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Talk:Legal status of Internet pornography

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Inaccuracy
FTA: "Commercial porn sites generally restrict access to any pornographic content until a membership has been purchased using a credit card." - this isn't even remotely true, most paysites have a 'free trial' section, and promote their content through thumbnail galleries and FHGs which do not require (or even ask) age verification. Search site:any-pay-site.com (eg: met-art.com) and you can see content without paying. This might be original research, but given how very inaccurate the sentence is, I'm removing it. Revert me if you disagree. 196.210.216.72 (talk) 13:35, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Information needed
This article is the start of an article attempting to cover the legal status of internet porn in variouse countries. Information this article needs is laws relating to net porn in other European countries, Canada, Japan, and elsewhere. Also more info in the UK should be added. --Cab88 15:58, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a lot of info in Child Pornography, any way to intigrate, reference, or extract the information? (hey, i used big words) --MikedaSnipe 04:55, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I added some countries where possession of child pornography is still legal, some references you can use to confirm that the information is correct: PraguePost, Japundit, WashingtonPost. --llista 10 August 2007 (UTC)

ICMEC's global policy review of child pornography laws in 184 Interpol-member countries showed that more than half have no laws that specifically address child pornography, and in many others the existing laws are insufficient. source http://www.informationweek.com/study-child-porn-isnt-illegal-in-most-countries/d/d-id/1042033 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.112.56.242 (talk) 11:36, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

Canada section needed
Canada is not currently detailed in the list, someone please add it. Tyciol (talk) 02:54, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

revamp of Child pornography and the Internet
I have revamped this section, deleting the unreferenced material and adding referenced material. If editors can find references for the prior section, please feel free to add it as appropriate.ResearchEditor (talk) 02:17, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Link 14 is broken and link 13 goes to something unrelated
Link 13 is supposed to link to an article discussing child pornography being simulated by computers, and link 14 is supposed to talk about making adults out to look like children — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.244.51.203 (talk) 06:28, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

$3 billion CP industry?
The claim about a multi-billion dollar child pornography industry seems somewhat dubious.

The NCMEC press release gives as its source "Top Ten Reviews - Internet Filter Review" The wayback archive contemporary with the article has a single statement professing the existence of a $3 billon child pornography industry. I was unable to find the original source, and the claim has since been removed. "World wide porn: 260 mn, growing" appears to trace back to the same Top Ten Reviews article.

I was unable to trace "As Child Porn Industry Grows, Coalition Launches Counterattack" to a primary source, and the $20 billion CP revenues would require every man, woman, and child on the face of the Earth to spend, on average, $3 a year on child pornography.

I was only able to access (through Goole Books) one of the print sources, Investigating Child Exploitation and Pornography: The Internet, the Law and Forensic Science, and the claim of a "multi-billion dollar trade" appears in the introduction, presumably as an attention-grabber. As I see it, either the book does not repeat the statement elsewhere with a more thorough explanation, or whoever added the claim to the Wikipedia article also did not have access to the full book. In which case they really ought not to have cited it.

If any of you have access to the print sources, please assist in investigating this claim. I have provisionally removed it, as of this post.

207.119.45.124 (talk) 06:26, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Please start using preferred term "images of child sexual abuse" rather than child porn.
International organisations use the term "images of child sexu abuse". It would be useful to start using this term in place of the outmoded "child porn". I've made a small number of replacemts. This leaves the old term in for search engines and Context. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Barepunts (talk • contribs) 01:53, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Can you please bring a reliable source so we can verify this♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 02:26, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

There are plenty of reliable sources in the other Wikipedia porn articles. The terminology of the child_porn article has suitable references to trusted International organisations. --Barepunts (talk) 03:33, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

It is annoying that someone has done a revert without bothering to look for reliable sources. Wikipedia rules tell you to find a source, not to just blindy revert. It's especially annoying that you' e reverted a good faith attempt to start fixing this page; didn't bother looking for reliable sources; didn't bother welcoming a new editor; and reverted good faith edits rather than do anything constructive to fix this fucking piss poor mess of a page. --Barepunts (talk) 03:37, 11 January 201--Barepunts (talk) 10:57, 11 January 2014 (UTC)4 (UTC)

 * Political agencies have their agendas and set their language accordingly. Please explain why we should baffle readers by using the obscure euphemism "images of child sexual abuse" instead of the common English phrase child pornography. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 03:43, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

The rational is contained in the already provided link to the child_porn article. Please stop revertin good faith edits wothout making any attempt to u derstand the reasoning. There are very many things wrong with this article. Why don't you spend time fixing those, rather than wasting both our time with this non-issue? Other wikipedia articles make use of the phrase "images of child sexual abuse" as well as "child porn". I might understand the reverts if I had removed all instances of the phrase "child porn", but I haven't and I have said that that shouldn't happen. --Barepunts (talk) 10:52, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

You say that "images of child sexual abuse" is a euphimism. That is a bizarre claim because the phrase is used precisley because it is not a euphimism, and because it is more accurate than the euphimistic "child porn". Please do not do further lazy re erts without reading the supplied wikipedia article and references contained there.

Australia
I undid 's removal of sourced material here since the material was (a) well-sourced, and (b) the removal was inadequately explained. The age of the sources is not relevant without some explanation of why it might be relevant.— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 03:06, 17 January 2014 (UTC)
 * No, the material said "in Australia its legal status is unclear and so far untested in the courts" and gave a 11 year old reference, this info was so vague and clearly subject to rapid change that it is too dated given what it states to be reliable. Also there was no reference that in the USA it was legal before 2003 so we shouldnt claim that either. What we need is some recent (within the last 5 yrs) refs clarifying the position more recently. ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 03:09, 17 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Don't muddy the waters with the USA thing. You left that in there and so did I.  Start a separate discussion about it.  Now, why do we "need" a more recent source?  As of the time of the source its legal status was unclear.  That was supported by the source.— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 03:11, 17 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes but its old and vague to be reliable, not all sources are reliable. I am stunned you cant see why, to make the article better nd to ensure we are giving out verifiable information, those sources stating that is not verifiable in 2014 so we need to get some reliable sources or not include Australia, this is not a historical article so we need to amke sure all the reliable sources here are up to date given laws change a lot in 11 years as has the Internet. Things werent clear in 2003 but may be now and we cant get it wrong by using unverifiable info. ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 03:16, 17 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Which ones aren't reliable? Please be specific.  You said you wanted sources within the last five years and the Australian one you deleted was from May 2007.  Why 5 years, eh?  The other ones seem perfectly reliable to me.  A US government source for a US federal law, a scholarly paper for the EU statement, and and article from one of the major newspapers of Australia for the statement about Australia.  If they may not be clear now you're not going to make them more clear by deleting sourced material, but by adding new material.— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 03:20, 17 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The article actually isnt even about child porn laws but about Second Life. Please find some reliable sources which focus on the subject♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 03:42, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

Why?— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 03:43, 17 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I just said why, do I have to repeat myself? The article actually isnt even about child porn laws but about Second Life. Cant we get some articles about child porn laws, that is a really lame ref. ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 03:55, 17 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Why does it matter what the article is about? We have a declarative statement of fact published in a major national newspaper.  Do you think that The Age doesn't fact-check such things?  Using that article as a source for that statement is perfectly normal practice.  We can ask at WP:RSN if you really want to, but you're wrong.— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 04:00, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:45, 8 June 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 8 June 2017

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The result of the move request was: TBD. Redundant. See Talk:Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms В²C ☎ 18:06, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

Legal status of Internet pornography → Legality of Internet pornography – Several different formats exist for the titles of articles regarding the legality of a particular thing. I believe that all of these should be consistent with each other and that that format should be "Legality of X" (instead of "Legal status of X, Laws regarding X, etc.) Others have noted that "legality" is a more common term when referring to whether something is legal or illegal than "legal status". Michipedian (talk) 01:47, 8 June 2017 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080513175341/http://www.comm.ucsb.edu/documents/pubs/virtual_child_porno.pdf to http://www.comm.ucsb.edu/documents/pubs/virtual_child_porno.pdf
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Oregon, Virgin Islands, and Zoophile porn
Illegal in these two states, according to the wikipedia article about legality of bestiality. May need to update this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:40A:4200:5CD6:71:4BA3:E551:FEB0 (talk) 00:47, 29 March 2019 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sandi Thom

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Nufy8 20:56, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Sandi Thom
Delete Non-notable PhilipO 15:59, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as nn-bio. Tonywalton [[Image:Pentacle_1.svg|15px]] | Talk 16:00, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not (yet?) notable. Aecis 16:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Prob. vanity DV8 2XL 16:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Another vanity page... IINAG 17:37, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Soon to be released artist (no relation - only a fan!) Koorb 20:34, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Welcome to Wikipedia - I hope you have fun here. Unfortunately, sufficient notability must be established before an article can remain on Wikipedia, otherwise the site would be flooded with vanity pages. --PhilipO 20:50, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nn. Can always be restored later. --TheMidnighters 22:31, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as no evidence presented as yet that she meets WP:Music. If however her single/album charts or she completes a tour of the UK or another country, then she would qualify. Capitalistroadster 00:30, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per previous. feydey 02:03, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Great Bengal famine of 1770

The Great Bengal famine of 1770 struck Bengal and Bihar between 1769 and 1770 and affected some 30 million people. It occurred during a period of dual governance in Bengal. This existed after the East India Company had been granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal by the Mughal emperor in Delhi, but before it had wrested the nizamat, or control of civil administration, which continued to lie with the Mughal governor, the Nawab of Bengal Nazm ud Daula (1765-72).

