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Dutch Americans

Dutch Americans (Nederlandse Amerikanen) are Americans of Dutch and Flemish descent whose ancestors came from the Low Countries in the distant past, or from the Netherlands as from 1830 when the Flemish became independent from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands by creating the Kingdom of Belgium. Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with New Amsterdam, which was exchanged with the English for Suriname at the Treaty of Breda (1667) and renamed New York City. The English split the Dutch colony of New Netherland into two pieces and named them New York and New Jersey. Further waves of immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries.

According to the 2021 American Community Survey, an estimated 3.1 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch heritage, while 884,857 Americans claimed total Dutch heritage. In 2021, 113,634 Dutch Americans were foreign-born (of which 61.5% in Europe). The 2009-2013 survey estimated 141,580 people of 5 years and over to speak Dutch at home, which was equal to 0.0486% of the total population of the United States. In 2021, 95.3% of the total Dutch American population of 5 years and over only spoke English at home.

Prominent (partial) Dutch American political figures include Presidents Martin Van Buren, Warren G. Harding, and Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt and U.S. Senators Philip Schuyler, Nicholas Van Dyke, Hamilton Fish, John C. Ten Eyck, Daniel W. Voorhees, Arthur Vandenberg, Peter G. Van Winkle, Alan Simpson, Fred Thompson, John Hoeven, and Christopher Van Hollen. Two of the Founding Fathers of the United States, Egbert Benson and John Jay, were also of Dutch descent. Governors John Hickenlooper of Colorado, Harold G. Hoffman and Thomas Kean of New Jersey, William Henry Vanderbilt III of Rhode Island, George Bell Timmerman Jr. of South Carolina, and Cornelius P. Van Ness of Vermont were also born to Dutch American families. Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in Michigan, California, Montana, Minnesota, Illinois, Wyoming, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, New York, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Idaho, Utah, Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania.

Not included among Dutch Americans are the Pennsylvania Dutch, a group of mainly German Americans who settled in Pennsylvania in the colonial era and whose name is a derivation of the Pennsylvania Dutch endonym Deitsch, which means "Pennsylvania Dutch" or "German". Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, Dutch, Diets and Deutsch are all descendants of the Proto-Germanic word, meaning "popular" or "of the people"; while all Germanic cognates of the term refer to some Germanic people, they more commonly refer to Germans than Netherlanders.

Early exploration
In 1602, the Dutch government chartered the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC). It sent explorers under the command of Henry Hudson, who arrived in 1609 and mapped what is now known as the Hudson River. Their initial goal was to find an alternative route to Asia, but they found good farmland and plenty of wildlife instead.

Oldest Dutch settlement

The earliest Dutch settlement was built around 1613; it consisted of a number of small huts built by the crew of the Tijger (Tiger), a Dutch ship under the command of Captain Adriaen Block which had caught fire while sailing on the Hudson in the winter of 1613. The ship was lost and Block and his crew established a camp ashore. In the spring, Block and his men did some explorations along the coast of Long Island. Block Island still bears his name. Finally, they were sighted and rescued by another Dutch ship and the settlement was abandoned.

17th century migration
Dutch trade in the New York area led to the establishment of trade posts as early as 1613. Permanent settlers arrived in 1617 at what is now Albany, New York. New Amsterdam was settled in 1625. In 1629, Dutch officials tried to expand the northern colony through a plan that promised "Liberties and Exemptions" to anyone who would ship fifty colonists to America at his own expense. Anyone who did so would be allowed to buy a stretch of land along the Hudson River from the Dutch West India Company of about twelve miles, extending as far inland as the owner wanted. The landowners were called patroons and had complete jurisdiction over their domains as well as extensive trading privileges. They also received these rights in perpetuity. That was a form of feudalism, which had vanished in the Dutch Republic but was introduced in North America. The Patroonships were not a success; by 1635, the Dutch West India Company had bought back four of the five patroonships originally registered in Amsterdam.

The Native Americans were no longer consulted or offered/asked to sell their lands. The Dutch were confronted with a new phenomenon, Native American raids, since the local tribes had now realized that the Dutch were not simply visitors but people set to settle their land.

The Dutch realized that they had gone with the wrong approach as they offered great privileges to wealthy, not poor, citizens. It was not until 1656 that the Dutch state abandoned its passivity and decided to actively support New Netherland. The Dutch state issued a proclamation, which stated that "all mechanics and farmers who can prove their ability to earn a living here shall receive free passage for themselves, their wives and children".

Although the Dutch were in control, only about half the settlers were ethnically Dutch (the other half consisted mainly of Walloons, Germans, and French Huguenots as well as New England Yankees). Manhattan grew increasingly multicultural. In 1664, the English seized the colony and renamed it New York. The Dutch briefly recaptured the colony in 1673, but during peace talks with the English, they decided to trade it in 1674 for Suriname in South America, which was more profitable.

18th century

In the hundred years of British rule that followed the change of ownership of New Netherland, Dutch immigration to America came to an almost complete standstill.

While the Netherlands was a small country, the Dutch Empire was quite large so emigrants leaving the mother country had a wide variety of choices. New Amsterdam was not high on their list, especially because of the Native American risk. The major Dutch cities were centers of high culture, but they still sent immigrants. Most new arrivals were farmers from remote villages who, on arrival, in America scattered into widely separated villages with little contact with one another. Even inside a settlement, different Dutch groups had minimal interaction. With very few new arrivals, the result was an increasingly traditional system cut off from the forces for change. The people maintained their popular culture, revolving around their language and their Calvinist religion. The Dutch brought along their own folklore, most famously Sinterklaas (the foundation of the modern-day Santa Claus), and created their own as in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. They maintained their distinctive clothing, and food preferences and introduced some new foods to America, including beets, endive, spinach, parsley, and cookies.

After the British takeover, the rich Dutch families in Albany and New York City emulated the English elite and purchased English furniture, silverware, crystal, and jewelry. They were proud of their language, which was strongly reinforced by the church, but they were much slower than the Yankees in setting up schools for their children. They finally set up Queens College (now Rutgers University) in New Jersey, but it quickly became anglicized. They never attempted to start newspapers; they published no books and only a handful of religious tracts annually. Pietist leader Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen (1691–1747) launched a series of revivals that challenge the mainstream church's emphasis on sacraments. Church buildings increasingly followed English rather than historic Dutch models. Politically, however, there was a strong anti-British sentiment that led most of the Dutch to support the American Revolution. One famous Dutch folk hero was Rip Van Winkle, characterized by being absurdly old-fashioned and out of date, which aimed to instill the establishment of an American culture distinct from British culture. Most farmers focused on providing subsistence for their families; about a third were chiefly oriented to market prices.

Dutch Quakers came to the Philadelphia area in response to the appeal of William Penn. Penn, himself a Dutch Briton (his mother being from Rotterdam), had paid three visits to the Netherlands, where he published several pamphlets.

Colonial Dutch American population in 1790
The Census Bureau produced estimates of the colonial American population with roots in the Netherlands, in collaboration with the American Council of Learned Societies, by scholarly classification of the names of all White heads of families recorded in the first U.S. census of 1790. The government required accurate estimates of the origins of the colonial stock population as basis for computing National Origins Formula immigration quotas in the 1920s; for this task scholars estimated the proportion of names in each state determined to be of Dutch derivation. The final report estimated about 3.1% of the U.S. population in 1790 was of Dutch origin, heavily concentrated in the Middle Colonies of historic New Netherland which became the British American Colonial Province of New York, Province of New Jersey, Province of Pennsylvania, and Delaware Colony—ultimately forming the U.S. states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Estimated Dutch American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census 🇺🇸

19th century
During the early nineteenth century, large numbers of Dutch farmers, forced by high taxes and low wages, started immigrating to America. They mainly settled down in the Midwest, especially Michigan, Illinois and Iowa. In the 1840s, Calvinist immigrants desiring more religious freedom immigrated. West Michigan in particular has become associated with Dutch American culture, and the highly conservative influence of the Dutch Reformed Church, centering on the cities of Holland and (to a lesser extent) Grand Rapids.

Waves of Catholic emigrants, initially encouraged in the 1840s by Father Theodore J. van den Broek, emigrated from the southern Netherlands to form communities in Wisconsin, primarily to Little Chute, Hollandtown, and the outlying farming communities. Whole families and even neighborhoods left for America. Most of these early emigrants were from villages near Uden, including Zeeland, Boekel, Mill, Oploo and Gemert. By contrast, many Protestant agrarian emigrants to Michigan and Iowa were drawn from Groningen, Friesland, and Zeeland; areas known for their clay soils.

The Dutch economy of the 1840s was stagnant and much of the motivation to emigrate was economic rather than political or religious. The emigrants were not poor, as the cost of passage, expenses, and land purchase in America would have been substantial. They were not, however, affluent and many would have been risking most of their wealth on the chance of economic improvement. There were also political pressures at the time that favored mass emigrations of Protestants.

