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Operation Retribution (1941)

Operation Retribution (Unternehmen Strafgericht), also known as Operation Punishment, was the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact. The bombing occurred in the first days of the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II. The Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (VVKJ) had only 77 modern fighter aircraft available to defend Belgrade against the hundreds of German fighters and bombers that struck in the first wave early on 6 April. Three days prior, VVKJ Major Vladimir Kren had defected to the Germans, disclosing the locations of multiple military assets and divulging the VVKJ's codes.

Three more waves of bombers attacked Belgrade on 6 April, and more attacks followed in subsequent days. The attacks resulted in the paralysis of Yugoslav civilian and military command and control, the widespread destruction of Belgrade's infrastructure, and many civilian casualties. The ground invasion had begun a few hours earlier, and air attacks were also made on VVKJ airfields and other strategic targets across Yugoslavia. Among the non-military targets struck during the bombing were the National Library of Serbia, which burned to the ground with the loss of hundreds of thousands of books and manuscripts, and the Belgrade Zoo.

In retaliation for the invasion of Yugoslavia, which surrendered on 17 April, the Royal Air Force carried out two bombing raids on Sofia, the capital of Axis Bulgaria, which later took part in Yugoslavia's partition. The senior Luftwaffe officer responsible for the bombing, Generaloberst Alexander Löhr, was captured by the Yugoslavs at the end of the war and was tried and executed for war crimes, in part for his involvement in the bombing of Belgrade. Kren was arrested in 1947 on unrelated charges of war crimes stemming from his subsequent service as the head of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia. He was extradited to Yugoslavia to face trial, convicted on all counts, and executed in 1948. A monument erected in Zemun in 1997 commemorates the airmen killed in Belgrade's defence. The bombing has been dramatised in literature and film.

Yugoslav coup d'état
Following Germany's 1938 Anschluss of Austria, Yugoslavia shared a border with the Third Reich and came under increasing pro-Axis political pressure as its neighbours fell into line with the Axis powers. In April 1939, Yugoslavia gained a second frontier with Italy when Italy invaded Albania. Between September and November 1940, Hungary joined the Tripartite Pact, Italy invaded Greece, and Romania also joined the Pact. From that time, Yugoslavia was almost surrounded by Axis powers or their client states, and its neutral stance toward the war was under tremendous pressure. On 14 February 1941, Adolf Hitler invited Prime Minister Dragiša Cvetković and Foreign Minister Aleksandar Cincar-Marković to Berchtesgaden, and requested that Yugoslavia also join the Pact. On 1 March, Bulgaria joined, and the next day, German troops entered Bulgaria from Romania, closing the ring around Yugoslavia.

Further pressure was applied by Hitler on 4 March 1941, when the Yugoslav regent, Prince Paul, visited Berchtesgaden, but the prince delayed a decision. On 6 March, the Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (Vazduhoplovstvo Vojske Kraljevine Jugoslavije, VVKJ) was secretly mobilised. The following day, British troops began landing in Greece to bolster the country's defences against the Italians. On 12 March, the VVKJ began dispersing to auxiliary airfields. By 20 March, the VVKJ's dispersal had been completed. Hitler, wishing to secure his southern flank in anticipation of Germany's impending invasion of the Soviet Union, demanded that Yugoslavia sign the Pact. On 25 March, the Yugoslav government complied. Two days later, a group of VVKJ and Yugoslav Royal Guard officers, led by Brigadier General Borivoje Mirković, deposed Prince Paul in the Yugoslav coup d'état. He was replaced by his 17-year-old nephew Peter.

Preparations
The day of the coup, Hitler issued Directive 25, which stated that the coup had changed the political situation in the Balkans. He ordered that "even if Yugoslavia at first should give declarations of loyalty, she must be considered as a foe and therefore must be destroyed as quickly as possible". German reconnaissance aircraft frequently violated Yugoslav airspace in the aftermath of the coup. VVKJ fighters were placed on constant alert. The German incursions demonstrated that the Yugoslav ground observation post network and supporting radio communications were inadequate. Hitler decided that Belgrade would be bombed as punishment for the coup, under the codename Operation Retribution (Unternehmen Strafgericht). On 27 and 28 March 1941, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring transferred about 500 fighter and bomber aircraft from France and northern Germany to airfields near the Yugoslav border. The commander of Luftflotte IV, Generaloberst (General) Alexander Löhr, allocated these aircraft to attack the Yugoslav capital in waves by day and night. Löhr issued his orders for the bombing on 31 March, but the decision to bomb Belgrade would not be confirmed by Hitler until 5 April. Hitler ordered the general destruction of Belgrade, but at the last minute Löhr replaced these general directions with specific military objectives within the city.

On 3 April, Major Vladimir Kren flew a Potez 25 aircraft to Graz and defected to the Germans. He disclosed the locations of many of Yugoslavia's dispersal airfields, as well as codes used by the VVKJ, which had to be quickly changed. Also disclosed were the location of Yugoslavia's troop mobilisation centres and air-raid shelters in Belgrade. On the afternoon of 5 April, a British colonel visited Mirković at the VVKJ base in Zemun and informed him that the attack on Belgrade would commence at 06:30 the next day. The previous day, the Yugoslav government had declared Belgrade an open city in the event of hostilities. The German embassy had informed its government that Belgrade did not contain any anti-aircraft defences, but in an effort to justify the attack to the public, German propaganda branded the city "Fortress Belgrade" after the first bombs were dropped.

By 6 April, the VVKJ had been almost completely mobilised, and consisted of four air brigades with more than 423 aircraft of Yugoslav, German, Italian, French, Czech and British design, including 107 modern fighters and 100 modern medium bombers. Other than a small number of locally made Rogožarski IK-3 fighters, almost all the modern aircraft available to the VVKJ were of German, Italian or British design for which limited spares and munitions were available. The available aircraft were spread all over the country, and only the 1st Fighter Brigade was near enough to Belgrade to respond to an attack on the capital. In total, the 1st Fighter Brigade fielded 56 Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3a fighters, 15 Hawker Hurricane MkIs, and six Rogožarski IK-3s.

Bombing
German ground forces crossed the Yugoslav border at 05:15 on 6 April, and the Reich Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, announced Germany's declaration of war at 06:00. Yugoslav anti-aircraft defences caused a false alarm when they reported the approach of an air raid from the direction of Romania at 03:00, but listening posts on the Romanian border had heard the aircraft engines of the Romanian-based Fliegerführer Arad warming up well before they took off. The VVKJ's 51st Fighter Group at Zemun had been alerted before dawn, and when reports began to be received about Luftwaffe attacks on VVKJ airfields, the first patrol was sent into the air. At first, no aircraft could be seen approaching Belgrade.

The first wave closed on Belgrade between 06:30 and 06:45, and consisted of 74 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers, and 160 Heinkel He 111 medium bombers and Dornier Do 17 light bombers at 8000 - 10000 ft. They were escorted by Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighters at 11000 - 12000 ft and 100 Messerschmitt Bf 109E fighters at 15000 ft. The entire Yugoslav 6th Fighter Brigade, consisting of the 51st Fighter Group at Zemun and the 32nd Fighter Group at Prnjavor, totalling 29 Messerschmitt Bf 109Es and five Rogožarski IK-3s, were scrambled to intercept the Germans. The Yugoslavs were quickly engaged by escorting Messerschmitt Bf 109Es from Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77). Just as the first wave was departing, Hawker Hurricane Mk1s of the 52nd Fighter Group of the 2nd Fighter Regiment based at Knić arrived over Belgrade and engaged some dive bombers, claiming one Stuka shot down. During the first attack, the Yugoslavs claimed fifteen German aircraft shot down and lost five of their own, with six more badly damaged. The pilots of JG 77 claimed ten Yugoslav machines shot down and another six destroyed on the ground. On his return to base, the commander of the 51st Fighter Group was relieved of his command for failure to take action. The first wave hit the Belgrade power station, the post office including telegraph and postal services, the headquarters of the Ministry of Army and Navy, the Yugoslav Supreme Command building, the military academy, the royal palace at Dedinje, the royal guard barracks at Topčider, the gendarmerie command headquarters, and the airport at Zemun, among other targets.

Immediately after the first wave, King Peter, the Government of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Supreme Command left Belgrade and retreated to Yugoslavia's mountainous interior with the intention of going into exile. The second wave of German aircraft arrived over Belgrade about 10:00, consisting of 57 Ju 87 dive bombers and 30 Bf 109E fighters. They were met by 15 of the remaining fighters from the 6th Fighter Brigade. This time the Yugoslavs claimed two dive bombers forced down, and one Bf 109E shot down. A patrol of Bf 109Es from the Yugoslav 31st Fighter Group based at Kragujevac, acting without orders from their group commander, followed the Germans as they returned to their bases and claimed two dive bombers shot down for the loss of both Yugoslav aircraft. Belgrade was targeted on two other occasions on the first day of the invasion. The third wave struck at 14:00, consisting of 94 twin-engined bombers flying from airfields near Vienna, escorted by 60 fighters. This wave was met by eighteen fighters of the 6th Fighter Regiment, which claimed four German aircraft. The fourth attack of the day approached Belgrade at 16:00, comprising 97 dive bombers and 60 fighters.

The Germans claimed nineteen Yugoslav Bf 109E fighters and four unidentified aircraft destroyed on 6 April. Actual Yugoslav aircraft losses on the first day were ten shot down and fifteen damaged. The Yugoslavs claimed to have shot down twenty-two German aircraft and forced two others to land. The Germans lost twelve aircraft, significantly fewer than claimed by the Yugoslavs: two Do 17Z light bombers, five Bf 110 heavy fighters, four Ju 87 dive bombers, and one Bf 109E fighter. One Luftwaffe pilot who claimed his first victory over Belgrade on 6 April was Oberleutnant Gerhard Koall of Jagdgeschwader 54. He went on to be credited with 37 victories and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in 1944.

German bombers and dive-bombers dropped 215 - 360 LT of bombs and incendiaries on the capital. The weak VVKJ and inadequate anti-aircraft defences of Belgrade briefly attempted to meet the overwhelming Luftwaffe assault, but were eliminated as threats during the first wave of the attack. Sources vary regarding the success achieved by the defenders. A US Army study first published in 1953 states that the Luftwaffe lost two fighter aircraft, downed 20 Yugoslav aircraft and destroyed a further 44 on the ground. The military historian Daniel L. Zajac writes that the Germans lost 40 aircraft during the two-day air battle. Another source indicates the loss of 14 German aircraft on 6 April. Dive-bombers in subsequent waves were able to operate at rooftop altitude.

