text:
Hay rake

A hay rake is an agricultural rake used to collect cut hay or straw into windrows for later collection (e.g. by a baler or a loader wagon). It is also designed to fluff up the hay and turn it over so that it may dry. It is also used in the evening to protect the hay from morning dew. The next day a tedder is used to spread it again, so that the hay dries more quickly.

Types
A hay rake may be mechanized, drawn by a tractor or draft animals, or it may be a hand tool. The earliest hay rakes were nothing more than tree branches, but wooden hand rakes with wooden teeth, similar in design to a garden rake but larger, were prevalent in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and still are used in some locations around the world. Hay rakes were among the first agricultural tools to become popular in the shift from human manual labor to animal labor in the 19th century.

The typical early horse-drawn hay rake was a dump rake, a wide two-wheeled implement with curved steel or iron teeth usually operated from a seat mounted over the rake with a lever-operated lifting mechanism. This rake gathered cut hay into windrows by repeated operation perpendicular to the windrow, requiring the operator to raise the rake, turn around and drop the teeth to rake back and forth in order to form the windrow. In some areas, a sweep rake, which could also be a horse-drawn or tractor-mounted implement, could then be used to pick up the windrowed hay and load it onto a wagon.

Later, a mechanically more complicated rake was developed, known as the side delivery rake. This usually had a gear-driven or chain-driven reel mounted roughly at a 45-degree angle to the windrow, so the hay was gathered and pushed to one side of the rake as it moved across the field. A side delivery rake could be pulled longitudinally along the windrow by horses or a tractor, eliminating the laborious and inefficient process of raising, lowering, and back-and-forth raking required by a dump rake. This allowed for the continuous spiraling windrows of a classic mid-20th-century farm hayfield. Later versions of the side delivery rake used a more severe transverse angle and a higher frame system, but the basic principles of operation were the same.

Still later, a variety of wheel rakes or star wheel rakes were developed, with 5, 6, 7 or more spring-tooth encircled wheels mounted on a frame and ground driven by free-wheeling contact as the implement was pulled forward. These rakes were variously promoted as being mechanically simpler and trouble-free, gentler on the hay than a side-delivery rake, and cheaper to operate.

Currently a newer design called the rotary rake is in common use in Europe, and less frequently seen in the United States and Canada.

List of notable manufacturers

 * New Holland
 * Claas
 * Molon
 * Fella
 * Kverneland with the Brands Vicon and Deutz-Fahr

title: Hay rake


text: Category:Calgarians

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Calgarians


text:
Elbow, Texas

Elbow is an unincorporated community in Howard County, Texas, United States. It lies 8 mi by road south of Big Spring.

Geography
Elbow is located at 32°9’37” North, 101°30’43” West (32.1604012, -101.5120686).

The elevation is 2549 ft.

Education
Elbow is served by the Forsan Independent School District.

title: Elbow, Texas


text:
Talk:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party

Obscure subject
I just wanted to point out, this article is referenced here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Academic_use Mathiastck 18:12, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Self-defence of Nagorno-Karabakh
"Volunteers in 2 Karabakh selp-defence battalions ("Paramaz" and "Medzn Murad") were Hunchak party members" (Ararad Daily Newspaper). Andranikpasha 09:03, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Then it may not be a reliable source. A better phrase would be, "took part in the Nag. war". DenizTC 04:42, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Then lets write conflict, OK? As it wasnt a officially recognized war. Andranikpasha 09:08, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sedahoka.gif
Image:Sedahoka.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:57, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Leadership
@Sevkhatch please stop your disruptive editing and seek WP:CON here. Why do you keep changing the leadership of the party? Archives908 (talk) 00:26, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

 * You are the one making disruptive editing. I am actually a SDHP member, and the Central Committee (Global Leaderhip) Chairman of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party is Dr. Hampik Sarafian, Enger Setrak Adjemian is Armenia's Executive Committee Chair. Sevkhatch (talk) 00:34, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * You've just admitted to WP:COI. Archives908 (talk) 03:37, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Sedrak Achemyan seems to be the leader of the party within Armenia. This article is about the political party registered in Armenia, not on some "global organization".
 * Please discuss here before continuing to WP:EDITWAR. Archives908 (talk) 13:21, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you prove that Hampik Sarafian is the Chairman of the political party registered in Armenia (without using YouTube!)? I will review your sources. Archives908 (talk) 13:25, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party


text:
Law enforcement in Singapore

In Singapore, law enforcement is principally led by the Singapore Police Force (SPF), and supported by other agencies including the Singapore Prison Service, Central Narcotics Bureau, Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, Internal Security Department, Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, and Singapore Customs. Furthermore, some law enforcement powers may be exercised by non-government entities such as auxiliary police forces and security officers.

Singapore's law enforcement system has resulted in crime being extremely low as compared to other developed nations and the world in general. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Safe Cities Index, Singapore was often ranked as the safest or one of the safest in the world, especially in regards to digital, personal and infrastructure security. The country also ranks highly on the Global Peace Index, being consistently placed in the top 10 and the highest in Asia for the past decade.

Foreign travel advisories for Singapore often state that petty crime such as pickpocketing and street theft as extremely rare in Singapore. Violent crime is also deemed extremely rare and almost non-existent. Threats of terrorism remain a major concern, as is the case with most developed countries. As a constant reminder from consulars to possible drug traffickers, penalties for drug offences such as trafficking in Singapore remain severe and may include capital punishment.

The Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) of the United States Department of State states Singapore as being a very low-threat location for crime directed at or affecting "official U.S. government interests". The foreign advisory of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China also considers Singapore as a low-risk country.

Singapore Police Force
The Singapore Police Force is the main government agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state. It was founded in 1820, and is under the supervision of the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Singapore Prison Service
The Singapore Prison Service (SPS) was formed in 1946 and operates the prison system in Singapore, under the supervision of the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Under the Prisons Act 1933, a prisons officer has the powers of the police officer (Section 32), and may be armed (Section 31).

Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
The Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) is a government agency in Singapore which investigates and prosecutes corruption in the public and private sectors. It was founded in 1952. Although the primary function is to investigate corruption, it is empowered to investigate other criminal cases in which corruption may be involved. Under the purview of the Prime Minister's Office, the CPIB is headed by a director who reports directly to the Prime Minister.

A CPIB officer has the powers of arrest under Section 15 of the Prevention of Corruption Act 1960, and may also investigate any other offence under written law which may be uncovered during investigations under Section 17 of the same act. A CPIB officer may also be armed under Section 87 of the Guns, Explosives and Weapons Control Act 2021  and Section 15A of the Prevention of Corruption Act 1960.

Internal Security Department
The Internal Security Department (ISD) is a domestic intelligence agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs founded in 1966. It has the utmost right to detain without trial individuals suspected to be a threat to national security. The stated mission is to confront and address security threats, including foreign subversion and espionage. The ISD also monitors and addresses the prevention of racial tension which might affect the public peace, surveillance, apprehension of militants and protection of Singapore's national borders.

Under Section 65 of the Police Force Act 2004, an intelligence officer has the powers of a police officer. Under Section 87 of the Guns, Explosives and Weapons Control Act 2021, an intelligence officer may be armed.

Security and Intelligence Division
The Security and Intelligence Division (SID) is a foreign intelligence agency under the Ministry of Defence founded in 1966 alongside the ISD.

Under Section 65 of the Police Force Act 2004, an intelligence officer has the powers of a police officer. Under Section 87 of the Guns, Explosives and Weapons Control Act 2021, an intelligence officer may be armed.

Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command
The Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command (SAFMPC) is the military police formation of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), founded in 1966.

Central Narcotics Bureau
The Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) is in charge of enforcement of drug law and drug education. It was founded in 1971.

A CNB officer has the powers of a police officer and may be armed under Section 32 and 32A respectively of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1973.

Singapore Civil Defence Force Provost Unit
The Singapore Civil Defence Force Provost Unit (PU) is responsible for enforcement and investigation of all service offences as found in the Civil Defence Act as well as the administration of the SCDF Detention Barracks.

Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore
The Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS) is a statutory board founded in 1992 and under the Ministry of Finance for the collection of taxation revenue.

Under section 65F of the Income Tax Act, and section 83E of the Good and Services Tax Act, an officer of IRAS may make an arrest for offences under the same acts. Furthermore, under section 65H of the Income Tax Act, and section 83G of the Good and Services Tax Act, an officer of IRAS may also be armed.

Land Transport Authority
The Land Transport Authority (LTA) is a statutory board founded in 1995 and under the Ministry of Transport to execute transport policy. Under section 39 of the Land Transport Authority of Singapore Act, an officer of the LTA may exercise powers of a police officer in enforcing sections of the Road Traffic Act and also make an arrest for such offences.

Ministry of Manpower
The Ministry of Manpower (MOM) is a ministry established in 1998 to oversee labour policies.

Under section 18 of the Employment Agencies Act and section 21 of the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act, inspectors of employment agenices and employment are permitted to make an arrest for offences against the same acts.

Immigration and Checkpoints Authority
The Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) is in charge of immigration, Singapore passports, identity cards, Citizen Registration (Birth and Death), permanent residents services, customs, issuing permits to foreigners such as visit passes, visas and student passes. The ICA is also in charge of enforcing immigration and visa laws. It ensures that the movement of people, goods and conveyances through the checkpoints is in accordance with regulations imposed by the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is in charge of birth and death registrations. The organisation was formed on 1 April 2003 with the merger of Singapore Immigration and Registration and the border control functions of Customs and Excise Department.

Under the Immigration Act 1959, an ICA officer has powers of a police officer to enforce the provisions of the act (under Section 38) and may be armed (under Section 38A).

Singapore Customs
The Singapore Customs was formed in 2003 and is in charge of the collection of customs revenue, prevention of evasion of duties and taxes, issuing customs licenses and permits, enforcement of trade requirements under the respective Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), and regulation of trade in strategic goods and strategic goods technology. It is under the Ministry of Finance.

