotel in Los Angeles, in the middle of a fertile musical scene including Levi and the Rockats, Stray Cats, Black Flag, Frank Zappa and others.

Weiss's first album, The Other Side of Town, was released in 1981, a short album whose eight tracks clocked in at just 24 minutes, produced by a team previously associated with Joe Cocker. Weiss was associated with Los Angeles and Southern California for years, which he explained by saying he does not like to travel by airplane, in truth his cult of celebrity amongst Hollywood socialites stemmed from his prominent playing in various house bands along Sunset Strip through the 1970s and 1980s. Weiss played for 11 years on Mondays at a club called "The Central" before it fell on hard times. Weiss and his friend Johnny Depp, were instrumental in resuscitating it as the Viper Room, which later became notorious when River Phoenix died there in 1993. Weiss was featured on the 1990 album L.A. Ya Ya, a compilation of performances by Los Angeles–based blues artists. In 1995, Weiss played on P's self-titled album. The band featured Gibby Haynes of the Butthole Surfers and actor Johnny Depp.

Weiss released his second album, Extremely Cool, in 1999, featuring extensive collaboration with Tony Gilkyson, JJ Holiday, and Tom Waits, who co-produced the album for his long-time acquaintance, Waits plays guitar across the album, and co-wrote two tracks, re-recording one of the songs Rains on me for the Free The West Memphis 3 benefit album the following year. The style is heavily reminiscent of Waits, both in composition and vocal approach. Either could have influenced the other. The opening track, "Devil With Blue Suede Shoes", was produced by Johnny Depp and featured Toby Dammit on drums. It was used in Depp's film, The Brave, in which Weiss also played a minor role. Willie Dixon was quoted on the original packaging of Extremely Cool as saying, "Ain't ya got ears son? That little Jew boy with the big old head be one of the best musicians in this town, this country even." Extremely Cool makes reference to Canter's Kibitz Room, a small nightclub in a larger deli in Los Angeles's Fairfax District, where Weiss also played habitually. His regular band was called The Goddamn Liars.

Weiss' next album after Extremely Cool, Old Souls & Wolf Tickets, was released in 2001. It was also produced by Gilkyson and is perhaps less reminiscent of Tom Waits and more redolent of Delta blues acts decades older. "Down the Road a Piece," from Old Souls & Wolf Tickets, is a 1970 recording of the Weiss and Willie Dixon playing together. In 2006, Weiss released the album 23rd & Stout, an album more reminiscent of Waits's 1980s output, featuring an exploration of many blues and rumba styles, as well as a tribute to Sterling Holloway, entitled "Sho' Is Cold". Also featured is long time friend and collaborator, Diablo Dimes. In 2013, Weiss wrote and recorded "Anthem for Old Souls" for the Sea shanty-compilation Son of Rogues Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs & Chanteys (2013). In 2014, Weiss released Red Beans and Weiss, on the Anti- label.

Television
Weiss acted in occasional bit parts on American television.

He made brief cameos on two 1990 Married... with Children episodes as a homeless man, and one on an episode of Brotherly Love, as Leo the garbage man in 1995. He also made an appearance on My Wife and Kids (2001-2005).

In the May 14, 2002 episode of Gilmore Girls entitled "Lorelai's Graduation Day", Weiss appeared as the proprietor of a record store in New York City.

Weiss was a frequent guest on Art Fein's Poker Party, a long running Public Access "Rock-n-Roll Talk Show" in the mid 1980s and early 1990s. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JP_GrmYVF6c

Personal life
Weiss was a lifelong bachelor and had no children. His next of kin was his older brother, Byron "Whiz" Weiss.

Weiss died on July 20, 2021, in Los Angeles at the age of 76. He suffered from cancer prior to his death.

title: Chuck E. Weiss


text:
User:Consul~enwiki/Fourth Republic

The Fourth Republic was the first government that fully considered the fact that humanity was no longer concentrated in Newfoundland. Consequentially, the first city soon faded as other significant population centers rose to challenge it's economic and industrial domination. It was also the first government driven to return humanity to the stars, as per the original intention of the colonization effort. Many planets were colonized in its centuries-long existance.

title: User:Consul~enwiki/Fourth Republic


text:
File:Jack Orion 2.jpg

Summary
Jack Orion album cover

title: File:Jack Orion 2.jpg


text:
Schnecken

Schnecken are a type of sweet bun or roll of German origin. They typically contain raisins.

