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Thermoacidophile

A thermoacidophile is an extremophilic microorganism that is both thermophilic and acidophilic; i.e., it can grow under conditions of high temperature and low pH. The large majority of thermoacidophiles are archaea (particularly the Thermoproteota and "Euryarchaeota") or bacteria, though occasional eukaryotic examples have been reported. Thermoacidophiles can be found in hot springs and solfataric environments, within deep sea vents, or in other environments of geothermal activity. They also occur in polluted environments, such as in acid mine drainage. Biotopes that favor thermoacidophiles can be found both on land and in the sea, where the mineral composition of the water typically consists of highly reduced compounds such as various sulfides, and highly oxidized sulfates. The conversion of reduced sulfides to oxidized sulfates leads to a production of protons, lowering the pH of the surrounding environment. While reduced sulfides are generally considered to be reactive, their conversion to their oxidized counterpart by abiotic natural processes (reacting with things that aren’t living organisms) is relatively low. This fact emphasizes the importance of bio-oxidizers (i.e. thermoacidophiles) in constructing and maintaining this ecological niche. Most of the microbes in these harsh environments are chemolitoautotrophs (they gain electrons from pre-formed inorganic compounds, and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source), which have evolved specific adaptations to inhabit and grow in such selective environments. Archaea are unique in their ability to thrive in these environments, as many bacterial and eukaryotic organisms are limited to tolerance of such acidic (pH < 3.5), thermal  (T> 65 C) environments and don’t demonstrate sustained thermoacidophility. However, the genome of a thermoacidophilic eukaryote, the red algae Galdieria sulphuraria, revealed that its environmental adaptations likely originated from horizontal gene transfer from thermoacidophilic archaea and bacteria.

An apparent tradeoff has been described between adaptation to high temperature and low pH; relatively few examples are known that are tolerant of the extremes of both environments (pH < 2, growth temperature > 80°C). Adaptations that allow them to survive in these harsh environments include proton pumps and buffering strategies, epigenetic modifications of the chromosome, and altered membrane structures. Many thermoacidophilic archaea have aerobic or microaerophilic metabolism, although obligately anaerobic examples (e.g. the Acidilobales) have also been identified.

Chromosome Structure and Epigenetic Modifications
Most thermoacidophiles are archaeal, with Crenarchaea belonging to the Sulfolobales order serving as an model system. Many of the biological mechanisms used by Crenarchae are shared by all archaea but there are some lineage-specific differences unique to thermoacidophilic archaea. One example of the unique differences for thermoacidophillic archaea is their lack of eukaryote-like histones, which are typically involved in the packaging and reorganization of the chromosome, all Thermoplasma and Crenarchaeota lack histone like proteins.

Thermoacidophillic archaea typically have single, small, circular chromosome between 1.5 and 3 Mbp in length. Chromatin proteins are used to condense and organize the genome, however this is not done with histone-orthologs as in eukaryotes or some bacteria, a large evolutionary divergence that characterizes thermoacidophillic archaea. Instead of using histones, a type of protein called nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) are expressed, however the degree of conservation between species varies from protein to protein. These proteins are typically between 7 and 10 kDa in size, are basic, and account for up to 5% of cellular protein, making them one of the most highly expressed proteins in the cell.

The functionality of NAPs can be altered via post-translational modifications (PTMs). These epigenetic modifications have significant impacts on their functionality and the fitness of thermophiles in extreme environments. Methylation, a form of PTM, is a common alteration to NAP structure. It has been linked to the thermostabilization of the proteins as well as the regulation of genes in epigenetic studies. An example of the impact of methylation can be seen in an adaptive laboratory evolution experiment, in which a strain of ''Sa. solfataricu'' developed a super-acid resistant phenotype, even though its genome had not changed from the reference sequence. Investigation revealed that the acid resistance was conferred by a difference in the methylation of Sso7d and Cren7, both Naps. This highlights how a difference in methylation can have a significant impact on the fitness of thermophiles.

In addition to local structuring by NAPs, the Sulfolobales genome is also globally compartmentalized into two sub-Mbp compartments. Each compartment, often referred to as the A and B compartment respectively, is populated by specific sets of genes that vary in their level of transcription. The A compartment generally contains genes involved in essential biological processes such as the creation of metabolic proteins, which are highly expressed in the cell. The B compartment holds genes related to environmental stress responses, CRISPR-Cas clusters and fatty acid metabolism. The exact mechanism regarding the global restructuring of the genome is not currently known, however a protein known as coalescin has been found to play a critical role in the restructuring, with an inverse correlation observed between the occurrence of coalescin and the transcriptional activity of genes in the B compartment.

Thermostability and Stress Responses
Thermoacidophiles have adapted to the extreme environments they inhabit by evolving specific mechanisms to deal with the high temperature and low pH environment. While these mechanisms aren’t necessarily unique to thermoacidophiles and can be found in thermophiles and acidophiles respectively, their incorporation into a single organism can lead to synergistic effects. For example, while DNA stability doesn’t necessarily depend solely on its base pair composition, some thermoacidophiles favor the AGG and AGA codons over CGN for arginine. The trend of favoring the heat-stabile nucleotides adenine and guanine has been observed throughout thermoacidophile genomes. Additionally, thermoacidophiles tend to avoid using amino acids that participate in unwanted side reactions at high temperatures, including histidine, glutamine and threonine. Proteins in thermoacidophiles are also smaller on average than those found in mesophiles, with the former having an average length of 283 amino acids and the latter being 340, a difference of ~20%. This is theorized to occur because smaller proteins are more heat stabile than larger proteins. The use of reverse DNA gyrase is another thermal adaptation, it introduces positive DNA supercoiling to increase the heat stability of the genome, and is a protein unique to hyperthermophiles.

While some thermoacidophiles can grow optimally at a pH close to 0, their cytoplasm is often near neutral pH. This results in a massive pH difference across the membrane. Thermoacidophiles have several mechanisms to deal with this. The first of which is a reversed membrane potential, where the intracellular side of the membrane is positively charged and the extracellular membrane is negatively charged. The reversed membrane potential is created by the active transport of potassium ions into the cell, which prevents the passive diffusion of protons across the membrane. Cytosolic buffering strategies are also implemented, such as using basic amino acids such as arginine, lysine and histidine. The structure of the membrane also contributes to the thermoacidophility of Sulfoluobales, as their membranes consist of ether linked lipids that aren’t as susceptible to acid hydrolysis and the increase of porosity that leads to thermal leakage as normal lipid bilayers. Some archaea also have cyclopentyl rings attached to their lipids that have been shown to increase the thermostability of the membrane.

While all of the previously mentioned adaptations that allow thermoacidophiles to survive harsh environment, it is inevitable that conditions in the cell reach a point where a protein is damaged by the extreme environment they inhabit. The thermosome is a common tool in thermoacidophilic archaea. It generally consists of multiple alpha and beta subunits, the proportions of which in the structure vary with temperature. The structure of the thermosome resembles a capsule with openings at each end. Unlike bacterial thermosomes, which have a separate subunit that closes off the internal space, the archaeal thermosome undergoes a conformational change to close the openings at each end via the hydrolysis of ATP. The thermosome closes around the protein and offers a more stable environment for the protein to refold properly. If the thermosome cannot refold the denatured protein, the protein is tagged by ubiquitin for degradation by the proteasome.

title: Thermoacidophile


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Andy (singer)

Andranik Madadian (, Անդրանիկ Մադադյան; born April 22, 1958), better known by his stage name Andy, is an Iranian singer-songwriter and actor. He immigrated to United States and currently lives in Los Angeles. He sings in several languages including Persian, Armenian and English.

Duo in Andy and Kouros
Andy first gained recognition when he joined Kouros Shahmiri and they formed the successful duo Andy & Kouros, going on to release 4 albums together: Khastegary (1985), Parvaz (1987), the hugely successful album Balla (1990), and Goodbye (1991). The two split in 1992, with both Andy and Kouros going on to have successful individual solo careers. The two reunited several times after that point. In 2002 and 2004, they performed together for a sold-out audience in San Jose, California. In 2009, Andy & Kouros they went on an international tour together in the Iranian diaspora, and performed together again in May 2010. They also appeared together on a music video by Farez remaking their hit "Niloufar".

Solo career
Andy has released 16 albums as a solo artist. His last three singles have ranked No. 1 in the charts. In 2013, Andy was nominated for Best Male Artist, Best Live Act, and Best Entertainer of the Year at the World Music Awards. The following year, he was presented with the "Millennium" award at the Big Apple Music Awards in New York City. On January 17, 2020, Andy was honored by the Hollywood Walk of Fame With his star being the 2,684th star.

Other collaborations
On June 24, 2009, Andy, Harout Bedrosian and Jon Bon Jovi recorded a version of the Leiber and Stoller standard Stand by Me, described by producer Don Was as a "worldwide solidarity with the people of Iran". The Persian introduction is done by both Andy and Jon Bon Jovi, as well as the rest of the song which continues in English. The record was produced by Don Was and John Shanks and was registered at Henson Studio C, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. He participated in a prestigious recording session for World Peace One, which featured some of the world's most successful artists uniting to promote peace. In 2014, Cherokee Music Productions released the humanitarian single, We Hear Your Voice which brought together 15 international stars from 11 countries to inspire fans and followers to find common ground and heal the divide between nations.

