text:
Talk:Chinese grammar

Is this article in need of clean up? August 31, 2007
I apologize for being negative, but in my humble opinion, this article could use a lot of work. Having said that, I don't want to discount the hard work that has been made and all the great effort that has been put in by all the contributors of this article thus far. There is certainly some very good content in this article and all the individuals who have contributed to this article deserve thanks. But I think this article can be a lot better. I wish I could do something to improve this article, but I do not have sufficient expertise; I am only an elementary to pre-intermediate learner of Chinese. Perhaps this article could use some good clean up. Also, I wonder a bit about the quality and accuracy of some parts of this article. For example, I noticed one blatantly false statement, which said, "'Monkey' (and certain other animals) and 'pencil' are both '隻/只 zhi' nouns." In other words, the statement said that the words for monkey and pencil both take the same measure word. This is blatantly false. The measure words for monkey and pencil merely have the same pronunciation. They are not the same word. I have since deleted that sentence, but I am a bit concerned by it because it is a mistake that only a very novice learner of Chinese would make. Can we solicit the help of some experts for feedback on the article as a whole? I think this article has the potential to be great, but I think a lot of work will be needed. 61.229.104.25 15:01, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * This article needs to supply more detailed translations to the examples used. It seems to be written under the assumption that the person reading already understands Chinese to some degree. For example, the sentence 妈妈来了 is discussed at length without ever supplying a translation at all. Later, the article seems to expect the reader to understand the difference between 没 and 不. These are just two examples, but I feel the article would be much more helpful if it took into account that not all readers understand Chinese. LeeWilson (talk) 22:33, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

2 January 2006
I have a problem with the Mood section. 呢 does not mean or imply "pending", but rather is an interjection similar to the Japanese yo — in the example sentence provided, the idea of "pending" is provided by 還 rather than 呢, which would more likely indicate that the speaker is providing information. It is possible, for example, to say "發生什麽事？" (what happened) - "他撞倒了燈柱呢！" (he knocked over the lamppost!), where 呢 could not possibly mean pending, but rather providing the new information that he had knocked over the lamppost, and even with an overtone of surprise, shock, disbelief, or more generally exclamation. That bit needs editing, IMO. --Denihilonihil 14:36, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

呢 is often used as you say, but it can also mean pending. Two possible usages. JMCorey (talk) 23:25, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

I am preparing to edit this soon... Colipon 04:58, 4 Nov 2003 (UTC)

May I suggest that those slashes just before the simplified versions don't look very good -- well, at least on my browser, the slash comes out too close to the initial simplified character (I don't know if it is a problem with my browser). I might suggest including also pinyin after each sample sentence, probably done most easily if someone knows a webpage to produce it automatically :)

I added a little information but failed to find the secret of how to input Chinese characters correctly. P0M 06:26, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)

P0M: I erased my last remark. Now that I can see the Chinese I see how Taoster modified the text. Wouldn't it make sense to have the traditional as well as simplified "ma"? Kou3+ma2 is definitely wrong, and I had replaced it with the correct traditional form at one point, but that disappeared too,

 * FYI, the Traditional and the Simplified characters are nearly identical aside from the 馬 simplification on the latter. Notwithstanding, 嘛 is used exclusively in colloquialism. It is not used as an interrogative particle in Mandarin, however, it can be used as a substitute for shenme. -Taoster

I don't know if it improves the readability, but I put characters on top of the pinyin. I think doing this is useful, but would like some feedback before attempting more.

 * All Chinese dialects share a similar grammar system

I am afraid this is not the case.. For instance, Cantonese and Mandarin grammar differs significantly from each other. — Instantnood 22:21, Jan 28 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, they're quite similar, in the same way you see similar grammars among the (say) Germanic languages. -- ran (talk) 02:28, Jan 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * All Chinese dialects share a similar grammar system, different from those employed by other language families.

Your comments come with two problems. The sentence in the article imples Chinese languages is an exception. Are Germanic languages another exception? How much should we accept for similar? Are German and English grammars similar tho there are some differences? — Instantnood 09:26, Jan 29 2005 (UTC)

 * The comment is simply there to explain that since all Chinese dialects share a similar system, most of the things explained in the article (aspect particles, topic-comment, mood particles, measure words etc.) apply in principle to all Chinese dialets. -- ran (talk) 15:07, Jan 29, 2005 (UTC)

Similarities and differences among grammar systems of the dialects
But in my opinion I think it is necessary to write something about the differences in grammar among different languages. — Instantnood 17:19, Jan 29 2005 (UTC)

Sure, go ahead. -- ran (talk) 17:51, Jan 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * All Chinese dialects share a similar grammar system

Should it be changed to all Chinese spoken varieties? — Instantnood 09:27, Jan 29 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure. -- ran (talk) 15:07, Jan 29, 2005 (UTC)

I am not exactly sure what Instantnood is trying to say. As with a very large number of other phenomena, languages are related together on a tree structure. Languages are different from lots of other things like the genetic connections among all human being in that it is at least not clear that Chinese and the Indo-European languages did not spring from totally different origins. I.e., some people say that there is no proof that humans didn't invent language more than once. Researchers are currently trying to puzzle out whether there is some innate structure in the human brain that ensures that all languages will follow some basic rules (even though they may play with those rules in such different ways that it is hard to see how they could be the same at some root level). What is pretty clear is that languages like German and English are twigs on a common branch -- even though they do some things in ways that are irritatingly different for speakers of one language who must learn the other language. Similarly, all of the spoken languages of Chinese share many commonalities even though they do some things differently. I'm told, for instance, that in Cantontese one says "I give money you," rather than "I give you money." Little differences like that are nothing compared to the fact that no Chinese language has tense as that concept is understood in English, German, Latin, French and the other Indo-Europeans languages. Instead, they use aspect. To find parallels to aspect that are even remotely helpful, people look to Russian, a language that is viewed by most English speakers as much "different" from English than is German. But all of the Chinese languages have that way of marking -- not time-- but answers to questions like, "Did you do it (as you were expected to)?" "Have you done it (within some time period, implied or explicit)." Zhao Yuan-ren has written a great deal about aspect as used in various Chinese languages/dialects (whatever you prefer to call them).

To me it would make sense to say something about the ways in which all forms of spoken Chinese are similar, e.g., that they all use two basic sentence formats: Topic-Comment and Subject-Predicate, that Subject-Predicate sentences position their verb after the subject and before objects, predicate nominatives, etc., and so forth.

Then it would be interesting to catalog some of the main differences. Knowing Mandarin fairly well and having only a smattering of Taiwanese I couldn't do more than mention the hearsay evidence I have on "subject + verb + indirect object + object" vs. "subject + verb + object + indirect object" mentioned above. Offhand, I can't think of any way in which Taiwanese sentence structures depart radically from Mandarin sentence structures. But listing whatever differences are to be found (and about what percent of the Chinese population uses the less common form) would give the general reader some idea of both the degree of similarity and the degree of dissimilarity among the tongues of various places and groups in China.

Some commonalities among all Chinese languages trace all of the way back to wen yan wen, e.g., the use of zhi1 (e.g., "Wu2 zhi1 you3 Kung3 Ming2 ru2 yu2 zhi1 you3 shui3.") in wen yan wen and the use of "de" in Mandarin, "eh" (not sure how to romanize it) in Taiwanese, etc. That grammatical item makes a good context with English in which the "stacking order" of modifiers goes the other way, and it would be easy to demonstrate graphically why speakers of one language may have difficulties adapting to the rules of the other language. P0M

Translation errors/issues
"Swim[ming] I am the best." This translation to a sample grammatical sentence is imprecise. It should be something like "Swimming, it is my forte."

 * Surely "swimming is my forte" would be “游泳是我的拿手”. “游泳我是最拿手” is literally "Swimming: I'm the most proficient".  — Chameleon 14:11, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The original sentence uses "swimming" as a topic or focal point. The speaker is looking at a range of activities that s/her participates in, selects swimming from among them, and then pays himself/herself a compliment, indicating that (among his/her companions, schoolmates, or whatever group the social context of the sentence indictes) the speaker has an advantage. That's different from saying that it's his/her forte.  "Forte" refers to the strongest capability of all the capabilities of the individual being characterized.  A situation in which an individual is explaining his/her capabilities relative to his/her "in group" is a little uncomfortable in English. I think it's possible to toss off the Chinese (Youyong, wo zui nashou!) in a light way in Chinese, suggesting by yu3 diao4 and tone of voice that it's no big deal even if I have the best capability. I think in English the adept speaker of English might somewhat self-deprecatingly say, "As for swimming, I guess I'm the pick of the litter." (Comparing himself/herself to a puppy.)  If you say "I am the best," you put yourself into competition with Olympic champions.

 * What is the image behind the expression "na shou"? "I've got a handle on that"?P0M 21:02, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Since 拿 ná basically means "to grasp", I'd say it is easy to see 拿手 náshǒu as referring to someone with "a good grasp" of a discipline or being "an old hand" at it. — Chameleon 21:38, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I would like to modified how the translation should be presented. For example in the first sentance instead of
 * . [院子裏停著一輛車. ] In the courtyard is parked a car. (A car is parked in the courtyard.),

I think we should have it:
 * . (院子裏停著一輛車. ) [courtyard] [n. suf.] [inside] [park] [v. attah.] [one] [unit measure] [car], fully translated: A car is parked in the courtyard.

Doing it this way shows the distinctive sentance structure of mandarin Chinese comparing with romantic languages.

Also, a lot of sentances sound funny in chinese as well. Take the previous posting on 游泳我是最拿手 for example. The sentance is more rounded and complete if it is said 我最拿手是游泳, couple with the full translation: "Swimming is my forte." and the translation by characters I mentioned. The sentance contrast will be so much better. If no one objects, I would like to go ahead and change all the sentances translations. --Ndhuang (talk) 11:22, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I think "游泳我最拿手了!" or "我最會游泳了" would be more native :) --140.116.7.85 (talk) 10:51, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

Markup used
I was mistaken in my question, silly me. That's not what I was looking at! Laundrypowder 02:21, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Modal particle
Citation: Another category of devices unique to Chinese are the modal particles, used to express mood, or an expression of how a statement relates to reality and/or intent.

This statement is not correct. German language uses modal particles frequently as well, so Chinese language is not unique in this aspect. See German modal particle for more information. --Abdull 20:04, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know exactly how to make the characterization more apt, but as someone who knows a little of both languages I don't think the comparison is apt. German "modal particles" are more like the final "la," "ya," etc., i.e., particles that indicates something about the speaker's subjective reaction, whereas "le" at the end of a sentence typically indicates a change of status that would need to be indicated, somehow, in a good translation. P0M 22:51, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Traditional and Simplified
This article lists both types of characters (in almost all cases), but the order is not very consistent. I'd suggest putting everything in simplified and traditional characters in brackets behind. Simplified is most used in China itself (at least as far as I have been able to see， so unless someone has a good reason to do it the other way around, let's make that default here.

Article Title
I feel a much more precise title for this article is Chinese Syntax, not grammar. A redirect from this article there would be in order, too. I'm Linguist, though, so the titles may a bit pedantic.

