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Epik High

Epik High is a South Korean hip-hop trio formed in 2001, composed of Tablo, Mithra Jin, and DJ Tukutz. Primarily based in Seoul, the group signed with Woollim Entertainment and released their first two studio albums, Map of the Human Soul (2003) and High Society (2004), to minor success. The trio rose to fame with the release of their follow-up studio albums, Swan Songs (2005), Remapping the Human Soul (2007), and Pieces, Part One (2008), spawning the hit singles "Fly", "Paris", "Fan", "Love Love Love", "One" and "Umbrella". Although the majority of these albums were censored by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism due to themes of crimes, war, religion, and education, Epik High established themselves as one of the leading hip-hop artists in the country, gaining a cult following and critical plaudit.

Following the completion of mandatory military services and their exclusive contract with Woollim Entertainment, Epik High signed with YG Entertainment in 2012. The trio's next studio albums, 99 (2012),  Shoebox (2014), and We've Done Something Wonderful (2017), explored heartbreaks, personal struggles, and self-help. Supported by the successful singles "It's Cold", "Up", "Born Hater", "Spoiler", "Happen Ending", "Love Story" and "Home Is Far Away", Epik High garnered international recognition, becoming the first central South Korean act to play at Coachella.

Epik High left YG Entertainment in 2018 and signed with record label Ours Co, under William Morris Endeavor, the following year. They released their second extended play Sleepless in __________ in 2019, followed by a two-part tenth studio album, Epik High Is Here (2021 & 2022). They released their third EP  Strawberry in 2023.

2001–2005: Career beginnings and breakthrough
Epik High was formed in 2001 upon frontman Tablo's return to South Korea after being educated in Vancouver and Stanford. With the addition of Mithra Jin and DJ Tukutz, the group made their beginnings in the underground hip hop scene in Seoul, performing with other Korean hip hop groups such as CB Mass and as part of the "Movement Crew," one of the most prominent hip-hop crews of the time in South Korea.

As the genre was unpopular among mainstream audiences, the group was relatively unknown early on in their career, with critics seeing the little market for "lyrically complex music" that did not match the K-pop scene of the time. Their first performance was to a small audience at the amusement park Everland in 2002. They released their debut album, Map of the Human Soul, under Woollim Entertainment in 2003, and began to gain success with the release of their second album, High Society (2004).

Swan Songs was intended to be Epik High's final album, following the poor performance of their previous two releases; however, it became a mainstream hit and made them one of the most popular hip-hop groups in Korea. The album was a chart success with the title track, "Fly," reaching number one on domestic charts. "Fly" also featured on the soundtracks for FIFA 07 and  Pump It Up. Another of the album tracks, "Paris" featuring Loveholics' Jisun, was also a hit in Japan and Korea. The album was repackaged the following year as Black Swan Songs, which included remixes of several tracks.

2006–2009: Continued success
Originally set for release in October 2006, Epik High's fourth album Remapping the Human Soul was released on January 23, 2007. The two upbeat lead singles, "Fan" and "Love Love Love," were hits, while the rest of the album had darker undertones and tackled diverse themes including sex crimes, war, religion, and education. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism reportedly censored the album due to its lyrical and thematic content. Despite this, it was a commercial success in both Korea and Japan. It went on to sell 120,301 copies during the Year, making it the third best-selling album of 2007 in South Korea. During this time, the group spoke of their "no genre, just music" philosophy, expressing frustration with "narrow," "out-dated and isolated" perceptions of the hip hop genre.

Over 50,000 copies of their fifth studio album entitled Pieces, Part One was pre-ordered before its release in April 2008. The album's release was followed by music videos for the singles "One," "Breakdown," and "Umbrella." After the album's success, Epik High released the EP Lovescream to acclaim in October, with the EP's title track "1 Minute 1 Second" topping online music charts. In early 2009, Epik High parted ways with Woollim Entertainment and founded Map The Soul, an independent record label that consisted of Epik High, MYK, Planet Shiver, and Dok2. They released their seventh work, a "book album" entitled 魂: Map the Soul, on March 27 and distributed it exclusively on Epik High's website. Tablo stated that 魂: Map the Soul is not the group's official sixth album but a particular project.

Music videos for the single "Map the Soul" were released on May 19, with worldwide and Korean versions. To commemorate their first release under the independent label, Epik High toured in Japan and performed at Melon Ax in Seoul with Kero One and MYK. That month, they also served in various cities in the US (New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle) along with Dumbfoundead, Kero One, MYK, and Far East Movement. On July 22, Epik High and Map the Soul signed with electronic group Planet Shiver and released the remix album Remixing The Human Soul.

Epik High's sixth album, [e], was released on September 16 with the title single "Wannabe (따라해)" featuring Mellow, an electronic pop track critiquing K-pop trends. The studio album contained 30 tracks in a 2-CD format. Its release was followed by a South Korean tour, beginning on September 19.

2010–2012: Epilogue, military service, and hiatus
On October 15, 2009, DJ Tukutz enlisted for two years in mandatory military service, two days after his marriage. He was discharged in August 2011.

In January 2010, they performed at Midem 2010 in Cannes.

While DJ Tukutz was conscripted into the army, Epik High's seventh studio album, Epilogue, was released under Woollim Entertainment on March 9, 2010, to chart success. The music video for its title track, "Run," featured several members of the Woollim-signed boy band Infinite before their debut: L as the video's protagonist, Sunggyu as a guitarist, Woohyun as bassist, and Sungjong as keyboardist. In addition, infinite's Hoya and Dongwoo also served as backup dancers during promotions of the single on various music shows.

Shortly after the album's release, Mithra Jin also entered mandatory military service and served two years between August 3, 2010 – May 14, 2012. He joined the 102 reserves in Chuncheon and served as an infantry rifle soldier, a member of the military band, and a GOP soldier before settling at the Defense Media Agency (DEMA).

During the two-year hiatus that followed, Tablo (who is a Canadian citizen and therefore was not required to carry out military service) signed a four-year contract with YG Entertainment and released a solo album titled Fever's End on November 1, 2011. However, he indicated that Epik High had not disbanded.

In July 2012, it was confirmed that Epik High would return as a group under YG Entertainment after a three-year hiatus. On October 9, the group released the single "It's Cold" featuring the newly signed Lee Hi, to chart success. They digitally released the album 99, as well as music videos for the tracks "Up" (featuring Park Bom) and "Don't Hate Me," on October 19. The album was physically released on October 23 with two extra tracks, not on the digital release. During the SBS Gayo Daejeon on December 30 they joined Dynamic Duo and Simon D for "Cypher 2012", a remix of popular hip-hop tracks of the Year to much acclaim.

2013–2017: 10th anniversary and worldwide recognition
On October 23, 2013, Epik High released the single "420" featuring Double K, Yankie, Dok2, Sean2Slow, Dumbfoundead, TopBob, and MYK to celebrate their tenth anniversary.

On May 18, 2014, they released the single "With You" in collaborating with Chinese Singer Bibi Zhou, as a re-recording of "Fool" (originally featuring Bumkey) from their previous album Epilogue. On October 18, YG Entertainment released the music video for the pre-release track "Born Hater" featuring a line-up of noted rappers. Epik High's eighth studio album,  Shoebox, was physically released on October 22 and met with critical praise for the emotion and complex lyrical content of lead singles "Happen Ending" and "Spoiler" as well as other tracks including "Burj Khalifa" and "Amor Fati."

In March 2015, Epik High performed at SXSW in Austin, Texas. In April 2016, they became the first-ever Korean act to perform at the Coachella music festival, where their performance was well received by audiences. On October 23, 2017, they released We've Done Something Wonderful, their ninth studio album.

2018–present: Departure from YG and new works
On October 3, 2018, Epik High left YG Entertainment after six years. On February 19, 2019, Epik High signed to William Morris Endeavor. Epik High released their second EP, Sleepless in __________, on March 11. The EP peaked at number 8 on the Gaon Album Chart and number 6 on the Billboard US World Album Chart. On October 22, 2020, the band posted a new video announcing their tenth album for January 2021. On December 28, 2020, Tablo announced that the group would release part 1 of their tenth album, Epik High Is Here, on January 18, 2021. The album's first single, "Rosario", featured CL and Zico.

On June 29, 2021, Epik High released the new single "Rain Song," featuring Colde. On October 25, 2021, Epik High released the new single "Face ID," which features Sik-K, Justhis, and Giriboy. The single serves as a pre-release for part two of Epik High Is Here. On January 12, 2022, it was revealed that Epik High would be performing at Coachella 2022, making them the first Korean act to be re-invited to the festival. On February 14, 2022, the group released part 2 of Epik High Is Here. On March 17, 2022, Epik High announced that it would be holding the 2022 'Epik High Is Here Encore' concert for three days from May 11 to 13.

On January 18, 2023, Epik High announced their third EP, Strawberry. It was released on February 1, 2023.

On May 30, 2024, it was announced that Epik High would be releasing their first mixtape, Pump, on June 20th. It was also announced that the group would embark on their North American Tour, "The Pump Tour," beginning on August 22 and ending on September 25.

