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User:Alex Nisnevich/wikistuff

This is just a collection of some cool things you can do with Wikipedia that some users may not know about. This page is constantly being updated!

Wikipedia toolbar
The Wikipedia toolbar is a very useful toolbar for Mozilla and Firefox, that offers much more features than the standard edit toolbar, such as underline and strikethrough text, lists, tables, and advanced image options.

Special Templates

 *   — adds a table of contents at a certain location.
 *   — removes the table of contents for that page, if it exists.
 *   — removes the option to edit sections for that page.

Wikipedia Templates
See also: List of Templates.

 * Template:Clear (Usage: ''

'') - Makes content wait until existing content is completed in all columns. Often used to stop text from flowing next to inappropriate images.
 * Template:Ml (Usage:  ) — If the redirect links to a page with multiple headings, this template adds a link to the appropriate heading.
 * Template:Todo (Usage:  ) — Adds a to-do list to an article. Very useful, especially for WikiProjects.
 * Template:WikiProject (Usage:  ) - For starting a WikiProject.

title: User:Alex Nisnevich/wikistuff


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User talk:JamesBradbury

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 22:36, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:L4kpbfh.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:L4kpbfh.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Longhair 06:21, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:L4kkitealone.jpg
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If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies under Wikipedia's fair use guidelines, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. If you want the image to be deleted, tag it as db-unksource.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion.

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have any concerns, contact the bot's owner: Carnildo.

File source problem with File:Laser4000gs1.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Laser4000gs1.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 00:20, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

File source problem with File:L4kdownwind.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:L4kdownwind.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 00:21, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:JamesBradbury


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User:Fontgirl

Fontgirl.

These are just a selection of my output under this username.

I no longer look at Bisexuality, Queer, Guy Davenport, and a few others, due to the idiots that haunt them.

I also create/edit British-related pages under other names or anon IPs.

Created and/or very large input

 * Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
 * Oscar Gustave Rejlander
 * Paul Goodman (writer)
 * Christa Winsloe
 * Adolf Brand
 * Warren Cup
 * Thomas Cooper Gotch
 * The Songs of Bilitis
 * Straton of Sardis
 * Alexandra Kitchin
 * Andrew Logan
 * Leontine Sagan
 * Aperture (magazine)
 * Erich Heckel
 * Rose la Touche
 * Richard Calder (writer)
 * Poll Tax Riots
 * Pretty Polly Perkins of Paddington Green
 * ONE, Inc.
 * John Henry Mackay
 * Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit (television program)
 * Hugh Walpole
 * Humphrey Jennings
 * Madchen in Uniform
 * Marion Zimmer Bradley
 * Martian poetry
 * Minor White
 * Miranda Hill
 * Homoeroticism
 * Gustav Wyneken
 * Guy Davenport
 * Hafez
 * Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall
 * Herbert Read
 * Elihu Vedder
 * Elisar von Kupffer
 * English art
 * English underground
 * Fixing Broken Windows
 * Forrest Reid
 * Francis Kilvert
 * Gertrude Chataway

Created and/or very large input (photographers)

 * Fine art photography
 * James Ravilious
 * Jan Saudek
 * Fay Godwin
 * John Szarkowski
 * Edward Steichen
 * Josef Sudek
 * Hans Bellmer
 * Helen Levitt
 * Hugh Edwards
 * Will McBride
 * Raymond Moore
 * Richard Billingham
 * Roger Mayne
 * Photojournalism

Some significant input

 * E. P. Thompson
 * Colin Ward
 * John Ruskin
 * L.S. Lowry
 * Lewis Carroll
 * Richard Florida
 * Robert Bateman (British)
 * The Hunting of the Snark
 * Wilfred Owen
 * Abu Nuwas
 * Weegee
 * W. H. Auden
 * Derek Jarman
 * Alice Liddell
 * Bernard Faucon
 * Bert Hardy
 * Balthus
 * Spanish poetry
 * Roland Barthes
 * Roger Scruton
 * List of gay-related topics
 * List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films
 * List of movies featuring May-December romances
 * List of photographers

Places (usually done as adjunct to biographies)

 * Too many to mention.

Sexy bits (everyone has a fun hobby)

 * Bisexuality
 * Queer
 * Sex doll
 * Negligee

Requests honoured

 * Terror management theory
 * Tirad Khurr
 * Tahert
 * Buvuma Island
 * Print run
 * Kakamega Forest
 * Jinja, Uganda
 * Gilbert Crispin

Rescues from stupidity

 * Spongle

and about a zillion minor edits.

title: User:Fontgirl


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Guccione films

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 18:09, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Guccione films
Delete: Company may not even exist; 3 Google hits, none referencing the company. --Durin 22:36, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverified. Nick himself is in IMDB for his Penthouse stuff but nothing on the company. And doesn't anything remotely associated with porn get a million hits automatically? --  Etacar11   04:03, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Cluster II (spacecraft)

Cluster II is a space mission of the European Space Agency, with NASA participation, to study the Earth's magnetosphere over the course of nearly two solar cycles. The mission is composed of four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation. As a replacement for the original Cluster spacecraft which were lost in a launch failure in 1996, the four Cluster II spacecraft were successfully launched in pairs in July and August 2000 onboard two Soyuz-Fregat rockets from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. In February 2011, Cluster II celebrated 10 years of successful scientific operations in space. In February 2021, Cluster II celebrated 20 years of successful scientific operations in space. , its mission has been extended until September 2024. The China National Space Administration/ESA Double Star mission operated alongside Cluster II from 2004 to 2007.

Mission overview
The four identical Cluster II satellites study the impact of the Sun's activity on the Earth's space environment by flying in formation around Earth. For the first time in space history, this mission is able to collect three-dimensional information on how the solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere and affects near-Earth space and its atmosphere, including aurorae.

The spacecraft are cylindrical (2.9 x 1.3 m, see online 3D model) and are spinning at 15 rotations per minute. After launch, their solar cells provided 224 watts power for instruments and communications. Solar array power has gradually declined as the mission progressed, due to damage by energetic charged particles, but this was planned for and the power level remains sufficient for science operations. The four spacecraft maneuver into various tetrahedral formations to study the magnetospheric structure and boundaries. The inter-spacecraft distances can be altered and has varied from around 4 to 10,000 km. The propellant for the transfer to the operational orbit, and the maneuvers to vary inter-spacecraft separation distances made up approximately half of the spacecraft's launch weight.

The highly elliptical orbits of the spacecraft initially reached a perigee of around 4 RE (Earth radii, where 1 RE = 6371 km) and an apogee of 19.6 RE. Each orbit took approximately 57 hours to complete. The orbit has evolved over time; the line of apsides has rotated southwards so that the distance at which the orbit crossed the magnetotail current sheet progressively reduced, and a wide range of dayside magnetopause crossing latitudes were sampled. Gravitational effects impose a long term cycle of change in the perigee (and apogee) distance, which saw the perigees reduce to a few 100 km in 2011 before beginning to rise again. The orbit plane has rotated away from 90 degrees inclination. Orbit modifications by ESOC have altered the orbital period to 54 hours. All these changes have allowed Cluster to visit a much wider set of important magnetospheric regions than was possible for the initial 2-year mission, improving the scientific breadth of the mission.

The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) acquires telemetry and distributes to the online data centers the science data from the spacecraft. The Joint Science Operations Centre JSOC at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK coordinates scientific planning and in collaboration with the instrument teams provides merged instrument commanding requests to ESOC.

The Cluster Science Archive is the ESA long term archive of the Cluster and Double Star science missions. Since 1 November 2014, it is the sole public access point to the Cluster mission scientific data and supporting datasets. The Double Star data are publicly available via this archive. The Cluster Science Archive is located alongside all the other ESA science archives at the European Space Astronomy Center, located near Madrid, Spain. From February 2006 to October 2014, the Cluster data could be accessed via the Cluster Active Archive.

History
The Cluster mission was proposed to ESA in 1982 and approved in 1986, along with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), and together these two missions constituted the Solar Terrestrial Physics "cornerstone" of ESA's Horizon 2000 missions programme. Though the original Cluster spacecraft were completed in 1995, the explosion of the Ariane 5 rocket carrying the satellites in 1996 delayed the mission by four years while new instruments and spacecraft were built.

On July 16, 2000, a Soyuz-Fregat rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launched two of the replacement Cluster II spacecraft, (Salsa and Samba) into a parking orbit from where they maneuvered under their own power into a 19,000 by 119,000 kilometre orbit with a period of 57 hours. Three weeks later on August 9, 2000, another Soyuz-Fregat rocket lifted the remaining two spacecraft (Rumba and Tango) into similar orbits. Spacecraft 1, Rumba, is also known as the Phoenix spacecraft, since it is largely built from spare parts left over after the failure of the original mission. After commissioning of the payload, the first scientific measurements were made on February 1, 2001.

The European Space Agency ran a competition to name the satellites across all of the ESA member states. Ray Cotton, from the United Kingdom, won the competition with the names Rumba, Tango, Salsa and Samba. Ray's town of residence, Bristol, was awarded with scale models of the satellites in recognition of the winning entry, as well as the city's connection with the satellites. However, after many years of being stored away, they were finally given a home at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.

Originally planned to last until the end of 2003, the mission has been extended several times. The first extension took the mission from 2004 until 2005, and the second from 2005 to June 2009. The mission has now been extended until September 2024.

Scientific objectives
Previous single and two-spacecraft missions were not capable of providing the data required to accurately study the boundaries of the magnetosphere. Because the plasma comprising the magnetosphere cannot be viewed using remote sensing techniques, satellites must be used to measure it in-situ. Four spacecraft allow scientists make the 3D, time-resolved measurements needed to create a realistic picture of the complex plasma interactions occurring between regions of the magnetosphere and between the magnetosphere and the solar wind.