Clay 16:19, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Syntax is part of grammar. the study of grammar is composed of morphology and syntax. --Voidvector (talk) 20:24, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Bad example
In the mood section, the example for 2 meanings of 了(le) isn't appropriate, because the 2 alternative explanations for the phrase "妈妈来了!/Māma lái le!" aren't correct. The phrase "妈妈来了!/Māma lái le!" only mean that "Mother has come", and is definitly different from "妈妈要来了!/Māma yào lái le!", which only means "Mother will come". As no definition of "perfective le" or "inceptive le" is given, it wouldn't be possible to understand any difference between the two. As much as I know, 了(le) does either indicate the end in a phrase or slightly modify the tone of the phrase. In either way, it is not possible, in most cases, for 了(le) to alter the meaning of the phrase significantly. su88 06:04, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I come from taiwan(So, I'm a native speaker of Chinese^^)."媽媽來了!" mainly mean "Mom is coming soon!", but "要" just emphasizes "soon" or "be going to" in this situation.("媽媽來過了" is more appropriate for perfective )"了" is more like "!" than "has been" :)--140.116.7.85 (talk) 11:04, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

Another bad example, and this time in the Topic prominence section. The last sentence there, ie. the one glossed as meaning "I'm the best at swimming" does not exemplify the topic-prominence principle. As the word "swimming" comes first, it's clear that this is not meant to be given information that is commented in the sentence but instead, it is an example of focusing a part of the sentence in order to, for instance, to contrast it to other implied options, which in this case would be other hobbies or sports the speaker does. I am no expert of Chinese languages (but I am a student of linguistics and am familiar with the cross-linguistic notions of topic prominence and focus fronting) so I've left the text as it is, but I hope someone would look at it. -Oghmoir 19:37, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

AgreeRiskiest (talk) 19:25, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Coverb
According to an editor, there were incorrections in this section, so I'm hiding it until someone else can fix it. FilipeS 01:13, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Accusative/dative
Are these words (referring, as far as I know, to grammatical cases) really appropriate for Mandarin? All varieties of Chinese are almost completely isolating languages. Are these terms used in reputable Chinese grammars? Strad 03:05, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Subject-Predicate pair used as a predicate
I dimly recall I've read something about being able to use subject-predicate pair as a predicate for a sentence to describe property of a component of an entity. Something like 'I eyes-are-blue'. Can someone elaborate on that? Sorry, if this is only a misunderstanding from my part.

Thanks
Just wanted to show my appreciation to those who worked on this article. The information there is very informative and helpful. You certainly manage to explain the subtleties of word order and perfectives/imperfectives better then my Chinese prof does. Basser g 06:42, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Perception of grammar in Chinese
The article doesn't really cover a common perception held by Chinese people that Chinese language does not have grammar. This is somewhat covered in the Chinese version of this page. --Voidvector (talk) 20:29, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry to reopen this topic so long after the original posting; I just noticed it. Anyway, I agree that it's worth at least mentioning; the question is whether we can find a reliable source for it.  Of course, I personally in my time over there have frequently encountered that ＂中文没有语法！＂ tidbit of wisdom, but I wonder if any reliable sources have documented it... Politizer talk / contribs 04:22, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Knock-knock. We know it's not true, so is it really worth mentioning if nobody claims this? Some people's perception about the grammar is inflection. So, if Chinese doesn't have inflection, they assume, it doesn't have the grammar. Perhaps, worth mentioning that Chinese words don't have inflection and even identifying the parts of speech is impossible by the word shape. It has both positive and negative aspects from a foreign learner's point of view. --Anatoli (talk) 04:50, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

 * People talking to Chinese native speakers will get told that Chinese has no grammar. Then they read an English Wikipedia article talking about Chinese grammar.  The contradiction is obvious.  It seems obvious that we should address it. 211.160.164.166 (talk) 07:22, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

I don't think thats necessary. Maybe there can be a separate section on the Chinese language page about the perceptions of the language. But "old-wives tales" about the grammar don't deserve a mention in this section. 118.122.88.158 (talk) 12:54, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Most people think their native language doesn't have grammar.  It's only the languages they've learnt that have grammar.  Kanguole 14:05, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

moon
moon —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.218.106.129 (talk) 03:21, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Mood section
I as a non chinese speaker have trouble understanding the mood section. The two examples give -le and -ne endings which appear to be different words. But the article says: "The perfective le and the inceptive le are two different words. ... The fact that they are now written the same way in Mandarin can cause confusion." This does not match the example given of "inceptive -ne". --Pepsi Lite (talk) 01:04, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

The comparison is not between -le & -ne, but between the perfective -le in the "Aspects" section and the inceptive -le in the "Mood" section.Riskiest (talk) 19:14, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Chinese translations of grammatical terms

 * note: Please also see the above section, posted at the same time as this one.
 * Merged sections now.

Regarding these edits : Let's have a quick discussion here about whether or not to include these translations, before this becomes an edit war. I am also going to leave notes at WikiProject China and WikiProject Theoretical Linguistics.

Anyway, my stance is that they're unnecessary (as per Voidvector's edit summary; they're not even terms unique to Chinese) and that an individual wanting to know how to say these terms in Chinese can look them up (the better online dictionaries, such as nciku.com and dict.cn, have most of them) or can use the interwiki links at each of the respective pages on topic-prominent language, serial verb construction, etc.; the 中文 interwikis on those pages all go to Chinese WP articles that have those terms (that's how I learned a lot of the Chinese grammar terms when I first started being interested in Chinese linguistics). Politizer talk / contribs 22:12, 22 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I think that only terms that are exclusively used to describe the Chinese language should have Chinese translations here, such as "measure word" and the like.--Danaman5 (talk) 23:03, 22 January 2009 (UTC)
 * That's a good idea. Technically "measure word/classifier" is not exclusive to Chinese...but it is probably far more common in Chinese than other languages (as evidenced by the fact that just about anyone learning Chinese knows about measure words, whereas other people usually haven't heard of that term unless they've got a couple years of linguistics training)...so that might be ok. Politizer talk / contribs 23:09, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Let's expand this rather short article, rather than removing my edits with Chinese terms. Most textbooks and reference materials do that - provide the Chinese terms for grammar words.

 * It makes sense for all languages, even more for Chinese, where English and Chinese terms are often much harder to link. It makes a discussion or teaching process between Anglophone and Chinese grammarians or teachers/students easier. Bilingual terms are more likely to be found by search engines. Anyway, the benefits are obvious.

 * The section of complements is very short, I am planning to expand it and yes, the terms need the Chinese translations. If this article has been on your watchlist for a long time, it doesn't mean there is no room for improvement. I am asking for your cooperation. Let's help to make the article better, don't start the edit war.

 * I am open for a discussion about the format - using tags, simplified/traditional/pinyin, inline or on a separate line, etc.

--Anatoli (talk) 23:22, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I have moved my previous post as the first answer to avoid duplication. It doesn't have to be specific to Chinese to be included in the chapter. As I said, most university references provide bilingual terms. Check Japanese, Russian, Arabic grammar articles. E.g. Japanese "pronoun(代名詞 daimeishi)". So do individual articles about Chinese grammar points. There is a consensus there. Chinese grammar article deserves more attention and more information.

 * Chinese grammar pages are scattered, in my opinion, adjectives, particles, etc. could be joined to one article, or at least have a short section with the link to the main page, if you think they need separate articles.

--Anatoli (talk) 23:33, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I would agree with Anatoli's arguments for the usefulness of having Chinese names for grammatical constructions and parts of speech. Maybe it's not the first priority to add them, but it certainly makes no sense to remove them where they are supplied. True, they can be looked up in a dictionary... but then most of the content of any Wikipedia article can be looked up in a suitable reference book somewhere! Vmenkov (talk) 01:56, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguation
The current disambiguation at the top of the page isn't very useful; being told to "look at so-and-so page" without being told exactly where isn't very helpful. I suggest moving this page to "Standard Mandarin grammar" or "Grammar of Standard Mandarin", having "Chinese grammar" redirect there, and having a "Chinese grammar (disambiguation) page. Alternatively, "Chinese grammar" could be the disambiguation page branching off into the rest of the grammar articles. Thoughts?– DroEsperanto(t / c) 01:41, 27 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Changing the title of this page wouldn't change the dablink at the top; all that would happen is the text "Chinese grammar" redirects here would be added to the beginning, but there would still be similar dablinks at the top. Creating Chinese grammar (disambiguation) might be useful, but personally I think the Chinese languages page already pretty much serves that purpose; someone looking for Wu grammar, Yue grammar, Hakka grammar, etc., can find all of them there already. As for naming, unfortunately "Chinese" is standard shorthand for "Mandarin" in most of the world (including China itself) so "Chinese grammar" will always have to redirect here, even if the formal title of this page is changed to "Mandarin grammar". Unless, that is, someone wants to write a new article on the grammatical features that are common to all the Chinese languages...but we already have that article, more or less, at Chinese languages.
 * Admittedly, the treatment of Chinese languages on Wikipedia is a mess, and I left a similar message along those lines at one of these talk pages (I don't even remember where anymore... Chinese languages, Sinitic languages, Varieties of Chinese, or something like that). But a reorganization of them should probably be discussed and conducted in a top-down fashion, with an eye for all of the articles, rather than just taking care of one article at a time in an ad-hoc manner. r ʨ anaɢ talk/contribs 06:26, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Example glosses
Can someone with a better understanding of Chinese grammar add some more detail to the examples? Interlinear glosses as seen in e.g. bǎ construction are very helpful in understanding how each part of the sentence fits together. By contrast, the examples here simply jump from Chinese to the idiomatic English translation, which isn't much help to someone who isn't already familiar with the language. 67.87.115.207 (talk) 06:26, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I could probably do it when I have some free time. I wrote the bǎ article so I would do the examples here in roughly the same way. r ʨ anaɢ talk/contribs 16:18, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

"Chinese Grammar"
This article should be retitled to become "Mandarin grammar".Cheezexyz (talk) 01:01, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

See the above discussion under Disambiguation. JMCorey (talk) 23:28, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Typo? (25 March 2011)
In the Aspects section, re imperfectives, one finds the following sentence:

"The two imperfectives may both occur in the same clause, e.g. 他正在打电话 tā zhèngzai dǎ diànhuà 'He is in the middle of telephoning someone'."

Am I missing something? It seems to say the will use both forms (正在 and 着), but the sentence doesn't actually do that. JMCorey (talk) 23:35, 25 March 2011 (UTC)
 * This criticism seems correct -- the text appears to be flawed as both forms are not used. --68.175.35.188 (talk) 06:08, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

comparable to the similar features found within the Slavic languages or Semitic languages
What does this phrase in the lede mean? --JWB (talk) 23:34, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

'不要给我拍马屁' does not mean 'don't flatter me'
'给我' is something like Japanese's 'くれる'(...てくれる), but with stronger tone (something like Japanese's 'てくれ'). It is unrelated to 'to me'. Here it is just like a simple order.

In this case (A speaks to B), A could be either flattered by B or not. So, the translation is not right.

Rethliopuks (talk) 10:53, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

About "被"
The word '被' doesn't simply show passive voice, but also a passive mood (not only passive in grammar, but also in meaning). In some cases, the passive sense it shows can be very strong. 222.248.137.120 (talk) 09:57, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

Europeanization and Dialectization of grammar
Baihua and may fourth

http://books.google.com/books?id=dNVihjQVQNIC&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=h5e8Za8sEJAC&pg=PA153#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=tB3zbSCY-zUC&pg=PA750#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=1SWaAAAAIAAJ

http://books.google.com/books?id=ey2sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA320#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=wKMZmdxVj9gC&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=pCIaAQAAIAAJ

Rajmaan (talk) 07:05, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

他吃了饭
This is perfect acceptable. --刻意(Kèyì) 20:54, 19 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, I have a book which claims that it isn't... But we can remove it from the article if it's dubious, it's rather a detailed matter for this general article in any case. W. P. Uzer (talk) 18:28, 20 August 2014 (UTC)
 * For example: A: 他吃饭了吗？ B:他吃[过]了. A： Did he eat yet? B: He did.  ηoian   ‡orever ηew ‡rontiers  11:21, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

吧 and 啊
Okay so given that I'm basically an ABC, I feel like ba and ma have other usages. Either that or my understanding of Mandarin is wrong. Ex. 吧 in response to a question or debate 就用红色的油漆吧? Let's just use red paint, yes? If you reply 好 vs 好吧 I feel the connotation is different. 好 is closer to the English of "Yes" while 好吧 based on my understanding would be closer to "Fine". There is a bit of reservation in the second case. (Although this also depends on the inflection used while pronouncing 吧. A lower tone represents reservation, while a shorter quick tone represents eagerness.)

