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Oiran

Oiran is a collective term for the highest-ranking courtesans in Japanese history, who were considered to be above common prostitutes (known as lit. 'woman of pleasure') for their more refined entertainment skills and training in the traditional arts. Divided into a number of ranks within this category, the highest rank of were the, who were considered to be set apart from other  due to their intensive training in the traditional arts and the fact that they lived and worked in Kyoto, the political capital of Japan, which remained the cultural heart of the country when the seat of political power moved to Tokyo. Though by definition also engaged in prostitution, higher-ranking  had a degree of choice in which customers they took.

The term originated in Yoshiwara, the red light district of Edo in the 1750s, and is applied to all ranks of high level courtesans in historical Japan.

The services of were well known for being exclusive and expensive, with  typically only entertaining the upper classes of society, gaining the nickname lit. 'castle toppler' for their perceived ability to steal the hearts and match the wits of upper-class men. Many became celebrities both inside and outside of the pleasure quarters, and were commonly depicted in ukiyo-e woodblock prints and in kabuki theatre plays. were expected to be well versed in the traditional arts of singing, classical dance and music, including the ability to play the and the koto, and were also expected to converse with clients in upper class and formalised language.

Though regarded as trend setting and fashionable women at the historic height of their profession, this reputation was later usurped in the late 18th through 19th centuries by geisha, who became popular among the merchant classes for their simplified clothing, ability to play short, modern songs known as on the, and their more fashionable expressions of contemporary womanhood and companionship for men, which mirrored the tastes of the extremely wealthy, but for lower class merchants, who constituted the majority of their patronage.

The popularity and numbers of continued to decline steadily throughout the 19th century, before prostitution was outlawed in Japan in 1957. However, the remaining in Kyoto's Shimabara district were allowed to continue practising the cultural and performing arts traditions of their profession, and were declared a "special variety" of geisha. In the present day, a handful of, who do not engage in prostitution as part of their role, continue to perform in Kyoto, alongside a number of reenactors elsewhere in Japan who perform in reenactments of the courtesan parades known as.

Etymology
The word comes from the Japanese phrase "oira no tokoro no nēsan" (おいらの所の姉さん) which translates loosely to "the lass at our (my) place." When written in kanji, the word consists of two characters: 花, meaning "flower", and 魁 meaning "leader" or "first." Though only the highest ranking prostitutes of Yoshiwara were technically known as, the term is now widely applied to all.

Traditional arts
Compared to, whose primary attraction was the sexual services they offered, , and particularly , were first and foremost entertainers. In order to become an, a woman first had to be educated in a range of skills from a relatively young age, including (Japanese tea ceremony),  (flower arranging) and calligraphy. also learned to play the, , (hand drum),  and. Clients expected to be well read, able to converse and write with wit and elegance, and able to match them in intellect in conversation.

Names
Within the pleasure quarters, an 's prestige was based on her beauty, character, education and artistic ability, which was reflected in the number of ranks falling in the category of. An, unlike geisha or common prostitutes, could be promoted or demoted by the owner of her brothel, and commonly inherited a generational name (名跡) upon gaining promotion to a higher rank; these names, exclusively the property of the brothel owner, typically carried the prestige of the person who held it previously, and brothel owners commonly chose only those of similar countenance and reputation to inherit them. were written in kanji, and were typically more elaborate than the average woman's name of the time, holding meanings taken from poetry, literary history and nature; were rarely passed from one  directly down to their apprentice.

not considered to be high ranking or skilled enough to hold an inherited name would instead use a professional name considered elegant enough to be the name of a courtesan; these were typically pseudonyms taken to either protect one's identity or to promote the brothel's image, and were likely to be slightly more elaborate than the average woman's name. These names, alongside the names of both and  (child attendants and apprentice courtesans respectively) were written in hiragana.

Appearance
The appearance of was markedly different from that of both geisha and the average woman, reflecting the upper class tastes and expectations of their customers; by the height of their profession at the beginning of the Edo period,  wore upwards of eight large  (hair ornaments), typically made from tortoiseshell, silver, gold and gemstones, in their large, elaborate and heavily waxed hairstyles; these hairstyles, all with different names and meanings, were worn to represent different ranks, seasons and occasions.

An 's outfit consisted of a number of layered kimono; the outermost kimono would usually be a heavily decorated silk brocade garment known as the, which would feature a heavily padded hem. Though were also worn by noblewomen and, towards the end of the Meiji period, began to be worn by some brides, the  worn by  were far more excessive and loud. These featured elaborate, traditional and auspicious designs, such as dragons, butterflies, arabesque rondels, pine, plum and bamboo, woven and embroidered in heavy gold and silver thread.

This would be worn unbelted over the top of the underkimono, which featured a patterned design only on the lower skirt, and resembled a (underkimono; part of kimono underwear) otherwise. The ensemble was belted with an tied at the front. During the Edo period, this became both wider and stiffer, adding weight and discomfort. became known for wearing a specific style of known as the lit. 'cutting board', which presented a large, flat surface on which large designs would be decorated.

When parading or otherwise walking, wore  – 20 cm tall pauwlonia wood clogs with three "teeth". Though lightweight for their size, these would prevent an from taking anything other than small, slow footsteps when walking;  would thus walk in  with a sliding, figure of 8  step, with two manservants (known as ) assisting her. generally did not wear socks, with her bare foot considered to be a point of eroticism in her outfit. In total, a formal parade outfit worn by an could weigh in excess of 20 kg, often weighing as much as 30 kg, and would require great assistance to put on.

Ranks
The highest rank of courtesan was that of tayū (太夫), followed by kōshi (格子). Unlike courtesans of lower rank, had sufficient prestige to refuse clients. Their high status also made the services of extremely pricey – a 's fee for one evening was between one  and one, three , well beyond a labourer's monthly wage and comparable to a shop assistant's annual salary.

Though many courtesans could be registered in one area, extremely few reached status; a guidebook published in 1688 listed the contemporary numbers of high-ranking courtesans in comparison to all the courtesans listed in one area:

 * 13 were registered in Shimabara out of 329 registered courtesans
 * 7 were registered in Shinmachi out of 983 registered courtesans
 * 3 were registered in Osaka and Yoshiwara out of 2,790 registered courtesans

A Yoshiwara guidebook published in 1792 listed the six extant ranks of, including and , who had, by the time of the guidebook's publication, been dormant, with no courtesans in these roles in Yoshiwara, for 30 years:

In 1761, the last of Yoshiwara retired, marking the end of the  and  ranks in that pleasure quarter, though both  and  continued to work in Kyoto and Osaka. The word therefore appeared in Yoshiwara as a polite term of address for any remaining woman of courtesan rank.

Rise to prominence
The profession of arose in the early Edo period (1600–1868), following the introduction of laws restricting brothels to bounded pleasure quarters known as lit. 'playground' (遊廓/遊郭) in roughly 1600, sometimes restricting brothels to literal walled-in districts. These quarters were often placed at some distance from the centre of the attached town or city, and the legal status and location of these districts changed on a number of occasions throughout the following centuries; on occasion, some were closed and their inhabitants either sent to live or work in another, larger red light district.

The three best-known districts historically were Shimabara in Kyoto (which also housed geisha until the 1970s), Shinmachi in Osaka and Yoshiwara in Edo (present day Tokyo). Over time, these districts rapidly grew into large and self contained neighbourhoods, containing a number of different forms of entertainment outside of prostitution including performances and festivals. Geisha – whose profession came into existence in the late 18th century – also occasionally worked within these districts, as edicts passed at various times restricted them from working outside of officially designated red light areas.

Outside of their physical presentation, the traditional aesthetics of the and their attire bled into other aspects of the Edo period; within Yoshiwara,  eventually became the main source of entertainment, performing and entertaining at parties for guests. Scholar Jonathan Clements emphasised the striking presence of the outside of their quarters, where a parading 's slow movements, brightly coloured and layered clothing, and lacquered hair provided a source of titillation for "the implications of Edo life [to be] so devoid of women." As a larger than life figure, historical accounts of the oiran recall the transferral of respectable house names as tangible products for potential clients, as well as signifiers of rank for established providers. This resulted in a widespread desire for anonymity for the mostly male population within Yoshiwara. Specialized products, such as hats, medicinal intervention, and the newly developed medium of kabuki encompassed the centricity of the red-light district economy, while also supporting anonymity of its patrons. Thus, the mythical persona for the did not only extend to physical interactions with her, but embodied one's journey through Yoshiwara itself. Outside of prostitution and the arts, the aesthetic reverence utilised to distinguish different classes of the became a vehicle for other means of aesthetic expression.

This had a profound impact on the economy, while also reflecting a point of contention between the upper and lower classes of Edo. Yoshiwara, known as "the place without night", represented one of the new places in which "high" culture was able to mingle with that of the lower classes, forging a new aesthetic environment within Edo society alongside their mingling. Another nickname for the Yoshiwara was "ukiyo", a Buddhist word that meant suffering world, which, when written in new characters, came to mean "floating world". This would also later influence the creation of ukiyo-e woodblock prints. Laura W. Allen, the curator of Japanese art at the Asian Art Museum describes the aesthetic intervention as "ignoring the problems that might have existed in a very strictly regulated society and abandoning yourself, bobbing along on the current of pleasure."

Decline
Because of their isolation, the rigidity of their contracts as courtesans – which often ran for 10–15 years before ending their involvement with the profession – and their inability to leave the pleasure districts, became steadily more traditional, outdated and ritualised, further and further removed from popular society and bound by their strict rules of etiquette, behaviour and speech. This, combined with their relative financial inaccessibility to most people, created a vacuum of entertainment for the rising merchant classes, whose relatively high wealth and relatively low social status left them unable to hire, thus leading to the decision to patronise the greatly more accessible and less expensive geisha instead.

Over time, also lost their celebrity status in wider society, and came in part to be seen less as highly cultured courtesans reflecting formal, high class standards of speech and appearance, and more as caged women unable to leave the pleasure districts and chained to the debts they owed to their brothel. The preservation of the appearance of had also not reflected changes in fashion – as the profession of geisha had evolved and become increasingly popular, the authorities had sought to clamp down on the profligate and wealthy tastes of the merchant classes, leading to a number of dress edicts that changed popular aesthetics and led to the rise of subdued and cultivated aesthetics such as, which  categorically did not reflect or resemble.

