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Sharps rifle

Sharps rifles are a series of large-bore, single-shot, falling-block, breech-loading rifles, beginning with a design by Christian Sharps in 1848 and ceasing production in 1881. They were renowned for long-range accuracy. By 1874, the rifle was available in a variety of calibers, and it was one of the few designs to be successfully adapted to metallic cartridge use. The Sharps rifles became icons of the American Old West with their appearances in many Western-genre films and books. Perhaps as a result, several rifle companies offer reproductions of the Sharps rifle.

History
Sharps' initial rifle was patented September 12, 1848, and manufactured by A. S. Nippes at Mill Creek in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1850.

The second model used the Maynard tape primer, and surviving examples are marked Edward Maynard - Patentee 1845. In 1851, the second model was brought to the Robbins & Lawrence Company (R&L) of Windsor, Vermont, where the Model 1851 was developed for mass production. Rollin White of R&L invented the knife-edge breech block and self-cocking device for the "box-lock" Model 1851. This is referred to as the "first contract", which was for 10,000 Model 1851 carbines, of which approximately 1,650 were produced by R&L in Windsor.

In 1851, the "second contract" was made, for 15,000 rifles, and the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company was organized as a holding company with $1,000 in capital and with John C. Palmer as president, Christian Sharps as engineer, and Richard S. Lawrence as master armorer and superintendent of manufacturing. Sharps was to be paid a royalty of $1 per firearm, and the factory was built on R&L's property in Hartford, Connecticut.

The Model 1851 was replaced in production by the Model 1853. Christian Sharps left the company in 1855 to form his own manufacturing company called "C. Sharps & Company" in Philadelphia; Lawrence continued as the chief armorer until 1872 and developed the various Sharps models and their improvements that made the rifle famous. In 1874, the company was reorganized and renamed the "Sharps Rifle Company," and it remained in Hartford until 1876, whereupon it relocated to Bridgeport, Connecticut.

The Sharps rifle played a prominent role in the Bleeding Kansas conflict during the 1850s, particularly in the hands of anti-slavery forces. The Sharps rifles supplied to anti-slavery factions earned the name "Beecher's Bibles", after the famed abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher.

The Model 1874 Sharps (this model had been in production since 1871) was a particularly popular rifle that led to the introduction of several derivatives in quick succession. It handled a large number of .40 to .50 caliber cartridges in a variety of loadings and barrel lengths. Hugo Borchardt designed the Sharps-Borchardt Model 1878, the last rifle made by the Sharps Rifle Co. before its closing in 1881.

Reproductions of the paper cartridge Sharps Model 1859 and Model 1863 rifle and carbine, the metallic-cartridge Model 1874 Sharps rifle, and Sharps-Borchardt Model 1878 have been manufactured for use in Civil War re-enacting, hunting, and target shooting.

Rifle
The military Sharps rifle was produced by the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company and is a falling-block rifle used during and after the American Civil War in multiple variations. Along with being able to use a standard percussion cap, the Sharps has an unusual pellet primer feed. This is a device which holds a stack of pelleted primers and flips one over the nipple each time the trigger is pulled and the hammer falls—making it much easier to fire a Sharps from horseback than a gun employing individually loaded percussion caps.

It was used in the Civil War by multiple Union units, most famously by the U.S. Army marksmen known popularly as "Berdan's Sharpshooters" in honor of their leader, Hiram Berdan. The Sharps rifle made a superior sniper weapon of greater accuracy than the more commonly issued muzzle-loading rifled muskets. This was attributed to the higher rate of fire of the breech loading mechanism and superior quality of manufacture, as well as the ease with which it could be reloaded from a kneeling or prone position.

At this time however, many officers were distrustful of breech-loading weapons on the grounds that they would encourage men to waste ammunition. In addition, the Sharps rifle was expensive to manufacture (three times the cost of a muzzle-loading Springfield rifle) and so only 11,000 of the Model 1859s were produced. Most were unissued or given to sharpshooters, but the 13th Pennsylvania Reserves (which still carried the old-fashioned designation of a "rifle regiment") carried them until being mustered out in 1864.

Carbine

The carbine version was very popular with the cavalry of both the Union and Confederate armies and was issued in much larger numbers than other carbines of the war and was top in production in front of the Spencer or Burnside carbine. The falling-block action lent itself to conversion to the new metallic cartridges developed in the late 1860s, and many of these converted carbines in .50-70 Government were used during the Indian Wars in the decades immediately following the Civil War.

Some Civil War–issue carbines have an unusual feature: a hand-cranked grinder in the stock. Although long thought to be a coffee mill, experimentation with some of the few survivors suggests the grinder is ill-suited for coffee. The modern consensus is that its true purpose was for grinding corn or wheat or, more appropriately, for grinding charcoal needed in the production of black powder.

Unlike the Sharps rifle, the carbine was very popular, and almost 90,000 were produced. By 1863, it was the most common weapon carried by Union cavalry regiments, although in 1864 many were replaced by seven-shot Spencer carbines. Some Sharps clones were produced by the Confederates in Richmond. Quality was generally poorer, and they normally used brass fittings instead of iron.

The British purchased 1,000 Model 1852 carbines in 1855 which were later used in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Sporting rifles
Sharps made sporting versions from the late 1840s until the early 1880s. After the American Civil War, converted army surplus rifles were made into custom firearms, and the Sharps factory produced Models 1869 and 1874 in large numbers for commercial buffalo hunters and frontiersmen. These large-bore rifles were manufactured with some of the most powerful black powder cartridges ever made. Sharps also fabricated special long-range target versions for the popular Creedmoor style of 1000 yd target shooting. Many modern black powder cartridge silhouette shooters use original and replica Sharps rifles to target metallic silhouettes cut in the shapes of animals at ranges up to 500 m. Shiloh Rifle Manufacturing Company and C Sharps Arms of Big Timber, Montana, have been manufacturing reproductions of the Sharps rifle since 1983, respectively.

Rifle cartridges
Between 1871 and 1880, Sharps rifles were chambered in 15 different cartridges that had bore diameters of .40, .44, .45, and .50 inches with either a bottleneck or straight-walled case. These cartridges included the .40-1$5/8$ Bottleneck (.40-50 Sharps Bottleneck), .40-1$7/8$ Straight (.40-50 Sharps Straight), .40-2$1/4$ Bottleneck (.40-70 Sharps Bottleneck), .40-2$1/2$ Straight (.40-70 Sharps Bottleneck), .40-2$5/8$ Bottleneck (.40-90 Sharps Bottleneck), .44-1$5/8$ (.44-60 Sharps), .44-2$1/4$ (.44-77 Sharps or Remington), .44-2$5/8$ (.44-90 Sharps), .45-2$1/10$ (.45-70 Government), .45-2$4/10$ (.45-90 Sharps or Winchester), .45-2$6/10$ (.45-100 Sharps), .45-2$7/8$ (.45-110 Sharps), .50-1$3/4$ (.50-70 Government), .50-2.00 (No Modern Equivalent), and .50-2$1/2$ (.50-90 Sharps).

Cultural significance
In 1990, the Western film Quigley Down Under, Tom Selleck's title character uses a Sharps rifle chambered in the .45-110, also known as the 45-2$7/8$" Sharps. Theater Crafts Industry went so far as to say, "In Quigley Down Under, which we did in 1990, the Sharps rifle practically co-stars with Tom Selleck." This statement was echoed by gunwriters including John Taffin in Guns and Lionel Atwill in Field & Stream, crediting the film with an impact to rival that of Dirty Harry on the Smith & Wesson Model 29 chambered in .44 Remington Magnum. Burt Lancaster's character Valdez in the movie Valdez Is Coming (1971) uses a Sharps rifle with deadly results at almost 1000 yd. Also, in the western Billy Two Hats (1974), David Huddleston's character Copeland wounds Gregory Peck's character, Archie Deans, at a far distance.

Firearms manufacturers such as Davide Pedersoli and Shiloh Rifle Manufacturing Company have credited these movies with an increase in demand for those rifles. As a result of the popularity of the film, a Sharps match is held annually in Forsyth, Montana, known as the "Matthew Quigley Buffalo Rifle Match". Originally, a 44 in target was placed at 1000 yd for each shooter, reminiscent of a scene from the movie. The match is billed as the "biggest rifle event shooting in Eastern Montana since the Custer Massacre" and has since developed into a two-day competition with eight shots for score on six steel silhouette targets at ranges from 350 to 805 yd.

title: Sharps rifle


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Schuylkill River Passenger Rail

Schuylkill River Passenger Rail is a proposed passenger train service along the Schuylkill River between Philadelphia and Reading, Pennsylvania, with intermediate stops in Norristown, King of Prussia, Phoenixville, and Pottstown.

Passenger trains previously ran on this route from 1838 to 1981, when SEPTA discontinued service past Norristown on what is now known as the Manayunk/Norristown Line. Since then, various proposals have been made to restore full service to Reading.

Interest around the route has grown in the 2020s. In 2021 Amtrak included the route in its 2035 expansion vision. In 2022 county governments formed the Schuylkill River Passenger Rail Authority to further the development of the project. In 2023 the Federal Railroad Administration accepted the route into its Corridor Identification and Development Program, which allocates money for planning and prioritizes the project for future funding.

Prior service
The Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad and the Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company built the first rail line between Philadelphia and Reading in the 1830s. This became the Main Line of the Reading Company. The Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) built the competing Schuylkill Branch along a parallel route in the 1880s. In 1930, the PRR electrified the portion of its line between Philadelphia and Norristown. The Reading Company did the same in 1933.

The City of Philadelphia and suburban counties began providing public funds under contract with the PRR and Reading Company for continuation and improvement of regional rail service. Because the Reading's Norristown line was considered the stronger of the two, PRR service was cut back to Manayunk in 1960.

Conrail assumed operations of both lines in April 1976, resulting in all freight activity shifting to the former Reading Main Line. Commuter service on the former PRR line was extended from Manayunk to Ivy Ridge station in order to serve a new park-and-ride lot. Service to Reading used electric multiple-unit cars between Philadelphia's Reading Terminal and Norristown, and diesel-electric "push-pull" cars from Norristown to Reading. This operation continued until SEPTA ceased funding for the diesel section in 1981, two years prior to taking direct control of Philadelphia's commuter rail routes from Conrail. In 1986 service on the former PRR line was cut back from Ivy Ridge to Cynwyd station in Lower Merion Township.

Schuylkill Valley Metro
From 2000 to 2002, the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, SEPTA, and other regional stakeholders studied the possible return of passenger rail service between Philadelphia and Reading, a project known as the Schuylkill Valley Metro (SVM).

