text:
User talk:Johndoyle

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:19, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image copyright problem with Image:Annually_retentive.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Annually_retentive.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 09:17, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Feeltheforce.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Feeltheforce.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. This is an automated message from BJBot 20:55, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Age category
Hello! If you are receiving this message, that means that your user page is in a specific year category. Per a recent user-category per deletion, all specific year categories are to be deleted. If you wish to continue using year categories, you have two options: If you wish, you may do both. Hopefully, this change in categorization will be quick and painless. Happy editing! --An automated message from MessedRobot 12:44, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Using an age group category, such as Category:Wikipedians in their 30s
 * Using a decade category, such as Category:Wikipedians born in the 1970s.

Fair use rationale for Image:Jonathan whitehead.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Jonathan whitehead.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. (ESkog)(Talk) 16:15, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:DownTheTinyStepsAyeSpy.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:DownTheTinyStepsAyeSpy.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:09, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Down the Tiny Steps, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. - Fordan (talk) 06:08, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Leigh zimmerman 02z.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Leigh zimmerman 02z.jpg. I noticed the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use image by finding a freely licensed image of its subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or a similar) image under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that fair use images which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if not used in an article), per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Quentin X 16:21, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Image:Ideal_moz.jpg
I have tagged Image:Ideal_moz.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Use rationale examples. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 17:57, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Feeltheforce.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Feeltheforce.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 21:24, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Ideal brian.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ideal brian.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:44, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Ideal cartoon head.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ideal cartoon head.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:44, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Ideal colin.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ideal colin.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:44, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Ideal paul.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ideal paul.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:45, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Ideal pc.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ideal pc.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:45, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Ideal steve.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ideal steve.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:46, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Invitation to the Edinburgh Wikimeet
Hi there,

A few of us are planning a wikimeet in Edinburgh and would love to invite you along :-)

Currently, the meetup is planned for Saturday, 7th June starting at around 1pm.

We have a planning and suggestions page located here as well as a space to sign up as an attendee/possible atendee.

Hope to see you there, Astral (talk) 01:13, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Scottish Fairground Culture Editathon
Hey there! As a Wikipedian from Glasgow I thought you might be interested in the Scottish Fairground Culture editathon taking place on 7 May at the Riverside Museum - drop me a line if you'd like to know more! Lirazelf (talk) 13:52, 2 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh dear, linkfail! Here's the correct one... Scottish Fairground Culture Editathon Lirazelf (talk) 10:22, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

Shhh! Spies!
Stinglehammer (talk) 17:44, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johndoyle


text:
User talk:Impressionist

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:20, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

La rondine
Why did you remove La rondine from the puccini page and replace it with a period?

Thank you for welcoming me
I view it as a great honor to be able to contribute.

La rondine Returns
I apologize for the silly blunder. It has been corrected. Thank you for drawing my attention to it.

I'm still new at this and I'm not quite sure whether you'll be notified about this post or come back to look for it or what; I would like you to know, though, that I REALLY appreciate your help. Thank you.

 * I made your page one of my watch pages, so I read it there, but when you commented on MY talk page, a little thing popped up on every page telling me I had a new message. Welcome! Captbaritone 16:43, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That's so cool! What do I do to make sure each time I post a message it pops up on EVERYBODY'S page and gets into the next issue of Opera News?

Thank you for welcoming me. Impressionist

Verdi, etc.
Greetings! Well, regarding the role of the performer and the audience, I'm afraid you're preaching to the choir. I adore paying customers who love music, especially non-musicians, because without them I couldn't exist. As a matter of fact I'm writing something for them (you) right now, and I'm on Wikipedia taking my tenth or twelfth break of the day. So it goes. Being a composer, I may have a slightly different view yet of performers.

That Verdi article is ... unfortunate. It probably ought to be rewritten from scratch. It appears that this edit may be the one to which you refer; I was reverting vandalism. ("Mike raines" is probably a fourteen-year-old delinquent at a middle school somewhere, who was cackling to himself while the teacher was out of the room.) I don't know if the Rossini story is true, and I'm skeptical; there is nothing in the New Grove article about it. Feel free to remove it. There is nothing in his complete works list resembling an independent overture to the Barber of Seville.

Best wishes, and nice meeting you! Antandrus (talk) 02:55, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh my, I wrote too soon. I found a reference in my 1980 Grove, which has a much different article, to the overture; "He made his debut with an overture to Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia, played before a local performance of the opera in 1828."  Unfortunately, that would indicate he was probably more than two years old at the time of composition.  Antandrus  (talk) 03:00, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * That was indeed amusing, in a dark sort of way. My own experiences with opera tend to be with the non-Mets and younger singers, so the last Tosca, and indeed the last Isolde I have seen, were hot enough to make me need to open the window for a blast of cool air, remembering.  But the author has a point, and a strong one.  Opera, and a lot of the "classical music" establishment, are driving away audiences, often quite unintentionally.  Yet younger people do show up at the opera still; I went to see Vanessa in San Diego a few months ago and it seemed a good half of the audience was 30 years old.  Don't know what to do to help, except that I agree with the writer that we must not drive them away.

 * I heard a fascinating bit on NPR about a year ago about crossover audiences at the Met: evidently they are getting a lot of people who are fans of punk rock.  "What's so surprising?" said one; "both types of music are impossible to ignore, you'd never hear them in the elevator, and both hit you in the guts."  Or something like that.  I found it interesting, and rather a new thought.  Antandrus  (talk) 03:33, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Irish People
Thanks for the reply. The heading under which those people were listed was "Noted people descended from Irish immigrants"; GBS and Oscar were not descended from Irish immigrants - they were Irish. Faulker, Henry and London I did not include as I was not aware they had Irish roots. The Kennedys I left out as they are very well known. The point of the others was to avoid rehashing all the old familiar people of Irish descent and throw some light on new ones (especially Ali, Jimi, Ella and Juan). Hope that clarifys matters. Any other thoughts would be greatly appreciated. Fergananim 17:15, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

IP blocks
Hi Ricardo.

The quickest way to solve your problem of being blocked is to log off and then back on. If you use a dialup, hang up and redial. You must use AOL (152.163 is AOL, I know that for certain, I don't even have to check) and I think AOL will give you a new IP for each session. The other IP must have been used by a vandal and gotten blocked. (We actually have a policy of NOT blocking AOL IPs for longer than about 30 minutes or so, because of the danger of collateral damage; you present a perfect example.) Since you were able to post to my talk page, you must have an unblocked IP. Another possibility is that a logged-in vandal got blocked, and the IP behind it was one shared by you; I'll check to see if I can tell from the logs. Nice job on Verdi, by the way; I'll have a closer look once I have some time for editing again; I'm still busy writing for a concert next weekend ... best, Antandrus (talk) 22:44, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * AHA, I found the problem.

 * From the block log: 16:45, 6 October 2005 Hall Monitor blocked "User:152.163.100.201" with an expiry time of 2 weeks (persistent vandalism, multiple warnings)

 * It is possible User:Hall Monitor does not know that 152.163 is a dynamically-assigned IP, and is randomly assigned to different users. After the vandal was blocked on the 6th, you logged on sometime after that, were assigned that IP randomly from their DHCP pool, and ran into a two-week block.  (An AOL vandal can evade a block just by logging off and on, so a two-week block has no more efficacy than a 15-minute one.)  I'm going to unblock it.  Antandrus  (talk) 22:52, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * With all due respect, I don't see how I can have blocked your username; I've never even heard of you. Nevertheless, it's possible you share an IP with a user I have blocked, or indeed, that I accidentally blocked an AOL IP address. I'll check the block log as soon as I save this message, and get back to you. If it's the latter case, by the way, then the block will have expired by now - I don't remember issuing any blocks yesterday, and I tend only to block IP addresses for short periods. Furthermore, I never block shared IP addresses for longer than one hour (to combat schoolperson vandalism, for instance). However, the onus is on me to check, so I'll do it. Incidentally, I am slightly worried that your original message was somewhat aggressive in tone when there was absolutely no need for it. Rob Church Talk 13:45, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've reviewed the blocks and found an AOL IP that I did block, which is most careless of me. The reason for the block was persistent copyright infringement and copyright fraud, hence the 72 hour period for which I blocked it. The block is now gone. I apologise for any inconvenience caused. Rob Church Talk 13:49, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hello. Please remember to always provide an edit summary. Thanks and happy edits. Alphax τεχ 05:18, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

