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Morley College

Morley College is a specialist adult education and further education college in London, England. The college has three main campuses, one in Waterloo on the South Bank, and two in West London namely in North Kensington and in Chelsea, the latter two joining following a merger with Kensington and Chelsea College in 2020. There are also smaller centres part of the college elsewhere. Morley College is also a registered charity under English law. It was originally founded in the 1880s and has a student population of 11,000 adult students (as at 2019). It offers courses in a wide variety of fields, including art and design, fashion, languages, drama, dance, music, health and humanities.

Morley Memorial College for Working Men and Women
In the early 1880s, philanthropist Emma Cons and her supporters took over the Royal Victoria Hall, (the "Old Vic") a boozy, rowdy home of melodrama, and turned it into the Royal Victoria Coffee and Music Hall to provide inexpensive entertainment "purged of innuendo in word and action". The programme included music-hall turns with opera recitals, temperance meetings, and, from 1882, lectures every Tuesday by eminent scientists.

Local enthusiasm for these "penny lectures" and success in attracting substantial philanthropic funding, led in 1889 to the opening of Morley Memorial College for Working Men and Women. The college was founded by an endowment from Samuel Morley, MP for Nottingham and later Bristol. Samuel Morley is buried at Dr Watts' Walk, Abney Park Cemetery, in Stoke Newington, London.

The college was run separately from the Theatre, but held its classes and student meetings back-stage and in the theatre dressing rooms. The two split in the 1920s, when Emma's niece and successor Lilian Baylis raised funds to acquire a separate site nearby. It attracted some intellectual celebrities such as Virginia Woolf.

Around the same time as the founding of Morley College (c.1880s), concern for the education of working people led to the establishment of other institutions in south London such as the forerunner of the South London Gallery.

The original Victorian college building was extended by Sir Edward Maufe in 1937. The Victorian building was destroyed in the Blitz in 1940 but Maufe's 1930s extension survived. The remains of the Victorian building were cleared and a new college building designed by Charles Cowles-Voysey and Brandon Jones was completed in 1958 and opened by Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother. It was decorated with murals by Edward Bawden, John Piper (artist) and Martin Froy. A further bronze curtain-wall extension followed in 1973, designed by John Winter, and another in 1982 clad in corrugates Corten-steel, on the eastern side of King Edward's Walk.

Sloane School
The Sloane School had about 500 boys and was a grammar school on Hortensia Road in Chelsea. It was named after Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), after whom Sloane Square was named in 1771. The school library was opened on 25 November 1931 by Sir Hugh Walpole. It was administered by London County Council. From 1929 until 1961, the headmaster was Guy Boas (9 December 1896 – 26 March 1966), who encouraged much-acclaimed productions of Shakespeare. The school magazine was The Cheynean.

Sloane School merged in 1970 with the nearby Carlyle School, to become Pimlico Comprehensive School, and Pimlico Academy since 2008. The buildings became Chelsea Secondary School. It then became a part of Kensington and Chelsea College in 1990.

Notable alumni

 * Cyril Aldred (1914–1991), art historian
 * Dr Anthony Blowers CBE, Commissioner of the Mental Health Act Commission, 1987–95
 * Geoffrey Bowler, chief general manager of the Sun Alliance & London Insurance Group, 1977–87
 * Frank Branston (1939–2009), journalist
 * Sir Frederick Burden (1905–1987), Conservative MP for Gillingham, 1950–83
 * David Caminer (1915–2008), systems analyst; helped design LEO, the world's first business computer
 * Spartacus Chetwynd (b. 1973), Turner Prize nominee artist
 * John Creasey (1908–1973), writer
 * Andrew Crowcroft, psychiatrist
 * Dr William Davies CBE, Director of the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, 1949–64; President of the British Grassland Society, 1948–49 and 1960–61
 * Tony Dyson
 * Gordon East, professor of geography at Birkbeck, University of London, 1947–70; President of the Institute of British Geographers, 1959–60
 * John Fraser, Labour MP for Norwood, 1966–97
 * Prof Reg Garton, Professor of Spectroscopy at Imperial College London, 1964–79; discovered the quadratic Zeeman structure in atomic spectra; worked on autoionization of atoms
 * Stephen Greif, actor
 * Steve Hackett, musician
 * Johnny Harris, actor
 * Prof Sir Peter Hirsch, Isaac Wolfson Professor of Metallurgy at the University of Oxford, 1966–92
 * Prof E R Huehns, Professor of Haematology at University College London, 1975–90 discovered embryonic haemoglobin
 * George Innes, actor
 * Donald James, born Donald Wheal, author
 * Alan Johnson, Labour MP for Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle since 1997
 * Rhys Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Kilgerran, Liberal
 * Malcolm Macdonald, footballer
 * John Martin-Dye, swimmer at 1960 and 1964 Olympics
 * Col Donald McMillan CB OBE, chairman of Cable & Wireless, 1967–72
 * Sir Bernard Miller, chairman of the John Lewis Partnership, 1955–72
 * Cyril Morgan OBE, secretary of the Institution of Structural Engineers, 1961–82
 * Michael Mullin, lead singer with Modern Romance
 * James Page, CBE, commissioner of the City of London Police, 1971–77
 * Jeremy Spenser, actor
 * Prof James Swarbrick, professor of Pharmaceutics at the University of North Carolina, 1981–93
 * Harry Turner, managing director of Television South West, 1975–92
 * David Wechsler, chief executive of the London Borough of Croydon, 1993–2007
 * Prof Carel Weight CBE (1908–1997), painter and professor of painting at the Royal College of Art, 1957–73

Carlyle School
This was the analogous female school of the Sloane School, a girls' grammar school, whose former buildings became the Sloane School, having been built in 1908. Its buildings were extended in 1937, being officially opened on 4 February 1938. It had a separate governing body from the Sloane School from 1961. It had around 350 girls.

Notable alumni

 * Linda Bassett, actress
 * Mary Harron, Canadian film director; dated Tony Blair, former music critic; screenwriter; directed American Psycho, also co-writing the screenplay, and attended with her sister Martha, both daughters of Don Harron
 * Jacqueline Wheldon (1924–1993), author

Kensington and Chelsea College
Kensington and Chelsea College (KCC) was established in 1990, by the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, from a merger of parts of two former institutions. It initially operated from the former Sloane and Carlyle School buildings in Chelsea (see above) and from centres in North Kensington, South Kensington and Notting Hill, together with an evening class programme in Holland Park School. In 1993, the college became an independent Further Education corporation, following implementation of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.

The college's first three principals each made a distinctive contribution to its development. Michael Baber, the first principal, laid the foundations for its long-term development. He successfully steered the transition from Local Authority College to freestanding Further Education Corporation, including negotiating freehold ownership of previously shared use sites while developing a strategic partnership with the Local Authority (which included providing its adult education programme and partnership in regeneration projects in North Kensington). Under his leadership the college tripled in size, received a positive inspection report and became the first College in inner London to achieve Investors in People recognition. The college's second Principal, Joanna Gaukroger, was the driving force behind the plan to build a flagship centre at the Chelsea site. part funded by sale of some of the existing College estate. She also used her previous experience as an inspector, to help the college achieve a successful inspection at a time when inspection criteria had become more rigorous, as well as expanding the college's vocational programme. Mike Jutsum, the college's third Principal, added a significant new dimension to its work by securing contracts to provide education in prisons and a young offenders institution in West London. This greatly expanded its educational role while also significantly increasing its income. Although the contract wasn't permanent it provided a valuable financial breathing space at a challenging economic time for Colleges nationally. It was during this period that the new Chelsea Centre, set in motion by his predecessor, was completed. The progress achieved in the college's formative years was clearly due to more than a few individuals, however influential they may have been, i.e. to many managers, lecturers and support staff across the college and over many years. The contribution of lecturers in particular is clear from the inspection reports cited above.

In 2016, the borough announced that it had bought the college's Wornington Campus in North Kensington and planned to redevelop the site for housing, causing widespread opposition from the local community. The Grenfell Tower fire the following year caused further issues, as the building was used by survivors of the deadly fire. Further campaigning and criticism of the council led to their sale of the college campus to the government in 2019, at a loss of £18 million. The college's long-term future was secured in February 2020 when it merged with Morley College. This was part of a deal to secure the future of adult and FE education previously provided by KCC. The KCC campuses turned into Morley College campuses.

Campuses and facilities
The main Morley College campus is located in the Waterloo district of London, on the South Bank. Its buildings occupy sites on either side of the boundary between the London boroughs of Southwark and Lambeth. It sits next to Wellington Mills housing estate. From 2017 to 2019 the college underwent extensive refurbishment to the front entrance of the building, including a new foyer and Morley Radio station. Morley college London began offering courses at the Stockwell Centre in September 2017.

Alongside these are the Chelsea Centre on Hortensia Road in the Chelsea/West Brompton district, and the North Kensington Centre (formerly Wornington Centre  ) in North Kensington, both becoming part of Morley College after it merged with Kensington and Chelsea college.

A new Stockwell Centre campus of Morley College close to Stockwell tube station opened in 2017.

Morley Gallery
Morley Gallery opened in 1968 as part of the Arts Centre in Morley College. The Arts Centre, situated in an old pub adjacent to the main College building, has a painting and drawing studio and a print studio on the first, second and third floors. Morley Gallery occupies the whole of the ground floor with six imposing windows facing Westminster Bridge Road and King Edward Walk, London, SE1.

