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Class diagram

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among objects.

The class diagram is the main building block of object-oriented modeling. It is used for general conceptual modeling of the structure of the application, and for detailed modeling, translating the models into programming code. Class diagrams can also be used for data modeling. The classes in a class diagram represent both the main elements, interactions in the application, and the classes to be programmed.

In the diagram, classes are represented with boxes that contain three compartments: In the design of a system, a number of classes are identified and grouped together in a class diagram that helps to determine the static relations between them. In detailed modeling, the classes of the conceptual design are often split into subclasses.
 * The top compartment contains the name of the class. It is printed in bold and centered, and the first letter is capitalized.
 * The middle compartment contains the attributes of the class. They are left-aligned and the first letter is lowercase.
 * The bottom compartment contains the operations the class can execute. They are also left-aligned and the first letter is lowercase.

In order to further describe the behavior of systems, these class diagrams can be complemented by a state diagram or UML state machine.

Members
UML provides mechanisms to represent class members, such as attributes and methods, and additional information about them like constructors.

Visibility
To specify the visibility of a class member (i.e. any attribute or method), these notations must be placed before the members' name: A derived property is a property whose value (or values) is produced or computed from other information, for example, by using values of other properties.

A derived property is shown with its name preceded by a forward slash '/'.

Scope
The UML specifies two types of scope for members: instance and class. The class name appears an underlined concatenation of the instance name (if any), a colon (':'), and the actual class name.

 * Instance members are scoped to a specific instance.
 * Attribute values may vary between instances
 * Method invocation may affect the instance's state (i.e. change instance's attributes)
 * Class members are commonly recognized as "static" in many programming languages. The scope end is the class itself.
 * Attribute values are equal for all instances
 * Method invocation does not affect the classifier's state

To indicate a classifier scope for a member, its name must be underlined. Otherwise, instance scope is assumed by default.

Relationships
A relationship is a general term covering the specific types of logical connections found on class and object diagrams. UML defines the following relationships:

Dependency
A dependency is a type of association where there is a semantic connection between dependent and independent model elements. It exists between two elements if changes to the definition of one element (the server or target) may cause changes to the other (the client or source). This association is uni-directional. A dependency is displayed as a dashed line with an open arrow that points from the client to the supplier.

Association

An association represents a family of structural links. A binary association is represented as a solid line between two classes. A reflexive association is a binary association between the class and itself. An association between more than two classes is represented as a diamond connected with a solid line to each of the associated classes. An association between three classes is a ternary association. An association between more classes is called an n-ary association.

An association can be named, and the ends of an association can be adorned with role names, aggregation indicators, multiplicity, visibility, navigability and other properties. The dot notation for example allows to represent with a little dot on the side of one class that the association end is owned by the other side.

There are three types of association: simple association, shared aggregation, composite aggregation (composition). An association can be navigable in one or more directions. The navigability does not have to be explicitly specified. An open-headed arrow on the side of a class documents that the class can be reached efficiently at run-time from the opposite side. A unidirectional navigation is shown with a little cross on the association line on the side of the class that cannot be reached. For instance, a flight class is associated with a plane class bi-directionally.

Aggregation

Aggregation is a variant of the "has a" association relationship; aggregation is more specific than association. It is an association that represents a part-whole or part-of relationship. As shown in the image, a Professor 'has a' class to teach. As a type of association, an aggregation can be named and have the same adornments that an association can. However, an aggregation may not involve more than two classes; it must be a binary association. Furthermore, there is hardly a difference between aggregations and associations during implementation, and the diagram may skip aggregation relations altogether. Aggregation can occur when a class is a collection or container of other classes, but the contained classes do not have a strong lifecycle dependency on the container. The contents of the container still exist when the container is destroyed.

In UML, it is graphically represented as a hollow diamond shape on the containing class with a single line that connects it to the contained class. The aggregate is semantically an extended object that is treated as a unit in many operations, although physically it is made of several lesser objects.

Composition
The composite aggregation (colloquially called composition) relationship is a stronger form of aggregation where the aggregate controls the lifecycle of the elements it aggregates. The graphical representation is a filled diamond shape on the containing class end of the line that connect contained class(es) to the containing class.

Differences between Composition and Aggregation

 * Composition relationship
 * 1. When attempting to represent real-world whole-part relationships, e.g. an engine is a part of a car.
 * 2. When the container is destroyed, the contents are also destroyed, e.g. a university and its departments.

 * Aggregation relationship
 * 1. When representing a software or database relationship, e.g. car model engine ENG01 is part of a car model CM01, as the engine, ENG01, maybe also part of a different car model.
 * 2. When the container is destroyed, the contents are usually not destroyed, e.g. a professor has students; when the professor leaves the university the students do not leave along with the professor.

Thus the aggregation relationship is often "catalog" containment to distinguish it from composition's "physical" containment. UML 2 does not specify any semantic for the aggregation compared to the simple association.

Generalization/Inheritance
It indicates that one of the two related classes (the subclass) is considered to be a specialized form of the other (the super type) and the superclass is considered a Generalization of the subclass. In practice, this means that any instance of the subtype is also an instance of the superclass. An exemplary tree of generalizations of this form is found in biological classification: humans are a subclass of simian, which is a subclass of mammal, and so on. The relationship is most easily understood by the phrase 'an A is a B' (a human is a mammal, a mammal is an animal).

The UML graphical representation of a Generalization is a hollow triangle shape on the superclass end of the line (or tree of lines) that connects it to one or more subtypes.

symbolic of realization          (subclass) _______▻ (superclass)

The generalization relationship is also known as the inheritance or "is a" relationship.

The superclass (base class) in the generalization relationship is also known as the "parent", superclass, base class, or base type.

The subtype in the specialization relationship is also known as the "child", subclass, derived class, derived type, inheriting class, or inheriting type.

Note that this relationship bears no resemblance to the biological parent–child relationship: the use of these terms is extremely common, but can be misleading.

 * A is a type of B
 * For example, "an oak is a type of tree", "an automobile is a type of vehicle"

Generalization can only be shown on class diagrams and on use case diagrams.

Realization/Implementation
In UML modelling, a realization relationship is a relationship between two model elements, in which one model element (the client) realizes (implements or executes) the behavior that the other model element (the supplier) specifies.

The UML graphical representation of a Realization is a hollow triangle shape on the interface end of the dashed line (or tree of lines) that connects it to one or more implementers. A plain arrow head is used on the interface end of the dashed line that connects it to its users. In component diagrams, the ball-and-socket graphic convention is used (implementors expose a ball or lollipop, whereas users show a socket). Realizations can only be shown on class or component diagrams. A realization is a relationship between classes, interfaces, components and packages that connects a client element with a supplier element. A realization relationship between classes/components and interfaces shows that the class/component realizes the operations offered by the interface. symbolic of realization          (implementer) ---▻ (interface)

Dependency
Dependency can be a weaker form of bond that indicates that one class depends on another because it uses it at some point in time. One class depends on another if the independent class is a parameter variable or local variable of a method of the dependent class. Sometimes the relationship between two classes is very weak. They are not implemented with member variables at all. Rather they might be implemented as member function arguments.

Multiplicity
This association relationship indicates that (at least) one of the two related classes make reference to the other. This relationship is usually described as "A has a B" (a mother cat has kittens, kittens have a mother cat).