FAC comments
Ricardo: regarding your comments on the Featured article candidates, quite frankly, rather than replying to the good editorial feedback you are being given with personal attacks (which are against the rules), I suggest you might want to take their comments to heart and work to improve the article. →Raul654 20:34, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Hey, what's going on...
Yeah, it would be hard in any case...considering other uses choose to ignore that policy and instead focus on the POV thing. Unfortunately, I don't think theres a way to do that. Wikipedia does have a mailing list, but thats more like for everything in general. I suppose you could make a noticeboard, but that would be more or less the same thing as a project page, and people would not be contacted automatically. Maybe you could just do it the old fashioned way and get people's e-mails and create a mailing list. In any case, I think if you want people to support you, I think you should try to contact each person individually. It helps establish a relationship, and they'll be more likely to support you. Let me know if you have any other questions OmegaWikipedia 05:15, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, I can definitely relate to you. I'm dealing with my own music issues right now, of people who are trying to cry foul for no solid reason except for the fact that there is a style dispute which theyre trying to exploit into something else. There really is a communication error in my situation too where the person I'm talking to completly ignores what I have to say and then focuses on something that has nothing to do with the situation. This person leaving racist and stereotypical comments about me doesnt help either, but what can you do? Wikipedia can be filled with people like that, and you just have to roll with the punches, and not let these people overwhelm you. OmegaWikipedia 08:15, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Lobbying should definitely be considered, but I think sometimes in a FAC, the person who closes it may use their own discretion too if they feel there are issues with the article that hadnt been resolved. Like I had an article that was up for FAC, and it had a majority of conseus votes, but the referenes werent fixed right, so they rejcted it anyway. OmegaWikipedia 08:34, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Final warning
Impressionist - Having seen your latest comments regarding Nichalp on the featured article candidates page, I'm giving you a final warning - if you continue to hurl personal attacks at other users (which as I said before, are strictly prohibited), I'm going to block you from editing. →Raul654 19:26, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello
Hey. I have a question. I'm going to vote "support" for the article you've nominated. Can you also vote "support" for the article I've nominated? Please? If so, see here: Nomination. I hope you vote for me, thank you! --Winnermario 20:26, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I value your presence. Thanks. --Winnermario 21:04, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi. I'm wondering, did you vote for "Cool"? Your vote doesn't appear to be listed: Featured article candidates/Cool (song). --Winnermario 21:14, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm in your debt. If you ever need anything, just ask me. --Winnermario 21:32, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. --Winnermario 21:35, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Karmafist
You're featured on User:Karmafist/users to watch; recently described by another editor as a "hate page". Andy Mabbett 11:09, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Now recreated at User:Karmafist/kittens and sunshine, with the same content, but no redirect from the former. Andy Mabbett 09:00, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Now recreated at User:Karmafist/Notepad, with the same content, but no redirect from either of the above. Andy Mabbett 10:38, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Peppina.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Peppina.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 15:02, 1 May 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 15:02, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Impressionist


text:
Pecunia non olet

Pecunia non olet is a Latin saying that means "money does not stink". The phrase is ascribed to the Roman emperor Vespasian (ruled AD 69–79).

History

A tax on the disposal of urine, an important ingredient to the Roman chemical industry, was first imposed by Emperor Nero under the name of vectigal urinae in the 1st century AD. The tax was removed after a while, but Vespasian re-enacted it around 70 AD in order to fill the treasury.

Vespasian imposed a urine tax on the distribution of urine from Rome's public urinals (the Roman lower classes urinated into pots, which were later emptied into cesspools). The urine collected from these public urinals was sold as an ingredient for several chemical processes. It was used in tanning, wool production, and also by launderers as a source of ammonia to clean and whiten woollen togas. The buyers of the urine paid the tax.

The Roman historian Suetonius reports that when Vespasian's son Titus complained about the disgusting nature of the tax, his father held up a gold coin and asked whether he felt offended by its smell (sciscitans num odore offenderetur). When Titus said "No", Vespasian replied, "Yet it comes from urine" (Atqui ex lotio est).

The phrase pecunia non olet is still used today to say that the value of money is not tainted by its origins. Vespasian's name still attaches to public urinals in Italy (vespasiano) and France (vespasienne).

In literature
"Vespasian's axiom" is also referred to in passing in the Balzac short story Sarrasine in connection with the mysterious origins of the wealth of a Parisian family. The proverb receives some attention in Roland Barthes's detailed analysis of the Balzac story in his critical study S/Z. It is possible that F. Scott Fitzgerald alludes to Vespasian's jest in The Great Gatsby with the phrase "non-olfactory money".

In That Hideous Strength by C. S. Lewis, the Warden of Bracton College is given the nickname "Non-Olet" for having written "a monumental report on National Sanitation. The subject had, if anything, rather recommended him to the Progressive Element. They regarded it as a slap in the face for the dilettanti and Die-hards, who replied by christening their new Warden Non-Olet."

In the Pulitzer Prize–winning novel All The King's Men, by Robert Penn Warren (1946), protagonist Jack Burden muses that perhaps Vespasian had been right. At the time, Jack is beset with doubts about the source of his inheritance.

In London Fields by Martin Amis, while smelling a wad of used £50 notes, foil Guy Clinch observes, "Pecunia non olet was dead wrong. Pecunia olet."

In The Surgeon's Mate by Patrick O'Brian, when James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez is speaking of "glory to be picked up in the Baltic ... and in any case, who cares about filthy lucre?", one of the assembled captains murmurs "Non olet".

In Tono-Bungay by H. G. Wells, the narrator, Ponderevo uses the phrase to justify joining his uncle's business selling an ineffective and mildly harmful quack medicine: "... and true too was my uncle's proposition that the quickest way to get wealth was to sell the cheapest thing possible in the dearest bottle. He was frightfully right after all. Pecunia non olet,—a Roman emperor said that."

title: Pecunia non olet


text: Category:Canadian reggae musicians

title: Category:Canadian reggae musicians


text:
Talk:Embassy Row

Removal of Canadian embassy stuff
I removed this para.: "Furthermore, Canada enjoys a prime location for its Embassy on Pennsylvania Avenue. It is located very close to the Capitol Building and is almost directly across from the National Gallery of Art. So far, it is the only nation to be granted such a privilage. However, the Canadian Ambassador maintains a residence in the old location of the embassy, just off of Embassy Row."

Because: --Polynova 15:21, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) "Prime location" is subjective. Most embassies are not on Capitol Hill because they prefer to be closer to the White House, the State Dept., and each other. (Canada's embassy deals with more legislative issues than other delegations, hence the proximity to Congress.)
 * 2) Canada was not "granted the privilage". They bought the land just like every other embassy. Other embassies could move into the neighborhood if they chose.
 * 3) This is an article about Embassy Row, not Capitol Hill nor the Canadian Embassy, both of which have their own articles.

New location of Georgian Embassy
According to its own website, the embassy of Georgia has moved to 2209 Massachusetts Ave. NW, in the middle of Embassy Row (the building appears to have been used by the military attaché office of the UAE). Could someone verify this and update the article? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.5.16.251 (talk) 04:58, 22 February 2007 (UTC).

"Papuan embassy"
The picture for the Papua New Guinea embassy is actually a photo of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Somebody should replace it with a photo of the real embassy, if there is one. 75.62.130.32 (talk) 07:22, 10 September 2012 (UTC) (user kbog, currently not logged in)
 * Hi. The Embassy of Papua New Guinea is located within the same building. They don't have their own chancery so they rent office space instead; it's not all that unusual. Best, epicAdam(talk) 13:08, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Embassy Row. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232557/http://planning.dc.gov/OP/HP/District%20Brochure%20pdfs%204.1.2/Massachusetts_Ave_Brochure.pdf to http://planning.dc.gov/OP/HP/District%20Brochure%20pdfs%204.1.2/Massachusetts_Ave_Brochure.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131228165206/http://planning.dc.gov/DC/Planning/Historic+Preservation/Maps+and+Information/Landmarks+and+Districts/Inventory+of+Historic+Sites to http://planning.dc.gov/DC/Planning/Historic+Preservation/Maps+and+Information/Landmarks+and+Districts/Inventory+of+Historic+Sites
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233957/http://planning.dc.gov/OP/HP/Citywide%20Heritage%20Brochure%20pdfs/Modernism_Brochure.pdf to http://planning.dc.gov/OP/HP/Citywide%20Heritage%20Brochure%20pdfs/Modernism_Brochure.pdf
 * Added tag to http://www.sgi.org/news/events/events2008/events080625.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:57, 23 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Embassy Row. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111800/http://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/925%2015th%20Street%20NW%20-%20B.F.%20Saul%20Building_0.pdf to http://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/925%2015th%20Street%20NW%20-%20B.F.%20Saul%20Building_0.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050210000112/http://www.itds.treas.gov/embassynew.html to http://www.itds.treas.gov/embassynew.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:57, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Embassy Row


text:
Talk:Booyah (stew)

Origin
What is the origin of the food? -- ke4roh 15:21, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

Booya = Bouja?
According to a couple of sources, a Polish soup called Bouja is commonly made in Minnesota and served at church fundraisers. Probably this is the real derivation of "booya," a phonetic spelling. The other history would appear to be false.

