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Charlie Manuel

Charles Fuqua Manuel Jr. (born January 4, 1944) is an American former professional baseball player, coach, and manager. During his playing career, he appeared over parts of six Major League Baseball seasons for the Minnesota Twins and Los Angeles Dodgers, before playing another six seasons in Nippon Professional Baseball with the Yakult Swallows and Kintetsu Buffaloes. Over four successive seasons in NPB, Manuel hit at least .312 with 37 home runs each season and won the 1979 Pacific League Most Valuable Player Award.

After his playing career, he coached and managed the Cleveland Indians and managed the Philadelphia Phillies, winning the 2008 World Series over the Tampa Bay Rays and the 2009 National League Championship Series over the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was inducted to the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame in 2014.

On August 13, 2019, Manuel replaced John Mallee as hitting coach for the Phillies for the remainder of the season.

Early life
Although Manuel was born in Northfork, West Virginia, his family was actually living in Virginia at that time and all throughout his childhood. He was born in an automobile while his mother, June, was visiting her mother. Manuel's father, Charles Sr., was a Pentecostal preacher, and the family lived in Wythe and Grayson Counties in Virginia until they settled in Buena Vista, Virginia, when Charlie, the third of 11 children and the oldest son, was 12.

Manuel became a four-sport star at Parry McCluer High School in Buena Vista, playing baseball, football, basketball, and track and field, captaining the baseball and basketball teams. His first love was basketball and he had received scholarship offers in that sport, but his plans and his life would dramatically change just before his high school graduation.

In April 1963, Manuel's father died by suicide due to being severely ill with diabetes and heart problems. Leaving behind a suicide note, he asked that Charlie – who was already married with a child – take care of his mother and siblings. He turned down his basketball scholarship offers, and an academic scholarship to the University of Pennsylvania, to consider offers from the Pittsburgh Pirates, Detroit Tigers, Minnesota Twins, and New York Yankees, ultimately signing with the Twins out of high school in 1963 for $30,000 ($0 in current dollar terms).

Minor league career
In 1971, Manuel hit .372/.462/.764 for the Portland Beavers, leading the Pacific Coast League in each category. In 1974, he batted .329/.433/.600 with 30 home runs and 102 RBIs for the Albuquerque Dukes in the Pacific Coast League. Over 11 seasons in the minor leagues, in 3,430 at bats, Manuel batted .290/.374/.483 with 133 home runs and 624 RBIs.

Major league career
Manuel played from 1969 to 1972 with the Minnesota Twins and in 1974 and 1975 with the Los Angeles Dodgers, primarily as a pinch-hitter and left fielder. His earliest Topps baseball cards listed him as, “Chuck” Manuel. He batted .198 in 384 at bats.

Japanese baseball
Manuel's baseball career took off when he left the United States to play in Japan. Wildly popular for his tenacious style of play and his power-hitting abilities, Manuel was dubbed "Aka-Oni" (The Red Devil) by fans and teammates. He was also nicknamed "Uncle Chuck", most likely in reference to some of his Topps cards.

In 1977, he hit .316/.403/.690 (2nd in the league) with 42 home runs (3rd) and 97 runs batted in (5th), helping the Central League's Yakult Swallows reach second place for the first time in franchise history. In 1978, he hit .312/.372/.596 with 39 homers (3rd in the league) and 103 RBIs (5th), powering the Swallows to their first pennant and the Japan Championship Series.

Playing for the Pacific League's Kintetsu Buffaloes, Manuel hit 25 home runs in the first eight weeks of the 1979 season. In a game against the Lotte Orions on June 19, 1979, he was hit by a pitch from Soroku Yagisawa. The pitch broke Manuel's jaw in six places. He was wearing a dental bridge, as a result of an earlier accident in the minor leagues. There was nothing for doctors to wire together, so they inserted three metal plates in his head and removed nerves from his face. Manuel was discharged from the hospital after six weeks and immediately began playing again, against the advice of doctors and worried family. The Buffaloes were struggling to stay in the Pacific League lead and had never won a pennant. To protect his jaw, Manuel wore a helmet equipped with a football facemask. He wore the helmet for the first few games but stopped using it because it obscured his vision at the plate. He finished the 1979 season with 37 home runs to win the home run title. He led Kintetsu to its first pennant win. He was voted the Most Valuable Player, the first American to receive the honor since 1964, hitting .324/.434 (2nd in the league)/.712 (leading the league) with 65 walks (2nd), 37 home runs (leading the league) and 94 RBIs (5th).

A year later, Manuel returned to lead Kintetsu to the second-half championship and the pennant. He finished the season hitting .325 (5th in the league)/.400/.673 (leading the league), with 88 runs (4th), 48 home runs (leading the league), and 129 RBIs (leading the league). It was one of the best seasons for an American player in Japan up to that point. However, his Buffaloes would fall to the Hiroshima Carp in the Japan Series once again.

In 1981, he returned to the Yakult Swallows after being released by Kintetsu over contract negotiations.

Manuel finished his successful run in Japan with a .303 career average, 189 home runs, and 491 RBIs. He was considered one of the best imported baseball players to Japan in those days, along with brothers Leron and Leon Lee and Randy Bass.

During his time in Japan, Manuel learned to speak Japanese. The language skill and experience in Japan were useful back in the U.S. for managing players such as So Taguchi and Tadahito Iguchi.

Minor league manager
Ultimately, injuries, including his beaning in Japan, cut Manuel's playing days short. He returned to the United States to work as a scout for the Minnesota Twins organization before turning to coaching. As a minor league manager for nine years in the Twins' (1983–1987) and Cleveland Indians' (1990–1993) farm systems, Manuel compiled a 610–588 (.509) record, winning the Pacific Coast League and International League championships in his final two seasons (1992–93). He was named Manager of the Year three times (1984, 1992, 1993) and managed the IL All-Star team in 1993.

Cleveland Indians coach and manager
Manuel returned to the Majors in 1988 as the Indians' hitting coach (1988–1989, 1994–1999), where under his tutelage, the Tribe led the American League in runs three times (1994–1995, 1999) and set a franchise record in 1999 with 1,009 runs, becoming the first team to score 1,000 runs since the 1950 Boston Red Sox. The club also led the league in home runs in 1994 and 1995.

From 2000 to 2002, he served as the Indians' manager, becoming the 37th manager in Indians history.

The 2000 season had a 44–42 start, but Manuel's squad caught fire after the All Star break and went 46–30 the rest of the way to finish 90–72. The team had one of the league's best offenses that year and a defense that yielded three gold gloves. However, they ended up five games behind the Chicago White Sox in the Central division and missed the wild card by one game to the Seattle Mariners.

2001 saw a return to the postseason. After the departures of Manny Ramírez and Sandy Alomar Jr., the Indians signed Ellis Burks and former MVP Juan González, who helped the team win the Central division with a 91–71 record. One of the highlights came on August 5, when the Indians completed the biggest comeback in MLB History. Cleveland rallied to close a 14–2 deficit in the seventh inning to defeat the Seattle Mariners 15–14 in 11 innings. The Mariners, who won an MLB record-tying 116 games that season, had a strong bullpen, and Manuel had already pulled many of his starters with the game seemingly out of reach.

Seattle and Cleveland would eventually meet in the ALDS; with the Indians taking a 2–1 lead before losing two straight to drop the series 3–2. Following the season, Manuel received a single third place vote in American League Manager of the Year voting, in which he finished a tie for sixth.

The 2002 season started with eleven wins in their first twelve games, but the team sputtered by April to a .500 record before spiraling with losing records in each of the next three months. He was fired as manager of the Cleveland Indians on July 11, 2002 (with the team at 39-47) over a contract dispute with general manager Mark Shapiro, who he described as "wasn't totally honest". He finished with a record of 220 wins and 190 losses.

2004–06
Shortly after he was fired as manager for the Cleveland Indians, Manuel was hired by the Philadelphia Phillies as special assistant to the general manager. After the 2004 season, Manuel was hired as the club's 51st manager, replacing Larry Bowa. In the 2005 season, the Phillies went 88–74, only one game back of the Wild Card. Following the season, Manuel received three votes in National League Manager of the Year voting, finishing in sixth place.

In 2006, the Phillies finished just short of the playoffs once again, this time three games back of the wild card. However, the season did have certain positives that boded well for next season. Second-year slugger Ryan Howard hit a franchise-record 58 home runs, second baseman Chase Utley was named a starter in the 2006 MLB All-Star Game, and rookie pitcher Cole Hamels showed progress and the potential to one day become the club's ace. After once again just missing the playoffs, Manuel received three second-place votes in National League Manager of the Year voting, finishing in fifth place.

2007
The team got off to a slow start again in 2007 (in 2005, they opened at 9–12; in 2006, 6–10). They began the season with a 3–9 record and during the Phillies' post-game press conference following the team's 8–1 loss to the New York Mets on April 17, 2007, Philadelphia radio personality Howard Eskin repeatedly questioned Manuel why he did not challenge his players. Eskin, a controversial afternoon drive host on local sports-talk station WIP-610, had criticized Manuel since the manager's hiring three years earlier. The Phillies proceeded to lose two of their next three games after the confrontation before going on a five-game winning streak. After the streak, the Phillies took another step back, winning only 5 of their next 13 games. The Philles were still one game below .500 on July 19 and only four games over .500 on August 25. From August 25 through the end of the season the Phillies went 23–11 to overtake the Mets.

Manuel's Phillies battled injuries all season, including losing newly acquired pitcher Freddy García for the season. Howard, Utley, and Hamels also missed significant playing time. Hamels led the pitching staff with a 15–5 record, while Jimmy Rollins set the Major League Baseball record for at bats in a season with 716 through all 162 games played, and was named NL MVP. In a dramatic finale to the season, the Phillies captured the National League East title from the collapsing Mets, but were swept in the first round of the playoffs by the Colorado Rockies. Manuel finished second in balloting for the National League Manager of the Year Award for 2007.

