text:
Talk:Nastaliq

quote
is this quote too long to include in full? "an Arabic script developed about the 15th century, characterized by a tendency to slope downward from right to left, and used mainly for Persian poetical writings and in Urdu and Malay manuscript" from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nastaliq Irtapil (talk) 08:28, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

Content on Nasta'liq example
Does anyone think that a differnt sentence should be used for the line given as examples of Nasta'liq script? The translation is: 'My name is Krishna Gopal, and I like drinking alcohol day or night.' Although quite funny I think a different example would be better. (the above wasn't signed)

lol, is that still it? i'll check that, and if still inappropriate i'll change it to the word Nastaliq if i can work out how, but i can only do it in noto nastaliq font. Does anyone knows of a good non-copyright example? Maybe from the gallery? Irtapil (talk) 06:48, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

seems to have been fixed: "Welcome to wikipedia for main page at fa.wikipedia" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq#/media/File:Welcome_to_Persian_Wikipedia.svg seems to match, though, their ش is prettier... fa.wiki homepage and google translate agrees "" = good luck ""welcome Irtapil (talk) 18:35, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

has it reappeared? [above]

Irtapil (talk) 12:04, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

Nasta'liq - Grammatically Incorrect Sentence
Grammatically incorrect sentence and also Mr. Krishna Gopal please be sensitive to the feeling of the vast majority of Urdu Speakers - Muslims. Your example of drinking wine day and night does not do justice to them.

Comparison Image
I created a new comparison image with text from Ghalib's poetry. Mustaqbal 22:15, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Text should be Improved

 * this article is not good. lots of persian calligraphers were optimized it during about 300 years. best of them: Mirza Gholamreza Isfahani, Kalhor, Seyed Hossein Mirkhani, ...

Persian calligraphy has a very nice looking, arrangement and is subtly written, which can be appreciated by any non-persian person.

I advice to explain some about this best calligraphers and also show some good writings of them.

Have rewritten the whole story
The previous text was very incomplete. Now, I believe, it looks better. If anyone knows anything about the history of Nastaliq in Pakistan or Turkey, please add it.

Long live!

Mtdashti 13:42, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I added the history of the script in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. I think we still need some help with Turkey, though. Stallions2010 21:33, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Shahmukhi
This article needs help: Shahmukhi The script is used for writing Punjabi in Pakistan. It's pretty much Nasta'liq with a different name. I can do the history section, but please, if anyone can help out, do so. Especially the Persian speakers who know much about traditional Nasta'liq. Thanks. Stallions2010 21:40, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Diacritics
It isn't true that vowel diacritics are never written in Nasta'liq. In Urdu they are used in materials for children, in dictionaries, and other contexts where it is desired to make precise the pronounciation. The use of vowel markers is independent of the difference in styles of writing. Except for the Qur'an, Arabic in the nasx script usually omits vowel diacritics too.Bill 05:37, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

are those Urdu texts with diacritics in this script? surely things like kids books would be in big clear learner-friendly letters rather than fancy curly calligraphy styles? Irtapil (talk) 16:00, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

i just had a quick look, heaps of Urdu kids books with diacritics, all probably copyright though. can someone find some that aren't? Irtapil (talk) 08:33, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

But is القرآن [the Qoran] often written in this script? القرآن is usually more horizontal? example: https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Sura10.pdf and, the word for Punjabi پن٘جابی can be written in this script with the diacritic for the "u". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language#/media/File:Punjabi_example.svg 124.170.159.223 (talk) 17:55, 11 January 2020 (UTC) twitter @evolving_string

Uyghur
This article says that Nastaliq is the preferred script for Uyghur, but there was no evidence at all for that, even on google. I removed Uyghur from the article. Does anyone have is evidence/citation for why Nastaliq would be used for Uyghur? Thanks. Mar de Sin  Speak up!  17:59, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Nafees Nastaleeq
Why does the article say that the Nafees Nastaleeq font isn't used anywhere, and then that "its use is only limited to a few lines?" It's true that its handling of vowel markings is terrible (unfortunately for those of us using it to teach), but for individuals who use minimal vowelization, it's a very good font. --Mohamadkhan 04:57, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Urdu alphabet
Nasta'liq is a calligraphic writing style, used by many more languages than just Urdu. Rename the Urdu alphabet article if you want, but don't merge it into here. They're two separate things. –jonsafari 22:16, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

The Urdu alphabet is one thing. The script used to represent it is another. Urdu can, and has been, represented by Arabic-scripts other than Nasta`liq (such as Naskh). Ishamid 23:17, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed... there will be overlap... but the answer would not be to move it into here--if anything, asking for a merge is saying there is nothing special about the Urdu alphabet and that it should be deleted... which, I would disagree with because you have the issue of having different characters than Arabic / Persian which can / should be discussed on that page. In any case, I am going to remove the merge request. gren グレン 18:33, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Strongly oppose. Merging Urdu alphabet with Nasta'liq would be like merging Latin alphabet with Times New Roman.  Nasta`liq is merely a style of writing the basic script, characterized by a diagonal slant, as opposed to the level lines used by naskh.  Naskh can be used for Urdu, and sometimes is, especially in scholarly pulications and reference books. Grover cleveland (talk) 23:22, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

why is the horizontal version used so rarely? i find the diagonal almost unreadable. I'm learning Arabic and Urdu from English, very quickly i could read Arabic in modern fonts, but Urdu is unintelligible. Do native speakers find it easy? It seems like you'd get used to it, but surely people learning to read would pick it up quiccker in modern horizontal fonts? 124.170.151.235 (talk) 02:21, 12 January 2020 (UTC) twitter @irtapil [i need to remember my wiki login]

Ta'liq redirects here?
I'd love it if someone would expand it and note the difference between the two, or if the difference isn't noteworthy enough for its own page to instead move the page to Ta'liq and Nasta`liq Scripts and expound upon the nuances in the article. Peter Deer (talk) 16:37, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Pashto erroneously listed
Pashto does not use the Nasta`liq script. It uses the traditional Naskh script of Arabic. Therefore, I have removed it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.209.203.254 (talk) 00:26, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

It seems most of the people writing this article don't know what it's even about? 124.170.151.235 (talk) 02:23, 12 January 2020 (UTC) twitter @irtapil

 * working on it... but i'm no expert Irtapil (talk) 11:40, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

Computer software
ArabTeX is now able to write urdu in nastaliq. We should add this software to the list. However I am not sure it is as rich as InPage regarding ligatures and there seems to be still some problems unsolved regarding full implementation of the nastaliq.

Cleaning Up
I did a little cleaning up of oddly worded sentances and grammar mistakes, as well as replacing wrongly placed numbers for words. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.106.37.243 (talk) 05:24, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Someone can comment on this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.114.168.176 (talk) 21:20, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Alvi Nastaleeq
I would like to suggest that a section be added about the recent developmont of Alvi Nastaleeq font, which is being hailed as a revolution in Urdu computing and typogaphy.

--Kpria (talk) 17:15, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

That link is broken. And according to a link on the InPage site, Alvi Nastaleeq is a pirated font. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.109.223.75 (talk) 06:23, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Removed non-reference
I removed the following from the references section:

The Faiz Lahori document is a shameless copy of earlier WinSoft Tasmeem's publicity in breach with copyright:
 * Faiz Lahori Nastaliq, India

 * 1) neither is really a reference, but at best an "external link"
 * 2) copyright disputes are not intended to be in the article itself

LjL (talk) 21:10, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

Advertisement?
Why does the article look like two or more companies have simply copy and pasted advertisement text into the body?

move to Nastaʿlīq STYLE of writing
There is no N. script, the script is Arabic, the Urdu version of the Persian extention allright, but Arabic script -- the style of writing is N.

Somebody had proposed to merge this article with Urdu alphabet. By giving this article its proper name, that problem will finally be solved. --85.178.123.223 (talk) 15:10, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Pretty sure you mean the proper description, not name. ― Greater Intosh  13:38, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

??
WHY IS 'Making of Faiz Lahori Nastaliq' article on here? What does this have to do with Nastaleeq, a writing style developed by Persians based on Arabic script. This does not belong here and should be moved to a Urdu wikipage. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.80.104.208 (talk) 02:05, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Faiz Lahore Nastaliq Section Must Be Deleted
I was about to delete the section about faiz lahori nastaiq but i read the warning "Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved". This section by every means is an advertisement and there is no place for advertisement on wikipedia. It's vandalism. Though faiz lahori nastaliq is a good font for its part. But this section be deleted please, or the language be changed in encyclopedic style. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fatal eyes (talk • contribs) 22:23, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Nastaliq font used for WP articles
Can anyone tell me what is the exact Nasta'liq font used for all Wikipedia articles and from where it may be obtained? Jemiljan (talk) 12:31, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

 * This question was never answered. I am trying to find out what fonts are being used in en.wikipedia, ur.wikipedia, and fa.wikipedia for Urdu script and Persian script. So far I have not been able to find the answer. I would like to improve the Urdu and Persian entries on en.wiktionary. Thanks for any help. —Stephen (talk) 07:02, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

 * To use the font in wiki articles you use the tags. e.g. with and without پاکستان - click edit source on this talk page section to see how that works. But for dictionary entries aimed at people who are not fluent in Urdu I think it might be more useful for more readers to just use the generic Perso-Arabic font. I got the knack of being able to read that in a week or so but I am really struggling to read Nastaliq Urdu. For a dictionary the important thing is what letters are there in what order? And for en.wiktionary.org it's being read by people who've been learning Urdu for a few weeks, or who's native language is Moroccan Arabic, etc. the horizontal fonts with only three forms for each letter are way more readable to non-native speakers. Open to other opinions though, the style is used very widely for Urdu so obviously some people find it easily readable? Irtapil (talk) 20:05, 6 February 2020 (UTC)