Crop failure in autumn 1768 and summer 1769 and an accompanying smallpox epidemic were thought to be the manifest reasons for the famine. The East India Company had farmed out tax collection on account of a shortage of trained administrators, and the prevailing uncertainty may have worsened the famine's impact. Other factors adding to the pressure were: grain merchants ceased offering grain advances to peasants, but the market mechanism for exporting the merchants' grain to other regions remained in place; the East India Company purchased a large portion of rice for its army; and the Company's private servants and their Indian Gomasthas created local monopolies of grain. By the end of 1769 rice prices had risen two-fold, and in 1770 they rose a further three-fold. In Bihar, the continual passage of armies in the already drought-stricken countryside worsened the conditions. The East India Company provided little mitigation through direct relief efforts; nor did it reduce taxes, though its options to do so may have been limited.

By the summer of 1770, people were dying everywhere. Although the monsoon immediately after did bring plentiful rains, it also brought diseases to which many among the enfeebled fell victim. For several years thereafter piracy increased on the Hooghly river delta. Deserted and overgrown villages were a common sight. Depopulation, however, was uneven, affecting north Bengal and Bihar severely, central Bengal moderately, and eastern only slightly. The recovery was also quicker in the well-watered Bengal delta in the east.

Between seven and ten million people—or between a quarter and third of the presidency's population—were thought to have died. The loss to cultivation was estimated to be a third of the total cultivation. Some scholars consider these numbers to be exaggerated in large part because reliable demographic information had been lacking in 1770. Even so, the famine devastated traditional ways of life in the affected regions. It proved disastrous to the mulberries and cotton grown in Bengal; as a result, a large proportion of the dead were spinners and weavers who had no reserves of food. The famine hastened the end of dual governance in Bengal, the Company becoming the sole administrator soon after. Its cultural impact was felt long afterwards, becoming the subject a century later of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's influential novel Anandamath.

Name and geography
The Bengali name Chiẏāttôrer mônnôntôr is derived from Bengali calendar year 1176 and the Bengali word meaning famine.

The regions in which the famine occurred affected the modern Indian states of Bihar and West Bengal in particular, but the famine also extended into Orissa and Jharkhand as well as modern Bangladesh. Among the worst affected areas were Central and Northern Bengal, and Tirhut, Champaran and Bettiah in Bihar. South-East Bengal escaped unscathed — it had an excess production in the famine years.

Background
The famine occurred in Bengal, then ruled by the East India Company. Their territory included modern West Bengal, Bangladesh, and parts of Assam, Odisha, Bihar, and Jharkhand. It was earlier a province of the Mughal empire from the 16th century and was ruled by a nawab, or governor. In early 18th century, as the Mughal empire started collapsing, the nawab became effectively independent of the Mughal rule.

In the 17th century, the English East India Company was granted the town of Calcutta by the Mughal Prince Shah Shuja. During the following century, the company obtained sole trading rights for the province and became the dominant power in Bengal. In 1757, at the Battle of Plassey, the East India Company defeated the nawab Siraj Ud Daulah, annexing large portions of Bengal afterwards. In 1764 their military control was reaffirmed at Buxar. The subsequent treaty gave them taxation rights, known as dewan; the East India Company thereby became the de facto ruler of Bengal. In addition to profits from trade, the Company had been granted rights of taxation in 1764 and within a few years, had raised land revenue collections by about 30%.

Pre-famine distress
The famine came in the backdrop of a multitude of subsistence crises that had affected Bengal since the early eighteenth century.

A failure of monsoon in Bengal and Bihar had led to partial shortfall of produce in 1768; market prices were higher than usual in early 1769. With usual rains in 1769, the situation eased for a while and grains were even exported to Madras Presidency. By late September, the situation was again bleak with drought-like-conditions on the horizon.

Famine and policies
On 18 September 1769, Naib Nazim of Dhaka Mohammed Reza Khan informed Harry Verelst, President of the Council at Fort William about the "dryness of the season". The same month, John Cartier, Esquire (and Second-in-Command) of the Council chose to inform the Court of Directors in London about impending famine-like conditions in Bengal — a century later, W. W. Hunter would note this letter to be the "only serious intimation" about the approaching famine, and find the absence of President Verelst's affirmation to be striking. Other letters sent in the same month to the Board speculate about potential loss in revenue collection but do not discuss the famine.

On 23 October, Becher had reported to the Council about "great dearth and scarcity" of food grains at Murshidabad. This prodded the council to purchase 1.2 million maunds of rice for its army, as an emergency measure. Charles Grant, Betcher's agent noted that the first sign of the famine was already visible in northern districts of Bengal by November. By late December, food prices had spiked sharply and the western districts of Bengal along with Bihar were also in a precarious condition.

On 7 December, Reza Khan and Shitab Rai proposed to the Council that they enforce a humane grain collection scheme for the upcoming fiscal year, in proportion to the individual produce of peasants. The proposal was not replied to; W. W. Hunter would later accuse that these people often had their incentives to dramatize general distress. On 25 January 1770, Cartier proposed to the Board that land taxes be remitted by about seven percent in afflicted areas on grounds of widespread suffering. Ten days later, Cartier reversed his stance noting that the revenues kept on being paid despite significant distress. On 28 February, the Council proposed that husbandmen who failed to pay the taxes be treated with leniency due to overbearing conditions of a poor harvest. Overall, no relief plan was yet designed by February. Despite initial hopes of a reversal in fortunes, there were no rains and the spring harvest was scanty; acting upon the advice of Reza Khan, the Council chose to increase taxes by 10% to meet revenue targets. Grain prices had kept rising across the year.

By middle of May, the distress had exploded into a full-blown famine marked with mass-starvation, beggary, and death. The prices of food would skyrocket, as the province ran out of money to pay for the scarce produces and trade effectively ceased. Khan noted that lakhs of people were dying daily, fires were widespread, and the tanks had not a drop of water. These conditions would continue for about three months.

Mitigation
The Company provided little meaningful mitigation — there was no reduction in taxation or any significant relief effort.

In October 1769, the Company requested that storehouses be constructed in Patna and Murshidabad; city officials were instructed to prevent monopoly of trade and have farmers raise "every sort" of dry grain, that was possible. The orders were largely unsuccessful; many Company officials along with their Indian assistants (Gomasthas) would exploit the famine to create grain-monopolies.

On 13 February, Khan and Becher proposed that six rice-distribution centers be opened in Murshidabad to provide half a seer of rice a day per head. The proposal was approved and the Council borne about 46% of the expenditure, the remaining sum were paid by Nawab Najabat Ali, Khan himself, Rai Durlabh, and Jagat Seth. One distribution center was opened by Reza Khan at his palace of Nishat Bagh. The Murshidabad model was later emulated in Calcutta and Burdwan to feed about 3000 men every day — at a daily expenditure of about 75 rupees — since early April. Rice were also charitably distributed at Purnea, Bhagalpur, Birbhum, Hugli and Jesore. Overall, about 4000 pounds of rice was arranged by the Company over six months.

Those in the employment of Company and Nizamat were especially favored. Becher obtained a total of 55,449 maunds of rice from Barisal, which was dispatched for Company troops and their dependents across Bengal.

Districts which exceeded a death-toll of twenty thousand per month were granted packages of 150 Rupees. Export-import embargoes were set up to check prices but they only contributed to worsening the situation — the province had no money to pay for the scarce produces and trade effectively ceased.

Contemporary estimates
In May 1770, the Court of Directors estimated that about one-third of the population (approx. ten million) had perished. The estimates were then revised by Becher on 2 June to about three in every eight people. On 12 July, Becher claimed that 500 people were dying in Murshidabad every day and the condition was far worse in the rural hinterlands; cannibalism was apparently on exhibition.

Malaria and cholera remained additional factors. A smallpox epidemic that coincided with the start of the pandemic was particularly severe and included Nawab Najabat Ali Khan of Murshidabad among the victims.

Modern scholarship
These figures have been uncritically reproduced by most modern scholars. Rajat Dutta, in a revisionist history of the economy of Bengal Province, claimed these figures to be "inflated" and carry "little conviction"; a revised toll of 1.2 million dead (~ 4-5% of the population) was put forward. Tim Dyson supports Dutta's claims of inflation, and notes the "popular" figure of ten million, indicative of at-least a 500% increase in annual death rate, to be "barely credible". However, Dyson refrains from making any specific estimate. Highlighted are the facts that contemporary Bengal lacked any significant demographic data outside Calcutta, the few reliable reports on effects of the famine were based on unrepresentative populations, and many cultivators were mobile settlers who simply migrated to better-off territories.

Aftermath
The 1770 monsoons brought some marginal relief, and a perspective on the rampant depopulation — a letter by the Council regretted the wiping out of numerous "industrious peasants and manufacturers". The following year, as the drought receded, most of the land lacked tillers.

