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Stiff-person syndrome

Stiff-person syndrome (SPS), also known as stiff-man syndrome, is a rare neurological disorder of unclear cause characterized by progressive muscular rigidity and stiffness. The stiffness primarily affects the truncal muscles and is characterised by spasms, resulting in postural deformities. Chronic pain, impaired mobility, and lumbar hyperlordosis are common symptoms.

SPS occurs in about one in a million people and is most commonly found in middle-aged people. A small minority of patients have the paraneoplastic variety of the condition. Variants of the condition, such as stiff-limb syndrome, which primarily affects a specific limb, are often seen.

SPS was first described in 1956. Diagnostic criteria were proposed in the 1960s and refined two decades later. In the 1990s and 2000s, the role of antibodies in the condition became clearer. SPS patients generally have glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies, which seldom occur in the general population. In addition to blood tests for GAD, electromyography tests can help confirm the condition's presence.

Benzodiazepine-class drugs are the most common treatment; they are used for symptom relief from stiffness. Other common treatments include baclofen, intravenous immunoglobin, and rituximab. Limited but encouraging therapeutic experience of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation exists for SPS.

Signs and symptoms
Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is often separated into several subtypes, based on the cause and progression of the disease.

There are three clinical classifications of SPS:

 * Classic SPS, associated with other autoimmune conditions and usually GAD-positive
 * Partial SPS variants
 * Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM)

Around 70% of those with SPS have the "classic" form of the disease. People with classic SPS typically first experience intermittent tightness or aching in the muscles of the trunk. These muscles repeatedly and involuntarily contract, causing them to grow and rigidify. Eventually, rigidified muscles reduce the affected person's range of motion, slow their voluntary movements, and may cause them to have abnormal posture, particularly lumbar hyperlordosis (a distinctive curve in the lower back). Rigid trunk muscles can also prevent the chest and abdomen from expanding, causing shortness of breath and early satiety. In many people with SPS, muscle rigidity eventually progresses from the trunk to the limbs — first affecting muscles closest to the trunk, then further. Stiffened limbs can affect a person's balance and gait, causing awkward 'statue-like' falls, where the affected person cannot put out their arms to soften the impact. Alongside growing stiffness, many with SPS develop bouts of muscle spasms that are triggered by sudden movements and feeling upset or startled. Spasms are sometimes accompanied by elevated blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and sweating. Some experience chronic muscle pain.

The muscle stiffness initially fluctuates, sometimes for days or weeks, but eventually begins to consistently impair mobility. As the disease progresses, patients sometimes become unable to walk or bend. Chronic pain is common and worsens over time, but sometimes acute pain occurs as well. Stress, cold weather, and infections lead to an increase in symptoms, and sleep decreases them.

SPS patients experience superimposed spasms and extreme sensitivity to touch and sound. These spasms primarily occur in the proximal limb and axial muscles. Spasms usually last for minutes and can recur over hours. Attacks of spasms are unpredictable and are often caused by fast movements, emotional distress, or sudden sounds or touches. In rare cases, facial muscles, hands, feet, and the chest can be affected, and unusual eye movements and vertigo occur. Brisk stretch reflexes and clonus occur in patients. Late in the disease's progression, hypnagogic myoclonus can occur.

In addition to their physical symptoms, many with SPS experience neurological and psychiatric disorders. Some with SPS have various neurological disorders that affect physical reflexes and the movement of the eyes. Some also experience anxiety, depression, alcohol use disorders, and phobias — particularly agoraphobia. Most patients are psychologically normal and respond reasonably to their situations.

A minority of people with SPS experience "partial" SPS, also called "stiff-limb syndrome", where the muscle contractions and stiffness are limited to the limbs, or sometimes a single limb. This syndrome develops into full SPS about 25% of the time. The stiffness begins in one limb and remains most prominent there. Sphincter and brainstem issues often occur with stiff-limb syndrome.

Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus, another variant of the condition, includes symptoms of SPS, with brainstem issues, autonomic disturbances, and myoclonus. In some cases, the limbic system is affected, too. Most patients have upper motor neuron issues and autonomic disturbances.

Around 5% of those with SPS experience the symptoms as a paraneoplastic syndrome — a result of a tumor elsewhere in the body releasing bioactive molecules. Paraneoplastic SPS can affect either a single limb, or the trunk and limbs together.

Causes
Patients with SPS generally have high glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody levels in their blood. About 80% of SPS patients have GAD antibodies, compared with about 1% of the general population. The overwhelming majority of people who have GAD antibodies do not develop SPS, indicating that systemic synthesis of the antibody is not the sole cause of SPS. GAD, a presynaptic autoantigen, is generally thought to play a key role in the condition, but exact details of the way autoantibodies affect SPS patients are not known. Most SPS patients with high-titer GAD antibodies also have antibodies that inhibit GABA-receptor-associated protein (GABARAP). Autoantibodies against amphiphysin and gephyrin are also sometimes found in SPS patients. The antibodies appear to interact with antigens in the brain neurons and the spinal-cord synapses, causing a functional blockade of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This leads to GABA impairment, which probably causes the stiffness and spasms that characterize SPS. There are low GABA levels in the motor cortexes of SPS patients.

Why GAD autoimmunity occurs in SPS patients is unknown, and whether SPS qualifies as a neuroautoimmune disorder has been questioned. Also unknown is whether these antibodies are pathogenic. The level of GAD antibody titers found in SPS patients does not correlate with disease severity, indicating that these titer levels do not need to be monitored. GAD antibodies have not been proven to be the sole cause of SPS, but possibly they are a marker or an epiphenomenon of the condition's cause.

In SPS patients, motor-unit neurons fire involuntarily in a way that resembles a normal contraction. Motor-unit potentials fire while the patient is at rest, particularly in the muscles that are stiff. The excessive firing of motor neurons may be caused by malfunctions in spinal and suprasegmental inhibitory networks that use GABA. Involuntary actions show up as voluntary on EMG scans; even when the patient tries to relax, agonist and antagonist contractions occur.

In a minority of patients with SPS, breast, ovarian, or lung cancer manifests paraneoplastically as proximal muscle stiffness. These cancers are associated with the synaptic proteins amphiphysin and gephyrin. Paraneoplastic SPS with amphiphysin antibodies and breast adenocarcinoma tend to occur together. These patients tend not to have GAD antibodies. Passive transfer of SPS by plasma injection has been demonstrated in paraneoplastic SPS, but not in classical SPS.

Evidence exists of genetic influence on SPS risk. The HLA class II locus makes patients susceptible to the condition. Most SPS patients have the DQB1* 0201 allele. This allele is also associated with type 1 diabetes.

Diagnosis
SPS is diagnosed by evaluating clinical findings and excluding other conditions. No specific laboratory test confirms its presence. Due to the rarity and varied symptoms of SPS, most affected by the disease wait several years before they are correctly diagnosed.

The presence of antibodies against GAD is the best indication of the condition that can be detected by blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing. Anti-GAD65 is found in about 80% of SPS patients. Antithyroid, antiintrinsic factor, antinuclear, anti-RNP, and antigliadin antibodies are also often found in blood tests. Electromyography demonstrates involuntary motor unit firing in SPS patients. It can confirm the SPS diagnosis by noting spasms in distant muscles as a result of subnoxious stimulation of cutaneous or mixed nerves. Responsiveness to diazepam helps confirm that the patient has SPS, as this drug decreases stiffness and motor-unit firing.

The same general criteria are used to diagnose paraneoplastic SPS as for the normal form of the condition. Once SPS is diagnosed, poor response to conventional therapies and the presence of cancer indicate that it may be paraneoplastic. CT scans are indicated for SPS patients who respond poorly to therapy to determine if cancer is the cause.

A variety of conditions have similar symptoms to SPS, including myelopathies, dystonias, spinocerebellar degenerations, primary lateral sclerosis, neuromyotonia, and some psychogenic disorders. Tetanus, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperpyrexia, chronic spinal interneuronitis, serotonin syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease should also be excluded.

Patients' fears and phobias often incorrectly lead doctors to think their symptoms are psychogenic, and they are sometimes suspected of malingering. An average of six years pass after the onset of symptoms before the disease is diagnosed.

Treatment
No evidence-based treatment has been found for SPS, nor have large, controlled trials of treatments for the condition been conducted. The rarity of the disease complicates efforts to establish guidelines.

Prognosis
The progression of SPS depends on whether it is a typical or abnormal form of the condition, and the presence of comorbidities. Early recognition and neurological treatment can limit its progression. SPS is generally responsive to treatment, but the condition usually progresses and stabilizes periodically. Even with treatment, quality of life generally declines as stiffness precludes many activities. Some patients require mobility aids due to the risk of falls. About 65% of SPS patients are unable to function independently. About 10% require intensive care at some point; sudden death occurs in about the same percentage of patients. These deaths are usually caused by metabolic acidosis or an autonomic crisis.