Similarly, the entertainment that offered had mostly remained unchanged since generations of courtesans previous. Though played the, they did not play the popular and contemporary tunes composed for it, and instead stuck to longer ballads such as , which had refined, but restrained, lyrical content. This was in contrast to the lit. 'little songs' favoured and sung by geisha, whose lyrical content was often heartfelt and honest.

Competition with geisha
In the years that declined, the geisha profession was born and grew increasingly stronger, contributing in part, if not in majority, to this decline.

Geisha were, officially-speaking, considered to be a relatively low-class form of entertainment, and as such, were not patronised by the upper classes, who were officially supposed to patronise instead; however, during the Edo period, geisha came to represent the tastes of the merchant classes, whose low social status and high financial freedom left them free of social obligations to uphold the status of a samurai family that men of the upper classes were commonly beholden to.

As the merchant classes throughout Edo-period society grew in wealth and profligacy, they became the main source of income for geisha, who represented social and financial accessibility in a way that did not. Geisha were cheap to patronise, informal to converse with, required few introductions before entertaining a customer and both played and sang the most popular songs of the time. Through various dress edicts aimed at controlling the merchant classes and thus preserving the appearances and social status of the upper classes, extravagant or obvious displays of wealth had been outlawed and driven underground, bringing aesthetics such as into popularity, which geisha came to both represent and champion. A geisha's loyalties were also held to be more true, as geisha could choose whom they wished to entertain, and geisha became the subject of many popular romantic stories.

Though geisha also worked within the pleasure districts that did – at times forbidden to work outside of them – as the profession developed, laws regarding the separation of the two professions were passed. This, over time, ironically led to exaggerate and exacerbate the differences between geisha and, heightening the popularity of the former and leading to the eventual destruction of the latter. Geisha were forbidden to dress elaborately, in the manner of, and were not allowed to sleep with their customers. Geisha were registered at a separate registry office, and if an accused a geisha of stealing a customer, she would be fully investigated, with the potential to be forbidden from working if found guilty.

Though geisha and were likely to be at least in part indentured to their houses, geisha were not considered to be the same kind of physical property that  were considered to be by their employers. Though were unable to leave their pleasure quarters and could be, if not in the highest ranks, forced to entertain whichever customers the head of her brothel demanded she entertain, geisha were allowed to both leave their houses and choose which patrons she wished to entertain, leading to the rise of adages comparing the loyalties of an  with square eggs, the punchline being that neither were things that existed. Though many geisha went into debt or held at least some debt with their, few found themselves in the same situation of financial domination and ownership that were almost entirely bound to.

Later years (1850–1957)
Towards the end of the Edo period, continued to dwindle in popularity as the geisha grew in numbers, accessibility, and appeal. By the beginning of the Meiji period, official attitudes towards legalized prostitution within Japan had changed owing to the country's increasing international presence. Towards the end of the 19th century, geisha had replaced as the entertainer and companion of choice for the wealthiest in Japanese society, with the central appeal of  having grown increasingly remote from everyday life.

continued to see clients within the old pleasure quarters, but were no longer at the cutting edge of fashion, and during the years of World War II, when any show of luxury was heavily clamped down upon, the culture surrounding suffered even further, being dealt the final blow in 1957 by the Anti-Prostitution Law – after which the profession of courtesan (excluding the performance arts of ) became illegal.

continue to entertain in a similar manner to geisha, with fewer than five left in modern-day Kyoto. The last remaining house is located in Shimabara, which lost its official status as a  for geisha in the late 20th century. However, some still recognize Shimabara as a, with the number and activities of slowly growing. The few remaining women still currently practising the arts of the, without the sexual aspect, do so as a preservation of cultural heritage rather than as a profession or lifestyle.

The is an annual event held every April in Bunsui, Niigata Prefecture (now part of the city of Tsubame). The parade, which takes place in spring, historically re-enacts the walk made by top courtesans around their district in honour of their guests. The modern parade features three women dressed as in full traditional attire with approximately 70 accompanying servants. The, who are named Shinano, Sakura, and Bunsui, walk with the distinctive slow gait of wearing. Due to the event's popularity in Japan, organizers are often inundated with applications to be part of the parade as one of the three or as a servant. is a shortened form of, it is also known as the Dream Parade of Echigo.

The Ōsu Street Performers' Festival is an event held around Ōsu Kannon Temple in Nagoya yearly around the beginning of October. The highlight of this two-day festival is the slow procession of through the Ōsu Kannon shopping arcade. Thousands of spectators crowd the shopping streets on these days to get close enough to photograph the and their retinue of male bodyguards and entourage of apprentices (young girls in distinctive red kimono, wearing  (white face paint) and loose, long black hair).

An parade is held in the Minamishinagawa district near Aomono-Yokochō, Shinagawa every September.

title: Oiran


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TackyDax

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Nufy8 17:59, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

TackyDax
Hoax, hoax, glorious hoax, all by the creator of Natasha Fenwick and Tartan Air accident, 1971. Kill it with fire. DS 14:38, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's a hoax, speedy delete. Proto t c 14:42, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nomination. Demogorgon's Soup-taster 14:50, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * speedy delete Hoax DV8 2XL 15:13, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Two editors are generally not enough to determine whether something is a hoax. This is why being a hoax is not a criterion for speedy deletion.  Please do not abuse the speedy deletion criteria. Uncle G 15:35:27, 2005-09-01 (UTC)
 * Slooowly delete, then. Hoax. -- BD2412 talk 02:39, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Druga liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine / Друга лига Федерације Босне и Херцеговине) is a football league in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This level is organized in four different leagues - Sjever (North), Centar (Center), Jug (South) and Zapad (West) (until the season 2011–12 there was two West leagues).

This is the second level of football in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the third level of football in the country. Two teams are promoted to the First League of FBiH at the end of the season while bottom teams (depending on league and number of lower leagues) are relegated to the cantonal leagues (see Bosnia and Herzegovina football league system).

North (Sjever)

 * Bosna Kalesija
 * Bosna Mionica
 * Dinamo Donja Mahala
 * Dizdaruša
 * Gornji Rahić
 * Gradina
 * Lokomotiva Miričina
 * Mladost Malešići
 * Mramor
 * Odžak 102
 * Orahovica 74
 * Priluk
 * Prokosovići
 * Radnički Lukavac
 * Seona
 * Svatovac

Center (Centar)

 * Azot
 * Borac Jelah
 * Bosna Visoko
 * Famos Hrasnica
 * Ilijaš
 * Kolina
 * Krivaja
 * Mošćanica
 * Moševac
 * Natron
 * Pobjeda Tešanjka
 * Rudar Breza
 * SAŠK Napredak
 * Stupčanica
 * Unis
 * Usora

South (Jug)

 * Bjelopoljac
 * Brotnjo
 * Grude
 * Kamešnica
 * Klis
 * Ljubuški
 * Neum
 * Rama
 * Sloga Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje
 * Stolac
 * Tomislav
 * Troglav 1918
 * Turbina

West (Zapad)

 * Brekovica 78 (II)
 * Busovača (I)
 * Iskra (I)
 * Kiseljak (I)
 * Krajina Cazin (II)
 * Krajišnik (II)
 * NK Novi Travnik (I)
 * Podgrmeč (II)
 * Radnik Donji Vakuf (I)
 * Rudar Han Bila (I)
 * Rudar Kamengrad (II)
 * Sloga Bosanska Otoka (II)
 * FK Vitez (I)
 * NK Vitez (I)
 * Vitez Bužim (II)
 * Vlašić (I)


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Hasan Saka

Hasan Hüsnü Saka (1885 – 29 July 1960) was a Turkish politician, minister of foreign affairs, and prime minister of Turkey.

Political career
He graduated from "Mülkiye Mektebi" (School of Civil Service) in 1908. Hasan Saka started working for government in "Divan-ı Muhasebat" (Council of Accounts). He was sent to France for further education by the Ottoman government in 1909. After graduating from the School of Political Science with a diplomacy major, he returned home to continue his prior job.

He was elected as a member of the Ottoman Parliament in Istanbul at its last term and kept his position until the parliament was closed. He was elected as a member of Grand National Assembly of Turkey from Trabzon at its first term on 28 January 1921. He was a member of the Turkish delegation at the Lausanne Conference.

Saka was appointed minister of foreign affairs on 13 September 1944. He quit this position on 9 September 1947 when the entire cabinet resigned.

He was appointed prime minister on 10 September 1947. He formed his second cabinet on 10 June 1948. He resigned from office on 9 September 1949 but continued to be a member of parliament. His political life ended in 1954 when he decided not to run for the parliament again.

He died on 29 July 1960 in Istanbul, and was laid to rest at the Zincirlikuyu Cemetery.

title: Hasan Saka


text: User:Cassowary/header

title: User:Cassowary/header


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Schmidt–Newtonian telescope

A Schmidt–Newtonian telescope or Schmidt–Newton telescope is a catadioptric telescope that combines elements from both the Schmidt camera and the Newtonian telescope. In this telescope design, a spherical primary mirror is combined with a Schmidt corrector plate, which corrects the spherical aberration and holds the secondary mirror. The resulting system has less coma and diffraction effects than a Newtonian telescope with a parabolic mirror (which is free of spherical aberration but not free of coma) and a "spider" secondary mirror support. The design uses a 45° flat secondary mirror to view the image, as in a standard Newtonian telescope.

Advantages
Schmidt–Newtonian telescopes offer images with less coma than Newtonian telescopes of the same focal ratio (usually about half). The corrector plate also helps to seal the tube assembly from air currents, and provides mounting point for the diagonal mirror, eliminating the diffraction effects from a "spider" secondary support. The all-spherical surfaces are much easier to manufacture, especially in short focal ratios. Telescopes using this design typically have a short focal ratio of around f/4, making them well suited for astrophotography or CCD imaging. Schmidt–Newtonians also typically cost less than the more commonly produced Schmidt–Cassegrain telescopes since they don't have the added curved secondary mirror or the complicated primary mirror focusing mechanism found in most Schmidt–Cassegrain designs.

title: Schmidt–Newtonian telescope


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Orthopoxvirus

Orthopoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Poxviridae and subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Vertebrates, including mammals and humans, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are 12 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include smallpox, cowpox, horsepox, camelpox, and mpox. The most widely known member of the genus is Variola virus, which causes smallpox. It was eradicated globally by 1977, through the use of Vaccinia virus as a vaccine. The most recently described species is the Alaskapox virus, first isolated in 2015.