The UML representation of an association is a line connecting the two associated classes. At each end of the line there is optional notation. For example, we can indicate, using an arrowhead that the pointy end is visible from the arrow tail. We can indicate ownership by the placement of a ball, the role the elements of that end play by supplying a name for the role, and the multiplicity of instances of that entity (the range of number of objects that participate in the association from the perspective of the other end).

Entities
Entity classes model long-lived information handled by the system, and sometimes the behavior associated with the information. They should not be identified as database tables or other data-stores.

They are drawn as circles with a short line attached to the bottom of the circle. Alternatively, they can be drawn as normal classes with the «entity» stereotype notation above the class name.

title: Class diagram


text:
Barnfield Theatre

The Barnfield Theatre is a theatre in Exeter, England, located near the centre of the city on Barnfield Road, Southernhay. It was originally built as the Barnfield Hall near the end of the 19th century by Exeter Literary Society, and was converted to a theatre in 1972.

Today the theatre is operated as a charity and is used as a venue for amateur and professional theatrical companies. The building is owned by Exeter City Council and was leased to Barnfield Theatre Limited, who ran the theatre until December 2021, when its management was taken over by the Northcott Theatre.

Facilities
The main auditorium is fully furnished with stage and lighting equipment, and has 289 tip-up seats which were reupholstered in 2005 and are in full rake for complete view of the stage from all parts of the seating. It is suitable for conferences, lectures and displays as well as stage productions.

The Clifford Room can be used for many purposes, such as a studio theatre or a conference room. The seating is modular and can be raked, and can be arranged for any theatrical requirements (e.g. theatre in the round, traverse, etc.). It was renamed as the Clifford Room after Clifford Scott in 2007, having previously been the Bedford Room. The room can accommodate up to 80 people seated.

The main foyer to the theatre was lightly updated in 2015. The space now houses the Barnfield Theatre Front of House Gallery, which is used by professional and amateur artists, photographers and creative groups to display their work.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barnfield Theatre


text:
Talk:Prescription drug

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sprinklerose, Dimsumdrake.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:09, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

In
In the article, there is a misleading sentence and two parts have to be exchanged against each other as follows:

"As a general rule, over-the-counter drugs are those that treat a condition not necessarily requiring a doctor's care and have not been proven to meet safety standards required for prescription drugs".

In the current text, it was just the other way around.

Best regards Juergen Hahn hahnhome@t-online.de

 * I agree confusing; both originally, as above, and as stands in article. Hope my edit is clear. -David Rubentalk 17:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, not the Controlled Substances Act, is the law that declares certain drugs prescription drugs. The controlled substances act declares what substances are controlled substances. Making something a controlled substance does not automatically make it a prescription drug, and only a small minority of prescription drugs are also controlled substances. I edited the article to correct this.

Regulations in the United States
The section on regulations explains how prescriptions are defined, who may write them, who regulates the drugs, and how they are labeled. There are also two paragraphs about pharmacies. What does this have to do with prescription drugs?

I'm asking for two reasons. The first reference to pharmacies starts with "Also" and talks about membership club pharmacies, as if it were part of a pharmacy discussion. The next paragraph is about off label use, which goes back to regulation. That's followed by a paragraph about generic drugs in pharmacy chains. Aside from the obvious bad structure, these sections have nothing to do with prescription drug regulations.

The other reason for the question is that the question itself is not addressed in the section. The section should talk about what regulations cover who can sell prescription drugs rather than mentioning pharmacies completely out of context. Currently, it says nothing about that so there is no way of telling why pharmacies are even mentioned.

If I have a prescription, must I go to a pharmacy to have it filled? If I have a bottle of a prescription drug and you have a prescription for the same drug, can I give it to you? The section merely says that one needs a prescription to get the drug so the answers could be inferred to be no and yes, respectively.

The minutiae about pharmacies should be put in a pharmacy article, and this section should discuss regulations related to dispensing prescription drugs. Hagrinas (talk) 16:32, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

Pricing of prescription drugs
I've just spent a very frustrating few minutes trying to find a simple comparison called something like "Prescription charges around the world". It doesn't seem to exist: any chance someone with the requisite knowledge could do something here? It would be very useful to know what the situation is in countries other than the USA and UK. Loganberry (Talk) 04:00, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

- I've changed the situation in Scotland, as that is all I know, but yes, it would be helpful if we could have a comparison. Certainly, the "UK" situation should be split up into the different constituent nations, as the story is very different in each 94.168.147.34 (talk) 08:34, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

It should be noted that post-doctorate level psychologists are in fact allowed by law, in some states to prescribe. There is an unsupported claim by psychiatry that it is dangerous for other mental health specialists to prescribe because the current practice of psychiatry in the United States amounts to maintaining a guaranteed patient niche market through medication management alone. They then refer the patient for additional treatment for all other treatment. On average, US psychiatrist spend an average of 10-15 minutes "Personally" with their patients to write and or adjust prescriptions. The psychiatrist then also glean additional income from other healthcare professionals who are politically being blocked from gaining prescriptive authority, through such business tactics as office space rental and other inflated "administrative" costs. Dawn Webster

Pharmacy students (CP133 Group 28) would like to add content to this page based on US generic and brand drug prices and drug cost containment strategies for prescription drugs. We would like to expand upon options for patients. Sprinklerose (talk) 17:45, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Legend drug
The term "legend drug" redirects to this article, but it is not explained in the article text. This term should be explained in the article if the redirect is truly appropriate, otherwise Legend drug should be its own article/stub. Mike Dillon 02:27, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * A google search indicates that legend drug is a United States term for prescription drug, so this redirect is correct. I hadn't heard that term before either! Bertcocaine (talk) 03:19, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

Gew, can we get rid of the animated GIF? That's not cool. --AlanH 04:49, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Non NPOV
Under Regulations in UK there's a couple of passages about the HC2 certificate and means testing which doesn't appear to be entirely NPOV and somewhat opinionated and not entirely well written. Perhaps someone with a better knowledge of these matters could rectify? 82.10.65.30 14:34, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

The top link is dead... I'm just passing through, so I don't know what would be an appropriate replacement.

Keep up the good work!

 * I can't see anything about means testing, but one or more editors have used lots of "" around certain terms, and there was a statement breaking up the sentence about applying for an HC2 certificate not always being granted - to my mind, the very existence of an application process indicates the possibility of rejection and I have removed that statement, along with link corrections, sorting out the grammar, and removing the quotation marks and hyphens that were spread throughout this section. Bertcocaine (talk) 03:13, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

Looks like the non NPOV has been fixed, I have just corrected the false information (incapacity benefit is not a qualifying benefit for free prescriptions - only income based benefits are) and added a few words to make it clearer that medical conditions do not lead directly to free prescriptions, a time-limited medical exemption certificate must be applied for.

