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Talk:Morton Salt

Untitled
A merge of the two articles would probably be fine if:

1) There is a redirect from one to the other.

2) It is made clear why this company has two names.

A merge might not have been necessary if the writer of the Morton International, Inc. article had made a redirect from "Morton Salt" (the company name that is generally known to the public) in the first place. Badagnani 19:52, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * If merged, please retain under Morton Salts. Thanks. 198.65.167.213

Removed link
Re (Badagnani): The link was originally added by what I suspect to be a sock of the owner of the site (whom I've blocked for spamming) and who twice evaded my questions about the copyright status of his pages. Thus I don't think the link is appropriate. Femto 16:07, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I've looked through the page and it seems of historical interest and value. Badagnani 16:26, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay, let's put it more clearly: There is reason to believe that the owner of the site has no permission to publish these images, and that knowingly directing others to the link may not be acceptable per Wikipedia's policy. Go on, you can ask him. Last time, the talkpage was 'archived' two hours after I posted a straight question about it.

 * We're here to build an encyclopedia of free content, not to link to that of others. If these images are of encyclopedic value, and if they are legal, at least a few of them can—and should—be uploaded by this user. Which hasn't happened, despite an earlier request to do this instead of adding more links. Femto 11:46, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Information doesn't add up
If the founder of the company, Joy Morton, was born in 1855, how could the company have begun in 1848? Clearly, the company history has been oversimplified. We need more detail in order to resolve this contradiction. 71.219.225.102 (talk) 21:00, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Nomination of File:Morton Salt, product packaging.jpg for deletion
Hello, this is just a heads up to inform you that File:Morton Salt, product packaging.jpg, which is used in this article, has been nominated for deletion at PUF by myself. You can see my rationale and add your input on the nomination page, which can be found. Thanks, Acather96 (talk) 20:00, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Morton Salt. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081218060517/http://morton.elsstore.com/ to http://morton.elsstore.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081220043418/http://www.mortonsalt.com/heritage/vintage_ads.html to http://www.mortonsalt.com/heritage/vintage_ads.html

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Wall Collapse Date
The article lists the wall collapse of the Morton Salt storage facility on Elston Ave in Chicago as having occurred in 2016, citing a Sun Times article. However, I believe the collapse occurred in 2014. Most news sources are from this happening December 30, 2014. 2600:1700:5651:730:9D8F:5A1A:F98A:E57 (talk) 02:33, 18 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Please provide details for one or more of these sources identifying 2014 as the year.—ADavidB 02:49, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morton Salt


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Sonneborn–Berger score

The Sonneborn–Berger score (or the Neustadtl score or rarely Neustadtl Sonneborn–Berger score) is a scoring system often used to break ties in chess tournaments. It is computed by summing the full score of each defeated opponent and half the conventional score of each drawn opponent.

Neustadtl score is named after Hermann Neustadtl, who proposed it in a letter published in Chess Monthly in 1882. A similar scoring system was first proposed by Oscar Gelbfuhs in 1873, to be used as a weighted score in place of the raw score; his system was also designed to work for tournaments where not everyone had played the same number of games. The scoring system is often called the Sonneborn–Berger score, though this is something of a misnomer, since William Sonneborn and Johann Berger were advocates of a variant now known as the non-Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score, which added in the square of the raw score of each player.

Both the Gelbfuhs and the non-Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score provide a full weighted score to replace the raw score, but this is not needed for breaking ties between players with conventional scoring. As a result, it is the Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score that is in common use for tiebreaks in modern chess.

Use in Round Robin Tournaments
The Sonneborn–Berger score is the most popular tiebreaker method used in Round Robin tournaments. However in contrast to Swiss tournaments, where such tiebreaker scores indicate who had the stronger opponents according to final rankings, in Round Robin all players have the same opponents, so the logic is a lot less clear-cut.

The rationale of using the Sonneborn-Berger score in Round Robin tournaments is that it is better to score well against higher-ranking players than against lower-ranking players. Therefore the top players of the tournament are more in a battle with each other than counting how much they defeat the lower-ranked players.

A counter-argument would be that the champion of a chess tournament such as the Candidates should not have trouble beating lower-ranking opponents in addition to scoring well against higher-ranking opponents, and therefore wins against lower and higher ranked opponents should be counted equally.

Other common tiebreaking methods in chess tournaments include the head-to-head score, the Koya score, or favoring the player with the most wins (or black games). In Swiss system events, comparison of the Buchholz scores and the sum of progressive scores are common.

Neustadtl Sonneborn–Berger score
A player's Neustadtl Sonneborn–Berger score is calculated by adding the sum of the conventional scores of the players they have defeated to half the sum of the conventional scores of those they have drawn against. The main point is to give more value for a win/draw against a player performing well at the tournament, than for a win/draw against a player performing poorly.

Since players may share the same score, further means of breaking ties may be required; common methods include considering the score in games played between the tied players or favouring the player with the most wins. Some tournaments do not use Neustadtl to break ties at all (Linares, for example, gives preference to the player with the most wins), and others use no tie-breaking method at all, sharing the prize money on offer between players. In national championships or events which act as qualifying tournaments for others, there may be a blitz playoff between the tied players. Neustadtl remains the most common tie-breaking method in round-robin tournaments, though in Swiss system events, comparison of the Buchholz scores and the sum of progressive scores is more common.

Example
As an example of the system in action, here is the crosstable of the 1975–80 World Correspondence Chess Championship Final:

Both Jørn Sloth and Vladimir Zagorovsky finished with 11 points from 14 games, but Sloth won the tournament because his Neustadtl score of 69.5 was higher than Zagovorsky's 66.75. Kosenkov had a higher Neustadl score (67.5) than Zagovorsky, but finished third due to his lower points total of 10$1/2$. Sloth's Neustadtl score can be calculated by multiplying his results by the points total of each opponent, then summing them together:

$$(0.5\times11) + (0.5\times10.5) + (1\times8.5) + (0.5\times8) + (0.5\times7) + (1\times7) + (1\times7) + $$$$(0.5\times7) + (1\times7) + (0.5\times5.5) + (1\times5.5) + (1\times4.5) + (1\times4.5) + (1\times1) = 69.5$$

In general, if $$x_{ij}$$ denotes player $$i$$'s score against player $$j$$, then $$i$$'s point total is $$s_i=\sum_{j\neq i} x_{ij}$$, and $$i$$'s Neustadtl score is $$N_i=\sum_{j \neq i} x_{ij} s_{j}$$.

Gelbfuhs score
In 1873, at the Vienna International tournament, not all competitors had played the same number of games and there were disagreements about the final standings. Austrian lawyer and contestant Oscar Gelbfuhs proposed a weighted scoring method that both avoided most ties and provided a full ranking of players even when not all have played the same number of games.

For a player $$i$$ who has played $$n$$ games and scored $$x_{ij}$$ against player $$j$$, his Gelbfuhs score $$G_i$$ is defined as follows:

$$s_i = \sum_{j\neq i} x_{ij}$$, player $$i$$'s raw point total;

$$G_i = \sum_{j \neq i}x_{ij}\left(1 + \frac{s_j}{n}\right)$$, player $$i$$'s Gelbfuhs score.

Note that $$s_j$$ is between $$0$$ and $$n$$ (equal to $$n$$ if $$j$$ won every game and $$0$$ if he lost), so that $$s_j/n$$ is between $$0$$ and $$1$$. The Gelbfuhs score therefore first weights each result $$x_{ij}$$ by a factor $$1 + s_j/n$$, between $$1$$ and $$2$$, and then sums the individual weighted scores. In the Gelbfuhs score calculation, a loss is worth $$0$$, a draw is worth between $$0.5$$ and $$1$$, and a win is worth between $$1$$ and $$2$$.

At the end of an $$n$$-round tournament, a player's Gelbfuhs score is the sum of his raw score $$s_i$$ and his scaled Neustadtl score: $$G_i = s_i + \frac{1}{n}N_i$$.

Non-Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score
The non-Neustadtl Sonneborn–Berger score is the original scoring system proposed by William Sonneborn and Johann Berger as an improvement to the Neustadtl score, to be used as a weighted score in round-robin tournaments instead of the raw score for final places, similar to the Gelbfuhs score.

In 1886, Sonneborn criticized the Neustadtl score and suggested adding the square of the player's points to the weighted score. In 1887 and 1888, Berger studied Gelbfuhs' system and Sonneborn's suggestion, and adopted Sonneborn's approach for tournaments. This was known as the Sonneborn-Berger system. In modern chess, these scores are used only to break ties between equally scoring players, where adding the square of the player's raw score has no impact on the tie-break, so the improvement of Sonneborn and Berger is omitted in modern usage. However the system kept the Sonneborn-Berger name and the result is widely called the Sonneborn-Berger score.

As a result, when talking about their original scoring system, it is called the non-Neustadtl Sonneborn–Berger score. For comparison, in a tournament where everyone has played N games, the Sonneborn–Berger score (SB), non-Neustadtl Sonneborn-Berger score (NNSB), and Gelbfuhs score (GF) would be:

$$SB(p) = S_w + \frac{1}{2}S_d$$

$$NNSB(p) = R_p \times R_p + S_w + \frac{1}{2}S_d$$

$$N \times GF(p) = N \times R_p + S_w + \frac{1}{2}S_d$$

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sonneborn–Berger score


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Julie Ann Dawson

Julie Ann Dawson (born August 1971) is an American horror fiction writer, role-playing game designer, and publisher.

Early life
Dawson was born in Millville, New Jersey. Her parents are Michael and Ellie Dacy and she has two younger sisters, Crystal and Monica. While attending high school, she was inspired by Stephen King's novel Salem's Lot to become a writer. She also worked for her high school newspaper. She graduated from Bridgeton High School in Bridgeton, New Jersey in 1989.

After high school, she enrolled in Glassboro State College. There, she worked for both the college's newspaper and magazine. While at Glassboro, she also began publishing stories and poems in various publications, including Dan DeBono's Gareth Blackmore's Unusual Tales, Happiness Magazine, Lucidity, Black Bough, and The New Jersey Review of Literature. Dawson Dawson graduated from Glassboro State College in 1993.

