text:
User talk:Debbie Axelrod

JFW | T@lk  22:35, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Birobidzhan Synagogue.jpg
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Birobidzhan Synagogue.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 15:46, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Debbie Axelrod


text:
User talk:Somebodympc

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title: User talk:Somebodympc


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User talk:Biowesker

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title: User talk:Biowesker


text:
Talk:Lita: A Less Traveled R.O.A.D.-The Reality of Amy Dumas

Tagged for merge to main 'Amy Dumas' article as per other items. Eddie.willers 22:37, 29 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Mench~enwiki

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Jesus article
Regarding the Jewish view of why Jesus cannot be the Messiah, I think the additional content might be fine, if it were summarized a bit. Regarding removal of the information about Lubavitch, many (most?) Lubavitchers do insist that Rav Schneerson is indeed the Messiah; see, for example, Lubavitch Networks, Moshiach Online - Canada, Messiah Watch International, JewishWomenUnited.org, Chabad World Center to Greet Moshiach. Jayjg (talk) 15:53, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Regarding Jesus, I would prefer if you entered something reasonable, or suggested something. Regarding Schneerson, your beliefs about the Messiah are interesting, but they are very clear that he is the Messiah, "Melech HaMoshiach". Jayjg (talk) 02:29, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mench. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mench~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Mench~enwiki


text:
Masafumi Miyamoto

Masafumi Miyamoto (宮本 雅史) is a Japanese investor and businessman best known as the founder of the video game developer Square. Miyamoto graduated from Waseda University in 1983, and joined his father's electric power conglomerate, Den-Yu-Sha as a programmer in their software division. After transforming the games division from a group of generalist programmers into specialists working together on a common project, the group was spun out into its own company in 1986. Miyamoto served as president of the company until 1991, though he remained a major shareholder in the company.

Square
Miyamoto graduated from Waseda University in 1983, but he was not interested in joining his father's electric power conglomerate, Den-Yu-Sha, instead pondering a career in women's clothing manufacturing. He started his career developing computer games in the software division of Den-Yu-Sha at Yokohama. At the time, game development in Japan was usually conducted by only one programmer. Miyamoto recognized that it would be more efficient to have graphic designers, programmers, and professional story writers working together on common projects. To recruit for this new organizational structure, Miyamoto opened an Internet café-like salon in Yokohama and offered jobs to those who demonstrated exceptional programming skills. This strategy discovered Hisashi Suzuki, who would go on to become CEO of Square, and he in turn recruited Hironobu Sakaguchi, the eventual creator of Final Fantasy. In 1986, Miyamoto spun Square out from Den-Yu-Sha to become an independent company with a focus on making games for the Famicom video game system in Japan. He stepped down as president of Square in 1991.

Square Enix Merger
During the discussion of the merger of Square and Enix in 2002, his approval of the merger was essential because of his major stake in Square. Initially, the ratio of Square shares was to be 1 to .81 shares of Enix, which Miyamoto objected to. When the merger went through, 1 share of Square resulted in 0.85 shares of Enix. Miyamoto made 5 million shares, or 9% of the company, available for purchase in the summer of 2002, but still retained 31.04% ownership. He is as of March 31, 2018 the tenth largest shareholder of Square Enix.

title: Masafumi Miyamoto


text:
Pennsylvania Route 940

Pennsylvania Route 940 (PA 940) is a 43.2 mi Pennsylvania highway located in the Pocono Mountains. It runs from PA 309 in Hazleton east to PA 191 in Paradise Valley. Large segments of PA 940 are located in densely forested areas. The route heads northeast through Luzerne County from Hazleton, passing through Freeland and coming to an interchange with Interstate 80 (I-80) in White Haven. From here, PA 940 turns east and runs a short distance north of I-80, coming to an interchange with both I-80 and I-476 (Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension) in northern Carbon County. The route continues through Monroe County and passes through Pocono Pines before it has an interchange with I-380. PA 940 passes through Mount Pocono prior to continuing to its eastern terminus.

PA 940 was first designated in 1928 between White Haven and PA 115 in Blakeslee. The road between Blakeslee and Pocono Summit was part of PA 115 while PA 615 was designated between PA 115 in Pocono Summit and PA 90 (now PA 390) west of Paradise Valley. PA 940 was extended east to U.S. Route 611 (US 611) in Swiftwater in 1935, replacing a portion of PA 115. PA 615 was decommissioned in 1946. PA 940 was extended west to US 309 in Hazleton by 1950. PA 196 was designated onto the roadway between Mount Pocono and Paradise Valley in 1956. PA 940 was moved to its current alignment between Pocono Summit and Paradise Valley in 1964 after the roadway in Pocono Summit was upgraded to a divided highway; the route replaced PA 196 between Mount Pocono and Paradise Valley while PA 314 was designated along the former PA 940 between Pocono Summit and Swiftwater.

Luzerne County
PA 940 begins at an intersection with PA 309 and 22nd Street at the northern border of the city of Hazleton in Luzerne County, heading northeast as a two-lane undivided road into Hazle Township. The road passes a mix of homes and businesses to the east of Church Hill Mall and curves north, running through wooded areas, heading between commercial development to the west and a coal mine to the east. The route turns east onto Main Street, passing through the residential community of Harleigh and curving northeast. PA 940 heads through forested areas with some homes and curves back to the east, running a short distance to the north of a Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad line and a coal mine. The road passes through the communities of Ebervale and Oakdale before it becomes lined with homes as it runs through the community of Japan. Here, the route turns to the north and heads into forests, curving northwest and running through the residential community of Drifton. PA 940 curves northeast and passes through the community of Youngstown before it crosses into Foster Township, running through a mix of forests and homes.

The route passes through industrial areas before it reaches the residential community of Woodside and quickly turns east onto Hazle Street and then north onto Centre Street. The road heads into the borough of Freeland and passes homes before heading into the commercial downtown. Here, PA 940 turns east onto South Street and runs past residences and commercial establishments, becoming the border between Freeland to the north and Foster Township to the south before fully entering Foster Township. The road heads northeast into forested areas with occasional residential and commercial development, with the name becoming Foster Avenue. The route continues through rural areas and curves to the east, passing to the north of the Hickory Hills residential development. PA 940 runs through more forests with some development and makes a turn to the north and enters the borough of White Haven, where the name becomes Church Street. The road passes northwest of a park and ride lot before it widens to a four-lane divided highway and comes to an interchange with I-80 at exit 273. Past this interchange, the route becomes a two-lane undivided road again and passes homes and a few businesses, coming to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 437 in the center of White Haven. Here, PA 437 continues north on Church Street and PA 940 turns east onto Berwick Street, running past more residences. The road crosses the Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad's Lehigh Division line at-grade and passes businesses and industrial development before coming to a bridge over the Lehigh River.

Carbon and Monroe counties
After crossing the Lehigh River, PA 940 enters Carbon County and the borough of East Side. After crossing the river, the route makes a turn to the north to become River Street, then curves to the east to become State Street, heading through wooded residential areas. The road continues east through forested areas with occasional homes and businesses. At the eastern border of East Side, PA 940 intersects the western terminus of PA 534, which provides access to Hickory Run State Park. Past this intersection, the route enters Kidder Township and becomes an unnamed road, heading through dense forests in the Pocono Mountains region. Farther east, PA 940 passes to the south of a residential development. The road heads into business areas and comes to a junction with I-80 to the south and I-476 (Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension) at the Pocono interchange to the north at two trumpet interchanges that meet at PA 940 with traffic lights. From here, the route heads northeast and passes under I-476, heading into forests and passing through the community of Leonardsville, with the Pocono Mountain Lake Estates residential development to the northwest. PA 940 curves east and continues through forested land as it passes to the south of the Jack Frost Ski Resort and Jack Frost National Golf Club and comes to an intersection with Jack Frost Mountain Road/Moseywood Road, with Jack Frost Mountain Road heading north to the ski resort and golf course and Moseywood Road heading south as a private toll road to provide access to the community of Lake Harmony. Farther east, the road curves northeast and comes to a bridge over Tobyhanna Creek.

After crossing the Tobyhanna Creek, PA 940 enters Tobyhanna Township in Monroe County. The route passes through forests with some homes and businesses and reaches the community of Blakeslee, where it intersects PA 115 in a commercial area. Past this intersection, the road heads through forested areas and residential development, passing to the southeast of the Green Wood Acres private development before heading through the community of Camelot Forest, where it passes near homes and a few businesses. PA 940 continues through forests with some homes and businesses, passing to the southeast of the Blakeslee Estates and Forest Glen developments and to the northwest of the Pocono Lake Preserve development. In the community of Locust Lakes Village, the road bends to the east and continues through dense forest with some homes, passing to the north of the Wagners Forest Park private development. Farther east, the route turns southeast and crosses Tobyhanna Creek to the north of Pocono Lake. PA 940 curves to the northeast and reaches the community of Pocono Pines, where it comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 423. Past this intersection, the road runs along the southern shore of Lake Naomi as it continues through a mix of forests and homes. The route continues through rural land with residential development and passes to the south of Stillwater Lake. PA 940 curves southeast and runs near a few homes and businesses before it widens to a four-lane divided highway and comes to an interchange with I-380 at exit 3.