See http://www.hub-uk.com/family/family0041.htm Also http://www.recipezaar.com/82625

Drollison 00:04, 9 August 2006 (UTC)drollison

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 12:54, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

The booyah page needs cleanup.
It is written very messily, and someone should probably give it a cleanup banner. I can't do much because I don't have an account and I don't know much about the subject. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.219.153.167 (talk) 21:42, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Usually spelled "booya" in western Minnesota
I live in Saint Paul and often see signs in late summer through fall advertising a booya. Some are sponsored by churches, but many appear to be community celebrations. If there is a connection to ethnic Poles, it is well-concealed. Booya refers both to the soup and the event. I do not know anything about how the soup is prepared. Cburkitt (talk) 21:50, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

I am also a Saint Paul resident, and I have never seen any spelling of the word other than "Booya". The trailing "h" is totally unknown here. I made a few changes and additions to the article based on my own personal experience - I have eaten my share of booya over the years, mostly prepared at the Highland Park kettles. A booya is generally held as a fundraising event by a church or a local "booster club" - which uses the proceeds to fund activities of local charities and/or athletic teams; softball, tee-ball for children, other worthy local causes and so forth.

In the spirit of fun, there has traditionally been a good-willed "battle" over which church or organization had the best recipe for their booya, with various groups claiming (unofficially) to top the others. Drlegendre (talk) 03:37, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * It's not seen as "bouja" anywhere because the article has it right, in that it's a derivation from French, and is in fact French in origin. Minnecologies t,c 00:12, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Without citations, this discussion is little more to Wikipedia than a "tastes great/less filling" contest, although I find it interesting to learn about. My mother and her mother (who was brought to the U.S. from Poland as a little girl) have never mentioned "booya" to me, although they settled in western Pennsylvania and relocated to the D.C. area where I grew up. This must be a regional thing. I searched for the term because it was used in a TV episode of "Weeds" to refer to reefer. Anyway, this article definitely needs fixing up. Boteman (talk) 06:00, 7 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, regional: Booya is a thick stew of unknown origin occurring throughout the Upper Midwest region of the United States. I intended to start cleaning it up a month ago but it got sidelined. Thanks for the reminder. Minnecologies t,c 14:21, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Usually spelled "booyah" in northeastern Wisconsin
For what it's worth, I was born and raised in northeastern Wisconsin near Green Bay, and no place would ever spell it "booya". Always with an "h" at the end in our area of the state. In fact, never having gone to a church picnic type event outside of Wisconsin, I have never seen it without the "h" until reading this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.30.37.185 (talk) 05:31, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Booyah (stew)


text:
User talk:Nelumadau

unWelcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 15:22, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Pic of the Day
Hi Nelumadau,

Just to let you not know that your picture Image:Lightning over Oradea Romania 2.jpg is up for Pic of the Day tomorrow. As this will be a weekend, it should also be on the Main Page. If you get the chance you can check and improve the caption and credit line at Picture of the day/October 29, 2005. -- Solipsist 08:31, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I liked it so much I reuploaded it and created an award out of it. I have put a link to the file on Image:Lightning barnstar.jpg Eisenhower (at war or at peace) (Project) (UTC) 20:37, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nelumadau


text:
Talk:Ernesto Geisel

Birth year
There is a controversy around his birth year: was Ernesto Geisel born in 1907, ou 1908?

Among those who believe he was born in 1907 is wikipedia, and a long list of other credible sites:
 * 1) Ernesto Geisel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - President Ernesto Geisel · Enlarge. President Ernesto Geisel ... Ernesto Geisel (August 3, 1907 - September 12, 1996) was a Brazilian military general and ...en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Geisel - 18k - Cached - Similar pages
 * 2) Lexikon Ernesto Geisel - Ernesto Geisel. Ernesto Beckmann Geisel (* 3. August 1907 in Bento Gonçalves RS... Ernesto Geisel durchlief eine militärische Ausbildung und gehörte zu den ...lexikon.freenet.de/Ernesto_Geisel - 25k
 * 3) Rulers Index Ge-Gj Geisel, Ernesto (Beckmann) (b. Aug. 3, 19071, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil - d. Sept.12, 1996, Rio de Janeiro), president of Brazil (1974-79). ...www.rulers.org/indexg2.html - 68k
 * 4) at google, the query "ernesto geisel 1907" returns 5080 entries

Among those who believe he was born in 1908 is Britannica, and a long list of other credible sites:
 * 1) Britannica: Geisel, Ernesto Brazilian army general and politician (b. Aug. 3, 1908, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil--d. Sept. 12, 1996, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), was president ... www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113173
 * 2) Ernesto Geisel eo autoritarismo nacionalista - ... nascido na cidade de Bento Gonçalves em 8 de agosto 1908, de pai alemão ...Igualmente pesou na escolha do nome do general Ernesto Geisel o fato do seu ...educaterra.terra.com.br/ voltaire/brasil/2003/11/24/003.htm
 * 3) Nationmaster Encyclopedia: History of Brazil (1964-1985) Ernesto Geisel (3 August 1908 - 12 September 1996) was a Brazilian military general and politician. ... Although not immediately understood by civilians, ... www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/ History-of-Brazil-(1964_1985)
 * 4) at google, the query "ernesto geisel 1908" returns 4940 entries

--Andrev 15:22, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

General Ernesto Geisel was born in the night of August 3, 1907. His birthdate was changed to protect him if his exams results weren't in his admission to the Army's School (Colégio Militar). His birth register was changed in 1920 on the book and the person who wrote it had a calligraphy completely different, if compared to the other registers. (GASPARI, Elio. A ditadura derrotada. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2003. p. 31, footnote 21). 200.218.228.105 14:25, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Geisel.jpg
Image:Geisel.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:21, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
It would be good to have an indication (preferably IPA, of course) of how his name is pronounced; to what extent had the German name been Brazilianized? I tentatively say /ʒeiˈzɛl/ myself, but it would be nice to know. Languagehat (talk) 15:22, 10 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I remember a German Television report at the time Geisel was "elected"; they interviewed common people somewhere, not in a region of predominantly German origin; and one man spontaneously answered the question for the new president: "Geisel", and it sounded just like in German. Hellsepp 01:04, 2 June 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hellsepp (talk • contribs)
 * I am Brazilian and I have never heard his name pronounced in a "Brazilianized" way. His name has allways been pronounced in the German way.In fact, if someone reads his name as if it were a Portuguese word, the vast majority of people wouldn't understand.189.13.118.3 (talk) 06:11, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

Heavily biased article
This article seems to create justifications for Geisel's excesses without providing proper citations. Does anyone disagree? Zelani (talk) 21:17, 9 August 2015 (UTC) Zelani (talk) 21:17, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree. It has a heavily pro-regime slant.  To read it you'd never imagine that Geisel was a dictator who personally authorised the mass murder of opponents. 5.80.55.112 (talk) 21:07, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

Surname
Ernesto Geisel never had a maternal surname. His civil name always was "Ernesto Geisel". It may appear unbelievable, but the page of the Brazilian National Archives repeats an error on the Portuguese Wikipedia (already corrected). It seems to be a case similar to the "Vatican flag error (Wikipedia had the wrong Vatican City flag for years. Now incorrect flags are everywhere)". Geisel's birth certificate can be viewed in this link (it's necessary to have a free account to access his page, unfortunately). Dantadd (talk) 22:33, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

Post Presidency
There is nothing in this article about his exit from the Presidency, transition of power to João Figueiredo or his life Post holding presidential office. LienEmpire (talk) 22:13, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ernesto Geisel


text:
Red–green coalition (Norway)

The red–green coalition was a centre-left coalition of parties in Norway, constituting the Labour Party (Ap), the Socialist Left Party (SV), and the Centre Party (Sp). Unlike many other Red-Green coalitions, the "green" here was the colour of a centrist eurosceptic Nordic agrarian party rather than an actual green political movement. It governed from 2005 until Labour Party leader Jens Stoltenberg resigned his cabinet on 16 October 2013 following the coalition's defeat in the 2013 elections.

