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Lego Adventurers

Lego Adventurers (stylized as LEGO Adventurers) was a Lego theme based on an early 20th century 'explorer' concept. It centred around the main character named Johnny Thunder and a team of explorers who go on adventures. Unlike other Lego themes, which take place in a fictional "Lego Universe", most of the Adventurers sets took places in real-world locations, such as Egypt, the Amazon rainforest, the Himalayas, India, and China. The only fictional sub-theme took place on an island where prehistoric creatures still lived. The theme was first introduced in 1998. The product line was discontinued in 2003 and replaced with the Lego Pharaoh's Quest theme in 2011.

Overview
The product line centered around early 20th century exploration and involved the characters exploring new areas and going on adventures. It focused on a character named Johnny Thunder. It began in 1998 with a desert theme, which involved the character searching for the pharaoh's ruby in Egypt. The Adventurers toy sets were the first to include sand-coloured parts. Johnny Thunder was accompanied by several other characters, including Miss Pippin Reed, Dr. Kilroy, and a daredevil pilot named Harry Cane. These characters were pursued by the evil villains Slyboots and Baron Von Barron. In 1999, the theme moved from the Egyptian desert to the Amazonian jungle. The storyline involved a race to obtain a sun disc from a mystical figure named Achu. The antagonists were changed to Senor Palomar and Rudo Villano. These Adventurers jungle toy sets were the first to include a Lego blimp (set number: 5956).

In 2000, Johnny Thunder reappeared in a product line named Dino Island. The pilot character Harry Cane was replaced by a dinosaur expert named Mike. The evil character Baron Von Barron, now renamed "Sam Sinister", reappeared alongside his new cohorts Mr. Cunningham and Alexia Sinister. The storyline centered around the villains attempting to capture dinosaurs from an island. In 2003, Johnny Thunder returned in a product line named Orient Expedition, which centered on a journey across Asia. The storyline involved the team travelling to various countries in search of Marco Polo's treasure, the Golden Dragon.

Adventurers

 * Johnny Thunder: The leading man in the Lego Adventurers line. He is Australian and is a daring, compassionate archaeologist. He sports a khaki shirt with a red bandanna, black legs, and a bush hat. He was formerly known as "Sam Grant" in the UK and "Joe Freemann" in Germany.
 * Dr. Kilroy: One of Johnny Thunder's companions on his epic adventures. He is a professor and is Johnny's uncle, but like a father figure to him. He sports a pith helmet, a white shirt with a red bow-tie, and green legs. He was formerly known as "Dr. Charles Lightning" in North America and "Professor Articus" in Germany, as well as "Professor Titus" during the Dino Island subtheme.
 * Pippin Reed: The female companion of Johnny Thunder who is a budding journalist, recording all of the adventures. She sports a green jacket, red legs, and either a pith helmet or pilot helmet. She was formerly known as "Gail Storm" in North America and "Linda Lovely" in Germany.
 * Harry Cane: A companion of Johnny Thunder who is an experienced pilot. He wears a pilot helmet with a brown leather jacket and black legs. He was formerly known as "Billy Speed" in Germany.
 * Mike: A young friend of Johnny Thunder who wants to adopt a baby T. rex.
 * Babloo: He is a young Indian boy trying to find the sunstone and save his village from the evil Maharaja Lallu.
 * Sangye Dorje: He is a sherpa with a lot of experience in the mountains.
 * Jing Lee: She is a Chinese freedom fighter who helps Johnny Thunder find the Golden Dragon.

Villains

 * Baron von Barron: The main villain in the Adventurers line, he seeks to take things he considers valuable, including trapping dinosaurs. He has a scarred face and sports a monocle, khaki shirt with holster, grey legs, epaulettes, and either a pith helmet, top hat, or pilot helmet. His left hand is a hook. He was formerly known as "Evil Eye" in the UK and "Mr. Hates" in Germany. He was later renamed "Lord Sam Sinister", which caused some confusion with the character of Sam Sinister (who largely disappeared from the Adventurers canon after the name change); during the Dino Island theme, he was also known as "Sam Sanister" in various countries.
 * Slyboots: The cohort of Baron von Barron; various publications differed on whether he was the boss or the henchman. One of the main villains, he dresses entirely in black and is a representation of the archetypal "villain". He wears glasses. He was formerly known as "Sam Sinister" in North America and "Lizard Boots" in the UK.
 * Señor Palomar: The main antagonist of the Amazon Jungle theme, who is seeking the Sun Disc for an unknown art collector. He was also known as "Señor Gomez" in the UK.
 * Rudo Villano: Señor Palomar's superstitious jungle guide. The name is composed of the Spanish words rudo (mean) and villano (villain). He was also known as "Max Villano" in the UK.
 * Alexia Sinister: The sister of Lord Sam Sinister, who helps him come up with his plans. She was also known as "Alexis Sanister" in various countries, with other sources combining the two spellings of her name.
 * Mr. Cunningham: A tough master of disguise working for Lord Sam Sinister. He is somewhat overweight.
 * Maharaja Lallu: The maharaja is a ruthless tyrant who plans on using the sunstone to take over Babloo's village.
 * Ngan Pa: He is a greedy and ruthless yeti hunter. He is happy to help Lord Sinister for a share of the treasure hidden in the mountains.
 * Emperor Chang Wu: He is a cruel and oppressive Chinese mandarin. He seized control of the city of Xi'an and rules it with an iron fist and a large force of bodyguards. He is known as "the false emperor" by those over whom he rules, such as Jing Lee. He is another of Lord Sinister's partners in crime.

Other characters

 * Pharaoh Hotep: The mummy who keeps the Re-Gou ruby and curses tomb robbers with bad jokes. He was also known as "Pharaoh Ramses" in Germany.
 * Gabarro: A sailor who works for both the adventurers and the villain Señor Palomar. In more recent publications, his name is written as "Gabarros".
 * Achu: A mysterious man in tribal clothing who guards the Sun Disc.

Construction sets
According to Bricklink, The Lego Group released 87 playsets and promotional polybags as part of the Lego Adventurers theme. The product line was eventually discontinued by the end of 2003.

Egypt
The first sub-theme starts off with Johnny and company in the deserts of Egypt. The main goal for Johnny is to explore the ancient egypt structures, and find the "Re-Gou ruby" before any of his enemies obtain it first. 25 sets and promotional polybags was released from 1998 to 1999.
 * Johnny Thunder (set number: 1094) was released on 1998. The set consists of 13 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Johnny Thunder.
 * Adventurers Raft (set number: 1182) was released on 1998. The set consists of 18 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Johnny Thunder.
 * Mummy and Cart (set number: 1183) was released on 1998. The set consists of 17 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Pharaoh Hotep.
 * Adventurers Car (set number: 2541) was released on 1998. The set consists of 24 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Baron von Barron.
 * Adventurers Aeroplane (set number: 2542) was released on 1998. The set consists of 21 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Harry Cane.
 * Desert Expedition (set number: 2879) was released on 1998. The set consists of 196 pieces with 4 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Baron von Barron, Dr. Charles Lightning, Harry Cane and Sam Sinister.
 * Adventurers Car (set number: 2995) was released on 1998. The set consists of 70 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Dr. Charles Lightning.
 * Adventurers Tomb (set number: 2996) was released on 1998. The set consists of 70 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Pharaoh Hotep and Sam Sinister.
 * Adventurers Plane (set number: 3022) was released on 1998. The set consists of 23 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Harry Cane.
 * Treasure Tomb (set number: 3722) was released on 1998. The set consists of 164 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Baron von Barron and Johnny Thunder.
 * Scorpion Tracker (set number: 5918) was released on 1998. The set consists of 35 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Johnny Thunder.
 * Bi-Wing Baron (set number: 5928) was released on 1998. The set consists of 70 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Baron von Barron.
 * Oasis Ambush (set number: 5938) was released on 1998. The set consists of 77 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Johnny Thunder and Sam Sinister.
 * Mummy's Tomb (set number: 5958) was released on 1998. The set consists of 260 pieces with 4 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Dr. Charles Lightning, Johnny Thunder, Pharaoh Hotep and Sam Sinister.
 * Sphinx Secret Surprise (set number: 5978) was released on 1998. The set consists of 347 pieces with 6 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Baron von Barron, Dr. Charles Lightning, Gail Storm, Johnny Thunder, Pharaoh Hotep and Sam Sinister.
 * The Temple of Anubis (set number: 5988) was released on 1998. The set consists of 711 pieces with 7 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Baron von Barron, Dr. Charles Lightning, Gail Storm, Harry Cane, Johnny Thunder, Pharaoh Hotep and Sam Sinister.

Jungle
The crew must search deep into the Amazon Jungle in order to discover the ancient ruins where the powerful "Sun Disc" lies. But they first have to get past their new enemies and the tribal chief "Achu". 10 sets and promotional polybags was released in 1999.
 * Jungle Surprise (set number: 1271) was released on 1999. The set consists of 33 pieces with 1 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigure of Gail Storm.
 * River Raft (set number: 5901) was released on 1999. The set consists of 19 pieces with 1 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigure of Rudo Villano.
 * Ruler of the Jungle (set number: 5906) was released on 1999. The set consists of 24 pieces with 1 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigure of Achu.
 * Pontoon Plane (set number: 5925) was released on 1999. The set consists of 72 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Harry Cane.
 * Spider's Secret (set number: 5936) was released on 1999. The set consists of 128 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Gail Storm and Señor Palomar.
 * Expedition Balloon (set number: 5956) was released on 1999. The set consists of 175 pieces with 4 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Dr. Charles Lightning, Harry Cane, Johnny Thunder and Rudo Villano.
 * River Expedition (set number: 5976) was released on 1999. The set consists of 318 pieces with 6 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Achu, Dr. Charles Lightning, Gabarro, Johnny Thunder, Rudo Villano and Señor Palomar.
 * Amazon Ancient Ruins (set number: 5986) was released on 1999. The set consists of 458 pieces with 6 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Achu, Dr. Charles Lightning, Gabarro, Gail Storm, Johnny Thunder and Señor Palomar.

