text:
Talk:Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina

Celebrity criticism - who cares what celebrities have to say?
This section seems entirely pointless, who cares what some musicians have to say about Katrina? I'm going to boldly remove it. Bonewah (talk) 13:45, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Obviously a lot of people care since this section is well-sourced to reliable sources, and many editors worked on those sections. This is Wikipedia, not "Bonewahpedia, the encyclopedia of stuff that interests Bonewah". bd2412  T 14:12, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Spare me the personal attacks, well sourced doesnt answer the relevance question. Why should anyone care about musicians and actors views on Katrina? Are they experts? Were they involved in the response? Were they actually there? This gets to the heart of why wp:crit says "Just as in most cases the existence of an article seems to inherently promote its topic, "Criticism of ...." articles/sections would seem to inherently advocate the critics' negative point of view." The only reason these people are being quoted at all is because they are critical of the government response and the title of the article contains "Criticism of government response", exactly what wp:crit warns us to avoid. Bonewah (talk) 15:32, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, you reverted my dead link tags that I added. Bonewah (talk) 15:33, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Kanye West's criticism for example, coming as it did during a telethon for hurricane relief, is particularly on point as the telethon itself was part of the response. I restored the one dead link tag that I could find. bd2412  T 15:57, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Thats an unbelievable stretch. For starters, it wasent part of the government response. Further, as I stated earlier, there is no indication that these people's opinions are in any way informed or relevant.  The only reason these people are being quoted at all is because this article is a "criticism of.." article (and exactly why criticisms of articles are generally considered POV forks),  Why not quote a supermodel? Or the Dalai Lama? Or me, for that matter? If they do not have an informed or relevant opinion on the matter, then there is no reason to quote them at all. Bonewah (talk) 17:12, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * "Who cares" is not a valid reason to remove cited information from the encyclopedia. I don't care about Pokemon, but you don't see me trying to delete all the Pokemon articles because somebody cares about them. That, for example, Kanye West got on live national television, during an historic broadcast with a large audience, and made specific criticisms of the government is (a) verifiable and reliably sourced, and (b) highly notable in the context of this article. It it not POV to report, if our reporting of it does not endorse the view (otherwise we'd never be able to report on any criticism of any political figure). If the Dalai Lama leveled a criticism, that should be included also given his place on the world stage. If you leveled a criticism, it probably wouldn't make the news or influence anybody because you don't have the bully pulpit of celebrity. Conversely, I might add, if there are instances of celebrities making the news for praising the government's response to Katrina, those should be included as well. bd2412  T 18:14, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Why are these criticisms highly notable? Just because someone is a celebrity? Just because they appeared on television? Why not cite every TV anchorman and pundit on television? Again, these people have no special knowlage of the situation, they are only being quoted because they are critical. Look at this way, if the article were entitled government response to Hurricane Katrina, and criticisms were simply included throughout (which it should be), then these celebrity responses wouldn't fly at all. Bonewah (talk) 18:48, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest then that your issue is with the existence of the article at all. Not every TV anchor or pundit will get national news coverage over a criticism they make, and frankly there are bound to be some celebrities who are no worse informed than critical politicians. As I said, if there is a contrasting view, a celebrity who drew attention for praising the government response, that would be equally appropriate to include. bd2412  T 19:49, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I have no issue with the article existing, although moving it to government response to Hurricane Katrina and reworking it would be consistent with wp:crit. I hasten to add that even after that proposed move, the article would still contain a lot of criticism because criticism of the govt response is such a huge part of the issue. I just cant imagine an article about Katrina that doesn't document the systemic failure of the government response, but thats exactly what we should do, document the government's failure along with its other actions. Criticisms of articles are not only POV forks but also have the effect of removing legitimate criticisms from parent articles.
 * On the subject of uniformed views, it really doesnt matter if the view is critical or favorable, if it comes from an uninformed, uninvolved person, its irrelevant. This is what keeps articles from being a mishmash of "person X thinks this" and "Person Y thinks that", you need to have some reasonable connection to the subject at hand, not just an opinion. Bonewah (talk) 20:34, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * As stated above, I am going to remove the celebrity criticism section as irrelevant. If a celebrity has something to add to our understanding of this subject it has a place here, otherwise, we are just listing people who are critical without regard to importance. Bonewah (talk) 13:32, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Wow. I just read over the "celebrity" commentary section, and it was one of the biggest piles of non-notable, POV-pushing garbage I've seen to date on Wikipedia, and that's saying something. When educated people who have STUDIED the problems that occurred during Katrina, after the fact, have some notable commentary on the government response, their quotes should be added to this article. But there is no justifiable reason to include the opinion of every hip hop group that wrote a song about the disaster in the days after, based on what they'd seen in a few pictures. ViperNerd (talk) 19:09, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Although I don't agree with the words used (see WP:INSULT), see July 6th content of other editor altered, by Special:Contributions/Bonewah: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Criticism_of_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina&diff=438117591&oldid=438106321  99.181.128.190 (talk) 04:55, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

Brown and partisan politics
This section is highly dubious In January 2007, the fired FEMA director Michael D. Brown charged that partisan politics had played a role in the White House's decision to federalize emergency response to the disaster in Louisiana only rather than along the entire affected Gulf Coast region, which Brown said he had advocated. "Unbeknownst to me, certain people in the White House were thinking, 'We had to federalize Louisiana because she's a white, female Democratic governor, and we have a chance to rub her nose in it,'" Brown said, speaking before a group of graduate students at the Metropolitan College of New York on January 19, 2007. "'We can't do it to Haley [Mississippi governor Haley Barbour] because Haley's a white male Republican governor. And we can't do a thing to him. So we're just gonna federalize Louisiana.'" The White House fervently denied Brown's charges through a spokeswoman and Brown's comments have never been substantiated.[21] For starters the only citation for this is a dead link. And on top of that, the paragraph even says that Brown's comment has never been substantiated. Bonewah (talk) 17:18, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Link fixed. I'm not sure what you mean "Brown's comment has never been substantiated" - are you doubting that he actually said that, or do expect someone else from the Bush administration to come forward on this? bd2412  T 18:05, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Only that the paragraph itself says that his claims have never been substantiated, which is like saying "were reporting hearsay". How could it even be substantiated anyway, hes claiming to know what people in the white house were thinking? Is this guy psychic? Bonewah (talk) 18:10, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * That's why the paragraph says the reports have not been substantiated. However, there's almost no one more central to the government's response than Michael Brown, so his clearly expressed sense of what is going on is worth noting with that caveat. bd2412  T 18:19, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that his views on the matter are relevant, I just think it could be written better. Bonewah (talk) 18:57, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I have no objection to clarifying that this is speculation on Brown's part. bd2412  T 19:42, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Michael Brown
This citation for this section does not support the statement at all: "Later, Michael Brown admitted that he had virtually no experience in emergency management when he was appointed to the position by President Bush two years prior to Katrina." The citation only shows that certain media members accused Michael Brown of having no experience. Brown himself continues to refute that charge to this day. Wrecklass (talk) 16:12, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

racism
if the black dead were equal in percentage to that of the overall population, then that means the storm wasn't racist, but kill proportionally to the population. right? 67.176.160.47 (talk) 05:08, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

"Missing" Letter
I've reverted again Sam Donald's removal of cited content. I'd like to explain why. Quite simply you cannot removed reliable sourced and cited content from an article, and replace it with contradictory claims that are not sourced or cited. Saying "it was on the internet, but someone's removed it" is not an adequate. Wikipedia's readers need a way of verifying the facts, and this doesn't allow for that.

