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Standardized Kt/V

Standardized Kt/V, also std Kt/V, is a way of measuring (renal) dialysis adequacy. It was developed by Frank Gotch and is used in the United States to measure dialysis. Despite the name, it is quite different from Kt/V. In theory, both peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis can be quantified with std Kt/V.

Derivation
Standardized Kt/V is motivated by the steady state solution of the mass transfer equation often used to approximate kidney function (equation 1), which is also used to define clearance.

 * $$V \frac{dC}{dt} = -K \cdot C + \dot{m} \qquad(1)$$

where From the above definitions it follows that $$\frac{dC}{dt}$$ is the first derivative of concentration with respect to time, i.e. the change in concentration with time.
 * $$\dot{m}$$ is the mass generation rate of the substance - assumed to be a constant, i.e. not a function of time (equal to zero for foreign substances/drugs) [mmol/min] or [mol/s]
 * t is dialysis time [min] or [s]
 * V is the volume of distribution (total body water) [L] or [m3]
 * K is the clearance [mL/min] or [m3/s]
 * C is the concentration [mmol/L] or [mol/m3] (in the United States often [mg/mL])

Derivation equation 1 is described in the article clearance (medicine).

The solution of the above differential equation (equation 1) is

 * $$C = \frac{\dot{m}}{K} + \left(C_{o}-\frac{\dot{m}}{K}\right) e^{-\frac{K \cdot t}{V}} \qquad(2)$$

where
 * Co is the concentration at the beginning of dialysis [mmol/L] or [mol/m3]
 * e is the base of the natural logarithm

The steady state solution is

 * $$ C_{\infty} = \frac {\dot{m}}{K} \qquad(3a)$$

This can be written as

 * $$ K = \frac {\dot{m}}{C_{\infty}} \qquad(3b)$$

Equation 3b is the equation that defines clearance. It is the motivation for K' (the equivalent clearance):

 * $$ {K'} = \frac {\dot{m}}{C_o} \qquad(4)$$

where
 * K' is the equivalent clearance [mL/min] or [m3/s]
 * $$\dot{m}$$ is the mass generation rate of the substance - assumed to be a constant, i.e. not a function of time [mmol/min] or [mol/s]
 * Co is the concentration at the beginning of dialysis [mmol/L] or [mol/m3]

Equation 4 is normalized by the volume of distribution to form equation 5:

 * $$ \frac {K'}{V} = \frac {\dot{m}}{C_o \cdot V} \qquad(5)$$

Equation 5 is multiplied by an arbitrary constant to form equation 6:

 * $$ \mbox{const} \cdot \frac {K'}{V} = \mbox{const} \cdot \frac {\dot{m}}{C_o \cdot V} \qquad(6)$$

Equation 6 is then defined as standardized Kt/V (std Kt/V):

 * $$\mbox{std} \frac{K \cdot t}{V} \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\  \mbox{const} \cdot \frac {\dot{m}}{C_o \cdot V} \qquad(7)$$

where

 * const is 7×24×60×60 seconds, the number of seconds in a week.

Interpretation of std Kt/V
Standardized Kt/V can be interpreted as a concentration normalized by the mass generation per unit volume of body water.

Equation 7 can be written in the following way:

 * $$\mbox{std} \frac{K \cdot t}{V} \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\mbox{ const} \cdot \frac {\dot{m}}{V} \frac{1}{C_o} \qquad(8)$$

If one takes the inverse of Equation 8 it can be observed that the inverse of std Kt/V is proportional to the concentration of urea (in the body) divided by the production of urea per time per unit volume of body water.

 * $$\left[ std \frac{K \cdot t}{V} \right]^{-1} \propto \frac{C_o}{\dot{m}/V} \qquad(9)$$

Comparison to Kt/V
Kt/V and standardized Kt/V are not the same. Kt/V is a ratio of the pre- and post-dialysis urea concentrations. Standardized Kt/V is an equivalent clearance defined by the initial urea concentration (compare equation 8 and equation 10).

Kt/V is defined as (see article on Kt/V for derivation):

 * $$ \frac{K \cdot t}{V} = \ln \frac{C_o}{C} \qquad(10)$$

Since Kt/V and std Kt/V are defined differently, Kt/V and std Kt/V values cannot be compared.

Advantages of std Kt/V

 * Can be used to compare any dialysis schedule (i.e. nocturnal home hemodialysis vs. daily hemodialysis vs. conventional hemodialysis)
 * Applicable to peritoneal dialysis.
 * Can be applied to patients with residual renal function; it is possible to demonstrate that Co is a function of the residual kidney function and the "cleaning" provided by dialysis.
 * The model can be applied to substances other than urea, if the clearance, K, and generation rate of the substance, $$\dot{m}$$, are known.

Criticism/disadvantages of std Kt/V

 * It is complex and tedious to calculate, although web-based calculators are available to do this fairly easily.
 * Many nephrologists have difficulty understanding it.
 * Urea is not associated with toxicity.
 * Standardized Kt/V only models the clearance of urea and thus implicitly assumes the clearance of urea is comparable to other toxins. It ignores molecules that (relative to urea) have diffusion-limited transport - so called middle molecules.
 * It ignores the mass transfer between body compartments and across the plasma membrane (i.e. intracellular to extracellular transport), which has been shown to be important for the clearance of molecules such as phosphate.
 * The Standardized Kt/V is based on body water volume (V). The Glomerular filtration rate, an estimate of normal kidney function, is usually normalized to body surface area (S).  S and V differ markedly between small vs. large people and between men and women.  A man and a woman of the same S will have similar levels of GFR, but their values for V may differ by 15-20%.  Because standardized Kt/V incorporates residual renal function into the calculations, it makes the assumption that kidney function should scale by V.  This may disadvantage women and smaller patients of either sex, in whom V is decreased to a greater extent than S.

Calculating stdKt/V from treatment Kt/V and number of sessions per week
The various ways of computing standardized Kt/V by Gotch, Leypoldt, and the FHN trial network are all a bit different, as assumptions differ on equal spacing of treatments, use of a fixed or variable volume model, and whether or not urea rebound is taken into effect. One equation, proposed by Leypoldt and modified by Depner that is cited in the KDOQI 2006 Hemodialysis Adequacy Guidelines and which is the basis for a web calculator for stdKt/V is as follows:

$$stdKt/V = \frac { \frac {10080 \cdot (1 - e^{-eKt/V})}{t} }{ \frac {1 - e^{-eKtV}}{spKt/V} + \frac{10080}{N \cdot t} - 1} $$

where stdKt/V is the standardized Kt/V  spKt/V is the single-pool Kt/V, computed as described in Kt/V section using a simplified equation or ideally, using urea modeling, and  eKt/V is the equilibrated Kt/V, computed from the single-pool Kt/V (spKt/V) and session length (t) using, for example, the Tattersall equation:

$$ekt/V = spKt/V \cdot \frac {t}{t+C}$$

where t is session duration in minutes, and C is a time constant, which is specific for type of access and type solute being removed. For urea, C should be 35 minutes for arterial access and 22 min for a venous access.

The regular "rate equation" also can be used to determine equilibrated Kt/V from the spKt/V, as long as session length is 120 min or longer.

Plot showing std Kt/V depending on regular Kt/V for different treatment regimens
One can create a plot to relate the three grouping (standardized Kt/V, Kt/V, treatment frequency per week), sufficient to define a dialysis schedule. The equations are strongly dependent on session length; the numbers will change substantially between two sessions given at the same schedule, but with different session lengths.

For the present plot, a session length of 0.4 Kt/V units per hour was assumed, with a minimum dialysis session length of 2.0 hours.

title: Standardized Kt/V


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Queens Park, New South Wales

Queens Park is a small suburb in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, located approximately 5 km from the Sydney central business district. Located north of Queen's Park (with an apostrophe), an urban park that forms part of the Centennial Parklands, the suburb is located in the local government area of Waverley Council.

Geography
The suburb is bounded by the suburbs of Centennial Park to the west, Waverley and Charing Cross to the east, Bondi Junction to the north and Randwick to the south.

The suburb surrounds the park with houses on three sides; however only houses on the park's northern and eastern sides form the suburb of Queens Park. The area previously formed part of the suburb of Bondi Junction but was proclaimed a suburb by the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales on 2 October 1992. Houses on the eastern side date from the Victorian era. Those on the northern and southern sides are mainly Federation.

Significant sites in the suburb include the Eastern Suburb Banksia Scrub located on the south eastern side of the Moriah College site, Moriah College, and the building contained within the college that formed the former Eastern Suburbs Hospital.

History
Queens Park takes its name from the park of the same name on its southern border.

The 1st Australian Field Ambulance was raised on 24 August 1914 at Queens Park. Nearly two months were spent at the camp before the order was given to embark.

Once part of Bondi Junction, the suburb's name was officially recognised in 1992 following a submission to Waverley Council by a local author Mark Roeder, and a subsequent referendum. Notwithstanding the name change, many of the longer-term residents of the suburb still refer to the area as Bondi Junction.

Heritage listings
Queens Park has a number of heritage-listed sites, including

 * 11 Victoria Street: Charing Cross (homestead)

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 3,066 people in Queens Park. 62.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 6.4%. 77.3% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 35.0%, Catholic 23.9% and Anglican 11.6%.

