text:
Talk:Gray horse

Lethal white
I removed this incorrect fact:

 * Unlike the frame overo gene, which causes all-white foals to die shortly after birth (called "lethal white syndrome"), sabinos can be born entirely white and be perfectly healthy.

See lethal white syndrome. The "lethal white is homogeneous frame overo" theory was an unsubstantiated theory predating the blood test; in fact the lethal white gene is not carried by all frame overos, and is even carried by non-overos. Deco 20:44, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

I'm going to peruse the UC Davis web site on this and see if we can straighten this mess out. Bottom line is that there are no true albino horses. Never happens, never has happened, and not sure what theories are all out there, but I guess we all just try to cite the state of the art research.Montanabw 22:11, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * See the references in the Lethal white syndrome article, in particular this one. Lethal white is not caused by a homozygous frame overo, and this has been definitively established by accredited research; Laurie Fio's theory, which was never substantiated by experiments, has been discredited by new research. I also normally trust the VGL as a reliable resource, but there's no way they can reconcile their own statement that "not all overos are carriers" with this homozygous overo model. Moreover, lethal white foals are not "born dead" - they typically live for up to a few days after birth before they die. Deco 21:44, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

I'll tweak that they aren't born dead...I guess it's the WW foals that are born dead. The UC Davis site seems to be standing behind Fio's research, but I'll look at the APHA site too, double check against the Lethal White Wiki page and see if we can merge the competing theories together, or at least explain that there is more than one view on this. (Looks like the APHA article cites research at U Minnesota from 1998, can you locate a direct cite to that research so we can have "dueling universities?"

I don't breed Paints, so I don't have a horse in this race, which I HOPE will keep me neutral on this issue.Montanabw 22:11, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The link I gave above summarizes some of the U Minn research, although I don't have access to the original article. It is true that there's a single gene responsible for it, but that gene certainly doesn't cause overo coloring if non-overos carry it, as both VGL and U Minn assert. In the U Minn article they refer to the allele using "L". I've contacted VGL for clarification on Fio's theory a couple times, but they haven't responded yet. If you think Fio's theory deserves to be treated as equally credible, I guess that's okay, but please don't give the impression that all overos or only overos are carriers, which could lead to dangerous breeding practices. Deco 22:41, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, by the way, I agree with the current wording, so if you're happy with that we're settled. :-) Deco 22:54, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Check my last sets of tweaks. I'm done being a Wikipedian for the day, so if I haven't destroyed anything since your last check, life is good. Someone (maybe me, maybe not) should just create a white (color) horse page, move all this stuff over there and just link to it from the gray page...that way they can also put the fleabitten gray stub back into this article. Montanabw 23:01, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that's a good idea. The only obvious connection between them is the final visual appearance of their coats. The article on white horses could also mention a variety of other "white" horses that aren't really white, like cremellos, perlinos, maximally-expressed sabinos and so on. Deco 23:07, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Deco, didn't the APHA article also show a photo of a "maximally-expressed" Paint of some sort--a genetic Overo or Tobiano?? If I get motivated to do the White horse page, it is probably worth adding in ALL the ways a horse can wind up white (other than peroxide bleach! ) Montanabw 15:18, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Lethal White controversies
Broke out the lethal white stuff into its own section. Anything--pro or con-- on this controversy needs to be cited and sourced. Please read material carefully before editing on this topic, and if anything currently there is wrong, then please cite SCIENTIFIC sources, and preferably phrase it as a controversy instead of doing any wholesale deletion or broad statements.

In other words, instead of saying "UC Davis is wrong," say something like, "there are two views on this issue. On one hand, original research at UC Davis says X, while on the other hand, a more recent study at U Minn says Y." And cite source. I tried to do this with earlier material.

This whole bit on white horses really needs its own article, not to be the unwanted stepchild of the Gray article. But I haven't had the time to do it. Be easy--just cut and paste Montanabw 21:21, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Genetics stuff to work into article
Article needs to be read and accurately put into gray article (moved from Lipizzan article):

 * Monika Seltenhammer of Vienna's University of Veterinary Medicine, and Leif Andersson of Sweden's Uppsala University  (in a study published on July 20, 2008 in Nature Genetics) found that: "the white coat of the Lipizzan is caused by a mutated gene. White and grey horses, including Lipizzans, are born with a darker coat but lose their colour between the age of 6 and 8 due to chromosome mutations, which cause pigment-producing melanocyte cells to be produced more rapidly in these horses so that the stock is quickly used up and the horses lose their pigmentation. The same chromosome was responsible for the horses' heightened risk of melanoma skin cancer. 70 to 80% of grey and white horses aged 15 or older develop skin disease. But the horses are hardly at risk, as the disease cells do not spread as quickly as in humans."

 * Related Comment from other talk page: I think the "error" in the edit comes from a lack of understanding that gray isn't "special." I read that blip and think "Yeah, so? Everything's a mutation." But clearly they are referring to improved understanding of the mutation that causes gray. Lips don't have a weird form of gray, or at least not significantly weird. I looked up the study that this blip refers to and it is called "Comparative Histopathology of Grey-Horse-Melanoma and Human Malignant Melanoma" by Monika Seltenhammer, et al. in Pigment Cell Research. 17(6):674-681, December 2004.

The IMPORTANT part of the study is that melanomas associated with gray coats are less prone to malignancy than human melanomas. In light of this, yes, this article ought to be part of the Gray article, as it clarifies what may be perceived as a cavalier attitude towards a known cancer-linked phenotype. Perhaps you knew this. Countercanter (talk) 19:58, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Probably relevant to this article, needs sandboxing, wordsmithing and then a place to go. Montanabw (talk) 17:46, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Some sources
J. C. Patterson-Kane, L. C. Sanchez, E. W. Uhl and L. M. Edens. Disseminated Metastatic Intramedullary Melanoma in an Aged Grey Horse (2001). Journal of Comparative Pathology. 125(2-3):204-207.

Beth A. Valentine. Equine Melanocytic Tumors: A Retrospective Study of 53 Horses (1988 to 1991) (2008). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 9(5):291-297.

Countercanter (talk) 13:03, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Most white horses
"However, most White[sic] horses have pink skin and some have blue eyes. A horse with dark skin and dark eyes under a white hair coat is gray."

I think that this sentence needs to be rewritten as:
 * "However, white horses have pink skin and some have blue eyes. A horse with dark skin under a white hair coat is gray."

--PBS (talk) 15:28, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

 * So go ahead and fix it, don't need permission to fix typos.  Montanabw (talk) 21:57, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

Need breed in caption
In the picture of the gray mare and foal it would be better if the picture caption gave their breed. I would guess they are Welsh ponies of Section A or B but I can't be positive. White Arabian mare (talk) 14:54, 17 August 2015 (UTC)

I mean the photo at the top of the 'changes in color of gray horses' section. White Arabian mare (talk) 15:05, 17 August 2015 (UTC)

 * If you click on the photo, it usually brings up a description that mentions the breed. That photo didn't, and we can't take wild guesses - the image is from a German uploader, so Welsh pony is unlikely.   Montanabw (talk)  07:55, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

Alright. I just thought it might be better if the breed could be added but I guess it's not possible. White Arabian mare (talk) 01:59, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:White (horse) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:00, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

Fleabites and somatic events
How is this for wording:

Researchers suggest the speckles on "fleabitten" grays may be caused by a somatic loss or inactivation of the duplicated copy, as that would explain why the speckles are more common on heterozygous grays than homozygotes.

The exact phrasing from the paper is "The pigmented spots (speckling) may represent somatic events in which the duplicated copy has been lost or inactivated, considering that in homozygotes both chromosomes must be affected whereas a single event is sufficient in heterozygotes." (editing to add, later on it also says "Somatic revertants are expected to cause pigmented spots and, notably, speckling is common in G/g but not in G/G horses. The rare occurrence of blood marks in Gray horses is also consistent with a somatically unstable mutation.")

(PDF) A cis-acting regulatory mutation causes premature hair graying and susceptibility to melanoma in the horse. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51415732_A_cis-acting_regulatory_mutation_causes_premature_hair_graying_and_susceptibility_to_melanoma_in_the_horse [accessed Apr 20 2020].

Iamnotabunny (talk) 01:36, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Duplicated copy of what? The gray gene?  We need to explain this because it’s gibberish the way they wrote it. Our readers don’t know what a somatic event is, either. (Heck, I’m trying to figure out what it is...)  Montanabw (talk) 17:28, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

 * A somatic mutation is just a mutation that happens in a body cell (like the skin) rather than a reproductive cell (like an egg cell) and so affects the animal but isn't passed on to the next generation. A somatic event is them being vague because they're not sure and saying maybe it's a somatic mutation or maybe the gene is just deactivated in those cells, or maybe it's something else specific to some somatic cells. The thing about duplicated comes from the gray allele being a duplication, out of the different types of mutations it could be ...and I just realized there's nothing in there about that so of course readers are going to get confused, oops. Well anyway it's a 4.6 kb duplication, which means in the DNA there's a series of about 4600 of those little letters A, T, C, and G, and in gray horses all that DNA is repeated an extra time. That's also what the other study was talking about when it said the melanoma tissues had more copies than the other tissues. Some of the worst melanomas had that section of DNA repeated a third or fourth time, maybe more, but just in the melanomas and not in the whole horse. Iamnotabunny (talk) 22:48, 20 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Ok, should be fixed now. Thanks for pointing these things out, since I can't see them on my own. Iamnotabunny (talk) 22:57, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Your edits worked. No need to get super complicated so long as we have a good source citation to the details for those who want to know more. Montanabw (talk) 01:06, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

Gray and melanomas
So, studies on gray and melanoma. This one (the original study that found the gray allele):

finds that gray homozygotes are more likely to have melanomas than horses heterozygous for gray. They also find that bay/black at agouti has a weak but highly significant effect, with black at agouti having more risk of melanoma. They speculate that the increased melanoma risk comes from increased MC1R signalling and would like to have tested if chestnut made a difference as well, but not enough of the lipizzaners carried chestnut. When they say 70-80% of gray horses over 15 get melanomas, they cite "Sutton, R.H. & Coleman, G.T. Melanoma and the Graying Horse (RIRDC  ResearchPaper Series) 1–34 (Barton, Australia, 1997)." and "Fleury, C.et al.The study of cutaneous melanomas in Camargue-type gray-skinnedhorses (2): epidemiological survey.Pigment Cell Res.13, 47–51 (2000)." As for the mechanism, they think more expression of STX17 and the neighboring gene NR4A3 causes both the gray color and the tumors by causing increased melanocyte proliferation. Probably NR4A3, because that one is involved in regulation of the cell cycle and is linked to carcinogenesis, plus the gray melanomas were expressing more of the cyclin CCND2, which is a target gene for NR4A3. Cyclins regulate the cell cycle and tumors often make more of them. And they cite "Smith, A.G.et al.Melanocortin-1 receptor signaling markedly induces the expressionof the NR4A  nuclear receptor subgroup in melanocytic cells.J. Biol. Chem.283,12564–12570 (2008)." for saying increased MC1R signalling causes increased expression of NR4A3, so I guess there's that link. So they propose that increased proliferation of melanocytes in the skin causes melanomas, and in the hair causes depletion of stem cells which leads to it turning white.

