text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ITC Bailey Sans

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 02:29, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

ITC Bailey Sans
NN Erwin Walsh

 * Delete no evidence that this is anything more than just another font. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:45, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This article should be merged, or included in an "authors" section within the existing International Typeface Corporation page. While indeed there are many fonts, this particular foundry is a leader in publishing quality fonts. Is there relevance in documenting, to help understand nuances in the ongoing development of this artform, how it was influenced, and influences culture, no matter how small?
 * Comment. Previous comment is from 70.244.83.101 which created the article. The same anon IP also made changes to International Typeface Corporation which I have marked up as copyvio. --GraemeL (talk) 17:49, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Adobe has licensing agreements with ITC to market ITC fonts. The language you post as a possible copyvio. originates as ITC boilerplate language. http://www.itcfonts.com/about/default.asp?nCo=AFMT I truly appreciate the diligence to police Wikipedia to ensure its quality whatever the outcome of this interesting exercize. Please excuse the disorienting lack of protocols I'm likely guilty of.
 * Not a problem. As to the consequenses of you posting the material that you hold copyright on, you should probably read Contributing_FAQ. It might be better for you to write an entry from scratch rather than using your existing copy. You can sign your posts here by including ~ at the end of your comments. --GraemeL (talk) 18:55, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Upon investigation into how information is categorized in Wikipedia I'm sure what I've posted as an article is actually a "stub". I do however believe that this info is of relevance contextual to International Typeface Corporation, in a subtext category (currently there is nothing there). Without boring readers too much I hope, and briefly, International Typeface Corporation is an institution that should be expounded on now before chance that they go out of business, and through consequence our culture potentially losing a vast database of contextual history in development of typographic forms and excellence, where these font designs came from and ultimately where the design influences came from and how they've been influenced by culture. Fonts that we see every day and take for granted, the fact that they're an artform as well as a facilitator of commerce is important. Anthropologists and typophiles in ages to come will research this topic, and they will have to research International Typeface Corporation if they're going to want to get to the heart of this subject. I'm not sure where to put this tiny little piece of history of this company. I also have letters that deal with the negotiations and design concerns and how they were resolved that would add further to this but there's no structure on their page to begin this process of elaboration. Kevinb3 01:58, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Developed over a period of three years ITC Bailey Sans was the first typeface family designed by Kevin Bailey. The genesis for the design came in the early 1990’s when he was looking for a subtle humanistic block serif face for a design project but failed to unearth one. Perceiving a need for a design that reflected these attributes Bailey began work on a block serif face. The exploratory design process eventually lead down diverging paths. Finding that the framework of the new design worked well as a unique humanistic sans serif, and because a sans serif generally has more utilitarian use, this direction was pursued. The design expanded to a complete family of complementary weights and styles including a true italics variant. The period during this fonts development included a relatively few number of true italics to select from the given cadre of sans serifs; many variants that were labeled as italics were technically obliques or slants. Other features of the design include open counters on the bold weights which increased their legibility.

ITC Bailey Sans was licensed and published by ITC (International Typeface Corporation) in 1996. The Design includes four weights: book, book italic, bold and bold italic. In addition a companion serif display face ITC Bailey Quad Bold was published. ITC Bailey Quad Bold reflects the early development and original inspiration for the sans serif family variants. Three other block serif variants: book, book italic, and bold italic were submitted but not published by ITC at the time. ITC Bailey Sans was recognized by the Type Directors Club of New York in a 2000 judging of fonts developed during the 1990's as representing a distinct and unique design from this prolific period of type design.

 * Delete All that said, still nn. Dottore So 05:43, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Really obscure minutiae. --Agamemnon2 11:30, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Interesting. I wonder how many people that voted here understand enough about typography to cast an informative judgement on this subject, what is valuable and what is not. I dare say most here have never heard of ITC, not a faux pas by any means, but this plays a role in the culture that exists today. Something more than broadstrokes need to be included. Although most here I'm sure have heard of IBM, look up their site here, you can drill down a mile to find arcane facts. I would propose to all the academics and elitists to keep an open mind to allow Wikipedia to flourish so that it has value to all interests and be careful to judge things outside your knowledge too frivolously.

The beauty of this medium is the ability to drill down deep in a subject, far deeper then you would be able to afford in print. There will continue to be books on typography, but they can be more informative in the future with a site such as this that is agnostic to proprietary concerns, such as if a company goes out of business and some history is lost.

The first step here would be to allow some depth to develop around ITC where stubs of relevance can be attached and other typographic contributors can add relevant information. Then typographic academics themselves can police what is worthy or not on this subject and make the furure edits. Let this medium breath. The font you're now reading has a good chance of being an ITC font. When you pick a font to produce a paper you pick one that conveys a certain mood you want to express, and much of this is culturally driven. The medium's a tool. How many millions have been spent trying to figure out undocumented arcane facts from the past.

I read the boilerplate on Wikipedia again to make sure I didn't miss something, I don't think so. I agree a line needs to be drawn about what is accepted. I would suggest if the information has been allowed to be published through due diligence by an educated and distinguished group of authority on the subject, and thus becomes part of the public domain then it's worthy. I would draw the line on i.e. freeware fonts. Please don't police what you don't understand, and appreciate and allow facts you find uninteresting to flourish if the right pedigree exists.Kevinb3 14:44, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, well all that said as well, still nn. Delete Dottore So 15:41, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak Delete Its not that a typeface can't be notable enough to warrant inclusion in Wikipedia, but absolutely nothing that has been presented so far meets that test of notability.  It's not a common typeface.  It hasn't as far as I'm aware been used as part of notable production.  There's nothing in the article as is that it has had a significant influence on anything of note whatsoever.  Probably would eould be worth an entry in an article about him if he can be shown to be notable enough.  (The existing article at Kevin Bailey should probably be moved to Kevin Bailey (typographer) as even if Mr. Bailey is noteworthy enough, the member of the Texas House of Representatives by the same name is certainly more noteworthy. Caerwine 19:36, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Lastly, I realized that this was not an "article" but a "stub" early on. A stub, whether it's "notable enough" or not would only be a question if in consequence the article it's attached to is relevant, correct? Bailey Sans is indeed a very small part of the legacy of International Typeface Corporation. Maybe not today, but someday, if this online encyclopedia concept has any legs (which it should), there will be much more elaboration on the art, craft and influence of typography on culture and the important foundries that published and created fonts, if this is the case then ITC will at some date have more then a single sentence declaring its existence. An article about the foundry would necessarily elaborate and expound on its contributions to the typographic field. If this holds true then all of the contributions of ITC will be touched on through the use of stubs. This is why early on in this thread I was requesting more thought, that this important foundry deserves an in depth article with relevant stubs for future typophiles and other academics of typography to peruse. The idea of a particular font being notable or not is misguided thinking, I would however as stated before, draw the line here with shareware designs because it's an open can of worms. As often is the case fonts move in and out of favor as time rolls on. As designs reflect a cultures tastes and expectations they're resurrected or serve as the framework and basis for new concepts in type. It's relevant to understand the pedigree if one ultimately wishes to understand the history. I can name notable uses of ITC Bailey Sans, I would think that would be a bit over the top. Finally, an online encyclopedic reference has an important advantage over print, one isn't confined to edit to fit a given number of pages (a condensed font only helps so much!). The beauty of this medium is there should be room for arcane but relevant information where a scholar, various academics and professionals etc., can drill down as deep as they need to find a necessary reference. Anything ITC is relevant on the subject of fonts and typography to those that study it, as boring and obscure as it might be to those outside related disciplines.Kevinb3 21:06, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Kevin's articulate defense is stirring, but not notable is not notable. I am not sure that the Kevin Bailey entry is notable either. Dottore So
 * Comment While electrons don't take up as much space, they do take space and server space is not free. (Otherwise why the need for the current fund drive?) While this font familiy is probably notable enough for a encyclopædia of typography that is not what Wikipedia is.  It's a general encylcopedia and so far all that has been shown is that it probably deserves mention in an expanded article on ITC.  Wikipedia could also use an article on the Type Directors Club. Perhaps once there is some context, there might be enough to indicate that this typeface family deserves a separate article, but based on what I can find by googling on "ITC Bailey Sans" I don't think so. 165.247.168.56 20:58, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:24.234.138.151

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.234.138.151


text:
Roonstrasse Synagogue

Roonstrasse Synagogue (Synagoge Roonstraße) is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at 50 Roonstraße in Cologne, Germany. The synagogue is the only surviving of the five synagogues of Cologne before the Nazi era.

History
The Jewish community in Cologne has the longest history in Germany, being first mentioned in 321. Expelled in 1424, the Jews did not return to Cologne until 1798. In 1815 the community numbered 150, growing to 8000 in 1895, and 18,281 by 1933, the largest in Germany after Berlin.

First synagogue
The foundation stone of the Romanesque Revival style building, designed by Cologne architects Schreiterer & Below, was laid on October 23, 1895, and the inauguration took place on March 22, 1899. Like all the other synagogues on the city it was attacked and set alight on November 9, 1938, during Kristallnacht. It was further damaged during World War II, when the front portion was completely destroyed leaving only the burnt out tower and central section.