Opponents of the Red-Green Coalition sometimes referred to the coalition by other names. The Norwegian centre-right parties, comprising Conservatives, Progress Party, Christian Democrats and Liberal Party usually called it a "socialist coalition". The Red Electoral Alliance feels that "red" is not a descriptive colour for this coalition and therefore uses "pale red". Similarly, the Green Party and the Liberal Party, which also use green as their color, claim that the three parties do not deserve the green color. After the 2013 election defeat, the "red-green parties" has continued to be used informally as a moniker for the former coalition partners, although the alliance between the parties has been formally dissolved.

History
The coalition was established in 2005 to constitute an alternative to the centre-right government of Kjell Magne Bondevik, and won the 2005 Norwegian parliamentary election with a slight majority. The Labour-led centre-left government formed was the first majority government in Norway since 1985. It replaced the Bondevik government on 17 October 2005.

However, different views between the three parties taking part in the coalition on several important issues led to tough negotiations at Soria Moria in Oslo to put their differences aside in order to reach a common platform.

The victory was a historical landmark for a number of reasons. The Labour Party had never been a member of a coalition government, except for a short interim at the end of World War II. The Socialist Left Party had never participated in any government, and historically had been unwilling to co-operate with Labour. In addition, the Centre Party is co-operating with the centre-left of Norwegian politics for the first time, having previously formed governments with both the Conservatives and the Christian Democratic Party on several occasions.

A good relationship between the leader of Labour Party, Jens Stoltenberg, and of the Socialist Left, Kristin Halvorsen, has been considered a major factor in forming the alliance. Halvorsen was considered more pragmatic and moderate than some of her old-guard party colleagues; the Socialist People's Party, one of SV's predecessors, was established in the early 1960s as an ideological opponent to Labour's foreign policy, and it was the main opponent to NATO membership. After the September 2005 election, some old members criticised Halvorsen for being too benign towards Labour.

The 2009 parliamentary elections resulted in a renewed majority for the Red-Green coalition, with 86 seats out of 169. The Socialist Left Party lost four seats in parliament, while the Labour Party gained three. The successful re-election of a sitting government is a rare event in Norway, and had not happened since 1993.

The Coalition Cabinet (2013)

 * Prime Minister: Jens Stoltenberg (Ap)
 * Minister of the Environment: Bård Vegar Solhjell (Sv)
 * Minister of Local Government and Regional Development: Liv Signe Navarsete (Sp).
 * Minister of Foreign Affairs: Espen Barth Eide (Ap)
 * Minister of Justice and Public Security: Grete Faremo (Ap)
 * Minister of Finance: Sigbjørn Johnsen (Ap).
 * Minister of Trade and Industry: Trond Giske (Ap)
 * Minister of Transport and Communications: Magnhild Meltveit Kleppa (Sp)
 * Minister of Health and Care Services: Jonas Gahr Støre (Ap)
 * Minister of Education and Research: Kristin Halvorsen (Sv)
 * Minister at the Office of the Prime Minister: Karl Eirik Schjøtt-Pedersen (Ap)
 * Minister of Culture: Hadia Tajik (Ap)
 * Ministry of Agriculture and Food: Lars Peder Brekk (Sp)
 * Minister of Government Administration, Reform and Church Affairs: Rigmor Aasrud (Ap)
 * Minister of Labour: Anniken Huitfeldt (Ap)
 * Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs: Lisbeth Berg-Hansen (Ap)
 * Minister of Petroleum and Energy: Ola Borten Moe (Sp)
 * Minister of Defence: Anne-Grete Strøm-Erichsen (Ap)
 * Minister of Foreign Affairs (Development cases): Heikki Holmås (Sv)
 * Minister of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion: Inga Marte Thorkildsen (Sv)

title: Red–green coalition (Norway)


text:
2005 Java–Bali blackout

The 2005 Java–Bali Blackout was a power outage across Java and Bali on 18 August 2005, affecting some 100 million people.

Impact
Power went off at around 10:23 am (UTC+7) on 18 August 2005 across most areas of the two islands. Jakarta lost power completely, along with Banten and Special Region of Yogyakarta; there were blackouts in parts of Central Java, along with parts of both West Java and East Java. Power resumed in most areas of Jakarta at about 5:00 pm (UTC+7) on the same day.

Cause
Prior to the blackout, the Jakarta area was importing about 21% of its power needs.

A transmission line between Cilegon and Saguling, both in West Java, failed at 10:23 am local time. The devices protecting the system misoperated, sending incorrect signals to Suralaya Power Station. This led to a cascading failure that shut down two units of the Paiton Power Station in East Java and six units at Suralaya in West Java.

PT. PLN, the state-owned electricity company, confirmed that the electricity grid failed at several points throughout Java and the neighbouring island of Bali, causing a supply shortfall of 2,700 MW, roughly half of the original supply.

Post-blackout
PLN apologised for the incident and said about 293,235 customers will be compensated. Meanwhile, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ordered police and the national intelligence agency to assist PLN to trace the cause of the blackouts.

title: 2005 Java–Bali blackout


text: User talk:69.141.24.170

title: User talk:69.141.24.170


text:
Max Perlich

Max Perlich (born March 26, 1968) is an American film and television actor. In 1990, Perlich won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male for his performance in the hit indie film Drugstore Cowboy and was nominated for the same award in 1996 for his performance in Georgia.

Early life
Perlich was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His mother was actress Linda Porter, known for her roles in shows such as Superstore and Gilmore Girls, and his father, Martin Perlich, was a writer, radio programming director and announcer, who worked for a time with the Cleveland Orchestra. The Perlich family moved to Los Angeles, California when Max was four.

Career
After Perlich dropped out of high school in 10th grade, his career began with a small part in John Hughes' hit 1986 teen comedy Ferris Bueller's Day Off. He then began appearing in a series of bit parts on television and in teen films such as Can't Buy Me Love (1987), Plain Clothes (1988), Gleaming the Cube, Lost Angels and Drugstore Cowboy (1989). He was also in the films Rush (1991), The Butcher's Wife (1991), Cliffhanger (1993), Maverick (1994), Shake, Rattle and Rock! (1994), Georgia (1995), Beautiful Girls (1996), Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco (1996) House on Haunted Hill (1999), and Blow (2001). He had a recurring role as J. H. Brodie on Homicide: Life on the Street (1997). He also had recurring roles on television series such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1998), Gilmore Girls (2001), Charmed (2005), My Name Is Earl (2006), and Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008), in addition to appearing in an episode of Season 4 of Burn Notice (2010). He is also featured in the music videos "Bust a Move" by Young MC, "No Excuses" by Alice in Chains and "Naked Eye" by Luscious Jackson.

title: Max Perlich


text:
User talk:Andrev

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Sorry for the very delayed welcome. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:24, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andrev


text:
Atta sexdens

Atta sexdens is a species of leafcutter ant belonging to the tribe Attini, native to America, from the southern United States (Texas) to northern Argentina. They are absent from Chile. They cut leaves to provide a substrate for the fungus farms which are their principal source of food. Their societies are among the most complex found in social insects. A. sexdens is an ecologically important species, but also an agricultural pest. Other Atta species, such as Atta texana, Atta cephalotes and others, have similar behavior and ecology.

Colony architecture
A. sexdens colonies are primarily subterranean with a mound of excavated material on the surface. The diameter of the colony may reach 10 m with a depth of 6 m. The colonies contain up to 2000 chambers with a combined volume of more than 20 m3. The two basic types of chambers are fungus farms and waste chambers. The farms contain the fungal culture which sustains the colony and hosts larvae and pupae. The waste chambers are located at the rim of the colony and are significantly larger. They are used to dispose used fungal culture and dead ants. A mature colony contains 5–8 million workers. The colony often forms the centerpiece of a large jungle clearing. At the top of the mound are structures resembling sand castles surrounding hundreds of openings to the colony. Positioning the openings on top of these structures minimises the amount of rainwater flowing into the colony. The openings also have an important role in air conditioning. As the ant activity and fungal metabolism heat up the colony, hot air rises through the central passageways. Simultaneously, fresh air is drawn in from the openings at the rim of the colony.

Anatomy
A. sexdens follows the basic body plan of ants fairly closely. They have sharp spikes or hooks rising from their heads and midsections to deter predators. Another distinguishing feature is a relatively large, two-lobed head. Its purpose is to accommodate the large muscles moving the well-developed mandibles.

