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Kildare GAA

The Kildare County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), or Kildare GAA, is one of 12 county boards governed by the Leinster provincial council of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for the administration of Gaelic games in County Kildare. The Lillie's play in the second tier of county football.

The County Board is responsible for preparing the Kildare county teams in the various Gaelic sporting codes; football, hurling and camogie.

The county football team won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) on four occasions in less than 25 years at the beginning of the 20th century and had accumulated ten Leinster Senior Football Championships by 1935; however, it then went into decline. It last reached an All-Ireland SFC final in 1998 after a gap of 63 years without an appearance in the decider.

Colours and crest
The Kildare crest had a serpent on it until 1993, reflecting that of Kildare County Council, itself based on the crest for the town of Naas. When Kildare County Council had the Heraldic Office of Ireland create a proper crest in 1991, and with Kildare fans regarding the serpent as a bad omen, the Kildare Supporters' Club requested a new one for their county teams; this featured acorns above a bunch of lilies (the county council one differed in that it had a Brigid's cross, a harp, a horse's head and acorns). Kildare still lost in the first round of the Leinster Senior Football Championship (SFC) for three years afterwards, from 1994 until 1996.

History
Gaelic games predate recorded sporting history in Kildare. Hurling on Lyons Hill was featured in the Book of Leinster. The Curragh of Kildare was the venue for the fairs and festivals of ancient Ireland called the Aonach Colmáin. Local references to football go back to medieval times. An English traveller, John Dundon, described a hurling match in Naas in 1699. A handball alley near Rathangan bears the date 1790, though the oldest known alley is located near Moone. A match at Timolin in February 1792, resulted in a riot that was reported in local newspapers. There is also a reference to an inter-county match between Kildare and Meath GAA in 1797 which was attended by Lord Edward Fitzgerald. Valentine Lawless, Lord of Cloncurry, describes how Wogan Browne, an 18th-century grandee, lost his Justice of the Peace status for kicking off a football match in the Clane area, also in 1797.

Summer athletics meetings in Kildare predate the GAA. John Wyse Power, then editor of local newspaper The Leinster Leader, attended the foundation meeting of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in Thurles in 1884. In February 1885, Sallins GAA, Straffan GAA, Naas GAA and the Suncroft GAA played in the first four football matches governed under new GAA rules.

A county committee was established in 1887. Kildare entered the second championships in 1888 and was represented by Clane GAA. Tommy Conneff from Clane, who went on to hold the world record for the mile, was among the first GAA athletic champions.

County board structure
The Kildare County Board, which meets once a month in St Conleth's Park, is the highest authority within the county. It is responsible for running all adult football competitions, the Under 21 championships, and minor leagues and championships. Every club sends one delegate. There is a separate board responsible for hurling, which is a subsidiary board to the county board.

Juvenile hurling and football is administered by Bord na nÓg which runs Under 14, 15 and 16 competitions. Under 13 and younger grades are separated into a North Board and South Board.

The current Kildare county board is structured as follows:

Chairperson: Mick Gorman (St. Laurence's)

Vice-Chair: Colm Farrell (Johnstownbridge)

Secretary: Christine Murray (Moorefield)

PRO: Lorraine O'Connor (Naas)

Treasurer: Alan Dunney (Caragh)

Oifigeach Gaeilge: Seamus Ó Midheach (Ardclough)

Clubs
Kildare is very much a footballing county, with 105 teams from 45 clubs competing in the Senior, Intermediate and Junior Football Leagues. The highest-achieving club is Sarsfields (Newbridge) with 25 (9 as their former name Roseberry). Clane won 17 titles. Raheens won 10; Carbury, 11; Round Towers from Kildare Town, 10 (counting three won as Kildare Town and one as St Patrick's); Naas, 9; Moorefield (Newbridge), 8; Athy, 5; Kilcock, 5; Ellistown, 4 (counting 2 won as Mountrice); Johnstownbridge, 3; Caragh, 3; Monasterevin, 3; Maynooth, 2; and Allenwood, Ardclough, Ballymore, Celbridge, Curragh, Eadestown, Military College, Rathangan, Newbridge CYMS club St Conleth's (on objection) and St Laurence's won one each. Raheens and Moorefield are the only Kildare sides to win a Leinster club title (in 1981 and 2006 and Moorefield again in 2017

Kildare Senior Football Championship Finals
(year, winner, score, defeated finalists, score, venue) (Match played during Irish Civil War, St Conleth's awarded title on objection because one of the Caragh players C. McCarthy gave a false name as he was 'on the run' from Free State troops at the time)
 * 1888 Clane 0–4 Naas 0–0 Naas
 * 1889 Mountrice Blunts 0–2 Kildare 0–1 Kildare
 * 1890 Monasterevin 1–3 Clane 1–2 Milltown
 * 1891 Mountrice Blunts 1–4 Kildare 0–1 Monasterevin
 * 1892 Clane 0–3 Kilcullen 0–2
 * 1894 Void
 * 1895 Clane 0–7 Maynooth 0–1 Sallins
 * 1896 Maynooth 7–9 Sallins 0–3 Clane
 * 1897 Clane beat Maynooth
 * 1898 Void
 * 1899 Void
 * 1900 Void
 * 1901 Clane 4–15 Prosperous 0–3 Maynooth
 * 1902 Clane 4–7 Moorefield 2–3 Roseberry (Newbridge)
 * 1903 Clane 1–10 Prosperous 0–7 Clane
 * 1904 Roseberry (Newbridge) 0–14 Naas 0–3 Clane
 * 1905 Roseberry (Newbridge) 0–10 Clane 0–6 Clane
 * 1906 Roseberry (Newbridge) 1–11 Clane 1–2 Celbridge
 * 1907 Roseberry (Newbridge) 0–7 Monasterevin 0–3 Athy
 * 1908 Roseberry (Newbridge) beat Allen
 * 1909 Roseberry (Newbridge) 0–4 Clane 0–1 Athy
 * 1910 Roseberry (Newbridge) 1–3 Monasterevin 1–1 Athy
 * 1911 Monasterevin 2–1 Roseberry (Newbridge) 0–2 Kildare
 * 1912 Roseberry (Newbridge) 2–6 Monasterevin 1–2 Athy
 * 1913 Maynooth 2–1 Kilcock 1–1 Clane
 * 1914 Kilcock 1–4 Clane 0–4 Celbridge
 * 1915 Roseberry (Newbridge) 0–6 Maynooth 1–0 Naas
 * 1916 Clane 2–2 Maynooth 0–2 Naas
 * 1917 Kilcock 5–0 Kilcullen 0–5 Naas
 * 1918 Caragh 2–2 Roseberry (Newbridge) 0–5 Naas
 * 1919 Caragh 2–4 Kilcock 2–1 Naas
 * 1920 Naas 1–6 Caragh 0–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 1921 St Conleth's 1–2 Caragh 1–12 St Conleth's Park
 * 1922 Naas 1–8 Caragh 1–3 Newbridge
 * 1923 Naas 2–5 Athy 0–0 St Conleth's Park
 * 1924 Naas 1–1 Kildare 0–4 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Naas 1–2 Kildare 0–3 St Conleth's Park
 * 1925 Rathangan 2–4 Caragh 1–3 Naas
 * 1926 Caragh 3–4 Athy 3–3 Kildare
 * 1927 Kildare 2–6 Athy 1–5 St Conleth's Park
 * 1928 Naas 3–3 Rathangan 2–4 St Conleth's Park
 * 1929 Kildare 3–2 Naas 1–2 St Conleth's Park
 * 1930 Kildare 2–4 Naas 0–5 St Conleth's Park
 * 1931 Naas 6–7 Round Towers Kildare 0–3 St Conleth's Park
 * 1932 Naas 0–10 Curragh 0–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 1933 Athy 2–6 Rathangan 1–4 St Conleth's Park
 * 1934 Athy 1–3 Raheens 0–6 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Athy 2–6 Raheens 1–4 St Conleth's Park
 * 1935 Raheens 6–3 St. Brigid's Kildare 1–0 St Conleth's Park
 * 1936 Raheens 1–7 McDonaghs 1–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 1937 Athy 3–6 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–6 Naas
 * 1938 St Patrick's Kildare w.o. Ellistown St Conleth's Park
 * 1939 Ellistown 3–2 St. Patrick's Kildare 1–3 St Conleth's Park
 * 1940 Carbury 1–5 Kilcock 0–4 Naas
 * 1941 Carbury 1–9 Athy 0–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 1942 Athy 0–6 Carbury 0–6 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Athy 1–6 Carbury 0–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 1943 Raheens 1–3 Ellistown 1–3 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Raheens 1–1 Ellistown 1–1 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Raheens 1–4 Ellistown 1–2 St Conleth's Park
 * 1944 Ellistown 1–4 Carbury 0–4 St Conleth's Park
 * 1945 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 2–9 Raheens 1–5 St Conleth's Park
 * 1946 Carbury 0–11 Athy 0–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 1947 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–7 Curragh 1–5 St Conleth's Park
 * 1948 Curragh 2–7 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 2–4 St Conleth's Park
 * 1949 Ardclough 1–8 Curragh 1–8 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Ardclough 1–11 Curragh 2–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 1950 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–9 Carbury 2–3 St Conleth's Park
 * 1951 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 2–11 North Division 1–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 1952 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 2–6 Carbury 0–4 Naas
 * 1953 Ballymore 1–6 Carbury 1–5 St Conleth's Park
 * 1954 Round Towers (Kildare) 0–3 Carbury 0–2 St Conleth's Park
 * 1955 Kilcock 3–13 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 4–10 Naas
 * Replay Kilcock 0–9 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–4 St Conleth's Park
 * 1956 Military College l-6 Ballymore 0–4 St Conleth's Park
 * 1957 Kilcock 1–6 Round Towers Kildare 1–5 Naas
 * 1958 Kilcock 3–12 Round Towers Kildare 3–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 1959 Round Towers (Kildare) 5–5 Clane 0–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 1960 Carbury 2–9 Round Towers Kildare 0–5 St Conleth's Park
 * 1961 Round Towers (Kildare) 3–8 Carbury 1–11 St Conleth's Park
 * 1962 Moorefield (Newbridge) 2–11 Kilcullen 0–2 St Conleth's Park
 * 1963 Clane 1–8 Round Towers Kildare 2–1 St Conleth's Park
 * 1964 Raheens 3–10 Clane 1–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 1965 Carbury 3–13 Moorefield 1–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 1966 Carbury 2–14 Raheens 0–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 1967 Clane 4–6 Carbury 1–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 1968 Raheens 2–7 Carbury 1–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 1969 Carbury 0–10 Clane 0–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 1970 Eadestown1–9 Carbury 0–10 St Conleth's Park
 * 1971 Carbury 1–13 Allenwood 1–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 1972 Carbury 3–14 Ellistown 1–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 1973 Raheens 1–7 Monasterevin 0–4 St Conleth's Park
 * 1974 Carbury 2–9 Ballyteague 0–5 St Conleth's Park
 * 1975 Clane 1–6 Carbury 0–9 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Clane 2–7 Carbury 1–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 1976 Raheens 2–5 Monasterevin 0–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 1977 Monasterevin 2–8 Carbury 2–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 1978 Raheens 3–14 Athy 2–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 1979 Raheens 0–15 Carbury 0–10 St Conleth's Park
 * 1980 Clane 1–7 Raheens 1–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 1981 Raheens 2–9 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 1982 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 2–11 St. Laurence's 0–4 St Conleth's Park
 * 1983 Johnstownbridge 2–7 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 1984 Clane 1–9 Carbury 0–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 1985 Carbury 1–9 Raheens 0–5 St Conleth's Park
 * 1986 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–11 Leixlip 0–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 1987 Athy 2–9 Johnstownbridge 0–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 1988 Johnstownbridge 0–10 Carbury 0–10 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Johnstownbridge 1–10 Carbury 1–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 1989 Johnstownbridge 1–7 Clane 1–5 St Conleth's Park
 * 1990 Naas 1–14 Clane 2–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 1991 Clane 2–10 Naas 1–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 1992 Clane 0–9 St. Laurence's 0–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 1993 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–11 Clane 0–11 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–16 Clane 0–15 St Conleth's Park
 * 1994 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 2–15 Johnstownbridge 0–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 1995 Clane 3–17 Athy 1–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 1996 Round Towers (Kildare) 1–13 Johnstownbridge 0–10 St Conleth's Park
 * 1997 Clane 0–13 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 1998 Round Towers (Kildare) 2–8 Clane 0–4 St Conleth's Park
 * 1999 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–15 Allenwood 1–5 St Conleth's Park
 * 2000 Moorefield (Newbridge) 2–13 Kilcock 2–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 2001 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–10 Moorefield 0–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 2002 Moorefield (Newbridge) 1–8 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 2003 Round Towers (Kildare) 2–14 Kilcock 1–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 2004 Allenwood 0–11 St Laurence's 0–7 St Conleth's Park
 * 2005 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–11 St Laurence's 1–8 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–11 St Laurence's 0–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 2006 Moorefield (Newbridge) 0–10 Allenwood 0–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 2007 Moorefield (Newbridge) 2–9 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–11 St Conleth's Park
 * 2008 Celbridge 0–7 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–7 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Celbridge 1–9 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–10 St Conleth's Park
 * 2009 St Laurence's 1–13 Moorefield (Newbridge) 0–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 2010 Moorefield (Newbridge) 0–13 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–8 St Conleth's Park
 * 2011 Athy 2–11 Carbury 2-7
 * 2012 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 2–11 Carbury 0-11
 * 2013 Moorefield (Newbridge) 2–14 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–13 St Conleth's Park
 * 2014 Moorefield (Newbridge) 0–16 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–13 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Moorefield (Newbridge) 1–15 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 1–6 St Conleth's Park
 * 2015 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–17 Athy 1–12 St Conleth's Park
 * 2016 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 2–13 Moorefield (Newbridge) 0–15 St Conleth's Park
 * 2017 Moorefield (Newbridge) 0–11 Celbridge 0–9 St Conleth's Park
 * 2018 Moorefield (Newbridge) 2–12 Athy 2–09 St Conleth's Park
 * 2019 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0–15 Moorefield (Newbridge) 2–09 St Conleth's Park
 * Replay Sarsfields (Newbridge) 2–15 Moorefield (Newbridge) 2–09 St Conleth's Park
 * 2020 Athy 1-11 Moorefield (Newbridge) 0-12 St Conleth's Park
 * 2021 Naas 0-14 Sarsfields (Newbridge) 0-12 St Conleth's Park
 * 2022 Naas 1-12 Clane 0-6 St Conleth's Park

