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Complex differential form

In mathematics, a complex differential form is a differential form on a manifold (usually a complex manifold) which is permitted to have complex coefficients.

Complex forms have broad applications in differential geometry. On complex manifolds, they are fundamental and serve as the basis for much of algebraic geometry, Kähler geometry, and Hodge theory. Over non-complex manifolds, they also play a role in the study of almost complex structures, the theory of spinors, and CR structures.

Typically, complex forms are considered because of some desirable decomposition that the forms admit. On a complex manifold, for instance, any complex k-form can be decomposed uniquely into a sum of so-called (p, q)-forms: roughly, wedges of p differentials of the holomorphic coordinates with q differentials of their complex conjugates. The ensemble of (p, q)-forms becomes the primitive object of study, and determines a finer geometrical structure on the manifold than the k-forms. Even finer structures exist, for example, in cases where Hodge theory applies.

Differential forms on a complex manifold
Suppose that M is a complex manifold of complex dimension n. Then there is a local coordinate system consisting of n complex-valued functions z1, ..., zn such that the coordinate transitions from one patch to another are holomorphic functions of these variables. The space of complex forms carries a rich structure, depending fundamentally on the fact that these transition functions are holomorphic, rather than just smooth.

One-forms
We begin with the case of one-forms. First decompose the complex coordinates into their real and imaginary parts: zj = xj + iyj for each j. Letting
 * $$dz^j=dx^j+idy^j,\quad d\bar{z}^j=dx^j-idy^j,$$

one sees that any differential form with complex coefficients can be written uniquely as a sum
 * $$\sum_{j=1}^n\left(f_jdz^j+g_jd\bar{z}^j\right).$$

Let Ω1,0 be the space of complex differential forms containing only $$dz$$'s and Ω0,1 be the space of forms containing only $$d\bar{z}$$'s. One can show, by the Cauchy–Riemann equations, that the spaces Ω1,0 and Ω0,1 are stable under holomorphic coordinate changes. In other words, if one makes a different choice wi of holomorphic coordinate system, then elements of Ω1,0 transform tensorially, as do elements of Ω0,1. Thus the spaces Ω0,1 and Ω1,0 determine complex vector bundles on the complex manifold.

Higher-degree forms
The wedge product of complex differential forms is defined in the same way as with real forms. Let p and q be a pair of non-negative integers ≤ n. The space Ωp,q of (p, q)-forms is defined by taking linear combinations of the wedge products of p elements from Ω1,0 and q elements from Ω0,1. Symbolically,
 * $$\Omega^{p,q}=\underbrace{\Omega^{1,0}\wedge\dotsb\wedge\Omega^{1,0}}_{p \text{ times}}\wedge\underbrace{\Omega^{0,1}\wedge\dotsb\wedge\Omega^{0,1}}_{q \text{ times}}$$

where there are p factors of Ω1,0 and q factors of Ω0,1. Just as with the two spaces of 1-forms, these are stable under holomorphic changes of coordinates, and so determine vector bundles.

If Ek is the space of all complex differential forms of total degree k, then each element of Ek can be expressed in a unique way as a linear combination of elements from among the spaces Ωp,q with p + q = k. More succinctly, there is a direct sum decomposition
 * $$E^k=\Omega^{k,0}\oplus\Omega^{k-1,1}\oplus\dotsb\oplus\Omega^{1,k-1}\oplus\Omega^{0,k}=\bigoplus_{p+q=k}\Omega^{p,q}.$$

Because this direct sum decomposition is stable under holomorphic coordinate changes, it also determines a vector bundle decomposition.

In particular, for each k and each p and q with p + q = k, there is a canonical projection of vector bundles
 * $$\pi^{p,q}:E^k\rightarrow\Omega^{p,q}.$$

The Dolbeault operators
The usual exterior derivative defines a mapping of sections $$ d: \Omega^{r} \to \Omega^{r+1}$$ via
 * $$ d(\Omega^{p,q}) \subseteq \bigoplus_{r + s = p + q + 1} \Omega^{r,s}$$

The exterior derivative does not in itself reflect the more rigid complex structure of the manifold.

Using d and the projections defined in the previous subsection, it is possible to define the Dolbeault operators:
 * $$\partial=\pi^{p+1,q}\circ d:\Omega^{p,q}\rightarrow\Omega^{p+1,q},\quad \bar{\partial}=\pi^{p,q+1}\circ d:\Omega^{p,q}\rightarrow\Omega^{p,q+1}$$

To describe these operators in local coordinates, let
 * $$\alpha=\sum_{|I|=p,|J|=q}\ f_{IJ}\,dz^I\wedge d\bar{z}^J\in\Omega^{p,q}$$

where I and J are multi-indices. Then
 * $$\partial\alpha=\sum_{|I|,|J|}\sum_\ell \frac{\partial f_{IJ}}{\partial z^\ell}\,dz^\ell\wedge dz^I\wedge d\bar{z}^J$$
 * $$\bar{\partial}\alpha=\sum_{|I|,|J|}\sum_\ell \frac{\partial f_{IJ}}{\partial \bar{z}^\ell}d\bar{z}^\ell\wedge dz^I\wedge d\bar{z}^J.$$

The following properties are seen to hold:
 * $$d=\partial+\bar{\partial}$$
 * $$\partial^2=\bar{\partial}^2=\partial\bar{\partial}+\bar{\partial}\partial=0.$$

These operators and their properties form the basis for Dolbeault cohomology and many aspects of Hodge theory.

On a star-shaped domain of a complex manifold the Dolbeault operators have dual homotopy operators that result from splitting of the homotopy operator for $$d$$. This is a content of the Poincaré lemma on a complex manifold.

The Poincaré lemma for $$\bar \partial$$ and $$\partial$$ can be improved further to the local $\partial \bar \partial$-lemma, which shows that every $$d$$-exact complex differential form is actually $$\partial \bar \partial$$-exact. On compact Kähler manifolds a global form of the local $$\partial \bar \partial$$-lemma holds, known as the $\partial \bar \partial$-lemma. It is a consequence of Hodge theory, and states that a complex differential form which is globally $$d$$-exact (in other words, whose class in de Rham cohomology is zero) is globally $$\partial \bar \partial$$-exact.

Holomorphic forms
For each p, a holomorphic p-form is a holomorphic section of the bundle Ωp,0. In local coordinates, then, a holomorphic p-form can be written in the form

 * $$\alpha=\sum_{|I|=p}f_I\,dz^I$$

where the $$ f_I $$ are holomorphic functions. Equivalently, and due to the independence of the complex conjugate, the (p, 0)-form α is holomorphic if and only if
 * $$\bar{\partial}\alpha=0.$$

The sheaf of holomorphic p-forms is often written Ωp, although this can sometimes lead to confusion so many authors tend to adopt an alternative notation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Complex differential form


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Brooklyn Community Board 7

Brooklyn Community Board 7 is a New York City community board that encompasses the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Sunset Park, Windsor Terrace, Greenwood Heights and South Park Slope. It is delimited by Gowanus Bay on the west; by 15th Street and Prospect Park South West on the north; and by Caton Avenue, Fort Hamilton Parkway, 37th Street and 8th Avenue on the east, as well as by the Long Island Rail Road and Bay Ridge R.R. Yards on the south.

Its current chairperson is Julio Peña III and its district manager is Jeremy Laufer.

As of the United States Census, 2000, the Community Board has a population of 120,063, up from 102,553 in 1990 and 98,564 in 1980. Of them (as of 2000), 27,369 (22.8%) are White non Hispanic, 4,203 (3.5%) are African-American, 20,911 (17.4%) Asian or Pacific Islander, 258 (0.2%) American Indian or Native Alaskan, 668(0.6%) of some other race, 3,322 (2.8%) of two or more race, 63,332 (52.7%) of Hispanic origins. 40.7% of the population benefit from public assistance as of 2004, up from 23.0% in 2000. The land area is 2709.3 acre.

title: Brooklyn Community Board 7


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User talk:24~enwiki

The statement on the User page is wrong. The IP block/ban was of short duration and soon expired.

The user simply did not return, at least not under this IP number. Long afterwards, several other IP numbers were asserted to be the same person. This has never been confirmed, and various people including Jim Wales have publicly questioned the association of the earlier with the later rumoured identities.

To state that User:24 is subject of a present ban is thus simply incorrect. Correct it to the current policy statement regarding this user, please. If somehow someone has ruled that 24 "is" some other person or group of people, who says that, and, why does that imply a ban on this IP if it is no longer in that person/group's use?

Clarity is required here.
 * List of banned users says that 24 is banned as a "sockpuppet" of EntmootsOfTrolls. Whether or not this is true is probably disputable, but they are indeed banned. 24 at 20:40, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:24~enwiki


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Claíomh Solais

The Sword of Light or Claidheamh Soluis (Old Irish; modern Claíomh Solais ) is a trope object that appears in a number of Irish and Scottish Gaelic folktales. The "Quest for sword of light" formula is catalogued as motif H1337.

The sword appears commonly as a quest object in the Irish folktale of a hero seeking "The One Story" (or the "Cause of the one story about women"), which culminates in the discovery of a "Tale of the Werewolf" (a man magically turned wolf by an unfaithful wife). However, the sword is uninvolved in the man-wolf portion, and only figures in the hero-adventure frame story.

