text:
Talk:Erast Fandorin

Dolgorutski
well, I checked the text, too, and it's; Dolgorukoi
 * Такими словами приветствовал принаряженного коллежского асессора всемогущий хозяин матушки-Москвы князь Владимир Андреевич Долгорукой.

"Dolgorutski" must be an artefact of some translation (this is different from Sobolev, who is actually so named in the original. dab (ᛏ) 21:59, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The name of Moscow's governor in the novels should indeed be Dolgorukoi, after Yuri Dolgoruky (Grand Prince George I of Russia), who founded Moscow. Kazak 04:35, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Spelling
As far as I can judge, B. Akunin gives "Fandorine", not "Fandorin", as the proper English version of the surname "Фандорин": Erast's grandson, being a British citizen, is "Sir Nicholas А. Fandorine, M.A., Bt." (see ) -- Alexander Gerashchenko 10:44, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * that's a fictional anglicization of the name, Sir Nicholas' father emigrated to Britain and adopted that spelling. It is not the transliteration used for Erast's surname (otherwise the anglicization of Nicholas' surname would be lost to English readers): Erast's surname is transliterated Fandorin in English, but Fandorine in French. dab (ᛏ) 11:14, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

I fully agree that the form "Fandorin" is more correct than "Fandorine" according to the English-language standards of transliteration. But this spelling can cause certain problems. E.g., Akunin in his "Altyn-Tolobas" (the book that I provided a link to) mentions the case of incorrect pronunciation of this surname: "Фэндорайн (Fendorain)", caused by reading the French-like transliteration ("Fandorine") according to the English rules. I wonder, how would they translate this passage into English, having the surname spelt as "Fandorin"... -- Alexander Gerashchenko 14:18, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * no, no, Erast (in the 19th century) is called Fandorin (a Russification of German von Dorn). His grandson Nicholas, who lives in England, is called Fandorine. As Nicholas moves back to Russia, his (originally Russian (still more originally German)) name is mispronounced by Russians because of hyper-English pronunciation of its Latin alphabet spelling. This is all irrelevant to Erast, who never anglicized his name and is simply called Fandorin. Does that make sense? I further imagine that the English mispronunciation has its stress on the a while the Russian name has it on the o. dab (ᛏ) 22:23, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I absolutely agree. Errabee 22:37, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I am being stupid here, but, as an American who does not speak Russian but has read all the existing English translations of the Fandorin novels, I can tell you that the correct English spelling is "Fandorin", because that is, in point of fact, the way Erast Fandorin's name is spelled in all four of the currently available English-language Fandorin novels. That's definitive, is it not? Vidor 07:52, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * no that's not the point, but see Russian_transliteration: Фандорин transliterates to Fandorin in every single transliteration scheme. That's because each of the name's letter has a straightforward Roman counterpart. Фэндорайн otoh (the 'mispronunciation') can be rendered Fèndorajn, Fėndoraĭn etc., depending on your preferred scheme (but since it is a Cyrillic rendition of English phonology, it will of course be spelled simply Fandorine in an English translation). dab (ᛏ) 08:59, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * @Vidor, thank you for your additions. Unfortunately I had to revert part of it, as it messed up the headers. I hope you can agree with what's written now. Errabee 10:12, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think I will add a little more about "Special Assignments" being the English version of two Russian novels. Otherwise it looks just fine.  When I checked back on this article last night, the list of Fandorin novels had the title, "Special Assignments", and no text whatsoever underneath.  Am chomping at the bit for Special Assignments to come out, BTW.  If only I spoke Russian. Vidor 20:17, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, this stuff is addictive :) disclaimer, my Russian isn't good enough to read them in the original either. But I am grateful for the online text for the occasional comparison of a turn of phrase. dab (ᛏ) 21:13, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I can read them in the original, but it takes an ungodly amount of time with my knowledge of the Russian language ;) So I prefer to read them in translation as well (but I do have all the Russian copies in print). Errabee 21:15, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

In one of the stories, included in Akunin's latest book Jade Rosary Beads and describing Fandorin's adventures in the USA, it is mentioned that the newspapers called Erast "Mister Fandorin (sometimes they wrote Fandorine or even Fundoreen)". In Russian: "Mister Fandorin (иногда писали Fandorine или даже Fundoreen)". -- Alexander Gerashchenko 12:40, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Translations
After writing the note above I thought further about this article. I think the listing for "Special Assignments" should say that it's an English translation of two novels and that it's not out in print yet. However, that makes the "Translations" section below redundant, as it says the same thing. Here are my suggestions: 1) Take out the redundant "Translations" section, and perhaps put a line of text somewhere in the main body about the Fandorin novels being translated into several languages. 2) Expand the "Translations" section to include a comprehensive list of which Fandorin novels have been translated into French, German, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, and other important world languages. Unfortunately I would have no idea where to find this information. Maybe someone who speaks Russian could ask Boris Akunin or his publishers. But we really should do one or the other rather than leave the "Translations" section dangling redundantly. Vidor 20:39, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * How's this? The info from Germany and Italy I got from the German and Italian Wikipedia, respectively, and because I'm Dutch, I'm very aware of the situation in the Netherlands. Errabee 21:01, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That is excellent. Hopefully Fandorin fans from other countries will stumble upon this article and add further info, but what you put is excellent. Vidor 21:04, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Another user deleted the list entry for "Special Assignments". Therefore I decided to go ahead and take the notes out of the list entries for "The Jack of Spades" and "The Decorator" and leave the "Special Assignments" info in the Translations section, as before. Vidor 06:33, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I just realized that the two books were published together also in Russian, sorry. (ᛎ) qɐp 10:49, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow, so they are. If you look at the section of Akunin's website that includes the texts of the first six Fandorin books, "The Jack of Spades" and "The Decorator" have the same covers.  Perhaps someone who speaks Russian can give us more info about the manner in which those books were published.  Were they published together under a different title, a-la "Special Assignments"?  Or simply bound together under their own titles? Vidor 08:31, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * They were bound together as Special Assignments. Errabee 09:10, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * In Russian as well as in English? All righty then.  Here I've been thinking the whole time that "Special Assignments" was organized in that form specifically for us Anglophones.  Vidor 10:10, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

OK, I have pretty much answered my own question. Let me say that it's damn hard to research this when one doesn't speak Russian. Here is a Russian website advertising the Russian version of "Special Assignments". Also, the Erast Fandorin website linked to on the main page of this article, www.fandorin.ru, has an option that lets you translate it to English. Here is the English translation of the FAQ page, and here is the same page in the original Russian, confirming that "The Jack of Spades" and "The Decorator" were indeed originally published together, in Russian, under the single title "Special Assignments".

I'd like to apologize to user Errabee. It was my mistaken notion that "Special Assignments" was only published that way in English translation that led to confusion. I will try and re-edit the main article again to accurately indicate such. Vidor 07:13, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, I thought your question was already answered. My apologies if that wasn't quite clear. Errabee 07:56, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, you did answer it above. I just had to find it for myself to make sure. Vidor 08:07, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Comics
Anyone have any info on the comic adaptation of Azazel? I own it, but my copy's in another country.
 * Thanks for the heads up. I was able to find some info. Errabee 10:21, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Copied from WP:RFF
With the help of Vidor and dab, I transformed the article about the fictional detective Erast Fandorin from this starting point.