Legacy
The economic and cultural impact of the famine was felt long afterwards, becoming the subject a century later of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's influential novel Anandamath.

title: Great Bengal famine of 1770


text:
Worldwide ERC

Worldwide ERC (also known as the Employee Relocation Council) is a relocation services industry trade group. Its membership of 12,000 (as of 2005) relocation professionals – or global workforce mobility specialists — are concerned with current issues and management practices for the movement of employees (by their employers) within the United States and between all other countries. The organization is headquartered in Washington, DC, with a European bureau in Brussels, Belgium.

Programs
Worldwide ERC addresses issues related to public policy/lobbying, research and trend identification, professional certification, networking, training and education, industry standardization and consensus-building, management processes and practices, and e-business solutions.

Through training courses, a member of the organization can become accredited as a "Certified Relocation Professional," a "Senior Certified Relocation Professional," and a "Global Mobility Specialist," which entitles the member to include the professional designations CRP, SCRP, and/or GMS after his or her name.

Worldwide ERC publishes a monthly magazine, Mobility, and several Web-based newsletters and bulletins, including Globility.

Annual rankings of U.S. cities
Worldwide ERC's annual Best Cities for Relocating Families and Best Cities for Relocation Singles surveys began ranking U.S. cities in 2003 to determine which metro areas are most likely to foster successful relocations. Success is determined by whether a transferring employee remains in his or her new position and does not quit due to dissatisfaction with the new home community—an expensive failure in HR terms for the employer who paid for the move. A number of measurable features can affect the ease with which a family or single person can move to a city and the ease of settling into a new life there.

Analyzing cities' suitability for newly relocated families
For each years' "Families" survey, traditional factors such as commute times, tax rates, average home cost, and home appreciation are combined with more diverse cost of living and quality of life variables — like the ability to qualify for in-state tuition, the service quality of local utilities, auto taxes, per-capita volunteerism, and the quantity of family-friendly events and venues. Fee and occupancy rates for temporary housing and self storage are also used to predict the ease of a transition to a large city. The quality and availability of elder care and assisted-living reflects a city’s investment in the needs of modern, multi-generational families. Number-one ranked metropolitan areas for relocating families, by size

Analyzing cities' suitability for newly relocated singles (unmarried)
For each "Singles" ranking, the survey considers demographic and economic factors that helps measure the number of unmarried newcomers in each metro area (largest 100 metros only). Newcomers tend to be more open to befriending fellow newcomers, so the cities that tend to attract them foster easier assimilation. The measurement factors include the percentage of singles between the ages of 25 and 34, recent job growth, recent change in each area's 25–34 age-group, and median age (with "ideal range" set to 25–34). Other, less critical, criteria for singles include gender parity, "fan friendly" sports venues, climate, per-capita volunteerism (a way for the "transitionally shy" to warm up to new acquaintances), on-premises food and beverage spending, availability and pricing of temporary housing and storage, apartment rents, utility customer-service levels, public university residency requirements, and online dating as well as heavy concentrations of Starbucks, other coffee houses, highly rated restaurants, health clubs and nightclubs.

top five metropolitan areas for relocating singles only metros with populations over 500,000 were evaluated

title: Worldwide ERC


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Bedfont

Bedfont is a suburb in the London Borough of Hounslow, approximately 15 mi west of Charing Cross. Originally a distinct village, Bedfont has a large central conservation area around Bedfont Green. The majority of the housing was built at a time of an emerging economy of aviation and distribution-related businesses. The area was formerly part of the Staines Rural District and was one of the formerly agricultural areas chosen for significant low-rise social housing, planned and built in the mid 20th century.

Bedfont straddles Staines Road (A315) and traditionally includes North Feltham north of Staines Road – a mainly commercial area – and the neighbourhood of Hatton. The heart of the area has many parks and the south-eastern streets and Cage Park are contiguous with the larger district of Feltham. East is the River Crane around which are a few remaining parts of Hounslow Heath.

The nearest railway station is at Feltham and the area adjoins the Hatton Cross Underground station on the Piccadilly line. Heathrow Airport is 2 mi to the north.

Etymology
A typical list of evolving Middle English orthography follows the Domesday Book's "Bedefunde" (1086). All forms confirm two components, the first unclear and the latter certain (in meaning). In the most orthodox Old English language (Old English), a tongue relatively little-written and standardised, funta or funde means spring or small pool.
 * Bed could be an intuitive idea of the village water source lying in a bed. All of the land is gravel terraces which rise gently to the north and fall to the south with a rare natural spring and small ponds, some medieval, all removed near the centre.
 * Bed is close to at least one known proper name (noun), Bede. The natural spring here suggests an Anglo-Saxon proper village pre-dating the 10th century monastic cult of Bede. However, Bed has a standard personal tribe/following '-ing' prefix in Beddington a dozen miles to the east.
 * An obscure, longer Germanic noun is Byden, a type of drinking-vessel, a potential root.

Origins and Medieval Bedfont
Excavations before the building of Heathrow's Terminal 5 site (2 mi north-west) found evidence of settlement during the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman periods, suggesting there may have been people living in and around the Bedfont area during these periods. However much of the parish soil was unworkable by the till, a large stony heath after which Hatton is named, Hounslow Heath, some turned into Bedfont Powder Mills by the 19th century in North Feltham and later industry/storage buildings.

The obsolete locality name of West Bedfont mainly lies around Long Lane in the parish (area) of neighbouring Stanwell. It once had a small chapel. Its casting off from the rest of the parish and new allegiance to Stanwell church occurred at some point in its descent of the manor in the 12th century. Larger East Bedfont, on the Greater London side of the boundary, has fallen again a little in size and developed into modern-day Bedfont: in the early 20th century some land was given over to Ashford. Later a swathe of Hatton's extent (its manor and its devolved estates) became North Feltham and a similar swathe the east of Heathrow airport. Hatton remains part of Bedfont in the Anglican community

The Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin is on the edge of the village green and is the oldest surviving church in the borough dating from around 1150. Its Norman chancel, chancel arch and south doorway have survived the centuries, as have medieval wall paintings from the mid 13th century, which were uncovered in 1865.

Manors
The Domesday Book has an entry stating that the manors of Bedfont, Hatton and Stanwell were all held by William Fitz Other. From the early 14th century the Manor of East Bedfont was held by the Trinitarian Priory of Hounslow, before being taken by the Crown during the reformation. The Berkeley family of Cranford then held the manor before selling it to the Earl of Northumberland in 1656. Pates Manor, architecturally a Grade II listed building also in Bedfont, was held by the Page family, a branch of the Pages of Harrow on the Hill. Col. John Page, a member of the family, became a wealthy Virginia merchant who served on the colonial council.

The growth of the town and industrialisation
Charles I licensed the Hounslow Sword Mill in 1630 on the banks of the Duke of Northumberland's River. The sword smiths, who came from Solingen in Germany, produced one thousand swords a month, which have become collector's items and an impressive collection of these can be seen at the Gunnersbury Park Museum. There is also one on display at Warwick University.

The Longford River, which also flows through Bedfont, also dates from the reign of Charles I.

During the English Civil War, when both the Royalist and Parliamentary armies passed through Bedfont, the mill was taken by Parliamentary forces, and was converted to a gunpowder mill in 1654.

This converted mill was supplemented by new mills closer to Baber Bridge, in the area now known as Donkey Woods. The manufacture of gunpowder was a dangerous occupation and workers were killed or maimed in many explosions down the years, with the mills being demolished and rebuilt a number of times. The water-powered gunpowder mills continued to be used until 1926 when they were closed by the then owners, Imperial Chemical Industries.

After the railway heyday the twentieth century saw motor cars take en masse to the old arterial coaching route and so prompted the Great South West Road in 1925 skirting the bulk of Bedfont south of today's airport and much of Hounslow in a decade when the Bath Road, which branches off, was also improved.

Postwar development and the construction of Heathrow
By 1946 another form of transport began to impact on the village when Heathrow Airport opened and became the largest employer in the area, with the effect of increasing the demand for local housing. The village of Heathrow was lost, as was some of the hamlet of Hatton. This sits beneath the airport's flight path, but The Green Man public house survives from around the 16th century together with a few period properties near the pub and London Underground station on the edge of the airport.

Pates and Fawns Manor Houses
Bedfont has the rare status for a metropolitan traditional area (an old parish) in the UK to have two surviving manor houses: Pates, once owned by the Page family is behind the church, the oldest house in the Borough – one wing dates to the late 15th century. Fawns, on the south side of the Green, dates from the 16th century and was sold to the British Airways Housing Association in 1983 by Derek Sherborn of the family who had owned it from the 17th century.

Former coaching inns
As population and coach services grew from the 17th to 18th centuries the number of inns in Bedfont grew to at least six. The Duke’s Head and The Bell were on Bedfont Green, and The Plough, The Sun, The White Horse and the Queen’s Head joined them in providing stabling and refreshments to the weary travellers and goods distributors on the road between London and much of Hampshire and the South West. The sole survivor is the Bell, now known as The Bell on the Green.

