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Farnesyltransferase

Farnesyltransferase is one of the three enzymes in the prenyltransferase group. Farnesyltransferase (FTase) adds a 15-carbon isoprenoid called a farnesyl group to proteins bearing a CaaX motif: a four-amino acid sequence at the carboxyl terminus of a protein. Farnesyltransferase's targets include members of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins critical to cell cycle progression. For this reason, several FTase inhibitors are undergoing testing as anti-cancer agents. FTase inhibitors have shown efficacy as anti-parasitic agents, as well. FTase is also believed to play an important role in development of progeria and various forms of cancers.

Farnesyltransferase catalyzes the chemical reaction
 * farnesyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine $$\rightleftharpoons$$ S-farnesyl protein + diphosphate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are farnesyl diphosphate and protein-cysteine, whereas its two products are S-farnesyl protein and diphosphate.

Overview
Farnesyltransferase posttranslationally-modifies proteins by adding an isoprenoid lipid called a farnesyl group to the -SH of the cysteine near the end of target proteins to form a thioether linkage. This process, called farnesylation (which is a type of prenylation), causes farnesylated proteins to become membrane-associated due to the hydrophobic nature of the farnesyl group. Most farnesylated proteins are involved in cellular signaling wherein membrane association is critical for function.

Farnesyltransferase structure and function
Farnesyltransferase has two subunits: a 48kDa alpha subunit and a 46kDa beta subunit. Both subunits are primarily composed of alpha helices. The α subunit is made of a double layer of paired alpha helices stacked in parallel, which wraps partly around the beta subunit like a blanket. The alpha helices of the β subunit form a barrel. The active site is formed by the center of the β subunit flanked by part of the α subunit. Farnesyltransferase coordinates a zinc cation on its β subunit at the lip of the active site. Farnesyltransferase has a hydrophobic binding pocket for farnesyl diphosphate, the lipid donor molecule. All farnesyltransferase substrates have a cysteine as their fourth-to-last residue. This cysteine engages in an SN2 type attack, coordinated by the zinc and a transient stabilizing magnesium ion on the farnesyl diphosphate, displacing the diphosphate. The product remains bound to farnesyltransferase until displaced by new substrates. The last three amino acids of the CaaX motif are removed later.

Specificity
There are four binding pockets in FTase, which accommodate the last four amino acids on the carboxyl-terminus of a protein. Only those with a suitable CaaX motif can bind ('C' is Cysteine, 'a' is an aliphatic amino acid, and 'X' is variable). The carboxyl-terminal amino acid (X) discriminates FTase's targets from those of the other prenyltransferases, allowing only six different amino acids to bind with any affinity. It has been shown that geranylgeranyltransferase can prenylate some of the substrates of Farnesyltransferase and vice versa.

Structural studies
As of late 2007, 15 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes, , , , , , , , , , , , , , and.

title: Farnesyltransferase


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Old Guildford

Old Guildford is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 28 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Fairfield. It is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

History
Old Guildford and Guildford were named after the Earl of Guildford.

Aboriginal culture
Prior to colonization, the Dharug people lived in small groups across the Cumberland Plain, including in the area which is now the Woodville Ward. The Bidjigal clan lived around the area which is now Guildford.

European settlement
Lieutenant Samuel North was granted 640 acre here in 1837 and named his property Guildford, as he had ties with the Earl of Guildford. Although the name of the property changed to Orchardleigh in 1843 when it was sold by North, the name Guildford stuck to the region and the small hamlet which developed in the area around Woodville Road. In 1869 a school had opened and a church was built in the 1880s.

In 1876, a railway station was built on the line some distance to the north of the village and named Guildford because it was the closest settlement to the station. The settlement that grew up around the railway station became larger than the original village and ultimately took over the name Guildford with the former settlement becoming known as Old Guildford.

Population
According to the, Old Guildford had a population of 2,663 people with a very substantial Arabic speaking population (46.2%). The majority of the suburb's residents were Australian born with the next most common place of birth being Lebanon (13.1%) followed by Vietnam (2.4%), China (2.1%), Iraq (1.9%) and Syria (1.7%). Top ancestries were Lebanese (35.1%), Australian (11.8%), English (6.8%), Chinese (4.9%) and Syrian (2.9%).

The most common responses for religion were Islam 45.9%, Catholic 20.9%, Not stated 7.9%, No Religion 6.1% and Buddhism 4.7%. Islam was the largest religious group reported overall (49.8%).

Old Guildford had a higher than average number of families with children (58%) and the average family income of $1,035 per week was significantly less than the national average ($1,481).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Old Guildford


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User:Ugabowle

Hi, I'm Uga Bowle, political science professor at the University of Massachussettes.

Curriculum vitae:

B.A., Harvard M.A., PhD., Johns Hopkins

title: User:Ugabowle


text:
User:Adam Carr/Documents2

The history of history refers to the history of the ways in which historians, and human societies generally, have recorded their own history. It is a rather ambiguous and clumsy term, but no better one has been developed. Historiography has a somewhat different meaning: the study of the methodology and practices of writing history. "Historiology" would be a logical word for the study of the history of history, but has never gained acceptance.

(It should be noted that in this article the term "history" is used to refer only to human history, not to the narrative of events in the non-human world or the pre-human past, which are usually defined as natural history.)

Proto-history
Humans have recorded their history ever since the invention of writing, and indeed the desire to record events was one of the principle motives for the development of writing. In non-literate societies, the preservation of a record of events depends on oral tradition. The oral narratives of non-literate societies are often important from the point of view of anthropology, but they are seldom accurate records of events. The preservation of an accurate chronology and record of the past beyond one or two generations requires literacy. It also requires the ability to measure time. The urge to create calendars of various kinds, a development which often accompanied the development of writing, was in part motivated by the desire to record the passage of events.

History, however, is usually defined as more than the keeping of a chronicle of events as they occur, something which all literate societies have done. History, properly defined, is the writing of an account of events in the past, based on research into the surviving documents or other records of the time being written about. The writing of history in this sense requires more than literacy. It requires intellectual inquiry, a desire to know about the past beyond human memory, and freedom for the historian to inquire into that past and write an account of it based on the evidence of the archive.

The writing of history also requires a certain type of society, a society in which independent and secular thought is both possible and acceptable. In a society in which a particular religious ideology is universally accepted or imposed by the state, and in which only one version of the past is conceivable or permitted, is not one in which genuine history-writing can evolve. Although the chronicles of the civilisations of ancient Mesopotamia and Anatolia, for example, are valuable as historical source material, they are not themselves history. The Sumerians, the Babylonians and the Hittites tended to believe that things were as they had always been, and that change only took place as a result of the will of their gods. This attitude, as well as the power of the state, discouraged history-writing.

The same was true in Egypt. As early as 3200 BC, the deeds of the Kings of Egypt were being recorded by court scribes, and carved into stone for the education of future generations. This was history-writing of a kind, although lacking in any critical or independent element. Although the Greeks later discovered vast archives of historical records in Egypt (now mostly lost), dating back to about 2500 BC, Egypt in its 4,000 years of continuous civilisation did not produce any tradition of independent history-writing: the power of the state and its ideology was too great.

The ancient Hebrews were also conscientious recorders of events, as can be seen in the collection of Hebrew writings known to us as the Old Testament, compiled between the 10th and 7th centuries BC. Many of these texts, such as Judges  and Kings are literary masterpieces which record much valuable historical information. But the Hebrews, like the Babylonians, saw events as being the working out of God's will, not the result of human agency. They recorded events as a "testament" of God's favour to them, His chosen people, and of His wrath towards those who broke His commandments. Thus the writings of the Hebrews, although valuable historical sources, are not themselves history, nor were they intended to be. After the rise of Christianity, however, the Hebrew chronicles came to be very influential in western historical thought, being accepted by Christians as literal historical truth for many centuries.

Ancient historians
In the period of time now known to us as the first millennium BC, two societies evolved in which the writing of history in the full sense became possible. These were China and Greece.

China in this period fostered history writing mainly because of the desire of emperors to have records kept of their glorious reigns, and of all Chinese to have knowledge of their ancestors. Since China has had a longer history of continuous stable civilisation than Europe has had, more of the works of early historians have been preserved. But because of this very stability, the Chinese historiographical tradition did not evolve beyond "court history" until relatively recent times. This was partly because of the powerful influence of Confucius, himself a historian, whose ideas became a state ideology (Confucianism) which restricted the development of critical history. Nevertheless early China produced many notable historians such as Sima Qian (c145-87 BC) and Liu Zhiji (661-721 AD), author of the Shi Tong (Generalities on History).

For reasons beyond the scope of this article, however, it was western civilisation, not Chinese civilisation, which rose to a position of world dominance during the period between the 15th and 20th centuries. As a result, the Chinese intellectual tradition, including its tradition of history-writing, has become subordinated to the western intellectual tradition, a process which culminated in the displacement of Confucianism as China's official ideology, firstly (and unsuccessfully) in 1911 by western liberalism and since 1949 by Marxism. As a result, it has been the western tradition of history-writing which has come to be the template for all modern historians, including those in China, India, Japan and other historical centres of non-western civilisation. It is this tradition which this article will explore.

The western historiographical tradition has its origins in Greece. A tradition of secular thought and inquiry developed in the wealthy Greek cities of Ionia (now the west coast of Turkey) as early as the 7th century BC. Although no works from this period survive, later Greek historians such as Herodotus (484-425 BC) (commonly known as the "father of history") knew and relied on the works of earlier history-writers such as Hecataeus and Anaximander. Hecataeus deserves credit as the founder of the Ionian school of history. Herodotus, however, is the first historian whose works have survived, and his influence on later history-writing has been immense. Although his Histories contain a great deal of mythological material, Herodotus made genuine attempts to consult written records in both Greece and Egypt and to verify the stories he told. His account of the Persian Wars and the history of Athens remains the foundation of all subsequent writings on these subjects.

