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Don Pacifico affair

The Don Pacifico affair was a diplomatic episode which occurred in 1850 and concerned the governments of Greece, the United Kingdom and Portugal, and is considered an example of gunboat diplomacy. The affair is named after David Pacifico, a Jewish British subject born in Gibraltar. He had previously been Portuguese consul-general to Greece, dismissed from his consulship for exceeding his authority repeatedly during 1842, but he continued to reside in Athens.

The dispute began in 1849 after Pacifico's house was attacked and vandalised by a mob that included the sons of a government minister, while police, according to Pacifico's claims, watched and neglected to intervene.

Immediate antagonism
James Mayer de Rothschild had been visiting Athens during the Greek Orthodox Easter (which was on April 4) to discuss a possible loan, and the city government decided to ban the traditional custom of burning the effigy of Judas, thinking that Rothschild might be offended by the tradition. As Scott reports it: It appears that it was then the custom at Athens to burn on Easter Sunday the image of Judas Iscariot. As, however, Lord Rothschild, a British subject of Jewish faith, was visiting Athens at this time, the Greek government forbade the custom. This was attributed by the populace, not to the presence of Lord Rothschild, but to the influence of Don Pacifico. Hence the outrages to his person and property.

Some of the Greek population in Athens, angered at the cancellation of their customs, rioted before the house of the Portuguese Consul-General. It was claimed by Pacifico that the crowd was infiltrated by the Greek police, and that among its inciters was one or more sons of the Greek Minister of War.

Three days after the incident, Don Pacifico himself wrote to Sir Edmund Lyons, British Minister Plenipotentiary to Greece: It is with much grief that I feel myself obliged to communicate to your Excellency a dreadful event which has happened to me, and as an English subject to beg your protection. Last Sunday, Easter-day, at about 12 o'clock, a crowd of people, amongst whom were some soldiers of the gendarmerie, just come out of church, presented themselves at the door of my house, which they very soon battered down with large pieces of stone. These brigands, in number about 300 or 400, entered my house, and swearing dreadfully, began beating my wife, my innocent children, and my son-in-law. After having broken the windows, doors, tables, chairs, and every other article of furniture, they robbed me of my jewels, forcing open the closets in which were vases, candlesticks, gold and silver ornaments, diamonds, and lastly a box containing money to the amount of 9,800 drachmas, of which 2,300 were my own private property, and 7,500 which had been deposited with me by the Jewish community of Italy for the projected erection of a temple, and for the poor of this kingdom. These barbarians did not even leave me the Consular Portuguese archives, which were torn by them to pieces. These papers being my security from that nation for the sum of 21,295 l. 1s. 4d. sterling. It is clear that Don Pacifico was a man of many activities. He had been the Portuguese Consul-General in Athens until 1842, and had possession of the Legation's archive. He had previously been Portuguese Consul-General in Morocco. He was also concerned actively with the Jewish community in Athens, in possession of money intended for the construction of a synagogue in Athens. His house was not, as alleged by his defenders, a poor hovel, but the very house in which the chief of the Regency Council of King Otto, Count Josef Ludwig von Armansperg, had lived during the Regency (1832–1835) and as Arch-Secretary to the King (1835–1837). On May 20, 1847, Lyons informed the Foreign Office in London that he had applied to the Greek Government for compensation for Don David Pacifico, a British subject, for loss of possessions, including documents relating to a substantial claim against the Portuguese government for monies owed. The British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston, a philhellene and supporter of the Greek War of Independence of 1821–1829, advised Lyons to have Pacifico compile an itemized valuation of his losses, and, if his statement was proven by satisfactory evidence, to present a note to the Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs requiring him to direct that the sum be paid to Don Pacifico. Pacifico complied on February 22, 1848, and Lyons duly dispatched a demand for payment to M. Drossos Mansolas, the Greek Minister for Foreign Affairs. He also wrote to M. Constantine Colocotronis, the Prime Minister. Colocotronis rejected Pacifico's claims, with the same objections used by his predecessor in office, M. Colettis. The objections of the Greek government were that the claimed damages were impossibly great, with some estimates of the claimed sum as being larger than the value of the Greek Royal Palace, while the Greek government also considered this to be an affair of the Judiciary, not the Executive branch. On August 31, 1848, David Pacifico again wrote to Lyons, mentioning that sixteen months had passed since the incident and satisfaction had not been forthcoming. Moreover, he had been forced to abandon his house during the Easter celebrations of 1848; and he drew to the attention of Lyons that several years earlier two Jews had been massacred at Patras, and likewise the synagogue at Negroponte had been burned down. After additional exchanges of letters among all the parties, on October 15, 1848, Don David Pacifico appealed again to the British Government to obtain the settlement of his claims.

Already on December 3, 1849, Lord Palmerston had decided to take definitive action to counter Greek objections. Palmerston wrote to Sir Thomas Wyse, the British Minister in Athens, I have desired the Admiralty to instruct Sir William Parker to take Athens on his way back from the Dardanelles, and to support you in bringing at last to a satisfactory ending the settlement of our various claims upon the Greek Government. You will, of course, in conjunction with him, persevere in the suaviter in modo as long as is consistent with our dignity and honour, and I measure that time by days – perhaps by some very small number of hours. If however, the Greek Government does not strike, Parker must do so. In that case you should embark on board his fleet before he begins to take any hostile steps, in order that you and your mission may be secure against insult. He should, of course, begin by reprisals; that is, by taking possession of some Greek property; but the King would probably not much care for our taking hold of any merchant property, and the best thing, therefore, would be to seize hold of his little fleet, if that can be done handily. The next thing would be a blockade of any or all of his ports.... On January 22, 1850, Admiral Sir William Parker reported that all the vessels of the Greek government had been detained, but that the machinations of the French Minister Thouvenot and the Prussian Chargé d'affaires were encouraging King Otto to resist. The Greek Government and the Greek people had been humiliated by the affair, and the British also attempted to push their desired outcomes on other disputes with the Greek government, especially pertaining to the United States of the Ionian Islands, such as:

 * The British claims on the islands of Sapientza and Elafonisos for the United States of the Ionian Islands (then a British protectorate).
 * Compensation for six British ships that were robbed.
 * Placation for an insult to the British flag and disrespect towards the British Ambassador, Mr. Boyde.
 * Compensation for two Ionian Islanders who had been abused in Pyrgos.
 * Compensation for George Finlay’s land, which had been included in the Royal Gardens of Athens without compensation.

Greece was a state protected jointly by the UK, France, and Russia, and the imposition of the blockade caused a diplomatic conflict between Britain, on the one hand, and France and Russia on the other. France and Russia objected to the blockade and the French Ambassador in London, Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys, was temporarily withdrawn by the French government, causing the British to abandon the push on disputes not directly associated with the Don Pacifico affair. The affair also caused considerable damage to the reputation of King Otto in Athens. The blockade lasted two months and the affair ended only when the Greek government agreed to compensate Pacifico.

Political fallout in London
At Westminster, both houses of Parliament examined the issue of foreign policy, especially with regard to Greece, with considerable energy. On June 17, 1850, Lord Edward Stanley (the future Earl of Derby), the Leader of the Conservative Opposition in the House of Lords, proposed a motion in the House: "That, while the House fully recognizes the right and duty of the Government to secure to Her Majesty's subjects residing in foreign states the full protection of the laws of those states, it regrets to find, by the correspondence recently laid upon the table by Her Majesty's command, that various claims against the Greek government, doubtful in point of justice or exaggerated in amount, have been enforced by coercive measures directed against the commerce and people of Greece, and calculated to endanger the continuance of our friendly relations with other powers." After a memorable debate on June 17, 1850, the House of Lords voted in favour of the Opposition motion, by a majority of 37, which was a rebuke to Lord Palmerston's policies.

However, the House of Commons did not proceed as the Lords. The MP for Sheffield, John Arthur Roebuck, an independent and sometimes contrarian member, proposed to reverse this condemnation, by stating "That the principles on which the foreign policy of Her Majesty's Government have been regulated have been such as were calculated to maintain the honour and dignity of this country; and in times of unexampled difficulty, to preserve peace between England and the various nations of the world." A debate ensued, which lasted four nights. Palmerston delivered a famous five-hour speech in which he sought to vindicate not only his claims on the Greek government for Don Pacifico, but his entire administration of foreign affairs. "As the Roman, in days of old, held himself free from indignity, when he could say, Civis Romanus sum, so also a British subject, in whatever land he may be, shall feel confident that the watchful eye and the strong arm of England will protect him from injustice and wrong." He was answered by Sir Robert Peel, in what turned out to be his last speech to the Commons, and by W. E. Gladstone. The Government won the motion by 310 to 264, a majority of forty-six, in favour of Palmerston's conduct of foreign affairs.

Pacifico's settlement
The claims of the British Government were settled by a Convention, agreed between Her Britannic Majesty and His Hellenic Majesty on July 18, 1850. The King agreed to make good to Pacifico any real injury which could be proved, after a full and fair investigation.

Don Pacifico's outstanding claims were submitted to a special Commission, composed of the French, British and Greek ministers in Lisbon. The Commissioners met in Lisbon in February 1851. The Commission discovered in the archives of the Cortes at Lisbon a petition addressed by Pacifico to the Cortes in 1839, accompanied by voluminous documents to prove his claims. The claims had yet to be addressed by the Cortes. The Commission awarded Pacifico the sum of £150, owed by the Greek Government. Pacifico received a total of 120,000 drachmas and £500 in the settlement.

title: Don Pacifico affair


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Melissa

Melissa is a female name. The name comes from the Greek word μέλισσα (mélissa), "bee", which in turn comes from μέλι (meli), "honey". In Hittite, melit signifies "honey".

Melissa is a common variant form, with others being Malissa, Melesa, Melessa, Meliza, Mellisa, Melosa, and Molissa.

