text:
Fowling

Fowling is the hunting of birds by humans, for food (meat), feathers or any other commercially value products, or simply for leisure ("sporting") or collecting trophies. It is comparable to wildfowling, the practice of hunting waterfowls for food or sport. The term is perhaps better known in the Fens of Eastern England than elsewhere, but was certainly not confined to the Fens. The land margins of the north produced down feathers from eider duck for eiderdowns and quilted jackets without necessarily killing the birds. In the Western Isles of Scotland, seabirds were taken from their nests on cliffs. In The Fens and other similar places, a decoy was part of a landowner's well-equipped estate.

The epitome of fowling was, however, the punt gunner. He had what amounted to a long, small-bore muzzle-loaded cannon. It was mounted along the centre-line of the forward half of a specially designed boat which slightly resembled a heavy wooden kayak in form. The fowler lay in the after half with paddle blades strapped to his forearms. The skill was to stalk a raft of duck until within the rather short range required and to fire the gun from which small shot scattered. It remained to gather up the harvest and get it to market. In the winter, the punt gun might be mounted on a sled and the procedure repeated on the same principles.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fowling


text:
Norman Westberg

Norman Westberg (born June 27, 1958) is a guitarist from Detroit best known for his work with Swans. Present through almost the entirety of the band's existence, Westberg was brought on for Swans' debut album Filth (1983) and appeared on every album through 1991's White Light from the Mouth of Infinity (he also played on the 1995 album The Great Annihilator). Westberg became a full-time Swans member once again when Michael Gira reactivated the group in 2010.

Westberg's playing can also be heard on many Swans side projects including The Body Haters and solo albums by Jarboe. Before Swans he was a member of Carnival Crash. Westberg was for a short-time a member of The Heroine Sheiks with Shannon Selberg (ex-The Cows) as well as John Fell (ex-China Shop). Aside from the present incarnation of Swans he currently plays in the NYC bands NeVAh (with Vinnie Signorelli & Algis Kizys) and Five Dollar Priest (formerly Size Queens) (with Ron Ward of Speedball Baby & Bob Bert among others). He also appeared (credited as Norman Westburg) in a short film The Right Side of My Brain directed by Richard Kern and starring Lydia Lunch.

On February 25, 2012, Westberg made two limited edition solo releases available at his webstore. Plough is a four-track EP recorded from 2006 to 2009 and features Westberg coupling guitar with banjo and DX drum machine. Limited Edition of 75 features one fifteen-minute-long ambient piece and is packaged in one-of-a-kind imagery—each disk being decorated with a unique MRI from a CD Westberg was given in hospital. Both CD-Rs are packaged in handmade sleeves: Plough with a signed inner and Limited Edition of 75 signed and numbered on the disk itself.

In February 2014 Westberg released a third limited edition solo CD entitled 13, which was then reissued through the ROOM40 record label on November 13, 2015.

In 2014, Westberg joined with Mark Shippy (U.S. Maple), Jim Sykes (Invisible Things), Matthew Wascovich (Scarcity Of Tanks), and Mike Watt (Minutemen) to form the art rock project band Hidden Rifles. Their debut album, Across The Neighborhoods, was released in October 2017.

title: Norman Westberg


text:
F. Nelson Blount

Francis Nelson Blount (May 21, 1918 – August 31, 1967) was an American businessman, railroad enthusiast and president and founder of Blount Seafood Corporation and the founder of Steamtown, USA, the Monadnock, Steamtown & Northern Railroad, and the Green Mountain Railroad. A millionaire and a railroad enthusiast, Blount's collection of vintage steam locomotives and rail cars—originally based in New England—was one of the largest ever assembled and still remains the cornerstone of the modern-day Steamtown National Historic Site.

Biography
Francis Nelson Blount was born May 21, 1918, in Warren, Rhode Island, to Willis and Ruth Blount. Willis had established an ice company in neighboring Barrington in 1919. As a child, Nelson (as he would be called) and brother Luther assisted their father at the family business. When he was not doing so, Nelson frequented the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad yard located near his home. It was here that his deep appreciation for railroads, and particularly steam locomotives, was formed.

On May 23, 1933, just after his fifteenth birthday, Blount skipped school to see the famous British steamer, Royal Scot, on exhibition in Providence, Rhode Island, en route to the Chicago World's Fair. There he happened upon schoolmate Frederick H. Richardson, a fellow railroad enthusiast, and the two became lifelong friends. Richardson would later serve as an employee and business partner for Blount in his future endeavors. The two co-authored one of the first popular railfan books on the subject, Along the Iron Trail, in 1938. They frequently visited the two-foot narrow gauge railroads of Maine, particularly the Sandy River & Rangeley Lakes Railroad and the Bridgton & Harrison Railroad. The complete abandonment of the Sandy River & Rangeley Lakes Railroad in 1935, and the boys' helplessness to stop it, had a deep emotional impact on them. They began to discuss dreams of saving the memory of steam railroading.

Fred Richardson enlisted in the Coast Guard with the arrival of the United States' involvement in the World War II. Nelson had wanted to enlist in the Navy, yet a leg injury and a broken back suffered when falling off a wharf had triggered a return of his childhood undulant fever in 1939, and he was declared unfit for service. Instead of serving in the military, Blount married Ruth Palmer, whose mother had coincidentally been high school classmates with Nelson's parents, on October 10, 1942. The two had five children and began a family with Blount supplying ice to the many military camps in the Rhode Island and Cape Cod areas.

Blount's family had been involved in the shellfish industry since the 1880s. The 1938 hurricane devastated the oyster business in Rhode Island's Narragansett Bay. Nelson Blount, along with his uncle Byron, helped introduce the bay quahog (a hard-shell clam) as a source of protein. After trials the quahog was approved for military consumption, and demand exploded. In 1943, Blount purchased the former Narragansett Oyster Company for $9,856 and had it renamed the Narragansett Bay Packing Company. After the war in 1946, he consolidated several smaller shellfish firms to found Blount Seafood Corporation, which provided chopped clams to soup manufacturers throughout the United States, including Campbell Soup. His family still owns and controls the company. Upon returning from the Coast Guard, Fred Richardson joined Blount at the seafood company.

In the 1950s, Blount relocated his family from Rhode Island to the Monadnock region of New Hampshire, settling in Dublin, New Hampshire, at what he called "Staghead Farm".

Locomotive Collection
Blount used some of the money that he made in the seafood industry to purchase the narrow gauge Edaville Railroad in South Carver, Massachusetts, in the mid-1950s. The Edaville Railroad had narrow gauge engines from Maine, but Blount soon began acquiring standard gauge steam locomotives and cars, in part to save a vanishing technological heritage. Some locomotives were initially displayed at Engine City, a part of Pleasure Island amusement park near Wakefield, Massachusetts. Space constraints soon forced Blount to look for a new home for his collection, and he purchased an engine house and railroad yard in 1960 from the Boston and Maine Railroad in North Walpole, New Hampshire, with equipment arriving there in late 1960. By 1964 his collection on display alone in North Walpole consisted of 25 steam locomotives from the United States and Canada, 10 other locomotives, and 25 pieces of rolling stock; one of the largest collections of antique steam locomotives in the United States.

Monadnock, Steamtown & Northern Railroad
Subsequently, on April 26, 1961, Blount and his associates founded a separate standard-gauge tourist excursion railroad, the Monadnock, Steamtown & Northern, to provide the steam train rides. Blount had hoped to operate on the Boston & Maine's Cheshire Branch between North Walpole and Keene, but B&M labor issues led to the first MS&N trains briefly operating on the Claremont and Concord Railway in the summer of 1961. In 1962, Blount's MS&N finally operated between Keene and Gilboa while he discussed a state-funded Steamtown, U.S.A. opening in Keene. The MS&N later operated out of North Walpole in 1963, and in Vermont between 1964 and 1967. The MS&N ceased operations just after Blount's untimely death, and was dissolved in August 1971.

Steamtown, U.S.A.
Blount envisioned his collection as the cornerstone to a grand museum at North Walpole, to be called "Steamtown, U.S.A". He first planned to open this museum at his North Walpole facility, but soon diverted his attention to Keene to allow for a larger museum space. Blount hoped to commit the state of New Hampshire to fund the museum's construction and offered 20 of his steam locomotives as an incentive; meanwhile, he would control the Monadnock, Steamtown & Northern, which was to be the separate excursion operator on the B&M Cheshire Branch. Local and state support was initially strong, but delays on a sale of the Cheshire Branch and some negative press in the state led to the newly elected state government killing the Keene plans in early 1963. Promised support for Steamtown from the state of New Hampshire never materialized, leading to yet another move back to North Walpole in 1963. This was the first year that the collection was open to the public (as opposed to just MS&N train rides), and soon it was decided that the North Walpole site was too small for the many visitors who came.

With state interest waning, Blount established the "Steamtown Foundation for the Preservation of Steam and Railroad Americana", a non-profit charitable, educational organization to acquire his collection and operate the museum. This also allowed donations of locomotives and rolling stock to be accepted, such as Union Pacific 4012 in 1964. Steamtown U.S.A. opened for the first time as a museum at North Walpole in 1963, and the MS&N ran excursions again over the Cheshire Branch—this time from North Walpole to Westmoreland. Blount also entered into talks with the state of Vermont to assume control of abandoned former Rutland Railroad tracks and property between Bellows Falls and Rutland. This provided a safe home for the Monadnock, Steamtown & Northern excursions and ample room for the Steamtown, U.S.A. museum to develop. Between 1964 and 1966, Steamtown, U.S.A. began to move to Riverside. Blount envisioned a 40-stall roundhouse, a station, yard tracks, steamboat operations on the Connecticut River, and a model New England village complete with a country church and electric street railway. In 1964 and 1965, Blount established the Green Mountain Railroad to provide freight service to the beleaguered on-line customers and employ his excursion staff in the off season.