The park
Queen's Park was originally part of the Sydney Common and later the Lachlan Swamps Water Reserve. Today it is a large urban park, part of the Centennial Parklands. It was dedicated with Centennial Park in 1888 as part of the centenary celebrations of European settlement in Australia. Numerous playing fields are located on the southern and western flatter sections of the park. It has been used for sports fields since 1938. Moriah College, which is located on the park's western boundary, also uses the park for its PDHPE lessons and other schools in Sydney also use the park. The Centennial Park & Moore Park Trust undertook major renovations of Queen's Park in 2009 to improve the quality of the playing fields which are used daily. The Trust also completed a major renovation of the popular children's playground in 2009, and developed a shared cycleway to link the eastern suburbs cycle network with Centennial Park.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Queens Park, New South Wales


text: User talk:65.13.6.254

title: User talk:65.13.6.254


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Aegean art

Aegean art (2800–1100 BC) is art that was created in the lands surrounding, and the islands within, the Aegean Sea during the Bronze Age, that is, until the 11th century BC, before Ancient Greek art. Because is it mostly found in the territory of modern Greece, it is sometimes called Greek Bronze Age art, though it includes not just the art of the Mycenaean Greeks, but also that of the Cycladic and Minoan cultures, which converged over time.

Cycladic art is known for its simple figurines carved in white marble; Minoan art for its palace complexes with frescos, imagery of bulls and bull-leaping, and sophisticated pottery and jewellery; and Mycenaean art for its lavish metalwork in gold, imagery of combat and massively-constructed citadels and tombs. These are very different arts, reflecting very different cultures. For this reason, many art historians consider the term "Aegean art" inappropriate, as it reflects mere geographic proximity and not cultural or artistic unity. Others point to the many communalities, especially following the "process of Minoanization from c. 1700 upwards" over the other parts of the region, and the difficulty at several times and places in deciding whether excavated objects were imported or made locally.

In the Bronze Age, about 2800–1100 BC, despite cultural interchange by way of trade with the contemporaneous civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Aegean cultures developed their own highly distinctive styles. After the Greek Bronze Age civilizations collapsed, the early part of the Greek Dark Ages saw minimal artistic production until the Protogeometric style in pottery emerged about 1050 BC, which is taken as the first phase of "Ancient Greek art". This traditional disjunction was to some extent a result of the uncertainty as to whether the Mycenaean Linear B script recorded a form of Greek or not. This was settled when the script was decoded in the 1950s, confirming it was Greek. The Minoan Linear A is clearly not Greek, however.

The elegant art of the Aegean daidala figurines has recently been used at the 2004 Summer Olympics, held at Athens; specifically, during the opening ceremony and as the original idea behind the games mascots: Athina and Fivos. . This type of figurines are furthermore particularly intriguing, because of the high resemblance they have with modern sculptures (e.g. Henry Moore's works).

Minoan art

Minoan civilization was disrupted at intervals by natural disasters and perhaps invasions, before eventually becoming controlled by the Mycenaens. Minoan art is very elegant, rhythmic and full of movement.

Architecture
The Minoan civilization is known for constructing several large and great palaces, most commonly Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia which were destroyed around 1700 BC and rebuilt and then suffered some destruction again around 1500 BC. The "new" palaces are the main source of information on Minoan architecture. The palace of Knossos called the Palace of Minos is the most elaborate and ambitious of the three. It is characterized by a vast number of rooms over a large amount of land. It has currently been excavated and partially restored. Minoan architecture is defined by its numerous porticoes, staircases, storerooms, workshops, and air shafts that would have provided the structure with an open feeling. Interior rooms are typically small with low ceilings, but have richly decorated walls. Although none have survived, by depiction in painting and sculpture it is known that columns in the Minoan palaces were constructed of wood. Minoan architecture are thought to be a place of not only royal residence but the administrative center and commercial activity.

Paintings, pottery and reliefs
Between 2000 and 1700 BC Minoan pottery is defined by its technical perfection and dynamic swirling ornament and its art is characterized by its naturalistic and rhythmic movement. Many murals and reliefs were scenes from nature depicting animals, birds, and sea creatures in lush vegetation; marine life being favored. Most images are flat in form and silhouetted against backgrounds of solid color. Forms from this era typically portray a weightlessness as they seem to float or sway. Human figures are painted as slim-waisted and athletic in body type for both male and female differentiating only in skin color; females are lighter in skin tone.

Cycladic art

Cycladic art was produced by the Cycladic culture between 3000 BC, or even earlier, and 1100 BC, so covering both part of the Neolithic and the whole of the Bronze Age in the Greek islands. The most famous and distinctive type of Cycladic art is a large number of marble figures, almost all representing a standing female nude figure, with arms folded across chest, and a blank face apart from the nose. However, there are signs that they were originally painted. Some 1400 of these are known, most taken from unknown tombs to satisfy the art market.

The female figures are thought to represent the mother and fertility goddess. Cycladic nude figurines are highly stylized and distinctive to the area. They are defined by very flat, wedge shaped bodies, columnar necks and oval featureless faces apart from well defined noses. Figures have very subtle curves and subtle markings of knees and abdomen.

Cycladic pottery was often elegantly shaped and painted, with a concentration on pouring vessels like jugs, often with raised spouts. There are also kernoi stands for offerings or lamps. There are some animal figurines or animal-shaped rhyta and vessels including small boxes were made, as well as distinctive decorated round discs, around 20 cm across, that are nicknamed "frying pans" by archaeologists. The function of these is uncertain; possibly a concave side was filled with fluid and used as a mirror. There was much influence from Minoan pottery. Some very early kernoi and Frying pans had been made of stone.

Mycenaean art
Mycenaean art is most prominently dated between 1600 and 1100 BC during the Late Helladic period of Greece. Mycenean art is named after the inhabitants of Mycenae descending from early Greek tribes of 2000 BC and approximately 3000 to 1100 BC. Mycenaean pottery is much the most common type of art to survive, and was often exported to Italy. The Warrior Vase is an unusually fine vase with painted figures.

In many portable forms of art, and for painting, the Mycenaeans relied on the Minoan art of Crete, which probably sometimes reached them in the form of imported objects, sometimes by imported artists and trainers of Greek artists.

Metalwork
Several important pieces in gold and other metals come from the Gold grave goods at Grave Circles A and B at Mycenae, including the Mask of Agamemnon, Silver Siege Rhyton, Bulls-head rhyton, and gold Nestor's Cup. The Theseus Ring, found in Athens, but probably Cretan, is one of the finest of a number of gold signet rings with tiny multi-figure scenes of high quality, many from the princely Grave Circles A and B at Mycenae. These "raise in an acute form the related questions of how to distinguish mainland from Cretan work, and the significance of any distinction that may exist".

Architecture
Mycenaean palaces were generally placed on hilltops surrounded by defensive walls constructed of large stone blocks. The Lion Gate is one of the few remaining decorated structures of Mycenaean architecture. Gates such as the latter functioned as guardians of the gate. At the center of the palaces were royal audience halls called the Megaron defined by a round hearth in the center and four columns supporting its roof. Structures always featured roofs of fired tiles.

Sculpture
There is little large or monumental sculpture from Mycenaean Greece; what there is comes mainly from palaces, or reliefs on grave stelae, in particular the group of Grave stelai from Grave Circle A, Mycenae. These show similar subjects to the metalwork from the graves, but with rather cruder workmanship.

Great numbers of sites produce pottery figurines, mostly very stylized, such as the Psi and phi type figurines. There are small sculpted scenes, reliefs or intaglios, of high quality in various media, including metal, hardstone carving, and ivory. The remarkable Pylos Combat Agate seal, found in an elite grave on the mainland, was perhaps made in Crete.

title: Aegean art


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Kodaikanal Solar Observatory

The Kodaikanal Solar Observatory is a solar observatory owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. It is on the southern tip of the Palani Hills 4 km from Kodaikanal.

The Evershed effect was first detected at this observatory in January 1909. Solar data collected by the lab is the oldest continuous series of its kind in India. Precise observations of the equatorial electrojet are made here due to the unique geography of Kodaikanal.

Ionospheric soundings, geomagnetic, F region vertical drift and surface observations are made here regularly. Summaries of the data obtained are sent to national (India Meteorological Department) and global (World Meteorological Organization, Global Atmosphere Watch) data centers.

They have a full-time staff of two scientists and three technicians.

History
As early as 1881, Mr. Blanford, then Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India, recommended "the improvement of the work of solar observations in order to obtain accurate measures of the sun’s heating power at the earth’s surface and its periodic variations". In May 1882, the government astronomer at Madras, Norman Robert Pogson, proposed the need for photography and spectrography of the sun and the stars using a 20 in telescope, which could be at a hill station in South India.

On 20 July 1893 following a famine in Madras Presidency, which underscored the need for a study of the sun to better understand monsoon patterns, a meeting of the U.K. Secretary of State, Indian Observatories Committee, chaired by Lord Kelvin, decided to establish a solar physics observatory at Kodaikanal, based on its southern, dust free, high altitude location. Michie Smith was selected to be superintendent. Starting in 1895 there was a rapid transfer of work and equipment from the Madras Observatory to Kodaikanal and the observatory was founded on 1 April 1899.

The first observations were commenced at Kodaikanal in 1901.

Partial List of Assistant Directors
 * John Evershed 1906–1911
 * Thomas Royds 1911–1923
 * Anil Kumar Das 1937–1946

List of Directors
 * Charles Michie Smith FRSE 1895–1911
 * Charles Pritchard Butler
 * John Evershed 1911–1923
 * Thomas Royds 1923–1937
 * A. L. Narayan 1937–1946
 * Anil Kumar Das 1946–1960
 * M. K. Vainu Bappu 1960–1982
 * J.C.Bhattacharya 1982-1990
 * Ramnath Cowsik 1992 - 2003
 * S.Siraj Hasan 2006 - 2012
 * P.Sreekumar 2013 - 2018
 * Annapurni Subramanian 2019–Present

A 12 m solar tower with modern spectrograph was established in 1960 by Amil Kumar Das and used to perform some of the first ever helioseismology investigations. Measurements of vector magnetic fields were initiated during the 1960s. In 1977, many of the astronomers from Kodaikanal shifted to Bangalore and established the Indian Institute of Astrophysics.

