text:
Talk:Canada/Archive 4

Halifax photo - Dominion building
Astrotrain removed the Halifax photo. I have one I recently took showing the Dominion building (designed by architect David Stirling and completed in 1867). It is now occupied by the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia. It is a very handsome building and shows the historic character of 19th century Halifax. If there is consensus a photo of Halifax is required here or elsewhere, I can send it to you and you can upload it, as this is a procedure I am not comfortable with.--BrentS 02:53, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know why Astrotrain removed Image:Halifaxnighttime.jpg but I do believe a Maritimes photo should be on the Canada page. Double Blue  (Talk) 18:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I was just a photo of some boats, with buildings in the background. It could maybe go on the Halifax page, but it isn't suitable for the main page. I've also removed the charming tourist snap of the Parliament building with several trees in front. I also think the photo of a random Montreal street could be removed, as well as nighttime Calgary. Astrotrain 21:12, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've had quite enough of your arbitrary edits. All those pics should be returned. Double Blue  (Talk) 22:59, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. If you have better quality examples of these pictures, go ahead and replace them, but do not simply remove them. Even if you believe removing all these photos is appropriate, its common courtesy to talk about major changes to a popular page before enacting them.
 * •Zhatt• 23:48, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The photos I removed were amaeteur toursit photos. The Parliament building is obscured by trees, the picture of Halifax was of some boats with a distaetter photos, I'm sure a quality Parliament photo and a photo of Quebec would be much better! Astrotrain 15:56, July 21, 2005 :::::As I said, that is not the point. You did not discuss major changes before going ahead with them.
 * "Why not get some better photos...?"
 * As I said, go ahead and replace them. These are currently the best photos we have on Wikipedia. If you would like better photos, you will have to get them yourself. Please be constructive, not destructive. Thank you. •Zhatt• 16:38, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

I am not required to discuss changes to articles, Wikiepdia is free to edit, including the Canada page, despite some people's personal claims.... In any case, the changes made were minor, an in an attempt to improve the article. Photos are benefical, but not if they are poor quality, generic, or excessive. There is too many photos on this article versus the amount of text, there is no need for a photo of every Canadian city. The number of city photographs should be reduced to, at the most, two. There is no need for photos of Calgary, Halifax, Dawson Creek or a random street in Montreal. Astrotrain 18:13, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Clearly I disagree. I believe that there should be a photo of one city from each region plus a photo of the Parliament Buildings. The photos should stand until replaced by better ones. I found the photos you removed were quite acceptable. The new Parliament building photo is no better but also adequate. Double Blue  (Talk) 23:38, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

territorial disputes (land and water)
Does anybody think we should add a disputes section (or add to an existing section). We could mention:
 * Dispute over Hans Island with Denmark
 * According to List of areas disputed by the United States and Canada there are still these disputes, although I'm not sure if they've been resolved.
 * Machias Seal Island (Maine / New Brunswick)
 * Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington / British Columbia)
 * Dixon Entrance (Alaska / British Columbia)
 * Beaufort Sea (Alaska / Yukon)
 * Northwest passage dispute (international seaway versus internal waters).
 * Canada's claims of waters to the North Pole, well past the 12-mile limit - This is the only item that is already mentioned in the article.

Mainly I'm wandering if this list is to long or to short. Then, the question is where to put the information. --rob 07:55, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

You could make an article with that information and go into more depth about the disputes. I also thought that Canada claimed 370km of offshore waters that doesn't reach the north pole? Matthew Samuel Spurrell 14:42, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This belongs in Foreign relations of Canada, section Territorial and Boundary Disputes. You cannot put everything in the main article Canada.--BrentS 15:03, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Western city images
I hope you're going to put back decent images of Calgary and Vancouver into this article soon. Denelson83 07:47, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know who you're talking to, but the old Vancouver image was copyrighted and so was removed. If you want those images back, just pluck your favorite off of the articles you mentioned and add it.
 * •Zhatt• 17:08, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * I noticed that the Vancouver waterfront pic was deleted for disputed copyright status but for the life of me, I could not find the discussion for doing so anywhere on Wikipedia. Double Blue  (Talk) 23:05, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Whither go the portal link?
There have been recent ideas on changing the placement of the portal link. I like El C's version with the portal in the external links much like the links to sister projects. Previously, it was at the very top of the page. Sunray's version has it just below the infobox. Double Blue (Talk) 14:03, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with El C's version Astrotrain 14:51, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

The Dominion of Canada
[I have refactored this section to shorten and improve readability. The original version can be seen at. Double Blue (Talk) 15:05, 8 August 2005 (UTC)]

I suggest a change of the first sentence to:
 * "The Dominion of Canada is a country in North America, the northernmost in the world and, after Russia, the second-largest in area."

I feel strongly since the offical name is the Dominion of Canada, and that this change (the addition of the Dominion of), a mere 3 words in the first sentence, does not constitute an undue lengthing of this article.

The precident of listing the full length formal name of country, is shown on the USA page:

 * "The United States of America—also referred to as the United States, the USA, the US, America, the States (colloquially),"

The Dominion of Canada is the proper term. There is no sensible reason that it should not appear in the first sentence.

As well, in support of the term "The Dominion of Canada", I sight the following reference: James P. Taylor, Cardinal Facts of Canadian History, The Hunter, Rose Co., Limited, Printers, Toronto, pp. 228, (1899).

Take care, ArmchairVexillologistDon 09:41, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have thought about this overnight and I think the right place for referring to the description of Canada as a Dominion belongs in the second paragraph of the intro with the other legalistic, constitutional mentions. It is, of course, more fully discussed at Canada's name.
 * As for re-wording the opening paragraph, how about:
 * Canada is a country in North America bordered on the south by the United States and extending through the Arctic Ocean to the North Pole, making it the northernmost country in the world. It is also the second largest country in area, after Russia.
 * Criticise freely! :-)  Double Blue  (Talk) 15:17, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd also like to point out the equivalent of saying The Dominion of Canada is saying The Republic of the United States of America. While quite accurate, it is unnecessary. Double Blue  (Talk) 15:22, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Susvolans objections to the term "The Dominion of Canada

 * Given the facts that both the name of the country in the Canadian constitution and the name used by the government in official documents for the past fifty years are simply “Canada”, how can you argue that “The Dominion of Canada” is the official name? Susvolans (pigs can fly) 09:47, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Hell Susvolans,

First off, the last 50 years?

So you are claiming since 1955 there have no offical Canadian Government documents that contain the term "the Dominion of Canada"?

Is this what you are advocating here?

Secondly, I presume that when you mean constitution, you mean the Canada Act of 1982? If so, that act does NOT formally change the name to "Canada", it only choses to refer to the country with the term "Canada".  The name is still the Dominion of Canada, and it uses the this term several times, if one takes the time to read the document.

The Canada Act of 1982 only amends the original British North America Act 1867, is does not wipe it out. The name was NOT changed to Canada, and the name (although not chosen to be used by Federal Liberal Governments) is nonetheless, still to this day in 2005, the Dominion of Canada.

So you would forbid the use of full formal name, the Dominion of Canada, in the first sentence of this article? ArmchairVexillologistDon 10:08, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

AVD, this issue has been hashed out over and over again, and every time, the conclusion has been that the formal name of the country is "Canada". It was previously commonly styled "Dominion of Canada", but that was not "official". Please review the talk archives on this where the references in the BNA Act were cited and discussed. If I recall the discussion correctly, the BNA Act does not use the term "Dominion of Canada". In says that the country will be "one dominion under the name of Canada", and not "one country under the name of the Dominion of Canada". The one source that you cite, a book published in 1899, is not authoritative. I think you will have to provide citations from Government of Canada legal documents that state that D of C is the official or formal name in order to convince people here. Regards, Ground Zero 14:06, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Why Should I do all the work: Track down the Canadian COA Proclaimations
Here is the link to the Canadian Coat-of-Arms

http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/arm1_e.cfm

They were first granted in 1868, (1 year after Confederation), and then formally re-proclaimed in 1921, 1957, and 1994.

 * just to get technical, these are not re-proclamation, these are the adoption date of different designs and modifications. The Canadian COA was composed of the various provinces' own coat of arms until 1921 when the current design was adopted. The last modification in 1994 was the inclusion of the ribbon with "Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam".--Marc pasquin 01:11, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello Marc Pasquin,
 * No, you are incorrect. The Coat-of-Arms of the Dominion of Canada was created via Royal Proclaimation in 1868.   In 1921, the Coat-of-Arms was offical re-proclaimed in the Royal Proclaimation of 1921.  The Proclaimation of 1921, explicitly supercedes that of 1868.  The subsquent changes in 1957, and 1994, would have to be re-proclaimed.  The changes in the Coat-of-Arm of the Dominion of Canada were not offical submitted to the UK College-of-Arms, the only Heraldry Authority "in Canada", until 1994.
 * ArmchairVexillologistDon 18:57, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you missed my point: It is not the same design that was, 4 four, declared to be the official COA of canada. The wording you used could lead to confusion in that regard--Marc pasquin 16:47, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

The text on this webpage clearing shows the Dominion of Canada cited explicitly as the countries name.' Now, in 1957, and 1994, the Coats-of-Arms would have to re-proclaimed. The establishment of the Royal Canadian Heraldic Society in 1994, notwithstanding, they still would have to be re-proclaimed.

Find me the text explicitly stating "the Dominion of Canada" was offically changed to only the term "Canada", or let me put the 3 words (i.e., the Dominion of) in the first sentence of this article.