2008–09
The 2008 season started out much like 2005 through 2007, as the Phillies once again got off to a slow start with a record of 8 wins and 10 losses. They recovered quickly after their slow start to go over the .500 mark on April 24. They peaked at 22 games over the .500 mark on the final day of the season, winning 92 games and earning 1st place in the NL East for the second consecutive year. On October 29, Manuel guided the 2008 Phillies to their second world title. It was his first World Series ring after years of close calls (including the 1997 Cleveland Indians). He was voted by fans as MLB "This Year in Baseball Awards" Manager of the Year, and finished second in balloting for the National League Manager of the Year Award for the second consecutive season. Manuel reached a contract agreement with the Phils on December 9, 2008, to keep him with the team through the 2011 season. On October 21, 2009, Manuel became the first manager in franchise history to lead the Phillies to two consecutive World Series appearances. It was the first time a National League team won back-to-back pennants since the 1995–96 Atlanta Braves. During the 2009 World Series, Manuel was criticized for not pitching Cliff Lee in Game 4, a game the Phillies eventually lost. He defended his decision by noting that Lee had never pitched on three days' rest before. Manuel finished sixth in balloting for the 2009 National League Manager of the Year Award.

2010–11
In 2010, Manuel managed the Phillies to their fourth consecutive NL East title. The Phillies became the third NL team in history to play in the postseason in four consecutive seasons, joining the Braves (1991–1995, excluding 1994) and the New York Giants (1921–24). The Phillies finished the season at 97–65; it was the first time in franchise history that Philadelphia had completed a season with Major League Baseball's best record. In November, the Rotary Club of Pittsburgh named Manuel the recipient of its Chuck Tanner Major League Baseball Manager of the Year Award. However, the Phillies would be eliminated by the eventual World Series champion San Francisco Giants in the NLCS. Following the season, Manuel finished fifth in balloting for the 2010 National League Manager of the Year Award, marking the sixth consecutive season in which he received votes for Manager of the Year.

In September 2011, Manuel again led the Phillies to the NL East title, their fifth consecutive in as many years, and quickest post-season clinch ever: at game #150. During the sweep of the final series against the Atlanta Braves on September 26–28, records were set. First on the 26th, with the Phillies' 4–2 victory, he became the second manager in Phillies' history to manage a team to at least 100 wins in a season, after Danny Ozark during back-to-back 101-win seasons in 1976 and 1977. The next day, with the Phillies' 7–1 victory, Manuel moved into a franchise-record tie with Gene Mauch with 645 regular-season victories. In the final game of the season with a victory in 13 innings, he led the Phillies to a franchise-record 102 regular season wins. With the victory he picked up his 646th win, setting a new Phillies' managerial record for victories and assuring that the Phillies would face the red-hot St. Louis Cardinals, who defeated them in the NLDS. Following the season, Manuel finished fourth in balloting for the 2011 National League Manager of the Year Award, marking the seventh consecutive season, and eighth (and final) time overall, in which he received votes for Manager of the Year.

2012–13
In 2012, he managed the Phillies to an 81–81 record. It marked the first time in five years the team failed to reach the postseason.

In 2013, Manuel won his 1,000th game on August 12. However, Manuel did not win another game with the Phillies, and after the team lost their 15th game out of 20 after the All-Star Break, Manuel was fired on August 16. He was replaced by third-base coach Ryne Sandberg. Reaction around the league and from the Phillies fan base mostly consisted of sadness and gratitude to Manuel for his tenure. Several Phillies veterans, including Chase Utley and Cole Hamels, expressed regret and guilt, believing their lack of production led to Manuel's firing; they said that they viewed Manuel as a fatherly figure. Sandberg commented the next day, "It was a roller coaster of a day emotionally. It affected me and I think it affects the players." Manuel received praise from the media for his class in handling the situation, and sportswriters mostly exonerated him of the blame for the Phillies' performance, focusing on his not having had better players. When asked if he had enough pieces to win the last two years, he said "The last two years? No. I can straight face tell you that." He finished with a record of 780 wins and 636 losses. Of the six managers to have lasted for twelve seasons in the position in Major League Baseball, Manuel is the only one to have won 1,000 games. He is also one of just a dozen managers to have won a thousand games without having also lost a thousand as well (of those, six are in the Hall of Fame). Despite stepping down, Manuel returned to the Philles in 2019 as a senior advisor to the General Manager.

2019
On August 13, 2019, he was hired as interim hitting coach of the Phillies, replacing John Mallee. The 75-year old Manuel held that position for the remainder of the 2019 season before returning to his advisory role at the conclusion of the campaign.

Personal life and health
Manuel has survived a heart attack, quadruple bypass surgery, a blocked and infected colon, and kidney cancer. During his time with the Indians, he worked in the dugout with a colostomy bag beneath his jacket.

Manuel's mother June died on October 10, 2008, at age 87, in Buena Vista, Virginia. She had suffered a heart attack earlier in the week.

In 2015, he was married to his wife, Melissa "Missy" Martin. He lives with his wife in Florida. He has two children, Chuck and Julie; three step-children, Collin, Hailey and Allie; and five grandchildren.

On September 16, 2023, Manuel suffered a stroke during surgery. Manuel survived the stroke and was released from ICU two days later. The following day, he tweeted a message of gratitude for all those supporting him, and for the efforts of Lakeland (FL) Regional Health medical staff.

title: Charlie Manuel


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Talk:Titanium tetrachloride

Production of Titanium Metal
I do not know whether the Hunter Process with sodium is still used, however, as a chemistry student in the seventies I had a summer job in a plant (ICI Bain Works, Wilton site on Teesside) which did use this process. Because of the high reactivity of sodium, the reaction took place under an inert argon atmosphere; the reaction product was "titanium sponge" which was then ground down to small pellets for shipping to customers. There was a similar plant run by ICI near Runcorn. I was told that sodium was used because it produced a higher purity product, and that this was needed by NASA, one of the main customers.

There are references to the use of this process by ICI in the following document []Sasha (talk) 13:31, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

"Volatile?"
Should the article talk about how "volatile" the metal halide is in air, or how "reactive" it is? If "volatile" is indeed meant, then the "in air" part should probably be omitted as the substance is going to be volatile anywhere.

(talk)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:53, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

NOT used as smoke screen any more?
There's an inaccurate statement that TiCl4 is no longer used as a smoke screen, because of the corrosive nature of the smoke. I dispute this statement for the following reasons:

1) TiCl4 replaces white phosphorous as a momentary (rapid) smoke generator in most armies because of the fire hazard and the risk of third party injury and death (collateral damage). So TiCl4 is the more humane option for momentary smoke screens.

2) It is in fact still used as a smoke generator, for example in the Swedish Rökgranat (rökgr) m/73 and m/81. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Student342 (talk • contribs) 17:30, 24 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Whatever.... it is probably unimportant if this stuff is currently being used and by whom, so I converted the paragraph to something more generic. --Smokefoot (talk) 19:15, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

Literature report: 42658 references
As of today: 42658 references, of which 23426 have appeared since the year 2000, of which 127 are classified as reviews by Chemical Abstracts Service (mostly on materials and Ziegler-Natta it appears).--Smokefoot (talk) 22:09, 20 August 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Titanium tetrachloride


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Pesero

A pesero, combi, micro or microbús is a form of public transport, most commonly seen in Mexico City. Its name derives from the fact that in the beginning of this form of transport a flat fee of one peso was charged per ride (hence the name "pesero" which could be interpreted as "peso collector").

History
First seen in the 1970s as the so-called taxi colectivo (share taxi or collective cab), peseros were originally big cars with fixed routes which would pick passengers at any point through their route, and drop them off also at any point. Passenger capacities were limited to those of a large car (usually up to six people plus a driver).

Being both cheaper than a proper taxi and able to cover routes not feasible for larger buses or other forms of public transport, by the 1980s, pesero owners started using Volkswagen Microbus vehicles (known in Mexico as combis from its Kombinationskraftwagen variant) for increased capacity of up to 12 passengers. The inability of the government-run public transport to serve the public's needs in a high-growth environment caused high demand and made them a very good business. Pesero owners kept up with demand by adding more units and routes, particularly in newly developing parts of the city such as Nezahualcóyotl, and they did so without any centralized planning. By the mid-to-late 1980s, most peseros were converted to gasoline-powered, half-length passenger buses (known as microbús or simply el micro in Mexico, but they are not similar to the VW Microbus vehicles mentioned before). They were capable of carrying around 22 sitting people or up to 50 if standing people are counted

As of 2007 a fleet of approximately 28,000 peseros carry an important part of Mexico City's public transport passengers, surpassing by far the capacity of the Mexico City Metro, STE trolleybuses, buses and taxis; peseros, (including VW Microbus, micros proper and full-length diesel buses) carry up to 60% of the city's passengers. However, despite the success of the decentralized system in carrying large numbers of passengers for low cost, the government is seeking ways to regulate microbus operation, ostensibly to address problems such as a lack of operator training and documented unit maintenance. Proposed changes include reducing the number of units or replacing them with full-size diesel-powered buses which carry more passengers per unit, and can utilize transfers and/or a unified farecard system, such as the Optibús system that has been implemented in León, Guanajuato. Other proposed alternatives include expanding the Metro and STE trolleybus network and different forms of transportation, such as the Metrobús, which has completely replaced pesero travel along Avenida de los Insurgentes avenue, and the Tren Suburbano, which will serve areas north of the city. Unlike most other North American and European cities of similar size, it is not possible to buy a pass or farecard in Mexico City that is valid on all types of transport within the city, rather, each form of transport one boards requires an additional (but low, the Metro fare is only MXN 5 pesos) fare.

Organization
Pesero drivers do not receive a fixed salary but are required to meet a daily quota prescribed by the owner of the vehicle. The driver is then allowed to keep the rest of the fares of the day. This fosters fierce competition among drivers, as every passenger is seen as valuable merchandise towards meeting the quota and thus increasing the driver's personal profit. As a result, often, two or three battered down peseros race furiously against one another with complete disregard for the passengers they carry or for other vehicles. Accidents, often deadly, ensue and are fairly common. However, the lack of any real alternative keeps them in high demand throughout the city.

Peseros travel fixed routes, being able to pick up or drop off passengers anywhere through the route (a major source of traffic problems and annoyance for the sudden and unexpected stops). The fees are according to distance traveled: from MXN $4.00 for a trip of up to 5 km, MXN $4.50 for a 5-to-12 km trip, and MXN $5.50 for a trip of 12 km or more. Routes usually begin in metro stations and end in outlying neighborhoods of the city or sometimes even in municipalities in Mexico State but for this purpose added to the regular fares they need to have an authorized fare by this state(with a Pyramydal Fare Scheme) for Metropolitan routes.