Herodotus was followed by Thucydides (c460-c400 BC), generally regarded as the greatest of Greek historians. His History of the Peloponnesian War remains a classic of history-writing (as well as of Greek prose), noted for its impartiality and critical use of sources, a remarkable achievement given that Thucydides had himself been an Athenian general in the early stages of the war. A little later came Xenophon (427-355 BC), who wrote both memoirs (The Anabasis and narrative history (The Hellenica). In the 4th century, however, the influence of Greek sophism made itself felt in history-writing, and the works of Ephorus (400-327 BC) and Theopompus (378-305 BC) (which are mostly lost) tended to lapse into rhetoric. Unfortunately the works of most 4th century historians, such as Isocrates, have not survived. The best historian of this period is generally held to be Timaeus (356-260 BC), who wrote a history of the Greeks in Sicily and other works, now mostly lost.

In the Hellenistic period (4th to 1st centuries BC), the standard of Greek history-writing is generally held to have declined, partly because of the growth of powerful monarchies such as Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria, which stifled independent thought. History also went out of fashion to some extent among Greek writers, partly because of the influential disapproval of Aristotle, who regarded history as inferior to philosophy and poetry. Nevertheless this period produced Polybius (203-120 BC), author of an extremely valuable history of the rise of the Roman Republic, and one of the first writers to fully explore the question of cause and effect in history. Polybius was also one of the first writers to set himself the task of criticising the works of other historians, which he does throughout his writings. Another important writer of this period was Manetho, an Egyptian with a Greek education, who compiled lists of the Kings of Egypt and preserved much knowledge of Ancient Egypt which would otherwise have been lost.

Polybius was a great influence on generations of Roman historians, beginning with his near contemporary Cato the Elder (243-149 BC), author of the first complete history of Rome (the Origines), and later Sallust (86-34 BC), who wrote another history of Rome and also works on events such as the Jugurthine War and the conspiracy of Catiline. Another notable history-writer of the Roman Republic was Julius Caesar (100-44 BC), who in between his exploits wrote military history in a dispassionate style modelled on Xenophon, notably in his Gallic Wars.

The greatest of the early Roman historians was Livy (c59 BC - 17 AD), whose ambitious history of Rome, From the Founding of the City, is one of the classics of historical writing, although surviving only in part. Livy was the first historian to write consciously for a mass readership. By Livy's time there was a large and wealthy educated class willing to pay for copies of literary works, and Livy's history appeared in installments like a modern serial, eagerly bought and read throughout Rome's growing empire.

Even in Livy's time, however, the power of the Roman state was becoming such that it was difficult for a writer to dissent from the official view of events. Later writers were to find it impossible, and this contributed to the decline of the Roman historical tradition during the imperial period. Nevertheless the early imperial centuries produced notable history-writers such as Josephus (37-100), Plutarch (46-127), Tacitus (56-117), Suetonius (70-130) and Arrian (92-175). Tacitus is usually held to be the best of these writers. It is notable that many of Rome's historians were Greeks: a tradition of independent thought and critical inquiry survived in Greek academies long after the power of the state had made such things impossible in Rome. It was not until the triumph of Christianity in the 4th century that the Greco-Roman tradition of secular history was extinguished.

Nevertheless the Christian Empire did produce important historians, most notably Eusebius of Caesarea (275-339). Although he was a Christian bishop, Eusebius wrote a "universal history" and a history of the early Church which made careful use of sources and showed a desire to write history and not propaganda. Also from this period is the last notable non-Christian historian, Ammianus (c325-c391), who wrote a history of the Roman Empire from the 1st to the 4th centuries. After his time the collapse of the Roman Empire in the west, and the power of the Church, made such writing impossible. But in Constantinople the classical tradition survived in a modified form, and produced great writers ranging from Procopius (c500-c565), whose History of Justinian's Wars is an invaluable source, through to later Byzantine writers such as Michael Psellus (1018-c1080), and Anna Comnena (1083-1153), author of the Alexiad and the first known female historian.

The Greco-Roman historical tradition, which was established by the 5th century BC, survived in the west for nearly a thousand years and in the east for another thousand. It was a tradition that focussed almost exclusively on military and political history, and on biography. To this in later times was added Church history. The ancient historians had no interest whatever in what is now called social history: in all the ancient histories the common people never appear, except occasionally as a riotous mob. Even during the Athenian democracy, historians such as Thucydides wrote of the mass of people, if at all, with some disdain, and saw history mainly as a parade of statesmen and generals, speeches and battles. Economic history was also totally neglected, and indeed the idea of economics as a field of study barely existed.

At its best, however, ancient history-writing achieved an intellectual level that was not to be reached again for centuries. It also established the ideal of the independent historian. “When a man takes on the character of a historian,” wrote Polybius, “he will often have to praise and glorify his enemies in the highest terms, when their actions demand it, and often criticise and blame his dearest friends in harsh language, when errors in their conduct indicate it.” Such an attitude was no longer possible in western Europe after about 400 AD, and would not be again for many years.

Mediaeval historians
The fall of Rome and the victory of Christianity produced a crisis in history writing. Although the Goths, Franks and other conquering peoples had no desire to destroy the Greco-Roman world, it was inevitable that urban life, trade and travel would decline with the end of the Empire in the west. The great libraries of western Europe fell into disrepair and their archives were lost. The number of literate people fell sharply, and secular education came to an end. The real cause of the end of the Greco-Roman historical tradition, however, was the triumph of Christianity. It is often commented that the Christian Church preserved much of the documentary heritage of the classical world, and this is true. But it is also true that the dominance of Christianity meant the end of the classical tradition of independent inquiry and sceptical thought, without which true history-writing is impossible.

This was disguised for a time by the fact that the first generation of Christian writers had sound classical educations. Most prominent among these were Augustine (354-430), whose  City of God, although essentially a theological polemic, preserves much historical information. Augustine saw history as being an arena for the conflict between “the City of God” and “the City of Man,” setting a template for all subsequent Christian history. His disciple Orosius (385-420) wrote a polemical history attacking paganism. Jerome (347-420), who wrote on the early history of the Church among many other things, was also a distinguished classical scholar.

By the 7th century, however, it was no longer possible to acquire such an education in western Europe. Learning shrank to a small circle of monastic scholars, few of whom had more than a smattering of classical education, although they performed the invaluable service of preserving and copying many classical manuscripts. In intellectual terms history-writing fell back more than a millennium, and became little more than the keeping of chronicles. The only writers of any importance during this period were Gregory, Bishop of Tours (c538-c594), who wrote a History of the Franks in very bad Latin, and St Bede (672-735), a Northmbrian monk whose Ecclesiastical History of the English People has earned him the title "father of English history.” Bede had good Latin and some Greek, and had read some Roman writers.

While European intellectual life had fallen to its lowest ebb, however, the classical historical tradition was being absorbed and transmitted by writers in the Arab world. The Arabs conquered most of the former Greco-Roman east in the 7th century, and their occupation of cities such as Alexandria and Antioch gave them access to Greek and Latin authors. The great new Arab cities such as Cairo and Baghdad became centers of learning and scholarship. Although Islam is a universalising religion like Christianity, in practice the atmosphere of the Islamic world was more tolerant of intellectual inquiry than was Christendom at this time.

The Arabs’ contact with the Byzantine Empire and, later, with the Catholic scholars of the Crusader states increased their awareness of the classical heritage. Many Greek and Latin works were translated into Arabic and Persian, and in some cases this has preserved works which would otherwise be lost. Arab writers such as Al-Waqidi of Medina (early 9th century) and his follower Ibn Sad wrote important histories of the age of Mohammed and the Arab conquests. The Iranian writer Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri (late 9th century) wrote a general history of the Muslim world. Islamic historiography reached its greatest heights from the 12th to the 14th centuries, with the works of Ibn Asakir of Damascus (1105-76) and Ibn Khaldun of Tunis (1332-1406). The latter’s History of the World caused Bernard Lewis to call him "the greatest historian of the Arabs and perhaps the greatest historical thinker of the Middle Ages.” After his time, however, Arab and Persian history-writing shared in the general decline of the Islamic world.

By the 12th century western Europe’s population and economy had recovered sufficiently for there to be a significant revival of intellectual life, known to historians as the 12th century Renaissance, although all intellectual activity still took place under the watchful eye of the Catholic Church. Travel and the exchange of books became easier, literacy rose and universities were founded as centres for the revival of learning. The First Crusade, which captured Jerusalem in 1099, brought western Europe into renewed contact with both Byzantium and the Arab world, and stimulated interest in geography and history. The result was a revival of history-writing.

One of the best-known writers of this period was Otto of Freising (1114-58), a German bishop and scholar. Otto visited Jerusalem and read Aristotle, whose works he introduced into Germany. He wrote a book about Jerusalem and other works, but is best remembered for his Deeds of the Emperor Frederick, a life of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. Other ecclesiastical historians of the period included the Englishman William of Malmesbury (died 1143), who wrote the Deeds of the English Kings in about 1127, followed by the Deeds of the English Bishops. These are considered to be among the great works of the period. Another important writer was the French knight Geoffrey of Villehardouin (c1150-1213), considered to be the first historian to write in French, who participated in the Fourth Crusade of 1204 and wrote a history of it. Jean Froissart (1337-1405) wrote an important history of the Hundred Years' War and became a semi-official historian at the court of Edward III of England.

The 14th century saw the cities of central and northern Italy emerge as centres of learning as their commercial importance increased. Despite the power of the church, the princes of these cities were sometimes strong enough to protect independent-minded scholars. It was in the Italian cities that the ideal of the independent lay historian was revived. One of the earliest was Giovanni Villani of Florence (1275-1348), a wealthy merchant who became the leading historian of late mediaeval Italy. In 1300 he visited Rome, and was inspired (by his own account) to read “the histories and great deeds of the Romans as written by Virgil, Sallust, Lucan, Livy, Valerius, Paulus Orosius and other masters of history” – it is striking that the works of these authors were already known and available in 1300. He then decided “to set down in this volume and new chronicle all the facts and beginnings of the city of Florence, in as far as it has been possible to me to collect and discover them.”

Mediaeval historians usually wrote in Latin, the common language of educated people at a time when learning was mainly confined to the Catholic clergy and members of religious orders. Few wrote in the “vernacular” languages (Geoffrey of Villehardouin was an exception). They had an international outlook, seeing Christendom as the main focus of their loyalty, although some were attached to particular royal or episcopal courts and wrote to please their patrons. Few saw themselves as having a strong national identity, and none wrote what we would now call nationalist history. Like the ancient historians, they had little interest in social or economic matters. Their main themes were dynastic history, the deeds of kings and popes, wars and battles (particularly the Crusades), and Church history and theological disputations. Although most had some acquaintance with ancient historians, none really absorbed or understood the classical ideal of history-writing.