The Gallery shows between eight and twelve exhibitions a year, each exhibition running on average for one month. The annual exhibition programme usually includes exhibitions of painting, printmaking, sculpture, photography, ceramics, textiles, installations, digital and sound art by independent artists and groups. Over the past 40 years many high-profile artists have exhibited in the gallery, including solo exhibitions by Peter Blake Cabinet of Curiosities and several shows by Maggi Hambling including the acclaimed Father.

Morley Gallery is an integral part of college life and there is a strong commitment to exhibit work made by Morley students. For some students, such as Advanced Painting Workshop and Advanced Textile Workshop, exhibiting in the Morley Gallery provides an important part of their academic year.

The Gallery oversees an impressive permanent art collection throughout College. This includes a striking early painting by Bridget Riley in the foyer, a large painting by John Piper in the Gustav Holst auditorium and portraits of the college's principals painted by Maggi Hambling. Miss Hambling has been a highly valued member of the teaching staff at the college since the 1970s.

There is no entrance fee to exhibitions and artists' talks in the gallery are also free of charge.

Music Department
Gustav Holst was music director at the college from 1907 to 1924 and its main music room is named after him.

Michael Tippett was director of music at Morley College from 1940 to 1951. His first connection with the college was as conductor of an orchestra of unemployed musicians, who gave the first performance of one of his best loved early works, the Concerto for Double String Orchestra.

Morley Chamber Choir, the Morley Chamber Orchestra, and Morley College Choir are established music groups within the college.

Notable staff members

 * Cornelius Cardew
 * Margaret Drabble
 * Martino Tirimo
 * John Gardner
 * Walter Goehr
 * Michael Graubart
 * Gustav Holst
 * Anthony Milner
 * Amber Reeves
 * Mátyás Seiber
 * Dorothy Strutt
 * Michael Tippett
 * Ralph Vaughan Williams
 * Virginia Woolf

Drama Department
The Drama department began in the rehearsal rooms of the Old Vic Theatre. Classes continued to be held there as recently as 2004, although most drama classes are now held in the main building at Westminster Bridge Road.

The college was the scene of early experiments in Improv Theatre when Keith Johnstone brought his troupe from the Royal Court Theatre Studio (later to become the Theatre Machine) to demonstrate his ideas to his Contemporary Theatre class. (source "Impro" ISBN 0-413-46430-X)

Courses have included Absolute Beginners Acting, more advanced classes, leading to a year-long auditioned Acting Studio course from which students were expected to go on and write, direct and produce their own theatre.

The department also combined with the education department of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre to teach the "Groundlings on Stage" course.

The Theatre School enjoyed success during the 1980s and early 1990s under the direction of Paul A Thompson (who was resident dramatist with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1977 and with the National Theatre 1977 to 1979) and Brian Croucher (who played a number of roles in TV shows including EastEnders, Blake's 7, Doctor Who, The Bill, Casualty, Doctors and Edge of Darkness).

The Acting Studio was particularly prolific under the tutelage of Craig Snelling, from 1993 to 2005, during which at least a dozen theatre companies were formed which went on to produce plays in various theatres at London Fringe venues.

Companies producing plays in 2005 included: Short and Girlie, Bedlamb, Twice as Loud, Mulabanda Productions, and Acting the Goat.

Notable staff members

 * John Cox
 * Brian Croucher
 * Gustav Holst
 * Ewan Hooper
 * Keith Johnstone
 * Craig Snelling
 * Paul A Thompson

Notable alumni

 * Geoff Bell
 * Johnny Harris
 * Abi Titmuss

Art and Design Department
Morley has specialist art and design studios for ceramics, digital design, fashion design and clothes making, jewellery, sculpture, and printmaking.

title: Morley College


text: Talk:Anchorman: Music from the Motion Picture

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Spondyloperipheral dysplasia

Spondyloperipheral dysplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder of bone growth. The condition is characterized by flattened bones of the spine (platyspondyly) and unusually short fingers and toes (brachydactyly). Some affected individuals also have other skeletal abnormalities, short stature, nearsightedness (myopia), hearing loss, and mental retardation. Spondyloperipheral dysplasia is a subtype of collagenopathy, types II and XI.

Genetics
Spondyloperipheral dysplasia is one of a spectrum of skeletal disorders caused by mutations in the COL2A1 gene, located on chromosome 12q13.11-q13.2. The protein made by this gene forms type II collagen, a molecule found mostly in cartilage and in the clear gel that fills the vitreous humour (the eyeball). Type II collagen is essential for the normal development of bones and other connective tissues (the tissues that form the body's supportive framework).

Mutations in the COL2A1 gene interfere with the assembly of type II collagen molecules. The protein made by the altered COL2A1 gene cannot be used to make type II collagen, resulting in a reduced amount of this type of collagen in the body. Instead of forming collagen molecules, the abnormal protein builds up in cartilage cells (chondrocytes). These changes disrupt the normal development of bones, leading to the signs and symptoms of spondyloperipheral dysplasia.

The disorder is believed to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This indicates that the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome (chromosome 12 is an autosome), and only one copy of the defective gene is sufficient to cause the disorder, when inherited from a parent who has the disorder.

title: Spondyloperipheral dysplasia


text:
Documentary photography

Documentary photography usually refers to a popular form of photography used to chronicle events or environments both significant and relevant to history and historical events as well as everyday life. It is typically undertaken as professional photojournalism, or real life reportage, but it may also be an amateur, artistic, or academic pursuit.

History
The term document applied to photography antedates the mode or genre itself. Photographs meant to accurately describe otherwise unknown, hidden, forbidden, or difficult-to-access places or circumstances date to the earliest daguerreotype and calotype "surveys" of the ruins of the Near East, Egypt, and the American wilderness areas. Nineteenth-century archaeologist John Beasly Greene, for example, traveled to Nubia in the early 1850s to photograph the major ruins of the region. One early documentation project was the French Missions Heliographiques organized by the official Commission des Monuments historiques to develop an archive of France's rapidly disappearing architectural and human heritage; the project included such photographic luminaries as Henri Le Secq, Edouard Denis Baldus, and Gustave Le Gray.

In the United States, photographs tracing the progress of the American Civil War (1861-1865) by photographers for at least three consortia of photographic publisher-distributors, most notably Mathew Brady and Alexander Gardner, resulted in a major archive of photographs ranging from dry records of battle sites to harrowing images of the dead by Timothy O'Sullivan and evocative images by George N. Barnard. A huge body of photography of the vast regions of the Great West was produced by official government photographers for the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (a predecessor of the USGS), during the period 1868–1878, including most notably the photographers Timothy O'Sullivan and William Henry Jackson.

Both the Civil War and USGS photographic works point up an important feature of documentary photography: the production of an archive of historical significance, and the distribution to a wide audience through publication. The US Government published Survey photographs in the annual Reports, as well as portfolios designed to encourage continued funding of scientific surveys.

The development of new reproduction methods for photography provided impetus for the next era of documentary photography, in the late 1880s and 1890s, and reaching into the early decades of the 20th century. This period decisively shifted documentary from antiquarian and landscape subjects to that of the city and its crises. The refining of photogravure methods, and then the introduction of halftone reproduction around 1890 made low cost mass-reproduction in newspapers, magazines and books possible. The figure most directly associated with the birth of this new form of documentary is the journalist and urban social reformer Jacob Riis. Riis was a New York police-beat reporter who had been converted to urban social reform ideas by his contact with medical and public-health officials, some of whom were amateur photographers. Riis used these acquaintances at first to gather photographs, but eventually took up the camera himself. His books, most notably How the Other Half Lives of 1890 and The Children of the Slums of 1892, used those photographs, but increasingly he also employed visual materials from a wide variety of sources, including police "mug shots" and photojournalistic images.

Riis's documentary photography was passionately devoted to changing the inhumane conditions under which the poor lived in the rapidly expanding urban-industrial centers. His work succeeded in embedding photography in urban reform movements, notably the Social Gospel and Progressive movements. His most famous successor was the photographer Lewis Wickes Hine, whose systematic surveys of conditions of child-labor in particular, made for the National Child Labor Commission and published in sociological journals like The Survey, are generally credited with strongly influencing the development of child-labor laws in New York and the United States more generally.

In 1900, Englishwoman Alice Seeley Harris traveled to the Congo Free State with her husband, John Hobbis Harris (a missionary). There she photographed Belgian atrocities against local people with an early Kodak Brownie camera. The images were widely distributed through magic lantern screenings and were critical in changing public perceptions of slavery and eventually forcing Leopold II of Belgium to cede control of the territory to the Belgian government, creating the Belgian Congo.

In the 1930s, the Great Depression brought a new wave of documentary, both of rural and urban conditions. The Farm Security Administration, a common term for the Historical Division, supervised by Roy Stryker, funded legendary photographic documentarians, including Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Russell Lee, John Vachon, and Marion Post Wolcott among others. This generation of documentary photographers is generally credited for codifying the documentary code of accuracy mixed with impassioned advocacy, with the goal of arousing public commitment to social change.

During the wartime and postwar eras, documentary photography increasingly became subsumed under the rubric of photojournalism. Swiss-American photographer Robert Frank is generally credited with developing a counterstrain of more personal, evocative, and complex documentary, exemplified by his work in the 1950s, published in the United States in his 1959 book, The Americans. In the early 1960s, his influence on photographers like Garry Winogrand and Lee Friedlander resulted in an important exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), which brought those two photographers together with their colleague Diane Arbus under the title, New Documents. MoMA curator John Szarkowski proposed in that exhibition that a new generation, committed not to social change but to formal and iconographical investigation of the social experience of modernity, had replaced the older forms of social documentary photography.

