text:
Talk:New Brunswick, New Jersey

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Downtown blight due to white flight
The development of shopping malls in suburbia contributed substantially to the decline of downtown New Brunswick. There was simply no reason for suburbanites to travel to downtown New Brunswick and shop at mom-and-pop stores anymore (e.g., impact of WalMart on small towns).--Buzava 06:37, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

I reversed to an earlier version. --Buzava 22:03, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * New Brunswick's downtown decline isn't particularly unique... many, if not most, old urban commercial cores in the Northeast and Midwest went through the same process of retail disinvestment, flight of capital to suburbs, population decline, white flight.

 * Perhaps a better way to talk about this would be to not imply a causal link at all, because while these phenomena all occured, it is controversial which one "caused" the decline. We know that white flight from NB did occur (as evidenced by the fact that the % of white, non-Hispanic residents decreased while the populations of surrounding suburbs mushroomed), but was it a symptom of disinvestment, a cause of disinvestment, simply a byproduct? The article for NB doesn't need to "take a stance" on this. That's a discussion better left to the actual articles on white flight, urban blight etc since, as I said before, it's not clear that NB is a unique case. Passdoubt | Talk 00:04, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Charles in Charge
I was going to start a new section for the "Charles in Charge" myth, but it seemed appropriate to put it here. The 1980s sitcom "Charles in Charge" was purported to take place in EAST Brunswick, though it was never stated outright exactly where they lived. It was said that Charles attended Rutgers, but that hardly restricts his residence to New Brunswick. He lived with and was "in charge" of some upper-middle class kids, who seemed to be attending public school. It hardly makes sense that they would be living in New Brunswick, which was economically even worse at the time than it is now. George St. isn't and wasn't a place for an upper middle class family. Though a few pockets of nice homes exist, it still doesn't fit the mold. East Brunswick is much more plausible, and in any case it is not definitive, and not encyclopedic, so can't be placed in the New Brunswick article. Njsustain (talk) 06:19, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

The show repeats on many occasions that Charles attends the fictitious "Copeland College," NOT Rutgers. In any event, in many episodes, Charles is able to travel between Copeland College and his residence very quickly. In the series finale episode(#26, season 5), Charles hopes to do his "post-graduate work at Princeton." In a telephone conversation with a Princeton professor, Charles is surprised that he is "...coming here... to New Brunswick." The telephone conversation takes place about 7'35" into the episode.125.245.25.186 (talk) 07:36, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the quick reference. The question now is relevance. Does one passing remark tacked on at the end of the series make this a relevant aspect of New Brunswick in "popular culture"? I vote no.Njsustain (talk) 10:49, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

 * By that reasoning, the whole Pop Culture section should be nixed. I recently have been able to watch Season 5 of the series. When I am able to watch the previous seasons, perhaps I will find even more references to New Brunswick, or there maybe the show will be inconsistent about it's setting.211.218.87.77 (talk) 11:24, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I have been watching the remaining seasons of Charles in Charge, and New Brunswick was referenced at least once a season.211.218.87.77 (talk) 13:54, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Like many fictional uses of real places (e.g. Pittsburgh falsely shown as having a large gay community in "Queer as Folk") this is a fantasy use of New Brunswick, NJ. It is not and was not then a place for upper-middle or even middle-class white people, and hasn't been since the mid 1960s. The fact that the producers picked it out as the "official" location of the show is truly random, probably simply having looked up where Rutgers is located, doing no real research on the community. In any case I still don't think this is an example of New Brunswick influencing pop culture, or vice-versa, and I therefore don't think it is relevant enough to be included in the article.Njsustain (talk) 14:07, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Error on Page
The caption identifying the corner of Bayard and George St is innaccurate, its actually the southeast corner of Patterson and George. Just throwing it out there.Davepetr 02:35, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
This article fails to state the undeniable positive effects of urban renewal (i.e. job creation and better quality of life). Furthermore, it fails to mention New Brunswick's commitment to lower income housing. Even luxury buildings such as Sklyine Tower have both market rate and affordable housing. Once the article mentions the positive effects of redevelopment along with the "controversy" the tag should be taken down.