Renaissance and Reformation historians
There is no agreement among historians as to what the Renaissance was or where and when it began, and indeed the whole concept of “the Renaissance” has fallen out of historiographical favour over the last half-century. There is no doubt, however, that there was a revolution in the intellectual life of Europe which began in the 14th century and gathered pace through the 15th, reaching a crisis point in the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. It is clear in retrospect that this revolution was the result of economic factors, principally the growth of trade and the revival of urban life, and the consequent growth of a class of secular intellectuals keen to throw off the ideological hegemony of the Church. Contributory factors were the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, which brought a wave of refugee Greek scholars, and their precious manuscripts, to western Europe, and the voyages of discovery of the late 15th century, which opened up new worlds and widened the horizons of European intellectuals.

From the point of view of the history of history, the most important developments of the Renaissance period were, first, the rediscovery and widespread dissemination of the surviving works of the Greek and Roman historians, particularly when translated into modern languages, and secondly the beginnings of “national history” as the states of Europe – and particularly northern Europe – emerged from mediaeval Christendom and began to develop distinct intellectual classes, displacing the cosmopolitan European intelligentsia of mediaeval Europe.

As has been shown earlier, the works of the ancient historians were never entirely lost or forgotten in mediaeval times. But their currency was confined to a very small number of scholars of Greek and Latin, and many of these lacked sufficient historical knowledge to understand what they were reading. In the 15th century this changed rapidly, greatly helped by the invention of printing by Johann Gutenberg in 1448. The humanist scholars of the 15th and 16th centuries eagerly translated and published the ancient authors. Herodotus, for example, was published in Latin in 1474, in Italian in 1533 and in French in 1566. Thucydides was published in Latin in 1452, and Niccolò Machiavelli regarded him as the model for his own historical work. Thucydides first appeared in English in 1550. The works of Polybius were published in 1472, and exercised great influence on the political thought of Jean Calvin among others.

The most influential ancient historian was however Plutarch, whose Parallel Lives, brought to the west in manuscript by a Greek scholar, appeared in print in 1473. He was translated into French in 1559 and into English by Thomas North in 1579. The Lives were a revelation to European writers and had many imitators in most European languages. North’s beautifully written but not very accurate translation of Plutarch was the key source used by William Shakespeare in writing his historical plays,  Coriolanus, Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra. Plutarch’s biographies of Roman republican figures were very influential during the English Revolution of the 1640s, and still resonated during the French Revolution.

The wide dissemination of these works had several effects. Since they required a high standard of Latin or Greek to read in the original, they stimulated classical education and new standards of scholarship, a process in which the Dutch humanist scholar Erasmus (1466-1536) played a leading role. One by-product of this new scholarship was the proof on linguistic grounds by the Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla that the Donation of Constantine, an alleged edict of the Emperor Constantine I giving the city of Rome to the Catholic Church, was an 8th century forgery – a great victory for secular learning and a blow to the Church’s prestige.

The printing of vernacular editions, on the other hand, created a taste for history and fuelled a demand among the newly literate middle classes for new histories of their own times and countries to read. This created a market for secular, national (if not yet nationalist) history-writing, for the first time since the late Roman Empire. Machiavelli (1469-1527) is now remembered for his political writings, but in his day he was best known as a historian, and his History of Florence (published in 1532) set a pattern for national histories which was widely copied and soon became the standard. He was followed by Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1540), who published an influential history of Italy. They soon found imitators in France, England, Germany and the Netherlands. If these writers were not yet “nationalist” in the modern sense, they tended to glorify their own kings and countries, setting a new trend in history-writing.

It was the Reformation, however, which provided the decisive stimulus for the development of modern critical history. When the German reformers led by Martin Luther challenged the ancient doctrines and usages of the Church, they turned to historical scholarship to show that these did not derive from the teachings of Christ or the early Church, but were later inventions. The result was the massive Magdeburg Centuries, a history of the Church in 13 volumes, each covering a century, published between 1559 and 1574 by a large number of German Lutheran scholars led by Matthias Flacius of Magdeburg (1520-75). This assault stimulated a response from the Church, the even larger Annales Ecclesiastici by Caesar Cardinal Baronius (1538-1607), using Church archives which had never previously been examined. The idea that all history-writing must be grounded in documentary evidence, which must be read in the original languages and correctly cited, was thus established.

The Enlightnment
By the end of the 16th century the Catholic Church’s counter-offensive against Protestantism, the Counter-Reformation, had triumphed in Italy, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Poland, Bohemia and Hungary, choking off much of the new secular scholarship in these countries. The centre of European history-writing thus shifted decisively to the Protestant north, to Germany, England and the Netherlands, which were also (not coincidentally) now the richest and fastest-growing parts of Europe. France occupied an intermediate position, still Catholic, but rich and independent enough not to be dominated by the Pope and his ideological police, the Jesuits. In the 17th and 18th centuries – a period loosely known as the Age of Enlightenment - these countries saw a steady growth in historical scholarship, on increasingly scientific lines.

The outstanding names of this period are the German Gottfried Leibnitz (1646-1716) – although the great days of the Germans in the development of history were yet to come – the French writers Montesquieu (1689-1755) and Voltaire (1694-1778), the Englishman Edward Gibbon (1737-94), and the Scots David Hume (1711-76) and William Robertson (1721-93). Leibnitz was among the first to argue that there are “laws of history” which operate in all ages independent of human will. He was also a pioneer in publishing source documents as they are found, rather than in edited forms: one of the cornerstones of modern historical scholarship. Montesquieu, author of The Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans (1734), developed much of the modern idea of the structure of European history: he invented the term feudalism, for example, and coined the (derogatory, in his view) name Byzantine Empire.

Voltaire, best remembered as a political philosopher, was a hugely influential historian in his day. He wrote a biography of Charles XII of Sweden, a multi-volume history of France in the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV, and works on Charlemagne, the Emperor Henry VII and Czar Peter the Great. Taking historical scepticism further than any previous writer, he was the first to dare to say that the Christian Gospels were fiction and that Jesus Christ had never existed (this is not a view which even most atheist historians would accept today, but Voltaire made a good case on the sources then available to him).

The best known English history-writer of the 17th century was the Earl of Clarendon (1609-74), author of an influential History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. But Clarendon was a retired politician, not a historian, and his work was marred by his obvious partisanship. The English empiricist history school (a not very accurate term, since of many of its leading figures were Scots) developed later, in the 18th century. It derived its principles from the English tradition of empiricism going back to Francis Bacon (1561-1626). Hume, although best known as a philosopher, published an influential History of England in parts between 1754 and 1762, which became the standard history for nearly a century, while Robertson published the first systematic History of Scotland in 1759.

The English school reached its full flowering with Edward Gibbon, who is generally regarded as one of the greatest historians of all time, mainly on the strength of his monumental The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-88). This massive work was hugely influential and set the standard for history writing for a century, although there was eventually a reaction against Gibbon’s tendency to moralise. Gibbon is often called “the first modern historian,” but this is something of an exaggeration. Although his use of primary sources was extensive and rigorous, he was unable (indeed, unwilling) to conceal his own biases - against Christianity, for example.

Gibbon also shared the tendency of virtually all historians before the 19th century to place stress on human will and human ideas as the cause of historical events, while neglecting underlying social and economic factors. Gibbon argued that the Roman Empire fell because the Romans grew lazy and decadent, and because Christianity sapped their will to resist the “barbarian” invasions. This is hardly a “modern” view, since it ignores the key questions of demography, economics and social change which genuinely modern historians see as underlying the more superficial matters with which Gibbon was preoccupied.

title: User:Adam Carr/Documents2


text:
Huntington State Beach

Huntington State Beach is a protected beach in Southern California, located in the City of Huntington Beach in Orange County. It extends 2 mi from Newport Beach (Santa Ana River) north to Beach Boulevard, where the Huntington City Beach begins. The 121 acre park was established in 1942.

This beach is a popular destination for many beach enthusiasts. This beach has moderate to good surf, fishing, volleyball courts, basketball courts, bathrooms, and fire-rings for bonfires. Lifeguard Services at Huntington State Beach are provided by the California State Parks Lifeguard Service. Lifeguards patrol the beach year-round while lifeguard towers are staffed roughly Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend.

The beach also provides a nesting sanctuary for California least terns, an endangered subspecies, and snowy plovers, a threatened species on the West Coast.

History
Huntington State Beach is the location for California State Lifeguard Training.

1938 Doheny, San Clemente State Beaches have lifeguard services provided by county of Orange.
 * State Lifeguards

1950 State begins development and operation of Huntington State Beach. Division of Beaches and Parks explores concept of contracting lifeguard service at the newly developed park but elects to start own service after consulting with lifeguard services up and down the coast. Robert Isenor, a former Newport City Lifeguard is hired as a seasonal employee to develop the first State Lifeguard program. He hired 17 seasonal lifeguards, who worked out of ten towers with no phones or radios and were supported by one jeep. State Lifeguards performed 27 swimmer rescues that first summer. Beach attendance was 211,000 that year.

1951 Silver Strand State Beach is opened and Isenor coordinates hiring of seasonal lifeguards for this operation.

1952 San Clemente State Beach is now guarded by two seasonal lifeguards. First use of mobile radio at Huntington.

1953 Robert Isenor is appointed in first full-time lifeguard classification as District Lifeguard Supervisor with a starting pay of $341 per month. Summertime beach operations are coordinated by Seasonal Beach Lifeguard Supervisors at each park unit. The Boy Scout National Jamboree brings 14,000 scouts to Huntington State Beach and Isenor's crew is acknowledged in Life magazine for their outstanding safety record during this event (no drownings).

1954 Service started at Ventura and Carpinteria. Isenor is designated as first Lifeguard Peace Officer, July 1954.

1955 State provides two seasonal lifeguards at Carlsbad State Beach and begins own service at Doheny.

1956 First requests for a Permanent Lifeguard Classification initiated. Positions requested for Carlsbad, Doheny, Silver Strand and the Salton Sea.