According to the historian Stevan K. Pavlowitch, the bombing of Belgrade lasted three days. Other sources state the air battle over Belgrade lasted only two days owing to poor flying conditions on 8 April. The most important cultural institution that was destroyed was the National Library of Serbia, which was hit by bombs and gutted by fire. Hundreds of thousands of rare books, maps, and medieval manuscripts were destroyed. Also struck was the Belgrade Zoo, sending frightened animals running through the streets.

British retaliation
No. 37 Squadron of the Royal Air Force (RAF) conducted two bombing raids on Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, in retaliation for the bombing of Belgrade. Operating Vickers Wellington bombers from an airfield in Greece, the squadron conducted raids on 6/7 April and 12/13 April, dropping a total of 30 LT of high-explosive bombs on railway targets and nearby residential areas. These raids were carried out despite the fact that Britain was not at war with Bulgaria until 12 December 1941. The historian Herman Knell calls the retaliatory justification for these raids "strange and implausible". The aviation historians Shores, Cull and Malizia indicate that these raids were attacks on the lines of communication of German forces attacking Greece and Yugoslavia, and note that the raid on 6/7 April targeted an ammunition train and other installations in Sofia, and the raid on 12/13 April bombed the railway marshalling yards. Other similar targets in Bulgaria were attacked by the RAF during the Balkans Campaign.

Aftermath and legacy
The bombing of Belgrade paralysed communications between the Yugoslav military and its headquarters, and contributed decisively to the rapid collapse of Yugoslav resistance. Civilian casualties were significant, but sources vary widely from 1,500 to 17,000 killed. They were worsened by the disclosure of air-raid shelter locations to the Germans in the days preceding the attack. The official casualty figure released by the occupation authorities soon after the bombing was 2,271 killed. Other sources mention 5,000 to 10,000 fatalities, and later Yugoslav estimates ranged even higher. The historian Jozo Tomasevich writes that the higher estimates were downgraded following "careful postwar investigations", and indicates that a figure between 3,000 and 4,000 is more realistic.

Belgrade was occupied on 13 April 1941, and four days later, Yugoslavia capitulated. Afterwards, Luftwaffe engineers conducted a bomb damage assessment in Belgrade. The report stated that 218.5 MT of bombs were dropped, 10 to 14 per cent being incendiaries. It listed all the targets of the bombing, mentioned that seven aerial mines were dropped, and that areas in the centre and north-west of the city had been destroyed, comprising 20 to 25 per cent of its total area. Some aspects of the bombing remain unexplained, particularly the use of the aerial mines. Significant damage was done to Belgrade, particularly to the water and electrical systems. Pavlowitch states that almost 50 per cent of housing in Belgrade was destroyed. After the invasion, the Germans forced between 3,500 and 4,000 Jews to collect rubble that was caused by the bombing. Unexploded German bombs continue to be unearthed in the 21st century.

Löhr was captured by the Yugoslav Partisans on 9 May 1945, escaped, and was recaptured on 13 May. He was intensively interrogated, after which he was tried before a Yugoslav military court on war crimes charges, one of which related to his command of Luftflotte IV during Operation Retribution. Löhr was convicted by the Yugoslav military court and sentenced to death. He was executed on 26 February 1947. Following the invasion, Kren was appointed head of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia (Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske, ZNDH). He was arrested in Italy in March 1947 and extradited to Yugoslavia, where he was tried on unrelated charges of war crimes for his role in the targeting of civilians by the ZNDH. He was found guilty on all counts and executed in 1948.

The bombing of Belgrade was depicted in the 1980 Yugoslav feature film Who's Singin' Over There? (Ko to tamo peva) and the 1995 feature film Underground (Podzemlje). It is also the subject of Miodrag Pavlović's poem Belgrade 1941 (Beograd 1941). The Serbian American poet Charles Simic, a survivor of the bombing, wrote a poem titled "Cameo Appearance" recounting his experiences. A monument commemorating the Yugoslav pilots killed during Operation Retribution was inaugurated in Zemun on 6 April 1997. It was designed by the sculptor Miodrag Živković. On 6 April 2016, the 75th anniversary of the bombing, a memorial service was held for the victims, attended by the Serbian Minister for Labour, Employment, Veteran and Social Policy, Aleksandar Vulin. In June 2017, it was announced that the site containing the ruined foundations of the National Library of Serbia would be made into a memorial garden.

title: Operation Retribution (1941)


text: User talk:156.65.14.143

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:156.65.14.143


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Carabooda, Western Australia

Carabooda is a rural locality in outer northern Perth, Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of Wanneroo.

The region gives its name to a distinctive form of building limestone called Carabooda limestone. An abandoned theme park is located on Karoborup Road - it was known as Dizzy Lamb Park, and specialised in vintage cars and military vehicles until its closure in 2000.

History
The suburb of Carabooda (spelled Karoborup or Karroborup in earlier documents) takes its name from the lake nearby. The lake name was first recorded by J.W. Gregory in January 1843, and is a Noongar word. The current spelling was in use by 1867, and it was approved as a suburb name in 1982. The name "Karoborup" survives in a regional road through the suburb.

Geography
Carabooda is bounded by Romeo Road/Karoborup Road to the south, the proposed Mitchell Freeway to the west, Cutler Road and Old Yanchep Road to the east and Walding Road (near the Yanchep turnoff) to the north.

At the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011 census, Carabooda had a population of 737 people living in 316 dwellings, an increase of 227 from the 2006 census. Carabooda is a sparsely populated agricultural suburb, and several plant nurseries and wineries and a wildlife park are located in the area.

Transport
Carabooda was served by the Transperth 490 bus route between Clarkson train station and Two Rocks along Wanneroo Road. However, the service was relocated to Marmion Avenue and the nearby suburb of Yanchep on 14 December 2008, and Carabooda is no longer served.

Politics
Carabooda's political leanings are unclear due to its small size and the lack of a polling booth. The nearest large booths tend to favour the Australian Labor Party historically, although most have been won by the Coalition in recent times, especially at federal level.

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Carramar, Western Australia

Carramar is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Wanneroo and it is situated 30 km from the Perth CBD. Its postcode is 6031, and it came into being, together with Tapping to the south, in 1995 as a subdivision of Neerabup.

Carramar is an Aboriginal word meaning "shade of trees", and was approved as a suburb name in 1997.

Geography
Carramar is bounded by Flynn Drive to the north, Pinjar Road to the east, Joondalup Drive to the south, and Wanneroo Road to the west.

Demographics
In the, Carramar had a population of 6,605, an increase in comparison to the 2001 census, which had the population at 2,497. This increase can be directly attributed to increased housing development within the suburb on previously undeveloped land. The median age of Carramar residents was 32, and median household income was $1,964 per week. 0.4% of the population identified themselves as Indigenous persons.

The most popular religious affiliations in descending order in the 2011 census were Anglican 25.7%, No Religion 24.3%, Catholic 22.6%, Uniting Church 3.7% and Baptist 2.8%.

Facilities
The suburb has a park and sporting oval located on its Southern border at Millendon Street between Houghton and Cheriton Drives. Also located in this same area is the local Community Centre constructed and operated by the local council opened in May 2006.

In 1994, the Carramar Golf Course was opened by the City of Wanneroo. The Bob Stanton designed facility is a par 72, 6121 metre course carved into a native Australian bushland surrounding.

Retail facilities
Two sites within the suburb are zoned for retail facilities. The first is the Carramar Village Shopping Centre located in the area bounded by Joondalup Drive, Rawlinna Parkway, and Cheriton Drive on the suburb's southern boundary. The site is owned by the estate's land developer Peet Limited and opened for trading in March 2009. The second site is zoned regional shopping centre and is located on a parcel of land to the north of the intersection at Joondalup Drive and Pinjar Road.

The issue of shopping facilities within the Carramar Estate had been a source of constant discontent between residents, the local residents association, and the land developer. Amongst the delays cited were the tendering process for a land release in the adjoining suburb of Banksia Grove which would have led them to instead develop the regional shopping centre site, and complaints regarding the approvals process of the City of Wanneroo which have been strenuously denied by Central Ward Councillors Sam Salpietro (Also Deputy Mayor) and Frank Civitan.

Education
A new primary school, Carramar Primary School, opened on 2 February 2005.

High School studies are provided through either Wanneroo Senior High School or Kinross College. A number of students also attend St Stephen's School in the neighbouring suburb of Tapping for private primary and secondary education.

Sport
Carramar Cougars are the local football club based at Houghton Park, Carramar, opposite the Carramar Village Shopping Centre.

Transport
The suburb is served by bus routes which provide connections to the Joondalup Line via either the Whitfords or Joondalup railway stations.

Bus routes

 * 391, Joondalup Station – Banksia Grove. Operates along Golf Links Drive, Houghton Road, Millendon Street and Keanefield Drive.
 * 467, Whitfords Station – Joondalup Station. Operates along Joondalup Drive passing the Carramar Village Shopping Centre.

title: Carramar, Western Australia


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Me filming for OPN TV

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Clarkson, Western Australia

Clarkson is an outer northern suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located 34 kilometres north of Perth's central business district in the City of Wanneroo.

While mostly a residential area, it also functions as a town centre, serving many surrounding areas with a vast amount of amenities and facilities. The suburb has a railway station on the Joondalup railway line and also is a major public transport hub for surrounding suburbs.

Geography
Clarkson is bounded to the west by Mindarie (Marmion Avenue) and to the north by Merriwa and Ridgewood (Hester Avenue). The Joondalup railway line divides Clarkson from the Neerabup National Park in the east. South of Clarkson is Tamala Park, which is uninhabited.

It is approximately 2 km away from the Indian Ocean and the coastlines of Claytons Beach and Quinns Beach.

Name
The suburb's name refers to the Clarksons, a family of sheep farmers who had held leases of land in the area since the 19th century. Clarkson was originally gazetted as "Mindarie" by the Shire of Wanneroo in 1979, but the two names were transposed in 1985 at the request of Smith Corporation, who went on to develop the Mindarie Keys Marina three years later.