Discography

 * Map of the Human Soul (2003)
 * High Society (2004)
 * Swan Songs (2005)
 * Remapping the Human Soul (2007)
 * Pieces, Part One (2008)
 * Map the Soul (2009)
 * (e) (2009)
 * Epilogue (2010)
 * 99 (2012)
 * Shoebox (2014)
 * We've Done Something Wonderful (2017)
 * Epik High Is Here (2021–2022)

Concert tours

 * Epik High Map The Soul USA Tour (2009)
 * Epik High Concert Parade Asia Tour (2014)
 * Epik High Japan Tour Show Must Go On (2015)
 * Epik High North America Tour (2015)
 * Epik High Concert Legend 3 In Seoul (2015)
 * Epik High Japan Tour (2016)
 * Epik High Concert Now Playing (2016)
 * Epik High Comeback Concert "We've Done Something Wonderful" (2017)
 * EPIK HIGH 2019 European Tour (2019)
 * EPIK HIGH 2019 North American Tour (2019)
 * 2019 EPIK HIGH in Singapore
 * Epik High Is Here North American Tour (2022)
 * Epik High Is Here Asia Pacific Tour (2022)
 * Epik High All Time High Tour Europe & North America (2023)
 * The Pump Tour N. America (2024)

title: Epik High


text: User talk:82.60.48.178

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:82.60.48.178


text:
1894 English cricket season

1894 was the fifth season of County Championship cricket in England. The championship culminated in a close battle between Surrey and the 1893 champions Yorkshire. Before the round of 23 August, the two teams were tied on 10 points, with one match left to play and all other teams out of contention. Yorkshire travelled to Taunton to play Somerset and, after the first day was rained off, Somerset had to bat on a rain-affected pitch. George Hirst took seven for 32 as Somerset were dismissed for 99, but Yorkshire never got the chance to reply as the third day was rained off. Meanwhile, at Hove, Surrey's Tom Richardson and Bill Lockwood bowling Sussex out for 44 and 109 to secure victory by an innings and 15 runs, giving Surrey their fourth official title.

Although the term had been in common usage for many years, there was no clear understanding of what constituted first-class cricket. The issue was addressed in a meeting at Lord's in May and the official definition was applied from the beginning of the 1895 season.

Honours

 * County Championship – Surrey
 * Wisden (Five Young Batsmen of the Season) – Bill Brockwell, Jack Brown, C B Fry, Tom Hayward, Archie MacLaren

Final table
Points system:

 * 1 for a win
 * 0 for a draw, a tie or an abandoned match
 * -1 for a loss

Annual reviews

 * James Lillywhite's Cricketers' Annual (Red Lilly), Lillywhite, 1895
 * Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1895

title: 1894 English cricket season


text:
Talk:Randomization

Random fact
After not being on Wiki for a while, I clicked on "Random article" and got this. Hooray! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Naif (talk • contribs) 07:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Random number generation
I just created Random number generation, some elements of this page could be moved there.

Randomization is about taking elements and putting them in random order (i.e. shuffling) (or maybe also selecting a random subset), generating random numbers is about just creating numbers at random. The two processes are fairly equivalent.

I don't want to merge this page over there, but the scope of this article could be made more narrow. Flammifer 09:08, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Do i hate but this is not math? Its plograpic. 5.114.120.39 (talk) 19:24, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * U do?merge? Its special. 5.114.120.39 (talk) 19:31, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Randomization


text:
Talk:Jason Kenney

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2021 and 14 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): BakingBackSunday. Peer reviewers: Psychedeadlix.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:08, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Attendance at the Bilderberg Meetings?
Kenney is currently attending the 2014 Bilderberg meetings and I think it would be appropriate to mention this. To attend a meeting with many of the global elite, is quite the honor. http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants.html

Parliamentary debate?
Is Kenney really celibate? Do we need a reference?

 * More to the point, is this encyclopedic? CJCurrie (talk) 01:27, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Parliamentary debate?
I tried looking for the debate in the House of Commons (via Edited Hansard available online) where Kenney and Davies have this exchange as noted in the penultimate paragraph. I cannot seem to find it. However, I did find news articles that seem to indicate that this exchange took place outside of the House of Commons. If it did not occur in the House, then I don't think it should be called "parliamentary debate". The controversial line was mentioned in a Statements by Members session, but that's not the same as debate. Same issue on the Libby Davies article. ~⌈Markaci⌋ 2005-08-22 T 07:19:05 Z

Potential Vandalism
On March 15, 2010, an antagonistic site suggested with screenshots that this page has been vandalized to remove controversial and critical content. A cursory review of the history seems to confirms this finding. Suggest restoring content, and locking page if vandalism continues. Citizenship Minister's Wikipedia Site Edits Section on Gay Rights, Removes Lost Canadians --MrOakes (talk) 03:28, 16 March 2010 (UTC)MrOakes (talk) 03:27, 15 May 2010 (UTC)
 * From what I can see, the information can't stay in the form you suggest. I've reverted the latest re-addition. It is unnecessarily prejudicial and editorial in tone. Perhaps the information can be included with more neutral wording. Do you have any suggestions? Franamax (talk) 03:49, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

--Franamax (talk) 03:49, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * "Unnecessarily predudicial and editorial in tone" they are facts not opinon, that's why they are citied. Most of the citations come from Canadian government websites, did you even check the links or just erase the paragraph? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.92.135.204 (talk) 18:18, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * "He fails to acknowledge that most of these people have applied and have a strong case" is an unsourced opinion. As for the rest, the tone could be improved, but I don't think it justifies removal.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 19:40, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

George Galloway additional details.
SaskatchewanSenator please don't revert without further discussion. This material deserves to be in the Kenney article because Kenney's actions lead to Galloway's intention to sue the Canadian Government. If you disagree I'm happy to seek a 3rd opinion DSatYVR (talk) 02:23, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think those sentences belong in this article because:
 * Galloway says that the Canadian Government breached his privacy, not Kenney
 * What Galloway says he has donated belongs in Galloway's article, not Kenney's.
 * IMHO, Someone saying they intend to sue isn't notable.
 * --SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 05:37, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

 * May I suggest you read the entire paragraph and the supporting citations before proceeding further? The additional detail I added is a continuation of the original idea(s) presented in the paragraph. Also advise if you wish to proceed with a 3rd opinion review There is no need to do so if we are in consensus. If we are not in consensus I will start the process. DSatYVR (talk) 16:48, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Can you please address the three issues I listed above? The material is not directly related to Kenney and belongs in the Galloway article instead.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 17:10, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

You haven't read the paragraph or references have you? In that case I'll set up the 3rd opinion review. Regards, DSatYVR (talk) 21:40, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think this qualifies for the Third opinion process, because I don't think that the issue has been thoroughly discussed, but I welcome other opinions. I'd be interested in your thoughts on the three issues I listed above.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 02:23, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Kindly read the paragraph, read the references/citations attached to the paragraph and you will make the connection. My preference is to let the material speak for itself rather than debate the obvious. For the benefit of other editors: The additional material illustrates cause and effect. Jason Kenney bars entry into Canada of George Galloway on the basis of his alleged terrorist connections. Galloway presents arguments to counter the charges made by Kenney and discloses his intention to sue the Canadian Government. (see citations for further detail if required)DSatYVR (talk) 15:27, 5 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for responding to some of my concerns. I don't agree with all of your explanations:
 * Kenney did not bar Galloway entry into Canada
 * I still think Galloway's comments on his donations are more appropriate for the Galloway article, but if they are to counter the claims made by Kenney's spokesperson, it should immediately follow them. It also should include the information that "Galloway donated £25,000 to Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniya in the Gaza Strip in March 2009." (from the CBC article you cited).
 * Galloway saying he intends to sue the Canadian government isn't significant enough to be in this article.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 17:23, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

{|style="border-top:solid thin lightgrey;background:transparent;padding:4px;"
 * [[Image:Searchtool-80%.png|15px]] Response to third opinion request:
 * style="padding-left:0.6cm"|The additional details are useful as they essentially complete the story, giving Galloway's position. They consume little space and their inclusion is not disproportionate.—Figureofnine (talk) 17:38, 5 October 2010 (UTC)
 * style="padding-left:0.6cm"|The additional details are useful as they essentially complete the story, giving Galloway's position. They consume little space and their inclusion is not disproportionate.—Figureofnine (talk) 17:38, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Galloway donation
I have reverted this edit. Here is why:

 * Our article already notes that Galloway provided supplies to the governing authority in Hamas-controlled Gaza. There is no need to recast this information in a sensationalistic light.
 * Although citations are required for controversial statements, the fact of a controversial statement having a citation is not sufficient grounds to justify its inclusion on an article page. Put another way, "Restored cited material" is not a sufficient justification for returning this statement. CJCurrie (talk) 01:27, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

The sentence at issue is:"Galloway donated £25,000 to Ismail Haniya of Hamas." It is not sensationalistic. Why do you think it is controversial?--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 19:22, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

