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Indigenous Philippine folk religions

Indigenous Philippine folk religions are the distinct native religions of various ethnic groups in the Philippines, where most follow belief systems in line with animism. Generally, these Indigenous folk religions are referred to as Anito or Anitism or the more modern and less ethnocentric Dayawism, where a set of local worship traditions are devoted to the anito or diwata (and their variables), terms which translate to gods, spirits, and ancestors. 0.23% of the population of the Philippines are affiliated with the Indigenous Philippine folk religions according to the 2020 national census, an increase from the previous 0.19% from the 2010 census.

The profusion of different terms arises from the fact that these Indigenous religions mostly flourished in the pre-colonial period before the Philippines had become a single nation. The various peoples of the Philippines spoke different languages and thus used different terms to describe their religious beliefs. While these beliefs can be treated as separate religions, scholars have noted that they follow a "common structural framework of ideas" which can be studied together. The various Indigenous Philippine religious beliefs are related to the various religions of Oceania and the maritime Southeast Asia, which draw their roots from Austronesian beliefs as those in the Philippines.

The folklore narratives associated with these religious beliefs constitute what is now called Philippine mythology, and is an important aspect of the study of Philippine culture and Filipino psychology.

Religious worldview
Historian T. Valentino Sitoy, in his review of documents concerning pre-Spanish religious beliefs, notes three core characteristics which shaped the religious worldview of Filipinos throughout the archipelago before the arrival of Spanish colonizers. First, Filipinos believed in the existence of parallel spirit world, which was invisible but had an influence on the visible world. Second, Filipinos believed that there were spirits (anito) everywhere - ranging from the high creator gods to minor spirits that lived in the environment such as trees or rocks or creeks. Third, Filipinos believed that events in the human world were influenced by the actions and interventions of these spirit beings.

Anito were the ancestor spirits (umalagad), or nature spirits and deities (diwata) in the Indigenous animistic religions of precolonial Philippines. Pag-anito (also mag-anito or anitohan) refers to a séance, often accompanied by other rituals or celebrations, in which a shaman (Visayan: babaylan, Tagalog: katalonan) acts as a medium to communicate directly with the spirits. When a nature spirit or deity is specifically involved, the ritual is called pagdiwata (also magdiwata or diwatahan). Anito can also refer to the act of worship or a religious sacrifice to a spirit.

When Spanish missionaries arrived in the Philippines, the word "anito" came to be associated with the physical representations of spirits that featured prominently in paganito rituals. During the American rule of the Philippines (1898–1946), the meaning of the Spanish word idolo ("a thing worshiped") has been further conflated with the English word "idol", and thus anito has come to refer almost exclusively to the carved figures or statues (taotao) of ancestral and nature spirits.

The belief in anito is sometimes referred to as anitism in scholarly literature (Spanish: anitismo or anitería).

Creator gods in Filipino religions
Many Indigenous Filipino cultures assert the existence of a high god, creator god, or sky god. Among the Tagalogs, the supreme god was known as Bathala, who was additionally described as Maykapal (the all-powerful) or Lumikha (the creator). Among the Visayan peoples the creator God is referred to as Laon, meaning "the ancient one." Among the Manuvu, the highest god was called Manama. Among most of the Cordilleran peoples (with the Apayao region as an exception), the creator and supreme teacher is known as Kabuniyan.

In most cases, however, these gods were considered such great beings that they were too distant for ordinary people to approach. People thus tended to pay more attention to "lesser gods" or "assistant deities" who could more easily approached, and whose wills could more easily be influenced.

"Lower gods" in Filipino religions
Lesser deities in Filipino religions generally fit into three broad categories: nature spirits residing in the environment, such as a mountain or a tree; guardian spirits in charge of specific aspects of daily life such as hunting or fishing; and deified ancestors or tribal heroes. These categories frequently overlap, with individual deities falling into two or more categories, and in some instances, deities evolve from one role to another, as when a tribal hero known for fishing becomes a guardian spirit associated with hunting.

Concept of the soul

Each ethnic group has their own concept and number of the soul of a being, notably humans. In most cases, a person has two or more souls while he or she is alive. The origin of a person's soul have been told through narratives concerning the Indigenous Philippine folk religions, where each ethnic religion has its unique concept on soul origin, soul composition, retaining and caring for the soul, and other matters, such as the eventual passage of the soul after the person's life is relinquished. In some cases, the souls are provided by certain deities such as the case among the Tagbanwa, while in others, the soul comes from certain special regions such as the case among the Bisaya. Some people have two souls such as the Ifugao, while others have five souls such as the Hanunoo Mangyan. In general, a person's physical and mental health contribute to the overall health of the person's souls. In some instances, if a soul is lost, a person will become sick, and if all living souls are gone, then the body eventually dies. However, there are also instances in which the body can still live despite the loss of all of its souls, such as the phenomenon called mekararuanan among the Ibanag. Overall, caring for one's self is essential to long life for the souls, which in turn provide a long life to the body.

Ghosts or ancestral spirits, in a general Philippine concept, are the spirits of those who have already died. In other words, they are the souls of the dead. They are different from the souls of the living, in which, in many instances, a person has two or more living souls, depending on the ethnic group. Each ethnic group in the Philippine islands has their own terms for ghosts and other types of souls. Due to the sheer diversity of Indigenous words for ghosts, terms like espirito and multo, both adopted from Spanish words such as muerto, have been used as all-encompassing terms for the souls or spirits of the dead in mainstream Filipino culture. While ghosts in Western beliefs are generally known for their sometimes horrific nature, ghosts of the dead for the various ethnic groups in the Philippines are traditionally regarded in high esteem. These ghosts are usually referred to as ancestral spirits who can guide and protect their relatives and community, though ancestral spirits can also cast harm if they are disrespected. In many cases among various Filipino ethnic groups, spirits of the dead are traditionally venerated and deified in accordance to ancient belief systems originating from the Indigenous Philippine folk religions.

Important symbols
Throughout various cultural phases in the archipelago, specific communities of people gradually developed or absorbed notable symbols in their belief systems. Many of these symbols or emblems are deeply rooted in indigenous epics, poems, and pre-colonial beliefs of the natives. Each ethnic group has their own set of culturally important symbols, but there are also "shared symbols" which has influenced many ethnic peoples in a particular area. Some examples of important Anitist symbols are as follow:
 * okir – a distinct mark of cultural heritage of the now-Muslim peoples in specific portions of Mindanao; the motif is notable for using only botanical symbols which enhance a variety of works of art made of wood, metal, and even stone
 * vulva – an important symbol of fertility, health, and abundance of natural resources; most myths also associate the vulva as the source of life, prosperity, and power
 * lingling-o – special fertility ornaments which specific symbols and shapes; notably used by the Ifugao people today, but has been historically used by various people as far as the people of southern Palawan
 * moon and sun – highly worshiped symbols which are present as deities in almost all mythologies in the Philippines; portrayals of the sun and moon are notable in the indigenous tattoos of the natives, as well as their fine ornaments and garments
 * human statues – there are a variety of human statues made by the natives such as bulul, taotao, and manang; all of which symbolize the deities of specific pantheons
 * serpent and bird – two notable symbols of strength, power, creation, death, and life in various mythologies; for serpents, the most notable depictions include dragons, eels, and snakes, while for birds, the most notable depictions are fairy blue-birds, flowerpeckers, eagles, kingfishers, and woodpeckers
 * phallus – a symbol associated with creation for various ethnic groups; in some accounts, the phallus was also a source of both healing and sickness, but most myths associate the phallus with fertility
 * flower – many tattoos and textile motifs revolve around flower symbols; each ethnic group has their own set of preferred flowers, many of which are stated in their epics and poems
 * crocodile – a symbol of strength and life after death; crocodile symbols are also used as deflectors against bad omens and evil spirits
 * mountain and forest – many mountains and forests are considered as deities by some ethnic groups, while others consider them as home of the deities such as the case in Aklanon, Bicolano, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, and Bagobo beliefs
 * bamboo and coconut – symbols of creation, defense, sustenance, and resilience; many creation myths depict the bamboo as the source of mankind, while in others, it was utilized by mankind along with the coconut
 * rice and root crop – various mythologies magnify the rice stalk, rice grains, and root crops as the primary cultural associations with agriculture; many stories have stated that such crops are gifts from the divine and have nourished the people since ancient times
 * betel nut and wine – betel nuts and wines serve important ritual and camaraderie functions among many ethnic groups; these two items are notably consumed by both mortals and deities, and in some myths, they also lead to peace pacts
 * tattoo – tattoos are important status, achievement, and beautification symbols in many ethnic beliefs in the country; designs range from crocodiles, snakes, raptors, suns, moons, flowers, rivers, and mountains, among many others
 * aspin – dogs are depicted in a variety of means by many mythologies, with many being companions (not servants) of the deities, while others are independent guardians; like other beings, myths on dogs range from good to bad, but most associate them with the divinities
 * sea, river, and boat – symbols on seas, rivers, and other water bodies are notable depictions in various mythologies in the Philippines; a stark commonality between various ethnic groups is the presence of unique boat-like technologies, ranging from huge balangays to fast karakoas.

