text:
User talk:Giant89

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 21:33, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
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Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight
As a member of WikiProject Comics, I thought you might be interested in the Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight we have set up. Please feel free to vote on the articles listed, although bear in mind that a vote for a particular article means you are pledging to help improve the article. The goal of the collaboration is to improve articles to Featured Article status, as we feel Comics is under-represented in that area. Thanks for your help. Steve block talk 15:46, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Zoids project
I would, but...
 * 1) I don't know how to go about 'properly' setting up the Wikiproject
 * 2) I wouldn't have the first clue about the running of such a Wikiproject
 * 3) I didn't think I'd get the kind of support I needed to 'justify' a Wikiproject. At the moment, its me and a particular anon creating and fleshing out the articles on the individual Zoids, while one or two others played with the anime articles.

You want in? Show me how to set up and run this bastard as an actual Wikiproject. It would be immensely appreciated. Saberwyn 05:06, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Its on the list now. I'm also playing with the project page. Saberwyn 05:29, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Template
Nice! Much appreciated. I'll start updating the articles over the next few days.

What other areas of 'expertise' do you think you can contribute in? Would the 'Marvel Comic pages' mention on your userpage encompass the UK Zoids comic (which I believe was produced by Marvel UK)? -- Saberwyn 01:52, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Comment on the template, is there any way to drag the dividing line a little to the left? The right-hand column information seems a little cramped. -- Saberwyn

UK comic
http://www.bloodforthebaron.com/Blood/Zoids/Index.html has scans of several issues of the comic, there's already a basis of information in several Zoids articles (Gojulas and Redhorn, as the two major players, spring to mind, and the Original European Release and Zoids2 release were apparently built around the comic series.

If/when you do start up a page, title it Zoids (UK comic) or Zoids (Marvel comic), so we can distinguish it from the various manga and the japanese webcomic series' that exist. Saberwyn 08:14, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Images
Bloody Awesome. A few things though.
 * Write up the image link as [[Image:Title|220px]] . We don't need the border and caption, to me, the entire infobox is the 'caption'. My 5 mins of experimenting shows 220 pixels is the best fit for the infobox, but I'm happy to stand corrected
 * I'm going to replace your command wold image with one of mine, showing the AC and the Irvine model, just to show some of the variation. Is that cool?

I now see why we need a wikiproject; to co-ordinate these efforts. :P

My personal intention was that there would only be a single image per article, to serve as a visual 'description'. I have to say that what you've donw with the Gustav article works quite nicely, and we should use that as a basis.

As for the command wolf article, going off my personal 1-image preference, an image with 2 CWs is better than one. Thoughts?

 * http://photobucket.com/albums/v626/saberwyn/ - What's there, plus Shadow Fox. At the moment, everything else is fair game

If someone puts up a better one, I will concede, but until I say otherwise my image stays! :P

Re: Image:ZaberFang.JPG
I've tagged this as GFDL-presumed. Here are some notes you might find helpful in understanding the procedure for uploading images on Wikipedia.

Hello!

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Thanks again for your contributions. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask me at my talk page. JesseW, the juggling janitor 05:16, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:CommandWolf.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:CommandWolf.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

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WikiProject Zoids... mobilise!
Giant89, I'm giving the green light to the Zoids wikiproject. You expressed interest in supporting this wikiproject, either at the temporary project page set up in my userspace, or at the entry in the "List of proposed Wikiprojects".

I am now informing you that the project page has been moved to WikiProject Zoids, and would like you to have a look at it sometime in the next few days. While you're there, please make a note on the talk page of the kind of work you feel you would be best at performing.

Thanks in advance for your effort! -- Saberwyn 22:05, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Questions
Welcome aboard. Sorry I've been absent over the past few weks, but you guys seem to have held the fort well in my absence.

My first question is: do you have any Zoid models we don't yet have articles for? Secondly: what the frak happened to the caption in the template? It doesn't display anymore! -- Saberwyn 05:27, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Template:Zoids
You know far more about templates than I do. Have a look at Template:Infobox Television, and how its used on articles like Zoids: Genesis. Is there any way to adapt our Zoids info template to display the image and caption in the same way as is done here? -- Saberwyn 09:07, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Sweet!. -- Saberwyn 04:11, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Transformers
Yep, although, in my opinion, they're making things unnecessarily complicated with the naming. ' (Feeling chatty? ) (Edits!) 04:24, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, you meant an Wikiproject. Ha. Sorry about that. No, there isn't one, sorry to tell. '  (Feeling chatty? ) (Edits!) 04:25, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Because Wikipedia is for a general audience and utterly obscure details shouldn't be here. Having their own wiki allows more freedom. '  (Feeling chatty? ) (Edits!) 04:29, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/List of Sci Fi Channel (United States) programs
Ello there, Giant89.. I'd rather like for you to give your input on the future of List of Sci Fi Channel (United States) programs since it may invariably suffer the same fate as Other films aired on The SciFi Channel, so please do so if time permits. I feel it a rather pertinant piece of information concerning the Sci Fi Channel, and its demise may compromise the article in its entirety. DrWho42 05:00, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

How can it be vandalism if I said something nice?
Surely, a friendly vandal is no longer a vandal by virtue of being friendly! In the future I suggest you fix similar edits withe the tag (rv friendliness). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.18.12.231 (talk • contribs)

RealmsCon
Hi Farix, I have a quick question for you. I know that RealmsCon does not meet the 2-2-3 criteria for listing on the Anime Con list, so, where do I list it? Do I just out in the category or is that just for larger older conventions also?-Giant89 20:53, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If it is primarily an anime convention you can place it in Category:Anime conventions. There are no criteria on what gets placed in that category except for the category's name. --TheFarix (Talk) 21:08, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Zoids Customise Parts
I'll revert back and fix other errors only. Thanks for the note.
 * Best regards, -- That Guy, From That Show! 01:00, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Pimp My Ride
Be bold in updating pages. --293.xx.xxx.xx 02:20, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

S-T ISD
I would like to give you my firm and grateful thanks in Wikipediafying that article. I decided one night to try and do something about it, and it was already done. Jdhenshall

Morphing lists
The question is, where could we put them? Moving 'em around wouldn't solve that problem; in fact, I think that the character pages would be the best place for them, but even then they are just laundry lists. Without context they are meaningless to the casual reader; an entire list of them with context would be so so in-depth and deatiled that it would too be unencyclopedic. Hbdragon88 03:33, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Anime South Deletion Review
I would appreciate any comments you may have on the Anime South Deletion review page. -Animesouth 20:36, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Userbox
Would you be interested in having this user box in your userpage. Alex1996Ne (talk) 01:10, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Fire Phoenix
I have nominated Fire Phoenix, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Fire Phoenix. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 22:23, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Keys for you
Thanks for participate in Zoids project. Now you can do not understand the real utilities of it, or this message, but in the near future you will remember to this keys

1) zoids are reproductive cells (or gametes)in botany 2) the original zoids was dinosaus, and mozila fire fox are represented by one, the zoids started in 1999, some people was waiting for end of world in this ear... 3) The Gustav zoid you have is a moon one, moon is the planet of cancer, cancer is represented by 69 symbol, look it for another angle... The 69 IP that is a evil to you is for all humanity, be aware... 4) The meaning of Gustav is staff of Goths... 3) look for the simbol of fire fox... 4) Be calm, you will recieve more informations... 5) The wiki are agregating the human knowledge to prevent their loose in the near future...

