text:
Corn Islands

The Corn Islands are two islands about 70 km east of the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, constituting one of 12 municipalities of the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua. The official name of the municipality is Corn Island (the English name is officially used in Spanish-speaking Nicaragua).

History
According to Edward Conzemius, a French ethnologist from Luxembourg, in 1929 he stated in his article Les Îles Corn du Nicaragua (The Corn Islands of Nicaragua), that the first inhabitants of Corn Island were the indigenous Kukras, who were exterminated by the also indigenous Miskitos in alliance with the English buccaneers.

The island was used to resupply firewood, water, repair their ships and as a support for their fishing activities. Puritan settlers of British origin arrived on the island in the mid-18th century, bringing with them their slaves of African origin. It is known that they came from Jamaica, settling in British Honduras (now Belize) until they reached the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua.

The first settlers preferred to inhabit the southeastern part of the island. This had its reasons: Quinn Hill's height offered a panoramic view of the sea, from where they could see the arrival of pirate ships as they approached "Insurance Harbor", a strategic port on the Island, which provided facilities for anchoring and unloading boats. This port "Insurance Harbor" also has historical importance since Colonel Alexander McDonald, superintendent of British Honduras (today Belize), landed on August 27, 1841.

This superintendent was the one who ordered to call the slaves, at the point called South West Bay, to declare them free from slavery, in the name of Queen Victoria of Great Britain and King Robert Charles Frederick of the Mosquitia.

After the establishment of the English colonists in the Corn Islands, a process of acculturation began. Most of the settlers came to these Islands as adventurers and explorers in search of fortunes and riches. They settled permanently interrelating with the slaves. A product of this relationship arises the Creole descent of Corn Island. Over time, these descendants gradually assimilated and adapted the customs and traditions of English culture. This is how the genetic profile of the Corn Island Creole ethnic group emerged.

Eleven years after the emancipation from slavery, on August 25, 1852, Reverend Edward Kelly from British Honduras founded the Ebenezer Baptist Church and School, the first church and educational center on the Island. Kelly was the one who evangelized the Cornaileños, since in previous years the Moravians made the attempt but could not.

Corn Island, along with the eastern half of Nicaragua, was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1655 to 1894, a period in which the region was called the Mosquito Coast. At some point, the islands were frequented by Caribbean pirates. In 1894, the Nicaraguan government claimed the area. The islands were handed over to the United States for a 99-year lease under the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty of August 5, 1914: under the terms of that treaty, they were subject to U.S. law, but Nicaraguan sovereignty was maintained.

In 1940, Corn Island was elevated to a municipality in the Zelaya Region (as the region was known at the time) by presidential decree.

The United States maintained the right to the actual or potential use of the islands until April 25, 1971, the date on which the agreement was officially canceled with the repeal of the Chamorro-Bryan treaty, under the presidency of Anastasio Somoza Debayle, from 14 July 1970.

Before that event, the municipality had a governor and not a mayor as it is now. The mayors were previously elected in a community assembly, where apart from the highest municipal representative, the judge and secretary were also elected. The first popular vote elections where all the people participated was at the beginning of the 20th century.

Geography
The Corn Islands consist of the Great Corn Island (often simply referred to as Corn Island), with an area of 10 km2, and Little Corn Island, with an area of 2.9 km2. The total area is 12.9 km2. Mount Pleasant Hill in the north of Great Corn Island, is the highest elevation of the islands, at 113 m. Little Corn Island reaches a height of 38 m at Lookout Point in the northern part of the island.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, the nearby mainland region of Bluefields features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af). There is a drier period from February to April, but the trade winds ensure that unlike the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, rain still falls frequently during this period. For the rest of the year when tropical low pressure dominates rainfall is extremely heavy, helped by the coast being shaped in such a manner as to intercept winds from the south as prevail during the northern summer.

Demographics
The population of the islands numbered 7,747 (census of population, Late 2020).

The islanders are mostly of Afro-descendant, English-speaking Creole people, some of whom are mixed with indigenous people.

Subdivisions
The municipality of Corn Island is subdivided into six neighborhoods (barrios), five of which are on Great Corn Island, while Little Corn Island constitutes the sixth Neighborhood:

Transportation
Great Corn Island has a paved road about 12 km long which runs the length of the island. Automobiles, motorbikes and bicycles are the primary means of transport on the island. Most cars are used as taxis and cost 20 Cordobas for each ride of an adult person. The only other public transportation option is the bus that circles the island clockwise and costs 10 cordobas.

Little Corn Island is accessible by fast boats, usually three or four times per day depending on weather from Great Corn Island, and by a small cargo ship from the port at Southwest Bay on Great Corn Island (World Port Index No. 9775). Little Corn Island has no motor vehicles. Due to its small size, all transport on the island is done on foot.

Air
Great Corn Island can be reached by a La Costeña flight from Managua or Bluefields that arrive twice a day to Corn Island Airport.

Sea
Great Corn Island can be reached by a ferry or a small speedboat from the City of Bluefields that leaves from there every Wednesday and Saturday to the island.

Economy and tourism
Throughout most of the 20th century, the economy revolved around coconut production. During the 1960s and 1970s, commercial fishing as well as lobster and shrimp fishing became the main industry. The recent growth in tourism throughout the region, however, has also affected the islands. Tourism on the islands has grown considerably, with their many surrounding coral reefs making them a popular destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.

Barracudas, nurse sharks, hammerhead sharks, green sea turtles, and spotted eagle rays are among the marine life that can be seen around the islands.

Sports
Baseball is a popular sport in the Corn Islands. The main stadium on the island is the Karen Tucker Baseball Stadium.

Volleyball and Football are also Sports that are played by many islanders.

Gastronomy
The cuisine of Corn Island is varied, most of the dishes are seafood- and boco-based.

The typical dish of Corn Island is crab soup, rondon, fried fish, and rice with shrimp, among others.

Notable people

 * Cheslor Cuthbert, professional baseball player for the Chicago White Sox

title: Corn Islands


text:
Strela candy

Strela or strila (Стрела, Стріла - arrow) is a popular type of candy sold in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), primarily in Ukraine. It gets its name from its distinctive foiled cone shape which resembles an arrowhead.

Form
Strela has a very distinctive shape, taste and structure. The base is a metal cone made from a round piece of foil, sprinkled with a thin layer of chocolate. The candy is filled with a brandy-flavoured cream filling (although some manufacturers use fruit flavourings), which is extremely soft at room temperature. The wide end is sealed with a thick piece of chocolate and the confection is decorated according to the manufacturer's taste.

The foil cone is the distinguishing feature of this type of candy. It allows for ease of manufacture and safe storage and transportation of an otherwise too-soft candy body. Before eating, the candy is chilled so that the thin chocolate layer does not melt and become sticky; 20 °C is sufficient, but some people prefer a temperature of around 0 so that the candy will slowly melt in the mouth. The candy is held by the thick cone cap (which is deliberately left outside the foil cone and thick enough to hold) and the foil is gently unrolled immediately before consumption.

Because of their delicious taste, exquisite look and quality, this type of candy has a steady consumer base in the CIS, but the relatively high price (~30 US cents per piece) and small amount of chocolate restricts it from more widespread popularity.

Manufacturers
Since the trademark belonged to the former USSR and the candy was produced in more than one factory, the name is permitted for use by any manufacturer as long as the product satisfies certain technical requirements. Nestle-owned Svitoch, which manufactures Strela in Ukraine, has re-branded the product as Stozhary (Стожари Pleiades).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Strela candy


title: User:85.206.195.205


text:
Maddela (name)

Maddela is a given name and a surname. Notable people with it include:

 * Maddela Abel (1923–2012), Indian political scientist
 * Kumari (actress) or Nagaraja Kumari Maddela (1921–2008), Indian actress

title: Maddela (name)


text: Talk:Hochelaga

title: Talk:Hochelaga


text:
Wikipedia:People by year/Reports/No other categories/1/Al-Am

Al

 * Hamad ibn Jaber al Thani (born 1959), People_stubs,
 * Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef (661-714)
 * Al-Ma'arri (973-1057), Islam-related_stubs, Poetry_stubs,
 * Al-Mawardi (972-1058), People_stubs,
 * Al-Nawawi (1233-1278)

Ala-Alb

 * Alain-Fournier (1886-1914), French_people_stubs,
 * Alan Dell (1924-1995)
 * Alan E. Cober (born 1998), Artist_stubs,
 * Alan of Galloway (died 1234)
 * Pedro Antonio de Alarcón (1833-1891), Spain-related_stubs, Writer_stubs,
 * Leopoldo Alas (1852-1901), Writer_stubs,
 * Gloria Rubio y Alatorre (1912-1980)
 * Javier Alatorre (born 1963), Mexican_people_stubs,
 * Miguel de Alava (1770-1843)
 * Syed Hamid Albar (born 1944)
 * Alberich of Reims (1085-1141), Religious_biography_stubs,
 * Albert Gordon Austin (1918-1990)
 * Edward Albert (born 1951)
 * Michael Albert (born 1947), Writer_stubs,
 * Wilhelm Albert (1787-1846)
 * Anton Alberts (1929-1999)
 * Charles W. Albertson (born 1932), American_politician_stubs,
 * Chris Albertson (1931-2019)
 * Heinrich Albertz (1915-1993), People_stubs,
 * Marietta Alboni (1823-1894), Opera_singer_stubs,
 * Ernst Albrecht (born 1930)

Alc-Ale

 * Jose Bernardo Alcedo (1798-1878), People_stubs,
 * Alcione (born 1947)
 * Meade Alcorn (1907-1992), People_stubs,
 * Frances Alda (1885-1952), People_stubs,
 * Mark Aldanov (1889-1957), People_stubs,
 * Joseph Alden (1807-1885), People_stubs,
 * Montague Aldous (1850-1946)
 * Thomas Bailey Aldrich (1836-1907), 1911_Britannica,
 * Vic Aldridge (1893-1973)
 * José Miguel Alemán (born 1956)
 * Alexander Ales (1500-1565), 1911_Britannica,
 * Josef Ales-Lyzec (1862-1927), People_stubs,
 * Alexander Davison (1750-1829)
 * Alexander Fu Sheng (1954-1983), Actor_stubs,
 * Alexander II of Epirus (died 260), 1911_Britannica,
 * Clifford Alexander Jr (born 1933)
 * F. Matthias Alexander (1869-1955)
 * James Alexander (lawyer) (1690-1756)
 * Rodney Alexander (born 1946)
 * Tim Alexander (born 1965), Musician_stubs,
 * William Lindsay Alexander (1808-1884), 1911_Britannica,
 * Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1879-1952), European_nobility_stubs,
 * Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov (1903-1994), Russian_people_stubs,

