text:
Isotopes of selenium

Selenium (34Se) has six natural isotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope 79Se, which occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores. Five of these isotopes are stable: 74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, and 80Se. The last three also occur as fission products, along with 79Se, which has a half-life of 327,000 years, and 82Se, which has a very long half-life (~1020 years, decaying via double beta decay to 82Kr) and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable. There are 23 other unstable isotopes that have been characterized, the longest-lived being 79Se with a half-life 327,000 years, 75Se with a half-life of 120 days, and 72Se with a half-life of 8.40 days. Of the other isotopes, 73Se has the longest half-life, 7.15 hours; most others have half-lives not exceeding 38 seconds.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=3|63Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 29
 * rowspan=3|62.98191(54)#
 * rowspan=3|13.2(39) ms
 * β+, p (89%)
 * 62Ge
 * rowspan=3|3/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+ (11%)
 * 63As
 * 2p? (<0.5%)
 * 61Ge
 * rowspan=2|64Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2|63.97117(54)#
 * rowspan=2|22.6(2) ms
 * β+?
 * 64As
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p?
 * 63Ge
 * rowspan=2|65Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2|64.96455(32)#
 * rowspan=2|34.2(7) ms
 * β+, p (87%)
 * 64Ge
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (13%)
 * 65As
 * rowspan=2|66Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2|65.95528(22)#
 * rowspan=2|54(4) ms
 * β+
 * 66As
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p?
 * 65Ge
 * rowspan=2|67Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=2|66.949994(72)
 * rowspan=2|133(4) ms
 * β+ (99.5%)
 * 67As
 * rowspan=2|5/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (0.5%)
 * 66Ge
 * 68Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * 67.94182524(53)
 * 35.5(7) s
 * β+
 * 68As
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|69Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2|68.9394148(16)
 * rowspan=2|27.4(2) s
 * β+ (99.95%)
 * 69As
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (.052%)
 * 68Ge
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 69m1Se
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 38.85(22) keV
 * 2.0(2) μs
 * IT
 * 69Se
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 69m2Se
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 574.0(4) keV
 * 955(16) ns
 * IT
 * 69Se
 * 9/2+
 * 70Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 36
 * 69.9335155(17)
 * 41.1(3) min
 * β+
 * 70As
 * 0+
 * 71Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 37
 * 70.9322094(30)
 * 4.74(5) min
 * β+
 * 71As
 * (5/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 71m1Se
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 48.79(5) keV
 * 5.6(7) μs
 * IT
 * 71Se
 * (1/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 71m2Se
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 260.48(10) keV
 * 19.0(5) μs
 * IT
 * 71Se
 * (9/2+)
 * 72Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 38
 * 71.9271405(21)
 * 8.40(8) d
 * EC
 * 72As
 * 0+
 * 73Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 39
 * 72.9267549(80)
 * 7.15(9) h
 * β+
 * 73As
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 73mSe
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 25.71(4) keV
 * rowspan=2|39.8(17) min
 * IT (72.6%)
 * 73Se
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (27.4%)
 * 73As
 * 74Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 40
 * 73.922475933(15)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0086(3)
 * 75Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 41
 * 74.922522870(78)
 * 119.78(3) d
 * EC
 * 75As
 * 5/2+
 * 76Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * 75.919213702(17)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0923(7)
 * 77Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * 76.919914150(67)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 1/2−
 * 0.0760(7)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 77mSe
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 161.9223(10) keV
 * 17.36(5) s
 * IT
 * 77Se
 * 7/2+
 * 78Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * 77.91730924(19)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.2369 (22)
 * 79Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * 78.91849925(24)
 * 3.27(28)×105 y
 * β−
 * 79Br
 * 7/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 79mSe
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 95.77(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|3.900(18) min
 * IT (99.94%)
 * 79Se
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (0.056%)
 * 79Br
 * 80Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * 79.9165218(10)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.4980(36)
 * 81Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 80.9179930(10)
 * 18.45(12) min
 * β−
 * 81Br
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 81mSe
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 103.00(6) keV
 * rowspan=2|57.28(2) min
 * IT (99.95%)
 * 81Se
 * rowspan=2|7/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (.051%)
 * 81Br
 * 82Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 81.91669953(50)
 * 8.76(15)×1019 y
 * β−β−
 * 82Kr
 * 0+
 * 0.0882(15)
 * 83Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * 82.9191186(33)
 * 22.25(4) min
 * β−
 * 83Br
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 83mSe
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 228.92(7) keV
 * 70.1(4) s
 * β−
 * 83Br
 * 1/2−
 * 84Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 83.9184668(21)
 * 3.26(10) min
 * β−
 * 84Br
 * 0+
 * 85Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 51
 * 84.9222608(28)
 * 32.9(3) s
 * β−
 * 85Br
 * (5/2)+
 * rowspan=2|86Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52
 * rowspan=2|85.9243117(27)
 * rowspan=2|14.3(3) s
 * β−
 * 86Br
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 85Br
 * rowspan=2|87Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53
 * rowspan=2|86.9286886(24)
 * rowspan=2|5.50(6) s
 * β− (99.50%)
 * 87Br
 * rowspan=2|(3/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (0.60%)
 * 86Br
 * rowspan=2|88Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54
 * rowspan=2|87.9314175(36)
 * rowspan=2|1.53(6) s
 * β− (99.01%)
 * 88Br
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (0.99%)
 * 87Br
 * rowspan=2|89Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55
 * rowspan=2|88.9366691(40)
 * rowspan=2|430(50) ms
 * β− (92.2%)
 * 89Br
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (7.8%)
 * 88Br
 * rowspan=2|90Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=2|89.94010(35)
 * rowspan=2|210(80) ms
 * β−
 * 90Br
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 89Br
 * rowspan=3|91Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=3|90.94570(47)
 * rowspan=3|270(50) ms
 * β− (79%)
 * 91Br
 * rowspan=3|1/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (21%)
 * 90Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 89Br
 * rowspan=3|92Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58
 * rowspan=3|91.94984(43)#
 * rowspan=3|90# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 92Br
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 91Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 90Br
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 92mSe
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3072(2) keV
 * 15.7(7) μs
 * IT
 * 92Se
 * (9−)
 * rowspan=3|93Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59
 * rowspan=3|92.95614(43)#
 * rowspan=3|130# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 93Br
 * rowspan=3|1/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 92Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 91Br
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 93mSe
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 678.2(7) keV
 * 420(100) ns
 * IT
 * 93Se
 * rowspan=3|94Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 60
 * rowspan=3|93.96049(54)#
 * rowspan=3|50# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 94Br
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 93Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 92Br
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 94mSe
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2430.0(6) keV
 * 680(50) ns
 * IT
 * 94Se
 * (7−)
 * rowspan=3|95Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61
 * rowspan=3|94.96730(54)#
 * rowspan=3|70# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 95Br
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 94Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 93Br
 * 96Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 97Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * rowspan=3|91Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=3|90.94570(47)
 * rowspan=3|270(50) ms
 * β− (79%)
 * 91Br
 * rowspan=3|1/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (21%)
 * 90Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 89Br
 * rowspan=3|92Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58
 * rowspan=3|91.94984(43)#
 * rowspan=3|90# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 92Br
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 91Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 90Br
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 92mSe
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3072(2) keV
 * 15.7(7) μs
 * IT
 * 92Se
 * (9−)
 * rowspan=3|93Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59
 * rowspan=3|92.95614(43)#
 * rowspan=3|130# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 93Br
 * rowspan=3|1/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 92Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 91Br
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 93mSe
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 678.2(7) keV
 * 420(100) ns
 * IT
 * 93Se
 * rowspan=3|94Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 60
 * rowspan=3|93.96049(54)#
 * rowspan=3|50# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 94Br
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 93Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 92Br
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 94mSe
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2430.0(6) keV
 * 680(50) ns
 * IT
 * 94Se
 * (7−)
 * rowspan=3|95Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61
 * rowspan=3|94.96730(54)#
 * rowspan=3|70# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 95Br
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 94Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 93Br
 * 96Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 97Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * rowspan=3|95Se
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61
 * rowspan=3|94.96730(54)#
 * rowspan=3|70# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 95Br
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 94Br
 * β−, 2n?
 * 93Br
 * 96Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 97Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 97Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * 97Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * 97Se
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * style="text-align:right" | 63

Use of radioisotopes
The isotope selenium-75 has radiopharmaceutical uses. For example, it is used in high-dose-rate endorectal brachytherapy, as an alternative to iridium-192.

In paleobiogeochemistry, the ratio in amount of selenium-82 to selenium-76 (i.e, the value of δ82/76Se) can be used to track down the redox conditions on Earth during the Neoproterozoic era in order to gain a deeper understanding of the rapid oxygenation that trigger the emergence of complex organisms.

title: Isotopes of selenium


text:
Isotopes of bromine

Bromine (35Br) has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, and 35 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 77Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

Like the radioactive isotopes of iodine, radioisotopes of bromine, collectively radiobromine, can be used to label biomolecules for nuclear medicine; for example, the positron emitters 75Br and 76Br can be used for positron emission tomography. Radiobromine has the advantage that organobromides are more stable than analogous organoiodides, and that it is not uptaken by the thyroid like iodine.