Shamans

Indigenous shamans are the spiritual leaders of various ethnic peoples of the Philippine islands from the pre-colonial era to the present era. These shamans, many of whom are still extant, are almost always women or effeminate men (asog or bayok). They are believed to have spirit guides, by which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities (anito or diwata) and the spirit world. Their primary role are as mediums during pag-anito séance rituals. There are also various subtypes of shamans specializing in the arts of healing and herbalism, divination, and sorcery. Numerous types of shamans use different kinds of items in their work, such as talismans or charms known as agimat or anting-anting, curse deflectors such as buntot pagi, and sacred oil concoctions, among many other objects. All social classes, including the shamans, respect and revere their deity statues (called larauan, bulul, manang, etc.), which represent one or more specific deities within their ethnic pantheon, which includes non-ancestor deities and deified ancestors. More general terms used by Spanish sources for native shamans throughout the archipelago were derived from Tagalog and Visayan anito ("spirit"); these include terms like maganito and anitera.

The "negative" counterparts of Philippine shamans are the Philippine witches, which include different kinds of people with differing occupations and cultural connotations depending on the ethnic group they are associated with. They are completely different from the Western notion of what a witch is. Examples of witches in a Philippine concept are the mannamay, mangkukulam, and mambabarang. As spiritual mediums and divinators, shamans are notable for countering and preventing the curses and powers of witches, notably through the usage of special items and chants. Aside from the shamans, there are also other types of people who can counter specific magics of witches, such as the mananambal, which specializes in countering barang. Shamans can also counter the curses of supernatural beings such as aswangs. However, because they are mortal humans, the physical strength of shamans are limited compared to the strength of an aswang being. This gap in physical strength is usually bridged by a dynamics of knowledge and wit. Philippine witches are not necessarily evil, as they can also serve for the good of society. In cases where a crime was met by injustice as the instigator wasn't persecuted properly or was acquitted despite mounting evidences, the victims or their family and friends can ask aid from witches to bring justice by way of black magic, which differs per ethnic association. In traditional beliefs outside of mainstream Filipino movie renditions, it is believed that black magic in cases of injustice does not affect the innocent.

Sacred grounds
Ancient Filipinos and Filipinos who continue to adhere to the indigenous Philippine folk religions generally do not have so-called "temples" of worship under the context known to foreign cultures. However, they do have sacred shrines, which are also called as spirit houses. They can range in size from small roofed platforms, to structures similar to a small house (but with no walls), to shrines that look similar to pagodas, especially in the south where early mosques were also modeled in the same way. These shrines were known in various indigenous terms, which depend on the ethnic group association. They can also be used as places to store taotao and caskets of ancestors. Among Bicolanos, taotao were also kept inside sacred caves called moog.

During certain ceremonies, anito are venerated through temporary altars near sacred places. These were called latangan or lantayan in Visayan, and dambana or lambana in Tagalog. These bamboo or rattan altars are identical in basic construction throughout most of the Philippines. They were either small roofless platforms or standing poles split at the tip (similar to a tiki torch). They held halved coconut shells, metal plates, or martaban jars as receptacles for offerings. Taotao may sometimes also be placed on these platforms.

Other types of sacred places or objects of worship of diwata include the material manifestation of their realms. The most widely venerated were balete trees (also called nonok, nunuk, nonoc, etc.) and anthills or termite mounds (punso). Other examples include mountains, waterfalls, tree groves, reefs, and caves.

Many ethnic peoples in the country have a shared "mountain worship culture", where specific mountains are believed to be the abodes of certain divinities or supernatural beings and aura. Mythical places of worship are also present in some mythologies. Unfortunately, a majority of these places of worship (which includes items associated with these sites such as idol statues and ancient documents written in suyat scripts) were brutalized and destroyed by the Spanish colonialists between the 15th to 19th centuries, and were continued to be looted by American imperialists in the early 20th century. Additionally, the lands used by the native people for worship were mockingly converted by the colonialists as foundation for their foreign churches and cemeteries. Examples of indigenous places of worship that have survived colonialism are mostly natural sites such as mountains, gulfs, lakes, trees, boulders, and caves. Indigenous man-made places of worship are still present in certain communities in the provinces, notably in ancestral domains where the people continue to practice their indigenous religions.

In traditional dambana beliefs, all deities, beings sent by the supreme deity/deities, and ancestor spirits are collectively called anitos or diwata. Supernatural non-anito beings are called lamang-lupa (beings of the land) or lamang-dagat (beings of the sea or other water bodies). The dambana is usually taken care of by the Philippine shamans, the indigenous spiritual leader of the barangay (community), and to some extent, the datu (barangay political leader) and the lakan (barangay coalition political leader) as well. Initially unadorned and revered minimally, damabanas later on were filled with adornments centering on religious practices towards larauan statues due to trade and religious influences from various independent and vassal states. It is adorned with statues home to anitos traditionally-called larauan, statues reserved for future burial practices modernly-called likha, scrolls or documents with suyat baybayin calligraphy, and other objects sacred to dambana practices such as lambanog (distilled coconut wine), tuba (undistilled coconut wine), bulaklak or flowers (like sampaguita, santan, gumamela, tayabak, and native orchids), palay (unhusked rice), bigas (husked rice), shells, pearls, jewels, beads, native crafts such as banga (pottery), native swords and bladed weapons (such as kampilan, dahong palay, bolo, and panabas), bodily accessories (like singsing or rings, kwintas or necklaces, and hikaw or earrings), war shields (such as kalasag), enchanted masks, battle weapons used in pananandata or kali, charms called agimat or anting-anting, curse deflectors such as buntot pagi, native garments and embroideries, food, and gold in the form of adornments (gold belts, necklace, wrist rings, and feet rings) and barter money (piloncitos and gold rings). Animal statues, notably native dogs, guard a dambana structure along with engravings and calligraphy portraying protections and the anitos.

Status and adherence

In 2014, the international astronomical monitoring agency Minor Planet Center (MPC) named Asteroid 1982 XB 3757 Anagolay, after the Tagalog goddess of lost things, Anagolay. In 2019, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) named star Wasp 34 as Aman Sinaya, the Tagalog deity of the ocean, while planet Wasp 34-b was named as Haik, a Tagalog sea god. On the same year, the world's largest caldera was named as the Apolaki Caldera, after the god of sun in various indigenous religions in Luzon. In 2021, three bridges in Albay were named after three heroes from the Bicolano religious epic, Ibalon, namely Baltog, Handyong, and Bantog.

In accordance to the National Cultural Heritage Act, as enacted in 2010, the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PReCUP) was established as the national registry of the Philippine Government used to consolidate in one record all cultural property that are deemed important to the cultural heritage, tangible and intangible, of the Philippines. The registry safeguards a variety of Philippine heritage elements, including oral literature, music, dances, ethnographic materials, and sacred grounds, among many others. The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Law, as enacted in 1992 and expanded in 2018, also protects certain Anitist sacred grounds in the country.

The indigenous Philippine folk religions were widely spread in the archipelago, prior to the arrival of Abrahamic religions. The majority of the people, however, had converted to Christianity due to Spanish colonization from the 16th to the late 19th century, which continued through the 20th century during and after American colonization. During the Philippine Revolution, there were proposals to revive the indigenous Philippine folk religions and make them the national religion, but the proposal did not prosper, as the focus at the time was the war against American colonizers.

The Philippine Statistics Authority notes in the 2020 national census, that 0.23% of the Filipino national population are affiliated with indigenous Philippine folk religions, which they wrote as "tribal religions" in their census. This is an increase from the previous 2010 census which recorded 0.19%. Despite the current number of adherents, many traditions from indigenous Philippine folk religions have been integrated into the local practice of Catholicism and Islam, resulting in "Folk Catholicism" and "Folk Islam". The continued conversion of adherents of the indigenous Philippine folk religions into Abrahamic religions by missionaries is a notable concern, as certain practices and indigenous knowledge continue to be lost because of the conversions.

title: Indigenous Philippine folk religions


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User:Robert Harrison/Temp article page 4

Working title: PervScan.com is a blog that has been online since May 2003. It is a member of the Supervert family of websites dealing with perversions.

Modus operandi
PervScan searchs news sources for any stories that meet the criteria of being devient, perverse, sordid, or weird. It prints the article and provides a source link to the actual news item. Along with the news articles PervScan provides a commentary that cuts down to the core issues involved.


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Fremont Peak State Park

Fremont Peak State Park is a California State Park located in Monterey County and San Benito County, California. The park encompasses the summit of 3173 ft Fremont Peak in the Gabilan Range.

The park features expansive views of Monterey Bay and Pacific Ocean from its hiking trails. Other vistas include the San Benito Valley, Salinas Valley, and the Santa Lucia Mountains east of Big Sur. The 162 acre park was established in 1934.

Natural history
Pine and California oak woodlands, of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, cover much of the park and are home to many birds and mammals.

Recreation
Fremont Peak State Park has hiking trails, picnic facilities and 22 campsites (both tent and RV). Fremont Peak Day is held every April, and features a picnic and other activities.

The Fremont Peak Observatory opened in 1986, and has operated every summer since, despite having battled the frequently brutal mountaintop weather. The astronomical observatory has a 30 in telescope.

Proposed for closure
Fremont Peak State Park was one of the 48 California state parks proposed for closure in January 2008 by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger as part of a deficit reduction program. The closures were ultimately avoided by cutting hours and maintenance system-wide.

title: Fremont Peak State Park


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User:Realepikur

=Info=
 * Name: Michael
 * Born: 1959
 * Wikipedia: since August 2005

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 * Robert Altman, Paul Thomas Anderson, Jamie Bell, Adrien Brody, Edward Burns, Gabriel Byrne, Don Cheadle, John Cusack, Jeff Daniels, David Dorfman, Atom Egoyan, Jesse Eisenberg, Will Ferrell, Colin Firth, Ben Foster, Paul Giamatti, Ryan Gosling, Topher Grace, David Gordon Green, Emile Hirsch, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Charlie Kaufman, Derek Luke, William H. Macy, James McAvoy, Takashi Miike, Dermot Mulroney, Park Chan-wook, Michael Pitt, Mark Polish & Michael Polish (Polish Brothers), Eddie Redmayne, John C. Reilly, Mark Ruffalo, Peter Sarsgaard, Paul Schneider, Tom Wilkinson, Anton Yelchin, Steve Zahn

=Wikipedia= I try to keep pace with the creative work of the people mentioned above in the German Wikipedia: contributions, edits or new articles, but I also like to create articles where needed or if requested by other users.