By 1967 Blount planned to distance himself from the business affairs of the Steamtown Foundation, hoping to find a replacement as chairman and focus mainly on being a steam locomotive engineer. His sudden death on August 31, 1967, was unexpected and, without his personal funds, Steamtown fell on hard times. Nearly all of his development plans for the site in Vermont went unfulfilled and the harsh winters helped speed deterioration of much of the collection. Steamtown moved to Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 1984 and soon after went bankrupt. In 1986, the federal government stepped in and established the Steamtown National Historic Site to save the collection; the park officially opened in 1995.

Religion
In the 1960s, Blount became a devoted evangelical Christian. A biography entitled The Man from Steamtown was written by James R. Adair in 1967 which focuses heavily on his spiritual life. Blount sought to preserve an evangelical Christian legacy by donating his Dublin, New Hampshire, homestead and its surrounding farm buildings, pastures, and forest to a group of committed Christian educators in 1964, headed by Mel Moody, who worked together to develop Staghead Farm (as it was then called) into Dublin Christian Academy, a combined elementary school and secondary boarding school.

Death
After operating a day of steam excursions on August 31, 1967, Blount was flying from Steamtown to his home in Dublin when his Maule Rocket, a new plane with only thirty hours of flying time, crashed near Marlborough, New Hampshire, during an emergency landing caused by fuel exhaustion. Nelson was an experienced flyer and had owned many aircraft; he had performed a pre-flight check and is believed to have planned to stop at Keene Airport for refueling. Around noon the next day, September 1, two local girls—Dawn Antilla, age 14, and Laurie St. John, age 13—came across the field and ran immediately to a nearby home to call the police. The crash had been found near the border of the village of Chesham, New Hampshire, and the town of Marlborough, about 5 mi from Nelson's home in Dublin.

As the plane descended its rear landing gear had buckled. The plane had bounced up and continued flying for 88 ft down the field and into a large pine tree at the crest of the clearing. Dr. James Ballou, Cheshire County medical referee, later found no evidence of a heart attack or other illness. The possibility of major mechanical issues on the brand-new plane was investigated and ruled out.

Blount's funeral was held September 4, 1967, at 1:30 p.m. in the National Guard Armory in Peterborough, New Hampshire, just next door to Dublin. Nearly 500 people turned out to pay their respects. Following the funeral, Nelson was interred in Dublin Cemetery.

title: F. Nelson Blount


text:
MS Freedom of the Seas

MS Freedom of the Seas is a cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International. She is the namesake of Royal Caribbean's Freedom-class cruise ship, and can accommodate 3,634 passengers and 1,300 crew on fifteen passenger decks. The vessel also has 4 crew decks below the waterline. Freedom of the Seas was the largest passenger ship ever built (by gross tonnage) from 2006 until construction of her sister ship, Liberty of the Seas in 2007.

Construction
Freedom of the Seas was built at the Aker Yards Turku Shipyard, Finland, which built the ships of the Voyager-class cruise ship as well as the other ships of the Freedom class. Upon her completion in 2006, she became the largest passenger ship ever built, taking the record from RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2), an ocean liner.

Freedom of the Seas is 2.4 m narrower than QM2 at the waterline, 6 m shorter, has 1.5 m less draft, is 8.3 m less tall and 8 kn slower. Freedom of the Seas however is the larger ship in terms of gross tonnage. Its gross tonnage as verified by Det Norske Veritas, a Norwegian marine classification society, was, compared with QM2's. Freedom of the Seas had the highest gross tonnage of any passenger ship yet built until the 2007 completion of Liberty of the Seas.

The ship has four bow thrusters. When at sea Freedom of the Seas consumes approximately 12,800 kg of fuel per hour.

Fire
On July 22, 2015, a fire started in a mechanical area of the ship around 9:15 AM when the ship was en route from Cape Canaveral, Florida to Falmouth, Jamaica. All passengers were sent to their muster stations, and one crew member sustained first degree burns. The fire was extinguished after an hour and a half, and the ship was able to continue on its planned itinerary.

Death of Chloe Wiegand
On July 7, 2019, 18-month-old Chloe Wiegand died after falling through an open window on the 11th deck while the ship was docked in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Her 51-year-old grandfather, Salvatore Anello, had placed her on a railing and lost his grip while holding her. Anello claimed that he was colorblind and didn't notice that the window was open, but the cruise line released security camera footage that they claim shows Anello leaning out the window shortly before lifting the toddler up to it. On December 11, 2019, Chloe's parents sued Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. over the death of their daughter, alleging that the company was negligent for not properly securing the windows. Anello pled guilty to a charge of negligent homicide on February 25, and will be placed on probation.

Facilities
The ship has an interior promenade 445 ft long called the "Royal Promenade".

The ship has three swimming areas: an interactive water park, a dedicated adult pool, and the main pool. Deck 13 has a sports area with a rock climbing wall, the FlowRider surf simulator, a miniature golf course and a full size basketball court. Other items include an ice skating rink, a casino and a three-deck-high broadway-style theater. Many of the ship's interiors were extensively decorated by muralist Clarissa Parish.

Service history
The ship docked at Blohm und Voss in Hamburg, Germany on 17 April 2006 to repair a damaged bearing in one of the three Azipod propulsion units and some minor modifications prior to her official handover to Royal Caribbean International on 24 April 2006. She then visited Oslo, Norway before sailing for Southampton, England. The ship sailed on its first transatlantic crossing on 3 May 2006.

Freedom of the Seas arrived in New York Harbor, United States, for her official naming ceremony on May 12, 2006 which was broadcast live on NBC's The Today Show from Cape Liberty Cruise Port in Bayonne, New Jersey (the ship's official New York berth), and thereafter traveled to Boston for the weekend of May 19–22. The ship's godmother was selected as Katherine Louise Calder, a Portland, Oregon foster care provider. She began operations out of Miami with her first cruise and maiden voyage on 4 June, sailing to western Caribbean locations.

On 4 May 2009, Freedom of the Seas moved her home port from the Port of Miami-Dade to Port Canaveral. The ship underwent her first dry dock refurbishment in March 2011. In January 2015, the ship underwent another 24-day dry dock. During the dry dock some new interior passenger cabins were added.

In winter 2016, Freedom of the Seas repositioned to Port Everglades, from where she undertook cruises in the Caribbean. After homeporting in Barcelona in the spring and summer of 2017, Freedom of the Seas returned to Port Everglades. In May 2018, she commenced sailing Southern Caribbean sailings out of San Juan, Puerto Rico until April 2021.

Freedom of the Seas underwent a $116 million dry dock in early 2020.

title: MS Freedom of the Seas


text: User talk:68.56.109.49

title: User talk:68.56.109.49


text:
Talk:Walter Bedell Smith

Article copied
This article was simply copied fromt the Arlington National Cemetery website (link at bottom of article). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.37.17.162 (talk • contribs) 17:57, November 6, 2005

Relation to author Sally Bedell Smith?
I noticed there is a rather prolific biography writer named Sally Bedell Smith. Does anyone know if she is related (granddaughter?) to Walter Bedell Smith? If so, and if we have a good reference, it should be part of the article. --rogerd 14:40, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Walter Bedell Smith had no children —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93Stroud (talk • contribs) 17:08, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Probably no relation - Sally Bedell Smith was born Sally Bedell; the Smith is her married name. Andrew Gray (talk) 21:35, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

Why is there a set of links to Medal of Honor recipients, when he was not one?
My question is done more out of ignorance than anything. I cannot find anything saying he was a recipient, but I may not have searched enough. Perhaps he was the son of a recipient. My question stands for the moment. UEL 03:11, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

I did not see the Medal of Honor link. He received other medals listed in the article. He gave the brief introduction in the movie "To Hell and Back," about and starring Medal of Honor winner Audie Murphy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93Stroud (talk • contribs) 17:16, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Born and raised where?
The article doesn't say. - Jmabel | Talk 19:48, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Indianapolis, Indiana —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93Stroud (talk • contribs) 17:13, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Inappropriate to Blame Smith for Segregation in the Armed Forces
It is not appropriate to blame Smith for segregation in the armed forces. As difficult as it may be for persons now living to believe, back then, segregation was merely a way of life. It was no different to them than restrooms marked "men" and "women" are for us today. As the article points out, segregation existed in the Pacific Theatre, and Smith had nothing to do with that. If racial integration had been attempted during the Second World War, it would have provoked sharp protest from the South and from other parts of the country. Whatever President Roosevelt's personal views on the matter may have been, he realized that it was not worth endangering the war effort to press for an end to segregation. Indeed, segregation in the armed forces was not eliminated until 1948, when President Truman issued his executive order. The fact that Truman favored integration caused him a great deal of political trouble and resulted in a split in the Democratic party, when J. Strom Thurmond and his supporters pulled out and created the "Dixiecrat" political party.

I think the section about segregation should be removed.