The name Schnecken means snails in German and refers to the shape of the pastry. The bun is still common in Germany, Switzerland and Austria (in some regions as Schneckennudel ), where the name is Schnecke (which is the German singular of Schnecken), and in other parts of northern Europe. They are more commonly known as pain au raisin in France. Popular variants are Nussschnecken (filled with nuts and often raisins as well), Mohnschnecken (with a poppyseed filling) and Zimtschnecken, which are quite similar to cinnamon rolls and Chelsea buns.

title: Schnecken


text:
Honey bun

A honey bun, or honeybun, is a fried yeast pastry that contains honey and a swirl of cinnamon in the dough and is glazed with icing. Unlike most sweet rolls, which are generally the product of bakeries, honey buns are common convenience store and vending machine fare made by companies like Little Debbie, Hostess and Duchess. Normally sold individually wrapped, alone, or in boxes, they are a snack or grab-and-go breakfast item which can be eaten at cold, hot, or ambient temperatures.

History
Louis Griffin ran a restaurant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and commissioned his mother Ellen Griffin to make small pies. These became so popular that in 1926, Griffin sold his restaurant and opened a home bakery service in Greensboro, North Carolina to sell small fried pies to local restaurants. In 1929, he expanded further and formed the Griffin Baking Company. Louis' oldest son Nelson Griffin, Sr. joined the company and started the Griffin Pie Co. in Charleston, West Virginia in 1949. They opened factories in West Virginia, Tennessee, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and their flagship factory in London, Kentucky. Louis' brother Howard Griffin reportedly developed the honey bun in Greensboro, NC in 1954, and it became a signature product. His nephew Nelson Griffin, Jr. said "In the early 50’s they were making cinnamon rolls. From that, he (Howard) added honey to the ingredients, and eventually developed the first commercial honey bun. " They eventually sold to Flowers Foods in 1983.

Culture
Honey buns are also used as currency in United States prisons, where they are sold from prison commissaries. In the state of Florida, 270,000 are sold per month as of 2010. In a highly publicized instance, honey buns were used by guards in Miami to pay for the beating of a teenager in a youth detention center, resulting in the teen's death. Referring to the case, a public defender was quoted as saying, "In here, a honey bun is like a million dollars."

Flower Foods' London, KY bakery, which can produce almost 60,000 honey buns an hour or about 10 million honey buns per week, has sponsored an annual Honey Bun Day since 2021. The 2023 festival broke the Guinness World Record for most people eating honeybuns at the same time with 777 people.

title: Honey bun


text:
Herriot

Herriot is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Real people

 * Édouard Herriot (1872–1957), French politician
 * James Herriot (1916–1995), British veterinary surgeon and writer
 * Jim Herriot (born 1939), Scottish footballer
 * John George Herriot (1916–2003), mathematician

Fictional characters

 * Zoe Herriot, character in Doctor Who

title: Herriot


text:
Talk:Amber MacArthur

Age
How old or when is Amber's Birthday?

 * In a 2005 episode of Gadgets and Gizmos she states she is 28.

 * Then she couldn't have been born in 1971. Until someone can confirm the birth year, I'm editing it out. 71.230.68.176 00:48, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually she said she was 29.

 * Someone just edited her birthdate to make her 10 years older. Can anyone confirm this, or should i change it back? Yavoh 21:36, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Someone's fixed it. Thanks, whoever you are. Yavoh 23:04, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Someone set her birthdate to January 3 to reflect the birthday on her Facebook profile (which she confirms is not accurate), but I know for a fact (and she has verified this for me) that her birthday is in June. I changed it back to the correct date (June 27). I'm unsure about the year so I left it alone; somebody might want to look into that. Gabriel. 02:36, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The new net@nite podcast here: http://aolradio.podcast.aol.com/insidethenet/NATN-026.mp3 has Leo talking about Amber's upcoming birthday. He doesn't know how old she is, though, guesses around 31 or 32.

Porn?
An anonymous user added that Amber MacArthur was in several Canadian porn films. A Google search failed to verify this. Since, if false such statements qualify as defamation, I removed it. Can anyone verify this conclusively as true/false? --Zwilson 06:14, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Highly doubt it. --  Zanimum 19:08, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Note:
Somebody under the ip User:70.50.136.151 wrote in the article that Amber is leaving G4techTV. It is confirmed on her blog at http://ambermac.typepad.com/ambermac/2006/08/to_all_the_g4te.html

