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Talk:Pinot noir

Please add note about Pinot Noir in Crimea, Ukraine
I recently discovered for myself a really delightful aroma of Crimean Pinot by Inkerman brand.

Reference to Columella's De Re Rustica
I am sorry to say that I cannot find any mention of a grape varietal in the said work (read in English translation) that corresponds to pinot noir. Please correct me if I have unwittingly passed over something. NilsGLindgren (talk) 15:34, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Peak at Burgundy?
To say that "[pinot nior]reaches its peak in Burgundy wine" is only an opinion, and not a statement of fact, and is not appropriate for an encyclopedia. Perhaps this can be reworded: "Historically, great Pinot Noir has been associated with Burgundy, although other regions also produce Pinot Noir wines." or deleted all together.

Jargon
This article is awash in jargon without linking:

Pinot Noir, known as Pinot Nero in Italian, is a red wine grape variety, considered to make some of the greatest wines. It is almost universally agreed to reach its peak in the wines of Burgundy, but is also used in the production of Champagne and is planted in most of the world's wine growing regions for use in both still and sparkling wines. Pinot Noir grown for dry table wines is generally low-yielding and often difficult to grow well. Pinot Noir grown for use in sparkling wines (e.g., Champagne) is generally higher yielding.

What does yielding mean? The first sentence doesn't read well and doesn't make it clear that pinot noir is a species of grape.

 * Happy to gloss yielding. Yield means to produce, so a plant that is high yielding produces more fruit than a plant that is low yielding. Similarly, a high-yielding bank account or share would give more dividends/interest than a low-yielding one.Limegreen 20:42, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed, "yield" is not jargon, and it certainly doesn't have any better-known or more appropriate synonyms. There *is* a lot of jargon in this article though, specifically abstract, unquantifiable terms like: depth, complexity, earthy, intense, etc.  While such vocabulary may be common in wine (and stereo) aficionado publications and conversation, it seems to be inappropriate for a Wikipedia article.  Since there are no agreed-upon definitions for these words as they relate to wine, they should either be replaced with concrete descriptions or removed entirely.

Marlborough, NZ and Pinot Noir
Does anyone have a contribution/edit on the production of Pinot Noir in Marlborough?JonathanG

 * I probably should. There's far more there than anywhere else (although of course much of that is destined for Lindauer). On the other hand, I don't think that Marlborough is really excelling to the extent that even Nelson is. You're welcome to toss something in, or I'll have a reflect on it...
 * --Limegreen 22:05, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

I just swapped Martinborough for Marlborough. Marlborough may produce more, but the more of the good stuff comes from Martinborough, Central Otago, and perhaps Waipara. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jameskjx (talk • contribs) 06:59, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

I read bias in this statement above. So you are adding personal opinion to the Wiki page, without declaring interest.

Over all, I see the article (with regard to NZ wine), as being well structured and unbiased.

I recently accompanied a group of US, French, Australian and German winemakers and MWs the concensus was as follows (using the American rating scale of 100):-

Wairarapa ... of 28 Pinot noir tasted ... 6 rated > 91/100 (21%); 8 rated 87 to 90/100 (26%) Nelson ... of 14 tasted ... 3 rated > 91/100 (22%); 3 rated 87 to 90/100 (22%). Marlborough ... of 38 tasted ... 8 rated > 91/100 (22%); 19 rated 87 to 90/100 (50%). Canterbury ... of 18 wines tasted ... 4 rated >91/100 (22%); 5 rated 87 to 90/100 (27%). Central Otago ... of 35 wines tasted ... 6 rated >91/100 (16%); 12 rated 87 to 90/100 (35%) A single Hawke Bay Pinot ... rated 90/100.

The group was high-powered but with a definite "European" bias (French makers, MWs and UK importers).

What it illustrates is that fine wines are made in all regions to about the same degree - with sound commercial wines being made as well. I make no personal comments on the above, other than that observation.

Keep in mind that Marlborough is a commercial vineyard/winemaking area compared to the much smaller area plantings in Canterbury, Central Otago, Nelson and the Wairarapa ... Martinborough being a sub-region of the latter. The area planted to Pinot noir alone in Marlborough - exceeds the plantings of ALL varieties in all four regions mentioned - combined. With reference to Pinot noir - it is inevitable that these much larger wine companies will produce wines at the commercial-market end; which is similar to Bourgogne indeed. There are however a significant number of very fine Pinots made - as Michael Cooper's annual tastings reveal. They differ from those of Central Otago - often being more complex, refined and velvety and without the "earthiness" that often characterises those wines of Martinborough - which is found to be attractive by many consumers. Central Otago wines are immensely attractive in their youth with Canterbury wines showing a crossing between the northern makers and those to the south. The commercial wines are likewise built (deliberate use), for rapid sale and rapid drinking (< 5 years), as one would expect - but this does not reduce their validity. 210.246.37.87 (talk) 03:28, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

Unites States and Pinot Noir
There is no section for the US in Pinot Noir, though there have been many celebrated Pinot Noirs coming out of California and Oregon. I don't have enough knowledge to add the section myself, but I think it could be a good addition. 67.176.41.21 22:51, 26 April 2006 (UTC) Alex
 * Second, also unable to help GuyFromChicago 21:45, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Having just been drinking a 14.5% Edna Valley Pinot Noir, the claim for modest alcohol (12%) seems unjustified. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.48.243.70 (talk) 19:32, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

Australia
As a lover of Australian Pinots I have added a section about Australia. I'll try to add more later. Please join me. --Bduke 08:34, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Sparkling White Pinot Nero?
Hi. This article seems to refer to red wine (although it does mention champagne too). However, on a recent holiday in northern Italy I enjoyed several Pinot Neros which were slightly sparkling white wines, from Oltrepò Pavese. Could anyone shed any light on this? Does Pinot Noir/Nero usually make a red wine (I couldn't actually see explicitly in the article)? Is there an alternative method of making white wine from the same grape? etc. Thanks. 86.1.161.152 15:11, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, so reading the Wine article I've noticed that colour of the wine isn't dependent on the colour of the grape. Would this article benefit from it being stated that both red and white wines are made from the grape? Or is that the case for most grape varieties? Please excuse my ignorance on this matter! 86.1.161.152 15:26, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

pinot noir just like any other red grape can, and does, produce both red, rose and white wine (sperkling and still). This is due to the fact that the pigments that define the colour of a wine are in the skin of the grape and not in the pulp thus a wine will be red or white depending on the amount of time that the juice from the grape is in contact with the skin after pressing, if there is little or no contact the wine will be white allthough it was made with a red grape. A perfect example of this is that of Champagne, a winemaker has the choice of 3 grapes here, pinot noir, pinot meunier or chardonnay the first 2 being red. They even make champagne just with the 2 reds this is called blanc d noir.

Pinot Noir Photo Request
Some nice photos to have would be a photo of a Burgundy (bottle & glass), Blanc de Noir Champagne and a good Oregon Pinot-maybe a food shot with Salmon. Agne 21:03, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I could tee up a couple of bottles of Burgundy, NZ Pinot, and possibly one from the Macon villages...--Limegreen 23:07, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

References and Source cited
As part of helping to work Pinot Noir up to FA status, I've added source tags to the article for things that an inline citation would be nice to have. Mostly it's for weasel words sentence "Some feel", "some say" etc. We also need to convert some of the quotes into in-line citation for WP:V. Agne 03:00, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Questionable content
I moved the following bits here because they lack citation and may also represent an individual POV or rely upon weasel words. If these can be attributed properly, I'd like to see them moved back into the article with the appropriate citation. dpotter 18:29, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

France
The most prestigious pure Pinot Noir Champagne is Bollinger's Vieilles Vignes Françaises

Germany
Robert M. Parker, Jr. says in one of his books that German pinot noir tastes thin, like badly made Burgundy wine. While some examples may not be well made, many are, and are highly sought after.

Oregon
Today, Oregon is regarded as one of the world's best pinot noir producing regions.

Pronunciation
In my opinion, a pronunciation guide for Pinot Noir could be useful. I found "pee-no NWAHR" and some variants from the net, but I suppose it should be in IPA. But I don't know how. Anyone? --Ketorin 12:25, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Catalan Countries?
This is obviously inaccurate. I just reverted a change change which renamed the section SPAIN. I believe it should be Spain but the way in which it was done was not correct.