List of isotopes

 * 68Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * 67.95836(28)#
 * ~35 ns
 * p?
 * 67Se
 * 3+#
 * 69Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * 68.950338(45)
 * <19 ns
 * p
 * 68Se
 * (5/2−)
 * rowspan=2|70Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2|69.944792(16)
 * rowspan=2|78.8(3) ms
 * β+
 * 70Se
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p?
 * 69As
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 70mBr
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2292.3(8) keV
 * rowspan=2|2.16(5) s
 * β+
 * 70Se
 * rowspan=2|9+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p?
 * 69As
 * 71Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 36
 * 70.9393422(58)
 * 21.4(6) s
 * β+
 * 71Se
 * (5/2)−
 * 72Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 37
 * 71.9365946(11)
 * 78.6(24) s
 * β+
 * 72Se
 * 1+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 72mBr
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100.76(15) keV
 * rowspan=2|10.6(3) s
 * IT
 * 72Br
 * rowspan=2|(3-)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+?
 * 72Se
 * 73Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 38
 * 72.9316734(72)
 * 3.4(2) min
 * β+
 * 73Se
 * 1/2−
 * 74Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 39
 * 73.9299103(63)
 * 25.4(3) min
 * β+
 * 74Se
 * (0−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 74mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13.58(21) keV
 * 46(2) min
 * β+
 * 74Se
 * 4+
 * rowspan=2|75Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 40
 * rowspan=2|74.9258106(46)
 * rowspan=2|96.7(13) min
 * β+ (76%)
 * 75Se
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (24%)
 * 76Se
 * rowspan=2|76Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
 * rowspan=2|75.924542(10)
 * rowspan=2|16.2(2) h
 * β+ (57%)
 * 76Se
 * rowspan=2|1−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (43%)
 * 76Se
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 76mBr
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 102.58(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|1.31(2) s
 * IT (>99.4%)
 * 76Br
 * rowspan=2|(4)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (<0.6%)
 * 76Se
 * rowspan=2|77Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=2|76.9213792(30)
 * rowspan=2|57.04(12) h
 * EC (99.3%)
 * 77Se
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (0.7%)
 * 77Se
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 77mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 105.86(8) keV
 * 4.28(10) min
 * IT
 * 77Br
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2|78Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=2|77.9211459(38)
 * rowspan=2|6.45(4) min
 * β+ (>99.99%)
 * 78Se
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (<0.01%)
 * 78Kr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 78mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 180.89(13) keV
 * 119.4(10) μs
 * IT
 * 78Br
 * (4+)
 * 79Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * 78.9183376(11)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 3/2−
 * 0.5065(9)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 79mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 207.61(9) keV
 * 4.85(4) s
 * IT
 * 79Br
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2|80Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2|79.9185298(11)
 * rowspan=2|17.68(2) min
 * β− (91.7%)
 * 80Kr
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (8.3%)
 * 80Se
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 80mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 85.843(4) keV
 * 4.4205(8) h
 * IT
 * 80Br
 * 5−
 * 81Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * 80.9162882(10)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 3/2−
 * 0.4935(9)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 81mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 536.20(9) keV
 * 34.6(28) μs
 * IT
 * 81Br
 * 9/2+
 * 82Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 81.9168018(10)
 * 35.282(7) h
 * β−
 * 82Kr
 * 5−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 82mBr
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 45.9492(10) keV
 * rowspan=2|6.13(5) min
 * IT (97.6%)
 * 82Br
 * rowspan=2|2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (2.4%)
 * 82Kr
 * 83Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 82.9151753(41)
 * 2.374(4) h
 * β−
 * 83Kr
 * 3/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 83mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3069.2(4) keV
 * 729(77) ns
 * IT
 * 83Br
 * (19/2−)
 * 84Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * 83.916496(28)
 * 31.76(8) min
 * β−
 * 84Kr
 * 2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 84m1
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310(100) keV
 * 6.0(2) min
 * β−
 * 84Kr
 * (6)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 84m2Br
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 408.2(4) keV
 * <140 ns
 * IT
 * 84Br
 * 1+
 * 85Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 84.9156458(33)
 * 2.90(6) min
 * β−
 * 85Kr
 * 3/2−
 * 86Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 51
 * 85.9188054(33)
 * 55.1(4) s
 * β−
 * 86Kr
 * (1−)
 * rowspan=2|87Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52
 * rowspan=2|86.9206740(34)
 * rowspan=2|55.68(12) s
 * β− (97.40%)
 * 87Kr
 * rowspan=2|5/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (2.60%)
 * 86Kr
 * rowspan=2|88Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53
 * rowspan=2|87.9240833(34)
 * rowspan=2|16.34(8) s
 * β− (93.42%)
 * 88Kr
 * rowspan=2|(1−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (6.58%)
 * 87Kr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 88mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270.17(11) keV
 * 5.51(4) μs
 * IT
 * 88Br
 * (4−)
 * rowspan=2|89Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54
 * rowspan=2|88.9267046(35)
 * rowspan=2|4.357(22) s
 * β− (86.2%)
 * 89Kr
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−, 5/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (13.8%)
 * 88Kr
 * rowspan=2|90Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55
 * rowspan=2|89.9312928(36)
 * rowspan=2|1.910(10) s
 * β− (74.7%)
 * 90Kr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (25.3%)
 * 89Kr
 * rowspan=2|91Br
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=2|90.9343986(38)
 * rowspan=2|543(4) ms
 * β− (70.5%)
 * 91Kr
 * rowspan=2|5/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (29.5%)
 * 90Kr
 * rowspan=3|92Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=3|91.9396316(72)
 * rowspan=3|314(16) ms
 * β− (66.9%)
 * 92Kr
 * rowspan=3|(2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (33.1%)
 * 91Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 90Kr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 92m1Br
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 662(1) keV
 * 88(8) ns
 * IT
 * 92Br
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 92m2Br
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1138(1) keV
 * 85(10) ns
 * IT
 * 92Br
 * rowspan=3|93Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58
 * rowspan=3|92.94322(46)
 * rowspan=3|152(8) ms
 * β−, n (64%)
 * 92Kr
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (36%)
 * 93Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 91Kr
 * rowspan=3|94Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59
 * rowspan=3|93.94885(22)#
 * rowspan=3|70(20) ms
 * β−, n (68%)
 * 93Kr
 * rowspan=3|2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (32%)
 * 94Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 92Kr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 94mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 294.6(5) keV
 * 530(15) ns
 * IT
 * 94Br
 * rowspan=3|95Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 60
 * rowspan=3|94.95293(32)#
 * rowspan=3|80# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 95Kr
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 94Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 93Kr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 95mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 537.9(5) keV
 * 6.8(10) μs
 * IT
 * 95Br
 * rowspan=3|96Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61
 * rowspan=3|95.95898(32)#
 * rowspan=3|20# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 96Kr
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 95Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 94Kr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 96mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 311.5(5) keV
 * 3.0(9) μs
 * IT
 * 95Br
 * rowspan=3|97Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 62
 * rowspan=3|96.96350(43)#
 * rowspan=3|40# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 97Kr
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 96Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 95Kr
 * rowspan=3|98Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 63
 * rowspan=3|97.96989(43)#
 * rowspan=3|15# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 98Kr
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 97Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 96Kr
 * 99Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 100Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 101Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * rowspan=3|93Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58
 * rowspan=3|92.94322(46)
 * rowspan=3|152(8) ms
 * β−, n (64%)
 * 92Kr
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (36%)
 * 93Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 91Kr
 * rowspan=3|94Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59
 * rowspan=3|93.94885(22)#
 * rowspan=3|70(20) ms
 * β−, n (68%)
 * 93Kr
 * rowspan=3|2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (32%)
 * 94Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 92Kr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 94mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 294.6(5) keV
 * 530(15) ns
 * IT
 * 94Br
 * rowspan=3|95Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 60
 * rowspan=3|94.95293(32)#
 * rowspan=3|80# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 95Kr
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 94Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 93Kr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 95mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 537.9(5) keV
 * 6.8(10) μs
 * IT
 * 95Br
 * rowspan=3|96Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61
 * rowspan=3|95.95898(32)#
 * rowspan=3|20# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 96Kr
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 95Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 94Kr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 96mBr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 311.5(5) keV
 * 3.0(9) μs
 * IT
 * 95Br
 * rowspan=3|97Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 62
 * rowspan=3|96.96350(43)#
 * rowspan=3|40# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 97Kr
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 96Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 95Kr
 * rowspan=3|98Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 63
 * rowspan=3|97.96989(43)#
 * rowspan=3|15# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 98Kr
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 97Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 96Kr
 * 99Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 100Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 101Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 96Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 95Kr
 * rowspan=3|98Br
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 63
 * rowspan=3|97.96989(43)#
 * rowspan=3|15# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 98Kr
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 97Kr
 * β−, 2n?
 * 96Kr
 * 99Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 100Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 101Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 100Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 101Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 100Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 101Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 101Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 101Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 101Br
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * style="text-align:right" | 66

Bromine-75
Bromine-75 has a half-life of 97 minutes. This isotope undergoes β+ decay rather than electron capture about 76% of the time, so it was used for diagnosis and positron emission tomography (PET) in the 1980s. However, its decay product, selenium-75, produces secondary radioactivity with a longer half-life of 120.4 days.

Bromine-76
Bromine-76 has a half-life of 16.2 hours. While its decay is more energetic than 75Br and has lower yield of positrons (about 57% of decays), bromine-76 has been preferred in PET applications since the 1980s because of its longer half-life and easier synthesis, and because its decay product, 76Se, is not radioactive.

Bromine-77
Bromine-77 is the most stable radioisotope of bromine, with a half-life of 57 hours. Although β+ decay is possible for this isotope, about 99.3% of decays are by electron capture. Despite its complex emission spectrum, featuring strong gamma-ray emissions at 239, 297, 521, and 579 keV, 77Br was used in SPECT imaging in the 1970s, but except for longer-term tracing, this is no longer considered practical due to the difficult collimator requirements and the proximity of the 521 keV line to the 511 keV annihilation radiation related to the β+ decay. However, the auger electrons emitted during decay are well-suited for radiotherapy, and it can possibly be paired with the imaging-suited 76Br (produced as an impurity in common synthesis routes) for this application.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Isotopes of bromine


