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Ivan Mosjoukine

Ivan Ilyich Mozzhukhin (Иван Ильич Мозжухин; 26 September 1889 – 18 January 1939), usually billed using the French transliteration Ivan Mosjoukine, was a Russian silent film actor.

Career in Russia
Ivan Mozzhukhin was born in Kondol, in the Saratov Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Penza Oblast in Russia), the youngest of four brothers. His mother Rachel Ivanovna Mozzhukhina (née Lastochkina) was the daughter of a Russian Orthodox priest, while his father Ilya Ivanovich Mozzhukhin came from peasants and served as an estate manager for the noble Obolensky family. He inherited this position from his own father — a serf whose children were granted freedom as a gratitude for his service.

While all three elder brothers finished seminary, Ivan was sent to the Penza gymnasium for boys and later studied law at the Moscow State University. In 1910, he left academic life to join a troupe of traveling actors from Kiev, with which he toured for a year, gaining experience and a reputation for dynamic stage presence. Upon returning to Moscow, he launched his screen career with the 1911 adaptation of Tolstoy's The Kreutzer Sonata. He also starred in A House in Kolomna (1913, after Pushkin), Pyotr Chardynin directed drama Do You Remember? opposite the popular Russian ballerina Vera Karalli (1914), Nikolay Stavrogin (1915, after Dostoyevsky's The Devils aka The Possessed), The Queen of Spades (1916, after Pushkin) and other adaptations of Russian classics.

The Kuleshov Effect
Mosjoukine's most lasting contribution to the theoretical concept of film as image is the legacy of his own face in recurring representation of illusory reactions seen in Lev Kuleshov's psychological montage experiment which demonstrated the Kuleshov Effect. In 1918, the first full year of the Russian Revolution, Kuleshov assembled his revolutionary illustration of the application of the principles of film editing out of footage from one of Mosjoukine's Tsarist-era films which had been left behind when he, along with his entire film production company, departed for the relative safety of Crimea in 1917.

Career in France
At the end of 1919, Mosjoukine arrived in Paris and quickly established himself as one of the top stars of the French silent cinema, starring in one successful film after another. Handsome, tall, and possessing a powerful screen presence, he won a considerable following as a mysterious and exotic romantic figure.

The first film of his French career was also his final Russian film. L'Angoissante Aventure (The Harrowing Adventure) was a dramatized record of the difficult and dangerous journey of Russian actors, directors and other film artists as they made their way from Crimea into the chaos of Ottoman Turkey in the midst of the post-World War I fall of the Sultanate. The group was headed by the renowned director Yakov Protazanov and included Mosjoukine's frequent leading lady Natalya Lisenko (billed in France as Nathalie Lissenko), whom he married and later divorced. Their ultimate destination was Paris, which became the new capital for most of the exiled former aristocrats and other refugees escaping the Russian Civil War. The film was completed and released in Paris in November 1920.

Mosjoukine's film stardom was assured and during the 1920s, his face with the trademark hypnotic stare appeared on covers of film magazines all over Europe. He wrote the screenplays for most of his starring vehicles and directed two of them, L'Enfant du carnaval (Child of the Carnival), released on 29 August 1921 and Le Brasier ardent (The Blazing Inferno), released on 2 November 1923. The leading lady in both films was the then-"Madame Mosjoukine", Nathalie Lissenko. Brasier, in particular, was highly praised for its innovative and inventive concepts, but ultimately proved too surreal and bizarre to become financially successful. Styled like a semi-comic Kafkaesque nightmare, the film has him playing a detective known only as "Z" hired by an older husband to follow his adventurous young wife. However, the plot was only the device which Mosjoukine and his assistant director Alexandre Volkoff used to experiment with the audience's perception of reality. Many of the scenes seem to be taking place on sets that are disconcertingly larger than normal and one particularly striking staging has the husband entering the detective agency to find a synchronized line of men, presumably detectives, all wearing tuxedos and gliding about in formation. Mosjoukine received praise for his enthusiastic acting and display of emotion.

Surrender in Hollywood
According to popular myth, when Rudolph Valentino died on August 23, 1926, Hollywood producers began searching for another face or image that might capture some iota of that unique screen presence radiated by "The Great Lover". However, Mosjoukine was signed by Universal before Valentino's death, as the August 14, 1926 edition of Motion Picture News mentions Mosjoukine's role in Michel Strogoff as Universal had just announced that they were bringing the film to the American market. Universal's Laemmle was mentioned as having signed Mosjoukine to come to America that fall. A few of the French productions which starred Mosjoukine were seen in large U.S. cities, where multitudes of cinemas regularly presented European films, but he was a generally unfamiliar persona to the large majority of American audiences. Universal's Carl Laemmle, who had employed Valentino as a supporting actor in two 1919-1920 films, found out that Mosjoukine was frequently described by the European press as the Russian Valentino.

However, as it turned out, Surrender, filmed in the summer of 1927, did not trust Mosjukine to carry the storyline. He was only the film's co-star, with the top billing and the central role going to Mary Philbin, a popular leading lady of the period who, eighteen months earlier, had the showy role of Christine, the focus of Lon Chaney's obsession and love in The Phantom of the Opera. The recent Russian Revolution was a popular film subject of the time, with the 1926 John Barrymore-Camilla Horn teaming in The Tempest and the Emil Jannings vehicle The Last Command, released three months after Surrender, being two examples of the genre. Since Laemmle's new star was a genuine survivor of the Revolution, it seemed only natural that the story would be set in that milieu.

Symptomatic of Mosjoukine's co-star status, he does not even appear in the first fifteen minutes of the film, which are occupied with the depiction of life in an Eastern European Jewish settlement on the eve of World War I. Eventually, at the centerpiece of the plot Mary Philbin, as the virginal daughter of the village rabbi, is confronted with the startling choice of willingly "surrendering" her maidenhood to Mosjoukine's aristocratic leader of the Cossack detachment sent to wipe out her village, or refusing and seeing him carry out his assignment. While this type of personality fitted into Valentino's past Son of the Sheik characterization of a dominant, forceful lover who initially takes women against their will, until they melt under the radiance of his sheer animal magnetism, it ran against Mosjoukine's European Casanova image as a fatalistically irresistible paramour to whom women flock and "surrender" without any hint of force or threat, but simply because of their inability to resist.

This basic misunderstanding of the dissimilarity between Valentino and Mosjoukine combined with journeyman direction by Edward Sloman and Mary Philbin's unresponsiveness and lack of chemistry with her leading man, consigned the film to a tepid reception by the critics and the public. Although moderately profitable, it was not the money-making hit that Laemmle expected. Mosjoukine received some good notices, but a number of critics doubted his suitability for American audiences. An even more ominous note, however, was sounded at the film's Broadway premiere on 10 October 1927. Another film, playing across the street, had its premiere four days earlier, on 6 October. The Jazz Singer was attracting much bigger audiences than Surrender and, as it was ushering in voice-on-film, would soon sound the death knell for Mosjoukine's career as a silent film star, as his heavy Russian accent eventually dealt a crippling blow to his hopes of continuing in talkies.

Return to Europe
After the unsuccessful attempt at a Hollywood career, Mosjoukine returned to Europe. The remainder of his film career, appearing in a new film every year until at least 1936, was spent in Europe. He appeared mainly in German films in the last years of the Weimar Republic, moving to France after the rise of the Nazis to power. In both countries he was often given roles in films with a Russian background. Many of his films were directed by fellow Russian emigres Vladimir Strizhevsky, Victor Tourjansky, and Alexandre Volkoff.

Personal life
Mosjoukine had three elder brothers. Alexander Mozzhukhin (1878—1972) was a famous opera singer who also left Russia for Paris in 1926. After his death his wife Cleo Carini returned to the Soviet Union, bringing her husband's archives along with her which included many documents. Among them was an autobiography and many letters from his family members, including Ivan. They are currently stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art and in several museums.

Mosjoukine's second brother Aleksey (born 1880) served as an officer in the Imperial Russian Army and was later enrolled to the Red Army. In 1931 he was arrested and sentenced to three years in prison for Anti-Soviet agitation. In 1937 he was arrested for the second time on the same account and by the NKVD troika's decision sentenced to death. Konstantin Mozzhukhin (born 1882) was also an army officer who served in the Imperial Russian Navy. In 1935 he and his father were arrested and sent to Yrgyz in the Kazakh SSR. In 1937 he was arrested for the second time, also for Anti-Soviet agitation, and sentenced to ten years of labor camps. The date of his death is unknown.

Mosjoukine was officially married three times. His first wife was the Russian actress Natalya Lisenko (1884–1960). They married in 1912 and divorced in 1927. In 1928 Mosjoukine married a Danish actress Agnes Petersen (1906—1973). His third wife was a French actress of Russian origin Tania Fédor (1905–1985), although they were married only for a brief period of time.