Please do not alter the article again until this can be cited. Can another source be found? Thanks. -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 17:46, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

I have no idea of how to answer this. I did, but it appeared on another thread.

I did cite the fact that two letters were written, and it was deleted. http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=kat_71 plainly indicates there were two letters d/t two different dates.

Your comments are untrue. Sam Donald (talk)Don —Preceding undated comment added 17:57, 2 June 2011 (UTC).

 * Thanks for your reply. I removed the content mostly because you said yourself in your edit that media was not reporting it and the letter was not available.  So your own words make it clear that the content is not suitable for Wikipedia.  Wikipedia only summarises what has already been said in reliable sources.   If you have neither a copy of the letter, nor any reliable reporting of it, then I am afraid Wikipeida is not the place for discussing it.   I am unfamiliar with "History Commons", but it appears to be a collaborative user generated website (like Wikipedia is).  This makes it an unreliable source and an unsuitable cite.
 * Apart from this, these claims are no reason to remove other cited and sourced content that do come from reliable sources.  If the facts are disputed then Wikipedia should reflect that.   But both sides of the story must be cited adequately.

 * The PDF you refer to (if I'm following the correct link, you do not explain what or where), has not been "removed from the internet", it is simply sitting on a some guys personal website that will not permit external linking to it.  As such, it is most definitely not a reliable source, nor will Wikipedia permit original research on its contents.

 * Please revert your last edit until the matter can be discussed properly and do not edit war over this.  -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 18:22, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Since Sam Donald continues to refuse to discuss his edits to the page, I have again flagged the problematic content. Would he please come to this discussion page and explain what they are trying to say? -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 20:15, 5 June 2011 (UTC)
 * And now I've reverted the change. If a source can be found for these claims then they could be re-added.  -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 19:25, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Presidential role
My comments in []s:

Many claimed [who? when?] that on the morning of August 28, the president telephoned Mayor Nagin to "plead" for a mandatory evacuation of New Orleans, and further claimed that Nagin and Gov. Blanco decided to evacuate the city only in response to that request. These claims were never substantiated with any recordings, however Blanco did tell reporters the President had called and spoken with her (but not Nagin) before the press conference [which press conference?; citation needed].

Perhaps the press conference is obvious from context, but I do not readily find it. Fotoguzzi (talk) 03:58, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Good point. I have tagged the content.  It consists of an unattributed and uncited claim, followed by an uncited questioning of the claims, followed by another unsourced fact.  If nothing shows up to cite any of it it should all be removed. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 17:40, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Editing error in Presidential role
The last paragraph in this Presidential role section has apparently been damaged by an editing error. It currently begins, "Address]]. In that speech, Bush did not mention..." Juniperpaul (talk) 07:23, 4 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Thanks for pointing it out. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 13:51, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

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Investigation of State of Emergency declaration section weidness
There's a little weirdness in the section titled, "Investigation of State of Emergency declaration," so I want to explain my edits here.

Firstly, the parenthetical "(In fact, the declaration did not include any of Louisiana's coastal parishes; rather, they were included in the declarations for Mississippi[27] and Alabama.[28])" seems wrong. As far as I can tell, there are no Louisiana parishes included in either of the linked declarations. I suspect this should have been, "rather, they were included in the declaration for August 29th."

Secondly, the section presents a timeline of a governor's letter proceeding a declaration on the 27th. However, the linked letter was dated the 28th. Assuming the section is correct in that the letter was publicized in reaction to the hearing, I suppose the more modest edit is to just point out without comment that the letter had that date.

I came to this page to learn more about the declarations, and I found the section not really agreeing with the things it was linking to, so I want to improve it. I'm trying to keep the edits modest to avoid the No original research rule, so I hope this is acceptable. Crcarlin (talk) 00:41, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

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Systemic critique from an insider found. Suitable?
Hello. I am VERY new to Wikipedia, and while looking into an unrelated topic I found this postmortem analysis of the apparent interconnected dysfunctions among government, private sector and even individuals from a person inside FEMA during the Katrina period. I do not know if it meets criteria for inclusion, and would prefer to let an experienced editor judge. Sure hope I'm doing this right.

CyndiMcIncheese (talk) 16:49, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

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text:
Azalea Trail Run

The Azalea Trail Run is an annual road running event held in late March in Mobile, Alabama which is considered one of the United States' premier road races. Runners, walkers, and wheelchair athletes from around the world and at all levels turn out for the event. The 10-kilometer race is known for its fast, flat course along Mobile's oak shaded streets and has seen blistering records set by runners since its inception. The 2023 race will be the 45th annual running.

In 2001, Joseph Kimani of Kenya finished within two seconds of setting a new world record in the men's open division in 27:41. John Campbell of New Zealand established a world’s best time for a male masters athlete (over 50 years of age) in 1999 with his time of 31:02. In 1994, Martin Mondragon of Mexico set the current world record for men masters, at 28:56.

The two-day, family-friendly event was founded in 1978 and includes a world class 10K race, a 5K race, a fun run, and a Health and Fitness Expo. The ATR is produced by the Port City Pacers, a local nonprofit organization with the mission of promoting health and fitness through running and walking. 2,000 participants attended the 2015 race.

Past winners
Key:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Azalea Trail Run


text:
Talk:Vela Uniform

Untitled
My grandfather, Harold Carter Kohl, worked for Holmes and Narver and the AEC in the early 60's as an Atomic Engineer. I am looking for any information relating to his time with either organization and especially as related to Vela Uniform, his time in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Alaska, Nevada, or the Marshall Islands. I believe his specialty was designing detonation test sites.

When I was a little girl, he gave me a radioactive piece of salt from one of the test sites, which I used to lick whenever I went to his house. My father used to have picnics with his mother, brother, and cousins about 10 miles from the blast sites so they could watch the bombs go off (one of my Grandpa Hi's big "fun" ideas!)... pretty interesting family history, as related to Project Vela.

I'd love to talk to anyone who has information or who is currently searching for information related to the project. Hannah Kohl - kohl.hannah@gmail.com

 * You could go vist the SHOAL site, perhaps others. SHOAL is about 30 miles west of Fallon, Nevada, and the area is unrestricted.  It's not terribly exciting though - there's no crater just a concrete pad and a bunch of groundwater monitoring wells.  Toiyabe 17:56, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Watch out on this aliases there. Harold Clayton Urey was a well-known American physicist associated with the Manhattan project and other work. SkoreKeep (talk) 16:26, 25 December 2013 (UTC)

Project Coyboy
Am looking for information about Project Coyboy. It was connected to this program. I need to verify that it was just regular explosives in a salt dome in Winnfield La and not radioactive. Sattmaster (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:30, 18 August 2011 (UTC).

 * No nuclear detonation ever took place in Louisiana. See U.S. Department of Energy / Nevada Operations Office, United States Nuclear Tests - July 1945 through September 1992, December 2000, DOE/NV-209 Rev 15. Bomazi (talk) 22:04, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Look for project cowboy/plowboy. It was a couple(?) of shaft conventional explosives tests carried out by Plowshare engineers for the DoD's Vela Uniform Dribble (the seismic detection of nuclear testing) program.  I'm looking into this to add it to the article. A lot of Plowshare was done with conventional explosives; the part with the nukes was just the most publicized part, and of course the object of it all. SkoreKeep (talk) 16:04, 25 December 2013 (UTC

 * Ah, there we go. Fired 12/1/1959, near Winnfield LA, at the Carey Salt Mine.  Used to determine the different seismic waves created by coupled and uncoupled events. Definitely not radioactive.

title: Talk:Vela Uniform


text:
Aluminum building wiring

Aluminum building wiring is a type of electrical wiring for residential construction or houses that uses aluminum electrical conductors. Aluminum provides a better conductivity-to-weight ratio than copper, and therefore is also used for wiring power grids, including overhead power transmission lines and local power distribution lines, as well as for power wiring of some airplanes. Utility companies have used aluminum wire for electrical transmission in power grids since around the late 1800s to the early 1900s. It has cost and weight advantages over copper wires. Aluminum in power transmission and distribution applications is still the preferred wire material today.

