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The Shattered Chain

The Shattered Chain is a novel by American writer Marion Zimmer Bradley, part of her Darkover series. In terms of the Darkover timeline, The Shattered Chain takes place about ten years before Thendara House.

The Shattered Chain is the first Darkovan novel to explore the world of the Renunciates - the Free Amazons or comhii letzi. The Renunciates are women who, despite living in a deeply patriarchal and feudal culture, have renounced both the protection and control of men, cutting their hair and living apart, vowing never to marry di catenas with a man.

The Shattered Chain is divided into three parts, the first titled 'Rohana Ardais: Comynara', the second 'Magda Lorne: Terran Agent' and the third, 'Jaelle n'ha Melora: Free Amazon', and each follows one female character's experiences with the Free Amazons of Darkover.

Part I: Rohana Ardais, Comynara
Lady Rohana Ardais, a Comyn woman of middle-age who possesses psychic laran abilities, specifically telepathy, travels with a band of Renunciates to the city of Shainsa. She hopes to free her kinswoman, Melora, who was kidnapped ten years earlier by a Dry Town raider. In the desert Dry Towns, women are literally owned by men and kept in chains as property.

While the women manage to free the heavily pregnant Melora and her twelve-year-old daughter Jaelle, Melora dies giving birth to a son, leaving Jaelle in the care of Rohana. Jaelle rejects the Comyn life, rather choosing to stay with the Renunciates. The section ends with the Jaelle's request of her new foster-mother, Kindra: "Foster-mother, will you cut my hair?"

Rohana's experiences with the Renunciates and in the Dry Towns profoundly change her self-perception as a woman, and of the relationship between the sexes.

Part II: Magda Lorne, Terran Agent
Twelve years later, Terran agent Magda Lorne assumes Renunciate disguise under the direction of Rohana, in order to save her ex-husband, Peter Haldane, from kidnappers (who believe he is Rohana's son). Just as Rohana's journey to rescue Melora was prompted by her male kin's refusal to jeopardize the Domains' political relationship with the Dry Towns, Magda's Terran employers refuse to rescue Peter for similar reasons.

Magda travels alone, hoping to escape notice. She comes across a group of genuine Renunciates led by the now-adult Jaelle. Magda's deceit is uncovered, and she is forced to take the Renunciate oath, the traditional punishment for a woman who takes the guise of a Renunciate without actually being one. Magda agrees to enter Nevarsin Guild House to begin training as a Renunciate, but secretly intends to escape and continue with the original rescue plan. Shortly after parting from the other Renunciates, Magda and Jaelle are attacked by bandits. Jaelle is seriously injured. Magda must choose whether to abandon Jaelle and hold true to her responsibility to her ex-husband, or to uphold her oath to the Renunciates and to the injured Jaelle. Magda chooses to do both, taking Jaelle with her into the mountains, rescuing Peter, and then traveling with both to the Ardais estate.

Magda's conflict and eventual decision to abide by her oath to Jaelle and to the Renunciates echoes Rohana's earlier inner conflict in choosing whether to leave her life for the Renunciates or to continue in her life as Comyn nobility. Rohana chooses to continue as a noblewoman, but uses her position as head of a domain for good, taking her epileptic husband's place in the Comyn council and running her estate. Magda eventually chooses to pursue the life of a Renunciate.

Part III: Jaelle n'ha Melora, Free Amazon
Jaelle, Magda and Peter shelter for the winter at the mountain estate of Ardais, with Rohana, her husband and children. Peter meets the aggressive and intimidating Kyril Ardais, his doppelganger twin, the man the bandits intended to kidnap. Jaelle learns that Rohana has chosen to remain a traditional Comyn woman to protect her children from her husband's enraged outbursts, and protect her epileptic husband from himself. Her experiences with the Renunciates have freed her, even if she has chosen a traditional path.

Jaelle chooses to become freemate to Peter, and questions both her choice to become a Renunciate at a young age, along with the decision to ignore her developing laran.

In the spring, Jaelle, Magda, and Peter return to Thendara, where Jaelle must face her responsibility as an heir to a Comyn domain with powerful and untrained laran. Magda must decide whether to honors her oath to the Renunciates and to her now-dear friend Jaelle, or returns to the Terran zone to continue her work as translator and agent.

Jaelle seeks a third choice, choosing to live with Peter as freemates in the Terran zone in Thendara, undertaking Magda's role as translator. Magda chooses to comply with her Renunciate oath, agreeing to train at Thendara Guildhouse.

The women's stories are completed in the sequel novel, Thendara House.

Characters

 * Jaelle n'ha Melora (aka Jaelle Aillard), a Renunciate
 * Magda Lorne (aka Margali n'ha Ysabet), a Terran operative
 * Peter Haldane, Magda's ex-husband, a Terran intelligence officer
 * Rohana Ardais, wife of Gabriel Ardais
 * Melora Aillard, mother of Jaelle
 * Kindra, a Renunciate
 * Jalak of Shainsa, Dry Town bandit

Gender and society
The Shattered Chain presents the Renunciate organization and worldview in greater detail than previous books in the series. The first free Amazon character that Bradley created, Kyla Raineach in The Planet Savers, was a two-dimensional caricature who ended up rather conventionally falling in love with her male employer. As the series developed, the Renunciates evolved into a complex experiment in separatist feminism. The Renunciates are one of the most popular character groups in the Darkover series, resulting in a considerable amount fan fiction, some of which ended up in the 12 short story anthologies.

The Shattered Chain is a distinct deviation from the male-dominated narratives of Bradley's previous Darkovan novels, and also as an experiment in feminist writing for an author who had previously written very conventionally male-dominated fiction.

Later novels in the Renunciate series, in particular Thendara House, explore issues of female sexuality and matriarchal social structures, with particular emphasis on the character Magda's developing sense of herself as a lesbian, and as an independent woman raised to be a 'traditional Darkovan woman' and yet living a liberated, autonomous life beyond the rule of fathers and husbands.

Linda Leith suggests that these novels express Bradley's ambivalence towards Rousseauist society (Darkover) on the one hand, and American technological society (Terran Empire) on the other. The Renunciate characters of Magda and Jaelle offered the author an opportunity to explore the world of women-centered and lesbian-accepting communities within a patriarchal context.

Susan Schwartz, writing for the New York Times, noted of this book: "Bradley may have followed C.L. Moore in creating Amazons, but she raises her book The Shattered Chain above the level of heroic fantasy by having her characters explicitly debate the varieties of feminist theory, discussing among other things the merits of celibacy, lesbianism and conventional marriage".

title: The Shattered Chain


text:
Tensor category

Tensor category (within the subfield category theory of mathematics) may refer to:

 * General monoidal categories; or
 * More specifically symmetric monoidal categories (such as is the case with, e.g., the theory of Tannakian categories)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tensor category


text:
User talk:Kelson Vibber

Welcome!

 * Hi,, Welcome to Wikipedia!

I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or The Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on My User talk Page. Additional Tips:

Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia!
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like &#126&#126~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * You may want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Matani2005  Talk 18:04, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Just wanted to say
Thank you for all your hard work on Hyperborea. It's the best site out there for Flash information.--Toffile 02:24, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kelson Vibber


text:
User talk:Amit man

Welcome!

 * Hi,, Welcome to Wikipedia!