Professional life
After graduation, Dawson became a freelance writer for Vineland Journal. Embracing the growing electronic market, she published works with Demonground, Poetrymagazine.com, Sabledrake Magazine, RPG Times, and others. She also joined the International Women's Writing Guild (IWWG) and the Speculative Literature Foundation. She founded the Cautus Creative Society, which was for sculptors, poets, painters, and artists to meet. Dawson became an employee of Kirby Vacuum Company. Her first job was as a sales representative before she received a 1995 promotion to field supervisor. In 1996, she switched to being one of the company's recruiters.

In 2002, Dawson launched Bards and Sages, a small press publisher to promote her own projects, and to offer resources for young writers. The company's first project was a writing contest to benefit the IWWG.

Dawson published her first book, September and Other Stories, a collection of horror stories and poems, under Bards and Sages in 2005. It was received to positive reviews.

In March 2005, she released the Bards and Sages's first RPG, Neiyar: Land of Heaven and the Abyss. The book, employing the d20 system licensed by Wizards of the Coast, is set on an isolated jungle island ruled over by female priestesses.

Besides publishing a wide variety of electronic content, Dawson's company has an expanding catalog of print books. The first, Bardic Tales and Sage Advice, was released in February 2006 and features the winners of the company's annual writing contest. The Koboldnomicon, a compilation of d20 gaming material involving kobolds, was released in July 2006. Dead Men (and Women) Walking, an anthology of the undead, was released in September 2006.

Since January 2009, she has been the editor-in-chief of Bards and Sages Quarterly, a speculative fiction literary magazine, published by Bards and Sages.

Dawson has been a resident of Bridgeton, New Jersey.

title: Julie Ann Dawson


text: User talk:142.169.30.20

title: User talk:142.169.30.20


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Coldharbour

Coldharbour, Cold Harbour, or Cold Harbor may refer to:

England

 * Coldharbour, Buckinghamshire, a civil parish
 * Coldharbour, Cornwall
 * Coldharbour, Surrey
 * Coldharbour Mill Working Wool Museum, an industrial museum in Uffculme, Devon
 * Cold Harbour, Wiltshire

London

 * Coldharbour, City of London, a former liberty
 * Coldharbour House, an estate in the above
 * Coldharbour, Greenwich, an area of south-east London
 * Coldharbour (Lambeth ward), an electoral ward in Brixton
 * Coldharbour, Havering
 * Coldharbour Lane, a road in South London
 * Coldharbour, Tower Hamlets

United States

 * Cold Harbor, Virginia
 * Cold Harbor National Cemetery, at the site of the Battle of Cold Harbor

Fictional locations

 * Coldharbour, the town in The Silver Sequence young adult fantasy novels
 * Coldharbour, a plane of Oblivion (realm) of Molag Bal in The Elder Scrolls video game series

Other uses

 * Battle of Cold Harbor, American Civil War; a battle near Mechanicsville, Virginia, CSA
 * "Coldharbour Lane" (song), a 1982 song by Tom Robinson on the album Cabaret '79
 * Coldharbour Recordings, a sublabel of Armada Music
 * Cold Harbour (novel), a 1924 novel by Francis Brett Young
 * A Night in Cold Harbour (London: Macmillan, 1960) novel by Margaret Kennedy

title: Coldharbour


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Talk:Sonneborn–Berger score

Old talk
I scratched my head a bit over where to put this article. I think it's fair to say that the system is normally called "Sonneborn-Berger", so one could argue that it should be at Sonneborn-Berger score (which for now I have made redirect to here); certainly, this would fit in with Naming conventions (common names). The problem is that one day we might want to have an article on the system Sonneborn and Berger actually proposed, and that could only really go at Sonneborn-Berger score. This is the reason why I've decided to follow the Oxford Companion to Chess's lead and place this article here, at Neustadtl score. If somebody disagrees with my reasoning and wants to move it to Sonneborn-Berger score, then I won't argue--it was a pretty tight call, to be honest.

Incidentally, if somebody could check I've got my sums right in the crosstable, it'd be much appreciated. --Camembert 19:54, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

I do not think the matter of putting the article under either name is important. What I miss is information on what was the actual system proposed by Sonnenborn and Berger. If you write the article on it I will appreciate it very much. Best regards. Well done. --alfanje 20:32, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The actual S-B was orignally a modification of this system. See tie-break systems.  Bubba73 (talk), 17:37, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Alfanje. The article says "strong critics of the system; they proposed their own tie-breaking system which was never popular and is not used today" which makes a curious reader wonder: What were the criticisms, what was their own system, why was it not favoured and how did their name get to override Neustadtl's? Personally (as a backgammon TD), I'd like more information about whether I should be honouring Neustadtl or is S.B. such a common term that I shouldn't concern myself. ;-) Ferdinangus (talk) 15:12, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Clarity for outsiders
I think this article isn't entirely clear for outsiders. I play chess quite often myself and have an above average interest in it, but I still don't completely get how the tiebreaker score is calculated. I guess what lacks is an explanation of what a conventional score is. Jellevc (talk) 09:17, 8 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It's explained more clearly on this page: http://www.chess.com/tournaments/help.html (about halfway through the page) Jellevc (talk) 09:19, 8 September 2010 (UTC)
 * You're right, "conventional scores" needs to be defined. This page should show an example calculation.  When I apply the formula for Sloth I get 74.5, not 69.5.  I took the scores in the penultimate column to mean the "conventional scores".  I can only conclude that the scores in the penultimate column are not what is meant by "conventional scores".Rvanden (talk) 11:20, 11 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Calculations seem to work for all players except Kletsel, where I get 47.75 points instead of the 53.5 shown. As well, the table posted at the ICCF's website does not note the SB score. A table detailing the full calculation would be quite useful here.Raellerby (talk) 17:22, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I get 47.75 also - I'll change it. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 18:13, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

S-B vs. Neustadtl
The Oxford Companion to Chess, in the "Neustadtl" entry says "...now widely used for tie-breaking ... usually called the S-B score". But under S-B, it says "...although the name [S-B] has erroneously been transferred to the ... Neustadtl score". This is confusing to me. The Companion usually doesn't have two entries for different names for the same thing. It sounds to me that the Neustadtl is now called S-B in error. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 03:32, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I was just thinking that this article doesn't make any sense here. If it's a "misnomer" to call it S-B score and it has an alternate name, it should be at Neustadtl score.  Even though WP suggests things be under their most common name, it's a guideline, not a policy, and should be applied with a certain amount of common sense.  174.57.199.184 (talk) 21:57, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonneborn–Berger score


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Peter Whittle (mathematician)

Peter Whittle (27 February 1927 – 10 August 2021 ) was a mathematician and statistician from New Zealand, working in the fields of stochastic nets, optimal control, time series analysis, stochastic optimisation and stochastic dynamics. From 1967 to 1994, he was the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research at the University of Cambridge.

Career
Whittle was born in Wellington. He graduated from the University of New Zealand in 1947 with a BSc in mathematics and physics and in 1948 with an MSc in mathematics.

He then moved to Uppsala, Sweden in 1950 to study for his PhD with Herman Wold (at Uppsala University). His thesis, Hypothesis Testing in Time Series, generalised Wold's autoregressive representation theorem for univariate stationary processes to multivariate processes. Whittle's thesis was published in 1951. A synopsis of Whittle's thesis also appeared as an appendix to the second edition of Wold's book on time-series analysis. Whittle remained in Uppsala at the Statistics Institute as a docent until 1953, when he returned to New Zealand.

In New Zealand, Whittle worked at the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in the Applied Mathematics Laboratory (later named the Applied Mathematics Division).

In 1959 Whittle was appointed to a lectureship in Cambridge University. Whittle was appointed Professor of Mathematical statistics at the University of Manchester in 1961. After six years in Manchester, Whittle returned to Cambridge as the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research, a post he held until his retirement in 1994. From 1973, he was also Director of the Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge. He was a fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. He died in Cambridge, England.

Recognition
Whittle was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1978, and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1981. The Royal Society awarded him their Sylvester Medal in 1994 in recognition of his "major distinctive contributions to time series analysis, to optimisation theory, and to a wide range of topics in applied probability theory and the mathematics of operational research". In 1986, the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences awarded Whittle the Lanchester Prize for his book Systems in Stochastic Equilibrium (ISBN 0-471-90887-8) and the John von Neumann Theory Prize in 1997 for his "outstanding contributions to the theory of operations research and management science". He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.

Personal life
In 1951, Whittle married a Finnish woman, Käthe Blomquist, whom he had met in Sweden. The Whittle family has six children.

Books

 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:
 * Republished as:

Selected articles

 * Reprinted with an introduction by Matthew Calder and Richard A. Davis as
 * Reprinted with an introduction by Matthew Calder and Richard A. Davis as

 * Reprinted as
 * Reprinted as

 * (Available online)
 * (Available online)

Biographical works

 * Peter Whittle. 1994. "Almost Home". pages 1–28.
 * Anonymous. "Publications of Peter Whittle". pages xxi–xxvi. (A list of 129 publications.)
 * Anonymous. Biographical sketch (untitled). page xxvii.
 * Anonymous. Biographical sketch (untitled). page xxvii.

title: Peter Whittle (mathematician)


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Ukrainian Canadian internment

The Ukrainian Canadian internment was part of the confinement of "enemy aliens" in Canada during and for two years after the end of the First World War. It lasted from 1914 to 1920, under the terms of the War Measures Act.

Canada was at war with Austria-Hungary. Along with Austrian-Hungarian prisoners of war, about 8,000 Ukrainian men, women, and children – those of Ukrainian citizenship as well as naturalized Canadians of Ukrainian descent – were kept in twenty-four internment camps and related work sites (also known, at the time, as concentration camps). Their savings were confiscated and many had land taken while imprisoned as the land was "abandoned". Some were "paroled" from camps in 1916–17, many were put to work as unpaid workers on farms, mines, and railways, where labour was scarce. Much existing Canadian infrastructure from 1916-1917 was built by this unpaid labour.

Another 80,000 were not imprisoned but were registered as "enemy aliens" and obliged to regularly report to the police and were required to carry identifying documents at all times or suffer punitive consequences.

The embarrassment and trauma of internment caused many Ukrainians to change their family names, hide their imprisonment and abandon traditions due to fear of negative repercussions – causing PTSD and intergenerational trauma. In addition, some maintain that the Canadian government approved key records to be destroyed in the 1950s, leaving documentation to be based on individual family records and pleas to the local communities where the camps were located.