Similarly for 啊. It can be used in response to a question to demonstrate uncertainty. 我听所你生病了 I heard you got sick. 我没生病啊? I didn't get sick [to the best of my knowledge]?

Or incredulity 他没生病啊? "He wasn't sick?!"

Although in this case that's somewhat covered by the 'forcefulness' part, but I tend to understand forcefulness differently than what it achieves in this case. I suppose it also has to do with the inflection used when saying the statement. ηoian  ‡orever ηew ‡rontiers  11:29, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

Bandits killed my father
What's with this sentence? 土匪把我杀了父亲 tǔfěi bǎ wǒ shā le fùqīn. People keep "correcting" it, but the book I found it in makes a big deal of this sentence and its various transformations. Does it really sound ungrammatical to native speakers? (At least, the version in the book has ta "his" instead of wo "my" - does that make a difference?) Obviously it's not being claimed that this is the normal way of translating "the bandits killed my father", but has the author got it completely wrong about the sentence being grammatically acceptable? W. P. Uzer (talk) 00:11, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

 * As a native Chinese speaker, I find that sentence completely ungrammatical (and no, the distinction between "his" and "my" isn't of concern here). The correct version would be 土匪把我的父亲杀了 оr 土匪杀了我的父亲. I don't have access to the book you cited, and I can't really tell from the paragraph what "inner and outer" objects are. Could you give more examples? Wyverald (talk) 11:08, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

 * These kinds of gapless structures are possible (and common) in bei sentences (see, e.g. Lin (2015)), which in this case would be 我被土匪杀了父亲. But I've never seen it in a ba sentence. What's the source? r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 12:16, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Audrey Yen-hui Li (1990), Order and Constituency in Mandarin Chinese, page 89ff. You may be able to get a partial view on Google Books. W. P. Uzer (talk) 12:29, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

In any case, another native speaker has essentially confirmed the replies above, so I'll make the necessary changes to the article - again, those with better knowledge are invited to review, expand, etc. W. P. Uzer (talk) 17:16, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

 * "我被土匪杀了父亲" would be right if any English native speaker could confirm that "I was killed by bandits father" was right.小梨花 (talk) 17:27, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
 * English grammar is not the same as Chinese, of course. Are you saying that this sentence does not appear correct to you? At the time of the above discussion I asked a native speaker, who confirmed that the original sentence as given above was wrong, but said that this version (which is the one suggested by Rjanag above) was acceptable. Do we need to revisit that conclusion? W. P. Uzer (talk) 18:21, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I just said it's same in this example. I'm Mandarin Chinese native speaker, neither Cantonese nor Shanghaiese, in Mandarin Chinese, you can say "我被医生杀了神经" but we never say "我被土匪杀了父亲" because "神经" is a part of ”I” but “父亲” not. Maybe in Cantonese it would be right, I don't know, I will look for a source to confirm this if necessary.小梨花 (talk) 18:51, 29 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't know about the exact semantics and pragmatics of that particular example, but gapless bei sentences are definitely possible even in cases where the last noun (corresponding to 神经 or 父亲) is not inalienable possession (part) of the subject (我). For example, constructions like 我被[someone]偷了车、我被小偷偷了钱包 are attested. Neither 车 (bike) nor 钱包 (wallet) is "part" of 我 ("I"). r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 10:48, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

Is the example with "eat vinegar = be jealous" (following a ba object) definitely wrong as well? The same book that I mentioned above (this time on pages 194-195) gives examples like this. W. P. Uzer (talk) 15:57, 21 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I can't really gauge if it's right or wrong because the example isn't explained clearly. That is to say, I can't think of any instance in which 吃醋 (be jealous) would be used with 把 (ba), and no example was actually given in the text that I removed. r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 10:45, 22 November 2015 (UTC)
 * The examples given in the book are: ni bu neng ba ta (sheng name da de qi/chi name duo de doufu/chi name duo de cu/zhan name duo de pianyi), for which the author gives the translations "you cannot (be so angry with him/flirt with her/be jealous of her/take so much advantage of her)". Do any/all/none of these work? If so, is the presence of the qualifier before the idiomatic noun necessary? W. P. Uzer (talk) 10:54, 22 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Would have to check with a native speaker. My inclination is to say no, because I've never heard any of them (I would say 'ni bu neng gen ta shengqi' for the anger example; not sure about the jealousy one), but just because I haven't heard it attested doesn't necessarily mean it's bad... Although either way, I don't think any of those examples are really needed to make a point about ba structure, whatever's being shown there is pretty orthogonal to ba. r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 11:07, 22 November 2015 (UTC)
 * The point of interest (if the examples are valid) would be that in this case, unusually, the ba object phrase cannot be replaced by a direct object after the verb, because that position is already occupied. Which is admittedly already illustrated by the "peel an orange" example. W. P. Uzer (talk) 11:55, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

zuótiān shì tā mǎi cài de shíjiān
This sentence sounds extremely weird to me, given the gloss that accompanies it. Besides just being weird to start with, if I had to translate it, I would say it meant something more like "yesterday was his/her grocery-buying day" -- it answers "when does s/he buy groceries?" (habitual), not "when did s/he buy the groceries?". Any other native speakers to weigh in? Perhaps it's simply regionalism on my part? -104.129.194.84 (talk) 20:02, 15 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Like in the case discussed above, it's a sentence I found in a grammar book, which I assumed to be a reliable source. I don't know who's writing these books, since native speakers quite often seem to disagree with their grammaticality judgments. It seems we could use some expert/native review of this whole article. W. P. Uzer (talk) 07:30, 16 May 2015 (UTC)

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Proposal: adding elasticity/flexibility in Chinese entries
I'll be concise for those knowledgeable, and refer to brief and basic bibliography for those who are not.

The Chinese elasticity/flexibility is a lexical property of chinese terms, two sides of the same coin, which must be reflected in the very same entry for a certain lemma.

Therefore, for example the fifth version of the prestigious XDHYCD (Xiandai Hanyu Cidian) applies mutual annotations in the respective entries, so that the entry for 煤 mei ‘coal’ reads "noun, … also called 煤炭 mei-tan ‘coal-charcoal’", and the entry for 煤炭 meitan ‘coal-charcoal’ is annotated as "noun, 煤 mei ‘coal’".

Unfortunately, currently in wiktionary this is wrongly reflected in the broadly termed 'compounds' section, as a synonym or after 'see also', and only for the monosyllabic version.

Please, before commenting read the following brief article (and if necessary further references within it); if you still have any questions, I'll be glad to try and answer them.

http://www-personal.umich.edu/~duanmu/2014Elastic.pdf

Finally, elasticity from Xiandai Hanyu Cidian 2005 has been tabulated in the following open access thesis

deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116629/1/yandong_1.pdf

I hope an enriching discussion ensues for this critical lexicograhical issue --Backinstadiums (talk) 02:38, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

By saying "To understand something you hear", does it mean "To understand something one hears" ? 2A01:CB0C:38C:9F00:D196:EBEE:8A6C:34AB (talk) 21:07, 24 November 2019 (UTC)

Is the inner/outer object example correct?
“我把橘子皮剥了” is given as an example of an inner and an outer object. The citation is to Li (1990), which instead has: “我把橘子剥了皮”, which seems to me to be a better and more obvious example of a sentence with inner and outer objects, since in the example in the article, 橘子皮 “tangerine/orange skin” could be viewed as a noun phrase constituting single direct object. Indeed, the more idiomatic “alternative” provided in footnote [d] is identical to the sentence in the main text, so it can’t be a “more common way to express this.” Guan (talk) 17:23, 18 July 2020 (UTC) ok
 * I agree, but native speakers kept changing the example given, so I concluded there was some doubt about the correctness of Li's proposal. Can anyone confirm it? W. P. Uzer (talk) 21:15, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The example is not originally from Li (1990). Li cites Thompson (1973) . It's possible to reject the whole concept of inner and outer objects, but if you accept it, it seems clear that 我把橘子剥了皮 is a correct example of the concept and 我把橘子皮剥了 is not. Thompson has 153 citations on Google Scholar and I looked at a few of them. Most of the sources that are actually on Chinese grammar (as opposed to general grammar or linguistics) cite Thompson approvingly, and several reproduce the 我把橘子剥了皮 example. One source couches the citation in softer language (“As Thompson (1973b) argues”), but goes on to analyze it in depth, while another is more definitive (“Since the publication of Thompson 1973, it has been recognized”). Guan (talk) 22:33, 21 July 2020 (UTC)

Ruby text
In the hatnote, why is the second "Pinyin" treated like ruby text? 64.203.187.122 (talk) 14:10, 5 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Because that's how the pinyin is treated in the article? W. P. Uzer (talk) 16:44, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

Section on tense
Much of this section is general information about tense theory (not specifically relevant to Chinese), or duplication of information already given under aspect. There seems to be only one source cited claiming that Chinese has tense in some way, and the purported justification for this is not clear to me; nor can I access the full article referenced. I would remove the whole section on tense and give just a footnote in the Aspects section, mentioning that some authors argue for the existence of tense. Any other views? W. P. Uzer (talk) 11:41, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese grammar


text:
Strophioblachia

Strophioblachia is a genus of plants in the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1900. It contains only one known species, Strophioblachia fimbricalyx, native to southern China (Yunnan, Guangxi), E Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand), the Philippines, and Sulawesi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Strophioblachia


text: User talk:82.69.106.225

title: User talk:82.69.106.225


text:
Tahltan language

Tahltan, Tāłtān, also called Tałtan ẕāke ("Tahltan people language"), dah dẕāhge ("our language") or didene keh ("this people’s way") is a poorly documented Northern Athabaskan language historically spoken by the Tahltan people (also "Nahanni") who live in northern British Columbia around Telegraph Creek, Dease Lake, and Iskut. Tahltan is a critically endangered language. Several linguists classify Tahltan as a dialect of the same language as Tagish and Kaska (Krauss and Golla 1981, Mithun 1999).

Language revitalization
As of May 2013, language researcher Dr. Judy Thompson estimated that there are 30 Tahltan speakers. A new Language and Culture office is exploring evening "language immersion" classes, a Master-Apprentice program, and creating a "language nest" for teaching the language to young children. Scholarships are planned for part-time language learners.

Lacking written documentation, it was unclear to the language revitalization coordinator how to teach the language, and how to explain the grammar. "After a year of study, Oscar Dennis says he, along with Reginald and Ryan Dennis, have finally cracked the code on Tahltan language’s fundamental patterns." As a Dene language, like Navajo, Tahltan has “encoded” patterns in which small pieces are added to words to create meaning. "Dr. Gregory Anderson from the Living Tongues Institute visited our territory, and was so impressed with the team’s work that he said he 'couldn’t improve upon it.'"

A digital archive of Tahltan recordings, located "at the Tahltan Language Revitalization Offices in Dease Lake, Iskut and Telegraph Creek" can be used on iPods.

Consonants
There are 47 consonant sounds:

Phonological processes

 * Vowel flattening.
 * Consonant harmony
 * Vowel nasalization
 * Vowel laxing

title: Tahltan language


text:
User talk:Csberger

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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Sorry for the delayed welcome. Don't hold it against us. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:47, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:CSI-Wil.jpg)
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title: User talk:Csberger


text:
User talk:-RonTaril-

So, go on, file a RfC. --Doc (?) 15:48, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It requires more than that for an RfC. --Ron 15:49, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:-RonTaril-


text:
User:Chinenye

HISTORY
Jordan’s are the most expensive sought

After sneakers in all of sneaker history. Today Jordan’s sell for $100 for kid’s sizes

And $160 for adult sizes. It is not unusual for long lines to form in front of stores the

Night before distribution of these sneakers commences. At times some of these stores will only

Have 60 pairs of these sneakers for a line of over 1000 people.