Parish church of St Mary
St Mary's church, the parish church of Bedfont, is of unknown foundation, although it retains its original Norman chancel and arch. There are wall paintings of Christ on the Cross and Christ in Glory, of about 1250 to the north of the arch. They were uncovered in 1865. In 1829, the church was enlarged, and there is a plaque in the porch commemorating this. In 1865 the original wooden tower and spire were removed and the nave lengthened. A new tower, spire, porch, and chancel doorway were built. The tower clock is of uncertain date: it may have been installed to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee (1897) or King Edward VII's coronation (1902). The church is a Grade II listed building.

The church is famous for the two yew trees in the churchyard, which are referred to as the 'yew trees into peacocks shorn' in a poem by George Colman the Elder, a friend of the actor-manager David Garrick. They were also the subject of Thomas Hood's poem 'The Two Peacocks of Bedfont'. The local legend is that 'two overbearing damsels. . dismissed a suitor with such contempt that in revenge he had the trees trimmed to typify them as two proud and haughty peacocks' and they were for two centuries the pride of the village. For a time they were not maintained but they were recreated in 1990 at the initiative of the chairman of Princes Sporting Club, David Spyer, who remembered in the early 50's being told about Hood's poem. In later years, on becoming interested in topiary work, he recalled the history of the trees and went to look at them. In discussion with the then vicar, he learnt that the local authority had given permission for them to be truncated, it was difficult to find anyone who could advise him on restoration of these trees. Eventually he was advised of a Dutch topiarist. Funds were raised from the local Bank and SGB supplied scaffolding and the Dutchmen came over and stayed with local parishioners, this happened over a three years until the trees began to take shape, they were then maintained by a local gardener, the dates '1704 – 1990' were then trained into the trees.

Bypassing of the local roads
The building of the Great Western Railway between London and Bristol in 1841 marked the beginning of the end for the golden age of the stagecoach, and by 1847 stage and mail coaches had ceased to run to the west. The Waterloo to Staines line opened in 1848. It skirts the far south-west of the parish. For a few decades this left the roads less used by long-distance traffic. After the motorway network was built, this situation resumed

Sport
Captain Matthew Webb, who was the first man to swim the English Channel (25 August 1875), lived in The Limes, New Road, Bedfont from 1880 until 1883 when he died attempting to swim the rapids below the Niagara Falls.

Bedfont has three Non-League football teams :
 * Bedfont F.C. play at The Orchard ground very close to the ground of Bedfont Sports and a former nursery of Hugh Ronalds'.
 * Bedfont Sports F.C. play at the Bedfont Sports Recreation Ground.
 * FC Deportivo Galicia groundshare with Bedfont Sports F.C. at the Bedfont Sports Recreation Ground.

title: Bedfont


text:
Chrysiasis

Chrysiasis is a dermatological condition induced by the parenteral administration of gold salts, usually for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Such treatment has been superseded as the best practice for treating the disease because of "numerous side effects and monitoring requirements, their limited efficacy, and very slow onset of action".

Similar to silver, a gold preparation used parenterally for a long period may rarely produce a permanent skin pigmentation – especially if the skin is exposed to sunlight or artificial ultraviolet radiation.

The skin's pigmentation (in this condition) has been described as uniformly gray, grayish purple, slate gray, or grayish blue, and is usually limited to exposed portions of the body. It may involve the conjunctivae over the scleras but usually not the oral mucosa. Location of pigment predominantly in the upper dermis leads to the blue component of skin color through the scattering phenomenon. It is much less likely to be deposited in the nails and hair.

Chrysiasis was said to have been much more common when medicines containing traces of gold were used for treatment of tuberculosis (commonplace forms of treatment nearly fifty years ago). Treatments containing gold traces were also used to treat cases of rheumatoid arthritis – but because the dose used for tuberculosis was higher than for arthritis, it has not afflicted many subscribing to such treatments.

Gold can be identified in the skin chemically by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and spectroscopy.

There is no way to reverse or treat chrysiasis.

title: Chrysiasis


text:
Talk:Norman Thomas

Untitled
NOTE: It had been suggested that this person be given a more precise geneology, including the names of parents and relatives.

Okay. I'm getting rid of my previous talk to myself about the Trotsky quote. It got filtered out of the article anyway. Now - the article's had some pretty serious changes, many of them obviously by latter-day disciples of Thomas. That gets us some information, but not compliance with WP's NPOV policy. So I'd ask - let's get some discussion going. 69.69.280.185 put up some good stuff, but badly in need of some reference. We need to think about how to re-organize the article, stop putting peoples' views on socialism in it, and flesh it out somewhat. Thomas was around into the '60s, and played a role in the civil rights movement as well, which we need to include. I'd propose breaking down the article into the following paragraphs:

1. Sketch that runs a little longer. High school, any other tidbits go here. 2. Background - university, minister, Christian socialism. 3. Entry into socialist movement. "Is Conscience a Crime?", WWI, 1920s work. 4. Involvement in Socialist Party. Perrennial candidate, etc. 5. Ideology. Thomas' anti-communism, move toward social democracy. 6. 1940s and later work outside of SP. 7. Involvement in civil rights movement.

I also want to be careful to avoid either panegyrics to Thomas' politics or outright bashing of them. There's a definite tendency in recent edits to be too glowing about the man, but I think this article can be solid. -Cadriel 04:10, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

An Extremely Interesting Quote
I stumbled acorss this quote Thomas made, "The American people will never knowingly adopt socialism, but under the name of liberalism they will adopt every fragment of the socialist program until one day America will be a socialist nation without ever knowing how it happened." That is quite interesting, because the Democrats and Socalist act like they hate each other, and yet the six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America made this commit about liberals, hmmmmmmmm. LordRevan 00:39, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * There are a number of problems with that quote, espescially when it comes with it's inclusion in the article. It's always taken out of context. It's interpreted as though liberals have a secret socialist agenda, but when Norman Thomas said it, he had a very different meaning in mind. He was talking about the tendency of liberal candidates to steal from his and other socialist's platforms to sap away supporters of the Socialist Party towards the cause of the liberal factions in government.153.90.88.20 (talk) 12:45, 16 January 2009 (UTC)
 * And upon reading the comment below, I realise this post was completely unnecessary.153.90.88.20 (talk) 12:47, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Not Really
Lord Revan finds an interesting commit [sic], indeed. You might try to come up with a citation before you litter up these articles with your idiotic drivel and constant attempts to "swiftboat" FDR and the New Deal. I find you people tiresome and annoying. I wish you would get your own Wikipedia of Tinfoil Hattery and BS. That is why I deleted this questionable "commit" [sic]. I had some folks look into it but I knew it to be false the minute I saw it. Go to the Radical Reference Library on the web and it may be posted there soon. In the mean time, here are the texts of the e-mails I have received from them. You will note that it is likely paraphrasing, (distorting) something written by Upton Sinclair (a distant relative, and I don't much appreciate that, pal), in a letter TO Norman Thomas. If you can find a credible cite for this quote, other than books from Regnery or websites like Renew America, please... feel free to let us know.

"Sorry this is far from "immediate" as your urgency note requested. About 6 of us have had no luck yet finding this anywhere except in web sites and books that do NOT give a source for it. This is a great example of "you can't prove that someone DIDN'T say something"

We can build evidence for the possibility, or questionability, of this by looking at other people's efforts to find it - for example, books.google.com search: liberalism socialism "norman thomas" gets 84 hits, including Lou Cannon. Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power. PublicAffairs, 2003. ISBN: 1586480308. (F866.4.R43 C36 2003 in most academic libraries;  in 979.4... or BIO section of most public libraries). On page 125, Cannon says [of Reagan] ..."a favorite line was this supposed prediction of Norman Thomas...", and "This is a suspect quotation, and Reagan gave no reference for it". Cannon also says in a note "If Thomas said this, I have been unable to find evidence of it...."

Naturally, a thorough researcher would try to find many other such books, from people of various political bents, to build a case that such a quote is either probable, possible, or unlikely. One would think such a striking quote would make it into biographies of Thomas; try the tables of contents and indexes for "Liberalism", etc. Even statements from social and political historians (who claim to have looked for such a quote) can help build a case for or against it.

But it IS a good example of how even a false quote can take on a life of its own, because it shows how hard it is to prove a person did NOT say something - even if a "grand champion" history reference expert DOES end up finding this particular quote somewhere in unpublished Norman Thomas correspondence."

Jim Miller U of Maryland

"I wanted to elaborate on what we actually searched for the alleged Norman Thomas quote on liberalism vs socialism. We checked quotations in Bartletts (Bartleby.com), Lexis Academic, the text of news articles from New York Times and Washington Post Historical - searching: liberalism and socialism and "norman thomas"; a few biographies of Thomas, including: "Norman Thomas: The Last Idealist" by W.A. Swanberg (1976), and "Prophets of the Left" by R. Hyfler (1984).