20th century migration
A significant number of Dutchmen emigrated to the United States after World War II arrived from Indonesia via the Netherlands. After Indonesia, formerly known as the Dutch East Indies, gained independence its Indo-European (Eurasian) population known as Indies Dutchmen (Dutch: Indische Nederlanders) repatriated to the Netherlands. Around 60,000 continued their diaspora to the United States. This particular group is also known as Dutch-Indonesians, Indonesian-Dutch, or Amerindos.

"'Nine tenths of the so called Europeans (in the Dutch East Indies) are the offspring of whites married to native women. These mixed people are called Indo-Europeans... They have formed the backbone of officialdom. In general they feel the same loyalty to Holland as do the white Netherlanders. They have full rights as Dutch citizens and they are Christians and follow Dutch customs. This group has suffered more than any other during the Japanese occupation.' Official U.S. Army publication for the benefit of G.I.'s, 1944."

These Dutch Indos mainly entered the United States under legislative refugee measures and were sponsored by Christian organizations such as the Church World Service and the Catholic Relief Services. An accurate count of Indo immigrants is not available, as the U.S. Census classified people according to their self-determined ethnic affiliation. The Indos could have therefore been included in overlapping categories of "country of origin", "other Asians," "total foreign", "mixed parentage", "total foreign-born" and "foreign mother tongue". However the Indos that settled in the United States via the legislative refugee measures number at least 25,000 people.

The original post-war refugee legislation of 1948, already adhering to a strict "affidavit of support" policy, was still maintaining a color bar making it difficult for Indos to emigrate to the United States. By 1951 American consulates in the Netherlands registered 33,500 requests and had waiting times of 3 to 5 years. Also the Walter-McCarren Act of 1953 adhered to the traditional American policy of minimizing immigrants from Asia. The yearly quota for Indonesia was limited to a 100 visas, even though Dutch foreign affairs attempted to profile Indos as refugees from the alleged pro-communist Sukarno administration.

The 1953 flood disaster in the Netherlands resulted in the Refugee Relief Act including a slot for 15,000 ethnic Dutch that had at least 50% European blood (one year later loosened to Dutch citizens with at least two Dutch grandparents) and an immaculate legal and political track record. In 1954 only 187 visas were actually granted. Partly influenced by the anti-Western rhetoric and policies of the Sukarno administration the anti-communist senator Francis E. Walter pleaded for a second term of the Refugee Relief Act in 1957 and an additional slot of 15,000 visas in 1958.

In 1958, the Pastore–Walter Immigration Act for the relief of certain distressed aliens was passed allowing for a one-off acceptance of 10,000 Dutchmen from Indonesia (excluding the regular annual quota of 3,136 visas). It was hoped however that only 10% of these Dutch refugees would in fact be racially mixed Indos and the American embassy in The Hague was frustrated with the fact that Canada, where ethnic profiling was even stricter, was getting the full-blooded Dutch and the United States was getting Dutch "all rather heavily dark". Still in 1960 senators Pastore and Walter managed to get a second two-year term for their act which was used by a great number of Dutch Indos.

Dutch influence on the United States

 * According to tradition, in 1626 Peter Minuit obtained the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in exchange for goods with a total value of 60 guilders ($24); most aspects of the story have been called into question by experts. Minuit, a Walloon, was employed by the Dutch West India Company to manage its colony of New Amsterdam, the future New York. The names of some other settlements that were established still exist today as boroughs and neighborhoods of New York: Brooklyn (Breukelen), Wall Street (Wal Straat), Stuyvesant, Staten Island (named after the Dutch parliament, the Staten Generaal), Harlem (Haarlem), Coney Island (Konijnen Eiland, means "Rabbit Island") and Flushing (Vlissingen).
 * In 1657 the clash between Peter Stuyvesant and Quakers led by John Bowne resulted in the Flushing Remonstrance which served as the basis for religious freedom in America.
 * Dutch settlers and their descendants in the colonies played active roles in the American Revolution and the formation of the United States, most especially descendants of the Schuyler family and the Van Cortlandt family. Dutch American signers of the Declaration of Independence included Philip Livingston and Lewis Morris, both from New York. Generals for the patriots included Philip Schuyler, Peter Gansevoort, and Major General James Morgan Jr. from New Jersey. On the side working with the British included New York City Mayor David Mathews (a cousin of General Schuyler), Major General Oliver Delancey and Brigadier General Cortlandt Skinner (both Schuyler family descendants).
 * During the American war of Independence the Dutch were active allies of the American revolutionaries. From the island of Sint Eustatius they gave the Thirteen Colonies one of the few opportunities to acquire arms. In 1778, British Lord Stormont claimed in parliament that "if Sint Eustatius had sunk into the sea three years before, the United Kingdom would already have dealt with George Washington".
 * The Dutch were the first to salute the flag and, therefore, the first to acknowledge the independence of the United States on November 16, 1776.
 * The American Declaration of Independence is said to have in many ways been influenced by the Dutch "Plakkaat van Verlatinghe" (Act of Abjuration).

Several American Presidents had Dutch ancestry:
 * Martin Van Buren, 8th President. He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party and the first president who was not of English, Irish, Scottish, or Welsh descent. He is also the only president not to have spoken English as his first language, but rather grew up speaking Dutch.
 * Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President. Roosevelt is most famous for his personality, his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" persona. In 1901, he became president after the assassination of President William McKinley. Roosevelt was a Progressive reformer who sought to move the Republican Party into the Progressive camp.
 * Warren G. Harding, 29th President. His mother's ancestors were Dutch, including the well known Van Kirk family.
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. A central figure of the twentieth century, he has consistently been ranked as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents in scholarly surveys.
 * George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, 41st and 43rd Presidents, respectively. They count members of the Schuyler family and the related Beekman family among their ancestors.

Dutch language and Dutch names in North America
The first Dutch settlers lived in small isolated communities, and as a consequence were barely exposed to English. As the Dutch lost their own colonies in North America to the British, the Dutch settlers increasingly were exposed to other immigrants and their languages and the Dutch language gradually started to disappear. The 2009-2013 American Community Survey estimated 141,580 people of 5 years and over to speak Dutch at home, which was equal to 0.0486% of the population in the United States. In 2021, 95.3% of the total Dutch American population of 5 years and over only spoke English at home.

In 1764, Archibald Laidlie preached the first English sermon to the Dutch Reformed congregation in New York City. Ten years later English was introduced in the schools. In Kingston, Dutch was used in church as late as 1808. A few years before, a traveler had reported that on Long Island and along the North River in Albany, Dutch was still the lingua franca of the elderly.

Francis Adrian van der Kemp, who came to the United States as a refugee in 1788, wrote that his wife was able to converse in Dutch with the wives of Alexander Hamilton and General George Clinton. In 1847, immigrants from the Netherlands were welcomed in Dutch by the Reverend Isaac Wyckoff upon their arrival in New York. Wyckoff himself was a descendant of one of the first settlers in Rensselaerswyck, who had learned to speak English at school.

Names of Dutch origin
In the first half of the twentieth century, the Dutch language was hardly spoken in North America, with the exception of first generation Dutch immigrants. The marks of the Dutch heritage — in language, in reference to historical Dutch people (for example Stuyvesant) and in reference to Dutch places — can still be seen. There are about 35 Dutch restaurants and bakeries in the United States, most of them founded in the 20th century.

Adaptation of Dutch names for places in the United States was common. New York City for example has many originally Dutch street and place names, which date back to the time it was the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Several landmarks like Conyne Eylandt (Modern Dutch: Konijn eiland, meaning Rabbit Island) became more suitable to Anglophones (Coney Island). Additionally, Brooklyn (Breukelen), Harlem (Haarlem), Wall Street (walstraat) and Broadway (brede weg) are adapted after Dutch names or words. And up the river in New York State Piermont, Orangeburg, Blauvelt and Haverstraw, just to name a few places. In the Hudson Valley region there are many places and waterways whose names incorporate the word -kill, Dutch for "stream" or "riverbed", including the Catskill Mountains, Peekskill, and the Kill van Kull. Also, the American state of Rhode Island is a surviving example of Dutch influence in Colonial America. In 1614, was christened as Roodt Eylandt (Rood Eiland in modern Dutch), meaning "Red Island", referring to the red clay found on the island.

English words of Dutch origin
Dutch and English are both part of the West Germanic language group and share several aspects, due to the fact that the birthplaces of both languages (Netherlands and the United Kingdom) are only separated by the North Sea. Similarities between Dutch and English are abundant, as an estimated 1% of the English words is of Dutch origin. Examples include the article "the" (de in Dutch), the words "book" (boek), "house" (huis), "pen" (pen), and, "street" (straat), among others.