Typically, less than $5.00 MXN routes begin in a small metro station that serves only one line, but the number rapidly increases depending on the number of metro lines going through a station. The terminal station of a metro line usually functions as a transport hub and may be served by tens of different pesero routes. In addition, every major avenue in the city is served by at least one pesero route.

The lack of organization of the pesero network, there is no comprehensive map of routes available to the general public. Nevertheless, routes each have a route number in order to distinguish them from each other in license plates. Individual peseros also have a sign affixed to the windshield indicating major points covered by the route such as metro stations (denoted by the Metro logo), hospitals, schools, avenues, etc.

title: Pesero


text: User talk:84.43.36.69

title: User talk:84.43.36.69


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Federation Tower

The Federation Tower (Башня Федерация) is a complex of two skyscrapers built on the 13th lot of the Moscow International Business Center in Moscow, Russia. The two skyscrapers are named Tower East or Vostok (Russian: Восток; literally means "East") and Tower West or Zapad (Russian: Запад; literally means "West").

The supertall skyscraper Tower East (Vostok) is currently the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe and Russia after the Lakhta Center, the tallest building in Moscow, and the 55th-tallest building in the world. Zapad is a shorter skyscraper than Vostok and is the eleventh-tallest building in Russia, and the 22nd-tallest building in Europe. The complex stands on the 13th lot, which has an area of 439,154 square meters.

The project was conceived by German-Russian engineer Sergei Tchoban and German professor and engineer Peter Schweger. The complex was designed by architecture companies nps+partner and Schweger Associated Architects. The complex started construction in 2005, with Zapad completed first in 2008 with a height of 242 m. As a result of the Great Recession, construction of the complex stopped until August 2011, and Vostok was completed on 7 December 2017 with a height of 374 m. In late 2014, Vostok surpassed the South Tower of OKO, which it is also part of the MIBC, as the tallest skyscraper of Russia and Europe. A spire was to be also built which would have extended the complex's height to 450 m as well as provided an observation deck but it was never completed and was dismantled afterward.

The complex is owned by the AEON Corporation, a Russian private international investment group. The complex consists of two towers built on one podium. Tower East is a 97-story structure and Tower West is a 63-story structure. The complex is bounded by a rectangle of 3 alleys & a driveway. All three alleyways are named Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment, but the driveway on its east side is named 3rd Main Street. On 30 July 2023, across the alley from the back entrance, on the first floor, an aircraft (a Ukrainian drone) crashed into Rosbank (whose address is 1st Krasnogvardeisky Direction 19) & exploded, causing a small amount of damage to its facade.

Planning and early development
The higher tower of the complex located in the eastern part of lot number 13 was formerly known as Tower "A". But in November 2006, to avoid name competition with Naberezhnaya Tower, it was renamed Tower "Vostok (East)". Tower East is designed to have 95 above-ground and 3 underground floors, and 17 high-speed elevators will be installed there (JP. Kocher). According to the company Potok, which is the builder of the tower, it used grade B90 concrete which is twice as strong as regular concrete and will allow the skyscraper to withstand a direct hit of an aircraft. In early December 2009, the Potok Corporation management (ex-Mirax Group) announced that in the case of financial problems it could reduce the number of floors of Tower East from 95 to 64 floors. However, in March 2010, the company's management stated that Tower East would be completed according to the original project design.

The construction of this tower is the second stage of the entire complex construction, and during the construction of the first tower, "Zapad (West)", its design underwent some significant changes and became radically different from the original version. In the first place, the square footage of the floors changed, and visually the tower became thicker at the base to the extent that a part of the floors, starting with the 11th, protrude a little beyond the 13th lot borderline. The tower core was significantly revised, too, and now has a trapezoidal shape rather than hexagonal as in the earlier design. The load-bearing columns became twice as thick; therefore, the amount of concrete required for the construction of the columns increased 4 times, and, consequently, significantly increased the total mass of the building.

Construction
Construction started in 2005. During the construction of the foundation slab on 21–24 February 2007, a new record listed in the Guinness Book of Records was set: 14,000 cubic meters of concrete were placed then. Somewhat unusual in the construction process was that the first base plate was covered with the second base plate, which resulted in the complex losing one underground level and the construction delayed by at least five months. The extravagance of this decision lies in the fact that, judging by the photographs obtained from the site, the builders began active preparations for the construction of the first underground floor, but suddenly stopped working, dismantled the installed cranes, cut the reinforcement bars previously prepared for the columns and began to place reinforcement for the second base plate. That the construction organizers did not clearly comment on the reasons for this decision was also unusual. The tower was climbed solo by the Frenchman Alain Robert in September 2007.

In the process of further construction the pace of the tower erection changed over a fairly wide range: the underground and podium parts of the building were being built at an average rate of about two levels a month; after the podium was completed, the construction of standard floors went at a faster rate of four floors per month, while at the technical 33–34 levels of the building the construction of that floor was significantly suspended and lasted more than five months; one of the cranes was replaced with two more powerful ones, and a strong metal outrigger structure was formed, contributing to the greater rigidity of the building and its resistance to wind loads.

As of mid-May 2008, the tower was built to a height of about 170 m. In November 2008, due to the Great Recession and a lack of funding, construction of the skyscraper was suspended.

The building is actively used as a sightseeing object and a high-rise structure for extreme sports lovers (base jumpers, climbers, etc.), as well as a site for shooting films and videos (TV shows, advertising, and movie production). In 2012, the Moscow 24 TV channel shot a movie about the business complex. Another film dedicated to the skyscraper was made by the Discovery Channel TV channel in 2009.

On 5 July 2011, the construction company Potok announced the tower construction to be resumed. The actual growth of the tower was scheduled to begin in September 2011. As of 30 March 2012, the 67th story of Tower East had been completed; the glazing of the tower was being conducted as well.

On 2 April 2012, firefighters and firefighting helicopters struggled to put out a massive blaze that broke out on the 67th floor of the under-construction Federation Tower East. "The fire was visible from much of the Russian capital's western half. Two firefighting helicopters noisily circled the blaze, dumping huge buckets of water on the flames before the Emergencies Ministry said the fire had been stopped from spreading by about 11:30 p.m. (1930 GMT), some three hours after it broke out." "The area affected by the fire has exceeded 300 m2", Major-General Sergei Anikeyev, deputy head of the city's emergency department, told the news agency Itar-Tass. "The 14 people who were at the top floors when the fire started have been evacuated. No one was hurt," he told Itar-Tass.

On 18 December 2014, Vostok was topped out when the skyscraper reached its planned height of 374 m. The construction teams, including Turner, celebrated the pouring of the last structural concrete cube, 374 meters above the ground. The topping-out generated excitement in the Russian press, as the tower received the title of being the tallest building in Russia and Europe, surpassing OKO's South Tower.

On 20 January 2017, Europe's tallest elevator shaft was constructed in Vostok, with the launch of the tallest elevator in Europe taking place simultaneously with the opening of the southern entrance lobby of the tower. According to Russian Construction, the elevator's cabin moves without switches from the second underground level to the 94th story. Schindler freight-passenger elevator will go up at the height of 355 meters above the ground level. Its total path of motion with the consideration of underground floors will amount to 365 meters. The elevator's carrying capacity is 2 tons. During an interview with the director general of the "Federation Tower" Ltd., Mikhail Smirnov by Iterfax-Realty, construction of the skyscraper would finish by the end of March 2017. Earlier, the Moscow State Construction Supervision Committee reported that the tower would be put in operation by July 2017, Interfax reports.

On 6 October 2017, the Lakhta Center of St. Petersburg surpassed Vostok's height of 1,227 ft, making it the tallest building in Russia and Europe.

On 7 December 2017, construction of Vostok was completed, making it the tallest completed skyscraper in Russia and Europe currently.

Purpose
Vostok would be used for multiple purposes, high rise development designed to house offices, retail areas, a five star hotel, and luxury apartments upon completion. A number of luxurious offices will occupy the penthouse's area of 12,000 square meters from the 90th to 98th stories. The upper levels of the 95-story tower will include the hotel lobby, restaurants, and a public viewing platform. The lower levels will contain retail shops and restaurants as well as the hotel's ballroom, and conference and events center. The building would also feature the highest digital clock in the world.

Planning and early development
The lower tower of the complex is located on the western part of lot 13 in the MIBC. The tower was formerly known as Tower "B" but in order to avoid name competition with Naberezhnaya Tower, it was renamed Tower "Zapad (West)". In November 2006, after the name competition, it was renamed Tower West. Tower West is planned to have 62 stories above ground and four underground floors, with 11 twin and six high-speed elevators.

Construction
The erection of Tower West was the first stage of the entire Federation complex construction, but the height of the tower was increased in comparison with the original models (originally, Tower West was planned to be half the height of Tower East). The cross-section of the tower's core, originally planned to be hexagonal, was modified after construction began and is now trapezoidal. The core was constructed so it rose above the rest of the structure, which was assembled one or two floors behind. The building was completed in early 2008.

Purpose
Tower West would include a hotel spa and swimming pool. The 61st floor of the Tower West accommodates the tallest restaurant in Moscow, 'Sixty', run by Ginza Project.