County team

Kildare first entered the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship in 1888, and lost to Dublin by a score of 2–7 to 0–1.

Kildare made a major contribution towards the evolution of rules and tactics in Gaelic football. The county was the first to abandon the tradition of playing 21 people on each team, using 16 on each team for a period. Kildare players invented the hand pass: a polished team tactic since 1903; The toe-to-hand was pioneered by the Roseberry (now Newbridge Sarsfields) club. A team made up of players from the two strongest clubs in the county, Roseberry and Clane, played Kerry three times for the All-Ireland Championship of 1903; the matches drew the first mass interest in a field sport in the country, had an aggregate attendance of 50,000, and were regarded as the games which "made the GAA."

Kildare's four All-Ireland titles were won between 1905 and 1928: over Kerry in 1905, Galway in 1919, and Kerry again in the 1927 final and Cavan in the 1928 final. Kildare became the first team to win the Sam Maguire Cup in 1928. They haven't won it since.

Tactics such as the hand pass were perfected by those early Kildare teams, but they also developed what became traditional catch-and-kick football. Olympic high jumper Larry Stanley was regarded as one of the greatest fielders in the history of the game, and first winner of the all-time All Star award.

Despite winning a Leinster Senior Football Championship in 1956, reaching the National League final in 1958 and 1968, and winning the All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship in 1965, Kildare footballers seemed to have difficulty maintaining their proud tradition. The county lost six Leinster finals in the twelve years between 1966 and 1978. Although the Raheens club won a Leinster Senior Club Football Championship title in 1983.

In 1991, former Kerry manager Mick O'Dwyer took charge of the county football team. Kildare lost two more Leinster finals to Dublin in 1992 and 1993, as well as the National League final of 1991. When Dublin came back for a draw in 1994 and won the replay, O'Dwyer was succeeded by Dermot Earley Snr for two years. He returned in 1997, and guided the county to victory over Laois with 13 players and a dramatic, twice replayed series of matches with Meath (which they lost) that captured the imagination of the public and steeled the side for further honors.

In 1998, the Kildare team became the only team in 110 years of championship football to beat the previous three champions, Dublin, Meath and Kerry in turn only to lose to Galway in the All-Ireland final; despite leading by three points at half time. Another Leinster followed in 2000, but Galway defeated them in the semi-final. Leinster Final defeats followed in 2002 and 2003, against Dublin and a Laois side back-boned by their All-Ireland MFC winning sides of the late 1990s. In (2005), Kildare enjoyed mixed success and finished in the top six in the National Football League, but was knocked out of the championship by Sligo.

In 2008 under the new management of Kieran McGeeney Kildare made a bit of unfortunate history by becoming the first team ever to lose a championship game to Wicklow in Croke Park, losing in the first round by 0–13 to 0–9. However Kildares season took a turn for the better after that by beating Cavan, Limerick and Fermanagh in the all- Ireland qualifiers to reach their first ever all-Ireland quarter-final. To date in 2009, an improved Kildare side reached the Leinster Final only to suffer a defeat to Dublin. Kildare advanced to the All-Ireland quarter-final to play then All-Ireland champions Tyrone after beating Wicklow only to be knocked out by Tyrone. 2010 saw Kildare lose to Louth in the 2nd round. However Kildare had a great run through the qualifiers beating teams like Antrim, Leitrim, Derry and Monaghan to once again reach the All-Ireland Quarter-final to face Leinster champions Meath which they got a slow start but enjoyed the 2nd half as they ran out winning 2–17 to 1–12. to reach the All-Semi-final for the first time since 2000. On 29 August 2010 Kildare faced Down for the first time ever in the championship which turned out to be a very tense game but Down ran out winners 1–16 to 1–14 after a very frantic finish. 2011 saw Kildare advance to the Leinster semi-final after defeating Meath in the Leinster quarter-final only to be defeated by Dublin. Kildare had a good run in the qualifiers beating teams like Laois, Meath & Derry to advance to the All-Ireland quarter-final to face Ulster champions Donegal which turned to be a very poor performance but the 2nd half was a real contest from both sides with the sides finishing level to drag the game into extra-time only to be defeated by a single point by Donegal. Then in 2015 Cian O'Neill became manager after being with kerry gaa backroom. In 2017 kildare reached their first leinster final in 10 years. Only losing to dublin gaa by 9 points (Dublin 2-23 Kildare 1-17).

Clubs
In recent years, the leading clubs have been Naas, Coill Dubh, Éire Óg/Corra Coill, Ardclough and Celbridge. Kildare's youngest club, Confey, became the reigning Senior Hurling Championship in 2007, winning over Coill Dubh in the final.

Ardclough beat Buffer's Alley in the 1976 Leinster club championship, following Ardclough player Johnny Walsh's replacement All Star award for his county heroics earlier that year (see below).

County team
Kildare hurlers came within minutes of reaching a Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (SHC) final in 1976, holding a four-point lead over eventual All-Ireland SHC finalists Wexford until the closing stages of the semi-final. That performance earned Johnny Walsh a replacement All Star award.

The county's major hurling successes were four All-Ireland Senior B titles (last in 2004), an intermediate All-Ireland (1969), and two junior All-Irelands (1962 and 1966). The closest it came to playing in the top division of the National Hurling League was when it lost a four-point lead in the last ten minutes of a Division 1B promotion play-off against Clare in 1971. Kildare defeated Waterford in the league in two successive years, was tied at half-time against Tipperary in the 1971 National League quarter-final, and lost to the same team by six points in the quarter-final of 1976. Kildare also lost a promotion play-off against Waterford in 1974.

In the 21st-century, Kildare won five Christy Ring Cups: in 2014, 2018, 2020, 2022 and 2024.