John Paul Parks (talk) 12:01, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Active role in excluding African soldiers from liberation of Paris
I would expect that the General's mandate that the French forces be "100% white" during the liberation of Paris be addressed in the article. Here is a link to the BBC article:

Paris liberation made 'whites only' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.27.242.106 (talk) 14:25, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The only thing the article says about him specificlly is that he wrote a memo recommending that blacks be removed from the units, I have changed the articles entry to say that specificlly. I think it would be helpful to put it in context and determine why that was his position, or even if it was his position, or and order from a higher commander. Charles Edward (Talk) 16:51, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Relationship With Patton
In the movie, The Last Days of Patton, Gen. Smith is portrayed as Ike's hatchet man in the struggle over denazification. Smith tells Gen. Eisenhower that Patton "hates my guts." Later, Mrs. Patton specifically forbids that Gen. Smith be allowed to visit Gen. Patton in the hospital. There is a book with the same name as the movie - I'd be interested in sources behind this animosity. Marty Mangold (talk) 14:23, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

Post nominal
I notice that GBE KCB have been added after his name. Is it usual for US citizens to add UK awards after their names? I've looked at other high ranked generals of the era. They surely must have been awarded some UK distinctions but don't have the post nominals in use. Any ideas? Ozdaren (talk) 22:23, 8 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It is not usual. Removed. Hawkeye7 (talk) 01:40, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

References?
The notes regularly refer to "Pogue 1954", but there's no work by Pogue in the references. Shimgray | talk | 15:54, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It is there now. Hawkeye7 (talk) 20:31, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Shimgray | talk | 20:37, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walter Bedell Smith


text:
Talk:Ted Stevens

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:53, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Ted Stevens Military.jpg

NPOV Concerns re: Gravel
I just found a failed verification issue that makes me concerned that this article might have some NPOV issues regarding Gravel. The specific passage is:

The source cited at the end is an AP article, which supports few of those claims and almost contradicts some of them. It says:

What was probably meant to be cited is the old Lemann article, which is cited at the end of the paragraph. But even that article is far more equivocal than the Wikipedia text—which is problematic. Lemann never says definitively that Gravel killed the compromise to spite Gravel. He says that's one theory of why Gravel killed the compromise—and he even suggests it was a minority theory:

To use that source to say, definitively, that Gravel killed the bill to "spit Stevens" raises both WP:NPOV and WP:FRINGE issues.-- Jerome Frank Disciple 15:00, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

 * will reword AlaskaGal~ ^_^ 13:14, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Great work so far!-- Jerome Frank Disciple 13:58, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * thank you!!! i'm not too sure what else is missing, but if you spot anything, please point it out! i intend to renominate the article by the 1st of june latest, but i won't rush anything, and if it goes past then, then fair enough. i do think that i'm getting close enough though. i also want to find some more sources on some issues and clean up all those remaining dead links ^^ AlaskaGal~ ^_^ 20:55, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Every dead link has since been removed, I'll just review the Gravel section now to see if anything else may violate WP:NPOV. AlaskaGal~ ^_^ 21:16, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Great! I do recommend using citation templates where you can—since they're used through most the article, they should probably be used everywhere. (Just look at the other references in the article for examples, you'll usually be relying on and, maybe a  or  here or there). Plus, you never want bare URLs.
 * I've probably been involved enough here that I shouldn't do the second review, but I'm happy to try to chip in and help out as it goes!-- Jerome Frank Disciple 15:38, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * alright, ty. i used to use citation templates, no clue when or why i stopped, should get back in the habit, heh ^^ AlaskaGal~ ^_^ 15:57, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ted Stevens


text:
Talk:Sharmell

Errors on Page
The name of her handspring elbow could not be the Sharmellbow in WCW because that was not the name she went under. There should be a cleanup done to her "jaw injury" as it is kayfabe and the way it is stated is not what belongs in an Encyclopedia.

According to the IMDB...
Ms. Sullivan is/was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority. I'm going to put her in that category. Lesanichelle 05:07, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 04:23, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Marriage date
Sharmell's page and Booker's page have 2 different marriage dates.Which is the real one?(MgTurtle (talk) 14:50, 31 July 2008 (UTC))

Birth Date
Sharmell's Birthday is mentioned here as being 2nd November 1972, but I was just on the '1970' page, where she is said to have been born (2 years earlier). Which is correct?

Pheasantplucker (talk) 17:40, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Dead?
The final statement in the lead states she died in 2006, but the infobox says she retired in 2009. I have heard of devotion to the craft of wrestling, but working three years past the date of your final count out, that's hall of fame quality. I'm not totally sure what the procedure is, but I think it merits a closer look, especially since it's a critical piece of biographical information. (If she's dead, we need it cited, if she's alive, we need to axe the statements to the contrary.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChopperMags (talk • contribs) 23:48, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

Is she actually married to King Booker
So I read this twice, and it is still not clear whether she is the actual wife of Booker or just a stooge wife.Eregli bob (talk) 12:27, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 23 April 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. No objections after two listing periods. — Amakuru (talk) 11:19, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

Sharmell Sullivan-Huffman → Sharmell – She's best known by her first name alone. There's no conflict as Sharmell redirects to this page so it's a no-brainer move. Feed back  00:31, 23 April 2016 (UTC) --Relisted. George Ho (talk) 23:24, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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title: Talk:Sharmell


text:
Senari languages

The Senari languages form a central dialect cluster of the Senufo languages. They are spoken in northern Ivory Coast, southern Mali and southwest Burkina Faso by more than a million Senufo. Three varieties can be distinguished, all with several dialects. With 860,000 speakers, Cebaara (Tyembara) is the largest of the four; it is also the central variety, spoken around the traditional Senufo center Korhogo. Senara (190,000 native speakers) of the Laraba Province of Burkina Faso is a geographic outlier; intelligibility testing with Cebaara yields ratings between 42 and 74 per cent (SIL). Nyarafolo is spoken by 50,000 in northeast Ivory Coast around Ferkessédougou; Ethnologue reports a classification as Tagwana-Djimini rather than Senari. Within Senufo as a whole, the Senari languages are thought to be most closely related to the Karaboro languages.
 * Cebaara (Tyebaala)
 * Senara
 * Nyarafolo,

title: Senari languages


text: Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic


text: User talk:68.48.4.37

title: User talk:68.48.4.37


text: User talk:24.57.121.167

title: User talk:24.57.121.167


text:
Saint-Barthélemy, Switzerland

Saint-Barthélemy is a municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

History
Saint-Barthélemy is first mentioned in 1265 as capellam sancti Bartholomei.

Geography
Saint-Barthélemy is just 10 minutes northeast of Lausanne, the capital of the canton, and 3 km west of Échallens, the capital of the district. It is situated in the bread-basket agricultural district known as the Gros-de-Vaud. It is traversed by the river Talent.

The landscape is a hilly high plateau between the watersheds of Lake Geneva to the south and Lake Neuchâtel to the north.

Saint-Barthélemy has an area,, of 4.12 km2. Of this area, 3.34 km2 or 81.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.49 km2 or 11.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.3 km2 or 7.3% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.4%. Out of the forested land, 10.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 66.5% is used for growing crops and 14.1% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the Échallens District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Saint-Barthélemy became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud.

The municipality is located in the Gros-de-Vaud region, on the Échallens-Cossonay road. It consists of the village of Saint-Barthélemy and the hamlet of Bretigny.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Argent and Gules a Castle surrounded with four Escallops 1-2-1 counterchanged.

Demographics
Saint-Barthélemy has a population of. , 10.4% of the population were resident foreign nationals. From 1999 to 2009 the population changed at a rate of 14.9%. Of this, 7.7% was due to migration and 6.9% due to births and deaths.

The vast majority of the population speaks French (593 or 94.3% in 2000), with German being second most common (22 or 3.5%) and Italian being third (6 or 1.0%).

Of the population in the municipality 188 or about 29.9% were born in Saint-Barthélemy and lived there in 2000. There were 246 or 39.1% who were born in the same canton, while 90 or 14.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 86 or 13.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 4 live births to Swiss citizens and were 3 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man and 4 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 14 and the non-Swiss population increased by 6 people. This represents a population growth rate of 3.0%.

The age distribution,, in Saint-Barthélemy is; 83 children or 11.9% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 103 teenagers or 14.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 77 people or 11.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 107 people or 15.3% are between 30 and 39, 132 people or 18.9% are between 40 and 49, and 87 people or 12.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 60 people or 8.6% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 32 people or 4.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 17 people or 2.4% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 2 people or 0.3% who are 90 and older.

, there were 322 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 283 married individuals, 12 widows or widowers and 12 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 200 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.9 persons per household. There were 37 households that consist of only one person and 27 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 207 households that answered this question, 17.9% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 50 married couples without children, 99 married couples with children There were 7 single parents with a child or children. There were 5 households that were made up of unrelated people and 7 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 54 single family homes (or 47.0% of the total) out of a total of 115 inhabited buildings. There were 32 multi-family buildings (27.8%), along with 19 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (16.5%) and 10 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.7%). Of the single family homes 10 were built before 1919, while 16 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (16) were built between 1981 and 1990. The most multi-family homes (9) were built before 1919 and the next most (5) were built between 1981 and 1990. There were 3 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 200 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 66. There were 2 single room apartments and 80 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 188 apartments (94.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 10 apartments (5.0%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (1.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 20 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 22.38% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (20.34%), the CVP (17.74%) and the FDP (10.15%). In the federal election, a total of 188 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 43.4%.

Economy
, Saint-Barthélemy had an unemployment rate of 3.4%. , there were 32 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 16 businesses involved in this sector. 28 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 8 businesses in this sector. 170 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 16 businesses in this sector. There were 303 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 46.2% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 165. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 20, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 25 of which 17 or (68.0%) were in manufacturing and 8 (32.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 120. In the tertiary sector; 8 or 6.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in the movement and storage of goods, 5 or 4.2% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 1.7% were technical professionals or scientists and 95 or 79.2% were in health care.