Rebuilt synagogue
Returned to the surviving Jewish community in 1945, in the late 1950s they decided to completely rebuild, as it was the only one not completely destroyed. The reconstruction was under the direction of the architect Helmut Goldschmidt, with minor changes on the outside and a simplified interior (with new leadlight windows by Lammers & Warzager), and was reopened on September 20, 1959. On Christmas Eve of that year, the synagogue was smeared with anti-Jewish slogans by members of the far-right Deutsche Reichspartei. West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who had been mayor of Cologne from 1917 until removed by the Nazi government in 1933, made the desecration the subject in his New Year's speech. Since then it has been center of Jewish community of Cologne, and consists of a community center, a small display of items associated with Cologne Jewry, and a kosher restaurant. The interior of the reconstructed synagogue has a vast blue dome.

On August 19, 2005, Pope Benedict XVI visited Roonstrasse Synagogue. This visit was the second ever visit to any synagogue by any of the Popes. There, he condemned Nazism and antisemitism.

title: Roonstrasse Synagogue


text:
Ali I of Yejju

Ali I of Yejju (died 18 June 1788) was Ras of Begemder, and following the death of Ras Mikael Sehul, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia. He was the son of Abba Seru Gwangul, chieftain of the Yejju, and Woizero Gelebu Faris, daughter of Ras Faris of Lasta.

According to Abir, he founded the town of Debre Tabor, which became the capital of his dynasty. However, from the accounts in the Royal chronicle Ali is never mentioned as dwelling at Debre Tabor, instead he is more closely tied to Filakit Gereger (called Garagara in the Royal chronicle).

Life
One of the first steps in the advancement of Ali's career came in August 1781 when the Emperor Tekle Giyorgis I summoned him to his court and made him Balambaras. Two years later, while still a Balambaras he took part in the Emperor's abortive march on Shewa, which failed to cross the Checheho River. Ten months later, Ali joined Ras Haile Yosadiq and together conspired to depose the emperor, defeating him at Afarwanat, after which Tekle Giyorgis fled into exile at Amba Sel. Subsequently, the two nobles brought Iyasu Atsequ down from Wehni and made him Emperor 18 February 1784; in return, Ali was promoted to Dejazmach.

Ali took several steps to consolidate his position and prepare his way to the next rank of power, Ras Betowedded. One was to offer his niece Anqualit to the influential Dejazmach Hailu Eshte of Begemder. This alliance led to conflict between Ali and his former ally Ras Haile Yosadiq, and to Ali's decision to recall the Emperor Tekle Haymanot from exile in 1786 and restore him to power; in response, Ras Haile Yosadiq prudently provided a refuge to the deposed Emperor Iyasu in Gojjam. Another step was the systematic capture of the ambas of Balambaras Ramkha, which ended with the Balambaras ' death in the sack of his base at Limon. Shortly after this, Ali was released from the excommunication that had been placed on him, and kept the feast of St. Gabriel the Archangel. A third step, which was not unique to Ali but taken by many of the warlords of the time, was to dissolve or reorganize the existing military units and create new ones, and granting them lands to support the soldiers. This would make the soldiers dependent on the warlord for their livings, not the Emperor.

Eventually Ras Haile Yosaq was able to recruit Dejazmach Wolde Gabriel, the son of Ras Mikael Sehul to join him, and when it appeared Ali (who had managed by that time to obtain a promotion to Ras) was preoccupied with the rebellion of his relative Yasufe in Lasta, proclaimed Baeda Maryam emperor. A peace was quickly patched up with Yasufe, and Ras Ali then turned his attention to this new threat. On the Thursday before Easter 1788, Ras Ali, Dejazmach Hailu Eshte, and the Emperor Tekle Giyorgis I met the allied forces of Ras Haile Yosadiq, Dejazmach Gebre, and Wolde Gabriel in the Battle of Madab. Ras Ali defeated this opponents; Dejazmach Wolde Gabriel was killed in battle and the pretender Baeda Maryam was captured. Only Ras Haile Yosadiq managed to escape the battle back to his territories in Gojjam.

Ras Ali died from an illness at Filakit Gereger, which the writer of the Royal chronicle claims was caused by his heavy drinking, and was buried at Lalibela.

title: Ali I of Yejju


text:
Philip W. Hiden

Philip Wallace Hiden (April 5, 1872 – October 25, 1936) was a businessman and mayor of Newport News, Virginia.

Hiden, whose earlier ancestors from Watford, England used the spelling Hyden, was born in Orange, Virginia. He married Martha Woodroof (1883–1959), daughter of Jesse Alphonso Woodroof and Susan (Graves) Woodroof. She was, in her own right, a researcher, genealogist, and historian who established the city library system's Virginia collection. The couple had three children.

title: Philip W. Hiden


text:
Talk:Roonstrasse Synagogue

Unclear
Was the synagogue destroyed during Kristallnacht as the body of the article states or was it destroyed during the war as the info box says?--172.191.33.34 (talk) 00:09, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roonstrasse Synagogue


text:
Sharp GX15

The Sharp GX15 is a tri-band GSM mobile phone designed by Sharp Corp (Japan).

This model was almost exclusively sold by Vodafone in both Europe and Australasia. Sister model GZ100 was sold by Hong Kong's SmarTone.

Has the following features:
 * 640x480 CMOS Digital Camera
 * 65K-color (120x160 dot total) (120x147 dot useful) QQVGA TFT LCD
 * Tri-band (GSM 900, 1800, 1900)
 * 1.8MiB Flash memory
 * Java virtual machine MIDP2.0+VSCL1.1
 * Bluetooth V1.1
 * IrDA
 * USB Interface (uses proprietary data cable)
 * WAP Openwave v6.2.3
 * MMS
 * GPRS class-10
 * Clock
 * 6 Alarm clocks
 * Calendar
 * Calculator
 * Currency converter
 * Enhanced Phonebook

Being targeted at the lower-specification end of the product spectrum, it does not have the following features:
 * Stopwatch
 * Countdown timer
 * Voice dialing
 * MP3
 * Todo list
 * SyncML

It weighs 84g and its size is 17.8 x 105 x 45 mm.

A custom-designed connector is used to both charge the phone battery and connect to the computer via USB. This same connector style is used for many of Sharp's mobile phone models.

The Sharp GX15 is designed to work with its own Handset Manager software. So, it may not work correctly with some standard PC synchronization applications: for example, remote reading of the battery level is not supported.

title: Sharp GX15


text:
Talk:Aliʻi

Feudal?
I don't remember exactly what characterizes feudalism, but I have heard Hawaiian scholars, most recently Kekuni Blaisdell, assert that Hawaii was not a feudal society. It would be good to be clear on that - or maybe even remove this part to another article. Makana Chai (talk) 01:25, 9 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I heard the same thing from Haunani K. Trask but Dr. Keanu Sai explained why it is and explained what a feudal lord & feudal system really is. Mamoahina (talk) 06:43, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Question re new changes
Mahalo Kavebear for your contributions! I learned something new about po'e lo ali'i. Kamakau in People of Old says there are 11 degrees of chiefs, with the lo ali'i at number 5. It would be good if this article tracked Kamakau. Sorry I don't have time to write it myself. Mahalo! Makana Chai (talk) 09:16, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The Lo-Alii's are mentioned, but I only added on information when I stumble upon it. I trying to complete the list of Alii Aimoku of Oahu, so I can began on an article of Kingdom of Oahu.  I don't have time either, so sorry and I don't know much about the author Kamakau.  I mostly read Account of Polynesian Race by Abraham Fornander.  KAVEBEAR (talk) 22:46, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Also sometimes it says Naha chiefs are father and daughter. And sometimes some unions are classified as different Aliis. So it is really confusing.  KAVEBEAR (talk) 22:48, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I think if you read Kamakau you would find it less confusing. With all due respect, Fornander's Account is not the best source for anything (though his collection of mythology is wonderful). I understand you don't have time but then it's important to make sure what you do put up is right. How about un-doing the lo ali'i until you, I or someone can make it right? Mahalo. Makana Chai (talk) 23:13, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh! Is that what you want? Just ask me to remove it. It is no big deal. I put it in the talk page.   KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:06, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * So you, like Zora have appointed yourself as the official keeper of these pages because you created them? And if I created something very similar to it how can I guarantee that it won't be altered based on whatever ideas or concepts you feel is appropriate for the average American to understand?  I know all of this since earlier today an admin explained to me what and why behind edits of wikipedia.  If you claim that all one needed to do was to ask to remove it, that isn't always the case as in the example of your habitual use of titles, yet in a response to someone else back in May 2010 you told that person what I was telling you about titles.  I can understand the egotistical drive to find a forum where you can exercise some type of limited acquired knowledge but at least start citing sources and, as in the case of ali'i 'aimoku, provide the true definition. Mamoahina (talk) 06:50, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * It seems like you and I have gotten off on the wrong foot. First of all I didn't create this page and secondly I don't claim any article as my own or a keeper of any article. No one can own an article. As for the title, be my guest, change it if you like. There is alot.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 06:09, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Lo-Alii
The Lo-alii (Chiefs of Royal Blood), similar to the French title of Prince of the Blood, were the one of the most precious of all. Though not of the highest caste, in their intermarriages within the family, but they were valued for consorts due to their uncorrupt lineage. The Lo-Alii live in the mountains of Oahu, apart from society, thereby allowing their blood to remain pure. Lo-alii had access to the Kukaniloko Birthstone; famous Lo-Aliis include the chiefs of Oahu and Lo Lale, hence his name, and his descendants and it isn't know why his full-blooded-brother, Piliwale, was not consider a Lo-Alii. KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:06, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * You habitually make comparisons to anything European in order to comprehend Hawaiian terms. You really need to understand and grasp the Hawaiian words for what they really are, sometimes you can't get an exact translation.  You would know this if you spoke more than one language. Mamoahina (talk) 06:42, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * No need to be scornful. This is English Wikipedia last I checked and translating foreign words into English terms is something that many scholars do and it's interesting and nice to know for someone who doesn't understand Hawaiian. And for you're info I speak Mandarin, Cantonese, Teochew, English, and a little bit of German.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 06:12, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Nīʻaupiʻo
I am so confused. What is the difference between a piʻo chief and a niʻaupiʻo? And why is Keopuolani be often called a niʻaupiʻo of a naha union? This article really needs seriously rewriting someday.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 03:37, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Aliʻi