Early use
The first permanent settler with European ancestry in the area was the Barnard Drummond Clarkson, a sheep-farmer who also held land in Toodyay. Clarkson first acquired a pastoral lease in 1888 of 13,000 acres in the areas comprising modern-day Mindarie, Clarkson, Quinns Rocks and Merriwa. The leases were known as the Mindarie Pastoral Company, and the lands were primarily used for sheep-herding by subsequent generations of the Clarkson family.

The ruins of the Clarksons' first homestead and home of the Mindarie Pastoral Company are today preserved in Riverlinks Park on Connolly Drive.

Suburban development
The Mindarie Pastoral Company leases were sold by John Clarkson in 1952. The land subsequently saw no development or settlement until the early 1990s, naturally following the completion of the adjacent Mindarie Marina and subsequent residential dwellings in the area. The north-eastern portion of Clarkson around the high school was developed later in 1995. The suburb continued to be built throughout the 2000s, with a steadily growing population.

Outside of Clarkson's main commercial zone in the south-west, the suburb consists mostly of residential, detached bungalow housing with vast amounts of parkland. There is a strip of two-storey apartment blocks along Ocean Keys Boulevard, immediately opposite the railway station, and another strip of apartments closer to the shopping centre on Ningaloo Bend. The suburb also contains a lot of Keystart homes.

Somerly
Somerly is a commercial and housing development in south-east Clarkson, principally surrounding the railway station, that was completed in 2008. The 1,800-lot community was built on a 162 ha area in a partnership between development company Urban Pacific and the Western Australia Government Department of Housing and Works land development agency Landstart. The project aimed to provide a community-within-a-community with commercial enterprise, fibre-optic to the home internet, and a landscaping package (totaling at A$8,000) at no extra cost to new home-buyers.

The development of the Somerly area made Clarkson one of the largest, most densely populated suburbs in Perth's northern corridor, with a population now approaching 12,000. It is roughly delineated from the older, established parts of Clarkson by Liberty Drive to the north, Connolly Drive to the west and Polglase Fairway to the south-west.

Catalina
A new residential estate under the preliminary name of "Catalina" is being planned for development in 2012. The estate's proposed boundaries lay south of Neerabup Road (which is presently bushland blending into Tamala Park) and extend from the Joondalup rail line in the east, to the coast of Mindarie Beach and Claytons Beach to the west. Although the land is part of Clarkson and Mindarie at present, Satterley, the developers, intend for the estate to eventually be re-gazetted as its own suburb.

Demographics
Clarkson had a population of 7,082 at the 2006 census, an increase of 1,214 persons since the 2001 census. The population of Clarkson is predicted to continue to grow at an exponential rate, peaking at 18,645 in 2026. Only 58.9% of Clarkson's population were born in Australia compared to a nationwide average of 70.9%. A significant British-born population is present, being 15.4%, although this is a smaller proportion compared to some nearby suburbs, such as Mindarie. Most other major immigrant groups in Clarkson hail from Anglophone countries, such as New Zealand and South Africa.

Clarkson has a very young population, with an average age of 28, a figure drastically lower than all surrounding suburbs, as well as the national average age of 37. Income levels in Clarkson are generally in line with the Australian national average, with an average household income of $1,049 per week, compared to $1,027 per week nationally.

Christianity is the predominant religious affiliation declared by Clarkson's residents, at 44% of the population, across various denominations. Several churches are scattered throughout the suburb; Clarkson Seventh-day Adventist Community Church, St. Andrew's Catholic Church and Ocean Keys Community Church (Lutheran). 28% of the suburb declared no religion.

2.8% of Clarkson's population is composed of Indigenous Australians, compared to 2.3% nationwide. Only neighbouring Merriwa reflects this trend; the Aboriginal population is much less significant in the surrounding suburbs.

Amenities and facilities
Compared to surrounding suburbs, Clarkson is a very mixed-use area with an abundance of facilities and a very large shopping and retail district, establishing it as a commercial town centre for the northern suburbs beyond the nearby city of Joondalup. The main road, Ocean Keys Boulevard, is home to the Ocean Keys Shopping Centre, a major shopping mall with over 100 stores; including ALDI, Kmart, Coles, TK Maxx and JB Hi-Fi. A Woolworths supermarket is located south of the shopping centre, in the old Bunnings Warehouse building.

Many more commercial outlets surround the centre, including a large Bunnings Warehouse, a post office, two service stations and car dealerships.

A strip of restaurants and take-away outlets are situated directly west of the Shopping Centre. There are also other restaurants and pubs located within the suburb. There are 3 medical centres in the suburb, which are the Clarkson Family Practice, Ocean Keys Family Practice and The Somerly Central Medical Centre. Opposite Ocean Keys Shopping Centre is Clarkson Library.

Clarkson also has a smaller shopping market built in the first area of Clarkson developed. It is located opposite the Clarkson Primary School on the corner of Renshaw Boulevard and Ainsbury Parade.

There is an abundance of entertainment and leisure facilities around Clarkson. Over ten parks are located throughout the suburb, the two main ones being Anthony Waring Park and Richard Aldersea Park in the centre of the suburb. Anthony Waring Park is the largest by area and features sporting facilities. Many smaller parks around Somerly include playgrounds and free barbecue areas for families. The Clarkson Youth Centre, near Ocean Keys Shopping Centre, functions as a community centre and is also part of a wider youth precinct, incorporating a skate park and BMX tracks. Nearby is also the Clarkson Library, one of four public libraries in the Wanneroo area.

Clarkson also accommodates the Clarkson Police Station, which serves all surrounding suburbs from Tamala Park to Butler and Jindalee. A Western Power electricity substation is located off Hester Avenue in the north-east of the suburb, near the Joondalup railway line. Telephone services are provided by the Mindarie & Quinns Rocks telephone exchanges.

Education
Two state K-7 primary schools are established in Clarkson, serving different parts of the suburb. Clarkson Primary School is the oldest established school and caters to western Clarkson, while Somerly Primary School serves the Somerly estate in the east. Students also have the option of St. Andrew's Catholic Primary School, a private Catholic school located next to St. Andrew's Catholic Church.

Clarkson also accommodates Clarkson Community High School, a large Year 8-12 state high school established in 1996. As it is the only state high school in the vicinity (other than the 11-12 Mindarie Senior College), it covers a large catchment area, extending up to Butler and Jindalee in the north. In 2010, Trades North, a TAFE campus specializing in skilled trades and apprenticeships, was built next to the high school and opened for the 2011 school year. It is part of the North Metropolitan TAFE.

Transport
Clarkson straddles the western edge of the Mitchell Freeway, linking it to Joondalup and the Perth CBD, with interchanges at Neerabup Road in the south and Hester Avenue in the north. Marmion Avenue and Connolly Drive are major north-south arterial roads that pass through Clarkson on the way to Yanchep and Alkimos, while Neerabup Road and Hester Avenue both run east-west to Wanneroo Road a short distance inland.

Up until the late-2000s, Marmion Avenue and Hester Avenue were the only roads in and out of Clarkson. Connolly Drive was extended to Clarkson from Kinross in 2008, while Neerabup Road was extended from Connolly Drive into southeast Clarkson and across to Wanneroo Road in 2016.

The Clarkson railway station on the Joondalup line was built in 2004 in the suburb's southeast, and was the terminus of the line until 2014, when Butler railway station opened to the north. It provides bus and rail links to Joondalup and Butler, and a direct rail link to Perth and Mandurah. The station sits in the middle of the Mitchell Freeway median strip and is accessed by bridge.

Bus
Swan Transit operate the following bus routes from Clarkson station, to all surrounding suburbs.
 * 483 Clarkson Station to Alkimos – serves Ocean Keys Boulevard, Key Largo Drive, Lithgow Drive, Renshaw Boulevard and Hester Avenue
 * 484 Clarkson Station to Alkimos – serves Ocean Keys Boulevard, Connolly Drive and Hester Avenue

Bus routes serving Ocean Keys Boulevard and Marmion Avenue:
 * 474 Clarkson Station to Joondalup Station
 * 480 and 482 Clarkson Station to Butler Station
 * 481 Clarkson Station to Quinns Rocks

Rail

 * Joondalup Line
 * Clarkson Station

Politics
There is one polling booth in Clarkson, at Clarkson Community High School. Along with its neighbouring suburbs, Clarkson is part of the Mindarie electoral district. At the federal level it was formerly part of the Pearce federal division, but was transferred to Moore, along with Mindarie and Neerabup, as of 2010.

Clarkson has traditionally been an Australian Labor Party stronghold since the early 2000s (decade) in State elections, in line with many northern Perth suburbs. At federal level, the voting is much less clear-cut, with both major parties gaining consecutive election victories in the suburb since 2001.

title: Clarkson, Western Australia


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Inverie

Inverie (Inbhir Aoidh) is the main village on the Knoydart peninsula in the Scottish Highlands. It is located on the north side of Loch Nevis and, although on the mainland of Britain, the network of single-track roads surrounding the village is not connected to the rest of the British road network. Inverie is only reachable by a 17 mi hike over mountainous terrain or by a regular 7 mi ferry from Mallaig. This physical isolation gives the village a Guinness National Record for remoteness within the United Kingdom.

Geography
Inverie lies on the north side of Loch Nevis. On approach by sea, Sgùrr Coire Choinnichean at 769 m forms an impressive backdrop.

The Inverie ferry sails from Mallaig. It runs several times a day year-round with a second, competing ferry service, MV Western Isles, operating on weekdays from the start of April to the end of October.

Local people

 * Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair (c. 1698–1770), poet who wrote many immortal works of Scottish Gaelic literature and local Tacksman of Clan MacDonald of Clanranald.

Amenities
The Old Forge pub at Inverie holds the Guinness World Record for the remotest pub in mainland Great Britain, being furthest from roads connected to the national network in time and journey distance.

After being owned and operated for 10 years by Belgian Jean-Pierre Robinet, in March 2022 it was purchased as community property by the residents of the Knoydart peninsula through The Old Forge Community Benefit Society. The pub was closed from January 2023 to early August 2023 for renovations, and then re-opened for business, and is now a community-operated public house.