It is that clear cut "boys and girls". ArmchairVexillologistDon 11:58, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The Dominion of Canada was actually never officially changed but the government just stopped using the name and made the schools and publishers stop printing it. They did this because they wanted to seem less British so the French-Canadians would be less offended. But instead a lot of English-Canadians were offended and tried to keep using our name but failed in the end. My birth certificate even says I was born in The Dominion of Canada.
 * Matthew Samuel Spurrell 4:51, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Howdy Matthew Samuel Spurell,

Yep, you are completely correct. That is exactly what happenned. Now if the next elected government is the Conservatives under Stephen Harper, it is possible that he could re-institute the practice of using Canada's full formal name, The Dominion of Canada.

Take care, and best wishes, ArmchairVexillologistDon 19:00, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

THe Royal Proclamation cited above is one that enacts the Coats of Arms of Canada, not the name of Canada. The BNA Act, as has been cited before (check the archives), refers to "one Dominion under the name Canada". There has been no official change from "Dominion of canada" because "Dominion of Canada" was nover official. It was the commonly used styling (so common that it was used in official documents), but the official name in the BNA Act was "Canada". The Government's decided to stop using the styling, and revert to the offical name. Stephen Harper, should he become prime minister (shudder), could decide to adopt the "Dominion of Canada" styling, or the styling "the Most Serene Borealian Autonomous Collectivity of Canada", but neither would be "official". Ground Zero 20:12, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * In 1868 there was a royal warrant, not proclamation (note spelling), that created coats of arms for the four provinces and a "great seal" for Canada consisting of the four coats quartered. This great seal was never officially Canada's coat of arms, though it was used as such (and ironically was never used on a seal).  In 1921 there was a royal proclamation that established the royal arms of Canada (a proclamation was necessary because the provisions of the 1801 Act of Union were held to apply to the arms and flag of Canada, just as for the arms and flag of the United Kingdom).  The changes of 1957 and 1994 were simply new official drawings of the arms.  Since the blazon was unchanged (in 1994 there was an augmentation that did not substantially change the blazon) there was no need for royal proclamations, and there were none.  The 1965 flag, by the way, was established by royal proclamation rather than act of Parliament because of the precedent of 1801. Indefatigable 03:35, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I almost forgot another thing: don't confuse the Royal Canadian Heraldry Society with the Canadian Heraldic Authority. One's a private "club"; the other exercises part of the Queen's prerogative. Both were established well before 1994. Indefatigable 03:58, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Present Day Canada Government website incorrectly Titles BNA Act 1867
The Government of Canada (mainly Liberal since 1963) is very "skilled" at practising the Sin Of Omission as shown in the linked text below,

British North America Act 1867

This website incorrectly refers to this document as the Constitution Act 1867, which is a misnomer, and a shameful one, indeed.
 * #(2)
 * (2) As enacted by the Constitution Act, 1982, which came into force on April 17, 1982. The section, as originally enacted, read as follows:
 * 1. This Act may be cited as The British North America Act, 1867.

ArmchairVexillologistDon 10:42, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

I disagree with your interpretation. You're reading a footnote, which merely says that *originally* the 1867 act was to be cited as the British North America Act 1867. But, under the law since 1982, it is now to be cited as the Constitution Act 1867. All acts forming the constiution were retroactively renamed. Judicial decisions, and subsequent legislation, use this new naming system. This reflects the fact that these documents were not a part of a "constitutition" when originally created, since Canada had no consitution until 1982. Collectively, these acts were turned into a constitution, and hence renamed. --rob 11:54, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What?
 * "Canada" had no Constitution until 1982?
 * You are completely wrong as well as per retroactive re-naming, that is not what happened at all. Please get your facts straight.

It is true that it quite broad and that it does not mention the existence of responcible government and the conventions associated with it. However while the BNA Act did not encompass the entire constitution (much of it was, and still is unwritten) the does not mean that it is not a constitutional document.
 * It seems as though in this claim rob is following the approach taken by the 1930s social credit party in Alberta when they claimed that the Statute of Westminster granted independence to the provinces because Canada had no constitution as they saw it. I think this approach is flawed and that the BNA Act was in fact a constitutional document because it laid out the institutions of state and it outlined the relationships between the various levels of government.

ArmchairVexillologistDon 12:01, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Howdy rob,

You wrote above,
 * I disagree with your interpretation.

Fine, the Dominion of Canada, is a free country. The "footnote" was not the basis of my arguement. Constitutional Law does not afford the retroactive re-naming of terms within a Constitutional Act. Each term that is repelled must be specifically indicated. Each Clause that is replaced, must be explicitly indicated.

Your grasp of Constitution Law and procedures is complete ill-informed. Do you have any idea the Constitutional Chaos that would be created in any present day independent country, that has used as a basis English Common-Law as a template? (i.e., the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand)

Do you?

Constitutions, under your idea of how things work, would be akin to toilet paper!!!

As well, where the **** did you learn that "Canada had no Constitution until 1982?"

Oi. ArmchairVexillologistDon 12:26, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

--rob 12:29, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What I said is true. Canada, like the United Kingdom, had no constitution until 1982.  Although some people would re-phrase it to say we had no "written constitution".  We had no constitutionally guarenteed rights.    The Dominion of Canada was created by an act of British parliament in 1867.  That act, could only be changed by British parliament (at the request of Canada).  As for retroactive renaming, please read your own link:
 * http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/annex_e.html#VI
 * Notice how it uses the phrase: "Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982"
 * This includes the BNA(1867), the Statute of Westminster 1931, and other acts of British parliament detailing the powers of Canada and it's provinces.
 * It's perfectly possible for a country to have no constitution.

update: I never said the name "British North America Act 1867" was repealed. I just said a new name was given to it, which can be, and is used to cite it, in courts. Numerous Supreme Court decisions use the new name in citations. Legally, there are at least two ways to refer to the same acts. Please, don't get so upset. It's not that big of a deal. --rob 12:33, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Rob,
 * Avant que je me decider de continue cette conversation, je vous demande si vous etes Canadien-Francais?
 * Mois meme, je suis Canadian-Anglais, et le Constitution du Dominion du Canada est un construit "premierement dans les traditions du Royaume-Uni".

ArmchairVexillologistDon 12:40, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

'''ArmchairVexillologistDon is banned from the editing of any Wikipedia page related to vexillology, fascism, or Canada pending a decision in this matter. What constitutes "Vexillogy," "fascism," or "Canada" shall be interpreted broadly.''' Homey 19:31, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

List of Canada related articles
Is there a List of Canada related articles? It would be usefull for navigation and just something to point people too when they want to add more information to the Canada article (as it's more than full as you know). Zhatt 22:15, August 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Take a look at List of Canada-related topics. Regards, Ground Zero 22:17, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Oh, wow. OK, thanks. Zhatt 22:23, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

Form of government
This issue wasthe subject of a long debate at Template talk:Canada infobox between those who believed that since Parliament governs the country, i.e., it makes decisions on a day-to-day basis, "Parliamentary democracy" is the best description, and other who believe that the nature of the head of state is paramount, even though she does not exercise her power. In the end, a compromise that reflected both views was adopted. This was lost when the new template format was introduced, and we have ended up in the same debate. I propose to end the debate by restoring the previous compromise which reflects both Parliament and the head of state. Ground Zero 14:50, 15 August 2005 (UTC) The problem I have with "parliamentary monarchy" is that I've never heard the term before. I don't think we should be inventing new terms for the sake of saving one line of text in the infobox. Why are we so concerned about one single line? We had a compromise that lasted for quite a while and that kept everyone happy and avoided the endless debate. Why not restore that? As far as Alebrtans and republicans questioning whether or not Canada is a democracy, I think that that sort of rhetoric has to be taken seriously. A comparison of Canada to CHina, North Korea, Zimbabwe, Belarus or a hundred other countries should be sufficient to pu that arguments to rest. How about "Parliatutional demonarchracy"? ;-) Ground Zero 14:25, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not understand the anonymous editor's complaint against my change. By adding "parliamentary democracy" to "constitutional monarchy" in the "Form of goverment" line, I do not think that anyone could reasonable misunderstand that to mean that Canada is not a constitutional monarchy. Clearly it is. In deleting "parliamentary democracy", does the anonymous editor suggest that Canada is not a parliamentary democracy? And I wish he/she would address the issue here rather than through edits. If someone can show me that I am wrong in saying that Canada is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, then I will stop making this edit. Ground Zero 20:54, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Parliamentary democracy is implicit to the term "constitutional monarchy" and therefore the term is redundant. Perhaps the term "Parliamentary Monarchy" would be appropriate?
 * I don't think it's automatic. Constitutional monarchy merely means the monarch is under the restriction of a constitution (written or not), which limits his or her power.  Some like Canada, limit it to the point of near non-existence.  But, in other cases the monarch has so much power it can't be considered a democracy, but isn't quite an absolute monarchy either.  Also, in some cases, the monarch, may have the freedom to appoint a government from outside of the elected parliament, but still need parliament to pass laws, which they must obey.  As well, sometimes the "parliament" is not elected by the people.  I think several countries in the middle east are (on good days) a "constiutional monarchy", have "parliaments" (sometimes councils), but are not "parliamentary democracies".  Anyway Canada is both, and we should say so.  --rob 02:03, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Canada is also a Confederation, should that be thrown in as well? I still believe that the best short description is either "Constitutional Monarchy" or "Parliamentary Monarchy" as these are easily understandable terms used by most encyclopedias.  Also 'democracy' is a rather ill defined and mushy term.  As we often see, Albertans and othe westerners as well as the NDP like to claim that Canada is not democratic because of the Senate and the republicans claim that the monarchy renders Canada undemocratic.  Therefore I feel that it would be most proper to only use that word in a comparative sense (eg 'more democratic' or 'less democratic') rather than in the absolutist sense as is seen in the term "Parliamentary democracy".  I would like to ask whether "Parliamentary Monarchy" is an acceptable compromise term and what others would think. -- Anon. editor
 * Well, if "Ground Zero" hasn't heard the term "Parliamentary Monarchy" before, then it most obviously does not exist! So are there any other words or phrases that don't exist by virtue of never being heard by "Ground Zero", please let us know when we dare use them!  I did not know of the word "antithesis" until I was seventeen, but that doesn't mean that it is nonexistent!
 * You may have never heard the term "Parliamentary Monarchy" before, but it is in common usage. Perhaps you should try googling it and see the results that you get. Perhaps take a look in real encyclopedia, such as Britanica, and you will see the term as well as Constitutional Monarchy.  None of this "Parliamentary Democracy" nonsense which is for soft-core republicans who are ashamed of Monarchies and feel the need to qualify the term with something more "modern".