The SVM would use both sides of the former SEPTA R6 lines; the former PRR Schuylkill Branch between Suburban Station and Ivy Ridge (Cynwyd Line), and the former Reading's main line between Jefferson Station and Norristown (Manayunk/Norristown Line), before merging on the old Reading Main Line (now Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line) west of the current Norristown station. A new spur, called the Cross-County Segment, would split off at Port Kennedy (near Valley Forge), and would allow SVM trains to access King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, and the Great Valley Corporate Center in Malvern, Pennsylvania, using the former PRR/Penn Central Trenton Cutoff (now Norfolk Southern's Dale Secondary) used by the former PRR as a freight-only bypass around Philadelphia, although an alternative would be to have the Cross-County segment serve only King of Prussia with SEPTA extending the existing Norristown High-Speed Line to King of Prussia, via the Trenton Cutoff.

Unlike the RDG trains, the new SVM would be entirely electric, with power being supplied by Amtrak, SEPTA, and (between Norristown and Reading) the Exelon Corporation, the successor company to the former Philadelphia Electric Company, later PECO Energy. Existing catenary wires, powered at 12 kV, 25 Hz AC, would be used on the old lines, with new high-tension catenary poles, powered at 25 kV, 60 Hz AC, and similar to the system utilized on the Northeast Corridor north of New Haven, Connecticut, would be employed west of Norristown.

Planners intended to operate trains at 15-minute intervals during peak travel times, Mondays to Fridays, and at 30-minute intervals at all other times. Norfolk Southern Railway trains would have been able to use most of the system at all hours, but would have been restricted to overnight movements at some locations after SVM ceased operations at night between Midnight and 6 a.m.

In August 2006, Pennsylvania Governor Edward Rendell announced that funding for the SVM project would not be forthcoming and that it should be considered dead. In December 2007, Montgomery County authorized an unsuccessful study that looked at possible new funding sources. Congressman Jim Gerlach announced in April 2011 that the results from that Montgomery County study would be soon published.

Greenline
Another approach, known as the Greenline, proposed serving the towns of Oaks and Phoenixville via a new connection at the current Paoli/Thorndale Line at Paoli Station. This project was cancelled when funding could not be obtained.

Norristown Extension
After the Schuylkill Valley Metro plan was rejected by FTA, the Montgomery County Planning Commission initiated the R6 Extension Study (later called the Norristown Extension) as an alternative approach. Unlike the SVM, the R6 Extension Study would only see electrification extended as far as King of Prussia (with SEPTA extending the Norristown High Speed Service) and no major reconstruction of any platforms. Any service west of King of Prussia would require new construction and the purchasing of extra push-pull consists hauled by dual-mode locomotives. Funding for the R6 Extension Study was to be provided by revenue earned via a proposed plan to toll U.S. Route 422 between Pottstown and King of Prussia. The tolling idea, suggested by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC), was lambasted by several regional politicians, most notably Pennsylvania House of Representatives member Mike Vereb. Vereb and the influential passenger rail advocacy group Pennsylvania Transit Expansion Coalition jointly appeared at a DVRPC open forum on September 13, 2011 where DVRPC Executive Director Barry Seymour was presenting. On October 5, 2011, under increasing pressure and opposition, DVRPC cancelled the tolling proposal and plans for the Norristown Extension.

Recent efforts
In mid-2018, the borough of Phoenixville began a study to restore SEPTA passenger rail service between Norristown and Phoenixville along Norfolk Southern freight railroad tracks. In 2018, The Berks Alliance commissioned a study on the restoration of Passenger Rail service between Reading and Philadelphia. This study indicated that there was sufficient ridership to make the service economically viable. The proposed extension would utilize existing Norfolk Southern freight railroad tracks. Some improvements may be required, but most of the line could handle passenger rail service at a maximum speed of 70 mph. Before service can be implemented, a study would need to take place.

In 2020, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation inspired by the work in Phoenixville and Reading created its own plan about the feasibility of extending passenger train service from Norristown to Reading along the Norfolk Southern freight line. The Berks Alliance report projected that proposed extension would cost $365 million, which includes buying the trains and paying Norfolk Southern to use the line, with an annual operating cost of $20 million. The PennDOT study projected a higher cost of around $800 million. Inclusion of this expansion in the State Rail Plan was important for the initiative to receive federal funding from the Federal Rail Authority. Amtrak has subsequently included this project in its plans, which in turn is also helpful for discussions with Norfolk Southern and the FRA.

Stations would be located in Reading, Pottstown, Royersford, Phoenixville, and Norristown; from where the train will follow the existing Manayunk/Norristown Line to Philadelphia.

Rail service between Reading and Philadelphia along the Norfolk Southern line is included in Amtrak's service vision for 2035. In August 2021, Amtrak revealed their plan for train service from Reading to Philadelphia and New York City. Train service would follow the Norfolk Southern line between Reading and Philadelphia and Amtrak's Northeast Corridor between Philadelphia and New York City. Station stops will be located in Reading, Pottstown, Phoenixville, King of Prussia, Norristown, Philadelphia (30th Street Station), North Philadelphia, Cornwells Heights, Trenton, Princeton Junction, New Brunswick, Metropark, Newark Airport, Newark (Penn Station), and New York City (Penn Station). Service would include three daily roundtrips and travel time would take 1 hour and 37 minutes between Reading and Philadelphia and 2 hours and 55 minutes between Reading and New York City. In 2022, Amtrak announced plans for an Amtrak Thruway express bus route between Franklin Street in Reading and 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, with an intermediate stop at Pottstown, to test if there is enough ridership for rail service. The service will be operated by a private bus company and will run for two years. On June 6, 2022, the Amtrak Thruway bus connecting Philadelphia to Reading via Pottstown began service. The service, which is operated by Krapf Coaches, consists of two daily round trips. Stops are located at 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, Hanover Street near the Charles W. Dickinson Transportation Center in Pottstown, and the BARTA Transportation Center in Reading.

In May 2022, Berks, Chester, and Montgomery counties formed the Schuylkill River Passenger Rail Authority for the purpose of furthering the project. The authority's first meeting was held in July 2022. The Rail Authority applied to the Corridor Identification and Development Program, the mechanism for the Federal Railroad Administration to develop new train routes funded by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. The route was accepted by the FRA in December 2023, granting $500,000 toward route development and prioritizing the project for future federal funding.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Schuylkill River Passenger Rail


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Rattleback

A rattleback is a semi-ellipsoidal top which will rotate on its axis in a preferred direction. If spun in the opposite direction, it becomes unstable, "rattles" to a stop and reverses its spin to the preferred direction.

This spin-reversal appears to violate the law of the conservation of angular momentum. Moreover, for most rattlebacks the motion will happen when the rattleback is spun in one direction, but not when spun in the other. Some exceptional rattlebacks will reverse when spun in either direction. This makes the rattleback a physical curiosity that has excited human imagination since prehistoric times.

A rattleback may also be known as a "anagyre", "(rebellious) celt", "Celtic stone", "druid stone", "rattlerock", "Robinson Reverser", "spin bar", "wobble stone" (or "wobblestone") and by product names including "ARK", "Bizzaro Swirl", "Space Pet" and "Space Toy".

History
Archeologists who investigated ancient Celtic and Egyptian sites in the 19th century found celts which exhibited the spin-reversal motion. The antiquarian word celt (the "c" is soft, pronounced as "s") describes lithic tools and weapons shaped like an adze, axe, chisel, or hoe.

The first modern descriptions of these celts were published in the 1890s when Gilbert Walker wrote his "On a curious dynamical property of celts" for the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in Cambridge, England, and "On a dynamical top" for the Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics in Somerville, Massachusetts, US.

Additional examinations of rattlebacks were published in 1909 and 1918, and by the 1950s and 1970s, several more examinations were made. But, the popular fascination with the objects has increased notably since the 1980s when no fewer than 28 examinations were published.

Size and materials
Rattleback artifacts are typically stone and come in various sizes. Modern ones sold as novelty puzzles and toys are generally made of plastic, wood, or glass, and come in sizes from a few inches up to 12 in long. A rattleback can also be made by bending a spoon. Two rattleback design types exist: they have either an asymmetrical base with a skewed rolling axis, or a symmetrical base with offset weighting at the ends.

Physics
The spin-reversal motion follows from the growth of instabilities on the other rotation axes, that are rolling (on the main axis) and pitching (on the crosswise axis). When there is an asymmetry in the mass distribution with respect to the plane formed by the pitching and the vertical axes, a coupling of these two instabilities arises; one can imagine how the asymmetry in mass will deviate the rattleback when pitching, which will create some rolling.

The amplified mode will differ depending on the spin direction, which explains the rattleback's asymmetrical behavior. Depending on whether it is rather a pitching or rolling instability that dominates, the growth rate will be very high or quite low.

This explains why, due to friction, most rattlebacks appear to exhibit spin-reversal motion only when spun in the pitching-unstable direction, also known as the strong reversal direction. When the rattleback is spun in the "stable direction", also known as the weak reversal direction, friction and damping often slow the rattleback to a stop before the rolling instability has time to fully build. Some rattlebacks, however, exhibit "unstable behavior" when spun in either direction, and incur several successive spin reversals per spin.

Other ways to add motion to a rattleback include tapping by pressing down momentarily on either of its ends, and rocking by pressing down repeatedly on either of its ends.

For a comprehensive analysis of rattleback's motion, see V.Ph. Zhuravlev and D.M. Klimov (2008). The previous papers were based on simplified assumptions and limited to studying local instability of its steady-state oscillation.

Realistic mathematical modelling of a rattleback is presented by G. Kudra and J. Awrejcewicz (2015). They focused on modelling of the contact forces and tested different versions of models of friction and rolling resistance, obtaining good agreement with the experimental results.

Numerical simulations predict that a rattleback situated on a harmonically oscillating base can exhibit rich bifurcation dynamics, including different types of periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic motions.

title: Rattleback


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Kōji Wakamatsu

Kōji Wakamatsu (若松孝二) was a Japanese film director who directed such pinku eiga films as Ecstasy of the Angels (天使の恍惚) and Go, Go, Second Time Virgin (ゆけゆけ二度目の処女). He also produced Nagisa Ōshima's controversial film In the Realm of the Senses (1976). He has been called "the most important director to emerge in the pink film genre," and one of "Japan's leading directors of the 1960s."

His 2010 film, Caterpillar, was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival.

Early life
Kōji Wakamatsu was born in Wakuya, Miyagi, Japan on 1 April 1936, from a poor family of rice farmers. Wakamatsu worked in several menial jobs, namely as a construction worker, before becoming a yakuza, as "a member of the Yasuma-gumi clan in the Shinjuku ward of Tokyo". After his criminal experience, he unsuccessfully enrolled in television before beginning his film career with Nikkatsu in 1963.