There are also some words in American English that are of Dutch origin, like "cookie" (koekje) and "boss" (baas). And in some American family names a couple of Dutch characteristics still remain. Like (a) the prefix "van" (as in Martin Van Buren), (b) the prefix "de"(/"der"/"des"/"den") (as in Jared DeVries), (c) a combination of the two "van de ..." (as in Robert J. Van de Graaff), or (d) "ter"/"te"("ten") or "ver", which mean respectively (a) "of" (possessive or locative), (b) "the" (definite article), (c) "of the..." and (d) "at the" ("of the"/"in the") (locative).

Creole dialects
Contact between other languages also created various creoles with Dutch as the base language. Two examples, Jersey Dutch and Mohawk Dutch, are now extinct. This is possibly due to the ease of transition from Dutch to English, stemming from a shared linguistic genealogy.

Newspapers
Little Chute, Wisconsin, remained a Dutch-speaking community—known locally as "speaking Hollander"—into the twentieth century. As late as 1898, church sermons and event announcements were in Dutch. Dutch newspapers continued in the area—mainly in De Pere by Catholic clergymen—were published up until World War I. The only remaining publication that is written exclusively in Dutch is Maandblad de Krant, which is published monthly in Penticton, British Columbia, Canada, and mailed to subscribers throughout the United States from Oroville, Washington.

Dutch-American Heritage Day
As of 1990, November 16 is "Dutch-American Heritage Day". On November 16, 1776, a small American warship, the Andrew Doria, sailed into the harbor of the Dutch island of Sint Eustatius in the West Indies. Only four months before, the United States had declared its independence from Great Britain. The American crew was delighted when the governor of the island ordered that his fort's cannons be fired in a friendly salute. The first ever given by a foreign power to the flag of the United States, it was a risky and courageous act. Indeed, angered by Dutch trading and contraband with the rebellious colonies, the British seized the island a few years later. The Dutch recaptured the island in 1784.

Dutch-American Friendship Day
April 19 is Dutch-American Friendship Day, which remembers the day in 1782 when John Adams, later to become the second president of the United States, was received by the States General in The Hague and recognized as Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America. It was also the day that the house he had purchased at Fluwelen Burgwal 18 in The Hague was to become the first American Embassy in the world.

Dutch Heritage Festivals

Many of the Dutch heritage festivals that take place around the United States coincide with the blooming of tulips in a particular region. The Tulip Time Festival in Holland, Michigan is the largest such festival with other notable gatherings such as the Pella Tulip Time in Pella, Iowa; Tulip Festival in Orange City, Iowa and Albany, New York; Dutch Days in Fulton, Illinois; Let's Go Dutch Days in Baldwin, Wisconsin; Holland Days in Lynden, Washington; Holland Happening in Oak Harbor, Washington; Holland Fest in Cedar Grove, Wisconsin, and the Wooden Shoe Tulip Fest in Woodburn, Oregon. Often Dutch heritage festivals coincide with the blooming of the tulip. See Tulip Festival for additional explanations of some of these festivals. A Dutch Festival is also held at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York; and a Holland Festival in Long Beach, California. A traditional Dutch Kermis Festival is celebrated in October in Little Chute, WI. During late November and early December, a Dutch Winterfest is held in Holland, MI, to coincide with the traditional arrival of Sinterklaas; the cultural ancestor of the American Santa Claus." There is an annual Sinterklass festival held in Rhinebeck and Kingston, New York where Sinterklaas crosses the Hudson River and a parade is held in recognition of the Greater New York Area's Dutch cultural heritage.

Lately, many of the larger cities in the U.S. have a King's Day (Koningsdag) festival that is celebrated in the Netherlands on April 27 to celebrate the birthday of King Willem Alexander. The Portland Dutch Society started this annual Dutch Holiday celebration in Portland, OR in 2013 and will have one again in 2015 on April 26. It is celebrated by people of Dutch heritage dressed in their Orange clothes and enjoying the sounds of Dutch music and eating typical Dutch foods like kroketten, friet met mayonaise, zoute haring, and other Dutch delicacies.

Dutch-American people of color
Most Dutch-Americans are white, but some are people of color, including Black Dutch-Americans. During the 18th and 19th centuries, many enslaved and free Black people spoke Dutch. New York City and New Jersey had notable Dutch-speaking Black populations during the colonial era and into the 1800s, dating back to the Dutch settlement in New Amsterdam.

Religion
The beginnings of the Reformed Church in America date to 1628. By 1740, it had 65 congregations in New York and New Jersey, served by ministers trained in Europe. Schools were few but to obtain their own ministers they formed "Queens College" (now Rutgers University) in 1766. In 1771, there were 34 ministers for over 100 churches. Until 1764, in at least three Dutch churches in New York City, all sermons were in Dutch; Theodore Roosevelt reports his grandfather's church used Dutch as late as 1810. Other churches with roots in Dutch immigration to the United States include the Christian Reformed Church, the Protestant Reformed Churches, the United Reformed Churches, the Netherlands Reformed Congregations, the Heritage Netherlands Reformed Congregations and the Free Reformed Churches. Along with the Reformed churches, Roman Catholicism is the other major religion of Dutch Americans. Beginning in 1848, a significant number of Roman Catholics from the Dutch provinces of North Brabant, Limburg and southern Gelderland went to create many settlements in northeastern Wisconsin. But even today, Dutch Americans remain majority Protestant.

Numbers
Between 1820 and 1900, 340,000 Dutch emigrated from the Netherlands to the United States. In the aftermath of World War II, several tens of thousands of Dutch immigrants joined them, mainly moving to California and Washington. In several counties in Michigan and Iowa, Dutch Americans remain the largest ethnic group. In 2020, most self-reported Dutch Americans live in Michigan, followed by California and New York. While the highest concentration of Dutch Americans are found in South Dakota, Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin. According to 2021 US Census data, 3,083,041 Americans self-reported to be of (partial) Dutch ancestry, while 884,857 Americans claimed full Dutch heritage. 2,969,407 Dutch Americans were native born in 2021, while 113,634 Dutch Americans were foreign-born, of which 61.5% was born in Europe and 62,9% entered the United States before 2000.

2000 population of Dutch ancestry
According to the 2000 US Census, more than 5 million Americans claimed total or partial Dutch heritage. They were particularly concentrated around Grand Rapids, Michigan; Rock Rapids, Iowa; Sioux City, Iowa; Des Moines, Iowa; Fulton, Illinois, Celeryville, Ohio, and Little Chute, Wisconsin. These areas are surrounded with towns and villages that were founded by Dutch settlers in the 19th century, such as Holland, Michigan and Zeeland, Michigan; Pella, Iowa, and Orange City, Iowa. Other Dutch enclaves include Lynden, Washington, Ripon, California, and places in New Jersey. It is estimated that, by 1927, as many as 40,000 Dutch settlers, primarily from North Brabant and Limburg, had immigrated to the United States, with the largest concentrations in the area near Little Chute, Wisconsin. By the early twentieth century, Little Chute was the largest Catholic Dutch community in the United States. In the Chicago suburbs, there are sizable Dutch communities in and around Elmhurst, Wheaton, Palos Heights, South Holland, Lansing, Dyer, and other surrounding communities, anchored by Reformed churches and Christian schools.

In California, the San Joaquin Delta had a major Dutch (incl. Frisian) and Belgian influence, as settlers from those countries arrived in the 1850s, after California obtained statehood. They drained away swamps and created artificial islands known as polders, constructed dikes to back away the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers flowing into the San Francisco Bay, also turned them into fertile farmlands and set up inland ports such as Stockton. Also their communities like Lathrop, Galt, Rio Vista and French Camp which were named for Belgians from Belgium are of both French (Walloon) or Flemish origin. There is a Dutch community in Redlands, Ontario, Ripon and Bellflower.

2020 population of Dutch ancestry by state
As of 2020, the distribution of self-reported Dutch Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table:

Notable people
Harmen Jansen Knickerbocker was an early Dutch settler of New York's Hudson River Valley.

In art, Willem de Kooning was a leading Abstract Expressionist painter, often depicting the human form in violent brush strokes and daring color juxtapositions. Muralist Anthony Heinsbergen interior designs are still seen today in most of the world's movie theaters. Cowboy artist Earl W. Bascom, a sculptor known as the "cowboy of cowboy artists", is a descendant of the Van Riper family who was early settlers of New York.

In business, the Vanderbilt family was once among the richest families in the United States.

In education, Stephen Van Rensselaer III founded Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, in 1824, which is the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world and the Western Hemisphere. Famous accomplishments of alumni include the Ferris Wheel, Brooklyn Bridge, commercially viable television and radar, and the microprocessor.

