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Roman Catholic Diocese of Banja Luka

The Diocese of Banja Luka (Dioecesis Banialucensis; Banjolučka biskupija) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in western Bosnia. The diocese is centred in the city of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Erected on July 5, 1881, the diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Vrhbosna, as the Diocese of Banjaluka. In 1985, the name of the diocese was split to the current diocese of Banja Luka. The current bishop of Banja Luka is Rev. Željko Majić.

The original Cathedral of Saint Bonaventure in the city was built in 1887. However, an earthquake in 1969 levelled the church. Banja Luka's current cathedral was built in 1974.

The city of Banja Luka, and much of the territory that the diocese covers contains an Orthodox Christian majority. The Bosnian War greatly affected the diocese. Virtually all of the churches in the bishopric sustained some damage, and many were destroyed. Many Catholics were expelled from the region or fled, leaving only a fraction remaining. Bishop Komarica has been urging people to return, to mixed results.

History
Christianity arrived on the territory of present-day diocese of Banja Luka during the Roman rule in the first century AD. Christians and bishops from the area settled around two metropolitan seats, Salona and Sirmium. In this area there was at that time the seat of at least one diocese, Diocese of Baloie (probably near Šipovo), whose bishop participated in the church synod of Salona in 530.

After the barbaric invasion and after the settlement of Slavic tribes, these regions belonged to the surrounding dioceses: Split, Nin, Knin, Krbava and Bosnia, and the area of today's Banja Luka and the entire northern region was part of the Diocese of Zagreb. A rich life of the Catholic Church in this region before falling under Ottoman rule is testified by numerous churches from ancient and medieval times discovered on the territory of the Diocese. The highest concentration was in the Bihać Deanery area.

The Ottoman conquest that brought the demolition of Catholic churches and the islamization of the population, almost completely destroyed the presence of the Catholic Church in these areas, with the exception of southern regions around Livno. City of Bihać resisted the longest, until 1591. From the time of the Ottoman conquest, the pastoral clergy in these parts were almost exclusively Bosnian Franciscans. On the Livno area was recorded the presence of Glagolitic Catholic secular priests who celebrated the Slavic liturgy. The bishops did not dare to come to parts of their dioceses that fell under Turkish rule. That is why, in 1735, instead of the existing dioceses, the Holy See founded the Apostolic Vicariate in Ottoman Bosnia (Vicariatus Apostolicus Bosniae Othomanae). The Catholic church in Banja Luka was particularly hard hit during the War of the Holy League (1683–1699). In 1737 parish church in Banja Luka was burned and numerous believers migrated to the Habsburg possessions.

After Bosnia Vilayet came under the Austro-Hungarian rule in 1878, Pope Leo XIII restored the vilayet's church hierarchy. In Ex hac augusta, his 5 July 1881 apostolic letter, Leo established a four-diocese ecclesiastical province in Bosnia and Herzegovina and abolished the previous apostolic vicariates. Sarajevo, formerly Vrhbosna, became the archdiocesan and metropolitan seat. Its suffragan dioceses became the new dioceses of Banja Luka and Mostar and the existing Diocese of Trebinje-Mrkan.

After the renewal of the regular hierarchy, the Diocese was governed by the apostolic nuncio in Vienna, and from 1883 to 1884, by the Archbishop of Vrhbosna, Josip Stadler, who served as an apostolic administrator of the Diocese.

At the time of its founding, the Diocese had some 36,000 believers. This number has accelerated rapidly with the arrival of the Austrian authorities. During the next decades, numerous Poles, Italians, Germans, Czechs and others moved in the area of the Diocese.

During the Second World War and after the war, the Diocese was catastrophically harmed. One third of all the parishes (13) have completely perished, in 10 of parishes a number of parishioners dropped significantly, and all the others were seriously injured. With a large number of killed believers, the diocese suffered severe loss of priests. During the war and after the war, at least 30 priests were killed. The Holy See started the process of beatification of 4 of them on 21 December 2014: Juraj Gospodnetić, Waldemar Maximilian Nestor, Antun Dujlović and Krešimir Barišić.

Demographics
Diocese of Banja Luka has a population of 550,300. As of 2012, 35,428 (6.44% of the population) are Roman Catholics.

Historical Catholic population
The historical Catholic population is given in the following chart:

Parish churches
This is a list of Parish churches by deanery:

Deanery of Banja Luka

 * Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Banja Luka
 * St. Vitus's Church, Barlovci
 * Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Ivanjska
 * Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Banja Luka
 * Saints Peter and Paul Church, Motike
 * Church of Saint Anthony of Padua, Banja Luka
 * Church of Saint Therese of the Child Jesus, Presnače
 * Saints Peter and Paul Church, Šimići
 * Saint Joseph's Church, Trn

Deanery of Bihać

 * Church of Saint Anthony of Padua, Bihać
 * Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, Bosanska Dubica
 * Saint Joseph's Church, Bosanska Gradiška
 * Holy Trinity Church, Novi Grad
 * Saint Joseph's Church, Drvar
 * Church of Saint Leopold Mandić, Ljubija
 * Saint Joseph's Church, Prijedor
 * Saint John the Baptist Church, Ravska
 * Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Sanski Most
 * Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Sasina
 * Church of Saint Anthony the Hermit, Majdan
 * Church of Saint Anthony of Padua, Stratinska
 * Sacred Heart Church, Šurkovac

Deanery of Bosanska Gradiška

 * Church of Saint Roch, Gradiška
 * Saint John the Baptist Church, Bosanski Aleksandrovac
 * Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Dolina
 * St. Francis' Church, Mahovljani
 * Saint Joseph's Church, Nova Topola

Deanery of Jajce

 * Church of the Assumption, Jajce
 * Saints Philip and James Church, Mrkonjić Grad
 * Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Ključ
 * Church of Saint Elias, Liskovica

Deanery of Livno

 * Church of Saint Elias, Glamoč
 * All Saints Church, Livno
 * Immaculate Conception Church (Vidoši)
 * Saints Peter and Paul Church, Livno
 * Saint John the Baptist Church, Livno
 * St. Michael's Church, Livno
 * St. Francis' Church, Bila
 * Church of Saint Elias, Bosansko Grahovo
 * Church of Saint Anthony of Padua, Čuklić
 * Saint Joseph's Church, Lištani
 * Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Ljubunčić

Deanery of Prnjavor

 * Church of Saint Anthony of Padua, Prnjavor
 * Church of Saint Leopold Mandić, Dragalovci
 * Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Kotor Varoš
 * Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Kulaši
 * Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Sokoline
 * St. Francis' Church, Vrbanjci

Religious orders
The Diocese of Banja Luka is home to a small number of religious orders and congregations. While there are not as many today in 2013 as there were in 1950, they still make up a large population of the diocese.

In 1950, there were 71 religious priests, 4 male religious, 310 nuns and sisters ministering in the Diocese.

As of 2013, 47 priests of religious orders, 92 religious sisters and nuns minister in the diocese.

Male Religious Orders Currently in the Diocese

 * Franciscan Friars of Bosna Srebrena
 * Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (Trappists)
 * Carmelites

Female Religious Orders Currently in the Diocese

 * Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul
 * Servants of the Infant Jesus (Province of Split), established by Josip Stadler, archbishop of Vrhbosna
 * School Sisters of St. Francis (Bosnian-Croatian Province of Immaculate Heart of Mary)
 * Adorers of the Blood of Christ
 * Missionaries of Charity

Saints, Blesseds & Venerables of Banja Luka

 * Blessed Ivan Merz – Bosnian-Croatian lay academic, beatified by Pope John Paul II on a visit at Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina on June 23, 2003. Ivan Merz promoted the liturgical movement in Croatia and together with Ivo Protulipac created a movement for the young people, "The Croatian union of the Eagles" ("Hrvatski orlovski savez"), inspired by the "Eucharistic Crusade," which he had encountered in France.

title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Banja Luka


text:
User:Liberlogos/Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf infobox

Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf is a private French-language secondary school and CEGEP (college) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf was founded by the Jesuits in 1928. The school has been secular since 1986, and is now a co-ed establishment for students in their final year of secondary school and CEGEP, while remaining boys-only in the first four years of secondary school.

Notable alumni

 * Pierre Bourgault: Politician, intellectual, teacher and columnist
 * Gregory Charles: Musician, actor and entertainer
 * Michel Chartrand: Union leader, activist
 * Jacques Godbout: Writer and filmmaker
 * Hubert Reeves: Astrophysicist
 * Pierre-Elliott Trudeau: Former Prime Minister of Canada
 * Robert Bourassa: Former Premier of Quebec
 * Jacques Ferron: physician, author and politician
 * André Boisclair: Politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Nwdavis

This in response to your edits to the Mariah Carey article. Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Extraordinary Machine 14:36, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Jody.jpg
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Image:Sheilae.jpg
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Madonna Discography
Your recent edits to this page have all been reversed. Please do not keep repetitively undoing the work others have researched out. Please do not add false figures that go adainst previous discussions, and against the references provided. 60.234.242.196 19:02, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Madonna Vandalism
You have been warned. All reverts will be deleted. 68.82.82.248 03:23, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Conduct
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I hope not to seem unfriendly or make you feel unwelcome, but after reading some of your text, I am concerned that Wikipedia's policies and guidelines might not have been properly presented to you, and that you may encounter criticism for appearing not to follow them. After you look over the documents linked above, could we discuss that concern here?