You may do not undertand this topics, but they will became memes in your neurons, thanks for your help

Mean, Gustav--201.47.116.11 (talk) 06:44, 2 May 2008 (UTC) from Brazil

WikiProject Media franchises
Dear Giant89...If you are still interested in participating in WikiProject Media franchises, please remove your name from the inactive participants list and add it to the active participants list. If you don't have time, but would still like to show some support, you can always add yourself to the sympathizers list. It would be wonderful to see you in the project. Have a nice day! - LA (T) 19:48, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Unenlagia.JPG
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Fair use rationale for Image:ZaberFang.JPG
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:ZaberFang.JPG. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Raynos.JPG
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Raynos.JPG. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  MBisanz  talk 14:02, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Killerdome
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AfD nomination of Elephander
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AfD nomination of Unenlagia (Zoids)
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AfD nomination of Raynos
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Spider-Man
Hello. :) Since you have been involved in editing the article Spider-Man, I wanted to let you know that we have nominated the article for "Good Article" status. You can view the review page, and if there is anything you can do to make the article better, please do so. :) There are a number of concerns to be addressed and some work to be done, so pitch in if you are able, make any suggestions that you think might be helpful, or at least just be there for moral support. :) BOZ (talk) 01:03, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

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CfD nomination of Category:Zoids Expansion Project
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title: User talk:Giant89


text:
Chagan

Chagan may refer to:

Places

 * Chagan (closed city), an abandoned closed city in Kazakhstan, currently a ghost town
 * Chagan, Da'an, Jilin (叉干镇), a town in Da'an, Jilin, China
 * Chagan (差干镇), a town in Pingyuan County, Guangdong, China
 * Birinci Çağan, a village in Shamakhi Rayon, Azerbaijan
 * Chekan, also known as Chagān, a village in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran
 * İkinci Çağan, a village in Shamakhi Rayon, Azerbaijan

Other

 * Chagan (nuclear test)
 * Chagan (Ural), a river in the West Kazakhstan Region, Kazakhstan, and Orenburg Oblast, Russia
 * Chagan River (tributary of Irtysh River), a river in the Abai Region, Kazakhstan
 * Khagan, a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages
 * Dolon (air base), in Kazakhstan, also called Chagan
 * Lake Chagan, a lake formed in the crater of the 1965 Soviet Chagan nuclear test

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chagan


text:
Börek

Börek or burek is a family of pastries or pies found in the Balkans, Turkey, Armenia, Levant, Northern Africa and Central Asia. The pastry is made of a thin flaky dough such as filo with a variety of fillings, such as meat, cheese, spinach, or potatoes. A borek may be prepared in a large pan and cut into portions after baking, or as individual pastries. They are usually baked but some varieties can be fried. Borek is sometimes sprinkled with sesame or nigella seeds, and it can be served hot or cold.

It is a custom of Sephardic Jews to have bourekas for their Shabbat breakfast meal on Saturday mornings.

It is commonly served with ayran in Turkey, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Serbia, North Macedonia and Romania.

Origin and names
The English name borek  comes from Turkish börek ( Turkish pronunciation: [bœˈɾec]), while burek is the form used in the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Other variants include byrek in Albania and Kosovo; boureki in Greece; byurek (Бюрек) in Bulgaria; bourek and brick Annabi in Algeria; brik in Tunisia.

According to lexicographer Sevan Nişanyan, the Turkish word börek is ultimately originated from Turkic bögrek, from böğür (meaning 'kidney'). Nişanyan noted that the word is also used in Siberian Turkic languages such as Saqa as börüök. According to another theory, it may have come from the Persian (بورک), the diminutive form of  or  or (بوره/بغره), meaning "stew", and refers to any dish made with yufka (filo). The Persian word bureh goes back to the Middle Persian *bōrak. This word ultimately goes back to the Proto-Indo-European root *bher- which meant "to carve, cut, split". The name of another pastry, shekarbura, is also borrowed from the same Persian word. Nişanyan noted the possibility of Turkic origin for the Persian word.

Some types of borek could possibly have its origins in Turkish cuisine having been developed in Central Asia before some westward migration to Anatolia in the late Middle Ages, or by nomadic Turks of central Asia some time before the seventh century.

Another theory posits that the dish in general is a descendant of the pre-existing Eastern Roman (Byzantine) dish en tyritas plakountas (Byzantine Greek: εν τυρίτας πλακούντας) "cheesy placenta", itself a descendant of placenta, the classical baked layered dough and cheese dish of Ancient Greek, Ancient Roman and Byzantine cuisine.

The dish was a popular element of Ottoman cuisine, and may have been present at the Ottoman court, though there are also indications it was made among Central Asian Turks; other versions may date to the Classical era of the eastern Mediterranean.

One alternative etymological origin that has been suggested is that the word comes from the Turkic root bur- 'to twist', but the sound harmony for this proposal would dictate the suffix "-aq", and Turkic languages in Arabic orthography invariably write börek with an ك not an ق, which weighs against this origin.

Regional variants
Even though borek is very popular in the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire, especially in North Africa and throughout the Balkans, it originated in Anatolia. Borek is also part of Mizrahi and Sephardic Jewish traditions. They have been adopted by the Ottoman Jewish communities, and have been described—along with boyos de pan and bulemas—as forming "the trio of preeminent Ottoman Jewish pastries".

Turkish variants
The word börek in Turkish can be modified by a descriptive word referring to the shape, ingredients of the pastry, or a specific region where it is typically prepared, as in the above kol böreği, su böreği, talaş böreği or Sarıyer böreği. There are many variations of börek in Turkish cuisine:

Balkans
In the former Yugoslavia, burek, also known as pita in Bosnia and Herzegovina, is an extremely common dish, made with yufka. This kind of pastry is also popular in Croatia, where it was imported by Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albanians. In Serbia, Albania, Kosovo, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Slovenia, burek is made from layers of dough, alternating with layers of other fillings in a circular baking pan and then topped with a last layer of dough. Traditionally, it may be baked with no filling (prazan, meaning empty), with stewed minced meat and onions, or with cheese. Modern bakeries offer cheese and spinach, meat, apple, sour cherries, potato, mushroom, and other fillings. It is often eaten along with a plain yoghurt drink.

