text:
John Beckwith (composer)

John Beckwith (March 9, 1927 – December 5, 2022) was a Canadian composer, writer, pianist, teacher, and administrator.

Born in Victoria, British Columbia, he studied piano with Alberto Guerrero at the Toronto Conservatory of Music in 1945. Beckwith received a Bachelor of Music (Mus.B.) in 1947 and a Master of Music (Mus.M.) in 1961 from the University of Toronto. In 1950-51, he studied with Nadia Boulanger in Paris. He began teaching at University of Toronto's Faculty of Music in 1952. From 1970-77, he was the dean of the faculty. He was founding director of the Institute for Canadian Music at the University of Toronto. In 1987, he was made a member of the Order of Canada. He retired from the university in 1990.

Beckwith wrote over 160 compositions covering stage, orchestral, chamber, solo and choral genres. He also wrote 17 books, the last of which - Music Annals: Research and Critical Writings by a Canadian Composer - was published shortly before his death in 2022.

Education
In 1945, after several years of studying piano at the Royal Conservatory of Music, Beckwith received a Conservatory scholarship that allowed him to study piano with Alberto Guerrero at the University of Toronto where he obtained his Mus.B. His other teachers included Leo Smith and John Weinzweig. In 1950 he was awarded a second scholarship, this time from the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The scholarship allowed him to travel to Paris, where he studied composition under Nadia Boulanger. Under Weinzweig's supervision, Beckwith earned his Mus.M. from the University of Toronto in 1961.

Career
After studying in Paris, Beckwith returned to Toronto to pursue further studies and became active as a performing musician, actor, critic, radio commentator, writer, lecturer and broadcaster. In 1952, he returned to the University of Toronto, but this time as a part-time lecturer at the Faculty of Music. He was appointed full-time lecturer in 1955. He remained in this position for several years, and eventually became dean of the faculty from 1970-77. Beckwith was the first Jean A. Chalmers Professor of Canadian Music and the first director of the Institute for Canadian Music at the University of Toronto. He retired in 1990 to devote more time to composing. Among his notable pupils were Brian Cherney, Gustav Ciamaga, Omar Daniel, John Fodi, Clifford Ford, Ben McPeek, James Rolfe, Clark Ross, Matthew Davidson, and Timothy Sullivan.

While teaching, Beckwith remained active in several areas of the musical community. A co-founder of the Canadian Music Centre in 1959, he wrote for the Toronto Star from 1959-65 as an arts critic and columnist, and was a writer and associate producer of documentaries and music series for CBC Radio. Beginning in 1981, he worked as a director for the Canadian Musical Heritage Society, which he had co-founded that same year. He prepared two of the society's 25-volume series of pre-1950 Canadian-composed music. In 1986, a five-record set of his music was included in the Anthology of Canadian Music series. The Beckwith portrait in the Canadian Composers Portraits series was released in 2003.

A collection of 25 of his music articles and talks was published by Golden Dog Press in 1997 under the title Music Papers. In 2006, his biography In Search of Alberto Guerrero was published by Wilfrid Laurier Press (issued in Spanish translation in 2021). With Brian Cherney, he edited Weinzweig: Essays on His Life and Music in 2011 and, with Robin Elliott, he edited Mapping Canada's Music: Selected Writings of Helmut Kallmann in 2013.

Beckwith's autobiography, Unheard Of: Memoirs of a Canadian Composer, was published by Wilfrid Laurier Press in 2012.

He was the recipient of many honours including from the Canadian Music Council in 1972 and 1984, Toronto Arts award in 1995, Diplôme d'honneur from the Canadian Conference of the Arts in 1996, honorary membership in the Canadian University Music Society in 1999, and honorary doctorates from McGill, Mount Allison, Queen's, Victoria, and Guelph universities. Taking a Stand: Essays in Honour of John Beckwith, a festschrift on the occasion of his retirement, was published in 1995.

Compositional style
Beckwith composed over 160 large works. While the majority of his works are settings of Canadian texts for voice, he also wrote for orchestral and chamber groups as well as solo instrumental pieces and choral music.

Beckwith was a modernist whose eclectic compositional vocabulary was sustained "by a broad palette of idioms, colours, and by the availability of a rich variety of forming procedures." Most of his compositions have themes that connect to historical or regional Canada. Beckwith was deeply interested in Canadian folk song and set around 200 of these songs, including Four Love Songs (1969) and Five Songs (1969–70). Most of the arrangements were written in 1981-91 during his involvement with Music at Sharon, a summer concert series. He often collaborated with Canadian writers when setting text for voice including James Reaney, Jay Macpherson, Margaret Atwood, bpNichol, Georges Sioui, and Dennis Lee;. his most extensive collaboration was with Reaney, with whom he wrote a number of works for the stage. Beckwith also set texts of e.e. cummings, John Millington Synge, Samuel Beckett, and poems of the Tang dynasty translated by Witter Bynner.

List of works
Based on the Encyclopedia of Music in Canada (2nd edition, 1992) and the John Beckwith website, University of Toronto. Unpublished works are at the Canadian Music Centre and the Beckwith fonds, University of Toronto.

Stage

 * Night Blooming Cereus (Reaney). 1953-58 (1959 Toronto). 8 singers, 14 instruments. Ms
 * The Killdeer, incidental music (Reaney). 1960, rescored 1961. Prepared piano (5 instruments). Ms
 * The Hector, documentary cantata (various). 1990 (1990 Toronto). Soprano, early-instrument ensemble. Ms
 * The Shivaree (Reaney). 1964-65, 1977-78. Revisions with prologue added, 1982. (1982 Toronto; 1982 Banff (revised version with prologue)). 12 singers, 20 instr. Ms
 * Crazy to Kill (Reaney, after Ann Caldwel l). 1987-88 ( 1989 Guelph). 3 singers, 2 speakers, 2 instruments, tape. Ms
 * Lucas et Cécile. 1808-09 (1990 Sharon). Concert arrangement of a comic opera by Joseph Quesnel with orchestration by Beckwith. Soli, orchestra. Ms
 * Taptoo! (Reaney). 1993-95 (Montreal, 1999). 18 singers, 18 instruments. Ms

Orchestra and band

 * Music for Dancing (orchestra from piano, 4 hands). 1948 (piano), orch 1959 (1959 Ottawa). BMI Canada 1961. CBC SM-47/5-ACM 26 (CBC Van orch)
 * Montage. 1953, rescored 1955 (1953 Toronto). Orchestra. Ms
 * Fall Scene and Fair Dance. 1956 (1956 Toronto). Violin, clarinet, strings. BMI Canada 1957. 1977. Lethbridge Symphony Assn LSA-101 (Lethbridge SO)
 * Concerto Fantasy. 1959 (1962 Montreal). Piano, orchestra. Berandol (rental)
 * Flower Variations and Wheels. 1962 (1963 Victoria). Rev. 1979. Orchestra. Berandol (rental)
 * Concertino. 1963 (1964 Toronto). Horn, orchestra. Berandol (rental)
 * Jonah, cantata (various). 1963 (1963 Toronto). BMI Canada 1969
 * Place of Meeting (Dennis Lee). 1967 (1967 Toronto ). Speaker, tenor, blues singer, SATB, orchestra. Ms
 * Elastic Band Studies. 1969, rev. 1975 (1976 Toronto). Concert band. Ms
 * (1973 Toronto). Narrator, orchestra. Orchestra Berandol (rental), piano arrangement.
 * A Concert of Myths. 1983 (1984 Calgary). Flute, orchestra. Ms
 * Peregrine. 1989 (1990 Toronto). Viola, percussion, small orchestra. Ms
 * Round and Round. 1991-92 (1992 Winnipeg). Orchestra. Ms
 * Fifteen Figural Chorales from J.S. Bach's Das Orgelbüchlein (transcription), 1991 (1993 Halifax). Orchestra. Ms
 * Fourteen Figural Chorales from J.S. Bach's Das Orgelbüchlein (transcription), 1993 (1996 Halifax). Orchestra. Ms
 * Sixteen Figural Chorales from J.S. Bach's Das Orgelbüchlein (transcription), 1997. Orchestra. Ms
 * Madness. 2003 (2003, Toronto) 2 oboes, bassoon, strings. Ms
 * Three Brass Rings. 2007 (1984, Toronto; 2009 Toronto all) 11 brasses. Ms
 * Variations. 2011 (2012, Ottawa). String orchestra. Ms