1957 State considers providing service at Folsom, Pajaro, Stinson Beach and Half Moon Bay. Permanent Lifeguard Classification established. Folsom, Santa Cruz and Stinson get seasonal guards.

1958 Department develops an aquatic safety program, tasking every park unit in the state to identify its aquatic recreation resources and hazards. Seasonal lifeguards provided at Torrey Pines. First budget request for a rescue boat at Huntington State Beach. Mel Tubbs become first department sanctioned SCUBA diver at Huntington. First seasonal lifeguards provided at El Capitan.

1960 Lifeguard service starts at Bolsa Chica State Beach (known as "Tin Can Beach" before it was cleaned).

1962 Lifeguard testing and training is formalized to include 1000 yard swim, 600 yard run-swim-run and 20 hours of in-service first aid and rescue instruction. Training is held at each park unit.

1964 Lifeguard Rescue Boat "Surfwatch" launched & makes dramatic mass rescue of 36 victims from one rip current at Huntington State Beach. Second Rescue Boat, "Sea Ranger" is launched at Salton Sea: lifeguards provide six months of service at Salton Sea.

Late Sixties Department creates Aquatic Specialist and Lifeguard Supervisor positions. California State Lifeguard Association is formed. Lifeguards successfully lobby for Safety Retirement. Formal statewide Lifeguard Training is instituted at Huntington for all new lifeguards. State Parks develops the first planned recreation area at Lake Perris.

Isenor continued directing lifeguard services for 33 years, retiring in 1983. At one time there were a total of four Aquatic Specialists coordinating the programs throughout the state. Today there is one Specialist assigned the oversight for the entire Park System.

1973 Isenor pushes to have the Permanent Lifeguard series included in the peace officer training and California State Parks becomes the first agency in the nation to have armed lifeguards with full peace officer powers.

1983 – 1984 Due to the high turnover of Ranger personnel assigned to Huntington and Bolsa Chica State Beaches, positions are converted to the Lifeguard series and Lifeguards are given the responsibility of operating one of the largest beach operations—day and night.

1987 In response to growing a boom in population, dramatic increases in recreation usage, and numerous drownings along the Central and Northern California coastline, a budget change proposal is approved that places lifeguards along the Russian River coastal area, more than doubles the size of the Santa Cruz seasonal lifeguard operation, and places two permanent lifeguards in the Monterey District.

Spring 1995 Los Angeles County threatens to remove their lifeguard operation from State Beaches in Los Angeles County. State lifeguards performed the single most historic marshalling of lifeguard resources in California history in May 1995, when the County of Los Angeles removed their lifeguard service from eight State owned, but County operated beaches. State Lifeguards served 14,000,000 visitors, performing over 4,000 rescues on those beaches and had no drownings that summer

California State Parks now operates one of the largest professional lifeguard services in the world, with more than 600 seasonal and 70 full-time lifeguards and supervisors. The service spans more than 600 miles of diverse coastline from the Sonoma Coast to the Mexican Border, and inland bodies of water from Folsom and Clear Lake to Lake Perris and Silverwood. State lifeguards annually perform more than 10,000 swimmer rescues, save millions of dollars of boater property; perform 6,000 medical aides, swift water rescues, urban flood rescues, technical cliff rescues and the full range of law enforcement duties.

2001 California State Parks celebrates the 50th Anniversary of the State Lifeguard service. A commemorative badge is approved in honor of the occasion.

Geography
Huntington State Beach is located in the City of Huntington Beach. The beach can be traveled to by five different roads: Pacific Coast Highway, Beach Blvd., Newland Street, Magnolia Street, and Brookhurst Street. There are two river mouths located at the southern end of the beach, Talbert Channel and the Santa Ana River. The beach is very wide and at sea level. Sandbars extend across and upcoast throughout the beach, creating shallow waters around the south end.

Located directly behind Huntington State Beach are two power plants, wetlands, sand dunes, sewage facility, residential homes and a toxic waste dump. It is thought that because of the penetration of toxic chemicals into the soil, high level water contamination is often around the Magnolia Street entrance. Around the Brookhurst Street entrance high levels of contamination are also typical because of both river mouths.

Recreation
Huntington State Beach faces almost true south. Between late spring, summer and into the fall, Huntington State Beach directly receives all swells from the south. When swells from the North/West combine with south swells, Huntington State Beach is a premier spot for surfing. Due to the Santa Ana River Jetties located at the southern end of the beach, large sandbars extend across and upcoast approximately 1 mile. These sandbars shift dramatically during the spring and summer seasons thus creating dangerous conditions. Surf at this beach often breaks very steep, rapid and hollow. Novice surfers are not encouraged to surf at this location. Shortboards are highly recommended.
 * Surfing

Swimming is allowed at Huntington State Beach with lifeguard services available. Ocean currents can be extremely dangerous at this beach creating large rip currents. Aquatic rescues are more than common and the probability of drowning for a non-swimmer in unguarded water is likely. Swimmers are advised to take extreme caution, remain close to shore and in front of a lifeguard tower.
 * Swimming

A paved pathway extends across the length of the beach. This pathway is a small segment of a large trail commencing from Long Beach down to Balboa Pier at Newport Beach. The Santa Ana River trail terminates at the south end of the beach, at the mouth of the River.
 * Multi-use trail

Southern California is known for great weather and plenty of sunshine. Huntington State Beach tends to be less breezy than nearby upcoast locations, nevertheless can be cold at times.
 * Sunbathing

Huntington State Beach provides large fire rings across the beach. These rings are at a first-come, first-served basis. Large fires are permitted as long as wood pallets are not used. "Bonfires" can remain until 2130 HRS, at that time all visitors must exit the park. Park entrance closes at 2100 HRS, park officially closes at 2200 HRS.
 * Fire rings

Huntington State Beach is a popular place for surf fishing. perch, corbina, croaker, cabezon and shovelnose guitarfish are among the fish that can be caught there. Huntington State Beach does permit surf fishing as long as there are no nearby swimmers. Fishing license must be displayed as required.
 * Fishing

A California least tern and snowy plover reserve is located at the southern end of the beach between Talbert Channel and the Santa Ana River. Trespassing is prohibited and dogs are not allowed on the sand (except on the northern side of the beach between lifeguard tower #22 and lifeguard tower #26) nor anywhere near the reserve.
 * Birdwatching

title: Huntington State Beach


text:
Oakville, New South Wales

Oakville is a suburb of the City of Hawkesbury, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Oakville is located 49 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Hawkesbury.

Education

 * Arndell Anglican College
 * Oakville Public School

Landmarks

 * Scheyville National Park
 * Killarney Chain of Ponds
 * McKenzies Creek

Pop culture
Clare House, a building on Clare Crescent in Oakville, is famous for its use as the "Wandin Valley Bush Nursing Hospital" in the long running Channel 7 television series A Country Practice (1981–1993).

title: Oakville, New South Wales


text:
Talk:Surzhyk

Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 22:37, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Untitled
Someone had earlier written that Surzhyk does not exist in western Ukraine. While the language of this region no doubt contains fewer elements of Russian than the language of other parts of Ukraine, this does not mean that it was unaffected by over four decades of Soviet rule. Obligatory service in the Soviet army and the settlement of the area's cities with Russian-speakers were two important elements of Russification. L'viv in particular has a large number of Russian- and Surzhyk-speakers.

What interests me is, to what extent is Surzhyk a settled language spoken as a native language by large coherent communities and to what extent it is a mere contact language, being used between Russian and Ukrainian speakers but not by the rural Ukrainians themselves? And er.. of course all Ukrainian has been affected by Russian, but a few loan words are not innuf to call the result a mixed language. Caesarion 19:40, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Rural Ukrainians? Ukraine is actually very highly urbanized, even for Europe. And it is not really in loan words (both languages have common roots, therefore, similar vocabularies), it is in pronounciation and (often - conscious) mixing of syntax, tone, and national colour. It's used by bilinguals naturally in everyday speech to various levels of extent. Even urban eastern Ukrainians raised in a Russian-speaking environment will freely sprinkle in Ukrainian terms or syntax. It's really a free-form Eastern Slavic dialect that isn't fully Ukrainian or Russian, but also not the proto-language both came from, rather - the result of various levels of migration, contact, and relations between Russia and the Ukraine over the centuries. Also, note that places like Kursk, on the Russian side of the border, speak in a similar language (although most of them consider it to be just Russian). 128.195.186.63 20:00, 29 September 2007 (UTC)Adieu

 * PS: Also to be noted is that Ukrainian is often said to have a humourous, colloquial ring to native speakers of Russian. Therefore, Ukrainian words or syntax are often used for a subtle shift of tone, mood, or to spice up oral speech. Characters using Ukrainian/Surzhyk are a plot device in Russian film and literature (Ukrainian is mostly understandable to anyone with a grasp of Russian), and their effect is similar to that of a Texan accent in English. Since the Ukraine had the best soil in the Soviet Union, the (partly false) perception has been that Ukrainians are more blunt, cheerful, optimistic, simpler, more straightforward, full of folk wisdom, but also more cunning than urban Russians.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.195.186.63 (talk) 20:12, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

No offense to the original writer of this article, but his/her command of English is rather limited. I don't know Surzhyk and its history well enough to do anything but give the article a native speaker's proofread, but I'd like to see it expanded. (Szfski 20:23, 4 May 2006 (UTC))