 * By "obtain" the font do you mean you also want to use it locally on your computer or on other websites? Does it need to be the exact same font? or just a comparable one you can use for a similar effect? Urdu Wikipedia looks like Urdu Typesetting (microsoft) or Google's Noto Nastaliq Urdu (the ones mentioned in this article) you can download google's Noto fonts here google.com/get/noto and i think that page also has info on how to use it on websites. To get Urdu typesetting on Windows i think it comes automatically if you add Urdu on your language settings. The font on fa.wikipedia.org definitely LOOKS like Tahoma, the ـهـ is very distinctive, and Tahoma seems to come included with pretty much everything? I'm not 100% sure what they are using, if anyone else knows for certain i'm curious? I think both ur.wikipedia.org and fa.wikipedia.org use Arial or similar for headings, but a lot of different Latin fonts use the same near-identical set of Arabic characters. Irtapil (talk) 20:05, 6 February 2020 (UTC)

 * p.s. I just had a closer look and the font on ur.wikipedia and on Nastlyq snippits here looks more like Urdu Typetting than Noto, it leave the dot off the bottom of ـہـ e.g. in تہجی  - whereas it's prominent in the Noto Nastalyq font. It might be getting UT from my machine though? i'm not very knowledgeable on web design stuff. Irtapil (talk) 09:29, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * WP doesn't use a specific Nastaliq font. Text inside the  template displays in whatever NQ font you have downloaded on your device. ―  Greater Intosh  13:35, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

i just worked out i need to tag people in replies? the lang|ur Urdu tag and Farsi tag lang|fa seem to use Tahoma? ٭ lang|ur ٹاہوما vs Tahoma ٹاہوما (my attempt to transliterte Tahoma in Urdu) ... for Farsi Irtapil (talk) 05:54, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * lang|fa تاهوما vs Tahoma تاهوما from: [Farsi wiki]

If there's anything of value in 'Persian calligraphy' it should be merged
That article is little more than an essay writing in short form some of the key concepts here. There might be some useful references from the article, but I don't think it should be separate from the 'Nasta'liq script' page unless there is more that could be added to the Persian calligraphy page. Matsuzuma (talk) 14:35, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

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Renaming
The are two outstanding, helpful, suggestions made by yoyo on Talk:Shikasta Nastaʿlīq, specifically that: "2. I also concur with another editor that Nastaʿlīq is a calligraphic style of the (extended Perso-)Arabic script, so perhaps the main article needs renaming to reflect that.

3. And in the process, I'd also recommend we replace every occurrence of "Nastaʿlīq" with "Nasta'leeq" in places where we'd expect a basic transcription (see WP:AMOS), but keep "Nastaʿlīq" wherever we need a strict transliteration, on the simple grounds that the current transcription uses two characters – ʿ and ī – not available in most typefaces used for English."

Thoughts? Klbrain (talk) 09:07, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I pasted these into https://fonts.google.com/ as sample text scrolled through the first hundred or so fonts:
 * Most fonts are missing ʿ but there are better alternatives that preserve more of the meaning that the symmetrical mark suggested. The current character is a mirror image of the ’ indicates ء instead of ‘ for ع https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic - There are two others ‘ or ` that are available in almost every font (often used as single quote marks) and are not ambiguous. I think these are more commonly used for transliteration because I have never seen Arabic transliterations with boxes for missing characters. Because ‘ or ` are unambiguous they could also be used to improve the places that need strict transliteration?
 * If a lot of people see Nastaʿl▯q then I agree a double E would be better. But 95% of the fonts in that catalogue had "ī" and the only fonts I could find which were missing "ī" were mostly either novelty decorative fonts, or non-Latin fonts with a bare minimum set of Latin characters. Alternatives to 'ee': I have no objection to 'ee' but exploring alternatives before we change every mention of it. For weeks I thought that was just an i, but that would be "lick", which is probably way off? But a plain lowercase "i" is used in some English language dictionaries, and in the font tags it is "Nastaliq". Letter for letter, Y seems like a perfect match for ي and ی since they have the same dual consonant and vowel role as English Y. Farsi ye is a bit different, but they seem to be regarded as different ways to write the same letter یـ ـیـ ـی ی ؛ يـ ـيـ ـي ي and some Arabic dialects use the dot-less terminal form? But I have no objections to "ee", Y definitely seems to be non-standard, I'm mainly just curious as to why transliterating ي / ی doesn't use Y more, it is used in the letter name, .  Irtapil (talk) 00:51, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Irtapil (talk) 00:52, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

Can we agree that Nast3lyq is not the transliteration we want? It certainly doesn’t line up with WP:AMOS. Hayyim uses “nasta'leegh” at https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/hayyim_query.py?qs=نستعلیق&searchhws=yes But since most sources use “Nastaliq”, I’d like to keep our basic transliteration as close to that as possible.

A note on “y”: traditionally Latin used I for both vowel and consonant usage. J emerged in the Middle Ages to differentiate the consonant form “ye” from the vowel “ee”. This is visible in Germanic languages (eg ja, johannes, etc). It is also the source of the IPA glyph for the sound /j/. French shifted these sounds to a zh, and English to dzh. So while modern English “I” feels less appropriate than modern English “Y”, it makes more sense when attempting consistency across transliteration schemes, esp for historical languages.

Josephholsten (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 13:51, 26 February 2020 (UTC)

 * so how did we end up with so many English words that use it as a vowel, e.g. many, my, by. Irtapil (talk) 04:17, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

I like Nast3lyq, but i think Nastaliq is the best option, it is the most widely used English spelling, e.g. in font names. (I like it because the Arabic chat alphabet 3 for ayn solves the ambiguity in the different pronunciation of this letter in different languages, the variants of ' cause trouble with this, since the sound in Urdu is Arabic Hamza so it would be mirror image, and the letter ye/ya is best represented by Y. But Nastaliq still seems most sensible.) Changed to Nastaliq throughout except in intro. Irtapil (talk) 05:21, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Should we move the page to "Nastaliq" so the url does not look like this "Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq"? I think i'm able to do that, but i figured i should get opinions first. Irtapil (talk) 04:17, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Actually, the current transliteration "Nastaʿlīq" is possibly wrong, or at least inappropriate? So it seem a bit of a mess? for the strict transliteration, i'm a bit lost. But the most common English spelling "Nastaliq" would be the best for the page name. It's what's used in font names and such e.g. Awami Nastaliq and Noto Nastaliq Urdu. Irtapil (talk) 05:21, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * "Nastaʿlīq" seems to be Arabic, but this is a style most commonly used for Urdu that originated from Persian. The Urdu pronunciation would be most appropriate? Since most documents in this style are in Urdu.
 * The ʿ / ` / ‘ is the ARABIC pronunciation of ayn, "voiced pharyngeal fricative (/ʕ/)". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin says "Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ʿayin Phoenician ayin.svg, Hebrew ʿayin ע, Aramaic ʿē Ayin.svg, Syriac ʿē ܥ, and Arabic ʿayn ع" but Urdu and Persian are both Indoeuropean languages.
 * I don't know about Persian? but as far as i can tell, in Urdu  ayn is usually silent or sometimes pronounced as glottal stop  transliterated as   –  / ’ i.e. the mirror image.
 * but glottal stop is transliterated as the reverse again i Hawaiian: :"In the traditional Romanization of many languages, such as Arabic, the glottal stop is transcribed with an apostrophe, ⟨’⟩, which is the source of the IPA character ⟨ʔ⟩. In many Polynesian languages that use the Latin alphabet, however, the glottal stop is written with a reversed apostrophe, ⟨ʻ⟩ (called ‘okina in Hawaiian and Samoan), which is used to transcribe the Arabic ayin as well and is the source of the IPA character for the voiced pharyngeal fricative ⟨ʕ⟩." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop
 * and Urdu speakers pronounce ayn as ʕ in Arabic words... but even if this can be traced to Arabic origins, if it's mostly used for documents in Urdu, wouldn't it be pronounced as an Urdu word? Religious loan words maintain an Arabic pronunciation sometimes, but i don't think Nastaliq would...
 * modern Qurans are written with full diacritics, to make the pronunciation clear to people who do not speak Arabic, and diacritics don't work well with Nastaliq, so they are probably usually written in the more horizontal Arabic styles? even in Pakistan where they use Nastaliq for other things. If a modern Quran has Nastaliq it'd only be for the translation section or footnotes in Urdu?
 * (tangent) i know Quran needs ’ or ʻ somewhere... but i am now thoroughly muddled... Qu’ran... though, arguably not, since Quran is kind of the English term for it, i don't think Arabic would drop the article al-? unless Qu’ran is for an individual copy of it? i kind of like "koran" but it looks outdated.(end tangent)

And listed in dictionaries as "nastaliq" with no listed alternative e.g. Irtapil (talk) 05:30, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

If i move it, does it automatically create a redirect from the old name, or do i have to add that manually? Irtapil (talk) 05:54, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

In summary: should we move the page to "Nastaliq"?
 * It's the most common English spelling
 * It would mean the url does not look like this "Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq"
 * The appropriate transliteration of a word used in multiple languages is a bit ambiguous. It's appropriate for the intro, but not the page name.
 * also, i think there's a wikipedia policy on preferentially using common English spellings in page names?

views from those above:, ? and others interested in the page: ? Irtapil (talk) 05:54, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The policy referred to above is WP:TRANSLITERATE, and so if "Nastaliq" is the most commonly used in the English then the page should be moved to that. The other arguments also make this a good idea. As Nastaliq page already exists (as a redirect), this would have to be done via a technical requested move. Klbrain (talk) 17:02, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * i agree, but i got a bit confused about how to do it, so i've not got around to it yet. Irtapil (talk) 11:43, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
 * requested Irtapil (talk) 12:01, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