Awards

 * 2009 – The western tower of the Federation business complex was the winner of the World FIABCI competition Prix d'Excellence in the category "Office Property".
 * 2011 – The Federation Tower was awarded with the "Records of real estate market" prize in the "Business Center No 1" nomination.

title: Federation Tower


text:
Talk:Star Trek: First Contact

I don't get it.
Under the Design section, the article says that "First Contact was one of the first Star Trek films to use purely computer-generated models, rather than physical miniatures." However it soon describes the fabrication of the Enterprise-E miniature in actuality rather than in a computer. I assume the lead paragraph means to say that some of the ships were entirely computer-generated. This should be clarified. Vranak (talk) 16:48, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, it's still technically correct in that some ships were purely designed conceived and executed on the computer rather than made via models, but I understand how confusion could easily arise. I'll take a look. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 02:28, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
 * That's hilarious, Vranak. I had come here to point out the exact same thing nearly word-for-word. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.55.214.116 (talk • contribs)
 * I took a stab at rewriting the offending sentence. Powers T 19:41, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

additional source(s)

 * John Eaves On Designing The Enterprise-E by John Eaves (2016-02-20) —   fourthords  | =Λ= |  01:36, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

Box office statement
The final opening paragraph of this article states: "First Contact was the highest-grossing film on its opening weekend, taking $30.7 million." Certainly this is only true for the entire Star Trek film series and possibly only for the films wherein the original series cast appeared. In any case, for a featured article, this is a very ambiguous and potentially misleading sentence.Marcd30319 (talk) 11:18, 23 November 2016 (UTC)
 * It doesn't mention the other films at all, it's talking about its opening weekend. This isn't misleading or confusing. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 15:55, 23 November 2016 (UTC)

Rotten Tomatoes 93%
Is there any reason why this excellent article does not include the Rotten Tomatoes score for STFC? 76.16.93.184 (talk) 04:12, 26 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Film articles on Wikipedia generally do not use Rotten Tomatoes reviews for films that were released before RT actually started aggregating reviews. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 16:45, 26 November 2016 (UTC)
 * This is not true. Proof: See pretty much any article on any movie released before RT started. This article not including the RT score is very unusual. Dornwald (talk) 14:14, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm sure you meant well Dornwald, but you just replied to a thread from seven years ago... DonIago (talk) 16:41, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * And why shouldn't I? Just curious. Dornwald (talk) 17:23, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I just figure once a thread is sufficiently aged you're probably better off starting a new thread than trying to resurrect the old one, especially since there's a reasonable possibility that the original participants are no longer following the topic. DonIago (talk) 17:34, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I was just replying to a comment, not trying to resurrect anything. Dornwald (talk) 17:48, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * If you weren't trying to resurrect this thread then why did you say anything, especially when it was stale prior to your comment? I'm not trying to be adversarial here, but I'm genuinely confused...especially now that you have started a new thread. DonIago (talk) 18:55, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Let's just leave it as it is. Dornwald (talk) 21:48, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That others steamroll RT scores in where they really shouldn't be used is a problem with those articles, not this one. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 17:18, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That said, if there's a real desire to add RT scores to a film released before RT started their work, it can be added but should be de-emphasized, per MOS:FILMCRITICS. DonIago (talk) 17:56, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I was referring to you saying that "Film articles on Wikipedia generally do not use Rotten Tomatoes reviews for films that were released before RT actually started aggregating reviews.". In fact, they generally do. Look at a random selection of movie articles, the highest grossing movies of the 1980s, for example. Dornwald (talk) 17:34, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

Category:Star Trek time travel episodes
It's not a crucial issue, but is there really a good reason for this article to be placed within "Category:Star Trek time travel episodes", given that it is about a film and not a TV episode? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 05:15, 29 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Not particularly. There doesn't really need to be a separate cat for the films, though, so perhaps the best option is to rename the cat to be more inclusive? Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 19:26, 29 November 2016 (UTC)

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Clarification: "highest-grossing film"
"First Contact was the highest-grossing film on its opening weekend". Was this of all films ever published, of the year or of all Star Trek films of the Roddenberry world? --jlam (talk) 19:46, 5 April 2018 (UTC)
 * It was on opening weekend. I don't think it's that unclear, but we could say "was the highest-grossing film of its opening weekend". If that clarifies things to you. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs (talk) 18:24, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

Spacecraft ranking
Regarding Starspotter added a mention of a Gizmodo ranking to the reception. My feeling is that this is far too specific and irrelevant to the subject of this article, the film itself, and should belong in the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E) article (where it already resides.) There’s no other significant discussion of the ship alone as a major part of the film's reception. As such I recommend striking it. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs talk 20:59, 11 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Its ok to remove it, however at some point there should be more coverage of that prop here. Starspotter (talk) 21:07, 11 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Why would more details about the prop belong here versus the article expressly about said ship and prop? Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 21:36, 11 July 2019 (UTC)

Wilhelm Scream
Can some one remind me where the the sound effect was heard in the movie? I don't remember hearing it. According to one of the websites, it says there was a Wilhelm Scream, but it was unknown where it was heard. NoahAlexanderJohnson101 (talk) 15:15, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Pathetic revert
Wow, make a contribution to a page & it gets deleted? Such pathetic snobbery! Gogoalie (talk) 22:08, 31 July 2021 (UTC)
 * You might want to review WP:NPA and perhap restate your concerns in a manner that makes it more clear what your actual objection is, and in a more WP:CIVIL manner. Cheers. DonIago (talk) 06:18, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

Copwood additions
Local coverage or alumni newsletters are not high-quality, reliable sources. AllGreatQuotes is simply not a reliable source, period, and the ones you previous used didn't appear to be, either. As this is a featured article, higher sourcing standards are in play. All indications are that his role simply isn't that important if it's not coming up in major sources. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs talk 23:00, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Not sure what you mean by "local coverage" in this context. Which sources are you referencing? Also, I used a current Star Trek convention link, which would seem definitive, but you didn't like it. I also used two separate RS university links - neither one of which was an "alumni newsletter," as you characterized them, and you objected again. In fact, I used multiple independent sources for both sentences. There were many more, but at some point, enough should be enough. But the fact that there are so many independent sources, should make the significance of the info clear. Perhaps you just aren't aware that the Borg character was the film's protagonist. Or that the line: "Resistance is futile" is so iconic that it has entered popular culture even beyond the Star Trek canon. The phrase even has its own disambig page. Just as, per multiple sources, Coopwood's work as the Borg voice was notable and memorable. But again, when is enough, enough David? As for WIAFA, it just seems that you're concerned about two sentences about the film's protagonist, while apparently being unconcerned about the next several paragraphs that reference all the Next Gen characters who are not in the film; or some extremely minor characters who were. Again, perhaps you're unfamiliar with the film, but neither Lt. Barkley, Nurse Ogawa, or the character of Lt. Hawke, (whom even that actor said only served the function of dying), are as important as the Borg. X4n6 (talk) 04:11, 2 August 2021 (UTC)
 * None of the sources demonstrate actual importance of the content. You're refbombing and giving clear undue weight to a small voice role. The fact other characters didn't appear is actually cited to newspapers and books, whereas Cooper's role is so minor that the only Gbooks hits for his name + Borg are scrapes of Wikipedia content. Insofar as anything should appear about Coopwood, it should be "Coopwood voices the Borg collective" and leave it at that. No source you brought up demonstrates how important it is to quote the Borg's spiel in total. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 15:14, 2 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Your original complaint was that there weren't enough "better" sources. So I found them. Now your most recent complaint is that there are too many sources. So which is it? Just as you mischaracterized the sources I provided as "local" and/or "alumni newsletters," when they were neither; you've also alternately called the actor "Copwood" or "Cooper" or "Coopwood." I don't know how you researched this, if at all, but a simple Google search of "coopwood" & "borg" revealed 269,000 hits. Everything from film sites, to fan sites, to blogs, to online publications, to academic sites and more all came up. You also seem unaware that "Resistance is futile" is the actual tagline of the film. It was used on the film's posters and it's trailer. See here, here and here. It's also listed on Wikiquote, with both the tagline and Coopwood's role as the Borg voice being attributed. While a Google search of the Borg's "Resistance is futile" speech in its entirety, returned 12,3000 hits. So none of this sounds "minor" by any metric. In fact, you provided the best justification for inclusion of this material yourself, when you mentioned WIAFA. It states FA content should be "well written, comprehensive and well-researched." It also explains "comprehensive" as "it neglects no major facts or details and places the subject in context." No article about Star Trek: First Contact could ever be considered comprehensive, if it omitted the tagline of the film; which was also the most memorable phrase in the film; and the character & actor who delivered it. Especially, when that phrase became part of the general culture, well beyond even the film itself. X4n6 (talk) 20:30, 2 August 2021 (UTC)
 * He didn't write the line, the writers did. And again, the sources you have found are bad. Quote farm websites are bad. IMDB is not evidence of notability. I don't think I'm wrong counting interviews of college alumni as "alumni newsletters". We can open an RfC or solicit additional opinions if you are dead-set on inclusion to get wider input.  Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 11:20, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Writers write words, but performers immortalize them. Good luck trying to convince anyone differently. The Borg voice scared the crap out of audiences with "Resistance is futile." That's not my opinion. It's supported by dozens of blogs and fansites. And they didn't seem to know or give a tinker's damn who the writer was. The sources I used were adequate to establish notability for material that is not now and never has been either controversial or in factual dispute. No dispute about the film's tagline. No dispute that Coopwood voiced the film's protagonist and its most memorable line. No dispute that tagline became part of popular culture. So what's the problem? On a side note, a university's official website notes the achievements, recognition, awards, published papers, performances, academic contributions, et al. of its faculty, administration, donors, alumni, students and staff. That does not make it an "alumni newsletter." That makes it a university website. Having established that, I'm unaware of any WP policy/guideline that claims university websites are not RS. But if you dislike any source for whatever arbitrary reason, you're certainly free to find others to your liking, as I've also already established there are certainly plenty to choose from. And for undisputed, non-controversial content, you only need one. To that point, I've also just added an unimpeachable source: CBS Entertainment. Per their site: "This site and its contents ® & © 2021 CBS Studios Inc. © 2021 CBS Television Distribution and CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. STAR TREK and related marks are trademarks of CBS Studios Inc." In other words, they're the final fact arbiter since they own the Star Trek franchise. I even excised some of the sources that seemed to vex you the most and threw in a couple published books and the original NYT review for good measure. So, reasonably, that should end this. But if you still feel the need to RFC it, of course, you can. Then I'll respond. X4n6 (talk) 00:39, 4 August 2021 (UTC)