The section could still do with some editing/rewriting as it is a bit long, but can anyone doing this please make sure they don't edit out all the qualifying words (eg. income based before ESA) as these are important. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.180.151.231 (talk) 09:38, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

What stands Rx for?
Is Rx an abbreviation? Where does it come from? --84.56.253.183 (talk) 06:46, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

It is a Latin abbreviation meaning "Recipe" or "Compound" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.31.73.1 (talk) 14:51, 1 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The abbreviation isn't normally used outside North America. I'll modify the article slightly to reflect this. --Ef80 (talk) 14:12, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I do not agree with this POV. The Rx or equivalent symbol is used by many doctors around the world. A prescription is basically a written instruction what has to be made for the specific patient. It can be factory made medication but can also contain the ingredients of a product which has to be compounded. There are still many places (I am a pharmacist in the Netherlands) where medication is compounded. In the Netherlands these medications are usually for topical use, but drops (eye, ear, nose), injections, capsules, potions, are still regularly made by hand. Because this is a labour intensive process and the skill (and material) needed will make the end product quite expensive. Because of this it is rapidly disappearing. To many docctors and pharmacists this is looked upon as detrimental as it removes the possibility of made-to-measure medicine. JHvW 10:25, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

I thought that Rx is actually NOT an abbreviated word, it is a stylized version of the jupiter symbol - I'll try n' find a source to back this up, but please know that Rx isn't even 2 letters - it has historically been more like an R with a dash through the R's right leg line (which looks like a lowercase x) (Qdiderot (talk) 10:49, 14 August 2011 (UTC)) OK here is at least one reference supporting the jupiter symbol theory - this reference covers two other theories including the abbreviation one, but I beleive the jupiter symbol is worth mentioning in the main article page here is the link http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1641/what-does-the-pharmacists-symbol-rx-mean Qdiderot (talk) 15:18, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

Abuse of Prescription Medications
There needs to be a section on the abuse of these drugs.

UK legislation
I note Prescription only medicine redirects to the article, and I am unable to find in the article any reference to UK law defining what presescription only medicine is Various drugs classified under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 appear to be also prescription only medicines Are all prescription only medicines drugs classified under the act? Laurel Bush (talk) 13:31, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * What about are fury an' tasty friends?
 * I think it would be worth while to included veterinary drugs and substances as well; as the principle idea behind   separating POM from OTC is not only the same, it will add clarity to give examples from both fields, without making the article too complex. To have a separate POM V article would      be just repetitious.  A links can then be made back and forth to Veterinary medicine and of course to Controlled drugs (this is why I pointed out that the medical side of drug legalization ought to be kept separate). It might be easier to add the text first and then find references to fit, rather than try and adapt  the info, from the first reference that comes along. That approach always seem to make for a bitty and  hard to read article.--Aspro (talk) 17:43, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Yes, maybe But knowing what precisely is relevant legislation seems to come first Also, I note the current UK-related info in "Prescription drug" seems not really to belong there It might belong in an article about the NHS Laurel Bush (talk) 18:25, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hang fire for a bit on these med articles. Since I last looked through all of them sometime last year, it seem that someone(s) been  swapping things about. I need a quite evening to start out from basics and figure out what exactly has been changed. When the correct nomenclature  and/or taxonomy is ignored or confused, it starts making WP looking very amateurish. The proper root article, for these to follow on from should be Medicinal product but it's has been left a stub. Also, it uses 'medication' as a noun instead of  a verb which is lazy English not suitable for an encyclopaedia.--Aspro (talk) 20:25, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

I now believe the following may be a reasonable statement re UK POMs (prescription only medicines):
 * ''Prescription only medicines under the Medicines Act 1968 are drugs classified under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and scheduled under Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001

Laurel Bush (talk) 11:23, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't agree with this. Some drugs classified under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations are available on prescription but as I understand it, prescription only drugs are only controlled for production, export, sale etc. (not possession) under the Medicines Act.  This is in contrast to a statement under the "Regulation in the UK" section.  The reference for this, which claimed that "Possession of Prescription Only medicines without a prescription is a serious offence" has also recently disappeared from the Home Office website during an overhaul.  Feldhaus (talk) 17:07, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

My understanding is that all drugs (whether medicinal or recreational) that are restricted through legislation are 'controlled substances' and that any offences for possession are related to the misuse of drugs act - I don't think the law differentiates between the two. Any drug can therefore be prescribed by any licensed medical professional - for example, there are several doctors in the UK that prescribed heroin to a limited number of people (This info was in a BBC documentary a couple of years ago about legalisation of drugs and potential effects on society). However, I would expect that any doctor doing so for financial gain or as a favour would quickly find themselves struck off the register (assuming they were caught!). It is an offence to be in possession of a prescription drug without a prescription. Bertcocaine (talk) 03:30, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

It is only illegal to be in possession of a drug classified under the misuse of drugs act (though it is still not illegal to possess certain class C drugs, eg anabolic steroids), it is not otherwise illegal to be in possession of a prescription only medicine, I have edited the erroneous comment. Comrinec (talk) 03:21, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Reverts
Recent edits reverted the article to an older version that clobbered any added or revised text and contains broken and incomplete citations.

Would you please explain why you are clobbering the edits of other users?

Whywhenwhohow (talk) 16:37, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Dietary supplements
It is again a myth to believe that dietary supplements are not regulated by the FDA. The substances allowed for dietary supplements are very much regulated by the FDA, and the FDA also inspects facilities manufacturing them. It seems like so often, wikipedia is taking a stand-point that is a common (popular) misbelief. The difference to a drug lies more in the proof of efficacy, product registration, and the submission of clinical data. With the introduction of mandatory cGMP regulations in 2008, the quality and labeling of dietary supplements should be equal to OTC substances, but again, the proof of clinical efficacy is usually not so strong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.105.129.239 (talk) 02:19, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

What about advertising?
TV in the USA is full of adds for prescription medicine ("Do you want your loved ones to avoid getting cancer? Ask your doctor about Zanowhatever"), but there's zero in Europe. I guess it's illegal in Europe.

Can anyone add a section about the advertising of prescription medication? Gronky (talk) 17:11, 3 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Direct marketing of prescription drugs to the general public is certainly prohibited in the UK, and doctors are strongly encouraged to prescribe generically even when drugs are still in patent. Recently companies have started to push the barriers by advertising conditions like erectile dysfunction but not mentioning specific drugs. I don't know enough about this subject to modify the article though. --Ef80 (talk) 17:38, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

Ethical drugs
Anyone care about confirming/adding this? would have saved me some time. "Ethical drug is a synonym for prescription drug that is often favoured by pharmaceutical companies despite being less widely understood." Source — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.202.108.220 (talk) 12:00, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Revised title
I’ve changed the title to “prescription drug” from “prescription medication” per WP:COMMONALITY. Medication as a noun is, in general, largely limited to North America. In the rest of the world, generally, “medicine” is preferred. Nevertheless, the term “prescription drug” is commonly understood throughout the world, and this article even states that it is the “common term” in the USA. It also would bring this article into line with its sister article, pharmaceutical drug. Therefore, I think this move was appropriate, and have also updated some of the language in this article. RGloucester (talk) 06:47, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

Expiration Date
Article states these are set by the manufacturer. However every prescription I have had filled this was one year after the date it was filled. It can't be a coincidence, so it must be more complicated than stated in the article. 173.73.100.150 (talk) 17:37, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

Rename Article
To prescription medication. The are prescription only medications which are clearly not drugs. So title is misleading.--Aspro (talk) 16:01, 9 December 2015 (UTC)

FDA National Drug Code Directory (NDC)
I'm not familiar with Wikipedia, but the FDA (US) maintains a list of prescription drugs. Would a link to the directory fit under Further Reading?