This one:

by mostly the same authors finds that while gray has a section of DNA that's repeated twice, in melanoma tumors that area is often repeated even more times with the more aggressive tumors having more repeats. So a non-gray horse would have two copies of this DNA, one on each of the pair of chromosomes, a heterozygous gray horse would have 3, and a homozyous gray horse would have 4, but some of the tumors had 5-8 repeats. Unrelated to melanomas they also mention that some connemaras go gray extremely slowly, with a picture of a 14 year old connemara who is still pretty dark, and they checked and found that they have the same gray mutation as any other gray horse.

This one:

tried to replicate the connection between ASIP and melanoma risk in gray horses that the first study found, and also look for a link to MC1R. They used 335 gray quarter horses while the first study had 694 gray Lipizzaners, and basically nothing came out as statistically significant. The homozygous grays were about twice as likely to have melanomas as heterozygous grays, but there were not enough of them for the result to be significant. Then for whether black/bay/chestnut base color and the underlying extension and agouti genes had any effect, they tried looking at it a bunch of different ways but didn't get anything statistically significant, though they did find the relation between agouti and melanomas trended in the expected direction. They think agouti had less effect than in the first study because the chestnut extension allele was much more common. At they end they compare melanoma prevalence and severity across different breeds and say that in the quarter horses they studied, 16% of all the horses had a melanoma, or 52% of only the horses at least 15 years old. This is compared to studies on other breeds which found a prevalence in 31.4% in the Camargue (68% in Camargues at least 15 years old), 50% in the Lipizzaner (75% in Lipizzaners at least 15 years old), and 89.6% in the Pura Raza Española and crosses (100% in PREs at least 10, not 15 but 10, years old). Here's the studies they cite for the other breeds: camargue, PRE, camargue again, lipizzaner.

I'll see if I can find any other studies on gray and equine melanoma later but this is enough for today. Iamnotabunny (talk) 13:14, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

I’m rereading the Pielberg studies. As for the gray and melanoma studies, I already cited one on a Thoroughbred, if you note the diffs to the changes I added. I think we probably should just link to the equine melanoma article to avoid content forking, and if needed, add more refs there explaining how much variation is in the studies. (It’s worth drilling down on, actually, but there, not here.) Here, we could summarize something like prevalence of melanomas in older horses varies from estimates of x% (cite) to x% (cite) with outlier studies showing 0% and 100%.(cite) I think it’s very much worth noting that very few studies had enough horses in them for results to be statistically significant. The Agouti (A) thing sounds very unproven—in particular, while it creates the bay color on a black coat (E), it can occur in chestnuts (ee), masked because of the absence of E. Montanabw (talk) 15:35, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

Oh, and for the “flea bites,” let’s say “pigmented speckles.” That is more accurate. As in “fleabitten gray horses are recognized by the development of pigmented speckles on the body.”  We need some sourcing, but on the grays I’ve known over the years, I’d say there’s definitely a link to heterozygosity, and what’s more, they increase as the horse ages...I’ve seen horses that are pure white at age 8 become totally freckled by age 15. Montanabw (talk) 15:35, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and made the fleabitten edits now. The source is again the Pielberg 2008 study that found the gray allele. Iamnotabunny (talk) 16:11, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

 * As for how much to put in this article and how much in the equine melanoma one, I think it would be worth having a section here explaining the connection to melanomas in basic terms, a note about how equine melanomas caused by gray are not usually so deadly as human melanomas, and possibly info about how common melanomas are in the different breeds. Details of the molecular biology not related to the coat color should probably go in the equine melanoma article. Iamnotabunny (talk) 16:26, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Looking through the article, it hasn’t had a big update in a decade, and it shows. I just did a lot of wikignoming to clean up formatting, fix images, clarify phrasing and so on.  I made the melanoma bit into a new subsection, so if you want to build on it some, in terms of balance, I’d say we could add one more paragraph, but I’d prefer not to overwhelm the article with it, and I really don’t get into the weeds on prevalence within breeds here, because I think the studies are preliminary and it’s a minefield. I think we CAN talk about the studies in the melanoma article, because there we can get into the limits of the studies (i.e. “the only study on foo breed said x, based upon a sample size of y, and etc.” The two studies on breed foobar produced consistent or inconsistent results because one studied x and the other looked at y.”)   I compare this to the articles on soring and the Tennessee Walking Horse, where one article went into detail, summarized with wikilinks in the other.  Montanabw (talk) 17:24, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Wow, that was a lot of changes! Lots of small improvements. But, you must have a narrower browser than me, because the images show up all in the wrong places now. Do you think we could make that top-left box shorter? That might help. Iamnotabunny (talk) 21:12, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The infobox? It’s on the right on my screen... it’s also standardized to have a summary of info.  So we should keep it as is. But, I realized we didn’t really need the photo of the Andalusian, so I tossed it and tweaked the caption on one of the other images. That may help a little. I realize things got strung out when I moved all the images to default sizes and positions, so they might change with different browsers. If we ever wanted to prep this article for WP:GA or something, though, they’d want us to do it to conform to the MOS. There’s exceptions, of course, but the formatting gods of WP really hate “sandwiched” text.  Maybe the age stages or the “confused with gray” sections (or both) could be made into a table, like we did for the spotting patterns at Appaloosa and Leopard_complex, but I don’t really have the time and energy right now to do that kind of fussy formatting work... meh.  But if you want to mess with tables, that’s a possible solution.  Montanabw (talk) 01:18, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Sorry, left and right are too similar. I've put the start of a table below.Iamnotabunny (talk) 14:23, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

Graying stages
Plopping this here for now since the descriptions could use some improvement. Should I add a foal picture as well? Should the article sections on individual stages just be moved to the description area, or should the table be in addition to those sections? And of course feel free to put it in yourself if you want to get to that before I do. Iamnotabunny (talk) 14:20, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

 * —We have the image of the pony mare and foal, which is good for showing how some gray foals, though not all, are born with a few white hairs. I wouldn’t call this “stages,” as color change is so highly variable (some grays never dapple, some never become fleabitten) I’d just describe the patterns, maybe “Variations?”  I’ll tweak, but recommend starting with the phrasing already in the article.  Montanabw (talk) 04:22, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

Idea
How about placing all the relevant text into the table? Maybe play with photos?Thoughts? Montanabw (talk) 05:11, 30 April 2020 (UTC)

Thanks, I think it's good enough to go in the article now. I'll change the pictures a bit and put it in. Iamnotabunny (talk) 13:34, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gray horse


text:
Jagadeesh Moodera

Jagadeesh Subbaiah Moodera is an American physicist of Indian origin and is senior research scientist at MIT's Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory. In 1994 together with the MIT research team led by P.M. Tedrow and R. Meservey, they showed a practical way to implement room temperature magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) using a magnetic stack based on CoFe–Al2O3–Co, demonstrating a tunnel magnetoresistance ratio (TMR) of 11.8%.

Low temperature magnetoresistive tunneling had been discovered by Michel Julliere in 1975 but it would be more than a decade before a room temperature system was found. In 1991, Terunobu Miyazaki and others at Tohoku University had demonstrated a MTJ with room temperature TMR of 2.7%. In 1994, Miyazaki's team developed a room temperature MTJ with high TMR (18.0%) based on an Fe–Al2O3–Fe stack. Thus, both Miyazaki and Merservey are recognized as the developer of room temperature MTJ. Besides its great fundamental interest, room temperature magnetoresistive tunnelling is the basis for practical devices including MRAM and read heads used in hard disks.

Moodera was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2000 "for pioneering and sustained contributions to the understanding of spin-polarized transport in solids." Before investigating ferromagnetic tunneling, Moodera worked on spin-polarized tunneling in superconductor junctions along with Bob Meservey and Paul Tedrow. Moodera, Meservey, Tedrow and Miyazaki shared the 2009 Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize "for pioneering work in the field of spin-dependent tunneling and for the application of these phenomena to the field of magnetoelectronics."