Alien invasions in films
The Borg are aliens from the other side of the galaxy. They invade Earth. Why would the "Alien invasions in films" category not apply? --58.105.78.220 (talk) 09:30, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * The alien invasion is basically a line of on-screen dialogue and it's irrelevant to the main plot/time travel shenanigans. It's not really focused on an alien invasion as the main story. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 13:12, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * The Borg's attempt to invade and assimilate Earth in 2063 is central to the plot. We briefly see an altered timeline where they succeeded. But even if an alien invasion is only a small part of the story, the fact is that it's still a film with an alien invasion in it. --58.105.78.220 (talk) 13:54, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * This is not primarily an alien invasion film, and as such, I oppose adding this category in accordance with WP:DEFCAT. DonIago (talk) 14:23, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Lily
There is a bit of a disagreement about Alfre Woodard's role in this movie in the respect of how her characters name is addressed. The article currently refers to her as "Sloane" as a surname when the film itself does not mention such a name. I have heard a bit of a rumor that the Script has this supposed surname which does not appear in the film even in the credits. The Argument is that "It makes no sense to refer to only a single character differently than the rest". In practice and all social fairness that is true, however this is an article about the film itself, and usually we do not put this unnecessary information down in other articles. That's why for instance (And I'm sorry for mixing franchises in this way) we don't credit Darth Vader as Anakin Skywalker in the Original Trilogy films, or use that "Sheev" name for the Emperor in films or series where he is not addressed with that name. Incidentally the name "Sloane" is also the name of a separate Star Trek character who appeared on Deep Space Nine, which could cause a bit of confusion to readers. P.S. She did not greet the Vulcans with Cochrane he did that alone! She was in the crowd bidding farewell to Picard. Maxcardun (talk) 11:45, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Makes sense to me. Didn't even realize the character had a last name. Always thought of her as Lily. SonOfThornhill (talk) 13:53, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The comparison to Palpatine makes no sense, because you're arguing a character's first name should not be used in one case, while here you're arguing the opposite. The idea someone would get confused by "Sloane" referring to the character is spurious, and this isn't a case of dubious canonicity: the name is given in the script and it's referenced in official content. Do you have an actual policy or guideline-based reason for changing this (also, if you're advocating changing content, the very least you can do is learn to actually spell the name correctly. I would have reverted your edits to a featured article for that reason alone.) Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 17:53, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

No you're missing the point, I am not advocating first names or last names, I am advocating against the use of names that are not heard in a film that people try to elaborate and exaggerate from when they read a book or unused script and include it where it was not applied. You are the one advocating some sort of social statement to a character who will not care or thank you for it. They don't use the name Sheev in the STAR WARS movies so we don't record it on an article that is talking about the films. We can talk about it on a character article in the proper context, but if someone who has not seen the movie but spoiled it by reading this article goes to actually watch the film and expect to hear someone say Sloane and not hear it, that reduces the credibility of Wikipedia. As for my spelling, I STARTED THIS SECTION!!!! So I guess I learn, do you?

Maxcardun (talk) 18:48, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * So your argument is someone reading the plot summary on Wikipedia and then watching the film will be confused? Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 13:28, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Per WP:PRIMARY: A primary source may be used on Wikipedia only to make straightforward, descriptive statements of facts that can be verified by any educated person with access to the primary source but without further, specialized knowledge. If her surname isn't mentioned in the film, then it needs to be sourced to a reliable secondary source. DonQuixote (talk) 14:09, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Very good point. The film itself is a primary source. I the end credits the character is simply listed as 'Lily'. Her last name is never mentioned. Most don't have access to the script but might to other Star Trek sources which use the last name. What would probably be best is to continue to list the character's full name in the "Cast" section of the article. But in the "Plot" section use the First and/or Full name. Just using the character's last name in that section would be too confusing. SonOfThornhill (talk) 14:42, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * So far also I can't find an article outside Memory Alpha and Memory Beta that use that name, and I hate to contradict you mister SonOfTHornhill, but the name should be taken out of the film article completely. If she has a mention in a character page then sure, keep the Sloane name there, especially if they use it in another film or series.  As for mister Fuchs with the double accounts, sure there is a certain inequality about it, Star Trek was full of a lot of inequality in the early years.  To remove an element from history like that would be like pretending it never happened, which is in itself not looking back at how much things have changed between then and now.  As for your redundant question on people watching the film getting confused, I have only this to say.  Despite the way we feel about the whole franchise, we must face the facts that not everyone watches Star Trek. Maxcardun (talk) 12:54, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Here is the plot article for the movie on startrek.com: https://www.startrek.com/database_article/star-trek-first-contact It mentions the character's full name only the first time she is mentioned. Thereafter, she is mentioned by the name 'Lily' only. That seems like a fair compromise to me. SonOfThornhill (talk) 13:08, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * You make a good argument. Maxcardun (talk) 17:58, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Should the 93% Rotten Tomatoes score be included in the article?
I think it should and it's very unusual that it isn't. Dornwald (talk) 17:53, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm neutral on the subject. Given the current well-developed state of the Reception section, I'm not sure what's gained by adding a mere aggregator score. On the other hand, as long as it's placed within its proper context, and essentially at the bottom of the section as the least important piece of information, I'm not sure I care that much either. DonIago (talk) 18:53, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Personally I'm always very interested in the RT score. Dornwald (talk) 21:50, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It might be more persuasive if you articulated why you feel it should be included, beyond your personal interest in it. Wikipedia's goal isn't to be interesting. DonIago (talk) 04:10, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Because... It tells you what "the critics" think about a movie. I really don't know what to say beyond that. Dornwald (talk) 07:06, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That's an argument that I'm not sure is persuasive in this instance, as the Reception section cites multiple critics already, but I'm content to see what consensus might develop. DonIago (talk) 13:56, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It sums up multiple reviews, often hundreds into a single score. The advantage of which is that you don't have to read lots and lots of reviews to see how much critics liked the movie. Dornwald (talk) 15:09, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * This seems to be covered by the first two sentences of the Reception section? DonIago (talk) 15:14, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * They give you a score? Dornwald (talk) 15:20, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I think you're placing too much importance on a relatively arbitrary number. DonIago (talk) 15:56, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Please elaborate. Dornwald (talk) 15:58, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The first two sentences of the Reception section feature a sourced statement that the film received positive reviews and a statement on what audiences thought of the film. Much of the rest of the section discusses in depth what many critics thought about the film overall or about given aspects of it. At that point, why does it matter whether the film got a 70% or an 80% or a 90% at RT? All that would indicate is that many critics regarded the film well, which is already clear from the first sentence and the quotes from critics that are already provided. DonIago (talk) 16:05, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "why does it matter whether the film got a 70% or an 80% or a 90% at RT?"
 * Because it tells you how much critics liked the film. 90 is a higher number than 80 or 70. Dornwald (talk) 16:08, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * This attitude is exactly why I prefer not including Rotten Tomatoes, especially for older films. Reviews aren't fungible, they don't precisely map to each other. 90 is a higher number than 80 but it doesn't actually tell you reliably if critics liked something more than another film, especially separated by years or decades and when incorporating reviews written after decades of release. Trying to boil down reception into a number is pretty folly. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 16:28, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "90 is a higher number than 80 but it doesn't actually tell you reliably if critics liked something more than another film"
 * Why?
 * "especially separated by years or decades and when incorporating reviews written after decades of release."
 * What does the time of release have to do with this?
 * What's wrong with saying "85% of critics liked it, based on 121 reviews, with an average rating of 8.6/10"? Why is this any more problematic than saying "It generally got good reviews"? Dornwald (talk) 16:37, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * An aggregator is just a rough attempt to quantify something that cannot be expressed in numbers, put it this way, what are we gaining from giving a bunch of numbers instead of just saying it got a good reception? Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 16:54, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "An aggregator is just a rough attempt to quantify something that cannot be expressed in numbers"
 * Roger Ebert expressed it in numbers. "3 out of 4 stars". So do many many other critics.
 * "what are we gaining from giving a bunch of numbers instead of just saying it got a good reception?"
 * We gain more precise information about how much critics liked the film. When Roger Ebert rated a movie "3/4" - that's a bunch of numbers. It tells you more than just saying "I liked the film". Despite it being numbers. Dornwald (talk) 16:58, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Notice that the article doesn't give Ebert using 3/4 stars in film reviews (unless the article is badly written) because again, the opinions are the point not the numbers. At this point we're going in circles. Ultimately, there's no requirement or recommendation to use Rotten Tomatoes. If you feel so strongly about it, you can start an RfC or can try and change the Film MOS to mandate it. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 17:00, 17 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "Notice that the article doesn't give Ebert using 3/4 stars in film reviews (unless the article is badly written) because again, the opinions are the point not the numbers."
 * In your opinion.
 * "If you feel so strongly about it, you can start an RfC or can try and change the Film MOS to mandate it."
 * No one is talking about mandating anything. Dornwald (talk) 17:05, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

MOS:FILM says, "...data from these aggregators is potentially less accurate for films released before the websites existed, so care should be exercised before deciding to cite them." We have to remember that at the end of the day, Rotten Tomatoes is just a commercial website that takes a simplistic approach to grading a film, basically if critics liked it or not, individually then by aggregate. No further degree of loving it or hating it or feeling lukewarm about it. Not to mention that contemporary and retrospective reviews are mixed together, most especially for films that predate Rotten Tomatoes, and muddling how it was received now and then. In a perfect world, we would have film historians studying all of a film's contemporary reviews and highlighting its trends and summarizing it for us, and we wouldn't need to cite any individual critic (which we really just do for flavor). Maybe natural language processing and AI will get us there someday. But essentially, RT scores by themselves are specialist knowledge, and not all readers are movie buffs like us, and the scores are especially weak with older films. It's far better and encyclopedically long-lived to be able to say "Critics liked this film" than to say "Rotten Tomatoes gave it a 70% score based on critics". I don't know about you, but 70% is barely-passing in school. People who follow RT closely know that's not the equivalent of barely-passing, same with IMDb fans knowing how to interpret IMDb scores for quality. Erik (talk | contrib) (ping me) 19:34, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

 * From the articles I've read, whenever there has been a critical reassessment, the RT score reflects that and is given as an example of that. See "Heaven's Gate" as a dramatic example, or "Highlander".
 * "No further degree of loving it or hating it or feeling lukewarm about it."
 * It doesn't claim to give you that. It just says "X% of critics gave it a positive review".
 * "In a perfect world, we would have film historians studying all of a film's contemporary reviews and highlighting its trends and summarizing it for us"
 * I'm sure RT isn't perfect. But I think it is useful (for the reasons I gave, despite not being perfect).