Camogie
Camogie was played in Kildare since the sport was first organised in 1904, although records are sparse. Athy Ladies Hurling Club advertised a members reunion in July 1909. Newbridge, Naas, Blacktrench, Prosperous and Ballymore applied unsuccessfully for affiliation to Kildare GAA board in 1921. Kildare sent delegates to the camogie congress of 1932, and a county board was formed in 1934 with Fr Byrne CC of Caragh as president, Mrs B McCarthy as vice-president, William Fisher of Newbridge as secretary, and Polly Smyth of Newbridge as treasurer. Camogie was reorganized at a county convention in 1954, and has been played in Kildare continuously since.

Kildare's contested the All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship semi-final in 1933 and contested the Leinster Senior final in 1939 (which was hosted in Kill), and 1947 at Inchicore. They last competed in the senior championship in 1992 and 1993.

After a series of successes at the junior level, Kildare was defeated by Cork in the National League semi-final of 1992, despite their best performance at senior level. Kildare teams played in navy and white (1930s), brown and white (1955–60) and blue and white (sporadically since the 1960s). White was adopted as the county color in April 1963.

Kildare won the Nancy Murray Cup in 2010, having previously won the Kay Mills Cup in 1987, 1989 and 1990, their best period in the game. They also won the second division of the National Camogie League in 2004. They had previously won the second division title in 1986, 1989 and 1990. Kildare contested senior finals in the Leinster championship, notably in 1939, and Ardclough contested the Leinster senior club final in 1968.

Notable players include Broadford players Miriam Malone, who played from the 1960s to the 1980s and won a Junior Player of the Year award in 1989, Gradam Tailte winner Bernie Farrelly, and scoring forwards Marianne Johnson, and Susie O'Carroll from Celbridge who captained UCD to Ashbourne Cup honours and won a Soaring Star award in 2009. Carbury Johnstownbridge and Celbridge all won divisional camogie honours at Féile na nGael. Joan O'Flynn from Celbridge served as president of the Camogie Association. Gloria Lee refereed the All Ireland senior final of 1963 and John Pender that of 2005.

Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010–2015, "Our Game, Our Passion", five new camogie clubs were to be established in the county by 2015.

Honours

 * 4 All-Ireland Junior Camogie Championships
 * 1987, 1989, 1990, 2013
 * 1 Nancy Murray Cup
 * 2010
 * 4 National Camogie League Division Two (junior) winners
 * 1986, 1989, 1990, 2004
 * 2 National Camogie League Division Three winner
 * 2012, 2019
 * 1 National Camogie League Division Four winners
 * 2009
 * Once semi-finalists in the National Camogie League National League Division 1
 * 1992
 * Once finalists in the All-Ireland Intermediate Camogie Championship
 * 1994
 * 11 Leinster Junior Camogie Championships
 * 1961, 1966, 1967 (all Smyco cup), 1969, 1981, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1996
 * 2 Leinster Under-14 B Championships
 * 1997, 2003
 * 1 Minor Special Blitz
 * 2008

Kildare Senior Camogie Championship Roll of Honour
For more details on this topic, see here

Ladies' football
The Kildare Ladies' County Board was set up in March 1992 under the Chairmanship of Catherine Donohoe. At that time there were two clubs playing in the county, Kilcock and Leixlip, and these were joined by the newly formed Eadestown club. Michael Delaney of Leixlip was elected chairman on 10 February 1993.

Kildare's ladies' football is administered by a separate county board structured as follows (2013 Executive);

Chairman: Arthur Corrigan (Naas)

Vice-Chair: MJ Smith (Carbury)

Secretary: Gillian Dunne (St Laurences),

PRO: Jackie Whelan (Castledermot)

Treasurer: Sharon Dooley(Suncroft)

Honours
Kildare Ladies' won the Leinster Junior championship in 2000, beating Laois by 2–13 to 2–5. Kildare contested three All Ireland junior finals before eventually beating Sligo to qualify for senior status in 2004. Grangenolvin dominated club competition in the sport, in which they won five in a row at the time the championship was elevated to senior status. Brianne Leahy became the first female All Star from Kildare in 1999. In 2015 Kildare took the decision to re-grade to Intermediate level after spending 10 years without success at Senior Level. This brought a new impetus to Kildare Ladies Football where the captured 2 Leinster Intermediate Championships which moving on to win the all Ireland against Clare by a point in 2017. Mary Hulgraine the Kildare goalkeeper was rewarded for her performance by picking up an all-star.

 * 2 All-Ireland Intermediate Ladies' Football Championship
 * 2016, 2023
 * 1 All-Ireland Junior Ladies' Football Championship
 * 2004
 * 2 All-Ireland Leinster Intermediate Ladies' Football Championship
 * 2016, 2017

Football Team of the Millennium
Ollie Crinnigan (Carbury), Matt Goff (Leixlip), Pa Connolly (Clane), Glenn Ryan (Round Towers), Jack Higgins Naas, Mick Carolan (Athy), Larry Stanley (Caragh), Pat Mangan (Carbury), Jack Donnelly (Ellistown), Paddy "Boiler" White (Sarsfields), Larry Tompkins (Eadestown and Castlehaven (Cork)), Pat Dunny (Raheens), Tommy Carew (Clane), Paul Doyle (Suncroft). 15th player tbd

Hurling Team of the Millennium
Jimmy Curran (Castledermot), Tommy Burke (Naomh Bríd), Richard Cullen (Ardclough), Seamus Malone (Coill Dubh), Tommy Christian (Ardclough), Pat Dunny (Éire Og), Tony Carew (Coill Dubh), Bobby Burke (Ardclough), Jack O'Connell (Naomh Bríd), Johnny Walsh (Ardclough), Tommy Carew (Coill Dubh), Pat White (Naomh Bríd), Mick Dwane (Ardclough), Mick Moore (Broadford), Mick Mullins (Éire Og).

Camogie Team of the Century
Anna Dargan (Broadford), Geraldine Dwyer (Athy, Prosperous & Clane), Teresa Lynch (Rathcoffey & Prosperous), Bridget Cushen (Celbridge & Ardclough), Nuala Malone (Rathcoffey & Prosperous), Melanie Treacy (Ballyboden St. Endas, Dublin & Bishopstown, Cork), Phyllis Hurst (Broadford), Miriam Malone (Broadford), Eileen Reilly (Rathcoffey & Prosperous), Michelle Aspell (Kilcullen & St Laurence's), Bernie Farrelly (Crumlin & Broadford), Patricia Keatley (St Laurence's & Broadford), Marianne Johnson (Prosperous & Clane), Clare Monahan (Naas & Two Mile House), Gloria Lee (Naas).

title: Kildare GAA


text:
Talk:Supporting characters of Xenogears

Copied off of Guardian Angels?
Relating to the Cleanup below... Several entries on here (Most notciably Margie's entry) seemed to have been copied and modified right off of the Xenogears fansite Guardian Angels. (http://guardian.leamonde.net/) What gives? Marrshu 00:40, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Kelvena's is also copied word for word as far as I can tell. I assume many others are, too. Someone should probably make a huff out of this, really. Gamiar 23:13, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

CLEANUP: This article has "you" refering to "the player", smilies (^_^ and :) ), and many other issues. I love the people who contributed, but please keep the informal editing to a minumum :)  Thanks for the edits though! Deckiller 01:34, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Fei Fong Wong
I think that the info about Fei, Abel, Kim, Lacan, Grahf, and Id could be merged into an article about Fei Fong Wong, since he is the main protagonist of the game. -ArcTheLad 18:38, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

This is a tough idea, because users may want to know just about Id, or Kim. I think we should keep these sections as they are, but definitely include them in a Fei Fong Wong article. Also, while on the topic, characters like Chu-Chu and Emeralda are not really entitled to their own article. Perhaps we could rename the article to just "Xenosaga Characters" or "Characters (Xenosaga)," and have articles for larger people like Fei, Citan, Krelian, etc. Just an idea. Deckiller 22:04, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Split?
Perhaps we should split the list into (A-M) and (N-Z) or something along those lines; the list is already at 68 kilobites. Deckiller 02:54, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject proposed
Wikiproject/List of proposed projects Deckiller 00:19, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup
I am going to be cleaning up this article significantly. The information is excellent, though. Deckiller 01:40, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

About Existence (or Wave Existence)
"It appears as a glowing human silhouette to the eyes of anyone living in this dimension."

Not exactly. It said : "I am defined by how people observe me. You are actually talking to a virtual version of me that you yourself create... I am 'your perception' of me."

This "perception" is only for Fei, not for all the persons living in the game's dimension. ^^

Echzechiel 21:52, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Big Joe
Someone removed the background story about Big Joe, so I took it back. Yes, maybe it needs to be cleaned (like the prices he won), but the fact that he comes from Zeboim is very important.

Is there a citation of some sort you can provide for that background information. I find much of it hard to believe... (Joey Balboa?) Is it from Xenosaga?

There's a newspaper you can read in Zeboim that tells his whole story.-MOG

Id
There was some confusion in the Id section over the Super-ego and the Ego which I changed. The Ego is the division of the psyche which deviates between the Super-ego and the Id (the author of the Id segment had confused the ego with the super-ego). Zaroou 17:12, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Lacan and Zohar
In the Wave Existance section, it says that "Since Lacan was deeply troubled mentally and spiritually when he made contact, Instead of transforming into Xenogears, he transformed into a darker version of Weltall". I thought that the reason Lacan didn't achieve true contact with the Zohar modifier was because the corresponding antitype (Sophia) was dead. It also says under Lacan's section that the True Weltall is one of the Diabolos gears, so one of these statements has to be wrong. I didn't change any of this as I wasn't sure what was correct, but hopefully someone with more knowledge on the matter than I have will know the answer. Zaroou 20:52, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Abel and reincarnations
Why is it that Lacan is called the third reincarnation of Abel? According to perfect works, Kim is the first reincarnation of Abel and in this article Lacan is mentioned as the third one, so who is/was the second incarnation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.170.82.66 (talk) 18:45, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:PSOGL039.jpg
Image:PSOGL039.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:16, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Supporting characters of Xenogears


text:
Djupa andetag

Djupa andetag (Deep Breaths) is the fifth album by Swedish singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad (her fifth album as 'Frida'), released exclusively in the Scandinavian region by Anderson Records on 20 September 1996. Tracks from this album, "Alla Mina Bästa År", "Ögonen" and "Även En Blomma", have been remixed for Frida – The Mixes.

