text:
Talk:Kenaf

Kenaf paper addition of Mar 2007
The 19 Mar 2007 revision by 68.117.70.252 added a lot of good material on kenaf paper, but unfortunately it appears to be identical to another piece of writing also named "Facts About Kenaf Paper." Perhaps 68.117.70.252 might consider integrating those ideas into Kenaf in a different form. --Belgrano 14:45, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

The part about kenaf paper supplies a lot of good informations about paper made from kenaf fiber, but unfortunately, it seems like it is a publicity stunt for a maker of such paper, specifically Earth Care, which appears many times in the text. Could anyone have a look? 24.201.50.158 19:15, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Earth Care's website reports that the company no longer sells paper. --Belgrano 20:04, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Roselle & Kenaf
Roselle and Kenaf are separate species. I am reverting the merge notices. Roselle should be merged with Bissap -- WormRunner | Talk 14:12, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Roselle and Kenaf are different species. Kenaf is Hibiscus cannabinus and Roselle is Hibiscus sabdariffa. Roselle is also popular for a rose-like red fruit. But, both Kenaf & Roselle are also popular for bast fibers. Ashtonishingly, both fibers are very hard to separate. In India, both of these varieties are called Mesta Jute. Because, both the plants looks quite the same before the fruit blooms its red colors. To get bast fibers from them, the plant is harvested before the blooming of the fruit. --Asif Anwar (Pathik), 10:22, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

I oppose the merger of Gongura with either Kenaf. Gongura is a distinct species of Hibiscus specfic to the geographical region of Andhra Pradesh, South India. It is about five feet tall while Kenaf grows to several feet in height. In addition, Gongura is a special culinary preparation specific to Telugu speaking people. Kumarrao 09:27, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the tag can be removed.Kumarrao (talk) 13:41, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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Proposed Gongura merge
Gongura is a very distinct and a specific kind of chutney made in a few districts of Andhra Pradesh, south India. Just because of the species congruence, it cannot be merged with Kenaf. Preserve the special character of Gongura.Kumarrao (talk) 07:32, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

I absolutely oppose this. Gongura is a distinct species. This is like saying Canola seed can be merged with rapeseed. Sasank Sleeper (talk) 18:04, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Is Gongura another name for the plant (in which case it makes sense to merge and have a section on its use as food), or is it more specifically used to refer to the food product (in which case, it may make sense to have separate articles, but we'll need to explain that better)? Thomas Kluyver (talk) 15:17, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Further to this, I've done some searching, and it seems that while Gongura is the name of the plant (names like Gongura chutney refer to the food), it is actually part of the species Hibiscus sabdariffa (i.e. Roselle), so it makes no sense to merge it into Kenaf. Looking at Talk:Gongura, it seems that people previously opposed a proposed merge into Roselle. Thomas Kluyver (talk) 15:36, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

Oil Spills
Having done kenaf research in the mid-90's, I'll note that one of kenaf's properties was the amazing ability to absorb oil from water and other media. Kenaf fiber is like an oil sponge. One could literally mix oil into a glass of water, drop some kenaf fiber in and within minutes safely drink the water without even a hint of oily taste. The oil was then easily retreived from the kenaf simply by squeazing, leaving the kenaf ready to reuse over and over again. It appears these oil companies (and the government) could use this product. Jfcj1 (talk) 23:40, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

Merger
No merger please!Kumarrao (talk) 07:03, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is Different from Gongura/Puntikura (Hibiscus sabdariffa). So keep these two articles as seperate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Spsbattu (talk • contribs) 21:45, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kenaf


text:
Talk:Norton Utilities

NPOV
I'm afraid I don't know much about this subject, but many of the assertions in this article come across as not NPOV:

''Creating new utilities that are standard features of a system is usually viewed as counter-productive. Marketing them as new features and as new utilities is at least less than honest.''

In particular, the second section is particularly vitriolic, and I'm sure there must be another side to the story:

''The featured utility in 'The Norton Utilities, Release 2' was 'filefind' which allowed users to locate files on the new hard drives. At the time of the release Mr. Norton was Utilities Editor for PC Magazine, and in the marketing and all communications for 'Release 2' he failed to mention that 'findfile' from On-DIsk Software, Weston, Massachusetts, had been submitted for review almost a year before and performed all the functions of 'filefind' as well as some more. This utility was taken without "consent, contract or compensation" and incorrectly presented as Norton's work. Upon being alerted of an apparent lapse of journalistic efforts, not to mention apparent I.P. borrowings, if not theft, Norton suddenly was no longer Utilities Editor for PC Magazine.'' --Huppybanny 14:12, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmm. There was certainly an amount of borrowing of features between NU and, for example, PC Tools over the years. Would On-Disk have supplied the source code, or is this another case of feature cloning? Lovingboth 12:12, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Fan Decheng Will Add Something
Looking at the article, it was so faint. Let me add something about Norton Utilities 8 for MS-DOS and/or Norton Utilities 4 for Windows 9x. - Fan Decheng (AKA Robbie Mosaic)

And now we have a nice combination of NPOV and non-native English. Sigh. ZacharyS 00:42, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Hmm. Hopefully my edit removes most of the problems with this page. I know I've left a few gaps, so more details would be welcomed (but only if they exclude non-sequiters such as "Compared with Microsoft programs, programs in Norton Utilities are much more beautiful and seeming to be smarter"). It does sound like someone has a personal grudge against the Norton Utilities. I'd also prefer it if the allegations of copying FINDFAST/FASTFIND were not reinstated unless somone could provide some proof. mh. 23:30, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

I have reverted the edit by 70.57.70.149 to that of Mhoulden, which seemed to be reasonably balanced. The stuff added by 70.57.70.149 seems to be the same as the original NPOV stuff which had been cleared up so well. Please do not revert back unless you clear up the obvious bias against Norton. Incidentally, mh, I think you have done a marvellous job. --Huppybanny 22:31, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

I am sorry that I am unable to speak native English, because I am not a native English speaker. Thanks for everybody's good work on the Norton Utilities page. I want to say that I do not have a personal grudge on NU. Instead, I liked Symantec Norton series products. Although Chinese translation of Symantec products aren't ideal, but they are much better and carefully done than Microsoft Chinese translations. A question: In the article: However, with the advent of Windows XP onwards, Norton's 'Speed Disk' reverted back to single-cluster defragmentation. The question is, was it really true? -- Fan Decheng 1:46, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Having worked on Speed Disk for windows NT I can tell you that it is not true that only one cluster is moved at a time the slowdown is the server targeted optimization algorithm and the Microsoft MoveFile API that is used to move the clusters. The Speed Disk for XP is a derivitive of the Speed Disk that was released for Windows NT4 and Windows 2000. In Windows NT4 there were no internal API's for moving around the disk contents. A driver was written to accomplish this task. The same driver was used on Windows 2000, but in windows 2000 Microsoft introduced a new API called the "MoveFile" API. MoveFile allowed a program to move around clusters on the disk but had serious limitations. Because of the limitations initially Speed Disk continued using their driver which was faster and could optimize the MFT and directories. After a few patches to Windows 2000 and a lack of focus on the utilities market, security was becoming the companies new focus, there was a decision to remove the driver which needed a new update everytime a patch came out and just use the MoveFile API which was supported by MS. The current MoveFile API has few limitations, but is still a lot slower than the driver was and the optimization algorithm in XP is much less efficient than the old 9x algorithm since the XP algorithm was originally targeted at maintenance of servers, not quick defrags. visionep 23:35, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

NU history
It's ancient history I know, but I have a memory that Norton Disk Doctor was introduced in the unmentioned 4.5 release. I'll see if I can find the readme file from then. Lovingboth 12:12, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Just curious, but what was in version 3.0 of NU? StormCloud 12:12, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I know that Speed Disk existed in 3.5. (The article suggests that it was introduced with 4.0.) And i'm pretty sure that NDD was there as well (with a much simpler UI than later). —überRegenbogen (talk) 07:18, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Differences between NU 2000 and newer
I was hoping the article might mention how the product has evolved over these released. Anyone know where this information may be obtained from please? --Rebroad 01:54, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

UNERASE.EXE inside Windows Me GUI session
Norton SystemWorks 2000 is the last ever version that contains UNERASE.EXE that permits checking directories for presence of deleted files inside Windows Me GUI session by using unerase /noprotected /list command. UNERASE.EXE from all newer editions crashes in this case instead of displaying list of deleted files. Example from running UNERASE.EXE on single 115 GiB FAT32 partition:

C:\MY DOCUMENTS\U2000>unerase.exe /noprotected /list UnErase, Norton Utilities 2000 ..10E, Copyright 1991-1999 by Symantec Corp.

Erased files matching C:\MYDOCU~1\U2000\*.*:

?rased.ers 0 bytes 09:13 2007 Dec 6 poor

C:\MY DOCUMENTS\U2001>unerase.exe /noprotected /list UnErase, Norton Utilities 2001 ..10E, Copyright 1991-2000 by Symantec Corp.