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The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)

The Agony and the Ecstasy (1961) is a biographical novel of Michelangelo Buonarroti written by American author Irving Stone. Stone lived in Italy for years visiting many of the locations in Rome and Florence, worked in marble quarries, and apprenticed himself to a marble sculptor. A primary source for the novel is Michelangelo's correspondence, all 495 letters of which Stone had translated from Italian by Charles Speroni and published in 1962 as I, Michelangelo, Sculptor. Stone also collaborated with Canadian sculptor Stanley Lewis, who researched Michelangelo's carving technique and tools. The Italian government lauded Stone with several honorary awards for his cultural achievements highlighting Italian history.

Stone wrote a dozen biographical novels, but this one and Lust for Life (1934) are best known, in large part because both had major Hollywood film adaptations.

Part of the 1961 novel was adapted to film in The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965), starring Charlton Heston as Michelangelo and Rex Harrison as Pope Julius II.

Sections
The book is divided into eleven sections, each detailing a distinct period of Michelangelo's life.

 * 1) The Studio: Michelangelo studies under Ghirlandaio at his studio
 * 2) The Sculpture Garden: Michelangelo studies under Bertoldo in the sculpture garden of Lorenzo de' Medici, culminating in his first sculpture, Head of a Faun
 * 3) The Palace: Michelangelo lives in the palace of Lorenzo de' Medici, where he befriends Lorenzo's daughter Contessina, learns from Bertoldo and the Platonic scholars, and produces his first two reliefs, Madonna of the Steps and Battle of the Centaurs. Savonarola turns Florence against the Medici family, and ultimately Lorenzo passes away from illness.
 * 4) The Flight: Michelangelo returns to his parents' home. He begins dissecting bodies at Santo Spirito to further his understanding of the human form while starting work on a sculpture of Hercules in memory of Lorenzo, as well as a Crucifix for the church. He is invited to live at the Medici palace once more by Piero de' Medici, but when the people of Florence become disenchanted by the lavishness of Contessina's wedding celebrations Savonarola turns the city against the Medici family and the palace is attacked. Michelangelo flees to Bologna, where he stays with Aldovrandi, becomes romantically involved with a woman named Clarissa, and creates the sculptures St. Proclus and St. Petronius. He returns to Florence once the political situation has calmed and is commissioned to create a sculpture of a young St. John the Baptist and a counterfeit Cupid. The fraudulence of the Cupid is discovered by its ultimate owner, Cardinal Raffaele Riario, who is nevertheless impressed and invites Michelangelo to live in Rome for a time to sculpt something new.
 * 5) The City: Michelangelo travels to Rome and stays at the palace of Cardinal Riario, then at the home of his new friend Jacopo Galli, and finally in his own studio with his new apprentice Argiento. While in Rome he sculpts his Bacchus and his Pietà, and then he returns to Florence with Argiento to enter a sculpting competition.
 * 6) The Giant: Michelangelo wins the Duccio competition by sculpting his David and competes with Leonardo da Vinci by painting the Battle of Cascina, and is then summoned to Rome by Pope Julius II.
 * 7) The Pope: After resisting his summons by Pope Julius II for as long as possible, Michelangelo ultimately relents and returns to Rome. Michelangelo's and Julius' hot tempers cause tension, but ultimately Michelangelo is commissioned to carve Julius' tomb (which is repeatedly put on hold) and paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
 * 8) The Medici: Upon Pope Julius II's passing, the new Pope Leo X pulls Michelangelo from his work on Julius' tomb to create a façade for the Medici family church in Florence. Michelangelo first travels to Carrara to buy marble, but is then instead tasked with creating roads and a quarry to mine marble from Pietrasanta. While he succeeds in this endeavor, his marble is used for other projects and Michelangelo, dejected, returns to Florence.
 * 9) The War: While Michelangelo is living in Florence, Pope Leo dies and is replaced rapidly first by Adrian VI and then by Pope Clement VII. The Medici are ousted by the citizens of Florence who restore the republic, and Michelangelo assists in their defense against the pope by helping construct defensive walls. Although the city ultimately falls to papal forces and Michelangelo flees to Rome, he is nevertheless welcomed to Rome by Clement who wants to give him a new commission.
 * 10) Love: Michelangelo paints The Last Judgment first for Clement and then, upon his passing, Pope Paul III. He also begins deep friendships with both Vittoria Colonna and Tommaso dei Cavalieri.
 * 11) The Dome: Michelangelo finally finishes his tomb for Julius and is named architect of St. Peter's Basilica despite opposition from other architects and artists. With the help of Urbino and Tommaso the plans for the dome of the basilica are executed to such a degree that its completion is inevitable. Michelangelo's strength wanes and his friends visit him to say their goodbyes, while Tommaso vows to finish St. Peter's. Michelangelo passes away while reminiscing on his body of work.

Characters

 * Buonarroti Family
 * Michelangelo Buonarroti, the protagonist
 * Ludovico, Michelangelo's father who is obsessively focused on money and his family's fortunes
 * Bugiardini, Michelangelo's brother who helps manage his money
 * Lionardo, Michelangelo's brother who joins the church and follows Savonarola
 * Giovansimone, Michelangelo's brother who becomes part of Savonarola's Army of Boys
 * Michelangelo's Teachers
 * Ghirlandaio, Michelangelo's first master, a fresco painter who runs his own studio
 * Bertoldo, Michelangelo's master in sculpture, who lives and works with him in the Medici palace
 * Michelangelo's Friends
 * Francesco Granacci, Michelangelo's first and closest friend
 * Gianfrancesco Aldovrandi, who hosts Michelangelo in Bologna
 * Giuliano da Sangallo, a Florentine architect
 * Jacopo Galli, a Roman banker who helps manage Michelangelo's finances
 * Argiento, an apprentice of Michelangelo's
 * Urbino, an apprentice of Michelangelo's for the last third of his life
 * Vittoria Colonna
 * Tommaso dei Cavalieri
 * Medici Family
 * Lorenzo de' Medici, Michelangelo's first patron and surrogate father figure
 * Contessa de' Medici, Lorenzo's daughter and a close friend of Michelangelo
 * Piero de' Medici, Lorenzo's son and heir
 * Church
 * Savonarola, a religious reformer who turns Florence against the Medici family
 * Nicola Bichiellini, the prior of Santo Spirito who opens the church to Michelangelo

Crucifixes of Donatello and Brunelleschi
After Ghirlandaio looks at Michelangelo’s sketches of Christ drawn with a stonemason as the model, he tells Michelangelo the story of Donatello showing his newly carved crucifix to Brunelleschi. Brunelleschi observes that it seems to him Donatello has, “put a plowman on the cross, rather than the body of Jesus Christ, which was most delicate in all its parts." Donatello, upset by his friend’s criticism, challenges Brunelleschi to make Christ’s figure himself. When Brunelleschi presents his own, newly finished crucifix, “Donatello, who could not take his eyes off the beautiful Christ, answered, ‘It is your work to make Christs, and mine to make plowmen.’” Michelangelo, familiar with both carvings, tells Ghirlandaio that he “preferred Donatello’s plowman to Brunelleschi’s ethereal Christ, which was so slight that it looked as though it had been created to be crucified. With Donatello’s figure, the crucifixion had come as a horrifying surprise….”

Ghirlandaio was currently working on the sketches for the Baptism of Christ, which was to be one of the scenes in the fresco of the Tornabuoni Choir. Though Ghirlandaio never mentions their conversation about the figure of Christ again, Michelangelo sees his preferred Christ in Ghirlandaio’s finished figure: “The legs twisted in an angular position, a little knock-kneed; the chest, shoulders and arms those of a man who had carried logs and built houses; with a rounded, protruding stomach that had absorbed its quantity of food: in its power and reality far outdistancing any of the still-life set figures that Ghirlandaio had as yet painted for the Tornabuoni Choir.” (From Book Two, but about the same painting) Michelangelo “sketched his roughhewn young contandino just in from the fields, naked except for his brache, kneeling to take off his clodhoppers; the flesh tones a sunburned amber, the figure clumsy, with graceless bumpkin muscles; but the face transfused with light as the young lad gazed up at John. Behind him, he did two white-bearded assistants to John, with beauty in their faces and a rugged power in their figures. He experimented with flesh tones from his paint pots, enjoyed this culminating physical effort of bringing his figures to life, clothing them in warm-colored lemon-yellow and rose robes.”

Other

 * Michelangelo "watched Ghirlandaio complete a portrait of Giovanna Tournabouni"
 * "Michelangelo .. was studying the pure gold sculptures of Ghiberti's second set of doors", famously describing them as "the gates of paradise"

In popular culture

 * The book is mentioned in John Guare's 1990 play Six Degrees of Separation as a book Paul, the protagonist, had recently completed.
 * In the 2008 Mad Men season 2 episode "Flight 1", Peggy Olson's mother tells her daughters: "I have to renew The Agony and the Ecstasy; it's taking forever".
 * In the autobiographical adventure book Minus 148°, author Art Davidson mentions that he is reading The Agony and the Ecstasy while waiting out a blizzard on the first winter ascent of Denali.

title: The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)


text:
Half Moon Bay State Beach

Half Moon Bay State Beach is a 4 mi stretch of protected beaches in the state park system of California, United States, on Half Moon Bay. From north to south it comprises Roosevelt, Dunes, Venice, and Francis Beaches. The 181 acre park was established in 1956.