Edit: Actually RT does give you nuance, it is often cited as giving an average rating, say "7.4/10". I don't know where to find that on the RT site itself though. ... Oh you just have to click on the score. Dornwald (talk) 14:13, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Star Trek: First Contact


text:
Radio sweeper

A radio sweeper is a short, pre-recorded sample used by radio stations as segues between songs that give listeners a brief station identifier or promo, generally 20 seconds or less: "You're listening to the soft sounds of [NAME] radio. Easy listening throughout the Bay Area," for example.

Dry radio sweepers are voice only—no music or sound effects—whereas wet sweepers generally contain sound effects (also known as "sonic", a global term for all sound effects and elements used in a sweeper).

Sweepers are also known as liners, bumpers, radio imaging, sweeps, station imaging, stingers, IDs, idents, promos, shotguns and intros. Most sweepers will have a voice over included on the audio.

title: Radio sweeper


text:
List of symbols of Scientology

This is a list of symbols of Scientology, the Church of Scientology, and related organizations.

Trademarks
All official symbols of Scientology are trademarks held by the Religious Technology Center (RTC). They are said by the center to be used "on Scientology religious materials to signify their authenticity ... and provide a legal mechanism to ensure the spiritual technologies are orthodox and ministered according to Mr. Hubbard's Scripture. These marks also provide the means to prevent anyone from engaging in some distorted use of Mr. Hubbard's writings, thereby ensuring the purity of the religion for all eternity."

title: List of symbols of Scientology


text:
2006 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

The 2006 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on November 7, 2006. Incumbent Republican Rick Santorum ran for re-election to a third term, but was defeated by Democratic State Treasurer Bob Casey, Jr., the son of former Pennsylvania governor Bob Casey Sr. Casey was elected to serve between January 3, 2007 and January 3, 2013.

Santorum trailed Casey in every public poll taken during the campaign. Casey's margin of victory (nearly 18% of those who voted) was the largest ever for a Democratic Senate nominee in Pennsylvania, the largest margin of victory for a Senate challenger in the 2006 elections, and the largest general election margin of defeat for an incumbent U.S. senator since 1980. Casey was the first Pennsylvania Democrat to win a full term in the Senate since Joseph S. Clark Jr. in 1962, and the first Democrat to win a Senate election since 1991. He was the first Democrat to win a full term for this seat since 1940.

As of 2024, this was the last time the following counties have voted Democratic in a Senate election: Greene, Washington, Westmoreland, Somerset, Lawrence, Mercer, Armstrong, Indiana, Cambria, Warren, Forest, Elk, Clearfield, Clinton, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Carbon. To date, this is the last time that an incumbent senator from Pennsylvania lost re-election.

Candidates

 * Rick Santorum, incumbent U.S. senator and former U.S. congressman for Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district (1991–1995)

Withdrew

 * John Featherman, Libertarian nominee for U.S. Senate in 2000

Featherman withdrew his candidacy after a Republican party petition challenge because he did not have the necessary number of signatures to get on the ballot. As a result, Santorum won the Republican nomination unopposed.

Democratic primary
The Democratic primary was held May 16, 2006.

Candidates

 * Bob Casey, Jr., State Treasurer, former State Auditor General, candidate for Governor in 2002 and son of former Governor Bob Casey, Sr.
 * Chuck Pennacchio, University of the Arts history professor
 * Alan Sandals, attorney

Declined

 * Barbara Hafer, former State Auditor General and State Treasurer
 * Joe Hoeffel, U.S. Representative

Results
Casey won a landslide victory in the primary.

Candidates

 * Bob Casey Jr., State Treasurer (Democratic)
 * Rick Santorum, incumbent U.S. Senator (Republican)

Declined

 * Kate Michelman, former president of NARAL Pro-Choice America (Independent)

Michelman decided against running and tacitly endorsed Casey in March 2006

Disqualified

 * Carl Romanelli, rail industry consultant (Green)

Romanelli was removed from the ballot by a Commonwealth Court judge on September 25, 2006 following a challenge from Democrats for failing to collect enough valid signatures required of third-party candidates. He lost the appeal to the state Supreme Court challenging the required number of signatures, on October 3, 2006 Carl Romanelli was ordered to pay more than $80,000 in legal fees stemming from his failed effort to make the ballot.

Santorum's support for Arlen Specter
Republican strategists took Santorum's primary result in 2006 as a bad omen, in which he ran unopposed for the Republican nomination. Republican gubernatorial nominee Lynn Swann, also unopposed, garnered 22,000 more votes statewide than Santorum in the primary, meaning thousands of Republican voters abstained from endorsing Santorum for another Senate term. This may have been partly due to Santorum's support for Arlen Specter, over Congressman Pat Toomey in the 2004 Republican primary for the U.S. Senate. Even though Santorum is only slightly less conservative than Toomey, he joined virtually all of the state and national Republican establishment in supporting the moderate Specter. This led many socially and fiscally conservative Republicans to consider Santorum's support of Specter to be a betrayal of their cause. However, Santorum says he supported Specter to avoid risking a Toomey loss in the general election, which would prevent President George W. Bush's judicial nominees from getting through the Senate. Santorum says Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito would not have been confirmed without the help of Specter, who was chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the time.

Santorum's controversial views
In the Senate, Santorum was an outspoken conservative from a state with a history of electing moderates. This led many political commentators to speculate that his low approval ratings were due to some of his more controversial statements and opinions.

Among these controversies were his views on the privatization of Social Security and the teaching of intelligent design in public schools. In addition, his involvement in the Terri Schiavo case was considered by many in his state to be out of place.

All this left Santorum in a precarious position throughout the race. On May 31, 2006, the polling firm Rasmussen Reports declared that Santorum was the "most vulnerable incumbent" among the senators running for re-election. SurveyUSA polling taken right before the election showed that Santorum was the least popular of all 100 senators, with a 38% approval rating and a net approval rating of -19%.

Santorum's residency
While Santorum maintained a small residence in Penn Hills, a township near Pittsburgh, his family primarily lived in a large house in Leesburg, a suburb of Washington, D.C. in Northern Virginia. Santorum faced charges of hypocrisy from critics who noted the similarities between his living situation and that of former Representative Doug Walgren, who Santorum defeated in 1990. Back then, Santorum had claimed that Walgren was out of touch with his district; these claims were backed up with commercials showing Walgren's home in the Virginia suburbs.

On NBC's Meet the Press on September 3, 2006, Santorum admitted that he only spent "maybe a month a year, something like that" at his Pennsylvania residence.

Santorum also drew criticism for enrolling five of his six children in an online "cyber school" in Pennsylvania's Allegheny County (home to Pittsburgh and most of its suburbs), despite the fact that the children lived in Virginia. The Penn Hills School District was billed $73,000 in tuition for the cyber classes.

Casey's momentum
Santorum began his contrast campaign against Casey early, charging him with relentlessly seeking higher political office and failing to take definitive stands on issues. While these charges kept the race competitive, in late September and through October, Casey's campaign seemed to regain the momentum it had had throughout most of the campaign, as most polls showed Casey widening his lead after a summer slump. In a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll, released on September 26, 2006, Casey was favored by 14 points. An October 18, 2006 poll conducted by Rasmussen Reports showed Casey with a similar double-digit lead. In the Rasmussen poll, only 46% of voters surveyed had a favorable view of Santorum, while 57% of voters viewed Casey favorably.

Negative advertisements
At least one of Santorum's television ads called into question his campaign's use of the facts regarding Casey and people who had donated money to the Casey campaign. The ad, which aired in September, showed several men seated around a table, while talking amongst themselves and smoking cigars, inside a jail cell. While none of the figures, who were played by actors, were named personally, the narrator provided the job descriptions, previous donations to Casey, and ethical and/or legal troubles of each. The Santorum campaign later provided the names of the people portrayed. An editorial in Casey's hometown newspaper, The Times-Tribune, pointed out that all but one of the contributions "[was] made to Casey campaigns when he was running for other offices, at which time none of the contributors were known to be under investigation for anything." In fact, two of the persons cited in the Santorum campaign ad had actually given contributions to Santorum's 2006 Senate campaign. Another of the figures portrayed had died in 2004. Political scientist Larry Sabato called the ad "over the top" and suspected that the fallout would hurt Santorum.

Debates

 * Complete video of debate, September 3, 2006
 * Complete video of debate, October 12, 2006
 * Complete video of debate, October 16, 2006

Results
At 9:45 PM EST on Election Night, Santorum called Casey to concede defeat.

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Armstrong (Largest city: Kittanning)
 * Cambria (largest municipality: Johnstown)
 * Carbon (largest municipality: Lehighton)
 * Clearfield (Largest township: DuBois)
 * Mercer (largest municipality: Hermitage)
 * Clinton (Largest city: Lock Haven)
 * Columbia (Largest city: Bloomsburg)
 * Elk (Largest city: St. Marys)
 * Forest (Largest city: Marienville)
 * Indiana (Largest city: Indiana)
 * Schuylkill (Largest city: Pottsville)
 * Somerset (largest city: Somerset)
 * Warren (Largest city: Warren)
 * Westmoreland (Largest township: Hempfield Township)
 * Bucks (largest municipality: Bensalem)
 * Berks (largest borough: Reading)
 * Centre (largest municipality: State College)
 * Chester (largest municipality: West Chester)
 * Delaware (largest city: Upper Darby)
 * Dauphin (largest municipality: Harrisburg)
 * Erie (largest municipality: Erie)
 * Luzerne (largest municipality: Wilkes-Barre)
 * Lehigh (largest municipality: Allentown)
 * Monroe (largest borough: Stroudsburg)
 * Montgomery (largest city: Lower Merion)
 * Northampton (largest municipality: Bethlehem)

By congressional district
Bob Casey Jr won 14 of 19 congressional districts, including the 3rd, 6th, 15th and 18th districts, which elected Republicans to the House.


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List of books with anti-war themes

Books with anti-war themes have explicit anti-war messages or have been described as having significant anti-war themes or sentiments. Not all of these books have a direct connection to any particular anti-war movement. The list includes fiction and non-fiction, and books for children and younger readers.