I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or The Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on My User talk Page. Additional Tips:

Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia!
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like &#126&#126~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * You may want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Matani2005  Talk 18:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Amit man


text:
User talk:Bridgman

Welcome!

 * Hi,, Welcome to Wikipedia!

I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or The Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on My User talk Page. Additional Tips:

Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia!
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like &#126&#126~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * You may want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Matani2005  Talk 18:07, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Anglican collaboration of the month
Wassupwestcoast 02:09, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Regularly
Ha! Thanks for pointing out my mistake. I wasn't trying anything fancy: I probably slipped up and was thinking "a reduction of three syllables", rather than "a reduction to three syllables". (This reminds me of the many mumbly ways of pronouncing particularly. And have you noticed the seemingly growing tendency among some to pronounce create as if it were spelled cur-e-ate?) Anyway, thanks again for catching the misdeeds of my tired mind. — President Lethe 02:59, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Ichthus: January 2012
 In this issue...

- Ichthus is published by WikiProject Christianity For submissions and subscriptions contact the Newsroom
 * From the Editor
 * What are You doing For Lent?
 * Fun and Exciting Contest Launched
 * Spotlight on WikiProject Catholicism

WP:Anglican navbox colour discussion
Hullo, fellow WikiProject-er. We're having a discussion about the colours of Anglicanism navboxes. Please do come along and weigh in. DBD 17:47, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bridgman


text:
User talk:Tnova92

A tag has been placed on Mr. Thielman, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert notability may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is notable, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the page (below the existing db tag) and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ Review! 02:18, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Charles terranova's thesis

Please refrain from introducing inappropriate pages, such as Charles terranova's thesis, to Wikipedia. Doing so is not in accordance with our policies. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion, or "db", tag; if no such tag exists, then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hang-on tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.  My 76 Strat  03:26, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tnova92


text: User talk:69.169.166.73

title: User talk:69.169.166.73


text:
List of World Heritage Sites in Afghanistan

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. Cultural heritage consists of monuments (such as architectural works, monumental sculptures, or inscriptions), groups of buildings, and sites (including archaeological sites). Natural features (consisting of physical and biological formations), geological and physiographical formations (including habitats of threatened species of animals and plants), and natural sites which are important from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty, are defined as natural heritage. Afghanistan accepted the convention on March 20, 1979, making its sites eligible for inclusion on the list.

, there are two World Heritage Sites in Afghanistan, and a further four on the tentative list. The first site listed was the Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam, in 2002. The second site was the Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley, in 2003. Both sites are cultural, and were placed to the List of World Heritage in Danger immediately upon inscription.

World Heritage Sites
UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, and vii through x are natural.

{{Legend|#FFE6BD| In danger|outline=silver}}

Tentative list
In addition to sites inscribed on the World Heritage List, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage List are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list. , Afghanistan lists four properties on its tentative list.


text: User talk:NishWiki

title: User talk:NishWiki


text:
Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria

The Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, formerly known as the Federated Coast Miwok, is a federally recognized American Indian tribe of Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo Indians. The tribe was officially restored to federal recognition in 2000 by the U.S. government pursuant to the Graton Rancheria Restoration Act.

Early history
Prior to European contact, the residents of Marin and Sonoma Counties were bands of Native Californians belonging to two linguistic and cultural groups: the Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo, living in close proximity to each other and indigenous to Marin and southern Sonoma Counties in Northern California. Occupied at various times during more than thirty centuries, over 600 village sites have been identified in the Coast Miwok territory, stretching from Bodega Bay to the north, eastward beyond the towns of Cotati and Sonoma, and along the Point Reyes National Seashore and the shores of Tomales Bay.

The year 1579 was the earliest recorded account made by the Europeans of the Coast Miwok people on the coast of Marin in the Point Reyes area, as documented in a diary by Chaplain Fletcher who was aboard Sir Francis Drake's ship. In 1595, The Coast Miwok came into contact with the crew of the San Agustin, a Manila Galleon, captained by Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho and crewed by Filipino mariners. During the Mission Period of 1779–1823, Mission San Francisco de Asís (also called "Mission Dolores"), Mission San Rafael Arcángel and Mission San Francisco Solano used Indians, including the Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo people, as a key source of labor.

As early as 1830, a Filipino named Domingo Felix married a Coast Miwok woman named Euphrasia Valencia, and they started a family who later settled in Lairds Landing in 1861. The family who descended from this multiracial couple remained there until 1955. Some of the Coast Miwok trace their lineage to this couple.

The territorial lands of the Southern Pomo are in Sonoma County, south of the Russian River to the southern Santa Rosa area. The Southern Pomo were the first inhabitants of what is now the town of Sebastopol, with several smaller traditional Southern Pomo villages located southeast of Sebastopol along the Laguna de Santa Rosa. California anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber stated:

 * Batiklechawi, at Sebastapol at the head of the slough known as Laguna de Santa Rosa, was an important town, and therefore presumably the headquarters of a division [of the Southern Pomo]. Another group tentatively may be inferred as having occupied the bulk of the shores of the laguna.

Recent history
Most of the Coast Miwok continued to live in their traditional lands through the 20th century. They worked in sawmills, as agricultural laborers, and fished to supplement their incomes.

The Graton Rancheria was a 15 acre Indian rancheria near Sebastopol in Sonoma County. The rancheria was established for Coast Miwok, Southern Pomo, and other Indians living in the region. In 1920, when Indians began to settle the land, they discovered that all but 3 acres were inhospitable.

The US government terminated the trust agreement (federal recognition) of the Graton Rancheria in 1958. Gloria Armstrong (Miwok) privately owned a 1 acre lot of the previous rancheria. In 1992, the tribe initiated the procedure to regain federal recognition. Recognition was achieved on December 27, 2000 through the Graton Rancheria Restoration Act passed by the U.S. Congress. On April 18, 2008, the tribe acquired 254 acre of land.

Since 2007, the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria has collaborated with Occidental Arts and Ecology in Occidental, California to create workshops called Tradition Environmental Knowledge on organic farming, herbology, native plant restoration, and ethnobotany.

Government
The tribe has approximately 1,438 members (1,438 as of October 1, 2019). The tribe's government offices are located in Rohnert Park, California. Tribal governmental programs and services include sacred sites preservation and protection, Indian housing, Indian education, membership, cultural arts, social services, and tribal health.

The Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria are governed by a seven-member Tribal Council who are elected to two-year terms by the adult tribal membership. The current administration includes:

 * Tribal Chairman: Greg Sarris
 * Vice-Chair: Lorelle W. B. Ross
 * Treasurer: Gene Buvelot
 * Secretary: Jeannette Anglin
 * Councilmember: Joanne Campbell
 * Councilmember: Robert Baguio
 * Councilmember: Lawrence Stafford.

Notable tribal members

 * Julia F. Parker, b. 1928, master basket weaver
 * Greg Sarris, b. 1952, professor and author

title: Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria


text:
Origin (band)

Origin is an American technical death metal band from Topeka, Kansas, founded in 1990 under the monikers Necrotomy and Thee Abomination. They have been recognized by music critics and metal fans alike for combining a harsh sound with a high level of technical skill.

Origin's music is characterized by almost exclusive use of several specific, difficult playing techniques; blast beats, multiple death growled vocals, and arpeggios and sweep picking on both the guitars and the bass guitar. Their songs often have uneven, shifting time signatures. 2008 saw the band breakthrough in the United States with the release of their fourth studio album, Antithesis, which peaked at #21 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart.