Under Section 112 of the Customs Act 1960, a customs officer has powers of arrest for offences under the same act. Under Section 87 of the Guns, Explosives and Weapons Control Act 2021, a customs officer may be armed.

Auxiliary police forces
Auxiliary police forces are private companies with officers who are granted police-like powers and law enforcement authority. They are typically employed for infrastructure security and cash-in-transit protection. They are supervised and licensed by the Singapore Police Force.

Five auxiliary police forces are designated by legislation:

 * Aetos Auxiliary Police Force (part of Aetos Security Management)
 * Certis CISCO Auxiliary Police Force (part of Certis Group)
 * Installations Auxiliary Police Force
 * Pulau Bukom Auxiliary Police Force
 * SATS Auxiliary Police Force (part of SATS Security Services)

Security officers
Under section 22 of the Infrastructure Protection Act, security officers have a limited power of arrest.

title: Law enforcement in Singapore


text:
User talk:Dranker

Fucking Dranker Biiiitch $$ maan$$

title: User talk:Dranker


text:
Talk:Nitric oxide

Adding Sources
Hi Everyone! I am thinking of adding some sources and additional information to the biological effects section about Nitric Oxide's role in cell signaling. Some of the secondary and tertiary sources I am thinking of including are: T., Hancock, John (2010). Cell signalling (3rd ed ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199232109. OCLC 444336556. and Ribeiro, Victor Pena; Arruda, Caroline; Abd El-Salam, Mohamed; Bastos, Jairo Kenupp (2018-01). "Brazilian medicinal plants with corroborated anti-inflammatory activities: a review". Pharmaceutical Biology. 56 (1): 253–268. doi:10.1080/13880209.2018.1454480. ISSN 1388-0209. PMC 6130656. PMID 29648503

Let me know what you think. Lwinkler19 (talk) 12:45, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Using the sources above, I have decided to add the following sentences to the article:

One of the main targets of nitric oxide is guanylyl cyclase. The binding of nitric oxide to the haem region of the enzyme leads to activation, in the presence of iron.

Once nitric oxide is converted to nitrates and nitrites by oxygen and water, cell signaling is deactivated.[2] Viagra, or the generic: sildenafil, is a common example of a drug that uses that works with the nitric oxide pathway. Viagra does not produce nitric oxide, but inhibits the pathways that counteract the nitric oxide pathway, allowing for the signal to be enhanced, and thus vasodilation.[3] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lwinkler19 (talk • contribs) 01:35, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

Untitled
NO + O2 reaction, is it "rapid" or "a very slow process"?? In the wikipedia article "nitrogen dioxide" it is stated that "Nitric oxide can be oxidized in air to form nitrogen dioxide. At normal atmospheric concentrations, this is a very slow process." while in the article "nitric oxide" it is stated that "nitric oxide is rapidly oxidised in air to nitrogen dioxide." WHICH IS TRUE?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Krzysztof Bohdan (talk • contribs) 00:16, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
 * The average. Alfa-ketosav (talk) 12:49, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

How is it ?
The opening paragraph talks about NO being toxic but, down in the biological effects section, it is described as a muscle relaxant, vaso-dialator, etc.

I'm not clear what the "toxic" part is. Is NO more or less toxic than, say, Valium? I don't think "toxic" is used appropriately, here; should probably be replaced with "undesirable."

 * I disagree, toxic is the correct term here.  As stated in the article, the effects of NO can be toxic if the production is at high levels &/or sustained.  In the laboratory, this can be studied and indeed the chemical reactions of NO are different at different concentrations (non-specific damaging event occurring at high concentration such as might occur during an inflammatory or ischaemic event eg stroke). I will try to find a reference for this.JustAnotherKinase (talk) 18:56, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

Wrong link to the Hazardous Chemical Database
The link in the article pointed to nitrogen selenide. R6144 11:52, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

structure
The structure,DUde thats not right as in whether it's linear, and etc, dipolee moment, polarity, or whatnot... should be added

Physical properties
What are the physical properties of nitric oxide? Color? Smell? See Nitrogen dioxide for an example. Twilight Realm 20:30, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Name
I thought the suffixes -ous and -ic weren't used anymore. Instead of nitrogen monoxide redirecting here, shouldn't this article redirect there? I have the same complaint with nitrous oxide. Twilight Realm 20:30, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

It's me again. Actually, I just checked the talk page for nitrous oxide, and they said the common name should be used. So, as long as nitric oxide is the common name, I guess that's ok. But first I'd like some confirmation that this is the common name. Twilight Realm 20:30, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Yet another edit. Go here to see my proposal on this topic. Twilight Realm 21:05, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Environmental: While the article states that NO and NO2 contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer, this misses the important contribution of NO to ground level ozone production.

Bio-part of this article should be relocated?
A lot of nice bio-NO content in the present article, but it may be redundant with or more suitable for Endothelium-derived relaxing factor and signal transduction. IMHO.--Smokefoot 02:26, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Chembox
I'm putting the old chembox here while I graft its info onto the new chembox.

Ben 20:13, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Bonding
How does the oxygen bond to the nitrogen? I´ve learned the oxygen can only have two covalent bonds, and the nitrogen, three. If two electrons from each are in the bond, the nitrogen doesn´t have its octet complete. What happens, then? A.Z. 14:51, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

That's why it's considered a free radical. It has one electron which is usually shared along with another molecule's electron to form it's third bond, but instead there is no third bond and it is deemed a free radical. It doesn't like to be this way, that is why it is so reactive. You can see this in the structure you included with the single electron on top. 149.169.51.9 22:43, 19 December 2006 (UTC) Andrea

Minoxidil works through ATP-sensitive potassium channels
Minoxidil apparently works directly on ATP-sensitive potassium channels without stimulating cGMP or PKG. The Potassium hypothesis for hair growth has been supported by numerous agents that influence potassium flux altering hair growth. It appears to be direct on the dermal papillae and potassium channels, and not increased blood flow or PKG phosporylation cell signalling events. As far as NO and the hair follicle it is inducible by androgens and is present in follicle melanocytes (role in greying maybe) but I don't think it is exactly clear what role it plays (maybe associated with hair loss). I don't think the statements are accurate and upto date or appropriate for the topic of NO. Minoxidil maybe contains the molecular structure of NO but there is no proof that is how it effects hair growth. GetAgrippa 05:06, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

This sort of reminds me of some antidepressants as they were designed to modulate neutransmitter reuptake, etc., yet the real function may have to do with neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Anyways, although minoxidil contains the NO structure the evidence doesn't support the effects on hair growth are NO mediated. GetAgrippa 03:22, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

N-O bond length
Bond length is given as 115 ppm. Anyone knows the source of this info? Preferably a scientfic paper. Thanks. -RTyg 131.130.30.233 14:35, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

NO-Xplode Redirect
NO-Xplode is a nutritional supplement, why does it redirect to Nitric Oxide? The page does not even mention the supplement. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by DaMenace123 (talk • contribs) 16:07, 16 May 2007 (UTC).

Vasodilation involves an increase in blood flow, the article states that dialtion induces a decrease in blood-flow, which is incorrect. Dilation does however create a decrease in blood pressure.

The entire Nutraceutical section needs rework. First off GNC is not the sole purveyor of NO "supplements", as a matter of fact the bigger name is Body Fortress. Of course I am too lazy to rewrite appropriately. In addition I added some citation requests. Thank you, -Anon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.237.18.204 (talk) 06:40, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

It would be good to have some information on dietary supplements using NO in this article. Rodface (talk) 15:55, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

Older industrial process
In an older process, NO is produced by an eletric arc. This method is well studed and used in the production of nitic acid before the Oswald process, and is caled Birkeland-Eyde process. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.42.228.115 (talk) 06:31, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Nutraceutical marketing
I have removed this following section, as it seems to be a couple of editors' contributions in disagreement, and unless it is tidied up it really doesn't add to the article. Cheers, Freestyle-69 (talk) 05:16, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

GNC markets the following: Increases Power Output at the Onset of Fatigue by 20%** Delays the Onset of Neuromuscular Fatigue During Exercise** Micronized Arginine Amplifies Nitric Oxide Effects* from here: http://www.gnc.com/product/index.jsp?productId=3535343 They do not claim dramatic muscle growth. The powder form, N.O. Loaded, claims "Volumizes Muscle Cells & Improves Strength* Micronized Arginine for Fast Absorption Generates Increase in Muscle Power* Triggers Physical & Mental Intensity*" from here http://www.gnc.com/product/index.jsp?productId=3523713 Again, they do not claim dramatic muscle growth with this product. GNC has begun to sell an oral "nitric oxide" product targeted for bodybuilders, with the claim that it dramatically increases muscle growth. The claim is grounded in an understanding of NO as being a vasodilator, and when taken prior to and after workouts, it enables muscles to receive more blood and therefore, more oxygen and nutrients. This is critical to maximal muscle exertion during training and recovery afterward. However, there are currently no valid studies supporting the hypothesis that orally ingested NO actually will cause vasodilation; additionally, while users of some supplements have claimed to experience results, these results are generally attributable to ingredients besides NO itself (proteins, creatine etc).

Importance
How do we get the importance of this page rated? It desperately needs this as this is a critical biological mediator and is key to regulating blood pressure and the prevention of atherosclerosis. Indeed, the importance of NO was highlighted in 1998 when Robert F Furchgott, Louis J Ignarro and Ferid Murad were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for work that led to the discovery of NO as a biological mediator. NO even has it's own peer-reviewed journal. JustAnotherKinase (talk) 21:22, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. This being a wiki, you can WP:Be bold, and rate it yourself. Go to the top of this talk, choose the project(s) that interest you, follow the links to their project page and look to see what they might say about their criteria for importance, and then come back here and edit the template to rate it yourself. By the way, these ratings are really only for internal use by their respective projects, and have little or no effect on how the general reading public sees the pages. --Tryptofish (talk) 22:15, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Have added importance JustAnotherKinase (talk) 22:02, 18 October 2009 (UTC).