Chamber

 * The Great Lakes Suite (Reaney). 1949 (1950 Toronto). Soprano, baritone, clarinet, cello, piano.
 * Five Pieces for Flute Duet. 1951 (1951 Paris). BMI Canada 1962
 * Four Pieces for Bassoon Duet. 1951. Ms
 * Quartet for Woodwind Instruments. 1951 ( 1953 Toronto). Ms
 * Three Studies for String Trio. 1956 (1957 Toronto). Ms
 * Circle, with Tangents. 1967 (1967 Vancouver). Harpsichord, 13 solo strings. BMI Canada 1968
 * Taking a Stand. 1972 (1972 Stratford). 5 players, 8 brass instruments, 14 music stands. Berandol 1975
 * Musical Chairs. 1973 (1974 Toronto). String quintet, contrabassoon. Berandol 1980
 * Quartet. 1977 (1978 Montreal). String quartet. Ms. Melbourne SMLP-4038/5-ACM 26 (Orford String Quartet)
 * Case Study: a multi-purpose quintet. 1980 (1980 Toronto). Any 5 instruments. Ms
 * Eight Miniatures: arranged from the Alan Ash manuscript. 1981. Violin, piano. Ms
 * Sonatina in Two Movements. 1981 (1982 Toronto). Trumpet, piano. Ms
 * Tunes of the Sharon Band (arrangement). 1982 (1982 Sharon). Brass quintet. Sonante 1984
 * Arctic Dances. 1984 (1984 Kingston). Oboe, piano. Ms. McGill U Records 85026 (L. Cherney)
 * For Starters G.E.C. [George Edward Connell].1984 (Toronto 1984). 11 brass instr. Ms
 * College Airs. 1990 (1990 Toronto). String quartet. Ms
 * Echoes of Quesnel. 1995 (1997 Toronto). Violin, viola, cor anglais, organ. Ms
 * Echoes of Thiele. 1995 (1996 Kitchener). Chamber orchestra (oboe, 2 trumpets, trombone, percussion, viola, cello, contrabass). Ms
 * Eureka. 1996 (1996 Toronto). 9 wind instruments. Ms
 * Lines Overlapping. 1996-97 (Toronto). Banjo, harpsichord. Ms
 * Blurred Lines (duo in quartertones). 1997 (1997 Toronto). Violin, harpsichord. Ms
 * Ringaround. 1998 (1999 Toronto). Celtic harp, harpsichord. Ms
 * A Game of Bowls. 1999 (2000 Toronto). 3 percussion. Ms
 * Workout. 2001 (2001 Toronto). 4 percussion. Ms
 * A New Pibroch. 2002 (2003 Toronto). Highland pipes, percussion, 7 strings. Ms
 * Back to Bolivia. 2006 (2010 Toronto). Clarinet quartet. Ms
 * Fractions. 2006 (2007 Toronto). 16th-tone piano, string quartet. Ms
 * Animals with Horns. 2007 (2010 Toronto). Trumpet, euphonium. Ms
 * Play and Sing. 2008. cello, soprano (1 performer). Ms
 * After Simpson. 2010 (2013 Toronto). 2 recorders, 2 viola da gamba. Ms
 * Breaking Silence. 2013 (2013 St. John's). Cello. Ms
 * Sonatina on "Mairi's Wedding." 2013 (2013 Toronto). Flute, piano. Ms
 * Follow me. 2013. Clarinet, piano. Ms. Centrediscs CMC-1774 (Stoll/Zukiewicz)
 * Ut re me fa sol la. 2013. Guitar. Ms
 * Quintet. 2015 (2017 Toronto). Flute, trumpet, bassoon, viola, double bass. Ms
 * Calling. 2016 (2017 Toronto). Flugelhorn, euphonium, 2 tenor trombones, bass trombone, double bass. Ms. Centrediscs CMC-1774 (New Music Concerts Ensemble)
 * Meanwhile. 2018 (2018 Ottawa). Marimba, piano. Ms. Analekta 29129 (SHHH! Ensemble)

Keyboard(s)

 * Four Conceits. 1945, rev. 1948. Piano. Ms. RCI 228/RCA CCS-1022 (Troup)
 * Music for Dancing. 1948 (1948 Toronto). Piano, 4 hands. Ms. RCI 113 (P. Beaudet, G. Bourassa)
 * The Music Room. 1951. Piano. Frederick Harris 1955. RCI 134 (Newmark)
 * Novelette. 1951 (1951 Paris). Piano. BMI Canada 1954. Centrediscs CMC-1684/5-ACM 26 (Foreman)
 * Six Mobiles. 1959. Piano. BMI Canada 1960. CCM-2 (Cavalho)
 * Interval Studies. 1962. Piano. BMI Canada 1962
 * Suite on Old Tunes (arrangement). 1967. Piano. BMI Canada 1967. CCM-2 (Cavalho)
 * Variation piquant sur la `Toronto Opera House Waltz.' 1967. 2 piano. Ms
 * New Mobiles. 1971. Piano. Waterloo 1972
 * Upper Canadian Hymn Preludes. 1976-77 (1977 Ottawa). Organ, prepared tape. Ms. Centrediscs CMC-1784/5-ACM 26 (Wedd)
 * Keyboard Practice. 1979 (1979 Toronto). 4 players, 10 keyboard. (1986). 5-ACM 24 (Aide)
 * Etudes. 1983 (1984 Vancouver). Piano. Ms. Counterpoint. 5-ACM 26 (Coop)
 * On the Other Hand. 1997 (1997 Toronto). Harpsichord. Ms
 * March, March! 2001 (2001 Montreal). Piano. Ms
 * The Cheese Stands Still. 2004. Piano. Ms
 * Light Work. 2007 (2009 Montreal). 16th-tone piano, 4 hands. Ms
 * Yesteryear. 2010 (2013 St John's). Piano, 4 hands. Ms
 * Pages. 2016 (2016 Halifax). Piano. Ms

Choir

 * The Trumpets of Summer (Atwood). 1964. Soloists, SATB, narrator, chamber ensemble Berandol (rental). CBC SM 81/RCI 340/ Cap ST-6323/5-ACM 26 (Festival Singers)
 * Sharon Fragments (Willson). 1966. SATB. Waterloo1966. Capitol ST-6258/Seraphim S-60085 (Festival Singers)
 * The Sun Dance (various). 1968. SATB, speaker, organ, percussion. Independently published. 1968
 * Three Blessings (Fisher, Burns, Wesley). 1968. SATB, instruments (optional in No. 2). BMI Canada 1968. CBC SM-81/RCI 340/Capitol ST-6323 (Festival Singers)
 * Gas! (Beckwith). 1969. 20 speaking voices. Berandol 1978
 * 1838 (Lee). 1970. SATB. Novello 1970
 * Papineau (2 Lower Canada folk songs). 1977. 2 equal voices. Gordon V. Thompson 1978. Centrediscs CMC-2285 (Toronto Children's Chor)
 * Three Motets on Swan's 'China' (various).'1981. SATB. Waterloo1983. Melbourne SMLP-4041/5-ACM 26 (Elmer Iseler Singers)
 * A Little Organ Concert (vocables). 1982. SATB, organ, brass quintet. Ms
 * A Canadian Christmas Carol (J. P. Clarke)(arrangement). 1984. SATB, harmonium (piano or organ). Gordon V. Thompson 1989. CBC SM-5055 (Elmer Iseler Singers)
 * Mating Time (bp Nichol). 1982. SATB (20 solo voices), percussion, electric keyboard. Ms
 * Harp of David (Book of Common Prayer). 1985. SATB. Ms. Centrediscs CMC-CD-3790 (Vancouver Chamber Choir)
 * The Banks of Newfoundland (arrangement).1985. Baritone, SATB (oboe, string quartet) Gordon V. Thompson 1987
 * Three Burns Songs (R. Burns) (arrangement).1986. SATB. Gordon V. Thompson 1987
 * Farewell To Nova Scotia (arrangement).1985. Baritone, SATB, piano, percussion 2 trumpet, viola, cello, double bass. Gordon V. Thompson 1987
 * The Gowans Are Gay (arrangement). 1986. SATB, percussion. Gordon V. Thompson 1987 69
 * Basic Music. 1998. Children's Choir (SA), Youth Choir (SSA) and orchestra. Ms
 * Lady Music. 2000. SATB
 * Snow is Falling. 2002. Children's choir, flute, guitar.
 * Alternative Greeting (Happy Birthday). 2003. Flute, clarinet, percussion, piano, voices.
 * Derailed: A Sound Documentary. 2007 (2007 Mississauga). Double choir (SSAATTBB), percussion. Ms
 * Wendake/Huronia, 2015. Alto, narrator, chamber choir, instruments, drums. Ms

Voice

 * Five Lyrics of the T'ang Dynasty (various). 1947 (1948 Toronto). High voice, piano. BMI Canada 1949. RCI 148/5-ACM 26 (Alarie)/Centrediscs CMC-2185 (Vickers)/(No. 3,4,5) 1988. Phillips 6514-157 (B. Fei soprano, N. Loo piano)
 * Serenade (Thibaudeau). 1949. Med voice, piano. Ms. RCI 36 (C. Jordan)
 * The Formal Garden of the Heart (Thibaudeau). 1950. Med voice, piano. Ms
 * Four Songs to Poems by e.e. cummings. 1950 (1950 Toronto). Soprano, piano. Waterloo1975
 * Four Songs from Ben Jonson's Volpone. 1961. Baritone, guitar. BMI Canada 1967
 * A Chaucer Suite. 1962 (1963 Montreal). Alto, tenor, baritone. Ms
 * Ten English Rhymes (anonymous). 1963 (1963 Montreal). Young voices, piano. BMI Canada 1964
 * Four Love Songs (Canadian folk songs). 1969. Baritone, piano. Berandol 1970. (No. 1, 3, 4) CBC SM-111 (Bell)/(1986). 5-ACM 26 (Pepper, Beckwith)
 * Five Songs (arrangement). 1970. Alto, piano. Waterloo 19701. CBC SM-77/Select CC-15073/5-ACM 26 (Forrester)
 * Six Songs to Poems by e.e. cummings. 1980–1982 (1983 Toronto). Baritone, piano. Ms
 * Earlier Voices (arrangement). 1984. Soprano, baritone, SATB, piano. Ms
 * Avowals (bpNichol). 1985 (1985 Toronto). Tenor, 1 keyboard player on piano, celesta, harpsichord. Ms
 * Les Premiers hivernements (S. Champlain, M. Lescarbot). 1986 (1986 Toronto). Soprano, tenor, 2 recorder, lute, viol, percussion. Ms
 * Synthetic Trios (vocables). 1987 (1989 Quebec City). Soprano, clarinet, piano. Ms
 * The Harp that Once thro' Tara's Halls (T. Moore) (arrangement). 1986. Mezzo soprano, piano. Gordon V. Thompson 1987
 * beep (bpNichol). 1990 (1990 Elora). Soprano, baritone, SATB, percussion. Ms
 * Stacey (Margaret Laurence), 1997 (1998 Toronto). Soprano, piano. Ms
 * A Man and His Flute (Miriam Waddington), 2000; 2003 (two poems added) (Toronto 2003). Soprano, piano. Ms
 * Merton Duets. 2005 (2006 Toronto). Soprano, mezzo soprano, violin. Ms
 * Beckett Songs. 2008 (2008 Sackville). Baritone, guitar. Ms
 * Singing Synge. 2011 (2012 Toronto). Baritone, piano. Ms
 * Tanu. 2013 (2014 Montreal). Soprano, flute, cello. Ms
 * Four Short Songs. 2016 (2016 London). Medium voice, piano. Ms