Dino Island
The explorers discover a new mysterious island. In search of new adventure, the crew discovers that there are dinosaurs living on the island. They realize what fame they could have with this new discovery so they start researching the prehistoric animals. Unfortunately, Johnny's old enemies come along to capture and steal the dinosaurs from him. 17 sets and promotional polybags was released in 2000.
 * Johnny Thunder and Baby T (set number: 1278) was released on 2000. The set consists of 23 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Johnny Thunder.
 * Cunningham's Dinofinder (set number: 1279) was released on 2000. The set consists of 21 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Mr. Cunningham.
 * Microcopter (set number: 1280) was released on 2000. The set consists of 28 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Dr. Charles Lightning.
 * Mike's Dinohunter (set number: 1281) was released on 2000. The set consists of 24 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Mike.
 * Johnny Thunder's Plane (set number: 5911) was released on 2000. The set consists of 22 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Johnny Thunder.
 * Mike's Swamp Boat (set number: 5912) was released on 2000. The set consists of 19 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Mike.
 * Dr. Kilroy's Car (set number: 5913) was released on 2000. The set consists of 21 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Dr. Charles Lightning.
 * Sam Sanister and Baby T (set number: 5914) was released on 2000. The set consists of 21 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Baron von Barron.
 * Island Racer (set number: 5920) was released on 2000. The set consists of 50 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Baron von Barron.
 * Research Glider (set number: 5921) was released on 2000. The set consists of 57 pieces with 1 minifigure1. The set included Lego minifigure of Mike.
 * Dino Explorer (set number: 5934) was released on 2000. The set consists of 90 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Dr. Charles Lightning and Johnny Thunder.
 * Island Hopper (set number: 5935) was released on 2000. The set consists of 205 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Gail Storm.
 * All Terrain Trapper (set number: 5955) was released on 2000. The set consists of 185 pieces with 3 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Alexia Sinister, Baron von Barron and Mr. Cunningham.
 * T-Rex Transport (set number: 5975) was released on 2000. The set consists of 321 pieces with 5 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Alexia Sinister, Baron von Barron, Dr. Charles Lightning, Johnny Thunder and Mike.
 * Dino Research Compound (set number: 5987) was released on 2000. The set consists of 617 pieces with 6 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Baron von Barron, Dr. Charles Lightning, Gail Storm, Johnny Thunder, Mike and Mr. Cunningham.

Orient Expedition
The adventurers travel east to find the "Golden Dragon of Marco Polo" in China. Along the way, the crew comes across many new allies, enemies, and artifacts in the Himalayas and India. 20 sets and promotional polybags was released in 2003.
 * Johnny Thunder (set number: 3380) was released on 2003. The set consists of 6 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Johnny Thunder.
 * Sam Sinister (set number: 3381) was released on 2003. The set consists of 5 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Lord Sam Sinister.
 * China Girl (set number: 3382) was released on 2003. The set consists of 4 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Jing Lee.
 * Secret of the Tomb (set number: 7409) was released on 2003. The set consists of 42 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Lord Sam Sinister.
 * Jungle River (set number: 7410) was released on 2003. The set consists of 64 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Johnny Thunder.
 * Tygurah's Roar (set number: 7411) was released on 2003. The set consists of 87 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Dr. Kilroy.
 * Yeti's Hideout (set number: 7412) was released on 2003. The set consists of 107 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Pippin Reed.
 * Passage of Jun-Chi China (set number: 7413) was released on 2003. The set consists of 94 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Johnny Thunder.
 * Elephant Caravan (set number: 7414) was released on 2003. The set consists of 86 pieces with 3 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Babloo, Pippin Reed, and Lord Sam Sinister.
 * Aero Nomad (set number: 7415) was released on 2003. The set consists of 120 pieces with 2 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Dr. Kilroy and Johnny Thunder.
 * Emperor's Ship (set number: 7416) was released on 2003. The set consists of 177 pieces with 3 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of 2 Emperor Guards and Lord Sam Sinister.
 * Temple of Mount Everest (set number: 7417) was released on 2003. The set consists of 292 pieces with 4 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Johnny Thunder, Ngan Pa, Lord Sam Sinister and Sangye Dorje.
 * Scorpion Palace (set number: 7418) was released on 2003. The set consists of 341 pieces with 5 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Dr. Kilroy, Johnny Thunder, Maharaja Lallu, Lord Sam Sinister, Palace Guard.
 * Dragon Fortress (set number: 7419) was released on 2003. The set consists of 732 pieces with 9 minifigures. The set included Lego minifigures of Dr. Kilroy, Dragon Fortress Guardian, Emperor Chang Wu, 2 Emperor Guards, Pippin Reed, Jing Lee, Johnny Thunder and Lord Sam Sinister.
 * Thunder Blazer (set number: 7420) was released on 2003. The set consists of 69 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Johnny Thunder.
 * Red Eagle (set number: 7422) was released on 2003. 33 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Johnny Thunder.
 * Mountain Sleigh (set number: 7423) was released on 2003. The set consists of 30 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Dr. Kilroy.
 * Black Cruiser (set number: 7424) was released on 2003. 28 pieces with 1 minifigure. The set included Lego minifigure of Lord Sam Sinister.

Video games
Lego Adventurers make several crossovers into the video games such as cameo and playable characters.

Lego Island 2: The Brickster's Revenge
Lego Island 2: The Brickster's Revenge was a 2001 action-adventure video game developed by Silicon Dreams Studio and published by Lego Software. The video game's plot includes a segment where the player character Pepper Roni goes to Adventurers' Island, a location modeled after the Lego Adventurers theme and featuring characters including Johnny Thunder, Dr. Kilroy, Miss Pippin Read, Mr. Hates, and Achu.

Lego Racers
Lego Racers was a Lego-themed racing video game developed by High Voltage Software and published by Lego Media. Set in the fictional "Legoland" universe, the single-player mode follows various minifigure characters competing in a racing competition created by a fictional racing champion called Rocket Racer. In this video game, three racetracks are based upon the Lego Adventurers theme. Johnny Thunder and Baron von Barron are bosses while Pharaoh Hotep, Achu, Sam Sinister, and Gail Storm appear as additional racers.

Lego Racers 2
Lego Racers 2 was a Lego-themed racing video game developed by Attention to Detail, published by Lego Software and distributed in North America by Electronic Arts. It was first released in September 2001 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance. It is the sequel to the 1999 game Lego Racers. The Lego Adventurers characters and setting return in the Dino Island stage of Lego Racers 2, reflecting the then-ongoing sets.

Lego Universe
Lego Universe was a massively multiplayer online game that was available from October 2010 to January 2012. The game was developed by NetDevil and released on October 26, 2010. Johnny Thunder makes an appearance in Lego Universe as a non-playable character.

Lego Stunt Rally
Lego Stunt Rally was a Lego-themed racing video game for Microsoft Windows and Game Boy Color. Developed by Intelligent Games for PC and Graphic State for Game Boy Color and published by Lego Media, the game features a track editor that allows players to build single-player and multiplayer tracks. The Lego Adventurers characters make a guest appearance in the game's intro cutscene.

Football Mania
Football Mania (known as Soccer Mania outside Europe) was a Lego-themed sports game released in 2002 for the PlayStation 2, Microsoft Windows and Game Boy Advance. The Lego Adventurers characters can be found on various teams in Lego Football Mania, and several levels take place on fields inspired by Lego Adventurers sets.

Lego Legacy: Heroes Unboxed
Lego Legacy: Heroes Unboxed (2020) was developed by Gameloft. Lego Legacy: Heroes Unboxed was released exclusively for Microsoft Windows, Android and iOS devices on 27 February 2020. Johnny Thunder makes an appearance in the game.

Theme park attractions
In 2002, Jungle X-pedition was introduced to Legoland Deutschland Resort. The attraction featuring a log ride for guests of all ages ending in a 12-meter drop over a waterfall.

In 2008, Land of Adventure was launched at Legoland California in March 2008. The attraction was designed to replicate the 1920s in Egypt, drawing inspiration from the Lego Adventurers line (Egypt sub-theme). Also in this area is Beetle Bounce, Cargo Ace, Dune Raiders, Lost Kingdom Adventure and Pharaoh's Revenge.

In 2009, Laser Raiders was launched to Legoland Windsor Resort in March 2009. The attraction featuring an interactive dark ride through an Egyptian tomb where visitors shoot targets to gain points. Also in this area is Scarab Bouncers, Aero Nomad, Desert Chase and Thunder Blazer. The latter three rides are fairground based attractions such as a carousel and a Ferris wheel ride. It was later launched in 2011 at Legoland Florida and in September 2012 at Legoland Malaysia Resort. The attraction (It was also known as The Temple.) also was launched in 2019 at Legoland Billund Resort.

The Lego Movie
The theme's main character Johnny Thunder made an appearance in the 2014 film The Lego Movie and The Lego Movie Videogame.

Lego Minifigures
Lego Minifigures Series 19 (set number: 71025) was released on 1 September 2019 worldwide. The "Jungle Explorer" minifigure is a direct reference to Johnny Thunder and the Lego Adventurers theme. It also included a magnifying glass and backpack, and marks the first appearance of the new Lego chameleon piece..

Legacy
Stig Hjarvard remarked on the similarity of Johnny Thunder and the dinosaur hunting theme to Jurassic Park and opined that the Johnny Thunder series, amongst other unlicensed Lego product lines, "may be considered to be the forerunners of the subsequent licensing of a variety of media stories and characters."

title: Lego Adventurers


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Dukak

Dukak or Duqaq may refer to:

 * Tuqaq (died c. 924 AD), the father of Seljuq, eponymous founder of the Seljuk dynasty
 * Duqaq (Seljuk ruler of Damascus) (died 1104), the Seljuq ruler of Damascus from 1095 to 1104

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dukak


text: Category:Standards and measurement stubs


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EasyBus

easyBus is a EasyGroup company offering shuttle services between airports and city centers. It was founded by entrepreneur Stelios Haji-Ioannou in 2003. It initially also offered intercity services within the United Kingdom.

Foundation and early years
easyGroup first announced its intention to operate no frills express services in 2003, initially in competition with National Express along the London to Birmingham corridor. Operations began in August 2004, with a service between London and Milton Keynes introduced. To keep costs down easyBus originally used Hendon Central station in north London as its terminal point, with a journey time of 65 minutes and a single fare of £5. The threat of competition forced National Express to offer its own discounted fares to and from London, culminating in the introduction of a £1 single fare between Milton Keynes and London which Stelios claimed was intended to make his service non-profitable and force its withdrawal.