, there were 95 workers who commuted into the municipality and 235 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 10.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.3% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 334 or 53.1% were Roman Catholic, while 173 or 27.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 17 individuals (or about 2.70% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 4 (or about 0.64% of the population) who were Muslim. There was 1 person who was Hindu. 86 (or about 13.67% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 21 individuals (or about 3.34% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Saint-Barthélemy about 223 or (35.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 56 or (8.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 56 who completed tertiary schooling, 51.8% were Swiss men, 37.5% were Swiss women.

, there was one student in Saint-Barthélemy who came from another municipality, while 104 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Personalities
It is the residence of the tennis player Stanislas Wawrinka, who won a gold medal in men's doubles, partnering with Roger Federer at the 2008 Olympics and won the 2014 Australian Open title in 2014, and Roland Garros, the French Open title in 2015, and the US Open in 2016, winning in four sets over the number one seeded player, Novak Djokovic. The football manager and former Swiss international player Lucien Favre was born there.

title: Saint-Barthélemy, Switzerland


text: Category:Acorn Archimedes

title: Category:Acorn Archimedes


text:
User talk:Mikerash

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 20:38, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mikerash


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Gray Wolf/archive1

Wolf
This is a comprehensive article on the Grey Wolf. It has recently been through a peer review, where it was received positively with helpful notes for improvement of the article. The images shouldn't be any problem, and I think the ones that are claimed under fair use have justifiable reasoning. This is a self nomination. Sango 123  20:39, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support--very informative and fascinating. I especially liked the skilled use of images. Meelar (talk) 20:53, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support: Very nice article: scientific, well-written, and it covers a broad range of topics. I'd personally like to see and expanded folklore/mythology section — or perhaps a link to a wolf (mythology) page as there is so much history there — but beyond that minor qualm it's an incredible article. Grat incorporation of multiple forms of media as well (images, charts, maps, and even sound!) Semiconscious  ( talk  · home) 21:17, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Love it. Plenty of hard work put in and I hope it pays off. --PopUpPirate 22:02, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Well written article. Great pictures.  I like it a lot. -- ZeWrestler   Talk 22:04, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Great Article that gives a thorough description of the wolf to the reader. Magicmonster 22:30, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support excellent Tuf-Kat 23:06, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object only to title. The article should be title "Grey Wolf." The text can/should identify the species as the one most commonly referred to simply as "wolf," but the one-word title should go to a page taxonomizing the various species (which can be relatively brief). Monicasdude 23:17, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Sorry, but shouldn't it be Gray Wolf, and not "Grey" Wolf, esp. as the wolf populations are primarily in the US and Canada?  ("Grey" is one of the more irritating of the unconscious Anglicisms by Americans.)  Geogre 02:50, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep title as it is. (common usage) =Nichalp «Talk»= 12:05, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope, I agree, the title as it is is misleading. Articles should stay true to their topic. "Wolf" should be a general article about all wolves (or a disambig) and Gray Wolf should be the article about that specific wolf. - Taxman Talk 21:43, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * If no one opposes this suggestion, I'll move Wolf to Gray Wolf and turn the first into a (disambig?) page taxonomizing the different species. Sango  123  23:08, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Suggestion: Why not move wolf to Timber Wolf to avoid issues over the spelling of grey? Other than that, I support. Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 20:03, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. The images Image:Wolf-Pack.jpg and Image:HowlingGreyWolf.gif are used under "fair use".  However, I see no reason to use "fair use" images on this article: the images may be of hard-to-photograph events, but they're hardly unique.  You should be able to find public-domain replacements from US government websites. --Carnildo 23:28, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I replaced the HowlingGreyWolf.gif with Image:Wolf howling on glacial erratic.jpg. Its not a close up like the previous one was, but its in the pd. Do you guys agree with it? -- ZeWrestler   Talk 12:36, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's even better than the one it supplanted. Sango  123  23:08, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've also found this picture of a wolf pack. The only reason I have not replaced the current image with the new one, (besides the fact i like the old one better even though its fair use), is because the website that is listed here on wikipedia is warned to have some copyrighted images uploaded in the guise of pd images.  So, if this picture were to replace the otherone, its status would have to be varified. Added note, if the fairuse rationale were improved on the current wolfpack image, i would see no problem using one fairuse picture in this article.-- ZeWrestler   Talk 12:56, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The image has been listed on Images and media for deletion.  Sango  123  01:16, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * How about this one? It's a National Park Service photo of a pack of wolves going after a bison. If you don't like that one, the NPS has quite a collection of wolf images at : you might be able to find something suitable. --Carnildo 19:17, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That's an excellent photo; it demonstrates both the wolf pack and hunting. I'll look through the collection (thanks for the link). Sango  123  23:08, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've uploaded the photo and placed it in the article; Image:Wolf-Pack.jpg is now on WP:IFD. Sango  123  01:16, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks good. --Carnildo 06:10, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:01, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support excellent article which will serve as a great example for future featured article candidates. Really good read also. — Stevey7788 (talk) 01:11, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong super extreme support of doom. No reason not to. Plus, who doesn't like wolves? (/me gets spammed with forty people who hate wolves) Redwolf24 (talk) 02:42, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Needs more discussion of wolf subspecies. Neutralitytalk 04:47, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support if moved to Gray wolf, and wolf turned into a disambig page pointing to all the species of wolf, as well as other meanings of the word. Great article! WegianWarrior 05:08, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Would prefer it moved to Gray wolf but I'd support it anyway. Fieari 05:39, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. More than complete - pictures, maps, audiofiles, text. Just about every thing covered though I agree with Neutrality - more on subspecies. I also agree with Fieari's suggestion it should be moved to "Grey Wolf", then "Wolf" could grow as a general article to cover Grey, Red, Dire and Ethiopian. --Oldak Quill 09:37, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - very impressive! Rossrs 09:49, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, (sorry) the naming issue needs to be cleared up, I think that wolf should redirect to the Genus Canis which is already a wolf species disambig and this page should should be moved to Grey/Gray Wolf.--nixie 05:32, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

I've gone ahead and moved wolf to Gray wolf (I used gray because that's what the article uses) →Raul654 22:46, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Addendum (for the sake of completeness) - after rechecking the article, I saw it was inconsistent, using gray in some cases and grey in others. This is unacceptable for a featured article, so I've gone ahead and changed all instances to from grey to gray (sans one external link that wouldn't work if the URL were changed). →Raul654 23:00, August 29, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:2005 Java–Bali blackout

I think this article should be moved to 2005 Java-Bali Blackout just like the Indonesian article, which is id:Mati listrik Jawa-Bali 2005 or the wikinews article "Indonesian blackout caused by lack of generation capacity". Meursault2004 20:39, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yup, I agree. I've moved the article to its proper title. *drew 22:54, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Rename, again
Actually, I think that Java-Bali power outage (2005) would be better. As noted elsewhere, it would be better as it uses the more specific term for blackout and the disambiguator is placed at the end where most are placed. I think that using "of 2005" isn't a bad idea either. Most importantly blackout is not a proper noun and so at the very least it should be 2005 Java-Bali blackout, though I don't recommend it. 134.250.72.141

30 million or 100 million?
In one part of the article it states 100 million were affected (at the top) but further down it says 30 million. Which one is it? Cls14 18:44, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

MWh is not the right unit?
MWh measure a supply of electricity over time, not the instantaneous load on the system. Is this referring to the amount of power-time lost? If so, the power lost is just 385 MW; almost nothing compared to the roughly 20,000 MW lost in the Northeast Blackout of 2003. Gorman (talk) 01:26, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:2005 Java–Bali blackout


text:
Mercy Graves

Mercy Graves is a supervillain appearing in multimedia and American comic books published by DC Entertainment and DC Comics. Created for the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), she first appeared in 1996 on Superman: The Animated Series as the personal assistant and bodyguard of Superman's archenemy Lex Luthor, returning in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited, voiced by Lisa Edelstein. She has since been introduced into comic books published by DC Comics.

In live-action, the character has been played by Tao Okamoto in the 2016 DC Extended Universe (DCEU) film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Rhona Mitra in the fourth season season of the television series Supergirl, and by Natalie Gumede in the second and fourth seasons of the series Titans on DC Universe and HBO Max. Additionally, a character based on Graves named Tess Mercer appears in Smallville, portrayed by Cassidy Freeman.

Superman: The Animated Series
Created for and introduced in Superman: The Animated Series, Mercy Graves is a tough young woman with a checkered past, a sardonic wit, and skill in unarmed combat. While leading a gang of female thieves, she attempted to steal a briefcase from Lex Luthor. Though she failed, an impressed Luthor recognized her ruthlessness and street savvy, took her in, and eventually made her his personal bodyguard and chauffeur. Loyal and respectful to him, she also claims to be "the only one in Luthor's entire company who can get away with calling him Lex".

An alternate reality variant of Graves appears in the episode "Brave New Metropolis". After Luthor and Superman turned Metropolis into a police state, Graves became the commander of the former's law enforcement group.

Justice League and Justice League Unlimited
In the Justice League episode "Tabula Rasa", it is established that Graves took over LexCorp following Luthor's imprisonment. When he returns, she proves hesitant to return control to him. After he is re-imprisoned, she refuses to help him after he is diagnosed with Kryptonite-induced cancer. Nonetheless, she returns to Luthor's side as of the Justice League Unlimited episode "Clash".

Comics
Mercy Graves first appeared in the main DC Universe continuity in Detective Comics #735 (August 1999), during the No Man's Land storyline. This version is blonde and often works with an additional bodyguard, Hope. Furthermore, both Graves and Hope are implied to be Amazons, with the former later being confirmed as such in Justice League: Cry for Justice.