In literature, Janwillem van de Wetering is renowned for his detective fiction; his most popular creation being that of Grijpstra and de Gier. Edward W. Bok was a Pulitzer Prize-winning autobiographer and magazine editor. He is also credited with coining the term "living room". Greta Van Susteren's father was a Dutch American. Prolific poet Leo Vroman escaped from the Nazi-occupied Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies to end up in a harsh concentration camp for Europeans run by the Japanese army when it overran the islands. After the war, he immigrated to the United States. His Dutch Indonesian friend, fellow camp survivor, and author Tjalie Robinson also lived in the United States, where he founded several cultural institutions. The author Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema, writer of the book Soldier of Orange, was a Dutch resistance fighter, spy, and decorated war hero that immigrated to the United States after World War II. Born on Java in the Dutch East Indies, he died in his home in Hawaii.

In entertainment, actor, presenter and entertainer Dick Van Dyke is of Dutch descent, with a career spanning six decades. He is best known for his starring roles in Mary Poppins, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Dick Van Dyke Show and Diagnosis: Murder. Dick Van Patten and his son Vincent are of Dutch descent; Dick was famous for the television show Eight is Enough. Three generations of Fondas from Fonda, New York have graced the stage and screen for almost a century, including Henry Fonda, son Peter Fonda, daughter Jane Fonda, granddaughter Bridget Fonda and grandson Troy Garity. The  X-Men trilogy starred Dutch actress Famke Janssen and Dutch-descended Rebecca Romijn who is perhaps best known for her TV roles in such comedies as Ugly Betty. Anneliese van der Pol, a singer and actress, is a star of Disney's That's so Raven. Iconic star Audrey Hepburn was born in Belgium to a Dutch expatriate. Musicians Eddie and Alex van Halen were the lead guitarist and drummer, respectively, and co-founders of the band Van Halen, born to a Dutch father and Dutch-Indonesian mother. Bruce Springsteen's father was of Dutch and Irish heritage, from one of the original families that settled in New Netherland. The brothers Ronny, Johnny, and Donnie van Zant, the lead singer of Lynyrd Skynyrd and founder of 38 Special have Dutch ancestry. Singer Whitney Houston had Dutch ancestry. Don Van Vliet, the musician with the stage name Captain Beefheart, changed his middle name from Glen to the preposition to 1965 to honor his Dutch heritage. Actor Mark-Paul Gosselaar, known from the series Saved by the Bell, was born to a Dutch father and a Dutch-Indonesian mother. Matt Groening, the author of The Simpsons and Futurama has Dutch Mennonite ancestors, his family name originating from the Dutch city of Groningen. Chevy Chase also has deep Dutch roots from colonial New York.

In politics, Peter Stuyvesant was the last Director-General of the colony of New Netherland. Stuyvesant greatly expanded the settlement of New Amsterdam, today known as New York. Stuyvesant's administration built the protective wall on Wall Street, and the canal that became Broad Street, known today as Broadway. The prestigious Stuyvesant High School is named after him. Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, presidents of the United States, were not only of Dutch descent but cousins. Martin Van Buren was another president of Dutch descent. Martin Kalbfleisch served as a U.S. Representative for the state of New York. Pete Hoekstra served as congressman for the state of Michigan's 2nd congressional district from 1993 until 2011. On January 10, 2018, he took office as United States Ambassador to the Netherlands. Jacob Aaron Westervelt was a renowned and prolific shipbuilder and Mayor of New York (1853–1855).

In science and technology, inventor and businessman Thomas Edison was of Dutch descent. Nicolaas Bloembergen won the Nobel Prize in 1981 for his work in laser spectroscopy. He was also awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1978. Physicists Samuel Abraham Goudsmit and George Eugene Uhlenbeck proposed the concept of electron spin. Goudsmit was also the scientific head of the Operation Alsos mission in the Manhattan Project. Tjalling Koopmans was the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1975.

In astronomy, Maarten Schmidt pioneered the research of quasars. Astronomer Gerard Kuiper discovered two new moons in the Solar System and predicted the existence of the Kuiper belt, which is named in his honor. Popular astronomer Bart J. Bok won the Klumpke-Roberts Award in 1982 and the Bruce Medal in 1977. Jan Schilt invented the Schilt photometer.

In sports, Hall of Fame baseball player and two-time World Series champion Bert Blyleven gained fame for his curveball. Earl Bascom was a Hall of Fame rodeo champion known as the "father of modern rodeo." Golfer Tiger Woods has Dutch ancestry through his mother.

In religion, Albertus van Raalte was a Reformed Church of America pastor who led the Dutch immigrants who founded the city of Holland, Michigan in 1846. Louis Berkhof, a Reformed systematic theologian, is greatly studied today in seminaries and Bible colleges. Herman Hoeksema, a theologian, was instrumental in the series of events that precipitated the creation of the Protestant Reformed Church. Prominent Christian author Lewis B. Smedes wrote Forgive and Forget, an influential work discussing a religious view on sexuality and forgiveness. Menno Simons (1496 – January 31, 1561) was a former Catholic priest from the Friesland region of the Netherlands who became an influential Anabaptist religious leader. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and it is from his name that his followers became known as Mennonites.

Colonial/ New Netherland

 * Balmer, Randall. A Perfect Babel of Confusion: Dutch Religion and English Culture in the Middle Colonies (2002).
 * Cohen, David Steven. "How Dutch Were the Dutch of New Netherland?." New York History 62#1 (1981): 43–60. in JSTOR
 * Cooke, Jacob Ernest, ed. Encyclopedia of the North American colonies (3 vol. 1993), highly detailed topical coverage of the Dutch colonists.
 * Jacobs, Jaap. New Netherland: a Dutch colony in seventeenth-century America (Brill, 2005) online.
 * Kenney, Alice P. "Neglected Heritage: Hudson River Valley Dutch Material Culture." Winterthur Portfolio 20#1 (1985): 49–70. in JSTOR
 * Kim, Sung Bok. Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664-1775 (1987)
 * Leiby; Adrian C. The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground, 1775-1783 Rutgers University Press. 1962.
 * Nissenson, S. G. The Patroon's Domain (1937).
 * Roeber, A. G.  "Dutch colonists cope with English control" in Bernard Bailyn, and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Strangers within the realm: cultural margins of the first British Empire (1991) pp 222–36.
 * Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6
 * Todt, Kim. "'Women Are as Knowing Therein as the Men': Dutch Women in Early America," in Thomas A. Foster, ed. Women in Early America (2015) pp 43–65 online.
 * Van Lieburg, Fred. "Interpreting the Dutch Great Awakening (1749–1755)." Church History 77#2 (2008): 318–336. in JSTOR
 * Wermuth, Thomas S. Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley, 1720-1850 (2001).
 * Wermuth, Thomas S. "New York farmers and the market revolution: Economic behavior in the mid-Hudson Valley, 1780-1830." Journal of Social History (1998): 179–196. in JSTOR
 * Wittke, Carl. We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant (1939), ch 2
 * Wittke, Carl. We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant (1939), ch 2

Historiography

 * Doezema, Linda Pegman. Dutch Americans: A Guide to Information Sources. Gale Research, 1979. Bibliography

title: Dutch Americans


text:
File:Gasoline cover.jpg

Summary
Album cover of Gasoline by Theory of a Deadman.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Gasoline cover.jpg


text:
Philip Fox (astronomer)

Philip Fox (March 7, 1878 – July 21, 1944) was an American astronomer and an officer in the U.S. Army. He was the first director of the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, the first planetarium in the western hemisphere.

Biography
Fox was born and raised in Manhattan, Kansas, by Simeon and Esther (née Butler) Fox. He attended Kansas State University, where he earned a B.S. in mathematics in 1897. The next year he enlisted in the U.S. Army and fought in the Philippines with the 20th Kansas during the Spanish–American War. When he was mustered out in 1899, Fox had achieved a rank of second lieutenant but he was disabled and was expected to die within a year. He recuperated completely, however, thanks to nursing by his mother.

While recovering, Fox earned a master's degree at Kansas State and taught math at St. John's Military School in Salina, Kansas. Invited to Dartmouth College in 1901 by his cousin Ernest Fox Nichols, Fox soon departed for that school, where he earned a second B.S., this time in physics. While at Dartmouth, Edwin Brant Frost persuaded Fox to pursue a career in astronomy, and in 1903 Fox became a Carnegie Research Assistant at Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago. His primary interest at the observatory was in solar research.

While in Chicago, Fox met his future wife, Ethel Snow, and they were married in 1905. The couple would have four children. In 1905, Fox travelled to the University of Berlin for graduate studies in astronomy. He returned to Chicago the next year, where he worked as an assistant astronomer at Yerkes Observatory and earned a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Chicago.

In 1909 Fox joined the Northwestern University department of astronomy, eventually receiving promotion to chairman of the department. While at Northwestern, Fox also served as the director of the university's Dearborn Observatory. During this fruitful time Fox also authored several books, and served as secretary of the American Astronomical Society.