Collage

 * A Message to Winnipeg (Reaney). 1960 (1960 Toronto). 4 speakers, violin, clarinet, piano, percussion. Ms
 * Twelve Letters to a Small Town (Reaney). 1961 (1961 Toronto). 4 speakers, flute, oboe, guitar, piano-harmonium. Ms
 * Wednesday's Child (Reaney). 1962 (1962 Toronto). 3 speakers, soprano, tenor, flute, viola, piano, percussion. Ms
 * Canada Dash – Canada Dot (Reaney). 1965-67 (1965-67 Toronto). In 3 parts. Voices, speakers, Chamber ensemble. Ms
 * The Journals of Susanna Moodie, incidental (Atwood). 1972, revised 1990 (1973 Toronto). 2 keyboard players, percussion. Ms
 * "In the middle of ordinary noise...": An Auditory Masque (Reaney). 1992 (1992 Toronto). Speaker, 2 soli, 3 instruments, tape. Ms

Selected writings

 * Beckwith, John. 'Composers in Toronto and Montreal,' U of Toronto Quarterly, v. 26, Oct 1956
 * _____. 'Young Composers' Performances in Toronto,' Canadian Music Journal [CMJ], v. 2, Summer 1958
 * _____. 'Jean Papineau-Couture,' CMJ, vol 3, Winter 1959
 * _____. 'Recent Orchestral Works by Champagne, Morel and Anhalt,' CMJ, v. 4, Summer 1960
 * *____. 'Notes on a Recording Career, (The Work of Glenn Gould),' Canadian Forum, v. 40, Jan 1961
 * _____. Review of A History of Music in Canada 1534–1914 by Helmut Kallmann, U of Toronto Quarterly, v. 30, Jul 1961
 * _____. 'Schoenberg Ten Years After,' Canadian Forum, v. 41, Nov 1961
 * _____. 'Stravinsky Triptych,' CMJ, vol 6, Summer 1962
 * _____. 'The Bernstein Experiment,' Canadian Forum, v. 43, Apr 1964
 * _____. 'Notes on Jonah,' Alphabet, 8 Jun 1964
 * _____. Review of British Composers in Interview, edited by R. Murray Schafer, U of Toronto Quarterly, v. 33, Jul 1964
 * _____. 'A "Complete" Schoenberg,' Canadian Forum, v. 46, Jan 1967
 * *____. 'About Canadian Music: The P.R. failure,' Musicanada, 21, Jul-Aug 1969; reprinted with postscript, AGO/RCCO Music, v. 5, Mar 1971
 * _____. 'What Every U.S. Musician Should Know About Contemporary Canadian Music,' Musicanada, 29, final issue 1970
 * _____. 'Music in Canada,' Musical Times, v.111, Dec 1970
 * *____.'Trying to Define Music,' Conservatory Bulletin, Christmas 1970
 * _____. 'Aims and Methods for a Music-Theory Program,' Canadian Association of University Schools of Music Journal, v. 1, Spring 1971
 * *____. 'Healey Willan,' Canadian Forum, v. 52, Dec 1972
 * _____.'Teaching New Music: What? How? Why?' Music Scene, 270, Mar-Apr 1973
 * _____. 'István Anhalt,' Music Scene, 281, Jan-Feb 1975
 * *_____. 'A Big Song-and-Dance,' Canadian Music Educator, v. 18, Spring 1977
 * *____. 'A Festival of Canadian Music,' Musicanada: A Presentation of Canadian Contemporary Music (Ottawa 1977)
 * _____. Music In Canada (Ottawa 1979)
 * *____ and Pincoe, Ruth, eds. Canadian Music in the 1960s and 1970s: A Chronicle (Toronto 1979)
 * _____. 'Choral confessions,' Anacrusis, v. 6, Fall 1986
 * _____. 'Canadian Tunebooks and Hymnals, 1801–1939,' American Music, v. 6, Summer 1988
 * _____.'Canadiana Realizations for "Music at Sharon," 1981–90,' News from the Canadian Musical Heritage Society, v. 1, Spring 1991
 * _____. 'Letter from Canada,' Sonneck Society Bulletin, v. 17, no. 2, 1991
 * *_____. 'A Big Song-and-Dance,' Canadian Music Educator, v. 18, Spring 1977
 * *____. 'A Festival of Canadian Music,' Musicanada: A Presentation of Canadian Contemporary Music (Ottawa 1977)
 * _____. Music In Canada (Ottawa 1979)
 * *____ and Pincoe, Ruth, eds. Canadian Music in the 1960s and 1970s: A Chronicle (Toronto 1979)
 * _____. 'Choral confessions,' Anacrusis, v. 6, Fall 1986
 * _____. 'Canadian Tunebooks and Hymnals, 1801–1939,' American Music, v. 6, Summer 1988
 * _____.'Canadiana Realizations for "Music at Sharon," 1981–90,' News from the Canadian Musical Heritage Society, v. 1, Spring 1991
 * _____. 'Letter from Canada,' Sonneck Society Bulletin, v. 17, no. 2, 1991
 * _____. 'Choral confessions,' Anacrusis, v. 6, Fall 1986
 * _____. 'Canadian Tunebooks and Hymnals, 1801–1939,' American Music, v. 6, Summer 1988
 * _____.'Canadiana Realizations for "Music at Sharon," 1981–90,' News from the Canadian Musical Heritage Society, v. 1, Spring 1991
 * _____. 'Letter from Canada,' Sonneck Society Bulletin, v. 17, no. 2, 1991
 * _____.'Canadiana Realizations for "Music at Sharon," 1981–90,' News from the Canadian Musical Heritage Society, v. 1, Spring 1991
 * _____. 'Letter from Canada,' Sonneck Society Bulletin, v. 17, no. 2, 1991
 * _____.'Canadiana Realizations for "Music at Sharon," 1981–90,' News from the Canadian Musical Heritage Society, v. 1, Spring 1991
 * _____. 'Letter from Canada,' Sonneck Society Bulletin, v. 17, no. 2, 1991
 * _____. 'Letter from Canada,' Sonneck Society Bulletin, v. 17, no. 2, 1991

*Reprinted in Beckwith, Music Papers (see below).

title: John Beckwith (composer)


text:
Wikipedia:Goings-on/August 28, 2005

Wikipedia always has a lot going on. This page is for news and updates about existing or new projects or initivates of Wikipedians (i.e. new Collaboration articles, WikiProject help requests or announcements of success, backlogs that really need help, etc.)

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This page is archived in a weekly digest-like fashion, every Sunday at 0:00 UTC.

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title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/August 28, 2005


text:
All for You (Annihilator album)

All for You is the tenth studio album by Canadian heavy metal band Annihilator, released on May 24, 2004 by AFM Records. It was the first album to feature Dave Padden on vocals. It was also the second to feature Mike Mangini on drums.

Credits

 * Jeff Waters – guitars, bass, backing vocals. Lead vocals on "Holding On", intro on "Dr. Psycho"
 * Dave Padden – vocals
 * Mike Mangini – drums

Additional personnel
 * Curran Murphy – additional guitars
 * Joe Bongiorno – additional guitars

title: All for You (Annihilator album)


text:
Koolyanobbing, Western Australia

Koolyanobbing is located 54 km north-northeast of the town of Southern Cross, Western Australia. Iron ore has been mined here since 1948 by a series of companies, with a break between 1983 and 1993. The ore is currently railed to the port at Esperance for export. The current owner and operator of the lease is Mineral Resources Limited.

The place name is of local Aboriginal origin, meaning "place of large rocks."

History
The first European to visit the area was Charles Cooke Hunt in 1864 who explored the Koolyanobbing range that is situated nearby.

The next European to visit the area, in 1887 and later in 1891, was a gold prospector named Henry Dowd, who thought that the rocks in the area were of no value. He recorded his findings and stored them in a bottle that was buried next to a survey peg and which was found again in 1963 at what is now known as Dowd Hill.

Iron ore was first mined at Koolyanobbing from 1948. It was sent by truck to Southern Cross from where it was shipped by rail to Wundowie, where there was a state-owned blast furnace.

The town was established to service a new iron ore mine in the 1960s at Dowd Hill. The town was gazetted in 1965. The former Eastern Goldfields Railway between Southern Cross and Kalgoorlie was realigned for change to standard gauge, and to service the Koolyanobbing mine.

Dampier Mining Co Ltd, a subsidiary of BHP, mined iron ore between 1967 and 1983. Ore was shipped by rail to Kwinana, near Perth, to supply Australian Iron & Steel's (also a BHP subsidiary ) blast furnace. The closure of the Kwinana blast furnace in 1982 resulted in suspension of iron ore mining at Koolyanobbing until 1993. Mining of iron ore was resumed at Koolyanobbing from 1993 by Portman Mining, the operation then being taken over by Cliffs Natural Resources in 2008. In July 2018, Cliffs subsidiary Cliffs Asia Pacific Iron Ore sold the operation to Western Australian company Mineral Resources Limited, and a short break in production occurred until November 2018 as the new owners took control.