In the 1970s and 1980s, a spirited attack on traditional documentary was mounted by historians, critics, and photographers. One of the most notable was the photographer-critic Allan Sekula, whose ideas and the accompanying bodies of pictures he produced, influenced a generation of "new new documentary" photographers, whose work was philosophically more rigorous, often more stridently leftist in its politics. Sekula emerged as a champion of these photographers, in critical writing and editorial work. Notable among this generation are the photographers Fred Lonidier, whose 'Health and Safety Game" of 1976 became a model of post-documentary, and Martha Rosler, whose "The Bowery in Two Inadequate Descriptive Systems" of 1974-75 served as a milestone in the critique of classical humanistic documentary as the work of privileged elites imposing their visions and values on the dis-empowered.

Since the late 1990s, an increased interest in documentary photography and its longer term perspective can be observed. Nicholas Nixon extensively documented issues surrounded by American life. South African documentary photographer Pieter Hugo engaged in documenting art traditions with a focus on African communities. Antonin Kratochvil photographed a wide variety of subjects, including Mongolia's street children for the Museum of Natural History. Fazal Sheikh sought to reflect the realities of the most underprivileged peoples of different third world countries.

Documentary photography vs. photojournalism
Documentary photography generally relates to longer-term projects with a more complex storyline, while photojournalism concerned more breaking news stories. The two approaches often overlap. Some theorists argue that photojournalism, with its close relationship to the news media, is influenced to a greater degree than documentary photography by the need to entertain audiences and market products.

Acceptance by the art world
The art worlds opinion of this type of photography changed markedly in 1967 during curator John Szarkowski's New Documents exhibition at Museum of Modern Art.

Since the late 1970s, the decline of magazine-published photography has led to the vanishing of traditional forums for such work. Many documentary photographers have now focused on the art world and galleries as a way of presenting their work and making a living. Traditional documentary photography has found a place in dedicated photography galleries alongside other artists working in painting, sculpture, and modern media.

title: Documentary photography


text:
Talk:Branches of Wing Chun

Is efficiency better than expression in today's use of martial arts?
I would like to begin by saying that I am a practioner of Ving Tsun Kung Fu for nearly five years, and that I agree with the depiction of the article, especially in regards to describing the system. Now, as the article within states, Wing Chun may stem from assassination techniques for fighting and most definately the economy of movement, but to the Westerner, is efficiency the aim with being a practioner of martial arts? Since martial arts originate out need rather than desire, the initial purpose is for practicality. In modern society, one will have few uses for fighting techniques that demand cutthroat efficiency. After all, you can seriously injure someone. Therefore, it may be important to transform and evolve your Kung Fu or whatever into an expression of oneself rather than an art of killing. But in doing this, does one lose the potency of the traditional uses of Kung Fu and thereby lose some philosophical potency as well? It may be a toss up. Bruce Lee may have been trying to find a balance between all of these martial arts while many masters of Kung Fu say that a single martial art requires two and a half lives to fully understand it. Much of this debate comes down to specialization and differentation, which is the core of both Western and Eastern ideologies. This has been at the core of my inquistion of the martial arts for years; I am anxious to see other opinions.
 * This section is dated for annual archive purposes only. 182.239.159.8 (talk) 10:31, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

Notability
Probably should remove list of notable students unless they have own article, a refernce or at least (for the moment) a link. List's of names just can not be verified. Same is true for branches.Peter Rehse (talk) 04:11, 26 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I've tried that several times over the years, but it usually meets a slew of anonymous ip's adding more or yet more going around in circles on the discussion page. As far as the branches, all the ones currently listed are covered in the Complete Wing Chun book reference, and I know they've been covered in New Martial Hero and other KF mags over the years. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 00:38, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Point taken - I've inlined the references and done a bit of clean up but will refrain from any slash and burn of styles and students. It would be good if the references could be expanded since if we use that criteria now for removal there would be nothing left.Peter Rehse (talk) 06:16, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

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Pan Nam photo
I have added a photo of Pan Nam under his lineage because he does not have a wikipedia article even though he is famous, there are no news sources other than mentions of him on club websites. Australianblackbelt (talk) 16:47, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Branches of Wing Chun


text:
Vehicle registration plates of France

Vehicle registration plates are mandatory number plates used to display the registration mark of a vehicle registered in France. They have existed in the country since 1901. It is compulsory for most motor vehicles used on public roads to display them.

In French, vehicle registration plates are called plaques d'immatriculation or plaques minéralogiques. The latter makes a reference to the national mining administration, which was responsible for issuing the plates in the early 20th century.Since 1901, various systems have been successively introduced, the most recent dating from 2009. The registration plates issued since 2009 use a XX-NNN-ZZ format, composed of a series of 7 alphanumeric characters: 2 letters, 3 numbers, and then 2 letters (e.g. AB-126-FD). This format is monitored nationwide and car plates are permanent and attached to a single vehicle from its first registration to its disposal. As such, car plates do not need to be changed if the car is sold or if the owner moves to another region within France.

Cars bought before 2009 can still bear the old format, dating from 1950, if the owner has not moved to a different département since then. Unlike the new one, the 1950 format is geographical. Until 2009, car plates had to be changed whenever the owner moved to another département or bought a car from a person living in a different département. The 1950 format uses a N X NN format, composed of a series of one to four numbers, one to three letters and a two-digit code corresponding to the département where the car is registered. The international code for French plates is "F" (France).

SIV
Called système d'immatriculation des véhicules ("vehicle registration system"), shortened to SIV, the current scheme was adopted in France in 2009 (15 April for new vehicles; 15 October for second-hand ones). It was inspired by the "AA-111-AA" format that was successfully adopted in Italy in 1994. Under the SIV scheme, car plates are permanent and do not need to be changed if the car owner sells it or moves to a different region.

The SIV system was adopted to ease vehicle registration and law enforcement on roads because it is fully monitored by computer and administered nationwide. The SIV database can easily be combined with other computer files. The SIV was also implemented to replace the 1950 format, which was running out of character combinations. Had it been maintained, it would have been completely exhausted by 2025 for Paris, the most populous French département. The SIV scheme started in 2004 for motorcycles with an engine capacity under 50 cc. However, these vehicles carry plates with fewer characters, such as AA-11-A.

Due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the introduction of the new plates was postponed from 1 January 2009 until 15 April 2009 for all new cars. It was again postponed until 15 October 2009 for all other vehicles due to computer bugs in the SIV system.

Colour and dimensions
Registration plates issued after 2009 must be displayed in accordance with the 9 February 2009 Order (Arrêté du 9 février 2009). They must be made of reflex-reflecting material, white at the front and rear, with black non-reflecting characters. Characters may be displayed on one or two lines. The industry standard size number plate is 520 x or 520 x if it includes a horizontal cartouche to display information about the car dealer. The left side of the plate must contain a blue band with the letter F for France under the stars of the European flag. A similar band must be present on the right side to display a department code and the symbol of the region where the département is located.

The positioning of the characters on the plate is fully regulated but there is no official typeface. The law provides guidelines: characters must be sans serif, monospaced and without any opening on closed characters.

In some cases, colours may vary. Vehicles registered as classic cars can carry black plates with silver or white characters and without the blue bands on the sides. Vehicles in transit on French territory must carry a red plate with white characters. Instead of the regional code, the right hand band displays the expiry date of the plate. Vehicles purchased in the free trade zones of Gex and Savoie also carry red plates, but with the regional code. Diplomatic vehicles carry green plates with orange or white characters. Vehicles owned by the French Forces and Civilian Elements stationed in Germany (FFECSA) carry a pale blue plate with white characters.

Motorcycles and mopeds have to display a rear plate. Motorcycle plates have the same colour and general design as the usual vehicle plates.

Numbering
Under the SIV system, registration plates contain seven alphanumeric characters: two letters, a dash, three numbers, a dash and two letters, such as AA-229-AA and no such series as AI-111-AA, AO-111-AA and AU-111-AA. The system is nationwide and chronological. The first car registered in France under the SIV, a Mazda 6 station wagon, received a AA-001-AA registration plate, the second one AA-002-AA, the third AA-003-AA. The system will be exhausted when ZZ-999-ZZ is reached, which is scheduled to occur after 80 years of use.

The numbering system goes as follows:
 * AA-001-AA to AA-999-AA (numbers evolve first);
 * AA-001-AB to AA-999-AZ (then the last letter on the right);
 * AA-001-BA to AA-999-ZZ (then the first letter on the right);
 * AB-001-AA to AZ-999-ZZ (then the last letter on the left);
 * BA-001-AA to ZZ-999-ZZ (then the first letter on the left).

The SIV format provides $$((23 \times 23) - 2) \times 999 \times ((23 \times 23) - 1)$$, or 277,977,744, different combinations. This figure excludes three letters that are not used: I, O and U, as they can be confused with 1, 0 and V, respectively. It also excludes the SS combination because it is reminiscent of the Nazi organisation and WW in the first group of letters as it indicates a temporary plate. Other combinations of letters that were avoided in the previous system because they sounded vulgar to French speakers, such as KK, PD, PQ, QQ, and WC, were included in the SIV.

The SIV system does not provide special plates for the government, army, police or any other organisation that had such plates under the previous system. Their vehicles display regular registration plates. The only exception concern temporary plates, which start with WW, and demonstration cars at car dealers, whose plates start with W.

Regional codes
As it is nationwide, the SIV system does not use geographical codes as did the previous system. At first, it was not planned to display the departments' codes on the new plates. Because of that, the new format encountered strong opposition. Parliamentarians from both the majority and opposition lobbied at the National Assembly to keep what they saw as a part of national identity. In 2008, several months before the SIV system was implemented, the Minister of the Interior acknowledged the attachment French people had to their départements and decided to add a blue band on the right to display geographical codes.