Each satellite carries a scientific payload of 11 instruments designed to study the small-scale plasma structures in space and time in the key plasma regions: solar wind, bow shock, magnetopause, polar cusps, magnetotail, plasmapause boundary layer and over the polar caps and the auroral zones.

 * The bow shock is the region in space between the Earth and the Sun where the solar wind decelerates from super- to sub-sonic before being deflected around the Earth. In traversing this region, the spacecraft make measurements which help characterize processes occurring at the bow shock, such as the origin of hot flow anomalies and the transmission of electromagnetic waves through the bow shock and the magnetosheath from the solar wind.
 * Behind the bow shock is the thin plasma layer separating the Earth and solar wind magnetic fields known as the magnetopause. This boundary moves continuously due to the constant variation in solar wind pressure.  Since the plasma and magnetic pressures within the solar wind and the magnetosphere, respectively, should be in equilibrium, the magnetosphere should be an impenetrable boundary.  However, plasma has been observed crossing the magnetopause into the magnetosphere from the solar wind.  Cluster's four-point measurements make it possible to track the motion of the magnetopause as well as elucidate the mechanism for plasma penetration from the solar wind.
 * In two regions, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the south, the magnetic field of the Earth is perpendicular rather than tangential to the magnetopause. These polar cusps allow solar wind particles, consisting of ions and electrons, to flow into the magnetosphere.  Cluster records the particle distributions, which allow the turbulent regions at the exterior cusps to be characterized.
 * The regions of the Earth's magnetic field that are stretched by the solar wind away from the Sun are known collectively as the magnetotail. Two lobes that reach past the Moon in length form the outer magnetotail while the central plasma sheet forms the inner magnetotail, which is highly active.  Cluster monitors particles from the ionosphere and the solar wind as they pass through the magnetotail lobes.  In the central plasma sheet, Cluster determines the origins of ion beams and disruptions to the magnetic field-aligned currents caused by substorms.
 * The precipitation of charged particles in the atmosphere creates a ring of light emission around the magnetic pole known as the auroral zone. Cluster measures the time variations of transient particle flows and electric and magnetic fields in the region.

Double Star mission with China
In 2003 and 2004, the China National Space Administration launched the Double Star satellites, TC-1 and TC-2, that worked together with Cluster to make coordinated measurements mostly within the magnetosphere. TC-1 stopped operating on 14 October 2007. The last data from TC-2 was received in 2008. TC-2 made a contribution to magnetar science as well as to magnetospheric physics. The TC-1 examined density holes near the Earth's bow shock that can play a role in bow shock formation and looked at neutral sheet oscillations.

Awards
Cluster team awards

 * 2019	Royal Astronomical Society Group Achievement Award
 * 2015	ESA 15th anniversary award
 * 2013	ESA team award
 * 2010	International Academy of Astronautics Laurels for team achievements for Cluster and Double Star teams
 * 2005	ESA Cluster 5th anniversary award
 * 2004	NASA group achievement award
 * 2000	Popular science best of what's new award
 * 2000	ESA Cluster launch award

Individual awards

 * 2023  Hermann Opgenoorth (Univ. of Umea, Sweden), former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead, was awarded the 2023 EGU Julius Bartels Medal
 * 2020  Daniel Graham (Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden) was awarded the COSPAR Zeldovich medal
 * 2019	Margaret Kivelson (UCLA, USA), Cluster FGM CoI, received RAS gold medal
 * 2018  Hermann Opgenoorth (Univ. of Umea, Sweden), former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead, was awarded the 2018 Baron Marcel Nicolet Space Weather and Space Climate medal
 * 2016	Stephen Fuselier (SWRI, USA), Cluster CIS CoI, received EGU Hannes Alfvén Meda
 * 2016  Mike Hapgood, Cluster mission scientific operations expert was awarded the Baron Marcel Nicolet Medal for Space Weather and Space Climate
 * 2014	Rumi Nakamura (IWF, Austria), Cluster CIS/EDI/FGM CoI, received EGU Julius Bartels Medal
 * 2013	Mike Hapgood (RAL, UK), Cluster JSOC project scientist received RAS service award
 * 2013	Göran Marklund, EFW Co-I, received the EGU Hannes Alfvén Medal 2013.
 * 2013	Steve Milan, Cluster Ground based representative of the Cluster mission received UK Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) Chapman medal
 * 2012	Andrew Fazakerley, Cluster and Double Star PI (PEACE), received the Royal Astronomical Society Chapman Medal
 * 2012	Zuyin Pu (Pekin U., China), RAPID/CIS/FGM CoI, received AGU International Award
 * 2012	Jolene Pickett (Iowa U., USA), a Cluster WBD PI, received the State of Iowa Board of Regents Staff Excellence
 * 2012	Jonathan Eastwood (Imperial College, UK), FGM Co-I, received COSPAR Yakov B. Zeldovich medal
 * 2008	Andre Balogh (Imperial College, UK), Cluster FGM PI, received RAS Chapman medal
 * 2006	Steve Schwartz (QMW, UK), Cluster UK data system scientist and PEACE co-I, received RAS Chapman medal

2023

 * April 28 - Magnetic reconnection at high and low latitudes during the passage of an ICME
 * March 24 - Properties of Flapping Current Sheet of the Martian Magnetotail
 * March 23 - Scaling laws for the energy transfer in space plasma turbulence
 * March 01 - Turbulent MHD cascade in the Jovian magnetosheath
 * January 26 - Evidence for lunar tide effects in Earth’s plasmasphere
 * January 20 - Ion Outflow in Middle Altitude LLBL/Cusp from Different Origins

2022

 * December 05 - Magnetosphere distortions during the “satellite killer” storm of February 3–4, 2022
 * October 14 - New insights on the formation of transpolar auroral arc
 * September 20 - A highway for atmospheric ion escape from Earth during the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection
 * August 03 - Joint Cluster/ground-based studies in the first 20 years of the Cluster mission
 * July 18 – In situ observation of a magnetopause indentation that is correspondent to throat aurora and is caused by magnetopause reconnection
 * June 16 - Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices as an interplay of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling
 * June 02 - ESA highlight: Magnetic vortices explain mysterious auroral beads
 * May 16 - The influence of localized dynamics on dusk-dawn convection in the Earth’s magnetotail
 * April 1 - Dawn-dusk ion flow asymmetry in the plasma sheet
 * February 1 - South Pole Station ground-based and Cluster satellite measurements of leaked and escaping Auroral Kilometric Radiation
 * January 1 - Massive multi-mission statistical study and analytical modeling of the Earth's magnetopause

2021

 * December 15 - ESA highlight: Swarm and Cluster get to the bottom of geomagnetic storms
 * November 7 - Unique MMS and Cluster observations about magnetic reconnection extent at the magnetopause
 * November 2 - Spatial distribution of energetic protons in the magnetosphere based on 17 years of data
 * October 11 - Unique MMS and Cluster observation of disturbances in the near-Earth magnetotail before a magnetic substorm
 * September 7 - AGU EOS spotlight: Understanding Aurora Formation with ESA’s Cluster Mission
 * May 2 - Cluster and MMS uncover anisotropic spatial correlation functions at kinetic range in the magnetosheath turbulence
 * April 9 - The Solar-cycle Variations of the Anisotropy of Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in the Solar Wind Turbulence
 * February 18 - Heavy Metal and Rock in Space: Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si

2020

 * December 1 - Cluster, Helios and Ulysses reveal characteristics of solar wind supra thermal halo electrons
 * November 1 - Cluster, Swam and CHAMP join forces to explain hemispheric asymmetries in the Earth magnetotail

 * October 21 - Space plasma regimes classified with Cluster data
 * October 1 - Effects of Solar Activity on Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in Solar Wind Magnetic Fluctuations
 * September 1 - Van Allen Probes and Cluster join forces to study Outer Radiation Belt Electrons

 * August 9 - Cluster’s 20 years of studying Earth’s magnetosphere], celebrating 20 years after the launch of the second pair of Cluster spacecraft
 * July 31 - ESA science highlight: Auroral substorms triggered by short circuiting of plasma flows
 * July 16 - BBC skyatnight podcast with Dr. Mike Hapgood on 20 years of ESA’s Cluster mission, celebrating 20 years after the launch of the first pair of Cluster satellites
 * April 20 - What drives some of the largest and most dynamic auroral forms?
 * March 19 - ESA science highlight: Iron is everywhere in Earth's vicinity, suggest two decades of Cluster data
 * February 27 - What makes Kelvin Helmholtz vortices grow at the Earth's magnetopause?