According to Greek mythology, perhaps reflecting Minoan culture, making her the daughter of a Cretan king Melisseus, whose -issos ending is Pre-Greek, Melissa was a nymph who discovered and taught the use of honey and from whom bees were believed to have received their name. She was one of the nymph nurses of Zeus, sister to Amaltheia, but rather than feeding the baby milk, Melissa, appropriately for her name, fed him honey. Or, alternatively, the bees brought honey straight to his mouth. Because of her, Melissa became the name of all the nymphs who cared for the patriarch god as a baby. Melissa can also be spelled Mellissa, Mellisa, Melisa, Malissa, Malisa, Mallissa, Mallisa, Milisa, and Milissa.

Ancient Greek mythology
The name "Melissa" has a long history with roots reaching back to even before Ancient Greece. For this reason, in part, there are several versions of the story surrounding the mythological character Melissa, especially in how she came to care for the infant Zeus. Melissa is said to be one of the various nymphs who raised the infant Zeus; in one little-attested version, Zeus transformed her into a bee under unclear circumstances.

Nymphs, such as Melissa, played an important role in mythic accounts of the origin of basic institutions and skills, as in the training of the culture heroes Dionysos and Aristaeus or the civilizing behaviors taught by the bee nymph. The antiquarian Mnaseas' account of Melissa gives a good picture of her function as in this respect. According to folklore, as Larson phrases it, "Melissa first found a honeycomb, tasted it, then mixed it with water as a beverage. She taught others to do this, and thus the creature was named for her, and she was made its guardian." This was part of the Nymphs' achievement of bringing men out of their wild state. Under the guidance of Melissa, the Nymphs not only turned men away from eating each other to eating only this product of the forest trees, but also introduced into the world of men the feeling of modesty.

In addition, the ancient Greek philosopher Porphyry (233 to c. 304 AD) wrote of the priestesses of Demeter, known as Melissae ("bees"), who were initiates of the chthonian goddess. The story surrounding Melissae tells of an elderly priestess of Demeter, named Melissa, initiated into her mysteries by the goddess herself. When Melissa's neighbors tried to make her reveal the secrets of her initiation, she remained silent, never letting a word pass from her lips. In anger, the women tore her to pieces, but Demeter sent a plague upon them, causing bees to be born from Melissa's dead body. From Porphyry's writings, scholars have also learned that Melissa was the name of the moon goddess Artemis and the goddess who took suffering away from mothers giving birth. Souls were symbolized by bees and it was Melissa who drew souls down to be born. She was connected with the idea of a periodic regeneration.

Melitta
The variant spelling/pronunciation Melitta is the Attic Greek dialect for Melissa. (Compare the Attic word for sea, thalatta, with the more common thalassa.) Within a fragment of the Orphic poetry, quoted by Natalis Comes, Melitta is spoken of as a hive, and called Seira, or the hive of Venus:

"Let us celebrate the hive of Venus, who rose from the sea: that hive of many names: the mighty fountain, from whence all kings are descended; from whence all the winged and immortal Loves were again produced."

From the works of Hesychius, it is clear that the word Seira among other interpretations signified Melitta, a bee; also a hive, or house of Melitta, "[s]uch is the sense of it in this passage: and [she] was thus represented in ancient mythology, as being the receptacle, from whence issued that swarm, by which the world was peopled". With that said, Seira was none other than the goddess Demeter, the supposed mother of mankind; who was also styled as Melitta and Melissa, and was looked upon as the Venus of the East. This Deity, Melitta, was the same as Mylitta, the well-known Venus of the Babylonians and Arabians. Melissa or Melitta is also said to be the mother-wife of Phoroneus, the first that reigned, in whose days the dispersion of mankind occurred, whereas before all had been in harmony and only one language was spoken. Melitta, being the feminine of Melitz, the Mediator, consequently signifies Melitta the Mediatrix for sinful mortals.

Poetry
The 16th-century Italian poet Ludovico Ariosto used the name "Melissa" for a good fairy (the good sorceress and prophetess who lived in Merlin's cave) in his poem Orlando Furioso. The following is an ode to Melissa's birthday by Thomas Blacklock, a Scottish poet from the late 18th century.

Ode, on Melissa's Birth Day
Ye nymphs and swains, whom love inspires With all his pure and faithful fires, Hither with joyful steps repair; You who his tenderest transports share For lo ! in beauty's fairest pride, Summer expands her heart so wide; The Sun no more in clouds inshrin'd, Darts all his glories unconfin'd; The feather'd choir from every spray Salute Melissa's natal day.

Hither ye nymphs and shepherds haste, Each with a flow'ry chaplet grac'd, With transport while the shades resound, And Nature spreads her charms around; While ev'ry breeze exhales perfumes, And Bion his mute pipe resumes; With Bion long disus'd to play, Salute Melissa's natal day.

For Bion long deplor'd his pain Thro' woods and devious wilds in vain; At last impell'd by deep despair, The swain proferr'd his ardent pray'r; His ardent pray'r Melissa heard, And every latent sorrow cheer'd, His days with social rapture blest, And sooth'd each anxious care to rest. Tune, shepherds, tune the festive lay, And hail Melissa's natal day.

With Nature's incense to the skies Let all your fervid wishes rise, That Heav'n and Earth may join to shed Their choicest blessings on her head; That years protracted, as they flow, May pleasures more sublime bestow; While by succeeding years surpast, The happiest still may be the last; And thus each circling Sun display, A more auspicious natal day.

Popularity
Melissa became a popular name in the United States during the 1950s. The name was very popular from the 1960s to the 1990s, today Melissa is a relatively uncommon baby name; in 2010, fewer than 2,500 girls were given the name, compared with around 10,000 in 1993 and well over 30,000 at the name's peak popularity in 1979. In 2007, Melissa was the 137th most popular name for girls born in the United States, dropping steadily from its peak of second place in 1977. It was among the top ten most popular names for girls from 1967 to 1984.

In popular culture

 * "Melissa", a song by The Allman Brothers Band from the album Eat a Peach.
 * "Melissa", the thirteenth single by Japanese rock band Porno Graffitti, was used as the first opening theme of the anime Fullmetal Alchemist.
 * Melissa, the first studio album by Mercyful Fate, issued in 1983.
 * Melisso is a male character in the opera Alcina by George Frideric Handel.
 * Melissa & Joey is an American sitcom television series.
 * The Melissa is the title of a beekeeper priestess in Starhawk's 1993 novel, The Fifth Sacred Thing.

People

 * Melissa (3rd century BC), a Pythagorean philosopher

In film, television, and radio

 * Melissa Altro, Canadian voice actress
 * Melissa Sue Anderson, American actress
 * Melissa Benoist, American actress, singer, dancer, and activist
 * Melissa De Sousa, American actress
 * Melissa Fumero, American actress
 * Melissa George, Australian actress and entrepreneur
 * Melissa Gilbert, American actress and television director
 * Melissa Joan Hart, American actress
 * Melissa Leo, American actress
 * Melissa McBride, American actress
 * Melissa McCarthy, American actress, comedian, writer, producer, and fashion designer
 * Melissa Rauch, an American actress
 * Melissa Stribling, Scottish actress
 * Melissa Villaseñor, American actress, comedian, and singer

In the arts

 * Melissa Auf der Maur, Canadian musician, singer-songwriter, photographer, and actress
 * Melissa Etheridge, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and activist
 * Melissa Hamilton, Northern Irish ballet dancer
 * Melissa Hough, American ballet dancer
 * Melissa Jefferson (stage name Lizzo), American singer-songwriter
 * Melissa Manchester, American singer-songwriter and actress
 * Melissa VanFleet, American singer-songwriter and musician

In the sciences

 * Melissa Farley (born 1942), American clinical psychologist, researcher, and radical feminist activist
 * Melissa Simon, American clinical obstetrician/gynecologist
 * Melissa Trainer, American astrobiologist

In sport

 * Melissa Cervantes (born 1986), Mexican-American professional wrestler and mixed martial artist
 * Mellissa Channell (born 1994), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Melissa Maizels (born 1993), Australian footballer
 * Melissa Mantak, triathlete and triathlon coach from the United States
 * Melissa Wu (born 1992), Australian diver

In politics

 * Melissa Lee (born 1966), New Zealand politician

Criminals

 * Melissa Ann Shepard (born 1935), Canadian murderer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Melissa


text: Category:French handball players

title: Category:French handball players


text:
Depressor anguli oris muscle

The depressor anguli oris muscle (triangularis muscle) is a facial muscle. It originates from the mandible and inserts into the angle of the mouth. It is associated with frowning, as it depresses the corner of the mouth.

Structure
The depressor anguli oris arises from the lateral surface of the mandible. Its fibers then converge. It is inserted by a narrow fasciculus into the angle of the mouth. At its origin, it is continuous with the platysma muscle, and at its insertion with the orbicularis oris muscle and risorius muscle. Some of its fibers are directly continuous with those of the levator anguli oris muscle, and others are occasionally found crossing from the muscle of one side to that of the other; these latter fibers constitute the transverse muscle of the chin.

The depressor anguli oris muscle receives its blood supply from a branch of the facial artery.

Nerve supply
The depressor anguli oris muscle is supplied by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve.

Function
The depressor anguli oris muscle is a muscle of facial expression. It depresses the corner of the mouth, which is associated with frowning.

Paralysis
Damage to the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve may cause paralysis of the depressor anguli oris muscle. This may contribute to an asymmetrical smile. This may be corrected by resecting (cutting and removing) the depressor labii inferioris muscle, which has a more significant impact on smiling.