Dimer formation
Dimer formation (N2O2)& (N2O4) can be found Here —Preceding unsigned comment added by Serag4000 (talk • contribs) 23:27, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

"sustained levels of increase NO production"
The 3rd sentence of the second paragraph reads: However, sustained levels of increase NO production result in direct tissue damage and contribute to the vascular collapse associated with septic shock, whereas chronic expression of NO is associated with various carcinomas and inflammatory conditions including juvenile diabetes, multiple sclerosis, arthritis and ulcerative colitis.[2]

The reference is: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9366709

Simply put, this sentence is not supported by the reference and the sentence does not appear to be a confirmed fact. Millions of people around the world supplement with Arginine and Citrulline to boost NO levels in the body without any of these alleged negative issues. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.207.68.169 (talk) 22:24, 11 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, you are right—the reference refers only to a mechanism of tissue damage. I've moved the reference within the sentence accordingly, and marked the rest of the sentence as "citation needed". But let me point out here that oral arginine and citrulline are unlikely to significantly increase tissue levels of NO, and tissue damage occurs at NO levels altogether higher than those that dietary supplements would be likely to elicit. --Tryptofish (talk) 22:50, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Possibly Confusing Terminology?
I think that the word "diatomic" should be changed to "binary", to me diatomic signals diatomic elemental forms, such as
 * O2, N2, Hg2, H2, etc.

This could lead to some confusion for people who don't completely understand diatomic elements. Of course i may be wrong! NO is a binary molecular compound, and while being diatomic, I feel that anyone who is beginning their study of chemistry could be confused by it. SaiferPhoenix (talk) 23:08, 20 March 2011 (UTC)
 * While term "diatom" does refer to a molecule consisting of two atoms of the same element, like those you mentioned, the adjective "diatomic" can technically be used to describe any molecule consisting of exactly two atoms. However, you make an excellent point about how that might get confusing, and in this sense "binary" is practically interchangeable with "diatomic", since "binary" describes any molecule made up of two non-metallic atoms (to the best of my knowledge.) I second this argument, and since it's reasonable enough, I've changed the sentence accordingly. Wikipedia asks it's users to edit "boldly", but I'm still rather new here, and if anyone has reason to say this change was rash, by all means, revert it.--SRGPaladin (talk) 05:12, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
 * We all learn this way. Binary compounds technically contain two elements, and thus at least two atoms, but perhaps more. For example, water is a binary compound and is triatomic. So I'm afraid you're stuck using the exact word diatomic if you want to mean "two atom molecule". I've left it as "binary diatomic", which is exact.  S  B Harris 01:35, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Nitrogen Monoxide
The infobox designates the IUPAC name of this compound as "nitric oxide". Shouldn't the IUPAC name of this element be "nitrogen monoxide", or is there a special exception for this compound? I am not arguing for the title of the article to be changed, only the part of the infobox with the IUPAC name. T.c.w7468 (talk) 22:06, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

Anions and Cations
It doesn't say anywhere whether the oxygen or nitrogen is te anion/cation. Could someone add it? 24.96.184.145 (talk) 11:58, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * That's because neither really is. The bond between the O and the N is a covalent bond, and therefore the molecule is not a salt. --Tryptofish (talk) 15:21, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

I failed at wiki formatting.
I tried to fix a dead link in the external links section, but it just looks like wiki code on the front-end. Somehow I think that's still better than a dead link, so I left it. Grateful if someone can fix it. =)
 * I tried fixing it. Does it have any problem? Thank you. --Psjk2106 (talk) 05:55, 30 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Nitric oxide. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222229/http://www.berkeleytest.com/plant-based.html to http://www.berkeleytest.com/plant-based.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090227133753/http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/nitric_oxide.pdf to http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/nitric_oxide.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:01, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nitric oxide


text:
Mr. Capone-E

Fahd Azam (born April 27, 1976), known professionally as Mr. Capone-E, is an American rapper. He is the owner of Hi-Power Entertainment.

Early life
Mr Capone E was born in Pakistan to an ethnic Hazara family. He and his family moved to West Covina, California at an early age. He grew up around gangs and became a Sureño. He was incarcerated at 18, and while serving time he decided he wanted to pursue a career in Hip Hop.

2000-2005, career beginnings
Mr. Capone-E released his first solo album in 2000 titled Mr. Capone E & The Southsiders independently through his label Hi Power. This album received a lot of buzz and caught the attention of Thump Records. He signed a three-year distribution deal and released his next album Last Man Standing in 2001. In 2003 Mr Capone E released his third album Dedicated To The Oldies which he claims sold over one million records through swap meets and discotecas.

He went on to release Always and Forever in 2003, which featured the single "I Like It" with Nate Dogg. The album also featured guest appearances from Kokane, Mr. Criminal and other artists from his label Hi Power.

In 2005 he released the albums A Soldier's Story and Ol Skool Music Vol.1 and Vol. 2 with Zapp.

2006-2013, leave from Thump Records, independent releases
Money issues began to surface between Mr. Capone-E and Thump, which ultimately led to unpaid royalties to Mr. Capone-E. He was encouraged to leave Thump based on the number of albums he was selling per release. He left and received all the rights to his music released under Thump.

That year Mr. Capone-E released his seventh album, distributed under SMC, Don't get it Twisted, including the hit single "Don't Get it Twisted" ft. Twista, which peaked at #18 on the Top Heatseekers Album Chart, #25 on the Independent Albums Chart and #68 on the Billboard R&B/Rap Albums.

In 2007, Mr. Capone-E signed an independent direct distribution deal with Koch, and released his eighth album, Mr. Capone-E: Dedicated to the Oldies Part II. It peaked at #17 on the Top Heatseekers Albums Chart and #66 on the Billboard R&B/ Hip Hop Album.

In 2009, Capone-E released his ninth album, Diary of a G, including the single "Light my Fire" ft. Snoop Dogg and collaborations with The Game and Glasses Malone, which peaked at #18 on the Billboard Rap Album Charts and #24 on the Top Heatseekers Album Charts. That year he also did a ring entrance song for the WBA Light Welterweight boxing champion at the time, Amir Khan.

He continued to release albums independently over the years, releasing the albums The Blue Album, Tears of a Soldier.

2014-2016, attempts to crack the mainstream, No Regrets and For Respect
In 2014 Mr. Capone E started working on two albums, No Regrets, and For Respect. These albums have more of a mainstream sound to his previous albums, collaborating with artists such as Migos, French Montana, Ray J, and DJ Mustard. To support the albums he released the mixtape Los Angeles Times. The albums were released in 2016.

2017, 12 albums in 12 months
In 2017 he released an album every month. He did this because he felt that he was not active musically over the past few years and needed to release a lot of music to become more relevant.

2018-present, Narco Valley, autobiography, and other ventures
After releasing those 12 albums, he chose to focus more on building his label Hi Power and sign more up and coming talent.

On March 13, 2018, he made his film debut in Narco Valley.

He is also currently working on releasing his autobiography Who Am I detailing his childhood, his family and ethnicity, and his life and career.

Hi Power Entertainment
Mr. Capone-E founded Hi Power records in 2000 with the release of his debut album. The independent label launched the career of fellow Chicano rap super star Mr. Criminal.

The label originally was only made up of Chicano rappers in his area, but as the label gained more popularity he signed artists like Bizzy Bone and Layzie Bone of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, Lil Flip, MC Eiht, Bad Azz, and Suga Free, among others.

Mixtapes
2014 Los Angeles Times

2016 After The Smoke Clears

title: Mr. Capone-E


text: User:Erwin Walsh

title: User:Erwin Walsh


text:
Wanda Ventham

Wanda Ventham (born 5 August 1935) is an English actress with many roles on British television since beginning her career in the 1950s.

She played Colonel Virginia Lake in the 1970s science-fiction television series UFO and had a recurring role as Cassandra Trotter's mother Pamela Parry in the sitcom Only Fools and Horses between 1989 and 1992. Her many other television appearances include The Sweeney, The Avengers, The Saint, Doctor Who, The Gentle Touch, Minder, Heartbeat and Holby City, and she appeared in two Carry On films.

In April 2014, People magazine featured her in its "Most Beautiful People in the World" edition.

Early life
Ventham was born in Brighton on 5 August 1935, the daughter of Gladys Frances (née Holtham) and Frederick Howard Ventham. Originally aspiring to become an artist, she attended art school for a year whilst working as a scenic painter for the Connaught Theatre in Worthing, West Sussex, during her school holidays. The exposure to professional theatre prompted her to leave art school and pursue a career in acting. She trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, as a contemporary of Judi Dench, graduating in 1956.

Career
Ventham's first film role was in My Teenage Daughter (1956), with Dame Anna Neagle and Sylvia Syms. She also appeared as a debutante in 1962 with a ten-second talking role in the Norman Wisdom film On the Beat and in 1963 as a nurse in the Norman Wisdom film A Stitch in Time – both were uncredited.

She also appeared in Carry On Cleo (1964) and Carry On Up the Khyber (1968). She starred alongside Mark Burns in the mystery film Death Is a Woman (1966). Her best-known role was on television as Col. Virginia Lake, second-in-command to Commander Ed Straker (Ed Bishop), in the cult series UFO.

Ventham's numerous other TV credits include regular roles in Heartbeat as Fiona Weston, Hetty Wainthropp Investigates as Margaret Balshaw, and The Rag Trade as Shirley. She also played a love interest for Arthur Daley in Minder, Susan's mother in Coupling, and Deborah's mother in Men Behaving Badly. She starred opposite Ian Hendry in the 15-part BBC series The Lotus Eaters (1972–73), and made a guest appearance on the BBC Two sketch show Rutland Weekend Television (Se1Ep5). She was in an episode of Danger Man, and the series Patrick McGoohan completed immediately afterwards – the allegorical spy series The Prisoner – as well as the sitcoms Executive Stress and Next of Kin, and the sketch show The Two Ronnies.

She has appeared in Doctor Who on three occasions over three decades; as Jean Rock in The Faceless Ones (1967), as Thea Ransome in Image of the Fendahl (1977) and as Faroon in Time and the Rani (1987). Her appearance in Image of the Fendahl was opposite Denis Lill, with whom she would later act when they were cast as Pamela and Alan Parry in the sitcom Only Fools and Horses (1989–1992).