In March 2016, Andy released a duet with La Toya Jackson called "Tehran".

In April 2019, Andy released a duet with Algerian singer Khaled called "Salama So Good".

In January 2020, Andy released an English song titled "The Good Fight", which was featured in the motion picture "American Fighter“.

Personal life
Andy married his longtime girlfriend and artist Shani Rigsbee on November 11, 2011. Around 1992, the couple began working and touring together. Soon after they discovered Shani had ovarian cancer, and she had an early hysterectomy in 1992. The couple is associated with cancer-related charities and has performed together for the American Cancer Society's Relay for Life.

Awards and honors
On January 17, 2020, Madadian was awarded the 2684th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, becoming the first Iranian to receive the honor. His star is located at Highland Avenue at 6810 Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles.

Videos/DVDs

 * The Journey
 * Orere Seero
 * Platinum
 * City of Angels
 * Balla!
 * Andy Live at the Kodak Theatre

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andy (singer)


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Portal:Spain/Featured article

Salvador Felip Jacint Dalí Domènech (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989), known popularly as Salvador Dalí, was a Spanish artist from Catalonia who became one of the most important painters of the 20th century. A skilled draftsman, he is best known for his surrealist work identified by its striking, bizarre, dreamlike images. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters. His best known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in 1931. In addition to painting, his artistic repertoire included film, sculpture, photography, and an Academy Award–winning short cartoon, "Destino," on which he collaborated with Walt Disney; it was released posthumously in 2003.

An artist of great imagination, Dalí had an affinity for doing unusual things to draw attention to himself. This sometimes irked those who loved his art as much as it annoyed his critics, since his eccentric manner sometimes drew more public attention than his artwork. More about Salvador Dalí...

title: Portal:Spain/Featured article


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Gunnar Garfors

Gunnar Garfors (born 29 May 1975) is a Norwegian traveler, author, media professional, and public speaker. Garfors was the first person to visit every country in the world twice, he holds a range of travel world records and has written several travel books. He has also worked in broadcasting and new media developments since 2001.

Personal life
Garfors is the oldest of seven children. He was born in Hammerfest in Northern Norway but soon moved to Naustdal Municipality on the country's west coast where he grew up with his mother Ruth Berit Stensletten Garfors, his father Reidar Magne Garfors and his six siblings. He has also lived in Havøysund, Førde, Dublin, Falmouth, Copenhagen and Taipei. He now lives in Oslo with his wife, Jacqui Kunz.

Garfors holds a bachelor's degree (Hons) from Falmouth College of Arts in Great Britain and a Master of Management degree from the Norwegian School of Management.

Travels and world records
On 18 June 2012, Garfors and Adrian Butterworth set a Guinness World Record by being the first people to visit five continents in the same day. Garfors, Øystein Djupvik, and Tay-young Pak set a record in September 2014 by visiting 19 countries in 24 hours. Garfors set another Guinness World Record on 2 February 2018 when he circumnavigated the world via the six inhabited continents on scheduled aircraft in 56 hours and 56 minutes together with Dutchmen Erik de Zwart and Ronald Haanstra. On 16 December 2018, he became the first person to visit all 198 countries (including states recognized by at least 10 UN members) in the world twice.

Writing
Garfors has written several travel books, including Ingenstad which has featured as a Norwegian bestseller. Garfors wrote a bimonthly travel column in the Japanese newspaper Mainichi Shimbun from 2013–2015 and occasionally wrote travel articles for The Guardian.

Broadcasting
He worked as an advisor for broadcasting and new media at the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) in Oslo from 2000–2022, was president of IDAG (the International DMB Advancement Group) from 2010–2021 and sat one year as vice president of the mobile expert group of the European Broadcasting Union in 2008 and 2009. In 2004, he was director when NRK launched the first test of live TV to mobile phones.

From 2008 to 2013, Garfors was CEO of Norwegian Mobile TV Corporation.

title: Gunnar Garfors


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VP-Info

VP-Info is a database language and compiler for the personal computer. VP-Info was a competitor to the Clipper and dBase applications in the late 1980s and 1990s. VP-Info was originally intended to run on MS-DOS, DR-DOS and the PC-MOS/386 operating system, but now is run in the vDOS, Windows environment. The last release of VP-Info, a multi-tasking, multi-user version released in 1992 was named SharkBase, or simply "Shark".

Origin
In the early 1980s, David Clark met George Gratzer, a mathematics professor at the University of Manitoba, at ComputerLand in Winnipeg where Gratzer was looking for someone who could program in dBase. Clark had been using dBase II, but was frustrated by its limitations for reporting on more than 2 tables at a time. While working for Standard Knitting (a client of Gratzer's and Clark's), David wrote a report generator called dComp that would allow up to six related data files to be in use at one time and run faster than the slow, dBase II. Clark and Gratzer subsequently formed a partnership in a company called "Sub Rosa" that developed dComp into a full dBase II compatible language/database called Max that had more speed and "power tools" than even dBase III contained. Clark designed and developed the program while Gratzer wrote the reference and tutorial manuals. This product was published by Paperback Software and sold over 30,000 copies (worldwide) in 1987 alone. The published reference manual for VP-Info was over 900 pages and the program was distributed in an extra thick back cover which was an innovation for all Paperback Software products at that time.

For programmers, Max had several interesting capabilities, including the ability to change field names easily, to represent fields in array form, automatically execute code while moving from field to field and many tools like cross tabs. With its built-in editor, a programmer could go from edit to executing the program in 2 keystrokes and back to editing the program with just 2 more.

Marketing
Paperback Software International Ltd. acquired worldwide marketing rights to Max and launched it as VP-Info in 1986. Lotus Development Corp. objected to some of the features of VP-Planner 3D, a Lotus look-alike with a number of features beyond those of 1-2-3, and sued Paperback Software for copyright infringement in 1989. Though the lawsuit ultimately failed in the courts, Paperback Software eventually folded following the litigations.

Sub Rosa Inc. reacquired worldwide distribution rights to VP-Info shortly before it entered bankruptcy. Bursten and an associate, Bernie Melman of Toronto, established Sub Rosa Publishing Inc. in Toronto and Sub Rosa Corporation in Minneapolis and attempted to get VP-Info back into distribution. Since the name belonged to the bankrupt Paperback Software, however, the latest multi-user version was released under a new name, Shark (or SharkBase), published by Specialized Clinical Services in 1994.

Technical
VP-Info can read and write all the common dBase/Clipper file formats, as well as exchange data with OpenOffice. VP-Info can read and write any type of dbf files (e.g. dBase II, III, IV, Clipper) at the same time. Unlike the older dBase file formats, VP-Info dbf files can have an unlimited number of records. VP-Info has a built-in compiler for fast execution.

Like many DOS applications, VP-Info is available for free download. An online User's Manual for the latest distribution of VP-Info, SharkBase, is still maintained. VP-Info, and subsequent SharkBase versions, can run on 32-bit or 64-bit Windows, using a virtual machine or emulator to provide a usable environment. It has been reported that both VP-Info and Shark run under the latest Windows versions using vDOS, a fork of the DOSBox MS-DOS emulator, and it can also run on multi-user/multi-tasking systems with NetBIOS over TCP/IP such as vDOS. VP-Info dbf files can be opened, modified and saved by both OpenOffice Calc and LibreOffice Calc. The vDOS emulator offers access to all hardware output (printer) ports on the hosting Windows system, unlike DOSbox.

Versions
VP-Info was produced in several different versions: VP-Info Level 1, SR-Info, VP-Info Professional, VP-Info Professional Network Edition, SharkBase, and SharkBase Network Edition. All are moderately compatible except for VP-Info Level 1 (because it's the oldest and "least perfect" version). The Network Editions, e.g. Sharkbase, which run normally as VP-Info single-user on most systems described, however depend on NetBios/Windows to run in multi-user, multi-tasking mode on a LAN network.

title: VP-Info


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George William Gordon

George William Gordon (c. 1820 – 23 October 1865) was a Jamaican businessman, magistrate and politician, one of two representatives to the Assembly from St. Thomas-in-the-East parish. He was a leading critic of the colonial government and the policies of Jamaican Governor Edward Eyre.

After the start of the Morant Bay rebellion in October 1865, Eyre declared martial law in that area, directed troops to suppress the rebellion, and ordered the arrest of Gordon in Kingston. He had him returned to Morant Bay to stand trial under martial law. Gordon was quickly convicted of conspiracy and executed, on suspicion of having planned the rebellion. Eyre's rapid execution of Gordon on flimsy charges during the crisis, and the death toll and violence of his suppression of the revolt, resulted in a huge controversy in Britain. Opponents of Eyre and his actions attempted to have him prosecuted for murder, but the case never went to trial. He was forced to resign. The British government passed legislation to make Jamaica a Crown Colony, governing it directly for decades. In 1969, the Jamaican government proclaimed Gordon as a National Hero of Jamaica.

Early life
George William Gordon was the second of eight children born in Jamaica to a Scottish planter, Joseph Gordon (1790?–1867), and an enslaved woman, Ann Rattray (1792? – before 1865). His siblings were Mary Ann (1813?), Margaret (1819?), Janet Isabella (1824?), John (1825?), Jane (1826?), Ann (1828?) and Ralph Gordon (1830). Joseph Gordon had migrated to Jamaica to serve as an attorney for a number of absentee-owned sugar estates, and he later bought several properties himself. Among them was Cherry Garden Estate, where George William was born. Joseph Gordon later served as a member of the House of Assembly and as Custos of the parish of St Andrew.