Does anyone have any feelings about this before I change it back to Spain? Gsherry 13:12, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

This looks like the Spain/Catalonia conflicts don't even spare the wine articles :p Look at these diffs from the article's history. December 11, 2006 & December 7th, 2006. I think the text prior to the Dec 7th edit is probably the best. Agne 14:02, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Synonyms
The new infobox points to a non-existent section on synonyms. Is such a list a good idea? Is anyone planing to add it? --Bduke 23:38, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
 * There are certainly some synonyms (e.g. Spätburgunder, Pinot nero), so it will get filled out eventually.--Limegreen 00:43, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation
What about a pronunciation key for how to say Pinot Noir? 170.65.188.2 04:19, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Thoughts on assessment
This one is a borderline B, so some extra opinions are needed. The most glaring absence is a viticulture & winemaking section (especially since Pinot is notorious in both categories). The wine region section appears comprehensive thanks to all those sub sections but there is really not much substance beyond France and a little about Oregon-with even those sections skipping over a lot of important details. California is hardly mention except for a list. That area could really use a reworking all around. The article could also use a food pairing section. AgneCheese/Wine 00:04, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Yeah, but what do the grapes taste like?
Honestly, though all this historical and regional information about wine is very informational and terrific for winos- the article is (if I am not mistaken) about a fruit. Don't you think information should be thrown in there somewhere about the fruit -before- it has been fermented? Or should we adjust the Peach article to be about the wonders of Schnapps, the Banana and Coffee articles to be about Liqueurs, the Coconut be all about Rum and so on? 98.18.34.174 (talk) 02:54, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * No, this is grape variety used for producing wine. --Bduke (talk) 03:33, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The grapes taste good if you like lots of tannic, dry mouth feel with your sweets and don't mind seeds in your grapes. Go ahead and add something about the taste of the grapes if you find a solid reference to back up your writing. Binksternet (talk) 05:16, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The articles about grape varieties within WP:WINE usually cover both the grape itself and general information on wines produced from it. Actually, the interest in Pinot Noir and other grape varieties, and the ambition to describe their differences in an encyclopedia, stems almost exclusively from their use in making wine. A few well-known noble Vitis vinifera varieties used for wine, can also be used as table grapes, e.g., Tempranillo, but that use tends to dwarf their use in wine production. However, in most cases grapes of noble varieties are never eaten fresh, since the grapes of varieties destined for wine are usually much smaller and have a significantly higher proportion of seeds than varieties specifically bred as table grapes. Often, commercially grown table grapes are of non-V. vinifera species or are hybrids. Tomas e (talk) 14:02, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Santa Maria Valley
One of the top Pinot noir areas in California was left out and should be added: the Santa Maria Valley. 71.246.217.23 (talk) 18:16, 7 May 2008 (UTC)
 * sofixit. And cite sources. -- dpotter (talk) 06:21, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and carefull attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 19:42, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

"Sideways" Effect
This was recently the topic of a paper presented at American Association of Wine Economists. Article appeared in Wines & Vines trade publication as well.

http://www.wine-economics.org/workingpapers/AAWE_WP25.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.225.207.28 (talk) 07:35, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

""The name is derived from the French words for "pine" and "black" alluding to the varietals' tightly clustered dark purple pine cone-shaped bunches of fruit""

"Pin" means pine in French. I really think this should by backed up, I think it may well not be true... 86.68.122.40 (talk) 20:38, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Pinot is not from standard French, but from the old Bourgogne dialect. It apparently was borrowed into English in that form, whereas the spelling in standard French became pineau. See http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/pineau for more information. Mahousu (talk) 22:06, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Pointless advertising blurbs
This article relies heavily on irritating advertisement-grade verbiage like the silly "sex in a bottle", the stupid "god/devil" statements, and the equally idiotic Robert Parker quotation at the end. In my opinion, none of these should be found in an encyclopedia, except perhaps well-quarantined in a "Pinot Noir and the Media" or similar article.

184.97.165.4 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 06:28, 25 January 2012 (UTC).

Columella, again
Now I have read two different translations of Columella's De Re Rustica. None of them contains description of a grape reminiscent of Pinot Noir. — Preceding unsigned comment added by NilsGLindgren (talk • contribs) 21:15, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

USA
Why does this section read like an advert for the winegrowers?

This section fails to meet the usual strict criteria for encyclopaedic type entries...which can be seen in comparing this chapter to the others.176.26.20.216 (talk)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 03:03, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:54, 9 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Leyda valley Pinot.jpg

Requested move 31 January 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 05:36, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

Pinot noir → Pinot Noir – Correct capitalization – see reliable sources. The prose of the article also uses capitals. Mast303 (talk) 01:09, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose - What makes you think capitalization is correct? Look at Category:Red wine grape varieties for a list of other reds... and look at all the lowercase "noir"... - UtherSRG (talk) 01:18, 31 January 2023 (UTC)]]
 * @UtherSRG: Please look at reliable sources. Mast303 (talk) 04:55, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose and edit the article to use lowercase throughout. The prose of the article used caps consistently at the time you submitted this request only because you edited it to include many more capitals. In the article's bibliography, the book North American Pinot Noir uses "noir" (except in the title), and for what it's worth this would not be capitalized in French, either. Capitalization by individual wineries is probably a marketing tool. Dekimasu よ! 04:06, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * @Dekimasu: The French part is irrelevant, since we should look at English reliable sources, not French ones. Mast303 (talk) 23:32, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support but only in a wider context - please see this discussion from 2018 on the Wine Project talk page about wine variety capitalisation. Almost nobody in any of the standard texts, books, references, journals, wine magazines, websites, or wine labels since the 1990s uses this "Pinot noir" form of capitalisation; it's usually written as "Pinot Noir". There is an esoteric view that colour mutations of plant cultivars are normally not capitalised, but that seems a very strange hill to die on compared to the general use, as illustrated by this Ngram. Unfortunately neither the Wine Portal nor the Wine WikiProject are very active, so not much discussion about this has happened. Perhaps you'd all like to weigh in on the wider issue with your thoughts?—Jon (talk) 04:38, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Except in the title of the article, which always begins with a capital letter, it is not "Pinot noir" that is being suggested here, but rather "pinot noir". I'm not sure Google Books is a very good indicator in this case, but at any rate the standard for using caps at WP:MOSCAPS is generally quite strict. Dekimasu よ! 05:03, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Request is to move this to "Pinot Noir", not "pinot noir"—Jon (talk) 05:22, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Right. My point was that the current article title does not necessitate the use of "Pinot noir" either. Dekimasu よ! 18:13, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

 * There was a move request here back in 2013 in favor of lowercase that covered this article by analogy. —  AjaxSmack  05:57, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Nothing like a majority of sources using upper-case. Primergrey (talk) 07:03, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * @Primergrey out of interest, I'd like to know which ones still use lower case. The Oxford Companion to Wine, The World Atlas of Wine, all the Australian & NZ viticulture & winemaking journals I've been reading, Journal of Wine Research, everything published by IVES and OIV, most of the trade and consumer oriented journals, magazines and reviewers (Decanter, Wine Enthusiast, Parker/Wine Advocate, Jancis Robinson, James Suckling, etc.), are now capitalised. if that's "nothing like the majority" then I'd love to know what I'm missing out on.—Jon (talk) 10:17, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I planned to abstain from voting because, though I personally oppose capitalizing grape varieties—they're not proper names and using caps violates the spirit of WP:NOTGUIDE—capitalizing seemed quite widespread. However, a pretty cursory web search came up with "How to Capitalize Wines" and "Grape varieties: to capitalize or not to capitalize?" (as well as this short piece with extensive discussion), which all references to reliable sources.  The gist is that specialist sources lean toward capitalizing everything, while general-audience sources capitalize only varieties or wines named with proper nouns (e.g. regions like Burgundy, Chianti).  The generalist sources cited include the Globe and Mail, the AP Stylebook, the Washington Post and the New York Times.  Therefore,...
 * Oppose per WP:AUDIENCE, i.e. Wikipedia should be written for a general audience, reflecting sources for those audiences. Wikipedia does something similar for Bird names and article titles: it ignores the International Ornithological Congress caps practice in favor of Wikipedia's own guidelines.  In the case of wine varieties (which are actually cultivars), the governing ICNCP says to capitalize these names and place them between single quotes following the binomial, e.g. Vitis vinifera ‘Elbling’ (see WP:FLORATITLES for details).  But outside of that specific phrasing, there's not strict adherence to those rules in sources—the single quotes are ignored nearly universally, so the rules are nearly always interpreted by sources.  Additionally in the case of the pinot family, the noir, gris and blanc are not separate cultivars but are color descriptives, hence the practice of Pinot noir (with capital P and lowercase n) even in wine sources which is reflected in this discussion. —  AjaxSmack  17:10, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I am curious about this, so after some digging, The Chicago Tribune, The Times (UK), The Guardian, and The Australian also use lower case ("sauvignon blanc", "cabernet sauvignon"), but many others (e.g. The Economist, Wall Street Journal, LA Times, San Francisco Chronicle, New Zealand newspapers) use upper case ("Sauvignon Blanc"). So I don't think we can infer a consensus from mainstream newspapers, or make a decision based on a small sample of US newspapers, and the three blog posts cited (Murmur Creative, a web design and marketing studio; Mel Aubert and Steve Delong, wine writers) all either state or imply that there isn't a satisfactory answer (Delong Wine: "The New York Times and Slate don’t capitalize the names of grape varieties but practically everyone else does. [...] I seem to revisit this question every couple of years without satisfaction" and he's right that nobody is expecting us to write Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' everywhere). In books, the shift to capitalisation really took off in the 1970s as the Ngrams show, but interestingly, the lower-case forms have persisted predominantly in US English sources; compare US English and British English, and English overall. Another complication is that while Pinot Noir and Pinot Blanc are colour mutations of the 'Pinot' cultivar, and so we might say that we can use lower case for the colour descriptors (noir, blanc, gris, vert etc.) The same does not apply to Sauvignon Blanc and Sauvignon Vert - which are separate cultivars. The existence of exceptions like this (there are many others) makes this difficult to apply as a blanket rule.—Jon (talk) 23:28, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Food and drink has been notified of this discussion. UtherSRG (talk) 11:41, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Wine has been notified of this discussion. UtherSRG (talk) 11:41, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Plants has been notified of this discussion. UtherSRG (talk) 11:41, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose – Since sources as discussed above clearly show capitalization to be optional, inconsistent, and not necessary, we default to lowercase. Dicklyon (talk) 20:52, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

Late comment on proposed redirect
I see a lot of good arguments in the recent discussion on a proposed redirect. However, I think a critical point is missing. The Wikipedia Manuel of Style explicitly states:

"'Cultivar and cultivar group names of plants are not italicized, and are capitalized (including the word Group in the name); cultivar names appear within single quotes (Malus domestica 'Red Delicious'), while cultivar groups do not (Cynara cardunculus Scolymus Group).'"