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 05:24, 30 October 2011 (UTC) Ali'i → Aliʻi –
 * No point in using apostrophe. Okinas are okay to use now like in ʻIolani Palace when not using the version without any glottal stop.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 17:00, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

Oppose. Why put a non-typeable character in the title when the vast majority of readers won't even notice the difference? Titles are for navigation, but I certainly don't object to the okina being used inside the article. Kauffner (talk) 13:44, 27 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Kawaihae, Hawai'i - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 00:40, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

Article could use some serious research and copy editing
I have made a few changes based on discussions on a few other articles, where it was pointed out that Wikipedia had district chiefs and supreme island rulers mixed up. Fornander explains what a district chief is called and Moi has been determined to be a relatively new title. The article is desperately in need of reliable sources.--Mark Miller (talk) 03:03, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

Instead of a move...
I plan to create a separate article for the Hawaiian word Aliʻi and reduce the Hawaiian content on this page to an overview of the main article and expand on the other uses here. Since the last discussion to move this page a consensus has been determined to allow special characters in article titles that do not effect the wiki-markup coding. In particular the MOS of Hawaii related articles states that article title should use the Hawaiian orthography even in the title (and should also be in italics). However, since this article is not about the single use of the word in Hawaii (and therefore does not use the okina) but seems to be almost entirely about the Hawaiian use, I am going to make the change with a bold edit.--Mark Miller (talk) 18:52, 24 November 2014 (UTC)
 * No, the page history is very clear. This topic is about the Hawaiian word, and it should be singularly moved to allow for the special character.  Please do not continue to claim that this article is not about the single use of the word in Hawaii as it always has been until you removed the content and copy and pasted it to a new article, removing the history of edits.  We don't have two different topics here, only one. Viriditas (talk) 04:30, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I do not believe the page history supports that assertion. The article was created on June 10, 2004 with this version that was inaccurate at best as it describes the term to mean the "killing of chiefs". This was corrected with this edit. In 2005, on September 3rd, the article had this adding the Samoan information. On April 17, 2006 this edit added additional information about three additional locations and usages. The broad scope of the article has remained intact since that time.--Mark Miller (talk) 02:16, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: for the time being, move the article per the discussion below. I am under the impression that a split may be warranted and hope that discussion will continue, but the content dispute is outside the scope of the close of a move request. Dekimasu よ! 06:15, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

Alii → Aliʻi – Fixing recent copy and paste move. Previously, special characters would not allow us to use the okina in the title without problems. Since that is no longer case, the page can now be located at Aliʻi. For some reason, a user has claimed that we have two different topics, Alii and Aliʻi, but there is no evidence that this has ever been true. This is one singular topic. Viriditas (talk) 04:35, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The evidence is that this is an article about multiple languages. I do not know why Viridiats has chosen to ignore that on several occasions. He is requesting a move to change the article title and in that case I would object as it reduces the scope of this article and would mean removing content not related directly to the Hawaiian Language usage. There may be a consensus that exists on this article to keep the name without the okina as that would change the scope of this article.--Mark Miller (talk) 20:16, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * There's really no evidence that is true. You've merely altered the scope (with no discussion or consensus) to create a new scope and a new article.  This article has been about the primary topic of Hawaiian nobility since it was created.  The page history reflects this fact.  It is no about other uses of the term, nor are there any links or any sources that are used to establish this currency.  You've been asked several times to stop copying and pasting articles.  Please respect the fact that your unilateral decision to split this subject into two topics is disputed.  This requested move discussion was opened to allow you to present evidence for your proposal so that you convince others of your position.  So far, I have seen zero evidence supporting your idea.  Please present it so myself and others can review it. Viriditas (talk) 20:31, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The article was split and some content was moved over a redirect to expand on just the Hawaiian content there and to expand on the non Hawaiian usage here. It seems Viriditas has actually removed all of the non-Hawaiian language content and is asking for this move request as a way to stop the split itself and reduce and delete encyclopedic content just to now have the article become a different topic by narrowing its scope to a specific usage best handled by creating a new article, not be deleting long standing content and scope of this article.--Mark Miller (talk) 20:24, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Not true. Viriditas (talk) 20:31, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Alright. I trust your good faith that I was incorrect about something above, but I did indeed make a bold split that you objected to and reverted, which is fine and is our process and accepted as opposing the split. But the requested move in the manner you are suggesting does reduce scope and remove content and work of others while a split only reduced the Hawaiian language section to a smaller summary with the "Main Article" link in the section to the new article created over a redirect that had proper attribution. I believe Viriditas has concerns about my having copy pasted the content from one article to another when I made the split, but that is the process per Splitting. Viriditas is asking for the burden of proof that the non Hawaiian language content can be verified and has not yet seen me attempt to do so. At this point I am simly arguing that if we are reverting the split that was a bold edit and then asking for a consensus discussion here, why begin preparing the article by boldly deleting content? That has been corrected by Viriditas himself by reverting to the last stable version before the dispute but I have to ask what is Viriditas' concerns here, his opposing view of a split, or objecting to my having copy pasted the content from one article to another? I ask this with all due respect as Viriditas may simply have the wrong idea about copying within Wikipedia. I'm not sure.--Mark Miller (talk) 21:28, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment. Would creating a "Nobility of Ancient Polynesia" article and a "Aliʻi in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi" satisfy both sides, with a hatnote redirecting to the other side?  (Or a disambig page.) SnowFire (talk) 21:09, 1 December 2014 (UTC)
 * That would work for me (in spirit but the suggested article title for the Hawaiian Language usage is not limited to the kingdom . It has a longer history. Perhaps something like Aliʻi of the Hawiian islands). Aliʻi would then be redirected to that page and Alii redirected to the Polynesia article.--Mark Miller (talk) 22:10, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment why can't we just substitute a standard ASCII character instead? Ali'i would prevent any problems with various different computers/OSes/browsers that people run in the real world. -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 11:39, 2 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The MOS Page on Hawaiian related articles states a clear consensus that the okina should never be substituted on Wikipedia with an apostrophe. The diacritic can be copy edited into the article and there is still the okina template: . A discussion on the possible issues caused by the diacritic's use on the MOS Hawaii related articles talk page demonstrated little to no effect.--Mark Miller (talk) 19:42, 2 December 2014 (UTC)
 * That is for in article text, not pagenames. Many articles use different formations in-article than found in their pagenames (indeed all lowercase first letters are that way, since Wikipedia pagenames do not allow lowercase first letters) In-article text using the okina is fine, the problem is usability of the pagename on various computer systems. -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 10:02, 3 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually the page needs to be updated. There actually is a consensus but has yet to be changed on the page. The okina is allowed in article titles through discussions on many levels from the MOS to notice boards do to both the fact that key boards do not have the character is no longer an issue because it can be...guess what...copy pasted. Viriditas took part in the discussion on the MOS talk page. The issue of special characters in page name has never actually excluded the use of diacritics. As for the page title, I prefer to use the native language title spelled per the MOS for each region as each culture writes it.--Mark Miller (talk) 22:44, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

Suggestion

 * The clear consensus from what I see is that there should be an article titled Aliʻi and that it should be about the Hawaiian usage, as the Okina is a specific Hawaiian diacritic that, when used, gives the word a Hawaiian usage. The issue seems to be that one editor feels this is strictly about the Hawaiian usage and that there is no evidence that there is a Polynesian usage worth mentioning or that the article itself is not about those words in other languages that do not use the diacritic. The editor does not challenge that it is not possible, just that he has seen no effort made to prove such. However, there is already one reference to the Polynesian usages and I think the issue comes down to how to get where we all seem to want to be. I believe that Aliʻi needs to be deleted in order to avoid a cut and paste - partial content merge into an existing redirect with summary and template attribution to the original article. Viriditas strongly objects to that. I, myself, just want a separate article, strictly on the Hawaiian usage. The answer seems simple. I accept the move proposal if others can agree for a consensus and we have an admin delete the target page: Aliʻi so that this move can be made either through this request or with the move function etc.. Then, I will create the Polynesian article under the name suggested by, (but without the "ancient" wording as the Maori still have a King) Nobility of Polynesia as a split, if agrees for me to cut and paste merge the content with summary and template attribution so the work of the editors on that portion is not lost. I found all the original editors who contributed that content. In the past I have even added individual attribution to a new page as a summary, dummy edit attribution like (using myself as a demonstration): "Content edited into Alii on 21:54, 24 November 2014 by User:Mark Miller (oldid=635273579) has been merged into Nobility of Polynesia". So I know proper attribution can be given to those editors and there are far fewer to attribute, which may also be a concern of the requesting editor. What do you think , Snowfire and Viriditas? Do we have a path for the request to move forward?--Mark Miller (talk) 20:09, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