Error [35]: Page fault 00000000 in C:\MYDOCU~1\U2001\UNERASE.EXE at 00F7:0BAC code 0006 SS=1187 DS=008F ES=00D7 load base=015F AX=B40F BX=1180 CX=0E6B DX=0867 SP=AC1C BP=AC24 SI=0000 DI=0094

Wikinger (talk) 17:31, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Application Names
The article has the peculiar tendency toward identifying the applications in the suite by their file names rather than their full names. (e.g. SPEEDISK vs Speed Disk.) This is just ugly. —überRegenbogen (talk) 07:23, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Nu 1.0 for Win95 was quite buggy.
Norton Utilities 1.0 for Windows 95 had some nasty bugs. Disk Dr. would erroneously claim partition tables had "errors" and while "fixing" them would damage the partition table. Fortunately the DOS version of Disk Dr. was sometimes able to recover the partition table and fix it so that the Windows version would stop complaining about nonexistent "errors". I had it do that to me circa 1997 on a Win95a system. It lost my extended FAT16 partition and it took multiple attempts with the DOS Disk Dr. on a boot floppy to get it back. I quickly upgraded to NU 2.0 for Win95! It added and fixed more than FAT32 support. Back then it was easy to find information on the NU 1.0 bugs. Bizzybody (talk) 09:04, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

HIstorically misleading
This was an important, powerful, significant product on DOS. Reviews of recent editions, while interesting in their own right, are given undue prominence (because the product is now unimportant), and give a misleading bias to the article, because they aren't put in context of reviews of other editions, the exhaustive listing of which forms the bulk of the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.162.148 (talk) 08:15, 24 October 2013 (UTC)

Norton Calibrate ?
Steve Gibson of Gibson Research Corporation claims "Norton's "calibrate" ... they reverse engineered the code and stole the technology." [ https://www.grc.com/x/news.exe?cmd=article&group=grc.spinrite.dev&item=40998&utag= ] that Norton reverse-engineered Spinrite [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpinRite ] and released their own version as Norton Calibrate, I see an abandoned US Trademark application in 1990 for Norton Calibrate [ https://alter.com/trademarks/calibrate-74072206 ], presumably around the time Symantec took over, a service failure comment at [ https://github.com/joncampbell123/dosbox-x/issues/2477 ], but no commercial listing of the product, any clues? --68.100.25.179 (talk) 01:42, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Norton Utilities


text:
Juan José Martí

Juan José Martí (1570 – 22 December 1604) was a Spanish novelist, who was born at Orihuela, Province of Alicante about 1570. He graduated as bachelor of canon law at Valencia in 1591, and in 1598 took his degree as doctor of canon law; in the latter year he was appointed co-examiner in canon law at the University of Valencia, and held the post for six years. He died in Valencia, and was buried in Valencia Cathedral on 22 December 1604.

Marti joined the Valencian Academia de los noclurnos, under the name of Atrevimiento, but is best known by another pseudonym, Mateo Luján de Sayavedra, under which he issued an apocryphal continuation (1602) of Alemán's Guzmán de Alfarache (1599). Marti obtained access to Alemán's unfinished manuscript, and stole some of his ideas; this dishonesty lends point to the sarcastic congratulations which Alemán, in the genuine sequel (1604) pays to his rival's sallies: "I greatly envy them, and should be proud that they were mine." Marti's book is clever, but the circumstances in which it was produced account for its cold reception and afford presumption that the best scenes are not original.

It has been suggested that Marti is identical with Avellaneda, the writer of a spurious continuation (1614) to Don Quixote; but he died before the first part of Don Quixote was published (1605).

title: Juan José Martí


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Talks

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. [[smoddy ]] 19:59, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Michael Talks
Creator of invalid number theory, currently on vfd. Not-notable and probably vanity. Brighterorange 14:14, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Vanity -- Ryan Norton T 14:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN vanity about author of nonsensical original research. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 15:30:41, 2005-08-24 (UTC)
 * Delete megavanity, do not userfy. Gazpacho 16:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as i see (google) this person doesn't even exist. feydey 18:59, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. --Carnildo 22:39, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - vanity - Tεx  τ  urε  16:36, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Chengde Mountain Resort

Chengde Mountain Resort (Manchu: Halhūn be jailara gurung) is a large complex of imperial palaces and gardens situated in the Shuangqiao District of Chengde in northeastern Hebei province, northern China, about 225 km northeast of China's capital Beijing. This resort was frequently used as a summer palace during the Qing dynasty. Because of its vast and rich collection of Chinese landscapes and architecture, Chengde Mountain Resort in many ways is a culmination of all the variety of gardens, pagodas, temples and palaces from various regions of China. In 1994, The Mountain Resort was awarded World Heritage Site status.

Chengde is one of China's four famous gardens, national relic protection unit and Class 5A Tourist Attractions in China.

Name
Chengde Mountain Resort is also sometimes called Rehe Xinggong (热河行宫) or Ligong.

History
Built between 1703 and 1792 during the Qing dynasty, the Mountain Resort took 89 years to complete. It covers a total area of 5.6 km2, almost half of Chengde's urban area. It is a vast complex of palaces and administrative and ceremonial buildings. Temples of various architectural styles and imperial gardens blend harmoniously into a landscape of lakes, pastureland and forests.

The Kangxi, Qianlong and Jiaqing emperors often spent several months a year here to escape the summer heat in the capital city of Beijing and the palace zone in the southern part of the resort was therefore designed to resemble the Forbidden City in Beijing. It consists of two parts: a court in front, where the emperor received high officials, nobles of various minority nationalities, and foreign envoys; and bed chambers in the rear, which were the imperial family's living quarters, notably the Yanbozhishuang Hall, where the Kangxi Emperor spent a total of 12 summers while the Qianlong Emperor spent 52 summers in the hall during the course of their reign. The Jiaqing and Xianfeng emperors both died while staying at Chengde in 1820 and 1861 respectively.

Climate
Chengde Mountain Resort is located in the transition zone from warm temperate zone to cold temperate zone. It has semi - temperate, semi - arid continental monsoon climate. It has a large difference in temperature between day and night. In winter, it is cold and has little snow. It has many thundershowers in summer, leading to few hot periods. Chengde Mountain Resort is suitable for traveling in every season, but best from April to October.

Scenic spots
The Mountain Resort is most famous for the 72 scenic spots which were named by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors. Many of the scenic spots around the resort's lake area were copied from famous landscaped gardens in southern China. For instance, the main building on the Green Lotus Island, "Tower of Mist and Rain," is modeled upon a tower at the Nanhu Lake at Jiaxing in Zhejiang Province.

The resort's plain area also possesses characteristics of the scenery of the Mongolian grasslands. Forested mountains and valleys are dotted with various buildings. This includes a 70 m-tall stone Chinese pagoda, one of the tallest in China, built in 1751 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. The pagoda is shaped with an octagonal base, while the pagoda's nine stories are decorated with colorful glazed tiles and the steeple is crowned with a gilded round spire.

In December 1994 the Mountain Resort was listed by UNESCO on its list of World Heritage Sites.

Events
The 2018 Women's Bandy World Championship was held at a naturally frozen ice at the lake in the complex.

title: Chengde Mountain Resort


text: User talk:Bigsleepj

title: User talk:Bigsleepj


text:
Cryoprotectant

A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation). Arctic and Antarctic insects, fish and amphibians create cryoprotectants (antifreeze compounds and antifreeze proteins) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve living materials in the study of biology and to preserve food products.

For years, glycerol has been used in cryobiology as a cryoprotectant for blood cells and bull sperm, allowing storage in liquid nitrogen at temperatures around −196 °C. However, glycerol cannot be used to protect whole organs from damage. Instead, many biotechnology companies are researching the development of other cryoprotectants more suitable for such uses. A successful discovery may eventually make possible the bulk cryogenic storage (or "banking") of transplantable human and xenobiotic organs. A substantial step in that direction has already occurred. Twenty-First Century Medicine has vitrified a rabbit kidney to -135 °C with their proprietary vitrification cocktail. Upon rewarming, the kidney was successfully transplanted into a rabbit, with complete functionality and viability, able to sustain the rabbit indefinitely as the sole functioning kidney.

Mechanism
Cryoprotectants operate by increasing the solute concentration in cells. However, in order to be biologically viable they must easily penetrate and must not be toxic to cells.

Glass transition temperature
Some cryoprotectants function by lowering the glass transition temperature of a solution or of a material. In this way, the cryoprotectant prevents actual freezing, and the solution maintains some flexibility in a glassy phase. Many cryoprotectants also function by forming hydrogen bonds with biological molecules as water molecules are displaced. Hydrogen bonding in aqueous solutions is important for proper protein and DNA function. Thus, as the cryoprotectant replaces the water molecules, the biological material retains its native physiological structure and function, although they are no longer immersed in an aqueous environment. This preservation strategy is most often utilized in anhydrobiosis.

Toxicity
Mixtures of cryoprotectants have less toxicity and are more effective than single-agent cryoprotectants. A mixture of formamide with DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), propylene glycol, and a colloid was for many years the most effective of all artificially created cryoprotectants. Cryoprotectant mixtures have been used for vitrification (i.e. solidification without crystal ice formation). Vitrification has important applications in preserving embryos, biological tissues and organs for transplant. Vitrification is also used in cryonics, in an effort to eliminate freezing damage.

Conventional
Conventional cryoprotectants are glycols (alcohols containing at least two hydroxyl groups), such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol. Ethylene glycol is commonly used as automobile antifreeze; while propylene glycol has been used to reduce ice formation in ice cream. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is also regarded as a conventional cryoprotectant. Glycerol and DMSO have been used for decades by cryobiologists to reduce ice formation in sperm, oocytes, and embryos that are cold-preserved in liquid nitrogen. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that involves conventional cryoprotectants to store genetic material with the intention of future revival. Trehalose is non-reducing sugar produced by yeasts and insects in copious amounts. Its use as a cryoprotectant in commercial systems has been patented widely.

Examples in nature
Arctic fish use antifreeze proteins, sometimes appended with sugars, as cryoprotectants.

Insects
Insects most often use sugars or polyols as cryoprotectants. One species that uses cryoprotectant is Polistes exclamans (a wasp). In this species, the different levels of cryoprotectant can be used to distinguish between morphologies.

Amphibians
Cold-adapted arctic frogs, such as wood frogs, and some other ectotherms in polar and subpolar regions naturally produce glucose, but southern brown tree frogs and Arctic salamanders create glycerol in their livers to reduce ice formation.

When glucose is used as a cryoprotectant by arctic frogs, massive amounts of glucose are released at low temperature and a special form of insulin allows for this extra glucose to enter the cells. When the frog rewarms during spring, the extra glucose must be rapidly eliminated, but stored.