Nike has been manufacturing and designing Jordan footwear since 1985 ever since

They signed Michael Jordan and will continue to manufacture these sneakers until their demise.

Jordan’s are manufactured in China and cost less than $5 a pair to make.

The cost of Jordan’s today have risen only $10 from their first release in 1985 yet their purchase

Has increased more than 30% since then. Howard University estimates

That people will pay up to $270 for a pair of Jordan’s if the time reaches or if so becomes necessary.

Some attribute the wide success of this sneaker to Michael Jordan’s performance while with the National Basketball Association,

however other players have been just as if not more successful when it comes

To number of championship rings won, yet no other player’s footwear comes even close

To the amount of Jordan footwear sold altogether.

HISTORY
Sneaker Culture is a term which arose mainly from New York City’s love of sneakers.

In New York, Sneakers are a statement, a sign of status and they are often used to represent One’s wealth. Sneakers serve much the same purpose as one’s type of car, one’s type of house, or

One’s Type of job. This sneaker fad is by no means new in fact it has been going on since the 1960s and

Has even inspired such books as, “Where’d you get Those?”

by Julio Vargez. The sneaker at the root of this strong culture are the Jordan’s.

Sneaker culture is helped to be made stronger by such creations as Ebay.

Ebay has helped to boost the love of sneakers by allowing customers to find and purchase

sneakers they long dreamed of having but could not purchase for one reason or another. This sneaker craze has inspired

Some to gather over 500 pairs of sneakers for the fun of it.

Today contests exist for various collectors who collect and keep sneakers in mint

Condition. There even exists contests for most sneakers collected where first prize wins bragging rights

And a very sought after title, ‘sneaker king/queen of new york’.

BIOGRAPHY
Born in Lagos, Nigeria emigrated to New York at the age of six

Yung Chi didn’t start rapping until the age of 20, when she was criticized by her peers

That she wasn’t hip enough. With that She was able to write and record two songs in under one hour for her

Latest album Realisation. Recent hits such as “check your blitz” and “yung chi got the block on smash”

Keeps the public and her fans wanting more. The album has yet to be released but everyone cannot wait

Until it is finished. Producer, DDashawn will produce all the songs on the album and will even

Collaborate with Yung Chi on the single, “I see you” which is lightly based on how they met in a club

On the late night scenes of New York. What distinguishes Yung Chi is that she is known to only rap about

Her life experiences in school, with friends, and her journey from Africa to America. There is even a song

Titled “Journey” which is soon to be released, talks are already starting that this single will be a hit.

Yung Chi has been compared to the likes of lil kim, and foxy brown, however she is known

To have a distaste for comparisons of the sort and would strictly like to be known for her songs

As art in it’s own category.

HISTORY
Ashoké is the Igbo word for African clothing otherwise known as dashiki in various places in America.

The name comes from allowing yourself to shake and dance while wearing the material because it does

Not restrain your body much like jeans and shirts would. Ashokés are most likely worn during

special Occasions such as: weddings, church, etc, and they come in all types of colors and patterns. Ashokés can be and are made from various types of material, cotton, polyester to make them more comfortable when being

worn in the hot sun. Today the traditional ashoke is meeting with more western styles to create a more

hip and more trendy modern ashoke. Countries in Africa can be determined based on the designs

of the ashoke that the people wear, since certain patterns are prone to certain countries. These countries

also have different names for ashoke as well.

title: User:Chinenye


text:
Oakland Athletics award winners and league leaders

This is a list of award winners and league leaders for the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball.

The team was first known as the Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 to 1954 and then as the Kansas City Athletics from 1955 to 1967.

American League Most Valuable Player

 * See: Kenesaw Mountain Landis Most Valuable Player Award

 * Eddie Collins (1914)
 * Mickey Cochrane (1928)
 * Lefty Grove (1931)
 * Jimmie Foxx (1932, 1933)
 * Bobby Shantz (1952)
 * Vida Blue (1971)
 * Reggie Jackson (1973)
 * José Canseco (1988)
 * Rickey Henderson (1990)
 * Dennis Eckersley (1992)
 * Jason Giambi (2000)
 * Miguel Tejada (2002)

American League Cy Young Award

 * See: Cy Young Award

 * Vida Blue (1971)
 * Catfish Hunter (1974)
 * Bob Welch (1990)
 * Dennis Eckersley (1992)
 * Barry Zito (2002)

American League Rookie of the Year

 * See: Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year Award

 * Harry Byrd (1952)
 * José Canseco (1986)
 * Mark McGwire (1987)
 * Walt Weiss (1988)
 * Ben Grieve (1998)
 * Bobby Crosby (2004)
 * Huston Street (2005)
 * Andrew Bailey (2009)

American League Manager of the Year

 * See: Manager of the Year Award

 * Tony La Russa (1988, 1992)
 * Bob Melvin (2012, 2018)

American League Gold Glove Award

 * Pitcher
 * Mike Norris (1980, 1981)

 * Catcher
 * Sean Murphy (2021)

 * First base
 * Vic Power (1958)
 * Mark McGwire (1990)
 * Matt Olson (2018, 2019)

 * Third base
 * Eric Chavez (2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006)
 * Matt Chapman (2018, 2019, 2021)

 * Shortstop
 * Alfredo Griffin (1985)

 * Outfield
 * Joe Rudi (1974, 1975, 1976)
 * Dwayne Murphy (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985)
 * Rickey Henderson (1981)
 * Josh Reddick (2012)

American League Platinum Glove Award

 * Matt Chapman (Third Base) (2018, 2019)

Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Award

 * See explanatory note at Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders.

 * Team (at all positions)
 * (2012)
 * (2013)

American League Silver Slugger
First baseman
 * Mark McGwire (1992, 1996)
 * Jason Giambi (2001)

Third baseman
 * Eric Chavez (2002)

Outfield
 * Rickey Henderson (1981, 1990)
 * Jose Canseco (1988, 1990, 1991)

Edgar Martínez Award

 * See: Edgar Martínez Award

 * Dave Kingman (1984)
 * Dave Parker (1989)
 * Khris Davis (2018)

Mariano Rivera AL Reliever of the Year Award

 * See: Major League Baseball Reliever of the Year Award

 * Liam Hendriks (2020)

Rolaids Relief Man Award

 * See: Rolaids Relief Man Award

 * Dennis Eckersley (1988, 1992)
 * Billy Koch (2002)
 * Keith Foulke (2003)

MLB All-Century Team (1999)

 * See: MLB All-Century Team

 * Ty Cobb, outfielder (1927–1928)
 * Lefty Grove, pitcher (1925–1933)
 * Mark McGwire, first baseman (1986–1997)

DHL Hometown Heroes (2006)

 * See: DHL Hometown Heroes

 * Reggie Jackson (1967–1975, 1987) (winner)
 * Dennis Eckersley (1987–1995) (nominee)
 * Lefty Grove (1925–1933) (nominee)
 * Rickey Henderson (1979–1984, 1989–1993, 1994–1995, 1998) (nominee)
 * Catfish Hunter (1965–1974) (nominee)

MLB All-Time Team (1997; Baseball Writers' Association of America)

 * See: MLB All-Time Team

 * Harold Baines, designated hitter (1990–1992) (runner-up)
 * Ty Cobb, center fielder (1927–1928) (runner-up)
 * Dennis Eckersley, relief pitcher (1987–1995) (runner-up)
 * Jimmie Foxx, first baseman (1925–1935) (runner-up)
 * Joe Morgan, second baseman (1984) (runner-up)

Baseball Prospectus "Internet Baseball Awards" Team of the Decade (1999)

 * Reliever of the Decade: Dennis Eckersley, Athletics–Cardinals–Red Sox
 * First Base: Mark McGwire, Athletics–Cardinals
 * 2001 Most Valuable Player, AL: Jason Giambi
 * 2005 Rookie of the Year, AL: Huston Street

Chuck Tanner Major League Baseball Manager of the Year Award

 * Bob Melvin (2012)

Babe Ruth Award (World Series)

 * See: Babe Ruth Award

 * Gene Tenace (1972)
 * Bert Campaneris (1973)
 * Dick Green (1974)
 * Dave Stewart (1989)

Topps All-Star Rookie Teams

 * See: Topps All-Star Rookie Teams

 * 1961: Dick Howser, shortstop
 * 1962: Ed Charles, third baseman & Manny Jiménez, outfielder
 * 1964: Bert Campaneris, shortstop
 * 1966: Jim Nash, right-handed pitcher
 * 1967: Rick Monday, outfielder
 * 1971: Ángel Mangual, outfielder
 * 1974: Claudell Washington, outfielder
 * 1977: Wayne Gross, third baseman & Mitchell Page, outfielder
 * 1978: Dave Revering, first baseman & John Johnson, left-handed pitcher
 * 1983: Bob Kearney, catcher
 * 1986: José Canseco, outfielder
 * 1987: Mark McGwire, first baseman
 * 1988: Walt Weiss, shortstop
 * 1996: Tony Batista, second baseman
 * 1998: A. J. Hinch, catcher & Ben Grieve, outfielder
 * 2000: Terrence Long, outfielder
 * 2002: Mark Ellis, second baseman
 * 2005: Dan Johnson, first baseman & Huston Street, right-handed pitcher
 * 2008: Brad Ziegler, right-handed pitcher
 * 2012: Yoenis Céspedes, outfielder

Baseball America Major League Executive of the Year

 * See: Baseball America Major League Executive of the Year

 * 2006 – Billy Beane

Team award

 * 1902 – American League pennant
 * 1905 – American League pennant
 * – World Series championship
 * – World Series championship
 * – World Series championship
 * 1914 – American League pennant
 * – World Series championship
 * – World Series championship
 * 1931 – American League pennant
 * – World Series Trophy
 * – World Series Trophy
 * – World Series Trophy
 * 1982 – Baseball America Organization of the Year
 * 1988 – William Harridge Trophy (American League champion)
 * – Commissioner's Trophy (World Series)
 * – William Harridge Trophy (American League champion)
 * 1999 – Baseball America Organization of the Year

MiLB Overall Minor League Hitter of the Year

 * 2009 – Chris Carter

National Baseball Hall of Fame

 * See: Oakland Athletics

Athletics in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame

 * See: Oakland Athletics

Athletics in the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame

 * See: Oakland Athletics

Retired numbers

 * See: Oakland Athletics

Catfish Hunter Award

 * See footnote and Catfish Hunter

The award is given to the Athletics' most inspirational player.