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panels
"Panels" are referred to in the intro and I can surmise that these are the things depicted in the images, i.e. a set of text with a decorative border, but a more explicit explanation is warranted. KellenT 17:21, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Do you mean the last three? I think the ones you refer to in the intro have already been improved? but the last three in the final gallery are a bit vague. I was about to attempt to type out the text, but i think i'm woefully under-qualified, i've been learning Urdu for two months and i know literally only two words of Persian. Irtapil (talk) 12:13, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

The images were contributed to commons by and. Are either of you able to add some more detail to the captions for your images on this page, please? Irtapil (talk) 12:22, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

typewriter
I found a source that says a working Urdu typewriter existed in 1911, but it may have been using a simplified style and not Nastalyq? http://www.cicc.or.jp/english/hyoujyunka/mlit4/7-10Pakistan/Pakistan2.html Irtapil (talk) 00:58, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

one transcription looks wrong

 * In the " Notable Nastaliq calligraphers " section, the transcription in one of the captions looks wrong. The tripple dot in the image doesn't match anything in the transcription?
 * The dots for the نـ and خـ are a bit far away. But calligraphy often does that? and i can't find any letters that have one dot above and below?
 * Are they just using a variant letter? ڛ  "A traditional variant of the letter س " is how  Wiktionary describes it. It looks like the more common پ but that makes no sense in context and would be much more narrow in nastaliq?
 * {| style="text-align:center;"

 * style="text-align:left;" | isolated
 * style="font-size:200%" |
 * style="font-size:200%" |
 * style="font-size:200%" |
 * style="font-size:200%" |
 * style="font-size:200%" |
 * style="text-align:left;" | medial
 * style="font-size:200%" |
 * style="font-size:200%" |
 * style="font-size:200%" |
 * style="font-size:200%" |
 * style="font-size:200%" |
 * }
 * The letter ڛ  is not available in Nastaliq fonts, so i can't add it to the Nastaliq version of the transcription خط نڛتعلیق but i might add a note though?
 * is my interpretation correct? Is that new caption accurate?
 * original: Irtapil (talk) 09:58, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * updated: Irtapil (talk) 23:24, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * is my interpretation correct? Is that new caption accurate?
 * original: Irtapil (talk) 09:58, 17 May 2020 (UTC)
 * updated: Irtapil (talk) 23:24, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi @Irtapil, First of all, I would like to thank you for your attention. You can find 3 dots under the letter of ڛ and 3 dots above of that as the other letter ش in the very old manuscripts. Over time scribers removed the unnecessary 3 dots under the letter and transformed the ڛ to س.
 * Nevertheless, Nastaliq calligraphers always used those dots as the aesthetic values in their artistic piece of works. It still is very common in Nastaliq artworks but obviously you can not find that in the Nastaliq fonts or any Farsi, Arabic or Urdu typefaces. I made this image same as Al-Fatiha fragment a very Well known masterpiece of Mir Emad Hassani. You can find 3 dots under the س in words of بسم  and نستعین.
 * More over, I have to mention that is very common that change position of dots to make a better composition and balance in the spaces of an artwork of Nastaliq calligraphy . This is the main difference of calligraphy art and typesetting.
 * Farzan44 (talk) 21:22, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

is this caption accurate?

Is this caption accurate? I transcribed it myself and i'm not fluent in Urdu, i only recognised ایک - I googled it and i found a longer poem it matched a line of a longer poem. Irtapil (talk) 23:22, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Shekasteh Nastaliq images?
I moved two images out of the Shekasteh Nastaliq section and put them at the end. I moved the Shekasteh Nastaliq section up because the article flowed better with the computing stuff all at the end. But i think these two don't fit with that section? Irtapil (talk) 10:36, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Taliq script be merged into Nastaliq. They denote the same script, & I don't believe that there's any information in the former article not present here. Pathawi (talk) 19:11, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Taliq script and Nastaliq are not the same script. Taliq predates Nastaliq. Nastaliq was inspired by Naskh script and Taliq; thus its name a portmanteau of the two. They should not be merged. However, Taliq script does need expansion. Idell  (talk) 06:31, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah! The info on this page is misleading & I read Taliq script too quickly. I'll withdraw the proposal & make a change here. Pathawi (talk) 14:20, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

Nastaliq typesetting
I was quite surprised to see no mention of Tasmeen (Tasmeen?), which took a decade or more to develop. It's computer calligraphy for Arabic script, and can produce beautiful results. IIrc, it's an adjunct to major Adobe typesetting software. 173.48.61.203 (talk) 02:42, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

 * سەرەتا 185.95.206.100 (talk) 19:25, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nastaliq


text:
Talk:Jamestown Red Sox

Expansion
Needs more about the team's history. The article refers only to 1934. —Theo (Talk) 14:41, 29 August 2005 (UTC) --Matthew UND (talk) 07:50, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jamestown Red Sox


text:
Princess Viktoria of Prussia

Princess Viktoria of Prussia (Friederike Amalia Wilhelmine Viktoria; 12 April 1866 – 13 November 1929) was the second daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor and his wife Victoria, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria. Born a member of the Prussian royal house of Hohenzollern, she became Princess Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe following her first marriage in 1890.

Raised by her mother in a close, liberal, and anglophile environment, Viktoria fell in love with Alexander of Battenberg, the Prince of Bulgaria, but there was great opposition to the match and the couple never married. Following the end of her courtship with Alexander, Viktoria suffered from an eating disorder and was unlucky in her search for a suitable husband. She eventually married Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe. Adolf died during the First World War, two years before the German Empire came to an end. In 1927, Viktoria caused a royal scandal by marrying a university student 35 years her junior. She died at the age of 63 in Bonn.

Birth and baptism
Viktoria was born on 12 April 1866 in the New Palace in Potsdam, to Crown Prince Frederick William and Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia. Her father was the only son of King Wilhelm I of Prussia and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar; her mother, Victoria ("Vicky"), was the eldest child of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her consort, Prince Albert. Viktoria was baptised in the New Palace as Friederike Amalia Wilhelmine Viktoria on 24 May 1866, the birthday of her grandmother Queen Victoria, who was also one of her godparents. Other sponsors included her grandfather the King of Prussia, and Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. She was called "Moretta" or "little Vicky" by her family.

Following the birth of Princess Viktoria, Queen Victoria wrote a letter to her daughter Crown Princess Victoria, mentioning that she was happy with her granddaughter being named after her:

Youth and education
Viktoria was her parents' fifth child and second daughter. Two months after her birth, on 18 June 1866, Viktoria's nearly two-year-old brother, Sigismund, died of meningitis. Sigismund could not receive the best medical treatment because Dr. Wegner and his colleagues had gone with the army to the front. On June 19, Vicky wrote to her mother Queen Victoria:

Following this event, Viktoria's mother chose to raise her younger children herself, as opposed to leaving them in the care of tutors and governesses as she had with her older children, Wilhelm, Charlotte, and Henry. For this reason, Viktoria and her three younger siblings, Waldemar, Sophie, and Margaret, were far closer to their parents. Eleven-year-old Waldemar died of diphtheria in 1879, and the tragic event brought the three sisters even closer.

Viktoria and her siblings lived at two main residences, the New Palace in Potsdam and the Kronprinzenpalais in Berlin. In 1871, Viktoria's grandfather Wilhelm I became German Emperor, and her parents became Crown Prince and Princess of a unified German Empire. Still, the Crown Princely couple raised their children away from the Berlin court, which disliked Frederick William and Victoria and their liberal beliefs. The couple hoped to instill these beliefs in their children through an education system similar to the one created by Vicky's father, Prince Albert. Much of Viktoria's childhood care and education was based on that of Vicky's British upbringing, and Viktoria and her younger siblings had British nannies and went on many trips to visit their family in Britain. Raised in a close environment, less strict than that of her elder siblings' childhood, Viktoria was an active and enthusiastic child. She attended weekly dance lessons and enjoyed riding her Shetland pony, a gift from Queen Victoria. She also liked to garden and to cook, and at her mother's suggestion went to the palace kitchens for lessons, though her privileged upbringing meant she knew very little about kitchen work.

Alexander of Battenberg
In 1881, Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria, born Prince Alexander of Battenberg, who had been the sovereign of the Principality of Bulgaria since 1879, visited the Prussian court at the behest of Viktoria's mother. As her mother and Queen Victoria recommended Alexander as a possible match, 16-year-old Viktoria quickly caught their enthusiasm and by the time of Sandro's next visit the following spring, she had fallen in love with the attractive prince.

Though her parents wanted the couple to marry, much of Viktoria's Prussian family was opposed. Her elder siblings, paternal grandparents Emperor Wilhelm I and Empress Augusta, and German chancellor Otto von Bismarck were opposed to the match. Alexander of Battenberg's actions in Bulgaria irritated the Russian tsar, and it was feared that if Viktoria married Alexander, Tsar Alexander III would be offended, even though Alexander of Battenberg and Tsar Alexander III were first cousins. Furthermore, Alexander was born of a morganatic marriage, and his position as Prince of Bulgaria was unstable; he had more to gain than Viktoria through marriage to a daughter of the future German emperor. By 1888, pushback from Wilhelm I and Bismarck all but forced Viktoria and her parents to give up on the marriage.