Per the MOS, grape cultivars should have the first letter of each word in their name capitalized every time. I understand that there are no firm style rules outside of Wikipedia, but this page should conform to the Wikipedia Manual of Style for cultivars. QuintinK (talk) 15:23, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Pinot Nero
The article starts, "Pinot noir or Pinot nero is a red-wine ... The name is derived from the French words for pine and black." However 'Pinot nero' is Italian rather than French. Two questions. One possibility is to add a section with other language names such as the German Spätburgunder. OrewaTel (talk) 13:45, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) Should we add the Italian translation for a grape that is normally called by its French name?
 * 2) If yes, where should we put this translation?

title: Talk:Pinot noir


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Invisible thread

Invisible thread is very thin monofilament thread used by magicians to make small, lightweight objects seem to levitate and animate. It is usually made from nylon which has been separated into individual strands. A famous illusion is the Floating Bill.

Invisible thread is available in stripped or unstripped form. In an unstripped form the thread is actually a cluster of invisible threads and has to be separated (stripped) to be used in a performance.

Invisible thread may also be constructed from single strands of silk. Edges of silk that are fraying will reveal "invisible thread".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Invisible thread


text:
User:The Diary of Alecia Keys

I keep on Fallin'! Innnnnn-innn-inn and out of Loooooooove, with-a-you......

title: User:The Diary of Alecia Keys


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Thom Hatch

Thom Hatch is an American author and novelist who specializes in the history of the American West, the American Civil War, and the Plains Indian Wars. Hatch was born in Erie, Pennsylvania and grew up on Grand Island, New York. He graduated from North Olmsted High School in North Olmsted, Ohio. He served in the United States Marine Corps, including deployment to Vietnam for 13 months. He then became a columnist for the Erie Times-News, and worked as a radio announcer during the late 1960s. In 1975, he moved to Colorado, where he writes books, contributes to national publications such as American Heritage, America's Civil War, True West, and Western Horseman, and teaches school. He has served as consultant and appeared on screen as an expert commentator for The History Channel, the Discovery Channel, and PBS documentaries, including "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" for PBS's The American Experience, based on his book The Last Outlaws. Hatch is regularly invited to speak at colleges, seminars, and civic and historic organizations. He lives with his artist wife, a daughter, and a cattle dog in Colorado's horse and cattle country.

In 2005, Hatch's Black Kettle: The Cheyenne Chief Who Sought Peace But Found War received the Spur Award for literary excellence as the best biography of the year from the Western Writers of America.

title: Thom Hatch


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Narva culture

The Narva culture or eastern Baltic was a European Neolithic archaeological culture in present-day Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kaliningrad Oblast (former East Prussia), and adjacent portions of Poland, Belarus and Russia. A successor of the Mesolithic Kunda culture, the Narva culture continued up to the start of the Bronze Age. The culture spanned from c. 5300 to 1750 BC. The technology was that of hunter-gatherers. The culture was named after the Narva River in Estonia.

Technology and artifacts

The people of the Narva culture had little access to flint; therefore, they were forced to trade and conserve their flint resources. For example, there were very few flint arrowheads and flint was often reused. The Narva culture relied on local materials (bone, horn, schist). As evidence of trade, researchers found pieces of pink flint from Valdai Hills and plenty of typical Narva pottery in the territory of the Neman culture while no objects from the Neman culture were found in Narva. Heavy use of bones and horns is one of the main characteristics of the Narva culture. The bone tools, continued from the predecessor Kunda culture, provide the best evidence of continuity of the Narva culture throughout the Neolithic period. The people were buried on their backs with few grave goods. The Narva culture also used and traded amber; a few hundred items were found in Juodkrantė. One of the most famous artifacts is a ceremonial cane carved of horn as a head of female elk found in Šventoji.

The people were primarily fishers, hunters, and gatherers. They slowly began adopting husbandry in the middle Neolithic. They were not nomadic and lived in the same settlements for long periods as evidenced by abundant pottery, middens, and structures built in lakes and rivers to help fishing. The pottery shared similarities with the Comb Ceramic culture, but had specific characteristics. One of the most persistent features was mixing clay with other organic matter, most often crushed snail shells. The pottery was made of 6 to 9 cm wide clay strips with minimal decorations around the rim. The vessels were wide and large; the height and the width were often the same. The bottoms were pointed or rounded, and only the latest examples have narrow flat bottoms. From mid-Neolithic, Narva pottery was influenced and eventually disappeared into the Corded Ware culture.

History of research
For a long time archaeologists believed that the first inhabitants of the region were Finno-Ugric, who were pushed north by people of the Corded Ware culture. In 1931, Latvian archaeologist Eduards Šturms was the first to note that artifacts found near the Zebrus Lake in Latvia were different and possibly belonged to a separate archaeological culture. In early 1950s settlements on the Narva River were excavated. Lembit Jaanits and Nina Gurina grouped the findings with similar artifacts from eastern Baltic region and described the Narva culture.

At first, it was believed that Narva culture ended with the appearance of the Corded Ware culture. However, newer research extended it up to the Bronze Age. As Narva culture spanned several millennia and encompassed a large territory, archaeologists attempted to subdivide the culture into regions or periods. For example, in Lithuania two regions are distinguished: southern (under influence of the Neman culture) and western (with major settlements found in Šventoji). There is an academic debate what ethnicity the Narva culture represented: Finno-Ugrians or other Europids, preceding the arrival of the Indo-Europeans. It is also unclear how the Narva culture fits with the arrival of the Indo-Europeans (Corded Ware and Globular Amphora cultures) and the formation of the Baltic tribes.

Genetics
Mathieson (2015) analyzed a large number of individuals buried at the Zvejnieki burial ground, most of whom were affiliated with the Kunda culture and the succeeding Narva culture. The mtDNA extracted belonged exclusively to haplotypes of U5, U4 and U2. With regards to Y-DNA, the vast majority of samples belonged to R1b1a1a haplotypes and I2a1 haplotypes. The results affirmed that the Kunda and Narva cultures were about 70% WHG and 30% EHG. The nearby contemporary Pit–Comb Ware culture was on the contrary found to be about 65% EHG. And individual from the Corded Ware culture, which would eventually succeed the Narva culture, was found to have genetic relations with the Yamnaya culture.

Jones et al. (2017) examined the remains of a male of the Narva culture buried c. 5780-5690 BC. He was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup R1b1b and the maternal haplogroup U2e1. People of the Narva culture and preceding Kunda culture were determined to have closer genetic affinity with Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHGs) than Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs).

Saag et al. (2017) determined haplogroup U5a2d in a Narva male.

Mittnik et al. (2018) analyzed 24 Narva individuals. Of the four samples of Y-DNA extracted, one belonged to I2a1a2a1a, one belonged to I2a1b, one belonged to I, and one belonged to R1. Of the ten samples of mtDNA extracted, eight belonged to U5 haplotypes, one belonged to U4a1, and one belonged to H11. U5 haplotypes were common among Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHGs) and Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHGs). Genetic influence from Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs) was also detected.

title: Narva culture


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Cerebellum/archive1

Cerebellum
User:Nrets and I have put a lot of work into this article. We think it may be featured article-worthy. We would appreciate wiki experts to comment on the layout, style, and graphics; writers to comment on our language; laypeople to comment on the level of comprehension (is it too technical?); and neuroscientists/anatomists to comment on the accuracy. Semiconscious ( talk  • home) 22:51, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow. I mean, just like, wow. Must be a great article - I hardly understood half of it ;)

 * Joking aside, it is clearly that the editors know what they are talking about. Personaly, I feel that a lot of this article goes straight over my head. For instance (and this is where I started having problems):
 * The embryonic cerebellum develops from the superior dorsal aspect of the rhombencephalon. In the mature mammalian brain, the cerebellum comprises a distinct structure at the back of the brain. The cerebellum is of archipalliar phylogenetic origin, shared as a prototypical brain structure by animals from the most elementary to the most advanced.
 * Well and good, but what does that mean in laymans terms? I am not saying the article must be dumbed down to the lowest common aspect, but perhaps a explonation in terms a layman can understand is needed (or explonation in parantheses, as you have done in some parts of the article)?
 * Apart from that, a good article, well written (the parts I could understand ;) ) and certainly well illustrated. I think it deserves a wide readership. WegianWarrior 07:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've attempted to make this section more clear, giving more simple examples that can be easily digested. Let me know what you think. I must say that it's certainly a pleasure to get this kind of feedback. Thank you my Norwegian friend; skoll! Semiconscious  ( talk  · home) 09:54, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's better, but still quite technical. Perhaps I just miss the right words, not having been educated in the field? Anyhow, it's more easily digestable than it was, without (I think) loosing it's factuality. Oh, and it's skål! =) WegianWarrior 09:33, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Semiconscious - I think that this article is very close to featured quality, speaking from a reasonably informed scientist's perspective. I think this is a model for a well-written, technical article on neuroanatomy for Wikipedia. I appreciate the fascinating bits of information you throw in, like: "patients suffering archicerebellar lesions carry identification cards indicating the nature of their medical condition so as to avoid suspicion of public drunkenness by the police" and the clear writing in the dysfunctions section. Also, the pictures are great: clear schematics, well labeled, and a beautiful fluorescence image of Purkinje cells.
 * That being said, there are issues with this article: the anatomy section really is very, very technical. It's not unclear, it's just dense, but that's fine. But I think that you need to tie it together with a layman's overview which describes how the divisions, layers, penduncles, and deep nuclei interrelate. Leave the hardcore anatomy for neuroscience-interested people to look into. Also, the section on the cortical layers is very hard to follow. This is a tough section to write since the neural circuitry in the cerebellum is quite complex. However, our task as Wikipedians is to make this information as accessible as possible. I can try to help out with this, since I know something about the pathway, but try to think of ways of really outlining very clearly what the pathway means, and what a layman would need to understand from that section.