text:
Isotopes of arsenic

Arsenic (33As) has 32 known isotopes and at least 10 isomers. Only one of these isotopes, 75As, is stable; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element. The longest-lived radioisotope is 73As with a half-life of 80 days.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=2 |64As
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2 |63.95756(22)#
 * rowspan=2 |69.0(14) ms
 * β+
 * 64Ge
 * rowspan=2 |0+#
 * rowspan=2 |
 * β+, p?
 * 63Ga
 * rowspan=2 |65As
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 |64.949611(91)
 * rowspan=2 |130.3(6) ms
 * β+
 * 65Ge
 * rowspan=2 |3/2−#
 * rowspan=2 |
 * β+, p?
 * 64Ga
 * 66As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * 65.9441488(61)
 * 95.77(23) ms
 * β+
 * 66Ge
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 66m1As
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1356.63(17) keV
 * 1.14(4) μs
 * IT
 * 66As
 * 5+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 66m2As
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3023.(3) keV
 * 7.98(26) μs
 * IT
 * 66As
 * 9+
 * 67As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * 66.93925111(48)
 * 42.5(12) s
 * β+
 * 67Ge
 * (5/2−)
 * 68As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * 67.9367741(20)
 * 151.6(8) s
 * β+
 * 68Ge
 * 3+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 68mAs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 425.1(2) keV
 * 111(20) ns
 * IT
 * 68As
 * 1+
 * 69As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 36
 * 68.932246(34)
 * 15.2(2) min
 * β+
 * 69Ge
 * 5/2−
 * 70As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 37
 * 69.9309346(15)
 * 52.6(3) min
 * β+
 * 70Ge
 * 4+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 70mAs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 32.046(23) keV
 * 96(3) μs
 * IT
 * 70As
 * 2+
 * 71As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 38
 * 70.9271136(45)
 * 65.30(7) h
 * β+
 * 71Ge
 * 5/2−
 * 72As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 39
 * 71.9267523(44)
 * 26.0(1) h
 * β+
 * 72Ge
 * 2−
 * 73As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 40
 * 72.9238291(41)
 * 80.30(6) d
 * EC
 * 73Ge
 * 3/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 73mAs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 427.902(21) keV
 * 5.7(2) μs
 * IT
 * 73As
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2|74As
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
 * rowspan=2|73.9239286(18)
 * rowspan=2|17.77(2) d
 * β+ (66%)
 * 74Ge
 * rowspan=2|2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (34%)
 * 74Se
 * 75As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * 74.92159456(95)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 3/2−
 * 1.0000
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 75mAs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 303.9243(8) keV
 * 17.62(23) ms
 * IT
 * 75As
 * 9/2+
 * 76As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * 75.92239201(95)
 * 1.0933(38) d
 * β−
 * 76Se
 * 2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 76mAs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 44.425(1) keV
 * 1.84(6) μs
 * IT
 * 76As
 * (1)+
 * 77As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * 76.9206476(18)
 * 38.79(5) h
 * β−
 * 77Se
 * 3/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 77mAs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 475.48(4) keV
 * 114.0(25) μs
 * IT
 * 77As
 * 9/2+
 * 78As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * 77.921828(10)
 * 90.7(2) min
 * β−
 * 78Se
 * 2−
 * 79As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * 78.9209484(57)
 * 9.01(15) min
 * β−
 * 79Se
 * 3/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 79mAs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 772.81(6) keV
 * 1.21(1) μs
 * IT
 * 79As
 * (9/2)+
 * 80As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 79.9224744(36)
 * 15.2(2) s
 * β−
 * 80Se
 * 1+
 * 81As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 80.9221323(28)
 * 33.3(8) s
 * β−
 * 81Se
 * 3/2−
 * 82As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * 81.9247387(40)
 * 19.1(5) s
 * β−
 * 82Se
 * (2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 82mAs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 131.6(5) keV
 * 13.6(4) s
 * β−
 * 82Se
 * (5-)
 * 83As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 82.9252069(30)
 * 13.4(4) s
 * β−
 * 83Se
 * 5/2−#
 * rowspan=2|84As
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 51
 * rowspan=2|83.9293033(34)
 * rowspan=2|3.16(58) s
 * β− (99.72%)
 * 84Se
 * rowspan=2|(2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.28%)
 * 83Se
 * rowspan=2|85As
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52
 * rowspan=2|84.9321637(33)
 * rowspan=2|2.022(7) s
 * β−, n (62.6%)
 * 84Se
 * rowspan=2|(5/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (37.4%)
 * 85Se
 * rowspan=3|86As
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 53
 * rowspan=3|85.9367015(37)
 * rowspan=3|945(8) ms
 * β− (64.5%)
 * 86Se
 * rowspan=3|(1−,2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (35.5%)
 * 85Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 84Se
 * rowspan=3|87As
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 54
 * rowspan=3|86.9402917(32)
 * rowspan=3|492(25) ms
 * β− (84.6%)
 * 87Se
 * rowspan=3|(5/2−,3/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (15.4%)
 * 86Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 85Se
 * rowspan=2|88As
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55
 * rowspan=2|87.94584(22)#
 * rowspan=2|270(150) ms
 * β−
 * 88Se
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 87Se
 * rowspan=3|89As
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=3|88.95005(32)#
 * rowspan=3|220# ms [>150 ns]
 * β−?
 * 89Se
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 88Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 87Se
 * rowspan=3|90As
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=3|89.95600(43)#
 * rowspan=3|70# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 90Se
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 89Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 88Se
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 90mAs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 124.5(5) keV
 * 220(100) ns
 * IT
 * 90As
 * rowspan=3|91As
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58
 * rowspan=3|90.96082(43)#
 * rowspan=3|100# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 91Se
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 90Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 89Se
 * rowspan=3|92As
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59
 * rowspan=3|91.96739(54)#
 * rowspan=3|45# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 92Se
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 91Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 90Se
 * 93As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 94As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 95As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 87Se
 * rowspan=3|89As
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=3|88.95005(32)#
 * rowspan=3|220# ms [>150 ns]
 * β−?
 * 89Se
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 88Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 87Se
 * rowspan=3|90As
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=3|89.95600(43)#
 * rowspan=3|70# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 90Se
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 89Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 88Se
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 90mAs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 124.5(5) keV
 * 220(100) ns
 * IT
 * 90As
 * rowspan=3|91As
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58
 * rowspan=3|90.96082(43)#
 * rowspan=3|100# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 91Se
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 90Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 89Se
 * rowspan=3|92As
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59
 * rowspan=3|91.96739(54)#
 * rowspan=3|45# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 92Se
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 91Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 90Se
 * 93As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 94As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 95As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 91Se
 * β−, 2n?
 * 90Se
 * 93As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 94As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 95As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 94As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 95As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 95As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 95As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 95As
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * style="text-align:right" | 62

title: Isotopes of arsenic


text:
Isotopes of germanium

Germanium (32Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, and 76Ge. Of these, 76Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 1021 years (130 billion times the age of the universe).

Stable 74Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36%. 76Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%.

At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. The most stable of these is 68Ge, decaying by electron capture with a half-life of 270.95 d. It decays to the medically useful positron-emitting isotope 68Ga. (See gallium-68 generator for notes on the source of this isotope, and its medical use.) The least stable known germanium isotope is 59Ge with a half-life of 13.3 ms.

While most of germanium's radioisotopes decay by beta decay, 61Ge and 65Ge can also decay by β+-delayed proton emission. 84Ge through 87Ge also have minor β−-delayed neutron emission decay paths.