 * I think the increase in New Brunswick's homelessness problem, the increased demands on local food banks and food kitchens, and other signs of poverty negate any claims of "better quality of life." For many, and there are many lower-class people in New Brunswick, housing prices are far from affordable. They're practically unattainable. You don't happen to work for the city, or DevCo, do you? Only they look through such rose-tinted eyeglasses. —ExplorerCDT 15:30, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * When the tax base is higher, more revenue is available for social services. The new housing may increase the disparity between the richest and poorest residing in New Brunswick, but when the pie gets bigger, your slice has the potential to get bigger. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 16:13, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Potential. Not reality. The city's tax base...because the city council gave DevCo a free ride practically on property taxes for the next 30 years...will never go higher. The revenues from these ratables will likely not be realized in our lifetimes. The properties DevCo develops are given tax levies of cents on the dollar. And like most New Brunswick political legacies, the money won't go for social services...it'll buy Jim Cahill (or his successor) a boat, fix up his house, and line other party bosses' pockets. And the end result...New Brunswick's problems never get fixed, only worsen but to accentuate the positive all the pretty buildings mean that the undesirables (blacks, hispanics, poor people) get pushed out of downtown...but right onto the sidewalk. —ExplorerCDT 16:33, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, can of worms here… to respond to the DevCo employee:
 * 1. Cite a source or a specific number on job creation and add it to the article. Say something like “Between 1970 and 2000, New Brunswick has added ____ jobs” or “the unemployment rate has dropped from ___ % to ___ %.” Those are facts that could balance out the links to the negative Targum articles. That urban renewal (either as a process in general or how it plays out in NB) is “undeniably positive” is not NPOV though.

 * 2. “Quality of life” is a meaningless buzzword. It is, as somebody pointed out below, more appropriate for a promotional advertisement than an encyclopedia article. Instead, cite a specific fact, e.g. “crime reduced from a rate of ___ to a rate of ___” or “school scores improved from ___ to ___.”

 * 3. Again, you can add a note that some of the new projects include subsidized units, but don’t pepper it with inappropriate language you were using before like “this is a shining example of urban renewal.”

 * 4. The redevelopment process IS controversial. I don’t think the article should convey that DevCo or NB's redevelopment is “good” or “bad,” but it should convey that DevCo and the redevelopment process have been politically contested by a number of groups. Passdoubt | Talk 11:34, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

This is a wikipedia article, not a tourism/investment brochure.128.6.168.245 01:27, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Again, this is not a brochure for New Brunswick. It is an encyclopedic article and must be neutral. Even if you have a few cherry picked verifiable references, that doesn't mean that you can turn the article into a "DevCo can do no wrong" article. The changes in New Brunswick have benefited some people, and have devastated others. If you can't present both sides of this issue, then you can't present this issue period. The older comments above are still valid: there has been an increased demand at the food banks and soup kitchen, the quality of neighborhoods outside downtown continue to be ignored by the city, yet one person wants to turn the article into a rah-rah propoganda piece for the people that run the city. Sorry, it doesn't work that way. You can say whatever you like at the Devco website, but WP must remain neutral, meaning all perspectives must be fairly presented. I personally have seen the lies and disgusting tactics used by Devco and the city but do not choose to turn WP into an anti-Devco site. However, it will not become a one-sided pro-Devco site either. Njsustain (talk) 19:47, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Famous Residents
I believe Cornelius Vanderbilt once lived in New Brunswick and his son, William Henry, was born there.--Buzava 21:32, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

After Risky Business came out in 1983, I heard that Curtis Armstrong, who played Miles, had been working at Greasy Tony's in New Brunswick. I thought he was a Rutgers student then. Alas, however, I am not able to find anything to substantiate. Anyone know whether he was actually a resident?--Dalmatian Mommy 04:23, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Edits esp. regarding history
Started writing out the history stuff, will add more. Sectstubs indicating where. Revitalization should also include (1) Rutgers College Avenue Campus greening project, (2) Hurricane Floyd flooding (3) Route 18 redevelopments. Also discussion about Washington and Hamilton's retreat, General Howe in the Revolution, perhaps some on the Dutch Reformed folks in NB and their impact on the Great Awakening movement. Also, railroads (Vanderbilt, etc.) —ExplorerCDT 00:53, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * P.S. Also we should add some comments regarding the perception/reality of the Democratic party political machine and corruption (John Lynch/Jim Cahill) in NB and Middlesex County, also the difficulty of people trying to battle against it politically from the outside in elections, drives etc. (last 50 years of NB's political history). —ExplorerCDT 01:05, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Where does the name come from?
I always thought that New Brunswick (both in the US as well as in Canada) is derived from a Dutch man called 'Van Bruynswijck'. That would make a lot of sence, since the Dutch were one of the first Europeans who claimed land in the US-states we now know as New York and New Jersey, together with the Swedes. So no Germans. Other examples of words derived from Dutch people, cities or other typical Ducth things are Harlem (named after Haarlem, a city in the Netherlands), Brooklyn (named after Breukelen, both a place and a last name in the Netherlands) and Staten Island (named after the Dutch 'Staten Generaal', the Dutch parliament). So what is the truth involving the name Brunswick? --84.104.123.100 12:29, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

The word "van" means from, and Brunswick is the English name of the city and former state of Braunschweig in Germany. The German duchy (?) had connections with the English royal house of Hanover. Has nothing to do with some Dutchman whose name means from Brunswick. Wrotesolid (talk) 01:00, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Bicycle community?
Is it really noteworthy? Sounds like someone with a bike agenda stuck that in a random place in the article. 24.185.31.111 21:38, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:New Brunswick, New Jersey - City Seal.jpg
Image:New Brunswick, New Jersey - City Seal.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:13, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Question?
Does anyone know any good scholarly sources for New Brunswick social problems and or government issues?