In 2014, she and her husband Timothy Carlton appeared in the BBC adaptation of Sherlock as the parents of Sherlock Holmes, who is played by their son Benedict Cumberbatch. Ventham appeared in Holby City as Sheilagh Chiltern, the grandmother of Lofty Chiltern.

Personal life
Ventham married her first husband James Tabernacle in 1957 and they had one daughter, Tracy. They divorced on 12 November 1974. She met actor Timothy Carlton in 1970 while filming sequences for the drama series A Family at War and they have been married since April 1976. The couple appeared together in the second series of BBC drama The Lotus Eaters in 1973, and in the third and fourth series of BBC's Sherlock in 2014 and 2017, where they played the title character's parents, with their son, actor Benedict Cumberbatch starring in the title role of Holmes.

title: Wanda Ventham


text:
IEEE 802.18

IEEE 802.18, the Radio Regulatory Technical Advisory Group ("RR-TAG"), is a working group of IEEE 802, the LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMCS). The working group currently has 6 projects on standards for radio-based systems:
 * IEEE 802.11 (Wireless Local area network- WLAN)
 * IEEE 802.15 (Wireless Personal area network - WPAN)
 * IEEE 802.16 (Wireless Metropolitan area network - WMAN)
 * IEEE 802.20 (Wireless Mobility)
 * IEEE 802.21 (Hand-off/Interoperability Between Networks)
 * IEEE 802.22 (Wireless Regional Area Network - WRAN).

The RR-TAG monitors the interests of the above 6 projects, at both national and international levels, and then makes comments and recommends policies to regulators, which balance the interests of all the wireless LMCS projects.

title: IEEE 802.18


text:
User:Tintin1107/Gopalan

Morappakam Joysam Gopalan (born June 6, 1909, Morappakam, Tamil Nadu, India - died December 21, 2003, Chennai) was a sportsman who represented India in cricket and hockey.

Gopalan hailed from the village of Morappakam in Chengelpet district, some 50 kilomteres from Chennai. His family moved to Triplicane in Chennai when he was young. Gopalan was discovered by C.P. Johnstone, one of the founding father of cricket in Madras. As was his practice with promising players, Johnstone gave him a job in the Burmah Shell. Gopalan soon switched his allegiance to the Triplicane Cricket Club. He owed his fame in local circles mainly to his performances here.

He was fast medium bowler who bowled a good length and moved the ball both ways. When he was selected to make his first class debut in the Madras Presidency tournament, it was not a popular decision. He was barracked by a section of the crowd. He did not take a wicket till lunch on the first day, but finished with five wickets in each innings. He also impressed against Arthur Gilligan's MCC team which was touring India at the time.

Cota Ramaswamy remembered that early in his career Gopalan was ''not quite happy with his cricket boots and big tuft of hair, which was a perpetual source of nuisance. Every time he bowled, the tufted hair woud get loose and before be resumed bowling again he used to tie it up. ... M. Baliah and I were responsible for relieving Gopalan of his tuft while we were on a cricketing tour with the MUC team in Bombay. Even though he resented our prank very much, we were sure that he was grateful for what we had done for him''

Another performance of some significance were the two matches in 1930 for Madras against the Vizianagram XI which included Jack Hobbs. In the first, Gopalan dismissed Hobbs in both innings; in the second he clean bowled the great man with a leg-cutter that pitched on the leg stump and took the off bail. Against Ceylon in 1933, he took a famous hattrick, the first in Chepauk. This came in his eighth over when he took wickets with his first, third, fourth and fifth balls, hitting the middle stump each time.

When Ranji trophy was inagurated in 1934, Madras and Mysore (now Karnataka) played the first match. To Gopalan went the honour of delivering the first ball of the tournament. His only Test match was against England at Calcutta in early 1934.

In 1935, he toured New Zealand with the Indian hockey team which enjoyed enormous success. The next year he was selected in the hockey team for the Berlin Olympics and the cricket team to tour England. It was known beforehand that Gopalan would have a small role to play in the England tour because of the presence of Mohammad Nissar and Amar Singh. Still he chose the latter, which turned out to be a terrible decision. The hockey team captained by Dhyan Chand, one of the finest teams in the history of the sport, won the gold medal with little difficulty. As it turned out, Gopalan did not play a Test in England. The tour was marred by internal politics and the team returned in disgrace.

Gopalan's batting improved with time. Johnstone wrote later that it featured a ''stance at the wicket with his left toe cocked up in the air. Since it was the stance adopted by England's most famous cricketer, W.G.Grace, he could hardly be faulted on this account. He was then about a No.10 batsman, but by steady application he showed what improvement a bowler who really tries can make in batting and later on played many fine innings''. The most celebrated of these 'many fine innings' was a 64 against the West Indians in 1949 which featured some thrilling driving.

In 1952, a silver jubilee fund was started to celebrate Gopalan's 25 years in cricket and hockey. An annual cricket match was instituted between Madras and Ceylon (later Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka) for the M. J. Gopalan Trophy. This yearly tournament continued with a few interruptions till Sri Lanka got Test status in the early 1980s. It was revived in 2000 as a match between Tamil Nadu and a Colombo District Cricket Association. This also lapsed after two years.

Gopalan was the oldest living Test cricketer at the time of his death. According to him, he was born in 1906 but the year of his birth was recorded wrongly in the school records.

One of the entrances to the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium is named after Gopalan.

title: User:Tintin1107/Gopalan


text:
Mont-Aux-Sources

Mont-aux-Sources is a mountain in Southern Africa, forming one of the highest portions of the Drakensberg Range. It is mostly within Lesotho, with parts in the KwaZulu-Natal and Free State provinces of South Africa.

The peak is accessible from the Sentinel Car Park near Witsieshoek, via chain ladders.

Description
The Mont-Aux-Sources is part of a basalt plateau which lies at an average elevation of about 3,050 meters (10 000 ft). Among the many escarpments that surround the plateau is a sheer wall of 330 vertical meters, known as the Amphitheatre and the Sentinel. The highest point is a peak 3 km from the Drakensberg escarpment, attaining an altitude of 3282 m.

Hydrography
Since important rivers have their sources in the range, the mountainous area was named mont aux Sources (‘fountains mountain’) by French missionaries who visited the region in 1836.

Several rivers originate in the Mont-Aux-Sources, foremost of which is the Tugela, which flows eastwards into the Indian Ocean on the KwaZulu-Natal coast. Some 7 km from the Mont-Aux-Sources, the Tugela plunges 947 m in a series of falls in the Royal Natal National Park. This is the second-highest series of falls in the world.

The Caledon River, one of the main tributaries of the Orange River, has its sources in this massif and flows along the border with Lesotho. Also the Seati (Khubedu), one of the headwater streams of the Orange River, has its origin near Mont-aux-Sources further to the north.

Another important river is the Elands, named the Namahadi in its uppermost section in the area of the Fika-Patso Dam. The Elands flows roughly northwards into the Wilge River, one of the major tributaries of the Vaal. The Vaal River flows westwards eventually into the Orange River, which in turn flows into the Atlantic Ocean on the West coast of Southern Africa.

title: Mont-Aux-Sources


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Queenzone

Violates the rules in regards to reprinting copyrighted material. Queenzone is owned and operated by Richard Orchard, who has most likely not given permission for contents of his site (ie; rules, chat instructions, etc.) to be published here.


text:
Ex tempore decision

Ex tempore (Latin for "out of the moment“) is a law latin legal term that means 'at the time'. A judge who hands down a decision in a case soon or straight after hearing it is delivering a decision ex tempore. Another way a judge may deliver a decision is to reserve their decision and deliver it later in written form. An ex tempore judgment, being off the cuff, does not entail the same preparation as a reserved decision. Consequently, it will not be thought out to the same degree.

In Australia, intermediate-level courts tend to have a heavy case load, and so many decisions are delivered ex tempore for reasons of time and necessity. Because many decisions are ex tempore, intermediate-level courts' decisions are not binding on inferior courts - that is to say, that in New South Wales, the District Court's decisions are not binding on the Local Court (see Valentine v Eid (1992) 27 NSWLR 615 and stare decisis).

Ex tempore decisions are not binding on later courts due to the quick nature of their delivery after the hearing of a case. Therefore, these decisions are of persuasive authority only and a later court, dealing with a case of similar facts, can reach a different conclusion if it is appropriate and the court in question believes that their decision is more suitable.

title: Ex tempore decision


text:
Edgar Steacie

Edgar William Richard Steacie (December 25, 1900 – August 28, 1962) was a Canadian physical chemist and president of the National Research Council of Canada from 1952 to 1962.

Education
Born in Montreal, Quebec, the only child of Richard Steacie and Alice Kate McWood, he studied a year at the Royal Military College of Canada. In 1923, he received his Bachelor of Science degree and his Ph.D. in 1926 from McGill University.

Career
From 1926 to 1939, Steacie taught at McGill University. In 1939, he joined the National Research Council as director of the division of chemistry. In 1950, he became vice-president (scientific) and, in 1952, president.

Awards and honours
Steacie was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his contributions during the Second World War. From 1954 to 1955, he was the president of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1961, he was elected president of the International Council of Scientific Unions. He was president of the Faraday Society. He was a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. He was an honorary Fellow of the Chemical Society.

In 1948, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and was awarded the Henry Marshall Tory Medal in 1955. He is a member of the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame.

The Steacie Science and Engineering Library at York University, the Steacie Building for Chemistry at Carleton University, the NSERC E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship, and the Steacie Prize are named in his honour.

title: Edgar Steacie


text:
User:Peter Kirby/Library of Alexandria

The Royal Library of Alexandria was once the largest in the world. It is usually assumed to have been founded at the beginning of the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ptolemy II of Egypt after his father had set up the temple of the Muses, the Musaeum (whence we get "Museum"). The initial organization is attributed to Demetrius Phalereus, and is estimated to have stored at its peak 400,000 to 700,000 parchment scrolls. The library's destruction remains a mystery. A new library was inaugurated in 2003, near the site of the old library.