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Non-free use disputed for Image:Boy in plastic bubble.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Bettynbc2.jpg
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En Vogue
Please do not be making changes to articles, because of them containing info you didn't know about before. That DOESN'T make it speculation, that I have a broader knowledge about their early work. By looking at the 1989 copyright dates for the Born To Sing tracks in a database, I have my proof that a group that formed in the 3rd week of July 1989, began writing, then recording by August. I certainly will undo the reversion you made and replace it with an edited version of what I wrote before, plus the sources of copyright dates from October to December 1989 on nearly all the Born To Sing tracks. Remember that and mind the edits you make on personal opinion.Carmaker1 (talk) 07:49, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Bettynbc2.jpg
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title: User talk:Nwdavis


text:
Freedom Forum (disambiguation)

Freedom Forum is a nonpartisan foundation dedicated to free press and free speech.

Freedom Forum may also refer to:

 * Free Forum, a political party in Slovakia
 * Oslo Freedom Forum, a series of global conferences run by the Human Rights Foundation

title: Freedom Forum (disambiguation)


text:
Marcus Stone

Marcus Stone (4 July 1840 – 24 March 1921) was an English painter. Stone was born in London, and was educated at the Royal Academy.

Life
Marcus Clayton Stone was the son of Frank Stone ARA. Marcus was trained by his father and began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, before he was eighteen. A few years later he illustrated, with much success, books by Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope, and other writers who were friends of his family.

Stone was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1877, and Academician in 1887. In his earlier pictures, he dealt much with historical incidents, but in his later work, he occupied himself chiefly with a particular type of dainty sentiment, treated with much charm, refinement and executive skill.

One of his canvases is in Tate. Most of his works have been engraved, and medals were awarded to him at exhibitions in all parts of the world.

Stone and fellow painter Luke Fildes both lived in Melbury Road, Holland Park, in houses designed by Richard Norman Shaw. A blue plaque commemorates Stone at his house at 8 Melbury Road. In 1871, at Marylebone, Stone married Laura Mary H Broun, the daughter of the New Zealand merchant William Brown.

title: Marcus Stone


text:
Song, Malaysia

Song (Pekan Song) is a town, and the capital of the Song District (3,935.2 square kilometers) in Kapit Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. The district population was 20,046 according to the 2010 census. Song is situated by the banks of the Katibas River, a tributary of the Rajang River. It is an important stopover for river traffic going up the Rajang River.

Etymology
The district was originally named by the Kayan people as long which means river stream. After the Kayan people was defeated by the Iban people, the Ibans decided to rename the place after an Iban warrior named Song who led them to victory against the Kayans. Another version of the origin of the name Song came from the legend of the Melanau people. There was once a Melanau widow named Song who came from Nangka village, Sibu. She went to the present day Song river mouth for agriculture. Her relatives would frequently visit her. When they ask her which place she would like to go, she would said "to Rumah Song " (her own home). Thus the area is called Song since then.

History
The Kayan people were the first group of settlers inhabited the Song District. At that time, the Kayans were the nomadic people. At the same time, the Iban people migrated from the present day Kalimantan, Indonesia and settled near the banks of the Katibas River (located in the Song District) in order to find land for farming. However, conflict between the Kayan and the Iban people soon grew into a war and the Iban people won. Accepting defeat, the Kayan people then migrated to Belaga District.

The Malays and the Chinese first arrived in Song District in the 1800s. They built wooden shophouses with nipah roofs along the river banks and opened floating shops on the river. Initially, the barter system was used, but when Song was acquired by the Kingdom of Sarawak, a monetary system was introduced. The first three Malays to arrive in Song were Mr Haji Tahir, Haji Omar, and Haji Dollah. In 1870, the Brooke government built a fort at Nanga Song (mouth of Song river). The fort also functioned as the first administrative centre for Song and was intended to inhibit Iban uprisings at Katibas river. The Iban people opposed the introduction of the assessment tax by the Brooke government. Such uprisings lasted until the 1900s. In 1873, Sibu Division was established. Kapit and Song sub-district were included in the division at that time. In 1937, there were 10 Malay houses in Song. The Malay traders at Song were known as Abang (meaning "nobleman"). In the 1820s, they traded with the Ibans in Song in exchange for jungle produce. One of the well-known traders was Haji Ahmed bin Haji Omar. The Malays would sell the jungle produce in Sibau town (present-day Sibu) for a profit. Ships like "Ang Bee" from Singapore and "Kampar" from the Malay Peninsula would anchor in Sibu to carry the jungle produce back to their respective destinations for sale. In exchange, these ships brought daily necessities such as salt, sugar, salted fish, plates, bowls, pottery and clothes to trade with the natives. Meanwhile, the Iban people worked as farmers, rubber tappers and jungle produce collectors. The Ibans then sold their products at the Song bazaar in exchange for daily necessities.

During the Japanese occupation, both Allied and Japanese bombings destroyed many of the buildings in the village. Many residents fled Song due to the war. The town became chaotic during the war and its people endured harsh Japanese administration. During this time, the Chinese started to build the first primary school in Song. After the war, the British colonial government gave Sarawak dollars to residents of Song to rebuild their homes. In 1948, the fort at Nanga Song was moved to Nanga Katibas (mouth of Katibas river). Thus, the administrative centre at Song river was effectively moved to Katibas river. The Chinese also restarted their businesses in Song after the war.

During the British colonial era, the Sarawak Natives Affairs Department was established in 1955. Michael Sardin became the first native officer. During the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, Song sub-district office was the operational centre to repel Indonesian military crossings of the Sarawak-Kalimantan border. After the formation of Malaysia in 1963, William Linang became the first Sarawak Administrative Officer (SAO) in Song. On 2 April 1973, Kapit was upgraded to division. At the same time, Song sub-district was upgraded into a district. In 1977, the administrative centre of Song was moved from the fort at Katibas river to the town centre.

Government
Song District Office governs an area of 38,934 km2.

Geography and climate
Song is one of three districts located within Kapit Division. The other two districts are: Kapit District and Belaga District. Rajang River is the main river crossing the Song District. Other rivers that cross the district are: Katibas river, Song river, Iran river, Manap river, Lajan river and Lijau river. These rivers are the main transportation routes for Song residents. 90% of the Song district is covered with uneven highlands,

Demographics
In 2010, Song District had a population of 20,046. The Iban people accounted for 80% of the district population, followed by Chinese, Melanau people, Malay and Bidayuh.

Transport
There are hourly express boat services connecting Song, Sibu, Kanowit, Kapit and Belaga. It is approximately 2 hours journey from Sibu and an hour from Kapit. The express boats services are provided frequently at Song Wharf Terminal.

However, a plan to build roads connecting Song to Kapit and Song to Kanowit was promised by the Federal Government and was announced by the Prime Minister of Malaysia during his visit to the town on 15 April 2011.

The bus express of Sibu-Song-Kapit is available since 2022.

Education
Secondary Schools:
 * 1) SMK Song
 * 2) SMK Song 2
 * 3) SMK Katibas

Primary Schools :

 * 1) SK (C) Hin Hua
 * 2) SK(known as SRB Cardinal Vaughan Song)
 * 3) SK Nanga Beguang
 * 4) SK NangaTemalat
 * 5) SK Nanga Bangkit
 * 6) SK Ulu Melipis
 * 7) SK Nanga Selibut
 * 8) SK Tan Sri Datuk Temenggong Jugah
 * 9) SK Nanga Nansang
 * 10) SK Nanga Musah
 * 11) SK Nanga Janan
 * 12) SK Nanga Engkuah
 * 13) SK Nanga Embuau
 * 14) SK Nanga Dalai
 * 15) SK Nanga Nyimoh
 * 16) SK Lubok Ipoh
 * 17) SK Lubok Bedil

title: Song, Malaysia


text:
József Manes Österreicher

Joseph Manes Österreicher (Österreicher József Manes), Jewish-Hungarian physician; born at Óbuda 1759; died at Vienna, December 14, 1831.

He studied medicine, but being Jewish, could not practise until after the promulgation of the 1782 Edict of Tolerance by Emperor Joseph II. He received his medical diploma in 1782. He was thereupon appointed physician at the hospital in his native town of Óbuda, and subsequently head physician of the county of Zala. In 1785 he became physician at the health resort of Balatonfüred.

In 1802 Österreicher went to Vienna to practise. His investigations into the adulteration of food attracted the attention of Emperor Francis, who rewarded him with handsome gifts; and on his appointment as chief physician to the imperial household in 1818, he received the great gold medal of citizenship.

Österreicher's works include:
 * Analysis Aquarum Budensium Item Aquæ Sarisapiensis et Acidulæ Fürediensis, Vienna, 1781
 * Nachricht von den Bestandtheilen und Kräften des Füreder Sauerbrunnens, ib. 1792
 * Sal Mirabilis Nativus Hungaricus, ib. 1801

title: József Manes Österreicher


text:
List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers

A One Day International (ODI) is an international cricket match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC). An ODI differs from Test matches in that the number of overs per team is limited, and that each team has only one innings. , 41 players have represented the Hong Kong national team in ODIs, since its debut in 2004. Many of these players are of South Asian origin, a demographic which comprises only a small fraction of the overall population of Hong Kong.