Comeback and recording session
As chairperson for the Swedish organisation, "Det Naturliga Steget-Artister För Miljön" ("The Natural Step-Artists For The Environment"), Frida decided to record a mature album with lyrics dealing with "inner personal environment" and the nature's surroundings. Frida's composition, "Kvinnor Som Springer" ("Women Who Run"), was inspired by the book "Women who Run with the Wolves", by Clarissa Pinkola Estes. This is one of only a few songs in her career that Frida has written herself.

At the time of recording, Frida did not want the attention an international release would bring, but she also felt for singing in her mother tongue again. She asked Agnetha Fältskog to record "Alla mina bästa år" with her, but Fältskog declined citing fear of ABBA reunion rumours. Recorded in the Swedish language, the recording sessions took place from 18 March to 9 August 1996 in numerous studios in Stockholm including Polar Studios, Sveriges Radio Studio and Cirkus. A one-hour documentary of the making, video clips and recording of the album (titled 'Frida – mitt i livet') was broadcast on Sveriges Television. It is also available on the DVD set, Frida – The DVD, including interviews with Frida and producer Anders Glenmark.

Reception
Djupa andetag was met with a favorable reception, with critics citing the theme and Lyngstad's approach to singing on the album as positives. Critic Bruce Eder of AllMusic has praised Lyngstad for her 'relatively low-wattage' voice, the content and her vocal style on the album as 'more expressive and personal than any of her singing on those earlier records', as well as noting that it was a mature step for the singer and commenting, on her singing's volume, that 'less is more'.

Personnel
According to Anderson Records:

Musicians
 * Frida – lead and backing vocals
 * Anders Glenmark – backing vocals, guitar, keyboards, bass guitar, mellotron, drum programming
 * Marie Fredriksson – vocals on Alla mina bästa år
 * Karin Glenmark – backing vocals
 * Katarina Nordström – backing vocals
 * Christer Jansson – drums, percussion
 * Stefan Olsson, Bass (tr 7)
 * Johan Lindström – guitar
 * Jonas Isacsson – guitar and twelve-string guitar
 * SNYKO [Stockholms Nya Kammarorkester] – strings

Production
 * Anders Glenmark – producer
 * Åsa Winzell – mastering
 * Lennart Östlund – engineer
 * Anders Hägglöf – assistant engineer
 * Mia Lorentzson – assistant engineer

title: Djupa andetag


text:
Rössen culture

The Rössen culture or Roessen culture (Rössener Kultur) is a Central European culture of the middle Neolithic (4,600–4,300 BC).

It is named after the necropolis of Rössen (part of Leuna, in the Saalekreis district, Saxony-Anhalt). The Rössen culture has been identified in 11 of the 16 states of Germany (it is only absent from the Northern part of the North German Plain), but also in the southeast Low Countries, northeast France, northern Switzerland and a small part of Austria.

The Rössen culture is important as it marks the transition from a broad and widely distributed tradition going back to Central Europe's earliest Neolithic LBK towards the more diversified Middle and Late Neolithic situation characterised by the appearance of complexes like Michelsberg and Funnel Beaker Culture.

Pottery
Rössen vessels are characteristically decorated with double incisions ("goat's foot incision" or German '"Geißfußstich"') with incrustation of white paste. Grooved or stamped incisions are also common. Over time, the extent of the decorated areas appears to decrease so that on later vessels it is mostly restricted to the neck or entirely absent. Typical shapes include tall footed bowls, globular cups, rectangular sheet-made bowls and boat-shaped vessels.

The surfaces of vessels are usually burnished; their colours range from brown via reddish brown and dark brown to grey-black.

Stone tools
The Rössen repertoire of flint tools is broadly similar to that of the Linear Pottery (LBK) tradition (blades with pyramid-shaped cores), but there is a marked change as regards the raw materials used. Dutch Rijkholt flint, which dominated the LBK tradition, is being replaced with veined 'Plattenhornstein' (Abensberg-Arnhofen type) of Bavarian origin. The most typical solid rock tool is a pierced tall cleaver, but unpierced axes and adzes are also common.

Domestic architecture and settlement patterns
Only a few Rössen settlements have been excavated. Prominent examples are the sites of Deiringsen-Ruploh und Schöningen/Esbeck. The predominant structure is a trapezoidal or boat-shaped long house, up to 65 m in length. The ground plans suggest a sloping roofline. Multiple internal partitions are a frequent feature, probably indicating that several smaller (family?) units inhabited a house. Lüning suggests that Rössen settlements were true village communities. Some settlements were surrounded by earthwork enclosures. The majority of settlements were located in areas with Chernozem soils; compared to LBK the area of settlement decreased.

Burial rites
The dead were mostly buried in a crouched position, lying on their right side and facing East. Graves were dug to a depth of 40 to 160 cm, occasionally they were covered with stone slabs. The exact shapes and sizes of graves are not well understood.

Even less is known about possible cremation burials whose identification as belonging to Rössen is sometimes disputed. Cremated remains and pyre ashes were collected together and accompanied by unburnt grave goods.

Ceramic grave offerings include pedestalled cups, globular cups, lugged cups, bowls, flasks, amphoras, jugs and basins. Limestone rings, stone axes, flint blades and animal bones also occur.

Economy
Mixed agriculture was practiced, and cattle, sheep, goats and pigs were kept.

Origin of British/Irish Neolithic?

It is suggested the late Rössen culture may be ancestral to the Neolithic cultures of Britain and Ireland (a group of cultures previously known as Windmill Hill culture), but there is no great similarity in the form of houses or pottery. According to alternative theories, the British Neolithic culture(s) came from Brittany.

Kurgan hypothesis
In the context of the Kurgan hypothesis, certain intrusive elements are pointed to as some of the earliest evidence for penetration by Kurgan culture-based Indo-European elements, but Mallory indicates this idea has failed to gain any real acceptance. Older, now largely discarded theories attempted to make this a very early Indo-European culture; the presently prevailing view assigns it to indigenous non-Indo-European-speaking people.

Chronologically and geographically adjacent cultures
Rössen followed LBK. In its western distribution, the Hinkelstein, Großgartach and Planig-Friedberg complexes intervene between LBK and Rössen.

Rössen is partially contemporaneous with the Southeast Bavarian Middle Neolithic ('Südostbayerisches Mittelneolithikum' or SOB, formally also known as Oberlauterbach Group). In the North, Rössen precedes the early Funnel beaker culture of Baalberge; in the South it is followed by the so-called post-Rössen groups (Wauwil, Bischoffingen-Leiselheim/Strasbourg, Bischheim, Goldberg, Aichbühl, Gatersleben) and Lengyel (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Austria), and the Münchshöfen Culture (Bavaria).

Genetics
In a 2017 genetic study published in Nature, the remains of a female ascribed to the Rössen culture was analyzed. She was found to be carrying V1a.

General

 * J. P. Mallory, "Rössen Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
 * Joachim Preuß: Das Neolithikum in Mitteleuropa. Kulturen-Wirtschaft-Umwelt vom 6. bis 3. Jahrtausend v.u.Z., Übersichten zum Stand der Forschung. 3 Bde. Beier und Beran, Wilkau-Haßlau, Weißbach 1996, 1998, 1999.   ISBN 3-930036-10-X

Origins/Development

 * W. Meier-Arendt: Zur Frage der Genese der Rössener Kultur. In: Germania. 52/1, 1974, 1-15.
 * H.-J. Beier (Hrsg.): Der Rössener Horizont in Mitteleuropa. Wilkau-Haßlau 1994.
 * J. Erhardt: Rössener Kultur. In: H.-J. Beier, R. Einicke (Hrsg.): Das Neolithikum im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet. Wilkau-Haßlau 1996, 76-77.

Pottery and chronology

 * H. Behrens: Die Rössener, Gaterslebener und Jordansmühler Gruppe im Mitteldeutschen Raum. Fundamenta A 3, Teil Va (Köln 1972.), 270 ff.
 * J. Lichardus: Rössen – Gatersleben – Baalberge. Ein Beitrag zur Chronologie des mitteldeutschen Neolithikums und zur Entstehung der Trichterbecherkulturen. Saarbrücker Beitr. Altkde. 17 (Bonn 1976).
 * K. Mauser-Goller: Die Rössener Kultur in ihrem südwestlichen Verbreitungsgebiet. Fundamenta A 3, Teil Va (Köln 1972), 231-268.
 * F. Niquet: Die Rössener Kultur in Mitteldeutschland. Jahresschr. Mitteldt. Vorgesch. 26, 1937.
 * H. Spatz/S. Alföldy-Thomas: Die „Große Grube“ der Rössener Kultur in Heidelberg-Neuenheim. Materialhefte Vor- und Frühgesch. Baden-Württemberg 11 (Stuttgart 1988).
 * Otto Thielemann: "Eine Rössener Prachtvase von Burgdorf, Kreis Goslar", Die Kunde, Jg.9,10/1941

Subsistence

 * J. Lüning: Steinzeitliche Bauern in Deutschland - die Landwirtschaft im Neolithikum. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 58 (Bonn 2000).
 * U. Piening: Pflanzenreste Die Pflanzenreste aus Gruben der Linearbandkeramik und der Rössener Kultur von Ditzingen, Kr. Ludwigsburg. In: Fundber. Baden-Württemberg 22/1, 1998, 125-160.

Architecture

 * M. Dohrn: Neolithische Siedlungen der Rössener Kultur in der Niederrheinischen Bucht. München 1983.
 * A. Jürgens: Die Rössener Siedlung von Aldenhoven, Kr. Düren. In: Rhein. Ausgrab. 19, 1979, 385-505.
 * R. Kuper: Der Rössener Siedlungsplatz Inden I. Dissertations-Druck, Köln 1979.
 * J. Lüning: Siedlung und Siedlungslandschaft in bandkeramischer und Rössener Zeit. In: Offa. 39, 1982, 9-33.
 * H. Luley: Die Rekonstruktion eines Hauses der Rössener Kultur im archäologischen Freilichtmuseum Oerlinghausen. In: Arch. Mitt. Nordwestdeutschl. Beiheft 4. Oldenburg 1990, 31-44.
 * H. Luley: Urgeschichtlicher Hausbau in Mitteleuropa. Grundlagenforschung, Umweltbedingungen und bautechnische Rekonstruktion. Universitätsforsch. prähist. Arch. 7. Bonn 1992.
 * K. Günther: Die jungsteinzeitliche Siedlung Deiringsen/Ruploh in der Soester Börde. Münster 1976.