In North American residential construction, aluminum wire was used for wiring entire houses for a short time from the 1960s to the mid-1970s during a period of high copper prices. Electrical devices (outlets, switches, lighting, fans, etc.) at the time were not designed with the particular properties of the aluminum wire being used in mind, and there were some issues related to the properties of the wire itself, making the installations with aluminum wire much more susceptible to problems. Revised manufacturing standards for both the wire and the devices were developed to reduce the problems. Existing homes with this older aluminum wiring used in branch circuits present a potential fire hazard.

In communist former East Germany (GDR, 1945-1990), aluminum or Copper-clad aluminium wire (″AlCu-Kabel″) had to be used for wiring as copper was expensive to import. While all devices were designed for aluminum during that era, this ended with unification in 1990 when standard Western European equipment became available and the national public owned enterprises (Volkseigener Betrieb) went out of business.

Materials

Aluminum wire has been used as an electrical conductor for a considerable period of time, particularly by electrical utilities related to power transmission lines in use shortly after the beginning of modern power distribution systems being constructed starting in the late 1880s. Aluminum wire requires a larger wire gauge than copper wire to carry the same current, but is still less expensive than copper wire for a particular application.

Aluminum alloys used for electrical conductors are only approximately 61% as conductive as copper of the same cross-section, but aluminum's density is 30.5% that of copper. Accordingly, one pound of aluminum has the same current carrying capacity as two pounds of copper. Since copper costs about four times as much as aluminum by weight (roughly US$4/lb vs. US$1/lb ), aluminum wires are one-eighth the cost of copper wire of the same conductivity. The lower weight of aluminum wires in particular makes these electrical conductors well suited for use in power distribution systems by electrical utilities, as supporting towers or structures only need to support half the weight of wires to carry the same current.

In the early 1960s when there was a housing construction boom in North America and the price of copper spiked, aluminum building wire was manufactured using utility grade AA-1350 aluminum alloy in sizes small enough to be used for lower load branch circuits in homes. In the late 1960s problems and failures related to branch circuit connections for building wire made with the utility grade AA-1350 alloy aluminum began to surface, resulting in a re-evaluation of the use of that alloy for building wire and an identification of the need for newer alloys to produce aluminum building wire. The first 8000 series electric conductor alloy, still widely used in some applications, was developed and patented in 1972 by Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa). This alloy, along with AA-8030 (patented by Olin in 1973) and AA-8176 (patented by Southwire in 1975 and 1980), performs mechanically like copper.

Unlike the older AA-1350 alloy previously used, these AA-8000 series alloys also retain their tensile strength after the standard current cycle test or the current-cycle submersion test (CCST), as described in ANSI C119.4:2004. Depending on the annealing grade, AA-8176 may elongate up to 30% with less springback effect and possesses a higher yield strength (19.8 ksi, for a cold-worked AA-8076 wire).

A home with aluminum wiring installed prior to the mid-1970s (as the stock of pre-1972 aluminum wire was permitted to be used up) likely has wire made with the older AA-1350 alloy that was developed for power transmission. The AA-1350 aluminum alloy was more prone to problems related to branch circuit wiring in homes due to mechanical properties that made it more susceptible to failures resulting from the electrical devices being used at that time combined with poor workmanship.

The 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club fire was a notable incident triggered by poorly-installed aluminum wiring.

Modern building construction
Aluminum building wiring for modern construction is manufactured with AA-8000 series aluminum alloy (sometimes referred to as "new technology" aluminum wiring) as specified by the industry standards such as the National Electrical Code (NEC). The use of larger gauge stranded aluminum wire (larger than #8AWG) is fairly common in much of North America for modern residential construction. Aluminum wire is used in residential applications for lower voltage service feeders from the utility to the building. This is installed with materials and methods as specified by the local electrical utility companies. Also, larger aluminum stranded building wire made with AA-8000 series alloy of aluminum is used for electrical services (e.g. service entrance conductors from the utility connection to the service breaker panel) and for larger branch circuits such as for sub-panels, ranges, clothes dryers and air-conditioning units.

In the United States, solid aluminum wires made with AA-8000 series aluminum alloy are allowed for 15 A or 20 A branch circuit wiring according to the National Electrical Code. The terminations need to be rated for aluminum wire, which can be problematic. This is particularly a problem with wire to wire connections made with twist-on connectors. As of 2017 most twist-on connectors for typical smaller branch circuit wire sizes, even those designed to connect copper to aluminum wiring, are not rated for aluminum-to-aluminum connections, with one exception being the Marette #63 or #65 used in Canada but not approved by UL for use in the United States. Also, the size of the aluminum wire needs to be larger compared to copper wire used for the same circuit due to the increased resistance of the aluminum alloys. For example, a 15 A branch circuit supplying standard lighting fixtures can be installed with either #14AWG copper building wire or #12AWG aluminum building wire according to the NEC. However, smaller solid aluminum branch circuit wiring is almost never used for residential construction in North America.

Older homes
When utility grade AA-1350 alloy aluminum wire was first used in branch circuit wiring in the early 1960s, solid aluminum wire was installed the same way as copper wire with the same electrical devices.

For smaller branch circuits with solid wires (15 or 20 A circuits) typical connections of an electrical wire to an electrical device are usually made by wrapping the wire around a screw on the device, also called a terminal, and then tightening the screw. At around the same time the use of steel screws became more common than brass screws for electrical devices.

Over time, many of these terminations with solid aluminum wire began to fail due to improper connection techniques and the dissimilar metals having different resistances and significantly different coefficients of thermal expansion, as well as problems with properties of the solid wires. These connection failures generated heat under electrical load and caused overheated connections.

The larger size stranded aluminum wires don't have the same historical problems as solid aluminum wires, and the common terminations for larger size wires are dual-rated terminations called lugs. These lugs are typically made with a coated aluminum alloy, which can accommodate either an aluminum wire or a copper wire. Larger stranded aluminum wiring with proper terminations is generally considered safe, since long-term installations have proven its reliability.

Problems
The use of older solid aluminum wiring in residential construction has resulted in failures of connections at electrical devices, has been implicated in house fires according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and in some areas it may be difficult to obtain homeowners insurance for a house with older aluminum wiring. There are several possible reasons why these connections failed. The two main reasons were improper installations (poor workmanship) and the differences in the coefficient of expansion between aluminum wire used in the 1960s to mid-1970s and the terminations, particularly when the termination was a steel screw on an electrical device. The reported hazards are associated with older solid aluminum branch circuit wiring (smaller than no. 8 AWG)

Improper installations
Many terminations of aluminum wire installed in the 1960s and 1970s that were properly installed continue to operate with no problems. However, problems can develop in the future, particularly if connections were not properly installed initially.