Internment
During the First World War, a growing sentiment against "enemy aliens" had manifested itself amongst Canadians. The British government urged Canada not to act indiscriminately against subject nationalities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire who were in fact friendly to the British Empire. However, Ottawa took a hard line. These enemy-born citizens were treated as social pariahs, and many lost their employment. Under the 1914 War Measures Act, "aliens of enemy nationality" were compelled to register with authorities. About 70,000 Ukrainians from Austria-Hungary fell under this description. 8,579 males and some women and children were interned by the Canadian Government, including 5,954 Austro-Hungarians, most of whom were probably ethnic Ukrainians. Most of the 8,600 people interned were young men apprehended while trying to cross the border into the U.S. to look for jobs; attempting to leave Canada was illegal. Most of the interned were poor or unemployed single men, although 81 women and 156 children (mainly Germans in Vernon and Ukrainians at Spirit Lake) had no choice but to accompany their menfolk to two of the camps, in Spirit Lake, near Amos, Quebec, and Vernon, British Columbia. Some of the internees were Canadian-born and others were naturalized British subjects, although most were recent immigrants. Citizens of the Russian Empire were generally not interned.

Many of these internees were used for forced labour in internment camps.

There was a severe shortage of farm labour, so in 1916–17 nearly all of the internees were "paroled". Many parolees went to the custody of local farmers. They were paid at current wage rates, usually 20 cents per hour, with fifty cents a day deducted for room and board. Other parolees were sent as paid workers to railway gangs and mines. The internees turned over all their cash to authorities – $329,000 in total, of which $298,000 was returned to them on release.

Camps
Conditions at the camps varied, and the Castle Mountain Internment Camp – where labour contributed to the creation of Banff National Park – was considered exceptionally harsh and abusive. The internment continued for two more years after the war had ended, although most Ukrainians were paroled into jobs for private companies by 1917. Even as parolees, they were still required to report regularly to the police authorities. Federal and provincial governments and private concerns benefited from the internees' labour and from the confiscation of what little wealth they had, a portion of which was left in the Bank of Canada at the end of the internment operations on June 20, 1920. A small number of internees, including men considered to be "dangerous foreigners", labour radicals, or particularly troublesome internees, were deported to Europe after the war, largely from the Kapuskasing camp, which was the last to be shut down.

Of those interned, 109 died of various diseases and injuries sustained in the camp, six were killed while trying to escape, and some – according to Major-General Sir William Otter's final report – went insane or committed suicide as a result of their confinement.

A list of the camps follows:

Legacy
Since 1985, the organized Ukrainian-Canadian community has sought official acknowledgment for this World War I internment, conducting a campaign that underscored the moral, legal and political obligation to redress the historical wrong. The campaign, spearheaded by the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association (UCCLA), included the memorialization of places of internment as historic sites. Currently there are twenty plaques and memorials across Canada commemorating the internment, including two at the locations of former concentration camps in Banff National Park. These have been placed by the UCCLA and its supporters.

In 1994 Yurij Luhovy and the National Film Board of Canada released a feature-length documentary about the internment operations entitled Freedom Had a Price. While researching for and shooting the film, Yurij discovered never before seen pictures of the camps and donated them to the National Archives of Canada.

On November 25, 2005, the Senate of Canada voted unanimously to pass Bill C-331, the 'Internment of Persons of Ukrainian Origin Recognition Act', closely following the vote of the House of Commons on November 23, 2005, and it received Royal Assent. This act acknowledges that persons of Ukrainian origin were interned in Canada during the First World War and legally obliges the Government of Canada to negotiate "an agreement concerning measures that may be taken to recognize the internment" for educational and commemorative projects.

Thought to be the last known survivor of the internment measures, Mary Manko Haskett was only a child of 6 when she was interned with her family at Spirit Lake. She died in July 2007. In 2007 another survivor – Mary Hancharuk, born in the Spirit Lake camp – was found; then aged 92, making her the last known survivor of the internment operations. She died in 2008.

Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund
The Ukrainian Canadian campaign for acknowledgement and redress was spearheaded by members of the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association from the mid-1980s (at that time within the Ukrainian Canadian Congress). On May 9, 2008, the Canadian government established a $10 million fund. The Endowment Council of the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund uses the interest earned on that amount to fund projects that commemorate the experience of thousands of Ukrainians and other Europeans interned between 1914–20 and the many others who suffered a suspension of their civil liberties and freedoms. The funds are themselves held in trust by the Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko.

On September 12, 2009, the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund (CFWWIRF) was announced formally with a notice published in The Globe and Mail describing how individuals or groups can apply for funding for commemorative, educational and cultural activities recalling Canada's first national internment operations.

One of the first projects funded by CFWWIRF was the documentary Jajo's Secret directed by filmmaker James Motluk and broadcast on OMNI TV in 2009. This movie tells the story of Motluk's discovery of a parole certificate issued to his late grandfather, Elias, in 1918. More recently the CFWWIRF supported two additional films, The Camps and That Never Happened, by Ryan Boyko, as well as the preparation of lesson plans and other educational materials suitable for teachers across Canada (available for free on the website of the CFWWIRF).

The "Kingston Symposium" of the CFWWIRF's Endowment Council was held in Kingston, Ontario on June 17–20, 2010, bringing together community activists, descendants, academics and artists to discuss ways and means for commemorating Canada's first national internment operations.

Construction of the 'Spirit Lake Camp Interpretive Centre' was launched in July 2010 and on November 26, 2011, opened officially in a ceremony attended by the Honourable Jason Kenney, then Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, who referred to the internment operations as "a blight" on Canadian history. The CFWWIRF's Endowment Council made the funding of this interpretive centre one of its top granting priorities, budgeting $400,000 over five years for this project. A permanent exhibit on Canada's first national internment operations was opened at the Cave and Basin National Historic Site in Banff National Park in September 2013 by Kenney, then Minister of Employment and Social Development and Minister for Multiculturalism.

On August 22, 2014, one hundred bilingual English-French plaques were unveiled to recall the 100th anniversary of the implementation of the 1914 War Measures Act and the start of internment operations across Canada.

In 2017 the CFWWIRF supported the installation of a permanent exhibit about Canada's first national internment operations in the Canada History Hall of the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau, Quebec. Funding has also been committed by the CFWWIRF for the unveiling of a major new exhibit in 2021 at the museum dealing with the War Measures Act and civil liberties during the First and Second World Wars and the October Crisis.

The 100th anniversary of the end of Canada's first national internment operations was commemorated on Saturday, June 20, 2020 – a notice was published by the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Foundation (www.ucclf.ca) in the national edition of The Globe and Mail, with the support of the Endowment Council of the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund.

Comparative studies

 * "Italian Canadians interned in Canada. Italian Canadians as Enemy Aliens: Memories of WWII

title: Ukrainian Canadian internment


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Oxford Regional Education Centre

Oxford Regional Education Centre (OREC) is a school in Oxford, Nova Scotia, Canada.

The school teaches grades primary through 12. The school's basketball team are known as the Oxford Golden Bears, represented by a golden bear.

The school opened in January 2010 and finished the 1st term with that month. It was a $13 million project. It combined the two old schools Oxford Regional Elementary School (ORES primary-5) and Oxford Regional High School (ORHS 6–12). It has around 450 students and is a Division 3 school. Official Web Site

title: Oxford Regional Education Centre


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Dan Zimmerman

Dan Zimmerman is an American film editor. He is the son of editor Don Zimmerman. He is also the twin brother of Dean Zimmerman.

After glimpses into editorial jobs with his father on films like The Nutty Professor (1996) and The Cat in the Hat (2003), Zimmerman graduated to chief editor with the 2006 film The Omen.

title: Dan Zimmerman


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User talk:DrCore

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more doctors. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 19:57, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DrCore


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Talk:Talk On Corners Special Edition Europe/USA

Merge

 * Should this be merged with Talk on Corners? DevanJedi 19:57, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I quite agree, this is certainly out of keeping with almost every other band's album discography. It should be one page with details of any special or limited editions. I'll do the work if everyone agrees. Kevinalewis 15:54, 28 November 2005 (UTC)


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Green ubatuba

Green ubatuba (Port. verde ubatuba) is the commercial name of a Brazilian charnockite, although it is often sold as a granite. It comes from the Ubatuba area of Brazil, where it forms part of the Neoproterozoic Ribeira Belt. As its name indicates, it is green in color, dark green and almost a black appearance when seen in low light. It contains large (10 cm) phenocrysts of alkali feldspar. It is widely used in home renovations and landscaping.

title: Green ubatuba


text: Category:Superdrag albums

title: Category:Superdrag albums


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Nothing but the Truth

Nothing but the Truth may refer to:

A part of an oath before a sworn testimony is given.

Books

 * Nothing But the Truth (Isham novel), a 1914 novel by Frederic S. Isham
 * Nothing But the Truth (Rhode novel), a 1947 novel by John Rhode
 * Nothing but the Truth: A Documentary Novel, a 1991 book written by Avi
 * Nothing but the Truth, a 1971 autobiography by Joseph Berger-Barzilai
 * Nothing but the Truth, a 1999 legal crime thriller by John Lescroart

Film and TV

 * Nothing But the Truth (1920 film), an American silent film directed by 	David Kirkland
 * Nothing but the Truth (1929 film), an American comedy film directed by 	Victor Schertzinger
 * Nothing But the Truth (1939 film), a Swedish comedy film directed by Weyler Hildebrand
 * Nothing but the Truth (1941 film), an American comedy film directed by 	Elliott Nugent
 * Nothing but the Truth (2008 American film), a drama
 * Nothing but the Truth (2008 South African film)
 * Nothing but the Truth (British game show), hosted by Jerry Springer
 * Nada más que la verdad, a Spanish-language game show, also called Nothing but the Truth
 * "Nothing but the Truth" (seaQuest DSV), the fifteenth episode of seaQuest DSV`s first season

Music

 * Nothing but the Truth (Mac McAnally album), 1983
 * Nothing But the Truth (Rubén Blades album), 1988, by Rubén Blades featuring Sting, Elvis Costello, and Lou Reed
 * Nothing but the Truth (Son Seals album), 1994
 * Nothing but the Truth (Southern Sons album), 1991
 * "Nothing but the Truth", on the album Exotic Birds and Fruit by Procol Harum

title: Nothing but the Truth


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Christopolis

Christopolis or Christoupolis (Χριστούπολις, "city of Christ") can refer to the following places and jurisdictions:

 * Cristópolis, a municipality in the state of Bahia in Brazil
 * Kavala, in Macedonia Secunda (now mainland Greece), known in Byzantine times as Christoupolis
 * Birgi, now in Asian Turkey, known as Christoupolis in the 7th–12th centuries
 * Monrovia, known as Christopolis in 1822–24, now capital of the West Africa nation of Liberia

title: Christopolis


text:
Cholesbury-cum-St Leonards

Cholesbury-cum-St Leonards is a civil parish in the English county of Buckinghamshire. It lies in the Chiltern Hills just to the north of Chesham, on the boundary with Hertfordshire.