Epidemiology
SPS is estimated to have a prevalence of about one or two per million people. It affects women up to three times as frequently as men. In the United Kingdom, 119 cases were identified between 2000 and 2005. It does not predominantly occur in any racial or ethnic group. SPS can start at any age, though it most frequently occurs in people in their 40s. About 35% of SPS patients have type I diabetes.

History
SPS was first described by Frederick Moersch and Henry Woltman in 1956, who named it "stiff-man syndrome". Their description of the disease was based on 14 cases that they had observed over 32 years. Using electromyography, they noted that motor-unit firing suggested that contractions of voluntary muscle were occurring in their patients. Previously, cases of SPS had been dismissed as psychogenic problems. Clinical diagnostic criteria were developed by Gordon et al. in 1967. They observed "persistent tonic contraction reflected in constant firing, even at rest" after providing patients with muscle relaxants and examining them with electromyography. In 1989, criteria for an SPS diagnosis were adopted that included episodic axial stiffness, progression of stiffness, lordosis, and triggered spasms. The name of the disease was shifted from "stiff-man syndrome" to the gender-neutral "stiff-person syndrome" in 1991.

In 1963, diazepam was determined to help alleviate symptoms of SPS. Corticosteroids were first used to treat the condition in 1988, and plasma exchange was first applied the following year. The first use of intravenous immunoglobulin to treat the condition came in 1994.

In 1988, Solimena et al. discovered that autoantibodies against GAD played a key role in SPS. Two years later, Solimena found the antibodies in 20 out of 33 patients examined. In the late 1980s, the serum of SPS patients was also found to bind to GABAergic neurons. In 2006, the role of GABARAP in SPS was discovered. The first case of paraneoplastic SPS was found in 1975. In 1993, antiamphiphysin was shown to play a role in paraneoplastic SPS, and seven years later, antigephyrin was also found to be involved in the condition.

In December 2022, singer Céline Dion announced that she is suffering from this syndrome, resulting in cancelled performances.

title: Stiff-person syndrome


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Wiley Park, New South Wales

Wiley Park is a suburb in south-western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Wiley Park is located 17 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district in the City of Canterbury-Bankstown.

History
The 20 acre now comprising Wiley Park was initially part of 60 acre of land granted to Robert Wilkinson in 1832. It passed to the Wiley family in 1862.

Wiley Park is named after the reserve of 20 acre that was bequeathed in the will of Mr. J.V. Wiley in 1906 for a park and recreational ground for local residents. Wiley was a shoemaker who died unmarried and without children.

At the time the bequest caused some dissent with the local council but after much debate at a public meeting it was decided to accept the bequest. This park is bounded by King Georges Road, Canterbury Road, Clio Street and Edge Street.

Commercial area
A small shopping strip is located on King Georges Road, near the Wiley Park railway station. The adjoining suburbs have a greater degree of commercial activity. The suburb is also close to the large Roselands Shopping Centre. Also on King Georges Road, south of the train station is the Cao Dai Temple.

Schools
Wiley Park Public School (formerly the Years 3-6 part of Lakemba Public School until 1984) and Lakemba Public School are located on opposite sides of King Georges Road.

Lakemba Public School was established on its present site around 1913. It has an "opportunity class" for Years 5 and 6 students in the region was located at the school for many years.

Lakemba Public School notable alumni includes Vin Wallace QC, who was a Crown Prosecutor in New South Wales from 1954 retiring as Senior Crown Prosecutor for New South Wales in 1978

Wiley Park Girls High School (established 1957) is also located here. Former NSW Ombudsman Irene Moss and chef Maggie Beer attended the school.

Transport
Wiley Park railway station is on the Bankstown Line of the Sydney Trains network.

King Georges Road is a main road running through Wiley Park that starts as Wiley Avenue, to the north in Greenacre through to Beverly Hills in the south and beyond. Canterbury Road runs along the southern border of the suburb.

Parks and culture
Wiley Park, King Georges road, Wiley Park, on the corner of King Georges and Canterbury roads currently has a recreational area over 2.5 km2. It has a large pond, and houses the Wiley Park Bicentennial Amphitheatre where local events such as Carols in the Park at Christmas and Youth X Festival are held.

Until the 1980s, Wiley Park included a large velodrome that held events including Australian Championships and hosted concerts by a range of artists including Johnny O'Keefe. Cycling in the area was a popular sport, and a famous cycling store was operated by Jack Walsh in the adjoining suburb of Punchbowl for 50 years. Unfortunately the council allowed the velodrome to fall into disrepair and removed it without community consultation, replacing part of its area with an amphitheatre. Some sources cite that the loss of the velodrome was due to road widening.

The amphitheater and its inside meeting room is now the home of Horizon Theatre Company.

Demographics
Wiley Park was formerly inhabited largely by Anglo Celtic residents of a working-class background. The suburb has become an increasingly multicultural suburb from the late 1970s onwards, with many residents born overseas or having parents born overseas, from countries such as Lebanon, Vietnam, Italy, Greece, the Philippines and the Pacific Islands. At the, 33.9% of respondents were born in Australia, 12.3% in Bangladesh, 6.5% in India, Lebanon 5.6%, Pakistan 5.6% and Vietnam with 3.5%. The most common responses for religion in Wiley Park were Islam 54.7%, Catholic 10.5%, No Religion 8.3% and Eastern Orthodox 4.2%, a further 8.3% of respondents elected not to disclose their religion.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wiley Park, New South Wales


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Battle of Hogwarts

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No Consensus (6K to 10D). R e  dwolf24  (talk) 03:58, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Battle of Hogwarts
Lengthy article about the climax of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, which should just be merged with that article. Ëvilphoenix Burn! 08:00, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Might want to mention that some time ago I closed a debate on Votes for deletion/The Battle of Hogwarts as a "delete". Since the article being discussed now is five times longer than the one I deleted, I think it should not count as a speedy-deletable recreation. No vote. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:11, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. Isn't there a Potter wiki for this stuff? --Lomedae 10:04, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * We have the Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter for detailed analyses of the stories. Editors are encouraged to contribute. Uncle G 16:10:35, 2005-08-30 (UTC)
 * Delete Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince covers this pretty well. Besides I've never really heard it called that. Cmouse 13:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fancruft title for the climax of HP&THBP. Already covered in that article.Gateman1997 17:05, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Well written summation of the battle in the latest book--Machtzu 23:07, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, or possibly quasi-transwikify to the Harry Potter Wiki. I know it's not technically a "transwiki", but it would be (at least slightly) more appreciated there. Although nobody ever called it the "Battle of Hogwarts" in the books… Hermione1980 23:13, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote (delete) Ashibaka (tock) 00:58, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-canonical name. -Sean Curtin 01:37, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm already serving 10 years in Azkaban for casting an unforgivable vote the last time this came up, but here we go again Avra Deleta! For same reasons given last time. Sabine's Sunbird 01:39, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll smuggle in a file hidden in a cake for you. Meantime, Delete this Potter-cruft. --Calton | Talk 02:19, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * A wand might be more useful —Wahoofive (talk) 06:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Kill it with fire →Raul654 17:51, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - if content from the article is merged back into "Half-Blood Prince" then this must be kept. Merge does not require admin intervention, and so, does not need a VfD vote.  Delete should only be an option if this material does nto belong in Wikipedia (ie, if the "Battle of Hogwarst" material should not be in the H-B Prince article.  Guettarda 17:59, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fanfiction. --Carnildo 22:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, this is canon. --Zetawoof 02:42, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wikipedia is not paper.  There is also precedent:  See Battle of Yavin and Battle of Hoth and Battle of Endor as references as well as Battle of Wolf 359. -SocratesJedi | Talk 03:54, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. What he said. Plus there is no canonical name and this is the one in common use, battle is one of the pivotal events of series, if Battle of the Windmill has thrived there's little reason to keep this out, Wikipedia's Potter coverage is extensive and I for one would like it to stay that way. Yeah, I'm biased. --Kizor 12:50, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep: Too long to be merged into another article. —M ESSED R OCKER (talk) 02:45, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete: If this article stays, then the precedent will allow articles for every minor event in the series. This section of the book was only about 30 pages long, right? Brendan OShea 06:03, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; merge with the article for the book. Although there are articles for other fictional battles, that's no reason that this should belong too. Whether it's kept or not, the article needs a major trim; as it stands, it's much longer than it needs to be. --Zetawoof 02:42, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is the climax of the book, a matter of great interest to readers. Pointless merging it with the article on the book as a whole, as this description is already much longer than the description there for the entire book. It could not sensibly be merged without greatly extending the rest of the article on 'half blood prince'. Keeping it separate is consistent with the way topics have been 'farmed out' rather than having everything on that page. It is relevant to quite a few other pages. It belongs here as part of the set of articles on HP, not dumped on Wikibooks muggles guide (which is just disorganised stuff previously dumped from here for no very good reason.) Sandpiper 02:48, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Other major fictional battles have articles, and no one's given a reason why this one should be treated differently. It's a major turning point in the series, and would not set the precedent for articles on "every minor event", as one voter put it. --Icarus 22:39, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a major point in the book.  But it should be discussed in the article for the book.  Gamaliel 22:40, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The article on HBP would grow way too big if we merged this lengthy article into an already-large article. —M ESSED R OCKER (talk) 03:27, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Then you should trim the article. You don't need to recount every little thing in the entire book. Gamaliel 03:46, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Per SocratesJedi and Icarus--inks 22:43, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I will verge on the inclusionist side and say Keep, for now. Andre ( talk ) 03:57, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Haberman Feeder

The Haberman Feeder (a registered trademark) is a speciality bottle named after its inventor Mandy Haberman for babies with impaired sucking ability (for example due to cleft lip and palate or Mobius syndrome). The design of the feeder is to simulate breastfeeding.