Current activities
Areas of current interest at the observatory are
 * Observations and interpretation of the morphological changes in active regions and their role in occurrence of transients such as solar flares.
 * Study of contributing factors to chromospheric calcium K indices.
 * Measurement of vector magnetic fields.
 * Photographs of ~ 117 years are being digitized for long-term studies of the last ten solar cycles, in an effort led by Dipankar Banerjee.
 * Studies on the structure and dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere and its response to the solar and interplanetary variability are being carried out.
 * Studies of the equatorial electrojet and of the structure and dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere and its response to solar and interplanetary variability are being made.
 * Hourly observation of surface temperature, pressure and rainfall are made here and transmitted to the India Meteorological Department and the World Meteorological Organization for use in Weather forecasting and research in the atmospheric sciences.
 * Public education about astronomy including tours of the facility, access to the astronomy library, nighttime telescopic sky viewing, and presentation of specialized university-level courses, seminars and workshops.

Full disc imaging
A 15 cm aperture English-mounted Heliostatic refractor by the French optical firm of Lerebours et Secretan of Paris, acquired in 1850 and remodeled to 20 cm by Grubb-Parsons in 1898 to serve as a photoheliograph, has been in use since the early 1900s to obtain daily 20 cm white light pictures of the sun, sky permitting. The 20 cm refractor is used occasionally for cometary and occultation observations and sometimes made available to visitors for night sky viewing.

Twin spectroheliographs giving 6 cm diameter full disc photographs of the sun in K-alpha and H-alpha spectral lines are in regular use. A 46 cm diameter Foucault siderostat feeds light to a 30 cm aperture f/22, Cooke triplet lens. The two prism K-alpha spectroheliographs were acquired in 1904 and the H-alpha diffraction grating spectroheliograph was operational in 1911. Since 1912, prominent pictures over the full limb are being obtained in K by blocking the solar disc. These observations and the white light pictures are obtained around 200 days a year.

Light from the 46 cm siderostat is diverted to a 15 cm Zeiss achromat objective which provides an f/15 beam and a 2 cm image. A prefilter and a daystar Ca K narrow band filter are used together with a Photometrix 1k x 1k CCD to record the K filtergram. Regular observations began in 1996. Besides synoptic observations, temporal sequences are being obtained on days of good to excellent seeing.

Solar tunnel telescope
A Grubb Parson 60 cm diameter two-mirror fused quartz coelostat mounted on 11 m tower platform directs sunlight via a flat mirror into a 60 m long underground horizontal 'tunnel'. A 38 cm aperture f/90 achromat forms a 34 cm diameter solar image at the focal plane. The telescope has an option to mount a 20 cm achromat, which provides an f/90 beam to form a 17 cm image.

A Littrow-type spectrograph is the main instrument of the telescope. A 20 cm diameter, 18 m focal length achromat in conjunction with a 600 lines/mm grating gives 9 mm/A dispersion in the fifth order of the grating. Together with the 5.5 arcsec/mm spatial resolution of the image, it forms a high resolution set up for solar spectroscopy. Recording of the spectrum can be done photographically or with a Photometrix 1k x 1k CCD system. A large format CCD system is being procured to enhance the coverage of spectrum especially for the broad resonance lines and the nearby continuum.

The converging solar beam from the objective can be diverted to a high dispersion spectroheliograph with Littrow arrangement using a 3.43 m achromat. The photographic camera behind the second slit is being replaced by a Raticon linear array and a data acquisition system.

Ionosondes
The lab is equipped for studying the ionospheric and geomagnetic effects of solar activity. A NBS C3 analogue ionosonde was installed in 1955, for vertical soundings of the ionosphere. Quarterly soundings were made round the clock. In 1993, a digital ionosonde model IPS 42/DBD43 was commissioned enabling five minute or better sounding rates.

Other facilities
A high frequency Doppler radar was built indigenously and made operational to study F-region Skywave dynamics.

A lacour magnetometer and a Watson magnetometer were installed and have been used regularly at the observatory since the early 1900s.

They also have a broadband seismograph, GPS receiver and magnetic variometers.

The observatory has a popular astronomy museum on campus for the visitors. The displays are mainly pictorial, with a few models, a live solar image and the Fraunhofer spectrum also presented.

The library is one of the observatory's proud possessions. It has a collection of astronomical literature, which is of archival value. The library maintains a skeletal collection of current literature in solar and solar terrestrial physics.

The modern meeting and accommodation facilities are often used for national and international meetings, workshops and classes for up to 40 participants on subjects such as Kodaikanal Summer School in Physics, the Kodai-Trieste Workshop on Plasma Astrophysics and the Solar Physics Winter School.

title: Kodaikanal Solar Observatory


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GGW

GGW may refer to:

 * Girls Gone Wild (franchise), an adult entertainment company
 * Glasgow station (Montana), a train station
 * Glasgow Airport (Montana)
 * Gogodala language
 * Great Green Wall (Africa)
 * Great Green Wall (China)

title: GGW


text:
Mr. Moose

Mr. Moose was a puppet character on the children's television show Captain Kangaroo. Mr. Moose was created and played by Cosmo Allegretti, who also created and played Bunny Rabbit (puppet), Dancing Bear, and the Captain's painter and handyman Dennis.

While the character did engage in serious conversation, Mr. Moose's ultimate goal was always to maneuver Captain Kangaroo into participating in a riddle or knock-knock joke, the punchline of which would inevitably be followed by hundreds of ping pong balls raining harmlessly but annoyingly down on the Captain. This frequent set-up was a major source of hilarity for the pre-kindergarten audience. The viewers knew the ping pong balls were coming, but the Captain would walk right into the trap every time.

Remote shoots
The show would often have brief segments filmed at remote locations. On at least two occasions, an entire episode was handled as a remote shoot, with Mr. Moose stealing the show.

One was set at the Oshkosh Air Show, where fellow puppet Bunny Rabbit climbed into a yellow aircraft without permission. Captain Kangaroo climbed in to retrieve him, only to have Bunny Rabbit crank the engine and begin a takeoff roll. Following scenes showed the Captain panicking as the craft became airborne with Bunny Rabbit at the controls. Seconds later, there came the ominous sound of a second engine. The camera changed point of view to a green hilltop, over which sprang a red tri-plane, flown not by Baron Richthofen but instead by Mr. Moose. An inverted dogfight ensued to the music of "Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines."

The other remote shoot was premised on Captain Kangaroo awaking to his surprise in the Colonial era. In short order, he met Squire Greenjeans and the mysterious Monsieur Moose who dropped hay on people because ping pong balls hadn't been invented yet.

In other media
In the animated television series Family Guy episode "Hell Comes to Quahog", after Joe sends a ping pong ball out a window, Peter persuades Mr. Moose to say "Knock, knock", then answers "Ping pong balls!", and ping pong balls fall on top of Peter.

title: Mr. Moose


text:
Ivar Kants

Ivar Kants (born 19 July 1949) (commonly credited as Ivor Kants or Ivar Kanz) is an Australian actor of Latvian descent who has played numerous roles in film, television and theatre.

Early life
Ivar Kants was born on July 19, 1949, in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Both his parents were originally from Latvia, but they immigrated to Australia before he was born. Ivar left home at 19 to enrol in National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney, and graduated with a degree in performing arts (acting) in 1970.

Film & television
Kants has appeared in many soap operas and tv drama series, including A Country Practice, G.P., All Saints, Water Rats, and Blue Heelers. He portrayed the role of Ken Garrett in the soap opera The Restless Years (1979) and starred as Father Menotti, a caring inner-city parish priest in the 1980–81 TV series Menotti.

A more prominent role was as school principal Barry Hyde, a regular in Home and Away. He has also appeared in Neighbours, Heartbreak High and in the TV movie The Plumber.

His ability to tell a story is supported by the many narrations he has recorded for SBS and the ABC. He narrated the Hairy Maclary audiobook series released by ABC for Kids.

Theatre
In addition to his on-screen work, Kants has also had an illustrious theatre career, with his many roles in Shakespeare plays colouring his vocal work.

Personal life
Ivar has been married to Jenny Kants since 1970. They have four children, including his daughter Sarah Kants (born 1974), who is an actress.

Accolades
Kants was nominated for Best Actor at the 1984 AFI Awards for Silver City.

title: Ivar Kants


text: Template:Northeast Corridor navbox

title: Template:Northeast Corridor navbox


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Asami Abe

Asami Abe (安倍 麻美) is a former Japanese singer and actress, also known as the younger sister of Japanese singer and actress Natsumi Abe. She started her career doing commercials for Nintendo Puzzle Collection, and she has also appeared in a few TV dramas.

Biography
Following in her sister's footsteps, Abe hit the music scene in 2003 and has achieved some success. Her debut single was "Riyū" which was released in June of that year. To date she has released a total of six singles, one novel, two full albums, three photobooks, and has also starred in three movies and two TV dramas.

In 2006, Abe and older sister Natsumi played the title roles in a Japanese TV drama about the 60's Japanese female pop duo The Peanuts. She also played the role of Chava in the Japanese production of Fiddler on the Roof.

On May 15, 2007, it was announced that Abe would replace Nozomi Tsuji in the trio Gyaruru. They released their first single, "Boom Boom Meccha Maccho!", on June 20, 2007.

On September 5, 2007, Abe participated in Kunoichi, a women's obstacle course competition, and was disqualified on the first stage.

Personal life
On November 11, 2011, it was announced that Abe married a 34-year-old content creator who mainly deals with online contents.

Singles

 * 1) 2003-06-26 – "Riyū" (理由)
 * 2) 2003-07-02 – "Our Song"
 * 3) 2003-10-08 – "Kimi o Tsureteiku" (きみをつれていく)
 * 4) 2004-01-28 – "Sotsugyō" (卒業)
 * 5) 2004-08-04 – "Jōnetsu Setsuna" (情熱セツナ) - used as Rockman X Command Mission's opening theme.
 * 6) 2004-11-03 – "Everyday"

Albums

 * 1) 2003-11-05 – Wishes
 * 2) 2004-12-01 – 4 colors

DVDs

 * 1) 2003-12-17 – A Girl ~I Wish Upon a Song~
 * 2) 2004-04-07 – Asamix!
 * 3) 2004-12-01 – Sweet Heaven

Photobooks

 * 1) 2003-07-09 – Sono Mama (そのまま.)
 * 2) 2004-10-24 – Four Colors
 * 3) 2005-11-24 – Feeling Good?