 * There is no such language! That is an invented name.Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 22:38, 20 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Now, now, you can't make statements like this and expect the rest of us to accept them without anything resembling proof. --Strannik (talk) 06:47, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Interesting work in English
I do not know if it relevant to include this as reference in the article. Just came across. Also I do not know if the copyright is OK. If anyone has time to read and decide: http://www.diva-portal.org/diva/getDocument?urn_nbn_se_su_diva-6792-2__fulltext.pdfKKonstantin (talk) 12:18, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Mixed Language?
Based on the description of Surzhyk in this article, it does not meet the technical definition of a mixed language. A language that keeps its grammar and core vocabulary and only incorporates lexicon from another language is not "mixed". (Taivo (talk) 02:28, 21 February 2009 (UTC))
 * Incorrect Taivo. See my comments at Talk:Maltese language. Most mixed languages don't mix their grammars. 78.149.205.194 (talk) 11:30, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Wrong, anonymous IP. You overstate the case for Surzhyk as a mixed language just as you are overstating the case at Talk:Maltese language.  Surzhyk is a Ukrainian dialect with large amounts of Russian borrowings.  Standard Ukrainian has a large percentage of old Polish loanwords, including for commonly occurring words like "understand" (rozumiju) and "thank you" (djakuju), but in Surzhyk these are usually replaced by Russian forms (ponimaju and spasibo, respectively) with Ukrainian inflectional endings.  The grammar is still solidly Ukrainian and much of the core vocabulary is still Ukrainian.  To say (as you did at the Maltese talk page) that it is all Ukrainian grammar with all Russian vocabulary is wrong.  One of the difficulties is that a word borrowed from English in Russian will look virtually identical to the same word borrowed into Ukrainian.  The differences are often in the quality of one or two vowels and the palatalization pattern.  The two languages are very closely related and there is a lot of mutual intelligibility between them.  Calling a situation such as this a "mixed language" is not justified on either scientific or practical grounds.  (Taivo (talk) 13:31, 21 February 2009 (UTC))
 * Taivo, it appears you know little about what a mixed language is - I mean, you thought that a language was not "mixed" if did not inherit grammar from both of them; yet the majority of mixed languages do the exact opposite of just that. 78.151.112.123 (talk) 23:16, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but your understanding of what a mixed language is is quite inadequate. Study up a little more on the issue.  Your understanding of Surzhyk is zero, so unless you have something constructive to contribute here....  (Taivo (talk) 01:59, 22 February 2009 (UTC))
 * Haha - oh I know so little about it compared to you, don't I? I mean, coming from the person who claims that all the languages described as "mixed" on Wikiedia are not really mixed. ;) A mixed language is to code-switching, as a creole is to a pidgin. A creole involves grammar mixes - while a mixed language by definition can take the (main) vocabulary from one language, while having the grammar solely from another - it makes no difference to the fact that it's mixed, and in fact, most mixed languages are like that. A mixed language develops from persistant code switching between two languages - if and when a language develops from this, with a stable grammar and vocabulary, it is then called a "mixed language". Try again. 78.146.251.146 (talk) 10:13, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Since you a sock puppet for a Maltese nationalist, know nothing about Surzhyk, and therefore have nothing useful to contribute to this discussion, I'll ignore you here. (Taivo (talk) 13:39, 22 February 2009 (UTC))
 * Oh really? I'm Maltese am I? LOL 78.146.251.146 (talk) 13:41, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * First of all Surzhyk is no language, second of all it has nothing to do with the fact that it was originated specifically in Ukraine, that is the urban legend.97.101.121.193 (talk) 22:35, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Surzhyk is Ukrainian?
How is Surhzyk a Ukrainian language? Surzhyk is example of a poor knowledge of the Ukrainian language, not its variation. Surzhyk is when you think Russian, but trying to speak Ukrainian, and how they say in Odessa - it is two big differences. That happens when somebody does not speak Ukrainian all the time, not because it's a dialect. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 23:17, 30 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The descriptions of Surzhyk that I've read all say that it is heavily russified Ukrainian, not the other way round. That doesn't make it a Ukrainian dialect per se, but it is Ukrainian nonetheless.  The description in the article--a sociolect of Ukrainian--is accurate.  Actually, the amount of Russification varies from west to east across Ukraine and into southern Russia, so Surzhyk itself isn't really a unified speech.  It more or less represents Ukrainian at its base with increasing amounts of Russian as one moves east.  --Taivo (talk) 00:05, 31 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The table is own research. Ok I am waiting to August 2011 and then to delete the table. I think a year is more than enough to find good source. But I think it doesn't exist:). Now I deleted the row in Ukraine (На Украине, в Украине) in table, because it is not Surzhyk. It's different norm of writing. In Ukraine in Russian language officially preferred used "в Украине". In Russian literature it used in 19th century and later. Now it some political question but isn't surzhyk. Volodimirg (talk) 15:20, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * If no reliable source is in the article after a year, then it should be deleted. --Taivo (talk) 21:19, 4 May 2011 (UTC)
 * For your attention, early you said "The descriptions of Surzhyk that I've read all say that it is heavily russified Ukrainian, not the other way round." - Its not true. Surzhyk is used by Ukrainian and Russian speakers. Exist different kind of Surzhyk. Most known is two types: (1) Russian words or distorted Russian words in Ukrainian speakers (example distorted ru:"даже" (must be in ukrainian - "навіть"), када (коли), отдав (віддав), отключив (вимкнув)... ) and (2) distorted Ukrainian words in Russian speakers (presented in table). Sometimes Surzhyk is called distorted Polish or Magyar words in Ukrainian (west part of Ukraine). Sometimes hard to say people speaks on Ukrainian or Russian (mostly old people on east and north of Ukraine). Volodimirg (talk) 10:15, 5 May 2011 (UTC)
 * We go by reliable, preferably scholarly, sources here and all the scholarly sources in English say that Surzhyk is Russified Ukrainian, not the other way round. Unless you have reliable scholarly sources that say otherwise, then that is the characterization that we will use in Wikipedia.  I don't know where that table is from, but if it does not actually represent typical Surzhyk (Russified Ukrainian), then it can (and should) be deleted.  --Taivo (talk) 12:44, 5 May 2011 (UTC)
 * "Surzhyk is used by Ukrainian and Russian speakers." - as I see it is not true. Almost all Russian speakers do not use Surzhik widely (however, the language which is recognised as Russian language in Ukraine is not the same as Russian in Russia). Surzik is used as a spoken variant of the Ukrainian language, and in some regions Ukrainian native-speakers should be recognised by it, while non-native speakers use standard literary language only. Also, "оддав", "одключив" are possible in literary Ukrainian language (however, forms with од- instead of від- are rarely used). The table in the article also contains no Surzhic-specific words (however, some of them are written in Russian-like orthography, and some of them use -ть instead of -ти in the end, while this form is legal in literary Ukrainian but not widely used in it). P.Y.Python (talk) 19:06, 5 September 2011 (UTC)
 * "Surzhyk is when you think Russian, but trying to speak Ukrainian" - not true. Surzhyk evolved from the spoken Ukrainian with adding Russian cultural vocabulary due to lack of education in Ukrainian. Also, Surzhyk may appear as trying to make Ukrainian more "Russian-compatible" to be understood by non-Ukrainians. Another source of Surzhyk is difference between modern Ukrainian and literary Ukrainian in some periods of its history. There were attempts in USSR to make Ukrainian language more Russian-like, and the languge of some Ukrainian books printed in 1930-1940 may be now recognised as Surzhyk. P.Y.Python (talk) 19:28, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

A Brief Critique of the Article
This article on the subject of Surzhyk gives a variety of information on the topic in, what appears to be, a neutral point of view. It defines the name “Surzhyk” for English speakers to understand and the introduction paragraph gives a clear explanation of what Surzhyk is. The overview covers a variety of different aspects, which more clearly define what Surzhyk is, such as differences depending on regions. Moreover, the overview gives a brief description of the history of Surzhyk, not only in speech, but also in literature. Another category was made to address the ethno-political issue of Surzhyk in Ukraine starting from the Soviet Era. The article is clear and grammatically correct with links to related topics which can be helpful for finding similar topics. However, the article itself is very brief and could be improved on. A variety of topics could be added such as history, modern usage, literature, and pop-culture. More examples could be incorporated to better support the points made and additional information would be helpful. There is only one reference, so naturally more references would definitely help improve this article’s depth into the topic. The category “overview” itself is rather bloated and generalized, therefore it could be removed and divided into categories such as the ones listed above. A final note is that the article feels as if it were written in point form rather than a more conventional encyclopedia format. Vanstraiten (talk) 18:21, 25 September 2012 (MST)

Peer-Review
All things considered, I was pleased to find this article easily understood and straightforward to read. Here are a few things that came to mind as I read this article:

To start, the introduction is good in that it gives me a fundamental idea of 'what the heck a Surzhyk is.' In my books, though, a good introduction is a frame work for whatever follows. I feel that, in order to properly preview the article, a little more information or overview could be present in this section. Also, the Etymology section could comfortably be combined with the introduction, seeing as both sections are rather small when separate and this information could be considered fundamental in understanding the background of Surzhyk as a sociolect. Other information that could be included in the introduction, despite the fact that it seems redundant to do so and is mentioned later, is information on when it was spoken, by whom, and for what reasons.

In the Overview section, I was confused at first, assuming that Surzhyk was a dead language and not commonly spoken today. You might want to make these points more clear either at the beginning of this section or, even better, in the introduction. This may not be the case for all readers, but I thought it was worth pointing out. Again, at this point, it is still relatively unclear where Surzhyk is generally prevalent. I know, from the introduction, that it is spoken in the "Ukraine and adjacent lands," but a more specific geographical identity would be informative. All in all, this was an informative section and gave me a broader sense of the topic.

On the technical side of thing, the Prevalence of Surzhyk section had a couple quick fixes I thought I'd point out. You might want to consider omitting the word 'from' in the first sentence just before 11-18%, as it interrupts the flow of the sentence. Also, the first sentence is clear enough on its own, but the content that follows expands by becoming more specific. In order to make this more clear to readers, you may want to indicate that the '11-18%' refers to Surzhyk speakers in the Ukraine as a whole or indicate that the proceeding information is a more detailed breakdown of this relation. For example, you may begin the second sentence with "More specifically..." Finally, the last sentence of this section is a comma splice and could be divided into two more concise and clear sentences, for example: "In comparison, Western Ukraine has a greater percentage of Ukrainian speaking than Russian speaking citizens. Thus, it is understandable why the number (there is a typo here you might want to check, its unclear whether you meant the number or these numbers) of Surzhyk speakers tend to be lower than in the East and South." Again this may seem redundant, but sadly necessary, you might want to explain how "it is understandable" by perhaps indicating the geographical influence. As a whole I really liked this section! The precise figures made the section informative and interesting and really added to the article.