The sword of light, according to a different commentator, is a fixture of an Irish tale group describable as a quasi-bridal-quest. This characterization is inspired by the formula where the hero gains a beautiful wife (and riches) by gambling against a gruagach aka wizard-champion, but suffers losses which makes him beholden to mount on a hopeless-seeming quest. Like the actual "giant's daughter" bridal quest tales, the sword of light hero often gains assistance of "helpful animals" in completing his tasks or ordeals.

The sword has been regarded as a legacy to the god-slaying weapons of Irish mythology by certain scholars, such as T. F. O'Rahilly, the analogues being the primeval Celtic deity's lightning-weapon, Lugh's sling that felled Balor, the hero Cúchulainn's supernatural spear Gae bulga and his shining sword Cruaidín Catutchenn.

Forms
The spelling as appears in published Irish texts and scholastic commentary is Claidheamh Soluis alternatively (an) cloidheamh solais; but these are pre-reform spelling, and in modernized reformed spelling Claíomh Solais would be used. The name has also been transliterated into Hiberno-English as chloive solais. The sword may be rendered in English as the "Sword of Light", or "Shining Sword".

Likewise, the Scottish Gaelic form is claidheamh solais "glaive of light", or claidheamh geal solais "White Glave of Light".

Overview
The folk tales featuring the sword of light may be bridal quests, and the hero's would-be bride often becomes the hero's helper.

But also typically the story is a sort of quasi-bridal quest, where the hero wins a bride by wager, but then suffers a loss, becoming oath-bound (compelled by geis) to never come home until he has completed the quest for the sword (and other objectives). The opponent who tempts the hero with this gambling game is usually a gruagach ("wizard-champion" ) or wizard/druid. and the sword's keeper is often a giant (, fhamhair ) or hag (cailleach), or a sibling of the wizard.

The sword-keeper oftentimes must be defeated (killed), which is not possible except by some secret means. Thus the hero or helper may resort to the sword of light as the only effective weapon against this enemy. But often the sword is not enough, and the supernatural enemy has to be attacked on a single vulnerable spot. The weak spot, moreover, may be an external soul (motif index E710) concealed somewhere in the world at large (inside animals, etc.); or, as in the case of "The Young King Of Easaidh Ruadh", this external soul is encased within a nested series of animals.

Typically bound up with the quest for the sword of light is the quest for the "One Story" (' truth about women'), namely, the story of the faithless wife who transforms her husband into a wolf.

The hero in some examples are compelled to perform (three) sets of tasks, aided by helpers, who may be the would-be bride, "helpful animals", or a supernatural being ("little green/red man").

Texts

Below are the lists of tales where the sword of light occurs. Kittredge's sigla (K J L C1 O'F H c m) are given in boldface:

Irish folktales

 * "The Story of the Sculloge's son from Muskerry (Sceal Vhic Scoloige)" K
 * (in-tale) "Fios Fath an aon Sceil" (perfect narrative of the unique story)"
 * "Adventure of the Sgolog and the Red" (GruagachEachtra air an sgolóig agus air an ngruagach ruadh) (, Gaelic Journal ) J
 * "The Weaver's Son and the Giant of the White Hill", (, Myths and Folk-lore of Ireland ).
 * "The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin" ( Curtin, Myths )
 * Leaduidhe na luaithe ("Ashypet" or "The Lazy Fellow" ) ( Ó Fotharta/O'Foharty/O'Faherty (1892) )
 * "Smallhead and the King's Sons" ( Curtin (1892), repr. No. XXXIX )
 * "Baranoir, son of a King in Erin, and the Daughter of King under the Wave" ( Curtin (1893), repr.  ed. Béaloideas 12 (1/2) )
 * "Morraha; Brian More, son of the high-king of Erin, from the Well of Enchantments of Binn Edin" (repr. )  L
 * "Simon and Margaret" ( Larminie )
 * "Beauty of the World" ( Larminie )
 * "The King who had Twelve Sons" ( Larminie )
 * "Cud, Cad, and Micad", (, Hero-tales of Ireland ).
 * "Coldfeet and Queen of Lonesome Island", ( Curtin, Hero-tales )
 * "Art and Balor Beimenach", ( Curtin, Hero-tales ). C1
 * "The Shining Sword and the Knowledge of the Cause of the One Story about Women" (, ZCP 1) ) O'F
 * "The King of Ireland's Son (Mac Riġ Eireann)" (, Beside the Fire )
 * Mac Rígh Eireann agus Ceann Gruagach na g-Cleasann "The king's son of Ireland and the chief-magician's with his tricks" (, No. XXIX, Annales de Bretagne  ) H
 * "The Snow, Crow, and the Blood".
 * An untitled tale of Finn's three sons by the Queen of Italy collected at Glenties in Donegal
 * An Claiḋeaṁ Soluis: agus Fios-fáṫa-'n-aoin-scéil "The Sword of Light and the knowledge of the motive of the unique (?) tale" ( in Béaloideas 1 ).
 * Fios ḃás an an-sgéalaiḋe agus an Claiḋeaṁ Solais "Knowledge of death of the Ansgéalidhe (Storyteller) and the Sword of Light" (  in Béaloideas 4 ).

Scottish Gaelic folktales
The publication of tales from the Highlands (, Popular Tales of the West Highlands) predate the Irish tales becoming available in print.

 * "The Young King Of Easaidh Ruadh" ("Rìgh òg Easaidh Ruadh") (, No. 1 ) c
 * "Widow's Son" ( Campbell, No. 2, 2nd variant )
 * "Tale of Conal Crovi" ( Campbell, No. 6 )
 * "Tale of Connal" ( Campbell, No. 7 )
 * "Maol a' Chliobain" ( Campbell, No. 17 )
 * "The Widow and her Daughters" ( Campbell, No. 41, 2nd variant )
 * "Mac Iain Dìreach" ( Campbell, No. 46 )
 * "An Sionnach, the Fox" ( Campbell, No. 46, 4th variant; )
 * "The Herding of Cruachan (Buachaillechd Chruachain)" (, No. 4. ) m
 * "The History of Kitty Ill-Pretts" (, No. 21 )

Commentary
The sword of light (or glaive of light) is a trope artefact that occurs in a number of Gaelic tales. It also occurs in Irish folktales also, as described below. The "Quest for sword of light" (H1337) motif is also listed in Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature.

Grouping
One strand of the "sword of light" tale has been transmitted in French Canada as the tale of the "Sword of Wisdom", and assigned type 305A. However, the Irish cognate had not been catalogued as a tale type by Aarne-Thompson, though recognized in The Types of the Irish Folktale.

One Story and Werewolf's Tale
The quest for the sword of light is an added layer, attached to the core tale of the quest for "the one story", which forms a frame story to the Irish versions of the medieval werewolf tale, according to George Lyman Kittredge's 1903 study.

"The one story" is actually shorthand, and Kittredge generally uses "the cause of the one story about women", as occurs in O'Foharta's version. Similar titles or sub-titles occur in Irish as well. The form "news of the death of Anshgayliacht" in "Morraha", is deemed to be a corruption.

The werewolf tale, recounted by a man who had once been magically transformed into a wolf by an unfaithful wife, is analyzed by Kittredge for its compound structure, but the in-tale generally does not concern the Sword of Light.

It is pointed out that in the sword of light fails to occur in the Scottish version of the werewolf tale, replaced by the hero obtaining custody of the werewolf himself, by bartering his horse.

Quasi-bridal quest
Some tales fall into an actual bridal-quest pattern. In "The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin", Sean Ruadh (actually the eldest prince) is assisted by the princess who is his would-be bride in slaying the urfeist (sea-serpent). And in the "Widow's Son", the hero promises marriage to the giant's daughter, who also becomes the hero's helper.

Josef Baudiš suggested a slightly different grouping, which similar to the bridal-quest type but distinguishably different: the hero wins a beautiful wife (and riches) as wager in a game played against a gruagach (wizard-champion) figure, but it is a trap, and when the hero suffers a loss, he is compelled to go on a quest, usually for the sword of light.

Helpful animals
Kittredge has recognized the presence of "helpful animals" assisting the hero in the tales, catalogued in the range of Types B300–590, "Helpful Animals" in Thompson's Motif-Index. Kittedge recognizes the Skilful Companions motif in the werewolf in-story, but that portion does not much concern the sword, as aforementioned.

In O'Foharta's Irish text (O'F) the helpers are a hawk, otter, and a fox ("Hawk of the Grey Wood", the "Otter of the Endless Tempests", and the "Fox of the Pleasant Crag"). In Campbell's Scottish The Young King of Easaidh Ruadh (c text), the helpers are a dog, hawk, and an otter ("slim dog of the greenwood", "hoary hawk of the grey rock", and "brown otter of the river"). In McInnes's Scottish version (m text) there are not three, but four animals.

It might be noted that Irish bridal quest of the "giant's daughter" type is recognized as an equivalent to folktale to the Six Go through the Whole World type (ATU 513A), and this type features "magical helpers" or "extraordinary helpers".

The secret about women
In the Irish folktale, the hero goes on quest for ' The Only Story' (An t-Aon Scéal) which is thought to mean ' truth about women '. That meaning is illuminated in versions that provide a more fuller title, e. g., "The Shining Sword and the Knowledge of the Cause of the One Story about Women", This has been corrupted to "news of the death of Anshgayliacht" in the L (Larminie) version.

Kittredge considered the "secret about women" element to be an essential and original part of the Irish story, as seen in the stemma of texts given by him, even though the "woman" part of it has been lost in some variants, such as Kennedy's Fios Fath an aon Sceil ("perfect narrative of the unique story")

A more familiar Arthurian tale perhaps than Arthur and Gorlagon which embeds the quest of "What is it that women most desire?" is The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle.