A few bed and breakfasts compete with rental lodges, cottages, and a campsite for tourists' patronage throughout the year. Knoydart Lodge and the Hide opened as luxury accommodation in the 21st century, and there is a shop and a meal caterer.

title: Inverie


text:
Wang Jiaxiang

Wang Jiaxiang (15 August 1906 – 25 January 1974) was one of the senior leaders of the Chinese Communist Party in its early stage and a member of the 28 Bolsheviks. Wang held a variety of high-level posts in the Party: during the Civil War he was the director of the Red Army's General Office, upon the founding of the People's Republic of China he was the first ambassador to the Soviet Union (and the first ever ambassador of the PRC), and then became the first head of the Party's International Department.

Political Biography
Wang, a native of Jing County, Anhui, was born into a landlord family and attended an English missionary school in Wuhu. In September 1925 he began attending the affiliated middle school of Shanghai University. One month later he joined the Youth League, and was soon en route to the Soviet Union, studying at the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. This institution was established under Sun Yat-Sen's policy of alliance with the Soviet Union and the CCP, and named after him to train revolutionaries who would return to China.

Joining the '28 Bolsheviks'
In Moscow, Wang joined the cohort consisting of Wang Ming, Zhang Wentian, Bo Gu and other students, called the "28 Bolsheviks" (a coalition whose precise membership is in dispute), jointly expressing a wish to engage in revolution in China.

In 1928, while still in Moscow, Wang joined the Chinese Communist Party.

With the support from their mentor Pavel Mif, the president of Moscow Sun Yat-sen University and then representative of Comintern to China, the 28 Bolsheviks were sent back to China to take leadership of the CCP. The return of the "28 Bolsheviks" began with Wang Ming and Chen Yuandao in early 1929, with Wang Jiaxiang returning in 1930.

On 11 June 1930, however, Wang was sent to Hong Kong after an abortive attempt to take control of the Party. The Bolsheviks eventually did successfully take power over the Party after a power struggle with Li Lisan in 1930, however. Compared with his counterparts, Wang received the relatively less important task of secretary for the party newspaper and chief editor of two Party journals.

The downfall of the 'Bolsheviks'
Wang Jiaxiang was one of the early defectors from the 'Bolsheviks', coming over to Mao's camp during the Zunyi conference in 1935 with other members Zhang Wentian and Yang Shangkun. Bo Gu was dismissed as general secretary and replaced by Zhang (though he remained a member of the Politburo), and Wang Jiaxiang rose to control the Red Army along with Mao and Zhou Enlai.

At Yan'an
After Wang reached Yan'an, he was sent to Moscow as CCP delegate to Comintern in 1937. Wang came back the next year with an important tribute to Mao: an alleged oral message from Georgi Dimitrov, one of the leaders of Comintern at that time, that approved the CCP's united front work and endorsed Mao's leading position in the Party.

Although the authenticity of this message is still in question, Mao did exploit it as pivotal proof for the legitimacy of his being supreme leader. As a reward, Wang was appointed as Vice Chairman of Central Military Committee of CCP, replacing Mao's rival Wang Ming. During that time the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, Chinese Red Army was reorganised into 8th Route Army, and Wang Jiaxiang was appointed as Director of Political Department, taking charge of military command with Zhu De and Peng Dehuai. At the same time, he was elected as Commissioner and member of the CCP Politburo, bringing him to his greatest prominence in the Party so far.

Promoting Mao
In 1943 Wang was the first to promote the concept of Maoism, co-heading (with Mao) the Central Study Group in Yan'an which oversaw the mobilisation meetings which forced all Politburo members to speak. This marked the launch of the Yan'an rectification movement, whose goal was "to destroy subjectivism and sectarianism and thereby save the party's cadres."

Wang proposed that Mao Zedong had always upheld "dialectical materialism", and that Liu Shaoqi had also, cementing the alliance between Mao and Liu. Wang also criticised those who were too embedded in theory and lacked "practical work experience."

Mao in turn reciprocated Wang's attentions. Thomas Kampen calls a speech by Mao at the Seventh Party Congress of 1945 "very interesting," given that he advocated Wang's entry to the Central Committee and spoke of Wang (and Ren Bishi's) contributions to the cause after their arrival in the Soviet area. (Mao again in October 1966 praised Wang Jixiang "for he approved of the battle at Donggu." Kampen writes: "It demonstrates that Mao was grateful for Wang's support and remembered the event for decades."

Northeast Assignment
During the Chinese Civil War, Wang was sent to northeast China to work with Lin Biao and Gao Gang, but only as their subordinate with the titles of Minister of City Organisation Department and acting Minister of Propaganda Department of Northeast Bureau of CCP.

After Liberation
After the establishment of People's Republic of China in 1949, Wang was appointed as first Chinese Ambassador to Soviet Union, and then Under Secretary of Foreign Ministry. In 1951 Wang was appointed as Minister of External Communication Department of CCP. Although Wang received another promotion in being elected as Commissioner and Secretariat of Central Committee of CCP in the 1st Plenary Meeting of 8th National Congress of CCP in 1956 and survived longer in political life than his close friend Zhang Wentian, who was purged in the Lushan Meeting in 1959, he still could not survive the Cultural Revolution.

Wang's wife Zhu Zhongli (朱仲丽) used to be a nurse working for the army and once was assistant of Canadian doctor Bethune who worked for 8th Route Army as an international volunteer. They lived together for several decades after marriage. Now Zhu is an active writer writing memoirs on Jiang Qing and Mao Zedong.

title: Wang Jiaxiang


text:
Real (Michael Sweet album)

Real is the second full-length solo album by Christian rock singer and Stryper frontman Michael Sweet, released in 1995 by Benson Music Group.

The album features a softer, mellower sound than the previous album. There's also an acoustic version of Stryper's hit "Always There for You".

Though it received less acclaim than its predecessor, the album achieved three No. 1 singles and received a Dove award nomination.

A music video for the title track was released alongside it.

Track listing
All songs written by Michael Sweet, except where noted.

 * 1) "Color Blind" - 3:30
 * 2) "Second Chance" - 4:10
 * 3) "Ticket to Freedom" - 4:11
 * 4) "The River" - 3:20
 * 5) "Always There for You" - 4:09
 * 6) "Real" - 5:11
 * 7) "Baby Doll" - 4:19
 * 8) "Why" - 4:22
 * 9) "Remember Me" (Sweet, Doug Beiden) - 4:06
 * 10) "Heaven Waits for You" - 3:10

Personnel

 * Michael Sweet - lead vocals, acoustic and electric guitars
 * Mike Slamer - electric guitar, guitar solo on track 1
 * Boba Elefante - bass guitar
 * Jamie Wollam - drums
 * John Andrew Schreiner - organ, piano, strings
 * Waddy Wachtel - guitar solo on tracks 7-9
 * Eric Darken - percussion
 * Micah Wilshire, Angelo Petrucci - additional backing vocals

title: Real (Michael Sweet album)


text:
French Louisiana

The term French Louisiana (Louisiane française, Lwizyàn françé) refers to two distinct regions:
 * First, to historic French Louisiana, comprising the massive, middle section of North America claimed by France during the 17th and 18th centuries; and,
 * Second, to modern French Louisiana, which stretches across the southern extreme of the present-day State of Louisiana.

Each term has been in use for many years.

French Louisiana, district of New France
French Louisiana was one of the districts of New France. Beginning in 1682 this region, known in French as la Louisiane française, functioned as an administrative district of New France. It extended from the Gulf of Mexico to Vincennes, now in Indiana. France ceded the region to Spain and Britain in 1763 after the French and Indian War, regained it by treaty in 1800, and sold it to the United States in 1803 through the Louisiana Purchase.

Modern French Louisiana
Greater New Orleans and the twenty-two parish cultural region known as Acadiana compose present-day 'French Louisiana'. Although the Louisiana French (Cajuns & Creoles) dominate south Louisiana's cultural landscape, the largest French-speaking group in the state is thought to be the United Houma Nation Native American tribe. Other important ethnic groups in the region include African-Americans, Isleños, German Coast settlers, Filipinos and various immigrant groups, including Vietnamese, Laotians, and a growing number of Hispanics. In addition, French Louisiana influences can be found in cities adjacent to the region, such as Alexandria and Baton Rouge.

title: French Louisiana


text:
Darch, Western Australia

Darch is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Wanneroo approximately 17 km north of the central business district. Previously part of Landsdale, much of the suburb was rural in character until the late 1990s. It was named after an early settler family in the area, with the name being approved in 1997. The area was subsequently opened to residential development, especially from 2001 onwards, as part of Cell 6 of the East Wanneroo Development Area.

Schools
Darch contains three schools – Ashdale Primary School, opened in 2005 with 243 pre-school and 596 primary students as of Semester 2, 2008; Kingsway Christian College, a non-denominational Christian school founded in 1983, initially known as Northern Districts Christian College; and Ashdale Secondary College, which opened in 2009 for the suburb's high school students, and is located on Westport Parade across from Ashdale Primary School and close to Kingsway Christian College.

The suburb contains several small residential parks as well as Landsdale Park, a bushland reserve with interpretative signage. Residents are served for shopping needs by the Darch Plaza shopping centre, and the larger Kingsway City Shopping Centre to the west.

The suburb is serviced by two Transperth bus routes, all operated by Swan Transit. The route 450, running along Kingsway, links to Warwick railway station; whilst the 374 route, which enters the suburb and serves the central section, travel via Evandale Road, links to Mirrabooka bus station and Whitfords railway station. All termini offer services to central Perth.

title: Darch, Western Australia


text:
Eglinton, Western Australia

Eglinton is a locality in the Western Australian capital city of Perth, approximately 44 km north of Perth's central business district on the Indian Ocean. For the most part, the suburb is covered in native banksia woodland, scrubland and heath typical of the Swan Coastal Plain. However, in recent years, there has been growth in residential estates, with a town centre to be built in the near future.

Part of the City of Wanneroo local government area, it is bounded to the north by Yanchep, to the east by Carabooda and to the south by Alkimos. The area is part of the Alkimos-Eglinton region being considered by the State Government for a future urban region.

Eglinton is now being developed with the Amberton estate from Stockland and Allara Estate from Satterly, which is one of only two estates in Western Australia to achieve a six star energy rating.

History
Eglinton was approved in 1974 as a suburb name and is named after the barque Eglinton, which was wrecked on rocks near Alkimos that now bear its name.

Prior to European settlement, the Mooro tribe of the Noongar people had lived in what has become the northern Perth metropolitan region for more than 40,000 years, taking advantage of the abundant food and water around the chain of wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain. According to local legend, Pipidinny Swamp, located in eastern Eglinton, was created from the blood and meat of the crocodile's tail as he walked back towards the Swan River after his fight with the shark.