76Ge is used in experiments on the nature of neutrinos, by searching for neutrinoless double beta decay.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=3|59Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 27
 * rowspan=3|58.98243(43)#
 * rowspan=3|13.3(17) ms
 * β+, p (93%)
 * 58Zn
 * rowspan=3|7/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+ (7%)
 * 59Ga
 * 2p?
 * 57Zn
 * rowspan=2|60Ge
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=2|59.97045(32)#
 * rowspan=2|21(6) ms
 * β+, p
 * 59Zn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, 2p? (<14%)
 * 58Cu
 * rowspan=2|61Ge
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29
 * rowspan=2|60.96373(32)#
 * rowspan=2|40.7(4) ms
 * β+, p (87%)
 * 60Zn
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (18%)
 * 61Ga
 * rowspan=2|62Ge
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2|61.95476(15)#
 * rowspan=2|82.5(14) ms
 * β+
 * 62Ga
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p?
 * 61Zn
 * rowspan=2|63Ge
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2|62.949628(40)
 * rowspan=2|153.6(11) ms
 * β+
 * 63Ga
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p?
 * 62Zn
 * 64Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * 63.9416899(40)
 * 63.7(25) s
 * β+
 * 64Ga
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|65Ge
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
 * rowspan=2|64.9393681(23)
 * rowspan=2|30.9(5) s
 * β+ (99.99%)
 * 65Ga
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (0.011%)
 * 64Zn
 * 66Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * 65.9338621(26)
 * 2.26(5) h
 * β+
 * 66Ga
 * 0+
 * 67Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * 66.9327170(46)
 * 18.9(3) min
 * β+
 * 67Ga
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 67m1Ge
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 18.20(5) keV
 * 13.7(9) μs
 * IT
 * 67Ge
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 67m2Ge
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 751.70(6) keV
 * 109.1(38) ns
 * IT
 * 67Ge
 * 9/2+
 * 68Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 36
 * 67.9280953(20)
 * 271.05(8) d
 * EC
 * 68Ga
 * 0+
 * 69Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 37
 * 68.9279645(14)
 * 39.05(10) h
 * β+
 * 69Ga
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 69m1Ge
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 86.76(2) keV
 * 5.1(2) μs
 * IT
 * 69Ge
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 69m2Ge
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 397.94(2) keV
 * 2.81(5) μs
 * IT
 * 69Ge
 * 9/2+
 * 70Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 38
 * 69.92424854(88)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.2052(19)
 * 71Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 39
 * 70.92495212(87)
 * 11.468(8) d
 * EC
 * 71Ga
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 71mGe
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 198.354(14) keV
 * 20.41(18) ms
 * IT
 * 71Ge
 * 9/2+
 * 72Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 40
 * 71.922075824(81)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.2745(15)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 72mGe
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 691.43(4) keV
 * 444.2(8) ns
 * IT
 * 72Ge
 * 0+
 * 73Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 41
 * 72.923458954(61)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 9/2+
 * 0.0776(8)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 73m1Ge
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13.2845(15) keV
 * 2.91(3) μs
 * IT
 * 73Ge
 * 5/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 73m2Ge
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.725(9) keV
 * 499(11) ms
 * IT
 * 73Ge
 * 1/2−
 * 74Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * 73.921177760(13)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.3652(12)
 * 75Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * 74.922858370(55)
 * 82.78(4) min
 * β−
 * 75As
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 75m1Ge
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 139.69(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|47.7(5) s
 * IT (99.97%)
 * 75Ge
 * rowspan=2|7/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (0.030%)
 * 75As
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 75m2Ge
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 192.19(6) keV
 * 216(5) ns
 * IT
 * 75Ge
 * 5/2+
 * 76Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * 75 921402.725(19)
 * (2.022±0.018±0.038) y
 * β−β−
 * 76Se
 * 0+
 * 0.0775(12)
 * 77Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * 76 923549.843(56)
 * 11.211(3) h
 * β−
 * 77As
 * 7/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 77mGe
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 159.71(6) keV
 * rowspan=2|53.7(6) s
 * β− (81%)
 * 77As
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (19%)
 * 77Ge
 * 78Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * 77.9228529(38)
 * 88.0(10) min
 * β−
 * 78As
 * 0+
 * 79Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 78.925360(40)
 * 18.98(3) s
 * β−
 * 79As
 * (1/2)−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 79mGe
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 185.95(4) keV
 * rowspan=2|39.0(10) s
 * β− (96%)
 * 79As
 * rowspan=2|7/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (4%)
 * 79Ge
 * 80Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 79.9253508(22)
 * 29.5(4) s
 * β−
 * 80As
 * 0+
 * 81Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * 80.9288329(22)
 * 9(2) s
 * β−
 * 81As
 * 9/2+#
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 81mGe
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 679.14(4) keV
 * rowspan=2|6(2) s
 * β−
 * 81As
 * rowspan=2|(1/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT? (<1%)
 * 81Ge
 * 82Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 81.9297740(24)
 * 4.31(19) s
 * β−
 * 82As
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|83Ge
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 51
 * rowspan=2|82.9345391(26)
 * rowspan=2|1.85(6) s
 * β−
 * 83As
 * rowspan=2|(5/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 82As
 * rowspan=2|84Ge
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52
 * rowspan=2|83.9375751(34)
 * rowspan=2|951(9) ms
 * β− (89.4%)
 * 84As
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (10.6%)
 * 83As
 * rowspan=3|85Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 53
 * rowspan=3|84.9429697(40)
 * rowspan=3|495(5) ms
 * β− (82.8%)
 * 85As
 * rowspan=3|(3/2+,5/2+)#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (17.2%)
 * 84As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 83As
 * rowspan=2|86Ge
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54
 * rowspan=2|85.94697(47)
 * rowspan=2|221.6(11) ms
 * β− (55%)
 * 86As
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (45%)
 * 85As
 * rowspan=3|87Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55
 * rowspan=3|86.95320(32)#
 * rowspan=3|103(4) ms
 * β−
 * 87As
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 86As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 85As
 * rowspan=3|88Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=3|87.95757(43)#
 * rowspan=3|61(6) ms
 * β−
 * 88As
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 87As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 86As
 * rowspan=3|89Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=3|88.96453(43)#
 * rowspan=3|60# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 89As
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 88As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 87As
 * rowspan=3|90Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=3|89.96944(54)#
 * rowspan=3|30# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 90As
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 89As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 88As
 * 91Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 59
 * 92Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * rowspan=2|84Ge
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52
 * rowspan=2|83.9375751(34)
 * rowspan=2|951(9) ms
 * β− (89.4%)
 * 84As
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (10.6%)
 * 83As
 * rowspan=3|85Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 53
 * rowspan=3|84.9429697(40)
 * rowspan=3|495(5) ms
 * β− (82.8%)
 * 85As
 * rowspan=3|(3/2+,5/2+)#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (17.2%)
 * 84As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 83As
 * rowspan=2|86Ge
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54
 * rowspan=2|85.94697(47)
 * rowspan=2|221.6(11) ms
 * β− (55%)
 * 86As
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (45%)
 * 85As
 * rowspan=3|87Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55
 * rowspan=3|86.95320(32)#
 * rowspan=3|103(4) ms
 * β−
 * 87As
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 86As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 85As
 * rowspan=3|88Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=3|87.95757(43)#
 * rowspan=3|61(6) ms
 * β−
 * 88As
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 87As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 86As
 * rowspan=3|89Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=3|88.96453(43)#
 * rowspan=3|60# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 89As
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 88As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 87As
 * rowspan=3|90Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=3|89.96944(54)#
 * rowspan=3|30# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 90As
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 89As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 88As
 * 91Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 59
 * 92Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * rowspan=3|30# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 90As
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 89As
 * β−, 2n?
 * 88As
 * 91Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 59
 * 92Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 92Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 92Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 92Ge
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * style="text-align:right" | 60

title: Isotopes of germanium


text:
User:Charles Matthews/FrenchHumanism

A
Niccolò dell'Abbate - Achilles Statius - Antoine Adam - Aeneas Sylvius - Nicolaus Agricola - Pierre d'Ailly - Antonio Alamanni - Luigi Alamanni - Andrea Alciati - Aldus Manutius] - Jerome Aléandre - Vittorio Alfieri - Amadis de Gaule - Georges Amboise - Amboise - Jean Amerbach - H. Ammann - Jacques Amyot - Andrea del Sarto - Fausto Andrelini - Jacques Androuet de Cerceau - Barthélemy Aneau - Anisson and Posuel - Anne of Brittany - Aphthonius - D'Argentre - Geoffrey Atkinson - F. Aubert - Abbé d'Aubignac - François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac - Jean d'Aubusson - Audibert - Marius Audin -

B
J. Babelon - Josse Bade - Claude Bachet - Conrad Badius - Jodocus Ascensius Badius - Badius - Badius Ascensius - Jean-Antoine de Baif - Jean-Antoine de Baïf - Lazare de Baïf - Lazare de Baif - Girolamo Balbi - F. Baldensperger - Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac - Nicolas Banachévitch - Matteo Bandello - Baptista Mantuanus - Ermolao Barbaro - Bernard Bardon de Brun - Bardon de Brun - Jacques Barillot - Gian Luigi Barni - Hans Baron - Baro - Balthazar Baro - Barran - Henri de Barran - Joseph Barrière - René Bary - Gasparinus Barzizius - Louis Batiffol - Baudeville - Abbé Baudeville - Baudrier - Albert Baur - Beatus Rhenanus - Jean de Beaubrueil - Eustorg de Beaulieu - A. Henri Becker - Noël Béda - Sylvie Béguin - Jean Behourt - Behourt - Jacques Bellange - Justin Bellanger - Guillaume du Bellay - Joachim du Bellay - Martin du Bellay - Remi Belleau - François de Belleforest - Estienne Bellone - Bello - Pierre Bello - Simon Belyard - Belyard - Pietro Bembo - Otto Benesch - Issac de Bensérade - Jean- François Bergier - Mathieu Béroalde - Filippo Beroaldo - Le Sieur de Berthrand - Johannes Bessarion - Marius Besson - Théodore de Bèze - Bèze - Gabriel Biel - Claude Billard - Bienvenu - Jacques Bienvenu - Billard - Claude Billard de Courgenay - François Binet - Flavinio de Birague - Marc Bloch - André Blum - Alan Boase - Pierre Boaystuau - Guillaume Bochetel - Josef Bohatec - François Le Metel de BoisRobert - Boissin de Gallardon - Jean Boissin de Gallardon - R. R. Bolgar - Bollea - Jean Bordier - F. Borel - Borella - Cyrille Borella - Jean Bouchet - Jacques Boulanger - Jean de Bourbon - Nicolas Bourbon - Edouard Bourciez - Philippe Bourgoing - Pierre de Bousy - Bouvot - Antoine Girard Bouvot - Jean Bouyer - Charles de Bovelles - Bovillus - Barthélemy Boyer - M. C. Bradbrook - Sebastian Brant - René Bray - Henri Bremond - Brethren of the Common Life - Jean Bretog - Guillaume Briçonnet - Robert Briçonnet - Brinon - Roland Brisset - Brisset - George Buchanan - Guillaume Budé - Ferdinand Buisson - Konrad Burdach - Jean Buridan - Burlamaqui - Buschey - Henri Buschey -

C
Caesaris - Calcar - Jean Camus - Candide - D. Candide - Delio Cantimori - Cariteo - Alfred Cartier - Lodovico Castelvetro - Castelvetro - Graham Castor - Dionysius Cato - Terence Cave - Cessolis - Paul Chaix - Henri Chamard - Symphorien Champier - Pierre Champion - François de Chantelouve - Chantelouve - Jean Chapelain - Chapelain - H. B. Charlton - Guy de Chauliac - Guillaume Chevalier - Chevillard - Abbé Chevillard - Urbaine Chevreau - Jean-Antoine Chouet - Florent Chrestien - Florent Chrestian - Nicolas Chrétien des Croix - Nicolas Chrestien - Christine de Pisan - Jean de Cirey - A. Claudin - Nicolas de Clémenges - R. J. Clements - Clenardus - Jean Clérée - Josse Clichtove - Coignac - Joachim de Coignac - Gontier Col - Pierre Col - John Colet - Jean Collin - Philippe de Comines - Philippe de Commynes - Concino Concini - Concordat of 1516 - Cono of Nürnberg - Cono of Nuremberg - Coppée - Denis Coppée - Mathurin Cordier - Antonio Coronel - Cosnard - Marthe Cosnard - Père Coton - Pierre de Courcelles - Gilbert Cousin - Cognatus - Jean Cousin the Younger - A. Coville - Martin Crantz - Wilhelm Creizenach - Jean Crespin - Crespin - M. Crick-Kuntziger - Pierre Crockart - Morris W. Croll - Jacques Cujas -

D
Lancaster E. Dabney - Rose-Marie Daele - Pierre Danès - Johann Dassenberger - Agostino Dati - Jean Daurat - N. Z. Davis - Guillaume de la Mare - Pierre Deimier - Henri Delarue - L. Delaruelle - Marie Delcourt - L. Delisle - Giovanni della Casa - Martin Del Rio - Martin Deschamps - Maurice Descotes - Desfontaines - Jérôme Des Gouttes - A. Desjardins - Louis Des Masures - Desmasures - Bonaventure Despériers - Philippe Desportes - Des Roches - L. Dimier - Dio Chrysostom - Emil Dobler - Lodovico Dolce - Étienne Dolet - Madeleine Doran - Jean Dorat - R. Doucet - Georges Doutrepont - Michel Dubois - Gilbert Dûcher - T. Dufour - Pierre Dumas - Du Monin - Jean-Edouard du Monin - Du Ryer - Pierre du Ryer - John Duns Scotus - Jacques Davy Du Perron - Galliot Dupré - A. Dupront - Jacques Durandas - Eustache Du Refuge - François Duron - François Du Souhait - Antoine Du Verdier - Jean Duvet - Max Dvořák -