As a teenager Mosjoukine became romantically involved with Olga Bronitskaya (born Telegina) — an actress from the popular traveling troupe led by her brother Petr Zarechny. In 1908 she gave birth to their illegitimate son Aleksandr who was registered as the son of Petr Zarechny under his official family name. Thus the boy was raised as Aleksandr Petrovich Telegin, although he was made aware of his real father. For several years Mosjoukine traveled with his civil wife and his son before returning to Moscow and marrying Natalya Lisenko. According to Telegin, his father always supported them by sending letters, money and packages until his name came under a ban in the Soviet Union. Telegin and his family lived in Moscow, although they had to conceal their origin. To this day he remains Mosjoukine's only confirmed offspring.

French novelist Romain Gary claimed that his birth was the result of an affair between Mosjoukine and his mother Nina Owczyńska, a Polish-Jewish actress who later married Arieh Kacew. In 1960 he wrote a novelized autobiographical account of his mother's struggles and triumphs, La promesse de l'aube (Promise at Dawn), which became the basis for an English-language play and a French-American film. The play, Samuel A. Taylor's First Love, opened on Broadway at the Morosco Theatre on Christmas Day 1961 and closed on 13 January 1962, after 24 performances. In 1970, returning to its original title, it was adapted for the screen and directed by Jules Dassin as a vehicle for his wife Melina Mercouri (then aged 49), who played Nina. Dassin, who was 59 years old at the time, chose to play Mosjoukine himself in the single scene that the character appears in the film.

Death
Ivan Mosjoukine died of tuberculosis in a Neuilly-sur-Seine clinic. All available sources give his age as 49 and year of birth as 1889. However, his gravestone at the Russian cemetery in the Parisian suburb of Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois is inscribed with the year 1887.

Selected filmography

 * The Kreutzer Sonata (1911, dir. Pyotr Chardynin), as Troukhatchevsky
 * Defence of Sevastopol (1911, dir. Vasily Goncharov and Aleksandr Khanzhonkov), as Admiral Vladimir Kornilov
 * The Night Before Christmas (1913, dir. Ladislas Starevich), as The demon
 * Domik v Kolomne (The Little House in Kolomna) (1913)
 * The Queen of Spades (1916, dir. Yakov Protazanov), as Hermann
 * Satan Triumphant (1917, dir. Yakov Protazanov)
 * Father Sergius (1917, dir. Yakov Protazanov and Alexandre Volkoff), as Prince Kasatsky / Father Sergius
 * L'Angoissante aventure (1920, dir. Yakov Protazanov), as Henri de Granier
 * L'Enfant du carnaval (1921, dir. Ivan Mosjoukine), as Marquis Serge de Granier
 * Justice d'abord (1921, dir. Yakov Protazanov)
 *  (1922, dir. Robert Boudrioz), as Henri
 * The House of Mystery (1923, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Julien Villandrit
 * Le Brasier ardent (1923, dir. Ivan Mosjoukine), as Z
 * Kean (1924, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Edmund Kean
 * Les Ombres qui passent (1924, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Louis Barclay
 * The Lion of the Moguls (1924, dir. Jean Epstein), as Prince Roundghito-Sing
 * Feu Mathias Pascal (1925, dir. Marcel L'Herbier), as Mathias Pascal
 * Michel Strogoff (1926, dir. Victor Tourjansky), as Michael Strogoff
 * The Loves of Casanova (1927, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Giacomo Casanova
 * Surrender (1927, dir. Edward Sloman), as Constantine
 * The President (1928, dir. Gennaro Righelli), as Pepe Torre
 * The Secret Courier (1928, dir. Gennaro Righelli), as Julien Sorel
 * The Adjutant of the Czar (1929, dir. Vladimir Strizhevsky), as Prince Boris Kurbski
 * Manolescu (1929, dir. Victor Tourjansky), as Georges Manolescu
 * The White Devil (1930, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Hadji Murat
 * Sergeant X (1932, dir. Vladimir Strizhevsky), as Jean Renaud
 * The 1002nd Night (1933, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Prince Tahar
 * Casanova (1934, dir. René Barberis), as Giacomo Casanova
 *  (1934, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Henri Strogonoff
 * Nitchevo (1936, dir. Jacques de Baroncelli), as Meuter

title: Ivan Mosjoukine


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Oliver Twist (2005 film)

Oliver Twist is a 2005 drama film directed by Roman Polanski. The screenplay by Ronald Harwood adapts Charles Dickens's 1838 novel of the same name. It is an international co-production of the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic and France.

The film premiered at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 2005 before going into limited release in the United States on 23 September. It received generally positive reviews from critics, but was a commercial failure.

Plot
Nine-year-old orphaned Oliver Twist is taken to the workhouse by the beadle Mr. Bumble. After daring to ask for more food, Oliver is sold as an apprentice to Mr. Sowerberry, a local undertaker but runs away when Sowerberry's other apprentice, Noah Claypole, gets Oliver in trouble.

Oliver travels a seven-day journey to London where he befriends a young boy named Jack Dawkins, better known as the Artful Dodger, who takes him to join a gang of pickpockets led by the villainous Fagin. He also becomes acquainted with Nancy, a former pupil of Fagin's who is in love with Fagin's associate, Bill Sikes. Dodger and his friend Charley Bates take Oliver out to teach him to pick pockets - it ends in disaster when Oliver is falsely arrested for stealing from Mr. Brownlow. However, Mr. Brownlow decides to take Oliver in and care for him when he learns of the boy's innocence.

Fagin and Sikes become worried that Oliver will bring down the authorities onto them, so force Nancy to help bring Oliver back. To ensure Oliver becomes a criminal, Sikes brings him to rob Mr. Brownlow's house at gunpoint - Oliver is wounded in a shootout between Sikes and Mr. Brownlow. Sikes and Fagin later decided that Oliver knows too much and will likely 'peach' on them. Sikes suggests that they kill him, to which Fagin reluctantly agrees. Nancy overhears this and manages to inform Mr. Brownlow of Fagin's plan, keeping Sikes' name out of it. However, unbeknownst to her, Dodger has been sent by Fagin to spy on her and tells Fagin and Sikes, the latter of whom murders her.

Nancy's murder becomes public and the police across the city intend to arrest both Sikes and Fagin, for murder and abduction, respectively. Sikes' dog, Bullseye, leads the authorities to the gang's hideout. Sikes uses Oliver as a hostage whilst attempting to escape, but accidentally hangs himself. Oliver is brought back to live with Mr. Brownlow and goes to visit Fagin in jail. He is sad to see Fagin, who was kind to him, hallucinating and even more devastated to hear that Fagin will be executed for his crimes. Oliver and Mr. Brownlow return home to continue their lives, whilst a crowd gather to witness preparations of Fagin's hanging.

Production
In Twist by Polanski, a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, Roman Polanski discusses his decision to make yet another screen adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel. He realized nearly forty years had passed since Oliver Twist had been adapted for a feature film, and felt it was time for a new version. Screenwriter Ronald Harwood, with whom he had collaborated on The Pianist, welcomed the opportunity to work on the first Dickens project in his career.

For authenticity, all scenes featuring pickpocket skills were choreographed by stage pickpocket James Freedman and magician Martyn Rowland.

The film was shot in Prague, Beroun and Žatec in the Czech Republic.

Differences from the novel
Due to the novel's complex plot, several characters and events were omitted or changed.

The film does not explain where Oliver was raised prior to arriving at the workhouse. Mr. Bumble's role is reduced - there is no mention of him losing his job at the workhouse. Additionally, the characters of Monks (Oliver's half brother) and the Widow Corney are absent, therefore omitting any plot to destroy the locket proving Oliver's identity as well as Fagin and Monks' plan to prevent Oliver from inheriting his father's fortune by having him commit a crime. To make up for the absence of Monks, Fagin and Sikes conspire to murder Oliver - an event which does not occur in the novel.

In the novel, it is left ambiguous as to how Oliver and Mr. Brownlow are related. As in many versions (such as the 1997 Disney version and the 1948 adaptation by David Lean), Brownlow is made Oliver's grandfather, however, unlike in previous versions, this relationship is more implied than explicitly stated.

Due to the absence of the Maylie family, Oliver is not left by Sikes to die during the burglary, rather he is taken back to Fagin's. The Artful Dodger is not deported to Australia and, therefore, plays a larger role in some of the later events in the story. Firstly, like in David Lean's 1948 film, the 1997 Disney version and the 1974 animated version produced by Filmation, he is sent by Fagin (instead of Noah Claypole who appears only in the earlier scenes) to spy on Nancy, indirectly causing her death by telling Fagin and Sikes that she has informed on them. Secondly, it is Dodger (instead of Charley Bates, whose role is also smaller in the film than the novel) who attempts to give up Sikes to the police for murdering Nancy. However, his ultimate fate is left unknown after Sikes' death.