 * From what I can tell, there's some dispute as to whether or not Galloway actually gave money to Haniyeh. Galloway, for one, seems to have said that he didn't.
 * Anyway, the main issue here is the relationship between Galloway's participation in the Viva Palestina convey and his subsequent ban from Canada. The current edit covers this; I don't see the need to add a specific (and disputed) detail.
 * Beyond which, Galloway has repeatedly denied giving anything to Hamas, as such. He turned over materials to the governing authority in Gaza, not to Hamas per se as an organization. He certainly didn't "donate" money to Haniyeh, in the sense that the term is generally used. CJCurrie (talk)
 * The article should include what reliable sources have said about the donation, along with the statements from Kenney's spokesperson and Galloway. If there is disagreement between reliable sources, that can be noted. The sentence that you dispute, above, is an accurate reflection of the material in the cited article "Galloway vows to sue Canadian government" [].--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 08:29, 19 October 2010 (UTC)
 * This is a bit silly, really; we're not obligated to reproduce a passing snippet of information from one source when other sources provide greater context. The cited article, "Galloway vows to sue Canadian government," contains a context-free one-sentence summary of the donation controversy (and it doesn't clarify if the donation was in money or goods). Other sources provide much, much more detail about the matter. In situations like this, the correct course of action is to use language that reflects the more complete sources rather than taking isolated sentences and presenting them as "the whole story." CJCurrie (talk) 21:36, 19 October 2010 (UTC)
 * If you have better sources on Galloway's donation, please provide them. What language do you suggest to describe the donation?--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 07:44, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
 * What we have now seems fine:
 * Alykhan Velshi, a spokesperson for Kenney, claimed that Galloway had openly admitted giving "financial support" to Hamas, which is classified as a terrorist group in Canada. Galloway has said that he donated ambulances, medicine, and toys to the people of Gaza and did not materially support terrorism.
 * If you really want, we can clarify that the donation went through the Hamas-controlled government of Gaza. Otherwise, I don't see the need for any change.
 * As to better courses, I think that googling "Galloway Gaza" should be sufficient. CJCurrie (talk) 23:22, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It needs to include what a reliable source has said about the donation.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 02:06, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It already includes what several reliable sources have said about the donation. CJCurrie (talk) 00:02, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * No it doesn’t. It includes what Kenney’s spokesperson and Galloway have said about the donation. It needs to include what a reliable source has said.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 01:40, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * As you say, our article currently includes rival descriptions of the donation. This is sufficient. We aren't obligated to add one particular line from one particular source article to our page, particularly when the line in question is a short and unspecific summary. CJCurrie (talk) 01:50, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It is not sufficient. I'm not partial to any particular source or wording. If you have a better source or wording please provide it. The article should include what a reliable source has said about the donation.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 03:20, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * We need a third opinion.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 22:28, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Third opinion
I agree with CJCurrie that it is not necessary to include the specific statement that George Galloway donated money to Ismail Haneyeh. The important policy point to note here is that any material about living persons must be written responsibly, cautiously, and in a dispassionate tone, avoiding both understatement and overstatement. Galloway has stated (according to the CBC article) that he donated money for ambulances etc., and that that is not the same as materially supporting Hamas, and it is incumbent on us, per our BLP policy, to not attempt to imply otherwise. The current formulation satisfies our BLP policy adequately. A formulation that stated that Galloway's contributions were channelled through the Hamas-controlled government of Gaza may be appropriate, though is also perhaps unnecessary because the article is about Kenney not Galloway, but the specific sentence that is contested is not. Thanks. --rgpk (comment) 15:07, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * What aspect of WP:BLP are you basing this on?--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 18:25, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The italicized part of my comment above. --rgpk (comment) 18:40, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes. Thanks. The italics should have tipped me off. So it's the tone of the sentence that's the problem.
 * I agree with you that some of this material about Galloway would be better left to the Galloway article, but as long as this article addresses the substance of Galloway's donation it's obliged to include reliable third-party sources.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 09:15, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Re: CJCurrie's, How is Galloway's donation of ambulances etc. relevant to this article?--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 05:07, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It looks OK to me, as it provides context for what exactly the donation was for. Franamax (talk) 06:57, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I think you've misunderstood. Galloway did not donate money to buy ambulances etc. He donated ambulances and money.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 07:49, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah, but that's where we don't want to use this article to examine the "truth" of the matter. We just want to present the "he said/she said" and leave it at that. Government says one thing, Galloway says another. Galloway is suing. Franamax (talk) 15:12, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Maybe you aren't implying what I thought you were. How does what Galloway said about his donation of ambulances etc. explain, with regard to the money he donated, "what exactly the donation was for"?--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 07:51, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Are you quite certain that Galloway donated money? CJCurrie (talk) 23:45, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes. This has been reported by a variety of reliable sources.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 21:28, 29 January 2011 (UTC)
 * In the absence of a coherent explanation of how it is relevant to this article, I will remove it.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 20:49, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * It looks like three other editors find the explanation coherent enough, so I would advise you to leave the material in the article. Franamax (talk) 21:09, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Can you please explain how what Galloway said about his donation of ambulances etc. explains, with regard to the money he donated, "what exactly the donation was for"?--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 21:14, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * No. I've explained above what the situation is: government says he's bad; Galloway says he's good; judge says Kenney was wrong; Galloway sues. All we are doing is presenting both "sides" of the story, in a non-prejudicial fashion. It is our responsibility to include the defense a BLP has made of their actions. Why do you think that sentence is such an awful thing? Keeping in mind, as I've already said, it's not our role to divine the truth of things. Franamax (talk) 22:20, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think mentioning Galloway's donation of ambulances and other goods is an "awful thing", I just don't think it's relevant to this article. You tried to explain what it contributes to the article.  I don't understand your explanation and asked for some clarification. Can you help me to understand why you think it's relevant to Kenney's article?--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 08:59, 17 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Unless someone can explain what "It provides context for what exactly the donation was for." means or has another reason why Galloway's donation of ambulances and other goods is relevant to this article, I'm going to remove it.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 23:34, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry SS to have missed your request for clarification above, I'll respond here in much the same fashion: apparently a court has found that Kenney had acted improperly, this is a fact that we really must report in order to fashion an encyclopedic article, i.e. we're not just going to ignore it, right? But at the same time, we're not going to try to explain it away as either good or bad, we're just trying to relate the relevant known facts. In a case where two BLP individuals are on either "side" of a real-world dispute, it is incumbent on us to neutrally present the positions of each "side". especially so since BLP is one of those trumps-all policies. We have a reliably documented record that Galloway responded to the charges of malfeasance. Whether or not you feel Galloway responded in a sufficient manner is not the concern of this encyclopedia, unless you have further RS to bring here with proposed wording. We have a response attested in a reliable source, it is germane to the matter, it neutrally presents one of the respective positions, it is essential to the "story" of the affair, and I'm not at all clear on how WP:BLP allows us to remove it. I do believe the onus is actually on you here to demonstrate your rationale for removal, "unless someone can explain" doesn't look good enough when you've been reticent in discussion of any previous explanations offered. Once again, what is your problem with the text being included? Does it somehow imbalance the accounting? Franamax (talk) 00:07, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the explanation. I was attempting to find a compromise in what rgpk wrote, but it doesn't look like this is going to work.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 19:22, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Kenney vs Paul Martin in China
Yesterday I noticed that this article contained a reference to Mr Kenney's willingness (as an opposition MP) to pay respects to a deceased Chinese dissident. This was fine but I noticed that this went on to mention that Mr Kenney's actions were criticized by then-PM Paul Martin. I removed this second sentence as it failed to note that government members have different obligations than opposition members. I also noted that since entering government neither Kenney nor other government members have carried out a similar act. To my mind the original poster's intention was to set up a partisan straw man in which Kenney and the Conservatives favour human rights while Martin and the Liberals do not. Within six hours this had been reverted with the minimalist explanation "it's important to show the other side to this". I'd be curious to know if others think that this kind of highly selective framing actually amounts to "showing the other side" of an argument. ˜˜˜˜ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drinkingbreaker (talk • contribs) 13:02, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I think I may have jumped the gun on that revert without looking too closely. This isn't an issue that I'm too familiar with, so feel free to switch it back, unless anyone else disagrees. MitchellDuce (talk) 17:42, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

Kenney on the merits and fallout of the Iraq war
My revisions were mainly aimed at ensuring that this section did not retroactively rewrite Kenney's fervent pro-war stance as being merely anti-Saddam when it was in fact an open echo of the full set of argumentation coming out of the Bush Administration (WMDs, freedom and pan-Arab democratization, regional security, anti-terrorism), along with his dire warnings that the sky would fall if Canada didn't join the coalition. While I think my edits were fine, the subsequent edits also serve this purpose. Drinkingbreaker (talk) 17:54, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Musician/Band?
When I stumbled across Wikipedia's article on Facebook about Jason Kenney, it appears that he's listed as being a "Musician/Band." I'm not sure if this is an error or vandalism, but it should be corrected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.180.142.244 (talk) 21:34, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Dropped out to begin work in Saskatchewan provincial politics.
The sentence "He dropped out before completing his undergraduate degree to begin work in Saskatchewan provincial politics." was removed with the explanation that it is contentious. What is contentious about it?--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 20:22, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Dropping out of school is not generally perceived positively, so it would be contentious information. That is not to say the info can't be included, but you would need to produce a reliable source, per WP:BLP and WP:RS. 50.100.156.249 (talk) 20:29, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Are you saying that he didn't drop out, or that that you think the wording should be more neutral?--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 20:33, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't know if he did or not, and it is likely most readers do not either, which is why a reliable source is needed; see WP:V. I don't see an issue with the wording. 50.100.156.249 (talk) 20:41, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * OK.--SaskatchewanSenator (talk) 20:50, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I put in a verifiable source for this fact, an article in the Vancouver Sun. The uncompleted degree was also reported in the Toronto Star. I am not sure why his high school hockey team deserves a mention. Was he on it? Letterofmarque (talk) 02:21, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