Burial

 * R. Dehn: Ein Gräberfeld der Rössener Kultur von Jechtingen, Gde. Sasbach, Kr. Emmendingen. in: Archäologische Nachr. Baden 34, 1985, 3-6.
 * J. Lichardus: Rössen-Gatersleben-Baalberge. Saarbrücker Beitr. Altkde 17. Bonn 1976.
 * F. Niquet: Das Gräberfeld von Rössen, Kreis Merseburg. Veröff. Landesanstalt Volkheitskde. 9. Halle/S. 1938.

Post-Rössen groups

 * Die Kugelbechergruppen in der südlichen Oberrheinebene. Sonderheft. Cahiers Assoc. Promotion Rech. Arch. Alsace 6, 1990.
 * Jens Lüning: Die Entwicklung der Keramik beim Übergang vom Mittel- zum Jungneolithikum im Süddeutschen Raum. Bericht der RGK 50.1969, 3-95.
 * M. Zápotocká, Zum Stand der Forschung über die relative Chronologie des frühen Äneolithikums in Böhmen. In: J. Biel/H. Schlichtherle/M. Strobel/A. Zeeb (Hrsg.), Die Michelsberger Kultur und ihre Randgebiete - Probleme der Entstehung, Chronologie und des Siedlungswesens. Kolloquium Hemmenhofen, 21–23 February 1997. Materialh. Ur- u. Frühgesch. Baden-Württemberg 43. Stuttgart 1998, 291-302.
 * A. Zeeb: Poströssen – Epirössen – Kugelbechergruppen. Zur Begriffsverwirrung im frühen Jungneolithikum (Die Schulterbandgruppen – Versuch einer Neubenennung). In: H.-J. Beier (Hrsg.), Der Rössener Horizont in Mitteleuropa. Wilkau-Haßlau 1994, 7-10.

title: Rössen culture


text:
Talk:Librarian (Discworld)

The Ephebe Library
Did Brutha really memorize all of the library? I don't remember that and by the way it doesn't seem consistent: he only had time to go through some of the most important books, didn't he?

It's clearly hyperbole. Brutha certainly memorised a vast number of books, though certainly not all, and he and the philosophers carted no small number away themselves as well. Brutha, from what I recall, couldn't quite cope with all the knowledge and had to lie down. -- Supermorff 18:36, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

The Librarian image
I have restored the image, claimed to be "un-representative". It depicts an orangutan in a library. According to Terry Pratchett's writings, the Librarian is an orangutan who works in a library. An actual photograph of the Librarian is not possible because he is a fictional character, and a photograph of an orangutan in a library would be difficult to get hold of. In the circumstances this is the most representative image we have. Feel free to replace it with a better one. --=# Amos E Wolfe talk #=- 09:06, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The image in question is essentially fan-art. There are numerous images (eg, , , etc) used within the books themselves, or as part of merchandise, officially approved by pterry, that we should not be using this original art. I am re-removing it, as I consider it better to not have a picture, than to have an incorrect picture.
 * It might be prudent to note that you created the image in question, and so might have an inherent bias on this issue ;) Sorry. --Quiddity· (talk) 10:15, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Monty Python
"The origin of the Librarian may have come about because of a sketch in an episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus, where administrators are interviewing a gorilla named Mr. Phelps for a job as a librarian, but discover he's just a man in a costume".

This reads like speculation and original research. "May have come about.."? Can anyone confirm this and source it? If not, i think we should re-write the opening paragraph. Dr bab 13:18, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, I removed the speculative bit.Dr bab 14:53, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Orangutan Foundation Support
I was under the impression that the Librarian was an unofficial mascot of the Orangutan Foundation. I think this should be represented somewhere in the article. 58.161.67.66 (talk) 13:24, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Librarian (Discworld)


text:
Ross 614

Ross 614 (V577 Monocerotis) is a red dwarf UV Ceti flare star and it is the primary member of a nearby binary star system in the constellation of Monoceros. This star has a magnitude of about 11, making it invisible to the unaided eye even though it is one of the stars nearest to the Sun. This system is among the closest to the Sun at an estimated distance of about 13.3 light years. Because this star is so close to the Earth it is often the subject of study, hence the large number of designations by which it is known.

Binary star system
This binary star system consists of two closely spaced low-mass red dwarfs. The secondary star is a dim magnitude 14 lost in the glare of the nearby primary star.

A study by George Gatewood in 2003 using older sources along with data from the Hipparcos satellite yielded an orbital period of about 16.6 years and a semi-major axis separation of about 1.1 arc seconds (2.4–5.3 AU). The most recent determination of the system orbital elements comes from a 2022 study combining data from radial velocity, astrometry, and imaging, which finds a similar orbital period, a semi-major axis of 4.2 AU, and a very low mass for the companion of.

History
The primary star was discovered in 1927 by F. E. Ross using the 40 in refractor telescope at the Yerkes Observatory. He noticed the high proper motion of this dim 11th magnitude star in his second-epoch plates that were part of an astronomical survey started by E. E. Barnard, his predecessor at the observatory. Ross then included this new star in his eponymous catalog along with many others he discovered.

The first detection of a binary system was in 1936 by Dirk Reuyl using the 26-in refractor telescope of the McCormick Observatory at the University of Virginia using astrometric analysis of photographic plates. In 1951 Sarah L. Lippincott made the first reasonably accurate predictions of the position of the secondary star using the 24 in refractor telescope of the Sproul Observatory. These calculations were used by Walter Baade to find and optically resolve this binary system for the first time using the then new 5 m Hale Telescope at the Palomar Observatory in California.

title: Ross 614


text:
Wikipedia:Experimental Deletion/XD3

=XD3=

eXperimental Deletion method XD3 applies to article page deletion. This method moves problem articles to a "trash" wikispace, then either leaves a message at the former location, or submits the redirect for speedy deletion (depending on the variation). This leaves the problem page orphaned within the trash space, where it can then be permanently deleted or rescued and restored as felt needed.

Instructions

 * 1) Merge all useful information on the problem page
 * 2) Move the problem page to Wikipedia:Experimental Deletion/XD3/Trash/Articlename
 * 3) Edit the new redirect page with the message. "This page has been moved to "Wikipedia:Experimental Deletion/XD3/Trash/Articlename" with your reasoning for the move.

Variations

 * Well, this would involve someone with developer access helping us out. Make a namespace called "VFD:" or "Deletion:". Then move the articles to "Deletion:Articlename" (and the talk pages to "Deletion talk:Articlename") then have a discussion on "Deletion:Articlename/VFD", and then with simply a list of articles in this namespace can you have a VFD-type thing. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  23:12, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * How is that an improvement on VFD? N (t/c) 01:37, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * XD3 does not assume that there is a VFD available. Kim Bruning 13:53, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete the redirect instead of leaving a message.

Pro&Con

 * There is no way for a non-sysop that is unfamiliar with this procedure to know where the page has gone once the original location is speedied. --SPUI (talk) 16:15, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That's not true. Non-admins can see the page history of deleted pages - they just can't see the content, so the edit summary that contains "x moved to y reason" will be visible. See Special:Undelete/Utente:Toasa for an example of a speedily deleted moved page. Angela. 00:26, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Has anyone tried this and gotten it to work? Kim Bruning 22:30, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I tried it on Wrestling Rappers No complaints yet--Tznkai 23:52, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Except the vfd notice as well, you didn't redlink it! ^^;; I'll see if i can make a redlinking variant of this... after sleep :-P Kim Bruning 01:16, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The initial steps in this can be done by any user, but can only be (properly) reversed by an admin. That seems like a problem to me; deletion should be symmetric in that regard. Worse, some people will probably 'revert' by copying the old article text back, with no history. Aquillion 03:44, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. I would discourage the use of the speedy variant as it is not easily reversed.  How are trashed articles with speedied pages eventually submitted to AfD?  Good answer to that, and I'm fine with it ;).  Perhaps only if matching WP:CSD ∴ here…♠ 09:44, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Experimental Deletion/XD3


text:
Bioirrigation

Bioirrigation refers to the process of benthic organisms flushing their burrows with overlying water. The exchange of dissolved substances between the porewater and overlying seawater that results is an important process in the context of the biogeochemistry of the oceans.

Marine coastal ecosystems often have organisms that destabilize sediment. They change the physical state of the sediment. Thus improving the conditions for other organisms and themselves. These organisms often also cause bioturbation, which is commonly used interchangeably or in reference with bioirrigation.

Bioirrigation works as two different processes. These processes are known as particle reworking and ventilation, which is the work of benthic macro-invertebrates (usually ones that burrow). This particle reworking and ventilation is caused by the organisms when they feed (faunal feeding), defecate, burrow, and respire.

Bioirrigation is responsible for a large amount of oxidative transport and has a large impact on biogeochemical cycles.

Bioirrigation's Role in Elemental Cycling

Bioirrigation is a main component in element cycling. Some of these elements include: Magnesium, Nitrogen, Calcium, Strontium, Molybdenum, and Uranium. Other elements are only displaced at certain steps in the bioirrigation process. Aluminium, Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, and Cerium are all affected at the start of the process, when the larvae begins to dig into the sediment. While Manganese, Nickel, Arsenic, Cadmium and Caesium were all mobilized slightly after the burrowing process.

Challenges to Studying Bioirrigation
When trying to describe this biologically driven dynamic process, scientists have not been able to develop a 3D image of the process yet.

New Mechanisms to Study Bioirrigation
There is a hybrid medical imaging technique using a position emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to measure the ventilation and visualize the pore water advection that is caused by the organisms in 4D imaging.

Ecological Importance of Bioirrigation
When coastal ecosystems do not have bioirrigating organisms, like lugworms, it results in a lot of sedimentary problems. Some of these problems include clogging of the sediment with organic-rich fine particles and a drastic decrease in sediment permeability. It also makes it so the oxygen cannot penetrate deeply into the sediment and there is accumulation of reduced mineralized products in pore water. These problems disrupt the foundations of a coastal ecosystem.