Born in Bangalore, India, Moodera attended Mysore University (B.S. and M.S.) and the Indian Institute of Technology (Ph.D.). He was briefly at West Virginia University before joining the Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory staff at MIT in 1981.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jagadeesh Moodera


text:
User talk:El-Spectre

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more spanish ghosts. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 20:45, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Alleged causes of Hurricane Katrina
I realize that there were strong feelings on both sides with respect to the outcome of the AfD for this article, now located at Alternative theories regarding Hurricane Katrina. I would like to assure those who expressed concerns about the content, tone, and potential for degradation of this article that I intend for it to continue to exist only as long as is necessary to draw the contributions of fringe theorists away from the more substantial Hurricane Katrina articles. Once interest in this topic dies down, I'll quietly trim and merge this information into the appropriate general-topic articles. In the interim, I will carefully watch this page to prevent it from being abused, and I will continue to work towards making this article NPOV, properly sourced, and useful to those seeking an accurate record of the hysterics that so often follows catastrophe. Cheers. -- BD2412 talk 00:58, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:El-Spectre


text:
St. Catharines station

St. Catharines station is a railway station in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. It is served by the Maple Leaf train between Toronto and New York City and is a stop on the Lakeshore West line of GO Transit. The station is a designated Heritage Railway Station.

History
The single level pavilion-style station was built and opened in 1917 by the Grand Trunk Railway and acquired by CN Rail in 1923 who used it for passenger service. Via Rail gained ownership in 1986 It is the third station to be built on the site, first in 1853 by Great Western Railway and then 1898 by Grand Trunk. It was renovated in 1988 and 1994, but neither changed the appearance of the structure.

The station was formerly staffed by Via Rail, but the ticket agent was replaced by an automated kiosk in October 2012. A similar station was also built in Berlin, New Hampshire around the same time in 1917.

Service
As of May 2024, GO Transit operates three daily round trips on the Lakeshore West regional rail service between Toronto and Niagara Falls.

On weekdays, GO Transit bus route 11 connects St. Catharines station to Hamilton West Harbour, Hamilton Centre and Aldershot stations, as well as Brock University.

Via Rail and Amtrak jointly operate a single daily round trip on the Maple Leaf train service between Toronto and New York City.

title: St. Catharines station


text:
P. N. Haksar

Parmeshwar Narayan Haksar (4 September 1913 – 25 November 1998) was an Indian bureaucrat and diplomat, best known for his two-year stint as Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's principal secretary (1971–73). In that role, Haksar was the chief strategist and policy adviser behind his inexperienced prime minister's rise to near-absolute power in the mid-1970s. After this he was appointed deputy chairman of the Planning Commission and then the first-ever chancellor of New Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University.

An advocate of centralisation and socialism, he was a Kashmiri Pandit who became Gandhi's closest confidant in her inner coterie of bureaucrats, the so-called "Kashmiri mafia". Prior to this, Haksar was a diplomat of the Indian Foreign Service, who served as India's ambassador to Austria and Nigeria.

Personal life
Haksar was born in 1913, Gujranwala (now in Pakistan) in a Kashmiri Pandit family. He studied Sanskrit at home and obtained an M.Sc. from University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. He went on to study in the London School of Economics. Critics say he was far too close to Soviet ideology. As a student of Allahabad university, he was a resident of Mayo Hall and made frequent visits to the Anand Bhawan, the house of Motilal Nehru. Parmeshwar was a voracious reader of art history and also a connoisseur of paintings. During his interlude in London as a student, he was influenced by Fabian socialism and later become associated with Marxists.

During the latter years of his life, Haksar became associated with the Delhi Science Forum, initiatives on human rights, and opposition to neo-liberal policies and secularism. He lost his eyesight during the last 10 years of his life when the only pleasure he allowed himself was a weekly massage. Haksar died at the age of 85, on 25 November 1998.

Early career
Haksar had already made his mark as a prominent lawyer in Allahabad, before he was selected in the Indian Foreign Service in 1947, and was close to fellow-Kashmiri from Allahabad Jawaharlal Nehru, the latter who would go on to become independent India's first prime minister. A one-time student at the London School of Economics, he was a junior colleague of V. K. Krishna Menon at the India League in London.Critics say he was arrogant, occasionally vindictive, uncomfortably close to Soviet thinking and a willing tool of Moscow.

Civil services
P. N. Haksar served as the India ambassador to Nigeria and Austria. In the 1960s, he also served as a deputy high commissioner in London. After twenty years in the Indian foreign service, he was appointed an aide to the then prime minister, Indira Gandhi. In 1967, he replaced L. K. Jha as Secretary to the Prime Minister of India, and was promoted to the newly created post of Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India in 1971, thus becoming the most powerful senior civil servant in the prime minister's office.In total he served for six years as India's most powerful civil servant. He authored the 'Stray Thoughts Memorandum' at the Congress Working Committee meeting in Bangalore which ultimately led to the defenestration of her political rivals such as like Morarji Desai. Until he vacated the position of Principal Secretary to Indira Gandhi, Haksar exercised significant influence on the formulation of domestic and foreign policies in Raisina Hill. As Principal Secretary, Haksar fashioned Indira Gandhi's decision about the timing and level of support to be given to Bangladeshi freedom struggle, issuing directives from her private office to the top military leadership in some cases. The Prime Minister and her Principal Secretary subsequently fell out because Haksar despised Indira's poorly educated and lacklustre younger son, Sanjay, who aspired to be his mother's successor. It was Sanjay who authorised a police raid on the Haksar family's shop in New Delhi, Pandit Brothers, deliberately humiliating the civil servant. Haksar never forgave Indira. When she returned to power for the second time in 1980, she pleaded with him to resume his former role. To his credit Haksar stood his ground and refused, even at the risk of being persecuted.

Administrator and strategist
Haksar was noted for his strategising on the nationalisation of banks, insurance firms and foreign-owned oil companies, the 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty and India's support to the liberation of what would become Bangladesh. He is also the chief architect of the Shimla Agreement with Pakistan, as he was of the creation of the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), India's foreign secret intelligence agency

Refusal of Padma Vibhushan
Upon his retirement from the civil service in 1973, Indira Gandhi offered Haksar India's second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan, for his numerous distinguished services to India; however, in a letter to Govind Narain he declined the honour stating that "Accepting an award for work done somehow causes an inexplicable discomfort to me." The prime minister duly rescinded her offer.

Books

 * Premonitions (1979)
 * Reflections on our Times (1982)
 * One more Life (1990)
 * Genesis of Indo-Pakistan Conflict on Kashmir
 * Haksar Memorial Vol-1Contemplations on the Human Condition
 * Haksar Memorial Vol-2 Contribution in Remembrance
 * Haksar Memorial Vol-3 Challenge for Nation Building in a world in turmoil
 * Nehru's Vision of Peace and Security in Nuclear Age
 * Studies in Indo-Soviet Relations

title: P. N. Haksar


text:
Bruit

Bruit, also called vascular murmur, is the abnormal sound generated by turbulent flow of blood in an artery due to either an area of partial obstruction or a localized high rate of blood flow through an unobstructed artery.

The bruit may be heard ("auscultated") by securely placing the head of a stethoscope to the skin over the turbulent flow, and listening. Most bruits occur only in systole, so the bruit is intermittent and its frequency dependent on the heart rate. Anything increasing the blood flow velocity such as fever, anemia, hyperthyroidism, or physical exertion, can increase the amplitude of the bruit.

Etymology
It is naturalized from the French word for "noise", although another notes that and   are also common, and others give only  for the cardiac sense.

Describing location of a partial obstruction

 * Peripheral vascular disease; femoral artery stenosis
 * Renal artery stenosis
 * Stroke, carotid artery stenosis
 * Aortic aneurysm
 * Tinnitus – a symptom which may be caused by a cranial artery bruit
 * Arteriovenous malformation
 * Coarctation of the aorta
 * Hepatocellular carcinoma
 * Alcoholic hepatitis

Describing the mechanism of a partial obstruction

 * Atherosclerosis (atheroma or plaque) (cholesterol deposition in artery wall)
 * Median arcuate ligament syndrome, celiac artery stenosis – external compression

Describing location of localized high blood flow

 * Arteriovenous (AV) fistula – pathologic or surgically created
 * Graves' disease, goitre
 * Paget's disease

Unclassified

 * Polymyalgia rheumatica
 * Giant cell arteritis
 * Fibromuscular dysplasia
 * IgG4-related disease

title: Bruit


text:
NBD-TMA

NBD-TMA (2-(4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-7-yl)aminoethyl]trimethylammonium) is a small, positively charged (+1) fluorescent dye. It was also known as EAM-1 (N,N,N,-trimethyl-2[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]ethanaminium iodide) when it was briefly supplied by Macrocyclics Company as an iodide complex.

NBD-TMA has an excitation maximum at 458 nm and an emission maximum at 530 nm. It also has a smaller local excitation maximum around 343 nm. The molar extinction coefficient is about 13,000 cm−1M−1 and its overall effective fluorescence is about 1% that of fluorescein. It is only mildly sensitive to halide ion collision quenching.

NBD-TMA was designed as a probe for monitoring renal transport of organic cations. As a small, positively charged fluorophore, it has also seen use as a tracer for measuring gap junction coupling in cases of cation selective connexin channels.

title: NBD-TMA


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Massacabre

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Comparing the timestamps you'll notice that User:Splash requested more debate when there was only one delete vote. The consensus is now unambiguous DELETE. — J I P | Talk 19:40, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Massacabre
Does not meet notability per WP:NMG --Howcheng 20:46, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, at least half of the albums in the discography section don't exist. No label. Punkmorten 21:28, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * More debate needed here. -Splash 20:53, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * delete bandity. There's no AMG entry, and no other evidence of notability. — brighterorange  (talk) 23:19, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday (talk) 17:56, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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John O. Marsh Jr.

John Otho Marsh Jr. (August 7, 1926 – February 4, 2019) was an American politician and an adjunct professor at George Mason University School of Law. He served as the United States Secretary of the Army from 1981 to 1989, and as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia from 1963 to 1971.

Early life
Marsh was born in Winchester, Virginia. He graduated from Harrisonburg High School in Harrisonburg, Virginia. He enlisted in the United States Army in 1944, during World War II, and was selected at age eighteen for Infantry Officer Candidate School (OCS) graduating as a second lieutenant of infantry in November 1945, then assigned to the Army of Occupation of Germany where he served from 1946 to 1947. He was a member of the United States Army Reserve from 1947 to 1951.