2019

 * December 23 - Magnetized dust clouds penetrate the terrestrial bow shock
 * November 18 - Earth’s magnetic song recorded for the first time during a solar storm
 * October 10 - What is the source of the energetic oxygen ions found in the high-altitude cusp region?
 * August 27 - Cluster and XMM pave the way for SMILE
 * August 20 - Asymmetric transport of the Earth's polar outflows by the interplanetary magnetic field
 * August 5 - Energetic electron acceleration found by Cluster in unconfined reconnection jets for the first time
 * May 1 - Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves magnetic curvature and vorticity: Four‐spacecraft Cluster observations
 * March 4 - ESA science highlight: Cluster helps solve mysteries of geomagnetic storms
 * February 27 - ESA science highlight: Cluster reveals inner workings of Earth's cosmic particle accelerator
 * February 13 - Statistical survey of the terrestrial bow shock observed by the Cluster spacecraft
 * January 14 - Super-efficient electron acceleration by an isolated magnetic reconnection

2018

 * November 28 – Complete picture of the O+ circulation (and escape) in the outer magnetosphere and its dependence on geomagnetic activity

 * November 8 - ESA science highlight: Windy with a chance of magnetic storms – space weather science with Cluster
 * September 30 - O+ escape during the extreme space weather event of 4–10 September 2017
 * August 8 - Statistical survey of day-side magnetospheric current flow using Cluster observations: bow shock
 * June 20 – Detection of magnetic nulls around reconnection fronts (open access)
 * May 21 – Tailward propagation of magnetic energy density variations with respect to substorm onset times (open access)
 * April 24 – Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability: lessons learned and ways forward
 * March 29 – Three-dimensional density and compressible magnetic structure in solar wind turbulence
 * February 8 – ESA spotlight on... Understanding Earth: what the Cluster mission has taught us so far
 * January 29 – ESA research highlight: Cluster measures turbulence in Earth's magnetic environment
 * January 22 – Science nugget of the 2013-2014 Cluster Inner Magnetosphere campaign

2017

 * December 11, 2017 – Empirical modeling of the quiet and storm time geosynchronous magnetic field

 * December 6, 2017 – Direct measurement of anisotropic and asymmetric wave vector spectrum in ion-scale solar wind turbulence

 * October 30, 2017 – Coherent structures at ion scales in the fast solar wind: Cluster observations

 * September 18, 2017 – An intense magnetic substorm scrutinized by a fleet of satellites including Cluster and MMS (open access)

 * August 28, 2017 – Relationship between electron field‐aligned anisotropy and dawn‐dusk magnetic field: nine years of Cluster observations in the Earth magnetotail

 * August 1, 2017 – Collisionless shock velocity estimation at Venus and Earth (open access)

 * June 16, 2017 – Cover of GRL: Global ULF waves generated by a hot flow anomaly
 * April 10, 2017 - ESA research highlight: O marks the spot for magnetic reconnection
 * April 7, 2017 – EOS research spotlight: Explaining unexpected twists in the Sun's Magnetic Field

 * March 23, 2017 – Occurrence frequency and location of magnetic islands at the dayside magnetopause

 * February 18, 2017 – Magnetic reconnection and their associated auroral enhancements (open access)

2016

 * October 3, 2016 – What happens to the Earth's magnetosphere when its bow shock disappears?

 * September 6, 2016 – Embry-Riddle University (FL, USA) science highlight: Space plasma hurricanes could lead to new sources of energy

 * July 20, 2016 – Cluster and MMS join forces to understand the origin of northern lights

 * July 8 – Transport of solar wind H+ and He++ ions across Earth's bow shock

 * July 7 – ESA science highlight: the curious case of Earth's leaking atmosphere

 * June 11 – Substructures within a dipolarization front revealed by high-temporal resolution Cluster observations

 * May 11 – Cone angle control of the interaction of magnetic clouds with the Earth's bow shock

 * March 21 – The particle carriers of field‐aligned currents in the Earth's magnetotail during a substorm

 * February 29 – The role of ionospheric O+ outflow in the generation of earthward propagating plasmoids
 * January 11 – A statistical study of plasmaspheric plumes and ionospheric outflows observed at the dayside magnetopause

2015

 * December 7 - Coalescence of magnetic flux ropes in the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection
 * October 22 - Wide-banded Non-Thermal Continuum (NTC) radiation: local to remote observations by the four Cluster satellites
 * September 3 - Statistics and accuracy of magnetic null identification in multispacecraft data (open access)
 * August 22 - Cusp dynamics under northward IMF using three‐dimensional global particle‐in‐cell simulations (open access)
 * July 14 - Cluster solves the mystery of equatorial noise
 * July 1 - Seven ESA satellites team up to explore the Earth's magnetic field
 * April 9 - Heart of the black auroras revealed by Cluster
 * March 25 - Cluster satellite catches up
 * February 19 - Magnetospheric signatures of ionospheric density cavities observed by Cluster (open access)
 * February 16 - Solar illumination control of ionospheric outflow above polar cap arcs (open access)
 * January 16 – Rejigging the Cluster quartet at the bow shock and in the solar wind

2014

 * December 18 – Origin of high-latitude auroras revealed
 * November 20 - The Cluster mission is extended by ESA up to 2018
 * September 4 - Full particle electromagnetic simulations of entropy generation across a collisionless shock
 * August 28 – A mixed-up magnetic storm
 * July 1 - Dawn–dusk asymmetries in the coupled solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere system: a review
 * June 15 - Solar wind breaks through the Earth's magnetic field

 * May 28 - Evidence of strong energetic ion acceleration in the near‐Earth magnetotail (free access)

 * May 7 - Cluster helps to model Earth's mysterious magnetosphere

 * March 15 - Direct calculation of the ring current distribution and magnetic structure seen by Cluster during geomagnetic storms (open access)

 * January 13 - Low-altitude electron acceleration due to multiple flow bursts in the magnetotail (open access)

2013

 * November 26 - Cluster takes a tilt at radio wave sources
 * November 15 – On the relation between asymmetries in the ring current and magnetopause current (free access)

 * September 20 - ESA's Cluster satellites in closest-ever 'dance in space'
 * September 10 – Cluster shows plasmasphere interacting with Van Allen belts
 * July 18 - Wobbly magnetic reconnection speeds up electrons
 * July 2 - Cluster discovers steady leak in the Earth's plasmasphere
 * May 2 - Cluster hears the heartbeat of magnetic reconnection
 * April 15 - From solar activity to stunning aurora (ESA Space Science's image of the week)
 * April 10 – Cluster finds source of aurora energy boost

2012

 * December 18 – The solar wind is swirly
 * October 24 - Cluster observes a 'porous' magnetopause

 * August 1 – Cluster looks into waves in the magnetosphere's thin boundaries
 * July 2 - Hidden Portals in Earth's Magnetic Field (NASA science cast video)
 * June 6 – Origin of particle acceleration in cusps of Earth's magnetosphere uncovered
 * March 7 - Earth’s magnetic field provides vital protection
 * February 27 - Northern lights mystery may be solved (Space.com)
 * February 23 - Surprise Ions (Science News for kids)
 * January 26 - Giant veil of cold plasma discovered high above Earth (National Geographic)
 * January 24 – Elusive matter found to be abundant far above Earth (AGU press release)

2011

 * November 16 – Cluster reveals Earth's bow shock is remarkably thin
 * September 6 – Ultra fast substorm auroras explained
 * August 31 - 40 year old Mariner 5 solar wind problem finds answer
 * July 5–10 - Aurora explorer: the Cluster mission exhibit at the Royal Society summer science exhibition 2011
 * July 4 – Cluster observes jet braking and plasma heating
 * June 30 - 'Dirty hack' restores Cluster mission from near loss
 * March  21 - How vital is a planet's magnetic field? New debate rises
 * February 5 – Cluster encounters a natural particle accelerator
 * January 7 - ESA spacecraft model magnetic boundaries

2010

 * November 22 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until December 2014
 * October 4 – Cluster helps disentangle turbulence in the solar wind
 * September 1 - 10 years of success for Cluster quartet
 * July 26 - Cluster makes crucial step in understanding space weather
 * July 16 - Cluster's decade of discovery
 * July 8 - Announcement of opportunity for Cluster guest investigators
 * June 3 – The Cluster archive: more than 1000 users
 * April 24 - High-speed plasma jets: origin uncovered
 * March 11 - Shocking recipe for 'killer electrons'
 * January 20 - Multiple rifts in Earth's magnetic shield

2009

 * October 7 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until December 2012
 * July 16 – Cluster shows how solar wind is heated at electron scales
 * June 18 - Cluster and Double Star: 1000 publications
 * April 29 - Monitoring the impact of extreme solar events
 * March 25 - Cluster's insight into space turbulence
 * February 9 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until the end of 2009
 * January 14 – Cluster detects invisible escaping ions

2008

 * December 15 - The science of space weather
 * December 5 - Looking at Jupiter to understand Earth
 * October 17 - Highlights from Cluster-THEMIS workshop
 * August 27 - Cluster examines Earth-escaping ions
 * August 11 - Electron trapping within reconnection
 * June 27 - Beamed radio emission from Earth
 * June 9 - Reconnection - Triggered by Whistlers?
 * March 7 - Solitons found in the magnetopause
 * January 23 - Cluster result impacts future space missions

2007

 * December 6 - Cluster explains nightside ion beams
 * November 21 - Cluster captures the impact of a Coronal Mass Ejection
 * November 9 - Cluster probes generalized Ohm's law in space
 * October 22 - Cluster monitors convection cells over the polar caps
 * September 11 - Cluster and Double Star pinpoint the source of bright aurorae
 * July 26 - Cluster helps reveal how the Sun shakes the Earth's magnetic field
 * June 29 - Cluster unveils a new 3D vision of magnetic reconnection
 * June 21 - Formation flying at closest-ever separation
 * May 11 - Cluster reveals the reformation of the Earth's bow shock
 * April 12 - Cluster finds new clues on what triggers space tsunamis
 * March 26 - First direct evidence in space of magnetic reconnection in turbulent plasma
 * March 12 - A leap forward in probing magnetic reconnection in space
 * February 9 - New insights in the auroral electrical circuit revealed by Cluster