WA Salt Supply produces salt at Lake Deborah, 20 km to the north, which is railed from Koolyanobbing to Kwinana.

The Koolyanobbing Range supports many endemic, priority and one declared rare flora species.

Rail services
The Prospector service, which runs each way between East Perth and Kalgoorlie once or twice each day, stops at Koolyanobbing.

title: Koolyanobbing, Western Australia


text: User talk:83.129.36.129

title: User talk:83.129.36.129


text:
Animal studies

Animal studies is a recently recognised field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways. Scholars who engage in animal studies may be formally trained in a number of diverse fields, including art history, anthropology, biology, film studies, geography, history, psychology, literary studies, museology, philosophy, communication, and sociology. They engage with questions about notions of "animality," "animalization," or "becoming animal," to understand human-made representations of and cultural ideas about "the animal" and what it is to be human by employing various theoretical perspectives. Using these perspectives, those who engage in animal studies seek to understand both human-animal relations now and in the past as defined by our knowledge of them. Because the field is still developing, scholars and others have some freedom to define their own criteria about what issues may structure the field.

History
Animal studies became popular in the 1970s as an interdisciplinary subject, animal studies exists at the intersection of a number of different fields of study such as journals and books series, etc. Different fields began to turn to animals as an important topic at different times and for various reasons, and these separate disciplinary histories shape how scholars approach animal studies. Historically, the field of environmental history has encouraged attention to animals.

Ethics
Throughout Western history, humankind has put itself above the "nonhuman species." In part, animal studies developed out of the animal liberation movement and was grounded in ethical questions about co-existence with other species: whether it is moral to eat animals, to do scientific research on animals for human benefit, and so on. Take rats, for example, with a history of being used as “an experimental subject, feeder, and “pest.” However, fewer than 10% of research studies on animals result in new medical findings for human patients. This has led researchers to find new Non-animal Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that provide more accurate human reactions. Animal studies scholars who explore the field from an ethical perspective frequently cite Australian philosopher Peter Singer's 1975 work, Animal Liberation, as a founding document in animal studies. Singer's work followed Jeremy Bentham's by trying to expand utilitarian questions about pleasure and pain beyond humans to other sentient creatures. Overall, progress happens slowly, but the marginal voices help introduce new concepts and ethics that can eventually transform society's relationship with other species.

Some still believe that the primary purpose of animal interaction is solely for food. However, animal domestication created a new intimate bond between human and non-human, and changed the way that humans live their lives. Theorists interested in the role of animals in literature, culture, and Continental philosophy also consider the late work of Jacques Derrida a driving force behind the rise of interest in animal studies in the humanities. Derrida's final lecture series, The Animal That Therefore I Am, examined how interactions with animal life affect human attempts to define humanity and the self through language. Taking up Derrida's deconstruction and extending it to other cultural territory, Cary Wolfe published Animal Rites in 2003 and critiqued earlier animal rights philosophers such as Peter Singer and Thomas Regan. Wolfe's study points out an insidious humanism at play in their philosophies and others. Recently also the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben published a book on the question of the animal: ''The Open. Man and Animal''.

Art
Animals also played an essential role in the art community. One of the earliest forms of art was on the walls of caves from the early man, where they usually drew what they haunted. The country of Namibia has a large collection of ancient rock art from the Stone Age. The skillfully engraved depiction of animal tracks provides important information about the animals of that time. Then, in the Middle Ages, animals would appear for more religious reasons. Later in the 15th century, artists began coinciding with animals as a serious subject when discoveries in foreign lands were brought back to England. During the Renaissance era, the influential artist Leonardo da Vinci took interest in animal studies. Leonardo da Vinci studied animal anatomy to create anatomically accurate drawings of various species. Years later, animal representation took the form of woodworking, lithography, and photographs. In the late 1800s, photographers became interested in capturing animal locomotion.

Research topics and methodologies
Researchers in animal studies examine the questions and issues that arise when traditional modes of humanistic and scientific inquiry begin to take animals seriously as subjects of thought and activity. Students of animal studies may examine how humanity is defined in relation to animals, or how representations of animals create understandings (and misunderstandings) of other species. In fact, animals often elicit fear in humans. A well-known animal phobia is ophidiophobia, the fear of snakes. People with animal phobias tend to negatively generalize animals, even species that are harmless. In most movies, predatory animals such as sharks and wolves are usually the antagonists, but this only causes significant damage to their reputation and makes people fear what they think their true nature is. In order to do so, animal studies pays close attention to the ways that humans anthropomorphize animals, and asks how humans might avoid bias in observing other creatures. Anthropomorphized animals are frequently found in children's books and films. Researchers are analyzing the positive and negative effects of anthropomorphized animals on a child's view of the non-human species. In addition, Donna Haraway's book, Primate Visions, examines how dioramas created for the American Museum of Natural History showed family groupings that conformed to the traditional human nuclear family, which misrepresented the animals' observed behavior in the wild. Critical approaches in animal studies have also considered representations of non-human animals in popular culture, including species diversity in animated films. By highlighting these issues, animal studies strives to re-examine traditional ethical, political, and epistemological categories in the context of a renewed attention to and respect for animal life. The assumption that focusing on animals might clarify human knowledge is neatly expressed in Claude Lévi-Strauss's famous dictum that animals are "good to think."

title: Animal studies


text:
Parodiodendron

Parodiodendron is a monotypic plant genus under the family Picrodendraceae, described as a genus in 1969. The sole species is Parodiodendron marginivillosum.

It is found in northern Argentina (Jujuy and Salta Provinces), Bolivia (Tarija and Santa Cruz departments).

It is listed as vulnerable, threatened by habitat loss.

The genus name of Parodiodendron is in honour of Lorenzo Raimundo Parodi (1895–1966), an Argentinian botanist and agricultural engineer, professor of botany in Buenos Aires and La Plata with a focus on South American grasses. It was first described and published in Kurtziana Vol.5 on page 331 in 1969.

title: Parodiodendron


text:
Never Surrender (novel)

Never Surrender is a novel by Michael Dobbs, based on historical events of the first few weeks of May 1940. It is a sequel to Dobbs's novel, Winston's War, which is based on the events surrounding the demise of Neville Chamberlain and the appointment of Winston Churchill as Prime Minister.

“Churchill… is the greatest human being ever to occupy 10 Downing Street”. So concludes Roy Jenkins in his definitive biography of the great wartime leader. Michael Dobbs, the author of this novel, states in an after note, “the world will never know the full debt of gratitude it owes to Winston Spencer Churchill”.

Never Surrender begins with Europe in turmoil. The date is May 10, 1940. Germany has just completed its conquest of Denmark and Norway and has turned its attack to the west by invading France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The government of the United Kingdom is in chaos. Neville Chamberlain has stepped down or been forced from the Prime Minister's office. And the man nobody really wants, the highly unpopular Winston Churchill, has been chosen to succeed him.

Within days of his taking office, the Low Countries have been overrun and the mighty French army is crumbling to crushing defeat in the face of Germany’s blitzkrieg. The governments of France and Belgium are about to capitulate. The British Expeditionary Force, transported to the continent during the months of “Phoney War”, have been cut off from their French allies and are scattered and stranded along the Channel coastline. Pummelled by the German Luftwaffe air superiority and pounded by the Wehrmacht’s Panzers, it faces total annihilation.

title: Never Surrender (novel)


text:
Lysimachus of Egypt

Lysimachus (Greek: Λυσίμαχoς; fl. 3rd century BC) was a son of king Ptolemy Philadelphus (283–246 BC)  by Arsinoe, the daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace. He survived both his brother Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–221 BC) and his nephew Magas of Egypt (241–221 BC), but was not much later put to death by Sosibius, the minister and guardian of Ptolemy IV Philopator (221–204 BC).

title: Lysimachus of Egypt


text:
User:Jack02

M A I N P A G E

www.goole.com

title: User:Jack02


text: User talk:84.20.104.17

title: User talk:84.20.104.17


text: File:Rainposter.jpg

title: File:Rainposter.jpg


text:
User talk:Ryoske

Welcome to Wikipedia!
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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 10:18, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

Hi there! Thanks for your contributions to Kompeito.

I noticed you added an extra kanji variant of the word, and took out the hiragana version. 金平糖 uses 金平糖 as the title of the article, and it's the most common way to write the word if kanji is to be used at all, so I suggest we leave that as the primary spelling. Including alternate spellings is probably not that useful unless we list all of them.

Also, the katakana variant spelling コンペイトー is extremely uncommon; there are only 417 hits for it on Google. こんぺいとう has 138,000, so we should keep it there instead of the katakana spelling. It's by far the most common way to write the word.

If you don't mind, I think I'll make these changes. Thanks again for contributing! --Che Fox 06:25, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Kenkanryu
Thanks for making the Kenkanryu article, I knew there had to be someone out there who would do a better job then me! I just wanted to let you know that you might find these blog posts helpful -- .--ThreeAnswers 00:08, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Also you might find this helpful. It's a Korean news report about the book, but interviews are in Japanese and I can do a bit of translation if you want.--ThreeAnswers 03:24, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:G_On_War_excerpt.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:G_On_War_excerpt.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

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Attention Ryosuke!
Someone has vandalized your good post on Kenkanryu! Please do something about it. I complained about it on the talk section of the Kenkanryu article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shakuhachi (talk • contribs) 22:40, 11 April 2006

フランスファイブ
Hello, I noticed you speak Japanese, and I am curious if you can help us translate this into English, for Super Sentai."フランスファイブを見た串田氏のほうから、主題歌を歌ってみたい！との友情にとんだ申し出があり、氏みずからフランスファイブのために曲を作詞・作曲してくださった." You can find more information here. Thank you! Taric25 20:25, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure how to translate this exactly, but it says that Kushida himself wrote the music and lyrics for France Five upon request.--Ryoske 08:58, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, thank you for your help! Taric25 05:38, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

This man is a JAPANESE
This man is a JAPANESE. why do you pretend to foreighner?