Hong Kong gained ODI status in its own right following the 2014 World Cup Qualifier, but had previously been accorded ODI status twice on a temporary basis, when it participated in the Asia Cup. The team's first ODI came against Bangladesh in the 2004 Asia Cup, with the team then playing one further match in that competition, against Pakistan. At the 2008 Asia Cup, Hong Kong again played two matches, against Pakistan and India, although it lost heavily in all matches played. After gaining full ODI status in 2014, the team's first matches in that format came in the 2014 ACC Premier League tournament, against Afghanistan and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Hong Kong did not win an ODI until its tenth match, in November 2015, when it defeated the UAE by 89 runs as part of the World Cricket League Championship.

Hong Kong lost their ODI status in March 2018 after finishing 10th and last in the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier. They did, however, play two further ODI matches at the 2018 Asia Cup in September 2018 after winning the 2018 Asia Cup Qualifier, as the ICC announced that all matches played at the finals would have ODI status. This list includes all players who have played at least one ODI match and is initially arranged in the order of debut appearance. Where more than one player won their first cap in the same match, those players are initially listed alphabetically at the time of debut.

List of players
Last updated 18 September 2018.

Notes:
 * 1 Mark Chapman also played ODI cricket for New Zealand. Only his records for Hong Kong are given above.

title: List of Hong Kong ODI cricketers


text:
Meet the Magoons

Meet the Magoons is a six-part comedy television series in the United Kingdom aired on Channel 4 in 2005, directed by and starring Hardeep Singh Kohli. The main characters are a Punjabi family who live in Glasgow, and own an Indian restaurant called "The Spice".

It received mixed reviews. A. A. Gill hoped it "might well evolve into something classic" and Nancy Banks-Smith of The Guardian called it "modern to the point of surreal". A second series was not commissioned.

Cast

 * Hardeep Singh Kohli - Hamish
 * Nitin Ganatra - Nitin
 * Paul Sharma - Paul
 * Sanjeev Kohli - Surjit
 * Vincent Ebrahim - Nitin's dad

title: Meet the Magoons


text:
Jeanne Zelasko

Jeanne Zelasko (born October 26, 1966) is an American journalist and sportscaster who worked for "The Beast" AM980 KFWB and Fox Sports West in Los Angeles County, California. Prior to taking that position Zelasko had a relatively lengthy career working for Fox Sports as a reporter and analyst for various programs, as well as reporting for MLB Network, ESPN and as the court reporter on Judge Joe Brown.

Early life and education
Zelasko started her broadcasting career during her college days at San Diego State University doing metro traffic reports and then hosting a talk show on KCEO radio. Her television career began at KDCI-TV News in San Diego in 1993 anchoring the weekend newscasts.

Career
Early in her career, Zelasko co-hosted the San Diego Padres pre-game show for Prime Sports West, a regional sports network in Southern California (now Fox Sports Net West). While working as an assignment reporter for the network, she covered a variety of sports including the NFL, NHL, college basketball and auto racing.

Fox Sports
Zelasko was hired by Fox Sports in 1996 as part of the original broadcast team anchoring the newly formed Fox Sports Net's National Sports Report, as well as a sideline reporter for Fox NFL Sunday. In February 2001, Zelasko joined NASCAR on Fox as a pit reporter. And in June of the same year, she became the studio host for Major League Baseball on Fox alongside analyst Kevin Kennedy.

Fox network canceled the Major League Baseball pre-game show (as a cost-cutting measure) following the 2008 season.

MLB Network and Los Angeles Dodgers
In April 2009, Zelasko took on multiple roles, including special assignments for MLB Tonight, on MLB Network; she made her MLB play-by-play debut with the Los Angeles Dodgers on May 20, 2009, making her the first woman to do play-by-play for a Dodgers game. Zelasko worked for the rest of the 2009 season alongside former Dodger Mark Sweeney, who served as an analyst, on these Web-only broadcasts of all Wednesday Dodgers home games.

ESPN
In May 2013, Zelasko began covering the NCAA Softball tournament for ESPN.

Filmwork
In 1997, she had a guest role in the fourth-season finale of the CBS TV series Diagnosis: Murder. In 2002, she had a cameo as an anchorwoman in the Swiss motion picture Birdseye, and played a reporter in Fever Pitch.

From 2011–2013, she filled the role of court reporter on Judge Joe Brown.

Personal
Zelasko was married to Curt Sandoval, a sports anchor and reporter for ABC-owned KABC-TV in Los Angeles.

On December 30, 2007, Fox announced that Zelasko was being treated for thyroid cancer. She was still scheduled to host Fox's on-site pregame show, and serve as a sideline reporter on Fox's Cotton Bowl Classic and Orange Bowl broadcasts. Fox spokesman Dan Bell said: "She'll be out for as long as her treatment takes. We can't wait to have her back in her MLB studio chair in April."

title: Jeanne Zelasko


text:
Category:East African cricketers

The players listed in this category have represented the East Africa cricket team in One Day International or first-class cricket.

title: Category:East African cricketers


text:
Talk:Ratfucking

— J I P | Talk 10:48, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

trying to edit
I’ve been trying to do an edit that should take five seconds for a day now. I am reverted instantly by multiple different people asking for reasons. My reasons are clearly given in the edit summaries. They are not engaged with or even mentioned. I really feel they are not being read.

There is no good faith whatsoever.

This is doing an end run around the fact that wp is set up for anonymous editing by making anonymous editing effectively impossible. 78.18.1.59 (talk) 09:47, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

 * See

 * and so on. 78.18.1.59 (talk) 09:54, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

Here’s a question for the three or four editors claiming to be anxious to preserve this material: if you were to make it its own section, which would at least get it out of what reads as the lede, what would you even call it? Because I am having a hard time not calling it something trolly like:  Occasions in the last ten years editors surfed in and added the instance that caused them to look up the term. 78.18.1.59 (talk) 10:00, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

Preliminary Discussion

 * What? Really? And after The Onion even made reference to it? It may be obscure, but it's an aspect of Watergate. I'd certainly vote to keep it. --WWB 01:54, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

--- User:Graeme Harrison June 8, 2010: The Prime Minister of Australia (Kevin Rudd) famously described the behaviour of the Chinese Delegation to the 2009 Copenhagen World Climate Summit, using this explicit term (alone). The published quote from a recorded conversation is in an essay written by journalist, biographer and leading left-wing intellectual David Marr, 'Power Trip: The Political Journey of Kevin Rudd'. The quote was "Those Chinese f---ers are trying to ratf--- us," Rudd told journalists and aides. (Hypens inserted by newspapers in their recounting of the quotation.)

This was then republished in The Sydney Morning Herald 'Good Weekend' section of June 5-6, 2010 ('We have to talk about Kevin'). The same quote was republished in 'The Australian' newspaper of June 5, 2010. The notoriety of the Prime Minister using such a term was covered extensively in other Australian national media (eg 'The Daily Telegraph', 'The Herald Sun' and 'The Age') and numerous blogs.

The term itself was then further discussed in the Letters to the Editor of The Sydney Morning Herald on June 6-7, 2010. Clive Kessler of Randwick, NSW stated: "Conservative student activists in American universities in the 1960s devised various practices to sabotage radical anti-war initiatives by spreading disinformation and confusion. They called it ratf---ing. Its leading exponent was Ronald Ziegler, who became Richard Nixon's widely reviled press secretary and confidant. In his years in that job, which encompassed Watergate, he continued to advocate the practice and its distasteful soubriquet. Just for the record."

It would seem that, despite the apparent rudeness of the term, it has been used by political operatives over a 35 year period with a very explicit meaning. This ability to ascertain what was being discussed would be lost if the Wiki article on the term was deleted. There are a wealth of terms in English which derive in some way or other from a term for fornication. Let's not follow the example set by a medieval pope's removal of genitals from all statues, justifying such vandalism by a desire to remove items which might lead people to impure thoughts. The term is actually quite descriptive for the actions it describes. And it has been used by the Nixon US Administration of the 1970s through to the Rudd Australian Prime Ministership of 2010, clearly giving it historical continuity. Moreover, there is no other suitable term to describe the action. And a G20 leader using it at a world leaders conference to describe a world leading power's tactics makes the term forever 'notable'.

Another problem is that the Wiki page on Donald Segretti contains an explicit reference that he coined (invented) the term "ratfucking" but this now simply points to Dirty Tricks without any mention of the 'ratfucking' term or its use since Nixon's time and continuing to Rudd's time. We still need a page on 'ratfucking' with just appropriate link to 'Dirty Tricks' in general. Currently if you Wiki-search on 'ratfucking' you can ascertain no origin or usage of the term, which is unacceptable.

Prof at-symbol post.harvard.edu (talk) 22:19, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

2008 Nomination for Deletion
I have tagged this entry for deletion for a variety of reasons. I understand that a proposal for deletion has been done before, without reaching consensus, as noted on this talk page. However, this occurred on October 20, 2005. In a time period of over two years and five months, no contributions have been made to this entry whatsoever that justify its continued inclusion in Wikipedia.