In 1865, European settlers used the Aboriginal tracks along the west side of the lakes as a stock route from Dongara to Fremantle. The portion of the stock route between Joondalup and Yanchep was made part of the Bicentennial Heritage Trails Network in 1988, and is now known as the Yaberoo Budjara Heritage Trail.

The area is mostly scrub and bushland today but also has some low-level agriculture based along Wanneroo and Pipidinny Roads as well as housing estates abutting Marmion Avenue.

Planning
As of May 2006 plans for an Alkimos-Eglinton satellite city, covered by Amendment 1029/33 to the Metropolitan Region Scheme were revealed. At that point LandCorp estimated that 55,000 people will live in the area once it is complete, that the centre will include "hospitals, tertiary educational institutions, major retail, commercial and recreational facilities" and that stage 1 blocks would be offered for sale in 2008. The Environmental Protection Authority, however, raised concerns in November 2005 about the amendment, saying that it "would, in part, be inconsistent with the conservation and protection of significant environmental and geoheritage values in the area", and recommended that the amount of reserves be greatly increased. The next major waste water treatment plant for the metropolitan region was built in the Eglinton area. It is designed to provide catchment from Two Rocks south to the existing Beenyup treatment plant catchment boundary.

Geography
Eglinton lies roughly between the future Mitchell Freeway reserve to the east and the Indian Ocean to the west.

Eglinton's population was measured by the ABS in the 2016 census as 2,365. In 2021 this increased to 3,705.

Facilities
Eglinton has no conventional facilities at the present stage but the Amberton and Allara estates are now under development with some houses built, many more under construction and many blocks titled.

Amberton is joined to Shorehaven, which will have very significant infrastructure.

Eglinton was previously accessible only by Pipidinny Road, which runs via Pipidinny Swamp to within 200 m of the beach. The Alkimos wreck can be viewed from the nearby coastline, where almost untouched beaches are accessible by sand track but a paved road is currently under construction. The suburb offers a wide array of native scrubland, woodland and heath, varying in condition from excellent to completely degraded, and including Xanthorrhoea preissii (commonly known as "black boys"), banksia, sheoak and Nuytsia floribunda. Some degradation has occurred due to uncontrolled vehicular access, clearing for stock grazing, fire and rabbits.

Transport
In 2008, Marmion Avenue was extended through the suburb, which had previously been unserviced by the road network. Transperth operates the 490 and 491 bus services from Butler railway station, which pass through the suburb to Two Rocks and Yanchep respectively; the bus routes are operated by Swan Transit.

The Yanchep line runs through Eglinton with the Eglinton railway station

Bus

 * 490 Butler Station to Two Rocks Shopping Centre – serves Marmion Avenue
 * 491 Butler Station to Yanchep – serves Marmion Avenue

title: Eglinton, Western Australia


text:
New South Wales Liberal Party

The New South Wales Liberal Party, officially called the Liberal Party of Australia, New South Wales Division, and colloquially known as the NSW Liberal Party, is the state division of the Liberal Party of Australia in New South Wales. The party is currently in Opposition in New South Wales in a coalition with the National Party. The party is part of the federal Liberal Party which is in opposition on the mainland of Australia, with Tasmania being the exception.

Following the Liberal Party's formation in October 1944, the NSW division of the Liberal Party was formed in January 1945. For the following months, the Democratic Party and Liberal Democratic Party joined the Liberal Party and were replaced by the new party's NSW division.

In the 74 years since its foundation, the party has won eight state elections to the Labor Party's 13, and has spent 27 years in office (1965 to 1976, 1988 to 1995 and 2011 to 2023) to Labor's 46. Eight leaders have become Premier of New South Wales; of those, five, Sir Robert Askin, Nick Greiner, Barry O'Farrell, Mike Baird and Gladys Berejiklian, have won at least one state election.

Background
After the 1943 federal election, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), United Australia Party (UAP) and Commonwealth Party began discussions on a merger to form a new party, proposed to be also named Democratic Party. The Liberal Democratic Party (NSW) were new parties formed a few months prior in April and May 1943 respectively. By November 1943, discussions were almost completed and unity was likely. The County Party refused to join in the merger but expressed they would co-operate with the new party. However, during the unity conference on 24 November 1943, the LDP walked out of the conference as they were not willing to support retaining the secretary of the UAP, H. W. Horsfield, as the secretary of the new party, as well as retaining members of his staff. Instead, during the same conference, the Commonwealth Party and the New South Wales Democratic Party. As such, LDP remained a separate party to the Democratic Party.

The initial leader of the Democratic Party was the former premier Alexander Mair, but he resigned on 2 February 1944 and was replaced by Reginald Weaver on 10 February.

In the lead up to the 1944 state election in May, the LDP party generated publicity disproportionate to its size and the Sydney Morning Herald commented that the Liberal Democratic Party was "a mouse" attempting to "swallow the Democratic Party lion". At the election, the Democratic Party led by Weaver won 19% of the vote and 12 of the 90 seats in the Legislative Assembly. However, the LDP received less than 4% of the primary vote and did not win a seat.

Horsfield, the secretary of the Democratic Party, resigned on 26 July 1944, paving the way for a LDP-Democratic merger again. In August 1944, the LDP, still led by Ernest White, initially agreed to merge with the Democratic Party and the new party to be known as the United Democratic Party. However, two days after federal UAP leader Robert Menzies announced that he was planning to set up a new "political movement with a Liberal policy" at an October conference, negotiations between LDP and Democratic Party broke down and the party merger did not take place.

Founding of Liberal Party
In October 1944, Menzies founded the Liberal Party of Australia during a conference in Canberra as announced in August, attended by LDP and Democratic Party delegates. The New South Wales division of the Liberal Party was formed on 4 January 1945 with a provisional executive appointed, consisting of 20 LDP and Democratic Party members including White, Weaver and Bill Spooner. Spooner, who was nominated by the LDP, was appointed as the first chairman on 9 January.

The LDP was willing to support the formation of the Liberal Party and dissolved itself on 15 January 1945, officially joining the Liberal Party. The Democratic Party also supported the formation but held off dissolution until a state branch of the Liberal Party had been fully constituted. Weaver and parliamentary members of the Democratic Party were dissatisfied with the Liberal Party executive's attitude towards Democratic Party members and supporters, with Weaver tendering his resignation from the provisional council of the state Liberal Party in February 1945. However, he withdrew his resignation in March 1945, and announced that all Democratic Party parliamentary members would join the Liberal Party.

In the 1945 Ryde state by-election in February, Liberal member Eric Hearnshaw was elected to the New South Wales parliament. As Democratic Party parliamentary members including Weaver at that time had not yet joined the Liberal Party, this made Hearnshaw the first Liberal Party member in the New South Wales parliament. Weaver and other Democratic parliamentary members finally joined the Liberal Party on 20 April 1945, with Weaver becoming the first parliamentary leader of the NSW Liberal Party. On the same day, Albert Reid, independent member for Manly and a former UAP member, also joined the Liberal Party. This brought the total number of Liberal Party legislative assembly members to 14.

Weaver died later in the year in November and he was succeeded by Mair as NSW Liberal Party leader. Mair resigned four months later in March 1946 to contest the Australian Senate, and was succeeded by Vernon Treatt as party leader. Treatt led the Liberal Party opposition in the state parliament for the next eight years.

Present of the Liberal Party
The Liberal/National Coalition won a landslide victory in the 2011 state election, with the Liberal Party winning 51 of the 93 lower house seats, enough for a majority in its own right. Liberal leader Barry O'Farrell opted to retain the Coalition. The coalition has since governed New South Wales under Liberal leaders Mike Baird, Gladys Berejiklian and Dominic Perrottet, the former two winning the 2015 state election and 2019 state election respectively. The 2019 election was significant as it was the first time that the Coalition won a third consecutive term in office in New South Wales since the 1971 state election. It was also the first that a female leader (Gladys Berejiklian) led a party to a state election victory in New South Wales, and the first time a non-Labor female leader won a state election in Australia. She stepped down on 5 October 2021 and was replaced as party leader and Premier by Perrottet.

Preselection procedures
In 2018, the NSW Liberal Party agreed to adopt new rules for preselecting candidates, which were championed by former Prime Minister and incumbent Liberal member of Warringah Tony Abbott and the right wing of the party. The rules, known as Warringah rules, gave local branches the right to hold plebiscites involving all eligible branch members to choose local, state and federal candidates. The party's state executive and the state council would still get 25% of the votes. It was reported that the right faction pushed for the rules as it believed members were more conservative than the state executive which were controlled by moderate members of the party.

2022 federal election
On 30 November 2021, the party was unable to hold its scheduled annual general meeting (AGM) to select members of the state executive due to complications from COVID-19. Minister Alex Hawke, who was the representative of federal party leader and Prime Minister Scott Morrison, also allegedly failed to attend internal Liberal Party nomination review committee meetings.

Not holding an AGM could constitute a breach in the party constitution, which meant that the state executive could not continue in office after 28 February 2022, and this would mean that the federal executive would have to step in to choose New South Wales candidates for 2022 federal election, due in May 2022. The Supreme Court of New South Wales ruled that the state executive could still continue after this date. On 2 March 2022, the state executive tried to fast-track pre-selection plebiscites in seats that did not have candidates finalised, by overriding the constitutional requirements for plebiscites with special powers. However, this did not attain the required 90% state executive support to do so. On 4 March, the federal executive voted to temporarily dissolve the state party and a committee was set up to take over the management of the state party until 8 March, "in accordance with clause 12.3 of the federal constitution of the Liberal Party". The committee, made up of Morrison, Perrottet, and former party president Chris McDiven, had direct control in endorsing candidates without preselection challenges. The committee confirmed the pre-selection of three incumbent federal members of parliament, two of whom were ministers on 8 March. The federal executive also gave the state party until 25 March 2022 to finalise candidates in other federal seats. While the Senate candidates could be finalised, the state party was still unable to do so for a number of seats by 27 March 2022. As a result, on that day, the federal executive voted to temporarily dissolve the state party for the second time and appointed the same Morrison-led committee to preselect candidates in other remaining unfinalised seats until 2 April. Pre-selection ballots intended to be held for these seats in the coming week were all cancelled.