In addition to the queen, the colony contains four castes of sterile female workers, and seasonally some winged virgin queens and males:

 * Soldiers are the physically largest worker caste, with a head width of 3 mm and well-developed sharp mandibles. They are completely dedicated to defence, and do not participate in the running of the colony. In the event of attack by a predator, the soldiers storm out of the nest and attempt to overpower the aggressor. Their bite can easily penetrate human skin. The soldier caste is expensive to maintain, so they are absent from young colonies with less than 100,000 workers.
 * Forager-excavators are the second-largest caste, with an average head width of 2.2 mm. They are responsible for venturing out to cut pieces of leaves and carry them back to the colony to feed the fungus. They also excavate new chambers to the colony.
 * Within-nest specialists have an average head width of 1.4 mm. They usually remain inside the colony, where they process the leaf material brought in by the foragers to a smaller form. They also dispose of waste, help the gardener-nurse caste to take care of larger larvae, and attend to the queen.
 * Gardener-nurses have an average head width of 1 mm. They are the physically smallest caste, less massive than the larger, more robust soldiers by a factor of several hundred. Their tasks are to attend to the fungal culture and to the developing eggs, larvae, and pupae.
 * The queen is the largest ant in the colony, outweighing the smaller worker by a factor of 700. She is also the only member of the colony capable of reproducing. The queen resides in a special chamber, where she is continually fed, cleaned, and protected by workers. The queens have a lifespan of 10–20 years.

Considerable variation in size occurs within the castes, some of which may be related to the division of labour. Some researchers separate seven castes, while others dismiss the idea of caste altogether. The division of labour also depends on the age of the worker. Foraging expeditions are hazardous, so are handled by older, thus more expendable, members of the caste.

Development
A. sexdens, like all ants, has four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Their developmental larval stages are observed associated with fungal hyphae, and possess unique morphological features, compared to other ants. They are, like all hymenopterans, haplodiploid, meaning males are haploid (one of each chromosome) and females, including workers, are diploid (a pair of each chromosome). Sex is determined by the type of egg laid. Unfertilized eggs will turn out to be males, which are strictly used for mating and are short-lived. Fertilized eggs produce females. The caste of the resulting adult depends on environmental cues.

Three to four weeks after being laid, the egg hatches and a larva emerges. In Atta ants, the larvae are fed by secretions from gardener-nurse ants and trophic eggs (unfertilized eggs used as food). The larvae, after an additional three to four weeks pupate. Their pupae are cocoonless, as are all of the subfamily Myrmicinae. After three to four more weeks, the pupae hatch into adult workers.

A. sexdens larvae grow embedded in the fungal garden. Despite being surrounded by food, they are incapable of feeding themselves. Their adult sisters constantly feed and clean them. This is not a primitive feature. On the contrary, only the most advanced ant societies can expend such lavish care to their offspring as required by Atta larvae.

All female eggs are identical when laid. The caste of the resulting worker is determined by the conditions, which are in turn regulated by adult workers. The most important factor is the quantity of food. The largest amount of food results in virgin queens, while slightly less food creates soldiers. A shortage of one caste causes the workers to produce more ants of that caste. A drastic reduction in the work force may cause the colony to revert to the caste structure of a young colony, which does not have soldiers.

Foraging
A. sexdens workers forage leaves up to a range of 60 m from the colony. The scouting workers leave behind a trail of pheromones after they discover a source of suitable plant material. Other workers follow this trail to the leaves. They cut the plant material to pieces suitable for an individual ant to carry back to the colony.

Smaller workers sometimes ride on the leaf pieces while the foragers carry them. The purpose of this behavior is not known for certain, but may be to protect the exposed foragers from attacks by parasitic insects. These insects include flies of the family Phoridae which lay their eggs on foragers. The resulting larvae eat the ants alive.

Fungus cultivation
A. sexdens, like all leafcutter ants, is mycophagic. They live in a symbiotic relationship with a fungus belonging to the subphylum Basidiomycota. Leaves and other soft plant material brought into the nest by the foragers is chewed into a pulp and fertilized with faeces. A small piece of fungus is placed on this substrate. The gardener-nurse caste takes care of the cultivation, transplanting fungus onto fresh substrate and weeding out wrong species of fungus, such as a parasitic Escovopsis, which sometimes can contaminate nests. They also use secretions from their salivary glands and help form antibiotic-producing Streptomyces bacteria to keep their fungal gardens a strict monoculture.

The gardener-nurses also cut pieces of mycelium for the other castes to eat. In addition to the fungus, the A. sexdens adults feed on plant sap. They are the only source of nutrition for the ants, apart from the trophic eggs laid by the queen when the colony is young.

The identity of the fungus remains a mystery. It is known that they are a species of the basidiomycete family Lepiotaceae. Some researchers believe all fungus-growing ants cultivate just one species, Leucocoprinus gongylophorus. The fungus produces special structures, called gongylidia, which have evolved to be eaten by ants.

Cleaning
A. sexdens workers spend a considerable time cleaning each other and the queen. They also spread antibiotic secretions from their metapleural glands on their bodies. Dirt collected by licking is stored in the workers' infrabuccal cavities, which are special recesses in their mouths. The purpose of these activities is to avoid infections, especially by parasitic fungi. Several fungus species, such as Cordyceps, specially infect and kill ants.

All waste in the nest, including infrabuccal pellets, spent substrate from the gardens, and dead ants are carried in the waste chambers to avoid contamination. Feces, however, are not carried away, but used to fertilise the fungal gardens. The waste chambers are larger than the human head and located at the rim of the colony. There, the waste can decompose without endangering the ants. Due to the high concentration of various nutrients in the decomposing waste, a thick net of plant roots usually permeates the compost.

Reproduction
From late October to mid-December, the A. sexdens colonies produce winged virgin queens and males. Before the nuptial flight, young queens visit the colony's fungal gardens and place a small piece of fungal mycelium in their infrabuccal cavities. During their nuptial flights, the queens mate with several males, which die shortly after. The queen retains the sperm in a special organ for the rest of her life.

It is estimated that each queen is inseminated by 3-8 males and that the number of fathers per colony is between 1 and 5.

The mated queen lands on the ground and tears off her now-unnecessary wings. Then she digs a vertical tunnel to a depth of about 30 cm. At the end of the tunnel, she excavates a small chamber. The queen then starts a fungal garden using the piece brought from her birth colony. Usually, the garden is fertilized only with feces, but sometimes it is necessary for the queen to forage a small quantity of plant material. The queen also lays a few eggs.

The queen then tends to the fungal garden and the developing larvae, feeding them fungus and trophic eggs. The queen herself eats nothing during this period, sustaining herself on fat deposits and her shrinking flight muscles. After the first brood of workers is ready, they take over the running of the fledgling colony and the queen becomes strictly an egg-laying machine. This process takes 40–60 days.

At first, the colony grows slowly, but after two to three years, the growth becomes faster. One possible reason for this is, before the colony is established enough to sustain any large soldier-caste workers, it is useful to remain unnoticed. Soldiers usually appear when the colony has a population of about 100,000. After the number of workers reaches 5–8 million, the colony stops expanding and diverts resources into producing queens and males.

The virgin queens are very rarely successful. Assuming the number of colonies in an area remains constant over time, on average only one queen among the many thousands sent out by a colony successfully founds a new one. However, a mature colony of several million workers faces very few dangers. No known predator, except the mostly subterranean army ant Nomamyrmex esenbeckii, actively attacks the nests, and even other highly aggressive army ants show a healthy respect for an A. sexdens colony. If spared from floods and human activity, the colony is usually destroyed only when the queen dies of old age, giving a successful colony a lifespan of 10–20 years. In that time, the colony will have sent out numerous males and virgin queens to found new colonies.

Ecological impact
At the end of its lifespan, an A. sexdens colony has moved up to 40,000 kg of soil. This has two important results: The soil becomes aerated with the excavation of tunnels and chambers, and enriched with nutrients as the ants bury their waste products. This represents a major way in which nutrients are recycled in their environment.

A. sexdens and other leafcutter ants are also important herbivores, consuming 12–17% of the leaf mass-produced in neotropical rainforests. One colony's consumption of plant material is comparable to that of a large mammalian herbivore, such as a cow. A. sexdens and the related species, A. cephalotes are the principal insect pests where they are found, destroying billions of dollars worth of crops with their ability to quickly defoliate and strip crops of anything useful to the ants. In fact, Atta ants are considered the primary herbivorous pest in many areas where they are found.

If A. sexdens were to spread into tropical Africa, the results are speculated to be devastating. As the local plants have not developed defensive compounds against leafcutters and Africa does not have parasites evolved to infect them, the results for both the ecosystem and agriculture would be disastrous.

title: Atta sexdens


text:
Samuel M. Comer

Samuel M. Comer (July 13, 1893 – December 27, 1974) was a set decorator who worked on over 300 films during a career spanning four decades. He won four Academy Awards and was nominated for another 22 in the category Best Art Direction.

He guided his niece, Anjanette Comer, into "the biz."