Novel

 * 1) 2005-11-24 – Baka Mitai (バカみたい.)

Dramas

 * 1) 2004-07-08 – Minami-kun no Koibito (南くんの恋人)
 * 2) 2004-08-21 – Chichi no Umi, Boku no Sora (父の海、僕の空)
 * 3) 2004-10-21 – Hotman 2 (ホットマン2)
 * 4) 2006-05-26 – The Hit Parade (ザ・ヒットパレード)
 * 5) 2007-10-05 – Shigeshoshi (死化粧師)
 * 6) 2008-01-06 – Atsu-Hime (篤姫)

Movies

 * 1) 2005-09-03 – Kamen Rider Hibiki & The Seven Senki
 * 2) 2005-09-22 – Money Draw (お金の引くこと)
 * 3) 2005-11-25 – Hole in One ~Joshi Golfer Chiharu (ホールインワン ～女子ゴルファー千春)

Calendars

 * 1) October 2003 – Abe Asami 2004 Calendar (安倍麻美 2004年度 カレンダー)
 * 2) September 2004 – Abe Asami 2005 Calendar (安倍麻美 2005年度 カレンダー)

title: Asami Abe


text:
Talk:Trapbar

The revision as of this time is a set of a lot of paragraphs with no real information. -x42bn6 02:31, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Uhh, geez, be a little more condescending, why don't you.
 * The article merely defines what a trapbar is, who invented it, what it's used for, and names a book that is :dedicated to the topic. "No real information"?  What the heck?
 * What else would you like to see here?
 * There's not a huge amount that can be said about four bars welded together.
 * TJIC 16:40, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * There's not a huge amount that can be said about four bars welded together.
 * TJIC 16:40, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * TJIC 16:40, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * TJIC 16:40, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trapbar


text:
Potts Hill, New South Wales

Potts Hill, a suburb of local government area City of Canterbury-Bankstown, is 21 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the South-western Sydney region.

Potts Hill shares its postcode of 2143 with neighbouring suburbs Regents Park and Birrong.

Much of the area of Potts Hill is occupied by the Potts Hill Reservoir owned and operated by Sydney Water.

History
Potts Hill is named for Joseph Hyde Potts, an accountant in the Bank of New South Wales, who received a grant of 1100 acre in 1833. He originally called his property Hyde Park and had increased his holdings to 2564 acre by 1835. Two reservoirs were built here between 1888 and 1923 as part of the Sydney water supply system.

Heritage listings
Potts Hill has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Pressure Tunnel and Shafts
 * Cooper Road: Potts Hill Reservoirs 1 and 2

Potts Hill migrant camp
In 1946 the Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board (MWS&DB) (now Sydney Water) started to build the City Water Tunnel – a water supply tunnel from Potts Hill to Waterloo in Sydney to supplement the existing Pressure Tunnel (started 1946, finished 1961). From 1948 to 1955 workers camps were set up at Potts Hill to accommodate the European migrant workers (Poles, Czechs, Lithuanians, and Ukrainians) who were indentured from the many displaced persons brought to Australia after World War II. Due to the proximity of Regents Park, the camp was also known as the Regents Park migrant camp.

Conditions at the Potts Hill camp were primitive. Known as "tent city", many workers had to live in tents, some of the huts were in bad repair and there was a lack of hot water, showers and electric coppers. In early 1951 there were nearly 1,000 men living in the camp. The local businessman who sold food to the workers neglected to install refrigeration and had a poor record for hygiene. Workers' wives were only allowed in the camp between 11 am and 5 pm on Sundays. Wives, particularly in hospitals, were often on night work, and did not have week-ends off. Sometimes married couples could not see each other for several months. The workers also experienced hostility from the union members of the Water Board.

Potts Hill radio astronomy field station
In 1948 the Division of Radiophysics of the CSIRO obtained permission from the Water Board to operate a field station on vacant land adjacent to the Potts Hill reservoir. The southern and eastern sides of the No. 1 reservoir were used for the east–west and north–south arms of the solar grating arrays. By 1952 it had become the Division's largest field station. Equipment included a 4-element Yagi and single Yagi antennas, a 16-ft x 18-ft paraboloid, a Mills Cross Telescope prototype, a 68-inch paraboloid, swept lobe interferometer Yagi aerials, a prototype of a Fleurs Cross aerial and 16 and 32 element solar grating arrays. Radiophysics continued operations until 1962 when the field station's operations were transferred to other field stations.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 893 people in Potts Hill. 39.6% of people were born in Australia. 20.0% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Korean at 13.7%. The most common responses for religion were Islam 19.7%, No Religion 18.5% and Catholic 16.4%.

In popular culture
Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) was partly filmed at Potts Hill.

title: Potts Hill, New South Wales


text:
2006 Colombian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Colombia on 28 May 2006. Álvaro Uribe was re-elected as President for another four-year term, starting on 7 August 2006. Uribe obtained 62.35% of the vote, surpassing the 50% needed to avoid a runoff against the second-placed candidate.

Following a constitutional amendment enacted by the government, this was the first occasion in over 100 years that a Colombian president was eligible for immediate re-election.

Presidential Elections
Traditionally, Colombian politics have been dominated by two major political parties: the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party. However, 2002 presidential candidate Álvaro Uribe broke with precedent by splintering from the Liberal Party and campaigning as an independent under the unrecognized party, Colombia First. Due in part to declining public support for dialogue with FARC following president Andrés Pastrana Arango's failed ceasefire agreement, Uribe gained an edge over his liberal opponent, Horacio Serpa.

Colombia is a presidential republic wherein a president is elected by absolute majority vote in one or two rounds. Although the government of Colombia is separated into legislative, judicial, and executive branches, the President of Colombia serves as both the nation's head of state and head of government (as per the American model). Before 2005 and after a congressional vote in 2015, the president is prohibited from seeking reelection; however, a constitutional reform backed by incumbent president Álvaro Uribe suspended the term limit, allowing him to run for reelection in 2006.

Paramilitary Violence and Government Collusion
Uribe's 2002 inauguration coincided with a fatal missile attack by FARC on the Casa de Nariño and surrounding Bogotá, leaving 13 dead. The president used the attack as pretext to enact a state of emergency, expanding the power of the military and establishing "special combat zones" around the country. Aside from colluding with right-wing paramilitary groups and receiving military assistance from the United States, Uribe restricted the freedom of the foreign press; in 2004, the Committee to Protect Journalists ranked Colombia as the second most dangerous country for the media in the world (after Algeria).

Starting in 2003, Uribe began extending offers of amnesty to members of the paramilitary coalition UAC in an effort to demobilize the group. His offer of short-term prison sentences for human rights violators earned rebukes from both the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. This effort for demobilization have been widely considered a failure. Despite the dissolution of the UAC, the emergence of new right wing paramilitary groups, known collectively as The Black Eagles, has resulted in the continuation of atrocities against civilians and human rights workers (including torture, rape, extortion, and murder) in what has been described as a recycling of paramilitarism.

Cooperation between the Government of Colombia, the United States, and anti leftist paramilitaries had been occurring since 1962, primarily to combat FARC and the National Liberation Army (see Plan LAZO, Alianza Americana Anticomunista, Peasant Self-Defenders of Córdoba and Urabá, Los Pepes, and CONVIVIR). In many cases, these connections directly linked government officials to extreme paramilitary violence; in the 1997 Mapiripán Massacre dozens of civilians were mutilated by UAC paramilitaries with the cooperation of the National Army of Colombia through omission (specifically under the orders of U.S. trained Colonel Lino Sánchez). The military was also implicated in participating in and assisting paramilitaries in the 2001 Alto Naya massacre and the 2003 Betoyes Massacre, in the latter instance disguising themselves as members of the UAC.

Colombia Parapolitics Scandal
On November 9, 2006, the Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia ordered the arrest of three congressmen accused of collaborating with the UAC, with dozens more to follow (including many of Uribe's allies and his cousin Mario Uribe Escobar). To date, 37 lawmakers and 5 governors have been arrested in connection to the Colombian parapolitics scandal (dubbed "parauribismo" by Jorge Enrique Robledo of the Alternative Democratic Pole in reference to the connection between parapolismo and supporters of Uribe).

Plan Colombia
The original Plan Colombia was proposed by president Andrés Pastrana Arango in 1999 as a "Marshall Plan for Colombia", suggesting increased developmental investment by developed countries to offer peasants an alternative means of income to coca planting. Rather than fumigation or increased military aid, Pastrana proposed the manual eradication of crops as more effective. U.S. president Bill Clinton offered to financially support the plan, the result of which was the plan's total revision by the United States. The final version of the plan was written entirely in English (not to be translated into Spanish until months after it had taken effect).

Corruption and Freedom
In 2006, Freedom House upgraded Colombia's political rights and civil liberties ratings from 4 to 3, due to improving citizen security, increasing freedom of the press, and declining perceptions of government corruption. Despite this, the rise of press lawsuits as an alternative form of intimidation has been cited as a threat to free journalism in the country.

Álvaro Uribe Vélez (Incumbent)
Álvaro Uribe was notable for his hardline stance against leftist insurgent groups, initially advocating against any concessions and negotiations with groups such as FARC, and for greater military action, and economic and infrastructure development. His actions successfully weakened and fought back the leftist rebel groups, decreasing their territory and scope of control as well as removing their ability to govern great areas of land and even some urban areas. He controversially had negotiated agreements and passed laws granting amnesty to demobilized paramilitary groups, and was referred to by some opponents as "authoritarian." However, his ability to improve the security and economic situation of the country made him overall popular.