Hypoplasia/aplasia
Underdevelopment (hypoplasia) or complete absence (aplasia) of the depressor anguli oris can occur. Similarly to paralysis, individuals with these conditions will have an asymmetric smile. These conditions are rare, and develop at or before birth (congenitally).

title: Depressor anguli oris muscle


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Risorius

The risorius muscle is a highly variable muscle of facial expression. It has numerous and very variable origins, and inserts into the angle of the mouth. It receives motor innervation from branches of facial nerve (CN VII). It may be absent or asymmetrical in some people. It pulls the angle of the mouth sidewise, such as during smiling.

Structure
The risorius muscle is highly variable.

Attachments
Its peripheral attachments may include (some or all of): the parotid fascia, masseteric fascia, the fascia enveloping the pars modiolaris of the platysma muscle, fascia overlying the mastoid part of temporal bone, and/or the zygomatic arch.

Its apical and subapical (i.e. convergent) attachment is at the modiolus.

Innervation
The risorius receives motor innervation from the buccal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII).

Vasculature
The risorius receives arterial supply mostly from the superior labial artery.

Variation
The risorius muscle is highly variable. It ranges in form from one or more slender bundles to a wide (yet thin) fan. It may be absent in a significant minority of people, and may be asymmetrical.

Relations
It is superficial to the masseter muscle, partially overlying it.

Function
The risorius muscle draws the angle of the mouth lateral-ward. It participates in producing facial expressions like a smile, grin, or laugh.

Clinical significance
Because it partially overlies the masseter muscle, it may be unintentionally affected during botox injections, resulting in unnatural facial expressions.

Other animals
It has been suggested that the risorius muscle is only found in Homininae (African great apes and humans).

title: Risorius


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Brynhyfryd

Brynhyfryd may refer to:
 * Brynhyfryd, Aberdare
 * Brynhyfryd, Bargoed
 * Brynhyfryd, Caerphilly
 * Brynhyfryd, Cwmbran
 * Brynhyfryd, Llanelli
 * Brynhyfryd, Neath
 * Brynhyfryd, Swansea
 * Brynhyfryd, Wrexham

See also: Ysgol Brynhyfryd secondary school, Denbighshire

title: Brynhyfryd


text:
User talk:JoanThaBone

Welcome to Wikipedia!
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title: User talk:JoanThaBone


text:
French battleship Strasbourg

Strasbourg was the second and final member of the Dunkerque-class battleship of fast battleships built for the French Navy in the 1930s. She and her sister ship FRENCH BATTLESHIP Dunkerque were designed to defeat the German Deutschland-class cruiser of heavy cruisers that had been laid down beginning in the late 1920s, and as such were equipped with a battery of eight 330 mm guns to counter the six 280 mm guns of the Deutschlands. Strasbourg was laid down in November 1934, was launched in December 1936, and was commissioned in September 1938 as the international situation in Europe was steadily deteriorating due to Nazi Germany's increasingly aggressive behavior.

Strasbourg was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet upon entering service; her only significant peacetime activities consisted of visits to Portugal in May 1939 and a tour of Great Britain in May and June that year. She spent the next two months training with other units of the fleet and in September, France and Britain declared war on Germany over its invasion of Poland, starting World War II. The two Dunkerque-class ships formed the core of the Force de Raid (Raiding Force), tasked with protecting Allied merchant shipping in the central Atlantic. The unit was quickly divided into two groups, with Strasbourg and other units being detached as Force X, based in Dakar. With an increasingly belligerent Italy threatening to enter the war in April 1940, Force X was recalled to the Mediterranean to act as a deterrent, though the defeat of French forces in the Battle of France rendered the situation moot.

The armistice specified that Strasbourg and the rest of the French fleet would be demilitarized, and she and several other battleships were stationed in Mers-el-Kébir at the time. Mistakenly under the impression that the Germans sought to seize the ships, the British Force H was sent to either force the ships to continue fighting or to destroy them. When the French refused the ultimatum, the British opened fire, but Strasbourg evaded the British and escaped to Toulon. There, she served as the flagship of the newly established Forces de haute mer until the Germans attempted to seize the fleet during Case Anton, leading to its destruction in the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon in November 1942. The wreck was seized by the Italians, who raised Strasbourg and then started dismantling the ship, and was later taken by the Germans. The vessel was bombed and sunk a second time by American bombers in August 1944, and was sold for scrap in 1955.

Development

The French Navy's design staff spent the decade following the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty attempting to produce a satisfactory design which would allow several ships to be built within the 70,000-ton limit allowed by the treaty. Initially, the French sought a reply to the Italian Trento-class cruisers of 1925, but all proposals were rejected. A 17,500-ton cruiser, which could have handled the Trentos, was inadequate against the old Italian battleships, however, and the 37,000-ton battlecruiser concepts were prohibitively expensive and would jeopardize further naval limitation talks. These attempts were followed by an intermediate design for a 23,690-ton protected cruiser in 1929; it was armed with 305 mm guns, armored against 203 mm guns, and had a speed of 29 kn. Visually, it bore a profile strikingly similar to the final Dunkerque-class design.

The German Deutschland-class cruisers became the new focus for French naval architects in 1929. The design had to respect the 1930 London Naval Treaty, which limited the French to two 23,333-ton ships until 1936. Drawing upon previous work, the French developed a 23,333-ton design armed with 305 mm guns, armored against the German cruisers' 280 mm guns, and with a speed of 30 kn. As with the final Dunkerque-class design, the main artillery was concentrated entirely forward. The design was rejected by the French parliament in July 1931 and sent back for revision. The final revision grew to 26,500 tons; the 305 mm guns were replaced by 330 mm /50 Modèle 1931 guns, the armor was slightly improved, and the speed slightly decreased. Parliamentary approval was granted for the first member of the class in early 1932, and Strasbourg was ordered on 16 July 1934 with the design unchanged but with greater armor thicknesses and increased weight.

Characteristics
Strasbourg displaced 27700 LT standard and 35500 LT fully loaded, with an overall length of 214.5 m, a beam of 31.08 m and a maximum draft of 8.7 m. She was powered by four Parsons geared steam turbines and six oil-fired Indret boilers, which developed a total of 112500 shp and yielded a maximum speed of 29.5 kn. Her crew numbered between 1,381 and 1,431 officers and men. The ship carried a pair of spotter aircraft on the fantail, and the aircraft facilities consisted of a steam catapult and a crane to handle the floatplanes.

She was armed with eight 330mm/50 Modèle 1931 guns arranged in two quadruple gun turrets, both of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward of the superstructure. Her secondary armament consisted of sixteen 130 mm /45 dual-purpose guns; these were mounted in three quadruple and two twin turrets. The quadruple turrets were placed on the stern, with one on the centerline on the superstructure and the other two on either side on the upper deck, and the twin turrets were located amidships, just forward of the funnel. Close range antiaircraft defense was provided by a battery of eight 37 mm guns in twin mounts and thirty-two 13.2 mm guns in quadruple mounts. The ship's belt armor was 283 mm thick amidships, and the main battery turrets were protected by 360 mm of armor plate on the faces, both thicker than installed in Dunkerque. The main armored deck was 127 mm thick, and the conning tower had 270 mm thick sides.

Prewar service
Strasbourg was ordered on 16 July 1934 in response to the Italian Littorio-class battleships. The keel for the ship was laid down in November 1934 in the No. 1 slipway of the civilian Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire shipyard in Saint-Nazaire. After her launching in December 1936, she was moored along the fitting-out quay, where her armament, propulsion system, and other equipment were installed. Strasbourg departed Saint-Nazaire on 15 June 1938, bound for Brest, France; while en route she conducted brief speed tests. The ship arrived on 16 June and departed again on 21 June to begin official acceptance trials. Modifications were done from 22 to 30 June, followed by more sea trials that continued into August. Gunnery trials were performed on 24–25 August off the island of Ushant, and the ship was formally commissioned on 15 September. That day, she was drydocked so that her propulsion system could be inspected after the trials. On 15 December, Strasbourg went to sea to resume working up for active service, including more gunnery testing. By this time, the international situation in Europe had begun to worsen as Nazi Germany began making increasingly hostile demands on its neighbors.

On 24 April 1939, the ship was finally ready for active service, joining the Atlantic Fleet with her sister ship FRENCH BATTLESHIP Dunkerque; the two ships were designated the 1st Battle Division. The ships received identification stripes on their funnels, one for Dunkerque as division leader, and two for Strasbourg. Strasbourg joined Dunkerque on 1 May for the first time for a cruise to Lisbon, Portugal on 1 May, arriving there two days later for a celebration of the anniversary of Pedro Álvares Cabral's discovery of Brazil. The ships left Lisbon on 4 May and arrived in Brest three days later. There, they met a British squadron of warships that were visiting the port at the time. The two Dunkerque-class ships sortied on 23 May in company with the 4th Cruiser Division and three destroyer divisions for maneuvers held off the coast of Great Britain. Dunkerque and Strasbourg then visited a number of British ports, including Liverpool from 25 to 30 May, Oban from 31 May to 4 June, Staffa on 4 June, Loch Ewe from 5 to 7 June, Scapa Flow on 8 June, Rosyth from 9 to 14 June, before stopping in Le Havre, France from 16 to 20 June. The ships arrived back in Brest the next day. The squadron conducted more training off Brittany through July and into early August.

World War II
In August, as tensions with Germany were again heightened, this time over territorial demands on Poland, the French and British navies discussed coordination in the event of war with Germany; they agreed that the French would be responsible for covering Allied shipping south from the English Channel to the Gulf of Guinea in central Africa. To protect shipping from German commerce raiders, the French created the Force de Raid (Raiding Force), with Strasbourg and Dunkerque as its core. The group, which was under the command of Vice-amiral d'Escadre (Squadron Vice Admiral) Marcel-Bruno Gensoul, also included three light cruisers and eight large destroyers, and was based in Brest. British observers informed the French Navy that the German "pocket battleships" of the Deutschland class had gone to sea in late August, bound for the Atlantic, and that contact with the vessels had been lost. On 2 September, the day after Germany invaded Poland, but before France and Britain declared war, the Force de Raid sortied from Brest to guard against a possible attack by the Deutschlands. Upon learning that the German ships had been spotted in the North Sea, Gensoul ordered his ships to return to port after they met the French passenger liner SS Flandre (1913) in the Azores. The Force de Raid escorted the liner back to port and arrived in Brest on 6 September.

