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Heron Tower

Salesforce Tower, 110 Bishopsgate (formerly, and still commonly known as, Heron Tower) is a commercial skyscraper in London. It stands 230 m tall including its 28 m mast making it the second tallest building in the City of London financial district and the fifth tallest in Greater London and the United Kingdom, after the Shard in Southwark and One Canada Square at Canary Wharf. 110 Bishopsgate is located on Bishopsgate and is bordered by Camomile Street, Outwich Street and Houndsditch.

Construction of the building started in 2007 and was completed in 2011. It is owned by Heron International and is still popularly known as Heron Tower, though following a naming dispute in 2014 involving the tenant Salesforce.com the City of London planning committee made it clear they would rule in favour of the property being officially named 110 Bishopsgate, although the application was withdrawn before it went to committee. The tower initially struggled to attract tenants in the depths of the Great Recession, but is now fully let.

Design and planning
Designed by architects Kohn Pedersen Fox, the height of 110 Bishopsgate was planned to be only 183 m, identical to that of Tower 42, the City of London's then tallest building since 1980.

It attracted some controversy when first announced due to its proximity to St Paul's Cathedral when viewed from Waterloo Bridge. English Heritage was notably vocal in expressing concerns. A public inquiry was subsequently held, the outcome of which was decided by deputy prime minister John Prescott, who ruled in the developers' favour. The tower was given final approval for construction in July 2002.

Three years later, the project had yet to begin construction. In September 2005 the Heron Property Corporation submitted a planning application to increase the height of its approved building. Heron's revised plans now proposed a 202 m tall tower topped by a 28 m mast, giving it a total height of 230 m. Although the design was largely identical to the previous scheme, the tower's crown and southern façades were refined. In January 2006, the revised project was approved by the City of London Corporation.

In February 2013, it was revealed in The Times that backers of the tower included Prince Abdul Aziz bin Fahd, a son of the late King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.

Interior
110 Bishopsgate was designed to feature a concierge-style entrance and reception area, incorporating a 70000 L aquarium containing around 1,200 fish. The aquarium is the largest privately owned example in the United Kingdom and contains over 60 species of fish in an entirely sustainable ecosystem; the species were selected by expert biologists and animal curators to ensure compatibility and adaptability to the environment. The tank is attended to by a team of two full-time fish attendants, who feed the fish a diet rich in natural ingredients according to their requirements and monitor the tank for water chemistry and fish health, and two to three part-time divers who clean the rockwork and glass regularly.

A bar-restaurant called The Drift occupies part of the ground and first floors. There is a restaurant and "sky bar" leased to Sushi Samba and Duck & Waffle, both open to the public, on floors 38–40. Situated 175 m above the City and accessed by scenic lifts from a dedicated entrance on Bishopsgate, the restaurant and bar also have external terraces.

Environment
The building uses photovoltaic cells to generate renewable energy, allowing it to achieve a BREEAM rating of 'excellent' in January 2010.

Construction
In March 2007, it was confirmed that Heron had signed a funding deal with the State General Reserve Fund of Oman to provide the equity for the development. The works were carried out by Skanska and completed in January 2011.

Tenancy
The tower's first confirmed tenant was the law firm McDermott Will & Emery, which signed up in July 2010 while the building was still under construction. However, in a difficult lettings market the building struggled to find enough tenants to fill it and in September 2013 only 59% of the available office space had been let. As a result, the project required refinancing, with Starwood Capital Group stepping in to provide a £288 million refinancing facility to avoid the project going into receivership.

Subsequent agreed tenants included the pensions company Partnership Assurance, investment fund manager Securis Investment Partners, stockbroker Westhouse Securities, POWA, recruitment firm Harvey Nash, Openwork, and Salesforce.com, the software firm. As part of Salesforce's deal to take an additional 50,000 sq ft on levels 28-31 on a 15-year lease, it reportedly purchased naming rights to the tower, just as it had for its headquarters building in San Francisco. After much deliberation with the City of London planners, the building's official name was confirmed as 110 Bishopsgate, with Salesforce Tower able to be used as an informal name.

Landmark has offered serviced office space from floors 17-19 of the tower since 2011, achieving above-average occupancy rates for London. The top floors of the building are occupied by the Sushi Samba and Duck & Waffle restaurants.

Proskauer Rose, another law firm, moved into the building in 2015, taking out an 18,000 sq ft lease.

The London office of the Interactive Brokers, a U.S. low cost online brokerage platform, is also present on level 20.

In January 2016, it was confirmed that the building was fully let.

Heron Plaza
The tower was designed to form the centrepiece of a larger Heron Plaza development, incorporating new public spaces and a network of squares and gardens. In July 2009, Heron International confirmed that it had signed heads of terms with Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to develop a mixed-use project adjacent to 110 Bishopsgate. In January 2011, Heron announced that planning permission for the development had been secured. In August 2014, Heron sold the site, with planning permission, to UOL Group, who said it would push ahead with the scheme and operate the hotel under its 'Pan Pacific' brand.

title: Heron Tower


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KUUB

KUUB (88.3 MHz) is a public radio station in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, airing Spanish-language radio programming from Radio Bilingüe. It is owned by the University of Utah and originates from the Eccles Broadcast Center on its campus, with a transmitter in the Oquirrh Mountains southwest of West Valley City.

From 1992 to 2024, the 88.3 frequency in Salt Lake City was KCPW, a public radio station founded by Community Wireless of Park City, owner of KPCW in Park City. KCPW served as a second NPR station for the Salt Lake City area, sharing some programs with KPCW and partially overlapping in programming with the University of Utah's KUER-FM. In the late 1990s, this programming helped erode listenership at KUER, which responded in 2001 by dropping its classical music programming. For a time in the 2000s, it was simulcast on 1010 kHz to increase its coverage area.

In 2008, Wasatch Public Media was formed to buy KCPW from Community Wireless. To do so, it incurred substantial debt that dominated its finances for nearly a decade. During this time, KCPW let go of NPR programming in 2013 to save money, and it narrowly avoided losing American Public Media–produced shows in 2014. The debt was refinanced in 2017, but lingering financial issues and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic led Wasatch Public Media to put the license up for auction in 2023. The University of Utah bought the station to air Radio Bilingüe programming, and KCPW ceased its format on October 31, 2023; three of its local programs continued under the auspices of Utah Public Radio.

Construction and early years
In 1988, KBYU-FM moved from 88.9 to 89.1 MHz, opening the door for a new station on a lower frequency in the area. On June 24, 1991, Community Wireless of Park City, Inc., the owner of that city's KPCW, received a construction permit to build a new non-commercial FM station in Salt Lake City from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

KCPW made a quiet debut on November 1, 1992, broadcasting its signal from the top of the University Park Hotel and Suites in Salt Lake City and sharing a studio with KPCW in Park City. It shared its morning programming with KPCW before airing nine hours of NPR news and talk programming, switching at night to classical music and the BBC World Service. While naming the offshoot of KPCW KCPW was seen as clever, it would later be cited as a source of confusion by listeners, who regularly confused the two stations. Slowly, KCPW gathered an audience. By 1999, it had one-third the listenership of the University of Utah (UofU)'s KUER-FM, which had come to be seen as its rival even though Community Wireless leader Blair Feulner disclaimed any competition with KUER-FM. In 2000, the transmitter moved from the University Park to the American Stores Tower (later the Wells Fargo Center), part of a major power increase for KCPW. As KCPW and classical music station KBYU-FM eroded KUER-FM's listenership, that station took action. In March 2001, it dropped its daytime classical music programming to add a series of new NPR talk shows, many of which had previously been heard in Salt Lake City on KCPW. Greene justified the decision as a bid to shore up continuing listener erosion as classical listeners switched to KBYU and as providing a more distinctive service statewide. KCPW also protested the change, calling it "predatory" and fearing that duplication among the two stations—of six syndicated programs on weekdays—would harm it financially. The University of Utah moved to shift broadcasts originating from its Hinckley Institute of Politics from KCPW to KUER-FM under its new, more compatible format. When KUER came into direct competition with KCPW, it was able to tap university and state support, as well as its statewide translator network, to sustain itself, putting KCPW at a disadvantage.

In 2004, KCPW moved its studios from trailers at Westminster College to Library Square at the Salt Lake City Public Library, part of an effort to give the station a higher profile and distinguish it from KUER-FM. The Library Square studios, which featured large street-level windows allowing passers-by to see live broadcasts, were one of several moves the station made during the short management tenure of Vicki Mann, who oversaw the acquisition AM station KIQN (1010 AM) to add coverage of Northern Utah and expanded the staff to eight people in her year running KCPW. The $2.5 million AM station purchase was funded by a bond, to be repaid by the station at $200,000 a year for 25 years, demanding increased fundraising.

Wasatch Public Media ownership
Community Wireless of Park City was losing substantial amounts of money by the mid-2000s, largely due to the acquisition of KCPW AM, with losses exceeding $600,000 in 2005 and $413,000 in 2006. At the same time, Feulner's compensation of $150,000 a year exceeded the average of similarly sized nonprofits and other public radio stations. In February 2008, Community Wireless announced its intention to sell KCPW-FM and focus on KPCW in Park City, claiming KCPW deserved management based in Salt Lake City. It gave Ed Sweeney, the station manager, 45 days to form a new non-profit to acquire KCPW.

The new group, known as Wasatch Public Media, had its bid accepted on March 28 but struggled to raise cash; were it to fail, the Educational Media Foundation had already expressed interest in acquiring KCPW. It succeeded with an agreement with the National Cooperative Bank (NCB), which—just one day before the deadline—lent Wasatch $2.2 million to support the acquisition.