 * I am not Japanese, I state on my userpage that I am Australian, and cannot speak the Japanese language fluently (I can prove this, as if you look in the history of Neo Gomanism Manifesto Special - On War, you can find that User:Madler corrected my incorrect translations of the chapter names.)--Ryoske 05:41, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * And as for me "pretending to be a foreigner", Ryoske is merely an alias chosen due to my interest in Japan.--Ryoske 05:56, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Erik Mongrain - エリック・モングレイン ??
Hello, I contact you to help me with an article to translate in japanese. At the beginning, I have created the article with the caracters エリック・モングレン, but wikipedians decides to spell it エリック・モングレイン instead, because Erik didn't have a official Website in japanese. I'm Erik Mongrain's Webmaster, and to do the japanese pages, the translator have spelled Erik Mongrain エリック・モングレン. The problem that I have is that there's 2 ways his name in japanese and I was wondering which one is the good one for his official Website (and the article)... My question is : which spelling would you choose for the official name of Erik Mongrain in japanese??
 * エリック・モングレイン - Wikipedia
 * エリック・モングレン - Translator

Thank in advance for your help. Have a nice day! --Antaya 00:59, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I guess モングレイン would be the better spelling, since it's used on the official website.--Ryoske 06:34, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

arigato
arigato. Odst 01:03, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 괜찮아요.--Ryoske 12:21, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Hyeomilryu cover.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Hyeomilryu cover.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Fair use rationale for Image:Nambul book1 eng.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Nambul book1 eng.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —Angr 18:22, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Pop music
Hey, Ryoske, I'd like to ask for a favour in your capacity as Japanese-English translator. I'm working on a complete re-write of Pop music and when I recently moved the text from my sandbox to the article, the format of the link to the Japanese-language Wikipedia was lost. I don't have Japanese fonts on my system so am unable to fix it myself, would you be as kind as to correct it for me when you have the time? You can go straight to the appropriate section here. Thank you very much. ↔ Dennywuh (talk) 15:12, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Japanese Music Charts
Hi, I'm just writing to you to request your help and assistance in referencing the Japanese Music Charts. Through out alot of popular english songs I have viewed I have noticed that they have been noted as performing well in Japan and have also read that the Japanese music market it very big. But in saying this every song I have seen has not got a Japanese chart position in the charts box. So if you are into music and willing to try and provide information on the Japanese Music Charts it would be greatly appreciated so then wikipedia users can start adding the Japanese chart positions into the chart boxes for popular songs. TeePee-20.7 (talk) 05:00, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Kingkongedo38.jpg)
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Fair use rationale for File:Kenkanryu nyt 2.jpg
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Fair use rationale for File:Kenkanryu oft quoted.jpg
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 * Anti-Japanese sentiment (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver)
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Korean racial slur.
Hello Ryoske. Please join the discussion at Talk:Anti-Japanese_sentiment. I have noticed that you added [Literally meaning "pig's feet"] as an explanation for this Korean slur, Jjokbari, and I wanna know what was your source for the theory. I know it's been years since your edit, but if you could join the discussion that would be great. PBJT (talk) 20:32, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Fair Use in Australia discussion
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title: User talk:Ryoske


text: Category:Hormones of the parathyroid glands


text:
User talk:Notaregistereduseryet

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 10:18, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Notaregistereduseryet


text:
Talk:De Bruijn sequence

to create a de-bruijn sequance, "find an Eularian cycle on a de-bruijn graph" is wrong, because Eularian cycle has to use every "edge" once, but to create a de-bruijn sequance need to use every "node" once on a de-bruijn graph.

the article is correct and you are wrong, 'to create a de-bruijn sequance need to use every "node" once on a de-bruijn graph' is incorrect.

 * I think that the article, which now says "by taking an Hamiltonian cycle of a complete graph of order $$k^n$$", is wrong. A Hamiltonian cycle over the complete graph is just an ordering of the $$k^n$$ sequences, but since only some orderings give a de Bruijn sequence, this is meaningless. It should rather say "by taking a Hamiltonian cycle of an $$n$$-dimensional de Bruijn graph over $$k$$ symbols. Am I wrong? --fudo 14:29, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I was wondering the same thing. Since no-one else seems to have objected here over the past 2+ months, I'll be bold and commit it.  —JLD 20:31, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

As I understand it, you do use every EDGE exactly once. Michael Hardy 22:26, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

... and now I've added a diagram and an accompanying explanation of why it's Eulerian and not Hamiltonian. Michael Hardy 23:43, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Everything you said is correct, except for that "not". In fact, by following an Eulerian cycle over an $$n$$-dimensional de Bruijn graph, you obtain a de Bruijn sequence of order $$n+1$$. Since it's easy to prove (by the definition) that the $$n+1$$-dimensional de Bruijn graph is just the line graph of the $$n$$-dimensional one, an Eulerian cycle over the first corresponds exactly to a Hamiltonian cycle over the second one. Try it by yourself. I'll modify slightly the article, leaving your example (which is perfect) as is. --fudo 13:05, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

The early on sentence: "Taking A = {0,1}, there are two distinct B(2,3): 00010111 and 00011101, one being the reverse of the other." Those two sequences are not the reverse of each other. Either a) this should say there are 4 distinct, 00010111 and 00011101 and these two reversed, which appears correct to me or b.) the part about "one being the reverse of the other" should be taken out. 17:18, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * They are reverses of each other if you mod out by cyclic shifts. Michael Hardy 20:15, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

The initial example given (A={0,1}) does not contain the subsequence 110 (although its claimed "reverse" does). So what's going on?

Oh never mind -- it is cyclic, so the sequence is "properly" viewed including the wrap-around from back to front. So the initial B(2,3) contains 110 via the "final" ones + the "initial" zero.

I think the use of the term "subsequence" in the first paragraph is wrong. It should be changed into "substring" or something (Mathworld sais "subrange"), since the elements of a subsequence need not be consecutive in the original sequence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.73.195.2 (talk) 12:27, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Capitals
Why is "de Bruijn sequence" not written as "De Bruijn sequence", with capital D? At least in Dutch, the first character of a name has to be a capital, even if it is something like "de" or "van" (so meneer (mister) De Bruijn, but Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn) and I never learned that that's different in English. And after all, De Bruijn was a Dutchman.DaanAlberga 13:15, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Then why is the initial d in lower case at []? Michael Hardy 23:52, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The initial d only is in lower case when it is _not_ the first letter of his name. In "a de Bruijn sequence", the d _is_ the initial letter of his name. In your reference, the Dutch page about De Bruijn, one can see that as well. When it says "Nicolaas de Bruijn" or something like that, the d is in lower case, and when it just says "De Bruijn", the d is a capital. DaanAlberga 09:31, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Regardless of use in Dutch, reliable sources capitalize as "de Bruijn sequences". One source is the classic "Shift Register Sequences", Golumb, 1967 p131: "Henceforth, maximum-length shift register sequences are referred to as de Bruijn sequences." Searching Google Books yields dozens of other sources. So I'm going to be bold and change the capitalization on the Wikipedia page to match standard mathematical usage. KenShirriff (talk) 06:09, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree; I can confirm that this capitalization is what Knuth uses too: Volume 4A: many such “de Bruijn cycles” exist (p. 142), A de Bruijn cycle..., Such cycles are commonly called m-ary de Bruijn cycles etc. (p. 302), Our first construction of de Bruijn cycles etc. (pp. 304–308), many places in the book. He also uses "de Bruijn" for the name itself, in Volume 3: In the latter paper, de Bruijn proved that (p. 670), See also de Bruijn’s theorem (p. 671). Shreevatsa (talk) 17:14, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

Possitional encoding improvements
For a flat (not wraped application of possitional detection. Arrange for the sequence of zeros to be at one end and ones at the other. i.e. for the sequence from the article 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 change the point where it would but does not wrap so the sequence reads. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Now you can extend the sequence with e.g. (1 1 1 1 1...) 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 (0 0 0 0 0...) Now if the senser detects it is in an all zero or all one regon it knows it is off the map and in which direction. Note: not worked things out for a 2d map but, if in corners it has a 50% chance of getting one axis incorrect, the corect axis will get it out of the corner where it will head back to the map.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.193.45.69 (talk) 16:50, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Use in fMRI
GKA pointed out my info on its use with fMRI was a bit too complicated for the page, but I thought I'd put the info here, in case someone wanted to expand on it in future.

''In an fMRI experiment, activity at certain frequencies is most easy to detect. By selecting the correct order of stimuli, the researcher can ensure the activity changes of interest vary at the most detectable frequency. A subset of the possible De Bruijn cycles will have this feature. In general the de Bruijn cycle allows the experimenter to maximise the statistical power of the experiment, without compromising on counterbalancing. The method also allows the signal caused by carry-over effects to be maximised, if required.''