Beginnings
Origin was formed in 1990 by Kansas natives Paul Ryan and Jeremy Turner. The two got together to form a death metal band with the goal of making the music as technically proficient as possible. The band was initially known as Necrotomy, which they went under from 1990 to 1993, then changing the name to Thee Abomination, although these bands did not quite capture the exact sound the two were seeking. In October 1997, longtime friend and bassist Clint Appelhanz and vocalist Mark Manning joined, followed by drummer George Fluke in January 1998. The band members then decided to tour under the name Origin.

On May 23, 1998, Origin opened for Suffocation. That summer, Origin recorded a four-song, self-financed and self-distributed demo, A Coming Into Existence. In October, the band secured an opening slot on the Death Across America Tour, which also featured Nile, Cryptopsy, Oppressor and Gorguts.

In February 1999, George Fluke was replaced by John Longstreth and Doug Williams replaced Clint Appelhanz. With the new lineup, Origin secured a show with Napalm Death on April 14. Various other regional shows followed, including a spot at the November to Dismember Metalfest in Texas. On December 16, Origin signed to Relapse Records.

Debut album
On July 11, 2000, Origin released its first studio album, Origin. Origin played the March Metal Meltdown in New Jersey and was invited to take part in Contaminated 2000. They shared the stage with Exhumed and Cephalic Carnage, and participated in another November to December in California. Origin joined forces with Poland's Vader, along with label mates Cephalic Carnage and Dying Fetus, for the high-profile Death Across America 2000 Tour. Soon after, Origin embarked on yet another tour, this time alongside Candiria, Cryptopsy and Poison the Well. They made another Milwaukee Metalfest appearance in 2001, and participated in Summer Slaughter that year (the 1st version of "Summer Slaughter Tour" under a different booking agency Digger). Origin then secured a headline tour before beginning work on another album. The result, Informis Infinitas Inhumanitas, introduced two new members, James Lee on vocals and Mike Flores on bass guitar.

Informis Infinitas Inhumanitas
The band's second album Informis Infinitas Inhumanitas was produced by the band with Colin E. Davis co-producing at Studio One in Racine, Wisconsin. Immediately following its release, Origin went on tour as part of a summer metal tour with Nile, Arch Enemy and Hate Eternal. Following the tour, Jeremy Turner resigned from the band and Clint Appelhanz (this time playing guitar instead of bass guitar) returned. Origin toured with Immolation, Vader, and The Berzerker, followed by another tour with All That Remains, Scar Culture and Crematorium. Unforeseen problems arose, and Origin had to cancel the tour with Nuclear Assault in January 2003. Shortly thereafter John Longstreth resigned from the band; James King was chosen to fill the spot.

The band played its first show with the new line-up in September 2003 in Topeka, Kansas. At the concert, they shot a music video for the song "Portal", from Informis Infinitas Inhumanitas. The band then landed a headlining west coast tour in January 2004 with Uphill Battle. In the summer, Origin toured the Midwest, playing the Milwaukee Metalfest 2004 and The Texas Death and Grindfest with label mates Soilent Green and Kill the Client.

Echoes of Decimation
On March 15, 2005, Origin released Echoes of Decimation, its third studio album. Fan reaction was mixed, with a review of Echoes in the student newspaper of Metropolitan Community College-Longview in Kansas City called it monotonous, yet nonetheless impressive due to the band members' instrumental prowess.

Numerous United States tours immediately followed, including headlining performances at the New England Metal and Hardcore Festival and Ohio Deathfest. The band then joined forces with Malevolent Creation and Animosity for a summer North American tour that was sold out at many venues. The tour for Origin was 52 days long, and only three shows had to be cancelled.

In early 2006, James King and Clint Appelhanz left Origin, and had joined death metal/grindcore group Unmerciful, along with Jeremy Turner and Tony Reust. In April, John Longstreth returned to Origin, and in May, the band played their first European show. They also embarked on another summer headlining tour across North America, with Paul Ryan performing all guitar parts.

Antithesis
In February and March 2007, Origin played in Europe with label mates Misery Index and Necrophagist, as well as newly signed fellow Topeka locals Diskreet. After the end of this tour, Jeremy Turner rejoined Origin and the band began to work on its next album. They finished recording in February 2008, and the resulting album, Antithesis, was released April 1, 2008, and peaked at No. 21 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart. The band released a music video for the Antithesis song "Finite" on May 23, 2008. The video began to be shown on television the next day, premiering on MTV2's Headbangers Ball.

Entity
The band went to record their fifth album, Entity, as a trio of Paul Ryan, Mike Flores and John Longstreth. Vocals were done by Ryan and Flores as vocalist James Lee was ejected from the band in late 2010. Lee later went on to join Minnesota based death metal band Face of Oblivion. In 2010, the band signed to German-based Nuclear Blast Records and recorded their debut for the label in November. After releasing Entity, Origin recruited Jason Keyser of Skinless for vocal duties. The band embarked on a tour with Hate Eternal, Vital Remains and Abysmal Dawn in North America. Soon after, Origin left to tour Europe with Psycroptic and Leng Tch'e. The band also headlined the American "Occupation Domination" tour along with Cattle Decapitation, Decrepit Birth, Aborted, Rings of Saturn and Battlecross in 2012.

Studio albums

 * Origin (2000)
 * Informis Infinitas Inhumanitas (2002)
 * Echoes of Decimation (2005)
 * Antithesis (2008)
 * Entity (2011)
 * Omnipresent (2014)
 * Unparalleled Universe (2017)
 * Chaosmos (2022)

EPs

 *  A Coming into Existence (1998)

Compilations

 * Abiogenesis – A Coming into Existence (2019)

Current members

 * Paul Ryan – guitars, backing vocals (1997–present)
 * Mike Flores – bass, backing vocals (2001–present)
 * John Longstreth – drums (1999–2003, 2006–present)
 * Jason Keyser – lead vocals (2011–present)

Former members

 * Mark Manning – lead vocals (1997–2001)
 * Clint Appelhanz – bass (1997–1999), guitars (2002–2006)
 * Doug Williams – bass (1999–2001)
 * George Fluke – drums (1998–1999)
 * James King – drums (2003–2006)
 * James Lee – lead vocals (2001–2010)
 * Mica Meneke – lead vocals (2010–2011)
 * Jeremy Turner – guitars, backing vocals (1997–2002, 2007–2010)

title: Origin (band)


text:
Happiness (British TV series)

Happiness is a British television drama written by Paul Whitehouse and David Cummings, with Whitehouse starring in the lead role.

Two series were broadcast on BBC Two in 2001 and 2003. Whitehouse stated that there would not be a third.

Synopsis
Whitehouse plays Danny Spencer, a successful voice artist for a popular cartoon bear called Dexter. Spencer is trying to come to terms with the death of his wife, though much of his concern is that he finds he isn't feeling the loss as deeply as he should.

Approaching his 40th birthday he is independent and single and the programme's themes are largely bound up with the opportunities and problems that this situation creates. His friends are a disparate group, ranging from the strait-laced Terry and Rachel (Mark Heap, Fiona Allen), through the down and outs - Charlie and Sid (Johnny Vegas and Pearce Quigley), to the archetypal man in a mid-life crisis, Angus (Clive Russell). To varying degrees these friends offer Spencer inspiration and cautionary tales as to how Spencer can fill his life.