The NCB deal was poorly timed, coming months before the Great Recession. By 2011, NCB was seeking to exit its public radio financing deal, and donors had pledged a total of $236,000 that never came. Wasatch Public Media struggled to find new lending support that would help it reduce its loan burden, even though its finances had improved and its listenership increased. In 2011, the station needed funds to enable a restructuring of the NCB loan; the city of Salt Lake City almost lent the station money, which mayor Ralph Becker blocked, and an anonymous donor KCPW-FM ended its longtime National Public Radio (NPR) membership on June 24, 2013, allowing the station to reduce expenses as well as decrease duplication with the area's primary NPR network affiliate, 90.1 KUER-FM. KCPW-FM continued to carry national programming supplied by Public Radio International, American Public Media, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the BBC. The station also continued to produce its local programming. In June 2014, the station announced that it would need to raise $42,000 by July 3 in order to pay for its American Public Media programming; if the goal was not met, KCPW-FM would have closed down, with the money donated during the fund drive returned to the contributors. The goal was reached on July 2, 2014. In 2017, the original 2008 loan from NCB was restructured, reducing the station's long-term debt by $1.7 million, with new senior lenders replacing the bank. That same year, the station's transmitter moved up to the Oquirrh Mountains, which protected coverage previously provided by a translator at risk of being forced off the air.

KUUB
In September 2023, KCPW-FM was offered for sale by a media brokerage, with a minimum bid of $350,000. The brokerage listing preceded a formal announcement from Wasatch Public Media, which ascribed the decision to "the initial purchase price of the station, the recession that followed, and a global pandemic and its aftereffects". The auction was later called off ahead of the University of Utah agreeing to buy KCPW for $450,000. The transaction did not include the Library Square studio facility. On October 31, KCPW ceased broadcasting after exactly 31 years on the air in Salt Lake City; the local programming aired by the station—Beyond the Headlines, Both Sides of the Aisle, and Jazz Time with Steve Williams—continued with Utah Public Radio.

KUER had already been broadcasting the Spanish-language Radio Bilingüe as an HD Radio subchannel since May 2023; KUER and PBS Utah executive director Maria O'Mara noted that it opted to use the new frequency to air Radio Bilingüe and attract a "more diverse and younger audience". KCPW-FM's call sign was changed to KUUB, and the station's first program director was named in May 2024.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: KUUB


text:
Dubai International Capital

Dubai International Capital (DIC) is the international investment arm of Dubai Holding, a global conglomerate and sovereign wealth fund of the government of Dubai and its ruling family. DIC invests private funds on behalf of Dubai Holding and several large third-party investors around the world with a mandate to build a portfolio of internationally diversified assets.

DIC, which was founded in 2004, invests in public and private equity through three divisions:

 * Private Equity: Invests in mid-cap companies in Europe and North America with a focus on secondary buy-outs that include Travelodge, Merlin Entertainments, Doncasters, Mauser, Alliance Medical and Almatis.
 * Emerging Markets: Manages a broad investment program across the Middle East and North Africa region, including LBOs, funds and co-investments, infrastructure, growth and development capital
 * Public Equities: Focused on investment in Fortune 500 companies through its DFSA regulated US$1.5 billion Global Strategic Equities Fund. The fund has invested in global leaders such as Sony and EADS.

Holdings
DIC's investments across its divisions include:

Private Equity: Emerging Markets:
 * The Tussauds Group – purchased in 2005 from Charterhouse Capital Partners for £800 million ($1.5 billion). Subsequently, sold in March 2007 to Merlin Entertainments for £1.025bn, though DIC now has 18% in the combined company. The remaining stock DIC held in the combined company was sold in 2010.
 * Doncasters Group Ltd – In May 2006, DIC acquired Doncasters Group Ltd. for £700 million. Doncasters is a British precision-engineering company with plants in Connecticut, Illinois and Georgia that make precision engineered components and systems for applications in a variety of industries.
 * Travelodge – purchased the UK budget hotel group in 2006 for £675m (1.02bn euros). Travelodge is the fastest expanding hotel chain in Europe.
 * Merlin Entertainments Group – In March 2007 DIC merged The Tussauds Group with Blackstone's Merlin Entertainments Group to create the second largest visitor attractions operator in the world after Disney. DIC received £1.025 bn cash and retained an 18% stake in the combined company. This stake was sold in 2010.
 * Fastentech – In May 2007 DIC-owned Doncasters acquired FastenTech for US$500m in a bolt-on acquisition from Court Square Capital. FastenTech is a leading international manufacturer of industrial and aerospace-grade fasteners and has a strong presence in the US.
 * Mauser Group – purchased the German industrial packaging company in June 2007 for €850m – one of the world's leading industrial packaging firms. Has been sold in August 2014.
 * Jordan Dubai Capital: A US$300 million private equity fund dedicated to investments in Jordan, launched in 2005.
 * Ishraq: A US$150 million investment company focused on delivering the budget hotel concept across the Middle East, established in 2005.
 * MENA Infrastructure Fund: Launched the US$500 million MENA Infrastructure as co-Anchor with HSBC and Waha Capital in 2006. It targets investments in the infrastructure and energy sectors across the Middle East and North Africa.
 * Rivoli Group: In 2007, DIC acquired a substantial stake in the UAE-based luxury goods retailer.
 * KEF Holdings: DIC acquired a 45% stake in the leading UAE-based foundry in 2008, catering mainly to the oil and gas industry.

Public Equities:
 * Daimler AG: acquired a 2% stake for $1 billion in German carmaker Daimler, making it the company's third largest shareholder in 2005. It was divested in 2007.
 * EADS: acquired a 3.12% stake for $838 million in Europe's largest aircraft and defense manufacturer and Airbus parent company. Has since been sold.
 * Sony: acquired a 3% stake for $1.5 billion Has since been sold.

English Premier League Team
On a number of occasions, DIC tried to buy into Liverpool F.C., in part because DIC chief Sameer al-Ansari is a LFC fan and season ticket holder:
 * 3 December 2006: DIC and Liverpool revealed that DIC were in exclusive negotiations to potentially buy or invest in the football club. Liverpool later accepted an offer made by American tycoons, George Gillett and Tom Hicks.
 * 22 December 2007: DIC looked to invest in the club alongside Gillett/Hicks, as the club's owners suffered financial difficulties. However, Hicks later dismissed holding any talks with DIC and even DIC making a bid for his share.
 * 14 February 2008: reported that DIC have 'the outline of an agreement to purchase the Reds from George Gillett and Tom Hicks, and a deal could go through by mid-March' for a sum of around £500M. Gillett then announced that he was willing to sell his 50% stake alone to DIC.
 * 10 March 2008: Hicks announced via the Liverpool website that he has terminated further discussions with DIC. Hicks was apparently not willing to allow DIC to be involved in football decisions.
 * 15 September 2008: Premier League rivals Newcastle United linked with DIC. However, DIC have stated they are not planning a fresh bid for Liverpool, nor were they in talks with any other side from England's top flight.

title: Dubai International Capital


text:
Talk:Otherkin/Archive 5

pov or not pov, but pov nontheless
ok, so we all know tha someones whining about people being POV, but isnt claiming they ARENT real a POV in itself? articles on religion dont say " o and by the wy, these freaks are nuts" but a single other editor keeps trying to make this and other articles say exactly that bout the articles subjects. why cant we say that THEY do trace it, weather its sceintificlaly verificable or not shouldnt matter, because this article has nothing to do with science.Gavin the Chosen 12:52, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but it can't say the beliefs are true either. By the way, you're on the edge of violating 3RR. N (t/c) 12:56, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * i wont actually do so. i honestly thoght that narrow mindedness had no place in an encycplopediaa, and stating that its what they beleive in the most friebd;ly way possible seems the way to go.  if you look at Draginfly's explaination, it seem  reasonable.Gavin the Chosen 12:59, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to disagree with Dragonfly on this. "by tracing their ancestry to..." is not neutral phrasing, although the "they claim" version is also not as NPOV as it could be and has a sceptical tone. Vashti 13:23, August 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * can you figre a better way to say it then the way it vcurrently is? anything i would try would be instantly reverted without being read by DreamGuy.Gavin the Chosen 13:26, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Prannic Energy
You can have prannic energy in the article if you go ahead and make a page about it. I doubt such a thing exists, but if it does, it should have a wikipedia entry. Go to it! Hipocrite 19:27, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

well there is an article about it. PranaGavin the Chosen 19:30, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't you think it would be more productive for you to have done the redirect page I just made, or added a pipe in the link, as opposed to edit warring with me? Hipocrite 19:32, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Dont you thinik i was going to, once i had finished looking? it took me a while. and during that time i wanted to make sure the mention was already there.Gavin the Chosen 19:37, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Hipocrite edits for Gavin
This goes to the very end of the article:
 * Some psychologists believe that the entirety of the otherkin subculture can be explained by clinical lycanthropy. This is not correct. While there are a small few members of the subculture that suffer from this condition, the vast majority of the otherkin subculture does not. Hipocrite 19:58, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

that could workGavin the Chosen 20:02, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * See, I knew I could do it. Now it's your turn:

Gavin edits for Hipocrite
I be;eive that if we were to place a disclaimer, on the articles beginning, we could speak of the beliefs as fats without people becoming cross about that. seem reasonable?Gavin the Chosen 20:09, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No. WP:NPOV. Beliefs must be attributed to believers, then they are facts. Hipocrite 20:11, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

and why shouldnt we be free to discuss the vliefs withthe claim qualifier? a disclamer at the top would sufficeGavin the Chosen 20:18, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * WP:NPOV is a policy of this encyclopedia. If you want to talk about what someone believes, you attribute it to them. Hipocrite 20:24, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

thats what the proposed disclaimer is forGavin the Chosen 20:35, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

WP:NOR
Unless you can source "infinitesimal," it's out. I am not your vicious nemisis, and you're going to have to work with me to compromise, not insist that I do what you want. This is not about you vs. me. This is about getting things right. My broader edit, by definition, is right. Your narrow edit may very well be wrong.Hipocrite 03:31, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