Inconsistent timeline (Early life and career)
Section states that Kenney was at University of San Francisco, left, then worked for Ralph Goodale in 1988. Problem: He was still a student in SF in 1990, or at least CNN thought so at the time.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhlC-ZrguhA

I haven't the time or energy to rewrite this at the moment, but if someone wants to get on it, the salient facts are only a web search away. For that matter, a mention of his rabidly anti-choice stance (the subject of the CNN report) would not be out of place. Even objectively, how many Canadian MPs have draughted petitions that went to the Vatican? The video link can also serve as a ref. You're welcome. HuntClubJoe (talk) 09:28, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

This Walrus magazine article may also serve as a reference. http://thewalrus.ca/true-blue/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.225.230.113 (talk) 14:47, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100805171117/http://www.jasonkenney.ca/EN/4961/89222bn%3D1 to http://www.jasonkenney.ca/EN/4961/89222bn%3D1
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Early life and career
The sources for early life prior to 1986 (Leader Post and Genealogy.com) no longer work. Keith McClary (talk) 16:43, 25 October 2019 (UTC)

I just removed this statement from the early life section, which looks like it was meant to be on the talk page: "He is also listed as a 1986 alumnus of St. Michaels University School, a notable non-denominational boarding school in Victoria, British Columbia. As a graduate of Notre dame, his father’s, the president’s school, I’m not sure he’s an alumnus of St. Michaels." I've inserted a "citation-needed" tag on behalf of the original poster. Stevecudmore (talk) 17:48, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Jason Kenney
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Jason Kenney's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "CP_CBC_20190620": From Public Sector Wage Arbitration Deferral Act:  From Premiership of Jason Kenney:

Reference named "AB_assembly_20190620": From Environmental issues in Alberta:  From Premiership of Jason Kenney:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 03:51, 2 November 2019 (UTC)

February 2019 Provincial Election Campaign: Immigration Increase His Priority
In February 2019 news scrum candidate Jason Kenney spoke. Jason Kenney on CBC news 2019 immigration Crucial Oldspammer (talk) 10:07, 7 October 2020 (UTC)
 * This isn't a chat board. Why are you bringing this up here? --Yamla (talk) 21:41, 7 October 2020 (UTC)
 * A chat board? Am I on some list to be targeted by admins here? Is my username guiding your charge I am using WP as a chat board?
 * Notability is another word for importance. Everything is connected and mundane things can have unforeseen profound implications.
 * The cited video examines specific policies supported by the subject and explains likely how and why they shall needlessly exacerbate existing economic hardships.
 * The information should be used to augment any information in the article about what or how the subject thinks and institutes spending and laws that may or may not be useful for his constituency.
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hW23-k5WRJA Wolff on "The Basic Economics of Immigration"
 * Marxist Economist Prof. Dr. Richard Wolff explains immigration implications of an economic nature for voters.
 * Documentaries show how history in various places ravaged by violent uprisings, revolutions, etc, has happened. Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat its mistakes and live or die with the consequences. Oldspammer (talk) 18:47, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

Mention of Controversial Views on LGBT and Abortion Issues on Introduction/Lead Section?
I suggest you add a brief one line sentence on his views on LGBT and Abortion on the introduction of the article.SweetMilkTea13 (talk) 17:52, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't oppose this; in general, I think a brief one-line sentence would be appropriate (with more detail later on). However, I do object to using www.albertandp.ca as the citation there. The Alberta NDP are the Official Opposition and so cannot be expected to be unbiased in this regard. I want to be clear, this is my only objection. A different source meeting WP:RS and I'd have no objection. --Yamla (talk) 18:24, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Small Paragraph in Lead revolving around Social Conservative Beliefs
Just notifying some people that I added a small paragraph in the lead section revolving around his social conservative beliefs. He is perhaps the most right-wing premier in Canada, so I do think it is significant. Blizzard-of-Revisions1220 (talk) 00:00, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

"Bigfoot Family" controversy
Pmmccurdy today added a section with the above title. I reverted today with edit summary = "This is an article about Jason Kenney. It is not an article about everything that was every done or said by the Alberta government or related organizations." Despite Wikipedia's WP:BLPUNDEL and WP:NOCON policies, Pmccurdy re-inserted. Does anyone else have an opinion? Peter Gulutzan (talk) 23:28, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

I added this section under Controversies as UCP leader. It was Jason Kenney who created the CEC, so this links back to him. Moreover it is a controversy of note as it has received provincial, national and international media attention as well as a wide range of public comment. Kenney has, in no uncertain terms, defended the CEC and also doubled down on the charge. Moreover, he has received criticism as well by opposition making this a textbook Controversy of note and of public interest. I write the latter point as someone who is a published scholar on the media and political history of Alberta's oil/tar sands. Pmmccurdy (talk) 23:39, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 September 2021
Add; Jason Kenney is not married to a woman or man. 2001:56A:F40B:4600:F57F:E0FB:170E:52A2 (talk) 19:08, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 19:22, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 September 2021 (2)
Add; Jason Kenney has many years of post-secondary schooling but has never achieved a degree. 2001:56A:F40B:4600:F57F:E0FB:170E:52A2 (talk) 19:12, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
 * }
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 19:22, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

Leader of the United Conservative Party
Everything after 2019, such as the bit about Bigfoot Family, makes much more sense in the context of Kenney being Premier. By then, he was very much thought of as Alberta Premier and not UCP leader. Thoughts on moving these things to that section instead? 76.64.106.112 (talk) 19:32, 30 June 2022 (UTC)

"Bilingual"
- The article cited in the personal life section states "Kenney, who’s picked up some Punjabi since becoming minister of citizenship". It then goes on to refer to his "bilingualism" in reference to that fact. Bilingualism certainly implies fluency, even if it does not explicitly require it. Regardless, my revised statement that he speaks "some Punjabi" has more information and is undoubtedly more accurate based upon the source.

Unrelatedly, I took out the fact about him not having a wife or kids. It just seems like a strange thing to highlight; it also implicitly implies that it is an unusual thing that needs to be pointed out, which is a very old-timey POV (imagine if we pointed out that a female pol did not have children, same idea here). There is no need to highlight a 'negative' trait - it would be like saying "he does not own a cat, nor a dog". While possibly true, it's not something that is especially relevant to understanding him. If you want to put that he lives with his mom (as the article says), I'd be more open to that. ‡ El cid, el campeador talk  20:37, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Kenney is bilingual in English and French. I do not believe the article is meaning to imply that his bilingualism is English and Punjabi and the article twice notes Kenney is able to communicate in French. --Yamla (talk) 20:39, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Oh, well that's fair. I will find a different source for the section then. I will add the Punjabi fact though. ‡ El cid, el campeador  talk  20:42, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Works for me! Note, though, I'm not the one who reverted you. :) --Yamla (talk) 20:42, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * In a Canadian context, and especially a Canadian politics context, "bilingual" without any specifics means fluency in English and French; if one speaks two languages other than those, it's always expressly spelt out which those two are. For example, this article on Mary Simon opens with "some wonder what happened to tradition of bilingualism", but then goes on to say she speaks English and Inuktitut… and further goes on to explain why she doesn't know French. Simon obviously speaks two languages, but those two aren't the ones that we normally think of in Canada when we say a person "is bilingual".
 * Additionally, the full context of the line is Fluency in both of Canada's official languages is conventionally a requirement for federal leadership, so to use Kenney's "bilingualism" as evidence of leadership ambitions clearly refers to an ability to speak French, not Punjabi.
 * As for his marital status, it's something that's regularly come up in profiles of the man over the years, so I don't think it's undue for Wikipedia to briefly mention it. — Kawnhr (talk) 21:04, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I admit that I was wrong about the bilingualism - the cited article's discussion of him speaking Punjabi, along with the use of "ethnic community" following the bilingualism mislead me - in context of a Canadian politician I guess French is implied, fair enough. I think the new source makes it more clear, anyway. I don't feel strongly enough about the unmarried bit to argue, though I don't think it's necessary. Anyway I apologize for the confusion and all that. Cheers! ‡ El cid, el campeador  talk  12:57, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
 * As for his marital status, it's something that's regularly come up in profiles of the man over the years, so I don't think it's undue for Wikipedia to briefly mention it. — Kawnhr (talk) 21:04, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I admit that I was wrong about the bilingualism - the cited article's discussion of him speaking Punjabi, along with the use of "ethnic community" following the bilingualism mislead me - in context of a Canadian politician I guess French is implied, fair enough. I think the new source makes it more clear, anyway. I don't feel strongly enough about the unmarried bit to argue, though I don't think it's necessary. Anyway I apologize for the confusion and all that. Cheers! ‡ El cid, el campeador  talk  12:57, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jason Kenney


text:
List of micropolitan statistical areas by state

Here is a list of micropolitan statistical areas in the United States. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, a micropolitan statistical area is the area (usually a county or grouping of counties) surrounding and including a core city with population between 10,000 and 49,999 (inclusive). Suburbs of metropolitan areas are generally not considered to be micropolitan core cities, although they can be if they are in another county from the metropolitan core.