Right now, I'm a bit out of inspiration as to what needs to be done next. I'd really like to get this article to at least GA-grade, but I think some work needs to be done first. Any comments are welcome. (P.S. English is not my mother tongue, so any comments on that are also very welcome). Errabee 12:31, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * If English is your second language, you can be extremely proud of this work.
 * I'd suggest you focus on the criterion that an article be broad in its coverage. In this respect make sure it addresses all major aspects of the topic (this requirement is slightly weaker than the "comprehensiveness" required by WP:FAC) while staying focused on the main topic (no non-notable trivia). I'd suggest you put the detective novel in Russia into context:
 * Who were Boris Akunin's Russian mystery predecessors?
 * Where mysteries commonly written by Russians in Russia in the period Boris Akunin wrote or was Fandorin a trend setter for the period?
 * Who were Boris Akunin contemporaries on the international scene?
 * And similar context points...
 * Well done - Williamborg (Bill) 13:00, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I'll look into it (but have to do some additional research). Errabee 14:20, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's interesting enough to make me want to read the novels, but it needs some context as mentioned above (although his period is now): such things as critical reception, style, how the novels fit in with his other works. I've given the beginning a bit of a copyedit - the English is generally good, but there are were some movements between past and present tense.
 * The section: "Personal life" is written from an "in-universe" perspective (i.e. as if the character is a real person). Wikipedia articles should be written from an "out-of-universe" perspective. See Manual of Style (writing about fiction). I haven't copyedited this section as a result.
 * Some of the literal Russian translations of the book subtitles are probably a little too literal
 * The translations sections could do with some work. Why are no more editions to be translated into Dutch? Who are the publishers? How have the translations been received?
 * Same goes for the adaptations sections. Are all the adaptations in Russian? Where have they been shown? How were they received? There is more information on the adaptations and awards in the Boris Akunin article than there is here.
 * Hope this helps Yomangani talk 15:29, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It does :) Thanks a lot Errabee 16:18, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * All the television, film and stage adaptations have all been in Russian. Incidentally, I changed the verbiage of the Paul Verhoeven section a little bit.  If Verhoeven's IMDb page is any evidence, there doesn't seem to be an English-language version of The Winter Queen in the making at this time.  I mentioned that Random House is the American publisher of Fandorin novels.  I also edited the "Personal life" section somewhat, putting it all in present tense. Incidentally, I've seen nothing to indicate that Special Assignments will be published in the USA in 2007--the Amazon.uk link has been up for some time but there is still no listing at amazon.com.  I hope that doesn't have any significance. Vidor 15:31, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Russian titles?
What was the thinking behind deleting the Russian titles of some of the Fandorin novels? Vidor 15:02, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * they were not deleted, they were exported to the various sub-articles. I agree that for all the recent expansion, the article is now lacking a clean overview list of novels (title, original title, year, ISBN). How about adding one back? dab (ᛏ) 17:19, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * They were deleted from the main article, for no reason I can see. Vidor 18:00, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I exported them to the subarticles, because I felt that they were a distraction from the flow of the text. If you want to read about Fandorin, and some Russian characters pop in every paragraph, this does not allow for easy reading for readers who are not familiar with cyrillic. Furthermore, the subtitles are difficult to translate, and it was a comment from the WP:RFF that got me thinking. I'm planning to create stubs for the other novels as well, so all the Russian titles can be moved there. I'm sympathetic to adding an overview, but think it should all be concentrated in one area, so the cyrillic can easily be skipped for readers not familiar with it. Errabee 23:07, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I disagree completely. First, in at least two cases--"The Winter Queen" and "Murder on the Leviathan"--the English book title is DIFFERENT than the Russian book title.  In the first case, completely different.  That should be reflected in the main article.  Secondly, I don't think it's too distracting to have one line saying "Russian  Азазель, Azazel" or "Russian Турецкий гамбит".  These are, after all, books from Russia originally published in Russian.  Leaving out the subtitles is OK, I guess, but all the articles really, really should have one line with the Russian title in the original Cyrillic.  I will put them back if no one objects. Vidor 13:26, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * How about adding a table as an overview? Put everything not related to the story in one separate paragraph, that's easier to read. Errabee 22:16, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * How about this solution? Errabee 02:59, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

nice list! thanks for your efforts, Errabee. dab (ᛏ) 07:31, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Love the table. Great job, Errabee. Vidor 13:16, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You're now okay with removing the Cyrillic from the lower sections? If so, I'll continue to create the individual articles and moving the info to those pages. Errabee 14:02, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yup. Sure am. Vidor 00:47, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

translations
Is it an idea to list only information about the English translation, and create a page Erast Fandorin in translation in which all languages and countries are mentioned? I think that the current section is either not complete, or going to get very long. Errabee 11:07, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * An excellent idea. But leave the pictures of the translations in the main article, as they do make the page look nicer, unless you can substitute film stills.  BTW, I have a sneaking, and very depressing, suspiction that "Special Assignments" isn't going to be published in the USA.  I can't find anything about it at the Random House website, and the American version of Amazon.com doesn't have a listing, despite the fact that Amazon.uk has had a listing for several months, with the Jan. '07 publication date.  Does anybody have info? Vidor 13:29, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Very sorry to hear that. Unfortunately I don't have any additional info. Why don't you try e-mailing Random House? Errabee 22:14, 10 September 2006 (UTC) BTW, it's indeed very unfortunate, because my two favorites are The Jack of Spades and Coronation (due to the person who tells the story). Errabee 22:25, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

I think premature fragmentation of a topic is unwise. Erast Fandorin in translation may become necessary in the future, but as of now, until this article becomes over-long (more than 50k or so), I see no reason to branch out sub-topics. dab (ᛏ) 07:30, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Paul Verhoeven still wants to make a film out of The Winter Queen
Paul Verhoeven had a 1-hour interview on Dutch radio today. He briefly mentioned The Winter Queen as a film he wanted to make next year, but nothing was certain yet. Errabee 02:51, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

UK versus US titles
I'm getting a little confused here. Which titles should we use, UK or US titles? In at least two cases they are different: Leviathan (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, UK) vs Murder on the Leviathan (Phoenix Press, Random House) and Turkish Gambit (W&N, UK and Phoenix Press) vs The Turkish Gambit (Random House) Errabee 17:37, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Speaking as an American, I'd say use the American, because there are more of us. :)  Plus, both of those novels already have their own articles, under the American titles.  But if you want to change to the British titles, that's fine.  This won't be a problem for future novels in the series, as the bastards at Random House apparently aren't publishing any more Fandorin novels in the USA. Vidor 04:55, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Top importance?
Is this really of top importance among novels? More important than The Great Gatsby? john k 17:48, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * it's slightly over-enthusiastic, I tend to agree :) dab (ᛏ) 19:13, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, it marks the revival of literature in the Post-Soviet era. I could live with High as well, but several other entries were rated Top important with which Fandorin compared positively, imho. And in the High category, things are even worse, I think. Errabee 21:34, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

GA Passing
Very well written, well sourced and set out, images appear to be OK. 3 suggestions prehaps cite the Russian spelling, and you have to Italicise Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings, but I think that's not enough to warrant failing the GA or eveb holding it, i've gone and done it myself, good work everyone

†he Bread 07:06, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

UK publication order
Does anyone know why Murder on the Leviathan was published as the second Fandorin bok in the UK, and The Turkish Gambit as the third?
 * I certainly don't. But one can speculate that this is simply a marketing strategy. The Turkish Gambit is far more difficult to read, because western readers are not familiar with the background of the Russo-Turkish War of 1777-1778. Errabee 10:05, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

More comments
Copied from my talk page:
 * It's much improved since I last looked at it. Some comments:
 * It needs a copyedit - I didn't want to storm in there, but just ask if you want me to go through it
 * It is overlinked - the book titles only need linking once, not every time they are used
 * I'd move the table on the titles to the end, as it breaks the flow of the article where it is now
 * The section on the individual titles is somewhat stilted and listy - you can expand on the details slightly even if they have their own articles, and I'd also expand the date/location at the beginning of each to be a complete sentence rather than a fragment.
 * The awards section would be better rewritten as prose rather than presented as a small list
 * There are too many images used under a fair use rationale - this will be looked at very closely if you put it forward for FA - you'd be pushing it with four and there are nine currently.
 * Hope this helps and congratulations on the GA. Yomangani talk 21:53, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've removed some links, and moved the table to the bottom. Still working on other points. Errabee 08:55, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

The Councillor of State/The State Counsellor
Amazon UK is listing the next English translation, due out in January '08, as "The State Counsellor". I have therefore made a new page for the sixth Fandorin novel, under that title, and made a redirect for the old article, which was titled The Councillor of State. Vidor 00:40, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

The Diamond Vehicle/Chariot
Speaking of titles, this novel has different titles depending on where you look--the Fandorin page lists it as "The Diamond Chariot" while the main article for the novel is titled "The Diamond Vehicle". I do not speak Russian, but online translators are telling me that the Russian word "Колесница" translates out to "Chariot". Is this true, and if it's true, shouldn't the title of the main article for the novel be "The Diamond Chariot"? Vidor 15:22, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * the correct translation of "Колесница" is "chariot". The corret translation of "Алмазная Колесница" is "Diamond Vehicle (see ru:Ваджраяна). As long as no English translation is available, we'll have to stick with that, i.e. our best guess of the correct English translation of the title (or, of course, Алмазная Колесница itself); as soon as the title of the English translation is published, we'll move it to that, if different. dab (𒁳) 15:40, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The Death of Achilles, in English translation, mentiones "The Diamond Chariot" case for which Fandorin was decorated. Stands to reason the last book should be named in that fashion. Tighina 21:12, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * it stands to reason I suppose. But I imagine it was a glitch of the translator, who was left to translate "Колесница" without being given any context. The translator of the "Алмазная Колесница" novel will, of course, recognize the Buddhist context, and (hopefully) choose the correct translation. --dab (𒁳) 10:46, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * A possibility, of course. Then again, this may create confusion among Western readers, the great majority of whom have never heard of tantric Bhuddism. Your standard, run-of-the-mill editor will generally err on the side of continuity. Besides, I think that Bromfield will stick around for the ride anyway. He is pretty good. We'll see, I guess. Tighina 03:20, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * yes, this is not really a problem, is it? We'll just wait until the translation appears. It may also be translated several times, under different titles, we'll just report whatever happens. dab (𒁳) 09:33, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Jade Rosary Beads
One more question--are there any Russian-speaking Fandorin fans who could give us Anglophones more of an idea of the various plots in "Jade Rosary Beads", and include such in the Fandorin article? Vidor 19:23, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Sure. I'm in the process of reading the book right now. I should be able to fill it in as I progress. --Strannik 04:20, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. Tighina 18:34, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Akunin website, and "Jade Rosary Beads" title
Two things. First, this website appears to link to Russian texts of almost all Boris Akunin's novels, including all the Erast Fandorin novels except "Jade Rosary Beads". This would appear to be the mother lode for Russian Fandorin readers. Secondly, the Boris Akunin page lists the title of the most recent Erast Fandorin novel as "The Nephrite Rosary". The Russian title is listed as Нефритовые четки, as it is in this article. I know the Cyrillic alphabet well enough to make out that the first word is "Nephrite" or something close to it, and research tells me that Nephrite is one of two minerals called Jade. The second word, четки, is coming out through a couple of different online translators as "are precise". "Jade are precise" makes no sense to me whatsoever. Hopefully a Russian speaker can clarify. Russian language websites and their English translations confirm that as the Russian title and translate "четки" as "clear", which would make the English title of the novel "Clear Nephrite" or "Clear Jade", which would make a little more sense. God, I wish I spoke Russian. Vidor 21:37, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * EDIT--ugh, now Babel Fish is telling me that "четки" comes out to "rosary". Help... Vidor 22:02, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I suppose "Jade rosary beads" is a perfectly accurate translation (your "clear" adjective would be четкий). dab (𒁳) 22:38, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * OK. Then I'll go back to the Boris Akunin page and change that to 'Jade Rosary Beads' for the sake of consistency, which will have to do until we get an English translation eight years or so from now. Vidor 22:42, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Popularity of detectives in SU
There was a simply ridiculous statement: In the Soviet Union, many novels were severely censored or prohibited from being published. Although detective novels were not forbidden, reading these novels was discouraged by the communist regime. It was "supported" by this source that says completely different:

Furthermore, Akunin wisely opted for a genre that has enjoyed great popularity in both the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia. Soviet readers, just like their Western counterparts, have traditionally been eager consumers of detective fiction, both foreign and homegrown. Although the mystery, as a pop genre, was officially frowned upon during the Soviet period, collections of Western detective stories (English, American, French, Polish, Scandinavian etc.), as well as books by native mystery authors, such as the Vainer brothers or Iulian Semenov, have always been avidly coveted. In this light, the post-Soviet boom of indigenous detektiv, with Aleksandra Marinina, Daria Dontsova, Chingiz Abdullaev, Andrei Konstantinov and a host of others placing at the top of bestseller charts, is anything but surprising. I made some rewording, but this needs to be changed more. Detective novels weren't "severely censored and banned" in USSR, they were highly popular and best-selling. Garret Beaumain 19:15, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

"Fandorin"
It appears the name is Akunin's invention. But it might be mentioned that Danil Fondorin (Внеклассное чтение) mentions a branch of the family that is now (1795) simply called "Dorn" Дорн, and in Чайка, Комедия в двух действиях, there is a member of this branch, Евгений Сергеевич Дорн, who states that other branches of his family are known as Фондорнов and Фандорин. Now, I am surprised to find that there are indeed records of a "Dorn" surname in 17th century Russia: one Ivan Dorn together with Bogdan Lykov translated the Cosmography of Gerard Mercator in 1637. Unfortunately, this is too early to match Cornelius von Dorn, who supposedly arrived in Moscow only in the 1670s.

generations:
 * Theo von Dorn (12th c.)
 * "Tibo-Montezuma" (d. before 1558)
 * 1. Cornelius von Dorn / Корнелиус фон Дорн / Корней Фондорнов / Фондорин (d. 1682)
 * 2. Никита Корнеевич Фондорин (b. 1680?)
 * 3. Иларион Никитич Фандорин
 * 4. Даниил Иларионович Фандорин
 * 5. Самсон Даниилович Фандорин (b. 1789)
 * 6. Исаакий Самсонович Фандорин
 * 7. Петр Исаакиевич Фандорин (d. 1866)
 * 8. Эраст Петрович Фандорин (1855-1919)
 * 9. Александр Эрастович Фандорин (1920-1994)
 * 10. Николай Александрович Фандорин / Nicholas Fandorin (b. ca. 1960)
 * 9. Александр Эрастович Фандорин (1920-1994)
 * 10. Николай Александрович Фандорин / Nicholas Fandorin (b. ca. 1960)

I find that there is a historical Ruprecht I von Dorn (also Dürn) (1151? - 1199?), a Boppo I von Dorn (d. ca. 1276) and a Konrad I von Dorn (1205? - 1258?), but these von Dorns apparently died out with Mechthild von Dilsberg-Dorn in the 14th century. dab (𒁳) 10:42, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * "fan" or "fon" in the beginning of a Russian surname is usually a vestige of German/Dutch "van" or "von" (e.g., Fonvizin). --Ghirla-трёп- 13:11, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * yes, the Fandorin surname is an excellent fiction of Akunin's, but I was trying to find out if it did not, after all, exist historically. I could not find any historical Fandorins, but at least a historical Dorn. But I don't know if "Ivan Dorn" was really a German "Hans Dorn", or if Dorn was in fact a Russian family name at some point. dab (𒁳) 13:30, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Spoilers in this article
The short annotations to The Winter Queen, The Death of Achilles and The State Counsillor contain spoilers. Considering that there are full articles about these novels, shouldn't these annotations be re-written more discretely? I can do it myself if there are no objections.Tighina 16:51, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

"The Coronation"
According to Amazon UK, the next Boris Akunin novel, titled in Russian "Coronation, or the Last of the Romanovs", is being released in English with the title "The Coronation". Thus I've moved the article page for that novel and edited the Boris Akunin template to reflect the new title, The Coronation (novel). It seems "The Coronation" was already the title of some 400-year-old play that had an article. Searching for "The Coronation" currently defaults to the English play. If somebody knows how to fix that redirect and build a disambiguation page that contains links to both the novel and the play, please do so. I don't know how. Vidor (talk) 04:40, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Reviews for "The State Counsellor"
I have been totally unable to find any English-language reviews of the book. The fact that it wasn't published in the United States doesn't help, but I thought I'd find something in the UK. If anybody could find such a link that would be awesome. Vidor (talk) 06:01, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Turkish Gambit movie poster.jpg
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Upsetting news
I am reading in a couple of places that there will be no further Erast Fandorin translations into English after The Diamond Chariot. Does anyone have more info? Vidor (talk) 17:48, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Redlinks and categorisation
Please do not mindlessly revert these edits again and please do not post abusive messages on my talk page again. - SchroCat ( ^  •  @ ) 19:20, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) As per WP:RED, the redlinks are entirely valid in this article. They are not in navigational boxes, nor direct to a template, but are instead present in a wikitable, which makes them perfectly acceptable in this article.
 * 2) The categories are currently in alphabetical order: see your talk page, where an independent third party has confirmed that "Novel" sorts before "Novels".

Important translation info not in TRANSLATION section
A list of Erast Fandorin books in English translation is listed in the NOVEL section. Anyone who jumps to the TRANSLATION section may entirely miss the info they are looking for. Luckily, I slid down and bumped into it. Is there some way to alert people to the other information? Zipzip50 (talk) 05:06, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

All The World's A Stage to be translated!
Imagine my delight when I did one of my random searches, the first in a long while, and found out that an English translation of All The World's a Stage has been announced for October 2017. Guess we're skipping Jade Rosary Beads, but I'll take it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:204:C002:60EC:89DE:3357:D06D:80FB (talk) 16:56, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Erast Fandorin series
The article does not make a good case that the character is notable. I suggest this is rewritten into an article about the Erast Fandorin series. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:32, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erast Fandorin


text: File:Superman in Red Son.png

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Superman in Red Son.png


text:
File:Loc-Agra.png

From FRENCH wiki article on tomb of Itmad Ud Daulah fr:Image:Loc-Agra.png

Source
www.yahoo.com

title: File:Loc-Agra.png


text:
Five Elders

In Southern Chinese folklore, the Five Elders of Shaolin, also known as the Five Generals are the survivors of one of the destructions of the Shaolin temple by the Qing Dynasty, variously said to have taken place in 1647 or in 1732.

The original Shaolin Monastery was built on the north side of Shaoshi Mountain, the central peak of Mount Song, one of the sacred mountains of China, located in the Henan Province, by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty in 477. At various times throughout history, the monastery has been destroyed (burned down) for political reasons, and rebuilt many times.

A number of traditions also make reference to a Southern Shaolin Monastery located in Fujian province. Associated with stories of the supposed burning of Shaolin by the Qing government and with the tales of the Five Elders, this temple, sometimes known by the name Changlin, is often claimed to have been either the target of Qing forces or a place of refuge for monks displaced by attacks on the original Shaolin Monastery. Besides the debate over the historicity of the Qing-era destruction, it is unknown whether there was a true southern temple, with several locations in Fujian given as the site for the monastery. Fujian does have a historic monastery called Changlin, and a monastery referred to as a "Shaolin cloister" has existed in Fuqing, Fujian, since the Song Dynasty. Whether these have any actual connection to the Henan monastery or a martial tradition is still unknown.