East of I-380, PA 940 heads northeast through forests with some commercial development to the northwest. The divided highway comes to an interchange with the western terminus of PA 314 to the south of the community of Pocono Summit. Immediately after this interchange, the route comes to a bridge over a Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad line. PA 940 becomes Pocono Summit Road and crosses into Coolbaugh Township. The road heads north into business areas and curves northeast, entering the borough of Mount Pocono. The route passes a few shopping centers before it runs between a golf course to the north and homes and businesses to the south, coming to an intersection with PA 611 and the southern terminus of PA 196. At this point, PA 940 heads south for a short concurrency with PA 611 on four-lane divided Pocono Boulevard before splitting east onto an unnamed two-lane undivided road. The route passes to the north of a shopping center before heading into forested areas. The road becomes the border between Paradise Township to the north and Mount Pocono to the south before passing under the Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad line and fully entering Paradise Township. PA 940 runs through more dense forests, passing a few homes and businesses before it reaches a junction with the southern terminus of PA 390. The route continues east through forested areas with some homes and comes to its eastern terminus at an intersection with PA 191 in the community of Paradise Valley, where the road heads southeast as part of PA 191.

History
When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, what is now PA 940 became Legislative Route 169 east of Blakeslee, while the road between Pocono Summit and Swiftwater became a part of Legislative Route 171. The highway was designated as part of PA 15 from Blakeslee to Pocono Summit in 1927. In 1928, PA 940 was designated along an unpaved road between White Haven and PA 115 in Blakeslee. PA 115 replaced the PA 15 designation between Blakeslee and Pocono Summit and the road between PA 115 in Pocono Summit and PA 90 (now PA 390) west of Paradise Valley was designated as PA 615. At this time, PA 115 between Blakeslee and Pocono Summit and all of PA 615 was paved. By 1930, the unnumbered road between Hazleton and White Haven was paved. In April 1935, the eastern terminus of PA 940 was extended from Blakeslee to US 611 in Swiftwater, replacing this section of PA 115. By 1940, the road was paved between White Haven and Blakeslee. In 1946, PA 615 was decommissioned and the segment went unnumbered. By 1950, PA 940 was extended west from White Haven to US 309 in Hazleton. In 1956, the segment from Mount Pocono to Paradise Valley was designated as an extension of PA 196. PA 940 near Pocono Summit was upgraded to a divided highway in 1964; as a result the PA 196 designation between Mount Pocono and Paradise Valley was removed and PA 940 was rerouted and extended to an intersection with PA 191 in Paradise Valley. The former alignment of PA 940 between Pocono Summit and Swiftwater became the western portion of PA 314.

PA 940 Truck
Pennsylvania Route 940 Truck (PA 940 Truck) was a truck route of PA 940 that bypassed a weight-restricted bridge over the Tobyhanna Creek at Pocono Lake in Tobyhanna Township, on which trucks over 30 tons and combination loads over 40 tons are prohibited. The route followed PA 115, I-80, and I-380. It was signed in 2013, but it was decommissioned in 2016 following a bridge repair.

title: Pennsylvania Route 940


text: User talk:142.161.44.20

title: User talk:142.161.44.20


text:
User talk:Dimas.Yusuf

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

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Image copyright problem with Image:KevinCarterPulitzer1994.jpeg
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title: User talk:Dimas.Yusuf


text:
D'yer Mak'er

"D'yer Mak'er" ( "Jamaica") is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, from their 1973 album Houses of the Holy. The title is a play on the words "did you make her?" being pronounced as "Jamaica" when spoken in an English accent.

Overview
This song was meant to imitate reggae and its "dub" derivative emerging from Jamaica in the early 1970s. Its genesis is traced to Led Zeppelin's rehearsals at Stargroves in 1972, when drummer John Bonham started with a beat similar to 1950s doo-wop, and then twisted it into a slight off beat tempo, upon which a reggae influence emerged. The distinctive drum sound was created by placing three microphones a good distance away from Bonham's drums.

This track, as well as another song entitled "The Crunge", was initially not taken seriously by many listeners, and some critics reserved their harshest criticism for these two arrangements. In an interview he gave in 1977, Jimmy Page referred to this negative response: "I didn't expect people not to get it. I thought it was pretty obvious. The song itself was a cross between reggae and a '50s number, "Poor Little Fool," Ben E. King's things, stuff like that."

Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones has expressed his distaste for the song, suggesting that it started off as a studio joke and was not thought through carefully enough. Upon the album's release, Robert Plant was keen to issue the track as a single in the United Kingdom. Atlantic Records went so far as to distribute advance promotional copies to DJs (now valuable collectors' items). While it was released in the US, and the single peaked at No. 20 on 29 December 1973, it was never released in the UK.

"D'yer Mak'er" is one of the few Led Zeppelin songs where all four members share the composer credit. The sleeve on the first album pressing also gives tribute to "Rosie and the Originals", a reference to the doo-wop influence in the song's style.

Pronunciation of song title
In a 2005 interview, Plant discussed the different interpretations and pronunciations of the name of the song. He explained that the title is derived from an old joke, where two friends have the following exchange: "My wife's gone to the West Indies." "Jamaica?" (which in many English accents sounds like "Did you make her?") "No, she wanted to go".

The title, which does not appear in the lyrics, was chosen because it reflects the reggae feel of the song, and as an example of the Led Zeppelin band members' senses of humour. Because of the unfamiliarity of listeners to this back-story, as well as ignoring the apostrophes intentionally placed in the title, American DJs and fans often mispronounce the title as "dire maker". This confusion and mispronunciation was more common in the United States than in Britain, according to Jimmy Page.

Reception and legacy
Cash Box described the song as being "unique for the group, but a real charmer." Record World called it "a rocker with a '50s flavor to it" and said that the "reggae-style beat fills the hit prescription."

In a contemporary review for Houses of the Holy, Gordon Fletcher of Rolling Stone gave "D'yer Mak'er" a negative review, calling it a "naked imitation", along with "The Crunge", as well as "easily" one of the worst things the band has ever attempted. Fletcher further wrote the track is a "pathetic stab at reggae that would probably get the Zep laughed off the island if they bothered playing it in Jamaica." Fletcher ended by writing the track is "obnoxiously heavy-handed and totally devoid of the native form's sensibilities."

Axl Rose cited it as a song that meant a lot to him as a teenager: "That got me into heavy rock." It is included on the Radio Caroline "Top 500 Tracks" of 1999 at number 453. In 2019, Rolling Stone ranked the song number 20 on its list of the 40 greatest Led Zeppelin songs.

Personnel
According to Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin:

 * Robert Plant – vocals
 * Jimmy Page – electric guitars
 * John Paul Jones – bass, piano
 * John Bonham – drums, percussion (?)

title: D'yer Mak'er


text: User talk:69.227.127.125

title: User talk:69.227.127.125


text:
User:Sdedeo/Public Payphones (New York City, 58th St. and Third Avenue)

There are two banks of public payphones at the intersection of 58th Street and Third Avenue in New York City. They are all in the 212 area code. The bank in the Northwest corner, near the site of the former Alexander's, has two phones. Their numbers are 223-8838, and 223-9886. The bank in the Northeast corner, near the Liberty Travel Agency, consists of three phones. Their numbers are 223-9880, 223-9814 and 335-9106.

Meta-Notes
This page -- consisting entirely of factual, verifiable information -- has been created within my userspace, and is thus not a violation of WP:POINT. It is intended to be controversial. For example, should this article actually be broken out into five separate articles to deal with each payphone individually?

Here is a way to reference this article:

Public Payphones (New York City, 58th St. and Third Avenue)


text:
User talk:Intelligences

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Cattle mutilation
Please stop adding inappropriate external links to Wikipedia.

It was not appropriate.

Intelligences Note:

There are probably some CIA KGB Thought Police at Wikipedia.

The link added was entirely appropriate.