As it is not used for administrative purposes, car owners can choose the code of the département they want, no matter where they reside. The code must be displayed together with the symbol of the corresponding region. It is forbidden to display the symbol of a region the chosen département does not belong to. The département code may be changed at any time without any change in the registration documents.

The département codes are also used for other purposes, such as statistics and postcodes. They contain two numbers, such as 05 for Hautes-Alpes or 67 for Bas-Rhin. Some exceptions exist however. The two départements of Corsica, Corse-du-Sud and Haute-Corse, use 2A and 2B because they were only created in 1976 when the Corse département (20) was split in two. The overseas départements have three-digit codes, starting with 97, which was originally the single code for them all. For instance, the code for Guadeloupe is 971 and the one for Martinique is 972.

Shortly before the introduction of the system, French regions were asked which symbol they wanted to represent them on car plates. The vast majority chose their logos, except Alsace which opted for its coat of arms and Brittany and Corsica which chose their flags.

FNI
Before the introduction of the current format in 2009, French cars were registered under the FNI system (Fichier National des Immatriculations, "National Car Registration Record"). The FNI format was adopted in 1950 and amended several times due to its long operating life.

Vehicle owners had to re-register their vehicle if they relocated permanently to another département. There used to be an annual tax on cars, called the vignette, whose rate depended on the département. This tax now exists only for corporate-owned vehicles (and there exist exemptions for small numbers of vehicles); it is thus no longer important to know the department of a car on sight. Furthermore, computerised files allow large national databases to be maintained without the need for them to be split at local level.

A side effect of the vehicle tax system was that many corporations registered their vehicles in departments, such as Oise (60), with lower rates. Regulations aimed at preventing such schemes were passed in 1999.

Colour and dimensions
As with the SIV format, plates issued under the FNI system were closely regulated by law. They had to meet a number of requirements about size, shape, colour, typeface and material. From the adoption of the format in 1950 until its withdrawal in 2009, several laws and orders came to modify regulations on plates. For instance, the blue band with the European stars and the letter F was introduced in 1998 and became compulsory on new plates in 2004.

At the beginning, plates were black with white or silver characters. Reflective plates were introduced in 1963 but only became compulsory on new cars in 1993. The new plates had to be white on the front and yellow on the rear until 2007, when white rear plates were allowed.

Numbering
The FNI format was chronological, as is the SIV system. It was also regional, which means that it evolved independently in each département. Registration plates contained from 4 to 8 alphanumeric characters split into three parts by spaces. The first space could be omitted on registration plates issued after 1996.

 * First part: one to four numbers;
 * Second part: one to three letters;
 * Third part: the code for departments.

Numbering went as follows: numbers evolved first, starting from 1, until they reached 999. Then letters evolved. The first car registered in Paris had a 1 A 75 car plate, and the second one 2 A 75. Once 999 A 75 had been reached, the following car was registered under 1 B 75. The format would have been exhausted in Paris once 999 ZZZ 75 had been reached.

The following chronology summarises the numbering system. Most of the départements chose to have four numbers on their plates once the letters reached QA, in order to have more combinations available. The "00" at the end stands for the geographical code.
 * 1 A 00 to 999 Z 00;
 * 1 AA 00 to 999 PZ 00;
 * 1 QA 00 to 9999 ZZ 00;
 * 1 AAA 00 to 999 ZZZ 00.

Numbers from 1 to 10 and numbers identical to the département code (such as 24 VQ 24) were not used after 1976. As with the SIV system, The letters I and O were never used because they could be confused with other characters, like 1 and 0. U was excluded as well in 1984, similar to the letter V, but some départements issued registration plates containing that letter until 1991. The letter O was exceptionally used on official cars at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville. Such cars had registration plates with figures between 1 JO 73 and 9999 JO 73. "JO" stands for Jeux olympiques while "73" is the code for Savoie where the games took place. Offensive letter combinations, for instance SS, PD, PQ, QQ, KK or WC, were avoided by some départements either because of historical reasons or because they sound vulgar to French speakers. In the same way, Haute-Garonne did not deliver car plates with "AZF" after the tragic explosion of the AZF factory in Toulouse in 2001. MMM, MMW, MWM and MWW were withdrawn in 1994 because they needed too much space on plates.

Bearing in mind that only 23 letters were used by the format and that most of the départements used four numbers after reaching QA, the number of car plates that the FNI format provides can be estimated at: (999 × 22) + (999 × 14 × 23) + (9988 × 9 × 23) + (988 × 21 × 23 × 23) = 13,386,864. This figure does not take into account avoided letter and number combinations.

Regional codes
Under the FNI system, the code of the département was placed at the right of the registration plate. The codes are part of the Community Identification Number known in France as Code officiel géographique and are not only used for car registration but also in postcodes, statistics and for many other purposes.

Each code consists of two digits except for Corse-du-Sud and Haute-Corse (2A and 2B) and the overseas departments where the identifier consists of 3 digits (in the series 971 to 978), the first two digits were often stacked on plates to save space.

Between 1950 and 2009, France experienced some territorial changes which reflected on regional codes. Algeria was part of France until 1962 and French Algeria was also divided into départements. They had their own codes which were used on plates the same way as in the rest of France: Alger 91, Oran 92, Constantine 93 and the Southern Territories 94. Bône was created in 1955 and received 99. Several new départements were created in 1956–1958 as France was struggling with independence movements in the Algerian War. The new départements used codes such as 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, etc. After the independence of the country, French car plates were no longer used there and Algerian codes became obsolete.

In 1968, two départements in the Paris region were split into smaller ones because of the growing population. 75, which had been the code for Seine, was attributed to Paris and 78 (Seine-et-Oise) to Yvelines. Newly created départements were Essonne (91), Hauts-de-Seine (92), Seine-Saint-Denis (93), Val-de-Marne (94) and Val-d'Oise (95). Most of them received numbers that had previously been allocated to the départements in French Algeria.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon, now a self-governing overseas collectivity with its own registration plates, was a proper département between 1976 and 1985. As such, it could have had FNI format car plates but it always kept its own local format.

Permanent special plates
Unlike the SIV system, the FNI comprised many special plates.

The state public services, such as the National Police (Police nationale), had special plates that comprised the département code; a letter to indicate in which area the vehicle was authorised to travel (D for the département, R for the region, N for the national territory, E for the European Union); a dash; four numbers from 1001 to 9999; and a letter.

The French Armed Forces (Forces armées françaises), including the National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) had a different registration plate with: a number to identify the army unit (2 for Gendarmerie, 6 for the Army (Armée de terre), 7 for the Air Force (Armée de l'air), 7 for the Navy (Marine nationale) and 8 for the General Services); two digits to identify the year of car registration (01 for 2001); a number to identify the type of vehicle (1 for cars and coaches, 3 for lorries, etc.) and four numbers from 0001 to 9999. Registration plates bore the symbol of the army unit the vehicle belonged to, for instance a black anchor on a French flag for the Navy.

The Paris Fire Brigade (Brigade des sapeurs-pompiers de Paris), although part of the Armed Forces, had different plates with letters to identify the type of vehicle, for instance PS for first aid, followed by numbers. The Marseille Naval Fire Battalion (Bataillon de marins-pompiers de Marseille) used regular plates with the Bouches-du-Rhône département code, while the one in Brest used similar plates as the Navy.

In Paris, RATP buses used special registration plates with only four numbers until March 2003, when standard registration plates were adopted.

Diplomatic cars used green plates with orange or white lettering, depending on the series. Plates comprised one to three numbers identifying the embassy or the international organisation; letters identifying the status (C for consulates, CD for embassies, CMD for ambassadors, K for technical staff); and a series of numbers.

Agricultural vehicles had white or yellow plates with black lettering. They contained one to five numbers identifying the farm and the département code. Several vehicles belonging to the same farm could share the same figures.

German military staff in France used black plates with white characters. Registration plates started with DF followed by a number identifying the headquarters area (0 to 3 for Paris, 4 for Var and 6 to 9 for Strasbourg) and three numbers between 000 and 999.

Vehicles owned by the French Forces and Civilian Elements stationed in Germany (FFECSA) carried a pale blue plate with silver characters. Plates contained a number from 0 to 9; a number identifying the headquarters area (0 for the Comptoir de l'Économat, 1 Baden-Baden, 2 Freiburg im Breisgau, 3 Landau-Pfalz, etc.); a dash; and four numbers between 1001 and 9999.

The President of France could use registration plates ending with PR 75, for instance 9999 PR 75.

Temporary plates
As with the SIV system, the FNI allowed temporary plates for car dealers and mechanics. They contained one to four numbers, the two letters WW and the département code. Some départements used an extra letter after WW. Monaco could use these plates but with a blue background, white lettering and MC instead of the département code.

Duty-free cars purchased abroad or in the free trade zones of Gex and Savoie used red plates with white or silver characters. They contained one to three numbers; three letters between TAA and TZZ; a département code; and an expiry date. Cars bought outside the European Union and registered in Gex and Savoie had plates with five numbers; TT; and a letter identifying the free zone (Q for Savoie and W for Gex). They did not have an expiry date as they were valid as long as the owner resided in a free zone.

First attempts
The very first attempt to register vehicles in France date from the 18th century. In 1749, a Marechaussee officer from Paris suggested a system of vehicle identification to Louis XV. His idea only concerned Paris, where crimes were numerous in the streets. No decision was taken until 1783, when Louis XVI required coachmen to put a metal plate with their name and address on their carriage.