Structure
Orthopoxviruses are enveloped with brick-shaped geometries and virion dimensions around 200 nm wide and 250 nm long.

Genome
Member viruses have linear double-stranded DNA genomes around 170–250 kb in length.

Lifecycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which mediate cellular endocytosis of the virus. Fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane releases the viral core into the host cytoplasm. Expression of early-phase genes by viral RNA polymerase begins at 30 minutes after infection. The viral core is completely uncoated as early expression ends, releasing the viral genome into the cytoplasm. At this point, intermediate genes are expressed, triggering genomic DNA replication by the viral DNA polymerase about 100 minutes post-infection. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. Late genes are expressed from 140 min to 48 hours postinfection, producing all viral structural proteins. Assembly of progeny virions begins in cytoplasmic viral factories, producing a spherical immature particle. This virus particle matures into the brick-shaped intracellular mature virion, which can be released upon cell lysis, or can acquire a second membrane from the Golgi apparatus and bud as extracellular enveloped virions. In this latter case, the virion is transported to the plasma membrane via microtubules.

Transmission
Natural hosts of orthopoxviruses are mammals and arthropods. Member viruses are transmitted by respiratory droplets, contact, and zoonosis.

Distribution
Some orthopoxviruses, including the mpox, cowpox, and buffalopox viruses, have the ability to infect non-reservoir species. Others, such as ectromelia and camelpox viruses, are highly host-specific. Vaccinia virus, maintained in vaccine institutes and research laboratories, has a very wide host range. Vaccine-derived vaccinia has been found replicating in the wild in Brazil, where it has caused infections in rodents, cattle, and even humans. Following the eradication of variola virus, camelpox has become one of the most economically important Orthopoxvirus infections, because many subsistence-level nomadic communities depend heavily on camels.

Taxonomy
The genus contains the following species:

 * Abatino macacapox virus
 * Akhmeta virus
 * Alaskapox virus
 * Camelpox virus
 * Cowpox virus
 * Ectromelia virus
 * Monkeypox virus
 * Raccoonpox virus
 * Skunkpox virus
 * Taterapox virus
 * Vaccinia virus
 * †Variola virus
 * Volepox virus

Evolution
Among the path of evolution of the Orthopoxvirus species, many genes are truncated (but still functional), fragmented, or lost. Cowpox strains tend to have the most intact genes. Predicting the phylogeny by sequence or by gene content produces somewhat different results:

Some of the differences in the two trees are attributed to the procedure of passage in producing vaccinia strains. The Modified vaccinia Ankara strain in this regard has much gene loss related to in vitro passage, and horsepox being a vaccinia strain found in a natural outbreak has less.

Zoonoses
Following the eradication of the human-specific variola virus (smallpox), all human Orthopoxvirus infections are zoonoses. Mpox occurs naturally only in Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, human and prairie dog cases have occurred in the US due to contact with animals imported from Ghana, while in May 2022 an outbreak of mpox began spreading globally. Cowpox only occurs in Europe and adjacent Russian states, and despite its name, occurs only rarely in cattle. One common host is the domestic cat, from which human infections are most often acquired. Cowpox virus has also infected a variety of animals in European zoos, such as elephants, resulting in human infection.

Laboratory transmission
Aerosols of concentrated virus may result in Orthopoxvirus infection, especially in unimmunized individuals. In addition, needle sticks with concentrated virus or scratches from infected animals may result in local infection of the skin even in immunized individuals. Cowpox infection in Europe is an occupational hazard for veterinary workers, and to a lesser extent, farm workers.

Signs and symptoms
The initial symptoms of Orthopoxvirus infection include fever, malaise, head and body aches, and occasionally vomiting. With the exception of mpox infection, one lesion is the norm, although satellite lesions may be produced by accidental autoinoculation. Individual lesions, surrounded by inflammatory tissue, develop and progress through macules, papules, vesicles, and pustules, and eventually become dry crusts. (Lesions alone are not diagnostic for Orthopoxvirus infection and may be mistaken for zoonotic Parapoxvirus infections, anthrax or Herpesvirus infections. ) Severe edema and erythema may affect large areas of the body in cases of severe infection. Encephalitis (alteration of mental status and focal neurologic deficits), myelitis (upper- and lower-motor neuron dysfunction, sensory level, and bowel and bladder dysfunction), or both may result from Orthopoxvirus infection. Rarely, orthopoxviruses may be detected in cerebrospinal fluid.

Regarding specific Orthopoxvirus infections, human mpox most resembles mild smallpox. Human cowpox is a relatively severe localized infection. A survey of 54 cases reported three cases of generalized infection, including one death.

Treatment
Vaccinia-specific immunoglobulins may be administered to infected individuals. The only product currently available for treatment of complications of Orthopoxvirus infection is vaccinia immunoglobulin (VIG), which is an isotonic sterile solution of the immunoglobulin fraction of plasma from persons vaccinated with vaccinia virus. It is effective for treatment of eczema vaccinatum and certain cases of progressive vaccinia. However, VIG is contraindicated for the treatment of vaccinial keratitis. VIG is recommended for severe generalized vaccinia if the patient is extremely ill or has a serious underlying disease. VIG provides no benefit in the treatment of postvaccinal encephalitis and has no role in the treatment of smallpox. Current supplies of VIG are limited, and its use is reserved for treatment of vaccine complications with serious clinical manifestations. The recommended dosage of the currently available VIG is 0.6 ml/kg of body weight. VIG must be administered intramuscularly and is ideally administered as early as possible after the onset of symptoms. Because therapeutic doses of VIG might be substantial (e.g., 42 ml for a person weighing 70 kg), the product may be administered in divided doses over a 24- to 36-hour period. Doses can be repeated, usually at intervals of 2–3 days, until recovery begins (i.e., no new lesions appear). The CDC is currently the only source of VIG for civilians.

Certain antiviral compounds such as tecovirimat (ST-246) have been reported to be 100% active against vaccinia virus or other orthopoxviruses in vitro and among test animals. Tecovirimat has been granted orphan drug status by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is currently under study to determine its safety and effectiveness in humans. Another example is brincidofovir. In June 2021, the FDA approved this drug for the treatment of smallpox in humans, making it the first drug approved for an effectively extinct mechanism of action. The decision followed a priority review by the agency, motivated by growing concern of potential bioweapon development. Since the target virus is eradicated the efficacy could not be directly verified but was inferred via proxy, animal survival following infection by related species of Orthopoxvirus. In contrast, safety data was available from trials of the drug in treating Cytomegalovirus infections in humans.

Imatinib, a compound approved by the FDA for cancer treatment, has been shown to limit the release of extracellular enveloped virions and to protect mice from a lethal challenge with vaccinia. Currently, imatinib and related compounds are being evaluated by the CDC for their efficacy against variola virus and mpox virus.

Lab synthesis
In the summer of 2017, researchers at the University of Alberta recreated horsepox via lab synthesis to conduct research into using viruses to treat cancer.

title: Orthopoxvirus


text: Template:Cincinnati Bengals roster

title: Template:Cincinnati Bengals roster


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Bow echo

A bow echo is the characteristic radar return from a mesoscale convective system that is shaped like an archer's bow. These systems can produce severe straight-line winds and occasionally tornadoes, causing major damage. They can also become derechos or form Line echo wave pattern (LEWP).

Research
The term "bow echo" was first used by Theodore Fujita in his May 1978 paper "Manual of Downburst Identification for Project NIMROD." In 2004, research was done to better anticipate the formation of bow echoes, specifically the formation of bow echoes from weakly organized squall lines and supercells. Researchers determined that bow echoes were most likely to occur in weakly organized cells. A Midwest Bow Echo Workshop was held in 2007, at which meteorologists gathered to share their research to better understand bow echoes.

Formation
A bow echo is associated with squall lines or lines of convective thunderstorms. These echoes can range in size from 20 to 200 km, and have a life span of 3 to 6 hours. Bow echoes tend to develop when moderate to strong wind shear exists in the lower 2 to 3 km of the atmosphere. While similar to squall lines, bow echoes are smaller in scale and are moved by the wind inside them. They tend to push outward and after time die out. A bow echo also lowers the chance of a tornado being formed in the storm itself. The "bow shaped" echo is a result of focusing of the strong flow at the rear of the system. Especially strong bow echoes that cause devastating damage all along the width of the storm are often called derechos.

Rear inflow jet
The formation of a bow echo requires a strong elevated rear inflow jet at mid-levels. The strength of the cold pool and mesohigh at the surface as well as warmer temperatures aloft due to convection works to create a mesolow at mid-levels which strengthens the jet. Upon reaching the edge of the convection the jet descends and spreads along the surface, generating straight-line winds.

Book end vortices
After the rear inflow jet has bowed the storm system, book end or line end vortices develop on either side of the jet. These vortices are similar in strength. Due to the small size of the bow echo, the vortices help enhance the mid-level flow between them, which strengthens the rear inflow jet. The surface winds increase from the descending jet. As the life of the storm increases, the Coriolis force acts to intensify the cyclonic vortex and weaken the anticyclonic vortex. The system then develops an asymmetric comma-shaped echo. Some embedded tornadoes or gustnadoes develop within these vortices.

Strongest winds

Damaging straight-line winds often occur near the center of a bow echo. Damage from all severe thunderstorm winds accounts for half of all severe reports in the lower 48 states of the US, and is more common than damage from tornadoes. In a type of long-lived and powerful bow echo known as a derecho, wind speeds can reach up to or exceed 100 mph (160 km/h) and can produce a damage path extending for hundreds of miles. Bow echoes are capable of producing straight-line winds that are just as strong as many tornadoes. Indeed, a strong bow echo will produce more widespread and intense damage than the majority of tornadoes. Also, bow echoes in the form of a line echo wave pattern create a favorable environment for tornadoes to form.

The semiarid climate and rugged terrain in the interior west of the United States do not favour the development of bow echoes. However, on 21 April 2011, a bow echo associated with a fast-moving mid-tropospheric perturbation formed across the Great Salt Lake (GSL) in Utah, producing damaging winds along its path.

Notable bow echo storms
In 1674, the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands was devastated by a storm now thought to have been a bow echo storm. Some of the damage to the city is still visible, and severe storm activity was recorded across other areas of Europe.

In the 2014 Pentecost weekend storms in Europe, a violent bow echo moved across the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, causing 6 fatalities and an estimated 650 million euros in damages.

title: Bow echo


text:
Rama Krishna Puram

Ramakrishna Puram popularly known as R.K. Puram, is a residential colony in Delhi. Named after the saint Sri Ramakrishna, it houses many high-profile corporate houses.