E
D'Ennetières - Jean d'Ennetières - Émile Egger - R. Ehrenburg - Elizabeth of Schönau - Pierre Eskrich - Jean d'Espinay - Charles Estienne - Henri Estienne - Robert Estienne - Albrecht von Eyb -

F
Jacques Fabri - Pierre Fabri - Émile Faguet - Guillaume Farel - Nicolas Faret - Antoine Faure - Lucien Febvre - Wallace K. Ferguson - André-Jean Festugière - Guillaume Fichet - C. Fierville - Fies - De Fies - Jean de Fies - Geoffrey Floreau - Charles Fontaine - Bernard Le Boyer de Fontenelle - Fonteny - Guillaume Forest - Elliott Forsyth - Robert Fortuné - Antoine Fouquelin - John Foxe - Marcel Françon - Istvàn Frank - Michael Friburger - W. Friedländer - Hugo Friedrich - Nicodemus Frischlinus - Jean Froben - Fronton-du-Duc - Johann Fust -

G
Barthélemy de Gabiano - Henry de Gabiano - Robert Gaguin - Jacques Gallatin - Elie Garel - Eugenio Garin - Claude Garnier - Robert Garnier - Gaulché - Jean Gaulché - E. H. Gaullieur - Cornelius Geerd - Paul F. Geisendorf - Jean George - Ulrich Gering - Jean Gerson - Nicole Gilles - M. P. Gilmore - Étienne Gilson - Giglio Giraldi - Sixtus Glockengeisser - Gnapheus - Jean Godard - Jean Ogier, sieur de Gombauld - Jean Ogier de Gombauld - M. L. Gothelin - Jean Goujon - Marie de Gournay - André de Gouvéa - Grandjean - Etienne Grandjean - Étienne Grandjean - Marc de Grandval - William Chase Greene - François de Grenaille - Jacques Grévin - Grezin - Jacques Grezin - Richard Griffiths - Pierre Grosnet - Nicolas de Grouchy - Grynaeus - Sebastian Gryphius - Guarini - J. Guéraud - Antonio de Guevara - Jacques Guicharnaud - Werner L. Gundersheimer - Henry Guy -

H
François Habert - K. Haebler - H. Harisse - Alexandre Hardy - K. Hartfelder - Charles H. Haskins - Henri Hauser - H. Hauvette - Hegesippus - Daniel Heinsius - August Heisenberg - Frédéric Hennebert - George Hermonymos - Hersent - Charles Hersent - Jean Heudon - Heudon - Heylin de Lapide - Pierre Heyns - Heyns - Gilbert Highet - Hilduin of St. Denis - Rudolf Hirsch - Humphredus Hodius - H. Hoepffner - Henry Hornik - A. Horowitz - C. Huit - Madam Hulubei - A. Hunly - Martin Huss - Louis Huyghens -

I
Pierre Imbart de la Tour - Endre Ivánka -

J
Jacobus de Voragine - Werner Jaeger - Jean Janot - Jaquemin - Louis Jaquemin - Alfred Jeanroy - R. C. Jebb - Boniface Jehan - Nicolas Jenson - Étienne Jodelle - Etienne Jodelle - John of Damascus - John of Uijitenhoven - Gillian Jondorf - Flavius Josephus - Pierre Jourda -

K
Edith Kern - Kirchmayer - A. Kleinclausz - J. R. Kleinschmidt - Börje Knös - Erwin Kohler - P. O. Kristeller - K. Kusenberg -

L
Louise Labbé - Étienne de La Boétie - La Bruyère - La Calprenède - La Croix - Antoine de la Croix - Clavy de La Fontaine - Pierre de La Hazardière - Jules de La Mesnardière - La Mesnardière - François de La Mothe le Vayer - La Pujade - Antoine de la Pujade - La Serre - Jean Puget de la Serre - Denys Lambin - H. Carrington Lancaster - Antoine Lancel - Lancel - Landshut - E. Langevin - Gustave Lanson - J. de La Péruse - Constantine Lascaris - Jacques de La Taille - Jean de La Taille - Pierre de Laudun Daigaliers - Laudun d'Aigaliers - P. Lavallée - Ernest Lavisse - H. W. Lawton - Raymond Lebègue - Gabriel Le Breton - Thomas Le Coq - Le Coq - Le Duchat - Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples - Abel Lefranc - Le Francq - Françoise Lehoux - Louis Le Jars - Jean Lemaire de Belges - Charles Lenient - Le Romier - Pierre Le Rouge - Guillaume LeRoy - Louis Le Roy - Loys LeRoy - Jeanne de Lestonac - Livry - Barthélemy Loches - Louise of Savoy - Kosta Loukovitch - Jean Loys - Loys - Raymond Lull - Charles d'Albert, Duc de Luynes - Lycophron -

M
Salmon Macrin - Macropedius - Mage de Fiefmelin - Magnon - Jean Magnon - Olivier Maillard - Pierre Mainfray - Jean Mairet - Mairet - John Major (professor) - François de Malherbe - Aldus Manutius - Pierre Mambrun - Petrus Mambrunus - Rolland de Marcé - Marcé - Marfrière - J. M. R. Margeson - Marguerite of Navarre - Marguerite de Valois - Battle of Marignano - Clément Marot - Jean Marquorelles - Jules Marsan - H.-J. Martin - Peter Martyr - Pierre de Masson - Pierre Matthieu - John Mauburnus - Menéndez Pelayo - Jacques Merlin - R. V. Merrill - Meschinot - Pierre Mesnard - Jean de Meung - Guillaume Michel - Jean Michel (printer) - David Miffant - Octavianus Mirandula - Ernst V. Moeller - Walter Mönch - J. Monfrin - Georges Montgrédien - Philippe Monnier - Enguerrard de Monstrelet - Michel Eyquem de Montaigne - Collège de Montaigu - François de Montbel - Anthoine de Montchrétien - Montchrétien - Montchrestien - Jorge de Montmayor - Guido de Monte Rochen - Charles de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu - Jean de Montreuil - Nicolas de Montreux - Raoul Morçay - Moucque - Jean Moucque - Marie-Madeleine Moufflard - Mouffle - Pierre Mouffle - Odette de Mourgues - Eugene Müntz - D. Murăraşu - Muretus - Marc-Antoine Muret -

N
Henri Naef - Octave Nadal - Nancel - Pierre de Nancel - Naogeorgus - Andrea Navagero - Nemesius of Emesa - Richard Nerée - Carl Neumann - Nider - Nigeon - O. Noël - Pierre de Nolhac - Johan Nordstroem - Nouffer - Bassompierre -

O
François Ogier - Gaston Olivier - Olivier - Nicaise de l'Orme - Ortelius - Gaspar Ortuin - Ouyn - Jacques Ouyn -

P
Margarit Pageau - Palladius - A. Pannartz - E. Panofsky - Guillaume Paradin - Claude Parfaict - François Parfaict - Gaston Paris - Johannes Parix - Parmiginiano - Francesco Mazzola - Parthenay - Catherine de Parthenay - Guillaume Parvy - Étienne Pasquier - Etienne Pasquier - Jean Passerat - Paul the Deacon - Paulinus of Nola - Albert Pauphilet - Jacques Peletier - Jacques Peletier du Mans - Guillaume Pelicier - Penon - Philibert Perachon - Luc Percheron - Constantine Periphanakis - Jehan Perréal - François Perrin - Perrin - Persius - Rudolf Pfeiffer - Philadelphus - Nicolaus Philippi - M. Philone - Philone - Émile Picot - Eugène Picot - Picou - Hugues de Picou - Germain Pilon - J. Plattard - Thomas Platter - Giovanni Francesco Poggio Bracciolini - Bénigne Poissenot - Gabriel Pompard - Pomponius Laetus - Poncet - Simon Poncet - Étienne Poncher - Jovianus Pontanus - Jacopo da Pontormo - Paul Porteau - Henri Potez - Pierard Poullet - Poytevin - E. Poytevin - François Préchac - Laurent de Premierfait - Jean Prévost - Jean Prevost - Francesco Primataccio - Psellus - Pseudo-Chrysostom - Pseudo-Clementine literature -

Q
Jean Quentin - Guy Quijoue -

R
Honorat de Bueil, marquis de Racan - Pierre Ramus - Petrus Ramus - Rapin - Jean Raulin - Marcus Reinhard - Augustin Renaudet - P. Renouard - Claude-Catherine de Clermont-Dampierre, maréchale de Retz - Johannes Reuchlin - Gustave Reynier - Gonzague de Reynold - F. Eugene Rice - Richard of Saint-Victor - Ligier Richier - Louis-François-Armand Duplessis Richelieu - Eugène Rigal - André de Rivaudeau - Rivaudeau - Jean Robelin - A. P. F. Robert-Dumesnil - Roboam - Claude Roillet - Fernando de Rojas - Nicolas Romain - Giulio Romano - Lucien Romier - C. de la Roncière - Pierre de Ronsard - Rosier - Jean Rosier - Giovanni Battista Rosso - Rotrou - Jean Rousset - Roville - Jean Royer - C. de Rubys - Giovanni Rucellai - Rutebeuf - Jan van Ruysbroeck -