If you can source something that prooves its NOT infantesemal, as in EXACTLY like every other group of people, then its out, otherwise, you have no call to proove its not true.Gavin the Chosen 03:37, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

You do not understand WP:NOR. Please read it, come back here, and tell me if it is required that I prove you are wrong, or that you prove you are right. You also owe me an apology on my talk page, which I expect before I will continue speaking with you. Hipocrite 03:46, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

you act rude, i call you rude, no apologies nessessary fore that, becaseu its fact. please go away, calm down, and come back, all clear headed and rational. thanksGavin the Chosen 03:48, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I take it, then, that you do not wish to read WP:NOR, or did it take you less than two minutes? Hipocrite 03:52, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

if all your going to do is be someone elses sock puppet, then youd best go away.Gavin the Chosen 03:55, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

WP:AGF applies in this case. Please read it as well. These are policies and guidelines of this project. I follow them. You will also. Hipocrite 03:56, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

your not impressing anyone with your mastery of quoting policeies. see, until yopu start showing something called good faith, which you quoted, ill show you none, becasue otherwise your just wasting my time, and patience, and im through being a doormat. now either stop[ being rude, and begin to be calm and REASONABLE, or go away and come back when you can do such.by the way, you follwo no guideline, and even that comment is rude. quit it.Gavin the Chosen 03:59, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I am showing you a great deal of good faith. I haven't written you off yet. Have you read the policies? We can discuss them after you verify that you have. Hipocrite 04:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

you are not showing any faith at all, foing and presenting attempted, but paltry, and childish, "evidance" at my RFAr, and telling people that you think my having one such for Dreamguy is bad faith, do you think i wouldnt see? do youthink iwouldnt see these in chronological order? how very rude of you. your showing no good faith at all. yes i have read the polioceies, and this makes me damned sure that your not shjowing any good faith at all. now pleae, take the cfolliwing advise without getting angry. Go away for a while, calm down, if youre not calm, and come back with a more polite attitude, please.Gavin the Chosen 04:14, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. WP:NOR reads in part "A Wikipedia entry (including any part of an article) counts as original research if it proposes ideas, that is: it introduces a theory or method of solution"

 * Here's how you justify the inclusion of the phrase infintesimal - "there is a very small number, very very small, of delusional people in any group of peoole, thus, the number odf delusional people is in cat infantesmal."

 * It appears to me that you have determined the number of people suffering from Clinical lycanthropy (the belief that one has, or is transformed into an animal) in the Otherkin population is "very small." I believe this may be origional research. Can you cite it outside of your strongly held belief?? Hipocrite 04:21, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

clearly you havnt read enoug on this subject, of lycanthropy, cliniocal or otherwise, or on Otherkin, or on Therantrhropy to understand this subject. come back when you hacve done some more reading., for now, your sticking to points that have already been discussed heavily and  solved.Gavin the Chosen 04:23, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

As an editor of this encyclopedia, I've done the requisite research on the science - the field that I am qualified to discuss. I did not see any literature that evidenced that the size of the CL population inside of the Otherkin population is "very small." Can you cite your source, please? Alleging that I don't know what I'm talking about isn't proving it. Hipocrite 04:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

as i have told and convined others beforwe, this has very little to do with sceince, nor would you be able to claimthat islamic faith has anything todow ith sceicne. i dont see your point. and your making it clearer and clearer that you have no clue what your talking about. go read,  calm down, and then maybe we can have whats called an informed discusssion.Gavin the Chosen 04:28, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Please point me to a Reputable Source that you would have me read. I have ready access to a major library. Please be certain that your source can verify the CL population inside the otherkin population is "very small." Hipocrite 04:30, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

please proove w that you know what your talking about. oh, right you don. please stop being annoying. your constant unwarrented reversion of my very good, very well explained edit on Theriantropy is aggfravating, you dont even expain it. thats whats called BAD FAITH. ytou no longer deserve my time or patience. good by.Gavin the Chosen 04:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

It is not my obligation to prove that I am smart, it's your obligation to help me educate myself. I'm looking for this source to read (I've read everything in the article, and have requested the psyc papers on CL - about 1 week) which will ifnorm me about the size of CL inside otherkin. Please point me at this source so I can find it. I'm happy to help here, but apparently I don't know something that is in a Reputable Source, and I'd like to know it. Hipocrite 04:34, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

there are no such papers. if there were, youd havet hem at the ready, and so would i. stop bluffing.Gavin the Chosen 04:39, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

As such, then, wouldn't you agree that the only way to determine that only a "very small" number of otherkin suffer from CL is to do research on it? Hipocrite 04:40, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

socialoigical statistics state that among groups of people, the average rate of "deluded " people is extraorinatily small. POEPLE is all encompassing, any group whatsoever, aside from, of course the group of deluded indicviduals itself. dont beleive me? top bad. try the lastest sociualogiy textbook. ( the one i read last year) sorry, but i cant  remember the name of the book.Gavin the Chosen 04:43, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I believe the question is not about a generalized population, but about a specific population. The contention in question is, given that every CL believes they are otherkin (specifically, they believe they have transformed or are transformed into animals), can one be certain that only a very small number of otherkin are, in fact, CLs? This would not hold true for, say, Detriot, which is what your sociology textbook refers to. The sociological concept is Self-selection.Hipocrite 04:47, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

the basis for your theory is erronious, not every Clinical Lycanthropy suffer are otherkin, they ust think they are ether wolves or werwwolves, on average, theres only a very small number who would call themselves otherkin.Gavin the Chosen 04:52, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I use the definition of otherkin as found in the article: "The otherkin subculture is made up of people who describe themselves as non-human in some way." Would not a werewolf consider themself non-human in some way? I also reccomend you reread the CL article - it does not apply to wolves only. Hipocrite 04:56, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

the differences are in the uances of how they are not human, werewolves and therians beleive they aren natural animals, though not human, Otherkin bleieve they qre supernatural creatues, or supernatural speakingg races, examples are dragons, demons, elves, and many others. therein lies the diefference and why there are separate articles. each kind of different requires a differnt context. this is whny one ca not easily draw a parrellell between lycanthropes and Otherkin and Therianthropes. ( im doing my best to explain, please tell me if i am making sense)Gavin the Chosen 05:03, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

This distinction isn't in the article, and it's not at all clear from your above paragraph. In fact, the next time you think you need to put the phrase "tell me if I am making sense" in a paragraph, assume you are not. Take the rest of the night, while I sleep, to figure out how to correct the definition of Otherkin to exclude people who believe they have changed or are changed into animals. Or, just get rid of the infinitesimal. Hipocrite 05:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Where it's due
Gavin, you removal of the trans comment was right and propper. I support it completly, untill such a drawer of parallels is found in a Reputable Source. Hipocrite 04:49, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

thanks! :-) i am trying to do things properly.Gavin the Chosen 04:52, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Do not consider my praise as an endorsement of your behavior. Your removal required that I fix the sentance, and it still appears to me, as someone who could care less about this entire subculture, that you are POV crusading here. Hipocrite 04:57, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

i am trying to do what is needed, i care about everything i touch, but it is not my point of view im trying to get put forth,  if you see what i mean.Gavin the Chosen 05:03, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

If you really cared about the changes you made, you'd look at them five times before you hit submit. If it's not your POV you are pushing, in the interest of openess, why is it so important to you that the word infinitesimal remain in the article? Do you think it's more encyclopedic that way? Hipocrite 05:10, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

i think it prevents people from labelling the entire group as nutballs. no one deserves that.Gavin the Chosen 05:12, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Looking carefully at WP:NOT, do you see anything that applies? It is not your goal to prevent people from labeling the group as nutballs. Wikipedia is not a propaganda machine, in either direction. It is our goal to encyclopediacelly describe what we can. Please edit with this in mind. I hope that you will revert your "infinitesimal" change and prove my assumptions about you from earlier this evening wrong. Hipocrite 05:17, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Compromise on the See also link
Would it be acceptable to everyone if, rather than being under "See also", this page and Therianthropy had a link to it under a "Compare" heading? So it would be like this:

 * ===Compare===
 * Clinical lycanthropy
 * ===See also===
 * other links here

Or would that be POV? Vashti 09:19, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Honestly, I think Compare would be more of a problem than See also for the pro-Otherkin crowd, wouldn;t it? Seee also includes the concepts of compare, subsets, realted topics, so I don;t get why your solution would be any better. DreamGuy 11:11, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * "Compare" seems to communicate more that these are similar but distinct concepts, to me. Vashti 11:17, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, but "distinct concepts" is a POV conclusion others disagree with and therefore not allowed, if that was your intent. DreamGuy 12:09, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Your conclusion that clinical lycanthropy and otherkin are the same thing continues to be original research. If having the link is POV, and not having the link is POV, then we are, to use the vernacular, royally screwed.  There is no way between, which is why I've proposed this as a possible way to satisfy both sides of the argument. Vashti 12:26, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * But it doesn't have to be proven to be a see also. It's similar, which is what see alsos are for. Including it there is not saying that they are the same, so your argument doesn't work. Censoring it would be not being in the middle at all, it'd be a complete POV victory for your unproven belief. DreamGuy 12:50, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Protected
I've protected the page as per User:Nickptar's request (and User:Vashti's request of a few days ago). FreplySpang (talk) 15:05, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * ... and I have now tagged it as such. Sorry for the oversight. FreplySpang (talk) 19:54, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

the transesuality parrellell
should be removed, along with the sentance after it, becasue it doesnt show anything about who said irt, i mean, where does this p;ossibly fictuiobnal parellell  come from?Gavin the Chosen 15:08, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

. Keep up with talk. Hipocrite 15:19, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Otherkin/Archive 5


text: User talk:86.32.17.15

title: User talk:86.32.17.15


text: User talk:86.134.40.90

title: User talk:86.134.40.90


text:
Miles Copeland

Miles Copeland may refer to:

 * Miles Copeland Jr. (1916–1991), American musician, businessman, and CIA founder
 * Miles Copeland III (born 1944), American entertainment executive
 * Miles Copeland (Home and Away), a fictional character from soap opera Home and Away

title: Miles Copeland


text:
Talk:Microsoft MapPoint

Regions and uses
I've updated to reflect that in Europe AutoRoute is sold as a small business and home product. MapPoint Europe is for corporate users.