 * Two more smaller things: I would like to read a little bit more about the evolution of the cerebellum - you only have one sentence. Some more information would be very interesting. Also, there is little mention of the current unsolved mysteries about the cerebellum - after all, we really don't know much about it's function. I think that laying out the mysterious nature of the cerebellum would be a good way to draw a reader into the rest of the gory neuroanatomical details.

Great job, guys!! Mr.Bip 08:32, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the feedback Mr. Bip. I've tried to integrate your suggestions into the article: I think I've cleared up some of the technical language to make it a bit more friendly. As you said however, with a topic such as this it's difficult to avoid a certain level of jargon. The language must be spoken to get across the idea. If you can help with the cortical layers section I would greatly appreciate it, as I have no idea how to clean it up!
 * I've added more to the cerebellar evolution and development section. This is far from my area of expertise however, so I've not added much. I've also included a few statements scattered throughout — as well as a closing statement — that mention some of the current conundrums this structure presents to modern neuroscience.
 * Thanks for your excellent comments, man! Semiconscious  ( talk  · home) 09:54, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Nrets has cleaned up the cortical layers section, tying everything together really concisely. Semiconscious  ( talk  · home) 08:14, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

What are people's thoughts about this going up as a FAC? I've never done it before, and I've never seen an article like this up there, so any advice and feedback would be great. Semiconscious ( talk  · home) 08:14, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it's been silent for days here, so I'm going to take a chance and send this over to FAC. Semiconscious  ( talk  · home) 18:42, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry - I've been busy and haven't taken the time to do a close reading of the article. I think this article is as ready for FAC as anything. You've made good changes, and the article looks professional. Go for it. Mr.Bip 19:21, 24 August 2005 (UTC)


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Led Zeppelin discography

The discography of the English rock band Led Zeppelin consists of 9 studio albums, 4 live albums, 10 compilation albums, 19 singles, 16 music videos and 9 music downloads. The band is estimated to have sold over 300 million records worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling music artists in history. According to Billboard, they are the 40th Greatest Artist of All Time, as well as the 11th Most Successful Artist on Billboard 200 history. The band has scored 7 number-one albums on Billboard 200 and has sold 112.5 million certified albums in the United States, becoming the 5th best-selling album artist in RIAA history.

Formed in London in 1968, the group consisted of singer Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. The band pioneered the concept of album-oriented rock and often refused to release popular songs as singles. Their debut album, Led Zeppelin (1969), released by Atlantic Records, charted at number six on the UK Albums Chart and at number ten on the United States Billboard 200. It received several sales certifications, including an eight-times multi-platinum from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Diamond from the Music Canada. Led Zeppelin's second studio album, Led Zeppelin II, recorded when the band were on tour, was released a few months after the first. It reached number one in several countries, including the UK and the US, where it was certified 12 times multi-platinum. The album produced Led Zeppelin's highest-charting single, "Whole Lotta Love", which peaked at several music charts in the top 10. Led Zeppelin III (1970) was a softer, more folk-based effort compared to the hard rock of the band's previous releases. It also peaked at number one in the UK and in the US.

Led Zeppelin's untitled fourth album, often called Led Zeppelin IV and released on 8 November 1971, is their most commercially successful album. It received a 24 times multi-platinum certification from RIAA, the fifth-highest of all albums, and fourth-highest exclusive of greatest hits compilations. The band's fifth album, Houses of the Holy, was released in 1973. Again a transatlantic chart-topper, it has received an 11 times multi-platinum certification from RIAA. In 1974, the band set up their own vanity label, Swan Song Records, which would release the rest of Led Zeppelin's studio albums. The first was the 1975 double album Physical Graffiti, which has received a 16 times platinum certification from RIAA. Zeppelin's seventh album, Presence (1976), achieved a triple Platinum certification from RIAA. On 20 October 1976, Led Zeppelin released their first concert film The Song Remains the Same. The recording of the film took place during three nights of concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York City, during the band's 1973 concert tour of the United States. The band's eighth studio album, In Through the Out Door, received a sextuple platinum certification. This was the last album released by the band before Bonham died of alcohol intoxication in 1980; Led Zeppelin disbanded less than three months later.

In 1982, Led Zeppelin released their last studio album, Coda, which contained outtakes from the band's previous recordings. Since their break-up, the band have released numerous compilation and live albums from older concerts, including How the West Was Won, which peaked at number one on the Billboard charts, and the compilation album Mothership, which produced seven music downloads and was released on the same day Led Zeppelin's entire catalog became available in digital stores, including in the iTunes Store. "Stairway to Heaven", which had never been released as an official single before, was one of these songs released in digital stores.

Download compilations
To celebrate their 50th anniversary, the band unveiled three new digital-only releases on 27 September 2018, available on Spotify, Apple Music, Pandora, and Amazon.

title: Led Zeppelin discography


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Australian Institute of International Affairs

The Australian Institute of International Affairs (AIIA) is an Australian research institute and think tank which focuses on International relations. It publishes the Australian Journal of International Affairs. It is one of the oldest active private research institutes in Australia.

The current National President of the AIIA is Dr Heather Smith who succeeded Allan Gyngell AO, the former executive director of the Australian Office of National Assessments. The current National Executive Director is Dr Bryce Wakefield.

Overview
The institute's current mission statement is that it wants Australians to "know more, understand more, and engage more in international affairs." According to the institute's then-president, Richard Boyer, writing in 1947:"The day is long past when the issues covered by the Institute are matters of intellectual and group concern only. The Institute is designed to leave its mark to some good purpose on the actual turn of events. It does so not by espousing any policy – indeed, it is strictly prevented by its constitution from endorsing or propagating any point of view. It does aim, however, to strike firmly at the heart of the problem by setting up means whereby research into international issues may be carried out and information of a factual nature may be disseminated, and also to act as a forum wherein those competent not only to give information but to express views may do so without any limitation and without unwanted publicity."The AIIA Constitution still prevents the institute from endorsing any position on international affairs. In contrast to other think tanks that focus on providing the government with policy advice, key officers of the institute emphasise the AIIA's role as a forum for public discussion. According to the institute's National Executive Director Dr Bryce Wakefield the AIIA is "completely apolitical, so we can genuinely say that we are not pushing an agenda and we are not promoting our own people."

Structure and location
The institute is a registered association with charity status. It is a membership organisation with a federal structure and branches located in the capitals of seven Australian states and territories. Each branch of the institute has its own constitution, maintains a local membership and council and in turn is a "member" of the national body. A representative from each branch, usually the branch president, sits on the National Board, the governing body of the institute, along with other directors. The National Office of the institute, headed by a National Executive Director answerable to the board, coordinates the branches, organises research, and directs the institute's activities with federal and international partners. The National Office is located at Stephen House in Deakin, Canberra, which was built specifically for the institute in 1987. The Victoria Branch is located at Dyason House in Melbourne, the New South Wales Branch is located in the Glover Cottages, Sydney, and the Australian Capital Territory Branch also operates out of Stephen House.

History
The origins of the institute can be traced to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that followed the First World War. Participants at that conference believed public opinion was vital in the development of foreign policy. To help create an informed public debate a number of organisations, including the American Council of Foreign Relations and the Royal Institute of International Affairs in the United Kingdom, were established to promote an understanding of international affairs. Richard Boyer, an early president of the AIIA, stated that "international affairs have ceased to be the sole preserve of foreign offices and specially trained diplomats, and have become not only the concern but the responsibility of the people of the world, and most directly of the people of the democracies".

The institute was formed in the 1920s as an affiliate of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. It became a federal body in 1933 and was established to provide an "objective, scientific study of international affairs. Its purpose is to stimulate interest in and promote understanding of international affairs, including politics, economics and international law". The institute adopted the Chatham House Rule to encourage free and frank discussion. In the early decades of its existence, the AIIA received significant research funding from the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), an American non-governmental organisation that provided a forum for the discussion of political issues facing the countries of the Pacific rim. Some AIIA members were concerned that the IPR was "a vehicle for American influence which, in zero-sum terms, was assumed would displace that of Britain".

Prior to the separation of the Department of External Affairs from the Prime Minister's Department, the institute "filled a gap by providing a forum for the discussion of Australia's external interests. Accordingly, the 1930s and 1940s were the period of greatest influence for the AIIA". The institute's role in developing Australia's place in the world is signified by the fact that it was the first organisation to use the term "Australian Foreign Policy" as a book title, in 1934. Until the 1960s, "the AIIA, especially through its journal Australian Outlook (founded in 1947 [later the Australian Journal of International Affairs]), was unrivalled as a focus for analysis and debate in the fields of foreign and security policy."