Zeljanica is a spinach burek common in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Albania and Kosovo
In Albania, this dish is called byrek. In Kosovo and few other regions, byrek is also known as "pite". Byrek is traditionally made with several layers of dough that have been thinly rolled out by hand. The final form can be small, individual triangles, especially from street vendors called "byrektore" which sell byrek and other traditional pastries and drinks. It can also be made as one large byrek that is cut into smaller pieces. There are different regional variations of byrek. It can be served cold or hot. The most common fillings include: cheese (especially gjizë, salted curd cheese), ground meat and onions (ragù-style filling), spinach and eggs, milk and eggs with pre-baked dough layers, it can also be made with tomato and onions, peppers and beans, potato or a sweet filling of pumpkin, nettles (known as byrek me hithra), or kidney beans (byrek me fasule) which is popular in winter.

There are mainly two categories of Albanian Byrek. The house byrek (byrek shtëpie) and triangle byrek (byrek trekendësh), the latter being mostly used as street food.

Lakror is an Albanian pie dish from southern Albania. The pie is sometimes called a type of byrek pastry. Lakror is generally filled with a variety of greens or meats. Another related dish is Fli, typical from the North of Albania and Kosovo. It is made up of layers of a flour and water batter, cream and butter. Traditionally, it is baked on embers like lakror.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
In 2012, Lonely Planet included the Bosnian burek in their "The World's Best Street Food" book. Eaten for any meal of the day, in Bosnia and Herzegovina the burek is a meat-filled pastry, traditionally rolled in a spiral and cut into sections for serving. The same spiral filled with cottage cheese is called sirnica, with spinach and cheese zeljanica, with potatoes krompiruša, and all of them are generically referred to as pita. Eggs are used as a binding agent when making sirnica and zeljanica.

Bulgaria and North Macedonia
The Bulgarian version of the pastry, locally called byurek (Cyrillic: бюрек), is typically regarded as a variation of banitsa (баница), a similar Bulgarian dish. Bulgarian byurek is a type of banitsa with sirene cheese, the difference being that byurek also has eggs added.

In Bulgarian, byurek has also come to be applied to other dishes similarly prepared with cheese and eggs, such as chushka byurek (чушка бюрек), a peeled and roasted pepper filled with cheese, and tikvichka byurek (тиквичка бюрек), blanched or uncooked bits of squash with eggs filling.

Greece
In Greece, boureki or bourekaki, and Cyprus poureki (πουρέκι, in the Greek dialects of the island) are small pastries made with phyllo dough or with pastry crust. Pastries in the börek family are also called pita (pie): tiropita, spanakopita, and so on. Galaktoboureko is a syrupy phyllo pastry filled with custard, common throughout Greece and Cyprus. In the Epirus, σκερ-μπουρέκ is a small rosewater-flavoured marzipan sweet. Bougatsa (Greek is a Greek variation of a borek which consists of either semolina custard, cheese, or minced meat filling between layers of phyllo, and is said to originate in the city of Serres, an art of pastry brought with the immigrants from Constantinople and is most popular in Thessaloniki, in the Central Macedonia region of Northern Greece. Serres achieved the record for the largest puff pastry on 1 June 2008. It weighed 182.2 kg, was 20 metres long, and was made by more than 40 bakers. In Venetian Corfu, boureki was also called burriche, and filled with meat and leafy greens. The Pontian Greek piroski (πιροσκί) derives its name from borek too. It is almost identical in name and form to pirozhki (Russian: пирожки), which is of Slavic origin, and popular in Russia and further east.

Serbia
The recipe for "round" burek was developed in the Serbian town of Niš. In 1498, it was introduced by a famous Turkish baker, Mehmed Oğlu, from Istanbul. Eventually burek spread from the southeast (southern Serbia, Kosovo and North Macedonia) to the rest of Yugoslavia. Niš hosts an annual burek competition and festival called Buregdžijada. In 2005, a 100 kg (220 lbs) burek was made, with a diameter of 2 metres (≈6 ft) and it is considered to have been the world's biggest burek ever made.

Slovenia
In Slovenia, burek is one of the most popular fast-food dishes, but at least one researcher found that it is viewed negatively by Slovenes due to their prejudices towards immigrants, especially those from other countries of former Yugoslavia. A publication of a diploma thesis on this at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Ljubljana in 2010 stirred controversy regarding the appropriateness of the topic. The mentor of the student that had written the thesis described the topic as legitimate and burek as denoting primitive behaviour in Slovenia in spite of it being by his account "sophisticated food". He explained the controversy as a good example of the conclusions of the student. In 2008, an employee of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SRC SASA) had attained his PhD degree with a thesis on meta-burek at the University of Nova Gorica.

Moldova and Romania
The regional cuisine of the Moldavian West bank of the Pruth still yields a type of dumpling-like food called burechiuşe (sometimes called burechiţe) which is described as dough in the shape of a ravioli-like square which is filled with mushrooms such as Boletus edulis, and sealed around its edges and then tossed and subsequently boiled in borscht like soups or chorbas. They are traditionally eaten in the last day of fasting at the time of the Christmas Eve. It is not clear if the burechiuşe derive their name from the Turco-Greek börek (which is a distinct possibility given the fact that Moldavia was ruled for many decades by dynasties of Greek Phanariotes and that encouraged Greek colonists to settle in the area), so at the receiving end of cultural and culinary influences coming from them, or it takes its name from that of the mushroom Boletus (burete in its Romanian language rhotacised version, and it meant "mushroom" as well as "sponge") by the pattern of the ravioli, which were named after the Italian name of the turnip with which they were once filled.

In Romania, the plăcintă is considered a variation of the phyllo-wrapped pie, with the dough traditionally stuffed with cheese. In Dobruja, an eastern territory that used to be a Turkish province, one can find both the Turkish influence—plăcintă dobrogeană either filled with cheese or with minced meat and served with sheep yoghurt or the Tatar street food Suberek—a deep-fried half-moon cheese-filled dough.

Algeria

In Algeria, this dish is called bourek, a delicious roll of pastry sheet stuffed with meat, onions, and spice, is one of the main appetizers of Algerian cuisine.

It is a starter served when receiving guests and especially during Ramadan evenings during the round meal of the holy month, usually accompanied by Algerian Chorba or Harira. Other forms include bourek packed with chicken and onions, shrimp and béchamel sauce, or a vegetarian alternative usually made of mashed potatoes and spinach.