Marsh graduated from Washington and Lee University in 1951, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity. He entered the Army National Guard in Virginia in 1951 and graduated from the Army's Airborne School in 1964. He retired from the army in 1976 with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Career
Meanwhile, in 1952, Marsh was admitted to the Virginia Bar, and started practicing law in Strasburg, Virginia, where he served as town judge. From 1954 to 1962, he was the town attorney in New Market, Virginia.

United States Representative
He served in the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat from Virginia from 1963 to 1971. He fought in the Vietnam War for a month without telling his fellow soldiers he was a Congressman.

Marsh was the last Democrat to represent this district, which stretched from Winchester through Harrisonburg to Charlottesville. The district, which was the home district of Senators Harry Byrd Sr. and Jr., had been moving away from its Southern Democratic roots for some time; residents had been splitting their tickets since the 1930s even as it continued to elect conservative Democrats like Marsh. As proof of how rapidly the district was trending away from the Democrats, in his first run for the seat, Marsh only defeated Republican challenger J. Kenneth Robinson by 598 votes.

Following Marsh's retirement, Robinson, who by this time represented much of the district's western portion (including the Byrds' home) in the Senate of Virginia, won the seat easily, and the 7th would be held by Republicans until it was dismantled in 1993. Proving just how Republican this district now was, Marsh would be the last Democrat to win even 40 percent of the district's vote before it was dismantled.

Ford cabinet
In 1973, he was appointed as United States Assistant Secretary of Defense, and in January 1974, as National Security Advisor for Vice President Gerald Ford. Under President Ford, he became Counselor to the President and held Cabinet rank. He was seen as one of Ford's top advisers alongside Henry Kissinger, Donald Rumsfeld and Philip W. Buchen.

United States Secretary of the Army
From 1981 to 1989, he served as the United States Secretary of the Army under President Ronald Reagan.

Of his tenure as the Secretary of the Army, Marsh said "I didn't become Secretary of the Army to go around hangdog and half ashamed, apologizing for the United States Army in Vietnam, because it needed no apologies."

Later career
Marsh was then selected to serve as chairman of the Reserve Forces Policy Board, a position he held from 1989 until 1994. He later served as chairman and interim CEO of Novavax, Inc., a pharmaceutical company. He subsequently sat on its board of directors.

Marsh was a confidant of Dick Cheney when the latter was vice president.

From 1998 to 1999, Marsh was visiting professor of ethics at the Virginia Military Institute, and adjunct professor of law at The College of William & Mary from 1999 to 2000. At the time of his death in 2019 he was teaching a course on technology, terrorism and national security law at George Mason University.

In 2007, when patient conditions at Walter Reed Army Medical Center had become a national concern, Marsh and former Secretary of the Army Togo West were appointed by Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to an independent review panel tasked to investigate medical and leadership failures. Among the panel's many recommendations was to close the aging facility and relocate medical services to what was then the National Naval Medical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland.

Marsh was also a member of the Markle Foundation. The John O. Marsh Institute for Government and Public Policy at Shenandoah University is named for him.

Personal life
Marsh lived in his hometown of Winchester, Virginia, with his wife; they had three children and seven grandchildren. He died on February 4, 2019, of complications from congestive heart failure in Raphine, Virginia, at the age of 92.

Marsh's son, John "Rob" Otho Marsh III (born October 20, 1955), joined the U.S. Army in 1974 and served until 1996 at the rank of Major. Rob was known as medic in the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, he and SFC Don Hutchinson were trying to save the mortally wounded MSG Timothy "Griz" Martin, Rob was gravely wounded by a mortar attack on October 6 that killed Sgt. 1st Class Matt Rierson. Rob received the Legion of Merit, two Bronze Stars, Purple Heart, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal and the Army Meritorious Service Medal. Rob is now a clinic doctor in Middlebrook, Virginia.

title: John O. Marsh Jr.


text: Template:Textile-stub

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Hurricane Katrina disaster relief

The disaster recovery response to Hurricane Katrina in late 2005 included U.S. federal government agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Coast Guard (USCG), state and local-level agencies, federal and National Guard soldiers, non-governmental organizations, charities, and private individuals. Tens of thousands of volunteers and troops responded or were deployed to the disaster; most in the affected area but also throughout the U.S. at shelters set up in at least 19 states.

Overview
Monetary donations were way below the records set by the tsunami and 9/11 relief efforts in the U.S. In a reversal of usual positions, the U.S. received international aid and assistance from numerous countries. The National Disaster Medical System had activated essentially all teams in the country, and pre-staged multiple Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs), Disaster Mortuary Assistance Teams (DMORTs), and Veterinary Medicine Response Teams (VMATs) in Houston and Atlanta the day prior to, and the day of, landfall. When the levees were reported to have broken, the DMATs were moved to Baton Rouge on Tuesday, August 30, and as the needs were identified, teams were moved out that afternoon to the Superdome, and that night to the Louis Armstrong Airport. Three DMATs arrived around 2 am on Wednesday morning, Aug 31, set up a field hospital Base of Operations in Concourse D, began offloading rescuees from helicopters, and provided medical care if necessary. Additional DMATs were deployed there as the volume and tempo of patient arrivals increased, as the hospitals in the city began to evacuate their patients. Over 3,000 patients were cared for, and as DOD Medevac assets began arriving, patients were handed over and moved out to over a dozen cities. This operation peaked during the weekend of September 3 and 4, and was completed by mid-week. Over 20,000 evacuees were also flown out by the civilian air-fleet drafted into service, and 25 deaths occurred there, mostly elderly nursing home and hospice evacuees.

More than 1,000 Army and Air National Guardsmen and 7,200 active-duty troops were stationed in the Gulf Coast region to assist with hurricane relief operations with some remaining several weeks. The military relief effort, known as Joint Task Force Katrina, was commanded by Lieutenant General Russel L. Honoré, commander of the U.S. First Army. At President Bush's urging, the U.S. Senate quickly approved $10.5 billion in aid for victims September 1, 2005. The U.S. House of Representatives voted and approved on the measure Friday, September 2, 2005, without any debate. President Bush requested an additional $51.8 billion on September 7. Congress approved that funding package the next day.

On September 24, 2005, following the havoc caused by Hurricane Rita, the National Guard named Brig. Gen. Douglas Pritt of the 41st Brigade Combat Team, Oregon Army National Guard, head of Joint Task Force Rita (formally called JTF Ponchartrain). The fourteen hundred Oregonian soldiers and airmen, including the 1st Battalion of the 186th Infantry which is designated as a quick response unit, were joined by engineers and military police from Louisiana, a Stryker Brigade from Pennsylvania, and an engineering battalion from Missouri. It is their mission to provide relief support for all of the areas in Texas and Louisiana affected by the two storms and to remove obstructions that might otherwise hinder help to those affected.

Governments of many countries have offered help to the U.S. for disaster relief, including the governments of Canada, France, United Kingdom, Germany and Mexico, with Canada even offering to accept Katrina evacuees. In addition to asking for federal funds, President Bush has enlisted the help of former presidents Bill Clinton and George H. W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions, much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Many had been critical of the slow response, with many people (particularly in New Orleans) left without water and food for three to five days after the storm. Among the first to express criticism of the management of the crisis had been The Pentagon, who complained only a day after Katrina hit that bureaucratic red tape from the Bush administration and the FEMA (newly reorganized under the Department of Homeland Security) had caused the delay of a scheduled and authorized military hospital ship from Norfolk, Virginia, among other related and prepared active military crisis response procedures.

Timeline
On Friday, August 26, the National Hurricane Center predicted for the first time that Katrina would become a Category 4 storm, and thus exceed the design limits of the New Orleans levees.

On Saturday, August 27, President Bush declared a state of emergency under the authority of the Stafford Act for the inland parishes of Louisiana.

The next day, Sunday, August 28, Katrina became a Category 4 hurricane and eventually evolved into a Category 5 storm the very same day, with winds blowing at about 175 mph (280 km/h). New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin decided not to declare a mandatory evacuation of the city, and instead opened up the Superdome to those who couldn't leave the city. 550 National Guard troops were stationed inside the Superdome to screen evacuees for weapons.

At that point, it was known that the strength of the hurricane would almost certainly exceed the levees' design capacity, and therefore the possibility for major flooding was real. If the levees did fail, people throughout the city would find it very difficult to obtain food, water, and supplies in general. If authorities had wanted to preposition food, the Superdome would have been a logical place, as the population knew it was a designated central location. The Louisiana National Guard delivered enough food for 15,000 people for 3 days.

On that same day, President Bush designated six counties of Alabama and eleven in Mississippi as eligible for assistance.

On Monday, August 29, at 6:00 am local time, Katrina made landfall. The Louisiana National Guard had called almost 3,500 of its members to state active duty as of 7 a.m. Army Lieutenant Colonel Pete Schneider reported a successful evacuation from the city, crediting the Louisiana Guard's partners in neighboring states for carrying out "a coordinated effort" that incorporated lessons learned from past evacuations. Schneider said during an interview today with Fox News the state stood ready to house evacuees at the Superdome "for as long as it takes", reporting that although the massive structure's protective lining tore in the hurricane's Category 4 winds, the roof itself appears to be intact.

Louisiana has 65 percent of its troops available for state missions; Mississippi, 60 percent; Alabama, 77 percent; and Florida, 74 percent.

USS Bataan (LHD-5) was positioned near New Orleans prior to Katrina making landfall, and began relief operations on August 30.

