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Demographics of Toronto

The demographics of Toronto, Ontario, Canada make Toronto one of the most multicultural and multiracial cities in the world. In 2021, 57.0 percent of the residents of the metropolitan area belonged to a visible minority group, compared with 51.4 percent in 2016, and 13.6 percent in 1981. Toronto also has established ethnic neighbourhoods such as the multiple Chinatowns, Corso Italia, Little Italy, Little India, Greektown, Koreatown, Little Tokyo, Little Jamaica, Little Portugal, Little Malta, Roncesvalles (Polish), and Bloor West Village (Ukrainian), all of which celebrate the city's multiculturalism. Data from the suburban municipalities are also included for some metrics as most of these municipalities are part of the Toronto CMA (not to be confused with the Greater Toronto Area).

Population
The last complete census by Statistics Canada, which was taken in 2021, estimated there were 2,794,356 living in Toronto, making it the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous municipality in North America.

Toronto's population grew by 2.3 percent from 2016 to 2021, with an annual growth rate of 0.46 percent.

2011 Census population data for the City of Toronto are found readily aggregated at a finer level than the city as a whole at i. the electoral district (riding) level (2003 redistribution) and ii. the neighbourhood level. The three ridings with the largest increase in population between 2006 and 2011 in the City of Toronto have been
 * Trinity-Spadina (25.5%),
 * Etobicoke-Lakeshore (7.3%), and
 * Toronto Centre (7.3%).

Age structure
As of 2016 census

City of Toronto
The 2021 Census indicates that 55.7 percent of Toronto's population is composed of visible minorities, compared with 51.5 percent in 2016. According to the 2021 Canadian census, 1,537,285, or approximately 10.7 percent of Canada's visible minority population, live in the city of Toronto; of this, roughly 67 percent are of Asian ancestry. Approximately 34.81 percent of the city's population, or 961,325 individuals in The City of Toronto are Asian Canadians as of 2021. Annually, almost half of all immigrants to Canada settle in the Greater Toronto Area. A study released by the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) in December 2012 found that 66 percent of students ages 4 through 18 came from visible minorities, with over 61 percent of students in 2012 identifying as Asian. East Asians made up the largest ethnic group (33 percent), with South Asians (28 percent) coming in second of the city of Toronto's overall population. 46,315 Aboriginals live in Toronto. There is a Hungarian Roma community in Toronto. Many Romani refugees live in Toronto. 61,000 Mexicans live in Toronto.

Change between 2011 and 2016:

Increase:
 * Filipino: +20,270 (+0.6%)
 * Black: +21,690 (+0.4%)
 * Chinese: +21,070 (+0.3%)
 * South Asian: +21,865 (+0.3%)
 * Multiple visible minorities: +9,755 (+0.3%)
 * Arab: +7,110 (+0.2%)
 * Latin American: +5,955 (+0.1%)
 * Korean: +4,415 (+0.1%)
 * Aboriginal: +3,800 (+0.2%)
 * Visible minority, n.i.e.: 3,305 (+0.1%)
 * Japanese: +1,095 (-)

Decrease:
 * White: -9,615 (-2.5%)
 * Southeast Asian: -5,180 (-0.3%)

The most prevalent ethnic origins in the City of Toronto are as follows:

Community Councils
The top visible-minority groups per Community Council (2016 Census) are as follows:

 * Toronto & East York (847,045): White: 65.3%, Chinese: 8.9%, South Asian: 6.7%, Black: 5.6%
 * North York (638,100): White: 47.4%, Chinese: 14.0%, South Asian: 8.5%, Filipino: 8.0%, West Asian: 5.3%, Black: 5.2%
 * Scarborough (623,135): White: 26.5%, South Asian: 25.4%, Chinese: 19.0%, Black: 10.8%, Filipino: 8.4%
 * Etobicoke York (583,395): White: 48.9%, Black: 15.7%, South Asian: 11.9%, Latin American: 5.6%

The progression of the percentage of visible minorities in the aforementioned Community Councils (pre-1998-amalgamation municipalities or pairs thereof) has been far from uniform:

Ridings
The finest granularity of visible minority data in Toronto readily available by the 2016 Census is that of the federal electoral district (riding; 2013 redistribution). The per-riding data based on the 2003 redistribution was available for the 2001 and 2006 censuses and the 2011 NHS, thus enabling useful comparisons. For instance, visible minorities as a percentage of the population only marginally increased, or even decreased (Toronto-Danforth, Parkdale-High Park, Toronto Centre, and, in the 2006–2011 period, Davenport) in the Old Toronto, East York and South Etobicoke ridings, while on the other hand increased significantly in Scarborough and North York. Since the 2016 Census used the then-new 2013 redistribution, such a direct comparison is no longer possible.

Concentrations of ethnic groups per City of Toronto ridings (2016 Census) are as follows, with the largest proportion of each group in bold. For each of the federal electoral districts in the City of Toronto, the ethnic groups with 5 percent or more of population are shown, in a rough correspondence with community councils and pre-amalgamation municipalities (highest percentage for each ethnic group as well the most populous ethnic group in a riding, if a visible minority – are shown in bold):

TORONTO & EAST YORK NORTH YORK SCARBOROUGH ETOBICOKE & YORK For each of the federal electoral districts in the City of Toronto, the ethnic origin groups with 7 percent of more of population are shown, in a rough correspondence with community councils and pre-amalgamation municipalities (highest percentage for each ethnic group as well the most populous ethnic group in a riding – if not Canadian or English, which are the most frequent ones - are shown in bold):

TORONTO & EAST YORK

NORTH YORK SCARBOROUGH ETOBICOKE & YORK

Wards
Top ethnic origin per Toronto ward (as designated by the City of Toronto; 2011 Census data - total responses)
 * English (18): Ward 32 - Beaches-East York (15.2%), Ward 13 - Parkdale-High Park (12.9%), Ward 22 - St. Paul's (12.9%), Ward 36 - Scarborough Southwest (12.8%), [...]
 * Chinese (7): Ward 41 - Scarborough-Rouge Park (52.0%), Ward 39 - Scarborough-Agincourt (49.0%), Ward 24 - Willowdale (27.0%), Ward 40 - Scarborough-Agincourt (22.6%)
 * East Indian (7): Ward 1 - Etobicoke North (23.4%), Ward 42 - Scarborough-Rouge Park (15.9%), Ward 38 - Scarborough Centre (13.1%), Ward 2 - Etobicoke North (11.8%)
 * Italian (4): Ward 9 - York Centre (21.9%), Ward 12 - York South-Weston (15.1%), Ward 7 - York West (14.3%), Ward 4 - Etobicoke Centre (11.8%)
 * Portuguese (2): Ward 17 - Davenport (19.7%), Ward 18 - Davenport (16.4%)
 * Jewish (2): Ward 10 - York Centre (15.0%), Ward 21 - St. Paul's (10.6%)
 * Filipino (2): Ward 15 - Eglinton-Lawrence (10.0%), Ward 35 - Scarborough Southwest (8.7%)
 * Canadian (2): Ward 37 - Scarborough Centre (8.6%), Ward 11 - York South-Weston (7.4%)

Neighbourhoods
Top ethnic origin per Toronto neighbourhood (as designated by the City of Toronto; 2006 Census data - total responses)
 * English (59): Leaside-Bennington (40%), The Beaches (39%), Rosedale-Moore Park (36%), Kingsway South (35%), [...]
 * Chinese (23): Steeles (70%), Milliken (65%), Agincourt North (56%), Agincourt South-Malvern West (47.1%), [...]
 * Italian (15): Maple Leaf (45%), Humber Summit (34.5%), Pelmo Park-Humberlea (34.2%), Yorkdale-Glen Park (33.6%), [...]
 * Indian (15): West Humber-Clairville (33%), Mount Olive-Silverstone-Jamestown (30%), Thorncliffe Park (24%), Woburn (22%), [...]
 * Jewish (10): Forest Hill North (32%), Westminster-Branson (31%), Forest Hill South (29%), Bedford Park-Nortown (28%), [...]
 * Portuguese (9): Little Portugal (38%), Caledonia-Fairbank (37%), Weston-Pellam Park (34%), Keelesdale-Eglinton West (32%), [...]
 * Filipino (3): North St. James Town (17%), Ionview (16%), Kennedy Park (13%)
 * Jamaican (3): Beechborough-Greenbrook (15%), Black Creek (10.0%), Mount Dennis (9.7%)
 * Canadian (2): New Toronto (21%), Alderwood (19%)
 * Greek (1): Broadview North (15%)

The neighbourhoods with the highest percentage of visible minorities (2016 data) are as follows:

 * Milliken: 97% (top ethnic origin: Chinese)
 * Steeles: 91% (top ethnic origin: Chinese)
 * Agincourt North: 91% (top ethnic origin: Chinese)
 * Malvern: 90% (top ethnic origin: East Indian)
 * West Humber-Clairville: 87% (top ethnic origin: East Indian)
 * Mount Olive-Silverstone-Jamestown: 87% (top ethnic origin: East Indian)
 * Agincourt South-Malvern West: 86% (top ethnic origin: Chinese)
 * Black Creek: 81% (top ethnic origin: Vietnamese)
 * Rouge: 81% (top ethnic origin: East Indian)
 * Flemingdon Park: 79% (top ethnic origin: East Indian)
 * Thorncliffe Park: 79% (top ethnic origin: Pakistani)

Those with the lowest percentage of visible minorities (2016 data) are:

 * Kingsway South: 12% (top ethnic origin: English)
 * Markland Wood: 13% (top ethnic origin: English)
 * The Beaches: 14% (top ethnic origin: English)
 * Runnymede-Bloor West Village: 16% (top ethnic origin: English)
 * Casa Loma: 17% (top ethnic origin: English)
 * Forest Hill South: 17% (top ethnic origin: Polish)
 * Lawrence Park South: 17% (top ethnic origin: English)
 * Stonegate-Queensway: 18% (top ethnic origin: English)
 * Leaside-Bennington: 18% (top ethnic origin: English)
 * Rosedale-Moore Park: 18% (top ethnic origin: English)

Toronto CMA
The following are the twenty (20) more common ethnic origins in the Toronto CMA:

The top 20 ethnic origins in the Toronto CMA, from 1996 to 2016 are as follows: Change between 2011 and 2016:

Largest increases: Largest decreases:
 * 1) Chinese: +105,970 (+1.2%)
 * 2) East Indian: +71,120 (+0.6%)
 * 3) Pakistani: +32,340 (+0.5%)
 * 4) Filipino: +28,330 (+0.2%)
 * 5) Jamaican: +23,030 (+0.2%)
 * 6) Polish: +22,785 (+0.1%)
 * 7) Russian: +21,820 (+0.3%)
 * 8) Iranian: +20,845 (+0.3%)
 * 9) Canadian: +18,215 (−0.5%)
 * 10) Ukrainian: +13,985 (-)
 * 1) Jewish: −77,970 (−1.5%)
 * 2) English: −44,555 (−1.6%)
 * 3) Yugoslavian, n.o.s.: −1,900 (−0.4%)
 * 4) Scottish: −1,605 (−0.6%)
 * 5) French: −1,585 (−0.3%)

Cities
Concentrations of ethnic groups per Toronto CMA municipality are as follows, with the largest proportion of each group in bold (only percentages higher than 5% are included): Most common ethnic origins (only percentages higher than 7% are included) per Toronto CMA municipality are as follows, with the largest proportion of each ethnic origin in bold (as well the most populous ethnic group in a riding, if not English or Canadian) :

Ridings
Visible minorities as percentage of population and top ethnic origins per riding, in the GTA outside the City of Toronto are as follows:

City of Toronto
Roman Catholics accounted for 33.4% of the population of the city of Toronto in 2001, followed by Protestants with 21.2%. Members of Christian Orthodox churches accounted for 4.9%, and other Christians (those not specifically identifying as Catholic, Protestant or Orthodox) formed 3.9%. The city's religious makeup also includes Islam with 5.5%, Hinduism (4.1%), Judaism (3.5%), Buddhism (2.1%), Sikhism (1%), and other communities; 16.6% reported no religious affiliation.

In particular, the 2001 Census data showed the following data per pre-amalgamation municipality:
 * Toronto (667,320) : Catholic 31.1%, No religious affiliation 26.2%, Protestant 20.8%, Jewish 5.0%, Muslim 4.0%, Christian Orthodox 3.7%, Buddhist 3.4%
 * North York (603,060) : Catholic 30.2%, Protestant 18.0%, No religious affiliation 15.8%, Jewish 10.1%, Muslim 7.8%, Christian Orthodox 5.2%, Christian, not included elsewhere 4.6%, Hindu 4.1%
 * Scarborough (588,675) : Catholic 26.2%, Protestant 22.8%, No religious affiliation 19.7%, Hindu 9.7%, Muslim 7.8%, Christian Orthodox 5.1%, Christian, not included elsewhere 4.7%,
 * Etobicoke (334,570) : Catholic 39.6%, Protestant 24.6%, No religious affiliation 11.3%, Muslim 6.9%, Hindu 4.9%, Christian Orthodox 4.3%, Christian, not included elsewhere 3.5%, Sikh 3.3%
 * York (148,940) : Catholic 45.6%, Protestant 18.8%, No religious affiliation 12.8%, Muslim 5.0%, Christian, not included elsewhere 4.4%, Christian Orthodox 3.9%, Jewish 3.7%
 * East York (114,245) : Protestant 25.3%, Catholic 23.6%, No religious affiliation 17.1%, Muslim 12.5%, Christian Orthodox 12.0%, Hindu 3.7%

The 2011 National Household Survey found that Roman Catholics accounted for 28.2% of the population in the city of Toronto in 2011, followed by those of no religious affiliation at 24.1%, "Other Christian" at 9.7%, and Muslims at 8.2%. Besides those registered in the "other Christian" category there were other Christian denominations who were also registered in the census, including Anglicans (3.8%), Baptists (1.4%), Christian Orthodox (4.3%), Lutheran (0.6%), Pentecostal (1.6%), Presbyterian (1.5%), and United Church (3%). Buddhists (2.7%), Hindu (5.6%), Judaism (3.8%), Sikh (0.8%), Aboriginal spirituality (0.03%) and "Other religions" (0.5%) were also included.

City of Toronto
The finest granularity of mother tongue and language spoken in Toronto yet provided by the 2011 Census is that of the federal electoral district (riding; 2003 redistribution). Census tracts (and hence ward and neighbourhood) data is not yet available. For each of the federal electoral districts in the City of Toronto, the top three (or more if having more than 3% of native speakers; single responses are used - it is indicated by way of using bold whether English is the mother tongue of more than 60% of the population or if another language exceeds 10% of native speakers) are as follows:

TORONTO & EAST YORK
 * Trinity-Spadina (137,865): 1. English (60.2%), 2. Cantonese (4.7%), 3. Portuguese (4.5%), 4. Chinese, not otherwise specified (4.5%), 5. Mandarin (3.8%)
 * Toronto Centre (123,430): 1. English (61.7%), 2. Spanish (2.5%), 3. Chinese, not otherwise specified (2.4%)
 * St. Paul's (112,470): 1. English (69.4%), 2. Spanish (3.0%), 3. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (2.6%)
 * Beaches-East York (103,625): 1. English (70.0%), 2. Bengali (3.7%), 3. Greek (2.0%)
 * Parkdale-High Park (100,595) : 1. English (63.0%), 2. Polish (4.3%), 3. Spanish (2.3%)
 * Toronto-Danforth (100,420): 1. English (63.7%), 2. Cantonese (5.8%), 3. Greek (5.0%), 4. Chinese, not otherwise specified (3.6%)
 * Davenport (98,425): 1. English (47.5%), 2. Portuguese (21.4%), 3. Italian (5.9%), 4. Spanish (5.6%)

NORTH YORK
 * Willowdale (135,455): 1. English (35.1%), 2. Chinese, not otherwise specified (9.4%), 3. Persian (9.3%), 4. Korean (7.9%), 5. Mandarin (7.7%)
 * Don Valley West (118,545): 1. English (54.4%), 2. Urdu (5.9%), 3. Persian (4.0%)
 * York Centre (112,950): 1. English (40.5%), 2. Russian (11.9%), 3. Italian (7.6%), 4. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (7.4%) 5. Spanish (5.0%)
 * Eglinton-Lawrence (108,730): 1. English (63.1%), 2. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (5.3%), 3. Italian (4.9%)
 * Don Valley East (106,115): 1. English (42.1%), 2. Mandarin (6.5%), 3. Chinese, not otherwise specified (6.1%) 4. Persian (4.6%), 5. Arabic (3.5%), 6. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (3.2%), 7. Cantonese (3.2%)
 * York West (103,395): 1. English (44.0%), 2. Italian (9.6%), 3. Spanish (8.5%), 4. Vietnamese (5.3%), 5. Urdu (3.0%)

SCARBOROUGH
 * Scarborough-Rouge River (128,905): 1. English (37.4%), 2. Tamil (13.8%), 3. Cantonese (13.1%), 4. Mandarin (4.6%), 5. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (4.3%), 6. Urdu (3.2%)
 * Scarborough-Agincourt (107,465): 1. English (30.2%), 2. Chinese, not otherwise specified (15.8%), 3. Cantonese (14.4%), 4. Mandarin (12.0%), 5. Tamil (5.0%)
 * Scarborough-Guildwood (105,900): 1. English (57.6%), 2. Tamil (8.0%), 3. Gujarati (6.0%), 4 Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (3.9%), 5. Urdu (3.2%)
 * Scarborough Centre (105,880): 1. English (47.7%), 2. Tamil (8.5%), 3. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (6.1%) 4. Chinese, not otherwise specified (3.8%), 5. Cantonese (3.5%)
 * Scarborough Southwest (103,270): 1. English (59.3%), 2. Bengali (6.1%), 3. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (5.0%), 4. Tamil (3.4%)

ETOBICOKE YORK
 * Etobicoke-Lakeshore (119,120): 1. English (59.7%), 2. Polish (5.6%), 3. Ukrainian (3.5%)
 * York South-Weston (111,710): 1. English (49.9%), 2. Portuguese (9.0%), 3. Spanish (8.2%), 4. Italian (7.6%), 5. Vietnamese (3.6%)
 * Etobicoke Centre (109,250): 1. English (54.1%), 2. Italian (5.5%), 3. Ukrainian (4.1%), 4. Spanish (3.2%)
 * Etobicoke North (105,620): 1. English (45.4%), 2. Panjabi (Punjabi) (10.1%), 3. Gujarati (4.8%), 4. Italian (3.8%), 5. Urdu (3.1%), 6. Somali (3.0%)

Toronto CMA
Following are the corresponding data for the GTA ridings neighbouring the City of Toronto:

IN YORK REGION
 * Oak Ridges-Markham (220,005): 1. English (52.2%), 2. Cantonese (10.9%), 3. Chinese, not otherwise specified (6.6%), 4. Italian (3.5%), 5. Mandarin (3.2%)
 * Vaughan (187,340): 1. English (47.5%), 2. Italian (20.0%), 3. Spanish (3.1%)
 * Thornhill (136,120): 1. English (47.6%), 2. Russian (10.9%), 3. Cantonese (4.5%), 4. Persian (4.1%) 5. Chinese, not otherwise specified (3.9%), 6. Korean (3.2%) 7. Hebrew (3.1%)
 * Markham-Unionville (131,250): 1. English (34.2%), 2. Cantonese (18.1%), 3. Chinese, not otherwise specified (12.7%), 4. Tamil (7.5%), 5. Mandarin (6.0%), 6. Urdu (3.2%)
 * Newmarket-Aurora (129,460): 1. English (77.4%), 2. Italian (2.1%), 3. Russian (1.7%)
 * Richmond Hill (124,865): 1. English (40.4%), 2. Cantonese (10.1%), 3. Persian (9.2%), 4. Russian (7.8%), 5. Mandarin (5.7%), 6. Italian (5.7%), 7. Korean (3.4%)

IN PEEL REGION
 * Bramalea-Gore-Malton (182,545): 1. English (49.3%), 2. Panjabi (Punjabi) (22.2%), 3. Urdu (3.0%)
 * Mississauga-Brampton South (138,495): 1. English (41.6%), 2. Panjabi (Punjabi) (8.0%), 3. Urdu (5.2%), 4. Polish (3.8%), 5. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (3.5%)
 * Mississauga East-Cooksville (131,915): 1. English (40.0%), 2. Polish (6.7%), 3. Urdu (5.0%), 4. Arabic (4.8%), 5. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (4.1%), 6. Spanish (3.2%)
 * Mississauga South (108,685): 1. English (66.0%), 2. Polish (4.9%), 3. Portuguese (2.4%)