In Infinity, Inc., Graves adopts the secret identity of "Vanilla" and joins the eponymous team in the hopes of atoning for her misdeeds. However, she leaves after almost beating a man to death.

In The New 52, Graves is reintroduced as Luthor's Asian American personal assistant who manages LexCorp in his absence.

During the "Lazarus Planet" event, Graves becomes a metahuman cyborg after being exposed to Lazarus Pit resin.

Animation

 * Mercy Graves appears in The Batman two-part episode "The Batman/Superman Story", voiced by Gwendoline Yeo. This version wields twin laser guns.
 * Mercy Graves makes non-speaking appearances in Young Justice. This version is a cyborg and minor member of the Light who possesses a cybernetic right arm equipped with various weapons.
 * Mercy Graves makes non-speaking appearances in Harley Quinn.

Live-action

 * A character loosely based on Mercy Graves, among other characters, named Tess Mercer appears in Smallville, portrayed by Cassidy Freeman.
 * Mercy Graves appears in the fourth season of Supergirl, portrayed by Rhona Mitra. This version is an anti-alien activist along with her brother Otis Graves and previously worked as the head of security of LuthorCorp under Lex Luthor and Project Cadmus under Lex's mother Lillian Luthor until the Luthors were arrested. Throughout the season, the Graveses expose President Olivia Marsdin as an alien before attempting to assassinate her. While they are foiled by Supergirl and apprehended by the Department of Extranormal Operations (DEO), the pair convince Raymond Jensen to free them and aid them in further anti-alien endeavors until Mercy is eventually killed by Hellgrammite.
 * Mercy Graves appears in Titans, portrayed by Natalie Gumede. This version is a lesbian, mother of two daughters, and the former head of Cadmus Labs.

Film

 * Mercy Graves was considered to appear in the scrapped Superman Reborn and Superman Lives film projects, with Famke Janssen being considered for the role.
 * Mercy Graves appears in Superman: Brainiac Attacks, voiced by Tara Strong.
 * Mercy Graves appears in Superman: Doomsday, voiced by Cree Summer. After discovering and inadvertently releasing Doomsday, Lex Luthor kills her to hide his involvement.
 * Mercy Graves appears in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, portrayed by Tao Okamoto. Amidst his plot to discredit Superman and receive approval to use salvaged Kryptonian technology against him, Lex Luthor kills Graves, among others, while bombing the United States Capitol.
 * Mercy Graves appears in the DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU) films The Death of Superman and Reign of the Supermen, voiced by Erica Luttrell.
 * Mercy Graves makes a non-speaking appearance in Superman: Man of Tomorrow.
 * Mercy Graves appears in DC League of Super-Pets, voiced by Maya Erskine.
 * Mercy Graves appears in Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!, voiced by Victoria Grace.

Video games

 * Mercy Graves appears in Superman: Shadow of Apokolips, voiced by Lauren Tom.
 * Mercy Graves appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Mercy Graves appears in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced again by Cree Summer. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.

title: Mercy Graves


text:
Neil Ardley

Neil Richard Ardley (26 May 1937 – 23 February 2004) was a prominent English jazz composer and pianist, who also made his name as the author of more than 100 popular books on science and technology, and on music.

Early years
Neil Ardley was born in Wallington, Surrey. He attended Wallington County Grammar School and at the age of thirteen started to learn the piano and later the saxophone. He read Chemistry at Bristol University, where he also played both piano and saxophone in jazz groups, and from which he graduated in 1959 with a BSc.

Music
Ardley moved to London and studied arranging and composing with Ray Premru and Bill Russo from 1960 to 1961. He joined the John Williams Big Band as pianist, writing both arrangements and new compositions, and from 1964 to 1970 was the director of the newly formed New Jazz Orchestra, which employed some of the best young musicians in London, including Ian Carr, Jon Hiseman, Barbara Thompson, Dave Gelly, Mike Gibbs, Don Rendell, and Trevor Tomkins.

In the late 1960s, encouraged by record producer and impresario Denis Preston, Ardley began composing in earnest, combining classical and jazz methods. The New Jazz Orchestra album Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (1969), taking some inspiration from the orchestral jazz of Gil Evans, is now considered a classic of British jazz. While it includes intricate arrangements of Nardis by Miles Davis and Naima by John Coltrane, the rest of the pieces on the album tend to look beyond the dominant African-American influences and were composed by young writers associated with the orchestra - including Ardley himself on the extended title track, Michael Garrick, Mike Gibbs, Howard Riley and Mike Taylor. Although not issued under the New Jazz Orchestra name, Ardley's subsequent releases Greek Variations and Other Aegean Exercises (1970) and Symphony of Amaranths (1972) continued the orchestra and its aesthetic in all but name, and were critically acclaimed.

His rich orchestrations were augmented in the 1970s by the addition of synthesisers. Kaleidoscope Of Rainbows reached number 22 in the New Musical Express top 24 albums of 1976. Duncan Heining judges it to be "his masterpiece". However, as he began work on an all-electronic album in 1980, Ardley's recording contract was suddenly terminated, and he fell back on his writing and publishing career. He continued to play and compose, especially with Zyklus, the electronic jazz group he formed with composer (and former student) John L. Walters, Derbyshire musician Warren Greveson and Ian Carr.

Singing in local choirs in the later 1990s led Ardley to start composing choral music, and this occupied most of his musical attention until his death. At the time of his death, Ardley had begun to gig and record again with a slimmed down Zyklus consisting of himself, Warren Greaveson, and Nick Robinson.

Writing
Ardley joined the editorial staff of the World Book Encyclopedia in 1962, when the London branch of the American publisher was producing an international edition. This took four years, during which time he developed the skill of editing and writing introductory material for the young. After a brief period working for Hamlyn, he became a freelance editor in 1968 (which enabled him to continue with his musical career). In the 1970s, he moved into writing introductory books, mostly for children, on natural history (especially birds), science and technology, and music, such as What Is It?.

Just as his composing and performance had been moved forward by the introduction and development of technology, so too with his publishing career, as computers began to become more and more important. In 1984 Ardley began to write mainly for Dorling Kindersley, producing a series of books which included the best-selling (over three million copies worldwide) and award-winning The Way Things Work (1988), illustrated by David Macaulay, as well as the Eyewitness volume Music, first published in 1989.

When he retired in 2000 Ardley had written 101 books, with total sales of about ten million.

Personal life
In 1960, Ardley married Bridget Gantley, and the couple had one daughter. With Bridget he acted as a researcher for the BBC television programme Mastermind. In 2003 he married Vivien Wilson. He died in Milford, Derbyshire, where Vivien still lives. She published a full length biography of Neil Ardley in 2023.

Works
Selected choral compositions include:

 * Creation Mass (2001), a setting of 11 poems by long-term collaborator Patrick Huddie
 * Cantabile (2003), commissioned by Bakewell Choral Society to mark its 25th anniversary

Discography

 * 1965: The New Jazz Orchestra, Western Reunion (Decca, 1965)
 * 1968: The New Jazz Orchestra, Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (Verve, 1969)
 * 1970?: Greek Variations & Other Aegean Exercises with Ian Carr & Don Rendell (Columbia, 1970)
 * 1970: The New Jazz Orchestra, Camden '70 (Dusk Fire, 2008) – live at the Camden Festival
 * 1971: A Symphony of Amaranths (Regal Zonophone, 1972)
 * 1971: The New Jazz Orchestra, On The Radio: BBC Sessions 1971 (Dusk Fire, 2017)
 * 1973: Mike Taylor Remembered with Jon Hiseman, Barbara Thompson, Ian Carr, Henry Lowther, Dave Gelly, Norma Winstone (Trunk, 2007)
 * 1975: Kaleidoscope of Rainbows - QEH, 20th October 1975 (Jazz In Britain, 2021)[2CD] – live at the Queen Elizabeth Hall
 * 1975: Will Power - includes Ardley's 'Shall I Compare Thee', Southwark Cathedral 27th April 1974 (Argo, 1975)
 * 1978: Harmony of the Spheres (Decca, 1989)
 * 1991?: Zyklus, Virtual Realities (AMP, 1991)
 * 2000: Creation Mass words by Patrick Huddie

Sources and external links

 * Ardley, Vivien. Neil Ardley: Kaleidoscopes and Rainbows, Jazz in Britain (2023), with additional chapters by John Coles and Dave Gelly.
 * Carr, Ian, Digby Fairweather, & Brian Priestley. Jazz: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-528-3
 * Ardley, Neil, David Lambert and Mark Lambert. What Is It? Question and Answer Encyclopedia. London: Kingfisher Books. ISBN 0-671-68467-1
 * Neil Ardley Official Website – includes lists of his books and compositions.
 * [ Neil Ardley] – biographical sketch by Eugene Chadbourne for Allmusic.
 * Playing the Band: The musical life of Jon Hiseman, by Martyn Hanson. Edited by Colin Richardson. ISBN 9780956686305
 * Alyn Shipton, Out of the Long Dark: The Life of Ian Carr, Equinox Publishing, 2006. ISBN (paperback) 1845532228; ISBN (paperback) 9781845532222
 * John L. Walters, "Neil Ardley" (obituary), The Guardian, Thursday 4 March 2004.

title: Neil Ardley


text:
Kaiserschmarrn

Kaiserschmarrn or Kaiserschmarren () (Emperor's Mess ) is a lightly sweetened pancake that takes its name from the Austrian emperor (Kaiser) Franz Joseph I, who was fond of this fluffy shredded pancake. It is served as a dessert or as a light lunch alongside apple sauce and contains raisins or dried cranberries.