2601:881:8100:AF00:D9E1:B61E:F4CC:7F94 (talk) 19:52, 21 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110829090132/http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/information-and-services/health-and-well-being/health-services/doctors-dentists-and-other-health-services/prescription-charges.htm to http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/information-and-services/health-and-well-being/health-services/doctors-dentists-and-other-health-services/prescription-charges.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090109185952/http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/InfoOnPrescrib0904~Pats%26Prescrib to http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/InfoOnPrescrib0904~Pats&Prescrib
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120607102134/http://www.bma.org.uk/images/Infoprescribingp0904_tcm41-20363.pdf to http://www.bma.org.uk/images/Infoprescribingp0904_tcm41-20363.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100210090514/http://www.healthharbor.com:80/saving-money-on-prescriptions/4-generic-prescriptions to http://www.healthharbor.com/saving-money-on-prescriptions/4-generic-prescriptions

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Merge / delete article titled "prescription drug"
I do not feel that deletion is appropriate in this case just because the deletion process is not designed to address problems with super popular articles on concepts which obviously pass notability criteria. However, I do think there is a problem here because this is a low quality article with a huge number of incoming links and lots of traffic. I think that a discussion like a deletion discussion is appropriate. I propose that "Prescription drug" be changed to a redirect to "Drug" and that the content currently in this article mostly be deleted and perhaps be merged elsewhere. I propose merging and redirect because this is a low quality article and I think it would be better to have nothing here than continue to present the current content. It would be great if someone could rewrite this, but until and unless that happens, having a redirect here is better. This article presents weak references and nothing which is not better described elsewhere. An article titled "prescription drug" could be an overview article, meaning that it avoid going into detail but linking to other topics, but this article is not even that. Here is some more supporting information -

Here are the 2016 pageview counts for this and related articles.
 * This is a major article and it either needs to be of adequate quality or redirect to an article of adequate quality
 * prescription drug - 254,000
 * Over-the-counter drug 236,000
 * Drug 760,000

For reference, in 2016 Wikipedia had 5 million articles and the top 1% (meaning top 50,000 articles) had 260,000 views. That means "prescription drug" is almost in the top 1% of English Wikipedia articles by popularity, and therefore more important than most.

 * This content can go elsewhere

Here is the current table of contents -

 * 1) Regulation in Australia
 * 2) Regulation in United Kingdom
 * 3) Regulation in the United States
 * 4) Expiration date
 * 5) Cost
 * 6) Environment
 * 7) See also
 * 8) References
 * 9) Further reading

Subtopics 1-3 should be merged to Regulation of therapeutic goods. I just made a new article called drug expiration and already have the "expiration date" content here covered there, so this content can go there. "Cost" can go to prescription costs. "Environment" can go to Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products. The outline of all these things should be managed at drug or maybe medical prescription.

The ideal solution is a rewrite of "prescription drug". Personally, I do not think that either the content or the outline which is currently here is worth keeping. I am not sure how the article should look, but this is not good. I also do not like "Drug", but I think it is better than this article. Perhaps this "prescription drug" article could be developed to contrast "over-the-counter drug", in which case Wikipedia would promote the editorial position that drugs are either OTC or prescription. I am not sure of the implications of that but it seems like what previous editors were trying to convey with this current title and content scope.
 * Merge and redirect is not an ideal solution

Thoughts from others?  Blue Rasberry  (talk)  17:19, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Think that this article should simply be retitled 'Prescription medications' as there are some medications which are certainly not drugs but which can only be legal supplied by a pharmacist for medical treatment on the presentation of a legal prescription. Unless of cause, we create a new article Non drug prescriptions which just makes things more confusing for the average reader of WP!   As to the OP's suggestion  of a redirect to "Drug" – it is a non-starter   – it is going backwards . Yet, as the OP is pointing out. This area  justifies a bit more looking at and scrutiny. Aspro (talk) 21:00, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

 * As an aside: It came to my notice long ago that drugs like Propranolol remain effective long after their use buy date printed on the package. Pharmaceutical companies profit from stock  that gets thrown away due to the expriery date  they they dictate.. Therefore, I see Drug expiration as the start of  a useful and illuminating  article. Aspro (talk) 21:39, 10 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Can you clarify what you have in mind when you say, "some medications which are certainly not drugs but which can only be legal supplied by a pharmacist"? All medications supplied by a pharmacist are drugs, right? There are "prescription treatments", like physical therapy, which are non-drug. This article could be changed to include those.

 * No ! All medications supplied by a pharmacist are NOT drugs. Sulfuric acid is one. You can buy it from any hardware retailers for a fraction of the price of filling in a prescription from a healthcare professional. Yet a 'pharmacist' will only had it over for 'medical' use, if you have such a prescription. . Look at the specs – it conforms to all the same standards. Just try... going to a  'pharmacist'  for to buy a Barium Meal.  That is not a 'drug' either but see how far you can get to obtaining it without prescription! Then there  is iodine 133, etc.,  etc.  Thus, it is not only medical preparations which classified as 'drugs' that should be in this article. Physical therapy, cognitive therapy, etc.  can be obtained without a prescription (so we need to discuss this further). This article  badly needs to renamed in order to be encyclopedic. A  new title  such as  'Prescription  medications  probably better fits the bill.  So now that  Bluerasberry has brought this subject up and pointed out its weakness– does anyone else have any more ideas to add  on how to make it more encyclopedic? Aspro (talk) 22:42, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comment about drug expiration. I am doing what I can.  Blue Rasberry   (talk)  21:26, 15 May 2017 (UTC)

Peer Feedback: Neutral Point of View
Based on the section that the pharmacy students edited on “Cost,” the draft reflects a neutral point of view. Everything seems very factual and I did not perceive any bias from any authors. I do think sources can be more clearly cited to ensure that a biased is not presumed. For example, the line “prescription drug prices including generic prices are rising faster than the average rate of inflation” - Yes, I do believe this is true and a fact but the source was a bit difficult to link to which makes me unsure if it actually came from statistical evidence. Overall, this section really helped me understand pricing and allowed me to learn about resources that can be used to cut down cost on prescription medications. I believe that the goal of the group to explain prescription drug cost were met. — Preceding unsigned comment added by C.sou (talk • contribs) 01:16, 5 November 2017 (UTC)

Peer feedback: Cited secondary sources
For the most part, there are secondary sources cited for nearly every paragraph of the “Cost” section. However, there are 2 standalone sentences with no citations at all:

“In the United States there are many resources to patients lower costs of medications including generic drug programs, and co-pay assistance programs and patient assistance programs.” “The out of pocket costs for patients enrolled in co-pay assistance or patient assistance programs are $0. It is a major resource to help lower costs of medications however, many providers and patients are not aware of the resources.”

In addition, I would change reference 33 to a secondary source that talks about medication assistance programs in general, not just to the RxAssist website. This is because you’re using this citation after sentences that talk about co-pay assistance programs overall, not just RxAssist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dddttt111 (talk • contribs) 05:04, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

Peer Feedback: Plagiarism
I ran the sections on “Cost” and “Environment” through several free online plagiarism checkers and did not find any blatant sources of plagiarism. I also looked at some of the newly added reference sources to compare similarities between the Wikipedia text and the source text and found one sentence in the Wikipedia article that could be potentially problematic. While it’s clear that the author was trying to avoid plagiarism by writing the inverse of the source sentence, it ends up being really clunky and not factually correct.