I know a certain professor who will bey very interested in the History section of this article. Because of this interest, I suggest double checking the accuracy of your revisions. On a more technical front, in the Pre-Soviet Era sub-section, I encountered another comma splice you might want to tweak in sentence 4. You may want to consider dropping the word 'but' and starting a new sentence with 'due'. For the Soviet Era sub-section, I'd be curious if there is another article available for more specific information on the Soviet Era. Also, when mentioning Stalin, I suggest putting his full name or title if he's only mentioned once, despite it being obvious who you are referring to. And for the Independence in Modern era sub-section, a specific date for this era would be a good supplement as well as more specific information on how Russification was so damaging to the Ukrainian language. The entire History section was an excellent addition to this article and I was pleased to see the parallels you made between the article and content discussed in class!

In the section on Surzhyk as an ethnopolitical issue, I was surprised and fascinated by the content. I'd like to know more about any effort to improve public knowledge of Ukrainian and general public attitude towards the current linguistic standings. Also, the addition of Literary and Pop-culture reference to Surzhyk brought a more human, relatable aspect to the sociolect.

I really enjoyed reading this article and hope that my review was informative and helpful. LingYao12 (talk) 23:15, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

Peer Review 2
I like the fact that you broke up the history portion of the article into the different sections that you wrote about. This helps organize the information and makes it easier for someone to find what they are looking for. Lengthwise, the article can still be expanded, possibly with more sections from the information that you found. One other thing that I would recommend is to link to more Wikipedia pages throughout your article, although that may just be my personal preference, because I like when there are lots of links in case I don’t know what something means. Overall, I think the history part of the article is well thought out and well written to Wikipedia’s standards. Good job! jvzee (talk) 16:39, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

including the President of Ukraine
Which oneXx236 (talk) 06:55, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surzhyk


text:
Superclub

A superclub is a very large or superior nightclub, often with several rooms with different themes. The term was first coined in Mixmag, the British electronic dance and clubbing magazine, in 1995, referring to the new wave of clubs such as Ministry of Sound and Cream, which were dominating the English club scene.

Superclubs may include nightclubs that have high capacity, or are multi-story, high profile, and operate city and region wide or are well known. Some superclubs are owned and managed by a dance music record label or a club that was or is culturally important. The term may also be used to define its position within the club scene hierarchy.

Forerunners of contemporary superclubs already existed in the early 20th century. The Guardian describes the Moka Efti in Berlin, a major dancing establishment of the Golden Twenties, as a "1920s superclub".

Privilege Ibiza is the "world's largest nightclub" according to the Guinness Book of Records, with a capacity of 10,000 people.

History
Notes: The list of clubs below indicate the dates they were first established.

1960s
Early examples of "superclubs" include Annabel's (London, 1963), Blow Up (Munich, 1967) and Pacha (Sitges, 1967).

1970s
Examples of "superclubs" from this period include Pacha, Ibiza in (1973), Studio One (nightclub) Los Angeles (1975), BANG (club) London (1976), Amnesia, Ibiza, (1976), Studio 54, New York City, (1977), Paradise Garage, New York, (1977), Ku Club Ibiza, (1978), Xenon, New York, (1978), Roxy NYC, New York, (1978), Dorian Gray, Frankfurt, (1978), Heaven London, (1979), Danceteria, New York, (1979)

1980s
Examples of "superclubs" from this period include The Saint in New York in (1980), The Fridge, London, (1981), The Haçienda in Manchester opened in (1982), The Limelight, New York, (1983), Hippodrome, London, (1983), Space, Ibiza, (1986), Tunnel, New York, (1986), Palladium, New York, (1985), Quadrant Park, Liverpool, (1988), Excalibur Nightclub, Chicago, (1989), The Sound Factory, New York, (1989), The Venue, Tower Park Poole, (1989).

1990s
Examples of "superclubs" from this period include Trade and Turnmills, London, (1990), Club 051, Liverpool (1991), Ministry of Sound in London (1991), Juliana's Tokyo, (1991), Zouk, Singapore, (1991), Renaissance (1992), Avalon, Boston (1992), Bunker, Berlin, (1992), E-Werk, Berlin, (1993), G-A-Y, London, (1993), Cream at Nation, Liverpool, (1993), Miss Moneypenny's, Birmingham, (1993), Cavo Paradiso, Mykonos, (1993),Ultraschall, Munich, (1994), Twilo, New York, (1995), The End, London, (1995), Nation, Washington, D.C., (1995), The Emporium. Coalville, (1995), Privilege, Ibiza, (1995), Gatecrasher One, (1996), Godskitchen, (1996), KW – Das Heizkraftwerk, Munich, (1996), The Church, Denver (1996), Fabric, London (1999), DC10, Ibiza, (1999), Home, London, (1999)

2000s
Examples of "superclubs" from this period include Womb, Tokyo, (2000), Bungalow 8, New York City, (2001), Hakkasan, Las Vegas, (2001), Vision Club, Chicago, (2002), Vanguard LA, Hollywood, (2002), SeOne, London, (2002), Berghain, Berlin, (2003), Cielo, New York, (2003), Opium Garden Miami, (2003), AIR, Birmingham, (2003), Crobar, Chelsea, New York, (2003), Sound Bar, Chicago, (2004), Myth, Minneapolis, (2005), TAO, Las Vegas, (2005), 1015 Folsom Nightclub, San Francisco, (2005), Belo, (San Diego), (2006), XS Nightclub, Las Vegas, (2008), Marquee Nightclub and Dayclub, Las Vegas, (2010), Omnia, Las Vegas (2015) (formerly, Pure, (2004)), Marquee Nightclub, Singapore, (2018), KAOS Dayclub and Nightclub, Las Vegas, (2019).

2010s
Examples of "superclubs" from this period include: Echostage, Washington D.C., (2012), Output, New York City, (2013), White Dubai @ Meydan, (2013), MMA Club, Munich (2014), Bassiani, Tbilisi, (2014), Laroc, São Paulo, (2015), Printworks, London (2017), Kompass klub, Ghent. Student Society in Trondheim, Trondhjem Norway, (2024).

Culturally important clubs
The clubs listed here do not necessarily meet the criteria for the spatial definition of a "superclub" but are included for their significant cultural importance: Peppermint Lounge, (1958), New York City, UFO Club, London (1960's), The Loft, New York City, (1970), The Warehouse, Chicago, (1977), Mudd Club, New York, (1978), Billy's, London (1978), Blitz Club, London, (1979), Pyramid Club, New York, (1979), Club 57, New York, (1979), Camden Palace, London, (1982), The Batcave, London (1982), Taboo, London, (1985), The World, New York, (1986), Kinky Gerlinky, London, (1989), Tresor, Berlin, (1991), Trade (1990-2008), Vague Club, Leeds, (1993), B 018, Beirut, (1994).

Superclub the album
Cream, Gatecrasher and Pacha teamed up in 2010 to produce the album Superclub. Released on 22 November in the UK, the 3 CD collection has one disc for each of the clubs and was the first release from Rhino UK's dance imprint One More Tune. A second album, called Superclub Ibiza, was released in July 2011 by EMI.

title: Superclub


text:
Blow Up (Bobby Hutcherson album)

Blow Up is a live album by jazz vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, released on the Jazz Music Yesterday label.

Composition
""We were all embracing the political content of the music, versus issuing the traditional and conventional...Our approaches varied. We used sounds prevalent at the time and played in a free form. Our resources were expanded as we set out to re-examine the music. The apex for me came at a concert we had in Antibes. There were great moments at that show where we combined pulses with a great deal of freedom within a fixed form. Bobby was doing these incredible cadenzas.""

- Stanley Cowell

Track listing

 * 1) "Spiral" (Chambers) - 13:40
 * 2) "Blow-Up" (Herbie Hancock) - 14:32
 * 3) "Herzog" (Hutcherson) - 14:30
 * 4) "Maiden Voyage" (Hancock) - 11:40
 * 5) "Man on Mercury" (Land) - 1:56

Personnel

 * Bobby Hutcherson - vibraphone
 * Harold Land - tenor saxophone
 * Stanley Cowell - piano
 * Reggie Johnson - bass
 * Joe Chambers - drums

title: Blow Up (Bobby Hutcherson album)


text:
Cangas del Narcea

Cangas del Narcea is the oldest municipality in the Principality of Asturias in Spain. It is also the largest municipality in Asturias. It is in the southwest of Asturias, on the Asturian border with León. Formerly, Cangas del Narcea was known as Cangas de Tineo (Asturian: Cangas de Tinéu). Cangas del Narcea is also the name of the municipality's capital, and one of the judicial districts in Asturias.

Parishes
Cangas del Narcea is divided into 54 parishes:

Protected areas
Muniellos Wood, a nature reserve which lies within Cangas del Narcea and Ibias, is the core area of the Muniellos Biosphere Reserve (designated by UNESCO in 2000 and later extended). In 2002 a new natural park was created, the Natural Park of Fuentes del Narcea, Degaña, and Ibias (Parque Natural de Fuentes del Narcea, Degaña e Ibias), an area of 550 km2 (212 sq mi). The natural park provides the core area of the biosphere reserve with a buffer zone. The park's formation prompted legal action by landowners, but a management plan for the protected area was approved in 2006.

The Muniellos Visitor Centre is in Cangas del Narcea

Politics
by: Ministerio del Interior y Federación Asturiana de Concejos

title: Cangas del Narcea


text:
Northwood, New South Wales

Northwood is a suburb on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, eight kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Municipality of Lane Cove. Northwood is on the northern side of the Lane Cove River between Woodford Bay and Gore Creek.

History
Northwood is named after Northwood House, designed by Edmund Blacket (1817–1883) and built by Mrs Jane Davy in 1878. The name was chosen because it is descriptive of its location, a woodland area in the north. Mrs Davy also built a ferry at her own expense, so that her family could travel to the city by ferry. For the early history of Northwood see John and Pam Ball, Exploring the early history of Northwood, Riverview, 2016.

Heritage listings
Northwood has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 1 Private Road: Northwood House

Transport
Busways bus route 261 from Lane Cove to King Street Wharf operates via Northwood. Northwood ferry wharf is served by peak-hour Captain Cook Cruises services to Circular Quay. The nearest railway station is St Leonards.