2006

 * December 29 - 1000th Orbit for the Cluster Mission
 * December 6 - Cluster finds magnetic reconnection within giant swirls of plasma
 * November 13 - Cluster takes a new look at the plasmasphere
 * October 5 - Double Star and Cluster witness pulsated reconnection for several hours
 * August 24 - Cluster links magnetic substorms and Earthward directed high-speed flows
 * July 18 - Magnetic heart of a 3D reconnection event revealed by Cluster
 * June 20 - Space is fizzy
 * May 19 - New Microscopic Properties of Magnetic Reconnection Derived by Cluster
 * March 30 - Cluster and Double Star reveal the extent of neutral sheet oscillations
 * February 24 - Cluster reveals fundamental 3-D properties of magnetic turbulence
 * February 1 - The Cluster Active Archive goes live
 * January 11 - Cover of Nature Magazine: Feel the Force

2005

 * December 22 - Cluster helps to protect astronauts and satellites against killer electrons
 * September 21 - Double Star and Cluster observe first evidence of crustal cracking
 * August 10 - From ‘macro’ to ‘micro’ – turbulence seen by Cluster
 * July 28 - First direct measurements of the ring current
 * July 14 - Five years of formation flying with Cluster
 * April 28 - Calming effect of a solar storm
 * February 18 - Cluster will become the first multi-scale mission
 * February 4 - Direct observation of 3D magnetic reconnection

2004

 * December 12 - Cluster determines the spatial scale of high speed flows in the magnetotail
 * November 24 Four-point observations of solar wind discontinuities
 * September 17 - Cluster locates the source of non-thermal terrestrial continuum radiation by triangulation
 * August 12 - Cluster finds giant gas vortices at the edge of Earth's magnetic bubble
 * June 23 - Cluster discovers internal origin of the plasma sheet oscillations
 * May 13 - Cluster captures a triple cusp
 * April 5 - First attempt to estimate Earth's bow shock thickness

2001–2003

 * 3 December 2003 - Cracks in Earth's magnetic shield (NASA website)
 * 29 June 2003 - Multi-point observations of magnetic reconnection
 * 20 May 2003 - ESA's Cluster solves auroral puzzle
 * 29 January 2003 - Bifurcation of the tail current
 * 28 January 2003 - Electric current measured in space for the first time
 * 29 December 2002 - Thickness of the tail current sheet estimated in space for the first time
 * 1 October 2002 - Telescopic/Microscopic view of a substorm
 * 11 December 2001 - Cluster quartet probes the secrets of the black aurora
 * 31 October 2001 - First measurements of density gradients in space
 * 9 October 2001 - Double cusp observed by Cluster
 * 1 February 2001 – Official start of scientific operations

Selected publications
All 3721 publications related to the Cluster and the Double Star missions (count as of 31 March 2023) can be found on the publication section of the ESA Cluster mission website. Among these publications, 3228 are refereed publications, 342 proceedings, 121 PhDs and 30 other types of theses.

title: Cluster II (spacecraft)


text:
Portal:Schools/Showcase articles

Aquinas College, Perth – Auburn High School (Alabama) – Balboa High School – Baltimore City College – Broad Run High School – History of Baltimore City College – Hopkins School – Hurst-Euless-Bedford Independent School District – Lubbock High School – Plano Senior High School – Robert College – Scotch College, Perth – Stuyvesant High School – The Preuss School UCSD – Westfield High School (Fairfax County, Virginia)

N.B. Italicised articles are Featured articles.

title: Portal:Schools/Showcase articles


text:
Talk:Purity Distilling Company

Untitled
This article was the subject of an August 2005 Votes for Deletion debate. The result was to keep. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 22:40, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Purity Distilling Company


text:
Immacolata School

Immacolata School is a Catholic school in Immacolata Parish, Richmond Heights, Missouri. The school was founded in September 1949 by the Carondelet Sisters of St. Joseph. Students attend from grades Preschool through eighth. Immacolata School's first graduating class was in 1950. The cornerstone was laid on the main building in 1949. The principal of Immacolata School is Dr. Jennifer Stutsman, a former long-time middle school Social Studies and Science teacher at the school. The pastor is Rev. Msgr. Vernon Gardin. In 2008, the Parish built a new school wing which added classrooms, offices and a conference room. Other recent improvements include a renovated playground, athletic fields, kitchen and cafeteria as well as a new wooden floor in the gymnasium. Students attend from the parish's boundaries as well as from neighboring areas.

title: Immacolata School


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Walt Kuhn

Walter Francis Kuhn (October 27, 1877 – July 13, 1949) was an American painter and an organizer of the famous Armory Show of 1913, which was America's first large-scale introduction to European Modernism.

Biography
Kuhn was born in New York City in 1877. Growing up near the Red Hook, Brooklyn docks in a working-class family, he was exposed to a range of rough, colorful waterfront experiences in his youth and, though he loved to draw, nothing in his background suggested a future career in art. Kuhn's first jobs were as a proprietor of a bicycle repair shop and as a professional bike racer. At fifteen, though, Walter Kuhn sold his first drawings to a magazine and began to sign his name “Walt.” In 1893, deciding that he would benefit from some formal training, he enrolled in art classes at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute.

In 1899, Kuhn set out for California with sixty dollars in his pocket. Upon his arrival in San Francisco, he became an illustrator for WASP Magazine. It was at this time that he decided, if wanted to grow and eventually make a living as an artist, he should expose himself to the Old Masters and the modern artists of Europe. In 1901, at the age of twenty-four, Kuhn left for Paris. There he studied briefly art at the Académie Colarossi before leaving to the Royal Academy in Munich. Once in the capital of Bavaria, he studied under Heinrich von Zügel, a member of the Barbizon School. He went on sketching trips in the Netherlands and toured the museums of Venice. During his two-year stay abroad, Kuhn also saw for the first time the work of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists.

In 1903, he returned to New York and was employed as an illustrator for local journals. In 1905, he held his first exhibition at the Salmagundi Club, establishing himself as both a cartoonist and a serious painter. In this same year, he completed his first illustrations for Life magazine. In 1909-10, his strip "Whisk" ran for almost two years in the New York World. He counted a number of cartoonists and illustrators among his friends, including Gus Mager and Pop Hart. He also created a text comic himself: Whisk (1909-1911).

When the New York School of Art moved to Fort Lee, New Jersey in the summer of 1908, Kuhn joined the faculty. However, he disliked his experience with the school, and at the end of the school year, he returned to New York. There, he married Vera Spier. Soon after, a daughter, Brenda Kuhn, was born. An important friendship was formed at this time with artist Arthur Bowen Davies, who would also play a significant role in American art history.

In 1909, Kuhn had his first solo exhibition in New York. In the following years, he took part in founding the Association of American Painters and Sculptors, the organization ultimately responsible for the Armory Show. Kuhn acted as the executive secretary and was delegated as one of the men to find European artists to participate. He, Davies, and artist Walter Pach made a whirlwind tour of Europe in 1912 to find the best and most audacious examples of new art to introduce to New York audiences. He visited the International Art Exhibition of the Federation of West German Art-Lovers in Cologne and was inspired by it for the organisation of the Armory Show of 1913, which displayed both European and American modernist art, resulted in both an historic controversy and a long-range triumph. Smart and sensational publicity, combined with strategic word-of-mouth, resulted in attendance figures of over 200,000 and over $44,000 in sales, far exceeding anyone's expectations for the venture. After its New York venue, the Armory Show toured, receiving widespread attention, in Chicago and Boston. "Kuhn had a talent for promotion," art critic Robert Hughes has noted. This unprecedented exhibition had demonstrated that Americans might be receptive to modern art and that there was a large potential market for it; Kuhn played a major role in a transformative cultural event.

Following the Armory Show, Kuhn acted as an art advisor to the lawyer and collector John Quinn and assisted in the formation of his unique collection of modern art, unfortunately dissolved and sold at the time of Quinn's death in 1924. He also exhibited with the Whitney Studio Club and became a much-appreciated artist at the Whitney Museum of American Art.

Kuhn's work in the 1910s often showed the influence of the modern European painters whose art he had helped to promote. The Polo Ground (1914), for instance, contains strong echoes of Raoul Dufy. Other critics noted an affinity for André Derain and the German Expressionists. By the end of the decade, though, Kuhn's paintings had become more traditionally representational again, though he never worked in the manner of an academic realist; his portraits and still lifes are composed of broad painterly effects, strong colors, and thick textures. In brushstroke and intensity, a Kuhn face or still life is unmistakably Kuhn's.

In 1925, Kuhn almost died from a duodenal ulcer. Following an arduous recovery, he became an instructor at the Art Students League of New York. He also completed a commission for the Union Pacific Railroad, the club car "The Little Nugget" LA-701, currently under restoration at the Travel Town Museum in Los Angeles, California. In 1933, the aging artist organized his first retrospective. During these years, he began to question his earlier allegiance to European Modernism. On a 1931 trip to Europe with Marie and W. Averell Harriman, his staunchest supporters, he declined to join the Harrimans on their visits to the studios of Picasso, Georges Braque, and Fernand Léger. Yet neither did he want to align himself with the anti-Modernist camp of Regionalists like Thomas Hart Benton and politically-minded social realists. In the art politics of the day, Kuhn was caught between two extremes.

By the 1940s, Kuhn’s behavior began to take on unsound characteristics. He became increasingly irascible and distant from old friends. When the Ringling Brothers Circus was in town, he attended night after night. (During a hard-pressed period in the 1920s, Kuhn had worked as a designer and director for revues and circus acts.) He also became frustrated by the lack of attention his own work was receiving and was particularly strident about the Museum of Modern Art's support of abstraction and neglect of American art in the postwar period. In 1948, he was institutionalized, and on July 13, 1949, he died suddenly from a perforated ulcer. He is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

Work
Walt Kuhn is best remembered today for his key role in planning the Armory Show. Ironically, a man who was in the forefront of the modern movement and was seen as an advocate of adventurous new art in 1913 came to be labelled, because of his on-going commitment to representation, a conservative artist by future generations of art historians. Nevertheless, he holds a place in American art history as a skilled cartoonist, draughtsman, printmaker, sculptor and painter. Although he destroyed many of his early paintings, his works that remain today are powerful and are a part of most major American art collections.