Food preservation
Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve foods. These compounds are typically sugars that are inexpensive and do not pose any toxicity concerns. For example, many (raw) frozen chicken products contain a sucrose and sodium phosphates solution in water.

Common

 * DMSO
 * Ethylene glycol
 * Glycerol

 * 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD)
 * Propylene glycol
 * Sucrose
 * Trehalose
 * Heavy water [7]

title: Cryoprotectant


text:
North Region, Portugal

The North Region (Região do Norte ) or Northern Portugal is the most populous region in Portugal, ahead of Lisbon, and the third most extensive by area. The region has 3,576,205 inhabitants according to the 2017 census, and its area is 21,278 km with a density of 173 inhabitants per square kilometre. It is one of five regions of Mainland Portugal (NUTS II subdivisions). Its main population center is the urban area of Porto, with about one million inhabitants; it includes a larger political metropolitan region with 1.8 million, and an urban-metropolitan agglomeration with 2.99 million inhabitants, including Porto and neighboring cities, such as Braga, Guimarães and Póvoa de Varzim. The Commission of Regional Coordination of the North (CCDR-N) is the agency that coordinates environmental policies, land-use planning, cities and the overall development of this region, supporting local governments and associations.

Northern Portugal is a culturally varied region. It is a land of dense vegetation and profound historic and cultural wealth. What is now Northern Portugal was first settled by various pre-Celtic and Celtic tribes before being visited by a number of Mediterranean civilizations who traded in its river-mouths, including Greek, Carthaginians, conquest by the Romans, invasion by Germanic peoples, and attacks by the Moors and the Vikings.

History and culture
The region has been inhabited since prehistoric times and is a key area for the understanding of both Atlantic European, Megalithic and Castro cultures. Historically, Northern Portugal with Galicia in Spain, made up the Kingdom of Galicia. In protohistoric times, it was inhabited by Gallaeci tribes, related with the Lusitanians, and it corresponds roughly to Conventus Bracarensis of Roman Gallaecia. The historical Suebic Kingdom (5th-6th centuries AD) had its capital in the now Portuguese city of Braga and most of these migrants and invaders established themselves in Littoral Northern Portugal, when the Roman empire collapsed. After the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, a small county was established around the city of Porto, which expanded southwards and became a government, the County of Portugal in the 10th century. This county grew in ambition and it was where Portugal's first king, Dom Afonso Henriques, established the Portuguese kingdom and stated the southward expansion. The Portuguese language evolved from this area, and has a specific modern dialect, Northern Portuguese, taken down south as the Portuguese Kingdom expanded, namely after Afonso Henriques era.

The region has a number of manor-houses and castles featuring coats of arms as an indication of a very intense medieval period. Regional cuisine is renowned and varied offering products such as light wines (vinhos verdes) and rich wines, and a variety of handicrafts that mingles the shine of filigree with the colour of the local embroideries. Northern Portugal is also very rich in folklore and traditions dating back to antiquity.

Galicia and Northern Portugal have been promoting the official candidacy for the recognition of the common intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO. The project is backed by the Galician Government, a number of Galician institutions and associations, together with local and regional governments and institutions in Northern Portugal. The official name is "Candidatura de Património Imaterial Galego-Português".

Geography
Northern Portugal is a mountainous region. Its peaks known as serras include Serra do Gerês (1544 m), Peneda (1416 m), Marão (1415 m) and Soajo (1415 m). Some of which forms natural parks: the Peneda-Gerês National Park, Montesinho Natural Park, and the Alvão Natural Park.

The coast, known as the Costa Verde, is a flat strip of land enclosed by sandy beaches and hills, the largest of which is the coastal plain between the Cávado and the Ave rivers. The area is known for the long stretch of picturesque sand dunes which accumulated during the Little Ice Age, part of which is protected in the Northern Littoral Natural Park.

The Minho, Lima, Neiva, Cávado, Ave and the Douro are the most preeminent rivers that flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Inland, the Tâmega is a major tributary which empties in the Douro river. The Douro is the most preeminent river, and one of the most important rivers in the Iberian Peninsula. The Minho river marks the northwestern Portuguese-Spanish border and is the second most important river.

There are four World Heritage Sites: the Alto Douro Wine Region, the Prehistoric Rock-Art Sites in the Côa Valley, the Porto historical Center and the Guimarães historical Center. Throughout the region the rivers, waterfalls, vineyards and fertile plots combine with the ancestral monuments in urban centres.

Climate
The region has a warm Mediterranean climate (Csb) on the coast and a hot Mediterranean climate (Csa) along the Douro Valley. Northwestern Portugal has temperate summers and mild winters, influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the diurnal temperature variation rarely reaches 10 °C, while inland northeastern Portugal has hot summers and cold longer winters, hence continental features, and the diurnal temperature variation can reach 20 °C.

Rainfall is very irregular as topography and distance from the sea strongly influence precipitation levels, even at short distances. The inland mountainous areas in the northwest around the peaks of Peneda, Gerês and Marão have the highest rainfall in all of Portugal. The Douro valley, however, is among the driest areas in all of Portugal. Some rainy cities include Vila Real, Braga and, on the coast, Viana do Castelo. The coast tends to have balmy weather, high solar irradiance and lower rainfall in a strip from Cape Santo André to the urban area of Porto.

Subregions

 * Alto Minho
 * Alto Tâmega
 * Ave
 * Cávado
 * Douro
 * Porto Metropolitan Area
 * Tâmega e Sousa
 * Terras de Trás-os-Montes

Demography
Politically, Northern Portugal is divided into 86 municipalities (municípios), which in turn are subdivided into 1,426 civil parishes (freguesias). The region was subdivided in supramunicipal districts in 1835. Northern Portugal includes the districts of Viana do Castelo, Braga, Porto, Vila Real, and Bragança, and partly the districts of Aveiro, Viseu, and Guarda. The largest municipalities are Vila Nova de Gaia (304,149), Porto (231,962), Braga (193,333), Matosinhos (172,669), Gondomar (164,255), Guimarães (156,852), Santa Maria da Feira (136,720), Maia (134,959), Vila Nova de Famalicão (133.590) and Barcelos (116,777), according to the 2021 Census.

Ignoring municipal subdivisions, the region has one urban area, Greater Porto, with about one million inhabitants, this includes Porto, Vila Nova de Gaia, Matosinhos, Maia and some large suburbs such as Rio Tinto and Ermesinde. There is a major urban area just above Greater Porto, with about 600,000 inhabitants: Minho Urban Quadrilateral (Quadrilátero Urbano do Minho), centered in Braga and which includes Guimarães, Vila Nova de Famalicão and Barcelos; and the urban area of Póvoa de Varzim-Vila do Conde, with about 100,000 inhabitants. However, in Northern Portugal these tend to be well-populated with dispersed settlement between the diverse cities of the region. All these human settlements are part of the same polycentric urban-metropolitan agglomeration with 2,99 million inhabitants (2001), alongside the northern Atlantic coast.

The EOCD using the Functional urban areas methology, using 2014 statistics, recognizes one metropolitan area: Porto (1,313,829inh.), one medium sized-urban area Braga (256,427) and three small urban areas: Guimarães (182,433), Viana do Castelo (88,848), and Póvoa de Varzim (63,428).

According to the Portuguese statistics institute, the INE, in the 2011 Census: 4.7% of the population was foreign-born, most arrived from France, Angola, Brazil, Mozambique, Venezuela, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, South Africa, China, and Romania.

Economy
Northern Portugal accounts for about 39% of the national exports and 29% of the national economy. The region was hit hard by the EU's expansion to Eastern Europe, globalization and centralization. Even if once the richest in Portugal and the largest regional economy after Lisbon, it is now the poorest of the 7 NUTS II regions of Portugal, with a GDP per capita of 16,000 euros, converted to 19,500 according to GDP in Purchasing Power Standards or 65% of the European Union average in 2017. It is also the Portuguese NUTS II region with the highest unemployment rate (9.5% as of 2007). Northern Portuguese authorities have intensely promoted tourism as a means to attract external investment and further incomes in rural areas.

Even if it was hit by the Global recession in 2009 and the Eurozone crisis in 2011 and 2012, it was the only region of the whole Iberian Peninsula to increase in GDP per inhabitant in purchasing power standards (PPS) in relation to the EU-28 average, by NUTS 2 regions, between 2007–2015. Also one of the few regions in Western Europe to do so. From 49,220 million euros to 52,740 million, while Lisbon declined from 65,590 to 63,194 million. In 2016, Northern Portugal GPD was 55,049.38 million euros at current market prices, a larger economy in that year than that of the whole countries of Bulgaria, Croatia or Slovenia, and with the largest growth in Portugal. In 2017, it reached 57,240.64 million, a 3.98% annual increase in GDP.

It is highly industrialized within its densely populated western half, where well developed subregions such as Ave, Cávado, Entre Douro e Vouga, Grande Porto, and Tâmega have a notable business activity and state-of-the-art infrastructure. Textiles, footwear, food processing, mechanical, electrical, electronics and chemical industries, as well as finance and construction, are some of the main economic activities.

Northern Portugal and Galicia form a Euroregion, based on the common historical, cultural, linguistic and economic similarities. The Euroregion has its origins in the Galicia-North Portugal Work Community, established in 1991. This Euroregion is also backed by the Eixo Atlântico ("Atlantic Axis"), a lobby of Galician and Northern Portuguese cities and municipalities.

title: North Region, Portugal


text:
Renville Agreement

The Renville Agreement was a United Nations Security Council-brokered political accord between the Netherlands, which was seeking to re-establish its colony in Southeast Asia, and Indonesian Republicans seeking Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution. Ratified on 17 January 1948, the agreement was an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the disputes that arose following the 1946 Linggadjati Agreement. It recognised a cease-fire along the Status Quo Line (Status Quo lijn) or so-called "Van Mook Line", an artificial line that connected the most advanced Dutch positions.

The agreement is named after USS Renville (APA-227), the ship on which the negotiations were held while anchored in Jakarta Bay.