Academy Awards

 * Won
 * The Rose Tattoo (1955)
 * Sunset Boulevard (1950)
 * Samson and Delilah (1949)
 * Frenchman's Creek (1944)

 * Nominated
 * Hud (1963)
 * Love with the Proper Stranger (1963)
 * Come Blow Your Horn (1963)
 * The Pigeon That Took Rome (1962)
 * Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961)
 * Summer and Smoke (1961)
 * Visit to a Small Planet (1960)
 * It Started in Naples (1960)
 * Career (1959)
 * Vertigo (1958)
 * Funny Face (1957)
 * The Proud and Profane (1956)
 * The Ten Commandments (1956)
 * To Catch a Thief (1955)
 * The Country Girl (1954)
 * Sabrina (1954)
 * Red Garters (1954)
 * Kitty (1945)
 * Love Letters (1945)
 * No Time for Love (1943)
 * Take a Letter, Darling (1942)
 * Hold Back the Dawn (1941)

title: Samuel M. Comer


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/February 16

February 16

 * 2013 – President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai announces that he will prohibit Afghan troops from calling in airstrikes against residential areas in Afghanistan.

 * 2013 – Iraqi Airways begins flights to Kuwait for the first time since Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990.

 * 2010 – An Indian Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-27 fighter went down near Siliguri in West Bengal killing the pilot, a squadron leader.

 * 2009 – An entire South African Airways crew is arrested at London Heathrow Airport after five kilos of cocaine are allegedly discovered in a bag. It is the second drug arrest of an entire SAA crew for drug smuggling within three weeks.

 * 2009 – 90-09, a HESA IrAn-140 operated by the Iranian Police crashes on approach to Isfahan International Airport, Iran and is destroyed, killing all five people on board.

 * 2006 – Kobe Airport, a controversial offshore airport in Kobe, Japan, opens for airline service.

 * 2002 – First flight of the UL-Jih Evolution.

 * 2001 – A Royal New Zealand Air Force Douglas A-4K Skyhawk, NZ6211, from No. 2 Squadron RNZAF crashes near HMAS Albatross in New South Wales while practicing maneuvers for an upcoming air show, killing the aircraft's pilot.

 * 1999 – Gulfstream II carrying film director Barry Sonnenfeld (Men in Black, Men in Black II, and Wild, Wild West), slid off runway at Van Nuys, California; Sonnenfeld was uninjured.

 * 1998 – China Airlines Flight 676, an Airbus A300, crashes into a residential area while attempting to land in Taipei, Taiwan. All 196 people on board are killed, in addition to six on the ground.

 * 1991 – A U. S. Air Force F-16 C crashes while making an instrument landing approach in Saudi Arabia.

 * 1986 – Ouadi Doum air raid is carried out by eight Jaguars escorted by four Mirage F1 s, against the Libyan airbase of Ouadi Doum in northern Chad, during the Chadian – Libyan conflict.

 * 1982 – The first production Airbus Industries A310 is rolled out at the factory in Toulouse, France, destined for Swissair as the launch customer.

 * 1980 – The Aeropuerto de Vitoria (IATA: VIT – OACI: LEVT) opens.

 * 1980 – Death of Geoffrey Hornblower Cock, British WWI fighter ace, highest scoring ace to fly the Sopwith 1½ Strutter.

 * 1977 – Death of Silvio Scaroni, Italian WWI fighter pilot credited with 26 victories. He was the second ranking Italian ace of WWI.

 * 1968 – No. 434 Tactical Fighter OTU was formed at CFB Cold Lake, Alberta.

 * 1967 – Garuda Indonesia Flight 708, a Lockheed L-188 Electra, crashes on landing at Sam Ratulangi Airport, killing 22 of 84 passengers on board; all 8 crew survive.

 * 1967 – First flight of the MBB Bö 105 D-HDCI, a German light, twin-engine, multi-purpose utility helicopter.

 * 1965 – Death of George Arthur ‘Art’ Welsh, Canadian WWI flying ace, WWII soldier, Politician and Sheriff.

 * 1961 – Launch of Explorer 9 (S56 A), US satellite for Atmospheric density measurements.

 * 1961 – First flight of the Avian Gyroplane, a Canadian two seat, single engine auto gyro.

 * 1957 – The Nord 1405 Gerfaut II, French jet fighter prototype, established a number of time-to-height records from a standing start, including a climb to a height of 6,000 m in 1 min 17 seconds and to 9,000 m in 1 min 34 seconds.

 * 1956 – B-47 51-2059 (later RCAF X059) arrived at Cartierville where Canadair would modify it to test the Orenda Iroquois engine for the Avro Arrow.

 * 1956 – First crash of a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress when B-52B-30-BO, 53-0384, c/n 16863, of the 93rd Bomb Wing, Castle Air Force Base, suffered an explosion of an electrical power panel located on the alternator deck blowing off the cover and causing a fire. The cover jammed the regulator valve of the left hand forward alternator disabling the over speed protection and resulting in an over speed failure. Wreckage comes down near Sacramento, California. Four crew eject, four killed. The failure mode was determined later when another B-52 experienced a similar incident that blew off the rear right hand electrical power shield cover but did not cause a fire and Boeing pilot, Ed Hartz, landed safely at Boeing Field in Seattle.

 * 1948 – Death of Jesse Orin Creech, American WWI flying ace.

 * 1946 – First flight of the Sikorsky H-5, modified version of the YR-5 A, American helicopter with a greater rotor diameter, carrying capacity, and gross weight.

 * 1945 – (16-17) Eleven fleet aircraft carriers and five light aircraft carriers of the U. S. Navy’s Task Force 58 conduct the first carrier-based airstrikes against Japan proper since the April 1942 Doolittle Raid, attacking targets in and around Tokyo and Tokyo Bay. U. S. Navy aircraft fly 2,761 sorties, claiming 341 Japanese planes shot down and 190 destroyed on the ground, several ships and craft sunk in Tokyo Bay, and damage to Japanese airframe and aircraft engine plants in exchange for 60 U. S. aircraft lost in combat and 28 more lost due to non-combat causes.

 * 1945 – U. S. Navy surface ships conduct a two-day pre-invasion bombardment of Iwo Jima. Operating from the escort aircraft carrier USS Wake Island (CVE-65), U. S. Navy Observation Composite Squadron 1 (VOC-1) makes the Pacific Theater debut for such squadrons, in which pilots trained in artillery observation direct surface ship gunfire from fighters and torpedo bombers, augmenting or replacing the more vulnerable shipboard floatplanes carried for that purpose.

 * 1945 – During the U. S. seizure of Corregidor, the United States Army’s 503rd Parachute Regimental Combat Team conducts a paratrooper assault onto the island.

 * 1944 – First flight of the Curtiss SC Seahawk, American scout seaplane.

 * 1944 – Focke-Wulf Ta 152 V19, Werke Nummer 110019, prototype for the Ta 152B-5/R11 (Ta 152C-3/R11) with 1,750 hp (1,300 kW) Jumo 213A engine, is written off in a crash during test flight out of Langenhagen. Airframe had been damaged in 1943 wheels-up landing during testing but was repaired.

 * 1939 – The Spanish Republican Air Force reports that it has only 25 Polikarpov I-15 and I-16 fighters, two squadrons of Tupolev SB-2 bombers, and three squadrons of Polikarpov R-5 bombers.

 * 1938 – 16-27 – Six USAAC B-17 Flying Fortresses make a goodwill tour of Latin America, traveling 12,000 miles (19,312 km) to Lima, Buenos Aires, Santiago and back.

 * 1937 – Birth of Valentin Vasiliyevich Bondarenko, Soviet fighter pilot and cosmonaut.

 * 1936 – (16-19) On February 16, Marshal Pietro Badoglio orders Italian ground forces not to pursue Ethiopian forces after they begin to retreat from Amba Aradam and assigns the task of exploitation of Italy’s victory to the Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica), a novel task for an air force. Italian aircraft drop 40 tons (36,288 kg) of bombs on retreating Ethiopian forces over the last four days of the battle with devastating effect, and on February 19 a strafing aircraft mortally wounds the Ethiopian military leader Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu, who dies eight days later.

 * 1934 – While on a familiarization flight for impending flights of the U.S. Mail, Lt. J. Y. Eastham is killed in the crash of a Douglas Y1B-7 in fog at night near Jerome, Idaho.

 * 1934 – Crash of Curtiss A-12 Shrike, 33-244, in bad weather at Oakley, Utah, kills two crew, 2nd Lt. Jean Donant Grenier and crewmate Lt. E. D. White, while flying an advance route to determine time and distance for carrying the mail between Salt Lake City and Cheyenne, Wyoming. Grenier Army Air Field, Massachusetts, later Grenier Air Force Base, is named in Lt. Grenier's honor on 22 February 1942.