History
Rama Krishna Puram area was built in the second phase of the extension of New Delhi. Construction of R K Puram started in the late 1950s by acquiring illegally occupied barren lands. Developed by CPWD to south-West of Secretariat Building, its development continued until the 1970s, when R. K. Puram was established. It mostly contains double-storeyed housing blocks, with 2-3 bedrooms apartments for central government officers. Som Vihar, named after Maj Som Nath Sharma, Param Vir Chakra, came up in the mid-eighties as a cooperative housing society for defence forces officers under the aegis of the Army Welfare Housing Organisation, in what is sometimes referred to as Sector 10. Some high-rise apartment blocks like Nivedita Kunj for senior officers were added in the 1990s. Gradually markets were added in each pocket, and schools and places of worship were also built. Today the area also house several houses of Government of India.

Landmarks
The area includes a number of important landmarks - Kendriya Vidyalaya, Sector 8, R.K Puram, Kerala School, Delhi in Sector-8, Rock Garden - Sector-7, Hope Hall Foundation School in Sector 7, Holy Child Auxilium School, Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram in Sector 12 and D.A.V. Public School in Sector-9, Delhi Karnataka Sangha- Sector-12, Karnataka Bank in Karnataka Sangha Building in Rao Tula Ram Marg in Sector-12,National Association Blind School and Tamil Sangam in Sector-5, Ramjas School, R. K. Puram, Delhi Tamil Education Association Senior Secondary Schools {D.T.E.A} and famed Yoga Centre named Shri Siddh Gufa Yoga Shikshan Kendra in Sector-4, Lal Bhadur Shastri School in Sector-3, Electronics shopping centre in Sector-6 (Mohan Singh Market), Malai Mandir in Sector-7 are a few of them. Also, Sangam cinema hall is now renovated completely with two PVR multiplex screens and a range of restaurants. The complex also has a Starbucks outlet. The area also includes Kendriya Vidyalaya RK Puram Sector 2 and Sector 4.

Each sector has an allocated space for a market complex comprising multiple shops. Some of the prominent market complexes are:
 * Sector 8 market - Famous for Supreme Bakery and a host of other shops ranging from mobile shops to departmental stores
 * Sector 9 market - With Sangam Complex (PVR and Starbucks) and PPC.
 * Sector 12 market
 * Sector 6, Mohan Singh market - Famous electronics shopping centre
 * Sector 1 market - famous for its chemist shops

R. K. Puram is also famous for its two weekly markets. The Friday Market happens every Friday on the road connecting the Office Complex outside Sector-1 and Madhavpuram. The Sunday Market which takes place every Sunday takes up the entire road between Sector-6 and Sector-7. Both markets host stalls of all kinds including fruits and vegetables, spices, clothes, leather goods, kitchen utilities and so on. Prices are totally negotiable and customers bargaining with vendors have become a common sight. The weekly markets attract large crowds most of them belonging to the middle and lower economic groups.

Overview
It is one of the oldest and larger developments in Delhi built for housing Central Government employees. It is roughly rectangular, enclosed by Ring Road to the north, Outer Ring Road to the south facing Vasant Vihar, Rao Tula Ram Marg to the west and Africa Avenue to the east. The north-eastern corner of this area is a separate commercial centre called Madam Bhikaji Cama Place.

It is subdivided into 13 "Sectors" which are named numerically from 1 to 13. Sector-13 is the only sector located on the other side of the Ring Road. Surprisingly, RK Puram does not have a Sector-11. All the sectors are characterised by wide colony roads, sprinkling of parks/common areas, excellent greenery and decent street lighting.

RK Puram also has its fair share of religious places including Ayyappa Temple in Sector-1, St Thomas Church in Sector - 2, Gurudwara in Sec-3, famed Yoga Centre named Shri Siddha Gufa Yog Shikshan Kendra, Gurudwara in Sector-5 and Jain Mandir in Sector - 4, Malai Mandir and Kali Bari temple in Sector - 7 and Venketeswer Temple, Masjid Haji Langa in Sector-3. Apart from these, there are a number of temples, Gurudwaras, mosques and churches sprinkled across this area.

Connectivity
R. K. Puram is well connected to different parts of the city by buses of the Delhi Transport Corporation. Most common routes through R K Puram include: A special bus service also plies from Sector-1 R. K. Puram to Gurgaon.
 * 610 from Anand Parbat to R.K Puram
 * 624 from Munirka to Anand vihar
 * 336 from Munirka to vivek vihar terminal
 * 623 from Vasant Vihar to Shahdara,
 * 544 from Sector-1 R. K. Puram to Badarpur,
 * 511 from Badarpur MB road to Dhaula kuan
 * 448 from Punjabi Bagh to Hamdard nagar
 * 578 from Safdarung Terminal to Najafgarh
 * 727 from Palam Gaon to JLN Stadium
 * 764 from Nehru Place to Najafgarh,
 * 680 from Ambedkar Nagar to Secretariat Building, New Delhi,
 * 711 from Janakpuri to Sarai Kale Khan,
 * 611 from Dhaula Kuan to Mayur Vihar,
 * 604 from Vasant Kunj to New Delhi Railway Station
 * 621 from Purvanchal Hostel to Mori Gate
 * 620 from Hauz Khas to Shivaji Stadium.
 * 623A from Vasant Vihar to Anand Vihar Bus Terminal.
 * 511 from Badarpur to Dhaula Kuan
 * OMS
 * TMS

R. K. Puram lies on the Janakpuri-Botanical Garden line with a station at Munirka and on the Mukundpur-Yamuna Vihar line with a station at Sarojini Nagar, Bhikaji Cama Place and Moti Bagh station. Both Lines are well connected with  Delhi Metro Feeder Bus Service as well as DTC Buses. Now, Magenta line stations are operational and Pink Line is also operational now which facilitates to the R.K.Puram connecting it with INA. Lajpat Nagar with the Pink Line.

title: Rama Krishna Puram


text:
Blanche Bingley

Blanche Bingley Hillyard (née Bingley; 3 November 1863 – 6 August 1946) was an English tennis player. She won six singles Wimbledon championships (1886, 1889, 1894, 1897, 1898, 1900) and was runner up seven times, having also competed in the first ever Wimbledon championships for women in 1884.

She also won the Irish Championships three times (1888, 1894, 1897); the German International Championships twice (1897, 1900); and the South of England Championships at Eastbourne, 11 times between 1885 and 1905.

Early life
Bingley was born in Greenford, west London, the daughter of a wealthy tailoring business proprietor. She was a member of the Ealing Lawn Tennis & Archery Club.

Wimbledon
Her career at Wimbledon spanned almost 30 years, longer than any other woman to date. In 1884, she competed in the first ever Wimbledon championships for women, and two years later she captured the first of her six singles titles. Also a seven-time losing finalist, Bingley's 13 finals remain a Wimbledon record as is the 14-year time span between her first and last titles.

Bingley's Wimbledon record suggests that she was the second strongest female player of her day, only behind Lottie Dod, who defeated her in five finals.

After marriage to Commander George Whiteside Hillyard she usually was listed in various records as Blanche Bingley Hillyard. At age 36, she again won the Wimbledon final and continued to compete until age 49, playing her last Wimbledon in 1913.

Other championships
Bingley's first success came at the Middlesex Championships, held in Chiswick Park (west London) in 1884. She won the Irish Championships on three occasions (1888, 1894, 1897) and the German International Championships, played in Hamburg, twice; in 1897, defeating Charlotte Cooper Sterry in the final in three sets, and in 1900 against Muriel Robb, also in three sets. Additionally, she won the South of England Championships at Eastbourne, then a major event, eleven times between 1885 and 1905. She also won the Sussex Championships at Brighton five times (1893–1896, 1900). She won the London Championships at Stamford Bridge three times (1886–1888), the Derbyshire Championships at Buxton six times (1888, 1893–1894, 1896, 1901, 1906), the Exmouth LTC Tournament two times (1887–1888) at Exmouth, the British Covered Court Championships (1901), the Bournemouth Open Tournament at Bournemouth (1901),

Private life
She married Commander George Whiteside Hillyard in Greenford on 13 July 1887) one week after the Wimbledon final.

Her husband was one of the foremost men's players on the international tennis circuit between 1886 and 1914. He also played first class cricket for Middlesex and Leicestershire. From 1907 to 1925, he was secretary of the All England Lawn Tennis Club and director of The Championships at Wimbledon between 1907 and 1925. He died in Bramfold, Pulborough, on 24 March 1943.

Death and legacy
Blanche Bingley Hillyard died at her home in Pulborough, West Sussex in 1946.

She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2013.

Singles: 13 (6 titles, 7 runner-ups)
1 This was the all-comers final as Lottie Dod did not defend her 1888 Wimbledon title, which resulted in the winner of the all-comers final winning the challenge round and, thus, Wimbledon in 1889 by walkover. 2This was the all-comers final as Lottie Dod did not defend her 1893 Wimbledon title, which resulted in the winner of the all-comers final winning the challenge round and, thus, Wimbledon in 1894 by walkover. 3This was the all-comers final as Helena Rice did not defend her 1890 Wimbledon title, which resulted in the winner of the all-comers final winning the challenge round and, thus, Wimbledon in 1891 by walkover.

title: Blanche Bingley


text:
Richmond Hill (TV series)

Richmond Hill is an Australian prime time television soap opera made in 1988 by the Reg Grundy Organisation for the Ten Network. It was devised by Reg Watson who also created Neighbours. It debuted on 27 January 1988 in a two-hour episode on Network 10 at 7.30pm. The series was only moderately successful and was cancelled on 22 June 1988. A total of 92 episodes were produced. As of March 2021, there has been no DVD Release of Richmond Hill.

Synopsis
Whereas the TV soap Neighbours was set in suburban Melbourne, this series was set in a small fictional Australian country town near Sydney and most of the scenes revolved around the local police station, a real estate agency, and local pub. The serial drew comparisons to the hugely popular Seven Network soap operas, A Country Practice and Cop Shop. The programme was produced in Sydney, some location shooting took place in Mona Vale, New South Wales. Connie Ryan's house in the series was in Berryman Street, North Ryde NSW.