Web searches turned up a related quote from Upton Sinclair (which ALSO should be double checked!) in Wikipedia - http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Upton_Sinclair : "The American People will take Socialism, but they won't take the label. I certainly proved it in the case of EPIC. Running on the Socialist ticket I got 60,000 votes, and running on the slogan to 'End Poverty in California' I got 879,000. I think we simply have to recognize the fact that our enemies have succeeded in spreading the Big Lie. There is no use attacking it by a front attack, it is much better to out-flank them. Letter to Norman Thomas (25 September 1951)". See also at the bottom of http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jupton.htm"

Thanks,

Jim --- Jim Miller Senior Reference Librarian and College Park PTDL Representative Engineering & Physical Sciences Library University of Maryland College Park MD 20742-7011
 * In that case, then this dubiously cited quote needs to be removed permanently. If no primary citation can be found anywhere, than it does not belong on Wikipedia.Sarcastic Avenger (talk) 03:55, 23 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I removed a reference to this quote today. I've never seen a cite for it outside of quotation pages like the one that had been cited.   Cadriel (talk) 17:54, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Something is better than nothing
I think the quote deserves a front page entry since recent government action has helped it spread like a weed on blogs and via email and it is important to publicize these caveats. Ignoring it completely helps perpetuate the attribution of this quote to Thomas, as most people never make their way to these discussion pages. People will arrive or come to the article looking for the quote or some background and it should be mentioned that it is *apparently* erroneously credited to Thomas by Reagan. It's ok that it's origin be Sinclair, unknown or even totally fabricated by Reagan; it's more important that some intelligence around the quote be posted than none, especially now that Norman Thomas is probably known more for saying something he never said than anything he actually did say during his lifetime.

On another note -- If this quote paraphrases Upton Sinclair and is incorrectly attributed to Norman Thomas by Ronald Reagan, then does the quote not become a Ronald Reagan original?? If the first person to utter these words in this sequence is verifiable as Reagan, then the quote becomes his (regardless of whether or not the thought is lifted from Thomas nee Sinclair). Delfonic (talk) 17:46, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The Progressive carried a real quote from Thomas about FDR. "Thomas said Roosevelt has not 'carried out most of the demands of the Socialist platform—unless he carried them out on a stretcher.'"   Interestingly, it's pretty much the opposite of what the conservative pseudoquote says.  I don't think there is any use in putting the fake quote on or referencing it.  Would there be a useful context for the genuine quote in the article? Cadriel (talk) 13:21, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Bad wiki link in original article
"The World Tomorrow" magazine that this guy founded was founded nearly 20 years before the radio program of the same name. Herbert Armstrong's magazine was calle The Plain Truth. Mr. Thomas had no relationship to Mr. Armstrong that I am aware of; this link should be have disambiguation added.

It had been suggested that this person be given a more precise geneology, including the names of parents and relatives. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.229.66.19 (talk) 22:38, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Subjects' genealogy is a very low priority in Wikipedia. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  01:18, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Peronal vignette
I am afraid I removed the following personal vignette, as it does not fulfil Wikipedia editorial guidelines at all, as it has no external source. ===Vignette===

This edited into the entry by one who knew him. It is not official.

Norman Thomas was a family friend, I saw him every year in my youth at my godfather's Christmas Party in NYC. In 1953 I wasn't there and he asked my mother where I was. It was a formal time, she said Jonathan has matriculated at Princeton. He said "you know, Mrs. Murphy, I'm a Socialist - but I'm awfully glad I went to Princeton". At another time he said that he had never changed his views, and that many of the things he advocated were in Mr. Eisenhauer's platform. Finally, may I add, that I sang with the Princeton Tigertones for his Fiftieth Princeton Reunion in 1955. There were but a couple of dozen of them there, but all shed a tear as we sang the old college songs of their time. Our eyes got a bit damp also. At my Fiftieth we had nearly 300, and that reflects the change of life span that has come about since his graduation - and that is in part because of men like him who dedicated themselves to promoting justice.

Mr. Thomas was a gentleman of convictions, and consistency. This writer is a conservative who doesn't agree with all the views of Mr. Thomas - but who has the greatest respect for the man. He sought justice for all as a principle, he had no personal agenda for power. I often picture that gentle man in my thoughts, even though I'm in opposition to his politics. We shared a goal, but differed on the means to it - I wish he were here now so I could argue with him (gently), I was too young do do so when I knew him.

BobFromBrockley (talk) 12:18, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

ACLU supported internment of Japanese Americans?
Does anyone have a source for that? ACLU's website indicates otherwise: "Fighting the Internment of Japanese Americans in 1942: The ACLU stood almost alone in denouncing the federal government's internment of more than 110,000 Japanese Americans in concentration camps during WWII."

http://action.aclu.org/site/PageServer?pagename=FP_about_accomplishments

Fx6893 (talk) 18:06, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

In fact, the ACLU split over the issue of Japanese internment. The national organization decided to question the internment order, but not to challenge it directly. However, some of the local affiliates, most notably Northern California, did press on with court challenges to the policy. A good overview can be found here: http://encyclopedia.densho.org/American_Civil_Liberties_Union/ Mingusal (talk) 02:44, 13 August 2015 (UTC)
 * the Encyclopedia citation is excellent. I read it as saying the national office strongly opposed efforts from West Coast chapters to challenge the govt. The ACLU did not "denounce" the federal government's internment--It is more accurate to say that it supported the policy by adopting a resolution that "acknowledged the government's right to establish military zones from which people may be removed 'when their presence may endanger national security.'" The national board tried hard stop one or two rogue chapters on the West Coast. The gov't policy was strongly supported in the ACLU by allies of FDR, and by the far left allies of the Soviet Union. Rjensen (talk) 03:04, 13 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I read it as saying that the board and national committee was split 2-1 with 2 thirds favoring a resolution that acknowledged the right of government to remove people from military zones, and one third favoring a resolution that strongly denounced the internation. It doesnt say anything about the policy being strongly supported by any "far left allies of the Soviet Union", and it also doesnt say that all or most supporters of FDR favored it, it says that some were reluctant to challenge him.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 18:05, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
 * The ACLS operated by majority rule and so it supported FDR and tried to veto or even shut down dissident chapters. FDR supporters voted yes [" liberals reluctant to challenge liberal icon FDR], as did supporters of USSR [" and leftists whose priority was to throw their full support behind the war effort"]. Rjensen (talk) 20:01, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
 * That strikes me as an unreasonable amount of interpretation, since it does not say that all liberal supporters of FDR were in the support camp, nor does it say that those who "wanted to throw their full support behind the war effort" were supports of USSR. I think especially that latter interpretation is questionable and relies on assuming a red scare type ideology that suggests that leftists are necessarily a soviet fifth column and could not act patriotically.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 05:19, 18 August 2015 (UTC)
 * you need to read up on the Communists in WW2. see http://books.google.com/books?id=vzqXGAZ2hNoC&pg=PA49 Rjensen (talk) 05:37, 18 August 2015 (UTC)
 * That source still does not support your interpretation. It actually makes it seem unlikely that there was any communist faction in the ACLU at this point since the ACLU was even divided on whether communists rights should be protected or not.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 07:14, 22 August 2015 (UTC)
 * The ACLU had terrific fights over expelling its communists at the time. the chief communist on the ACLU Board was Elizabeth Gurley Flynn--she was purged by the board in 1940 in a a 10-9 vote (the issue was her membership in the Communist Party -- she was on the CP national board). See . Norman Thomas was absent for the vote. Walker I think is the source for the Encyclopedia article. see http://books.google.com/books?id=hdkrBVJ37I4C&pg=PA139 pp 139-43 which mentions support for Japanese internment in order to support he USSR. Rjensen (talk) 07:46, 22 August 2015 (UTC)
 * If that is the case then it seems even odder to suppose that there was a faction of pro-soviet communists in the board in 1942.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 08:29, 22 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok, the Walker source does justify this assumption with two named soviet sympathizers who voted for the conservative resolution, Corliss Lamont and William Spofford.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 08:33, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Norman Thomas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061231160323/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk:80/JFKthomas.htm to http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKthomas.htm

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Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:15, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Thomas Not Buckley's First Guest on Firing Line
Michael Harrington was Buckley's first Firing Line guest, April 4, 1966.

Not Thomas.

http://digitalcollections.hoover.org/advancedsearch/Objects/archiveType%3AItem%3BcollectionId%3A21/list104.4.200.75 (talk) 18:15, 9 April 2017 (UTC)
 * That ref says: "On this show (the first Firing Line taped, though not the first aired), Mr. Harrington begins by describing the despair and consequent lack of initiative engendered by poverty; ". What was the first to air? GangofOne (talk) 06:18, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Guest: Thomas, Norman, 1884-1968 Date Created: April 08, 1966 Mr. Thomas-the grand old man of the American Left, six-time Socialist Party candidate for President-was by this point focusing all his energies on opposition to America's involvement in the Vietnam War.