The states of Delaware, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island do not have micropolitan areas as defined by the US Census Bureau.

Alabama

 * Albertville
 * Alexander City
 * Cullman
 * Daphne-Fairhope
 * Enterprise-Ozark
 * Eufaula
 * Fort Payne
 * Scottsboro
 * Selma
 * Talladega-Sylacauga
 * Troy
 * Tuskegee
 * Valley

Alaska

 * Juneau
 * Ketchikan
 * Kodiak

Arizona

 * Nogales
 * Payson
 * Safford
 * Show Low

Arkansas

 * Arkadelphia
 * Batesville
 * Blytheville
 * Camden
 * El Dorado
 * Forrest City
 * Harrison
 * Hope
 * Magnolia
 * Mountain Home
 * Paragould
 * Russellville
 * Searcy
 * West Helena

California

 * Bishop
 * Clearlake
 * Crescent City
 * Eureka-Arcata-Fortuna
 * Phoenix Lake-Cedar Ridge
 * Red Bluff
 * Susanville
 * Truckee-Grass Valley
 * Ukiah

Colorado

 * Cañon City
 * Durango
 * Edwards
 * Glenwood Springs
 * Fort Morgan
 * Montrose
 * Silverthorne
 * Sterling

Connecticut

 * Torrington
 * Willimantic

Florida

 * Arcadia
 * Clewiston
 * Homosassa Springs
 * Key West
 * Lake City
 * Okeechobee
 * Palatka
 * Sebring
 * The Villages
 * Wauchula

Georgia

 * Americus
 * Bainbridge
 * Calhoun
 * Cedartown
 * Cordele
 * Cornelia
 * Douglas
 * Dublin
 * Fitzgerald
 * Fort Valley
 * Jesup
 * LaGrange
 * Milledgeville
 * Moultrie
 * St. Marys
 * Statesboro
 * Summerville
 * Thomaston
 * Thomasville
 * Tifton
 * Toccoa
 * Vidalia
 * Waycross

Hawaii

 * Hilo
 * Kahului-Wailuku
 * Kapaa

Idaho

 * Blackfoot (includes Bingham County)
 * Burley (includes Cassia and Minidoka Counties)
 * Moscow (includes Latah County)
 * Mountain Home (includes Elmore County)
 * Rexburg (includes Fremont and Madison Counties)

Illinois

 * Canton
 * Carbondale
 * Centralia
 * Charleston-Mattoon
 * Dixon
 * Effingham
 * Freeport
 * Galesburg
 * Harrisburg
 * Jacksonville
 * Lincoln
 * Macomb
 * Marion-Herrin
 * Mount Vernon
 * Ottawa
 * Pontiac
 * Quincy
 * Rochelle
 * Sterling
 * Taylorville
 * West Frankfort

Indiana

 * Angola
 * Auburn
 * Bedford
 * Connersville
 * Crawfordsville
 * Decatur
 * Frankfort
 * Greensburg
 * Huntington
 * Jasper
 * Kendallville
 * Logansport
 * Madison
 * Marion
 * New Castle
 * North Vernon
 * Peru
 * Plymouth
 * Richmond
 * Scottsburg
 * Seymour
 * Vincennes
 * Wabash
 * Warsaw
 * Washington

Iowa

 * Boone
 * Burlington
 * Clinton
 * Fort Dodge
 * Fort Madison-Keokuk
 * Marshalltown
 * Mason City
 * Muscatine
 * Newton
 * Oskaloosa
 * Ottumwa
 * Pella
 * Spencer
 * Spirit Lake
 * Storm Lake

Kansas

 * Atchison
 * Coffeyville
 * Dodge City
 * Emporia
 * Garden City
 * Great Bend
 * Hays
 * Hutchinson
 * Kansas City
 * Lawrence
 * Liberal
 * Manhattan
 * McPherson
 * Parsons
 * Pittsburg
 * Salina
 * Topeka
 * Wichita
 * Winfield

Kentucky

 * Campbellsville
 * Central City
 * Corbin
 * Danville
 * Frankfort
 * Glasgow
 * London
 * Madisonville
 * Mayfield
 * Maysville
 * Middlesborough
 * Mount Sterling
 * Murray
 * Paducah
 * Richmond-Berea
 * Somerset

Louisiana

 * Abbeville
 * Bastrop
 * Bogalusa
 * Crowley
 * De Ridder
 * Fort Johnson South
 * Hammond
 * Jennings
 * Minden
 * Morgan City
 * Natchitoches
 * New Iberia
 * Opelousas-Eunice
 * Pierre Part
 * Ruston
 * Tallulah

Maine

 * Augusta-Waterville
 * Rockland

Maryland

 * Cambridge
 * Easton
 * Lexington Park

Michigan

 * Adrian
 * Allegan
 * Alma
 * Alpena
 * Big Rapids
 * Cadillac
 * Coldwater
 * Escanaba
 * Houghton
 * Iron Mountain
 * Ludington
 * Marquette
 * Midland
 * Mount Pleasant
 * Owosso
 * Sault Ste. Marie
 * Sturgis
 * Traverse City

Minnesota

 * Albert Lea
 * Alexandria
 * Austin
 * Bemidji
 * Brainerd
 * Fairmont
 * Faribault-Northfield
 * Fergus Falls
 * Grand Rapids
 * Hutchinson
 * Mankato-North Mankato
 * Marshall
 * New Ulm
 * Owatonna
 * Red Wing
 * Willmar
 * Winona
 * Worthington

Mississippi

 * Brookhaven
 * Clarksdale
 * Cleveland
 * Columbus
 * Corinth
 * Greenville
 * Greenwood
 * Grenada
 * Indianola
 * Laurel
 * McComb
 * Meridian
 * Natchez
 * Oxford
 * Picayune
 * Starkville
 * Tupelo
 * Vicksburg
 * West Point
 * Yazoo City

Missouri

 * Branson
 * Cape Girardeau-Jackson
 * Farmington
 * Fort Leonard Wood
 * Hannibal
 * Kennett
 * Kirksville
 * Lebanon
 * Marshall
 * Maryville
 * Mexico
 * Moberly
 * Poplar Bluff
 * Rolla
 * Sedalia
 * Sikeston
 * Warrensburg
 * West Plains

Montana

 * Bozeman
 * Butte-Silver Bow
 * Havre
 * Helena
 * Kalispell

Nebraska

 * Beatrice
 * Columbus
 * Fremont
 * Hastings
 * Kearney
 * Lexington
 * Norfolk
 * North Platte
 * Scottsbluff

Nevada

 * Elko
 * Fallon
 * Gardnerville Ranchos
 * Pahrump

New Hampshire

 * Berlin
 * Claremont–Lebanon
 * Concord
 * Keene
 * Laconia

New Mexico

 * Alamogordo
 * Carlsbad-Artesia
 * Clovis
 * Deming
 * Espanola
 * Gallup
 * Grants
 * Hobbs
 * Las Vegas
 * Los Alamos
 * Portales
 * Roswell
 * Ruidoso
 * Silver City
 * Taos

New York

 * Amsterdam
 * Auburn
 * Batavia
 * Corning
 * Cortland
 * Gloversville
 * Hudson
 * Jamestown-Dunkirk-Fredonia
 * Malone
 * Ogdensburg-Massena
 * Olean
 * Oneonta
 * Plattsburgh
 * Seneca Falls
 * Watertown-Fort Drum

North Carolina

 * Albemarle
 * Boone
 * Brevard
 * Dunn
 * Elizabeth City
 * Forest City
 * Henderson
 * Kill Devil Hills
 * Kinston
 * Laurinburg
 * Lincolnton
 * Lumberton
 * Morehead City
 * Mount Airy
 * North Wilkesboro
 * Roanoke Rapids
 * Rockingham
 * Salisbury
 * Sanford
 * Shelby
 * Southern Pines-Pinehurst
 * Statesville-Mooresville
 * Thomasville-Lexington
 * Washington
 * Wilson

North Dakota

 * Dickinson
 * Jamestown
 * Minot
 * Wahpeton
 * Williston

Ohio

 * Ashland
 * Ashtabula
 * Athens
 * Bellefontaine
 * Bucyrus
 * Cambridge
 * Celina
 * Chillicothe
 * Coshocton
 * Defiance
 * East Liverpool-Salem
 * Findlay
 * Fremont
 * Greenville
 * Marion
 * Mt. Vernon
 * New Philadelphia-Dover
 * Norwalk
 * Portsmouth
 * Sidney
 * Tiffin-Fostoria
 * Urbana
 * Van Wert
 * Wapakoneta
 * Washington
 * Wilmington
 * Wooster
 * Zanesville