Career
Between 1963 and 1965, he directed 20 exploitation films for the studio, based on sensational topics of the day. He became interested in the Pink Film genre after the success of Tetsuji Takechi's 1964 Daydream. Nikkatsu submitted his Skeleton in the Closet (壁の中の秘事) (also known as Secrets Behind the Wall) (1965) to the 15th Berlin International Film Festival while the film was still under review by Eirin, the Japanese film-rating board. This submission before passing Eirin's review was doubly embarrassing for the government since pink films, though already emerging as the dominant domestic cinematic genre, were not regarded as worthy of critical attention or international export. The film received an enthusiastic reception at the festival, but Nikkatsu, fearful of governmental retaliatory action, gave it a low-profile domestic release. Disappointed, Wakamatsu quit the studio to form his own company.

Wakamatsu's independent films of the late 1960s were very low-budget, but often artistically done works, usually concerned with sex and extreme violence mixed with political messages. Some critics have suggested that these films were an intentional provocation to the government, in order to generate free publicity resulting from censorship controversies. His films were usually produced for less than 1,000,000 yen (about $5,000), necessitating extreme cost-cutting measures including location shooting, single-takes, and natural lighting. His early films were usually in black and white with occasional bursts of color for theatrical effect.

His first self-produced film was The Embryo Hunts In Secret (胎児が密猟する時), a story of a man who kidnaps, tortures and sexually abuses a woman until she finally escapes and stabs him to death. Freeze-frames, flash-backs, hand-held camera and locations limited to two rooms and a hallway add to the film's disturbing, claustrophobic atmosphere. Vagabond of Sex (性の放浪) was a parody of Imamura's A Man Vanishes (1967). In Wakamatsu's film, a man leaves his family in Tokyo to travel and engage in various sexual escapades. When he returns home he finds out that his wife is starring in Imamura's documentary about her search for her missing husband.

Violated Angels (犯された白衣) was based on the murder of eight nursing students in the U.S. by Richard Speck. Dark Story of a Japanese Rapist (日本暴行暗黒史) was based on a serial rapist case in Japan after World War II. Go, Go Second Time Virgin (ゆけゆけ二度目の処女) is loosely based on the Tate-LaBianca murders by the Manson Family in the same year. With Sex Jack (性賊), he tried "to show how the revolutionary movements are always infiltrated by the moles working for the government". One of his most critically esteemed films is Sacred Mother Kannon (聖母観音大菩薩), which has been called a "'text book example' for the use of metaphor and symbolism in contemporary cinema."

United Red Army (連合赤軍) was based on the "Asama-Sansō incident". Long and harsh, this movie includes a long documentary part about the political background that led to this tragedy and the self-destruction of the Japanese radical left.

While directing many successful and critically praised Pink Films, Wakamatsu also became known for giving young filmmakers their first experience in working in the industry. Among those whose early careers were helped by Wakamatsu are Banmei Takahashi, Genji Nakamura and Kan Mukai.

His 2010 film, Caterpillar, competed for the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival.

In 2011, a new film on the last days of acclaimed novelist and political activist Yukio Mishima, focusing on the stream of events leading to the so-called Ichigaya incident of November 25, 1970, was announced as being on its stage of full completion. The film entitled 11.25 Jiketsu No Hi, Mishima Yukio To Wakamonotachi [11.25自決の日、三島由紀夫と若者たち] features Japanese actor Arata as Mishima. The film competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.

Death
Wakamatsu died on 17 October 2012 after being hit by a taxi cab in Tokyo on 12 October on his way home after a budget meeting to discuss his next project, a movie about the Japanese nuclear lobby and Tepco.

title: Kōji Wakamatsu


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Le Point

Le Point is a French weekly political and conservative news magazine published in Paris. Le Point is one of the three major French news magazines.

History and profile
Le Point was founded in September 1972 by a group of journalists who had, one year earlier, left the editorial team of L'Express,  which was then owned by Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, a député (member of parliament) of the Parti Radical, a centrist party.

The company operating Le Point, Société d'exploitation de l'hebdomadaire Le Point (SEBDO Le Point) has its head office in the 14th arrondissement of Paris. The founders focused on readers' needs, which became Le Point's ideal, published by Le Point Communication on Thursdays.

After a fairly difficult start in September 1972, the magazine quickly challenged L'Express. The editorial team of spring 1972 found financial backing with Hachette and was then directed by Claude Imbert. Other journalists making up the team were: Jacques Duquesne, Henri Trinchet, Pierre Billard, Robert Franc, and Georges Suffert. The management included Olivier Chevrillon and Philippe Ramond. It has changed ownership several times. Gaumont Film Company bought the magazine in 1981. In 1993, Generale Occidentale purchased 82.5% of publisher Sebdo, the owner of magazine Le Point from Gaumont.

In 1997 the magazine was acquired by its current owner Artémis, a French investment group founded and owned by the billionaire businessman François Pinault. In 2001, the logo and layout of Le Point was changed. The weekly recruited journalists from the Parisian press and relied on its ability to redefine the genre. It modeled itself closely on Time Magazine and Newsweek.

Franz-Olivier Giesbert was chief executive officer of Le Point from 2000 until 18 January 2014, when Etienne Gernelle replaced him. Giesbert, however, remained an adviser to the magazine and continued to write editorials and articles. It publishes a list regarding the reputation of companies, Baromètre d’Image des Grandes Entreprises.

Editorial stance
Le Point has a conservative, centre-right stance without any political affiliation.

Circulation
Le Point had a circulation of 336,000 copies in 1981. It was 311,000 copies in 1987 and 320,000 copies in 1988.

In 2001 Le Point had a circulation of 303,000 copies. During the 2007-2008 period its circulation was 419,000 copies. In 2009 the circulation of the magazine was 435,000 copies. Its circulation in 2011 was 428,114 copies. The 2013 circulation of the magazine was 417,062 copies. The 2020 circulation of the magazine was 288,361 copies.

title: Le Point


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Columbine High School massacre/Archive1

Columbine High School massacre
Self Nomination. I have been working on this article for eight months now, with the help of countless contributors. I believe this article now exemplifies the qualities for featured article status. It has been peer reviewed twice, and was a featured article candidate two weeks ago. Almost every portion of the article can be supported with facts and information found through official investigations and several sources around the internet. It is comprehensive, concise, and should be featured as one of wikipedia's best works. - PRueda29 - 15:08 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral - I haven't read all of the article yet, I'll read that when i'm not studing. I looked quickly at the pictures.  You need to expand the fair use rationale for pictures with the fairuse tag.  Guidelines can be found here.  Furthermore, the pd domain pictures, don't seem like they are taged right to me, please elaborate why they are pd. -- ZeWrestler   Talk 18:46, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

This paragraph contains several items that need referencing, such as saying "they were not "popular" and could best be described as being members of the school's "rejects", although by no means were they isolated." Who said this? If the editor said it, it is POV. If an outside source said it, it needs a reference. Finally, in its previous FAC, the article was recommended for Peer Review. According to the date tags on Peer review/Columbine High School massacre, this was done on Aug. 14, but all of the review comments came on Aug 21. One day is too short for peer review comments, especially when it is renominated for FAC that same day. The article's talk page also needs a links and template tags for the old FAC comments. My suggestion is to take the time to let this article be improved by references, especially more in-line one. --Alabamaboy 19:12, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Srong Object. This article was a featured article candidate just last week and was rejected (see Featured article candidates/Columbine High School massacre/archive one). While the article has been improved since then, it still has not addressed several of the issues I raised, such as listing references for the sections Long-term impact and Aftershock (although this last section now has two of them). The reason these sections need plenty of references is they contain possible POV issues and interpretations that would have to have outside sources. For example, this paragraph: "In the weeks following the shootings, media reports about the two killers portrayed them as part of a "goth cult" known as the "Trenchcoat Mafia." They were portrayed as outcast "nerds" who were unpopular and ostracized by much of the school's population; later such characterizations were revised as both Harris and Klebold were documented to have both a close circle of friends and a wider informal social group. (However, they were not "popular" and could best be described as being members of the school's "rejects", although by no means were they isolated.)"

 * Support. After the recent edits and the addition of inline references, I fully support this article. I know I was initially hard on the article, but that was b/c the subject matter had to be fully researched and sourced to avoid future trouble with reverts and edits. In response to concerns raised, PRueda29 has done some amazing work on this article over the last day and it fully deserves to be a FA at this point.--Alabamaboy 12:53, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Comment Several peer reviwes were done to the article starting on August 14th, but I accidentally deleted them.

 * That's good to know. I still feel uneasy, though, with renominating an article for FAC so soon after the previous nomination. However, others don't have a problem with this then I won't worry about it too much. Also, if references are inserted for those two sections, that will remove my major objection to the article.--Alabamaboy 21:54, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. The image copyrights are probably the worst mess I have ever seen pass through FAC:
 * The image Image:Columbine High School.jpg is claimed under fair use, but has no fair use rationale. Further, it is unlikely that the image copyright is held by http://www.chsmemories.org/, as it looks like a screen capture of a news helicopter's imagery.
 * The image Image:ColumbineHighHarrisKlebold.gif is claimed as public domain, but I see no evidence of that.
 * The image Image:ColumbineLibrary.jpg is claimed as fair use. However, it is quite possible for a replacement for this image to be created by a Wikipedia: there is no reason to use a fair use image here.
 * The image Image:Eric harris dylan klebold.jpg is claimed as "public domain under a fair use agreement". What the heck is that supposed to mean?
 * The image Image:Evacuating Columbine.jpg is claimed as fair use, but has no source or fair use rationale.
 * The image Image:Columbine Breaking News Photography.GIF is claimed as fair use, but has no fair-use rationale.
 * --Carnildo 03:50, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object - Good points. -- ZeWrestler   Talk 11:57, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Comment - ''"public domain under a fair use agreement". What the heck is that supposed to mean?'' - This comment has made me laugh, a lot. I'm sorry, I'm new at posting pictures and had no clue how to do it, but I've had some help from experienced users. I hope they're tagged correctly now.


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Oyster River (New Hampshire)

The Oyster River is a 17 mi river in Strafford County, southeastern New Hampshire, United States. It rises in Barrington, flows southeast to Lee, then east-southeast in a serpentine course past Durham to meet the entrance of Great Bay into Little Bay. The bays are tidal inlets of the Atlantic Ocean, to which they are connected by a tidal estuary, the Piscataqua River. The freshwater portion of the river is 14.1 mi long, and the tidal river extends 2.9 mi from Durham to Great Bay.