Thanks, Lionfish0 (talk) 10:26, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I should also say that I'm happy with the changes GKA made, very nicely summarised :) Lionfish0 (talk) 10:28, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

Misunderstanding
I read "Taking A = {0, 1}, there are two distinct B(2, 3): 00010111 and 11101000, one being the reverse or negation of the other." Maybe I do not understand De Bruijn sequence's definition, but 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111 should all be substrings of 00010111 and 11101000, right? But I cannot find 100 in the 1st one, and I cannot find 001 in the 2nd one. Where is the mistake ? -- Gl ou mo u t h 1 12:29, 5 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok I think I understood. The sequence is cyclical. -- Gl ou mo u t h 1 12:32, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

Bit Manipulation Example
I added an example of how a De Bruijn sequence can be used to get the index of the least significant set bit of a 32-bit unsigned integer which I obtained from this page. I added it to the Uses section. I am unsure whether this is acceptable. I know from studying chess engines that De Bruijn sequences are used in this way with bitboards to quickly obtain the position of material. Does anybody feel this example is too particularized; does it detract from the more general discussion of De Bruijn sequences? RawPotato (talk) 23:20, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I actually got to this page from the Bit Hacks page. I saw the De Bruijn sequence, and was curious how it'd work.  I'd actually like to see an explanation of what it is actually doing.  That explanation might make it less "particularized" because similar explanations could be adapted to other sequences. CmdrRickHunter (talk) 01:25, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

yamātārājabhānasalagam
yamātārājabhānasalagam gives the linear sequence 1000101111 (0=ā, 1=a) which doesn't contain 110. It also gives the same value, 111, to n[asala] and s[alaga]. Kak writes yamātārājabhānasalagām i.e. 1000101110, which contains 110. So where is the mistake? --Episcophagus (talk) 11:54, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

 * In Sanskrit prosody, "gam" (like "gām", and unlike "ga") is a heavy syllable too, and so the last three syllables (sa-la-gam) correspond to 110 (in your notation), just as sa-la-gām would. This is admittedly not obvious from the brief description, but I find it intellectually dishonest of Kak to change the phrase just because it's harder to understand — or as Saki says, "A little inaccuracy sometimes saves tons of explanation". :-)
 * If you're interested in the detail, the convention adopted by the Sanskrit prosodists was to describe a long string of light-and-heavy (laghu-and-guru) syllables (strings over the alphabet $$\{L, G\}$$) in shorter words, by using a special name for each possible 3-letter string (e.g. 'ya' for 'LGG'; see also the Greek analogues), and then describing whatever is left over (if the length of the string was not divisible by 3).
 * For example, the string GGGGLLLLLGGLGGLGG would be segmented (purely for brevity) as GGG/GLL/LLL/GGL/GGL/GG and described as ma-bha-na-ta-ta-gam-gam. (Or ga-ga or gu-gu, but the point is that the final 'la' and 'ga' in the yamātārājabhānasalagam are not arbitrary syllables.) Independently the word "lagam" is used in many places, e.g. in Telugu.
 * Anyway it's unfortunate that Kak gave a wrong phrase (repeated in others who relied on him for reference), but we can do better and use the correct form. I'll edit the article in a few hours to make it clearer. Shreevatsa (talk) 23:31, 30 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the explanation. It should be mentioned in the text, because it is not obvious for non sanskrit readers. --Episcophagus (talk) 12:50, 31 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I have mentioned it briefly in the article now. Regards, Shreevatsa (talk) 13:58, 31 October 2014 (UTC)

Code implementation
The link to the mercurial repository which is the source of the code is currently unreachable, and it's probably been unreachable since at least 2012 (according to Google Groups discussions). How can we fix that reference? Do you know an alternate link to the original content?

I have slightly modified the code removing an unneccessary import, adding compatibility with newer Python versions and making it a bit faster and more readable. I don't known whether it would have been better to ask about this before doing that edit, but when I saw that code I found it could be improved.

Bakuriu (talk) 15:33, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't know what the official WP policy is on this, but would a code example in C or pseudo-code not be easier to understand for everyone? Python-specific constructs like "sequence.extend(a[1:p + 1])" aren't really intuitive to readers with a background in other langauges. (Or at least use less Pythonesque Python?) 62.205.85.95 (talk) 06:09, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I wrote a C version based on the Python code. It takes two parameters, an alphabet (length k) and an n value, and writes the sequence directly to stdout as it goes.  For example,   outputs  .  I'm not too familiar with Python ranges, but my translation seems to work the same.  It's still not really obvious how it works though... CountingPine (talk) 12:54, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120425160903/http://hg.sagemath.org/sage-main/file/9e29a3d84c48/sage/combinat/debruijn_sequence.pyx to http://hg.sagemath.org/sage-main/file/9e29a3d84c48/sage/combinat/debruijn_sequence.pyx

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Incorrect usage of "subsequence" (the correct term here is "substring")
The term "subsequence" is incorrectly used throughout the article (including in the picture and in the Python code). "Subsequence" does not mean "substring", which is the correct term here. (Unlike a susbstring, a subsequence need not be a contiguous block of symbols.) — r.e.s. (talk) 04:55, 21 May 2016 (UTC)

As a fix, I've edited the top section, replacing "subsequence" with either "substring" or "contiguous subsequence (i.e., substring)". — r.e.s. (talk) 21:43, 18 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141029120230/http://202.41.82.144/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_2/200059d2_123.pdf to http://202.41.82.144/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_2/200059d2_123.pdf

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B(2, 4) notation is never explained
And because of this none of the subsequent examples mean anything. 24.20.7.55 (talk) 15:33, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:De Bruijn sequence


text:
Burong mangga

Burong mangga is a Filipino side dish and concoction made by mixing sugar, salt, and water to mangoes that have previously been salted. The mixture of water and sugar should be boiled and cooled first, before pouring it over the salted mangoes. Some variants add chilis to the cooled sugar water mixture. Original "basic" burong mangga is made using a brine solution and pouring it over halved unripe or partially ripe mangoes. Mango cultivars commonly used for burong mangga include 'Carabao' mangoes and 'Pico' mangoes.

title: Burong mangga


text:
Picrodendron

Picrodendron is a genus of plant in the family Picrodendraceae, described in 1859. It contains one species, Picrodendron baccatum, native to the West Indies (Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and the Swan Islands of Honduras).

title: Picrodendron


text:
Mladenovo

Mladenovo (Младеново) is a village located in the Bačka Palanka municipality, in the South Bačka District of Serbia. It is situated in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and its population numbering 3,358 people (2002 census).

Name
In Serbian, the village is known as Mladenovo (Младеново), in Croatian as Bukin, in German as Bukin, and in Hungarian as Dunabökény. Before 1945, when new name for the village was introduced, name for this village in Serbian was also Bukin (Букин).

History
The history of Mladenovo starts in mid-13th century. Hungarian count Buky received an island Hagli, three kilometers south of present-day Mladenovo, from king Béla IV. He built a small village on the island and called it Buky (Bukin). The village kept that name until after World War II, when the name was changed to Mladenovo. During the Ottoman rule in the 16th and 17th century, the village of Bukin was mainly inhabited by ethnic Serbs.

In 1750 there was a disaster: flood destroyed the village and people moved 1.5 kilometers north and rebuilt the village. Sixty years later, in 1810, there was another catastrophic flood in which many people lost their lives. The village was again rebuilt another 1.5 kilometers north, on higher ground (87 meters above sea level). Germans started to settle here in 1812. Agriculture was advancing rapidly in Bukin in the 19th century and the village got its first post office, library, ambulance and school. As an advanced village, Bukin became a municipality in 1912. After World War II, people called the village Mladenovo, after the name of doctor Mladen Stojanović, a war hero. They built a statue of Mladen Stojanović in the center of the village.

1991
The population of the Mladenovo (1991 census):
 * Serbs = 3,112
 * Yugoslavs = 162
 * Hungarians = 19
 * Croats = 19
 * Others (including Slovaks, Germans, etc.) = 35

2002
The population of the Mladenovo (2002 census):
 * Serbs = 3,171
 * Yugoslavs = 63
 * Croats = 20
 * Hungarians = 16
 * others.

Historical population

 * 1961: 5,080
 * 1971: 4,125
 * 1981: 3,380
 * 1991: 3,363

title: Mladenovo


text: File:Proportion and form in monumental architecture - Baltimore Washington Monument.jpg


text:
Datu Sikatuna

Datu Sikatuna (or Catunao) was a Datu or chieftain of the Bool Kingdom (or Kedatuan of Dapitan) in the island of Bohol in the Philippines. He made a blood compact (sanduguan) and alliance with the Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi on March 25, 1565 at Hinawanan Bay, barangay Hinawanan, Loay. Their blood compact is the first Treaty of Friendship between Spain and the Philippines. The previous site of the pact was thought to have been at barangay Bool, Tagbilaran City but later a panel of historians concluded that the event actually happened at barangay Hinawanan, Loay, Bohol as ratified through Resolution No. 4, issued by the National Historical Institute in 2005.

Bool Kingdom
The brothers, Datu Pagbuaya and Datu Dailisan, were rulers of the Kedatuan (Kingdom) of Dapitan (Bool Kingdom) before the arrival of the Spaniards. The vast kingdom has control over the present-day Bohol, Siquijor, Tanjay, Northern Mindanao from Zamboanga to Surigao; Southern Leyte, and Eastern Mindanao up to Davao Oriental, with its capital at Tagbilaran Strait. Datu Sigala and Datu Sikatuna were relatives of the two previously mentioned brothers, recorded as minor chiefs. Sigala was older than Sikatuna, who was said to have a higher rank. The auxiliary word "Si" is the nominative prefix for minor chiefs of the Visayas, such as Si Catipan, Si Batumay, Si Maquio, and Si Cabon of Cebu, which is also similar to the Sanskrit Sri honorific also used among other precolonial Philippine rulers, such as Sipad the Older, also known as Sri Pada of Lupah Sug. Sigala was the ruler of Loboc centered in barangay Himilian, while Sikatuna was the chief of Baclayon with his seat of government at barangay Guiwanon.

