text:
Liu Yu (warlord)

Liu Yu (courtesy name Bo'an; died c. November 193) was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty.

Life
Liu Yu's ancestral home was in Tan County (郯縣), Donghai State (東海國), which is around present-day Tancheng County, Shandong. His ancestor was Liu Jiang (劉彊; 25–58 CE), a son and heir apparent of Emperor Guangwu who was deposed in 43 CE and became the Prince of Donghai (東海王). His grandfather Liu Jia (劉嘉) served as Minister of the Household (光祿勳), while his father Liu Shu (劉舒) served as the Administrator (太守) of Danyang Commandery (丹陽郡).

Liu Yu held various appointments in the Han government during the reign of Emperor Ling ((r. undefined – undefined) 168–189), including Chancellor of Ganling State (甘陵國相), Minister of the Imperial Clan (宗正), Inspector of You Province (幽州刺史) and Grand Commandant (太尉). During his tenure, he gained a strong reputation for good, incorrupt and benevolent governance. Even the ethnic minority tribes (e.g. Wuhuan, Xianbei) in You Province and foreign kingdoms near the Han Empire's northern borders (e.g. Buyeo, Yemaek) so highly respected him that they did not dare to cause trouble in his jurisdiction. In recognition of his efforts, the Han government enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Xiangben (襄賁侯).

In the 190s, Liu Yu and another warlord Gongsun Zan got into conflict because of opposing views on how to deal with the ethnic minority tribes and foreign kingdoms: Liu Yu adopted a peaceful and pacifist policy towards them, while Gongsun Zan preferred to use armed force to keep them under control. In 193, Liu Yu rallied an army of about 100,000 and prepared to attack Gongsun Zan. He instructed his troops to focus on eliminating Gongsun Zan and keep casualties and damage as low as possible. However, one of his subordinates, Gongsun Ji (公孫紀), betrayed him and told Gongsun Zan about his plan. Due to Liu Yu's approach of minimising casualties and damage, he lost the battle against the more aggressive Gongsun Zan and was forced to retreat to Juyong County (居庸縣). Gongsun Zan attacked Juyong County, conquered it within three days, captured Liu Yu and brought him as a prisoner to Ji County (薊縣; in the vicinity of present-day Tianjin and Beijing).

Around the time, the Han central government had sent an emissary, Duan Xun (段訓), to bestow additional honours upon Liu Yu and grant him authority to oversee affairs in the four provinces in northern China. Gongsun Zan seized the opportunity to coerce Duan Xun into transferring the titles and honours to him instead. After falsely accusing Liu Yu of plotting treason with Yuan Shao, Gongsun Zan forced Duan Xun to order Liu Yu's execution and bring Liu Yu's head back to the imperial capital Chang'an. Along the way, one of Liu Yu's former subordinates seized Liu Yu's head from Duan Xun and had it buried with the proper funeral rites. As Liu Yu was a highly popular and respected figure in You Province, many people mourned his death.

Family
Liu Yu's son, Liu He (劉和), served as a Palace Attendant (侍中). He was captured and held hostage by the warlord Yuan Shu but later escaped to join Yuan Shu's half-brother, the warlord Yuan Shao. With backing from Yuan Shao, he and his father's former subordinates sought revenge against Gongsun Zan.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the Ten Regular Attendants took military offices for themselves. When there came two rebellions in Yuyang and Changsha, the eunuchs appointed Liu Yu to be the Imperial Protector of Youzhou, who raised armies to defeat the rebels in Yuyang. It was after his success in a partnership with Liu Bei, that he was given the title of Grand Commander.

title: Liu Yu (warlord)


text:
Nassagaweya Township, Ontario

Nassagaweya Township is a geographic township and former municipality now part of Milton.

The township was created in 1819, its name derived from the Mississauga word nazhesahgewayyong, meaning 'river with two outlets.' This refers to the fact that watercourses in the township drain to both Lake Ontario and the Grand River system.

Nassagaweya township became part of the Town of Milton in 1974.

Communities within the boundaries of the former township include: Campbellville, Brookville, Moffat, Haltonville, Darbyville, Guelph Junction and Sayers Mills. Nassagaweya historically contained Eden Mills and borders on Kilbride.

The heritage house Nassagaweya in Brisbane, Australia was named after the township being the birthplace of the house's owner John Gillies.

Organization of schools
By 1862, there were six schools in the township:

 * In Concession 3, at lots 4, 10, 15 and 29
 * In Concession 4, at lot 22
 * In Concession 7, at lot 25

Attractions

 * Halton County Radial Railway
 * Mohawk Raceway
 * Mountsberg Conservation Area
 * Crawford Lake Conservation Area
 * Hilton Falls Conservation Area

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nassagaweya Township, Ontario


text:
Talk:Tulsa Drillers

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text:
Talk:Bereavement in Judaism

Burial tradition
The thing about the shovel is not jewniversal--it's a nice custom, but that should be clarified. The way that part is currently written, it sounds like this practice is torah mesinai. There are a number of variations of the custom as well--at least one funeral I've been to, the mourners each used the shovel, in turn, and after using the shovel, used their hand to throw in an additional handful. I don't know where the tradition comes from, nor its variations. Tomer TALK 21:45, September 2, 2005 (UTC) — < T A L K JNDRLINE T A L K >
 * it is traditional to do many things "backwards" ... I think the chevrah also pours water in a backhanded manner when preparing the body.

Euthanasia is not Kosh
This was according to a rabbi, from Askmoses.com: Is euthanasia allowed under any circumstances? Answer: Euthanasia is forbidden (see Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah, ch. 339 for more details).

The soul of a Jew is pure G-dliness. The fact that a spark of G-dliness manifests itself in this physical world, in a physical body, is truly amazing. Every Jew is, by his/her very existence a beacon of G-dly light on this world. G-d forbid to extinguish this light.

Yahrzeits of famous Jews
It would be great if we could get the yahrzeits of famous Jews throughout history. Does anyone have a list? I have found a few, so I will note them here, but I am not sure of the accuracy of them since I don't know what time of day they died. It would be great to verify the accuracy of these and get more.

Musical instruments during the funeral
There is no mention anywhere in this article of the fact that, unlike in Christian funerals, musical instruments aren't usually played at Jewish funerals. This is important to point out, especially in light of the custom in ancient times of playing the flute, as Mishnah Ketuvot 4:4 points out: "Even the poorest man in Israel should not hire fewer than two flutes ... [for a funeral]." Given the existence of such a custom, it's baffling that traditional and Orthodox Jewish congregations frown upon the playing of any music at funerals which they officiate.