After the start of World War I, Fox returned to active duty in the Army, becoming a major of infantry in France. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel and became assistant chief of staff, 7th Infantry Division. Following the war he remained in the reserve, where he rose to the rank of colonel and held command of the 43rd Infantry, 86th Infantry Division.

In May 1929, Fox was appointed as the first director of the Adler Planetarium, which would open a year later. He ran the planetarium for eight years, also serving during this time as the first (interim) director of the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles when it opened in 1935. In May 1937, Fox left this job to become the director of the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry, a position he retained until 1942.

With the entry of the United States into World War II in 1941, Fox again returned to the Army, but did not perform overseas duty. Instead he was the commandant of the Army Signal Corps at Harvard University for part of 1942, then became commandant of the Army Electronics Center at Harvard. He retired from the army in 1943, and continued to lecture at Harvard until his death from a cerebral hemorrhage.

The crater Fox on the far side of the Moon is named in his honor.

Partial bibliography

 * Adler Planetarium and Astronomical Museum, An Account of the Optical Planetarium and a Brief Guide to the Museum (1933).
 * David H. Menke, "Fox and the Adler Planetarium", 1987, Planetarium'', Vol 16, #1.

title: Philip Fox (astronomer)


text:
Talk:Stake (Latter Day Saints)

Where to edit
I'm a little uncertain about how to add information to this article. Most of the information available to me only concerns the LDS variety of a stake. I'd like to add more but can't decide whether to add info as a subdivision of the LDS section or whether to include it in the general topic. Anyone have any ideas or suggestions? andersonpd 18:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I hope that it is okay that I put your comment back. You make a good point about it being "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"-centric. I'll reorganize the article appropriately, leaving the information already there. Thanks for bringing up this problem. Val42 22:03, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I think your re-(re-)organization is correct. andersonpd 23:09, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Moved
Someone moved this page to Stake (LDS Church) recently. This in inappropriate as this term is used by other Latter Day Saint churches as well as the LDS Church. –SESmith 08:04, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * What other Latter Day Saint churches are there other than the LDS Church? Thanks! 65.112.197.16 (talk) 01:14, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Please read Latter Day Saint movement. — Val42 (talk) 05:14, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Lay Members?
There is a line here, "All stake leaders are lay members who serve without remuneration." I am unclear on the meaning of the term "lay member". It is not a term used in the LDS church; however, if it means 'unordained', it would be incorrect -- all stake leaders must be ordained except for those in the Relief Society, Primary, and Young Women's program (from memory, apologies if I missed one). The link to laity in unhelpful to me, based as it is on holy orders, which our church does not have. CsikosLo (talk) 18:39, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It was probably meant to imply "non-full-time" and/or "non-professionally-trained" clergy, I would think—just to indicate that not only are they serving without remuneration, they are also just "regular" members and don't attend a training school or anything like that in order to qualify for a position. Good Ol’factory (talk) 20:59, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stake (Latter Day Saints)


text:
Category:Promise Keepers

A Christian men's-only organization. Founded in 1990 in Colorado.

title: Category:Promise Keepers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Granville Street

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 01:33, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Granville Street
I can understand why villages, towns, cities and countries have pages... but streets? I just don't think it's notable enough to need its own page. Halo 18:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC) Keep. Note: Cambie Street, Robson Street, and Burrard Street. If this article is deleted, some of thoes should go too. Zhatt 19:13, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you mean street articles such as those in Category:Streets in New York City, Category:Streets in Boston, Category:Chicago streets, Category:Atlanta roads, &c, &c. ? :) — RJH 18:49, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. I have voted against all other roads but I can sort of understand this one. The other roads put up for deletion have been either minor roads that could be summarized in a more appropriate article (ie. the town's article) or just plain old not-notable/not-expandable road articles. Granville, though, has a long history behind it and has been very important to Vancouver's growth. This article can be significantly expanded, as such it is worthy of its own article. --maclean25 18:52, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Based on above comments, change vote to Weak Keep. I think it's silly that Wikipedia has articles on streets, but if the street itself is notable and there are other similar articles, I'm happy for it to stay -Halo 18:56, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. Think, people.  We have articles on people like Churchill, but not his next door neighbor, Sam Doe, also a person.  Paul Klenk 19:17, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Granville Street is not only a major thoroughfare in Vancouver and a pedestrian street in its northern end, but was notable for being the Haight-Ashbury of Canada in the seventies.Luigizanasi 19:39, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per luigizanas -- road of cultural notability. Sdedeo 20:16, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I don't know the road in question so can't form an opinion on this specific case, but if it's as significant to Vancouver as, say, Regent Street is to London, then it should be kept, but expanded as soon as possible to make its significance clear. If it's just "the busiest road in Vancouver" or something, then there's no need to keep it. Loganberry (Talk) 20:25, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If Luigizanasi is correct that Granville St was "the Haight-Ashbury of Canada in the seventies", shouldn't there be some mention of this in the article? Currently the article merely describes where this road is in Vancouver & makes no attempt to explain why it is important. (Even to explain why it was named "Granville Street" would be a positive step.) -- llywrch 21:47, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless its significance is explained. Zoe 22:07, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, a notable and famous downtown thoroughfare in a major city. Christopher Parham (talk) 22:50, 2005 August 27 (UTC)
 * Needs expansion, but it is a notable street with cultural significance that extends far beyond Vancouver's city limits. (The significance, I mean.) I know so little about Vancouver that if you asked me to name just five streets in the city, I'd be stuck after three. But one of the three I could name is Granville. Expand, but keep. Bearcat 23:04, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Are the two other ones Hastings and Main? :) Pburka 03:46, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * lol...Robson and Commercial, for what it's worth. Didn't expect that anybody actually wanted to know. Bearcat 04:44, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand as notable street in notable city given that a Google search for "Granville Street" Vancouver obtained 111,000 English returns see
 * Keep Granville was indeed Vancouver's Haight-Ashbury, and the one place where you could always score a dime bag. Too bad it's become just another snotty collection of upscale boutiques and pseudotrendy restaurants. Denni ☯ 02:18, 2005 August 28 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand this article about one of the most important streets in Canada's second largest city. Pburka 03:46, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * (Third largest...) Bearcat 04:41, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Our article on Vancouver shows that it's third largest, but that is has a larger population than Montreal, the second largest. What's going on? Pburka 17:30, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Difference between the population of the City of Montreal (1,812,800) and Montreal metropolitan area (3,426,350), City of Vancouver (583,296, actually #8 in Canada) and Vancouver metro area (1,986,965). See List of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada and List of the 100 largest cities in Canada by population. Luigizanasi 18:40, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't confuse "city" with "census metropolitan area". They're two different things. Bearcat 19:38, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * For a street article done right, look at Hastings Street's...oops I mean East Hastings Street in Vancouver. Notice the lack of infrastructure details and a lack of irrelevant association to things existing near the street and the street itself, though it doesn't ever really mention the street. But it still has an appropriate title and good description about why the area/street is so infamous.  The lesson: Robson Street should be moved to Shopping in Vancouver (I know, it's not a noun, but is there a rule against verbs), and Cambie Street to Richmond-Airport-Vancouver Line.  Burrard Street is historically significant and can justify its own article.  --maclean25 20:34, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You're absolutely right. Zhatt  00:48, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * delete as per Zoe. --TimPope 19:16, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but it should be expanded to identify its cultural and historical significance to Vancouver. Mindmatrix 21:07, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow to grow. This is a significant street in Vancouver, and the VfD was posted the day the article was created. Articles like this need a little time to be able to grow. Rome wasn't built in a day, you know. (Although Yaletown looks like it was.) Ground Zero | t 14:30, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep roadcruft. --SPUI (talk) 17:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, I'm usually not for city street articles but this street is the primary street in Vancouver akin to Broadway in New York in addition to being a section of Highway 99.Gateman1997 18:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, significant street. JYolkowski // talk 01:44, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand, as per Ground Zero and Gateman1997. - Hinto 00:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Very famous street, notable for its shockingly expensive homes at one end and its street youth at the other, long a must-see destination for residents and visitors alike, home to the newish entertainment district and several notable spots like the Commodore Ballroom, the Orpheum Theatre, and the Vogue Theatre, plus the uniqueness of its semi-pedestrian only area.... one could go on.  Exploding Boy 22:01, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Argentine intelligence agencies


text:
Talk:Pottawatomie massacre

NPOV: Killing vs. Murder
changed "murdered" to killing. As "murder" suggests wrongdoing. His actions, although illegal at the time, can be considered heroic by others & it could be considered an act of war. "Killing" is more neutral & the charges & common name will elude nough to it, IMO. --Duemellon 18:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * that is incredibly rdiciulous, killing children in the middle of the night after dragging them from their house is murder. do you want to rename all the serial killer articles so that 'murder' is not there anymore?