External soul motif
The external soul motif in Sword of Light stories have been noted for example by Gerard Murphy.

The tale "The Young King Of Easaidh Ruadh" was also given as a typical example of "External soul" motif (E 710) by folklorist Katharine Mary Briggs. It has been pointed out that the Easaidh Ruadh refers to a place name in Ireland, probably the Assaroe Falls in Ballyshannon, County Donegal.

A similar Irish tale involving the "external soul" is the Donegal tale "Hung up Naked Man" (An Crochaire Tarrnochtuighthe; Irish title: "Éamonn Ua Ciórrthais(?)" ed. E. C. Quiggin), studied by Roger Sherman Loomis. While Loomis does not explicitly state a connection to the sword of light, he remarks that there is parallel to the Irish giant Cú roí whom he describes a "solar host" or "solar divinity", and notes that Cú roí was "slain with his own sword", (as according to the narrative Aided Chon Roí in which Cú roí's wife Blaíthíne reveals the weakness).

Three attempts
In the specimen collected by Kennedy, the hero is assisted by the king who is his own father-in-law, who happens to be the brother of the sword owner, and the hero's antagonist, the Druid demanding the sword.

The Sculloge's rides forth to the dwelling of the sword owner three times, his horse being hacked by the sword in the first two tries, but succeeding on the third. The three time's the charm element that occurs here is also present in the Morraha tale collected by Larminie.

As a mythological sword
The assertion has been made that Claidheamh Soluis is "a symbol of Ireland attributed in oral tradition to Cúchulainn" (James Mackillop ), although none of the tales listed above name Cuchulainn as protagonist. T. F. O'Rahilly only went as far as to suggests that the "sword of light" in folk tales was a vestige of divine weapons and heroic weapons, such as Cúchulainn's shining sword Cruaidín Catutchenn, whose name means 'the Hard-headed Steeling'. This sword (aka "Socht's sword") is said to have "shone at night like a candle" according to a version of Echtrae Cormaic ("Adventures of Cormac mac Airt").

T. F. O'Rahilly's schema, roughly speaking, the primeval divine weapon was a fiery and bright lightning weapon, most often conceived of as a throwing spear; in later traditions, the wielder would change from god to hero, and spear tended to be replaced by sword. From the heroic cycles, some prominent examples are Fergus Mac Roigh's sword Caladbolg and Mac Cecht's spear. But Caladbolg does not manifest as a blazing sword, and the latter which does emit fiery sparks is a spear, thus failing to fit the profile of a sword which shines. One example which does fit, is Cúchulainn's sword Cruaidín Catutchenn which was aforementioned. And the legacy of these mythological and heroic weapons (Lug's lighting-weapon, his "son" Cúchulainn's remarkable sword, etc. ) survive in the "sword of light" in folklore.

Connection to Arthuriana
A broad sweeping parallel has been made between the light or lightning weapons of Celtic tradition and King Arthur's Excalibur, described as brightly shining in several places of the Vulgate cycle Roman de Merlin. Similar passages obviously occur in Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, which uses this as a source.

 * Wounding by one's own sword

A more precise parallel which has been argued is that just as the sword of light in Irish and Scottish folktales contain a "(fatal) wounding by one's own sword" motif, the Arthurian cycle contains an episode where Arthur is imperiled by his own sword, Excalibur. In the Huth Merlin, Morgan le Fay plots to have Arthur killed with his own Excalibur, by stealing the sword for her lover Accalon, who unbeknownst fights his lord King Arthur with it. The Lady of the Lake intercedes at the right moment to prevent Arthur's death. The episode has been copied by Malory as well (with the knight being called Accolon unlike the French original)

Dáithí Ó hÓgáin deduces that certain properties of the sword of light (such as screaming when touched in order to alert its owner) is likely borrowed from Arthurian material, because there is evidence that a version of Fios Fatha an Aonsceil ('the knowledge of the cause of the One Story') had been told about Gearóid Iarla (Earl Gerald FitzGerald) of the 14th century, whose family had close ties with Arthurian tradition. To the Earl is attached a Barbarossa legend (King asleep in mountain motif), which makes the figure conducive to be transformed into a "sleeping giant" of folktale.
 * Sleeping giant

Other commentators have equated the Sword of Light to the Grail sword. Loomis also suggested that the sword obtained by Cei (Sir Kay) in the Welsh tale Culhwch and Olwen (i.e., the sword of Gwrnach the giant) must be "related to the sword of light which is the object of the Irish and Scottish folk-tales".
 * Grail sword

Irish or Scottish Gaelic texts, some with translations

 * Vol. I II)

Translations or tales collected in English

 * ; text via Internet Archive
 * ; text via Internet Archive
 * ; text via Internet Archive
 * ; text via Internet Archive
 * ; text via Internet Archive
 * ; text via Internet Archive

Popularized versions

 * , a composite retelling.

title: Claíomh Solais


text:
Joseph Hirsch Weiss

Joseph Hirsch Weiss (Weiss (Weisz) József; 1800, Podola (Podolie), Nyitra vármegye, Hungary – 1881, Erlau (Erlau)) was a Hungarian rabbi.

He was a descendant of a long line of rabbis resident in Moravia in the 17th and 18th centuries; his family name was originally Weissfeld.

He officiated for some time as rabbi of the congregation of Sook-Szelocze ((Sók)Szelőce, Selice), and in 1840 was appointed chief rabbi of Erlau, known today as Eger, where he remained until his death. He was one of the leaders of the Haredi party in Hungary, and one of the chief opponents of the founders of the Reform movement in Pest. Identified with the Kossuth movement in 1848, he was obliged to seek refuge for a time in the monastery of Erlau under the protection of the resident archbishop. Later he was arraigned before the royal authorities at Vienna on a charge of sedition, but was ultimately acquitted. A considerable portion of his library, consisting mainly of responsa, was presented by his grandson Stephen S. Wise to Columbia University in New York.

Descendants

 * Aaron Wise
 * Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise

title: Joseph Hirsch Weiss


text:
The X Factor (British TV series) series 2

The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent. The second series ran from 20 August to 17 December 2005. Shayne Ward became the winner and Louis Walsh emerged as the winning mentor. The second series was longer than the first, with seven acts in each of the three categories going to the judges' homes, and 12 acts in the finals instead of 9. Kate Thornton returned as presenter of the main show on ITV and Ben Shephard presented the spin-off show The Xtra Factor on ITV2, while Simon Cowell, Sharon Osbourne and Walsh returned as judges. 75,000 people auditioned for the series.

On the back of their performances and popularity in the competition, Ward (winner), Andy Abraham (runner-up), Journey South (third place) and Maria Lawson (8th place) landed recording contracts. Chico Slimani (5th place) also released a single which topped the UK Singles Chart.

Aired on 24 September 2005, the mentoring selection was made, with Cowell in charge of Groups, Osbourne with the 25 and overs and Walsh managing the 16–24s. The bootcamp stages were shown on 1 October 2005, and those who got through were taken to the "judges' homes".

Judges, Presenters and Other Personnel
Simon Cowell, Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh returned as judges, quashing rumours that Osbourne and Walsh might not return for financial reasons. Kate Thornton also returned as presenter of the main show on ITV and Ben Shephard returned as presenter of spin-off show The Xtra Factor on ITV2. Yvie Burnett joined the show as vocal coach.

Selection process
The auditions episodes were broadcast on 20 August 27 August 3 September 10 September 17 and 24 September 2005. The first two episodes of Bootcamp aired on 1 October 2005 and the last two the following week on 8 October 2005.

 * Bootcamp Tasks per Category:

16-24s:

Location: artsdepot

Task 1 Songs:
 * "Unchained Melody"
 * "Careless Whisper"
 * "To Love Somebody"
 * "From This Moment On"
 * "Beautiful"

Task 2 Songs: The 21 remaining contestants in the 16-24s category were divided into three groups of 7 with one song in each of the groups. Each contestant then performed their chosen song solo in front of Louis and his team. The songs were.

 * "I'll Be There"
 * "End of the Road"
 * "Always on My Mind"

Groups:

Location: An Manor House within the Oxfordshire countryside.

Task 1: Perform both an uptempo and a slow song to show versatility.

Task 2: Learn one song of their choice within an hour and then perform it to Simon and his team.

Over 25s:

Location: Café de Paris

Task 1: Perform a song of their choice to Sharon and the rest of the contestants.

Task 2: Choose a song from an list of five and learn it overnight to perform for a place in Judges Houses. The songs performed during this round were:

 * "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me"
 * "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me"
 * "Walk on By"
 * "I Only Want to Be with You"
 * Last song Not mentioned

 * Judges Houses Performances

 * Contestant highlighted in bold advanced.

Over 25s:
 * Maria: "Since U Been Gone"
 * Richie: "One"
 * Haifa: "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher"
 * Andy: "My Cherie Amour"
 *  Brenda: "I Just Want to Make Love to You"
 * Joanne: "Right Here Waiting"
 *  Chico: "Livin' la Vida Loca"

Groups:
 * The Brothers: "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted"
 *  4Tune: "I Don't Want to Talk About It"
 * 4th Base: "Your Song"
 *  The Conway Sisters: "You Raise Me Up"
 * Eskimo Blonde: "Total Eclipse of the Heart"
 *  Journey South: "Desperado"
 * Addictiv Ladies: "Wishing on a Star"

16-24s
 *  Shayne: "The Air That I Breathe"
 * James: "Lately"
 * Alexandra: "Almaz"
 *  Chenai: "I'm Still Waiting"
 *  Phillip: "Don't Forget to Remember"
 *  Nicholas: "You Make Me Feel Brand New"
 * Trevor: "This Is the Moment"

Acts
Key:
 * – Winner
 * – Runner-up

Live shows
The live shows began on 15 October 2005, and the final was broadcast live on 17 December 2005.