IN DURHAM REGION
 * Ajax-Pickering (133,135): 1. English (78.2%), 2. Urdu (2.3%), 3. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (2.1%)
 * Pickering-Scarborough East (104,495): 1. English (76.6%), 2. Tamil (2.4%), 3. Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (2.4%)

City of Toronto
According to the 2006 census, the immigrant proportion in the City of Toronto stood at 50.0% The percentage and breakdown of immigrants per place of birth for each City of Toronto Community Council is as follows:
 * Toronto & East York (642,940): 39.0% (Eastern Asia 6.7%; Southern Europe 6.5%; Southeast Asia 4.1%; Southern Asia 3.7%; Eastern Europe 3.3%; Northern Europe 3.2%)
 * North York (635,265): 54.4% (Eastern Asia 11.3%; Eastern Europe 6.5%; West Central Asia & Middle East 6.1%; Southern Europe 6.0%; Southeast Asia 5.5%; Southern Asia 5.5%)
 * Scarborough (602,610): 57.4% (Eastern Asia 14.3%; Southern Asia 13.9%; Southeast Asia 6.6%; Caribbean & Bermuda 5.1%; South America 3.4%; Southern Europe 3.2%)
 * Etobicoke York (595,370): 49.6% (Southern Europe 11.4%; Southern Asia 7.0%; Eastern Europe 5.8%; Caribbean & Bermuda 4.6%; Southeast Asia 4.2%; South America 4.1%)

The City of Toronto ward with the highest percentage of total immigrants is Ward 41 Scarborough-Rouge River where 71.4% of the total population are immigrants (Eastern Asia 41.4%, Southern Asia 10.7%, Southeast Asia 6.0%, Caribbean & Bermuda 3.8%). At the other end of the spectrum is Ward 16 Eglinton-Lawrence having the lowest percentage of immigrants, 24.7% in particular (Eastern Europe 4.1%, Northern Europe 3.4%, Southern Europe 3.3%).

Toronto CMA
According to the Canadian government, Toronto has one of the highest per capita immigration rates in the world. Within Canada itself, 43% of all new immigrants to Canada settle in the Greater Toronto Area adding significantly to Toronto's population.

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 2,862,850 persons or 46.6 percent of the total population of the Toronto CMA.

According to the 2006 Census, 45.7% of the residents of Toronto CMA were immigrants.

The 2006 Census data show the following temporal patterns in the sources of immigration to Toronto (and retention of immigrants per source country):
 * Recent immigrants (2001–2006, 447,930): India 17.4%, China 14.3%, Pakistan 8.3%, Philippines 7.4%, Sri Lanka 3.9%, Iran 3.2%
 * Period of immigration: 1996–2000 (362,320): India 13.5%, China 13.1%, Pakistan 7.8%, Philippines 5.9%, Sri Lanka 5.2%, Hong Kong 4.3%, Iran 3.4%, Russia 3.2%
 * Period of immigration: 1991–1995 (357,865): Hong Kong 9.1%, India 8.7%, Philippines 8.7%, Sri Lanka 8.3%, China 8.1%, Poland 4.5%, Jamaica 4.1%, Guyana 3.5%, Vietnam 3.3%
 * Period of immigration: Before 1991 (1,152,050): Italy 11.1%, United Kingdom 9.7%, Portugal 5.9%, India 5.6%, Jamaica 5.5%, Hong Kong 4.5%, China 4.4%, Philippines 3.9%, Poland 3.8%, Guyana 3.8%, Vietnam 3.4%

Wards

 * Largest area (hectares): Ward 42 - Scarborough-Rouge River: 3,928
 * Smallest area (hectares): Ward 18 - Davenport: 474
 * Most populous: Ward 23 - Willowdale: 79,435
 * Least populous: Ward 19 - Toronto-Danforth: 44,420
 * Highest % recent immigrants: Ward 33 - Don Valley East: 24.1%
 * Lowest % recent immigrants: Ward 16 - Eglinton Lawrence: 3.7%
 * Highest % visible minorities: Ward 42 - Scarborough-Rouge River: 88.7%
 * Lowest % visible minorities: Ward 16 - Eglinton Lawrence: 12.6%
 * Highest median household income: Ward 25 - Don Valley West: $86,901
 * Lowest median household income: Ward 14 - Parkdale-High Park: $38,352

Mother tongue
(highest %)
 * English: Ward 32 - Beaches-East York: 77.7% (Lowest %: Ward 39 - Scarborough-Agincourt: 24.9%)
 * Portuguese: Ward 18 - Davenport: 25.3%
 * Cantonese: Ward 41 - Scarborough-Rouge River: 23.5%
 * Chinese, not otherwise specified: Ward 39 - Scarborough-Agincourt: 22.2%
 * Italian: Ward 9 - York Centre: 20.4%
 * Russian: Ward 10 - York Centre: 19.5%
 * Tamil: Ward 42 - Scarborough-Rouge River: 15.1%
 * Panjabi (Punjabi): Ward 1 - Etobicoke North: 13.3%
 * Urdu: Ward 26 - Don Valley West: 11.2%
 * Greek: Ward 29 - Toronto-Danforth: 10.7%

Home language
(highest %)
 * English: Ward 16 - Eglinton-Lawrence: 89.9% (Lowest %: Ward 39 - Scarborough-Agincourt: 36.1%)
 * Cantonese: Ward 41 - Scarborough-Rouge River: 22.5%
 * Chinese, not otherwise specified: Ward 39 - Scarborough-Agincourt: 18.3%
 * Portuguese: Ward 18 - Davenport: 17.8%
 * Russian: Ward 10 - York Centre: 17.6%
 * Italian: Ward 9 - York Centre: 12.7%
 * Tamil: Ward 42 - Scarborough-Rouge River: 12.7%
 * Panjabi (Punjabi): Ward 1 - Etobicoke North: 11.0%

Ethnic origin
(highest %; single responses)
 * Chinese: Ward 41 - Scarborough-Rouge River: 56.1%
 * Portuguese: Ward 17 - Davenport: 28.0%
 * Italian: Ward 9 - York Centre: 27.2%
 * East Indian: Ward 1 - Etobicoke North: 26.0%
 * Jewish: Ward 10 - York Centre: 17.3%
 * Greek: Ward 29 - Toronto-Danforth: 13.0%

Visible minority
(highest %)
 * Not a visible minority: Ward 16 - Eglinton-Lawrence: 87.4%
 * Chinese: Ward 41 - Scarborough-Rouge River: 57.3%
 * South Asian: Ward 1 - Etobicoke North: 37.9%
 * Black: Ward 8 - York West: 21.8%
 * Filipino: Ward 25 - Scarborough Southwest: 10.4%
 * Latin American: Ward 7 - York West: 9.6%
 * Korean: Ward 23 - Willowdale: 9.4%
 * Southeast Asian: Ward 8 - York West: 7.2%
 * West Asian: Ward 23 - Willowdale: 6.9%
 * Arab: Ward 34 - Don Valley East: 3.0%
 * Japanese: Ward 27 - Toronto Centre-Rosedale: 1.2%

Education
(highest %)
 * Earned doctorate: Ward 20 - Trinity-Spadina: 3.3%
 * Master's degree: Ward 27 - Toronto Centre-Rosedale: 13.0%
 * Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine: Ward 25 - Don Valley West: 3.5%
 * University certificate above bachelor level: Ward 22 - St. Paul's: 5.5%
 * Bachelor's degree: Ward 22 - St. Paul's: 31.5%
 * University certificate or degree: Ward 22 - St. Paul's: 54.1%

title: Demographics of Toronto


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Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/September 6

Suggestions
As this 6 September marks the 50th anniversary of the event, I propose that the following be run included (for this year at least):--Damac 07:14, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 1955 - Istanbul Pogrom: Istanbul's Greek minority is the target of a government-sponsored pogrom.
 * Good topic. I've rewritten the line to avoid pointing fingers. -- PFHLai 05:38, 2005 September 4 (UTC)

Propose that we add
 * 2000 - Stillbirth of Breanna Lynn Bartlett-Stewart or something similar, and Stillbirth Remembrance Day to the list of observances. BobbyLee 22:32, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Another candidate for next year: --PFHLai 14:19, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Leila Khaled in the Dawson's Field hijackings during Black September in Jordan.

Proposal to add:
 * Defence Day in Pakistan. Previously appeared in 2009 and 2010. - Mfarazbaig (talk) 12:51, 6 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The article is ineligible for inclusion because of the big orange maintenance tag on top. Please see WP:OTDRULES. — howcheng  {chat} 15:45, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

Image
I have uploaded to replace. Would someone with rights please change the offending image. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Midnightcomm (talk • contribs) 01:46, 2 March 2006 (UTC).

1941 entry's wrong
I'm sorry to tell you that the 1941 entry is completely wrong (both the date _and_ the wording), see the decree here (in German), (some informations in English) and the revised version of Star of David. Regards, Interpretix TALK 21:47, 6 September 2006 (UTC) ( see also de:Vorlage:Hauptseite Jahrestage 1. September (Page history) Interpretix TALK