The next day, Tuesday, August 30, An estimated 7,500 National Guard troops from Alabama, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi were on duty, supporting civil authorities, distributing generators, providing medical care, and setting up shelters for displaced residents. As of 8 a.m., almost 3,800 Louisiana Army and Air Guard members were on duty to remove debris, provide security and shelter, distribute water, food and ice, and offer medical and law-enforcement support. The Louisiana Guard was coordinating with Florida, Georgia and Texas to secure two UH-60 Black Hawk and five CH-47 Chinook helicopters to support their operations. In Mississippi, more than 1,900 Guard troops were providing similar support, basing their operations at Camp Shelby. In Florida, more than 700 Florida Guard members were on active duty.

On August 31, the number of military units were on duty in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida rose to almost 8,300. Joint Task Force Katrina set up at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, as the Defense Department's focal point to support FEMA's relief efforts.
 * The JTF Katrina Joint Force Maritime Component Command (JFMCC), under command of Rear Admiral Joseph Kilkenny, initially established at Naval Air Station Pensacola to oversee rescue operations and delivery of relief supplies to the Gulf Coast, and restoration of naval. shore facilities in the Gulf Coast. The JTF Katrina JFMCC was later shifted to New Orleans upon arrival of USS Iwo Jima and the Deployable Joint Command and Control DJC2 operations center. Iwo Jima also served as the Presidential Support Platform, JTF Katrina Forward, and Joint Rescue Coordination Center. Rear Admiral Kilkenny and staff later served as JTF Rita JFMCC providing support to Hurricane Rita disaster recovery.
 * Four MH-53 Sea Stallion and two HH-60 Seahawk helicopters from USS Bataan (LHD-5), which is based out of Naval Station Ingleside, were flying medical-evacuation and search-and-rescue missions in Louisiana, and Bataan's hospital was preparing for possible use for medical support.
 * High-Speed Vessel HSV-2 Swift, stationed in Little Creek, Virginia, sailed to the waters off Louisiana to provide support.
 * The Iwo Jima Amphibious Readiness Group sailed from Norfolk, Va., loaded with disaster response equipment and reached the Louisiana coast in 5 days. The group consists of USS Iwo Jima, USS Shreveport, USS Tortuga and USNS Arctic.
 * The hospital ship USNS Comfort left Baltimore to bring medical assistance to the Gulf region and reached the area in a week.

The guardsmen remain under their respective governors' control, which enables them to provide law-enforcement support in the affected regions—something the Posse Comitatus Act prohibits active-duty forces from doing within the United States.

By Thursday, September 1, The National Guardsmen accompanied by buses (475 in all) and supply trucks arrived at the Superdome. However, media reports stated "few buses" were actually there.

FEMA director Brown said that he had only earlier that day learned that the New Orleans Convention Center had contained thousands of people without food or water for 3–4 days. He said trucks were on the way. Brown did not give ordinary people the permission to drive the buses delivered by the National Guard - which led to the issue of there being no certified bus drivers. At this point major news sources had been reporting on the situation for a few days.

By Friday, September 2, seven days after firm predictions of a Category 5 hurricane, a convoy of several dozen trucks and buses rolled into New Orleans carrying food, water, and other supplies. Some of these trucks were Palletized Load System (PLS) manufactured by the Oshkosh Truck Corporation. These transports can carry more than 15 tons of cargo and can travel in 4 ft of water.

For comparison, when the Indian Ocean earthquake of 2004 tsunami struck the politically fractured city of Banda Aceh without warning, Indonesian officials not only knew about the situation on the ground, but delivered 175 tons of food only 2 days after the disaster. This was due to the fact that the transports were of a worldwide effort, whereas the Katrina relief effort was handled by the U.S. government, alone.

Joint Task Force Katrina
Lt. Gen. Russel L. Honoré of the Army was appointed to run a temporary special command, known as Joint Task Force (JTF) Katrina, to coordinate all military responses to the effort, which was based at Camp Shelby in Mississippi. FEMA asked the Pentagon to have the U.S. Northern Command stand ready for assistance.

National Guard deployment

Since the hurricane passed through, the governors of Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Kansas, Pennsylvania, and Louisiana; as well as California and Texas, collectively called to duty more than 50,000 Guard troops.

Navy
The United States Navy also began Hurricane Katrina relief efforts. Several ships were dispatched to the area:

 * Aircraft carriers
 * USS Harry S. Truman (arrived September 4)
 * Amphibious assault ships
 * USS Bataan (LHD-5) (arrived August 30)
 * USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7) (arrived September 3)
 * Amphibious transport docks
 * USS Shreveport (LPD-12) (arrived September 3)
 * Dock landing ships
 * USS Tortuga (LSD-46) (arrived September 3)
 * USS Whidbey Island (LSD-41) (arrived September 3)
 * Fast combat support ships
 * USNS Arctic (T-AOE-8) (arrived August 31)
 * Hospital ships
 * USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) (arrived September 8)
 * Rescue and salvage
 * USS Grapple (ARS-53) (shipped out August 31, arrived September 4)

The amphibious assault ships carried CH-53 Sea Stallion and SH-60 Sea Hawk helicopters which were already being used in search and rescue operations. Harry S. Truman was used as the command center for Naval operations in the area. The Navy also arranged to send eight civilian 14-person swift boat rescue teams to the disaster zone using C-5 Galaxy cargo planes.

Marine Corps
The United States Marine Corps sent active and reserve marines to assist in the search and rescue from 4th ATBN, Bessemer, Alabama. They lived in Slidell, Louisiana and Picayune, Mississippi during their efforts.

Air Force
The United States Air Force responded by sending search and rescue, aeromedical evacuation, relief supplies as well as medical care to the affected areas. Keesler Air Force Base was evacuated prior to impact, however out of the students training on the site around 400 volunteered to stay back and clean up the base. Thanks to their efforts the base was operational 6 months earlier than expected. The Air Force has rescued over 4,000 people to date. The Air Force has also evacuated more than 25,000 people in need of medical care from Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport. Nine million packaged meals were airlifted into the region. The Air National Guard was also a major presence at The Superdome (which evacuated more than 25,000 survivors from the area).

Coast Guard

The Coast Guard responded by moving as many helicopters as it could to the affected areas, calling in aircraft from as far away as Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 500 Coast Guard reservists were called to active duty, and many of the hundreds of small boats in the fleet were sent to help. Coast Guard helicopters flew around-the-clock rescue missions. The Coast Guard was one of the first federal agencies to begin rescue operations, despite the fact that almost half the local Coast Guard personnel lost their own homes in the hurricane. They rescued or evacuated more than 33,500 people, six times as many as they saved in all of 2004. According to an article in Time, in the famously decimated St. Bernard Parish, east of New Orleans, Sheriff Jack Stephens says the Coast Guard was the only federal agency to provide any significant assistance for a full week after the storm. Coast Guard personnel and assets from all over the country were deployed in the area including 29 Coast Guard cutters and 52 aircraft. The Coast Guard recalled 500 reservists to active duty and had the authorization to recall up to 800 reservists.

Foreign military contributions
The Canadian Navy deployed a task force comprising three warships—HMCS Athabaskan (DDG 282), HMCS Toronto (FFH 333) and HMCS Ville de Québec (FFH 332)—along with the Coast Guard vessel CCGS Sir William Alexander and three Sea King helicopters and one BO-105 helicopter to the area.

The Royal Netherlands Navy frigate HNLMS Van Amstel (F831) arrived September 7.

The Mexican Navy sent the warship Papaloapan. It arrived on September 8 to the Mississippi shores with 250 metric tons of food, medicines and supplies. It carried two MI-17 helicopters, an ambulance, seven amphibious vehicles and eight 6-track all-terrain vehicles.

On 1 September, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) sent three CH-47 Chinook helicopters to Louisiana to assist in relief operations. The three aircraft were based at the Peace Prairie Singapore training detachment of the Texas Army National Guard's 149th Aviation Regiment in Grand Prairie AASF, Grand Prairie, Texas. They arrived in Fort Polk, Louisiana in the afternoon of 1 September to aid rescue operations mainly in resupply and airlifting missions.

Thirty eight RSAF personnel, comprising pilots, aircrew and technicians were also deployed. The Singapore team worked with the Texas Army National Guard in the relief efforts.

On 5 September, a fourth Chinook helicopter was sent to help in the relief operations, and the number of personnel deployed increased to 45.

Throughout the Singaporean relief effort, the four Chinooks flew 61 sorties. They transported hundreds of evacuees from flooded areas to safety, especially from the Louisiana Superdome and Ernest N. Morial Convention Center. They also picked up stragglers around the New Orleans area. The Chinooks carried a total of 540 tonnes of equipment, humanitarian aid, cargo, and supplies and rescued over 800 evacuees. They were involved in moving sand bags to block up the broken levees. The number of aircraft sent exceeded that of all other foreign countries.[1]

Federal
Some disaster recovery response to Katrina began before the storm, with Federal Emergency Management Agency preparations that ranged from logistical supply deployments to a mortuary team with refrigerated trucks. However, the federal government's overall lack of response has been widely criticized since the events occurred.

President George W. Bush asked Secretary Michael Chertoff of the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate the Federal response. Chertoff designated Michael Brown, head of the FEMA as the Principal Federal Official to lead the deployment and coordination of all federal response resources and forces in the Gulf Coast region.

FEMA deployed all 28 of its Urban Search & Rescue Task Forces with 11 going to Mississippi and 7 to Louisiana. The remaining 10 US&R Task Forces were deployed to Texas staging areas. FEMA also deployed 29 Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT); 5 Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORT); 2 Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMAT); and 1 Mental Health Team to Louisiana and 10 DMATs, 5 DMORTS, 2 VMATS, and 1 Mental Health Team to Mississippi.

FEMA also partnered with the Department of Transportation to send 1700 trucks of water, ice, and ready-to-eat meals. The Department of Transportation sent 390 trucks carrying water, tarpaulins, mobile homes and forklifts. The United States Public Health Service was activated and sent dozens of officers to supervise medical response. Though the hurricane closed several airports for some time to come, the Federal Aviation Administration rushed to reopen one runway at Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport so that relief flights could begin.