Shortly after this EasyBus launched a second route to Luton Airport in competition with National Express' Jetlink subsidiary. In Spring 2005 EasyBus changed its London terminus from Hendon to a more central location in Baker Street. The Milton Keynes service was withdrawn in February 2006, with services to Luton increased in frequency and the operational contract transferred to Arriva Shires & Essex.

The dedicated service to Luton was withdrawn in May 2007, with services combined with the existing Green Line service 757. A new service to London Stansted Airport began operation at the same time. In July 2008 further expansion was announced with the launch of a half-hourly service between Gatwick Airport and Fulham Broadway station.

Development since 2010
On 28 July 2010 an EasyBus Optare Soroco minibus overturned on the M25 motorway near the junction with the M23 in Surrey. A black car had lost control and had collided with the minibus, while it was carrying four passengers on a service from Gatwick Airport to London. One person became trapped in the vehicle and was cut free by fire crews. Four people were injured in the accident, including three passengers and the driver of the car. One woman was taken to St George's Hospital in Tooting with serious leg injuries. The other three were treated for less severe injuries at East Surrey Hospital, Redhill. The clockwise carriageway of the road between junctions 6 and 8 was closed for six hours following the crash, as was the slip road to the M23.

On 15 May 2015, EasyBus opened its second continental route in partnership with SARL Chamexpress and its Paris shuttle service from Paris city centre (Louvre) to Charles de Gaulle Airport.

In November 2015 EasyBus withdrew the Stansted to Old Street route, and stopped operating the Stansted to Victoria/Baker Street route using its own vehicles. Instead it acts as a re-seller for National Express services. Stelios Haji-Ioannou tried to object to Stansted offering this route to a rival in court, but was rejected.

On 30 September 2016, the aforementioned route between Paris-CDG and Paris city centre has been terminated. Two new EasyBus services commenced on 21 October 2016 serving Manchester Airport. One operated between Manchester Airport, the University of Manchester and Manchester city centre but was withdrawn on 14 November. The second operates from Telford via Shrewsbury, Oswestry, Wrexham and the outskirts of Chester. The Manchester Airport services are operated by Express Airport Transfers (Europe) Ltd set up by businessman Andrew Martin who licences the Easybus brand from Easy Group. On 14 May 2018 a new service commenced connecting Liverpool John Lennon Airport with Chester, Wrexham, Oswestry and Shrewsbury.

Network
As of 2024, easyBus operates airport bus transfers in the United Kingdom (5 airports) and Italy (3) as well as France, Spain, the Netherlands and Switzerland with one airport served in each country. Additional services are sold in cooperation with partner operators.

title: EasyBus


text:
Diane Delano

Diane Delano (born January 29, 1957 ) is an American character actress. She is known for her numerous roles in films and television, such as Sergeant Barbara Semanski on the CBS television series Northern Exposure and Roberta "Bobbi" Glass on The WB television series Popular.

Aside from Bobbi Glass and her twin sister Nurse Jessi Glass on Popular, she played the role of Hilda, an FBI agent hired to protect Sami Brady, on Days of Our Lives. She also provided the voice for Big Barda in Batman: The Brave and the Bold and the superheroine Pantha in Teen Titans.

title: Diane Delano


text:
Talk:Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics

Untitled
There are a few results that I don't have, please complete or provide the results, I will do the changes if necessary. The text is a translation of a new article in the French Wikipedia.Dingy 18:52, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071027152942/http://www.athletics.com.au/history/international/int19.htm to http://www.athletics.com.au/history/international/int19.htm

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"chasing the dragon"

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep (and merge). Eugene van der Pijll 21:48, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

"chasing the dragon"
Pure slang definition so it seems it would belong in Wikitionary if anywhere. Laura Scudder | Talk 18:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dicdef drugcruft. - Thatdog 19:01, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, notable smoking technique. Kappa 21:40, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into heroin. Nandesuka 00:01, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to List of street names of drugs or delete -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 00:11, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Vote changed to merge into Heroin. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 15:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into heroin. Alf 11:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Apis (deity)

Age
Can anyone confirm the age at which the Apis bull was killed?

It says 28 in this article, but Joseph Campbell says 25. On the web there seem to be more votes for 25, but I cannot find an original source.

 * Ruling out one source: Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt by Lionel Casson (my favourite historian) doesn't give the age. --Damate

 * Civilization before Greece and Rome by H.W.E. Saggs also doesn't say... --Damate

 * Citing Herodotus and [[Plutarch], Wilkinson states that the bull was killed at 25. (Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson, 2003. ISBN 0500051208.)

 * The lack of age, is because it is likely conjecture based on a single documented age at time of burial. Therefore the authors you approved of were not able to find a source and did not include such information. ~ This article is infuriating to me for the same reason. I learn some of these language things 20 years ago. And still have books to cite about the Bull Messenger of God. Because there were two divine bulls in each of two regions (See Narmer's Palette, with 4 different bulls, two per side) and a sun focus, perhaps they did it on the 11th or 21st year of life to match the sun cycles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.196.192.38 (talk) 05:04, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

Hieroglyphics
helpme This article is missing a heiroglyphic version of the god's name, but I'm not sure how the Wikipedia heiroglyph template works.
 * Wow, the talk pages for those heiroglyph templates (which should contain instructions) are just about worthless! My best suggestion is to look at other uses of the template and try to deduce what is done.  The Egyptian hieroglyphics page says that this code:

yields this:
 * So, realizing that I know nothing about heiroglyphs, my best guess for this article would be:

which yields:
 * I'll keep looking for an explanation of the }}. There they say, this was the usual way to write the name of Apis. They also show three alternative forms:

You can look at de:Apis (Ägyptische Mythologie) --Thw1309 17:55, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well done Thw. I finally found the help page for the hiero tags.  See Help:WikiHiero syntax. Hoof Hearted 18:45, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you sir (or madam)! Your help has been much appreciated!

The following Author by: Neil Sandage "nomen" is Latin. Mihi Nomen Es, "my name is". The Bull Hapi or Hep predates both the Greek and Latin languages. If you are going to use the Greek name for this Article, at least stick to one language. Apis is also a Greek word, for the Haapi-Anak Bull God. The Greeks insisted Man was more divine than the Cow. Latins gave us Bull Fighting with Spears. Greeks Vaulted the bull barehanded to prove themselves superior. So why the False latin "Nomen" which has nothing to do with the God or Argument about nature? 108.196.192.38 (talk) The Editor borrowed this from the German wiki, but the partial Hieroglyphic sample probably means "Named Male Son..." and not Apis(Greek) or Hapi(Ancient Aramaic) or Hep(Coptic Egyptian). 108.196.192.38 (talk)

 * Here is a Translation of the German Page.
 * "Apis ( ancient Egyptian Hep ; Coptic Sahidic Hape ; Coptic bohairisch Hapi [1] ; Aramaic H py, חפי) was the Greek name of the sacred bull of Memphis , as the embodiment of the god Ptah was worshiped."

Golden Calf
Is it possible that the "molten calf" or "golden calf" images described in Exodus 32 were representations of the Apis? Lacking any guidance, the Hebrew people may have reverted to Egyptian religions, which many probably practiced in deference to their captors. They weren't at all uniform in their worship of YHWH - something the Prophets preached against over and over again. Indeed, the God of Abraham may have been forgotten altogether until Moses came along. Virgil H. Soule (talk) 17:07, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

 * 108.196.192.38 (talk) wrote: There weren't uniform in their worship because the Bible started ABOUT 1600-1500BCE in Aramaic with the Minoan Volcano in Crete. Then Macedonian Hebrew est 200BCE (aka Mishnaic aka Rabbinic, Hebrew source Britannica) was when they began to invent a new name for God. nine or hebrew letter יהוה = YHWH does not appear before the Masoretic Text 500-1200AD (Earliest complete Torah dates from the 1100's). In Isaiah of the Dead Sea Scrolls god's name is phonetically "HaShem" and not appearance of Yahweh can be found. Either way there were two cows who personified God's Wisdom (Not God). = A male calf and a female mother. Perhaps the mother was the Angel who after the ethnic cleansing by Moses led the people guided by "Lord" Moses. 108.196.192.38 (talk)

Ka of Osiris
The 'Ka of Osiris' thing is complete rubbish and does not cite or link a source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.196.192.38 (talk) 22:29, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
 * True, much of it is apparently incorrect and all of it is unsourced, so I've removed the most dubious parts. But much of what you've just said on this talk page is equally sourceless and looks equally dubious. A. Parrot (talk) 22:51, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Not having a link and not knowing how to cite other than write Britannica, I posted it here instead of on the main page. What I would like to know is why did someone delete the quote I took from the Online Egyptian Museum at the bottom of the page. Academic use allows something like 250 words to be quoted without violating copyright. Both Source & Standard for future revisions of this page. 108.196.192.38 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 04:26, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I deleted it. Because Wikipedia's license allows article text to be copied very freely, its use of copyrighted text is highly restricted (see WP:Copy-paste for a short overview of how to treat copyrighted text). Short quotations are allowed, but what I deleted didn't look all that short to me. Anyway, there's no reason that this article can't paraphrase that text instead. A. Parrot (talk) 17:04, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 31 October 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: There is no consensus that the deity is the primary topic here. (non-admin closure) Cwmhiraeth (talk) 09:56, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

– Clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC with views greatly exceeding all other pages titled "Apis" and longterm mythological importance. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 14:20, 31 October 2019 (UTC) —Relisting. bd2412  T 02:42, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Apis (deity) → Apis
 * Apis → Apis (disambiguation)