Awards

 * British Comedy Awards, 2001
 * Won
 * Johnny Vegas, best newcomer for his role as Charlie.
 * Nominations
 * Best TV Comedy drama.
 * British Academy Television Awards, 2002
 * Nominations
 * Situation comedy award.

Critical reception
Simon Hoggart described the series as "part of that newish genre, the situation tragedy", and Andrew Billen criticised it for the "emptiness at its heart and not enough going on peripherally to make up for it". Nicholas Barber described it as "an impressive leap from catchphrase-heavy sketch comedy" with "topnotch supporting actors". Many reviews identified Johnny Vegas's performance as being the strongest among the cast.

title: Happiness (British TV series)


text: User talk:Choc0xx

title: User talk:Choc0xx


text:
Delta Machinery

Delta Power Equipment Corp. designs, manufactures and distributes power woodworking tools under the Delta Machinery brand.

History
Delta traces its roots to the Delta Specialty Company founded by Herbert Tautz in 1919 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Based at first in Tautz' garage, Delta Specialty Company thrived, first making small tools for home shops and later expanding into light industrial machinery.

In 1945, Rockwell Manufacturing Company acquired Delta Machinery and renamed it the Delta Power Tool Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Company and continued to manufacture in Milwaukee.

In 1966, Rockwell invented the world's first power miter saw.

In 1981, Rockwell's power tool group was acquired by Pentair and re-branded Delta Machinery.

In 2004, Pentair's Tools group was acquired by Black & Decker.

Current ownership
In January, 2011, Taiwan-based Chang Type Industrial Co., Ltd. purchased the Delta brand from Stanley Black & Decker. Chang Type formed a wholly owned subsidiary, Delta Power Equipment Corp. to own the acquired assets including trademarks, designs and industrial tooling. Chang Type is moving Delta's production tooling from a Stanley Black & Decker owned facility in Jackson, Tennessee to a facility in Anderson County, South Carolina. Most recently, Delta has purchased an improved facility in Spartanburg, SC and has moved all operations to this location.

title: Delta Machinery


text:
Talk:Bowling for Soup

She wears a two-way
I've always wondered: "She wears a two-way but I'm not quite sure what that means" What does it mean that she wears a two-way? Police officer, security guard, drug runner? --Slashme 07:41, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, it appears to be a type of thong, because the radio reference doesn't quite make sense. http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=two-way --anonymous comment

I have big reservations about anything on "urban dictionary". Anyway, if the radio reference doesn't quite make sense, the "two way thong" idea really doesn't make much sense here.--Slashme 09:22, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

I think it's supposed to play on the ambiguous meaning of the phrase. Is it a two-way thong or a two-way pager? Get it? --anonymous comment

On the bowling for soup website in the uk, Jaret says that it is pager that both recieves and sends out messages. --anonymous comment 2
 * It is a two-way pager. The girl in the video is operating one as the song begins while she's peering into the shop window to look at the TV showing a video of "The Bitch Song". I think Slashme is on the right track - the singer has to wonder why a girl like Nona would need a two-way pager.

 * Back when the song was written, texting wasn't the craze it has become, but young people still communicated primarily via cell phone. Two-way pagers were largely the domain of IT people, businessmen, and doctors (people whose employers would pay for the exhorbitant pager subscriptions)... or of unsavory types who needed to communicate quietly and privately, such as drug dealers. Lithonius (talk) 16:53, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

1985
On the album sleeve the writing credit for this song is Reddick but that is not mentioned here.

Gary Wiseman
Hi there, I was sorting out orphaned and uncategorized articles and came across the page for Gary Wiseman. I have stuck it in a few categories, added the BFS infobox, linked it up and performed some minor copyediting but it is in major need of attention from someone interested in BFS. Just flagging it up here in case anyone is interested in doing something with it to bring it up to the same standard as the other members' pages. Thanks! Sassf (talk) 23:57, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Gary's page has been removed, reasons unknown? (Zeoace (talk) 12:00, 20 September 2010 (UTC))

Steve Martin & band name origins
I can't help but wonder about this: The reference given is the band's official web site, but AFAIK there is no such routine on Wild and Crazy Guy. Can anyone enlighten me? MFNickster (talk) 19:29, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "The band's name is derived from comedian Steve Martin's "Bowling for Shit" bawls from his 1978 comedy album, Wild and Crazy Guy, itself a reference to Bowling for Dollars."

http://www.bowlingforsoup.org/faq.php

First Question

http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Bowling-for-Soup-Biography/29F37A1828CF12AD48256BFA000CF0D7

9th Paragraph down from the top

http://www.classicrockchick.com/jaret%20intwrview.htm

http://www.playlist.com--76.246.32.108 (talk) 21:12, 26 March 2010 (UTC) First Question

There is plenty of more references out there, just Google them ;)

 * Oh, I can find the references - but they seem to be in error, because it's not on the album mentioned. I'm wondering where it's actually from. MFNickster (talk) 22:02, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

In one of them, its said they got the name from one of his unwritten books Steve started but I do also see the confusion that its mostly referred to from some lyrics from a song that doesn't have bowling for shit in, maybe an edited version of his song it is mentioned it, i will continue to research into this more and see if i can find the bowling for shit part =]

 * I have Steve Martin's "A Wild and Crazy Guy" album. I have no memory of "Bowling for Shit" anywhere on it.  I'm going to listen to it again after I plug in my turntable to see if I perhaps missed it. --  k a i n a w ™ 20:03, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I listended to the entire "A Wild and Crazy Guy" album. There is a section where he lists a lot of books he has written.  "Bowling for Shit" is not one of them.  It is possible that he used that title at a live show, but it is not from the album. --  k a i n a w ™ 21:23, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Reliable Source?
http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Bowling-for-Soup-Biography/29F37A1828CF12AD48256BFA000CF0D7 Seems to have alot of information that could be used for this page such as how the band got started, but does this count as a reliable source? Also if it does, I'd probably advise someone else to do besides me as my grammar is horrible. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.246.246.129 (talk) 14:18, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Huh... a lot of that page is tongue-in-cheek, but there's plenty of truth in there, too. I remember hearing about Folkadots back then, but didn't realize that Chris and Erik were involved with them.

 * The part about The Refuge is true (it's the "coffee shop in a most unlikely town" [Wichita Falls, Texas] referred to in the song "Friends O' Mine" off Hangover You Don't Deserve). I'd been there, although it would've been just prior to BFS's formation; the only band I ever saw at The Refuge was Artificial Rhonda. Lithonius (talk) 16:42, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

Oxegen Image
This article may be enhanced by one of my images located at Oxegen 2008. Needs an image; there you go. My donation. --➨♀♂ Candlewicke STundefined 12:09, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Added it to the infobox, nice work! :) k-i-a-c  ( hitmeup  -  the past ) 04:13, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

"Sorry for Partyin"
What is this album? It doesn't have any information about it, and it's getting really annoying. Is this album released, or what? Blink18 (talk) 20:03, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

This is a up coming Album due to be released around late Summer'09 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.214.12.203 (talk) 18:54, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

Someone has changed the name from Sorry for Partyin' to Sorry for Partying, I'm reverting it back! (Zeoace (talk) 13:36, 18 October 2010 (UTC))

Let's do it for Johnny!
I was surprised to see this page doesnt list the album "Let's do it for Johnny", it came out before drunk enough to dance and includes the summer of '69 cover. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.131.77.120 (talk) 03:44, 28 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Um, it does...first paragraph: "Let's Do It for Johnny!!, Bowling for Soup's major label debut, was released on Jive in 2000. The album mostly contained re-recordings of their previous material along with a few new tracks and a cover of Bryan Adams' song 'Summer of '69.'" C628 (talk) 21:17, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Fishin' for Woo's?
I couldn't find any proof that this is the name of their new album.