Improper installation, or poor workmanship, includes: not abrading the wires, not applying a corrosion inhibitor, not wrapping wires around terminal screws, wrapping wires around terminal screws the wrong way, and inadequate torque on the connection screws. There can also be problems with connections made with too much torque on the connection screw as it causes damage to the wire, particularly with the softer aluminum wire.

Coefficient of expansion and creep

Most of the problems related to aluminum wire are typically associated with older (pre-1972) AA-1350 alloy solid aluminum wire, sometimes referred to as "old technology" aluminum wiring, as the properties of that wire result in significantly more expansion and contraction than copper wire or modern day AA-8000 series aluminum wire. Older solid aluminum wire also had some problems with a property called creep, which results in the wire permanently deforming or relaxing over time under load.

Aluminum wire used before the mid-1970s had a somewhat higher rate of creep, but a more significant issue was that the same high price of copper driving the use of aluminum wire led to the use of brass-coated steel rather than solid brass screws for terminations at devices such as outlets and switches. Aluminum and steel expand and contract at significantly different rates under thermal load, so a connection can become loose, particularly for older terminations initially installed with inadequate torque of the screws combined with creep of the aluminum over time. Loose connections get progressively worse over time.

This cycle results from the connection loosening slightly, with a reduced contact area at the connection leading to overheating, and allowing intermetallic aluminum–iron and aluminum–copper compounds to be formed between the wire, the screw, and the device conductors under the wire. This resulted in a higher resistance junction, leading to additional overheating. Although many believe that oxidation was the issue, studies have shown that oxidation was not significant in these cases.

Electrical device ratings

Many electrical devices used in the 1960s had smaller plain steel terminal screws, which made the attachment of the aluminum wires being used at that time to these devices much more vulnerable to problems. In the late 1960s, a device specification known as CU/AL (meaning copper-aluminum) was created that specified standards for devices intended for use with aluminum wire. Some of these devices used larger undercut screw terminals to more securely hold the wire.

Unfortunately, CU/AL switches and receptacles failed to work well enough with aluminum wire, and a new specification called CO/ALR (meaning copper-aluminum, revised) was created. These devices employ brass screw terminals that are designed to act as a similar metal to aluminum and to expand at a similar rate, and the screws have even deeper undercuts. The CO/ALR rating is only available for standard light switches and receptacles; CU/AL is the standard connection marking for circuit breakers and larger equipment.

Oxidation
Most metals (with a few exceptions, such as gold) oxidize freely when exposed to air. Aluminium oxide is not an electrical conductor, but rather an electrical insulator. Consequently, the flow of electrons through the oxide layer can be greatly impeded. However, since the oxide layer is only a few nanometers thick, the added resistance is not noticeable under most conditions. When aluminum wire is terminated properly, the mechanical connection breaks the thin, brittle layer of oxide to form an excellent electrical connection. Unless this connection is loosened, there is no way for oxygen to penetrate the connection point to form further oxide.

If inadequate torque is applied to the electrical device termination screw or if the devices are not CO/ALR rated (or at least CU/AL-rated for breakers and larger equipment) this can result in an inadequate connection of the aluminum wire. Also, due to the significant difference in thermal expansion rates of older aluminum wire and steel termination screws connections can loosen over time, allowing the formation of some additional oxide on the wire. However, oxidation was found not to be a substantial factor in failures of aluminum wire terminations.

Joining aluminum and copper wires
Another issue is the joining of aluminum wire to copper wire. In addition to the oxidation that occurs on the surface of aluminum wires which can cause a poor connection, aluminum and copper are dissimilar metals. As a result, galvanic corrosion can occur in the presence of an electrolyte, causing these connections to become unstable over time.

Upgrades and repairs
Several upgrades or repairs are available for homes with older pre-1970s aluminum branch circuit wiring:
 * Completely rewiring the house with copper wires (usually cost prohibitive)
 * "Pig-tailing" which involves splicing a short length of copper wire (pigtail) to the original aluminum wire, and then attaching the copper wire to the existing electrical device. The splice of the copper pigtail to the existing aluminum wire can be accomplished with special crimp connectors, special miniature lug-type connectors, or approved twist-on connectors (with special installation procedures). Pig-tailing generally saves time and money, and is possible as long as the wiring itself is not damaged.

However, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) currently recommends only two alternatives for a "permanent repair" using the pig-tailing method. The more extensively tested method uses special crimp-on connectors called COPALUM connectors. As of April 2011, the CPSC has also recognized miniature lug-type connectors called AlumiConn connectors. The CPSC considers the use of pigtails with wire nuts a temporary repair, and even as a temporary repair recommends special installation procedures, and notes that there can still be hazards with attempting the repairs.

COPALUM connectors use a special crimping system that creates a cold weld between the copper and aluminum wire, and is considered a permanent, maintenance-free repair. However, there may not be sufficient length of wires in enclosures to permit a special crimping tool to be used, and the resulting connections are sometimes too large to install in existing enclosures due to limited space (or "box fill"). Installing an enclosure extender for unfinished surfaces, replacing the enclosure with a larger one or installing an additional adjacent enclosure can be done to increase the available space. Also, COPALUM connectors are costly to install, require special tools that cannot simply be purchased and electricians certified to use them by the manufacturer, and it can sometimes be very difficult to find local electricians certified to install these connectors.

The AlumiConn miniature lug connector can also be used for a permanent repair. The only special tool required for an electrician installing them is a special torque screwdriver that should be readily available to qualified electrical contractors. Proper torque on the connectors set screws is critical to having an acceptable repair. However, use of the Alumiconn connectors is a relatively newer repair option for older aluminum wiring compared to other methods, and use of these connectors can have some of the same or similar problems with limited enclosure space as the COPALUM connectors.

Special twist-on connectors (or "wire nuts") are available for joining aluminum to copper wire, which are pre-filled with an antioxidant compound made of zinc dust in polybutene base with silicon dioxide added to the compound to abrade the wires. As of 2014 there was only one twist-on connector rated or "UL Listed" for connecting aluminum and copper branch circuit wires in the U.S., which is the Ideal no. 65 "Twister Al/Cu wire connector". These special twist-on connectors have a distinctive purple color, have been UL Listed for aluminum to copper branch circuit wire connections since 1995, and according to the manufacturer's current literature are "perfect for pig-tailing a copper conductor onto aluminum branch circuit wiring in retrofit applications". The CPSC still considers the use of twist-on connectors, including the Ideal no. 65 "Twister Al/Cu wire connector", to be a temporary repair. According to the CPSC, even using (listed) twist-on connectors to attach copper pigtails to older aluminum wires as a temporary repair requires special installation procedures, including abrading and pre-twisting the wires. However, the manufacturer's instructions for the Ideal no. 65 Twister only recommends pre-twisting the wires, and does not state it is required. Also, the instructions do not mention physically abrading the wires as recommended by the CPSC, although the manufacturer current literature states the pre-filled "compound cuts aluminum oxide". Some researchers have criticized the UL listing/tests for this wire connector, and there have been reported problems with tests (without pre-twisting) and installations. However, it is unknown if the reported installation problems were associated with unqualified persons attempting these repairs, or not using recommended special installation procedures (such as abrading and pre-twisting the wires as recommended by the CPSC for older aluminum wire, or at least pre-twisting the wires as recommended by Ideal for their connectors).