Demographics
In the 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population and Housing, the population of Northwood stood at 982 people, 49.2% females and 50.8% males, with a median age of 45 years. 31.3% of the population was born overseas with England (5.5%), Malaysia (2.1%) and New Zealand (1.5%) the most common. The five strongest religious affiliations in the area were in descending order: Catholic (29.5%), no religion (28.2%), Anglican (19.4%), and Uniting Church (3.4%).

Northwood's population is typically wealthy, with a median weekly household income of A$4,152, compared with A$1,438 in Australia. The most common types of occupation for employed persons were Professionals (48.6%), Managers (17.4%), and Clerical and Administrative Workers (12.1%). 91.0% of the suburbs occupied private dwellings were family households, and 9.0% were single (lone) person households.

Notable residents
Northwood was the home of landscape artist Lloyd Rees for many years before his death in 1988. Many of his later paintings are of the area.

Northwood was also home to portrait artist William Pidgeon, aka Bill Pidgeon and WEP, (1909 – 1981) who was an Australian painter. He won the Archibald Prize three times, 1958, 1961 and 1968.

title: Northwood, New South Wales


text:
Talk:Thrippunithura

History section
Aren't the contents of the History section more suitable for a new Culture section? The History section for this page doesn't even talk about the proper history of the region. Nerdypanda4125 (talk) 08:57, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

Etymology
Did Thrippunithura get the name from the Poornathrayeesa temple, or did the temple get the name from the place ? Tintin 05:14, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Thripunithura got its name from the temple only. It means thiru - pooni- thura. pooni means the basket in which arrows are kept. When Arjuna visited Lord Mahavishnu, Mahavishnu Gave him an idol to worship. Arjuna put the idol in his Pooni ( a basket holding arrows) and serched all over for an ideal place to place it. Then he met Lord Ganapathi and told him to find an ideal place for him. Ganapathi agreed and serched for it. Then he came across a place and being the perfect place, Ganapathi himself sat there facing east. After a while Arjuna came there and saw Ganapathi. He got very angry and he kicked Ganapathi and Ganapathi turned and sat facing south. Arjuna placed the idol facing east and worhsipped him there.

Thus the temple was created. -- Dileep

More Content Required
We have hundreds of other things in Tripunithura other than the temple. Suggest to all that more details of Hill Palance, Kalikkotta Palace, Statue junction, the Royal Pooja Cricket Club/Ground, thr British Clock in front of the Poornathrayisa Temple, Ayurveda College, other Hospitals, Railway Station etc may be added.

Amolnaik3k (talk) 07:38, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Actually the clock was of portugese. . . . C V K (talk) 07:25, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

Guys i have rearranged the content and added many more. the basic structure is ready. please fill in the contents as much as possible C V K (talk) 12:05, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thrippunithura


text:
Northbridge, New South Wales

Northbridge is a suburb on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located 6 kilometres north of the Sydney Central Business District, in the local government area of the City of Willoughby. Northbridge is a leafy suburb, set in surroundings of bush bounded by the northwestern banks of The Outpost, located within proximity of Middle Harbour.

Northbridge is an affluent suburb, ranking in the top 10 postcodes in Australia by average taxable income. As of April 2024 the median house price is $5.2m and Northbridge is also home to Australia's most expensive street, Hallstrom Close.

The Suspension Bridge, linking the suburb to Cammeray, has become a recognised symbol of Northbridge, completed in January 1892 and purchased by the state government in 1912.

The suburb celebrated its centenary in 2013.

History
Northbridge took its name from its location, north of a sandstone suspension bridge built in 1892. The bridge was constructed by a team of land developers at a cost of A£42,000 and originally known as North Sydney Bridge. The engineer responsible for the construction was J. E. Coyle and the style was Federation Gothic, with medieval motifs as "unexpected embellishments". It has been known as the Northbridge and Cammeray Suspension Bridge but is now called the Long Gully Bridge.

The land where the suspension bridge was built belonged to William Twemlow, a Sydney jeweler. In 1868 he purchased the land extending from Fig Tree Point to the head of Long Bay, (now Northbridge). He initially regarded the land as valueless but changed his mind when he made a handsome profit by selling some of it to an English syndicate who built the suspension bridge. Twemlow decided to build a two-storey home called The Hermitage, on Fig Tree Point, from sandstone quarried on the estate, which took a year to cut. As this was the first house built in this locality, transport was a problem and Twemlow had to sail through The Spit and around Middle Head to Circular Quay, from where he walked to his shop at Sydney Arcade.

Northbridge Post Office opened on 25 November 1920.

In the aftermath of World War I, Northbridge underwent a suburban development and through the 1920s, new houses, roads, schools and shops were built.

Since that time, Northbridge has maintained a number of Federation-style detached houses.

Commercial area
Northbridge Plaza is a shopping centre managed by AMP Capital for two overseas owners. It is located on the corner of Eastern Valley Way and Sailors Bay Road, and it features a Woolworths supermarket, groceries, a butchery, a bakery, a chemist, and a selection of clothing and specialty shops.

Located outside of Northbridge Plaza along Sailors Bay Road are several cafes providing breakfast, lunch and coffee options, and restaurants including Indian, Thai, Japanese, and pizza establishments, offering eat-in or takeaway food.

Transport
Busways routes 202, 203, 207, 208 and 209 from Bridge Street, in the Sydney CBD, travel through Northbridge via North Sydney. Peak hour bus routes 204, 205 and 206 operates to city via the Warringah Freeway. CDC NSW also operates bus route 194 to Wynyard and Town Hall via the Warringah Freeway. A bus stop is located at the major intersection between Strathallen Avenue and Sailors Bay Road. At the 2011 census, 22% of employed people travelled to work on public transport and 52% by car (either as driver or as passenger). This is compared with the 2021 census, where 2% of employed people stated they travelled to work on public transport and 25% by car (either as a driver or as passenger). 60% of employed people worked at home.

Schools

 * Northbridge Public School: Northbridge's government primary school, 'committed to the provision of the highest quality education'. Founded in 1923, the school has over 500 students enrolled and has hosted events of national significance including the launch of the "Australian of the Year Awards" 2003 and a helicopter visit from the Crown Prince and Princess of Japan in 2005.
 * St Philip Neri School: the suburb's Catholic school, part of the Broken Bay Diocese. The school is on the same site as the Catholic Church.
 * Sydney Church of England Grammar School (SHORE): the school's playing fields and preparatory school are located at the westernmost end of Northbridge.

Parks
Northbridge has a vantage point over Middle Harbour with the harbourside parks (Clive, Elizabeth and Hallstrom Parks) all offering great views. Northbridge features an 18-hole harbour view golf course, soccer club, sailing club, marina, salt water baths, scout hall, girl guides, tennis courts, parks, ovals, local reserves and bike track. The Bond's Corner bike track was designed and created by a group of friends who believed Northbridge needed an area that appealed to the increasing bike riding population of the town. The nearby Willoughby Leisure Centre is easily accessible through Small Street or a nearby track.
 * Elizabeth Park (Coolawin Road)
 * Clive Park (Minimbah Road): with tables, harbour views, barbecue facilities, swings, and bathroom facilities.
 * Hallstrom Point Park (Hallstrom Close)
 * John Roche Playground (Roche Lane, off Woonona Road): playground, junior bike track
 * Tunks Park (Brothers Avenue): barbecues, playing fields, boat ramp, gym equipment, playground, bush tracks, extensive parking.
 * Warners Park (The Outpost): playground, parking, barbecue, community garden.
 * Northbridge Bike Skills Track (Sailors Bay Road): A small bike track with two jump lines and a large berm.

Clubs and societies

 * Norths Pirates Junior Rugby Union Club is the local village Rugby Club, the former Club being known as Cambridge Bay. This Club taking its name from Northbridge, Cammeray and Neutral Bay. The Pirates home ground is located at Tunks Park which is below the famous bridge.
 * Northbridge Sailing Club (NSC) faces Middle Harbour and can be accessed through Minimbah Road. Partnered with Seaforth Sailing Club, races are held on Sundays. The club offers boat storage, a canteen and a launching pontoon.
 * Northbridge Cricket Club (NCC) founded in 1919, is the oldest surviving cricket club in the Northern Suburbs Cricket Association (NCSA). Fielding 6 teams in 2017-18 across a number of grades and caters for players of various abilities, with the emphasis on competition, participation and enjoyment. NCC has raised a potential player base of 150 people who regularly play cricket for the club. Off the field the club has an active social calendar and regularly hold social events for all the family. In 2018/19 the club celebrated its centenary season.
 * Northbridge Football Club
 * Northbridge Netball Club
 * 1st Northbridge Scout Troop located by Northbridge oval.

Demographics
As of the 2021 census, the suburb of Northbridge recorded a population of 6,493. Of these:
 * The median age was 44 years, compared to the national median of 38 years, children aged under 15 years made up 20.5% of the population (national average is 18.2%) and people aged 65 years and over made up 20.9% of the population (national average is 17.2%).
 * More than two-thirds (67.4%) were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 4.8%, China mainland 3.9%, Hong Kong 2.1%, New Zealand 1.8 and Japan 1.6%.
 * 76.5% of people only spoke English at home. Other most common languages spoken at home included Mandarin 4.5%, Cantonese 3.7%, Japanese 2.2%, Greek 1.4% and Armenian 0.9%.
 * The most common responses for religion were No Religion 37.4%, Catholic 25.7% and Anglican 15.6%.
 * Of occupied private dwellings in Northbridge 74.1% were separate houses, 19.2% were flats or apartments and 6.3% were semi-detached. The average household size was 2.9 people.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.3% of the population of Northbridge.

Notable residents
Several notable Australians live in Northbridge including former NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian, federal 'teal' independent MP and businesswoman Kylea Tink, former rugby league champions Laurie Daley and Jason Taylor, former Wallabies player Phil Waugh, Seven News presenter and journalist Chris Reason and Australian journalist Kathryn Robinson.

The composer Dulcie Holland and her conductor husband Alan Bellhouse both lived in Kameruka Road in Northbridge until their deaths.

The businessman and philanthropist, Edward Hallstrom, lived in a large house, 'Figtree House', since demolished, at what is now Hallstrom Close and Hallstrom Point Park, until his death in 1970.