 * The Dominion of Canada is a Constitutional-Monarchy, that uses the British Parliamentary System (i.e.,Prime Minister, House of Commons, Senate (House of Lords) ).
 * ArmchairVexillologistDon 14:38, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * So... you would agree that it would be correct to describe Canada as a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy? Ground Zero 14:40, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure thing. I agree.   Parliamentary Democracy is accurate, however having both terms present makes that best description.

 * ArmchairVexillologistDon 14:43, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Don. I'll wait a day for other comments before making any change. Regards, Ground Zero 15:04, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Howdy GroundZero,

You're welcome. Nice to hear from you to eh.

ArmchairVexillologistDon 15:16, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Ok I have talked with 5 MP's on this issue they say its Constitutional Monarchy is the Form of Government. A Majority of Canadians know It's Constitutional Monarchy be be quite frank. I'm a Proud Monarchist and Liberal Party of Canada Member and The Liberals helped build Modern Day canada Aswell as the Canada Act. I Know Canada is a Parliamentary Democracy but is reduced bigtime in the Constitution, I Know you are wanting it to be Parliamentary Democracy but its Constitutional Monarchy in all 16 Realms Including Canada is a Constitutional Monarchy and Please Get Over It. Please Consult a MP or Senator and The Constitution. Thanks :) PeterAKer 15:04, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree with you wholeheartedly that it is a constitutional monarchy, and my edits did not remove "constitutional monarchy" from the description. I was adding back in "parliamentary democracy", which has been there for several months now.

Of course, MPs and cabinet ministers would say that it is a constitutional monarchy because it is one. No dispute. Do you dispute that it is not also a parliamentary democracy? Will MPs, senators and the Constitution tell me that Canada is not a parliamentary democracy?

 * "I Know Canada is a Parliamentary Democracy but is reduced bigtime in the Constitution".

I'm sorry -- I don't understand this. Could you please explain? If you agree that Canada is a parliamentary democracy, why do you keep deleting it from the agreed-upon compromise? As far as I know Parliament still debates and passes bills that receive Royal Assent from the G-G, and Parliament can bring down the government. Ground Zero 18:44, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

RCMP
I propose we remove the RCMP officer on horseback and replace it with an RCMP officer in every-day outfit, or remove it alltogether. These red outfits are never used except for ceremonies, so it presents an urealistic and unaccurate view of the RCMP. If it is really necessary to show an officer and a horse, use an old photo, when the RCMP really did ride horses to patrol the vast areas of what was once the Northwest Territories. dave 00:13, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, the Governor General doesn't generally stand around with the Order of Canada medallion around her neck, the Queen rarely wears her crown, and Gretzky doesn't usually walk around with the World Cup over his head. All these photos are symbolic of Canada, and legitimate.  The RCMP photo is placed under "symbols" not "law enforcement".  But, I am open minded, and would suggest you put a link to an image you think would be better. --rob 01:57, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

I have seen the RCMP wear their traditional uniforms where I am. Also in samller communities they wear them more often. Im not sure why they don't wear them as much anymore I remmember they used to always wear their uniform. Matthew Samuel Spurrell 7:46, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * While I agree with rob on this account, it does show that the RCMP article itself does need a more modern and representative photo. One where not everyone is riding a horse, petting sled dogs, or sitting in front of a log cabin. An modern RCMP officer normally (or at least offten) wears mostly black and generally looks like an average police officer, correct? I don't quite remember and I'm surprised at how hard it is to find an image.
 * Zhatt 02:50, August 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, yes. Mostly black with yellow highlights and a grayish shirt. I'm sure there are variations and I believe there is a more formal dress too that isn't the typical red one.
 * Zhatt 02:56, August 17, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canada/Archive 4


text:
Talk:Accountant-General

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles Paul 18:38, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Accountant-General


text:
Talk:Accountant general

Untitled
Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles Paul 18:39, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

UK centric
I believe there are accountant generals in other countries. At the very least, there is one in Israel. I can insert the information about the Israeli accountant general, but it would be great to get input from other editors who might know of this position in other countries. —Ynhockey (Talk) 15:24, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

 * A brief Google search shows accountants general in numerous countries. Mcljlm (talk) 17:23, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Accountant general


text:
Shechen Monastery

Shechen Monastery is one of the "Six Mother Monasteries" of the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. It was originally located in Kham, Tibet, but was destroyed in the late 1950s during the Cultural Revolution and was rebuilt in Nepal in 1985.

History
The original Shechen Monastery was located southwest of Langduo Township in Kham on the route to Dzogchen Monastery in what is now Dêgê County, Garzê Prefecture, Sichuan, China. It was founded in 1695 by Shechen Rabjam Tenpé Gyaltsen, though it is sometimes claimed to have been built by Gyurme Kunzang Namgyal in 1734. It became extremely influential in the 18th and 19th centuries, with up to 160 satellite monasteries dotting the hillsides. The monastery was destroyed in the 1950s as part of the Communist Chinese government's Cultural Revolution.

In the 1980s, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche transplanted the rich tradition of the original Shechen Monastery to a new home near the great Stupa of Boudhanath in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Shechen Monastery today
The monastery serves as the main seat of the Shechen tradition in exile. There are more than 300 monks at Shechen Monastery. The monastery teaches music, dance, painting and Buddhist philosophy. Its elementary school provides "a modern education for children between five and fourteen years of age."

The present abbot is the seventh Shechen Rabjam Rinpoche, the grandson of Dilgo Khyentse. Prominent members of the monastery include the Yangsi (Tib.ཡང་སྲིད reincarnation) of Dilgo Khyentse, Khandro Lhamo, Matthieu Ricard and Changling Rinpoche.

title: Shechen Monastery


text: User talk:64.80.70.243

title: User talk:64.80.70.243


text:
Louise Le Nay

Louise Le Nay (born 1957) is an Australian actress and writer, known for her role as Sandy Edwards in Prisoner (1981–82), and Stella Stinson, Kim's adoptive mother in Lift Off (1992–95). Her novel, The Hero, was published in 1996.

Career
Le Nay played Sandy Edwards in Prisoner, in a role which spanned the end of 1981 and the beginning of 1982 on screen. In the show, Sandy became Top Dog whilst Bea Smith was in hospital, and was a popular and key character. Whilst working on the series, she discovered that she was pregnant and eventually left to have her daughter, Victoria. She later acted with her daughter when she had a guest role in A Country Practice in 1983, playing a single mother.

At the end of 1985 Le Nay was appearing as Barbara Hill in the original run of Neighbours, when it was still screened by Australia's Seven Network. Although not a main character, she played a key role in the run up to what was intended to be the show's final episode (episode 171) as the new girlfriend of respectable villain Charles Durham who planned to kill the first wife of Paul Robinson, Terry.

Le Nay's novel, The Hero was published in 1996 by Allen & Unwin. She later moved into writing for television, writing scripts as well as progressing from a story liner to script editor for the popular series Neighbours during the time the show achieved its peak rating performance success when character Karl Kennedy was cheating on his wife with his receptionist. She also worked as a script editor on Blue Heelers and MDA.

title: Louise Le Nay


text: User talk:69.194.251.108

title: User talk:69.194.251.108


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User talk:Img~enwiki

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Img~enwiki


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Talk:Hebron University

I'd like to find out what their Arabic name is (I bet it includes al-Khalil, not Hebron), but when I visit their site, there are lot of scripts and stuff slowly loading, and nothing is displayed in the browser window for a long time -- it's not worth putting up with all this stuff just to try to view and extract the Arabic name. 19:45, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello. Actually, you're right. The Arabic name's Jama'a al-Khali'yl (جامعة الخليل). It's on the university homepage even . But don't worry. I already fixed it on the article. -- Qasamaan 20:27, 02 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hebron University


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User:Cmpalmer~enwiki

My name is Christopher M. Palmer and I live in Huntsville, Alabama. I am a software engineer.

title: User:Cmpalmer~enwiki


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Black rice

Black rice, also known as purple rice or forbidden rice, is a range of rice types of the species Oryza sativa, some of which are glutinous rice.

There are several varieties of black rice available today. These include Indonesian black rice, Philippine heirloom balatinaw black rice and pirurutong black glutinous rice, and Thai jasmine black rice.