When did he run?
What presidential elections did he run in and why doesn't this article make it clear? 2600:1700:46B0:7200:BCE8:5527:46AA:F016 (talk) 10:23, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

Second this, as our article 1948 United States presidential election says that Norman Thomas, candidate of the Socialist Party of America, debated Farrell Dobbs of the Socialist Workers Party. J S Ayer (talk) 17:48, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Norman Thomas


text: Category:Motörhead songs

title: Category:Motörhead songs


text:
User talk:82.80.51.64

Please don't post Babelfish translates, these are usually patent nonsense, and create more work than they help. Bitte keine Babelfish-Übersetzungen, die sind meistens grober Unfug, und brauchen fast genausoviel Nacharbeit wie ein direktes Übersetzen benötigt hätte. andy 16:04, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of EmsAuenWeg

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title: User talk:82.80.51.64


text:
Talk:Tsubasa Chronicle

Anime run
How long will the anime run? Will it stop at 24/26? --ASL 16:04, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The anime is currently slated for three seasons of twenty-six episodes each with a six month (or so) break in-between each season. Soulsteelgray 23:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Soundtrack blurb
Can somebody put a little blurb in the article about the Tsubasa chronicle soundtrack?
 * Blurbs added. Faladine 21:57, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Merge with Tsubasa: RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE
I really don't think this article should have been merged with the manga article as this article had plenty of information all by itself. I'm strongly for reversing the merge. --日本穣 08:58, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * it had nothing but song listings. not only that, but Tsubasa: RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE wouldn't be that much without Crossover Characters. again, other works of CLAMP such as ×××HOLiC and Cardcaptor Sakura follow this same format.  There's not enough difference between the two for two different articles.  It hurts both of them. -- Ned Scott 09:50, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tsubasa Chronicle


text:
Rufus Barringer

Rufus Clay Barringer (December 2, 1821 – February 3, 1895) was a North Carolina lawyer, politician, and Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War.

Early life
Barringer was born in Cabarrus County, North Carolina, the ninth of ten children of Elizabeth Brandon and Paul Barringer. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, graduating in 1842. He studied law in Concord with his older brother, Daniel Moreau Barringer, who would enjoy a successful law practice and serve two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. Their brother, Victor Clay Barringer, like Rufus later served as officer in the Confederate States Army.

Entering politics as a Whig, Rufus Barringer represented Cabarrus County in the House of Commons in the North Carolina General Assembly from 1848 until 1850. A Unionist in his political views, he represented his district as an elector during the 1860 presidential election.

As a young man before he married, Barringer is known to have had a relationship with Roxanna Coleman, a young enslaved African-American woman held by planter Daniel Coleman, Sr. Barringer fathered two mixed-race sons with her, Thomas Clay and Warren Clay. Their son Warren Clay Coleman, born into slavery in 1849, after the war became a successful businessman in Cabarrus County, in part aided by his father's influence and expertise as a lawyer. In addition to owning stores and a rental company in Concord, Coleman was a founder in 1895 of the first African-American owned and operated textile mill.

First two marriages
Barringer married Eugenia Morrison in 1854. They had two children, Paul and Anna. Eugenia died of typhoid fever in 1858. Two of her sisters also married men who became generals during the Civil War, Stonewall Jackson and D. H. Hill.

In 1861, Barringer married again, to Rosalie Chunn of Asheville, They had a son, Rufus Clay Barringer, Jr. Rosalie died in 1864 during the American Civil War.

Civil War
When North Carolina seceded from the Union in May 1861, Barringer's first loyalty was to his state, even though he'd been opposed to secession. He raised a company of 100 horsemen, the "Cabarrus Rangers," who were designated as Company F of the 1st North Carolina Cavalry Regiment with Barringer as their captain. The regiment performed picket and scouting duty under J.E.B. Stuart during the Peninsula Campaign, the Seven Days Battles, Second Manassas and the Maryland Campaign in 1862. Barringer led his company during the 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, where he was severely wounded in the face at the Battle of Brandy Station, an injury that took five months for his recovery. He was promoted to major for his gallantry and served in the Bristoe Campaign, where he was slightly wounded on October 14, 1863. During the winter, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and assigned temporary command of the 4th North Carolina Cavalry.

Barringer was promoted to brigadier general on June 6, 1864, and assigned command of North Carolina's cavalry brigade until his capture during the Battle of Namozine Church in Virginia on April 3, 1865. After a brief interview with President Abraham Lincoln behind Union lines at City Point, Virginia, he was sent to Fort Delaware as a prisoner of war. Lincoln, a personal friend and former Congressional colleague of Barringer's brother, provided a note to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton asking for special treatment for Barringer in captivity. Unfortunately, Lincoln's favor backfired. After his assassination, Barringer fell under suspicion due to his brief meeting with Lincoln less than two weeks prior. He was repeatedly questioned regarding any role he may have played in the conspiracy. He wasn't released from custody until late July, months after most other Confederate prisoners had been freed. During the war, he had fought in seventy-six engagements and had suffered three separate wounds.

Post-war
Barringer returned to North Carolina in August and established a law practice in Charlotte. He also owned a tenant farm and helped expand the state's railroad system.

He married again in 1870, to Margaret Long of Orange County, North Carolina. They had one son, Osmond L. Barringer (1878–1961). She also helped raise his older children.

While he mostly did not live in Concord, he is believed to have advised his son Warren Clay Coleman on his businesses and investments. He was able to see the ambitious young man succeed and become very wealthy.

Barringer was a delegate to the 1875 North Carolina Constitutional Convention. He unsuccessfully ran for lieutenant governor in 1880 as a Republican, losing to James L. Robinson. He retired from his law practice in 1884. He became a writer, completing a history of the 9th North Carolina Cavalry.

He died in 1895 and was buried in the Elmwood Cemetery in Charlotte.

title: Rufus Barringer


text:
Darol Anger

Darol Robert Anger is an American violinist and founding member of The David Grisman Quintet.

Career
Darol Anger entered popular music at the age of 21 as a founding member of The David Grisman Quintet. Anger played fiddle to David Grisman's mandolin in The David Grisman Quintet's (DGQ) 1977 debut. He co-founded and named the Turtle Island String Quartet with David Balakrishnan in 1985 and performed, composed, and arranged for the chamber jazz group. He frequently collaborates with fellow DGQ alumnus Mike Marshall.

Anger met pianist Barbara Higbie in Paris and formed a musical partnership with her. Together they released an early record on Windham Hill, Tideline (1982). Two years later, they formed a group called The Darol Anger/Barbara Higbie Quintet with Mike Marshall, Todd Phillips, and Andy Narell. This group performed at the 1984 Montreux Jazz Festival. The quintet later took the name Montreux. After two studio releases, the band broke up in 1990, and Anger continued with the Turtle Island String Quartet, founded in 1985. He still collaborates with Montreux and fellow Psychograss colleague, Mike Marshall, and occasionally also collaborates with Barbara Higbie and Michael Manring.

Using classical, folk, and jazz music as springboards, he currently leads Republic of Strings, founded with Scott Nygaard. He also co-founded The Duo (with Mike Marshall), Psychograss (the bluegrass group including Mike Marshall, mandolin; Todd Phillips, bass; David Grier, guitar; and Tony Trischka, banjo), Fiddlers 4 (with Michael Doucet, Bruce Molsky, violins; and Rushad Eggleston, cello), and Mr. Sun (with Joe Walsh, Grant Gordy, and Aidan O'Donnell). Anger also plays frequently with pianist Phil Aaberg. He has performed or recorded with musicians ranging from Tony Rice, Stephane Grappelli and Mark O'Connor to Marin Alsop, Bill Evans, Nickel Creek, Chris Thile & Punch Brothers, Yonder Mountain String Band, Béla Fleck, Taarka and Anonymous 4. He can also be heard on the NPR's Car Talk theme song. He is a MacDowell and UCross Fellow.

Anger currently lives in Portland, Maine, after moving from his long-time home in the San Francisco Bay Area. He has completed the construction of 2 violins under the guidance of luthier Jonathan Cooper and was in 2010 named Associate Professor at the Berklee College of Music.

In June 2011 he began teaching online at the Online Fiddle School with Darol Anger, as part of the ArtistWorks Academy of Bluegrass.

He was the Artist at Large at the 2018 John Hartford Memorial Festival.

Discography

 * 1979 Fiddlistics
 * 1982 Tideline – with Barbara Higbie
 * 1983 The Duo – with Mike Marshall
 * 1984 Live at Montreux '84
 * 1985 Jazz Violin Celebration
 * 1985 Chiaroscuro
 * 1987 Sign Language
 * 1989 Let Them Say
 * 1993 Psychograss
 * 1996 Heritage
 * 1997 At Home and on the Range
 * 1998 Christmas Heritage
 * 1997 Like Minds
 * 1999 Jam
 * 1999 Diary of a Fiddler
 * 2000 Brand New Can
 * 2001 Now Hear This
 * 2005 Republic of Strings
 * 2007 Generation Nation
 * 2007 Woodshop
 * 2007 Mike Marshall and Darol Anger with Väsen
 * 2008 Cross Time – with Philip Aaberg
 * 2014 Eand'a

Republic of Strings

 * 2004 Republic of Strings
 * 2006 Generation Nation

title: Darol Anger


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MiniDome

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Nufy8 04:41, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

MiniDome
Delete Advertisement PhilipO 16:07, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ad policy violation. DV8 2XL 16:23, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — WP:NOT advertising. — RJH 16:24, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Are ads candidates for speedies? if so then it should be deleted right away. In the meantime I've blanked the page as Wikipedia should not be providing space for oppertunistic ads in the light of Katrina. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 16:29, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The trouble is that it's not always obvious when something is advertising. This one is a copyvio anyway: http://www.minidome.net/The_Mini_Dome.htm Kappa 17:54, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete SamsonFro 14:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Ochronosis

Ochronosis is a syndrome caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid in connective tissues. The condition was named after the yellowish (ocher-like) discoloration of the tissue seen on microscopic examination. Macroscopically, though, the affected tissues appear bluish-grey because of a light-scattering phenomenon known as the Tyndall effect. The condition is most often associated with alkaptonuria, but can occur from exogenous administration of phenol complexes such as hydroquinone. It was first described by Rudolf Virchow in 1865.