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 15:32, 8 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "Marquis 1607-1896" :

Music section: poor quality: propose split
The music section clearly has a lot of original research, is written overly casually, and has almost no references. It is also of questionable encyclopedic importance. I don't see this section being maintained at the same level as the rest of the article so rather than have an ongoing struggle with it, I propose creating a separate article "New Brunswick, NJ music scene" which can take on its own quality level and style.

 * As no one is responding, and the section seems to be becoming only more non-encyclopedic and opinionated, I will soon be creating the separate article if no other comments come forth.Njsustain (talk) 10:34, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Ok, Done. Please promote your band at New Brunswick, NJ music scene. Njsustain (talk) 11:51, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Article needs referencing improvements
This article needs referencing improvements. There are entire subsections of the article that have zero sources whatsoever. There are other subsections that have a dearth of sources and/or need more reliable secondary sources. Tagged article page as such, with refimprove. Cheers, -- Cirt (talk) 17:25, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

"Noted for its rich ethnic heritage"?
Was this article been written by a high-school class? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.224.181.201 (talk) 02:03, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Proposed Bibliography for article improvements
Bibliography

Armstead, S., B. Sutter, P. Walker, and C. Wiesner. 2016. “And i poor slave yet”: The precarity of black life in New Brunswick, 1766-1835. n.p.: Rutgers University Press, 2016. Scopus®, EBSCOhost (accessed February 21, 2018).

Boyd, K., M. Carey, and C. Blakley. 2016. Old money: Rutgers University and the political economy of slavery in New Jersey. n.p.: Rutgers University Press, 2016. Scopus®, EBSCOhost (accessed February 21, 2018).

Clemens, Paul G.E. "Planters, Merchants, and Slaves: Plantation Societies in British America, 1650−1820." Early American Literature 52, no. 1 (January 2017): 212-216. Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost.

Dore, Carroll. "New Brunswick: Medical Field at Hub of this Transformation", The Star-Ledger, August 29, 2004.

Fuentes, Marisa J., and Deborah Gray White. Scarlet and Black: Slavery and Dispossession in Rutgers History. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2016.

Gigantino, James. The Ragged Road to Abolition: Slavery and Freedom in New Jersey, 1775– 1865 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014).

Health Care Archived 2006-11-09 at the Wayback Machine, City of New Brunswick Website.

Hodges, Graham Russell. Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).

Keenan, Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, 1492–1890,1999, p. 234; Moore, The Northwest Under Three Flags, 1635–1796, 1900, p. 151.

Listokin, D., Berkhout, D., & Hughes, J. W. (2016). 1. The Economy of New Brunswick: A City Reinventing Itself from Indians Ferry to the Information Age. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Nelson, William. Personal names of Indians of New Jersey: Being a List of Six Hundred and Fifty Such names, Gleaned Mostly from Indians Deeds of the Seventeenth Century. (Paterson, NJ: The Paterson History Club, 1904).

Rasmussen, Chris. "A Web of Tension": The 1967 Protests in New Brunswick, New Jersey." Journal of Urban History 40, no. 1 (n.d.): 137-157. Arts & Humanities Citation Index, EBSCOhost.

Urban Enterprise Zone Program, State of New Jersey. Accessed January 8, 2018 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Katmannoia (talk • contribs) 18:00, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

Empleo
Solicitud de empleo 190.242.127.66 (talk) 02:54, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Brunswick, New Jersey


text: File:Slightly Magic - Code Masters.png

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Slightly Magic - Code Masters.png


text:
List of Egyptair destinations

This is a list of destinations served by Egyptair as of March 2023. The list includes terminated destinations some of which were operated as Misr Airwork, Misr Airlines, Misr Air and United Arab Airlines (UAA). For freighter destinations see Egyptair Cargo.

title: List of Egyptair destinations


text:
User:Stillsight

stillsight

title: User:Stillsight


text:
Dave & Sugar

Dave & Sugar was a pop-styled American country music trio which enjoyed its peak success in the mid- to late-1970s. The trio consisted of lead singer Dave Rowland and initially on backing vocals, Vicki Hackeman and Jackie Frantz. Over time, the female members ("Sugar") of the group changed: Frantz was replaced by Sue Powell in 1977, who in turn was replaced by Jamie Kaye in 1980, while Hackeman was replaced by Melissa Dean (Etta Britt) in January 1979. Overall, Dave & Sugar charted 16 times on the Billboard country charts, including three No. 1 hits: "The Door Is Always Open", "Tear Time" and "Golden Tears". Powell also had two chart singles outside the group. Dave & Sugar were sometimes called "The country ABBA" because of their slickly produced sound as well as blend of male and female voices.