The bran hull (outermost layer) of black rice contains one of the highest levels of anthocyanin pigment found in food. The grain has a similar amount of fiber to brown rice and like brown rice, has a mild, nutty taste.

Black rice has a deep black color and usually turns deep purple when cooked. Its dark purple color is primarily due to its anthocyanin content, which is higher by weight than that of other colored grains. It is suitable for creating porridge, dessert, traditional Chinese black rice cake, bread, and noodles.

title: Black rice


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Category:Animated images

__NOGALLERY__ Animated images is for any media containing a rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program. This category contains links to images featuring animation. The magic word __NOGALLERY__ is used in this category to turn off thumbnail display since this category list unfree images, the display of which is restricted to certain areas of Wikipedia.

title: Category:Animated images


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Lisbon Baixa

The Baixa ("Downtown"), also known as the Baixa Pombalina ("Pombaline Downtown"), is a neighborhood in the historic center of Lisbon, Portugal. It consists of the grid of streets north of the Praça do Comércio, roughly between the Cais do Sodré and the Alfama district beneath the Lisbon Castle, and extends northwards towards the Rossio and Figueira squares and the Avenida da Liberdade, a tree-lined boulevard noted for its tailoring shops and cafes.

History
The Pombaline Baixa is an elegant district, primarily constructed after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. It takes its name from Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, the prime minister to Joseph I of Portugal from 1750 to 1777 and key figure of the Enlightenment in Portugal, who took the lead in ordering the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake. The Marquis of Pombal imposed strict conditions on rebuilding the city, and the current grid pattern strongly differs from the organic streetplan that characterised the district before the earthquake.

The Pombaline Baixa is one of the first examples of earthquake-resistant construction. Architectural models were tested by having troops march around them to simulate an earthquake. Notable features of Pombaline structures include the Pombaline cage, a symmetrical wood-lattice framework aimed at distributing earthquake force, and inter-terrace walls that are built higher than roof timbers to reduce fire contagion.

It was placed on Portugal's "tentative list" of potential World Heritage Sites on 7 December 2004, which declares it superior to the planned areas in Edinburgh, Turin and London; in particular, the submission states that the plans for the reconstruction of London after the Great Fire in 1666 "does not implement overall principles" like those achieved in the Pombaline.

Landmarks

 * Praça do Comércio
 * Rossio
 * Praça da Figueira
 * Restauradores Square

title: Lisbon Baixa


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Talk:Dinner and a Movie

Is this still on?
... Does TBS still do this? --208.65.188.23 (talk) 23:27, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dinner and a Movie


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Russel L. Honoré

Russel Luke Honoré (born September 15, 1947) is a retired lieutenant general who served as the 33rd commanding general of the U.S. First Army at Fort Gillem, Georgia. He is best known for serving as commander of Joint Task Force Katrina responsible for coordinating military relief efforts for Hurricane Katrina–affected areas across the Gulf Coast and as the 2nd Infantry Division's commander while stationed in South Korea. He served until his retirement from the Army on January 11, 2008. Honoré is sometimes known as "The Ragin' Cajun".

Early life and education
A native of Lakeland in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, and 9th of 12 children, born to a Louisiana Créole family who settled in Pointe Coupée Parish. The Honoré family surname is still found among the Cane River Créoles.

Honoré earned a B.S. in vocational agriculture from Southern University and A&M College in 1971. He also holds an M.A. in human resources from Troy University as well as an honorary D.P.A. from Southern University and A&M College. He has received leadership development training from the international civilian Center for Creative Leadership.

Career
Prior to his appointment on July 15, 2004, as Commander, First United States Army, Honoré served in a variety of command and staff positions in South Korea and Germany. He served as Commanding General, 2nd Infantry Division in South Korea; Vice Director for Operations, J-3, The Joint Staff, Washington, D.C.; Deputy Commanding General and Assistant Commandant, United States Army Infantry Center and School, Fort Benning, Georgia; and Assistant Division Commander, Maneuver/Support, 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Hood, Texas. On June 13, 2002, in South Korea, soldiers from the 2nd Infantry Division were on a training mission near the North Korean border when their vehicle hit and killed two 14-year-old girls on a narrow public road. In July 2002, the U.S. military indicted Sgt. Mark Walker and Sgt. Fernando Nino on charges of negligent homicide. They were later found not guilty. Honoré (then a major general) responded by visiting the victims' parents and promising the U.S. military would build a memorial near the accident site to honor the girls.

On January 15, 2021, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi announced that Honoré would lead a review of security failures following the U.S. Capitol attack that will focus on "security infrastructure, interagency processes and procedures, and command and control".

Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita
On August 31, 2005, Honoré was designated commander of Joint Task Force Katrina responsible for coordinating military relief efforts for Hurricane Katrina-affected areas across the Gulf Coast. Honoré's arrival in New Orleans came after what was widely believed to be a poor performance by state and local agencies, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and its director Michael D. Brown. He gained media celebrity and accolades for his apparent turning around of the situation in the city as well as his gruff management style which contrasted with what many felt were the empty platitudes of civilian officials. In one widely played video clip, Honoré was seen on the streets of New Orleans, barking orders to subordinates and, in one case, berating local police officers who were displaying their weapons as they rode past him. "Weapons down! Weapons down, damn it!" Honoré shouted. New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin was quoted on a radio interview on September 1, 2005, saying: "Now, I will tell you this—and I give the president some credit on this—he sent one John Wayne dude down here that can get some stuff done, and his name is Gen. Honoré. And he came off the doggone chopper, and he started cussing and people started moving. And he's getting some stuff done." Stars and Stripes, the unofficial newspaper of the United States Armed Forces, reported that Honoré had previous experience dealing with flooding at many South Korean bases during monsoon season and supervised the installation of flood control measures.

On September 20, 2005, at a press conference with Nagin on Hurricane Rita, Honoré made headlines nationwide when he told a reporter not to get "stuck on stupid" in reference to a question about the government response to Hurricane Katrina.

Hurricane Maria comments
After Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in 2017, Honoré described the situation in the U.S. territory as being "like a war" and said it was significantly worse than New Orleans in the aftermath of Katrina. Honoré criticized the Trump administration's response to the crisis, saying it demanded a greater and more rapid response, with a larger commitment of U.S. troops to provide emergency assistance, and told CNN anchor Erin Burnett.

U.S. Capitol attack security review
As a result of the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced on January 15, 2021, that Honoré would lead an investigation into the incident. He suggested that fencing should be installed and discussed shortcomings in security. He was vocal on Twitter about the response of the United States Capitol Police officers, calling it a "s**t show".

In a letter to Speaker Nancy Pelosi by Representative Matt Gaetz, he was criticized for statements he made in regards to certain members of Congress, specifically for Senator Josh Hawley to be "run out of D.C." and Representative Lauren Boebert needing to be put on a no fly list.

Politics
In late August 2009, there were reports that Honoré would run for U.S. Senate in 2010 in his native Louisiana as a Republican against incumbent Republican Senator David Vitter. On August 31, when asked on CNN about the reports, Honoré expressed admiration for individuals who aspire to serve in public office but said that he had no plans to seek the Senate seat, as he was unlikely to win with the viewpoints he currently holds.

Personal life
Honoré describes himself as an "African-American Creole", a combination that includes French, African, Native American and Spanish ancestry. He was raised Catholic.

During the halftime of the Independence Bowl in Shreveport, Louisiana, on December 30, 2005, Honoré was honored with the Omar N. Bradley "Spirit of Independence Award" because of his leadership in the recovery of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.

Honoré was also awarded the Key to the City Award to New Orleans in Recognition of his Exemplary Military Service during the third anniversary of Katrina ceremonies.

Honoré resides in Baton Rouge, Louisiana with his wife, Beverly, and their four children. He founded GreenARMY, an environmental group, and has criticized excessive groundwater use by ExxonMobil and Georgia-Pacific in Baton Rouge, and their close relationship with the Capital Area Groundwater Conservation Commission that oversees and regulates water use by these corporations.

Awards and decorations

 * Defense Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
 * Army Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
 * US Defense Superior Service Medal ribbon.svg Defense Superior Service Medal
 * Legion of Merit (four Oak Leaf Clusters)
 * Bronze Star ribbon.svg Bronze Star
 * Defense Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg Defense Meritorious Service Medal
 * Meritorious Service Medal (three Oak Leaf Clusters)
 * Army Commendation Medal (three Oak Leaf Clusters)
 * Army Achievement Medal ribbon.svg Army Achievement Medal
 * Joint Meritorious Unit Award with two oak leaf clusters
 * Army Superior Unit Award ribbon.svg Army Superior Unit Award
 * National Defense Service Medal (two Bronze Service Stars)
 * Armed Forces Expedtionary Medal ribbon.svg Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
 * Southwest Asia Service Medal (one Bronze Service Star)
 * Global War on Terrorism Service ribbon.svg Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
 * Korea Defense Service ribbon.svg Korean Defense Service Medal
 * Armed Forces Service Medal ribbon.svg Armed Forces Service Medal
 * Humanitarian Service Medal ribbon.svg Humanitarian Service Medal
 * Army Service Ribbon.svg Army Service Ribbon
 * Army Overseas Service Ribbon.svg Award numeral 4.png Overseas Service Ribbon (with numeral 4)
 * Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia) ribbon.svg Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia)
 * Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait) ribbon.svg Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)

 * Expert Infantry Badge.svg Expert Infantryman Badge
 * United States Air Force Parachutist Badge.svg Basic Parachutist Badge
 * Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge

title: Russel L. Honoré


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Greg Avery

Greg Avery is a British animal rights activist and former criminal. He has been involved with Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC), an international campaign to force the closure of Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), an animal testing company based in the UK and US. Avery has several prison sentences and served time for assaulting a policeman.