Another Algerian variant of Bourek is called Brik or Brika, a speciality of Algeria's east, notably Annaba. It is a savory entree made from brik leaf, stuffed with mashed potatoes and a mixture of minced meat, onions, cheese and parsley. The whole is topped with a seasoned raw egg which cooks once the sheet of brik has been folded and soaked in boiling oil.

Armenia
In Armenia, byorek (բյորեկ) or borek (բորեկ) consists of dough, or filo dough, folded into triangles and stuffed with spinach, onions and feta cheese or ground beef.

Israel
Burekas (בורקס) have long been part of Sephardic cuisine were introduced to Israel by Sephardic Jews who settled there. Burekas can be filled with various fillings, although meat is less common in Israel because of the Jewish dietary restrictions. Most burekas in Israel are made with margarine-based doughs rather than butter-based doughs so that (at least the non-cheese–filled varieties) can be eaten along with either milk meals or meat meals in accordance with the kosher prohibition against mixing milk and meat at the same meal. The most popular fillings are salty cheese, spinach, eggplant, and mashed potato, with other fillings including mushrooms, sweet potato, chickpeas, olives, mallows, swiss chard, and pizza flavor.

Other related pastries traditionally consumed by Sephardic Jews include bulemas and boyoz, which are also popular in the Turkish city of Izmir.

Libya
It is also a popular dish in Libya, where it is known as brik.

Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, Burēk (بُريك, ), is usually made in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, it mostly resembles the Bosnian rolled burek but can also come in other variants, and it is stuffed with minced meat or with salty cheese and dill. It is usually served during the month of Ramadan, same goes to samosas.

Tunisia
In Tunisia, there is a variant known as the brik (بريك) that consists of thin crepe-like pastry around a filling and is commonly deep fried. The best-known is the egg brik, a whole egg in a triangular pastry pocket with chopped onion, tuna, harissa and parsley. The Tunisian brik is also very popular in Israel, due to the large Tunisian Jewish population there. It is often filled with a raw egg and herbs or tuna, harissa, and olives, and it is sometimes served in a pita. This is also known as a boreeka.

title: Börek


text:
Atlantic Basin (disambiguation)

The Atlantic Basin is the Atlantic Ocean.

Atlantic Basin may also refer to:
 * Atlantic Basin Iron Works, an ironworks that operated in Brooklyn, New York, in the early to mid-20th century
 * Atlantic Basin, an earlier name of Brooklyn Cruise Terminal

title: Atlantic Basin (disambiguation)


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User:Phil Holmes

As my nickname suggests, my name is Phil Holmes. I live in Great Bealings, near Ipswich, Suffolk in England. My working life until 1 September 2005 was with BT and I left to work for Motorola. I left Motorola in April 2007 to take life easier. I took a degree in Physics at Manchester University, specialising in lasers and solid state. I started my working life for BT by making silicon bipolar integrated circuits. I then made optical devices, including lasers and PIN diodes before moving into software - specifically network management and OSS. My final job with BT was as CTO in BT Exact, where I was the initial architect for BT's 21CN.

My time in Motorola was spent delivering architectures for IMS and WiMAX.

I am a volunteer adviser for the Citizens Advice Bureau and so have built up some knowledge of the UK Benefits System.

I gained a BA in Music from Colchester Institute in 2014.

 * my wikipedia contributions: (contributions)
 * my home page: http://www.philholmes.net/
 * my weather page http://www.philholmes.net/weather/

This is a link to my Editcounter permissions

title: User:Phil Holmes


text:
Edward Dickinson

Edward Dickinson (January 1, 1803 – June 16, 1874) was an American politician from Massachusetts. He is also known as the father of the poet Emily Dickinson; their family home in Amherst, the Dickinson Homestead, is a museum dedicated to her.

Life and career
Dickinson, the eldest son of Hon. Samuel Fowler Dickinson and Lucretia (Gunn) Dickinson, was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, where he attended public schools and the Amherst Academy. He graduated from Yale College in 1823 and studied at Northampton Law School in Northampton, Massachusetts. He was admitted to the bar and commenced law practice in Amherst in 1826. On May 6, 1828, he married Emily Norcross Dickinson, née Norcross,(1804–1882); they had three children: William Austin, Emily Elizabeth, and Lavinia Norcross.

Dickinson served as treasurer of Amherst College from 1835 until 1873. He received an honorary LL.D. from Amherst in 1863. He served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1838–1839 and in the Massachusetts Senate from 1842 to 1843. He was a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council in 1846 and 1847. He was then elected as a Whig to the United States Congress 1853–1855 and subsequently declined candidacy for the Republican nomination of Lieutenant Governor in 1861 before returning to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1873. He was elected for the main purpose of securing to the town the advantages of the Massachusetts Central Railroad. On the morning of June 16, 1874, after a careful speech in the House on his connection with the Hoosac Tunnel, he suffered an apoplexy and died at his hotel before evening. He is buried in Amherst's West Cemetery.

title: Edward Dickinson


text:
Talk:Vanilla Bean Coolatta

Merge
I have tried to clean up this article but parts of it are totally wrong... I make these daily during the summer and weekends I should know. I created a Coolatta article that you might be able to merge with it. I am going to see if I can find the merge template thing. Sgcxf949 03:50, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Substubby for now, but I plan on expanding this as a means of helping the original author, User:Maoririder. Bear with me on this, gang. Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 21:34, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vanilla Bean Coolatta


text:
Talk:Pibgorn (webcomic)

Not sure about the characters
March 13, 2006 While Egea certainly looks like Gran from 9 Chickweed Lane, I still can't see Thorax within the Theseus role (glasses: yes; hair: no; size: yes; anything else? no). And I think that it's even more of a stretch to see Seth or Isabel as Demetrius or Hermia.

But you may be on to something. We'll see. BayBoy 03:41, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The strip confirmed that Thorax played Theseus on March 9. John M Baker 14:29, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Pibgorn discontinued?
I just got an email from Comics.com, saying that Pibgorn was being discontinue tomorrow. Anybody know anything about this? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Croberson (talk • contribs) 20:14, 17 April 2007 (UTC).

McEldowney has sent the following response to email queries:

With United Media's announcement that "Pibgorn" is to be discontinued, I have been inundated with e-mail, much of it agitated and distressed. I'm very sorry you had to get the news in this rather dispassionate way. That I may answer your central question forthwith, I've composed this response for everyone – so please forgive me if I seem impersonal. "PIBGORN" WILL CONTINUE. There. That is the main thing I wanted to say. Comics.com, however, will, as they have announced, no longer be the source. Nothing dramatic happened, really. I simply came to feel that the editorial needs of comcs.com and those of "Pibgorn" were becoming more and more divergent and incompatible. For this reason I asked to be released from my contract with United Media in order to secure a new online home for "Pibgorn." United Media most graciously, and reluctantly, agreed. In short order I hope to get Pib back up and flying. Meanwhile, you have seen the most current installments of "Pibgorn." Hold that thought. We'll be back.