Background
The trio was founded and fronted by Dave Rowland, born in Sanger, California, raised in Los Angeles, California (January 26, 1944 – November 1, 2018), while two female vocalists made up the "Sugar" part. The "Sugar" line-up changed several times during the group's run of success, while the two original singers were Jackie Frantz and Vicki Hackeman.

Before forming Dave & Sugar, Rowland was part of J.D. Sumner and the Stamps Quartet (who was touring with Elvis Presley at the time), and later the Four Guys. He also was a prominent member of country singer Charley Pride's road show. By 1975, with Pride looking for a backup band, Rowland hired Frantz and Hackeman, and Dave & Sugar was formed. They signed a deal with RCA Records.

The trio's first single, "Queen of the Silver Dollar" (written by Shel Silverstein, and originally recorded by Dr. Hook in 1972, and also included on Emmylou Harris' debut solo album earlier in 1975) broke into the Top 25 of Billboard's country singles chart in early 1976. Their next single, "The Door Is Always Open", became their first No. 1 hit in July. Their peak run garnered nearly one dozen Top 10 singles, including two more No. 1 hits - "Tear Time" (1978) and "Golden Tears" (1979).

Rowland disbanded the trio briefly during the early 1980s to try a solo career, releasing an album entitled (appropriately) Sugar Free and charting two singles of his own. Powell also charted two singles on RCA as a soloist, and later went on to host the TV series Nashville on the Road. Rowland later reformed the trio with two new sets of "Sugar" partners: Cindy Smith and Lisa Alvey, followed by Regina Leigh and Lori Mason. However, these second-era trios failed to gain the popularity the original trios had in the 1970s and the group disbanded for good after only minimal success. In 1997, former Sugar member Leigh formed the short-lived country duo Regina Regina with partner Regina Nicks.

On November 1, 2018, Rowland died due to complications from a stroke in his Nashville home at the age of 74.

Sue Powell solo singles

 * Notes

Awards

 * + Country Music Association
 * 1976
 * "The Door Is Always Open" - RCA
 * Single of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Dave Rowland, Jackie Frantz, Vicki Hackeman
 * 1976
 * Dave & Sugar
 * Vocal Group of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Dave Rowland, Jackie Frantz, Vicki Hackeman
 * 1977
 * Dave & Sugar
 * Vocal Group of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Dave Rowland, Sue Powell, Vicki Hackeman
 * 1978
 * Dave & Sugar
 * Vocal Group of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Dave Rowland, Sue Powell, Etta Britt (as M.Dean)
 * 1979
 * Dave & Sugar
 * Vocal Group of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Dave Rowland, Sue Powell, Etta Britt
 * 1979
 * Dave & Sugar
 * Vocal Group of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Dave Rowland, Sue Powell, Etta Britt

title: Dave & Sugar


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Lumumba (disambiguation)

Patrice Lumumba (1925–1961) was the first Prime Minister of the Congo.

Lumumba may also refer to:
 * Lumumba (band), an Argentinian reggae band
 * Lumumba (drink), a drink made with cocoa, rum and cream
 * Lumumba (film), a biographical film directed by Raoul Peck
 * "Lumumba", a 1968 tribute song by Bongi Makeba from Keep Me in Mind

People with the surname

 * Chokwe Lumumba, mayor of Jackson, Mississippi
 * Chokwe Antar Lumumba, mayor of Jackson, Mississippi
 * François Lumumba, Congolese politician, member of Mouvement National Congolais
 * Guy-Patrice Lumumba, Congolese politician
 * Heritier Lumumba, Australian rules footballer
 * Patrick Loch Otieno Lumumba aka. P. L. O. Lumumba, Kenyan lawyer

People with the given name

 * Lumumba Di-Aping, Sudanese diplomat
 * Lumumba Sayers, American sportsman

title: Lumumba (disambiguation)


text:
User:Crochuchu

Hi! I'm very proud to work on this massive encyclopedie. Keep it real and big up!!

title: User:Crochuchu


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Bonny Light oil

Bonny Light oil was found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956 for its commercial use. Due to its features of generating high profit, it is highly demanded by refiners. Bonny light oil has an API of 32.9, classified as light oil. It is regarded as more valuable than the other oils with lower API as more high-value products are produced in the refinement. However, in Nigeria, problems due to oil spillage caused by vandalism, affects both human and the ecosystem in detrimental ways. Some experiments on animals and soil are done to figure out those impacts on organisms.