Early life
Avery was born and raised near Buxton in Derbyshire, one of six brothers. He joined the animal rights movement at the age of 15, and has devoted himself to it full-time ever since.

Arrests and convictions
On 1 May 2007, after a series of raids involving 700 police officers in England, Amsterdam, and Belgium, 32 people linked to SHAC were arrested, including Avery and Dellemagne, who were charged with conspiracy to blackmail in connection with the SHAC campaign.

He was also served with an indefinite ASBO, restricting his future contact with companies targeted in the campaign.

title: Greg Avery


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Edatata Narayanan

Edatata Narayanan (1907–1978) was a journalist and a freedom fighter from India. He took part in the freedom struggle through the Congress Socialist Party, a caucus within the Congress Party for activists with socialist leanings. He was among those who were disillusioned with the progress of Congress party on socialism and formed a new party, Socialist Party in 1948. He however left that party along with Aruna Asaf Ali and they visited Moscow along with Rajani Palme Dutt. Both of them joined the Communist Party of India (CPI) before Joseph Stalin's death but left the party in 1956 following Nikita Khrushchev's disowning of Stalin. Edatata Narayanan started a daily newspaper, Patriot (1963)° as the Chief Editor and was also associated with a weekly, Link in 1958 along with Aruna Asaf Ali. The publications became prestigious due to patronage of leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Krishna Menon and Biju Patnaik. When Edatata Narayanan wanted to make some editorial changes amidst reported opposition from the editorial staff, he told them in no uncertain terms that he belonged to the school of journalism where the editor's view is final. He brought Patriot into the spotlight by publishing the income tax returns of top industrialists in it and thus, bringing the information into public domain. He pursued a pro-CPI and pro-Left editorial policy - Indira Gandhi, a good friend and later the Prime Minister of India herself was pro-left. The publications and the associated publishing house were successful. The relationship between him and Aruna Asaf Ali was controversial as they were believed to be living together, despite no formal marriage. He wrote a book titled Praja Socialism: Monopoly's Pawn on the merger of the Socialist Party with the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party (founded by Acharya Kripalani).

title: Edatata Narayanan


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Modern Drunkard

Modern Drunkard is a glossy color periodical humorously promoting the lifestyle of the "functional alcoholic".

History
Frank Kelly Rich founded Modern Drunkard in 1996. The first issue was 16 photocopied pages with made-up ads; in 2006 its circulation was about 35,000. The magazine runs advertisements from bars in Denver, Minneapolis, Las Vegas and Philadelphia as well as companies selling drinking supplies. The print edition is available at newsstands and also free in bars and liquor stores.

Content
Regular features include "Booze in the News", "Post Cards from Skid Row" (featuring poetry written by and/or for the inebriated), "Wino Wisdom", "Alcocomics − Cartoons for the sober challenged", and "You Know You're a Drunkard When..." The magazine also features articles on alcohol's place in history, including such topics as the Whiskey Rebellion and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's love of the martini.

The magazine frequently runs pieces arguing against MADD's positions, and in August 2004 had an editorial on the shrinking proof of a bottle of Jack Daniel's.

Online content
The magazine's website sells paraphernalia bearing its logo and/or phrases related to the magazine itself and to the liberal consumption of alcohol. The Modern Drunkard IRC chatroom is an active communication channel along with the official forums.

Style
The magazine's artistic style is reminiscent of popular 1950s "men's action" pulp periodicals, with artwork depicting tough, lantern-jawed men and sultry, buxom women.

Modern Drunkard's rebellious standard features a martini glass with an olive above two crossed swords. Three letters, M, D and M, appear on the flag and stand for "Modern Drunkard Magazine."

Staff
Rich, the magazine's creator, is also listed as the publisher/editor. Staff are allowed to drink (and smoke) on the job and are provided with a bar and a fridge containing beer.

Conventions
Modern Drunkard Magazine held its first convention for readers and staff in 2004. The convention, held at the Stardust Casino in Las Vegas, reportedly broke the casino's record for the amount of money brought in at a bar during a private event. It became an annual event, advertised as "The best time you’ll never remember" and "Say it loud, say it plowed".

title: Modern Drunkard


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Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research

The Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research (or MCTFR) is a series of behavioral genetic longitudinal studies of families with twin or adoptive offspring conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota. It seeks to identify and characterize the genetic and environmental influences on the development of psychological traits.

Principal investigators include Matt McGue, William Iacono, and Kevin Haroian.

Cohorts
The primary cohorts of participants include the Minnesota Twin Family Study, Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study, Minnesota Twin Registry, and a variety of other cohorts of participants.

Minnesota Twin Family Study
MTFS is a twin study established in June 1989 with 1300 same-gendered twin pairs age 11 or 17, with an additional cohort of 500 such pairs recruited around 2004. Twins were born between 1972 and 2000. All twins born in Minnesota at that time were eligible to participate using birth registry data. Both identical and fraternal twins share certain aspects of their environment. This allows researchers to estimate the relative impact of environmental and genetic influences on phenotypes. The focus of the MTFS is on behavioral phenotypes, such as academic outcomes, cognitive abilities, personality, and interests; family and social relationships; mental and physical health; physiological measurements. The assessment wave structure and protocol are similar to the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (below), allowing the use of complementary twin and adoption designs to address behavioral genetic questions.

Minnesota Twin Registry
The Minnesota Twin Registry was established in 1983. Its original goal was to establish a registry of all twins born in Minnesota from 1936 to 1955 to be used for psychological research. Recently, it has added twins born between 1961 and 1964. It primarily conducts personality and interests tests with its 8,000+ twin pairs and family members via mail. From this project, it was able to confirm that twins and their families are representative of the population and that a poll of their opinions would be more accurate than polls in the newspaper.

Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study
The Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS) is a study of >600 adoptive and non-adoptive families. The adoption study design allows one to disentangle the environmental and genetic influences on a phenotype, including psychological phenotypes. The assessment wave structure and protocol are similar to the Minnesota Twin Family Study, allowing the use of complementary study designs to answer a given question.

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart was a twin study conducted at the University of Minnesota, independent of the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research. In 1979, Thomas J. Bouchard began to study twins who were separated at birth and reared in different families. He found that an identical twin reared away from his or her co-twin seems to have about an equal chance of being similar to the co-twin in terms of personality, interests, and attitudes as one who has been reared with his or her co-twin. Bouchard has said that these two twins happened to be unusually alike, while most twins show more differences:

"There probably are genetic influences on almost all facets of human behavior, but the emphasis on the idiosyncratic characteristics is misleading. On average, identical twins raised separately are about 50 percent similar – and that defeats the widespread belief that identical twins are carbon copies. Obviously, they are not. Each is a unique individual in his or her own right."

Psychologists now refer to studies such as this as an Adoption Strategy. Partial funding for the study was obtained through a research grant from the Pioneer Fund.


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Biga Çayı

The Biga River (Biga Çayı) is a small river in Çanakkale Province in northwestern Turkey. The river begins at the base of Mount Ida and trends generally northeasterly to the Sea of Marmara. It is about 50 km east of the Dardanelles. It flows past the towns of Çan and Biga and enters the Sea of Marmara at Karabiga. It is also known as the Çan (Çan Çayı) and the Kocabaş (Kocabaş Çayı).

The Biga was the classical Granicus (Γρανικὸς ποταμός, Granikòs Potamós).

The banks near the modern-day town of Biga were the site of the Battle of the Granicus, fought in 334 BC between the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great and the forces of the Persian Empire of Darius III. This was Alexander's first victory over the Persians. In antiquity, the river was described as having strong, turbulent current, with steep banks and varying depth.

There is also a valley named in its honor on Mars. The Granicus Valles is at 29.72° N, 131.0° E and runs for 750 km.

title: Biga Çayı


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User talk:Searchanddestroy

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more destruction. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 18:48, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Searchanddestroy


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Design science

Design science refers to a scientific, i.e. rational and systematic, approach to designing. An early concept of design science was introduced in 1957 by R. Buckminster Fuller who defined it as a systematic form of designing which he applied especially in innovative engineering design. The concept has been more broadly defined by the Design Science journal as “quantitative and qualitative research in the creation of artifacts and systems, and their embedding in our physical, virtual, psychological, economic, and social environment”.

Design-science relationship
There has been recurrent concern to differentiate design from science. Nigel Cross differentiated between scientific design, design science and a science of design. A science of design (the scientific study of design) does not require or assume that the acts of designing are themselves scientific, and an increasing number of research programs take this view. To some extent the two uses of the term design science (systematic designing and the study of designing) have co-mingled to the point where there can be some confusion, and design science sometimes may be referred to either as meaning a science of design or design as a science.

A science of design
Simon's The Sciences of the Artificial, first published in 1969, built on previous developments and motivated the further development of systematic and formalized design methodologies relevant to many design disciplines, for example architecture, engineering, urban planning, computer science, and management studies. Simon's ideas about the science of design also encouraged the development of design research and the scientific study of designing.

Design as a science
The design-science relationship continues to be debated  and there continue to be many efforts to reframe or reform design as science. For example, the axiomatic theory of design by Suh presents a domain independent theory that can explain or prescribe the design process. The Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) ontology by Gero, presenting a domain independent ontology of design and designing, is another example. There have also been many domain-specific developments of design science, for example in architectural design, product design and information systems design.