 * Thanks for pointing this out. Wish I'd seen this earlier. -- PFHLai 14:19, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:28, 5 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education; Istanbul riots; Dawson's Field hijackings
 * Included: Hipólito Yrigoyen (first appearance); Restatement of Policy on Germany (first appearance); 1952 Farnborough Airshow DH.110 crash (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Battle of Groton Heights (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Hendrik Verwoerd (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 23:42, 4 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Groton Heights; Hipólito Yrigoyen; Restatement of Policy on Germany; 1952 Farnborough Airshow DH.110 crash; Hendrik Verwoerd
 * Included: Assassination of William McKinley (2nd appearance, last in 2008); Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 70th anniversary); Istanbul riots (8th appearance, last in 2011); Krulak Mendenhall mission (3rd appearance, last in 2010; 50th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Millennium Summit (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:17, 5 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education; Assassination of William McKinley; Istanbul pogrom; Krulak Mendenhall mission; Millennium Summit
 * Included: Swaziland (rescued from Ineligible); Battle of Groton Heights (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Hipólito Yrigoyen (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Tartu Offensive (first appearance; 70th anniversary); Dawson's Field hijackings (6th appearance, last in 2011)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:04, 4 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Tartu Offensive; Hendrik Verwoerd; Dawson's Field hijackings
 * Included: Istanbul pogrom (9th appearance, last in 2013; 60th anniversary); Cal Ripken, Jr. (3rd appearance, last in 2006; 20th anniversary); Millennium Summit (7th appearance, last in 2013)
 * Repeats: Battle of Groton Heights (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total); Hipólito Yrigoyen (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:17, 5 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Hipólito Yrigoyen; Istanbul pogrom; Cal Ripken, Jr.
 * Included: Victoria (ship) (first appearance; blurb previously featured Juan Sebastián Elcano, which is ineligible, and last appeared in 2006; rescued from Ineligible); Restatement of Policy on Germany (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 70th anniversary); Hendrik Verwoerd (4th appearance, last in 2014; 50th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Battle of Groton Heights (3rd consecutive appearance, 5 total); Millennium Summit (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:53, 6 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Hipólito Yrigoyen (maintenance); Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (maintenance); Istanbul pogrom (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Swaziland (ineligible—maintenance); Victoria (ship) (ineligible—maintenance); Restatement of Policy on Germany; Hendrik Verwoerd (ineligible—maintenance); Millennium Summit
 * Included: Assassination of William McKinley (3rd appearance, last in 2013); 1952 Farnborough Airshow DH.110 crash (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Viktor Belenko (first appearance); Operation Orchard (first appearance; 10th anniversary); Charles Porter (Lord Chancellor of Ireland) (first appearance); Jessie Willcox Smith (first appearance); Abby Martin (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Battle of Groton Heights (4th consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:28, 6 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Millennium Summit (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Assassination of William McKinley; 1952 Farnborough Airshow crash; Viktor Belenko; Operation Outside the Box; Charles Porter (Lord Chancellor of Ireland); Jessie Willcox Smith; Abby Martin (ineligible—date not cited)
 * Included: Piggly Wiggly (first appearance); Tartu Offensive (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Dawson's Field hijackings (7th appearance, last in 2014); Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales (first appearance); Isabella Leonarda (first appearance); Frederick Abel (first appearance); Wendi Richter (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Battle of Groton Heights (5th consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:51, 9 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Restatement of Policy on Germany (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Roger Waters; Mark Chesnutt; Jillian Hall
 * Omitted: Battle of Groton Heights; Piggly Wiggly; Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales; Isabella Leonarda; Frederick Abel; Wendi Richter
 * Included: Defence Day (rescued from Ineligible); Assassination of William McKinley (4th appearance, last in 2017); Viktor Belenko (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Operation Outside the Box (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Jessie Willcox Smith (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Sylvester (singer) (first appearance); Geert Wilders (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Tartu Offensive (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total); Dawson's Field hijackings (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 01:46, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Frederick Abel
 * Omitted: Assassination of William McKinley; Tartu Offensive; Viktor Belenko; Operation Outside the Box; Jessie Willcox Smith; Sylvester (singer); Geert Wilders
 * Included: Louisa Swain (first appearance; 150th anniversary); Hipólito Yrigoyen (4th appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible; 90th anniversary); 1952 Farnborough Airshow crash (3rd appearance, last in 2017); Cal Ripken Jr. (4th appearance, last in 2015; 25th anniversary); Isabella Leonarda (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 400th anniversary); Lord Charles Beresford (first appearance); Jillian Hall (first appearance; 40th birthday)
 * Repeats: Dawson's Field hijackings (3rd consecutive appearance, 9 total; 50th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:42, 7 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Hipólito Yrigoyen; 1952 Farnborough Airshow crash; Dawson's Field hijackings; Lord Charles Beresford; Jillian Hall
 * Included: Battle of Nördlingen (1634) (first appearance); Krulak–Mendenhall mission (4th appearance, last in 2013); Homosexuality in India (first appearance); Frederick Abel (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Wendi Richter (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 60th birthday)
 * Repeats: Louisa Swain (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Cal Ripken Jr. (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total); Isabella Leonarda (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 20:36, 19 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Nördlingen (1634); Louisa Swain; 'Krulak–Mendenhall mission; Cal Ripken Jr.; Homosexuality in India; Frederick Abel; Wendi Richter
 * Included: Battle of Groton Heights (8th appearance, last in 2018); William McKinley/Assassination of William McKinley (McKinley: 2nd appearance, last in 2007; Assassination: 5th, last in 2019); 1952 Farnborough Airshow crash (4th appearance, last in 2020; 70th anniversary); Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 25th anniversary); Parliament of Singapore (first appearance); Jessie Willcox Smith (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Geert Wilders (2nd appearance, last in 2019)
 * Repeats: Isabella Leonarda (3rd consecutive appearance, 4 total)


text:
Talk:List of premiers of China

Duplication of this article
Premier of the People's Republic of China is basically the same thing as this one, only with less information. I proposed there that we delete that particular page. What does anyone or everyone else think? MagnoliaSouth (talk) 14:20, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Other discussions
"Finally, in 1380, Emperor Hongwu decreed to kill his Prime Minister, & never appointed another one in his life. Since this, emperors never appointed any other premiers since 1911." I find this kind of doubtful. What was Premier in Chinese in imperial times anyways? Zongli 总理? Or 首相? Yinsi was 总理大臣, how do you translate that? Zhang Tingyu was 军机大臣, which is basically an administrative affairs position similar to that of the PM, how do you translate that? Colipon+(T) 22:44, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

shou xiang, da chen and zong li should all be translated as Prime Minister. But this article shoudl be deleted anyway, since it is just a copy of the lists (or lists which SHOULD BE) on other pages. 218.103.132.85 15:45, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:LOU TsengTsiang 1922.jpg
The image Image:LOU TsengTsiang 1922.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

The following images also have this problem:

 * Image:Sun Yun-suan.jpg
 * Image:Sun Ke.jpg

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --07:09, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Distinct governments
Regardless of whether one considers Taiwan and China to be one country or two, the governments are clearly distinct. This article should be split into separate articles for the list of ROC presidents and the list of PRC presidents. Readin (talk) 17:48, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:09, 17 February 2022 (UTC)
 * 中華民國行政院第30任院長 蘇貞昌.jpg

title: Talk:List of premiers of China


text:
Talk:Rival Schools (band)

Untitled
Re notability - they played an international rock festival (Reading) in 2002 as I've just disambiguated it. Secretlondon 22:44, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Also at around the time of their album getting released they got quite a lot of coverage in rock magazines/radio (in the UK at least) so I think that qualifies them as notable enough to have their own article. 80.177.170.112 14:05, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Shameless Plug?
I think the reference to the "Toronto Band" Used For Glue who are "making waves", together with the myspace link at the bottom of the article should be deleted; it's a blatant plug, and is irrelevant anyway. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.130.123.239 (talk) 12:22, 11 March 2007 (UTC).

Classification as Post-Hardcore - really?
How is their music Post-Hardcore? They make Alternative Rock, by times quite grungy, but there is absolutely nothing hardcory or even post-hardcory about their music. Best regards, IP 77.179.237.158 (talk) 23:37, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rival Schools (band)


text:
Friction sensitivity

Friction sensitivity is an approximation of the amount of friction or rubbing a compound can withstand before prematurely exploding. For instance, nitroglycerin has an extremely high sensitivity to friction, meaning that very little rubbing against it could set off a violent explosion. There is no exact determination of the amount of friction required to set off a compound, but is rather approximated by the amount of force applied and the amount of time before the compound explodes. Various methods are in use, characterizing different aspects at different size ranges, and the relationship between size and sensitivity is not the same across all explosives.

title: Friction sensitivity


text:
Z User Group

The Z User Group (ZUG) was established in 1992 to promote use and development of the Z notation, a formal specification language for the description of and reasoning about computer-based systems. It was formally constituted on 14 December 1992 during the ZUM'92 Z User Meeting in London, England.

Meetings and conferences
ZUG has organised a series of Z User Meetings approximately every 18 months initially. From 2000, these became the ZB Conference (jointly with the B-Method, co-organized with APCB), and from 2008 the ABZ Conference (with abstract state machines as well). In 2010, the ABZ Conference also includes Alloy, a Z-like specification language with associated tool support.

The Z User Group participated at the FM'99 World Congress on Formal Methods in Toulouse, France, in 1999. The group and the associated Z notation have been studied as a community of practice.

List of proceedings
The following proceedings were produced by the Z User Group:

 * Bowen, J.P.; Nicholls, J.E., eds. (1993). Z User Workshop, London 1992, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Z User Meeting, 14–15 December 1992. Springer, Workshops in Computing. ISBN 978-0387198187
 * Bowen, J.P.; Hall, J.A., eds. (1994). Z User Workshop, Cambridge 1994, Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Z User Meeting, 29–30 June 1994. Springer, Workshops in Computing. ISBN 978-3540198840
 * Bowen, J.P.; Hinchey, M.G, eds. (1995). ZUM '95: The Z Formal Specification Notation, 9th International Conference of Z Users, Limerick, Ireland, September 7–9, 1995. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 967. ISBN 978-3540602712
 * Bowen, J.P.; Hinchey, M.G.; Till, D., eds. (1997). ZUM '97: The Z Formal Specification Notation, 10th International Conference of Z Users, Reading, UK, April 3–4, 1997. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 1212. ISBN 978-3540627173
 * Bowen, J.P.; Fett, A.; Hinchey, M.G., eds. (1998). ZUM '98: The Z Formal Specification Notation, 11th International Conference of Z Users, Berlin, Germany, September 24–26, 1998. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 1493. ISBN 978-3540650706

The following ZB conference proceedings were jointly produced with the Association de Pilotage des Conférences B (APCB), covering the Z notation and the related B-Method:

 * Bowen, J.P.; Dunne, S.; Galloway, A.; King. S., eds. (2000). ZB 2000: Formal Specification and Development in Z and B, First International Conference of B and Z Users, York, UK, August 29 – September 2, 2000. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 1878. ISBN 978-3540679448
 * Bert, D.; Bowen, J.P.; Henson, M.C.; Robinson, K., eds. (2002). ZB 2002: Formal Specification and Development in Z and B: 2nd International Conference of B and Z Users Grenoble, France, January 23–25, 2002. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 2272. ISBN 978-3540431664
 * Bert, D.; Bowen, J.P.; King, S.; Walden, M., eds. (2003). ZB 2003: Formal Specification and Development in Z and B: Third International Conference of B and Z Users, Turku, Finland, June 4–6, 2003. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 2651. ISBN 978-3540402534
 * Treharne, H.; King, S.; Henson, M.C.; Schneider, S., eds. (2005). ZB 2005: Formal Specification and Development in Z and B: 4th International Conference of B and Z Users, Guildford, UK, April 13–15, 2005. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 3455. ISBN 978-3540255598

From 2008, the ZB conferences were expanded to be the ABZ conference, also including abstract state machines.