Fiction

 * All Men Are Enemies – Richard Aldington
 * Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson – George I. Gurdjieff, 1949
 * All Quiet on the Western Front – Erich Maria Remarque, 1928
 * The Americanization of Emily – William Bradford Huie, 1964
 * Ashe of Rings – Mary Butts novel, 1926
 * Bid Me To Live – H.D. novel, 1960
 * Captain Jinks, Hero – Ernest Crosby, 1902
 * Catch-22 – Joseph Heller, 1961
 * A Doctor's Journal Entry For 6 August,1945 - Vikram Seth
 * Cat's Cradle – Kurt Vonnegut science fiction novel
 * Celestial Matters – Richard Garfinkle science fiction novel
 * Company K – William March novel
 * Dead Yesterday – Mary Agnes Hamilton novel, 1916
 * Death Of A Hero – Richard Aldington
 * Despised and Rejected – Rose Allatini novel (published under the name A. T. Fitzroy) 1918
 * A Fable – William Faulkner, 1954, World War I
 * The Empty Drum - Leo Tolstoy, 1887
 * A Farewell to Arms – Ernest Hemingway, 1929
 * For Whom the Bell Tolls – Ernest Hemingway, 1940
 * The Forever War – Joe Haldeman science fiction novel
 * From Here to Eternity – James Jones novel
 * Generals Die in Bed – Charles Yale Harrison novel
 * The Good Soldier Svejk – Jaroslav Hašek novel
 * Involution & Evolution – Joss Sheldon novel
 * Johnny Got His Gun – Dalton Trumbo novel, 1938
 * Journey to the End of the Night – Louis-Ferdinand Céline novel
 * Lay Down Your Arms! – Bertha von Suttner novel
 * Looking Good – Keith Maillard novel
 * Lyndon Johnson and the Majorettes – Keith Maillard novel
 * Lysistrata – Aristophanes play, 411 BCE
 * The Naked and the Dead – Norman Mailer novel
 * Non-Combatants and Others – Rose Macaulay novel, 1916
 * Not So Quiet: Stepdaughters of War – Evadne Price (as Helen Zenna Smith) novel, 1930
 * On the Beach – Nevil Shute novel
 * The Once and Future King – T. H. White, 1958
 * Quiet Ways – Katharine Burdekin novel, 1930
 * The Red Badge of Courage – Stephen Crane novel, 1895
 * Regeneration – Pat Barker
 * Shabdangal – Malayalam novel, 1947
 * The Short-Timers – Gustav Hasford novel
 * Slaughterhouse Five – Kurt Vonnegut science fiction novel
 * The Sorrow of War – Bảo Ninh novel, 1990
 * The Thin Red Line – James Jones novel, 1962
 * The Things They Carried – Tim O'Brien, 1990
 * Three Soldiers – John Dos Passos novel, 1921, World War I
 * The Tin Drum – Günter Grass novel
 * The Train Was on Time (Der Zug war pünktlich) – Heinrich Böll novel, 1949
 * Two Women – Alberto Moravia novel, 1958
 * Under Fire – Henri Barbusse novel, 1916
 * The Unknown Soldier – Väinö Linna novel, 1954
 * Voyage to Faremido – Frigyes Karinthy novel, 1916
 * "War" - Ludwig Renn novel, 1928.
 * War Porn - Roy Scranton novel, 2016.
 * "The War Prayer" – Mark Twain short story, c.1910
 * War with the Newts – Karel Čapek, novel 1936
 * The Wars – Timothy Findley novel, 1977
 * We That Were Young – Irene Rathbone novel, 1932
 * Why Are We in Vietnam? – Norman Mailer novel, 1967
 * Why Was I Killed? (retitled Return of the Traveller in the US) – Rex Warner novel, 1943

Non-fiction

 * Addicted to War – Joel Andreas, 1991, 2002
 * Old man at the Bridge - Ernest Hemingway May 1938
 * An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era – Charles DeBenedetti, 1990
 * The Armies of the Night – Norman Mailer non-fiction novel, 1968
 * Autobiography:The Story of my Experiments with Truth – Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1927
 * The Bloody Traffic – Fenner Brockway, 1934
 * Born on the Fourth of July – Ron Kovic autobiography, 1976
 * The Causes of World War Three – C. Wright Mills, 1958
 * Choosing Peace: A Handbook on War, Peace, and Your Conscience – Robert A. Seeley, 1994
 * The Cold and the Dark: The World after Nuclear War – Paul R. Ehrlich, Carl Sagan and Donald Kennedy, 1984
 * Collateral Damage: America's War Against Iraqi Civilians – Chris Hedges, 2008
 * The Complaint of Peace – Desiderius Erasmus, 1517
 * The Conduct of the Allies – Jonathan Swift, 1711
 * The Conquest of Violence – Bart de Ligt, 1937
 * Cry Havoc! – Beverley Nichols, 1933
 * Disenchantment – C. E. Montague, 1922
 * The Education of a Christian Prince – Desiderius Erasmus, 1516
 * Einstein on Peace – edited by Otto Nathan and Heinz Norden; preface by Bertrand Russell, 1960
 * Ends and Means – Aldous Huxley essays, 1937
 * Fate of the Earth – Jonathan Schell, 1982
 * The Gift of Time: The Case for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons Now – Jonathan Schell, 1998
 * Good-Bye to All That - Robert Graves, 1929
 * Hiroshima – John Hersey account of the bombings, 1946
 * Human Smoke – Nicholson Baker
 * If the War Goes On … – Hermann Hesse, 1971
 * In Solitary Witness: The Life and Death of Franz Jägerstätter – Gordon C. Zahn, 1981
 * The Killing Zone: My Life in the Vietnam War – Frederick Downs, 1978
 * The Kingdom of God is Within You – Leo Tolstoy, 1894
 * The Inevitable Revolution – Leo Tolstoy, 1909
 * Krieg dem Kriege aka War Against War – Ernst Friedrich, 1924
 * The Long Road to Greenham: Feminism and Anti-Militarism in Britain since 1820 – Jill Liddington, 1989
 * Miami and the Siege of Chicago – Norman Mailer non-fiction novel, 1968
 * New Cyneas – Émeric Crucé, 1623
 * Newer Ideals of Peace – Jane Addams, 1907
 * No Victory Parades: The Return of the Vietnam Veteran – Murray Polner, 1971
 * Nonviolence: The history of a dangerous idea – Mark Kurlansky, 2006
 * Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe – Graham Allison, 2004
 * Nuclear Weapons: The Road to Zero – edited by Joseph Rotblat, 1998
 * Pacifism in Europe to 1914, Peter Brock, 1972
 * Pacifism in the Twentieth Century – Peter Brock and Nigel Young, 1999
 * Pacifism in the United States – Peter Brock, 1968
 * Peace Is Possible: Conversations with Arab and Israeli Leaders from 1988 to the Present – S. Daniel Abraham, Bill Clinton, 2006
 * Peace Signs: The Anti-War Movement Illustrated – James Mann, editor, 2004
 * Peace with Honour – A. A. Milne, 1934
 * A People's History of the United States – Howard Zinn, 1980
 * Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch – Immanuel Kant essay, 1795
 * The Politics of Jesus – John Howard Yoder, 1972
 * The Power of Non-Violence – Richard B. Gregg, 1934
 * The Root Is Man: Two Essays in Politics – Dwight Macdonald, 1953
 * Scapegoats of the Empire – Lt. George Witton memoir, 1907
 * Science, Liberty and Peace – Aldous Huxley, 1946
 * The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger – Jonathan Schell, 2007
 * The Struggle Against the Bomb 1 - One World or None: a history of the world nuclear disarmament movement through 1953 – Lawrence S. Wittner, 1993
 * The Struggle Against the Bomb 2 - Resisting the Bomb: a history of the world nuclear disarmament movement, 1954-1970 – Lawrence S. Wittner, 1997
 * The Struggle Against the Bomb 3 - Toward Nuclear Abolition: a history of the world nuclear disarmament movement, 1971 to the present – Lawrence S. Wittner, 2003
 * Testament of Youth – Vera Brittain, 1933
 * The Third Morality – Gerald Heard, 1937
 * Three Guineas – Virginia Woolf, 1938
 * Conscience for Change, reprinted as The Trumpet of Conscience – (five transcribed lectures given by) Martin Luther King Jr., 1968
 * Voices Against War: A Century of Protest – Lyn Smith, 2009
 * War and Democracy – Paul Gottfried, 2012
 * War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning – Chris Hedges, 2003
 * War Is a Lie – David Swanson, 2010
 * War Is a Racket – former U.S. Marine Major General Smedley Butler speech, 1933 and pamphlet, 1935
 * We Will Not Cease – Archibald Baxter memoir, 1939
 * Which Way to Peace? – Bertrand Russell, 1936
 * White Flash, Black Rain: Women of Japan Relive the Bomb – L. Vance-Watkins and A. Mariko, eds., 1995
 * Why Didn't You Have To Go To Vietnam, Daddy? – Steve Wilken, Starving Writers Publishing, 2009
 *  Why Men Fight – Bertrand Russell, 1916
 * Women, Power, and the Biology of Peace – Judith Hand, 2003
 * Worthy of Gratitude? Why Veterans May Not Want to be Thanked for Their Service in War – Camillo Mac Bica, Gnosis Press, 2015
 * Writings Against Power and Death – Alex Comfort, 1994

Anthologies of anti-war writing

 * Instead of Violence: Writings by the Great Advocates of Peace and Nonviolence throughout History – edited by Arthur Weinberg and Lila Shaffer Weinberg, 1963
 * The Pacifist Conscience – edited by Peter Mayer, 1966
 * Peace is the Way: writings on nonviolence from the Fellowship of Reconciliation – edited by Walter Wink
 * We Who Dared to Say No to War: American Antiwar Writing from 1812 to Now – Murray Polner, Thomas Woods, 2008

Juvenile fiction

 * The Butter Battle Book – Dr. Seuss, 1984
 * Children of the Book – Peter Carter, 1982
 * The Clay Marble – Minfong Ho novel, 1991
 * Fallen Angels – Walter Dean Myers novel, 1988
 * Habibi – Naomi Shihab Nye novel, 1997
 * I Had Seen Castles – Cynthia Rylant, 1993
 * Soldier's Heart: A Novel of the Civil War – Gary Paulsen novel, 1998
 * Sunrise over Fallujah – Walter Dean Myers, 2008
 * War Horse – Michael Morpurgo, 1982
 * When the Horses Ride By: Children in the Times of War – Greenfield, Gilchrist poems and illus., 2006
 * Glinda of Oz by L. Frank Baum (published posthumously), Reilly & Lee, 1920.