 * I will agree that according to the current content of the article, it is primarily focused on Hawaiian. So probably it would be best to split off the Samoan use to some master article that covers all Polynesian variants of the term. As to what concept occupies the pagename, we'd have to determine the primary topic in English. I suspect it would be Hawaiian, since Hawaii is a U.S. State and Samoa is only a territory, so has much less visibility in the English speaking world. -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 10:02, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Kaukau Alii - a rank not a line
Kaukau Alii "were the aliʻI nui of the old Liloa/Umi line who ruled the island of Hawaii until Keaweʻopala, when he was overthrown by Kalaniʻōpuʻu." I added David Malo's definition of a Kaukau Alii instead. David Malo himself was a kaukau alii (Osorio 15). The term refers to a rank not a line or family with common ancestry. Jonah Piikoi, George Luther Kapeau and Bennet Namakeha are all examples of Kaukau Alii with no relation to Keaweʻopala. No family were exclusively of any rank because ranks changed in term of marriage. Keaweʻopala and his father Alapainui of the powerful Mahi family of Kohala were high ranking chiefs, in their own right, at least above the wohi rank, because their mothers were exalted chiefess, ie. Kalanikauleleiaiwi's Alapai's mother for example. It is true that some of Keaweʻopala's later descendants such as the Moana family became Kaukau Alii but that didn't mean he himself was a Kaukau Alii. Children of chiefs can drop in rank or rise in rank depending on the rank of the mother, which is why the Kaukau Alii rank of Kapaakea, Kekuanaoa and Kanaina didn't make their children Kaukau Alii since they had really high ranking mothers. Also Kalaniʻōpuʻu was as much part of the Liloa/Umi line as Keaweʻopala (whose grandmother Kalanikauleleiaiwi was a part of Liloa/Umi line). From Umi to Kamehameha, Keaweʻopala and Alapainui are the only rulers not paternally from the Liloa/Umi line since they were part of the Mahi family of Kohala who usurped the throne from the sons of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 06:19, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I believe it is true that Kalaniʻōpuʻu was also descended from Liloa I believe (not entirely sure). The malo source you provided did not define the rank/line (yes line because they continue with each family) at the page listed or the link it went to. I will look into this further but for now I have simplified the prose.--Mark Miller (talk) 07:24, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * in a general sense, it is not a line because it all depends on marriage and either elevation or lowering in rank. Kamehameha, an alii wohi could have fathered an kaukau alii. Maybe this is what you're getting at, Kaukau alii family or family lines of service chiefs did exist: the Moana family, David Malo, John Papa Ii were descendants of such as a line, but that only existed because these Kaukau alii continually intermarried with other kaukau alii instead of marrying above their rank and elevating their children's rank like in the case of many 19th century male kaukau alii who married alii nui wahines. Kalaniʻōpuʻu was a direct descendant of Umi and Liloa; he was part of the legitimate line overthrown by Alapainui and the upstart Kohala Mahi's who were also part of the Umi/Liloa line since of Kalanikauleleiaiwi. I appreciate the change you made because their is no emphasis now made that it was one distinct family line descended from Umi/Liloa. --KAVEBEAR (talk) 17:18, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Maybe it is a confusion in prose but the word "A line" implies one Kaukau alii family. There were many different families of kaukau alii who served the Kamehameha family.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 21:15, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, but I think the confusion is in the point not being fully addressed. Let me add something.--Mark Miller (talk) 21:23, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources do refer to specific Kaukau alii families as "service lines", so I do disagree with saying "in a general sense, it is not a line because.." But thanks for the Malo source that was important to establish how the caste level was established or created with a source. As you state above: "[They] existed because these Kaukau alii continually intermarried with other kaukau alii instead of marrying above their rank..." Yes...and that is how the line of a certain rank or caste would continue. But, and this is important, Kaukau alii only served alii nui and the caste system was pretty much abolished during the kingdom when the Kamehamehas became supreme rulers of all the islands. The Kaukau alii for the Kamehameha's represent the end of the Kaukau alii. Kanaina I and his surviving cousin were the last of that line only because the caste was done away with. I also believe that under the Kingdom the traditions changed somewhat and even new terms created for the responsibilities of the attendants to the royal family.--Mark Miller (talk) 21:17, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes many service lines existed. My main problem with that originally was that I thought you were implying Alapainui and Keaweʻopala were kaukau alii just because their descendants became kaukau alii. I see now that now was not the case.
 * My issue is not the word "line" now because as I stated already many chiefly service line existed. My problem is your statement that there was only one who served the Kamehameha and one that survive into the kingdom? I never heard of anything being abolished after the Kamehamehas became rulers. The kapu system may have been abolished bit alii rank and protocol were followed throughout the kingdom's period although probably not as strictly as in the pre-Conquest age but never abolished. There is a notable case on April 2, 1845, Kamehameha III elevated by royal order a group of kaukau alii including Namakeha, Kapena, Namanuu, Kapaakea to alii nui status so they could replace dying Alii nui in the legislature and privy councils showing consideration of these difference in rank still existed in the kingdom period. Osorio's book explains this in detail.
 * Your comment "The Kaukau alii for the Kamehameha's represent the end of the Kaukau alii. Kanaina I and his surviving cousin were the last of that line only because the caste was done away with" — This is highly untrue. Kaukau alii served other high ranking families as well not solely the Kamehameha. And the Moana family were not the only kaukau alii families which served the Kamehamehas. Young's source states Moana's descendants started "a new service line" not that they were exclusive retainer families allowed to serve the Kamehameha family. Many other service lines which served the Kamehamehas existed as I already stated with David Malo and John Papa Ii's families being just a few examples and many other kaukau alii served other high ranking alii families; Princess Poomaikelani, her sisters, and her husband Hiram Kahanawai were retainers of Queen Emma's family until Kalakaua came to the throne.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 21:42, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The Alapainui and Keaweʻopala thing was a brain fart on my part. I meant to put Kalaniʻōpuʻu and I actually do think I was trying to state the wrong thing. You are correct that the Kaukau alii were many lines and I didn't fully realize they were not. Yes, it is true. Kam I became supreme ruler and the ali system of old was abolished as Kamehameha now owned all of the island lands. Only he could choose who owned the land or was passed the land. This is basically the end of the system and is mentioned in reliable sources. What you say above is incorrect in that the alii nui was now the supreme monarch and whether if they were Kaukau alii then they were already alii. but that does not mean the alii system still recognized them as separate castes. They didn't. Now with a kingdom the nobility was chosen and appointed from the old ali families by the king. Eventually a privy counsel and a house of lords and even a royal order created later. I don't think that actually demonstrates that the alii caste system was still in place.
 * I don't know if I suggested that Moana's line was exclusive (but I did misunderstand that so probably). The way it is written now is to make clear as the source does, that the Moana line of Kaukaua Alii ended with Kanaina I and his cousin. However that line became a seconday line in that the Royal family intermarried with the line many times.--Mark Miller (talk) 23:12, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes alii after the conquest didnt rule individual districts but they did hold on to their rank in terms of their genealogy and how they were seen by fellow alii. Similar to Europe which had a higher nobility and a lower nobility, Hawaii continued to view chiefs as differing in rank. The rank and position of kauakau alii still remain as a designation of a person lineage and genealogy. Certain kaukau alii moved outside of their old service roles and became politicians or scholars but many dozen of lesser known families continued as just retainers for example Duke Kahanamoku's grandparents. The institutions such as the hereditary moku system may not have continued but the mindset, stigma and values on rank still existed into the kingdom, so that is why you have debates or scandal relating to alii marriages and succession even after the conquest. Kamehameha III only started appointing kaukau alii to the legislature because the chiefs who possessed higher ranks and dominated the old Council of Chiefs were dying out (people like Liliha, Boki, Hoapili, Kuakini, Keeaumoku, Kahalaia, etc.), so even then the mindset of varying rank still existed when he elevated those fourteen kaukau alii to high chief status in 1845.--KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:32, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with the clarification of the article now. --KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:49, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Here we disagree. You see, it wasn't even just a matter of land. It was power, influence etc. The regular crap that makes up politics. Why do you think there was such a brew at the elections with Queen Ema and Kalakaua? The Kamehameha were the Alii and the old line were appointed by the king at his will and Alii became a thing of the past that many simply held onto as socially important but all of the trappings were done away with except that most retained land until the Mahele (except for those killed in battle or whose land was taken is such). When the Kingdom was fully united the Alii no longer existed in anything but genealogy. And yes, even to this day Hawaiians hold on to their history but there are no alii today. But after the Kingdom the royal attendants, retainers and guardians were all chosen from the alii families with the closet family ties, such as Bishop, Kaahumanu, Kamehameha III and really all of the rulers and members of the Royal Family. The debates and scandals were because of the bloodlines not because the caste system. It was still important to have the best blood marriages. That is why Lunalilo was hated by Kam IV and V. he was of higher blood. Lunalilo had the highest bloodline of the Kingdom of his day. Hawaiians still hold bloodlines in genealogy very important. Its spiritual and personal.--Mark Miller (talk) 05:12, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Clearly this is just a difference of words here. Again I state again: the political institutions of the alii system no longer existed outside the monarchy but the mindset of rank still existed in terms of bloodline and genealogy. Bloodline or genealogy whatever you may call it - this aspect of being an alii matter greatly to the Hawaiians even after the Conquest even if the position came with no political power. It symbolized the mana of possessed by the chiefs of old Hawaii Nei. Lower ranking chiefly families continued to respect the families of higher ranking lines up till the Overthrow. Socially these rank mattered to the Hawaiians who still remember the old system when the mana of the alii also denote spiritual and political power. Old Hawaiians in the territorial days still believed former alii of the kingdom like Princess Kawananakoa could stop the lava flow of Kilauea...Kamehameha IV and V were equal in rank to Lunalilo; the two brothers' worries stem from the possible children of a marriage between Lunalilo and their sister Victoria Kamamalu, which would outrank them because both parents would be alii of the first rank unlike either of these four who were the children of kaukau alii fathers .--KAVEBEAR (talk) 06:30, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

Mana and alii ranking or caste was not the same thing. Kamehameha I's bloodline/genealogy/mana was less than his own children by Keōpūolani who was just about the highest ranking alii of her time. Kamehameha I's children from her had a higher ranking than him in many reliable sources and the story says that Kamehameha would let the children play on his chest while he laid on the ground to symbolize their higher mana from mother who was of higher ranking than Kamehameha. I believe sources refer to Lunalilo as being the highest ranking alii of his time but...of course, he lived past Kam IV and V to have a short rule. Maybe "..of his day" was that year.--Mark Miller (talk) 11:00, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aliʻi


text:
Cookernup, Western Australia

Cookernup is a town in the South West of Western Australia near the South Western Highway, between Waroona and Harvey.