Political Career and Allegations
Having earned a law degree from Universidad de Antioquia and a postgraduate degree in Management and Administration from Harvard university, Uribe became a civil servant by the age of 24. He was appointed Secretary General of the Labor Ministry by 1977–8. Afterwards Uribe lead the Civil Aviation Ministry from 1980–2, and was elected to be the mayor and later a city council member of Medellin from 1982–6. He was elected Senator from 1986–1990, under which he won the Star Senator, Senator with the Best Programs and Best Senator awards.

From 1995-7 Uribe was elected governor of Antioquia. During his tenure, he developed a method of civil participation called the Community State. His actions led to around a third of government jobs and official vehicle use to be cut, the funding allocated instead to educating 103,000 new students. Uribe's decisions lead to 939 km of new roads to be paved, as well as existing highways to be repaired. Kidnappings dropped 60% under his tenure. From 1998–1999, Uribe was an associate professor at Oxford University. Up until this point, Uribe ran and served as elected officials under the Liberal Party.

The books The Lord of Shadows by Newsweek journalist, Joseph Contreras, and The Horsemen of Cocaine, by Fernando Garavito and Fabio Castillo, accuse Uribe of having granted known drug traffickers licences to fly when working in the Civil Aviation Ministry. The United States State Department in a 1991 report referred to Uribe as "Pablo Escobar’s close friend" as well as linked Uribe's father, Alberto Uribe to drug trafficking groups and paramilitaries. Alberto, Álvero's father was a known friend of Pablo Escobar and mafia boss Fabio Ochoa. In 1983, Alberto was assassinated by FARC rebels at his estate, after which Alvaro sold off the property and dedicated himself to politics. However, Mary Beth Long, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Counternarcotics, in a 2004 opinion letter to the New York Times claimed that allegations of links between Alvaro and the Medellin drug cartel or Pablo Escobar from 1991 were never substantiated.

As governor of Antioquia, Uribe held known contacts with the paramilitary group the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), the goal of which was fighting leftist insurgents. His Community State plan involved arming and involving civilians in efforts against rebel groups, a strategy largely credited with drastically reducing kidnapping rates. At the same time, the national program CONVIVIR, which Uribe supported and enacted in his state, gained controversy for creating anti-insurgency defense forces from known past paramilitaries who had committed atrocities against civilians. Several groups under CONVIVIR would become illegal paramilitary "self-defense" forces.

First Term As President
Uribe was elected the presidency on the first round in 2002, the first presidential candidate in Colombia's history to do so. Uribe campaigned on a platform of providing no concessions to insurgents and heavier use of military force. He ran as an independent, separating himself from the Liberal Party due to their support for peace negotiations with FARC. This was a turn away from his predecessor's (Andres Pastrana) strategy, which had negotiated a peace deal that had allowed for a demilitarized zone the leftist FARC rebels had used for hiding hostages, drug trafficking and planning military campaigns in the rest of the country.

Immediately upon becoming president Uribe decreed a state of emergency, allowing him to restrict the foreign press and issued special decrees, as well as granting the military license to restrict civilian movement and conduct searches without warrant in 27 districts called "special combat zones." The Constitutional Court would judge these actions to be unconstitutional the next year. Also upon inauguration, Uribe and the AUC (the right wing paramilitary group) declared an indefinite truce conditioned on 10,000 troops being demobilized and 1,500 members weapons being handed over.

In 2003, Uribe granted amnesty to paramilitaries that laid down their weapons, meaning those guilty of atrocities would be allowed lessened jail times or payment of reparations instead of imprisonment, provoking 850 members of a right wing paramilitary group responsible for bloody massacres lay down their arms. A public referendum voted against Uribe's plan to freeze government spending to pay for the anti-guerrilla, anti-corruption, and government efficiency efforts, but the referendum held to allow this votes against his attempts.

In 2004, Uribe announced a $7 billion—dollar initiative called "Phase II" aimed at fighting crime, insurgents and paramilitary groups as well as strengthening institutions, invigorating the economy, and building infrastructure. Retreating from his hardline stance against right-wing paramilitaries by attempting, Uribe attempted to integrate the AUC into the political system, even after revelations of paramilitary infiltration into the government surface. At this point, 3000 paramilitary troops are demobilized, but the United States, opposition leaders, and Human Rights groups, such as Amnesty International, criticize Uribe's bargaining strategy and amnesty. Critics also condemn the growing deficit due to the intensified military actions as well as the power of the paramilitary groups in the country. In December, the House of Representatives passed a constitutional reform allowing for presidents to be reelected.

Running up to the election, due to increased human rights efforts, the military received the highest approval ratings in the country. By this point, the National Liberation Army (ELN), a leftist insurgent group, was almost entirely defeated, the FARC was weakened and limited to smaller territory outside of urban areas. The economy was growing and drug crop cultivation was dropping. However, the Justice and Peace Law, aimed at demobilization and peace, sparked great controversy. Opponents criticized that the law did not require past militants confess and cooperate with authorities, authorities were not given enough time to investigate crimes, and that paramilitary groups would not be fully dismantled. Furthermore, the "Democratic Security" strategy had involved the military engaging in controversial strategies, such as mass-capturing individuals in territories run by militias. Nonetheless, Uribe finished his first term with around 70% approval rating.

Positions
Uribe supported the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States, and wanted to create more such agreements with the European Union and Central America as well as attract more direct investment from the rest of the world. He supported further expanding state control to increase national security, trust in the police, and prosecution of crimes. He wished to subsidize and allocate land to those displaced by conflict. Despite not supporting gay marriage, he supported their right to social security benefits and inheritance.

Uribe was a lifelong member of the Liberal Party—even participating in the Liberal Youth and the Liberal militants before his political career began—until 2002 election when he split from the party due to its support of peace talks with the FARC. In this election, Uribe had the support of the Conservative Party (which had supported him and not run its own candidate in 2002 as well). The parties Radical Change, Team Wings Colombia, Citizen Convergence, Democratic Colombia and Colombia Viva also supported Uribe.

Political Career and Philosophy
Carlos Gaviria Díaz was a Harvard educated lawyer and professor of 30 years from University of Antioquia, where he earned his doctorate, a senator from 2002-2006 and the first president of the Constitutional Court.

Gaviria started his career in 1961 as a judge and professor, focusing on human rights. In 1980, he was the vice-president of the Regional Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Antioquia. In 1989, Gaviria returned from a two-year exile in Argentina caused by the assassination of human rights advocates on his committee. He served a magistrate of the Constitutional Court in 1993, becoming president of the court in 1996, where he distinguished himself for his focus on human rights. His judicial decisions helped to decriminalize individuals possessing drugs up to a single dosage. When his term ended in 2001, he joined the Social and Political Front (a group of parties including the Communist Party, Trade Unionists and the Patriotic Union), of which he was elected as the sole senator by proportional representation rules. As a senator he opposed Uribe's attempts to allow for re-election. Eventually he helped create the Alternative Democratic Pole, which successfully joined many of the leftist and liberal parties under one group.

Gaviria's political philosophy centered on the autonomy, dignity, and individual freedoms of citizens, so long as one's choiced did not interfere with others’. A consequence of this philosophy was the belief that poverty and lack of public debate prevented individuals from truly being able to govern their lives and prevented Colombia from being a true democracy.

Campaigning and Positions
As senator and throughout the campaign, Gaviria promoted redistribution policies that lead to more material equality, and fairer treatment of marginalized groups such as LGBT, indigenous, female, and Afro-Colombians. He advocated for peace initiatives that worked through strengthening employment, cultural development, and education as well as through negotiated peace talks with rebel groups. In congress he fought president Uribe on tax reform, re-election, and policies seen as redistributive to the rich.

Several controversies arose between Gaviria and Uribe during the campaign. First is the release of a report that Gaviria had the largest pension of any government official. Many facts underlying in this claim were proven to be incorrect, mainly that Gaviria did not receive a pension being an acting senator, that the program alleged to give him this pension was also not the pension program he would be under as a former magistrate and that the peso amount his pension would be does not align with the claim from the report. Gaviria and the Alternative Democratic Pole accused Uribe of releasing false and purposefully malicious information to attack him, calling the allegations "actions of a dirty war" by Uribe's campaign. Later, Uribe called Gaviria a "communist in disguise" who will hand Colombia to the FARC, leading Gaviria to denounce these words and strategy of campaigning. Gaviria unapologetically called himself a pure liberal and claimed he will not change his positions of negotiating peace with the FARC as well as decriminalizing abortion, gay marriage, and possession of a personal dose of drugs. Amid these controversies, American academics, journalists and foreign policy experts, including Noam Chomsky signed a letter to president Uribe asking him to denounce the AUC's assassination threats to Gaviria as well as apologize for calling Gaviria a communist in disguise, claiming that the Colombian government was failing to provide necessary guarantees (such as safety) to candidates.

He campaigned on the jointed issues in the slogan "Construyamos democracia, no más desigualdad" ("Let’s build democracy, no more inequality") His emphasis on peace meant not only an end to the civil conflicts but further than that the development of an economy, culture, and societal structure that fully allowed for lasting peace and democracy. Not supporting the FTA because he claimed it benefits United States interests over Colombia (for example by allowing US subsidies of agricultural products) and hurt the Colombian education and health sectors of the economy, Gaviria instead focused his economic ideas on developing national industry by supporting Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs), cooperatives and community groups, and developing the internal market.

Political career
Horacio Serpa Uribe was elected to the House in 1974 as a Liberal, having been in many judicial and local political positions since 1966. As a congressman, he co-founded the Autonomous Liberal Left Front (FILA) and became the top party authority in the Magdalena Medio region. As a representative he served as the president of the Commission of Accusations.