Origination
Crude oil is a yellow to black colored liquid that exists by nature without artificial factors, observed in geological rock formations underneath the superficial parts of the earth. While the exploration of petroleum began in the late 1930s, the oil for commercial use was found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956. As oil exploration has been expanding, light and medium oil like bonny light oil are produced. Searching and exploitation of oil are done in that area which 90% of crude oil production is related to. Bonny light oil has many advantages over sour crudes so that its price is higher. Nigeria has become the eleventh largest country that produces crude oil in the world. The largest buyer of this oil is India, the biggest influence on oil demand growth In addition to India, USA, Spain, and Netherlands are countries that import Bonny light crude oil.

Chemical composition

The components of crude oil have a wide range, containing hydrocarbons and a mixture of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and trace metals. Hydrocarbon of crude oil consists of paraffin, cycloparaffins and aromatic material with at least one benzene ring. Bonny light oil also includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Almost all of these elements, such as vanadium, nickel, asphaltenes, and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons are known as toxic.

Folkloric uses
At first, people attempted to use crude oil for lighting, considering its flammable trait. However, it was not appropriate as lamps because of stink and intense fumes while it was burning. There are various ways that indigenous people used crude oil. For the purpose of remedial treatment as poison detoxification, anti-convulsion and dermal inflammation, people swallowed crude oil directly. In traditional medicine, BLCO is used along with olive oil. They applied it on their burnt skin, rotten foot and leg ulcers. Furthermore, it is used for wizardry attacks and poison cure. People utilized it to cure symptoms which are related to ingestion, such as gastrointestinal disorders and fertility. As a way of complementing protein, most of people in the communities ate marine animals from coastal areas, which is a form of consuming crude oil indirectly.

Low sulfur
The value of fuels and oils which are generated from the crude oil falls off due to its sulfur compounds. “They cause corrosion of equipment during treatment, reduce activity of antidetonation additives and antioxidizing stability of gasoline, raise the propensity to form hard residues in cracking gasoline fractions, and result and environment pollution". According to world standards, the content of sulfur in BLCO is low, so refinery infrastructure is less affected by corrosion and low impact on environment which his occurred by its byproducts. The sulfur content varies from 0.14% to 0.16%. If less than 1% of sulfur is included in crude oil, it is assorted into sweet which means low sulfur content.

Good gasoline yields
There are three types of crude oil, light, medium and heavy, according to its density. For gasoline blends, composites which are lighter hydrocarbons are used. Molecular weights of these hydrocarbons are lower than heptane. Since most of Nigerian crudes are either light or medium sweet, creating plentiful amount of diesel, they are more costly than sour crudes. Gasoline is produced from processed crude oil and it is highly valued petroleum products. Therefore, to have maximized profit, refiners seek to boost gasoline yields.

High API gravity
API gravity, American Petroleum Institute gravity, is a reverse method to decide “the weight of petroleum liquids in comparison to water”. If the API gravity exceeds 10, the liquid will float on the water and is classified to light oil. Therefore, the higher API means the lighter crude oil and it is regarded as more precious than crude oil with lower API (heavier crude) as it generates more high-value products during refinery process. The API range of light crude is between 35 and 45, and BLCO has an API of 32.9.

Society
Nigeria has been generating most of its revenue from oil industry for the past 30 years. However, since petroleum industry has appeared, many pollution problems have risen in Nigeria. The major problem was caused by oil spills, occurring during usual operations. From 1976 to 1988, 2000 oil spillages happened in Nigeria and more than two million barrels of bonny light oil were released to the community during this period. Additionally, break of oil pipelines, erosion of flow and trunk lines, and hose failure are the causes of oil spills. Consequently, both the aquatic milieu and environment had detrimental impacts by them. These ecosystems are key element in agricultural productivity and main source for Nigerians, inhabiting in the oil-producing areas, to live. Therefore, some activists in Nigeria have spoiled pipelines, and key infrastructures which are related to crude oil and export flows are usually targeted. As a result, the issue related to oil effusion in Nigera has been exacerbated. In Nigeria, microbial seeding is being considered instead of mechanical ways by the main oil companies for the purpose of cleaning up oil spills.