During the 1970s, when Australian foreign policy and the Asia-Pacific region were undergoing considerable change, the institute failed to expand. Gough Whitlam, the Australian Prime Minister at the time, wrote a message to the institute in 1972 that actively encouraged it to help inform public opinion on the rapid changes underway in Australia's neighbourhood.

After the arrival in the 2000s of professional think tanks in Australia such as the Lowy Institute and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, the latter owned by the Australian government, the community-based AIIA "strengthened its think tank dimensions."

Office holders
The institute is led by a national president, with day to day leadership of the national office provided by a national executive director. There are several other office holders, including the institute's treasurer, research chair, and editor of the Australian Journal of International Affairs. The branches of the institute similarly have their own various officers and are led by branch presidents, and the New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland branches were all led by presidents prior to the foundation of the national body of the institute.


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User talk:The Diary of Alecia Keys

The Diary of Alecia Keys
I won't tell, your secrets are safe with me. I will keep your secrets, just think of me in the pages in your diary. ;)

title: User talk:The Diary of Alecia Keys


text: User talk:81.179.118.210

title: User talk:81.179.118.210


text: Category:Matroid theory

title: Category:Matroid theory


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Křivoklát Castle

Křivoklát Castle (hrad Křivoklát) is a castle in Křivoklát in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It is protected as a national cultural monument.

History
Křivoklát was founded in the 12th century, belonging to the kings of Bohemia. During the reign of Otakar II of Bohemia a large, monumental royal castle was built, later rebuilt by King Wenceslaus IV and later enlarged by King Vladislaus II.

The castle was damaged by fire several times. It was turned into a harsh prison and the building slowly deteriorated. During the 19th century, the Fürstenberg family became the owners of the castle and had it reconstructed after a fire in 1826. The Fürstenberg family owned the castle until 1929.

Today the castle serves as a museum, tourist destination and place for theatrical exhibitions. Collections of hunting weapons, Gothic paintings and books are stored there.

Notable prisoners

 * Burkhard von Berlichingen
 * Edward Kelley
 * Hieronymus Makowsky

title: Křivoklát Castle


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Audiogram

An audiogram is a graph that shows the audible threshold for standardized frequencies as measured by an audiometer. The Y axis represents intensity measured in decibels (dB) and the X axis represents frequency measured in hertz (Hz). The threshold of hearing is plotted relative to a standardised curve that represents 'normal' hearing, in dB(HL). They are not the same as equal-loudness contours, which are a set of curves representing equal loudness at different levels, as well as at the threshold of hearing, in absolute terms measured in dB SPL (sound pressure level).

The frequencies displayed on the audiogram are octaves, which represent a doubling in frequency (e.g., 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, wtc). Commonly tested "inter-octave" frequenices (e.g., 3000 Hz) may also be displayed. The intensities displayed on the audiogram appear as linear 10 dBHL steps. However, decibels are a logarithimic scale, so that successive 10 dB increments represent greater increases in loudness.

For humans, normal hearing is between −10 dB(HL) and 15 dB(HL), although 0 dB from 250 Hz to 8 kHz is deemed to be 'average' normal hearing.

Hearing thresholds of humans and other mammals can be found with behavioural hearing tests or physiological tests used in audiometry. For adults, a behavioural hearing test involves a tester who presents tones at specific frequencies (pitches) and intensities (loudnesses). When the testee hears the sound he or she responds (e.g., by raising a hand or pressing a button. The tester records the lowest intensity sound the testee can hear.

With children, an audiologist makes a game out of the hearing test by replacing the feedback device with activity-related toys such as blocks or pegs. This is referred to as conditioned play audiometry. Visual reinforcement audiometry is also used with children. When the child hears the sound, he or she looks in the direction the sound came from and are reinforced with a light and/or animated toy. A similar technique can be used when testing some animals but instead of a toy, food can be used as a reward for responding to the sound.

Physiological tests do not need the patient to respond (Katz 2002). For example, when performing the brainstem auditory evoked potentials the patient's brainstem responses are being measured when a sound is played into their ear, or otoacoustic emissions which are generated by a healthy inner ear either spontaneously or evoked by an outside stimulus. In the US, the NIOSH recommends that people who are regularly exposed to hazardous noise have their hearing tested once a year, or every three years otherwise.

Measurement
Audiograms are produced using a piece of test equipment called an audiometer, and this allows different frequencies to be presented to the subject, usually over calibrated headphones, at any specified level. The levels are, however, not absolute, but weighted with frequency relative to a standard graph known as the minimum audibility curve which is intended to represent a 'normal' hearing. This is not the best threshold found for all subjects, under ideal test conditions, which is represented by around 0 Phon or the threshold of hearing on the equal-loudness contours, but is standardised in an ANSI standard to a level somewhat higher at 1 kHz. There are several definitions of the minimal audibility curve, defined in different international standards, and they differ significantly, giving rise to differences in audiograms according to the audiometer used. The ASA-1951 standard for example used a level of 16.5 dB(SPL) at 1 kHz whereas the later ANSI-1969/ISO-1963 standard uses 6.5 dB(SPL), and it is common to allow a 10 dB correction for the older standard.

Audiograms and types of hearing loss
"Conventional" pure tone audiometry (testing frequencies up to 8 kHz) is the basic measure of hearing status. For research purposes, or early diagnosis of age-related hearing loss, ultra-high frequency audiograms (up to 20 kHz), requiring special audiometer calibration and headphones, can be measured.

Different symbols indicate which ear the response is from and what type of response it is. Results of air conduction audiometry (in which the signals are presented to the ear through headphones, which create vibrations in the air) are reported using circles for the right ear and Xs for the left ear. Results of bone conduction audiometry (in which signals are presented using a vibrator which creates vibrations in the temporal bones of the head in order to bypass the outer and middle ear and test the inner ear and auditory nerve alone) are reporting using brackets. The open edge of the bracket indicates the ear tested, with < or [ representing a right bone conduction threshold and > or ] representing a left bone conduction threshold. When colors are used on an audiogram, red indicates the right ear and blue indicates the left ear.

In adults, normal hearing is typically defined as thresholds of 25 dB HL or better (lower). Thresholds of 30 dB HL and above indicate hearing loss.

The configuration of thresholds on an audiogram can often help determine the cause(s) of the hearing loss. For example, aging typically leads to hearing thresholds which get poorer as test frequencies get higher. Noise induced hearing loss is typically characterized by a "notch" in the audiogram, with the poorest threshold occurring between 3000 and 6000 Hz (most often 4000 Hz) and better thresholds at lower and higher frequencies.

Hearing impairment may also be the result of certain diseases such as CMV or Ménière's disease and these can be diagnosed from the shape of the audiogram. Otosclerosis results in an audiogram with significant loss at all frequencies, often of around 40 dB(HL). A deficiency particularly around 2 kHz (termed a Carhart notch in the audiogram) is characteristic of either otosclerosis or a congenital ossicular anomaly. Ménière's disease results in a severe loss at low frequencies.

Constraints
Audiograms are unable to measure hidden hearing loss, which is the inability to distinguish between sounds in loud environments such as restaurants. Hidden hearing loss is caused by synaptopathy in the cochlea, as opposed to sensorineural hearing loss caused by hair cell dysfunction. Audiograms are designed to "estimate the softest sounds the patient can detect", and are not reflective of the loud situations that cause difficulties for people with hidden hearing loss. Audiograms may not reflect losses of nerve fibers that respond to loud sounds, key to understanding speech in noisy environments. Research suggests a number of other measures, such as electrocochleography, speech-in-noise perception, and frequency following response, may be more useful.

title: Audiogram


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User:Elenthel

Pages created

 * Dietmar Rosenthal
 * Nosferatu (word) and Nosferatu (disambiguation)
 * Message to Man

Major edits

 * Discipline (World of Darkness)
 * Griffith Observatory
 * Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels
 * The Butterfly Effect
 * Vampire: The Masquerade - Bloodlines

ru:Участник:Элентель

title: User:Elenthel


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Derek Batey

Derek Batey (8 August 1928 – 17 February 2013) was a British television presenter and television executive.

Batey was born in Brampton, Cumberland, and educated at the White House School, Brampton. After appearing in clubs as a ventriloquist he made his first TV appearance in 1958 as an interviewer for the BBC. In 1961 he moved to the newly established Border Television, where he became known as "a classless hero who blazed a trail in popular television." He is best known for hosting the original 450-episode run of the game show Mr. and Mrs., which was for many years the only programme produced by Border Television that was networked nationally. He also hosted the talk show Look Who's Talking.

Try for Ten
Batey also hosted Try for Ten, another game show produced by Border in Carlisle. Contestants on the show tried to give ten consecutive correct True or False answers to a series of statements. Contestants were eliminated if they gave three wrong answers in a row, or a total of ten wrong answers. If the game ended early, they won £1 per answer for their best run of correct responses. If they reached their target of ten, they won a rolling jackpot that increased by £25 per failure.

Later work
In 2006, it was confirmed that Batey would be working as a consultant (including writing some of the questions) on the latest version of Mr. and Mrs. on ITV1.