The use of newer CO/ALR rated devices (switches and receptacles) can be used to replace older devices that did not have the proper rating in homes with aluminum branch circuit wiring to reduce the hazards. These devices are reportedly tested and listed for both AA-1350 and AA-8000 series aluminum wire, and are acceptable according to the National Electrical Code. However, some manufacturers of CO/ALR devices recommend periodically checking/tightening the terminal screws on these devices which can be hazardous for unqualified individuals to attempt, and there is criticism of their use as a permanent repair as some CO/ALR devices have failed in tests when connected to "old technology" aluminum wire. Furthermore, just installing CO/ALR devices (switches and receptacles) doesn't address potential hazards associated with other connections such as those at ceiling fans, lights and equipment.

title: Aluminum building wiring


text:
Talk:The Smiling, Proud Wanderer

Names
Are the character names from the 3rd edition? Because some of the characters are wrong if the names are taken from the 2nd edition... For example, it's 劉正風 not 劉正峰﹐and 封不平 not 風不平. (January 22, 2006) I've fixed the Chinese characters. ---LWC

 * Not sure. Please leave messages at the end, and use section dividers. Thanks. -- Миборовский U 23:07, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

"Smiling Proud Wanderer"
"Smiling Proud Wanderer" is a terrible translation.

--LWC

Actually, I always thought the better translation would be "That Carefree Martial Art Guy" Suredeath 05:53, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

The term "Xiao Ao Jiang Hu" is an idiom, it doesn't mean to laugh at anything. See here for the definition. It annoys me to see the title get wrongly transferred into English. http://140.111.34.46/cgi-bin/dict/GetContent.cgi?Database=dict&DocNum=98679&GraphicWord=yes&QueryString=笑傲江湖 --LWC

 * Xiao - laughing, carefree
 * Ao - proud, overpowering, dominating
 * Jianghu - pugilistic world/circle
 * ie. "Carefree domination of the pugilistic world". Doesn't sound good in English does it? -- Миборовский U 07:37, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

The Thai translation was "Laughing in the face of Martial art world/custom", something like that.Suredeath 15:04, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, that's just another translation isn't it? :p -- Миборовский U 18:04, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Just in case I may get into an edit war with someone over ninja fiasco. The book always referred to these individual as the "masked men". Not a word of Ninja can be derived from this book. They just dressed in black. Furthermore, Ninja has nothing to do with China but a really really farfetch cousin whose existence is still doubtful "Lin Kuei".

http://www.illuminatedlantern.com/cinema/features/ninja.html--Suredeath 02:41, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * You're a bit too insecure to upgrade this into a "fiasco" after 2 reverts and 1 talkpage entry. I was talking about the English translation, not the original Chinese. I think the English translation translated it as Ninja. And yes, Ninjas are from China, but this is beyond the point here. And no, this isn't worth getting into a revert war with. -Hmib 10:20, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

English translation used "masked men"--Suredeath 11:23, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * OK. -Hmib 17:36, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

- Inserted Chinese names for certain characters missing them, and added some info about the Hengshan (Nun) Sect and fixed some pinyin errors in the article. --LWC

Jin yong's worst novel
Full of flaws and sh**. Can't believe Mr. Jin yong wrote this story. No word on why the Dugu's nine sword has been learnt by the old master. But that's somewhat acceptable. He portraits Linghu Chong as a crybaby who keep beeging his master to allow him back, blindly not seeing his master's evil. He also knows Yi Lin loves him so much, and he ignores it outright! Mr. Jin yong also knows how much the beautiful nun loves him, and she's also the one knowing him best, and he kicks her out by creating Ren Yingying, which make serious readers with a heart will so sorry for Yi Lin thruout the story. Usually, Mr. jin yong is very sensitive and delicate when it comes to love, but this time, he blows it all to hell! I have to say that apart from the unacceptable character design, the storyline is the best of jin yong's novels, but best + worst = bad! Hoefully someday Mr. Jin yong rewrites this story.

 * The Old Master is an experienced, well-traveled character. So if Jin Yong wants to explain it, all he has to do is add one sentence like, "The old guy was visiting [insert a mountain] when he chanced upon Dugu's nine sword." So it's not a big deal.
 * Linghu Chong's master raised him since he was a kid. It's the only family and home he has. Of course he loves and respect his master. Most people overlook the flaws of those close to them. Especially when the whole world refer to the guy as "The Gentleman Sword." His own wife, who shares a bed with him every night doesnt know he's a bad guy until the end. So it's not impossible that Linghu Chong doesnt know his master is evil. Heck, even the readers dont know until later in the novel.
 * As far as his love life goes, it's not the first time females are overlooked by the protagonist in a Jin Yong novel. Lu Wushuang, Cheng Ying, Gongsun Lü'e, and Guo Xiang love Yang Guo but their loves were unreturned. Guo Fu realized that she has always has a crush on Yang Guo at the end of the novel, but she suppressed her feeling because she was then a married woman. In the In Sword Stained with Royal blood, the one-armed princess went off alone. When she made a cameo in The Duke of Mount Deer, it's mentioned that she still misses him. Princess Fragrance died in The Book and the Sword. Yin Li and Xiaozhao did not fare any better in Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber.
 * - Elsonlam1 18 July 2008 —Preceding comment was added at 23:43, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

I don't agree they are plot holes. More like plot devices. I wasn't bothered by not knowing how Old Master Fung learnt Dugu nine sword. To me, he wasn't the focus. At that part of the story, I was more wrapped up by Ling Hu's progress and how he tricked Tian than how or where the Master came from. I don't think it would have been a good idea to settle his history in one line. That would not do it justice. To give a detailed backstory might affect the pace of Ling Hu's training. I think it was an excellent idea to leave it as a mystery (I'm still wondering what Old Master Fung ate on the mountain all those years...).

And no Ling Hu's not a cry baby. He does cry a lot but I liked that side of his character. It makes him more rounded - the type of guy who'll laugh when he wants, cry when he wants and not fake emotion like his Master. Note also that the first concrete sign of his Master being evil was at the meeting for the merging of the 5 clans. That was already quite late into the story. And Ling Hu didn't hear that conversation between Lin PingZhi and LingShan about how his Master stole the BiXie Manual. Only YingYing heard. Ling Hu's persistent respect for his Master despite everything shows his unwavering gratitude towards those who showed him affection and his believe in fillial duty. This makes him more a man rather than less.

I think the storyline with Yi Lin is acutally one of Jin Yong's best. It was quite clear from the start that her relationship with Ling Hu could only be platonic. She's a nun afterall! That immediately signified to the readers that Yi Lin could never marry Ling Hu unless she renounces her religion. And although it is possible, Yi Lin would never do that. It was obvious from the inner conflict she suffered just to take a watermelon from a field to feed a sickly Ling Hu. Ling Hu was not insensible to her affections. He said many times in the novel that he would gladly lay down his life for her. But, as he said to Tian on one of their converstaions, Yi Lin is a nun, he would never dare to think of being her husband. He respected her devotion to her religion too much to even contemplate it. The book would not end well if Ling Hu was in love with Yi Lin. He'd have too much honour to speak of his love, she'd be torn apart by her love on one side and her faith on the other. One or both of them would end up dead from a broken heart from how - it wouldn't not have been cheerful.

202.65.245.7 (talk) 04:04, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

The pronunciation of "辟邪“
This current article lists the words "辟邪" as "Bi Xie" in PinYin. I would like to raise the point that it is actually read as "Pi Xie" if we follow traditional literary rules. Chinese traditional literature reads the first letter with a softer sound for liaison purposes when the two words are followed by other characters. I suggest a change to the liaison sound.