Here is the ABOVE TOP SECRET link:

 * Mutilations Affect Stock Numbers

I see you're back. Please don't add links to your own web site to articles. They will be removed. Gazpacho 06:58, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Intelligences


text:
Ostrovica

Ostrovica may refer to:

Albania

 * Ostrovicë, or Ostrovica, a mountain

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Ostrovica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a village near Kulen Vakuf
 * Ostrovica Castle, a castle

Croatia

 * Ostrovica, Croatia, a village near Benkovac, in Lišane Ostrovičke municipality
 * Ostrovica Fortress, a castle
 * Oštrovica, an interchange on the A6 motorway in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County

Serbia

 * Ostrovica, Niška Banja, a village near Niš
 * Ostrvica Fortress, or Ostrovica, a castle
 * Ostrovica (Tutin), a village
 * Ostrovica (Vladičin Han), a village

Slovenia

 * Ostrovica, Hrpelje-Kozina, village in Slovenia

title: Ostrovica


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Crystal Palace Fine Jewelry & Art Glass Showroom

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:22, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Crystal Palace Fine Jewelry & Art Glass Showroom
Delete advertising. TheMidnighters 22:41, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Just a side note, since this nomination User:Markz85 has removed the vfd notice and blanked this entry. --TheMidnighters 22:59, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Advertising, as per nom. Groeck 23:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, blatant ad. (I count four identical links to their online store in the body text.) TenOfAllTrades(talk) 23:03, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. VfD notice was removed by 152.163.100.7. Replaced. --GraemeL (talk) 23:26, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, clear commercial self promotion. 152.163.100.7 just tried to remove the VfD notice yet again; replaced. Owen× ☎  01:14, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. obvious advertisement, vfd notice was removed again by 205.188.116.7 Jtkiefer  T - 02:13, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad/spam. -- Etacar11   03:05, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Various anonymous IPs from the AOL proxy pool are repeatedly removing the VfD notice from this article. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 04:18, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, they're blanking the whole thing, which is slightly different from removing the VfD tag and leaving the rest of the article. But I'm splitting hairs here. FreplySpang (talk) 04:20, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Re-re-re-re-added VfD notice. Was not blanking this time. --GraemeL (talk) 17:26, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, self-promotion/advertising. FreplySpang (talk) 04:20, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete advertisement.Shsilver 11:45, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I've aggressively trimmed the blatantly self-congratulatory stuff from the article, and reduced the number of links to the online store from four to just one.  I still think that the subject is non-notable, however; Wikipedia is not the Yellow Pages. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 22:01, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Loretto Chapel

"Miracle or not"?? Who wrote this?
Another link, which in turn has a broken link to an archived news paper article, is (search for "Loretto"). It aledges that the book "Loretto: The Sisters and Their Santa Fe Chapel" (ISBN 0890133980) explains much more of the true story, including that "The carpenter was Francois-Jean Rochas, a member of les compagnon, a French guild of celibate and secretive craftsmen. And he was far from saintly. Reclusive and irascible, he ended up dead in his Dog Canyon cabin, a victim of either suicide or assassination." —BenFrantzDale 22:41, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Someone with access to that book or a similar source needs to rewrite this article with some hard information. Currently, it stands as an example of what happens when you have true believers and skeptics collaborating on the same article. I removed the "unexplained" from "unexplained mysteries," since, according to the Inquirer article, the mysteries HAVE been explained. Lcduke 00:46, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Today's About.com Urban Legends newsletter dealt with this. The carpenter is generally believed to have been Rochas. At his death a newspaper article ID'ed him as the stairs' builder...not too mysterious. As for the structure, the inner stringer is a spiral so tight that it almost functions as a veritcal pillar. And it apparently goes unmentioned in most discussions that the stairs are anchored to a nearby column with a metal brace, and that their structural integrity is so unsure that they have been off limits since the 1970s. PurpleChez 14:06, 6 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Unsure of the "structural integrity"? It's faith based ;). 219.95.62.101 14:43, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The metal brace was added much later due to vibrations from passing vehicles. 174.240.176.104 (talk) 06:06, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

when you set out to debunk a myth with uncited assertions, well. . . let's just say I don't find it very satisfying.208.68.128.91 (talk) 19:56, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

That is incredibly silly, to think that the stairs were built by St. Joseph. If there were ever evidence needed of the gullibility of the religious, this would serve well. This article should be indexed under "bogus claims", "crackpot ideas", or other similar categories. 71.212.110.41 (talk) 05:47, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

ummmmmmmm
This article is entirely inconsistent. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 89.100.178.136 (talk) 21:39, 5 May 2007 (UTC).
 * Aside from that, the introduction focuses on the spiral staircase and no other aspect of the institution itself.

 * 71.241.70.24 (talk) 19:31, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

Main issue left out
The central issue at hand with the Loretto staircase is the fact that it has no nails, no pegs and no central post. What is required is someone with enough expertise to explain how this staircase can withstand the weight of 10+ people standing on it without falling apart. The physics is the real deal, not the authorship. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MaestroNaj (talk • contribs) 00:39, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

Maestro, I agree. The central wood beam could not be cut from a single tree, as there would be no continuous grain to support the structure. Therefore, to be supported by the wood beam, the beam would have to have been steamed and the curved into shape, a task I don't believe is possible, given the thickness necessary to support the weight. Alternatively, the beam could be made from multiple pieces of wood connected in series, but that would be prone to movement and settling. The obvious answer is that the stairs are supported by a cast iron frame. This would allow the exterior finish wood to be attached using joinery, making it appear to use no nails or glue. Cast iron became widely used as an architectural material in the 1850's, both in the US and in France. Mikem000 (talk) 15:32, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

OK then... Cast iron would indeed do the trick. Has anyone tested this theory with a magnet? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.173.64.140 (talk) 03:18, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I have visited this church myself. The staircase is inaccessible to visitors for safety reasons, and to help prevent vandalism. The church has allowed several independent inspections (they claim) and I feel assured that it does not have any iron. It's just well constructed. Cliff (talk) 22:37, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

simple answers
the french guy didnt build it. if you go backwards in time youll find he died in 1895 at 43 years old which means he was born in 1852. the staircase was build in 1872 by an old man, this french guy would only be 20 years old in 1872 and wouldnt look old so case closed on that one. the staircase itself is a beautiful peice of architecture and explainable. it mounts to the floor with the bottom step and each step after that connects at the bottom of the step to the top of the previous step providing downward support when pressure is applied. there is also support from the outside of the stairs and inside of the stairs on the twist. the floor twisting upward provides a upward spring effect and the wood grain going horizontally adds more streanth due to pulling against the grain of the wood. the anchoring of the top of the staircase to the flooring at the joices in the choir loft stops the stair caes from falling strait down and from twisting. the fact that he used wood pegs is brilliant because when you put a wood peg in a wood hole you wet the wood so it swells together and when it dries it shrinks together creating a tight hold and it acts as on peice of wood giving it alot more strength there may be alot of peices to the staircase but using the pegs makes the staircase one large peice of wood and incredibly strong.add all that together and it is a strong staircase and it would act like a reverse spring forcing it to stand instead of fall. this would also explain the steps feeling like your springing up when you step on them. the frenchman didnt build them due to age factors but the individule that did was brilliant and way ahead of his time to build such a architechually advanced structer such as this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.167.90.18 (talk) 21:17, 26 June 2011 (UTC)
 * This is a long paragraph. I do understand your points and I tend to agree on some of those points... but seriously man this is difficult to follow. You should edit. 75.134.26.34 (talk) 05:42, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Poor Sourcing
I love this story but I do not think it belongs in a wikipedia article. At this time, there is a quote: "and who may have known or at least met anothector who worked on the Chapel." What in the hell does "anothector" mean? I want people to read this and learn the story. I do not want people to see the story and immediately dismiss it. I am removing the reference. 75.134.26.34 (talk) 05:22, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

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I'm sure it's already been thought of
I'm just curious as to if it was just carved out of the actual tree that was there? I'm sure this question has been asked before.... 50.81.59.225 (talk) 19:11, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

Lets Calm Down
Start with what we know. The bishop having the chapel built and the architect directing the work both came from France. The stonemasons came from France and Italy. Major items in the chapel, like the stain glass windows, came from France. It is highly likely the staircase was constructed in a shop in France (like the Statue of Liberty). The pieces were sent over for final assembly at the chapel. Mr. Rochas was sent over to do the assembly. The wood is not a native species to New Mexico because it came from Europe. MomentOfWonder (talk) 02:29, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Loretto Chapel


text:
Lothaire Bluteau

Lothaire Bluteau (born 14 April 1957) is a Canadian actor, active in film, theatre, and television. He won the Genie Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his portrayal of the title character in Denys Arcand's Jesus of Montreal (1989), with a second nomination for his work in Robert Lepage's The Confessional (1995).

His television work includes the recurring roles of Marcus Alvers on the third season of 24 (2008) and Charles de Marillac on The Tudors (2010), and a starring role as Charles the Bald on Vikings (2015-16).

Early life
Bluteau was born in Montreal in 1957. He initially studied medicine, before enrolling in the Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec. He is fluent in French and English, and has performed in both languages.