In the 19th century, several French cities implemented local registration systems for carriages. For instance in Lyon, they had to bear a plate with a number to cross the Parc de la Tête d'Or. In 1893, it became mandatory for all cars and carriages in France to have a plate with the name and address of the owner. Registration documents, called carte grise ("grey card"), were created in 1899.

1901
Following the rapid development of the motor vehicle at the end of the 19th century, French authorities adopted a nationwide registration system in 1901. The 11 September 1901 Circular created a regional system and registration plates contained three numbers followed by a letter identifying a region. In 1899, the Mining Administration had been chosen to approve car engines, and it logically had to attribute the new plates. The administration decided to use its regional mapping and attributed a letter to each of its districts. Each district comprised up to ten départements. They were only used by the Mining Administration and they have nothing to do with present-day French regions.

The system did not offer a wide range of combinations, even if regions could begin a second series of three numbers once they had reached 999 with the first one. The identifying letter had to be doubled to show that a car plate belonged to the second series.

To anticipate any shortage, three regions obtained a second letter in 1904: O for Nancy, K for Poitiers and V for Marseille. Regions were allowed to begin new series of three numbers in 1905. The new ones were distinguished from the original ones by a number between 2 and 9 added after the letter. 1 was probably avoided because it could have been confused with another character such as the I. As Paris was still running up of combinations, four-digit series were allowed locally in 1910.

Temporary registration plates for vehicles for sale were created in 1909. They had the letter W instead of the regional code.

1919
In 1919, regions were reorganised. Some disappeared while other ones were created. After its reversion to France following World War I, Alsace-Lorraine became the Strasbourg region in 1922. Until then, cars in that region had continued to use German plates with the regional code VI.

1928

In 1928, a new system was adopted to replace the first one. It retained its regional characteristic but greatly widened geographic codes. Under the 1928 system, each département obtained its own codes consisting of two letters. The least populated, for instance Cantal and Haute-Loire, received only one code (here CZ and JZ respectively), while most of the départements received several ones. Seine, the most populous one, received several dozen new codes.

The new codes did not use the letters I and O (because they could be confused with the numbers 1 and 0) or W (which was reserved for use on provisional plates). Double letters and letter combinations that designated countries, such as GB for Great Britain, were also avoided. Blocks of codes were allocated to the départements following (for the most part) the alphabetical order of their names. The first département, Ain, thus received AB, AC, AD, and AE, while the last, Yonne, received ZU, ZV and ZY.

As the system lasted only 22 years, a lot of the départements never used all of their codes. Isère, for instance, was allocated HK, HL, HM, HN, HP, and HQ but used only HK.

Registration plates issued after 1928 were similar to the older ones, with one to four numbers followed by the two-letter code. This code could be in turn followed by a number from 1 to 9 for the same purpose as in the 1901 system. The first car registered in Paris obtained 1 RB, and when 999 RB had been reached the following car obtained 1 RB1.

Temporary plates for vehicles in transit on the French territory were created in 1933. They used TT instead of the geographical code. Diplomatic plates were first issued in 1936. They were in dark yellow with white lettering.

Initially planned to last 75 years, the system was withdrawn in 1950. The following format kept the geographical structure but identified départements with numbers rather than letters, allowing a greater range of combinations.

Overseas territories
Overseas territories of France do not have the same system as continental France, unlike the overseas départements. Overseas territories have diverse statuses and enjoy a large autonomy. They are French Polynesia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy, New Caledonia, the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF) and Clipperton Island.

 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon: white front plate and white or yellow rear plate with black lettering. Contains SPM followed by one to three digits and a letter.
 * Saint Barthélemy: white front plate and white or yellow rear plate with black lettering. Contains one to three digits and a letter.
 * Saint Martin: white front and rear plates. Contains four digits, a dash and three letters.
 * New Caledonia: white front and rear plate with black lettering. Contains one to six digits followed by NC.
 * French Polynesia: white front plate and yellow black plate or black plates with silver lettering. One to six digits followed by P.
 * French Southern and Antarctic Lands: two digits indicating the year the car was built followed by the four last digits of the serial number of the car. Registration plates are only in use on Kerguelen Islands and are imported from Réunion. They are regular French plates, white with the European strip and the number and symbol of Réunion
 * Wallis and Futuna: white front plate and yellow black plate or black plates with silver lettering. Contains one to four digits followed by WF.

==Diplomatic codes (pre-2009) ==

title: Vehicle registration plates of France


text:
Baby video

Baby videos are educational tool which can be used for teaching babies as young as six months by introducing the alphabet, different sights, shapes and colors, numbers and counting. Baby videos can be used for helping babies learn important educational skills, comprehension, introduction to the environment, as well as music. Some parents use baby videos to help develop their children's motor skills and open their young minds to the world. Certain preschools, educators and caregivers find baby videos to be a useful tool, but medical professionals have yet to determine whether or not baby videos are beneficial to children or not.

Several baby videos are available on the market today. They include videos which introduce letters, music videos, or videos that teach babies to communicate when they are young such as signing videos.

The biggest benefit of digital media in early childhood education is the ability to expose children to the world during their “Why?” phase. Digital media will help explain things to children that parents may not have the ability to.

History
The earliest forms of entertainment for children were usually meant to be educational. The very first television program that was tailored to children specifically was the BBC’s Children’s Hour, which was first broadcast in 1946 The United States followed suit in 1947 by airing Kukla, Fran, and Ollie, a show featuring puppets which ran for 10 years''. Howdy Doody and Captain Kangaroo'' soon followed, and both ran for over 12 years. The shows that were being broadcast for children were successful, but not necessarily educational. Later on in the 1960s and 1970s, television shows for children began to change pace. Not only were the shows being released entertaining and loved by children, but they were also educational. Shows like Sesame Street, Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood, and Schoolhouse Rock! began to gain popularity. These shows’ target audiences were intended to be children in general without a specific age group.

In 1997 the Baby Einstein Company released its first video Baby Einstein. This was the first educational video targeted specifically to infants. The release of this particular brand of educational videos was very successful, and impactful. The New York Times published in 2003 that 32% of all new babies born in the United States owned a Baby Einstein video. There was a surge of educational media targeted towards infants and babies after the initial release of Baby Einstein. Television shows such as Teletubbies and Classical Baby were introduced. An entire television network dedicated to infant education called Baby First TV was also created.

Thousands of baby oriented educational videos can be found on YouTube, teaching lessons about shapes, colors, numbers, etc. to babies specifically. Mother Goose Club is a YouTube channel devoted to educating infants and toddlers through the use of nursery rhymes. Mobile app developers have also seen the profitability of infant oriented media, and there are now hundreds of mobile applications specifically tailored to educate infants.

Impact
The educational videos babies are exposed to could actually be harming them. Exposing babies to screens, could take away time that could be used for other things like exploring, interacting, playing, and actively learning. During the first two years, babies are beginning to develop intellectual, social, and emotional skills that are needed in life. If used correctly, these videos could possibly benefit a child's development. Babies are also learning language during the first two years which is a vital part of childhood development. Children could develop language skills by watching videos as they will begin to mimic the TV characters who talk to them.

Some researchers say that babies rarely benefit from digital media exposure while others say it's beneficial for their development. In some cases, babies show higher vocabulary from media. It's difficult for parents to determine how much their child is actually learning from the videos.

Criticism
The use of baby videos is not without criticism. Frederick Zimmerman and Dimitri Christakis of the University of Washington published a study in 2007 that called the positive learning effect of the videos questionable, and say that they may in fact limit the language learning abilities of toddlers. They claim babies are drawn to the videos due to the rapid scene changes causing an orienting reflex.

Studies have “found that children exposed to educational programs were more aggressive in their interactions.” Educational programs are not only introducing young children to pro-education and pro-social goals, but the conflict between characters is often depicted with characters being unkind to each other or using aggressive actions with each other. The research claims that educational programs are by extension teaching these aggressive tendencies that are being shown in conflict development and that the young children are absorbing this information. This means while teaching them conflict resolution the shows are also teaching children how to behave while in a conflict, which in most cases is harsh and unkind.

Another aspect of educational programs focuses on how it takes away from the communicating opportunities between child and parent. A study shows the uses of book reading, toy playing, and co-TV viewing to study how well communication between parents and children were conducted. “Although not better than books, toy playing was significantly better than shared TV viewing at encouraging communication”. The study found that TV did not allow for much communication, but when there was communication it was relatively unrelated to what the toddler had asked or said. This is seen as a hindrance to the child's chance to learn. Educational programs are seen as a hindrance to young children in the aspect of learning due to the poor communication that is had between parent and child.

One study states that “until about age 2, studies show that young children can't cognitively comprehend what's being said and retain that information”. “Television-viewing also fosters less parent-child interaction, cutting down on what experts call “talk time,” in which a child hears lots of vocabulary words that in turn help develop their language abilities”. With no educational value being learned before the age of two and the lack of “talk time” that comes with educational programs this research shows the underside of educational television.

title: Baby video


text:
Wikipedia:ISP contact information

Regional WHOIS sources

 * ARIN IPs only. Note: If an IP belongs to an entity outside of the North American region, ARIN will tell you what RIR to consult.

Abuse reporting

 * abuse.net URLs only. Note: If there is nothing in their database, they offer the default postmaster@URL address.