Origin
Mandy Haberman's research included contact with the Cleft Lip and Palate Association of Great Britain, and a study of cineradiographs of suckling infants, so that she might better comprehend the mechanics of feeding. She especially noted the differences between bottle feeding (which is primarily sucking) and breastfeeding (primarily pumping).

How it works
The feeder's design enables the feeder to be activated by tongue and gum pressure, imitating the mechanics involved in breastfeeding, rather than by sucking. A one-way valve separates the nipple from the bottle. Before starting the feeding, air is squeezed out of the nipple and is automatically replaced by breastmilk or formula through the valve. Milk cannot flow back into the bottle and is replenished continuously as the baby feeds. A slit valve opening near the tip of the nipple shuts between jaw compressions, preventing the baby from being overwhelmed with milk. Stopping or reducing the flow of milk is controlled by rotation of the nipple in the baby's mouth. Usually the nipple is marked with lines that indicate zero flow, moderate flow, and maximum flow. For infants who need assistance with their feeding efforts, mother—or whoever is feeding the baby—may apply a gentle pumping action to the body of the nipple. The numbers in the cross section are listed below:
 * 1) Teat, this part is inserted into the baby's mouth.
 * 2) Teat, this part is used to gently squeeze the milk into the baby's mouth and to keep the teat filled with milk.
 * 3) Flexible part of the valve. The milk in the teat cannot flow back into the bottle, thus when squeezed the milk flows into the baby's mouth, at the same time milk is sucked into the teat
 * 4) Ring to keep the teat and valve on top of the bottle.
 * 5) Standard sized babybottle (only top part shown).

Patent information
United Kingdom patent GB2169210 covering the feeder was applied for on December 11, 1985 and granted on January 5, 1989.

United States patent US6102245A covering the feeder was applied for on October 18, 1996 and granted on August 15, 2000 2.

title: Haberman Feeder


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Wilberforce, New South Wales

Wilberforce is a small town in New South Wales, Australia, in the local government area of the City of Hawkesbury. It is just beyond the outer suburbs of north-west Sydney and lies on the western bank of the Hawkesbury River.

History
Wilberforce is one of the original settlements established as a township by Lachlan Macquarie, colonial governor of New South Wales 1810–21. It is known locally as "Macquarie Town", a title given to townships established by Governor Macquarie on 6 December 1810 in and around the Sydney metropolitan area. It was named after William Wilberforce (1759–1833), who was a British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade.

Heritage listings
Wilberforce has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Clergy Road: Wilberforce Cemetery
 * 47 George Road: Wilberforce Park
 * 43-43a Macquarie Road: St John's Anglican Church and Macquarie Schoolhouse
 * Rose Street: Australiana Pioneer Village
 * Rose Street: Rose Cottage
 * Stannix Park Road: Stannix Park House

Macquarie Schoolhouse (1819) and St John's Church (1859)
The historic St John's Anglican Church was designed by Edmund Thomas Blacket and built by J. Atkinson of Windsor. Construction was started in 1856 and the building was not completed until 1859 at a cost of £1500. The grounds of the church and contains the Old School House building (Built 1819), which was used as a school, a church, and a residence of the school master until the church was completed. The school house was replaced in 1880 by a Public School. The original church building is still used for the church's 8 am service with the modern education centre used for later services.

Howorth Grave (1804, relocated 1960)
Relocated to a position in front of the schoolhouse, the grave marks the death of a child bitten by a snake on a nearby property. Grave moved on 5 December 1960 by the Hawkesbury Historical Society.

Wilberforce Park (1810)

This is the original town square proclaimed by Macquarie, and still retains its original relationship with the schoolhouse, cemetery and townships. In the park itself is the War Memorial, erected by local residents in 1918. In 1966, it was relocated within the park, and new plaques were added at this time.

Australiana Pioneer Village
Opened around 1970, the village contains a number of buildings from the surrounding area which were physically transported to the site. Among them is 'Rose Cottage'; the oldest timber slab cottage in Australia standing on its original site.

Wilberforce Cemetery (1815 onwards)
This cemetery sits on Old Sackville Road, near the intersection with Singleton Road (Putty Road). There are a number of graves of the area's pioneers; notably the somewhat unusual Table Slab Grave.

Notable residents
Wilberforce is the birthplace of bushranger Captain Thunderbolt.

title: Wilberforce, New South Wales


text:
Talk:Functionalism (architecture)

How to you relate functionalism, as a design method, to the needs of the public and the site?

Denmark
I think it is necessary to remove the section Danish functionalism and do a separated article. What`s the point in talking only about Denmark if there is functionalism movements in Sweden, Germany, for example. Fabiumas (talk) 12:37, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
 * +1 Ceplm (talk) 11:16, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

 * This thread is some years old, but I have added text about "Nordic funkis" recently. This explains how functionalist architecture differs and how it relates to the broader movement of functionalism. The Nordic functionalist style features prominently throughout Scandinavia, including Finland and is worthy of its own section. It also had important implications for Scandinavian design as we know it today. RhinoMind (talk) 18:26, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

Czechoslovakia
If we talk about the Czechoslovak functionalist architecture, then we should certainly mention Villa Tugendhat. Yes, Mies van der Rohe was not Czech or Slovak, but this design was very much part of the whole Czechoslovak architecture scene (especially in Brno). Ceplm (talk) 11:16, 1 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi. The best way forward would be to collect a series of proper sources and books on functionalist architecture in Czechoslovakia. This would also fill in gaps in other areas in a more coherent way and not just add the one example that you mention. RhinoMind (talk) 18:22, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:37, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Finlandia-talo ulkisivu itapuolelta east side facade Photo Rauno Traskelin.jpg

title: Talk:Functionalism (architecture)


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Cheong Choong Kong

Cheong Choong Kong (born 9 June 1941) is a Malaysian businessman and former Chief Executive Officer of Singapore Airlines. After the collision of Singapore Airlines Flight 006 during take-off, he appeared as the public face of the airline. He is currently the chairman of the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation and has recently had a cameo appearance on MediaCorp TV Channel 5 television sitcom The Yang Sisters as San Poh.

Education
After completing his studies at the Methodist Boys' School in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Cheong obtained a Bachelor of Science with First Class Honours in Mathematics from the University of Adelaide in 1964. He studied in Australia as a Colombo Plan scholar.

He also received a Master of Science (1966) and a Ph.D. (1968) in Mathematics from Australian National University. His main fields of study were random processes and related areas of applied and theoretical probability.

Career
He began his career as a mathematics lecturer in the University of Malaya (1968), eventually becoming associate professor and serving as head of the department.

He left academics in 1974 to work with Singapore Airlines. He spent 29 years at Singapore Airlines; he eventually became the company's CEO.

In 1998, Fortune named him Asian Businessman of the Year, noting that SIA had an "unbroken 27-year record of profitability through turbulent economic times."

He was first appointed to the board of OCBC on 1 July 1999. He served as vice chairman from 26 March 2002 to 30 June 2003. On 1 July 2003, he was elected chairman of the board. He is now a Director of several companies, including Singapore Press Holdings Ltd, Great Eastern Holdings Ltd, Great Eastern Life Assurance Company Ltd and Overseas Assurance Corporation Ltd.

On August 31, 2014, Kong retired as the chairman of OCBC Bank veterans board of directors.

In February 2018, BRIEF-Frasers Centrepoint Trust announced the appointment of Kong as the new chairman.

Affiliations
He served as Chairman of the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation and of its successor, Singapore International Media from July 1989 to September 1995. He has also served as the Chairman of the Council of the National University of Singapore. His service was for two consecutive two-year terms ending on July 31, 2004. He has served as Vice-Chairman of the Singapore-US Business Council. Finally, Cheong has held directorships in companies which include Singapore Press Holdings Ltd, Great Eastern Holdings Ltd and United Eagle Airlines Co Ltd.

title: Cheong Choong Kong


text:
Ken Mackay

Kenneth Donald "Slasher" Mackay (24 October 1925 – 13 June 1982) was an Australian cricketer who played in 37 Test matches between 1956 and 1963.