History
In 1835 Stephen Henty and Thomas Peel were the first Europeans to visit the area, being guided through the reaches of the Harvey River by local Aboriginal people.

Cookernup's name derives from an Aboriginal name meaning "the place of the swamp hen" (cooki). The first settler, Joseph Logue, came to the area in 1852 with his extended family in search of good farming land, acquiring a 9000 ha grant which he called Kookernup. He later settled on the north bank of a nearby brook, now called Logue Brook.

The area was important in the milling and transport of local timber, with a railway reserve being constructed for timber stacking. In the early 1890s, Cookernup had a much greater population than Harvey, and had a school and telegraph office several years earlier.

The population of the town was 59 (35 males and 24 females) in 1898.

Present day
Cookernup is a small agricultural town with services offered from nearby Harvey, and there have been applications for subdivision in the area. However, a 5 km buffer zone around the Alcoa Wagerup alumina refinery was doubled by the Health Department following the approval of a $1.5 billion expansion to the refinery. In August 2008, Alcoa had bought over 40 local properties. As of 2015, Alcoa's purchases made little to no impact to Cookernup, with the majority of properties being purchased in nearby Yarloop.

Cookernup has experienced steady growth in recent years, with several houses being built a year. Cookernup has a fire brigade, town hall, general store, large exercise area and playground.

Nearby Logue Brook Dam, 6 km to the east and set in jarrah forests on the western boundary of the Murray State Forests, has a number of camping, accommodation and recreational facilities, and offers bushwalking, horse-riding, waterskiing, canoeing and ropes courses.

Warawarrup is a small village 5 km to the south that is home to the Harvey Trotting Track. It was originally planned as a growth area, but the growth failed to eventuate.

Transport
The town serves as a stop on the Australind passenger train service from Perth to Bunbury.

title: Cookernup, Western Australia


text:
Megatech (Indonesian company)

Megatech is a Bermuda-registered company that pursued the development of various supercars. It is jointly owned by Hutomo (Tommy) Mandala Putra, the youngest son of President Suharto of Indonesia, and Mycom Setdco, a Bermuda-based subsidiary of Mycom Bhd.

In 1994, MegaTech purchased the Lamborghini brand for $40 million. It then sold it to Audi AG in 1998 for $110 million. It also caused the closure of Vector Aeromotive in 1993, when the company attempted a hostile takeover at the expense of Vector founder Jerry Wiegert.

Models

 * Vector M12
 * Vector SRV8

title: Megatech (Indonesian company)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Chum Bucket

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was MERGE to SpongeBob SquarePants. -Splash 07:02, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

The Chum Bucket
Erwin Walsh

 * Merge with the cartoon page, or Delete. --Raistlin 16:23, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with SpongeBob Squarepants. --TheKoG 02:19, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. - Lucky 6.9 06:07, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Sheldon J. Plankton. Acetic Acid 17:52, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
St. James United Church (Montreal)

Saint James United Church is a heritage church in the city's downtown core of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is a Protestant church affiliated with the United Church of Canada. It is located at 463 Saint Catherine Street West between Saint Alexandre and City Councillors Streets (McGill metro station), in the borough of Ville-Marie within Downtown Montreal. It was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1996.

The Gothic Revival church was designed by Montreal architect Alexander Francis Dunlop. It is noteworthy for its false apse housing church offices and for its Casavant Frères organ.

History
When it was built in June 1889, it was the largest Methodist church in Canada, with 2,000 seats; it was nicknamed the "Cathedral Church of Methodism." It now belongs to the United Church of Canada, into which the Canadian Methodists merged in 1925. Its congregation founded the first YMCA in North America on November 25, 1851 (before the present church building was built) and led an active campaign for women's suffrage early in the 20th century.

A World War I memorial window (1924) by Charles William Kelsey depicting a trench scene at St. James United Church (Montreal) was dedicated to 32 members who were killed overseas and 267 others who served in the Great War. The side lights represent the cardinal virtues, Justice, Prudence, Temperance and Fortitude.

In 1927, to cover upkeep costs, the church permitted a commercial building to be built in front of its Sainte Catherine Street façade. The building, adjoining the church's structure, concealed the church for over 78 years, the church itself being announced by a large neon sign.

In 2005, as part of an $8-million restoration effort sponsored by the city of Montreal and the Quebec government, a portion of the commercial buildings were demolished, once again revealing the facade of the church as well as a new public square designed by Quebec architect Claude Cormier. Access has also been restored to the rear lawn from Sainte Catherine Street.

title: St. James United Church (Montreal)


text:
User:Andy Janata/Television

I'm a fairly avid television watcher; I make it a point to either watch "live" or tape several shows. I also watch other shows if I stumble across them or am awake when they are on, and there are some shows I miss. All times for shows that I watch are in Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Time, depending on whether Daylight Saving Time is active.

Shows I Make a Point to Watch

 * Stargate SG-1 - SciFi 8:00 PM
 * Stargate Atlantis - SciFi 9:00 PM
 * The Amazing Race - Currently watching old season reruns on GSN at 9:00 PM or 12:00 AM, depending on when I can; Planning on watching the new season on CBS when it airs.
 * Family Guy -- new shows on FOX
 * American Dad -- ditto

Shows I Watch if I'm Awake

 * Most shows on the [adult swim]  block, especially:
 * Futurama
 * Family Guy
 * Aqua Teen Hunger Force (I used to hate this show, but my roommate freshman year at college converted me by force :P )
 * Fullmetal Alchemist (See also my Anime page.)
 * Harvey Birdman Attorney at Law
 * Paranoia Agent -- sometimes, that show is just completely screwed up
 * FLCL -- again, sometimes, first time I saw it I had no idea what it was
 * The Oblongs -- not very often

Shows I Watch if I Stumble into Them

 * MythBusters
 * Star Trek, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space 9, and I'd watch Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Enterprise if I could find them
 * some other stuff that I can't think of right now

Shows I Miss

 * JAG -- really good show, at least it ran to a natural end
 * Star Trek: Enterprise -- I was one of the apparent few that liked the show, yes they didn't do it very well (mucking with all sorts of stuff they shouldn't have) but take it at face value with a grain of salt and it's a good show

OK that's enough for now, I'll expand this list sometime.

title: User:Andy Janata/Television


text:
Harvey, Western Australia

Harvey is a town located in the South West of Western Australia along the South Western Highway, 140 km south of Perth, between Pinjarra and Bunbury. It has a population of 2,797. Harvey Town is known for its dairy industry and oranges.

History
Harvey's name is derived from the nearby Harvey River, named by Governor James Stirling in 1829, soon after the river's discovery by explorers Alexander Collie and Lieutenant William Preston RN.

Although not positively known, the river is most likely named after Rear Admiral John Harvey. In 1817–18, Harvey was Commander in Chief of the West Indies Station – Stirling served under him while in charge of HMS Brazen (1808), and Harvey recommended him for promotion. Stirling named a number of Western Australian features after his former navy colleagues.

According to James Battye, Stirling selected 12800 acre known as Wellington Location 50A and established the Harvey River Settlement. The only improvement he made to the land, as far as is known, was the erection of a hunting lodge near the present town of Harvey, known as "The Hut", featuring a shingled roof, jarrah walls and hexagonal paving blocks. In the 1880s, this hut became the childhood home of children's author May Gibbs. Stirling called the area around the town of Harvey "Korijekup", using the Noongar name meaning "place of the red-tailed black cockatoo".

The area was settled slowly over the remainder of the 1800s. During the 1860s, Australind, originally the site of a failed grandiose settlement scheme, was the centre of the Harvey District community. In 1863, a road was gazetted from Pinjarra to Brunswick Junction, which was built by convicts between 1864 and 1876 - it was called the "foothills route" and later became the South Western Highway.

Harvey was developed as a private town in the 1890s by a group of investors following the opening of a railway station there in 1893. However, Cookernup, little more than a railway stop today, had a greater population, and had a telegraph office and school years before Harvey.

The population of the town was 93 (66 males and 27 females) in 1898.

In 1926 the Harvey Road Board sought the declaration of a townsite, but this did not occur until 1938.