The Oyster River reaches tidewater at the base of a dam in the center of Durham, just west of the river's crossing by NH Route 108. Due to siltation, the river is only fully accessible to motorized boats west of the Durham Water Plant for approximately three hours on either side of high tide. Boaters have noticed the increasing effect of siltation on navigation since 1998.

History
The Oyster River valley, like the rest of New England, was entirely covered by ice during the last continental glaciation. Remnants from the Ice Age in the watershed include glacial erratics and kettle holes such as Spruce Hole Bog, 0.5 mi south of the river in Durham.

Ever since European settlers came to the Oyster River they have altered its flow and taken its resources. In the 1600s, before people had a major effect on the river, Great Bay, into which the Oyster River flows, was a port where sturdy oceangoing ships could anchor at a place called Durham Landing. But as time passed, settlers built dams and cleared the forests for farmland. As forests diminished, soil usually held in place by tree roots started to wash into the river, causing its waters to fill with silt. By the 1800s, oceangoing ships were unable to reach Durham Landing except at extremely high tides.

The Oyster River community was one of the three original Dover settlements, which also included Hilton Point and the current Durham town center. The population of this settlement is said to have peaked at around 300 people in the mid 17th century. However, the population was reduced in 1694 after a Native American raid, commonly known as the Oyster River Massacre or the Raid on Oyster River. In total around 94 inhabitants were either killed or taken hostage by the Native Americans under French command.

Mill Pond Dam
The river passes over Mill Pond Dam near NH Route 108 in Durham where the river reaches tidewater. The dam dates to 1913 and is listed on the New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places, where it is referred to as the Oyster River Dam. Prior wooden dams provided power to sawmills and gristmills dating back to the mid-1600s. As of February 2019, the dam was being considered for removal, due to the cost of potential repair work and water quality issues with the Mill Pond, which the dam creates. In November 2020, consultants with Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. (VHB) advised that the dam should either be removed or stabilized, and that taking no action would leave "the community at risk for a future safety issue.” A news report in January 2021 cited cost estimates of $4 million for stabilization vs. $1.3 million for removal. In September 2021, the Durham town council voted to remove the dam. Following a citizens' initiative, in March 2022, voters town-wide upheld the decision to remove the dam.

Water use
The Oyster River is a significant source of drinking water for the town of Durham and the University of New Hampshire. The extent to which the Oyster River can be used as a resource is being stretched more and more as the population increases within the area. Residential water usage in the area is expected to increase by 54% from 2003 to 2025, and non-domestic usage, for example commercial, industrial, irrigation and mining, is expected to increase 62%. Thus, the Oyster River is going to become an even more essential resource to the community.

Conservation issues
The river crosses under heavily-traveled U.S. Route 4 in three separate places in the town of Lee and passes within 1000 ft of the busy Lee Traffic Circle, which poses an ecological threat if runoff from the road gets into the water. Along the river there remain stretches of untouched floodplain and forests that stretch on for almost 100 acre. These floodplain areas are useful in holding excess water during severe weather and help to reduce the damage done to the infrastructure elsewhere along the river. The floodplains also house diverse ecological communities and are home to many diverse species of New Hampshire.

One species that has been greatly affected by the steady decline in the health of the Oyster River is the oyster itself. Due to siltation and water pollution in the river, the population of oysters hit an all-time low in 2000 at 6174 USbsh. However, the rate rebounded to 10044 USbsh just a couple years later. Another species that lives in the Oyster River is the American Brook Lamprey (Lampetra appendix), which only exists in this river in the entire state. The river as a whole is home to seven fish species of concern.

title: Oyster River (New Hampshire)


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Ordnance QF 75 mm

The Ordnance QF 75 mm, abbreviated to OQF 75 mm, was a British tank gun of the Second World War. It was obtained by boring out the Ordnance QF 6-pounder ("6 pdr") 57 mm anti-tank gun to 75 mm, to give better performance against infantry targets similarly to the 75 mm M3 gun fitted to the American Sherman tank. The QF came from "quick-firing", referring to the use of ammunition where the shell has a fixed cartridge. The gun was also sometimes known as ROQF from Royal Ordnance (the manufacturer) Quick-Firing.

Development
Prior to the introduction of the ROQF 75 mm, British tanks had been equipped with first the QF 2-pounder (40 mm) and then the larger 6-pounder (57 mm). These guns were designed to fire armour-piercing shot, small high-velocity solid rounds that were effective against tanks but did little damage to groups of infantry or soft targets like trucks. Some tanks operating as infantry support were given howitzers firing HE shells, such as early models of the Churchill and CS (Close Support) versions of the Matilda II. The decision to equip British tanks with a gun capable of firing HE shells at soft targets was taken by the War Office.

A HE shell for the 6-pounder was in production by the start of the Tunisia Campaign and available in large numbers in the Italian Campaign. The round lacked sufficient explosive power, but the power of the US 75 mm HE round used in the 75 mm M3 was found to be markedly superior and a number of Churchills used in Italy had guns scavenged from Sherman tanks and fitted to their turrets to give the Churchill NA75 (NA coming from "North Africa" where the conversions were carried out). Approximately 200 were converted in this way.

Vickers was working on a high velocity 75 mm gun to be fitted to British tanks. This took the cartridge case of the 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun mated to the US 75 mm AP and HE shell. With a barrel length of 50 calibres, it would have had about twice the muzzle energy of the US 75 mm gun. The design turned out to be too big to fit into the tank that it had been expected to fit.

It was noticed that the US 75 mm cartridge was almost the same diameter as the British 6-pounder case. Instead of having to take the American gun to be fitted en masse into modified British tanks, the Royal Ordnance factory modified the 6-pounder design by boring out the barrel and adapting the breech to fire the US round. The resulting gun could then be fitted without redesigned tank mountings and dramatically simplified supply since both British-made and American-made 75 mm guns could use the same ammunition. It gained British tanks a good HE shell but came with an inferior anti-tank round, proving troublesome against heavily armoured German tanks.

Though the 75 mm had a good HE shell, it was still thought that a more powerful close support weapon was needed and the QF 95 mm howitzer was agreed for a limited number of tanks.

Ammunition
The QF 75 mm used US ammunition. The shells were "fixed" ammunition, the shell cartridge and projectile being joined together as a complete round.
 * Shell HE M48 with either M48A2, M54, M51A4, or M21A4 fuze.
 * Bursting charge was 1.49 lb TNT or 1.36 lb 50/50 Amatol or 1.52 lb trimonite. The M48 fuze could be set for impact detonation ("Superquick") or delayed detonation; when in "Superquick" setting the delay would set the shell off if the impact did not set off the fuze. The M54 round had variable delay; the fuze starting to burn at the instant of firing the round.

 * Shot APC M61, with tracer in the base
 * An armour-piercing capped projectile with a thin ballistic cap ("windshield") for better aerodynamics.

 * Shot AP M72, with tracer in the base
 * An entirely solid armour-piercing projectile.

Service
The ROQF 75 mm was chiefly used on the Churchill and Cromwell tanks. The weapon was used in Italy and in the Normandy invasion (and possibly in Burma against the Japanese) until the end of the war. While the 75 mm was a conversion from the 6-pounder, some units retained a number of 6-pounder-gunned tanks, due to its superior anti-tank firepower over the 75 mm, especially as the 6-pounder could use more effective APCR and APDS rounds.

Externally, the gun was nearly identical to the 6-pounder gun. The 14.9 lb (6.76 kg) HE shell fired at 2,050 ft/s (625 m/s) was found to be the best available and superior to that of the 6-pounder, M7 3 in and 17-pounder, all chiefly anti-tank guns. Against armour, its AP shell was the worst, penetrating only 68 mm of RHA at 500 yards (460 m) and a 30-degree angle of attack, whereas the AP shells of the others penetrated between 57 mm and 76 mm in Normandy during 1944. The AP shell for the 75 mm gun was a 15 lb (6.8 kg) projectile with a couple of ounces (60 g) of HE filling propelled by a 2 lb (900 g) charge to 2,000 feet per second (610 m/s). In British service, the AP shell was used without its explosive filling and as such was referred to as "AP Shot M61".

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

 * 7.5 cm KwK 40 : contemporary German tank gun
 * 76.2 mm F-34 : contemporary Soviet tank gun
 * M3 75 mm /40 : contemporary US tank gun

title: Ordnance QF 75 mm


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Category talk:Albert Einstein

Articles in category
I added actually all articles to the category. --ThomasK 15:32, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Some cleanup needed
Albert Einstein Had a German accent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.87.15.165 (talk) 18:45, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

My concern is that there is too much relativity-related stuff added here. I like Category:Relativity being a subcategory here. After all, Einstein founded what it is about. However, special relativity and general relativity then are not needed in this category because they are both subcategories of Category:Relativity, and because the understanding of these theories has far surpassed what Einstein did initially (especially in the case of general relativity). So as a general rule, I would not put relativity-related stuff here without some added justification, most likely its being a narrowly-defined item that Einstein had a direct hand in. For example, equivalence principle and principle of relativity are deserving of this. Exact solutions in general relativity is not deserving since Einstein had little to do with finding exact solutions. Einstein ring does because Eintein predicted them, but Einstein-Cartan theory is a carrying forward of Einstein's work by Elie Cartan instead of being co-authored by Einstein and therefore is not deserving.

The list goes on. I will do the cleanup ASAP. In the meantime, I hope that I have created a useful means of determining what does or does not belong here. --EMS | Talk 15:53, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Done. I have gotten rid of such things as the links to the general relativity and special relativity articles, but kept history of general relativity and added history of special relativity. I have also added photoelectric effect and atomic theory since Einstein had major impacts on both. Beyond that I pulled out of this category the improper items mentioned above. Hopefully this does a good job of redirecting this category properly. This is definitely a good category, but on the relativity side of things I strongly advise people not to get too carried away with it. --EMS | Talk 22:53, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Albert Einstein
A subcategory of the Category:Albert Einstein is Category:Einstein family. According to Categorization it says:

"Each article should be placed in all of the most specific categories to which it logically belongs. This means that if a page belongs to a subcategory of C (or a subcategory of a subcategory of C, and so on) then it is not normally placed directly into C".

So for example Albert Einstein belongs to Category:Albert EInstein and also Category:Einstein family, as Category:Einstein family is a subcategory of Category:Albert Einstein, the page Albert Einstein should not be in Category:Albert Einstein, as Category:Einstein family is sufficient. I think this defies common sense, what to do? Brad7777 (talk) 16:32, 5 November 2011 (UTC) I would suggest that either Category:Einstein family is renamed to Category:Einstein's family, or more ideally, Category:Albert Einstein becomes a subcategory of Category:Einstein family Brad7777 (talk) 16:56, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Albert Einstein


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Impington

Impington is a village and civil parish about 3 miles north of Cambridge city centre, in the South Cambridgeshire district, in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It forms part of the Cambridge built-up area. In 2011 the parish had a population of 4,060. The parish borders Girton, Histon, Landbeach, Milton and Orchard Park. Impington shares a parish council with Histon called "Histon & Impington Parish Council".