S
Antoine Girard, sieur de Saint Amant - Sainct André - Saint-Balmon - Barbe de Saint-Balmon - Saint-Evremond - Mellin de Saint-Gelay - Octovien Saint Gelais - Pierre Sala - Salignac - Bernard Salomon - Salviati - John E. Sandys - Jacopo Sannazaro - Diego de San Pedro - George Sarton - Verdun L. Saulnier - V.-L. Saulnier - A. E. Sayous - R. A. Sayce - Jean de Schélandre - Maurice Scève - Hans Schilling - Georges de Scudéry - Johannes Solidi - Jan Schilling - Peter Schoeffer - V. Scholderer - A. H. Schutz - Jan von Scorel - Thomas Sébillet - Henri Sée - Claude Senneton - Claude de Seyssel - Jean Seznec - Johann Syber - Johann Siber - Isadore Silver - Simler - Franco Simone - Au Soufflet Vert - Paul Spaak - A. Spont - Charles Sorel - Nicolas Soret - Soret - Joel E. Spingarn - John Standonck - Linton C. Stevens - Joannes Franciscus Quintianus Stoa - Johannes Stoll - Donald Stone - Donald Stone, Jr. - J. S. Street - René Sturel - Subiaco - Heinrich Suso - N. M. Sutherland - K. Sweynheim -

T
Jacques Tahureau - Claude de Taillemont - Guillaume Tardif - Theodoret of Cyrus - Pierre Thierry - Thierry - Nicolas de Thou - Pontus de Thyard - Arthur Tilley - Tiron - G. Toffanin - Charles Toutain - Geoffroy Tory - Jean de la Tour - Jean II de Tournes - Ambrogio Traversari - G. Trissino - Gian Trissino - François Tristan L'Hermite - Tristan l'Hermite - Pierre Troterel - Troterel - Adrien Turnèbe - Heinrich Turner -

U
Honoré d'Urfé -

V
Maurice Valency - Vallin - Jean Vallin - G. L. van Roosbroeck - J. Vasaen - Valerius Maximus - Lorenzo Valla - Paul Van Tieghem - Alanus Varenius - Jean Vauquelin de la Fresnaye - Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen - Giovanni da Verrazano - Vesel - Paul Émile Viard - Théophile de Viau - Vicomercato - Victorines - Pierre Paul Viellot - Jean de Villevieil - Ville-Toustain - Pierre Villey - Antoine Vincent - Vincent de Beauvais - Pierre de Vingle - A. Vingtrinier - Jean de Virey - Virey - Franciso de Vitoria - Jean Vitrier - Vivre - Gérard de Vivre - Georg Voigt - Melchior Volmar -

W
Petrus Wagner - Procopius Waldfoghel - D. P. Walker - Ernst Walser - Thomas Warnet - Henri Weber - Bernard Weinberg - Herbert Weisinger - Jean Wier - W. L. Wiley -

Z
Rodericus Zamorensis

title: User:Charles Matthews/FrenchHumanism


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Enocean

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Article was rewritten before the VFD debate time expired. Therefore the "conditional" keep votes will be counted as "keep"s. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:26, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Enocean
Wall 'o text advertisement for a battery company. Fernando Rizo T/C 10:49, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep seems notable from web site... needs a rewrite.... BADLY -- Ryan Norton T 11:20, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. VfD notice was removed by the article creator (84.180.58.222). I replaced it. --GraemeL (talk) 11:53, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if a rewrite is possible, otherwise delete. -- Kjkolb 12:26, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if a rewrite is done within vfd period, otherwise delete as per Kjkolb Dlyons493 13:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone majorly rewrites this. IMO it borderlines on NN, but could probably be redone to conform to decent writing standards and be a more notable article.--Isotope23 14:36, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --PhilipO 20:04, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * If someone could rewrite this it would be worth keeping. Optichan 20:33, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * This appears to be a patchwork of promotional material from the company's website. For example, the first paragraph basically consists of a large chunk from the company profile (PDF - see page 2). The second paragraph is lifted directly from the descriptive paragraph used at the end of a number of press releases. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 01:03, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - advert - Tεx  τ  urε  16:30, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I have rewritten the entry. I hope it is now conform to Wikipedia rules. F. Elstner, Chemnitz, Germany 07:20, August 30, 2005.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Enocean


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xankəndi

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Since there was previously a merge tag on it, I will leave it there although I can't do the merge myself or I would. -Splash 23:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Xankəndi
Partisan POV, contains text like "Armenian terrorists". Manik Raina 10:53, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Contains the following text which I find strongly POV and objectionable... "...The result of Nagorno-Garabagh conflict 1 000 000 azeri are refugees.20% Azerbaijan teritory are occupied by Armenian terrorists."
 * I had put a message to the author on his talk page but he reverted the edits so I'm asking you all to intervene. Manik Raina 10:53, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, real city, valid subject. If you think someone's edits need to be intervened with, you need WP:RFC. - 131.211.210.12 12:52, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops, forgot to sign. - Mgm|(talk) 12:53, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The page has a definite POV, but the city is both real and notable and so not appropriate for deletion.  Try MacGyverMagic's suggestion above, WP:RFC -- Sliggy 15:19, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep since I've edited out the objectionable material (in favor of neither side in the dispute).DS 16:03, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Many thanks DS Manik Raina 08:56, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep following DS's edit. Alf 18:42, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment why is there a schwa in the title? Zoe 22:58, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Because Azerbaijani uses schwa as a Latin letter. Caerwine 18:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This being the English Wikipedia, we don't. Zoe 19:19, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why not? 'Ə' is just as valid an extention to the Latin alphabet as 'Þ' and both are supported by the bar at the bottom of the editting window for easy entry. The fact that one was borrowed from the Cyrillic alphabet and the other from the Runic alphabet should make no difference. Caerwine 17:05, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep DS's version as notable place. Capitalistroadster 00:13, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge 217.64.17.178 also removed the merge norice that has been on this page for a long time. Considering the way that user vandalized the page, that may have been because the consensus of the merge discussion, as given on the Stepanakert talk page is pretty much in favor of merging under Stepanakert. I've added back the notice and the map that was part of the article before the vandalism. While VfD's aren't supposed to be about settling merge discussions, since it's already here, let's go ahead and settle this one now by merging under Stepanakert. Caerwine 18:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect per Caerwine Sam Vimes 21:23, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect to Stepanakert, obviously. -- Naive cynic 13:43, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Oswald Baker

Oswald Charles Baker (1915–2004) was a Sedevacantist Roman Catholic priest who lived in Downham Market in Norfolk.

title: Oswald Baker


text:
List of animal sounds

Certain words in the English language represent animal sounds: the noises and vocalizations of particular animals, especially noises used by animals for communication. The words can be used as verbs or interjections in addition to nouns, and many of them are also specifically onomatopoeic.

title: List of animal sounds


text:
The Anderson Platoon

The Anderson Platoon (La Section Anderson, released in 1966 in Europe, 1967 in the US) is a documentary feature by Pierre Schoendoerffer about the Vietnam War, named after the leader of the platoon - Lieutenant Joseph B. Anderson - with which Schoendeorffer was embedded. Two decades later, a sequel was released as Reminiscence.

Background
In summer 1966, France Soir news magazine director and French public channel ORTF producer Pierre Lazareff proposed that war reporter and director Pierre Schoendoerffer complete the "unachieved" war documentary Schoendoerffer began in 1954.

Back in May 1954, Schoendoerffer was covering the First Indochina War for the French army's cinematographic service SCA. At the siege of Dien Bien Phu, he filmed the battle between the French Union forces and the Viet Minh, but his reels were captured when he surrendered to the enemy.

After French forces departed from Vietnam in 1956, the United States increased their support for the south, culminating in full scale military intervention and the Vietnam War.

Arguing that "the war was the same, the French only switching with the Americans", Lazareff convinced the French veteran to return to Vietnam as a kind of second chance to complete his war documentary.

Premise
The French war cameraman and First Indochina War veteran Schoendoerffer (38), already famous for his celebrated masterpiece The 317th Platoon (1965), returns to Vietnam.

On 1 August 1965, the 1st Cavalry Division (United States) is sent to South Vietnam. The following year in September, Schoendoerffer joins it and follows a 33-man platoon of GIs led by Black West Pointer Lieutenant Joseph B. Anderson (24) until October 1966.

Reception
The Anderson Platoon was screened in more than 20 countries and won several prizes, including an Oscar for Best Documentary Feature Film on April 10, 1968, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium.
 * 1967: Prix Italia for Original Dramatic Program
 * 1968: International Emmy Award for Best Documentary
 * 1967: Academy Award for Documentary Feature
 * 1968: Merit Award (BBC)

Anderson's comments
Some time after the film was released, Captain Joseph B. Anderson, Jr., the leader of the unit of the US Army's 1st Cavalry Division after whom the film is named, commented on the film (and on his other experiences in Vietnam and in the military, in general). He observed:

"After visiting different operations around the country, both army and Marine, he settled on the 1st Cav because of the new approach of our air mobility, or helicopter orientation. And he wound up with my platoon because of its racial mix - we had American Indians and Mexican-Americans - to our success in finding the lost platoon, my West Point background and ability to speak French. He and the film crew stayed with us day and night for six weeks, filming everything we did. They spoke very good English, and I didn't speak good enough French. And Schoendoerffer had as much knowledge and experience about the war as any of us.

The film would be called The Anderson Platoon. And it would make us famous."

Captain Anderson discusses the death from friendly fire of a white soldier from California named Shannon, who is also introduced in the film. Anderson states: "I did write a letter to his folks, telling them he did an exceptionally good job. I did not describe the circumstances under which he was killed, because we were directed not to put those kinds of details in letters whatever the case may be." He continues: "The film describes the grenade as an enemy grenade. Which is not the real circumstances."

Captain Anderson notes: "I spent my last months in the base camp at An Khê, an aide to the commanding general. Being featured in The Anderson Platoon had obviously helped my career."

Television
The Anderson Platoon was broadcast on the French public channel ORTF's monthly show Cinq colonnes à la une on February 3, 1967.

CBS premiered the English dub version on television in the United States on July 4, 1967. Shortly after its 1968 Academy Award, it was broadcast a second time in France's ORTF.

In West Germany, the 62 min. version was broadcast on July 17, 1968, on NDR, SFB, and Bremen III. After the Berlin Wall's fall it was broadcast in Germany, on WDR, on January 15, 1995.

Theater
This documentary was originally made for a French TV show and was released in theaters in the United States only.