Streets & Trips is North America only.

What is meant by "Microsoft MapPoint as a software is updated yearly."? The MapPoint Client software has had releases with version numbers 2002, 2004 and 2006. (Europe 2006 isn't even out yet.) How is this yearly? 163.1.151.230 22:41, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Software restrictions
Worth noting for international users that the maps are restricted to what Microsoft have provided and are unlikely to provide sufficient detail (below location of a city). Though there are some tools (www.mapmaker.com, for example) that can be used to load in a map - one must first go through the work of digitizing such. Digitizing is time consuming - a graphic map (say of a city's streets) might appear as a background in another product, but will not be importable. Instead, one must use another software package to redraw such a map, identifying landmarks, streets, postcodes, etc. before such is useful in MapPoint.

Visual Basic knowledge
How much knowledge of Visual Basic is required for using MapPoint? Dogru144 (talk) 23:05, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

2013
Version 2013 is available. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.92.206.204 (talk) 00:27, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Microsoft MapPoint


text: User talk:80.57.227.3

title: User talk:80.57.227.3


text:
Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick

Donnchadh (Latin: Duncanus; English: Duncan) was a Gall-Gaidhil prince and Scottish magnate in what is now south-western Scotland, whose career stretched from the last quarter of the 12th century until his death in 1250. His father, Gille-Brighde of Galloway, and his uncle, Uhtred of Galloway, were the two rival sons of Fergus, Prince or Lord of Galloway. As a result of Gille-Brighde's conflict with Uhtred and the Scottish monarch William the Lion, Donnchadh became a hostage of King Henry II of England. He probably remained in England for almost a decade before returning north on the death of his father. Although denied succession to all the lands of Galloway, he was granted lordship over Carrick in the north.

Allied to John de Courcy, Donnchadh fought battles in Ireland and acquired land there that he subsequently lost. A patron of religious houses, particularly Melrose Abbey and North Berwick priory nunnery, he attempted to establish a monastery in his own territory, at Crossraguel. He married the daughter of Alan fitz Walter, a leading member of the family later known as the House of Stewart—future monarchs of Scotland and England. Donnchadh was the first mormaer or earl of Carrick, a region he ruled for more than six decades, making him one of the longest serving magnates in medieval Scotland. His descendants include the Bruce and Stewart Kings of Scotland, and probably the Campbell Dukes of Argyll.

Geographic and cultural background
Donnchadh's territory lay in what is now Scotland south of the River Forth, a multi-ethnic region during the late 12th century. North of the Forth was the Gaelic kingdom of Scotland (Alba), which under its partially Normanised kings exercised direct or indirect control over most of the region to the south as far as the borders of Northumberland and Cumberland. Lothian and the Merse were the heartlands of the northern part of the old English Earldom of Northumbria, and in the late 12th century the people of these regions, as well as the people of Lauderdale, Eskdale, Liddesdale, and most of Teviotdale and Annandale, were English in language and regarded themselves as English by ethnicity, despite having been under the control of the king of the Scots for at least a century.

Clydesdale (or Strathclyde) was the heartland of the old Kingdom of Strathclyde; by Donnchadh's day the Scots had settled many English and Continental Europeans (principally Flemings) in the region, and administered it through the sheriffdom of Lanark. Gaelic too had penetrated much of the old Northumbrian and Strathclyde territory, coming from the west, south-west and the north, a situation that led historian Alex Woolf to compare the region to the Balkans. The British language of the area, as a result of such developments, was probably either dead or almost dead, perhaps surviving only in the uplands of Clydesdale, Tweeddale and Annandale.

The rest of the region was settled by the people called Gall-Gaidhil (modern Scottish Gaelic: Gall-Ghàidheil) in their own language, variations of Gallwedienses in Latin, and normally Galwegians or Gallovidians in modern English. References in the 11th century to the kingdom of the Gall-Gaidhil centre it far to the north of what is now Galloway. Kingarth (Cenn Garadh) and Eigg (Eic) were described as "in Galloway" (Gallgaidelaib) by the Martyrology of Óengus, in contrast to Whithorn —part of modern Galloway—which was named as lying within another kingdom, The Rhinns (Na Renna). These areas had been part of the Kingdom of Northumbria until the 9th century, and afterward were transformed by a process very poorly documented, but probably carried out by numerous small bands of culturally Scandinavian but linguistically Gaelic warrior-settlers moving in from Ireland and southern Argyll. "Galloway" today only refers to the lands of Rhinns, Farines, Glenken, Desnes Mór and Desnes Ioan (that is, Wigtownshire and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright), but this is due to the territorial changes that took place in and around Donnchadh's lifetime rather than being the contemporary definition. For instance, a 12th-century piece of marginalia located the island of Ailsa Craig "lying between Gallgaedelu [Galloway] and Cend Tiri [Kintyre]", while a charter of Máel Coluim IV ("Malcolm IV") describes Strathgryfe, Cunningham, Kyle and Carrick as the four cadrez (probably from ceathramh, "quarter"s) of Galloway; an Irish annal entry for the year 1154 designated galleys from Arran, Kintyre, the Isle of Man as Gallghaoidhel, "Galwegian".

By the middle of the 12th century, the former territory of the kingdom of the Rhinns was part of Galloway kingdom, but the area to the north was not. Strathgryfe, Kyle and Cunningham had come under the control of the Scottish king in the early 12th century, much of it given over to soldiers of French or Anglo-French origin. Strathgryfe and most of Kyle had been given to Walter fitz Alan under King David I, with Hugh de Morville taking Cunningham. Strathnith still had a Gaelic ruler (ancestor of the famous Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray), but he was not part of the kingdom of Galloway. The rest of the region—the Rhinns, Farines, Carrick, Desnes Mór and Desnes Ioan, and the sparsely settled uplands of Glenken—was probably under the control of the sons of Fergus, King of Galloway, in the years before Donnchadh's career in the region.

Origins and family
Donnchadh was the son of Gille-Brighde, son of Fergus, king of the Gall-Gaidhil. Donnchadh's ancestry cannot be traced further; no patronymic is known for Fergus from contemporary sources, and when Fergus' successors enumerate their ancestors in documents, they never go earlier than he does. The name Gille-Brighde, used by Donnchadh's father (Fergus' son), was also the name of the father of Somhairle, petty king of Argyll in the third quarter of the 12th century. As the original territory of the Gall-Gaidhil kingdom probably adjoined or included Argyll, Alex Woolf has suggested that Fergus and Somhairle were brothers or cousins.

There is a "body of circumstantial evidence" that suggests Donnchadh's mother was a daughter or sister of Donnchadh II, Earl of Fife. This includes Donnchadh's association with the Cistercian nunnery of North Berwick, founded by Donnchadh II of Fife's father, Donnchadh I of Fife; close ties seem to have existed between the two families, while Donnchadh's own name is further evidence. The historian who suggested this in 2000, Richard Oram, came to regard this conjecture as certain by 2004.

Roger of Hoveden described Uhtred of Galloway as a consanguinus ("cousin") of King Henry II of England, an assertion that has given rise to the theory that, since Gille-Brighde is never described as such, they must have been from different mothers. Fergus must therefore, according to the theory, have had two wives, one of whom was a bastard daughter of Henry I; that is, Uhtred and his descendants were related to the English royal family, while Gille-Brighde and his descendants were not. According to historian G.W.S. Barrow, the theory is disproved by one English royal document, written in the name of King John of England, which likewise asserts that Donnchadh was John's cousin.

It is unclear how many siblings Donnchadh had, but two at least are known. The first, Máel Coluim, led the forces that besieged Gille-Brighde's brother Uhtred on "Dee island" (probably Threave) in Galloway in 1174. This Máel Coluim captured Uhtred, who subsequently, in addition to being blinded and castrated, had his tongue cut out. Nothing more is known of Máel Coluim's life; there is speculation by some modern historians that he was illegitimate. Another brother appears in the records of Paisley Abbey. In 1233, one Gille-Chonaill Manntach, "the Stammerer" (recorded Gillokonel Manthac), gave evidence regarding a land dispute in Strathclyde; the document described him as the brother of the Earl of Carrick, who at that time was Donnchadh.

Exile and return
In 1160, Máel Coluim mac Eanric (Malcolm IV), king of the Scots, forced Fergus into retirement and brought Galloway under his overlordship. It is likely that from 1161 until 1174, Fergus' sons Gille-Brighde and Uhtred shared the lordship of the Gall-Gaidhil under the Scottish king's authority, with Gille-Brighde in the west and Uhtred in the east. When in 1174 the Scottish king William the Lion was captured during an invasion of England, the brothers responded by rebelling against the Scottish monarch. Subsequently, they fought each other, with Donnchadh's father ultimately prevailing.

Having defeated his brother, Gille-Brighde unsuccessfully sought to become a direct vassal of Henry II, king of England. An agreement was obtained with Henry in 1176, Gille-Brighde promising to pay him 1000 marks of silver and handing over his son Donnchadh as a hostage. Donnchadh was taken into the care of Hugh de Morwic, sheriff of Cumberland. The agreement seems to have included recognising Donnchadh's right to inherit Gille-Brighde's lands, for nine years later, in the aftermath of Gille-Brighde's death, when Uhtred's son Lochlann (Roland) invaded western Galloway, Roger of Hoveden described the action as "contrary to [Henry's] prohibition".