Gordon was self-educated, teaching himself to read, write, and perform simple accounting. He was born a slave. His father gave him his freedom and at the age of ten, he was allowed to live with his godfather, James Daly of Black River, Jamaica. Within a year, Gordon began working in Daly's business.

Business career
In 1836, young Gordon opened a store in Kingston and operated as a produce dealer. Richard Hill, a mixed-race lawyer and leader of the free coloured community, met him in that year and said of him, "He impressed me then, though young-looking, with the air of a man of ready business habits."

Gordon was a successful businessman. In 1842, he had earned enough to be able to send his sisters to England and France to be educated. Three years later, he was worth £10,000. His father had little to do with him when he was growing up, but when Joseph ran into financial difficulties, it was the son who bailed him out, and cleared the debts on Cherry Garden, before giving it back to the father.

One historian says he married Lucy Shannon, the white daughter of an Irish newspaper editor. Another states he married a white widow named Mary Jane Perkins, whose mother had established a school for girls in Kingston.

Gordon later moved to St. Thomas-in-the-East Parish at the eastern end of the island, where he became a wealthy businessman and a landowner. In the 1840s, he co-founded the Jamaica Mutual Life Assurance Society, and was appointed a justice of the peace in seven parishes.

However, in the early 1860s, Gordon lost heavily in coffee dealings.

In the 1850s, Gordon ran as a member of Jordon's "town party". Gordon was elected from St. Thomas-in-the-East parish as a member of the House of Assembly. On more than one occasion, Gordon deputised as mayor of Kingston for Edward Jordon.

Gordon was a radical politician who was popular in the parish of St. Thomas-in-the-East, and he was deeply affected by the suffering of the black poor. He complained to a previous governor, Charles Henry Darling, about the poor conditions of the Morant Bay gaol. In 1862, when he made similar complaints to Eyre, the governor immediately removed Gordon from the magistracy. The Colonial Office took the curious stance of backing Eyre while praising Gordon for calling for prison conditions to be improved.

Gordon earned a reputation by the mid-1860s as a critic of the colonial government, especially Governor Edward John Eyre. He maintained a correspondence with English evangelical critics of colonial policy. He also established a Native Baptist church, where Paul Bogle was a deacon.

In 1863, Gordon defeated his rival, a white planter, for a seat on the Assembly for St Thomas-in-the-East with the support of the small settler vote, galvanised by Bogle. Gordon was also made a member of the parish vestry. However, the colonial elite who ran the parish vestry objected to the presence of Gordon, because he represented the concerns of the black peasantry. A father and son team of the same name, Stephen Cooke, conspired to have Gordon expelled from the parish vestry, a move that angered the black peasantry. The next year, the settlers re-elected Gordon to the parish vestry, and he brought a court action against the custos of the parish, Baron von Ketelhodt.

In May 1865 Gordon allegedly attempted to purchase an ex-Confederate schooner with a view to ferrying arms and ammunition to Jamaica from the United States of America, although this was unknown at the time. In 1865 the mass of Jamaicans were ex-slaves and their descendants; they struggled with poverty and crop failure in the mostly rural economy, and the aftermath of crippling epidemics of cholera and smallpox. Gordon criticised Eyre's draconian punishments such as flogging and the treadmill for crimes such as stealing food. He warned "If that we are to be governed by such a Governor much longer, the people will have to fly to arms and become self-governing."

Morant Bay Rebellion
There were several causes for the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865, and one of them was outrage among the black peasantry of St Thomas-in-the-East over the colonial government's actions in expelling Gordon and Bogle from the local vestry.

In October, a riot led by Bogle was ruthlessly suppressed by Eyre, with the support of Jamaican Maroons from Moore Town, and hundreds of black Jamaican men and women were killed by government forces without trial, or in hastily arranged trials under martial law.

Death and aftermath
In October 1865, following the Morant Bay Rebellion led by Bogle, Governor Eyre ordered the arrest of Gordon, whom he suspected of planning the rebellion. By order of Eyre, Gordon was transported from Kingston, where martial law was not in force, to Morant Bay, where it was. Within two days Gordon was tried for high treason by court-martial, without due process of law, sentenced to death, and executed on 23 October. Bogle was executed the following day.

The execution of Gordon and the brutality of Eyre's suppression of the revolt, with hundreds of Jamaicans killed by soldiers and more executed after trials, made the affair a cause célèbre in Britain. John Stuart Mill and other liberals sought unsuccessfully to have Eyre (and others ) prosecuted. When they were unable to get the cases to trial, the liberals worked to bring civil proceedings against Eyre. He was forced to resign from office but never went to trial.

Legacy and honours
In the 20th-century aftermath of the labour rebellion of 1938, Gordon came to be seen as a precursor of Jamaican nationalism. The play George William Gordon (1938) by Roger Mais was about his life. In 1960 the Parliament of Jamaica moved into the new Gordon House, named for the politician.

In 1969, Gordon and Bogle were each proclaimed as Jamaican National Heroes in a government ceremony at Morant Bay.

In 1969, Jamaica converted its currency to a decimal system, and it issued new currency. Gordon was featured on the ten-dollar note (now a coin).

George William Gordon is mentioned in numerous Reggae songs, including "Innocent Blood" and "See them a come" by the reggae band Culture. "Silver Tongue Show" by Groundation, "Give Thanks and Praise" by Roy Rayon, "Prediction" and "Born Fe Rebel" by Steel Pulse, "Our Jamaican National Heroes" by Horace Andy, and "Selasie Memorial" by Charlie Morrison.

title: George William Gordon


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Fortinbras

Fortinbras is a minor fictional character from William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet. A Norwegian crown prince with a few brief scenes in the play, he delivers the final lines that represent a hopeful future for the monarchy of Denmark and its subjects. His father, the fictional former king of Norway, is also named Fortinbras and was slain in the play's antecedent action in a duel with King Hamlet. The duel between the two is described by Horatio in Act One, Scene One (I,i) of the play.

His name is not Norwegian in origin, but is a French–English hybrid (fort in bras) meaning "strong in arm."

Role in the play
Although Fortinbras makes only two brief appearances in the latter half of the play, he is referred to throughout: King Claudius sends ambassadors to Norway in the hopes of staving off his invasion, and they return with the news that Fortinbras will attack Poland but leave Denmark alone. At the very end—after all the major characters except Horatio are dead—Fortinbras and his army enter, accompanied by ambassadors from England who have come to announce that Claudius' supposed orders to execute Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have been carried out. With the throne of Denmark now vacant, Fortinbras is to be crowned ruler. This may be an allusion to the political situation of the day: at the time the play was written, Denmark and Norway were united under a single crown; also, England itself was to be ruled by King James I of England and James VI of Scotland, who claimed the throne by virtue of his blood relation to Elizabeth I (the play was written before Elizabeth I's death).

Fortinbras also serves as a parallel to Hamlet in many ways: like the latter, he is motivated largely by the death of his father, whose name he also bears (as Hamlet does his), and both serve as princes of their respective countries. In other respects, Fortinbras serves as a foil for Hamlet: while the Danish prince is deliberate and given to long-winded soliloquies, the Norwegian is impulsive and hot-headed, determined to avenge his slain father at any cost.

Fortinbras orders that Prince Hamlet be given a soldier's funeral, describing him as "likely, had he been put on, to have proved most royally."

Screen adaptations
Hamlet, with a running time in the range of four hours, is seldom performed in its entirety. Consequently, the role of Fortinbras is sometimes omitted, as it was in the 1948 film starring Laurence Olivier, in the 1969 film starring Nicol Williamson, and the 1990 film starring Mel Gibson. He was included, however, in the 1921 Svend Gade and Heinz Schall directed German silent film Hamlet and portrayed by Fritz Achterberg, in the 1964 Broadway revival, which was later filmed as Richard Burton's Hamlet, in the 1980 BBC Shakespeare television production starring Derek Jacobi, in the 1996 film starring Kenneth Branagh and the 2000 film starring Ethan Hawke, although in the 2000 film, he is an enemy of business. In these films he was played by Michael Ebert, Ian Charleson, Rufus Sewell and Casey Affleck, respectively.

Fortinbras also appears in the 1964 BBC television Hamlet, starring Christopher Plummer, and here he was played by Donald Sutherland, in what was his first important role.

Other stage adaptations
Fortinbras is the protagonist of the 1992 play Fortinbras by Lee Blessing. The plot of Fortinbras follows that of Hamlet; the first scene is the death of Hamlet in the original Shakespearean text. The rest of the play is in a vernacular, modern English. Major characters from Hamlet appear as ghosts in this sequel.

title: Fortinbras


text: User talk:86.131.252.218

title: User talk:86.131.252.218


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Parliamentary authority

A parliamentary authority is a book of rules for conducting business (parliamentary procedure) in deliberative assemblies. Several different books have been used by legislative assemblies and by organizations' deliberative bodies.

Application to organizations
A group may create its own parliamentary rules and then adopt an authority to cover meeting procedure not covered in its rules or vice versa. Rules in a parliamentary authority can be superseded by the group's constitution or bylaws or by adopted procedural rules (with a few exceptions). The adopted procedural rules may be called special rules of order. The combined rules from all sources is called parliamentary procedure.