Timing of keriah
§ Bereavement in Judaism says that keriah is done on hearing of the news, or at the funeral "so that the procedure is done properly". Different denominations in Judaism differ widely in what they consider "proper", and that phrase violates neutrality. I have deleted it. --Thnidu (talk) 16:48, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

"Jewish bereavement/draft" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Jewish bereavement/draft. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 3 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰 (𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠) 16:29, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

Meaningless sentence
§Death of an apostate Jew includes the sentence
 * It is also said that Leibel Eiger came to be menachem avel [console the mourner]).

This makes no sense: a person cannot come to be a verb. Is the translation (of menachem avel) accurate? Can anyone supply the intended meaning? Thnidu (talk) 07:53, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

Nothing here on prohibition against disturbing remains
Arminden (talk) 13:10, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

Missing discussion of Haymanot and Karaite Judaism
No discussion of bereavement in Haymanot or Karaite Judaism is included. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.77.179.20 (talk) 13:21, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bereavement in Judaism


text:
Talk:1981 Atlantic hurricane season

Untitled
Okay I removed the note under name retirements about Katrina being retired in 2005 because a. the name Katrina has *not* been retired yet and announcements about retired names won't be made until Spring 2006 so the statement is untrue anyway. b. Even if the announcement had been made, as I said in my edit summary, retirements of names used on a list more than 20 years in the future is utterly irrelevent to the entry in question. Names to be retired are only mentioned in the entry for the year in which said name is retired. There is no need to confuse things by mentioning name retirements more than one list cycle (can't think of a better term for it) in the future!

-Hurricane Sapphire. (cute name eh? :P)

Please use next time ~ to sign in. juan andrés 02:38, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

And yeah your name is pretty fine. Would you like to help us with the Wikiproject? juan andrés 04:37, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Images for each storm

 * Tropical Storm Arlene
 * Tropical Storm Bret
 * Hurricane Cindy
 * Hurricane Emily
 * Hurricane Floyd- Can't find it as a hurricane. Hurricanehink
 * Tropical Storm Gert- See above. Hurricanehink
 * Hurricane Harvey
 * Hurricane Irene
 * Tropical Storm Jose
 * Hurricane Katrina
 * Subtropical Storm Three

 * All of them done. Hurricanehink 03:04, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * But why three? Maybe it is Subtropical Storm Thirteen juan andrés 04:29, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * An error with Cindy confused me. Cindy was not a Hurricane as the picture says juan andrés 04:36, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Gert is for female, right? Because I've never heard that name before juan andrés 04:41, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Finally, after too much trouble it;s done! juan andrés 05:08, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Good work. Whoops on Cindy, and that Subtropical Storm was the 3rd Subtropical Storm of the season. The other two became tropical. Hurricanehink 13:42, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I presume that's right on SS3. I named it that because the best-track called it "SUBTROP 3". Jdorje 17:57, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh I understand... juan andrés 00:37, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Eight
I became aware of this system today when looking for the next unnamed tropical depression to do rainfall graphics for prior to 1984. It had significant impact in Texas, so I included it. Expect a rainfall page for the system to be done during the afternoon and evening tomorrow. Thegreatdr (talk) 22:38, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It is done. Thegreatdr (talk) 22:14, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Two
The associated rainfall graphics will be generated tonight. I'm digging for more information for the prospective TC rainfall page, so it will likely be updated again sometime during the next week or so. Thegreatdr (talk) 19:49, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * All information I can find through NCDC has now been found. Thegreatdr (talk) 03:08, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

The quandry of 21 tropical depressions
The only way to get to 21 this season, which was stated in the Monthly Weather Review tropical systems article in 1988 for 1981, is to include the 3 extra tropical depressions in the non-developmental database, which is not publicly released and therefore not able to be referenced. Of these 3, two impacted North America (one the East coast, the other Mexico) and will likely have rainfall files/pages dedicated to them in the next couple month or two. This means HPC will end up being the source of the information, rather than NHC. Oy. Thegreatdr (talk) 20:55, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Only 3 more references needed
Once we find references for TD7, TD15, and the unusualness of the Bret landfall upon the Delmarva, I think we can consider GACing this puppy. Thegreatdr (talk) 19:47, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * References should be taken care of now. It is GACed.  Thegreatdr (talk) 03:07, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Bret and the Delmarva
Please, consider edits carefully regarding Bret's impact on the Delmarva within TC history. Hurricanes have impacted that peninsula since at least 1878. Thegreatdr (talk) 01:18, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/rsad/gibbs/1981/205/img-1981-07-24-18-goe-4-vs.html#image
 * In 1981 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-05-25 04:56:43, 404 Not Found
 * In 1981 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-24 05:28:43, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 05:28, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

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Missing depressions
I'm continuing my work with historic cyclone tracks and... I've come across some depressions in the IBTrACS database which have accompanying ATCF best track files, which make the numbering system used on this article incorrect. Not sure how they should go about being updated or how many seasons may be affected by this. Some brief reading further up in the talk page seems to indicate these storms weren't in the archives previously, but I'm not too sure about that. Any info?

An example: 1

-- atomic  77  32  10:13, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

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Arlene Merger
I believe that Tropical Storm Arlene (1981) fails WP:NWX due to minimal impact/meteorological significance and should be merged into this article. There isn't anything there that couldn't be said here. Noah, AATalk 12:19, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Support merge. I'm not going to base merging per WP:NWX since it's an essay on notability and not an official notability guideline, but rather the tropical cyclone failing WP:GNG, WP:EVENTCRIT, WP:NSUSTAINED, and WP:LASTING. This tropical cyclone has zero significant, secondary coverage, and virtually every single source is a primary one. The only secondary sources I found that mention the tropical cyclone are non-significant coverage of the tropical cyclone and brief mentions in a book here and here and yet another source (in the article) containing a very brief mention of the tropical cyclone here. Thus, it fails EVENTCRIT and GNG per the lack of secondary sources, as well as no lasting impact. Therefore, I support a merge to 1981 Atlantic hurricane season. ~ Tails   Wx  (🐾, me!) 06:18, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Support - minimal impacts, could be said easily in season section. ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 03:06, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:1981 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Impossibale

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete -- Joolz 16:21, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Impossibale
Delete. dicdef, unneccessary as the meaning explained here seems to be the exact same as that of impossible. Punkmorten 21:47, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and recreate as redirect to impossible, I suppose. -Splash 22:03, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, no, I was being too generous. We don't need redirects for every conceivable misplaced letter. Delete. -Splash 22:20, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Impossible is a redirect as it is. Redirect to possibility if this is a genuine variant spelling. Flowerparty 22:17, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a place to list illiterate misspellings. Delete, candidate for speedy deletion. Possibly redirect to possibility, but I'll pass. (And that says something, because I otherwise create redirects left and right.) - Mike Rosoft 16:11, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Somena

August 2009
This article was created by Meaghan Champion-Williams (nee Walker-Williams), who edits (edited?) Wikipedia as. She also blogs at http://somenamedia.blogspot.com, but that blog is "open to invited readers only".