The Five Elders of Shaolin
Within many martial arts circles, the original Five Elders of Shaolin are said to be:

The Five Family Elders
The founders of the five major family styles of Southern Chinese martial arts were all students of Gee Sin (see above), and are sometimes referred to as the Five Elders. This has caused some confusion.

title: Five Elders


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/White Feather (2nd nomination)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was delete. —  Aitias  // discussion 00:16, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

White Feather

 * ( [ delete] ) – (View AfD) (View log)

Per WP:MUSIC and WP:CRYSTAL, forthcoming albums do not get their own articles until an actual title and full track listing have been officially announced by the artist or their record label. Andre666 (talk) 15:19, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Delete, fails to meet WP:MUSIC and WP:CRYSTAL.   Esradekan Gibb    "Talk" 20:58, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Delete, this fails, delete it.--124.184.23.114 (talk) 05:30, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Delete fails to meet both Tej68 (talk) 21:39, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
National Scientific and Technical Research Council

The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET) is an Argentine government agency which directs and co-ordinates most of the scientific and technical research done in universities and institutes.

History
The National Scientific and Technical Research Council was established on 5 February 1958 by a decree of the national government. Its first director was Nobel Laureate Bernardo A. Houssay.

Governed by a board independent from the federal government, it funds scientific research in three basic ways. Firstly, it gives grants for collective work to research teams of well-recognized scientists of every discipline, including social sciences and the humanities. Secondly, it has a payroll of about 6,500 researchers and 2,500 technicians working as employees in different categories, from investigador asistente (assistant researcher) to investigador principal (main researcher). Thirdly, it grants scholarships for doctoral and post-doctoral studies to 8,500 young researchers from Argentina and other countries.

Ranking
In 2022, CONICET was ranked as the best Latin American government research institution by the Scimago Institutions Ranking and the 2nd among all research institutions in the region after the Universidade de São Paulo. At the global level, CONICET holds the 141st position among the most prestigious 8084 research institutions worldwide (including universities, governmental and private research institutions, research councils, etc.).

Notable members

 * Carlos J. Gradin—Argentine archaeologist and member of CONICET
 * Andrea Gamarnik—Virologist
 * Alberto Kornblihtt—Molecular biologist
 * Lino Barañao—Biochemist
 * Diego Golombek—Biologist and popularizer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thedore William Swang II

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was ALREADY SPEEDIED, but not by me. -Splash 02:19, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Thedore William Swang II
Vanity page. The only mention of him on Google is in a family tree. Mcfly 22:02, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Now tagged for Speedy Delete. No assertion of significance (A7).  Thatdog 22:26, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I only put it on VfD because it has multiple edits from registered users. Mcfly 22:31, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete per A7. -- DS1953 23:35, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Prodigy Kid

=Profile= Prodigy Kid is the alias for Maximilian D. Meese, an article writer who recently joined the Wikipedia bandwagon. Look for entries primarily in American and European history and occasionally in scientific and mathematical topics.

Welcome!
Welcome!

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License tagging for Image:Marshighemblem.jpg
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Thank You
I'll remember that next time. Thank you. --24.239.194.10 (talk) 20:11, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Prodigy Kid


text:
Category talk:Haligonians

This is a terrible category name. Halifax, NS is hardly the only "Halifax" Fawcett5 22:03, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Being from Canada I didn't take into consideration other places in the world with the name Halifax.

Halifax N.S. has four to five times the population of any other Halifax anywhere - this cat name s fine -Mayumashu 04:53, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Haligonians


text:
Talk:General Language

Merging; NY Times article
As having contributed a little to the article "Nhengatu", I agree that it should be merged with this one ("Língua Geral"), since these articles are about, as far as I can tell, exactly the same language. One thing I would do, however, is make the distinction between what one of my sources lists as (1) "Língua Geral of São Paulo" (which I think is the same as "Língua Geral Paulista" mentioned in the article) and (2) "Língua Geral of Amazônia". According to my sources, it is the second of these (L.G. of Amazônia) which is the ancestor of Nheengatú; the first one (L.G. of São Paulo) has no descendants.

I'm a bit puzzled about the number of speakers listed for the language in the NY Times article (30,000); this number doesn't agree with SIL's Ethnologue, which puts it at 8,000 (another source has only 3,000). I'm more inclined to agree with Ethnologue, which isn't perfect but is widely consulted by linguists. Journalists, even those writing for the NY Times, sometimes get things wrong or just accept as fact what they hear from people they interview. S. Neuman 17:49, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

This difference is probably due to some confusion in the attempt to separate the number of first language speakers from that of second language speakers, as Nheengatú is primarily a contact language - and also the fact that in the Amazonian region natives often speak 3 to 5 languages, sometimes even among different members of their family, so it is hard to establish a clear figure of first and/or second language speakers for most major languages.201.37.64.107 00:54, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

My changes

 * I changed the order of the paragraphs to show the living language first and the extinct one second.
 * I put Nheenhgatu up front in bold so that this can stand as the central (sole) article for both LG and Nheehgatu.
 * Also, a question: is LG an "Indigenous language of the Americas" (I haven't researched that category)? --Dpr 03:13, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:General Language


text:
User talk:Runninwhiskey

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Runninwhiskey


text:
Onsernone

Onsernone is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Ticino, near the city of Locarno. The river Isorno, known as the Onsernone River in Italy, runs through the valley with which Onsernone shares its name.

The municipality was created in 1995 by a merger of Comologno, Crana and Russo.

On 10 April 2016 the former municipalities of Vergeletto, Gresso, Mosogno and Isorno merged into Onsernone.

History
Comologno is first mentioned in 1438 as Comolognium. Crana is first mentioned in 1228 as Grana and in 1265 it was mentioned as Crana. Russo is first mentioned in 1231 as de Ruxi. In 1277 it was mentioned as Rusio.

Isorno was formed in 2001 by a merger of Auressio, Berzona and Loco.

Comologno
During the Ancien Régime, Comologno belonged to the Squadra of Crana, which together with the other villages of the valley (with the exception of Auressio) formed the medieval municipality of Onsernone. With the establishment of the Canton of Ticino in 1803, Comologno became an independent municipality.

Comologno formed an independent parish in 1715, when it separated from Russo. The parish church of San Giovanni Battista, was built in 1668–1697.

With the emergence and development of rye straw processing in the 19th century, the population of Comologno increased rapidly. However, in the following century, the decline of farming, animal husbandry and straw craft led to a rapid population decline. Most of the working population works in industrial or service enterprises in the valley or commute to work in the agglomeration of Locarno. Many residents emigrated to other countries in search of work. Several families became wealthy in foreign countries, and used that wealth to build stately mansions in Comologno. The largest is from the Remonda family, who in the second half of the 18th century, became wealthy in France. Another notable mansion is the Palazzo (or Castello) della Barca which was acquired in the 1930s by Vladimir Rosenbaum for his wife Aline Valangin, a writer and artist. It soon became a haven for artists and well-known anti-fascists, including Ignazio Silone, Ernesto Rossi, Kurt Tucholsky, Hans Marchwitza, Ernesto Bonaiuti, Max Terpis, Elias Canetti, Wladimir Vogel and Jean-Paul Samson. Since the early 1970s, at the suggestion of the Associazione Amici di Comologno, various artists have decorated houses in the village with frescos.

Crana
During the Ancien Régime, Crana belonged to the Squadra of Crana which included the territory of Vocaglia, Comologno and Spruga, and was part of the old municipality of Onsernone. The modern village was created during the institutional changes of the Act of Mediation in 1803. Crana is known for the over 5,000 holders of heimatrecht in the village. The heimatrecht is similar to place of birth in other countries, and the heimatort is used on Swiss passports. A person maintains their heimatort regardless of whether they have ever lived in the municipality. The reason for the high number of heimatrecht holders is that the village sold the heimatrecht, which conferred local citizenry (and thus Swiss citizenship) to help make up for the low village income.

The parish was created in 1787 when the village split away from the Russo parish. The Church of SS Peter and Paul was built in 1676.

The present population is made up of retirees and commuters who work in the Onsernone valley and in the agglomeration of Locarno.

Russo
During the Ancien Régime, Russo belonged to the Squadra of Russo, part of the old municipality of Onsernone.

The parish was probably created in 1656, when it separated from Loco. It included Comologno until 1715, Vergeletto until 1757, and Crana until 1787. The parish church of S. Maria Assunta is first mentioned in 1365, and was renovated in 1995–2002.

Until about the mid-20th century, agriculture, animal husbandry and straw plaiting were the main sources of income in the village. This was supplemented by the traditional seasonal migration. While the number of inhabitants had decreased consistently over the decades, it began increasing in the 1970s. In 1989, the opening of the Centro sociale onsernonese nursing home provided a few dozen jobs in the village.