A summary of other Federal responses On Friday, September 2, 2005, Reuters published an article stating that five Silver Fox UAVs (the same UAVs being used in Iraq and Afghanistan for intelligence gathering) equipped with thermal imaging technology were going to be used in the search and rescue missions in New Orleans. Pennsylvanian Republican Representative Curt Weldon stated that he was able to bypass government bureaucracy and obtain the UAVs from an unnamed private company. Weldon stated that the UAVs were being shipped to Baton Rouge and requested deployment of U.S. military personnel who are capable of operating the UAVs and that they could be in operation within hours of arrival.
 * Department of Homeland Security
 * The Jones Act was temporarily waived allowing foreign flagged vessels to transport cargo from one U.S. Port to another U.S. Port.
 * The Department of Education coordinated the enrollment of displaced students in school districts across the country.
 * The Department of Housing and Urban Development announced a special 90-day moratorium on all foreclosures of FHA-insured properties in the Presidentially declared disaster areas.
 * The Environmental Protection Agency temporarily allowed the supply of gasoline and diesel fuels that do not meet standards for emissions through September 15, 2005. The EPA also collected and analyzed flood water samples for biological and chemical contaminants.
 * The Department of Energy loaned oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve under short-term contractual agreements, to be returned to the reserve once supply conditions return to normal.
 * The Department of Labor announced a National Emergency Grant to establish approximately 10,000 temporary jobs for eligible dislocated workers to help in the recovery and clean-up efforts underway in Mississippi.
 * The United States Peace Corps sent some 272 returned Peace Corps volunteers to the Katrina zone to serve as Crisis Corps volunteers and assist FEMA in relief and reconstruction efforts. It was the first and only time Peace Corps volunteers have been deployed within the U.S.
 * Congress passed the Katrina Emergency Tax Relief Act (KETRA) of 2005 (H.R. 3768) which temporarily extended all deadlines related to tax returns, payments or other time-sensitive activities for those in the affected area until February 2006.

The Department of Homeland Security issued these key statistics as of 10 a.m. on September 3, 2005:

 * Lives saved — 11,500
 * Citizens evacuated — 25,000
 * Water distributed by FEMA — 6.7 million liters
 * MREs distributed by FEMA — 1.9 million
 * U.S. Coast Guard responders — 4,000
 * National Guard responders — 22,000
 * FEMA responders — 5,000

Several Carnival Cruise ships were chartered by the American government to provide housing for those who required it. The Salt Lake Tribune reported on September 4, 2005, that the authorities had requested that aid workers not disclose the final destination of those making the transit because a few had caused a ruckus upon finding that they were heading to a location that they held in disfavor.

State and local
Governor Kathleen Blanco's New Orleans Hurricane Relief Foundation was created on August 30, 2005. Local governments across the U.S. sent aid in the form of ambulances, search teams and disaster supplies. Shelters to house those displaced were established as far away as Utah. The Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism contacted travelers having reservations at state parks to see if the travelers would voluntarily give up their reservations to persons fleeing Katrina, primarily in the southern part of the state where refugees had already taken shelter (at Lake Chicot State Park, just across the Louisiana state line, a 26-member family from New Orleans, including a grandmother on oxygen, occupied seven of the park's cabins). In any event, refugees at state parks would not be evicted for prior reservations, and those with reservations but no room would either get space at another state park or a gift certificate.

Arkansas Visitors Information Centers in Texarkana, El Dorado, Helena, and Lake Village directed refugees to shelters and hotels/motels with available space.

Governor Mike Huckabee issued a proclamation releasing $75,000 of state funds to assist shelters in 14 southern and delta counties in Arkansas. At least 850 guardsmen of the Arkansas National Guard were activated and sent to Louisiana and Mississippi. Governor Huckabee also announced that the state Departments of Health and Human Services and Emergency Management as well as the Arkansas Pharmacists Association would provide free emergency prescriptions and access to dialysis machines.

Schools and colleges across the country enrolled students displaced by the storm despite uncertainty over where funding would come from. U.S. Education Secretary Margaret Spellings said on September 12 that 372,000 elementary and high school students had been displaced. Over 715 schools were closed with at least 36 heavy damaged or completely destroyed. About 100,000 college students were also displaced and at least 15 colleges were still closed at that time. Primary and secondary schools are required to educate any "homeless" students in their district and 25 states reported having taken in Katrina victims. FEMA declared that opening temporary schools and hiring mental health counselors would be reimbursable but the hiring of extra teachers and buying of books would not be.

1000 firefighters volunteered to be sent to the affected region, with their home towns picking up the tab to provide cover in their absence. FEMA had them handing out leaflets, while on September 5 the first assignment for a 50-strong team from Atlanta was "to stand beside President Bush as he tours devastated areas."

AmeriCorps
AmeriCorps sent several crews to Texas, Mississippi and Louisiana in response to Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. The crews originated from two main organizations, the National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC) and the Washington Conservation Corps (WCC), as well as from smaller Americorps organizations such as Americorps St. Louis' Emergency Response Team (ERT). The crews performed a number of relief tasks for hurricane survivors, including support on the FEMA/Carnival Cruise Lines shelter ship, tarping damaged roofs, and debris removal. As of the beginning of 2006, AmeriCorps teams have been involved in the rebuilding efforts in Louisiana and Mississippi. As of May 2006, AmeriCorps reported that it would continue to send relief to affected areas.

American Red Cross
The American Red Cross mobilized the largest relief effort in its 124-year history to aid the victims of Hurricane Katrina. Local Chapters across the nation mobilised tens of thousands of volunteers for immediate deployment to the disaster region.

In the first two weeks after the storm, the Red Cross had brought 74,000 volunteers who provided shelter to 160,000 evacuees and more than 7.5 million hot meals. More than 250 Emergency Response Vehicles (ERVs) were sent to provide food and water to victims. By September 11, 75,000 evacuees remained in 445 shelters in 19 states. By that date, the Red Cross was calling for 40,000 new volunteers to relieve those who initially responded. Disaster response classes were training tens of thousands across the country.

The American Red Cross Disaster Relief Fund collected donations from the public for the relief effort. By September 28, they had raised about one billion dollars in cash and pledges, surpassing the rate of donation for the September 11 attacks. This is ten times more money than the next largest amount collected by a charity, the Salvation Army. The Red Cross estimated that its response would cost some $2 billion of which $100 million was expected to be reimbursed by FEMA, while the rest would need to come from donations. Yahoo!, Google and later Amazon.com set up donation pages for the Red Cross.

As the Red Cross had raised the vast majority of donations and its response is limited to disaster aid and not to recovery, some charities suggested that the Red Cross share money with groups engaged in rebuilding efforts.

The American Red Cross has not been allowed by Louisiana to provide aid within the city of New Orleans.

Amateur radio operators
The president of the American Radio Relay League, Jim Haynie, sent a message to all amateur radio operators noting that the situation in New Orleans and other affected areas is "simply too dangerous and no one is being allowed in". Many media outlets say communications infrastructure is overloaded and destroyed in many places in the disaster area. During the storm, amateur operators gave weather reports to the National Hurricane Center in Florida using HF radio. Operators are also handling health and welfare messages for organizations such as the Salvation Army and Red Cross. Many amateur radio organizations are staging outside the affected area getting ready to deploy into the city and suburbs.

On September 1, the American Red Cross asked the ARRL to help provide radio and amateur support for its 35 kitchens and 250 shelters. By September 3, the ARRL had set up amateur radio operations at the American Red Cross Disaster Relief Headquarters in Montgomery Alabama.

America's Second Harvest
America's Second Harvest (now known as Feeding America) responded to the efforts by collecting over 33 million pounds of food specifically for Katrina relief. Since the food bank in New Orleans was non-operational for a short period of time after the hurricane hit, a temporary warehouse was set up in Baker, Louisiana. This operation distributed food to people who were in need before the hurricane as well as people now displaced by Katrina's wreckage.

Second Harvesters Food Bank of Greater New Orleans which is a part of America's Second Harvest was operation within a few days and coordinating efforts with the staff in Baker, LA.

Camp Hope
Camp Hope is a volunteer camp located in Violet, LA, which has housed volunteers in the Hurricane Katrina recovery effort of St. Bernard Parish since June 1, 2006. The economic recovery of the Parish is dependent on the removal of debris to facilitate the return of both residents and businesses.

The mission of Camp Hope is to house and facilitate volunteer relief efforts in St Bernard Parish and around the New Orlean's area. Those efforts include managing and participating in the removal of health and safety hazards from properties throughout St Bernard parish with the assistance of the local, state, federal, volunteer and non-governmental agencies.

As of August 16, 2006, volunteers in St. Bernard had completed 1,668 homes in the Parish.

Family information websites
Several websites were set up to help family members find out information about each other in the chaos. Some include the Red Cross, The Weather Channel, local newspapers, Craigslist, and others. Yahoo set up 100 Internet-linked computers at the Astrodome and developed a meta-search of evacuee registration websites. On September 11, despite having reunited several families, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children had a list of 1,600 children listed as missing by their parents, or who were seeking their families.

Problems were that many survivors had no internet access, let alone electrical power, let alone computers or even computer literacy. There were also many sites so a searcher would have to go through several and sort through the many different search protocols and syntax. Another problem in theory is fraud, and another problem is that many sites only included last and first names which in a mass of several hundred thousand displaced persons obviously included many duplicates.

Other organizations
Many charities immediately began fund-raising efforts on behalf of Katrina victims and survivors.