Design science in information systems
There has been a particular emphasis on design as a science within information systems. Hevner and Chatterjee provide a reference on design science research (DSR) in Information Systems, including a selection of papers from the DESRIST conferences, a look at key principles of DSR, and the integration of action research with design research. Vaishnavi and Kuechler offer a resource on design science research in information systems that outlines the origins and philosophical grounding for design science research, explains the design science methodology, and offers a bibliography of articles that discuss design science methods or offer exemplars of design science. In 2010, 122 German professors promoted design science in information system research by signing a memorandum subsequently submitted in english to the European Journal of Information Systems. In the same issue the then Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS) Rickard Baskerville, along with the then Editor-in-Chief of the Information Systems Research (ISR) Vallabh Sambamurthy, with the then Editor-in-Chief of Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ) Detmar Straub, and the former Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS) Kalle Lyytinen together authored a rebuttal to some of the claims made in the memorandum regarding bias against DSR.

Hevner et al. provide a set of seven guidelines which help information systems researchers conduct, evaluate and present design-science research. The seven guidelines address design as an artifact, problem relevance, design evaluation, research contributions, research rigor, design as a search process, and research communication.

Later extensions of the design science research approach detail how design and research problems can be rationally decomposed by means of nested problem solving. It is also explained how the regulative cycle (problem investigation, solution design, design validation, solution implementation, and implementation evaluation) fits in the framework. Peffers et al. developed a model for producing and presenting information systems research that they called the design science research process. The Peffers et al. model has been used extensively and Adams provides an example of the process model being applied to create a digital forensic process model.

title: Design science


text:
Talk:Comparing Eastern and Western religious traditions

Can we talk about this? While I admit that my lists were overly simplistic, I was aiming to create a table that would provide the reader with an overview of some basic similarities and differences between Eastern and Western religions...considering that is the title of this article. While it is not always the case, "Eastern Religions" to tend to encourage the "individual" to seek enlightenment, and they encourage practices (like staring at a wall for 9 hours by yourself in a cave) that could certainly be called individual. This is in contrast to many Western Religions which see whole communities of people being lifted to some exalted state...like a messianic ideal in Judaism, or the Rapture in Christianity. Again, while my presentation may have left something to be desired, it was what I thought could be a start to someone (either myself or someone else) eventually developing a clearly explained chart comparing east and west. I take some offense to the word "nonsense" and the fact that the whole thing was just wiped out without any possible positive contribution or alternative. I'm somewhat new to Wikipedia, so I don't know the best way to go about changing this...if I should put it back in there myself, or find other people who would support reverting back to what I had, or at least finding someone less full of nonsense than I to be wise enough to put more accurate information in there. Any thoughts, or suggestions?

 * The issue I had is that the dichotomy you presented was not only simplistic, but seemed completely artificial. For example, I'm not sure what was meant by "the feminine principle" being considered "superior" in the Tao Te Ching - if i recall correctly talk about Yin and Yang is surprisingly absent is the Tao Te Ching itself. And what exactly does "less historical" mean when talking about eastern religions? they're just as old as any other religions, if not older. I think the problem here is not so much what you wrote, but the idea of east vs. west in religion itself. The differences are pretty much all down to a cultural perception, not actual definable ways in which they differ as a group. For example the categorization of both Chinese philosophy and Dharma religion as "eastern" is most likely purely a result of Buddhism in China. If Buddhism had spread to Europe instead, would we still be counting it as related to Chinese thought? --86.135.181.94 13:15, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

This is good, thanks for engaging in this discussion. My thoughts...You wrote "I think the problem here is not so much what you wrote, but the idea of east vs. west in religion itself." Ok, but if that's the problem the why bother having the article in the first place? The point of the article is to solve the "problem" and discuss and present an approach for comparing east and west. The first thing that needs to happen is to define what East and West are...because it is somewhat arbitrary, but scholars have done it and it works. The next thing to be clear about is that while religions do have an intimate connection with cultures, there is a way of looking at a cultural-religious context through a certain lense, and that's what we try to do. I was using a very common classification of Judaism, Christianity and Islam as the major Western Religions, and Buddhism/Zen, Hinduism, and Taoism as the major Eastern Religions. Even the Buddhism that is not in China, with this nomenclature, would be considered Eastern. Islam is kind of on the fence, but scholars generally agree that the Islamic world (while now occupying a large part of "the East) is a Western religion. If Buddhism spread to Europe (which it has) and America or Africa, it would still be considered Eastern, because this is where it was founded and formed. American Buddhism is clearly a different kind of Buddhism, but we consider it essentially Eastern in its beginnings. I don't consider Buddhism necessarily related to Chinese thought anyway. It fused with Chinese thought later, but a large part of it has never touched Chinese thought...but I would still call it Eastern, because the Buddha lived in present day Nepal which we generally would consider in the East. What I meant when I said that Eastern religions were more feminine, was that if you look at the Big 3, both East and West, you will find evidence of them tended to favor either masculine or feminine language and energies. It is pretty clear that Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have pushed the male agenda, and words like "God, the father." tend to give me the impression that this religion (as a Western Religion) favors masculine energies over feminine ones. Taoism in particular as an Eastern religion, emphasizes the feminine in their most famous text, the Tao te Ching. In chapter 6, it says "The heart of Tao is immortal, the mysterious fertile mother of us all." In chapter 28, it says "To know the masculine and yet cleave to the feminine is to be the womb for the world." This is pretty clear to me. What I meant when I said that Eastern religions were less historical was not that they weren't as old, but they they not refer back, in their theology, to actual historical events. For Jews and Christians, there are definite moments in history that inform their theological outlook...the Exodus, the Crucifixion. Also, Western religions, because of their environment are more aware of critical-historical and literary modes of thinking and therefore put more emphasis on sacred texts, and recording events. The East on the other hand, at least theologically, doesn't refer back to any particular events. Instead, these religions are mostly timeless, ahistorical, and apolitical, and they encourage enlightenment here and now. Yes, Hinduism and Buddhism have ideas of rebirth and reincarnation which affect the theology, but they still do not refer to any particular rebirth, or serious political event. Eastern traditions have lacked the necessary critical-historical, and academic tools that the West has developed but this changing now that Asian Studies and Eastern Religions is a popular department in a lot of universities. This still doesn't change the fact that for a very long time historical understanding was not very important for These Eastern religions. Eastern religions are older, or as old as Western traditions, and that's not what I was saying at all. Again, I admit to putting a very rough sketch into the article, but I hope that some of this clarification could lead to a fuller article.

-Jbruce

 * I'll state right off that I think the East/West taxonomy is amorphous beyond meaning, a European colonialist construction. Comments such as the following seem to confirm its continued utility in this respect and demand answering and consideration in any wikipaedia entry on this subject.  Perhaps this article should be geared more toward understanding the (entirely and provably modern) construction of this idea of East and West.

 * "What I meant when I said that Eastern religions were more feminine, was that if you look at the Big 3, both East and West, you will find evidence of them tended to favor either masculine or feminine language and energies." -Jbruce
 * Subjective and trite. What on earth is meant by "language and energies"?  A cursory examination of the supposed "Eastern" religions finds misogyny ingrained in Vaishnivite Hinduism, Buddhism (extra precepts, anyone?), not to mention patriarchy as absolutely axiomatic to Confucianism.  This feminization of the East is a political relic of Max Muller-enabled 19th century imperialism, no matter how much it still appeals to some today.

 * "The East on the other hand, at least theologically, doesn't refer back to any particular events. Instead, these religions are mostly timeless, ahistorical, and apolitical, and they encourage enlightenment here and now." -Jbruce
 * I'm sorry, but this is uneducated and bigotted rubbish. This Chicago School drivel can be challenged on every front.  First and foremost is that the linear hyperhistoricization in Christian thought is a 19th century phenomenon, later theologically essentialized by Tillich.  There are plenty of "timeless" strands in Abrahamic religions' mysticisms.  Likewise, divine manifestation in human form and within human time is a _central_ component of many non-Abrahamic religions.  Look at the incarnations of Visnu.  Take the salvation through dharma and merit of Theravada, often stressed as real because the virgin-born "Buddha walked the earth".  Or Daoism, which holds the proper reckoning of time to be essential in religious praxis, records several historical events as theologically fundemental (birth of Taishang Laojun as Li Er, the revelation to Zhang Daoling, numerous ascensions, etc.), and even incorporates several messianic movements.  One need only utter the Hindu word "kalpa" to dispell the idea of timelessness and ahistoricity.  As for "apolitical", this makes no sense in any human context whatsoever.  Of course all religions have political dimensions!  It's a rare Buddhist who is so arrogant as to expect enlightenment "here and now"; the VAST majority of Buddhists either engage in the religious politics of merit-making to hope that some other life they MIGHT get enlightenment, or they follow various faith practices so Amitabha can save them by rebirth in a Pureland (where they can hear the dharma and MIGHT get enlightened... someday).  And if you'd mention Eliade, I can only again invoke Confucianism as the most ritualistic, literalistic, patriarchal religions ever made which also includes a linear understanding of time with a historical-reification basis (in the era of the wu Di).