Wikipedia: "Brand name drugs cost more however, because, unlike generic drugs, brand name drugs have to repeat the research trials to show efficacy and safety is fully established"

Source (https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/questionsanswers/ucm100100.htm): "Generic drugs also tend to cost less than their brand-name counterparts because generic drug applicants do not have to repeat animal and clinical (human) studies that were required of the brand-name medicines to demonstrate safety and effectiveness" Lisa nel (talk) 08:34, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

 * It's something close to plagiarism and you're certainly right about the inaccuracy introduced by the inversion. The whole Cost section is a confused hash. It uses the words "price" and "cost" somewhat arbitrarily and makes the common error of thinking that the price of a drug, when the producer has a patent-granted monopoly, is directly related to the costs of research and production for that particular drug. Generic drugs are generally copies of brand-name drugs that no longer have patent protection but often have their own brand names. Once there are multiple producers, competition leads to lower prices. Better sources are needed throughout this section.  — jmcgnh  (talk) (contribs)  09:07, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

Thank you for your feedback; I think part of the confusion is that there are two different ideas going on. On section is talking about generic drugs and drug pricing. The second half of this section is regarding cost lowering strategies. I will find better sources for this information and break up the cost section into 2 parts: Costs and Cost Containment strategies. Danhvd (talk) 07:20, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Thank you for feedback! Echoing my group mate, I will help add and edit this paragraph to contain the two main ideas for this information. Sprinklerose (talk) 17:23, 15 November 2017 (UTC) In addition, I reworded the paragraph including that it is the FDA that requires this rigorous drug approval process.

Peer Feedback: Overall goals
I think that the goals to update generic and brand drug prices were met. I think that the discussion of different assistance programs to help patients receive their drugs at a lower cost was a great addition to this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nlc48070 (talk • contribs) 16:31, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

Peer Feedback: Format
Generics undergo scrutinous requirements to meet the equal efficacy, safety, dosage, strength, stability, and quality of brand name drugs. [29]Generics are developed after the brand name has already been established,and so generic drug approval in many aspects has a shortened approval process because it replicates the brand name drug[29]. The formatting is done well however some aspects of the content could be improved. In the cost section they should include information regarding the approval process such as the FDA involvement. In addition, many parts such as Environment portion and cost dont have hyperlink with corresponding keywords (resources to lower costs, co-payments, etc) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tinajeromr (talk • contribs) 18:49, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

Peer Review Response
Environment Section Thank you to our peer reviewers for their feedback! My section received praise by providing a neutral point of view, accurate sources, and no signs of plagiarism. I believe we accomplished our goal of starting the discussion of assistance programs to reduce costs, as well as the effect of pharmaceutical drugs on the environment. As suggested, I added hyperlinks to the corresponding keywords in the environment section. Since no other edits were suggested, I opted to add more information to my section. Such additions included more detail on FDA guidelines on how to dispose of medications in an Eco-friendly way. I also added more specific information on how these drugs affect the environment. For example, how water soluble compounds can affect fish survival and reproduction.Dimsumdrake (talk) 09:07, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Drake

Thank you, from me, as well for our feedback. I just want to echo what Drake said, and also I added a little more information that I found from more recent studies on the effects of pharmaceuticals on an aquatic environment. I also included a new model that the researchers are proposing has a lot of potential to give us good information on what exactly our impact is. Seanlew9 (talk) 17:54, 15 November 2017 (UTC) Sean

Please I found a white tablet with ru a line in the middle 20 under the line, please I found it in my daughter's room what is it Mandycooke100 (talk) 18:43, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

Country of manufacture
There needs to be a section on where drugs are manufactured. Why? Because some ignorant people in Congress think 'Canadian' drugs are less safe than 'American' drugs. The reality is that in both cases, they're mostly made offshore. At a minimum, the following needs to be said:

Eighty percent of the active ingredients for drugs consumed in America are made overseas. Do You Know Where Your Medicine Came From?

The world's largest manufacturer of generic drugs is the Israeli company Teva. Their well-known drugs include Acetaminophen, Amlodipine, Aspirin, Atorvastatin, Buprenorphine, Doxycycline, Fentanyl, Fluvastatin, Ibuprofen, Lamotrigine, Losartan, Modafinil, Olanzapine, Progesterone, Quinine, Sildenafil, and Venlafaxine. New Teva Generics.

Many widely used drugs are made in India including Acetaminophen, Adalimumab, Amlodipine, Amoxicillin, Buprenorphine, Bupropion, Bromocriptine, Codeine, Ciclosporin, Dextromethorphan, Dextroamphetamine, Estradiol, Finasteride, Gabapentin, Gliclazide, Hydrocodone, Ibuprophen, Interferon, Ketamine, Lidocaine, Lisinopril, Losartan, Meclizine, Memantine, Metformin, Modafinil, Naltrexone, Naproxen, Norepinephrine, Olanzapine, Pramipexole, Prednisone, Quetiapine, Quinine, Rosuvastatin, Sertraline, Sildenafil, Simethicone, Tamoxifen, Testesterone, Topiramate, Trazodone, Venlafaxine, Warfarin, and Zolpidem. Medindia – Sitemap on Drug Information

Many popular drugs are made in China, including amlodipine, aspirin, atropine, bupropion, ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin, erythromycin, Gliclazide, ibuprofen, Lamictal, lovastatin, prednisone, Propecia, quinine, streptomycin, and Tamoxifen. Want to Know Which Drugs are Made in China — Check Out This List Page Notes (talk) 02:31, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Have Rx analgesics actually "been found to be extremely addictive"?
From the article: "Prescription painkillers have been found to be extremely addictive"

That's way too vague (and a bit of an overstatement) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.11.189.134 (talk) 10:03, 1 February 2018 (UTC)

Environment
When medications [do not] include specific disposal instructions, patients should not flush medications in the toilet, but instead use medication take-back programs.

I am wondering if the writing should be put as:

When medications includes specific disposal instructions, patients should not flush medications in the toilet, but instead use medication take-back programs.

I'm now doing the translation into Traditional Chinese.

ThomasYehYeh (talk) 11:18, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prescription drug


text:
Jöns Budde

Jöns Budde, OSsS (sometimes spelled as Joens Budde or Jønes Budde) (c. 1435 – c. 1493) was a Bridgettine monk from the Bridgettine convent Vallis gratiae, the first convent for women in Finland, located in Naantali, near Turku, Finland – at the time part of the Kalmar Union (1397–1523).

Jöns Budde chiefly translated from Latin to Swedish, but also wrote works of his own. His works included the translation of the whole books of the Bible into Swedish. He is the earliest writer known to have translated parts of the Bible into Swedish.

No evidence of the literary work carried on in the Dominican and Franciscan monasteries in Finland has been preserved.

title: Jöns Budde


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Podjacking

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 07:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Podjacking
Neologism. Al 13:00, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete yes, neologism (227 googles, probably not even with this meaning). Brighterorange 13:26, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete yes, a variety of types of podjacking out there, imo (i-)podn are neologisms, regardless of that, the wikitionary the place for this sort of article. Alf 19:27, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, along with all other podspamming. - choster 00:54, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all podlogisms. -- DS1953 23:17, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * As a standalone this clearly must be deleted however, if there is a rising incidence of "pod-slang" perhaps that shoud get an article, other wise move to wiktionary HoratioVitero 23:21, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that every one of this User's edits, save for a minor edit to Bible, has been to VfD. Zoe 23:59, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Tεx  τ  urε  16:35, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Specialist Operations

The Specialist Operations directorate is a unit of the Metropolitan Police in London, England. It is responsible for providing specialist policing capabilities, including national security and counter-terrorism operations. The Specialist Operations directorate is currently led by Assistant Commissioner Matt Jukes.