Etymology
The name of the village has been recorded in various guises. In the Domesday Book of 1086 it was recorded as Epintone, but it has also been recorded as Empinton, Ympiton, Impinton, Hinpinton and Impynton.

The name is probably Anglo-Saxon and made of three parts, each corresponding to a syllable. The meaning of the second and third is 'belonging to' ('-ing') and 'farmstead or place' ('-ton'). The first part may refer to a person, 'Impa' or Empa', so the village name means 'Impa's place or farm'. But given the Domesday Book spelling 'Epin', the first part might have the same meaning as in 'Epping' - 'a platform or raised place'. Impington might even mean 'place belonging to the imps', since 'imp' had its modern meaning in Anglo-Saxon.

History
The earliest part of Impington to be inhabited is near the junction of Cambridge Road and Arbury Road, where there is a large ancient settlement, thought to have been built by the ancient Celtic Britons. The settlement was taken over by the Roman conquest of Britain. There are several roads in Impington that are thought to be based on Roman roads. The Parish probably dates from about the sixth century, when a Saxon tribe called the Empings lived there. Over time, dukes have gone off to help prevent the Danes from invading, while William I sorted out an argument over the town (then 'Epintone') between the Norman Sheriff of Cambridge and the Church.

The first area of settlement in the village was to the extreme south of the current village, close to current road junction of the Cambridge and Kings Hedges Road (once called Arbury camp, this land has now been developed as part of the large Orchard Park housing development). There was a large Iron Age fort here that was built by the Iceni to defend against the invading Celts; this was later occupied by the Romans. The main evidence left today of the Roman occupation is the Roman road, Akeman Street (known locally as the Mereway), this cuts through the edge of Impington and heads for The Fens. This route had fallen into disuse by the 11th century.

The first mention of Impington by name was in the year 991 when Earl Byrhtnoth, who then owned Impington, left the village in the charge of the abbot of Ely, when he went off to fight the Vikings who had invaded the region, he was killed at the Battle of Maldon in Essex. After Byrhtnoth's death Impington became the property of the abbey at Ely, during the Reformation the Abbey at Ely was more fortunate and was turned into a cathedral church. With a dean and chapter, Impington's lands were protected and they then became its "patrons of living." It was not until 1870 that they handed the patronage to the owner of Impington Hall in exchange for the living of Pirton in Hertfordshire.

In the Domesday Book, Impington was said to answer for 6½ hides (780 acre). Just before this time, Picot, the Norman sheriff of Cambridge, was ordered by a writ of William I to hand back 3 hides of Impington that had been stolen, by now the main centre of the village appears to have been around the church area present-day Burgoynes Road.

By 1428, the manor had come to the lawyer John Burgoyne of Dry Drayton (d. 1435), whose son Thomas (d. 1470) left it to his eldest son John (d. 1505). John's widow Margaret held Impington until her death in 1528, when it passed under a settlement of 1512 to their daughters Margaret, wife of George Heveningham, and Elizabeth, wife of Thomas Thursby. A partition of the estate was made in 1574, and by the 1580s the shares were distinguished as Manor Place Part and Ferme (i.e. farm) Part, names deriving from the division of the estate in 1574.

Manor Place Part, ultimately reverting to the name Burgoynes, came after the deaths of Margaret in 1529 and George in 1530 to their daughters Alice, Mary, and Anne. On Mary's death in 1532 or 1533 it was evidently redivided, like Burgoynes manor at Caxton, between Alice, wife of Thomas Green, and Anne, wife of Sir Ambrose Jermyn. Jermyn later acquired Green's share, probably in 1549, and sold the estate in 1559 to Robert Raye, who sold it in 1569 to feoffees for Christ's College, Cambridge, obtaining a 70-year lease. The feoffees formally conveyed the manor to the college in 1601. Christ's held nearly 150 acres after enclosure in 1806 and sold the land in 1899 to W. A. Macfarlane-Grieve of Impington Hall. Burgoynes Farm north of the church, occasionally called a manor house, was rebuilt in the mid 19th century.

The other half manor, Ferme Part, was held by Thomas Thursby (d. 1543), his son Edmund (d. 1547), and for life by Edmund's widow Ursula, wife of Erasmus Spelman. Ursula's son Thomas Thursby, of age c. 1565, held it by 1567 and sold it in 1579 to John Pepys, the lessee from c. 1569.

In 1580 John Pepys began the building of Impington Hall but died before it was completed. It was finished by his executors for Talbot Pepys, his six-year-old son, uncle to the famous diarist, Samuel Pepys, who visited the hall regularly. The hall was demolished after a fire in 1953 by the then owners Chivers & Sons Ltd.

St Andrew's, Impington
The original building was constructed about 1130 and appears to have been dedicated originally to St Etheldreda. Its first use was not as a church for the parish but to transcribe books for the prior of Ely. The first vicar was not appointed until the 13th century and since then it has been mainly rebuilt in the 14th and 15th centuries. The church was built of fieldstones and masonry rubble and the stones from the original building can still be seen. The original churchyard wall was built in 1614 but this crumbling wall was replaced in 2005 after a £50,000 grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The tower contains three bells at least two of which date from the 15th century.

Impington National School
Impington National School was built opposite Impington church in 1846. This school room was 15 by and was meant to hold 48 pupils but by 1880 it was too small to accommodate the rapidly growing population so the school house was sold and the money raised was used to buy land on Broad Close (later called School Lane). A new school was built, with two classrooms to hold 72 pupils. When Histon and Impington school opened in New School Road in 1913 this school became the infants school for both villages. In 1939 Impington Village College opened, the infants were moved to New School Road and this school closed. The old school's foundation stone found a resting place in Impington churchyard; in 2005 it was built into the new churchyard wall.

In 1943 the Impington national school building was reopened as a nursery school for children of women on war work. This remained until 1962 when it was demolished in order to make way for Bridge Road, The county council decided to build a new nursery school. It was opened in 1963 and at the time was the only purpose-built nursery school in the county.

Histon and Impington Infants School
This was built in 1912 with the land and money being given by John Chivers and was opened in 1913 for all children of the villages from eight to fourteen. It became a primary school in 1939 with the opening of Impington college, and an infants a while after the opening of the junior school, on the green. Recently, the school has changed its name to "Histon Impington Park School and is situated on a nearby farm.

Histon and Impington Junior School
This school was opened in 1970 but it was not until the mid-to-late 1970s that it was enlarged to become the junior school. Until then, the two Histon and Impington schools had the same head teacher, who had to cycle from school to school every day. The new junior school was built on the village green and was at first just four classrooms, two for each of years 3 and 4 (ages 9–11), when the first pupils attended. It was opened in January 1972. Pupils first went to the old junior school in the morning, packed a box of their things from their desks and then were walked up to the new junior school.

Impington Village College
Impington Village College is the main secondary school in the area. It was opened in 1939 (and had its 75 anniversary in 2014), two weeks after the outbreak of World War II, making it the fourth village college to be opened in Cambridgeshire. As a village college, it was originally intended to encompass all aspects of learning in the village, and included prominent space for adult education and 1st Histon Scouts. Henry Morris, founder of the Village College system, saw to it that prominent architects were employed to design these colleges. The college was designed by Walter Gropius, founder of The Bauhaus School of Architecture, and his partner Maxwell Fry. This is the only example of Gropius's work in Britain and the building is now Grade I listed building.

Notable people
In February 1799, a local woman named Elizabeth Woodcock became a nationwide sensation after she survived for eight days buried in snow after a blizzard. She died five months later.

title: Impington


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Kōshien baseball tournament

In Japan, Kōshien (甲子園) generally refers to the two annual baseball tournaments played by high schools nationwide culminating at a final showdown at Hanshin Kōshien Stadium in Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan. They are organized by the Japan High School Baseball Federation in association with Mainichi Shimbun for the National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament in the spring (also known as "Spring Kōshien") and Asahi Shimbun for the National High School Baseball Championship in the summer (also known as "Summer Kōshien").

Both of these nationwide tournaments enjoy widespread popularity similar to that of NCAA March Madness in the United States, arguably equal to or greater than professional baseball. Summer qualifying tournaments are televised locally and each game of the Spring and Summer tournaments at Kōshien are televised nationally on NHK alongside the TV channels associated with the newspapers organizing the tournaments. The tournaments have gone on to become national traditions, and large numbers of frenzied students and parents travel from their hometowns to cheer for their local team. It is common to see players walking off the field in tears after being eliminated from the tournament by a loss, especially during the Summer Tournament, since it symbolizes the third-year players' retirement from high school baseball.

The star players of the championship team achieve a degree of celebrity status. For players, playing at Kōshien becomes a gateway to playing at the professional level. Due to the recruiting practices of Japanese high schools, top prospects often play on strong teams that were able to reach the final tournament at Kōshien. Many professional baseball players first made their mark at Kōshien, including Eiji Bandō, Sadaharu Oh, Koji Ota, Suguru Egawa, Masumi Kuwata, Kazuhiro Kiyohara, Hideki Matsui, Daisuke Matsuzaka, Yu Darvish, Masahiro Tanaka, Yusei Kikuchi, and Shohei Ohtani.

Background
There are two main tournaments:
 * National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament ("Spring Kōshien")
 * National High School Baseball Championship ("Summer Kōshien")

In addition, there is a separate and less well-known Meiji Jingu Baseball Tournament held each year in November at Jingu Baseball Stadium in Tokyo. Beginning with the 2002 tournament, the region of the winning school receives one extra bid in the following Spring tournament at Kōshien; this bid is typically given to the winning school as a matter of respect.

Particulars
In the week preceding the tournament in spring and summer, teams who have won a spot in the tournament each hold a 30-minute practice on the grounds of Hanshin Kōshien Stadium. This is mainly to help the players adjust to the environment of the stadium. In the summer, due to scheduling conflicts with the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball, the Tigers are forced to host their home games at Osaka Dome (in the distant past, the Tigers used to make a road trip every year during this period to allow the tournament to take place). This period was also called 死のロード (shi no ro-do, lit. "the Road Trip of Death") due the difficulties the team had to endure.

In addition, teams are able to practice during the tournament at public and private facilities made available in Nishinomiya, and neighboring Osaka, Amagasaki, and Kobe.

Usually, first-year students are not selected to take part in Spring Kōshien, so in their three years of high school, players have five chances to go to Kōshien.