When I took a quick look at the article, I noticed that most of the links were to things at http://somenamedia.blogspot.com. So I took a closer look. Of the 19 links present, 16 were to that blog. Of the remaining 3 links:
 * http://www.fcpp.org/main/publication_detail.php?PubID=163 is an op-ed which mentions Meaghan Walker-Williams but not the Somena people.

 * http://www.aboriginaltimes.com/taxation/prepaid-taxes/view currently redirects to an article on another registered-users-only website

 * http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/aboriginalplanet/mission/mcps02august16-22-en.asp is a dead link.

As an encyclopedia, Wikipedia aims to provide good sources for what our articles say. Closed websites and blogs are not acceptable as sources (except in rare cases which do not apply here).

So I tried Googling for various things mentioned in the article. In over an hour of searching, I failed to find anything acceptable as a source. Much more remarkably, every relevant hit was to content created by user:Somena!

It would appear that Ms Champion-Williams put a lot of time and effort into making her family's dispute with the Cowichan Tribes leadership as visible as possible on the Internet, as well as other disputes she has been part of.

So I went through the article and removed everything that was unsourced or badly sourced, keeping only facts from related Wikipedia articles. The result is a much shorter article, so I tagged it as a stub:
 * The Somena (or S’amuna’) are one of several Indigenous Peoples living in the Duncan region of British Columbia, Canada.

 * The Somena were one of seven peoples were forced to amalgamate into one "band", forming the so-called "Cowichan tribe" or "Cowichan tribes". The other peoples were the Quamichan/Kw’amutsun (the largest cultural group), Clemclemaluts (L’uml’umuluts), Comiaken (Qwum’yiqun’), Khenipsen (Hinupsum), Kilpahlas (Tl’ulpalus), Koksilah (Hwulqwselu), and Quamichan (Kw’amutsun).

 * Coast Salish
 * FirstNations-stub
 * BritishColumbia-stub

I've also archived this talk page, mainly because it contained multiple WP:BLP violations.

Comments, criticism and corrections are welcome. Cheers, CWC 12:47, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I've tweaked what's left a bit, and had avoided the daring edits/cuts you've made, which were yes necessary. but I think something about the disputed leadership/cultural identity should remain, not sure how to cite it or describe it.  "Indigenous sensitivity" means addressing both modern governmental/cultural structures as well as the traditional legacy and resulting disputes; some articles such as the dichotomy between Squamish Nation and Skwxwu7mesh or the way traditional governance has ben included in e.g. Hesquiaht First Nation or Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations do this with much less controversy/invective.  This isn't the only case where once-separate peoples were combined into one band council, of course, and it's not t he only one where there are "thorny disputes" over who's in control and who should be.  Some brief statement of User:Somena's dispute with the band government is needed; but as noted this is a common theme in FN politics /history so the issue is not limited to this article.Skookum1 (talk) 13:37, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Hey, thanks for those edits, Skookum1. I like your version of this article better than mine.
 * The disputed leadership/cultural identity issue is a toughie. Judging by what I found (or didn't find) using Google, there's a real possibility that it has never been covered by reliable sources. I think I'll wish you good luck and tiptoe quickly away ... Cheers, CWC 21:47, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Somenos
Should there be see also sections, or textual description of some of the Somenos hits? Like Somenos Elementary School, Somenos Lake, Somenos Marsh Wildlife Society? DigitalC (talk) 20:28, 10 November 2009 (UTC)
 * something like "a variant form of the name of this people is "Somenos" which is found in various place and institutional names in the area...]then list them].". Only material relating to the Somena group of the Cowichan people should be here....Skookum1 (talk) 03:55, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

October 2010
I added some links, catergoys and porthoes to it today!--86.26.74.125 (talk) 09:49, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that. I thought the categories Category:Indigenous peoples of North America and Category:Pacific Northwest were too broad, so I've re-categorized the article to Category:Coast Salish, which is a subcategory of Category:First Nations in British Columbia and of Category:Native American tribes in Washington (U.S. state). Is that OK?
 * Having added categories and portals, user then made a lot more changes, after which, made two more edits. I'm afraid I've undone most of these edits. Guys, the problem is that Wikipedia requires "verifiability" for statements in articles, by which we basically mean links to "reliable sources". Unfortunately, all the links you provided were to items at http://somenamedia.blogspot.com/, which does not count as a "reliable source" because (1) only invited people can read it and (2) it is a personal website created by an involved activist. To add info, you will need links to newspaper articles, academic papers or other fact-checked sources. (It does not matter whether a source is 'reliable' in the sense you or I would use that word off-wikipedia; what matters is that there is a formal fact-checking process in place.) User 86.26.74.125 wrote that
 * News articles pertaining to the Somena group have been published in the New York Times, National Post, Financial Post, Vancouver Sun, Vancouver Province, Cowichan Valley Citizen, Cowichan Newsleader, and the Homemakers Magazine, among others.
 * Do you have links to any of those articles? If so, we can use whatever the linked articles say about the Somena in the article. That would be good. Cheers, CWC 22:48, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

I've added some sorces-   --Wipsenade (talk) 15:30, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

--Wipsenade (talk) 15:29, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Err ... thanks, but three of those sources (tripatlas.com, nabut.com and answers.com) are not Reliable by Wikipedia standards, and http://cowichantribes.com/ doesn't seem to say anything useful here about the Somena people. So I've removed them, and we're back to 0 references again. CWC 17:16, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Somena


text:
Gathurst railway station

Gathurst railway station is a two-platform railway station on the outskirts of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Greater Manchester, England. The station is on the Southport line 2+3/4 mi north west of Wigan Wallgate station. It is currently operated by Northern Trains.

The main stone-built station building survives adjacent to the Wigan-bound platform, but is now in use for non-railway purposes (as a public house), modest shelters now being provided on both platforms for rail travellers.

History
The station opened on 9 April 1855 when the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) opened the line from Wigan Wallgate to Southport London Street, the line and station had been planned, authorised and construction started by the Manchester and Southport Railway before it was acquired by the L&YR on 3 July 1854. The main stone-built station building (no longer in use) was built during this time, in the standard L&YR style which had been described as "solid, substantial, well built of stone in the Elizabethan style, neat without undue ornament".

The station was renamed Gathurst for Shevington around 1934 and then back to Gathurst on 5 May 1975.

The L&YR amalgamated with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922 and in turn was grouped into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1923. Nationalisation followed in 1948. When Sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by Regional Railways until the privatisation of British Rail. The goods yard served as an exchange with the ICI Nobels Roburite Works narrow gauge railway.

Facilities
The station is unmanned and has no ticket machine, so all tickets must be bought prior to travel or on the train. Train running information can be obtained by phone and timetable posters. There is step-free access to both platforms.