Chair and secretary
Successive chairs have been:
 * John Nicholls (1992–1994)
 * Jonathan Bowen (1994–2011)
 * Steve Reeves (2011–)

Successive secretaries have been:
 * Mike Hinchey (1994–2011)
 * Randolph Johnson (2011–)

title: Z User Group


text:
Full-line vending

A full-line vending business sets up several types of vending machines that sell a wide range of products, such as soft drinks and snacks. Soft drinks are usually sold in 12 fl. oz. (355 ml) and 20 oz. (591 ml) in the United States and sometimes Australia, or 330ml and 500ml in Europe, Canada, and other areas. Snacks, bags of chips, and similar edibles are usually about 1-3 oz.

Trends

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there was a trend in the U.S. for large national retailers to have contracts with the national vending companies to provide full line vending services to all their branches' lunch / meal rooms. In most cases, managers and staff of individual stores objected to this, because the national vending companies were not necessarily responsive when making the product choices for the machines. As a result, this trend began to reverse. Most full line vending operators are independent and are small operations. Often, they can have the existing vending machines removed and get permission to install their own machines by promising to lower prices, stock the machine with the manager's favorite candies, or provide better service (e.g. servicing the machine the same day if a coin jam or bill validator becomes jammed).

Business description
For operators, soda/snack machines have the advantage that many locations recognize the need for such machines. Many locations will, in fact, take the initiative to contact a vending company to request installation of a machine. Moreover, companies recognize the difficulty in moving these machines and are less likely to request removal, unless the operator does a poor job of servicing the machine. Almost all soda and snack machines have vend counters that track how many items are sold, making it difficult for an employee to steal money. The machines themselves, being large and heavy, are difficult to steal without drawing attention, compared to most bulk vending machines.

Soda and snack machines are relatively expensive, unless they are obtained through a third-party vending program. Compared to bulk vending machines, full line vending machines take a long time to service – as much as an hour for a soda machine that is low on inventory. The product also tends to take up more space. Breakdowns are difficult to repair, due to the complexity of the machines; do-it-yourself repairs may void the warranty. The machines are difficult to move; this task may require the help of professional movers. Moreover, some locations expect a commission.

Nature of the business
There are many types of machines available. One type is the combo machine that sells both sodas and snacks. These combo machines have the disadvantage of not holding much of any product, and therefore requiring frequent servicing. Most operators use separate snack and soda machines.

Finding a good location can be difficult, since many locations already have vending machines, don't want one, or are too tiny to get enough business. An operator may end up paying the store owner a 10% commission, which requires separate accounting for that machine. If the locations are too far apart, the operator may spend so much time driving between locations when filling them that the same amount of time could more profitably be spent working for someone else.

Vendors occasionally enroll in a "charity program", in which the vendor makes a monthly charity donation in exchange for displaying stickers supporting the chosen charity.

Some vending machines are too heavy to carry without special equipment and/or helpers, especially if the machine has to go up or down stairs. As with bulk vending, turnover of accounts (in the event of a store closure or relocation, for instance) requires a repeat of the process of finding a location and moving the machine. Snacks and soda also have lower gross margins than bulk candy. Attention must be paid to the expiration dates on potato chips, sodas, and other products.

The flexibility of a bank in handling coins is an important consideration when choosing the business' financial institution. A bank may not want a bucket of coins, so it may be necessary to find another bank or use machinery to organize coins into rolls. The government will expect taxes, tax forms, tax recordkeeping, and a business license.

title: Full-line vending


text:
Barlow Road

The Barlow Road (at inception, Mount Hood Road) is a historic road in what is now the U.S. state of Oregon. It was built in 1846 by Sam Barlow and Philip Foster, with authorization of the Provisional Legislature of Oregon, and served as the last overland segment of the Oregon Trail. Its construction allowed covered wagons to cross the Cascade Range and reach the Willamette Valley, which had previously been nearly impossible. Even so, it was by far the most harrowing 100 mi of the nearly 2000 mi Oregon Trail.

Before the opening of the Barlow Road, pioneers traveling by land from the east followed the Oregon Trail to Wascopam Mission (now The Dalles) and floated down the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver, then a perilous and expensive journey. It was also possible to drive livestock over Lolo Pass on the north side of Mount Hood, but that trail was too rugged for vehicles and unsuitable for wagons. A trading post (allowed by the Department of War) had been built where river crossings could be made along with the disassembly of wagons to make rafts suitable for floating down the remainder of the Columbia.

The Barlow Road begins at Wascopam Mission and heads south to Tygh Valley (some consider Tygh Valley the origin), then turns west and roughly parallels the White River on the north and then west, crosses the south shoulder of Mount Hood at Barlow Pass, follows Camp Creek and the Sandy River for some way, and finally leads to Oregon City. The road was rendered largely irrelevant in the early 1900s by the construction of the Mount Hood Highway. It still exists as a dirt road in some places, while many other parts have been paved over by newer streets and highways.

Planning and construction
When Sam Barlow arrived at The Dalles late September 1845, as many as sixty families were waiting for river transport. The expected wait was more than ten days, and the transportation "exorbitantly" priced. Local inquiries turned up little information about traveling over the mountains except that water, timber, and grazing were plentiful. Barlow and H. M. Knighton set out to determine the feasibility of a route, seeking a more expedient and less expensive way to the Willamette Valley. Knighton decided it was impractical after 20 or 25 miles (30–40 km) and returned. Barlow forged on with a train of seven wagons, intending to return for river transport if the mountain passage proved impractical.

On October 1, 1845, Barlow and three men scouted ahead of their company and entered Mount Hood's foothills from the east near Tygh Creek, about 35 mi from the mouth of the Deschutes River. They came within perhaps 12 mi of Mount Hood. They thought they had glimpsed the Willamette Valley, and learned from the Indigenous people in the region of a trail leading to Oregon City, but returned to Tygh Creek about five days after their departure. There Joel Palmer was waiting for him with a 23 wagon party. Palmer had followed Barlow for a better route, and had just returned from exploring the same area. The combined company organized road clearing through the forest, mostly by burning.

The clearing party made it to the top of a ridge, now known as Barlow Pass, where they were effectively lost. Barlow, Palmer, and a man named Harrison Porter Locke hiked the south face of Mount Hood west of Palmer Glacier to scout a westward route off the mountain. Palmer, in better physical condition than his companions, climbed high on the glacier (likely Zigzag Glacier), and took detailed notes on the surrounding ridges and rivers. They returned to the group, arranged for guards for their wagons at a place they named Fort Deposit. Several families in wagons ill-suited for travel through the wilderness remained at Fort Deposit, while the remainder returned to The Dalles. Barlow's group followed the Sandy River west on foot. Palmer noted an intersection with a trail coming from The Dalles by way of Lolo Pass, around the north side of Mount Hood, which had previously been the only overland trail traversed by pioneers. Near the present-day city of Sandy, they turned southwest to reach Eagle Creek and Philip Foster's farm near present-day Clackamas.

That autumn, Barlow considered the route over the mountains and petitioned the Provisional Legislature of Oregon for permission to build a road on December 9, 1845, claiming that his estimated cost of $4000 was lower than that of others familiar with the route. Permission was granted with a vote of 8-2 on December 17, 1845, approved by Speaker pro-tem Henry A. G. Lee, and signed into law by Governor George Abernethy.

The road's toll was authorized for two years effective January 1, 1846 and specified toll rates at five dollars (about a week's wages, equivalent to about $ today) for each wagon and ten cents for each head of horse, mule, ass, or horned cattle. The grant named the route "Mount Hood Road"—but it was immediately known as the "Barlow Road."

The road was built with the financial backing of Philip Foster and a crew of forty men. Five toll gates were eventually built along the route. Barlow's estimate of $4000 (equivalent to $ today) had underestimated the number of trees to be cut down and forgotten the numerous challenging bridges that would have to be built over rivers such as the Sandy, Zigzag, White, and Salmon. The White River continues to challenge its bridges to this day.

In its first season of operation, Barlow recorded the passage of 152 wagons, 1300 sheep, 1559 mules, horses, and cattle. Despite ongoing maintenance, the general condition of the road was considered to vary from "rough to barely passable."

Early use

The direction of travel was effectively one-way until 1861, when a better road was blasted through Laurel Hill. Despite the expense and difficulties of passage, the road was very popular, with more than a thousand immigrants and approximately 150 wagons recorded in the first year of operation. Approximately three-quarters of the settlers entering the Willamette Valley traveled the Barlow Road, with most of the remainder choosing the Columbia River route.

Barlow's concession expired in 1848, and he and Foster terminated their largely unprofitable partnership on November 29, 1848. Barlow turned the road over to the state, but it fell into disrepair, and became almost impassible. Others continued to operate the toll road, but weather and mountain conditions made this a financial struggle. By 1863, the toll had decreased to $2.50 per wagon and team.

"From the summit of the Cascade Range westward to Sandy, the Mount Hood Loop Highway is in substantially the same location as the Barlow Road, though modern engineering has solved some of Samuel K. Barlow's greatest difficulties. East of the summit the Barlow Road has been in disuse for many years for a considerable distance down the eastern slope, especially where it traversed the canyon of White River. The Oak Grove Road from Salmon River Meadows to Wapinitia was not a part of the original Barlow Road, though frequently spoken of as such."

In 1849, a military wagon train destined for Oregon forts passed over the road. It carried 250 ST of munitions in more than 400 wagons pulled by 1700 mules. From the beginning of Barlow Road to the camp the soldiers made at what has been known since as Government Camp, they abandoned 45 wagons after dozens of mules died of starvation.

Later use and historic designations
Various owners operated the road until 1882. Ownership then passed to the Mount Hood & Barlow Road Company. E. Henry Wemme purchased that company in 1912, and made improvements to the road. Wemme's attorney, George W. Joseph, became the owner upon Wemme's death in 1914, in a probate dispute so contentious that it shaped the 1930 race for Governor of Oregon. Joseph and his wife donated the road to the people of Oregon in 1919.

The 1923 Oregon Legislative Assembly designated the path from Idaho to the Pacific Ocean as the "Old Oregon Trail" route and approved signage with a prairie schooner and oxen for motor travelers to navigate. In 1978, the entire Oregon Trail, including the Barlow Road, was named a National Historic Trail by the U.S. Congress. In 1992, the Barlow Road was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district. In 2005, part of it was incorporated into the Mount Hood Scenic Byway. The Mount Hood National Recreation Area was designated in 2009, including Barlow Pass.