Reception
The film received mixed to positive reviews, holding a 61% score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 143 reviews, averaging 6.3/10. The consensus reads, "Polanski's version of Dickens' classic won't have audiences asking for more because while polished and directed with skill, the movie's a very impersonal experience." Metacritic assigned a score of 65, indicating 'generally favorable reviews.'

A. O. Scott of The New York Times called it a "bracingly old-fashioned" film that "does not embalm its source with fussy reverence" but "rediscovers its true and enduring vitality." He added, "the look of the movie... is consistent with its interpretation of Dickens's worldview, which could be plenty grim but which never succumbed to despair. There is just enough light, enough grace, enough beauty, to penetrate the gloom and suggest the possibility of redemption. The script... is at once efficient and ornate, capturing Dickens's narrative dexterity and his ear for the idioms of English speech."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times was similarly positive; he lauded the film as "visually exact and detailed without being too picturesque." Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle praised it as a "grounded and unusually matter-of-fact adaptation," continuing, "Polanski does justice to Dickens' moral universe, in which the motives and worldview of even the worst people are made comprehensible."

Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly graded the film B+ and commented, "On the face of it, Roman Polanski's Oliver Twist is in the tradition of every faithful Oliver Twist ever filmed – a photogenic, straightforward, CliffsNotes staging of Charles Dickens' harrowing story... Yet precisely because this is by Roman Polanski, it's irresistible to read his sorrowful and seemingly classical take, from a filmmaker known as much for the schisms in his personal history as for the lurches in his work, as something much more personal and poignant."

However, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated two out of four stars, calling it "drab and unfeeling" while "lacking the Polanski stamp." He further felt Barney Clark's performance as Oliver was "bereft of personality." Todd McCarthy of Variety echoed Travers' sentiments about Clark, labelling him "disappointingly wan and unengaging," while writing that the film was "conventional, straightforward" and "a respectable literary adaptation, but [lacking] dramatic urgency and intriguing undercurrents."

In the UK press, Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian opined that while "[Polanski's] Oliver Twist does not flag or lose its way and is always watchable, the book's original power and force have not been rediscovered." Philip French of The Observer wrote that the film was "generally disappointing, though by no means badly acted," and alleged that it lacked "any serious point of view about individuality, society, community."

Home media
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on DVD on 24 January 2006. It is in anamorphic widescreen format, with audio tracks and subtitles in English and French. Bonus features include Twist by Polanski, in which the director reflects on the making of the film; The Best of Twist, which includes interviews with production designer Allan Starski, costume designer Anna B. Sheppard, cinematographer Paweł Edelman, editor Hervé de Luze, and composer Rachel Portman; and Kidding with Oliver Twist, which focuses on the young actors in the cast.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oliver Twist (2005 film)


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X-linked agammaglobulinemia

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a rare genetic disorder discovered in 1952 that affects the body's ability to fight infection. As the form of agammaglobulinemia that is X-linked, it is much more common in males. In people with XLA, the white blood cell formation process does not generate mature B cells, which manifests as a complete or near-complete lack of proteins called gamma globulins, including antibodies, in their bloodstream. B cells are part of the immune system and normally manufacture antibodies (also called immunoglobulins), which defend the body from infections by sustaining a humoral immunity response. Patients with untreated XLA are prone to develop serious and even fatal infections. A mutation occurs at the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene that leads to a severe block in B cell development (at the pre-B cell to immature B cell stage) and a reduced immunoglobulin production in the serum. Btk is particularly responsible for mediating B cell development and maturation through a signaling effect on the B cell receptor BCR. Patients typically present in early childhood with recurrent infections, in particular with extracellular, encapsulated bacteria. XLA is deemed to have a relatively low incidence of disease, with an occurrence rate of approximately 1 in 200,000 live births and a frequency of about 1 in 100,000 male newborns. It has no ethnic predisposition. XLA is treated by infusion of human antibody. Treatment with pooled gamma globulin cannot restore a functional population of B cells, but it is sufficient to reduce the severity and number of infections due to the passive immunity granted by the exogenous antibodies.

XLA is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome (Xq21.3-q22) of a single gene identified in 1993 which produces an enzyme known as Bruton's tyrosine kinase, or Btk. XLA was first characterized by Dr. Ogden Bruton in a ground-breaking research paper published in 1952 describing a boy unable to develop immunities to common childhood diseases and infections. It is the first known immune deficiency, and is classified with other inherited (genetic) defects of the immune system, known as primary immunodeficiency disorders.

Signs and symptoms
Affects males 50% of the time if mother is a carrier for the gene. Children are generally asymptomatic until 6–9 months of age when maternal IgG decreases. Present with recurrent infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, hepatitis virus, and enterovirus CNS infections. Examination shows lymphoid hypoplasia (tonsils and adenoids, no splenomegaly or lymphadenopathy). There is significant decrease in all immunoglobulins.

Genetics
Most antibodies are gamma globulins. Antibodies are made mainly by plasma cells, which are daughter cells of the B cell line. The Btk enzyme plays an essential role in the maturation of B cells in the bone marrow, and when mutated, immature pro-B lymphocytes are unable to develop into pre-B lymphocytes, which normally develop into mature (naive) B cells that leave the bone marrow into the blood stream.

The disorder is inherited in an X-linked recessive fashion (as the gene linked to it is on the X chromosome) and is almost entirely limited to the sons of asymptomatic female carriers. This is because males have only one copy of the X chromosome, while females have two copies; one normal copy of an X chromosome can compensate for mutations in the other X chromosome, so they are less likely to be symptomatic.

There is 30–50% chance of XLA patients having a positive family history of genetic inheritance. The rest of the cases occur as random mutations. If a carrier female gives birth to a male child, there is a 50% chance that the male will have XLA. A carrier female has a 25% chance overall of giving birth to an affected male child. An XLA patient will pass on the gene, and all of his daughters will be XLA carriers, meaning that any male grandchildren from an XLA patient's daughters have a 50% chance of inheriting XLA. A female XLA patient can arise only as the child of an XLA patient and a carrier mother. XLA can also rarely result from a spontaneous mutation in the fetus of a non-carrier mother.

Diagnosis
XLA diagnosis usually begins due to a history of recurrent infections, mostly in the respiratory tract, through childhood. This is due to humoral immunodeficiency. The diagnosis is probable when blood tests show the complete lack of circulating B cells (determined by the B cell marker CD19 and/or CD20), as well as low levels of all antibody classes, including IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD.

When XLA is suspected, it is possible to do a Western Blot test to determine whether the Btk protein is being expressed. Results of a genetic blood test confirm the diagnosis and will identify the specific Btk mutation, however its cost prohibits its use in routine screening for all pregnancies. Women with an XLA patient in their family should seek genetic counseling before pregnancy. Although the symptoms of a XLA and other primary immune diseases (PID) include repeated and often severe infections, the average time for a diagnosis of a PID can be up to 10 years.

Treatment
The most common treatment for XLA is an intravenous infusion of immunoglobulin (IVIg, human IgG antibodies) every week, for life. IVIg is a human product extracted and pooled from thousands of blood donations. IVIg does not cure XLA but increases the patient's lifespan and quality of life, by generating passive immunity, and boosting the immune system. With treatment, the number and severity of infections is reduced. With IVIg, XLA patients may live a relatively healthy life. A patient should attempt reaching a state where his IgG blood count exceeds 800 mg/kg. The dose is based on the patient's weight and IgG blood-count.

Muscle injections of immunoglobulin (IMIg) were common before IVIg was prevalent, but are less effective and much more painful; hence, IMIg is now uncommon. Subcutaneous treatment (SCIg) was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is recommended in cases of severe adverse reactions to the IVIg treatment.

Antibiotics are another common supplementary treatment. Local antibiotic treatment (drops, lotions) are preferred over systemic treatment (pills) for long-term treatment, if possible. One of the future prospects of XLA treatment is gene therapy, which could potentially cure XLA. Gene therapy technology is still in its infancy and may cause severe complications such as cancer and even death. Moreover, the long-term success and complications of this treatment are, as yet, unknown.

Other considerations
It is not recommended and dangerous for XLA patients to receive live attenuated vaccines such as live polio, or the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR vaccine). Special emphasis is given to avoiding the oral live attenuated SABIN-type polio vaccine that has been reported to cause polio to XLA patients. Furthermore, it is not known if active vaccines in general have any beneficial effect on XLA patients as they lack normal ability to maintain immune memory.

XLA patients are specifically susceptible to viruses of the Enterovirus family, and mostly to: polio virus, coxsackie virus (hand, foot, and mouth disease) and Echoviruses. These may cause severe central nervous system conditions as chronic encephalitis, meningitis and death. An experimental anti-viral agent, pleconaril, is active against picornaviruses. XLA patients, however, are apparently immune to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as they lack mature B cells (and so HLA co-receptors) needed for the viral infection. Patients with XLA are also more likely to have a history of septic arthritis.