By this time, the German raiders had broken out into the Atlantic, so the British and French fleets formed hunter groups to track them down; the Force de Raid was split, with Dunkerque and Strasbourg operating individually as Force L and Force X, respectively. Dunkerque, the aircraft carrier FRENCH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Béarn, and three cruisers remained in Brest while Strasbourg and two French heavy cruisers joined the British aircraft carrier HMS Hermes (95), based in Dakar, French West Africa. Strasbourg left Brest on 7 October in company with the destroyer FRENCH DESTROYER Volta and a division of torpedo boats, meeting Hermes off Camaret-sur-Mer later that day. The ships then steamed south to meet the heavy cruisers off Casablanca, ultimately arriving in Dakar on 14 October. The ships went on a patrol in the central Atlantic from 23 to 29 October, during which they captured the German merchant ship Santa Fe on the 25th. Another sweep followed from 7 to 13 November to the west of Cape Verde; the ships found four Germans aboard a Belgian passenger liner and took them prisoner. Other warships arrived in Dakar on 21 November to relieve Strasbourg; she left that day along with the cruiser FRENCH CRUISER Algérie and an escort of torpedo boats. Ordered to return to Brest, it was feared that German aircraft had dropped naval mines in the harbor entrance, so the ships were temporarily diverted to Quiberon Bay until a search revealed no mines on 29 November.

Faced with increasingly hostile posturing by Italy during the spring of 1940, the Force de Raid was dispatched to Mers-el-Kébir on 2 April. Strasbourg, Dunkerque, two cruisers, and five destroyers left that afternoon and arrived three days later. The squadron was quickly ordered to return to Brest just a few days later in response to the German landings in Norway on 9 April. The Force de Raid left Mers-el-Kébir that day and arrived in Brest on the 12th, with the intention that the ships would cover convoys to reinforce Allied forces fighting in Norway. But the threat of Italian intervention continued to weigh on the French command, which reversed the ships' orders and transferred them back to Mers-el-Kébir on 24 April; Strasbourg and the rest of the group left that day and arrived on 27 April. They conducted training exercises in the western Mediterranean from 9 to 10 May but saw little activity for the next month. On 10 June, Italy declared war on France and Britain.

Two days later, Strasbourg and Dunkerque sortied to intercept reported German and Italian ships that were incorrectly reported to be in the area. The French had received faulty intelligence that had indicated that the Germans would attempt to force a group of battleships through the Strait of Gibraltar to strengthen the Italian fleet. After the French fleet got underway, reconnaissance aircraft reported spotting an enemy fleet steaming toward Gibraltar. Supposing the aircraft to have spotted the Italian battle fleet steaming to join the Germans, the French increased speed to intercept them, only to realize that the aircraft had in fact located the French fleet. The fleet then returned to port, marking the end of Strasbourg's last wartime operation. On 22 June, France surrendered to Germany following the Battle of France. Under the terms of the Armistice, Strasbourg and Dunkerque would remain at Mers-el-Kébir.

Mers-el-Kébir

The only test in battle for Strasbourg came in the attack on Mers-el-Kébir on 3 July. The British, misinterpreting the terms of the armistice as providing the Germans with access to the French fleet, feared that the ships would be seized and pressed into service against them despite assurances from François Darlan, the Chief of the Naval General Staff, that if the Germans attempted to take the vessels, their crews would scuttle them. Prime Minister Winston Churchill then convinced the War Cabinet that the fleet must be neutralized or forced to re-join the war on the side of Britain. The British Force H, commanded by Admiral James Somerville and centered on the battlecruiser HMS Hood and the battleships HMS Resolution (09), and HMS Valiant (1914), arrived off Mers-el-Kébir to coerce the French battleship squadron to join the British cause or scuttle their ships. The French Navy refused, as complying with the demand would have violated the armistice signed with Germany. To ensure the ships would not fall into Axis hands, the British warships opened fire at 17:55. Strasbourg was tied alongside the mole with her stern facing the sea, so she could not return fire.

Immediately after the British started shooting, Gensoul issued the order to get underway and return fire. Strasbourg, at that time commanded by Capitaine de vaisseau (Ship of the line captain) Collinet, was the first large warship to slip her mooring, following four destroyers on their way out of the harbor. Debris from near misses showered the ship as she made her way through the port; some of these fragments dented or punched holes in her hull, and burning debris scorched her deck. A salvo of 15 in shells near-missed the ship at 18:00. As the vessels cleared the jetty, the destroyers steamed first ahead of Strasbourg to engage British destroyers off the harbor entrance and then arrayed themselves to her port side as the ships steamed east. Heavy smoke in the harbor from the destroyed battleship FRENCH BATTLESHIP Bretagne, which had suffered a magazine explosion, masked the escape of Strasbourg and the destroyers, and Somerville was initially unaware that she had evaded his attack. Somerville had received a report from a patrolling Fairey Swordfish pilot that a Dunkerque-class battleship had left the harbor, but he refused to believe it, as he believed that a field of naval mines that had been laid earlier that morning would have prevented any escape.

Upon clearing the harbor, the British destroyer HMS Wrestler, which had been tasked with watching the entrance, turned to lay a smoke screen to protect Force H from what appeared to be a destroyer attack. The effect was to help to obscure Strasbourg, which, as she increased speed from 15 to 28 kn, let out a large cloud of black smoke. The French ships steered for a gap in the defensive minefield to bring themselves under the protection of a battery of 240 mm coastal guns on Cape Canastel. By this time, the destroyers FRENCH DESTROYER Tigre and FRENCH DESTROYER Lynx had arrayed themselves ahead of the ship while FRENCH DESTROYER Le Terrible and Volta covered her to the rear. At 18:40, the two leading destroyers depth charged the British submarine HMS Proteus (N29), forcing her to take evasive action. At 19:00, the destroyers FRENCH DESTROYER Bordelais and FRENCH DESTROYER Trombe and the torpedo boat FRENCH TORPEDO BOAT La Poursuivante arrived from Oran to help cover her withdrawal.

By this time, Somerville had realized that Strasbourg had escaped and turned east in pursuit; he launched an air strike from the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal (91), hoping to slow Strasbourg, while he steamed ahead with Hood, two light cruisers, and several destroyers. The first wave of aircraft, six bombers carrying 250 lb bombs, attacked at 19:45; all of the aircraft missed and two were shot down by the heavy anti-aircraft fire from Strasbourg and the destroyers. Strasbourg was still belching thick, black smoke, the result of damage to one of her air intakes from fragments of the jetty; the problem could only be corrected by shutting down boiler room No. 2. This would have reduced her speed to 20 kn, which was not an acceptable solution with Hood now in pursuit. By 20:25, Somerville broke off the chase, but a second flight from Ark Royal, armed with torpedoes, attacked at 20:45. As with the first strike, all of the aircraft missed. With night having fallen and Hood having disengaged, the boilers could be turned off. The thirty crewmen in the boiler room were found to have succumbed to the heat and fumes, five of whom died. Repairs to the intake were effected while still underway, and within an hour, the boilers could be used again.

Collinet was still unsure whether Somerville was still pursuing him, so rather than head directly for Toulon, he steered for the south of Sardinia. Under strict radio silence to prevent Somerville from discovering his intentions, Collinet waited until Strasbourg was some 60 nmi from San Pietro Island off the coast of Sardinia at 10:00 on 4 July before turning northwest to Toulon. The ship entered the harbor there at 21:10; her crew lined the deck and she was greeted with the crews from several heavy cruisers in the harbor who cheered and played "La Marseillaise", the French national anthem.

Forces de haute mer

On 6 July, the French naval command ordered Gensoul to return to Toulon; he arrived and raised his flag aboard Strasbourg later that day. Repairs to the damage incurred during the attack were completed quickly, and in August the command reorganized the fleet. The prewar units were dissolved between 8 and 12 August; during this period, Gensoul left the vessel on the 10th. Strasbourg was assigned to the 3rd Squadron and on 14 August she was taken into the shipyard in Toulon to have screens installed to protect the anti-aircraft gun crews. She emerged from the yard on 11 September and two weeks later, the naval command created the Forces de haute mer (High Seas Forces), with Strasbourg serving as its flagship under Amiral Jean de Laborde. At the time, the fleet also included the heavy cruisers Algérie, FRENCH CRUISER Foch, and FRENCH CRUISER Dupleix and the light cruisers FRENCH CRUISER Marseillaise and FRENCH CRUISER La Galissonnière.

On 5 November, Strasbourg and all of the cruisers except Algérie sortied to receive the old battleship FRENCH BATTLESHIP Provence, which had been damaged during the attack on Mers-el-Kébir and then repaired. Provence was escorted by a group of five destroyers, and the two units met off the Balearic Islands and arrived back in Toulon on 8 November. The next two years passed uneventfully, in large part due to the restrictions on French naval activities under the armistice with Germany. Training operations were limited to two per month, and the cruisers and destroyers had to alternate between periods of active service and reserve status with skeleton crews. Strasbourg went into drydock from 15 April to 3 May 1941 for periodic maintenance, and in December she steamed to visit Marseille for four days. The ship was drydocked again on 31 January 1942 for a major refit that included the installation of radar. Her anti-aircraft battery was also modified. The work was completed on 25 April and she returned to service on the 27th. She had to be drydocked for repairs that lasted for five days to her rudder motors in mid-July.