Economic Impacts
Two organisms that contribute to the bioturbation of soil are Nephtys caeca (Fabricius) and Nereis virens (Sars) annelidae. They dig, bioirrigate, and feed in the sediment and they homogenize the particles found in the sediment when they partake in these activities because of their erratic movements. The bioirrigation generated by these organisms modifies the distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the sedimentary column. They either bury them or raise them back to the surface, keeping them rotating. One of the most important dinoflagellates that these organisms help distribute is called noxious microalgae and it is responsible for the formation of toxic red tides. These red tides poison mollusks and crustaceans which results in very important economic losses in the fishing industry.

Case Study: Boston Harbor
The sediments of marine environments are important sites of methylmercury (MMHg) production. This production provides important sources of this MMHg to near-shore and off-shore water columns and food webs. Scientists have measured the flux in production across 4 different stations in the Boston Harbor which had different bioirrigation site densities. There is a strong linear relationship between the amount of MMHg exchange and the infaunal burrow density. In the Boston Harbor, it was shown that bioirrigation stimulates the production of methylmercury and water column flux.

title: Bioirrigation


text:
Something's Going On

Something's Going On is the third solo album by Swedish singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad (Frida), one of the founding members of the Swedish pop group ABBA, and her first album recorded entirely in English. Her previous two albums had been recorded in Swedish. Recorded in early 1982 during the final months of ABBA, the album was released on 10 September of that same year.

Produced by Phil Collins with Hugh Padgham, the album featured a harder-edged and more rock-oriented sound than the music she had previously recorded with ABBA, and it included Collins' distinctive gated reverb drum sound. The album was met with a positive reception by both critics and the public, with sales in excess of 1.5 million copies, making it the best-selling solo record of any of the ABBA members to date. The album has since been re-released several times, including a 2005 remastered version that contained several bonus tracks. Promotional videos from the album are included in the DVD documentary titled Frida – The DVD.

History
In 1982, Frida felt it was time to record a solo album again, this time in English and aimed at the international market. ABBA were spending less and less time together. Going through her divorce from fellow band member Benny Andersson, Frida had heard Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight", and then "listened to the album (Face Value) non-stop for eight months". As Collins himself put it in a TV interview: "Frida and I had something in common as far as our divorces were concerned. We were both the injured party." Polar Music approached Collins, asking if he would be interested in producing Frida's new solo album. He accepted the offer, thus making this his second album to be recorded at Polar Studios, the first being Genesis' Duke (1980).

Polar Music sent out invitations to publishing companies around the world, announcing Frida's plans and asking for songs suitable for the project. The response was overwhelming; more than 500 songs came into the Polar Music offices in Stockholm. Elvis Costello (who submitted a song called "I Turn Around") was one of the many who had their work rejected. Among the composers who made it to the album's final track list were Bryan Ferry, Stephen Bishop, Rod Argent and Russ Ballard. The Giorgio Moroder/Pete Bellotte composition "To Turn the Stone" was originally written for Donna Summer's 1981 album I'm a Rainbow – a double set for Geffen Records which for various reasons would remain in the archives until 1996. Frida also asked Per Gessle, later of Roxette, to set Dorothy Parker's bittersweet poem "Threnody" to music. A re-interpretation of the Face Value track "You Know What I Mean" – a song especially close to her heart, both musically and lyrically – was also included. The song "Here We'll Stay" had previously been recorded and performed by singer Sonia Jones for the UK pre-selection for the 1980 Eurovision Song Contest. On the album, it was recorded as a duet with Phil Collins, although he wasn't credited. When it was decided to release the song as a single in 1983, Frida re-recorded the song as a solo version.

Recording
Recording began in the Polar Studios, Stockholm, on 15 February 1982 and continued until 31 March. Earth Wind & Fire's horn players (the Phenix Horns) – also an important part of the Face Value album – came to Stockholm for a two-day visit. Strings, orchestra, and harp were later recorded at George Martin's Air Studios in London in the attendance of both Martin and Paul McCartney. Produced at a time when most commercial recordings used only analog technology, the album was one of the few to be both digitally recorded and mixed. At the time of recording Something's Going On Frida had wanted to distance herself from the "typical ABBA pop sound" (according to Lyngstad herself). She wanted to break away from being associated with the group and make a fresh start both as an artist and as an individual. The new songs, musicians and producer gave Frida a new identity. Collins' production and especially his gated drum sound heard throughout the album, as well as the rough and raw guitar riffs of the lead single "I Know There's Something Going On", contrasted with the sound of an ABBA record. All backing vocals were sung by Frida and Collins. The album closes with their duet "Here We'll Stay".

Swedish Television, SVT, documented the whole recording process from the first day in the studio to the release party after the album's completion. The resulting footage became a one-hour TV-special which included interviews with Frida and Phil Collins, Björn & Benny from ABBA, as well as all the musicians on the album. It was directed by Stuart Orme and executive produced by Phil Collins' manager, Tony Smith. This documentary is included in Frida – The DVD.

Promotion and reception
In the fall of 1982, Frida unveiled the results of these recording sessions by releasing the single and video "I Know There's Something Going On". An extensive promotion tour of Europe and the United States followed. Frida performed both the single and other songs from the album on major TV-channels throughout Europe.

The album received mixed reviews by critics. In Smash Hits the album was given only a 4 out of 10 rating: "It must have looked a good idea on paper. One pop dynamo — Frida of Abba — produced by another – Phil Collins. The result, however, is less than riveting. Phil has tried to produce an Abba album while Frida is trying to emulate Phil's ghostly singing voice." However, other reviews were more positive. Billboard wrote: "ABBA's auburn-haired songstress makes a bold solo-project a stunning success", whilst Mark Coleman described the album in the third edition of The Rolling Stone Album Guide as a "sharp, rock-oriented, delightfully eclectic album".

Although it was stated that the album has a collection of songs that were designed for a soloist, The Sydney Morning Herald reviewed: “Unfortunately, it still sounds a little like ABBA with three members missing.” “Perhaps the best tracks is the title song which has charted as a single. Others that will help Frida win new fans is a rock-jazz track titled "Tell Me It’s Over. a ballad titled "Threnody" and a Bryan Ferry number "The Way You Do".

Audiences also accepted the new, rockier sound and both the album and its lead single soon started climbing the charts; Something's Going On reached No. 1 in Sweden and was a Top 10 success in several other European countries. It was also a Top 20 hit in the UK, peaking at No. 18. With sales in excess of 1.5 million copies worldwide, Something's Going On is the best-selling solo album of any of the ABBA members to date.

The single "I Know There's Something Going On" reached No. 1 in Belgium and Switzerland, and was a Top 10 hit throughout most of Europe, as well as in Australia and South Africa (peaking at No. 5 in both countries). It also proved a success in the United States, reaching No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 9 on Radio & Records airplay, with the track's video being heavily promoted on MTV. The song was the 20th biggest-selling single in the US for 1983.

Track listing
Side one:
 * 1) "Tell Me It's Over" (Stephen Bishop) – 2:52
 * 2) "I See Red" (Jim Rafferty) – 4:33
 * 3) "I Got Something" (Tomas Ledin) – 4:04
 * 4) "Strangers" (Jayne Bradbury, Dave Morris) – 4:06
 * 5) "To Turn the Stone" (Pete Bellotte, Giorgio Moroder) – 5:26

Side two:
 * 1) "I Know There's Something Going On" (Russ Ballard) – 5:29
 * 2) "Threnody" (Per Gessle, Dorothy Parker) – 4:17
 * 3) "Baby Don't You Cry No More" (Rod Argent) – 3:02
 * 4) "The Way You Do" (Bryan Ferry) – 3:38
 * 5) "You Know What I Mean" (Phil Collins) – 2:37
 * 6) "Here We'll Stay" (duet with Phil Collins) (Tony Colton, Jean Roussel) – 4:03

2005 remaster bonus tracks
1.

2. "I Know There's Something Going On" (single edit) (Ballard) – 4:07

3. "Here We'll Stay" (solo version) (Colton, Roussel) – 4:11

Personnel

 * Anni-Frid Lyngstad – lead vocals, backing vocals
 * Phil Collins – drums, backing vocals, percussion
 * J. Peter Robinson – keyboards, horn arrangements, string arrangements
 * Daryl Stuermer – guitar
 * Mo Foster – bass guitar
 * The Phenix Horns:
 * Don Myrick – saxophone
 * Michael Harris – trumpet
 * Rahmlee Michael Davis – trumpet
 * Louis Satterfield – trombone
 * Skaila Kanga – harp
 * The Martyn Ford Orchestra – strings
 * Martyn Ford – conductor
 * Gavyn Wright – concertmaster

Production

 * Phil Collins – producer
 * Hugh Padgham – sound engineer, assistant producer
 * Hans Gunnar "Paris" Edvinsson – assistant engineer
 * Digitally recorded and mixed at Polar Music Studios (Stockholm, Sweden).
 * Strings and harp recorded at AIR Studios (London, England).
 * Henrik Jonsson – mastering (2005 remaster)
 * Leif Mases – mastering (1982 issue)
 * Yves Poyet – cover illustration
 * Anders Hanser – photography
 * Dick Nilson – album design
 * Thomas Johansson – album coordinator
 * Stig Anderson – executive producer

title: Something's Going On


text:
Prafulla Kumar Mahanta

Prafulla Kumar Mahanta (born 23 December 1952) is an Indian politician who was the leader of the Assam Movement, and the 11th Chief Minister of Assam from 1985 to 1990 and again from 1996 to 2001 and the co-founder and former President of the Asom Gana Parishad (AGP), a major political party in the Indian state of Assam. He was representing the Barhampur constituency in Assam Legislative Assembly from 1991 to 2021 and Nowgong constituency from 1985 to 1991. He also served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Assam Legislative Assembly from 2010 to 2014 and again from 1991 to 1996.He became the chief minister in the state when the AGP came to power in 1985, becoming the youngest Chief Minister of an Indian state. He is also a former president of the All Assam Students Union,an organization that spearheaded the Assam Movement from 1979 to 1985.In August 2005, his membership in the Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) was terminated. So, he floated a new political party, Asom Gana Parishad (Progressive) on 15 September 2005.