It comprises the hamlet of Buckland Common, and the villages of Cholesbury, Hawridge and St Leonards (with Lane Ends hamlet) which were brought together as part of the local government reorganisation in April 1934. The parish has since increased in size through the annexing of additional parcels of land which previously were part of Chesham, Ashley Green and Drayton Beauchamp. From 1974 to 2021 it was in the Chiltern district.

History
In common with many other villages close to the scarp of the Chiltern Hills, the parishes formed from the ancient manors and estates ran from the fertile Vale of Aylesbury up the step wooded slope onto the Chiltern plateau and dip slope. They are collectively known by the social geographic term of strip parishes. Over time the upland communities, which had originally been temporary outposts connected to summer agricultural activity (transhumance), became distinct, permanent settlements.

Prior to 1934, the local government arrangements covering the area of the present-day parish were distributed across several civil parishes. Cholesbury has historical associations with Drayton Beauchamp, becoming an autonomous manor and parish from the 14th century. Meanwhile, Hawridge, which has historic associations with Marsworth despite the two settlements being separated by a narrow strip of land in Hertfordshire, became an autonomous unit from around the 16th century. The other two main settlements of the modern-day parish, prior to 1934, were the upland portions of two other parishes. St Leonards had been part of a civil parish with Aston Clinton (for a time known as Aston Clinton St Leonards). The hamlet of Buckland Common had been within the parish of Buckland. Additionally, as part of a contemporary county boundary changes, a narrow strip of mainly arable fields and woodland plantation which ran adjacent to the county boundary was transferred from Drayton Beauchamp parish, as was part of the hamlet of Heath End, a small parcel of land previously in Wingginton parish in Hertfordshire. More recently, a section of land formerly part of Chesham parish has become incorporated at the Hawridge end of the parish.

Recreation and culture
The relative remoteness of the villages and hamlets within the parish, together with their close geographic and historic associations which have strengthened their mutually-held independence from the nearest towns, have resulted in a cultural identity developing across the parish. Locally, they are known as the Hilltop Villages. This is demonstrated by the existence of a number of long-established clubs and community organisations, which in similar fashion to the three local churches co-ordinate activities across the parish as a whole.

Sport and recreation
The cricket club was formed in 1895 and leases its ground in Cholesbury from the Lord of the Manors of Hawridge and Cholesbury. There is a recreation ground associated with the parish hall in St Leonards, used for football, gymkhana and village sports events. Hawridge and Cholesbury Commons are public open spaces, and the parish council look after The Green at Buckland Common and nearby allotments.

Social activity
The villages hold annual fêtes at St Leonards and on Hawridge and Cholesbury Commons. There are two community halls, Cholesbury Village Hall (built in 1895) and St Leonards Parish Hall (1938), which host many of the parish-wide social activities such as the Horticultural Society, Local History Group and Women's Institute. There are four public houses, The Black Horse, The Rose and Crown, The Full Moon and The White Lion.

Parishioners have a long-standing tradition of commemorating important anniversaries and participate in national celebrations by organising events such as parish race days, exhibitions, parish walks, and other cultural activities. The most recent of these took place in April 2009 when in the parish celebrated the parish's 75th anniversary through a series of events comprising, in April a talk and exhibition entitled 'The first 75 years of Cholesbury-cum-St Leonards Parish'. In May, an inter-village 6-a-side cricket competition was held. In June, a Beating the Bounds ceremony took place when there was a perambulation of the original (1934), fourteen-mile parish boundary, which in contrast to similar events in other counties was conducted in the traditional clockwise direction. In July, there was a celebratory 'Flower Show' at St Mary's Church and later that month a parish 'Families Fun Sports Day', including events such as children's and adult races and a Tug of War which had been a feature of several earlier celebrations in the parish relating to parish anniversaries and coronations. In August the Horticultural Show had classes celebrating the anniversary. In October there was a civil service led by the local priest. The year of commemoration concluded in February with a pantomime (Humpty-Dumpty).

Governance
Governance for the civil parish is administered through a parish council. The parish is un-warded and comprises seven seats. The parish has been part of the local government area administered by Chiltern District Council since its inception in 1974 and is within the Chiltern Ridges ward of Buckinghamshire County Council. There are allotments and a village green at Buckland Common which are owned by the parish council. Key issues concerning parishioners include: the increasingly poor condition and lack of maintenance of the local road network; lack in the availability of affordable housing; the negative impact on the Chilterns AONB of increased volumes of low-flying aircraft associated with Luton Airport; the impact of the proposed route through the Chilterns of the High Speed 2 railway between London and Birmingham which was announced in 2010.

Religion

Today there are three Anglican churches: St Mary's Hawridge; St Laurence, Cholesbury and St Leonards, all part of the Diocese of Oxford. There was a fourth church adjacent to the Green at Buckland Common, which was deconsecrated in 1939 having fallen into disrepair. Nearby, there was also a Strict Baptist chapel which continued to serve the community until the end of the 1970s. In Hawridge a mission hall ran until the 1980s.

Economy
Agriculture, which formed the basis for most employment in the parish in the first part of the 20th century, has ceased to be a significant source of work although there is employment for those supporting the remaining farming activities. There are no shops or post offices in the parish. The majority of residents are employed in the surrounding towns, or further afield in London. Since the introduction of broadband a growing number of self-employed and small businesses are run from home.

Education
Originally, there were two primary schools in the parish. The St Leonards School closed in the 1970s and today education for children up to year 6 is provided by Hawridge and Cholesbury Church of England School, in Hawridge. The falling numbers of school-age children has resulted in the school providing education to pupils living outside the catchment area, primarily on the outskirts of Chesham.

title: Cholesbury-cum-St Leonards


text:
Timeline of Polish science and technology

Education has been of prime interest to Poland's rulers since the early 12th century. The catalog of the library of the Cathedral Chapter in Kraków dating from 1110 shows that Polish scholars already then had access to western European literature. In 1364, King Casimir III the Great founded the Cracow Academy, which would become one of the great universities of Europe. The Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics. The list of famous scientists in Poland begins in earnest with the polymath, astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus, who formulated the heliocentric theory and sparked the European Scientific Revolution.

In 1773 King Stanisław August Poniatowski established the Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, KEN), the world's first ministry of education.

After the third partition of Poland, in 1795, no Polish state existed. The 19th and 20th centuries saw many Polish scientists working abroad. One of them was Maria Skłodowska-Curie, a physicist and chemist living in France. Another noteworthy one was Ignacy Domeyko, a geologist and mineralogist who worked in Chile.

In the first half of the 20th century, Poland was a flourishing center of mathematics. Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the Lwów School of Mathematics (with Stefan Banach, Hugo Steinhaus, Stanisław Ulam) and Warsaw School of Mathematics (with Alfred Tarski, Kazimierz Kuratowski, Wacław Sierpiński). The events of World War II pushed many of them into exile. Such was the case of Benoît Mandelbrot, whose family left Poland when he was still a child. An alumnus of the Warsaw School of Mathematics was Antoni Zygmund, one of the shapers of 20th-century mathematical analysis. According to NASA, Polish scientists were among the pioneers of rocketry.

Today Poland has over 100 institutions of post-secondary education — technical, medical, economic, as well as 500 universities — which are located in most major cities such as Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Rzeszów, Toruń, Warsaw and Wrocław. They employ over 61,000 scientists and scholars. Another 300 research and development institutes are home to some 10,000 researchers. There are, in addition, a number of smaller laboratories. All together, these institutions support some 91,000 scientists and scholars.

From 2001

 * Monika Mościbrodzka, Polish astrophysictst known for pioneering the development of numerical astrophysics, which can be used in combination with experimental observations to test general relativity. These studies contributed to the first ever direct image of a black hole, specifically, the supermassive black hole at the centre of Messier 87.
 * Olga Malinkiewicz, Polish physicist and inventor of a method of producing solar cells based on perovskites using inkjet printing.
 * Lidia Morawska, Polish-Australian physicist whose work focuses on fundamental and applied research in the interdisciplinary field of air quality and its impact on human health, with a specific focus on atmospheric fine, ultrafine and nanoparticles. In 2020, she contributed to the area of airborne infection transmission of viruses, including COVID-19.
 * Jarosław Duda, a graduate and employee of Jagiellonian University and inventor of asymmetric numeral systems (ANS), a family of entropy encoding methods widely used in data compression, to encode data e.g. by Facebook Zstandard, Apple LZFSE, CRAM or JPEG XL.
 * Poland joins the European Southern Observatory ESO (2014), 16-nation intergovernmental research organisation for astronomy.
 * Poland becomes a member the European Space Agency (2012).
 * PW-Sat, the first Polish satellite was launched into space (2012); other Polish satellites include Lem and Heweliusz.
 * Piorun (missile), a man-portable air-defense system designed to destroy low-flying aircraft, airplanes, helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles.
 * AHS Krab, a 155 mm NATO-compatible self-propelled tracked gun-howitzer designed in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola.
 * Polish Artificial Heart Program launched by the Foundation for Cardiac Surgery Development in Zabrze.
 * Graphene acquisition, in 2011 the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology and Department of Physics, Warsaw University announced a joint development of acquisition technology of large pieces of graphene with the best quality so far. In April the same year, Polish scientists with support from the Polish Ministry of Economy began the procedure for granting a patent to their discovery around the world.
 * Maximal entropy random walk (MERW) is a popular type of biased random walk on a graph, used e.g. in complex network analysis, image analysis, tractography, physics, which was started by article from Jagiellonian University.
 * Sylwester Porowski, Polish physicist specializing in solid-state and high pressure physics. In 2001, he led a team of Polish scientists who built a blue semiconductor laser, first blue laser in Poland and third in the world.
 * Wojciech H. Zurek, Polish-American theoretical physicist and a leading authority on quantum theory, especially decoherence and non-equilibrium dynamics of symmetry breaking and resulting defect generation; Kibble–Zurek mechanism, Kibble–Zurek scaling laws, quantum discord, einselection, quantum Darwinism, no-cloning theorem.