Career
Bluteau has worked in theatre, film and television throughout Canada and internationally. He abandoned medicine for the theatre and was first noticed for his performance as a mentally challenged youth in Yves Simoneau's In the Shadow of the Wind (Les Fous de Bassan). After receiving great acclaim for the lead in the stage version of Being at Home with Claude, he won a best actor Genie Award for his performance in Denys Arcand's Oscar-nominated Jésus de Montréal. He has since appeared in Black Robe and Robert Lepage's Le Confessionnal, and his international credits include Orlando (1992) and I Shot Andy Warhol (1996).

He had a recurring role in the third season of the television series 24 as the character Marcus Alvers. In the fourth season of The Tudors, he played Charles de Marillac, the French ambassador to the court of King Henry VIII. In July 2014, it was announced he was cast in the History Channel series Vikings as the 9th century King of France, Charles the Bald.

Selected filmography

 * Les fils de la liberté, 1980 (TV)
 * Jeune délinquant, 1980 (TV series, 3 episodes)
 * Just a Game (Rien qu’un jeu), 1983
 * Un gars d’la place, 1983
 * The Years of Dreams and Revolt (Les années de rêves), 1984
 * Les enfants mal aimés, 1984
 * Sonia, 1986
 * Miami Vice, 1986 (TV series, 1 episode)
 * In the Shadow of the Wind (Les fous de Bassan), 1987
 * Bonjour monsieur Gauguin, 1988
 * Mourir, 1988
 * La nuit avec Hortense, 1988
 * Jesus of Montreal (Jésus de Montréal), 1989
 * Black Robe, 1991
 * The Persistence of Memory, 1991
 * Orlando, 1992
 * The Silent Touch, 1992
 * Mrs. 'Arris Goes to Paris, 1992 (TV movie)
 * The Confessional (Le confessionnal), 1995
 * Other Voices, Other Rooms, 1995
 * I Shot Andy Warhol, 1996
 * Nostromo, 1997 (TV miniseries, 4 episodes)
 * Bent, 1997
 * Conquest, 1998
 * Animals, 1998
 * Shot Through the Heart, 1998 (TV movie)
 * Senso unico, 1999
 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, 1999 (TV series, 1 episode, "Sophomore Jinx", Professor James Henri Rousseau)
 * Restless Spirits, 1999 (TV movie)
 * Urbania, 2000
 * Oz, 2000 (TV series, 1 episode)
 * Solitude, 2001
 * Law & Order: Criminal Intent, 2001 (TV series, 1 episode, "Enemy Within", Richard Zainer)
 * Dead Heat, 2002
 * Snow Dogs, 2002 - Mack
 * Julie Walking Home, 2002
 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, 2003 (TV series, 1 episode, "Pandora", Erich Tassig)
 * On Thin Ice, 2003 (TV movie)
 * 24, 2004 (TV series, 5 episodes)
 * Gérald L’Écuyer: A Filmmaker’s Journey, 2004 (TV movie)
 * Third Watch, 2004 (TV, 1 episode)
 * Desolation Sound, 2005
 * Law & Order: Trial by Jury, 2006 (TV series, 1 episode, "Eros in the Upper Eighties", Andres Voychek)
 * Disappearances, 2006
 * Walk All Over Me, 2007
 * Race to Mars (TV mini-series, 2 episodes)
 * The Funeral Party, 2007
 * The Tudors, Charles de Marillac, 2007–2010 (TV series)
 * The Child Prodigy (L'enfant prodige), 2010
 * Missing, 2012 (TV series, 1 episode)
 * The Storm Within (Rouge sang), 2013
 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, 2014 (TV series, 1 episode, "Gambler's Fallacy", Anton Nadari)
 * Vikings, 2015–2016 (TV, 13 episodes)
 * Regression, 2015
 * Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders, 2016 (TV, 1 episode)
 * The Switch (La switch), 2022
 * The Thawing of Ice (La fonte des glaces), 2024

Selected theater credits

 * The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui (National Actors Theatre/The Michael Schimmel Center for the Arts at Pace University, New York, 2002), Young Inna/Defendant Fish
 * The Cherry Orchard (Mark Taper Forum, Los Angeles, 2006), Gaev

Awards and recognition
Bluteau won the 1990 Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for his work on Jesus of Montreal and was nominated for the same award in 1996 for his work in the film The Confessional (Le Confessionnal). He was nominated for the AFI Award for Best Actor for his work on Black Robe.

Bluteau won the award for Best Actor at the 1997 Gijón International Film Festival for his work on Bent.

title: Lothaire Bluteau


text:
Oliver Nelson

Oliver Edward Nelson (June 4, 1932 – October 28, 1975) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, arranger, composer, and bandleader. His 1961 Impulse! album The Blues and the Abstract Truth (1961) is regarded as one of the most significant recordings of its era. The centerpiece of the album is the definitive version of Nelson's composition, "Stolen Moments". Other important recordings from the 1960s are the albums More Blues and the Abstract Truth (1964) and Sound Pieces (1966), both also on Impulse!.

Early life and career
Oliver Nelson was born into a musical family in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. His brother was a saxophonist who played with Cootie Williams in the 1940s, and his sister sang and played piano. Nelson began learning to play the piano when he was six and started on the saxophone at the age of 11. Beginning in 1947, he played in "territory" bands in and around Saint Louis, before joining the Louis Jordan band, where he stayed from 1950 to 1951, playing alto saxophone and arranging charts for Jordan's band.

In 1952, Nelson underwent military service in the United States Marines Corps playing woodwinds in the 3rd Marine Division band in Japan and Korea. It was in Japan that Nelson attended a concert by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra and heard Maurice Ravel's Ma mère l'Oye and Paul Hindemith's Symphony in E Flat. Nelson later recalled that this was the first time that I had heard really modern music for back in St. Louis I hadn't even known that Negroes were allowed to go to concerts. I realized everything didn't have to sound like Beethoven or Brahms ... . It was then that I decided to become a composer.

Nelson returned to Missouri to study music composition and theory at Washington University in St. Louis and Lincoln University, graduating with a master's degree in 1958. He also studied with composers Elliott Carter, Robert Wykes and George Tremblay.

While back in his hometown of St. Louis, Nelson met and married Eileen Mitchell; the couple had a son, Oliver Nelson Jr., but soon divorced. After graduation, Nelson married St. Louis native Audrey McEwen, a union that lasted until his death and produced a son, Nyles.

After completing his degree Nelson moved to New York City, playing with Erskine Hawkins and Wild Bill Davis, and working as the house arranger for the Apollo Theater in Harlem. He also played on the West Coast briefly with the Louie Bellson big band in 1959, and in the same year began recording for Prestige Records as the leader of various small groups. From 1960 to 1961, he briefly played with Count Basie and Duke Ellington, and then joined the Quincy Jones big band playing tenor saxophone, both in the U.S. and on tour in Europe.

Breakthrough and afterwards
After six albums as leader between 1959 and 1961 for the Prestige Records label, Nelson's big breakthrough came with The Blues and the Abstract Truth, an album recorded for Impulse! also featuring Eric Dolphy, Roy Haynes and Freddie Hubbard, which made his name as a composer and arranger. Subsequently, he recorded a number of notable big-band albums including Afro-American Sketches and Full Nelson.

Nelson worked as an arranger on large ensemble albums for Thelonious Monk, Cannonball Adderley, Sonny Rollins, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Johnny Hodges, Wes Montgomery, Buddy Rich, Jimmy Smith, Billy Taylor, Stanley Turrentine, Irene Reid, and Gene Ammons. The music Sonny Rollins wrote for Alfie (1966), a film made in Great Britain, was arranged by Nelson for Alfie of the same name. He also led all-star big bands in various live performances between 1966 and 1975. Nelson continued to perform as a soloist during this period, now focusing primarily on soprano saxophone.

In 1967, Nelson moved to Los Angeles to be near the television and movie industry and began composing background music for television and films, for which he became highly sought after. Television projects included Ironside, Night Gallery, Columbo, The Six Million Dollar Man and Longstreet. Films scored by Nelson include Death of a Gunfighter (1969), Skullduggery (1970), Dial Hot Line (1970), Zig Zag (1970) and The Alpha Caper (1973). He also arranged Gato Barbieri's music for Last Tango in Paris (1972). During this productive time he also arranged and produced albums for pop stars such as Nancy Wilson, James Brown, The Temptations, and Diana Ross.

Along with his big-band appearances (in Berlin, Montreux, New York, and Los Angeles), he led a small group that included John Klemmer, Ernie Watts, Freddie Hill, and Frank Strozier in a United States Department of State-sponsored tour of West Africa in 1969. Less well-known is the fact that Nelson composed several symphonic works, and was also deeply involved in jazz education, returning to his alma mater, Washington University, in the summer of 1969 to lead a five-week-long clinic that also featured such guest performers as Phil Woods, Mel Lewis, Thad Jones, Sir Roland Hanna, and Ron Carter. Among the student participants at the Washington University Summer Jazz Institute were saxophonists Julius Hemphill, Oliver Lake, and Hamiet Bluiett, who later co-founded the World Saxophone Quartet with David Murray. Nelson's book of jazz practice exercises, Patterns for Improvisation, was published in 1966 and remains highly regarded to this day.