 * Weak Support there's no page about the Honey bee titled Apis, which would be the only competitor to being a PT. power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 18:04, 31 October 2019 (UTC)
 * "No page titled" is an irrelvant argument for titling discussions. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:10, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose Apis (genus) is equally or more notable. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:09, 1 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The amount of people who use Apis (genus) to navigate to Honey bee is pretty low - around 7 on average daily. The vast majority of people most likely see Honey bee as the more obvious search term. If the article was at Apis (genus) I would most certainly agree... but it isn't.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 10:08, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose I don't think it meets the "much more likely than any other single topic" criterion wrt the genus. It's worth noting that the redirect Apis (insect) is only used in 5 articles including the dab page itself (also Beekeeping and 3 relatively obscure articles). This makes it almost like a WP:DABTEST. Based on |Apis_(insect) views, perhaps around 1 in 6 visitors to the dab page are clicking through to honeybees. That would be a pretty high ratio, considering many visits to dab pages end there, and don't click on any of the links. If anyone wants to measure the numbers more accurately, I'd encourage them to set up a proper dabtest (with unique redirects for at least the deity and genus). If clicks on the deity are "much more" than for the genus, I will happily admit I was wrong. Colin M (talk) 19:44, 1 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. Clear primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:33, 6 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose - the greater significance goes to honeybees due to them actually existing Red   Slash  00:24, 18 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not taking a position in this move discussion, but this response is just silly. By this argument, the Unicorn genus of spider would be more significant than unicorns. And besides, the Apis bulls literally existed—we have the mummified remains of some of them. A. Parrot (talk) 01:35, 18 November 2019 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, notability and primary topics are not determined by whether things "actually exist". That would, among other things, make Strategic Defense Initiative the primary topic for Star Wars, which is obviously not the case.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 08:02, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Apis (deity)


text:
Flaperon

A flaperon (a portmanteau of flap and aileron) on an aircraft's wing is a type of control surface that combines the functions of both flaps and ailerons. Some smaller kitplanes have flaperons for reasons of simplicity of manufacture, while some large commercial aircraft such as the Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787 may have a flaperon between the flaps and aileron. The 787 has a configuration known as a SpoileFlaperon that combines the action of spoilers, flaps and ailerons into one control surface.

Operation
In addition to controlling the roll or bank of an aircraft, as do conventional ailerons, both flaperons can be lowered together to reduce stall speed, similarly to a set of flaps.

On a plane with flaperons, the pilot still has the standard separate controls for ailerons and flaps, but the flap control also varies the flaperon's range of movement. A mechanical device called a "mixer" is used to combine the pilot's input into the flaperons. While the use of flaperons rather than ailerons and flaps might seem to be a simplification, some complexity remains through the intricacies of the mixer.

Some aircraft, such as the Denney Kitfox, suspend the flaperons below the wing (rather in the manner of slotted flaps) to provide undisturbed airflow at high angles of attack or low airspeeds. When the flaperon surface is hinged below the trailing edge of a wing, they are sometimes named "Junkers flaperons", from the doppelflügel (lit., "double wing") type of trailing edge surfaces used on a number of Junkers aircraft of the 1930s, such as the Junkers Ju 52 airliner, and the iconic Junkers Ju 87 Stuka World War II dive bomber.

Research
Research seeks to coordinate the functions of aircraft flight control surfaces (ailerons, elevators, elevons, flaps, and flaperons) so as to reduce weight, cost, drag, and inertia, and thereby achieve improved control response, reduced complexity, and reduced radar visibility for stealth purposes. Beneficiaries of such research might include drones (UAVs) and the latest fighter aircraft.

These research approaches include flexible wings and fluidics:

Flexible wings
In flexible wings, much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow. The X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing is a NASA effort. The Adaptive Compliant Wing is a military and commercial effort. This may be seen as a return to the wing warping used and patented by the Wright brothers.

Fluidics
In fluidics, forces in vehicles occur via circulation control, in which larger, more complex mechanical parts are replaced by smaller simpler fluidic systems (slots which emit air flows), where larger forces in fluids are diverted by smaller jets or flows of fluid intermittently, to change the direction of vehicles. In this use, fluidics promises lower mass and costs (as little as half), and very low inertia and response times, as well as simplicity.

title: Flaperon


text:
Rasim Ljajić

Rasim Ljajić (Расим Љајић, ; born 28 January 1964) is a Serbian politician who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia and the Minister of Trade, Tourism and Telecommunications from 27 July 2012 to 28 October 2020. He is the president of the Social Democratic Party of Serbia, elected from 21 January 2007. Ljajić was also the president of the National Council for Cooperation with the Hague Tribunal.

Education
Ljajić was born in Novi Pazar to a Bosniak Muslim family. After finishing high school, he graduated from the University of Sarajevo School of Medicine.

Political career
In 1990, Ljajić was elected Secretary General of the Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak as one of its founders, a branch of the SDA in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, aimed at gathering Bosniaks in Serbia. In 1993 he left the party and with dissidents formed the Sandžak Democratic Party, criticizing Sulejman Ugljanin for being an extremist and endorsing separatism from Yugoslavia in an effort to join an enlarged Bosnia dominated by Bosnian Muslims.

One of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia leaders, he became Minister of Human and Minority Rights in 2000 after the fall of Slobodan Milošević, and his mandate as a minister was extended in the rump DS-led 2001 government.

Ljajić is the long-term Head of the Coordination Team with the Hague Tribunal. In the 2003 parliamentary election he unsuccessfully led a "Together for Tolerance" coalition, along with Nenad Čanak of the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina and Jožef Kasa of the Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians. The coalition received 4.2% of the vote and did not pass the 5% threshold.

Personal life
Ljajić is an ethnic Bosniak. His relative and close friend Dževad Ljajić died in the military helicopter crash in Serbia on the night of 14 March 2015, which also claimed six other lives.

On 10 April 2022, Ljajić was seriously injured in a car accident on the Belgrade-Niš Highway near Ražanj. His associate and former MP Branko Gogić was killed in the accident.

title: Rasim Ljajić


text:
Talk:Harry Potter Culture

My only problem with merging with Harry Potter Fandom is the title of that page. A lot of what I wrote is about fandom, but I would hope it could describe people in broader terms. As can be seen just by the number of Harry Potter pages on Wikipedia, the Harry Potter books have impacted many more people than just those who have read them. For instance we have the shot in the arm for childrens litterature and the book business. The darkness of the books has given permission for adult ideas in other childrens books and media. Also J.K. Rowlings writing craft may give birth to many great writers from the ranks of her readers. --Gearspring 18:55, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that this page should be merged. Some of the info can go in the main Potter article, the rest is fandom.  Friday (talk) 14:58, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harry Potter Culture


text:
WCMU-TV

WCMU-TV (channel 14) is a PBS member television station in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, United States, owned by Central Michigan University. The station's studios are located on the CMU campus in Mount Pleasant, and its transmitter is located 3 mi west of Barryton, Michigan.

WCMU-TV operates three satellite stations: WCMW (channel 21) in Manistee (with transmitter northeast of Ludington), WCMV (channel 27) in Cadillac (with transmitter east of Kalkaska), and WCML (channel 6) in Alpena (with transmitter north of Atlanta, Michigan). Collectively branded as WCMU Public Media, the four stations cover an area spanning three television markets and small portions of several others.

Although Mount Pleasant is part of the Flint–Saginaw–Bay City market, the majority of WCMU Public Media's viewership is in the Traverse City–Cadillac and Alpena markets.

Satellite stations
WCMU-TV was previously relayed on W46AD in Traverse City and W69AV in Leland; however, the transmitters ceased operations before their licenses were canceled by the FCC on September 7, 2011.

WCML once carried the -TV suffix.

History
WCMU came to the air on March 29, 1967.

In January 2010, WCMU-TV began airing 24 hours a day, and launched an HD feed.

Acquisition of WFUM
On October 27, 2009, it was announced that the CMU Board of Trustees approved a proposal for CMU to acquire Flint, Michigan's PBS member station, WFUM (later WCMZ-TV), from the University of Michigan–Flint for a maximum of $1 million. The sale was approved by the FCC, allowing the network's presence to expand further south, not only including Flint, but also Ann Arbor and into Metro Detroit. The network provided at least secondary over-the-air coverage from far Northern Emmet County to northern Monroe County. While WFUM was folded into the CMU Public Television network, CMU vowed to include Flint-area events and issues in its programming, as well as produce new programming that would originate from the region. CMU believed the acquisition of WFUM will increase its viewership from 2.2 million to 8 million. CMU originally hinted that the takeover of WFUM would begin in late November, but WCMU took over operations of WFUM on January 15, 2010. The FCC approved the sale of WFUM in March and CMU officially took over in May at which point the call letters were changed to WCMZ-TV.

On February 8, 2017, Central Michigan University announced it will sell WCMZ-TV in the FCC spectrum auction for $14 million, claiming its viewers are already able to watch PBS on other nearby affiliates, namely Delta College's WDCQ-TV. It signed off on April 23, 2018.

WCML transmitter fire
On February 28, 2024, a fire broke out at the WCML transmitter building in Montmorency Township, knocking out over-the-air PBS service to northeast Michigan, along with radio sister WCML-FM (91.7). The transmitter building was a total loss, and both stations will be off the air for several months as a complete rebuild of the site will be required. Cable carriage and streaming of both stations are not impacted. On March 1, 2024, WCMU released an initial statement on their website, also reported on by 9&10 News, that stated the monitoring equipment for the WCML facility indicated a local utility power outage had occurred, causing the backup generator to activate. Early reports found that the generator failed, and caught the building on fire, based upon what info WCMU had posted on their website. By March 9, WCMU updated their website and the exact cause of the fire was unable to be determined; any mention of the generator failing was removed from the site.

Subchannels
The stations' signals are multiplexed:

The entire network discontinued analog service on March 31, 2009.

Unlike other major stations in the Traverse City–Cadillac–Sault Ste. Marie market, CMU Public Television does not have marketwide coverage. Following the 2009 digital transition, the network lost significant coverage. WCML decently penetrated most of the Eastern Upper Peninsula before the analog shutdown. With the switch to digital, residents of the Eastern Upper Peninsula (except for those on the Lake Huron shoreline) were no longer able to receive WCML due to its 300 kW UHF signal. Currently, WCMU Public Media has no plans to add transmitters in the Eastern U.P. All PBS service, whether from CMU Public Television or another station, is available in that region only via cable or satellite. Some cable systems in that region carry another PBS station instead of WCMU — in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, Marquette's WNMU is seen on Charter, while across the locks in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Shaw carries Detroit's WTVS instead mainly because of the lack of a local over-the-air signal to the nearly 90,000 people in the twin Saults and Eastern U.P. (Shaw previously carried WNMU for that same reason before it was replaced by WTVS in 2002.)

title: WCMU-TV


text:
Edward Morton (author)

Edward A. Morton (1858–1922) was a British 19th-century writer. His works included the musical comedy San Toy.