Services
On Monday to Saturday daytimes, there are two trains an hour westbound to Southport and eastbound to Wigan. Beyond here, services run via Bolton to either Stalybridge via Manchester Victoria or Manchester Oxford Road (services beyond there towards Manchester Piccadilly and points south ended at the winter 2022 timetable change). Only a limited number now run via Atherton, mainly at peak times and late evenings (travellers to these destinations and for stations along the Calder Valley line now need to change at Wigan).

Sunday services are hourly each way and continue to Blackburn eastbound.

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William Rimmer

William Rimmer (February 20, 1816 – August 20, 1879) was an American artist and teacher born in Liverpool, England.

Biography
William Rimmer was the son of an English lumber merchant who emigrated to Nova Scotia, where he was joined by his wife and child in 1818. In 1826 he moved to Boston, where he earned a living as a shoemaker. With troubling consequences for his son, Rimmer's father believed himself to be the French dauphin, the son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The son learned the father's trade; at fifteen became a draughtsman and sign-painter; then worked for a lithographer; opened a studio and painted some ecclesiastical pictures.

In 1841 Rimmer made a tour of New England painting portraits; he lived in Randolph, Massachusetts, in 1845–1855 as a shoemaker; and, having studied with a respected physician, he practiced medicine from about 1848 to about 1860. In 1855 he moved to Chelsea, Massachusetts and then to East Milton, Massachusetts, where he supplemented his income by carving busts from blocks of granite.

In 1860 Rimmer made his head of St. Stephen (granite) and in 1861 his Falling Gladiator (plaster cast). Both are characteristically life-size. Rimmer's sculptures – except those mentioned and Seated Man (Despair; plaster cast painted bronze), Fighting Lions (plaster cast), Dying Centaur (plaster cast), and a granite statue of Alexander Hamilton (made in 1865 for the city of Boston) – were all eventually destroyed. By 1950, Fighting Lions was also destroyed.

Through the intervention of a friend, Rimmer exhibited a plaster copy (later destroyed) of the Falling Gladiator in 1863 in the Salon des Refusés in Paris, France, where it impressed visitors with its unusually realistic anatomy. For exhibition in Boston and New York, the artist created a hawk-headed, classically-posed, partly-armless Osiris which amounted to a daring satire on Neoclassicism. A photograph of it once existed, taken after Rimmer replaced the avian head with a human one.

Rimmer worked in clay, not modelling but building up and chiselling; almost always without models or preliminary sketches; and usually under technical disadvantages. The results were cast in temporary plaster, but he never had the financial means to convert them into marble or cast them in bronze. Fortunately after his death, bronze casts were created from the original plasters of Dying Centaur, Falling Gladiator, and Fighting Lions.

After teaching human anatomy and art in the Boston area, Rimmer became an influential teacher and director of the Cooper Union School of Design for Women in New York City. He worked there from 1866 to 1870, and his students included Ella Ferris Pell. Among his famous Boston pupils were Daniel Chester French, Anne Whitney, and John La Farge. In his final years, he taught at the school of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, where his lectures, as usual, were illustrated with much-admired blackboard sketches.

Having published Elements of Design (1864) and Art Anatomy (1877), Rimmer continued to teach, including through his exhibited sculpture. Most notably, in his surviving lectures and work, he challenged the prevailing preference for Neoclassicism. He also objected to servile copying from nature. Instead of promoting an imitative art form, he took a novel stance in fostering reliance on the artist's imagination (note the impossible pose in Falling Gladiator). His historical significance lies not only in his prodigious talent and originality, but also in his rebellion against artistic norms. He died in South Milford, Massachusetts, on August 20, 1879.

Rimmer's most famous work, though not usually associated with him, is Evening: Fall of Day, which was the prototype for the Swan Song Records logo that the English rock group Led Zeppelin used. Another celebrated painting is his Flight and Pursuit in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

His daughter Caroline Hunt Rimmer was also a sculptor and noted author of Figure Drawing for Children.

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Baltimore Clipper

A Baltimore clipper is a fast sailing ship historically built on the mid-Atlantic seaboard of the United States, especially at the port of Baltimore, Maryland. An early form of clipper, the name is most commonly applied to two-masted schooners and brigantines. These vessels may also be referred to as Baltimore Flyers.

History
Baltimore clippers were built as small, fast sailing vessels for trade around the coastlines of the United States and with the Caribbean Islands. Their hull lines tended to be very sharp, with a V-shaped cross section below the waterline and strongly raked stem, stern posts, and masts. The origins of the type are unknown, but certainly hulls conforming to the concept were being built in Jamaica and Bermuda, with the hull of the ocean-going Bermuda sloop broader than the Jamaican and deeper than the American design. By the late 18th century, the Baltimore configuration was not only popular in the United States as merchant craft, but also in Britain.

The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, has a one-page drawing labeled "A DRAWING OF HIS MAJESTY'S ARM'D SCHOONER BERBICE, THE 5TH AUG 1789" that comprises a sheer plan, body lines, deck plan, lines, and a view of her stern. These drawings of HMS Berbice (1780) represent the earliest draught of what became known as the Baltimore clipper.

The Royal Navy found the schooners of only limited usefulness during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars because they were unstable gun platforms due to their design for extreme speed compared to their size. Furthermore, the schooner rig does not allow sails to be backed, creating a disadvantage in maneuverability in battle. They were adopted after the wars to pursue slave ships.

They were especially suited to moving low-density, high value perishable cargoes such as slaves, and in that trade operated as far afield as the west coast of Africa.

Similar merchant vessels were given letters of marque and served as privateers during the War of Independence. During the War of 1812, merchant schooners were too small and slow to escape the British blockade, and larger, faster, more heavily armed, purpose-built privateer Baltimore clippers were developed. The most famous of these larger vessels were the privateers Chasseur, Prince de Neufchatel, and General Armstrong. Prince de Neufchatel resisted an attack by a fourfold numerically superior force in the ships of HMS Endymion and Chasseur alone captured more enemy ships than the entire US Navy during the war. Nevertheless, most privateers during the war were of the smaller type and served as merchant ships despite being given letters of marque. As a result, more privateers were taken by the British blockade of 1813 than ever took a prize themselves.

The Baltimore clippers' demise in use came about not because of outdated capabilities, but from people not wanting to be associated with the less-than-admirable activities for which they had become known, such as illegally importing slaves after the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves in 1807 and raiding in South America.

One particularly famous Baltimore clipper, and one of the last of the type in commercial service, was the schooner Vigilant that traded around the Danish Caribbean islands for over a century before sinking in a hurricane on September 12, 1928. She was believed to have been built in the 1790s.