Nelson died of a heart attack on October 28, 1975, at the age of 43. It is widely believed that Nelson's commitment to his work resulted in lengthy periods of stress which contributed to his premature death.

title: Oliver Nelson


text:
San Lucas

San Lucas (the Spanish-language name of St. Luke) is sometimes used as a toponym:

 * Belize
 * San Lucas, Belize, a village in Toledo District, Belize

 * Colombia
 * Serrania of San Lucas (mountains)

 * Costa Rica
 * San Lucas Island

 * Guatemala
 * San Lucas Sacatepéquez (Sacatepéquez department)
 * San Lucas Tolimán (Sololá department)

 * Honduras
 * San Lucas, El Paraíso

 * Mexico
 * San Lucas, Chiapas
 * San Lucas, Michoacán
 * San Lucas Tecopilco, Tlaxcala
 * San Lucas Quiavini, Oaxaca
 * San Lucas Zoquiapam, Oaxaca
 * Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur

 * Nicaragua
 * San Lucas, Madriz

 * United States
 * San Lucas, California
 * San Lucas AVA, California wine region in Monterey County

title: San Lucas


text:
Criterion of embarrassment

The criterion of embarrassment is a type of biblical historical analysis in which a historical account is deemed likely to be true under the inference that the author would have no reason to invent a historical account which might embarrass them. Certain Biblical scholars have used this as a metric for assessing whether the New Testament's accounts of Jesus' actions and words are historically probable.

The criterion of embarrassment is one of the criteria of authenticity used by academics, the others being the criterion of dissimilarity, the criterion of language and environment, criterion of coherence, and the criterion of multiple attestation.

History
The criterion of embarrassment is a long-standing tool of New Testament research. The phrase was used by John P. Meier in his 1991 book A Marginal Jew; he attributed it to Edward Schillebeeckx (1914–2009), who does not appear to have actually used the term in his written works. The earliest use of the approach was possibly by Paul Wilhelm Schmiedel in the Encyclopaedia Biblica (1899).

Examples
The assumption of the criterion of embarrassment is that the early church would hardly have gone out of its way to create or falsify historical material that embarrassed its author or weakened its position in arguments with opponents. Rather, embarrassing material coming from Jesus would be either suppressed or softened in later stages of the Gospel tradition. This criterion is rarely used by itself, and is typically one of a number of criteria, such as the criterion of dissimilarity and the criterion of multiple attestation, along with the historical method. The crucifixion of Jesus is an example of an event that meets the criterion of embarrassment. This method of execution was considered the most shameful and degrading in the Roman world, and advocates of the criterion claim this method of execution is therefore the least likely to have been invented by the followers of Jesus.

Limitations
The criterion of embarrassment has its limitations and is almost always used in concert with the other criteria. One limitation to the criterion of embarrassment is that clear-cut cases of such embarrassment are few. Clearly, context is important, as what might be considered as embarrassing in one era and social context may not have been so in another. Embarrassing details may be included as an alternative to an even more embarrassing account of the same event. As a hypothetical example, Saint Peter's denial of Jesus could have been a substitution for an even greater misdeed of Peter.

An example of the second point is found in the stories of the Infancy Gospels. In one account from the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, a very young Jesus is said to have used his supernatural powers first to strike dead, and then revive, a playmate who had accidentally bumped into him. If this tradition had been accepted as worthy of inclusion at some key juncture in the formation of the Christian Bible (and hence integrated in one way or another among the canonical Gospels), arguably many modern Christians would find it quite embarrassing—especially strict believers in biblical inerrancy. But as is suggested by the existence of this early non-canonical pericope, it must not have been embarrassing to some early Christians.

A further limitation is the possibility that what could be classed as embarrassing could also be an intentionally created account designed to provoke a reaction. For instance, Saint Peter's denial of Jesus could have been written as an example of the consequences of denial. : "Whoever acknowledges me before men, I will also acknowledge him before my Father in heaven. But whoever disowns me before men, I will disown him before my Father in heaven."

title: Criterion of embarrassment


text:
Talk:Shui Xian

Reference
It would be nice if like on the Tieguanyin page the reference was justified, its provides no factual information on what is used in the article and seems to just generally sell the tea, thanks. --Iateasquirrel 22:43, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Mistakes
There are some mistakes in the article. For instance, there are two traditional origins of Shui Xien, corresponding to two different oolong teas: These different teas corresponds to very different cultivar, different type of farming (dancongs traditionally come from very old arborescent unique plant per tea batch when yancha comes from regular tea plantation) and different fabrication philosophies (in particular in term of roasting).
 * One Yancha in Wu Yi Shan (Fujian)
 * One Feng Huang Dan Cong in Feng Huang Chan (GuangZhou)

Lao Cong Shui Xien generally reports to dancong, not yancha. Lao Cong only means old tree. Lao Cong dancong generally have more than one human life. This will be corrected ASAP Soiwatter 7:20, 02 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shui Xian


text:
Talk:Kfar Darom

I think the article has been cleaned up, should the 'clean up' tag now be removed? Rangeley 22:43, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

No. There are several parts that i think have been really embelleshed. For example: "he leader of this resistance (according to the Israeli police), Moshe Leshem, was holding up an Israeli Flag, and he was blasted directly with the blue soap, along with his flag. For a moment it looked as though it would slip through his fingers, but he held on and symbolically waved the now blue flag to rally the protesters further."

Apetimberlale 01:43, 1 April 2006

 * Watch the video of it. Its not embellishing. Rangeley 23:25, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Pictures from Kfar Darom
I took some pictures from Kfar Darom in 1999/2000. If you'd like to use them feel free. Road with bridge Road with bridge 2 walls of Kfar Darom Unfortunately there are no pictures from inside the settlement because the guards didn't let me enter. --Soylentyellow (talk) 23:07, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

"Occupy" vs. "Recapture"
One of the sentences in the article currently refers to "Israel's victory in the Six-Day War in 1967, and its subsequent occupation of the Gaza Strip". I changed "occupation" to "recapture", but this was reverted with the comment "Undid revision 468299477 by Jkshapiro (talk) that isnt clarifying anything, and nothing was "recaptured".

I believe it's a matter of the historical record that the Gaza Strip was part of the section of the Palestinian Mandate that was apportioned for Israel, that it was captured by Egypt in the 1948 war, and that it was recaptured by Israel in 1967. Is this incorrect?

Since the Gaza Strip was not empty, I don't think "occupation" is the right kind of verbiage for the situation. Jkshapiro (talk) 21:40, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The entirety of the Gaza Strip was allocated to the Arab state in the partition plan, not to Israel (see the map here). Where are you getting this idea that it was apportioned for Israel? Also, occupied does not mean that it simply empty land (though that is a type of occupation), but that it was taken and held under belligerent occupation.  nableezy  - 21:44, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Nableezy is technically wrong, but I think it would be generally misleading to say recapture of the Gaza Strip since Israel held it for a relatively short period of time of a few weeks in end of 48 to the beginning of 49, and a relatively long time ago. In contrast, Kfar Darom was certainly recaptured. --Shuki (talk) 23:22, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
 * How am I technically wrong? The entire Gaza Strip was in the territory allocated to the Arab state.  nableezy  - 01:27, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Why do you want to go in that direction? By your logic, the entire Turkish 'Palestine' was originally allocated to be the Jewish State so Judea and Samaria were recaptured in 1967? Israeli did in fact occupy Gaza for a several weeks so in fact, it was recaptured in 1967. --Shuki (talk) 11:07, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * All of Palestine was never "allocated" to be a Jewish state. But the user said it's a matter of the historical record that the Gaza Strip was part of the section of the Palestinian Mandate that was apportioned for Israel. That is simply untrue. I am unfamiliar with a place called Judea and Samaria. If you mean the eastern portion of the occupied Palestinian territories, that too was allocated, almost in its entirety (not the area around Jerusalem), to the Arab state. The sentence is discussing the establishment of a military outpost, which was done not because it was once "recaptured", but because it was, and remained through that point, occupied territory.  nableezy  - 14:14, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

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Computational genomics

Computational genomics refers to the use of computational and statistical analysis to decipher biology from genome sequences and related data, including both DNA and RNA sequence as well as other "post-genomic" data (i.e., experimental data obtained with technologies that require the genome sequence, such as genomic DNA microarrays). These, in combination with computational and statistical approaches to understanding the function of the genes and statistical association analysis, this field is also often referred to as Computational and Statistical Genetics/genomics. As such, computational genomics may be regarded as a subset of bioinformatics and computational biology, but with a focus on using whole genomes (rather than individual genes) to understand the principles of how the DNA of a species controls its biology at the molecular level and beyond. With the current abundance of massive biological datasets, computational studies have become one of the most important means to biological discovery.