Personal life
Batey resided in Florida with his wife, Edith, to whom he was married for 62 years, and had one daughter, Diane. He died in a hospice in Lytham St Annes, Lancashire after a short illness, aged 84.

title: Derek Batey


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Two Good Arms

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 03:43, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Two Good Arms
Not encyclopedic. Wikisource? DS 22:55, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikisource. Likely in the public domain now - who would have renewed the copyright? -- BD2412 talk 00:31, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote withdrawn - thanks for the heads up, DS! This would definitely be a copyvio, then. -- BD2412 talk 15:43, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Whoops, I just read the Sacco and Vanzetti article more closely: "In 1977, folksinger Charlie King wrote a protest song called Two Good Arms that was based on Vanzetti's final speech." So I guess it's not public domain, and therefore has to be removed anyway. DS 18:25, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Multnomah Community Ability Scale

The Multnomah Community Ability Scale is a standardized mental health assessment which scores several different axes of functionality independently. The test was originally developed in Multnomah County, Oregon, whose name it still bears. The MCAS is a common tool in assessing progress on treatment goals, as it is more in-depth than the more simplified GAF scale.

title: Multnomah Community Ability Scale


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Marco Ferreri

Marco Ferreri (11 May 1928 – 9 May 1997) was an Italian film director, screenwriter and actor, who began his career in the 1950s directing three films in Spain, followed by 24 Italian films before his death in 1997. He is considered one of the greatest European cinematic provocateurs of his time and had a constant presence in prestigious festival circuit - including eight films in competition in Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Bear win in 1991 Berlin Film Festival. Three of his films are among 100 films selected for preservation for significant contribution to Italian cinema.

Biography
He was born in Milan. His best known film is La Grande Bouffe from 1973, starring Marcello Mastroianni, Michel Piccoli, Philippe Noiret and Ugo Tognazzi. He was a socialist and atheist.

He died in Paris of a heart attack. Upon his death, Gilles Jacob, artistic director of the Cannes International Film Festival, said: "The Italian cinema has lost one of its most original artists, one of its most personal authors (...) No one was more demanding nor more allegorical than he in showing the state of crisis of contemporary man."

Awards
His 1979 film Chiedo asilo won him the Silver Bear - Special Jury Prize at the 30th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1991, his film La casa del sorriso won the Golden Bear at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival. Two years later, his film Diario di un vizio was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.

Director

 * El pisito (1958)
 * Los chicos (1959)
 * El cochecito (1960)
 * Una storia moderna: l’ape regina (The Conjugal Bed, 1963)
 * La donna scimmia (The Ape Woman, 1964)
 * L'uomo dei cinque palloni (1965)
 * L'Harem (1967)
 * Il seme dell'uomo (1969)
 * Dillinger è morto (Dillinger Is Dead, 1969)
 * L'udienza (1972)
 * Liza (in French; Italian version title La cagna, 1972)
 * La Grande Bouffe (in French and Italian; Italian dubbed version title La grande abbuffata, 1973)
 * Touche pas à la femme blanche (in French; Italian dubbed version title Non toccare la donna bianca, released in English as Don't Touch The White Woman!, 1974)
 * La Dernière femme (in French; Italian dubbed version title L'ultima donna, international version title The Last Woman, 1976)
 * Ciao maschio (in Italian and French, French dubbed version title Rêve du singe, English version title Bye Bye Monkey, 1978)
 * Chiedo asilo (1979) (English dubbed version title Seeking Asylum, 1980)
 * Tales of Ordinary Madness (in English; Italian dubbed version title Storie di ordinaria follia, 1981)
 * Storia di Piera (The Story of Piera, 1983)
 * Il futuro è donna (The Future Is Woman, 1984)
 * I Love You (1986)
 * Ya bon les blancs (Italian dubbed version title Come sono buoni i bianchi!, 1988)
 * La banquette (Italian title: Il banchetto di Platone, 1989)
 * La casa del sorriso (The House of Smiles, 1991)
 * La carne (also screenwriter) (1991)
 * Diario di un vizio (Diary of a Maniac, 1993)
 * Faictz ce que vouldras (1994)
 * Nitrato d'argento (1996)

Screenwriter

 * Mafioso (1962)
 * Dillinger Is Dead (Dillinger è morto, 1969)
 * Non toccare la donna bianca (1973)
 * Ciao maschio (1977)
 * Chiedo asilo (1980)
 * Storia di Piera (1983)
 * Il futuro è donna (1984)
 * I Love You (1985)

Actor

 * The Beach (1954)
 * Women and Soldiers (1954)
 * Casanova 70 (1967)
 * The Seventh Floor (1967)
 * Pigsty (1969)
 * So Long Gulliver (1970)
 * Non toccare la donna bianca (1973)
 * An Almost Perfect Affair (1979) (uncredited)

title: Marco Ferreri


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Talk:Dispilio Tablet

Comments
This is not what the discoverer is saying: "The Dispilio Tablet refutes a major facet of the Indo-European Theory that states that the Phoenicians were the inventors of the alphabet and that the ancient Hellenes adopted it from them. The writings on the tablet possess letters from Linear A.". --Wetman 22:55, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Linear A doesn't consist of letters in the first place, but of syllables.

 * Indo-European theory says nothing at all about the Phoenician alphabet (a writing system). What's more, Linear A is undeciphered, and does not does appear to be Indo-European as far as anyone can tell.
 * It's not entirely accurate to say Linear A hasn't been deciphered. The language hasn't been identified, but we can read the symbols themselves (assuming that the values didn't change significantly when they were used in Linear B). Based purely on the number of symbols, though, Linear A is almost certainly a syllabary.
 * Has anyone here actually read Hourmouziades' publications? Strangely, they are pretty much invisible in Google Scholar and Google Books. --Macrakis (talk) 02:09, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Hmm. Looks vaguely like Ogham. And the site sounds something like a Crannóg... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.198.55.108 (talk) 20:40, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

The signs are similar to Vinca. Probably they influenced Linear A and B, but the new alphabet that Greece use after dark age (XII-VIII) until today is indubitely Phoenician. About the theory of indo-european migrations it has lot of archeological falure. Indeed, for example, the Copper Age sites in Northern Italy are undoubtedly older than those in Asia, and have cultural continuity until Roman age. Etruscans excluded. It is not that Indo-eruropeans were arrived from Anatolia or born directly in Europe, after glacial era directly from African Sapiens? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.222.73.39 (talk) 00:24, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

Dubious image
I have serious doubts about the factual correctness of the purported "text" of the tablet in the file File:Dispilio_tablet_text.png. The contents of the file are sourced to an unreliable webpage in Russian. I don't know what the image on that page is supposed to mean, maybe just a tabular list describing a reconstruction of the glyph repertoire collected from the tablet, but it certainly does not appear to be the actual arrangement of symbols on the tablet itself. This, in contrast, purports to be an actual photograph of the tablet. As can be easily seen, it has nothing like the neat arrangement of straight columns of symbols as shown in our image. Our image suggests the existence of an actual writing-like arrangement of a "text", while the photo suggests nothing of the sort. Fut.Perf. ☼ 22:40, 23 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks, well done. Dougweller (talk) 11:00, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm confused by this discussion. This image seems to show exactly the same symbols as those on the ministry of culture's page http://pegasos.fhw.gr/chronos/01/en/gallery/nl/dispilio/disp5.html, in fact it is apparently simply the same image that has been edited to make it less difficult to see the symbols. If we use similar wording to the ministry's "linear writing symbols, found incised on a wooden tablet", that should be OK, shouldn't it? --Espoo (talk) 12:39, 8 November 2015 (UTC)
 * We don't know to what extent that website is anything like a reliable source. It's not actually a Ministry of Culture website, but the site of some privately-run cultural foundation, of unknown academic standing. The page cites an (unpublished) paper by Hourmouziadis; we don't know whether Hourmouziadis actually features that image, or what if anything he says about it there. (The image is credited not to Hourmouziadis but to the Ministry, but without any indication how and by whom and in what context it was compiled there.) Apparently Hourmouziadis never actually offered a formal academic publication about the symbols (as opposed to other archaeological aspects of the site), so there isn't really much to go by. Even if the chart purports to show a repertoire of glyphs found on the tablet, it is by no means clear whether all the symbols shown in the picture are meant to be that – if you compare the chart with the photograph of the actual tablet, it appears that the tablet contains substantially fewer signs than shown in the chart. In fact, one contributor on the Greek Wikipedia seemed to have found out that only one column in the chart was meant to show the actual Dispilio signs, whereas the others were meant to show signs from other writing systems for comparison ; unfortunately, that edit, while plausible, didn't come with proper references either. Fut.Perf. ☼ 14:26, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

Update: I finally found a proper and more recent reference: https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/17456/pdf (posthumously credited to Hourmouziadis as a co-author). This archaeological report features a copy of the same chart (p.517, p.7 of the PDF), clarifying that only the first column is meant to show "Samples of carved “signs” on the wooden tablet and other clay finds from Dispilio", while the second column are signs from Linear A script and the remaining ones are from other "Paleoeuropean clay tablets" from other sites. There is also a photograph of the actual tablet, although, confusingly, it appears to be a different object from the one I linked to earlier (which had appeared to be a decent enough source, but apparently it wasn't). On the photograph shown here, it appears the tablet is covered in a dense jumble of carved strokes, making it quite difficult to sort them into individual "signs". Fut.Perf. ☼ 15:08, 8 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, i found that file before you. It was very easy to find by putting <> into Google. --Espoo (talk) 17:00, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

Plagiarism
This text: "The tablet was partially damaged when it was exposed to the oxygen-rich environment outside of the mud and water in which it was immersed for a long period of time, and it is now under conservation. The full academic publication of the tablet apparently awaits the completion of the work of conservation" is taken verbatim from an uncited source: Archaeology News Network

I added a "Disputed" tag due to the concerns raised above about accuracy, the plagiarized text, and lack of independent sources.. Cleeder (talk) 14:32, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

 * That text has been in the WP article since 2005, and the Archaeology News Network article is dated 7/2012, itself copied from a Greek Reporter article also from 7/2012. In fact, I wrote that text in 12/2005, and it was a rewrite of existing WP text, so the plagiarism is in the other direction (a phenomenon I see more an more often, even in published books).