When the Sultanate of Ternate with the help of the Portuguese attacked Panglao in 1563, the surviving royal family sought refuge in Dapitan. After the battle, Sikatuna was heavily wounded and Sigala took him in Himilian, Loboc to recuperate. Sigala and Sikatuna chose to remain in Bohol and eventually became the caretakers of the kingdom. The destruction of the kingdom was earlier prophesied by a 15th-century babaylan (medium) named Karyapa (or Caryapa), the first known native poet of the pre-Philippines.

Arrival of Legaspi
On November 21, 1564, El Adelantado Governor-General Miguel López de Legaspi led an expedition and departed from Barra de Navidad, Mexico (formerly Nueva España) in search for spices and the Spice Islands as commissioned by Viceroy Luis de Velasco by the royal order of King Philip II of Spain. With him were Augustinian friars — Fr. Andrés de Urdaneta, also a known navigator served as their spiritual adviser, Fr. Martín de Rada, Fr. Diego de Herrera, Fr. Andrés de Aguirre, Fr. Lorenzo Jimenez de Esteban, and Fr. Pedro de Gamboa. Also included in the expedition were Spaniards — soldiers Martín de Goiti, Alonso de Arellano, Mateo del Saz, Melchor de Legaspi (Legaspi's son), Felipe de Salcedo (Legaspi's grandson), the future Governor-General Guido de Lavezaris (successor of Legaspi), a survivor of the 1521 Magellan's circumnavigation, and more than 200 others. The expedition was composed of the Capitana, which carried on board Legazpi and Urdaneta, the galleons San Pablo and San Pedro, and the ship's tenders San Juan and San Lucas. This was the fifth, the last, and the most successful of all Spanish expeditions after Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, García Jofre de Loaísa in 1525, Sebastian Cabot in 1526, Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón in 1527, and Ruy López de Villalobos in 1542 before Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

The expedition reached Guam on January 23, 1565; Samar and Leyte on February 13; Limasawa on March 9; and Camiguin on March 11. On March 14, they attempted reach Butuan, but unfortunately drifted by strong currents to Bohol at night. On March 15 at daybreak, they arrived offshore at Jagna, Bohol and commissioned a light ship, San Juan to go Butuan, while the rest will wait for them in Bohol. While in Bohol, they captured a Bornean native parao (ship), piloted by Tuasanmalea, also a Bornean. The pilot narrated that the natives were already agitated with their arrival since the island was previously ransacked by foreigners, Ternatans and Portuguese two years earlier during the fall of Bool Kingdom. On March 19, 1565, they landed at Hinawanan Bay in Loay, Bohol.

Wary of the possible violent reaction from Boholanos, Legaspi tasked Tuasanmalea to look for the chief of the island as to make a friendly alliance with them, stressing that they aren't those barbaric Portuguese but rather peaceful Spaniards. Tuasanmalea travelled through Loboc river from Hinawanan Bay (now part of Villalimpia, Loay), 2 leagues (about 11 km) away to Himilian (Jimilian), the seat of government of Datu Sigala. However, during that time, Sigala was not in Himilian. Instead, Datu Sikatuna welcomed him and told the pilot to let their commander (Legaspi) come to make a Sandugo with him as to seal their alliance. However, when Tuasanmalea returned, he only brought Santiago de Garnica, the constable-in-charge of water of Capitana. Knowing that Garcina was not their leader, Sikatuna only allowed his son to make a blood compact with the former. Sikatuna then agreed to walk towards the shore to meet Legaspi.

The next morning, Datu Sikatuna, accompanied with about 40 warriors and women arrived at the shoreline of Hinawanan. They were greeted by the Spaniards and eventually requested Sikatuna to board San Pedro and to meet Legaspi. With several Spaniards remained at the shore, Sikatuna agreed to board the flagship with 4 companions: Sibumanglar (Si Bumanglar), a Boholano, about 30 years old; Ximongoi (Si Mungoy), also a Boholano, 25 years old; Ceilan, a Bornean interpreter, about 35 years old; and Magut, also a Bornean, 25 years old. These Borneans were already in Bohol which either be merely traders or captives. These 4 companions executed 4 affidavits in the presence of Hernado Riquel, Legaspi's chief clerk for administrative matters. The affidavits narrated the detailed events during the attack of the Portuguese and Ternateans in Bool Kingdom in 1563.

Off the coast of Hinawanan Bay, Loay, Bohol and on the flagship San Pedro, the symbolic Pacto de Sangre (Sandugo) between Datu Sikatuna and Governor-General Miguel López de Legaspi was performed, sealing the first treaty of peace and friendship on March 25, 1565.

Another blood compact was performed, this time between Legaspi and Datu Sigala, the chieftain of Loboc on March 28, 1565. This Sandugo was said to be more consequential than the former since it was done in a more traditional manner. The wine used during their blood compact was the native Tubâ (palm toddy) mixed in a Hangot (coconut shell cup) instead of Spanish goblet. Sigala also shared a cantaro (about 4 gallons) of tubâ and a native lechon to the Spaniards, signifying the hospitality and generosity of Filipinos towards foreign cultures.

While still in Bohol, Legaspi sent a frigate to explore the islands of Cebu. However, despite his instruction to return after eight days, the frigate failed to return even after 15 days. Saddened by the situation, Legaspi sought help and immediately requested Sigala and Sikatuna to find the frigate in Cebu. Accompanied with two Spanish soldiers, the two chiefs went to Cebu on board a large armed boat with thirty rowers. Unfortunately, the chiefs reported that the frigate was not there when they returned to Bohol. Later, Legaspi decided to bring the whole fleet to Cebu on April 27, 1565 where they defeated Rajah Tupas, establishing the first Spanish colony in the Philippines, Villa del Santísimo Nombre de Jesús ("Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus") and declaring it as its first capital.

Later life
On November 17, 1595, two Jesuit priests, Fr. Juan de Torres and Fr. Gabriel Sánchez, left Cebu and arrived in Baclayon. The Jesuits then organized a Christian community and Baclayon became a Residencia, the center of the Bohol missions under the supervision of the Diocese of Cebu.

On July 16, 1597, Fr. Sánchez found the ageing Sikatuna in the hinterlands of Baclayon. The chieftain and his wife Albasea were then given the catechism and baptised into the Catholic Church. They received Christian names: Joaquín and Ana, after the parents of the Blessed Virgin Mary, whose feast day was on July 16. Icons of Saints Joachim and Anne are still found at the altar of the renovated Baclayon Church. The Jesuits were delighted that were able to convert Sikatuna, whom they found out to be the same chief who made the symbolic blood compact with Spanish conquistador Legaspi.

The Jesuits popularised the conversion of Sikatuna (under the name of Joaquín), which also aided them in the evangelization of the province. Thus, Sikatuna was often mistakenly declared the ruler of Bohol over the higher-ranked Datu Sigala, who never converted to Christianity.

Related Arts
The Blood Compact (Spanish: El Pacto de Sangre) is a painting made as a commemoration of the pact by famous artist Juan Luna in 1886 and is permanently enshrined at the Malacañan Palace. On Luna's painting, it was his future brother-in-law and an Ilustrado, Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, who posed as Legazpi, and national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal posed as Sikatuna. It was both exhibited in Barcelona and the Universal Exposition at Saint Louis in 1904. Another similar painting was made by national artist, Carlos Modesto "Botong" Villaluz Francisco.

The Blood Compact Shrine was made in commemoration of the blood compact locally known as the Sandugo, which is located at barangay Bool, Tagbilaran City. The said monument is a work by the renowned Filipino National Artist for sculpture and Boholano native Napoleon Veloso Abueva.

Legacy

 * Order of Sikatuna, the highest national order of diplomatic merit of the Philippines awarded by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the name and by authority of the President.
 * BRP Datu Sikatuna (PF-5), one of Philippine Navy's ex-USN Cannon-class destroyer escorts
 * Sikatuna, a municipality in Bohol named after him.
 * Sandugo Festival, a yearly festival in Bohol commemorating the blood compact between Datu Sikatuna and conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi.
 * Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape and National Park, an IUCN Level V protected landscape in Bohol
 * Sikatuna, a barangay in Talibon, Bohol
 * Sikatuna, a barangay of the first District in Butuan
 * Sikatuna, a barangay in the municipality of Isabela, Negros Occidental
 * Sikatuna Village, a barangay in Quezon City
 * Sikatuna, a barangay in Guipos, Zamboanga del Sur
 * Rajah Sikatuna Avenue, one of the busiest streets in Dampas District, Tagbilaran City
 * Sikatuna Street, a street in Cebu City
 * Sikatuna Street, a street in Agdao, Davao City
 * Sikatuna Street, a street in Old Albay District, Legazpi City
 * Sikatuna Street, a street in Sampaloc, Manila

title: Datu Sikatuna


text:
Alicia Fulford-Wierzbicki

Alicia Fulford-Wierzbicki is a New Zealand actress. Her debut performance was in the critically acclaimed film Rain.

The Seattle PI newspaper has described the film as "an exquisitely mixed and applied palette of color and hue to help her story. Rain is gorgeously evocative visually and draws us in as seductively ... a wonderful metaphor for a film that is largely successful".

Agent  Sharon Power

Filmography

 * Rain (2001)
 * Fracture (2004)

title: Alicia Fulford-Wierzbicki


text:
Piranhea

Piranhea is a plant genus under the family Picrodendraceae described as a genus in 1866.

Piranhea is native to South America and to Mexico.

 * species
 * 1) Piranhea longipedunculata Jabl. - Venezuela, N Brazil
 * 2) Piranhea mexicana (Standl.) Radcl.-Sm. - Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa
 * 3) Piranhea securinega Radcl.-Sm. & Ratter - Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais
 * 4) Piranhea trifoliata Baill. - Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil

title: Piranhea


text:
The Troth

The Troth, formerly the Ring of Troth, is an American-based international heathen organization. It is prominent in the inclusionary, as opposed to folkish, sector of heathenry. The organization was founded on December 20 (Mothers' Night), 1987 by former Ásatrú Free Assembly members Edred Thorsson and James Chisholm. Chisholm remains associated with the organization as an Elder Emeritus. The current Steer is Lauren Crow.