This is their new EP that is coming out on October 5th (Zeoace (talk) 12:00, 20 September 2010 (UTC))

Two things; this guy Steven Ray Brown designed the cover; Here's his blog; http://startathought.blogspot.com/2010/09/ego-stroking.html And it looks like the Ep was pushed back and the Album is being bumped up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.73.157.159 (talk) 16:53, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Actually I am pretty sure that fishin for woos may not get released at all according to jaret's podcast —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.251.67.48 (talk) 04:11, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Max Keibel's Big Move
I seem to remember that BFS performed their song "My Greatest Day" for this Disney movie, about a kid who burns all his bridges because his family is moving and then doesn't. Not super significant, but might be something to include on the page... 65.244.131.147 (talk) 08:05, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Added just after the 2001 paragraph (Zeoace (talk) 12:00, 20 September 2010 (UTC))

2004 UK Tour
BFS Toured the UK in 2004 (I know this, I was there and I stll have my ticket), yet there is no mention of it here. I don't think I have enough info to add it myself, not sure if it was for "Hangover.." or what. Definately wasn't a joint tour as ticket says "Bowling For Soup, Plus Special Guests + Feable Weiner" in small.

Other bands on that tour were Feable Weiner, The Feds, Army of Freshman and one more which I cannot, for the life of me, remember the name of.

Does anyone remember the name of that other band? It is killing me ! 78.86.217.93 (talk) 01:33, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Farewell Tour
It was announced by Jaret here that BFS would be doing a "Farewell" tour in the UK, and might be doing one in the future in the US. He emphasises, though, that the band is not breaking up. I'm wondering how we could source this for the article. As it stands right now, the youtube video is not enough, however, it seems as if it's important enough to put into the article. -Poodle of Doom (talk) 03:28, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Surely some reliable source will mention this in the very near future. - Dravecky (talk) 08:36, 10 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for accepting my invitation, first off. Second of all, what could we use as a source that wouldn't be a blog, or some other form of original research? -Poodle of Doom (talk) 03:33, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

I'm curious about the YouTube video you are referencing, and I was wondering if YouTube videos have ever been embedded in Wikipedia pages? Would that be a good source of information, or worth adding? Thanks. Mewhho18 (talk) 07:01, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Maybe not a tour, but they've just played the 2014 Download festival in the UK.
 * It also included this rather bizarre little episode, where Sir Giles slays the vicious giant inflatable sheep:  Andy Dingley (talk) 22:36, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bowling for Soup


text:
User:Kelson Vibber

I'm an occasional Wikipedia user with an interest in the Internet (currently enmeshed in the IndieWeb and Fediverse), Science-Fiction and Fantasy books and movies.

Professionally, I work as a software developer, with some experience as a sysadmin back in the day.
 * My LinkedIn Profile

Some websites I run on my personal time include:

 * KVibber.com, my IndieWeb-style profile site.
 * Hyperborea, my home page, featuring:
 * K-Squared Ramblings, my blog.
 * Flash: Those Who Ride the Lightning, a fan reference site for The Flash.
 * Tech tips, book reviews, photos and more.

title: User:Kelson Vibber


text:
Bradamante

Bradamante (occasionally spelled Bradamant) is a fictional knight heroine in two epic poems of the Renaissance: Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo and Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto. Since the poems exerted a wide influence on later culture, she became a recurring character in Western art.

In Orlando Innamorato and Orlando Furioso
Bradamante, a female Christian knight in the service of Charlemagne, is the sister of Rinaldo and the daughter of Amon, duke of Dordognes. She falls in love with a Saracen warrior named Ruggiero but refuses to marry unless he converts from Islam. An expert in combat, she wields a magical lance that unhorses anyone it touches, and rescues Ruggiero from being imprisoned by the wizard Atlantes. She is described as wearing white, with a white shield and a crest of a pennon.

She is one of the French warriors fighting during a Saracen invasion of France. She is fighting the Saracen Rodomont when Ruggiero informs her Charlemagne is retreating. Bradamante tries to leave to join the rest of the French forces, but Rodomont keeps her from leaving. Ruggiero, finding Rodomont’s actions dishonorable, steps in to fight Rodomont to allow Bradamante to leave. However, Bradamante cannot catch up to Charlemagne’s army and returns to Rodomont and Ruggiero, feeling guilty for leaving someone else to fight in her place. Rodomont is impressed with the honor of Ruggiero and Bradamante and rides off, leaving Ruggiero and Bradamante together. They are mutually impressed with one another and share their identities. Bradamante also removes her helmet, revealing to Ruggiero for the first time that she is a woman. An ambush then manages to separate them.

The two lovers are separated many times in the story, and Bradamante faces many challenges. She travels to a castle made of steel to rescue Ruggiero from the wizard Atlantes with the help of the sorceress Melissa and a magic ring, escapes from a castle full of illusions, and encounters many other difficulties.

After the lovers are reunited, Rinaldo grants Ruggiero his blessing to marry Bradamante. However, her parents reject the suitor even after Ruggiero converts, preferring Leo, the son of the Greek emperor Constantine. Bradamante convinces Charlemagne to decree that she will only marry a man who can withstand her in battle, greatly angering her parents, who reluctantly agree. Ruggiero sets off to kill Leo; on the way, he finds the Constantine’s forces battling the Bulgarians. Ruggiero immediately enters the battle to assist the Bulgarians, who had been losing, and manages to turn the tide of the battle. However, he is captured and imprisoned by the Greeks. Leo, impressed with Ruggiero’s valor, frees him. He then asks for a favor, and Ruggiero, grateful for his freedom, promises to grant whatever Leo asks. Leo, having learned of Bradamante’s challenge and knowing he isn’t strong enough to win against her, asks that Ruggiero fight Bradamante on his behalf. Ruggiero reluctantly keeps his promise and disguises himself as Leo to fight Bradamante. He wins the match and retreats to the woods, wishing to die. There, Leo finds him and asks what is wrong. After Ruggiero reveals his identity and that he is in love with Bradamante, Leo annuls the engagement to let Bradamante and Ruggiero wed. At the end, their marriage gives rise to the noble House of Este, who were patrons to both Boiardo and Ariosto.

The poems drew from legends of Charlemagne, chansons de geste, and blended recurring motifs found in the Matter of France and the Matter of Britain. Bradamante and Ruggiero's romance is most likely made to parallel the romance of Angelica and Orlando. Bradamante and Ruggiero's love is reciprocated and honorable, whereas Orlando is driven mad with love and Angelica despises him. Bradamante also spends much of Orlando Furioso chasing down her love to save him, contrasting with Angelica, who spends most of the story running from Orlando.

In later works
In 1582, French dramatist Robert Garnier wrote a tragicomedy named Bradamante that further develops the love story between the heroine and Roger (Ruggiero).