Members who opposed overriding local branch preselection include Sydney businessman Matthew Camenzuli, who was a member of the state executive. , these members have brought the matter to court, seeking to challenge the legitimacy of the committee's preselection of the three incumbent members of parliament on 8 March 2022 and nine other candidates on 2 April 2022. Morrison and Perrottet have urged them to take the matter to the High Court of Australia instead so that the result cannot be appealed further. On 5 April, the New South Wales Court of Appeal ruled that the court had no jurisdiction to make decisions relating to the constitutions of political parties, thereby ruling the preselection of the 12 candidates valid. Camenzuli brought the matter further to High Court for appeal but it was dismissed on 8 April. Camenzuli was also expelled from the party.

Parliamentary party leaders
The position of leader of the Liberal Party of Australia New South Wales Division is a formal role held by a Liberal member of the Parliament of New South Wales. As the Liberal Party has, since its foundation in 1945, been either the largest or second largest party in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, its leader is usually either the Premier or the Leader of the Opposition, depending on the majority or minority respectively of the party. The current leader of the Liberal Party is Mark Speakman, and the deputy leader is Natalie Ward.

The role is selected by state members of the parliamentary party, but the position is non-fixed in duration, and is usually only vacated upon resignation, retirement from politics, or a spill motion with the support of the majority of the parliamentary members.

The leader only has a role in a parliamentary context; the party division as a whole is governed by a President and Vice-Presidents, who act on the advice of the party division's Director and Deputy Directors. The division also gathers annually at a State Conference to vote on and develop policy to be used by the party's elected representatives. The majority of the twenty Liberal Leaders resigned after losing elections or were deposed by other parliamentary members.

title: New South Wales Liberal Party


text:
Girrawheen, Western Australia

Girrawheen is a northern suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of Wanneroo.

History
In October 1969, the Government, in a bid to offer affordable land for housing following the McCarrey Report, rezoned a large portion of land in the area from Urban Deferred to Urban, which was then included in land set aside for the State Housing Commission under the Mirrabooka satellite city development scheme. The plan never came to fruition, although a town planning scheme was approved by the Shire of Wanneroo in September 1970.

On 26 June 1970, the Shire gazetted the name "Girrawheen", meaning "place of flowers" or "the place where flowers grow" in an Eastern States Aboriginal language, possibly that of the Kambuwal people in southeastern Queensland. The name was already in use for the Girraween National Park near Stanthorpe, Queensland, Queensland, and a suburb of Girraween in western Sydney was gazetted five years later.

Geography
Girrawheen is located 15 km north of Perth's central business district, and is bounded by Wanneroo Road to the west, Beach Road to the south, Marangaroo Drive to the north and Mirrabooka Avenue to the east.

Demographics
In the, Girrawheen had a population of 8,334.

Girrawheen residents had a median age of 33 compared to the Perth median of 37, and median incomes were below average for the state — $494 per week compared with $662 per week. The population of Girrawheen was ethnically mixed — while 53.3% were born in Australia, the next most common countries of birth were England 5.4%, Vietnam 5.1%, Burma (Republic of the Union of Myanmar) 3.5%, New Zealand 2.8% and Sudan 1.7%. 3.2% of residents identified as Indigenous Australians.

The most popular religious affiliations in descending order in the 2011 census were Roman Catholic 22.8%, no religion 20.6%, Anglican 13.5%, Buddhism 6.1% and Islam 6.0%.

Facilities
Two small shopping centres, Newpark and Summerfield, provide for the suburb's daily shopping needs. Larger shopping centres at Marangaroo (Kingsway City), Warwick Grove and The Square Mirrabooka are all located within 4 km of the suburb's boundaries.

The suburb contains four churches—Uniting and Baptist churches in Salcott Road, and Catholic and non-denominational on Girrawheen Avenue—as well as the Maha Bodhi Buddhist monastery which adheres to the Burmese Theravada tradition. The neighbouring suburb of Mirrabooka contains the At-Taqwa mosque.

Numerous parks are dotted through the suburb and many offer courts, ovals and other sporting facilities. A library and community centre are located adjacent to Summerfield shopping area on Patrick Court, and a recreation centre on Hainsworth Avenue, also serve local residents.

Education
Girrawheen is located in the Swan Educational District, and contains three state primary schools and one state high school. The socio-economic profile of the suburb together with the high numbers of Vietnamese, Sudanese and Aboriginal students, some of whom have low literacy or English language skills, mean that all schools in the suburb have been a high priority for Commonwealth and State funding and offer specialist literacy support services not found at many other metropolitan schools. Blackmore Primary School, in the suburb's west, opened in 1971 Girrawheen Primary School, in the centre of the suburb, opened in 1975. These two schools Amalgamated in 2008 on the former Girrawheen Primary School site. The new amalgamated school is named Hudson Park Primary School. After the nearby public space utilised for many team and social activities. Roseworth Primary School, the result of a 2008 amalgamation of Hainsworth (1972) and Montrose Primary Schools, currently accommodates 51 pre-primary and 207 primary students. Classes are currently conducted at the former Hainsworth school site until new buildings are completed at the former Montrose site in 2009. The school also has an Education Support Centre with 29 students. In partnership with Edith Cowan University and the Fogarty Foundation, the new school will include a research facility for teaching methods and behaviour management techniques.

Girrawheen Senior High School, whose catchment area covers the suburb as well as neighbouring Koondoola, Marangaroo and Alexander Heights, was built in 1974 and accommodates 521 students, 42 teachers and 44 other staff. Across this population are represented approximately 50 cultural groups and 27 language groups.

Two private primary schools are also located in the suburb—Our Lady of Mercy Primary adjacent to the Summerfield shopping area, and Emmanuel Christian Primary School in Salcott Road, whilst Mercy College, a Catholic school covering Kindergarten to Year 12 and established in 1972 by the Sisters of Mercy, is located just beyond the suburb's southeastern boundary.

Transport
The suburb is served by a number of Transperth bus routes operated by Path Transit and Swan Transit. The 344 (Warwick–Ballajura–Morley) covers Marangaroo Drive, the 389 (Perth–Wanneroo) covers Wanneroo Road, and the 385 and 386 (Perth–Marangaroo) routes along with various routes including 374 and 375 from Mirrabooka bus station cover other parts of the suburb. Route 448 covers Templeton Crescent and route 449 cover Beach Road.

Bus

 * 344 Warwick Station to Morley Bus Station – serves Marangaroo Drive
 * 374 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Whitfords Station – serves Girrawheen Avenue and Marangaroo Drive
 * 375 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Alexander Heights Shopping Centre – serves Beach Road, Hainsworth Avenue and Amberton Avenue
 * 376 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Whitfords Station – serves Mirrabooka Avenue
 * 385 Kingsway City to Perth Busport (limited stops) – serves Girrawheen Avenue and Marangaroo Drive
 * 386 Kingsway City to Perth Busport – serves Girrawheen Avenue and Marangaroo Drive
 * 389 Wanneroo to Perth Busport – serves Wanneroo Road
 * 448 Warwick Station to Kingsway City – serves Beach Road, Blackmore Avenue, Templeton Crescent and Marangaroo Drive
 * 449 Warwick Station to Malaga – serves Beach Road
 * 450 Warwick Station to Landsdale – serves Wanneroo Road

title: Girrawheen, Western Australia


text:
Savage Circus

Savage Circus is a German/Swedish power metal band originally formed as a side project by Thomas "Thomen" Stauch before leaving Blind Guardian.

Formation and Dreamland Manor
Savage Circus began when Stauch asked his friend Piet Sielck if he was interested in joining Thomen's new project, which he was. Piet then introduced a Swedish band called Persuader to Thomen. Thomen liked the band and also liked the fact that the vocalist sounded very much like Hansi Kürsch. Thomen immediately said that he wanted to have Jens Carlsson (singer of Persuader) in the band. Jens brought with him Persuader guitarist Emil Norberg. Their debut album, Dreamland Manor, was released in August 2005.

Of Doom and Death
Thomen Stauch was dismissed from the band on 17 August 2007 due to his frail health, leading to the cancellation of many shows. In September 2007, Mike Terrana joined the band as the new drummer. At the same time Yenz Leonhardt became a full member of the band. The release of the Dreamland Manor's follow-up, Of Doom and Death, was originally expected to be released in early 2009 but was pushed back to 23 October.

Next album
In 2011, Piet Sielck left the band to concentrate more on his main band Iron Savior. Upon leaving, Piet said he was putting the fate of the band into the hands of members Jens and Emil. In 2012, Mike Terrana left to work with vocalist Tarja Turunen. Eventually Yenz Leonhardt also left, leaving only remaining members Jens and Emil. Later in 2012, the comeback of Thomen Stauch to the band was announced, together with the addition of second guitarist Thorsten "Toto" Hain and keyboardist Michael "Mi" Schüren. On 9 February 2014 Jens and Emil announced them leaving the band citing conflicting schedules with Savage Circus and their main band Persuader as the reason. Although no official announcement has been made, in a picture posted on the band's official Facebook page by Toto on 20 March Axel Morgan is mentioned as a member of "SC 3.0".

The band is currently working on a third album. As of 18 November 2014 there has been no further updates regarding the band's third studio album. The future of the band remains unclear, as Thomen has started a new band called Serious Black, Toto has returned to his previous band, Wortmord, and Mi will be touring excessively with Blind Guardian during 2015–2016.

In a 2021 interview Emil Norberg was asked about the current state of Savage Circus. He answered with "Savage Circus is a closed chapter unless someone throws a lot of money at us, but I would not mind it. That would certainly be fun."

Musical style
The musical style is similar to both Blind Guardian and Persuader due to the singing style and multi-layered vocals used in the band. The band's first two albums also contain some elements of Iron Savior, due to Piet Sielck's writing.

Band name
Piet Sielck came up with the band's name. The word circus, refers to the band's members being of several different nationalities. Originally the band consisted of German and Swedish members. Savage, on the other hand, is for "wild" music.

Vocals
Jens Carlsson is often compared with sounding highly similar to Hansi Kürsch of Blind Guardian. In an interview after the release of Dreamland Manor, Thomen said that Hansi was fond of Jens, because: "You can hear that he is not copying me. You can really hear that he has a voice like me. If he would copy me I wouldn't like it. But that is really strange, because there would not exist much people in the world that really sound so similar to me. And this guy really sounds similar to me, but you hear that he doesn't copy me, because in the moment where he sings more clear, he sounds totally different than me."