Biography
Edward Morton was born in 1858.

The only child of Morton and his wife Rosamond was J. B. Morton, who became a noted columnist and humourist.

Edward Morton died in a nursing home in London on 6 July 1922.

title: Edward Morton (author)


text: User:IgorMagic

title: User:IgorMagic


text:
Crossflatts

Crossflatts is a ribbon development in Airedale along the old route of the A650 road between Bingley and Keighley, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. The opening of the Aire Valley Trunk road in 2004 has seen a reduction of 51% of traffic through the village.

It is served by Crossflatts railway station on the Airedale Line connecting Skipton with Bradford and Leeds. This small village adjoins Bingley at the famous Five Rise Locks.

Crossflatts is home to a number of local businesses, including The Royal Hotel (pub), Ryshworth Social Club, Crossflatts Cricket Club, Stuart Prices' butchers, as well as takeaway establishments, a chemist, a post office, a funeral parlour, a music shop and a church.

Crossflatts is also the home of UK Asset Resolution Ltd (UKAR), and Computershare, responsible for administering all remaining old NRAM and Bradford & Bingley mortgages in the UK.

Sports clubs
Crossflatts has a crown green bowling club (Bingley Bowling Green Club Ltd, Slenningford) who play in the Worth Valley League and Aire-Wharfe League, two football clubs (Royal and Crossflatts) and a cricket club which plays in the Craven & District League.

Keighley Albion Juniors Rugby League club are based at Crossflatts Cricket Club.

Notable people

 * Herman "Percy" Vear (1911–1983), professional boxer
 * Martin Whitcombe (1961), International Rugby Union player studied at Crossflatts Primary School
 * Barry Watson (swimmer) (1939), Cross Channel swim record holder between 1964 & 1976, born and lives in Crossflatts

title: Crossflatts


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/May 14

May 14

 * 2013 – The world's first catapult launch of an unmanned aircraft from an aircraft carrier takes place when the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) launches a Northrop Grumman X-47B demonstrator unmanned combat air vehicle in the Atlantic Ocean off Virginia. The X-47B makes two low passes as if preparing to land on the carrier, then flies to a landing at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, about an hour later.

 * 2012 – Agni Air Dornier 228 crash: After aborting its landing at Jomsom Airport at Jomsom, Nepal, Agni Air Flight CHT, the Dornier 228 AG-CHT, strikes a hillside with its wing while attempting a go-around and crashes, killing 15 of the 21 people on board and injuring all six survivors.

 * 2010 – Death of Stelio Frati, Italian mechanical engineer and aeroplane designer. He graduated from the University of Milan as a Mechanical Engineer in 1943, and after teaching aircraft design became a freelance aircraft designer, being responsible for many well known aircraft designs. Best known designs are the Falco F8L and the Aermacchi SF.260.

 * 2010 – Launch: Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-132 at 10:21:22 UTC. Mission highlights: ISS assembly flight ULF4: Mini-Research Module 1.

 * 2009 – A Royal Air Force BAE Systems Harrier GR9 (ZG478/68) from No. 1 Squadron based at RAF Cottesmore makes a heavy landing at Kandahar International Airport, Afghanistan due to an engine failure forcing the pilot to successfully eject from the aircraft.

 * 2006 – AH-6M Little Bird (OH-6 Cayuse) from 1–160th SOAR shot down during combat operations in Yusufiyah, southwest of Baghdad, killing the two crewmen.

 * 2005 – A Eurocopter AS350 helicopter piloted by Eurocopter test pilot Didier Delsalle touched down on the top of Mt. Everest, at 8,850 m (29,035 feet). This record has been confirmed by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.

 * 2005 – The former USS America (CV-66), a decommissioned super carrier of the United States Navy, is deliberately sunk in the Atlantic Ocean after four weeks of live-fire exercises. She is the largest ship ever to be disposed of as a target in a military exercise.

 * 1997 – Star Alliance is founded. The world's first and largest airline alliance, headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany (near Frankfurt Airport) the five founders were the world's leading airlines Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International and United Airlines.

 * 1985 – Second of three Northrop F-20 Tigersharks, 82-0063, c/n GG1002, N3986B, during stopover at Goose Bay, Labrador, en route to the Paris Air Show, crashes at 1350 hrs. Atlantic Daylight Time at the end of sixth practice flight of the day, in circumstances much like the loss of the first prototype on 10 October 1984. Hesitating in the inverted position at the top of a series of 9G vertical rolls, airframe dove erratically into the ground, coming down in an upright, wings-level, nose-up attitude on snow-covered ground, killing Northrop test pilot Dave Barnes. Again, G-induced pilot unconsciousness was suspected, investigation finding no sign of airframe failure.

 * 1979 – Progress 6 (Soviet unmanned cargo spacecraft) docks with Salyut 6.

 * 1977 – In the 1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, a Boeing 707 crashes near Lusaka, Zambia, due to structural failure, killing all 6 on board.

 * 1973 – Skylab, the United States' first space station, is launched.

 * 1972 – Two American Bell UH-1 attack helicopters using TOW missiles blunt a major North Vietnamese attack near Kontum, South Vietnam.

 * 1968 – Death of Husband Edward Kimmel, four-star admiral in the United States Navy. He served as Commander-in-chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Because of the attack, he was removed from office and was reduced to his permanent two-star rank of rear admiral.

 * 1964 – Birth of James McNeal "Vegas" Kelly, NASA Astronaut.

 * 1959 – Convair YB/RB-58A-10-CF Hustler, 58-1012, c/n 19, of the 43rd Bomb Wing, destroyed by fire at the Convair plant, Carswell AFB, Texas. Fuel leak on the ramp during refuelling followed by accidental ignition kills two Convair ground support personnel.

 * 1957 – Birth of William George "Borneo" Gregory, former NASA astronaut.

 * 1957 – A Royal Canadian Navy McDonnell F2H-3 Banshee, BuNo 126310 of VF-871, strikes a hilltop during ground-attack exercises near Terence Bay, Nova Scotia, killing pilot SubLt. Conrad Bissett.

 * 1952 – Birth of Donald Ray McMonagle, USAF test pilot & Manager, Launch Integration at the Kennedy Space Center.

 * 1945 – A kamikaze crashes on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6), knocking her out of action for the rest of World War II.

 * 1945 – The final Arctic convoy of World War II, Convoy JW 67, departs Scapa Flow for the Kola Inlet in the Soviet Union escorted by the British aircraft carrier HMS Queen. It returns to the United Kingdom later in the month as Convoy RA 67. Queen's presence as an escort is deemed necessary in case any German submarine commanders opt to ignore Germany's surrender and attack the convoy.

 * 1941 – During testing, the Grumman XP-50 prototype (39-2517) is lost, falling victim to a turbo-supercharger explosion that destroyed the aircraft. The test pilot Bob Hall bailed out while the XP-50 plunged into Smithtown Bay in Long Island Sound.

 * 1944 – The German Luftwaffe employs circling torpedoes in a predawn attack on Allied ships at Naples, Italy, but scores no hits.

 * 1941 – German aircraft begin daily bombing of Crete to soften it up for the upcoming German airborne assault on the island.

 * 1941 – The RAF receives authorization to attack German aircraft on Vichy French airfields in Syria. British fighters disable two Heinkel He 111s on the ground at Palmyra, Syria.

 * 1940 – The Allies lose 110 aircraft – 70 British Fairey Battles and Bristol Blenheims and forty French planes – on one day in a disastrous attempt to bomb bridges over the River Meuse.

 * 1940 – Fifty-three German Heinkel He.111 bombers drop nearly 100 tons of bombs on Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The attack kills nearly 1,000 people, destroys 20,000 buildings, and leaves 78,000 people homeless.

 * 1940 – The Yermolayev Yer-2, a long-range Soviet medium bomber, has its first flight.

 * 1939 – Following first flight of the prototype Short S.29 Stirling four-engine bomber, L7600, out of Rochester, Kent, one of the brakes locks, causing it to slew off the runway and collapse the undercarriage, airframe damaged beyond repair.

 * 1938 – First prototype Focke-Wulf Fw 187 V1, D-AANA, crashes at Bremen, Germany, when test pilot Paul Bauer, having completed test series, makes high-speed run across airfield, pulls up too sharply, stalls, spins in next to the control tower.

 * 1936 – First flight of the Miles Whitney Straight M.11,two-seater light aircraft with a dual-control, 'side-by-side' cockpit configuration.

 * 1923 – Air Union Farman F.60 Goliath crashes near Monsures, Somme, France due to the structural failure of a wing, killing all 6 on board.

 * 1917 – Flight Sub-Lt Robert Leckie and crew of Curtiss H-12 flying boat shot down Zeppelin L-22.

 * 1915 – The U.S. Navy contracts with the Connecticut Aircraft Company for its first airship.

 * 1912 – Birth of Giorgio Graffer, Italian Alpinist and WWII pilot.

 * 1909 – Pilot S.F.Cody makes first flight of more than a mile in Britain using British Army Aeroplane No 1, flying from Laffan's Plain to Danger Hill in Hampshire at average height of 30 ft.  Later in the afternoon, the Prince of Wales asks Cody to repeat the flight, but in so doing, Cody is forced to turn quickly to avoid some troops in his path, smashing the tail against an embankment. Aircraft rebuilt at Farnborough with design changes to improve performance.

 * 1908 – Charles Furnas becomes the first North American passenger in an aeroplane, piloted by Wilbur Wright. Wilbur Wright flew Charles W. Furnas for a distance of 2.5 miles in a Wright Model B.

 * 1902 – Birth of Friedrich Schmiedl, Austrian Rocket pioneer.

 * 1897 – Birth of Robert Ludvigovich Bartini, Italian aircraft designer and scientist. Active mostly in Soviet Union, he was named, because of his noble descent, Barone Rosso (Red Baron).

 * 1894 – Birth of Gilbert Stuart Martin Insall VC MC, British WWI pilot.

 * 1884 – Birth of Claude (Claudius) Honoré Desiré Dornier, German airplane builder and founder of Dornier GmbH.