 * "Eastern traditions have lacked the necessary critical-historical, and academic tools that the West has developed but this changing now that Asian Studies and Eastern Religions is a popular department in a lot of universities. This still doesn't change the fact that for a very long time historical understanding was not very important for These Eastern religions."
 * This is a laughable proclamation, given both the complete irrelevance of modern academic religious studies efforts to most Christian and Muslim faith as well as the AMPLE evidence of critical and comparative religious projects in non-Abrahamic environments. Never heard of Nagarjuna and the Kushan religious debates?  Every Mahayana Buddhist has.  How about comparitive religion in the 1500 year old Sanjiao He Yi movement, both in Daoist and Confucian contexts?  Heck, the entire history of the Sramanas and Nikaya heresies comes down to us from non-Abrahamic religious historians.  How did they acquire an interest in such historical items if they were so busy being ahistorical?  Regardless, the fact is that virtually no religion, Abrahamic or otherwise, looks like a university department of Religious Studies, neither in theology nor ideology.  So stop expecting them to be.

 * I'm sorry, Jbruce, but the above quotes are about as accurate and trite as the urban myths about Eskimos' thousand words for snow. Sadly, such go far to confirming for me that the primary effect of Religious Studies academia is still skewed in society to reinforce the bigotries of Western (read Christian) exceptionalism and "natural" dominance.  An honest analysis of "Eastern and Western" religion can only bear out the fact of its colonialist agenda.  The taxonomy is amorphous and politically slanted, utterly USELESS for anything except a remembrance of recent (but now passe) theories of religious Darwinism as used by those seeking to self-justify their cultures' brutal imperialism (ie Karl "Only-A-Nazi-in-Theory" Jung).  - AuntyEntity Dec. 3 2006

Reliable sources for the term dharmic religions?
Where are the reliable sources that use the term dharmic religions in the context of this article? Dharmic religions is a now deleted obscure neologism and should not be used throughout Wikipedia. a good alternative is Indian religions. The number of google scholar results for "Indian religions"+"Indian religion" is (45.600 + 84.200) while it is only (492+475) for "dharmic religions" +"dharmic religion". See Deletion_review/Log/2007_September_8. Andries 19:21, 9 September 2007 (UTC)


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Thames Trader

The Thames Trader was a range of trucks manufactured by Ford UK built between 1957 and 1965.

Design
The distinctive cab design, which sets it apart from other British commercial vehicles, was a forward-control (or semi-forward control) design and the Thames Trader model covered a much wider weight range than the existing normal control ET Thames model or the earlier forward control 7V model. Both these earlier models had been based on Ford of America designs; the new Thames Trader was the first heavy commercial to be designed by Ford of Britain (although looking at the headlight surrounds suggests a family resemblance to the American Ford C series truck of the mid 1950s).

Mechanicals and wheelbase types
The Thames Trader model range covered weights from 2 to 7 tons, powered by either petrol or diesel engines in four- or six-cylinder guises. The lower-weight vehicles were available with 118- and 138-inch wheelbases, the heavy weight vehicle with 138-, 152- and 160-inch wheelbases; there was also a 108-inch tipper wheelbase. In addition there was a low-frame chassis model – typically used for furniture van bodywork.

Mk2
A Mk 2 version was introduced in mid-1962. Externally it is very easy to differentiate between Mk1 and Mk2 versions; the Mk1 has the words THAMES TRADER in red on a chrome strip along the bottom of the bonnet opening and the white painted grill between the headlights has a vertical divider with a red circular badge with 4 stars, whereas the Mk2 has just the word THAMES under the bonnet, and TRADER in white letters spaced out between the headlights replacing the divider and badge. The Mk2 Diesel engined variants had either a 4D or 6D chrome badge on each front wing, on the Mk1 it was a squarish chrome badge with either a red painted 4, 6, 4D or 6D to indicate the engine configuration. The lower edge of the badge had a horizontal chrome strip running the length of the lower part of the wing.

Normal Control models
Ford commenced production of the Thames Trader NC at the Dagenham factory in England in 1962. It used the cabin developed by Ford Germany for their slow-selling Ford Köln truck, which had been discontinued in 1961. The NC designation indicated "normal control", as opposed to "forward control". After the discontinuation of the Thames brand in 1965 the NC was re-designated as the K Series. Ford Europe would not step in again on the normal control heavy-duty van segment until 1973 with the Ford A-Series, which was based on the smaller Ford Transit.

London Transport use
London Transport ordered five double decker buses based on the Thames Trader for special duties, taking cyclists through the Dartford Tunnel. These had a lower deck purpose built for carrying bicycles, with the upper deck for cyclists. Unusually, these buses had their stairwell several feet above the level of the road, accessible by a ladder. The service was later dropped in 1965, owing to lack of cycle traffic and possibly the design.

title: Thames Trader


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Hurricane Easy (1950)

Hurricane Easy was the fifth tropical storm, hurricane, and major hurricane of the 1950 Atlantic hurricane season. The hurricane developed in the western Caribbean Sea on September 1, and tracked northeastward. After crossing Cuba, the hurricane rapidly strengthened in the eastern Gulf of Mexico to reach peak winds of 120 mph (200 km/h). Easy executed a cyclonic loop, moved northeastward to hit near Cedar Key, Florida, executed a second loop, and hit western Florida again. After rapidly weakening over Florida, the hurricane turned to the northwest, and ultimately dissipated over northeastern Arkansas on September 9. From the point when Hurricane Easy entered the Gulf of Mexico until it weakened to a tropical storm, it was observed nearly constantly from radars or reconnaissance aircraft.

Easy is the most recent major hurricane to strike the Homosassa, Florida, area. Due to the hurricane remaining near the northwest Florida coast for an extended period of time, Easy produced severe rainfall and strong waves, resulting in heavy damage in the Cedar Key area. Hurricane Easy was one of two major hurricanes to strike Florida during the year; the other was Hurricane King which affected Miami.

Meteorological history
Following the passage of Hurricane Baker through the Caribbean Sea, a trough of low pressure persisted across the western Caribbean Sea. On August 31, convection became more concentrated to the south of the Isle of Youth, and on September 1 the disturbance developed into a tropical storm; it was later given the name "Easy", as part of the United States Weather Bureau naming tropical cyclones with the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. A developing anticyclone and moist air over the region provided favorable conditions for intensification, as the storm tracked slowly northeastward. On September 2, Tropical Storm Easy attained hurricane status about 50 miles (85 km) south of the Isle of Youth.

After crossing the Isle of Youth, Hurricane Easy strengthened slightly while continuing northeastward, and the storm struck the Matanzas Province of Cuba with winds of 80 mph. The hurricane quickly crossed the island, passing just east of Havana before reaching the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on September 3. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, Easy turned to the north-northwest, paralleling the Florida coastline a short distance offshore while producing hurricane-force winds onshore. On September 4, the hurricane quickly strengthened to reach peak winds of 120 mph, an intensity it would retain for 18 hours. That day, a ridge of high pressure strengthened to the north of the storm, leaving weaker steering currents. This caused Hurricane Easy to execute a counter-clockwise loop to the west of Tampa, Florida.

After executing its first loop, Hurricane Easy moved northeastward at 7 mph until making landfall near Cedar Key on September 5 with winds of 120 mph. Steering currents again became weak, causing Easy to execute a second loop in 24 hours towards the southeast. After briefly emerging into the Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane made its final landfall on Homosassa Springs to the north of Tampa, and rapidly weakened to a tropical storm over land. Easy turned to the northeast, which was followed by a turn to the northwest as the storm neared the Atlantic coast. On September 7, Easy crossed into Georgia, and shortly thereafter it weakened to a tropical depression. The depression continued northwestward for two days until dissipating over extreme northeastern Arkansas on September 9. The reason for its erratic track, including the two loops, is unknown, although it is potentially due to a Fujiwhara interaction with Hurricane Dog to its east.

Preparations and impact
The hurricane crossed over western Cuba with winds of up to 80 mph; however, damage was minor, and no deaths occurred in the country. In Havana, winds decreased to 15 mph as the eye of the hurricane crossed over the city.

With an eye ranging from 18 mi to 25 mi in diameter, the hurricane was well-tracked throughout its lifetime by radars at the University of Florida and by Reconnaissance Aircraft. Despite its unusual track, the Weather Bureau issued hurricane warnings in a timely manner, though warnings were issued for a larger area than those that actually experienced hurricane-force winds. In the Florida Keys, winds from Easy reached 72 mph, which downed trees and power lines, littering local streets with debris. Heavy seas moved around a Navy barge, though no damage was reported.

Hurricane Easy produced hurricane-force winds across large portions of western Florida, including over 100 mph winds in Cedar Key for 9 and 1/2 hours. The town, which reported a minimum pressure of 958.3 mbar (28.30 in), experienced the eye of the hurricane for 2 and 1/2 hours while strong waves hit the coast. The tide in Tampa Bay rose 6.5 ft, the highest since 1921. While looping twice along its path, the hurricane dropped heavy amounts of rainfall of 10 in to 20 in in large portions of northwestern Florida. Rainfall totals include 24.5 in in Cedar Key in 3 days and 38.70 in in Yankeetown, Florida, in 24 hours, which easily became the largest 24‑hour rainfall total on record for the United States. The record has since been broken by Tropical Storm Claudette in 1979 with 43 in, though Easy's total remains the largest 24‑hour rainfall total on record for the state of Florida.