Depression and changing life
As Viktoria was losing hope of marrying Sandro, her grandfather Emperor Wilhelm I and her father Crown Prince Frederick William were both ailing, and her sister Sophie was preparing to move to Athens in order to marry the Crown Prince of Greece. The Emperor died on 9 March 1888, and Frederick William and Victoria became the new emperor and empress. Frederick, however, was dying of throat cancer, and reigned for only 99 days before succumbing to his illness on 15 June. Viktoria's eldest brother, now Emperor Wilhelm II, despised his parents and, though Frederick had requested in his will that Wilhelm allow Viktoria to marry Sandro, the new emperor instead wrote to Sandro to definitively end the couple's courtship. Sandro returned to Viktoria all the letters and gifts she had sent to him, and wrote her a farewell note. Viktoria, now 22, worried she might end up a spinster. Not considered an attractive girl – especially by herself – Viktoria tried to improve her appearance by dieting "maniacally" to the point of starving herself. Wrote her mother to Queen Victoria in 1889: Viktoria likely had some form of disordered eating. Subtly pushed out of the Berlin social sphere by Wilhelm, she lived with her mother and younger sister Margaret at Schloss Friedrichshof in Hesse. Vicky sent the depressed Viktoria to Britain, to recover and spend time with her British relatives.

Further suitors
Following the collapse of Viktoria's plans to marry Sandro, her mother (now known as "Empress Frederick") and grandmother, Queen Victoria, continued to look for possible suitors, and enlisted the help of the Duchess of Edinburgh and Princess of Leiningen. Though she was not thought of as exceedingly attractive, Viktoria was described as having "immense charm". Prince Carl of Sweden, Duke of Västergötland, "refused to consider marrying her"; this news worsened Viktoria's disordered eating. In 1889, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia was proposed, but ultimately turned down the offer; his cousin Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich was also considered. Another suitor was Ernest, the future Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg; he later married Viktoria's first cousin Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Crown Prince Carlos of Portugal was proposed by Otto von Bismarck, but Viktoria refused to convert to Catholicism. Even commoners were suggested: the British Captain the Hon. Maurice Bourke, a younger son of Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo, was proposed by Queen Victoria; he was seriously considered. As her elder sister, Charlotte, began gossiping about her love life at court, Viktoria became convinced she would never marry, and told her grandmother she was no longer interested in marriage.

Engagement and wedding
In June 1890, Viktoria, with her mother and sister Margaret, visited their cousin Marie of Nassau, the widowed Princess of Wied. Among the other guests was Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe, a younger son of Adolf I, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe. Adolf and Viktoria spent time together and, during the same visit, Adolf proposed on 11 June. Viktoria's mother had previously considered Adolf as a marriage candidate, but had considered him unworthy of her daughter; she wept at the news of the couple's engagement. Although Viktoria said in her memoirs that she had loved Adolf at first sight, she wrote to her mother that she had only married him out of "desperation from fear at withering on the vine." When Queen Victoria inspected Adolf, she approved of him, but did not believe that Viktoria was entirely happy, nor did Vicky. Furthermore, Adolf held only the style of Serene Highness, while Viktoria was a Royal Highness and the daughter of an Emperor. The widowed Empress continued to suggest other suitors, but was thwarted, especially by Wilhelm II, who was highly in favour of the match. In the months leading up to the wedding, Viktoria remained depressed.

The wedding festivities began two days before the ceremony. The wedding party and the couple's families attended the opera, and the next day Viktoria's mother held a banquet for the guests. Viktoria and Adolf married on 19 November 1890 in a Lutheran ceremony, in the chapel of Berlin's Alte Schloss. Much of Viktoria's extended family made up the nearly sixty royal guests, as well as the large wedding party. Viktoria's brother Wilhelm gave the toast. Viktoria wore a wedding gown of "cream satin, brocaded and trimmed with wild roses and silver", and a veil "of tulle interwoven with silver and surmounted with a wreath of orange blossoms and myrtles". Much of the ceremony was curtailed; there was no Fackeltanz, or torchlight dance.

Viktoria and Adolf had a long honeymoon, during which they travelled throughout Europe and the Mediterranean, stopping in Greece to visit Viktoria's sister Sophie. They were forced to cut this final visit short in order to return to Germany for medical care, as Viktoria had suffered an early miscarriage. The couple did not conceive again and the marriage remained childless. Viktoria and Adolf had a peaceful marriage, and mutually respected one another. However, Viktoria did not love her husband, and in the later years of her marriage considered divorcing Adolf to marry one of his nephews. Adolf died in 1916.

Princess Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe
Adolf purchased from a cloth manufacturer a neoclassical palace that would become the Palais Schaumburg, in Bonn. Viktoria was often alone there, as Adolf was busy with his military duties. Viktoria lived a quiet life in Bonn, and continued to frequently visit members of her large family. Often lonely due to Adolf's frequent absences, she enjoyed decorating and other hobbies. Adolf installed tennis courts at their home upon Viktoria's request, and encouraged her love of gardening. Soon, however, Viktoria admitted she was bored and unhappy. She seems to have fallen into another bout of depression, and resumed her drastic dieting. Her disordered eating became so severe members of her family again became worried for her. In 1893, she was treated for anemia in Hesse.

From 1895 to 1897, Adolf was regent of the Principality of Lippe during the first two years of the reign of Alexander, Prince of Lippe, who was mentally handicapped. Viktoria and Adolf entered Lippe's capital, Detmold, on 4 May 1895 and remained there until Adolf's term as regent ended. During this time, Viktoria enjoyed her new public responsibilities as wife of the principality's regent, and her mental health improved. Queen Victoria was upset when, in September 1895, Adolf requested that Viktoria end her visit to her widowed and lonely mother. Adolf was later passed over as regent and prince, despite being told by Alexander's predecessor that he was next in line.

In 1898, Viktoria's mother Vicky was diagnosed with breast cancer, which spread to her spine and weakened her. Viktoria was thrown from her carriage in 1901 while out driving in Bonn, but she was not seriously injured. That year, between the deaths of Queen Victoria and Vicky, she celebrated her 35th birthday with family at Friedrichshof. Vicky died on 5 August 1901, and was buried next to her husband.

Widowhood and First World War
In 1914, Germany entered the First World War. For Viktoria, who adored her mother's British homeland, the war was doubly stressful. Despite being the sister of the Kaiser of Germany, Viktoria was very sympathetic to the British cause. In 1915, the 49-year-old "but very wealthy and young looking" Viktoria left Berlin and moved into a "luxuriously furnished" castle in Bonn. The war years threw Viktoria's life into chaos: Adolf died in July 1916, after nearly thirty years of marriage; in 1917, Viktoria's brother-in-law the King of the Hellenes, who married her sister Queen Sophia of Greece in 1890, was deposed; and in 1918, her brother Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate and the German nobles and royals legally lost their titles under the new Weimar Republic. After the war, she met her first cousin once removed, the future King George VI of the United Kingdom, and expressed the wish that they "would all be friends again soon". George told her he did not think this would be possible for a great many years and "the sooner she knows the real feeling of bitterness which exists here against her country the better".

After Adolf's death, Viktoria asked her brother for permission to marry one of Adolf's nephews; Wilhelm refused. Following the war, though she did not lose her home, Viktoria's finances began to dwindle. In the mid-1920s, she was offered the paid opportunity to write a memoir of her life. Her memoirs, which were published in 1929, moderately distorted some facts, probably to generate greater profit.

Second marriage
In 1927, Viktoria held a party for university students at her castle in Bonn. One of the students in attendance was Alexander Anatolievitch Zoubkoff (Russian: Aleksandr Anatolyevich Zoubkov), a Russian immigrant who was studying law at the University of Bonn. Zoubkoff told Viktoria that he had fled the Russian Revolution and that he had been a baron. Infatuated with Zoubkoff, Viktoria provided the young student – 35 years her junior – with lavish gifts; he, in turn, proposed marriage. Without asking permission from the former Emperor Wilhelm, Viktoria renounced her titles and married Zoubkoff first at the town hall in Bonn, then in a Greek Orthodox ceremony at which none of her family was in attendance. The couple were married on 19 November 1927, which would have been Viktoria and Adolf's 37th wedding anniversary. She wore the lace bridal veil worn by her mother in 1858. Viktoria was 61, while Alexander was only 27. The two had known one another for only two months, and their wedding was a royal and society scandal.

Soon after the wedding, Alexander Zoubkoff, whom Viktoria called "Sascha", began spending large amounts of Viktoria's dwindling fortune. Alexander's financial troubles, combined with his public misconduct, led to his deportation from Germany not long after. He went to Luxembourg and worked there as a waiter. The restaurant advertised with a sign that read: "The Emperor's brother-in-law is serving you here". Although she had at first stood by her husband, in 1928, Viktoria separated from him, considering his antics too much.

Her own financial struggles caught up to her, and Viktoria was forced to auction off nearly all of her belongings. The sale, conducted by the Cologne auctioneers M. Lempertz, attracted far less interest than had been anticipated, and it was estimated that the proceeds from the auction would have covered only one-third of her debts (which were reported to have been 900,000 marks, or £45,000 sterling). Viktoria was forced to move into a single rented room in the suburbs of Bonn. That same year Viktoria caused another scandal by filing for divorce from Zoubkoff after less than two years of marriage, on the grounds that his behaviour had resulted in his expulsion from Germany, he was unable to maintain her, and that "conjugal relations did not exist".

Before they could be divorced, or her siblings could have their marriage annulled, Viktoria came down with a fever and was taken to the Hospital of St Francis, in Bonn, where she was diagnosed with pneumonia. In the hours before her death, her brother Wilhelm and sister Margaret attempted to contact her, but were not allowed. Viktoria died on 13 November 1929, "penniless, lonely, loveless, and without her family's forgiveness". She was buried at Schloss Friedrichshof, the home of her sister Margaret. She was 63.