His portraits of circus and vaudeville entertainers are some of the most memorable, confidently painted works of twentieth-century American art. They are reminiscent of commedia dell'arte actor portraits done by the French masters centuries earlier. The Tragic Comedians (1916) in the collection of the Hirshhorn Museum and The White Clown (1929) in the collection of the National Gallery of Art are intense, arresting images and are among his most respected paintings. Other works of his are held in the permanent collections of museums such as the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Smart Museum of Art, the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, the Joslyn Art Museum, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, the Birmingham Museum of Art, the Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, the McNay Art Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Ogunquit Museum of American Art, the Pennsylvania Museum of Fine Arts, the Amon Carter Museum of American Art, the Saint Louis Art Museum, the Chrysler Museum of Art, the Frye Art Museum, the Currier Museum of Art, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Dallas Museum of Art, and the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.

Selected catalogues and exhibitions

 * Walt Kuhn (1877-1949) - American Modernist at sullivangoss.com
 * DC Moore Gallery Exhibition, "Trees," June 11-August 7, 2009
 * DC Moore Gallery Exhibition, "Modern America 1917-1944," November 17-December 23, 2011
 * DC Moore Gallery Exhibition "Walt Kuhn: American Modern," February 7-March 16, 2013
 * 1908-12, 1921, 1945-49: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts exhibitions
 * 1911: Madison Gallery, New York
 * 1913: Armory Show, New York
 * 1932-48: Whitney Museum of American Art exhibitions
 * 1966: University of Arizona Art Gallery, Tucson
 * 1967-68, 1972, 1977, 1980: Kennedy Galleries, New York
 * 1984: Barridoff Galleries, Portland, ME
 * 1987: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
 * 1987: Salander O’Reilly Galleries Inc., New York
 * 1989: Maine University Art Museum, ME

title: Walt Kuhn


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User talk:SargeZT

gooooooooooooooooooooooooons Aleron235 22:42, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

May 2007
Please do not post the Hex Code. Wikipedia is rapidly deleting pages about it - it's inappropriate for content here. Philippe 05:06, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:SargeZT


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Weather hole

A weather hole is a location that receives calmer weather than the surrounding area. It is an area thunderstorms often miss, or near which approaching storms often dissipate.

Details
A 2005 study entitled "Do Meteorologists Suppress Thunderstorms?: Radar-Derived Statistics and the Behavior of Moist Convection" examined 28 target cities and random control points in the U.S. They were compared to their surroundings in order to determine whether these target points were weather holes or the opposite, hot spots. A determination was made by measuring and comparing the convective echoes of the target points with the surrounding area. Only one target was classified as a weather hole, and one was classified as a hot spot. Most selected targets experienced convective echoes as often as their surrounding areas.

According to the a study's authors, the "results suggest that meteorologists are unnecessarily cranky about the frequency of storms in their hometowns." It has been suggested that Grand Forks, ND is a weather hole.

title: Weather hole


text: Portal:Schools/Things you can do

title: Portal:Schools/Things you can do


text:
Jennifer Slept Here

Jennifer Slept Here   is an American fantasy sitcom television series that ran for one season on NBC from October 21, 1983, to September 5, 1984. The series was a Larry Larry production in association with Columbia Pictures Television.

Overview

In the series, Ann Jillian plays Jennifer Farrell, a once-popular movie actress who in 1978 made the unfortunate mistake of chasing an ice cream truck near her Los Angeles, California, home. When the ice cream truck accidentally backed up, it ran her over, killing her. Six years later, the Elliot family moved from New York City into Jennifer's home. Father George was a lawyer who had handled Jennifer's posthumous affairs, including the house. George's wife, Susan, was a concerned and understanding figure. Daughter Marilyn was a typical 8-year-old.

The driving story behind the series was that Jennifer haunted the Elliot house—ostensibly to mentor and befriend the family's teenage son, Joey, who was the only person to whom she made herself visible. During the series, however, she does make herself visible in at least one episode. Naturally, Joey had a hard time convincing his family and friends of Jennifer's ghostly existence. They not only refused to believe Joey's claim, but often concluded Joey needed psychiatric or other help. In one episode, they hired a phony exorcist (played by Zelda Rubinstein in a parody of her Poltergeist character Tangina Barrons) to rid the house of Jennifer's spirit by capturing it in a jar.

Cast

 * Ann Jillian as Jennifer Farrell
 * John P. Navin Jr. as Joseph "Joey" Elliot
 * Georgia Engel as Susan Elliot
 * Brandon Maggart as George Elliot
 * Mya Akerling as Marilyn Elliot
 * Glenn Scarpelli as Marc

Theme song
The series theme song, also titled "Jennifer Slept Here", was written by Joey Murcia, Bill Payne, Clint Holmes, and series star Ann Jillian, and was performed by recording artist Joey Scarbury.

Critical response
Although the show had mixed reviews and a tough Friday night time-slot (its competition was The Dukes of Hazzard on CBS and Webster on ABC), it attracted somewhat decent ratings. Repeats which were shown on Wednesday nights during the summer of 1984 often managed to make the Top 30, but that was not enough to guarantee a second season. Tom Ensign of The Toledo Blade, reviewing Jennifer Slept Here, stated that the show "isn't funny, it isn't witty and it doesn't stand the ghost of a chance". Baird Searles dismissed the series as "a shameless re-echo of Topper".

title: Jennifer Slept Here


text:
Liberian Catalogue

The Liberian Catalogue (Catalogus Liberianus) is a list of the bishops of Rome from Peter to Liberius (died 366). For each bishop, the list gives the lengths of his episcopate, the corresponding consular dates and the names of the reigning emperors. In many cases there are other details. The catalogue is found in copies of the Chronography of 354, a "collection of tracts .. edited (apparently by one Furius Dionysius Philocalus) in 354".

The Liberian Catalogue is clearly the work of a compiler using earlier texts. It has been suggested that it is largely dependent on a work of Bishop Hippolytus of Rome (died 235), and is his lost Chronica. The character of the entries changes after Pontian. There are a number of "strange errors" (Edmundson 1913, lecture VIII) in the Liberian Catalogue, some of which may be the product merely of copyist errors. The texts in the Chronography do display damage in transmission.

Anomalies in the Liberian Catalogue
George Edmundson pointed out a number of anomalies. "The deaths of St. Peter and St. Paul are stated to have taken place in A.D. 55 Clement succeeds Linus in A.D. 67, and Anencletus, the real successor of Linus, is duplicated and follows Clement, first as Cletus, then as Anacletus. Clement’s death is recorded as having occurred sixteen years before he became bishop according to the generally received date." Nor were the errors confined to the first-century episcopates. The Hippolytean source is not even accurate about Pope Pius himself, who in the words of the Muratorian fragment lived "very recently in our own times". Hegesippus and Irenaeus, both of whom stayed some time in Rome soon after the death of Pius, both give the order of succession as Pius, Anicetus, Soter, Eleutherus. The Liberian Catalogue makes Pius the successor of Anicetus instead of the predecessor.

Depositio martyrum and the Depositio episcoporum
Two other lists are associated, in the sense that they occur in the same manuscript (the Chronographus anni 354). These are the Depositio martyrum and Depositio episcoporum. While these names could be generic, for lists of martyrs and bishops, scholarly usage without qualification tends to mean these lists.

title: Liberian Catalogue


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William (bishop of Orange)

William, Bishop of Orange was a senior figure in the 11th century Provençal clergy and a participant in the First Crusade.

Life
William participated in the council of Piacenza in March 1095 and the council of Clermont in November 1095. In 1096, William and Hugh of Châteauneuf, Bishop of Grenoble, went to Genoa and preached in the church of San Siro, in order to gather troops for the First Crusade. William then joined the army of Raymund of Toulouse on their march across the Balkan and through Anatolia. After the death of Adhemar of Le Puy in August 1098 in Antioch, he was recognized as leader of the clergy, until he himself died six months later in December 1098 in Ma'arrat al-Nu'man.

title: William (bishop of Orange)


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Bruno Magli

Bruno Magli is an Italian luxury house that specializes in shoes and leather goods for men and women.

History
Founded in 1936, siblings Marino, Mario and Bruno started a small business in the basement of their home in Bologna, Italy, after learning the art of shoemaking from their grandfather. The trio began to accept contract work until the first Magli Shoe Factory (Calzaturificio Magli) was established later that same year.

In 1947 shortly after World War Two, the company built their first manufacturing facility.

In 1969, the company moved to a more modern factory in Bologna.

From the 1980s onwards, the Magli company opened over forty retail stores located throughout the United States, Australia, China and Europe.

OJ Simpson trial
The shoes were a major component of the 1995 O.J. Simpson trial. Simpson wore size 12 suede waffle Lorenzo model with soles manufactured by Silga. Sales increased thirty per cent in 1996 and fifty percent in 1997. Subsequent owners Marquee stated the association was not one they welcomed or wished for but acknowledged the increased public interest.

Acquisitions
In 2001, the Luxembourg-based investment fund Opera, half-owned by Bulgari, acquired a controlling interest in Bruno Magli. In 2007 Opera sold the brand to UK private equity fund Fortelus Capital, and in 2014, the Swiss fund Da Vinci Invest acquired the brand.

In January 2015, Marquee Brands announced its acquisition of the Bruno Magli brand and related intellectual property assets from Bruno Magli S.p.A. Marquee Brands, a brand acquisition, licensing and development company, was launched by the private equity group Neuberger Berman in September 2014.