History
At its peak, Specialist Operations (SO) was a group of twenty specialist units, which were formed to give the Metropolitan Police a specialist policing capability. The SO designation was implemented in 1985 as part of Sir Kenneth Newman's restructuring of the Metropolitan Police Service. Most of the units designated SO units were already in existence, many of them as departments of C Division and its branches, and all were presided over by an Assistant Commissioner of Special Operations (ACSO).

In 1999 its Organised Crime Group took over residual work from the disbanded War Crimes Unit. In 2010, ACSO co-directed Operation Guava, aimed at "a significant terrorist plot". The aim of this ACSO action was to prevent the establishment of a jihadist training camp in Kashmir on land owned by one of the suspects. Operation Guava resulted in the 2012 conviction of Usman Khan, who went on to perpetrate the 2019 London Bridge stabbing.

Protection Command
Until April 2015, the Protection Command was split into three units that provided protection for ministers, for the royal family, and for foreign embassies, diplomats, and visiting dignitaries:
 * Specialist Protection (SO1): Provided armed personal protection services for ministers and public officials at threat from terrorism, including visiting heads of government and other public figures. In April 2015, it was merged with Royalty Protection to form Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP).
 * Royalty Protection (SO14): Provided protection for the monarch and other members of the Royal Family. The Operational Command Unit (OCU) was divided into Residential Protection, Personal and Close Protection, and the Special Escort Group (SEG) that provided mobile protection. In April 2015, it was merged with Specialist Protection to form Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP).
 * Diplomatic Protection Group (SO16): Provided protection for foreign missions in London, including protecting embassies and the residences of visiting heads of state, heads of government and ministers. In April 2015, it was merged with the Palace of Westminster Division to form Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP).

Security Command
Until April 2015, the Security Command consisted of three units that provided protection for Parliament, for the two airports within Greater London (Heathrow Airport and London City Airport), and for major events in London.
 * Palace of Westminster Division (SO17): Was responsible for the protection of the Houses of Parliament and consisted of a team of 500 people. Officers were unarmed. In April 2015, it was merged with the Diplomatic Protection Group to form Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP).
 * Aviation Security Operational Command Unit (SO18): Became Aviation Policing (SOAP).
 * Counter Terrorism Protective Security Command (SO20): Remains unchanged.

Counter Terrorism Command
This was formed by the merger in October 2006 of the Anti-Terrorist Branch (SO13) and Special Branch (SO12), both already within Specialist Operations. It has remained structurally unchanged since that date.

Since April 2015
The Specialist Operations Directorate comprises three commands.

Protection Command
The Protection Command is led by a commander overseen by a deputy assistant commissioner. The command is responsible for protective security for high-profile governmental representatives of the United Kingdom or from the diplomatic community. As such, it is analogous to the United States Secret Service or the Diplomatic Security Service. The command comprises two branches:

 * Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) provides personal protection for the royal family, the prime minister, government ministers, ambassadors, visiting heads of state and other individuals deemed to be at risk. RaSP also provide armed security at royal residences in London, Windsor, and Scotland. The Special Escort Group (SEG) is also operated by Special Operations.
 * Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) provides armed protection of embassies, missions and the Parliamentary Estate. They also provide residential protection for high-profile government ministers and are responsible for access control and security at Downing Street and New Scotland Yard. PaDP was formed in April 2015, with the merger of the Diplomatic Protection Group (SO16, formerly SO6) and the Palaces of Westminster Command (SO17).

Security Command
The Security Command is led by a commander and overseen by the same deputy assistant commissioner as the Protection Command. The command comprises two branches:

 * Aviation Policing (SOAP) provides armed policing and security for all passengers and staff travelling through Heathrow and London City Airport. Gatwick, Stansted and Luton are policed by Sussex, Essex and Bedfordshire Police respectively, as they are not located in the Metropolitan Police area.
 * Protective Security Operations

Counter Terrorism Command
The Counter Terrorism Command (CTC) is led by a commander overseen by a deputy assistant commissioner. The deputy assistant commissioner is the concurrent National Police Chiefs' Council Senior National Coordinator for Counter Terrorism Policing leading the network. The Counter Terrorism Command (SO15) is responsible for protecting London and the rest of the United Kingdom from the threat of terrorism. The command operates against the threat of terrorism at a local, national and international level, and supports the national Counter Terrorism Policing network (the regional counter terrorism units and the National Police Chiefs' Council). The Command also has the national lead for domestic extremism in support of the National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit. The command also deals with sensitive national security investigations, such as Official Secrets Act enquiries, the investigation of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and politically motivated murders. It was created in 2006 through the merger of the Met's Anti-Terrorist Branch and Special Branch.

Historical structure
Owing to continual restructuring of the Metropolitan Police, only a few of the original SO units still exist in their original form and still use the SO designation. Where the SO designation has been reassigned to another unit, the units are listed in order

 * SO1 – Specialist Protection (now within the Protection Command)
 * SO2 – Crime Support Branch/Department Support Group
 * SO3 – Scenes of Crime Branch/Directorate of Forensic Services (now part of the Specialist Crime Directorate as SCD4 Forensic Services)
 * SO4 – National Identification Service
 * SO5 – Miscellaneous Force Indexes/Child Protection (now SCD5 Child Abuse Investigation Team)
 * SO6 – Fraud Squad (now SCD6 Economic and Specialist Crime)
 * SO7 – Serious and Organised Crime (renamed to Serious and Organised Crime Group, SCD7)
 * SO8 – Forensic Science Laboratory
 * SO9 – Flying Squad (now in SCD7, but retains same name and role)
 * SO10 – Crime Operations Group (now SCD10 Covert Policing)
 * SO11 – Criminal Intelligence Branch (renamed to Public Order Operational Command Unit, CO11)
 * SO12 – Special Branch (merged with SO13 to create the Counter Terrorism Command)
 * SO13 – Anti-Terrorism Branch (merged with SO12)
 * SO14 – Royalty Protection Branch (now within the Protection Command)
 * SO15 – Counter Terrorism Command
 * SO16 – Diplomatic Protection Group (now within the Protection Command)
 * SO17 – PNC Bureau (now the Police Information Technology Organisation)
 * SO18 – Aviation Security/Airport Policing (now Aviation Security within Security Command)
 * SO19 – Force Firearms Unit (Specialist Firearms Command, now within Met Operations)
 * SO20 – Forensic Medical Examiners Branch

title: Specialist Operations


text:
Talk:Anchor Brewhouse

Untitled
If anyone has any information about the Thrale family's connection with brewing in Southwark, that would be much appreciated ! WMMartin 13:01, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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title: Talk:Anchor Brewhouse


text:
Talk:Takk...

Disambiguation
This probably needs a disambiguation page so as to avoid confusion with the beverage of the same name from General Mills.