 * 1932 – First flight of the Martin B-10, first all-metal monoplane bomber to go into regular use by the United States Army Air Corps and first mass-produced bomber.

 * 1922 – Birth of Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer, German Luftwaffe night fighter pilot and highest scoring (121) night fighter ace in the history of aerial warfare.

 * 1912 – Frank Coffyn takes aerial views of New York City with a cinema camera while controlling his airplane with his feet and knees.

 * 1903 – Traian Vuia presented to the Académie des Sciences of Paris the possibility of flying with a heavier-than-air mechanical machine and his procedure for taking off, but it was rejected for being an utopia, adding the comments: The problem of flight with a machine which weighs more than air cannot be soled and it is only a dream.

 * 1899 – Birth of Ronald Cory Berlyn, British WWI flying ace.

 * 1897 – Birth of Thomas Frederick Le Mesurier, British WWI flying ace.

 * 1895 – Birth of Jean Charles Augustin Dubois de Gennes, French WWI flying ace.

 * 1890 – Birth of Francesco De Pinedo, Italian raid aviator.

 * 1889 – Birth of John Thompson Guy Murison, British WWI flying ace.


text:
Dodge M37

The Dodge M37 was a $3/4$-ton 4x4 truck developed for service in the United States military as a successor to the widely used Dodge-built WC Series introduced during World War II. Put into service in 1951, it served in a variety of configurations in frontline duty in the Korean War and War in Vietnam before being replaced by two commercial off the shelf (COTS) based $3/4$-ton trucks: the Kaiser M715 (introduced in 1967 and supplied through 1969) and the Dodge M880/M890 series (in the 1970s).

It bore the designation (G741), and after its military phase-out was both put into domestic Federal government agency use and auctioned to civilians in the U.S., and adopted by foreign militaries.

History
Many of the components on the M37 are similar or identical to the Dodge-built World War II WC series vehicles, and many deficiencies of the WC series were corrected in the M37. Notably, a conventional pickup truck style bed replaced the platform on the World War II vehicle, simplifying production. There was significant drivetrain and powerplant commonality with the immediate postwar WDX series civilian Power Wagons, but no sheet metal was shared. Six WC-based prototype W37s were produced in early-to-mid 1950, with the first pre-production pilot vehicle rolling off the assembly line on 14 December 1950.

In total some 115,000 Dodge M37s were produced between 1951 and 1968. Manufacture of the M37 began in earnest in January 1951, with approximately 11,000 vehicles made by the end of that year. By mid-1954 63,000 of the vehicles had been produced. In 1958 a number of modifications to the design resulted in the new vehicles being designated as M37B1. From mid-1958 until the end of production 47,600 M37B1 vehicles were produced. Approximately 4,500 Canadian M37CDNs were also produced between 1951 and 1955. M37s continued in service worldwide in the Israeli and Greek militaries.

From 1968 onwards, the U.S. military replaced the M37 with the heavier-rated $1 1/4$ (or five-quarter) ton Kaiser Jeep manufactured M715 family of vehicles. Rather than purpose-built tactical vehicles, these "militarized" commercial off-the-shelf ('COTS') trucks were considered underpowered and fragile compared to the M37. After seeing service in the Vietnam War the M715 was replaced in 1976 by the similarly rated Dodge-built COTS M880 series.

In addition to those M37s that were sold or offered as military aid to allied foreign countries, many were transferred to civilian agencies or sold domestically at government auctions, becoming a not uncommon sight in government and private use in the 1970s and '80s; some are still seen today in rural areas.

Variants
experimental:
 * M42 command truck
 * M43 ambulance
 * M53 cab-chassis
 * M56  tool truck, has a bumper-mounted winch
 * MB2 Fire and Rescue Truck (M56 with Gichner body)
 * R2 air field rescue truck (w/winch)
 * M152 modified enclosed utility truck, Canadian variant
 * M201 / V41 telephone maintenance vehicle
 * M283 Long Wheel Base (LWB) Cargo Truck
 * M506 truck, hydrogen peroxide servicer, PGM-11 Redstone
 * V126 truck – for AN/MPX-7 radar
 * XM142 experimental bomb service truck
 * XM152 experimental enclosed utility truck used in small numbers by the USAF
 * XM195 experimental lighter, compact version of M37
 * XM708 experimental dump truck used mostly by airborne units
 * XM711 experimental wrecker truck

Engine
The M37's flathead Chrysler Straight-6 engine was carried over from the World War II-era WC vehicle line, as was most of the drivetrain. Using an engine and drivetrain derived from a widely-produced 1930s era passenger vehicle was in line with a long-standing military procurement strategy that attempted to use commercially produced vehicle variants in military service.

Many deficiencies with aging design became apparent in the 1960s, including a tendency of the engine's connecting rods to fail at high rpms due to the long cylinder stroke of the undersquare engine. As the average speed of the vehicles in the military increased (overwhelmingly during peacetime, on sound roads) these engine failures became commonplace due to the low gear ratio of the vehicle, which was suited for a multipurpose vehicle capable of transporting heavy loads in rough terrain.

 * Model: T245 Dodge
 * Type: "L" Head, 6 cylinder
 * Power: 78 bhp at 3200 rpm
 * Displacement: 230 cuin (Canadian version used the larger 250.6 cuin engine)
 * Bore: 3+1/4 in, Stroke: 4+5/8 in
 * Oil capacity: 6 U.S.qt
 * Radiator capacity: 25 U.S.qt
 * Carter carburetor Model ETW-1 downdraft

Driveline
Clutch Transmission Transfer Case Drive Shaft Axles
 * Borg & Beck Model 11828 10 in single plate dry disc (Borg & Beck 11 inch clutch on Canadian version.)
 * New Process Model 88950 (or NP420)(Acme Model T-98 on Canadian version)
 * 4-speed, Synchro-Shift in 3rd and 4th gear
 * New Process 88845 (or NP200)
 * Ratio: High 1:1, low 1.96:1
 * Twin lever operation, one for 4×4 or 4×2 selection, one for hi or low range
 * MFG Universal Products
 * Dodge Full Floating (hypoid), ratio 5.83:1
 * Front Universal Drive New Process (Tracta joint)

Chassis
Fuel tank Electrical Brakes Steering Wheelbase Weight Tire Size Winch
 * 24 U.S.gal tank (vented through engine air intake for fording purposes)
 * Ignition, starting, lights, 24 volts
 * Wagner hydraulic drum
 * Parking—external contracting band, 48 square inches (310 cm2)
 * Gemmer Model B-60, worm and sector type
 * Cargo Model M37 and Command Model M42: 112 in
 * Ambulance Model M43 and Tele. Maint. Model V41: 126 in
 * M37 without winch: 5687 lb, M37 with winch 5987 lb
 * 9.00 × 16 - 8 ply non-directional military
 * Braden LU-4, PTO operated, 7500 lb capacity (250’ of 7/16" wire rope [75 m by 11 mm] – 10’ [3 m] chain with hook)

Aborted replacement competition
During the late 1960s a competition was initiated by the Army, which requested the leading U.S. automotive companies to submit proposals as a replacement for the M37. Several prototype vehicles passed through the preliminary examination, eventually leading the military to accept General Motors XM705 1$1 1/4$-ton Truck and derivative XM737 Ambulance, which were supposed to replace the M37, instead of the militarized COTS M715 series of trucks. However, Congress cut funds for the program, and the XM705 never reached the assembly line.

Below table lists the comparative specifications of the vehicles involved.

title: Dodge M37


text:
User:Plyd

Hello! I'm a French Wikipédien. You can see my original page here : French  My page, in French.

Pictures brought to Wikipedia
Several, but I'm too lazy to list them here ;)

fr:Utilisateur:Plyd es:Usuario:Plyd pl:Wikipedysta:Plyd de:Benutzer:Plyd pt:Usuário:Plyd

title: User:Plyd


text:
User talk:Gnoza

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:25, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

New Formalism
Do you really think my changes to the article were vandalism?? I am trying to simply put verifiable facts on the page, and maintain NPOV. Your deletions seem simply destructive. — Stumps 11:25, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Yes, I do. You know very little about the evolution of New Formalism and are adding info that is not relative to the topic. If you go back you will find that I started this entry in Wiki. I intend to guard it from vandals. Gnoza 12:30, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Roman-gabriel.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Roman-gabriel.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:33, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gnoza


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/March 31

March 31

 * 2011 – The United States turns over command of coalition operations in Libya to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

 * 2011 – Coalition aircraft strike an eastern suburb of Tripoli, Libya, and attack Libyan government forces in Brega during the Third Battle of Brega.