Alf-Ali

 * Alf Smith (1873-1953), Ice_hockey_player_stubs,
 * Harold Alfond (born 1914)
 * Alphonso II of Naples (1448-1495)
 * Alfred Ely Beach (1826-1896)
 * Alfred Hill (1870-1960), Composers_stubs,
 * David Alger (born 1943)
 * Ahmad II ibn Ali (1862-1942), Nobility_stubs,
 * Choudhary Rahmat Ali (1895-1951)
 * Ibrahim Ali (died 1995)

All

 * Robert Barclay Allardice (1779-1854)
 * Christa B. Allen (born 1991)
 * Doris Allen (1901-2002)
 * Edgar Allen (1892-1943), People_stubs,
 * Euphemia Allen (1861-1949), People_stubs,
 * Hervey Allen (1889-1949), Writer_stubs,
 * Ivan Allen Jr. (born 1911), People_stubs,
 * James Allen (author) (1864-1912), Writer_stubs,
 * John F. Allen (1908-2001), Scientist_stubs,
 * Robert Eugene Allen (born 1935), People_stubs,
 * Roland Allen (1868-1947)
 * William Allen (congressman) (1827-1881), American_politician_stubs,
 * William Henry Allen (1784-1813)
 * William McPherson Allen (1900-1985), People_stubs,
 * Fernando Allende (born 1953)
 * Richard Allestree (1619-1681)
 * Clay Allison (1840-1887), People_stubs,
 * Elijah Blue Allman (born 1976), Musician_stubs,
 * Eric Allman (born 1959)
 * Gregg Allman (born 1947)
 * Austin M. Allran (born 1951)
 * Gloria Allred (born 1941)

Alm-Aly

 * Kerstin Alm (born 1949), Politician_stubs,
 * António José de Almeida (1866-1929), People_stubs,
 * Ralph Asher Alpher (born 1921), Scientist_stubs,
 * Franz Alt (born 1938)
 * Charles Alten (1764-1840), 1911_Britannica,
 * Dieter Althaus (born 1958)
 * Johann Heinrich Alting (1583-1644), 1911_Britannica,
 * Jan Altink (1885-1971), Artist_stubs,
 * Mike Altman (born 1955), People_stubs,
 * Arthur J. Altmeyer (1891-1972)
 * Fernando Alvarez de Toledo (1507-1582), People_stubs,
 * Alexander Alyabyev (1787-1851), Composers_stubs,

Ama-Amm

 * Jonathan Amabilis (born 1970), Musician_stubs,
 * Rambo Amadeus (born 1963)
 * Amago Haruhisa (1514-1562)
 * Amago Kunihisa (1492-1554)
 * Amago Tsunehisa (1458-1541)
 * Amago Yoshihisa (1540-1610)
 * Amardyn Amar (1886-1939), Politics_stubs,
 * Niccolo Amati (1596-1684), People_stubs,
 * Amaury de Montfort, Canon of York (born 1240)
 * The Amazing Criswell (1907-1982)
 * Balamurali Ambati (born 1977)
 * Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler (born 1934)
 * Luigi Amedeo (1873-1933), People_stubs,
 * Princess Amelia Sophia of Great Britain (1711-1786)
 * Giovanni Amelino-Camelia (born 1965), Scientist_stubs,
 * Adelbert Ames, Jr. (1880-1955)
 * Ed Ames (born 1927)
 * Leon Ames (1902-1993), Actor_stubs,
 * Léon-Adolphe Cardinal Amette (1850-1920), Catholic-related_stubs,
 * Nurul Amin (1897-1974)
 * Balamani Amma (born 1909), Poetry_stubs,
 * Michael Ammar (born 1956), Magic_stubs,

Amo-Amy

 * Enrique Amorim (1900-1960)
 * Thomas Amory (1691-1788), A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature,
 * Wallace Jr. Amos (born 1936)
 * Baba Amte (born 1914)
 * Eva Amurri (born 1985), Actor_stubs,
 * Jacques Amyot (1513-1593)


text:
John Gross

John Gross FRSL (12 March 1935 – 10 January 2011)  was an English man of letters. A leading intellectual, writer, anthologist, and critic, The Guardian (in a tribute titled "My Hero") and The Spectator were among several publications to describe Gross as "the best-read man in Britain". The Guardian's obituarist Ion Trewin wrote: "Mr Gross is one good argument for the survival of the species", a comment Gross would have disliked since he was known for his modesty. Charles Moore wrote in The Spectator: "I am left with the irritated sense that he was under-appreciated. He was too clever, too witty, too modest for our age."

Gross was the editor of The Times Literary Supplement from 1974 to 1981, senior book editor and book critic on the staff of The New York Times from 1983 to 1989, and theatre critic for The Sunday Telegraph from 1989 to 2005. He also worked as assistant editor on Encounter and as literary editor of The New Statesman and Spectator magazines.

Early life and academic career
Gross was born and raised in London's East End, to Abraham Gross, a Jewish immigrant from the Polish-Jewish town of Horochów, (Gross's family escaped before the entire Jewish population was killed in The Holocaust), and to Muriel Gross, of Russian-Jewish origin, whose parents came from Vitebsk, an area later represented in the paintings of Chagall. He had one brother, Tony Gross, who founded Cutler and Gross, an international fashion eyewear business which was a supplier to the fashion and film industries. Among his cousins was the composer Lionel Bart.

Gross was educated at the Perse School in Cambridge and at the City of London School. A child prodigy, he was admitted to Wadham College, Oxford, aged 17.

After gaining first-class honours in English Literature at Oxford he won a fellowship at Princeton, where he undertook postgraduate studies. He then returned to England and taught at Queen Mary, University of London and at King's College, Cambridge, of which he was a fellow from 1962 to 1965. In later life, he taught courses at Columbia and Princeton universities.

Books
His works as author include The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters (1969; revised 1991, winner of the Duff Cooper Prize), James Joyce (1970), Shylock: Four Hundred Years in the Life of a Legend (1993), and his childhood memoir A Double Thread (2001). His works as an editor and anthologist include After Shakespeare: Writing inspired by the world’s greatest author (2002), The Oxford Book of Aphorisms (1983), The Oxford Book of Essays (1991), The Oxford Book of Comic Verse (1994), The New Oxford Book of English Prose (1998), The New Oxford Book of Literary Anecdotes (2006), The Modern Movement, Dickens and the Twentieth Century (reissued 2008), and The Oxford Book of Parodies (2010).

Several of his books won prizes. He also won praise from fellow writers. "The publication of John Gross's The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters, when I was a bookish teenager, undoubtedly determined for me the direction I wanted my life to take... It became my Bible," wrote A.N. Wilson in The Spectator magazine in 2006.

John Gielgud wrote "I read John Gross’s fascinating Shylock book straight through twice and enjoyed it more than I can say."

John Updike called The New Oxford Book of English Prose "a marvelous gem… I wonder if there has ever been an anthology quite like it – with so vast a field – the virtually infinite expanse of English-language prose – for the anthologist to roam… I have been rapturously rolling around in John Gross’s amazing book for days."

Harold Pinter, who grew up in the same working-class East End London neighbourhood as Gross, found Gross's childhood memoir, A Double Thread, "a most rich, immensely readable and very moving book. I recognised so much."

Journalism
Gross wrote regularly on literary and cultural topics for The New York Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, The Wall Street Journal, The New Criterion, Commentary, The Spectator, Standpoint, The Observer, The New Statesman and The New York Times.

Public life
He was a trustee of London's National Portrait Gallery from 1977 to 1984. He served two terms on the English Heritage advisory committee on blue plaques, and was on the Arts and Media Committee advising the British government on the award of public honours. He served as chairman of the judges of the Booker Prize, and was a member of The Literary Society.

He was a non-executive independent director of Times Newspaper holdings, the publishers of The Times and The Sunday Times, from 1982 to 2011.

Private life
John Gross was married to Miriam Gross, also a prominent literary editor, from 1965 to 1988. The couple had two children, Tom Gross and Susanna Gross. Gross lived in London, with spells of time living in New York in the 1960s and 1980s. He was a member of the Beefsteak Club.

title: John Gross


text:
London to Peking Motor Challenge

The London to Peking Motor Challenge was a one-time car rally organized by the Jules Verne Society in the Spring of 1990.

As the name implied, the rally consisted of a drive from London, UK to Peking, China. Peking is now officially known as Beijing, but the old name was used, as the rally traced the course driven by the Italians Prince Scipione Borghese, mechanic Ettore Guizzardi and journalist Luigi Barzini in the Peking to Paris race in 1907 (before the name change). The 1990 rally ran in the opposite direction as the 1907 course, heading west-to-east.

Origins
In March 1907, the Parisian newspaper Le Matin issued a challenge for anyone to drive from Peking to Paris by motor-car. Five teams; four French, and one Italian took up the challenge. Thus began the first, and most famous international car rally in early motoring history.

Barzini had written a popular book about his adventure, being the first to arrive in Paris, but a decade later, the Soviet Union closed off the route used by Barzini. With the glasnost and perestroika of the final days of the Soviet Union, the time seemed right for a new journey.

1990
The 1990 course went from west-to-east along a different course than Barzini and his team took in 1907.

Starting at Marble Arch in London, the drivers were given a sendoff by Luigi Barzini's grandson. The drivers headed across the Channel on the P&O Ferry to France. From there, the drivers could take any course they chose across Europe before reuniting in Istanbul, Turkey. Afterward, the route ran across Turkey to the border with the Soviet Union in present-day Georgia, becoming the first time in Soviet history that western civilians were permitted to drive their own vehicles into the country. A ferry across the Caspian Sea took the drivers to present day Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, before entering China, crossing the Gobi Desert and arriving in Beijing on June 4, 1990, coincidentally the first anniversary of the crackdown on demonstrators in Tian'anmen Square.

The 1907 event was not intended to be a race or competition, but quickly became one due to the pioneering nature of it and the technical superiority of the Italians' car, a 40-HP Itala. The 1990 event was a goodwill tour, and no drivers were in competition.

Among the entrants in 1990, were vintage and antique vehicles, several motorcycles with and without sidecars, and modern four wheel drive vehicles, and amazingly all but one of the over 20 teams completed the journey. A 60-minute highlights broadcast was hosted and narrated by actor Cliff Robertson and shown on ESPN in the United States.