Recreation
The broad, sandy beaches are used for sunbathing, fishing and picnicking. A campground provides accommodations for those who wish to visit longer. This Pacific Ocean beach, located immediately south of Pillar Point Harbor and the town of Princeton-by-the-Sea, is often used by surfers, who utilize its unusual waves that are influenced by reflective action from the harbor jetty. At the north end of the bay there is a county park in the lee of Pillar Point Harbor with a well-maintained trail that allows hikers and bikers access to the ocean below the point. Some of the tallest surf in California occurs offshore of Pillar Point following big storms. The area is well known as Mavericks and is famous for the annual Mavericks Surf Contest.

Francis Beach has a campground with 52 individual sites; some sites are more suitable for tent camping, others for trailers or recreational vehicles. RV hookups are not available, but there is a dump station.

History
The Native American Ohlone people lived along the San Mateo County coast for many thousands of years, in small and scattered villages because of the limited availability of food. The native way of life rapidly changed during the late 18th century when the first Europeans arrived.

The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolà expedition, passed through the area on its way north, camping on October 28–29, 1769, near the shore either at Frenchman Creek or Pilarcitos Creek, both of which reach the bay along this beach. Franciscan missionary Juan Crespi described nearby Pillar Point in his diary: "In this place there are many geese, and for this reason the soldiers named it the plain of 'Los Ansares'. From the camp the...point lies to the north-northwest, and the high rocks look like two thick Farallones [rocky islands] of an irregular and pointed shape."

With the founding of Mission San Francisco de Asís (commonly known as "Mission Dolores") in 1776, the San Mateo coastal area came into use for the grazing of mission livestock. Following secularization of the missions in 1834, most mission lands were subdivided into large grants called ranchos. Cattle ranching was the primary agricultural activity, and the hide and tallow trade was the main economic activity. South of Pilarcitos Creek, the beach was part of Rancho Miramontes, granted in 1841. To the north of Pilarcitos Creek was Rancho Corral de Tierra (Vasquez), granted in 1839.

The first Americans arrived in this area in the 1850s. The Mexican settlement known as Spanishtown, a commercial center for the rancheros, was called "Halfmoon" by these Anglos; the bay itself was named "Halfmoon" due to its shape. In 1867 the local post office was identified as "Halfmoon Bay", and the spelling was changed to Half Moon Bay in 1905. Agriculture had developed in Half Moon Bay by the turn of the 20th century, with crops such as brussels sprouts, artichokes, and mushrooms along with dairy products. The Ocean Shore Railroad was incorporated in 1905 and was running along the coast from Half Moon Bay to San Francisco by the end of 1908.

During the 1920s, the gentle beaches of Half Moon Bay were ideally suited to the needs of the bootlegger. Rum ships cruised offshore, unloading millions of dollars worth of illegal booze across Half Moon Bay, where Francis Beach was a perfect spot for unloading the cargo.

During World War II, an Army post was set up at the beach to protect from Japanese invasion and bombing raids; further north, bunkers and long-range cannons were built to support the coastline.

Wildlife
Half Moon Bay State Beach is well known for its rare western snowy plover colony.

A variety of fish species have been identified in the marine environment, the most abundant fish including flatfish, the commercially important English sole, rockfish, surfperch, Pacific herring, lingcod, herring; and abundant winter species, including starry flounder and top-smelts.

Marine mammals
 * California sea lion
 * Steller sea lion
 * Harbor seal
 * Northern fur seal
 * Elephant seal
 * Dolphin
 * Gray whale
 * Humpback whale
 * Blue whale

Land mammals
 * Raccoon
 * California vole
 * European rabbit
 * Skunk
 * Opossum
 * Long-tailed weasel
 * Gray fox
 * Coyote
 * Mule deer
 * Mountain lion

Birds
 * Hen harrier
 * Great blue heron
 * Kestrel
 * White-tailed kite
 * Red-tailed hawk
 * Killdeer
 * Sandpiper
 * Sanderling
 * Willet
 * Turnstone
 * Curlew
 * Pelican
 * Sooty shearwater
 * Gull
 * Barn swallow
 * Western snowy plover

Plant life

 * Beach primrose
 * Beach aster
 * Blue blossom
 * Brass buttons
 * Cheese weed
 * Chickweed
 * Coyote bush
 * Daisy
 * Gumplant
 * Coast hedge-nettle
 * Poison hemlock
 * Douglas iris
 * Miner's lettuce
 * Live-forever
 * Lizard tail
 * Coast lotus
 * Coastal bush lupin

 * Varicolored lupine
 * Mallow
 * Wild mustard
 * Yellow oxalis
 * Indian paintbrush
 * Beach pea
 * California poppy
 * Wild radish
 * Sagewort
 * Sea fig
 * Yellow sand verbena
 * Sea-rocket
 * Spilt-milk thistle
 * Lotus trefoil
 * Vetch
 * Wallflower
 * Watercress

title: Half Moon Bay State Beach


text:
The Neanderthal Man

The Neanderthal Man is a 78-minute, 1953 American black-and-white science fiction film produced independently by Aubrey Wisberg and Jack Pollexfen, as Global Productions Inc., from their own original screenplay.

It starred Robert Shayne, Richard Crane and Joyce Terry, was directed by E. A. Dupont, and was originally distributed in the United States by United Artists Corp. Beverly Garland, in a supporting role, appears here in her first feature film under her new stage name (previously she went by the name of Beverly Campbell and made her screen debut as a supporting actor in the 1949 film noir classic D.O.A.).

Plot
At home in California's High Sierras, Prof. Clifford Groves hears glass breaking and looks up in fear from his book, Neanderthal Man and the Stone Age. He finds his lab window smashed and the room wrecked. The noise awakens his adult daughter Jan. Groves sends her back to bed.

Meanwhile, Mr. Wheeler spots an unusually large tiger while hunting. That night at Webb's Cafe, the locals tease him. "Three times the size of a mountain lion and got the tusks the size of an elephant- it ain't natural," says Danny. Game Warden George Oakes comes in. Wheeler leaves, and Charlie Webb tells him Wheeler's story. Driving home, a sabretooth tiger jumps onto Oakes' car. He scares it off by honking the car's horn.

Oakes and Sheriff Andy Andrews make plaster casts of the animal's footprints. Oakes takes one to Dr. Ross Harkness in Los Angeles. Oakes eventually convinces Harkness that the cast is real. Harkness says he will drive up that weekend to investigate.

When Harkness stops at Webb's, waitress Nola Mason introduces him to Ruth Marshall, who is on her way to see her fiancé, Groves, but is stranded because her car has broken down. Harkness drives her to Groves's house, where Jan tells them that Groves is in LA speaking before the Naturalist's Club.

Groves lectures the club on his theory that Neanderthal man was more intelligent than "modern man" because Neanderthals had bigger brains. The club members scoff at him and demand proof. Groves responds with insults. The chairman adjourns the meeting, telling Groves not to return. Groves angrily says to the empty room that he will show them proof if that is what they want.

Jan invites Harkness to stay at their house. Groves complains about Harkness being there at breakfast, but Ruth insists that he remain. Oakes arrives, and he and Harkness head out to look for the sabretooth. They find it and kill it, but Harkness says he fears there are others.

Back at the lab, Ruth and Groves quarrel about their deteriorating relationship. He throws her out, then injects himself with the serum he has been using to turn cats into sabretooth tigers. He reverts to the Neanderthal Man. Out in the woods, he kills hunter Jim Newcomb and his dog, then returns home and becomes Groves again. He writes in his diary that this most recent regression was the fastest yet, and the recovery was the slowest. Then he turns into the Neanderthal Man and runs off. Harkness sneaks into Groves's lab and finds photos that Groves took as he experimentally regressed Celia, his deaf-mute maid.

Buck Hastings and Nola go on a picnic, and he snaps glamour shots of her. But the Neanderthal Man kills him while Nola is behind a bush changing clothes. As she looks at Buck, dead on the ground, the Neanderthal Man carries her off, kicking and screaming.

Oakes phones Jan and says Buck has been murdered. During the call, Celia sees Nola outside. Harkness carries Nola in. She is hysterical and her clothes are torn. Buck, she says, was killed by something "not human." Then she cries, "He tried to pull me by my hair and then he ... then he ..." and collapses into tears, wailing. Jan calls Webb's, tells Webb what happened and asks him to send for the local MD, Dr. Fairchild.

Harkness shows Jan and Celia the photos of Celia being regressed to a Neanderthal Woman. Celia signs that she has no memory of it. Harkness then notices that one of the lab cats starts to yowl whenever it sees a syringe. When he injects it, it turns into a sabretooth and escapes.

Jan and Harkness read Groves' diary. He wrote that the serum works on cats, not dogs, and not fully on women but on men. They set out to find the Neanderthal Man before the State Police and Sheriff's posse can. They stop at Webb's and see that the Neanderthal Man has injured Webb. Jan says that Ruth's door has been smashed in and that she's gone. "I reckon he got her, too," says a dazed Webb.

Dr. Fairchild tells Harkness and Jan that the posse has cornered the Neanderthal Man in a cave, and Ruth is with him. Alone and unarmed, Harkness walks to the cave and tells Ruth to let the Neanderthal Man run away. He does, but a sabretooth tiger jumps him. The posse holds off shooting for a while as the Neanderthal Man is being mauled.