This article should be validly considered for deletion for the following reasons under WP:DEL

-Specifically, it is not a dictionary - It is not a collection of slang / idioms - It is not a collection of original research (the sources do not back up the info included in the article... more below on the sources) - It is not, per WP:IINFO, a collection of indiscriminate info.
 * Content not suitable for an encyclopedia

-A Daily Kos link that uses the term, but doesn't actually provide the information on the term that the article includes other than notionally linking it to Watergate. -A "Green Institute" link which requires registration to see any content, thus proving useless as a source as the link provides no information on the term - A Rolling Stone article that mentions the term, again in association with Watergate, but again, providing none of the explanations that the article invents - Two Namebase.org sources that do not mention the term - Two sparticus.schoolnet sources which doe not mention the term - A jstor link which does not mention the term - A sniggle.net link which does not mention the term - A wizbangblog link which does not mention the term - A military.com link which does not mention the term - A Huffington Post article that is self-referential in that it's sole citation of the term is this dubious Wikipedia article itself (ie: the source for the source of this Wikipedia article is this Wikipedia article).
 * Article has no reliable sources or verifiability, per WP:OR, WP:RS and WP:V. The article says things, but the limited "sources" cited don't actually include the information used in the article. An examination of the sources:

- There is no significant coverage by reliable sources -The term itself is merely a slang term associated with pillaging MREs (maybe, again - the "source" for this never actually uses the term, thus is worthless), and a slang term about individuals associated with the Watergate scandal via All the Presidents Men.
 * Article fails to meet WP:N on notability.

As a whole, the article presents random information without relation to the topic itself. After mentioning that the term means sabotage or dirty tricks in politics (without sourcing), it mentions the Alexander Hamilton/Aaron Burr feud for seemingly no reason. The justification, it would seem, is that their fall-out occurred because "dirty tricks" used in politics... and "ratfucking" is dirty tricks too! A list of various, random political dirty tricks used throughout history with no relation to the term is not a valid use of this article. Afterwords, it delves mostly into a summary of Watergate-related issues that, if notable, should be included in other sources - specifically within Watergate scandal, or perhaps All the President's Men. I do not question the accuracy of the sources cited, nor their relevance as sources related to Watergate issues. However, they DO NOT address the term ratfucking.

The justifications to keep this article seem to be: -The Onion made a joke about it -A lukewarm keep vote, tacitly admitting that it needs to be moved to wiktionary as slang but mainly against the deletion because the deletion-position of the nominator (irrelevant fact) - The term has something to do with Watergate, thus it must be notable (flawed logic) - The fact that it's factual, verifiable, neutral (factual depends on verifiable, and as I have noted above - there has been no verification of this article's content) - We should keep it because the youngins today "don't understand" because they weren't around when Watergate would happened. Also, those whippersnappers should keep off my lawn. - This article is notable because the Huffington Post cites this article (circular logic)

None of these arguments seem valid to me. Following the article's first two unsourced sentences on what the article means, none of its content actually follows up on this, or is relevant to the term. I'm sure it may be claimed that, "Okay, but this article can be improved to provide proper sources." But the fact is that the article, given ample time and opportunity, has not been improved in the 2+ years since it's last vote for deletion, and does not seem that it will given a lack of verifiable, relevant sources. Furthermore, the existence of the article is in direct contradiction of Wikipedia's policy of not being a slang dictionary. The fact that, following the introduction of this short dictionary definition, a series of Watergate factoids already covered by the Watergate article are included, does not suddenly make it a valid article.

Discussion welcome, 71.255.235.176 (talk) 04:45, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * There are several references in the article, so there's definitely a claim of notability. There's also several Google News and Google Scholar hits.  Given that there's a claim of notability and that a deletion would be controversial, this should go to AfD if you think it should be deleted.  Removing prod. Klausness (talk) 13:22, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Other definitions
Not sure where to find a source, but the term is in limited use at Caltech to refer to the act of freezing a rat in liquid nitrogen, then throwing it into someone's room such that it shatters into small fragments. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.215.220.184 (talk) 07:54, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Objection: This should not be an article in the first place!
When I looked at this talk page and saw "nomination for deletion" I felt at least somewhat vindicated. It shouldn't be an article. Additionally, the content of this article is patently false. "It was here that the term ratfucking had its origin." To quote Dustin Hoffman's character (Bernstein) in the movie, "That's total bull shit!" The word was in use at least as far back as the 1950s as a term for slanderous collusion, i.e. collectively bad-mouthing someone behind his back. It had no overtly political sense.

One of the University of Redlands yearbooks 1958-1963 has a photo with "RF" in giant letters that someone had made on a hillside in the background. The caption said that it stood for "Redlands Forever," and that was a joke among the students then, who often just shortened it to "rat."

Consider the precedent that this poorly-written "article" sets: now any bit of college slang (which has an incredibly high turnover rate) can be the subject of a Wikipedia article? This silly stuff should be relegated to the Urban Dictionary. CousinJohn (talk) 23:21, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

When?
The large paragraph in the background section gives no indication of what time period is being discussed. AtHomeIn神戸 (talk) 05:09, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

H. R. Haldeman didn't attend USC
the Background section includes H. R. Haldeman as one of the staffers who attended USC, but he didn't attend USC he attended UCLA.

https://alumni.ucla.edu/awards/h-r-haldeman-48/

H._R._Haldeman

apologies if this post is incorrect in some way - I am not quite sure how/where to post this or if/how I should correct the error. 1.46.175.75 (talk) 02:08, 22 March 2017 (UTC)

Not the same as field stripping
This is not the same as field stripping. Field stripping is the space reduction and removal of unnecessary items from individual MREs. It's a repacking of an MRE to be more compact and lightweight.

http://www.itstactical.com/survival/how-to-field-strip-an-mre-in-12-easy-steps/

Coupdeforce (talk) 14:15, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Concerning Sarwark’s 2020 ratfucking campaign in the libertarian party
There have been multiple credible sources and primary references for this activity. However, it is understandable that those outside the know may see this story as vandalism. At the same time, they must realize that 1) the LP has been a significant force in US politics for decades, 2) have a member in the House of Reps, and 3) continually play a visible part in the continuing conversation of the US’s current bipartisanship. Ignoring these facts makes the burying of Sarwark’s behavior similar to censorship, antithetical to the purpose of this website and the internet in general. I opened this discussion so that we have figure a path forward that neither involves vandalism nor censorship. So I please ask all of those involved to respectfully discuss what may be a fair compromise to record a historical and notable event in the story of the largest 3rd party in the United States. DarkfnTemplar1 (talk) 12:31, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

This article would not be the appropriate place. Move it to the article Nicholas Sarwark as it is about him. Tgmod (talk) 13:57, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ratfucking


text: Category:Japanese promotions teams and stables


text:
User talk:Јованвб

Добро пожаловать Добро пожаловать!
Здравствулте!, и гостеприимсво к Wikipedia. Вы для ваших вкладов. Я надеюсь вы любит место и решаюсь остаться. Здесь немного хороших соединений для пришельцев:
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котор iego вы наслаждаетесь редактировать здесь и быть Wikipedian! By the way, пожалуйста будьте уверен подписать ваше имя на страницах беседы использующ (~) 4 tildes для того чтобы произвести ваше названное и в настоящее время дату, или 3 tildes для как раз вашего имени. Если вы имеете любые вопросы, то вы можете вывесить к справочному бюро или спросить мне на моей странице беседы. Опять, гостеприимсво! Karmafist 14:40, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

My apologies
I don't know Russian either, I just used Babel Fish to translate the welcome message, which i'll paste below here. I thought you did because it said you had put in a link to the Russian Wikipedia in your contribution list.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 21:48, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
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Cool, Are You From Serbia?
Just curious, also if you speak languages other than English, you can put little boxes on your user page telling people about language skills in addition to other stuff about you. Karmafist 00:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

P.S: Also, on these pages, called talk pages, it's customary to put little equal signs like these ==, around the title of your message.

Article Improvement Belgrade
You may wish to vote for Belgrade at the Article Improvement Drive page, here. --estavisti 21:55, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Invitation
Hello! I invite you to join the WikiProject Serbia. All the best, -- serbiana -  talk  02:45, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Lipovans, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. -Scottwiki 04:56, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for Choosing Belgrade
Posted by (^'-')^ Covington 07:20, 1 May 2006 (UTC) on behalf of the the AID Maintenance Team

Usluga
Zamolio bih te da glasas "Strong Keep" na ovo stranci: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Pilot_of_invisible_F-117-a%28song%29 ,posto su predlozili ovaj clanak za brisanje.Hvala unapredDzoni 12:49, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

The article is being voted again  Dzoni 23:17, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

This user is originally from Serbia.
This is cool!!!