Legacy

 * In 1908 another transcontinental race was held, running from Times Square in New York City west to Paris.
 * With the opening of the borders in both the former Soviet Union and China, transcontinental rallies are feasible once again, though rarely attempted due to the costs and time involved. One such event has been run, a 1997 motor rally that roughly duplicated the 1908 course.  (Website offline, archived at Internet Archive)
 * The Great Race, an American club rally competition for antique automobiles planned a world wide race for 1992 but later shelved the idea.
 * The American reality television series The Amazing Race documents teams attempting to circumnavigate the entire globe, using various means of travel including automobiles.
 * LTV Corporation, manufacturers of the US military Humvee used the 1990 London to Peking Motor Challenge to test out two matching prototypes of a civilian version of the vehicle. Passing the test with ease, and stopping along the way to perform stunts for local villagers, the vehicles would later enter production (after even greater media exposure in Operation Desert Storm) as the Hummer H1.
 * The Mongol Rally started in 2004 and now 200 cars race to Mongolia each year. The cars cannot get all the way to Beijing due to car import tax restrictions, but many participants carry to China from Ulaan Baator on the Trans-Mongolian Express.

title: London to Peking Motor Challenge


text:
Glutaric aciduria type 1

Glutaric acidemia type 1 (GA1) is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan. Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (glutaric acid, glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs ), but particularly the basal ganglia, which are regions that help regulate movement. GA1 causes secondary carnitine deficiency, as glutaric acid, like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. Mental retardation may occur.

GA1 is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH), encoded by the GCDH gene.

Signs and symptoms
The severity of glutaric acidemia type 1 varies widely; some individuals are only mildly affected, while others suffer severe problems. GA1 can be defined as two clinical entities: GA-1 diagnosed at birth or pre-birth and managed through dietary restrictions, and GA-1 diagnosed after an encephalopathic crisis. A crisis may occur under both headings, but the care of individuals diagnosed before a crisis can be managed to avoid most or all injury.

Macrocephaly
Babies with glutaric acidemia type 1 often are born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Macrocephaly is amongst the earliest signs of GA1. It is thus important to investigate all cases of macrocephaly of unknown origins for GCDH deficiency, given the importance of the early diagnosis of GA1. Macrocephaly is a pivotal clinical sign of many neurological diseases. Physicians and parents should be aware of the benefits of investigating for an underlying neurological disorder, particularly a neurometabolic one, in children with head circumferences in the highest percentiles.

Neuromotor aspects
Affected individuals may have difficulty moving and may experience spasms, jerking, rigidity or decreased muscle tone and muscle weakness (which may be the result of secondary carnitine deficiency). GA, in patients who have suffered a crisis, can be defined as a cerebral palsy of genetic origins.

Occupational therapy
A common way to manage striatal necrosis is to provide special seating. These special wheelchairs are designed to limit abnormal movements. However, spasticity can be worsened by constraint. Parents and caregivers can provide a more interactive occupational therapy by enabling the child to use his or her own excessive postural muscle tone to his or her own advantage (see picture; note the care with which minimal pressure is applied while ensuring safety).

The excessive tone can also be managed with hanging doorway baby exercisers and other aids to the upright stance that do not constrain the child but help him or her gradually tone down the rigidity.

Bleeding abnormalities
Some individuals with glutaric acidemia have developed bleeding in the brain or eyes that could be mistaken for the effects of child abuse.

Genetics
The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern: mutated copies of the gene GCDH must be provided by both parents to cause GA1. The GCDH gene encodes the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. This enzyme is involved in degrading the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan. Mutations in the GCDH gene prevent production of the enzyme or result in the production of a defective enzyme with very low residual activity, or an enzyme with relatively high residual activity but still phenotypic consequences. This enzyme deficiency allows glutaric acid, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid and to a lesser extent glutaconic acid to build up to abnormal levels, especially at times when the body is under stress. These intermediate breakdown products are particularly prone to affect the basal ganglia, causing many of the signs and symptoms of GA1.

GA1 occurs in approximately 1 of every 30,000 to 40,000 births. As a result of founder effect, it is much more common in the Amish community and in the Ojibway population of Canada, where up to 1 in 300 newborns may be affected.

Relatives of children with GA1 can have low GCDH activity: in an early study of GA1, GCDH activity was found to be 38%, 42%, and 42% in three of the four unaffected relatives tested, a pattern consistent with the 50% level that would be expected in heterozygous carriers. Those levels are close to those found in some heavily symptomatic GA1-affected children.

Diagnosis
Normally, magnetic resonance imaging shows the Sylvian fissure to be operculated, but in GA1-associated encephalopathy, operculation is absent. In many jurisdictions, GA1 is included in newborn screening panels. Elevated glutarylcarnitine can be detected by mass spectrometry in a dried blood spot collected shortly after birth. After a positive screening result, confirmatory testing is performed. This includes urine organic acid analysis, looking for glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid. Plasma and urine acylcarnitine analysis can also be informative. Molecular analysis, including gene sequencing and copy number analysis of GCDH, can be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Molecular testing can also provide information for family planning and prenatal testing, if desired.

Correction of secondary carnitine depletion
Like many other organic acidemias, GA1 causes carnitine depletion. Whole-blood carnitine can be raised by oral supplementation. However, this does not significantly change blood concentrations of glutarylcarnitine or esterified carnitine, suggesting that oral supplementation is suboptimal in raising tissue levels of carnitine. Clinical nutrition researchers have likewise concluded that oral carnitine raises plasma levels but does not affect those in muscles, where most of it is stored and used.

In contrast, regular intravenous infusions of carnitine cause distinct clinical improvements: "decreased frequency of decompensations, improved growth, improved muscle strength and decreased reliance on medical foods with liberalization of protein intake."

Choline increases carnitine uptake and retention. Choline supplements are inexpensive, are safe (probably even in children requiring anticholinergics) and can increase exercise tolerance, truncal tone and general well-being, providing evidence of the suboptimal efficiency of carnitine supplementation alone.

Selective precursor restriction
Dietary control may help limit progression of the neurological damage.

Lysine
Lysine restriction, as well as carnitine supplementation, are considered the best predictors of a good prognosis for GA1. This excludes, however, patients who already suffered an encephalopathic crisis, for whom the prognosis is more related to the treatment of their acquired disorder (striatal necrosis, frontotemporal atrophy).

Protein restriction
Vegetarian diets and, for younger children, breastfeeding are common ways to limit protein intake without endangering tryptophan transport to the brain.

Tryptophan
Formulas such as XLys, XTrp Analog, XLys, XTrp Maxamaid, XLys, XTrp Maxamum or Glutarex 1 are designed to provide amino acids other than lysine and tryptophan, to help prevent protein malnutrition.

The entry of tryptophan into the brain is crucial in the proper synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. One way to acutely cause depression, bulimia or anxiety in humans, in order to assess an individual's vulnerability to those disorders, is to supplement with a formula with all or most amino acids except tryptophan. Acute tryptophan depletion is a diagnostic procedure, not a treatment for GA1. The protein synthesis elicited by the amino acids leads circulating amino acids, including tryptophan, to be incorporated into proteins. Tryptophan is thus lowered in the brain as a result of the protein synthesis enhancement, causing circulating tryptophan to drop more than other amino acids. A relative excess of other large neutral amino acids may also compete with tryptophan for transport across the blood–brain barrier through the large neutral amino acid transporter 1. The consequence is acute tryptophan depletion in the brain and a consequent decrease in serotonin synthesis.

5-Hydroxytryptophan, a precursor of serotonin that is not metabolized to glutaryl-CoA, glutaric acid and secondary metabolites, could be used as an adjunct to selective tryptophan restriction, although it has risks. However, the evidence in favour of selective tryptophan restriction remains insufficient and the consensus is evolving towards the restriction of lysine only. In the Amish community, where GA1 is overrepresented, patients with GA1 typically do not receive tryptophan-free formulas, either as the sole source of amino acids or as a supplement to protein restriction.

Lysine and hydroxylysine anabolic pathway enhancement
A possible way to prevent the build-up of metabolites is to limit lysine and hydroxylysine degradation, as lysine is one of the most abundant amino acids and tryptophan is one of the least abundant amino acids.

Interaction of GCDH deficiency with vitamin C levels
Humans lack the enzyme L -gulonolactone oxidase, which is necessary for the synthesis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), leaving them dependent on dietary sources of this vitamin. Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor for the utilization of lysine in collagen synthesis. Collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body, requires great amounts of lysine, the most abundant amino acid in proteins. Ascorbic acid, the main hydroxyl radical quencher, works as the cofactor providing the hydroxyl radical required for collagen cross-linking; lysine thus becomes hydroxylysine.

GA1 worsens during stresses and catabolic episodes, such as fasts and infections. Endogenous catabolism of proteins could be an important route for glutaric acid production. It follows that collagen breakdown (and protein breakdown in general) should be prevented by all possible means.

Ascorbic acid is used to prevent multiple organ failure and to lessen mortality and morbidity in intensive care units. It thus appears reasonable to add sufficient doses of ascorbic acid to the treatment protocol during stresses and other challenges to growth in order to stimulate collagen synthesis and thus prevent lysine breakdown.

Tryptophan anabolic pathway enhancement
The conversion of tryptophan to serotonin and other metabolites depends on vitamin B6. If tryptophan catabolism has any impact on brain glutaric acid and other catabolite levels, vitamin B6 levels should be routinely assayed and normalized in the course of the treatment of GA1.

Management of intercurrent illnesses
Stress caused by infection, fever or other demands on the body may lead to worsening of the signs and symptoms, with only partial recovery.

Prognosis
A 2006 study of 279 patients found that of those with symptoms (185, 66%), 95% had suffered an encephalopathic crises, usually with following brain damage. Of the participants in the study, 49 children died and the median age of death was 6.6 years. A Kaplan–Meier analysis of the data estimated that about 50% of symptomatic people would die by the age of 25. More recent studies provide an updated prognosis whereby individuals affected can, through proper dietary management and carnitine supplementation, manage the disease with a much improved prognosis. Newborn screening has allowed affected patients to avoid crises and live full lives without any injury to the brain. It is essential that patients with the disease be diagnosed at or before birth and that all variables be strictly managed in order to maintain quality of life. When suspected and in the absence of confirmed diagnosis (through genetic sequencing), it is critical that the individual maintain a diet restrictive of all proteins and that blood sugars be monitored rigorously. The WHO now considers this disease entirely manageable.

Epidemiology
GA1 can be described as a metabolic disorder, a neurometabolic disease, a cerebral palsy or a basal ganglia disorder (it may also be misdiagnosed as shaken baby syndrome). Depending on the paradigm adopted, GA1 will mostly be managed with precursor restriction or with neurorehabilitation.