Overview
One story holds that the Library was seeded with Aristotle's own private collection, through one of his students, Demetrius Phalereus. Another concerns how its collection grew so large. By decree of Ptolemy III of Egypt, all visitors to the city were required to surrender all books and scrolls in their possession; these writings were then swiftly copied by official scribes. The originals were put into the Library, and the copies were delivered to the previous owners. While encroaching on the rights of the traveler or merchant, it also helped to create a reservoir of books in the relatively new city.

The Library's contents were likely distributed over several buildings, with the main library either located directly attached to or close to the oldest building, the Museum, and a daughter library in the younger Serapeum, also a temple dedicated to the god Serapis. Carlton Welch provides the following description of the main library based on the existing historical records:
 * A covered marble colonnade connected the Museum with an adjacent stately building, also in white marble and stone, architecturally harmonious, indeed forming an integral part of the vast pile, dedicated to learning by the wisdom of the first Ptolemy in following the advice and genius of Demetrios of Phaleron. This was the famous Library of Alexandria, the "Mother" library of the Museum, the Alexandriana, truly the foremost wonder of the ancient world. Here in ten great Halls, whose ample walls were lined with spacious armaria, numbered and titled, were housed the myriad manuscripts containing the wisdom, knowledge, and information, accumulated by the genius of the Hellenic peoples. Each of the ten Halls was assigned to a separate department of learning embracing the assumed ten divisions of Hellenic knowledge as may have been found in the Catalogue of Callimachus of Greek Literature in the Alexandrian Library, the farfamed Pinakes. The Halls were used by the scholars for general research, although there were smaller separate rooms for individuals or groups engaged in special studies.

In 2004 a Polish-Egyptian team claimed to have discovered part of the library while excavating in the Bruchion region. The archaeologists claimed to have found thirteen "lecture halls", each with a central podium. Zahi Hawass, president of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities said that all together, the rooms uncovered so far could have seated 5000 students.

To commemorate the ancient library, the government of Egypt has built a major library and museum complex at Alexandria, called the Bibliotheca Alexandrina(website).

Destruction of the Great Library
One of the reasons so little is known about the Library is that it was lost centuries after its creation. All that is left of many of the volumes are tantalizing titles that hint at all the history lost from the building's destruction. Few events in ancient history are as controversial as the destruction of the Library, as the historical record is both contradictory and incomplete. Not surprisingly, the Great Library became a symbol for knowledge itself, and its destruction was attributed to those who were portrayed as ignorant barbarians, often for purely political reasons.

Much of the debate rests on a different understanding of what constituted the actual Library. Large parts of the Library were likely decentralized, so it is appropriate also to speak of the "Alexandrian libraries". Both the Serapeum, a temple and daughter library, and the Museum itself existed until about AD 400. Only if one believes the Museum to be distinct from the Great Library, an event of destruction prior to that point becomes plausible.

One account of such an event of destruction concerns Julius Caesar. During his invasion of Alexandria in 47–48 BC, Caesar set the enemy fleet in the harbor on fire. Some historians believe that this fire spread into the city and destroyed the entire library. While this interpretation is now a minority view, it is based on several ancient sources, all of which were written at least about 150 years after the destruction supposedly took place. Edward Parsons has analyzed the Caesar theory in his book The Alexandrian Library and summarizes the sources as follows:

A final summary is interesting: of the 16 writers, 10, Caesar himself, the author of the Alexandrian War, Cicero, Strabo, Livy (as far as we know), Lucan, Florus, Suetonius, Appian, and even Athenaeus apparently knew nothing of the burning of the Museum, of the Library, or of Books during Caesar's visit to Egypt; and 6 tell of the incident as follows:

1. Seneca (AD 49), the first writer to mention it (and that nearly 100 years after the alleged event), definitely says that 40,000 books were burned.

2. Plutarch (c. 117) says that the fire destroyed the great Library.

3. Aulus Gellius (123 - 169) says that during the "sack" of Alexandria 700,000 volumes were all burned.

4. Dio Cassius (155 - 235) says that storehouses containing grain and books were burned, and that these books were of great number and excellence.

5. Ammianus Marcellinus (390) says that in the "sack" of the city 70,000 volumes were burned.

6. Orosius (c. 415), the last writer, singularly confirms Seneca as to number and the thing destroyed: 40,000 books.

Of all the sources, Plutarch is the only one to refer explicitly to the destruction of the Library. Plutarch was also the first writer to refer to Caesar by name. Ammianus Marcellinus' account seems to be directly based on Aulus Gellius because the wording is almost the same.

The majority of ancient historians, even those strongly politically opposed to Caesar, give no account of the alleged massive disaster. Cecile Orru argued in "Antike Bibliotheken" (2002, edited by Wolfgang Höpfner) that Caesar could not have destroyed the Library because it was located in the royal quarter of the city, where Caesar's troops were fortified after the fire (which would not have been possible if the fire had spread to that location).

Furthermore, the Library was a very large stone building and the scrolls were stored away in armaria (and some of them put in capsules), so it is hard to see how a fire in the harbor could have affected a significant part of its contents. Lastly, modern archaeological finds have confirmed an extensive ancient water supply network which covered the major parts of the city, including, of course, the royal quarter.

The destruction of the library is attributed by some historians to a period of civil war in the late 3rd century AD -- but we know that the Museum, which was adjacent to the library, survived until the 4th century. There are also allegations dating to medieval times that claim that Caliph Omar, during an invasion in the 7th century, ordered the Library to be destroyed, but these claims are generally regarded as a Christian attack on Muslims, and include many indications of fabrication, such as the claim that the contents of the Library took six months to burn in Alexandria's public baths. The legend of Caliph Omar's destruction of the library provides the classical example of a dilemma: Omar is reported to have said that if the books of the library did not contain the teachings of the Qur'an, they were useless and should be destroyed; if the books did contain the teachings of the Qur'an, they were superfluous and should be destroyed.

Evidence for the existence of the Library after Caesar
As noted above, it is generally accepted that the Museum of Alexandria existed until c. AD 400, and if the Museum and the Library are considered to be largely identical or attached to one another, earlier accounts of destruction could only concern a small number of books stored elsewhere. This is consistent with the number given by Seneca, much smaller than the overall volume of books in the Library. So under this interpretation it is plausible that, for example, books stored in a warehouse near the harbor were accidentally destroyed by Caesar, and that larger numbers cited in some works have to be considered unreliable -- misinterpretations by the medieval monks who preserved these works through the Middle Ages, or deliberate forgeries.

Even if one considers the Museum and the Library to be very much separate, there is considerable evidence that the Library continued to exist after the alleged destruction. Plutarch, who claimed the Great Library was destroyed (150 years after the alleged incident), in Life of Antony describes the later transfer of the second largest library to Alexandria by Mark Antony as a gift to Cleopatra. He quotes Calvisius as claiming "that [Mark Antony] had given her the library of Pergamus, containing two hundred thousand distinct volumes", although he himself finds Calvisius' claims hard to believe. In "Einführung in die Überlieferungsgeschichte" (1994, p. 39), Egert Pöhlmann cites further expansions of the Alexandrian libraries by Caesar Augustus (in the year AD 12) and Claudius (AD 41-54). Even if the most extreme allegations against Caesar were true, this raises the question of what happened to these volumes.

The continued existence of the Library is also supported by an ancient inscription found in the early 20th century, dedicated to Tiberius Claudius Balbillus of Rome (d. AD 56). As noted in the "Handbuch der Bibliothekswissenschaft" (Georg Leyh, Wiesbaden 1955):

"We have to understand the office which Ti. Claudius Balbillus held [...], which included the title 'supra Museum et ab Alexandrina bibliotheca', to have combined the direction of the Museum with that of the united libraries, as an academy."

Athenaeus (c. AD 200) wrote in detail in the Deipnosophistai about the wealth of Ptolemy II (309-246 BC) and the type and number of his ships. When it came to the Library and Museum, he wrote: "Why should I now have to point to the books, the establishment of libraries and the collection in the Museum, when this is in every man's memory?" Given the context of his statement, and the fact that the Museum still existed at the time, it is clear that Athenaeus cannot have referred to any event of destruction -- he considered both facilities to be so famous that it was not necessary for him to describe them in detail. We must therefore conclude that at least some of the Alexandrian libraries were still in operation at the time.

Destruction of the pagan temples by Theophilus
In the late 4th century, persecution of pagans by Christians had reached new levels of intensity. Temples and statues were destroyed throughout the Roman Empire, pagan rituals forbidden under punishment of death, and libraries closed. In 391, Emperor Theodosius ordered the destruction of all pagan temples, and Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria complied with this request. Socrates Scholasticus provides the following account of the destruction of the temples in Alexandria:

 * "Demolition of the Idolatrous Temples at Alexandria, and the Consequent Conflict between the Pagans and Christians."

 * "At the solicitation of Theophilus bishop of Alexandria the emperor issued an order at this time for the demolition of the heathen temples in that city; commanding also that it should be put in execution under the direction of Theophilus. Seizing this opportunity, Theophilus exerted himself to the utmost to expose the pagan mysteries to contempt. And to begin with, he caused the Mithreum to be cleaned out, and exhibited to public view the tokens of its bloody mysteries. Then he destroyed the Serapeum, and the bloody rites of the Mithreum he publicly caricatured; the Serapeum also he showed full of extravagant superstitions, and he had the phalli of Priapus carried through the midst of the forum. [...] Thus this disturbance having been terminated, the governor of Alexandria, and the commander-in-chief of the troops in Egypt, assisted Theophilus in demolishing the heathen temples. These were therefore razed to the ground, and the images of their gods molten into pots and other convenient utensils for the use of the Alexandrian church; for the emperor had instructed Theophilus to distribute them for the relief of the poor. All the images were accordingly broken to pieces, except one statue of the god before mentioned, which Theophilus preserved and set up in a public place; 'Lest,' said he, 'at a future time the heathens should deny that they had ever worshiped such gods.'"