Kaiserschmarrn is a popular meal or dessert in Austria, Bavaria, and many parts of the former Austro-Hungarian empire, e.g. Hungary, Slovenia, Czech Republic and northern Croatia, which usually use the name as a loan word or translations of it. In Slovenia, it is called cesarski praženec or šmorn. Its Hungarian name is császármorzsa or smarni; its Czech name is (Císařský) trhanec or kajzršmorn. In Slovak it is called Cisársky trhanec.

Etymology
The name Kaiserschmarrn is a compound of the words Kaiser (emperor) and Schmarren (a scrambled or shredded dish). Schmarren is also a colloquialism used in Austrian and Bavarian to mean trifle, mishmash, mess, rubbish, nonsense. The word Schmarren may be related to scharren (to scrape) and schmieren (to smear [see schmear]).

Description
Kaiserschmarrn is a light, caramelized pancake made from a sweet batter using flour, eggs, sugar, salt, and milk, fried in butter. Kaiserschmarrn can be prepared in different ways. When making Kaiserschmarrn the egg whites are usually separated from the yolk and beaten until stiff; then the flour and the yolks are mixed with sugar, and the other ingredients are added, including: nuts, cherries, plums, apple jam, or small pieces of apple, or caramelized raisins and slivered almonds. The latter ingredients (nuts, cherries, plums, apple jam, or small pieces of apple, or caramelized raisins and chopped almonds) are not part of the original recipe, but additions made by cooks based on their personal preferences. The original recipe only includes rum-soaked raisins.

The pancake is shredded using two forks during frying and usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, then served hot with apple or plum sauce or various fruit compotes, including plum, lingonberry, strawberry, or apple. Kaiserschmarrn is eaten like a dessert, or it can also be eaten for lunch at tourist places like mountainside restaurants and taverns in the Austrian Alps, as a filling meal.

Traditionally, Kaiserschmarrn is accompanied with Zwetschgenröster, a fruit compote made out of plums.

Varieties
Like the closely related dish Sterz, the Schmarrn is derived from the simple but hearty cuisine of the alpine regions. A number of varieties exist, including Erdäpfelschmarrn (with potatoes), Äpfelschmarrn (with apples) or Kirschschmarren (with cherries), usually prepared on an open fireplace of a so-called Rauchkuchl. The Kaiserschmarrn is simply a more refined and richer version of this former staple food, which sometimes consisted of only flour and lard.

History

It is generally agreed that the dish was first prepared for the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph I (1830–1916). There are several stories. One apocryphal story involves the Emperor and his wife, Elisabeth of Bavaria, of the House of Wittelsbach. Obsessed with maintaining a minimal waistline, the Empress Elisabeth directed the royal chef to prepare only light desserts for her, much to the consternation and annoyance of her notoriously austere husband. Upon being presented with the chef's confection, she found it too rich and refused to eat it. The exasperated Francis Joseph quipped, "Now let me see what 'Schmarren' our chef has cooked up." It apparently met his approval as he finished his and even his wife's serving.

Another popular tale is that his wife was a poor cook and was not adept at flipping a pancake. She decided to play to her strengths and shred the pancakes instead and would serve them up to the Kaiser on a regular basis with jam. He liked them with jam. It was his favourite dessert.

title: Kaiserschmarrn


text:
History of the Jews in Cuba

Jewish Cubans, Cuban Jews, or Cubans of Jewish heritage, have lived in the nation of Cuba for centuries. Some Cubans trace Jewish ancestry to Marranos (forced converts to Christianity) who came as colonists, though few of these practice Judaism today. The majority of Cuban Jews are descended from European Jews who immigrated in the early 20th century. More than 24,000 Jews lived in Cuba in 1924, and still more immigrated to the country in the 1930s. Following the 1959 communist revolution, 94% of the country's Jews emigrated, most of them to the United States. In 2007 an estimated 1,500 known Jewish Cubans remained in the country, overwhelmingly located in Havana. Several hundred have since immigrated to Israel. Considered one of the most important Latin American Jewish sites, Beth Shalom Temple is the epicenter for current Jewish life in Cuba and still conducts weekly Shabbat services.

In addition to the descendants of Cuban Jews living in the United States, there is also a significant population which claims descent from non-Cuban Jews and from Cuban gentiles.

Before the Cuban Revolution

Cuban Jewish history possibly begins in 1492 with the arrival of the second expedition of Christopher Columbus to the Americas. Columbus was accompanied on that voyage by interpreter Luis de Torres, who may have been a Jewish converso. Some Jews fleeing Portuguese-ruled Brazil in the 17th century settled in Cuba and despite inquisitions and persecutions, Jewish merchants based in Cuba engaged in flourishing international trade in the 17th and 18th centuries. However, the contemporary Jewish community does not represent a line of continuity with Jews who settled in Cuba in the 17th and 18th centuries. It began to form after Cuba gained independence from Spain following the Spanish–American War of 1898. At the end of the 19th century, American Jewish businessmen and war veterans began to settle on the island. They engaged in import and export as well as sugar and tobacco farming. In 1904, they founded Union Hebrew Congregation and in 1906 a Jewish cemetery was established. In the early 20th century, Sephardi Jewish immigrants from the Ottoman Empire began to arrive and in 1914, they established their own community organization, Union Hebrea Shevet Achim. Most of the Sephardi immigrants arrived poor and turned to peddling or managed to build small businesses.

In 1920, Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe began arriving. By 1924 there were 24,000 Jews in Cuba, with many working in its garment industry. For most Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, Cuba was merely a transit point on their way to the United States. Most of those who arrived between 1920 and 1923 had left by 1925. However, the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, which severely curtailed Jewish immigration to the United States, left thousands of Jewish immigrants now unable to proceed to the United States, and as a result they settled permanently in Cuba, a good deal residing in Parque Central, Havana. Throughout the rest of the 1920s and 1930s, thousands of Jewish immigrants continued to enter Cuba from Europe, largely as a result of Nazi and fascist persecution (see also MS St. Louis). The Jewish immigrants from Europe came during an economic downturn and found it difficult to integrate into a country lacking industry and inundated with cheap labor from Haiti and many turned to peddling to make ends meet. Jewish refugees from Antwerp introduced the diamond polishing industry to Cuba during World War II, establishing 24 plants in one year. With the growth of the Jewish community, various Jewish communal organizations emerged. The main communal body of the Eastern European Jewish immigrants was the Centro Israelita, and during the 1920s it came to offer a range of activities and services from welfare assistance, a clinic, a library, a language school, a student center, and a drama club. The Cuban Jewish community split into three sectors: Americans, Sephardim, and Ashkenazim, each with its own cemetery and communal activities. The Jews' economic situation gradually improved and by 1959 the Jewish working class had nearly disappeared.

After the Cuban Revolution
In the aftermath of the revolution, nearly 95% of the Jewish population left Cuba for the United States, many settling in Miami. By September 1960, as many as 3,000 Jews had already departed Cuba and approximately 1,500 remained by 1997. Additionally, between the years 1948 and 1997, 661 Cuban Jews immigrated to Israel and in 1999 another 400 Cuban Jews departed for Israel as well.

Many Jews were initially sympathetic to the Cuban Revolution of 1959 under Fidel Castro, seeing the change in leadership as an opportunity to rid Cuba of the corruption that was associated with the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. In the early stages of the revolution, it was not evident that Castro's plans were to ally Cuba with the communist bloc. As Castro's plans became clear, Jewish Cubans who had emigrated from Eastern and Central Europe became increasingly concerned with the impending revolution, as a result of their prior experience with religious intolerance associated with Leninist policies and Bolshevik Russia. During the earliest days of the revolution, the most paramount concern for the Jewish Cuban population was the nationalization of industry and agriculture and the laws which supported it. These measures include the first and second Agrarian Reform Laws, Law 851, and the First Urban Reform Law. The Agrarian Reform Laws of 1959 and 1963 caused strife amongst Jewish landowners and farmers, as the government began eradicating all landed estates and foreign-owned land, in addition to nationalizing all properties and buildings exceeding 67 hectares. Law 851 sparked the nationalization of business and industry within Cuba, beginning with foreign-owned businesses. It entailed the expropriation of Cuban property, not owned by leaders of a previous government, for the first time in Cuba's history. This ranged from large to medium sized businesses, including distilleries, factories, and department stores. Finally, the First Urban Reform Law stripped Jews of their property rental business by turning ownership to tenants and creating longterm rent-free leases. This law also made it illegal to privately rent or sublet properties.

Measures such as the second Urban reform law permitted the Cuban government to seize the property and assets of those who immigrated to the island. In a 2011 survey of Jews living in Cuba, one respondent described the experience of religious Jews during the socio-political environment of the post-Revolutionary period: "People were not persecuted because they practiced religion, but if you wanted to be a member of the Communist Party, or go to university, it was necessary not to be a believer. The same happened to Catholics and to those of other faiths." The language used to describe Jews included, “Judio” for children who were not baptized, “Turquista”, and "Polaco" or "Polaquito" which were synonymous with Jew, regardless of their country of origin. Lastly, during their emigration from Cuba to Israel, Jews were marked as "repatriado" (repatriated) on their passport rather than "gusanos" (worms) as an emigration distinction. This was meant to indicate that those Jews departing for Israel to be “repatriated to their home country”, though few Jews who immigrated to Cuba were actually Israeli.