Now at home on his deathbed, the Neanderthal Man changes back to Groves one final time and utters his last words: "Better ... this ...way."

Cast
Listed in this order in the opening credits:
 * Robert Shayne as Prof. Clifford Groves (listed as "Shane" in the credits)
 * Joyce Terry as Jan Groves (listed as "Joy" in the credits)
 * Richard Crane as Dr. Ross Harkness
 * Doris Merrick as Ruth Marshall
 * Robert Long as George Oakes
 * Jeanette Quinn as Celia
 * Lee Morgan as Charlie Webb
 * Beverly Garland as Nola Mason
 * Dick Rich as Sheriff Andy Andrews
 * Robert Easton as Danny
 * Anthony Jochim as naturalist at conference
 * Marshall Bradford as naturalist conference chair

Uncredited:
 * Eric Colmar as Buck Hastings
 * Frank Gerstle as Mr. Wheeler
 * William Fawcett as Dr. Fairchild
 * Robert Bray as Jim Newcomb
 * Hank Mann as naturalist
 * Crane Whitney as State Police Chief
 * Tom Monroe as unnamed man
 * Wally Rose as the Neanderthal Man

Release
The film was theatrically released in the United States on 19 June 1953.

Production
The film's working title was Madagascar. Production began in early December 1952 at Eagle-Lion Studios in Los Angeles.

Jack Pollifaxen recalled that their experienced director Ewald André Dupont was hired due to Aubrey Wisburg's and Pollifaxen's previous collaborator Edgar G. Ulmer being in Europe at the time of production. Pollifaxen also recalled that the actual Siberian tiger kept spitting out the imitation sabre teeth so cold up shots were done with the sabre teeth attached to a tiger skin rug. Stuntman Wally Rose was the man in the Neanderthal Man mask, not Robert Shayne.

The film was released in the USA on 19 June 1953 and in Spain and Brazil at unknown dates. Three minutes was trimmed from its running time when it opened in the UK, reducing time from 78 minutes to 75 minutes.

Reception
The pressbook for the movie suggested ways theater owners could bring in the audience. One idea was to "make oversize footprint stencil and paint them on sidewalks of street leading to box-office", while another was to "dress up a man in costume to simulate the 'half man-half beast' in the picture ... Use as a ballyhoo stunt in front of your theatre or in your lobby. Can also be mounted on flat top truck and sent around town as a street bally."

The Neanderthal Man was not well received by critics in 1953, when it was mentioned at all. According to the "Review Digest" in the 1 August 1953 issue of BoxOffice magazine, the movie was rated "fair" by Film Daily, Harrison's Reports and BoxOffice itself. The Hollywood Reporter rated it as "very poor." The movie had not been reviewed by Variety, Parents' Magazine and The New York Daily News some six weeks after its release. In BoxOffice's "Feature Review", the anonymous reviewer wrote that "the film lends itself particularly on midnight 'spook show' programs." The reviewer went on to say that it "should qualify for duty as a supporting attraction in most bookings" and that the "picture can be played with an assurance of adequate acceptance." Deborah Del Vecchio quotes The Hollywood Reporter review, which calls the film "an overlong, dull conversation piece."

Many later reviewers called the movie "a variation of the Jekyll and Hyde theme", often adding the words "uninteresting" and "clichéd" to the description. Bill Warren says the film has "almost nothing to recommend it." Academic Michael Klossner refers to it as a "clichéd, Jekyll/Hyde rip-off", but notes favorably "the beautiful mountain settings, the colorful rustics and [Stanley] Cortez's sharp b&w photography."

The Neanderthal Man mask was frequently commented upon. Ken Hanke says it was "an appalling over-the-head mask (with stylishly wavy hair) that looks exactly like what it is." Phil Hardy notes that the mask "didn't flex with [Wally Rose's] facial movements." Warren, as well, points out that "the elaborate ... mask doesn't move or flex with the performer's face, and the eyes seem to be painted on." He adds that "the makeup/mask also varies throughout the film, as if different artists worked each day."

Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film one and a half out of four stars, calling it "Colorless and cheap".

General comments about The Neanderthal Man covered everything from direction to its overall quality as a film. Hanke calls it "a film that might be described as being scraped off the bottom of the barrel. That, of course, means the movie is like catnip to lovers of Bad Cinema", although adding that it is a "very low-rent production that is indefensible on every level." Nonetheless, Hanke rated the movie as 3 stars out of 5 and included it in "The Thursday Night Horror Picture Show" series, which he hosted. It ran on 4 September 2014 in the Carolina Asheville movie theater in Asheville, North Carolina."

"It was unquestionably a cheap and rapidly made film", writes Warren, "and Dupont brought none of the inventiveness to it that other directors who worked on equally shaky conditions applied to their films. The picture is unimaginative, dull and ponderous ...." Similarly, Hardy says that "DuPont, a minor talent in the best of circumstance, could bring no innovation" to the "clichéd" script. And the reviewing division of the Catholic News Service for the United States Council of Catholic Bishops called The Neanderthal Man a "horror clunker" with "stylized violence and hokey menace." USCCB rated it "A-II", acceptable for "adults and adolescents", but not children.

Klossner points to the many scientific inaccuracies in the film. He writes that "perhaps no film has expressed the horror and contempt too many people feel about primitive man as much as Neanderthal Man" and says "when Groves becomes a Neanderthal, he is a savage killer with a (completely inaccurate) apelike face and long claws." Warren agrees, noting that the Neanderthal Man "doesn't look like any reconstruction of a Neanderthal man that I've ever seen; furthermore, the creature we see behaves more like a vicious ape-man monster than the Neanderthals, who were probably not much different from Homo sapiens in general behavior."

The film also includes a sequence that Warren calls "very unusual for the period." As Nola describes her ordeal after being carried off by the Neanderthal Man, who has just murdered Buck at their picnic, her torn clothing and hysterical demeanor suggests that "the movie is clearly implying rape."

title: The Neanderthal Man


text:
Talk:Royal Black Institution

Untitled
Degree info

Why has the 11 degrees and info on the mystic cup been removed from this page? It was accurate and informative. I say this as a former member.

The Royal Black Preceptory consists of eleven degrees, as follows: -

(1) Royal Black Degree New! (2) Royal Scarlet Degree New! (3) Royal Mark Degree New! (4) Apron and Royal Blue Degree (5) Royal White Degree (6) Royal Green Degree (7) Gold Degree (8) Star and Garter Degree (9) Crimson Arrow Degree (10) Link and Chain Degree (11) Red Cross Degree

The Institution also possesses a final retrospective overview degree, which is essentially an overview of the 11 degrees that the candidate has traversed.

http://www.evangelicaltruth.com/black.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.241.184.36 (talk) 18:26, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The URL has changed to -
 * https://www.evangelicaltruth.com/royal-black-institution
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 00:36, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

The "Form of Admission" is incorrect. It is never refered to as the "Black Order" and always as the Imperial Grand Black Chapter of the British Commonwealth. It is a worldwide organisation and is not organised by countries as indicated in the factually inaccurate article.

 * Can we delete this question, please?
 * Whatever it was, it's gone now.
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 18:15, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

Lapsed Pacifist - why have you reinserted the admission form? It is not correct.

Got my info from the Pat Finucane Centre in Londonderry. What's yours? (I acknowledge my source is rather bias however) Lapsed Pacifist 20:21, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Aughavey 14:35, 27 December 2005 (UTC) I`m in the RBP. For starters their is no Grand Lodge of Ireland for the RBP just the Imperial Grand Black Chapter of the British Commonwealth refered to as the RBP.

Fair use rationale for Image:Cross & Crown.GIF
Image:Cross & Crown.GIF is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:39, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

entry requirements
I'm 18 years old and member of the RBP but this page says the minimum age is 19...now i'm not questioning the Pat Finucane Centre ( a Roman Catholic Republican Cantre founded in memory of a man who tried to defend Terrorists) but i'd like to think that the Royal Black Institution and its members know more about it's membership requirements.

 * Since there was no citation anyway, I've changed it. It would be really helpful if someone could come up with some properly cited info on this. --Helenalex (talk) 02:44, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

I have an 18year old in my Preceptory so yes the edit is correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.17.236.60 (talk) 21:09, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Membership is eligible to members of the Royal Arch Purple degree who have held the degree for 26 weeks, RAP degrees are allowed to 16 year olds therefore RBP membership is open to any male aged 16.5 years — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.99.26.117 (talk) 22:56, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

talk moved from article
This information is verifiable should you be fortunate enough to meet with a member or ex-member of this organisation, as I am, and who is prepared to be open about the rites carried out. I will in time provide information relating to the sixth and eleventh degrees and the symbols used for each of the eleven degrees. Comment by user:Psychedellic Banana moved here from the article.

Cootehill
Cootehill is in Cavan, not Monaghan. Culloty82 (talk) 15:32, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Royal Black Institution


text: Template:Minotaur class cruiser (1906)

title: Template:Minotaur class cruiser (1906)


text:
Natural Bridges State Beach

Natural Bridges State Beach is a 65 acre California state park in Santa Cruz, California, in the United States. The park features a natural bridge across a section of the beach and a eucalyptus grove provides habitat for monarch butterflies. During monarch butterfly migration, Monarch Butterfly Natural Preserve has up to 150,000 monarch butterflies from October through early February.