Several eponymous operas have been written about the heroine:

 * La Bradamante, written by Pietro Paolo Bissari with music composed by Francesco Cavalli, was first performed in 1650 at the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo of Venice.
 * Bradamante, composed by Louis Lacoste with a libretto written by Pierre-Charles Roy, was first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opera) on 2 May 1707.
 * Bradamante, written by Heinrich Joseph von Collin with music composed by Johann Friedrich Reichardt, was first performed in Vienna on 3 February 1809.
 * Bradamante, composed by Eduard Tauwitz, was first performed in Riga in 1844.

She also appears as a character in Handel's opera Alcina and Johann Adolph Hasse’s Il Ruggiero.

Bradamante appears as one of the leading characters in several novels. For example, in Italo Calvino's surrealistic, highly ironic 1959 novel Il Cavaliere inesistente (The Nonexistent Knight).

In cinema, she is depicted by Barbara De Rossi in the 1983 Italian film Paladini-storia d'armi e d'amori (also known as Paladins—the story of love and arms or Hearts and Armour) – a film based on the legends surrounding the Peers of Charlemagne.

She appears as a Lancer class Servant in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order.

The mobile game Puzzles and Dragons has added her to their roster as "White Feathered Knight, Bradamante" with Active Skill "La Bella Paladina" and Leader Skill "I don't fraternize with weaklings".

title: Bradamante


text:
Talk:Optical brightener

Untitled
Is optical brightener the same thing as blue(ing)? --Twid 18:14, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No; the illusion is the same, but blueing absorbs red & green, while brighteners use fluorescence to boost the blue. See blueing.--Joel 22:44, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Toothpaste
Should we mention their use in toothpastes? Also, they play a minor role in the book Breakfast of Champions.--Joel 22:44, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Optical Brighteners Are Not Laundry Detergent
The title of this page is optical brightener not detergent. Optical brighteners have many more applications than laundry detergent including paper, textiles, plastics, and biomarkers. Most of this page, as it is now, concerns laundry detergent applications and should be moved to the laundry detergent page. Infact this page looks like a fabric care page from a detergent manufacturer. I added an external link to a much better treatment of the fluorescent brightener subject in the hope that someone with more time than I have might incorporate it into this wiki page.

Paper brightness (whiteness?)
As for now, the article states: "Paper brightness is typically measured at 457nm; well within the fluorescent activity range of brighteners." Why 457 nm? Why “brightness”, a non-technical term?

Paper whiteness is calculated upon CIE xy chromaticity, which implies full-range retinal sensivity, and, in this particular case, D65 illuminant, which is broadband daylight.

Moreover, wavelength of 457 nm corresponds to blue-cyan, which is very doubtful candidate for “brightness” of any kind. I suppose that even 555 nm green, which has the maximum photopic luminous efficacy, can't be a measure of “brightness”, just like every single wavelength. 213.234.235.82 (talk) 14:03, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Emitted wavelengths range
As for now, the article states: "…re-emit light in the blue region (typically 420-470nm)."But widely available consumer papers yield the range of 420–580 nm. I've tested several types of media with the same result: So, as you can see, even papers that look like not having FWA, actually “reflect” more visible light than actually incidents them.

As examples of contrary behaviour, newspaper (2 years, light-gray) and an old book (30 years, very yellowish) do not react to UV at all, reaching a maximum of 0.85 at 570–680 nm.

The properties of the UV-lamp used for this test should not be concerned about, because rules imply that there is very little dependence on the wavelength of exciting radiation. Really, even blue screen of computer monitor or projector can trigger the process of fluorescense: it is easily observed with orange or yellow marking pens. But for those who are curious, the specs are disclosed.
 * This UV-lamp has peak at 375 nm and effective range of 360–410 nm (rougly like one on the right).
 * Spectral density of majority of emitted visible light (413–727 nm) is three orders of magnitude (1100 times) smaller than UV-maximum, providing very dim light in dark room.
 * There is a small IR-part in the measured range of 730–750 nm, carrying some energy around 1.27 % of UV-part. Of course, it doesn't affect visual perception at all.

So, I recommend that someone re-checks this using other materials, other UV-lamp and other measuring equipment (the mine is X-Rite Eye-One Pro rev.D with ArgyllCMS 0.70 for high-resolution readings), and then updates the article.

213.234.235.82 (talk) 15:18, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Hey, I don't know how to add a citation but for the citation needed on the decreasing of paper whiteness I found https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/019713607806112251?cookieSet=1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.189.86.222 (talk) 02:02, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Optical brightener


text: User talk:70.21.241.237

title: User talk:70.21.241.237


text:
Trevor's World of Sport

Trevor's World of Sport began as a 2003 BBC television sitcom written and directed by Andy Hamilton and starring Neil Pearson as Trevor. One series of the television series was made, followed by three series which were aired on BBC Radio 4, as a continuation of the television series.

Cast

 * Neil Pearson as Trevor Heslop
 * Paul Reynolds as Sammy Dobbs
 * Rosalind Ayres as Theresa
 * Abdul Salis as Barry
 * Cosima Shaw as Heidrun
 * Michael Fenton Stevens as Ralph Renton
 * Claire Skinner as Meryl

Plot
The series is set in the world of TS Sports – a sports public relations firm, run by Trevor Heslop and his partner, the lascivious Sammy Dobbs (Paul Reynolds). Trevor is portrayed as an essentially decent, honest man in the corrupt money-obsessed industry of sporting celebrity, who is still deeply in love with his estranged wife Meryl (Claire Skinner). The other TS Sports office staff are the cool German receptionist Heidrun (Cosima Shaw), whose lesbianism obsesses Sammy; the young black trainee Barry (Abdul Salis); and strongly Christian office manager Theresa (Rosalind Ayres).

Andy Hamilton also appears in a minor role within the show, and several actors who have worked in his other comedy shows for television and radio appear. Neil Pearson was in Hamilton's Drop the Dead Donkey, as (briefly) was Michael Fenton Stevens who plays TS Sports' only regular client, fading celebrity Ralph Renton.

The radio series
Series 1

Series 2

Series 3

Television Rescheduling
Only one television series was made, and Hamilton felt mistreated by the BBC over the scheduling of the show. The first episode attracted an average of 3.4 million viewers, dropping to 2.9 million for the second and third episodes. The subsequent episodes were rescheduled from Friday evenings (just after the 9:00pm watershed) to Monday nights (after the 10:00pm news), despite the Radio Times issues having already been published listing the originally scheduled transmission dates. Hamilton went public with his displeasure over the show's scheduling and vowed never to work for BBC1 again, though he has since changed his mind. A radio version was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2004, with subsequent series in 2005 and 2007.

DVD release
The complete television series was released on DVD by Acorn Media UK on 6 May 2013.

title: Trevor's World of Sport


text:
Pentair

Pentair plc (PNR) is an American water treatment company incorporated in Ireland with tax residency in UK, with its main U.S. office in Golden Valley, Minnesota. Pentair was founded in the US, with 65% of company's revenue coming from the US and Canada as of 2017. PNR was reorganized in 2014, shifting the corporate domicile from Switzerland to Ireland.

On April 30, 2018, PNR announced that it had completed the separation of its Water and Electrical businesses. Now the company's primary focus is on residential, commercial, industrial, municipal and infrastructure and agriculture applications. Its fiscal year 2021 revenues were US$3.8 billion and it employs approximately 11,250 people worldwide.