Results summary
Act in 16-24s
 * Colour key

Act in Over 25s

Act in Groups

For the only time in The X Factor history, a judge made an unforced decision to eliminate one of their own acts over another judge's act. Walsh was not required to vote as there was a majority. In Lawson's 2008 autobiography, Life Starts Now, she revealed she had topped the vote the week before her elimination. According to voting figures published in the Sunday Mirror, Lawson turned out to have received twice as many public votes as the Conway Sisters. Some of the voting results were also published in the same edition of the Sunday Mirror, the full voting results of the sixth week, Dorsett turned out to have topped the fifth week, Abraham topped the first, third and sixth weeks and Ward topped the second week.

Week 1 (15 October)

 * Best bits song: "That's What Friends Are For"

 * Judges' votes to eliminate:
 * Cowell: Chico Slimani – said that the judges had to pick the real talent over a "joke act", effectively backing his own act, Addictiv Ladies.
 * Osbourne: Addictiv Ladies – backed her own act, Chico Slimani, whose performance she said was more exciting.
 * Walsh: Addictiv Ladies – said that Slimani had the all-round entertainment package.

Week 2 (22 October)

 * Best bits song: "You Are Not Alone"

 * Judges' votes to eliminate:
 * Cowell: Chenai Zinyuku – gave no reason, though effectively backed his own act, 4Tune.
 * Walsh: 4Tune – gave no reason, though effectively backed his own act, Chenai Zinyuku.
 * Osbourne: 4Tune – said that Zinyuku had a better chance of selling records.

Week 3 (29 October)

 * Best bits song: "Amazed"

 * Judges' votes to eliminate:
 * Osbourne: Phillip Magee – gave no reason, though effectively backed her own act, Chico Slimani.
 * Walsh: Chico Slimani – gave no reason, though effectively backed his own act, Phillip Magee.
 * Cowell: Phillip Magee – he thought the public would want to see Chico back.

Week 4 (5 November)

 * Best bits song: "Wishing on a Star"

 * Judges' votes to eliminate:
 * Osbourne: Nicholas Dorsett – said that Zinyku deserved her place in the competition more.
 * Cowell: Chenai Zinyuku – said that Dorsett had not been in the bottom two previously and deserved a second chance.
 * Walsh: Chenai Zinyuku – said that it was a tough decision to choose between his own acts.

Week 5 (12 November)

 * Best bits song: "Didn't We Almost Have It All"

 * Judges' votes to eliminate:
 * Osbourne: The Conway Sisters – gave no reason, though effectively backed her own act, Maria Lawson.
 * Cowell: Maria Lawson – gave no reason, though effectively backed his own act, The Conway Sisters.
 * Walsh: Maria Lawson – went with his heart.

Walsh's decision to eliminate Lawson caused controversy when Osbourne accused Walsh of being part of the "Irish Mafia", since both he and The Conway Sisters are Irish. Cowell, though backed his own act to eliminate Lawson, said that if he had to go with his heart, he would have sent his own act home. He felt they would not have a chance to win, and that Lawson had more talent and her elimination would be the first one that the public would disagree with.

However, voting statistics revealed that Lawson received more votes than The Conway Sisters which meant that if the result went to deadlock, The Conway Sisters would have been eliminated.

Week 6 (19 November)

 * Best bits song: "End of the Road"

 * Judges' votes to eliminate:
 * Walsh: The Conway Sisters – gave no reason, though effectively backed his own act, Nicholas Dorsett.
 * Cowell: Nicholas Dorsett – backed his own act, The Conway Sisters.
 * Osbourne: Nicholas Dorsett – gave no reason.

However, voting statistics revealed that Dorsett received more votes than The Conway Sisters which meant that if the result went to deadlock, The Conway Sisters would have been eliminated.

Week 7 (26 November)

 * Best bits song: "You Raise Me Up"

 * Judges' votes to eliminate:
 * Osbourne: The Conway Sisters – gave no reason, though effectively backed her own act, Chico Slimani.
 * Cowell: The Conway Sisters – said that both acts deserved to be in the bottom two, but felt Slimani had an entertainment value and voted to eliminate The Conway Sisters despite them being his own act. This became the first time ever in the history of the show that a mentor decided to eliminate his own act over the act from another category.
 * Walsh was not required to vote as there was already a majority.

Week 8: Quarter-Final (3 December)

 * Best bits song: "Hero"

The quarter-final did not feature a final showdown and instead the act with the fewest public votes, Chico Slimani, was automatically eliminated. After his elimination, Slimani reprised his performance of "Time Warp" as his exit song.

Week 9: Semi-Final (10 December)

 * Best bits song: "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me"

The semi-final did not feature a final showdown and instead the act with the fewest public votes, Brenda Edwards, was automatically eliminated. After her elimination, Edwards reprised her performance of "Without You" as her exit song.

Week 10: Final (17 December)

 * Themes: No theme; Christmas songs; song of the series; winner's single
 * Musical guest: The X Factor rejex ("My Way")
 * Finalists Best bits songs: "One", "Greatest Love of All" & "Your Song"

Elimination of Maria Lawson and "Irish Mafia"
After the final showdown in week 5, controversy was created around the judges' voting process when Walsh cast the deciding vote to keep The Conway Sisters, who are Irish, in the show at the expense of Maria Lawson. Osbourne later claimed that Lawson was the victim of the "Irish Mafia" after Walsh chose to keep The Conway Sisters in. When the voting statistics were revealed at the end of the series, Lawson was revealed to have received twice as many public votes as The Conway Sisters. Osbourne's "Irish Mafia" remark resulted in an investigation by media regulator Ofcom over Osbourne's "Irish Mafia" remark, however on 9 January 2006, Ofcom cleared Osbourne of any wrongdoing.

Louis Walsh
Rumours later circulated that Walsh had quit the show after being humiliated and "bullied" by Osbourne and Cowell. In addition to the media outrage at his choice to eliminate Lawson, there were verbal assaults. Furthermore, on 19 November, during the sixth live show of the series, Osbourne threw water over Walsh live on air after he asked her, "Are you on drugs? Are you taking Ozzy's drugs?" at the start of her (positive) critique of Journey South's performance of Robbie Williams' 1997 hit single "Angels". Cowell apparently "begged" Walsh to come back and, in the event, Walsh did turn up for the next show; it was stated that he had indeed quit midweek but had been persuaded to return. He explained how he had felt he could not take the pressure any more, and denied that the episode was a publicity stunt.


text:
File:West Coast Avengers 46.jpg

Cover to West Coast Avengers #46 by John Byrne - features first appearance of the Great Lakes Avengers (Great Lakes Avengers) so is fair use in that article as an aid to the text

title: File:West Coast Avengers 46.jpg


text:
Category:American Wrestling Association

This category includes the American Wrestling Association of 1960 to 1991.

title: Category:American Wrestling Association


text:
Acos

ACOS or Acos may refer to:

 * Arccosine, an inverse trigonometric function
 * The Advanced Comprehensive Operating System mainframe computer operating system
 * Acos District in Peru
 * Acos Vinchos District in Peru
 * A Crown of Swords novel

title: Acos


text:
Mythimna pallens

Mythimna pallens, the common wainscot, is a moth of the family Noctuidae distributed throughout the Palearctic realm from Ireland in the west, through Europe (all of Russia) to Central Asia and Amur to the Kuriles in the east. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

As with other "wainscots", this species has buffish-yellow forewings with prominent venation. The common wainscot, as the specific name suggests, is very pale, lacking the darker markings shown by most of its relatives. The hindwings are pure white.

Technical description and variation
The wingspan is 32–40 mm. Forewing yellowish ochreous, often with a rufous tinge; veins pale, defined by grey-brown streaks, and with similar streaks in the intervals; dark spots on veins 2 and 5 beyond middle; hindwing white, grey at centre, the veins dark; — ab. ectypa Hbn. Is the form in which the red tints are strongest; in arcuata Stph. the hindwing shows a complete row of dark dots on the veins.

Similar species
Mythimna impura is difficult to certainly distinguish from its congeners. See Townsend et al.
 * Mythimna straminea (Treitschke, 1825)
 * Mythimna impura (Hübner, 1808)
 * Mythimna favicolor (Barrett, 1896)

Biology
One or two broods are produced each year with adults on the wing at any time from June to October. The moth flies at night and is attracted to light, sugar and various flowers.

The larva is yellowish or reddish with grey irroration (sprinkling); dorsal line white, with dark edges; spiracles black, lying in a yellowish white lateral stripe, which is edged with blackish. It feeds on various grasses including Deschampsia, Festuca, Leymus, Lolium and Phalaris. The species overwinters as a small larva.

 * 1)  The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

title: Mythimna pallens


text:
Ignaz Wechselmann

Ignaz Wechselmann (1828 in Nikolai, Prussian Silesia – January 17, 1903 in Budapest) was a Hungarian architect and philanthropist.