Vergeletto
In the Middle Ages Vergeletto belonged to the Onsernone Vicinanza and to the squadra of Russo. In 1803 the municipality of Vergeletto also included the municipality of Gresso, both municipalities separated into independent municipalities in 1882. Vergeletto was part of the parish of Russo until 1757, when it became an autonomous parish.

Gresso
The discovery of a Roman tomb from the 1st-2nd Century AD, with pottery and coins, proves that Gresso was part of the outer-most reaches of the Vicus of Muralto. The modern village of Gresso is first mentioned in 1316 as Agrassio. Until 1803, Gresso was part of the Squadra of Russo, one of five Squadre, that formed the medieval community of Onsernone.

The village church has always been part of the parish of Vergeletto. The Chapel of S. Orsola was built in 1703 and rebuilt in 1730. It was renovated in the late 20th century.

The village didn't have a drivable road until 1885. The local economy was based on agriculture, animal husbandry, and, for a time, emigration. Most of the population is elderly, the few younger residents have either moved away or commute to Locarno.

Mosogno
Mosogno is first mentioned in 1277 as Mosogno. In 1352 it was mentioned as Muxognio. In the Middle Ages, it was one of the five Squadre that made up the community of Onsernone. It became an independent municipality in 1803.

The church of S. Bernardo was built along the road in 1596. It became parish church and center of its own parish after it separated from Loco in 1685. The settlement of Mosogno Sotto has had the Chapel St. Maria Addolorata since 1684. In 1657 the chapel of S. Maria della Natività was built in Bairon, while in Chiosso the chapel of S. Giacomo was built in the second half of the 17th century.

The decline of the straw factory, emigration and recent migration to urban centers, have led to a steady decline in population since the late 19th century.

Auressio
Auressio is first mentioned in 1233 as Oraxio.

Until the 19th century, the village had much closer ties to Piedmont than to the rest of the Onsernone valley. The construction of the road through the valley in the 19th century brought it closer to the rest of the valley.

The church of S. Antonio Abate was finished in 1526 and became the center of an independent parish in 1792 after it separated from Loco.

After World War II farming and grazing were almost abandoned and replaced by short-term, seasonal emigration. The improved transport links to the nearby town of Locarno increased Auressio's attractiveness as a place to live for those that were employed in Locarno. This led to a clear population increase in recent years.

One notable building in Auressio is the Villa Edera, which was built in 1887, for the Paris impresario Paolo Antonio Calzonio. It was restored in the early 1990s by the municipality and is now used as a hostel.

Berzona
Berzona is first mentioned in 1265 as Berzona.

The village section of Seghelina is located directly on the main road, while the main village of Berzona is above the road. During the Middle Ages it was part of the Squadra of Onsernone.

The church of S. Defendente was built in 1564 and became a parish church when it separated from Loco in 1777. The section of Seghelina has the chapels of Santa Maria (1682) and S. Maria Lauretana (1766). The political municipality was created at the same time as the Canton of Ticino in 1803.

After World War II, much of the village population emigrated and sold their properties to outsiders. Many people who bought houses in Berzona were well known personalities from the arts and culture, such as Alfred Andersch, Golo Mann and Max Frisch. Today, the village is shrinking as few jobs in farming and grazing remain and most of the working population have moved to Locarno.

Loco
Loco is first mentioned in 1224 as Loco and was also known as Luogo.

Loco also contained the hamlets of Niva and Rossa.

From the Middle Ages until the end of the Ancien Régime Loco was the capital of the old Onsernone valley community. The parish church of San Remigio was the mother church of the valley and ancient seat of the Vicariate of Onsernone valley. It is first mentioned in 1228 (in the municipal archives), but is probably older. In the early 16th century it was rebuilt and acquired its current steeple. It houses the Holy Cross chapel with an ancient, venerated cross relic. The church is also the home of a Last Supper painting by the Flemish painter Godefridus Maes from 1683. In the hamlet of Niva, there is a late baroque chapel of St. John Nepomuk. The chapel in Sassello is from the late 17th century and is dedicated to the Madonna of Re.

In the 19th century, Loco was a center of the straw braiding for hats, bags and other articles. The straw braids that were used for this purpose were produced in the other villages of the Onsernone valley.

In addition to the typical houses with balconies, a number of aristocratic mansions are located in the village. These include the Casa Broggini (built 1708) in Rossa.

The primary school for the area is located in Loco, along with the Onsernonese Museum (opened 1966) and the renovated retirement home of the Onsernone valley. Near Loco, in a restored mill, there is a permanent exhibition on the grain milling in the area. Casa Shira (built in the 19th century, now owned by the community) has a small public library and a hostel.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the majority of the workers commuted to Locarno.

Geography
After the 2016 merger Onsernone had an area of.

Before the 2016 merger, Onsernone had an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey) of 29.88 km2. Of this area, about 5.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 83.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and 9.7% is unproductive land. Over the past two decades (1979/85-2004/09) the amount of land that is settled has increased by 3 ha and the agricultural land has decreased by 63 ha.

The municipality is located in the Locarno district, in the lower Onsernone valley, about 25 km from Locarno. Before 2016, Onsernone consisted only of the villages of Comologno, Crana and Russo as well as the settlements of Vocaglia, Corbella, Cappellino and Spruga. That municipality was formed in 1995 from the three formerly independent villages. The drawn out merger process began in the 1970s.

Demographics
Onsernone has a population of. , 5.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of -11.2%.

Most of the population speaks Italian (79.5%), with German being second most common (14.9%) and French being third (4.0%). Of the Swiss national languages, 48 speak German, 13 people speak French, 256 people speak Italian. The remainder (5 people) speak another language.

, the gender distribution of the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 134 Swiss men (45.4% of the population), and 6 (2.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 145 Swiss women (49.2%), and 10 (3.4%) non-Swiss women.

In there were 5 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 5 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 non-Swiss man and 1 non-Swiss woman who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 1 and the non-Swiss population change was a decrease of 2 people. This represents a population growth rate of -0.3%.

The age distribution,, in Onsernone is; 14 children or 4.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 23 teenagers or 7.8% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 30 people or 10.2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 19 people or 6.4% are between 30 and 39, 34 people or 11.5% are between 40 and 49, and 61 people or 20.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 48 people or 16.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 34 people or 11.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 32 people or 10.8% who are over 80.

, there were 147 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2. persons per household. there were 337 single family homes (or 75.7% of the total) out of a total of 445 inhabited buildings. There were 61 two family buildings (13.7%) and 27 multi-family buildings (6.1%). There were also 20 buildings in the municipality that were multipurpose buildings (used for both housing and commercial or another purpose).

The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.85%. there were 582 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 3 room apartment of which there were 150. There were 86 single room apartments and 90 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 147 apartments (25.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 429 apartments (73.7%) were seasonally occupied and 6 apartments (1.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents.

The historical population is given in the following tables:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Palazzo Della Barca and the Museo Onsernonese are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The villages of Comologno, Russo, Gresso, Mosogno di sotto, Auressio, Berzona and Loco are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SP with 36.0% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (24.3%), the CVP (18.0%) and a party or parties listed as other (6.6%). In the federal election, a total of 120 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 35.5%.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 29.95% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (27%), the CVP (16.98%) and the SVP (12.62%). In the federal election, a total of 116 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 30.3%.

In the Gran Consiglio election, there were a total of 312 registered voters in Onsernone, of which 131 or 42.0% voted. 1 blank ballot and 1 null ballot was cast, leaving 129 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PS which received 44 or 34.1% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 27 or 20.9%), the SSI (with 26 or 20.2%) and the LEGA (with 17 or 13.2%).

In the Consiglio di Stato election, 1 null ballot was cast, leaving 130 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PS which received 43 or 33.1% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 26 or 20.0%), the PLRT (with 26 or 20.0%) and the LEGA (with 22 or 16.9%).

Economy
, Onsernone had an unemployment rate of 3.18%. , there were 13 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. 16 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 90 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 13 businesses in this sector. There were 124 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 32.3% of the workforce.

, there were 32 workers who commuted into the municipality and 44 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 12.5% of the workforce coming into Onsernone are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 6.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 50% used a private car. , there was one hotel in Onsernone.

Religion
From the, 232 or 72.0% were Roman Catholic, while 18 or 5.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 58 individuals (or about 18.01% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 14 individuals (or about 4.35% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Onsernone about 68.7% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

In Onsernone there were a total of 36 students. The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Onsernone there were 5 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the village, 10 students attended the standard primary schools and 2 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 9 students in the two-year middle school, while 1 students were in the four-year advanced program.

The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 2 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 6 who attend part-time.

The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There was 1 student in the professional program.

, there were 15 students from Onsernone who attended schools outside the municipality.

Crime
In 2014 the crime rate, of the over 200 crimes listed in the Swiss Criminal Code (running from murder, robbery and assault to accepting bribes and election fraud), in Onsernone was 51 per thousand residents, slightly lower than the national average (64.6 per thousand). During the same period, the rate of drug crimes and violations of immigration, visa and work permit was 0 per thousand residents.