24.73.178.142 22:06, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for posting the information. I'll keep checking back here to see where and when Pibgorn is back on the net.

I realize this is very significant, but does it need to be in the article 3 times?-jlp

I just added a link to McEldowney's LiveJournal
... which will track his progress in finding a new home for Pibgorn.

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BetacommandBot 04:01, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot 06:27, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:39, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Plot Summaries Needed
January 7, 2008 Deleting the plot summaries and referencing them in a non-existent article diminishes the quality of this article. If the summaries need to be re-formatted for clarity, then let's do that rather than eliminating them altogether. Without them, the article is little more than a stub. ccdesan (talk) 02:17, 08 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm all for that, but since they were added all-at-once by a single author and comprise a great deal of text, cleaning up what's there is a monumental task. It's as though someone decided to build a house and instead just dumped a huge pile of lumber on the lot where the house was to be.  I, for one, am not willing to go through all this stuff and format it properly. In my opinion it's better not to have the pile of lumber taking up space while we decide how to build the house. HiramShadraski (talk) 04:26, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The Story Arc section has been here for almost as long as I've been looking at this article, which was during the "Midsummer Nights Dream" sequence. But what possible reason could there be to delete a whole section, and replace it with a link to a non-existent article? Carlo (talk) 16:14, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I did not add the broken link. I deleted the massive text clot.  See:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pibgorn_%28webcomic%29&diff=182253884&oldid=181568311

and

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pibgorn_%28webcomic%29&diff=next&oldid=182253884

 * Again, I fully agree that story arcs / summaries are a good idea, but they should take some sort of reasonable form. Perhaps the original author will rewrite them with paragraphs and other standard textual elements, or someone else will take up the challenge.  Heck, if I can get to it this weekend, I'll start on it myself. HiramShadraski (talk) 18:54, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Plot Summaries Redux
Actually the summaries were added by several different people, but if you're concerned more about the formatting than their existence, I'm sure we can get them cleaned up and formatted properly. ccdesan (talk) 02:17, 08 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The text I'm referring to was added all at once. Again, see:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pibgorn_%28webcomic%29&diff=182253884&oldid=181568311
 * I'll see what I can do this weekend. HiramShadraski (talk) 23:15, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 02:51, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Link to the unofficial tribute page
This link was removed by one editor and restored by another. The initial editor User:Amatulic responded to a query by pointing to the external linking guidelines. The link appears to contravene two standards: a) linking to "personal web pages" and b) "linking to a site that you own, maintain, or represent". This page was originally conceived as a repository for the full-length story arc synopses which didn't survive WP's content standards, and grew from there. The page is informative and useful to those who are looking for additional information about this particular webcomic; I'd be interested in the opinions of other editors. Rather than being told yet again what can't be done, I'm more curious to hear what can be done to make this link acceptable. ccdesan (talk) 04:13, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't really see what the problem is.

 * 1) Define "personal webpage." Every webpage is owned by someone.  Do they mean that only corporate webpages are allowed, and any webpage maintained by an individual is banned?  I doubt that.  The webpage isn't ABOUT the person who does it, which would seem to me to be the only definition by which the prohibition makes sense.

 * 2) The second criterion seems rather silly, since if it's useful, it's useful, if it's not, it's not; it doesn't matter who links to it. It's sort of like an ad hominem fallacy.  But if that appears to be a problem, it was restored by ME, and I don't own it, maintain it, or represent it.

 * If a website is genuinely useful and non-commercial, I don't see why it's a problem. Carlo (talk) 14:32, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The above comment is where this was left almost four months ago. I fail to see the problem.   The fan page is informative, and the other page is a forum. Carlo (talk) 15:27, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * We don't link to fan sites, or to discussion forums. That's why it's no problem; we just don't do it. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 17:06, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Whether we keep the link, or delete it, that needs to be decided here first. I have just warned two editors for edit warring and violation of WP:3RR. Mark Shaw (talk) 18:28, 31 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Even though they are correct and you are wrong? I'm not fond of edit warring, so I won't participate, but the links clearly are inappropriate. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 18:30, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Links to fansites are deprecated, not forbidden. It's a gray area.  But the point is that continual reversion is absolutely forbidden except in very specific and narrowly-defined circumstances.  The editors in conflict (and others who are interested) need to work this out here.

 * Note that I have restored the version with the link; not because I'm invested in keeping it specifically (I don't have much of an opinion either way), but because it represents the last change made by the one editor who seems to be open to discussion. Mark Shaw (talk) 18:37, 31 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Right. You participated in an edit war and warned someone against edit warring. Generally not a good mix. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 22:12, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I refer you to WP:CIVIL. If you feel I'm edit warring, please feel free to report me.  (And: just as a point of order, I warned two people.)

 * Now, then: you seem to be of the opinion that one or both of the links in question should be removed. What is your argument for this?  Editors who would prefer they stay in: what is your argument? Mark Shaw (talk) 22:43, 31 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't need to "report" anybody; if someone is acting sufficiently poorly, I take action myself. I've already made my argument; our style guidelines, though they are not hard and fast rules, work toward making a better, more reliable encyclopedia; and this means we generally do not link to fan sites and forums; I see no reason that this article should be treated any differently. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 00:40, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The fan site in question contains legitimate information, such as summaries of story arcs, that are too detailed to be part of the encyclopedia article, and which don't seem to be available anyplace else. The forum link I have no feelings about one way or another, but the fan site seems to contain real and useful information that might interest an article reader who wants more info; it isn't just some guy cooing about how awesome something is. As a side note, I want to point out that the person I was having the "edit war" with deleted the links and then vandalized the article under an IP address, then created an account to delete the links again. And has yet to comment. Carlo (talk) 00:54, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

(outdent) I've had a chance to look at the two links under discussion. Here is my opinion: My vote is to remove the second, and maybe the first. As far as any allegations about what other editors have done in terms of vandalism or sockpuppetry, I have no opinion. Mark Shaw (talk) 02:12, 1 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The link to the Comcast page ( An unofficial Pibgorn tribute page) is barely acceptable, as it does have some character description (although much of that is a repeat of what's already given on the article page).
 * The link to the discussion forum (The official Pibgorn discussion forum at Talk About Comics) is over the line; certainly not acceptable for an encyclopedia.