The Salvation Army responded to the immediate needs of the survivors. Eventually 5.6 million meals were served, 3.3 million people were assisted, and nearly $400 million donated. The Army's immediate response to Hurricane Katrina included the mobilization of more than 178 canteen feeding units and 11 field kitchens which together have served more than 5.7 million hot meals, 8.3 million sandwiches, snacks & drinks. Its SATERN (Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network) network of amateur ham-radio operators picked up where modern communications left off to help locate more than 25,000 survivors. And, The Salvation Army pastoral care counselors were on hand to comfort the emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals.

The New York Regional Association of Grantmakers (now Philanthropy New York) published a Donors' Guide for individuals and organizations looking for philanthropic options for Gulf Coast recovery

In addition to the Red Cross, numerous charity and relief organizations stepped up their activities to aid hurricane victims. The United Methodist Church provided volunteers to help muck out homes and rebuild affected areas. According to the church's volunteer service arm, UMVIM, over thirty thousand United Methodist volunteers have worked in the affected areas since Katrina. Southern Baptist Disaster Relief mobilized hundreds of units from across the US. Southern Baptist Disaster relief manned massive feeding units, shower and laundry facilities, assessment teams, Mud-Out, and chainsaw and debris removal teams across the affected area. The Catholic Charities activated a disaster response plan. The plan targeted areas outside of the disaster that are providing refugee relief and agencies located in or nearby are mobilizing to assist the needy. Operation Blessing began organizing to ship food and relief supplies into the affected areas, as it has done in disaster zones around the world before. America's Second Harvest, a food bank that operates in many communities, began coordinating efforts to ship food donations to coastal areas. Habitat for Humanity announced plans to check on all Habitat-built homes and their residents, and then turn to providing assistance to Habitat families, partners, and volunteers in need of help. The American Public School Endowments began collecting funds to rebuild schools in the affected area, and to aid schools suffering from an onslaught of refugees. Mercy Corps is accepting donations and sending a team of emergency relief experts to the Gulf region to offer financial and technical assistance for immediate and longer-term relief and recovery efforts. Conservative Mennonites sent many volunteer laborers to help with cleaning and rebuilding of homes affected.

Other nonprofit non-governmental organizations that are helping like the ASPCA are listed on Network for Good's website. Jehovah's Witnesses are responding by giving much food, water, clothing, and financial aid to victims. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is also responding to the devastation. While emergency services and rescue personnel work on relief operations in New Orleans, they are at high risk of disease. The Family International has mobilized Christian Counsellors to provide spiritual healing, comfort and encouragement to the evacuees throughout Louisiana, Texas and Mississippi and have launched Katrina Relief Home to share the needs of the victims of this disaster.

The KatrinaHelp wiki is a grassroots effort collating all refugee records from a variety of sites (including Craigslist, et al.) in PFIF format; they offer an elegant search interface to their database.

The first Pfif spinoff is SFIF (Shelter Finder Interface format), a clone of Pfif where elements and attributes have been adapted to model shelter entities developed by Shelterfinder an interactive database where a list of active shelters is maintained by volunteers

Awake In America, a non-profit organization based in Philadelphia, launched "Operation Restore CPAP" to get equipment to treat sleep apnea in victims of Hurricane Katrina who had been previously diagnosed with sleep apnea.

Hands On USA, now Hands On Gulf Coast, was on the ground in Gulfport and Biloxi a week after the storm. Founded in Thailand after the 2004 Tsunami, Hands On has evolved from immediate relief services, to recovery operations such as gutting houses and taking trees off houses, to community empowerment and redevelopment. They are based out of the Beauvoir Methodist Church in Biloxi, MS, although they also have satellite locations in New Orleans and Bay St. Louis.

The Common Ground Collective is a local, community-run organization offering assistance, mutual aid and support to New Orleans communities that have been historically neglected and underserved. Common Ground's efforts include acting as a hub for medical and health providers, aid workers, community organizers, legal representatives as well as people with a variety of skills. The Common Ground collective also has been part of organizing the "Road Trip for Relief", a grassroots effort to bus 300 volunteers into New Orleans.

Emergency Communities is a non-profit organization that employs compassion and creativity to provide community-based disaster relief. Since Katrina, they have operated four relief sites, served over 300,000 meals and 25,000 residents of the Gulf. They are a United Way Partner Agency and currently run operations in Buras, LA and the Ninth Ward.

The Welcome Home Kitchen is serving three meals a day to over 700 people, as well as providing free medical care, a distribution center of clothing and supplies, a community bulletin board and an information table. The Welcome Home Kitchen is facilitated by The Rainbow Family of Living Light as well as Katrina Alliance.

World Shelters Task Force One operated in Hancock County, MS from September 15, 2005, until October 26, 2005, and deployed 80 shelter structures for relief efforts and housing. Remaining supplies and equipment went on to be used by Burners Without Borders, with support from The Buckminster Fuller Institute.

Camp Restore began on September 10, 2006, and has since provided shelter to over 3,500 volunteers as they rebuilt hundreds of homes that had been destroyed by the hurricane. The operation is based in East New Orleans and was started in part by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.

The Chabad Lubavitch movement sent in rescue teams to evacuate people from the city and provided meals and shelter to evacuees. Chabad communities in Florida, California, Tennessee, Texas, and many other states made short and long term arrangements for many Jewish New Orleanians. Families were also provided with financial help and volunteers were arranged to help with the clean-up efforts

The Unitarian Universalist church organized a Gulf Coast Relief Fund which aided survivors in Plaquemines Parish.

In Film

 * Waveland MissaHippie- 2005
 * Common Ground Collective: Solidarity Not Charity- 2005

International response

Initially, the United States had been reluctant to accept donations and aid from foreign countries. However, this policy was reversed, and as the reports of damage grew more grim, the United States accepted the foreign aid. Countries and organizations that offered to send aid mentioned by the State Department included the European Union, NATO, Organization of American States, OPEC, United Kingdom, the United Nations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the World Health Organization, as well as almost 100 countries.

Donations include Kuwait donating 500 million dollars, Canada sending frigate HMCS Toronto (FFH 333) and frigate HMCS Ville de Québec (FFH 332), a coast guard light icebreaker (CCGS Sir William Alexander), and two Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King helicopters to the area (2 additional helicopters were sent to Boston to replace US Coast Guard helicopters going to Louisiana) and Singapore sending three CH-47 Chinook helicopters and thirty-eight RSAF personnel from a training detachment based in Grand Prairie, Texas. Some of these countries that helped even offered evacuees to immigrate to their respective countries.

Notable offers from international organizations include the United Nations, which was ready to send supply high-energy biscuits, generators, planes, tents along with experienced staff members; and Paris-based International Energy Agency agreeing to make 60 million barrels oil available to help the United States weather the economic problems caused by Hurricane Katrina.

Cultural and sporting responses
The National Hockey League, along with the National Hockey League Players Association, have donated $1 million. An auction of game worn jerseys, from the 2005–06 NHL season opening night, will also be held. The National Football League donated $1 million, as did the New York Yankees baseball organization. The New York Jets and New York Giants also allowed the 2005 LSU Tigers football team play their home games at Giants Stadium while both the Mercedes-Benz Superdome and the Pete Maravich Assembly Center were being used as a refuge for victims of the hurricane, and Tiger Stadium (LSU) was being used by the New Orleans Saints for their home games. A Concert for Hurricane Relief, an hour-long, music and celebrity driven broadcast was aired on September 2, 2005, by NBC. Shelter from the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast, an hour long simulcast benefit concert aired on September 9, 2005, worldwide. A four and a half-hour long benefit concert titled ReAct Now: Music & Relief was broadcast by MTV, VH1 and CMT on September 10, 2005. Céline Dion, the Canadian singer, also donated $1 million.

Scam artist responses
In the wake of a large outpouring of support, many scam artists took advantage of the public's willingness to provide money and other resources to victims of the hurricane. The FBI reported that over 500 illegitimate websites were created to collect money that ostensibly would go to hurricane victims. Spam emails were then circulated to attract donations.

title: Hurricane Katrina disaster relief


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User talk:Plount

I was attempting to remove said vandalism as it was offensive. I did so by editing the link out, and was successful for a moment until it was added back in. Next time I'll revert the valdalism instead of editing it. I'm new to Wikipedia. Regardless you must be carefull who you accuse.
 * Mistakes happen, especially on such a fast-changing article. A simple correction would do just fine, it's nothing to get upset about. I'm glad you caught it. Deadsalmon 20:57, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The nature of the accusation required a serious response due to the offensive nature of the vandalism material posted.

title: User talk:Plount


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Nicholas Stergiou

Nicholas Stergiou (Greek: Νικόλαος Στεργίου; born October 16, 1965) is a Greek-American biomechanic. He is the founding Chair of the Department of Biomechanics at University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO), where he is also the Distinguished Community Research Chair and Professor. He is also the Director of the Center for Research in Human Movement Variability and Dean of the Division of Biomechanics and Research Development at UNO. Stergiou is also a professor at the College of Public Health at the University of Nebraska Medical Center.

Early life and education
Stergiou was born on October 16, 1965. He completed his Bachelor of Science degree at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki before enrolling at the University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO) for his Master's degree. He chose to apply to UNO after reading a journal article written by UNO professor Kris Berg. After completing his master's degree, Stergiou completed his PhD at the University of Oregon. He was then forced to return to Greece to complete his mandatory military service.

Career
While completing his mandatory military service, Stergiou secured an academic position at UNO in 1996. Upon joining the faculty as an assistant professor, Stergiou became the Director of the HPER Biomechanics Laboratory.

Personal life
Stergiou married Ann E. Kessinger in 1997.

title: Nicholas Stergiou


text:
Three Men and a Little Lady

Three Men and a Little Lady is a 1990 American comedy film directed by Emile Ardolino. It is the sequel to the 1987 film Three Men and a Baby, and the second installment overall in the franchise of the same name. Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, and Ted Danson reprise the leading roles.