Weather
The Mosogno weather station has an average of 104.8 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 2032 mm of precipitation. The wettest month is September during which time Mosogno receives an average of 244 mm of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 7.7 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 13.6, but with only 236 mm of rain or snow. The driest month of the year is December with an average of 72 mm of precipitation over 5.6 days.

Coat of Arms
The 1995-2019 coat of arms symbolized the coming together of three municipalities to form a new one. It depicts a bridge in the background with 3 arches (symbolizing Comologno, Crana, and Russo) and a white bridge in front (Onsernone) spanning them.

After the fusion of five additional municipalities into Onsernone, a new coat of arms was adopted in 2019. It depicts the rye straw weaving which was the mainstay of the region's economy in the 19th Century, and also alludes to the weaving together of smaller municipalities into the larger municipality of Onsernone. At bottom, the coat of arms shows two waves of water symbolizing the River Isorno which carved the Onsernone Valley.

title: Onsernone


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Issoire

Issoire (Auvergnat: Issoire, Ussoire) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

Geography
Issoire is located on the river Couze, near its confluence with the Allier, 40 km SSE of Clermont-Ferrand on the Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée railway to Nîmes. Issoire is situated in one of the fertile plains of the Petites Limagnes—basins that follow the Allier from its source in the Massif Central to the Grande Limagne north of Clermont-Ferrand and on to the Loire.

Climate
On average, Issoire experiences 67.6 days per year with a minimum temperature below 0 C, 2.1 days per year with a minimum temperature below -10 C, 5.8 days per year with a maximum temperature below 0 C, and 30.3 days per year with a maximum temperature above 30 C. The record high temperature was 40.3 C on 7 July 2015, while the record low temperature was -17.6 C on 30 January 2005.

History
Issoire (Iciodurum) is said to have been founded by the Arverni, and in Roman times rose to some reputation for its schools. In the 5th century the Christian community established there by Stremonius in the same century was overthrown by the fury of the Vandals.

During the religious wars of the Reformation, Issoire suffered very severely. Merle, the leader of the Protestants, captured the town in 1574, and treated the inhabitants with great cruelty. The Roman Catholics retook it in 1577, and the ferocity of their retaliation may be inferred from the inscription "Ici fut Issoire" ("Here was Issoire") carved on a pillar which was raised on the site of the town. In the contest between the Leaguers and Henry IV, Issoire sustained further sieges, and never wholly regained its early prosperity.

Economy
Voxan motorcycles were manufactured at Issoire. Also, tourists often visit the village to see the church of Saint-Austremoine.

Sights
The church of Saint-Austremoine is built on the site of an older chapel raised over the tomb of St. Austremoine (Stremonius), and affords an excellent specimen of the Romanesque architecture of Auvergne. There is also a clock tower and the museum of the philosopher's stone.

People born in Issoire

 * François Albert-Buisson
 * Agénor Altaroche
 * Auguste Bravard
 * Antoine Duprat
 * François George-Hainl
 * Auguste Pomel
 * Florent Sauvadet

Twin towns

 * 🇩🇪 Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Germany, since 1971.

title: Issoire


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Femme Fatale (2002 film)

Femme Fatale is a 2002 erotic thriller film written and directed by Brian De Palma. The film stars Antonio Banderas and Rebecca Romijn-Stamos. It was screened out of competition at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival.

Upon its release, Femme Fatale received mixed reviews from film critics and became a box office flop. However, the film has since been better received by many critics and gradually regarded as a cult classic. Warner Bros. had included the film in the catalogue of Warner Archive Collection. In May 2022, Shout! Factory (under license from Warner Bros) released a special edition Blu-ray of the film.

Plot
Mercenary thief Laure Ash is part of a team executing a diamond heist at the Cannes Film Festival. The diamonds are located on a gold ensemble worn by model Veronica, who is accompanying real-life director Régis Wargnier to the premiere of his film East/West. Laure seduces Veronica in order to obtain the diamonds, during which her accomplices "Black Tie" and Racine provide support. However, the heist is botched and Laure ends up double-crossing her accomplices and escaping to Paris with the diamonds. In Paris, a series of events causes Laure to be mistaken for a missing Parisian woman named Lily who had recently disappeared. While Laure luxuriates in a tub in Lily's home, the real Lily returns and commits suicide while Laure secretly watches, providing Laure the opportunity to take her identity for good, and she leaves the country for the United States.

Seven years later, Laure (in her identity as "Lily") resurfaces in Paris as the wife of Bruce Watts, the new American ambassador to France. After arriving in France, a Spanish paparazzo named Nicolas Bardo takes her picture. The picture is displayed around Paris, and Black Tie (who has coincidentally been released from prison seven years after being arrested for the heist) spots Bardo's photo while in the middle of killing a woman, seen talking earlier with Laure at a café, by throwing her into the path of a speeding truck. With Laure exposed to her vengeful ex-accomplices, she decides to frame Bardo for her own (staged) kidnapping. Bardo is further manipulated by Laure into following through with the "kidnapping", and in the process, they begin a sexual relationship. The pair eventually meet with Bruce for a ransom exchange; however, Bardo has a crisis of conscience at the last moment and sabotages the scheme. In retaliation, Laure executes both Bruce and Bardo, only to be surprised by her ex-accomplices afterwards who promptly throw her off a bridge to her seeming death.

In an extended twist ending, the entirety of the film's events after Laure enters the tub in Lily's home are revealed to be a dream. In reality, Laure spies Lily entering the home as before, but this time Laure stops Lily from committing suicide. Seven years later, Laure and Veronica, who is revealed to have been Laure's partner all along, chat about the success of their diamond caper. Black Tie and Racine arrive seeking revenge, but they are indirectly killed by the same truck that killed Veronica in Laure's dream. Bardo, witnessing all these events, introduces himself to Laure, swearing that he has met her before, with Laure replying "Only in my dreams."

Cast

 * Rebecca Romijn as Laure Ash / Lily Watts
 * Antonio Banderas as Nicolas Bardo
 * Peter Coyote as Ambassador Bruce Hewitt Watts
 * Eriq Ebouaney as Black Tie
 * Édouard Montoute as Racine
 * Rie Rasmussen as Veronica
 * Thierry Frémont as Inspector Serra
 * Gregg Henry as Shiff
 * Éva Darlan as Irma
 * Fiona Curzon as Stanfield Phillips

Box office
The film was a box office bomb, taking in less than its production costs worldwide. It grossed $6.6 million domestically and $10 million internationally for a worldwide total of $16.8 million.

In North America, the film played very well in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto and Chicago, but also played weakly in the mid-section of the country.

The film generated more than $19.66 million in home video rentals in the United States (significantly higher than the film's United States box office gross).

Critical reception
The film received mixed reviews during its theatrical release. The film has a 49% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 137 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website’s critics consensus reads, "The thriller Femme Fatale is overheated, nonsensical, and silly."

Among the critics who praised the film were A.O. Scott of The New York Times and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, the latter of whom gave a 4-star review and called it one of De Palma's best films. Scott wrote, "More than a quarter-century after Obsession, his feverish tribute to Vertigo, Mr. De Palma is still worshiping at the shrine of Hitchcock, as well as indulging in a good deal of auto-homage. Voyeurism, doubles, ambient paranoia -- the director's favorite motifs parade before us, along with winking allusions to Dressed to Kill, Body Double and Blow Out. Though it lacks the prickly, probing sense of human vulnerability that made those movies disturbing as well as exciting, Femme Fatale is far more absorbing and tantalizing than most of the plodding, overworked thrillers the studios churn out these days. Its brazenly illogical plot twists should embarrass lesser filmmakers who tout mechanical, uninteresting surprise endings."

Ebert wrote, "Sly as a snake, Brian De Palma's Femme Fatale is a sexy thriller that coils back on itself in seductive deception. This is pure filmmaking, elegant and slippery. I haven't had as much fun second-guessing a movie since Mulholland Drive."

At the 2002 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film received nominations for Worst Director (De Palma) and Worst Actress (Romijn-Stamos, also for Rollerball). Romijn-Stamos ended up winning Worst Female Fake Accent for this film and Rollerball.

Since then, Femme Fatale has been being revived in the eyes of many critics. The film has since developed a cult status amongst cinephiles.

title: Femme Fatale (2002 film)


text:
Namaqua chameleon

The Namaqua chameleon (Chamaeleo namaquensis) is a ground-living lizard found in the western desert regions of Namibia, South Africa and southern Angola.

General anatomy
Chamaeleo namaquensis is one of the largest chameleon species in southern Africa, and reaches up to 25 cm in length. Females are larger than males, though the latter are proportionately more robust and have larger heads and head ornamentation, as well as a bulge under the tail base due to the presence of hemipenes. Its tail is far shorter than its body and those of other arboreal chameleons as an adaptation to its primarily terrestrial habitat. It has large dorsal spines and a prominent, pointed casque on the back of its head and lacks the neck flap of other Chamaeleo species. Like many chameleons, this species has nasal salt glands which excretes excess minerals such as sodium chloride and potassium.