It is not known if XLA patients are able to generate an allergic reaction, as they lack functional IgE antibodies. There is no special hazard for XLA patients in dealing with pets or outdoor activities. Unlike in other primary immunodeficiencies XLA patients are at no greater risk for developing autoimmune illnesses.

Agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is similar to the primary immunodeficiency disorder Hypogammaglobulinemia (CVID), and their clinical conditions and treatment are almost identical. However, while XLA is a congenital disorder, with known genetic causes, CVID may occur in adulthood and its causes are not yet understood. In addition, to X-linked agammaglobulinemia a couple of autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia gene mutations have been described including mutations in IGHM, IGLL1, CD79A/B,  BLNK and deletion of the deletion of the terminal 14q32.33 chromosom.

XLA was also historically mistaken as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), a much more severe immune deficiency ("Bubble boys").A strain of laboratory mouse, XID, is used to study XLA. These mice have a mutated version of the mouse Btk gene, and exhibit a similar, yet milder, immune deficiency as in XLA.

title: X-linked agammaglobulinemia


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User talk:Andy mefl

Domo Arrigato, Mr. Roboto
Welcome!

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title: User talk:Andy mefl


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Alex Tagliani

Alexandre Tagliani (born October 18, 1973), nicknamed "Tag", is a Canadian professional racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Canada Series, driving the No. 18 Chevrolet Camaro for 22 Racing.

Tagliani has competed in a variety of disciplines including open-wheel, stock car, and sports car racing. He has raced in the Atlantic Championship, Champ Car, IndyCar Series, NASCAR Pinty's Series, and NASCAR Xfinity Series.

Atlantic Championship
Tagliani debuted in the Atlantic Championship in 1996 with P-1 Racing, where he finished seventh in the overall points standings. Switching to Forsythe Racing, he finished third in 1997, fourth in 1998, and fourth in 1999, claiming two wins in each season.

Champ Car
Tagliani raced in the Champ Car series from 2000, when it was still known as CART, until its demise in 2007. He was signed by Forsythe Racing for the 2000 season replacing Greg Moore.

He came close to obtaining his first victory in his third start, after taking pole position at Brazil and leading most of the race, but spun out from the lead with nine laps to go.

In 2001, he was involved in the collision with Alex Zanardi at the Lausitzring that resulted in the loss of Zanardi's legs.

He remained at Forsythe until the end of 2002, when he was substituted by Paul Tracy. He found a job with the Rocketsports team in 2003, and remained there for the 2004 season, in which he earned his first and only Champ Car victory at Road America.

In 2005, he joined Team Australia, which was a rebranding of Derrick Walker's long-running team with the support of Australian businessman Craig Gore, and finished seventh in the championship despite lacking a race engineer. The seventh-place finish would equal the best of his three Top 10 championship points finishes.

He returned to Rocketsports for the 2007 season, and finished 10th in points with a best finish of fourth in the first race of the season. He earned four pole positions during his Champ Car career.

Alex, along with many other 2007 Champ Car Drivers, has stated the Panoz DP01 was "one of" the best American Open Wheel Racers he ever drove during his career. This is among the collection of open-wheel cars he drove from the 1990s to modern day, and continues to do so, with less frequency into the 2020s. In the mid 2010s his career began a focus on "Stock Car Racing" rather than a large frequency of open-wheel.

IndyCar
In 2008, after the Rocketsports team decided not to take part in the IndyCar Series, Tagliani made the transition to stock cars and began racing in the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series. He also drove for Conquest Racing in the IndyCar Series Detroit Grand Prix, replacing the injured Enrique Bernoldi. Tagliani continued in the seat for the last two races of the season.

Conquest Racing announced that Tagliani would return as a full-time driver for the 2009 season. However, the team ultimately concentrated on road and street course races after the Indianapolis 500; ninth place in Toronto proved his best result. Tagliani left Conquest Racing after the 2009 Rexall Edmonton Indy race in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

It was announced on August 28, 2009, that Tagliani had signed a four-year deal with an option for a fifth year to drive for start-up FAZZT Race Team in the IZOD IndyCar Series beginning in 2010.

After a successful 2010 campaign with Tagliani, FAZZT Race Team was looking forward to an even more successful 2011 season, along with the possible expansion on the grid with a second entry. However, the team was purchased by Sam Schmidt on March 1, 2011, and was absorbed into Sam Schmidt Motorsports. Tagliani was retained, along with all sponsors, for a full-time entry during the 2011 season, racing alongside his new teammates Townsend Bell, Wade Cunningham, and Jay Howard.

In 2011, for the 100th anniversary of the first running of the Indianapolis 500, Tagliani qualified on the pole position with a four-lap average of 227.472 mph, besting Scott Dixon in the last run of the day. Unfortunately for Tagliani, he would run wide in turn 4 on lap 147 and make contact with the outside wall, inflicting damage upon the car which would force him to retire from the race the following lap.

To date, Tagliani's best finish in the Indianapolis 500 is tenth, which he achieved in 2010 while driving for FAZZT Race Team. His best performance was arguably the 2016 event when he charged hard from 33rd starting position to lead 11 laps, matching a record set by Tom Sneva in 1980.

NASCAR Xfinity and Truck Series
Tagliani has run selected races in the NASCAR Xfinity Series since 2009. That year he entered the Montreal and Phoenix rounds with Pat MacDonald. He drove at Montreal in 2011 for Team Penske and 2012 for Steve Turner. He did not enter any race in 2013.

In 2014, Tagliani announced that he would drive in two races in the series for Team Penske. At Road America for the Gardner Denver 200, Tagliani won the pole position driving Penske's No. 22. Tagliani nearly won his first NNS race leading the second half. However, it was questionable with 10 laps to go if Tagliani had enough fuel. A caution came out before the final lap and just as the yellow period began, Tagliani ran out of gas in the extended race and stalled at the start/finish line. Tagliani switched to dry (slick) tires with most of the field on wet tires (on a drying track); he restarted in 23rd place and recovered for second place. At Mid-Ohio he finished fifth without leading any lap.

Later in 2014, Tagliani was announced as the driver for Brad Keselowski Racing's No. 19 in the Camping World Truck Series event at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park. Despite the race being his very first Truck Series start, he earned the pole position and led the first seven laps. However, he would finish the race in sixteenth.

In 2015, Tagliani drove one race for Team Penske in the Xfinity Series race at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. He earned the pole and was in contention for the victory, losing the lead in the second-to-final corner of the race after being hit by eventual winner Regan Smith. Two weeks later, Tagliani drove the No. 29 truck for Brad Keselowski Racing at Mosport, leading a total of 8 laps and finishing 5th after battling Erik Jones for the lead late in the race.

In 2016, Tagliani made a one-off appearance in the No. 22 for Team Penske at Road America in the Xfinity Series, and earned the pole for the race. He would lead 17 laps and score a seventh-place finish. Tagliani would part ways with Penske at year's end, to make way for other Penske drivers such as Austin Cindric.

Tagliani returned to the Truck Series for the 2017 Mosport race, driving the No. 02 for Young's Motorsports.

For the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 250, he moved to Kyle Busch Motorsports' No. 51 Toyota. He returned to the team in August 2020 at the Daytona International Speedway road course.

NASCAR Pinty's Series
In 2007, Tagliani debuted in the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series, entering two rounds with Dave Jacombs. In 2008, he raced in 9 out of 13 races with that team, scoring a win at Edmonton Airport.

Tagliani competed at two NASCAR Canada Series races in 2009, two in 2013 and one in 2013. He scored four pole positions, but his best finishes were fifth.

The driver returned as a full-time driver in 2014 with his own team. Again, his best results were fifth, and ended ninth in the overall standings. In 2015, he joined Colin Livingston's team, where he claimed his second win at Sunset and two third-place finishes. In 2016, he scored three wins at Sunset, Toronto and Edmonton International Raceway, and finished third in points.

Tagliani joined Scott Steckly's 22 Racing team in 2017. In 2018, he finished second in the standings behind Louis-Philippe Dumoulin. During the 2019 season, he scored a win at Toronto and was running in points until myocarditis forced him out of competing in the Autodrome St. Eustache round, effectively ending his championship hopes.

Sports cars
Tagliani has competed in sports cars since the mid-2000s. He finished 59th in GRAND-AM Rolex Sports Car Series GT class points in 2007, with a best finish of 13th at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez in Mexico City. In 2013, he drove driving a Ferrari GRAND-AM GT in the Rolex Sports Car Series. Later, Rocketsports Racing announced that it had signed Tagliani for the full 2014 United SportsCar Championship season to drive an Oreca FLM09.

Personal life
Tagliani has severe food allergies and suffered several episodes of anaphylaxis. He has promoted public awareness through the Food Allergy Canada and personal sponsor Pfizer.