Spring-Summer champions
Known in Japanese as 春夏連続優勝 (haru-natsu renzoku yuusho) or Spring-Summer champions, this signifies the winning of both the senbatsu (Spring) and senshuken (Summer) tournaments in a calendar year. To date, this has been accomplished eight times:

Participation of overseas teams
Before World War II, teams from Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria, which were all part of the Japanese Empire at the time, participated in the tournaments (in the spring only Taiwan took part). The first overseas teams to participate were Pusan Commercial School of Korea and Dalian Commercial School of Manchuria in the 1921 Summer Kōshien. Foreign teams have made it as far as the championship game, but have never won the tournament. The last tournament including foreign teams was the 1940 Spring Kōshien.

Six-time Kōshien participants
Currently, the maximum number of times a player can appear in Kōshien is five. However, under the former secondary school system, a player could appear more than five times. Here are two examples.

Makeshift Kōshien
The tournament was suspended due to the war from summer 1941 until spring 1946, with the exception of a "Promote the Fighting Spirit" tournament held by the Ministry of Education in 1942 at Kōshien. The number of teams was only 16 compared with 23 at the previous tournament, but each region held qualifying tournaments and sent teams to the national tournament. The military theme was prevalent at the tournament, with military slogans posted on the scoreboard, and traditional Japanese kanji characters replacing trendy English letters on the players' uniforms. The tournament proceeded smoothly and Tokushima Commercial (Tokushima) won the championship. However, since this tournament differed from past Summer Kōshiens hosted by Asahi Shimbun, it is not counted as an official Kōshien tournament.

Sacred "Dirt of Kōshien"
In the 1937 Summer Kōshien, Kumamoto Tech (Kumamoto) advanced to the championship game, but lost. After the game, Kumamoto Tech player Tetsuharu Kawakami grabbed a handful of dirt from the playing field of Kōshien Stadium and put it in his uniform pocket as a memento. Some years later, in the 1949 Summer Kōshien, after Kokura High (Fukuoka) lost to Kurashiki Tech (Okayama) in the semifinals, Kokura pitcher Kunio Fukushima scooped up some Kōshien dirt and took it home. This has become known as the original scooping of "the dirt of Kōshien" (甲子園の土). Since then, as a memento of their fleeting time on the hallowed grounds of Kōshien, players from the losing teams take home a pouch of the precious soil.

At the 1958 Summer Kōshien, Shuri High (Okinawa) became the first school to represent Okinawa (then under U.S. government rule) in a Kōshien tournament. They were eliminated in their first game by Tsuruga High (Fukui). After the game, they collected souvenirs of dirt and took them home. However, due to health regulations of the Ryūkyū government they were not allowed to keep the dirt, and it was confiscated. Some Japan Airlines flight attendants heard about this, and had a sea stone lying outside Kōshien Stadium sent to Shuri. Even today this "Monument of Friendship" lies in the yard of the school as a reminder of the first trip to Kōshien by a team from Okinawa.

Disqualifications
In the past, if a scandal was uncovered at a high school chosen to participate in the Kōshien, the school was forced to withdraw from competition in the tournament. A team's participation in the tournament was affected even by scandals not related to team members. However, recently, such unrelated incidents have had less effect on a team's participation.

Disqualifications from Kōshien based on circumstances other than scandals have also occurred. In the 1922 summer tournament, Niigata Commercial High School's disqualification was based on a star player's illness.

The Shirakawa Barrier and the Tsugaru Strait
For the first eight-plus decades of the Kōshien tournament, no team north of the Kantō region won a championship. This phenomenon became known in the high school baseball world as the Shirakawa Barrier after the actual fortification by that name, which was built near the border between the Kantō and Tōhoku regions in Shirakawa, Fukushima during the Nara Period (710–794).

At the 2004 Summer Kōshien, South Hokkaidō representative Komazawa University Tomakomai High (Komadai Tomakomai) took the title, and in one bound leaped over not only the Shirakawa Barrier but also the Tsugaru Strait separating Hokkaidō from Honshū. On the plane carrying the team and championship flag back home, at the moment the plane crossed the Tsugaru Strait, the passengers joined in unison for a celebration cheer.

Despite Komadai Tomakomai becoming the northernmost team to win a Kōshien championship, the championship flag did not actually pass through the Shirakawa Barrier on land, leading many fans (especially in the Tōhoku region) to consider the barrier unbroken. It was finally broken in 2022, when Sendai Ikuei (Miyagi) beat Shimonoseki Kokusai (Yamaguchi) to become the first Tōhoku school to win a Kōshien championship.

In 2005, Komadai Tomakomai won a second straight Summer Kōshien title, becoming the first to do so since Kokura Secondary (Fukuoka) in 1947–48. This title was tainted after the tournament, however, by reports of repeated incidents of physical punishment of one of the players, including once during the tournament, by the baseball club advisor (a 27-year-old school faculty member). Besides a reprimand for withholding the report until after the tournament, the High School Baseball Federation did not punish Komazawa Tomakomai. However, the report drew widespread attention to the issue of physical punishment in youth sports in Japan. It is believed that such physical punishment probably goes heavily underreported, due to cultural tendencies.

Passing Hakone and Fording the Tone River
In the early days of the Kōshien tournament, western Japanese teams won the majority of the tournaments and were thus seen as stronger than eastern teams. The metaphorical barrier keeping the championship flags in western Japan was Hakone, which, like Shirakawa, was a strategic checkpoint during the Edo period (1603–1868) requiring official passes to pass through.

Technically, the first "passing of Hakone" occurred when Keio Futsūbu (Tōkyō) won in the summer of 1916, the second Summer Kōshien. However, the tournament and high school baseball itself were far from the eventual heights of their popularity at the time, and 33 years passed before a Kantō team won another championship; that victory by Shōnan High (Kanagawa) in the summer of 1949 is regarded as the first passing of Hakone.

The first passing of Hakone in the spring was achieved in 1957 by Waseda Jitsugyō (Tōkyō), which was led by pitcher and future pro baseball legend Sadaharu Oh.

The championship flags made their way farther north into Kantō in 1962, when Sakushin Gakuin (Tochigi) became the first school to win both the Spring and Summer tournaments in one calendar year. To reach Tochigi, the flag had to "ford the Tone River," a major waterway that roughly divides the region into northern and southern halves.

Since then, Kantō teams have won championships more frequently, and as a result, these terms have fallen out of use.

Crossing the Kanmon Straits
Refers to a championship by a team from Kyūshū. The first team to "cross the Kanmon Straits" between Honshū and Kyūshū was Kokura Secondary in the 1947 Summer Kōshien. Coincidentally, Kokura Secondary repeated as champions in 1948, a feat not matched until Komadai Tomakomai did it in 2004 and 2005, also becoming the first team to bring the title to their region.

Passing Mount Aso
When a team from the southern half of Kyūshū wins a tournament, the championship flag must pass Mount Aso in Kumamoto. The first team to "pass Mount Aso" was Seiseikō High (Kumamoto) in the 1958 Spring Kōshien. This has not yet been achieved in the Summer Kōshien.

Crossing the ocean
When a team from Okinawa wins a tournament. The first to "cross the ocean" was Okinawa Shōgaku (Okinawa) in the spring of 1999. The first summer crossing occurred when Kōnan (Okinawa) won the 2010 Summer Kōshien.

Into snow country
When a team from the Hokuriku region wins a tournament. To date, no team has achieved this. Fukui Commercial High (Fukui) in the 1978 Spring Kōshien and Seiryō (Ishikawa, alma mater of Hideki Matsui) in the 1997 Summer Kōshien reached the semifinals. More recently, Nihon Bunri (Niigata, Niigata) reached the finals in 2009, and made an amazing comeback—down to their final strike with nobody on base in a 10–4 ballgame, they mounted a five-run rally and put the winning run on first base before finally succumbing, 10–9. Seiryō reached the finals in 2019, ultimately losing 5–3 to Riseisha (Osaka).

Appearances in popular culture
Some of the most famous appearances of high school baseball in popular culture are in the manga and anime series Touch, H2 and Cross Game by Mitsuru Adachi, Ace of Diamond by Yuji Terajima, and Major by Takuya Mitsuda. Those series follow the struggles of different high school teams' bids to make it to the Kōshien tournament.

An unusual appearance is in the series Princess Nine, where a private girls' high school forms a baseball team and struggles against systemic bias in the Japan High School Baseball Federation and within their own school in order to make a serious bid at making it to and winning at Kōshien. More recently, the Manga work "Karin´s Mound" (花鈴のマウンド Karin no maundo) also entertained the idea that the Girl's National High School Championship would be also played at Kōshien Stadium, which has happened in the real world since 2021. In the long running baseball video game series Pawapuro Series, it is known that at least three female players (two pitchers and one catcher, until 14) made their name in Kōshien in the main series' original story line (Success Mode) and turned active players in the NPB, through one of them retired later and become a coach and lecturer in Baseball academy.

The manga and anime Big Windup! by Asa Higuchi is about high school baseball. It follows the story of a first-year pitcher and his team's struggles to get to Kōshien. It won the Kodansha Manga Award in 2007.

In the finale of the anime Zipang, radio broadcast of the "patriotic" 1942 summer tournament is playing in the background when Kadomatsu meets his grandfather back in the past.

In the Jujutsu Kaisen supernatural action manga, after an exchange event between two jujutsu schools is interrupted by enemies, a decision is made to finish it with an impromptu friendly baseball tournament, which takes place in a chapter titled "Jujutsu Koshien". This title was also preserved for the associated episode of the anime adaptation.

title: Kōshien baseball tournament


text:
Secret ingredient

A secret ingredient is a component of a product that is closely guarded from public disclosure for competitive advantage. Sometimes the ingredient makes a noticeable difference in the way a product performs, looks or tastes; other times it is used for advertising puffery. Companies can go to elaborate lengths to maintain secrecy, repackaging ingredients in one location, partially mixing them in another and relabeling them for shipment to a third, and so on. Secret ingredients are normally not patented because that would result in publication, but they are protected by trade secret laws. Employees who need access to the secret are usually required to sign non-disclosure agreements.