Human
People can be exposed to crude oil through various ways, such as skin contact, inhalation, and ingestion, and those can be happened simultaneously. Especially, residents of oil abundant areas are at the risk of exposure to water which has been contaminated by oil. They consume this polluted water by drinking, cooking and cleaning. The exhibition of crude oil to human can affect mentality and occur symptoms such as anxiety, depression, headache, and sore eyes and throat. Additionally, it causes various troubles with regard to brain, endocrine and DNA. There is a reported case that shows how fatal effects can occur to human due to crude oil. A child, exposed to BLCO to cure febrile convulsion, had symptoms of “sequel of shock, acute renal failure, mechanical intestinal obstruction, extensive epidermolysis, conjunctivitis, mucositis, oesophagitis and chemical pneumonitis"

Potential risks
As BLCO contains materials like vanadium, nickel and PAH, those tend to be harmful and disturb possibility of antioxidant. Heavy metals are necessary in metabolic process of creatures; however, they are the causes of physiological stress at the same time. Pollution problems by oil spills like soils contamination are continuous and prevalent, putting severe health and environmental threats. The pollutants can gradually accumulate in food chains and interrupt biological actions of creatures. Petroleum contaminants are pernicious to nature and moreover, their hydrocarbon elements which are mutagenic and causing cancers, entail immunomodulatory impacts on humans and organisms as well. The symptoms of risks can appear immediately or emerge after some time passes.

Rats
The copper level of rats that are exposed to crude oil noticeably shrank which indicates ejection of copper with lack of its absorption. Synthesis of catecholamine which enables total functions of body, emotions, and perception may be hindered by reduction of copper concentration. In addition to it, a rise in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes, in proportion to dose was seen in the rats, which were treated with BLCO for 21 days in a row. This phenomenon means induction of enzymes and especially in the case of GST, its increase may contribute to the availability of glutathione (GSH). Adedara and Farombi say that "Elevated level of intracellular hepatic GSH concentration observed in the BLCO‐treated rats indicates an adaptive response to reduce damage and promote better survival under the conditions of oxidative stress induced by BLCO treatment". The elicitation of GSH in testes and sperm is controlled by BLCO. In contrast to rats treated for 21 days, the activities of those enzymes in rats exposed to BLCO for 45 days were decreased. Furthermore, in terms of sperms, noticeable shrink in mobility, number, and life/dead ratio was shown and total abnormality was elevated. However, abnormalities in sperms occurred by bonny light oil were able to be relieved with the help of vitamin E or quercetin. They have functions that restore normal hormonal levels and sperm parameters as well as inhibit oxidation.

Fish
After the fishes were treated with BLCO for 30days, the blood glucose outstandingly elevated, dose dependent of crude oil. Similarly, the degree of total protein concentration and albumin levels increased in proportion to the amount of BLCO. aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) concentrations rose too. Fishes which are exposed to crude oil get to have PAHs in their tissue and according to Wegwu and Omeodu, they “are activated to highly reactive epoxides by cytochrome P450-containing enzyme systems”. DNA bases automatically respond with these epoxides and point mutations are occurred as a result of it. With regard to glucose levels, if they are extremely high, it means severe oxidation stress in fish. In addition to it, excessive total protein levels of fish specify water imbalance and damage of haemo-concentration. These are resulted by harmful components of crude oil and it would induce damage in cellular membrane, less fluidity in membrane and elimination of cell as well.

Soil
Isolates from coal power plant soil are being recognized as pseudomonas and show that they are able to “grow on both the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of petroleum". The aliphatic fraction accounts for the most of crude oil and it is easily broken down by species of pseudomonas. Concentration of naphthene and aromatics components of crude oil noticeably decreased, implying the catabolic flexibleness of pseudomonas isolates. Salam, Obayori, Akashoro, and Okogie say that with incubation of pseudomonas isolates at 1g/L concentration for 21days, 90% of BLCO was broken down which means almost all of aliphatic fragments were vanished and aromatic fragments remarkably decreased. Although there are some microorganisms which are able to degrade crude oil, pseudomonas group shows up as it is the most adaptable. There are two main seasons which are dry and rainy in Nigeria. In the dry season, the temperature of soil varies between 30 and 45 °C, while it changes from 20 to 30 °C during the dry season. The ability of bacteria in soil to break down crude oil is remarkably affected by the average temperatures, pH, and nutrients in the soil that are quite different by seasons. For the experiment that is conducted incubation of Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp at the different temperature from 20 to 44 °C and for different time from 6 to 24days, both of bacteria showed the highest amount of degradation of bonny light oil at 36 °C. The amount of degradation of crude oil diversified according to the temperature. For example, Pseudomonas sp which is incubated for 24days decomposed 59.1% and 67.6% of crude oil at 28 °C and 36 °C respectively. In the case of Bacillus sp, it broke down each 71.4% and 77.8% of crude oil at 28 °C and 36 °C. The lowest amount of crude oil was degraded at 44 °C by Pseudomonas sp and at 20 °C by Bacillus sp. Exposure of both bacteria to the crude oil at 28 °C for 14days showed a different level of BLCO degradation depending on pH level. At pH 7.0, the largest degree of crude oil degradation was seen by Bacillus sp, while Pseudomonas sp decayed BLCO the most at pH 7.4. After its peak decomposition of crude oil, the level of degradation decreased drastically no matter how high pH was. The abilities of decomposition differ but it has proved that some bacteria in soil are capable of biodegradation of bonny light oil. Therefore, those bacteria can contribute to purifying soil that are polluted by crude oil.