So-called "orphan diseases", such as GA1, can be adopted into wider groups of diseases (such as carnitine deficiency diseases, cerebral palsies of diverse origins, basal ganglia disorders, and others); Morton at al. (2003b) emphasize that acute striatal necrosis is a distinctive pathologic feature of at least 20 other disorders of very different etiologies, including, HIV encephalopathy–AIDS dementia complex, pneumococcal meningitis, hypoadrenal crisis, methylmalonic acidemia, propionic acidemia, middle cerebral artery occlusion, hypertensive vasculopathy, acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, 3-nitropropionic acid intoxication, late-onset familial dystonia, cerebrovascular abrupt and severe neonatal asphyxia ("selective neuronal necrosis").

In a cohort of 279 patients who had been reported to have GA1, 185 were symptomatic (two-thirds); being symptomatic was seen as an indication of low treatment efficacy. Screening of those known to be at high risk, neonatal population screening and a diagnosis of macrocephaly are the ways to identify bearers of the GCDH mutation who are not frankly symptomatic. Macrocephaly remains the main sign of GA1 for those who have no relatives with GA1 and have not been included in a population screening program. GA1 is considered a treatable disease. Two-thirds of the patients who have GA1 encephalopathy will receive little benefit from the treatment for GA1 but can benefit from treatments given to victims of middle cerebral artery occlusion, AIDS dementia and other basal ganglia disorders: brain implants, stem cell neurorestoration, growth factors, monoaminergic agents, and many other neurorehabilitation strategies.

title: Glutaric aciduria type 1


text:
Category:Anti-war songs

This category contains notable anti-war songs. The songs here are lyrically explicit in their denunciation of a particular war or war in general. Songs here may also have been designated anti-war songs by their authors.

title: Category:Anti-war songs


text:
Mickey McDermott

Maurice Joseph "Mickey" McDermott Jr. (April 29, 1929 – August 7, 2003) was an American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball.

Pre-professional career
Mickey McDermott was the third son of Maurice McDermott Sr., a police officer and former minor league baseball player. Maurice, replaced at first base on the Hartford Senators in the Eastern League by Lou Gehrig, had determined one of his three sons would grow up to be a baseball player and fulfill his dream, though his first-born son, Jimmy, died at the age of seven and his second son, Billy, was born with deformed legs.

McDermott started playing first base, his father's position, until his coach at St. Mary's Grammar School noticed that his ball had a natural curve when thrown. By the time he was playing in the parochial school league for St. Patrick's High, he was averaging twenty strikeouts per game. McDermott played for the semi-pro Ferrara Trucking Company at the age of 13 against adults and some major league baseball players moonlighting to pick up some extra money. He went to his first tryout, also at the age of 13, with the Brooklyn Dodgers.

Mule Haas, a scout for the Dodgers, said that he wanted to sign McDermott, but because of his age it was illegal. At the age of 15, his father changed his birth certificate to make it appear as though Mickey was 18 years old. Joe Cronin, general manager of the Red Sox, did some research and found out McDermott was only 15. Cronin and McDermott's father worked it out so that McDermott's father got a $5,000 signing bonus and two truck loads of Ballantine Beer for McDermott.

Minor leagues
McDermott was assigned to the Red Sox' Double A affiliate, the Scranton Red Sox of the Eastern League. He ended the season with a 16–6 record and a 3.29 ERA, with 136 strikeouts in 175 innings. On July 14, 1946, at the age of 17, McDermott threw a no-hitter against the Albany Senators, making him possibly the youngest pitcher to throw a no-hit game in the high minors.

The following season, McDermott was promoted to Boston's Triple-A affiliate, the Louisville Colonels, where he struggled with his control. Subsequently, he was sent back to Scranton to work on his mechanics. In Scranton, he discovered his form, going 12–4 with four shutouts for the rest of the season, averaging almost one strikeout per inning. During the playoffs, McDermott, threw his second minor league no-hitter. Playing at home against the Utica Blue Sox, McDermott walked Richie Ashburn in the ninth inning. Ashburn took second on a fielders's choice and reached third on a sacrifice fly. With two outs, the catcher called for a curve, but McDermott missed the sign and threw a fastball. The catcher, expecting a curve, failed to catch the ball as it went sailing past him. Ashburn scored the only run of the game to give Utica the victory and McDermott the no-hit loss.

Major leagues

McDermott made it onto the Red Sox roster for the beginning of the 1948 season, appearing in seven games during the first two months of the season, mostly in lopsided losses. In 23 innings, he had 16 strikeouts and 35 walks, thus was returned to Scranton for more seasoning. After the minor league season ended, he was recalled when the major league roster expanded for the playoff run. While with Scranton, McDermott threw his third career minor league no-hitter.

After 1949 spring training, McDermott was assigned to the Louisville Colonels. On May 24, he struck out 20 St. Paul Saints to set a new American Association record that was never broken (the American Association folded in 1962). Over the next four games after his 20 strikeout performance, he struck out 19, 18, 17 and 19 to set a record for the most strikeouts over a five-game period, 93. Under pressure from sports writers, Boston, which was already eleven games out of first place, brought up McDermott to help their ailing pitching staff.

McDermott got his first big league win after Ellis Kinder left the game in the first inning. McDermott pitched eight innings of shutout baseball before being lifted for a reliever. He finished the season with a 5–4 record and two shutouts.

On May 29, 1952, McDermott faced 27 batters and fired a one-hitter to beat the Washington Senators, 1–0, at Fenway Park. Mel Hoderlein's fourth-inning single was the only Washington hit and he was thrown out while trying to stretch the hit into a double. His finest season came in 1953 when he went 18–10. The following year, he was traded to the Senators for Jackie Jensen. He finished his career with a 69–69 record playing for several different teams. After he refused to sign with the Tigers for the 1959 season, the Tigers sold his contract to the Dallas Eagles of the Texas League, with whom he also refused to sign. Then Bill Veeck, owner of the triple A Miami Marlins of the International League, signed him to pitch on the same staff as Satchel Paige and Virgil Trucks.

While playing winter ball in Cuba in 1959, McDermott's team was at bat when Fidel Castro led the 26th of July Movement that overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista. Several people on the field and in the stands were shot, including McDermott's teammate and future Cincinnati Reds shortstop Leo Cárdenas.

McDermott was an excellent hitting pitcher in his 12-year major league career, posting a .252 batting average (156-for-619) with 71 runs, 9 home runs, 74 RBI and 52 bases on balls. He hit .364 for the Red Sox in 1950 and .301 in 1953. He recorded 12 RBI in 1950 and 13 RBI in 1953 and 10 RBI with the Senators in 1955.

Before 1961, Detroit gave McDermott his unconditional release. He signed with the St. Louis Cardinals as a free agent. After divorcing his first wife, McDermott met Linda Biggio, who would become his second wife. After being out late one night, he invited Linda to his room. The hotel detective saw her dressed in a Hawaiian muumuu and said, "You can't bring that hooker into your room!" McDermott punched the detective in the mouth and was subsequently released by the Cardinals.

Post-playing career
As McDermott's baseball career started winding down, he began to drink more. Eventually, he was drinking every night even when he was scheduled to pitch the next day. After pitching in the minor leagues for a while and taking odd jobs to make ends meet, McDermott's second wife, fed up with his alcoholic ways, divorced him. McDermott was hired by the California Angels in 1967 as an assistant pitching coach and batting practice pitcher. He was let go, with the rest of the coaching staff, after the 1968 season. McDermott was eventually hired by Billy Martin, his former teammate, as a scout for the Oakland A's. McDermott turned in the first A's report on Mark McGwire, who eventually signed with them. McDermott was fired, along with the rest of the coaching staff, when Martin was fired after the 1982 season.

McDermott, along with business partner Tino Barzie, started representing baseball players as agents. McDermott would recruit the players, and Barzie would negotiate the contracts. They ended up representing Tony Armas, Mario Guerrero, Alejandro Peña, Candy Maldonado and Marty Barrett. Barzie finally had to end his business relationship with McDermott due to the latter's heavy drinking. McDermott became close friends and drinking companions with Paul Gleason and Jack Kerouac.

In 1991, after getting into a car wreck and being sentenced to 60 days in jail for numerous DWI's, McDermott became sober. He gave up drinking in 1991 when he and his wife won $7 million in the Arizona Lottery. Five years later, his wife, Betty, died of breast cancer. McDermott's health was not much better, as he went on to have a defibrillator and pacemaker surgically installed. He wrote a memoir of his playing (and non-playing) days called A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Cooperstown, in which he blamed his health problems on his heavy drinking. McDermott lived long enough to see his book published. It was released in April 2003, and he died on August 7, in Phoenix, from congestive heart failure and colon cancer.

Note

 * 1)   p. 178

title: Mickey McDermott


text:
Joaquín Rodrigo

Joaquín Rodrigo Vidre, 1st Marquess of the Gardens of Aranjuez (22 November 1901 – 6 July 1999), was a Spanish composer and a virtuoso pianist. He is best known for composing the Concierto de Aranjuez, a cornerstone of the classical guitar repertoire.

Life
Rodrigo was born in Sagunto, Province of Valencia. At the age of three, he lost his sight completely after contracting diphtheria. At the age of eight he began to study solfège, piano, and violin and from the age of 16 he studied harmony and composition. Although distinguished by having raised the Spanish guitar to dignity as a universal concert instrument and that he is best known for his guitar music, he never mastered playing the instrument. He wrote his compositions in Braille and they were transcribed for publication.

Rodrigo studied music under Francisco Antich in Valencia and under Paul Dukas at the École Normale de Musique in Paris. After briefly returning to Spain, he returned to Paris to study musicology, first under Maurice Emmanuel, and then under André Pirro. His first published compositions date from 1923. From 1947, Rodrigo was a professor of music history, holding the Manuel de Falla Chair of Music in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, at Complutense University of Madrid. Notable students include Yüksel Koptagel, Turkish composer and pianist.

His most famous work, Concierto de Aranjuez, was composed in 1939 in Paris for the guitarist Regino Sainz de la Maza. In later life, he and his wife, Victoria, declared that the work was written as a response to the miscarriage of their first child. The composition is a concerto for guitar and orchestra. The central adagio movement is one of the most recognizable in twentieth-century classical music, featuring the interplay of guitar with cor anglais. This movement was later adapted by the jazz arranger Gil Evans for the 1960 album Sketches of Spain by Miles Davis. At the request of Nicanor Zabaleta, Rodrigo adapted the concerto for the 1974 Harp and Orchestra Concerto and he dedicated the adaptation to Zabaleta.