I will clean up that section and re post it. Amp e rsand2006 ( & ) 18:01, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have re-written the section and put in a proper reference to the blog article; also came up with a better section title other than "She Is Leaving G4TechTV" and better grammar than this user used (i.e. Typing Every First Letter In Capitals Like This.) Tell me how you like it? Also, feel free to make a small change to the section and maybe even come up with a better title than what I have done. Thanks! ;) Amp e rsand2006 ( & ) 18:01, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Amber MacArthur to many irons in the fire
I know Amber Macarthur is young and smart but she is spreading herself to thin and it’s going to catch up with her. She needs to slow down and to focus. Mike Scott

 * Sorry, but this isn't the place for commentary. --  Zanimum 19:08, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

New image
I've added a new image of Amber. She agreed via MySpace email to release any of her pics as CC for Wikipedia. -- Zanimum 18:24, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

GA Fail, pointers
Sorry but this is a fail. Basically the article needs to be expanded a lot and formatted. good-luck feel free to try again for GA once these issues are dealt with. M3tal H3ad 06:20, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The article is too short, almost a stub.
 * Remove the fan website from external links
 * A lot of one sentence paragraphs throughout the article
 * Check to see how to format references
 * External link in the middle of text, This Week in Tech network at twit.tv/ITN.
 * She is perhaps best known for the series, remove perhaps

 * As for "remove perhaps", there is no way to definitively decide what a person is best known for. The perhaps leaves it purposely ambiguous, in case her TWiT appearances are more notable. --  Zanimum 21:54, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Good point, how about 'well known'? M3tal H3ad 02:08, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

The problem is that Amber is not "well known." Obviously this is a relative term. I think George Stroumboulopoulos is an example of a well known media personality. He is vastly more widely known than Amber, yet has a shorter wiki article. The lengthiness of Amber's article, coupled with the lack of citations, sensational elements (eg. her association with Tony Robbins) make this article seem suspiciously promotional. Aliengruvgod (talk) 02:37, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I disagree with your assessment. Amber MacArthur is actually quite well known and is able to earn a living with public appearance fees.  Personally I would consider being able to earn a living from public recognizance to mean that she meets the criteria of a well known person. I suspect she is probably more widely known than George Stroumboulopoulos, outside Canada,  because her work as a social media authority, consultant, journalist and technology advocate is more diversified and international than Mr. Stroumboulopoulos' career as a Canadian broadcaster. In fact, Ms. MacArthur is probably better known outside Canada than Stephane Dion. Stoick (talk) 21:57, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The assertion that "MacArthur is probably better known outside Canada than Stephane Dion" or George Stroumboulopoulos is at least unsubstantiated and, with respect, possibly absurd. Fans and friends of MacArthur's especially run the risk of committing such rhetorical hyperbole.  A rudimentary exercise in objective measures: A Google search of "George Stroumboulopoulos" (in quotes) yields 111,000 results, whereas "Amber MacArthur" yields 44,000.  MacArthur does not come close in this test even with the advantage of a relatively common name.  As I said, this test is rudimentary, but it does tell you something about a person's pervasiveness on the web, another arena in which MacArthur should have an inherent advantage. Aliengruvgod (talk) 13:02, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Article Needs Cleanup
This article needs to be cleaned. There are too many un-cited statements in the "Personal life" section. Article is very short and feels bloated. Maybe it deserves a Stub template?

--Ts1and2fanatic (talk) 01:20, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Maritial Status
Her Martial Status and the way it may effect the parentage of her child is non-encyclopedic and should not be part of the article. It in no way has any barring on her job as tech journalist. David Reiss (talk) 01:11, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Are they? I noticed Leo said 'hubby' on natn 98, but he may have meant it informally. Dwmg (talk) 13:03, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed, Dreiss2. Someone keeps adding the "nonmarried" thing about her having her son, kind of weird. Maybe someone should warn the user if they keep doing it? NCSS (talk) 01:26, 18 January 2012 (UTC)

NCSS - Her marital status and discussion around her son are well documented - Amber continues to discuss these facts. The community is not sure why such a neutral and documented fact causes you contention. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.51.53.130 (talk) 18:56, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

Son's Birth
As I write this it is February 6, 2009 and the article says her son was born on February 8, 2009. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.252.87.21 (talk) 02:54, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Self Promotion
Why is this 15 minutes of fame nominee listed in wiki? Answer: using wiki as a social media platform for self promotion. Minimal accomplishments or relevance. Should be deleted. Wikipedia is not FLICKR or Facebook or Twitter. Go sell self promotion somewhere else, we all full up here at Wiki.