The Oregon Trail, Barlow Road Segment is a small segment of an alternate route, near Wemme, that was separately listed on the National Register in 1974. Also Rock Corral on the Barlow Road, a campsite on the Barlow Road near Brightwood, was also separately NRHP-listed in 1974.

Today
On the western side of the Cascades, U.S. Route 26 follows more or less the same route from Sandy to Government Camp; south of Government Camp, US 26 follows a valley just west of the Barlow Road's route along Barlow Creek. The route is concurrent with a few miles of the southern end of Oregon Route 35, and much of the Mount Hood Highway.

The Barlow Road is intact as a dirt road in a roughly north–south stretch along Barlow Creek; other portions are pristine ruts up to 6 ft deep. The easternmost part of the original Barlow Road in Wasco County traverses an unpopulated area within Mount Hood National Forest and follows small Forest Service roads and "Jeep trails", then Rock Creek Dam Road, and finally Wamic Market Road, north of the White River, from the Cascades to Tygh Valley. The areas east of Mount Hood National Forest have always been sparsely populated. Good wagon wheel rut viewing is possible at Pioneer Woman's Grave near Bennett Pass and in several other places. Much of the Clackamas County side is buried under US 26. Overall, about twenty percent of the road is still visible today.

A roadside marker and trail at Laurel Hill (just west of Government Camp) provides history and access to the portion where a sixty percent grade was present in the early Barlow Road. Wagons were lowered down the hill winched by ropes wrapped around trees.

title: Barlow Road


text:
ZUG

ZUG may refer to:

 * Zug.com, a comedy website run by John Hargrave.
 * the acronym for the Z User Group.
 * A computer language: "ZOPL utility generator" later renamed RTM

See also Zug (disambiguation)

title: ZUG


text:
User talk:Pichet2000

Hi my name Francois Pichet and I might start to edit in Wikipedia

title: User talk:Pichet2000


text: User talk:82.201.171.53

title: User talk:82.201.171.53


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Headshotmaster

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 15:30, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Headshotmaster
Delete - Non-notable, vanity, AND a neologism. Going for a trifecta. Extreme Unction 22:49, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Who really cares?--Toquinha 22:51, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - Not me. --Kennyisinvisible 23:20, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete; me neither. Jaxl | talk 01:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete; and the cat stared blankly back. Alf melmac 10:09, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
News council

A news council is an organization set up to look into complaints about journalism, such as inaccuracy and bias. The methods that are used vary substantially from one country to another.

News councils in Britain
Complaints against British newspapers and magazines are heard by the Press Complaints Commission, which is funded by a levy on all newspapers and magazines. It does not hear complaints about journalism in other media. (See main article.)

News councils in the United States
The idea of a news council has met considerable resistance from U.S. journalists, many of whom fear that it could lead to government regulation of the press. Advocates of news councils often pointed to the Minnesota News Council, which was started by the Minnesota Newspaper Association and inspired by a predecessor to Britain's Press Complaints Commission. The Minnesota News Council started hearing complaints since 1971, using a panel made up of half people from news organizations and half from the public. About half of the complaints were upheld. The organization shut down in 2011 because of reductions in funding and the number of people filing complaints.

The Minnesota News Council said it got about 40% of its money from non-news companies, 20% from news organizations, 30% from foundations and 10% from individuals. It seeks contributions from all sources except the government. It hears complaints about all news media, including broadcast and online news.

The Washington News Council, serving Washington state, was based on the Minnesota group. It held its first hearing in 1999 and operated for 15 years before closing in 2014.

In 2005, the Washington and Minnesota groups said they would award $75,000 to each of two nonprofit groups interested in starting new news councils in other states.

News council in Bolivia
Bolivia's National Council of Journalist Ethics includes a National Tribunal of Journalistic Ethics, which monitors the behavior of journalists according to ethical criteria. The tribunal accepts and rules on individual complaints.

News councils

 * Minnesota News Council
 * Washington News Council
 * List of news councils worldwide
 * Honolulu Community Media Council

title: News council


text:
User:Caerwine/The Shard of Lightning (Xiaolin Showdown)

The Shard of Lightning is episode 203 of Xiaolin Showdown. It first aired in the United States on September 25, 2004.

With Wuya trapped in a puzzle box once more, the Xiaolin apprentices think that they can take it easy, but they will discover in a flash that they now face double the trouble!

Synopsis
Katnappé finds and opens the puzzle box Raimundo trapped Wuya in.

Shen Gong Wu
While cleaning at the beginning of the episode Omi uses the Third Arm Sash, Kimiko uses the Lotus Twister, Clay uses the Jetbootsu, and Raimundo uses the Shroud of Shadows.

While practicing, Clay uses the Mantis Flip Coin while sparring with Kimiko who is using the Serpent's Tail until the two Jack's steal them. Raimundo and Omi are also practicing, with the Eye of Dashi and the Golden Tiger Claws.

Guest Characters
Characters other than the eight main characters that appear.

Showdowns
The showdown is for an unnamed Shen Gong Wu that is revealed in a later episode to be the Silver Manta Ray. In the first Showdown Trio, Omi wagers the Tongue of Saiping against Jack's Shard of Lightning and Robo-Jack's Shroud of Shadows with the last one standing winning. Robo Jack quickly eliminates Jack. Omi then solicits Jack's advice against his doppelganger and with that assistance defeats Robo-Jack.

Clay's Downhome Sayings
You can usually count on Clay to come up with at least one of these per episode.

Kimiko's Techno-Fashion
Hairstyle: Black with purple highlights. Top Green heart earrings.

Raimundo's Schemes
Raimundo uses the Shroud of Shadows to hide the dishes instead of washing them as he should.

The Wisdom of Master Fung
Overconfidence can be more dangerous than a lack of confidence.

Dojo's Wu Sense
Dojo vibrates when he senses the Silver Manta ray activate.

Jack Spicer's Bots
Robo-Jack is duplicate of Jack who is faster, smarter and wittier. He also double crosses Jack when he gets the chance, because that's the evil thing to do.


text: User talk:69.243.116.66

title: User talk:69.243.116.66


text:
User talk:GSchjetne

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 22:51, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
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Hello
Hello Grim, who is Xavier? I created a stub about Hal Sirowitz should you be interested

Hydronses 17:42, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

NC
Have you been to New Caledonia, buddy? Very special place, eh. =J //Big Adamsky 12:52, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I sure have been there! I lived there for one year with my parents back in 1998-1999 (I remember the talk about the Noumea Accord) What is your connection to the place? It would be interesting to hear... - GSchjetne 14:12, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Fascinating! I went there to do reasearch/field work for my thesis in Geography. Why did your parents move there for one whole year? //Big Adamsky 15:54, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry for taking so long - My father is retired and my mother was allowed a paid year off work as a carrot for working in the north. So we decided to go to New Caledonia since we had friends (who turned out not to be friends but mentally disturbed). But that aside, we made many more, real friends, and talked to many interesting people.
 * Where do you live? - GSchjetne 10:50, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Wowzers, sounds like quite an adventure for you. I live in this place, but will move this summer when my studies are done with (at long last). Btw, check out this template that I recently made. :] //Big Adamsky 12:51, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Looked at your template, looks really useful. BTW, do you have any information about Belep? Is it even inhabited? We only got as far as Boat Pass, at the northern end of Grande Terre. My big dream is to go back there when I have my PPL and tour the island by plane. Some bush flying and archeology to Belep would be awesome. - GSchjetne 18:59, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Halloj Grim, my apologies for the unresponsiveness. I think the Belep are inhabited only by members of the local clan, and that tourist facities are nonexistant up there.

Are you seriously taking flying lessons??? I'm impressed. Do you have any prior experience of gliding, paragliding, parachuting or similar aeroports? I do, and as a matter of fact, I have made a digital map of Hordaland pinpointing venues used by "air sporters" for a school project (a cartography course).

Talk to you soon! Btw, you may have noticed hat I have added flags and emblems to the Subdivisions of New Caledonia and related articles now! =]  // Big Adamsky •  BA's talk page 12:05, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello again! Sorry, but I'm a bit absent-minded these days, what with exams coming up in six weeks from now. Whatever I get on my diploma pretty much decides my whole damn future, so I've sort of promised myself to spend as little time as possible on the Wikipedia until I erupt into a frenzy when I graduate...

 * But enough about that... The flying: about two years ago I decided to take up flying after having messed with X-Plane for a while. I took a sample lesson and I was hooked! Most people finish it within one year, but I'm pretty dedicated with school, and since I'm not aiming for a commercial license I could care less how bad it looks with so many training hours. - GSchjetne 19:07, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Mila Kunis
Hi there. Regarding your help request on my talkpage: your Ukrainian spelling at Mila Kunis seems OK. Although I had nothing to check cause there's no Ukrainian ot Russian sources linked from there :). If you want further check, please provide some linked pages or copy-pasted text. But, once again, the spelling seems OK.

Actually, I had no idea of that pretty babe's existence. But if I come through some local report on her Kyivan childhood, I'll throw you a link. Let me know if you need some other help. Best wishes, AlexPU 07:19, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You should watch That '70s Show. Her character may be obnoxious, but she has her moments. Anyway, I left this link in the talk page: | Ukrainian newspaper article. I found it while googling on different combinations of cyrillic spellings, and by looking for key words that I actually understand (It's about КУЛЬТУРА, someone американських calls herself Міла Куніс, but her full name is Мілена Марківна Куніс, and apparently, she is born in 1983) --GSchjetne 09:29, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Maps
I was wondering what tools you used to make your cannabis and rail network maps? Zath42 14:39, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I made them using the paint bucket tool in Photoshop, but any image editing program could probably do the same job. --GSchjetne 05:24, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I see, I was thinking it was something like MS MapPoint. They are nice maps though. Zath42 06:38, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Sirowitz.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Sirowitz.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 05:48, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Data sheets
Back in 2007 you had commented about Data sheets for chemicals. Yes, there are many types of datasheets. Certainly an MSDS is by its title a datasheet. Also Methanol (data page) and many others are types of data sheets. FYI  Grantmidnight (talk) 21:08, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of List of flying clubs in Norway

The article List of flying clubs in Norway has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * WP:LINKFARM & WP:NOTDIRECTORY

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  SilkTork  *YES! 23:38, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
Your upload of File:Big red insect.jpg or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 13:27, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

File:Cameron the biker.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Cameron the biker.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 08:43, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:GSchjetne


text:
User talk:Rayford

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 22:51, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
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Personal attacks and civility

 * Please see Wikipedia's official policy on No personal attacks and Civility. "Comment on content, not on the contributor." If you continue to engage in personal attacks you may end up one of the "Users [who] have been banned for repeatedly engaging in personal attacks."
 * It appears that you know little about Wikipedia. Please see About. By all means collaborate to improve articles. But do not engage in personal attacks and please cite sources. Hyacinth 19:45, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rayford


text:
User talk:Rossfi

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 22:51, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Rossfi


text:
User talk:Ukebert

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 22:51, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
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A tag has been placed on Tony woods (saxophonist), requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. A1octopus 16:38, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Torrupil talkback
MatthewVanitas (talk) 16:51, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ukebert


text:
User talk:Purple Haze

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 22:52, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Purple Haze


text:
WTOB (AM)

WTOB (980 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States, which serves the Piedmont Triad area. The station is currently owned by Richard Miller and Robert Scarborough, Ken Hauser and Richard Parker through licensee Southern Broadcast Media LLC. and airs a classic hits format.