History
The roots of computational genomics are shared with those of bioinformatics. During the 1960s, Margaret Dayhoff and others at the National Biomedical Research Foundation assembled databases of homologous protein sequences for evolutionary study. Their research developed a phylogenetic tree that determined the evolutionary changes that were required for a particular protein to change into another protein based on the underlying amino acid sequences. This led them to create a scoring matrix that assessed the likelihood of one protein being related to another.

Beginning in the 1980s, databases of genome sequences began to be recorded, but this presented new challenges in the form of searching and comparing the databases of gene information. Unlike text-searching algorithms that are used on websites such as Google or Wikipedia, searching for sections of genetic similarity requires one to find strings that are not simply identical, but similar. This led to the development of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, which is a dynamic programming algorithm for comparing sets of amino acid sequences with each other by using scoring matrices derived from the earlier research by Dayhoff. Later, the BLAST algorithm was developed for performing fast, optimized searches of gene sequence databases. BLAST and its derivatives are probably the most widely used algorithms for this purpose.

The emergence of the phrase "computational genomics" coincides with the availability of complete sequenced genomes in the mid-to-late 1990s. The first meeting of the Annual Conference on Computational Genomics was organized by scientists from The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) in 1998, providing a forum for this speciality and effectively distinguishing this area of science from the more general fields of Genomics or Computational Biology. The first use of this term in scientific literature, according to MEDLINE abstracts, was just one year earlier in Nucleic Acids Research. The final Computational Genomics conference was held in 2006, featuring a keynote talk by Nobel Laureate Barry Marshall, co-discoverer of the link between Helicobacter pylori and stomach ulcers. As of 2014, the leading conferences in the field include Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) and Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB).

The development of computer-assisted mathematics (using products such as Mathematica or Matlab) has helped engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists to start operating in this domain, and a public collection of case studies and demonstrations is growing, ranging from whole genome comparisons to gene expression analysis. This has increased the introduction of different ideas, including concepts from systems and control, information theory, strings analysis and data mining. It is anticipated that computational approaches will become and remain a standard topic for research and teaching, while students fluent in both topics start being formed in the multiple courses created in the past few years.

Contributions of computational genomics research to biology
Contributions of computational genomics research to biology include:
 * proposing cellular signalling networks
 * proposing mechanisms of genome evolution
 * predict precise locations of all human genes using comparative genomics techniques with several mammalian and vertebrate species
 * predict conserved genomic regions that are related to early embryonic development
 * discover potential links between repeated sequence motifs and tissue-specific gene expression
 * measure regions of genomes that have undergone unusually rapid evolution

Genome comparison
Computational tools have been developed to assess the similarity of genomic sequences. Some of them are alignment-based distances such as Average Nucleotide Identity. These methods are highly specific, while being computationally slow. Other, alignment-free methods, include statistical and probabilistic approaches. One example is Mash, a probabilistic approach using minhash. In this method, given a number k, a genomic sequence is transformed into a shorter sketch through a random hash function on the possible k-mers. For example, if $$k=2$$, sketches of size 4 are being constructed and given the following hash function

the sketch of the sequence

"CTGACCTTAACGGGAGACTATGATGACGACCGCAT"

is {0,1,1,2} which are the smallest hash values of its k-mers of size 2. These sketches are then compared to estimate the fraction of shared k-mers (Jaccard index) of the corresponding sequences. It is worth noticing that a hash value is a binary number. In a real genomic setting a useful size of k-mers ranges from 14 to 21, and the size of the sketches would be around 1000.

By reducing the size of the sequences, even hundreds of times, and comparing them in an alignment-free way, this method reduces significantly the time of estimation of the similarity of sequences.

Clusterization of genomic data
Clustering data is a tool used to simplify statistical analysis of a genomic sample. For example in the authors developed a tool (BiG-SCAPE) to analize sequence similarity networks of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC). In successive layers of clusterization of biosynthetic gene clusters are used in the automated tool BiG-MAP, both to filter redundant data and identify gene clusters families. This tool profiles the abundance and expressions levels of BGC's in microbiome samples.

Biosynthetic gene clusters
Bioinformatic tools have been developed to predict, and determine the abundance and expression of, this kind of gene cluster in microbiome samples, from metagenomic data. Since the size of metagenomic data is considerable, filtering and clusterization thereof are important parts of these tools. These processes can consist of dimensionality -reduction techniques, such as Minhash, and clusterization algorithms such as k-medoids and affinity propagation. Also several metrics and similarities have been developed to compare them.

Genome mining for biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) has become an integral part of natural product discovery. The >200,000 microbial genomes now publicly available hold information on abundant novel chemistry. One way to navigate this vast genomic diversity is through comparative analysis of homologous BGCs, which allows identification of cross-species patterns that can be matched to the presence of metabolites or biological activities. However, current tools are hindered by a bottleneck caused by the expensive network-based approach used to group these BGCs into gene cluster families (GCFs). BiG-SLiCE (Biosynthetic Genes Super-Linear Clustering Engine), a tool designed to cluster massive numbers of BGCs. By representing them in Euclidean space, BiG-SLiCE can group BGCs into GCFs in a non-pairwise, near-linear fashion.

Satria et. al, 2021 across BiG-SLiCE demonstrate the utility of such analyses by reconstructing a global map of secondary metabolic diversity across taxonomy to identify uncharted biosynthetic potential, opens up new possibilities to accelerate natural product discovery and offers a first step towards constructing a global and searchable interconnected network of BGCs. As more genomes are sequenced from understudied taxa, more information can be mined to highlight their potentially novel chemistry.

title: Computational genomics


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Pennsylvania Route 191

Pennsylvania Route 191 (PA 191) is a 111.54 mi-long state highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The route, a major non-freeway corridor connecting the Lehigh Valley to the Pocono Mountains in eastern Pennsylvania, is designated from U.S. Route 22 (US 22) in Brodhead near Bethlehem to the New York state line over the Delaware River at Hancock, New York.

Commissioned on April 17, 1961, the route replaced the PA 12 and PA 90 numbers that were in place from the late 1920s to the 1960s. From 1961 to 1976, PA 191 was routed south of US 22 through Bethlehem and terminated at PA 309 in Center Valley. PA 378 replaced the designation from Center Valley to the Lehigh River crossing in Bethlehem.

Northampton County
PA 191 begins along Nazareth Pike at an interchange with the US 22 freeway in Bethlehem Township, Northampton County in the Lehigh Valley. South of US 22, Nazareth Pike continues as State Route 3015, an unsigned quadrant route, to Bethlehem, where it becomes Linden Street. From the interchange, PA 191 heads north-northeast along two-lane undivided Nazareth Pike and runs through Brodhead, passing businesses a short distance to the east of Monocacy Creek. The road crosses into Lower Nazareth Township and crosses the creek twice as it passes more commercial development with some woods and homes, passing through Hecktown. In Newburg, the route intersects the eastern terminus of PA 946 and heads through farmland with some residences. PA 191 passes to the east of the former Nazareth Speedway and heads past businesses before reaching an intersection with PA 248 on the southern border of the borough of Nazareth. At this point, PA 191 turns east for a concurrency with PA 248 on Easton Road, forming the border between Nazareth to the north and Lower Nazareth Township to the south before fully entering Nazareth.

PA 191 splits from PA 248 by turning north onto South Broad Street and crossing Norfolk Southern's Cement Secondary before continuing into residential areas. The route heads into the downtown area of Nazareth, where it turns east onto East Center Street. PA 191 heads past more homes, turning north onto North New Street. The road leaves Nazareth for Upper Nazareth Township and curves to the east-northeast as East Lawn Road, passing residences and businesses in Eastlawn Gardens. The route heads into industrial areas and passes north of a quarry, crossing a Norfolk Southern railroad spur. PA 191 widens into a four-lane divided highway and passes through a corner of Palmer Township before crossing the Bushkill Creek into Stockertown as Industrial Boulevard, crossing a Norfolk Southern railroad spur and passing near more commercial development and industry before reaching an interchange with the PA 33 freeway.

Past this interchange, the route heads northeast past more commercial development as a four-lane undivided road before crossing the Stockertown Rails-to-Trails into residential areas. PA 191 turns northwest onto two-lane undivided Main Street and is lined with homes. The route leaves Stockertown for Plainfield Township, intersecting the Stockertown Rails-to-Trails and the Plainfield Township Trail paths, and turns north-northeast onto Bangor Road at the Sullivan Trail intersection. The road passes near homes and commercial development with some farm fields before it comes to Edelman, where it crosses over the Little Bushkill Creek and the Plainfield Township Trail. PA 191 curves northeast and heads through rolling farmland with some woodland and residences. The route turns east before it enters Washington Township and curves back to the northeast, continuing through more rural areas with some development as Washington Boulevard. The road reaches Ackermanville, where it turns east, passing homes.