The success of this concerto led to commissions from a number of prominent soloists, including Nicanor Zabaleta, for whom Rodrigo dedicated his Concierto serenata for Harp and Orchestra. For Julian Lloyd Webber, Rodrigo composed his Concierto como un divertimento for cello and orchestra. For flutist James Galway, Rodrigo composed his Concierto pastoral for flute and orchestra.

In 1954, Rodrigo composed Fantasía para un gentilhombre at the request of Andrés Segovia. His Concierto Andaluz, for four guitars and orchestra, was commissioned by Celedonio Romero for him and his three sons.

Of Rodrigo's works, those that have achieved the greatest popular and critical success are his Concierto de Aranjuez and Fantasia para un gentilhombre. These two works are very often paired in recordings.

Honors
He was awarded Spain's highest award for composition, the Premio Nacional de Música, in 1983. On 30 December 1991, Rodrigo was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I with the hereditary title of Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez (English: Marquess of the Gardens of Aranjuez). He received the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award – Spain's highest civilian honor – in 1996. He was named Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 1998.

Personal life
He married Victoria Kamhi in 1933. She was a Turkish-born pianist whom he had met in Paris. They shared professional interests and she documented their life together in Hand in Hand With Joaquín Rodrigo: My Life at the Maestro's Side (1992). Their marriage lasted until her death in 1997. Their daughter, Cecilia, was born on 27 January 1941.

Rodrigo died at his home in Madrid on 6 July 1999, aged 97. His daughter succeeded him as Marquesa de los Jardines de Aranjuez. Joaquín Rodrigo and his wife Victoria are buried at the cemetery at Aranjuez.

Orchestral

 * Orchestra
 * Juglares (1923); first public performance: 1924, Valencia
 * Cinco Piezas Infantiles (1928)
 * Tres viejos aires de danza (1929; first performance on 20 January 1930 by the Orquesta Sinfónica de Valencia conducted by José Manuel Izquierdo)
 * Dos miniaturas andaluzas (1929; first performance on 22 November 1999 at the Palau de la Música de Valencia, Spain, by the Orquesta de Cámara Joaquín Rodrigo)
 * Zarabanda lejana y Villancico (1930; first performance on 9 March 1931 at the Ecole Normale de Musique in Paris, by the Orquesta Femenina de París, conducted by Jane Evrard)
 * Per la flor del Lliri Blau, symphonic poem (1934; First Prize, Círculo de Bellas Artes)
 * Soleriana (first performance by the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Hans von Benda, on 22 August 1953 in Berlin)
 * Pavana Real (1955)
 * Música para un jardín (1957) [Orchestration of his two piano Berceuses]
 * A la busca del más allá (1976; commissioned by the Houston Symphony for the United States Bicentennial, Rodrigo was inspired by the thought of space exploration)
 * Palillos y panderetas (1982)
 * Rondalla
 * Estudiantina (1962)
 * Symphonic Wind Ensemble
 * Homenaje a la Tempranica (1939; first performance, 1939, in Paris by the Orquesta Femenina de París, conducted by Jane Evrard)
 * Homenaje a Sagunto (1955)
 * Adagio Para Orquesta de Instrumentos de Viento (1966; first performance in June 1966 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by the American Wind Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Robert Austin Boudreau)
 * Pasodoble para Paco Alcalde (1975)

Concertante

 * Cello
 * Dos piezas caballerescas for four-piece cello orchestra (1945; first performance on 27 May 1945 in Madrid by cello ensemble students of Juan Ruiz Casaux) – later transcribed for four guitars by Peter Jermer
 * Concierto en modo galante (1949; first performance on 4 November 1949 in Madrid by Gaspar Cassadó, with the Orquesta Nacional de España, conducted by Ataulfo Argenta)
 * Concierto como un divertimento (1981)
 * Flute
 * Aria antigua (1960)
 * Concierto pastoral (1978)
 * Guitar
 * Concierto de Aranjuez (1939)
 * Fantasía para un gentilhombre (1954)
 * Concierto madrigal for two guitars (1966; commissioned by Alexandre Lagoya and Ida Presti; first performance on 30 July 1967 at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, by Angel Romero and Pepe Romero, with the Los Angeles Symphony conducted by Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos)
 * Concierto Andaluz for four guitars (1967)
 * Concierto para una fiesta (1982; first performance on 5 March 1983 at the Ridglea Country Club in Fort Worth, by Pepe Romero, with the Texas Little Symphony conducted by John Giordano)
 * Rincones de España (1990; first performance by Angel Romero on 7 March 1991 at New York's Lincoln Center)
 * Harp
 * Concierto serenata (1954)
 * Sones en la Giralda (1963; written as a wedding present for the harpist Marisa Robles) – later transcribed for guitar and orchestra by Pepe Romero
 * Piano
 * Concierto heroico (1943) (revised by the composer as Piano Concerto (1995) and first performed in 1999)
 * Violin
 * Dos esbozos for violin and piano (1923; Rodrigo's "Opus 1")
 * Cançoneta for violin and string orchestra (1923; first performance in 1923 in Valencia, Spain, by the Orquesta Sinfónica de Valencia, conducted by José Manuel Izquierdo)
 * Concierto de estío (1944; first performance on 16 April 1944 by Enrique Iniesta, at the Teatro San Carlos in Lisbon, with the Orquesta Nacional de España, conducted by Bartolomé Pérez Casas)
 * Set Cançons Valencianes for violin and piano (1982)

Instrumental

 * Bandoneón
 * Motu perpetuo (1960)
 * Cello
 * Como una fantasía (1979; first performance on 17 March 1981 by Carlos Prieto, in Mexico City)
 * Guitar
 * Zarabanda lejana (1926; first performance by Joaquín Nin-Culmell, in Paris)
 * Toccata para guitarra (1933; first performance on 1 June 2006 by Marcin Dylla, in Madrid)
 * En Los Trigales (1938; first performance by Regino Sainz de la Maza; later published as part of Por los campos de España)
 * Tiento Antiguo (1942; first performance in 1942 by Regino Sainz de la Maza)
 * Three Spanish Pieces – Tres Piezas Españolas (Fandango, Passacaglia, Zapateado) (1954; dedicated to Andrés Segovia)
 * Bajando de la meseta (1954; first performance by Nicolás Alfonso in Brussels; later published as part of Por los campos de España)
 * Entre olivares (1956; dedicated to Manuel López Ramos; later published as part of Por los campos de España)
 * En tierras de Jerez (1957; dedicated to Luise Walker)
 * Tonadilla (1959; first performance by the guitar duo of Ida Presti and Alexandre Lagoya)
 * Junto al Generalife (1959; first performance by Siegfried Behrend)
 * Sonata Giocosa (1960; dedicated to Renata Tarragó)
 * Invocación y danza (1961; first performance on 12 May 1962 by Alirio Díaz at the Château de la Brède near Bordeaux, France – first prize, Coupe International de Guitare, awarded by Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française [ORTF])
 * Sonata a la Española (1963; dedicated to Ernesto Bitetti)
 * Tres pequeñas piezas (Ya se van los pastores, Por caminos de Santiago, Pequeña Sevillana) (1963)
 * Elogio de la guitarra (1971; written for the guitarist Angelo Gilardino, who gave the first performance)
 * Pajaros de primavera (1972; commissioned by Dr. Isao Takahashi, a promoter of classical guitar in Japan, for his wife Take Takahashi; first performed in 1972 at the hospital bedside of Take Takahashi in Japan, "interpreted by a guitarist friend", as she was dying of cancer; Christopher Parkening gave the first public performance, also in Japan).
 * Dos preludios (1976; first performance in 1989 by Celedonio Romero in Los Angeles, and first recording by Wolfgang Lendle)
 * Tríptico (1978; first performance in 1978 by Alexandre Lagoya at the Château de Rougerie in France)
 * Un tiempo fue Itálica famosa (1981; first performance in 1989 by Randy Pile in San Diego)
 * Ecos de Sefarad (1987; first performance in 1989 by Sherri Rottersman at the Círculo Medina in Madrid)
 * ¡Qué buen caminito! (1987; first performance in 1987 by María Esther Guzmán at the Conservatorio de Música de Sevilla)
 * Aranjuez, ma pensée (1988) (arranged by the composer from his Concierto de Aranjuez)
 * Harp
 * Impromptu (1959; first performance by Ana María Martini Gil)
 * Piano (solo), and harpsichord
 * Suite pour piano (1923)
 * Berceuse d'automne (1923)
 * Preludio al Gallo mañanero (1926)
 * Zarabanda lejana (1926)
 * Pastorale (1926)
 * Bagatela (1926)
 * Berceuse de printemps (1928)
 * Air de Ballet sur le nom d'une Jeune Fille (1930)
 * Serenata Española (1931)
 * Sonada de adiós ('Homenaje a Paul Dukas') (1935)
 * Cuatro Piezas (Caleseras, Fandango del ventorrillo, Prayer of the Princess of Castile, Danza Valenciana) (1936–1938)
 * Tres Danzas de España (Rústica, Danza de los tres doncellas, Serrana) (1941)
 * A l'ombre de Torre Bermeja (1945)
 * Cuatro Estampas Andaluzas (1946–1952)
 * El Album de Cecilia (María de los Reyes, Jota de las Palomas, Canción del Hada rubia, Canción del Hada morena, El negrito Pepo, Borriquillos a Belén) (1948)
 * Cinco Sonatas de Castilla, con Toccata a modo de Pregón (1950–1951)
 * Aranjuez, ma pensée (1968) (arranged by the composer from his Concierto de Aranjuez)
 * Danza de la Amapola (1972)
 * Preludio y Ritornello (1979) (for HARPSICHORD)
 * Tres Evocaciones (Tarde en el parque, Noche en el Guadalquivir, Triana) (1980–1981)
 * Preludio de Añoranza (1987)
 * Piano (duet and two pianos)
 * Juglares (1923) (piano duet) (arranged by the composer from his first work for orchestra)
 * Cinco Piezas Infantiles (Son chicos que pasan, Después de un cuento, Mazurka, Plegaria, Gritería) (1924) (TWO PIANOS) (arranged by the composer from his second work for orchestra)
 * Gran Marcha de los Subsecretarios (1941) (piano duet)
 * Atardecer (1975) (piano duet)
 * Sonatina para dos Muñecas (1977) (piano duet)
 * Violin
 * Capriccio (1944; first performance on 8 January 1946 by Enrique Iniesta in Madrid)