Ej
Pozdrav brate,

Interesuje me da li bi hteo malo da mi pomognes oko tema na en wiki? Imas li EmEsEn? Moj je bormalagurski@hotmail.com, pa dodaj me ako imas. Ako ne, javi mi se na mail, ne bih da ti preko wiki objasnjavam (odmah ce siptari da me napadnu) :))) Sve najbolje,

-- serbiana -  talk  21:04, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Voting
You may want to express your opinion here. --Svetislav Jovanović 01:18, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject countering anti-Serb bias
Hi! I noticed that you are working on topics related to Serbia, so I believe you may want to join WikiProject countering anti-Serb bias I just created. Nikola 18:52, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

DMS -> D
Pa sad, nije da je teško :) Sekunde ti obično ne trebaju, a minuta je 1/60 stepena. Znači najlakše je stepeni + minute/60. A inače to ume da radi skoro svaki "scientific" kalkulator, uključujući onaj u vindovsima. (view->scientific, pa onda ukucaš recimo 2.45 (za 2 stepena i 45 minuta), pa inv -> dms, i dobiješ 2.75. Zocky | picture popups 00:57, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

wikiproject
As a member of WikiProject Serbia, you should be aware that the project as well as Portal:Serbia is being considered for deletion. If you have the time, please comment on what you feel should be done with the project and the portal. Thank you. // Laughing Man 01:47, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

You might want to take a look at this: Articles for deletion/Srbosjek

please note
please note the discussion on the biased name for war in croatia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Croatian_War_of_Independence, which is proposed to be moved to its original title.

Molba
Molim te, obrati pažnju na par članaka takođe!

To su:

Ulpiana, Pančić's Peak, Šarplaninac, Đeravica, Šar Mountains, i naravno manastiri... Šarplaninac pogotovu, ubacuje neki citat koji nije uopšte relevantan za ovaj članak, ne zna se šta navodi...

Ne znam kome još da se obratim, ali vidi, zamolio bih za watch, imam užasnih problema sa tim jednim idiotom, baš neću da mu popustim! User:Illyriandescendant... Hvala puno, unapred!!

Tadija (talk) 22:28, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Seal of Petar
Kako ci Jovane. You downloaded that picture of it. Where did you get it from ? I know it's on Njegos, but what is the source ? Has it been published anywhere that would be W:RS ? And how do we know it's from the IX century ? Regards

Hxseek (talk) 16:26, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for February 14
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Serbian (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 11:08, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

Macedonian help needed
Hello Јованвб, I'm contacting you because we need some Macedonian translators to help with the deployment of the new VisualEditor on mk.wikipedia. There are help pages, user guides, and description pages that need translating, as well as the interface itself. The translating work is going on over on MediaWiki: Translation Central. I also need help with a personal message for the Macedonian Wikipedians. If you are able to help in any way, either reply here, or head over to TranslationCentral. Thanks for your time, PEarley (WMF) (talk) 18:08, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

An invitation to join the WikiProject Republika Srpska
--Anulmanul (talk) 21:46, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Јованвб


text:
Culture of Papua New Guinea

The culture of Papua New Guinea is complex and multifaceted. It is estimated that more than 7000 different cultural groups exist in Papua New Guinea, and most groups have their own language. Because of this diversity, in which they take pride, many different styles of cultural expression have emerged; each group has created its own expressive forms in art, dance, weaponry, costumes, singing, music, architecture and much more. To unify the nation, the language Tok Pisin, once called Neo-Melanesian (or Pidgin English) has evolved as the lingua franca — the medium through which diverse language groups are able to communicate with one another in Parliament, in the news media, and elsewhere. People typically live in villages or dispersed hamlets which rely on the subsistence farming of yams and taro. The principal livestock in traditional Papua New Guinea is the oceanic pig (Sus papuensis).

Traditions
On the Sepik River, there is a world-renowned tradition of wood carving. These carvers create forms of plants or animals, because they believe these are their ancestor beings and because they feel they are beautiful. They also create traditional skull portraits. Also well represented in the collections of museums around the world is the Malagan art tradition of New Ireland.

Even though sea shells are no longer the currency of Papua New Guinea - sea shells were abolished as currency in 1933 - this heritage is still present in local customs. In certain parts of the country a groom must bring a bride price to the wedding ceremony. In some cases this is paid in golden-edged clam shells. In other areas, a dowry is payable rather than bride price. These payments may take the form of shell money, food, pigs, cash, or other goods. In some parts of the New Guinea highlands, people engage in colorful local rituals that are called "sing-sings". They paint themselves and dress up with feathers, pearls and animal skins to represent birds, trees or mountain spirits. Sometimes an important event, such as a legendary battle, would be enacted at such a musical festival.

Traditional music
Christian missionaries disapproved of Papuan folk music throughout the colonial period of the country's history. Even after independence, the outside world knew little of the diverse peoples' traditional music genres. The first commercial release to see an international audience didn't occur until 1991 (see 1991 in music), when Mickey Hart's Voices of the Rainforest was released. After 1872, foreigners introduced Christian hymns, including Gregorian chanting. Peroveta anedia, ute and taibubu, all forms of Polynesian music, were also introduced in this period. The Gold Rush brought an influx of Australian miners who brought with them the mouth organ. Traditional celebrations, which include song, dance, feasting and gift-giving, are called singsings. Vibrant and colorful costumes adorn the dancers, while a leader and a chorus sing a staggered approach to the same song, producing a fugue-like effect. 1993 saw television spreading across the country, and American popular music continued to affect Papuan music given the diffusion of radio since WWII. Since 1953, singsings have become competitive in nature, with contests occurring in Port Moresby, Mt. Hagen and Goroka. 1949 saw the first Papuan to achieve international fame, Blasius To Una, begin his career.

Popular music
Radio broadcasting of western popular music began by the late 1930s. String bands became very popular by the early 1950s, and soon dominated the pop landscape. In the late 1960s, rock bands like the Kopikats had appeared in cities, while string bands like the Paramana Strangers had become well known internationally. This was followed by the importation of bamboo bands, a style of music from the Solomon Islands using bamboo tubes played by hitting them with sandals. It first arrived in the area of Madang in the mid-1970s, and soon spread throughout the country. By the end of the '70s, a local recording industry had appeared and artists like Sanguma and, later, George Telek, began mixing native and Western styles like rock music and jazz.

Literature
Ulli Beier, a lecturer in English Literature at the University of Papua New Guinea since 1967, was crucial in encouraging young writers and getting their work published. From 1969 to 1974 he was the editor of Kovave, a journal of New Guinea literature. He also published Papua Pocket Poets, and Pidgin Pocket Plays. Kovave ceased publication in 1974 but was replaced by the journal New Guinea Writing although this concentrated on folk tales. Natachee was the first Papuan poet to appear in print. The first autobiography was Albert Maori Kiki's Kiki in 1974. The first novel was Crocodile (1970) by Vincent Eri.

Visual arts
There is a rich and diverse tradition of visual art. In particular, Papua New Guinea is world-famous for carved wooden sculpture: masks, canoes, story-boards. Many of the best collections of these are held in overseas museums. Those identified as being in the first wave of contemporary art in Papua New Guinea are: Mathias Kauage OBE (1944–2003), Timothy Akis, Jakupa Ako and Joe Nalo, all from the tough urban area of Port Moresby. Kauage won Australia's Blake Prize for Religious Art, four of his works are in the Glasgow Museum of Modern Art, and he had a solo show in 2005 at the Horniman Museum, "Kauage's Visions: Art from Papua New Guinea". Other noted Papua New Guinean visual artists include Larry Santana, Martin Morububuna and Heso Kiwi.

Sport
Sports are hugely popular in Papua New Guinea, and its citizens participate in and watch a wide variety. Popular sports include various codes of football (rugby league, rugby union, association football, and Australian rules football), cricket, volleyball, softball, netball, and basketball. Other Olympic sports are also gaining popularity, such as boxing and weightlifting. Rugby league is the most popular sport in Papua New Guinea (especially in the highlands), which also unofficially holds the title as the national sport.The annual Australian State of Origin series matches are the most watched sporting event of the year. The West New Britain rugby league player, Marcus Bai, is a national celebrity, after he played for the National Rugby League with Melbourne Storm (he also played in the Super League competition). A new national competition started in 2005 called the SP Cup. Australian rules football was once the most popular sport in PNG until the 1970s. It is gaining popularity with the introduction of players at the top level into the AFL, including Mal Michael (Brisbane Lions) and James Gwilt (St Kilda Football Club/Essendon Football Club). PNG has the largest number of Australian rules footballers outside of Australia, and has one of the fastest growing junior development programs. The "Mosquitos", currently captained by Navu Maha, are the national team and were runners up in the Australian Football International Cup, in both 2003 (to Ireland) and 2005 (to New Zealand). Cricket has been traditionally popular in Papua New Guinea, where the British had the most influence. In the Trobriand Islands, cricket has become fused with the local culture, and a game played with stones instead of a ball and unlimited fielders has developed. It was introduced in 1903, by Methodist missionaries, and has become a beloved sport there.

title: Culture of Papua New Guinea


text:
Leopold Óváry

Lipót Óváry, also known in English as Leopold Óváry (31 December 1833, Veszprém - 4 April 1919, Budapest) was a Hungarian historian and custodian of the Hungarian state archives. He took part in the Hungarian struggle for liberty in 1848 and in the Italian war of independence in 1859. After the political troubles had been settled he devoted himself to the study of history, in which he soon achieved distinction. In 1876 he was appointed assistant custodian of the state archives, in 1904 chief custodian; and in 1892 he was elected a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. A knighthood of the Order of the Crown of Italy was conferred upon him.