It has hygroscopic skin, and shares a feature with some other lizards (such as the thorny devil, Texas horned lizard, Saara hardwickii, and the giant girdled lizard) in that it can drink moisture in contact with its scales through capillary action.

Thermoregulation
Although capable of changing colour, this chameleon is usually some shade of grey or brown with several lighter patches on the flank, dark patches below the dorsal ridge and yellow or red striping on the throat. This ability aids in thermoregulation, becoming black in the cooler morning to absorb heat more efficiently, then a lighter grey color to reflect light during the heat of the day — or showing both colors at the same time, neatly separated left from right by the spine. Like most desert animals, it is adapted to high environmental temperatures, but can also tolerate periods of low temperatures. Although temperature varies throughout the year, the natural habitat of this species has a yearly average coastal temperature of 19.3 °C in the air, and 26.6-31.8 °C on the substrate surface. Further inland, air temperature averages at 24.1 °C while substrate temperatures average between 30-34.5 °C.

Distribution
This chameleon species occurs naturally throughout the arid western part of southern Africa, and is particularly common in the Namib Desert. It is recorded as far south as Sutherland, in the Western Cape, South Africa, and as far north as southern Angola. In the furthest eastern edge of its range, in eastern Namibia, it overlaps with the natural range of its relative, the flap-necked chameleon.

Within its natural range, it inhabits arid and semi-arid areas, such as Karoo shrubland, sandy desert and gravel plains, even foraging in intertidal zones. It is terrestrial, and is usually seen walking along the ground, although young are often found climbing.

Feeding habits
Unlike the arboreal chameleons of the genus Chamaeleo, its tail is not prehensile, but otherwise it still hunts in the same way, slowly stalking its prey and catching it with its long tongue. Unusually for a chameleon, they will also chase down prey attempting to flee and will sometimes seize them with their jaws rather than with their tongue. Namaqua chameleons primarily feed on insects, eating mostly tenebrionid beetles and to a lesser extent oedipodine grasshoppers. They will occasionally feed on lizards (including young chameleons of their own species), snakes, and various other arthropods. In one exceptional case, an individual was seen catching and killing a Peringuey's adder twice its own length. They mostly hunt their prey in sandy dunes and rocky areas, but some coastal populations also forage for marine arthropods in intertidal zones, making it the only chameleon species to do so. Although typically feeding on live prey, in captivity they can sometimes be weaned onto dead food items.

When hunting potentially dangerous prey, individuals quickly learn to disable its weapons first (biting the heads of snakes and lizards, the fangs of spiders, the stingers of scorpions and hymenopterans, etc) before finally dispatching and consuming it.

This species also regularly consumes plant matter in the wild, and is one of several chameleon species recorded doing so. Plant matter may account for up to 29.1% of their diet amongst coastal populations and 20% amongst those inland, although an average of 2.8% for coastal and 1.5% for inland populations are more common. Of plant material, the "fleshy parts" of Zygophyllum stapffi are most commonly eaten. In captivity, plant matter is still consumed, especially succulents, but less frequently than in the wild. This suggests that the species may actually be an omnivorous chameleon, which is further supported by the presence of potassium in the excretions of the nasal glands as is the case with herbivorous lizards.

Inorganic material such as small stones, gravel, and sand are also ingested. They account for as much as 30% of the diet in coastal populations and 1.1% in inland populations, although an average of 6.2% and 0.5% is more common, respectively. It has been suggested that inorganic material may help with digestion or removing parasites. Regarding the former explanation, coastal populations which ingest more plant material also ingest more inorganic material.

This species has a high metabolic rate and is voracious, often feeding until the stomach has been completely filled, and immediately begins feeding again after food has traveled to the small intestine. Individuals in the wild are usually found gorged to the limit; an adult has an average of 12 meals a day, each meal usually consisting of about 19-23 large darkling beetles. This is a reflection of food in the Namib Desert being highly abundant and constantly available; a condition that is difficult to replicate in captivity. As a result, captive individuals do not grow as fast as they do in the wild.

Water
Water is of critical importance to Namaqua chameleons, which drink dew water and fog condensation on surfaces such as vegetation, rocks, and sand. Heavy fog rolling in from the ocean occurs most days of the year through much of their habitat, being present in the mornings and afternoons, but occasionally persisting through the entire day. They also obtain moisture content from food, especially darkling beetles and plant matter. However, they can also drink water through capillary action; small channels in the scales can transport water across the body. In an experiment, dyed water placed on the side of its body visibly moved to its back and towards the head and tail. The chameleon then turned its head and drank the water that collected on its body.

More unusually for a desert reptile, it has an extraordinarily small bladder that is nearly useless for storing water. Furthermore, little storage space for water is available in the gut as it is typically filled with food. It appears that this is because sufficient water is readily available through regular fogs, food, and the cloaca reabsorbing moisture from urine, the latter which is aided by the salt glands removing excess minerals. Additionally, as a reptile, its rate of loss of water is far lower than in mammals and can also obtain relatively more water from the protein degradation of food. However, this species must have a regular source of drinking water other than its food and humidity in order to survive.

Predation
Namaqua chameleons are preyed upon by jackals, hawks, and eagles, and possibly monitor lizards. Similar to other chameleon species in areas near human habitation, it falls victim to introduced predators such as domestic cats, dogs and foxes. This species runs fast for a chameleon however and will do so to evade potential danger. It will also defend itself by quickly turning black, inflating the body and gular pouch, hissing, and gaping the bright yellow mouth in an attempt to startle the threat to buy enough time to flee. If cornered, it will charge and try to bite the attacker with its powerful jaws, and if successful, violently rips and tears at the flesh without letting go.

Social
Namaqua chameleons become fiercely territorial upon reaching adulthood, and begin to maintain vast territories. Territorial conflicts when territories overlap are common. Such conflicts between same sex individuals are far more common, but male-female conflicts occur as well. Females are larger and more aggressive than males; as a result, territorial disputes between females are somewhat more common than in males. Nevertheless, females hold far smaller territories than males. The average territory size of females is 868 m² amongst inland and 382 m² amongst coastal populations. Males hold territories averaging 1,250 m² amongst inland and 1,718 m² amongst coastal populations. During such conflicts, individuals often severely injure each other. After mating, the individual holding the territory will forcefully evict the other.

Juveniles meanwhile are not seen as a territorial threat by adults and are in this respect ignored. Juveniles do not hold territories and have a shifting home range, and as such will even sleep with other juveniles when given the opportunity.

While territories cannot be held in captivity, they are known to defend resting and nesting areas of about 35cm in diameter in captive settings. However, the defence of immediate nesting sites occurs only in captivity.

Reproduction
Breeding can occur at any point in the year, after which eggs spend a gestation period of 35-45 days inside the mother. Adult females lay around 2-3 clutches of eggs a year, although occasionally may lay up to 4. Each clutch consists of 10-13 eggs, but may be as large as 22 eggs or as little as 6. Eggs are buried under loose gravel and in a layer of moist sand, as dried sand shrivels up the eggs. Sometimes an extension of their resting burrow may be excavated for egg laying. Such behaviour may indicate a level of parental care of eggs due to the close proximity of the eggs to the parent throughout incubation. In the wild, a 20-25 cm deep burrow is excavated, and the eggs are laid in the burrow at a depth of 15 cm to reach the damp layer of sand. In captive settings, eggs may be buried about 10cm under the substrate. Groups of 6-8 eggs are laid in layers, with one layer being buried before laying another directly above. Excavation and laying last 8-10 hours. Unusually in captive settings, other chameleons of either sex may assist in covering the hole after laying. Eggs have a gestation period of 35-45 days inside the mother, and take about 100 days to hatch after being laid. Compared to adults, young prefer and are more skilled at climbing. Females become sexually mature by 150 days, and males by 210 days. Like many chameleons and other lizards, females can store sperm after mating once so that more fertile eggs may be laid months later.

Laying is taxing on females and depletes their fat reserves. Females subsequently eat as much as the stomach capacity allows. In captive settings, females should be allowed to eat as much as they want after laying.

Due to the especially advanced state of embryos and eggs by the time they are laid, it has been suggested that this species is in the process of evolving ovoviviparity.

Courtship
During courtship, adults adopt a mottled and spotted colouration. Like some iguanids, only recently ovulated females are receptive to mating. Non-receptive females will attack males attempting to mate, and the size disparity often causes serious injury or even death of the male.

Burrowing
Unlike more arboreal chameleon species, Namaqua chameleons often utilize burrows as retreats. Sometimes they will take advantage of abandoned rodent burrows, but will often excavate their own as well.