1951–2000

 * Krzysztof Matyjaszewski, Polish-American chemist, discoverer of atom-transfer radical polymerization (1995), a novel method of polymer synthesis that has revolutionized the way macromolecules are made.
 * Bohdan Paczyński, Polish astronomer, credited with the development of a new method of detecting space objects and establishing their mass using the gravitational lenses effect; he is acknowledged for coining the term microlensing.
 * Janusz Pawliszyn, Polish chemist, inventor of solid-phase microextraction (SPME).
 * Andrzej Tarkowski, Polish embryologist and Professor of Warsaw University, known for his pioneering research on embryos and blastomeres, which have created theoretical and practical basis for achievements of biology and medicine of the twentieth century - in vitro fertilization, cloning and stem cell discovery.
 * Janusz Brzozowski, Polish-Canadian computer scientist known for developing the Brzozowski derivative and Brzozowski's algorithm.
 * Aleksander Wolszczan, Polish astronomer who, in 1992, co-discovered the first ever extrasolar planet – PSR 1257+12, a pulsar located 2,630 light years from Earth. It is believed to be orbited by at least four planets.
 * Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-Swiss chemist and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (1950), who was awarded for his work on the isolation of cortisone.
 * Władysław Świątecki, Polish physicist noted for pioneering research in nuclear physics including the nuclear shell model and for independently predicting the existence of the so-called island of stability.
 * Jack Tramiel, Polish American businessman, best known for founding Commodore International; Commodore PET, VIC-20 and Commodore 64 are some home computers produced while he was running the company.
 * Foundation For Polish Science - a non-governmental organisation aiming at supporting academics with high potential - since (1991)
 * Stanisław Kamiński, Polish aeronautical engineer, designer of PZL W-3 Sokół, a helicopter, FAA certificate in (1989)
 * Paul Baran, Polish-American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of computer networks; he was one of the two independent inventors of packet switching, which is today the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.
 * Henryk Magnuski, Polish telecommunications engineer who worked for Motorola in Chicago. He was the inventor of the first Walkie-Talkies and one of the authors of his company success in the fields of radio communication.
 * Benoit Mandelbrot, mathematician of Polish descent; known for developing a theory of "roughness and self-similarity" and significant contributions to fractal geometry and chaos theory; Mandelbrot set.
 * Flaris LAR01, Polish five-seat single-engined very light jet, currently under development by Metal-Master of Jelenia Góra.
 * Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrid, a low-floor articulated hybrid buses from the Solaris Urbino series for city communication services manufactured by Solaris Bus & Coach in Bolechowo near Poznań in Poland.
 * PZL Kania, a helicopter, first prototype (1979), FAR-29 certificate (early 1980s).
 * Odra (computer), a line of computers manufactured in Wrocław (1959/1960)
 * FB MSBS, an assault rifle developed by FB "Łucznik" Radom
 * FB Beryl, an assault rifle designed and produced by the Łucznik Arms Factory in the city of Radom
 * Polish Polar Station, Hornsund was established in 1957.
 * PZL SW-4 Puszczyk, Polish light single-engine multipurpose helicopter manufactured by PZL Swidnik
 * EP-09, 'B0B0' Polish electric locomotive class
 * PT-91, Polish main battle tank. Designed at the Research and Development Centre of Mechanical Systems OBRUM (Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych) in Gliwice
 * Grom (missile), an anti-aircraft missile
 * 206FM, class minesweeper (NATO: "Krogulec")
 * Meteor (rocket), a series of sounding rockets (1963)
 * PZL TS-11 Iskra, a jet trainer aircraft, used by the air forces of Poland and India (1960)
 * Lim-6, attack aircraft (1955)
 * Andrzej Trybulec, Polish mathematician who designed the Mizar system in 1973. The system consists of a formal language for writing mathematical definitions and proofs, a proof assistant, which is able to mechanically check proofs written in this language, and a library of formalized mathematics, which can be used in the proof of new theorems; it was designed by
 * Mieczysław G. Bekker, Polish engineer and scientist, co-authored the general idea and contributed significantly to the design and construction of the Lunar Roving Vehicle used by missions Apollo 15, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17 on the Moon.
 * The Polish Academy of Sciences, headquartered in Warsaw, was founded in 1951.
 * Hilary Koprowski, Polish virologist and immunologist, inventor of the world's first effective live polio vaccine (1950).
 * Andrzej Udalski, initiator of the OGLE project, which led to the such significant discoveries as the detection of the first merger of a binary star, first Cepheid pulsating stars in the eclipsing binary systems, unique nova systems, quasars and galaxies.
 * Stefania Jabłońska, Polish physician; in 1972 Jabłońska proposed the association of the human papilloma viruses with skin cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis; in 1978 Jabłońska and Gerard Orth at the Pasteur Institute discovered HPV-5 in skin cancer; Jabłońska was awarded the 1985 Robert Koch Prize.
 * Andrew Schally, Polish-American endocrinologist and Nobel Prize laureate (1977). His research contributed to the discovery that the hypothalamus controls hormone production and release by the pituitary gland, which controls the regulation of other hormones in the body.
 * Tomasz Dietl, Polish physicist; known for developing the theory, confirmed in recent years, of diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors, and for demonstrating new methods in controlling magnetization.
 * Ryszard Horodecki, Polish physicist; he contributed largely to the field of quantum informatics and theoretical physics; Peres-Horodecki criterion.
 * Stephanie Kwolek, American chemist of Polish origin, who in 1965 created the first of a family of synthetic fibers of exceptional strength and stiffness. The best-known member is Kevlar, a material used in protective vests as well as in boats, airplanes, ropes, cables, and much more—in total about 200 applications.
 * Andrzej Szczeklik, Polish immunologist; credited with discovering the anti-thrombotic properties of aspirin, and studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of aspirin-induced bronchial asthma.
 * Antoni Zygmund, Polish mathematician, considered one of the greatest analysts of the 20th century.
 * Leonid Hurwicz, Polish economist and mathematician; he originated incentive compatibility and mechanism design, which show how desired outcomes are achieved in economics, social science and political science. In 2007, he shared the Nobel Prize in Economics.
 * Artur Ekert, Polish physicist; one of the pioneers of quantum cryptography.
 * Jacek Pałkiewicz, Polish journalist, traveler and explorer; fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, discoverer of the sources of the Amazon River (1996).
 * Kazimierz Kuratowski, Polish mathematician, a leading representatives of the Warsaw School of Mathematics; Kuratowski's theorem, Kuratowski-Zorn lemma; Kuratowski closure axioms.
 * Tadek Marek, Polish automobile engineer, known for his Aston Martin engines.
 * Otto Marcin Nikodym, Polish mathematician; Radon-Nikodym theorem, Nikodym set, Radon-Nikodym property.
 * Zygmunt Bauman, Polish sociologist and philosopher; one of the world's most eminent social theorists writing on issues as diverse as modernity and the Holocaust, postmodern consumerism as well as the concept of liquid modernity which he introduced.
 * Kazimierz Dąbrowski, Polish psychologist; he developed the theory of positive disintegration, which describes how a person's development grows as a result of accumulated experiences (1929).
 * Jerzy Pniewski and Marian Danysz, Polish physicists discovered hypernucleus in 1952.
 * Anna Wierzbicka, Polish linguist; known for her work in semantics, pragmatics and cross-cultural linguistics; she's credited with formulating the theory of natural semantic metalanguage and the concept of semantic primes.
 * Michał Misiurewicz, Polish mathematician known for his contributions to chaotic dynamical systems and fractal geometry, notably the Misiurewicz point.
 * Andrzej Grzegorczyk, Polish mathematician; he introduced the Grzegorczyk hierarchy - a subrecursive hierarchy that foreshadowed computational complexity theory.
 * Stanisław Jaśkowski, Polish mathematician; he is regarded as one of the founders of natural deduction, which he discovered independently of Gerhard Gentzen in the 1930s; he was among the first to propose a formal calculus of inconsistency-tolerant (or paraconsistent) logic; furthermore, Jaśkowski was a pioneer in the investigation of both intuitionistic logic and free logic.
 * Karol Borsuk, Polish mathematician; his main area of interest was topology; he introduced the theory of absolute retracts (ARs) and absolute neighborhood retracts (ANRs), and the cohomotopy groups, later called Borsuk–Spanier cohomotopy groups; he also founded shape theory; Borsuk's conjecture, Borsuk-Ulam theorem.
 * Jerzy Konorski, Polish neurophysiologist; he discovered secondary conditioned reflexes and operant conditioning and proposed the idea of gnostic neurons - a concept similar to the grandmother cell; he also coined the term neural plasticity, and he developed theoretical ideas regarding it.
 * Antoni Kępiński, Polish psychiatrist; he developed the psychological theory of information metabolism which explores human social interactions based on information processing which significantly influenced the development of socionics.
 * Zbigniew Religa, Polish cardiac surgeon; a pioneer in human heart transplantation; in 1987 he performed the first successful heart transplant in Poland; in 1995 he was the first surgeon to graft an artificial valve created from materials taken from human corpses; in 2004 Religa and his team developed an implantable pump for a pneumatic heart assistance system.
 * Maria Siemionow, a renowned Polish transplantation surgeon and scientist who gained world recognition when she led a team of eight surgeons through the world's first near-total face transplant at the Cleveland Clinic in 2008.
 * Tadeusz Krwawicz, Polish ophthalmologist; he pioneered the use of cryosurgery in ophthalmology; he was the first to describe a method of cataract extraction by cryoadhesion in 1961, and to develop a probe by means of which cataracts can be grasped and extracted.
 * Albert Sabin, Polish-American medical researcher, best known for developing the oral polio vaccine which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease.
 * Jacek Karpiński, Polish pioneer in computer engineering and computer science. He became a developer of one of the first machine learning algorithms, techniques for character and image recognition. In 1971, he designed one of the first minicomputers, the K-202.
 * Stefan Kudelski, Polish audio engineer known for creating the Nagra series of professional audio recorders.
 * Zdzisław Pawlak, Polish mathematician and computer scientist; known for his contribution to many branches of theoretical computer science; he is credited with introducing the  rough set theory and also known for his fundamental works on it; he had also introduced the Pawlak flow graphs, a graphical framework for reasoning from data.
 * Samuel Eilenberg, Polish-American mathematician, Eilenberg–MacLane space, Eilenberg–Mazur swindle, Eilenberg–Maclane spectrum, Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms.
 * Jan Czekanowski, Polish anthropologist, ethnographer, statistician and linguist; one of the founders of computational linguistics, he introduced the Czekanowski binary index.
 * Henryk Iwaniec, mathematician, he is noted for his outstanding contributions to analytic number theory and sieve theory; Friedlander-Iwaniec theorem.
 * Andrzej Piotr Ruszczyński, Polish-American applied mathematician, noted for his contributions to mathematical optimization, in particular, stochastic programming and risk-averse optimization. He developed the theory of stochastic dominance constraints and created the theory of Markov risk measures.
 * Kazimierz Kordylewski, Polish astronomer credited for the discovery of the Kordylewski clouds, large transient concentrations of dust at the Trojan points of the Earth–Moon system, which were reported to have been confirmed to exist in October 2018.
 * Andrzej Trautman, Polish mathematical physicist who has made contributions to classical gravitation in general and to general relativity in particular. The "Trautman-Bondi mass" is named after him. Trautman and Ivor Robinson also discovered a family of exact solutions of the Einstein field equation, the Robinson-Trautman gravitational waves.
 * Osman Achmatowicz Jr., Polish chemist. He is credited with discovering the Achmatowicz reaction (1971).
 * Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Polish paleobiologist. In the mid-1960s, she led a series of Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions to the Gobi Desert. She discovered such dinosaur species as Deinocheirus and Gallimimus.
 * Jerzy Vetulani, Polish neuroscientist and biochemist. He is known for his early hypothesis of the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs, suggesting in 1975 together with Fridolin Sulser that downregulation of beta-adrenergic receptors is responsible for their effects.
 * Zbyszek Darzynkiewicz, Polish-American cell biologist active in cancer research and in developing new methods in histochemistry for flow cytometry.
 * Ludwik Gross, Polish-American virologist. He discovered two different tumor viruses — murine leukemia virus and mouse polyomavirus — capable of causing cancers in laboratory mice.
 * Ryszard Gryglewski, Polish physician and pharmacologist. He co-discovered prostacyclin (1976), which set off many further scientific discoveries.
 * Wacław Szybalski, Polish-American medical researcher, geneticist and oncologist. He conducted research on drug resistance and molecular genetics and is known for the Szybalski's rule.
 * Bogdan Baranowski, Polish chemist who made notable contributions to the study of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and solid state physical chemistry. He discovered nickel hydride in 1958.