Biography
He was universally known as "Slasher", an ironic reference to his often back-to-the-wall batting style, which was bestowed on him by Toombul District Cricket Club teammate Aub Carrigan. In his first Test at Lord's in 1956 he batted for over four hours in each innings, wearing down the England bowlers with pawky defence and unbreakable concentration. He matured as a Test player to become an unobtrusive but often vital member of Richie Benaud's team that brought Australia out of its late-fifties doldrums in two remarkable series, against the West Indies in 1960–61 and England in 1961. Mackay made important contributions in both, most notably his famous last-wicket stand with Lindsay Kline in the 4th Test against the West Indies in Adelaide which forced a remarkable draw.

Mackay teamed with Benaud and Alan Davidson to provide a high-quality, flexible core of all-rounders that often proved the difference for Australia in tight situations. While lacking the talent of the fast left-arm swing of Davidson and the leg-spin of Benaud, his economical, nagging right-arm medium pace was often strategically useful and occasionally, especially in Pakistan and India, destructive. He was the second-most economic of significant Australian test bowlers, surpassed in miserliness only by Arthur Mailey. He was not a tidy-looking bowler and he shambled up to the wicket, but in the 1961 Ashes series he was Australia's first-change bowler and in the First Test dismissed Ken Barrington, M.J.K. Smith and Raman Subba Row in four balls to give Australia a 321-run first innings lead.

A prolific run-scorer at first-class level, he was more of a bit-part player than a front-line batsman, but averaged healthily for an all-rounder and for many years had the distinction, until passed by Shane Warne (who played many more Tests), of scoring the most Test runs of any Australian without scoring a century. Many of his 13 Test half-centuries were made in crucial situations, often batting with the tail. His final Test series was the 1962-63 Ashes series, when he made 86 not out at such a dull rate that he was dropped due to public demand, but was recalled for the Fourth Test. With Alan Davidson injured he took 3/80 and 1/13, but made only 1 and 3 and was dropped again.

Always highly regarded by teammates and opponents, his popularity with the public grew remarkably late in his career, especially after his Adelaide heroics. A testimonial (Mackay, like most Australian cricketers of the time, was an amateur) with the slogan 'A Bob in for The Slasher' raised the then substantial sum of five thousand pounds, and a street and the main oval at Toombul District Cricket Club were named in his honour. His autobiography, Slasher Opens Up, is regarded as one of the very best cricketer's books, as much for its humour and honesty as for its heroics. Mackay died early in 1982 but, as Jack Pollard wrote in his definitive 'Australian Cricket, the Game and the Players', "while cricket is played in Australia, he will be fondly remembered".

He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his services to cricket in 1962.

title: Ken Mackay


text:
Wheeler Heights, New South Wales

Wheeler Heights is a suburb of Northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Wheeler Heights is located 22 kilometres north-east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council and is part of the Northern Beaches region. Wheeler Heights was designated as a separate suburb in 1977 with a postcode of 2097 but was reassigned as a locality within Collaroy in 1984. In 2001, all localities were renamed Urban Places. In 2011, Wheeler Heights, along with Collaroy Plateau, was re-established as a suburb by the Geographical Names Board of NSW, after lobbying by the community, who had never ceased considering it to be a suburb since its loss of that title in 1984.

Heritage and History of Warringah

 * 'There are over 1000 sites of Aboriginal culture and heritage in the areas of Sydney known as North Sydney, Lane Cove, Willoughby, Manly, Warringah, Ku-ring-gai, and Pittwater.' 'Despite its relative proximity to Sydney, the Warringah area remained predominantly rural throughout the nineteenth century. The region's isolation and difficult terrain were natural barriers to development.'
 * The Wheeler family, originally from Somerset, England, were one of the first families in the (Wheeler Heights) area. James Wheeler (1810-1890), a free settler who already owned land at Dee Why, purchased 150 acres in January 1842 made up of 100 acres on South Creek and 50 acres on Narrabeen Lagoon, where his family remained for over 100 years. In the years that followed, he purchased further land in the area and the Wheeler homestead was a feature of the southern shore of Narrabeen Lagoon. The remains of a stone weir from the former Wheeler Estate can be seen protruding from the shoreline of Narrabeen Lagoon near James Wheeler Place. The Wheeler Estate was broken up after the Second World War.
 * The Wheeler family name has been used in James Wheeler Place and the suburb name Wheeler Heights, while other street names of Wheeler Heights reflect the towns and villages of The Lakes District, Cumbria, England, as well as many of the geographical features of the landscape. The names of some of the lakes are the names of Derwent St, Coniston St and Windermere Place. Ambleside St and Penrith Ave are names of larger towns in the lakes district. The dales are a particular feature of the lakes district and have given their names to Ennerdale Crescent and Langdale Place.

The naming of Wheeler Heights
'How a school gave a suburb its name' 'Collaroy Plateau and Wheeler Heights to get their names back' 'Our suburbs saved'

In 1961 Collaroy Plateau West Primary school was built. The school has access from Rose Ave, Berith St and Veterans Pde. Over the next six years buses used for taking Collaroy Plateau West Primary school sports teams to interschool sports on Friday afternoons frequently went to the wrong school - Collaroy Plateau Primary School due to the similarity of the name of the two schools.

In 1969 there was an opportunity to change the name of the school and avoid the problem of two schools with very similar names. The name was changed to Wheeler Heights Public School. This was at the suggestion of Stan Walters, a teacher at the school who was interested in the local history. Wheeler Heights became the commonly used name by locals for the streets surrounding the school, including the name for the shopping strip in South Creek Road, Wheeler Heights. In 1977 Wheeler Heights was registered as a suburb by the Geographical Names Board.

In 2002 both Wheeler Heights and Collaroy Plateau were stripped of their suburb status by the Geographical Names Board and were downgraded to 'urban places'. In 2010 a community campaign 'Save our Suburbs' was successful in regaining Wheeler Heights and Collaroy Plateau their status as suburbs.

The Superb View Estate
Sir Arthur Rickard (1868-1948), real estate developer advertised the Superb View Estate in 1917. This estate developed allotments on Lantana Avenue, Rose Avenue, Ettalong Street, Heather Street, Plateau Road (now Veterans Parade) and Berith Street (Wheeler Heights).

Jamison Park
Jamieson Park is a 42.8 ha reserve located along the southern foreshores of Narrabeen Lagoon. It is bounded by the suburbs of Narrabeen, Wheeler Heights, and Cromer. From Wheeler Heights, it can be accessed from James Wheeler Place and South Creek Rd, Wheeler Heights.

Narrabeen Lagoon Trail
On 25 February 2015, Warringah Council opened the last link in the Narrabeen Lagoon Bush trail from South Creek, Middle Creek and to Deep Creek. The 8.4 km complete trail around the Lagoon crosses two steel bridges and runs adjacent to the Sydney Sports Academy. The path and bridges allow bushwalkers, cyclists, and joggers to travel in safety while being close to nature and enjoying the breathtaking beauty of Narrabeen Lagoon.

Native plants and trees
Warringah is home to over 900 native plant species, subspecies, varieties, and forms that can be found from the coastal sand dunes and estuaries to sandstone ridgetops and plateaux. Wheeler Heights has dry sclerophyll forests (Shrubby sub formation) 'Shrubby dry sclerophyll forest has typically Australian species such as waratahs, banksias, wattles, pea-flowers, and tea-trees. There is a sparse ground cover of sedges and grasses growing on sandy soils that are among the world's least fertile.'

Transport
The main form of transport after private cars is by public transport buses. Wheeler Heights is served by the 179 bus route, operated by Keolis Downer Northern Beaches. It runs between Warringah Mall and the War Veterans retirement village.

There is no rail transport, the nearest railway station is in Chastwood.

Schools and churches
Wheeler Heights has one place of worship, St Rose Catholic Church.

There are two schools in Wheeler Heights
 * Wheeler Heights Public School
 * St Rose Catholic Primary School

There is one Long Day Care Centre

Commercial
Wheeler Heights has a shopping centre located along South Creek Road. This includes Wheeler Heights Post Office. In late 2017, the shopping centre was sold and plans to redevelop the shopping centre surfaced. As of November 2020, the shopping centre has nearly completed construction, having stores and restaurants on the ground, while apartments above with underground private parking for residents.

title: Wheeler Heights, New South Wales


text:
File:Donabate2.png

New version of Image:Donabate.png, using red dot instead of coloring the entire peninsula.Also smaller file size. Based on Image:Ireland map County Dublin Magnified.png

title: File:Donabate2.png


text:
File:Head On 1998 film.jpg

Rationale of fair use for Head On (1998 film)

 * 1) The image is being used to illustrate the film in question.
 * 2) No free or public domain images have been located for this purpose.
 * 3) The image is of lower resolution than the original poster.
 * 4) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the film in any way.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The image is being used for informational purposes only.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Head On 1998 film.jpg


text:
Wetherill Park, New South Wales

Wetherill Park is a suburb in Greater Western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Wetherill Park is located 34 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Fairfield.