The activities of Donnchadh's father Gille-Brighde after 1176 are unclear, but some time before 1184 King William raised an army to punish Gille-Brighde "and the other Galwegians who had wasted his land and slain his vassals"; he held off the endeavour, probably because he was worried about the response of Gille-Brighde's protector Henry II. There were raids on William's territory until Gille-Brighde's death in 1185. The death of Gille-Brighde prompted Donnchadh's cousin Lochlann, supported by the Scottish king, to attempt a takeover, thus threatening Donnchadh's inheritance. At that time Donnchadh was still a hostage in the care of Hugh de Morwic.

The Gesta Annalia I claimed that Donnchadh's patrimony was defended by chieftains called Somhairle ("Samuel"), Gille-Patraic, and Eanric Mac Cennetig ("Henry Mac Kennedy"). Lochlann and his army met these men in battle on 4 July 1185 and, according to the Chronicle of Melrose, killed Gille-Patraic and a substantial number of his warriors. Another battle took place on 30 September, and although Lochlann's forces were probably victorious, killing opponent leader Gille-Coluim, the encounter led to the death of Lochlann's unnamed brother. Lochlann's activities provoked a response from King Henry who, according to historian Richard Oram, "was not prepared to accept a fait accompli that disinherited the son of a useful vassal, flew in the face of the settlement which he had imposed ... and deprived him of influence over a vitally strategic zone on the north-west periphery of his realm".

According to Hoveden, in May 1186 Henry ordered the king and magnates of Scotland to subdue Lochlann; in response, Lochlann "collected numerous horse and foot and obstructed the entrances to Galloway and its roads to what extent he could". Richard Oram did not believe that the Scots really intended to do this, as Lochlann was their dependent and probably acted with their consent; this, Oram argued, explains why Henry himself raised an army and marched north to Carlisle. When Henry arrived he instructed King William and his brother David, Earl of Huntingdon, to come to Carlisle, and to bring Lochlann with them.

Lochlann ignored Henry's summons until an embassy consisting of Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham and Justiciar Ranulf de Glanville provided him with hostages as a guarantee of his safety; when he agreed to travel to Carlisle with the king's ambassadors. Hoveden wrote that Lochlann was allowed to keep the land that his father Uhtred had held "on the day he was alive and dead", but that the land of Gille-Brighde that was claimed by Donnchadh, son of Gille-Brighde, would be settled in Henry's court, to which Lochlann would be summoned. Lochlann agreed to these terms. King William and Earl David swore an oath to enforce the agreement, with Jocelin, Bishop of Glasgow, instructed to excommunicate any party that should breach their oath.

Ruler of Carrick
There is no record of any subsequent court hearing, but the Gesta Annalia I relates that Donnchadh was granted Carrick on condition of peace with Lochlann, and emphasises the role of King William (as opposed to Henry) in resolving the conflict. Richard Oram has pointed out that Donnchadh's grant to Melrose Abbey between 1189 and 1198 was witnessed by his cousin Lochlann, evidence perhaps that relations between the two had become more cordial. Although no details are given any contemporary source, Donnchadh gained possession of some of his father's land in the west of the kingdom of Gall-Gaidhil, namely the "earldom" of Carrick.

When Donnchadh adopted or was given the title of earl (Latin: comes), or in his own language mormaer, is a debated question. Historian Alan Orr Anderson argued that he began using the title of comes between 1214 and 1216, based on Donnchadh's appearance as a witness to two charters issued by Thomas de Colville; the first, known as Melrose 193 (this being its number in Cosmo Innes's printed version of the cartulary), was dated by Anderson to 1214. In this charter, Donnchadh has no title. By contrast Donnchadh was styled comes in a charter dated by Anderson to 1216, Melrose 192.

Oram pointed out that Donnchadh was styled comes in a grant to Melrose Abbey witnessed by Richard de Morville (Melrose 32), who died in 1196. If the wording in this charter is accurate, then Donnchadh was using the title before Richard's death: that is, in or before 1196. Furthermore, while Anderson dated Melrose 192 with reference to Abbot William III de Courcy (abbot of Melrose from 1215 to 1216), Oram identified Abbot William as Abbot William II (abbot from 1202 to 1206). Whenever Donnchadh adopted the title, he is the first known "earl" of the region.

Carrick was located in the Firth of Clyde, in the Irish Sea region far from the main centres of Scottish and Anglo-Norman influence lying to its east and south-east. Carrick was separated from Kyle in the north and north-east by the River Doon, and from Galloway proper by Glenapp and by the adjacent hills and forests. There were three main rivers, the Doon, the Girvan and the Stinchar, though most of the province was hilly, meaning that most wealth came from animal husbandry rather than arable farming. The population of Carrick, like that in neighbouring Galloway, consisted of kin groups governed by a "chief" or "captain" (cenn, Latin capitaneus). Above these captains was the Cenn Cineoil ("kenkynolle"), the "kin-captain" of Carrick, a position held by the mormaer; it was not until after Donnchadh's death that these two positions were separated. The best-recorded groups are Donnchadh's own group (known only as de Carrick, "of Carrick") and the Mac Cennétig (Kennedy) family, who seem to have provided the earldom's hereditary stewards.

The population was governed under these leaders by a customary law that remained distinct from the common law of Scotland for the remainder of the Middle Ages. One documented aspect of Carrick and Galloway law was the power of sergeants (an original Gaelic word Latinised as Kethres), officials of the earl or of other captains, to claim one night of free hospitality (a privilege called sorryn et frithalos), and to accuse and arrest with little restriction. The personal demesne, or lands, of the earl was probably extensive in Donnchadh's time; in 1260, during the minority of Donnchadh's descendant Countess Marjory of Carrick, an assessment made by the Scottish king showed that the earls had estates throughout the province, in upland locations like Straiton, Glengennet and Bennan, as well as in the east in locations such as Turnberry and Dalquharran.

Relations with the church
Records exist for Donnchadh's religious patronage, and these records provide evidence for Donnchadh's associates as well as the earl himself. Around 1200 Earl Donnchadh allowed the monks of Melrose Abbey use of saltpans from his land at Turnberry. Between 1189 and 1198 he had granted the church of Maybothelbeg ("Little Maybole") and the lands of Beath (Bethóc) to this Cistercian house. The grant is mentioned by the Chronicle of Melrose, under the year 1193: "Donnchadh, son of Gille-Brighde, of Galloway, gave to God and St Mary and the monks of Melrose a certain part of their land in Carrick that is called Maybole, in perpetual alms, for the salvation of his soul, and the souls of all his relatives; in presence of bishop Jocelin, and many other witnesses." These estates were very rich, and became attached to Melrose's "super-grange" at Mauchline in Kyle. In 1285 Melrose Abbey was able to persuade the earl of the time to force its tenants in Carrick to use the lex Anglicana (the "English law").

Witness to both grants were some prominent churchman connected with Melrose: magnates like Earl Donnchadh II of Fife, the latter's son Máel Coluim, Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn, as well as probable members of Donnchadh's retinue, like Gille-Osald mac Gille-Anndrais, Gille-nan-Náemh mac Cholmain, Gille-Chríst Bretnach ("the Briton"), and Donnchadh's chamberlain Étgar mac Muireadhaich. Áedh son of the mormaer of Lennox also witnessed these grants, and sometime between 1208 and 1214 Donnchadh (as "Lord Donnchadh") subscribed (i.e. his name was written at the bottom, as a "witness" to) a charter of Maol Domhnaich, Earl of Lennox, son and heir of Mormaer Ailean II, to the bishopric of Glasgow regarding the church of Campsie.

There are records of patronage towards the nunnery of North Berwick, a house founded by Donnchadh's probable maternal grandfather or great-grandfather Donnchadh I of Fife. He gave that house the rectorship of the church of St Cuthbert of Maybole sometime between 1189 and 1250. In addition to Maybole, he gave the church of St Brigit at Kirkbride to the nuns, as well as a grant of three marks from a place called Barrebeth. Relations with the bishop of Glasgow, within whose diocese Carrick lay, are also attested. For instance, on 21 July 1225, at Ayr in Kyle, Donnchadh made a promise of tithes to Walter, Bishop of Glasgow.

Donnchadh's most important long-term patronage was a series of gifts to the Cluniac Abbey of Paisley that led to the foundation of a monastery at Crossraguel (Crois Riaghail). At some date before 1227 he granted Crossraguel and a place called Suthblan to Paisley, a grant confirmed by Pope Honorius III on 23 January 1227. A royal confirmation by King Alexander III of Scotland dated to 25 August 1236 shows that Donnchadh granted the monastery the churches of Kirkoswald (Turnberry), Straiton and Dalquharran (Old Dailly). He may also have given the churches of Girvan and Kirkcudbright-Innertig (Ballantrae).

It is clear from several sources that Donnchadh made these grants on the condition that the Abbey of Paisley established a Cluniac house in Carrick, but that the Abbey did not fulfil this condition, arguing that it was not obliged to do so. The Bishop of Glasgow intervened in 1244 and determined that a house of Cluniac monks from Paisley should indeed be founded there, that the house should be exempt from the jurisdiction of Paisley save recognition of the common Cluniac Order, but that the Abbot of Paisley could visit the house annually. After the foundation, Paisley was to hand over its Carrick properties to the newly established monastery.

A papal bull of 11 July 1265 reveals that Paisley Abbey built only a small oratory served by Paisley monks. Twenty years after the bishop's ruling Paisley complained to the papacy, which led Pope Clement IV to issue two bulls, dated 11 June 1265 and 6 February 1266, appointing mandatories to settle the dispute; the results of their deliberations are unknown. Crossraguel was not finally founded until about two decades after Donnchadh's death, probably by 1270; its first abbot, Abbot Patrick, is attested between 1274 and 1292.