Educated in Berlin, Wechselmann moved to Vienna, where he became the friend and assistant of the architect Ludwig Förster. In 1856 he moved to Budapest, where he, as Förster's representative, superintended the building of the Dohány Street Synagogue. Most of the monumental buildings erected in the Hungarian capital between 1870 and 1890 were designed by him, his work including palaces, mills, factories, churches, and the famous Burg-Bazar. In 1886, he received the Order of the Iron Crown of the third class, and shortly afterward Francis Joseph I. elevated him to the Hungarian nobility.

Failing eyesight compelled Wechselmann to retire from active life in 1890, whereupon he devoted his time to philanthropic activity in Budapest. His greatest act of charity was embodied in two clauses in his will, by which he bequeathed one million kronen to the Institute for the Blind, and two millions for the support of meritorious teachers in the public schools. Half of these beneficiaries were to be Jews and the other half Christians; and the board of directors of the Jewish community was entrusted with the administration of the bequests.

title: Ignaz Wechselmann


text:
J. D. McDuffie

John Delphus McDuffie Jr. (December 5, 1938 – August 11, 1991) was an American racing driver. He competed in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series from 1963 to 1991, collecting 106 top-10 finishes during his career, despite never finishing on the lead lap of any race in his career, and holding the record for the most starts in NASCAR's top level without a win with 653. He died in a racing accident during the Budweiser at The Glen at Watkins Glen International in 1991.

Career
After attending his first race in Bowman Gray Stadium at the age of ten, McDuffie was inspired by racers Curtis Turner, Glen Wood, Billy Myers, and others to become a race car driver.

His racing career started in dirt track racing. He picked the No. 70 early on because it was easy to paint and easy to remember.

McDuffie won several small races throughout the Carolinas including a track championship at a small dirt track near Rockingham, North Carolina. McDuffie made his NASCAR Grand National (now NASCAR Cup Series) debut in 1963 at the Racing Association of Myrtle Beach, Inc. Speedway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina driving Curtis Turner’s old 1961 Ford. Though McDuffie was an expert dirt track racer, he never had similar success in NASCAR's premiership. His best NASCAR finish came at the Albany-Saratoga Speedway, in 1971, where he managed to finish third. Meanwhile, his first last-place finish came at the 1963 Pickens 200. In 1978, McDuffie won the pole position for the Delaware 500, his only pole position in Winston Cup competition. Normally a low-budget independent, McDuffie entered into a partnership with Donald Magnum and purchased a chassis from Richard Childress Racing. McDuffie in 1982 also made a start in the final race of the season at Riverside in Junior Johnson's second car, which was entered to protect Darrell Waltrip, who was on his way to winning that season's championship; If Waltrip had an accident in practice or qualifying, McDuffie could relinquish the second car to him and Waltrip would not jeopardize his championship hopes by missing the race.

In the 1988 Daytona 500 qualifying race, McDuffie received second- and third-degree burns in an accident after he raced without fireproof gloves (a practice no longer permitted in NASCAR) because they were stolen before the race.

One day before his fatal accident at Watkins Glen International, McDuffie won a celebrity race in Owego, New York, at the Shangri-La Speedway, not far from Watkins Glen.

McDuffie is still the record holder for the most starts in NASCAR's top touring series without recording a win. His 653 starts rank him 22nd all-time through the end of 2018. McDuffie held the series record for the most last-place finishes with 32 until Joe Nemechek surpassed him in 2014.

In 2016, Front Row Motorsports and Landon Cassill honored McDuffie with a tribute paint scheme during the throwback weekend at Darlington Raceway complete with sponsors that sponsored McDuffie's racing effort.

Death
McDuffie was involved in an accident on the fifth lap of the 1991 Budweiser at The Glen race at Watkins Glen International. On the straight between the esses (Turns 2-3-4) and the Loop-Chute (Turn 5), at 170 mph, McDuffie collided with Jimmy Means after suffering a mechanical failure. McDuffie's left front wheel spindle broke off the car, causing him to lose brakes and hit Means in the right front. This left him no way of stopping the car or steering it, and to further complicate matters, there was no gravel trap in the corner that McDuffie was headed toward. As a result, McDuffie skidded across the grass and hit the Armco outside retaining wall and tire barrier with such force that the car rebounded into the air, rotated 180 degrees, and then came to rest upside-down. Means also crashed into the same corner but was able to slow his vehicle down before the impact; his car collided into the same section of retaining wall as McDuffie's car rotated in mid-air. Means, a fellow independent racer, suffered only minor cuts and bruises in the accident, and got out of his car to check on McDuffie.

After peering into McDuffie's car, Means began frantically signaling for assistance, later saying, "It was so bad that I just had to close my eyes." A host of medical personnel and track workers rushed to the scene. The race was delayed for one hour and forty-eight minutes as McDuffie was removed from his car and his Pontiac was removed from the infield. Also, the wall that McDuffie and Means struck had to be repaired. As the cars got back on the track and cruised under yellow flag conditions, the media attention turned to Chip Williams, NASCAR's PR director, who disclosed that McDuffie had died instantly from head and brain injuries. NASCAR declined to investigate the accident, and McDuffie's car left the track before the conclusion of the race.

McDuffie's basilar skull fracture was presumed to have been caused by rapid head movement to his right rather than an impact. McDuffie's family and crew members have long believed that his injuries were caused by a foreign object entering the vehicle. McDuffie's sponsor, Medford Speed, hired accident investigators, Phil Moser and Terry Shaw, to perform to determine the cause of the fatal injuries. The investigation concluded that upon impact with the tire barrier, a tire from the barrier entered the cockpit through the passenger side window and struck McDuffie on the right side of his head near the jaw, causing his fatal head injuries. The report cited a "black tar-like substance" on the window and damage to McDuffie's helmet foam and microphone tab that was consistent with a tire from the barrier entering the car upon impact.

McDuffie's death led to changes at Watkins Glen and also influenced motorsport safety changes that would come to full fruition at the end of the decade. Six weeks earlier, Camel GT prototype driver Tommy Kendall had a hard crash in the same section during the Camel Continental VIII, when a wheel failed on his Pratt & Miller Intrepid RM-1-Chevrolet prototype, sliding into the barrier, breaking both his legs and sidelining him for the rest of the 1991 season, including the Winston Cup race, where he was set to substitute for Kyle Petty, injured at Talladega in May (Kendall had substituted for Petty at Sears Point earlier in the year). The track was then given a bus stop chicane placed slightly before the entrance of turn five, the section of track in question, and a gravel trap (since paved over after research into motorsport safety proved the advantage of a tarmac runoff), for the 1992 season.

Also, at the time, basilar skull fractures were the subject of developing research by Jim Downing and Bob Hubbard into a head and neck restraint for motorsport. Downing, a champion sports car racer, and his brother-in-law Hubbard, were in the process of developing the HANS device, which had just begun production. McDuffie's death was among the catalysts that led to increased funding by the automakers to continue research into basilar skull fractures as part of motorsport safety improvements, as adoption by sports car drivers of HANS had increased. By the end of the decade, following two CART fatalities in one season and three NASCAR fatalities in a span of five months, and then the start of the next decade with two more fatalities (including that of Dale Earnhardt, Sr.), and research into the head and neck restraints that had quickly been adopted, most motorsport sanctioning bodies mandated head and neck restraints worldwide.

McDuffie's widow, Ima Jean, unsuccessfully sued Watkins Glen for $4.25 million, claiming the barrier McDuffie hit was unsafe. The judge in that case ruled that McDuffie was familiar enough with the track to be aware of the dangers and that mechanical failure caused the accident. The cause of the mechanical failure was never explained as NASCAR did a very brief investigation and the wheel that broke off disappeared before it could be returned to the McDuffie family. From McDuffie's death in 1991 to 2001, notable stock car drivers such as Dale Earnhardt, Adam Petty, Blaise Alexander, and Kenny Irwin Jr. would also die from crashes that caused basilar skull fractures. Research into head and neck restraints would lead to the development of devices such as the HANS device and the Hutchens device. In modern times most motorsport sanctioning bodies worldwide (including NASCAR), mandate drivers to use head and neck restraints. However it wasn't until October 2001, more than 10 years after McDuffie's death, that NASCAR mandated that all drivers wear head and neck restraints in the form of a HANS device or a Hutchens device. In January 2005 NASCAR banned the use of the Hutchens device and forced all drivers to use the HANS device instead.

Personal life
McDuffie made Sanford, North Carolina home; the city supported him through struggles much like it did with hometown driver Herb Thomas. McDuffie married Ima Jean Wood in 1959 and together they had two children, Jeff and Linda; all of whom survive him.

McDuffie is buried at Buffalo Cemetery, Sanford, North Carolina. On August 8, 2021, Ima Jean died at age 83.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

ARCA Permatex SuperCar Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: J. D. McDuffie


text:
Moritz Wahrmann

Moritz Wahrmann, Wahrmann Mór(ic) (28 February 1832 in Budapest – 26 November 1892 in Budapest) was a Hungarian politician; grandson of Israel Wahrmann. He was educated at the Protestant gymnasium and the university of his native city, and entered his father's mercantile establishment in 1847, becoming its head after his father's death.

Wahrmann was closely associated with the development of Hungarian commerce and industry, the consolidation of the Hungarian finances, the growth of the educational and philanthropic institutions of Budapest, and preeminently with the progress of its Jewish community. Aiming to nationalize Hungarian commerce and to render his country independent of Austria, both financially and economically, he established large industrial and commercial enterprises.