Oklahoma

 * Ada
 * Altus
 * Ardmore
 * Bartlesville
 * Duncan
 * Durant
 * Elk City
 * Enid
 * Guymon
 * McAlester
 * Miami
 * Muskogee
 * Ponca City
 * Shawnee
 * Stillwater
 * Tahlequah
 * Woodward

Oregon

 * Albany-Lebanon
 * Astoria
 * Brookings
 * The Dalles
 * Coos Bay
 * Grants Pass
 * Hood River
 * Klamath Falls
 * La Grande
 * Ontario
 * Pendleton–Hermiston
 * Prineville
 * Roseburg

Pennsylvania

 * Bradford
 * DuBois
 * Huntingdon
 * Indiana
 * Lewisburg
 * Lewistown
 * Lock Haven
 * Meadville
 * New Castle
 * Oil City
 * Pottsville
 * Sayre
 * Selinsgrove
 * Somerset
 * Sunbury
 * Warren

Puerto Rico

 * Adjuntas
 * Coamo
 * Jayuya
 * Santa Isabel
 * Utuado

South Carolina

 * Bennettsville
 * Chester
 * Dillon
 * Gaffney
 * Georgetown
 * Greenwood
 * Hilton Head Island-Beaufort
 * Lancaster
 * Newberry
 * Orangeburg
 * Seneca
 * Union
 * Walterboro

South Dakota

 * Aberdeen
 * Brookings
 * Huron
 * Mitchell
 * Pierre
 * Spearfish
 * Vermillion
 * Watertown
 * Yankton

Tennessee

 * Athens
 * Brownsville
 * Columbia
 * Cookeville
 * Crossville
 * Dyersburg
 * Greeneville
 * Harriman
 * Humboldt
 * La Follette
 * Lawrenceburg
 * Lewisburg
 * Martin-Union City
 * McMinnville
 * Newport
 * Paris
 * Sevierville
 * Shelbyville
 * Tullahoma

Texas

 * Alice
 * Andrews
 * Athens
 * Bay City
 * Beeville
 * Big Spring
 * Bonham
 * Borger
 * Brenham
 * Brownwood
 * Cleburne
 * Commerce
 * Corsicana
 * Del Rio
 * Dumas
 * Eagle Pass
 * El Campo
 * Gainesville
 * Granbury
 * Hereford
 * Huntsville
 * Jacksonville
 * Kerrville
 * Kingsville
 * Lamesa
 * Levelland
 * Lufkin
 * Marble Falls
 * Marshall
 * Mineral Wells
 * Mount Pleasant
 * Nacogdoches
 * Palestine
 * Pampa
 * Paris
 * Pecos
 * Plainview
 * Raymondville
 * Rio Grande City-Roma
 * San Marcos
 * Snyder
 * Stephenville
 * Sulphur Springs
 * Sweetwater
 * Uvalde
 * Vernon

Utah

 * Cedar City
 * Heber
 * Price
 * Summit Park
 * Vernal

Vermont

 * Barre
 * Bennington
 * Rutland

Virginia

 * Culpeper
 * Martinsville
 * Staunton-Waynesboro

Washington

 * Aberdeen
 * Centralia
 * Ellensburg
 * Moses Lake
 * Oak Harbor
 * Port Angeles
 * Pullman
 * Shelton
 * Walla Walla

West Virginia

 * Beckley
 * Bluefield
 * Clarksburg
 * Fairmont
 * Oak Hill
 * Point Pleasant

Wisconsin

 * Baraboo
 * Beaver Dam
 * Manitowoc
 * Marinette
 * Menomonie
 * Merrill
 * Monroe
 * Platteville
 * Stevens Point
 * Watertown-Fort Atkinson
 * Whitewater
 * Wisconsin Rapids-Marshfield

Wyoming

 * Evanston
 * Gillette
 * Jackson
 * Laramie
 * Riverton
 * Rock Springs
 * Sheridan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sean whisler

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:00, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Sean whisler
Vanity, non-notable. Delete. — J I P | Talk 07:20, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per nominator. - Mgm|(talk) 08:59, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hunt down, give a good talking to, then Delete The JPS 15:16, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Nikolay Okhlopkov

Nikolay Pavlovich Okhlopkov (Никола́й Па́влович Охло́пков; 15 May 1900, Irkutsk – 8 January 1967, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actor and theatre director who patterned his work after Meyerhold. He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1948.

Biography
Okhlopkov was born in Irkutsk, Siberia, where he began his acting career in 1918. From 1930, he directed the Realistic Theatre in Moscow, although his directing style was hardly realistic: he was the first to place spectators on the stage around the actors, in order to restore intimacy between the audience and the company. The Realistic Theatre was closed in 1938 and he moved to the Vakhtangov Theatre. In 1943 he established the Mayakovsky Theatre, which continues his traditions to this day. Okhlopkov was awarded the Stalin Prizes six times. He also directed a production of Hamlet at the Moscow Art Theatre in 1954, the first staging of this play after World War II.

Filmography

 * The Bay of Death (1926) as sailor
 * Lenin in October (1937) as Vasily, Lenin's bodyguard
 * Alexander Nevsky (1938) as Vasily Buslayev
 * Lenin in 1918 (1939) as Vasily, Lenin's bodyguard
 * Yakov Sverdlov (1940) as Feodor Chaliapin
 * Kutuzov (1943) as General of the Infantry Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
 * Light over Russia (1947) as Anton Ivanovich Zabelin, engineer
 * Tale of a True Man (1948) as commissar Vorobyov
 * Far from Moscow (1950) as Vasily Maksimovich Batmanov
 * The Lights of Baku (1950) as Fyodor Yakovlevich Shatrov

title: Nikolay Okhlopkov


text: Category:Julio Iglesias albums

title: Category:Julio Iglesias albums


text:
Malcolm Elliott

Malcolm Elliott (born 1 July 1961) is a former English professional cyclist, whose professional career has lasted from 1984 to 1997 when he retired and from 2003 up to 2011 when he made his comeback in British domestic racing.

Known as a sprinter, his career includes three stages and the points classification in the Vuelta a España, two gold medals in the Commonwealth Games, and winning the amateur Milk Race and its professional version, the Kellogg's Tour. He rode and finished the Tour de France in 1987 and 1988. Elliott also competed at the Olympic Games in 1980 and 1996.

Early life and amateur career
Elliott was brought up in the Wadsley area of Sheffield. He joined Rutland Cycling Club in Sheffield at 15 where he was selected for the British team for the world junior championship in Argentina in 1979. In 1980 riding for Rutland CC, Elliott won the British National Hill Climb Championships, beating Jeff Williams by one fifth of a second. He also raced for the UV Aube cycling club in Troyes, France, for part of 1980 season to gain experience of racing on the continent before being selected for the British team pursuit at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. He, Sean Yates and Tony Doyle finished seventh.

Elliott's breakthrough came at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane where he first took gold in the team time trial and then again in the 184 kilometre road race by outsprinting Steve Bauer, Roger Sumich, Steve Lawrence and Russell Harrington.

1983 was Elliott's final year as an amateur and he took six stages of the Milk Race and was also third overall in the Circuit des Ardennes before turning professional with Raleigh–Weinmann in 1984. Further domestic success followed in 1984 and 1985 before switching to the ANC–Halfords Cycling Team for the 1987 season, alongside Graham Jones, Paul Watson and Joey McLoughlin.

Professional career
ANC–Halfords raced on the continent as well as in Britain. Elliott finished third in the 1987 Amstel Gold Race. The team received an invitation to the 1987 Tour de France with Elliott finishing 94th overall and third on the stage into Bordeaux.

In 1988 Elliott joined the Fagor team, led by Stephen Roche. Elliott took his first stage in the Vuelta a España that year and another two in 1989, by which time he had switched to the Spanish Teka team riding alongside fellow British rider Darryl Webster. He rode in Europe until the end of 1992 when he signed for the American team, Chevrolet–LA Sheriffs.

Elliott had many wins for Chevrolet, winning the First Union Grand Prix in 1993 and 1994 and the Redlands Classic in 1993 and 1994, and two stage wins in the Tour DuPont in 1993 and 1995. In 1996 he was then selected for the Olympic Games road race, but finished a disappointing seventy ninth. The race was won by Pascal Richard. In 1997 he moved to Comptel–Colorado Cyclist but the team hit financial trouble. That led Elliott to retire at the end of 1997 aged 36.

Comeback
Elliott returned at the start of 2003 at 41. Riding as an individual for the Pinarello-Assos squad (set up by his former manager at ANC–Halfords, Phil Griffiths), he won in the Havant International GP and stages in the Irish Milk Ras. In 2004, he won the season long Premier Calendar, and the National Elite Circuit Series. For 2006 Elliott signed for Plowman Craven team and again won the National Elite Circuit Series. On 24 August 2006 in St. Johann, Austria, he became UCI road masters world champion.

In 2007 he won the UCI 1.2 ranked International CiCle Classic, and the Shay Elliott Memorial, the Irish one-day classic.