Protection needed?
There are some IP editors that seem to not be able to control themselves from adding superfluous and non-encyclopedic information that is person in nature. While I have placed warnings on those user's pages, I wonder if semi-protection might be in order here? What does everyone else think? NCSS (talk) 20:50, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

In this case, it would seem that protection would not be warranted at this stage. NCSS has continued to remove bibliographical information in a biased manner. The use of protection for an article in order to enforce biased removals, such as these, would seem to be a misuse of an important editorial quality control tool.

 * I have only removed personal attacks that do not have a source?!? NCSS (talk) 22:09, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Amber MacArthur. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071214232607/http://ambermac.typepad.com:80/about.html to http://ambermac.typepad.com/about.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061022090300/http://ambermac.typepad.com:80/ambermac/2006/08/to_all_the_g4te.html to http://ambermac.typepad.com/ambermac/2006/08/to_all_the_g4te.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:56, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

Who???
I'm from PEI and have never heard of this person. 24.137.115.238 (talk) 03:56, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Amber MacArthur. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080320234813/http://www.mgimedia.ca/ to http://www.mgimedia.ca/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://ambermac.typepad.com/ambermac/2008/01/my-top-three-fa.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:25, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Amber MacArthur. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070104022125/http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-10-26/goods_next.php to http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-10-26/goods_next.php
 * Added tag to http://www.citynews.ca/webnation
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070928195306/http://www.theflux.tv/index.php?%2FPodcast_Player%2Famber-mac-interview%2F to http://www.theflux.tv/index.php?%2FPodcast_Player%2Famber-mac-interview%2F

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:36, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amber MacArthur


text:
The Americans (commentary)

"The Americans" is a commentary by Canadian broadcaster Gordon Sinclair. Originally written for a regular broadcast on CFRB radio in Toronto on June 5, 1973, it became a media and public phenomenon. It was replayed several times a day by some United States radio stations and released as a hit audio recording in several forms. Ronald Reagan credited it for giving comfort to the United States in difficult times, and it was widely rediscovered and re-disseminated as the United States faced new crises in the 2000s.

On June 5, Sinclair discussed some stories from the day's news. Widespread heavy tornado damage afflicted the U.S. Midwest. The Mississippi River was in flood stage. The American Red Cross faced an imminent threat of insolvency. And the United States dollar reached very low levels, something Sinclair, an inveterate market watcher, was keenly aware of.

"The Americans" was not, as widely reported later, an angry response to countries that were criticizing the American failure in the Vietnam War. Instead, Sinclair's commentary stated that when many countries faced economic crises or natural disasters, Americans were among the most generous people in the world at offering assistance, but when America faced a crisis, it often faced that crisis alone.

Byron MacGregor / CKLW Radio
The editorial became a phenomenon on American radio after CKLW Radio news director and news anchor Byron MacGregor read Sinclair's commentary on the air. After CKLW (a 50,000 watt Windsor/Detroit powerhouse radio station) received many requests for it, a record was released by Westbound Records of MacGregor's recording, with "America the Beautiful" being played by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.

By January 1974, The Americans record became one of the fastest-selling records in United States, reaching sales of 2 million within a month of its release. The single eventually sold three and a half million copies in the United States, and hit #1 in Cash Box, as well as #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. All proceeds from the record were donated by MacGregor himself to the American Red Cross. (This version reached #42 in Canada.)

Gordon Sinclair
Gordon Sinclair's original recording was released as a record as well, with "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" in the background, and went to #24 on the US record charts. This made the 73-year-old Sinclair the second-oldest living person ever to have a Billboard US Top 40 hit (75-year-old Moms Mabley had a Top 40 hit in 1969 with "Abraham, Martin & John"). The recording hit #30 in the Canadian RPM Magazine charts.

In May 1974, Sinclair told The Globe and Mail that he was "sick of hearing" the recording and embarrassed by some of the inaccuracies it contained, but that he would still write the same editorial over again.

Tex Ritter
Country singer Tex Ritter also released a version of the track, which was issued just weeks after his death in January 1974. Ritter's version of "The Americans (A Canadian's Opinion)" made it to #90 nationally in the US, and #35 on the country charts. It was the last chart hit of Ritter's career.

Weekly charts

 * Byron MacGregor
 * Gordon Sinclair
 * Tex Ritter

Legacy
In 1981, when Ronald Reagan made his first state visit to Canada, he praised both Sinclair and MacGregor as figures who had given the United States an inspiring tribute in one of its darkest hours. MacGregor was also posthumously honored with the National Americanism Award.