In 1869 Wahrmann was elected to the Hungarian Parliament as the representative of the electoral district of the Leopoldstadt (at present the fifth district of Budapest), being the first Jew to be chosen a member of the Hungarian delegation, in which he energetically promoted the interests of Hungary. He was reelected six times, holding the office until his death. He spoke comparatively seldom, but was an active member of committees, in which his financial training frequently rendered him one of the most important figures. He was also president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Budapest, and of the Lloyd Company.

Wahrmann was equally active in communal affairs, and was one of the foremost advocates of his coreligionists. He was a most zealous member of the Magyar Izraelita Egylet, and strove with tongue and pen for the emancipation of the Jews. In 1868 he was vice-president of the General Jewish Congress, and in this capacity headed a deputation to the king. As president of the community of Budapest he exercised a profound influence on its administration and institutions, and labored to establish unity of interest among the various political bodies. He also contributed generously from his ample means to scientific, educational, and philanthropic institutions.

His brother, Alexander Wahrmann (born 1839; died at Budapest in 1899), contributed much, together with Max Wirth, the Viennese political economist, toward the economic elevation of Hungary. He was especially noteworthy as a philanthropist, bequeathing 200,000 crowns to the benevolent societies of the capital, and 600,000 crowns for the erection of a Jewish gymnasium.

title: Moritz Wahrmann


text:
Sudatorium

In architecture, a sudatorium is a vaulted sweating-room (sudor, "sweat") or steam bath (Latin: sudationes, steam) of the Roman baths or thermae. The Roman architectural writer Vitruvius (v. 2) refers to it as concamerata sudatio. It is similar to a laconicum, or dry heat bath, with the addition of water to produce steam.

In order to obtain the great heat required, the whole wall was lined with vertical terracotta flue pipes of rectangular section, placed side by side, through which hot air and smoke from the suspensura passed to an exit in the roof.

When Arabs and Turks overran the Eastern Roman Empire, they adopted and developed this feature in their baths or hammams.

title: Sudatorium


text:
User:Johan van Langen

Johan Van Langen MA. Historian, British and Dutch colonial history of the Guyanas: Demerara, Essequibo, Berbice and Surinam. [Demerary, Essequebo, Berbice en Suriname] mailto: jc.van.langen@gmail.com

title: User:Johan van Langen


text:
Pemberton Tramway Company

Pemberton Tramway Company operates as a tourist railway in Pemberton in Western Australia.

The company controls the southern section of the former Northcliffe Branch railway, from Lyall to Northcliffe.

Trams ran south from the old WAGR railway station at Pemberton to the Cascades. Previously, tram services operated as far as Northcliffe, and steam-hauled train services, using WAGR V class 1213, operated to Eastbrook and Lyall.

Pemberton Tramway ceased operations on 6 February 2023. Under new owners, it resumed operations in June/July 2023.

title: Pemberton Tramway Company


text:
Raymond Roker

Raymond Leon Roker is the Global Head of Editorial at Amazon Music. He is of Bahamian and Jewish descent.

Roker is a former (and part-time) electronic music DJ and club promoter. In the 1980s and 1990s he was a graffiti artist in Los Angeles, producing numerous murals around the city and doing commercial work for television and films. He co-founded Urb (magazine) magazine in December 1990. Examples of his design work can be found in the collection of the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum.

title: Raymond Roker


text: Template:Australian Defence Force

title: Template:Australian Defence Force


text:
Judah Wahrmann

Judah Wahrmann (1791 – November 14, 1868 at Pest), was a Hungarian rabbi; son of Israel Wahrmann. He was appointed associate rabbi and teacher of religion at the gymnasium of Budapest on 9 February 1851, and was the author of Ma'areket ha-Ha'ataḳot (Ofen, 1831) and Dat Yehudah, Mosaische Religionslehre (ib. 1861; 2d ed. 1868).

title: Judah Wahrmann


text:
Israel ben Solomon Wahrmann

Israel ben Solomon Wahrmann was the first officially recognized rabbi of Pest, Hungary.

Biography
Wahrmann was born at Óbuda (year unknown). In 1799 he was called to the rabbinate of Pest, and was the first officially recognized rabbi of the community, which developed rapidly under his leadership. His insistence in the matter prompted the drafting of the community's first statutes. The most important institution connected with his name is the Nationalschule, an elementary school dedicated on 8 September 1814, which was an important factor in raising the intellectual status of the community, its curriculum including Hungarian, modern science, and Hebrew. Wahrmann published only one sermon, in German and entitled Andachtsübung der Israeliten der Königlichen Freistadt Pesth.

Wahrman died in Budapest on 24 June, 1824. The sorrow at his death found expression in Philip Weil's Hebrew and German poem Evel Yisrael, oder Totenfeier.

title: Israel ben Solomon Wahrmann


text:
Phil Picken

Philip James Picken (born 12 November 1985) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender and midfielder. In 10 years as a senior professional, he played for Manchester United, Chesterfield, Notts County and Bury.

Picken joined Manchester United as a junior and was a member of the club's reserve team that won the quadruple in 2005. He retired from football on 30 April 2014 after failing to recover from two serious knee injuries.

Manchester United
Born in Droylsden, England, Picken started his football career at Manchester United as a junior after being spotted playing in a small six-a-side tournament in Radcliffe. At first, he rejected joining Manchester United, due to having been a boyhood Manchester City supporter, but his mother persuaded him to do so.

Picken went on to spend ten years at the club's academy and was a member of the club's reserve team that won the quadruple in 2005. Shortly after, he signed his first professional contract with the club. After returning from a loan spell at Chesterfield, Picken was among four players to be released by the club at the end of the 2005–06 season.

Chesterfield
Picken played for Chesterfield on a loan basis from 18 August 2005 until the end of December.

Two days later, on 20 August 2005, Picken made his Chesterfield debut, where he made his first start for the club and played 90 minutes, in a 4–1 loss against Oldham Athletic. Subsequently, his loan spell with Chesterfield was extended until the end of the season despite playing nine matches. After extending his loan spell at Chesterfield, Picken then established himself in the first team and scored his first Chesterfield goal on 1 April 2006, in a 3–1 loss against Nottingham Forest. He later finished the 2005–06 season, making 32 appearances and scoring once.

On 25 May 2006, Picken later joined the club on a permanent basis, signing a two–year contract. His first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came in the opening game of the season, where he made his first start, in a 3–0 win over AFC Bournemouth. He began playing from a left–back position to right–back position, as the season progressed, and then scored his first Chesterfield goal on 17 February 2007, in a 3–0 win over Port Vale. Despite suspension and injury, Picken made 39 appearances and scored once in his first full season at Chesterfield.

In the 2007–08 season saw Picken found himself competing over a right–back position with Jamie Lowry. However, during the season, Picken suffered an ankle injury and a hand injury that required operation. Despite the injuries, he made 37 appearances for Chesterfield in the 2007–08 season and was offered a new contract by the club. It was announced on 4 June 2008 that Picken had signed a contract with the club, keeping until 2010.

However, in the 2008–09 season, Picken soon fell out favour under manager Lee Richardson and was told by the manager to fight for the first team place. Picken was frozen out of the first team at the start of the season until being recalled to the first team against Gillingham on 6 December 2008.

When the January transfer window opened, Picken was consequently loaned out to Notts County on a one-month deal. He made his Notts County debut two days on 10 January 2009, where he made his first start and playing 90 minutes, in a 2–1 win over Exeter City. Three weeks later on 31 January 2009, Picken played against his parent club, Chesterfield, having been given permission to play against them, and lost 1–0. Shortly after, Picken's loan spell with Notts County was extended until the end of the season. He established himself in the first team at Notts County and went on to make 22 appearances for the club. At the end of the season, the club and Picken himself were keen for him to sign for the club on a permanent basis. However, Picken didn't sign on a permanent basis, as the club signed Brendan Moloney on loan instead.

However, the Spireites' manager was sacked at the end of the season, and new manager John Sheridan gave the whole squad a clean slate. Picken soon became the first choice right back at Saltergate again. However, Picken suffered injuries again throughout the 2009–10 season. Despite this, he went on to make 21 appearances for the club.

At the end of the 2009–10 season, Picken was released by the club.

Bury
After leaving the club, Picken went on trial at Bury. After impressing at the trial, he signed for on a free transfer on 4 August 2010, signing a one–year contract.

Picken made his Bury debut, making his first start and playing 90 minutes, in a 1–0 loss against Port Vale in the opening game of the season on 7 August 2010. Three weeks later on 28 August 2010, he then provided an assist for Ryan Lowe to score Bury's only goal in the game, in a 1–1 draw against Barnet. Though he became a first-team regular at Bury, making 38 appearances for the club, Picken suffered suspension and injuries, including a hamstring injury that kept him out for the rest of the season. Despite this, Picken achieved promotion from League 2 with Bury as runners up in the league in May 2011. At the end of the 2010–11 season, Picken's contract with Bury was extended for another year.

The 2011–12 season saw Picken returning to the first team from injury and making his first appearance for the club since April, in a 1–1 draw against Huddersfield Town in the opening game of the season on 6 August 2011. He managed to regain his first team place and was awarded a contract, which would keep him until 2014. Picken continued to do so, as the season progressed until being dropped from the first team in mid-March, due to a mistake against Carlisle United that saw Bury lost 4–1. Despite this, Picken made 37 appearances for the club in the 2011–12 season.