Sinking at Toulon

Following Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa on 8 November, Germany launched Case Anton in retaliation, moving to seize all of the so-called "Zone libre", the part of Vichy France that had up to that point remained unoccupied. Early on 27 November, elements of the German 7th Panzer Division approached the city with the intention of seizing the ships of the Forces de haute mer. At 05:30, de Laborde issued orders to his ships' crews to scuttle their vessels. Sabotage teams had already been preparing to destroy their ships, including stuffing the gun barrels with explosives, and once the order was given, teams passed through each ship with sledgehammers, smashing equipment that might be salvaged by the Germans and Italians including rangefinders, gyrocompasses, radios, and other valuable equipment. Boiler room personnel lit the boilers and shut off the water feeds to cause them to overheat and explode.

The Germans reached the port at 05:50 and issued orders to de Laborde to hand over his ships; he informed them that they were already sunk. Strasbourg appeared to be undamaged, leading to confusion among the German officers, but the ship's seacocks had been opened and she was in the process of sinking to the harbor bottom. At 06:20, de Laborde ordered the sabotage team aboard Strasbourg to detonate the scuttling charges that would destroy the ship and prevent her from being simply sealed and re-floated. Italy received control of most of the wrecks, and they decided to repair as many ships as possible for service with the Italian fleet, but to scrap those that were too badly damaged to quickly return to service. The Italians deemed Strasbourg to be a total loss after she was re-floated on 17 July; they accordingly began to dismantle the vessel in port.

The armistice between Italy and the Allies in September 1943 stopped these activities and the ship was then seized by the Germans. On 1 April 1944 they handed her back to the Vichy French authorities. Her wreck was then towed to the Bay of Lazaret, where she was placed in a "state of conservation". She was heavily bombed and sunk by US forces—including the battleship USS Nevada (BB-36) on 18 August, three days after Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of southern France. She was raised for the second time on 1 October 1944 but found to be beyond repair, and used as a testbed for underwater explosions until condemned and renamed Q45 on 22 March 1955, to be sold for scrapping on 27 May that year.

title: French battleship Strasbourg


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Cranberry Glades

Cranberry Glades—also known simply as The Glades—are a cluster of five small, boreal-type bogs in southwestern Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. This area, in the Allegheny Mountains at about 3400 ft, is protected as the Cranberry Glades Botanical Area, part of the Monongahela National Forest. This site is the headwaters of the Cranberry River, a popular trout stream, and is adjacent to the nearly 50000 acre Cranberry Wilderness.

The Glades are a 750 acre grouping of peat bogs resembling some Canadian bogs. The gladed land is highly acidic and supports plants commonly found at higher latitudes, including cranberries, sphagnum moss, skunk cabbage, and two carnivorous plants (purple pitcher plant and sundew). The Glades serve as the southernmost home of many of the plant species found there.

Geography and geology
The natural history of the Glades has been traced back at least 12,200 years. Apparently, a forest of conifer-northern hardwoods replaced tundra with the end of the Last Glacial Period. Over time the Glades formed into what it is today. Now, most of the bog is underlain by peat that is up to 10 ft thick. Under the peat is a layer of algal ooze, underlain by marl. Since a limestone source in the surrounding rocks is indicated, an ample source appears to be present in the underlying Hinton Formation, a circumstance that also has significant implications for the Glades' flora.

The area is not entirely a glade, but a bog or wetland covered with all sorts of decaying vegetation. The peat and decaying organic matter is more than ten feet thick under the dense plant cover. The ground is not as much as quicksand or swampy, but spongy. It is in a high valley, about 3,300 to 3,400 feet (1,005 to 1,036 meters) above sea level, surrounded by the Cranberry, Kennison, and Black Mountains.

Five separate glades were identified and named in 1911: Big Glade (59 acres), Flag Glade (28 acres), Long Glade (20 acres), Round Glade (8 acres) and Little Glade (1 acre). The smallest, Little Glade, has since grown over and is no longer recognizable.

Darlington's studies showed that the Glades were formed by easily eroding rocks in the basin and more resistant rock at its lower end. This effectively prevented down-cutting and maintained a low gradient in the valley. This resulted in an elevation of 3400 ft at the upper end and 3350 ft at the back, eliminating the possibility of origin by water impoundment.

The water from the Glades drains to form the headwaters of the Cranberry River, a popular trout stream joined by the Yew and Charles Creeks. It starts at about 4600 ft elevation, and then it meanders through the glades and recedes through a narrow gap between Kennison and Black Mountains. It then joins the Gauley River 25 mi down the mountains at about 1920 ft.

Ecology
The Glades have been the subject of much scientific study, especially during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Professor Maurice Brooks conducted studies in 1930, 1934, and 1945. The work of Strausbaugh (1934), Darlington (1943), and Core (1955) followed. In 1974, the Cranberry Glades Botanical Area was designated a National Natural Landmark.

Flora
Many of the plants found in the Glades resemble those in the northern region of North America. They are descendants of seeds that took root over 10,000 years ago before the last glacial retreat. Among these are two unusual species of carnivorous plants that thrive in the area—the purple pitcher plant and native sundew. They evolved carnivorous habits because of the scarce root food in the spongy soil. Two very rare boreal plants—bog rosemary and buckbean—live in the Big Glade.

Much of the area provides a home for many species of mosses. These include a cover of sphagnum moss, bird-wheat moss, bog moss and reindeer lichen. Hummocks of these plants reach a height of 3 ft. Over top of these grow prostrate cranberry vines that bloom pink flowers in the summer, fruiting in late September.

Most tree species occur in the "bog forest" habitat, which is composed primarily of a mixture of red spruce, eastern (or Canada) hemlock, yellow birch and red maple. The upland forests immediately surrounding the wetlands are dominated by these same species, but also include American beech, sugar maple, black cherry, American basswood, white ash, yellow buckeye, black birch, cucumber tree, Fraser magnolia, and northern red oak.

The shrub layer, unlike the tree layer, is relatively species-rich. This is a consequence of the widespread presence of low- to medium-height woody plants throughout shrub swamps, forest habitats, and open glades. In the fringes of open glades and along streams, the dominant species is usually speckled alder. Also common are willow, pipestem, glade St. Johns-wort, great rhododendron, hobblebush, smooth arrowwood, wild raisin, ninebark, alternate-leaved dogwood, bunchberry, winterberry holly, mountain holly, swamp rose, the Appalachian endemic longstalked holly and many more. Most of these shrubs have markedly northern distributions, and bog rosemary and oblongfruited serviceberry are at their southernmost limits of distribution. The Canada yew is an uncommon evergreen shrub that was historically reported as abundant in the area. Nearby Yew Creek is presumably named for this species, as may be the broader Yew Mountains region in which the Glades are located. Browsing deer have reduced the number of Canada yew to such an extent that it is found only in scattered locations throughout its central Appalachian range.

Many herbs with primarily northern distributions occur here, including oak fern, pod grass, Canada mayflower, mountain bindweed, marsh marigold, goldthread, swamp saxifrage, white wood sorrel, northern white violet, Jacob's ladder and buckbean. Jacob's ladder is at its southernmost location. Grasses and sedges found here include blue joint, drooping wood reed grass, millet grass, rattlesnake mannagrass, interior sedge, and Fraser's sedge. Wild lilies in the Glades include yellow clintonia and white hellebore. Orchids include rose pogonia, lesser rattlesnake plantain, northern coralroot, and grass-pink orchid that are in full bloom in July. Northern (or early) coralroot is probably at its southernmost location in the eastern United States.

Fauna
Many animals that live in the Glades are at their southernmost breeding grounds, including birds such as the Swainson’s and hermit thrushes, Nashville and mourning warblers, and purple finches. Other, less exotic, birds like ravens and hawks are common. Other familiar animals including white-tailed deer inhabit the Glades. Black bears have been seen in the skunk cabbage growing along the boardwalk. In the evening, you have a good chance of hearing beavers working; they are mostly inactive during the day. It is hard to see the beavers because of little light, and they are dark colored. They also reside submerged or are building their homes.

Weather
Like many of the adjoining areas high in the Alleghenies, Cranberry Glades is known for frequent weather changes. Generally speaking, the area is cool and wet, comparable to the climates of New England and Canada. This is due to its high elevation and the surrounding higher mountains forming a bowl, draining their cool air downhill into the Glades. The potential for frost exists year-round at Cranberry Glades. In some years, the frost-free period has been as short as 81 days. Still, the average summer high is in roughly 74 °F-82 °F (23 °C-28 °C). Mid-winter temperatures record as low as -26 F, and the area often sees heavy snow.

Recreation
Today, Cranberry Glades serves as a major tourism stop along the Highland Scenic Highway corridor. Near the Glades is the Cranberry Mountain Nature Center providing interpretive services. Within the Glades area, a 0.5 mi boardwalk that traverses the edge of some bogs and a small wooded section. The entire Glades area is traversed by Cowpasture Trail, a 6.0 mi improved hiking path that serves as the border between the Cranberry Glades Botanical Area and the much larger Cranberry Wilderness. Because of the ecologically-sensitive nature of the area, visitors are not permitted to leave these developed paths within the Glades.

title: Cranberry Glades


text:
User:The European

Hi! I'm The European. I'm 15. I live near Barcelona (Spain, European Union). I'm also a user of the Spanish Wikipedia, of the French Wikipedia and of the Catalan Wikipedia.

I'm in High School, I'm in my last year of High School... but not the last of my studient life!! I want go to Belgium or France with the Erasmus project when I am 18.

My favourite season is the winter (snow, cold, rain...), and I hate the hot days, grrrrr. I kwow that it's not typical. Especially because I wanted born in Paris, Brussels, Frankfurt... but I was born in the sunny and hot Spain!