"The Americans" performed by Byron MacGregor was widely revived on the Internet, on radio & television and in newspapers in 2001, following the September 11, 2001 attacks, and again in 2005 in the devastating aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Some revivals of the message incorrectly stated that it was newly written as a direct response to the recent crises; in this question of its authorship alone, the address has become a part of urban legend.

Responses to "Americans"

 * Charles Ashman recorded a song of thanks in response, entitled "An American's Answer."
 * Comedian Albert Brooks spoofed "Americans" with his recorded routine "A Phone Call to Americans."

title: The Americans (commentary)


text:
User:Luigizanasi/sandbox

Before diving in, I decided to do some research, both on the web and in the books I have handy. I should say where I'm coming from: there is total confused morass of woodworking terms, where the same thing is called by a different name in diffrent paklces and times and different things are called by the same name in different palces and times. And even sonmetimes by the same person. There is no authority that tells us what the "correct" name for anything is, so our job is to document them all and try to make it clear what we are talking about. Pictures help.

I looked up the US, Canadian, UK & Australian web sites for what the Sawzall-type reciprocating saw was called. In North America, we call it a Sawzall because Milwaukee invented it, just like a portable circular saw is a Skilsaw, but I digress. Here are the results of the web search:

So, Reciprocating saw is the winner for the sawzall-type saw, although "sabre saw" is also used in some UK and Australian web sites (and one Canadian one!). BTW, I also have a Makita POS reciprocating saw. The collar kept on falling off and now I have lost it. Doesn't seem to affect the performance though. As a North American, a sabre or saber saw is another name for the electric jigsaw with a somewhat obsolete flavour. But it gets more confusing when I looked the different types of reciprocating-action saws in my wooddorking library.

 * Feirer Cabinetmaking and Millwork, the standard school text in North America, calls the sawzall a "reciprocating saw". Feirer calls the electric hand-held jigsaw a "bayonet saw", with mention of it being also called a "saber", "sabre" or "hand jig" saw. Feirer has an entire chapter entitled "Jig or Scroll Saw" devoted to the 'lectric scroll saw.
 * Audel's Carpenter's and Builder's Library (old standard trade reference — I have the 1974 edition) has "saber saw" for the jig saw, no mention of the sawzall, probably not invented yet. Scroll saw is scroll saw.
 * Percy W. Blandford, The Woodworker's Bible (1976) ISBN 0-517-448629 (1985 edition) has saber saw for the jigsaw, but he also calls the scroll saw a "large saber saw" in the picture but a "fret-saw" or "jig-saw" in the text. One picture is of a really neat contraption where the top of the blade is held by a bow (as in bow and arrow) type thing fixed to the ceiling, and the bottom fixed to a motor. {Pretty cool, you could cut curves in anything with that.
 * Ernest Joyce, ''Encyclopedia of Furniture Making" has "jigsaw" for jigsaws, but notes they should more properly be called "sabre saws" as jig saw "could also be taken to mean power-driven fretsaw in which the blade is secured at either end." No sawzall.

So I propose this article be about the sawzall type reciprocating saw. Sabre/Sabre saw should be a disambiguation page pointing to this page and to the jigsaw page. All the articles should mention the other uses of their title and provide the appropriate redirect. as well, all the articles should mention the varied names the tool has gone under. And Bob's your uncle. Luigizanasi 06:05, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Luigizanasi/sandbox


text:
Jack Orion

Jack Orion is the third album by Scottish folk musician Bert Jansch, released in 1966. It contains a number of traditional songs, including the epic "Jack Orion": a ten-minute adaptation of the Child ballad "Glasgerion" which tells of a court fiddler’s attempt to seduce a countess and his servant's treachery in successfully impersonating him. A number of songs are performed with friend and fellow guitarist John Renbourn, who would later join him in the group Pentangle. "The Waggoner’s Lad" has Jansch unusually playing the banjo with Renbourn supplying the guitar part.

Track listing
Additional Personnel John Renbourn - guitar on 1, 3, 6 & 8

title: Jack Orion


text:
File:The Tuxedo film.jpg

The Tuxedo film poster

Fair use rationale for The Tuxedo

 * 1) For an article about a film, the original poster is arguably one of the most important images that could be included.
 * 2) No free or public domain images have been located for this film.
 * 3) The image is of lower resolution than the original poster (copies made from it will be of inferior quality).
 * 4) The poster is to suggest something of the film's genre and style.
 * 5) The poster is being used for informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original film in any way.
 * 6) The poster is used on various websites, and its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 7) The poster's use on Wikipedia is entirely encyclopedic in nature.

title: File:The Tuxedo film.jpg