He is also an advocate for young Go-Karting talent and the Go-Karting hobby across the world, from Briggs to Shifters to KZ. This is seen in some of his businesses and initiatives, such as "Tag E-Karting and Amusement" located in Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec.

In 2023, he talked in depth regarding his NASCAR Pinty's Career, and some great lifetime memories of his in downtown Saskatoon, and area, over the years. He won in Saskatoon for the first time in 2022, and at the Honda Indy Toronto, at the World-Famous Toronto Exhibition Grounds, as recently as 2023. He is one of the greatest assets to Canadian Motorsports and its rich history.

American open-wheel racing results
(key)

CART/Champ Car

 * ^ New points system implemented in 2004

IndyCar Series

 * 1 Run on same day.
 * 2 Non-points-paying, exhibition race.
 * 3 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11.

 * ** Podium (Non-win) indicates 2nd or 3rd place finishes.
 * *** Top 10s (Non-podium) indicates 4th through 10th place finishes.

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

Pinty's Series
$$ Season still in progress $1$ Ineligible for series points

Touring/sports car racing
(Races in bold indicate pole position)

V8 Supercar results
+ International driver, not eligible for points in 2010 format. Points listed is team points for driver Jason Bargwanna in the two races where Tagliani was co-driver for the #11 Kelly Racing Holden.

title: Alex Tagliani


text:
University College Players

The University College Players (or Univ Players for short) are the theatrical society of University College, Oxford.

History
The first production was in May 1941 when Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors was performed in co-operation with Merton College. Peter Bayley was the senior member from the start till the 1960s. After the Second World War, Univ Players was re-founded with a production of Measure for Measure in 1946.

In 1952, a young Maggie Smith appeared in a production of He Who Gets Slapped by the Russian playwright Leonid Andreyev, directed by Peter Bayley at the Clarendon Press Institute, after attending a theatrical training scheme and performing in Twelfth Night at the Oxford Playhouse.

Michael York (then Michael Johnson) was a Univ Players member in the early 1960s, before graduating with a degree in English in 1964. Peter Sissons, later to become a newscaster, was Treasurer of the Univ Players during his time studying at University College in the 1960s. John Albery took over from Peter Bayley as the senior member of the Players during the 1960s, after his appointment as a chemistry don at University College. He organised the Univ Revue for many years. The March 1963 production of A Man for All Seasons at the Oxford Playhouse was especially successful.

In 1974, Jon Plowman directed a musical version of Zuleika Dobson at the Oxford Playhouse, with a script by Reggie Oliver and music by Michael Brand. In the late 1970s, the Univ Players produced successful outdoor summer productions of The Seagull (1976, in St Hilda's meadow), A Midsummer Night's Dream and an adaptation of Alice in Wonderland (1977 and 1978, in the grounds of Magdalen College School by Magdalen Bridge).

More recently they have had annual outdoor summer productions in the garden of the Master's Lodgings. Recent Productions include Sheridan's The School for Scandal in 2003, Stoppard's The Real Inspector Hound in 2009, and Congreve's The Way of the World in 2010. In May 2011, Jack Peters directed Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector. In May 2013, Elisabeth Watts directed Oliver Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer.

Univ Revue
John Albery organised the Univ Revue in the college Hall, starting in 1972, with Leslie Mitchell. It consisted of an irreverent series of sketches with some musical by both fellows and students of the college. Performers included John Albery, Leslie Mitchell, Jean Maud, Colin Moynihan, John Redcliffe-Maud and others. Having been absent for ten years, the Univ Revue returned in 2012.

Alumni
Here is a selection of former members:

 * John Albery
 * Peter Bayley
 * Jonathan Bowen
 * Andrew Edis
 * Gordon Honeycombe
 * Braham Murray
 * Reggie Oliver
 * Jon Plowman
 * Andrew Robinson
 * William George Q
 * Tony Sarchet
 * Desmond Shawe-Taylor
 * Peter Sissons
 * Dame Maggie Smith
 * Michael York

title: University College Players


text:
Sundance (rapper)

Ericka Campbell (born April 4, 1972), better known as Sundance, is an American rapper, DJ and radio personality.

Biography
Many details surrounding Ericka Campbell's birth and upbringing are unknown. Ericka's biological grandfather, Ethell Day Sr., was awarded custody of her just three months after her birth and remained in his custody until she was twelve years old. It is unclear why. She then moved briefly to Inglewood, California with her mother and stepfather but soon moved back to Chicago to live with her grandparents. Campbell attended Melody Elementary School and graduated from Maria Regina Catholic School in Gardena, California, a private elementary school. She then attended Morningside High School in Inglewood, California but upon returning to Chicago, she enrolled and graduated from Austin Community Academy High School on the West side of the city.

She took up DJing with a relative, and in the late 1980s recorded a house record with Fast Eddie, "Git On Up", that was certified Gold by RIAA and Billboard.

Afterwards, she went to cosmetology school and became a hairstylist.

In 1999, she pursued radio and landed a job at one of Clear Channel's urban stations in Chicago and was there for seven years. She is currently still DJing.

title: Sundance (rapper)


text:
User talk:Arryman 6

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Arryman 6


text: User talk:65.95.93.182

title: User talk:65.95.93.182


title: File:3313Cover.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Dutton Douglas

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 03:58, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Michael Dutton Douglas
Article repeats content of Laura Bush, duplicative, cannot grow beyond a stub because subject is not notable. Delete Toshiba 00:56, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: User:Toshiba is a verified sockpuppet of banned user Coqsportif.  Shem(talk) 07:03, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The police report image is not in the Laura Bush article. If it is added to that article, I agree that the Michael Dutton Douglas article adds nothing and should be deleted. Krakatoa 00:34, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * On further reflection, I am persuaded by the commenters below, and change my vote to Keep. I also un-bolded the "delete" in my previous comment; as saxet notes below, I was not the person who put that text in bold. Krakatoa 19:18, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. Note that it was Toshiba and not Krakatoa who (00:53, 22 August) put the 'delete' part of the word 'deleted' in bold. --saxet 08:22, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy Keep. I believe this is a poor VfD nomination. MDD is a minor, but notable person, and the article is well written and (very) well sourced. From looking at Toshiba's multiple edits of the Douglas article this is actually a dispute over content. Also, Toshiba just deleted saxet's comment above; I have restored it. Please let's keep things civil. Sdedeo 01:03, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. There seems to be a lot of bad blood here. May I suggest as a solution that the giant honking "Main article MDD" notice be taken off from the Bush article and this article kept? Another solution is for parties involved to take a break from editing this for awhile and let the rest of the wiki figure out a consensus. Sdedeo 01:48, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll retire from this mess now. I never wanted any of it to begin with, felt like I did everything to try to accomodate Toshiba but even the most basic facts were ignored/deleted (e.g. that Laura was in fact driving the car, and not Judy Dyke). Problem is, I believe Toshiba has plenty of usernames and I'm afraid a lot of ‘them’ is going to vote in this Vfd. --saxet 02:02, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; Getting killed by a pre-notable does not by any standard make you notable yourself. The personal details of this person is irrelevant in relation to encyclopedic content. E.g. biographies of victims of famous serial killers, mass murderers and such are likewise irrelevant. | Celcius 01:29, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: See Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman; they both have articles, and their killer hasn't even been legally identified.  She was just a football star's wife, and he was just the friend of a football star's wife, right? Shem(talk) 03:01, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: He is indeed minor and therefore not notable. In what possible respect do you assert that he is notable. He is a motor accident victim who died when 17, hardly notable. A reference to him belongs in the notable person's article Laura Bush, he did nothing notable. There is no dispute over content, the content in Laura Bush article is basically the same. Speedy Delete Toshiba 01:11, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Note that this is the second time Toshiba votes in this VfD, the first time was at 00:56, 22 August. --saxet 08:22, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There is PLENTY of dispute over content from your side. --saxet 01:15, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Not really, the main issue is about the nature of the article and I refer to Wikipedia policy:

 * it is unexpandable (it cannot ever be more than a stub, and could never be a perfect article due to its subject matter - it may however belong as part of another article)