PA 191 turns to the north and continues through wooded residential areas. The route turns northeast before curving north and entering the borough of Bangor, where it comes South 1st Street and is lined with homes and some businesses. PA 191 heads into the downtown area of Bangor and comes to an intersection with PA 512, where the name changes to North 1st Street. From here, the road continues through developed areas, curving to the north-northwest. The route runs through woodland and enters the borough of Roseto, where it becomes Roseto Avenue and heads north, lined with homes and a few businesses. PA 191 leaves Roseto for Washington Township and heads north-northeast through woods before curving north and crossing into Upper Mount Bethel Township, where the name becomes Valley View Drive. The road heads through woodland with some development before heading northeast to ascend forested Blue Mountain.

Monroe and Pike counties
Upon reaching the summit of Blue Mountain, PA 191 enters Stroud Township in Monroe County and heads into the Pocono Mountains region of Pennsylvania. The road becomes Godfrey Ridge Road and crosses the Appalachian Trail before it makes a hairpin turn to the west to begin descending the mountain. The route turns north and winds through forested areas at the base of the mountain. PA 191 heads north along a winding path through more wooded areas with some fields and homes before it enters the borough of Stroudsburg and comes to an intersection with PA 611. Past this intersection, the route continues north along Broad Street through residential areas, coming to a partial interchange with I-80/US 209 with access to and from the westbound lanes of I-80/US 209; access to and from the eastbound lanes is provided by PA 611. Following this interchange, the road crosses McMichael Creek and reaches an intersection with US 209 Bus. in the downtown area of Stroudsburg, with PA 191 briefly splitting into a one-way pair, with the northbound direction following northbound US 209 Bus. on Main Street, North 4th Street, and southbound US 209 Bus. on McConnell Street, while the southbound direction follows South 5th Street.

After intersecting US 209 Bus., PA 191 continues north along North 5th Street, winding through residential areas. The road turns northwest and leaves Stroudsburg for Stroud Township, passing businesses before running past homes. The road curves north and runs through wooded areas with some development, with the Brodhead Creek Trail and the Brodhead Creek becoming parallel to the east of the road. The route turns northwest alongside the trail and the creek before it curves northeast and comes to a bridge over the Brodhead Creek and a Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad line, coming to an intersection with PA 447. At this point, PA 191 becomes concurrent with PA 447 and the two routes head northwest on Paradise Trail, running through forests with some development, with the creek and railroad tracks parallel to the west. The road heads through mountainous areas and reaches Analomink, turning east before curving north as an unnamed road. The roadway continues through forests to the east of the Brodhead Creek, with PA 447 splitting to the north.

From here, PA 191 crosses Brodhead Creek and heads northwest through forested areas to the northeast of the parallel Paradise Creek. The road passes under the Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad line and enters Pocono Township, curving north and running between the creek and the railroad tracks. The route heads into Paradise Township and continues through mountainous areas. PA 191 crosses the Paradise Creek and comes to an intersection with the northern terminus of PA 715 in Henryville. The road crosses the creek again in Parkside and continues northwest through forests with some homes. In Paradise Valley, PA 191 reaches a junction with the eastern terminus of PA 940 and turns northeast. The route runs through more woodland and turns northwest, passing near a forested residential development and reaching an intersection with PA 390.

PA 390 then heads north concurrent with PA 191, running through more dense forests with some development and crossing into Barrett Township. The road turns north-northeast and passes over a Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad line before heading through Cresco. The two routes continue into Mountainhome, where PA 390 splits to the northeast and PA 191 continues north. The route passes wooded areas of residences before turning northwest and winding through dense forests. The road turns north and west before it crosses into Coolbaugh Township, where it heads northwest before a turn to the north. PA 191 enters Greene Township in Pike County and becomes La Anna Road, heading north-northeast through more forests before curving to the northwest and passing through La Anna.

Wayne County
PA 191 crosses the Wallenpaupack Creek into Dreher Township in Wayne County and heads into the upper regions of the Pocono Mountains, becoming South Sterling Road and soon reaching an intersection with the northern terminus of PA 423. From here, the road turns north into forested areas to the west of the Wallenpaupack Creek, turning east and then north as it passes through South Sterling. The route continues north and passes through Haags Mill, coming to a junction with PA 507. Here, PA 507 turns north to form a concurrency with PA 191, heading north on Main Street through wooded areas with some fields and homes to the west of creek. The road curves to the north-northeast and intersects the northern terminus of PA 447 in Newfoundland. The two routes pass through rural residential and commercial development before PA 507 splits to the northeast and PA 191 heads northwest along East Sterling Road. The road passes through more dense forests, heading through East Sterling. The route heads into Sterling Township and becomes Twin Rocks Road, continuing through rural areas and coming to an interchange with I-84. Following this interchange, PA 191 heads northwest through woodland with some commercial development before coming to an intersection with PA 196. At this point, PA 196 heads north for a concurrency with PA 191 on Easton Turnpike, continuing through rural areas and crossing the West Branch Wallenpaupack Creek into Salem Township. The road passes through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, coming to an intersection with PA 590 in Hamlin.

North of here, the two routes run through more farms and woods before PA 196 splits to the north and PA 191 continues northeast on Lake Ariel Highway. The road enters Lake Township and heads through wooded areas with some fields and homes, reaching Lake Ariel. Here, the route passes west of Lake Ariel before it heads through residential areas and intersects the southern terminus of PA 296, turning to the east. PA 191 curves to the northeast and runs through forests with some farm fields and homes, continuing into Cherry Ridge Township. The road continues through rural land, passing through Hoadleys. Farther northeast, the route crosses into Texas Township, where it makes a turn to the north.

PA 191 enters the borough of Honesdale and becomes Sunrise Avenue, passing a mix of residential and commercial development with some woodland. The route continues northwest onto Erie Street and runs past more development before it turns northeast onto 4th Street, crossing the Stourbridge Railroad and coming to an intersection with US 6. At this point, PA 191 becomes concurrent with US 6 and the route heads north on a one-way pair, with the northbound direction following westbound US 6 along Church Street and the southbound direction following eastbound US 6 along Main Street. The one-way pair, which carries two lanes in each direction, passes through the commercial downtown of Honesdale before passing through residential areas. After crossing the Lackawaxen River, US 6 splits to the west and both directions of PA 191 continue north on two-lane undivided Main Street, passing more homes. The road intersects the southern terminus of PA 670 and crosses Dyberry Creek, becoming Fair Avenue and passing residences and businesses to the east of the creek. The route leaves Honesdale for Dyberry Township and becomes Hancock Highway, passing east of the Wayne County Fairgrounds before running through forested areas. PA 191 winds north through rural land and passes through Dyberry before bending north-northeast and crossing into Oregon Township. The road continues through forests with some farm fields, passing through Siko before entering Lebanon Township. The route runs through more rural land and curves northeast, crossing PA 371 in Rileyville.

PA 191 continues through forests with occasional farmland and homes and crosses into Damascus Township, where it makes a curve to the north and passes through Hilltown. The road enters Manchester Township and passes through Lookout before a curve to the north-northwest, heading through Priceville. The route continues through rural areas, turning west and then north. PA 191 heads north through dense forests and reaches Equinunk, where it turns northwest and crosses the Equinunk Creek into Buckingham Township. At this point, the Delaware River begins to follow the road to the northeast as it continues northwest through forests. The route and the river curve to the west and then to the north, with the route passing through Dillontown. PA 191 continues to wind north along the west bank of the Delaware River through forests, passing through Stockport. Farther north, the road turns northwest and reaches an intersection with the eastern terminus of PA 370. Following this, PA 191 curves northeast near homes and businesses and comes to its northern terminus at the New York border on the Hancock Bridge over the West Branch Delaware River, where the road continues as South Pennsylvania Avenue into the village of Hancock and provides access to NY 97.

History
In the 1920s and 1930s, the first PA 191 number was designated from US 1 (Baltimore Pike) in Clifton Heights to Penrose Avenue in southwest Philadelphia. The first state highway numbers to be assigned on the modern PA 191 were Pennsylvania Route 12 and Pennsylvania Route 90. The earliest alignment of PA 12 had nothing to do with what it would later become; it was originally designated onto the Baltimore Pike, which is now mostly US 1. In 1927, this highway was extended north to the New York line. From Philadelphia to Bethlehem, the highway followed modern-day PA 309 and PA 378. It then reached Stockertown via PA 191, and hit Saylorsburg via the Sullivan Trail. It then took Hamilton S to Sciota, then US 209 BUS and US 209 to the New York line at Milford. That year, PA 90 was designated from Stroudsburg to the New York-Pennsylvania border. From the 1920s to the 1940s, the designation between Stockertown and Stroudsburg had no signed traffic route.