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/May 14


text:
Raimundo Diosdado Caballero

Raimundo Diosdado Caballero (June 19, 1740 – January 16, 1830 or April 28, 1829) was a Catholic miscellaneous writer, chiefly ecclesiastical.

Born at Palma in the island of Majorca on June 19, 1740. He entered the Society of Jesus on November 15, 1752, held the chair of literature in the Jesuit College at Madrid for several years, and was deported with the other Jesuits to Italy when the Society was suppressed in the Spanish dominions.

The exact date of his death is uncertain, but it is believed he died at Rome on either January 16, 1830 or April 28, 1829.

Works
Caballero's chief works include:

 * De Prima typographiae hispanicae aetate specimen (Rome, 1793);
 * Commentariola critica, primum de disciplina arcani, secundum de lingua evangelica (Rome, 1798). The author corrects in this work what he considers to be the mistakes of Emmanuel Schelstrate and Hardouin, and offers a proof that the native tongue of Christ and the Apostles was Syriac, not Greek, as Domenico Diodati (d. 1801) had maintained in his De Christo loquente exercitatio (Naples, 1767).
 * Bibliothecae Scriptorum Societatis Jesu supplementa. Supplementum primum (Rome, 1814),
 * Supplementum primum (Rome, 1814),
 * Supplementum alterum (Rome, 1816).

On Scriptural topics:
 * Tetraglotton D. Marci Evangelium, et Marcologia critica
 * El Evangelio de S. Marcos escrito en latin, griego y hebreo, con los tres alfabetos.

On American topics:
 * Observaciones americanas, y supplemento critico á la historia de México
 * Medios para estrechar más la union entre espanoles americanos y europeos
 * Consideraciones americanas.

title: Raimundo Diosdado Caballero


text: User:Sdauson

title: User:Sdauson


text:
Jean Shrimpton

Jean Rosemary Shrimpton (born 7 November 1942) is an English model and actress. She was an icon of Swinging London and is considered to be one of the world's first supermodels. She appeared on numerous magazine covers including Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Vanity Fair, Glamour, Elle, Ladies' Home Journal, Newsweek, and Time. In 2009, Harper's Bazaar named Shrimpton one of the 26 best models of all time, and in 2012, Time named her one of the 100 most influential fashion icons of all time. She starred alongside Paul Jones in the film Privilege (1967).

Early life
She was born in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, and educated at St Bernard's Convent School, Slough. She enrolled at Langham Secretarial College in London at age 17. A chance meeting with director Cy Endfield led to an unsuccessful meeting with the producer of his film Mysterious Island (1961). Endfield then suggested she attend the Lucie Clayton Charm Academy's model course. In 1960, aged 17, she began modelling, appearing on the covers of magazines such as Harper's Bazaar, Vanity Fair, and Vogue.

Career
Shrimpton rose to prominence through her work with photographer David Bailey. They met in 1960 at a photo shoot that Shrimpton, who was then an unknown model, was working on with photographer Brian Duffy for a Kellogg's corn flakes advertisement. Duffy told Bailey she was too posh for him, but Bailey was undeterred.

Shrimpton's first photo session with Bailey was in 1960 (either for Condé Nast's Brides on 7 December 1960 or for British Vogue). She started to become known in the modelling world around the time she was working with Bailey. Shrimpton has stated she owed Bailey her career, and he is often credited for discovering her  and being influential in her career. In turn, she was Bailey's muse, and his photographs of her helped him rise to prominence in his early career.

During her career, Shrimpton was widely reported to be the "world's highest paid model", the "most famous model"  and the "most photographed in the world". She was also described as having the "world's most beautiful face" and as "the most beautiful girl in the world". She was dubbed "The It Girl", "The Face", "The Face of the Moment", and "The Face of the '60s". Glamour named her "Model of The Year" in June 1963. She contrasted with the aristocratic-looking models of the 1950s by representing the coltish, gamine look of the youthquake movement in 1960s Swinging London, and she was reported as "the symbol of Swinging London". Breaking the popular mould of voluptuous figures with her long legs and slim figure, she was nicknamed "The Shrimp". Shrimpton was also known for her long hair with a fringe, wide doe-eyes,  long wispy eyelashes, arched brows, and pouty lips.

Shrimpton helped launch the miniskirt. In 1965, she made a two-week promotional visit to Australia, sponsored by the Victoria Racing Club and a local synthetic fibre company who had her promote a range of new dresses made of Orlon. She was paid a fee of £2,000, an enormous sum at the time. She caused a sensation in Melbourne when she arrived for the Victoria Derby wearing a white shift dress made by Colin Rolfe which ended 5 in above her knees. She wore no hat, stockings or gloves, and sported a man's watch, unusual at the time. Her hairdresser was Lillian Frank. Shrimpton was unaware she would cause such reaction in the Melbourne community and media.

In her article "The Man in the Bill Blass Suit", Nora Ephron wrote that when Shrimpton posed for a Revlon advertisement in an antique white Chantilly lace dress by Blass, minutes after the lipstick placard was displayed at the drugstores, Revlon received calls from women demanding to know where they could buy the dress.

Shrimpton was photographed in 1971 by Clive Arrowsmith, again for British Vogue.

Personal life
Shrimpton and Bailey began dating soon after they began working together, and subsequently had a four-year relationship that ended in 1964. Bailey was still married to his first wife Rosemary Bramble when the affair began, but left her after nine months and later divorced her to be with Shrimpton.

Shrimpton's other romances included actor Terence Stamp and photographer Terry O'Neill. In 1979, she married photographer Michael Cox at the register office in Penzance, Cornwall, when she was four months pregnant with their son Thaddeus, who was born that same year. They own the Abbey Hotel in Penzance, now managed by Thaddeus and his family.

In the media
Shrimpton is namechecked (as "Jeannie Shrimpton") in The Smithereens song "Behind the Wall of Sleep" (1986).

The story of Shrimpton's relationship with David Bailey is dramatised in a 2012 BBC Four film We'll Take Manhattan, with Karen Gillan playing the part of Shrimpton.

title: Jean Shrimpton


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/September 9

September 9

 * 2012 – Launch: Spot-6 satellite

 * 2009 – Egyptian airline Air Arabia Egypt announces that operations will start in late 2009 or early 2010.

 * 2009 – Aeroméxico Flight 576, a Boeing 737-800 with 104 passengers on board, is hijacked whilst flying from Cancún to Mexico City; after landing at Mexico City International Airport, Mexican officials storm the plane and take 5 men into custody; there are no casualties.

 * 2006 – First flight of the Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter.

 * 2006 – Launch: Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-115 at 15:14:55 UTC. Mission highlights: ISS assembly flight 12A: P3/P4 Truss, Solar Arrays.

 * 2005 – An Antonov operated by Air Kasai in the DRC crashes 50 km north of Brazzaville killing 14 including 4 crew on a flight from Buendé to Kinshasa

 * 2005 – A Belgian Air Force F-16AM crashes at the Vliehors Shooting Range. The pilot is killed.

 * 2004 – A low-flying British Army Westland Lynx AH.9 helicopter, ZE382, of 661 Squadron, 1st Regiment, Army Air Corps (until March 1957, No. 661 Squadron RAF), is caught in high-voltage electric wires during an Anglo-Czech joint military training exercise near the village Kuroslepy (near Brno). All six persons on board died.

 * 1994 – Space Shuttle Discovery makes its 20th trip to orbit for mission STS-64.

 * 1994 – Launch: Space Shuttle Discovery STS-64 at 6:22:35 pm EDT. Mission highlights: Multiple science experiments; SPARTAN.

 * 1994 – A Tu-22 acting as a chase aircraft to photograph an Aeroflot Tu-134, collides with the Aerflot jet over Zhukovsky, killing 7. The Tu-134 (RA-65760) fell into a forest and the Tu-22 managed to land safely.

 * 1990 – Rimantas Antanas-Antonovich Stankiavicius (1944–1990), a Lithuanian test pilot selected as a cosmonaut and serves as a pilot for the Buran, is killed in the crash of a Sukhoi Su-27 fighter, '14 Red', at the Salgareda Air Show at Treviso, Italy. Footage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wlnnZZsx2k&feature=related

 * 1988 – Vietnam Airlines Flight 831, a Tupolev Tu-134, crashes on approach to Don Mueang International Airport in Bangkok. 76 of the 90 passengers and crew on board are killed.

 * 1982 – A Royal Swedish Air Force Saab Viggen crashed into Mount Hirvasaive, Lappland, pilot killed.

 * 1980 – Island Air, a Hawaiian airline, started operations.

 * 1979 – Two RAF Hawker-Siddeley Harrier GR.3s, XV757, piloted by former Red Arrows leader Wing Commander Richard Duckett, and XZ128, piloted by Flight Lieutenant C. Gowers, both of 1 Squadron, collide in midair over Wisbech, Cambs., UK. Both pilots eject but wreckage comes down on town, one impacting on Ramnoth Road, destroying three houses and killing former Wisbech Mayor W.E.M. Trumpess, R.W. Bowers, and his son Jonathon, aged 2. The other airframe impacts in New Drove on the outskirts of town, fortunately without further casualties.

 * 1977 – Maxie Anderson, Ben Abruzzo, and Ed Yost depart Marshfield, Massachusetts, in the balloon Double Eagle in an attempt to make the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in a balloon. They fail when they are forced to abort the flight on September 13 off Iceland.

 * 1970 – To pressure British authorities into releasing Leila Khaled, a PFLP sympathizer hijacks BOAC Flight 775, a Vickers VC10 flying from Bahrain to Beirut with 114 people on board, and forces it to land at Dawson’s Field in Jordan.

 * 1969 – Allegheny Airlines Flight 853, a Douglas DC-9, collides in flight with a Piper PA-28 Cherokee and crashes near Fairland, Indiana, killing all 83 occupants aboard the two aircraft.

 * 1966 – The Concorde's Rolls-Royce Olympus engine begins flight tests underneath an Avro Vulcan bomber

 * 1964 – First production Beechcraft King Air rolls off the assembly line.

 * 1958 – Two Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bombers collide over the town of Airway Heights near Fairchild AFB, Washington. Boeing B-52D Stratofortress, 56-661, and Boeing B-52D, 56-681, both crash. Thirteen crew members are killed, while three survive. There were no casualties on the ground.