 * spamcop.net URLs and IPs, requires free registration (or use BugMeNot)

title: Wikipedia:ISP contact information


text:
Talk:Mani pulite

Missing PCI Information
This page fails to mention how the Italian Communist Party, or at that time PCI, emerged with an intact reputation from this. One of the big criticisms that was leveled against Di Pietro was how the left seemed unscathed by the corruption charges according to critics like Berlusconi. On the italian version of the page it references Marzio Barbagli and Uberto Gatti's book Crime in Italy detailing how "the PCI-Pds emerged relatively unscathed from the scandals. The PCI had fewer opportunities to benefit from the bribe system, either because it was excluded from the central government, or because it could rely on other means of financing." Adding this would provide a better understanding of the Right's criticisms of the politicization of the Judiciary, and potentially beter explain feelings regarding corruption in Italy. User:Bgrus22

Comment
This page is not objective at all. Mani Pulite had even negative sides or anyways lots of reasons to be criricized. None of those is exposed in the article. I'll come on this in a fey days.

The final bit of article, is the worst part of it, such sentences as:

"After Berlusconi's victory in 2001, the gradual campaign against judges reached the point where it is not only openly acceptable to criticize judges for having carried out Mani pulite, but it has become increasingly difficult to broadcast opinions favorable to Milan's pool."

Do need arguments to be supported.

On overall this article is the most single-viewed, politicized piece of information, I've seen on Wikipedia. It's a shame.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.140.22.73 (talk) 08:27, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * - i've deleted it since it's just not true

 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by Domino89~enwiki (talk) 08:27, 30 August 2005 (UTC))

Actually, the text you quote describes just what's happened...and you demonstrate it. Nowadays, a large part of the Italian people consider the whole Mani Pulite as a "judges' attempt at a coup d'état". It is therefore true, that spreading opinions favorable to the pool is nowadays difficult, as you may easily be dubbed as "giustizialista" or accused to be biased. It also true that Berlusconi's influence on the media has had a significant role in the public opinion change of views about Mani Pulite, as the main critics have come from (but not only) Berlusconi's brother's newspaper Il Giornale (which gave great relevance to all the accusations hurled against Di Pietro in the '90s, see Marco travaglio's book "La Scomparsa Dei Fatti" for reference).

I agree that the article could be improved, it currently misses the exact critics expressed during these years against the judges, but I don't think it is as biased as you point out. As far as I know, it is true that all accusations against Di Pietro have been withdrawn, while on the other hand the article fails to include important information on how the single trials against Berlusconi have ended (most of the times in an ambiguous way).

Franco —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.253.174.2 (talk) 10:13, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

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Absolutely cretinous explanation
Where are the explanations of the details of the corrupt activities? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.101.25.88 (talk) 05:25, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

"In 1994, Silvio Berlusconi entered politics by storm and won the elections. Many think that this move was to preserve his many industries from possible corruption charges. This suspicion was reinforced on February 11, when Silvio Berlusconi's brother, Paolo, admitted to corruption crimes. On July 13, 1994, the Berlusconi government made a new law to avoid jail time for most corruption crimes. The law was carefully timed as Italy had defeated Bulgaria in the 1994 Football World Cup's semifinals, and it is likely that the government expected to exploit an eventual victory to pass the law under silence in a football-crazy country. However, as Roberto Baggio shot high the last penalty against Brazil, and the news was showing images of hated, corrupt politicians getting out of jail, the public opinion became enraged; the images of Francesco De Lorenzo, former minister of Health, were especially striking, since the general public perceived stealing money from hospitals an especially hateful act."

I did not cancel this part because I want to let it as testification: is it really possible to believe that a government puts forward a law because a soccer match between Italy and Bulgaria is playing? Judge by yourselves

Giovanni Falcone
I can't see the link between the Clean Hands scandal and the death of the anti-Mafia judge Giovanni Falcone. Falcone's prime focus was the Mafia, not the political establishment (although he was of course aware of links between the two). It's not clear from the article what links there were between the corruption in politics and the Mafia that might explain why Giovanni is referenced in this article and I suggest that some more information is added (along with a general clean-up as suggested above). Furrypop (talk) 07:15, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Citation needed
All the page is without a single cite... and given it should be based on a trial, that looks very strange. I do not feel this is really objective at all given that in the current state most of the article could be made up. It states many people are corrupted without giving a direct citation of the source, isn't this very bad? Even if it is "public domain" that those people are corrupted, Wikipedia should report real facts and not "common thinking". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.32.52.42 (talk) 21:09, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Style
I'm going to try to put at least some of this into better English over the next few days; but I don't know enough about the subject to alter anything factual, so I'm really going to limit myself strictly to style and syntax. Hopefully that will be okay with people. 81.108.180.242 (talk) 17:14, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

not objective
The page is not objective at all, it describes conjectures and not actual facts. I'm not saying such conjectures aren't true but they are not presented in the right way as should be in an encyclopedia with references to facts (for example trials dates and imputations, quotes,...) and political opinions are also evident in sentences like "Many think that" "it is likely that" "Some blame" "Furthermore, the intricate nature of Italian laws allowed cunning lawyers to use many delaying tactics" which should at least need a quote or the reference from a newspaper article. The page also oversimplifies many aspects of at least twelve years of the Italian political history, the Italian laws and the Italian public opinion in at least twelve years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.16.22.33 (talk) 22:17, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Mani pulite. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120205195441/http://www.romacivica.net/anpiroma/larepubblica/repubblica8.htm to http://www.romacivica.net/anpiroma/larepubblica/repubblica8.htm

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Statutory Term Strategy
This whole section does not have one citation and it seems too opinionated. "Some blame Berlusconi's power in media as having played a role in this change or the inability of the opposite parties to gain the consent of the conservative electors." This sentence is a vague statement that also needs sources to prove its legitimacy. --Mhammel14 (talk) 19:37, 30 August 2016 (UTC) Mhammel14 (talk) 19:37, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mani pulite


text:
Chugach State Park

Chugach State Park covers 495,204 acres (2,004 square kilometers) covering a hilly region immediately east of Anchorage, in south-central Alaska.

Established by legislation signed into law on August 6, 1970, by Alaska Governor Keith Miller, this state park was created to provide recreational opportunities, protect the scenic value of the Chugach Mountains and other geographic features, and ensure the safety of the water supply for Anchorage. The park, managed by Alaska State Parks, is the third-largest state park in the United States, and consists of geographically disparate areas each with different attractions and facilities. Only Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in California and Wood-Tikchik State Park in western Alaska are larger. Though primarily in the Municipality of Anchorage, a small portion of the park north of the Eklutna Lake area in the vicinity of Pioneer Peak lies within the Matanuska-Susitna Borough.

Hunting and fishing are permitted in the Chugach under regulations established by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game for game management unit 14c. Target practice is not allowed within the park boundaries.

Eklutna Lake
The Lakeside Trail travels 12.7 mi along the shores of Eklutna Lake until it reaches the mile-long Eklutna Glacier Trail that leads in short order to the moraines at the foot of the colossal blue ice of Eklutna Glacier. In the summer, travelers go on foot, by mountain bike, ATV or on horseback, past the lake by way of largely flat trail to the glacier. A traverse with three huts maintained by the Mountaineering Club of Alaska begins at the end of the trail and heads over the tops of the Eklutna, Whiteout, Eagle and Raven glaciers, and ends 31 mi away at Crow Pass near Girdwood on the opposite side of the park. In wintertime, trail users are able to travel the same route by snowmobile (snowmachine), snowshoes or cross-country skis as permitted by regulation and weather conditions. As most of the trail is an old roadbed, the trail is a popular winter destination for skijoring and dogsledding. There are two remote campgrounds in the area in addition to a frontcountry campground open during the summer. Two public use cabins are available for rent on the Lakeside Trail. Non-motorized boats, and boats with an electric motor, are allowed on Eklutna Lake. The tallest point in the park, Bashful Peak, towers over the lake at a height of 8,005 ft. Bush planes are able to land on the far (southern) side of Eklutna Lake at the unpaved Bold Airstrip. North of Eklutna, the southern summit of Pioneer Peak can be reached from Knik River Road via the Pioneer Ridge Trail beginning outside the park boundaries in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough.

Visitors to Eklutna Lake have the opportunity to experience a variety of plant life at different elevations. Dense forests, characteristically of white spruce (Picea glauca), paper birch (Betula papyrifera) and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), dominate the lower elevations. Ferns, mushrooms, and wildflowers such as dwarf dogwood (Cornus canadensis), fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), and the parasitic northern groundcone (Boschniakia rossica) of the broomrape family cover the forest floor. At higher elevations wildflowers such as mountain avens (Dryas octopetala) and the Alaska state flower, the alpine forget-me-not (Myosotis alpestris), grow in profusion. The alpine milkvetch (Astragalus alpinus), bog wintergreen (Pyrola asarifolia) and wild geranium (Geranium erianthum) predominate on lower slopes, while further up the nootka lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis), coastal paintbrush (Castilleja unalaschcensis), prickly saxifrage (Saxifraga tricuspidata), the poisonous yellow anemone (Anemone richardsonii) and eventually the mosses of the tundra will reward hikers. Berry picking is popular in late summer and early fall. Highbush cranberries (Viburnum edule), lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), northern redcurrants (Ribes triste) and bog blueberries (Vaccinium uliginosum) grow along the lower trails. Dwarf blueberries (Vaccinium caepitosum), alpine bearberries (Arctostaphylos alpina) and crowberries (Empetrum nigrum) are found higher up. Correctly identifying berries before consuming them is important as some species are poisonous.