Archives
Viktoria's letters to her sister Margaret are preserved in the Archive of the House of Hesse, which is kept in Fasanerie Palace in Eichenzell, Germany.

Titles and styles

 * 12 April 1866 – 19 November 1890: Her Royal Highness Princess Viktoria of Prussia
 * 19 November 1890 – 9 July 1927: Her Royal Highness Princess Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe
 * 9 July 1927 – 13 November 1929: Mrs Viktoria Zoubkoff

title: Princess Viktoria of Prussia


text:
Mount Blackmore

Mount Blackmore is located in Gallatin National Forest, in the U.S. state of Montana. Bozeman is located near the East Gallatin River, Gallatin County, Mount Blackmore is south of the City of Bozeman in the Gallatin Range.

Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden's survey expedition of the Yellowstone area named the peak for Mary Blackmore, wife of William Blackmore, an English land speculator and philanthropist who accompanied the Hayden Survey. Mary Blackmore contracted pneumonia and died in Bozeman, Montana during the early summer of 1872.

title: Mount Blackmore


text:
Paisley Abbey

Paisley Abbey is a parish church of the Church of Scotland on the east bank of the White Cart Water in the centre of the town of Paisley, Renfrewshire, about 7 mi west of Glasgow, in Scotland. Its origins date from the 12th century, based on a former Cluniac monastery. Following the Reformation in the 16th century, it became a Church of Scotland parish kirk.

History
It is believed that Saint Mirin (or Saint Mirren) founded a community on this site in 7th century. Sometime after his death a shrine to the Saint was established, becoming a popular site of pilgrimage and veneration. The name Paisley may derive from the Brythonic (Cumbric) Passeleg, 'basilica' (derived from the Greek), i.e. 'major church', recalling an early, though undocumented, ecclesiastical importance.

In 1163, Walter fitz Alan, the first High Steward of Scotland issued a charter for a priory to be set up on land owned by him in Paisley. It was dedicated to SS. Mary, James, Mirin and Milburga. Around 13 monks came from the Cluniac priory at Much Wenlock in Shropshire to found the community. Paisley grew so rapidly that it was raised to the status of abbey in 1245. Monks from Paisley founded Crossraguel Abbey in Carrick, Ayrshire, in 1244.

In 1307, Edward I of England had the abbey burned down. It was rebuilt later in the 14th century. William Wallace, born in nearby Elderslie, is believed to have been educated in the abbey for some time when he was a boy.

In 1316, Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert I of Scotland and wife of Walter Stewart, the sixth High Steward of Scotland, was out riding near the abbey. During the ride, she fell from her horse and as she was heavily pregnant at the time, she was taken to Paisley Abbey for medical care. There, King Robert II was born by caesarean section, in a time when anaesthesia would not have been available. She was later buried at the abbey. A cairn, at the junction of Dundonald Road and Renfrew Road, approximately 1 mi to the north of the Abbey, marks the spot where she reputedly fell from her horse.

In 1491, absolution was granted by Abbot George Shaw, representing the Pope and in the presence of the relics, to James IV of Scotland and others implicated in the death of James III at the Battle of Sauchieburn. By 1499 Shaw had had built a new, larger pilgrims' chapel and added the sculptured stone frieze which can still be seen today, showing scenes from the life of St Miren. It was originally brightly painted and may have been part of a rear panel of an altar before being put up as a frieze on the wall.

A succession of fires and the collapse of the tower in the 15th and 16th centuries left the building in a partially ruined state. Although the western section was still used for worship, the eastern section was widely plundered for its stone. From 1858 to 1928 the north porch and the eastern choir were reconstructed on the remains of the ruined walls by the architect Macgregor Chalmers. After his death, work on the choir was completed by Sir Robert Lorimer.

Points of interest
Paisley Abbey is the burial place of all six High Stewards of Scotland, Marjorie Bruce who was the mother of Robert II, and the wives of Robert II. The Celtic Barochan Cross, once sited near the village of Houston, Renfrewshire, is now inside the abbey itself. The cross is thought to date from the 10th century. In the abbey's nave, the Wallace Memorial Window, which depicts the image of Samson, was donated in 1873.

Paisley Abbey Drain
The earliest written record of a tunnel around Paisley Abbey dates from 1829, when workmen digging in the garden of one John Crawford in Ellis Lane, fell through into a tunnel. Early maps show Ellis Lane being in the region of the modern manhole leading to the drain. As the significance of this discovery was not realised at the time, access to the hole was quickly covered, and soon forgotten about. That was until 1879, when The Glasgow Herald mentioned the discovery of the subterranean passage. This was also forgotten about, and not ‘re-discovered’ until 1990, when a 90 metre stretch of tunnel was found running from the abbey to the White Cart. The drain is thought to date from AD 1350-1400 and is up to 2m wide and up to 2.2m high. The drain contains stonemasons marks on the walls, and marks where gates used to be. Before accessing the drain, water has to be pumped out. Paisley Abbey Drain is designated by Historic Environment Scotland as a Scheduled Ancient Monument and has similarities to other monastery drains, such as Fountains Abbey, Dundrennan Abbey and Melrose Abbey. A virtual tour of the drain is available on YouTube.

Archaeological investigations and excavations took place in 1996, 3–16 September 2009, 2–12 September 2011 and 4 September 2013 and many items discovered. Some of these are now on display in the abbey.

These include:
 * a slate with music marked on it - which is believed to be the oldest example of polyphonic music found in Scotland
 * imported cloth seals
 * chamber pots from c.1500
 * tweezers
 * carved bone handles
 * pottery fragments
 * slate fragments

Events to involve the public in the archaeological investigation of the drain have been held, with the Renfrewshire Local History Forum.

Tombs
A tomb in the choir incorporating a much-restored female effigy is widely believed to be that of Marjorie Bruce. Although there is no evidence that she is buried at exactly that location, her remains are thought to be within the abbey. The tomb is reconstructed from fragments of different origin - the base, is likely to have originally formed part of the pulpitum of the Abbey (a stone screen separating nave and choir), such as survives at Glasgow Cathedral.

Opposite Marjorie Bruce lie the tombs of Robert III of Scotland and Simon fitz Alan. A Latin inscription commemorates the three children of Margaret Seton and Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley who died as infants; Margaret (1577), Henry (1585), and Alexander (1587).

Stained glass
Stained glass (removed in the Reformation) began to be replaced in the 1870s. Major works include a window by Edward Burne-Jones and the huge east window by Douglas Strachan.

The dramatic memorial window to James D. D. Shaw dates from 1989 and is by John Clark.

Abbey organ
The Abbey organ is reputedly one of the finest in Scotland, and was originally built by the most distinguished of all 19th-century organ builders, Cavaillé-Coll of Paris in 1874. This is one of only six in the UK. Since 1874 it has been rebuilt and extended four times. The organ as rebuilt by Walker in 1968 has 4 manuals, 65 stops and 5448 pipes.(National Pipe Organ Register; "The Organ at Paisley Abbey", booklet pub. Paisley Abbey) In 2009 the instrument underwent a major restoration by Harrison and Harrison of Durham. The work included major cleaning and servicing, the provision of a new wind system and the addition of a 32 ft contre bombarde. The latter was part of the 1968 scheme by Ralph Downes but not included in the work actually undertaken.

Internal architectural details
The twelve angel corbels and stone communion table are by Pilkington Jackson, sculptor of the iconic Robert the Bruce statue at Bannockburn. The ceiling bosses are designed by Sir Robert Lorimer and carved by James A Young. The choir stalls, with their wealth of carved animals are by William and Alexander Clow.

External architectural details
Paisley Abbey has been rebuilt and its original design modified as a result of the building being destroyed in 1307, its tower's collapse in the 16th century, and general disrepair that occurred as the result of time and weather. During a restoration project that took place in the 1990s, a stonemason from Edinburgh hired to replace twelve crumbling stone gargoyles erected one bearing a strong resemblance to the space creature from the 1979 science fiction film Alien, starring Sigourney Weaver. A picture of the gargoyle went viral in 2013, though a photograph of the statue first surfaced on the internet in 1997. In 2002, it was confirmed the abbey would be subject to a 10-year-long restoration project.

Current congregation
Paisley Abbey is used for worship services every Sunday. Since the Reformation the Abbey has served as a parish church in the Church of Scotland. In 2002 the congregation had 823 members. The minister (since December 2022) is the Reverend Jim Gibson.

Burials

 * Walter fitz Alan, 1st High Steward of Scotland (1177)
 * Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland (1204)
 * Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland (1246)
 * Beatrix nic Gille Crist-Stewart, Countess of Angus (1252)
 * Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland (1282)
 * Isabella of Mar, first wife of Robert the Bruce (1296)
 * James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland (1309)
 * Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce (1316 or 1317)
 * Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (1327)
 * Elizabeth Mure, first wife of Robert II (1355)
 * Euphemia de Ross, second wife of Robert II (1386)
 * Robert III, King of Scots (1406)
 * James Stewart of Cardonald (1584)
 * James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn (1618)
 * Claud Hamilton, 1st Lord Paisley (1621)
 * James Hamilton, 8th Earl of Abercorn (1789)
 * William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart (1843)

title: Paisley Abbey


text:
The Midnight Special (TV series)

The Midnight Special is an American late-night musical variety series originally broadcast on NBC from 1972 to 1981, created and produced by Burt Sugarman. It premiered as a TV special on August 19, 1972, and then began its run as a regular series from February 3, 1973, to March 27, 1981. The 90-minute program aired on Saturday mornings at 1 a.m. ET/PT after the Friday night edition of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

Like its syndicated late-night cousin Don Kirshner's Rock Concert, the show typically featured guest hosts, except for a period from July 1975 through March 1976 when singer Helen Reddy served as the regular host. Wolfman Jack served as the announcer and frequent guest host. The program's theme song, a traditional folk song called "Midnight Special", was performed by Johnny Rivers.