 * 1955 – American Airlines, TWA, and United Airlines agree to adopt a domestic "coach class" for transcontinental flights across the United States.

 * 1949 – In order to kill his wife Rita, Albert Guay conspires with Généreux Ruest and Marguerite Pitre to plant a dynamite bomb in Rita Guay’s luggage aboard Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 108, a Douglas DC-3. The bomb explodes in mid-flight over Cap Tourmente near Sault-au-Cochon, Quebec, Canada, en route from Quebec City to Baie-Comeau, Quebec, killing Rita Guay and all of the other 22 people on board. Albert Guay, Ruest, and Pitre all will be hanged for the crime, the worst mass murder in Canadian history at the time.

 * 1949 – First flight of the Lavochkin La-200, a Soviet two-seater, swept winged, Night and Bad Weather Jet Interceptor Fighter.

 * 1945 – Consolidated B-32 Dominator, 42-108532, "Hobo Queen II", is damaged when the nose wheel accidentally retracts on the ground at Yontan Airfield, Okinawa. Two days later, a hoist lifting the B-32 drops it twice. Since the war has ended, it is not repaired but is disassembled at the airfield.

 * 1943 – In Operations Avalanche and Slapstick, Allied forces land at Salerno and Taranto, Italy, respectively. The British aircraft carriers HMS Illustrious, HMS Formidable, and HMS Unicorn and escort aircraft carriers HMS Attacker, HMS Battler, HMS Hunter, and HMS Stalker cover the landings In an innovation at Salerno, U. S. Army Air Forces P-51 Mustangs of the 111th Fighter Squadron join the more vulnerable U. S. Navy floatplanes of American light cruisers in spotting fire for naval gunfire against German forces ashore The German Luftwaffe puts up only minor opposition to the landings, with only four air raid alerts occurring during the day.

 * 1943 – Italian battleship Roma is sunk by two Fritz X radio controlled glide bombs.

 * 1943 – During carrier compatibility trials, test pilot Capt. Eric "Winkle" Brown crashlands Fairey Firefly F Mk.I, Z1844, on the deck of HMS Pretoria Castle when arrestor hook indicator light falsely shows "down" position. Fighter hits crash barrier, shears off undercarriage, shreds propeller, but pilot unhurt.

 * 1942 – An Imperial Japanese Navy Yokosuka E14Y floatplane (Allied reporting name “Glen”) launched by the submarine I-25 makes two attacks against the coast of Oregon in the United States, dropping four 76-kg (167.5-lb) phosphorus bombs in an attempt to start forest fires. They become known as the Lookout Air Raids. It is the only time that an enemy aircraft bombs the continental United States during World War II.

 * 1942 – The British escort aircraft carrier HMS Avenger joins Convoy PQ 18, bound from Loch Ewe, Scotland, to Archangel in the Soviet Union, as an escort. She is the first aircraft carrier to escort an Arctic convoy.

 * 1940 – Aircraft from the British aircraft carrier Ark Royal strike Cagliari, Sardinia, inflicting more damage under heavy fire.

 * 1929 – First flight of the de Havilland Puss Moth

 * 1928 – (9 – 10) First successful trans-Tasman flight: Charles Kingsford Smith and crew in the Southern Cross.

 * 1923 – First flight of the Curtiss R2 C-1

 * 1913 – Imperial German Navy Zeppelin, L 1, LZ14, pushed down into the North Sea in a thunderstorm, drowning 14 crew members. This was the first Zeppelin incident in which fatalities occurred.

 * 1922 – Cpt Frank Barnard wins the first King's Cup air race, flying from England to Scotland and back in 6 hours 32 min in a de Havilland DH.4.

 * 1916 – First flight of the Bristol F.2 Fighter

 * 1913 – First pilot to fly a loop: Pyotr Nesterov in a Nieuport IV.

 * 1913 – Maurice Prevost reaches 204 km/h with the "Deperdussin-racing aeroplane".

 * 1913 – The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur when the Imperial German Navy dirgible L-1 is forced down into the North Sea during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board. Among the dead is the commanding officer of the Naval Airship Division, Kapitänleutnant Matzing.

 * 1911 – The first British airmail flight is made. Gustav Hamel flies from Hendon to Windsor.

 * 1908 – Orville Wright flies 1 h 3 min and 15 seconds.

 * 1830 – Charles Durant, America’s first great balloonist, makes his first U. S. ascent at Castle Garden, New York. He stays in the air for two hours, landing at South Amboy, New Jersey. His skill and enthusiasm inspire a passion for ballooning in America.


text:
Kosovorotka

A kosovorotka (косоворо́тка), also known in the West as a Russian peasant shirt or Tolstoy shirt (tolstovka). The name comes from the Russian phrase kosoy vorot (косой ворот), meaning a “skewed collar”. It was worn by all peasants in Russia — men, women, and babies — in different styles for every-day and festive occasions.

Easy to make from one sheet of fabric, this garment is traditional for Russians, Mordovins, Setos, Komi-Permyaks and other ethnic groups in Russia, as well as in some regions of Moldova.

Description
A kosovorotka is a traditional Russian shirt, long sleeved and reaching down to the mid-thigh. The shirt is not buttoned all the way down to the hem, but has several buttons at the collar (unfastened when the garment is pulled over the wearer's head), though these are positioned off to one side (regional styles vary between left and right), instead of centrally, as is customary with a typical Western 20th and 21st century man's shirt. The side slit was to prevent cross pendants that peasants wore under their shirts from falling out when they bent down during active physical labor. If left unbuttoned the collar appears skewed, which accounts for the garment's name. The collar and sleeves of kosovorotka were often decorated with a traditional embroidered ornament.

The overwhelming majority of Russians were peasants, who often worked bending down towards the ground. Almost all of them wore a Christian cross, which was considered strictly an underclothing sign. The skewed collar of the shirt was designed so to prevent the cross from falling out from under the shirt. This limited annoyance and allowed for the peasant to be more productive.

Generally associated with Russian peasants, the kosovorotka was worn by peasants and townsmen of various social categories into the early 20th century, when it was rapidly displaced as an everyday garment by more efficient and less elaborate clothing after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The garment is also known as a tolstovka, or the Tolstoy-shirt, because the writer Leo Tolstoy customarily wore one in his later years. Since the late 20th century kosovorotkas appear mostly as souvenirs and as scenic garments of Russian folk music, song and dance ensembles.

In popular culture
The kosovorotka is worn by Omar Sharif as Yuri Zhivago in David Lean's 1965 film Doctor Zhivago.

title: Kosovorotka


text:
User talk:OverMatt

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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Whedon fan? --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 18:59, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:OverMatt


text:
Songs of a Dead Dreamer (album)

Songs of a Dead Dreamer is the debut studio album by DJ Spooky. It was released through Asphodel Records on April 2, 1996.

Critical reception
The New York Times wrote that "the sounds are swathed in reverberation or veiled by distortion; distant rumbles and swooshes compete for the foreground with drumbeats and bass lines, hovering chords and metallic clatter."

In 2015, Fact placed it at number 10 on the "50 Best Trip-Hop Albums of All Time" list.

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
 * Nikolas van Egten – writing, production
 * Paul D. Miller – production, promotion
 * Arto Lindsay – guitar (on "Dance of the Morlocks")
 * Mica – saxophone (on "Nihilismus Dub")

title: Songs of a Dead Dreamer (album)


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/October 16

October 16

 * 2013 – Lao Airlines Flight 301 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Vientiane to Pakse, Laos. On 16 October 2013, the twin-engine turboprop ATR 72 aircraft on the flight crashed into the Mekong River at Pakse, killing all 49 people on board. This the greatest loss of life in an aviation accident in 2013.

 * 2011 – Kenyan Air Force jets strike two villages in Somalia in support of a Kenyan invasion of Somalia to attack militant groups there.

 * 2004 – Two OH-58D Kiowas 94-0172 and 97-0130 from 1–25th Aviation Regiment collide near Baghdad, killing two pilots aboard the first craft, and wounding two aboard the other.

 * 1997 – First flight of the Boeing 777-300

 * 1992 – Flt Lt Nicky Smith, graduated from 89 Course at Shawbury to become the RAF's first female helicopter pilot

 * 1992 – One of three U.S. Army McDonnell Douglas AH-64 Apaches of Company B, 1/151st Aviation Battalion, on training mission out of McEntire Air National Guard Base, near Eastover, South Carolina, crashes in wooded area near Dacusville in Pickens County, South Carolina, at ~1700 hrs., injuring two crew. Airframe comes to rest on its starboard side on hilltop near Blue Ridge View Baptist Church off Anthony Road, leaving Army National Guard CWOs Poyas Haynes and Gilbert Terry with minor injuries. They were transported to Greenville Memorial Hospital for treatment. One witness said that one of the helicopter's engines appeared to stall, while another stated that the Apache rolled upside down and then back onto its side as it went down. The Apache was lifted from crashsite on 22 October by a CH-47 Chinook to an open field for transloading onto a truck for transport back to McEntire ANGB.

 * 1984 – An unarmed USAF Boeing B-52G Stratofortress, 57‑6479, of the 92nd Bomb Wing out of Fairchild AFB, Washington, crashed about 2100 hrs. into a mesa on the Navajo reservation in northeastern Arizona 13 miles NE of Kayenta, during a low-level training flight. Eight crew eject and recovered in a day; one ejects, missing; gunner KWF.

 * 1980 – A Fairchild UC-123K Provider, 57-6291, c/n 20301, of the 302d Tactical Airlift Wing, Air Force Reserve, crashed at 0830 hrs. shortly after take off from Henry Post Army Airfield, en route home from Fort Sill, Oklahoma, to Columbus-Rickenbacker ANGB, Ohio. Four crew members died on impact, the fifth died later. KWF are Capt. George Freeland, Jr.; Maj. Thomas Brady; Lt. Col. Donald Griffith; T/Sgt. Michael Snodgrass; and Sr. Amn. Robert Haas. A commemorative marker is displayed in Denver Williams Memorial Park, Wilmington, Ohio.