Vocal and choral

 * Ave Maria for unaccompanied choir (1923)
 * Ausencias de Dulcinea (1948); First prize, Cervantes Competition
 * Cuatro Madrigales Amatorios (1948)
 * De las doce canciones españolas (Textos populares adaptados por Victoria Kamhi) (1951)
 * Villancicos y canciones de navidad (1952); Ateneo de Madrid Prize
 * Música para un códice salamantino (1953), lyrics by Miguel de Unamuno
 * Cuatro canciones sefardíes (1965)
 * El Hijo Fingido, Zarzuela
 * Porque toco el pandero
 * Cántico de San Francisco de Asís (1982)
 * Tres canciones

Guitar and voice

 * Coplas del Pastor Enamorado (1935)
 * Tres Canciones Españolas (1951)
 * Tres Villancicos (1952)
 * Romance de Durandarte (1955)
 * Folías Canarias (1958)
 * Aranjuez, ma pensée (1988)

title: Joaquín Rodrigo


text:
User talk:Roberts83

Nomination of Astalavista.box.sk for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Astalavista.box.sk is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Astalavista.box.sk until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:44, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Roberts83


text:
Wikipedia:People by year/Reports/No other categories/1/An-Ap

Ana-Anc

 * Mulk Raj Anand (1905-2004)
 * Vijay Anand (1934-2004)
 * Charles Ancillon (1659-1715)
 * Friedrich Ancillon (1766-1837), 1911_Britannica,
 * Jacob Johan Anckarström (1762-1792)

Ande

 * Carl Anderson (1945-2004)
 * Dave Anderson (born 1929)
 * Reginald Freeson (born 1911), People_stubs,
 * Ethel Anderson (1883-1958)
 * Eugenie Anderson (born 1909), American_people_stubs,
 * Sylvia and Gerry Anderson (born 1929), Multiple_people,
 * Ian McKenzie Anderson (born 1960)
 * James Anderson (of Hermiston) (1739-1808), 1911_Britannica,
 * James Anderson (lawyer) (1662-1728), 1911_Britannica,
 * John H. D. Anderson (1726-1796), 1911_Britannica,
 * Kenneth Anderson (1910-1974), Writer_stubs,
 * Robert Anderson (author) (1750-1830), 1911_Britannica,
 * Rona Anderson (born 1926), People_stubs,
 * Rufus Anderson (1796-1880)
 * Ryan G. Anderson (born 1978)

Andr

 * Manuel Andrack (born 1965)
 * Dwayne Andreas (born 1918)
 * Lou Andreas-Salome (1861-1937)
 * Rosaura Andreu (born 1922)
 * Andrew W. Hockenhull (1877-1974), Politician_stubs,
 * Bruce Andrews (born 1948)
 * Stephen Pearl Andrews (1812-1886)
 * Thomas Andrews (scientist) (1813-1889), 1911_Britannica,
 * Thomas Andrews (politician) (born 1953)
 * Todd Andrews (1901-1985)
 * Gilles Andriamahazo (born 1919), People_stubs,
 * André Leo (died 1900), People_stubs,

Ane-Anq

 * Sebastian Anefal (born 1952), Politician_stubs,
 * Adolfo Angel (born 1963), Musician_stubs,
 * Fernando Angel (born 1963), People_stubs,
 * Gustavo Angel (born 1968)
 * Roger Angell (born 1920), Writer_stubs,
 * Hal Anger (born 1920), Scientist_stubs,
 * Elish Angiolini (born 1960)
 * Robert Angleton (born 1948)
 * Julio Anguita (born 1941), People_stubs,
 * Leopold II of Anhalt-Dessau (1700-1751)
 * Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst (1690-1747), People_stubs,
 * Ann (Radcliffe) Mowlson (died 1661), People_stubs,
 * Keren Ann (born 1974), People_stubs,
 * Anna Grudziecke (died 2004)
 * Anna of Saxony (1544-1577)
 * Charles Annandale (1843-1915), People_stubs,
 * Anne Hill Carter Lee (1773-1829)
 * Anne de Beaujeu (1461-1522), European_nobility_stubs,
 * Anne of Bourbon-Parma (born 1923), French_people_stubs, Romania-related_stubs,
 * Anne of Gloucester (1383-1438)
 * Louis-Pierre Anquetil (1723-1808), 1911_Britannica,

Ans-Anw

 * Amir Ansari (born 1970)
 * Anselm of Laon (died 1117)
 * Harry J. Anslinger (1892-1975)
 * Samuel Antek (died 1958), Musician_stubs,
 * Charles Anthon (1797-1867), 1911_Britannica,
 * Katharine Anthony (1877-1965)
 * Severino Antinori (born 1945)
 * Vincenzo Antinori (1792-1865)
 * Susan Anton (born 1950), Actor_stubs,
 * Mariela Antoniska (born 1975), Sports_stubs,
 * Joaquim Joze Antunes (1725-1790)
 * Tariq Anwar (born 1951), Indian_people_stubs, Politician_stubs,

Ao-Ap

 * Aimone of Aosta (1900-1948)
 * Dave Appell (born 1922)
 * Applegarth (1834-1924), British_people_stubs,
 * Rex Applegate (1914-1998)


text:
Spyridon Trikoupis

Spiridon Trikoupis (Σπυρίδων Τρικούπης; 20 April 1788 – 24 February 1873) was a Greek statesman, diplomat, author and orator. He was the first Prime Minister of Greece (1833) and a member of provisional governments of Greece since 1826.

Early life
He was born in Missolonghi and was son of the primate of Missolonghi, Ioannis Trikoupis. After studying in Paris and London, he became private secretary to Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford, Governor of the Ionian Islands.

Political career
During the Greek War of Independence, he occupied several important administrative and diplomatic posts. He was a member of the provisional government in 1826, a member of the national convention at Troezen in 1827, and president of the council and minister of foreign affairs in 1832. He was appointed the first Prime Minister of Greece in 1833. He was thrice Greek minister (ambassador) to London (1834–1837, 1841–1843 and 1849–1862), and in 1850 envoy-extraordinary to Paris.

Orations and history
His funeral oration for his friend Lord Byron, delivered in the cathedral of Missolonghi in 1824 was translated into many languages. A collection of his earlier religious and political orations was published in Paris in 1836. He was the author of Istoria tis Ellinikis Epanastaseos (London, 1853–1857), his work on the history of the Greek revolution.

Children
He was the father of Charilaos Trikoupis, also a Prime Minister of Greece.

title: Spyridon Trikoupis


text:
Frank Allan

Francis Erskine Allan (2 December 1849 – 9 February 1917) was an Australian cricketer who represented Victoria in first-class intercolonial matches and made one Test appearance for Australia. A tall, wiry left-arm medium pacer known by the sobriquet "The Bowler of a Century", Allan possessed great spin and a peculiar swerve which he claimed to have developed through his use of boomerangs and waddies growing up amongst Aboriginal people in the Victorian bush. He was also given the nickname "Kangaroo" because he would jump like a kangaroo to celebrate taking a wicket.

Allan began a lifelong association with the South Melbourne Cricket Club in 1866 when he played for the side in his first ever match. Winning the club bowling average that season, he was quickly recognised as a natural of unusual ability, and in 1867, aged seventeen, made his first-class debut for Victoria against New South Wales, taking a first innings five-wicket haul in a performance described by William Hammersley as "unprecedented". Allan became the mainstay of Victoria's bowling attack, securing extraordinary figures in a series of intercolonial victories, and played havoc with W. G. Grace's touring England XI in 1873–74. Grace offered to employ Allan as a professional, stating that he had never batted against a greater bowler.

In 1878, Allan formed part of the first representative Australian cricket team to tour overseas. Dogged by illness for much of the tour, Allan failed to live up to his reputation as he struggled to adapt to England's cool and damp conditions. He played in his only Test match the following year on the Melbourne Cricket Ground, against Lord Harris' All-England Eleven, and had an opportunity to appear in the first ever Test, in 1877, facing James Lillywhite's XI, but controversially opted out at the last moment to attend a funfair in Warrnambool. Apart from bowling, Allan was also a fine fieldsman and an effective lower order batsman with an individual "mud-scrapping style" that others found amusing and "villainously ugly".

In the off-season, Allan played Australian rules football, first for South Melbourne as a successful goalsneak, and later for Albert Park in the fledgling Victorian Football Association. Allan took to many other sports, most notably billiards, shooting, and, after retiring from cricket, bowls. He was also a keen angler, remarking that he "would rather have a day's fishing on good water than play in the biggest of matches", and according to prominent naturalist Donald Macdonald, Allan "knew more about fish and fishing than anyone in Australia". Outside sport, Allan worked in the public service as Victoria's Chief Inspector of Vermin Destruction, and strived to protect Australian fauna and flora.

Family and early years
Allan was born in 1849 at Tooram, a cattle station run by his father John McMahon Allan two miles south of Allansford, near Warrnambool, in the Western District of Victoria, Australia. John was said to have been the first British child born in Heligoland, in 1808, and moved with his parents to Sydney, New South Wales, where his father David Allan, a Scotsman, accepted the post of deputy commissary general during the governorship of Lachlan Macquarie. After spending time at sea aboard a whaler, John overlanded with his brothers Henry and William to the Port Phillip District in the early 1840s to take up pastoral pursuits. Squatting on land east of the Hopkins River in the Western District, John named his property Tooram (most likely derived from an Aboriginal word for "good fishing place"), and in 1843, married Caroline O'Farrell, sister of Henry O'Farrell, a self-proclaimed Fenian who would go on to shoot the Duke of Edinburgh in Australia's first political assassination attempt. John and Caroline had eight children, Frank being the third.

The Allans developed friendly relations with the local Aboriginal people, the Girai wurrung. John became their unofficial protector and served as the honorary correspondent for Warrnambool to the Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines. Frank recalled that the position "entailed a deal of responsibility and hard work—all a labor of love" to his father. The Girai wurrung were Frank's chief companion's growing up; he became fluent in their language, learned their customs, and later attributed his prowess as a bowler in cricket to his formative years spent hunting with boomerangs, nulla nullas and other Aboriginal weapons. Among the Aborigines, his throwing power was regarded as "almost supernatural".

In 1863, during the Victorian gold rush, Frank joined an unsuccessful expedition in search of gold in the Otways. His father, the expedition's leader, reported that Frank and two Aboriginal boys struck gold, "but not in payable quantities".