Types
The two types of ochronosis are endogenous and exogenous. The endogenous variety is an autosomal-recessive disease, known as alkaptonuria, that is caused by a lack of homogentisate oxidase enzyme. Exogenous ochronosis is an avoidable dermatitis that can be caused by the topical application of compounds such as hydroquinone or phenols. It was first seen in 1912, when a patient who used phenol on a leg ulcer was found by Beddard and Plumtre to have this condition. Hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis was found in 1975 by Findlay, who observed the condition in patients who used skin lightening creams containing the compound.

The three clinical stages of exogenous ochronosis are:
 * 1) Erythema and mild hyperpigmentation
 * 2) Hyperpigmentation and "caviar-like" lesions
 * 3) Papulonodular lesions

Signs and symptoms

 * Skin: The pigment is deposited throughout the skin, but only becomes apparent in certain locations, where the concentration is great enough to be seen clinically. This usually occurs in areas where connective tissue is thick (joints, tympanic membrane) or close to the surface of the skin (thenar and hypothenar eminences and the sides of the fingers).  In exogenous ochronosis, the hyperpigmentation is localized to the area where the inciting agent is applied.  Intradermal nevi can appear like blue nevi.
 * Eye: Ocular manifestations are frequent in patients with ochronosis; most commonly hyperpigmentation of the sclera, primarily observed symmetrically to both sides of the cornea within the palpebral fissure. Furthermore, brown pigment spots in the limbus are generally considered pathognomonic. These ocular signs generally occur early in the development of the disease and can serve as a valuable diagnostic feature of the disease.
 * Cartilage: Darkening and hardening of ear cartilage is a prominent feature of ochronosis. Nasal cartilage is also frequently involved.  The voice can be affected by hardening of the laryngeal cartilage.  Stiffening of the ribs with decreased lung function has also been reported.  The intervertebral cartilage is also more prone to herniation.
 * Connective tissue: Hardening of tendons and ligaments can predispose them to rupture. Color changes in the joints can be observed clinically. Arthropathy is common due to chronic inflammation and microruptures.
 * Heart valves: Stenosis can results from the increased rigidity of the connective tissue as well as chronic inflammation.

Symptoms of exogenous ochronosis include:
 * 1) Yellow-brown, banana-shaped fibers
 * 2) Caviar-like papules
 * 3) Brown-grey or blue-black hyperpigmentation

Most of the lesions are seen on areas of the body that get the most sun.

Causes
Exogenous ochronosis can be caused from long-term use of certain "skin-lightening" products, even if the hydroquinone is in amounts as small as 2%. Skin-lightening products are still prevalent in many parts of the world. This may be due to aesthetic or social-standing reasons, in areas where a lighter skin tone is considered to be a sign of wealth or beauty. Also, skin-lightening creams containing compounds such as hydroquinone are commonly used to help with hyperpigmentation disorders such as melasma.

Hydroquinone is the compound most frequently used in skin-whitening products. Due to concerns about its side effects, it was almost banned by the FDA in 2006, as medical issues of carcinogenicity and reports of disfiguring ochronosis existed. In the European Union hydroquinone has been banned in cosmetic creams since 2000.

Long-term use of creams containing this compound may lead to exogenous ochronotic lesions. The duration of use is directly proportional to the risk of developing the condition, with most cases occurring after years of use. Around 10–15 million skin lightening products are sold annually, with Japan being the major buyer.

Pathophysiology
Ochronosis occurs because of deposition of phenols (such as homogentisic acid and hydroquinone) as plaques in the matrix of cartilage. The pigments can also be incorporated into collagen and elastin fibers. In the skin, the pigment alters the structure of the fibers, causing enlargement and curling. The embedded pigments also form crosslinks with pigment depositions in adjacent fibers, stabilizing and reducing the elastic recoil of the fibers. This results in hardening of elastic structures, increasing their rigidity and brittleness. Once ruptured, the exposed pigments cause a foreign body reaction and inflammation. This pigment deposition also invokes deposition of hydroxyapatite, the mineral responsible for bone calcification, further hardening the connective tissue. The pigment can also be excreted by glandular cells in apocrine and ceruminous sweat glands, as well as breast and prostate tissue. This results in darkly pigmented sweat and breast milk. Excretion of the pigment is only found in endogenous ochronosis and should not occur from topical phenols.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis is often made as an incidental finding intraoperatively. Cartilage exposed to the air turns dark gray or black within minutes.

Treatment
Treatment is predominantly preventive. Avoidance of topical phenols and diets low in tyrosine may help. Replacement and repair of damaged tissue is also possible.

Hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis is an avoidable dermatosis that is exceedingly difficult to treat. However, some studies show that treatment may be possible with a Q-switched alexandrite (755 nm) laser.

Individuals with this disorder are recommended to stop using hydroquinone-containing compounds. Awareness of this is important, as dermatologists may think the symptoms a patient is exhibiting are a melasma, and prescribe a hydroquinone-containing cream.

title: Ochronosis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Russian Knight

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Linuxbeak | Talk 22:12, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

The Russian Knight
Delete. Hopeless. Not to say that "Knight" is a misleading translation of the russian word Vityaz, which is simply "warrior", with connotation "brave, valiant warrior"; see more at Talk:The Russian Knight. mikka (t) 16:08, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No reference to published research. DV8 2XL 16:27, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete original research. Should be a redirect to bogatyr. --Ghirlandajo 19:15, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete research is valid, only some of it isn't backed up with a source. Also a knight is a warrior, therefore "Vityaz" does mean knight.user talk:Henrin13
 * Your logic is wrong. A samurai is a warrior, so "vityaz" must be a samurai. And your added "source" says nothing to confirm the article. mikka (t) 00:43, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Create an article Vityaz and redirect this Russian knight there. Google finds >21000 hits on Vityaz (in latin letters), so I assume it is an English word now. I suspected many English-speakers might look into Wikipedia to understand what the word exactly mean (I, been a native Russian speaker, would be interested as well). According to my understanding Vityaz as a professional warrior, usually on a horse, in armour and with proper weapons. He is much more real than Bogatyrs, but still has some folklore connections. Part-time warriors like Bogatyr Mikula Selyaminovich are never refer as Vityazes, despite been valiant and able.
 * While he was a professional warrior, he was not necessarily mounted (at least 30 of them were not :-). Also, wikipedia is not interested in "your understanding". Did you see anything specific on net? As for >21,000 hits (+ 11,000 for vitiaz), the majority of them are various names of things of Russian production (and many of them do fit encyclopedia), so it is not exactly an English word. mikka (t) 06:05, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Instead of deleting it why don't people who know about the subject of russian knights/warriors, simply improve the article. Because after all there were such a thing as "Russian" Knights and they were different in appearence from the European and other slavic ones.I have seen and read some books (mostly in Russian) which contain information about Russian Knights, which meens that they did exist. Unfortunatly there simply is no name such as "samurai" to describe Russia's particular type of knight. Also, on a side note, I have seen various figurines of Russian Knights posted on the internet and in stores, so obviously people must recognize that they have existed.user talk:Henrin13
 * There were Russian warriors. There were no Russian knights, just as there were no Mongolian knights, no Egyptian knights, no Papua knights. One may call the  figurines of lightly armored Russian warriors "Russian knights" to boost their business, but it is not for encyclopedia. the word "knight" has certain complex associations, not transferrable unto early military of Rus. Please sign your posts. mikka (t) 17:56, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, then what would everyone say if an article on the Russian Warrior was created? I hope no one would have a problem with that. I just want to educate people on the fact that Russia also had warriors. The article isn't finished by the way. I just started it and was planning to write about certain battles and warriors of Kievan Rus, Novgorod, Muscovy, ect. user talk:Henrin13
 * You will probably run into several troubles with this as well, from other people. I will not go into detail, but there are three problems with this title (not to say about a trifle that the proper style would be Russian warrior). First, a "politically correct" term would be "Early East Slavic", rather than Russian (judging from your intentions). Second, there was no single kind of "warrior"; there were many categories of them, both by social organization and by specialty. Third, all this was changing with time. So I strongly suspect that this title is way too general for your knowledge. Finally, I would not strongly objects against the current article either, but if you excuse me, it is so naively incorrect, primarily by the above three reasons. So I will strongly suggest to use some serious sources, rather than Internet sites. There is so much garbage, lots of Russian pseudohistry, because there is no peer review in the internet, everyone publishes their petty theories, some of which are really crazy, e.g., explanation of the name "Rus" from the meanings of the sounds "r", "u", "s". 00:04, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your opinion. Like I said before if anyone would like to help save this article then feel free to do so. I will start another one, on this same topic in the near futur, if it does get deleted. Which it probably will, at the rate things are going.user talk: Henrin13
 * Delete-I thought Russian nobles in combat were called Boyars. Dudtz 9/29/05 6:04 PM EST
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 09:02, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I have a few problems with this article... most of which have already been enumerated above. It's unsourced and seems to have a large element of original research.  It is also non-verifiable... and the term appears to be a neologism.  That being said, I understand what the author is trying to do here, but as pointed out, is it correct to call this facet of the Slavic military at that time "Knights"? From what I'm reading in this article, they don't appear to bear any real resemblance to what the definition of a knight is.  Even calling it Russian Warrior is problematic because of the problems pointed out above, but also because it is unclear to me how "Russian Warrior" merits distinct mention over say "Polish Warrior" or "Chinese Warrior".  The term is also detached from the time period you are trying to target.  A better route might be to create an article on Early East Slavic Warfare, or something along those lines where you could detail the things that set Early East Slavic military tactics, arms, and armor apart from any other military organizations of the time period... provided you can properly source this of course.  You could also make mention of the bogatyr motif, etc. --Isotope23 17:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bryce Eckhaus