Óváry's writings had considerable political influence, especially those attacking the anti-Hungarian Romanian propaganda in Italy. His chief works include: Nápolyi Történelmi Kutatások (Budapest, 1874); ''III. Pál Pápa s Farnese Sándor Bibornok Magyarországra Vonatkozó Diplomácziai Levelezései (ib. 1879); Oklevéltár Bethlen Gábor Diplomácziai Összeköttetéseinek Történetéhez (ib. 1886); Zsigmond Királly és az Olasz Diplomaczia (ib. 1889); A Magyar Anjouk Eredete (ib. 1893); La Questione Dacoromana e lo Stato Ungherese'' (Rome, 1894; German ed., Budapest, 1894; French ed., Paris, 1894). Óváry embraced Christianity.

title: Leopold Óváry


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Felicissimus

Felicissimus (died 271?) was a public officer in Ancient Rome, during the reign of Emperor Aurelian. He is famous because he led an uprising of mint workers against the Emperor, but was defeated and killed, possibly in 274, but more probably in 271.

Mint workers revolt
Felicissimus was a rationalis, the chief of the state treasury. One of the responsibilities of the rationalis was to administer the imperial mints. The workers of the mint in Rome had been engaged in adulterating the coinage for their own profit. This involved the Divus Claudius coin, which was issued during Aurelian's early reign to establish his right to be the successor of Claudius. Felicissimus was held responsible and when he was challenged by Aurelian, he incited the mint workers to revolt. In the uprising that followed, it is reported that the workers were massacred while 7,000 soldiers were killed during this revolt (Aurelius Victor xxxv 6; Historia Augusta, Aurelianus, xxxviii 2–4). The battle took place on the Caelian Hill. It is possible that this uprising was somehow connected with the senatorial and equestrian classes, as Aurelian executed several senators.

The fact that the mint of Rome was inactive for a short time before the monetary reform of 274 could be a consequence of this revolt, and the poor quality of the coinage at the beginning of Aurelian's reign supports the suggestion that the workers at the mint were adulterating the coinage. Aurelian chose Gaius Valerius Sabinus as Felicissimus' successor and the mint at Rome was transferred to Mediolanum.

title: Felicissimus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark Kobayashi-Hillary

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 01:33, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Mark Kobayashi-Hillary
Semi-commercial Dlyons493 14:42, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete I don't have strong objections to this page but would like to see a discussion and possibly some tightening of the criteria for self-created promotional pages where the author stands to gain financially from the resulting increased exposure. See also this author's self-created Outsourcing to India article.  I'm not very happy about self-creation in general, but unfortunately that's an unenforceable criterion!
 * Delete, financial gain motivation and don't create autobiographies policy. — Lomn | Talk 16:19:04, 2005-08-20 (UTC)
 * Delete Per Lomn. Marskell 18:20, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Lomn. Pavel Vozenilek 18:23, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete If we can spot an autobiography, we should feel strongly compelled to delete it. I think we need to break biography standards of living people into areas. Entertainers (people who have a fan base) will pass through the softest standards.  But for non-fiction writers such as most journalists and authors, we should bar entries for because there is no one else but them with the motivation or information to write an article.  lots of issues  | leave me a message 22:50, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Vanity articles are certainly worthy for consieration as long as we apply the title correctly and they are not notable by commonly used criteria. There are certainly plenty of journalists and non-fiction authors who are notable enough per WP:Bio to warrant articles. Capitalistroadster 23:54, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. There may be a significant amount of vanity, enough to delete this, however, I just wonder if these accomplishments are noteworthy enough to keep. Perhaps if this article was cleaned up and changed around.  Malo 18:40, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Not even a vanity article, purely a plug for his books. - Hahnchen 00:00, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs cleanup, but it's all verifiable and he's enough of a public figure that we can assume he is the most notable Mark Kobayashi-Hillary there is. No justification for deleting it, but you're a naughty boy for writing an article about yourself, Mark. Eliot 02:03, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I brought the article up to standards. The great thing about autobiographical articles is that there are no copyright issues. Eliot 23:26, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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FC Sportul Studențesc București

FC Sportul Studențesc, commonly referred to as Sportul, was a Romanian professional football club based in Bucharest, that last played at senior level in the Liga IV. Founded in 1916, Sportul Studențesc was one of the oldest Romanian clubs still active.

The club's best European performance came in the 1979–80 Balkans Cup, when it won the trophy, defeating Yugoslav side NK Rijeka in the final. The club made it to the Balkans Cup final on one other occasion, in 1976, when it lost to another Yugoslav side, Dinamo Zagreb. In the UEFA Cup, Sportul Studențesc's most notable performance came in the 1987–88 season, when the club reached the Third Round.

Domestically, Sportul Studențesc's best league performance was a second-place finish in the 1985–86 season, just behind (back then) European Champions, Steaua București. In the Romanian Cup, Sportul Studenţesc made it to the final on three occasions, in 1938–1939, 1942–1943, and 1978–1979 losing all three matches to Rapid București, CFR Turnu Severin, and Steaua București, respectively.

Currently, the team is active only at youth level.

History
On 11 February 1916 "Sporting Club Universitar Studențesc" was born, as an initiative of a group of professors and students. At the beginning, football, athletics and tennis were the club's only three departments. The president was professor Traian Lalescu, the world famous mathematician.

"Sporting" had no stadium of its own, and the team used to play here and there. Even after acceding in the first national league, the stadium was still in its project phase. It was only when "Stiința" was established in 1954 that the club was allowed to use "Belvedere" stadium in the Regie borough of Bucharest.

The history of the club can be divided into several distinct periods. The first period lasted until World War II and culminated with the accession in the first national league. Afterwards the club disappeared in the dawn of communism and was reborn and grown again to accede to the first division. The mid to late 1970s, and the 1980s "Hagi period" saw the club's best performances. Led by then-president Barbu Emil "Mac" Popescu, the club reached the Balkans Cup final on two occasion, winning it once; it qualified to the UEFA Cup on six occasions, it reached the Romanian Cup final once, and it had the highest league finish in club history in the 1985–86 season. Stars like Marcel Coraș, Mircea Sandu, Gino Iorgulescu, and Gheorghe Hagi played for Sportul Studențesc during that time period.

After the fall of communism in late 1989, the club struggled to keep afloat. Financial struggles and a constant loss of talented players lead to an unavoidable outcome. At the end of the 1997–98 season the club relegated to the second division, after more than 25 years at the top flight. One year later, the club came very close to a demotion to the third division, however, with the help of a young investor, Vasile Șiman corroborated with massive rejuvenation of the squad, Sportul Studențesc turned things around and the team remained in the second league.

Two years later, at the end of the 2000–01 season Sportul Studențesc saw its third accession to the first league. After a fierce battle with Farul Constanța for the top spot in the standings, "the students" finished first, with 81 points and a 71–17 goal differential. The promotion to the top flight was short-lived. At the end of the 2001–02 season, the club relegated back to the second league.

At the end of the 2003–2004 season, the club, once again, promoted to the first league, despite having sold half of their squad from the previous season. They had a praiseworthy evolution in the 2004–2005 seasons, ending the championship in sixth place with Gigel Bucur the league's top scorer (21 goals). Throughout the 2005–06 season the team, coached by former international player Dan Petrescu in the first half of the season, and by Gheorghe Mulțescu in the second half, had a very good run, finishing the season in fourth place, the highest since 1987. During the off-season, the club was relegated due to financial reasons.

After spending four seasons in Liga II, at the end of the 2009–10 season, the club promoted back to Liga I. Sportul finished the 2010–11 season in last place, and therefore, should have been relegated. However, due to licensing controversies by other Liga I clubs, Sportul Studențesc was allowed to continue playing in the first league for the 2011–2012 season. At the end of the 2011–12 season, the club finished 17th and relegated from the top tier.

Colours and badge
The team's colours are black and white, the traditional students' team colours.

The logo consists of a stylized "S" on a black and white background, alongside the club's official name and year of establishment.

Leagues

 * Liga I
 * Runners-up (1): 1985–86
 * Liga II
 * Winners (4): 1936–37, 1971–72, 2000–01, 2003–04
 * Runners-up (3): 1965–66, 1970–71, 2009–10
 * Liga III
 * Winners (1): 1958–59
 * Liga IV – Bucharest
 * Runners-up (1): 2014–15

Cups

 * Cupa României
 * Runners-up (3): 1938–39, 1942–43, 1978–79

European

 * Balkans Cup:
 * Winners (1): 1979–80
 * Runners-up (1): 1976

Famous Managers

 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Andone
 * 🇷🇴 Gabi Balint
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Cernăianu
 * 🇷🇴 Ion "Jackie" Ionescu
 * 🇷🇴 Traian Ionescu
 * 🇷🇴 Marian Mihail
 * 🇷🇴 Ion Motroc
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Mulțescu
 * 🇷🇴 Angelo Niculescu
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Ola
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Petrescu
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Rădulescu

Romanian League goalscorer of the year

 * 1983–84 🇷🇴 Marcel Coraș
 * 1984–85 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Hagi
 * 1985–86 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Hagi
 * 2004–05 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Bucur
 * 2005–06 🇷🇴 Ionuț Mazilu

title: FC Sportul Studențesc București


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Talk:Dnieper–Bug Canal

Ship canal?
The article currently describes the canal as a "ship-canal", built in 1775. Many canals were built in the 18th century. But they were generally barge canals. only capable of transporting shallow, narrow barges.