The term "murder" reflects the charges, therefore I see it as an appropriate word even if it is loaded. Also, "shot and killed in righteous retribution" feels a bit too long to put in. Kumlekar (talk) 03:55, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Pro-slavery?
You indicate that Potawatomie was merely the first time that "pro-slavery forces were doing the bleeding". Don't you mean anti-slavery forces? It was Brown that was involved in the Potawatomie massacre. Johnor 22:33, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Children-Killing?
John Brown did not kill children; James P. Doyle's sons were full grown. He didn't commit infanticide. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Hipjiverobot (talk • contribs). +thats simply a blatant lie. go read a history book. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.185.250.195 (talk • contribs).

Infanticide is an anthropological term for the willful killing of "infants" c.q. babies based on cultural rules. The term is not used correctly here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.240.169.85 (talk) 16:23, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

 * All of the victims of Brown's band were full-grown men. Radgeek 01:03, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Controvery section NPOV?
I have tagged this as NPOV since reading through it, it seems a certain amount conclusionary and uncited, though I'll freely admit I haven't looked in depth, this was more because an IP user appeared to be having problems with it and I wanted to move the discussion here instead of into the realms of personal attacks, edit warring etc. --pgk( talk ) 10:46, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Unsupported Statement
I think there's an error in the article. In the second paragraph of the Introduction, it states that two men were killed at the Sacking of Lawrence. I'm doing some research on the event at Lawrence, and I can't find any evidence that anyone was killed there. The article doesn't site any reference for the claim.

"""" Jeff Smith

Spelling error?
I changed prarie to prairie. Please change it back if I am incorrect. Sorry if I am doing this wrong, this is my first edit.

Date
The article says that these events occured in 1756. The entire set of events that Bleeding Kansas consisted of happened in the mid-nineteenth century. I am changing 1756 to 1856.

Discrepency
The article states, "The company consisted of John Brown, four of his other sons — Frederick, Owen, Watson, and Oliver — Henry Thompson (his son-in-law), Thomas Winer, and James Townsley, whom John had induced to carry the party in his wagon to their proposed field of operations," then states, "The three men followed their captors out into the darkness, where Owen Brown and Salmon Brown killed them with broadswords," adding a name of someone who is not listed as in the compay. 24.28.165.165 17:42, 23 March 2007 (UTC)Sandra

Aftermath?
I fully expected a description of what happened after the massacre -- were Brown and his men hunted? Was there a trial?--Jrm2007 (talk) 17:33, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

Which Brown is which?
This article is very poorly written. As an Australian, this article's usage of the terms (Brown) Snr and Jnr is very annoying. The authors assume that the reader knows which particular Brown is being written about. I really want to undertand this story, er, it seems like it might be important. Could some literate American english speaker please edit this article to make it comprehensible to the world down under?

And - following current trendy lines of fashion - "Thanks"

POV in Role and motivation section
I added a POV tag because the section seems to be written to the standard of an encyclopedia. It rather seems to be written like an essay in that it presents arguments made by the "opponent" and then disproves them. Most of the information seems to be sourced which suggests the base of the section is alright but I feel it needs to be rewritten. 67.240.112.10 (talk) 23:54, 31 July 2014 (UTC)67.240.112.10

Requested move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move. Cúchullain t/ c 14:56, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

Pottawatomie Massacre → Pottawatomie massacre – Per MOS:CAPS; caps are not necessary here, as it's not a proper name; sources typically use lower case. Dicklyon (talk) 01:55, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support as nom – per MOS:CAPS (see section below on book evidence) and for consistency with other article titles in its categories (e.g. Category:Mass_murder_in_the_United_States). Lacking any evidence that it's a proper name, or treated as such by sources, WP style is to use lower case. Many recent moved discussions have affirmed that.  Dicklyon (talk) 06:39, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * This is an absurd argument. That category is extremely broad, and includes many titles that are purely descriptive and constructed for our own purposes, and rightfully decapitalised, such as 2010 Appomattox shootings. This title is not comparable to those descriptive titles, because it is the common accepted name for a historical event, and is capitalised by our fellow encyclopaedias. By its nature it cannot be a WP:NDESC title, because the word "massacre" is not a neutral description. If we were to rename this article "1856 Pottawatomie killings" or something similar, that'd be WP:NDESC, and hence would not demand capitalisation. RGloucester  — ☎ 06:45, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * What was affirmed was the principle; the particular question of whether this title is descriptive or proper might be best addressed after looking at the data. See the book evidence section below and let us know if you will reconsider.  I understand you don't like "massacre" in a descriptive title, but that's a separate issue we can consider if people want to.  Dicklyon (talk) 05:41, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Strong Oppose – Caps are absolutely necessary here per WP:ENGLISH and WP:MOSCAPS. Almost always capitalised in sources. Above editor is on a mass unilateral decapitalisation campaign, which I am in the process of reverting. RGloucester  — ☎ 04:18, 9 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Your link to "sources" is a single web page that capitalizes it. Look at the books that don't (majority lowercase if you discount the e-Study pseudobooks).  And there's nothing at WP:ENGLISH to suggest overriding MOS:CAPS in such cases.  Dicklyon (talk) 07:20, 10 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:UCN: "Other encyclopedias are among the sources that may be helpful in deciding what titles are in an encyclopedic register, as well as what names are most frequently used". We are writing in the encyclopaedic register. Per MOS:CAPS, we use capitalisation when it is necessary. It is necessary here to maintain the encyclopaedic register, per WP:UCN. We are not a rag paper, and given that the Britannica capitalises it and that the Encylopedia of African American History capitalises it, we must too. Please note that WP:UCN is a policy, whereas MOSCAPS is only a guideline. RGloucester  — ☎ 18:37, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Strong Oppose The title of this article has all of the characteristics of a proper name -- it refers to a specific event at a specific time in a specific place. What else do you need? It seems like a very bad idea to initiate this action when the issues relevant here are being debated for 30 different articles, as a result of the initiator of this proposal, at Talk:Watts Riots. The consensus there appears to be running heavily against the originators position.  The decision there, where the Lawrence Massacre is one of the 30, is relevant here. Tom (North Shoreman) (talk) 12:58, 10 December 2014 (UTC)
 * This one came first. The 30 came later.  The issues are the same: no evidence in sources that this is a proper name.  All recent precedents affirm lower case for such situations (Talk:Villatina massacre, Talk:Rock Springs massacre, Talk:Potato riots, Talk:Chicago race riot of 1919).  The main problem with the 30 moves that were reverted seems to be that people want to discuss each one individually, which we may get to.  Dicklyon (talk) 18:43, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Support—since capping is minority usage, and our guidelines say to cap only where necessary. No necessity is evident here. Tony   (talk)  07:17, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support—I'm surprised how few sources capitalize the 'm'. Almost none of the sources in the article do.  The evidence below is extraordinarily compelling.  If something isn't consistently capitalized in sources, we typically don't, either.  ErikHaugen (talk | contribs) 08:10, 14 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support, since the sources do not regularly capitalise this. One can be as 'strong' as one likes in fist-shaking about this, but the facts are the facts. This is a routine WP:MOSCAPS maintenance move. Please actually read Proper name (or, frankly, a more reliable source on how proper names work in English, and how to distinguish them from other appellations); this clearly doesn't actually have the characteristics of a proper name. Even if it did, MOSCAPS and WP:COMMONNAME are grounded in what sources do, not a philosophical discussion of proper naming criteria. As Tony1 says below, the book evidence alone is means "case over" for this one.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  16:41, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

Book evidence
See common lower-case usage in books. Dicklyon (talk) 19:00, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

And summary book n-gram stats showing dominant lowercase even before trying to exclude counts of titles and headings:. Dicklyon (talk) 06:46, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually, that Ngrams search shows capitalisation as being dominant since the late 1980s. Anyway, an Ngrams search is useless here because it does not weigh the value of the sources in question. RGloucester  — ☎ 06:50, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Hardly dominant. If you correct for titles and headings, caps are probably still in the minority.  Certainly nowhere close to the threshold test of "consistent".  Click through and look at books like this 1998 book and this 1997 one or this 1997 one and you'll see capitalized instances that were counted in n-grams but that provide zero support for capitalization in sentence context; WP uses sentence case in titles, as you surely know.   Every lowercase occurrence, by contrast, is evidence of capitalization being unnecessary (or in you theory, evidence that most writes and editors don't know English, perhaps). Dicklyon (talk) 07:35, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

Let's look at all book hits then. This search, all uses in first 2 pages (20 hits), some of which have zero uses in sentence-like context so do not appear: That's 10 lower and 6 upper and 4 not found in sentence in the first 20 book hits. Without going further, it seems clear that we can conclude that "Pottawatomie massacre" is NOT consistently capitalized in sources, and that there's no reason to consider it to be a proper name. Even if the next 10 were all uppercase (which they're not), it still can't come close to any reasonable threshold for "consistently capitalized" in sources. Notice also in this search that the event is also widely referred to as the "Pottawatomie Creek massacre" (and/or "Pottawatomie Creek Massacre") in at least a hundred books. Dicklyon (talk) 05:30, 14 December 2014 (UTC)
 * "As news of the Pottawatomie massacre traveled eastward,"
 * "The Pottawatomie massacre occurred on..."
 * "denied responsibility for the Pottawatomie massacre,"
 * "The Pottawatomie massacre occurred on..."
 * "MANISHA SINHA The socalled Pottawatomie Massacre committed by John Brown,"
 * "The Pottawatomie Massacre caused the return..."
 * "...abolitionist who led the Pottawatomie massacre in..."
 * "...known in Kansas history as The Pottawatomie Massacre,"
 * "The Pottawatomie Massacre sent shockwaves..."
 * "...had no reference to the Pottawatomie massacre, as up to that time everybody..."
 * "The 'Pottawatomie Massacre ' was denounced..."
 * "...in hopes of capturing the leader of the Pottawatomie massacre"
 * "The incident became known as the Pottawatomie Massacre."
 * "...guerrilla warfare prior to the Pottawatomie massacre,"
 * "...the Pottawatomie massacre was soon eclipsed..."
 * "...in what was termed the Pottawatomie massacre."