Sporting News Sportsman of the Year

 * See: Sporting News

 * 1972: Charlie Finley

Ford C. Frick Award recipients

 * See: Oakland Athletics

Sports Illustrated Top 10 GMs/Executives of the Decade (2009)

 * See: List of 2009 all-decade Sports Illustrated awards and honors

 * No. 10 – Billy Beane (the list's only other MLB GMs were Boston's Theo Epstein, No. 3, and Seattle and Philadelphia's Pat Gillick, No. 7)

Batting Average

 * Nap Lajoie .426 (1901) (Modern Major League Record)
 * Al Simmons .381 (1930)
 * Al Simmons .390 (1931)
 * Jimmie Foxx .356 (1933)
 * Ferris Fain .344 (1951)
 * Ferris Fain .327 (1952)

On-base Percentage

 * Nap Lajoie .463 (1901)
 * Topsy Hartsel .409 (1905)
 * Topsy Hartsel .405 (1907)
 * Jimmie Foxx .463 (1929)
 * Mickey Cochrane .459 (1933)
 * Ferris Fain .438 (1952)
 * Rickey Henderson .439 (1990)
 * Mark McGwire .467 (1996)
 * Jason Giambi .476 (2000)
 * Jason Giambi .477 (2001)

Slugging Percentage

 * Nap Lajoie .643 (1901)
 * Jimmie Foxx .749 (1932)
 * Jimmie Foxx .703 (1933)
 * Jimmie Foxx .636 (1935)
 * Reggie Jackson .608 (1969)
 * Reggie Jackson .531 (1973)
 * Mark McGwire .618 (1987)
 * José Canseco .569 (1988)
 * Mark McGwire .585 (1992)
 * Mark McGwire .730 (1996)
 * Jason Giambi .660 (2001)

OPS

 * Nap Lajoie 1.106 (1901)
 * Jimmie Foxx 1.218 (1932)
 * Jimmie Foxx 1.152 (1933)
 * Jimmie Foxx 1.097 (1935)
 * Reggie Jackson 1.018 (1969)
 * Reggie Jackson .914 (1973)
 * Rickey Henderson 1.016 (1990)
 * Mark McGwire 1.197 (1996)
 * Jason Giambi 1.137 (2001)

Games

 * George Burns 130 (1918) Co-Leader
 * Jimmie Dykes 155 (1921)
 * Chick Galloway 155 (1922) Co-Leader
 * Bing Miller 154 (1930) Co-Leader
 * Frankie Hayes 155 (1944) Co-Leader
 * Dave Philley 157 (1953)
 * Norm Siebern 162 (1962) Co-Leader
 * Sal Bando 162 (1968) Co-Leader
 * Sal Bando 162 (1969) Co-Leader
 * Sal Bando 162 (1973) Co-Leader
 * Sal Bando 160 (1975) Co-Leader
 * Phil Garner 160 (1975) Co-Leader
 * Tony Armas 109 (1981) Co-Leader
 * Terrence Long 162 (2001) Co-Leader
 * Miguel Tejada 162 (2001) Co-Leader
 * Terrence Long 162 (2002) Co-Leader
 * Miguel Tejada 162 (2002) Co-Leader

At Bats

 * Al Simmons 654 (1925)
 * Al Simmons 670 (1932)
 * Doc Cramer 661 (1933)
 * Doc Cramer 649 (1934)
 * Doc Cramer 644 (1935)
 * Lou Finney 653 (1936)
 * Bert Campaneris 642 (1968)
 * Bert Campaneris 625 (1972)

Runs

 * Nap Lajoie 145 (1901)
 * Dave Fultz 109 (1902) Co-Leader
 * Topsy Hartsel 109 (1902) Co-Leader
 * Harry Davis 93 (1905)
 * Eddie Collins 137 (1912)
 * Eddie Collins 125 (1913)
 * Eddie Collins 122 (1914)
 * Al Simmons 152 (1930)
 * Jimmie Foxx 151 (1932)
 * Reggie Jackson 123 (1969)
 * Reggie Jackson 99 (1973)
 * Rickey Henderson 89 (1981)
 * Rickey Henderson 119 (1990)

Hits

 * Nap Lajoie 232 (1901)
 * George Burns 178 (1918)
 * Al Simmons 253 (1925)
 * Al Simmons 216 (1932)
 * Bert Campaneris 177 (1968)
 * Joe Rudi 181 (1972)
 * Rickey Henderson 135 (1981)

Total Bases

 * Nap Lajoie 350 (1901)
 * George Burns 236 (1918)
 * Al Simmons 392 (1925)
 * Al Simmons 373 (1929)
 * Jimmie Foxx 438 (1932)
 * Jimmie Foxx 403 (1933)
 * Sal Bando 295 (1973) Co-Leader
 * Joe Rudi 287 (1974)

Doubles

 * Nap Lajoie 48 (1901)
 * Harry Davis 43 (1902) Co-Leader
 * Socks Seybold 45 (1903)
 * Harry Davis 47 (1905)
 * Harry Davis 35 (1907)
 * Eric McNair 47 (1932)
 * Ferris Fain 43 (1952)
 * Sal Bando 32 (1973) Co-Leader
 * Joe Rudi 39 (1974)
 * Jason Giambi 47 (2001)

Triples

 * Frank Baker 19 (1909)
 * Harry Simpson 11 (1956) Co-Leader
 * Gino Cimoli 15 (1962)
 * Bert Campaneris 12 (1965) Co-Leader
 * Joe Rudi 9 (1972) Co-Leader

Home Runs

 * Nap Lajoie 14 (1901)
 * Socks Seybold 16 (1902)
 * Harry Davis 10 (1904)
 * Harry Davis 8 (1905)
 * Harry Davis 12 (1906)
 * Harry Davis 8 (1907)
 * Home Run Baker 11 (1911)
 * Home Run Baker 10 (1912) Co-Leader
 * Home Run Baker 12 (1913)
 * Home Run Baker 9 (1914)
 * Tilly Walker 11 (1918) Co-Leader
 * Jimmie Foxx 58 (1932)
 * Jimmie Foxx 48 (1933)
 * Jimmie Foxx 36 (1935) Co-Leader
 * Gus Zernial 33 (1951)
 * Reggie Jackson 32 (1973)
 * Reggie Jackson 36 (1975) Co-Leader
 * Tony Armas 22 (1981) Co-Leader
 * Mark McGwire 49 (1987)
 * José Canseco 42 (1988)
 * José Canseco 44 (1991) Co-Leader
 * Mark McGwire 52 (1996)
 * Khris Davis 48 (2018)

RBI

 * Nap Lajoie 125 (1901)
 * Harry Davis 83 (1905)
 * Harry Davis 96 (1906)
 * Frank Baker 130 (1912)
 * Frank Baker 117 (1912)
 * Al Simmons 157 (1929)
 * Jimmie Foxx 169 (1932)
 * Jimmie Foxx 163 (1933)
 * Reggie Jackson 117 (1973)
 * José Canseco 124 (1988)

Walks

 * Topsy Hartsel 87 (1902)
 * Topsy Hartsel 121 (1905)
 * Topsy Hartsel 88 (1906)
 * Topsy Hartsel 106 (1907)
 * Topsy Hartsel 93 (1908)
 * Max Bishop 128 (1929)
 * Jimmie Foxx 111 (1934)
 * Gene Tenace 110 (1974)
 * Rickey Henderson 116 (1982)
 * Rickey Henderson 103 (1983)
 * Mark McGwire 110 (1990)
 * Rickey Henderson 118 (1998)
 * Jason Giambi 137 (2000)
 * Jason Giambi 129 (2001)
 * Eric Chavez 95 (2004)
 * Daric Barton 110 (2010)

Strikeouts

 * Jimmie Dykes 98 (1922)
 * Jimmie Foxx 70 (1929)
 * Jimmie Foxx 66 (1930) Co-Leader
 * Jimmie Foxx 84 (1931)
 * Jimmie Foxx 93 (1933)
 * Jimmie Foxx 99 (1935)
 * Sam Chapman 96 (1940)
 * Eddie Joost 110 (1947)
 * Nelson Mathews 143 (1964)
 * Reggie Jackson 171 (1968)
 * Reggie Jackson 142 (1969)
 * Reggie Jackson 135 (1970)
 * Reggie Jackson 161 (1971)
 * Tony Armas 115 (1981)

Stolen Bases

 * Topsy Hartsel 47 (1902)
 * Danny Hoffman 46 (1905)
 * Eddie Collins 81 (1910)
 * Billy Werber 35 (1937) Co-Leader
 * Bert Campaneris 51 (1965)
 * Bert Campaneris 52 (1966)
 * Bert Campaneris 55 (1967)
 * Bert Campaneris 62 (1968)
 * Bert Campaneris 42 (1970)
 * Bert Campaneris 52 (1972)
 * Billy North 54 (1974)
 * Billy North 75 (1976)
 * Rickey Henderson 100 (1980)
 * Rickey Henderson 56 (1981)
 * Rickey Henderson 130 (1982)
 * Rickey Henderson 108 (1983)
 * Rickey Henderson 66 (1984)
 * Rickey Henderson 65 (1990)
 * Rickey Henderson 58 (1991)
 * Rickey Henderson 66 (1998)
 * Coco Crisp 49 (2011) Co-Leader

Singles

 * Nap Lajoie 156 (1901)
 * Eddie Collins 145 (1913)
 * Stuffy McInnis 160 (1914)
 * George Burns 141 (1918)
 * Doc Cramer 158 (1934)
 * Doc Cramer 170 (1935)
 * Irv Hall 139 (1945)
 * Bert Campaneris 139 (1968)

Runs Created

 * Nap Lajoie 158 (1901)
 * Al Simmons 164 (1925)
 * Jimmie Foxx 149 (1929) Co-Leader
 * Jimmie Foxx 206 (1932)
 * Jimmie Foxx 181 (1933)
 * Norm Siebern 123 (1962)
 * Jason Giambi 162 (2001)

Extra-Base Hits

 * Nap Lajoie 76 (1901)
 * Harry Davis 61 (1905)
 * Harry Davis 61 (1906)
 * Al Simmons 79 (1925) Co-Leader
 * Al Simmons 84 (1929)
 * Jimmie Foxx 100 (1932)
 * Jimmie Foxx 94 (1933)
 * Reggie Jackson 86 (1969)
 * Sal Bando 64 (1973)
 * Joe Rudi 65 (1974)
 * Reggie Jackson 78 (1975)
 * Tony Armas 49 (1981)
 * José Canseco 76 (1988)
 * Jason Giambi 87 (2001) Co-Leader

Times on Base

 * Nap Lajoie 269 (1901)
 * Topsy Hartsel 270 (1905)
 * Eddie Collins 284 (1914)
 * Jimmie Foxx 329 (1932)
 * Jimmie Foxx 301 (1933)
 * Ferris Fain 282 (1952)
 * Norm Siebern 296 (1962)
 * Wayne Causey 265 (1964)
 * Rickey Henderson 301 (1980)
 * Jason Giambi 320 (2001)

Hit By Pitch

 * Eddie Murphy 12 (1914) Co-Leader
 * Wally Schang 9 (1917) Co-Leader
 * George Burns 8 (1918) Co-Leader
 * George Burns 12 (1919)
 * Bing Miller 8 (1928)
 * Jimmie Dykes 7 (1929)
 * Jimmie Dykes 10 (1930)
 * Bing Miller 10 (1931)
 * Bobby Del Greco 13 (1962) Co-Leader
 * Bert Campaneris 9 (1965) Co-Leader
 * Don Baylor 20 (1976)

Sacrifice Hits

 * Dave Fultz 35 (1902)
 * Mule Haas 33 (1930)
 * Mule Haas 19 (1931)
 * Mule Haas 27 (1932)
 * Eddie Joost 24 (1947)
 * Barney McCosky 22 (1948)
 * Bert Campaneris 20 (1972)
 * Dwayne Murphy 22 (1980)
 * Mike Gallego 17 (1990) Co-Leader
 * Jerry Browne 16 (1992)

Sacrifice Flies

 * Héctor López 9 (1958) Co-Leader
 * Leo Posada 12 (1961) Co-Leader
 * Mike Hershberger 7 (1966) Co-Leader
 * Sal Bando 13 (1974)
 * Dave Kingman 14 (1984)

Intentional Walks

 * Reggie Jackson 20 (1969) Co-Leader
 * Reggie Jackson 20 (1974)

Grounded into Double Plays

 * Frankie Hayes 23 (1941) Co-Leader
 * Pete Suder 23 (1941) Co-Leader
 * George Kell 28 (1944)
 * Sam Chapman 22 (1946)
 * Billy Hitchcock 30 (1950)
 * Dave Philley 29 (1952)
 * Héctor López 23 (1958)
 * Ben Grieve 32 (2000)
 * Jason Kendall 27 (2005)

At Bats per Strikeout

 * Ed Busch 46.2 (1945)
 * Carney Lansford 22.0 (1989)
 * Jason Kendall 15.4 (2005)