The Serapeum housed part of the Library, but it is not known how many books were contained in it at the time of destruction. Notably, Paulus Orosius admitted in his History against the pagans: "[T]oday there exist in temples book chests which we ourselves have seen, and, when these temples were plundered, these, we are told, were emptied by our own men in our time, which, indeed, is a true statement." Some books may have been stolen, therefore, but any books that existed in the Serapeum at the time would have been destroyed when it was razed to the ground.

As for the Museum, Mostafa El-Abbadi writes in Life and Fate of the ancient Library of Alexandria (Paris 1992):

 * "The Mouseion, being at the same time a 'shrine of the Muses', enjoyed a degree of sanctity as long as other pagan temples remained unmolested. Synesius of Cyrene, who studied under Hypatia at the end of the fourth century, saw the Mouseion and described the images of the philosophers in it. We have no later reference to its existence in the fifth century. As Theon, the distinguished mathematician and father of Hypatia, herself a renowned scholar, was the last recorded scholar-member (c. 380), it is likely that the Mouseion did not long survive the promulgation of Theodosius' decree in 391 to destroy all pagan temples in the City."

Conclusions
There is a growing consensus among historians that the Library of Alexandria likely suffered from several destructive events, but that the destruction of Alexandria's pagan temples in the late 4th century was probably the most severe and final one. The evidence for that destruction is the most definitive and secure. Caesar's invasion may well have led to the loss of some 40,000-70,000 scrolls in a warehouse adjacent to the port (as Luciano Canfora argues, they were likely copies produced by the Library intended for export), but it is unlikely to have affected the Library or Museum, given that there is ample evidence that both existed later.

Civil wars, decreasing investments in maintenance and acquisition of new scrolls and generally declining interest in non-religious pursuits likely contributed to a reduction in the body of material available in the Library, especially in the fourth century. The Serapeum was certainly destroyed by Theophilus in 391, and the Museum and Library may have fallen victim to the same campaign.

If indeed a Christian mob was responsible for the destruction of the Library, the question remains why Plutarch casually referred to the destruction of "the great library" by Caesar in his Life of Caesar. As noted in the Wikipedia article on Plutarch, Plutarch was patronized by influential Romans, including important Senators, to whom some of Plutarch's writings were dedicated. Such patrons would likely have appreciated laying the blame on the relatively populist Julius Caesar. It is also important to note that most surviving ancient works, including Plutarch, were copied throughout the Middle Ages by Christian monks. During this copying process, errors have sometimes been made, and some have argued that deliberate forgery is not out of the question, especially for politically sensitive issues. Other explanations are certainly possible, and the fate of the Library will continue to be the subject of much heated historical debate.

Other libraries of the ancient world

 * The libraries of Ugarit, ca 1200 BC, include diplomatic archives, literary works and the earliest privately-owned libraries yet recovered.

 * The library of King Ashurbanipal, in Nineveh— Considered to be "the first systematically collected library", it was rediscovered in the 19th century. While the library had been destroyed, many fragments of the ancient cuneiform_(script) tables survived, and have been reconstructed. Large portions of the Epic of Gilgamesh were among the many finds.

 * The Villa of the Papyri, in Herculaneum— One of the largest private libraries of the early Roman Empire. Thought to have been destroyed in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Rediscovered in 1752, the contents of the library were found to have been carbonized. Using modern techniques, the scrolls are currently being meticulously unrolled, and the writing deciphered.

 * At Pergamum the Attalid kings formed the second best Hellenistic library after Alexandria, founded in emulation of the Ptolemies. When the Ptolemies stopped exporting papyrus, partly because of competitors and partly because of shortages, the Pergamenes invented a new substance to use in codices, called pergamum or parchment after the city. This was made of fine calfskin, a predecessor of vellum and paper.

 * Caesarea Palaestina had a great early Christian library. Through Origen and the scholarly priest Pamphilus, the theological school of Caesarea won a reputation for having the most extensive ecclesiastical library of the time, containing more than 30,000 manuscripts: Gregory, Basil the Great, Jerome and others came to study there.

The Great Library of Alexandria

The Great Library of Alexandria is the name usually reserved for the Royal Library of the Ptolemies founded, according to later sources, by Ptolemy II Philadelphus in the middle of the third century BCE. The earliest source for the story of the library’s foundation and for its enormous size is a fictional document from Alexandria’s Jewish community, dated with difficulty to about 100BCE, called the Letter of Aristeas. The author of the letter poses as a gentile and intends to provide reassurance to the Greek-speaking Jewish community that their translation of the Bible, known as the Septuagint, was accurate and even divinely inspired. It tells the famous story about the seventy-two scholars who were summoned from Judea to effect the translation work on the instructions of the Royal Library’s first administrator, Demetrius of Phalerum. This fictional letter has the distinction of being the only ancient source we possess that unambiguously mentions the library while it certainly still existed. However, its religious polemical nature and the fact it dates from well after the events it describes, means cannot be relied upon in any way at all. However, later and more reliable sources have enabled scholars to glean some information on the library. It had a librarian whose names up until 130BCE were discovered on a much later papyrus scrap at Oxyrynchus although this does not fully reconcile with other sources. The library contained a lot of scrolls although the figures given by much later sources varying from 400,000 to 700,000 are certainly an order of magnitude to great (such a library would require 40 km of shelving!). There was also a catalogue called the Pinakes put together by the poet Callimachus. These catalogues took up 120 scrolls and listed, with biographical and critical summaries, all the works of Greek literature which Callimachus thought were important. Textual scholars also place the editing of Homer and other ancient authors in the hands of Alexandrian scholars. There the evidence ends and speculation takes over. We know nothing about the physical appearance, the location or the relationship to the other institutions of ancient Alexandria. One thing is for certain – the Great Library of Alexandria whose loss set back human development by centuries is a romantic myth. The fate of the library has generated more discussion and heat than almost any other ancient mystery. The three parties accused, Julius Caesar, an early Christian bishop called Theophilus and the Caliph Omar have enjoyed as finer group of advocates and prosecutors as any historical figure could aspire to. In fact, the accusation against Omar is not first heard until the thirteenth century and that against Theophilus until the eighteenth. The only solid source we have is Plutarch saying in his Life of Caesar in c.100CE that Caesar had accidentally burnt the library down. Even that is problematic because contemporary sources, even those opposed to Caesar are silent. What we can be certain of is that Plutarch, who was familiar with Alexandria, know the Great Library was no more. Thus the accusations against the other two suspects become moot even if we cannot rule out an earlier loss due to Ptolemy VII Psychon who launched a purge against the Greek population in the mid second century BCE, a hundred years before Caesar arrived. Omar and Theophilus can more plausibly be suspected of the loss of the library at the Temple of Serapis in Alexandria which was sacked by Christians in 356CE and more famously in 391AD. Edward Gibbon was the first to make the leap associating the second of these sackings (although interestingly, not the first) with the loss of the Serapeum library. However, none of the five near contemporary ancient sources for the 391CE sacking make mention of the library, even Eunapius, an emphatically anti-Christian one. The suspicion that the library was lost earlier is confirmed by the fact that a close reading shows it was absent during the visit of the historian Ammianus Marcellinus in the 370s. The assumption that the Serapeum had also been founded by the Ptolemies was already current in the fourth century CE, no doubt due to the lack of the actual Royal Library to hook the old stories on. However, archaeology shows that the late antique structure of the Serapeum to have been built in the second century by Roman occupiers and it is more likely that the library was installed at this date and given a legendary Ptolemaic foundation by later writers. Modern scholars have concluded in the main that the ancient sources concerning the library are too late and too garbled to be good evidence. The Great Library has become a myth and symbol, both for the lost knowledge of the ancients and the barbarity of destroying books. One lesson from the story has not been learned. We continue to leave the legacy of the future in jeopardy by insisting on keeping all our most valuable books and manuscripts in huge repositories where any disaster would lead to irreparable loss.

Josephus Jewish Antiquities 12, 2, Philo Life of Moses 5, Athenaeus Deipnosophist 5, 203

Blum Kallimachos and the Origins of Bibliography p130 quotes ‘P. Oxy 1241’. Blum also wonders if enough Greek literature ever existed to fill 500,000 scrolls.

Readers wishing to review the recent state of the evidence in detail are referred to the Introductions to The Library of Alexandria: Centre of Learning in the Ancient World, Roy MacLeod (ed.) London, 2000 and Lost Libraries: The Destruction of Great Book Collections since Antiquity, James Raven (ed.), London, 2004. The most complete on line treatment is ‘The Foundation and Loss of the Royal and Serapeum Libraries of Alexandria’ by James Hannam, 2003 (http://www.bede.org.uk/library2.htm)

Christopher Haas, Alexandria in Late Antiquity (New York, 1997), pp. 288 and 161 – 3 respectively.

Rowe Discovery of the Famous Temple and Enclosure of Serapis at Alexandria, p. 62.

title: User:Peter Kirby/Library of Alexandria


text:
Talk:Bettina Aptheker

Hagiography
This is not so much a biography as a hagiography. Surely this form a idolizing violates wikipedia standards. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.62.234.13 (talk) 04:31, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Antisemitism
It should be clearly indicated that she is of Jewish descent. The whole comment about her father is a valid and typical Jewish thought process after WW2 and she was brought up in that environment. To label her as possibly antisemitic without the appropriate background discussion is disingenuous. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.254.48.141 (talk) 20:25, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Bettina Aptheker. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://hnn.us/roundup/archives/14/2006/10/#31237

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:37, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Bettina Aptheker. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://hnn.us/search/google/Bettina%20and%20Herbert%20Aptheker?query=Bettina%20and%20Herbert%20Aptheker&cx=005019620910017069515%3Ax5b3q1brjny&cof=FORID%3A11&sitesearch=&safe=medium
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071019010437/http://hnn.us:80/roundup/archives/14/2006/10/ to http://hnn.us/roundup/archives/14/2006/10/#30882

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:38, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bettina Aptheker


text:
Charles I d'Albret

Charles I d'Albret (December 1368 – 25 October 1415) was the Lord of Albret and the Constable of France from 1402 until 1411, and again from 1413 until 1415. He was also the co-commander of the French army at the Battle of Agincourt where he was killed by the English forces led by King Henry V.