History

The first inhabitants in the Santa Cruz area were small groups of Native Americans. The Ohlone were a semi-nomadic tribe that hunted game and marine mammals and supplemented their diets with shellfish, fish, edible roots and shoots, acorns, nuts, and seeds. The Ohlone raised medicinal plants and herbs. They made tools from locally found stones and shells. Their crafts included shellfish jewelry and baskets.

The displacement of the natives began with the Spanish colonization of the Americas when missionaries and soldiers brought the Ohlone into the missions. The population of Native Americans was greatly reduced by European diseases to which they had no resistance. Governance of the area was transferred from Spain to Mexico after the Mexican War of Independence. The citizens of Mexico used what is now Natural Bridges State Beach as pasture land for their cattle. California became part of the United States after the Mexican–American War.

The area in and around the park later supported a dairy farm, a brussels sprouts farm, hotel, housing for mill workers, a South Seas movie set and a failed housing development. The land was purchased by the State of California in 1933 and construction of the state beach facilities began in 1954. The land surrounding the park was largely wild and undeveloped until the 1970s. The park is now surrounded by beach development and commercial properties.

Geology
Natural Bridges State Beach is named for the naturally occurring mudstone bridges that were carved by the Pacific Ocean into cliffs that jutted out into the sea.

The arches formed over a million years ago when a combination of silt, clay and diatoms were solidified into a mixture of stone that formed the three original arches of the beach. Wave erosion carved the arches and then cut away the cliffs leaving only islands.

Of the three original arches only the middle one remains. The outermost arch fell sometime in 1905 or 1906, and the inner arch collapsed during a storm on the night of January 10, 1980. The middle arch is in danger of collapsing as well due to erosion by wind and waves. Visitors were formerly permitted to climb up, walk and even drive on the bridges. Now the arch is closed to public access.

Ecology
Natural Bridges State Beach is home to a eucalyptus grove that provided habitat for monarch butterflies. Up to 150,000 butterflies migrate up to 2000 mi to the park to escape the cold weather of winter in the northwestern United States and Canada. The city of Santa Cruz holds an annual festival to mark the return of the butterflies. Monarchs settle in groves along the coasts of California and Baja California. At Natural Bridges State Beach they find shelter from the wind and sources of water and food. The butterflies cluster onto the trees, "intertwining their legs among the branches to resemble a clump of leaves." The butterflies protect each other from cold winter winds and rains by clustering together. Beginning in the late 1990s the population of butterflies at the park began to decline. Biologist attribute the decline to a lack of habitat caused by fallen pine and eucalyptus trees. The decline at Natural Bridges State Beach has meant an increase in butterfly numbers at nearby Lighthouse Field State Beach.

The 65 acre of the park have a variety of habitats. Saltwater and freshwater marshes are found on Moore Creek. Coastal Scrub surrounds the margins and undeveloped interior areas of the park. Sand dunes and a fresh water pond are also found at the park.

Tide pools at the beach provide a glimpse into marine life habitat for visitors to the park. Receding tides reveal populations of urchins, sea stars, hermit crabs, and kelp. Marine mammals, such as whales, seals, and sea otters can be seen from the beach. In combination with the estuarine mouth of Moore Creek, the state beach provides habitat for a variety of bird species, such as shorebirds, gulls, and snowy egrets. Brown pelicans and cormorants can often be found on the remaining natural bridge.

Natural Bridges State Marine Reserve is a marine protected area off the coast of Natural Bridges State Beach. Like an underwater park, this marine protected area helps conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.

Recreation
Natural Bridges State Beach is open to year-round recreation including swimming, surfing, hiking, nature walks and picnics. The beach is small and sheltered. The afternoon winds attract kite flying and wind surfing. The beach is open to surfing and is busiest during the winter when large swells wash up onto the shores of Natural Bridges State Beach. Hiking trails pass through the Moore Creek estuary and the Monarch Butterfly Nature Preserve. Guided tours of the butterfly preserve take place on weekends during the fall and winter. Tours of the tidal pools take place year-round as do nature walks.

Nearby state parks

 * The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park
 * Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park
 * Lighthouse Field State Beach
 * New Brighton State Beach
 * Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park
 * Seacliff State Beach
 * Twin Lakes State Beach
 * Wilder Ranch State Park

title: Natural Bridges State Beach


text:
Ystrad Aeron

Ystrad Aeron is a small village west of Felinfach on the A482 between Lampeter and Aberaeron, Ceredigion, Wales. It is part of the constituent community of Llanfihangel Ystrad.

Facilities
The church, St Michael's, is in the centre of Ystrad Aeron. It survived as a medieval church until 1877, when it was entirely rebuilt. Theatr Felinfach is located just outside the village, as is the Felin Fach Creamery.

Other facilities in the village include a garage, a shop, a farmers’ co-op, a caravan park, and a pub, The Vale of Aeron. Neuadd Goffa Felinfach Memorial Hall serves both Ystrad Aeron and Felinfach villages.

The Lampeter, Aberayron and New Quay Light Railway line ran through the village. Felin Fach railway station closed in 1951 to passenger services. Initially it was named Ystrad. General freight ceased in 1963, and milk traffic in 1973.

Dylan Thomas
The Vale of Aeron pub was frequented by Dylan Thomas and his wife, Caitlin Thomas, when they lived at Plas Gelli in nearby Talsarn in the early 1940s. The landlord then was Thomas Vaughan, whose son has described how Dylan and Caitlin used to walk across the fields to visit the pub. Dylan and Caitlin’s Pub Walk: Talsarn to Ystrad Aeron is published in the Dylan Thomas Trail. The pub, now run as a village cooperative, received a £300,000 grant in 2023 to enable renovations and support its long-term future.

John Davies
The bookbinder and poet, John Davies (Shôn Dafydd y Crydd) 1722–1799, is buried in St Michael's graveyard. His grave is directly behind the wooden bench by the church door. The inscription on the grave reads: "Beneath this stone lies John alone Cordwainer, scribe, Musician, Poet sublime in blank and Rhime, Devine and Politician."

John Davies’ diary with poems for 1 January 1796 to 19 December 1799 is in the National Library of Wales. It is available online. There is also a summary of its contents available, as well as two newspaper reports and a journal article.

title: Ystrad Aeron


text:
La Victoria de Acentejo

La Victoria de Acentejo is a town and a municipality in the northern part of the island Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. It is located near the north coast, 2 km southwest of La Matanza de Acentejo, 7 km northeast of La Orotava and 22 km west of the island capital Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The TF-5 motorway passes through the municipality. The population is 9,069 (2013) and the area is 18.36 km2.

History
Before the arrival of the Spaniards, La Acentejo was part of the menceyato (kingdom) of Taoro. The first and the second battles of Acentejo took place in 1494. The Spanish under Alonso Fernández de Lugo suffered a terrible defeat at this first battle, at the place now called La Matanza de Acentejo ("The Slaughter"). The second battle resulted in a victory for the Spaniards, after which the town of La Victoria de Acentejo was founded.

title: La Victoria de Acentejo


text:
Talk:Natural Bridges State Beach

More than one natural bridge?
When I went there myself, I saw only one natural bridge, but the name implies that there are more than one (hence the plural). Can anyone clear this up? --Ixfd64 00:10, 2005 August 30 (UTC)

 * There used to be three, but two have since fallen, one in the mid 20th century in a storm, and one in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. --Delirium (talk) 03:01, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Natural Bridges State Beach


text:
Donald W. Reynolds

Donald Worthington Reynolds (September 23, 1906 – April 2, 1993) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the founder of Donrey Media Group, a communications company with newspaper, broadcasting and cable television holdings, and outdoor advertising.

Biography
Reynolds was the son of Gaines W. Reynolds, a wholesale grocery salesman, and his wife, Anna Louise. Born in Fort Worth, Texas, he grew up in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and got his first job in the newspaper business selling papers at the local railroad station.

In high school, Reynolds decided he wanted to attend the University of Missouri's School of Journalism. He worked during high school and successive summers at a meat packing plant to pay for his studies. While at the University of Missouri, he was initiated into Pi Kappa Alpha. He graduated in 1927.

Reynolds' first business venture was a photo engraving plant. He then purchased and sold the Quincy Evening News in Massachusetts, using the proceeds from that sale to buy the Okmulgee Daily Times in Oklahoma and the Southwest Times Record in Arkansas. Those two papers launched the Donrey Media Group. Operating mostly in small towns, the group grew to include more than 100 businesses, including newspapers, radio stations, television stations, cable television operations, and billboard companies. Perhaps his biggest success came with the ownership of the Las Vegas Review-Journal, the largest newspaper in Nevada.

Reynolds interrupted his newspaper career to serve in the military during World War II, initially in military intelligence and, later, as the officer in charge of the Pacific and London editions of the "soldiers' newspaper," Yank, the Army Weekly. He attained the rank of Major, received the Legion of Merit, Purple Heart and Bronze Star Medal during his military service, and returned to civilian status in 1945.

He focused his business acumen on businesses located in small but growth-oriented communities, and these communities often were the recipients of the Foundation's earliest charitable grants.

Reynolds died on April 2, 1993, on a cruise ship in the Mediterranean Sea, at the age of 86. A large sum of money from his business ventures went to the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation.

Reynolds left three children on his death: Nancy, Donald, and Jonathan. Forbes Magazine noted that Reynolds's three children were to receive trust income of $50,000 a year for life, but would be left only $1 if they were to unsuccessfully contest his will. The bulk of the estate was left to The Donald W Reynolds Foundation.