1901–1950

 * Józef Kosacki, a Polish Lieutenant who developed the Polish mine detector during World War II (1941–42), a metal detector used for detecting land mines. It contributed substantially to British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's 1942 victory over German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at El Alamein.
 * Marian Rejewski, Polish mathematician who was among the team of Polish cryptologists who broke the Enigma machine in the 1930s. In 1938, he designed the Cryptologic bomb, a special-purpose machine to speed the breaking of the Enigma machine ciphers that would be used by Nazi Germany in World War II. It was a forerunner of the "Bombes" that would be used by the British at Bletchley Park, and which would be a major element in the Allied Ultra program that may have decided the outcome of World War II.
 * Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau) was the Polish military intelligence agency that made the first break (1932, just as Adolf Hitler was about to take power in Germany) into the German Enigma machine cipher that would be used by Nazi Germany through World War II, and kept reading Enigma ciphers at least until France's capitulation in June 1940.
 * Jan Czochralski, Polish chemist credited with inventing the Czochralski method, a technique of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold) and salts (1916). The method is still used in over 90 percent of all electronics in the world that use semiconductors.
 * Joseph Rotblat, Polish physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project, Nobel laureate.
 * Stanisław Ulam, Polish-American mathematician who participated in Manhattan Project, originated the Teller–Ulam design of thermonuclear weapons, discovered the concept of cellular automaton, invented the Monte Carlo methods of computation, and suggested nuclear pulse propulsion.
 * Wacław Struszyński, a Polish electronics engineer who made a vital contribution to the defeat of U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic, he designed a radio antenna which enabled effective high frequency (HF) radio direction finding systems to be installed on Royal Navy convoy escort ships. Such direction finding systems were referred to as HF/DF or Huff-Duff, and enabled the bearings of U-boats to be determined when the U-boats made high frequency radio transmissions.
 * Rudolf Gundlach, Polish engineer who designed the Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV, the first device to allow the tank commander to have a 360-degree view from his turret (1936).
 * Jan Łukasiewicz, Polish mathematician and logician who invented the Polish notation, also known as prefix notation, is a method of mathematical expression (1920).
 * Reverse Polish notation, (RPN), also known as postfix notation (1920)
 * Henryk Zygalski, Polish mathematician who in 1938 invented the Zygalski sheets, also known as "perforated sheets", one of a number of devices created by the Polish Cipher Bureau to facilitate the breaking of German Enigma ciphers.
 * Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician who is considered the founder of modern functional analysis. He is known for Banach space, Banach-Tarski paradox, Banach algebra, Functional analysis, Banach fixed-point theorem, uniform boundedness principle, Banach–Alaoglu theorem and Banach measure.
 * Lwów School of Mathematics was a group of eminent Polish mathematicians that included Hugo Steinhaus, Stanisław Ulam, Mark Kac and many more.
 * Stefan Kaczmarz, Polish mathematician known for the Kaczmarz method, which provided the basis for many modern imaging technologies, including the CAT scan.
 * Tadeusz Banachiewicz, Polish astronomer, inventor of the chronocinematograph (1927).
 * 7TP, light tank of the Second World War (1935).
 * Piotr Wilniewczyc, Polish engineer and arms designer. He designed FB Vis, a 9×19mm caliber, single-action, semi-automatic pistol.
 * PZL.23 Karaś, light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft designed in the PZL (1934)
 * Zygmunt Pulawski, Polish aircraft designer. He designed in the early 1930s PZL P.11, Polish fighter aircraft. It was briefly the most advanced fighter aircraft of its kind in the world.
 * Jerzy Dąbrowski, Polish aeronautical engineer. He designed in the mid-1930s PZL.37 Łoś, twin-engine medium bomber.
 * Zbysław Ciołkosz, Polish aircraft designer who designed LWS-6 Żubr, initially a passenger plane. Since the Polish airline LOT bought Douglas DC-2 planes instead, the project was converted to a bomber aircraft (early-1930s).
 * SS Sołdek, the first ship built in Poland after World War II (1948)
 * Alfred Korzybski, Polish philosopher and mathematician who developed the field of general semantics and is known for the map–territory relation.
 * Mieczysław Wolfke, Polish physicist considered "one of precursors in the development of holography" (a quote from Dennis Gabor).
 * Hugo Steinhaus, Polish mathematician; one of the founders of the Lwów School of Mathematics, he is regarded as one of the early founders of game theory and probability theory which led to later development of more comprehensive approaches by other scholars; Banach-Steinhaus theorem, three-gap theorem.
 * LWS, an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer Lubelska Wytwórnia Samolotów (1936–1939)
 * PZL, an abbreviation name used by Polish aerospace manufacturers (1928–present)
 * RWD, an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer (1920–1940)
 * TKS, a tankette (1931)
 * Stefan Tyszkiewicz, Polish engineer and inventor. He founded automobile manufacturing company Stetysz (1929).
 * RWD-1, sports plane of 1928, constructed by the RWD
 * Józef Maroszek, Polish arms designer. He designed Wz. 35 anti-tank rifle, Polish 7.9 mm anti-tank rifle used by the Polish Army during the Invasion of Poland of 1939.
 * Marian Smoluchowski, Polish scientist, pioneer of statistical physics - Einstein–Smoluchowski relation, Smoluchowski coagulation equation, Feynman-Smoluchowski ratchet.
 * Kazimierz Fajans, Polish physical chemist, the co-discoverer of chemical element protactinium (1913). He is also known for the Fajans' rules, Fajan's and Soddy's law, Fajans–Paneth–Hahn Law and Fajans method.
 * Kazimierz Funk, Polish biochemist, credited with formulating the concept of vitamines.
 * Alfred Tarski, a renowned Polish logician, mathematician and philosopher; Banach-Tarski paradox, Tarski's axioms, Tarski's undefinability theorem, semantic theory of truth, Tarski monster group, Jónsson–Tarski duality.
 * Wacław Sierpiński, known for outstanding contributions to set theory (research on the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis), number theory, theory of functions and topology; Sierpiński triangle, Sierpiński carpet, Sierpiński curve, Sierpiński number.
 * Wiktor Kemula, Polish chemist. He developed the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE).
 * Aleksander Jabłoński, Polish physicist, known for Jablonski diagram.
 * Maksymilian Faktorowicz, also known as Max Factor Sr., Polish-American businessman, beautician, entrepreneur and inventor. As a founder of the cosmetics giant Max Factor & Company, he largely developed the modern cosmetics industry in the United States.
 * Franciszek Mertens, mathematician known for Mertens function, Mertens conjecture, Mertens's theorems.
 * Josef Hofmann, designer of first windscreen wipers.
 * Rudolf Weigl, Polish biologist and inventor of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus.
 * Ludwik Hirszfeld, Polish microbiologist and serologist. He is considered a co-discoverer of the inheritance of ABO blood types.
 * Michał Kalecki, Polish economist; he has been called "one of the most distinguished economists of the 20th century", he made major theoretical and practical contributions in the areas of the business cycle, growth, full employment, income distribution, the political boom cycle, the oligopolistic economy, and risk; he offered a synthesis that integrated Marxist class analysis and the then-new literature on oligopoly theory, and his work had a significant influence on both the Neo-Marxian and Post-Keynesian schools of economic thought; he was also one of the first macroeconomists to apply mathematical models and statistical data to economic questions.
 * Stefan Bryła, Polish construction engineer and welding pioneer; he designed and built the first welded road bridge in the world as well as the Prudential building in Warsaw, one of the first European skyscrapers.
 * Kazimierz Zarankiewicz, Polish mathematician who was primarily interested in topology and graph theory known for Zarankiewicz problem and Zarankiewicz crossing number conjecture.
 * Juliusz Schauder, Polish mathematician known for Schauder basis, Schauder fixed-point theorem, Schauder estimates, Banach–Schauder theorem and Faber-Schauder system.
 * Ralph Modjeski, Polish civil engineer who achieved prominence as a pre-eminent bridge designer in the United States.
 * Wojciech Świętosławski, Polish chemist and physicist, considered the father of thermochemistry
 * Józef Tykociński, Polish engineer and a pioneer of sound-on-film technology
 * Mieczysław Mąkosza, Polish chemist specializing in organic synthesis and investigation of organic mechanisms; he is credited for the discovery of the aromatic vicarious nucleophilic substitution, VNS; he also contributed to the discovery of phase transfer catalysis reactions.
 * Bronisław Malinowski, Polish anthropologist, often considered one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists. His writings on ethnography, social theory, and field research have exerted a profound influence on the discipline of anthropology.
 * Mirosław Hermaszewski, Polish Air Force officer and cosmonaut; the first Polish person in space.
 * Henryk Arctowski, Polish scientist, explorer and an internationally renowned meteorologist; a pioneer in the exploration of Antarctica.
 * Stefan Drzewiecki, Polish engineer and inventor who constructed the world's first electric submarine in 1884. He developed several models of propeller-driven submarines that evolved from single-person vessels to a four-man model; he developed the blade element theory (1885), the theory of gliding flight, developed a method for the manufacture of ship and plane propellers (1892), and presented a general theory for screw-propeller thrust (1920); he also developed several models of early submarines for the Russian Navy, and devised a torpedo-launching system for ships and submarines that bears his name, the Drzewiecki drop collar; he also made an instrument that drew the precise routes of ships onto a nautical chart; his work Theorie générale de l'hélice (1920), was honored by the French Academy of Science as fundamental in the development of modern propellers.
 * Tadeusz Tański, Polish automobile engineer and the designer of, among others, the first Polish serially-built automobile, the CWS T-1
 * Leonard Danilewicz, Polish engineer, he came up with a concept for a frequency-hopping spread spectrum.
 * Florian Znaniecki, Polish sociologist and philosopher; he made significant contributions to sociological theory and introduced such concepts as humanistic coefficient and culturalism; he is the co-author of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, which is considered the foundation of modern empirical sociology.
 * Adolf Beck, Polish physiologist, a pioneer of electroencephalography (EEG); in 1890 he published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light; Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals; his observation of fluctuating brain activity led to the conclusion of brain waves.
 * Andrzej Schinzel, Polish mathematician, studying mainly number theory; Schinzel's hypothesis H, Davenport–Schinzel sequence
 * Władysław Starewicz, Polish-Russian pioneering film director and stop-motion animator, he is notable as the author of the first puppet-animated film i.e. The Beautiful Lukanida (1912).
 * Witold Hurewicz, Polish mathematician; Hurewicz space, Hurewicz theorem.
 * Józef Wierusz-Kowalski, Polish physicist, discoverer of the phenomenon of progressive phosphorescence.
 * Henryk Derczyński, Polish photographer. He developed the isohelia technology, a technique that sharpens contrasts and defines three-dimensional images.
 * Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian and Soviet rocket scientist of Polish descent. He pioneered astronautics and is considered one of the pioneers of space flight and the founding father of modern rocketry and astronautics.
 * Tadeusz Sendzimir, Polish engineer and inventor with 120 patents in mining and metallurgy. He developed revolutionary methods of processing steel and metals and is known for the Sendzimir mill and Sendzimir process.
 * Jerzy Rudlicki, Polish aerospace engineer and pilot. He is best known for his inventing and patenting of the V-tail in 1930, which is an aircraft tail configuration that combines the rudder and elevators into one system.
 * Leopold Infeld, Polish physicist known for Born–Infeld model, Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations and Infeld–Van der Waerden symbols.
 * Eugène Minkowski, Polish psychiatrist and emigrant to France, known for his incorporation of phenomenology into psychopathology.
 * Frank Piasecki, American engineer of Polish descent known as a helicopter aviation pioneer. He pioneered tandem rotor helicopter designs and created the compound helicopter concept of vectored thrust using a ducted propeller.
 * Władysław Świątecki, Polish airman and inventor known for the Swiatecki bomb slip.
 * Jakub Karol Parnas, Polish-Soviet biochemist. He co-discovered the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway, the most common type of glycolysis, and phosphorolysis.
 * Joseph Szydlowski, Polish-Israeli aircraft engine designer who founded Turbomeca in France.