(more than a day later) There's been no discussion on this, so I'm removing the link to the discussion forum per WP:EL. I'd suggest that any editor who wants to keep the other link speak up soon. Mark Shaw (talk) 11:58, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Wel,, I've already said that I thought it should be kept, since it was created as a place to keep information that was too detailed for the article. Carlo (talk) 17:44, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Merge
I propose that the article Pibgorn Rep: A Midsummer Night's Dream be merged into this one. It's about a single storyline of this comic, which was published as a book, but doesn't seem to have any independent notability in its own right. I doubt it would survive if taken to WP:AFD, but instead of being deleted it could be merged here to preserve the content. Robofish (talk) 22:13, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Notability
Some references discussing this subject can be found at Google News archive:. Edison (talk) 03:38, 26 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Press releases, fan sites, and internet comments are not reliable sources. The other mentions are trivial, not significant. Roscelese (talk ⋅ contribs) 03:56, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The Washington Post is a fan site?
 * Are you trying to make an objective determination, or reach a pre-determined conclusion? Carlo (talk) 06:24, 26 February 2011 (UTC)
 * A number of the WaPo hits are actually comments to the post rather than WaPo actually covering the comic, and I don't think any of the rest constitute significant coverage. If you think you've found better sources, why don't you link them?
 * Please remain civil and assume good faith. Roscelese (talk ⋅ contribs) 06:34, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Stan and Henmellyn
I've added notes on Stan and Henmellyn; I think these are brand new characters, but I'm not sure so I didn't say so.

Poihths (talk) 12:58, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

Add dated links to gocomics.com?
This article contains many dated references to specific Pibgorn strips, almost all of which could be accessed by a direct link to gocomics.com. For instance, the earliest strip at gocomics.com is dated 2002-03-11. This could be directly accessed at http://www.gocomics.com/pibgorn/2002/03/11. But, I'm not clear about the best way to do it unobtrusively and yet not surreptitiously.

Options:

 * Modify the date to be a link, e.g. "2002-03-11". Benefits: very unobtrusive. Concerns: link rot, and could be seen as endorsing comics.com.
 * Include the URL as an explicit link, e.g. "2002-03-11 (http://www.gocomics.com/pibgorn/2002/03/11)". Benefits: very clear. Concerns: ugly.
 * Include the link as a reference, e.g. "2002-03-11 ". Benefits: probably the most encyclopedic. Concerns: difficult to get from the reference in the text to the actual page on gocomics.com.

Any ideas on what would be appropriate here? -- Dan Griscom (talk) 22:50, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pibgorn (webcomic)


text:
User:Heymypeeps

Keepin it simple, dawg

title: User:Heymypeeps


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Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet

Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet (Oslo universitetssykehus, Radiumhospitalet) is one of the four campuses of Oslo University Hospital in Oslo, Norway, and is dedicated to cancer treatment. This part of the hospital is the most specialized hospital in Norway for cancer therapy and research on cancer. The Norwegian Radium Hospital was an independent hospital from May 21, 1932, to 2005, when it merged with Rikshospitalet. The hospital was founded with Severin Andreas Heyerdahl as chief physician and director, and Hans L. C. Huitfeldt as chairman of the board. From 1983 to the merge with Rikshospitalet in 2005 Jan Vincents Johannessen was CEO.

The Radium Hospital merged in 2005 with Rikshospitalet to create Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF. On January 1, 2009, Rikshospitalet merged with Ullevål University Hospital and Aker University Hospital to create Oslo University Hospital.


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Heinrich Schomburgk

 Heinrich Georg Schomburgk (23 June 1885 – 26 March 1965) was a male tennis player and footballer from Germany.

At the Stockholm Olympics in 1912 he won a gold medal in the mixed doubles event with Dorothea Köring.

He participated in the 1906 Wimbledon Championships, reaching the second round, where he was beaten by Frank Riseley, who later on was to challenge the defending champion Laurence Doherty

title: Heinrich Schomburgk


text:
Wikipedia:School and university projects/Piotrus educational boilerplate/Completed assignments

pt:Wikipedia:Projetos/Escolares e universitários/Modelo Piotrus/Trabalhos concluídos


text:
Mexican cumbia

Mexican cumbia is a type of cumbia, a music which originated in Colombia but was later reinvented and adapted in Mexico.

Origins
The cumbia has its origins in Colombia going back at least as far as the early 1800s, with elements from indigenous and black music traditions. In the 1940s, Colombian singer Luis Carlos Meyer Castandet emigrated to Mexico, where he worked with Mexican orchestra director Rafael de Paz. In the 1950s, he recorded what many believe to be the first cumbia recorded outside of Colombia, "La Cumbia Cienaguera". He recorded other hits like "La historia". Thus Cumbia gained popularity in Mexico.

In the 1970s Aniceto Molina also emigrated to Mexico, where he joined the group from Guerrero, La Luz Roja de San Marcos, and recorded many popular tropical cumbia songs like "El Gallo Mojado", "El Peluquero", and "La Mariscada". In the 1970s, Rigo Tovar enjoyed success with his fusion of cumbia music with ballads and rock.

Definitions and variations
Mexican cumbia is similar to other adaptations of Colombian music such as Salvadorian cumbia, Peruvian cumbia or Argentinian cumbia, among others. It is not a unification of a single genre, but a mix of styles that are very diverse and wide ranging, from province to province, from era to era. They have styles that once they are assimilated by the public and the musicians of Colombian cumbia, giving birth to new subgenres, such as northern cumbia, southern cumbia, mariachi cumbia or Sonidera cumbia. These national variations are a fusion of adapted Colombian folk stories with the national styles like northern music, mariachi, band music, romantic music, huapango, Son Huasteco, and also with ancient and modern rhythms from abroad like Cuban Son, salsa, merengue, reggae, and ska among the Afro-Caribbean rhythms, as well as the Bolivian, Ecuadorian, Vals and Peruvian folk styles, in addition to later influences from rock & roll, hip-hop, rap, disco, dance, and electronica. These trends have varied according to the popularity of every one of the rhythms and era with what has merged. Mexican cumbia has diffused throughout Central America.

Subgenres and variations
The Mexican cumbia has adapted versions of Colombian music like Peruvian cumbia or Argentine cumbia, among others. This diversity has appeared in different ways. For example, originally the northern cumbia (cumbia norteña) was usually played with accordion and consists of tunes with few chords and slower speed than original cumbia. This musical subset of cumbia includes artists such as Ramón Ayala, Acapulco Tropical, Bronco, Límite, and Los Barón de Apodaca. In southern cumbia, however, the accordion is replaced by piano or organ, and the pace is faster and more elaborated both harmonically and instrumentally than in the original cumbia. Notable artists of this style include Los Sonnors, Socios del Ritmo, and Chico Che.