"Bi Xie" is by no means incorrect. It merely sounds slightly forced in a literary tone. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.108.203.97 (talk) 22:51, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * You'll need to provide a source for verification and to support this claim. This is the first time I've heard that "辟邪" is read as "Pixie" instead of "Bixie", so it's rather strange. On a side note, the adaptations (films and TV series) also use "Bixie". What do other editors think? 暗無天日  contact me (聯絡) 13:04, 25 June 2010 (UTC

 * http://cidian.xpcha.com/38cga28wqtb.html

 * The traditional pronunciation of "辟邪" is in Pi4 Xie2. Unsigned is correct. The modern incorrect pronunciation stems from the use of 'Bi Xie' as in "Avoiding the evil" rather than "To repel evil". WhisperBlade (talk) 19:30, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Alright, thanks for the confirmation. I make the appropriate changes and leave a note. 暗無天日  contact me (聯絡) 13:39, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Hold on, this page, which lists some commonly misread Chinese words, shows that the correct pronunciation of "辟邪" is "Bi4 Xie2" in Pinyin. It also doesn't make sense to use the traditional pronunciation, because the novel is written by Jin Yong in the 1960s, considered a modern period. It's also odd because the adaptations (films and TV series) also use "Bixie", and if there's really a mistake with the pronunciation, someone ought to have pointed it out long ago and the appropriate corrections should have been applied as well. I'd like to hear more from other editors before proceeding to make any changes, if necessary. 暗無天日  contact me (聯絡) 14:04, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Afterward
I see citation needed added for afterward. Not sure what to add here. It's literally in the very book, almost verbatim Suredeath (talk) 03:13, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Smiling, Proud Wanderer


text:
Talk:Lower gastrointestinal series

Hi!I really want to know about the considerations and precautions in Barium Enema for : a)Patient with colon enlargement b)patient with potential colon perforation c)patient with Ostomies and also details about Ostomies....

---

Hello, I am wondering why in the X-ray CT section on wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography the dose for a Barium Enema is stated as 3 times higher then an Abdominal CT while in the Barium Enema section it is practically reversed and stated that the dose for an Abd. CT is higher then a Barium Enema.

Thanks, 09:20, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

-- I came here to ask the same question. The radiation dose is cited on the CT page but not on this page. Therefore, I deleted the claim on this page.

98.220.236.86 (talk) 23:27, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lower gastrointestinal series


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ron Diaz

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS, so keep. -Splash 22:43, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Ron Diaz
Non-notable radio personality. Denni ☯ 02:42, 2005 September 2 (UTC)
 * Keeep - Keep this article here. Do not merge it with the Ron and Fez one.
 * Keep - I think I've heard of that show many times before, but I certainly heard of that station; even though I've never been to and anywhere near Florida and never listened to either the station or show! UniReb 11:55, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect (what little info there is) to Ron and Fez. Ron Diaz is Ron Bennington's former partner, when the show was Ron and Ron and, although he still does talk radio, he's nowadays mainly remembered as a footnote to the later Ron and Fez duo. (It frightens me that I know this stuff!) --Tony Sidaway Talk  17:55, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Meets WP:BIO for an entertainment figure. -- BD2412 talk 19:34, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
AUTOSAR

AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture is a global development partnership founded in 2003 by automotive manufacturers, suppliers and other companies from the electronics, semiconductor and software industries. Its purpose is to develop and establish an open and standardized software architecture for automotive electronic control units (ECUs).

The objectives are scalability to different vehicle and platform variants, transferability of software, consideration of availability and safety requirements, cooperation between different partners, sustainable use of natural resources and maintainability during the product lifecycle.

History
AUTOSAR was formed in July 2003 by Bavarian Motor Works (BMW), Robert Bosch GmbH, Continental AG, Mercedes-Benz Group AG, Siemens VDO and Volkswagen AG to develop and establish an open industry standard for the automotive electrical-electronic (E/E) architecture.

In November 2003, the Ford Motor Company joined as a Core Partner. In the following December Peugeot Citroën Automobiles S.A. and the Toyota Motor Corporation followed. In November of the following year, General Motors Holding LLC also joined as a Core Partner. After Siemens VDO was acquired by Continental in February 2008, Siemens VDO is no longer independently represented as a Core Partner of AUTOSAR.

Since 2003, AUTOSAR has provided four major versions of the standardized automotive software architecture for its Classic Platform and one release, along with the version of acceptance tests. The work on the AUTOSAR Classic Platform can be divided into three phases:
 * Phase I (2004–2006): Fundamental development of the standard (releases 1.0, 2.0, 2.1)
 * Phase II (2007–2009): Expansion of the standard in terms of architecture and methodology (releases 3.0, 3.1, 4.0)
 * Phase III (2010–2013): Maintenance and selected improvements (releases 3.2, 4.1, 4.2)

In 2013, the AUTOSAR consortium introduced a continuous working mode for the Classic Platform to maintain the standard and provide selected improvements (including releases R4.2, and 1.0 of acceptance tests).

In 2016, work began on the Adaptive Platform. An initial release (17-03) was published in early 2017, followed by release 17–10 in October 2017 and release 18–03 in March 2018. With release 18–10 in October 2018, the major development activities were published.

In December 2023, AUTOSAR R23-11 was virtually released.

Vision
AUTOSAR aims to establish a global standard for software and methodology, enabling open E/E system architectures for future intelligent mobility. This vision focuses on ensuring high levels of dependability, particularly in terms of safety and security.

Motivation and Goals of AUTOSAR
AUTOSAR provides specifications for basic software modules, defines application interfaces, and builds a common development methodology based on a standardized exchange format. The basic software modules made available by the AUTOSAR layered software architecture can be used in vehicles from different manufacturers and electronic components from different suppliers, thereby reducing expenditures for research and development.

Based on this principle, AUTOSAR aims to prepare for upcoming technologies.

The motivation behind AUTOSAR is to manage the increasing complexity of software and E/E systems as their functional scope expands. The initiative is designed to support flexibility in product modifications, upgrades, and updates, while leveraging scalable solutions within and across product lines. Enhancing scalability and flexibility in the integration and transfer of functions is a key objective, aiming to improve the quality and reliability of software and E/E systems.

The goals of AUTOSAR include addressing future vehicle requirements such as availability, safety, software upgrades, updates, and maintainability. AUTOSAR seeks to enhance scalability and flexibility for function integration and transfer. Additionally, the initiative aims to increase the use of "Commercial off the Shelf" software and hardware components across product lines, promoting software reuse. By accelerating development and maintenance processes, AUTOSAR intends to improve the management of product and process complexity and risk, while optimizing the costs associated with scalable systems. Based on this principle, AUTOSAR aims to prepare for upcoming technologies.

Released AUTOSAR Standards
AUTOSAR uses a three-layer architecture:

 * Basic Software: standardized software modules (mostly) with no explicit automotive job, but offers services needed to run the functional part of the upper software layer.
 * Runtime environment (RTE): middleware which abstracts from the network topology for the inter- and intra-ECU information exchange between the application software components and between the Basic Software and the applications.
 * Application Layer: application software components that interact with the runtime environment.

Foundation
The purpose of the foundation standard is to enforce interoperability between the AUTOSAR platforms. The foundation contains common requirements and technical specifications (for example protocols) shared between the AUTOSAR platforms, and the common methodology.

Methodology

 * System Configuration Description includes all system information and the information agreed between different ECUs (e.g. definition of bus signals).
 * ECU extract: contains the information from the System Configuration Description needed for a specific ECU (e.g. those signals where a specific ECU has access to).
 * ECU Configuration Description: contains all basic software configuration information that is local to a specific ECU. Use this information to build the executable software, the code of the basic software modules and the code of the software components out of it.