The Midnight Special was noted for featuring musical acts performing live, which was unusual since most television appearances during the era showed performers lip-synching to prerecorded music. The series also occasionally aired vintage footage of older acts, such as Bill Haley & His Comets. The program also featured occasional performances of comedians such as Steve Martin, Richard Pryor, Andy Kaufman, and George Carlin.

History
In 1972, producer Burt Sugarman pitched the program as a means for NBC to capitalize on a potential audience. "Our aim was to reach for the 18-33 age bracket, the young married and daters who attend concerts and movies but don't watch much television," Sugarman said.

At the time, none of the Big Three television networks had programming on after 1:00 am Eastern time, as common practice by most stations was to sign off after the final program. Despite a lack of competition in that timeslot, NBC initially rejected the idea. The rejection led Sugarman to buy the air time for the premiere on his own as a brokered show, convincing Chevrolet to become the show's first sponsor. It premiered with ratings high enough for NBC to reconsider its decision, and the network subsequently bought the program. NBC also reasoned that the additional weekly hour and a half of programming would allow NBC to recoup some revenue lost as a result of the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, which banned the advertising of tobacco on television effective January 1, 1971.

The pilot for the series aired on August 19, 1972. It was presented as a 90-minute special encouraging young people to vote in the upcoming Presidential election. Nielsen ratings for the premiere episode were a success, with 4.4%, or approximately 5 million television sets "tuned in", and 32% of those watching TV during that time period were watching The Midnight Special. Several months later, on February 3, 1973, it premiered as a weekly series. Initially, it was scheduled to run 26 consecutive weeks. Within eight months of its premiere, The Midnight Special had proven that programming in the later time period was viable, and NBC would expand its programming in the time slot to five days a week with the addition of the talk show Tomorrow, hosted by Tom Snyder, the other four nights.

The Midnight Special's original time slot was on Saturdays from 1:00 to 2:30 a.m. in the Eastern and Pacific time zones (Midnight to 1:30 a.m. Central and Mountain). When The Tonight Show's run time was shortened from ninety to sixty minutes in September 1980, The Midnight Special was moved to 12:30 a.m. (ET/PT)/11:30 p.m. (CT/MT), maintaining its 90-minute run time.

In 1978, at the height of the disco craze, the set was changed to resemble a disco nightclub complete with a platform dance floor. Wolfman Jack stood behind an elevated DJ booth. By fall 1979, as the genre's popularity waned, the disco set was replaced. The show was canceled in March 1981 and remained on air in reruns until May 1981.

Guest stars
Joan ,Baez

Some notable guest stars and hosts included:
 * ABBA
 * AC/DC
 * Aerosmith
 * Alice Cooper
 * America
 * Aretha Franklin
 * New Birth
 * Badfinger
 * The Bay City Rollers$\langleJoan Baez\rangle$
 * The Beach Boys
 * The Bee Gees
 * Chuck Berry
 * Blondie
 * David Bowie
 * Bread
 * Brooklyn Dreams
 * James Brown
 * The Cars
 * The Chambers Brothers
 * Jerry Bell
 * Ray Charles
 * Cheap Trick
 * Lou Christie
 * Petula Clark
 * Jim Croce
 * Billy Crystal
 * Bo Diddley
 * The Doobie Brothers
 * Earth, Wind & Fire
 * Electric Light Orchestra
 * Mama Cass Elliot
 * Jose Feliciano
 * Fleetwood Mac
 * Flo & Eddie
 * Focus
 * Peter Frampton
 * Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons
 * Marvin Gaye
 * Genesis
 * Andy Gibb
 * Lesley Gore
 * Gladys Knight & the Pips
 * Golden Earring
 * Goldstar
 * Al Green
 * The Guess Who
 * Heart
 * Hoyt Axton
 * Janis Ian
 * Wolfman Jack
 * The Jackson 5
 * Rick James
 * Billy Joel
 * Elton John
 * Journey
 * KC and the Sunshine Band
 * Andy Kaufman
 * B.B. King
 * King Crimson
 * Kiss
 * Kris Kristofferson
 * Jerry Lee Lewis
 * Gordon Lightfoot
 * Little Feat
 * Loggins & Messina
 * Barry Manilow
 * Steve Martin
 * Seals and Crofts
 * Eddie Money
 * Van Morrison
 * Anne Murray
 * Randy Newman
 * Olivia Newton-John
 * The New York Dolls
 * Ted Nugent
 * The O'Jays
 * Dolly Parton
 * Prince
 * Richard Pryor
 * Robert Fripp
 * Helen Reddy
 * REO Speedwagon
 * Minnie Riperton
 * Linda Ronstadt
 * Lynn Anderson
 * Rare Earth
 * Roxy Music
 * Diana Ross
 * T. Rex
 * Rufus
 * Todd Rundgren
 * The Shadows of Knight
 * The Spinners
 * The Sylvers
 * Steely Dan
 * Rod Stewart
 * Sugarloaf
 * Donna Summer
 * Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
 * The Three Degrees
 * Thin Lizzy
 * The Tubes
 * Ike & Tina Turner Revue
 * Village People
 * War
 * Jennifer Warnes
 * Weather Report
 * Paul Williams
 * Wishbone Ash
 * Barry White
 * XTC
 * Gary Wright
 * Shirley and Lee - (nb * below)

 * ELO had more appearances than any other band with seven.
 * Shirley and Lee were introduced in 1974 singing 'Let the Good Times Roll', when actually 'Lee' wasn't on stage; 'Shirley' was singing with Steeltown Records Founder and Hollywood Shuffle actor Lou 'Ludie' Washington.
 * The show presented The 1980 Floor Show, the last performance of David Bowie as Ziggy Stardust. It was broadcast on November 16, 1973, and was taped a month earlier from specially-commissioned performances at the Marquee Club in Soho, London.

Parody
The show was parodied with a song by comedian Ray Stevens in 1974 called "The Moonlight Special" playing Mr. Sheepdog (Wolfman Jack), whose guest included Mildred Queen and the Dipsticks (Gladys Knight), Agnes Stoopa (Alice Cooper and his pet chicken (From the 1969 "Chicken incident" in Toronto)), and Jerry Joe Henly Jimmy (Jerry Lee Lewis).

Cancellation
The series was canceled by NBC at the request of Dick Ebersol as part of a deal for him to take over the then-ailing Saturday Night Live. Because there was no time for NBC to develop a new show from scratch in light of the urgent SNL situation, The Midnight Special was replaced by SCTV, a weekly Canadian sketch comedy series performed by members of the Toronto satellite of Chicago's The Second City improvisational troupe. That program, in turn, would later be replaced with another music show, Friday Night Videos, in 1983, also produced initially by Ebersol.

DVD release
In 2006, a DVD collection entitled Burt Sugarman's Midnight Special was made available by Guthy-Renker through television and radio infomercials. In 2014, an 11-DVD collection entitled The Midnight Special was released by Star-Vista through standard retail channels.

title: The Midnight Special (TV series)


text:
User:Cori.schlegel

Previously doing business as: kinrowan

blog

Currently located in Stoughton, Wi, which is not a suburb of  Madison!

I currently work for Sonic Foundry as a Software Design Engineer.

title: User:Cori.schlegel


text:
User talk:M2k41

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:43, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
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Philanthropist
I've added the "prod" template to the article Philanthropist, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Philanthropist. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. — Sebastian (talk) 03:47, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

I'm apologise for my late reply as I have been quite Ill for a month. Of course you can use the photograph for advertising your event and publicity purposes. I hope your event is successful. Ma'sallaama Hasseniqbal192 11:31, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Talk:Jack Tatum

Failed GA
The promo pic tag on the main picture is inappropriate - the photo is a commercial product, not a promotional picture. The second picture seems a little dodgy in its fair use claim - how is this any different from recycling the content taken straight from a new site to illustrate articles, for instance? The fact that no specific fair use template is available ought to be ringing alarm bells. However, the article is well-referenced and well-structured, which is a very good start. Please address the comments here, in peer review, and in FAC (some very helpful ones there!), and then renominate it! TheGrappler 03:50, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Now that the pics are removed, should their captions go too? TheGrappler 18:19, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. --Cholmes75 19:08, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Failed GA (2nd)
I've failed the article again, mostly because it fails two criteria for GA:
 * It has compelling prose, and is readily comprehensible to a non-specialist reader: the text needs a general copyedit, and it is too dependent on the reader knowing details from outside, particularily in the College section. This was brought up on the FAC, and has not been addressed.
 * It is broad in its coverage: it is missing significant amount of information about the controversy following the Darryl Stingley incident, to the point where it almost seems whitewashed.

Overall, the article is almost good, but is still missing a little bit. Tito xd (?!? - help us) 01:34, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

I fixed the college section some, and I added as much infomation about the Stingley controversy in the article. I don't get the almost seems whitewashed Part. I think it's good now. Thanks Jaranda wat's sup 17:41, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

GA?
Did this article actually pass the GA review? or did someone just add the GA tag? Isn't the reviewer supposed to add another section which confirms GA status? --ShadowJester07 23:44, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Darryl Stingley
From the article: "Stingley later forgave Tatum and died on April the 5th, 2007."

According to Stingley's article (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Stingley) and sources (http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2007-04-05-stingley-obit_N.htm and http://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug=jc-tatum040607&prov=yhoo&type=lgns) there was never any reconciliation between the two men. Is there another source that can verify that Tatum was "forgiven" before Stingley's death? Josh McCartt 19:15, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Darryl Stingley: Ex-Football Star Tells Why He Has Forgiven Football Player Who Left Him Paralyzed, Jet Magazine, Clarence Waldron, June 8, 1992, pages 34-37.