Notable secret ingredients

 * Merchandise 7X, the "secret ingredient" or "secret formula" in Coca-Cola. The ingredient has remained a secret since its invention in 1886 by John Pemberton. The description of the ingredient is kept in a vault at the World of Coca-Cola in Atlanta.
 * KFC's "Colonel's secret recipe", created by Colonel Sanders in the 1930s. The recipe, which is advertised as containing "eleven herbs and spices",  remains locked in a vault in Louisville, Kentucky.
 * Special sauce, thought by some to be the variant of Thousand Island dressing used in the preparation of a McDonald's Big Mac hamburger. :23 According to Sarah J. Gim of The Huffington Post, the special sauce is thicker, sweeter and has a "slightly different taste". The ingredients for the special sauce are available on McDonald's website. McDonald's decided to not only reveal the ingredients of the special sauce, but also the method used to make it.
 * Irn-Bru's secret recipe, created by Robert Barr in 1901.
 * Chartreuse liqueur, a green or yellow alcoholic drink made by the monks at a monastery in France. The secret of the 130 herbs used in its preparation is known to possibly as few as three monks.
 * Becherovka, Czech traditional herbal liqueur. The liqueur is based on a blend of different herbs, known only to two current and three former employees of the distillery. All of them had to commit to secrecy until their death.

title: Secret ingredient


text: Category:Ancient Greek painters

title: Category:Ancient Greek painters


text:
Talk:List of World War II electronic warfare equipment

Origin
This list was put into H2S radar by user:Lincspoacher in February 2005, I cut and pasted from there to here on the 1 March 2005. --PBS (talk) 11:57, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Not related to electronic warfare
ZahmeItalic text Sau, Razzles and Gardening are not related to electronic warfare. Paul, in Saudi 15:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * But they are names for news tactics that resulted from developments in electronic warfare. --PBS (talk) 11:57, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I have created a section for tactics derived directly from the developments of electronic warfare equipment.

I removed "* Razzles - air-dropped incendiaries for starting crop and forest fires" because as Paul pointed out it is not fit either category. --PBS (talk) 12:20, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Unknown German electronic device
I have found reference to a device with the designation FuG 240, but it doesn't include a word like "Neptun" or "Lichtenstein". Can somebody help me out? Magus732 (talk) 19:44, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

 * FuG 240 "Berlin" was a very late-war german centrimetric airborne interception radar. Was only installed into some Ju 88G, almost all of them were later found in Denmark. A google search will help you find more infos. --Denniss (talk) 20:26, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks, man.

Magus732 (talk) 22:27, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

 * A useful source here (PDF):  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.148.221.26 (talk) 20:40, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

Citation needed
I have been through the list of requests made in these two edits:
 * Revision as of 21:49, 8 March 2013 N2e (cn)
 * Revision as of 04:10, 25 June 2013 N2e (removed unsourced assertions that had been fact-tagged for over two months; please add back in if you have a reliable source citation you can add to support the claims)

I have not watched this page for may years and I am here by chance (so I will not look for a reply if you want me to reply then ping me or leave a message on my talk page). It took me minutes to find citations for all of these "citation needed" requests. However this is a list and I do not think that when the name of an entry links to another article it is reasonable to request a citation on this page unless there is a specific item on the line that the person asking for a citation wants to see. In which case they should either explain here on the talk page or add a supplementary hidden comment with the citation needed template. For this reason I have removed the Citation needed templates from lines like As the linked article explains what it is and has references the challenge with "citation needed" on such a line is unreasonable (as the main subject on the line is clearly verifiable) without a further explanatory comment to explain why else the citation is required. Therefore I think placing such templates on lines with a linked subject, or deleting such a line because it does not carry a citation, is disruptive.
 * Huff-Duff – Allied HF/DF High Frequency Direction Finding

I am disappointed in several ways over these requests -- PBS (talk) 00:25, 29 November 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) N2e you do not seem to have made any effort to look for citations yourself. Remember that WP:PROVEIT states "if you think the material is verifiable, try to provide an inline citation yourself before considering whether to remove or tag it." you do not seem to have made any effort yourself, and surly you did not think that "Airborne Cigar (A.B.C.)" was unverifiable when a simple Google book search returns a score of hits for "ABC (airborne cigar)". So OK you may not have thought that one was easy to find, but it beggars belief that you could not find one source for any of the thirteen items you tagged and apparently intended to delete, and so IMHO such deletions are disruptive.
 * 2) I am amazed that no other editor who looked at this page over the last few months can be bothered to look for citations when they are requested. The ones I have found are not the best (found by quick Google searches and selecting the first that coves the subject). A slower more methodical approach would probably turn up a much better source that covered many of the items in this list.

 * @N2e: I see you have made another similar edit to the one you made in March last year (Revision as of 16:54, 3 March 2014 ). Why have you not found a source for any of the 14 entries in the list you marked with cn? -- PBS (talk) 08:03, 4 March 2014 (UTC)


text:
Home (disambiguation)

A home is a place of residence. In real estate usage, new or unoccupied dwelling units are often euphemistically called "homes" even though no one lives there.

Home may also refer to:

Places

 * Home, Kansas, U.S.
 * Home, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * Home, Washington, U.S.
 * Home, West Virginia, U.S.
 * Home District, a former district of Upper Canada

People

 * Home (surname)
 * Home, nickname of Sam Jones (1924–1981), American jazz bassist
 * Clan Home, a Scottish family
 * Earl of Home, a Scottish peerage title

Films

 * Home (1915 film), a 1915 British silent film featuring A.V. Bramble
 * Home, a 1919 American film directed by Lois Weber
 * Home, a 1998 short film starring Alan Devine
 * Home (2003 film), a UK TV dark comedy
 * Home (2006 film), a documentary by Alan Cooke
 * Home (2008 American film), an American drama film
 * Home (2008 Swiss film), a Swiss drama
 * Home, the working title of 2009 Australian film Lucky Country (U.S. Dark Frontier)
 * Home (2009 film), a French documentary film by Yann Arthus-Bertrand
 * Home (2011 film), a Russian drama film
 * Home (2012 film), a Thai drama directed by Chookiat Sakveerakul
 * Home (2013 film), an American drama film directed by Jono Oliver
 * Home, the working title of the 2014 American film At the Devil's Door
 * Home (2015 film), an animated film by DreamWorks Animation
 * Home (2016 American film), an American horror film
 * Home (2016 Belgian film), a Belgian drama film
 * Home (2016 British-Kosovan film), a British-Kosovan drama film
 * Home (2020 film), a German-French-Dutch drama film
 * Home (2021 film), an Indian drama film
 * Home (2023 film), an Israeli drama film

Literature

 * Home (Coben novel), a 2016 novel by Harlan Coben
 * Home (Inbari novel), a 2009 novel by Assaf Inbari
 * Home (Mirbeau play), a 1908 play by Octave Mirbeau
 * Home (Morrison novel), a 2012 novel by Toni Morrison
 * Home (Storey play), a 1970 play by David Storey
 * Home (Williams play), a 1979 play by Samm-Art Williams
 * Home (Robinson novel), a 2008 novel by Marilynne Robinson
 * Home: A Memoir of My Early Years, a 2008 book by Julie Andrews
 * Home: A Short History of an Idea, a 1986 book by Witold Rybczynski

Groups

 * Home (American band), a 1990s pop group
 * Home (British band), a 1970s rock group

Albums

 * Home (6cyclemind album), 2007
 * Home (Angela Aki album), 2006
 * Home (August Burns Red album), 2010
 * Home (Bill Hardman album), 1978
 * Home (Billy Strings album), 2019
 * Home (Blessid Union of Souls album), 1995
 * Home (Blue October album), 2016
 * Home (BoDeans album), 1989
 * Home (Carrie Akre album), 2000
 * Home (Caspar Brötzmann Massaker album), 1995
 * Home (Chris de Burgh album), 2012
 * Home (Collective Soul album), 2006
 * Home (Corrs album), 2005
 * Home (David Murray album), 1982
 * Home (Deep Blue Something album), 1994
 * Home (Delaney & Bonnie album), 1969
 * Home (Dierks Bentley album), 2012
 * Home (Dixie Chicks album), 2002
 * Home (Fool's Garden EP), 2008
 * Home (Gabrielle Aplin EP), 2012
 * Home!, a 1970 album by Gary Bartz
 * Home (The Gathering album), 2006
 * Home (Hip Hop Caucus album), 2014
 * Home (Home album), by the UK group, 1972
 * Home (Hothouse Flowers album), 1990
 * Home (Josh Rouse album), 2000
 * Home (Journey South album), 2007
 * Home (Keller Williams album), 2003
 * Home (Ken McIntyre album), 1976
 * Home (Kian Egan album), 2014
 * Home (Loretta Lynn album), 1975
 * Home (Miriam Yeung EP), 2010
 * Home (Hugh Masekela album), 1982
 * Home (Monifah album), 2000
 * Home (Mr. Children album), 2007
 * Home (Nesli album), 2004
 * Home (Nosaj Thing album), 2013
 * Home (Procol Harum album), 1970
 * Home (Rhye album), 2021
 * Home (Roy Kim album), 2014
 * Home (Rudimental album), 2013
 * Home (Ryan Malcolm album), 2003
 * Home (Sevendust album), 1999
 * Home (Sheena Easton album), 1999
 * Home (Shirley Murdock album), 2002
 * Home (Simply Red album), 2003
 * Home (Spearhead album), 1994
 * Home (Stephanie Mills album), 1989
 * Home (Steve Swallow album), 1980
 * Home (Suze DeMarchi album), 2015
 * Home (Terry Hall album), 1994
 * Home (Wallace Roney album), 2012
 * Home (The Wilkinsons album), 2007
 * Home (Troy Cassar-Daley album), 2012
 * Home™, a 2013 album by Vektroid
 * Home (soundtrack), soundtrack album for the 2015 film Home
 * Home: Songs of Hope & Journey, a 2006 Australian various-artists compilation
 * Home, a 1997 album by Masayoshi Yamazaki
 * Home, a 2003 album by This World Fair
 * Home, a 2003 album by Jennifer Brown
 * Home, a 2004 album by Benjamin Biolay and Chiara Mastroianni
 * Home, a 2006 album by Magenta
 * Home, a 2010 album by Jane Monheit
 * Home, a 2015 album by Pat Green
 * Home, a 2018 album by John Butler Trio
 * Home, Part I, a 2014 album by Scott Matthews