Famous Baltimore clippers

 * Vigilant, 1794, one of the first and most famous Baltimore clippers. She sailed for over 130 years, bringing mail and passengers to ports in the Danish West Indies and around the Virgin Islands.
 * Chasseur, 1812, a fine example of Baltimore clipper, she was built by Thomas Kemp and commanded by Captain Thomas Boyle, an American privateer during the War of 1812.
 * Lynx, 1812, was an excellent example of a Baltimore clipper built by Thomas Kemp for the War of 1812.
 * HMS Black Joke (1827), the captured slave ship, originally was built as a slave ship, but ended up freeing several hundred slaves in service of the West Africa Squadron.
 * Ann McKim, 1833, one of the first "true" clippers, she was built by Kennard & Williamson.

In popular culture
Capt. Jack Aubrey uses a captured Baltimore clipper, the Ringle, as his tender in the Patrick O'Brian novels The Commodore and The Yellow Admiral. The ship is named after the American writer who brought the clippers to O'Brian's attention.

Modern replicas
Modern replicas of an early 19th-century Baltimore clipper type include the ill-fated Pride of Baltimore, her replacement, Pride of Baltimore II, Californian, La Amistad,  Shenandoah, and the Liberty Clipper and the privateer Lynx.

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Dreikirchen

Dreikirchen is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Location
Dreikirchen is a residential community with some industry. Since 1994, Dreikirchen has been a stronghold in the realm of village renewal. Many improvement measures have already been undertaken; some are in the planning stages, and others have been realized. The community lies in the southern Verbandsgemeinde of Wallmerod, a kind of collective municipality.

Amalgamations
Dreikirchen came into being through the amalgamation of the formerly autonomous Ortsgemeinden of Pütschbach and Oberhausen. In the course of administrative reform – namely the formation of the Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate – the two former communities’ councils came up with the new placename Dreikirchen. The grounds for this choice were the fortress church in the middle of Pütschbach, first mentioned in 1292, the chapel in Oberhausen and the parish church serving both places and newly built in 1957, in other words, the “three churches” (drei Kirchen in German).

Community council
The council is made up of 16 council members who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 7 June 2009.

Coat of arms
The community's arms symbolize both former communities’ quintessential traditional features as well as Oberhausen's and Pütschbach's fusion into the new community of Dreikirchen in April 1969.

The silver pale and chevron combination represents the Häuserbach in Oberhausen's municipal area and the former watercourse in Pütschbach's municipal area, which symbolically flow together forming a new unity for the united community.

Until 1564, Dreikirchen belonged to the Nassau Counts’ domain, after which it passed to the Electorate of Trier. In the 19th century, it belonged to the Duchy of Nassau and thereafter to the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau. Each of these is documented by an heraldic tincture, namely blue for the community's main membership in Nassau, and red for the Electorate of Trier. Here is also found the community's name in the three stylized silver steeples. The middle and predominant tower refers to the fortress church from the 12th century, the one on the left stands for the chapel in Oberhausen, and the one on the right once again symbolizes unity in depicting the parish church, which was meant to serve both former communities.

The dexter (ie on the armsbearer's right and therefore the viewer's left) field shows an oak sprig with two acorns representing the centuries-old oak forest in Pütschbach and nature in general, while the sinister (ie on the armsbearer's left and therefore the viewer's right) field shows some basalt columns referring to the basalt deposits in Oberhausen and the basalt mining there that goes back generations.

Buildings
Pütschbach's fortress church has a tower from the 12th century built in the Gothic style. The rest of the building has its roots in the 13th century. In 1970 the building was renovated.

Also worth seeing is a timber-frame farmhouse built about 1700 that was brought back into use as a dwelling after renovation.

Transport
The nearest Autobahn interchange is Diez on the A 3 (Cologne–Frankfurt), some 5 km away. The nearest InterCityExpress stop is Montabaur station on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line. There are bus links towards Hadamar, Montabaur and Limburg an der Lahn. Rail connections are available to Montabaur and Limburg through connecting trains, among them the ICE. Dreikirchen has a station on the Lower Westerwald Railway Unterwesterwaldbahn from Limburg to Siershahn.

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O'Moore Park

O'Moore Park (Páirc Uí Mhórdha) is a GAA stadium in Portlaoise, County Laois, Ireland. It is the home of the Laois Gaelic football and hurling teams. Under a new sponsorship deal it is known as "Laois Hire O'Moore Park".

Although it may have been in use as a GAA ground since 1888, and was acquired by Maryborough GAA Club in 1908, it was not purchased as the county grounds until 1917, becoming then one of the first grounds acquired by a county board (just six years after the purchase of Croke Park).

The spectator capacity is about 22,000, of which 6,500 can be seated. Its pitch is one of Ireland's best under weather. It is the venue for many club and county matches, particularly since the installation of floodlights. It is frequently used as a neutral stadium for inter-county matches not involving Laois. The ground is located 0.5 km from Portlaoise town centre on the N80 road (Abbeyleix road).

In the stand, white seats against a background of blue seats are used to spell out "Laois Laois".

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Brodie

Brodie  can be a given name or a surname of Scottish origin, and a location in Moray, Scotland, its meaning is uncertain; it is not clear if Brodie, as a word, has its origins in the Gaelic or Pictish languages. In 2012 this name was the 53rd most popular boys' name in Scotland. The given name originates from the surname.

Origin
The lands of Brodie are in Scotland, between Morayshire and Nairnshire, on the modern border that separates the Scottish Highlands and Moray. In the time of the Picts (pre 10th century), this location was at the heart of the Kingdom of Moravia. Early references show that the Brodie lands to be governed by a Tòiseach; in Scottish Gaelic, Tòiseach translates as "chieftain" or "clan chief", later to become Thane. Part of the Brodie lands were originally Temple Lands, owned by the order of the Knights Templar. It is uncertain if the Brodies took their name from the lands of Brodie, or that the lands were named after the clan.

Meaning
Early references to Brodie were written as Brochy, Brothy, Brothie, Brothu, Brode. Various meanings to the name Brodie have been advanced, but given the Brodies uncertain origin, and the varying ways Brodie has been pronounced/written, these remain but suppositions. Some of the suggestions that have been advanced as to the meaning of the name Brodie are:
 * Gaelic for "a little ridge"; "a brow", or "a precipice";
 * "ditch" or "mire", from the old Irish word broth;
 * Second son.
 * "muddy place", from the Gaelic word brothach;
 * "a point", "a spot", or "level piece of land", from the Gaelic word Brodha;
 * or originated from the Pict name Brude, Bruide or Bridei from the Pictish King name Bridei.