I adore Europe (especially France, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Austria, Netherlands, Luxemburg and Finland, in my opinion they are very nice, cold with a lot of snow). I'm very europhile. I want the European Federation!

I started in the English Wikipedia Sunday, 28th of August of 2005. Excuse me if I make some writting mistakes, I haven't reached a native level of English.

Please, visit my pages in the Spanish Wikipedia, in the French Wikipedia and in in the Catalan Wikipedia.

Bye for now!!

es:Usuario:Suricata fr:Utilisateur:Suricata ca:Utilisateur:Suricata

title: User:The European


text:
Llynclys

Llynclys ) is a small village in Shropshire, England, in the civil parish of Llanyblodwel. It lies north of Pant at the crossroads of the A483 and B4396, where there are several houses and a pub, the White Lion.

Etymology
The name Llynclys is based on the Welsh word for lake, llyn, and Llynclys Pool still lies near to the village. The -clys element was in the past thought to be derived from llys, "palace" or "court", and the lake, supposed to be of extraordinary depth, was said to contain a drowned city or palace with various legends attached to it.

Countryside
Much of the area around Llynclys Hill to the west is common land; there are a number of cottages and smallholdings probably built by workers in the area's lead mines and limestone quarries. Llynclys Common, from which there are fine views, is home to eight varieties of orchid and the brown argus butterfly.

Railways
Llynclys was formerly on the Cambrian Railways line from Oswestry to Welshpool. The Cambrian Heritage Railways are now re-building sections of the line as a heritage railway. Llynclys South railway station is in operation, whilst the original Llynclys station remains unused of 2010.

Plane Crash
On the 30 October 1941 a Royal Air Force, Handley Page Hampden Mk I (P1294) crashed near the White Lion pub while on a training flight in bad weather, all four crew died

title: Llynclys


text:
Pterygoid

Pterygoid, from the Greek for 'winglike', may refer to:

 * Pterygoid bone, a bone of the palate of many vertebrates
 * Pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone
 * Lateral pterygoid plate
 * Medial pterygoid plate
 * Lateral pterygoid muscle
 * Medial pterygoid muscle
 * a branch of the Mandibular nerve

title: Pterygoid


text:
King's College Chapel, Cambridge

King's College Chapel is the chapel of King's College in the University of Cambridge. It is considered one of the finest examples of late Perpendicular Gothic English architecture and features the world's largest fan vault. The Chapel was built in phases by a succession of kings of England from 1446 to 1515, a period which spanned the Wars of the Roses and three subsequent decades. The Chapel's large stained glass windows were completed by 1531, and its early Renaissance rood screen was erected in 1532–36. The Chapel is an active house of worship, and home of the King's College Choir. It is a landmark and a commonly used symbol of the city of Cambridge.

Construction
Henry VI planned a university counterpart to Eton College (whose Chapel is very similar, but not on the scale intended by Henry). The King decided the dimensions of the Chapel. Reginald Ely was most likely the architect and worked on the site since 1446. Two years earlier Reginald was charged with sourcing craftsmen for the Chapel's construction. He continued to work on the site until building was interrupted in 1461, having probably designed the elevations. The original plans called for lierne vaulting, and the piers of the choir were built to conform with them. Ultimately, a complex fan vault was constructed instead. Reginald probably designed the window tracery at the extreme east of the church's north side: the east window of the easternmost side chapel, which unlike the Perpendicular style of the others is in curvilinear Gothic style. The priest and later bishop Nicholas Close (or Cloos) was recorded as the "surveyor", having been the curate of St John Zachary, a church demolished to make way for the Chapel.

The first stone of the Chapel was laid, by Henry himself, on the Feast of St James the Apostle, 25 July 1446, the College having been begun in 1441. By the end of the reign of Richard III (1485), despite the Wars of the Roses, five bays had been completed and a timber roof erected. Henry VII visited in 1506, paying for the work to resume and even leaving money so that the work could continue after his death. In 1515, under Henry VIII, the building was complete but the great windows had yet to be made.

The Chapel features the world's largest fan vault, constructed between 1512 and 1515 by master mason John Wastell. It also features fine medieval stained glass.

Above the altar is The Adoration of the Magi by Rubens, painted in 1634 for the Convent of the White Nuns at Louvain in Belgium. The painting was installed in the Chapel in 1968 amid national controversy; this involved the lowering of the Sanctuary floor leading up to the High Altar. It had been believed that gradations were created in 1774 by James Essex, when Essex had in fact lowered the floor by 5 1/2 inches, but at the demolition of these steps, it was found that the floor instead rested on Tudor brick arches.

During the removal of these Tudor steps, built at the Founder's specific request that the high altar should be 3 ft above the choir floor, human remains in intact lead coffins with brass plaques were discovered, dating from the 15th to 18th centuries, and were disinterred.

The eventual installation of the Rubens was also not without problems: once seen beneath the east window, a conflict was felt between the picture's swirling colours and those of the stained glass. The Rubens was also a similar shape to the window, which "dwarfed it and made it look rather like a dependent postage stamp". Plain shutters were proposed, one on each side, to give it a triptych shape (although the picture was never part of a triptych) and lend it independence of form, which is how one sees the Rubens today. The installation was designed by architect Sir Martyn Beckett, who was "philosophical about the furore this inevitably occasioned - which quickly became acceptance of a solution to a difficult problem."

Many religious sites suffered damage during the English Civil War as Puritans sought to remove or deface iconography they considered inappropriate. Although Parliamentarian troops stationed in Cambridge used the chapel as a training ground, the building was largely untouched. Some sources suggest that Oliver Cromwell, who had studied at Cambridge, ordered its protection. Near the altar, on the north and south walls, there is still graffiti left by the soldiers. During the Second World War, most of the chapel's stained glass was placed in storage as a precautionary measure, but the chapel again avoided damage.

Great windows
The windows of King's College Chapel are some of the finest in the world from their era. There are 12 large windows on each side of the Chapel, and larger windows at the east and west ends. With the exception of the west window, they are by Flemish hands and date from 1515 to 1531. Barnard Flower, the first non-Englishman appointed as the King's Glazier, completed four windows. Galyon Hone and three partners (two English and one Flemish) are responsible for the east window and 16 others between 1526 and 1531. The final four were made by Francis Williamson and Symon Symondes. The one modern window is that in the west wall, which was donated by King's alumnus Francis Stacey and is by the Clayton and Bell company and dates from 1879.

Rood screen
This large wooden screen, which separates the ante-chapel from the choir and supports the organ, was erected in 1532–36 by Henry VIII in celebration of his marriage to Anne Boleyn. The screen is an example of early Renaissance architecture: a striking contrast to the Perpendicular Gothic Chapel; Sir Nikolaus Pevsner said it is "the most exquisite piece of Italian decoration surviving in England".

Current use
The Chapel is actively used as a place of worship and also for some concerts and college events. Notable college events include the annual King's College Music Society May Week Concert, held on the Monday of May Week. The event is popular with students, alumni, and visitors to the city.

The Chapel is noted for its splendid acoustics. The world-famous Choir of King's College, Cambridge, consists of choral scholars, organ scholars (male students at the college), and choristers (boys educated at the nearby King's College School). From 1982 until shortly before his death on 22 November 2019 the director of music for the choir was Sir Stephen Cleobury. It is currently Daniel Hyde. The choir sings services on most days in term-time, and also performs concerts and makes recordings and broadcasts.

The BBC has broadcast the Choir's Nine Lessons and Carols from the chapel on Christmas Eve, during which a solo treble sings the first verse of Once in Royal David's City. There is also a chapel choir of male and female students, King's Voices, which sings Evensong on Mondays during term-time.

The chapel is widely seen as a symbol of Cambridge (for example in the logo of Cambridge City Council).

Dean of the Chapel
The Dean of the Chapel is responsible to the College Council and the Governing Body for the conduct of services within the Chapel. King's College Chapel, like other Cambridge colleges, is not formally part of the structure of the Church of England, but the Dean is customarily licensed by the Bishop of Ely. Both he and the Chaplain take a regular part in chapel services: each is normally present at services six days a week during Full Term, and each preaches once or twice a term. The Chapel is run by a Chapel Committee chaired by the Dean. A Use of Choirs Committee, also chaired by the Dean, organises the engagements of the Chapel choir.

The current Chaplain is Revd Mary Kells, who has been in the post since September 2021. She was preceded in the post by Revd Ayla Lepine (2020–2021). Revd Tom McLean served as Interim Chaplain in 2020. He followed the Revd Andrew Hammond, who held the role of Chaplain from 2015 to 2019, after the Revd Richard Lloyd Morgan who served from 2003 to 2014.

===Recent deans ===
 * 1890 to 1893 – The Revd Dr. Alfred Hands Cooke
 * 1894 to 1918 – The Revd Dr. Alan England Brooke
 * 1918 to 1941 – The Very Revd Eric Milner-White
 * 1942 to 1948 – The Rt Revd Archibald Rollo Graham Campbell
 * 1949 to 1956 – The Revd Ivor Erskine St Clair Ramsay
 * 1956 to 1966 – The Revd Dr. Alexander Roper Vidler
 * 1966 to 1970 – The Very Revd Dr. David Lawrence Edwards
 * 1970 to 1981 – The Very Revd Michael Stanley Till
 * 1981 to 1991 – The Very Revd John Henry Drury
 * 1991 to 2001 – The Revd Canon Prof. George Pattison
 * January to September 2002 – The Revd Canon Martin Shaw (temporary Dean)
 * 2002 to 2004 – The Revd Prof. Christopher John Ryan
 * 2005 to 2009 – The Revd Ian Malcolm Thompson
 * 2010 to 2014 – The Revd Dr. Jeremy Morris
 * 2014 to present – The Revd Dr. Stephen Cherry

title: King's College Chapel, Cambridge


text:
Etymology of place names in Los Angeles County, California

The following is a non-exhaustive list of the etymologies of the place names in Los Angeles, California


text: Template:Colleges and universities in Vermont


text:
Loppington

Loppington is a village and parish in Shropshire, England, situated a few miles west of Wem. The population of the parish (2001) is 576 and there are 206 households. The population as of the 2011 census was 611.