The luxury brand corporate office is now headquartered out of Marquee's New York City offices but its products will continue to be designed and produced in Italy.

title: Bruno Magli


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Enter County, New York

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted by Zoe as hoax. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 10:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Enter County, New York
Unless I'm very much mistaken - this doesn't exist --Doc (?) 22:46, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

I, too, can find absolutely no record of this place existing. -- Corey.spring 22:55, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, Ontario is in Canada, Canada is not in NY State, thus Ontario is not part of any real/non-made-up counties in NY State--172.172.183.59 23:28, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy Delete, See above -- Corey.spring 23:47, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy there ARE other places named Ontario, like in CA. But that's beside the point.  This county doesn't exist.  Maybe it was mistakenly copied from somewhere where you enter a country in a form? --  Etacar11   04:12, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
NSM

NSM may refer to:

Businesses

 * New Seasons Market, a chain of grocery stores
 * Nack, Schulze und Menke, a German manufacturer of jukeboxes
 * NASDAQ Stock Market
 * Nederlandsche Stoomboot Maatschappij, a Dutch shipping line
 * Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij, a Dutch shipbuilder

Computing

 * N-ary storage model, of database management systems
 * Network and Systems Management, software made by Computer Associates
 * Network security monitor or intrusion detection system
 * Network Status Monitor protocol, of the Network File System

Military

 * Nasjonal Sikkerhetsmyndighet, the Norwegian National Security Authority
 * Naval Strike Missile, a cruise missile developed by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace 1997–2007
 * Nausena Medal, an Indian military award

Politics

 * National Socialist Movement (disambiguation), various neo-Nazi organizations
 * New social movements, which depart from conventional paradigms
 * New Socialist Movement, an Indian political party in Gujarat

Science and medicine

 * National Science Museum of Japan's collection code
 * Natural semantic metalanguage, in linguistics
 * Neurogenic stunned myocardium
 * New Smoking Material, tobacco substitutes
 * Nipple-sparing mastectomy, a type of surgery

Other uses

 * Norseman Airport, Western Australia (IATA code: )
 * Non-Stipendiary Minister, an unpaid priest
 * New Sector Movements, a British music project

title: NSM


text:
Walter Judd (politician)

Walter Henry Judd (September 25, 1898 – February 13, 1994), also known as I-te Chou, was an American politician and physician, best known for his battle in Congress (1943–63) to define the conservative position on China as all-out support for the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek and opposition to the Communists under Mao Zedong. After the Nationalists fled to Formosa (Taiwan) in 1949, Judd redoubled his support.

Early life and education
Judd was born in Rising City, Nebraska, the son of Mary Elizabeth (Greenslit) and Horace Hunter Judd. After training with the ROTC for the United States Army near the end of World War I, he earned his M.D. degree from the University of Nebraska in 1923.

Career
After earning his medical degree from the University of Nebraska, Judd became the traveling secretary for the Student Volunteer Movement. From 1925 through 1931, Judd was a medical missionary in China, sent to assist Edward Bliss. He worked first in small clinic a backwater town, then became head of a large hospital in a sizable city.

From 1931 to 1934, he worked at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Then, in 1934, he returned to China as a missionary physician until 1938, when he returned to Minnesota.

Upon his return the United States, he did not urge Americans to be isolationists. Instead, Judd encouraged support of China against Japanese aggression.

U.S. Congress
In 1942, Judd was elected to the U.S. Congress from Minnesota, where he became a powerful voice in support of China. He served for 20 years from 1943 until 1963 in the 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, 83rd, 84th, 85th, 86th, and 87th congresses. Judd voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Judd was known for his eloquent oratory and expertise in U.S. foreign policy. He spoke at civic and political gatherings around the nation. He was a good friend of Senator Harry S. Truman, and together they spent two weeks in 1943 making speeches in support of the United Nations, doubling up in hotel rooms at night. In Congress, Judd supported liberal international program such as the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO. He called for removal of ethnic and racial restrictions in the immigration laws. He was an outspoken anti-communist and critic of U.S. rapprochement with China at the expense of the Republic of China on Taiwan. In the early 1950s, Judd helped organize the Committee of One Million, a citizens' group dedicated to keeping the People's Republic of China out of the United Nations.

Judd gave the keynote address at the 1960 Republican National Convention, which met in Chicago to nominate the Nixon-Lodge ticket.

In 1962, Judd was defeated for reelection by liberal Democrat Donald M. Fraser. The District had been redrawn after the 1960 census, making it heavily Democratic. Judd's defeat worked to increase Passman's power on the foreign aid subcommittee. He was the last person to attempt to run for president on a major party ticket to have been born in the 19th century, though he did not make it past the primaries. In 1964, Judd's name was placed in nomination at the Republican National Convention for President and he received a smattering of votes.

According to biographer Yanli Gao: "Judd was both a Wilsonian moralist and a Jacksonian protectionist, whose efforts were driven by a general Christian understanding of human beings, as well as a missionary complex. As he appealed simultaneously to American national interests and a popular Christian moral conscience, the Judd experience demonstrated that determined courageous advocacy by missionaries did in fact help to shape an American foreign policy needing to be awakened from its isolationist slumbers."

Presidential Medal of Freedom
In 1981, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, he was actively involved in the Council Against Communist Aggression in Washington, D.C.

Walter Judd Freedom Award
The Fund for American Studies, an educational and internship program that works in partnership with George Mason University, annually presents the Walter Judd Freedom Award in cooperation with the Center for International Relations to recognize individuals who have advanced the cause of freedom in the United States and abroad. Past recipients have included former United States President Ronald Reagan, Jack Kemp, Jeane Kirkpatrick, and George J. Viksnins, a professor emeritus at Georgetown University.

Death
On February 13, 1994, Judd died of cancer in Mitchellville, Maryland, aged 95. He is interred with his wife, Miriam, at Blue Valley Cemetery in Surprise, Nebraska.

title: Walter Judd (politician)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Template guidelines

Policy proposal - Discuss use of message templates
There's lots of people going around using message templates such as cleanup, and merge, cite references, in manner which I consider to be rather slapdash, and detrimental to the quality of wikipedia as an encyclopedia. Maybe an article isn't perfect, but with a big ugly message at the top saying it requires cleanup, it will give a very bad impression to any newcomers. These messages make wikipedia look bad. It's fine if they get resolved and removed fairly quickly, but these messages tend to get left there, and either people don't fix the problem, or the problem gradually gets fixed, but nobody has the confidence to remove the message.

See also discussed on Wikipedia talk:Merging and moving pages

I want to propose a policy that any use of such message tags should be accompanied by a Talk page discussion post explaining why in more detail, and that any messages which do not have an acompanying talk page explanation, can be removed immediately, on the basis that it was in breach of this policy. The new talk section will have three positive effects: The first point is the most important. I get the impression there are people swinging by and slapping messages everywhere, on articles which they have no intention of revisiting. I'm sure there are those who will want to defend this freedom, but in my opinion such behaviour should be discouraged.
 * Force people to be a bit more considered in their use of such messages in the first place.
 * Commence discussion, which should help resolve the issue (particularly in the case of merges)
 * Allow people to be more bold in removing messages by judging the original issue to be resolved.

I think it's a fairly big change which will require some discussion. So the first question is. Where should I put my policy proposal? We can discuss it right here, but maybe it can be included on this Template guidelines page. Or maybe it should be on its own page? -- Nojer2 09:49, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Template guidelines


text:
Student television

Student television may refer to:
 * A student television station, one run by students
 * The National Student Television Association (NaSTA)
 * University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Student Television

title: Student television


text:
Talk:Fort Rinnella

This page is a composite of the information in two existing pages.

Rinella battery and Fort Rinnella.

The only change to the Rinella Battery page was wikification of the dates by Bhadani.

As the Fort Rinnella page predated my Rinella battery page, I've merged my text with the existing page by cut and paste. I intend, when I work out how, to reduce the Rinella battery page to a redirect to this page.

I have renamed this page to Fort Rinella, since that is the spelling used by FONDAZZJONI WIRT ARTNA – Malta Heritage Foundation, who operate the site, and the spelling on what maps I have available to compare.

I have some personal pictures of the site, and gun and will upload a small selection in the next few days. The aerial view on the FONDAZZJONI WIRT ARTNA is very effective, if anyone has legitimate access to a similar picture, it would enhance this article substantially.

title: Talk:Fort Rinnella


text:
Wang Hui (Qing dynasty)

Wang Hui (1632–1717) was a Chinese landscape painter, one of the Four Wangs. He, and the three other Wangs, dominated orthodox art in China throughout the late Ming and early Qing periods. Of the Four Wangs, Wang Hui is considered the best-known today.