At Bats per Home Run

 * Socks Seybold 32.6 (1902)
 * Harry Davis 40.4 (1904)
 * Harry Davis 75.9 (1905)
 * Harry Davis 45.9 (1906)
 * Harry Davis 72.8 (1907)
 * Frank Baker 53.8 (1911)
 * Frank Baker 57.7 (1912)
 * Frank Baker 47.0 (1913)
 * Jimmie Foxx 10.1 (1932)
 * Jimmie Foxx 11.9 (1933)
 * Jimmie Foxx 14.9 (1935)
 * Gus Zernial 13.2 (1953)
 * Gus Zernial 13.8 (1955)
 * Reggie Jackson 16.8 (1973)
 * Mark McGwire 11.4 (1987)
 * José Canseco 14.5 (1988)
 * Mark McGwire 14.8 (1989)
 * José Canseco 13.0 (1991)
 * Mark McGwire 11.1 (1992)
 * Mark McGwire 8.1 (1995)
 * Mark McGwire 8.1 (1996)

Outs

 * Doc Cramer 491 (1933)
 * Irv Hall 484 (1945)
 * Ed Charles 484 (1963)
 * Bert Campaneris 520 (1972)
 * Rubén Sierra 515 (1993)

ERA

 * Rube Waddell 1.48 (1905)
 * Harry Krause 1.39 (1909)
 * Lefty Grove 2.51 (1926)
 * Lefty Grove 2.81 (1929)
 * Lefty Grove 2.54 (1930)
 * Lefty Grove 2.06 (1931)
 * Lefty Grove 2.84 (1932)
 * Diego Segui 2.56 (1970)
 * Vida Blue 1.82 (1971)
 * Catfish Hunter 2.49 (1974)
 * Steve Ontiveros 2.65 (1994)

Wins

 * Rube Waddell 27 (1905)
 * Jack Coombs 31 (1910)
 * Jack Coombs 28 (1911)
 * Eddie Rommel 27 (1922)
 * Eddie Rommel 21 (1925) Co-Leader
 * Lefty Grove 24 (1928) Co-Leader
 * George Earnshaw 24 (1929)
 * Lefty Grove 28 (1930)
 * Lefty Grove 31 (1931)
 * Lefty Grove 24 (1933) Co-Leader
 * Bobby Shantz 24 (1952)
 * Catfish Hunter 25 (1974) Co-Leader
 * Steve McCatty 14 (1981) Co-Leader
 * Dave Stewart 20 (1987) Co-Leader
 * Bob Welch 27 (1990)
 * Tim Hudson 20 (2000) Co-Leader
 * Mark Mulder 21 (2001)
 * Barry Zito 23 (2002)

Won-Loss Percentage

 * Rube Waddell .730 (1905)
 * Eddie Plank .760 (1906)
 * Chief Bender .821 (1910)
 * Chief Bender .773 (1911)
 * Chief Bender .850 (1914)
 * Eddie Rommel .786 (1927)
 * Eddie Rommel .857 (1929)
 * Lefty Grove .848 (1930)
 * Lefty Grove .886 (1931)
 * Lefty Grove .750 (1933)
 * Bobby Shantz .774 (1952)
 * Dave Wickersham .733 (1962)
 * Bob Welch .818 (1990)
 * Tim Hudson .769 (2000)

WHIP

 * Lefty Grove 1.144 (1930)
 * Lefty Grove 1.077 (1931)
 * Lefty Grove 1.193 (1932)
 * Bobby Shantz 1.048 (1952)
 * Vida Blue .952 (1971)
 * Catfish Hunter .986 (1974)
 * Steve Ontiveros 1.032 (1994)

Hits Allowed/9IP

 * Rube Waddell 6.33 (1905)
 * Jimmy Dygert 6.88 (1907)
 * Lefty Grove 7.92 (1926)
 * George Earnshaw 8.23 (1929)
 * Vida Blue 6.03 (1971)
 * Mike Norris 6.81 (1980)
 * Steve McCatty 6.79 (1981)

Walks/9IP

 * Chief Bender 1.74 (1912)
 * Bob Hasty 2.01 (1921)
 * Jack Quinn 1.65 (1927)
 * Eddie Rommel 1.35 (1928)
 * Lum Harris 1.34 (1944)
 * Bobby Shantz 2.03 (1952)
 * Gil Heredia 1.53 (1999)

Strikeouts/9IP

 * Rube Waddell 6.84 (1902)
 * Rube Waddell 8.39 (1903)
 * Rube Waddell 8.20 (1904)
 * Rube Waddell 7.86 (1905)
 * Rube Waddell 6.47 (1906)
 * Rube Waddell 7.33 (1907)
 * Lefty Grove 5.30 (1925)
 * Lefty Grove 6.77 (1926)
 * Lefty Grove 5.97 (1927)
 * George Earnshaw 6.65 (1928)
 * Lefty Grove 5.56 (1929)
 * Lefty Grove 6.46 (1930)
 * Lou Brissie 5.89 (1948)
 * Vida Blue 8.68 (1971)

Games

 * Eddie Plank 43 (1903)
 * Rube Waddell 46 (1905)
 * Jack Coombs 45 (1910)
 * Eddie Rommel 51 (1922)
 * Eddie Rommel 56 (1923)
 * Lefty Grove 50 (1930)
 * Joe Berry 52 (1945)
 * John Wyatt 81 (1964)
 * Rollie Fingers 76 (1974)
 * Rollie Fingers 75 (1975)
 * Bob Lacey 74 (1978)
 * Buddy Groom 76 (1999) Co-Leader
 * Billy Koch 84 (2002)

Saves

 * Chief Bender 3 (1906)Co-Leader
 * Eddie Plank 4 (1911) Co-Leader
 * Chief Bender 13 (1913)
 * Lefty Grove 9 (1930)
 * Joe Berry 12 (1944) Co-Leader
 * Jack Aker 32 (1966)
 * Dennis Eckersley 45 (1988)
 * Dennis Eckersley 51 (1992)
 * Keith Foulke 43 (2003)

Innings

 * Scott Perry $332 1/3$ (1918)
 * Rube Walberg 291 (1931)
 * Rick Langford 290 (1980)
 * Dave Stewart $275 2/3$ (1988)
 * Dave Stewart 267 (1990)

Strikeouts

 * Rube Waddell 210 (1902)
 * Rube Waddell 302 (1903)
 * Rube Waddell 349 (1904)
 * Rube Waddell 287 (1905)
 * Rube Waddell 196 (1906)
 * Rube Waddell 232 (1907)
 * Lefty Grove 116 (1925)
 * Lefty Grove 194 (1926)
 * Lefty Grove 174 (1927)
 * Lefty Grove 183 (1928)
 * Lefty Grove 170 (1929)
 * Lefty Grove 209 (1930)
 * Lefty Grove 175 (1931)

Games Started

 * Eddie Plank 40 (1903)
 * Eddie Plank 41 (1905) Co-Leader
 * Jack Coombs 40 (1911)
 * Scott Perry 36 (1918)
 * Slim Harriss 33 (1925) Co-Leader
 * Lefty Grove 37 (1929) Co-Leader
 * George Earnshaw 39 (1930)
 * George Caster 40 (1938) Co-Leader
 * Harry Byrd 37 (1953)
 * Chuck Dobson 40 (1970) Co-Leader
 * Catfish Hunter 40 (1970) Co-Leader
 * Chris Codiroli 37 (1985) Co-Leader
 * Dave Stewart 37 (1988)
 * Dave Stewart 36 (1989) Co-Leader
 * Dave Stewart 36 (1990) Co-Leader
 * Dave Stewart 35 (1991) Co-Leader
 * Bob Welch 35 (1991) Co-Leader
 * Mike Moore 36 (1992) Co-Leader
 * Ron Darling 25 (1994) Co-Leader
 * Tim Hudson 35 (2001) Co-Leader
 * Barry Zito 35 (2001) Co-Leader
 * Barry Zito 35 (2002)
 * Barry Zito 35 (2005) Co-Leader
 * Danny Haren 34 (2006) Co-Leader
 * Barry Zito 34 (2006) Co-Leader

Complete Games

 * Rube Waddell 34 (1903) Co-Leader
 * Eddie Plank 35 (1905) Co-Leader
 * Scott Perry 30 (1918) Co-Leader
 * Lefty Grove 27 (1931) Co-Leader
 * Lefty Grove 27 (1932)
 * Lefty Grove 21 (1933)
 * Rick Langford 28 (1980)
 * Rick Langford 18 (1981)
 * Dave Stewart 14 (1988) Co-Leader
 * Dave Stewart 11 (1990) Co=Leader
 * Mark Mulder 9 (2003) Co-Leader
 * Mark Mulder 5 (2004) Co-Leader

Shutouts

 * Eddie Plank 8 (1907)
 * Jack Coombs 13 (1910)
 * Eddie Plank 6 (1911 Co-Leader
 * George Earnshaw 3 (1930) Co-Leader
 * Lefty Grove 4 (1931)
 * Lefty Grove 4 (1932)
 * Chuck Dobson 5 (1970) Co-Leader
 * Vida Blue 8 (1971)
 * Steve McCatty 4 (1981) Co-Leader
 * Dave Stewart 4 (1990) Co-Leader
 * Mark Mulder 4 (2001)
 * Tim Hudson 2 (2003) Co-Leader
 * Mark Mulder 2 (2003) Co-Leader
 * Tim Hudson 2 (2004) Co-Leader

Home Runs Allowed

 * Eddie Rommel 21 (1921) Co-Leader
 * Rube Walberg 18 (1927) Co-Leader
 * Rube Walberg 22 (1929) Co-Leader
 * George Earnshaw 28 (1932)
 * Gordon Rhodes 26 (1936)
 * Lynn Nelson 27 (1939) Co-Leader
 * Orlando Peña 40 (1964)
 * Catfish Hunter 39 (1973)
 * Matt Keough 38 (1982)

Walks Allowed

 * Chick Fraser 132 (1901)
 * Jimmy Dygert 97 (1908)
 * Cy Morgan 117 (1910)
 * Weldon Wyckoff 165 (1915)
 * Elmer Myers 168 (1916)
 * Lefty Grove 131 (1925)
 * George Earnshaw 125 (1929)
 * George Earnshaw 139 (1930)
 * Phil Marchildon 140 (1942)
 * Phil Marchildon 141 (1947)
 * Todd Van Poppel 89 (1994) Co-Leader
 * Kevin Appier 102 (2000)

Hits Allowed

 * Jack Coombs 360 (1911)
 * Scott Perry 295 (1918)
 * Vida Blue 284 (1977) Co-Leader
 * Dave Stewart 260 (1989)

Strikeout to Walk

 * Rube Waddell 3.28 (1902)
 * Chief Bender 6.58 (1909)
 * Lefty Grove 1.92 (1926)
 * Lefty Grove 2.86 (1928)
 * Lefty Grove 2.10 (1929)
 * Lefty Grove 3.48 (1930)
 * Lefty Grove 2.82 (1931)
 * Lefty Grove 2.38 (1932)
 * Bobby Shantz 2.41 (1952)

Losses

 * Weldon Wyckoff 22 (1915)
 * Bullet Joe Bush 24 (1916)
 * Scott Perry 19 (1918)
 * Scott Perry 25 (1920)
 * Eddie Rommel 23 (1921)
 * Slim Harriss 20 (1922)
 * Eddie Rommel 19 (1923) Co-Leader
 * Gordon Rhodes 20 (1936)
 * Harry Kelley 21 (1937)
 * George Caster 20 (1938)
 * George Caster 19 (1940) Co-Leader
 * Lum Harris 21 (1943)
 * Bobo Newsom 20 (1945)
 * Dick Fowler 16 (1946) Co-Leader
 * Lou Knerr 16 (1946) Co-Leader
 * Phil Marchildon 16 (1946) Co-Leader
 * Alex Kellner 20 (1950)
 * Alex Kellner 14 (1951) Co-Leader
 * Harry Byrd 20 (1953)
 * Art Ditmar 22 (1956)
 * Ed Rakow 17 (1962) Co-Leader
 * Orlando Peña 20 (1963)
 * Diego Segui 17 (1964)
 * John O'Donoghue 18 (1965) Co-Leader
 * Vida Blue 19 (1977) Co-Leader
 * Rick Langford 19 (1977) Co-Leader
 * Brian Kingman 20 (1980)
 * Matt Keough 18 (1982) Co-Leader
 * Tom Candiotti 16 (1998) Co-Leader