Tadpole
The tadpoles of African clawed frog were treated with 10,20, or 30 ppm of Water soluble fraction (WSF), Water insoluble fraction (WIF), and whole crude (WC). Although the exposure to these substances did not cause death, the weights of the tadpoles were affected. After being released for 2weeks, whole crude or its WSF aroused weight loss in the tadpoles. In the case of WIF, weight loss happened only when 30 ppm of it was exposed to the tadpoles. In contrast to it, when tadpoles were contacted with WC or its fractions for 4 weeks, all the tadpoles lost their weight. The weight loss of tadpoles suggests the harmful effect of chemicals and a high Malondialdehyde (MDA) level indicates tissue damage of tadpoles.

After 4weeks of exposure, the level of MDA remarkably increased in the proportion to the amount of crude oil, and liquid peroxidation was the highest in the tadpoles which are treated with WSF. Compared to 2weeks of exposure, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD and glutathione reductase (GR), were reduced in week 4.

title: Bonny Light oil


text:
User talk:Crochuchu

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 23:24, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Crochuchu


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C. J. Graham

C. J. Graham is an American actor who became known for playing Jason Voorhees in the sixth installment of the Friday the 13th film series, Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives.

Career
A 6'3" former nightclub owner, Graham was spotted as a potential Jason Voorhees for Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives when playing Jason in a night club act. Impressing those casting for the film, who were already in search of a new Jason as then actor Dan Bradley was considered not posing or threatening enough, C. J. Graham landed the role. He went on to play Jason in all movie scenes and stunts besides the Paintball scene which had already been filmed with Bradley and the opening graveyard scene which was played by Christopher Swift. Graham reprised this role in the video for Alice Cooper's "He's Back (The Man Behind the Mask)", which was written for and featured in the film blending footage straight from the movie as well as original footage.

As of 2017, Graham only played one other role – he appeared in the horror film Highway to Hell as the main antagonist, a heavily made-up, silent monster called the Hell Cop. As of 2010, Graham is the VP of casino operations at Thunder Valley Casino in Lincoln, California. This is similar to Heather Langenkamp (of A Nightmare on Elm Street fame) and Richard Brooker (of Friday the 13th Part III fame), who are both full-time business owners and part-time actors. He has been known to speak highly of his time as Jason, even claiming that he would reprise the role in another film if asked.

Graham was formerly the COO of the Agua Caliente Casinos in the greater Palm Springs area, California.

According to an online interview with Kane Hodder, the actor who played Jason directly after Graham, reported that Graham had the chance to reprise the role of Jason in the long-awaited 2003 film Freddy vs. Jason. With the producers of the film looking to replace Hodder despite being cast in the four most recent movies, citing supposed reasons ranging from his height compared to Robert Englund, the actor who portrayed Freddy Krueger, to simply wanting to try something different, Graham's name was brought up in suggestion. Despite Graham's agent wanting him to audition for the role, Graham, being both a good friend of Hodder and feeling like the New Line producers were treating him unfairly with the re-casting decision, wanted no part in it. Ultimately, the role went to Canadian stuntman Ken Kirzinger.

Graham commonly visits horror conventions and often participants in fan events and signing autographs.

Filmography

 * Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986) as Jason Voorhees (All scenes except the "Paintball Scene")
 * He's Back (The Man Behind the Mask) (1986) as Jason Voorhees (Archive footage from "Jason Lives" and some new footage)
 * Highway to Hell (1992) as Sergeant Bedlam, Hellcop
 * His Name Was Jason: 30 Years of Friday the 13th (2009) (Documentary) as himself
 * 13 Fanboy (2021) as himself

title: C. J. Graham


text:
User talk:Stillsight

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title: User talk:Stillsight


text:
Inotify

inotify (inode notify) is a Linux kernel subsystem created by John McCutchan, which monitors changes to the filesystem, and reports those changes to applications. It can be used to automatically update directory views, reload configuration files, log changes, backup, synchronize, and upload. The inotifywait and inotifywatch commands (maintained by Eric Curtin as part of the inotify-tools project) allow using the inotify subsystem from the command line. One major use is in desktop search utilities like Beagle, where its functionality permits reindexing of changed files without scanning the filesystem for changes every few minutes, which would be very inefficient.

inotify replaced an earlier facility, dnotify, which had similar goals. Inotify was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 2.6.13, released on August 29, 2005; later kernel versions included further improvements. The required library interfaces were added into the GNU C Library (glibc) in its version 2.4, released in March 2006, while the support for inotify was completed in glibc version 2.5, released in September 2006.