In February 2006, EG Green & Sons, the owner of the Harvey Beef brand since 1919 and responsible for about 90% of Western Australia's beef exports, went into administration. In April, however, the brand was rescued by a new consortium who acquired EG Green & Sons and recreated it as Harvey Industries.

In 2010, Harvey gained national attention when 19-year-old Jessica Moloney became a finalist in the popular Fox8 show Australia's Next Top Model. She came in fourth place in Cycle 6 of the series.

Present day
The town is the seat of the Shire of Harvey and is the centre of the Western Australian dairy industry. It contains a hospital, agricultural college, vocational college and the headquarters of Harvey Fresh, Harvey Beef and Harvey Cheese. Each year in April (previously October) it hosts a major agricultural show. In addition, Harvey Senior High School, two primary schools, dining and shopping facilities, banks, accommodation (hotel, motel, caravan park, farm stay), council offices and the Forest Products Commission's Timber Technology Centre are located within the town.

The railway station contains a museum which documents early life in the town, and the Stirling Cottage (actually a replica of it built 500 m downstream from the original in 1994 after the original cottage succumbed to the elements in the 1960s) has been converted into a tourist information centre and tearooms. An unusual feature is the Italian Internment Shrine, built by Italian internees of Harvey No. 11 Camp during World War II and believed to be one of the only monuments of its kind in existence.

Harvey is home to Harvey Dam, which is a popular recreational angling (licensed) and tourist destination, with picnic facilities, walkways and historical information. Harvey Dam's wall can be traversed completely on foot.

In 2015 Harvey received a new war memorial with detailed casualty counts and information relevant to major Australian engagements.

On 7 January 2016 the residents of the town were urged to evacuate immediately by Western Australia's Department of Fire and Emergency Services due to an approaching bushfire. Patients at the Harvey District Hospital were evacuated to nearby hospitals along with residents from local nursing homes. On the evening of 8 January, after catastrophic losses in nearby Yarloop, the fire was threatening the town. Harvey was evacuated late on the afternoon of 9 January, but conditions eased the following day and the alert level was downgraded.

Transport

The main road route through the area is South Western Highway (Route 20; Perth to Bunbury via Pinjarra and Waroona). Uduc Road, the town's main street, goes to Old Coast Road near Myalup.

Harvey station is located on the South Western Railway and served by Transwa's twice daily Australind service from Perth to Bunbury.

Transwa and South West Coachlines run daily bus service between Perth, Mandurah and Bunbury via Forrest Highway, and have stops in Harvey Intersection near Forestry Road, between Mylaup and Binningup. Private cab shuttle service also run daily to Perth Airport through Harvey.

A senior citizens bus service also run every Friday between Harvey and Bunbury.

Tourist attractions

 * Stirling Cottage
 * Harvey Dam
 * The Big Orange Tower and Harvey River Estate Winery
 * Harvey Railway Station Museum
 * Harvey Internment Camp Memorial Shrine (Harvey No 11 Camp)
 * Harvey War Memorial Park
 * Harvey River Diversion Enhancement
 * Myalup Beach and Binningup Beach

Education
There are two primary schools in Harvey, being Harvey Primary School and St Anne's School. Secondary school options are Harvey Senior High School and the WA College of Agriculture – Harvey. Other popular secondary education options include Our Lady of Mercy College and Australind Senior High School, both located in Australind.

Climate
Harvey experiences a mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and wet winters.

Sister cities

 * 🇯🇵Mooka, Japan, 2022

title: Harvey, Western Australia


text:
List of Pakistan ODI cricketers

This is a list of Pakistani One-day International cricketers. A One Day International, or an ODI, is an international cricket match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC). An ODI differs from Test matches in that the number of overs per team is limited, and that each team has only one innings. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his first ODI cap. Where more than one player won his first ODI cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically.

ODI cricketers
Statistics are correct as at 11 November 2023

Notes:
 * 1 Abdul Razzaq, Inzamam-ul-Haq, Shahid Afridi, Shoaib Akhtar, Mohammad Yousuf and Mohammad Asif also played ODI cricket for ACC Asian XI. Only their records for Pakistan are given above.
 * 2 Mohammad Yousuf was known as Yousuf Youhana until 2005.

title: List of Pakistan ODI cricketers


text:
Plasminogen activator

Plasminogen activators are serine proteases that catalyze the activation of plasmin via proteolytic cleavage of its zymogen form plasminogen. Plasmin is an important factor in fibrinolysis, the breakdown of fibrin polymers formed during blood clotting. There are two main plasminogen activators: urokinase (uPA) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Tissue plasminogen activators are used to treat medical conditions related to blood clotting including embolic or thrombotic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism.

Plasminogen activators are inhibited by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, and protein C inhibitor.

Function
Produced mainly in the liver, plasminogen is the inactive zymogen form of plasmin, and circulates in plasma in a closed conformation that cannot be activated. Binding clots or cell surface causes its conformation to change, allowing it to be activated by plasminogen activators. Plasminogen activators do so by cleaving the R561/V562 peptide bond, producing the active protein plasmin, which catalyzes the degradation of fibrin polymers that make up the structure of blood clots.

Inhibition
The main inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a serine protease, synthesized by endothelial cells, that specifically inhibits tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase (uPA). Tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase are the activators of plasminogen and results in the breakdown of blood clots (fibrinolysis).

PAI-1 levels has also been studied in patients and how they influence certain diseases. Elevated serum levels of PAI-1 have been found in obese individuals. Elevated levels of PAI-1 also seem to increase the risk of atherothrombotic events and may also promote vascular disease.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) is also a serine protease that inactivates tPA and uPA. PAI-2 is produced by the placenta and only found in high quantities in the blood during pregnancy.

Factors
Factor XIa and XIIa are two main factors involved in the plasminogen activator. Factor XI (FXI) is a serine protase produced by the liver and circulates in its inactive form. Deficiency in factor XI is known to cause hemophilia C. Factor XIIa is another plasma protein that is involved in the activation of zymogen factor is activated into factor XIa. This activation is important to the coagulation cascade.

Applications
Due to its contribution to fibrinolysis, tissue plasminogen activator is used medically to treat blood clot-related disorders including thrombotic or embolic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism. It is manufactured using recombinant techniques and is sold as alteplase, reteplase, and tenecteplase. Alteplase was the first of these versions to go on the market, and has the same exact structure as tPA. Reteplase and tenecteplase both received FDA approval after alteplase, and have nonidentical structures to tPA. These recombinant forms of tPA have been shown to have a longer half-life in the blood and a greater resistance to inhibition, resulting in an increased capacity to treat thrombolytic diseases.

Urokinase is similarly used in the medical field, specifically for the treatment of pulmonary embolism.

Plasminogen Activator Role in Breast Cancer
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 not only functions as an inhibitor, but other roles of PAI-1 could suggest it could contribute to cancer. The other roles of PAI-1 include, cell de-adhesion, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell signaling. These roles could suggest that PAI-1 expression in the tumor microenvironment enhances tumor cell progression. Urokinase cleaves the zymogen plasminogen into serine protease plasmin. The elevated levels of uPA is an indicator of cancer which could be found in the carcinoma of the breast. Plasmin can activate matrix metalloproteases (MMP's) in the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMP activation contributes to tumor cell invasion and metastasis by degradation of ECM components.

title: Plasminogen activator


text:
Lindsay Weir

Lindsay Weir may refer to:

 * Lindsay Weir (Freaks and Geeks), fictional character Lindsay Weir
 * Lindsay Weir (cricketer) (1908–2003), New Zealand cricketer

title: Lindsay Weir


text:
Abba Seru Gwangul

Abba Seru Gwangul (died 1778) was a Son of Aba Getiye. Aba Getiye was a descendant of Sheikh Omar, who was a Yemeni that settled in Ethiopia. most commonly referred to as a Wara Sheh, which means "Sons of the Sheikh".

The Wara Sheh began to have prominence with the emergence of Aba Gwangul who married Weyzero Gelebu, the daughter of Ras Faris of the Lasta district. Abba Seru Gwangul had numerous children including Dejazmach Welle, Dejazmach Kormi, Abeto Yimer, and Woizero Aster. With his wife Woizero Gelebu, daughter of Ras Faris of Lasta and Salawa, Abba Seru Gwangul had Ras Ali, Ras Aligaz and Woizero Kefey.

Aba Gwangul's descendants came to control Begemder and parts of Wollo, and his heirs were Enderases (Regents) of the Ethiopian Empire and rulers of the Zemene Mesafint.