The Troth is registered as a non-profit corporation in the state of New York with federal 501(c)(3) status as a public charity. It hosts a yearly June meeting called Trothmoot. Trothmoot 2022 was held at Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park near Memphis, Tennessee.

Objectives and organization
The Troth defines itself as a religious organization of Germanic Heathenry open to all the forms of the religion (Asatru, Urglaawe, Forn Sed, and others) international in scope, with training clergy, promoting cooperation and community, and providing information and educational publications as objectives.

Publications
The Troth publishes a quarterly journal called Idunna, an annual Old Heathen's Almanac, and a handbook called Our Troth.

History
The Troth was founded as "The Ring of Troth" in 1987, at the same time as the Ásatrú Alliance, both emerging from the wreckage of the Ásatrú Free Assembly, which had disintegrated over disputes between the racialist and the non-racialist factions. The organization suffered a series of setbacks and disasters during the late 1980s to early 1990s. The leadership of both Thorsson and Chisholm became controversial because of their association with the Satanist Temple of Set. In 1988 to 1989, Rob Meek campaigned against the "Satanist infiltration" of the group. The Ásatrú Alliance in 1989 declared that there could be no association of Ásatrú and Satanism. In 1991, Thorsson and Chisholm sought for a new leader (Steersman) of the group, as it had become clear that they were too controversial to fill this position. The office of Steerswoman was eventually accepted by Prudence Priest in 1992. Internal controversy continued to plague the group, however, including accusations that Priest was intending to pass leadership back to Thorsson and attempting to marginalize the increasingly influential Stephan Grundy. As a consequence, Priest was ousted by William Bainbridge in 1995, who took over as interim Steersman. By the mid-1990s, the Troth, now led by William Bainbridge, had emerged as a stable organization with a wide spectrum of members situated "squarely within the Wiccan/neopagan community". Bainbridge was followed by Diana Paxson (1999), Stefn Thorsman (2002), Mark Donegan (2005), Patricia Lafayllve (2008), Victoria Clare (2010), Steve Abell (2013), Rob Schreiwer (2016), and Lauren Crow (2022).

Approach within Heathenry
The Troth is prominent in the non-racialist, inclusive branch of modern-day heathenry. The organization's statement of purpose and bylaws refer to "non-discriminatory groups and individuals" and specify that "Discrimination [based on criteria such as race, gender, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation] shall not be practiced by The Troth, its programs, departments, officers, or any affiliated group, whether in membership decisions or the conduct of any of its activities."

Edred Thorsson intended the Ring of Troth to be based on scholarship and provide priests trained to high academic standards. While few members have achieved graduate degrees as he envisaged, the organization has been a prominent source of scholarly information within heathenry.

Ring of Troth Europe
A United Kingdom affiliate of the Ring of Troth, later renamed Ring of Troth Europe, was founded in 1993 by Freya Aswynn, who has held office in both the Troth and the Rune Gild. Aswynn was removed as a member and elder of The Troth in August of 2018 due to a violation of the organization's inclusion policies.

Eldaring
The German Eldaring started in 2000 as a partner society of The Troth, and was officially founded and registered in 2002. As of 2008, it claimed some, and had an active internet forum with almost 5000 users. It became an independent nonprofit in 2009. It claims political neutrality, and rejects "practices and worldviews that run counter to the free democratic basic order of the Federal Republic of Germany.. (this) includes political right-wing and left-wing extremism, homophobic and racist attitudes, sexism, calls for violence and the occult world views of theosophy or ariosophy." As per October 2022, Eldaring has more than 500 members.

title: The Troth


text:
Paradrypetes

Paradrypetes is a plant genus under the family Rhizophoraceae. It is sometimes included in the Picrodendraceae and was formerly included in the family Euphorbiaceae.

title: Paradrypetes


text:
Charles Thomas Beer

Charles Thomas Beer (18 November 1915 – 15 June 2010) was a Canadian organic chemist who helped in the discovery of vinblastine.

Born in Leigh, Dorset, England, he received a D.Phil. in chemistry from Oxford in 1948. He came to North America in the early 1950s to the department of medical research at the University of Western Ontario to work with Robert L. Noble. Together they isolated the anti-cancer drug vinblastine from the leaves of the Madagascar periwinkle plant (vinca rosea) at the University of Western Ontario in 1958. The discovery of vinblastine is generally considered a milestone in the development of chemotherapy.

In 1960, he became professor of biochemistry at the University of British Columbia. After his retirement, he remained an honorary senior research scientist in the department of cancer endocrinology at the British Columbia Cancer Agency.

In 1997, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. In 2003, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada

title: Charles Thomas Beer


text:
Bibi Nani

Bibi Nani is an area in the road between the towns of Quetta and Sibi, in Balochistan, Pakistan, and is located at 29°41'60N 67°22'60E. The area name is most probably derived from a Sufi figure that was buried in its suburbs and is also the location of a Hindu shrine.

The location is a major site for power connections that link areas of Balochistan with the water sources from the Sindh rivers.

The area came into the news in January 2005 when a rocket attack took place on a checkpoint for the Pakistani army there. Reportedly, it was most probably carried out by Taliban fighters.

title: Bibi Nani


text:
File:Coilhowtodestroyangels.jpg

source:

The album cover for How to Destroy Angels, an extended play by Coil. It was found on Rate Your Music.

title: File:Coilhowtodestroyangels.jpg


text:
Tetracoccus (plant)

Tetracoccus is a plant genus under the family Picrodendraceae. Shrubby-spurge is a common name for plants in this genus. They are dioecious, often hairy shrubs.

It was first described in 1885 by Charles Christopher Parry. Its name means, from Greek "four seed" (tetra meaning "four" and kokkos, "kernel, grain").

Distribution
The genus is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, with species in desert or chaparral habitats.

Species
Species include:
 * Tetracoccus capensis (I.M.Johnst.) Croizat — endemic to  Baja California Sur state (México).
 * Tetracoccus dioicus Parry — endemic to the Peninsular Ranges in northwestern Baja California state (México); and southern California (U.S.) within San Diego, Orange, and Riverside Counties.
 * Tetracoccus fasciculatus (S.Watson) Croizat — Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo León, and Puebla states).
 * Tetracoccus hallii  Brandegee  — Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert in California, Nevada, and Arizona (U.S.), and Baja California state (México). Sometimes treated as a variety under T. fasciculatus.
 * Tetracoccus ilicifolius Coville & Gilman — endemic to Death Valley National Park, in the Mojave Desert and eastern Inyo County, California.

title: Tetracoccus (plant)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject User scripts/Scripts/Force edit summary

/*

 * Usage :Include a call to  in your page load function
 * Possible improvements :Make any form submission force a summary. Note that requiring an edit summary on preview or diff is not useful since "save" still needs to gain focus or be clicked before a commit can occur.

A heavily modified and expanded version of this code is now in use across the entire SourceWatch wiki. Here's a direct link to the code. A particular enhancement in the SourceWatch code is that it provides a dropdown next to the edit summary textfield containing common edit summaries. Selecting one of these automatically inserts that summary into the textfield. The code also examines which subproject of SourceWatch the page belongs to, and adds an appropriate prefix to the edit summary.

*/


text:
Roger Bowling (songwriter)

Roger Dale Bowling (December 3, 1944 – December 26, 1982) was an American songwriter who specialized in country music.

Biography
Bowling was born in Helton, Leslie County, Kentucky.

As a recording artist, he placed seven singles on the Billboard country chart, all with songs he co-wrote. His highest-charting single as an artist was "Yellow Pages", which peaked at number 30 in 1981. He also performed the opening theme song "Heal It" (Byron Hill/Mike Reid), and the closing credits song "Friday Night Fool" (which he wrote) for the feature film The Exterminator (1980), on Embassy Pictures.

He committed suicide in Wiley, Georgia, at the age of 38, after being diagnosed with terminal cancer a year earlier.

Work
His best-known songs include:
 * "Blanket on the Ground" a number one hit for Billie Jo Spears in 1975
 * "Lucille" (co-written with Hal Bynum), a number one hit for Kenny Rogers and named CMA Song Of The Year in 1977
 * "Coward of the County" (co-written with Billy Edd Wheeler), a number one hit for Kenny Rogers in 1979
 * "I'd Like To Sleep Til I Get Over You", a number five hit for Freddie Hart in 1975
 * "Southern California" (co-written with George Richey and Billy Sherrill), a number five hit for George Jones and Tammy Wynette in 1977
 * "'57 Chevrolet" in 1972

title: Roger Bowling (songwriter)


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Talk:Mike Rowe

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:52, 24 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Mike Rowe with Isabelle Ringer.jpeg

POV?
I would like to understand any WP:POV issues from the July 2021 tag. I have gone through it more than once, and just don't see any Weasel words, etc.? Mjquinn_id (talk) 17:05, 30 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Pinging the editor who tagged it,, for clarification. Schazjmd   (talk)  17:10, 30 August 2021 (UTC)
 * @Huangdi, Just adding notice that I am removing the POV tag. If anyone has issues, please list them (or tag more specifically). - Mjquinn_id (talk) 13:45, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mike Rowe


text:
Podocalyx

Podocalyx is a plant genus under the family Picrodendraceae described in 1841. It is the sole genus in the subtribe Podocalycinae. There is only one known species, Podocalyx loranthoides, a tree native to Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and northwestern Brazil.

title: Podocalyx