 * Sounds exactly like what this article it is. It can never be more than a stub, it clearly belongs to the Laura Bush article. Toshiba 01:19, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * From my earlier comment; "Also, you seem to want to delete any information regarding the person Michael Dutton Douglas which might be one reason the article is a stub." --saxet 01:22, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Accroding to Stub, "A stub is an article which is clearly too short, but not so short as to be useless. In general, it must be long enough to at least define the article's title. This generally means 3 to 10 short sentences." So the Michael Dutton Douglas IS NOT as stub. --saxet 01:37, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Toshiba, I would appreciate very much if you would stop deleting large portions of the article. And that the 'multiple users' that sometimes follow you around would cease to do the same. I've urged you plenty times to discuss any specifics (style of language etc) that you might disagree with on the talkpage but with no luck so far. As you are aware of, there's the police report photo (that you can enlarge) on the page, yet you seem to want to delete information that is verifiable to anyone who reads the report. You also insert a lot of information that contradicts the report. Also, you seem to want to delete any information regarding the person Michael Dutton Douglas which might be one reason the article is a stub. One of the reasons the Laura Bush segment on MDD is similar is because you do the same things to that paragraph. Of course the subject matter is notable, Wikipedia is about collecting all human knowledge and so far there's has been at least four LB biographies that discusses the subjectmatter, plenty of newspaper articles and entries on many other web resources, including Snopes. If included in the Laura Bush article the subject would simply become too dominating. --saxet 00:47, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - why is this article up for a second VFD in 24 hours? It's already listed here from the August 21 session. A Wiki-glitch perhaps? No vote as I'm not familiar enough with the subject matter to make an informed opinion. 23skidoo 01:35, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Per Toshiba. The event is noteworthy only as part of the life of Laura Bush.  Merge any information (including police report) that is not currently on Laura Bush article. PlainSight 01:41, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, because this young man was notable, and it prevents material on him from dominating the first section of Laura Bush. Plus, Wikipedia's article on Michael Dutton Douglas is the #2 result on Google for his name now, having transcended all the nutjob theories on him circulating the internet. Shem(talk) 02:24, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment; What did this young man do which made him notable? Asides from getting killed by a pre-notable how does this man distinguish himself from millions of other youths around the world? Besides, Wiki's placement on google is perhaps the worst conceivable argument for keeping or not keeping articles. Celcius 02:43, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The incident was notable, and an article with his name is the most appropriate place to put it. Some death victims are notable, despite this new "no killing victim articles on Wikipedia" trend, especially one killed by a future First Lady of the United States.  The Google link was just a "plus," clearly labeled as such, not that I consider it "the worse conceivable argument" by any stretch.  Much as it bothers you, Celcius, you'll have to deal with this article being around. Shem(talk) 02:57, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm well aware of the concept of democracy and I do realize that I "have to deal" with the outcome of the vote. Still, I find it redundant to have the same information in 2 different articles. Celcius
 * Keep, this incident was notable, and having it at its own page prevents this form hijacking the Laura Bush article. GregAsche 02:41, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Dottore So 02:48, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep verifiable. - SimonP 03:55, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Douglas' death is the opener in one biography of Laura Bush, but the story itself in all its detail doesn't sit particularly well in her article.    This article has a use in keeping the Laura Bush article relatively uncluttered. --Tony Sidaway Talk  05:08, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. As per all the arguments above. This is clearly a bad faith VfD nomination due to revert wars at the article itself. It is clear that user Toshiba continually deletes content in a bad faith attempt to keep the article as a stub, thusly rendering it appropriate for VfD. --Nicodemus75 05:23, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think it's a good article, deserving it's own space. Alf 09:23, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notability and verifiability OK. --DrTorstenHenning 14:04, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting article Inge 17:54, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I would favor deletion if I could be sure that all the information would indeed be merged into the Laura Bush article and would stay there.  That almost certainly wouldn't happen, though.  I agree with Shem about Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman, and I'll add Mary Jo Kopechne as another example of a similar article. JamesMLane 18:20, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think he is notable since it happened to the first lady. maltmomma 01:35, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Keep and add more content. Such content wouldn't be appropriate at Laura Bush, but is notable. icydid 21:34, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jephix Liu

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was userfy. JYolkowski // talk 19:26, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Jephix Liu
vanity, non-notable Dvyost 22:27, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete My opinion is user page created in mainspace by first time user. Alf 00:21, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Obvious Delete. Look at who created the page. Move the content to user page & speedy delete right now. -- Zanaq 00:13, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, please userfy and delete from article space. -- Visviva 01:25, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Paralimni

Paralimni (Παραλίμνι) is a town within the Famagusta District of Cyprus, situated on the island's east coast. Since the Turkish invasion in 1974, it has increased in size and status, primarily due to the migration of refugees fleeing from the north. Many workers in the tourist sectors of Protaras and Ayia Napa live in Paralimni, which is now the temporary administrative centre of the Famagusta District and the biggest municipality of the district under the control of the Republic of Cyprus.

Natural conditions
The city of Paralimni is located in the extreme southeast of Cyprus island. The city is located 110 kilometers east of the capital Nicosia. The city was traditionally a suburb of Famagusta (until the occupation of the city), just 10 km to the north.

Paralimni is located near the Mediterranean coast, about 80 meters above sea level. The city is located at the southeast end of the island's central plateau Mesaoria. This is why the plain extends around the city in the north and the coastal hills rise to the south.

The city's population in 2001 was 11,091, in 2011 15,000.

History
The word Paralimni is Greek and means "by the lake". Historically, the town was built on the shores of a shallow lake which filled with water only in the winter. At the beginning of the 20th century, the whole lakebed was reclaimed for agricultural purposes. Paralimni has not always been where it is now, and was built originally on a hill situated between Deryneia and its present location. In the 15th century, it was moved inland to avoid detection by pirates. It is said that the first people to settle in Paralimni arrived just after the capture of the nearby town of Famagusta by the Ottoman Turks in 1571. The first settlement was called Saint Demetrius, and this place still bears his name today.

In 1986, after a referendum, the area was declared a municipality with the name "Paralimni". In May 1986, the first elections were held for the office of mayor and municipal council; Nikos Vlittis was elected the first mayor, and served from 1986 to 2006. In December 2006, Vlittis lost the election to Andreas Evaggelou, who served as mayor until 2011. The town is a stronghold for the Democratic Rally, a centre-right party. Architecturally, Paralimni has been nondescript, as very little remains of the original village. Outside of the town centre, most houses are little more than small rectangular blocks; this is compensated for by their attractive gardens, especially when the trees are in bloom. Younger generations who earn higher salaries have been spending larger amounts of money on the construction of more modern and attractive houses in the town.

At the heart of Paralimni lies a shopping centre and a small entertainment scene, including modern cafes and bars. Because Paralimni has rapidly grown in size, Cyprus' biggest food retailers such as Carrefour have built or rented branches there. There are also many local supermarkets. The countryside surrounding Paralimni has red soil rich in zinc, which is famous for producing highly nutritious and flavourful potatoes. It is also known for its picturesque windmills, which are used to draw water from underground aquifers to irrigate the surrounding land. Many of these windmills are now derelict, having been replaced by electric or diesel-powered pumps. Before the rise of tourism, the rich agricultural land surrounding Paralimni was the source of its wealth, and is still of great importance today.

Sports
Enosis Neon Paralimni FC, which plays in the Cypriot First Division, is the football team of the town. There is also a Conference team in Paralimni called Anorthosis Paralimniou.

Protaras
Protaras (Πρωταράς; Protaras) is a predominantly tourist resort which comes under the administrative jurisdiction of Paralimni Municipality.

Ecology
Paralimni's lake is home to the harmless Cyprus grass snake, which was declared extinct in the 1960s until being rediscovered in 1994. As a result, the lake was designated a Site of Community Interest (SCI).

Notable residents

 * Eleanna Christinaki, professional basketball player.
 * Michalis Konstantinou, footballer, born in Paralimni.
 * Pelagia Kyriakou, renowned female singer of traditional Cypriot music, born in Paralimni.
 * Tasos Markou, EOKA fighter and officer of the Cypriot National Guard and the Hellenic Army - MIA during Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
 * Solomos Solomou, raised in Paralimni, killed in 1996 by a Turkish officer in the UN Buffer Zone

title: Paralimni


text: User talk:84.245.7.118

title: User talk:84.245.7.118


text:
Elijah Bond

Elijah Jefferson Bond (January 23, 1847 – April 14, 1921) was an American lawyer and inventor. He is best known for patenting the ouija board.

Early life
Elijah Jefferson Bond was born on January 23, 1847, in Bel Air, Maryland, to Charlotte Howard (née Richardson) and William B. Bond. His father was a judge. Bond graduated from the University of Maryland School of Law.

Career
Bond served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He worked as a lawyer in Baltimore until around 1918.

Inventions
Although he invented and patented items, including a steam boiler, he is best remembered for patenting what became known as the Ouija board. He filed for a United States patent on May 28, 1890. Charles W. Kennard and William H. A. Maupin were listed as assignees. The patent was granted on February 3, 1891. Bond sold the US distribution rights for the Ouija board to the Kennard Novelty Company.

The building where Bond chose the name for the board still stands in downtown Baltimore. Its first floor is now a 7-Eleven convenience store. A plaque commemorating Bond and the Ouija board is installed inside the store.

Swastika Novelty Company
By 1907 Bond had relocated to West Virginia where he established the Swastika Novelty Company. The company produced a knock-off of Bond's original Ouija board called the "Nirvana". The Swastika Novelty Company was a U.S. corporation that was incorporated in June 1, 1957, and dissolved on December 30, 2014. The company status was revoked after failure to file an annual report. The company's officers were Bond, E. T. Crawford and J. E. Crawford.