In 1928, several spurs were commissioned. For PA 90, the following spurs were assigned in the Pocono Mountains region: PA 190, PA 290, PA 390, PA 490, PA 590, and PA 690. In 1928, For PA 12, the following spurs were assigned in the Poconos and Lehigh Valley regions: PA 212, PA 312, PA 412, PA 512, PA 612, and PA 712. Later that year, concurrencies with national highways were removed, truncating PA 12 to terminate at Center Valley and Saylorsburg; Hamilton S was apparently not retained as a state highway.

In April 1935, PA 12 was extended north to US 611 in Bartonsville, filling a gap between Snydersville and Bartonsville. By 1950, PA 90 was extended south to Easton, including the highway between Stroudsburg and Stockertown. On April 17, 1961, PA 191 was commissioned from the New York state line to US 309 in Center Valley. The route replaced PA 12 south of Stockertown (the rest would be superseded by the PA 33 freeway) and PA 90 north of Stockertown (the rest remained part of PA 115 until 1972). In Bethlehem, PA 191 was designated onto Wyandotte Street, crossed the Lehigh River, went onto Main Street, turned onto Elizabeth Avenue, and turned onto Linden Street or Nazareth-Bethlehem Pike north of Bethlehem. PA 191 was designated to replace PA 12 and PA 90 in order to provide a continuous route between Center Valley and the New York border as well as to reduce confusion with I-90 in the northwest part of the state.

By 1970, when PA 378 was commissioned, PA 191 moved designations slightly in Bethlehem. Southbound PA 191 came from Nazareth, as Linden Street, and in Bethlehem, it turned west onto Union Boulevard. After it passed underneath I-378, the route turned south onto 3rd Avenue then onto the I-378 freeway. I-378 terminated at the bridge that crosses the Lehigh River and it continued as PA 191 (Wyandotte Street). By 1976, PA 191 was truncated to end at its current location and PA 378 (formerly I-378) replaced its former routing from the Lehigh River bridge to PA 309 in Center Valley.

PA 191 Truck
Pennsylvania Route 191 Truck was a route that followed PA 248, PA 33, and the exit slip-ramps at the PA 33-PA 191 interchange. It was signed in 2014. Signs were removed and PA 191 Truck was decommissioned in 2016.

title: Pennsylvania Route 191


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USS Young (DD-580)

USS Young (DD-580), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy of that name. She was the first to be named for Rear Admiral Lucien Young (1852–1912).

Young was laid down on 7 May 1942 at Orange, Texas, by the Consolidated Steel Corp. The ship was launched on 15 October 1942, sponsored by Mrs. J. M. Schelling and commissioned on 31 July 1943.

1943
Following a shakedown cruise in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, USS Young briefly operated out of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. During that assignment, she formed part of the escort for the battleship USS Iowa (BB-61) when Iowa carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt across the Atlantic on the first leg of his journey to the Teheran Conference of November 1943. In the midst of that voyage, the destroyer received orders instructing her to head for the Pacific theater. She transited the Panama Canal on 24 November and reported for duty with the Pacific Fleet. She arrived in Pearl Harbor early in December and received orders assigning her to the small U.S. 9th Fleet in the northmost Pacific Ocean. USS Young remained at Pearl Harbor for several weeks, and she then headed for the Aleutian Islands, where she arrived in mid-January 1944.

1944
The arrival of USS Young in Alaskan waters, however, came some three months after the Aleutians campaign ended. Her duties for the next eight months, therefore, consisted of escort and patrol missions spiced with an occasional bombardment of Japanese installations in the Kuril Islands. She was an element of Rear Admiral Wilder D. Baker's striking force on 2 February 1944 when that unit conducted the first bombardment of Japanese home territory in the Kurils. She twice returned to those islands in June, shelling Matsuwa on the 13th and Paramushiro on the 26th. Otherwise, her only enemy during the first eight months of 1944 proved to be the foul Aleutians weather.

During September, she returned to the United States for an overhaul. Upon completing repairs, the destroyer departed San Francisco Bay on 6 October, bound for the western Pacific. Reporting in at Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands late in the month, she received orders to join the escort of a supply convoy bound for the newly invaded Philippines. She reached Leyte Island on 18 November in the midst of an enemy air attack on the invasion fleet. She and her colleagues in the convoy screen combined to splash three of the attacking aircraft.

On 19 December, Young departed Leyte with 10 other destroyers in the screen of the first Mindoro resupply echelon. The unit came under enemy air attack early in the morning of the 21st but encountered no concerted air opposition until near dusk. At about 17:18, a raid of five kamikazes broke through the combat air patrol, and three of the suicide planes succeeded in their missions, hitting LST-460, LST-479, and the Liberty ship SS Juan de Fuca. Both LSTs had to be abandoned, but Juan de Fuca continued on and reached Mindoro safely with the convoy on 22 December. During the return voyage, enemy planes returned to harass the convoy but failed to inflict damage. During the approach to and the retirement from Mindoro, Young claimed a total of five unassisted splashes and two assists.

1945
USS Young's first amphibious assault came during the invasion of Luzon in January 1945. During the main landing on 9 January, she served as a unit of the screen for the landing craft of Attack Group "Baker" and covered part of the landings at Lingayen Gulf itself. The assault went off practically unopposed, in an example of the new Japanese tactics of fighting an amphibious force inland with conventional infantry tactics rather than trying to smash the landing at the beach. Since the American troops encountered no real resistance until they had advanced inland well beyond the range of destroyer guns, Young and her accompanying warships had little to do at Lingayen Gulf.

That pattern repeated itself at Zambales later in the month when Young, in reconnoitering the landing area, encountered a small boat embarking a Filipino guerrilla lieutenant who informed the destroyer that the area had already been secured by his forces. The Zambales landing went off without a shot being fired.

During operations around Subic and Manila Bays, the warship joined USS Nicholas (DD-449) in destroying two Japanese 17 ft suicide boats sent in from Corregidor to break up the Mariveles occupation force on 14 February. Two days later, she participated in the reduction and capture of the source of those boats—Corregidor. She bombarded "The Rock" before the assault and then helped silence enemy batteries on Caballo Island when they opened up on the landing craft. Later that morning, she threaded her way through mine-infested waters to provide gunfire support for the troops taking the island fortress.

During the following weeks, USS Young conducted patrols out of Subic Bay. In April, she supported one of the U.S. Army's landings on Mindanao, but that operation, thanks to strong Moro guerrilla activity, proved to be another walkover. She continued her patrol operations in the Philippines until the end of the third week in May at which time she received orders to return to the United States for repairs. Steaming via Eniwetok Atoll and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, she arrived in San Francisco Bay on 12 June and began a 47-day overhaul at the Mare Island Navy Yard.

Late in July, USS Young completed her post-overhaul trials and, early in August, she headed back toward Pearl Harbor. However, by the time of her arrival, hostilities had already ceased. Instead of continuing westwards, she began operations in the Hawaiian Islands area as escort and plane guard for the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3). On 25 September, she departed Hawaii in company with various units of the U.S. 3rd Fleet en route to the East Coast for the 1945 Navy Day celebration. On 27 October, Young arrived in New York City, where President Harry Truman reviewed the assembled ships.

Young remained in New York until 1 November when she steamed towards Charleston, South Carolina, where she was placed in reserve on 31 January 1946. Finally decommissioned sometime in January 1947, the destroyer remained in reserve until 1 May 1968, at which time her name was stricken from the Navy list. On 6 March 1970, USS Young was sunk as a target off the mid-Atlantic coast. USS Young earned five battle stars during World War II.

title: USS Young (DD-580)


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Ricochet (1989 video game)

Ricochet is an action-adventure game for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron home computers, published by Superior Software in 1989. It was written by Neil Davidson and David Williams with some graphics work and level design by Nik Weston and Guy Burt.

The object of the game is to retrieve five hourglasses from diverse scenarios to restore the flow of time. It features elements of both platform and puzzle games. The puzzles are mostly logical (keys unlock doors, gold placates a burglar), though there are exceptions.

Gameplay

While the game shares many elements made popular in earlier Superior arcade adventures such as Citadel, it has a unique feel due to the movement of the main character. The player controls a creature named "SPRAT" (Small Partially Robotic Alien Time-traveller), depicted as a red sphere wearing sunglasses. SPRAT moves by rolling but can only do so along level ground or down slopes. There are ladders to climb but many platforms require a special movement to be reached. By holding 'down' (SPRAT squashes himself) to build up potential energy, then releasing, SPRAT can bounce at either a 45- or 90-degree angle.

Legacy
Ricochet is one of a range of 1980s Superior games that was re-released for Microsoft Windows by Superior Interactive, with new graphics and added levels.

title: Ricochet (1989 video game)