Anglo-French world
In secular affairs one of the few important facts recorded about Donnchadh was his marriage to Avelina, daughter of Alan fitz Walter, lord of Strathgryfe and [northern] Kyle, and High Steward of Scotland. The marriage is known from Roger of Hoveden's Chronica, which recorded that in 1200 Donnchadh: "Carried off (rapuit) Avelina, daughter of Alan fitz Walter, lord of Renfrew, before William king of Scotland returned from England to his own land. And hence that king was exceeding wroth; and he took from Alan fitz Walter twenty-four pledges that he would preserve the peace with his and with his land, and take the law about his law." The marriage bound Donnchadh closer to the Anglo-French circles of the northern part of the region south of the Forth, while from Alan's point of view it was part of a series of moves to expand his territory further into former Gall-Gaidhil lands, moves that had included an alliance a few years earlier with another Firth of Clyde Gaelic prince, Raghnall mac Somhairle (Rǫgnvaldr, son of Sumarliði or Somerled).

Charter evidence reveals two Anglo-Normans present in Donnchadh's territory. Some of Donnchadh's charters to Melrose were subscribed by an Anglo-Norman knight named Roger de Skelbrooke, who appears to have been Lord of Greenan. De Skelbrooke himself made grants to Melrose regarding the land of Drumeceisuiene (i.e. Drumshang), grants confirmed by "his lord" Donnchadh. This knight gave Melrose fishing rights in the River Doon, rights confirmed by Donnchadh too and later by Roger's son-in-law and successor Ruaidhri mac Gille-Escoib (Raderic mac Gillescop).

The other known Anglo-French knight was Thomas de Colville. Thomas (nicknamed "the Scot") was the younger son of the lord of Castle Bytham, a significant landowner in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Around 1190 he was constable of Dumfries, the royal castle which had been planted in Strathnith by the Scottish king, probably overrun by the Gall-Gaidhil in the revolt of 1174 before being restored afterwards. Evidence that he possessed land in the region under Donnchadh's overlordship comes from the opening years of the 13th century when he made a grant of land around Dalmellington to the Cistercians of Vaudey Abbey. Historians G.W.S. Barrow and Hector MacQueen both thought that Thomas' nickname "the Scot" (which then could mean "a Gael" as well as someone from north of the Forth), is a reflection of Thomas' exposure to the culture of the south-west during his career there.

It is not known how these two men acquired the patronage of Donnchadh or his family. Writing in 1980, Barrow could find no cause for their presence in the area, and declared that they were "for the present impossible to account for". As Richard Oram pointed out, in one of his charters Roger de Skelbrooke called Donnchadh's father Gille-Brighde "my lord", indicating that Donnchadh probably inherited them in his territory. Neither of them left traceable offspring in the region, and even if they did represent for Carrick what could have been the embryonic stages of the kind of Normanisation that was taking place further east, the process was halted during Donnchadh's period as ruler. Vaudey Abbey transferred the land granted to it by Donnchadh to Melrose Abbey in 1223, because it was "useless and dangerous to them, both on account of the absence of law and order, and by reason of the insidious attacks of a barbarous people".

Ireland
The Anglo-Norman John de Courcy, whose early life was probably spent just across the Irish Sea in Cumbria, invaded the over-kingdom of Ulaid in north-eastern Ireland in 1177 with the aim of conquest. After defeating the region's king Ruaidhrí Mac Duinn Shléibhe, de Courcy was able to take control of a large amount of territory, though not without encountering further resistance among the native Irish. Cumbria was only a short distance too from the lands of the Gall-Gaidhil, and around 1180 John de Courcy married Donnchadh's cousin Affrica, whose father Guðrøðr (Gofraidh), King of the Isles, was son of Donnchadh's aunt. Guðrøðr, who was thus Donnchadh's cousin, had in turn married a daughter of the Meic Lochlainn ruler of Tir Eoghain, another Irish kingdom. Marriage thus connected Donnchadh and the other Gall-Gaidhil princes to several players in Ulster affairs.

The earliest information on Donnchadh's and indeed Gall-Gaidhil involvement in Ulster comes from Roger of Hoveden's entry about the death of Jordan de Courcy, John's brother. It related that in 1197, after Jordan's death, John sought vengeance and "Fought a battle with the petty-kings of Ireland, of whom he put some to flight, slew others, and subjugated their territories; of which he gave no small part to Donnchadh, son of Gille-Brighde, the son of Fergus, who, at the time that the said John was about to engage with the Irish, came to assist him with no small body of troops."

Donnchadh's interests in the area were damaged when de Courcy lost his territory in eastern Ulster to his rival Hugh de Lacy in 1203. John de Courcy, with help from his wife's brother King Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson (Raghnall mac Gofraidh) and perhaps from Donnchadh, tried to regain his principality, but was initially unsuccessful. De Courcy's fortunes were boosted when Hugh de Lacy (then Earl of Ulster) and his associate William III de Briouze, themselves fell foul of John; the king campaigned in Ireland against them in 1210, a campaign that forced de Briouze to return to Wales and de Lacy to flee to St Andrews in Scotland.

English records attest to Donnchadh's continued involvement in Ireland. One document, after describing how William de Briouze became the king's enemy in England and Ireland, records that after John arrived in Ireland in July 1210: "[William de Briouze's] wife [Matilda] fled to Scotland with William and Reinald her sons, and her private retinue, in the company of Hugh de Lacy, and when the king was at Carrickfergus Castle, a certain friend and cousin of his of Galloway, namely Donnchadh of Carrick, reported to the king that he had taken her and her daughter the wife of Roger de Mortimer, and William junior, with his wife and two sons, but Hugh de Lacy and Reinald escaped." The Histoire des Ducs de Normandie recorded that William and Matilda had voyaged to the Isle of Man, en route from Ireland to Galloway, where they were captured. Matilda was imprisoned by the king, and died of starvation.

Another document, this one preserved in an Irish memoranda roll dating to the reign of King Henry VI (reigned 1422–1461), records that after John's Irish expedition of 1210, Donnchadh controlled extensive territory in County Antrim, namely the settlements of Larne and Glenarm with 50 carucates of land in between, a territory similar to the later barony of Glenarm Upper. King John had given or recognised Donnchadh's possession of this territory, and that of Donnchadh's nephew Alaxandair (Alexander), as a reward for his help; similarly, John had given Donnchadh's cousins Ailean and Tómas, sons of Lochlann, a huge lordship equivalent to 140 knight's fees that included most of northern County Antrim and County Londonderry, the reward for use of their soldiers and galleys.

By 1219 Donnchadh and his nephew appear to have lost all or most of his Irish land; a document of that year related that the Justiciar of Ireland, Geoffrey de Marisco, had dispossessed ("disseised") them believing they had conspired against the king in the rebellion of 1215–6. The king, John's successor Henry III, found that this was not true and ordered the Justiciar to restore Donnchadh and his nephew to their lands. By 1224, Donnchadh had still not regained these lands and de Lacy's adherents were gaining more ground in the region. King Henry III repeated his earlier but ineffective instructions: he ordered Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin and new Justiciar of Ireland, to restore to Donnchadh "the remaining part of the land given to him by King John in Ireland, unless anyone held it by his father's own precept".

Later in the same year Donnchadh wrote to King Henry. His letter was as follows: "[Donnchadh] Thanks him for the mandate which he directed by him to the Justiciar of Ireland, to restore his land there, of which he had been disseized on account of the English war; but as the land has not yet been restored, he asks the King to give by him a more effectual command to the Justiciar." Henry's response was a writ to his Justiciar: "King John granted to Donnchadh of Carrick, land in Ulster called Balgeithelauche [probably Ballygalley, county Antrim]. He says Hugh de Lacy disseized him and gave it to another. The King commands the Earl to inquire who has it, and its tenure; and if his right is insufficient, to give Donnchadh the land during the king's pleasure. At Bedford." It is unlikely that Donnchadh ever regained his territory; after Hugh was formally restored to the Earldom of Ulster in 1227, Donnchadh's land was probably controlled by the Bisset family. Historian Séan Duffy argues that the Bissets (later known as the "Bissets of the Glens") helped Hugh de Lacy, and probably ended up with Donnchadh's territory as a reward.

Death and legacy
Donnchadh was said by the Martyrology of Glasgow to have died on 13 June 1250. He was succeeded in the earldom by Niall. The traditional view, going back to the 19th century, is that Niall was Donnchadh's son. This view has been undermined with more recent research by genealogist Andrew MacEwen, who has argued that Niall was not the son of Donnchadh, but rather his grandson, a view embraced by leading Scottish medievalist Professor G.W.S. Barrow. According to this argument, Donnchadh's son and intended heir was Cailean mac Donnchaidh (alias Nicholaus), who as his son and heir, issued a charter in Donnchadh's lifetime, but seemingly predeceased him. It was further suggested that Cailean's wife, Earl Niall's mother, was a daughter of the Tir Eoghain king Niall Ruadh Ó Neill, tying in with Donnchadh's Irish activities, accounting for the use of the name Niall, and explaining the strong alliance with the Ó Neill held by Niall's grandsons.

Another of Donnchadh's sons, Eóin (John), owned the land of Straiton. He was involved in the Galwegian revolt of Gille Ruadh in 1235, during which he attacked some churches in the diocese of Glasgow. He received a pardon by granting patronage of the church of Straiton and the land of Hachinclohyn to William de Bondington, Bishop of Glasgow, which was confirmed by Alexander II in 1244. Two other sons, Ailean (Alan) and Alaxandair (Alexander), are attested subscribing to Donnchadh and Cailean's charters to North Berwick. A Melrose charter mentions that Ailean was parson of Kirchemanen. Cailean, and presumably Donnchadh's other legitimate sons, died before their father.

Donnchadh's probable grandson, Niall, was earl for only six years and died leaving no son but four daughters, one of whom is known by name. The last, presumably the eldest, was his successor Marjorie, who married in turn Adam of Kilconquhar (died 1271), a member of the Mac Duibh family of Fife, and Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale. Marjorie's son Robert the Bruce, through military success and ancestral kinship with the Dunkeld dynasty, became King of Scots. King Robert's brother, Edward Bruce, became for a short time High King of Ireland.