Classic Platform
The AUTOSAR classic platform is the standard for embedded real-time ECUs based on OSEK. Its main deliverable is specifications.

The architecture distinguishes between three software layers that run on a microcontroller: application, runtime environment (RTE) and basic software (BSW). The application software layer is mostly hardware independent. Communication between software components and access to BSW happens via RTE, which represents the full interface for applications.

The BSW is divided in three major layers and complex drivers:
 * Services
 * Electronic control unit (ECU) abstraction
 * Microcontroller abstraction

Services are divided further, into functional groups representing the infrastructure for system, memory and communication services.

One essential concept of the Classic Platform is the Virtual Functional Bus (VFB). This virtual bus is an abstract set of RTEs that are not yet deployed to specific ECUs and decouples the applications from the infrastructure. It communicates via dedicated ports, which means that the communication interfaces of the application software must be mapped to these ports. The VFB handles communication within the individual ECU and between ECUs. From an application point of view, no detailed knowledge of lower-level technologies or dependencies is required. This supports hardware-independent development and usage of application software.

The Classic Platform also enables the integration of non-AUTOSAR systems such as GENIVI, now renamed COVESA, by using the Franca Interface Definition Language (Franca IDL).

Standardized application interfaces
Standardization of functional interfaces across manufacturers and suppliers and standardization of the interfaces between the different software layers is seen as a basis for achieving the technical goals of AUTOSAR. Only by standardizing concrete interface contents in their physical and temporal representation allows achieving the needed integration compatibility.

Adaptive platform
New use-cases required the development of the adaptive platform. One example is automated driving, in the context of which the driver temporarily and/or partially transfers responsibility for driving to the vehicle. This can require communication with traffic infrastructure (e.g. traffic signs and -lights), cloud servers (e.g. to access the latest traffic information or map data), or the use of microprocessors and high-performance computing hardware for parallel processing, e.g., graphics processing units (GPUs).

Further, Car-2-X applications require interaction to vehicles and off-board systems. That means that the system has to provide secure on-board communication, support of cross-domain computing platforms, smartphone integration, integration of non-AUTOSAR systems, and so on. Also, cloud-based services will require dedicated means for security, such as secure cloud interaction and emergency vehicle preemption. They will enable remote and distributed services, such as remote diagnostics, over the air (OTA) update, repair, and exchange handling.

To support dynamic deployment of customer applications and to provide an environment for applications that require high-end computing power AUTOSAR is currently standardizing the AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform. Its core is an operating system based on the POSIX standard. The operating system can be used from the application via a subset of the POSIX according to IEEE1003.13 (namely PSE51). One of the key features of the Adaptive Platform is service-oriented communication since the Platform is based on the Service - Oriented Architecture.

Adaptive AUTOSAR is developed and written using C++ which is an object-oriented programming language. The communication protocol used for the in-vehicle networking is SOME/IP, based on Ethernet. Two types of interfaces are available: services and application programming interfaces (APIs). The platform consists of functional clusters which are grouped in services and the AUTOSAR adaptive platform foundation.

Functional clusters:

 * Assemble functions of the adaptive platform
 * Define clustering of requirements specification
 * Describe behavior of software platform from application and network perspective
 * Do not constrain the final SW design of the architecture implementing the Adaptive Platform.

Functional clusters in AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform have to have at least one instance per (virtual) machine while services may be distributed in the in-car network.

Adaptive platform services include:

 * Update and Configuration management
 * State Management
 * Network Management
 * Diagnostics

The adaptive platform contains both specification and code. In comparison to the Classic Platform, AUTOSAR develops an implementation to shorten the validation cycle and illustrate the underlying concepts. This implementation is available to all AUTOSAR partners.

Organization
AUTOSAR defined six different levels of membership. The contribution of partners varies depending on the type of partnership:

 * Premium Partner Plus
 * Premium Partner
 * Associate Partner
 * Development Partner
 * Attendee
 * Subscriber

Core Partners include the founding partners Bavarian Motor Works (BMW), Robert Bosch AG, Continental AG, Mercedes-Benz Group AG, Ford Motor Company, General Motors Holding LLC, Peugeot Citroën Automobiles S.A., Toyota Motor Corporation, and Volkswagen AG. These companies are responsible for organization, administration and control of the AUTOSAR development partnership. Within this core, the executive board defines the overall strategy and roadmap. The Steering Committee manages day-to-day non-technical operations and admission of partners, public relations and contractual issues. The chairman and Deputy of chairman, appointed for one year, represent the Steering Committee for that purpose. The AUTOSAR Spokesperson takes over the communication with the outside world.

Premium Partner Plus companies support the project leader team in the various technical, organizational and everyday processes. They also give new strategic inputs to the project leader round.

Premium and Development members contribute to work packages coordinated and monitored by the Project Leader Team established by the Core Partners. Associate partners are making use of the standard documents AUTOSAR has already released. Attendees are currently participating with Academic collaboration and non-commercial projects.

Vendors
Selection of vendors, including RTOS, BSW, design tools, compiler, etc.
 * Elektrobit (now part of Continental AG)
 * ETAS (part of Bosch)
 * KPIT Technologies
 * Siemens (previously Mentor Graphics)
 * Vector Informatik
 * Tata Technologies

AUTOSAR-related software vendors and partners
Vendors which provide related tools and software, e.g. for testing, diagnostics, development, etc.

 * dSPACE GmbH
 * MATLAB by MathWorks

Competitors or related consortia

 * Automotive Grade Linux
 * COMASSO Organization provides an open source AUTOSAR platform
 * GENIVI Alliance

AUTOSAR on site
AUTOSAR takes part in various events every year. Furthermore the AUTOSAR Open Conference (AOC) is planned every year to network and give an overview over the newest achievements.

A list of the events which are planned can be found on the AUTOSAR website.

title: AUTOSAR


text:
Geoffrey F. Brown

Geoffrey Francis Brown (born May 20, 1943), known as Jeff Brown, is an American attorney and retired government official. From 2001 to 2007, Brown served as a member of the California Public Utilities Commission.

Early life and education
Brown was born May 20, 1943, in San Francisco, California, and attended schools in both San Francisco and Marin County. Brown is the nephew of former Governor Pat Brown and the cousin of former Governor Jerry Brown and former State Treasurer Kathleen Brown.

Brown received his bachelor's degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1964, and graduated from San Francisco Law School in 1970. He served two stints in the U.S. Air Force (1965 and 1968–1969) as an enlisted man.

Career
Brown was admitted to the bar in January 1971 and practiced with his father until joining the San Francisco Public Defender's Office in October 1971. In 1978 he was elected Public Defender of San Francisco and was re-elected five times. During Brown's tenure, the Public Defender's Office grew to a staff of 83 attorneys and 40 support personnel. Brown was succeeded in his position by Kimiko Burton, the daughter of John Burton.

Brown was appointed by Governor Gray Davis in January 2001 as a Commissioner of the California Public Utilities Commission and confirmed in March by the State Senate. His term expired in January 2007 after which he joined the John F. Kennedy University College of Law, teaching Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure, and Evidence. He was, for a time, a member of faculty at the Hastings College of Law but as of December 2022, he is no longer listed in their faculty directory.

Personal life
A widower, he has three grown daughters, Miranda, Simone and Olivia.

title: Geoffrey F. Brown


text:
Talk:Renal colic

:-(
I've had renal colic before. I hated it. Painkillers didn't work real well. I often puked during my renal colic attacks. Eventually, I passed a kidney stone though!