Earned Runs Allowed

 * Jack Coombs 132 (1911)
 * Weldon Wyckoff 108 (1915)
 * Elmer Myers 128 (1916)
 * Elmer Myers 99 (1917)
 * Willie Adams 83 (1918)
 * George Earnshaw 146 (1930)
 * Nels Potter 144 (1939)
 * Lum Harris 101 (1943)
 * Bobo Newsom 94 (1945)
 * Lou Brissie 109 (1949) Co-Leader
 * Alex Kellner 137 (1950)
 * Alex Kellner 112 (1952)
 * Harry Byrd 145 (1953)
 * Arnie Portocarrero 112 (1954)
 * Art Ditmar 125 (1956)
 * Bud Daley 117 (1960)
 * Ed Rakow 111 (1962)
 * Catfish Hunter 87 (1968)
 * Vida Blue 119 (1977) Co-Leader
 * Matt Keough 133 (1982) Co-Leader
 * Dave Stewart 130 (1991)

Wild Pitches

 * Eddie Plank 13 (1901) Co-Leader
 * Rube Waddell 9 (1903)
 * Weldon Wyckoff 14 (1914) Co-Leader
 * Weldon Wyckoff 14 (1915)
 * Bullet Joe Bush 15 (1916)
 * Roy Moore 9 (1921)
 * Roy Meeker 7 (1924) Co-Leader
 * Lefty Grove 9 (1925)
 * George Earnshaw 7 (1928) Co-Leader
 * George Earnshaw 9 (1932)
 * Stu Flythe 16 (1936)
 * George Turbeville 9 (1937)
 * Porter Vaughan 12 (1940) Co-Leader
 * Phil Marchildon 12 (1941)
 * Phil Marchildon 13 (1942)
 * Lum Harris 8 (1943)
 * Carl Scheib 9 (1950)
 * Alex Kellner 9 (1951)
 * Alex Kellner 10 (1953)
 * Arnie Portocarrero 9 (1954)
 * Blue Moon Odom 17 (1968) Co-Leader
 * Rick Langford 16 (1979)
 * Mike Norris 14 (1981)
 * Storm Davis 16 (1988) Co-Leader
 * Mike Moore 22 (1992)

Hit Batsmen

 * Chick Fraser 32 (1901)
 * Eddie Plank 18 (1902)
 * Chief Bender 25 (1903)
 * Eddie Plank 24 (1905)
 * Cy Morgan 18 (1910) Co-Leader
 * Cy Morgan 21 (1911)
 * Willie Adams 12 (1918)
 * Howard Ehmke 14 (1927)
 * Whitey Wilshere 10 (1935)
 * Russ Christopher 9 (1944)
 * Phil Marchildon 7 (1947) Co-Leader
 * Harry Byrd 14 (1953)

Batters Faced

 * Eddie Plank 1,378 (1903)
 * Scott Perry 1,342 (1918)
 * Eddie Rommel 1,154 (1925)
 * George Earnshaw 1,299 (1930)
 * Rube Walberg 1,248 (1931)
 * Dave Stewart 1,156 (1988)
 * Dave Stewart 1,081 (1989)
 * Dave Stewart 1,088 (1990)
 * Barry Zito 945 (2006)

Games Finished

 * Rube Vickers 17 (1908)
 * Walt Kinney 21 (1919)
 * Eddie Smith 27 (1938)
 * Joe Berry 47 (1944)
 * Joe Berry 40 (1945)
 * Jack Aker 57 (1966)
 * Rollie Fingers 59 (1975)
 * Dennis Eckersley 65 (1992)
 * Billy Koch 79 (2002)
 * Keith Foulke 67 (2003)

Oldest Player

 * Harry Davis 41 (1915)
 * Harry Davis 42 (1916)
 * Harry Davis 43 (1917)
 * Jack Quinn 43 (1927)
 * Jack Quinn 44 (1928)
 * Jack Quinn 46 (1930)
 * Bob Boyd 41 (1961)
 * Satchel Paige 58 (1965)
 * Doug Jones 43 (2000)

Youngest Player

 * Chief Bender 19 (1903)
 * Eddie Collins 19 (1906)
 * Stuffy McInnis 18 (1909)
 * Herb Pennock 18 (1912)
 * Ben Rochefort 17 (1914)
 * Lew Malone 18 (1915)
 * Charlie Grimm 17 (1916)
 * Walter Anderson 19 (1917)
 * William Pierson 19 (1918)
 * Lena Styles 19 (1919)
 * Emmett McCann 18 (1920)
 * Jimmie Foxx 17 (1925)
 * Jimmie Foxx 18 (1926)
 * Lew Krausse, Sr. 19 (1931)
 * Frankie Hayes 18 (1933)
 * Carl Scheib 16 (1943)
 * Carl Scheib 17 (1944)
 * Alex George 16 (1955)
 * Lou Klimchock 18 (1958)
 * Lew Krausse Jr. 18 (1961)
 * Dave Duncan 18 (1964)
 * Tim Conroy 18 (1978)
 * Todd Van Poppel 19 (1991)
 * Miguel Tejada 21 (1997)


text:
Obscure (video game)

Obscure (stylized as ObsCure) is a survival horror video game developed by Hydravision Entertainment and published by DreamCatcher Interactive in North America, Ubisoft in China and MC2-Microïds in other territories for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It was released on October 1, 2004 in Europe and on April 6, 2005 in North America.

Characters and setting
Obscure follows five students of Leafmore High School as they investigate strange happenings, with players being able to control one at a time while the others are controlled by a computer or second player. The playable students are Josh Carter (voiced by Sam Riegel), a shy and reserved reporter for the school paper who can determine if there are unfinished tasks in an area; Stanley "Stan" Jones (voiced by Scott Haze); a drug addict, thief, and hacker as well as a friend of Josh and Kenny who can pick locks and break into rooms more easily than the other characters; varsity athlete Kenny Matthews (voiced by Liam O'Brien); Shannon Matthews (voiced by Stephanie Sheh), Kenny's intelligent younger sister who provides tips to solve puzzles more quickly, heal the others, and recover more health with normal health items; and Ashley Thompson (voiced by Tara Platt), Kenny's cheerleader girlfriend who is more proficient with weaponry than the others. While investigating Leafmore, the students encounter Principal Herbert Friedman, who kidnaps students to turn them into monsters; Dan, a student and one of his test subjects; school nurse and Friedman's accomplice Elisabeth Wickson; teacher Professor Walden; and Herbert's mutated twin brother and Elisabeth's husband Leonard.

Plot
Upon learning their friend Kenny has gone missing, Josh, Stan, Shannon, and Ashley set out to find him. However, their search leads to them being locked in Leafmore High overnight. While searching the campus, they are attacked by photosensitive monsters that can be weakened with flashlights and killed by direct sunlight. Meanwhile, Kenny encounters a fellow student named Dan. They attempt to escape together, but Dan is killed by one of the monsters.

The students eventually discover a conspiracy surrounding Principal Friedman, who has been kidnapping students and infecting them with spores derived from a rare African plant called Mortifilia under the belief that it will allow them to live forever. Additionally, they learn that Herbert and his accomplice Elisabeth are over 100 years old despite appearing in their 60s after successfully experimenting on each other. Along the way, the students become exposed to the spores while Herbert is killed by Professor Walden, who seeks to cure himself of his infection. Upon seeing this, Herbert's brother Leonard grows enraged, kills Walden, and mutates into a large, monstrous form, only to be defeated by the students. The group return to the gym to inject themselves with a cure. Though Leonard returns to attack them, they defeat him once more and leave him to die in the sunlight.

Gameplay
Obscure has a two-player cooperative mode that allows the player to complete the campaign with a friend. The game also allows players to combine items, for example taping a flashlight to any firearm. Some critics, including X-Play, have stated that this was the only redeeming quality, and mocked id's Doom 3 for not implementing such a concept.

While each character has special abilities, none of them are necessary to complete the game. Each character can perform the same physical acts even if it takes some characters longer and/or more effort than others. If any characters die during the adventure, the player may simply continue with those remaining.

Reception
The game received "mixed or average reviews" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Sequels and future
Obscure II takes place two years later. The kids who survived are now at college living normal lives. They discover a strange plant on campus and things start going awry. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Wii and PlayStation Portable. The franchise was abruptly halted due to the closure of Hydravision Entertainment, who had intended to do a sequel and possibly a prequel.

A third entry was announced in 2011. However, the following year, its developer, Hydravision Entertainment closed. While a group of developers formed a new company, Mighty Rocket Studio, decided to continue work on the game, the change of direction to more non-horror action-oriented gameplay caused them rename the game to Final Exam (2013).

In 2014, a high definition remaster of Obscure and its sequel was re-released on Steam featuring Steam achievements, leaderboards and community support. This version of Obscure removed music from Sum 41 due to the rights being lost.

title: Obscure (video game)


text:
Adisa

Adisa is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Abdulkareem Adisa (died 2005), Nigerian general
 * Alao Fatai Adisa (born 1986), Nigerian footballer
 * Lawrence Adisa (born 1968), American actor, producer and writer
 * Opal Palmer Adisa (born 1954), Jamaican-born American poet and academic
 * Tunde Adisa, Nigerian para table tennis player

title: Adisa


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Spodi

I don't expect anyone to read this but I just wanted to complain real quick. My original article definitely needed cleaned up but I'm a bit annoyed that everyone said delete before the cleanup and keep afterwards citing that it now had content. It had plenty of content before, can we be a little slower to say delete. SchmuckyTheCat did a great job and I appreciate it but he didn't add any content, he just reformatted my content and now everyone changes their mind. Can't we add a voting option of 'clean up' instead of delete. I would have been happy to clean it up myself even. Vicarious 15:49, 19 August 2005 (UTC)


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Altaf Wani

Altaf A. Wani is retired a professor in the Department of Radiology and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology at Ohio State University (OSU). He eas a member of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention program of the James Cancer Hospital and Research Institute. Dr. Wani was the Director of Molecular Carcinogenesis Laboratory and conducts Basic Cancer research in the area of DNA damage and repair.

He is a Graduate Studies Committee member of the Ohio State Biochemistry Program and member of Integrated Biomedical Graduate Program. He served on the Appointments, Tenure and Promotion Committee of the OSU College of Medicine and Public Health. He represents his department at the University Faculty Council and Senate.

Dr. Wani is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Environmental Mutagen Society and American Society of Photobiology. In 2004 he was inducted as an AAAS Fellow. He serves on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) chartered XNDA study-section and on ad hoc basis on other NIH panels.

title: Altaf Wani


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Kyiv cake

Kyiv cake (торт «Київський») is a dessert cake produced in Kyiv, Ukraine since December 6, 1956 by the Karl Marx Confectionery Factory which is now a subsidiary of the Roshen corporation. It quickly gained popularity throughout the Soviet Union.

The cake has emerged as a symbol of Kyiv, largely due to its brand name and packaging featuring the depiction of a horse chestnut leaf, which was present on the Coat of Arms of Kyiv during the Soviet era.

The cake consists of two light layers of meringue with hazelnuts covered in a chocolate glaze, and filled with a buttercream-like filling.