Með blóðnasir
"Með blóðnasir": I would have said this meant 'Having a nosebleed' rather than 'With a nosebleed' - after all, 'Ég er með blóðnasir' would mean 'I have a nosebleed', not 'I am with a nosebleed'. I have changed it to reflect this. Correct me if I am wrong. Benny 13:01, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

However, when I put it into two separate translators it said 'My Truth' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.221.205.196 (talk) 17:19, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Hopelandic
I know that 'Milano' contains Hopelandic, and I'm fairly sure that 'Hoppipolla' does too. Anyone else help with this? Benny 11:07, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure. I updated the article with more information about this. 134.84.96.60 04:30, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks 134.84.96.60. There's more than I thought on this album. Benny 17:50, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Glósóli
Please Note: Glósóli does not mean 'glowing sole(s)' (Guardian journalist's error) or 'sunshine' (too loose). The nearest I can get is 'Glow-Sun' although feel free to shout me down on this one if you are a native speaker. Benny 17:46, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * In Icelandic, sól = sun and sóli = sole. The band members and the official website have confirmed this. Ghotistix 08:47, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In the last couple of days, it changed from 'Glowing Sole' to 'Glowing Sun'. I've changed it to 'Glowing sole' to conform with the official website. I also changed 'Thanks...' to 'Thank you...' wbm (talk) 11:58, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Isn't the Label Geffen?
I believe the album belongs to the Geffen label, rather than EMI. The website http://www.sigur-ros.is/takk.html states that it was published by Universal Music Publishing Ltd, which "is now part of Universal Music Group." according to Geffen_Records. However, my US copy of Takk... has a label on the back that reads: "The copyright in this sound recording is owned by Sigur Ros under exclusive license to Geffen Records in the USA and Canada." Would it be appropriate to change the Label from EMI to Geffen?

 * The tiny print on my copy of the CD says "The copyright in this sound recording is owned by Sigur Rós [with an acute] under exclusive licence to EMI Records Ltd". I bought the CD in Australia, but the only evidence of regionalisation it has on it is "Made in the EU". It's quite possible that there's a North American release (by Geffen) and a separate rest-of-the-world release (by EMI).

Glósóli video

 * When the children reach the cliff they jump off and fly away.

Is it just me, or does the last kid fall down rather than fly away? --Qviri (talk) 12:43, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe that, officially, he flew away, but it's still OK for viewers to interpret it otherwise. (It says this somewhere in here). --Dave ~ (talk) 13:13, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks a lot (that was fast!). --Qviri (talk) 13:23, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Track Names & Capitals
On my copy of Takk... 'Heysátan' is uncapitalised and 'blóðnasir' does have a capital. Should I change the tracklist or is there a more 'official' version somewhere on the internet on whose authority it rests? --ZephyrAnycon 02:59, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that the capitalisations on the cover are just stylistic, and part of the cover-art. I don't think it's supposed to be an official guide to capitalisation - ie. I don't think that Sigur Rós meant for the capitalisation/lack of capitalisation of the titles to be significant. I'd be in favour of leaving the tracklist as it is. --Dave ~ (talk) 13:03, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd go with the official Icelandic standards (first letter uppercase, the rest lowercase except names). --Gika 23:16, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I actually asked about this here yesterday, in light of articles for Svefn-g-englar and Viðrar vel til loftárása being moved to uppercased spellings. I have also discovered which contains scans of booklets for most if not all of Sigur Rós' CDs, which is useful for checking case as presented by the artists.
 * I capitalised Bloðnasir in this article today based on those. Didn't touch Heysátan... not really sure what's going on with that. --Qviri (talk) 03:46, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Beeb gets viral?
Anybody thought that the BBC is orchestrating a highly thought out viral marketing campaign for Takk... with its placement of the two recent singles? Although this is only a semi-serious comment, you have to wonder what effect the high-profile usage of the songs has had on their chart position... Nikevs 21:15, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Analog Recording
Shouldn't someone put in here that Takk was recorded 100% analog instead of digital? Maybe put it near the vinyl sentence? Endlessmug 04:17, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

takk..
does anyone knows in which languages is the word takk, because in icelandic it would be þakk, and the others languages that have takk as "thanks" are norwegian and faroese..thanks:)

 * I'm not a native, and it's a while since I've spoken any Icelandic, but as far as I can recall, takk is "thanks" in Icelandic. The verb þakka means "to thank", but the word for "thank you" is takk. --Dave ~ (talk) 20:34, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Fifth Album? I disagree
Takk.. is the fourth studio album. They say so specifically on their about page on the .uk site. I don't think that the Van remix album is counted as only one song is performed by them, and is not really a typical studio album. Analagous perhaps to Interpretaciones del Oso by Minus the Bear. I am changing it now. --Eriot 0:03, 23 August, 2007 (UTC)

tracklisting
Is there a source for the "Hoppípolla afturbak" and "Gong endir" parenthetical titles? As far as I recall these were only used on pre-release leaks obtained off the internet. --72.142.191.144 16:14, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Svo hljótt
Is "Svo hljótt" in Icelandic or Hopelandic? It's not listed among the Hopelandic tracks in this article, but I can't find any lyrics or English translations for it online. Jphillst 19:42, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Svo Hljótt begins in Icelandic, then switches to Hopelandic around 4:20. There's a (long) discussion about the lyrics on Takk... in this thread on the Sigur Rós message board. --Malfidus ~ (talk) 09:41, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Takk...


text:
User talk:Stephen Turner/archive1

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:06, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Thanks for the welcome
Thanks for the welcome, Graham.

How to encourage someone to check a fact?
Salve, Stephen Turner! Saw your query at Help desk about how to alert Wikipedians to possible errors and I posted the reply below:
 * The talk page is indeed the first place to start as anyone who has the underlying article on his watch list will be alerted to the presence of additions to the talk page. Be sure that you give it an edit summary that will prompt someone to read your query, something like:  "Two Contradictory Death Dates in Article" or some such thing.  Another good place for this is our reference desk at WP:RD, which is seen by a lot of people who know about many topics.  I'm copying your questions there now.  Glad to have you aboard.

Hope this helps. Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 15:22, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)

Cricinfo article
Hello S.T., After re-reading the article. I found out that you were just simply trying to make the article easier to understand and so I have reverted back to your version. The reason in which I has reverted your version without comment, which I have to admit I was quite wrong in doing so was that I did not want to compromise any information from the article. Thanks. [[User:Squash|Squash | Talk]] 22:50, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

Geraint Jones
Thanks for correcting the page Stephen. I'm not sure it's worth adding, but Geraint Jones is also a qualified pharmacy technician!

Dan

New cricket collaboration of the fortnight
Just to let you know that Laws of cricket, which you voted for, is now this fortnight's Cricket Collaboration of the Fortnight. Please come along and help bring this article up to featured status, jguk 11:38, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stephen Turner/archive1


text:
Demerara-Mahaica

Demerara-Mahaica (Region 4) is a region of Guyana, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the region of Mahaica-Berbice to the east, the region of Upper Demerara-Berbice to the south and the region of Essequibo Islands-West Demerara to the west.

It contains the country's capital Georgetown. Notable villages in the region include Buxton, Enmore, Victoria and Paradise.

Population
The Government of Guyana has administered three official censuses since the 1980 administrative reforms, in 1980, 1991 and 2002. Even though this administrative region is the smallest, it has the largest population out of all Guyana's Administrative Regions. In 2012, the population of Demerara-Mahaica was recorded at 313,429 people. Official census records for the population of the Demerara-Mahaica region are as follows:

 * 2012 : 401,376
 * 2002 : 310,320
 * 1991 : 296,924
 * 1980 : 317,475

Communities
With name variants in parentheses.