The recorded that Wetherill Park as having a resident population of 6,127. Just under half (47.5%) of these residents were born in Australia. The area is 11.2 km2. Most residents live in the south-east corner, the larger portion of the suburb being an industrial area.

Wetherill Park sits on the southern border of Prospect Reservoir. Located partially in the suburb, the Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate is the largest industrial estate in the southern hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in Greater Western Sydney.

Aboriginal culture
Aboriginal people from the Cabrogal clan of the Gandangara tribe, have lived in the area for more than 30,000 years.

White settlement
Wetherill Park was named after a businessman who offered 21 acre of his property to the State government as a park. The offer was accepted and the park was named after the donor. The first settlers in set up their homes north of the present school site at Wetherill Park. One hundred years ago, there were not enough homes in this suburb to need a school.

With the commencement of the Prospect Reservoir Waterworks, a local storekeeper, Samuel Booth, made available a section of his land for a school, free of charge. The school, called 'Macquarie Park', was located on the corner of Victoria and Daniel Streets being 365 Victoria Street, Wetheril Park. It opened in May 1882 with 8 children but it was changed in June 1882 to 'Boothtown' for Samuel Booth's involvement in the establishment of the school. In 1884 it became Reservoir Public School and in 1896, it became the Wetherill Park Public School. In 1986 the school made way for the Phuoc Hue Temple, and was relocated down the road to Lily Street and renamed William Stimson Public School, in honour of the first mayor of the City of Fairfield.

Street names
A characteristic of Wetherill Park is that all the streets are named after famous writers. Some examples include: Vidal Street (for Gore Vidal), Shakespeare Street (for William Shakespeare), Stevenson Street (for Robert Louis Stevenson), Locke Street (for John Locke), Gogol Place (for Nikolai Gogol), Swinburne Crescent (for Richard Swinburne), Homer Place (for Homer), Emerson Street (for Ralph Waldo Emerson), Wordsworth Street (for William Wordsworth), Dickens Road (for Charles Dickens), Longfellow Street (for Henry Wadsworth Longfellow), Chaucer Street (for Geoffrey Chaucer), Ainsworth Crescent (for William Harrison Ainsworth), Coleridge Road (for Samuel Taylor Coleridge), Frost Close (for Robert Frost), Gissing Street (for George Gissing), Maugham Crescent (for Somerset Maugham) and Langland Street (for William Langland).

Commercial areas

 * Stockland Wetherill Park is a major shopping centre in the area and features one of Australia's largest cinema complexes owned by Hoyts. The shopping centre opened in 1983, the first major expansion took place in 2003. In 2013 a second expansion saw the building complex expand to fill the entire lot, with parking moved underground and multi-story rooftop parking. The 2013 expansion cost over $200 million AUD and was complete in 2016. A large stand alone Chinese restaurant existed on the lot until the early 2000's. It hosted Chinese diplomats & VIPs as well as lavish Chinese New Year functions until the location was purchased by the Local Government and turned into the Wetherill Park Library.
 * Wetherill Park Shopping Centre (now known as Market Town) opened in the early 1980s on the corner of The Horsley Drive and Rossetti Street, adjacent to Emerson Street Reserve tennis courts. It originally featured approximately 25 specialty shops, including a Franklins supermarket. In recent years, the shopping centre underwent renovations which saw the shopping complex completely reformed, and the rear parking lot expanded. Today, the complex also features a bowling centre. An Aldi chain is also open in market town.
 * Greenway Plaza is a larger, outdoor shopping complex which stores such as features The Good Guys, Officeworks, Supercheap Auto, Spotlight and Homemaker. There are a few restaurants, cafes, a TAB, an employment service provider and Service NSW office within the complex.

Industrial area
Wetherill Park is home to the largest industrial estate in the Southern Hemisphere, with companies such as Jaguar, BMW, Subaru and Mercedes-Benz situated in the area. Despite the heavy industrial presence, the suburb maintains a coppice environment dominated by eucalyptus trees. Within the industrial estate there are furniture stores, home depot stores, car mechanic services and clothing factories, among others. The headquarters of the Australian paper manufacturer ABC Tissue Products (which operates tissue paper brands such as, Quilton, Naturale and Symphony, among others) is situated in Redfern Street.

Transport
Transitway bus route T80 operated by Transit Systems Sydney, opened in 2003 and runs partly through Wetherill Park. It is also located close to the Westlink M7 Sydney Orbital motorway. The Horsley Drive is the major road which runs through Wetherill Park. Other major roads include Polding Street and Victoria Street.

Climate
Wetherill Park has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm to hot summers and cool, drier winters. Frost is not unheard of in winter. Afternoon thunderstorms can occur in the warm months.

 * The closest weather station is located within Prospect Reservoir on the Prospect–Wetherill Park border (in the northern outskirts of the suburb).

Demographics
According to the 2021 Census, the most common ancestries in Wetherill Park were Australian 11.0%, Assyrian 10.7%, Italian 9.4%, English 8.7%, and Iraqi 7.4%.

43.2% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were Iraq 18.0%, Vietnam 3.2%, Italy 3.0%, Syria 2.4% and Croatia 1.6%.

The most common responses for religion were Catholic 46.4%, No Religion 10.1%, Not stated 6.2%, Assyrian Church of the East 6.1%, Islam 7.0% and Eastern Orthodox 6.1%. Overall, Christianity was the largest religious group reported (74.0%).

32.8% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Arabic 12.4%, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 9.5%, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 6.3%, Spanish 5.0% and Vietnamese 3.9%. Combining the varieties of Assyrian and Chaldean, Neo-Aramaic will be the most common language at 15.8%.

Schools

 * William Stimson Public School

Parks and recreation
The suburb features a large recreational park and an urban forest, Wetherill Park Nature Reserve. Adjacent to that Reserve is the Emerson Street Reserve, which is a 6-hectare, rectangular-shaped sports ground which features a walking track, a tennis facility, a skate park, a basketball court, cricket practice nets and a soccer field. Although not in the suburb, Rosford Street Reserve is adjacent to the eastern outskirts of Wetherill Park.

As part of Fairfield City Council's Parks Improvement Program, Shakespeare Park was upgraded in 2006.

Places of worship
Wetherill Park is home to a large Vietnamese Buddhist temple, Phuoc Hue Temple, which was visited by Prince Charles in 1994.

Notable residents
Wetherill Park was once home to famous Italian footballer, Christian Vieri.

title: Wetherill Park, New South Wales


text:
User talk:Rickyharder

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title: User talk:Rickyharder


text:
User talk:5994995

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, 5994995! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely,  Acetic Acid  ( talk ) 08:05, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Connection Manager Administration Kit
Would you care to create article on this? The red link in CMAK stands out like sore thumb. TIA Pavel Vozenilek 14:17, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Fixed. --5994995 12:29, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Planet Moon Studios
Planet Moon Studios has been proposed for deletion. An editor felt this compnany might not be notable enough for an article. Please review WP:CORP for relevant guidelines and improve the article if possible. NickelShoe 18:47, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:5994995


text:
Talk:Joint venture

Senseo
Would Senseo count as a joint venture?

Overall Structure
It seems like quite a few people have worked hard on this article to bring in so many different facts. Maybe it's time now to trim it down and create a definite structure? A few things that I would suggest; (1) Separate out JVs in India and China from the main article and into new articles - JVs in India and China are no more unique than JVs in Brazil or Russia, or in any OECD country and therefore I don't feel they should be emphasized particularly in a general article on JVs. (2) Create a structure out of definition (ie; what is a JV?) and execution (ie; what are the processes in order to get to a JV). Just a thought. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.64.228.97 (talk) 12:47, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

First Paragraph
Current text reads: "It is a term more restricted to the US and the 'new' countries on the world map such as India and China." I suggest that this line be removed. The term Joint Venture, as far as I know from my merger & acquisitions experience, is a standard term wherever English is used as a business language. In addition even putting 'new' in brackets (I assume this implies 'BRIC' or 'developing' country) does not make China & India new countries. If there are countries where the term Joint Venture is not used, then perhaps we should reference those terms here instead. ~

Added Infineum
I added Infineum into the list of JVs. Infineum is a 50-50 JV between ExxonMobil and Royal Dutch Shell. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.74.15.236 (talk) 14:35, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Not a JV

 * The example shown in the second paragraph which number of partners is more than two is a consortia more than a JV, according to Bernard L. Simonin in his Transfer of Knowledge of International Strategic Alliances: A Structural Approach, isn't it?--Bellenion 03:38, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Where is the authorship of this section coming from? It looks like people making up things that sound logical to themselves?????? Who exactly are the people supplying most of this text?