Surname

 * Alexander Oswald Brodie (1849–1918), Governor of Arizona Territory
 * Allan G. Brodie (1897–1976), American orthodontics educator
 * Angela Hartley Brodie (1934–2017), British pharmacologist and cancer researcher
 * Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet (1783–1862), English physiologist and surgeon
 * Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 2nd Baronet (1817–1880), English chemist
 * Bernard Beryl Brodie (1907–1989), American biochemist
 * Bernard Brodie (military strategist) (1910–1978), American military strategist
 * Chic Brodie (footballer), Scottish footballer
 * Dan Brodie, singer/songwriter from Melbourne, Australia
 * David Brodie (disambiguation), several people
 * Don Brodie, American actor and director
 * Douglas Neil Brodie, businessman and political figure in Nova Scotia
 * Elizabeth Brodie (1794–1864), birth name of the Duchess of Gordon
 * Eric Brodie, Scottish footballer
 * Fawn M. Brodie (1915–1981), American biographer and professor of history at UCLA
 * H. Keith H. Brodie, American psychiatrist, president emeritus of Duke University
 * Harold J Brodie, Canadian mycologist
 * Howard Brodie, American sketch artist known for his World War II combat sketches
 * Ian Brodie, Canadian political scientist
 * Ian Brodie (journalist) (1936–2008), British journalist
 * Imogen Harding Brodie (1878–1956), American vocal teacher and contralto soloist
 * Sir Israel Brodie (1895–1979), Chief Rabbi of Great Britain and the Commonwealth 1948–1965
 * James Brodie (disambiguation), several people
 * Jean P. Brodie, British astrophysicist
 * Joe Brodie, drummer in Drowners
 * John Brodie, American football quarterback
 * John Brodie (footballer, born 1862), English footballer
 * John Brodie (footballer, born 1947), English footballer
 * John Alexander Brodie (1858–1934), British civil engineer
 * John H. Brodie, American theoretical physicist, expert in string theory
 * John Leopold Brodie, designer of the Brodie helmet in 1915
 * John Brodie Innes, vicar of Downe and friend of Charles Darwin
 * John William Brodie-Innes, leading member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn's Amen-Ra Temple
 * Joshua Brodie, New Zealand cricketer
 * Leanna Brodie, Canadian actor and playwright
 * Leith Brodie, Australian sprint freestyle and medley swimmer
 * Malcolm Brodie (journalist), Scottish-born journalist from Northern Ireland
 * Malcolm Brodie (politician), the mayor of Richmond, British Columbia since 2001
 * Michael Brodie, British boxer
 * Michael Brodie (rugby league), Ireland international rugby league footballer
 * Mike Brodie, American photographer
 * Paul Brodie, Canadian saxophonist
 * Paul Brodie, Canadian bicycle manufacturer (Brodie Bicycles), Mountain Bike Hall of Fame inductee
 * Peter Bellinger Brodie (1815–1897), British geologist and churchman
 * Philip Hope Brodie, Scottish judge
 * Regis Brodie, American Professor of Art at Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, NY
 * Richard Brodie (cricketer), Scottish-born Australian cricketer
 * Richard Brodie (footballer), English footballer
 * Richard Brodie (programmer), American author of Microsoft Word and professional poker player
 * Sara Brodie, New Zealand theatre director and choreographer
 * Starla Brodie, American World Series of Poker champion
 * Steve Brodie (disambiguation), several people
 * T. J. Brodie, Canadian hockey player
 * Thomas L. Brodie, Irish theologian
 * Thomas Brodie-Sangster, English actor
 * Walter Brodie, New Zealand politician
 * Walter Lorrain Brodie, Scottish recipient of Victoria Cross
 * William Brodie (1741–1788), known as Deacon Brodie, Scottish cabinet-maker and deacon of a trades guild
 * William Brodie (sculptor) (1815–1881), Scottish sculptor

Fictional characters

 * Axel Brodie, in the Yu-Gi-Oh! GX anime series
 * Ewan Brodie, in the series Monarch of the Glen
 * Jean Brodie, in the novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and film adaptation
 * J. H. Brodie, in the television series Homicide: Life on the Street
 * Melanie Brodie, in the series Degrassi Junior High
 * Brodie family, from the BBC One Scotland soap opera River City

Given name

 * Brodie Atkinson, Australian rules footballer
 * Brodie Croyle, American football quarterback for the Kansas City Chiefs
 * Brodie Dupont, Canadian ice hockey forward
 * Brodie Farber, American mixed martial arts fighter
 * Brodie Greer, American actor
 * Brodie Henderson (rugby union), Canadian international rugby union player
 * Brodie Henderson (engineer), British railway engineer
 * Brodie Holland, Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League
 * Brodie Lee, American professional wrestler
 * Brodie MacDonald, Canadian lacrosse player
 * Brodie McGhie Willcox, British co-founder of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company
 * Brodie Moles, Australian rules football player
 * Brodie Mooy, Australian football (soccer) player
 * Brodie Neill, Australian industrial designer
 * Brodie Retallick (born 1991), New Zealand rugby union player
 * Brodie West, Canadian musician
 * Brodie Westen (1932–2021), American coach for the Western Illinois University Leathernecks
 * Brodie Young, Australian reality television star

Fictional characters

 * Brodie Bruce, played by Jason Lee in the film Mallrats
 * Brodie Hanson, in the Australian soap opera Home and Away

Coats of arms
Brodie coats of arms include:

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Robert Baldwin Sullivan

Robert Baldwin Sullivan, (May 24, 1802 – April 14, 1853), was an Irish-Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician who became the second Mayor of Toronto, Upper Canada.

Career
In 1835, he was elected to Toronto City Council of the year-old city of Toronto and was chosen to be mayor. He added a business-like atmosphere to council with the official 'robes of office'. The Council worked on matters like tax rates, grants and the removal of 'filth and nuisances from the city streets'. On May 6, 1835, Council's Committee on draining and paving approved construction of the city's first main sewer on King Street into which all drains and sewers were to be connected.

In 1836, actions by new Lieutenant Governor Francis Bond Head triggered the resignation of the members of the Executive Council for the province. Sullivan accepted an appointment to the council. In the same year, he became the commissioner of crown lands. In 1839, he was appointed surveyor general of the province and became a member of the Legislative Council. Although criticized by many as a turncoat, he was an able administrator.

He supported the union of Upper and Lower Canada and was appointed to the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada. He served briefly as the first Commissioner of Crown Lands for the united province February 10, 1841 – June 30, 1841.

In 1848, he was appointed to the Queen's Bench. Judge Sullivan died April 14, 1853, in Toronto. He was buried on the Baldwin family estate, now the grounds of Spadina House in Toronto.

Family

Baldwin was born in Bandon, County Cork in Ireland in 1802 and came to York, Upper Canada with his family in 1819. He studied law and was called to the bar in 1828. He moved to Vittoria, then the district town of the London District, and married in 1829, but returned to York after his wife's death in 1830.

Sullivan remarried in 1833, marrying Emily Louisa Delatre, daughter of Lieut.-Col. Philip Delatre, 1st Ceylon Regiment, and his second wife, Amey Scolding December 24, 1833. Emily Louisa was born in Ceylon. The couple had four sons and five daughters.