Elected to Senate in 1986 also under the Liberal Party. From 1988–1996, he was appointed to positions Procurator and Minister of Government under president Virgilio Barco, co-president of the National Constituent Assembly, peace negotiator in eventually failed talks with the EPL, and Co-President of the National Constituent Assembly under president César Gaviria, as well as Minister of Government under president Ernesto Samper. In this last position, he transformed the Ministry of Government into the Ministry of the Interior. He had served on both Barco and Samper's campaigns. Sometimes between these positions he would be elected and serve as senator. In the "Process 8,000" scandal in which it was revealed Samper's allies paid money to the Cali Cartel to support his election, Serpa was one of Samper's staunchest defender, claiming the president had no knowledge of the incidents. He convinced the senate not to indict Samper, and was not indicted for any crimes himself.

In 1998, he ran for president and won the Liberal Party's nomination. Despite a movement of academics and journalists against him, he won the first round, though lost the second to conservative Andres Pastrana, a candidate many in the liberal party supported to distance themselves from the previous scandal. In 2002, he ran for president again and despite leading in the polls, he lost when Uribe won in the first round. Uribe named him ambassador to the OAS, which he served as from 2002–2004. In 2005, he became the Vice President of the Socialist International. In 2005, he attempted to unify the Liberal Party against allowing re-election by supporting Cesar Gaviria as director of the party, and he once again was nominated by the party as the Liberal presidential candidate.

Positions
Serpa did not support the FTA, as well as made clear his support of minority rights. He committed to creating a humanitarian agreement with rebels to reunite families and communities, as well as did not support Uribe's extradition of rebels and paramilitary officers in the middle negotiating with the government. He claimed that the figures stating the number of reintegrated paramilitary officers are exaggerated and promised if the economic conditions continue to improve he would double the minimum wage by the end of his term.

Antanas Mockus Sivickas
Having earned a degree in Mathematics and Philosophy and been Lector of the National University, Antanas Mockus Sivickas became mayor of Bogotá, for two nonconsecutive terms. Mockus is notable for privatizing the Telecommunications Company of Bogotá, prohibiting the use of gunpowder, and repeatedly working to change the culture through symbolic acts. As mayor, he gained much notoriety and publicity for the symbolic acts he took to change society and behavior, such as making a commercial of him taking a shower and turning off the water when using soap during a drought. In two months water usage dropped 14%, and eventually dropped 40%. He created a voluntary tax at a rate 10% higher, which 63 thousand people willingly paid. To peacefully address the unpopularity of the city's chaotic streets, he walked the streets in a costume and a cape as the hero "Supercitizen", handed citizens thumbs-up and thumbs-down cards for them to display in response to the behavior of those around them, and trained originally 20 but eventually 420 mimes to follow and mock pedestrians who did not follow traffic rules.

Mockus emphasizes respect for human rights, development of democracy and most of all the protection and respect for the constitution as what should unite Colombians the most. He argued that taxes could distribute wealth more fairly, that the state should be present in all territories and help ensure compliance and respect for the law as well as be able to function in providing necessary services. He argued income taxes should increase to pay for an increase in funding for education and culture.

Other Candidates
Enrique Parejo González advocated for reducing corruption, arguing that it was the root of many of Colombia's other issues, as well as poverty. He advocated for peace dialogues as well as tough sentences, and no impunity for those responsible for atrocities.

Álvaro Leyva Durán is a former congressman, senator and Minister of Mines and Energy. He campaigned on ending the war with the FARC through a negotiated peace settlement.

Carlos Arturo Rincón Barreto received the fewest votes, less than one fifth of a percent.

Issues
Major subjects debated during the election included the extradition and demilitarization of private military groups, drugs and crime, corruption, refugees, the economy, and the reelection itself. As the incumbent president, Uribe was a dissident liberal with an independent, anti-guerrilla, anti-crime, pro-U.S. platform that appealed to Conservatives and a significant number of traditionally liberal voters. This split the Liberal party and, according to Freedom House, led to a shift in party politics away from the typical Conservative-Liberal dichotomy as Congress re-aligned respectively as essentially pro- and anti-Uribe forces. Critics of Uribe claimed he neglected social policies. Despite criticism, polls predicted Uribe's reelection.

Former President (and head of the Liberal party) Cesar Gaviria's daughter Liliana Gaviria was murdered on 27 April 2005, leading to an increase of security forces in Bogota and throughout the country. FARC guerrillas did not aim to disrupt the elections and instead called on Colombians to vote against Uribe. All candidates prioritized lowering unemployment rates (around 13% at the time). In his first term, Uribe proposed a free trade agreement with the United States, which other candidates strongly opposed. The Library of Congress credits Uribe's export-oriented growth strategy, efforts to reduce public debt, and strict budgets for economic growth.

Colombia continued to be a dangerous country for journalists, especially those who reported on corruption or drug trafficking. In October, the Inter-American Press Association (IAPA) reported that press-lawsuits were used as a form of intimidation more often in 2005. The prosecutors range from public servants and private parties to government ministers and retired military officers. Press organizations attributed the decline in homicide rates during 2005 to an increase in journalists practicing self-censorship. Colombia has an internally displaced population of 3.6 million (mostly marginalized poor, indigenous and Afro-Colombian), their homes taken over by paramilitary troops. Paramilitary groups, often linked to the police, are also guilty of murdering street children and drug addicts under the guise of "social cleansing." Colombia is similarly dangerous for trade union activists, also the target of labor-repressive practices by paramilitary groups.

Re-election Campaign
Owing to judicial reform and improvements in citizen security (increasing domestic military presence, declining homicide and kidnapping rates) as well as the economy (declining unemployment, lower public deficit), President Alvaro Uribe Velez retained his popularity before and during the 2006 election. Prior to the election, Uribe campaigned for Colombia's Constitutional Court to overturn the single-term limit and allow him to run for reelection. The campaign for reelection was marked by scandal when in October, 2005 members of the Constitutional Court publicly accused each other of accepting bribes to vote in Uribe's favor. Despite efforts from opposition claiming that eight years in office would allow the president to gain too much power, the Court declared it "as reasonable within the Constitution the legislative act allowing the re-election of the president of the republic." The Court upheld its verdict in November.

Another election law implemented this year established a 2% electoral threshold requirement in legislative elections for a political party (indigenous and Afro-Colombian groups are exempt) to maintain its legal status, as well as only allowing parties to offer only one list of candidates per office.

Paramilitary Demobilization
A major subject of debated during the election was the issue of paramilitary demobilization. The government had been successfully demilitarizing troops associated with the AUC, and in 2005 adopted a "Justice and Peace Law." Human rights groups pressured the government that year, cautioning that the process of demilitarization would come to an end if promises about extradition and other issues were not upheld. The Justice and Peace Law grants light sentences of eight years to former paramilitary who agree to compensate victims, reveal all past crimes, and aid the government to dismantle paramilitary political and trafficking networks.

Opponents of the Justice and Peace Law maintained that the law encouraged impunity by allowing a maximum sentence of only 8 years. Amnesty International claimed that the process of demilitarization "opens the way for their recycling & as security guards, civilian police and informants." The law only allowed 60 days for the individual to be investigated by Colombia's already overtaxed legal system. Opponents say that they are not required to collaborate with the government or tell the full truth to get the light sentence, proponents countered with the fact that the law does not apply to drug-related offenders.

26,000 paramilitary troops working for the AUC were demobilized under the Uribe administration by 2006. Preliminary peace meetings were successfully negotiated with the ELN, but none with the FARC, who wanted to swap prisoners for hostages, regularly extort payments from businesses, and are involved with drug trafficking. The FARC and the government continued the guerrilla warfare in 2006, the FARC targeting civilians and local-level politicians.

Results

Uribe was elected to his second term of the presidency with 62.35% of the vote, this time backed in addition to the Colombia First party by the new Partida de la U, Partido Conservador, Cambio Radical, Alas Equipo Colombia, Convergencia Ciudadana, Colombia Democratica, and Colombia Viva. He won the majority of the vote in 32 out of 34 provinces, including 6 wins with more than 70% of the regional vote (Antioquia, Casanare, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta, and Risaralda). Carlos Gaviria Díaz came second, with 22.03% of the total vote, and won regionally in 2 out of 34 provinces (Narino and La Guajira). Horacio Serpa came in third place, with 11.84% of the total vote, and no regional wins.

Aftermath
The continuation of Uribe's Democratic Security policy led to further movement against the ELN and the FARC, including new anti-terrorist and anti-drug trafficking laws, increasing the power of the police. In 2008, Uribe was able to negotiate the release of Ingrid Betancourt, a high-profile politician who was held as one of many hostages by the FARC. Strongly backed and supported financially by the US, the policy continued to combat Colombia's leftist Paramilitary groups. The project and its success led to Uribe receiving the US Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 for his efforts in this regard.

Parapolitical scandal
Events shortly after the 2006 elections marked the beginning of a years-long process of addressing apparent paramilitary connections in government. In November 2006, a document was discovered connecting various members of Uribe's coalition ("uribistas") and the paramilitary group AUC, involving negotiations for votes and support. This document, the Ralito Agreement, was signed in a 2001 meeting by representatives of Paramilitary groups, and by 18 current and future politicians, who promised in it to "work toward a new Colombia" and thus secure power for the Paramilitaries. The resulting Colombian Parapolitics Scandal led to the investigation and arrest of many members of congress, including the former senator and cousin to the president (at the time) Mario Uribe. With this, despite demobilizing more than 30,000 paramilitary troops and eliciting a peace agreement with some of Colombia's various paramilitary groups through his first term as president, Uribe came under suspicion because of his cousin's ties to these events. He insisted, however, that he was not tied to these groups.

Corruption scandals
Following the 2006 election, Congresswoman Yidis Medina revealed that she had taken bribes in exchange for her vote in favor of the 2004 measure to extend term limits. This event prompted the arrest of Medina, as well as the investigation of other lawmakers, such as Sabas Pretelt De La Vega, and Diego Palacio Betancourt. It is commonly referred to as the Yidispolitics scandal.