Assemblies that do not adopt a parliamentary authority may nonetheless use a parliamentary authority by custom or may consider themselves governed by "common parliamentary law" or the "common law of parliamentary procedure". A society that has adopted bylaws that do not designate a parliamentary authority may adopt one by the same vote required to adopt special rules of order. A mass meeting can adopt a parliamentary authority by a majority vote. The book Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised states, "In matters on which an organization's adopted parliamentary authority is silent, provisions found in other works on parliamentary law may be persuasive – that is, they may carry weight in the absence of overriding reasons for following a different course – but they are not binding on the body."

Survey of usage in organizations
A poll by Jim Slaughter surveyed American Certified Professional Parliamentarians (CPPs) in 1999 to ask what percent of clients used each parliamentary authority. The results were published in 2000 in Parliamentary Journal, the official journal of the American Institute of Parliamentarians: 90 percent used Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR), 8 percent used The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (formerly Sturgis, now AIPSC), and 3 percent used some other authority, including Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure (Demeter), Riddick's Rules of Procedure (Riddick/Butcher), Bourinot's Rules of Order (Bourinot), and Rules of Order (Davis). Bourinot was used in Canada.

Robert's Rules of Order
Robert's Rules of Order was first published in 1876 by Henry Martyn Robert. It has been revised several times by the original author and then by his successors. As of its publication in September 2020, the 12th edition of Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised is the current official edition of the body of work known as "Robert's Rules of Order". This body of work is the most popular and well-known parliamentary authority in the United States.

The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure
The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure was first published in 1950 by Alice Sturgis and referred to as TSC or Sturgis. A new book, titled American Institute of Parliamentarians Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (AIPSC), was published in 2012. AIPSC is used by many United States medical associations of physicians and dentists, including the American Medical Association House of Delegates and American Association of Orthodontists as well as by the Association of Flight Attendants.

Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure
Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure, first published in 1948 by George Demeter, is another parliamentary authority in North America. It is often favored by North American labor unions and Hellenic organizations. , Demeter is published by the American Institute of Parliamentarians.

Legislative assemblies
Legislative assemblies in all countries, because of their nature, tend to have specialized rules that differ from parliamentary procedure used by clubs and organizations.

Parliaments
The UK Parliament follows Erskine May's Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament (also known as Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice). There are also the Standing Orders for each House.

The House of Commons of Canada follows Beauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms. Bourinot's Rules of Order is another book used in Anglophone Canada. In Quebec, the Procédure des assemblées délibérantes (commonly known as Le Code Morin) are rules of order in French.

The Australian House of Representatives follows House of Representatives Practice. The Australian Senate follows Odgers' Australian Senate Practice. Each Australian state and territory house of Parliament has its own rules. A number of procedural reference works are used by other organisations in Australia.

Legislatures in the United States
The United States Senate follows the Standing Rules of the United States Senate, while the United States House of Representatives follows its own procedures, which include Jefferson's Manual.

Of the 99 state legislative chambers in the United States (two for each state except Nebraska, which has a unicameral legislature), Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure governs parliamentary procedures in 70, Jefferson's Manual governs 13, and Robert's Rules of Order governs four.

Mason's Manual, originally written in 1935 by constitutional scholar and former California Senate staff member Paul Mason, and since his death revised and published by the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), governs legislative procedures in instances where the state constitution, state statutes, and the chamber's rules are silent. According to the NCSL, one of the many reasons that most state legislatures use Mason's Manual instead of Robert's Rules of Order is because Robert's Rules applies best to private organizations and civic groups that do not meet in daily public sessions. Mason's Manual, on the other hand, is geared specifically toward state legislative bodies.

Legislative bodies at the local level, such as a city council or a county commission, function similarly to boards of societies and as such, have used Robert's Rules of Order.

Non-legislative authorities

 * Canada
 * United States
 * United Kingdom
 * United States
 * United Kingdom
 * United States
 * United Kingdom
 * United Kingdom
 * United Kingdom
 * United Kingdom
 * United Kingdom
 * United Kingdom
 * United Kingdom
 * United Kingdom

Legislative authorities

 * Australia
 * Canada
 * United Kingdom
 * United States
 * United Kingdom
 * United States
 * United States
 * United States

Comparative

 * A self-study quiz book keyed to RONR (11th), AIPSC, Demeter's Manual (Blue book ed.)  and Riddick's Rules of Procedure.
 * Compares seven Parliamentary Authorities; however, it uses RONR (9th ed.) and TSC (3rd ed.) in the comparison.
 * Compares seven Parliamentary Authorities; however, it uses RONR (9th ed.) and TSC (3rd ed.) in the comparison.

title: Parliamentary authority


text:
Category talk:Women composers

Category title
Would Female composers be more accurate? scarecroe 01:55, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

debate
An unsourced claim of former debate is irrelevant. Septentrionalis 21:36, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Cfd 22 Aug 2005
No consensus, no change, see discussion for details. However, previous Cfd was to delete, you can see the entire 15 June Cfd discussion here, and following conversations covering gender related categories. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 01:33, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you; this reference should have been supplied to the deletion discussion. I will comment here that Niteowlneil's argument seems to ignore the fundamental category structure; there shouldn't be any individual bio's in Category:Composers or Category:scientists; all should be subcatted by period, style/science, and (why not?) gender. Septentrionalis 17:23, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

CFD
hurp durp woman composer —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.160.195.171 (talk) 14:04, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Women composers / Women classical composers
What is the distinction between the two categories? Schissel | Sound the Note! 17:16, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Women composers


text: User talk:69.171.150.51

title: User talk:69.171.150.51


text: Talk:Henry Winkler

title: Talk:Henry Winkler


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spinal Cord Untethering

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. --Tony Sidaway Talk 01:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Spinal Cord Untethering
Non-notable. A google search comes up with 557 hits without quotes and only 117 with them. This just isn't enough to warrant an encyclopedia article. --Blackcap | talk 21:37, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if it's a real medical procedure. This techical information is perfectly encyclopedic. We don't only do articles on pop culture. --Ryan Delaney talk 21:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Mate, I wasn't objecting to this because it's not pop culture; I know WP has medicine in it. I was objecting to it because it's not a common enough medical procedure to warrant an article here. There does seem to be a condition called a "tethered spinal cord," which (from what I can tell) is a kind of spina bifida. If there's someone who knows spinal procedures well enough to comment on it more than this article says, maybe it could be put into the spina bifida article. Otherwise, it's just an unheard of medical procedure. --Blackcap | talk 22:13, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, 117 google hits. Kappa 22:19, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A search on Google Scholar (highly recommended for this type of subject matter) yields 48 scholarly articles. Definitely a real procedure, and medical procedures strike me as inherently notable. Fernando Rizo T/C 23:06, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Fernando Rizo. I'd also suggest expanding the article (I've placed a medical-stub notice on it) and renaming it to spinal cord untethering. --Idont Havaname 01:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename per above vote. Christopher Parham (talk) 02:47, 2005 August 26 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Erie Canal Soda Pop Festival

The Erie Canal "Soda" Pop Festival, also known colloquially as the Bull Island Rock Festival, was a rock festival held on September 2–4, 1972, on Bull Island, a strip of land in Illinois but on the Indiana side of the Wabash River near Griffin. A crowd of an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 people attended the concert, four times what the promoters had estimated. Food and water were in short supply, and the gathering descended into relative chaos amidst heavy rains and a lack of security. Many of the scheduled acts canceled their performances due to safety concerns. After the festival concluded, the remnants of the crowd rioted and burned the main stage.

Planning
On July 2, 1972, promoters Tom Duncan and Bob Alexander held a successful small rock festival, the Freedom Festival and Ice Cream Social, at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana, featuring artists such as Ike and Tina Turner, Dr. John, Howlin' Wolf, New Riders of the Purple Sage, and Edgar Winter. Based on that success, Duncan and Alexander then began planning a “bigger-than-Woodstock” festival nearby.

The Erie Canal "Soda" Pop Festival was originally slated to be held in Chandler, Indiana. However, various court battles and restraining orders issued by local governments wary of large crowds prevented the festival from being held anywhere in the state. Shortly before the festival was scheduled to begin on the Labor Day weekend of 1972, the promoters decided on a site near Griffin, Indiana, known as "Bull Island". Due to the course of the Wabash River changing since the border with neighboring Illinois was drawn, Bull Island is located in Illinois but on the Indiana side of the river. The government of White County, Illinois, where Bull Island is located, was unable to prevent the festival from being held in the short time they had after learning of the promoters' plans.

The concert
Duncan and Alexander initially estimated that 55,000 people would attend the festival. As the weekend of the concert approached, it became obvious that a much larger crowd was coming to the festival. Bull Island was accessible by only two roads. Traffic on several roads on the way to the site, including Interstate 64, were backed up for over 20 mi. Numerous attendees caught in traffic sold drugs to each other while waiting to continue moving. The only security personnel on the festival grounds were three White County deputy sheriffs.