Summary: in the article (1992), Darryl does say he forgave Jack long time ago. He also said he thought Jack had some issues, Jack had had plenty of opportunities to contact him. So, it's complicated, as I'm sure it is. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 22:19, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Furthermore: Darryl Stingley, paralyzed by Tatum hit, dies at 55, Associated Press, ESPN, April 5, 2007.

" . . Tatum and Stingley never reconciled. In 1996, they were supposed to meet for a TV appearance, but Stingley called it off after being told it was to publicize Tatum's book. . "

So, it complicated. Of course it is. How could something like this not be complicated. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 22:30, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

This article presents a very sanitized version of the incident. They didn't "collide." Tatum hit Stingley. "Collide" makes it sound like they ran into each other. The hit wasn't awkward because Stingley lowered his head. Tatum, by his own admission at the time, saw that he had no play and was going for a big, damaging, intimidating hit - which was legal and common at the time, but still, that hit didn't happen by accident. I'm not changing the text of the article, because whoever wrote it will just change it back. But let's be real. Not saying Tatum was trying to paralyze the guy, but it's dead wrong to try and suggest that they just ran into each other awkwardly. Tatum lined up a defenseless, fully extended receiver in an exhibition game and intentionally blasted him. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.4.62.221 (talk) 17:21, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

Photo Request
"In one of the most lasting images from Super Bowl XI, Tatum knocked the helmet off Minnesota Vikings wide receiver Sammy White." Can we get a copy of the image to use here? 128.138.131.244 (talk) 21:41, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Done but having trouble with the copyright. Zoro   1234  22:10, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jack Tatum


text:
User talk:Bob66

Welcome!

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Mika Väyrynen

Mika Väyrynen (born 28 December 1981) is a Finnish former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder, and a football manager, currently working as the head coach of Honka. After his playing career, Väyrynen has also worked as an assistant coach of Klubi 04 and HJK, and as a head coach of Klubi 04.

Early life
Väyrynen was born in Eskilstuna, Sweden, where his Finnish father worked. He grew up in Karjaa, Finland.

Early career
Väyrynen started his career with FC Lahti and joined FC Jokerit for the 2001 season.

Heerenveen
Midway through that year Heerenveen beat Inter Milan to his signature, Väyrynen opting for the Dutch club in order to have a better chance of a regular starting place. The transfer fee was not disclosed but is rumoured to be in seven figures. He immediately broke into the Heerenveen side, though the switch from a summer to winter season meant he began to suffer from injury problems. However, in 2003–04 he became their key player in midfield, and ended up scoring 17 goals in 100 Eredivisie games.

PSV
In the summer of 2005, Väyrynen joined PSV, upon joining stating, "PSV is the best option for me. At Heerenveen I learned to play more simple football. I am not the player I was in Finland any more, tactically and physically especially I have grown a lot." He was brought in to replace Mark van Bommel by PSV manager Guus Hiddink. Väyrynen was, however, ruled out for much of the early 2005–06 season with an ankle injury. Väyrynen returned to action as a substitute on 17 December 2005 against Willem II, and immediately scored his first goal for PSV. He was not able to earn a regular starting place in the spring season, and mostly made substitute appearances, as PSV secured the Dutch title for the second year in a row.

Väyrynen was linked with a move to Rangers and newly promoted Premier League side Derby County as they looked to strengthen for the 2007–08 season. Väyrynen almost moved to Derby in August 2007, but the move collapsed because of a calf injury.

In the summer of 2008, Väyrynen was again linked with Rangers and an undisclosed Belgian team, believed to be Club Brugge. He was also linked with Derby for the second time on 22 July 2008, according to Derby's local radio, despite their relegation to the Championship.

Heerenveen
On 31 August 2008, two days before the closing of the transfer window, Väyrynen was signed by former club Heerenveen to a contract until 2011 with an option of one year more. He picked up a knee injury in a January 2009 match against Ajax which ruled him out of play until the end of 2009. In his final season at Heerenveen, he scored 9 league goals for the club in 30 games.

Leeds United
On 13 September 2011, Väyrynen, now a free agent, signed a one-year deal – with an option of a further year – with English Championship side Leeds United. Väyrynen was rumoured to have been on the verge of signing Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg at the time Leeds came in for him.

In signing for Leeds, Väyrynen joined compatriot Mikael Forssell at Elland Road. Väyrynen made his first appearance in a Leeds squad on 20 September, he was named on the bench against rivals Manchester United, and was brought on with Forssell in the 52nd minute. Väyrynen made his league debut as a substitute in the 3–3 draw against Brighton & Hove Albion on 23 September, coming on for the last nine minutes. He made his Elland Road league debut against Portsmouth on 1 October, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 1-0 win. He made his first start for Leeds on 22 October, coming into the side for the injured Robert Snodgrass against Peterborough United.

Väyrynen was ruled out for a few weeks when he had groin surgery which also ruled him out of some of the international fixtures with Finland. He returned as a substitute for Leeds against Watford on 10 December, and he made an immediate impact when he won an injury time penalty for Leeds to equalise. His second start came in Leeds 4–1 loss against Barnsley on 31 December 2011.

On 16 April, Leeds united terminated Väyrynen's contract by mutual consent after eight months at the club.

HJK Helsinki
Since leaving Leeds, Väyrynen had been training with HJK Helsinki in order to maintain match fitness. On 10 July, HJK announced that Väyrynen had signed a three-month contract with the club. He made his debut one week later, scoring from a penalty, in a 7−0 home win against KR Reykjavik in UEFA Champions League qualifiers. He made in total of 12 league appearances, scoring three goals, as HJK were crowned as league champions for the fourth consecutive season.

On 1 February 2013, Väyrynen signed a two-year contract extension with HJK.

LA Galaxy
In February 2015, Väyrynen trialed with LA Galaxy of Major League Soccer and signed with them on 6 March 2015. On 15 March 2015, he made his debut against the Portland Timbers, coming off the bench in the 62nd minute and replacing Baggio Hušidić in an eventual 2–2 draw.

International career
Väyrynen was a key player for the Finland national team. He made his debut on 20 March 2002 against South Korea. Väyrynen's breakthrough for Finland came in June 2003, when he was the star performer in matches against Serbia and Montenegro and Italy. Väyrynen was also a key player for Finland at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship.

Managerial career
In 2018, Väyrynen started as an assistant coach of Klubi 04, the reserve team of HJK Helsinki. In May 2019, Väyrynen was promoted to an assistant coach of HJK first team. He was named the head coach of Klubi 04 for the 2021 season, when the club played in Ykkönen.

On 24 November 2023, Väyrynen was named the manager of new Honka Akatemia. The club gained a position of Kakkonen from FC Honka's former reserve team, after Esport Honka was declared bankruptcy in November 2023.

International

 * Scores and results list Finland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Väyrynen goal.

Honours
PSV
 * Eredivisie: 2005–06, 2006–07

Heerenveen
 * KNVB Cup: 2008–09

HJK
 * Veikkausliiga: 2012, 2013, 2014
 * Finnish Cup: 2014

Individual
 * Veikkausliiga Team of the Year: 2016

title: Mika Väyrynen


text:
Sokol space suit

The Sokol space suit (Cокол) is a series of soft-body pressure suits designed and built by NPP Zvezda. It was first introduced in 1973 for the Soviet space program following the Soyuz 11 disaster, and continues to see use in the modern day primarily by the Russian space program, being worn by space travelers flying aboard the Soyuz spacecraft. A version of Sokol is also used by the China Manned Space Program.

Sokol is described by its makers as a rescue suit and it is not capable of being used outside the spacecraft in a spacewalk or extravehicular activity. Instead, its purpose is to keep the wearer alive in the event of an accidental depressurization of the spacecraft.

History
Pressure suits were worn on the early Soviet Vostok space missions, but when the Soyuz spacecraft was being developed in the mid-1960s, its designers, OKB-1, did not incorporate the use of spacesuits into its design. Some of the early Soyuz flights carried Yastreb space suits but these were only for spacewalks and were only worn in orbit.

On June 30, 1971, the crew of Soyuz 11 died when their spacecraft depressurized during re-entry. One of the recommendations of the investigating government commission was that pressure suits should be worn by future crews during critical phases of their mission—launch, docking and landing.

NPP Zvezda was given the task of providing the suits. They rejected the use of existing Soviet space suits and chose to base a new suit on the existing Sokol aviation pressure suit. The main modification was the replacement of the Sokol suit's hard helmet. Other features of the aviation suit that were considered unnecessary were removed to save weight.

At the same time, a life support system was developed in co-operation with OKB-1. The new suit was named Sokol-K, K (Kosmos) being the abbreviation of the Russian word for space.

Description
The modern version of Sokol consists of an inner pressure layer of rubberized polycaprolactam and an outer layer of white nylon canvas. The boots of the suit are integrated and unable to be removed. The gloves are removable, attaching to the suit via blue anodized aluminum wrist couplings. Sokol has a hinged polycarbonate visor mounted near the ears which seals with an anodized aluminum clavicle flange when closed, and a 'soft helmet' fabric hood which folds when the visor is raised.

There is a suit pressure gauge on the left wrist. A mirror on an elastic wrist band is worn on the right, to help the wearer see beyond the suit's limited field of view. During re-entry, an altimeter on a wrist strap may also be worn, allowing an immediate check on cabin pressure and an additional method of advance warning to brace prior to touchdown, as during the last phase of landing the cabin opens to the outside air.