History
Once confectioners forgot to put some amount of egg-white for the biscuit in a cooler. The next morning the chef Kostiantyn Petrenko, with the help of 17-year-old assistant Nadiia Chornohor, in order to hide the mistake of his colleagues, spread the frozen cakes with buttercream, strewed with powder, decorated with floral ornaments.

The recipe of the Kyiv cake has changed with time: in the 1970s, bakers perfected the process of making the egg-white and nut mixture. They then started to add hazelnuts, and began experimenting with adding peanuts and cashews; however, these nuts were expensive and increased the cake's cost, so the factory returned to using hazelnuts.

The Soviet Union in those years actively supported India, which paid with goods. Thus, in 1956, the USSR received a huge batch of cashew nuts. The party instructed the country's confectioners to create a dessert using these nuts, and the Kyiv factory named after Karl Marx was most capable of doing so. At the factory, they say: "The author of the recipe and production technology of the Kyiv cake is Kostiantyn Petrenko. We had such a head of the biscuit shop, he once worked as a master. The recipe and technology were developed in 1956. The creation of the cake was preceded by experiments for several years with ancient, exquisite recipes, because nothing appears out of nowhere."

title: Kyiv cake


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List of Oakland Athletics team records

The Oakland Athletics are a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Oakland, California. The Athletics formed in 1901 as the Philadelphia Athletics; after moving to Kansas City for 13 seasons, the Athletics relocated to Oakland in 1968. Through 2023, the Athletics have played 19,113 games, winning 9,260, losing 9,766, and tying 87, for a winning percentage of approximately .487. This list documents the superlative records and accomplishments of team members during their tenures as Athletics.

Eddie Plank holds the most franchise records as of the end of the 2023 season, with ten, including the most career wins, losses and hit batsmen. He is followed by Jimmie Foxx, who holds nine records, including the best career on-base percentage and the single-season home runs record, as well as Al Simmons, who holds the single season hit and RBI records.

Four Athletics hold Major League records. Offensively, Rickey Henderson holds the single-season modern day steals record, recording 130 over 149 games played during the 1982 season. Frankie Hayes is tied for the single-game doubles record, recording four in a game on July 25, 1936. Eddie Collins stole six bases twice in September 1912; his mark would later be tied by Otis Nixon, Eric Young and Carl Crawford. Defensively, Bruno Haas, who spent his only professional season with the Athletics, holds the single game walks allowed record, pitching 16 in his Major League debut.

Table key
Statistics current through the 2014 season

Individual career records

 * Batting statistics; pitching statistics

Individual single-season records

 * Batting statistics; pitching statistics

Team season records

 * Source:

* Also an American League record.

Individual single game records

 * Source:

Team all-time records

 * Source:

title: List of Oakland Athletics team records


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4th Marine Aircraft Wing

The 4th Marine Aircraft Wing is the reserve airwing of the United States Marine Corps. It is headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana but its subordinate units are scattered throughout the United States.

Mission
Conduct air operations in support of the Fleet Marine Forces to include anti-air warfare, offensive air support, assault support, electronic warfare, aerial reconnaissance, control of aircraft and missiles, and as a collateral function, to participate as an integral component of Naval Aviation in the execution of such other Navy functions as directed.

Subordinate units

4th MAW consists of a wing headquarters, two aircraft groups, an air control group, and an aviation training support group:

 * 4th Marine Aircraft Wing Headquarters (MAW HQ)
 * Marine Aircraft Group 41 - Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth
 * Marine Air Control Group 48 - Naval Station Great Lakes
 * Marine Aircraft Group 49 - Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst
 * Marine Aviation Training Support Group 42 - Naval Air Station Pensacola

History
Prior to World War II, Marine Reserve aviation consisted of a few personnel operating obsolete aircraft under severe budgetary limitations. With the threat of war in Europe, a few reservists were activated, and by October 1940, many had been called to active duty. This handful of dedicated men helped build the Marine aviation force which cleared the skies and supported ground operations during World War II.

World War II
The 4th Marine Base Defense Aircraft Wing was commissioned 22 August 1942, at Marine Corps Air Station Ewa (MCAS Ewa), Hawaii. The Wing's three squadrons were located at Midway, Ewa and Samoa with the headquarters at MCAS Ewa. In the fall of 1944, the 4th Marine Base Defense Aircraft Wing became the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing (4th MAW). As the war progressed across the Pacific, 4th MAW pilots refined fighter bombing and low-altitude flying techniques that helped pave the way for today's MAGTF concept.

Post-WW II and Korea
4th MAW was deactivated shortly after the war. On 25 February 1946, the Marine Air Reserve Training Command (MARTC) was established to preserve the skill of those Marines returning to civilian life. Headquarters for MARTC was located at Naval Air Station Glenview, Illinois. Post World War II foresight paid off in 1950 when the Korean War broke out. Having grown to a force of 6,035 men who trained at 25 Marine Air Detachments from coast to coast, the Marine Air Reserve was prepared for mobilization.

Less than two weeks after mobilization day, 23 July 1950, three reserve fighter squadrons were on duty in Korea. Within the first seven weeks, the Marine Air Reserve furnished enough men to increase Marine fighter squadron strength in the Far East from two to six squadrons. Seven months later, more than 50 percent of the officers and 36 percent of the enlisted Marines in the 1st MAW were Reservists.

The lessons and experiences of Korea helped expand and improve the entire reserve aviation program. In September 1953, Marine Air Detachments were redesignated as Marine Air Reserve Training Detachments (MARTDS). Most MARTDS were located aboard Naval Air Stations across the nation.

1960s - 1980s
The MARTC was reorganized in 1962 to include a Marine Aircraft Wing. This reorganization coincided with similar moves in the ground reserve, resulting in the division-wing concept for the entire Marine Corps reserve Program. The 4th MAW was brought back into being and the MARTC-4th MAW became a dual command.

As turmoil developed in the Dominican Republic and U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia increased during the mid-1960s, the necessity of having a ready force in reserve became more apparent. Emphasis was shifted to the 4th MAW and in July 1966, a reorganization was undertaken to ensure that all units were prepared to execute the same missions and tasks as assigned in the regular Fleet Marine Force.

In June 1974, 4th MAW/MARTC headquarters relocated to New Orleans. In October 1979, the MARTC was disbanded to organize the 4th MAW along the same lines as its active duty counterparts.

The Gulf War & the 1990s
During Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, numerous units were mobilized and deployed to the Persian Gulf region. These units provided air support which contributed to the victory of allied forces.

Fixed-wing aircraft

 * F/A-18 Hornet
 * F-5 Tiger II
 * KC-130J Super Hurcules
 * UC-35D Citation
 * UC-12F/W Huron
 * C-40A Clipper

Rotary wing aircraft

 * AH-1Z Viper
 * Bell UH-1Y Venom
 * CH-53E Super Stallion
 * MV-22 Osprey

title: 4th Marine Aircraft Wing


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Eastport, Newfoundland and Labrador

Eastport is a long-popular Newfoundland vacation destination on the Eastport Peninsula. Eastport is located on the north-eastern border of Terra Nova National Park and is known for its sandy beaches, scenery and traditional Newfoundland outport heritage.

Geography

 * Climate

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Eastport had a population of $527$ living in $264$ of its $364$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $501$. With a land area of 18.48 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Eastport, Newfoundland and Labrador


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Fabulinus

In the popular religion of ancient Rome, though not appearing in literary Roman mythology, the god Fabulinus (from fabulari, to speak) taught children to speak. He received an offering when the child spoke its first words. He figured among what Walter Pater enumerated in Marius the Epicurean (1885) among: "the names of that populace of 'little gods', dear to the Roman home, which the pontiffs had placed on the sacred list of the Indigitamenta, to be invoked, because they can help, on special occasions, were not forgotten in the long litany— Vatican who causes the infant to utter his first cry, Fabulinus who prompts his first word, Cuba who keeps him quiet in his cot, Domiduca especially, for whom Marius had through life a particular memory and devotion, the goddess who watches over one's safe coming home'."

title: Fabulinus


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RAMIS (software)

RAMIS ("Random Access Management Information System") is a fourth-generation programming language (4GL) capable of creating and maintaining databases consisting of named files containing both numeric and alphabetic fields and subsequently producing detailed simple or complex reports using a very simple English like language. As such it is easily mastered by non-programmers. A typical program - either to create or maintain a database or to create quite complex reports - would normally consist of a handful of lines of code which could be written or understood by non-professional programmers. "End users" as they became known. Such end users could be trained to use RAMIS in a matter of days and so large companies would often have several hundred such users scattered throughout the company.

History
RAMIS was initially developed in the mid 1960s by the company Mathematica on a consulting contract for a marketing study by a team headed by Gerald Cohen and subsequently further developed and marketed as a general purpose data management and analysis tool. In the late 1960s Cohen fell out with the management of Mathematica and left to form his own company. Shortly thereafter his new company released a new product called FOCUS which was very similar to RAMIS: "the same bugs and the same misspelled error messages."

National CSS (NCSS), a Time-sharing vendor, licensed rights to make RAMIS available on its VP/CSS system.

At some point Mathematica changed its licensing price.

The interested parties were:
 * NCSS, which was marketing RAMIS (and other products) for use on their time-sharing system
 * Mathematica, owner of RAMIS
 * Key developers/programmers of RAMIS
 * some stayed with Mathematica
 * others left to form the company that became Information Builders, known for their FOCUS product

Most of the programming team remained with Mathematica as did almost all the sales force. By this time RAMIS had double digits of client companies in both the US and a European division headquartered in London and so Mathematica decided to create a new division called Mathematica Products Group and rename the product RAMIS II. At the same time, the company decided to recall Frank Fish - originally a Mathematica consultant who had been assigned to lead a European consulting team and had subsequently formed the European RAMIS group - to head up the RAMIS II design team and International Sales.

Sales of both RAMIS II and FOCUS continued to grow through the 1980s throughout the western world with RAMIS II generally outselling FOCUS on mainframes though no detailed figures are available. RAMIS II was eventually installed in some 40 countries worldwide.

Purchased by Martin Marietta
Mathematica itself eventually grew to more than 500 staff with roughly 200 involved with RAMIS II. The company was largely owned by a group of professors in Mathematics and Economics at Princeton University and, as this group aged, they opted to cash out by selling to Martin Marietta Corporation (subsequently Lockheed Martin) in 1983.

RAMIS II continued to grow for another 4 years until most of the top people in RAMIS II design and sales quit in reaction to policy changes imposed by Lockheed Martin. Roughly 2 years later Lockheed Martin sold the RAMIS II group to another software firm whose background and culture was so different from Mathematica that they were unable to make a success of the product and they in turn sold the product to another company for its maintenance revenue.

Three-way split
In 1987 RAMIS was sold to On-Line Software International until it was acquired by its current owners, Computer Associates.

By the time the company was about to be purchased by Computer Associates (CA Technologies), the results were
 * NCSS, with its own database software, NOMAD
 * ("We’ve got to replace RAMIS, and we’re going to build our own product.")

 * Mathematica, with its RAMIS offering
 * Information Builders, with its FOCUS offering

RAMIS syntax
The RAMIS syntax has been described as
 * "allows you to use English-like commands to prepare reports and graphs from your RAMIS files."
 * "a fourth-generation programming language capable of generating reports using simple language and many fewer lines of code than previous third-generation programing languages such as COBOL."

Market acceptance
While the initial timesharing/mainframe product was positively accepted, the initial PC version didn't get the same reception:

Less positive

 * "Ramis is a compromise 4GL relational database management system. It lacks SQL, a full programming language, good tech support, and the brute-force capabilities and sophistication of its competition. But it's remarkably easy to learn and use, comes with decent documentation, and performs the database basics."

Less negative

 * "In Short: Ramis is an easy-to-use, pop-up menu database query and reporting tool for end users. However, its lack of a sophisticated applications development environment will preclude its use for more complicated demands."

title: RAMIS (software)