The cast was intentionally made up of experienced well known TV soap actors in a bid to secure immediate success. Well-known names included Maggie Kirkpatrick, Amanda Muggleton, Paula Duncan and Tim Elston from Prisoner. Popular veteran actress, Gwen Plumb, famous for her long-running role as Ada Simmonds in The Young Doctors, starred as Mum Foote. There were also several actors from Sons and Daughters, including Tom Richards, Rona Coleman, Angela Kennedy and Michael Long, as well as an assortment of young beginners, Ashley Paske, Emily Symons (pre Home and Away), Marc Gray, and Melissa Tkautz, all made their TV debuts in the series. Former comedy star Ross Higgins of Kingswood Country played the central role of the local police officer and family man Dan Costello.

Broadcast history
Richmond Hill was broadcast on Network Ten in an evening timeslot 19:30–20:30 as two one-hour episodes each week on Wednesdays and Thursdays.

The series, although quite popular, was considered a lukewarm success in the Australian ratings, and was cancelled after six months in June 1988, and ended abruptly at episode 92 later that year. The decision came as a shock to producers, not least due to the fact that key actors contracts had just been extended for another year. As a result, the actors continued to be paid even though the series was no longer in production. There was not a definitive conclusion to the series because production was expected to continue. A final blow was the series had just been sold to the ITV network in the UK the very week it was axed in Australia, but ITV still aired all the episodes.

During early 1989, Channel Ten replayed Richmond Hill at 3.00pm weekday afternoons though after only 35 episodes that were replayed it was then abruptly removed from its programming schedule in replacement of US chat shows like The Phil Donahue Show and The Oprah Winfrey Show. The remaining episodes have still not been seen on Ten since their original 1988 broadcast.

Foxtel's UKTV Gold channel in Australia replayed the entire Richmond Hill series during the late 1990s between 1996 and 1997 during weekday mornings at 9.00am. The series has not been seen in the last 20 years on Australian TV and is waiting to be seen again whether it be released through DVD consumption or by a streaming channel.

International screenings
The UK's ITV bought Richmond Hill in June 1988, and it was announced by the network in August that encouraged by the huge success of its sister-series Neighbours on the BBC, they had paid £600'000 for the rights to screen the series. Thames Television, the ITV region serving the London area, managed the series for the network, and regions opted in to a dedicated feed from Thames. ITV decided to show Richmond Hill in a daytime Wednesday and Thursday 14:00 slot and it began 5 October 1988. The intention was for all ITV regions to air the same episode, on the same day, at the same time, which would have been a first for an Australian soap opera on ITV, but had been tried once before with the American daytime soap opera Santa Barbara in 1987. Many of the ITV regions temporarily dropped another Australian series, A Country Practice, from their schedule to make way for the two weekly episodes of Richmond Hill and it isn't known whether it was ever intended to be a networked primetime series on ITV, although in April 1988, the ITV network cancelled Crossroads, leaving 3 half-hour evening slots. This would have meant the re-formatting of episodes, but Network Ten's cancellation of Richmond Hill seemingly resulted in ITV losing interest in the series completely, and its mid-afternoon timeslot meant that it didn't achieve anywhere near the audience figures that Neighbours, was achieving in its tea-time slot over on BBC One.

Due to local programming commitments, Granada Television started the series two weeks later than the rest of the ITV network, and started to screen the series weekly from 20 October 1988, and chose to screen A Country Practice in the Thursday slot instead. In 1990 the series was moved to a Sunday and didn't finish until spring 1991.

Central Television also broke away from the network screenings in 1989, eventually falling behind the rest of the network by dropping to one episode a week towards the end of its run (running Quincy in the Thursday slot instead). The majority of ITV regions resumed A Country Practice as its replacement, with regional UK viewers now considerably behind Australia and at varying parts of the storyline.

Richmond Hill was last screened in the UK in the mid-1990s on cable & satellite channel Wire TV (hosted by Femi Oke and co hosted Chris Stacey with guest presenters Darren Edwards, and Darren Gray), it was screened back to back with USA soap The Bold and the Beautiful, before Wire TV was finally axed in 1994.

In New Zealand, Richmond Hill was bought by TVNZ and premiered on Network Two at 8.20pm on Sunday 19 February 1989, after the series had been cancelled in Australia. Following the feature-length pilot, the series was aired as one episode a week (as opposed to two episodes a week in Australia) and shown Wednesday nights at 8.00pm (from 22 February) before moving to 7.30pm (from 5 April until 2 August) and then to Tuesday nights at 7.30pm (from 8 August until 24 October). After a short break, the series was moved to Friday nights at 7.30pm (from 8 December 1989 until 7 December 1990). All episodes were played.

Grundy also sold the soap to German television channel Pro 7, and Richmond Hill was dubbed into German. It was aired twice a week from 1991 to 1992.

Major cast

 * Warren Bryant – Tim Elston
 * Janet Bryant – Paula Duncan
 * Marty Bryant – Ashley Paske
 * Dan Costello – Ross Higgins
 * Anne Costello – Emily Symons
 * Mum Foote – Gwen Plumb
 * Ivy Hackett – Maggie Kirkpatrick
 * Connie Ryan – Amanda Muggleton
 * Andrew Ryan – Marc Gray
 * Tim Shannon – Robert Sampson
 * Susan Miller – Felicity Soper
 * Jill Warner – Dina Panozzo
 * Gary Turner – Dane Carson
 * Mark Johnson – Warren Blondell
 * Nikki Spencer – Danielle Carter
 * Vince Comino – Manny Katts
 * Mavis Roberts – Betty Lucas
 * Frank Hackett – Robert Alexander
 * Roger Lawson – Peter Kowitz
 * Alice Costello – Rona Coleman
 * Craig Connors – Michael Long
 * Lawrie Benson – Tom Richards
 * Evelyn Thomas – Janet Kingsbury
 * Beatrice White – Moya O'Sullivan
 * Mrs Jennings – Thelma Scott
 * Jeff Wilson – Tim McCunn
 * Fiona Matthews – Angela Kennedy
 * Ben Brown – Dennis Grosvenor

title: Richmond Hill (TV series)


text:
Association of Scientific Workers

The Association of Scientific Workers (AScW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It was founded as the National Union of Scientific Workers in 1918, changing its name to the Association of Scientific Workers in 1927.

The union largely represented laboratory and technical workers in universities, the National Health Service and in chemical and metal manufacturing. It was the union for scientists with a conscience, and could name half-a-dozen Nobel Prize winners amongst its membership. The former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher was also a member.

In 1969 AScW merged with the ASSET (Association of Supervisory Staff, Executives and Technicians) to form ASTMS (the Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs)

General Secretaries

 * 1918: Norman Campbell
 * 1920: Archibald Church
 * 1931:
 * 1935: William Alfred Wooster
 * 1945: Roy Innes
 * 1949: Ted Ainley
 * 1951: Ben Smith
 * 1954: John Dutton

Literature

 * Roy MacLeod, Kay MacLeod: The Contradictions of Professionalism: Scientists, Trade Unionism and the First World War, in: Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 1, European Issue (Feb., 1979), pp. 1–32

title: Association of Scientific Workers


text: User talk:86.128.148.74

title: User talk:86.128.148.74


text:
Talk:Geodetic datum

Untitled
Agreed Budgiekiller 14:45, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Datum Merged
The article Datum has been successfully merged into this article. Also there is a proposed plan to merge this article into Geodesy. I agree to merge this article into the sub-section in Geodesy called Geodetic datums. --Zer_T 01:35, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Datums
As I am not a cartographer I will not edit the page. More than one datum requires the plural, which is data. Reg nim 20:40, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
 * see:, datums is the correct plural in this context.EricR 20:57, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Maybe the page has been edited by others to change it, becaue I find the word data in some places where I would expect datums (e.g. geodetic data). Or maybe I've misunderstood something. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.12.16.53 (talk • contribs) 06:51, 25 August 2009

 * Geodetic data refers to the geographical coordinates of every place on Earth, but geodetic datums refer to the several reference surfaces along which geodetic data are measured. — Joe Kress (talk) 17:16, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

Saying that a datum is a reference system is like saying that a telephone is a communication device -- it just doesn't tell you much. Is a datum a mathematical representation (ellipsoid)? If not, how does it differ from an ellipsoid representation? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1014:B12B:9DD9:AD12:18BE:CD58:1195 (talk) 12:33, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

Geoid plus other references required
There should be discussion of the GEOID in this article for better background. Also, there are several publically available documents, and spreadsheets enabling the conversions from XYZ to Lat Long Height. (polar coords, with deference to the ellipsoid)

references to Peter Dana's other work would be useful

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/coordsys/coordsys_f.html

14:50, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Great article: need addition to formulae sections
It would be helpful to add a note to the sections with the geodetic-geocentric-cartesian transformations to indicate what % of error is introduced by the equations. Users will then know whether they can expect tranformations using these formulae to be accurate within 1m, 1cm, etc. DiscipleOfChrist 16:37, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

It would be helpful to define h in the formulae for conversion from geodetic coordinates to ECEF. Is it PR in the diagram (height above mean sea level), or QR (height above the point where the normal intersects the axis)?

Geodetic vs Geocentric latitude
Whether is clear the definition of Geodetic and Geocentric latitude and the related conversion formulas, it is not clear which of the two definitions is assumed as reference for the WGS84 standard. In the pdf (linked to this page) describing the standard, both definitions are used for different computations. It seems that in all computations related to gravity, the geocentric latitude is more convenient than geodetic, where in all local computations related to targets localization the geodetic one is mostly used, likely because targets which share the same projection on the (ellipsoidal) Earth surface but having different altitudes, will not change their latitude, leaving the independency among the Lat/Long coordinates and the Altitude. However, it is elsewhere reported that the GPS (based upon the WGS84) does use the geocentric latitude definition. Someone knows specifically (apart from the obvious remark that the World GEODETIC system should follow Geodetic Lat/Long coordinates) which is the official Lat/Long definition for WGS84? 81.208.53.251 12:50, 31 July 2007 (UTC)Paolo, Rome 31-07-200781.208.53.251 12:50, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Which latitude is which?
In all navigation applications (including GPS) latitude is geodetic latitude. This is because geodetic latitude is measured with respect to the horizon whereas geocentric latitude is requires knowledge of the centre of Earth (not really possible for a ship at sea). Moreover if you measure the angle between the pole star and the horizon (something we can not do in the southern hemisphere!) you can determine your geodetic latitude. The navigator will drop the term geodetic and just say latitude. Hope this helps. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.43.227.18 (talk) 09:48, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

The Diagram on this Page
I have looked at the diagram on this page for years, trying to make sense of it, and failed to do so. A quick search and I came across this one http://kartoweb.itc.nl/geometrics/Bitmaps/latitude33.gif that puts the whole idea of geocentric vs geodetic into context, and simply makes a lot of sense. Does anyone agree that something like this would be a better choice on this page, or am I totally missing something? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.137.225.85 (talk) 10:12, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

Error in matlab file.
The equations for e and north in the xyz2enu.m function are reversed it should read as follows:

n = -sin(lambda).*(X-Xr) + cos(lambda).*(Y-Yr); e = -sin(phiP).*cos(lambda).*(X-Xr) - sin(phiP).*sin(lambda).*(Y-Yr) + cos(phiP).*(Z-Zr); u = cos(phiP).*cos(lambda).*(X-Xr) + cos(phiP).*sin(lambda).*(Y-Yr) + sin(phiP).*(Z-Zr);

A sanity check shows that the angle subtended by traveling north is independent of longitude, where as the angle subtended by traveling east is a function of latitude the closer on is to the poles the larger the angle is for a given distance along the geoid.