WAAA
WAAA was owned by white businessman Roger Page when it first began broadcasting in 1950. This was rare at this time in the Deep South that a white owner would own and an operate a mainly black radio station. On the afternoon of October 28, 1950, Larry L. Williams, an African-American, signed on WAAA. The first program broadcast was a football game between Morgan State University and A & T State University. The game was announced from the stadium by Togo West, Sr. (principal of Atkins High School) while Larry L. Williams conducted station operations. On the morning of October 29, 1950, Williams signed on WAAA for the first full day of broadcasting as the second radio station in the state (after WGIV in 1947) specifically targeting an African American audience. WAAA was believed to be the third black radio station in the United States, preceded by WDIA in Memphis and WERD in Atlanta. WAAA was also the first black-owned station in North Carolina.

Prior to becoming the General Manager of WAAA, Larry L. Williams gave play-by-play action of the Winston-Salem State University football and basketball games; becoming known as the "Voice of the Rams." Larry L. Williams went on to become General Manager of radio stations in Alabama, South Carolina, and Charlotte, North Carolina. He returned to his home in Asheville, North Carolina, in 2002 to become General Manager of WOXL-FM. Larry L. Williams, a pioneer in radio, retired in 2008 at the age of 90. Oscar "Daddy-Oh" Alexander was the station's best-known DJ. He was described as "a jive-talking hipster who radiated cool while spinning hits from Motown and Stax."

Jazz pianist Keith Byrd, who once lived near him, described Alexander this way:

"He had a voice that was like gravel going through molasses. You know what I'm saying? It was smooth and sweet. He was a good spirit, a great character and he played the hottest songs. He was almost like the black Wolfman Jack in this area."

Alexander left the station in 1962 after five years. Annie Bell Bowman played gospel music on the station. Anita "Boss Lady" Dean was a DJ for six years.

Media Broadcasting Corp. bought WAAA in 1971. Mutter D. Evans bought WAAA from Media Broadcasting Corp. in 1979 for US$1.04 million (equivalent to US$ million in ), making her the youngest and second African American woman to own a broadcast property in the United States. At the time, the station had 14 employees and was doing well financially considering its size but, in 1988, WAAA filed for Chapter 11. WAAA continued to broadcast but faced increasing competition from larger stations. But WAAA was unique in its service to the community, playing gospel music, jazz and rhythm and blues and broadcasting news, daily obituary reports, and Sunday religious programming.

On July 9, 2001, deputies locked the doors to the WAAA studios on Indiana Avenue because court documents showed rent had not been paid since 1997. Evans and the community worked to bring the station back, and a web site was introduced in January 2002. On July 5, 2002, WAAA returned to the air with new studios and a limited schedule, with Evans claiming to have solved her problems and intending to return to a full schedule as soon as possible. As recently as 2006, WAAA sponsored Martin Luther King Jr. Day celebrations.

GHB Broadcasting purchased the station. For several years WAAA, later called WTIX, aired the programming of WIST-FM, which played adult standards and then classic country. The switch to sports talk took place May 5, 2008.

WEGO
Truth Broadcasting completed its purchase of the station January 6, 2010. The call letters changed to WEGO and the format changed to Spanish Christian. Programming included syndicated shows plus local programming from Iglesia Luz Admirable Assemblies of God.

The Spanish format was short-lived however, as on July 4, 2012, new owners Ralph Epperson Broadcasting Inc. switched the format from Spanish back to English. The station now became news/talk and featured many of the same local personalities who worked at WSJS. The Eagle signed former longtime WSJS newsman Smith Patterson to be the news director and morning show host. Bill Flynn (formerly of WMAG and WPTI) joined Patterson on air on the morning show. WEGO became the flagship radio station of Wake Forest University Demon Deacons football and basketball. Syndicated hosts include Dennis Prager, Michael Savage, Laura Ingraham and Mike Gallagher. On January 5, 2015, WEGO added Bill Bennett and shortened Flynn's show, taking it off entirely on some Mondays to air Bennett and Ingraham in their entirety. WTOB Radio, a beloved station in Winston-Salem, has a rich history of transformation and revival. After being a Spanish station for several years, WTOB was leased by Jerry Holt from Davidson Media in 2012. This lease marked the beginning of significant changes, particularly with the involvement of Daniel Williard in 2013. In 2013, Daniel Williard took over the lease of WTOB and embarked on a mission to revive the station’s former glory. Williard brought back the original jingles, evoking nostalgia and reconnecting with the station's roots from the 1960s. He assembled a talented team that included Bob Scarboro, Richard Miller, Jim Starr, Curtis Lee, Tim Bowman, Melanie Michaels, Randy Simpson, Amos Pigg, Ken Winfrey, Rick Archer,Candice Ray, Randel Reese, and several others. This team was instrumental in bringing back the authentic sound and feel of WTOB. The early days of this revival were challenging. The station operated out of a basement at 4945 Reynolda Road for a year, reflecting the grassroots effort and dedication of Williard and his team. Despite these humble beginnings, the station's popularity grew, necessitating a move to a more suitable location. WTOB found its new home at 2825 Reynolda Road, where a proper studio was established, allowing for improved production quality and a better working environment for the staff. Initially, Williard attempted to run WTOB as a commercial-free station. However, the financial realities of running a radio station soon became apparent, and the need for revenue led to the introduction of advertisements. This change was crucial in sustaining the station’s operations and supporting its growth. During this period, Williard also acquired WSMX, expanding his broadcasting ventures. WSMX focused on beach music, catering to a different audience and broadening the scope of Williard's influence in the radio industry. Davidson Media Sold the station leased by Daniel Williard and was changed back to Spanish. As time passed, the question of ownership arose after station WTOB was Turned off and Mr. Williard was offered the purchase of WTOB. Due to his age, Williard decided against purchasing the rights to WTOB and WSMX. Recognizing the potential and legacy of these stations, Bob Scarboro and Richard Miller decided to proceed with the purchase. This transition marked a new chapter in WTOB's history, ensuring its continued operation and presence in the Winston-Salem community.
 * 1) Initial Challenges and Growth

WTOB
At noon EST on December 18, 2012, WTOB began its Broadcast after being leased from Davidson Media, it began its broadcast as classic hits from the late 1950s to the early 1970s, with the first song "AM Radio (song)]" by [[Everclear, and began calling itself "Classic Hits WTOB". After new owners changed WTOB (1380 AM) in November, After repurchasing back the call letters WTOB, employees of the former WEGO formed Southern Broadcast Media LLC to license a new station. Ingraham, Bennett and Savage have been dropped, but Wake Forest sports remain. Mark Richards, one of those in charge, said, "We’re all about live, community radio and bringing back a radio style that was almost forgotten."

Southern Broadcast Media consummated the purchase of WEGO from Truth Broadcasting effective June 6, 2016, at a price of US$164,000 (equivalent of US$ in ). On November 15, 2016, application was made to the Federal Communications Commission for WEGO to change its call letters to WTOB. The call letter change was made effective Tuesday, November 22, 2016. On that day at 08:00 EST, announcers Mark Richards, Randy Simpson, and Bob Scarborough announced the change of call letters. Also that morning, Richards and Scott Brand, General Manager of the Carolina Thunderbirds Hockey Club announced that WTOB would be the official broadcast partner and flagship station for the Thunderbirds Hockey team and will broadcast all 56 games of the Thunderbirds beginning in November 2017.

In response to a September 2017 format change by WSJS, WTOB began local newscasts on November 13, 2017. Former WSJS news director Ed Skurka became news director began newscasts every half-hour in the morning and at noon. Greg Rice would do afternoon newscasts. WTOB moved its studios to Trade Street.

title: WTOB (AM)


text:
Talk:Istanbul pogrom

Lede change
The lede goes into too much detail about the responsible parts that planned the pogrom: The riots were orchestrated by Tactical Mobilization Group, the seat of Operation Gladio's Turkish branch; the Counter-Guerrilla, and National Security Service, the precursor of today's National Intelligence Organization. A non-Turkish speaker will certainly not understand that the pogrom was planned by the Turkish government. Thus a more simple version is neccesary for this part: "it had been carried out by Turkish agents under orders from the Turkish government" per [] or slightly more precise: orchestrated by the government of Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. by same source.Alexikoua (talk) 20:57, 25 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I think the main implication conveyed there is that a NATO-founded organization was responsible, not only the Turkish government. Prinsgezinde (talk) 13:08, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

Is Gladio info relevant, or just a red herring?
Gladio is mentioned very prominently in the lead. Is anyone suggesting that the CIA or other Gladio-related agencies had anything to do with the events? If not, it should be removed from the lead, where it acts as a red herring smartly placed there by late apologists of the pogrom. Cheers, Arminden (talk) 09:44, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I appears that's a red herring. It would be also helpful to state that this was also organized by the rulling party in Turkey.Alexikoua (talk) 10:34, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

Clarification on the First Paragraph
I searched the citation for clarification on, quote, "The Turkish press, conveying the news in Turkey, was silent about the arrest and instead insinuated that Greeks had set off the bomb", in the first paragraph of the article. Could someone provide a quote from the cited source that substantiates this claim? I will be fixing this. Thank you. Borab00 (talk) 04:06, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