Other subgenres of Mexican cumbia include Cumbia Mariachi, Cumbia Andina Mexicana, and Cumbia Sonidera. Orchestral Cumbia is another variant represented by big orchestras like Pablo Beltrán Ruiz, Orquesta Tampico, Orquesta Coatzacoalcos, Roy Luis among others, who popularized many cumbia songs accompanied by a full big band sound.

1940s-1960s
From the 1940s until the mid-1960s, Colombia experienced what was called the “Golden Age of Cumbia '' which characterized the country's musical identity for decades with hits such as the well-known cumbia song, La Pollera Colorá (“the red skirt”). Due to various social factors, cumbia receded in popularity as rhythms and music from abroad - mainly from the north - gained in popularity. Mexican music in all of its variants, Afro-Caribbean rhythms like salsa and merengue, and the rise in popularity of Vallenato folk music seemed to displace cumbia in Colombia. In Colombia, cumbia ceded ground to Vallenato as a centerpiece of Colombian national music, relegating cumbia only to national events and association with the historical past.

In its era of magnificence in the 1940s and 1950s, Colombian cumbia spread to several Latin American countries and was especially popular in Peru, Mexico, and Argentina.

The circumstances around the adoption of the Colombian cumbia rhythm has varied. For example, in Argentina the rhythm was adopted transparently because tango music utilized the accordion. The same happened with Mexico: the accordion plays a central role in northern music, so the fusion with the Colombian rhythm occurred naturally. Later, cumbia saw the adoption of the “accompaniment” of the bajo sexto from northern music, that in turn was taken from the accompaniment of Carmen Rivero’s conga drum, which would be replaced by the guitar and in orchestrated cumbia songs, would be replaced by keyboards, mainly by Venezuelan orchestras such as Nelson Henríquez and his Combo.

In the mid-1950s in Mexico, the group called “Los Cometas”, enjoyed success with various rhythms of bolero music, Cuban tropical music, among other Cuban rhythms and the foxtrot in their songs. This group recorded for the company CBS (today Sony Music) various classic hits.

Their particularity lies in using the accordion in all of their songs as the basis of its rhythm. Thus they remain in the memory of the Mexican people of the time. The hits that mix bolero and tropical music with an accordion like “Jugando poker,” “Chupando caña,” “¿En dónde está mi saxofón?”, “Que se mueran los feos,” among others. The assimilation of cumbia with its accordions made its adoption easier.

The first Colombian musician to venture to the north was Luis Carlos Meyer who decided after having a huge success in Colombia, to take a tour of different neighboring countries including Mexico. He was one of the first musicians who introduced of cumbia to the country, leaving a sample of the new “tropical” music in Mexico. This continued with the orchestras of Rafael de Paz and Tony Camargo, and in turn Lucho Bermúdez contributing other Colombian rhythms like the porro style. Other musicians a few years later would assimilate to the new Colombian rhythm. Meyer continued spreading his influence to the United States, where he would ultimately reside.

The origins of Mexican cumbia dance and instrument composition
The emergence of the original Mexican ensemble for performing cumbia emerged in the early 1940s in the orchestras of Rafael de Paz and Tony Camargo. Rafael de Paz and Tony Camargo added the metallic sounds from Cuban music into cumbia music when Luis Carlos Meyer (native of Colombia) migrated to Mexico carrying the cumbia songs and dances and porros (folk dances) of his country. Cumbia originated in Colombia, and variations have been made in various countries based on the original Colombian style. There have been various writers who have analyzed the cross-country spread of Cumbia and both its effects on listeners. Both styles of ensembles were merged due to Meyers not having the traditional Colombian instrumentation. This is shown in the recordings of RCA Víctor Mexico by 1945 when they were already popular.

The traditional Bolero music in Mexico of Cuban and Puerto Rican trios included maracas, and the predominant Cuban music of the time as shown in films of the time, giving an account of the adoption of these instruments.

In Colombia, Lucho Bermúdez already was playing cumbia songs starting in 1940. He used an orchestra with a greater number of instruments that differed with the ones used in Mexico, being based mainly on saxophones and clarinets that are used to play the melody, along with an orchestral base. His music appeared in national films, but in the Mexican style. One reason why Lucho Bermúdez decided to leave Colombia was because there were not many quality recording studios, so he was invited to Argentina to record in studios of superior quality (such as RCA Víctor). It was not until 1963 that his works were truly dispersed at the inauguration of Inravisión. Carmen Rivero in 1962, integrated not only these instruments but also the timpani (drum), marking the stops, starts, and exits of the orchestra within the same musical theme. This was a style not seen in the Colombian recordings. This conductor is supported by the musical arrangements of the renowned and international Mexican author Fernando Z. Maldonado who accentuated the use of trumpets as well as the musical stops of the Cuban dances derived from the Danzón.

title: Mexican cumbia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/American Jewish Council

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:08, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

American Jewish Council
Nonexistant organization, No website on google. Not notable when/if it existed. This article causes confusion with American Jewish Commitee, which is a notable and existant organization. Please visit User:Klonimus/AINB, a notice board for wikipedian's working to build an encyclopedic encyclopedia. Klonimus 21:40, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. Note that the address the article provides for the Council is shared by "Peek a boo challenged artists, inc." . I have no idea what that means, except to indicate the group's extreme newness and non-notability. Sdedeo 21:54, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Groeck 22:31, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jachin 22:37, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I think it's reasonable to assume the organization did actually exist, but was probably just one person with a free web site ( http://ajcouncil.freeyellow.com/ ) and PO box, both of which s/he abandoned. --rob 10:40, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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James Howden

James Howden (29 February 1832 – 21 November 1913) was a Scottish engineer and inventor who is noted for his invention of the Howden forced draught system for steam boilers.

Life
Howden was born in Prestonpans, East Lothian, in 1832, the son of James Howden and his wife, Catherine Cowden, and was educated at the local parish school. His first marriage was to Helen Burgess Adams, with whom he had one daughter, Catherine Spence Howden (1873–1925), and his second to Allison Moffat Hay, with whom he had two sons, James Howden (1883–1908) and William Hay Howden (1884–1943). His two wives both predeceased him, and he died in Glasgow in 1913.

Career
Howden served as an apprentice from 1847 with James Gray & Co., a Glasgow engineering firm, passing through the various departments and eventually becoming chief draughtsman. Having finished his apprenticeship he started work first with Bell and Miller, the civil engineers, then with Robert Griffiths, who designed marine screw propellers.