Under the Bruces and their successors to the Scottish throne, the title Earl of Carrick became a prestigious honorific title usually given to a son of the king or intended heir; at some time between 1250 and 1256 Earl Niall, anticipating that the earldom would be taken over by a man from another family, issued a charter to Lochlann (Roland) of Carrick, a son or grandson of one of Donnchadh's brothers. The charter granted Lochlann the title Cenn Cineoil, "head of the kindred", a position which brought the right to lead the men of Carrick in war. The charter also conferred possession of the office of baillie of Carrick under whoever was earl. Precedent had been established here by other native families of Scotland, something similar having already taken place in Fife; it was a way of ensuring that the kin-group retained strong locally based male leadership even when the newly imposed common law of Scotland forced the comital title to pass into the hands of another family. By 1372 the office had passed—probably by marriage—to the Kennedy family of Dunure.

The 17th-century genealogical compilation known as Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells by Robert Duncanson, minister of Campbeltown, claimed that "Efferic" (i.e. Affraic or Afraig), wife of Gilleasbaig of Menstrie (fl. 1263–6) and mother of Campbell progenitor Cailean Mór, was the daughter of one Cailean (anglicised Colin), "Lord of Carrick". Partly because Ane Accompt is a credible witness to much earlier material, the claim is thought probable. Thus Donnchadh was likely the great-grandfather of Cailean Mór, a lineage that explains the popularity of the names Donnchadh (Duncan) and Cailean (Colin) among later Campbells, as well as their close alliance to King Robert I during the Scottish Wars of Independence.

title: Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick


text:
Hucho

Hucho is a genus of large piscivorous salmonid fish known as taimens (from Finnish taimen, 'trout', through Russian тайме́нь), and is closely related to Pacific trout and lenoks (all belonging to the same tribe in the subfamily Salmoninae). Native to the cold rivers and other freshwater habitats in Eurasia, they are threatened by overfishing and habitat loss.

Species
The currently recognized species in this genus are:

In addition, the Sakhalin taimen was formerly placed in this genus, but genetics and other evidence has shown that it belongs in its own monotypic genus as Parahucho perryi.

title: Hucho


text:
Dutch Mantel

Wayne Maurice Keown (born November 29, 1949) is an American professional wrestling manager, booker and retired professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Dutch Mantel (also spelled  Dutch Mantell). Since May 2022, Mantell has co-hosted Story Time with Dutch Mantell, hosted by James Romero on the WSI Network.

Keown debuted in 1972, as Wayne Cowan. He achieved fame in the regional and independent circuits, as well as World Championship Wrestling (WCW), as "Dirty" Dutch Mantell. Keown also worked with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) as Uncle Zebekiah in the mid-1990s, and again in the 2010s as Zeb Colter. In the late 1990s, 2000s, and late-2010s, he worked as a booker for the World Wrestling Council (WWC), International Wrestling Association, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) as well as Championship Wrestling from Florida.

Early life
Keown graduated from Walhalla High School in Walhalla, South Carolina. He attended Clemson University for one year before being drafted into military service undergoing basic training at Ft. Jackson, South Carolina before being assigned to the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Division, Keown was awarded the Vietnam Service Medal for his service during the Vietnam War.

Various territories (1972–1990)
Keown debuted in 1972 as "Wayne Cowan". He then became "Dutch Mantel", and added the "Dirty" nickname in 1980. The Dutch Mantel name was taken by an earlier wrestler named Alfred Albert Joe de Re la Gardiur. He wrestled for various Southern promotions, and achieved considerable success in the National Wrestling Alliance.

Mantel was instrumental in the careers of several huge wrestling stars of the nineties, including the Blade Runners, who later went on to achieve fame as Sting and The Ultimate Warrior. The Undertaker and Kane both were early recipients of Mantel's astute wrestling knowledge, which served them well in their careers. Mantel also is credited with giving Steve Austin his stage surname, since Austin's real name at the time was Steve Williams (which was currently in use in wrestling by "Dr. Death" Steve Williams). Mantell originally considered giving Austin the stage names of either "Stevie Rage" or "William Stevenson III". At the time, he was a booker for Jerry Jarrett's Memphis territory.

Mantel formed several tag teams throughout his career, including The Kansas Jayhawks (with Bobby Jaggers), and The Desperados, which lasted only two months. Mantel achieved his greatest notoriety in 1979 when he and then-partner, Cowboy Frankie Laine, as Los Vaqueros Locos, sold out the 16,000-seat Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan, Puerto Rico for an unprecedented nine weeks in a row, a record that still stands. They had a unique gimmick, where they put US$1,000 all in silver dollar coins at stake to the team that could defeat them.

Mantel's other notable achievement was in 1982 when he and Jerry "the King" Lawler faced off in a good guy vs. good guy series. Fans were torn between these two stalwarts of the Memphis ring wars. Mantel achieved what no other opponent could do while Lawler was a babyface and that was to get a clear cut win over the King. In 1986, after Lawler lost a "Loser Leaves Town" gimmick match against Bill Dundee, Lawler and Mantell finally mended their ways long enough to face Dundee and Buddy Landel in a Texas Tornado Death Match in Memphis' Mid South Coliseum in front of a sold out red hot Memphis crowd. The match went a record 26 falls, taking one hour and 15 minutes to accomplish. The match saw Dutch Mantell reach his feet before Landell.

World Championship Wrestling (1990–1991)
In 1990, he worked for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) as a commentator on WCW WorldWide alongside Tony Schiavone and in 1991, WCW created a stable known as "the Desperados" consisting of Dutch Mantell, Black Bart and Deadeye Dick. The Desperados were packaged with the gimmick of being three bumbling cowboys looking to meet up with Stan Hansen to go to WCW and become a team. Over the course of a few months, they were promoted through a series of vignettes by which they would be beaten up in saloons, searching ghost towns, and riding horses. Hansen reportedly wanted no part of the storyline and left for Japan, never to return to wrestle in North America. Without Hansen, the group were pushed into service as jobbers and were dissolved as a stable before the end of the year.

Smoky Mountain Wrestling (1991–1994)
When Jim Cornette's independent wrestling promotion Smoky Mountain Wrestling opened in 1991, Mantel, joined by Bob Caudle, served as the original color commentator for the television broadcasts, and would give something of a heel perspective. He also hosted a weekly talk segment called "Down and Dirty with Dutch," where he would interview the stars of SMW. He remained with Smoky Mountain until around 1994.

World Wrestling Federation (1995–1996)
From 1995 to 1996, Mantel appeared in the World Wrestling Federation as "Uncle Zebekiah." He was the manager of The Blu Brothers until they were released in October 1995 and in January 1996, he returned as just "Zebekiah" and managed Justin "Hawk" Bradshaw until Mantel was released in December 1996.

United States Wrestling Association (1989–1997)
In 1989, Mantel worked in the Memphis-based promotion United States Wrestling Association where he was a well known star for the company. He was the last USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion defeating Jerry Lawler on August 8, 1997, in a Title vs All Body Hair match. Mantel kept his body hair. The title was vacated in November 1997 when the promotion closed its doors.

World Wrestling Council and International Wrestling Association (1996–2003)
After departing the WWF, Mantel later joined the Puerto Rican World Wrestling Council as a wrestler and booker. Then he went to WWC rival promotion International Wrestling Association as a creative consultant, which included writing/producing and booking four hours of original TV programming per week. Mantel remained there until September 22, 2003. Mantel set a record while in Puerto Rico (IWA), in the number of hours that a single writer produced a TV wrestling show as he was responsible for four hours a week, 52 weeks a year, for a total of 208 hours a year for five years straight. His ratings also set records as his shows regularly ranged in the 12 to 15 range, with his highest being an 18.1, with a 55 share of the TV viewing audience while working for WWC in 2000.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003–2009)
In 2003, Mantel began work behind the scenes as a writer/producer/agent for TNA Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and as a full-time member of the booking/creative team. Mantel was instrumental in several successful creations for the company, most notably the TNA Knockouts division that helped to reinvigorate interest in women's wrestling in the United States.

Mantel is credited with bringing Awesome Kong to TNA at Bound for Glory 2007, along with her handler/manager, Raisha Saeed.

On July 31, 2009, Mantel was released from TNA due to creative differences. Soon after, he returned to the IWA, once again working as a writer.

Independent circuit (2009–2012)
In November 2009, Reno Riggins, announced that Dutch would be joining Showtime All-Star Wrestling promotion out of Nashville as a writer and on air talent. In December 2009, Mantel released his first book, "The World According to Dutch." Mantel wrote the book in around 5 weeks, while sitting on a beach on Isla Verde, Puerto Rico, with assistance from editors Ric Gross and Mark James. In December 2010, Mantel released his second book "Tales From a Dirt Road".

On March 3, 2011, Mantel wrestled in the place of Jamie Dundee at XCW Midwest in Corydon IN. He took on local heel Lone Star, further cementing his semi-active status as a part-time wrestler. On March 22, 2011, Mantel was added to the April 4, 2011 WrestleMania morning WrestleReunion event in Atlanta, Georgia. The event honored Bruno Sammartino with several modern and legendary wrestlers including Carlito, Kamala, Scott Steiner, Tommy Dreamer, Christy Hemme, Bob Orton, Nikolai Volkoff and The Iron Sheik.