Background
On 1 August 1947, an Australian resolution in the United Nations Security Council calling for a ceasefire between the Dutch and Indonesian Republican forces was passed. Dutch Lt. Governor-General Van Mook gave the ceasefire order on 5 August. On 25 August, the Security Council passed a resolution proposed by the United States that the Security Council tender its good offices to help resolve the Dutch-Indonesian dispute peacefully. This assistance would take the form of a Committee of Good Offices (CGO, known locally in Indonesia as the Trilateral Commission (Komisi Tiga Negara, KTN, not to be confused with the current Trilateral Commission)) made up of three representatives, one appointed by the Netherlands, one by Indonesia and a third, mutually agreed by both sides. The Dutch chose a representative from Belgium, Indonesia chose one from Australia and both agreed on the US for the third member. A few days later, on 29 August 1947, the Dutch proclaimed the Van Mook Line, claiming it marked the extent of the areas they held as of the ceasefire. However, the Dutch included areas of Indonesia the Dutch had not reentered. The republic was left with about a third of Java and most of the island of Sumatra, but the republican forces were cut off from the main food-growing regions. A Dutch blockade then stopped arms, food, and clothing from reaching the republicans.

The negotiations begin
There were protracted discussions over the location of talks between the two sides. The Dutch wanted negotiations to take place in Indonesia, while the Indonesians rejected this as they would have to meet while under the threat of the Dutch military. After considering overseas locations and a US battleship, US Assistant Secretary of State Dean Rusk proposed using the unarmed transport ship USS Renville (APA-227), which was brought to Indonesia and anchored in Jakarta Bay. The first formal session of the CGO began on 8 December 1947.

The republican delegation was led by Indonesian Prime Minister Amir Sjarifuddin, with Johannes Leimena as his deputy. On the Dutch side, the delegation was led by civil service official Col. Raden Abdulkadir Widjojoatmodjo, an Indonesian who had left with the colonial administration when the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies and had worked with the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration after the war.

On 26 December as negotiations stalled, the CGO issued a "Christmas Message", a proposal calling for a truce with the Van Mook line as a military boundary. However, Dutch forces withdrew to positions held before the July 1947 military action and the republicans would take over civilian administration upon returning to those areas. The Indonesian side accepted the proposal in its entirety, but the Dutch gave only partial agreement and put forward 12 counter proposals. Among these was a demand for free elections for people to decide their relationship with the future United States of Indonesia and for both sides to guarantee freedom of assembly and speech. The Dutch did not accept troop withdrawals or Indonesian civilian administration in those areas returned to their control. The Dutch also opposed any international observation of the agreement.

Pressure from the Dutch outside the talks
On 19 December, the Dutch prime minister visited Medan and said there must be a quick resolution and that it would be "most regrettable if this last appeal, this last appeal, was not understood". Ten days later, Van Mook announced the establishment of the State of East Sumatra, thus indicating that the Dutch were going ahead with the establishment of a federal state. Then on 4 January 1948, the Dutch organized a conference of representatives they had selected from ten regions of Indonesia. These representatives agreed to form an interim federal government pending the establishment of the United States of Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia was invited to join as a minority partner.

Agreement
On 9 January, the Dutch delegation said that if the Indonesian side did not accept its proposals within three days, it would ask its government for further instructions. The CGO put forward six principles to counter the 12 from the Dutch. Among their provisions were that Dutch sovereignty would continue until transferred to the United States of Indonesia, with the Republic of Indonesia a component of it; fair representation for each component of the provisional federal state in its government; a referendum within six months to ask people if they wanted their region to the Republic of Indonesia or the United States of Indonesia and a constitutional convention to draw up a constitution. Furthermore, any state would be free to not join the RIS.

The Dutch side said it would accept these proposals if the Republicans accepted them and its original 12 proposals by the 12 January deadline. After a 48-hour extension to the deadline and discussions to clarify the Dutch proposals, Dr Frank Graham, the US member of the CGO, convinced the Republicans to accept, saying they could rely on the US using its influence to ensure the Dutch kept to their side of the bargain. The Indonesian side also felt that referendums in the regions would result in victory for the pro-Republicans and that they would be able to dominate the federal government. Graham also told Amir Sjarifuddin that the US would provide aid to help rebuild a free Indonesia.

Initially President Sukarno and Vice-president Hatta opposed the agreement, but after hearing reports of shortages of ammunition and worried that Dutch would attack again if the agreement was not signed, they agreed. They were also reluctant to accept responsibility for substantial civilian and military casualties if the fighting continued. After the Dutch and Republican sides agreed on a truce along the Van Mook Line and the proposals put forward by the CGO and the Dutch, the agreement was signed on the foredeck of USS Renville on 17 January 1948.

Consequences
Diplomatic efforts between the Netherlands and the Republic continued throughout 1948 and 1949. Political pressures, both domestic and international, hindered Dutch attempts at goal formulation. Similarly Republican leaders faced great difficulty in persuading their people to accept diplomatic concessions. By July 1948 negotiations were in deadlock and the Netherlands pushed unilaterally towards Van Mook's federal Indonesia concept. The new federal states of South Sumatra and East Java were created, although neither had a viable support base. The Netherlands set up the Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg (BFO) (or Federal Consultative Assembly), a body comprising the leadership of the federal states, and charged with the formation of a United States of Indonesia and an interim government by the end of 1948. The Dutch plans, however, had no place for the Republic unless it accepted a minor role already defined for it. Later plans included Java and Sumatra but dropped all mention of the Republic. The main sticking point in the negotiations was the balance of power between the Netherlands High Representative and the Republican forces.

Mutual distrust between the Netherlands and the Republic hindered negotiations. The Republic feared a second major Dutch offensive, while the Dutch objected to continued Republican activity on the Dutch side of the Renville line. In February 1948 the Siliwangi Division of the Republican Army, led by Nasution, marched from West Java to Central Java; the relocation was intended to ease internal Republican tensions involving the division in the Surakarta area. The division, however, clashed with Dutch troops while crossing Mount Slamet, and the Dutch believed it was part of a systematic troop movement across the Renville Line. The fear of such incursions actually succeeding, along with apparent Republican undermining of the Dutch-established Pasundan state and negative reports, lead to the Dutch leadership increasingly seeing itself as losing control.

title: Renville Agreement


text:
Talk:El Mozote massacre

Evangelicals?
According to Mark Danner, who is an authority on this massacre, the fact that the people in the village of El Mozote were largely Evangelicals is of some importance. I can't find any reference to this fact in this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.146.188.99 (talk • contribs) 09:17, 24 August 2005

 * Yes, see the full article here http://www.markdanner.com/articles/the-truth-of-el-mozote

 * There are two main passages, the latter being the description of the repeated rape, torture, and murder of an evangelical girl (which is of "some importance" because the guerrillas were so fascinated by her faith, and therefore drew out her death and remembered her in particular later).

 * The former is here

 * "The guerrillas' support in Morazán had grown largely in soil made fertile by the work of Catholic liberation theology, but El Mozote had been uniquely unreceptive to such blandishments, for the hamlet was a stronghold of the Protestant evangelical movement. People had begun to convert as early as the mid-sixties, and by 1980 it is likely that half or more of the people in El Mozote considered themselves born-again Christians; the evangelicals had their own chapel and their own pastor, and they were known — as were born-again Christians throughout Central America — for their anti-Communism. "Everyone knew there were many evangelicals in El Mozote, and these people wouldn't support us," Licho told me. "Sometimes they sold us things, yes, but they didn't want anything to do with us." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.59.153.5 (talk) 16:01, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

Guerilla views
I do not agree with the guerrilla inspired views of an outsider. The author of the article might be knowledgeable in the subject, but he was not here. Most foreigners fail to recognize the fact that the Department of Morazan, the province where the supposed Army massacre took place was crawling with guerrillas and their supporters. They also fail to recognize that most people in El Salvador credit the guerrillas for this massacre. Why? Because these organizations have always been in dispute, and El Mozote and other massacres were results of rivalries between the guerrillas. They also fail to report how guerrillas killed civilians who did not support them or paid their "war tax", and how the soldiers themselves were tortured and mutilated when they valiantly did not give up their rank and renounced to their place in the Salvadorean Armed Forces. Please note that the Guerrillas had a better propaganda tool than the government, sadly the Salvadorean Authorities could never match the isurgents' ability to "inform" the outside world. That being said, if Salvadoreans believe what is said in this article, they either support the guerrillas, blindly believe what our Education System teaches them or simply were not here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.249.202.96 (talk • contribs) 18:07, 6 December 2005

 * It is possible to support the truth without categorically supporting the guerillas. It is simply untrue that most Salvadorans attibute the massacre at El Mozote to the guerillas.  In eight years of living in El Salvador, I never met anyone who seriously held that view.  Most notably, I posed that very question to Legislative Assembly member Roberto d’Aubuisson, son of the founder of the ARENA party by the same name, and even he attributed the massacare to the Salvadoran Army. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.174.155.190 (talk • contribs) 11:12, 10 December 2005
 * Interesting, is he not the son of the founder of the Atlacatl Battalion that is believed to be responsible for the El Mozote massacre.
 * How more credible can the confirmation that Government forces, not guerillas were responsible.
 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.12.241.121 (talk) 03:48, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Seryously, Did you thought about what you have typed here? There is PLENTY OF EVIDENCE that the Guerrillas HAD NOTHING TO DO with the massacre, and all the responsibility falls only on the Atlacatl Battallion of the Salvadoran Army. I could cite the section on the Thruth Comission report where they categorically and decisively, with aid from american archeologist and forensics, state that the sole responsible for the massacre was the aforementiones batallion. There are some first hand accounts, that obviously can't be put in this wiki, unless someone makes a book about it, that the Guerrillas IN FACT warned the residents to flee because the Salvadoran Army was going to launch Operation rescue on those days. Since the vast majority of the population was evangelical, and had the guerrilla's ideals as "devil things" or "heresies", they didn't listen to the warnings, and stayed in their homes instead, hoping that their neutrality would be considered by the Army. Obviously it was not. So, you can't talk nonsense like that WITHOUT EVEN going to the place in question, having interviewed the people involved, and disregarding the testimony of the sole survivor, Rufina Amaya.