Beijing, Shanghai and Taipei museums loaned works for "Landscapes Clear and Radiant: The Art of Wang Hui (1632-1717)" in 2008 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

Biography
Wang Hui followed in the footprints of his great-grandfathers, grandfather, father and uncles and learned painting at a very early age. He was later taught by two contemporary masters, Zhang Ke and Wang Shimin, who taught him to work in the tradition of copying famous Chinese paintings. This is most likely the reason why critics claim that his work is conservative and reflects the Yuan and Song traditions. One critic claimed that "his landscape paintings reflect his nostalgic attachment to classical Chinese aesthetics." Along with the other Wangs, Wang Hui helped to perpetuate the tradition of copying the ancient masters rather than creating original work.

title: Wang Hui (Qing dynasty)


text: User:Just Another Victim Of The Ambient Morality


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Reasons for vandalism

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 23:28, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Reasons for vandalism

 * Delete - bad joke --Mysidia (talk) 22:50, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to WP:VAND. -- < drini | ∂drini > 22:57, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Real encyclopedias should be like the ones they have at wal-mart" - oh man. I may frame that and put it on my user page. :) Fernando Rizo T/C 23:07, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV rant and OR. ManoaChild 23:11, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * For God's sake, how is this not a speedy candidate? Trollderella 23:23, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * How would it be, under what criteria? --Mysidia (talk) 23:34, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's nonsense but not unsalvageably incoherent (uses complete sentences).. not a test page.. not pure vandalism.. not identical to a VFDed article afaik
 * Unknown if it was made by a banned user, no need to merge histories, no requested delete by original author, not a talk page
 * The context is ridiculous (but present), Not in a foreign language, not just a link, .. not about a real person.. it seems to fail all the criteria rather clearly
 * Speedy but it made me smile. — Trilobite (Talk) 23:28, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Portal:Schools/Templates

title: Portal:Schools/Templates


text:
Bitter lemon

Bitter lemon is a bitter lemon flavoured soft drink. Its signature taste is a result of inherently bitter lemon pith being reinforced by the bitter alkaloid quinine.

The principal difference between tonic water and bitter lemon is the lemon juice, pith, and peel. The juice adds sour, offset by additional sweetener, and the oily peel fragrance.

The generic bitter lemon drink dates back to 1834. Schweppes introduced its brand of bitter lemon in 1957.

Bitter lemon is consumed both by itself and as a mixer, and is sold around the world.

Notable brands

 * Schweppes
 * Fever-Tree
 * Canada Dry
 * Gini
 * Royal Club
 * Polar Beverages

title: Bitter lemon


text:
User talk:Just Another Victim Of The Ambient Morality

=WoW, PvE servers and guards=

Correct me if I'm wrong, but in WoW on a PvE server, opposite faction guards couldn't attack you unless you're PvP enabled, could they? I can't test this now since I've given up.... Just Another Victim Of The Ambient Morality 14:23, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I might look into it to make sure, but the idea of entering another faction's camp in, say, Stranglethorn or Feralas, without getting attacked by the guards seems pretty strange to me. Loriel 22:39, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:WoW-Lakeshire.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:WoW-Lakeshire.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image is unlicensed for use on Wikipedia and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful.

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (email) (Contr.) 00:14, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

File source problem with File:WoW-Lakeshire.png
Thanks for uploading File:WoW-Lakeshire.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 10:31, 9 December 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 10:31, 9 December 2009 (UTC)


text:
CILU-FM

CILU-FM is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts at 102.7 FM in Thunder Bay, Ontario. It is the campus radio station of the city's Lakehead University.

The station was licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in 2004 and officially launched in early 2005.

title: CILU-FM


text:
Bowman (communications system)

Bowman is the name of the tactical communications system used by the British Armed Forces.

The Bowman C4I system consists of a range of HF radio, VHF radio and UHF radio sets designed to provide secure integrated voice, data services to dismounted soldiers, individual vehicles and command HQs up to Division level. Bowman has a number of specific applications installed on the base radio infrastructure known as BISAs. Bowman has been released incrementally as a number of phased capability releases, known as BCIP releases, with BCIP 5.5 being released in the field in 2013.

Bowman replaced the Clansman series of radios. As of 2016, the MoD publicised plans to replace Bowman with a system named Morpheus.

Procurement history
The concept of Bowman dates from a 1989 UK MoD General Staff Requirement (GSR) for a system to replace the ageing Clansman radio system. The GSR was subsequently modified to accommodate post Cold War scenarios.

The procurement had a long and chequered history, with a number of consortia involved in the development and bidding process. This process culminated in the failure in 2000 of the preferred bidder, Archer, to deliver the requirement within budget and on time, and the resultant cessation of the contract by the UK MoD. The subsequent rebidding process for the contract was won by CDC Systems UK Ltd, once a subsidiary of Computing Devices Canada (CDC), now General Dynamics United Kingdom Ltd as prime contractor.

The resultant system was based on some aspects of CDC's Iris Digital Communications System, created for the Canadian Army, with elements of design and manufacturing sub-contracted to: Cogent Defence Systems (now Airbus Defence and Space); SELEX Communications (than Selex ES, in turn merged in Leonardo S.p.A., previously Finmeccanica since 2016); ITT Exelis (now Harris Corporation); Harris Corporation; L-3 Communications; Blazepoint; DRS Tactical Systems; BAE Systems; GDC4S; and Thales Group. AgustaWestland was responsible for training installations and classrooms for the conversion training. The procurement cost of the supply and (initial) support phase for Bowman was approximately £1.9 billion and the current acquisition cost of the whole project is £2.4 billion.

Bowman’s initial operating capability was delivered into service in March 2004, it was fully rolled out across the Armed Forces by the end of 2008 and is expected to continue in service until approximately 2026.

System overview
Bowman provides a tactical voice and data communications system for joint operations across the British Armed Forces in support of land and amphibious operations. It is fitted to over 15,000 military vehicles, from Land Rover Wolf to the Challenger 2 Main Battle Tank. The entire Royal Navy fleet is fitted with Bowman equipment as are all the major helicopter types supporting land operations, such as Apache, Chinook, Merlin and Lynx. Bowman features enhanced communications security (COMSEC) through integrated voice and data encryption devices and enhanced electronic protective measures through features such as frequency-hopping spread spectrum. It also provides tactical situational awareness for commanders through GPS links, helping to reduce the probability of friendly fire. The cryptographic core is based on a Pritchel II High Grade algorithm designed by CESG. The complete contract involves more than 48,000 radios (excluding the 45,000 Personal Role Radios) and more than 30,000 computer terminals being installed in more than 30,000 platforms, together with the necessary training of around 75,000 Service personnel. The Bowman system is a fundamental part of the British Military, achieving a Network Enabled Capability, providing the carriers for the passage of data between the various software applications involved. It is related to the Future Integrated Soldier Technology concept.

The procurement and support of Bowman is led by the Tactical Systems (TacSys) delivery team, for many years within Defence Equipment and Support, now part of Information Systems & Services at MoD Abbey Wood.

Equipment
Nominally the lowest deployed part of the Bowman series of radios is that provided by Leonardo-Finmeccanica (previously Selex ES), in the form of the UHF H4855 Personal Role Radio (PRR), which is primarily used by infantry fireteam (section level and below). PRR is only partially connected with the Bowman programme, as it was hived off from the acquisition process in October 1999 for more rapid implementation, and the first of 45,000 units formally entered service in early 2002. Operating in the 2.4 GHz band, PRR had no integrated encryption devices and does not intercommunicate with the rest of the Bowman network, but is widely acclaimed as having revolutionised intra-squad communications and small-unit tactics.

Models are designated "UK/PRC", which stands for "United Kingdom / Portable Radio Communications", or "UK/VRC", which is "United Kingdom / Vehicle Radio Communications". Following this logic "UK/ARC" stands for "United Kingdom / Airborne Radio Communications".

VHF radios

 * VPT - a UK Type 1 (Pritchel) encrypted section to platoon-level UK/PRC354 5W VHF Portable Transceiver (VPT)
 * ADR+ - an enhanced and improved 'Bowmanised' version of ITT Corporation's company/squadron-level Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System ( SINCGARS) frequency-hopping radio with a 30-87.975 MHz frequency range. Depending on its configuration, the ADR+ is variously designated UK/PRC355 (5 W manpack), UK/PRC356 (16 W ground-role manpack), UK/VRC357 (16 W vehicle clip-in radio), UK/VRC358 (16 W low-power vehicle radio), or UK/VRC359 (50 W vehicle-mounted high-power radio).

The manpack version of the ADR+ has an Automatic Situational Awareness Module inserted in BCIP 5.2 which enables Own Station Position Reports to be broadcast without the presence of an associated computer.

Under the terms of the baseline contract, ITT Defence delivered some 26,000 ADR+ radios and 8,000 VPTs, complemented by 580 examples of the UK/ARC341 VHF aircraft role radio (a derivative of the company's SINCGARS AN/ARC-201D airborne transceiver) for helicopter platforms.

HF radios
The Bowman HF frequency-hopping radios, of which 10,800 examples were supplied is designated UK/PRC325 in its basic 20 W manpack form and UK/VRC328/9 in its 100 W high-power and co-sited vehicular configurations. Essentially a UK equivalent of the US AN/PRC-150, it has had the proprietary Harris Citadel encryption from the original RF-5800H replaced with UK Type 1 (Pritchel) encryption and frequency hopping waveform. The Falcon II's original dual-band HF/VHF frequency range (1.6-60 MHz) has been narrowed to the 1.6-30 MHz (HF) band.

HCDR
The top tier in the Bowman series of radios is provided by the UHF, Mobile ad hoc network ITT UK/VRC340 HCDR (High Capacity Data Radio), a 'Bowmanised' version of ITT's Mercury Near-Term Data Radio (NTDR) wide-band networking transceiver. HCDR has a 225-450 MHz operating frequency range. It has wideband (4 MHz) and narrow band (500 kHz) modem configurations, with a user rate of 288 kbit/s on a 375 kbit/s channel and 576 kbit/s on a 750 kbit/s channel. Some 3,600 HCDRs were purchased. HCDR provides a self-managing mobile Internet Backbone using standard RFC interfaces and routing protocols.

Ancillary equipment
Provision of the associated User Data Terminal (UDT) for vehicular and static use was contracted to DRS Tactical Systems Inc, which also produces the Bowman Management Data Terminal (BMDT) for network management, the Vehicle User Data Terminal (VUDT) with keyboard and touchscreen for use on the move, the Staff User Data Terminal (SUDT) for command centres, and the PBISA Processing Unit (PBPU) for Challenger 2 tanks.