Emily Louisa remarried June 14, 1875, as the second wife of the Hon. Sir Francis Hincks, C.B., K.C.M.G., formerly Premier of the Province of Canada and, subsequently, Governor of the Windward Islands and of British Guiana. Lady Hincks died in Montreal May 14, 1880, aged 64. Sir Francis Hincks died in Montreal, August 18, 1885.

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Walter Flores (musician)

Walter Flores is a Costa Rican musician. He has won five Grammy Awards, two of them for producing the albums Tiempos (1999) and Mundo (2002), by Ruben Blades.

title: Walter Flores (musician)


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Talk:Mostafa Malekian

Untitled
What is the meaning of copy right violation ?! look at the following:

Mostafa Malekian' (Born in Iran), is a prominent Persian (Iranian) philosopher and thinker. While trying to make Islam and reasoning compatible, Malekian defends human reasoning in social affairs. He criticises the idea of "Persian Modernism" or "Iranian Modernism" proposed by figures like Javad Tabatabaei.

whoever is familiar with Malekian and follows his ideas knows what is mentioned here. nothing here was copied and pasted from a copyright protected source. 141.5.11.5 Jermi

 * The copyright violation tag is not about your later revision, but the older revision where you had copied text from page 4, lines 7 and 8 from below of this document. Please do not remove the copyright violation information from the web page. According to the notice, if you wish to rewrite the article, please do so at the temporary subpage. roozbeh 22:22, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mostafa Malekian


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Category:Deathlands

Articles relating to the Deathlands series of science fiction novels.

title: Category:Deathlands


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Turkestan–Siberia Railway

The Turkestan–Siberian Railway (commonly abbreviated as the Turk–Sib, Түрксіб, تٷركسٸب, ; Турксиб) is a broad gauge railway that connects Central Asia with Siberia. It starts north of Tashkent in Uzbekistan at Arys, where it branches off from the Trans-Aral Railway. It heads roughly northeast through Shymkent, Taraz, Bishkek (on a spur) to the former Kazakh capital of Almaty. There it turns northward to Semey before crossing the Russian border. It passes through Barnaul before ending at Novosibirsk, where it meets the West Siberian portion of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The bulk of construction work was undertaken between 1926 and 1931.

Construction history
The idea of a railway between Siberia and Russian Turkestan was aired as early as 1886, but it was supplanted by that of a more practicable line between Tashkent and Orenburg in the Urals. On 15 October 1896 the Verny town duma set up a commission to examine the feasibility of building a Turkestan–Siberia Railway. It was expected that the line would facilitate the transport of cotton from Turkestan to Siberia and cheap Siberian grain from Russia to the Fergana Valley. An eastern branch would enhance Russia's military and economic presence on the Chinese border.

In 1906 the Russian imperial government decided to finance the construction of the first section, between Barnaul and Arys. A team of Russian engineers made a detailed survey of the steppe and semi-desert regions the railway was expected to cross. On 21 October 1915 the northern section linking Novosibirsk and Semipalatinsk as the Altai Railway. The missing Arys–Pishpek–Tokmak section, officially known as Semipalatinsk Railway, was left to be built by a French-financed Russian-managed private railway consortium. World War I put an end to this project.

After the Bolshevik Revolution construction work was suspended for a decade, and the 140 km long Semipalatinsk–Ayaguz line, built-in 1918–19 by the White Russians on the initiative of Admiral Kolchak, was demolished for no apparent reason. The remaining 1442 km railway were constructed with great fanfare as part of the first five-year plan between 1928 and 1932.

Regular passenger service was finally established between Semipalatinsk and Ayaguz on 10 May 1929. The Turksib was completed on 21 April 1930. The locomotive which pioneered the route going from Tashkent to Semipalatinsk (Э-1441(rus)) later became a part of a memorial in Alma-Ata.

Viktor Alexandrovitsh Turin directed a 1929 Soviet documentary film on the building of the railway which also bore the name Turksib.

Connectivity
Years after the Turksib was completed, it was joined at Shu by Kazakhstan's main north-south line, which serves Karaganda, Astana and Petropavlovsk, on one of the main Transsib routes.

In 1990, Aktogay station, roughly midway between Alma-Ata and Semipalatinsk, became an important junction. Lines from there run east, connecting at Dostyk with China's Lanxin railway Line (toward Urumqi, Lanzhou, and heartland China); and west, to Balkhash and Karaganda.

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Ben Terry

Richard Benjamin Terry (25 November 1852 – 10 July 1910) was an Englishman who umpired the historic first Test match played between Australia and England in Melbourne on 15 to 19 March 1877. His colleague was Curtis Reid. He also umpired in the second Test match, played two weeks later in Melbourne, partnered by Sam Cosstick.

Life and career
Ben Terry came from Nottingham, and was engaged by the Melbourne Cricket Club as a professional bowler in 1875, having been recommended by Robert Allan Fitzgerald, the secretary of Marylebone Cricket Club, and Richard Daft of Nottinghamshire. He arrived in Melbourne in January 1876, bringing more than 200 cricket bats to sell.

In 1876-77, when he umpired the first two Tests at the Melbourne Cricket Ground as part of his duties, his annual salary was 150 pounds; although his match performances for Melbourne were disappointing, he was highly regarded as a practice bowler. He remained as one of the club's professionals until after the 1880-81 season, then returned to Britain.

He played three matches for Victoria from 1877 to 1881. He scored 60 runs at an average of 12 with a top score of 30, and took 6 wickets at an average of 15.66, with best figures of 3 for 23 against New South Wales in his first match in 1877-78. He married Phoebe Wallington in Melbourne on 20 November 1877.

After umpiring the two Tests, Terry continued to stand as an umpire in first-class matches in Melbourne, and occasionally Sydney, until 1881, when he returned to Britain. At the Australians' request, he also umpired a few of the matches played by the Australian touring teams to England in 1882 and 1884. In 1882 he was the professional with the Langholm Cricket Club in Scotland.

In 1891 he was still a professional cricketer, living in Edinburgh. In 1906 he was a "flourishing bookmaker" in Scotland. He died in Edinburgh in 1910.

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Applied Physics Laboratory

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (or simply Applied Physics Laboratory, or APL) is a not-for-profit university-affiliated research center (UARC) in Howard County, Maryland. It is affiliated with Johns Hopkins University and employs 8,700 people as of 2024. APL is the nation's largest UARC.

The lab serves as a technical resource for the Department of Defense, NASA, and other government agencies. APL has developed numerous systems and technologies in the areas of air and missile defense, surface and undersea naval warfare, computer security, and space science and spacecraft construction. While APL provides research and engineering services to the government, it is not a traditional defense contractor, as it is a UARC and a division of Johns Hopkins University. APL is a scientific and engineering research and development division, rather than an academic division, of Johns Hopkins.

Hopkins' Whiting School of Engineering offers part-time graduate programs for Lab staff members through its Engineering for Professionals program. Courses are taught at seven locations in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, including the APL Education Center.