 * What exactly is the "accuracy" you are questioning? The article does not claim that the markings on the wood are writing (though Chourmouziadis suggested that). --Macrakis (talk) 16:37, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Given the above, I have removed the tag.Eniagrom (talk) 14:15, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Conservation
'Currently under conservation' - dates? Jackiespeel 09:13, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

The earliest known alphabet?
A long comment on Quora by Colleen Anne Coyle, Ph.D Archaeology, University of Chicago July 19, 2019 ("The Dispilio Tablet- Revising the Origins and Development of Writing") discusses the discoverer's belief that the marks on the tablet represent writing, pre-dating Sumerian writing by a long time.Kdammers (talk) 08:10, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

 * The pdf linked in a comment above seems to contain no details on whether the Centre for Isotope Research of the University of Groningen conducted any date corrections because the artifacts and surrounding sediments come from a lacustrine location. It is therefore uncertain whether the ages calculated here are in fact too high. Underwater sources require different aspects of the carbon cycle to be considered. ♆ CUSH ♆  14:28, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

To add to article
Basic information to add to this article: has the inscription been deciphered? If not, why not include that information in the article? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 06:24, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Proto-writing?
I find it unsatisfactory that there is no image, and no mention of suspected or alleged writing or proto-writing, or even symbols in the article (it merely says "inscribed markings"). Without that, I simply don't think the "tablet" (what does that word signify, anyway?) is sufficiently noteworthy to have its own article. -- But, obviously, we'd need proper sources. Nø (talk) 12:11, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

Age of wood vs. age of writing
It would be helpful to know how they distinguished between the age of the wood and the age of the writing. Since of course the wood could be a lot older than the writing. Greg Lovern (talk) 09:13, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

Notability?
As an ancient piece of wood with some man-made marks on it, this object is hardly notable enough to have its own wikipedia article. The notability relies on a reliably sourced academic claim that the markings are writing, or at the very least suspected protowriting, and also, I think, on havning a reliably sourced photo and/or diagram showing the object and the markings. (There may be other reasons for notability, but I can't see any in the article.) In the absence of such sources and images, I'd suggest we delete this article (or move it to a sandbox space).

Obviously, I could create an AfD, but perhaps someone here can change my mind before I do so?

It should be noted that a number of articles link here: However, the I think the reasons for linking are not really borne out by the present contents of the article. Nø (talk) 10:12, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Proper links:
 * Tartaria tablets
 * Proto-writing
 * History of writing
 * George Hourmouziadis
 * List of languages by first written account
 * Undeciphered writing systems
 * Dispilio
 * Lake Orestiada
 * Dispilio Lakeside Neolithic Settlement Archaeological Collection
 * See also links:
 * Linear A
 * Phaistos Disc
 * Vinca symbols
 * Sesklo
 * Kastoria (regional unit)
 * Arkalochori Axe,
 * Non-article-space links: Several.

 * I wouldn't mind seeing it deleted. During all these years, we've never even found proper sourcing even for what this object actually looks like. There seems to be a single academic publication and from what we got cited here it barely contains a proper description of this item, beyond the statement that it bears some engraved markings that might be writing-like. We have one image, ultimately taken from this publication, that has been repeatedly inserted in the article with the claim of showing "the text on the tablet", but it clearly doesn't – it's the authors' tabulation of supposed "signs" compared with signs from other ancient scripts. We have another image, at File:Dupyak Tablet Model.jpg, that has been mirrored on countless external websites as allegedly showing the Dispilio tablet – but it clearly doesn't either. That's a "reproduction" fashioned (very loosely) in the style of the actual Dispilio tablet, apparently on display in the modern lakeside museum. There are some photos out on the web of a different object, seen e.g. here (I haven't seen it sourced to a reliable source). That may well be the actual ancient object; in any case it's clearly not the same physical object as the one in our photo. Also, if that's the tablet, you can see that what it contains is a very dense, chaotic jumble of individual scraped strokes covering its entire surface, nothing like a clear arrangement from which distinct letter-like groups of strokes could be isolated as individual "signs" in any obvious way, so if Hourmouziadis and his associates disassembled that into the list of "signs" they tabulated, that must be an act of very bold interpretation on their part. It doesn't seem as if anybody has yet published an actual in-depth study of the structure of the markings that would justify such an analysis. Fut.Perf. ☼ 10:57, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dispilio Tablet


text:
João Cutileiro

João Cutileiro OSE (26 June 1937 – 5 January 2021) was a Portuguese sculptor. He is responsible for a number of controversial female nudes in marble.

Life
Cutileiro was born and died in Lisbon. He was the creator of several pieces of modern public sculpture, most famous being his statue of Sebastian of Portugal, inaugurated in 1973, in Lagos, in the Algarve. His work marks the end of the academic historical sculpture of the Estado Novo dictatorship and the beginning of a new era of contemporaneity in the Portuguese public sculpture.

Solo exhibitions

 * João Cutileiro, Unikat-Galerie, Wuppertal 1976/1977 and Dortmund 1980
 * João Cutileiro. Amantes, Centro Cultural São Lourenço, Almancil, Portugal, 1987
 * João Cutileiro. Exposição antológica, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. Centro de Arte Moderna, Lisbon, Portugal 1990
 * João Cutileiro. Cavaleiros - Homenagem a Paolo Uccello, Centro Cultural São Lourenço, Almancil, Portugal 1990
 * João Cutileiro no Pico, Galeria Municipal das Lajes do Pico, Azores, 2011

Participations

 * XV. São Paulo Art Biennial, São Paulo, 1979
 * 2nd Congress of the international organization for sculptors in Washington, D.C., 1980
 * Arte Contemporânea - Colecção Marie e Volker Huber, with José de Guimarães, Antoni Tàpies, Günter Grass, Ingo Kühl, Wolf Vostell, Rainer Wölzl, Corneille among others, Convento Espírito Santo, Loulé, Portugal, 1989.

title: João Cutileiro


text:
Vaan (Final Fantasy)

Vaan (ヴァン) is a character in the Final Fantasy series from Square Enix. Created by Yasumi Matsuno and designed by Akihiko Yoshida, he first appeared in Itadaki Street Special and then appeared in Final Fantasy XII as the protagonist. Final Fantasy XII establishes Vaan as an orphaned teenager from Rabanastre who dreams of becoming a sky pirate. He and his best friend Penelo join Dalmasca Princess Ashe in her fight against the tyranny of the Archadian Empire. Vaan also takes a more active role in the sequel Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings and has also been featured in few Final Fantasy crossover games.

Vaan was conceptualized as the main character for Final Fantasy XII in order to contrast the older hero from Square's previous title Vagrant Story as a result of negative feedback received by fans. Critical reception to Vaan's character has been mixed as a result of his lack of involvement with Final Fantasy XII's plot, although various video game publications still found him likable.

Appearances
Vaan was first introduced in the 2004 crossover board game Itadaki Street Special for the PlayStation 2. He also appears in Itadaki Street Portable for the PlayStation Portable.

The protagonist of Final Fantasy XII, Vaan is a 17-year-old orphaned street urchin who lost his parents in a plague when he was 12 years old. His only brother, Reks, died two years prior to the start of the game, during the Archadian invasion of Dalmasca. He makes a living as Migelo's assistant, running various errands for him, while at the same time pickpocketing from Archadian soldiers while claiming to take back what is Dalmasca's. He is a cheerful and energetic boy. Vaan dreams of someday becoming a sky pirate in command of his own airship. He trains to meet this goal by killing dire rats in the sewers of Rabanastre on a daily basis, for which Dalan gave him the nickname "Vaan Ratsbane". Despite nominally being the protagonist, the majority of the game focuses on the events and conflicts of the world as a whole and of Ashe, rather than Vaan's individual problems, with his character instead used as a narrative device to allow the player to follow the events as an outside observer. During the course of the game, Vaan comes to understand that he has spent his time running from his problems and blaming the Archadian empire for them, rather than moving on with his life after his brother and parents' deaths. Vaan ends the game as a sky pirate, traveling the world along with Penelo. He also reprises his role from Final Fantasy XII in the manga adaptation by Gin Amou.

During the events of Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings, Vaan becomes captain of the Airship Galbana and uses it to travel to Lemurés, meeting old friends while making new ones. By Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift Vaan's and Penelo's adventures take them to the Jylland region of Ivalice, where they get caught up in events surrounding Clan Gully and a boy from another world named Luso Clemens, eventually joining up with the clan for a time.

Vaan also appears in the PlayStation Portable fighting game, Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy, as one of Cosmos' warriors who seek to eliminate creatures known as Maninkins. He returns in the game's sequel, Dissidia NT, as one of Materia's champions. He is also featured in the rhythm game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy and its sequels, Curtain Call and  Final Bar Line, as the main character representing Final Fantasy XII.