Loppington was recorded in the Domesday Book (1086) as Lopitone.

It has a rich history and many historical buildings, including the Church of Saint Michael, dating back to the 14th century and having traces of a Norman building with characteristic Norman architecture.

Other interesting buildings are The Nook a timber-framed house near to the church, and Loppington Hall, an early 18th-century brick house, a former residence of John Lloyd Dickin restored in 2002.

The village has the only remaining bull ring in North Shropshire, which was reported to be used for bull baiting until the 19th century.

Notable people

 * Chris Hawkins - radio presenter, producer, and celebrity
 * Edward Lhuyd (Lloyd) - 17th century scientist, botanist, geologist, philologist and friend of Sir Isaac Newton

title: Loppington


text:
Talk:Philip Nozuka

Notability
As per Notability guideline "Has had significant roles in multiple notable films, television shows, stage performances, or other productions."

Nozuka has been involved with Degrassi, was in "Cosmopolis" and many other notable roles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Etobgirl (talk • contribs) 21:02, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
Don't believe anything Boycott the Caf says. They basically do parodies, including ranking the boys' penises (Spinner) and who's a bigger slut (Manny).

 * What the hell are you talking about? I'm one person. --Boycottthecaf 18:50, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Chester the Eskimo
There are a few people who don't believe the Chestert Bloom character is an Eskimo. Well this was stated as much on air. --Boycottthecaf 18:53, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Even if he is, the proper word is Inuk, not Eskimo. Although I can't claim to have watched the show, I have pretty strong doubts that an actor whose surname sounds Japanese would be cast as an Inuk character. Also, every web reference I can find to the character's surname gives it as Hosoda, not Bloom...and for what it's worth, neither Hosoda nor Bloom is a remotely Inuit-sounding name. Just provide a reference, all right? Bearcat 19:09, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * His character's last name is Hosoda, but I still fail to see what is unusual about a person of possible Jap descent playing an Eskimo. It is not unusual for Degrassi actors to play character with a differnt ancesteral background. Lauren Collins' character Paige is of Polish ancestery, and Collins is not a Polish surname. Andrea Lewis is of Jamaican ancestery but her character Hazel is Somalian.

 * Eskimo is still a perfectly proper term, but I don't care about the word, simply that Eskimo/Inuit is an ethnicity of Chester (Maybe he is half Jap, but he seems to identify more with Eskimo/Inuit).--Boycottthecaf 00:29, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * What's unusual about it is that it just wouldn't happen. No producer in their right mind would cast an Asian actor as an Inuk; the backlash from aboriginal and Inuit groups would be horrendous. It's nothing like a Jamaican playing a Somali, or someone named Collins playing a Polish person. It would be more like having a black character played by a white actor in blackface. They're not just different ethnicities; they're different races.

 * And no, Eskimo is not an acceptable term for a Canadian Inuk.

 * And since quite a few people seem to disagree with you about whether he's Inuk or not, you still have to provide a reference to confirm it. And, for that matter, if his last name is Hosoda, why were you repeatedly giving it as Bloom just two days ago? Bearcat 00:45, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I checked his and DTNG's tv.com page right before I wrote that, and for both of his appearances, it listed the character's last name as Hosoda. That's why I gave it as Hosoda there. Chester Bloom still shows up around the net.

 * I don't know who these "quite a few people" are, except you. That was just an expression. The fact that no Eskimo rights groups have protested the show points to their being nothing upsetting about a non-Eskimo playing an Eskimo (or half-Eskimo).--Boycottthecaf 01:52, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I checked his and DTNG's tv.com page right before I wrote that, and for both of his appearances, it listed the character's last name as Hosoda. That's why I gave it as Hosoda there. Chester Bloom still shows up around the net.

 * The point is, you were consistently giving it as Bloom until I called you on the fact that most sources give it as Hosoda.

 * I don't know who these "quite a few people" are, except you.

 * Um, maybe everybody else who had already reverted the Eskimo reference before I came along? Maybe the people who inspired you to start this very discussion with the comment "There are a few people who don't believe the Chester Bloom character is an Eskimo"?

 *  The fact that no Eskimo rights groups have protested the show points to their being nothing upsetting about a non-Eskimo playing an Eskimo (or half-Eskimo).

 * Or, for that matter, to the distinct possibility that you're making shit up for fun and he's not Inuk at all. Given your edit history, I wouldn't be terribly surprised if that were the case. Just provide a reference to support the claim, alright? Bearcat 03:33, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The point is, you were consistently giving it as Bloom until I called you on the fact that most sources give it as Hosoda.

 * "Chester Bloom" + Degrassi brings up these results, the second of which is the offical Degrassi site, and only about 13 less returns than "Chester Hosoda" + Degrassi. Hmm...maybe even the powers that be at Degrassi haven't been too consistant on what his last name is, so you can see where the confusion comes from. I just went with Hosoda now because that is what the character is named on the tv.com entry. If you need a reference to him being Eskimo, please watch the show. --Boycottthecaf 14:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * As the person making the contested claim, the onus is on you to provide the proof for it. It is not anybody else's job to do the work for you. And even if you do have a reference to prove it, the word in the article will be INUK. Bearcat 17:15, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You can't tell me what to do! You're not my real father! --Boycottthecaf 21:49, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * *eyeroll* Bearcat 23:21, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well that's a little like my real father. --Boycottthecaf 18:54, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Phillip Nozuka has a Japanese father and a white (Canadian?) mother. --Funkmaster 801 17:48, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

I am Philip Nozuka. I am Japanese/White. I like to eat apples.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:08, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philip Nozuka


text:
Reunion (The Temptations album)

Reunion is a 1982 album by The Temptations for Gordy Records. The album was released during the 1982 Temptations Reunion tour, which reunited David Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks with the Temptations after a decade-long absence. The album also features then-current Temptations Dennis Edwards, Glenn Leonard, Richard Street, and founding members Otis Williams and Melvin Franklin. Reunion featured the single "Standing on the Top", produced by and featuring Motown funk star Rick James, who had previously used the Temptations as the background vocalists for his 1981 hit "Super Freak". It was their first album to reach the top 40 since Wings of Love (1976).

The Reunion tour, which began in April 1982 was only partially successful. Ruffin, by then a full-blown cocaine addict, missed several shows, causing the group to be fined thousands of dollars for each performance he missed, and Eddie Kendricks' falsetto voice had weakened due to constant smoking. Group leader Otis Williams decided that the reunion would not be a permanent thing, and fired Ruffin and Kendricks shortly after Christmas 1982.

Personnel
Performers
 * Dennis Edwards – vocals (tenor/baritone)
 * Melvin Franklin – vocals (bass)
 * Eddie Kendricks – vocals (first tenor/falsetto)
 * Glenn Leonard – vocals (first tenor/falsetto)
 * David Ruffin – vocals (tenor/baritone)
 * Richard Street – vocals (second tenor)
 * Otis Williams – vocals (baritone)
 * Rick James – guest vocals, producer
 * Mary Jane Girls – background vocals ("Standing on the Top")

Musicians
 * Oscar Alston, Freddie Washington, Jervonny Collier, Nathan Watts, Eddie Watkins – bass guitar
 * Paulinho da Costa, Gary Coleman, Nathan Hughes – percussion
 * Bill Elliott – electric piano, synthesizer
 * Kerry Ashby, Rudy Robinson, Erskine Williams, Clarence McDonald – keyboards
 * Bobby Nunn, Levi Ruffin – synthesizer
 * Ken Hirsch – piano
 * Chris Powell – saxophone
 * Ken Scott, LaMorris Payne – trumpets
 * Benjamin Wright – synthesizer, arranger
 * Ndugu Chancler, Ed Greene, Jerry Jones, Lanise Hughes, Quentin Dennard – drums
 * Robert Bowles, Bruce Nazarian, Dennis Herring, Louis Russell, Wah Wah Watson, Tom McDermott – guitars

Production

 * Executive Producer: Berry Gordy
 * Tracks 3, 7 and 9 produced by Berry Gordy; track 9 co-produced by Melvin Ragin. Recording and mix by Barney Perkins, Bob Robitalle, Bobby Brooks, Fred Law, Glen Jordan, Jane Clark, Russ Terrana.
 * Track 1 produced by Rick James. Recording and mix by Rom Flye, Ann Fry and Michael Johnson.
 * Track 2 produced by Iris Gordy and Barrett Strong. Recording and mix by Warren Woods.
 * Track 4 produced by Ron Miller. Recording and mix by Barney Perkins, Bob Robitalle, Russ Terrana, Fred Law, Kevin Sorrells, Michael Johnson.
 * Tracks 5, 6 and 8 produced by Smokey Robinson. Recording and mix by Howard Wolen and Louis Russell.

title: Reunion (The Temptations album)


text:
Talk:Pastwatch series

Pastwatch: The Flood
Does this actually exist? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.231.107.133 (talk) 21:00, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Amazon seems to think so. But the ISFDB isn't so sure.
 * —wwoods 22:35, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

It exist i just checked it out from a public library in america —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.49.224.29 (talk) 00:09, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Most sites seem to think this is the same book as the Redemption of Chris Columbus, of all the places that mention it this is the only one that explicitly states its a separate book, I hope it is though, the first book was great. 81.109.230.12 (talk) 20:13, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

I emailed Orson Scott Cards website and got a response from his assistant. There is a Pastwatch the flood and it is different from columbus, but it has not been written yet and there is no publication date Lynch2007 (talk) 22:24, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Yes, it will exist. I have added links to two separate articles (one at CNN and one at Card’s own website The Hatrack.) where Card confirms that he will be writing at least two more books in the Pastwatch series. Pmcalduff (talk) 11:31, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:OSCpastwatch.jpg
The image Image:OSCpastwatch.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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 * Fixed Pmcalduff (talk) 06:42, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pastwatch series


text:
User talk:Xepol

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 17:52, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Xepol


text:
User talk:Lego872

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 17:52, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

Image copyright problem with Image:Bhsexter.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bhsexter.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

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Oscar Nunez
See the page for Oscar Nunez; they're debating over whether or not it should be moved to Oscar Nuñez. --DrBat 03:32, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Nomination of Indiana Commerce Connector for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lego872


text:
Kandiyanallur

Kandiyanallur is a village located south west of Chennai in Tamil Nadu, India. It is a part of Vandavasi Taluk in the district of Thiruvannamalai. According to the 2011 Government of India Census data, there are a total of 79 families residing in the village. The population is 270 of which 138 are male and 132 are female. The village is administrated by an elected Sarpanch. The primary occupation of the villagers is Agriculture.