Cricket career
In February 1869, in his second intercolonial contest, Allan formed a bowling attack with Victorian captain Tom Wills that obliterated the New South Wales batsmen with 8/20 in the first innings and 7/44 in the second innings respectively, securing Victoria's 78-run win. Allan's successes in intercolonial cricket earned him the sobriquet "the bowler of a century".

Allan was probably past his best by the time Test cricket arrived but had a reputation as a superb medium pace bowler (though would probably be more regarded as a spin bowler in modern cricket).

On the Australians tour of 1878 to England, Allan produced some excellent spells of bowling to take over 200 wickets in all games on the tour. However he was troubled by bouts of sickness from the point of arrival in England as he struggled to adjust to the cold weather.

Allan's only Test came against the touring Lord Harris XI in 1879. He had been selected for the first two Tests two years earlier but had declined selection both times, including preferring to attend the Warrnambool Agricultural Fair with friends than playing in the inaugural Test match.

Australian rules football
Allan made his senior football debut in 1867 for South Melbourne, then a leading club of the metropolis, notorious for its brutal and uncompromising style of play. Starting off as a goalsneak, he kicked 4 goals in his first season, the most of any player that year. He recalled in old age the dangers associated with the position: "The name itself made for trouble; ... I verily believe if a goalsneak had been killed in those days it would have been a most difficult matter to find a jury that would have brought in a verdict other than 'justifiable homicide'!" Allan made appearances for other clubs, including Albert Park, which he represented in the opening season of the Victorian Football Association (VFA), and South Yarra. He also served as an administrator for Albert Park and occasionally acted as central umpire when it hosted other teams. Allan played most of his football outside the VFA in Western District competitions for the Warrnambool Football Club. In 1877, he played for Warrnambool against a team of Aborigines, principally from Framlingham Station, kicking the only goal for his side.

Serving as a Carlton Football Club committeeman in later years, he freely admitted to other members that he still barracked for his "original love" of South Melbourne during finals: "I am red and white from head to feet, but blue is not a bad colour."

Personal life
Allan maintained close friendships with Aborigines from the Warrnambool district throughout his life. In 1916, The Camperdown Chronicle published Allan's obituary for Wilmot, "the last of the Tooram tribe of blacks". In it, he recalls "the many happy days" he spent hunting and fishing with Wilmot and other "blackboy mates", and the "wonderful lot of bush lore they taught to an only too willing pupil". Allan closes: "It is sad indeed to write about an extinct tribe. Indeed, I fear it will not be long before the historian of the future will record the end of the last representative of all the Victorian tribes. Long ago Tasmania has made such a record, and Victoria will surely follow suit. The virtues of the dominant race are not for the aborigines; its vices are their destruction. So be it. Let their epitaphs be: 'Killed by civilisation.'"

Death and legacy
On 29 January 1917, the day he participated in a bowling tournament at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Allan "contracted a chill" and was taken to Miss Garlick's Private Hospital in Flinders Lane, where he died on 9 February. His funeral, which was private, took place at Boroondara General Cemetery, Kew.

In its obituary, Wisden wrote that Allan was "the first of the long line of great Australian bowlers", and "the first to develop those special qualities that made Australian bowling ... the talk of the cricket world".

title: Frank Allan


text:
Railton Special

The Railton Special, later rebuilt as the Railton Mobil Special, is a one-off motor vehicle designed by Reid Railton and built for John Cobb's successful attempts at the land speed record in 1938.

It is currently on display at Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, England.

Design
The vehicle was powered by two supercharged Napier Lion VIID (WD) W-12 aircraft engines. These engines were the gift of Marion 'Joe' Carstairs, who had previously used them in her powerboat Estelle V. Coupled together, these two engines made 2700 hp @ 3,600 rpm, and 3939 lbft of torque. Multiple engines was not a new technique, having already been used by the triple-engined White Triplex and the Railton Special's contemporary rival, Captain Eyston's twin-engined Thunderbolt. With the huge powers thus available, the limitation was in finding a transmission and tyres that could cope. Reid Railton found a simple and ingenious solution to this by simply splitting the drive from each engine to a separate axle, giving four wheel drive.

The vehicle weighed over 3 tonnes and was 28 ft long, 8 ft wide and 4 ft high. The front wheels were 5 ft apart and the rear 3 ft. The National Physical Laboratory's wind tunnel was used for testing models of the body.

Land speed record
On 15 September 1938, the Railton Special took the land speed record from Thunderbolt at 353.30 mi/h, also being the first to break the 350 mi/h barrier. Eyston re-took the record within 24 hours (357.50 mph / 575.34 km/h), holding it again until Cobb took it a year later on 23 August 1939 at a speed of 369.70 mi/h.

Further development
After the Second World War further development and sponsorship by Mobil Oil led to renaming as the Railton Mobil Special. It was the first ground vehicle to break 400 mi/h in a measured test. On 16 September 1947 John Cobb averaged 394.19 mi/h over the measured mile in both directions (385.6 & 403.1) to take the world land speed record, before the American Goldenrod set a new mark for piston-engined, wheel-driven LSR cars eighteen years later.

title: Railton Special


text:
When the Wind Blows (comics)

When the Wind Blows is a 1982 graphic novel, created by British artist Raymond Briggs, commonly known for its critiques against government issued preparations for nuclear war. Utilizing a cartoonish design, this graphic novel follows a retired couple, Jim and Hilda Bloggs, and their journey through surviving a nuclear attack on Britain launched by the Soviet Union. The novel was later adapted for different entertainment types including an animated film, radio play, and stage play.

Plot
The book follows the story of the Bloggs, a couple previously seen in the book Gentleman Jim. One afternoon, the couple hears a message on the radio about an "outbreak of hostilities" in three days time. Jim immediately starts construction of a fallout shelter (in accordance with a government-issued Protect and Survive brochure, which he has collected from a public library), while the two reminisce about the Second World War. Their reminiscences are used both for comic effect and to show how the geopolitical situation has changed, but also how nostalgia has blotted out the horrors of war. A constant theme is Jim's optimistic outlook and his unshakeable belief that the government knows what is best and has the situation under full control, coupled with Hilda's attempts to carry on life as normal.

During their preparations, the action is interrupted by two-page dark illustrations, the first being a nuclear missile on a launch pad, labelled "MEANWHILE, ON A DISTANT PLAIN....", the second a squadron of Warthogs, labelled "MEANWHILE, IN THE DISTANT SKY....", and third a nuclear submarine labelled "MEANWHILE, IN A DISTANT OCEAN...."

The Bloggs soon hear of enemy missiles heading towards England and make it into their shelter before a nuclear explosion. They spend all the first day within the fallout shelter; on the second day, however, they start suffering from aches and pains in their bodies and still feeling tired, hinting that they have already started being exposed to radiation. They start moving about the house, exposing themselves to more radioactive fallout. Undaunted, they try to continue life as normal, as if it was the Second World War again. They find the house to be in shambles, with both the water and the electricity cut off. On the third day, misreading advice given in government leaflets, they come to believe that they must stay in the fallout shelter for just two days rather than two weeks. Thus, they go outside, to find that their garden and likely the whole area has essentially been reduced to a wasteland with dead trees and grass in their garden, and that there are no sounds such as the trains that would usually be running; Hilda also thinks that the bomb has caused nice weather, as the day is bright, hot and near-cloudless (different from the nuclear winter seen in the film). While out, they notice the smell of cooking meat, unaware that it comes from the burning corpses of their neighbours.

Jim and Hilda exhibit considerable confusion regarding the serious nature of what has happened after the nuclear attack; this generates gentle comedy as well as darker elements: amongst them, their obliviousness of the fact that they are probably the only people left of their acquaintance. For instance, they repeatedly state that they should go out and purchase supplies. As the novel progresses and their emergency water supply runs out, they resort to collecting rainwater. Though they are wise to boil it, it is still contaminated with radiation, and thus their situation becomes steadily more hopeless, as they begin to suffer more effects of radiation sickness. At first they suffer headaches and shivering, moments after the bomb. Then, from the second day, Hilda suffers from vomiting and diarrhoea. On the fourth day, Hilda's gums begin to bleed, and she finds blood in her diarrhoea, which they mistake for haemorrhoids. On the fifth day, Jim also shows bleeding gums; both are suffering blue bruising but mistake these for varicose veins. Finally, Hilda's hair begins to fall out. From then on, she insists that they go back into the fallout shelter and wait for help to arrive (though it never does).

The book ends on a bleak night, when Hilda insists Jim, who has now lost the last of his optimism, should pray; he begins uttering phrases from Psalm 23, which pleases Hilda. However, forgetting the lines, he switches to The Charge of the Light Brigade, whose militaristic and ironic undertones distress the dying Hilda, who weakly asks him not to continue. Finally, James's voice mumbles away into silence as he finishes the line, "...rode the Six Hundred..."

The paper potato sacks they have wrapped themselves in then darken, in line with their ebb of consciousness, growing debility and ultimate deaths.

Film
The book was made into an animated film by director Jimmy Murakami in 1986. The couple are voiced by Sir John Mills and Dame Peggy Ashcroft. The soundtrack consists of songs, many with an anti-nuclear theme, by prominent rock musicians and groups, including Roger Waters, Genesis and David Bowie.

Radio
There was also a BBC Radio 4 dramatisation in 1983, with the voices of Peter Sallis and Brenda Bruce, directed by John Tydeman. The programme won the Broadcasting Press Guild award for the most outstanding radio programme of 1983.

Stage
When the Wind Blows was adapted for the stage in 1983 by Samuel French Inc., one year after its original comic publication. Concord Theatrics, the parent company to Samuel French Inc., has gone on to adapt other books to plays, such as Animal Farm by George Orwell. The earliest known date for script publication is December 1, 1983, and it has since been performed several times.

Other appearances

 * The book was mentioned in UK parliamentary discussions, and used to support unilateral disarmament.
 * "Mothers Talk", a 1984 song by the British pop group Tears for Fears, was partly influenced by the book:
 * "The song stems from two ideas. One is something that mothers say to their children about pulling faces. They say the child will stay like that when the wind changes. The other idea is inspired by [...] When The Wind Blows." —Roland Orzabal
 * Licensed images from When the Wind Blows appear in the short book Sussex After the Bomb – What Will Happen to Newhaven, Lewes, The Ouse Valley, Seaford, Eastbourne and Brighton published by The Profession for Peace (1984).
 * The lyrics to the Mansun B-side track "When the Wind Blows" are based on the graphic novel.
 * The Iron Maiden song "When the Wild Wind Blows" from their 2010 album The Final Frontier is loosely based on the graphic novel. In the song, however, the couple commit suicide thinking the tremors shaking up their hideout are the nuclear doomsday they had been expecting. They are found like this by a rescue team going through the ruins after what was "merely" a strong earthquake, on "just another day the wild wind blows".