Biography
Charles was born into an old Gascon family, the son of Arnaud, Lord of Albret, and Margaret de Bourbon. He served under Bertrand du Guesclin as a young man and fought at the battle of Roosebeke. He was made the constable of France by Charles VI in 1403, but dismissed when the Burgundian faction gained power at court. He was restored to his office in 1413 when the Armagnac faction regained power. An important figure at the French court, he is the subject of two of Christine de Pizan's Autres Ballades (#2 and #3).

Although nominal commander of the French army in the Agincourt campaign together with Marshal Boucicaut, the two professional soldiers could not exercise effective control over the higher-ranking French nobles on the day of the battle. Constable d'Albret was killed at Agincourt during the battle on 25 October 1415, against the English troops led by King Henry V. He was interred at the Friary church in Vieil-Hesdin.

Family
He married Marie de Sully, daughter of Louis de Sully and Isabel de Craon, on 27 January 1400 and had issue:
 * Jeanne d'Albret (1403–1433), married in 1422 John I, Count of Foix. She was his second wife; the only one of his three wives who bore him issue.
 * Charles II d'Albret (1407–1471), married Anne of Armagnac (born 1402), the daughter of Bernard VII of Armagnac, Count of Charolais and Bonne of Berry
 * Guillaume d'Albret, Lord of Orval, died at the Battle of the Herrings in 1429, no issue
 * Jean d'Albret, died without issue
 * Catherine d'Albret, married Charles de Montagu (1363–1409)

title: Charles I d'Albret


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aidan Ross

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Tony Sidaway Talk 17:52, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Aidan Ross
Nn, possibly definitely vanity. Ngb 12:00, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't delete me, I am a young artist who just wants to be known by more people. (Sorry If I put this in the wrong place) -- (prevoius unsigned contribution by AKLR, 12:12, 21 August 2005)

 * In Wikipedia, we don't delete people, we delete pages about people. Wikipedia is about people who are known, not for people who want to be known. There must be some place in the Internet where Mr Ross can turn - but not here. Delete nn/vanity. --DrTorstenHenning 12:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Aidan, to gain recognition over the internet your best strategy is to start your own website, and to get recognized & listed by notable professional art/literature organizations, in my opinion (I'm not an artist, so I'm not familiar with the business). This is an encyclopedia for historically notable people, places, and events. You'll likely end up here if you get famous. :) --Cheese Sandwich 14:51, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above and suggest you put some of the info (but not the urls) on your own user page, which is blank at the moment. Alf 15:28, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable yet. feydey 18:36, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn Dottore So 19:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Al-Ahbash

What a Joke
Lmao, even after almost two decades this article is still full of nonsense and McKhan is still being the biggest troll on wikipedia. This guy clearly has a vendetta against this organization; why is he even allowed to participate? This is why nobody takes this website seriously. Stop asking me for donations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:3cb:400:a3b0:39dd:1e68:c175:ff01 (talk) 08:19, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 January 2023
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahbash

The calligraphic image is incorrectly captioned. It does not say “Al-Ahbash”. It says “Al-Mashariya” (the projects). 58.172.196.217 (talk) 10:28, 18 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. ~ Eejit43 ( talk ) 14:08, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al-Ahbash


text:
William Harris, 6th Earl of Malmesbury

William James Harris, 6th Earl of Malmesbury TD (18 November 1907 – 11 November 2000), styled Viscount FitzHarris until 1950, was a British peer.

The son of James Harris, 5th Earl of Malmesbury, Harris was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge and, as a surveyor, joined and served in the Royal Hampshire Regiment. After leaving the army, he served in a variety of positions, all of which involved forestry, agriculture, or surveying work. He succeeded his father in the earldom in 1950. In 1973 he became Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire, a position he held until 1982. From 1966 to 1974 he was Official Verderer of the New Forest.

The family seat was Greywell Hill House, near Farnham in Hampshire.

Lord Malmesbury married firstly, the Honourable Diana Carleton (1912–1990), daughter of Dudley Carleton, 2nd Baron Dorchester, on 7 July 1932. They had three children:,
 * Lady Sylvia Veronica Anthea Harris (b. 17 May 1934), married John Maltby, son of Air Vice Marshal Sir Paul Copeland Maltby, and had issue.
 * Lady Nell Carleton Harris (b. 3 July 1937), married Captain Michael Boyle, descendant of Henry Boyle, 5th Earl of Shannon and William Edmund Cradock-Hartopp, 3rd Baronet, High Sheriff of Warwickshire, and had issue.
 * James Harris, 7th Earl of Malmesbury (b. 19 June 1946), married Sally Ann Rycroft, daughter of Sir Richard Newton Rycroft, 7th Baronet, and had issue.

He married secondly, Margaret Campbell-Preston (d. 1994) in 1991 and thirdly, Bridget Hawkings on 5 July 1996.

title: William Harris, 6th Earl of Malmesbury


text: Category:Portuguese science fiction writers


text:
Banach manifold

In mathematics, a Banach manifold is a manifold modeled on Banach spaces. Thus it is a topological space in which each point has a neighbourhood homeomorphic to an open set in a Banach space (a more involved and formal definition is given below). Banach manifolds are one possibility of extending manifolds to infinite dimensions.

A further generalisation is to Fréchet manifolds, replacing Banach spaces by Fréchet spaces. On the other hand, a Hilbert manifold is a special case of a Banach manifold in which the manifold is locally modeled on Hilbert spaces.

Definition
Let $$X$$ be a set. An atlas of class $$C^r,$$ $$r \geq 0,$$ on $$X$$ is a collection of pairs (called charts) $$\left(U_i, \varphi_i\right),$$ $$i \in I,$$ such that

 * 1) each $$U_i$$ is a subset of $$X$$ and the union of the $$U_i$$ is the whole of $$X$$;
 * 2) each $$\varphi_i$$ is a bijection from $$U_i$$ onto an open subset $$\varphi_i\left(U_i\right)$$ of some Banach space $$E_i,$$ and for any indices $$i \text{ and } j,$$ $$\varphi_i\left(U_i \cap U_j\right)$$ is open in $$E_i;$$
 * 3) the crossover map $$\varphi_j \circ \varphi_i^{-1} : \varphi_i\left(U_i \cap U_j\right) \to \varphi_j\left(U_i \cap U_j\right)$$ is an $r$-times continuously differentiable function for every $$i, j \in I;$$ that is, the $$r$$th Fréchet derivative $$\mathrm{d}^r\left(\varphi_j \circ \varphi_i^{-1}\right) : \varphi_i\left(U_i \cap U_j\right) \to \mathrm{Lin}\left(E_i^r; E_j\right)$$ exists and is a continuous function with respect to the $$E_i$$-norm topology on subsets of $$E_i$$ and the operator norm topology on $$\operatorname{Lin}\left(E_i^r; E_j\right).$$

One can then show that there is a unique topology on $$X$$ such that each $$U_i$$ is open and each $$\varphi_i$$ is a homeomorphism. Very often, this topological space is assumed to be a Hausdorff space, but this is not necessary from the point of view of the formal definition.

If all the Banach spaces $$E_i$$ are equal to the same space $$E,$$ the atlas is called an $$E$$-atlas. However, it is not a priori necessary that the Banach spaces $$E_i$$ be the same space, or even isomorphic as topological vector spaces. However, if two charts $$\left(U_i, \varphi_i\right)$$ and $$\left(U_j, \varphi_j\right)$$ are such that $$U_i$$ and $$U_j$$ have a non-empty intersection, a quick examination of the derivative of the crossover map $$\varphi_j \circ \varphi_i^{-1} : \varphi_i\left(U_i \cap U_j\right) \to \varphi_j\left(U_i \cap U_j\right)$$ shows that $$E_i$$ and $$E_j$$ must indeed be isomorphic as topological vector spaces. Furthermore, the set of points $$x \in X$$ for which there is a chart $$\left(U_i, \varphi_i\right)$$ with $$x$$ in $$U_i$$ and $$E_i$$ isomorphic to a given Banach space $$E$$ is both open and closed. Hence, one can without loss of generality assume that, on each connected component of $$X,$$ the atlas is an $$E$$-atlas for some fixed $$E.$$

A new chart $$(U, \varphi)$$ is called compatible with a given atlas $$\left\{\left(U_i, \varphi_i\right) : i \in I\right\}$$ if the crossover map $$\varphi_i \circ \varphi^{-1} : \varphi\left(U \cap U_i\right) \to \varphi_i\left(U \cap U_i\right)$$ is an $$r$$-times continuously differentiable function for every $$i \in I.$$ Two atlases are called compatible if every chart in one is compatible with the other atlas. Compatibility defines an equivalence relation on the class of all possible atlases on $$X.$$

A $$C^r$$-manifold structure on $$X$$ is then defined to be a choice of equivalence class of atlases on $$X$$ of class $$C^r.$$ If all the Banach spaces $$E_i$$ are isomorphic as topological vector spaces (which is guaranteed to be the case if $$X$$ is connected), then an equivalent atlas can be found for which they are all equal to some Banach space $$E.$$ $$X$$ is then called an $$E$$-manifold, or one says that $$X$$ is modeled on $$E.$$

Examples
Every Banach space can be canonically identified as a Banach manifold. If $$(X, \|\,\cdot\,\|)$$ is a Banach space, then $$X$$ is a Banach manifold with an atlas containing a single, globally-defined chart (the identity map).

Similarly, if $$U$$ is an open subset of some Banach space then $$U$$ is a Banach manifold. (See the classification theorem below.)