Songs

 * "Home" (Alan Jackson song), 1989
 * "Home" (Angela Aki song), 2005
 * "Home" (B'z song), 1998
 * "Home" (Basshunter song), 2019
 * "Home" (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony song), 2003
 * "Home" (BTS song), 2019
 * "Home" (Daughtry song), 2007, covered by Kian Egan (2014)
 * "Home" (Depeche Mode song), 1997
 * "Home" (Dierks Bentley song), 2011
 * "Home" (Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros song), 2010
 * "Home" (Gabrielle Aplin song), 2013
 * "Home" (Goo Goo Dolls song), 2010
 * "Home" (Good Neighbours song), 2024
 * "Home" (Joe Diffie song), 1990
 * "Home" (Kit Chan song), 1998
 * "Home" (Kobi Marimi song), 2019 song that represented Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019
 * "Home" (La Toya Jackson song), 2003
 * "Home" (Leah McFall song), 2014
 * "Home" (Love Amongst Ruin song), 2010
 * "Home" (Machine Gun Kelly, X Ambassadors and Bebe Rexha song), 2017
 * "Home" (Madeon song), 2015
 * "Home" (Martin Garrix song), 2019
 * "Home" (Metro Boomin, Don Toliver and Lil Uzi Vert song), 2023
 * "Home" (Michael Bublé song), 2005, covered by Westlife (2007) and Blake Shelton (2008)
 * "Home" (Naughty Boy song), 2014
 * "Home" (Nick Jonas song), from the 2017 film Ferdinand
 * "Home" (One Direction song), 2015
 * "Home" (Phillip Phillips song), 2012
 * "Home" (Rooster song), 2006
 * "Home" (Sheryl Crow song), 1996
 * "Home" (The Wiz song), from the 1975 musical The Wiz
 * "Home" (Three Days Grace song), 2004
 * "Home (When Shadows Fall)", a 1931 song written by Harry Clarkson, Geoffrey Clarkson and Peter van Steeden
 * "Home", by Allan Holdsworth from Metal Fatigue
 * "Home", by Alter Bridge from AB III (special edition)
 * "Home", by American Authors from Oh, What a Life
 * "Home", by Aurora from All My Demons Greeting Me as a Friend
 * "Home", by Blue October from Home
 * "Home", by Breaking Benjamin from Saturate
 * "Home", by Brian McKnight from Back at One
 * "Home", by Caribou from Suddenly
 * "Home", by Chris Tomlin from Never Lose Sight
 * "Home", by Client Liaison from Diplomatic Immunity
 * "Home", by Collective Soul from Youth
 * "Home", by David Byrne and Brian Eno from Everything That Happens Will Happen Today
 * "Home", by Deep Blue Something from Home
 * "Home", by Dishwalla from Opaline
 * "Home", by Dolly Parton from Blue Smoke
 * "Home", by Dream Theater from Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory
 * "Home", by Ellie Goulding from Bright Lights
 * "Home", by Foo Fighters from Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace
 * "Home", by Framing Hanley from The Moment
 * "Home", by Gemma Hayes from The Hollow of Morning
 * "Home", by Guy Sebastian from Part 1
 * "Home", by Haim from Barbie the Album
 * "Home", by Iggy Pop from Brick by Brick
 * "Home", by Jack Johnson from En Concert
 * "Home", by Jay Brannan from Goddamned
 * "Home", by Jenny Morris from Hit & Myth
 * "Home", by Jerry Lee Lewis from Jerry Lee's Greatest
 * "Home", by Jess Glynne from I Cry When I Laugh
 * "Home", by Jethro Tull from Stormwatch
 * "Home", by Joe Satriani from his self-titled album
 * "Home", by Joe Walsh and Barnstorm from Barnstorm
 * "Home", by John Butler Trio from Home
 * "Home", by Karla Bonoff from Karla Bonoff
 * "Home", by Katharine McPhee from Katharine McPhee
 * "Home", by Lady Antebellum from Heart Break
 * "Home", by LCD Soundsystem from This Is Happening
 * "Home", by Lene Lovich from Stateless
 * "Home", by Live from Songs from Black Mountain
 * "Home", by Looner from the EP Year of the Ox
 * "Home", by Mac Davis from Song Painter
 * "Home", by Marc Broussard from Carencro
 * "Home", by Marshmello from Joytime
 * "Home", by Matt Brouwer from Unlearning
 * "Home", by Midnight Oil from Breathe
 * "Home", by Neutral Milk Hotel from Ferris Wheel on Fire
 * "Home", by Nickelback from Feed the Machine
 * "Home", by Nine Inch Nails from With Teeth
 * "Home", by Osprey V
 * "Home", by Passenger from Young as the Morning, Old as the Sea
 * "Home", by Paul Van Dyk from Seven Ways
 * "Home", by Persephone's Bees from Notes from the Underworld
 * "Home", by Planetshakers from Lets Go
 * "Home", by Public Image Ltd from Album
 * "Home", by Robbie Williams from The Christmas Present
 * "Home", by Roger Miller from Words and Music
 * "Home", by Roger Waters from Radio K.A.O.S.
 * "Home", by Roy Kim from Home
 * "Home", by Safia from Internal
 * "Home", by Sarah McLachlan from Solace
 * "Home", by Simply Red from Home
 * "Home", by Skunkhour
 * "Home", by Smash Mouth from Astro Lounge
 * "Home", by Spencer Sutherland and Victoria Justice from the 2021 film Afterlife of the Party
 * "Home", by Staind from Dysfunction
 * "Home", by Teenage Fanclub from Endless Arcade
 * "Home", by Thirteen Senses from Crystal Sounds
 * "Home", by Toby Fox, a track from the soundtrack of the 2015 video game Undertale
 * "Home", by Tom Helsen and Geike Arnaert
 * "Home", by Tom Petty from Highway Companion
 * "Home", by Vanessa Carlton from Heroes & Thieves
 * "Home", by the Ventures from Walk, Don't Run
 * "Home", by Warrant from Rockaholic
 * "Home", by Wendy Matthews from She
 * "Home", by Westlife from Turnaround
 * "Home", by Yellow Claw from Los Amsterdam
 * "Home", by ZZ Ward from Til the Casket Drops
 * "Home" (Bret's Story) and "Home" (C.C.'s Story), by Poison from Hollyweird
 * "Home (Won't Let You Go)", by This Condition
 * "Home", written by Joe Raposo from the 1977 film Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure

Radio

 * BBC Home Service, a BBC radio station 1939-1967
 * Home Radio, a Philippine radio network operated by Aliw Broadcasting Corporation
 * Pennine FM (formerly Home 107.9), a radio station in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England, in the United Kingdom

Channels

 * HGTV (British and Irish TV channel), formerly Home, a UK lifestyle channel

Series

 * Home (1954 TV program), a 1954–1957 American lifestyle magazine and talk show television program that aired on NBC
 * Home (1988 TV program), a 1988–1994 American talk show that aired on American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
 * Home (Australian TV series), a 1983 Australian drama television series that aired on Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
 * Home (British TV series), a 2019 British comedy television series
 * Home (2020 TV series), a 2020 American documentary web series
 * Home (web series), a 2018 Indian Hindi-language web series
 * The Home Show, a 1956–1957 Australian TV show
 * Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh, a 2017 animated series on Netflix

Episodes

 * "Home" (Angel)
 * "Home" (Battlestar Galactica)
 * "Home" (Boardwalk Empire)
 * "Home" (Class of 3000)
 * "Home" (Game of Thrones)
 * "Home" (Glee)
 * "Home" (Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu)
 * "Home" (Murder Drones)
 * "Home" (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)
 * "Home" (Sons of Anarchy)
 * "Home" (Star Trek: Enterprise)
 * "Home" (Stargate Atlantis)
 * "Home" (Supernatural)
 * "Home" (The Walking Dead)
 * "Home" (The X-Files)

Brands and enterprises

 * Home (nightclub chain), two clubs, in Sydney and London, specialising in house music
 * Home (nightclub), the defunct London club

Computing and technology

 * Home (Apple), a bundled application within the Apple iOS
 * Facebook Home, user interface layer for Android smartphones developed by Facebook
 * Google Home, a line of smart speakers by Google
 * Home button, a user interface element of most web browsers
 * Home directory, a file directory on an operating system
 * Home key, a key on computer keyboards
 * Home page, a page on a website
 * Home row, the central row of keys on a keyboard, important in touch typing
 * Home signal, a railway signal
 * PlayStation Home, a gaming networking service

Organizations and institutions

 * HOME (Manchester), an arts venue in Manchester, England
 * Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment, a U.S. anti-gay organization
 * HOME Investment Partnerships Program, a U.S. federal assistance program
 * Humanitarian Organization for Migration Economics, a social welfare organization in Singapore
 * Nursing home or care home, a residence facility for people requiring constant care
 * Project H.O.M.E., a non-profit organization
 * Retirement home, a multi-residence facility for elderly people, providing assistance with activities of daily living
 * Group home, a structured and supervised residence model that provides assisted living and medical care for those with complex health needs
 * Childrens home - an orphanage

Sports

 * Home (sports), the city or field where a team generally plays
 * Home plate or home base, the final base in baseball

Ships

 * Home, an American schooner that sank in Lake Michigan in 1858

title: Home (disambiguation)


text:
Barsebäck Nuclear Power Plant

Barsebäck is a boiling water nuclear power plant currently undergoing the process of nuclear decommissioning. The plant is situated in Barsebäck, Kävlinge Municipality, Skåne, Sweden.

Located 20 kilometers from the Danish capital, Copenhagen, the Danish government pressed for its closure during the entirety of its operating lifetime. As a result of a now former Swedish nuclear power phase-out, its two reactors have been closed down. The first reactor, Barsebäck 1, was closed November 30, 1999, and the second, Barsebäck 2, ceased operations May 31, 2005. At the time of closure, each reactor had a net capacity of 600 megawatts. Unit 1 supplied 93,8 TWh and unit 2 supplied 108,5 TWh to the electrical grid.

Land for the plant was bought in 1965 by the energy company Sydkraft, and the first of the two BWR reactors was ordered from Asea-Atom in 1969. Unit one first attained criticality on January 18, 1975 and commercial operation began on May 15. The second reactor attained criticality on March 21, 1977 and commercial operation began on July 1. Following a decision in the Riksdag in 1997, the Government of Sweden decided that the first reactor was to close July 1, 1998, and the second July 1, 2001. Due to the operator's appeal of the decision and lack of emission-free replacement, the closure was postponed.

The demolition of the facility will await the construction of a storage facility, scheduled to be ready in the 2020s. In December 2018 a strategy was outlined for the "radiological demolition" to be carried out between 2020 and 2028. This will allow the land to be used for other nuclear power related purposes.

The plant is operated by Barsebäck Kraft AB, a subsidiary of Sydkraft Nuclear Power AB, owned by Uniper.

title: Barsebäck Nuclear Power Plant


text:
Talk:Kōshien baseball tournament

To do list

 * Newspapers should be referred to as "Shinbun" and not as "Shimbun" in technically correct romaji.
 * Need to add Kanji to names and terms.
 * Cross links to Japanese pages?
 * Overall--the translation is fairly literal and may need some more explanation for non-Japanese readers. For example, the name of the prefecture after the high school name.
 * Overall--Haven't looked at the style manual for pages on Japan yet...so the page is still raw
 * There are lengthy Japanese Wiki articles on the two Koshien tournaments. They go into detail about the qualifying tournaments, history and notable events, record of winners, etc.  Eventually can be translated over to English.  There are a few broken links to those future pages around wiki.

Ken6en 08:44, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kōshien baseball tournament