--190.62.78.198 (talk) 22:22, 23 November 2011 (UTC)Atlacatonatl

Style
Please sign your comments with ~ and please don't put ugly lines acrioss this page. It is not wikipedia style, SqueakBox 17:30, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Give me a break
The Reagan related claims are garbage. The U.S. did NOT support the death squad fascists. We did NOT support the commies either. We supported the Christian Democratic Party. Modern propaganda has led many people to believe that there were only two sides in this conflict. We supported the PDC and because of this they received 54% of the votes in El Salvador's first free election (over the ARENA and the FMLN) only three years after this massacre. This success was the work of the Reagan administration. 67.171.43.170 23:43, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * There actually is a lot of evidence that the Reagan Administration was complicit in the actions of Salvadoran death squads.
 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.110.49.135 (talk • contribs) 12:48, 11 December 2006
 * The US government did not support the Atlacal Battalion but did provide organizing and training at the School of the Americas, how exactly does that work? LamontCranston 13:40, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It's well documented that Reagan supported the Death Squads -- see "Turning the Tide" by Noam Chomsky for extensive commentary on the available evidence. 173.3.41.6 (talk) 21:48, 3 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Original poster of this section is in denial, plain and simple. The evidence is very thorough, even the SOA and pentagon have basically admitted to it and apologized. 68.193.173.240 (talk) 04:00, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Photos
I posted those original photos, and I have higher resolution images... somewhere. When I dig them up, I'll tag them appropriately. Rojazz 07:53, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Updated the photos with better versions that I took when I visited El Mozote about 4 years ago. I'll be reading through the Danner book again and will be working to touch up this article, shortly. Efrojas 21:04, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

School of the Americas
I couldn't decide on the best place in the article to insert the fact that of 12 officers cited for the massacre, 10 had attended the School of the Americas (source: Frances T. Farenthold. "U.S. has no business training foreign thugs," USA Today, April 11, 1994, 9A). What seems to be the most logical spot? I was looking for a section mentioning the citation of 12 officers, but if it's there, I've missed it. Please advise on my Talk page.Lawikitejana (talk) 01:01, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced
The article was marked as unreferenced as far ago as in 2007 so per verifiability all unreferenced content must be cleaned up. Perhaps someone will then add sources.Luis Napoles (talk) 09:14, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Thomas Enders link is wrong
It points to a German Thomas Enders.--88.66.250.250 (talk) 13:48, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

ARCHIVED TEXT: THE MOZOTE MASSACRE by Mike Hoyt
The following is archived text retrieved from archive.org. It is no longer available on the web, as far as I know, with the exception of archive.org's page and google's cache. As such, I am producing it here for posterity purposes, should those copies be lost.
 * :: redacted for copyright reasons ::

This may also be of interest: Journalism Under Fire: Reporting the El Mozote Massacre by Kris Kodrich

TPaineTX (talk) 03:01, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I've removed the above full-length reproduction of a CJR article, as it appears to me to be a copyright violation. -- Khazar2 (talk) 13:57, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

Number of Victims
Why is there such a discrepancy between the number of victims cited in the infobox (733-900) and the "at least 1000 civilians" mentioned in the intro? Any data to corroborate any of these figures? Cromag  talk to me  16:23, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Um, well, there is a list in the back of Mark Danner's book totaling the number of victims. The problem is we cannot obviously enumerate a definitive list. I think the above should be "around 1000" or "at least 800". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.59.153.5 (talk) 15:49, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

Uncited Claims
There are a number of serious claims, including allegations of rape, that are uncited. 99.231.200.55 (talk) 13:19, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * That's why they're marked "(citation needed)". - SummerPhD (talk) 16:25, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Copyvio?
Large portions of this bear such a close resemblance to this document (see p 105 ff) that it is difficult not to suspect copyvio. Kevin McE (talk) 11:09, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

Leftist slant
There is the usual leftist slant on this wiki article. wp losing credibility. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.32.0.193 (talk) 16:26, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Oh dear, we are making those who pray at the feet of St. Ronnie cry. Please grow up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.59.153.5 (talk) 15:52, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

I think there is a very rightist slant to this article. Reagan and Abrams plus several other nasty characters role in this and its cover-up is grossly minimized. ( Reagan, I believe, was a tool due to mental problems even early in his term. I remember discussing at the cafeteria every morning the new Ronnie gaffe. When he thought he was in WWII, I knew he was just a figurehead.) 2601:181:8301:4510:856B:E632:BD3E:41E3 (talk) 00:28, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Reagan claim in lead section
I pulled this claim from the lead section, as it appeared to be linked only to a copyvio source of the original text: "As news of the massacre slowly emerged, the Reagan administration in the United States attempted to dismiss it because of its reflection of the human rights abuses of the Salvadoran government, which the U.S. was supporting with large amounts of military aid."

This is also a big claim to be sourced only to "Covert Action Quarterly". Since it appears many large, mainstream publications have discussed the massacre, can we find a better source? I'll poke around some myself this morning, and see what I can turn up. -- Khazar2 (talk) 14:48, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, see here http://www.markdanner.com/articles/the-truth-of-el-mozote

Search for the names "Elliot Abrams" and "Deane Hinton". Check out the book as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.59.153.5 (talk) 15:57, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

Cut-pasting
A large number of phrases, sentences and sentence structures of this article appeared to have been lifted wholesale from this source. I've cleaned these up, and will also be making an effort over the next few days to source what I can from the article and remove unsourced material that I can't find a reliable source for. As a controversial event in both Salvadoran and US history, this strikes me as an article where good sourcing is essential. Any help would be welcome! -- Khazar2 (talk) 22:23, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

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 * Victims Of The Mozote Massacre, Morazán, El Salvador, January 1982.jpg

New revelations
Can information related to these new revelations be added to the article? 76.189.141.37 (talk) 01:12, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:El Mozote massacre


text:
Bill Mondy

Bill Mondy (born June 16, 1963), sometimes credited as Bill Monday, is an American film, television actor, and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Deputy Roscoe in the television series The Dead Zone  and for voicing characters such as Mr. Black in Johnny Test and Evac in Transformers: Cybertron.

Early life and education
Bill Mondy was born in Rochester, New York. He earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1985 and a master's degree from New York University's Graduate Acting Program in 1988.

Career
After completing his education, Mondy began his acting career in theater, performing off-Broadway in productions such as a revival of Lanford Wilson's The Rimers of Eldritch at The Second Stage. He also played leading roles in regional theaters across the United States, including the Arena Stage, Actors Theatre of Louisville, The Huntington Theatre in Boston, and South Coast Repertory.

Mondy moved to Los Angeles and began a career in film and television. He is best known for his appearances in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (in the episode "Armageddon Game") and The Dead Zone. He also made guest appearances in Wolf Lake and The 4400. His television credits include L.A. Law, Touched by an Angel, and UC: Undercover. He had recurring roles in Blade: The Series, Reunion, Smallville, and portrayed Deputy Roscoe in nearly 40 episodes of The Dead Zone.

His film appearances include roles in The Crow: Salvation, I Spy, and Miracle.

Mondy's voice acting work includes narrating shows such as The First 48: Missing Persons on A&E Network, Last Day of the Dinosaurs on Discovery, Edge Of War on the Military Channel, China's Warrior King for National Geographic, and The Hunt for Dark Matter on CuriosityStream. He voiced characters in animated series, including Mr. Black and Brain Freezer in Johnny Test, Memnock in Supernoobs, and Burnt Oak in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. Mondy has also been a promo voice for Disney and CBS.

Awards
In 2007, Mondy was nominated for a Leo Award for Best Supporting Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series for his role in Robson Arms (for the episode "Mussolini and Me").

Television
Television film Television series Video Games Podcast Roles Theatre Roles

title: Bill Mondy


text:
John Hopkins (motorcyclist)

John "Hopper" Hopkins (born May 22, 1983) is a former motorcycle road racer based in the United States. During 2017 he raced in the British Superbike Championship aboard a Ducati 1199 Panigale for Moto Rapido Racing, but suffered injuries from a crash at the season-finale race meeting in October, meaning he could not participate during 2018. He has not made a full recovery, which has so far precluded hopes of a comeback, but he has become involved in rider coaching.

From 2020, Hopkins became a rider-coach for American Racing team helping Joe Roberts and Marcos Ramirez in Moto2.

In a 2007 interview, he was questioned about being regarded as Anglo-American, with the interviewer commenting: "A lot of people don't understand your being British. As I understand it, your entire family moved over here from England, and you were raised here as a British family in America".

After riding a Ducati in the British Superbike Championship during the 2015 season, in 2016 he raced a Yamaha YZF-R1 for Tommy Hill's THM team partnered by Stuart Easton.

Hopkins raced previously in MotoGP, the AMA Superbike Championship, and the Superbike World Championship. He first raced in MotoGP during 2002 for the Red Bull Yamaha WCM team on a two-stroke 500 cc bike, and joined the factory Suzuki squad a year later for a five-year spell. He raced for the Kawasaki MotoGP team in 2008, but they dropped him for 2009 due to the global economic crisis and the company's uncompetitive showings. He has subsequently raced in both the World and British Superbike championships, finishing second in the 2011 British Superbike Championship season although injuries and alcohol problems have affected his results.

He was born to parents from Acton.

Early life
Hopkins began riding Motocross bikes as a child and won his first race on a MiniBike in 1986, switching to road racing full-time in 1999. Hopkins proposed to his girlfriend Ashleigh in the summer of 2007 on her 21st birthday. They married in Las Vegas in December 2007.