1960s
Pentair was founded in August 1966 as Pentair Industries, Inc., with the name derived from the Greek root word "penta-" (alluding to the company's five founders) and "air" (alluding to the company's original product), and went public several months later. The 5 founders were all formally employed by Litton Industries. Originally, they intended to manufacture high altitude research balloons, but they found sales to be less than expected. They acquired a local vacuum-forming business shortly thereafter and set about making canoes. This venture also met with less than expected sales. By 1968 the company was nearly bankrupt. Of the five original founders, one had passed away while three more had pulled out. The only remaining founder, Murray Harpole, brought in an outside investor, Ben Westby and they set about purchasing Peavey Paper Mills, Inc. The company was deeply in debt and badly managed, but the sale price was very inexpensive and Harpole believed that proper management would turn the company around in short order.

1970s
The company continued to diversify but none of its other ventures proved as successful as the paper industry. It continued to expand in that area and acquired Niagara Paper in 1972. Miami Paper was purchased in 1974 and Flambeau Paper Corporation followed in 1978. The Peavey plant would be sold in 1976 because Pentair had outgrown it. While Westby departed in 1976, D. Eugene Nugent was brought in to expand the management team.

1980s
In 1981, Pentair acquire Rockwell International's power hand tool factory from its Power Tool Division. Rockwell had purchased Porter-Cable in 1960 and merged it into the Power Tool Division but kept manufacturing in a separate facility. The Porter-Cable name had been retired in 1965 but Pentair had not licensed the Rockwell name, so the Porter-Cable name was revived. In 1984 Pentair purchased the remains of the Power Tool Division from Rockwell. This consisted chiefly of the Delta line of shop tools and marked Rockwell's exit from the tool business. In 1988, Pentair agreed to acquire FC Holdings Inc., the holding company for Federal Cartridge and Hoffman Engineering, for $175 million in cash and the assumption of debt. Pentair would not hold Federal Cartridge for a long time, but the purchase of Hoffman Engineering was the start of a prosperous era of enclosures manufacturing for Pentair.

1990s
Pentair expanded its water product business, acquiring the Fleck Controls control valve business in November 1995. In August 1997, Pentair acquired the General Signal Pump Group. Pentair sold off its papermaking business to Consolidated Papers Inc. in 1997. While paper had been the backbone of Pentair's business it only amounted to about 10% of their revenue at the time of the sale. In August 1999, Pentair bought the DeVilbiss Air Power Company for $460 million in cash. DeVilbiss makes air compressors, pressure washers and generators, which complemented to Pentair's professional Pneumatics tools that were powered by air compressors such as DeWalt and Porter-Cable. In 1999 under chairman, president, and chief executive officer, Winslow H. Buxton, Pentair made a series of acquisitions. In April 1999, PNR purchased Essef, the global leader in the manufacture of composite water tanks, pumps, filters, and other water equipment used in pools and spas, for the cash-equivalent price of approximately $312 million.

Later that year, Pentair decided to consolidate its power tool business. The Porter-Cable and Delta Divisions had previously operated across four different cooperate, warehouse, and manufacturing facilities in three states. While the Delta manufacturing facility in Tupelo Mississippi would remain independent everything else would be consolidated into a new facility built next to the existing Porter-Cable plant in Jackson, Tennessee. The new facility came online in February 2000 and was an immediate disaster.

2000s
The decade started extremely poorly for Pentair. The botched opening of its new corporate office and distribution center in Jackson caused an immediate drop in revenue as the shipping facility encountered numerous issues. Order shipped late, with incorrect products, or not at all. Complaints rose, sales fell, and returns poured in. By the end of the year, the entire management team in Jackson would be fired. It took almost three years to sort out the mess and return the Delta and Porter-Cable lines to profitability. This caused Pentair to further review its holdings and look at ways to cut costs. It expanded its production in Taiwan and started to negotiate with the union of its Delta manufacturing facility to reduce payroll. In 2003 it was announced that negotiations had failed, and the Tupelo plant would close the following year. While operations were wound down in Tupelo Pentair continued to expand its water products business.

In July 2004, Pentair bought WICOR Industries, the former water systems subsidiary of Wisconsin Energy, for $850 million. WICOR made water pumps, filters, and pool equipment components under the Sta-Rite, SHURflo, and Hypro brands. To help offset this purchase it sold its entire tool operation to Stanley Black & Decker that October. This marked Pentair's exit from the tool business.

In 2005, Pentair bought some of the assets of APW for $144 million, including McLean Thermal Management, Aspen Motion Technologies, and Electronic Solutions, all of which provide thermal management products and integration services to the telecom, medical, and security industries. This broadened Pentair's technical products line to include markets outside of the traditional electrical and electronics businesses.

In 2006, Pentair purchased Germany-based Jung Pumpen GmbH, which makes pumps and other products for wastewater processing. The deal was completed in early 2007 for $227 million.

Other acquisitions in 2005 and 2006 included Acu-Trol, Inc., Delta Environmental Products, selected assets of Krystal Klear, and a 70% stake in Beijing Jieming Tiandi Environmental Equipment (which was later renamed to Beijing Pentair Water Jieming), which produces fiberglass-reinforced pressure tanks and filters.

The company has announced an agreement to acquire water filtration and separation firm Porous Media for approximately $225 million. It has said that it plans to continue an active course of acquisitions, especially to grow its business outside the American market.

2010s
In 2012, Pentair Inc. (PNR) and Tyco International Ltd. (TYC)’s flow control business formally combined to create Pentair Ltd. The new company is described as a global manufacturer of “water and fluid solutions, valves and controls, equipment protection and thermal management products". Tyco shareholders now own approximately 52.5% and former Pentair Inc. shareholders own approximately 47.5% of Pentair Ltd. Following this merger the new company was based in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, with 30,000 employees and 100 manufacturing plants in 30 countries. Currently the headquarters are in Worsley, United Kingdom.

In August 2016, Pentair announced that it has entered into an agreement to sell the Valves & Controls business to Emerson, an American diversified global industrial company based in St. Louis, Missouri. The transaction was completed in April 2017.

In July 2022, Pentair announced that it had acquired Manitowoc Ice for $1.6 billion.

Discontinued operations
Pentair has discontinued its Century/Lincoln and Lincoln Industrial service equipment operations. It also exited the tools business with the sale of its power tools group (which had previously accounted for 40% of sales) in October 2004 to Black & Decker for nearly $800 million.

Separation of nVent
In May 2018, Pentair created a sequel company to take control of its electrical division named nVent. The electrical division of Pentair did more than $2.1 billion in revenue in 2016. Pentair 2 went public on the NYSE on May 1, 2018.

title: Pentair


text:
E. Jefferson Murphy

Emmett Jefferson Murphy, who wrote as E. Jefferson Murphy, (July 2, 1926 - June 19, 2013) was a historian of Africa. He had a distinguished career with the African-American Institute, and wrote a series of favorably reviewed books on African history between 1969 and 1981. His History of African Civilization is a classic textbook on African history.