 * 1972 – A USAF Convair F-106B-50-CO Delta Dart, 57-2528, of the 4756th Air Defense Wing, Tyndall AFB, Florida, is lost in a crash. This aircraft had survived a mid-air collision on 4 May 1965 with F-106A-80-CO, 57-4721, both assigned to the 539th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, McGuire AFB, New Jersey, the second fighter being lost and 2528 recovering to NAFEC Atlantic City, New Jersey.
 * 1972 – A twin-engine Cessna 310 carrying Alaskan House Representative Nick Begich and House majority leader Hale Boggs of Louisiana disappears during a flight from Anchorage to Juneau, Alaska. The plane was flying to a campaign fundraiser for Begich. The aircraft's wreckage was never found, and a 39 day search is called off on November 24.

 * 1964 – The People’s Republic of China detonates its first nuclear weapon.

 * 1963 – A B-58 Hustler bomber of the U.S. Air Force's 305th Bombardment Wing sets a new speed record by flying from Tokyo, Japan, to London, England, via Alaska and Greenland in 8 hours 35 minutes at an average speed of 938 mph (1,510 km/hr).

 * 1961 – Cork Airport opened in Ireland.

 * 1956 – Pan Am Flight 6, a Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, is forced to ditch in the Pacific Ocean between Hawai'i and San Francisco; all 31 on board are rescued by a nearby United States Coast Guard ship.

 * 1955 – The Boeing 367-80 (707 prototype) crosses the United States in just 3 hours 58 minutes

 * 1953 – Flying a Douglas XF4D-1, Robert Rahm sets a world airpseed record over a 100 km (62 mi) closed-circuit course of 728.11 mph (1,171.53 km/hr) at Muroc Dry Lake, California.

 * 1952 – First flight of the Sud Aviation Vautour

 * 1944 – 50 fighters of the U. S. Army Air Forces‘ 14th Air Force based at Liuchow Airfield, China, attack the waterfront of Hong Kong.

 * 1944 – Task Force 38 completes its operations against Formosa. Since October 11, it has defended itself against approximately 1,000 Japanese aircraft, the heaviest series of Japanese air attacks against U. S. naval forces of World War II with the possible exception of those during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, losing 76 aircraft of its own in combat, 13 aircraft due to non-combat causes, and 64 pilots and aircrewmen.

 * 1944 – (16–17) B-29 s again attack Formosa, dropping 640 more tons (580,762 kg) of bombs during the two days combined.

 * 1942 – B-25C-1 Mitchell, 41-13206, operated by the USAAF 5th Ferrying Group, Air Transport Command, piloted by James M. Treweek, is on a routine flight from Rosecrans Field, St. Joseph, Missouri to Dallas Love Field when bad weather closes airfield and controllers advise crew to divert. Pilot heads west, presumably bound for Meacham Field, flying below 500 ft (152 m) altitude to stay in visual conditions under low cloud deck. As bomber nears Grapevine, Texas, a wingtip and aileron are sliced off by a guy-wire of WFAA radio tower, causing pilot to lose control; all 6 crewmembers die in subsequent crash.

 * 1939 – World War II – After being attacked by Spitfires of Nos. 602 and 603 Squadrons over Lothian in Scotland, an He 111 bomber became the first German aircraft to be shot down over the UK. (First attack on British territory by German Luftwaffe.)

 * 1937 – First flight of the Fokker T.V

 * 1937 – First flight of the Short Sunderland

 * 1924 – Emergency use of parachute — Following a mid-air collision over Coronado, California, Gunner William M. Coles, USN, of VF-1, made a successful emergency parachute jump from his Curtiss JN.

 * 1917 – Final testing is made for the US Army-designed air-to-air radio communication system with a wireless set.

 * 1912 – The first aerial bomb is used by Bulgarian Air Force pilots Radul Milkov and Prodan Toprakchiev on the Turkish railway station of Karaagac (near Edirne), during the Balkan War. This is the first use of an airplane (Albatros F.II) as bomber.

 * 1910 – The first airship crossing of the English Channel is made by the French-built dirgible Cle´ment-Bayard II. The 244-mile route is completed in 6 hours.

 * 1908 – Pilot S.F.Cody takes off from Farnborough Common, Great Britain, in his British Army Aeroplane No 1, a biplane powered by a 50 hp Antoinette engine. His flight covers 424 metres before ending in a crash-landing, which he survives.

 * 1905 – The Wright brothers complete their 1905 test flight program, making their last flight until May 1908.


text:
Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs

Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs: A Low Culture Manifesto is a book written by Chuck Klosterman, first published by Scribner in 2003. It is a collection of eighteen comedic essays on popular culture.

The book cover was designed by Paul Sahre.

Overview
Klosterman presents his essays as if they were tracks on a CD. Between each essay, or track, is an "interlude"—a short, entertaining blurb linking the essays. The following essays are included in Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs:
 * 1. This Is Emo: Klosterman recounts "fake love" we are conditioned to pursue, and the false, unbalanced nature of When Harry Met Sally....
 * 2. Billy Sim: Klosterman describes his experience with the reality-mimicking video game The Sims and how The Sims illustrates that "even eternally free people are enslaved by the process of living."
 * 3. What Happens When People Stop Being Polite: The impacts of MTV's The Real World and how it led to the development of one-dimensional personalities.
 * 4. Every Dog Must Have His Every Day, Every Drunk Must Have His Drink: An ode to Billy Joel, particularly the universality of his album Glass Houses.
 * 5. Appetite for Replication: Klosterman interviews and spends a few days with the members of a Guns N' Roses tribute band, "Paradise City," and outlines the significance of tribute bands.
 * 6. Ten Seconds to Love: An analysis of how American culture is upset with the unrealistic images of success it has created, as stemming from a discussion of the Pamela-Tommy sex tape.
 * 7. George Will vs. Nick Hornby: A rant against soccer (particularly among youth), claiming it supports outcast culture.
 * 8. 33: Klosterman explains how the 1980s rivalry between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Boston Celtics symbolizes all rivalries in life, including politics, religion, and race.
 * 9. Porn: An explanation of how the Internet has proliferated the porn industry, as for the need of the presence of the amateur and celebrity in our lives.
 * 10. The Lady or the Tiger: A brief history of the cereal industry, and how Kelloggs was begun as a religious company, but now is a microcosm for coolness. The "cocoa puffs" in the title comes from this essay.
 * 11. Being Zack Morris: An analysis of Saved by the Bell and how "important things are inevitably cliché."
 * 12. Sulking with Lisa Loeb on the Ice Planet Hoth: Why Star Wars is so overrated, and how it has come to represent basic morality.
 * 13. The Awe-Inspiring Beauty of Tom Cruise's Shattered, Troll-like Face: A discussion of the question "What is reality?" as answered by movies such as Vanilla Sky, The Matrix, Memento, and Waking Life.
 * 14. Toby over Moby: How the Dixie Chicks are the new Van Halen, as they are one of the only pop bands with musical quality, and how Van Halen's teenage boys have been replaced by the Dixie Chicks' teenage girls. Also how music taste is used to gauge coolness, and those who ignorantly say they like all kinds "except country" only say so to appear cool.
 * 15. This is Zodiac Speaking: A description of three people Klosterman has interviewed who have known or met serial killers, and an exploration of "What does it mean to know a serial killer?"
 * 16. All I Know Is What I Read in the Papers: Most of the media's bias is accidental, and stories are mainly developed by circumstance and by the interviewee who calls the journalist back first. Also how sports reporters hate sports, and how newspapers are designed for those who cannot read.
 * 17. I, Rock Chump: Klosterman narrates his visit to the 2002 Pop Music Studies Conference by the Experience Music Project, and how it was largely an experience without rock and roll.
 * 18. How to Disappear Completely and Never Be Found: A commentary on the Left Behind Series and the lifestyle of Evangelical Christians. The chapter title refers to the book How to Disappear Completely and Never Be Found by Doug Richmond and possibly the song "How To Disappear Completely" by Radiohead.

Reception
Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs was positively reviewed by critics. Critic Mark Greif in The Guardian called it "one of the better essay collections of recent years," noting "Klosterman has attained cult status, his books joining the select and successful canon of reading for people who do not read." The A.V. Club declared Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs "one of the brightest pieces of pop analysis to appear this century."

Reviews

 * Curled Up With a Good Book - a 2003 review by Amanda Cuda
 * About.com - a 2003 review by Brian Houle

title: Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs


text:
Pasteurella

Pasteurella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Pasteurella species are nonmotile and pleomorphic, and often exhibit bipolar staining ("safety pin" appearance). Most species are catalase- and oxidase-positive. The genus is named after the French chemist and microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, who first identified the bacteria now known as Pasteurella multocida as the agent of chicken cholera.

Pathogenesis
Many Pasteurella species are zoonotic pathogens, and humans can acquire an infection from domestic animal bites. In cattle, sheep, and birds, Pasteurella species can cause a life-threatening pneumonia; in cats and dogs, however, Pasteurella is not a cause of disease, and constitutes part of the normal flora of the nose and mouth. Pasteurella haemolytica is a species that infects mainly cattle and horses: P. multocida is the most frequent causative agent in human Pasteurella infection. Common symptoms of pasteurellosis in humans include swelling, cellulitis, and bloody drainage at the site of the wound. Infection may progress to nearby joints, where it can cause further swelling, arthritis, and abscesses.

Pasteurella spp. are generally susceptible to chloramphenicol, the penicillins, tetracycline, and the macrolides.

The common occurrence of the bacteria is a reason to be medically proactive and defensive (antibacterial treatments are often necessary) if a bite occurs. Several vaccine preparations were used to prevent Pasteurella infection. New regimens for vaccination and vaccine formulation showed to be promising for the control of the pathogen.

In animals
P. multocida is also known to cause morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease. P. multocida can be endemic among rabbit colonies and is often transmitted through nasal secretions. P. multocida can survive several days in water or moist areas. Pasturella spp. can be transmitted through the bite of a dog. They have also been reported in red kangaroos and potoroos. Pasteurella Bisgaard taxon 45 was identified in late 2023 as the organism that killed nearly 400 elephants in Zimbabwe and Botswana during the summer of 2020

Antibiotic sensitivity
P. multocida is highly sensitive to enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin.

Possible complications
Osteomyelitis is a possible complication of P. multocida, which can subsequently lead to necrotizing fasciitis.

title: Pasteurella