 * In the lead section, there is a short list of examples of joint ventures. That list includes Sony Ericsson.  Sony Ericsson was indeed a joint venture, but Sony bought Ericsson's share (completed in 2012), so it's no longer a joint venture, and the name has changed accordingly.  See Sony Mobile Communications. Oaklandguy (talk) 02:45, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

Implied JV
16f877a 01:02, 4 September 2007 (UTC)16f877a
 * Under what circumstances may a JV be implied?

Populated / Non-Populated
Has anyone heard of the distinctions between a Populated and Non-populated JV? Are there legal ramifications for each?

Difference between JV and Consortium?
Please, explain what is the difference between JV and Consortium. --V111P 05:07, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Answer: Contrary to what the text of this entry may imply, there is no difference. Probably these two sections should be merged.

Answer: Agreed there is no real difference as regards objectives of the parties but in English a JV is normally applied to where two companies form a (normally 50:50 shareholding) joint venture to achieve a business objective, whereas a consortium is normally applied to where more than two parties come together. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.254.146.52 (talk) 16:11, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Spam link?
I just followed that last external link and it seems to be spam. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

How is ClickBank considered as a good place for finding JV? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.170.90.2 (talk) 07:56, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

Joint Venture in Construction Industry.
Do you all think that joint venture in construction industry is common now. it is to help one of another partnership to improve the productivity and gain the maximum of self benefit. any idea? for example there are cases like a company would supply the labour due to their expertise and experient in a project and the other parnership would help in financial. From Aaron Lu (UTAR) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.50.84.157 (talk) 12:54, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Answer: Bahrain : Hochtief inks JV with Bahrain Airport Company. Mar 23, 2010 	281 New Dawn for Foreign Investment in Iraq; Al Mansour selects SAK for JV. Mar 23, 2010 	654 Hochtief inks JV with Bahrain Airport Company. Mar 23, 2010 	291 United States : Skanska Bags $542m Construction Contract. Mar 22, 2010 	356 New Dawn for Foreign Investment in Iraq; Al Mansour selects SAK for JV. Taken from:http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Joint+ventures-s17597

Order of sections
The Chapter of "Shareholders Agreement" has to come before the Chapter of "incorporation"; the first is my input; That of "Incorporation" is a joint effort. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ipsofacto (talk • contribs) Ipsofacto (talk) 09:33, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

I have been contributing to this article and propose to add two more sections one covering India and one on Articles of AssociationIpsofacto (talk) 16:27, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Finding new ideas or partners
This whole "finding new ideas or partners" section is really nonencyclopedic in tone, and that's before considering the poor grammar and usage. I don't think it really fits in with the article and should be entirely removed. Can I go ahead and remove it? Should it be rewritten? 164.107.234.119 (talk) 01:54, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I'd remove it. I don't think rewriting it makes it more encyclopedic (but this whole article is poorly done and needs to be rewritten). -- DS1953 talk  22:47, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Interests in Joint Ventures IAS 31
The following information covers the links to guidance on the disclosures in the notes to the financial statements with respect to Joint Ventures. Although IAS 31 was superceded in May 2011 and was replaced by IFRS 11, over the years the development of joint ventures in countries where International Accounting Standards were adopted would have been guided by the standard which was relevant at the time. "IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures sets out the accounting for an entity's interests in various forms of joint ventures: jointly controlled operations, jointly controlled assets, and jointly controlled entities. The standard permits jointly controlled entities to be accounted for using either the equity method or by proportionate consolidation." http://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias31

12 May 2011	IAS 31 is superseded by IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements and IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities effective 1 January 2013

IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements outlines the accounting by entities that jointly control an arrangement. Joint control involves the contractually agreed sharing of control and arrangements subject to joint control are classified as either a joint venture (representing a share of net assets and equity accounted) or a joint operation (representing rights to assets and obligations for liabilities, accounted for accordingly). IFRS 11 was issued in May 2011 and applies to annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013." http://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ifrs/ifrs11 Jennifer Natalie (talk) 01:37, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

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Acoustic emission

Acoustic emission (AE) is the phenomenon of radiation of acoustic (elastic) waves in solids that occurs when a material undergoes irreversible changes in its internal structure, for example as a result of crack formation or plastic deformation due to aging, temperature gradients, or external mechanical forces.

In particular, AE occurs during the processes of mechanical loading of materials and structures accompanied by structural changes that generate local sources of elastic waves. This results in small surface displacements of a material produced by elastic or stress waves generated when the accumulated elastic energy in a material or on its surface is released rapidly.

The mechanism of emission of the primary elastic pulse AE (act or event AE) may have a different physical nature. The figure shows the mechanism of the AE act (event) during the nucleation of a microcrack due to the breakthrough of the dislocations pile-up (dislocation is a linear defect in the crystal lattice of a material) across the boundary in metals with a body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice under mechanical loading, as well as time diagrams of the stream of AE acts (events) (1) and the stream of recorded AE signals (2).

The AE method makes it possible to study the kinetics of processes at the earliest stages of microdeformation, dislocation nucleation and accumulation of microcracks. Roughly speaking, each crack seems to "scream" about its growth. This makes it possible to diagnose the moment of crack origin itself by the accompanying AE. In addition, for each crack that has already arisen, there is a certain critical size, depending on the properties of the material. Up to this size, the crack grows very slowly (sometimes for decades) through a huge number of small discrete jumps accompanied by AE radiation. After the crack reaches a critical size, catastrophic destruction occurs, because its further growth is already at a speed close to half the speed of sound in the material of the structure. Taking with the help of special highly sensitive equipment and measuring in the simplest case the intensity of dNa/dt (quantity per unit of time), as well as the total number of acts (events) of AE, Na, it is possible to experimentally estimate the growth rate, crack length and predict the proximity of destruction according to AE data.

The waves generated by sources of AE are of practical interest in structural health monitoring (SHM), quality control, system feedback, process monitoring, and other fields. In SHM applications, AE is typically used to detect, locate, and characterise damage.

Phenomena
Acoustic emission is the transient elastic waves within a material, caused by the rapid release of localized stress energy. An event source is the phenomenon which releases elastic energy into the material, which then propagates as an elastic wave. Acoustic emissions can be detected in frequency ranges under 1 kHz, and have been reported at frequencies up to 100 MHz, but most of the released energy is within the 1 kHz to 1 MHz range. Rapid stress-releasing events generate a spectrum of stress waves starting at 0 Hz, and typically falling off at several MHz.

The three major applications of AE techniques are: 1) source location – determine the locations where an event source occurred; 2) material mechanical performance – evaluate and characterize materials and structures; and 3) health monitoring – monitor the safe operation of a structure, for example, bridges, pressure containers, pipelines, etc.

More recent research has focused on using AE to not only locate but also to characterise the source mechanisms such as crack growth, friction, delamination, matrix cracking, etc. This would give AE the ability to tell the end user what source mechanism is present and allow them to determine whether structural repairs are necessary.

Employing proper signal processing and analysis allows for the possibility to gain a deeper understanding of the elastic wave signals and their relation to processes occurring within structures.

A significant expansion of the capabilities and an increase in the reliability of the AE diagnostic method is provided by the use of statistical methods for analyzing random event streams (for example, the random Poisson stream model)

The frequency domain representation of a signal obtained through Fast Fourier transform (FFT) provides information about the signal's magnitude and frequency content.

AE can be related to an irreversible release of energy. It can also be generated from sources not involving material failure, including friction, cavitation, and impact.

Uses
The application of acoustic emission to nondestructive testing of materials typically takes place between 20 kHz and 1 MHz. Unlike conventional ultrasonic testing, AE tools are designed for monitoring acoustic emissions produced by the material during failure or stress, and not on the material's effect on externally generated waves. Part failure can be documented during unattended monitoring. The monitoring of the level of AE activity during multiple load cycles forms the basis for many AE safety inspection methods, that allow the parts undergoing inspection to remain in service.

The technique is used, for example, to study the formation of cracks during the welding process, as opposed to locating them after the weld has been formed with the more familiar ultrasonic testing technique.

In materials under active stress, such as some components of an airplane during flight, transducers mounted in an area can detect the formation of a crack at the moment it begins propagating. A group of transducers can be used to record signals and then locate the precise area of their origin by measuring the time for the sound to reach different transducers.

Long-term continuous monitoring for acoustic emissions is valuable for detecting cracks forming in pressure vessels and pipelines transporting liquids under high pressures. Standards for the use of acoustic emission for nondestructive testing of pressure vessels have been developed by the ASME, ISO, and the European Community.

This technique is used for estimation of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures.