The scheduled festival lineup included Black Sabbath, Joe Cocker, the Allman Brothers Band, John Mayall, Cheech & Chong, Canned Heat, Fleetwood Mac, Ballin' Jack, Amboy Dukes, Bob Seger, Bang, Ravi Shankar, Albert King, the Doors, Brownsville Station, Mike Quatro, Gentle Giant, Black Oak Arkansas, the Eagles, the Chambers Brothers, Boones Farm, Slade, Birtha, Nazareth, and Delbert & Glenn. However, most scheduled performers cancelled their appearances during the festival,due to difficulty reaching the site and concerns about safety in light of the lack of security, open availability of illegal substances, unsanitary conditions, and flooding. The extensive cancellations produced long gaps between the sets that were performed, which angered the audience.

Difficulties and aftermath
Over the three days, the festival drifted steadily into chaos. Food and water were in short supply. Heavy rains soaked the poorly-protected stage beginning on the Friday night before the festival began. A truck bringing food into the festival was hijacked, looted, and burned. When some vendors overcharged for food and drinks due to low supply, the crowd robbed many of the vendors and destroyed their facilities.

On Sunday evening, some hungry attendees killed a local resident's cow for food, but did not have any means of butchering it. Drugs were freely available in a makeshift market area on the festival grounds where dealers openly displayed their illegal goods. Two attendees died during the festival: one from a heroin overdose and the other from drowning in the Wabash River. As the festival ended, the crowd set fire to what remained of the stage and looted parked vehicles.

Cheech & Chong made several jokes about the poor conditions at the festival during their set before it was cut short by a downpour.

The "Soda" Pop Festival lost an estimated $200,000, according to co-promoter Bob Alexander. The promoters were subsequently sued by the landowner of Bull Island, onsite vendors, the Internal Revenue Service, the state governments of Illinois and Indiana, and a local farmer who alleged “cattle lost due to marijuana inhalation”; legal proceedings continued for nine years after the festival.

title: Erie Canal Soda Pop Festival


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Magnum fist comics

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete both. Sjakkalle (Check!)  06:47, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Magnum fist comics and Nightprowler
Is some kids comic book (Nightprowler), google gives 0 for "Magnum fist comics" the releaser. feydey 21:37, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comic book vanity. --fvw *  23:26, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Undelete cool comic. -- Etacar11   03:39, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Keep this page on here. Jeffro rules. (Unsigned vote by, only other edits are vandalism) -- Etacar11   15:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Undelete - awesome. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:11, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Karp (band)

Karp was an American post-hardcore band from Tumwater, Washington, that formed in 1990 and lasted until 1998. The band was formed by Chris Smith a.k.a. Chris "Slayer", Jared Warren and Scott Jernigan. They released three full-length albums titled Mustaches Wild, Suplex, and Self Titled LP. They also released several EPs and 7-inch records.

Karp mixed elements of hardcore punk and metal à la the Melvins with an ear for pop-influenced song assembly. The band name is inspired from a newsletter/zine that Smith put out in high school and is an acronym that stands for "Kill All Redneck Pricks". Their oft used logo of an eagle with spread wings was a modification on the defunct National Recovery Administration's "Blue Eagle" logo. Their recordings were released by several Northwest-related labels such as K Records, Kill Rock Stars, and Punk in My Vitamins.

Members went on to play with Tight Bro's from Way Back When, The Whip, Dead Air Fresheners, Big Business and the Melvins. Drummer Scott Jernigan died in a boating accident on June 10, 2003.

New York–based documentarian Bill Badgley (of the rock band Federation X), released a documentary on the band, entitled Kill All Redneck Pricks, a preview of which was shown in Seattle October 22, 2009.

Albums

 * Mustaches Wild 10-inch/LP/CD, K Records (1994)
 * Suplex CD/LP, K Records (1995)
 * Self Titled LP CD/LP, K Records (1997)
 * Action Chemistry CD (singles compilation), Punk in My Vitamins (2001)

7" singles and EPs

 * I'd Rather Be Clogging 7-inch Punk in My Vitamins
 * I'm Done 7-inch Punk in My Vitamins
 * Freighty Cat EP 7-inch Atlas
 * We Ate Sand 7-inch, K Records (1996)
 * Prison Shake 7-inch, Up Records

Compilation appearances and splits

 * Karp / Rye Coalition split CD/12", Troubleman Unlimited
 * Bostonot compilation: "Let Me Take You Home Tonight" – Face the Music Records FTM-4
 * Jabberjaw: Good to the Last Drop 7-inch Mammoth
 * Karp/Long Hind Legs split 7-inch, Karate Brand
 * Stars Kill Rock CD/LP, Kill Rock Stars
 * Julep compilation CD/LP, Yoyo Recordings, 1993

title: Karp (band)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sacramento criminals

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus to delete, but move to List of Sacramento criminals. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:42, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Sacramento criminals
Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information -Satori (talk) 21:38, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to List of Sacramento criminals. - Mgm|(talk) 21:50, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Per nom. Marskell 09:25, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP:NOT. Proto t c 09:57, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move --Snafuu 15:42, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: WP:NOT the Sacramento Police blotter. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 13:15:15, 2005-08-29 (UTC)
 * Move to new catory or "list of" - Tεx  τ  urε  21:09, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.4.4.164

title: User talk:69.4.4.164


text:
Geron

Geron may refer to :

 * Places and jurisdictions
 * Girona, a city in Catalonia
 * Curiate Italian name of Hieron, Caria (Asian Turkey), as Latin Catholic titular see in
 * Saint-Géron, a commune in France

 * Other
 * Saint Gereon of Köln
 * Geron, an elder (from the Greek "γέρων") of an Orthodox monastery (starets in Russian)
 * Geron Corporation, an American biotechnology company
 * Geron (fly), a genus of insects in the family Bombyliidae

title: Geron


text:
Thunderchild First Nation

Thunderchild First Nation (ᑳ ᐱᑎᑰᓈᕽ) is an independent Cree First Nations band government in Turtleford, Saskatchewan, Canada with no affiliation with any Tribal Council. It is located approximately 113 kilometers northwest of North Battleford. European settlement in 1909 caused the reserve to be moved by the Government of Canada from its original location near Delmas, Saskatchewan to where it now currently resides near Turtleford, Saskatchewan.

The First Nation's population is approximately 1,868 of whom approximately 630 reside on the reserve.

This reserve came about after Chief Piyesiw-awasis's headmen were forced to sign an adhesion to Treaty Six in August, 1879 at Special Area No. 4. Piyesiw-awasis was one of Big Bear's bodyguards until starvation and sickness led his people to adhere to the treaty. However, Piyesiw-awasis did not put his mark to the treaty document.

title: Thunderchild First Nation


text: Template:US Senate presidents pro tempore


text:
Laura Chick

Laura N. Chick (born 1944) is an American civil servant and politician.

Chick served as a council member for Los Angeles City's Third District from 1993 to 2001, after which she became the first woman to hold citywide office as the Los Angeles City Controller. Known for her bluntness, Chick released over 170 audits and reports during her tenure, including one that exposed a backlog of untested DNA rape kits at the Los Angeles Police Department.

In 2009, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger appointed her as California Inspector General to oversee the use of federal funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. However, her role ended when the office was eliminated in December 2010. Before entering politics, Chick had been a stay-at-home mother, managed a family-owned retail business, and worked as a social worker.

Los Angeles City Elected Offices
Chick was elected to the Los Angeles City Council from the Third District (Woodland Hills, Tarzana, Reseda, West Hills, Winnetka and Canoga Park), in 1993 and served two terms, until 2001. She defeated Joy Picus, who had served since 1977, and for whom Chick had worked as a political aide.

In 2001, Chick was elected Los Angeles City Controller, becoming the first woman to hold citywide office in Los Angeles. As Controller, she was the Chief Auditor and Chief Accountant of the City. In her nearly eight years in this office, Chick released over 170 audits and reports, many of which focused on problems within city government.

In 2006, Los Angeles Magazine named Laura Chick one of the most influential people in the City. The Los Angeles Daily News editorialized, "…as City Controller, she's often been downtown's lone champion of good government." A Los Angeles Business Journal feature said, "Los Angeles City Controller Laura Chick has emerged as a central voice in the ongoing debate over how the City handles its contracts." In a May 2004 feature article, Los Angeles Magazine states, "Where others couch and evade, she is Ms. Blunt."

One of her last audits to be released as City Controller exposed a backlog of thousands of untested DNA rape kits at the Los Angeles Police Department. The attention her report garnered resulted in City officials making the problem a priority. Her work won her the prestigious ProPublica Prize for Investigative Governance. Chick left the City Controller's position due to term limits in 2009.

Her experience includes managing a family-owned retail business. Laura first entered elected office in 1993 when she defeated a 16-year incumbent for a seat on the Los Angeles City Council. Seven months after taking office her district was devastated by the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Chick focused on turning the area into a redevelopment zone.

California Inspector General
Shortly after President Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger appointed Laura Chick to act as Inspector General, to provide oversight to the proper use of federal funds. Chick resigned her City Controller post before the end of her term to accept the state position.

The Sacramento Bee heralded Chick's arrival in the Capitol with the headline, "Misuse stimulus cash - you'll answer to her".

Chick took up the state's challenge of overseeing the massive expenditure of American Recovery funds though her Office was given very little resources. With a handful of auditors borrowed from other state departments, she scrutinized local agencies across the state. Chick released nearly 30 reports uncovering misspent stimulus funds totaling millions.

Chick's tenure in this role ended when the Office of the Inspector General was eliminated by Governor Jerry Brown in December 2010.