Concept and creation
Yasumi Matsuno added Vaan and Penelo to be male and female avatar characters for the player in Final Fantasy XII. They would see and learn about Ivalice in sync with the player over the course of the game but would not be deeply connected to the story. The development team explained that their previous game, Vagrant Story, which featured a "strong man in his prime" as the protagonist had been unsuccessful and unpopular; the change regarding Final Fantasy XII from a "big and tough" protagonist to a more effeminate one was thus decided after targeting demographics were considered. Although originally conceived as more "rugged", Vaan was changed during development of the game to be more effeminate after "taking into consideration the target demographic". He was designed by character designer Akihiko Yoshida to look Asian. In response to criticism from Western fans regarding Vaan's design executive producer Akitoshi Kawazu noted that while several members from the development team were not feeling Vaan was the right main character owing to his young age, it was common for Japanese RPG to start with an inexperienced characters who grow across the game.

Motomu Toriyama, the writer and director of Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings, picked Vaan as his favourite character in the game. In the making of the high-definition of XII, the staff reflected on how "weak" and unreliable he was in the original game. However, they jokingly discussed together that ten years later, he could become more appealing than Balthier, a character Square found appealing. Wanting characters who could appeal to long-term fans and new fans, the team incorporated Vaan and Penelo in Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift. Vaan's appearance, which was supposed to mirror that of Balthier, was suggested by Hiroaki Kato. In Dissidia, he is featured in his Final Fantasy XII design, while alternative ones depict him as in Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift, a new one by Yoshitaka Amano and another one featuring him as sea pirate by Akihiko Yoshida. Another Final Fantasy XII centered-title, only known as Fortress, was in plans by Square Enix but was cancelled; in this video game, Vaan would remain with Penelo and live quiet lives due to the plot being more focused on other characters from the previous games, most notably Ashe, Larsa and Basch.

Vaan was voiced in Final Fantasy XII by Bobby Edner in English and by Kouhei Takeda in Japanese. With the casting of Takeda for the voice acting and motion capture, Vaan became a little less feminine and more "active, upbeat bright and positive" than planned. In the making of the English version, some lines involving Vaan had to be changed for its release but without the loss of the real information. When asked how he compares to other Final Fantasy protagonists, Hideo Minaba said that due in part to being designed by a different character designer than before, he did not feel he could be compared to any other Final Fantasy character. Vaan's inclusion in Dissidia 012 met difficulties due to the fact Takeda was busy with other works to voice him. However, following a Japanese popularity survey, the staff in charge hired Kenshō Ono to replace Takeda as fans wanted him to appear in Dissidia 012.

Reception
The similarities between Vaan's design and that of Tetsuya Nomura's characters have been criticized, which artist Akihiko Yoshida noted was likely due to the similar colours used. In the book Final Fantasy and Philosophy: The Ultimate Walkthrough, he is described by Greg Littmann as a pick pocket and, unlike many of Final Fantasy's protagonists, lacking in a "sense of honesty and justice". GameSpot editor Greg Kasavin described Vaan as the "token androgynous male lead", also describing him as an "Aladdin-type". G4 TV editor Greg Orlando described him as "eminently likable" due to the game's focus on "political intrigue" and Vaan trying to understand it all. Cyril Lachel of GamingNexus said that while he was not a fan of Vaan, he was surprised by how his story turned out. 1UP.com editor Andrew Pfister stated that while everyone was expecting to hate what he describes as an "angsty teen", this is "tempered by the presence of Balthier and Basch", two fellow characters. Kotaku's Jason Schreier considered Vaan and Penelo the game's weak points as they compared them with other characters such as Balthier and Asche whose actions were "interesting". Christian Nutt of GamesRadar made fun of the character in an article about the best Final Fantasy heroes stating that Vaan would definitely not be included. Meanwhile, USGamer simply described him as a stereotypical character often seen in anime series aimed at young people. Schreier went harsher, to the point of making a podcast titled "Vaan Really Sucks" as he and his partner interacted about video games. DualShockers thought that Vaan was one of the "most misunderstood Final Fantasy protagonist" and stated that it "was actually the most important character in his story."

His lessened involvement with the plot compared to protagonists from preceding Final Fantasy titles was met with mixed reception. Destructoid editor Aaron Linde described him as "arguably the most uninspiring character in the game". Play.tm editor Andrew Macarthy described Vaan as an "undescribing figure". Eurogamer editor Rob Fahey opined that while "players may initially be somewhat dismayed to find themselves largely following around the cheerful prettyboy Vaan", the game introduces new characters who "fill out the cast superbly". PSX Extreme editor Cavin Smith commented that due to the game not focusing on just one character, Vaan "spends the entire game as an observer of the events unfolding in front of him", adding that it is a "far different take on the protagonist compared to Nomura's egocentric tendencies". Daily Collegian was harsher to the point of listing him as one of the most useless characters in the franchise due to his lack of appeal most notably in comparison to the party members from his game. PALGN editor Phil Larsen called him a "rogue-ish bad boy with a heart of gold", adding that "while this may seem clichéd at first, Vaan is always presented as extremely young and never tries to control every situation", citing Tidus as an example of someone who does. Worthplaying editor Agustin described the set-up as being "Dragon Quest-like", and that while he acts as a vehicle for players to view the plot through, he compared him to critically acclaimed characters Crono and Link from the Chrono Trigger and The Legend of Zelda series respectively.

Bobby Edner's portrayal of Vaan has been met with mostly positive reception. Cavin Smith praised his acting, stating that he sounds like an actual teenager without sounding whiny. Agustin praised the developers for giving Vaan a voice actor, commenting that it prevents any awkward silences from a silent protagonist. He added however that Vaan is "decidedly quiet", owing to many of the conversations not requiring his input, which Agustin called a "brilliant interactive storytelling device". His design change from Final Fantasy XII to Revenant Wings was criticized by RPGFan editor Patrick Gann, for going from a teenage design to what appears to be the design of a 10-year-old Vaan. Rémi Lopez in the book La Légende Final Fantasy XII et Ivalice noted that Vaan is a character who has a chaotic creation that brought him chance to the throne as hero of the main protagonist wothout affecting hois attributes. He further said that despite the cheerful and naivety specific to many of the main characters of the Japanese RPG, Vaan doesn't lack certain characteristics because even if Vaan is 15 years old that knows nothing of the outside world and a philosophy to boil down friendships, he will still be able ti gather around characters on different ages and seeing in him the makings of the leader born despite his youth.

title: Vaan (Final Fantasy)


text: User talk:207.6.74.85

title: User talk:207.6.74.85


text:
Pistol grip

On a firearm or other tools, a pistol grip is a distinctly protruded handle underneath the main mechanism, to be held by the user's hand at a more vertical (and thus more ergonomic) angle, similar to how one would hold a conventional pistol.

In firearms, the pistol grip is located behind the trigger and generally held by the hand that operates the trigger. Rifles and shotguns without pistol grips are generally referred to as having "straight" or "upland" (shotguns only) style stocks. Some firearms, starting from a 1840s Belgian carbine, and most automatic weapons in the 20th century (e. g., Chauchat MG, Thompson submachine gun, AK-47 assault rifle), have a second frontal pistol grip (or foregrip) on the firearm's fore-end to be used by the support hand for better stability in operation.

Pistol grips can also serve multiple functions, such as a magazine housing (in semi-automatic pistols), bipod (in some foregrips) or tool storage device (for spare batteries, gun oil/cleaner, hex keys, etc.). In few firearms, like the Finnish Kk 62 light machine gun, the pistol grip is also used as a handle to charge the weapon.

Pistol grips are regarded as a defining feature in United States gun law. Pistol grips that protrude below the weapon but are not integrated with the shoulder stock (i.e. as part of a thumbhole stock) are currently regulated in some states and were regulated by the now-expired Federal Assault Weapons Ban.

Tools with pistol-style grips run the range from hand tools such as bar clamps and hand saws, to power tools such as electric drills and pneumatic surgical sternal saws. Often the word "gun" appears in the name of pistol gripped tools such as the glue gun, caulking gun and nail gun. Spray painters and grinders also often include this feature for added precision control.

One of the reasons that pistol-style grips are so common in machinery is because it is possible to ergonomically position the operating controls for use with minimal hand movement. For example, on self-loading rifles such as the AR-15 and M16 rifle, the user's grip hand can manipulate the trigger and magazine release with only the index finger, while using the thumb to control the safety or selector switch, all without needing to remove the palm from the grip.

title: Pistol grip


text:
Talk:Electrism

Untitled
Is this an April fools joke??Light current 22:57, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Any way it should be 'electretism' from the existing word 'electret'(something that is permanently polarised like a magnet)Light current 00:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electrism


text:
French ship Montcalm

Four ships of the French Navy have been named Montcalm in honour of the 18th century Marshal Marquess Louis de Montcalm de Saint Véran:

 * FRENCH IRONCLAD Montcalm, 1865–1891
 * FRENCH CRUISER Montcalm, 1900–1926
 * FRENCH CRUISER Montcalm, 1933–1969, which served in the Free French Forces
 * FRENCH FRIGATE Montcalm, 1975, a Georges Leygues-class frigate

title: French ship Montcalm


text:
User talk:SOAD~enwiki

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