The Scottish explorer James Bruce met him in 1770, and recorded a vivid description of this man in his account of travels in Ethiopia:

He was a little, thin, cross-made man, of no apparent strength or swiftness, as far as could be conjectured; his legs and thighs being thin and small for his body, and his head large; he was of a yellow, unwholesome colour, not black nor brown; he had long hair plaited and interwoven with the bowels of oxen, and so knotted and twisted together as to render it impossible to distinguish the hair from the bowels, which hung down in long strings, part before his bread and part behind his shoulder, the most extraordinary ringlets I had ever seen. He had likewise, a wreath of guts hung about his neck, and several rounds of the fame about his middle, which served as a girdle, below which was a short cotton cloth dipt in butter, and all his body was wet, and running down with the same; he seemed to be about fifty years of age, with a confident and insolent superiority painted in his face. In his country it seems, when he appears in state, the beast he rides upon is a cow. He was then in full dress and ceremony, and mounted upon one, not of the largest sort, but which had monstrous horns. He had no saddle on his cow. He had short drawers, that did not reach the middle of his thighs; his knees, feet, legs, and all his body were bare. Whether it was necessary for the poizing himself upon the sharp ridge of the beast's back, or whether it was meant as graceful riding, I do not know, being quite unskilled in cowmanship; but he leaned exceedingly backwards, putting his belly forwards, and holding his left arm and shield stretched out on one side of him, and his right, arm and lance in the same way on the other, like wings. The king (Tekle Haymanot II)was seated on his ivory chair, to receive him, almost in the middle of his tent; the day was very hot, and an insufferable stench of carrion soon made every one in the tent sensible of the approach of this nasty sovereign, even before they saw him. The king, when he perceived him coming, was so struck with the whole figure and appearance, that he could not contain himself from an immoderate fit of laughter, which finding it impossible to stifle, he rose from his chair, and ran as hard as he could into another apartment behind the throne. The savage got off from his cow at the door of the tent with all his tripes about him; and, while we were admiring him as a monster, seeing the king's seat empty, he took it for his own, and down he sat upon the crimson silk cushion, with the butter running from every part of him. A general cry of astonishment was made by every person in the tent: he started up I believe without divining the cause, and before he had time to recollect himself, they fell all upon him, and with pushes and blows drove this greasy chieftain to the door of the tent, flaring with wild amazement, not knowing what was next to happen. It is high treason, and punishable by immediate death, to sit down upon the king's chair. Poor Guangoul owed his life to his ignorance. The king had beheld the whole scene through the curtain; if he laughed heartily at the beginning, he laughed ten times more at the catastrophe; he came out laughing, and unable to speak.

title: Abba Seru Gwangul


text:
Talk:Takuhatsu

Definition
This definition is slightly incorrect. During takuhatsu you never beg from Temples, Shrines, Gov. Offices, Hospitals or Chain stores. Private Bussinesses, Passers-by and residences are ok. This is my experience as a Rinzai Zen monk in Kyoto.

title: Talk:Takuhatsu


text:
Bernard B. Semmes

Bernard Brockenbrough Semmes (1864-1917) was a Virginia lawyer and the mayor of Newport News, Virginia from September 1, 1912 to September 1, 1916.

Biography
Semmes was born in Lexington, Virginia on September 22, 1864. He graduated from the Virginia Military Institute and obtained a law degree from Washington and Lee University School of Law. He served one term as mayor of Newport News, Virginia, before dying in Newport News in 1917.

title: Bernard B. Semmes


text:
Talk:Whore (disambiguation)

Origin
Historians believe "Whore" was originated during the prehistoric times of the Indo-Europeans. The prehistoric Indo-European root *kā which meant to like, or to desire. From the root *kā came the stem *kāro, which helped derive the prehistoric common Germanic word hōraz that had the meaning “one who desire, or adulterer”. Now lets take a look at the feminine forum of hōraz; hōrōn. This was the main stepping-stone to the creation of the old English words “hore”, and “harlot”. The Old English definition of “hore” is a person who is considered to be sexually promiscuous, accepts payment in exchange for sexual relations, and compromises one’s principles for personal gain. A “harlot” was a biblical term used in the bible to describe people who pursued the act of prostitution. The present day spelling and definition of whore correlates directly to "hore" and "harlot".

Changing the header to make it make sense
Shouldn't it be "A whore is a derogatory term for prostitute."?

I'd edit it myself but I'm unable to since the page is semi-protected. Wafflbaum (talk) 18:51, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I second Wafflbaum above – it would make more sense grammatically. 2A00:23C5:50E8:EE01:CCAC:CD8A:B512:4030 (talk) 18:54, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with Wafflbaum, weird why it's prostitution. 77.105.19.237 (talk) 18:58, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Tollens (talk) 21:03, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Tollens (talk) 21:03, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whore (disambiguation)


text:
User:Willtron

I was born in Saragossa (Aragon). I'm computer engineer. I'm an habitual collaborator and sysop of Biquipedia. But I collaborate too putting connections in the Spanish Wikipedia, English Wikipedia and Oiquipedià.

What I like

 * I like Computer science, Geography. I know the programming languajes C, Ada, 80x86 Assembly, SQL, Flex/Lex, Bison/Yacc, ABEL, HTML and MATLAB.
 * Music
 * Classical Music: W.A.Mozart, L.V.Beethoven, J.S.Bach, G.Verdi, G.Sanz, G.Puccini...
 * Metal: Metallica, Apocalyptica, Sonata Arctica, Stratovarius, Slipknot, Linkin Park, Guns N' Roses...
 * Punk: Green Day, Sum 41, blink-182...
 * Sports
 * UBX/Football: My favourite football teams are Real Zaragoza, CD Numancia and Real Madrid.
 * Cycling: My favourite clyclists were Miguel Indurain and Fernando Escartín.
 * Skiing

Wikipedia
My user page in other wikipedias:

About Aragonese Wikipedia

 * In spite of be a small community, we're classified in the 4th place of Wikipedias by articles per population
 * Ido and Interlingua are both artificial languages and Cornish is a revived language, so Aragonese Wikipedia is the first Wikipedia of a natural non-revived language.
 * We are 30.000 (I think that really we are a little bit less) speakers of Aragonese and there are 1.000.000.000 of English speakers, so if we were 1.000.000.000 speakers of Aragonese now we would have 148.333.333 articles!!!
 * If there were only 30.000 English speakers, now there were only 41 articles on English Wikipedia.

Links

 * My page in Commons: User:Willtron
 * My personal webpage
 * Userboxes
 * Wikipedians/Photographers
 * Photo Matching Service
 * Wikipedia requested photographs in Spain
 * UBX/Football kit

Userboxes
an:Usuario:Willtron roa-rup:User:Willtron frp:User:Willtron ast:Usuariu:Willtron ca:Usuari:Willtron co:User:Willtron de:Benutzer:Willtron es:Usuario:Willtron eu:Lankide:Willtron fr:Utilisateur:Willtron fur:Utent:Willtron gl:User:Willtron it:Utente:Willtron la:Usor:Willtron lad:User:Willtron lij:User:Willtron lmo:User:Willtron mo:User:Willtron nap:Utente:Willtron nrm:User:Willtron oc:Utilisator:Willtron pms:Utente:Willtron pt:Usuário:Willtron rm:User:Willtron ro:Utilizator:Willtron sc:Utente:Willtron simple:User:Willtron vec:Utente:Willtron wa:Uzeu:Willtron

title: User:Willtron


text:
User:LiquidFire

LiquidFire

Contact Info

 * Wikipedia: User talk:LiquidFire

title: User:LiquidFire


text:
North Dandalup, Western Australia

North Dandalup is a small town in the Peel region of Western Australia along the South Western Highway between Serpentine and Pinjarra. Its local government area is the Shire of Murray. At the 2011 census, North Dandalup had a population of 346.

History
The name "Dandalup", a Noongar name relating to the rivers in the area, was shown on maps from 1835 onwards, but its meaning is unclear. When the Pinjarra to Picton Junction railway was joined to Perth in 1894, North Dandalup, near where the river of that name crossed the railway, was noted as a stopping place.

Whittaker's timber railway ran from North Dandalup into the Darling Ranges where they had been granted a forestry concession of 36000 acre.

Land for a school was set aside in 1899 and the school commenced operations in April 1900. A town hall and recreation ground were built in 1915. The town was gazetted in 1972, a year after work began on the construction of the nearby South Dandalup Dam. On 28 October 1994, the $50 million North Dandalup Dam was opened 6 km from the town.

Present day
North Dandalup today has a primary school, hall, convenience store and fuel station. The nearby North Dandalup Dam offers recreational facilities and activities. It lies close to the North Dandalup Important Bird Area.

A new estate development, Dandalup Springs is under construction with titles for stage one due for release. 122 lots will be released in phase one with a further 100 lots (approximately) in phase two. This estate will see the population of North Dandalup more than double.

Transport
North Dandalup is located on the South Western Highway, and the turnoff for Dwellingup, Western Australia for travellers from Perth, Del Park Road, is located in the town.

It is a stopping place for the Australind passenger train from Perth to Bunbury.

title: North Dandalup, Western Australia


text:
User talk:Ricky bennett2003

Why is this site keep being removed from stuff

http://rickybennett2003.741.com/allgrownup.htm

title: User talk:Ricky bennett2003


text: Category:National Wrestling Alliance

title: Category:National Wrestling Alliance


text:
User:Woodchuck96

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User:Woodchuck96


text:
Stratford station (Ontario)

Stratford is a Via Rail train station in Stratford, Ontario, Canada. It is served by one daily round trip between Sarnia and Toronto via London.

History
From the fall of 1863, a young Thomas Edison worked as a telegrapher at the Stratford, Ontario station of the Grand Trunk Railroad. Edison's father was from Canada and fled to US after the Rebellion of 1837.

Two structures remain that were built in 1913 by the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR): a two-storey, brick-clad, railway station building, and a one-storey express building linked by an overhead canopy. The GTR merged into the Canadian National Railway in 1920. In addition to serving regional trains, it served international trains to Michigan and Chicago, including the Grand Trunk's long-running Maple Leaf.

The station buildings were designated as a Heritage Railway Station in 1993. The station is also designated under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act since June 13, 1988.

The Ontario Heritage Act designation notes that the station is built in the Prairie Style of architecture, influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright. It was erected by the Grand Trunk in 1913 and opened in August 1914. The designation covers the exterior of the whole structure, roof, masonry, windows, original doors and brick platforms (these were covered at the time of the designation in 1988). The building included a tower, that has since been removed.