Juvenile non-fiction

 * Ain't Gonna Study War No More: The Story of America's Peace Seekers – Milton Meltzer, 2002
 * Lines in the Sand: New Writing on War and Peace – Hoffman and Lassister, eds. essays, stories, poems, 2003
 * A Little Peace – Barbara Kerley, 2007
 * Operation Warhawks: How Young People Become Warriors – Terrence Webster-Doyle, 1993
 * Paths to Peace: People Who Changed the World – Jane Breskin Zalben, 2004
 * Peace One Day – Jeremy Gilley, 2005
 * Some Reasons for War: How Families, Myths and Warfare Are Connected – Sue Mansfield, 1988

title: List of books with anti-war themes


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List of anti-war films

An anti-war film is a genre of war film that is opposed to warfare in its theming or messaging.

Anti-war films typically argue that war is futile, unjust, a loss for all involved, only serves to benefit few in society (usually an elite or ruling class, or the state), makes people do or support things they normally would not (such as homicide or discrimination), is extremely costly both in money and lives, or is otherwise undesirable for those fighting it, the target audience, or everyone in general. To illustrate their point, anti-war films often present the effects of war—such as destruction, suffering, war trauma, casualties, war crimes, war's impact on the environment or on children, or the excesses of war—in a negative manner. Though many anti-war films make this negative depiction explicit and clear for the audience to understand, some are more subtle in delivering their anti-war messaging (such as making the ostensibly good side as brutal as their enemies), or may use parody and black comedy to satirize wars and conflicts.

While most anti-war films use real historical or then-ongoing conflicts—commonly modern wars in recent memory that the intended audience is familiar with or understands, such as World War I, World War II, the Vietnam War, or the war on terror—as their settings to criticize those wars, their casus belli, or their effects, others use hypothetical conflicts (e.g. World War III), fictional wars involving fictional countries, or even a conflict in a fictional universe, an alternate history, or the far future. Some anti-war films may not depict front line or battlefield conflict at all, and instead present anti-war messaging through depictions of the rear, military hierarchy, military operations other than war, military misconduct or corruption, the military–industrial complex, refugees and survivors, or the aftermath of wars, ranging from the immediate post-war recovery to the post-apocalypse.

Anti-war films
The following is a list of anti-war films.

title: List of anti-war films


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Guilty by Suspicion

Guilty by Suspicion is a 1991 American period drama film about the Hollywood blacklist, McCarthyism, and the activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee. Written and directed by Irwin Winkler in his directorial debut, the film stars Robert De Niro, Annette Bening, and George Wendt. The character of David Merrill was inspired by the experiences of John Berry during the Hollywood blacklist era.

The film was entered into the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot summary
David Merrill, a successful director in 1950s Hollywood, returns from film-location scouting abroad to find that a rising tide of McCarthyism and the Red Scare is creating havoc among his colleagues in the film industry.

His friend, Larry Nolan, is forced to name the many people in Hollywood possibly associated with the communist movement to the FBI and Congressional Oversight Committee. Nolan names several friends and colleagues such as Merrill as collaborators. Although most of them have tangential relations to the actual United States Communist Party, Washington D.C. forces Hollywood executives such as mogul Darryl Zanuck to convince his directors and support staff to disavow communism and agree to perjure themselves in congressional hearings and name other Hollywood influencers as communists agents.

Merrill is asked by a Hollywood legal consultant, Felix Graff, to cooperate with FBI agents and cite four names, including screenwriter and childhood friend Bunny Baxter, as communists to Congress. Only then will he be allowed to work in the film industry again. By refusing, Merrill is blacklisted from Hollywood and slowly loses all his assets. Unable to pay alimony to his ex-wife, Ruth and son, Merrill tries his luck across the country in New York City. He is initially well received by past colleagues but eventually FBI agents convince Merrill's friends on Broadway to abandon him as well.

Merrill retreats back to Los Angeles and rekindles his friendship with Ruth while he stays in her apartment. She has since sold her own home and restarted her teaching career in elementary school. Despite losing all his money, the family dynamic improves with his constant presence in his son's life. Meanwhile, Dorothy Nolan, actress and Larry's estranged wife has a mental breakdown. Her refusal to cooperate with the FBI has led to her losing custody of her own son. When she discovers that Merrill could not offer her a job on Broadway since his own dealings with NY producers had failed, Dorothy becomes distraught and drives her car off a cliff into the Pacific Ocean.

Things begin to improve when Merrill gets a surprise call from a B-movie director to pick up the pieces of his failing Western. After successfully improving the film's direction and artistry, once again the FBI track Merrill down and get him removed from the film. Bunny Baxter has also managed to get himself into a situation; In his youth he attended communist rallies did not mention it to the FBI. That has put him in the position of perjury and the inquiry board has threatened extensive jail time unless he also names Hollywood associates as communists. Bunny begs Merrill to allow his name to be "thrown under the bus" since he is "already dead" but Ruth throws him out of the house in disgust.

Merrill decides to contact Zanuck's lawyer, Graff, again after Zanuck begs him to concede to the Congressional requirements to name conspirators in the communist party. Speaking to Graff, it is assumed that Merrill is broken and will cooperate with Congress in Washington D.C. to resurrect his career. At the hearing, under much derision from the Committee, Merrill again backtracks and refuses to discuss anyone outside of himself which causes a fracas in the room. The committee cites him with contempt of Congress which has led to others being sent to prison for years. As he leaves, Bunny takes his place at the witness stand and also refuses to cooperate with the demand that he name his colleagues as conspirators.

Cast

 * Robert De Niro as David Merrill
 * Annette Bening as Ruth Merrill
 * George Wendt as Bunny Baxter
 * Patricia Wettig as Dorothy Nolan
 * Sam Wanamaker as Felix Graff
 * Luke Edwards as Paulie Merrill
 * Chris Cooper as Larry Nolan
 * Ben Piazza as Darryl F. Zanuck
 * Martin Scorsese as Joe Lesser
 * Barry Primus as Bert Alan
 * Gailard Sartain as Chairman Wood
 * Robin Gammell as Congressman Clyde Howard Tavenner
 * Brad Sullivan as Congressman Harold H. Velde
 * Tom Sizemore as Ray Karlin
 * Stuart Margolin as Abe Barron
 * Roxann Biggs as Felicia Barron
 * Barry Tubb as Jerry Cooper
 * Adam Baldwin as FBI Agent #1

Reception
The film opened to positive reviews and earned praise for Robert De Niro's performance. Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half out of four stars and wrote that the film "teaches a lesson we are always in danger of forgetting: that the greatest service we can do our country is to be true to our conscience."

On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a rating of 68% from 19 reviews.

title: Guilty by Suspicion


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Almanac (Jazz)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep (No consensus). No votes. --Ryan Delaney talk 20:16, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Almanac (Jazz)
Delete - Not important/famous enough --Hurricane111 20:31, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Birchgrove, Swansea

Birchgrove (Y Gellifedw) is a suburb and community in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom. It is situated about 4.5 miles (7 km) north-east of Swansea city centre, between the flood plain of the River Tawe and Mynydd Drumau (Drummau Mountain). The community of Birchgrove had a population of 7,392 in 2011.

Locality
Long vistas of the Swansea, Neath and Blaengwynfi valleys are to be had from the top of Mynydd Drumau, as well as a clear view of the Devon coast across the Bristol Channel.

Education
Birchgrove has a primary and a comprehensive secondary school, both of which are state-run, mixed, and non-denominational. Birchgrove Comprehensive School was opened in 1991 in the grounds of the old junior school. It serves the areas of Birchgrove, Glais, and Clydach. Most of the pupils attending Birchgrove Primary School move on to Birchgrove Comprehensive at age 11. However, many pupils from Glais and Clydach attend Cwmtawe Community School in nearby Pontardawe, while a number of pupils from Llansamlet and Trallwn attend Birchgrove instead of Cefn Hengoed Community School in Winch Wen.

Prehistory
The countryside surrounding Birchgrove is scattered with prehistoric sites. There are numerous barrow mounds and evidence of prehistoric dwellings.

Carreg Bica is a large standing stone on Drummau Mountain. The stone is local sandstone and is around 13 ft high. The name means "pointed stone" in the Welsh language. The stone is also known by other names: Maen Bredwan or Maen Bradwen. It is also mentioned in a charter to King John to William de Breos in 1203 as "meynhirion", as a boundary stone marking the Gower.

There is a legend of the stone moving and going to a local stream to drink or bathe. In this case the stone is said to bathe in the river Neath once a year on Easter morning. Children from Skewen were said to race to the stone on Easter morning.

Cistercian monks built the nearby Neath Abbey in the early 12th century. Wintering their flocks and herds in the few open spaces down in the valley, during the other seasons keeping them in their specially constructed stone walled fields on Drummau mountain top, using the standing stone as a landmark. Many sections of the stone walls are still standing from Cistercian times.

Industrial era
From an early date to the beginning of the 19th century, coal-mining played an important role in Birchgrove. It was mainly on coal-mining that the villages of the parish grew, and Birchgrove was no exception. Mining played a very important role in the industrial development of the lower Swansea Valley, which was becoming the metallurgical centre of the world. (See History of Swansea.) Coal was replacing wood in the smelting of ores; and it was because of the demand for coal that a pit was sunk in Birchgrove, known as Birchgrove Colliery Company, locally known as the 'Old Pit'. It was situated just below the Birchgrove Post Office. It was sunk in 1845, to a depth of approximately 100 feet. As a result of its prosperity, two further pits were sunk, namely Sisters Pit, and Brothers Pit. Approximately 200 worked at the Old Pit. This involved many new people coming into the area, to work in both mining and the copper industry. The only cultural recreation was a Reading Room, situated near the colliery. It was not used on Sundays, so the people of the village were given permission to use it for Sunday worship. Services were held there according to the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England (the Church in Wales not being founded until 1920). The services held there were well supported. The Birchgrove Colliery was closed in 1931. There are still relics of Birchgrove's industrial past in the area, The ruins of Scot's pit pump house dominate the lower end of Birchgrove and evidence of mine workings can still be found.

Nearest places

 * Llansamlet
 * Swansea Vale
 * Glais
 * Skewen

title: Birchgrove, Swansea