Personal life
Before entering elective office at the age of 49, Chick had already been a stay-at-home mom, manager of a family-owned retail business, and social worker. She graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1962, and received her Bachelor's Degree in History from UCLA as well as a Master's degree in Social Work from University of Southern California School of Social Work. Chick moved to Kensington, California, near Berkeley, in 2011 where she still lives. Chick is Jewish. In September 2022, Chick called Controller candidate Kenneth Mejia an extremist who was unfit for office. Mejia was later elected that November.

title: Laura Chick


text:
Template:Latest stable software release/Firefox

→ Back to article "Firefox"


text:
User:Tim Starling

I'm employed by the Wikimedia Foundation as a developer and system administrator.

I became a Wikipedia editor on October 10, 2002. I discovered Wikipedia when searching the web for information about solid state physics. I immediately fell in love with the site and decided to become a contributor. Mav greeted me after I made my first edit. It took me a while to realise he was not a bot, just a really friendly guy. I was a very active editor from that time until about 2004. I was granted administrator rights in March 2003, in a very different process from today's weighing of souls.

I began volunteer development work in 2003. I was given shell access to Wikipedia's two servers in July 2003. In 2004, although I had plans for major new article writing projects, I realised that I could help the project best by focusing on technical work. There were plenty of editors, but hardly anybody writing code or looking after the servers. So at that time, I stepped back from editing.

In December 2004, I was invited to speak at Chaos Communication Congress, a daunting prospect for me at age 23. I flew out of Sydney for Berlin on Christmas Day. It was my first trip out of Australia. This conference was the first time I met my future wife Angela in real life.

By late 2005, my incomplete PhD in physics was all but abandoned, and I was essentially a full time volunteer for Wikimedia. In February 2006 I managed to convince the Board to hire me,, although it took until April 20 for them to start paying me. Even then I had only an informal contract for many years. I was asked to specify my job title. Ever modest, I chose "Developer / System Administrator". I had my hand in every pie.

Eventually I specialised in the MediaWiki backend, and in 2012 my title was changed to Lead Platform Architect. I'm currently the tech lead for a small but brilliant team of engineers focused on the MediaWiki core. I'm also a member of the Wikimedia Technical Committee.

I now live on the Central Coast of New South Wales with my wife Angela and three daughters.

 * List of contributions.
 * /Mapping has been moved back to Talk:Cartographic Congress. I had intended the subpage to be just an archive of my work, but since it still has active discussion, it should be in the talk namespace.
 * /Inorganic compound project.
 * /Protected page list
 * /Greetings
 * Not really in progress anymore: a new Special:Movepage (archived)
 * /Skeptical solicitation has now been moved to Skeptical solicitation.
 * Picture of me hiding behind my non-US residence. See User talk:Joe Canuck
 * /Reddi watchlist -- human edited version
 * /Reddi watchlist SQL -- a list of articles Reddi has touched
 * How to find out if a user is watching a page:
 * SELECT wl_title FROM watchlist,user WHERE wl_user=user_id AND user_name='xxxx' AND wl_title='xxxx'
 * /Richardchilton IRC log
 * /Feature poll
 * /Password matches
 * /IP-based evidence
 * /Stub thresholds
 * Slides from Berlin
 * /List of crackpot theories
 * /Free software
 * /Gpg4win tutorial
 * /Get Well Soon
 * /Weekly reports

For purposes of COI disclosure, I note that John Henry Starling was my great-grandfather.

Unless otherwise stated, any edit to Wikimedia projects by myself is an act of a regular member of the community and administrator, not a legal or official action.

title: User:Tim Starling


text:
Parika

Parika is a port village located in the Essequibo Islands-West Demerara region of Guyana. Its ferry service is operated by the Ministry of Transportation, to and from the Essequibo Islands and West Demerara area. It is a hub for land transport, since it is a route stop for local taxis commonly called "buses."

Overview
Parika is the end of the main road from Georgetown. In 2020, work started to upgrade the road from Demerara Harbour Bridge to Parika to a 2x2 lane dual carriageway.

Parika itself is a small town, however as a gateway to the western half of Guyana, it is always busy. It is best known for its market. Over 700 merchants own a stall on the market. Sunday is traditionally the busiest day of the week. Parika is home to a police station, post office, multiple hotels and a variety of restaurants.

Ferry services are offered to Bartica, Leguan Island, Wakenaam and Supenaam. The ferry to Bartica makes a stop at Fort Island. Cars need to be booked at least two hours in advance, and are not guaranteed a spot.

title: Parika


text:
Na Noi district

Na Noi (นาน้อย, ) is a district (amphoe) in Nan province, northern Thailand.

History
Na Noi was originally named Wiang Si Sa Ket (เวียงศรีษะเกษ). In 1899 it became part of Nan Province. Though it was originally planned to merge Sisaket and Tha Pla Subdistrict into one district, in 1903 Tha Pla was merged into Uttaradit Province. In 1917 the name of the district was changed, to avoid confusion with Sisaket province.

Geography
Neighboring districts are, from the north clockwise: Wiang Sa and Ban Khok of Uttaradit province; Na Muen and Rong Kwang of Phrae province. To the east is the Xaignabouli province of Laos.

The main river is the Nan in the eastern part of the district. The Nam Haeng River flows through Na Noi town to dump into the Nan River further east. Upstream of Na Noi town is the Nam Haeng Reservoir.

Also in the west of the district is Si Nan National Park, protecting the forested Phi Pan Nam mountains which separate the valleys of the Nan and the Yom Rivers.

Erosion formed the strange shapes named Hom Chom, found not far north of the town Na Noi. The mounds, some rather sharp, remained when rainwater and brooks cut into the sandstone.

The eastern part of the district is in the Luang Prabang Range mountain area of the Thai highlands.

Slogan
The slogan of the district is "City of earth pillars, area of sweet tamarind, legendary Doi Phachu, praise the chedi Phra That Phlu Chae".

Administration
The district is divided into seven sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 66 villages (mubans). Na Noi is a township (thesaban tambon) and covers parts of tambon Na Noi. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO).

title: Na Noi district


text: User talk:69.158.68.94

title: User talk:69.158.68.94


text: Category:Chinese empresses

title: Category:Chinese empresses


text: User talk:70.112.124.146

title: User talk:70.112.124.146


text:
Claudia Cassidy

Claudia Cassidy (1899 – July 21, 1996), was an influential, 20th-century American performing arts critic. She was a long-time critic for the Chicago Tribune.

Starting her career in 1925, she was at first a music and drama critic for The Journal of Commerce in Chicago before moving to the Tribune. She was so well known for giving caustic reviews to what she considered bad performances that she earned the nickname "Acidy Cassidy." Cassidy had a particular aversion to touring companies of Broadway shows. In her music criticism, according to a 1993 article in the Chicago Reader, conductor Rafael Kubelik was "practically hounded out of town" by Cassidy.

Although she had a reputation for biting critique, Cassidy's enthusiasm may have been even more powerful. Her sustained praise for The Glass Menagerie over several columns is credited with rescuing the show from closing in tryouts and propelling it to move on to Broadway success. According to Philip Rose, A Raisin in the Sun became a hit after a surprise positive review from Cassidy as well as "good reviews in other papers." In 1975, Cassidy was awarded the Joseph Jefferson Award. Her last published writing was for the 1990-91 Lyric Opera program book.

Cassidy was married to William J. Crawford for 57 years. After her husband died in 1986, Cassidy lived at the Drake Hotel until her death in 1996 at the age of 96.

The Claudia Cassidy Theater of the Chicago Cultural Center is named in her honor.

Books

 * Cassidy, Claudia, Europe on the Aisle, New York: Random House, 1954
 * Cassidy, Claudia, Lyric Opera of Chicago, Chicago IL: Lyric Opera of Chicago, 1979 ISBN 0-9603538-0-1

title: Claudia Cassidy


text:
Ghost Hunters (video game)

Ghost Hunters is a platform game written by the Oliver twins for the Amstrad CPC and published by Codemasters in January 1987. It was also converted and released for the ZX Spectrum (1987) and Commodore 64 (1989) platforms. The game combines platform-style action with shooting gameplay similar to that found in the game Operation Wolf. It was conceived as a sequel to Super Robin Hood, although it has little to do with this game other than using a modified version of its engine. The twins have credited the film Ghostbusters and the cartoon series Scooby-Doo for influencing the game.

Gameplay
Like their previous game, Super Robin Hood, the player controls a character (named Hunk Studbuckle) around the platform style screen using the keyboard or joystick. Uniquely, to attack the enemy, the player must temporarily use the cursor keys to move targeting cross-hairs to shoot ghosts and demons (in a similar manner to Operation Wolf), causing the character to stand still. This results in the player requiring to shoot the targets quickly and operate their character to move around the screen before more would appear. In addition to being able to walk, the character can also jump and climb ladders. In addition to enemies to be killed, the environment contains items that can be collected, including 'macho energy' top-ups and 'key' items that unlock further areas. The game is one of few available on the CPC and ZX Spectrum platforms to feature low resolution clips of human speech, although playing them was so CPU-intensive that the game was required to freeze for their duration.

Development
Codemasters paid the Oliver brothers £10,000 for the Amstrad CPC release and were offered another £10,000 for a ZX Spectrum release, but the twins did not wish to produce a port by actually coding on the Spectrum, so to save time, they hired their friend Ivan Link to build a cable that links the Spectrum and the Amstrad. The twins produced the only software for the Spectrum they ever wrote called SPLINK (SPectrum and LINK) that enabled the code to be altered for the Amstrad and ported to the Spectrum.