Career
Born in Thomasville, Georgia, on July 2, 1926, Murphy began his career as an African specialist while serving as visiting lecturer in social anthropology at South Africa's University College of Fort Hare (then the only college for non-whites in apartheid South Africa). He served the African American Institute in Washington (U.S.), New York City (USA), Accra (Ghana, and Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania) between 1954 and 1970. From 1965 to 1970 he was the institute's Executive Vice President in New York, retiring in that year to return to the academic field.

From 1971 to 1973 he completed his doctoral studies, then became full-time consultant to Carnegie Corporation of New York. In 1975 he was named Coordinator and chief executive officer of Five College, Inc., the consortium linking Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke, and Smith colleges and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Murphy retired as coordinator in 1988, to serve as Five College Professor of African Studies, based at Smith College, until his retirement in 1991.

Wider interests
In retirement Murphy devoted himself to political activism, serving as vice president and Steering Committee member of the Florida Coalition for Peace & Justice; Steering Committee member of the Southwest Florida Peace Coalition, and as chief writer and consultant for the internet emailing service of Progressive Secretary.

A member of the Sarasota Monthly Meeting of the Society of Friends (Quakers), he was also an avid sailor and amateur home builder. He married Winifred WindRiver and had three children by a former marriage, including Emmett J. Murphy III, known as Murph, who plays drums in the rock band Dinosaur Jr.

Publications
History of African Civilization was published by Thomas Y. Crowell Company in 1972, and later that same year in paperback by Dell Books. Hollis Lynch, Professor Emeritus of African History at Columbia University, wrote the introduction to the paperback edition. In 1981, it was translated into Romanian and published as a two-volume paperback by Biblioteca Pentru Toti.

Murphy also wrote Understanding Africa (1969 & 1980), The Bantu Civilization of Southern Africa (1974), and Creative Philanthropy: Carnegie Corporation and Africa 1953-1973 (1975). He also co-authored, with Harry Stein, Teaching Africa Today, (1973) a handbook for American social studies teachers.

As of 2006, all Murphy's books are out of print.

Works

 * Understanding Africa, Thomas Y. Crowell Co, NY, 1968
 * History of African Civilization, Thomas Y Crowell Co, NY, 1972
 * Istoria Civilizatiei Africane, Biblioteca Pentru Tota, Bucharest, 1981
 * The Bantu Civilization of Southern Africa, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., NY, 1974
 * Teaching Africa Today (with Harry Stein), Scholastic Press, NY, 1973
 * Creative Philanthropy: Carnegie Corporation and Africa, 1953–73, Teachers College Press, NY (1975).

title: E. Jefferson Murphy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ITV5

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 21:08, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

ITV5
Believed to be a hoax. ITV4 will be launching later this year but not ITV5. David | Talk 18:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.252.0.7 (talk • contribs) 09:37, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. I'd have heard of it if it were launching in December, and I haven't. Their site doesn't whisper it, and neither does Google. -Splash 22:13, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. -- Etacar11   02:28, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. Sabine's Sunbird 03:04, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * DO NOT DELETE it's all true, I know, i've seen it!
 * Delete as hoax. The JPS 10:36, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as pure rubbish Red Dalek 13:03, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ITV5


text:
User talk:Roquemb

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User talk:ChrisThomas

Emotional Freedom Techniques
I saw your question on Talk:Emotional Freedom Techniques. I'll be glad to help you but I'm not sure what you're looking for. On a controversial subject, our article must be written in accordance with the policy at Neutral point of view. It's also important to cite your sources. Some people run afoul of these standards by treating Wikipedia as a blog rather than a general encyclopedia. Is that the kind of information you were looking for? JamesMLane 18:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ChrisThomas


text:
User talk:Dimitrios Kiminas

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dreadscape

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 21:05, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Dreadscape
Unsigned non-notable band vanity Rx StrangeLove 18:18, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no assertion of meeting WP:MUSIC, nothing in allmusic. Friday (talk) 19:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete untersubstublet about a nn band. Their 'space' on myspace.com reveals they recently got a drummer...If this give them fame and fortune, they can of course try again. -Splash 22:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Kinder High School for the Performing and Visual Arts

Untitled
For some crazy reason, HSPVA is in the Katy ISD UIL region. It really annoys us. They need to go steal audition spots from other schools. -- Clorox ( diskussion ) 00:39, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Name change
Apparently the name change is official until the Board actually receives the money. I'm going to leave the article "as is" for now with the new name, but anyone is free to revert and do the necessary clean up.
 * Source:

Senator2029 “Talk” 11:28, 31 December 2016 (UTC)

The school name has now changed as can be noted on the school homepage: https://www.houstonisd.org/kinderhspva schoolsTeacher42 (talk) 20:21, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085440/http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/SchoolBoundaryMaps/LamarHS.pdf to http://dept.houstonisd.org/ab/schoolboundarymaps/LamarHS.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030807152922/http://www.stmes.org/aboutus.html to http://www.stmes.org/aboutus.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060118103723/http://www.pshouston.org/fw/main/Class_of_2004-183.html to http://www.pshouston.org/fw/main/Class_of_2004-183.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080440/http://www.jp2.org/OurPrograms/middleschool-overview.htm to http://www.jp2.org/OurPrograms/middleschool-overview.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120515061020/http://www.houstonisd.org/HISDConnectDS/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=c3783acb02efc010VgnVCM10000052147fa6RCRD to http://www.houstonisd.org/HISDConnectDS/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=c3783acb02efc010VgnVCM10000052147fa6RCRD
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External links modified
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Request for updates
Since I am being requested not to make edits directly as an employee of the school I will be placing requests here. As noted on my profile, while I am paid by the school as an employee, editing this page is not part of my job description nor am I being directly compensated by the school or district to do so. I am merely trying to be helpful. At this point I am unsure of how best to go forward other than to ask the community to improve our page. I was hoping to make the following categories without merely regenerating the school website: History, Campus, Arts, Academics, Admissions, Student Body, Notable Alumni.

Any help building the site would be great or advice on the best way for me to do so would also be appreciated. schoolsTeacher42 (talk) 20:38, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

Central Description Edit Request
Request for editing the "Central Description" Currently the description at d:Q773447 in WikiData states "Secondary school for acting in the Montrose neighborhood in Houston, Texas, USA" I request that it is changed to "Secondary school for the arts in Downtown Houston, Texas, USA" due to the location change and fact that the school offers more than acting. If possible the label should also be changed from "High School for the Performing and Visual Arts" to "Kinder High School for the Performing and Visual Arts" as that is the new name, but I am unfamiliar with How name changes work on Wikipedia.schoolsTeacher42 (talk) 21:03, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I was about to make those changes for you, but I see that they have already been done. Please let us know what other updates are required, but avoid text that reads like a prospectus.   Dbfirs  08:27, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

 * In addition to the Central description on the Wikidata site (noted above), the Label should be updated to reflect the new name, the image and coordinates should be updated to reflect what has been placed on the page. I think this should be all in terms of Wikidata.schoolsTeacher42 (talk) 20:54, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Which are the correct co-ordinates? You can use Google Earth to check.  Any one of the three degree formats is OK because it is easy to convert.   Dbfirs  22:04, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

 * New Coordinates are 29°45'24.7"N 95°21'36.8"W . Thank you for your help. schoolsTeacher42 (talk) 21:44, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I'll make that adjustment to the new location.   Dbfirs  23:07, 28 January 2019 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Shp0ng1e

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --玉米^ō^麦兜 18:19, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Shp0ng1e