Early life and education
Prafulla Kumar Mahanta was born on the 23 December 1952 to Late Lakshmi Prova Mahanta and Late Deba Kanta Mahanta(1923-2022), at Village-Uluoni, Ruparayan Satra Kaliabor, Nagaon. He earned a bachelor's degree in law from Gauhati University.

Political career
During his time as a student, he became active in politics, and in 1979 he was named the president of the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), an influential organization in the state. That year the AASU embarked on a popular agitation against illegal immigrants from Bangladesh that lasted until 1985. The movement, spearheaded by Mahanta, made him from being the leader of a student organization to becoming an influential politician. He was a major factor in the formation of the AGP in October 1985 and was elected the party's first president.

Mahanta was first elected to the Assembly in 1985 for Nowgong. Mahanta next was elected to the Assembly in 1991 for Barhampur. He defeated the Indian National Congress candidate, Ramesh Chandra Phukan, by 17333 votes. He continued to represent Barhampur in 1996, 2001 2006, 2011 and 2016.

On 4 September 2010 he was again unanimously elected as the Leader of Opposition in the Assam Legislative Assembly.

On 21 October 2013, representatives from eleven political parties of the North-east region met to form a new political front, the North-East Regional Political Front (NERPF), to protect the interests of the region's people. Mahanta was appointed the front's chief adviser.

On 14 July 2014 he resigned as president of Asom Gana Parishad after its failure to get any seat in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.

He did not run in the 2021 Assam Legislative Assembly Election after differences with his party. However, the cause might also have been his health and whether or not he could campaign.

Chief Ministership
AGP candidates secured a notable victory in December 1985, Mahanta who was one of those people, became the Chief Minister, he became the youngest person in the country to hold such a high office. His first administration, however, was beset by allegations of corruption and problems of escalating violence linked to the United Liberation Front of Assam (a militant separatist group in the state). In 1990 the authorities in New Delhi dismissed the AGP government and took direct rule of the state. A split in the party in 1991 and voter dissatisfaction with its performance in its first administration led to a poor performance for the party in the 1991 assembly elections.

Following an AGP resurgence in the 1996 state assembly elections, Mahanta became the chief minister for a second time. That tenure became highly controversial, especially after the revelation of a counterinsurgency strategy that allegedly was under the direction of Mahanta. In June 1997 the ULFA staged an attack on Mahanta, after which the police coerced ULFA cadres who had surrendered to the authorities to kill family members of active insurgents. An official commission that later was to investigate the killings and it concluded in 2007 that Mahanta was directly responsible for the policy. Also during his second administration, Mahanta was alleged to have been involved in a corruption scandal involving fraudulent letters of credit and avoided prosecution only through the intervention of the governor of Assam. Investigation of the matter was reopened in 2010. The 2001 elections were terrible for the AGP as they only won 20 seats. On top of that, it was alleged that Mahanta had had an extramarital affair, he subsequently was ousted as president.

Despite the allegations of secret killings he organized against families of ULFA members, documented in the report by the Saikia Commission to the Assam Assembly, Mahanta was missed from political leadership in the state. He was reinducted into the AGP after the AGP (Progressive) was dissolved during the presidency of Chandra Mohan Patowary, and regained a prominent position in the party.

In a 2010 interview on NDTV's Walk the Talk with Shekhar Gupta, editor-in-chief of The Indian Express, Mahanta said: "'For the sake of the integrity and security of India, we are ready to take any blame. If the insurgent groups attack our forces, then they (the security forces) must have the right to respond. However, the charge against me on extra judicial killings of the ULFA sympathisers is to malign my image.'"

In the same interview, he said that unknown agencies of the Congress Party had conspired in massacres during the Assam Movement in the early eighties.

Personal life
Mahanta married Jayashree Goswami Mahanta on the 29 April 1988. His wife was a writer and served as a Rajya Sabha MP. Together they had 2 sons and 1 daughter. His younger son, Shuvam Kashyap, was hurt in a road accident in 2016.

He was admitted to hospital in September 2020. He was also admitted to Guwahati hospital on 16 January 2021 after he complained about chest pain and high blood pressure. Prime Minister Narendra Modi met his wife and his son and wished Mahanta a speedy recovery.

title: Prafulla Kumar Mahanta


text:
Albert Marquet

Albert Marquet (27 March 1875 – 14 June 1947) was a French painter. He initially became one of the Fauve painters and a lifelong friend of Henri Matisse. Marquet subsequently painted in a more naturalistic style, primarily landscapes, but also several portraits and, between 1910 and 1914, several female nude paintings.

Life and work
Marquet was born in 1875 in Bordeaux. In 1890 he moved to Paris to attend the École des Arts Decoratifs, where he met Henri Matisse. They were roommates for a time, and they influenced each other's work. Marquet began studies in 1892 at the École des Beaux-Arts under Gustave Moreau, a symbolist artist who was a follower of the Romantic tradition of Eugène Delacroix.

In these years, Marquet exhibited paintings at the Salon des Indépendants. Although he did not sell many paintings, the artistic community of Paris became aware of his work. His early compositions were characterised by a Fauvist approach, in which he had a fine control of the drawing and responded to light, not only by intensifying the strongest tones, but also by seeing the weaker ones in coloristic terms. Marquet and Matisse were already painting together in pure colors as far back as 1898 in the Arcueil and at the Luxembourg Gardens in what was later to be called the Fauve style.

In 1905 he exhibited at the Salon d'Automne where his paintings were put together with those of Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck, André Derain, Othon Friesz, Georges Rouault, Raoul Dufy, Henri Manguin, Georges Braque, Louis Valtat, Georges Dufrénoy and Jean Puy. He became a lifelong friend of Matisse.

Dismayed by the intense coloration in these paintings, critics reacted by naming the artists the "Fauves", i.e. the wild beasts. Although Marquet painted with the fauves for years, he used less bright and violent colors than the others, and emphasized less intense tones made by mixing complementaries, thus always as colors and never as grays.

Marquet subsequently painted in a more naturalistic style, primarily landscapes.

At the end of 1907, he stayed in Paris and dedicated himself, together with Matisse, to a series of city views. The fundamental difference between the two is that while Matisse used strong colors, Marquet favored grayed yellows, greyed violets or blues. Black was usually used as a violent contrast to light colors for such forms as bare tree trunks or calligraphically drawn people contrasted with very light, often yellow or orange streets and sidewalks. Another difference is that Marquet used an approximation of traditional perspective, although his colors and compositions constantly referred to the rectangle and cut its plane with their calligraphy.

From 1907 to his death, Marquet alternated between working in his studio in Paris and many parts of the European coast and in North Africa. He was most involved with Algeria and Algiers and with Tunisia. In his voyages he painted the sea and ships, but also the lights and animated life of the city, especially cities on the waterfront, like Algiers.

Among European cities Marquet remained impressed particularly with Naples and Venice where he painted the sea and boats, accenting the light over water. He adopted a technique nothing like the Impressionists', painting water as a large area of simple tone which held the plane of the water surface without illusionistic perspective, from which the ships arise into a different plane. His views of the lagoon in Venice do this very economically. The water stays at a right angle to the picture plane and the large ships float with ease, with their reflections exactly the correct tone to project the required space. His color is much like Matisse of the 1920s, here. His contrasts of vivid colors describe the waves of the sea with simple drawing which accompany the exactly observed color tones, giving a scene of placid movement. The human figures are much simplified, calligraphically drawn in a way related to Japanese Shijo style work. Matisse said, "When I look at Hokusai, I think of Marquet—and vice versa ... I don't mean imitation of Hokusai, I mean similarity with him".

During his voyages to Germany and Sweden he painted the subjects he usually preferred: river and sea views, ports and ships, but also cityscapes. Over the course of his career he often returned to the same subjects, even years later, recording subtle differences in the light. He painted a few portraits, and between 1910 and 1914 he painted a series of nudes in whorehouses, and prepared the illustration of a work on lesbian lovers. But he is best known for his many landscapes.

Unlike Matisse, there are no obvious periods of change in his work. As one of Matisse's closest friends, they discussed each other's work. Marquet's death was unexpected and sudden from a gall bladder attack and subsequently discovered cancer, for which at that time there was no therapy. He died in La Frette-sur-Seine, on 14 June 1947.

Legacy
The English painter John McLean is among those who consider that "his feeling for colour, the lightness or darkness and saturation of it, its weight, is nothing less than astounding".

Marquet was revered by the American painters Leland Bell and his wife Louisa Matthiasdottir. He was also revered by Bell's contemporaries Al Kresch and Gabriel Laderman. Since both Bell and Laderman were teachers in several American art schools, they have had an influence on younger American figurative artists and their appreciation of Marquet.

Illustrations

 * Jean Cocteau, Bertrand Guégan (1892–1943); L'almanach de Cocagne pour l'an 1920–1922, Dédié aux vrais Gourmands Et aux Francs Buveurs

title: Albert Marquet


text:
Lychpit

Lychpit is now the name of a modern housing development adjacent to Old Basing near Basingstoke, Hampshire. The modern development started in the early 1980s but the area has an ancient past associated with that of Old Basing. The name derives from a wooded dell that still exists at the western end of Little Basing. Lych or Lich being the Old English name for a corpse, it is assumed that the pit was therefore some kind of mass burial ground, local tradition associating it with the Danish victory over Alfred's Saxons at the Battle of Basing in 871. Another possibility is that it was used to bury casualties of the Battle of Basing House, where Oliver Cromwell's troops laid siege to and eventually sacked this large private house. Several of the local roads bear the names of Cromwell's officers e.g. Norton Ride and Gage Close.

Next to the Lychpit is a public house and restaurant making use of an old water mill on the River Loddon, a tributary of the River Thames. The river is well-stocked with trout and visitors to the pub can sometimes see kingfishers that hunt along the river banks, despite the roar of frequent trains overhead on the London line.

Daneshill, which comprises rising and still wooded ground overlooking Lychpit has a reasonable example of Lutyens architecture in Daneshill House, formerly home to the Hoare family.

Immediately before the first modern houses were built Hampshire County Council which had bought much of the land, commissioned an archaeological survey. The soil was stripped revealing the underlying chalk and with the help of RAF helicopters from nearby RAF Odiham they were able to spot and photograph the staining caused by timber building post holes dating from the Bronze Age. Armed with this invaluable knowledge of where to look the survey revealed several ancient timber building sites, artifacts, and a few skeletons of similar vintage.