Between 1983 and 2004, Stratford was served by the International Limited, an international train service operated jointly by Via Rail and Amtrak between Chicago and Toronto.

Between October 2021 and October 2023, Stratford was served by one weekday round trip on the GO Transit Kitchener line which operated between London and Toronto.

title: Stratford station (Ontario)


text:
Sonat

Sonat, Inc., headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, was a large Fortune 500 American energy holding company. The company was founded in 1928 and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "SNT". Sonat was primarily involved in transmission and marketing natural gas and oil and gas exploration and production. The company was also involved in contract offshore drilling until 1995 when the offshore business became Transocean. In 1999 Sonat merged with El Paso Corporation. The company was headquartered in the AmSouth-Sonat Tower in downtown Birmingham.

Southern Natural Gas Corporation, 1928–1970s
Sonat was founded in Birmingham, Alabama, as Southern Natural Gas Corporation in 1928. In 1953, the company spun off its natural gas utility division, forming Birmingham-based Alabama Gas Corporation. During the 1960s, the company changed its name to Southern Natural Resources, Inc. In 1968, the company expanded into forestry by creating Southern Forest Products, Inc.

Southern Natural Industries, Inc., 1970s–1980s
In 1972, the company moved into its new 30-story corporate headquarters in downtown Birmingham. The building, called the First National-Southern Natural Building and later the AmSouth-Sonat Tower, was equally owned by and occupied with First National Bank of Birmingham. In 1973, the company changed its name again to Southern Natural Industries, Inc. The company, which was quickly expanding, acquired The Offshore Company in 1978 and soon changed the name to Sonat Offshore (Transocean).

Sonat Inc., 1980s–1999
By the 1980s, Southern Natural had diversified into many different industries. In 1982, the company decided to change its name to Sonat Inc., to create a better known identity in the energy industry. During this time, the company, which had 1981 revenues of $2.4 billion, was ranked as one of the largest companies in the U.S. The company was also ranked as the largest pipeline producer by Forbes. On March 27, 1986, the company expanded its pipeline division by acquiring 50% of Citrus Corporation, which owned Florida Gas Transmission, for $360 million in cash. Later the next year Sonat Marketing was formed to market and sell natural gas. By the end of the 1980s, the company was a leader in natural gas pipeline distribution, exploration and production, and offshore drilling.

In 1993, the company's Sonat Offshore division was spun off as Sonat Offshore Drilling, Inc. In June 1995, the company sold its remaining stake in Sonat Offshore division to stockholders. On November 23, 1997, Sonat expanded its Exploration and Production division by acquiring Zilkha Energy for $1.3 billion.

Merger with El Paso
In March 1999, Sonat announced it was merging with El Paso Corporation in a $6 billion deal in an effort for El Paso to maintain competition in the natural gas markets. At the time of the merger, Sonat was a Fortune 500 company. The E&P unit, Sonat Exploration Company, was blended into El Paso's organization, and the gas transmission unit, Southern Natural Gas Company, is still headquartered in the Birmingham area.

Sonat divisions
Sonat Inc.'s corporate headquarters and several of its divisions were located in Birmingham, Alabama, in the AmSouth-Sonat Tower. Sonat also had offices in Houston, Oklahoma City, Washington, D.C., New York City, and London. By 1999, the company's divisions consisted of natural gas distribution, natural gas marketing, and exploration and production.

Southern Natural Gas Company
Southern Natural Gas Company, headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, was Sonat's natural gas transmission division. The division owned the Sea Robin Pipeline and 50% of Florida Gas Transmission. Sonat sold the Sea Robin Pipeline in 1999 as a requirement to complete its merger with El Paso. After being acquired by El Paso in 1999, Southern Natural continued to operate as a separate division and kept its corporate headquarters in the AmSouth-Sonat Tower until 2007, when it relocated to the Colonial Brookwood Center located in a suburb of Birmingham.

Publicly owned El Paso Pipeline Partners, which is majority owned by El Paso Corp., owns 60% of the company, with El Paso Corp. owning the remaining 40%.

Sonat Marketing
Sonat Marketing was headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, and was primarily engaged in the marketing of natural gas. The company also operated Sonat Power Marketing which marketed and sold electrical power.

Sonat Exploration
Sonat Exploration Company, headquartered in Houston, Texas, was the exploration and production division of Sonat. The company had regional offices in Fort Smith, Arkansas, Shreveport, Louisiana, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Houston and Tyler, Texas. As a result of the merger with El Paso, the regional offices were closed and the holdings were blended into El Paso's Exploration and Production division.

Sonat Offshore/Transocean
Sonat Offshore was formed in 1953 by Southern Natural Gas when it established The Offshore Company to own mobile jackup rigs in the Gulf of Mexico. The company's name was changed to Sonat Offshore Drilling in 1982. In 1993, Sonat took Sonat Offshore public. Sonat fully divested itself of Sonat Offshore in 1995. In 1996, Sonat Offshore acquired Norwegian Transocean ASA and decided to adopt the name Transocean Offshore in order to differentiate itself from its former parent company. Today Transocean is one of the largest offshore drilling contractors in the world.

Sonat Marine
Sonat Marine was formed in 1981 when Sonat purchased Interstate Oil Transportation Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for $109 million. Interstate had been the nation's largest independent marine transporter of petroleum products. In 1987, a group of Sonat Marine executives and managers formed a partnership to acquire the company from Sonat for $234 million.

title: Sonat


text: User talk:81.152.224.86

title: User talk:81.152.224.86


text:
Serpentine, Western Australia

Serpentine is a town located 55 km south-southeast of Perth, the capital of Western Australia, and 7 km south of Mundijong.

Serpentine is located on the South Western Railway between Perth and Bunbury, and was one of the original stations when the line was opened in 1893. The population of the town was 128 (80 males and 48 females) in 1898. At the 2016 census, Serpentine had a population of 1,265.

It is the locality to which the BOM weather radar has been shifted following on from the original Perth location in West Perth. The Bodhinyana Buddhist Monastery is located near the town. Serpentine also serves as a stop on the Australind passenger train from Perth to Bunbury.

Colonial history
The townsite derives its name from the nearby Serpentine River. The name is descriptive, derived from the "serpentine" nature of the river in its lower reaches where it was discovered and named in the early 1830s by Europeans. European colonialists began a settlement south of the river in the 1830s.

Under colonial government-sponsored immigration schemes, more settlers arrived in the area from 1849 onwards to purchase farmland. In 1856, a cemetery was established to service the area, but wasn't gazetted until 28 March 1907. It originally had different sections for Catholics and Protestants, and is the burial place for about 645 people. Mathew Hale, who was the first Anglican Bishop of WA, frequently resided in a cottage he built around 1864 in Serpentine.

During the 1880s, Serpentine was an important stopping place for Cobb & Co stagecoaches.

In 1891 the government had opened up land in the area by declaring the Serpentine Agricultural Area, and in 1893 decided there was sufficient demand for town lots by gazetting the Townsite of Serpentine in December 1893. However, with the opening of a new railway and station in Serpentine further west in 1893, the importance of the old town centre declined.

20th century
Up to the end of World War I in 1918, Serpentine consisted mostly of small mixed farms, which farmed livestock such as cattle, sheep and pigs.

Under the Group Settlement Scheme introduced in the early 1920s by the Western Australian government, around 150 farms about 45 ha each in size were built in 8 groups in western Serpentine and Hopeland. They were mainly dairy farms inline with the scheme. By 2018, only 4 dairy farms still operated in Serpentine. The 1920s also saw the establishment of two general stores, a butcher shop, tearoom, and a garage.

During the Great Depression, a cheese factory was constructed on what was originally a citrus orchard. Originally the idea of Arthur Middleton and his neighbours, it was officially opened by Premier James Mitchell on 8 August 1932. At the time it was the only operating cheese factory in WA. It operated until 1951, and has since became a Shire of Serpentine–Jarrahdale heritage-listed place.

During the Second World War, local lives were impacted by the effects of rationing and shortages of labour and certain resources. In the summer of 1940/1941, the Serpentine river stopped flowing for the first time since 1914. But in the winter of 1945, Serpentine experienced flooding, with the Serpentine river flooding most farm lands north of it. The region also experienced plagues of rabbits until the introduction of the Myxoma virus in 1951.

Religious sites
The Saint Stephen's Church in Serpentine is an Anglican church part of the Diocese of Perth's Parish of Serpentine-Jarrahdale. The church's foundation stone was laid by the Bishop of Perth, Charles Riley on 10 May 1913, with the church being consecrated on 6 December 1913. Plans for a stone church in Serpentine dated back to 1885.

The Bodhinyana monastery is located on the rural outskirts of Serpentine. It was established in 1983 by western monks of the Thai forest tradition of Theravada Buddhism at the invite of the Buddhist Society of Western Australia. Adjacent to the monastery is the Jhana Grove Meditation Centre. It was established by the Buddhist Society of WA in October 2009.

Education
Serpentine's first school and teacher's house was built in 1859 and called the Serpentine Bridge School. Due to the school's buildings being in poor condition, a new school room and teacher quarters was built in 1889. In 1954, the Bridge School was closed and replaced by a new primary school in the town centre. Almost all of the old school's buildings were relocated or demolished.

The current primary school that was established in 1954 is called Serpentine Primary School. In 2024, it currently has 184 students.

title: Serpentine, Western Australia