He is featured in the 2003 documentary film, Faster, and the film The Doctor, the Tornado and the Kentucky Kid (2006).

2002
The 2002 season saw Hopkins join the WCM RedBull Yamaha team alongside multiple race winner Garry McCoy. The team was using Yamaha YZR500 motorcycles on lease from Yamaha. Overall the YZR500 was considered to be uncompetitive that year, due to a change in the regulations allowing 990 cc four-stroke motorcycles to race against 500 cc two-stroke motorcycles. Although the two-strokes held (on average) a 10 kg weight advantage over the four-strokes, they had between 30 and 50 less hp depending on the engine configuration used for the racetrack. Hopkins finished the season ranked 15th, with 58 points, which put him 25 points clear of his teammate McCoy.

2003
In 2003 Hopkins joined the Suzuki factory racing team. This year he would ride a 990 cc V4 four-stroke. In 2003 John was teamed with 2000 500cc world champion Kenny Roberts, Jr. Although he was racing a four-stroke this year, the results did not seem to come as one would have expected. There are many theories for this, including the Suzuki's lack of power and its tendency to wear out tires faster than other bikes. This year also saw Hopkins involved in a turn 1 crash at the Japanese Grand Prix at Motegi, he was accused of causing this crash, and was suspended for one race. This suspension resulted in a DNS (did not start) at the Malaysian Grand Prix. Also noteworthy for the 2003 season was the crash in Italy where Kenny Roberts, Jr.'s GSV-R Suzuki suffered an engine management failure and the bike launched into Hopkins, putting both GSV-R's out of the race. At the end of the season, Hopkins finished in 17th place with 29 points. This finish put him 2 places and 7 points ahead of his teammate Kenny Roberts, Jr.

2004
The technology and technical advancement of the GSV-R was further developed in 2004. Most of the refinements took place in the engine management package, making the bike easier to ride. Towards the end of the year, the GSV-R was showing clear improvements, allowing Hopkins to move up the standings. Unfortunately it also saw several mechanical failures, which effectively undid the hard work to develop the motorcycle. Having qualified on the front row at Motegi, he was eliminated in a first-corner crash. Overall, he finished 16th.

2005
Hopkins continued with Suzuki in 2005, as the team showed promising signs after the arrival of Paul Denning as team boss following Denning's success with Suzuki's British Superbike team. Hopkins briefly led at Donington, but his best result was a 5th place at Motegi, and he was 14th overall. Qualifying results were often better than race results, largely due to Bridgestone tires being better suited to short runs.

2006
Hopkins remained at Suzuki, now backed by Rizla, where he was joined by new teammate Chris Vermeulen. He enjoyed his best season yet. Hopkins finished the 2006 season in 10th place overall with 116 points. Hopkins had one pole position this season, at Assen. His best finishes were in China and in Catalunya, where he finished fourth.

2007
Continuing with Rizla Suzuki, Hopkins set near-lap-record times aboard the new 800 cc motorcycle, and was labeled the dark horse by Colin Edwards. On February 15, 2007, he fractured his wrist after falling while testing at the Jerez circuit in Spain, but returned for the start of the season.

Hopkins completed his first MotoGP podium finish at the Shanghai circuit in China, finishing in 3rd place – 3.6 seconds behind Valentino Rossi but 7.6 seconds ahead of 2006 event winner Dani Pedrosa. He finished as 4th overall in the 2007 season, two places ahead of Vermeulen and one behind Rossi.

2008
For 2008 he joined Kawasaki Racing Team. Explaining the decision, Rizla Suzuki boss Paul Denning suggested that "There are reasons for that other than performance," highlighting commercial concerns in particular. Hopkins crashed heavily at Assen, fracturing his ankle.

Prior to 2009 season, Kawasaki made the decision to halt MotoGP racing activities because of the global economic crisis, meaning that John Hopkins would not have a ride for the 2009 season.

2011
Hopkins returned to MotoGP in the Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix in April 2011 as a temporary replacement for Álvaro Bautista in the Suzuki team.

2009
After the Kawasaki team pulled out of MotoGP, Hopkins secured a mid season ride on the Stiggy Racing Honda replacing Roberto Rolfo. Hopkins scored points during his first round in Valencia. At the next round in Assen, Hopkins would fall and dislocate his hip, Hopkins then wouldn't return until San Marino where he couldn't complete the weekend's racing. After a career best finish in the first race at Donington, Hopkins, who was still hurt, couldn't complete the second race. Following 2 retirements at the Brno round, Hopkins would suffer a horror crash at the Nürburgring, being run over after he was taken out by Makoto Tamada and Broc Parkes, Hopkins was unconscious for ten minutes but luckily sustained no serious injuries. The Stiggy Honda team then withdrew from the World Superbike paddock leaving Hopkins once again without a ride for 2010.

2011
In 2011 Hopkins rode his Samsung Crescent Suzuki at the Silverstone World Superbike round. Hopkins was fast from the start being fastest in free practice sessions, capturing his first Superbike World Championship pole position with a new circuit record lap.

2012
In January 2012, Hopkins had his right ring-finger amputated just above the first joint up from the knuckle.

He missed the first race of the season after a testing crash, ironically breaking the knuckle below the stump from the finger he had chopped off at the start of the year.

2013
In October 2012, Hopkins announced that he would be taking the 2013 season off to recover from his injuries. In April 2013, Hopkins had hip replacement surgery following a heavy crash at Monza, but announced at the Le Mans MotoGP event in May that he would be testing again within two months.

2010
After one season in SBK John Hopkins returned to United States racing - he was considered a superstar in the AMA. He raced for the M4 Monster Suzuki team.

2011
For the 2011 season Hopkins raced in the British Superbike Championship. He rode for the Crescent Suzuki team. At Oulton Park he won the second race making history, being the first American to win a British Superbike race. Hopkins made history yet again at the new Snetterton 300 where he won the first British Superbike race.

Hopkins came within 0.006 seconds of winning the title, losing out to Tommy Hill on the last lap of the final round at Brands Hatch.

2014
On October 29, 2013, it was announced that Hopkins, after taking a year out to recover from multiple injuries, would return to the British Superbike Championship for 2014 having signed to ride for Tyco Suzuki.

2015
In July 2015; Hopkins joined the MCE British Superbike Championship, replacing Jakub Smrz for the Lloyds British Moto Rapido Ducati. His first race took place at Brands Hatch (Round 6) where he placed 6th in Race 1 and had a DNF in Race 2.

Coaching career
After injuries prevented Hopkins from a comeback in racing he was offered a position as the riders' coach and race director for the American Racing team in Moto2 for the 2020 season.

Hopkins arrival had an immediate impact upon American Racing's Joe Roberts, who at the time was the only American racing in any motorcycle road racing world championship. Roberts would take his first two pole positions, his first podium finish, and would be a consistent top ten finisher under Hopkins' tutelage. Hopkins nearly moved back to up to MotoGP when Roberts was in negotiations with Aprilia, with Aprilia making a concession to allow Hopkins to remain Roberts' rider coach should Roberts move up to MotoGP. Roberts ultimately declined the move to MotoGP and Hopkins stayed with American Racing.

He is the riders' coach for series veteran Marcos Ramirez and American newcomer Cameron Beaubier.

Autobiography
Hopkins' autobiography was released in September 2021.

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Races by year
(key)

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)
 * 1. – Hopkins was not entered for the Cadwell race due to an injury he sustained during his wildcard ride for Suzuki at the MotoGP event in Brno.

 * 2. – Hopkins qualified for "The Showdown" part of the BSB season, thus before the Donington Park round he was awarded 500 points plus the podium credits he had gained throughout the season. Podium credits are given to anyone finishing 1st, 2nd or 3rd, with 3,2 and 1 points awarded respectively.

title: John Hopkins (motorcyclist)


text:
The Scream (album)

The Scream is the debut studio album by British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees, released on 13 November 1978 by Polydor Records. The album is considered a landmark recording: its innovative combination of angular and serrated guitar with a bass-led rhythm and machine-like drums played mostly on toms, made it a pioneering work of the post-punk genre.

The Scream was met with widespread acclaim and was hailed by critics as an original musical development in rock music. It has been cited as a key influence on a number of succeeding post-punk, noise rock and alternative rock acts, including Joy Division, Killing Joke, the Cure, Big Black, Sonic Youth, the Jesus and Mary Chain, Faith No More and Massive Attack.

Background
In late 1977, Siouxsie and the Banshees received major press coverage but failed to secure a recording deal. A fan undertook a graffiti campaign in London, spraying the walls of the major record companies with the words "Sign the Banshees: do it now". Polydor finally signed them in June 1978.

John McKay had become the band's guitarist in July 1977; music historian Clinton Heylin argued that the recruitment of McKay (along with the first concerts of Magazine in late 1977 and the formation of PiL in mid-1978), marked the "true starting-point for English post-punk". Several songs from The Scream had already been recorded on BBC Radio 1 for two John Peel sessions: "Mirage", "Metal Postcard" and "Suburban Relapse" premiered in November 1977, and "Overground" and "Carcass" were aired three months later in February 1978. When recording their first Peel session, Siouxsie Sioux and bassist Steven Severin had described their music as "cold, machine-like and passionate at the same time". Music journalist Vivien Goldman wrote: "Siouxsie and the Banshees sound like a 21st century industrial plant".

Recording and music
The Scream was recorded in one week during August 1978, and mixed in three weeks with Steve Lillywhite co-producing. The group were in the studio while their debut single "Hong Kong Garden" was released. Lillywhite was recruited because he recorded the drums in a different way. He asked drummer Kenny Morris to play the bass drum and the snare drum first. Then he did the cymbals and the tom-toms later. Music journalist Kris Needs noted that Lillywhite used "deep echo" on drums.

J. G. Ballard and William S. Burroughs provided the reference points for the lyrics of The Scream. In a track such as "Suburban Relapse", the band wrote about suburbia, where they were born and raised. Severin emphasized: "That's why J.G. Ballard resonated so much with us, because all his near-future tales were set in this bizarre suburban wasteland. Suburbia is a place where you can imagine any kind of possibility, because there's space, not urban clutter".