Sokol is often worn with a wristwatch, with an elastic band replacing the strap to allow it to fit over the bulky suit glove.The watches are often privately purchased, and a wide variety of Swiss and Russian models have been used.

Electrical cables are mounted on the right abdomen of the suit, while the left abdomen has separate hoses for air and oxygen. Normally, an electric blower ventilates the suit with cabin air through the larger hose at the rate of 150 L per minute. If the cabin pressure drops below 600 hPa, the suit's air supply is automatically replaced with oxygen from pressurized bottles at a rate of 22 L per minute. Both air and oxygen exhaust through the blue pressure relief valve at the center of the chest; this valve also regulates the pressure of the suit.

Effectively, the suit uses an open-circuit life support system that somewhat resembles scuba equipment. This has the advantage of simplicity; the disadvantage of a high rate of oxygen consumption is considered acceptable given that it is only intended for emergency use.

The suits weigh around 10 kg and are described by those who have used them as a considerable encumbrance when worn on the ground. Despite this, they are intended to be worn for up to 30 hours in a pressurized environment or two hours in a vacuum. They can also float and have a neck dam that allows the visor to be raised in water without the risk of flooding the suit. However, Soyuz crews are provided with buoyancy aids and cold-water survival suits which would preferably be used if the Soyuz accidentally landed in water.

, a total of 309 flight suits had been made along with 135 training and testing suits.

Operational use
Each Soyuz crew member is provided with a made-to-measure suit for flight (although, from the numbers made, it appears that the suits provided for ground training are re-used). To ensure the suit fits correctly, the wearer spends two hours sitting in a launch couch with the suit inflated. Straps on the arms, legs and chest allow the fit to be adjusted slightly.

To don the suit, the two zips that make a 'V' on the chest are opened. Underneath, there is a large tubular opening in the inner pressure layer known as the appendix. Legs go in first, followed by the arms into the sleeves and head into the helmet. When the suit is on, an airtight seal is made by tightly rolling up the appendix and securing it with strong elastic bands. The large bulge of the rolled-up appendix is secured under the V-shaped flap in the suit's outer layer. When worn on the ground, the suit is attached to a portable ventilation unit—a hand-held device that supplies air to the suit, cooling it first with an ice filled heat exchanger. Grey leather outer boots are also worn on the ground; they protect the feet of the suit from damage and are removed before entering the spacecraft to avoid carrying debris into the cabin.

The suit is worn during launch and re-entry of the Soyuz spacecraft—the gloves are attached and the visor is sealed at these times. In an emergency, the suit pressure is usually maintained at 400 hPa (0.39 atm, 5.8 psi) above the ambient by the pressure relief valve. However, the suits only have a rudimentary pressure relief layer so they tend to balloon when inflated. Movement of the wearer becomes restricted, although it is still possible to pilot inside the capsule.

If more than limited movement is required, the pressure relief valve may be adjusted to a lower setting of 270 hPa (0.26 atm, 3.9 psi). Pure oxygen at this pressure will support life, but the setting is only intended for use in extreme emergencies; the risk of decompression sickness becomes significant if the wearer spends more than 15 minutes at the lower pressure setting.

The maximum length of time the suits may be used in a vacuum is 125 minutes. The time is limited because the oxygen flow to the suit is enough for life support, but insufficient to carry away the cosmonaut's body heat and longer use of the suit risks heat exhaustion. If the capsule becomes depressurized, either accidentally or deliberately to extinguish a fire, it must land within that time.

Sokol-K
The first version of the suit, first used on Soyuz 12, launched on September 27, 1973.

Specifications

 * Name: Sokol-K Rescue Spacesuit
 * Derived from: Sokol aviation full pressure suit
 * Manufacturer: NPP Zvezda
 * Missions: Soyuz 12 (1973) to Soyuz 40 (1981)
 * Function: Intravehicular activity (IVA)
 * Operating Pressure: 400 hPa
 * Suit Weight: 10 kg

Sokol-KR
A version intended for use with the TKS spacecraft which was to be used as part of the Almaz program. The suit was never used, as TKS never flew with a crew. Its main difference was that it was designed to work with a regenerative life support system.

Sokol-KM and Sokol-KV
Work on improving the Sokol-K began in 1973, immediately after its introduction. The Sokol-KM and KV were intermediate models on which many of the features of the Sokol-KV2 were developed, neither was ever used in space.

To be donned, the Sokol-KM and KV split into upper and lower halves joined by zip fasteners. However, this feature was discarded in the Sokol-KV2 and the appendix was retained as a means of donning the suit—it was thought to be more reliable than the airtight zippers the Russians were able to make. Other changes included alterations to the fabric around the joints, to improve mobility, and improvement of the gloves, to make it easier to operate the spacecraft controls.

The KM and KV also featured a liquid-cooled undergarment that would increase the comfort of the wearer by efficiently removing body-heat; other suits relied on the flow of air to do this.

Specifications

 * Name: Sokol-KV Rescue Spacesuit
 * Manufacturer: NPP Zvezda
 * Missions: None
 * Function: Intra-vehicular activity (IVA)
 * Operating Pressure: 400 hPa
 * Suit Weight: 12 kg

Sokol-KV2
The Sokol-KV2, the current version of the suit, was first used on the Soyuz T-2 mission, launched on June 5, 1980.

The main improvement was the replacement of the rubber pressure layer of the Sokol-K with rubberized polycaprolactam to save weight. The visor was modified and enlarged to give the wearer a better field of view. Laces in the outer canvas layer were replaced with zippers to make the suit quicker to don and the pressure relief valve was moved from the left abdomen to the center of the chest so either hand could be used to alter the suit's pressure setting. The improved arms, legs, and gloves of the Sokol-KV were retained although the liquid cooled undergarment of the KM and KV was discarded.

Specifications

 * Name: Sokol-KV2 Rescue Spacesuit
 * Manufacturer: NPP Zvezda
 * Missions: 1980 to present
 * Function: Intra-vehicular activity (IVA)
 * Operating Pressure: 400 hPa
 * Suit Weight: 10 kg

Use by countries other than Russia

The People's Republic of China purchased a number of space suits from the Russians for use in the China Manned Space Program. The suit worn by Yang Liwei on Shenzhou 5, the first crewed Chinese spaceflight, closely resembles a Sokol-KV2 suit, but it is believed to be a Chinese-made version rather than an actual Russian suit. Derivative versions of Sokol continue to be worn by Chinese taikonauts on flights of the Shenzhou spacecraft today, though details of the suits' design differ slightly; they are also reported to weigh less than the Russian version of Sokol.

Sokol suits have been bought for uses other than spaceflight. It was planned that the crew of the British QinetiQ 1 high-altitude balloon would wear modified Sokol suits purchased from Zvezda. As the balloonists would have occupied an open platform during their twelve-hour flight, the Sokol suits, together with heavily insulated outer garments, would have protected them from the cold and low pressure of the stratosphere as the balloon ascended to a height of around 40 km.

Bulgaria developed its own version of the Sokol space suit in the mid-1970s.

U.S. equivalent
During the flight of Gemini 7 in 1965, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell wore modified Gemini spacesuits sharing some similarities with the Sokol suits, but with significant differences. Their suits were known as the G5C by their manufacturer, the David Clark Company.

Collectors' market
Sokol space suits, including ones flown in space, were first sold by Sotheby's at an auction devoted to Russian space history in 1993. Subsequently, components such as gloves, communications caps, and wrist mirrors have frequently come up for sale on eBay; even complete suits have occasionally come up for sale, such as the one that Heritage Auctions sold for US$31,070 in 2009. These are usually worn out items that have been discarded after use during ground training and were never intended for use in space. As these items are nominally the property of the Russian government, the legitimacy of their sale has been questioned.

title: Sokol space suit


text:
User talk:Cori.schlegel

Welcome!
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Rob Church Talk 14:45, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
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recategorization request
Could you please consider removing your name from Wikipedians/Wisconsin and adding Category:Wikipedians in Wisconsin to User:Cori.schlegel instead? There is an attempt underway to do away with the directory organization of Wikipedians, in favor of categories. Tomer TALK 11:23, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * While you're at it, you might consider checking out WikiProject Wisconsin. :-)  Tomer TALK  11:25, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Done, though I find the lack of the localization (city/town) of this approach a weakness. Cori.schlegel 16:02, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Granted, although this wasn't my idea... All the more excuse to clarify on your User page! [[Image:Smile.png|:-) (smiley)]]  Tomer TALK  06:31, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer be able to have them marked as minor by default. For more information on what a minor edit is, see WP:MINOR or feel to get in touch.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 21:42, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Edit-a-thon in Madison

 * ART+FEMINISM EDIT-A-THON

 * Saturday, March 5th, 9:30 a.m. – noon
 * Madison Public Library (Madison, Wisconsin)
 * Bring a laptop! There will be snacks and daycare

RSVP on the event page if you plan to attend or have any suggestions. czar 00:53, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * You received this message because you are a member of Category:Wikipedians in Wisconsin. To opt-in to future Madison event messages, add yourself to the mailing list.

title: User talk:Cori.schlegel


text:
Antonio Andrisani

Antonio Andrisani (born 1966) is an Italian filmmaker and director.

Andrisani was born at Matera. Inspired by the works of Stanley Kubrick, he has created a number of significant cinematographic works, including La Ragazza nel Bar (The Girl in the Bar), La Sosta (The Stop), Il Garante (The Guarantee), 31, La Mosca (The Fly), Ecco perciò (Here therefore), Al proprio posto (To his own place), Il numero uno (The number one). He wrote the screenplay for the latest Silvia Ferreri movie, still editing, Lo stallo (The stall), where he also plays the main role together with Rolando Ravello and Pierfrancesco "Titizzo" Natale.

title: Antonio Andrisani