If there is agreement then the page should be updated.

nav_dude

4/10/09 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.170.230.31 (talk) 01:41, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Reasons for different datums
On this page, the reasons given are a bit inelegant. Yes, it is due to local surveying, but the page should recognize that with surveying technology prior to satellite geodesy it was monumentally difficult to link continents together. I suggest that we amend that sentence to talk about the history just enough to make it clear that geodetic surveying had to be local, and fit to local abberations in the geoid. —Preceding unsigned comment added by NChrisman (talk • contribs) 17:58, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Merge of Geodetic system and Datum (geodesy) into Geodetic datum
I noticed that there were two articles on this subject. This one is the nicer one, and the other one is the older one. I also noticed that none of theese are named by one of the terms I see most frequently, wich is Geodetic datum, the other one beeing simply datum. However 'Geodetic datum' exist, as redirect page.

I suggest that Datum (geodesy) is merged with Geodetic system, that the redirect page Geodetic datum is deleted, and finally, that the merged article is moved to Geodetic datum.

I welcome any comments and further suggestions on this. Johan G (talk) 23:49, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that the articles should be merged. If no editor objects to your proposed merger, because this article is larger than datum (geodesy), any info in that article not already here should be copied here (both are about the same age, created 2003 and 2004). The lead should be changed to indicate that the article includes both geodetic datums and their conversion. To move the merged page to its new name you must place your request on Requested moves. An administrator will then move the page to its new name. That process will turn the orginal pages into redirects to the new name. Talk:Datum (geodesy) will remain there, so a note should be placed here to that effect. I am not sure whether the Datum disambiguation page should remain or its two other entries placed at the top of this page. — Joe Kress (talk) 05:59, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. The two articles cover the same subject. SV1XV (talk) 18:10, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

 * ✅ for those reasons and also, as each article on this topic was already marked in need of cleanup, so now the cleanup only needs to be done once. Cesiumfrog (talk) 22:40, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

ECEF to ENU may be in error
The text and code compute a geocentric lat/lon for use in the rotation matrix. I'm pretty sure that it should be geodetic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gadflies (talk • contribs) 20:13, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Geodetic coordinates: what about longitude?
The article says that "locations near the surface are described in terms of latitude (φ), longitude (λ) and height (h). The ellipsoid is completely parameterised by the semi-major axis a and the flattening f."

However, if only a and f are given, how do we know where the longitude 0 is? If I'm not mistaken, we also have to add a reference meridian. --Jonas Wagner (talk) 23:10, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Matlab sourcecode
I removed the matlab code. The science and the math belong, but not the sample code, IMHO, for these reasons and perhaps more.

 * 1) First and foremost, Wikipedia is not a source code respository.
 * 2) Even if the case can be made for a short snippet of code to illustrate some point, the code in question is too long and distracts from the article.
 * 3) It is only illustrative to people who know that particular system.  Even if it is in widespread use, it is not universal, nor timeless, unlike the mathematics portion of the article.
 * 4) Computer source code is copyrighted, and the provenance of this code is unknown.

--Kbh3rd talk 01:10, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Bowring's iterative formula
I see this entire subsection has recently been added. I would tend to remove it entirely for various reasons.

First, it seems in a previous discussion, matlab code was removed. I would assume the code here should be removed for the same reason.

Second, without the code, the remaining text makes no sense to me. It is possible that there are actually some interesting points, but I can't make them out. Here is the text without code, with my confusion inline and emphasized:

It is efficient to solve the irrational equation (what irrational equation?) by using Newton-Raphson method which was actually derived by Bowring (does this mean what it says? Bowring, not Newton or Raphson derived the Newton-Raphson method?)   :

Removed block of code

, where RE = $$a$$ and E2 = $$e^2$$. (referred to symbols in code)

''No better transformation of above variable $$q \ (\triangleq p / z \tan \phi - 1)$$ has been discovered with regard to the convergent performance in Newton-Raphson method. The slight improvement thus can be achieved by using Halley's method and/or the division-free method '' (If there is no better transformation, what slight improvement can there be?).

Note that Bowring formalized his algorithm which consumes extra trigonometric functions in the iteration as follows: (So which of the two blocks of code is Bowring's method?)

Removed block of code

. (Random Period)

Thus unless there is an objection, I will be removing this in the near future. If someone can interpret the meaning of this and rewrite it that might work too, assuming there are salient points, but I am not confident enough in my impression of what the original author meant to even attempt such an endevor.

--Senior Fire (talk) 02:25, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Deleted as there were no objections. -Senior Fire (talk) 07:24, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

Ferrari's solution
There are a large number of symbols introduced in these equations, none of which are defined (outside of needing to read the cited closed-access article). Without more detail on these equations and their variables, the equations are not very useful to those wanting to understand their meaning who aren't already familiar with all of the notation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.102.219.52 (talk) 13:34, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Not particularly clear
I have a strong math, science, and engineering background. I've read probably thousands of Wikipedia articles on matters of science and nature... and this one is -- as of the date of my comment (Jan 2011) -- one of the most poorly written I've ever encountered.

Perhaps a definition of "geodetic system" would be helpful. (I have to say, the topic is VERY foggy to me... as it seems EVERYTHING is an approximation. If there is one absolutely correct system against which other projections' and systems' errors can be calculated... then why not just us the "absolute system" all the time?  And if there is no "absolute system" and everything is an approximation, then by what means do we compute "error" of various projections, systems, and techniques?  Hmph.)

Anyway, back to my criticism of the text of the article. Examples from the start of the article:

1) "The systems are needed because the earth is not a perfect sphere. Neither is the earth an ellipsoid." This conveys almost no content: the earth is not a cube or a dodecahedron or a jelly donut either.  So why -- exactly -- is a geodetic system needed because the earth is NOT these things?

2) "This can be verified by differentiating the equation for an ellipsoid and solving for dy/dx. It is a constant multiplied by x/y." Umm... what am I verifying with this differentiation?  That the earth is not a sphere?  That a sphere is not an ellipsoid?  That the result of the differentiation differs from actual measurements? That a system is needed?

I don't know how to add the "clean up required" flag to a page... but the current state of this article has inspired me to find out so that I can add it to this page.

Dharasty (talk) 20:01, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree with the above sentiments. Geodesy is a mature (but difficult) subject and short wiki articles cannot hope to replace standard texts, but it is clear that the author of the initial paragraphs does not understand the essence of the subject. The mathematics of the second paragraph is very confusing. (Quite apart from the fact that mathematical details within the lead are not advisable if the general reader is to derive any satisfaction.) This should really be developed into a discussion of mean earth reference ellipsoids. There are many

 * A geodetic reference system is essentially neither more nor less than a conventional framework to which the coordinates of any point may be referenced; the shape of the Earth is not part of the specification. The specification must be precise but it will always contain some arbitrarily fixed parameters.

 * The wiki articles covering geodesy are fairly poor on the whole. They should at least reflect the content of established text books in the field such as Physical Geodesy (Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof and Helmut Moritz, 2006 pbk edition) or Geodesy (Wolfgang Torge, 3rd ed, pbk). (The latter is reasonably priced). There is a good short survey in the Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (Seidelmann) and an even shorter survey  on the web at ]. Too often wiki contributors are writing up what they understand of a subject without reflecting the consensus of prevailing texts: this is contrary to wiki guidelines.  Peter Mercator (talk) 22:19, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Thirded that this article needs major work. The introduction is almost nonsensical. "The USGS uses a spherical harmonic expansion to approximate the earth's surface. It has about one hundred thousand terms. This problem has applications to moving Apollo asteroids. Some of them are loose rock and spinning. Their surface will be determined by the solution to this differential equation."  "An interesting experiment will be to spin a mass of water in the space station and accurately measure its surface and do this for various angular velocities. Also, we can accurately measure Jupiter's surface using our telescopes. We can accurately determine earth's surface by using GPS." How do these all relate to each other or help introduce the concept? It jumps around so much and doesn't explain the relationships. It's a very confusing and poorly written article.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.18.92.17 (talk) 18:21, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I would like to remove the Motivating theory section. I work with geodetic datums for a living and can't make any sense out of it. The last sentence may be referring to a geoid model. USGS doesn't create them; NGS (National Geodetic Survey) and NGA (National Geo-spatial Intelligence Agency) create them for the US. I don't feel it worth it to try to salvage the section. Melitak (talk) 23:44, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Oh yeah. intro: first sentence "Geodetic systems or geodetic datums are used in …" doesn't even say what the heck it is. Just where it's used. Then, there's this sentence: "A datum (plural datums) is a set of values used to define a specific geodetic system." So, it's circularly defined and therefore meaningless. That's why you can't understand it - it's logically incomprehensible. further down: A geodetic datum (plural datums, not data) is a reference from which measurements are made. In surveying and geodesy, a datum is a set of reference points on the Earth's surface against which position measurements are made and (often) an associated model of the shape of the Earth (reference ellipsoid) to define a geodetic coordinate system. from section 1: In surveying and geodesy, a datum is a reference point or surface against which position measurements are made, and an associated model of the shape of the earth for computing positions. Ah, now I know what it is. more clues, section 6: A reference datum is a known and constant surface which is used to describe the location of unknown points on the earth. K. One sentence summary. Simplest most obvious example. Two other examples to illustrate breadth of concept. And we have a new opening paragraph. Rip out some other crap… add concrete example of a reference point… done OsamaBinLogin (talk) 15:26, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

What's with the figure/diagram on the right at the top? It talks about a normal (and shows an angle), but you could say what a normal is -- you could at least draw the tangent to show the normal. Maybe the normal that you're talking about isn't what I learned in Calculus (perpendicular to the tangent plane). What are the points G, A, F, B, I and P? Some labeled points don't help if you don't explain them. 70.197.228.2 (talk) 18:35, 2 September 2014 (UTC)
 * True it could be better explained. The line segment IP is perpendicular to the surface of the ellipsoid at point P, so can be considered normal to the surface. --Mark viking (talk) 20:03, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

Datums History and Purpose
Datums can be a complex subject. In talking to the non-expert, some simple examples would be useful to put the technical details in context.