Music historian Simon Goddard described the music on The Scream as a "claustrophobic abyss of angst and angularity", saying it was part of a triptych of albums layering the foundations of post-punk. The opening cut, "Pure", had a spacious, atmospheric sound. Journalist Miranda Sawyer noted that Siouxsie's "vocals came from a distance", that "there was a lot of space" and that "the sound was big and slow". Music journalist Ian Birch wrote that "Pure" was an atmosphere piece; "a snarling, predatory bass stalks its ground before it's met by teeth-grinding guitar splinters, and the distant footfall of drums. Siouxsie's voice becomes an instrument." Kris Needs remarked that at the end, it seeps out into "Jigsaw Feeling", a "song of disorientation and bewilderment" with a "huge, sometimes awe-inspiring sound". On "Metal Postcard", there is a "motorik austerity" in the rhythm patterns. The last song, "Switch", was divided in three sections, "for the different people who swap jobs with terrible results - scientists, general practitioner and vicar".

McKay co-wrote most of the songs. Only "Carcass" dated from the band's time with Peter Fenton, their guitarist from January to July 1977. Siouxsie wanted the Banshees' music to be "cinematic"; Bernard Herrmann's score to Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho inspired the music of "Suburban Relapse", where the guitars echo the knife-screeching violins of the famous shower scene. Joy Division's drummer Stephen Morris noted in his autobiography that the Banshees used "the bass-led rhythm" and their drummer "Kenny Morris played mostly toms". Percussions are also an important component of the music: future Banshees drummer Budgie remarked that Morris did "a lot of percussion overdubs" and "they are really part of the songs".

Title and sleeve
The title of the album was in part inspired by the 1968 film The Swimmer (starring Burt Lancaster), in which main character, Neddy Merrill, intended to swim home, using open-air pools. Climbing over garden fences, from pool to pool, his journey put him into a state of mental and physical exhaustion, and in the end, Goddard said, "all Neddy Merrill could think to do was scream, [...] as a scream of exhausted jubilance after a troubled, arduous journey".

The idea for the cover was Siouxsie's. Photographer Paul Wakefield met with her and the band to discuss the project. Wakefield later said:

The idea was to shoot disquieting and unnerving images underwater in a swimming pool – you can't scream underwater. I wanted to be able to completely control the lighting, and so an indoor pool was the only option. I scouted quite a few pools, but when I saw this pool in the YMCA in Central London, which was dark blue tiled with light blue lane stripes instead of the normal reverse colours, I knew it was the ideal location. I wanted to give it an eerie underwater night-time feel, and this setting was perfect. We used a number of 1000K and 2000K lights around the pool edge. I used schoolkids as models and they pretty well ran riot.

Release
More than one month prior to its release, DJ John Peel broadcast the album on BBC radio 1 from an advance copy on a cassette, from the beginning to end, with no interruptions. "That's the one boys and girls,' he says when it's over. 'That's the one.'"

The Scream was released on 13 November 1978. It was an almost instant commercial success, peaking at No. 12 on the UK Albums Chart.

The Scream was reissued on CD in the UK on 27 October 2005 as part of Universal's Deluxe Edition series. The new edition featured a remastered version of the album on the first disc, while the second disc contained demo and live tracks together with the singles from that period. A single-disc edition of the reissue was also released.

A 180g black vinyl LP reissue of the original edition, mastered from the original ¼ inch tapes and cut half-speed at Abbey Road Studios by Miles Showell, was released in September 2018.

Critical reception
The Scream was named "the best debut album of the year" by Sounds. Reviewer Peter Silverton gave the album 5 stars out of 5, and the paper listed it at No. 2 in its end-of-year best album list. Record Mirror also published a 5-star review, saying: The Scream "points to the future, real music for the new age.... It is vital, it's moving. It's a ... landmark." Chris Westwood praised the cohesion between the words and the music: "The album's lyrical frame of mind is perfectly reflected in the work of [guitarist] McKay. [Bassist] Severin and [drummer] Morris; constantly shifting, restless, controlled aggression, they are as essential as Siouxsie." Melody Maker described the sound as "strong, abrasive, visceral and constantly inventive, with a thrust that makes the spaces equal partners to the notes", with the critic comparing the album's textures to that of Wire and Pere Ubu. ZigZag qualified it as a "magnificent record", with reviewer Kris Needs writing: "I can't think of another group who could have made an LP so uncompromising, powerful and disturbing, yet so captivating and enjoyable... It is certainly a special classic to join milestones like [ David Bowie's ] Diamond Dogs, Roxy [Music]'s first and [ Lou Reed's ] Berlin. This is music of such strength and vision that you just can't not be moved by the time they swing into the final climactic passage of 'Switch', the closing track." Needs qualified the sound as "huge, sometimes awe-inspiring" and commented that drummer Morris created "one of the best drum sounds I've ever heard – the deep echo and floor-shuddering mix accentuating his muted Glitter Band stomp". Critic Adam Sweeting began his review by saying, "This is a chilling, intense masterpiece". Sweeting then noted that the musicians "have perfected a group sound which is powerful but streamlined", adding that "the words and music combine to produce coolly dazzling images".

Several journalists from NME also praised the record. Nick Kent first stated that the band sounded "like some unique hybrid of the Velvet Underground mated with much of the ingenuity of Tago Mago-era Can." He then focused his attention on the opening track, saying: "Pure" "takes the sound to its ultimate juncture, leaving spaces that say as much as the notes being played. Certainly, the traditional three-piece sound has never been used in a more unorthodox fashion with such stunning results." In December 1978, another critic from NME, Paul Morley, described the music on The Scream as "unlike anything in rock":

"It is not, as some would say, chaotic – it is controlled. Each instrument operates within its own space, its own time, as if mocking the lines of other instruments. Known rock is inverted, leaving just traces of mimicry of rock's cliches – satire that often bursts with glorious justification into shaking celebration (as on 'Helter Skelter'). It is easy to gain attention by doing something which is crudely obviously out of the ordinary, but the Banshees have avoided such futile superficialities: it is innovation, not revolution, not a destruction but new building. It has grown out of rock – Velvets, Station to Station, Bolan. And Siouxsie's staggering voice is dropped, clipped, snapped prominently above this audacious musical drama, emphasizing the dark colours and empty, naked moods."

However, in her review of the album, NME Julie Burchill was unimpressed, stating that the Banshees sound was "a self-important threshing machine thrashing all stringed instruments down onto the same low level alongside that draggy sub-voice as it attempts futile eagle and dove swoops around the mono-beat. Their sound is certainly different from the normal guitar-bass-drums-voice consequence. But it's radically stodgy... loud, heavy and levelling, the sound of suet pudding".

Kurt Loder gave a very favourable review in Rolling Stone, remarking that The Scream was a "striking debut album"; and that its "sound, stark though fully realized (thanks partly to a most simpatico co-producer, Steve Lillywhite), is lent added intellectual dimension by a series of disturbingly ambiguous lyrical images". The 2004 edition of The Rolling Stone Album Guide gave a 4 out 5 rating, with the comment: "Even if you can't figure out exactly what makes Siouxsie wail the way she does, The Scream creates a rich, claustrophobic maelstrom of crude sound and half-submerged feelings."

During a BBC radio show, David Bowie mentioned a concert of the group given after their release of their first album: "I saw you Siouxsie and you were really excellent... I was clutching my copy of The Scream".

Legacy
Record Mirror's Ronnie Gurr wrote that "The Scream, a masterpiece that, for six months, I failed to recognise as such, was a harrowing listening experience." Since its release, The Scream has received a number of accolades from the music press. NME rated it at No. 58 in their "Writers All Time 100 Albums" list in 1985. Don Watson of the NME in 1986 described the album's music as "something that whipped the past into a great whirlpool of noise, pulling the future down". Uncut magazine placed it at No. 43 in their list of the 100 greatest debut albums. It was featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In 2006, the music critic Garry Mulholland included it in his book Fear of Music about the 261 greatest albums since 1976. In 2007, Record Collector wrote that "it stands as one of the great debut albums from any era". In 2016, Les Inrockuptibles rated it as one of "The 100 Best British Albums" in a special issue. In 2017, Q included it in their list of "the debut albums that changed music" with "revolutionnary sounds".

The Scream placed the group among the pioneers of post-punk, as peer Robert Smith of the Cure contended:

"When The Scream came out, I remember it was much slower than everybody thought. It was like the forerunner of the Joy Division sound. It was just big-sounding."

The Scream has been influential on a large number of genres and artists. Joy Division's Peter Hook, who saw the group in concert in Manchester in 1977, said about The Scream: "Siouxsie and the Banshees were one of our big influences ... The Banshees first LP was one of my favourite ever records, the way the guitarist and the drummer played was a really unusual way of playing and this album showcases a landmark performance." Joy Division's drummer Stephen Morris said: "[their] first drummer Kenny Morris played mostly toms" and "the sound of cymbals was forbidden", "the Banshees had that... foreboding sound, sketching out the future from the dark of the past". Geordie Walker of Killing Joke praised McKay's guitar playing and sound : "on The Scream,... he came out with these chord structures that I found very refreshing. The guy's been ripped off so much, he started that flanged chord thing". The Cure's frontman said that he "loved" the band's early material, "especially "Metal Postcard"."