Alternate titles

 * La Section Anderson: original title.
 * The Anderson Platoon: English re-edited uncensored version title. This is the only accurate account for this title.
 * 2. Kompanie, 1. Zug, Vietnam 1966 ("2nd Company, 1st Platoon, Vietnam 1966"): West German title. The "Anderson Platoon"'s actual name is "1st Platoon". The platoon belongs to the "B" for "Bravo" Company (the second letter in the English alphabet), and the documentary was shot in South Vietnam in 1966, hence the German title.
 * Abteilung Anderson ("Detachment Anderson"): German title after the reunification. This is a translation of the original title; "Detachment" is a synonym for "Platoon" in French.

Home video
The Anderson Platoon was made available on VHS tapes in the United States only.

A 60 min. VHS re-edited uncensored video edition was released in December 1987 by Hollywood Select Video. It was re-released by Timeless Video in May 1990. Timeless released a second print in June 1999.

By June 2000, Homevision released the original 65 min. French version subtitled in English.

Video on demand
In France it was available online April 26, 2006 as a VOD pay-per-view service through the National Audiovisual Institute's website hosting the ORTF archives.

Reminiscence
A sequel to The Anderson Platoon, entitled Reminiscence, was released in 1989. It depicts Schoendoerffer's meeting the platoon survivors 20 years after the events.

Media links

 * La Section Anderson on the ORTF in 1968, 10 min. sample (National Audiovisual Institute)

title: The Anderson Platoon


text:
Isotopes of zinc

Naturally occurring zinc (30Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, and 70Zn with 64Zn being the most abundant (48.6% natural abundance). Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being 65Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days, and then 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 10 meta states.

Zinc has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons. A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope 65Zn with a half-life of 244 days and produce approximately 1.115 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several years. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.

List of isotopes

 * 54Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 24
 * 53.99388(23)#
 * 1.8(5) ms
 * 2p
 * 52Ni
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|55Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 25
 * rowspan=2|54.98468(43)#
 * rowspan=2|19.8(13) ms
 * β+, p (91.0%)
 * 54Ni
 * rowspan=2|5/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (9.0%)
 * 55Cu
 * rowspan=2|56Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 26
 * rowspan=2|55.97274(43)#
 * rowspan=2|32.4(7) ms
 * β+, p (88.0%)
 * 55Ni
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (12.0%)
 * 56Cu
 * rowspan=2|57Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 27
 * rowspan=2|56.96506(22)#
 * rowspan=2|45.7(6) ms
 * β+, p (87%)
 * 56Ni
 * rowspan=2|7/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (13%)
 * 57Cu
 * rowspan=2|58Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=2|57.954590(54)
 * rowspan=2|86.0(19) ms
 * β+ (99.3%)
 * 58Cu
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (0.7%)
 * 57Ni
 * rowspan=2|59Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29
 * rowspan=2|58.94931189(81)
 * rowspan=2|178.7(13) ms
 * β+ (99.90%)
 * 59Cu
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (0.10%)
 * 58Ni
 * 60Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * 59.94184132(59)
 * 2.38(5) min
 * β+
 * 60Cu
 * 0+
 * 61Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * 60.939507(17)
 * 89.1(2) s
 * β+
 * 61Cu
 * 3/2−
 * 62Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * 61.93433336(66)
 * 9.193(15) h
 * β+
 * 62Cu
 * 0+
 * 63Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * 62.9332111(17)
 * 38.47(5) min
 * β+
 * 63Cu
 * 3/2−
 * 64Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * 63.92914178(69)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.4917(75)
 * 65Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * 64.92924053(69)
 * 243.94(4) d
 * β+
 * 65Cu
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 65mZn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 53.928(10) keV
 * 1.6(6) μs
 * IT
 * 65Zn
 * 1/2−
 * 66Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 36
 * 65.92603364(80)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.2773(98)
 * 67Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 37
 * 66.92712742(81)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 5/2−
 * 0.0404(16)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 67m1Zn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 93.312(5) keV
 * 9.15(7) μs
 * IT
 * 67Zn
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 67m2Zn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 604.48(5) keV
 * 333(14) ns
 * IT
 * 67Zn
 * 9/2+
 * 68Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 38
 * 67.92484423(84)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.1845(63)
 * 69Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 39
 * 68.92655036(85)
 * 56.4(9) min
 * β−
 * 69Ga
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 69mZn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 438.636(18) keV
 * rowspan=2|13.747(11) h
 * IT (99.97%)
 * 69Zn
 * rowspan=2|9/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (0.033%)
 * 69Ga
 * 70Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 40
 * 69.9253192(21)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0061(10)
 * 71Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 41
 * 70.9277196(28)
 * 2.40(5) min
 * β−
 * 71Ga
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 71mZn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 157.7(13) keV
 * rowspan=2|4.148(12) h
 * β−
 * 71Ga
 * rowspan=2|9/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT?
 * 71Zn
 * 72Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * 71.9268428(23)
 * 46.5(1) h
 * β−
 * 72Ga
 * 0+
 * 73Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * 72.9295826(20)
 * 24.5(2) s
 * β−
 * 73Ga
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 73mZn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 195.5(2) keV
 * 13.0(2) ms
 * IT
 * 73Zn
 * 5/2+
 * 74Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * 73.9294073(27)
 * 95.6(12) s
 * β−
 * 74Ga
 * 0+
 * 75Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * 74.9328402(21)
 * 10.2(2) s
 * β−
 * 75Ga
 * 7/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 75mZn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 126.94(9) keV
 * rowspan=2|5# s
 * β−?
 * 75Ga
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT?
 * 75Zn
 * 76Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * 75.9331150(16)
 * 5.7(3) s
 * β−
 * 76Ga
 * 0+
 * 77Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 76.9368872(21)
 * 2.08(5) s
 * β−
 * 77Ga
 * 7/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 77mZn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 772.440(15) keV
 * rowspan=2|1.05(10) s
 * β− (66%)
 * 77Ga
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (34%)
 * 77Zn
 * rowspan=2|78Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=2|77.9382892(21)
 * rowspan=2|1.47(15) s
 * β−
 * 78Ga
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 77Ga
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 78mZn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2673.7(6) keV
 * 320(6) ns
 * IT
 * 78Zn
 * (8+)
 * rowspan=2|79Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2|78.9426381(24)
 * rowspan=2|746(42) ms
 * β− (98.3%)
 * 79Ga
 * rowspan=2|9/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (1.7%)
 * 78Ga
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 79mZn
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1100(150) keV
 * rowspan=2|>200 ms
 * β−?
 * 79Ga
 * rowspan=2|1/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT?
 * 79Zn
 * rowspan=2|80Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 50
 * rowspan=2|79.9445529(28)
 * rowspan=2|562.2(30) ms
 * β− (98.64%)
 * 80Ga
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (1.36%)
 * 79Ga
 * rowspan=3|81Zn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 51
 * rowspan=3|80.9504026(54)
 * rowspan=3|299.4(21) ms
 * β− (77%)
 * 81Ga
 * rowspan=3|(1/2+, 5/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (23%)
 * 80Ga
 * β−, 2n?
 * 79Ga
 * rowspan=3|82Zn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 52
 * rowspan=3|81.9545741(33)
 * rowspan=3|177.9(25) ms
 * β−, n (69%)
 * 81Ga
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (31%)
 * 82Ga
 * β−, 2n?
 * 80Ga
 * rowspan=3|83Zn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 53
 * rowspan=3|82.96104(32)#
 * rowspan=3|100(3) ms
 * β−, n (71%)
 * 82Ga
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (29%)
 * 83Ga
 * β−, 2n?
 * 81Ga
 * rowspan=3|84Zn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 54
 * rowspan=3|83.96583(43)#
 * rowspan=3|54(8) ms
 * β−, n (73%)
 * 83Ga
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (27%)
 * 84Ga
 * β−, 2n?
 * 82Ga
 * rowspan=3|85Zn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55
 * rowspan=3|84.97305(54)#
 * rowspan=3|40# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 85Ga
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 84Ga
 * β−, 2n?
 * 83Ga
 * rowspan=2|86Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=2|85.97846(54)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−?
 * 86Ga
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 85Ga
 * 87Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 57
 * β− (98.64%)
 * 80Ga
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (1.36%)
 * 79Ga
 * rowspan=3|81Zn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 51
 * rowspan=3|80.9504026(54)
 * rowspan=3|299.4(21) ms
 * β− (77%)
 * 81Ga
 * rowspan=3|(1/2+, 5/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (23%)
 * 80Ga
 * β−, 2n?
 * 79Ga
 * rowspan=3|82Zn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 52
 * rowspan=3|81.9545741(33)
 * rowspan=3|177.9(25) ms
 * β−, n (69%)
 * 81Ga
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (31%)
 * 82Ga
 * β−, 2n?
 * 80Ga
 * rowspan=3|83Zn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 53
 * rowspan=3|82.96104(32)#
 * rowspan=3|100(3) ms
 * β−, n (71%)
 * 82Ga
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (29%)
 * 83Ga
 * β−, 2n?
 * 81Ga
 * rowspan=3|84Zn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 54
 * rowspan=3|83.96583(43)#
 * rowspan=3|54(8) ms
 * β−, n (73%)
 * 83Ga
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (27%)
 * 84Ga
 * β−, 2n?
 * 82Ga
 * rowspan=3|85Zn
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55
 * rowspan=3|84.97305(54)#
 * rowspan=3|40# ms [>400 ns]
 * β−?
 * 85Ga
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 84Ga
 * β−, 2n?
 * 83Ga
 * rowspan=2|86Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=2|85.97846(54)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−?
 * 86Ga
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 85Ga
 * 87Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 57
 * 83Ga
 * rowspan=2|86Zn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=2|85.97846(54)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−?
 * 86Ga
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 85Ga
 * 87Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 57
 * 87Zn
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * style="text-align:right" | 57

title: Isotopes of zinc


text:
Isotopes of gallium

Natural gallium (31Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. Twenty-nine radioisotopes are known, all synthetic, with atomic masses ranging from 60 to 89; along with three nuclear isomers, 64mGa, 72mGa and 74mGa. Most of the isotopes with atomic mass numbers below 69 decay to isotopes of zinc, while most of the isotopes with masses above 71 decay to isotopes of germanium. Among them, the most commercially important radioisotopes are gallium-67 and gallium-68.