Hurricane Easy was described as the worst hurricane in the Cedar Key area in 70 years. The hurricane left half of the houses destroyed or unfit for rehabilitation, while 90% of the others were damaged. The strong winds destroyed the roofs of 150 homes and buildings. The rainfall caused severe flooding that resulted in crop damage. Easy was indirectly responsible for two deaths due to electrocutions. In addition, 27 people were injured from the hurricane. The strong waves destroyed the fishing community's entire fishing fleet of 100 boats, which was the town's entire livelihood. The town's main employment center, a broom and brush plant, was severely damaged, and would close two years after the hurricane. The hurricane also produced severe damage in Pinellas and Hillsborough Counties in the Tampa area. Throughout Florida, damages totaled $3.3 million (1950 USD), a lower than expected total due to the sparse population in the area of the worst damage. After the storm's passage throughout central and northern Florida, "blisters" developed on hundreds of cars; the locations affected reported that the blisters formed on the surface of vehicles shortly after Easy retreated. The following day, the blisters disappeared. Researchers later created several theories as to the unusual occurrence, though they concluded that air pockets under the layer of paint expanded as a result of the decreased barometric pressure.

Heavy rainfall from Hurricane Easy continued into Georgia and occurred throughout the state. The precipitation was most intense and destructive along Georgia's coast, damaging crops and vegetation after waterlogging fields. In some areas, 5–9 in (125–225 mm) of rain was recorded in a single day.

title: Hurricane Easy (1950)


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List of storms named Dog

The name Dog was used for three tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean.

 * Hurricane Dog (1950), a category 4 hurricane
 * Hurricane Dog (1951), a Category 1 hurricane that passed through the Central Windward islands
 * Tropical Storm Dog (1952), a strong tropical storm that never threatened land

title: List of storms named Dog


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Between the Breaks ... Live!

Between the Breaks ... Live! is a 1979 folk music album by Stan Rogers. It was recorded at The Groaning Board in Toronto, Ontario.

The album was included in a series of reissued versions of Stan Rogers albums on Borealis Records. The Borealis releases were given completely new cover artwork.

Track listing

 * 1)  The Witch of the Westmorland
 * 2) * Written by Archie Fisher.
 * 3)  Barrett's Privateers
 * 4)  First Christmas
 * 5)  The Mary Ellen Carter
 * 6)  The White Collar Holler
 * 7) * Written by Nigel Russell
 * 8)  The Flowers of Bermuda
 * 9)  Rolling Down to Old Maui
 * 10) * Traditional sea chanty.
 * 11)  Harris and the Mare
 * 12)  Delivery Delayed

Personnel
Stan Rogers: six string and twelve string acoustic guitars, vocals.

Garnet Rogers: violin, flute, vocals.

David Alan Eadie: electric bass, pennywhistle, vocals.

Grit Laskin: long-necked mandolin, concertina, Northumbrian smallpipes, vocals.

Curly Boy Stubbs: acoustic guitar, vocals.

title: Between the Breaks ... Live!


text:
Talk:Charles the Bold

More sources

 * Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne: Histoire par ordre alphabétique de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes, vol V 56-562.
 * Boehm, L., 'Burgundy and the Empire in the Reign of Charles the Bold', The International History Review (1979)
 * Brown, A.,'Bruges and the Burgundian ‘Theatre-state’: Charles the Bold and Our Lady of the Snow', History (1999)
 * Evans, J., 'The Garter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy', The Antiquaries Journal (1952)
 * Mantel, G., The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy: Charles the Bold (1433-77)
 * Smith, J., 'Portable Propaganda—Tapestries as Princely Metaphors at the Courts of Philip the Good and Charles the Bold', Art Journal (1989).
 * Walsh, R., Charles the Bold and Italy 1467-1477: Politics and Personnel
 * Weightmann, Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy, 1446-1503

Mine Puttnam and Vaughan to a far greater degreee than they are used already. Lose the old PD sources, and while biographies of Charles' contemporary rulers might be useful for gleaning material—particularly international relations—Charles Ross's or Michael Hicks's Edward IV would be more useful than JA-H. By that token, also look at James Cleugh's 1970 Chant Royal: The Life of King Louis XI, and find something about Fred III. , have you done something on either his tomb or book of hours? And, was it Max Ernst who did a curious thing with Jean Hatchett and Charles the Bold? If so, we can add that to 'Cultural depictions' section and get rid of some of those books. SN54129 15:10, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have Vaughan at hand but it's probably available at archives.org. Victoria (tk) 15:38, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have Bart van Loo, The Bugundians: A Vanished Empire, 2021, Head of Zeus, ISBN 9781789543438 (a lucky charity shop buy) with 65 pages on Charles' reign. He's not an academic historian though. Sorry "Max Ernst who did a curious thing with Jean Hatchett and Charles the Bold" rings no bell with me (or Google) - ok this. It is Jeanne Hachette, not "Jean". Johnbod (talk) 22:26, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That produced the moronicwiki gem "She is currently known for an act of heroism on 27 June 1472, when she prevented the capture of Beauvais by the troops of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy." Johnbod (talk) 01:55, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks both!, I've never heard of 'moronicwiki' before (but then, IIRC, you were also the one who introduced me to 'cite banditry' too!), but thanks for listing that source here. I'm going to dig out a few in French too, there must be plenty. Yes, that collage was the Ernst piece I was thinking of, although on a re-read, I see that my original comment (Max Ernst... did a curious thing with Jean Hatchett and Charles the Bold) has a certain innuendo to it, fnarr fnarr! Thanks again,  SN54129  14:34, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles the Bold


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Borassus

Borassus (palmyra palm) is a genus of five species of fan palms, native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Papua New Guinea.

Description
These massive palms can grow up to 30 m high and have robust trunks with distinct leaf scars; in some species, the trunk develops a distinct swelling just below the crown, though for unknown reasons.

The leaves are fan-shaped, 2 - 3 m long, with spines along the petiole margins (no spines in B. heineanus). The leaf sheath has a distinct cleft at its base, through which the inflorescences appear; old leaf sheaths are retained on the trunk, but fall away with time.

All Borassus palms are dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants; male flowers are less than 10 mm long and in semicircular clusters, sandwiched between leathery bracts in pendulous catkins; female flowers are 30 - 50 mm wide, globe-shaped and solitary, sitting directly on the surface of the inflorescence axis.

The fruits are 150 - 250 mm wide and roughly spherical, and each contains one to three large seeds. Depending on the species, fruit colour varies from black to brown, yellow, or orange; the fibrous pulp is aromatic and sweet to taste. Each seed is enclosed in a woody endocarp, which protects it when the fruit is consumed by elephants, monkeys, and other frugivores. At germination, the young seedling extends downwards into the soil and only a few leaves are visible above ground; this provides some protection against frequent fires in its savanna habitat; after an indeterminate number of years (the establishment phase), the seedling forms a stem and quickly grows above the savanna vegetation, where it is then less vulnerable to fire.

Cultivation and uses

Palmyra palms are economically useful and widely cultivated, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia. The palmyra palm has long been one of the most important trees of Cambodia and India, where it has over 800 uses. The leaves are used for thatching, mats, baskets, fans, hats, and umbrellas, and as writing material.

In Sri Lanka, it is more common in the northern part of the country, where it has many uses including the production of jaggery from the syrup.

In Cambodia, the tree is a national floral symbol/emblem that is seen growing around Angkor Wat. Palmyra palms can live for over 100 years.

In ancient India, palmyra leaves were used as writing paper, with their parallel veins providing a useful rule. In India, mature leaves of suitable size, shape, and texture were chosen and preserved by boiling in salt water with turmeric powder. Once dry enough, the leaf surfaces were polished with pumice, cut to the proper size and a hole was cut in one corner. Each leaf has four pages and a stylus is used to write; the style is cursive and interconnected. Completed leaves are then tied up as sheaves.

The black timber is hard, heavy, and durable and highly valued for construction, especially in structures exposed to water, such as wharves, fences, and boats.

The tree yields many types of food. The young plants are cooked as a vegetable or roasted and pounded to make meal. The fruits are eaten roasted or raw, as are the young, jelly-like seeds. A sugary sap, called toddy, can be obtained from the young inflorescence, both male and female, and this is fermented to make a beverage called arrack, or concentrated to produce a crude sugar called jaggery/palm sugar. It is called gula Jawa (Javanese sugar) in Indonesia and is widely used in Javanese cuisine. The roots can be dried to form odiyal, a hard, chewable snack. In addition, the tree sap is taken as a laxative, and medicinal value has been ascribed to other parts of the plant.

In Tamil culture
The palmyra tree (பனை மரம்) is the official tree of Tamil Nadu; it is highly respected and used by the people. The leaf of the tree is used for fan making. It is also placed for roofs. The leaves are placed on top of a house. It is also used for baskets, mats, hats, and more. The fruit is eaten by many. The fruit is called nungu. This fruit is also used to make sweets. The wood is used for making beds, tables, chairs, cabinets and much more. In ancient times, this plant's bark was used to make pencils to write on banana leaves. The Sri Lankan government has created a separate Palmyra Development Board for the sectoral development and the Indian government has also funded for the research. The project is aimed at reviving the palmyra palm industry in Jaffna district, which has over 3.5 million trees.

title: Borassus


text:
File:Inidanocean jini 04.jpg

Indian Ocean, Jhini, 2004.

Fair use rationale
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:
 * 1) It is a low-resolution copy of an album cover,
 * 2) Its use here does not limit the copyright owner's ability to market the album in any way,
 * 3) It is being used for informational purposes only, not for profit,

Specifically, Illustration of notable Indian Jazz fusion and world music band Indian Oceans's most recent album (as of 2007). For use in critical discussion of band, band's music and discography.

title: File:Inidanocean jini 04.jpg