There are also visible remains of a Park Pale near Pyotts Hill, which surrounded a hunting park in the area during the Middle Ages. Park Pale is also said to be the line of part of a Roman road connecting the fort at Silchester with Chichester, another important Roman garrison on the South Coast.

Location
Position:

title: Lychpit


text:
Half These Songs Are About You

Half These Songs Are About You is the first album released by the band Nizlopi in August 2004. It includes the number one single, "JCB". Despite the duo nature of Nizlopi, this album is largely populated by full band tracks with real drums (instead of John Parker's human beatbox) and many other instruments. The songs therefore sound quite different live.

Track listing

 * 1) "Fine Story" – 3:35
 * 2) "Girls" – 3:55
 * 3) "Call It Up" – 3:36
 * 4) "Faith" – 3:03
 * 5) "Long Distance" – 3:37
 * 6) "JCB" – 3:47
 * 7) "Love Rage On" – 3:13
 * 8) "Freedom" – 4:12
 * 9) "Wash Away" – 3:50
 * 10) "Sing Around It" – 4:21
 * 11) "Worry" – 6:24

There is also a hidden track, "Intro Song", after "Worry".

title: Half These Songs Are About You


text:
Talk:Stepper

First start
I wrote this article, and all and all I think it's a good start. Here are some needed improvements: This list is just a beginning. Everyguy 18:43, 18 August 2005 (UTC), updated: --Everyguy 19:09, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Diagram showing the major subassemblies of the stepper and their relative positions with respect to the light path.
 * Explanation of the types of light used, such as mercury lamps and excimer laser--Done
 * Detailed sub-section under the "Major subassemblies" section for each subassembly
 * Free license picture of a stepper
 * Free license picture of a wafer showing grid pattern
 * Microscope picture of circuit patterns and lines
 * Notice that steppers may soon be superseded by other machines as design node goes below 45 nm--Done
 * Discription of various techniques for finer resolution such as higher lens NA, manipulating the illumination light through various aperatures, phase-shift reticles, and others.--Started, not complete yet.

Some edits
I edited the first couple of paragraphs of the article, but it wasn't logged in, so it came out with my ip address rather than my user name. That is okay, because I left some spelling errors I had to go back and correct. This article still needs illustrations and more details.

Everyguy 06:38, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Article naming
I propose to move this article to Projection lithography, and rewrite the introduction accordingly. --Smack (talk) 05:03, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that's a good idea. I think this article is about the machine, not the technology, although there is naturally overlap between the two. I would propose instead that an article on projection lithography be written that covers the more general topic, with links to this page in the appropriate section. --Everyguy 20:26, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Inaccurate/missing information
I read through this article and noted several inaccuracies.

 * I have addressed the various points raised below.Everyguy 21:37, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

A. Scanners such as PerkinElmer scanners, although they are used for photolithography, are not really steppers. Scanners are used to produce lower resolution images on the wafer, whereas stepper are always used to produce high resolution images. Scanners are faster (than steppers) however, so most fabs will have both scanners and steppers.

 * Modern scanners are not the old PerkinElmer types. The old scanners scanned the entire wafer at once. Modern scanners scan each shot. They are the mainstay of industry that makes devices with the highest design rules. They are steppers, with the added function that they scan at each exposure site on the wafer to increase the area that can be exposed in one shot. An example can be viewed at http://www.nikonprecision.com/products/nsr_s610c.html

-- Inaccurate. Scanners were developed to reduce the size of the lens, to improve focus/leveling over the wafer surface, and to average lens aberrations through the scan. Almost all current model steppers and scanners have a 26x33 exposure field. But on a scanner, the light field is only 9x33, scanning increases the field to 26x33 without an equivalent increase in the reduction lens size. Also, steppers have higher throughput than scanners. It takes less time to expose the entire field, than it does to scan it.

B. The statement "Currently (as of 2006) the most detailed patterns in semiconductor device fabrication are transferred using a type of stepper called a scanner, which moves the wafer and reticle with respect to each other during the exposure, as a way of increasing the size of the exposed area." is incorrect as it appears to describe a Perkin Elmer type of system--which is not really a stepper. Also, these types of system are used to produce relatively low resolution images. The most advanced steppers to my knowledge are ones that use KrF lasers--Cymer is primary manufacturer of these kinds of excimer lasers in the US. Both Nikon and Canon are now making thier own laser systems based on the reverse engineering of the Cymer laser. Most steppers are UV light based steppers, the most common light source for these types of steppers is the mercury arc lamp (i-line and g-line steppers).

 * As I mentioned above, most of the current generations of steppers also scan at each shot (and are called scanners). They use KrF and ArF light sources. Nikon (and probably Canon and AMSL) do not manufacture the lasers. They buy them from Cymer, Komatsu, or Gigaphoton, the main makers. I-line steppers are still used for non-critical layers in some processes.

-- Komatsu is actually Gigaphoton. Also as mentioned above, the scanning function is not to increase the exposure field.

C. Stepper comes from the term DSW (Direct Step on the Wafer). This was the term was used to describe early GCA systems. The term was shortened to just "stepper".

 * This may be the case. I'm not familiar with where the term came from.

D. GCA Corporation pioneered the first wafer steppers and no mention of them is made in this article.

 * Information like this and item C above would be appropriate in a History of Steppers section in the article, if you would care to write one.

E. No mention of whether the resist process for steppers is positive or negative-- or what the difference is.

 * The positive or negative quality of the resist really doesn't affect the stepper. This issue is discussed in the Photolithography article.

F. No mention of the yellow light (It is non actinic to the photo-resist)

 * This issue is also not really connected with the stepper, but part of the photolithography process.

G. The descripton of a stepper process is inaccurate because it describes a scanner process (PerkinElmer). The basic process for a wafer stepper process is roughly as follows.

1. A reticle or photomask of the die is placed above the lens of the stepper. A reticle is a glass plate with a chrome outline of the die. The reticle represents a particular overlay layer in the chips architecture. A single chip type may have dozens of layers and hence dozens of reticles

 * This is useful information, and the article could be clarified on these points.

2. The lens will reduce the image of the reticle 4X. The light source above the reticle is typically in the UV range. This is usually generated by a mercury arc lamp or a KrF laser. This light source will expose the photo resist on the wafer. The light that hits the wafer will be washed away in the development process (positive development).

 * The article already mentions this. Modern steppers can be either 5x or 4x.

-- No, all modern steppers and scanners are 4x reduction lenses. The last Nikon to have a x5 reduction lens is the i14 and EX14.

3. Once the photo has been taken on the wafer, the stages on wafer stepper system will move to the next exposure location. The stages are said to have stepped to the next location. this continues in zig zag pattern until the wafer is entirely exposed.

 * The article does mention this.

4. The wafer is then developed and sent out for etching and other processes such as doping.

 * The article does touch on this, although I think the details rightly belong in the Photolithography article, because this is happening away from the stepper.

5. Eventually the wafer makes its way back to the litho room for subsequent layers. The process of matching a new layer to a previous layer is called overlay or registration. When the wafer comes back to the stepper, it will use various alignment methods to make sure the registration process is performed to very tight specifications.

 * Overlay registration is very important, and the article could be improved by someone writing a section that describes this process in detail, although this may be difficult because the systems are proprietary to each stepper maker, and the details are not generally published because of patent concerns.

In short, I would suggest revising this article to remove all reference to "scanners" because as I mentioned, these are not steppers. Since wikipedia does not have an entry for PerkinElmer or photolithography scanners, I would move that information to those sections. I would also suggest that GCA be noted and possibly a new section on GCA be created since this wiki has no entry for this former company. The section on how the how the stepper works needs to be heavily revised. The other sections in this article appear to be accurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Technogrep (talk • contribs) 09:12, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Several suggestions made in this comment could improve the article as I mentioned above. However, the reference to scanners should stand because the most modern steppers are actually step and scan systems, which are known in the industry as "scanners." A separate article on GCA could be created to describe the company and its history. A section on stepper history could be added to the Stepper article, and could include how GCA created the first stepper. Details about resist are covered in the Photolithography article. Everyguy 21:37, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

-- Nikon produces steppers. Currently the most advanced being the SF155. The most advanced scanner being the S620, which uses immersion technology.

-- The article is also inaccurate in that the pictures it shows are of mask aligners. -- Comments from Nikon service engineer with 12 years field experience.

Spam
Please see Talk:Stepper_motor. - Mdsummermsw (talk) 19:51, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Image for Article
The image used for this article shows two contact printers. These are not steppers by any stretch of the imagination - the information is false and misleading. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.14.125.113 (talk) 20:37, 13 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Also just noticed this, agreed. Will replace them shortly.  a13ean (talk) 20:37, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

"Twenty years ago, the ultraviolet "g-line" (436 nm) of the mercury spectrum was used..."
I'm no expert on any of this, but isn't 436 nm just plain violet? Zyxwv99 (talk) 14:08, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Price of such a machine
I just read that those machines can cost up to 130 million USD, which sounds unbelievable. Maybe this could be an interesting information for the article. Renek78 (talk) 09:19, 23 February 2019 (UTC)

Clarification in the Illumination section
"Since practical light sources with wavelengths narrower than these lasers have not been available,..." Should this say "linewidths" rather than "wavelengths"?

Aligner ref
added to the end of the article. It is not clear what this is supporting so I've moved it here for review. ~Kvng (talk) 16:07, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * "Introducing a Mask Aligner Capable of Submicron printing by Projection", Solid State Technology, Vol. 18, #12, pg 18 (December 1975)

 * This Wikipedia article is about wafer steppers. This early SST article describes one of the early wafer steppers that had submicron printing capability. Dleebrick (talk) 19:38, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stepper


text:
Talk:Great Chinese Famine

Infobox

 * The below infobox belongs on the page as it is relevant to the cultural revolution.
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cultural_Revolution — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kenixkil (talk • contribs) 03:46, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

Kenixkil (talk) 22:40, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

 * It's relevant, but it was not an event of the Cultural Revolution, so I wouldn't include the navbox on the page. Remsense  聊  22:42, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Chinese Famine