1851–1900

 * Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Polish chemist and physicist, a pioneer in the field of radioactivity, co-discoverer of the chemical elements radium and polonium.
 * Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski, the first to liquefy oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in a stable state (not, as had been the case up to then, in a dynamic state in the transitional form as vapour) (1833).
 * Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski discovers carbon dioxide clathrate (1882).
 * Ignacy Łukasiewicz, Polish pharmacist and petroleum industry pioneer who in 1856 built the world's first oil refinery; his achievements included the discovery of how to distill kerosene from seep oil, the invention of the modern kerosene lamp, the introduction of the first modern street lamp in Europe, and the construction one of the world's first modern oil well.
 * The Polish Academy of Learning, an academy of sciences, was founded in Kraków in 1872.
 * Casimir Zeglen, inventor of one of the first bulletproof vests.
 * Józef Paczoski, Polish botanist; he coined the term of phytosociology and was one of the founders of this branch of botany (1896).
 * Jan Szczepanik, Polish inventor, with several hundred patents and over 50 discoveries to his name, many of which are still applied today, especially in the motion picture industry, as well as in photography and television, which include telectroscope and colorimeter.
 * Edmund Biernacki, Polish pathologist, known for the Biernacki reaction used worldwide to assess erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), which is one of the major blood tests.
 * Ludwik Gumplowicz, Polish sociologist, "one of the forerunners of scientific sociology".
 * Antoni Leśniowski, Polish surgeon, discoverer of Leśniowski-Crohn's disease.
 * Edward Flatau, Polish neurologist and psychiatrist, his name in medicine is linked to Redlich-Flatau syndrome, Flatau-Sterling torsion dystonia, Flatau-Schidler disease and Flatau's law. He published a human brain atlas (1894), wrote a fundamental book on migraine (1912), established the localization principle of long fibers in the spinal cord (1893), and with Sterling published an early paper (1911) on progressive torsion spasm in children and suggested that the disease has a genetic component.
 * Kazimierz Prószyński, Polish inventor active in the field of cinema; he patented his first film camera, called Pleograph, before the Lumière brothers, and later went on to improve the cinema projector for the Gaumont company, as well as invent the widely used hand-held Aeroscope camera.
 * Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, Polish-Russian engineer and electrician; inventor of the three-phase electric power system. In 1891, he also created a three-phase transformer and short-circuited (squirrel-cage) induction motor.
 * Joseph Babinski, a neurologist best known for his 1896 description of the Babinski sign, a pathological plantar reflex indicative of corticospinal tract damage.
 * Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, a Polish linguist, he formulated the theory of the phoneme and phonetic alternations.
 * Ernest Malinowski, Polish engineer, he constructed at that time the world's highest railway Ferrocarril Central Andino in the Peruvian Andes in 1871–1876.
 * Bruno Abakanowicz, Polish mathematician and electrical engineer, inventor of the integraph, spirograph, parabolagraph and an electric arc lamp of his own design.
 * Stanisław Kierbedź, Polish-Russian engineer, and military officer; he constructed the first permanent iron bridge over the Vistula River in Warsaw known as the Kierbedź Bridge; he designed and supervised the construction of dozens of bridges, railway lines, ports and other objects in Central and Eastern Europe.
 * Felicjan Sypniewski, Polish naturalist, botanist, entomologist and philosopher; his ground-breaking studies and scientific publications laid down the foundations of malacology
 * Ludwik Zamenhof, Polish medical doctor, inventor and writer; creator of Esperanto, the most successful constructed language in the world.
 * Napoleon Cybulski, Polish physiologist and a pioneer of endocrinology and electroencephalography; discoverer of adrenaline (1895).
 * Wacław Mayzel, Polish histologist; he described for the first time the process of mitosis in animal cells.
 * Antoni Patek, Polish pioneer in watchmaking and a creator of Patek Philippe & Co., one of the most famous watchmaker companies in the world.
 * Ludwik Rydygier, Polish surgeon; in 1880, as the first in Poland and second in the world he succeeded in surgical removal of the pylorus in a patient suffering from stomach cancer, he was also the first to document this procedure; in 1881, as the first in the world, he carried out a peptic ulcer resection; in 1884 he introduced a new method of surgical peptic ulcer treatment using Gastroenterostomy; Rydygier proposed (1900) original concepts for removing prostatic adenoma and introduced many other surgical techniques that are successfully used to date.
 * Jan Dzierżoń, a pioneering Polish apiarist who discovered the phenomenon of parthenogenesis in bees and designed the first successful movable-frame beehive (1838); his discoveries and innovations made him world-famous in scientific and bee-keeping circles; he has been described as "the father of apiculture".
 * Stanisław Leśniewski, philosopher and logician, known for coining the term mereology.
 * Stanisław Kostanecki, Polish chemist known for the Kostanecki acylation.
 * Marceli Nencki, Polish chemist. He demonstrated that urea is formed in the organism from amino acids rather than being preformed on a protein molecule and that it is accompanied by binding of carbon dioxide. He also discovered rhodanine in 1877.
 * Bohdan Szyszkowski, Polish chemist and member of Polish Academy of Learning. He published important papers on electrochemistry and surface chemistry and is known for the Szyszkowski equation.
 * Jan Mikulicz-Radecki, Polish-German pioneering surgeon. He was the inventor of new operating techniques and tools, and is one of the pioneers of antiseptics and aseptic techniques. He created a surgical mask and was the first to use medical gloves during surgery. He is known for Mikulicz' disease, Heineke–Mikulicz strictureplasty, Mikulicz's drain.
 * Aleksander Możajski, Polish-Russian aviation pioneer, researcher and designer of Mozhaysky's airplane.
 * Stanisław Olszewski, Polish engineer and inventor. He is best known as the co-creator of the technology of arc welding (along with Nikolay Benardos).
 * Karol Adamiecki, Polish engineer and management theorist. He invented a novel means of displaying interdependent processes so as to enhance the visibility of production schedules (1896). With minor modifications, Adamiecki's chart is now more commonly referred to in English as the Gantt chart.
 * Walery Jaworski, one of the pioneers of gastroenterology in Poland; he described bacteria living in the human stomach and speculated that they were responsible for stomach ulcers, gastric cancer and achylia. It was one of the first observations of Helicobacter pylori. He published those findings in 1899 in a book titled "Podręcznik chorób żołądka" ("Handbook of Gastric Diseases"). His findings were independently confirmed by Robin Warren and Barry Marshall, who received the Nobel Prize in 2005.
 * Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz, Polish pathologist. His research of the variable vascularity of the spinal cord was an important contribution to the development of modern clinical vascular surgery. He is known for Artery of Adamkiewicz and Adamkiewicz reaction.
 * Justyn Karliński, physician and epidemiologist, who discovered over 20 bacteria in Bosnian waters. The discovery enabled the development of vaccines for numerous infectious diseases of humans and animals.
 * Adam Bruno Wikszemski, inventor of a device for phonographic recording of sound vibrations (1889)
 * Ivan Yarkovsky, Polish-Russian civil engineer. He is credited with the discovery of the Yarkovsky effect and the co-discovery the YORP effect.