Broadcasting
Donrey Media Group, its subsidiaries and affiliates, owned the following broadcast stations:

 * KFSA, Ft. Smith, Arkansas
 * KFSA-TV, Ft. Smith, Arkansas
 * KBRS, Springdale, Arkansas
 * KOCM(FM), Facility ID 33904, Newport Beach, California (April 1981-
 * KEXO, Grand Junction, Colorado
 * KLDR-FM, Grand Junction, Colorado
 * KOLO, Reno, Nevada
 * KOLO-TV, Reno, Nevada
 * KORK, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * KORK-FM, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * KORK-TV, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * KGNS, Laredo, Texas
 * KGNS-TV, Laredo, Texas

Buildings
A number of buildings are named for Reynolds, including:
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Community Center in Seminole, Oklahoma
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Community Center & Water Park in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma
 * Donald W. Reynolds Campus and Community Center at Southern Arkansas University
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Cancer Support House in Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Center for Life Sciences at Hendrix College
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in Little Rock, AR
 * The Reynolds Center at Harding University
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Performing Arts Center at the University of Oklahoma,
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Performance Hall at the University of Central Arkansas
 * The Donald W. Reynolds YMCA in Warren, Arkansas
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Alumni Center and the Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute at the Missouri School of Journalism
 * The Donald W. Reynolds School of Journalism at the University of Nevada, Reno
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Center at the University of Tulsa
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Community Center in Poteau, Oklahoma
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Center for Business and Economic Development at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Science Center at Henderson State University
 * The Donald W. Reynolds School of Architecture at Oklahoma State University
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Technology Center at Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology in Okmulgee, OK
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture in Washington, DC.
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Emergency Shelter and Recreation building at the Northwest Arkansas Children's Shelter, and
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Museum and Education Center at the Mount Vernon estate of George Washington in Virginia
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Library in Mountain Home, Arkansas
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Center at Arkansas State University Mid-South in West Memphis, AR
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Center for Health Sciences on the Arkansas State University campus in Jonesboro, AR
 * The Donald W Reynolds Community Center and Library in Durant, Oklahoma
 * The Donald W. Reynolds Cultural Center at Nevada Ballet Theatre in Las Vegas, NV

Foundation
The Donald W. Reynolds Foundation continued his lengthy legacy of charitable giving through 2015, funding programs for capital grants, aging and quality of life, cardiovascular clinical research, and journalism. In accordance with its articles of incorporation, the Foundation was designated to terminate rather than continue in perpetuity. Its board of trustees determined that the foundation would cease to make grants by the year 2022. In fact, the foundation liquidated its assets and closed its doors at the end of 2017.

Awards

 * 1978, The Oklahoma Journalism Hall of Fame
 * 1985, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 2000, Arkansas Business Hall of Fame

title: Donald W. Reynolds


text:
Kyrle

Kyrle may refer to:
 * Cosmo Kyrle Bellew (1883–1948), British film actor
 * Kyrle Bellew (1850–1911), English stage and silent film actor
 * James Kyrle MacCurdy (1875–1923), British theater actor
 * James Kyrle-Money (1775–1843), British soldier
 * John Kyrle (1637–1724), English philanthropist
 * Josef Kyrle (1880–1926), Austrian pathologist
 * Martha Kyrle (1917–2017), Austrian physician
 * Roger Money-Kyrle (1898–1980), English psychoanalyst
 * Rowland Money-Kyrle (1866–1928), English archdeacon
 * Walter Kyrle (1600–1650), English politician

title: Kyrle


text:
Damon and Debbie

Damon and Debbie is a three-part spin-off from the Channel 4 soap opera Brookside first broadcast in November 1987. A Mersey Television production, it was written by Frank Cottrell-Boyce, directed by Bob Carlton, and produced by Colin McKeown. The series is credited as the first 'soap bubble'.

The series followed teen sweethearts Damon Grant (Simon O'Brien) and Debbie McGrath (Gillian Kearney) as they absconded to York to escape their disapproving parents in Liverpool who objected to the relationship because of the class divide. It ended with the death of Damon, who had been a regular character in Brookside since its launch in 1982.

Development
Damon and Debbie was developed in response to several factors, according to Brookside creator Phil Redmond. Firstly, the producers were keen to develop further "high-octane storylines" having seen the audience and media response to 1985's siege storyline, in which nurses Pat, Sandra and Kate were held hostage in their home, concluding in the latter's murder. Actor Simon O'Brien, who had played Damon Grant since the show's first episode in 1982, said he not only wished to leave the show, but requested that his character be killed off. Additionally the intention was to celebrate Brookside's fifth anniversary in November 1987, and the production team and executives were keen to mark the occasion.

The Grant family had recently featured in major storylines, particularly the rape of Sheila Grant (played by Sue Johnston, and Damon was used to illustrate the problems of the Thatcher ministry's Youth Training Scheme (YTS), which saw Damon, who expected to be employed by a firm for whom he had worked for low wages, but being told that the company were simply going to replace him with further cheap labour at the end of his service in the scheme. Following both of these storylines, executive producer Phil Redmond suggests, Damon's departure would have to be "something a bit special".

The producers developed the idea of a 'soap bubble', a term which Redmond credits to Channel 4 executive David Rose, so that the multi-stranded narrative of Brookside would continue during the standard episodes, with two characters co-existing in a separate production. Damon and Debbie is generally recognised as the first instance of a UK soap opera expanding its narrative world in such a way. According to Annie Leask of The Sunday Mirror, the spin-off was a result of the characters' popularity with the viewing public.

The character of Debbie McGrath (Gillian Kearney) was introduced into Brookside as Damon Grant's girlfriend. Her being younger than Damon caused friction between the parents of both characters, alongside a class-divide, a plot-line which saw one critic refer to it as like "Romeo and Juliet in trackies". When their parents objected to them dating, the couple decided to elope from Liverpool to York, an adventure which was depicted in Damon and Debbie.

Filming
Filming took place over six weeks. The scenes in which Debbie attends an open day were filmed on 19 September 1987 at the University of York. The same corridor was used several times for the scenes in which Damon tries to find her, with the furniture rearranged to make it appear different each time, and a stunt double called Jason Housecroft was used for scenes of Damon running away from the camera down the corridor. The computer graphic ("Damon loves Debbie") that Debbie programs within a few minutes was programmed by Charles Forsyth.

Episodes
The three-part series was broadcast late on Wednesday evenings on Channel 4 in November 1987, with an omnibus edition screened over the Christmas period of that year.

Following the broadcast of Damon and Debbie, the storyline returned to Brookside. Police are seen arriving to break the news to Sheila Grant (Sue Johnston) in episode 529, broadcast on 23 November 1987. Debbie returned to Brookside, and Damon's funeral was featured in the episode of Brookside broadcast on 1 December. Crosby actor Jonathan Comer, the extra who played the part of Damon's killer, began to receive threatening phone calls and hate mail shortly after the episode was broadcast.

Music
The music played over the opening and closing credits was written by Steve Wright, who had also written the Brookside theme. Dani Ali performed "Talk to Me", a song written for the show's closing credits, on episodes one and three, with a recording by English singer-songwriter Annabel Lamb accompanying the credits of episode two. Both versions of the song were releases on the Ariola label through BMG; Ali's version as the A-side, with Lamb's version on side B (titled "Her Song"). The single peaked at no. 110 on the UK Singles Chart. The title was also the closing spoken line of dialogue in all three episodes.

Main cast

 * Damon Grant – Simon O'Brien
 * Debbie McGrath – Gillian Kearney
 * Lettuce – Siobhan Maher
 * Tom McGrath – Nick Maloney
 * Nick – John Basham
 * Barbara/Bridget McGrath – Annie Tyson
 * Lonnie – Neil Caple
 * Tone – Geof Atwell
 * Zoe – Jaye Griffiths
 * Jenny – Michelle Holmes
 * Kirk – Ian Ormsby-Knox
 * Patrick – Lyndam Gregory
 * Apala – Seeta Indrani
 * Sadhir – James Neale-Kennerley

title: Damon and Debbie


text:
Talk:Stewart Lee

Tim Richardson

 * He wrote and performed comedy at Oxford University in the 1980's in a revue group called The Seven Raymonds with Richard Herring, Emma Kennedy Michael Cosgrave and Tim Richardson.

Can anyone confirm that this is the same Tim Richardson that is linked to? It may well be but it's a common enough name and there's nothing at that entry (eg rough idea of age or biog) to confirm it. Flapdragon 00:11, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I can confirm that this is the same Tim that is linked to. See: http://www.stewartlee.co.uk/whatis.html where it says " Tim Richardson, an ex-member of this futile group, is soon to publish a history of sweets, and writes about wrestling and medieval mental illness for The Idler magazine." Pliny 15:29, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Challenge to Christianity
I think there is room in this article for something on Lee's questioning of religion, given that his main claim to notoriety amongst the wider public is the furore surrounding the televising of Jerry Springer: the Opera. Having said that, any contribution on this needs to be NPOV, sensitively written, and in an encyclopedic style. A quote from Lee stating that Christianity is irrational would be fine, I think, if anyone can find one.Rayray 15:29, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I think perhaps a bit about Jesus and his pals might help. DavidFarmbrough 17:30 BST 1 September 2005

 * Perhaps a quote from his 1994 Edinburgh show, "all world religions suck a big dog's c**k", would sum his feelings up.

 * Might I suggest the quote from his 2005 show, which was along the lines of "I don't hate Catholicism - it is in fact my favourite form of clandestine global evil"? Dooky 06:22, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * He did make a documentary for Channel 5's Soapbox series of programmes, I believe entitled "What's wrong with Blasphemy". This is worth putting in the article as part of his career I think, but it is also likely to be a useful source for his opinions on religion and christianity.  It's on Youtube if you want to have a look at it - a very good documentary. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.144.56.33 (talk) 15:41, 8 March 2007 (UTC).