Classification up to homeomorphism
It is by no means true that a finite-dimensional manifold of dimension $$n$$ is homeomorphic to $$\Reals^n,$$ or even an open subset of $$\Reals^n.$$ However, in an infinite-dimensional setting, it is possible to classify "well-behaved" Banach manifolds up to homeomorphism quite nicely. A 1969 theorem of David Henderson states that every infinite-dimensional, separable, metric Banach manifold $$X$$ can be embedded as an open subset of the infinite-dimensional, separable Hilbert space, $$H$$ (up to linear isomorphism, there is only one such space, usually identified with $$\ell^2$$). In fact, Henderson's result is stronger: the same conclusion holds for any metric manifold modeled on a separable infinite-dimensional Fréchet space.

The embedding homeomorphism can be used as a global chart for $$X.$$ Thus, in the infinite-dimensional, separable, metric case, the "only" Banach manifolds are the open subsets of Hilbert space.

title: Banach manifold


text:
Talk:List of film periodicals

Comments
I'd suggest that the introductory paragraph describes film magazines, but not film journals. Typically, the term journal describes a more academic publication than a magazine.

Also, the links need to be standardized so they point either to Wiki pages or external links.

--User: 12:02, 21 August 2005

Contrary to the belief of many contributors of standardization, uniformity and boredom are no keys to superior quality. If the links would only link to articles most of the references would have to be deleted. Conversely if the links would only lead to external sources a hopefully (slowly) evolving knowledge within about film journals would have to be excluded. This is yet another example how craving for uniformity leads to absurd consequences. 02/06

New Style.
So, removing the links got me thinking... maybe we should use a table. Here's a brief example

We can change what columns there are... but, do you think a table would be a good idea? User:G グレン 11:42, 28 May 2007

For some reason, the URL information was removed in a past revision. I added the column and will add as many URLs as I can. Had to put the URL column at the end of the table to avoid messing up the contents. If anyone knows a better way to do this, please help. User:Neuenglander May 2011 —Preceding undated comment added 13:05, 13 May 2011 (UTC).

I re-removed the URL column, see User talk:Erik for info as to why, and possible alternatives. Neuenglander (talk) 13:14, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

.?
List includes "./ Film International", but magazine's website seems to indicate name is "Film International" ("." seems to be in use only as cover logo). Change listing to "Film International/ ."? Change to just "Film International"? --User: (talk) 03:43, 12 October 2008

online-only?
List includes "24 Lies A Second .. Online journal ..". From looking at the website it seems to be an online-only journal (. no journals printed). Should this list include journals that are online-only? --User: (talk) 03:52, 12 October 2008

Missing?
Among the magazines missing from the list, if anyone knows how to code them and wants to add them, here are some: Le Film français, Midi Minuit Fantastique, Studio magazine, Variety. Probably many more (and are movie fan magazines included in this list? Many old-time fan magazines probably have Wikipedia pages). Randy Kryn 17:18, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I have now added Variety, Hollywood Reporter and Quigley Publishing journals and forerunners. There are more to add that can be found on the Media History Digital Library as well as Premiere.  It seems strange that this list did not include any weekly periodicals until this edit.Sudiani (talk) 13:10, 2 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of film periodicals


text: Category:History of Brunei

title: Category:History of Brunei


text: Category:Accounting software

title: Category:Accounting software


text:
Talk:List of monarchs and heads of state of Finland

Factual errors
I find quite a bit to be questionable in this article...

-It's maybe a bit dubious to call Finland Finland when speaking about it's medieval history, as the term "Finland" is thought to be as young as a few hundred years.

- This part is especially bad written.

"An interpretation has been made that the part "Vend" in the later established titulary of Kings of Sweden (three crowns in the Coat of Arms, three kingdoms: Kings of Svears, Götars och Vends; Sveriges, Götes och Vendes Konung) means Finland, the form being akin to Findland, Vindland. As such, the Österland (=medievally inhabited parts of Finland) was the third kingdom and part of the realm.

The kingdom was superseded by the Republic of Finland with the republican constitution of 17 July 1919."

- I understand the second paragraph refers to the quite short-lived "kingdom of Finland" that superseded Finland being a grand duchy of Russia. If written this way at-least I at first missunderstood it as superseding the swedish rule. I think it's some kind of error that has evolved due to different people editing having missunderstood each-other.

- Also the theory about the swedish coat of arms is by many considered to be a legend, which has gotten more popularly thought to be true due to it being featured in popular books by Jan Guillou in Sweden. I think the more widely accepted theory by experts about the three crowns has to do with the three wise men in christian religious history. And is said to originate somewhere in today's Germany.

Gillis 14:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Okay removed the three crowns legend and made it more clear that kingdom refers to the kingdom of Finland noted earlyer. Adding swedish names for all the regents since finland is still today bi-lingual might be a good idea.Gillis 15:03, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

That quite ridiculous interpretation of Vend - Fin is actually presented in some book, I think one of those of Matti Klinge (Muinaisuutemmemervallat??). Therefore it should be said here too. In my opinion (which is no authority) that however is ridiculous, because it was Gustav I who took the name of the third people (vandalorum was added to sweorum gothorum) to the titulary, and I guess he did not mean Finns. Rather, he just wanted to snub at the Danish monarch who (1) had three in the list, and (2) had Gothorum which however was perceived a clearly swedish territory. Finlandais 22:23, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes i've heard the interpretation too, and also counter interpretations stating that there were many other people who could be these "mysterious vends". But however this is, it most likely is not the source of the Swedish coat of arms either(in case it even would be true). Gillis 22:56, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Names
I'd remove the names after the English one per List of Swedish monarchs and List of Russian rulers and let people find out the names in other languages via interwiki or articles on the individual rulers. Other info & prominent nicknames I'd keep as is. Certainly it would be informative to keep the names in both Finnish, Swedish & Russian, but then the list would be very cluttered. Scoo 06:38, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I am also against cluttering this article. In my opinion, a Finnish variant of name could be allowed if it does not clutter too much, but if it does or if its presence means that some russian-nationalist-sympathzers want to put russian variant too, or some Swedish-nationalist-sympathizers want to put Swedish variant too, then even the finnish variant is better to taken away. But, as long as the List of Swedish rulers includes also the swedish name variants, this list should include the Finnish name variant. Anyway, the biography article of the ruler individually, is the right place to explain all variants of her/his name(s). Finlandais 08:32, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Kings of Kvenland
Added link to Kings of Kvenland that contains related material. --Drieakko 12:08, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Swedish kings before 1249
There is no historical data whatsoever that any of the Swedish kings before 1249 would have ruled in Finland. --Drieakko 20:45, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Well that depends on your exact definition of ruling, very few kings in those time really had much to say about things. But generally it is considered that Finland was in some way in contact with sweden from the first crusades (which of course also some sources dispute etc.) but i think it is worth mentioning in the article the Swedish rulers starting from Pyhä Eerik, although it is worth noting about the very small amount of power he held over Finland. The Finnish article on this subject has also taken this approach. Gillis 23:44, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
 * One itnerpretation of Swedish rule could be the foundation of the Archdiocese of Turku Gillis 00:01, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Bishop of Finland appears in the surviving pre-1249 Second Swedish Crusade sources independent from Sweden. In 1209, it was still the Archbishop of Lund that were governing the church matters in Finland. Still in the 1230s Pope was offering Finland to the German knights in Estonia. German sources first mention Finland under Sweden in 1249. Russian sources first mention that Finns would have been under Swedish rule in 1256. "Swedish-style" Bishop of Turku is first mentioned in 1259; before that the bishop was known as the Bishop of Finland. The first surely Swedish Bishop of Finland was Bero, appointed in 1248/9. Bishop or Diocese of Finland is not mentioned in the surviving lists of bishops and dioceses of Sweden from 1189, 1192, 1241 and 1248. There are also no archaeological finds from Finland that would date Swedish fortifications older than 1250s. If there was a military expedition to Finland in 1150s (sporadic military campaigns were very common in the 12th century among the peoples of the Baltic Sea), it did not have any results. All in all, as there is no evidence whatsoever about Kings of Sweden ruling in Finland before 1249, it is not meaningful to list them doing that. --Drieakko 05:08, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Good text, allt this might be worth mentioning in the article though. Gillis 08:14, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It should perhaps go to the article about History of Finland, since this article is titled to be just a list of monarchs. --Drieakko 08:52, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It's some years ago I read "Suomen Historia" (ISBN: 9513509036), if I recall it right it mentions a book written by German monks around 1360 where they list Kingdoms and Kings of Europe and they do include a King of Tavastia, which could imply that the Swedish rule wasn't absolute and the bow tax may indicate that from the beginning it can just been an military alliance against a common enemy and 1362 formed to an union when Tavastian nobles took part of selecting the new Swedish king. One thing that has to be considered, Swedish sources are less trustworthy than the Russian ones, as the Swedish ones has many times been changed afterwards, for example the supposed Birger Jarls crusade to Finland never took place, as he was locked in power struggles in Sweden. I should say that I don't mean that we should rewrite the wikipage, but keep our minds open. --Trizt (talk) 08:52, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to List of monarchs of Finland. Favonian (talk) 10:17, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

List of Finnish monarchs → List of monarchs of Finland – The title, "List of Finnish monarchs" gives a false connotation that these monarchs are in fact all Finnish, as in being from Finland or of Finnish ethnicity. Monarchs of Finland would be a better choice because it doesn't allow such confusion.  Claret Ash  07:39, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Support as explained. SergeWoodzing (talk) 10:43, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Support as explained. benzband  ( talk ) 13:15, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Support -- A much better title, since almost all were Swedes or Russians. Peterkingiron (talk) 22:48, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Monarchs?
I'm troubled by a list which gives the status of "monarch" to quite a few dukes, duchesses and regents. Shouldn't this list be called Rulers of Finland in that case? Even then, some of those dukes did not rule fully in their own right while the actual rulers were the kings on the Throne of Sweden. ??? --SergeWoodzing (talk) 20:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Heads of state?
Why move this article to its current name w/o adding the rest of the heads of state? --SergeWoodzing (talk) 10:49, 19 February 2017 (UTC)