Steve Albini of Big Black praised guitarist John McKay for the noise he created : "The Scream is notable for a few things: only now people are trying to copy it, and even now nobody understands how that guitar player (you know, the one who's been replaced by everyone in England) got all that pointless noise to stick together as songs". and further added: "good noise guitar is like an orgasm." "I admired and emulated ... Wire, Siouxsie and the Banshees, This Heat." Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth said that "all of the records he owned in the mid-1970s "got kind of put into the basement. And they were supplanted by" the debut albums of bands like "Talking Heads and Siouxsie and the Banshees. It was a completely new world, a new identity of music that was an option for youth culture". Moore who also included "Hong Kong Garden" in his 25 favorite songs of all time, stated about this album and the group: "Siouxsie and the Banshees, did they release a better record than The Scream ?". While playing his favourite records on BBC Radio 6 Jim Reid of the Jesus and Mary Chain commented: "'Jigsaw Feeling' from The Scream album... it was brilliant, amazing. That's a reason why I made music". Morrissey had "Mirage" played during intermission before all concerts of his 1991's Kill Uncle tour. Morrissey's main composer, Boz Boorer, rated The Scream highly, ranking it second in his "Top Five Desert Island Album Selection". Boorer stated: "Another big influence on my playing is John McKay [...]. That first Siouxsie record was quite incredible sounding, and it started me in thinking that music didn't have to be any certain way—that there could be many different influences in music and it didn't have to be a single, strict avenue. That first Banshees album has a lot of jarring guitar that rubs against what you'd think was going to or maybe should happen over a part, and that changed my thinking quite a bit".

Massive Attack covered and sampled "Metal Postcard (Mittageisen)" on their song "Superpredators (Metal Postcard)" in 1997 for the soundtrack to the movie The Jackal. Faith No More covered "Switch" in concert and cited this first Siouxsie and the Banshees' album as one of their influences.

Bobby Gillespie of Primal Scream said that he was inspired by their debut album: "They had a sound unlike any other band" and the songs were "a realisation that life is difficult, not normal pop song material. The Scream was the first record through which I experienced these themes, where the band's music mirrored the lyrics perfectly", with "a film noir atmosphere". He praised guitarist McKay for delivering "quicksilver notes of beautiful sonic violence". Gillespie also wrote: the band "were a new kind of rock", and McKay "reinvented rock guitar playing". Garbage lead singer Shirley Manson cited it as one of her all-time favourite records. Brett Anderson of Suede, included The Scream on a list of albums titled "current fascinations". Marc Almond of Soft Cell also explained why the songs mattered to him: "The Scream made a real impression on me. I loved the way they turned these suburban things into nightmares--that was a great influence on early Soft Cell stuff". Tracey Thorn of Everything but the Girl remembered 1978 as an important music year. "Back then when I only had five or six records I'd listen to each of them over and over, knowing every beat, every word, every scratch. Elvis Costello's My Aim is True, The Scream by Siouxsie and the Banshees, The Jam's In the City, Moving Targets by Penetration, and Another Music in a Different Kitchen by Buzzcocks.

Personnel

 * Siouxsie and the Banshees
 * Siouxsie Sioux – vocals, production
 * Steven Severin – bass guitar, production
 * John McKay – guitars, saxophone, production
 * Kenny Morris – drums, percussion, production

 * Technical
 * Steve Lillywhite – production, mixing
 * Siouxsie and the Banshees - design concept
 * Paul Wakefield - photography

title: The Scream (album)


text:
Second brain

"Second brain" can refer to:

 * The enteric nervous system.
 * A now-disproven theory that some large dinosaurs may have had two brains.

title: Second brain


text:
Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa

Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa is a 1994 Hindi-language coming-of-age romantic comedy film directed by Kundan Shah, starring Shah Rukh Khan and Deepak Tijori. It also featured Suchitra Krishnamurthy (in her Hindi film debut) and Naseeruddin Shah. With a budget of inr 14000000, the film received positive reviews and grossed inr 55000000, equivalent to inr adjusted for inflation.

At the 39th Filmfare Awards, it won 2 awards – Best Film (Critics) and Best Actor (Critics) for Khan, who also won Best Actor for Baazigar at the same ceremony. It is widely considered to be one of Khan's best performances, and he has said that it is his favorite film. It was premiered at the Indian Panorama section of the 24th International Film Festival of India.

Shah Rukh Khan has bought the rights to the film under his banner, Red Chillies Entertainment.

The film was remade in Telugu as Swapnalokam (1999), with Jagapathi Babu and Raasi in the cast.

Plot
Sunil is woken up from his dream of marrying the girl he loves, Anna, by his sister.

Sunil is a happy-go-lucky scamp who loves music and is not interested in studies, which bothers his father, Vinayak. Everyone has given up on Sunil and thinks he is good for nothing except for Father Braganza, who believes Sunil is pure at heart.

Sunil, Anna, and Chris are 3 members of a 6-person music band, who are looking to make it big. Anna rejoins the group after being away for a while, which makes Chris happy as he loves Anna. After Anna reenters his life, Sunil begins to try and change his ways to get Anna to fall in love with him.

During a performance at a friend's wedding, Sunil notices the closeness between Anna and Chris. Devastated, he decides to create a rift between them. Sunil eventually gets caught in his web of lies. A furious Anna slaps him and decides to never talk to him again. Sunil is thrown out of the band. However, fortune favors Sunil as he saves the band from being heckled at a local club by putting on a stellar show; the entire band forgives and forgets.

Sunil thinks he has won Anna back but finds out that Anna and Chris love each other and want to be married. Crushed to pieces, Sunil accepts he has lost in love.

Meanwhile, Anna's father decides that Chris is worthy of marrying her. He makes his intentions known but Chris' parents have other ideas and fix Chris' marriage to their friend's daughter. Anna and her family are dejected.

Sunil consoles Anna and the tide slowly turns in his favor. Anna's father believes that Sunil will love and take care of her and convinces Anna to marry Sunil. Sunil is overjoyed until he realizes Anna still loves Chris. Sunil decides to reunite the two and get them married. On their wedding day, as Chris and Anna are about to exchange rings, Chris drops his ring and it rolls out of sight. Sunil spots the ring but feigns ignorance, even as his younger sister gazes at him with a heavy heart. Eventually, Chris locates the ring, and the couple gets married.

Just after the wedding, Sunil is seen sitting on the sidewalk, dejected and heartbroken. By chance, a random girl, who is lost and seeking directions, approaches Sunil. Sometime later, Sunil and the girl are seen walking in the moonlight and talking merrily.

Anthony and Vasco, two criminals who are a part of the story, see Sunil with the new girl and break the fourth wall, saying that Sunil will be alright. The criminals hear the police siren and immediately scamper away as the credits roll.

Cast

 * Shah Rukh Khan as Sunil
 * Deepak Tijori as Chris Rodrigues
 * Suchitra Krishnamurthy as Anna Gonsalves
 * Rita Bhaduri as Mary Gonsalves, Anna's mother
 * Satish Shah as Simon Gonsalves, Anna's father and a confectioner
 * Anjan Srivastava as Vinayak, Sunil's father and a mechanic
 * Goga Kapoor as Anthony Gomes, the Don
 * Tiku Talsania as Patel, the bar owner
 * Ravi Baswani as Albert Gonsalves, Anna's brother
 * Naseeruddin Shah as Father Braganza, a priest
 * Ashutosh Gowarikar as Imran Bilal, Sunil's friend
 * Kurush Deboo as Yezdi, Sunil's best friend
 * Aditya Lakhia as Tony, Sunil's friend
 * Shashi Sahay as Prabha, Sunil's mother
 * Sadiya Siddiqui as Nikki, Sunil's sister
 * Virendra Saxena as Vasco, Anthony's right-hand-man
 * Anita Kanwal as Chris's mother
 * Jyoti Nathan
 * Suhaas
 * Preeta Mathur
 * Snehal Lakhia
 * Munila Siddiqui
 * Ajit Vachani in a special appearance as Charles Rodrigues, Chris's father
 * Juhi Chawla in a special appearance

Music
The music was composed by Jatin–Lalit, while the lyrics were penned by Majrooh Sultanpuri. One of the most popular song "Ae Kaash Ke Hum" sang by Kumar Sanu. The song "Sachhi Ye Kahaani Hai" derives from two songs: Boney M.'s "Rasputin" (1978), and Johnny Wakelin's "In Zaire". Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa sold over 800,000 soundtrack albums in India.

Reception
In a retrospective review, Sampada Sharma of The Indian Express wrote, "SRK played everything from a lost lover to man dealing with mental health issues. Shah’s Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa was also a unique film in that respect. If made traditionally, it could have been a love story of Chris and Anna where Sunil is the villain of their life. But Kundan Shah decided to tell this story from the point of view of this lost guy who doesn’t drown himself in alcohol, and isn’t out to burn the world just because he got stuck in an unsuccessful love story. He moves on with his broken heart hoping that it will heal over time."

Awards

 * 39th Filmfare Awards:
 * Best Film (Critics)
 * Best Actor (Critics) – Shah Rukh Khan

Remake
Swapnalokam, the Telugu-language remake, directed by Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao was released in 1999. It stars Jagapathi Babu, Raasi and the then newcomer Rahul. The film failed at the box office. The music was composed by Vandemataram Srinivas. Griddaluru Gopalrao of Zamin Ryot disliked Jagapathi Babu's acting while praising that of Rahul's and Srinivas' music.

title: Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa


text:
Aunt Martha's Sheep

Aunt Martha's Sheep is a song written by Terrence White and Arthur Butt of Perry's Cove and later re-written by Ellis Coles and performed by Dick Nolan. It was primarily viewed as a slight on the Royal Canadian Mounted Police the police force for the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The song got airplay in the 1970s, but less after that. Released in 1972 it became one of Dick Nolan's signature songs. The song tells the tale of a group of Carmanville sheep-stealers who hoodwink an investigating RCMP officer by insisting their stew was made of moose.

The Rest Of The Story
Ben Weatherby, who originally produced "Aunt Martha's Sheep" for Nolan, released an album not long afterwards entitled You Can't Fool A Newfoundlander. On it, Weatherby performed a cover of "Aunt Martha's Sheep," but for a bit of fun, he wrote a continuation of the story (the title track) where the Mountie gets the last laugh. You Can't Fool A Newfoundlander won Weatherby his first gold record.

title: Aunt Martha's Sheep