Former Australian prime minister Bob Hawke purchased a waterfront property in Northbridge shortly before the end of his tenure and resided there until his death in 2019.

title: Northbridge, New South Wales


text:
User:Astrochris

I edit on a variety of interesting subjects.

title: User:Astrochris


text:
Bromoureide

Bromoureides are sedative-hypnotics available mainly in Europe, including acecarbromal, bromisoval, and carbromal (Horowitz, 1997). They are a subfamily of the ureides (acylureas).

title: Bromoureide


text:
Kwan-wook Park

Kwan-Wook Park is a contemporary South Korean artist whose largest show to date was at the Gallery Hyundai in 1999. His iconography includes various pop culture elements such as Mickey Mouse as well as abstract styles and organic materials such as rocks and semi-precious gemstones. Since then, also he deals with the themes base upon many contradictory facets of modern society along with the using of various materials which are aesthetical portion of his concept on art. Recently his works lean on more of linguistic side than conventional pursuing on pure art making. Yet it might be said that he regards himself as a landscape-painter who symbolizes things and depicting language per se, at these days of sublime absurdities.

title: Kwan-wook Park


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fujinomosist

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rob Church Talk 00:27, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Fujinomosist
I can't find any indication that this is real Rx StrangeLove 05:20, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and, if not a hoax, more to Wiktionary. Cnwb 06:06, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete per criterion G1. Dicdef with 0 google hits = patent nonsense. Failing that, Delete. KissL 10:21, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Probable hoax DV8 2XL 11:27, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Dann Hume

Dann Hume (born Daniel Benjamin Cobbe, 1 September 1987) is a New Zealand musician, music producer, mix engineer and songwriter. Hume began his career with his two brothers (with Jon Hume and Peter Hume) who formed the alternative rock band, Evermore in 1999. Hume co-wrote songs for Evermore, "Running", "Light Surrounding You" and "It's Too Late".

Life and career
Dann Hume was born Daniel Benjamin Cobbe, and is the youngest son of the Hume family. In 1999, with his two brothers, he formed Evermore in Feilding. He has co-written songs for Evermore such as "Running", "Light Surrounding You" as well as the first single from Dreams, "It's Too Late". Soon after the release of Evermore's fourth studio album Follow the Sun in late 2012, Hume stepped away from touring with the band to focus on music production.

As a producer he has worked with a host of Australian artists including Lisa Mitchell, Matt Corby, Amy Shark, Alpine, Troye Sivan, Client Liaison, Snakadaktal, Sticky Fingers, Courtney Barnett, Hopium and Kita Alexander.

Lisa Mitchell's 'Wonder' achieved ARIA Platinum status, and albums reaching ARIA Gold status include Matt Corby's debut Telluric, Sticky Fingers' Caress Your Soul. Kita Alexander's Hotel, and Amy Shark's 'Weekends' achieved ARIA Platinum and Gold status, respectively. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2019, Hume won Producer of the Year for his work on Corby's album, Rainbow Valley.

title: Dann Hume


text:
File:San Francisco (Bobby Hutcherson album) cover.jpg

Summary
Cover artwork for Bobby Hutcherson & Harold Lands' San Francisco LP.


text:
Ancient UNIX

Ancient UNIX is any early release of the Unix code base prior to Unix System III, particularly the Research Unix releases prior to and including Version 7 (the base for UNIX/32V as well as later developments of AT&T Unix).

After the publication of the Lions' book, work was undertaken to release earlier versions of the codebase. SCO first released the code under a limited educational license.

Later, in January 2002, Caldera International (now SCO Group) relicensed (but has not made available) several versions under the four-clause BSD license, namely: , there has been no widespread use of the code, but it can be used on emulator systems, and Version 5 Unix runs on the Nintendo Game Boy Advance using the SIMH PDP-11 emulator. Version 6 Unix provides the basis for the MIT xv6 teaching system, which is an update of that version to ANSI C and the x86 or RISC-V platform.
 * Research Unix: (early versions only)
 * Version 1 Unix
 * Version 2 Unix
 * Version 3 Unix
 * Version 4 Unix
 * Version 5 Unix
 * Version 6 Unix
 * Version 7 Unix
 * UNIX/32V

The BSD vi text editor is based on code from the ed line editor in those early Unixes. Therefore, "traditional" vi could not be distributed freely, and various work-alikes (such as nvi) were created. Now that the original code is no longer encumbered, the "traditional" vi has been adapted for modern Unix-like operating systems.

SCO Group, Inc. was previously called Caldera International. As a result of the SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc. case, Novell, Inc. was found to not have transferred the copyrights of UNIX to SCO Group, Inc. Concerns have been raised regarding the validity of the Caldera license.

The Unix Heritage Society
The Unix Heritage Society was founded by Warren Toomey. First edition Unix was restored to a usable state by a restoration team from the Unix Heritage Society in 2008. The restoration process started with paper listings of the source code which were in PDP-11 assembly language.

title: Ancient UNIX


text:
User:Deyyaz

{| id="Todo" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; border:2px #A3D9BE solid; margin-bottom: 1em" [ User Page · Talk · Contributions ]
 * colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0; text-align:center; padding:2px; border-bottom:1px #A3D9BE solid; padding-top:5px" |
 * colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0; text-align:center; padding:2px; border-bottom:1px #A3D9BE solid; padding-top:5px" |

Life is a tragedy for those who feel and a comedy for those who think.
 * style="width:100%; background:#f5fffa; padding:1.2em;" valign="middle" |
 * style="width:100%; background:#f5fffa; padding:1.2em;" valign="middle" |

{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px; background: none;"  About Me Hello! I'm Deyyaz, otherwise known as Tom Vickery. I made my first Wikipedia contribution on May 7, 2005 and have been active on and off ever since. It must be noted that the vast majority of my first 1,500 edits can be considered questionable at best. Originally I was enthusiastic about contributing and evidently thought WP policies were suggestions and not rules. So, after an extended hiatus, I am back in a more modest and rule-conscious form. My interests have evolved extensively since my initial edits and now encompass the History and Philosophy of Science, political science in all of its' incarnations (Public policy to Political Theory), Intellectual history, and linguistics. I still have an active interest in the American Civil War (especially Joshua Chamberlain and the 20th Maine Regiment),Speculative literature, and the history of academia. I find the interplay between unrecognized fields such as cryptozoology and parapsychology and the established scientific community fascinating, and therefore I am also interested in fringe academics and scholars. I am a member of the Science and Academia Work Group, and am focusing on contributing biographies of scholars both deceased and living. I can personally vouch for the identity of Shardsofmetal.
 * width="49%" class="MainPageBG" style="border: 0px solid #32cd32; background-color: #f8fff8; vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 15px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 15px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 15px;"|

 Articles

A
Dan Ahdoot · Kazimierz Alchimowicz · Max Alexander · Ted Alexandro · Dan Allen · Carlos Alomar · Aziz Ansari · Mario Azzopardi

B
Leslie Bethell · Michael F. Brennan · Charles N. Brown · Luis Bush

C
Nina Cassian · Carmen Cavallaro · David Cross

D
Chad Donella

E
Don Eddy · Betheda Edmonds

F
Hal Forrest· Mera J. Flaumenhaft

G
Wojciech Gerson · Paul Gootenberg · Richard Greenwell · Svend Grundtvig · John Gutmann

H
Kedus Harbe · Samuel Hoffenstein

I
Gabriel Iglesias

J
Nils Jacobsen

K
Al Kavelin · Mark R. Killenbeck

L
Jonathan Letterman · Daniel Levy · Buddy Lewis

M
Morrell Mackenzie · Jhoni Marchinko · Richard McBrien ·Mississippi Quarterly

O
Harvey Oxenhorn · Joseph Oxenhorn

P
Alfredo Panzini · Fred Pfeffer · William C. Preston · Wladyslaw Podkowinski

R
Charles M. Robinson III

S
Earl Kenneth Shriner · William Jay Smith · Sebastian Steinberg

T
Mike Tiernan

W
Kenneth Webb · Marjorie Wheeler-Barclay · Irving Francis Wood

 Favorite Bands
 * Modest Mouse
 * The Decemberists
 * Death Cab for Cutie
 * Florence and the Machine

 Favorite Movies
 * Goodfellas
 * The Godfather
 * The Shawshank Redemption
 * Schindler's List
 * Saving Private Ryan
 * Forrest Gump
 * Hotel Rwanda
 * Gangs of New York
 * O Brother Where Art Thou?
 * The Green Mile
 * Road to Perdition
 * Glory
 * }
 * style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center; padding:2em; background:#cef2e0; border-top:1px #A3D9BE solid" | Thanks to Shreshth91 for the formatting idea and thanks to Shardsofmetal for the labor.
 * }
 * }

title: User:Deyyaz


text:
User:SusanRoy

This is me! What do I put in here?

I work in Macquarie Park, New South Wales and I used to attend Macquarie University.

I currently live in Carlingford, New South Wales.

Current Position: System engineer, working on Sun hardware and Solaris_Operating_Environment as well as RHEL and Debian.

Computer programming in C, Perl, Shell scripting, etc.

=Ohh a Heading!=

coolness. Please tell me how to do signatures as standard?

To do signatures, use 4 tildas.

How to add your photo to a wiki article
You have seen the picture, now here are the instructions Hello Susan. I would like to help others and to help myself by being able to write the article on How to add your photo to a wiki article. I can compress an image, and upload it, but at the moment that is as far as I can take it. This is for images from cameras which people are prepared to place in the public domain. I have read and tried but to no avail. The furthest I got was to create a link to my photo; it did not get imbedded in the article. I know the instructions are there somewhere, deep in the many pages of detail, but I keep stuffing up. I would like to have and write (or provoke the writing of) the BRIEF SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS for embedding a picture in a wiki article. I look forward to being experienced and useful and being a helper myself. Garrison Roo my email address is garrison at exemail dot com dot au  One of the articles I have been working on is Lakemba, New_South_Wales. I am also the most involved in another non-profit organisation which uses wiki, and we are winging it !!

=Previous Wiki Use=

PersonalWiki phpwiki+mysql on Mac OSX Tiger

Portland_Pattern_Repository C2.com original wiki: http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?SusanRoy

title: User:SusanRoy


text: User talk:70.26.195.239

title: User talk:70.26.195.239