This enabled us to write Spectrum games on our Amstrad, making the most of the benefits of its on-board source code and graphics, its very fast and reliable disk drive and a leading Assembler/Machine Code compiler called MAXAM. That way SPLINK gave us an enormous advantage over our competitors who were trying to write Spectrum games - using a Spectrum!

Reception
After being released, the Amstrad version went to No. 1 in the Amstrad sales chart.

title: Ghost Hunters (video game)


text:
Darlingtonia

Darlingtonia may refer to:

 * Darlingtonia, California, in Del Norte County

 * Darlingtonia (plant) Torr., a genus in the family Sarraceniaceae with a single (carnivorous) species
 * Darlingtonia DC., a synonym of the legume genus Desmanthus Willd.
 * Darlingtonia (snake), a genus of snakes in the family Colubridae

title: Darlingtonia


text: User talk:193.95.181.154

title: User talk:193.95.181.154


text:
Manfred Eicher

Manfred Eicher (born 9 July 1943) is a German record producer and the founder of ECM Records.

Life and career
Eicher was born in Lindau, Germany. He studied music at the Academy of Music in Berlin. He started as a double-bass player of classical music and later became a record producer. In 1969, he founded ECM Records (Edition of Contemporary Music) in Munich.

Some of the jazz artists he has recorded over more than 50 years of his career include Paul Bley, Keith Jarrett, John Abercrombie, Jan Garbarek, Egberto Gismonti, Chick Corea, Gary Burton, Jack DeJohnette, Anouar Brahem, Dave Holland, Pat Metheny, Ralph Towner, Terje Rypdal, Steve Kuhn, Eberhard Weber, Jon Hassell, and the Art Ensemble of Chicago. The Köln Concert, a solo piano performance by Keith Jarrett, recorded and released by ECM in 1975, became the all-time best-selling jazz solo piano album.

In 1984, Eicher started a sublabel, ECM New Series, for classical music. Some of the artists, whose work was released on the New Series, were Steve Reich, Arvo Pärt, John Adams, Gavin Bryars, Meredith Monk, and the mediaeval composer Pérotin. The best-selling album Officium (1994)—the idea for which "occurred to Mr. Eicher while he was in Iceland to work on [the film] Holocene " —was a collaboration between Jan Garbarek and the Hilliard Ensemble, performing compositions by Cristóbal de Morales, Pérotin and others.

In 1992, Eicher co-directed and co-wrote the film Holozän (Man in the Holocene). In 2002 he wrote the score for the Israeli film Kedma.

Pianist Steve Kuhn has said of him: "If he likes you, Manfred is a wonderful producer. If not, you might as well make a record on the moon. Personally, I admire jazz musicians like Louis Armstrong, Ahmad Jamal and Count Basie, who showed that less is more. But before meeting Manfred Eicher, I hardly practiced it myself." (Artist Interviews)

Eicher has produced most of the records released on his label. Each jazz record takes an average of two days to record and one day to mix. Most were recorded with Jan Erik Kongshaug (of Talent Studios and later Rainbow Studios in Oslo, Norway) as sound engineer. Eicher has produced more than a thousand albums to date. "'Eicher's deceptively simple aesthetic is unfailingly harmonious. He records musicians he likes, allows them to trust their own instincts, and plays a directorial role.' (Jazz Review)"

Awards

 * 1976 DownBeat: Producer of the Year
 * 1986 German Record Critics Award
 * 1998 Music Prize of the City of Munich
 * 1999 Commander of the Royal Order of the Polar Star from the King of Sweden
 * 1999 V Class Order of the Cross of St. Mary's Land from the President of Estonia
 * 2000 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters by the University of Brighton
 * 2001 Commander of the Royal Order of Merit from the King of Norway
 * 2002 Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Classical, nominated in the same category in 2003, 2004, and 2018
 * 2007 Bundesverdienstkreuz (Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany)
 * 2008 DownBeat: Producer of the Year
 * 2009 DownBeat: Producer of the Year
 * 2010 DownBeat: Lifetime Achievement Award and Producer of the Year
 * 2012 DownBeat: Producer of the Year
 * 2013 DownBeat: Producer of the Year
 * 2014 DownBeat: Producer of the Year
 * 2015 DownBeat: Producer of the Year
 * 2016 DownBeat: Producer of the Year
 * 2017 DownBeat: Producer of the Year
 * 2018 DownBeat: Producer of the Year

title: Manfred Eicher


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User talk:Ringm

My changes are usually minor copy-edits or wikifications. I'm just trying to contribute my $0.0002. Fell free to revert if you think I'm doing any wrong.

I'm not an English native speaker and my spelling/grammar may be imperfect, so please forgive me for any possible errors. Usually I don't contribute if I have any serious doubt about spelling or grammar.--ringm 21:50, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Portal:Russia
Hi there. Let me congratulate you on your first article. You should know that your contributions are appreciated. It would have been great if you announced your new Russia-related articles on Portal:Russia/New article announcements. There is also Portal:Russia/Russia-related Wikipedia notice board for other Russia-related discussions. You may want to add these boards to your watchlist. Happy edits, Ghirla | talk 09:07, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Strugatsky_ugly_mac79.jpg
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Speedy deletion of NOM (band)
A tag has been placed on NOM (band) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for musical topics.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on |the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.  Zouavman   Le   Zouave   22:00, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ringm


text:
Talk:Nielsen–Thurston classification

Bers proof
The current dynamical discussion is not clear. If/when I have time I'll rewrite it to reflect Bers' proof of Thurston's theorem. This note is just a self-reminder/invitation for somebody else to do the work. Sam nead 21:43, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Name of page
I doubt this is a standard name for the theorem. I've generally seen it referred to as the classification of surface automorphisms, sometimes the Nielsen-Thurston classification of... etc. If I referred to Thurston's classification theorem in a talk, I would get a lot of puzzled looks, I'm sure. --169.237.31.188 21:50, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * When the result was first explained to me, it was referred to as Thustson's classification theorem with the surface homeomorphism part implicit from the conversation. So that is what I have tended to use. That same person has referred to the result in print as Thustson's classification theorem of surface homeomorphisms.   I checked Mathematical Review and the expression Thurston's classification theorem shows up in 11 reviews and Thurston's classification of surface ... shows up 12 times.  Nielsen's name shows up with Thurston's in a few reviews.  Maybe we should avoid the ellipsis and change the article to Thustson's classification theorem for surface homeomorphisms.  XaosBits 03:36, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, sorry, I was logged out when I wrote the above comment. Anyway, I wonder how you did this search.  When I searched Math Reviews (via MathSciNet), I did get 11 hits for "Thurston's classification theorem", but not as a single phrase, e.g. one review explicitly called it the Nielsen-Thurston classification (the word "theorem" was elsewhere in the review...).  Another mentioned "Thurston's classification theorem for isotopy classes of surface homeomorphisms", not just the title of this article per se.  As much as half of them or so refer to the Nielsen-Thurston classification theorem.  Anyway, I get 19 hits for Nielsen-Thurston classification, and when I checked (correctly I believe), that showed up as a phrase.  None of the reviews I found refer to it just as "Thurston's classification theorem", which was (and is still) my contention.  --C S 00:38, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You think the name would generate puzzled looks? I suppose I would call it "Thurston's classification of surface homeomorphisms" if I were giving a talk or writing a new wiki article, but I would know what someone meant if they just said "Thurston's classification theorem".  Also note that Thurston has a paper on these matters called "New proofs of some results of Nielsen", and the MathSciNet review for that paper begins:
 * The paper can equally well be entitled "New proofs of some results of Thurston".
 * --David Dumas 02:33, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Right, my contention is that you would use some phrasing as you said. Using unusual terminology would indeed generate puzzled looks, don't you agree?  You would know what is meant, given the right context, but I think that for an encyclopedia article we would be very precise and unambiguous as possible.  Not only that, but we should use "correct"/usual terminology.  This is even more important in a wiki, since we want to make it easy for people to create links.  For example, a related case that came up was when the geometrization conjecture article had the title "Thurston's conjecture".  That's not the usual way of referring to the conjecture, but in a talk, I'm sure I would know from context what was meant.

 * I'm not really sure why you brought up Thurston's paper. I definitely am not denying Thurston's contributions, if that is what you are thinking.  If you don't think Nielsen should be credited, I'm curious as to why you think that.  In any case, it's definitely not Wikipedia's role to correct injustice in naming conventions or whatnot by using different terminology.