"Fascist"/"fascistic"
@TimothyBlue recently reverted @Cannotpick's edit changing the translation of the word faşizan, claiming that the edit was "factually incorrect". I could see an argument claiming problems with the edit on a permissibility-of-translation/WP:OR basis, but purely from a linguistic perspective, faşizan is better translated as fascistic; that is not "factually incorrect". Turkish already has a (much more common) word for fascist-as-an-adjective; faşist. If fascist was meant, Erdoğan could have simply said "Bu aslında faşist bir yaklaşımın neticesiydi." Meanwhile, faşizan is defined, in various dictionaries, to denote something of fascist tendencies; something resembling fascism. His wording is much more careful (I assume because of sensibilities toward the early Republican government) than what the English translation entails. Uness232 (talk) 15:14, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I left a message on the editors talk page User talk:Cannotpick. I think sources eg show the original was the correct translation.  // Timothy :: talk  15:21, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I can see no linguistic argument for rendering the word faşizan as equivalent to faşist; WP:RS dictionaries (and the Turkish Language Association) also demonstrate the difference in meaning. Kubbealtı, for example, defines faşizan (loan from French fascisant) as "Fascist-adjacent, fascistic [faşistçe]". Faşist (loan from French fasciste) is simply defined as "An adherent or supporter of fascism"; equivalent to the English term fascist. These words are different in Turkish, and dictionaries support this distinction; they are not synonyms.
 * If your argument is that we can not use a different word than what the sources that translated the text use, despite the mistranslation, I find more credence in that argument. But fascist is a mistranslation of faşizan, plain and simple. There's simply no linguistic case to be made for fascist when a word like fascistic exists. Uness232 (talk) 17:50, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Although the sources you gave translating Erdoğan's statements into English did translate the word as fascist as you said, it would be rational to just go to the statement in its original language here. Erdoğan used the word "faşizan" which is a loanword from the French "fascisant". According to the Cambridge Dictionary and the Collins Dictionary, the English counterpart to "fascisant" is "fascistic". In cases like this, basing the wording in the article on the original language rather than any faulty translation is the reasonable path to follow and as far as I know doesn't violate any of Wikipedia's guidelines. Cannotpick (talk) 19:27, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Istanbul pogrom


text: User talk:Dmgriepp

title: User talk:Dmgriepp


text:
Luigi Durand de la Penne

Marquis Luigi Durand de la Penne (11 February 1914 – 17 January 1992) was an Italian Navy admiral who served as naval diver in the Decima MAS during World War II. He was born in Genoa, where he also died.

Durand de la Penne graduated from the Italian Naval Academy in Livorno in 1934. He joined the I Flottiglia MAS in 1935.

Iride submarine crew rescue action
On 22 August 1940, in the Gulf of Bomba, the Italian submarine Iride, being a human torpedo carrier, was sunk by a torpedo released by a British Fairey Swordfish bomber. The air attack happened during an exercise, in shallow water, when four human torpedo squads were around, including officers Teseo Tesei and Luigi Durand de la Penne. The divers were able to make an immediate rescue action. Of the 12 Iride crewmen who survived, two died during an unsuccessful attempt to surface, nine were retrieved alive (two of them died soon, due to wounds), and one was too shocked to leave the sunken submarine. De la Penne tried to persuade him to surface and even gave him his own aqualung, but the seaman refused to surface and died.

Sinking of Valiant

As part of a team of divers, he took part in the human torpedo attacks on British vessels in the Mediterranean. In December 1941, he was one of a team of six (Emilio Bianchi (diver), his second; Antonio Marceglia with Spartaco Schergat; Vincenzo Martellotta with Mario Marino) that attacked Alexandria harbour. They used an Italian human torpedo known as S.L.C. (Siluro Lenta Corsa, also known as "maiale"), actually a small underwater assault vehicle with a crew of two. As a result, four ships were disabled: the British battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913) (by Marceglia and Schergat) and HMS Valiant (1914) (by Martellotta and Marino), and the oil tanker Sagona and the destroyer HMS Jervis (F00). De la Penne personally placed the limpet mine under the hull of Valiant. Of the three teams of frogmen, only de la Penne and Bianchi were captured before the devices exploded. The other two teams were able to get to the coast, but they were captured the day after in Alexandria. As de la Penne refused to inform the ship's captain (Charles Morgan) of the mines, he and his mate were confined in a cell under-deck, actually in a place just above where the mine had been placed.

A few minutes before the detonation, De la Penne informed Captain Morgan of the imminent explosion, in order to allow the British to evacuate the ship, but continued to refuse to disclose where the mine had been placed. The two frogmen were immediately sent back to their confinement place. A few minutes later, the mine exploded. Although hurt by the explosion, the frogmen reached the deck of Valiant just in time to see the other mines explode under Queen Elizabeth, Sagona and Jervis.

Although both ships settled on the sea bed, their decks were still clear of the waterline. As all six frogmen were eventually captured and both vessels appeared to be operational, the success of the attack in neutralising the British ships became known by the Italian Navy only after some days.

For this action, de la Penne was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour, the Italian highest military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" (equivalent to the Victoria Cross). In May 1945, at the end of the war, the by-now Admiral Charles Morgan – who had been Valiant's captain at the time of the attack in Alexandria – asked if he could himself confer the medal on de la Penne in a ceremony in Taranto; and he did so.

With the Allies in La Spezia
After the 8 September 1943 Armistice, de la Penne was offered the opportunity to be released from prison and fight for the Allies. He accepted and returned to duty as a frogman.

On 22 June 1944, he participated in a joint Italian/British operation against the Germans. A team formed of British and Italian divers was transported by the Italian destroyer ITALIAN DESTROYER Grecale in an attack on La Spezia harbour, at the time in German hands. They sank the cruisers ITALIAN CRUISER Gorizia and ITALIAN CRUISER Bolzano before they could be used to block the harbour entrance.

Post-war career
After the war, Durand de la Penne stayed in the Marina Militare. He was promoted to Capitano di Fregata (Commander) in 1950 and Capitano di Vascello (Captain) in 1954. In 1956 he was appointed as naval attaché in Brazil. He was also Deputy of the Parliament of Italy for the second through the sixth legislatures as an independent candidate. He retired with the rank of Ammiraglio di Squadra (Admiral).

In the 1962 film The Valiant he was played by Ettore Manni.

In his honour, the Marina Militare (Italian Navy) named its new series of destroyers of 1993 as the Durand de la Penne-class destroyer. Two vessels were launched: the lead ship, Luigi Durand de la Penne and Francesco Mimbelli.

title: Luigi Durand de la Penne


text:
Shine (Bond album)

Shine is the second album released by the classical crossover string quartet Bond. It peaked at No. 26 on the UK Albums Chart, and went Gold in six countries. While it peaked at No. 61 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart, it spent five consecutive weeks at No. 1 on the Classical Crossover charts. Bond described the album as having "slightly more ethnic undertones" than their first album.

title: Shine (Bond album)


text:
BCS-FACS

BCS-FACS is the BCS Formal Aspects of Computing Science Specialist Group.

Overview
The FACS group, inaugurated on 16 March 1978, organizes meetings for its members and others on formal methods and related computer science topics. There is an associated journal, Formal Aspects of Computing, published by Springer, and a more informal FACS FACTS newsletter.

The group celebrated its 20th anniversary with a meeting at the Royal Society in London in 1998, with presentations by four eminent computer scientists, Mike Gordon, Tony Hoare, Robin Milner and Gordon Plotkin, all Fellows of the Royal Society.

From 2002 to 2008 and since 2013 again, the Chair of BCS-FACS has been Jonathan Bowen. Jawed Siddiqi was chair during 2008–2013. In December 2002, BCS-FACS organized a conference on the Formal Aspects of Security (FASec'02) at Royal Holloway, University of London. In 2004, FACS organized a major event at London South Bank University to celebrate its own 25th anniversary and also 25 Years of CSP (CSP25), attended by the originator of CSP, Sir Tony Hoare, and others in the field.

The group liaises with other related groups such as the Centre for Software Reliability, Formal Methods Europe, the London Mathematical Society Computer Committee, the Safety-Critical Systems Club, and the Z User Group. It has held joint meetings with other BCS specialist groups such as the Advanced Programming Group and BCSWomen.

FACS sponsors and supports meetings, such as the Refinement Workshop. It has often held a Christmas event each year, with a theme related to formal aspects of computing — for example, teaching formal methods and formal methods in industry. BCS-FACS supported the ABZ 2008 conference at the BCS London premises. In 2015, FACS hosted a two-day ProCoS Workshop on "Provably Correct Systems", with many former members of the ESPRIT ProCoS I and II projects and Working Group of the 1990s.

Evening seminars
In recent years, a series of evening seminars have been held, mainly at the BCS London office. Speakers have included leading computer scientists, mainly from the United Kingdom but some from abroad, including Samson Abramsky FRS, Jean-Raymond Abrial (France/Switzerland), Farhad Arbab, Troy Astarte, Dines Bjørner (Denmark), Robin Bloomfield, Richard Bornat (twice), Egon Börger (Italy), Jonathan Bowen, Jan Broenink (Netherlands), Michael Butler, Muffy Calder OBE (twice), Jack Copeland (New Zealand), Tim Denvir, Cedric Fournet (France), Mike Gordon FRS , Anthony Hall, Mark Harman, Martin Henson, Rob Hierons, Jane Hillston, Mike Hinchey, Sir Tony Hoare FRS , Mike Holcombe, Michael Jackson, Cliff Jones, Marta Kwiatkowska (twice), Zhiming Liu, Tom Maibaum, Ursula Martin CBE , Peter Mosses, Ben Moszkowski, Peter O'Hearn FRS , Steve Reeves (New Zealand), John Reynolds (USA), Peter Ryan, Steve Schneider, Joe Stoy, David Turner, John Tucker, Phil Wadler, among others. In 2010, a book of chapters based on some of these talks was published. Talks have been held annually with Formal Methods Europe and the London Mathematical Society (at the LMS headquarters in central London). Since 2010, there has been an Annual Peter Landin Semantics Seminar held each December in memory of the British computer scientist Peter Landin (1930–2009).

FACS FACTS newsletter
The FACS FACTS newsletter is published periodically, originally on paper and now online. The editors are Tim Denvir and Brian Monahan.

F. X. Reid has been a regular FACS FACTS newsletter contributor in the past. For example, he has been an enthusiast for the COMEFROM statement and an expert on its semantics. Apparently reports of FXR's death in 2006 were untrue and his musings continued after this time in the newsletter.

title: BCS-FACS