Conservation
Namaqua chameleons are listed as CITES II. In 2012, the filming of the Mad Max sequel Fury Road caused damage to Namaqua chameleon habitat in Dorob National Park and Namib-Naukluft National Park.

title: Namaqua chameleon


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Peter Lee and Mario Roering

Question, since I've never contributed to these before
I thought I might add that since the protection of the pages (I think, the dates need to be checked) it has spilled over into a single link war on the Karate page, with many version references to support it. However I don't know where I am and should put this. Bihal 22:07, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Including I think the 3 reverts rule by both parties. Bihal 22:09, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

PS: I also agree completely with the opinions expressed that Mario seems to be otherwise a correctly contributing Wikipedian. Bihal 22:09, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This is a pity and the parties to that revert would do well to desist. If this winds up at Arbitration, they can be sure that evidence of those revert wars will be included too. However, RfCs are for one issue at a time, so it should not really be added to the front page. If you have an outside view to contribute, it should be added to the Outside Views section of the front page. The 3RR covers periods of 24 hours at a time, and I'm not sure that the relevant IPs or users have reverted 4 times in 24 hours. If you think they have, then you should file a report at WP:AN/3. -Splash 22:45, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, but I don't think I will comment since my views are entirely related to the main Karate page, and not to the particular pages that are the subject of this RfC. I don't think my comments are substantial or substantiated enough to be valid here. Bihal 04:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)


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User talk:Nabu

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 22:07, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Welcome
Hi Nabu. I've edited a couple of your articles (CONICET, Arturo Frondizi) mostly because of formatting; the first opening paragraphs of an article shouldn't have a title. You can join the Argentine Notice Board to share ideas and information with other wikipedians working in articles related to Argentina.

I also wanted to remind you that we cannot put copyrighted material on the Wikipedia, and that includes articles, or translation of articles.

your very extensive Arturo Frondizi's article seas to be also a little biased, what means there a lot about what his supporters say, and little about what his retractors think.

I'm sure you will soon be able to find the difficult balance that it means being objective. Once again, your contributions are very welcome, and hope you help expand the Wikipedia. Good wiking, Mariano 08:13, 30 August 2005 (UTC).

 * Hi, I've checked you edited the articles I've been working, most notably CONICET and Arturo Frondizi. Many thanks for spending some time in reviewing these articles, it proved to be a necessary help as a I'm an inexperienced wikipedian. You mention that the article about Arturo Frondizi is biased since it focus various times on what his supporters say. Well, the article is focus to discuss the successes and the failures of Frondizi's administration. Due to a essay limitation (which is discussed in the article) the ammount of references is limited. I believe that the article is as impartial as possible, taking into account it's format previously mentioned. Of course I plan to expand it in the future to contain more sections (such as politics, etc) as well as more references. I would appreciate if you could quote which fragments you consider biased so I could rewrite them. The phrase to which apparently you make reference "His supporters claim that his presidency allowed Argentina to survive 30 more years of military and Peronista rule without a total economic collapse.", present in the introduction of the article, was previusly there (I did not write it), and I agree with you, that it's a clearly biased statement, so I removed it. Oh, and finally, there is no copyright material in the article, the essay is based on previous work by myself. If you think there is, please tell me. Thanks again, --Nabu 23:45, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi there, I brought your answer here, so we can have a coherent discussion where we can see what was said, and in which order. (That's the way I do it, not necessary a standard).

I'm glad to hear you are the legitimate author of the article! Being a new user I wasn't sure you understand all the problems we have here regarding copyrights.

First I have to recognize I didn't read the hole article. What I read of article seamed good, though it doesn't look like any other article I know in the encyclopedia. Again, that's not (necessarily) a bad thing! Mainly, I would join and squeeze the Introductions with the conclusions of each subsection, and leave it as an introduction without sub-subtitle (the other sub-subtitles are OK)

But take it this only as an advice! I suggest you take a look at other articles in the Wikipedia, specially well known politicians, and try to take the best of their formats and ways.

About biased text, there are thing that can be more nicely writen.

"He attempted to lift a ban on Peronist parties and met with Che Guevara. This caused the military to withdraw its support and he was forced from office."

I would rephrase this as :

"He showed a "progressive?" profile that can be deduced form some of his actions, such as being in favour of the elimination of the ban on Peronist parties, and also met with Che Guevara. He won this way the apathy of the military who would then withdraw its support and forced him from office." (please don't use exactly this, it stinks as it is)

If you see what I mean: Was it because of this that he was withdrawn? Sure it help it happening, but can't say it was because he met with Guevara.

Sorry if I over extended. Hope to see lost of your edits around!! -Mariano 05:10, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

PS:Forgot to mention: I'm going for a week, come back next wednesday.

title: User talk:Nabu


text:
KinderCare Learning Centers

KinderCare Learning Centers, LLC is an American operator of for-profit child care and early childhood education facilities founded in 1969 and currently owned by KinderCare Education based in Portland, Oregon. The company provides educational programs for children from six weeks to 12 years old. KinderCare is the third-largest privately held company headquartered in Oregon. In 39 states and the District of Columbia, some 200,000 children are enrolled in more than 1,250 (as of 2023) early childhood education community centers, over 600 before-and-after school programs, and over 100 employer-sponsored centers. In 2021, revenue was US$7.8B (2021). In 2022, it acquired Crème de la Crème, a former competitor that provided complementary services.

Founding
Perry Mendel, a real estate developer, founded KinderCare Nursery Schools after speculating that increasing numbers of women entering the workforce would increase demand for preschool child care. The first facility was opened on July 14, 1969 on Sunshine Drive in Montgomery, Alabama accommodating 70 children. A second facility was opened in 1970, and the company changed its name to Kinder-Care Learning Centers, Inc. By 1971, 19 centers were in operation and the first infant care was offered. The firm went public in 1972; by 1974, the company had 60 centers located in 17 states and over 500 employees nationwide. The company's first major acquisition came in 1977, when it purchased the 15 facilities of Playcare. In 1979, it acquired Mini-Skools, Living and Learning, and American Pre-Schools. In 1985, the company opened its 1,000th center.

In 1987, Kinder-Care stated it was expanding at the rate of one new center every three days. It also acquired Sylvan Learning Centers, a provider of supplemental instruction and tutoring.

In 1992, the company updated its bell tower logo and began to render the KinderCare name in camel case.

Bankruptcy
In the 1980s, Kinder-Care, like several public companies of the time, attempted a conglomeration business strategy to raise revenue, as its investors forced it to purchase completely unrelated companies such as American Savings for $188 million. They also purchased photo studios, shoe stores and a foreign fertilizer manufacturer.

Chief Executive Grassgreen, informed by 'junk bond king' Michael Milken from the firm of Drexel Burnham Lambert, led the company on an ill-conceived diversification plan in the late 1980s. As a result, the company's debt load increased from $10 million to about $620 million in 1988. The company found itself in deep financial trouble after Black Monday crash of 1987.

During this period, Tull Gearreald, an investment banker, took command of the company as president and CEO. Caught in a cash squeeze in January 1991, Kinder-Care stopped paying interest on its debt. Still faltering under its high debt load, KinderCare filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on November 10, 1992. The company continued operating, although, according to a 1988 Forbes article, less than half of Kinder-Care's sales and profits for the year were expected to come from its child care centers. In January 1993, in a move that helped their balance sheet, KinderCare sold off Sylvan Learning Centers for $8 million.

Post-2000 financial history
KinderCare was acquired in 2005 by the Knowledge Learning Corporation (KLC) division of Knowledge Universe. By coincidence, KU was privately founded and owned by Michael Milken since 1996, five years after his prison release. The deal, valued at over US$1 billion, made KLC the nation's largest private childcare and education provider.

In 2012, company revenues were $1.45 billion, down from $1.6 billion in 2010. Revenue rose to UD7.8 billion in 2021.

In July 2015, Partners Group, a Swiss enterprise, bought Knowledge Universe. Knowledge Universe renamed itself as KinderCare Education in January 2016. The parent company, KinderCare Education, also operates Knowledge Beginnings, Children's Creative Learning Centers (CCLC), and Champions. In 2022, it acquired Crème de la Crème, a former competitor that provided complementary services.

COVID-19 response
During the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, KinderCare temporarily shut down 1100 of their approximately 1500 daycare centers, leaving the centers that have large proportions of first responders and healthcare workers.

IPO Filing
In October 2021, The Oregonian reported that Kindercare confidentially filed for an IPO. The company then postponed citing regulatory delays.

Accreditation
The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and other associations have accredited over 700 KLC centers.

Quality of care and education
Research in Maryland found that children who had attended KinderCare were more likely to be ready for school.

Criticism and legal challenges
The company has been criticized as being part of the "McDonaldization of society". George Ritzer criticizes the company for "hir[ing] short-term employees with little or no experience in child care".

The company has been the subject of legal challenges. In Roberts v. KinderCare Learning Centers, Inc. the judgment was found for KinderCare. In Jesi Stuthard and ADA v. Kindercare Learning Centers, Inc. judgment was against KinderCare.

title: KinderCare Learning Centers