 * I propose the article be moved to Nielsen-Thurston classification. Not only is it short, but I bet many people use this term and it will be as unambiguous as possible.  --C S 00:38, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I would call this the Thurston classification of surface automorphisms. Why not include Nielsen?  Because he didn't have a clue about the pseudo-Anosov case.  The title of Casson's book is being quite generous. Sam nead 02:42, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not just Casson that is being "quite generous". But that's beside the point!  I think Nielsen-Thurston classification is just as common a name, if not more so, than Thurston classification.  Do you disagree?  Or are you basing your decision on who you think is deserving or not?  The former is a valid reason, the latter is not.  Casson-Bleiler is a pretty famous book...I suspect it's one big reason for the popularity of the terminology "Nielsen-Thurston classification".  --C S 03:26, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * This is an aside to this discussion, but I'm curious as to whether you came to your conclusions about Nielsen from having read his work and/or the work by others such as Gilman (and that Handel and Thurston paper referenced above), which I believe do the classification using tools Nielsen developed. I always thought that the point of geodesic laminations was to make Thurston's theory more "Nielsen-like".  I'm really not qualified at all to judge this issue, but I always got the impression from my teachers that Nielsen knew quite a bit and later much, including very interesting examples of the classification, was rediscovered in his old papers.  --C S 18:55, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I am not opposed to crediting Nielsen, and agree that wikipedia is not the place to correct injustice in naming conventions. In my earlier comments I was mainly addressing the issue of how much detail (and not necessarily which names) should be included in the title of the article.  I say either change the title to "Nielsen-Thurston classification" outright, or put it to a vote. --David Dumas 23:19, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * "Nielsen-Thurston classification" is fine with me. It is much clearer than "Thurston classification" if not as clear as "Classification of surface automorphisms" (even without credit to any one person being given).  I guess if Casson credits Nielsen then who are we to say "no"?   As an aside: I have looked thru Stillwell's translations of some of Nielsen's papers.  There is a lot of stuff that looks like group theory and there is some dynamics on the boundary of the hyperbolic plane.  But I don't recall any geodesic laminations -- I believe that those are Thurston's innovation, as a neater tool than train tracks (which were invented by Bob Edwards and reinvented by Thurston (as long as we are keeping score)). Sam nead 00:09, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * that's interesting...I had no idea Edwards invented train tracks before Thurston. --C S 00:39, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Gah - my mistake -- not Bob Edwards, but rather Bob (Robert) Williams. He called them "branched manifolds".  His home page is http://www.ma.utexas.edu/~bob/.  best, Sam nead 16:57, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Ok, if nobody objects then, for the reasons stated above (1. frequency of use 2. shortness of term), I will move the page to Nielsen-Thurston classification. I will wait a week or so first, so voice your objections, if any. --C S 00:39, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No objections. Better title.  XaosBits 05:19, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. Most of the titles proposed in the above discussion can be redirects. JPB 16:34, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Phew! I've moved the page and created redirects based on names mentioned above. You can use the 'what links here' link in the toolbox menu to see the redirects. --C S 23:52, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nielsen–Thurston classification


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Portal:Spain/Related WikiProjects

WikiProject Spain WikiProject Basque * WikiProject Catalan-speaking Countries * WikiProject Galicia * Spanish Translation of the Week
 * Main project
 * Related projects

title: Portal:Spain/Related WikiProjects


text:
User talk:Mickey663

Quit it. Evercat 21:52, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mickey663


text: User:Dmitri Bichko

title: User:Dmitri Bichko


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article removal candidates/Montreal Canadiens

Montreal Canadiens

 * Article is no longer a featured article

This article is no longer featured quality because of these reasons:
 * No references. There is no policy that says the references requirement is not retroactive. Help make wikipedia the most authoritative and accurace source of information in the world.
 * It has a bit too many fair use pictures. One has no copyright information.
 * Shouldn't it have a list of team records holders (eg: most career goals, assists, points, etc?)
 * The facts section mostly duplicates the team box.

Michelle T 21:56, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Issues with hockey team page formatting are discussed here: Ice Hockey

 * Remove. Having no references is enough for me (it's been plenty long enough), but add in way too much lists, poorly formatted prose, and the image problem and its a definite, I'd say. - Taxman Talk 22:49, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove  Páll  (Die pienk olifant) 08:31, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove Above criteria can be modified, however, I don't think the article even when these are changed is of FAC standard.--Knucmo2 00:21, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove For most of the reasons previously mentioned. The year-by-year results section is really large as well. It's got some good ideas behind team page formatting though, particularly the infobox. --Jtalledo (talk) 19:53, 7 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Cdyson37

Talk to me. It'll make my day.

Adam J. Pearce
The issue with the criteria for speedy deletion on notability is:
 * An article about a real person that does not assert that person's importance or significance. If the assertion is disputed or controversial, it should be taken to VFD instead. For details, see Wikipedia:Deletion of vanity articles.

Note that articles about not notabile people are nevertheless not speedyable if the article makes an assertion of notability. If you believe the subject of this article is not notable enough to warrant inclusion, I would suggest that you submit this article to WP:VFD. Cheers --Ryan Delaney talk 00:02, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Please stop marking messages that do not fulfil an SD criterion for speedy deletion, it is not helpful. --fvw *  13:47, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Bavarian Reaction 1920
I agree with your assesment. Do you know how the "deletion process" works. In fact it was me who included the note "This should, rather be included into Kapp Putsch, in non-pov and standard language."

Str1977 13:03, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Bavarian Reaction 1920
Okay maybe it's not a quickie (in fact looking at the criteria it isn't - I'm sorry), however I do strongly believe it should be deleted. The original article was a one liner and totally incoherent, and subsequent edits are antisemitic. Perhaps the Kapp Putch page should have something about Bavarian reaction on it, but not this - there's virtually no content and no reason to suspect any degree of accuracy. -- Cdyson37 14:35, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There's more than one tool in the box. Why not merge the content that's there and turn it into a redirect, or if you see nothing salvagable, take it to WP:VfD. --fvw *  14:37, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Light bulb
Hey Cool Cat, we had this discussion on IRC some time back. Edison didn't invent the light bulb (though he did try pretty hard), and you said you'd change you page! (That said, there's no obligation for your user page to be accurate I suppose) Cheers, Cdyson37 | (Talk) 23:06, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh right. Ill fix it --Cool Cat Talk 01:09, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Italics
Heh, no problem. We are all learning. In fact, I should apologize for being too lazy to provide a link to Manual of Style (titles) in the edit summary. Algae 06:10, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Dorothy Fields
I agree with you about the stamp placement and caption, though I'm not sure about your description of the external link. I've never heard wikipedia described as a Florida based encyclopedia, so I don't think the nationality of the editor of that site is particularly relevent (and indeed the web site may well be hosted elsewhere). Perhaps "Unofficial fan website" would be more appropriate? Cheers, Cdyson37 | (Talk) 21:40, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * While countries aren't really important, the site lacks a distinctive title. If we added another fansite for Fields, then they'd likely both be called "Dorothy Fields, fansite". Technically, I think anything with a country code must be hosted in that country. Also, Wikipedia is never referred to by location because it has authors worldwide; this site likely only has one or two British authors. --  user:zanimum

Image Tagging Image:User cdyson37.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:User cdyson37.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Dethomas 22:19, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Southwell
You added some content to Southwell, which has since been moved to Southwell, Nottinghamshire. I think that what you wrote is incorrect. If you disagree, please comment on [[Talk:Southwell, Nottinghamshire. TomViza 16:17, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cdyson37


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jennifer Vasquez

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect. That's if you discount the 2 anon votes, one of which was an only post and the other is a vandal. Woohookitty 09:02, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Jennifer Vasquez
Non-notable gameshow contestant. No Big Brother contestant should have an article about themself unless there is something notable about them other than their appearance on the show. Repeated attempts to redirect to Big Brother (USA TV series) have been reverted by an anon. The article has been repeatedly vandalized in the past to add extreme personal attacks. Zoe 21:52, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Any Big Brother contestant that anyone wants to take the time to write a bio page for should be allowed a page. Many other contestants have them and they seem to do no harm and indeed are informative. Ms. Vasquez is also an actress and a dancer for the Dallas Desperado's. That the article is being frequently updated would show to me that there is at least some interest in her. Some of what I believe Zoe refers to as personal attacks are facts about the subject that some might find unpleasant.  --Firedrake 23:04, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * User's fourth edit. --TheMidnighters 01:31, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Big Brother (USA TV series). Not notable enough to warrant a separate article. —Charles O'Rourke 23:53, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per nom. --TheMidnighters 01:31, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, precedents have been set - a lot - for this. Proto t c 09:58, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Not that I have enough edits to be taken seriously, even if I had set up a name. But hopefully this will satisfy Zoe's lust for control and she won't go after other's work.--66.149.92.242 13:12, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd hardly consider adhering to established VFD precedents based on community consensus evidence of a "lust for control". --TheMidnighters 13:30, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't expect that you would. --66.149.92.242 14:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect per nom. 66.149.92.242: stop snivelling. Dottore So 18:04, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh yes, master, sahib, boss-man type! Whatever you say! Wouldn't want to offend any you holy named folks.--66.149.92.242 18:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * you might just as well let it go, dude. They'll do whatever they feel like.--216.119.131.248 18:51, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep There are other pages of contestants that have fewer accomplishments than this one. Separate entries keep the main Big Brother page cleaner.
 * Above vote was unsigned by 216.119.131.248 and is the users only edit on record.

 * Redirect This article keeps turning into POV libel, and is non-notable. - C HAIRBOY 00:31, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep- I'm a bit biased in that I'm a big fan of the show, but Jennifer played a big role in her season and is (at least at the moment) one of this season's most hated villains. As long as other pop culture niches are allowed a significant number of articles (like the Harry Potter community, for example), I can't see why this article and ones like it shouldn't be kept.  --PatadyBag 01:47, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

I have reverted to a redirect and protected the page. Zoe 05:25, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sure we'll all sleep better tonight knowing you've saved us all from this scourge.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.