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Nufy8 04:45, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Bryce Eckhaus
Delete Vanity. MiniDome also vfd PhilipO 16:09, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — WP:NOT advertising. — RJH 16:21, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 *  Speedy delete Clearly spam. DV8 2XL 16:25, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete SamsonFro 14:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Jepc

Jepc = Jep Castelein
Weblog: http://richui.blogspot.com

You can contact me via {firstname}@{lastname}.net

title: User:Jepc


text:
The Triumph of Hercules

The Triumph of Hercules, the 1964 film, was one of many Italian sword and sandal epics during the 1960s craze. Originally titled Il Trionfo di Ercole, the film was directed by Alberto De Martino. Hercules was portrayed by Dan Vadis. The film was released internationally as Hercules vs the Giant Warriors, and also as Hercules and the Ten Avengers.

Plot
Hercules is called upon to fight seven golden giants summoned by the Dagger of Jae, sister of Juno (Hera), who dislikes Hercules "for certain family reasons." Hercules also fights to protect his princess love, but matters are complicated by her evil relative Milo, who has murdered her father the king but has tricked her into thinking it was someone else because she trusts him too much. Milo tricks Hercules into killing his friend, for which he is punished by his father Jove (Jupiter/Zeus) who takes away his enormous strength, because he has misused it. Milo is conspiring with his sorceress mother to take the throne for himself.

Now only as strong as a mortal man, Hercules is overpowered when he tries to rescue the princess Ate (pronounced Ah-tay) from Milo and is then accused of being a fraud. Milo tries to kill both Hercules and Ate by chaining them to a giant wooden lever with spikes, complete with a cage over Hercules which he must support while rocks are piled on him: if he can hold it up, then he will prove himself the true Hercules (which he is) but if not, then he will be guilty and he and Ate will die together for conspiring to steal the throne and give it to an imposter.

As the weight of the stones and rocks drive the de-powered Hercules to his knees, he sincerely begs his father Jove to let him die if it is his destiny but to spare Ate who is innocent. Jove resolves this by restoring Hercules's demi-god strength, allowing him to overpower the soldiers, save Ate, and thwart Milo along with his seven golden giants and evil mother. The two bumbling thieves also prove useful in the climax.

In the end, Hercules marries Ate and becomes king of her city.

Cast

 * Dan Vadis as Hercules
 * Marilù Tolo as Princess Ate
 * Pierre Cressoy as Prince Milo
 * Moira Orfei as the Sorceress Pasiphae
 * Annamaria Mustari as Hera/Juno
 * Nazzareno Zamperla as Thief

Production
Marilu Tolo was given tinted lenses to play a malicious doppelgänger Hercules' love interest Princess Ate.

title: The Triumph of Hercules


text:
User talk:Sbenny

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 16:13, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Sbenny


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Alternative Ending

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. — J I P | Talk 15:00, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

The Alternative Ending
Delete Band vanity PhilipO 16:14, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Band vanity DV8 2XL 16:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:64.251.53.34

title: User talk:64.251.53.34


text:
National Assembly (Djibouti)

The National Assembly, formerly known as the Chamber of Deputies, is the unicameral legislative branch of the government of Djibouti.

History
The first Assembly of the territory, then a French colony, was from 1946 to 1957 the Representative Council. The framework law of 1956 established a Territorial Assembly, which was replaced in 1967 by the Chamber of Deputies, which remained in office after independence in 1977.

Overview
It consists of 65 members – 30 Somali (30 Issa) and 25 Afar – elected to serve five-year terms in multi-seat (4 to 37 each) constituencies. The first free multi-party parliamentary election since independence (1977) was held in 2003, with the ruling coalition, led by the People's Rally for Progress (RPP), receiving 62.7% of the vote.

Idriss Arnaoud Ali was President of the National Assembly from 2003 until his death in 2015. He was succeeded by Mohamed Ali Houmed.

For its entire existence, the National Assembly has been dominated by the Popular Rally for Progress, which is presently the senior partner in the Union for a Presidential Majority coalition. From 1981 to 1992, the RPP was the sole legal party. Even after opposition parties were legalized in 1992, the RPP won every seat in the legislature. From 1997 onward, it fought elections as part of a coalition, known since 2003 as the UMP, which continued to sweep every seat. Opposition parties did not manage to enter the legislature until 2013. In the 2018 Djiboutian parliamentary election, which was boycotted by the main opposition parties, the Union for the Presidential Majority won a heavy majority. The Djiboutian political system concentrates most power in the president's hands, and there is little opposition to executive decisions.

As of 2018, a quota mandates that at least 25% of the legislators be women.

Building
The building of the national assembly was built and partially financed by the government of Iran and completed on November 23, 2014. The debt for this project has still not been paid to this date. Iranian parliament speaker Ali Larijani attended a ceremony to inaugurate this new building and to hand it over.

title: National Assembly (Djibouti)


text: User talk:67.43.20.52

title: User talk:67.43.20.52


text:
United Methodist Committee on Relief

The United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR) is the global humanitarian aid and development organization of the United Methodist Church (UMC). UMCOR is a nonprofit 501(c)3 organization operated under the auspices of the General Board of Global Ministries. Administrative expenses are funded by an annual offering collected by United Methodist churches on UMCOR Sunday.

UMCOR works through programs that address hunger, poverty, sustainable agriculture, international and domestic emergencies, refugee and immigrant concerns, global health issues, and transitional development. These programs are categorized into three major areas: Humanitarian Relief / Disaster Response, Sustainable Development and Global Health (in collaboration with UM Global Ministries).

History
In response to World War II's devastating effects around the world, the 1940 General Conference of the Methodist Church (USA) passed a resolution to form a relief agency. Originally named the Methodist Committee for Overseas Relief (MCOR), it began as a temporary organization. MCOR was to "respond to the vast needs of human suffering worldwide" by analyzing critical needs in the world and relaying them to local churches who would in turn provide monetary assistance. From the outset, the agency promoted ecumenical partnership with other denominational relief efforts.

At the 1972 General Conference the name was changed to UMCOR and was legislated as a permanent entity under the auspices of the United Methodist Church's General Board of Global Ministries (GBGM). As UMCOR grew, the committee began to see the need to streamline its outreach efforts. The five areas of relief were created to encourage a more efficient distribution of aid.

Mission
When UMCOR was first formed, the mission was, "to provide relief in disaster areas, aiding refugees and confronting the challenge of world hunger and poverty." Today the agency's mission has changed very little. According to the United Methodist Book of Discipline, UMCOR's current responsibility is "To provide immediate relief of acute human need and to respond to the suffering of persons in the world caused by natural, ecological, political turmoil, and civil disaster."

Areas of relief
In an effort to streamline relief efforts around the world UMCOR has developed five core areas of relief: Hunger, Health, Refugees, Emergencies, and Relief Supplies. Each area of relief consists of many projects in different distressed areas of the world.

Emergency
UMCOR's supports immediate and long-term disaster relief efforts by stockpiling aid items and keeping a unit of trained "disaster response specialists" ready for immediate dispatch. One UMCOR program supplies pastor care to children affected by disasters.

UMCOR's disaster response efforts helped hurricane disasters in the United States, the December 26, 2004, tsunami in South East Asia, earthquakes in Turkey and Pakistan, political upheaval in Kosovo, famines in Southern and Eastern Africa, and a volcano in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

In January 2010, UMCOR executive director Samuel W. Dixon Jr. died in the collapse of the Hotel Montana in Haiti. Dixon was part of a group of six UMCOR missionaries and relief specialists caught up in the magnitude 7.0 earthquake that struck Haiti. The delegation was making plans for improving medical services in country at the time. The minister Clinton C. Rabb also died in the collapse.

Relief supplies
UMCOR also assembles relief supplies into six different kits that are sent around the world. Kits include bedding, cleaning supplies, health kits, layette kits for post-childbirth, school kits, and sewing kits. UMCOR operates two supply depots, the UMCOR Sager Brown depot in Baldwin, Louisiana and UMCOR Depot West in Salt Lake City, Utah.

title: United Methodist Committee on Relief


text:
Talk:Henry Ellis (librarian)

Untitled
There's a Sir Henry Ellis, apparently 1777-1855, who traveled as an ambassador to China. This is probably not the same person. The traveler was presumably the one named as Privy Counsellor. David Brooks 16:16, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Ellis (librarian)