 * Ann's Grove
 * Agricola Village
 * Alberttown (ward of Georgetown)
 * Albouystown (ward of Georgetown)
 * Alexander Village (Alexanderville)
 * Annandale
 * Bagotstown
 * Beehive
 * Bel Air (Gardens / Park / Springs) (wards of Georgetown)
 * Belfield (Belfield Village)
 * Beterverwagting (Betterverwagting)
 * Better Hope
 * Bourda
 * Buxton
 * Campbelville
 * Cane Grove
 * Charlestown (ward of Georgetown)
 * Clonbrook
 * Cove and John
 * Craig
 * Zeeland
 * De Kinderen (De Kindern)
 * Enmore
 * Enterprise
 * Georgetown
 * Glasgow (Glasgow Village)
 * Good Intent
 * Great Diamond
 * Helena
 * Houston
 * Hyde Park
 * Jonestown (Voorzigtigheid)
 * Kingston, Guyana
 * Kitty (ward of Georgetown)
 * Kuru Kururu
 * La Penitence (ward of Georgetown)
 * Lacytown (ward of Georgetown)
 * Lamaha Gardens
 * Land of Canaan
 * Little Diamond
 * Lodge (Lodge Village)
 * Lusignan
 * Mahaica Village
 * Mon Repos
 * Nabacalis (Nabaclis)
 * New Burg (Newburg)
 * New Haven
 * Newtown (ward of Georgetown)
 * Non Pariel (Nonpareil)
 * Paradise
 * Plaisance (Plaisance Village)
 * Prashad Nagar
 * Providence
 * Queenstown (ward of Georgetown)
 * Silver Hill
 * Soesdyke (Soesdyk)
 * Stabroek
 * St. Cuthbert's Mission (Pakuri, St. Cuthbert's)
 * Subryanville
 * Timehri
 * Triumph
 * Unity
 * Victoria
 * Vigilance
 * Werk-en-rust
 * Wortmanville

title: Demerara-Mahaica


text:
Israel Summer Time

Israel Summer Time (שעון קיץ she'on kayits "Summer Clock"), also in English, Israel Daylight Time (IDT) is the practice in Israel by which clocks are advanced by one hour, beginning on the Friday before the last Sunday of March, and ending on the last Sunday of October.

British Mandate
The origin of Israeli Summer Time lies in the period of the British Mandate. In May 1940, the Palestine Government issued the Time Determination Ordinance, which said:"During such period in each year as the High Commissioner may by order prescribe, the time for legal and general purposes in Palestine shall be three hours in advance of Greenwich Mean Time."The time change first occurred from June 1 to September 30, 1940, and then from 17 November 1940 through all of 1941 until 31 October 1942. Summer Time in 1943 and 1944 was from April 1 to October 31, and in 1945 and 1946 it was from April 16 to October 31. There was no Summer Time in 1947.

Israel from 1948 to 1992
The Time Determination Ordinance was inherited by Israel as part of the default adoption of Mandatory Law. Two days after the Declaration of Independence, the provisional government introduced double Summer Time in Jerusalem to save fuel, extending this to the whole of Israel from May 23. Because the shift of two hours violated the Time Determination Ordinance, the change was retrospectively legalized by the Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance of 3 June 1948, which added "or such other period of time as may by order be prescribed" after "three hours". The two-hour time shift was reduced to one hour from 1 September 1948 and removed altogether from 1 November 1948.

The length of Summer Time has changed significantly depending on the year. In 1951–1952, it was enacted for about seven months, whereas in the years 1953–1954 it was enacted for only three months. In 1958, Summer Time was canceled. Due to the global energy crisis because of the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War, Summer Time was enacted again from 1974–1975.

Up until 1992, daylight saving time was operated by an order of the minister of the interior. In 1980 the authority of the minister for this matter was contested in an appeal to the supreme court. The supreme court decided that the minister's authority was indeed more limited than the common practice, as he may only decide on the dates of IDT while its operation is unquestionable. Following this decision the Knesset amended the Time Act so the minister will also have the authority to abolish IDT in a certain year.

1992–2005
The Law of Determining the Time (חוק קביעת הזמן Hok Kvi'at Hazman) is an Israel law governing Israeli daylight saving time. It was approved by the Knesset in 1992, replacing the Time Determination Ordinance which was inherited by Israel from the Mandate period. The 1992 time zone law stipulated that IDT will be operated for at least 150 days each year, and that the final dates will be decided by the minister of the Interior, subject to the approval of the Knesset committee for internal affairs. In some years the decision as to which day summer time would start or end was made at the last minute due to political haggling and this caused disruption to international airline schedules at Ben Gurion Airport.

This schedule was variable: the only requirement was that there be at least 150 days per year of IDT, and the dates were set out each year by the Ministry of the Interior.

2005–2012
Until 2005, the start and end of IDT each year was established in an ad hoc fashion as the result of haggling between political parties representing various sectors of Israeli society. Parties representing religious groups wanted the start delayed till after Passover and the end to precede Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, while the secular parties would argue for starting it earlier and ending it later. Thus, there was no established rule that could guarantee a predictable changeover in either direction. The debates about a fixed rule for determining the dates of IDT went on for years, and resulted in a suggestion that IDT will start on the 2nd day of Passover and end on the weekend between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. This suggestion was rejected as it stipulated an annual IDT period of only 5 months, and yet it served as the basis of the final compromise. After 2005, the annual debate has been effectively ended.

In the past, the unpredictability of IDT in Israel became frustrating enough that Microsoft Windows stopped trying to track changes and just made Israeli time be Greenwich Mean Time plus two hours (GMT+2) (and disabled the daylight saving option). This led to various ad hoc solutions to the problem in Windows systems and other Microsoft software (e.g. Outlook calendar entries were often off by an hour when shared, due to the lack of IDT support). On November 17, 2009, Microsoft released an update that had daylight saving time enabled for Israel. However, the date for transition back to Standard Time was set as the Second Sunday of September, regardless of the Hebrew Calendar date. Windows 7 does contain correct IDT times up to 2023, but not all software makes use of this extra information.

In 2010, due to an unusually large difference between the lunar based Hebrew calendar and the solar calendar the date of the return to winter time was September 12, which was very early. This sparked protests by the more secular public, and calls for a change in the way the date is determined. Many members of the government were sympathetic to this and at one point in the ensuing row the Minister even proposed moving to winter time just for Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement and then returning to summer time. In September 2010 the argument over the dates for summer time reached new heights and some firms even refused to adopt it.

On 6 June 2011, Internal Affairs Minister Eli Yishai announced his support for extending IDT, setting the ending time to the beginning of October. The change required the approval of the Knesset.

2013–present
On November 5, 2012, the Knesset approved the bill to extend IDT to a period of 193 days, beginning on the Friday before the last Sunday in March (at 2:00 local time, or 0:00 UTC, clocks are moved forward by one hour), and ending on the first Sunday after October 1 (at 2:00 IDT or 23:00 UTC Saturday, clocks are moved back by one hour).

If the end of IDT falls on Rosh Hashana, then IDT will end on the first Monday after October 1.

On July 8, 2013, the Knesset approved the bill to extend IDT even further. According to the bill, IDT will begin on the Friday before the last Sunday of March, and end on the last Sunday of October.

In March 2020, the Israeli government planned to delay daylight saving in order to discourage gatherings during coronavirus. However, it was decided this would be too technically difficult to implement at such short notice.

title: Israel Summer Time