Critique of preparations for nuclear war
The two pamphlets mentioned in When the Wind Blows are based on actual public information series such as Protect and Survive. These sort of pamphlets go back as far as 1938, when the British government put out a leaflet, The Protection of Your Home Against Air Raids. It was updated after the Second World War to Advising the Householder on Protection against Nuclear Attack which was originally published in 1963, around the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Protect and Survive was published in 1980, shortly before Briggs began work on When the Wind Blows.

Many of James and Hilda's preparations came directly from the pamphlets:
 * Page 10 of Protect and Survive provided James with the directions for making the lean-to using doors to protect from radiation.
 * Page 14 of Advising the Householder demonstrated how whitewashing windows reduces fire damage by reflecting the heat from the nuclear blast.
 * Page 16 of Protect & Survive illustrated a box of sand for dishwashing.

Briggs was not the only one to criticise the pamphlets about preparation for nuclear war. One of the best-known critiques was E. P. Thompson's anti-nuclear paper, Protest and Survive, playing off the Protect and Survive series.

Criticisms like Protest and Survive point out the inadequacies of the preparation procedures posed by the pamphlet Protect and Survive. In contrast, by the comic format or graphic novel genre, Briggs is able to depict a more realistic account of the effects of nuclear attack on civilians, like James and Hilda. In When the Wind Blows, James makes reference to the bombing of Hiroshima and uses his knowledge of that event to infer what could happen to him and Hilda and to make sense of his own experience before and after the nuclear attack. Unlike the nuclear preparation pamphlets, Briggs's depictions of James and Hilda's experience with radiation sickness actually align with real accounts.

title: When the Wind Blows (comics)


text:
Claude Gnakpa

Claude Gnakpa Johouri (born 9 June 1983 in Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône) is a French footballer who played as a striker. Besides France, he played in Spain, Switzerland, Spain, Scotland, Iraq, and India.

Beginning his career as a trainee at Montpellier HSC, Gnakpa then played for French lower league sides before moving to Spain in 2003 to play in the reserve teams of La Liga sides Racing de Santander and Alavés. In 2006, he moved to Switzerland for a short time to play for top-tier club FC Vaduz. He moved to England in 2007 to play for Swindon Town, though never made an appearance. He subsequently signed for Peterborough United, where he was used as a defender, then for Luton Town on a free transfer in 2008. At Luton, Gnakpa received notability for scoring the winning goal in the club's 2009 Football League Trophy Final victory, securing Luton's first success in the competition. Since the 2009–10 season, Gnakpa has been utilised almost solely in a wide position, using his combination of pace, power and crossing to contribute numerous goals and assists. After he received the March player of the month, Gnakpa was named in the Conference Premier team of the season for 2009–10. Gnakpa left Luton at the end of his contract in July 2011, signing for League One side Walsall.

Career
Gnakpa began as a youth player for Montpellier HSC, then appeared for local sides Marignane and Beaucaire, before moving abroad to play for Racing de Santander B, Deportivo Alavés B and FC Vaduz. In March 2007, Gnakpa was signed on transfer deadline day by Swindon Town boss Paul Sturrock on a short-term contract. Gnakpa failed to play for Swindon's first team, appearing only as an unused substitute in several matches, before he was released at the end of the season.

In July 2007, Peterborough United manager Darren Ferguson took Gnakpa on trial. He was eventually signed by the club. The "Flying Frenchman" was quickly made a regular at London Road and with his notoriously strong tackle and terrifying pace he cemented his place in the team.

In May 2008, it was reported that Gnakpa had rejected Peterborough's offer of an improved contract following the side's promotion to League One, and would instead search for another club. Reportedly, Gnakpa harboured interested from Championship side Sheffield Wednesday, League Two outfit Luton Town, and Scottish Premier League side Aberdeen.

He joined the Hatters prior to the start of the 2008–09 campaign, with the club starting League Two on an unprecedented −30 points. Gnakpa scored his first goal for the Hatters in a 2–1 home defeat to Darlington on 11 October 2008. He scored the only goal of the game in Luton's Football League Trophy area semi-final victory over Colchester United on 16 December 2008.

On 5 April 2009, Gnakpa came on as a substitute and scored an extra-time winner as Luton defeated Scunthorpe United 3–2 to win the Football League Trophy final at Wembley Stadium. In that game he was used as a winger, a position where he then played regularly during the 2009–10 season under Harford's successor, Richard Money.

On 20 March 2010, Gnakpa scored a hat-trick in a 6–1 win over Ebbsfleet United, then continued his scoring streak with three goals in the next two games. His good form saw him awarded the Conference Premier Player of the Month award for March. In June 2010, Gnakpa was named in the Conference Premier team of the season.

Gnakpa continued his form into the next season, scoring 15 goals as Luton finished third in table, securing a play-off place.

On 1 July 2011, Gnakpa's contract with Luton ended, and he subsequently signed a one-year deal with League One side Walsall.

On 27 January 2012, Gnakpa signed for Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle on a short-term contract. Walsall manager Dean Smith said that it was best to move on as Gnakpa wanted more first team appearances. Inverness manager Terry Butcher said that he was delighted he had signed him and that he was pleased to sign him after previously failing to.

He was released by Inverness in April having failed to make much of an impact during his stay.

On 5 August 2013, it was announced that Gnakpa has signed for I-League side Salgaocar.

Honours
Luton Town
 * Football League Trophy: 2008–09

title: Claude Gnakpa


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Biggest-selling female musician (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. --Tony Sidaway Talk 17:55, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Biggest-selling female musician
''The article Biggest-selling female musician has been nominated for deletion. A record of a previous vote on the matter can be seen at Votes for deletion/Biggest-selling female musician.''

 * Delete. This article is superfluous, proves nothing, and leads only to inflated fan figures as partisans of one singer (not "musician") or the other "compete" with each other for highest sales figures. The article violates all three of Wikipedia's basic policies: Verifiability, No original research, and Neutral point of view. There is nothing on this page that could not be, or is not, better said on the individual artist pages. ProhibitOnions 13:49:10, 2005-08-19 (UTC)

 * Abstain. The reason this article exists is to keep this "debate" from wrecking the individual artist pages, which it was doing before. In a better world, no one would care about this "title" and the article would not need to exist.   Wasted Time R 15:26, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's Useless. This article can not even tell for certain who is the best selling female singer. Some of the singers on this list could not possibly be the best selling female artist. For example Whitney Houston and Alla Pugacheva, whoever she is? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.81.117.175 (talk • contribs) 14:07, 20 August 2005
 * The article used to have a conclusion, but an admin took it out on the grounds it violated the no-original-research rule.  Wasted Time R 13:09, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. The constant edit wars between fans of each musician are troublesome, yes (today I caught two anons, most likely overzealous Mariah Carey fans, removing content from other artists' sections), but I'm worried that the disagreements will spill over to the articles of the artists mentioned if this article is deleted. As a regular contributor to Mariah Carey's article, I'd prefer if that didn't happen. Extraordinary Machine 15:35, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It seems to be an interesting and well referenced article on a much disputed issue. - SimonP 14:47, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable fluff.  There's lies, damned lies, and statistics. --Madchester 14:54, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful and plenty of references. A notable topic. Cleanup maybe? Christopher Parham (talk) 16:34, 2005 August 21 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is an interesting article. Capitalistroadster 17:01, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article has valid references, plus it helps to keep the debate off the main article of these singers.
 * Comment. WP is not a discussion forum. This page and List of best-selling music artists is just a battleground for fans to duke it out with unverifiable sources.  There's no universal counting technique for records sold, let alone a universal body for giving global sales certifications.  --Madchester 18:35, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. The numbers may be "unverifiable fluff", but the debate itself is notable. -- BD2412 talk 18:39, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Leave fans to bicker on messageboards, not on Wikipedia. You can't verify the numbers, since there is no universal body to tabulate these figures. Fans will obviously use estimates to suit their own POV.For example: "According to Dion's Wikipedia article, she has sold 184 million albums and 28 million singles, making her total worldwide sales 212 million. Her record company is not as certain about the sales of her singles. They state that she has sold 28 million singles, but they are not sure about the sales in other French-speaking parts of the world."  That's cringeworthy for a suppoesdly encyclopedic article. --Madchester 18:43, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete What is the point of this? If fans want to bicker, why should an 'encyclopedia' accommodate them?  I am not even sure how this will prevent boosterism on individual entries. Besides, Anita Mui isn't even listed on the page making it highly suspect and euro-centric.  Dottore So 19:21, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, topic is obviously of interest and can be handled in an NPOV way. Kappa 21:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep, This is a bad faith nomination. It has already been voted on a month ago, and what is worse, the issue itself had at that time already was on VFD see Votes for deletion/Best selling Female artist. --Nicodemus75 21:58, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The reasons why I nominated this are: a) List of best-selling music artists has been nominated for deletion for essentially similar reasons; and b) the significant problems with this article have not been resolved in the six weeks since it was last nominated. Note that the majority last time supported deletion. ProhibitOnions 20:18:24, 2005-08-25 (UTC)

 * Delete. The article's a platform for fans to promote their favorite artist(s). Looks like propoganda from a studio press junket or a bad episode of TRL. --LeoTheLion 22:11, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Keeping the garbage and fighting out of individual articles isn't a good enough reason—we should be trying to keep the garbage and fighting out of Wikipedia as a whole. —Charles O'Rourke 00:15, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article describes a notable debate. The media often toss around the phrase "best selling female artist," and do not always refer to the same person. HollyAm 01:32, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Comment. We should have this, even if it is just to help protect other pages from vandalism. --Apyule 02:28, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Biggest-selling? Oh, for the love of grammar, rename this to "best-selling". Radiant_ >|< 10:22, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per Radiant. --Apyule 12:22, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Can't possibly be covered as effectively in the individuals' articles. Osomec 14:30, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The fact that there's a lengthy disclaimer at the top of the article does not bode well for the validity of the article's contents.  The article was created with good intentions, but it's just not wikipedia material. --207.236.66.194 19:29, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Polyclitus (freedman)

Polyclitus was an influential freedman in the court of the Roman emperor Nero. He was sent to Britain in 60 or 61 AD to head an enquiry in the aftermath of the rebellion of Boudica. As a result the governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was relieved of his command and replaced by Publius Petronius Turpilianus.

Polyclitus was put to death by Galba in 68.

title: Polyclitus (freedman)