Return to WWE (2013–2016)
On February 11, 2013, Mantel, under the name of Zeb Colter, returned to WWE as the manager of Jack Swagger. Colter's character was that of a heel caricature of the Tea Party movement who strongly advocated anti-illegal immigrant beliefs. On February 19, Fox News and various right-wing commentators including Glenn Beck claimed that Swagger and Colter's characters were a mockery of the Tea Party movement meant to "demonize" the Tea Party. WWE responded to the criticism by stating that they were incorporating "current events into [their] storylines" to "create compelling and relevant content for [their] audience" and that "this storyline in no way represents WWE’s political point of view". WWE followed by having Swagger and Colter break character during a video to invite Beck to appear on Raw while justifying that the storyline was designed to elicit a crowd response for the protagonist, Alberto Del Rio, and the antagonists, Swagger and Colter. Beck rejected the invitation. On the April 8 episode of Raw, Colter teamed with Swagger in a Handicap match against Del Rio, though Colter never officially entered the ring, they were defeated by Del Rio by submission on Swagger. On the April 29 episode of Raw, Colter was involved in a triple-threat match with Rodriguez and Big E Langston (representing Dolph Ziggler), with the winner being able to determine the stipulation for the World Heavyweight Championship match at Extreme Rules. Colter lost the match after being pinned by Rodriguez.

On the June 17 episode of Raw, after Jack Swagger suffered a hand injury, Colter aligned himself with Antonio Cesaro. Colter later paired Swagger and Cesaro as "The Real Americans". The Real Americans experienced little success, losing to Los Matadores at Hell in a Cell PPV and a Fatal 4-Way tag team match at TLC. Cesaro dumped Colter as his manager on the Raw following WrestleMania XXX, instead revealing that he was a new client of Paul Heyman. Colter also started a feud with Paul Heyman, after accusing Heyman of "stealing" Cesaro from him. With The Real Americans dissolved, Swagger and Colter turned face by confronting Lana and Rusev. At SummerSlam, Colter was attacked by Rusev, leaving him off television for two weeks. On the December 1 episode of Raw, Colter's leg was broken by Rusev, writing Colter off of television for nearly 11 months.

In a storyline described by Rolling Stone as "the wildly unpopular MexAmerica storyline", Colter returned at Hell in a Cell 2015, utilizing a mobility scooter, where he announced that the returning Alberto Del Rio would answer John Cena's Open Challenge for Cena's United States Championship, where Del Rio was victorious. The next night on Raw, Del Rio and Colter began advertising a union between the United States and Mexico as "MexAmerica",   leading to several confrontations with Colter's former protege, Jack Swagger. After Colter caused Del Rio to stumble during one of these confrontations on the December 7 episode of Raw, Del Rio ended his association with Colter. This marked his last appearance in WWE, as he was released from his WWE contract on May 6, 2016.

Return to the independent circuit (2016−present)
Following his release from WWE, it was confirmed that Keown signed to appear at a show co-promoted by Global Force Wrestling and WrestlePro on June 11, 2016.

Return to Impact Wrestling (2017)
In January 2017, it was announced that Mantel would be working as a creative consultant for Impact Wrestling. In February 2017, his role was changed from creative consultant to head of the creative team. Mantel left Impact Wrestling in December 2017 after Don Callis and Scott D'Amore took over as Executive Vice Presidents.

Story Time with Dutch Mantell
Mantell currently stars in a weekly podcast and YouTube show called Story Time with Dutch Mantell on the Wrestling Shoot Interviews Network, with producer and creator James Romero as its host. The show sees Mantell and Romero discuss current events and happenings within professional wrestling, as well as Mantell's several decades as a wrestler and manager with various promotions.

The duo also produce a second show called Ask Dutch Anything, in which Mantell answer questions that are submitted by fans of their primary show.

Other media
Keown regularly appeared as Zeb Colter in the WWE web series The JBL and Cole Show, until its cancellation in June 2015.

Keown has appeared in two WWE video games as a manager (as Zeb Colter). He made his in-game debut at WWE 2K15 and appears in WWE 2K16.

In 2019, Keown narrated 5 episodes in season 1 of Dark Side of the Ring.

Personal life
In August 2012, Keown announced on Facebook that his 16-year-old granddaughter Amelia had died in a car crash. He also said that the driver of the other vehicle, who had drugs in his system, was on parole, and running from the police at the time, had also died. On June 3, 2014, Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam signed into law Amelia's Law, which requires parolees whose crimes were related to drugs or alcohol to wear a transdermal monitoring device that would test wearer is the blood every 30 minutes. The bill, the first of its kind in the United States, had been pushed by Keown's family and went into effect July 1, 2014. Keown has a surviving granddaughter (Amelia's sister), in addition to their mother, Amanda, her daughter.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All-South Wrestling Alliance
 * ASWA Georgia Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Central States Wrestling
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Central States version) (1 time) – with Ron Bass (1)
 * Dyersburg Championship Wrestling
 * DCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Georgia Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Georgia Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Hoosier Pro Wrestling
 * HPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Mid-South Wrestling Association
 * Mid-South Television Championship (1 time)
 * Mid-South Wrestling Association (Tennessee)
 * MSWA Tennessee Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Mid-America / Continental Wrestling Association
 * AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (5 times)
 * AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Bill Dundee (1), Koko Ware (1) and Tommy Rich (1)
 * CWA Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 * CWA International Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * CWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Austin Idol
 * NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (12 times)
 * NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Gypsy Joe (1) and Ken Lucas (1)
 * NWA Mid-America Television Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-America version) (1 time) – with David Schultz
 * NWA Tennessee Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with John Foley
 * NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Mid-America version) (1 time) – with John Foley
 * NWA Southeastern Championship Wrestling / NWA Continental Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Continental Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) (1 time)
 * NWA Southeastern Television Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 103 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1992
 * Rolling Stone
 * Least Compelling Comeback of the Year (2015)
 * United States Wrestling Association
 * USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * World Wrestling Council
 * WWC North American Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Frankie Laine (3) and Dennis Condrey (1)
 * WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * WWC World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bouncer Bruno
 * WWC World Television Championship (1 time)
 * WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Wendell Cooley

title: Dutch Mantel


text:
Talk:Facial Action Coding System

mistake in referencing reference #5
"Although the labeling of expressions currently requires trained experts, researchers have had some success in using computers to automatically identify FACS codes, and thus quickly identify emotions. [5]"

Looking at [5], it does not relate to computers at all.

74.95.10.185 (talk) 22:19, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

pars orbitalis is not a muscle.
Pars orbitalis is a bone; presumably there is some other muscle that is associated with a genuine smile? Vectro 21:24, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

The muscle associated with the Duchenne Smile is the orbitis oculi, pars lateralis

Is this a commercial?
It links to a wikipedia article about the book, but its still a commercial product. Should that be allowed? Dream Focus (talk) 18:46, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) Blink (book). Current bestseller has a section on FACS.

Probably not, though I suspect it should be elaborated. Gladwell uses FACS, and also has a personal interview with the scientists behind it in the book, to create an argument for how facial expression and intuition about other people's intentions are linked. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.136.90.246 (talk) 07:32, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Suggestion / Request
Can we **please** include a facial expression for each item in the section [List of Action Units and Action Descriptors (with underlying facial muscles)|https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facial_Action_Coding_System&action=edit&section=4]

The text seems devoid of relevance without actual human expressions for us (the reader) to relate! Hydradix (talk) 08:22, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Facial Action Coding System. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081223214716/http://www.face-and-emotion.com:80/dataface/facs/fft.jsp to http://www.face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facs/fft.jsp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:12, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Ethics and Abuse
Are there any issues about ethics and abuse arising from this practice ?86.135.11.52 (talk) 22:35, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

Since March 2017, certain IP addresses like "89.155.174.171", "213.22.181.215" and "89.153.235.234", presumably Armindo Freitas-Magalhães, keep adding advertisements for a fake FACS 3.0 software (which through his website you can buy for $700). He includes fake references to non-existing papers, and replaces the real author of books by himself, among other references with his name. Please undo any edit that includes Armindo Freitas-Magalhães or FACS 3.0. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.37.160.22 (talk) date (UTC)

title: Talk:Facial Action Coding System


text:
User:EdMiller

Ed's legal name is actually Edwardo Miller. Apparently, his mother could not spell.

Ed is currently located in New Jersey and works primarily as a quick fix consultant in the area of Fourier optics, adaptive optics and computer modeling of optical systems. Ed has used many numeric software tools, including MATLAB, Mathcad, IDL and DADiSP and has found each to have their own set of strengths and weaknesses.

title: User:EdMiller


text:
Frenchburg, West Virginia

Frenchburg is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Frenchburg is located along the Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50) where the Little Cacapon River is formed by the confluence of the North and South forks of the Little Cacapon east of Shanks. Frenchburg is also the location of the southern terminus of Little Cacapon River Road (County Route 50/9) on U.S. Route 50. Frenchburg is primarily known for the events that took place there during the American Civil War.

History
The community most likely was named after the local French family.

American Civil War
In its earliest days, Frenchburg consisted of a general store and a wagon repair shop. During the American Civil War, Frenchburg was a village consisting of a cluster of houses and a mill, operated by the Cummins family, along the Northwestern Turnpike. The town was burned by Union troops in late 1861. It was believed by the Union troops that Frenchburg's residents were aiding Confederate bushwhackers.

Sergeant John C. Leps, along with seven men, departed the Confederate camp near Blue's Gap and fired upon a detachment of Union soldiers in the vicinity of Frenchburg. The ambush wounded and killed several men. Afterwards, Union General Frederick Lander and other officers sent out word to the residents of Frencburg and the surrounding area that if bushwhacking were to occur again against Union troops in the district, its residents would face punishment. While Frenchburg's residents were most likely not responsible for aiding bushwhackers in the area, General Lander gave orders that the town be burned.

Confederate troops and partisans used a "back road", which presently consists of parts of Little Cacapon River Road (CR 50/9), Three Churches Hollow Road (CR 5/4), and Don McCauley Road (CR 28/1), that ran from Frenchburg to Buffalo Hollow near Hanging Rocks.

After the war, Frenchburg's Camp Walker served as a site for reunions of Confederate veterans and their families until the 1930s.

title: Frenchburg, West Virginia