1801–1850

 * Felix Wierzbicki, physician and geographer, author of California as It Is and as It May Be, or A Guide to the Gold Region, the first English-language geographic overview and guide to California (1849)
 * Ignacy Domeyko - geologist and mineralogist, a geological map of Chile, describing the Jurassic rock formations, and discovered deposits of a rare mineral (1846).
 * Paweł Strzelecki, Polish explorer and geologist; in 1840 he climbed the highest peak on mainland Australia and named it Mount Kosciuszko; he made a geological and mineralogical survey of the Gippsland region in present-day eastern Victoria and from 1840 to 1842 he explored nearly every part of Tasmania; author of Physical Description of New South Wales (1845).
 * Jędrzej Śniadecki, Polish writer, physician, chemist, biologist and philosopher. He became the first person who linked rickets to lack of sunlight (1822). He also created modern Polish terminology in the field of chemistry.
 * Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Polish scholar, poet, and statesman
 * Ignacy Prądzyński, Polish military commander and general; principal engineer and designer of the Augustów Canal
 * Wojciech Jastrzębowski, Polish scientist, naturalist and inventor, professor of botany, physics, zoology and horticulture; considered as one of the fathers of ergonomics
 * Alexander I established the University of Warsaw (1816) on the initiative of Stanisław Potocki and Stanisław Staszic.

1701–1800

 * Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), founded in 1773, was the world's first national Ministry of Education.
 * Stanisław Staszic was an outstanding Polish philosopher, statesman, Catholic priest, geologist, translator, poet and writer — almost a one-man academy of sciences. The Polish Academy of Sciences' Staszic Palace, in Warsaw, is named after him; one of the founding fathers of the Constitution of May 3, 1791 – the world's second and Europe's first written constitution and a crowning achievement of the Polish Enlightenment
 * Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński, Polish Messianist philosopher, mathematician, physicist, inventor, lawyer, and economist; he is credited with formulating the Wronskian and developing the system of continuous track.

1601–1700

 * Adam Adamandy Kochański, Polish mathematician, physicist and clockmaker found an approximation of π today called the Kochański's Approximation (1685). He also suggested replacing the clock's pendulum with a spring (1659), constructed a clock with a magnetic pendulum (1667), and was the author of the world's first systematic paper on the construction of clocks.
 * Johannes Hevelius was an astronomer who published the earliest exact maps of the moon and the most complete star catalog of his time, containing 1,564 stars. In 1641 he built an observatory in his house; he is known as "the founder of lunar topography".
 * Jan Brożek (Ioannes Broscius) was the most prominent 17th-century Polish mathematician. Following his death, his collection of Nicolaus Copernicus' letters and documents, which he had borrowed 40 years earlier with the intent of writing a biography of Copernicus, was lost.
 * Kazimierz Siemienowicz, Polish–Lithuanian general of artillery, gunsmith, military engineer, and pioneer of rocketry who developed the concept of a multistage rocket.
 * King of Poland, John II Casimir, founded the University of Lviv (1661).
 * Michał Boym, Polish Jesuit missionary to China, scientist and explorer; he is notable as one of the first westerners to travel within the Chinese mainland, and the author of numerous works on Asian fauna, flora and geography. He was the first in Europe to describe Korea as a peninsula, as until then it was believed to be an island, and the first in Europe to establish the factual location of a number of Chinese cities and the Great Wall of China.
 * Adam Freytag, mathematician and military engineer, wrote Architectura militaris nova et aucta, the first manual of bastion fortifications of the so-called Old Dutch system (1631).
 * Krzysztof Arciszewski, Polish–Lithuanian nobleman, military officer, engineer, and ethnographer. Arciszewski also served as a general of artillery for the Netherlands and Poland
 * Jan Jonston, Polish scholar and physician of Scottish descent; author of Thautomatographia naturalis (1632) and Idea universae medicinae practicae (1642)
 * Michał Sędziwój, Polish alchemist, philosopher, and medical doctor; a pioneer of chemistry, he developed ways of purification and creation of various acids, metals and other chemical compounds; he discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance-later called oxygen 170 years before similar discoveries by Scheele and Priestley; he correctly identified this 'food of life' with the gas (also oxygen) given off by heating nitre (saltpetre); this substance, the 'central nitre', had a central position in Sendivogius' schema of the universe.

1501–1600

 * Bartholomäus Keckermann, A Short Commentary on Navigation (the first one written in Poland)
 * Josephus Struthius, he published in 1555 Sphygmicae artis iam mille ducentos perditae et desideratae libri V. in which he described five types of pulse, the diagnostic meaning of those types, and the influence of body temperature and nervous system on pulse. This was one of books used by William Harvey in his works
 * Sebastian Petrycy, Polish philosopher and physician who lectured and published notable works in the field of medicine.
 * Nicolaus Copernicus, Renaissance polymath — an astronomer, mathematician, physician, lawyer, clergyman, governor, diplomat, military leader, classics scholar and economist, who developed the heliocentric theory in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. His De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres) was published in 1543. He also described "Gresham's Law" the year (1519) that Thomas Gresham was born.
 * King of Poland, Stephen Báthory founded the Vilnius University in 1579, which became the easternmost university in Europe.
 * Marcin of Urzędów, Polish Roman Catholic priest, physician, pharmacist and botanist known especially for his Herbarz polski ("Polish Herbal")
 * Adam of Łowicz, Polish physician, philosopher, and humanist; author of Fundamentum scienciae nobilissimae secretorum naturae.
 * Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer, mathematician, philosopher and diplomat. He was the author of Commentum planetarium in theoricas Georgii Purbachii and was the first to state that the Moon moves in an ellipse and always shows its same side to the Earth.
 * Bishop Jan Lubrański founded the university college known as the Lubrański Academy in 1518.

Middle Ages

 * Kraków Academy (Akademia Krakowska) was founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great.
 * Witelo (ca. 1230 – ca. 1314), was a philosopher and a scientist who specialized in optics. His famous optical  treatise, Perspectiva, which drew on the Arabic Book of Optics by Alhazen, was unique in Latin literature and helped give rise to Roger Bacon's best work. In 1284, he described the reflection and refraction of light. In addition to optics, Witelo's treatise made important contributions to the psychology of visual perception.


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Purple Medley

"Purple Medley" is a medley of songs by American musician Prince from 1995. There is no album accompanying the single. The track is a mix of many hits and well-known songs from Prince's career. Some of the pieces of music are samples, while others are re-recorded for the mix. Some of the additional instrumentation is credited to The New Power Generation. The "Purple Medley" consists of snippets from the songs: "Batdance", "When Doves Cry", "Kiss", "Erotic City", "Darling Nikki", "1999", "Baby I'm a Star", "Diamonds and Pearls", "Purple Rain" and "Let's Go Crazy" and fades for the edit. The full version continues with "Sexy Dancer", "Let's Work", "Irresistible Bitch" (with the music of "Sexy MF"), "I Wanna Be Your Lover", "Alphabet St.", "Thieves in the Temple", the bassline to The Time's "777-9311", Sheila E.'s "A Love Bizarre", "If I Was Your Girlfriend", "Raspberry Beret", "Little Red Corvette", "Cream" and "Peach".

The CD single release includes both the full version of the medley (which clocks in at 11 minutes) and the edited version, which is 3:14 in length, and omits about half of the tracks present in the full version. Despite, in essence, being a megamix of Prince's biggest hits (barring "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World"), the B-side of the single is "Kirk J's B-Sides Remix" which consists of additional Prince hits remixed (oddly, only one was an actual B-side). This track appears to have little additional input from Prince, but is rather a compilation of remixes made by band member Kirk Johnson. The compilation includes bits of "Pop Life", "Housequake", "When Doves Cry", "Shockadelica", "Head" and "The Continental". The remix of "The Continental" was released in a longer version on the 1998 compilation Crystal Ball as "Tell Me How U Wanna B Done".

The track also features Prince's last use of his Yamaha DX7 synthesizer. When the DX7 was up for sale in 2020 by Shane T. Keller, Prince's main engineer during the recording, he remarked how Prince had used the DX7 before he sold it for financial purposes in 1995 to him: "When we were working on the Purple Medley, Prince asked me, "Can you get my DX7?". I had to look for it, so that is how I knew where it was later in the year during the fire sale. His handwriting is all over it, and he assumed ownership of it when I brought it into Studio A. Indeed, it was his, and I saw him play it."

Chart performance
The song performed rather poorly in the charts worldwide and received very little night airplay in the US on radio station mixshows. It peaked at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 74 on the R&B chart. In the UK, the medley reached number 33.

Music video
On January 26, 1996, VH1 aired Love 4 One Another, a one-hour Artist special. The "Purple Medley" video takes place as one of Prince's biggest fans sneaks backstage and watches the video on a floppy disk. The video uses old Prince footage, with new footage of the NPG and Prince's first wife Mayte Garcia during songs which don't have clips, such as "Sexy Dancer", "Let's Work", "Irresistible Bitch" and "If I Was Your Girlfriend". It also features live footage from the Tokyo Dome. It cuts short during "If I Was Your Girlfriend", then repeats the spoken introduction from "Let's Go Crazy" and displays the burial of Prince's chain cap that he wears in the "My Name Is Prince" clip, which consisted of footage from 3 Chains o' Gold. A screen then displays "Prince: 1958–1993. May He Rest In Peace." A full version was done, however, and circulates on bootlegs.

title: Purple Medley