Eagle River
A non-profit organization in association with the park operates the Eagle River Nature Center which exhibits interpretive information on wildlife and geological features. The basin of the Eagle River can be accessed by the nearby Albert Loop Trail which passes through three miles (five kilometers) of mixed forests and leads to a river fed by glaciers hidden in the surrounding mountains. At those times in the fall when the park's ursine residents are using the area for their fishing purposes, the trail is closed so as to lessen bear-human interactions. In addition, the Rodak Nature Trail leads to a beaver and salmon viewing deck. From the trail red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) can be seen as they spawn, especially in August. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos ssp.) often feed on salmon in shallow water between the beaver dams. Hundreds of black bears (Ursus americanus) likewise live in the park. Area streams are excellent for birding as well. The American dipper (Cinclus mexicanus) can be seen during the winter months, which birders will also find a successful time to listen for the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) and boreal owl (Aegolius funereus). Visitors can rent yurts and cabins along the Eagle River in order to spend time out exploring the scenery and wildlife in the area. Camping is available at the Eagle River Campground.

The Historic Iditarod Trail (or Crow Pass Trail) also passes by the nature center. This popular trail travels 28 mi through the park connecting Eagle River and Girdwood as it traverses the Chugach Mountains. It affords incredible views and wildlife viewing opportunities. Even along the first view miles, hikers often see hoary marmots (Marmota caligata) and Arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii), and occasionally mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) or Dall sheep (Ovis dalli). Hoary marmots live in alpine meadows, often adjacent to boulders or talus. These furry creatures hibernate from mid-September until April or early May. In summer, they can be heard making long whistle warning calls. Mountain goats and their kids and Dall sheep with lambs can be seen feeding on slopes above the trail during the late spring and summer. Although easily mistaken for each other, mountain goats have a fashion edge over sheep—their long leg hairs resemble pantaloons.

Hillside
The Hillside Trail System lies only 20 minutes east of downtown Anchorage. A privately run shuttle - Flattop Mountain Shuttle - provides round-trip transportation between downtown and the Glen Alps Trailhead. A wheelchair-accessible walk of a mere quarter mile (0.4 kilometers) from the trailhead leads to a sitting area and viewing deck that overlooks the city and rewards visitors with views of the Cook Inlet and the Alaska Range 80 mi in the distance. The trailhead is likewise the primary access to Flattop Mountain, the most hiked peak in the state. During the winter some trails in the area are prone to avalanches. Hikers are encouraged to inquire about current conditions before beginning travel in the area. The Powerline Pass Trail is a popular location for dogsledding and skijoring.

Though moose (Alces alces gigas) may be seen along many of the park's trails, a more predictable and convenient spot is the viewing platform at Glen Alps in fall and early winter. Dozens of moose are often seen below the platform and across the Campbell Creek Valley to the east. Wolves (Canis lupus) and Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis) also live in the park but are seen less frequently. The willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus), Alaska's state bird, as well as the rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) and white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura) frequent alpine tundra and subalpine shrub thickets. Meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) by contrast live underground in alpine and tundra habitats. Hikers may hear the chirps of the singing voles (Microtus miurus). During fall, these rodents construct piles of grasses and plants near their burrows.

Smaller mammals inhabiting this area include red foxes, porcupines, hares, ground squirrels, ermines, and pikas.

Turnagain Arm

The Seward Highway follows part of the southern edge of the park along Turnagain Arm. This stretch of highway is listed as a National Scenic Byway and is designated as an All-American Road. Along Seward Highway is park headquarters located at the Potter Section House State Historic Site which once served as an important worker camp for the Alaska Railroad. There are several viewpoints along the Seward Highway. One of the most visited is Beluga Point, at milemarker 110.5, named for the beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) that frequent the area. Another popular viewpoint along the Seward Highway is Windy Corner at milemarker 106 where Dall sheep (Ovis dalli) are often visible just up the hill. The McHugh Creek Day use area features hiking trails and picnic areas. The Bird Creek Campground is located south of Anchorage off the Seward Highway. As with all campgrounds in the park, each camping site boasts a wooded spot for recreation and relaxation, a fire ring and picnic table, with potable water and latrines nearby. Park volunteers at campgrounds and elsewhere offer assistance and answer visitor questions. Firewood is often available nearby for a small fee. Though dirt bikes are prohibited, the Bird Valley Trail System is the only location in the park open to ATVs all year round.

Turnagain Arm boasts the second highest tides in North America after the Bay of Fundy. These tides, which can reach 40 ft, sometimes come in so quickly that they produce a wave known as a bore tide. Adventurous kayakers and surfers have taken to riding the tide as an extreme sport. Hikers should take care not to get stuck in the quicksand-like mudflats that otherwise make up the beaches along Turnagain Arm. The best place to see the Alaskan bore tide is along Seward Highway south of Anchorage, especially at Bird Point (milemarker 96).

Bears
As a wilderness park within easy driving distance of the largest population center in Alaska, the park has been the site of contacts between bears and humans over the years. Most of the time these encounters end peacefully, but there have been a number of maulings. In 1995 a bear was feeding on a moose kill with its cubs near the McHugh Creek trail when two hikers happened upon them. The sow killed them both. In 2007 a grizzly bear bit a woman at the Eagle River Nature Center. In 2012 a man was mauled while climbing Penguin Peak. In 2014 a brown bear mauled a runner at Bird Point. In 2017 there were two bear attacks in different areas of the park in a matter of days. A brown bear mauled three people at Eagle River and a black bear killed a teenager participating in a trail race at Bird Ridge. The black bear attack was deemed to be a predatory, rather than defensive, attack as the bear refused to leave and circled the corpse when it was located by park rangers.

title: Chugach State Park


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Collagenopathy, types II and XI

The type II and XI collagenopathies are a group of disorders that affect connective tissue, the tissue that supports the body's joints and organs. These disorders are caused by defects in type II or type XI collagen. Collagens are complex molecules that provide structure, strength, and elasticity to connective tissue. Type II and type XI collagen disorders are grouped together because both types of collagen are components of the cartilage found in joints and the spinal column, the inner ear, and the jelly-like substance that fills the eyeball (the vitreous). The type II and XI collagenopathies result in similar clinical features.

Types
Genetic changes are related to the following types of collagenopathy, types II and XI. • achondrogenesis type 2

• hypochondrogenesis

• Kniest dysplasia

• otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia

• spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type

• spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita

• spondyloperipheral dysplasia

• Stickler syndrome

• Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome The system for classifying collagenopathies is changing as researchers learn more about the genetic causes of these disorders. The clinical features of the type II and XI collagenopathies vary among the disorders, but there is considerable overlap. Common signs and symptoms include problems with bone development that can result in short stature, enlarged joints, spinal curvature, and arthritis at a young age. For some people, bone changes can be seen only on X-ray images. Problems with vision and hearing, as well as a cleft palate with a small lower jaw, are common. Some individuals with these disorders have distinctive facial features such as protruding eyes and a flat nasal bridge.

Causes
Mutations in the COL11A1, COL11A2, and COL2A1 genes cause collagenopathy, types II and XI. These genes carry instructions for the protein strands that make up type II and type XI collagen. All collagen molecules are made of three protein strands (called alpha chains). The alpha chains may be identical or different, depending on the type of collagen. Type II collagen is made by combining three copies of the alpha chain made by the COL2A1 gene. Type XI collagen, on the other hand, is composed of three different alpha chains: the products of the COL2A1, COL11A1, and COL11A2 genes.

Mutations in these genes interfere with the proper assembly of type II and XI collagens or reduce the amount of these collagens. Defective or reduced numbers of collagen molecules affect the development of bones and other connective tissues, causing the signs and symptoms of the type II and XI collagenopathies.

title: Collagenopathy, types II and XI


text:
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title: User:Adityakagarwal


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High Tatras

The High Tatras or High Tatra Mountains (Hohe Tatra; Slovak: Vysoké Tatry; Высокі Татри, Vysoki Tatry; Tatry Wysokie; Magas-Tátra), are a mountain range along the border of northern Slovakia in the Prešov Region, and southern Poland in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. They are a range of the Tatra Mountains chain.

Description
The mountain range borders the Belianske Tatras to the east, the Podtatranská kotlina to the south, and the Western Tatras to the west. Most of the range, and all the highest peaks, are in Slovakia. The highest peak is Gerlachovský štít, at 2655 m.

Biogeography
The High Tatras, having 29 peaks over 2500 m AMSL are, with the Southern Carpathians, the only mountain ranges with an alpine character and habitats in the entire 1200 km length of the Carpathian Mountains system. The first European cross-border national park, Tatra National Park, was founded here with Tatra National Park (Tatranský národný park) in Slovakia in 1948, and Tatra National Park (Tatrzański Park Narodowy) in Poland in 1954. The contiguous parks protect UNESCO's trans-border Tatra biosphere reserve. Many rare and endemic animals and plant species are native to the High Tatras. They include the Tatras' endemic goat-antelope and critically endangered species, the Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica). Predators include Eurasian brown bear, Eurasian lynx, marten, wolf and fox. The Alpine marmot is common in the range. Flora of the High Tatras includes: the endemic Tatra scurvy-grass (Cochlearia tatrae), yellow mountain saxifrage (Saxifraga aizoides), ground covering net-leaved willow (Salix reticulata), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Swiss pine (Pinus cembra), and European larch (Larix decidua).
 * Fauna
 * Flora

Highest peaks
The 15 highest peaks of the High Tatras—all located in Slovakia—are:

Other notable peaks

 * Kriváň, 2494 meters, also called Slovakia's "most beautiful mountain"
 * Rysy, the popular Polish−Slovak summit border crossing. Rysy has three peaks:  the middle at 2,503 meters; the north-western at 2,499 meters; and the south-eastern at 2,473 meters. The north-western peak is the highest point of Poland.
 * Slavkovský štít, 2452 meters tall, within the Tatra National Park, Slovakia

Major lakes

 * Slovak lakes
 * Štrbské pleso - 1,347 m, 20 m deep.
 * Popradské pleso - 1,494 m, 17 m deep.
 * Veľké Hincovo pleso - 1,945 m, 54 m deep.
 * Polish lakes
 * Morskie Oko - 1,395 m, 51 m deep.
 * Czarny Staw pod Rysami - 1,583 m, 76 m deep.
 * Wielki Staw Polski - 1,664 m, 79 m deep.