In 1854, Howden launched himself as a consultant engineer and designer, his first major invention being a rivet-making machine. The selling of the patent rights to a company in Birmingham for this secured him financially and James Howden & Co. was established as a manufacturer of marine equipment. In 1857, Howden began work on the design and supply of boilers and steam engines for the marine industry; his first contract was with Hendersons to supply the Anchor Liner Ailsa Craig with a compound steam engine and water boilers, using steam at 100 lb pressure. That same year, together with Alexander Morton of Glasgow, he was awarded a patent for the "invention of improvements in obtaining motive power." On 28 February 1859, he applied for a patent for the "improvements in machinery, or apparatus for cutting, shaping, punching, and compressing metals." In 1860 he patented a method of preheating combustion air; his patent was granted for the invention of "improvements in steam engines and boilers, and in the apparatus connected therewith". In 1862, he decided to construct main boilers and engines to his own design and started manufacturing in his first factory on Scotland Street in Glasgow's Tradeston district. A breakthrough came in 1863 when he introduced a furnace mechanical draught system which used a steam turbine driven axial flow fan. Howden is chiefly remembered as the inventor of the Howden forced draught system, which forced heated waste gases into the combustion chamber by means of a fan and ductwork and which appeared in the 1880s. This system dramatically reduced the amount of coal used in ships' boilers. Howden patented this device in 1882 as the 'Howden System of Forced Draught' and during the 1880s more than 1000 boilers were converted to this specification or constructed to Howden's patent. The first vessel to use the system was the New York City, built in 1885. Amongst the liners to use the Howden system in their boilers were the Lusitania and Mauretania, the fastest liners in the world when they were built.

Howden's original Glasgow factory being too small for his expanding operation, he had a new, larger one designed by Nisbet Sinclair at 195 Scotland Street, down the road from his original factory. This opened in 1898 and featured overhead cranes, handling equipment and central-heating (a rarity at the time). As a result of an overflowing order book, the factory was enlarged, first in 1904, and again in 1912, to a design by Bryden & Robertson. As of 2009, this redbrick factory – "one of the last remaining Victorian heavy engineering works in Glasgow", and the place where the tunnel boring machines used in the excavation of the Channel Tunnel were made – lies empty. In the 1900s, Howden designed a fully enclosed high-speed marine steam engine. This was later modified for use in land-based systems as the Howden-Zoelly steam turbine. At the onset of the First World War, a year after Howden's death, the Admiralty ruled that all ships were to be fitted with Howden "blowers" so that they could outrun U-boats.

Amongst the projects that Howden worked on were assisting the St Helena Whaling Company, quarrying marble in Greece and working on the design of a recoilless gun for the Admiralty.

Howden was the last surviving founder member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, founded in 1857. Although he was a lifelong Liberal, he took no part in politics or public life.

title: James Howden


text:
Pacific Northwest Bell

The Pacific Northwest Bell Telephone Company is an AT&T majority-owned Bell System company that provides local telecommunications services in Oregon, Washington, and northern Idaho. Pacific Northwest Bell Telephone Company was formed on July 1, 1961 when it was spun off from the Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company. On January 1, 1984, Pacific Northwest Bell was split from AT&T as ordered in the settlement of United States v. AT&T and became a subsidiary of the newly formed Regional Bell Operating Company US WEST, Inc. Pacific Northwest Bell became dormant when US WEST consolidated its three main subsidiaries, forming US WEST Communications, Inc. on January 1, 1991. US WEST merged with Qwest Communications International Inc. in 2000, and the US WEST brand was replaced by the Qwest brand. Qwest Communications merged with Louisiana-based CenturyLink in 2011, and the Qwest brand was replaced by the CenturyLink brand. As of January 1, 1991 the Pacific Northwest Bell name is not used for marketing anymore although the PNB provider still exists. The Pacific Northwest Bell identity was revived by and is now doing business as CenturyLink/LUMEN. The name was revived in the early 2010s.

Sunset Telephone & Telegraph Company
On March 7, 1883, the Sunset Telephone-Telegraph Company opened for business with 90 subscribers. This first office was in rented space in the Western Union Telegraph office. Weeks later the company moved into its own building at the corner of Second Avenue and Cherry Street in Seattle, WA.

In 1899 the original company was reincorporated as the Sunset Telephone and Telegraph Company and continued under that name until 1917 when the Sunset Company (which had grown to provide service throughout Washington and northern Idaho) merged with the Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company.

Pacific Telephone & Telegraph and Pacific Northwest Bell
Telephones began to crop up all over Oregon, Washington and northern Idaho. The first Seattle-Tacoma to Portland toll line was built in 1893. Assorted independent telephone companies set up competitive business throughout Oregon and Washington. With competition both the Bell and independent companies found it hard to do business and make money. Under the leadership of J. P. Morgan, the nation's most powerful banker, the Bell companies around the country began to buy out their major competitors. By 1924, the Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company had acquired most of the independents' property along the Pacific Coast. Headquartered in San Francisco, the Bell operating company served customers in California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and northern Idaho.

As the Pacific Northwest grew in population, AT&T made plans to split off Pacific Telephone and Telegraph's operations there to better serve the region. AT&T started the process by creating a division within the company called Pacific Telephone Northwest on February 1, 1960, then filing articles of incorporation for Pacific Northwest Bell, the new entity that would serve the region, on March 27, 1961. The Washington Public Service Commission approved the formation of Pacific Northwest Bell on June 5, with the separation occurring at midnight on July 1. Its service territory included Oregon, Washington and northern Idaho (Southern Idaho was served by Mountain Bell). The new company's first major job was to build the world's most advanced telephone service to serve the Seattle World's Fair which was scheduled to open in less than ten months (April 21, 1962.) This was accomplished.

AT&T breakup
On January 1, 1984, as part of the breakup of AT&T, Pacific Northwest Bell, Mountain Bell and Northwestern Bell became part of US WEST. The company continued to use the logo it adopted in 1969 but also used a variation which included the tagline "A USWEST Company".

In 1988, all three of US WEST's operating companies began doing business as US WEST Communications. However, the three companies remained legally separate until January 1, 1991, when US West merged its operating companies into Mountain Bell. On the same day, Mountain Bell changed its name to US WEST Communications. The Pacific Northwest region went from having been a part of Pacific Bell before 1961 to becoming a part of Mountain Bell. The name is still a registered federal trademark and the domain pacificnorthwestbell.com is also active and points to the website CenturyLink.

Prior to 1984, AT&T held 89.3% in Pacific Northwest Bell.

Headquarters
Pacific Northwest Bell's headquarters was located in a 32-story building at 1600 Seventh Avenue in Seattle. The building, which was constructed in 1976, was retained by US West and Qwest; CenturyLink sold it in 2012 after acquiring Qwest the previous year.

title: Pacific Northwest Bell