Since the start of the programme, the capabilities of the UDTs (based on 700 MHz Pentium processors) have evolved, their original 256 MB RAMs and 20 GB drives having been superseded by 512 MB RAMs and 40 GB drives. The contractor for supply of Portable User Data Terminal (PUDTs), based on a 266 MHz Intel StrongARM processor, was L-3 Communications. The PUDT is now obsolete and is not used. Extensive problems with the software running on low powered computers led to the procurement of a number of enhanced computers, the Lightweight Tablet (LTDT) manufactured by Blazepoint and Lightweight Manpack (LMDT) produced by L-3. In addition to processing limitations, the larger UDTs have significant ergonomic issues and were supplemented with a buy of General Dynamics Itronix computers modified in the UK by Blazepoint to support systems managers and communication planners.

Responsibility for the supply of Bowman audio ancillaries, including the stereo staff-user headset, noise-cancelling general-purpose handset, and loudspeaker unit, was vested in Selex ES, which also provided the lightweight headset, respirator adapter, and remote pressel switch associated with the PRR.

Racal (now Thales Group) provided antennas for the Bowman contract. These include HF Wire/Vehicle, VHF Vehicle/Elevated, VHF Ground Spike, 5.4 metre GRP Mast and UHF Vehicle/Elevated Antennas. Additional antennas supplied as part of the Bowman contract are the man-pack antennas, which are supplied together with the matching unit by MGS Precision, based in Stone, Staffordshire.

BISAs
Bowman also consists of a number of specifically designed Battlefield Information System Applications running over the Bowman infrastructure. The UDTs (User Data Terminals) are currently limited to supporting a maximum of two BISAs simultaneously, due to the performance limitations of the UDTs. ComBAT, produced by GDC4S in the US, the main Command and Control (C2) tool for Bowman has faced early criticism relating to performance, ease of use and interface design. A significant portion of these problems have been addressed in later version of ComBAT. BISAs include - ComBAT (C2 & situational awareness (SA), GBAD (Ground Based Air Defence) Command & Control, Makefast (Engineering) and FC (Fire Control).

Controversy
When Bowman was first introduced into service, the system was said to contain many faults to the extent that troops dubbed Bowman "Better Off With Map And Nokia".

The programme came under scrutiny following a National Audit Office accountability hearing for the government's procurement policy and was generally considered to be a success considering the complexity and changing needs of the UK Armed Forces.

A 2007 report by the Commons Public Accounts Committee was overwhelmingly critical of the entire system and its procurement. The report itself was split into four sections entitled: "programme governance arrangements were not fit for purpose", "initial decisions were not well informed", "through life costs were not rigorously assessed", and "operational benefits are limited".

As Bowman was being phased into service, senior officers in the British Army had serious reservations about the system, especially as many of their initial design specifications and feedback had not been adequately incorporated by the Defence Procurement Agency in the re-tendering process that was won by General Dynamics United Kingdom. Such were the misgivings, that the Director of Infantry initially refused to accept the portable "manpack" radio into service, saying: All the rumours you've heard. It is as bad as you've heard. But we have been told that, politically, we have got to make it work. Now you guys will have to go out and find a way of making it work. Other complaints were brought up by the 1st Batallion Royal Anglian Regiment, who tested the UK/PRC354 radio system in July 2005. A number of problems have been reported, including RF burns received while transmitting data on some settings, comparatively heavy compared to equivalent Clansman radio sets, unergonomic wiring and user interfaces on the manpack radio, short-lived batteries, inadequate "ruggedisation" and inflexibility with assigning unique call sign indicators to individuals which are now instead permanently programmed into the radios themselves instead of the Clansman BATCO assigned system, which would change every 12 hours and could be used on any number of different radio sets by the operator as required. This has led to seven modifications to the radio since the operational field trial in December 2004. However, there have been other, more recent reports of the radios continuing to suffer from the already mentioned design flaws, as well as operational failures and faults, including whilst in the midst of combat engagements, consequently hampering the combat effectiveness with soldiers deployed on both Operation Herrick in Afghanistan and Operation Telic in Iraq, leading to accusations that the system was not ready for operational use and in some cases the releases were unsuitable for their intended purpose, including the role as part of the Future Integrated Soldier Technology concept.

In December 2008 and January 2009, Bowman was withdrawn from the Territorial Army (apart from the Honourable Artillery Company, 43 (Wessex) Signal Squadron (V) - a TA squadron forming part of 21 Signal Regiment, 2 (National Communications) Signal Brigade and the Yeomanry) as the manufacturers struggled to meet the demand created by operations in both Iraq and Afghanistan.

Future replacement
In 2016, the MoD publicised plans to replace Bowman with a system named Morpheus. Morpheus "will deliver the next generation of Tactical Communication and Information Systems (TacCIS) capability. It will address critical system obsolescence and introduce a more agile TacCIS solution (both technical and business)."

title: Bowman (communications system)


text:
Glenn White

Glenn J. White is Professor of Astronomy at the Open University, UK, and Research Group Leader of the Astronomy Group at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. He carries out research on star formation and on exoplanets.

Scientific career
After studying radio astronomy at Jodrell Bank Observatory, the University of Manchester and at the University of Kent (1969–1972), he worked for a short period in x-ray astronomy at the University of Leicester, before joining Queen Mary College, University of London in 1976. He was Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of London (1993–2000), Professor of Space Science at the University of Kent (2000–2005), and is Professor of Astronomy at the Open University, a post held jointly with the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory since 2005. He has also held visiting positions at the University of Tokyo (1987), the University of Stockholm (1998) and the University of Cambridge (1999). He was involved in the early development of astronomical millimetre and submillimetre wavelength astronomy in the 1970s and 1980s.

He is working on problems in star formation and submillimeter wavelength spectroscopy studies of the gas that forms stars, and has also studied the interaction of radio signals with plants and biological material. He is developing space missions to detect the atmospheres of Earth-like extrasolar planets, such as the European Space Agency's Darwin Mission, and the Japanese Space Agency's AKARI mission, which was successfully launched in February 2006, and the Herschel Space Observatory.

Awards

 * The Royal Astronomical Society Group Achievement Award, 2014 (awarded for the design, construction and delivery of the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) bolometer-based instrument as part of the instrument suite for ESA’s Herschel Space Observatory.)
 * The Sir Arthur Clarke Award, 2013 (awarded for Team working on the HERSCHEL-SPIRE space mission)
 * Daiwa Adrian Prize, 2004 (Co-holder for work on the Japanese AKARI Space mission)
 * The Kelvin Lectureship in Physics, of the British Association, 1991 (awarded for Popularisation of Science)

Media
White is an occasional contributor to the media, including the television programme The Sky At Night, The Sunday Times and BBC One.

He is a member of the Editorial board of Advances in Astronomy.

title: Glenn White


text:
Talk:Nurek Dam

Height
Isn't the Rogun Dam already higher than this one? Rmhermen 23:11, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Rogun dam is not complete; in fact it suffered major damage in a flood some years back. If it's not a functioning dam, it doesn't count. :) Bantman 01:28, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

By the end of 2009 rogun will start its function then it will be the tallest dam157.157.111.2 16:02, 2 October 2006 (U
 * The Rogun is still in the air now, could be a long time with transboundary water disputes.--NortyNort (Holla) 13:14, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

6 meters
This material which contains a useful link to the 2008 Central Asia energy crisis is not accurate. According to http://tajikistan.neweurasia.net/2008/03/03/electricity-crisis-solved-in-dushanbe/ the dam was full throughout the crisis, even gaining water. In any event, such a massive dam could not fill so rapidly. Fred Talk 14:12, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

In February 2008, during the 2008 Central Asia energy crisis, the reservoir fell to six meters, a worryingly low level according to energy sector representatives.

Kind of turbine used?
What kind of turbine is used in this dam? Francis turbine or Pelton turbine?Agre22 (talk) 23:12, 8 November 2009 (UTC)agre22
 * The dam's power station utilizes Francis turbines.--NortyNort (Holla) 13:14, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:37, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Nurek Dam Vakhsh River.jpg

title: Talk:Nurek Dam


text:
User:Carrol Pugh

Please read and study

Leviticus 26: 1-4 Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing image, neither shall we set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto it: for I am YHVH your Mighty-One. Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverance my sanctuary: I am YHVH. If ye walk in my statutes and keep my commandments, and do them; then I will give you rain in due season, and the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit.

What is this passage saying? We are to make no idol of any kind. Many bow down to a idol every Sunday. They bow to an image in the spirit called Jesus. There is only One that we need to bow to; it is YHVH the Mighty-One, who created the heavens and the earth and every thing in them is. YHVH is the True Savior, not Jesus Christ. He is the Rock, our Deliverer, He is our Shield, the Horn of our Salvation, He is our Savior. There is no other Mighty-One, there is no other Savior. The whole world has been misled with lies. Besides YHVH there is no Savior. YHVH our Father is the Creator of heaven and earth, who saves and atones for His people. There is no Jesus that can save. Trust in YHVH and Him Only for your Salvation.

title: User:Carrol Pugh


text:
User talk:Spaguru

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 22:55, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

Article deletion proposed
Hello Spaguru, I just updated one of your page (and maybe two) to propose them for speedy deletion, as it seemed it was not really an encyclopedic article, but rather a self promoting article. Please correct me if I'm wrong (you can do so on the pages themselves). You can refer to the Simplified_Ruleset and to the What_Wikipedia_is_not policy for more information on what is expected on Wikipedia. Hope it helps Riko Rikozarzour 23:38:20, 2005-08-19 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spaguru