I watched "What's wrong with Blasphemy" and he really didn't seem to be anti-religious, he just felt people should be free to criticize religion. Is it possible he was just shooting for edgy satire on those shows, not hate? Ash Loomis —Preceding comment was added at 20:57, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Ang Lee trivia
I'm not sure a link to a section of a stand-up routine --- which is (deliberately) very unclear as to the truth-value of the anecdote --- counts as a verified source. --Newshound 17:49, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Trivia section
Removed something about him attending a Weight Watcher's group. Not sure if this was serious to begin with, but there are several reasons to removed it: - Unsourced, not really verifiable and liable to change at any given time. - Not particularly noteworthy or worth mentioning. - Personal and private, surely? Not particularly nice or necessary to put it on his Wikipedia entry.

 * I wasnt the person who put it there, but he did mention it in his recent standup. Hpmons 19:18, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

40 Years?
"In October, he presented a forty year tribute to Star Trek on BBC Radio 2 <...>"

That's some feat, considering October is only 31 days long. I'm not convinced that the author meant exactly what they have said here. Maybe it was the fortieth anniversary?

I might change this to reflect my assumption. DanTheShrew (talk) 15:26, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

What would Judas do?
this whole section doesn't actually mention anything about his 'what would judas do' show —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.136.80.79 (talk) 13:00, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Image from the 1990s?
Has anyone a picture of him from that time? He was looking quite different and an image would add real value to the article.--91.39.78.5 (talk) 09:46, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

This article sucks
Ceoil (talk) 22:43, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Yes, I'm afraid it reads like it was written by a publicity agent. And does it really need to be so long? There's more biography here than we have for genuine historical figures, Lee is a minor celebrity at best. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.62.176.190 (talk) 02:58, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

 * So fix it!  Lugnuts  And the horse 07:53, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, seeing as it WAS written by a publicity agent or the subject himself, the best thing would be for the author to fix it himself, since none of us care nearly as much. If that can't be done we'll whittle it down to a decent encyclopedic entry by and by. We certainly don't need to know -- for example -- that Armando Ianucci announced there would be a second series of Comedy Vehicle and such: these things can be remedied by simple deletion. But such is the idiocy of Wikipedia that there'll be an outcry if the 'work' of some editor is simply being excised for irrelevance. (Yes, I am deleting it.)Sartoresartus (talk) 15:04, 1 January 2014 (UTC)
 * It wasnt, I wrote a lot of at least the lead and have not recieved a penny yet (note to self: Lee is a handsome, but thight bastard; must search for refs). The page does, however suffer from the same trivia problem that most stand-up's articles do; a lot of it is a disjointed CV; he did this, then he did that. SOFIXIT. Ceoil (talk) 15:53, 1 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Have cut about half of the rest. Its not nice when publicity people stuff bios like this. Christ guys, Wikipedia is not a bill board. Ceoil (talk) 16:12, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

Adopted
Oh, yeah! Stewart Lee is adopted. I completely forgot. Are there enough sources to prove it? He was rejected by both of his parents. Waycism (talk) 08:24, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Whilst that wouldn't surprise me at all, I can't find any reliable sources that say Stewart Lee is adopted. LoveEverybodyUnconditionally (talk) 02:23, 3 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Guardian Mramoeba (talk) 01:39, 4 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you - I actually noticed it within the article shortly after my previous post... You learn something new every day! LoveEverybodyUnconditionally (talk) 02:07, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

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Graham
Lee's middle name, which is Graham, is not included in the article for who knows what reason. I've had a check of the history and from what I can see, back in 2010, this edit removed it during an overzealous correction of vandalism, and it was just never put back. So I'm putting it back.

In 2013 someone removed its addition as 'unsourced'. Well, there are plenty of sources if one cares to Google: The Times, Companies House, reproductions of fan mail responses and press clippings on fistoffun.net, etc. --2.98.184.227 (talk) 20:35, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Book from the 90s?
he makes mention here of a book he wrote in the 90s that he later managed to prevent being republished because he didn't think it was very good

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrXVaytvJtQ

there is no mention of it here — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.75.197.234 (talk) 09:10, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Big content removal - just a heads up
I noticed that the article had huge chunks of it removed a while ago. Not my place to determine if that was the right move, but anybody willing to update the article might find it interesting. --Ihaveacatonmydesk (talk) 23:09, 16 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I've added a fill-in section "1993-2000: Television" which simply points to L&H, FOF and TMWRNJ articles, where much of this "missing" stuff is detailed. It's arguable whether this period is worth summarising at more length on this page, or not. My thoughts are: leave it at "main article" links plus maybe only a sentence or two; let the individual articles cover the detail, it's already covered better in those individual articles, and isn't specific to Lee as a solo artist. However it's not right that this period got completely removed, since it was very popular at the time, and well remembered now. Andrew Oakley (talk) 12:02, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

Photo / Illness
Does anyone have a more recent photo of Stewart Lee? The one on the article at the moment is ok, but Lee has aged quite considerably since 2008 - it could possibly be illness related though as I remember he once told an audience that he had to eat a jacket potato every day for medical reasons (he might have been joking, but in the context he said it, and the fact he didn't keep repeating it over and over again, I assumed he was being serious). LoveEverybodyUnconditionally (talk) 02:21, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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2005-2008
The heading seems odd as JSTO was written 2001 and appeared on stage in London 2003 - 2005. What was he doing after that ? -- Beardo (talk) 04:29, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stewart Lee


text:
WSHO

WSHO (800 AM) is an American radio station broadcasting a Christian radio format. Licensed to New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, the station serves the New Orleans area. The station is currently owned by Shadowlands Communications, L.L.C. and features programming from Salem Communications.

History
The 800 kHz was originally used by a R&B formatted station WBOK in the 1950s, until they moved over to 1230 kHz in 1962. But at the same time, WSHO, which was at 1230, moved their Broadway showtunes and call letters over to the current signal. In the late 1960s, they switched to Country until 1981, when they dropped the format for Adult Standards, broadcasting the "Music of Your Life" syndicated format. In 1982, they changed to religious programming.

During Hurricane Katrina, WSHO simulcasted United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans from WWL (870 AM).

title: WSHO


text: User talk:61.51.103.174

title: User talk:61.51.103.174


text:
Picard horn

A Picard horn, also called the Picard topology or Picard model, is one of the oldest known hyperbolic 3-manifolds, first described by Émile Picard in 1884. The manifold is the quotient of the upper half-plane model of hyperbolic 3-space by the projective special linear group, $$\operatorname{PSL}_2(\mathbf{Z}[i])$$. It was proposed as a model for the shape of the universe in 2004. The term "horn" is due to pseudosphere models of hyperbolic space.

Geometry and topology
A modern description, in terms of fundamental domain and identifications, can be found in section 3.2, page 63 of Grunewald and Huntebrinker, along with the first 80 eigenvalues of the Laplacian, tabulated on page 72, where $$\Upsilon_1$$ is a fundamental domain of the Picard space.

Cosmology
The term was coined in 2004 by Ralf Aurich, Sven Lustig, Frank Steiner, and Holger Then in their paper Hyperbolic Universes with a Horned Topology and the CMB Anisotropy.

The model was chosen in an attempt to describe the microwave background radiation apparent in the universe, and has finite volume and useful spectral characteristics (the first several eigenvalues of the Laplacian are computed and in good accord with observation). In this model one end of the figure curves finitely into the bell of the horn. The curve along any side of horn is considered to be a negative curve. The other end extends to infinity.

title: Picard horn


text:
A Trip to Mars

A Trip to Mars (Danish: Himmelskibet, or Heaven Ship) is a 1918 Danish film about a trip to Mars. In 2006, the film was restored and released on DVD by the Danish Film Institute.

Phil Hardy says it is "the film that marked the beginning of the space opera subgenre of science fiction," but notes that Denmark did not make another science fiction film until Reptilicus in 1961.

Plot
Scientists build an airship called the Excelsior, and travel to Mars. They find a utopian civilization on the planet, dedicated to pacifism. The captain falls in love with Marya, the daughter of Mars' philosopher-king, and she must get her father's blessing before they return to Earth and get married.

Cast

 * Gunnar Tolnæs as Avanti Planetaros - Captain of the Space Ship
 * Zanny Petersen as Corona, Avanti's Sister
 * Nicolai Neiiendam as Professor Planetaros, Astronomer
 * Alf Blütecher as Dr. Krafft, Avanti's Friend
 * Svend Kornbeck as David Dane, American
 * Philip Bech as Martian leader - Wise Man
 * Lilly Jacobson as Marya, Martian Leader's Daughter
 * Frederik Jacobsen as Professor Dubius

Production crew

 * Production Design by Carlo Jacobsen
 * Art Direction by Axel Bruun

Reception
Critic Jörg Hartmann observes, "The humanoid Martian woman may still play the role of a coveted object, but it is her own independent decision to leave her home planet to spread a Martian message of peace through her love affair with the human captain. The pacifist attitude propagated in A Trip to Mars was aimed at the contemporary film audience, who saw the film when the First World War was still raging."

Similarly, Matthew Coniam writes, "A Trip to Mars was produced at a time when the First World War was showing little sign of ending, and in this respect the film cannot fail to impress when seen as a plea for compassion and tolerance, featuring as it does perhaps the least antagonistic meeting of Martians and Earthlings in screen history."

Programme in Danish with pictures

 * Himmelskibet

title: A Trip to Mars