Perhaps the first version of this canal was a barge canal, and was later expanded? -- Geo Swan 14:43, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Probably because several languages don't really distinguish between barge and ship. IMHO the traffic is limited to barges. Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 16:41, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dnieper–Bug Canal


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Category talk:Linux software

Category Name
Ugh, most of this stuff shouldn't be here because it's cross-platform and has nothing to do with Linux (the kernel) in particular. In fact, this category probably shouldn't even exist (or at least should be renamed). —Keenan Pepper 14:43, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Or is this just any software that runs on Linux? That seems kinda silly and in that case there should be a lot more stuff here. —Keenan Pepper 14:52, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Horribly misnamed categories
I propose this all items in this category, and subcategories be moved to an equivalent Unix version. For instance, all items in "Linux text editors" be moved to "Unix text editors." It is my belief that no software under this category is Linux specific and is available for most common Unix systems. Therefore, this category should not exist. -Howardjp 16:02, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, Linux web browsers was moved to POSIX web browsers, maybe renaming this category and it's included ones to :s/Linux/POSIX/g. 65.94.50.171 23:48, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Removing this category is absurd
Today this category was deleted from the article ScummVM. It is just so STUPID when the article is, however, in the Mac OSX, Windows, etc. categories! Why can't there be a Linux category? Because the category is misused?! In that case let's just stop misusing the category!--Wormsie 20:11, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Let me understand the CFD...
Is the decision to delete all entries from this cat, and then restore only those are are truly Linux-only? That makes sense, and seems to be implied by the discussion, but I want to be sure. Meanwhile, I've restored ShowEQ, which was in fact Linux-only (though there was a seperate project that ported the ShowEQ codebase to Windows, the ShowEQ project remained Linux-only and was never ported to other POSIX platforms). -Harmil 21:14, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Just a note on this, BTW: there were only 4 people that commented on the CFD... that seems a bit light for any kind of consensus, and while I agree that most of the entries here were probably not Linux specific enough for this categorization to be meaningful, it seems odd to have removed all of them. -Harmil 21:17, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Four people commented on the CfD but only one voted for Delete. I did some searching and here is the discussion for reference: Categories_for_discussion/Log/2007_January_20. I had no idea this CfD was even occurring until after it was over. Silly me, now I watch categories too. (Requestion 20:59, 27 February 2007 (UTC))

 * Writing software which _ONLY_ runs on GNU/Linux and not on any other POSIX platform is nearly impossible, if this list should only contain "truly Linux-only" applications then it will be a very short (and obselete?) list... Carpetsmoker 03:18, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * What category name do you suggest? "Unix software", "POSIX software", or something else? The Microsoft and Macintosh categories don't seem to suffer from this sort of GNU/infighting. Also being included in this category didn't mean _ONLY_. Why can't a program be in multiple categories? (Requestion 03:43, 16 March 2007 (UTC))

Do Not Delete this category
This category was hastily deleted after a brief discussion at Categories_for_discussion/Log/2007_January_20 without anything on the talk page. I know there is some debate over the naming of this category but that should not be a reason for deleting it. You can view my talk page (User_talk:Benjaminevans82) and the talk page of  > R a d i a n t <  (who is the guy who authorized the deletion of the category) for a discussion regarding the Linux software category. The category was deleted then reinstated after discussion. Please do not delete this category as it is regularly used by linux enthusiasts. --Benjaminevans82 16:00, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't blame Radiant for the deletion. I don't like the fact that this category was deleted but it looks like Radiant chose the correct consensus. If you want to blame somebody then blame the individual that cast the Delete opinion because that opinion was the deciding factor and it was cast in bad faith. At first I WP:AGF in respect to Gronky's actions but then I had more encounters with Gronky and it became obvious that this user had a hidden agenda that revolved around a Free Software universe with the goal to transform this place into the GNU/Wikipedia. Don't get me wrong, I use Linux, I love Free Software, and I love the GFDL but I will not let my Wikipedia become GNUified. For starters, such a mindset violates WP:NPOV. (Requestion 19:44, 19 March 2007 (UTC))

Renaming of Category
In regards to the name of this category we have four options.
 * 1) We create a category: POSIX software.
 * 2) We create a category: unix-like software (Please note that there is currently a Category:Unix software which is for software which will run on two or more unix-like operating systems)
 * 3) We create a category: linux software - just for software written for the linux operating system.
 * 4) We have a category: linux software - for any software which will run natively on linux.

The problem with option 1 in having a POSIX software category is that it is a "grey" term in the fact that some operating systems are fully compliant and some are mostly compliant. Plus you will get software which will run on some POSIX operating systems and not on others.

The problem with option 2 using a unix-like software category is again that it is a "grey" term also you will get software which will run on some unix-like operating systems and not on others. What we could possibly do is combine the Category:Unix software and Category:Linux software to create a category called "Unix-like software". The problem with this is that people will come along in future and create a linux software category simply because that there are categorys for windows software, Mac OS X software, BSD software, Solaris software etc. plus i do not think the Mac users would like it if we got rid of their Mac OS X category and combined it into a Unix-like category.

The problem with option 3 is that some software will have a debate on whether or not it was specifically written for linux or not. Take for example Firefox, GIMP and Open Office it is debateable want operating system they were specifically written for as they will all run on Windows, Mac and Linux.

I am personally in favour of having option four (Which is what we already have). It is very simple to add an article to this category or not. It either runs natively on Linux or it does not. Choosing this option means that we can leave the categorys: BSD software, Solaris software, Mac OS X etc alone. Plus the fact that people running Solaris, Mac OS X or Linux can easily find software which will run on their operating system. --Benjaminevans82 17:01, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think option 4 might be the ideal solution. There is nothing wrong with a bit of overlap between categories. A couple concerns I have are about: POSIX, Mac OS X, and the proliferation of too many Unix-like categories. We both know what POSIX is but I feel that the average Wikipedian doesn't know and doesn't want to know about this distinction, "POSIX" just confuses most people. I echo your sentiments that while Mac OS X is technically Unix, for most practical purposes it is it's own unique entity. I am a little concerned about having too many Unix-like categories simply because of overload and the difficulty of independent editors applying them correctly.

 * For example; Let us say that we have a program that runs natively on Linux and Mac OS X. It would get the following software categories { Linux, Mac OS X, Unix }. What if it also ran on Solaris and/or Microsoft windows? Maybe this isn't a problem at all? (Requestion 20:30, 19 March 2007 (UTC))

This is under free software
I have a problem with this category being under the Linux cat. The linux is under free software and that puts all this non free software under free software indirectly. We should remove the linux cat from this cat so that it is not indirectly under free software.

thanks, James Michael DuPont (talk) 23:03, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Linux software


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Dennis Scott (writer)

Dennis Scott (16 December 1939 – 21 February 1991) was a Jamaican poet, playwright, actor (best known for appearances on The Cosby Show) and dancer. His well-known poem "Marrysong" is used in the IGCSE syllabus. He was also a theatre director and drama teacher.

Biography
Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Scott attended Jamaica College, where he became headboy. He was further educated at the University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona, and taught in Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago (at Presentation College), and at Yale University in the United States. While at UWI he was the assistant editor of Caribbean Quarterly. Thereafter, he went to Athens, Georgia, on a Shubert Playwriting Fellowship (1970–71), and was later awarded a Commonwealth Fellowship to take an education diploma course in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. He returned to teach at Jamaica College, and then became director of the School of Drama at the Cultural Training Centre in Kingston.

Scott taught at the Yale School of Drama, and was head of the Directing program from 1986 until his death, which occurred in New Haven, Connecticut, at the age of 51.

Poetry and plays
Scott was one of the most significant poets writing in the early post-independence period in Jamaica, and his first published collection, Uncle Time (1973), for which he won the Commonwealth Poetry Prize, is marked by an effective literary use of the vernacular, or "nation language". He has been regarded as one of the main influences for modern Jamaican poetry. His other poetry collections are Dreadwalk: Poems 1970–78 (1982), Strategies (1989) and After-Image (2008).

His plays include Terminus (1966), Dog, and An Echo in the Bone (1974); the latter was published, together with a play by Derek Walcott and one by Errol Hill, in Plays for Today (1985), edited by Hill. Scott's dramatic work is acknowledged as a major influence on the direction of Caribbean theatre.

Acting
Scott was an original member of the National Dance Theatre Company founded by Rex Nettleford in the 1960s. Scott is also known for his role as Lester Tibedeaux in The Cosby Show.

title: Dennis Scott (writer)


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Norman Macleod (minister, born 1812)

Norman Macleod (3 June 1812 – 16 June 1872) was a Scottish clergyman and author who served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1869/70.

Early life
Norman Macleod was born in Kirk Street, Campbeltown, to Norman Macleod and Agnes Maxwell; his paternal grandfather, a minister of the parish of Morvern in Argyllshire, bore the same name.

His father, at that time minister of Campbeltown, was closely bound to the Highlanders of Scotland, catering to their spiritual and intellectual needs. He was the author of literature described by Professor Blackie as the "great work of classical Gaelic prose....written in a dialogue form, enriched by the dramatic grace of Plato and the shrewd humour of Lucian", and played a major role in the creation of an educational infrastructure for the Highlands and Islands. He was a supporter of the interests of the Highlanders.

In 1827, Macleod became a student at the University of Glasgow; in 1831, he went to Edinburgh to study divinity under Thomas Chalmers. On 18 March 1838, he became parish minister at Loudoun, Ayrshire.