It's very simple: MOSCAPS lays out, in effect, two tests
For downcasing, all that MOSCAPS requires is either (1) a demonstration that the capping is not consistent in sources; or (2) that capping is not necessary. Let's not even go to the second test here: Dick's link abundantly shows not just a little inconsistency, but a lot of inconsistency. Case over. Tony  (talk)  02:44, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * You've yet to tackle the importance of the encyclopaedic register, which WP:UCN demands. UCN is a policy, whereas MOSCAPS is only a guideline. Regardless, maintaining the encyclopaedic register requires capitalisation here per the Britannica, therefore making it "necessary". RGloucester  — ☎ 02:46, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Also note MOS:MILTERMS: "Accepted full names of wars, battles, revolts, revolutions, rebellions, mutinies, skirmishes, risings, campaigns, fronts, raids, actions, operations and so forth are capitalized (Spanish Civil War, Battle of Leipzig, Boxer Rebellion, Action of July 8, 1716, Western Front, Operation Sea Lion)". This is one such name. In addition, MOS:MILTERMS says "Where there is uncertainty as to whether a term is generally accepted, consensus should be reached on the talk page". There are no absolute tests. The MoS is not a straitjacket. There clearly is some "uncertainty" here, and talk page consensus will determine what to do. RGloucester  — ☎ 02:50, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * But you keep ignoring the principle that that section starts with: "The general rule is that wherever a military term is an accepted proper name, as indicated by consistent capitalization in sources, it should be capitalized." Dicklyon (talk) 03:58, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, WP:UCN is not a policy, but rather a strategy in support of the WP:RECOGNIZABILITY criterion, and it will not be in any way "violated" by following MOS:CAPS.  The title will be no less recognizable if in lower case, just as it is in many books.  Dicklyon (talk) 04:01, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * WP:UCN is policy. Read the top of the page "this page documents an English Wikipedia policy, a widely accepted standard that all editors should normally follow. Changes made to it should reflect consensus". You're not following MOSCAPS. You are going against its recommendations. You are also not weighing sources correctly, meaning that you are ignoring the question of the encyclopaedic register. "General rule" does not mean "hard and fast rule". There may be other considerations, which MOSCAPS allows for. RGloucester  — ☎ 04:12, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The policy says to consider the WP:CRITERIA when choosing a name. We do that, and with no interference from MOS:CAPS which says our style is to avoid unnecessary capitalization.  There is no indication in sources or else where that caps are needed in this case.  Many good sources use lower case.  Dicklyon (talk) 06:23, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Our fellow encyclopaedias use capitalisation. UCN says to consider the encyclopaedic register. Large amounts of sources use the capitalisation. "Accepted full names..." should use capitalisation. This is one of those. Capitalisation is certainly necessary, here, if we are to maintain our stature as an encylopaedia in line with WP:UCN. RGloucester  — ☎ 06:35, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

 * "Our fellow encyclopaedias use capitalisation." I'm not sure that they all do, and so what if they do? Maybe we should close WP down. "Large amounts of sources use the capitalisation."—you mean "Large numbers of", I guess. But the evidence indicates that they are in a minority. " "Accepted full names..." should use capitalisation." What is a "full name", then? "Capitalisation is certainly necessary, here, if we are to maintain our stature as an encylopaedia in line with WP:UCN."—Again, why don't we close the site down and send everyone to Encyc. Britt.? The idea that "stature" has anything to do with capitalisation is very strange. Why? Tony   (talk)  07:15, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * UCN says that we should conscious of the encyclopaedic register, which is right. We are writing an encylopaedia, not a rag or a newspaper. Therefore, our style must be more conscious of how it uses language than a newspaper, and of course, we must not use journalistic shorthand or jargon. We are not enemies of the Britannica or any other encylopaedia. They are our brothers and sisters in the realm of tertiary sources. I don't know why you want to "close WP down". I'm merely following the policy of WP:UCN. If you don't like the policy, that's not my fault. If you hate the Britannica, please go to their office and set it alight. That has nothing to do with what we are doing here, which is defined by policy. As far as a "full name" is concerned, a "full name" is defined by MOS:MILTERMS. It is a commonly accepted term to refer to one particular historical event, i.e. "Battle of Such and Such", "Such and Such Massacre", "So and So Skirmish". RGloucester  — ☎ 16:17, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 21 January 2015
Pottawatomie Massacre → Pottawatomie massacre – Since guidelines, sources, and two-thirds of responding editors favor lowercase, it hard to see why the article was not moved after the previous RM discussion. Can we try again? See detailed data and analysis in the previous discussion. Dicklyon (talk) 04:46, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
 * If you had a problem with the previous result, you should've filed a move review. RGloucester  — ☎ 05:22, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I saw no particular procedural flaw worthy of a review. I discussed it with the closer, who noted "By my count there were 4 supports and 2 opposes who made about equal arguments in terms of the policies and guidelines" and gave his reasons for why he didn't see the net as a consensus.  I disagree with his assessment, but that's not something that would carry much weight at WP:MRV; just look at how things go there when there is a glaring procedural problem.  Dicklyon (talk) 06:47, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Support - adding my voice to previous support !votes per sources. As per previous supporters, see no reason for capitalization here. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:38, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Support for procedural reasons. I do not personally support this move—proper names should be capitalized in English—but the case for a move seems to have been made above and a number of other editors agreed.  —  AjaxSmack   01:29, 23 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Support—for all the reasons proffered above. Tony   (talk)  02:27, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

Move review
Since the above non-admin RM close was contrary to the unaminous expressed opinion in the discussion, it is being reviewed at Move_review. Dicklyon (talk) 04:08, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm now overturning my close (see above) per the discussion there.  Sunrise    (talk)  02:11, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

"Slave Catchers"
I see this statement in the article- "James P. Doyle and ordered him and his two adult sons, William and Drury (all former slave catchers)." I don't find any source that describes them as "slave catchers" except for a few Wikipedia articles. Where does this come from? -BorderRuffian —Preceding undated comment added 16:46, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

 * BorderRuffian, it took me a few minutes on Google to find this, which I'll add as a source momentarily:
 * The Doyle family were from Tennessee; they were of that class considered too low in the social and moral scales to be amenable to law. Though detested and despised, and by slavery reduced to a level below the negro, they believed in the vile system and were ready to commit any outrage suggested by its advocates. They had lived in the South by patrolling plantations and spying on the actions of slaves; they brought their bloodhounds to Kansas with them, and were located in this settlement to hunt down and turn back fugitive slaves.
 * — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 18:16, 23 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Yeah...let's check that out...
 * Connelley: "The Doyle family were from Tennessee....They had lived in the South by patrolling plantations and spying on the actions of slaves" (page 102)
 * Connelley: "The Doyle family were from Tennessee....They had lived in the South by patrolling plantations and spying on the actions of slaves" (page 102)

 * The Doyles were from Hamilton County, TN. The 1850 Census lists Mr. Doyle as a farmer and not a  "slave catcher."  The county had a population of 10,075 of which 672 (6.7%) were slaves (about half that number were children and the elderly).  The 672 were owned by 158 persons.  That's an average of 4+ per household - not exactly plantation country.  Number of fugitive slaves reported in the 1850 Census: none.  The entire region in an around Hamilton County was sparsely populated with slaves.  If you were going to make a living by being a "slave catcher" this was not the place to be.