Plot
Peter, Michael, and Jack are living happily together with Mary, who is now five, and her mother, Sylvia. Peter and Michael continue as an architect and cartoonist, while Jack has little acting work. Sylvia has become a famous actress and is dating director Edward who wishes to marry her, but Sylvia is unsure how it will affect Mary.

Sylvia and Peter are clearly in love with each other, although he won't admit his true feelings. When visiting, Sylvia's mother warns her that he may never be able to express or admit his feelings. Sylvia, realizing she wants to get married and start a family, accepts Edward's proposal, announcing she and Mary will be moving to the UK after the wedding.

Inviting Edward to the apartment, Peter tells him he believes he won't be a good father for Mary. When he leaves, Sylvia confronts Peter, leading to a falling out when she calls him selfish, and he reminds her she abandoned Mary once (as described in the first film).

Sylvia and Mary leave the next day for the UK. The men, depressed, try to cheer themselves up with one of their bachelor-style parties, but are still miserable without Mary and Sylvia. They go to the UK to visit Mary, who is unhappy without them. Peter and Michael arrive in time for the rehearsal dinner, happily reuniting with Mary and Sylvia. Miss Elspeth Lomax, headmistress of Pileforth Academy for Girls, is introduced to Peter by Edward (who tells her Peter is secretly interested in her). Peter and Sylvia apologize to each other for the fight.

With the wedding imminent, Peter is concerned as Mary says Edward dislikes her. Peter and Michael realize Edward plans to send Mary to Pileforth. Edward denies it and Sylvia refuses to believe Peter, who has always disliked Edward. Jack arrives mid-argument and Sylvia and Edward leave. Peter admits he loves Sylvia but stayed silent because of him. Jack insists that Sylvia only loves Peter and he must follow his heart.

The night before the wedding, Peter breaks into Pileforth to get proof of Edward's scheme. Elspeth believes Peter is admitting his "feelings", throwing herself at him. Very surprised and deflecting her advances, he gets away with the evidence in hand. After his car breaks down he calls Jack and Michael and confirms that he has the proof, but he will be late. Michael, Jack, and Mary try to stall the wedding. Michael kidnaps the vicar and Jack disguises himself as an elderly replacement. Peter, with help from Elspeth, heads to the wedding. During the ride, she says Edward told her Peter was interested in her, but Peter says Edward lied, apologizing for his deceit.

After numerous delays, Peter and Elspeth arrive at the chapel. Peter shows Sylvia the truth, but she remains in disbelief until Elspeth confirms that Edward has been lying to her. Sylvia comes to her senses and confronts Edward, whom Mary accuses of lying again when he tries to defend his decision. Edward shows his true colors by swearing at Mary, causing Peter to punch him out. Sylvia insists she's going home, but Peter stops her, ultimately declaring his love. Then, Edward regains consciousness, stating it is too late as they are already married. Jack then reveals himself – he has both finally proven his acting skills and rendered the marriage invalid.

Peter and Sylvia wed with Mary as their bridesmaid. Mary throws the bouquet into the air as they leave the chapel, and it is caught by a shocked Jack.

Cast

 * Tom Selleck as Peter Mitchell, one of the three men, a successful NYC architect
 * Steve Guttenberg as Michael Kellam, one of the three men, a cartoonist
 * Ted Danson as Jack Holden, one of the three men, an actor and Mary's biological father
 * Nancy Travis as Sylvia Bennington-Mitchell, Mary's mother
 * Christopher Cazenove as Edward Hargreave, a successful director and the scheming bachelor
 * Fiona Shaw as Miss Elspeth Lomax, headmistress of Pileforth Academy for Girls
 * Robin Weisman as Mary Bennington, Sylvia's daughter
 * John Boswall as Barrow, Edward's butler
 * Sheila Hancock as Vera Bennington, Sylvia's mother

Production
Filmed on location in New York and the United Kingdom, the scenes in the latter location were primarily shot in Banbury in north Oxfordshire. Particular use is made of Broughton Castle. The scenes where the car breaks down and Peter makes a call from a phone box are shot at Burton Dassett Country Park, in south Warwickshire. The school which Mary was to attend (Pileforth Academy) was shot at two locations. The external shot of the school is the Jesuit boarding school Stonyhurst College in the Ribble Valley, Lancashire. Some internal scenes of the school, including the panelled and curtained cubicles were also filmed at Stonyhurst. Other internal scenes were shot at the (former) Benedictine boarding school Douai School near Thatcham, West Berkshire.

Box office
In its opening weekend, the movie was screened at 1,281 theaters, earning $19.1 million and finishing in 2nd place behind Home Alone. By the end of the second week, it had dropped to 3rd place with a total gross of $29.8 million and by the end of the third week was in 5th place with a total gross of $35.9 million. It eventually grossed $71.6 million in the US alone, making it a box office hit.

Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 40% based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 4.4/10.

Critics Rita Kempley and Desson Howe of The Washington Post wrote positively of the film, citing the three main characters' comical rap, the race for Peter to stop the wedding, and the relationship between him and Miss Lomax as the film's most enjoyable scenes. However, Howe also criticized it, claiming Ted Danson and Steve Guttenberg were overshadowed for the remainder of the film.

Soundtrack
One of the most widely recognized tracks from the film is "Waiting for a Star to Fall" by Boy Meets Girl, which featured during the final wedding scene and end credits. The film's soundtrack album contains the three leads' singing "Goodnite, Sweetheart, Goodnite" from Three Men and a Baby, which had no soundtrack album of its own.

Reboot
In June 2010, a third film tentatively titled Three Men and a Bride was announced to be developed by Disney.

The project was eventually abandoned in favor of a reboot. As of December 2020, the as-of-yet untitled reboot is in development, with Zac Efron cast in a starring role. The film is intended to be a streaming exclusive film, for Disney+. As of April 2024 the film has yet to be made.

title: Three Men and a Little Lady


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Talk:Broadcast network

Comment
Anyone mind me labeling this a stub?--The Kooky One 20:49, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Intresting article of Shared resources towards lowering costs
With all of these stations going on the air, they thought it would be a good idea to try to share programming to save on effort required to create programming separately & uniquely and programs sometimes appealed to the same audiences from different data accessors and when served by more than one station its reduntant. When two or three stations link or model together from a telephone line/ from business profits/operating costs/marketing etc from a shared pool of cloud hosting/streaming the total efficiency/performance/security and quality all improvises based on paas/iaas/saas/APIAS..however the revenue distribution needs to be uniform ..Once the revenue distribution obstacle is overcomed the local/national/paid users/ international viewers access is just pure unbelievable.. Considering the amount of so many great historical & award wining shows we have .I was talking of old shows only and not the latest current shows. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vdhananjay (talk • contribs) 16:08, 16 May 2014 (UTC)

This topic is US specific, it mentions only broadcasters of US. We should either remove the names of the private operators or else rename this topis as US Network Broadcasters. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.16.142.226 (talk) 06:16, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Mexican State Public Broadcasting System which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:03, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

Should we add PBS to the article?
It's a broadcast network. Akhil K. (talk) 17:38, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Broadcast network


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User talk:X-626

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more one-letter, three-number names. :) Cheers.

And please do not insert nonsense into WP. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 20:49, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

List of experiments from Lilo & Stitch: The Series
Thanks for contributing to Wikipedia. In regards to List of experiments from Lilo & Stitch: The Series, please stop adding nonsense to the article. For example, 625 's name is not "Sandwich boy", 607's name is not "Rufus" and 628 has not en revealed yet. Thanks and happy editing! --Jtalledo (talk) 04:01, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:X-626


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Annan shogi

Annan shogi (安南将棋 annan shōgi) also called Korean shogi, is a variant of shogi (Japanese chess). Annan shogi is a popular shogi variant in Japan.

Gameplay
The game is played as standard shogi, except that, when a piece has a friendly piece on the square directly behind it, it has the movement of that piece instead of its own. A variant rule is that a piece may move like any friendly piece that protects it. The setup is somewhat different from standard shogi.

The game should not be confused with Korean chess, a variant of chess that is played in Korea, but which resembles xiangqi (Chinese chess) rather than shogi.

title: Annan shogi


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Michael P. W. Stone

Michael Patrick William Stone (June 2, 1925 – May 18, 1995) was a British-American business executive and federal government administrator. He served as the United States Secretary of the Army between 1989 and 1993.

The following is the official military biography (not copyrighted):

"Michael P. W. Stone was born in London, England, on 2 June 1925. He came to the U.S. in 1929; served in the British Royal Navy during World War II as an aviator with the Fleet Air Arm of the British Royal Navy and was assigned to the British carrier HMS Glory (R62), operating in the Mediterranean and Far East, 1943-1945 (left Royal Navy with rank of temporary acting Sub-Lieutenant in 1945 ), received a B.A. degree from Yale University, 1948; studied at New York University Law School, 1948-1949; founding partner in Sterling International, a paper marketing and manufacturing business, 1950-1964; was vice president of that company and several of its subsidiaries including Sterling Vineyards, 1960-1982; was Director of the U.S. Mission in Cairo, Egypt, of the Agency for International Development, 1982-1985; Director of the Agency for International Development Caribbean Basin Initiative, 1985-1988; was Assistant Secretary of the Army (Financial Management), 27 May 1986-12 May 1988; served concurrently as Acting Under Secretary of the Army, 28 February 1988-23 May 1988; was Under Secretary of the Army and Army Acquisition Executive, 24 May 1988-13 August 1989; while serving as Army Under Secretary, performed the duties of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, 13 May 1989-10 August 1989; was Secretary of the Army, 14 August 1989-19 January 1993; chairman of the board of the Panama Canal Commission, 1990-1993; died in San Francisco, California, 18 May 1995."

Stone attended The Taft School for five years, graduating in 1942. He continued his studies at Yale University, but dropped out to join the Royal Navy. Stone received his flight training in the United States. He returned to Yale after the war to complete his undergraduate degree.

title: Michael P. W. Stone