Currently, the AE method is actively used in the tasks of monitoring and diagnostics of objects of nuclear power engineering, aviation, rocket and space technology, railway transport, historical artifacts (for example, the Tsar Bell in the Moscow Kremlin), as well as other products and objects of responsible purpose.

AE sensing can potentially be utilised to monitor the state of health of lithium-ion batteries, particularly in the detection and characterisation of parasitic mechano-electrochemical events, such as electrode electrochemical grinding, phase transitions, and gas evolution. The piezoelectric sensor is employed to receive acoustic signals released by battery materials during operation.

In addition to nondestructive testing, acoustic emission monitoring has applications in process monitoring. Applications where acoustic emission monitoring has successfully been used include detecting anomalies in fluidized beds and end points in batch granulation.

External links and further reading

 * History of the Latin American Working Group on Acoustic Emission
 * Wolfgang Sachse, Kusuo Yamaguchi, James Roget, AEWG (Association) books.google.co.uk 100 page entries from search criteria: AE within this text (ISBN 0-8031-1389-7)
 * Development of China Acoustic Emission Research Institute
 * Development of China Acoustic Emission Research Institute
 * Development of China Acoustic Emission Research Institute

title: Acoustic emission


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Colin McDonald (Australian cricketer)

Colin Campbell McDonald (17 November 1928 – 8 January 2021) was an Australian cricketer. He played in 47 Test matches from 1952 to 1961, and 192 first-class matches between 1947 and 1963. He was born in Glen Iris, Victoria.

Biography
An opening batsman, he made his Test debut in the 5th Test against West Indies at Sydney in January 1952, alongside fellow debutants George Thoms, also an opening batsman, and Richie Benaud. Uniquely, Thoms and McDonald also opened the batting for the same state team, Victoria, and the same club team, Melbourne University that season. Thoms retired from cricket to concentrate on his medical career as a gynaecologist, and McDonald formed a successful opening partnership with Jim Burke. McDonald played in two stints for the Melbourne Cricket Club.

McDonald was the top scorer (32 and 89) in both innings of the 1956 Test, Laker's Match at Old Trafford, in which Jim Laker took 19 wickets. His career reached its zenith in the Ashes series against England in 1958/9. This was illustrated by him scoring the most runs of any player in Test cricket in the calendar year of 1959. He reached his highest Test score, 170, in the 4th Test against England at Adelaide, although he was retired hurt for much of the second day, and a second century in the 5th Test on his home ground in Melbourne. He was also captain of Victoria in 1958/9 and 1960/1. He retired from Test cricket in 1961, during the tour to England, as a result of a wrist injury.

He attended Scotch College Melbourne and Melbourne University, and was a schoolteacher for a short period. After working as an insurance broker, he was executive director of Tennis Australia where he had a pivotal role in building the National Tennis Centre now known as Rod Laver Arena. He was an ABC cricket commentator in the 1960s and 1970s.

His elder brother, Ian McDonald played first-class cricket for Victoria, and his mother's cousin, Keith Rigg, played for Victoria and Australia. McDonald published his memoirs, CC, The Colin McDonald Story: Cricket, Tennis, Life in 2009 with a foreword by Richie Benaud. On 8 January 2021, McDonald died aged 92.

title: Colin McDonald (Australian cricketer)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/1911xLoET

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RAF Hornchurch

Royal Air Force Hornchurch, or more simply RAF Hornchurch, is a former Royal Air Force sector station in the parish of Hornchurch, Essex (now the London Borough of Havering in Greater London), located to the southeast of Romford. The airfield was known as Sutton's Farm during the First World War, when it occupied 90 acre of the farm of the same name. It was used for the protection of London, being 14 mi east north-east of Charing Cross.

Although the airfield closed shortly after the end of the war, the land was requisitioned in 1923 because of the expansion of the Royal Air Force and it re-opened as a much larger fighter station in 1928. The airfield was ideal to cover both London and the Thames corridor from German air attacks. It was a key air force installation between both wars and into the jet age, closing in 1962.

History
In 1915 the London Air Defence Area (LADA) was established and airfields were built around London to defend the capital from the growing threat from German airships. Sutton's Farm, along with its neighbour Hainault Farm (just east of what became the Second World War airfield of Fairlop), 8 mi to the north-east, were selected due to their location covering the eastern approaches to London. They were named Landing Grounds Nos. II and III respectively and joined the existing airfields of North Weald, Rochford and Joyce Green. Suttons Farm airfield became operational on 3 October 1915, initially with two BE2c aircraft.

As the number of aircraft increased at the airfields around London, it was decided to organise them into 39 (Home Defence) Squadron, which was formed in April 1916, under the command of Major (later Brigadier-General) Thomas Higgins. As the enemy threat moved from airships to aircraft, better aircraft were introduced to counter them. The BE12, Sopwith 1½ Strutter, Sopwith Pup, FE2, Bristol Fighter, SE5a and Sopwith Camel all operated from Sutton's Farm at some stage, some with more success than others. 39 Squadron moved to North Weald in September 1917 and was replaced by 78 Squadron, under the command of Major Cuthbert Rowden, a 20-year-old veteran of the air war in France and subsequent winner of the Military Cross. 78 Squadron was later joined by 189 Night Fighter Training Squadron with Sopwith Pups and Camels.

The first recorded interception of an enemy airship over Britain was made by Lt. (later Marshal of the Royal Air Force) John Slessor on the very day he arrived at Sutton's Farm, 13 October 1915. The attack had to be aborted as the airship disappeared into cloud and he had to break off the engagement. The first victory in Britain was not recorded until nearly a year later, on 2 September 1916 and was attributed to a pilot from Sutton's Farm, Lt. William Leefe Robinson. Robinson shot down a Schütte-Lanz SL11, one of a 16-strong raiding force over London, using new Brock and Pomeroy mixed incendiary ammunition, which had been adapted for this task. For this action Leefe Robinson was awarded the Victoria Cross and became a National hero. Two other Sutton's Farm pilots from the First World War, Lt. Frederick Sowrey and Lt. Wulstan Tempest, were awarded the DSO for their roles in the destruction of Zeppelins. Tempest's actions were particularly notable; even though his fuel pump was broken and he was having to pump fuel manually whilst flying the aircraft with his other hand, he still managed to engage and destroy an enemy airship and then find his way home in thick fog. These pilots, together with many others, are commemorated by street names in South Hornchurch.

Inter-war years
Soon after the war ended it was decided that Suttons Farm was surplus to requirements and the airfield was decommissioned, although it was retained on "List C" (stations temporarily retained for Service purposes) until 27 February 1920. The land was returned, most of the buildings demolished and farming resumed once more.

Following the decision in the early 1920s to expand the Royal Air Force, former First World War airfields were inspected to ascertain their suitability for use. Although small, Suttons Farm was ideally located to be able to defend the north-eastern approaches to London. After protracted negotiations, the original land was re-purchased, together with some further land to the south of the original airfield.

The new airfield took four years to build and opened, as RAF Sutton's Farm, in April 1928. Two months later the name was changed to RAF Hornchurch and the first unit to take up residency was No. 111 Squadron, led by Squadron Leader Keith Park, who also became the first station commander.

Second World War
During the Second world War the station was a Sector Airfield of RAF Fighter Command's 11 Group, covering London and the south east of England during the Battle of Britain in 1940. By this time, its command centre was in Romford, and a satellite station (an advanced attack outpost; RAF Rochford) was unpopular with the Hornchurch crews sent there from time to time because of the canvas accommodation. Richard Hillary, author of "The Last Enemy," was shot down after taking off from here on 3 September 1940. Following the war, Hornchurch was home to Flying Training Command's Aircrew Selection Centre for 10 years before it moved to RAF Biggin Hill.

A balloon unit was retained until closure for parachute training of military personnel, when on the 14 May 1961, CSM Albert E. Small of 10 Para Regt (TA) was a balloon cage Despatcher won the George Medal for gallantry due to a deflating balloon at 800 ft.

The RAF station at Hornchurch closed in July 1962.

Today

Following a period of gravel extraction and infilling with rubbish in the 1970s, the airfield was extensively landscaped to create Hornchurch Country Park, with work commencing in 1980. Most of the former administrative and technical areas, including the two Type-A and one Type-C hangars, were levelled in the 1960s and the area is now a housing estate. The names of the streets of the estate commemorate the airfield and its pilots (such as Bouchier Walk, Kirton Close, Tempest Way, Robinson Close, Tuck Road, Bader Way and Malan Square). The former Officers' Mess is now a medical centre in Astra Close. The Officers' Mess (Astra House), Officers' Quarters (Astra Court East, West & North) and WO Quarters (89–99 (odd numbers) Wood Lane) are included in the RAF Hornchurch Conservation Area.