 * Hamilton County in the southeast part of Tennessee-
 * http://www.censusfinder.com/_derived/maptn.htm_txt_maptnsmall.gif

 * Concentration of slaves, 1850-
 * http://www.bowdoin.edu/~prael/branch/ex1/m2-slave-conc.jpg
 * -BorderRuffian   —Preceding undated comment added 15:12, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

"Maehala [Childress Doyle, wife of James Pleasant Doyle] never knew why John Brown had selected her husband and sons for the murder because to her knowledge in the approximately six months they had been there [Kansas]they had not expressed themselves either for or against slavery, it being a thing far from their personal interests while they were trying to claim the land and build the farm". ''Information from Doyle family notes on Maehala Doyle. Undated. Unpublished. Original in possession of Philip Arthur Phillips, direct descendant of James Pleasant Doyle and Maehala Childress Doyle. Portland, Oregon April 29, 2016Mitzi Yates (talk) 17:26, 29 April 2016 (UTC)''

 * Yeah, we need to hear both sides of the story. My personal belief is that Old Brown just started killing at random because he was in "Pro-Slavery" territory.  -BorderRuffian  —Preceding undated comment added 22:40, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

 * BorderRuffian, kindly sign your messages, and please don't put messages inside threads; it disrupts the chronology. As for the content itself, it seems to me that {{U|Malik Shabazz}'s source is pretty unassailable, and no amount of original research can change that. That an 1850 census doesn't list these boys as slave catchers is unsurprising especially if, as you claim, they were from an area with few slaves; if I can extend your original research, it would make sense that they occupied that trade elsewhere, and if I understand you correctly they had six years to do that in. Likewise, unverified and unpublished primary notes from a family member basically exonerating them won't stand up in court or on Wikipedia. Sorry, but personal beliefs don't apply here. Drmies (talk) 18:01, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Just received this item today- The Secret Six by Edward J. Renehan.
 * "Utter...referred Mrs. Doyle to the fact that some said the Doyles were slave hunters in Tennessee, before they came to Kansas, and had brought their bloodhounds with them. 'To that she replied simply that there was no foundation for it of any kind whatever.  They had never owned slaves or blood-hounds, nor had any of her people ever been concerned in slave hunting' (from page 99).

 * Looks like Connelley did a hatchet job on the Doyles...the second one. -BorderRuffian 22:31, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Your unassailable source: "Connelley had published, in 1899....a biography of Lane, and during the following year a full length life of John Brown.  Both books were highly partisan, and besides, made no contribution to knowledge." -John Brown and the Legend of Fifty-Six (1971 ed.) by James C. Malin (Professor of American History, University of Kansas), p459. -BorderRuffian  00:45, 20 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, that's better--and certainly better than your OR. But it does not negate the claim about these three men. (Pinging correctly this time.) Drmies (talk) 02:01, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I apologize, BorderRuffian, for not noticing that there was a new message between two eight-month-old messages, or I would have replied sooner. In April, you said you couldn't find any sources so I found one. I don't vouch for its author, although it appears he was a well-regarded self-taught historian at a time when few historians were professionals. Did he have an agenda, particularly vis-à-vis Brown? Like James C. Malin, William Elsey Connelley lived in Kansas, so I assume they both had POVs concerning Brown. I also assume that, as historians, they did their homework and accurately described what they find.
 * If you think it remarkable that the U.S. Census doesn't describe the Doyles as slave catchers by profession, I can only recommend that you educate yourself about both the U.S. Census and the history of slavery and whiteness in the United States. I'm not saying they were, and I'm not saying they weren't, but I'm saying that the U.S. Census probably didn't describe any white Southerner as a slave catcher because it was just part of being a white man in the South. You see an escaped slave, you catch him or her. Some white men made a little money at it, some made a lot of money at it—but it was an unremarkable duty expected of all white men.
 * So please take the phrase out of this article if it makes you feel better. I'm not a historian, amateur or professional, and I have better things to do with my time than being your Google monkey. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 03:51, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

Appropriate Place in this Article for Unpublished 'Doyle family version' of the Pottawatomie Massacre?
I have possession of notes handed down to direct descendants of James Pleasant Doyle. It has Mrs. Maehala Childress Doyle's version of events. There are also notes indicating that both the Chattanooga, Tennessee newspaper and the Chicago Tribune interviewed her in the 1870s or 1880s about the Pottawatomie Massacre. I do not have access to the Chattanooga newspaper. To the best of my knowledge, it is only available on microfilm at The Public Library in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Mitzi Yates (talk) 16:41, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

 * You need to check out Identifying reliable sources. It states in its very first sentence:

 * "Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published sources, making sure that all majority and significant minority views that have appeared in those sources are covered (see Neutral point of view)." In addition to the notes apparently not being published, they would also fall into the category of primary sources -- see  Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources further down in the article which states:

 * "Wikipedia articles should be based mainly on reliable secondary sources, i.e., a document or recording that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere." and:

 * "Primary sources are often difficult to use appropriately. Although they can be both reliable and useful in certain situations, they must be used with caution in order to avoid original research. Although specific facts may be taken from primary sources, secondary sources that present the same material are preferred." Tom (North Shoreman) (talk) 18:24, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

The best thing would be to write an article for a history journal and get it approved by an editor and published. Then you could cite it as a source for an alternative view of events. Without the help of an intermediate editor or journal to approve the material, it would be very hard to accept it into wikipedia as a reliable source. Dicklyon (talk) 18:39, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

 * The Mahala Doyle letter to John Brown is mentioned and quoted in several sources- https://www.google.com/#q=%22mahala+doyle%22+letter&tbm=bks And here are the sworn statements of the Doyles and others- http://www.wvculture.org/history/jbexhibit/housecommittee.html --BorderRuffian  —Preceding undated comment added 22:32, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Then you can cite some of those sources, putting what they say into the article. Dicklyon (talk) 22:39, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

Basic question about the use of secondary sources. From the published accounts, Maehala was illiterate. (She signed an 'X') The secondary sources seem to greatly embellish and insert details not found in the 'family version' of her testimony. There were distinct political agendas by these 'secondary' sources dating from the 19th century. Short of publishing in the modern era (available only to scholars or those with financial resources to do so) then the 'enhanced' version of history as quoted from those 19th century sources are what do as 'fact'? Is there any mechanism realistically available to offer 'other' viewpoints without violating the spirit of wiki?Mitzi Yates (talk) 15:00, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

Uncritical use of Malin as a source
See Our Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln, John Brown, and the Civil War Era by Stephen Oates.

"Rejecting a considerable body of evidence to the contrary, Malin argued that all the threats of murder and annihilation issued by proslavery forces had no impact on Brown, that enemy atrocities did not disturb him either, and that he instigated the Pottawatomie massacre largely for political reasons. According to Malin, Brown selected his victims for two reasons: because they had been associated with Cato's proslavery court when it sat in session at Pottawatomie Creek, and because they were going to testify against Brown at the Lykins County session of the court, to open on May 26, 1856, on a charge of treasonably resisting the pro-slavery territorial government. Yet Malin conceded that there was a problem with his interpretation: Brown had spared the life of James Harris, who had also been a juror on Cato's court. "If the assassination was directed at those who participated in the court, why was he permitted to go free?" Malin did not answer his own question. Nor did he address himself to other problems his thesis contained. For one thing, since neither Brown nor any of his sons had been indicted at the Pottawatomie session of Cato's court, why should Brown have been preoccupied with the personnel of the court?"

There are several pages more in the book discussing Malin.

The article is pretty superficial, but I don't have the time to fix it. Doug Weller talk 11:11, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

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Can someone explain to me how this qualifies as a "massacre"?
"Massacre", to me, and I think in general use, implies indiscriminate, mass killings. This was neither mass nor indiscriminate - the targets were a few specific men chosen for being militant pro-slavery actors. Call it executions, assassinations or extrajudicial killings, sure, but calling this event a massacre just reeks of confederate apologia to me.

I'd suggest changing them name and terminology of this article to "killings" rather than "massacre". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.179.120.195 (talk) 13:25, 15 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Here's a definition from Merriam-Webster: "the act or an instance of killing a number of usually helpless or unresisting human beings under circumstances of atrocity or cruelty."  https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/massacre  That surely fits. -Topcat777

title: Talk:Pottawatomie massacre


text:
Scagea

Scagea is a genus of plants under the family Picrodendraceae described as a genus in 1986.

The entire genus is endemic to New Caledonia.

List of species

 * 1) Scagea depauperata (Baill.) McPherson
 * 2) Scagea oligostemon  (Guillaumin) McPherson

title: Scagea


text:
William Thompson (Ulster Unionist politician)

William John "Willie" Thompson (26 October 1939 – 12 December 2010) was a Northern Irish Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) politician. He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for West Tyrone from 1997 to 2001. He was one of the UUP members opposed to the Good Friday Agreement.

Elections in the 1970s and 1980s
He had previously been elected from the Mid Ulster constituency as an Ulster Unionist for the 1973 and 1982 Assemblies and the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention in 1975. In 1983 he sought election to Westminster in the Mid Ulster constituency, however he finished fourth with 7,066 votes, losing to the DUP's Willie McCrea.