 * 2010 – A Grumman E-2 Hawkeye aircraft of the United States Navy from Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 121 crashed at approximately 1400 hrs. local time in Arabian Sea. It was returning to its ship, the USS Eisenhower, after conducting operations in support of Operation Enduring Freedom when it experienced mechanical malfunctions and the crew performed a controlled bailout. The pilot was killed. Navy 5th Fleet officials declined to speculate on the cause of the crash, but the Naval Safety Center’s Web site listed it as “an engine oil leak.”

 * 2009 – A Polish Air Force PZL M28 (Antonov An-28TD Bryza 1TD) crashes into trees on final approach to an airfield near Gdynia, Poland. The aircraft was a routine training flight simulating landing on one engine resulting to 4 crew fatalities.

 * 2008 – Aloha Airlines ceased operations because due to declaring bankruptcy and gave all flights to Aloha Air Cargo.

 * 2005 – An Lockheed MC-130H Combat Talon II, USAF 87-0127, c/n 5118, Wrath 11, of the 7th Special Operations Squadron, 352d Special Operations Group, RAF Mildenhall, departs Tirana-Rinas Airport, Albania, for a night training mission to work on terrain-following and avoidance skills, airdrops and landing using night-vision goggles. The aircraft was flying 300 feet (91 m) above the mountainous terrain when it was approaching a ridge. The airplane was not able to clear the ridge and stalled as the crew attempted to climb away. The aircraft struck the ridge, destroying the aircraft and killing all nine crew members on board.

 * 2003 – AH-64D Apache 84-24201 of C Company, 1–3rd Aviation Regiment crashes on landing in Iraq, injuring the two pilots. Helicopter was written off.

 * 2002 – Swiss International Air Lines begins operations, taking over many routes from bankrupt Swissair.

 * 1996 – The CH 136 Kiowa helicopter was retired from the CAF.

 * 1995 – TAROM Flight 371, an Airbus A310, crashes near Baloteşti, Romania, killing all 60 on board.

 * 1995 – First flight of the Grob Strato 2C

 * 1990 – First flight of the Robinson R44 helicopter.

 * 1986 – Mexicana Flight 940, a Boeing 727, crashes into high ground near Santiago Maravatío, Mexico. All 167 passengers and crew are killed in the worst ever air disaster involving the Boeing 727.

 * 1979 – The British government announces development and production costs for the Concorde supersonic airliner since November 29, 1962, when agreement was reached with France to design and built the aircraft. Through December 31, 1978, the French government spent a total of £920 million whereas the British spent £898 million. The total cost of £1.818 billion would increase by a further £163 million, before government funding ceased.

 * 1975 – Western Airlines Flight 470, a Boeing 737, overruns the runway at Casper/Natrona County International Airport and crashes into a ditch; all 99 on board survive.

 * 1975 – A specially modified Royal Canadian Air Force de Havilland CC-115 (DMC-5 Buffalo) makes its first flight carrying an inflatable air-cushion landing system beneath the fuselage.

 * 1974 – British Airways commences operations after BOAC and British European Airways merge to create the new airline.

 * 1972 – In response to the North Vietnamese “Easter Offensive” against South Vietnam which began on March 30, the United States begins a series of deployments code-named “Constant Guard, ” in which a large number of U. S. Air Force and U. S. Marine Corps squadrons return to bases in South Vietnam and Thailand and the U. S. Navy aircraft carrier presence at Yankee Station in the Gulf of Tonkin increases from two on March 30 to six by late spring.

 * 1972 – Twenty minutes after take-off from McCoy AFB, Florida, a USAF Boeing B-52D-80-BO Stratofortress, 56-0625, of the 306th Bomb Wing, suffers an in-flight fire in engine number seven which spreads to starboard wing; attempts emergency landing at McCoy, crashes one quarter mile short of runway, killing six on board and one civilian on the ground, injuring eight civilians on the ground, destroys four houses.

 * 1970 – Japan Airlines Flight 351, a Boeing 727, is hijacked to North Korea by a Japanese Red Army faction.hop and cardinal Stephen Fumio Hamao; Japanese pop singer Mita Akira; and Dr. Shigeaki Hinohara, who would become one of the world’s longest-serving physicians and educators.

 * 1965 – Iberia Airlines Convair 440 crashed into the sea on approach to Tangier killing 47 of 51 occupants.

 * 1965 – U. S. Marine Corps UH-34 transport helicopters escorted by U. S. Army UH-1 B helicopter gunships come under heavy Viet Cong ground fire while attempting to drop off 435 South Vietnamese troops in a landing zone 25 miles (40 km) south of Da Nang, South Vietnam. Thirty-five helicopters become involved; three are shot down and 19 damaged.

 * 1959 – BOAC commences its first scheduled around-the-world service

 * 1956 – Entered Service: A3D Skywarrior with VAH-1.

 * 1948 – One of two Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldivers, BuNo 83414, en route from Naval Air Station Tillamook, Oregon, to San Diego, California, crashes in woods near Rockaway Beach, Oregon, killing pilot Robert W. Smedley. Wreckage rediscovered by loggers on 10 March 2010.

 * 1946 – 435 Squadron disbanded at Down Ampney, UK.

 * 1945 – BCATP terminated.

 * 1945 – Twentieth Air Force B-29 s again raid Japanese airfields on Kyushu.

 * 1945 – A kamikaze damages the U. S. heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis (CA-35) off Okinawa, killing 9 and wounding 20.

 * 1944 – Task Force 58 aircraft strike Yap.

 * 1944 – A flying boat carrying Admiral Mineichi Koga, Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy‘s Combined Fleet, disappears after taking off from Babelthuap; no wreckage or bodies are ever found. A second flying boat carrying Rear Admiral Shigeru Fukudome of Koga’s staff making the same trip crashes in a storm; Fukudome spends two weeks in the hands of natives on Cebu before being rescued.

 * 1943 – Since January 1, Royal Air Force Bomber Command has flown 12,760 sorties and lost 348 bombers, a 2.7 percent loss rate. German night fighters have shot down 201 of the bombers.

 * 1942 – An Imperial Japanese Navy task force centered around the aircraft carriers Akagi, Ryūjō, Hiryū, Sōryū, Shōkaku, and Zuikaku begins a very destructive raid against British forces in the Indian Ocean.

 * 1942 – Since March 1, the Luftwaffe’s Fliegerkorps II has flown 4,927 sorties against Malta. In addition to attacks on airfields and other facilities, they have sunk two British destroyers and a British submarine, damaged two other submarines, and badly damaged the light cruiser HMS Penelope.

 * 1942 – (Overnight) The Royal Air Force places the new 4,000-lb (1,814-kg) high-capacity “Cookie” bomb – Its largest bomb to date and its first “blockbuster” bomb – Into service in a raid on Emden, Germany. The RAF will drop 68,000 “Cookie” bombs during World War II.

 * 1940 – Total hours flown by the RCAF 69,472.50 hrs.

 * 1939 – First flight of the Miles Master production aircraft N7408

 * 1937 – (March 31-April 4) Supporting Nationalist forces, 40 to 50 aircraft per day bomb Ochandiano, Spain.

 * 1937 – A Spanish Nationalist ground offensive begins against the Basques, supported by 80 German aircraft based at Vitoria-Gasteiz and 70 Spanish Nationalist and Italian aircraft based elsewhere in northern Spain. Opposing them are 20 to 30 Basque aircraft. On the first day, German Junkers Ju 52 s conduct the first terror bombing and strafing of an undefended town in Europe, killing 248 people in Durango.

 * 1936 – During the Battle of Maychew, Italian aircraft bomb Ethiopian troops heavily, helping to blunt a major Ethiopian attack.

 * 1931 – A TWA Fokker F-10 Trimotor crashes near Bazaar, Kansas, killing all eight aboard, including University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne.

 * 1912 – The world’s first hydroplane competitions, held in Monaco, were a runaway success for Farman biplanes. Belgian Jules Fisher is the overall winner. He is one of only two non-French pilots of the eight starters and flies a Henry Farman machine.

 * 1903 – Richard Pearse is reputed to have made a powered flight in a heavier-than-air craft, a monoplane of his own construction, that crash lands on a hedge. This date is computed from circumstantial evidence of eyewitnesses as the flight was not well documented at the time. The machine made a flight claimed to be around 150 feet (45 m) on his farm at Upper Waitohi, near Timaru in south Canterbury, New Zealand.

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/March 31


text: User talk:203.217.24.204

title: User talk:203.217.24.204


text:
User talk:Plyd

Please feel free to contact me writing some comments here or if you need a quick answer, here in french page. Bye!

Libra (cryptocurrency) moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Libra (cryptocurrency), does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please follow the prompts on the Articles for Creation template atop the page. ... disco spinster   talk  13:47, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Plyd