Changes to term limits
In 2015, 10 years after the limit on the number of terms served by a president was increased from one to two, congress voted to decrease it back to one. The first vote took place during Uribe's first presidential term (involving the bribing of Congresswoman Yidis Medina), allowing him to be the first of Colombia's presidents in more than 100 years to run for re-election. His successor (and former defense minister), Juan Manuel Santos, was also able to run and be elected for a second term in 2014, However Santos (in his second term at the time) backed the change, to go into effect once he leaves office. Ex-president Uribe, now a Senator with the Democratic Center party, objected to the reinstatement of the limit, but was outvoted.

Uribe's career
Uribe continued to actively participate in politics on a local level after maxing out his time spent as president. He acted as a mentor of sorts to his successor at the presidency, Juan Manuel Santos. However, this bond was broken upon Santos' assumption of the presidency, and the discovery of various political disagreements. Uribe continued to run for offices such as governorships and mayoral positions, representing various conservative political parties in his endeavors. He was unsuccessful in winning these, however. He eventually began an anti-Santos movement, which he called the Democratic Center Party. Finally, as a representative of the Democratic Center Party, he was able to win a position as a Senator in 2014.

title: 2006 Colombian presidential election


text:
User:Ilovebacon337

a real douchebag imo

title: User:Ilovebacon337


text:
Talk:James Thomas Milton Anderson

Ku Klux Klan members category.
I've added Anderson to the Ku Klux Klan members category. He's also discussed in the article on Notable Ku Klux Klan members in national politics. It might be a good idea to take material from each article to put in the other. I'm not trying to judge whether Anderson was really a member, so if it's inappropriate to put him in the category, feel free to undo my edit. Since membership in the Klan was secret, it's often not possible to get stronger evidence than a statement by another Klansman.--Bcrowell 02:33, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Thomas Milton Anderson


text:
Old Toongabbie

Old Toongabbie is a suburb of Greater Western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 29 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Parramatta.

Old Toongabbie is noted for being the third post colonisation settlement, chosen for its location on a main waterway.

Origin of the Suburb Name
Toongabbie is derived from an Aboriginal word, reported as meaning place by the water or meeting by the water. It was named in June 1792 after Governor Arthur Phillip asked the local Aboriginal people what they called the place. It is the oldest official use of an Aboriginal place-name – Parramatta (the Aboriginal place name) was founded earlier was first called Rose Hill.

“Old Toongabbie” became the name of the location of the original town (located next to Toongabbie Creek) as opposed to “Toongabbie” which was near to the Western Railway station. Part of the suburb later became known as Constitution Hill, Winston Hills and Pendle Hill.

History
The traditional inhabitants of the land included the Tugagal clan of the Dharug peoples.

European settlement

The First Fleet arrived in 1788.

In 1788 the Parramatta area was settled, then called Rose Hill, as a government farm for the colony.

In 1791 there were food shortages and David Collins referred to ‘new ground’ as the area chosen 2.4km from Parramatta, later to be known as Toongabbie.

Boat travel was the fastest method of transportation in early Australian history for both the original inhabitants and the new settlers. This area was chosen because of the location on the meeting of two waterways, Toongabbie Creek and Quarry Creek. The Aboriginal inhabitants were consulted and the ‘Toongabbie’ is thought to mean ‘a place near the water’ which became the name of the town.

Toongabbie was founded as a Government Farm to grow food for the colony in April 1792.

Life of convicts at Toongabbie

The working conditions of the convicts at Toongabbie were harsh and these workers had hard lives. They often worked without adequate food and using primitive tools in the harsh sun. Their work included felling trees, digging up stumps and carrying the timber to convenient places for use or transportation. Using simple spades, hoes or their bare hands they uprooted local vegetation and grass to make way for crops and houses. Superintendents often mistreated the convicts and there were reports of 7 or 8 persons per day dying on the job from overwork, malnutrition, heat stroke, the cold and possibly lack of sleep etc. Sometimes workers would die on the way to the hospital or while waiting in line for their meal. Living conditions included crowded quarters such as up to 18 people living in a small hut. They often didn’t have blankets, beds, eating utensils or warm clothes for winter months.

Post farm operations

After eleven years, the government farm was closed and the land was given as grants to settlers and convicts who had done their time.

In 1860, the railway was extended to Blacktown but it took 20 years before any arrangements were made for trains to stop at Toongabbie. The first school in Toongabbie, opened on 3 May 1886. By April 1911, the school closed due to low enrolments. The school reopened February the next year and has stayed open ever since.

The first post office in the area was opened after many years of campaigning by local residents in 1887 in a private house on Old Windsor Road and this arrangement continued until the 1960s. The first post master was a Mr Birks wand he was paid 25 pounds a year to manage the office and bring the mail bag over from Seven Hills on horseback each day. By 1922 the number of residents and businesses had grown sufficiently to support a second office in a weatherboard cottage in Wentworth Avenue, known as Toongabbie West. A purpose built office was opened in the main shopping area in Portico Parade in 1960 becoming Toongabbie Post Office whilst the old Toongabbie Post Office was renamed Old Toon

The area continued to be known as Toongabbie until the construction of the Main Western railway line and the building of the railway station of Toongabbie. Over time the location of the station and the shops around it became known as Toongabbie and the original settlement was called Old Toongabbie to differentiate the two.

From the 1990s part of this area was unofficially known as the locality of Constitution Hill. The suburb of Constitution Hill was officially recognised in 2007.

Geography
The area is bounded on the north east by Toongabbie Creek, a tributary of the Parramatta River. Although Toongabbie is relatively densely settled, in recent years programs of bushland regeneration, pollution control and remedial works to local waterways have seen a surprising return by several rare wildlife species, and in the 1990s platypus were reported to have returned to sections of Toongabbie Creek.

Notable residents

 * Former NSW Premier Nathan Rees was raised in Old Toongabbie and attended Creative and Performing Arts High School.

title: Old Toongabbie


text:
Padstow Heights

Padstow Heights, a suburb of local government area of the City of Canterbury-Bankstown, located 22 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the South-western Sydney region. Padstow is a separate suburb to the north and One Tree Point is a locality within Padstow Heights.

Geography
Padstow Heights is a mostly residential suburb bounded on the east by Salt Pan Creek and to the south by the Georges River. The Alfords Point Bridge links Padstow Heights to Alfords Point in the Sutherland Shire.

Transport
U-Go Mobility bus route 927 from One Tree Point to Padstow railway station serves Padstow Heights.

History
The Padstow area was first named Padstow Park Estate after a town called Padstow in Cornwall, England. It was named for being the "holy place of St Petrock" (not to be confused with St Patrick), an important Cornish saint.

Population
As per the 2016 Census, there were 3,540 people in Padstow Heights. 74.0% of people were born in Australia and 73.0% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Greek 5.1% and Arabic 3.5%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 30.3%, Anglican 18.5%, No Religion 14.9% and Eastern Orthodox 11.1%.

Notable residents

 * Jason Clare – Member for Blaxland in the federal parliament is currently living in Padstow Heights.
 * Roger Rogerson – former detective-sergeant of the New South Wales Police Force

title: Padstow Heights


text: User talk:129.130.38.232

title: User talk:129.130.38.232


text:
Talk:Urban shamanism

Refute nomination for deletion
I refute this criterion. I am an editor for a local Tucson fine art/new age periodical called Sophie, and I am contributing objective and non-biased information on a variety of artists who I am researching for a story on the Digital Psychedelic Movement.

-Pam Daoracer [uploaded entries for ADAM COOPER, FLAM CHEN, and URBAN SHAMANISM]

A comment
I respect what you are doing, but it might be a good idea to include more concrete information in this article, and possibly to cite references referring to this artistic movement.Crypticfirefly 06:34, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This is not just an artistic movement, it is a not all that related spiritual 'thingy' too, this article seems to have WP:OR issues. Sticky Parkin 23:03, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

I don't see the connection...
The connection to "Komatsu Kiyoko, the founder of a Japanese new religious movement known as Shinmeiaishinkai..." seems very weak. I can't see the how this can be "Urban shamanism" in therms of technological changes and art movements. I suggest that this connection is removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.195.21.122 (talk) 00:47, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The article on Shinmeiaishinkai doesn't even mention shamanism. It appears in the title of one of the references, but as there are no footnotes, it's impossible to tell what the relation is supposed to be. In any case, to remain in this article, would require a citation in this article. Yworo (talk) 02:47, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Urban shamanism


text:
North St Ives, New South Wales

North St Ives is a locality in the suburb of St Ives in northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia.

Schools
St Ives North Public School is located in St Ives just up the street from the main shopping centre.

title: North St Ives, New South Wales


text: User talk:24.203.7.52

title: User talk:24.203.7.52


text:
Oatlands, New South Wales

Oatlands is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 23 km north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Parramatta. Oatlands is part of Western Sydney.

The suburb extends from the south-east of Kissing Point Road and Vineyard Creek to the north-west bordering Pennant Hills Road and the North Rocks area.

History
The name originally comes from Oatlands House, which was one of the earliest homes in the Parramatta district, being built in the 1830s by Percy Simpson. While it has been suggested that name reflects the first sowing of oats in Australia, this can't be confirmed. Instead, the name appears to be taken from Oatlands Park in England, which was close to the lands of Lord Dundas, for whom the neighbouring suburb was named. In 1840, the land was sold to James Bettington, who used it for sheep farming. Oatlands House is now used as function centre, with the surrounding land forming the Oatlands Golf Course, which was opened in 1931. Oatlands was defined as a new suburb in 1991. Prior to this, the area had been known as Dundas West.

Dundas West Post Office opened on 3 July 1967. It was renamed Oatlands in 1993.