In 2009 he was inducted into the British Cycling Hall of Fame.

For the 2010 season, Elliott raced with the newly launched Motorpoint Pro-Cycling Team. The ten-strong team, based in Stone in Staffordshire, saw Elliott managed by Keith Lambert and the team run by Phil Griffiths. The team competed in such high-profile races as the Tour of Britain and 'UK Tour Series' – the city centre-based cycling race series broadcast on TV, in which Elliott won the Durham round and the Motorpoint team took overall honours. On 16 May 2010 he set the record for completing the Etape du Dales sportive in 5 hours and 43 minutes. He left the roster after the 2011 season, but remained with the team as a sporting director.

Doping
In 1992 Elliott failed a dope test on stages 3 and 5 of the Tour of Andalucia, testing positive for nandrolone, an anabolic steroid. As the two tests were so close this was treated as a single infraction and he was stripped of the win on stage 3.

Major results

 * 1979
 * 3rd National Junior Road Race Series

 * 1980
 * 1st MaillotReinoUnido.PNG National Hill Climb Championships

 * 1981
 * 2nd National Hill Climb Championships

 * 1982
 * Commonwealth Games
 * 1st gold medal blank.svg Road race
 * 1st gold medal blank.svg Team time trial
 * 3rd Overall Sealink International Grand Prix

 * 1983
 * 1st Premier Calendar
 * 1st Lincoln Grand Prix
 * 1st Tour of the Peak
 * 3rd Overall Circuit des Ardennes
 * 3rd Milk Race
 * 1st Six stages

 * 1984
 * 1st MaillotReinoUnido.PNG National Criterium Championships
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Sealink International Grand Prix
 * 10th Overall Milk Race

 * 1985
 * 1st MaillotReinoUnido.PNG Individual pursuit, National Track Championships
 * 13th Milk Race
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Herald Sun Tour
 * 1st Stages 1, 2, 12 & 16

 * 1986
 * 2nd Overall Milk Race
 * 1st Two stages
 * 3rd Overall Herald Sun Tour
 * 1st Stages 6 & 16

 * 1987
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Milk Race
 * 1st Five stages
 * Nissan Classic
 * 1st Stages 1, 4b & 5
 * 1st Stage 4 Herald Sun Tour
 * 3rd Amstel Gold Race

 * 1988
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of Britain
 * 1st Prologue & Stage 1
 * 1st Stage 17 Vuelta a España
 * 1st Stage 3 Vuelta a Aragón
 * 1st Stage 13 Herald Sun Tour
 * 2nd Overall Nissan Classic

 * 1989
 * Vuelta a España
 * 1st MaillotCyan.PNG Points classification
 * 1st Stages 3b & 11
 * Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
 * 1st Prologue & Stages 1 & 5
 * Vuelta a Castilla y León
 * 1st Stages 3 & 5
 * 1st Prologue Tour of Britain
 * 1st Stage 2 Tour of Galicia
 * 1st Stage 4 Vuelta a Burgos
 * 2nd Tour of the Americas

 * 1990
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Milk Race
 * Volta a Catalunya
 * 1st Stages 1 & 3
 * Vuelta a Cantabria
 * 1st Stage 1 & 4a
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour of the Basque Country
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour of Britain

 * 1991
 * 1st Trofeo Masferrer
 * Troféu Joaquim Agostinho
 * 1st Stages 3a & 6
 * 6th Overall Tour Méditerranéen

 * 1992
 * 1st Stage 4 Vuelta a los Valles Mineros
 * 1st Stage 5 Volta ao Alentejo
 * 2nd Overall Vuelta a Castilla y León
 * 3rd Clásica de Sabiñánigo
 * 6th Trofeo Masferrer

 * 1993
 * 1st MaillotReinoUnido.PNG Road race, National Road Championships
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Redlands Classic
 * 1st Stage
 * 1st Overall Tour of Bisbee
 * 1st Stage
 * 1st Stage 6 Tour DuPont
 * 1st First Union Grand Prix

 * 1994
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Redlands Classic
 * Killington Stage Race
 * 1st Two stages
 * 1st First Union Grand Prix

 * 1995
 * Killington Stage Race
 * 1st Two stages
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour DuPont
 * 1st Stage Tour de Toona

 * 1996
 * 1st Killington Stage Race
 * 1st Manhattan Beach GP

 * 1997
 * 1st Jackson Criterium

 * 2003
 * 1st Havant International GP
 * 3rd Premier Calendar

 * 2004
 * 1st Premier Calendar
 * Girvan 3-Day
 * 1st 2 stages
 * 5th Overall Rás Tailteann
 * 1st Stages 5 & 8

 * 2005
 * 1st Beaumont Trophy
 * 2nd Overall Rás Tailteann
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stage 4

 * 2006
 * 1st UCI road masters world champion
 * 1st British Elite Circuit Series Champion

 * 2007
 * 1st Shay Elliott Memorial Race
 * 1st East Midlands International Cicle Classic
 * 1st Newport Nocturne

 * 2008
 * 1st Circuit de Stone
 * 3rd East Midlands International Cicle Classic
 * 5th Rogaland Grand Prix
 * 5th Grand Prix of Wales

title: Malcolm Elliott


text: User talk:203.173.156.2

title: User talk:203.173.156.2


text:
PRB (company)

PRB is an Australian builder of Clubman-style sportscars (i.e. cars based on Colin Chapman's ground-breaking Lotus Super Seven design), the PRB Clubman was created by Peter Raymond Bladwell in 1978. Bladwell's first order was received from John Ribeiro, a racing driver from Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, who went on to win the New South Wales State Hill Climb Championship in his PRB. There are now several hundred PRB Clubmans on Australian roads. The cars compete very successfully, primarily in Club motorsport. An acceleration time of 0 – 100 km/h in less than 4 seconds is achievable in a modified car.

The current PRB clubman is a composite monocoque design utilising aluminium honeycomb construction. It is only available as a build it yourself kit for owner assembly, or can be assembled by a local PRB agent. The aluminium construction makes for a lighter and more rigid car.

The PRB S3 differentiates itself from many of the other kit cars available in Australia by using mostly new parts, many fabricated specifically for the S3. The latest model S3 utilises an engine from a Ford Focus, Toyota Celica or for racing purposes a Toyota 4AGE 1600.

title: PRB (company)


text:
Steven Pacey

Steven Pacey (born 5 June 1957) is an English actor, best known for his role as Del Tarrant in the 3rd and 4th series of the science fiction series Blake's 7 from January 1980 to December 1981.

Personal life
Pacey was born in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire. In the course of Blake's 7 filming, he had a relationship with co-star Glynis Barber. He later married Joan Marine. He has an older brother, Peter Pacey, who is also an actor.

Television and film
Pacey had a regular role as Del Tarrant in Blake's 7 appearing in every episode of the third and fourth seasons of the science fiction series; he also played the role of Del's twin brother Deeta Tarrant in one episode. Other notable television appearances include playing Klaus Von Heinig in The Cedar Tree, Heartbeat, Lovejoy, M.I.T.: Murder Investigation Team, Murder in Mind, Pie in the Sky, Spooks and Whodunnit!. His film roles include Aces High (1976), Return to House on Haunted Hill (2007) and Boy A (2007).

Theatre
Pacey was nominated for an Olivier Award for the role of Bertie Wooster in the musical By Jeeves. Other West End stage appearances include Dolly West's Kitchen, The Room, Celebration, The Birthday Party, Things We Do for Love, The Phantom of the Opera, Exclusive, The Admirable Crichton, High Society, West Side Story, Mr. Cinders, Godspell, Someone Else's Shoes (Soho Theatre, 2007) and Moonlight and Magnolias (Tricycle Theatre, 2007).

Radio and audio books
Radio work includes more than 350 broadcasts, including the lead in All That Jazz. Pacey has narrated more than 200 audiobooks, including works by Joe Abercrombie, James Herbert, Joanne Harris and Martin Amis.

title: Steven Pacey


text:
Talk:Betty Wright

Comment
I question this bit When R&B group Color Me Badd released their huge hit, "I Wanna Sex You Up", in 1991, it generated controversy because the sample from "Tonight is the Night" hadn't been cleared; Wright soon took the band to court for royalties and was awarded 30% percent of royalties for the song. : usually it's the labels that own the copyright on the music, not the musicians. Tuwa.baab 07:25, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

No, usually when you fight for royalties, it could also be for the person's benefit when they're writing the song. So because she wasn't fully credited by Color Me Badd and because they just looped it, Betty saw it as her opportunity to get the royalties for it. It's the same with James Brown. I think Betty owns her catalogue if that's the case but I'm not sure about that but there's a link that proves it. Just gotta read it. LOL BrothaTimothy 13:24, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

making the band
She was the woman Diddy hired to help Shannon with her vocals. In that episode she shows off her whistle abilities and explains to Shannon's amazment that this can be acheieved through practice in breath control. She also helps Aubrey to know that "she can sing".hahahahahah — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.200.116.11 (talk)

Reliable source?
it would appear the source for whistle reg. on this page is not very good. I know popdirt.com well, and that article was just a user comment written by some moron who thinks he knows everthing about music. The guy said that betty's d7 is higher than adam lopez's certified c8 note in the guiness book of world records! Betty's page deserves a more reliable source than this wacko's rant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.200.116.11 (talk)

Fair use rationale for Image:BettyWright.jpg
Image:BettyWright.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:34, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Six octave range
Wild claims of superhumanly wide vocal range are common, and usually baseless. Unless there's a proper secondary source, explicitly itemizing where (what recordings) the top and bottom notes of this claimed range are, and exactly what notes they are, I will delete the claim. Surely, she has a very wide vocal range, but six octaves is an extraorinary claim and requires proof — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.68.134.1 (talk) 20:58, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Revelation S.E.E.D.
She also had a gospel group called Revelation S.E.E.D. 2607:FEA8:10E0:1C00:B4D5:B0D4:3D5D:BBA1 (talk) 23:15, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:51, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Betty Wright.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:26, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Betty Wright, 1975.jpg

title: Talk:Betty Wright


text:
User:X5Dragon

Introduction
I hail from Makkah (Mecca), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. X5Dragon is the user name I've invented by coining my favorite animal, letter and number. Although I've had other user names in the past, this one is my favorite and I go by it everywhere, whether to submit my reviews and FAQs, my contributions in wikipedia or elsewhere. I'm currently a senior Computer Engineering student.