In 1959, the government declared that the revolution would be a socialist movement and that Cuba would become an atheist state. This shunning of religion helped shaped the religious identity of Jews who remained in Cuba, as well as the exiles who immigrated to the United States, Israel, and other areas throughout North, South, and Central America. The Jewish Cuban identity was morphed by a variety of revolutionary influences, but particularly the bias against those who practiced faith. Those who remained in Cuba either shied away from participation in the revolution or chose to abandon their Jewish identity altogether in order to do the opposite. Up until 1992 when Cuba had adjusted its constitution to reflect that the country was no longer an atheist state but rather secular or "la apertura", Jews had largely discarded their uniquely Jewish practices and abandoned community gathering at places such as El Patrono community center and Chevet Ahim synagogue. For many Cuban Jews, eating Matzo, an unleavened bread eaten during the celebration of Passover, was the only practice they had maintained.

Three of the ten original members of the Cuban Communist Party were Jewish including Fabio Grobart, Manuel (Stolik) Novigrod, and Enrique Oltuski. Fabio Grobart, whose original name was Abraham Simchowitz, immigrated from Poland to Cuba at the age of 19 and brought along with him knowledge of the radical leftist movements from Eastern Europe. He joined the Cuban Communist Party in 1925 and was one of Castro's closest constituents as a member of the party's Central Committee. He represented the party in communist ideology, as he had the ability to translate the readings of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels from Russian and German to Spanish. Manuel (Stolik) Novigrod was born into a family of Jewish communists and fought directly alongside Castro against Bautista's forces in the Sierra Maestra Mountains. One year after his parents' immigration from Poland, Enrique Oltuski was born in Cuba in 1930. His collaboration with Ernesto "Che" Guevara while representing Las Villas as its leader of the 26th of July Movement enabled him to ascend to highest-ranking Jew in the revolutionary government. Following the revolution, Oltuski was relied on, acting as the vice minister of the fishing industry, as well as working with the Ministry of Culture in order to maintain a historical account of the revolution.

In February 2007 The New York Times estimated that there were about 1,500 known Jews living in Cuba, most of them (about 1,100) living in Havana. Cuba has one kosher butcher shop on the entire island. For a time it had no rabbi, but by 2007, one was based in a Havana synagogue. He often encourages visiting Jewish peoples to give tzedakah (charity) for the Jewish Cubans and for Israel. Alan Gross traveled to Cuba to help the small Jewish community, but he was detained in Cuba from 2009 to 2014. Some Jewish Americans originally from Cuba are also fierce critics of the Cuban government, such as former Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen. Israel also continues to have an embargo against Cuba.

Adath Israel is the only nominally Orthodox synagogue remaining in Cuba. There are two other synagogues in Havana, in addition to a few other Cuban cities. In December 2006, the Cuban Jewish community celebrated its 100th anniversary.

Cuban Jews in the United States
Because South Florida and New York City have large Jewish and Cuban populations, a significant number of people in these areas claim descent from American Jews and Cuban-Americans, usually Catholic non-Jews. Americans of Jewish and Cuban descent (whether or not their ancestors were Cuban Jews specifically) sometimes refer to themselves as Jubans (or Jewbans or Jewbanos), a portmanteau of the words "Jew" and "Cuban".

In 1999, actor and playwright Frank Speiser debuted his one-man play Jewbano about growing up Jewish and Cuban in Brooklyn.

Although primarily used in a positive sense, the term "Jewban" has sometimes been misinterpreted as an antisemitic political statement (i.e., advocating a "ban" on Jews). In 2003 the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles attempted to withdraw a "JEWBAN" vanity plate which had previously been issued to Tabares Gomer, a Jewish Cuban, arguing that the plate could be considered antisemitic. The department later relented and permitted Gomer to keep the license plate.

title: History of the Jews in Cuba


text:
Talk:Ornithine

Polyamines pathway
im working on the polyamines pathway, and i wanted to know if we can dansylate and quantify L-ornithine by tlc. Each concentration of dansyl chlorid, of ornithine. is ornithine can have a spontaneous cyclisation.

Removed line
I removed the line " It is believed not to be a part of genetic code because polypeptides containing unprotected ornithines undergo spontaneous lactamization" because it is misleading and confusing. Ornithine is not part of the genetic code because it is an amino acid, whereas the genetic code is made up of nucleic acids. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.84.160.177 (talk) 14:22, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

pKa
Hi, I have an issue with the pKa listed on the properties tab. This is listed as having a really acidic pKa. While that is the case for the carboxy terminus, the side chain has a pKa of 10.29. Can we clarify this section? Pjlmac (talk) 04:31, 23 September 2018 (UTC)

Etymology/discovery
If this article purports to be properly encyclopedic, why does the current version fail to address the etymology of this word, as well as the discovery of this compound? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 23:36, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ornithine


text:
Talk:Bill Thompson (voice actor)

The Old Timer
Don Thompson, the brother of Bill Thompson, sent an e-mail stating that his brother initiated the character of the Old Timer in Fibber McGee and Molly whereas our article stated that Cliff Arquette allegedly originated the role. As our claim was weak, it has been removed. Capitalistroadster 06:23, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bill Thompson (voice actor)


text: Talk:Dickie Thon

title: Talk:Dickie Thon


text:
Duncan's new multiple range test

In statistics, Duncan's new multiple range test (MRT) is a multiple comparison procedure developed by David B. Duncan in 1955. Duncan's MRT belongs to the general class of multiple comparison procedures that use the studentized range statistic qr to compare sets of means.

David B. Duncan developed this test as a modification of the Student–Newman–Keuls method that would have greater power. Duncan's MRT is especially protective against false negative (Type II) error at the expense of having a greater risk of making false positive (Type I) errors. Duncan's test is commonly used in agronomy and other agricultural research.

The result of the test is a set of subsets of means, where in each subset means have been found not to be significantly different from one another.

This test is often followed by the Compact Letter Display (CLD) methodology that renders the output of such test much more accessible to non-statistician audiences.

Definition
Assumptions:

1.A sample of observed means $$ m_{1},m_{2},...,m_{n} $$, which have been drawn independently from n normal populations with "true" means, $$ \mu_{1},\mu_{2},...,\mu_{n} $$  respectively.

2.A common standard error $$\sigma $$. This standard error is unknown, but there is available the usual estimate $$s_{m}$$, which is independent of the observed means and is based on a number of degrees of freedom, denoted by $$n_{2}$$. (More precisely, $$S_{m}$$, has the property that $$ \frac{n_{2}\cdot S_{m}^2}{\sigma^2_{m}} $$ is distributed as $$\chi^2$$ with $$n_2$$ degrees of freedom, independently of sample means).

The exact definition of the test is:

The difference between any two means in a set of n means is significant provided the range of each and every subset which contains the given means is significant according to an $$\alpha_{p}$$ level range test where $$\alpha_p=1-\gamma_p$$, $$\gamma_p =(1-\alpha)^{(p-1)}$$ and $$p$$ is the number of means in the subset concerned.

Exception: The sole exception to this rule is that no difference between two means can be declared significant if the two means concerned are both contained in a subset of the means which has a non-significant range.

Procedure
The procedure consists of a series of pairwise comparisons between means. Each comparison is performed at a significance level $$ \alpha_{p}$$, defined by the number of means separating the two means compared ($$\alpha_p$$ for $$p-2$$ separating means). The test are performed sequentially, where the result of a test determines which test is performed next.

The tests are performed in the following order: the largest minus the smallest, the largest minus the second smallest, up to the largest minus the second largest; then the second largest minus the smallest, the second largest minus the second smallest, and so on, finishing with the second smallest minus the smallest.

With only one exception, given below, each difference is significant if it exceeds the corresponding shortest significant range; otherwise it is not significant. Where the shortest significant range is the significant studentized range, multiplied by the standard error. The shortest significant range will be designated as $$ R_{(p,\alpha)} $$, where $$p$$ is the number means in the subset. The sole exception to this rule is that no difference between two means can be declared significant if the two means concerned are both contained in a subset of the means which has a non-significant range.

An algorithm for performing the test is as follows:

1.Rank the sample means, largest to smallest. 2. For each $$m_{i}$$ sample mean, largest to smallest, do the following: 2.1 for each sample mean, (denoted $$m_{j}$$), for smallest up to $$ m_{(i-1)} $$. 2.1.1 compare $$ m_i -m_j $$ to critical value $$ \sigma_m \cdot R_{(p,\alpha)} $$,$$ P=i-j, \alpha=\alpha_p $$ 2.1.2 if $$m_i-m_j$$ does not exceed the critical value, the subset $$ (m_j, m_{j+1},...,m_{I}) $$ is declared not significantly different: 2.1.2.1 Go to next iteration of loop 2. 2.1.3 Otherwise, keep going with loop 2.1

Critical values
Duncan's multiple range test makes use of the studentized range distribution in order to determine critical values for comparisons between means. Note that different comparisons between means may differ by their significance levels- since the significance level is subject to the size of the subset of means in question.

Let us denote $$Q_{(p,\nu,\gamma_{(p,\alpha)})}$$ as the $$\gamma_{\alpha}$$ quantile of the studentized range distribution, with p observations, and $$\nu$$ degrees of freedom for the second sample (see studentized range for more information). Let us denote $$r_{(p,\nu,\alpha)}$$ as the standardized critical value, given by the rule:

If p=2

$$r_{(p,\nu,\alpha)}= Q_{(p,\nu,\gamma_{(p,\alpha)})}$$

Else

$$r_{(p,\nu,\alpha)}= max(  Q_{(p,\nu,\gamma_{(p,\alpha)})}, r_{(p-1,\nu,\alpha)}    )$$

The shortest critical range, (the actual critical value of the test) is computed as : $$R_{(p,\nu,\alpha)}=\sigma_{m} \cdot r_{(p,\nu,\alpha)}$$. For $$\nu$$->∞, a tabulation exists for an exact value of Q (see link). A word of caution is needed here: notations for Q and R are not the same throughout literature, where Q is sometimes denoted as the shortest significant interval, and R as the significant quantile for studentized range distribution (Duncan's 1955 paper uses both notations in different parts).