Other lakes

 * Slovak lakes
 * Zmrzlé pleso
 * Ťažké pleso
 * Ľadové pleso
 * Batizovské pleso
 * Veľké Spišské pleso - 2,019 m, 10 m deep.
 * Veľké Žabie pleso (Mengusovské) - 1,921 m, 7 m deep
 * Vyšné Bielovodské Žabie pleso - 1,699 m, 25 m deep.
 * Nižné Bielovodské Žabie pleso - 1,675 m, 21 m deep.
 * Polish lakes
 * Czarny Staw Gąsienicowy - 1,624 m, 51 m deep.

Transport

 * By TEŽ
 * Line : from: Štrbské Pleso - to: Poprad-Tatry
 * Line : from: Starý Smokovec - to: Tatranská Lomnica
 * By OŽ
 * Line : from: Štrbské Pleso - to: Štrba
 * By ŽSR
 * Line : from: Tatranská Lomnica - to: Studený Potok or from: Poprad-Tatry - to: Plaveč
 * By PKP
 * Line 99 from: Chabówka to Zakopane

Culture

The area is well known for winter sports. Ski resorts include Štrbské pleso, Starý Smokovec and Tatranská Lomnica in Slovakia, and Zakopane in Poland. The town of Poprad is the gateway to the Slovak Tatra resorts.

The Górale people ("highlanders"), a group of indigenous people with a distinctive traditional culture, are of the High Tatras and other mountain ranges and valleys in the Tatra Mountains region.
 * People

Ludwig Greiner identified Gerlachovský štít (Gerlachovský Peak) (2665 m) as the highest summit of the Tatra Mountains, and the entire Carpathian Mountains system. It is also the highest point of Slovakia.

 * Places and services
 * Vysoké Tatry (town)
 * Orla Perć — notable tourist mountain path/trail
 * Siklawa Falls — highest waterfall in Poland
 * Mickiewicz Falls
 * Black Lake Falls
 * Tatra Volunteer Search and Rescue (Poland)
 * Mountain Rescue Service (Slovakia)

Images

 * VysokeTatry.com— various maps of the High Tatras
 * Butkaj.com: photos of villages in the High Tatras — after the 2004 storm calamity.

title: High Tatras


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Fairfield City Council

The Fairfield City Council is a local government area in the west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The council was first incorporated as the "Municipal District of Smithfield and Fairfield" on 8 December 1888, and the council's name was changed to the "Municipality of Fairfield" in 1920, before being proclaimed a city in 1979. The City of Fairfield comprises an area of 102 km2 and as of the had a population of 208,475. The mayor of the City of Fairfield is Cr. Frank Carbone, the first popularly-elected independent mayor of Fairfield.

Fairfield is considered one of the most ethnically diverse suburbs in Australia. At the 2021 census, the proportion of residents in the Fairfield local government area who stated their ancestry as Vietnamese and Assyrian, was in excess of sixteen times the national average. The area was linguistically diverse, with Vietnamese, Arabic, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, or Cantonese languages spoken in households, and ranged from two times to seventeen times the national averages.

The Smithfield–Wetherill Park Industrial Estate is the largest industrial estate in the Southern Hemisphere and is the centre of manufacturing and distribution in Greater Western Sydney, with more than 1,000 manufacturing, wholesale, transport and service firms.

Geography
A few small areas of the original bushland remain, including examples of Cumberland Plain Woodland, which is listed under the Threatened Species Conservation Act, and the Cooks River/Castlereagh Ironbark ecological community. There are 580 parks (60 of which are major parks), including one of the largest urban parks in the world, Western Sydney Parklands, which has a precinct that lies in the Fairfield area, called the Western Sydney Regional Park. Fairfield City is mainly residential in nature with large-scale industrial estates at Wetherill Park and Smithfield. Fairfield Showground is an important cultural venue. Prominent roads such as Cumberland Highway and The Horsley Drive wind through it.

Suburbs in the local government area
Suburbs in the City of Fairfield are: • Abbotsbury

• Bonnyrigg

• Bonnyrigg Heights

• Bossley Park

• Cabramatta

• Cabramatta West

• Canley Heights

• Canley Vale

• Carramar

• Cecil Park (shared with the City of Liverpool)

• Edensor Park

• Fairfield (with a small part in Cumberland Council)

• Fairfield East

• Fairfield Heights

• Fairfield West

• Greenfield Park

• Horsley Park

• Lansvale

• Mount Pritchard (with a small part in City of Liverpool)

• Old Guildford

• Prairiewood

• Smithfield (shared with Cumberland Council)

• St Johns Park

• Wakeley

• Wetherill Park

• Yennora (shared with Cumberland Council)

History
For more than 30,000 years, Aboriginal people from the Cabrogal–Gandangara tribe have lived in the area.

One of Sydney's oldest trees, the Bland Oak, was planted in the 1830s in Carramar. European settlement began early in the 19th century and was supported by railway construction in 1856. At the turn of the century the area had a population of 2,500 people and with fertile soils, produced crops for distribution in Sydney. The council was first incorporated as the "Municipal District of Smithfield and Fairfield" on 8 December 1888, becoming the "Municipality of Smithfield and Fairfield" from 1906. On 26 October 1920, the council's name was changed to the "Municipality of Fairfield", in recognition of the changing centre of business in the council area.

Rapid population increase after World War II saw the settlement of many ex-service men and European migrants. Large scale Housing Commission development in the 1950s swelled the population to 38,000. From 1 January 1949, under the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948, the 'Municipality of Cabramatta and Canley Vale' was amalgamated into the Municipality of Fairfield. In the, the population had reached 114,000 and was becoming one of the larger local government areas in New South Wales. On 18 May 1979, the Municipality of Fairfield was granted city status, becoming the "City of Fairfield".

On Friday 29 June, 2001 the former deputy mayor of Fairfield and councillor from 1987 to 1998, Phuong Ngo, was convicted of the 1994 murder of the local state MP for Cabramatta (and former deputy mayor), John Newman, a crime which has been described as Australia's first political assassination. Ngo's alleged accomplices, Quang Dao and David Dinh, were acquitted and the identity of the killer who shot and fatally wounded Newman remains a mystery. Controversy has arisen in the years since then of the presence of Ngo's name on various council plaques from his time on council.

In September 2006, Fairfield Council announced the introduction of a trial ban on spitting in public on public health grounds. However, it was reported that advice provided to council from NSW Health was that spitting does not impact on the transmission of infectious diseases. The law proved difficult to prosecute. In April 2024, the first terrorist attack in Western Sydney's soil occurred at a Wakeley church, where an Islamic extremist stabbed bishop Mar Mari Emmanuel and five others, though all survived the attack.

Heritage listings
The City of Fairfield has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Bonnyrigg, Cartwright Street: Bonnyrigg House
 * Bonnyrigg, Lot 1 Cartwright Street: Male Orphan School land
 * Fairfield, Great Southern railway: Fairfield railway station, Sydney
 * Horsley Park, 52–58 Jamieson Close: Horsley complex
 * Lansvale, Hume Highway: Lansdowne Bridge

Business and industry

Fairfield is a centre of manufacturing and distribution for Greater Western Sydney and home to the Smithfield-Wetherill Park Industrial Estate, which is the largest industrial zone in the Southern Hemisphere. It is also home to the Yennora industrial zone, where key operators in the area include Toll, Woolworths, Linfox, Australian Wool Handlers, Qube and Hume Building Products.

Demographics
At the there were 208,475 people in the Fairfield local government area, of these 49.3 per cent were male and 50.7 per cent were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.7 per cent of the population; significantly below the NSW and Australian averages of 3.4 and 3.2 per cent respectively. The median age of people in the City of Fairfield was 39 years; slightly higher than the national median of 38 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 17.9 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 16.7 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 46.5 per cent were married and 12.9 per cent were either divorced or separated.

Population in the City of Fairfield between the and the  declined by 0.78 per cent; and in the subsequent five years to the, population growth was 4.38 per cent. At the 2016 census, the population in the City increased by 5.89 per cent. When compared with total population growth of Australia for the same period, being 8.8 per cent, population growth in the Fairfield local government area was a little over half the national average.

The median weekly income for residents within the City of Fairfield was lower than the national average, being one of the factors that place the city in an area of social disadvantage.

As at the 2016 census, the influence of Vietnamese culture and language was statistically strong, evidenced by the proportion of residents with Vietnamese ancestry (nearly twenty times higher than the national average), the proportion of residents who spoke Vietnamese as either a first or second language (also nearly twenty times higher than the national average), and the proportion of residents who stated a religious affiliation with Catholicism and Buddhism (the latter being in excess of nine times the national average).

Current composition and election method
Fairfield City Council is composed of thirteen councillors, including the mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor has been directly elected since 2004, while the twelve other Councillors are elected proportionally to two separate wards, each electing six councillors. The most recent election was held on 2 December 2021, and the makeup of the council, including the mayor, is as follows:

The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election by ward, is:

Sister cities

 * 🇮🇹 Palmi, Italy
 * 🇨🇳 Zhenjiang, China

title: Fairfield City Council