In the 2012–13 season, Picken suffered a knee injury in a game against Preston North End in September 2012 and was subsequently ruled out for the rest of the season, with Bury suffering relegation in his absence. On 28 May 2013 it was announced that Picken would miss the entire 2013–14 season following further setbacks with his injury. Because of this, he was not allocated a squad number ahead of the 2013–14 season. After failing to recover from his injury, Picken announced his retirement from professional football in May 2014.

title: Phil Picken


text:
User talk:Sqwawk

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Karmafist 14:16, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
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North Bucks
Do I gather from your recent edits that you are located somewhere in North Bucks/Milton keynes area? -- Francs2000 | Talk 15:19, 20 August 2005 (UTC) (in Aylesbury)

 * Welcome to the gang! I have taken the liberty of adding you to the Bucks category. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 16:00, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sqwawk


text:
Alternating algebra

In mathematics, an alternating algebra is a $Z$-graded algebra for which $xy = (−1)deg(x)deg(y)yx$ for all nonzero homogeneous elements $x$ and $y$ (i.e. it is an anticommutative algebra) and has the further property that $x^{2} = 0$ for every homogeneous element $x$ of odd degree.

Examples

 * The differential forms on a differentiable manifold form an alternating algebra.
 * The exterior algebra is an alternating algebra.
 * The cohomology ring of a topological space is an alternating algebra.

Properties

 * The algebra formed as the direct sum of the homogeneous subspaces of even degree of an anticommutative algebra $A$ is a subalgebra contained in the centre of $A$, and is thus commutative.
 * An anticommutative algebra $A$ over a (commutative) base ring $R$ in which 2 is not a zero divisor is alternating.

title: Alternating algebra


text:
Category:Extreme Championship Wrestling teams and stables

These teams and stables competed in Eastern Championship Wrestling or Extreme Championship Wrestling or were part of The Invasion in the World Wrestling Federation in 2001.


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Barbershop (TV series)

Barbershop: The Series is an American sitcom which made its debut on the Showtime cable network in August 2005. It is based upon the Marc Brown–created characters from the popular films Barbershop (2002) and Barbershop 2: Back in Business (2004), and was developed for television by screenwriter John Ridley. It starred Omar Gooding as Calvin Palmer, Jr., the proprietor of an African-American barbershop on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois.

The series was produced by Barbershop and Barbershop 2 producers George Tillman, Jr. and Robert Teitel, along with original Barbershop star Ice Cube. It lasted for only one season, and ten episodes were aired (seven of which were written by Ridley).

Production
While the original films were no stranger to controversy, the series uses humor to more deeply explore a variety of issues related to the contemporary African-American community, including drug abuse, entrepreneurship, local politics, and the use of the N-word.

Continuing from the events of Barbershop 2, the series makes several minor changes. Isaac's surname is changed from Rosenberg to Brice (and the dark-haired man becomes a blond). The Nigerian-born Dinka is renamed "Yinka", as Yinka is an actual Nigerian name, while Dinka is not. Additionally, Dinka was naive and slightly overweight, while Yinka is well-educated and muscular. Ricky, the reformed criminal, is replaced by a more hardened ex-con, Jen's distant relative Romadal Dupree. Finally, Isaac and Jimmy (instead of Yinka) each harbor a crush on Terri.

Cast and characters
The character was first portrayed in the original Barbershop film by Ice Cube. The character was first portrayed in the original Barbershop film (where he was named Dinka) by Leonard Earl Howze. The character was first portrayed in the original Barbershop film by Jazsmin Lewis. The character was first portrayed in the original Barbershop film (where he was named Isaac Rosenberg) by Troy Garity. The character was first portrayed in the original Barbershop film by Sean Patrick Thomas. The character was first portrayed in the original Barbershop film by Cedric the Entertainer. The character was first portrayed in the original Barbershop film by Eve. Unlike the other major characters, Romadal originated in this series.
 * Omar Gooding as Calvin Palmer, Jr. Calvin is the owner of Calvin Jr.’s Barbershop, first opened in 1958 as "Calvin's Barbershop" by his father Calvin Palmer, Sr.  He and his wife Jen have a son, Cody.
 * Gbenga Akinnagbe as Yinka. An immigrant from Nigeria, Yinka fled that country to escape local sectarian violence.  He is by far the most well-educated employee at the barbershop.
 * Anna Brown as Jen Palmer. Jen is a homemaker, and has studied hotel management in community college.  She and her husband Calvin have a son, Cody.
 * Wes Chatham as Isaac Brice. Isaac is a White man raised in African-American neighborhoods, and exclusively dates women of color.  He is particularly attracted to his fellow barber Terri Jones.
 * Leslie Elliard as Jimmy James. A former employee at the barbershop, Jimmy quit to pursue a career in local politics.  Jimmy goes to great lengths to appear more important than is actually the case.  He is politically conservative, and considers Calvin to be his best friend.
 * Barry Shabaka Henley as Eddie Walker. The oldest employee at the barbershop, Eddie was hired by Calvin Palmer, Sr. on Independence Day 1967.  As explained in Barbershop 2, Eddie prevented the shop from being looted or firebombed during the King-assassination riots in April 1968.  In return, Calvin Sr. decreed that Eddie would never again have to pay rent for his chair.  Eddie often tells tall tales about his past, and frequently complains that the current generation has no values or sense of history.
 * Toni Trucks as Terri Jones. Terri is the only female barber at Calvin Jr.'s.  She is very quick to anger, and her short temper affects almost all of her interpersonal relationships.
 * Dan White as Romadal Dupree. Romadal is a distant relative of Jen Palmer, who convinced Calvin to hire him. He is an ex-con who was recently released from prison, and is feared throughout the South Side.  He has no real skills as a barber.

title: Barbershop (TV series)


text:
Stillicidium

Stillicidium, a dripping of water from the eaves (stilla, drop, cadere, to fall), is the term in architecture given by Vitruvius (v. 7) to the dripping eaves of the roof of the Etruscan temple.

Similar dripping eaves existed in most of the Greek Doric temples in contradistinction to the Ionic temples, where the water of the roof was collected in the cymatium or gutter and thrown out through the mouths of lions, whose heads were carved on the cymatium.

title: Stillicidium


text: User talk:Mskadu

title: User talk:Mskadu


text:
Marine Security Guard

A Marine Security Guard (MSG), also known as a Marine Embassy Guard, is a member of the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group (formerly Marine Security Guard Battalion), a brigade-sized organization of the United States Marine Corps (USMC) whose detachments provide security at American embassies, consulates, and other official U.S. government offices, such as the United States Mission to NATO in Brussels, Belgium.

The USMC has a long history of cooperation with the U.S. Department of State, which administers the nation's diplomatic posts; Marines have served on special missions as couriers, guards for embassies and delegations, and security for U.S. citizens in the frontier. Notable examples include engagements at Derna and Tripoli, the secret mission of Archibald H. Gillespie in the Mexican-American War, and actions during the Boxer Rebellion.

However, the formal and permanent use of Marines as security guards began with the Foreign Service Act of 1946, which authorized the Secretary of the Navy, upon the request of the Secretary of State, to assign Marines to serve as custodians under the supervision of the senior diplomatic officer at a diplomatic post; pursuant to the act, the first joint Memorandum of Agreement between the Department of the Navy and the Department of State was signed on 15 December 1948 regarding the provisions of assigning Marines overseas. Initially trained at the Foreign Service Institute, the first Marines arrived at Tangier and Bangkok in early 1949; the Marine Corps has assumed primary training responsibility since November 1954.

The authority granted in the Foreign Service Act of 1946 has since been replaced by and the most recent Memorandum of Agreement was signed in October 2020. The Corps is budgeted to train and maintain a limited cadre of guards to cover over 100 embassies worldwide. Embassy duty has been a crucial and longstanding aspect of the Marines’ mission. In response to the 2012 Benghazi attack, Congress ordered a near doubling of Marine Security Guards in the midst of a post-war drawdown in overall USMC numbers. The USMC has responded by redeploying one company from 1st Battalion 1st Marines while additional guards are trained.

Responsibilities
The primary mission of the MSG is to provide security, particularly the protection of classified information and equipment vital to the national security of the United States at American diplomatic posts. This is accomplished under the guidance and operational control of a civilian federal agent of the Diplomatic Security Service, known as the Regional Security Officer (RSO) who is the senior U.S. law enforcement representative and security attaché at U.S. diplomatic posts around the world. In addition, MSGs provide security for visiting American dignitaries and frequently assist the RSO in supervising host country or locally employed security forces that provide additional security for the exterior of diplomatic missions. The MSGs fall under operational control of the RSO and are administratively controlled by the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group.

Marine Security Guards also provide protection for personnel and classified material located within designated diplomatic missions.

MSGs focus on the interior security of a diplomatic post's buildings. In only the most extreme emergency situations are they authorized to provide special protection to the senior diplomatic officer off the diplomatic compound. MSGs carry a certain level of diplomatic immunity in the performance of their official duties.

Organization
The Marine Security Guards number approximately a thousand Marines at 174 posts (also known as "detachments"), organized into nine regional MSG commands and located in over 135 countries in 18 time zones, as well as its headquarters at Marine Corps Base Quantico. Headquarters Company, along with MSG School, is composed of approximately 100 Marines providing administrative, logistical, legal, training and education support.