Personal life
Bond married Mary Peters of Baltimore. They had at least one son, William B. Bond.

Bond died on April 14, 1921, at the home of his son at 3304 Clifton Avenue in Baltimore. He was buried in Baltimore's Green Mount Cemetery. In 2007, his grave marker was replaced with a custom headstone resembling a Ouija board.

title: Elijah Bond


text:
User:Whathaveyou

Stuff To Do

 * [[Image:Stop hand.png|30px|Stop!]] IMPORTANT: Get some form of proof that I'm taking classes at Miami-Dade for the insurance company

MONDAY
 * Help Gabbie with the Spankles bedroom tomorrow at 1:00 pm - yay!!!
 * Get refill for Acyclovir and go to CVS to pick up Adderall
 * Take blank check and tickets to Rene at 1500 Alhambra Circle, suite 1160

THURSDAY
 * 9:50 am, classes begin for fall semester. Last day to change courses is Tuesday, August 30.

THIS WEEK
 * Take car to Ford-Midway and have them do a check-up

WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 7
 * 2:30 pm, Dr. U

MISC
 * Get Blow and Mean Girls from Caro

title: User:Whathaveyou


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Ba (town)

Ba is a town in Fiji, 37 kilometres from Lautoka and 62 kilometres from Nadi, inland from the coast of Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island. Covering an area of 327 square kilometres, it had a population of 14,596 at the 1996 census. The town is built on the banks of the Ba River, after which it is named. For a long time, Ba was famous for its soccer team which caused major traffic problems. The old bridge was washed away in the floods of 1990s and a new bridge built downstream. This resulted in the main highway (King's Road) bypassing Ba Town. Jiaxing City in China is Ba Town's sister city.

Economy
Ba is an agricultural centre, with a population consisting mainly of Indo-Fijians, which makes it a cultural attraction for tourists. Sugar cane has long been the mainstay of the local economy, but some manufacturing projects have been established over the past fifteen years. Ba is part of the larger Ba Province, geographically the largest amongst Fiji's fourteen Provinces.

The town is also home to some of Fiji's wealthiest families who own some of the country's most successful business houses.

History
Ba was incorporated as a Town in 1939, and is governed by a 15-member Town Council, whose members elect a mayor from among themselves. In 1987, Ahmed Bhamji was elected mayor at the age of 37, which at the time made him the youngest mayor in the country. At the last municipal election held in 2005, 14 of the 15 seats were won by the National Federation Party, with the remaining seat going to an independent candidate. The mayor was Parveen Bala until the year 2010. Since then, the office of Mayor has been vacant, and Ba, along with other towns, has been under the control of an Administrator instead.

Prominent landmarks include the Rarawai Mill built 1886 (on the outskirts of the town) and a large mosque near the river in the heart of the town. There is also a giant soccer ball in the heart of the town, which symbolizes that Ba is one of the best soccer teams in Fiji. Ba is also known as "Soccer Crazy Town" for its many wins in the national tournaments like IDC and BOG.

Ba was also declared to have fallen in the red zone of Cyclone Winston which made landfall on 20 February 2016 and claimed 49 lives across Fiji.

Notable people

 * Joan Monolagi - artist.

title: Ba (town)


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Clan Ruthven

The Clan Ruthven is a Lowland Scottish clan.

Origins
The Ruthven lands in Perthshire, Scotland take their name from the Scottish Gaelic, Ruadhainn which means Dun uplands. The clan chief's family are of Norse origin. They first settled in East Lothian but by the end of the twelfth century they were in Perthshire.

Between 1188 and 1199, Swein is recorded as giving lands that included Tibbermore to the Monks of Scone. Swein's grandson was Sir Walter Ruthven who was the first to adopt the name Ruthven.

Wars of Scottish Independence
Sir Walter Ruthven swore fealty to Edward I of England in 1291 and 1296. However, in 1297, he had led thirty men to help William Wallace at the siege of Perth. Ruthven was also with Christopher Seaton when Jedburgh was reclaimed from the English. In 1313, Perth was recaptured and Robert the Bruce appointed Sir William Ruthven to be sheriff of the royal burgh, which was then called St Johnston.

15th and 16th centuries
A descendant of Sir William Ruthven, Sir William Ruthven of Balkernoch, spent three years as a hostage in England for the ransom of James I of Scotland. This William Ruthven was a substantial nobleman. His income was stated to be about four hundred merks annually, which was about £100 at the time. In 1488, his great-grandson was created a Lord of Parliament with the title Lord Ruthven, by James III of Scotland. He married twice and his sons by his first wife were granted a letter of legitimization in 1480. The eldest of the sons was William, Master of Ruthven, who was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513.

Feud with Clan Charteris
The Charterises of Kinfauns are said to have received their lands as a reward for supporting Robert the Bruce against the English. However they came into a feud with the Ruthvens who often disputed the authority of the Charterises. The Ruthvens held considerable sway over Perth from their Huntingtower Castle. In 1544, Patrick, Lord Ruthven, was elected as Provost of Perth but at the intervention of Cardinal Beaton, Ruthven was deprived of the office and Charteris of Kinfauns was appointed instead. The city refused to acknowledge Charteris and barred the gates against him. Charteris along with Lord Gray and the Clan Leslie then attacked the town. However, they were repulsed by the Ruthvens, who were assisted by the Clan Moncreiffe. As a result, Ruthven remained Provost of Perth until 1584, when William Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie was executed. John Charteris had been killed by the earl's heir on Edinburgh High Street in 1552.

Murder of David Rizzio
In 1556, Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven, and his son, William, were among the co-conspirators of Lord Darnley when Mary, Queen of Scot's favorite David Rizzio was killed in her presence at Holyrood Palace. Both Ruthvens fled to England when abandoned by Darnley. William returned and succeeded to the family title having received a royal pardon. He was among the people who conducted the queen to Lochleven Castle, where she was forced to abdicate. Ruthven was also the Treasurer of Scotland during the king's minority and in 1581 was created William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie.

Ruthven Raid
In 1582, Ruthven, now the Earl of Gowrie, abducted James VI of Scotland in order to remove him from the influence of the Earl of Lennox and Earl of Arran. This became known as the "Ruthven Raid" or Raid of Ruthven. The king was detained for ten months and, when he was finally released, he appeared forgiving but Gowrie was later arrested in 1584 and beheaded for treason.

Gowrie Conspiracy
In 1586, the Ruthven estates were restored to William's son, James Ruthven, 2nd Earl of Gowrie. However, James Ruthven died just two years later aged thirteen and was succeeded by his brother, John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie. It is alleged that John practiced Black magic. In 1600, he and his brother Alexander were murdered in their town house in Perth. This became known as the "Gowrie Conspiracy". The Ruthven brothers were declared by Parliament to be traitors although there is little evidence, if anything, of what they were planning. The Ruthven name was decreed out of existence in Scotland, with all members of the family required to choose new surnames.

17th century, Thirty Years' War and Civil War
In 1651, Sir Thomas Ruthven, who descended from the second Lord Ruthven, partly restored the family's reputation when he was raised in the peerage as Lord Ruthven of Freeland.

Patrick Ruthven, 1st Earl of Brentford (c. 1573–1651), was a collateral descendant of Sir William Ruthven, 1st Lord Ruthven. He fought and negotiated on behalf of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, King of Sweden, during the Thirty Years' War. In Germany, he fought alongside his nephews, Colonel Frances Ruthven and Major General John Ruthven.

Patrick Ruthven, 1st Earl of Brentford also fought on behalf of King Charles I during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, bringing both Colonel Frances Ruthven and Major General John Ruthven into service with him. Sir Thomas Ruthven, 1st Lord Ruthven of Freeland (d. 1673), on whom Charles II of England bestowed the title of Lord Ruthven of Freeland in 1651. His son was David Ruthven, 2nd Lord Ruthven of Freeland.

18th to 20th century

 * David Ruthven, 2nd Lord Ruthven of Freeland, died unmarried in April, 1701. The title of Baroness Ruthven was assumed by his sister:
 * Jean (d. 1722), although according to some authorities the peerage had become extinct. It was, however, assumed in 1722 by:
 * William Cunynghame of Cunynghamhead (d. 1722) William was Lady Jean's nephew, her closest heir. William died in October of 1722 without an heir and was succeeded by his niece Lady Isobel:
 * Isobel (d. 1732), wife of James Johnson, who took the name of Ruthven on succeeding to the family estates; and their son:
 * James Ruthven (d. 1783), took the title and was allowed to vote at the elections of Scots representative peers. In 1853 the barony again descended to a female:
 * Mary Elizabeth Thornton (c. 1784–1864), the wife of Walter Hore (d. 1878). She and her husband took the name of Hore-Ruthven, and the Ruthven arms, and their grandson:
 * Walter James Hore-Ruthven (b. 1838), became the 8th baron in 1864. His second son:
 * Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie (1872–1955), through meritorious service (including as Governor-General of Australia), regained the family's peerage title (first as Baron Gowrie, 1934, and then as Earl of Gowrie in a new creation, 1944).