Politics
Kandiyanallur comes under the Vandavasi Vidhan Sabha constituency of the State of Tamil Nadu. This seat is reserved for Scheduled Caste

The winner of the 2016 Vidhan Sabha election was Ambethkumar, S from DMK with 80206 votes and runner up was Meganathan, V from AIADMK with 62138 votes.

Previous results are listed below

Education
PUPS-KANDIYANALLUR is a Tamil medium co-educational school located in the village. School is approved for Primary level education and works under the management of Local body.

News
In 2010, seven ancient apparently Panchaloha idols were unearthed around an ancient Siva temple.

title: Kandiyanallur


text:
Occipitalis muscle

The occipitalis muscle (occipital belly) is a muscle which covers parts of the skull. Some sources consider the occipital muscle to be a distinct muscle. However, Terminologia Anatomica currently classifies it as part of the occipitofrontalis muscle along with the frontalis muscle.

The occipitalis muscle is thin and quadrilateral in form. It arises from tendinous fibers from the lateral two-thirds of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone and from the mastoid process of the temporal and ends in the epicranial aponeurosis.

The occipitalis muscle is innervated by the facial nerve and its function is to move the scalp back. The muscles receives blood from the occipital artery.

title: Occipitalis muscle


text:
Gobowen

Gobowen is a village in Shropshire, England, about 3 miles north of Oswestry. The population according to the 2011 census was 3,270.

History
The village was previously called Bryn-y-Castell ("Hill of the Castle" in English) after the Norman motte castle adjacent to the Preeshenlle United Reformed Church, the eastern edge of the site being cut into when the church was built. Alongside this monument there is a section of the 8th century Wat's Dyke.

The name changed to Gobowen; this name is believed to originate from Gob (from 'gobennydd', a pillow) and Owen (Owain Glyndŵr) who was believed to have rested here. However, this name may also originate from a man named Owen who started mining here, and an old Welsh word for mine is 'gob', hence Gobowen (Owen's mine). The mines were filled in by hand during the Second World War by displaced persons and prisoners of war, who were housed in a camp which is now called Bank Top Industrial Estate in the nearby village of St Martins.

The population of Gobowen, however, grew up around the railway. The mainline route between Chester and Shrewsbury was diverted through Gobowen after permission was denied to route the railway through the local historic town of Oswestry. Gobowen railway station is a Grade II listed building.

The village's main primary school was opened in 1907, with local educational provision previously being offered at the school hall attached to Preeshenlle United Reform Church.

All Saints Church
The Foundation Stone for All Saints Church was laid in 1926 and the memorial to this event can be found on the east end of the building. The church was built as a daughter church to St. Barnabas Church at Hengoed and remained as such until the Hengoed church was made redundant in 1981, at which point All Saints became the parish church for 'Hengoed with Gobowen'. The parish of Hengoed with Gobowen was originally in the Diocese of St Asaph but transferred to the Diocese of Lichfield when the Church in Wales disestablished. All Saints was officially opened in 1928 and its vicar was George Owen Browne, the first of nine vicars to date who have served the parish. Others have included: Bertram Russell, Arthur Cecil Roberts, Glyn Owen Jones, John Michael Allen, Paul Wilkinson, Michael John Withey, Christopher John Groocock and Adrian Richard Bailey (the current vicar). The church was extended variously throughout its history including the extension of the West End, the addition of a second vestry (to the rear) and a bell tower. In 1979, the building was devastated by fire and services continued during that period in the hall next to the Church. It re-opened in 1981 with a newly commissioned stained glass window to the East End, a donated window depicting the nativity in the West End, and various pieces of furniture donated from churches elsewhere.

Governance
Gobowen is part of the electoral ward called Gobowen, Selattyn and Weston Rhyn. This ward had a population of 6,866 at the 2011 Census.

Amenities and attractions
Derwen College, which provides residential further education for students with learning difficulties and disabilities, lies in the village. The college also operates a garden centre, Young Farmers' shop (selling produce grown at the college), coffee shop and restaurant.

The village has shops, medical facilities and schools. There are three churches — Anglican, Methodist and United Reformed. There are around 20 organisations offering activities in which to participate. Local tourist attractions include Park Hall Countryside Experience, Chirk Castle, Whittington Castle and the Shropshire Union Canal.

Orthopaedic hospital
The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital is sited nearby. It was established as a convalescent home for disabled children in 1900 at Baschurch by Agnes Hunt. In 1919 funds and premises became available and the hospital transferred to the hospital section of a former army camp at Park Hall. The new site was officially opened on August 5, 1921, by Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge in the presence of its founders Sir Robert Jones and Dame Agnes Hunt. Much progress has been made since that time both with vast new buildings and pioneering medical treatments.

Transport
Gobowen lies on the A5/A483 roads between London and Holyhead. The village has regular bus links with Oswestry, St Martins, Ellesmere and Wrexham.

Gobowen railway station is served by Transport for Wales with regular trains connecting to Wrexham, Chester, Shrewsbury, Holyhead and the North Wales Coast, Cardiff and Birmingham.

title: Gobowen


text:
Holla

Holla may refer to:

Places

 * Holla, Telemark, a former municipality in Telemark county, Norway
 * Holla, Trøndelag, a village in Hemne municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway

Music

 * "Holla", a song by EXID
 * "Holla", a 2001 song from Genesis (Busta Rhymes album)
 * "Holla", a melody by Ghostface Killah from his album The Pretty Toney Album
 * "Holla", a song by Proyecto Uno 2003
 * Holla!, a 2004 album by Baha Men, or the title track

Other

 * Holla, a surname of the Kota Brahmins of Karnataka state of India
 * Holla, a typeface created by Rudolf Koch

title: Holla


text:
Regina Capitals

The Regina Capitals were a professional ice hockey team originally based in the city of Regina, Saskatchewan in the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL), founded in 1921.

Western Canada Hockey League Capitals (1921–1926)
1921 was the Regina Capitals' first season in the new Western Canada Hockey League, they finished second overall and then upset the Edmonton Eskimos in the playoffs to win the league championship. Winning the league championship meant that the team had to face the winner of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) before being able to challenge for the Stanley Cup. Unfortunately, the up-start Capitals lost to the Vancouver Millionaires of the PCHA. Vancouver went on to face the Toronto St. Patricks of the National Hockey League (NHL), but would lose the best-of-five series for the Stanley Cup 3 games to 2. They finished second overall in each of their first three seasons, with their third season only one point behind first place, but that first season would be the only one in which they would win the playoffs and advance to the next series. After three seasons well above .500, they fell to last place overall in their fourth season (1924–25) with only 8 wins in 28 games.

The Capitals tried spending their way out of their difficulties, but that only caused more problems. With the team in debt and losing money, they followed the NHL's example of heading south across the border and moved to Portland, Oregon for the start of the 1925–26 WHL season. The Regina Capitals renamed themselves the Portland Rosebuds, which was a rekindling of an older, then defunct, team from the PCHA. With that move, they became the only United States-based team in their league. Since they moved to the States, the league had to change its name to reflect that not all of its teams were based in Canada anymore. So, the "Canada" part of the league's name was dropped and it was renamed the Western Hockey League.

The move didn't help the on-ice performance of the team very much. They didn't finish last overall, but with an extra eight games played from the previous season, they only managed to better their total wins by 4 giving them 12 wins in 36 games.

After that season, the Western Hockey League folded. The National Hockey League bought every contract of ever player from the WHL for $258,000. The former Capitals/Rosebuds players would go on to form the nucleus of the expansion Chicago Black Hawks franchise, which began play the following season.

Prairie Hockey League Capitals (1926–1927)
With the collapse of the WHL, many of the players and teams that didn't become part of the NHL re-grouped and formed a new semi-pro league called the Prairie Hockey League (PrHL). A "new" Regina Capitals were born. They finished third overall in the inaugural season of the PrHL, but faltered badly for the second season with only two wins in 26 games. That second season would be the final season for both the Regina Capitals and the Prairie Hockey League as the league disbanded following the season's end.

Season-by-season record
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

Head coach

 * Wes Champ (1921–1925)
 * Pete Muldoon (1925–26)

Notable players

 * George Hay, 1921–1926 (later to Chicago Black Hawks)
 * Dick Irvin, 1922–1925 (later to Chicago Black Hawks)
 * Bill Laird, 1921–1923
 * Paul Rivard, 1896-1991
 * Barney Stanley, 1922–1924
 * Eddie Shore, 1924–1925 (later to Edmonton, then to Boston Bruins)

title: Regina Capitals


text: User talk:71.96.179.182

title: User talk:71.96.179.182