Datums grew out of the necessity to use maps from different map makers at the same time. The easiest way to see the basic issue is to consider longitude. Before 1884 (conference of Washington) most major countries had their own 0 of longitude (prime meridian). The French through the Paris Observatory, the British through their observatory (in Greenwich) etc. Of course it was more complex.

Even within a country maps were made locally for local use. In the next county someone else might make maps. Each map maker would choose a few points and try and establish what their coordinates were. Then they would survey from those points. For a long time this worked "good enough". These maps were on "Local Datums". Where the maps met or overlapped, you would have to slide and rotate one to fit the other.

But then national mapping projects were established, one early one was in France. The local maps were adjusted and new coordinates for a few reference points in each region found that best fit together. These were national or regional datums.

Except for earth scientist, connecting these together was not of high importance. It was academic. Then came World War I. Suddenly different armies needed maps not only to plan attacks, but to shoot artillery beyond the line of sight. Datums and datum shifts became important.

Today with satellite positioning systems world wide datums are used. These are sometimes called Geodetic Reference Systems. Of course GPS has one. And Glonass (the Russian system satellite navigation system) has a slightly different one.

The main issue though is older maps. In some areas of the world the basic GPS reference datum and maps datums can differ by a few kilometers. Modern GPS receivers usually have and advanced setup option to set the Datum to adjust for this.

So Datums for maps are "local" reference systems. For the car driver this isn't important. For the open ocean sailor it can be.

JR C — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oldprof5 (talk • contribs) 22:41, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

ECEF to ENU may be in error (II)
I believe that is something wrong in the matrix that defines the transformation from the ECEF to ENU coordinates. The error might be the exchange between latitude and longitude.

Please check the following webpage Transformations between ECEF and ENU coordinates in equation 6. In this source λ is the latitude and φ is the longitude.

--193.137.43.157 (talk) 11:10, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Based on the diagram, rather than the text, λ is the longitude and φ is the latitude. The text is just unclear when it says "If (λ,φ) are taken as the spherical latitude and longitude." It should say "If (λ,φ) are taken as the spherical longitude and latitude, respectively." Melitak (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 17:19, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

Datums or data
Isn't "data" the plural of "datum", e.g. shouldn't we refer to "vertical data" not "vertical datums"? --Bermicourt (talk) 14:51, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Japan Geodesic Datum
I am a bit curious why there is not artice or mention about the Japan datum or Tokyo datum, JGD2000 ? http://fr.slideshare.net/danialabid95/japanese-geodetic-datum Rom4in (talk) 07:48, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

 * This is probably because no one has written about it yet. Your reference has some good infomration. The Datum article on the Japanese wikipedia also has a section on the Japan datum. Feel free to contribute if you like. --Mark viking (talk) 19:19, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Geodetic datum


text:
Ron Galella

Ronald Edward Galella (January 10, 1931 – April 30, 2022) was an American photographer, known as a pioneer paparazzo. Dubbed "Paparazzo Extraordinaire" by Newsweek and "the Godfather of the U.S. paparazzi culture" by Time magazine and Vanity Fair, he is regarded by Harper's Bazaar as "arguably the most controversial paparazzo of all time". He photographed many celebrities out of the public eye and gained notice for his feuds with some of them, including Jacqueline Onassis and Marlon Brando. Despite the numerous controversies and claims of stalking, Galella's work was praised and exhibited in art galleries worldwide.

During his career, Galella took more than three million photographs of public figures.

Early life
Galella was born in New York City on January 10, 1931, in a family of Italian heritage. His father, Vincenzo, was an immigrant from Muro Lucano, Basilicata, who manufactured pianos and coffins; his mother, Michelina (Marinaccio), was born in New Jersey to immigrants from Benevento, Campania, and worked as a crochet beader. After graduating high school, he won a two-year scholarship at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn but turned it down due to his deficiencies in mathematics.

Galella served as a United States Air Force photographer from 1951 to 1955, including during the Korean War. He later attended the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California, graduating with a degree in photojournalism in 1958. In his free time, Galella took pictures of the stars arriving at film premieres, selling them to magazines like National Enquirer and Photoplay. He soon became known for his photographic approach, portraying famous people out of the spotlight, usually in spontaneous expressions.

Career
Galella's photographs have been featured in hundreds of publications including Time, Harper's Bazaar, Vogue, Vanity Fair, People, Rolling Stone, The New Yorker, The New York Times, and Life. In his in-home darkroom, Galella made his own prints which have been exhibited at museums and galleries throughout the world, including the MoMA in New York City, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Tate Modern in London,  and the Helmut Newton Foundation Museum of Photography in Berlin.

In 2009, his father's hometown of Muro Lucano made Galella an honorary citizen. He was the subject of a 2010 documentary film by Leon Gast entitled Smash His Camera. The film's title is a quote from Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis directed to her security agent after Galella pursued her and her children through Central Park, New York. The documentary premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, winning the Grand Jury Award for Directing in the U.S. Documentary category. It also received positive reviews at the 54th BFI London Film Festival before it aired on the BBC.

Controversies
Galella was known for his obsessive picture taking of Jacqueline Onassis and the subsequent legal battles associated with it. The New York Post called it "the most co-dependent celeb-pap[arazzo] relationship ever". The 1972 free-speech trial Galella v. Onassis resulted in a restraining order to keep Galella 50 yards (later changed to 25 feet) away from Onassis. He was found guilty of breaking this order four times and faced seven years in jail and a $120,000 fine; later settling for a $10,000 fine and surrendering his rights to photograph Jackie and her children.

On June 12, 1973, actor Marlon Brando punched Galella in the face outside a restaurant in Chinatown in New York City, breaking the photographer's jaw and knocking out five of his teeth on the left side of his mouth. Galella had been following Brando, who was accompanied by Dick Cavett, to the restaurant after a taping of The Dick Cavett Show earlier that day. Galella hired lawyers Stuart Schlesinger and Alfred Julien to sue Brando and ultimately settled for US$40,000. Schlesinger reported in the 2010 documentary Smash His Camera that Galella received two-thirds, but only cared about getting the message out, "I don't want anyone to think they can go around punching me if I am taking their picture. Get that story out, not the money." The next time Galella chased Brando, he wore a football helmet.

Galella once lost a tooth when he was beaten by Richard Burton's security guards. He unsuccessfully sued the actor. Elizabeth Taylor, who tended to be tolerant towards photographers, was often heard to mutter, "I'm going to kill Ron Galella!", although the actress would later use his photographs in her biography. Galella's other targets included Elvis Presley, whose bodyguards slashed his tires, Brigitte Bardot, whose security staff hosed him down, the restaurateur Elaine Kaufman of Elaine's who once threw a trashcan lid at his head, and Sean Penn, who spat at him and reportedly punched him while being photographed with his then-wife Madonna.

In spite of these controversies, art galleries across the world have valued his work for its artistic and socio-historical value. He was praised by Andy Warhol, who said: "My idea of a good picture is one that's in focus and of a famous person doing something unfamous. It's being in the right place at the wrong time. That's why my favorite photographer is Ron Galella." Art writer Glenn O'Brien defined him as a "brilliant realist able to represent the world faithfully." One of Galella's pictures depicting Jacqueline Onassis, dubbed "Windblown Jackie," was included among "The Most Influential Images of All Time" by Time magazine in 2016.

Personal life
Galella married Betty Lou Burke in 1979. She worked as a photo editor for Today Is Sunday, and was subsequently his business partner. They remained married until her death on January 9, 2017, at the age of 68. Speaking of his wife, Galella said, "When Betty first purchased my photos for publication and granted me assignment credentials over the phone, I fell in love with her warm soft, loving voice. I met her in person for the first time, two years later, on Dec. 10, 1978, at the Kennedy Center for the premiere of Superman. With one look at that beautiful girl, I said, 'I'm gonna marry you.' And five months later, we were. Once married, we became a team."

After retiring as a paparazzo, Galella was active as a photographer at prominent culture events. He resided in Montville, New Jersey, during his later years.

Galella died on April 30, 2022, at his home in Montville, New Jersey. He was 91, and suffered from congestive heart failure prior to his death.

Publications

 * Jacqueline. 1974, Sheed and Ward. ISBN 978-0-8362-0573-2.
 * Offguard: A Paparazzi Look at the Beautiful People. 1976, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-022733-0.
 * The Photographs of Ron Galella: 1965–1989. 2001, Greybull. ISBN 978-0-9672366-6-7.
 * Ron Galella Exclusive Diary. 2004, Photology. ISBN 978-8888359137.
 * Disco Years. 2006, PowerHouse Books. ISBN 978-1-57687-325-0.
 * Warhol by Galella: That's Great!. 2008, Verlhac; Montacelli; Seeman Henschel. ISBN 978-1-58093-204-2.
 * No Pictures. 2008, PowerHouse. ISBN 978-1-57687-457-8.
 * Viva l'Italia!. 2009, Galella; Distributed by PowerHouse. ISBN 978-0-615-28678-5.
 * Man in the Mirror: Michael Jackson. 2009, PowerHouse. ISBN 978-1-57687-535-3.
 * Boxing with the Stars. 2011, Verlhac. ISBN 978-2-916954-82-0.
 * Ron Galella: Paparazzo Extraordinaire with Mathias Prinz. 2012, Hatje Cantz. ISBN 978-3-7757-3324-3.
 * Jackie: My Obsession. 2013, Galella. ISBN 978-0-9857519-0-6.
 * Pop, Rock & Dance. 2013, Galella. ISBN 978-0-9857519-2-0.
 * The Stories Behind the Pictures. 2014, Galella. ISBN 978-0-9857519-3-7.
 * Sex in Fashion. 2015, Galella. ISBN 978-0-9857519-4-4.
 * Rock and Roll. 2016, Galella. ISBN 978-0-9857519-5-1.
 * Donald Trump the Master Builder. 2017, Galella. ISBN 978-0-9857519-6-8.
 * Shooting Stars. January 2019, Galella. ISBN 978-0-9857519-7-5.
 * 100 Iconic Photographs – A retrospective by Ron Galella. November 2021, Galella. ISBN 978-1-7378102-1-6.