History
APL was created in 1942 during World War II under the Office of Scientific Research and Development's Section T as part of the Government's effort to mobilize the nation's science and engineering expertise within its universities. Its founding director was Merle Anthony Tuve, who led Section T throughout the war. Section T was created on August 17, 1940. According to the official history of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Scientists Against Time, APL was the name of Section T's main laboratory from 1942 onward, not the name of the organization overall. Section T's Applied Physics Laboratory succeeded in developing the variable-time proximity fuze that played a significant role in the Allied victory. In response to the fuze's success, the APL created the MK 57 gun director in 1944. Pleased with the APL's work, the Navy then tasked it with the mission to find a way to negate guided missile threats. From there on, the APL became very involved in wartime research. Expected to disband at the end of the war, APL instead became heavily involved in the development of guided missile technology for the Navy. At governmental request, the University continued to maintain the Laboratory as a public service.

APL was originally located in Silver Spring, Maryland in a used-car garage at the Wolfe Building at 8621 Georgia Avenue. APL began moving to Laurel in 1954, with the construction of a two million dollar building and a $700,000 wing expansion in 1956. The final staff transitioned to the new facility in 1975. Before moving to Laurel, APL also maintained the "Forest Grove Station," north of Silver Spring on Georgia Avenue near today's Forest Glen Metro, which included a hypersonic wind tunnel. The Forest Grove Station was vacated and torn down in 1963 and flight simulations were moved to Laurel. In the 1960s, APL built a mobile automaton called the Johns Hopkins Beast.

The Laboratory's name comes from its origins in World War II, but APL's major strengths are systems engineering and technology application. More than three-quarters of the staff are technical professionals, and 25% have computer science and math degrees. APL conducts programs in fundamental and applied research; exploratory and advanced development; test and evaluation; and systems engineering and integration.

Wartime contributions
During the 1950s and the 1960s APL worked with the US Navy in the Operation Bumblebee Program on the Talos missile, Tartar missile, Terrier, and RIM-2 Terrier Surface to Air Missile systems. The follow-on RIM-50 Typhon Missile Project, based on improved Talos and Tartar Missiles, while successful, was cancelled in 1963 due to high costs and was eventually developed into the now well-known Aegis Combat System based on an improved Terrier.

In 1990, APL became involved with Operation Desert Storm and was involved in the among other efforts. In the same decade (1992), APL, along with Johns Hopkins University, developed an algorithm that allowed for automatic mammogram analysis.

Pershing
In 1965, the US Army contracted with APL to develop and implement a test and evaluation program for the Pershing missile systems. APL developed the Pershing Operational Test Program (OTP), provided technical support to the Pershing Operational Test Unit (POTU), identified problem areas and improved the performance and survivability of the Pershing systems.

Campus
The modern Applied Physics Laboratory is located in Laurel, Maryland, and spans 461 acres with more than 30 buildings on site. Additional auxiliary campuses exist in the surrounding areas. The campus includes multiple cutting-edge innovation and collaboration spaces as well as state-of-the-art labs and test facilities.

In 2021, APL opened an interdisciplinary research center, known as Building 201, with 263,000 square feet of space, a 200-person auditorium and more than 90,000 square feet of specialized laboratory space. The building also includes a four-story atrium filled with natural light, a STEM Center and a combination of 100 huddle, conference and auditorium breakout rooms.

APL hired its first full-time sustainability manager in 2022.

Education and internships
APL is also home to a Johns Hopkins graduate program in engineering and applied sciences, called Engineering for Professionals. Courses are taught at seven locations in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, including the APL Education Center.

APL's STEM includes several internships and programs, including the Maryland MESA program, which is an after-school program for students in grades 3-12; APL STEM in the Community, which focuses on STEM community outreach; the STEM Academy, which is an after-school course program for middle and high school students (grades 8-12); and APL's Student Program to Inspire, Relate and Enrich (ASPIRE), which allows high school juniors and seniors to experience and explore STEM careers before college.

Research
As of APL's 80th anniversary in 2022, there were hundreds of projects spanning the Lab's 12 mission areas, that focus on solving complex research, engineering and analytical problems that present critical challenges to the United States. Projects span from those in APL's more traditional areas of work, including air and missile defense, undersea warfare, to newer projects such as homeland security, artificial intelligence and cyber operations.

APL has a list of 12 "Defining Innovations," which include the Lab's game-changing breakthroughs in technology that have created inflection points in history, including the Proximity fuze, Transit, Tomahawk and the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART).

Defense
The U.S. Navy continues to be APL's primary long-term sponsor. The Laboratory performs work for the Missile Defense Agency, the Department of Homeland Security, intelligence agencies, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and others. The Laboratory supports NASA through space science, spacecraft design and fabrication, and mission operations. APL has made significant contributions in the areas of air defense, strike and power projection, submarine security, antisubmarine warfare, strategic systems evaluation, command and control, distributed information and display systems, sensors, information processing, and space systems.

Space

APL has built and operated many spacecraft, including the TRANSIT navigation system, Geosat, ACE, TIMED, CONTOUR, MESSENGER, Van Allen Probes, the New Horizons mission to Pluto, the Parker Solar Probe mission to the outer corona of the Sun, and STEREO.

In the early 1990s APL began building robotic space probes. It won the contract to build NEAR for one third the price that Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA's traditional supplier, estimated. APL's bid caused NASA to create the Discovery Program to solicit competing proposals for other missions. In 2019, the APL-proposed Dragonfly mission was selected as the fourth NASA New Frontiers mission. Dragonfly is a relocatable lander in an X8 octocopter configuration that will explore Saturn's moon Titan by flying between landing sites to move around the moon's surface. In November 2021, APL launched the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission, which struck the smaller body of a binary asteroid system in September 2022 and was the first NASA planetary defense mission.

The asteroid 132524 APL was named in honor of APL after a flyby by the New Horizons spacecraft.

Prosthetics
In 2014, APL made history with the successful use of the Modular Prosthetic Limb — a fully artificial articulated arm and hand — by a bilateral shoulder-level amputee. APL used pattern recognition algorithms to track which muscles were contracting and enable the prosthetics to move in conjunction with the amputee's body.

Similar technology was used in 2016 for a demonstration in which a paralyzed man was able to "fist-bump" Barack Obama using signals sent from an implanted brain chip. The limb returned sensory feedback from the arm to the wearer's brain. In 2023, APL announced that researchers have developed one of the world's smallest, most intense and fastest refrigeration devices, the wearable thin-film thermoelectric cooler (TFTEC), and teamed with neuroscientists to help amputees perceive a sense of temperature with their phantom limbs. The technology won an R&D 100 award in 2023.

Drones
APL researches and produces unmanned aerial vehicles for the US military. One of its most recent projects is an unmanned aerial swarm that can be controlled by a single operator on the ground.

title: Applied Physics Laboratory