A local school, The R. J. Mitchell School, was named after the man who designed the Spitfire, and a large monument to this effect, with wreaths placed on Remembrance Day, is within the school railings. Another local school (Suttons School) was renamed Sanders Draper School in 1973, after an American pilot, Flying Officer Raimund (Smudge) Sanders Draper, flying with the Royal Air Force at the time, had an engine failure on take-off and stayed at his controls to ensure his aircraft didn't crash on the building, which was full of children at the time.

A number of pillboxes, command bunkers and gun positions, together with the largest number of surviving Tett Turrets in England, still exist within the boundaries of the former airfield and can be seen on the Eastern edge of the country park. RAF Hornchurch artefacts and memorabilia are housed in the Purfleet Heritage & Military Centre.

RAF Hornchurch was the subject of one of the programmes in the BBC TV series Two Men in a Trench. In the programme, several of the defences were examined. One of the Tett Turrets was excavated, the backfill of which contained a pair of 1940 RAF pilot's goggles along with material from the hospital. The fire trench, a partially buried pillbox and an E pen were excavated, while the gun emplacement on the northern end of the site was cleared of vegetation.

The Good Intent pub, formerly with a large concrete, planetarium-like dome next door (used for training airgunners), still exists on the Southend Road, was popular with the aircrews, and has an interesting collection of photos of the Station.

A DVD about RAF Hornchurch was produced by Mike Jones for Streets Ahead Productions.

RAF Hornchurch Heritage Centre
The RAF Hornchurch Heritage Centre was opened in June 2021 by the Hornchurch Aerodrome Historical Trust. It opened in Suttons House on Suttons Lane, in the grounds of the former Suttons Institution, later St Georges Hospital. The hospital was commandeered by the Air Ministry for use by RAF personnel during the Second World War. An official opening event was held on 23 September 2021.

William Leefe Robinson
Although Robinson was awarded the Victoria Cross for shooting down Schütte-Lanz SL11 in 1916, it wasn't celebrated in all quarters, particularly by serving pilots in France. Home Defence was viewed as a relatively easy role and Robinson had trouble earning the respect of his fellow pilots when he was subsequently posted to France. These views were compounded when Robinson was shot down by aircraft led by Manfred von Richthofen shortly after arriving in France. The awarding of the VC was, undoubtedly, partly politically motivated, although it must be remembered that any form of flying was inherently dangerous in 1916, particularly at night and at these tremendous heights without oxygen. Robinson also managed to single-handedly lift the spirit of a nation that had suffered the new terror of aerial bombardment from the apparently invincible airships.

Use of incendiary ammunition
Although effective in destroying enemy airships, the use of incendiary ammunition was banned under the terms of the Hague Convention of 1899 and pilots using it had to have signed orders from their commanding officer. This type of ammunition was issued only to squadrons in Home Defence roles and never to squadrons serving overseas. On his return to Sutton's Farm, William Leefe Robinson's CO ordered him to keep quiet about it as it was thought the propaganda value for the enemy would be invaluable should it leak out, even though the Germans had already broken the terms of the convention by using gas in 1915. Later in the war the use of incendiary ammunition became officially recognised.

The Battle of Barking Creek
The first aircraft to be shot down by the British in the Second World War, the circumstances surrounding which later came to be known as 'friendly fire' incidents, were two Hawker Hurricanes of 56 Squadron. On 6 September 1939, three days after the declaration of war, a searchlight battery on Mersea Island incorrectly identified a friendly aircraft crossing the Essex coast. A message was relayed to HQ 11 Group, which ordered Hurricanes from North Weald to investigate. They were subsequently misidentified as hostile aircraft themselves by the Chain Home Radar at Canewdon. Further aircraft from North Weald were scrambled to intercept their comrades, but they too were misidentified through a combination of miscommunication, inexperience and over-enthusiasm. A tragic, but inevitable mistake was now just minutes away; Spitfires from 74 Squadron, led by "Sailor" Malan, took off from Hornchurch and quickly engaged two Hurricanes, shooting them both down.

Pilot Officer Montague Hulton-Harrop was killed whilst the other pilot, Pilot Officer Tommy Rose, bailed out and landed safely. The two pilots responsible for the attack, Pilot Officer John Freeborn and Flying Officer Paddy Byrne were placed under arrest upon their return to Hornchurch. Freeborn had been the squadron adjutant and had distributed orders that single engined aircraft should not be engaged as it was assumed that enemy fighters would not have the fuel to be able to fly a return sortie from Germany and, therefore, any single engined aircraft would be friendly.

A court-martial was held on 7 October 1939, at which, Freeborn later claimed, that Malan said he never gave the order to attack. All three were acquitted, with the judge claiming that the case should never have been brought to trial. The proceedings have never been made public.

Squadrons
During its relatively short life, RAF Hornchurch became home to many RAF squadrons:

The following squadrons were also here at some point: • No. 13 Squadron RAF

• No. 19 Squadron RAF

• No. 23 Squadron RAF

• No. 46 Squadron RAF

• No. 51 Squadron RAF

• No. 66 Squadron RAF

• No. 80 Squadron RAF

• No. 81 Squadron RAF

• No. 92 (East India) Squadron RAF

• No. 114 (Hong Kong) Squadron RAF

• No. 116 Squadron RAF

• No. 129 (Mysore) Squadron RAF

• No. 132 (City of Bombay) Squadron RAF

• No. 154 (Motor Industries) Squadron RAF

• No. 167 (Gold Coast) Squadron RAF

• No. 229 Squadron RAF

• No. 239 Squadron RAF

• No. 274 Squadron RAF

• No. 278 Squadron RAF

• No. 287 Squadron RAF

• No. 340 (GC IV/2 'IIe de France) Squadron RAF

• No. 349 (Belgian) Squadron RAF

• No. 350 (Belgian) Squadron RAF

• No. 403 Squadron RCAF

• No. 411 Squadron RCAF

• No. 453 Squadron RAAF

• No. 485 Squadron RNZAF

• No. 504 (County of Nottingham) Squadron RAuxAF

• No. 567 Squadron RAF

• No. 611 (West Lancashire) Squadron RAuxAF

• No. 661 Squadron RAF

• 765 Naval Air Squadron

Additional units: • No. 1 Civilian Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF

• No. 11 Group Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Flight RAF

• No. 17 Reserve Flying School RAF

• No. 20 (Fighter) Wing RAF

• No. 25 (Base Defence) Sector RAF

• No. 25 (Base) Defence Wing RAF

• No. 33 Personnel Despatch Centre RAF

• No. 135 Airfield RAF

• No. 142 Gliding School RAF

• No. 146 Gliding School RAF

• No. 160 Wing RAF

• No. 412 (Polish) Repair & Salvage Unit

• No. 614 Gliding School RAF

• No. 1959 Air Observation Post Flight RAF

• No. 2718 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 2726 Squadron RAF Regiment

• No. 4012 Anti-Aircraft Flight RAF Regiment

• Aircrew Selection Centre

• Aviation Candidates Selection Board

• Combined Selection Centre

• Home Counties Gliding Centre RAF

• Officers Advanced Training School

title: RAF Hornchurch


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Alice Nzomukunda

Alice Nzomukunda (born 12 April 1966) is a Burundian politician and former Second Vice-President of the country, from 29 August 2005 to 5 September 2006. She is an ethnic Hutu and was a member of the National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD).

According to the constitution, Burundi's Second Vice-President is responsible for economic and social affairs. Nzomukunda was nominated by President Pierre Nkurunziza on 29 August 2005. She was endorsed by both chambers of parliament (National Assembly – 109 votes 'for', none 'against' and 46 votes 'for', 2 'against' in the Senate) and immediately sworn in. She is originally from Bujumbura, Burundi's largest city and former capital.

On 5 September 2006, Nzomukunda resigned as Second Vice-President, citing corruption and human rights abuses by the government, as well as casting doubt on the authenticity of a coup plot which saw former president Domitien Ndayizeye arrested a few weeks before on August 21. She was replaced as Second Vice-President by Marina Barapama.

Nzomukunda subsequently became First Vice-President of the National Assembly. In January 2008, Nzomukunda was expelled from the CNDD-FDD "for internal disciplinary reasons" at an extraordinary congress of the party. The CNDD-FDD also decided to remove her from her post as First Vice-President of the National Assembly, and on 8 February 2008 it was announced in the National Assembly that her post was vacant; according to Evariste Ndayishimiye, the President of the CNDD-FDD Parliamentary Group, since Nzomukunda had been expelled from the CNDD-FDD, she was no longer part of its parliamentary group, "did not represent anything", and was not entitled to the post of First Vice-President of the National Assembly. Other parties in the National Assembly disputed this, however, arguing that such a decision would have to be made by the National Assembly as a whole, not by a single party. The Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU) suspended its participation in the National Assembly to protest the use of force against Nzomukunda. Ndayishimiye said that parliamentary affairs should not be disrupted by internal party matters and alleged that FRODEBU had secret reasons for defending Nzomukunda.

title: Alice Nzomukunda