Exhibitions

 * Soho Gallery, 1972, New York City
 * G. Ray Hawkins Gallery, 1976, New York City
 * Rizzoli Gallery, 1976, New York City
 * Union Carbide, 1977, New York City
 * William Lyons Gallery, 1980 Coconut Grove, Florida
 * Octagon Club, 1987, New York City
 * Nikon Gallery, 1993, New York City
 * Serge Sorokko Gallery, 1997, New York City
 * Andy Warhol Museum, Ron Galella Retrospective, June 2002 – September 2002 Pittsburgh, PA
 * Paul Kasmin Gallery, The Photographs of Ron Galella, 2002, New York City
 * Holt-Renfrew, Flick, 2003 Toronto, Canada
 * Photology, Ron Galella Exclusive Diary, 2004 Milan, Italy
 * Galerie Wouter van Leeuwen, The Photographs of Ron Galella, 2004/5, Amsterdamn, Netherlands
 * Artelibro Festival of Art and Books, Ron Galella Exclusive Diary: Caught Off-Guard, 2005, Bologna, Italy
 * Ferragamo Gallery, Ron Galella Exclusive Diary: Caught Off-Guard, 2005, New York City
 * Kunstforum, Superstars: From Warhol to Madonna, 2005/6
 * PowerHouse Arena, Ron Galella: The Kennedy, New York City
 * Paul Kasmin Gallery, Disco Years, 2005/6, New York City
 * Buro Beelende Kunst Vlissinger Ron Galella: The One and Only Paparazzo, Brooklyn, New York
 * Galerie Wouter van Leeuwen, Disco Years, 2006/7, Amsterdamn, Netherlands
 * PowerHouse Arena, Warhol is Dead!, 2007
 * The Gershwin Hotel – 2007, New York City
 * PowerHouse Arena, That 70's Show, 2007 Brooklyn, New York
 * The Museum of Modern Art, Iconic Photos of Ron Galella acquired into collection, 2007, New York City
 * The Museum of Modern Art, Iconic Photos of Ron Galella acquired into collection, 2008, New York City
 * The Tate Modern Museum, Street + Studio: An Urban History of Photography, 2008 London, England
 * The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel Warhol by Galella: That's Great!, 2008–Present Hollywood, CA
 * Galerie Wouter van Leeuwen, Warhol by Galella: That's Great!, 2008–Present Amsterdam, Netherlands
 * Staly-Wise Gallery, Warhol by Galella: That's Great!, 2008–Present, New York City
 * GMW Law Offices, Offguard: Ron Galella Photography, 2008–Present Den Haag, Netherlands
 * Helmut Newton Foundation Museum of Photography, Pigozzi and the Paparazzi, 2008 Berlin, Germany
 * Hamburger Bahnfof Museum Fur Gegenwart, Celebrities: Andy Warhol and the Stars 2008/9
 * Palazzo Lanfranchi, Carlo Levi Hall, Ron Galella: Italian Icons, 2009, Matera, Italy
 * Archeology Museum of Muro Lucano, Viva l'Italia, 2009–Present
 * La Casa Encendida, 2009, Madrid, Spain
 * MART Museo di arte moderna e contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto, Picturing New York: Photographs from the Museum of Modern Art, 2009, Rovereto, Italy
 * Centaur Theatre Company, Viva l'Italia, 2009, Montreal, Canada
 * Irish Museum of Modern Art, Picturing New York: Photographs from the Museum of Modern Art, 2009/10, Dublin
 * Lena Di Gangi Gallery, The Photographs of Ron Galella, 2009/10, Totawa, NJ
 * PowerHouse Arena, Man in the Mirror: Michael Jackson by Ron Galella, 2009, Brooklyn, NY
 * Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam, Netherlands- Ron Galella: Paparazzo Extraordinaire!, 2012
 * Galerie La Flo, St. Tropex France, Boxing with the Stars, 2012
 * Fundación Novacaixagalicia, Ron Galella: Paparazzo Extraordinaire!, La Coruña, Spain, 2013/14, Pontevedra, Spain, 2014
 * Centre Pompidou Paparazzi!, Metz, France, Photographers, Stars, and Artists, 2014
 * Staley-Wise Gallery, Pop, Rock & Dance, 2013/14, New York City
 * Fotomuseum Winterthur, Switzerland, 2014
 * Albertina, Blow-Up -Vienna, Austria, 2014
 * Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt, Germany, Paparazzi! Photographers, Stars, and Artists, 2014
 * Musée de l'Elysée, Lausanne, Switzerland, Paparazzi! Photographers, Stars, and Artists, 2014/15
 * C/O Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Blow-Up, 2015
 * Photology Noto, Noto, Sicily, Vintage Galella, 2015
 * Photology Garzón, Garzón, Uruguay, Vintage Galella, 2016
 * Staley Wise Gallery, New York City, 55 Years a Paparazzi, 2015
 * Int'l Center for Photography, New York City, Public, Private Secret, 2017
 * Photology Online Gallery, Exclusive Diary, 2021
 * Palazzo Sarcinelli, Conegliano, Italy, Ron Galella, Paparazzo Superstar, 2022

title: Ron Galella


text:
Jean Cadell

Jean Dunlop Cadell (13 September 1884 – 29 September 1967) was a Scottish character actress. Although her married name was Jean Dunlop Perceval-Clark she retained her maiden name in the context of acting.

Life and career
She was born at 4 Buckingham Terrace in Edinburgh, the daughter of Dr Francis Cadell (1844-1909), a wealthy surgeon, and his wife, Mary Hamilton Boileau (1853-1907). The family moved to 22 Ainslie Place, a huge Georgian house on the Moray Estate, in her youth.

She performed in the cinema and on the stage. Among her best-known cinema roles was in the Ealing Studios comedy Whisky Galore! (1949), as well as Pygmalion (1938) and I Know Where I'm Going! (1945). She once performed opposite W.C. Fields in Hollywood, cast as Mrs. Micawber to his Wilkins Micawber in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's 1935 production of David Copperfield. Although Cadell remains in the released version of the film, her biggest scene (when the Micawber family prepare to emigrate) was deleted from the release prints.

Jean Cadell died in London on 29 September 1967, aged 83.

She is buried with her family in Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh. The grave lies against the southern wall.

Family
Her brother, Francis Cadell, was one of the Scottish Colourists. She married actor Perceval Perceval-Clark. Jean and Perceval both appeared in the play The Man Who Stayed at Home.

Her son, born John Cadell Perceval-Clark in 1915, changed his name to John Cadell and became a theatrical agent. Her grandson Simon Cadell and her granddaughter Selina Cadell also became actors.

Complete filmography

 * David Garrick (1912, Short) - Araminta Brown
 * The Man Who Stayed at Home (1915) - Miss Myrtle
 * Anna the Adventuress (1920) - Nellie Bates
 * Alf's Button (1920) - Vicar's wife
 * The Naked Man (1923) - Miss Linnett
 * The Loves of Robert Burns (1930) - Mrs. Burns
 * Escape (1930) - (uncredited)
 * Two White Arms (1932) - Mrs. Drury
 * Fires of Fate (1932) - Miss Byrne
 * Timbuctoo (1933) - Wilhelmina
 * The Luck of a Sailor (1934) - Princess Rosanna
 * Little Friend (1934) - Miss Drew
 * David Copperfield (1935) - Mrs. Micawber
 * Whom the Gods Love (1936) - Frau Mozart
 * Love from a Stranger (1937) - Aunt Lou
 * South Riding (1938) - Miss Dry
 * Tobias and the Angel (1938, TV Movie) - Anna
 * Pygmalion (1938) - Mrs. Pearce
 * Suspect (1939, TV Movie) - Goudie Macintyre
 * Confidential Lady (1940) - Amy Boswell
 * Quiet Wedding (1941) - Aunt Florence
 * The Young Mr. Pitt (1942) - Mrs. Sparry
 * Dear Octopus (1943) - Vicar's Wife
 * Two Girls and a Sailor (1944) - Mrs. Church
 * I Know Where I'm Going! (1945) - Postmistress
 * Jassy (1947) - Meggie
 * Afterglow (1948, TV Movie) - Frau Kaunitz
 * That Dangerous Age (1949) - Nannie
 * Marry Me! (1949) - Hester Parsons
 * Whisky Galore! (1949) - Mrs. Campbell
 * No Place for Jennifer (1950) - Aunt Jacqueline
 * Madeleine (1950) - Mrs. Jenkins
 * ''Craven House (1950, TV Movie) - Miss Hatt
 * The Reluctant Widow (1950) - Mrs. Barrows
 * The Switchback (1950, TV Movie) - Aunt Dinah
 * The Late Edwina Black (1951) - Ellen
 * Music at Night (1952, TV Movie) - Mrs. Amesbury
 * I'm a Stranger (1952) - Hannah Mackenzie
 * Three's Company (1953) - Miss Craig (segment "Take a Number' story)
 * Meet Mr. Lucifer (1953) - Mrs. Macdonald
 * The Whiteoak Chronicles: The Building of Jalna (1955, TV Movie) - Adeline Whiteoak
 * The Whiteoak Chronicles: Whiteoaks (1955, TV Movie) - Adeline Whiteoak
 * Keep It Clean (1956) - Mrs. Edgar Anstey
 * The Druid Circle (1957, TV Movie) - Mrs. White
 * The Little Hut (1957) - Mrs. Hermione Brittingham-Brett
 * Let's Be Happy (1957) - Mrs. Cathie (uncredited)
 * The Surgeon's Knife (1957) - Henrietta Stevens
 * Doomsday for Dyson (1959, TV Movie) - Great Aunt Lucy
 * Rockets Galore! (1958) - Mrs. Campbell
 * Serious Charge (1959) - Almshouse Matron
 * Upstairs and Downstairs (1959) - 1st Old Lady
 * A Taste of Money (1961) - Miss Brill
 * Very Important Person (1961) - Lady Telling Story on TV show. Opening Scene

title: Jean Cadell


text: User talk:81.79.187.186

title: User talk:81.79.187.186