Band members

 * Current members

 * Thomen Stauch – drums (2004–2007, 2012–present)
 * Thorsten "Toto" Hain – guitars (2012–present)
 * Michael "Mi" Schüren – keyboards (2012–present)
 * Axel Morgan – guitars (2014–present)

 * Former members
 * Jens Carlsson – lead vocals (2004–2014)
 * Emil Norberg – guitars (2004–2014)
 * Piet Sielck – guitars, backing vocals (2004–2011), bass (2004–2006)
 * Mike Terrana – drums, percussion (2007–2012)
 * Yenz Leonhardt – bass, backing vocals (2006–2012)

 * Timeline

Studio albums

 * Dreamland Manor (2005)
 * Of Doom and Death (2009)

DVDs

 * Live in Atlanta (2007)

title: Savage Circus


text:
Gnangara, Western Australia

Gnangara is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Wanneroo. Gnangara is also the name for an underground water mound with a 117-hectare surface feature called Lake Gnangara. The suburb is named after the lake, whose name is derived from the Aboriginal word Knangara.

Facilities
Much of the suburb's area is semi rural, with residential estate developed in the early 1990s by Midland Brick and centred on Lakelands Drive borders includes the private 18-hole golf course Lakelands Country Club, established in 1984 on 70 hectares. The Perth International Telecommunications Centre is located near and often associated with Gnangara.

Location
Gnangara is bounded by Ocean Reef Road and Gnangara Road to the south, Badgerup Road and Ross Road to the west and the Gnangara Pine Plantation to the northeast and east. While the plantation is named for the suburb, only a few hectares of it are within the suburb's boundaries, with the majority in Lexia to the east.

Education
Gnangara contained the Aboriginal Community College (K-12), founded in 1979 and closed in 2008. It was one of two independent Indigenous schools in the metropolitan area.

Bus

 * 355 Whitfords Station to Ellenbrook Central – serves Gnangara Road
 * 376 Whitfords Station to Mirrabooka Bus Station – serves Gnangara Road

title: Gnangara, Western Australia


text:
Basilisk (manga)

Basilisk (バジリスク〜甲賀忍法帖〜) is a Japanese manga series based on the 1958 novel The Kouga Ninja Scrolls written by Futaro Yamada and illustrated by Masaki Segawa. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Young Magazine Uppers from February 2003 to July 2004. The story takes place in the year 1614. Two ninja clans, Iga of Tsubagakure and the Kouga of Manjidani, battle each other to determine which grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu will become the next shogun. The deadly competition between 10 elite ninja from each clan unleashes a centuries-old hatred that threatens to destroy all hope for peace between them.

Del Rey Manga licensed the manga for an English-language release in North America; they published five volumes from May 2006 to May 2007. After Del Rey Manga's license expired, in September 2014, Kodansha USA acquired the license for print and digital in North America. Basilisk won the 2004 Kodansha Manga Award for general manga.

A 24-episode anime television series by Gonzo was broadcast in Japan from April to September 2005. Segawa continued producing serialized adaptations of Futaro Yamada's novels with The Yagyu Ninja Scrolls in 2005, Yama Fu-Tang in 2010 and Jū: Ninpō Makai Tensei in 2012. Additionally, a two-part novel sequel titled The Ouka Ninja Scrolls: Basilisk New Chapter, penned by Masaki Yamada, was published in November and December 2015; a manga adaptation, Basilisk: The Ouka Ninja Scrolls, illustrated by Tatsuya Shihira, was serialized between 2017 and 2019. Seven Arcs Pictures produced a 24-episode anime television series based on Masaki Yamada's The Ouka Ninja Scrolls: Basilisk New Chapter novel sequel, titled Basilisk: The Ouka Ninja Scrolls that aired from January to June 2018.

Plot
At the dawn of Japan's Azuchi-Momoyama period (the late 16th century) two rival ninja clans, the Iga Tsubagakure and Kouga Manjidani, are engaged in a bitter blood feud that has spanned for centuries. The fighting finally ends when Hattori Hanzō the 1st succeeds in forging a cease fire between the two clans by conscripting both into the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu (the man who seized power to become shogun and form Japan's first truly stable form of centralized government). Regardless, hostilities and bad blood remain between Kouga and Iga, ensuring a tenuous co-existence at best.

Fast forward to the year 1614; Ieyasu has retired from power (although he still wields considerable influence within the government) and passed the torch to his son Hidetada. Unfortunately, a succession dispute has risen concerning which of Ieyasu's grandsons are destined to take up the reins of power when their father finally decides to step down. The various government retainers are beginning to take sides and the Tokugawa Shogunate is on the verge of tearing itself apart.

In order to solve the problem before it spirals out of control, Ieyasu orders the no hostilities pact between Kouga and Iga canceled and promptly commands each clan to send 10 of their best ninja to enter a ruthless and bloody competition of kill or be killed. Each clan will represent one of the two factions supporting Ieyasu's grandsons; the names of their selected fighters recorded on two identical scrolls to be marked out in blood upon their death. The clan that slays the chosen ten of the other will be given favor for a thousand years while the grandson they represent will be pronounced the undisputed heir to the Shogunate.

Prior to the conflicts renewal, Kouga and Iga's two young heirs (Gennosuke and Oboro respectively) were betrothed to each other in the hopes that their union would finally dispel their clans' long-seated animosity toward each other. Forced headlong onto separate sides of a conflict they want no part of, Gennosuke and Oboro must now choose whether to kill the person they love or lead their entire clan to annihilation.

Manga
Basilisk is based on the 1958 novel The Kouga Ninja Scrolls Written by Futaro Yamada and illustrated by Masaki Segawa. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Young Magazine Uppers from February 2003, to July 2004. The publisher, Kodansha, collected the individual chapters into five tankōbon volumes between April 30, 2003 and August 7, 2004.

In December 2004, the series was licensed for an English-language release in North America by Del Rey Manga. The company released the first volume of the series with several hiatuses on May 30, 2006, and continued until the release of the fifth and final volume on May 29, 2007, and then in 2014, Kodansha USA acquired the license for print and digital, released the five-volume in North America from September 2 to September 9, 2014. Tanoshimi holds the manga license in the UK. In September 2023, the digital manga platform Azuki added Basilisk to its service.

A two-part novel sequel to the Basilisk manga, The Ouka Ninja Scrolls: Basilisk New Chapter, penned by Masaki Yamada, illustrated by Masaki Segawa was published between November 19, 2015 and December 17, 2015. The two-part novel get a manga series titled Basilisk: The Ouka Ninja Scrolls, illustrated by Tatsuya Shihira, was published in Kodansha's Weekly Young Magazine from July 24, 2017, to April 8, 2019 and collected in seven volumes.

Anime
The first series, Basilisk: The Kōga Ninja Scrolls, produced by Gonzo premiered in Japan on the television stations TV Saitama, TV Kanagawa, Chiba TV, Mie TV, KBS and Mie TV between April and September 2005. In June 2005, North American anime distributor Funimation Entertainment announced that they had acquired the series, released the series as DVD volumes between 2006 and 2007 and released again on Blu-ray in 2009 and 2015.

The second series based on Masaki Yamada's The Ouka Ninja Scrolls: Basilisk New Chapter novel, titled Basilisk: The Ouka Ninja Scrolls produced by Seven Arcs Pictures was announced in July 2017. It ran for 24 episodes. The series aired on Tokyo MX, tvk, Sun TV, KBS Kyoto, BS11, AT-X from January 8, to June 18, 2018. It is set 10 years after the original series and focuses on a group of young ninjas who endeavor to carry on the ninja traditions and techniques.

Crunchyroll streamed the series with English subtitles and Funimation with English dubbing at the same time as it aired in Japan.

Reception
Basilisk won the 2004 Kodansha Manga Award for general manga. By July 2017, The five-volume of the Basilisk manga had sold over 1.7 million copies in circulation.

By August 2018, The Ouka Ninja Scrolls: Basilisk New Chapter novel had over 500,000 copies in circulation.

title: Basilisk (manga)


text:
Hocking, Western Australia

Hocking is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Wanneroo. Until 1994 it was part of the suburb of Wanneroo. The suburb was named after Herbert Hocking, a local landowner, first chairman of the Wanneroo Road Board and member of the Board from 1903 to 1931. He was also treasurer of the Agricultural Society in 1909.

The suburb is home to many new houses on Hinckley Parkway in the east of the suburb, much vacant land under development, as well as remnant market gardens. The primary new housing estate is Belvedere Hills.

Parks

 * Gungurru Park (Gungurru Dr)
 * Chesterfield Park (Chesterfield Ave)
 * Amery Park (Amery Rd)
 * Bembridge Park (Manchester Dr)
 * Hinckley Park (Hinckley Pkwy)

title: Hocking, Western Australia


text: User talk:216.252.85.66

title: User talk:216.252.85.66


text:
Jandabup, Western Australia

Jandabup is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Wanneroo. The suburb takes its name from the nearby Jandabup Lake (now a nature reserve) on the Swan Coastal Plain.

title: Jandabup, Western Australia


text:
Jindalee, Western Australia

Jindalee is an outer coastal suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located approximately 40 km north of the Perth central business district. Its local government area is the City of Wanneroo.

Geography
Jindalee is bounded by an east-west line near Eglinton Rocks to its north, Butler to the east (Marmion Avenue) and Quinns Rocks to the south (Hampshire Drive). West is the coast of the Indian Ocean. Approximately 75% of the suburb is still within its native state.

Name
The name Jindalee was proposed by the Shire of Wanneroo on 29 June 1979 and is an imported Aboriginal word from an unknown New South Wales dialect meaning "a bare hill", most likely referring to Eglinton Hill, which is covered in low vegetation. The suburb of Jindalee in south-western Brisbane, applied in 1964, notes the same word origin.

Suburban development
The planning of Jindalee goes back to 1997, but the Butler-Jindalee District Structure Plan was approved on 18 November 2003 by the Western Australian Planning Commission. Satterley Property Group is managing the development (titled "Brighton Beachside") in conjunction with the Department of Housing and Works, and around 900 residential lots are proposed, all of which will have high-speed internet, cable TV and underground power. A small cafe/shopping node on the beachfront at the end of Jindalee Boulevard has yet to be approved. Approximately 15% of the lots have been developed and the projected completion date is 2010.