In 1997, Oatlands became the shooting location with opening scenes of The Magic Club in the children's full-length film The Wiggles Movie.

Landmarks
Oatlands is home to the historic Oatlands House, located within the grounds of the Oatlands Golf Club. Annual events include the New South Wales Women's Open, attracting professional golf athletes and media attention to the area. Winners of this event include Laura Davies, Lydia Ko in 2012 (while still an amateur, and thereby becoming the youngest to win any professional tournament), Swede Caroline Hedwall, in 2013 and Joanna Klatten of France in 2014. The club is well renowned in the Sydney area, and is nominated as Australia's best par 70 course by former touring professional golfer and now media personality Brett Ogle.

In addition, touring professional and multiple Australian Open and Australian PGA winner Peter Lonard is a product of the cadet program at the club. He also served his PGA traineeship there, and was the club professional for some years before rejoining the tour after recovering from Ross River Fever.

Oatlands also includes the area known as Burnside, which was the site of Burnside Homes, the children's homes established by Sir James Burns in 1911. Although not used for children's homes any more, the area is still the site of the headquarters of Uniting Care Burnside, an agency of the Uniting Church in Australia. The name is also used by Burnside Public School, which was built on land belonging to the trust. The area contains mainly new housing developments such as Burnside Gardens Estate.

Commercial area
There is a small shopping area featuring a post office, supermarket, fruit shop, liquor store, chicken shop, hairdressers, butcher, real estate, doctors' surgery, chemist and newsagency.

School

 * Oatlands Public School is located on Belmore Street.
 * Burnside Public School

Population
At the 2016 census, Oatlands recorded a population of 5,660. Of these:
 * The age distribution was quite similar to the country in general. The median age was 40 years, similar to the national median of 38 years. Children aged 0–14 years made up 19.1% of the population (national average is 18.7%) and people aged 65 years and over made up 15.3% of the population (national average is 15.8%).
 * 59.3% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were China 7.3%, South Korea 5.4%, Lebanon 3.2%, India 2.5% and Hong Kong 1.9%.
 * 53.6% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Arabic 8.4%, Mandarin 7.5%, Korean 6.7%, Cantonese 5.7% and Hindi 1.9%.
 * The most common responses for religion were Catholic 33.2%, No Religion 19.4% and Anglican 10.3%.
 * Of all households, 80.4% were family households and 17.6% were single person households.

title: Oatlands, New South Wales


text:
User:Imperial Strikeforce

Welcome to the Imperial Strikeforce, recruit. Organize here.

title: User:Imperial Strikeforce


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ggw

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus. Fernando Rizo T/C 22:42, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Ggw
Nonsense about how 'GGW' is an abbreviation for Girls Gone Wild. No redirect necessary; horrific capitalization is unlikely to be used by anyone else. ral 315  02:39, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - unencyclopedic junk CDC   (talk)  04:02, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * TLA disambig. A google search actually reveals quite a few "Girls Gone Wild" abbreviations - and quite a few references to the airport in Glasgow. It's also apparently some kind of international language code for a language called Gogodala, spoken in Papua New Guinea, not to mention the initials of Gunther Gebel-Williams. -- BD2412 talk 04:05, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Convert to a disambig as per BD2412. --Apyule 06:12, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to proper capitalization and disambiguate. - Mgm|(talk) 08:07, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unencyclopedic DV8 2XL 12:20, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to proper capitalization and disambiguate as per Mgm ---Outlander 14:27, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to GGW and disambig as per Mgm Mcfly 16:03, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per CDC  Journalist C./ Holla @ me!
 * Move to GGW.  I just turned it into a disambig (since I was welcome to edit the article). -- Reinyday, 02:54, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ggw


text: User talk:65.11.220.42

title: User talk:65.11.220.42


text:
United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health

The U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health is a subcommittee within the Committee on Energy and Commerce.

Jurisdiction
The House Subcommittee on Health has general jurisdiction over bills and resolutions relating to public health and quarantine; hospital construction; mental health; biomedical research and development; health information technology, privacy, and cybersecurity; public health insurance (Medicare, Medicaid) and private health insurance; medical malpractice and medical malpractice insurance; the regulation of food, drugs, and cosmetics; drug abuse; the Department of Health and Human Services; the National Institutes of Health; the Centers for Disease Control; Indian Health Service; and all aspects of the above-referenced jurisdiction related to the Department of Homeland Security. As a Standing Subcommittee of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, it holds regular meetings and performs any functions assigned to it by that committee's rules in addition to those assigned to it by the House Rules.


text:
User talk:ModelMinority

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Sasquatch  讲  看  02:42, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:ModelMinority


text:
Talk:Jack Brooks

Links to this page

 * Cleared (0 remaining) Courtland 02:43, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack Brooks


text:
Mount Vernon, New South Wales

Mount Vernon is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Mount Vernon is 42 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

Mount Vernon is a sparsely populated rural suburb providing a close community atmosphere for its residents. It is a hilly suburb with views all the way to the Blue Mountains. Kemps Creek forms its northern and western boundary with Mamre Road providing a boundary on its west along with Kemps Creek.

History
Mount Vernon takes its name from the land granted in 1820 to Anthony Fenn Kemp (1773–1868). It was presumably named after Mount Vernon, George Washington's home in Virginia in the United States of America. Some roads around Mount Vernon were named after U.S. Presidents:
 * Garfield Road – James A. Garfield
 * Lincoln Road – Abraham Lincoln
 * Truman Road – Harry S. Truman

title: Mount Vernon, New South Wales


text:
Sancho II of Castile and León

Sancho II (1036/1038 – 7 October 1072), called the Strong (el Fuerte), was King of Castile (1065–72), Galicia (1071–72) and León (1072).

Family
Born at Zamora, Sancho was the eldest son of Ferdinand the Great and Sancha of León. He was married to Alberta, known by name only from her appearance as Sancho's wife in contemporary charters. Chronicler William of Poitiers related that competition for the hand of a daughter of William I, King of England led to strife between two sons of Ferdinand I, and some historians have thus speculated that Sancho's wife, with her non-Iberian name, may have been the daughter in question. However, two later Norman chroniclers report that it was instead the betrothed of Alfonso VI, and not Sancho's wife Alberta, who was William's daughter.

After Ferdinand the Great defeated and killed his wife's brother in battle, Ferdinand was crowned King of León and Castile and called himself Imperator totius Hispaniae ("Emperor of all Spain"). When the kingdom was divided following Ferdinand's death in 1065, Sancho succeeded his father as King of Castile, while Sancho's younger brother Alfonso become King of León and his youngest brother García became king of the reestablished Kingdom of Galicia (partitioned from León). Each of the brothers was also assigned a sphere of influence among the Taifa states, with Sancho designated to receive the parias (tributary payments) from the Taifa of Zaragoza. Ferdinand also granted some holdings to his two daughters, giving Urraca control of the city of Zamora and Elvira the city of Toro, both enclaved within Alfonso's Kingdom of León.

Reign
In 1068, Sancho defeated his cousins Sancho IV of Navarre and Sancho of Aragon in the War of the Three Sanchos. This expanded his Kingdom of Castile with the reconquered land of Bureba, Alta Rioja, and Álava, which his father had given to Sancho IV's father, García, for his support in defeating Bermudo III of León. The same year, Alfonso invaded the Taifa of Badajoz, a client state of his brother Garcia's Kingdom of Galicia. Sancho, concerned that Alfonso had intentions on conquering his brothers, defeated Alfonso at the Battle of Llantada, reinstating the status quo. Sancho would develop his own appetite for his youngest brother's kingdom: teaming up with Alfonso in 1071, Sancho marched across León to conquer García's northern lands at the time that Alfonso was in the southern part of the Galician realm issuing charters. García fled to exile in the Taifa of Seville, while his older brothers partitioned the Kingdom of Galicia between them.

Sancho soon turned on Alfonso. In 1072, with the aid of his alférez El Cid, at the Battle of Golpejera, he defeated Alfonso, who fled into exile in the Taifa of Toledo. Sancho was crowned King of León on 12 January 1072, holding all three crowns that Ferdinand had distributed to his sons only six years earlier. Toro, the city of Sancho's sister Elvira, fell easily in 1072. Sancho was stalled in a siege of his sister Urraca's better-defended city, Zamora.

Death
A Zamoran noble, Vellido Adolfo (also known as Bellido Dolfos), entered Sancho's camp pretending to be a deserter and assassinated him. Vellido was chased back to Zamora by El Cid, but escaped into the town through a gateway since called Portillo del Traidor ("Gateway of the Traitor"). Sancho was succeeded in his kingdoms by the brother he had previously deposed, Alfonso. García, induced to return from exile, was deceived by Alfonso and imprisoned for life, leaving Alfonso in uncontested control of the reunited territories of their father, later taking on their father's title "Emperor of all Spain". Sancho was buried in San Salvador de Oña.

title: Sancho II of Castile and León


text:
Nationlink

Nationlink may refer to:

 * Nationlink (interbank network), an interbank network in the Philippines
 * NationLink Telecom, a telecommunications operator in Somalia and the Middle East

title: Nationlink


text:
Mount Lewis, New South Wales

Mount Lewis, a suburb of local government area City of Canterbury-Bankstown, is 18 km south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the South-western Sydney region.

History
Mount Lewis takes its name from the highest point in the district at Mount Lewis Reserve on Wattle Street. The origin of the name is unclear but it reflects the height which provides good views west towards the Bankstown CBD, south towards Canterbury Road and east towards the Sydney CBD skyline. Thomas Collins acquired 50 acre of land in 1834–35.

Commercial area
Mount Lewis is a mostly residential suburb with a few shops and commercial developments located on Wattle Street. Mount Lewis Bowling Club is located on Waterloo Road.

Schools
Mount Lewis has an infants school on Noble Avenue. The school is a K-2 school and is part of the Early Action for Success program.

title: Mount Lewis, New South Wales