Interests
I'm bilingual (Arabic and English), but I consider Arabic as my native language. I'm currently learning Japanese as well. My interests include religion, reading, video games (RPGs), languages, sports (martial arts and weight lifting) and computer related subjects.

Wikipedia Contributions
I'll mainly help with Islamic, Arabic related and Palestinian articles at the moment.

title: User:X5Dragon


text:
User talk:MichaelMorley

Talk to me. :)

title: User talk:MichaelMorley


text:
Category:English phonology

This category covers general English phonology topics that are not specific to single dialects. For dialects and accents, see Category:Dialects of English.

title: Category:English phonology


text:
Lady Brisbane

The Lady Brisbane is a ship operated by Brisbane Cruises, which has been operating since 1987.

Originally built to operate out to the Great Barrier Reef, the Lady Brisbane was built in 1972 by Milkraft in Brisbane, and has been renovated.

On Saturday 26 November 2011, the Lady Brisbane accidentally grounded on the beach just north of the Tangalooma Resort on Moreton Island. No injuries were sustained, and her passengers were returned to Brisbane by another vessel. She remained stranded until the following day when another Spring Tide enabled her release. She was seen at RiverGate hardstand being assessed.

title: Lady Brisbane


text: Category:Noctuidae

title: Category:Noctuidae


text: User:Joshua.morgan

title: User:Joshua.morgan


text:
Gravidity and parity

In biology and medicine, gravidity and parity are the number of times a female has been pregnant (gravidity) and carried the pregnancies to a viable gestational age (parity). These two terms are usually coupled, sometimes with additional terms, to indicate more details of the female's obstetric history. When using these terms:
 * Gravida indicates the number of times a female is or has been pregnant, regardless of the pregnancy outcome. A current pregnancy, if any, is included in this count. A multiple pregnancy (e.g., twins, triplets, etc.) is counted as 1.
 * Parity, or "para", indicates the number of births (including live births and stillbirths) where pregnancies reached viable gestational age. A multiple pregnancy (e.g., twins, triplets, etc.) carried to viable gestational age is still counted as 1.
 * Abortus is the number of pregnancies that were lost prior to viable gestational age for any reason, including induced abortions or miscarriages but not stillbirths. The abortus term is sometimes dropped when no pregnancies have been lost.

Gravidity in biology
In biology, the term "gravid" (gravidus "burdened, heavy" ) is used to describe the condition of an animal (most commonly fish or reptiles) when carrying eggs internally. For example, Astatotilapia burtoni females can transform between reproductive states, one of which is gravid, and the other non-gravid. In entomology it describes a mated female insect.

Gravidity in human medicine
In human medicine, "gravidity" refers to the number of times a female has been pregnant, regardless of whether the pregnancies were interrupted or resulted in a live birth. “Gravidity” is an important component of a patient’s reproductive history, as it provides insight into the risk factors that the patient has for pregnancy outcomes, such as risk for gestational diabetes, pre-ecclampsia, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and more. The gravidity of the patient is associated with risk for other conditions as well, including risk for breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer. Knowing a patient’s obstetric history in a prenatal assessment or early in gestation allows the patient to receive early intervention to prevent these associated risks.

 * The term "gravida" refers to a pregnant female.
 * A "nulligravida" is a female who has never been pregnant.
 * A "primigravida" is a female who is pregnant for the first time or has been pregnant once.
 * A "multigravida" or "secundigravida" is a female who has been pregnant more than once.

Terms such as "gravida 0", referring to a nulligravida, "gravida 1" for a primigravida, and so on, can also be used. The term "elderly primigravida" has also been used to refer to a female in their first pregnancy who is at least 35 years old. Advanced maternal age can be a risk factor for some birth defects.

Parity in medicine
In human medicine, parity is the number of pregnancies carried by a female for at least 20 weeks (duration varies from region to region, 20 – 28 weeks, depending upon age of viability). If a female carries the fetus to viable age, even if ultimately the fetus is born deceased, this still counts as an instance of parity, as parity is based on the time of gestation prior to a birth, and not the status of the offspring once born.

A female who has never carried a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks is nulliparous and is called a nullipara or para 0. A female who has given birth once is primiparous and is referred to as a primipara or primip. A female who has given birth two, three, or four times is multiparous and is called a multip. Grand multipara describes the condition of having given birth five or more times.

Like gravidity, parity may also be counted. A female who has given birth one or more times can also be referred to as para 1, para 2, para 3, and so on.

Viable gestational age varies from region to region.

Nulliparity
A nulliparous female (a nullipara or para 0) has never given birth. It includes females who have experienced spontaneous miscarriages and induced abortions before the mid-point of pregnancy, but not females who have experienced pregnancy loss after 20 weeks. Nulliparity has been implicated in the development of various complications during pregnancy including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and pre-term labor.

Long-term and permanent nulliparity are risk factors for breast cancer. For instance, a meta-analysis, published in 1990, of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that never giving birth was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of breast cancer compared with females who have given birth, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Females having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.

Parity in biology
In agriculture, parity in biology is a factor in productivity in domestic animals kept for milk production. Animals that have given birth once are described as "primiparous"; those that have given birth more than once are described as "pluriparous". Those that have given birth twice may also be described as "secondiparous", in which case "pluriparous" is applied to those that have given birth three times or more.

Recording systems
A number of systems are incorporated into a female's obstetric history to record the number of past pregnancies and pregnancies carried to viable age. These include:
 * The gravida/para/abortus (GPA) system, or sometimes just gravida/para (GP), is one such shorthand. For example, the obstetric history of a female who has had two pregnancies (both of which resulted in live births) would be noted as G2P2. The obstetric history of a female who has had four pregnancies, one of which was a miscarriage before 20 weeks, would be noted in the GPA system as G4P3A1 and in the GP system as G4P3. The obstetric history of a female who has had one pregnancy of twins with successful outcomes would be noted as G1P1+1.
 * TPAL is one of the methods to provide a quick overview of a person's obstetric history. In TPAL, the T refers to term births (after 37 weeks' gestation), the P refers to premature births, the A refers to abortions, and the L refers to living children. When reported, the "abortions" number refers to the total number of spontaneous or induced abortions and miscarriages, including ectopic pregnancies, prior to 20 weeks. If a fetus is aborted after 20 weeks, spontaneously or electively, then it is counted as a premature birth and P will increase but L will not. The TPAL is described by numbers separated by hyphens. Multiple births (twins, triplets and higher multiples) count as one pregnancy (gravidity) and as one birth. For example, a pregnant female who carried one pregnancy to term with a surviving infant; carried one pregnancy to 35 weeks with surviving twins; carried one pregnancy to 9 weeks as an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy; and has three living children would have a TPAL annotation of T1, P1, A1, L3. This could also be written as 1-1-1-3.
 * The term GTPAL is used when the TPAL is prefixed with gravidity, and GTPALM when GTPAL is followed by number of multiple pregnancies. For example, the gravidity and parity of a female who has given birth at term once and has had one miscarriage at 12 weeks would be recorded as G2 T1 P0 A1 L1. This notation is not standardized and can lead to misinterpretations.

Though similar, GPA should not be confused with the TPAL system, the latter of which may be used to provide information about the number of miscarriages, preterm births, and live births by dropping the "A" from "GPA" and including four separate numbers after the "P", as in G5P3114. This TPAL form indicates five pregnancies, with three term births, one preterm birth, one induced abortion or miscarriage, and four living children.

Some established journals have used GTPAL system ignoring "T", and even rearranging the letters within the remaining combination [this effectively reduces it to GPLA system. For instance G3P1L1A1]. Thus, individual choices of authors also seem to matter, which recognized journals often ignore.

Criticism
In obstetrics, the term can lead to some ambiguity for events occurring between 20 and 24 weeks, and for multiple pregnancies.

title: Gravidity and parity