Amenities and facilities
Jindalee has no conventional facilities at the present stage, apart from a medical centre on Jindalee Boulevard and a fish and chips shop on the foreshore. Brighton Village Shopping Centre on the suburb's eastern border provides basic shopping needs, and Butler Primary School is nearby.

Eglinton Hill provides views of the ocean and the scrub leading north towards Eglinton and Yanchep, and almost untouched beaches continuous almost to Yanchep are accessible by sand tracks. The undeveloped part of the suburb offers a wide array of native scrubland, woodland and heath, varying in condition from excellent to completely degraded, and including Xanthorrhoea preissii, banksia, sheoak and Nuytsia floribunda. Some degradation has occurred due to uncontrolled vehicular access (especially the use of trail bikes), clearing for stock grazing, fire and rabbits.

Demographics
Jindalee had a nil population at the 2001 Australian census, but has seen rapid residential development in the latter half of the 2000s (decade). The 2011 population is estimated at approximately 1,274.

Transport
Jindalee is served by a deviation of the 483 bus between Clarkson train station and Butler along Marmion Avenue. This service is operated by Swan Transit.

Politics
Jindalee's political leanings are unclear as there were a negligible number of residents at the time of the last federal and state elections.

title: Jindalee, Western Australia


text:
Chibo

A chibo (or chebo) is a torch used in the Ethiopian Orthodox ceremonies of Buhe, Meskel, and Enkutatash (the Ethiopian New Year). Chibo is Amharic for "bundle of sticks tied together." Chibo represents the following period of sunny days, from the previous seasons of rain and clouds.

title: Chibo


text:
Koondoola, Western Australia

Koondoola is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Wanneroo. Its postcode is 6064.

Most of Koondoola's infrastructure was built in the 1970s. For example, two of the area's focal points, Koondoola Primary School and Koondoola Plaza, were built in 1975 and 1978 respectively. Prior to the 1970s a large portion of Koondoola had been a regional landfill facility.

Also in Koondoola is the small but progressive Waddington Primary School, overlooking local bushland.

Koondoola, like much of the northern suburbs, has a history of sporting clubs. In 1975 Koondoola Junior Football Club was formed, followed two years later by Koondoola Junior Soccer Club (1977). Similarly around this time Koondoola Junior Cricket Club was formed. Koondoola Junior Football Club had its grounds located at Koondoola Park, as did Koondoola Junior Cricket Club. Both clubs have since merged with Girrawheen. Koondoola Junior Soccer Club was first located at Butterworth Reserve, but moved to Shelvock Reserve in 1983. This was the club's final year of operation.

The suburb has a large bushland preserve which has seen major bushfires as recently as 2012 and 2021.

Bus

 * 360 Alexander Heights Shopping Centre to Perth Busport (limited stops) – serves Marangaroo Drive
 * 361 Alexander Heights Shopping Centre to Perth Busport (limited stops) – serves Alexander Drive
 * 376 Whitfords Station to Mirrabooka Bus Station – serves Mirrabooka Avenue
 * 377 Alexander Heights Shopping Centre to Mirrabooka Bus Station – serves Marangaroo Drive, Koondoola Avenue, Burbridge Avenue, Butterworth Avenue and Beach Road
 * 449 Warwick Station to Malaga – serves Beach Road

title: Koondoola, Western Australia


text:
Landsdale, Western Australia

Landsdale is a northern suburb of Perth, Western Australia located within the local government area of the City of Wanneroo. It is mixed use, with residential, commercial and light manufacturing areas.

History
In the late 1990s, Landsdale began to develop from market gardens and small rural lots into residential development. Until 1997–1998, prior to the separation by the City of Wanneroo of the suburbs of Darch and Madeley, Landsdale enclosed a much larger area extending westwards to Wanneroo Road.

Facilities
The main commercial precinct is known as Landsdale Gardens and includes most of the facilities of the area, such as a small medical complex, the Warradale centre (named after Warradale Park at Southmead Drive), parks and reserves, lakes, walking trails, Landsdale Forum shopping centre.

The Warradale Centre is used for community events and includes a club room and change rooms as well as a canteen, parking and toilet facilities. It is used for local sporting clubs including the Kingsway Rockets football club, the Landsdale Lions Junior and Senior cricket club as well as a small tee ball club.

Landsdale also has an ambulance station located at the corner of Alexander Drive and Gnangara Road.

The Perth International Telecommunications Centre is located in the eastern end of Landsdale.

Schools
Landsdale has three primary schools and one high school; one in the south called Carnaby Rise Primary School and one in the centre called Landsdale Primary School. The only high school is Landsdale Christian School.

Transport
Landsdale is serviced by three Transperth bus routes, operated by Path Transit and Swan Transit; Route 376 from Mirrabooka bus station and to Whitfords railway station, and the 450 to Warwick railway station, allowing Landsdale residents to connect by train to Perth's central business district; and the 355 goes to Whitfords Station as well via Gnangara Road, with the other way goes to Ellenbrook.

title: Landsdale, Western Australia


text:
Belgian Golden Shoe

In association football, the Belgian Golden Shoe (Gouden Schoen, Soulier d'Or, German: Goldener Schuh) is an award given in Belgium at the beginning of each civil year to the best footballer of the Belgian Pro League for the past year. The trophy is sponsored by the Belgian newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws.

The voters are a selection of Belgian press specialists and football personalities. They are invited to vote for the best player of the competition for both half seasons (previous season second half and current season first half) and each get to submit a top three, scoring 3, 2 and 1 point respectively. As a result, a player can receive all of his votes in one half season (e.g. if he joined the championship from abroad during summer), or he can receive votes for matches with two (or more) different teams, as with Philippe Albert in 1992 and Mbark Boussoufa in 2006.

Paul Van Himst has collected 4 Belgian Golden Shoes which is the current record. Jan Ceulemans and Wilfried Van Moer have both won the trophy three times. The first foreigner to win the trophy was the Dutchman Johan Boskamp, especially for his excellence during the second half of the 1974–75 season, when his club, RWDM (currently defunct), won its first and only championship title. The only foreigners who have won the award more than once are the Swede Pär Zetterberg and the Moroccan Mbark Boussoufa. In 2011, Argentinian Matías Suárez became the first South American to be awarded the Golden Shoe.

From 2000, an award was also given to the best Belgian footballer abroad, although this award was not handed out in certain years, specifically from 2003 to 2007 and 2010 to 2011. Since 2013, the best coach, best goalkeeper, and best youngster awards have also been handed out. Finally, in 2016, Tessa Wullaert was awarded the first-ever Golden Shoe for women football players. Contrary to the men's award which is awarded to the best player in Belgium, the women's award goes to the best Belgian footballer, playing either in Belgium or abroad.

Women
While the men's golden shoe award goes to the best player in the Belgian league, irrespective of his nationality, the women's award is targeted at the best Belgian female player, either in Belgium or abroad.

title: Belgian Golden Shoe


text:
Madeley, Western Australia

Madeley is a suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia 20 km north of Perth's central business district. Its local government area is the City of Wanneroo. Previously part of Landsdale, much of the suburb was rural in character until the 1990s, with market gardening a common activity. From 2001 onwards, extensive property development resulted in massive population growth, with the Property Investor Magazine of December 2007 estimating a growth rate of 33.3% per year.

Name
Madeley was named after early landowner and former Wanneroo Road Board member George Edward Madeley.

Historically, the area was officially unnamed and residents noted their addresses as Wanneroo until the locality of Landsdale was gazetted in 1980, extending from Wanneroo Road to Alexander Drive.

In May–June 1996, with the creation of the East Wanneroo Development Area, Cell 6 was identified as a high priority for development, and was divided into western and eastern sections corresponding to modern Madeley and Darch respectively. On 10 September 1997, the City of Wanneroo resolved to name the locality Kingsway after the main east-west road running through it, and to name the area east of the proposed Skeit Road as Madeley. The Geographic Names Committee (GNC) approved Madeley, but rejected Kingsway as being too similar to Kingsley. The City, by this stage administered by commissioners, met on 17 February 1998, and decided to use Madeley for the western area, and to honour another settler family in naming the eastern section Darch. On 5 March 1998, the name Darch was approved by the GNC, formally releasing the name Madeley. The City applied for the name Madeley on 28 April 1998, and it was granted at the GNC's meeting on 19 June 1998.

Geography
The suburb is bounded by Wanneroo Road to the west, Gnangara Road and the future Gnangara Road to Whitfords Avenue road reserve to the north, Hartman Drive to the east and Hepburn Avenue to the south. It contains the Kingsway City shopping centre.

Demographics
As at the 2016 census, the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 6,084 residents in 2,274 dwellings, the great majority of which were detached houses on single lots.

Politics
Madeley'a population generally supports the Liberal party, with it winning more than half the booth vote at both the 2004 and 2007 federal elections, but the Australian Labor Party doing the same at the 2005 state election.

The figures for 2004, 2005 and 2007 are for booths in neighbouring Darch which serve both suburbs:

title: Madeley, Western Australia


text:
Ladies' Golf Union

The Ladies' Golf Union (LGU) was the governing body for women's and girls' amateur golf in Great Britain and Ireland. It was founded in 1893 and was based in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland until merging with The R&A at the start of 2017.

Issette Pearson was a founding member and the first Secretary of the LGU.

The LGU was governed by an elected council with equal representation from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. It was funded by a levy on women golfers' club membership fees, and indirectly represented over 200,000 golfers. It dealt with major policy issues, all-Britain and Ireland tournaments, and international competitions. It had affiliates in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales which organise local tournaments, ran the handicapping system, liaised with clubs, and promoted the sport at a local level.

The LGU administered the Women's British Open, one of the major championships in global women's golf, which is open to professionals and nowadays dominated by them. It also ran several of Britain and Ireland championships: Amateur, Mid Amateur, Girls', Stroke Play, and Seniors. Additionally there are several competitions for club golfers.

The LGU ran three sets of international matches between teams from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales: the Home International Matches (mainstream adult competition); the Girls International Matches; and the Senior International Matches. The LGU was also involved in running several competitions involving teams from beyond its home territory: Curtis Cup; Vagliano Trophy; Espirito Santo Trophy; and Commonwealth competitions.

title: Ladies' Golf Union