Clan Chief
Clan Chief: (Patrick Leo) Brer Hore-Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, Viscount Ruthven of Canberra, and Baron Ruthven of Gowrie, and Baron Gowrie of Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia, Chief of the Name and Arms of Ruthen, in succession to Grey Hore-Ruthven, who died 24 September 2021.

Castles and Palace

 * Huntingtower Castle
 * Dirleton Castle
 * Scone Abbey
 * Scone Palace
 * Gowrie House
 * Freeland House (now the main School House of Strathallan School)
 * Trochrie Castle

title: Clan Ruthven


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KPackage

KPackage was KDE's package manager frontend.

It supported BSD, Debian, Gentoo, RPM and Slackware packages. It provided a GUI for the management and upgrade of existing packages and the installation and acquirement of new packages. Additionally, it provided functionality to help manage package caches. KPackage was part of kdeadmin, and was developed at KDE.org.

title: KPackage


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Automobile Club de l'Ouest

The Automobile Club de l'Ouest (English: Automobile Club of the West), sometimes abbreviated to ACO, is the largest automotive group in France. It was founded in 1906 by car building and racing enthusiasts, and is most famous for being the organising entity behind the annual Le Mans 24 Hours race. The ACO also lobbies on behalf of French drivers on such issues as road building and maintenance, the availability of driving schools and road safety classes, and the incorporation of technical innovations into new vehicles. It also runs a roadside assistance service for its members.

History
The ACO's history begins with the Automobile Club de la Sarthe, the ancestor of today's ACO, which was founded in the town of Le Mans. In 1906 that group included Amédée Bollée and Paul Jamin, winner of the 1897 Paris-Dieppe race in a Léon Bollée tricar. With the help of the larger Automobile Club de France they organised a race on local public roads, on a 65-mile triangular course connecting Le Mans with Saint-Calais and La Ferté-Bernard. The 12-lap race, titled the Grand Prix de l'ACF, was held over two days and won by Ferenc Szisz driving a Renault, This race, the first Grand Prix, would eventually become the French Grand Prix.

After World War I, the ACO turned its attention to designing a shorter circuit on public roads to the south of the city. The organisation's chief secretary Georges Durand, together with magazine editor Charles Faroux of La Vie Automobile and tyre manufacturer Emile Coquille, came up with the idea for a 24-hour race. The first Le Mans 24 Hours was held on 26 May 1923. The very first entry was lodged with the ACO by John Duff on a Bentley.

World War Two and aftermath
The Le Mans circuit was occupied by the Royal Air Force in 1940 and then by the Germans at the end of that year. Le Mans was liberated in August, 1944, but it was almost five years before the 24 Hours took place again.

Following the war, the grounds of the ACO and the circuit were in ruins, bombed by the Allies and further destroyed by the Germans. The ACO set about the task of reconstruction, aided by Government Minister and Sarthe députée Christian Pineau who provided the first millions. In addition the ACO launched a loan. In 1946 the British Racing Drivers' Club opened a "Le Mans Fund" for the benefit of the ACO, raising a grand total of £358 and 11 shillings, to assist with the rehabilitation of the facilities at the Le Mans circuit.

Rebuilding of the circuit started on February 7, 1949, and the first post-war event at Le Mans was held on 25–26 June of that year. Pineau, standing beside Charles Faroux, gave the starting signal. Two new spectator stands were named for racing drivers and resistance fighters Robert Benoist and Jean-Pierre Wimille.

1955 Le Mans disaster
During the ACO's 24 Hours of Le Mans event in 1955, an accident occurred which killed 84 people, regarded as the worst accident in motorsport history. It led to many actions by the ACO to subsequently change buildings and the procedures used at the circuit, as well as to redesign the pit lane and front stretch where the accident occurred. It also led to a change of ACO rules for the type of cars permitted in the 24 Hours of Le Mans for the following years, as well as applying a fuel-consumption formula.

Presidents

 * Adolphe Singher (1906–1910)
 * Gustave Singher (1910–1947)
 * Paul Jamin (racing driver) (1947–1951)
 * Jean-Marie Lelièvre (1951–1973)
 * Raymond Gouloumès (1973–1992)
 * Michel Cosson (1992–2003)
 * Jean-Claude Plassart (2003-2012)
 * Pierre Fillon (2012-)

Racing
The 1967 French Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on the Bugatti Circuit, Le Mans, on July 2, 1967. Motor Sport called it "The Grand Prix of the Car Parks." It was an innovation not repeated.

The ACO is responsible as a ruling body for race series, specifically sportscar series. The ACO has run or backed the following races or race series:

Current
 * 24 Hours of Le Mans
 * 24 Hours of Le Mans Moto
 * Le Mans Classic
 * French motorcycle Grand Prix
 * FIA World Endurance Championship
 * Asian Le Mans Series
 * European Le Mans Series
 * Le Mans Cup

Former
 * 1000 km of Le Mans
 * American Le Mans Series
 * European Le Mans Series
 * Japan Le Mans Challenge
 * Intercontinental Le Mans Cup
 * Formula Le Mans
 * Le Mans Autumn Cup
 * World Sportscar Championship
 * FRD LMP3 Series
 * UK LMP3 Cup Championship

title: Automobile Club de l'Ouest


text:
List of places in Pennsylvania: C

This list of cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

title: List of places in Pennsylvania: C


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1990 (The Temptations album)

1990 is a 1973 album by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label, their final LP written and produced by Norman Whitfield.

Music and lyrics
The LP was the center of a number of problems. The Temptations were dissatisfied with Whitfield's socially conscious message tracks, which were by now failing commercially, and desired to get back to singing ballads. Whitfield relented some here, placing message tracks such as "1990" and "Ain't No Justice" alongside love songs such as "Heavenly" and "You've Got My Soul on Fire".

Release and promotion
The album's first single, the Rose Royce-backed and Dennis Edwards-led funk track "Let Your Hair Down", was its only Top 40 hit. The ballad "Heavenly", sung by Richard Street and Damon Harris, was caught in the center of a disc jockey boycott against Motown. A Motown executive did not thank the United States' DJs while accepting an award for the Temptations at the 1974 American Music Awards, and, as a result, the DJs refused to play "Heavenly". "You've Got My Soul on Fire", another Edwards-led funk track, also stalled out on the pop charts.

The Temptations remained dissatisfied with Whitfield's "slave-driver" like production mentality and his tendency to overshadow the Temptations' contributions to their own records by emphasising his production techniques and creating extended instrumental tracks with only a few verses of vocals. Group leader Otis Williams complained to Motown chief Berry Gordy, who replaced Whitfield with Jeffrey Bowen for their next LP, 1975's A Song for You. Whitfield left Motown soon afterward, and started his own label, Whitfield Records, which released several hits from Rose Royce.

Critical reception
Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: "Not only isn't this good Motown, it isn't good Motown psychedelic—except for some sharp strumming on the title track (a half-assed indictment of/tribute to America) it never takes off rhythmically or vocally."

Track listing
All tracks written and produced by Norman Whitfield.

Side one

 * 1) "Let Your Hair Down" – 2:40 (lead singer: Dennis Edwards)
 * 2) "I Need You" – 3:05 (lead singer: Damon Harris)
 * 3) "Heavenly" – 3:57 (lead singers: Richard Street, Damon Harris)
 * 4) "You've Got My Soul on Fire" – 3:53 (lead singer: Dennis Edwards)
 * 5) "Ain't No Justice" – 6:08 (lead singer: Richard Street, Melvin Franklin, Damon Harris, Dennis Edwards)

Side two

 * 1) "1990" – 4:06 (lead singer: Dennis Edwards)
 * 2) "Zoom" – 13:42 (lead singers: Dennis Edwards, Richard Street, Melvin Franklin, Damon Harris, Otis Williams)

Personnel

 * Dennis Edwards – vocals
 * Damon Harris – vocals
 * Richard Street – vocals
 * Melvin Franklin – vocals
 * Otis Williams – vocals
 * Norman Whitfield – producer
 * The Funk Brothers and Rose Royce – instrumentation

title: 1990 (The Temptations album)


text:
User:Haji

I'm no longer using this account.

I realized that the name 'Haji' is an honourific reserved for Muslims who have pilgrimmed to Mecca (Hajj). I'm neither a Muslim nor a pilgrim, so this is a misnomer.

The new name means sounds like 'long john' and means 'silver fellow'. This isn't my joke, I got it from a Salman Rushdi book.

See User:LambaJan

title: User:Haji