Flarn 02:43, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

I've had renal colic too, and vomited during the entirety of it until I got some painkillers in me (morphine was the only thing that worked very well). Yuck.

so have i, i thought i was dying its such a pain.

Diclofenac better than opioids?
I question this assertion, as for acute sharp renal colic at least. Only urgent analgosedation provides better relief from acute severe renal colic, than does carefully titrated morphine together with an antispasmodic, in my experience.--84.163.114.46 (talk) 22:59, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * As per my experience, NSAIDs such as ketorolac do provide very good pain relief from renal colic, at least for a limited amount of time. The NSAIDs cannot be consumed for long periods of time however. --IO Device (talk) 20:43, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Personal experience shows that the use of a morphine drip is set up due to the immense pain involved. Physicians need to remember, that failure to treat pain is against the law in several US states, and can lead to revocation of their license. If you are a physician, and will not prescribe adequate pain medication, then you need not be a physician.--Craxd (talk) 03:25, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

My personal experience is that UK hospitals will give you a large PR diclofenac to get the pain under control, and then maintain you with dihydrocodeine. Although I've also had large IV opiates to knock me out so they can reassess me after some hours ... probably depends how disruptive your howling is. If you can get control with NSAIDs that is preferable for a number of reasons. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.214.187.6 (talk) 20:34, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

Article needs rewriting or deleting
It is actually about renal stones, and not well written at that. It may as well go or redirect, but for the fact kidney stones are just one cause of renal colic.

 * I agree. This article sounds more like an article for kidney stones, and not the colic itself. Renal colic can have several causes.--Craxd (talk) 03:28, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

Article seems to written in a rather inappropriate style for an encyclopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.214.187.6 (talk) 20:29, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

alpha blockers
rationale?barebonearticl:(62.235.177.130 (talk) 14:37, 23 December 2016 (UTC)

syn=renalcrisis?
62.235.177.130 (talk) 14:38, 23 December 2016 (UTC)

Prevention
How can one reduce the risk for recurrence Fedecimas (talk) 14:39, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Renal colic


text:
Captain Chesapeake

Captain Chesapeake was a morning and afternoon children's show on WBFF (channel 45) in Baltimore, Maryland, hosted by George A. Lewis (November 24, 1926 – December 18, 2000, at Lutherville-Timonium, Maryland) who portrayed "Captain Chesapeake". The show aired from April 1971 until 1990. Lewis hosted a similar show, Captain Pitt on WPTT (channel 22) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (which is now WPNT and is owned and operated by Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc., the same group that owns and operates Baltimore's WBFF). Lewis began his career as the children's host of the Steamboat Bill and Mr. Cartoon shows on WSAZ-TV in Huntington, West Virginia, from 1957 until 1970. Lewis also acted as "Ghost Host" on WBFF's late night horror movie show, and did news on WBFF prior to 1988.

Children in Baltimore could become "crew members" on the show.

The Captain Chesapeake show began with the poem: "A shipwrecked sailor found himself in a plight. Lost at sea he was really a sight.  He swam and swam 'til he thought he'd die, when a wondrous sight appeared to his eye.  A derelict boat that saved his life and put an end to his watery strife."

The theme song was the Zez Confrey tune "Stumbling", as recorded by The Three Suns. This theme was played from a 33 rpm at 45 rpm speed.

Captain Chesapeake signed off each show with important advice for his young viewers, “Be somebody important, Be yourself!”

Characters on the Captain Chesapeake show

 * Captain Chesapeake
 * Mondy (pronounced Moan-dee) the Sea Monster, a local version of the Loch Ness Monster, not to be confused with Chessie, a legendary sea monster of Chesapeake Bay. Mondy was played by longtime WBFF employee Jimmy Uhrin. During the early 1980s, Mondy was played by WBFF employee Anna Cosby. She also was the voice of Andrew Claws the Lion (Androcles and the Lion).
 * Bruce the Bird
 * Andrew Claws the Lion
 * Little Mo'
 * Missy the Mermaid
 * Mandy the Mermaid

title: Captain Chesapeake


text:
Talk:Sphenoid bone

Untitled
It looks more like a butterfly than a bat, and my anthropology teacher said it looked like a butterfly. I'm changing it to butterfly.

Reorganization
I think this page needs a major reorganization. Perhaps the topic of sphenoid bone is too big for one article, but I think a lot of the really small features that currently have their own articles can be merged with one of the larger articles. Also, I think we should make it a point to mention every structure catalogued in the Terminologia Anatomica for this bone, maybe using a bold font. Also, the Gray's format of surfaces is sort of tedious. Mauvila 01:33, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it should be in summary format —Pengo 10:07, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Question
Why is the sphenoid bone of importance to vision? Spar252 23:37, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Picture
I replaced the old picture: With this picture:

I find Gray's Anatomy pictures hard to look at and understand. If someone disagrees they can put the old one back. SadanYagci 00:07, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Human Evolution
Seems the flexion of the spenoid is highly important to human evolution, at least according to some. e.g. the doco Homo Futurus (which is currently on the tele) goes on about it. Would be good to have some details here. —Pengo 10:07, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

I agree, the current discoveries around the relevance of the Sphenoid in human evolution should be addressed. --Rathilien 01:27, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Three years later, I concur. I just watched this documentary online, which brought me to this page. The sphenoid is apparently a major bone of contention (sorry) between two opposing theories; whether our brains developed in response to the open savannah forcing us upright, or whether we changed from within, since the sphenoid has flexed over millions of years as you go through the species from lemur to human, allowing the brain to develop around it. I'm no expert, so it would be nice to have the arguments made and clarified here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.46.184.16 (talk) 18:17, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Oliver Wendell Holmes?
Would his famous commentary on this bone's extraordinarily complex structure be an appropriate inclusion in this article? (To a group of anatomy students: "Gentlemen, this is the sphenoid bone.  Damn the sphenoid bone.") Cactus Wren (talk) 09:22, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Ossification of sphenoid
I have proposed this merge, between the 'ossification' page and this article, because: ✅
 * There is no need for the information on ossification to be hidden away on a separate article. This means the information is not presented as it could be, and it is needlessly fragmented.
 * It is standard on Anatomy pages, and recommended in WP:MEDMOS, for 'Development' sections to be displayed on the same page.
 * Additionally, this page is small and it would give more context to have the information displayed in a central location, rather than hidden on a separate article.
 * If necessary, the article on ossification could be expanded at a later date.
 * As can be seen, by having two separate articles content is already duplicated and/or displayed on one or either article, rather than displayed in a central place on just one article LT910001 (talk) 07:15, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sphenoid bone


text:
User talk:Urmston

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Academic Challenger 02:46, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your page was successfully created (twice) and has been deleted (both times). Please don't recreate something after it's been deleted. Please see the Welcome page if you'd like to learn more about contributing to Wikipedia. Bishonen | talk 02:52, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Clintonmill.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Clintonmill.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use or fairuse. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by going to "Your contributions" from your user page and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. Ingoolemo talk 18:46, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Urmston


text: User talk:69.229.38.43

title: User talk:69.229.38.43


text:
User talk:Poonam~enwiki

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. — Dan | Talk 02:47, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

A kitten for you!
ur sweety..cuteee love!!

pallavi 05:53, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Poonam. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Poonam~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:12, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:42, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poonam~enwiki


text: Template:Infobox Dungeons & Dragons module