Career
At this time the troubles in the Scottish Church were already gathering to a head. Macleod wished the Church to be free to do its proper work, and clung firmly to the idea of a national Established Church, and therefore remained in the Establishment when the Disruption of 1843 took place. He was one of those who took a middle course in the non-intrusion controversy, holding that the fitness of those who were presented to parishes should be judged by the presbyteries, the principle of Lord Aberdeens Bill. On the secession of 1843 he was offered many different parishes, and settled at Dalkeith. He was largely instrumental in the work of strengthening the Church. In 1847 he became one of the founders of the Evangelical Alliance, and from 1849 edited the Christian Instructor. In 1851 he was called to the Barony church, Glasgow, in which city the rest of his days were passed. There the more liberal theology rapidly made way among a people who judged it more by its fruits than its arguments, and MacLeod won many adherents by his practical schemes for the social reform of the people. He instituted temperance refreshment rooms, a Congregational penny savings bank, and held services specially for the poor.

Despite his relatively liberal stance on some issues, he was one of many clergy who preached against Verdi's La Traviata. In a sermon just after its 1857 Scottish premiere, Macleod argued that 'no woman could hear it without a blush'

In 1860 Macleod was appointed editor of the new monthly magazine Good Words, illustrated by Arthur Hughes, Francis Arthur Fraser (1846–1924), John Leighton, James Mahoney (1810–1879), Francis S. Walker, Townley Green and others. Under his control the magazine, which was mainly of a religious character, became widely popular. Most of his own literary work originally appeared in its pages — sermons, stories, travels, poems. His best work was the spontaneous Reminiscences of a Highland Parish (1867). While Good Words made his name known, his relations with the queen and the royal family strengthened yet further his position in the country.

He authored "Eastward, Travels in Egypt, Palestine, and Syria", a record of a journey made in 1864, published in 1866, with photographs by James Graham. An abbreviated reprint by his daughter Ann Campbell Macleod was published in 1887 under the title "Half Hours in the Holy Land, Travels in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, With Numerous Illustrations".

In 1865, Macleod risked an encounter with Scottish Sabbatarian ideas. The presbytery of Glasgow issued a pastoral letter on the subject of Sunday trains and other infringements of the Christian Sabbath. Macleod protested against the grounds on which its strictures were based. For a time, owing partly to a misleading report of his statement, he became the man in all Scotland most profoundly distrusted. But four years later the Church chose him as moderator of her general assembly.

Late life
In 1867, along with Archibald Watson, Macleod was sent to India, to inquire into the state of the missions. He undertook the journey in spite of failing health, and seems never to have recovered from its effects. He returned resolved to devote the rest of his days to rousing the Church to her duty in the sphere of foreign missions. He is buried at Campsie. The grave was designed by Glasgow architect William Leiper. The funeral was attended by 3000 people.

His Glasgow church was named after him, the Macleod Parish Church; and the Macleod Missionary Institute was erected by the Barony church in Glasgow. Queen Victoria gave two memorial windows to Crathie church as a testimony of her admiration for his work.

Artistic recognition
Macleod was painted by Tavernor Knott around 1850. The portrait is held by the National Portrait Gallery of Scotland but is rarely displayed.

Family
In August 1851, he married Catherine Ann, daughter of William Mackintosh of Geddes, and sister of John Mackintosh.

His daughter, Ann Campbell Macleod (d.1921), married in 1888 Sir James Wilson, and published two books based on her letters to friends and family while they lived in India.

His grandson, George MacLeod was to also become Moderator of the Church of Scotland, having founded the Iona Community.

title: Norman Macleod (minister, born 1812)


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Brooklyn Community Board 9

Brooklyn Community Board 9 is a New York City community board that encompasses the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Crown Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Wingate. It is delimited by Ocean Avenue and Flatbush Avenue on the west, Eastern Parkway on the north, Rochester, East New York and Utica Avenues on the east, as well as by Clarkson Avenue on the south.

Its former acting chairperson was Laura Imperiale, and district manager Pearl R. Miles. Miles was accused of "doing things without involving the community," per another community leader.

As of the 2000 US Census, the Community Board oversaw a population of 104,014, down from 110,715 in 1990 but up from 96,667 in 1980. Of them (as of 2000), 79,466 (76.4%) are African-American, 11,733 (11.3%) are White non Hispanic, 8,581 (8.2%) of Hispanic origins, 2,416 (2.3%) of two or more race, 819 (0.8%) Asian or Pacific Islander, 816 (0.8%) of some other race, and 183 (0.2%) American Indian or Native Alaskan,. 36.4% of the population benefit from public assistance as of 2004, up from 20.8% in 2000. The land area is 1002.7 acre.

title: Brooklyn Community Board 9


text:
Fur brigade

Fur brigades were convoys of canoes and boats used to transport supplies, trading goods and furs in the North American fur trade industry. Much of it consisted of native fur trappers, most of whom were Métis, and fur traders who traveled between their home trading posts and a larger Hudson's Bay Company or Northwest Company post in order to supply the inland post with goods and supply the coastal post with furs.

Travel was usually done on the rivers by canoe or, in certain prairie situations, by horse. For example, they might travel to Hudson Bay or James Bay from their inland home territories. This pattern was most prevalent during the early 19th century. Canoes were eventually replaced by York boats because they were more economically and physically efficient.

Canoe
Fur brigades began with the need to transport furs trapped during the winter to markets where the furs could be exchanged for European trade goods. They evolved from small brigades of canoes from native villages traveling to meet fur traders at pre-selected meeting places to traders going out in canoes to meet the trappers in their home territory with forts or posts being established along the way.

One common fur brigade was by canoe, conducted by voyageurs or others. Downstream loads to locations such as York Factory on the Hudson Bay or to Montreal on the St. Lawrence River consisted mainly of furs. Upstream loads from York Factory and Montreal consisted of trading goods and the ammunition, traps and various other supplies needed for the next winters trapping season. These brigades were usually an annual event.

These canoe routes became part of a complex transportation system during the North American fur trade. Supplies, trading goods and furs were carried between the various forts and posts along the fur trade routes and the furs would be shipped every year to the world markets.

York boats
In the 1790s, York boats were created in response to the transportation problems that canoes posed. Canoes were fragile, had a limited capacity, and required large crews. York boats were the more economical option as they were durable, had a large capacity, and did not require much manpower. This allowed the Hudson's Bay Company to transport people and goods across Canada efficiently. Hudson's Bay Company administrator George Simpson kept some canoes for personal journeys, and occasionally loaned them for travel, but York boats otherwise became the dominant mode of transportation.

York boats were made by searching forests for suitable wood, floating the wood back to posts on waterways, and then sawing wood into keels, planks, stems, and gunnels. Trading posts had specific areas set aside for York boat building. York boats were similar in structure to Orkney Isles fishing boats, likely because many of the men employed by the Hudson's Bay Company were Orkneymen. These boats most often traveled in brigades, transporting supplies and trading goods.

By the 1820s, the Hudson's Bay Company had several York boat brigades traveling distinct routes. Permanent trading posts had been built at strategic sites along the main brigade routes and as soon as the waterways were free of ice the fur brigades would carry trade goods and food supplies to replenish the various trading posts along their route and pick up the accumulation of furs caught during the winter season. They also carried mail and passengers.

The boat brigades were mostly crewed by Métis as were almost all the men employed by the Hudson's Bay Company in western Canada at the time. The York boats from Red River of the Portage La Loche brigades in 1862 were crewed by French Métis with a few Swampy Cree and Chippewa Christians. In 1862, Father Émile Petitot quoted William J. Christie then the chief factor of Fort Edmonton as saying in French; "I am myself a Métis." "We are almost all Métis in the Company. Among the chief factors there is not a single Englishman, and maybe not ten Scots with pure blood." (translation)

""Three brigades plied the Saskatchewan and Red River waterways of the Northern department. The Red River brigade transported furs and goods between the Red River Settlement and Norway House and between Norway House and York Factory. The Portage la Loche brigade was recruited at Red River to transport goods to Norway House and thence northwest via the Churchill River system to Portage la Loche, where cargo was exchanged with the Athabaska brigade before returning to Norway House and finally to Red River. The third brigade, the Saskatchewan brigade, was recruited in the region of Fort Edmonton, trip-ping to Norway House and York Factory before returning to the Upper Saskatchewan." (Manitoba History)"

The crews of some of these fur brigades had nicknames, some derived from their dietary habits. The Red River "tripmen" were called the Taureaux. A "Taureau" is a bag of pemmican weighing about 90 pounds. The Portage La Loche brigade's tripmen were called the Poissons-blancs (whitefish) and the Saskatchewan River brigade based in Fort Edmonton the Blaireaux (badgers). Les Cygnes (the swans) were from the Swan River district based in Fort Pelly, Les Rabasca (Athabascans) from the Athabasca district based in Fort Chipewyan and Les Gens de la Grande Riviere (men of the great river) from the Mackenzie River district based in Fort Simpson. The brigades were intensely rivalrous and would frequently stage fistfights between their "champions" to defend the brigade's honor. The challenger would strut about adorned with feathers in his cap bragging about his prowess (chantant le coq).

Famous brigades

 * Portage La Loche Brigade
 * York Factory Express

title: Fur brigade


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