Gallium-67 (half-life 3.3 days) is a gamma-emitting isotope (the gamma ray emitted immediately after electron capture) used in standard nuclear medical imaging, in procedures usually referred to as gallium scans. It is usually used as the free ion, Ga3+. It is the longest-lived radioisotope of gallium.

The shorter-lived gallium-68 (half-life 68 minutes) is a positron-emitting isotope generated in very small quantities from germanium-68 in gallium-68 generators or in much greater quantities by proton bombardment of 68Zn in low-energy medical cyclotrons, for use in a small minority of diagnostic PET scans. For this use, it is usually attached as a tracer to a carrier molecule (for example the somatostatin analogue DOTATOC), which gives the resulting radiopharmaceutical a different tissue-uptake specificity from the ionic 67Ga radioisotope normally used in standard gallium scans.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=3|60Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 29
 * rowspan=3|59.95750(22)#
 * rowspan=3|72.4(17) ms
 * β+ (98.4%)
 * 60Zn
 * rowspan=3|(2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+, p (1.6%)
 * 59Cu
 * β+, α? (<0.023%)
 * 56Ni
 * rowspan=2|61Ga
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30
 * rowspan=2|60.949399(41)
 * rowspan=2|165.9(25) ms
 * β+
 * 61Zn
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p? (<0.25%)
 * 60Cu
 * 62Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * 61.94418964(68)
 * 116.122(21) ms
 * β+
 * 62Zn
 * 0+
 * 63Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * 62.9392942(14)
 * 32.4(5) s
 * β+
 * 63Zn
 * 3/2−
 * 64Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * 63.9368404(15)
 * 2.627(12) min
 * β+
 * 64Zn
 * 0(+#)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 64mGa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 42.85(8) keV
 * 21.9(7) μs
 * IT
 * 64Ga
 * (2+)
 * 65Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 34
 * 64.93273442(85)
 * 15.133(28) min
 * β+
 * 65Zn
 * 3/2−
 * 66Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 35
 * 65.9315898(12)
 * 9.304(8) h
 * β+
 * 66Zn
 * 0+
 * 67Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 36
 * 66.9282023(13)
 * 3.2617(4) d
 * EC
 * 67Zn
 * 3/2−
 * 68Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 37
 * 67.9279802(15)
 * 67.842(16) min
 * β+
 * 68Zn
 * 1+
 * 69Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 38
 * 68.9255735(13)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 3/2−
 * 0.60108(50)
 * rowspan=2|70Ga
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 39
 * rowspan=2|69.9260219(13)
 * rowspan=2|21.14(5) min
 * β− (99.59%)
 * 70Ge
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (0.41%)
 * 70Zn
 * 71Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 40
 * 70.92470255(87)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 3/2−
 * 0.39892(50)
 * 72Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 41
 * 71.92636745(88)
 * 14.025(10) h
 * β−
 * 72Ge
 * 3−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 72mGa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 119.66(5) keV
 * 39.68(13) ms
 * IT
 * 72Ga
 * (0+)
 * 73Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * 72.9251747(18)
 * 4.86(3) h
 * β−
 * 73Ge
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 73mGa
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0.15(9) keV
 * rowspan=2|<200 ms
 * IT?
 * 73Ga
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−
 * 73Ge
 * 74Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * 73.9269457(32)
 * 8.12(12) min
 * β−
 * 74Ge
 * (3−)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 74mGa
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59.571(14) keV
 * rowspan=2|9.5(10) s
 * IT (>75%)
 * 74Ga
 * rowspan=2|(0)(+#)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−? (<25%)
 * 74Ge
 * 75Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * 74.92650448(72)
 * 126(2) s
 * β−
 * 75Ge
 * 3/2−
 * 76Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * 75.9288276(21)
 * 30.6(6) s
 * β−
 * 76Ge
 * 2−
 * rowspan=2|77Ga
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 46
 * rowspan=2|76.9291543(26)
 * rowspan=2|13.2(2) s
 * rowspan=2|β−
 * 77mGe (88%)
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * 77Ge (12%)
 * 78Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 77.9316109(11)
 * 5.09(5) s
 * β−
 * 78Ge
 * 2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 78mGa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 498.9(5) keV
 * 110(3) ns
 * IT
 * 78Ga
 * rowspan=2|79Ga
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 48
 * rowspan=2|78.9328516(13)
 * rowspan=2|2.848(3) s
 * β− (99.911%)
 * 79Ge
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (0.089%)
 * 78Ge
 * rowspan=2|80Ga
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2|79.9364208(31)
 * rowspan=2|1.9(1) s
 * β− (99.14%)
 * 80Ge
 * rowspan=2|6−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.86%)
 * 79Ge
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 80mGa
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 22.45(10) keV
 * rowspan=3|1.3(2) s
 * β−
 * 80Ge
 * rowspan=3|3−
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 79Ge
 * IT
 * 80Ga
 * rowspan=2|81Ga
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 50
 * rowspan=2|80.9381338(35)
 * rowspan=2|1.217(5) s
 * β− (87.5%)
 * 81mGe
 * rowspan=2|5/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (12.5%)
 * 80Ge
 * rowspan=3|82Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 51
 * rowspan=3|81.9431765(26)
 * rowspan=3|600(2) ms
 * β− (78.8%)
 * 82Ge
 * rowspan=3|2−
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (21.2%)
 * 81Ge
 * β−, 2n?
 * 80Ge
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 82mGa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 140.7(3) keV
 * 93.5(67) ns
 * IT
 * 82Ga
 * (4−)
 * rowspan=3|83Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 52
 * rowspan=3|82.9471203(28)
 * rowspan=3|310.0(7) ms
 * β−, n (85%)
 * 82Ge
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (15%)
 * 83Ge
 * β−, 2n?
 * 81Ge
 * rowspan=3|84Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 53
 * rowspan=3|83.952663(32)
 * rowspan=3|97.6(12) ms
 * β− (55%)
 * 84Ge
 * rowspan=3|0−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (43%)
 * 83Ge
 * β−, 2n (1.6%)
 * 82Ge
 * rowspan=3|85Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 54
 * rowspan=3|84.957333(40)
 * rowspan=3|95.3(10) ms
 * β−, n (77%)
 * 84Ge
 * rowspan=3|(5/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (22%)
 * 85Ge
 * β−, 2n (1.3%)
 * 83Ge
 * rowspan=3|86Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55
 * rowspan=3|85.96376(43)#
 * rowspan=3|49(2) ms
 * β−, n (69%)
 * 85Ge
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, 2n (16.2%)
 * 84Ge
 * β− (15%)
 * 86Ge
 * rowspan=3|87Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=3|86.96901(54)#
 * rowspan=3|29(4) ms
 * β−, n (81%)
 * 84Ge
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, 2n (10.2%)
 * 85Ge
 * β− (9%)
 * 87Ge
 * rowspan=2|88Ga
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=2|87.97596(54)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−?
 * 88Ge
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 87Ge
 * 89Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * rowspan=3|82.9471203(28)
 * rowspan=3|310.0(7) ms
 * β−, n (85%)
 * 82Ge
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (15%)
 * 83Ge
 * β−, 2n?
 * 81Ge
 * rowspan=3|84Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 53
 * rowspan=3|83.952663(32)
 * rowspan=3|97.6(12) ms
 * β− (55%)
 * 84Ge
 * rowspan=3|0−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (43%)
 * 83Ge
 * β−, 2n (1.6%)
 * 82Ge
 * rowspan=3|85Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 54
 * rowspan=3|84.957333(40)
 * rowspan=3|95.3(10) ms
 * β−, n (77%)
 * 84Ge
 * rowspan=3|(5/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (22%)
 * 85Ge
 * β−, 2n (1.3%)
 * 83Ge
 * rowspan=3|86Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 55
 * rowspan=3|85.96376(43)#
 * rowspan=3|49(2) ms
 * β−, n (69%)
 * 85Ge
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, 2n (16.2%)
 * 84Ge
 * β− (15%)
 * 86Ge
 * rowspan=3|87Ga
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 56
 * rowspan=3|86.96901(54)#
 * rowspan=3|29(4) ms
 * β−, n (81%)
 * 84Ge
 * rowspan=3|5/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, 2n (10.2%)
 * 85Ge
 * β− (9%)
 * 87Ge
 * rowspan=2|88Ga
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=2|87.97596(54)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−?
 * 88Ge
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 87Ge
 * 89Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * rowspan=2|88Ga
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=2|87.97596(54)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−?
 * 88Ge
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 87Ge
 * 89Ga
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * style="text-align:right" | 58

Gallium-67
Gallium-67 (67gallium) has a half-life of 3.26 days and decays by electron capture and gamma emission (in de-excitation) to stable zinc-67. It is a radiopharmaceutical used in gallium scans (alternatively, the shorter-lived gallium-68 may be used). This gamma-emitting isotope is imaged by gamma camera.

Gallium-68
Gallium-68 (68Gallium) is a positron emitter with a half-life of 68 minutes, decaying to stable zinc-68. It is a radiopharmaceutical, generated in situ from the electron capture of germanium-68 (half-life 271 days) owing to its short half-life. This positron-emitting isotope can be imaged efficiently by PET scan (see gallium scan); alternatively, the longer-lived gallium-67 may be used. Gallium-68 is only used as a positron emitting tag for a ligand which binds to certain tissues, such as DOTATOC, which is a somatostatin analogue useful for imaging neuroendocrine tumors. Gallium-68 DOTA scans are increasingly replacing octreotide scans (a type of indium-111 scan using octreotide as a somatostatin receptor ligand). The 68Gallium is bound to a chemical such as DOTATOC and the positrons it emits are imaged by PET-CT scan. Such scans are useful in locating neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic cancer. Thus, octreotide scanning for NET tumors is being increasingly replaced by gallium-68 DOTATOC scan.

title: Isotopes of gallium