The remaining nine regions are commanded by a lieutenant colonel, and typically entail a number of detachments in several countries. The companies are as follows:

Each Detachment is commanded by a Staff Non-Commissioned Officer, being one of the few instances where an enlisted Marine may hold the title of "commander". Generally between the ranks of Staff Sergeant and Master Gunnery Sergeant, Marine Detachment Commanders serve two tours, which generally last 18 months each. Unlike their subordinates, however, Detachment Commanders may be married. The minimum detachment size is seven MSGs (Marine Security Guards) and one detachment commander. This allows for posts to be manned at all times while allowing each of the Marines to conduct other routine training, internal management of the detachment and have some time off. A Marine Security Guard usually serves three 12-month tours of duty. Marine Security Guard "watch standers" are enlisted Marines from the rank of Private First Class to Staff Sergeant.

Duty
After every three years as a Marine Security Guard with the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group, any Marine is entitled to the Marine Corps Security Guard Ribbon. According to the Marine Corps Uniform Regulations Order (Section 4-4a Line 24) Marine Security Guards are authorized to wear subsequent service stars.

Marines of any Military Occupational Specialty may volunteer for a three-year tour of duty; however, non-Staff NCOs with dependents are not eligible, as well as Marines with potentially offensive tattoos, legal or security restrictions, non–United States citizenship, dual citizenship, significant financial indiscretions, and any other restriction that would prevent a top secret clearance.

Before being assigned to a Foreign Service post, a Marine accepted into the MSG program must successfully complete a training program located at the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group (MCESG), which is located at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. Marine Security Guard duty is one of a few special duty assignments available to qualified Marines. Marine Security Guard duty can be dangerous; there have been instances where Marines have been killed during this duty (most recently, Cpl Steve Crowley in 1979, Cpl Robert V. McMaugh in 1983, and Sgt Jesse Aliganga in 1998). Embassy duty is a crucial aspect of the Marine Corps' mission with a long tradition; the Corps is currently tasked to train and maintain a cadre of guards to cover 181 embassies and consulates worldwide with the ability to augment assigned forces as necessary.

title: Marine Security Guard


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Devil Anse Hatfield

William Anderson "Devil Anse" Hatfield (September 9, 1839 – January 6, 1921), was an American timber merchant and Civil War veteran who led the West Virginian Hatfield family during the Hatfield–McCoy feud.

Biography
Hatfield was born September 9, 1839, in western Virginia (now Logan, West Virginia), the son of Ephraim and Nancy (Vance) Hatfield. His nickname "Devil Anse" has a variety of supposed origins. Among these are that it was given to him by his mother; that he was named it by Randolph McCoy; that he earned the nickname from his bravery during battle in the American Civil War; or because it contrasted to his good-tempered cousin, Anderson "Preacher Anse" Hatfield.

A supporter of the Confederacy, Hatfield enlisted in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He was commissioned a First Lieutenant of Cavalry in the Virginia State Line in 1862, a group made to protect the territory along the Kentucky-Virginia border where resident loyalties to the Union and Confederacy were mixed. The Virginia State Line eventually disbanded in 1863 and Hatfield enlisted as a private in the newly formed 45th Battalion Virginia Infantry, before being appointed First Lieutenant and later Captain of Company B. His unit spent most of its time patrolling the border area against bushwhackers sympathetic to the Union as well as engaging in guerrilla warfare against Union soldiers. Devil Anse has been connected to killings of several Union fighters, including trackers Ax and Fleming Hurley in 1863.

Devil Anse and his uncle Jim Vance later formed a Confederate guerrilla fighting unit called the "Logan Wildcats." One of the group's victims was Union General Bill France, killed in revenge for losing one of their members to France's unit. In 1865, he was suspected of having been involved in the murder of his rival Asa Harmon McCoy, who had fought for the Union Army and was waylaid by The Wildcats on his return home. Hatfield had been home ill at the time of the killing, which was probably committed at the instigation of his uncle, Jim Vance. This may have sparked the beginning of the notorious feud between the two families.

Devil Anse deserted the Confederate Army in 1864 and returned home to his family in West Virginia where he began acquiring land. Despite being illiterate, he managed to build a profitable lumber business, much of which was on thousands of acres of virgin timberland he had won in a lawsuit from McCoy relative Perry Cline.

Devil Anse was the patriarch during the Hatfield-McCoy feud. His family and Randolph McCoy's fought in one of the bloodiest and most well-known feuds in American history. He was instrumental in the execution of McCoy boys Tolbert, Pharmer and Bud, as well as being present during the Battle of Grapevine Creek before most of his sons and friends were arrested for the murder of the McCoys.

Hatfield was baptized on September 23, 1911, in Island Creek by William Dyke "Uncle Dyke" Garrett and converted to Christianity (he had maintained a largely agnostic or anti-institutional view of religion prior to this conversion). He went on to found a Church of Christ congregation in West Virginia. He was an uncle of the eventual Governor of West Virginia, and United States Senator, Henry D. Hatfield.

Marriage and children
Hatfield married Levisa "Levicy" Chafin (December 20, 1842 – March 15, 1929), the daughter of Nathaniel Chafin and Matilda Varney, on April 18, 1861, in Logan County, West Virginia (then Virginia). Their 13 children were:

Death
Hatfield died on Thursday, January 6, 1921, in Sarah Ann, Logan County, West Virginia at the age of 81 of pneumonia at his home along Island Creek. He is buried in the Hatfield Family Cemetery along West Virginia Route 44 in southern Logan County. His grave is topped by a life-sized statue of himself made of Italian marble. Levicy outlived her husband by eight years. Her great-nephew was the political kingpin, Logan County sheriff Don Chafin.

In popular culture
Hatfield was portrayed by actor Kevin Costner in the 2012 miniseries Hatfields & McCoys. For his role, Costner won both the Emmy and Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Miniseries or TV Movie.

In the 1975 TV movie The Hatfields and the McCoys, Jack Palance played Devil Anse Hatfield opposite Steve Forrest as Randall McCoy.

He makes a spectral appearance in Manly Wade Wellman's 1963 collection of short stories, Who Fears the Devil?.

title: Devil Anse Hatfield


text: User talk:63.19.143.163

title: User talk:63.19.143.163


text: Template:Rpg-stub

title: Template:Rpg-stub


text:
Talk:Rudyard Griffiths

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This article survived a VfD nomination: see Votes for deletion/Rudyard griffiths. Eugene van der Pijll 14:21, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

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Education
The World Economic is a major international think tank, and not a university, you cannot be educated there in any formal sense. StrongALPHA (talk) 15:06, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Unless, someone can show me a verbatim quote from a source saying that he was educated at the World Economic Forum, I´m deleting it. StrongALPHA (talk) 14:05, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rudyard Griffiths


text: Category:Independent promotions teams and stables


text:
List of England ODI cricketers

Since their first match in 1971, 274 players have represented England in One Day Internationals (ODIs). A One Day International is an international cricket match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC). An ODI differs from Test matches in that the number of overs per team is limited, and that each team has only one innings. The first such match involved England and was played on 5 January 1971 between England and Australia. Where more than one player won his first ODI cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname.

England have played 797 ODIs, resulting in 400 victories, 357 defeats, 9 ties and 31 no results.

Players

 * Statistics are correct as of 9 December 2023.

title: List of England ODI cricketers


text:
USS Monocacy (1864)

The first USS Monocacy was a sidewheel gunboat in the United States Navy. She was named for the Battle of Monocacy.

Monocacy was launched by A. & W. Denmead & Son, Baltimore, Maryland, on 14 December 1864; sponsored by Miss Ellen Denmead; completed late in 1865; and placed in service in 1866. Future Governor of American Samoa Henry Francis Bryan served as her commander for some of her sailing days.

Service history
Assigned to the Asiatic Squadron, Monocacy remained there until 1903, a period of service so long that the light-draft gunboat was given the nickname "Jinricksha of the Navy".

After patrol duty through 1867, Monocacy joined her squadron in representing the U.S. Government at the opening of the ports of Osaka and Hyōgo, Japan, 1 January 1868. In December, she surveyed the Inland Sea between Nagasaki and Osaka to locate appropriate sites for lighthouses, another step in the realization of American commercial trade with isolationist Japan. The gunboat spent most of 1869 and 1870 patrolling off Japan to help check license in the restless years following the Meiji Restoration in 1867.

After repairs at Shanghai, Monocacy began charting the Yangtze River on 23 March 1871. By April she was underway for Nagasaki, Japan, to participate in a five-ship survey expedition to the Salee River, Korea, and, while there, attempt contact with representatives of the Kingdom of Korea. After Korean shore batteries attacked screw tug USS Palos (1865) near Chemulpo, a landing party of 576 sailors and 110 marines stormed a series of forts along the Salee River on 10 June, losing three killed and seven wounded. The expedition retired in July. In September, the gunboat resumed her navigation of the Yangtze before returning to Shanghai 4 February 1872. For the last quarter of the 19th century, Monocacy cruised along the coasts of Japan, Korea, and China, docking in Japan through the winter months. On 7 October 1884, while at Fuzhou, China, Captain of the Afterguard William H. Belpitt rescued a Chinese man from drowning, for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. From 23 October until 11 November 1899, the veteran ship carried the U.S. Minister to China as she visited the open ports of the Yangtze River.

In 1900, Monocacy became involved in the repercussions of the Boxer Rebellion. On 14 June, she captured seven small craft off Tongku, China. The foreign persecutions ended with the capture of Peking, on 14 August, by the China Relief Expedition, and Monocacy docked at Taku Bar, China, where she remained through the razing of the Taku forts in accordance with the formal settlement signed in September 1901.

On 22 June 1903 Monocacy was struck from the Navy list and sold to Hashimoto and Son, Nagasaki, Japan.

title: USS Monocacy (1864)