Numeric example
Let us look at the example of 5 treatment means:

With a standard error of $$s_m =1.796$$, and $$\nu=20$$ (degrees of freedom for estimating the standard error). Using a known tabulation for Q, one reaches the values of $$r_{(p,\nu,\alpha)}$$:

$$r_{(2,20,0.05)}=2.95$$

$$r_{(3,20,0.05)}=3.10$$

$$r_{(4,20,0.05)}=3.18$$

$$r_{(5,20,0.05)}=3.25$$

Now we may obtain the values of the shortest significant range, by the formula:

$$R_{(p,\nu,\alpha)}=\sigma_{m}* r_{(p,\nu,\alpha)}$$

Reaching:

$$R_{(2,20,0.05)}=3.75$$

$$R_{(3,20,0.05)}=3.94$$

$$R_{(4,20,0.05)}=4.04$$

$$R_{(5,20,0.05)}=4.13$$

Then, the observed differences between means are tested, beginning with the largest versus smallest, which would be compared with the least significant range $$ R_{(5,20,0.05)}=4.13. $$ Next, the difference of the largest and the second smallest is computed and compared with the least significant difference $$R_{(4,20,0.05)}=4.04$$.

If an observed difference is greater than the corresponding shortest significant range, then we conclude that the pair of means in question is significantly different. If an observed difference is smaller than the corresponding shortest significant range, all differences sharing the same upper mean are considered insignificant, in order to prevent contradictions (differences sharing the same upper mean are shorter by construction).

For our case, the comparison will yield:

$$4 vs. 1: 21.6-9.8=11.8 >4.13 (R_5)$$

$$4 vs. 5: 21.6-10.8=10.8>4.04 (R_4)$$

$$4 vs. 2: 21.6-15.4=6.2>3.94 (R_3)$$

$$4 vs. 3: 21.6-17.6=4.0>3.75 (R_2)$$

$$3 vs. 1:17.6-9.8=7.8>4.04 (R_4)$$

$$3 vs. 5:17.6-10.8=6.8>3.94 (R_3)$$

$$3 vs. 2: 17.6-15.4=2.2<3.75 (R_2)$$

$$2 vs. 1:15.4-9.8=5.6>3.94 (R_3)$$

$$2 vs. 5:15.4-10.8=4.6>3.75 (R_2)$$

$$5 vs.1 :10.8-9.8=1.0<3.75 (R_2) $$

We see that there are significant differences between all pairs of treatments except (T3,T2) and (T5,T1). A graph underlining those means that are not significantly different is shown below:

T1      T5                                             T2              T3                                        T4

Protection and significance levels based on degrees of freedom
The new multiple range test proposed by Duncan makes use of special protection levels based upon degrees of freedom. Let  $$ \gamma_{2,\alpha} = {1-\alpha} $$ be the protection level for testing the significance of a difference between two means; that is, the probability that a significant difference between two means will not be found if the population means are equal. Duncan reasons that one has p-1 degrees of freedom for testing p ranked mean, and hence one may conduct p-1 independent tests, each with protection level $$ \gamma_{2,\alpha} = {1-\alpha} $$. Hence, the joint protection level is:

$$ \gamma_{p,\alpha} = \gamma_{2,\alpha}^{p-1} = (1-\alpha)^{p-1}$$ where $$ \alpha _p = 1-\gamma_p$$

that is, the probability that one finds no significant differences in making p-1 independent tests, each at protection level $$ \gamma_{2,\alpha} = {1-\alpha} $$, is $$  \gamma_{2,\alpha}^{p-1} $$, under the hypothesis that all p population means are equal. In general: the difference between any two means in a set of n means is significant provided the range of each and every subset, which contains the given means, is significant according to an $$\alpha_p$$ –level range test, where p is the number of means in the subset concerned.

For $$ \alpha = 0.05 $$, the protection level can be tabulated for various value of r as follows:

Note that although this procedure makes use of the Studentized range, his error rate is neither on an experiment-wise basis (as with Tukey's) nor on a per- comparisons basis. Duncan's multiple range test does not control the family-wise error rate. See Criticism Section for further details.

Duncan Bayesian multiple comparison procedure
Duncan (1965) also gave the first Bayesian multiple comparison procedure, for the pairwise comparisons among the means in a one-way layout. This multiple comparison procedure is different for the one discussed above.

Duncan's Bayesian MCP discusses the differences between ordered group means, where the statistics in question are pairwise comparison (no equivalent is defined for the property of a subset having 'significantly different' property).

Duncan modeled the consequences of two or more means being equal using additive loss functions within and across the pairwise comparisons. If one assumes the same loss function across the pairwise comparisons, one needs to specify only one constant K, and this indicates the relative seriousness of type I to type II errors in each pairwise comparison.

A study, which performed by Juliet Popper Shaffer (1998), has shown that the method proposed by Duncan, modified to provide weak control of FWE and using an empirical estimate of the variance of the population means, has good properties both from the Bayesian point of view, as a minimum- risk method, and from the frequentist point of view, with good average power.

In addition, results indicate considerable similarity in both risk and average power between Duncan's modified procedure and the Benjamini and Hochberg (1995) False discovery rate -controlling procedure, with the same weak family-wise error control.

Criticism
Duncan's test has been criticised as being too liberal by many statisticians including Henry Scheffé, and John W. Tukey. Duncan argued that a more liberal procedure was appropriate because in real world practice the global null hypothesis H0 = "All means are equal" is often false and thus traditional statisticians overprotect a probably false null hypothesis against type I errors. According to Duncan, one should adjust the protection levels for different p-mean comparisons according to the problem discussed. The example discussed by Duncan in his 1955 paper is of a comparison of many means (i.e. 100), when one is interested only in two-mean and three-mean comparisons, and general p-mean comparisons (deciding whether there is some difference between p-means) are of no special interest (if p is 15 or more for example). Duncan's multiple range test is very “liberal” in terms of Type I errors. The following example will illustrate why:

Let us assume one is truly interested, as Duncan suggested, only with the correct ranking of subsets of size 4 or below. Let us also assume that one performs the simple pairwise comparison with a protection level $$ \gamma_2 =0.95 $$. Given an overall set of 100 means, let us look at the null hypotheses of the test:

There are $$ 100\choose2 $$ null hypotheses for the correct ranking of each 2 means. The significance level of each hypothesis is $$ 1-0.95 = 0.05 $$

There are $$ 100\choose3$$  null hypotheses for the correct ranking of each 3 means. The significance level of each hypothesis is $$ 1- (0.95)^2=0.097 $$

There are $$ 100\choose4$$  null hypotheses for the correct ranking of each 4 means. The significance level of each hypothesis is $$ 1- (0.95)^3=0.143 $$

As we can see, the test has two main problems, regarding the type I errors:
 * 1) Duncan’s tests is based on the Newman–Keuls procedure, which does not protect the family-wise error rate (though protecting the per-comparison alpha level)
 * 2) Duncan’s test intentionally raises the alpha levels (Type I error rate) in each step of the Newman–Keuls procedure (significance levels of $$ \alpha_p\geq\alpha $$).

Therefore, it is advised not to use the procedure discussed.

Duncan later developed the Duncan–Waller test which is based on Bayesian principles. It uses the obtained value of F to estimate the prior probability of the null hypothesis being true.

Different approaches to the problem
If one still wishes to address the problem of finding similar subsets of group means, other solutions are found in literature.

Tukey's range test is commonly used to compare pairs of means, this procedure controls the family-wise error rate in the strong sense.

Another solution is to perform Student's t-test of all pairs of means, and then to use FDR Controlling procedure (to control the expected proportion of incorrectly rejected null hypotheses).

Other possible solutions, which do not include hypothesis testing, but result in a partition of subsets include Clustering & Hierarchical Clustering. These solutions differ from the approach presented in this method:
 * By being distance/density based, and not distribution based.
 * Needing a larger group of means, in order to produce significant results or working with the entire data set.

title: Duncan's new multiple range test


text:
Talk:Forrest Tucker

Improvements to article
The lede is supposed to want you to read on and give a overview. The account of how he got started is referenced. The stories about his, well you know,are part of what makes him notable and there are abundant reverences.Overagainst (talk) 09:17, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I see you've re-added your contributions that I had reverted, this time putting in some references. However, you still have material that is unsourced or unreliably sourced; reads like a review; and contains effusive language such as puffery and editorializing. According to MOS:LEAD, "Consideration should be given to creating interest in reading more of the article, but the lead should not 'tease' the reader by hinting at content that follows. Instead, the lead should be written in a clear, accessible style with a neutral point of view; it should ideally contain no more than four well-composed paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate." Also, while I am certainly not suggesting information be censored, I find it hard to see how a fixation on Tucker's penis size is notable or particularly relevant compared to his body of work in films, television, and stage. It would be different of he were a pornographic film actor, where his penis would be featured. Why don't you think about the remarks I've made here, read some of the guidelines I've linked, and see if you can improve your additions with more complete references and encyclopedic style. --hulmem (talk) 01:59, 15 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Tucker was well-known in his day for his ginormous schlong. Seems relevant to me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.166.163.235 (talk) 19:47, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Forrest Tucker


text:
User talk:Momo21~enwiki

Welcome, from Journalist
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title: User talk:Momo21~enwiki


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List of flags of Ireland

This is a list of flags which have been, or are still today, used in Ireland.

Island of Ireland
The following flags have been used to represent the island of Ireland as a whole, either officially or unofficially.

title: List of flags of Ireland