Limitations
Limitations imposed by inotify include the following:

 * Inotify does not support recursively watching directories, meaning that a separate inotify watch must be created for every subdirectory. In contrast, the command inotifywait does provide recursive watching of directories.
 * Inotify does report some but not all events in sysfs and procfs.
 * Notification via inotify requires the kernel to be aware of all relevant filesystem events, which is not always possible for networked filesystems such as NFS where changes made by one client are not immediately broadcast to other clients.
 * Rename events are not handled directly; i.e., inotify issues two separate events that must be examined and matched in a context of potential race conditions.

History

 * July 2004: the first release announcement
 * August 29, 2005: Linux kernel version 2.6.13 released, containing merged inotify code
 * March 2006: GNU C Library (glibc) version 2.4 released, bringing initial inotify support
 * September 2006: Glibc version 2.5 released, bringing complete inotify support

Advantages over dnotify
There are a number of advantages when using inotify when compared to the older dnotify API that it replaced. With dnotify, a program had to use one file descriptor for each directory that it was monitoring. This can become a bottleneck since the limit of file descriptors per process could be reached. Later, fanotify was created to overcome this issue. The use of file descriptors along with dnotify also proved to be a problem when using removable media. Devices could not be unmounted since file descriptors kept the resource busy.

Another drawback of dnotify is the level of granularity, since programmers can only monitor changes at the directory level. To access detailed information about the environmental changes that occur when a notification message is sent, a stat structure must be used; this is considered a necessary evil in that a cache of stat structures has to be maintained, for every new stat structure generated a comparison is run against the cached one.

The inotify API uses fewer file descriptors, allowing programmers to use the established select and poll interface, rather than the signal notification system used by dnotify. This also makes integration with existing select- or poll-based libraries (like GLib) easier.

title: Inotify


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Talk:Vernacular

The article is too biased towards (Western) European languages
There needs to be a better representation of languages from across the globe, not just the tiny, distorted, sliver that is presently depicted. I am not a linguist, so I would appreciate people who are experts in the field to add their bits to make this article more relevant to the global audience of Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.94.8.248 (talk) 04:06, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

Merger possibility
Are there any reasons to merge this page and Non-standard dialect; their scopes have much overlap. Or are there any reasons to definitely keep them distinct? Wolfdog (talk) 14:00, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vernacular


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User talk:VivleQc

Welcome!

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title: User talk:VivleQc


text:
User:Awould

This is an article about Awould. That's all there is to say about Awould.

title: User:Awould


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Ken Kirzinger

Kenneth Kirzinger (born November 4, 1959) is a Canadian actor and stuntman best known for his portrayals of Jason Voorhees in Freddy vs. Jason (2003), Pa in Wrong Turn 2: Dead End (2007), and Rusty Nail in Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014).

Career
Kirzinger started his career as a stunt performer in the early 1980s, appearing in Superman III. He also worked as an actor in TV movies like Brotherly Love and Gunsmoke: Return to Dodge. Although he continued acting, Kirzinger became a prolific stunt performer and coordinator through the 80s and 90s working on films like Shoot to Kill, Look Who's Talking, Bird on a Wire, and It, as well as TV shows like 21 Jump Street and The Commish.

In 1989, Kirzinger had a small role as a New York cook on Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan who gets in Jason's way while pursuing Rennie Wickham (Jensen Daggett) and Sean Robertson (Scott Reeves). Jason, played by Kane Hodder, threw Kirzinger over the counter. In addition to his role as the cook, Kirzinger served as a stunt coordinator for the film and also doubled for Jason during a few short scenes. This would make him only the second person besides Hodder to play Jason more than once during the course of the franchise.

Role as Jason Voorhees
In 2003, Kirzinger was chosen over Kane Hodder to play Jason Voorhees in the film Freddy vs. Jason. The decision was mostly based on him being slightly taller than Hodder. Although he was disappointed, Hodder and Kirzinger still remain friends. During filming of Freddy vs. Jason, director Ronny Yu tried to limit Kirzinger's stunts on the film as much as possible. Because of this stuntman Glenn Ennis was called in to perform a series of stunts, including a stunt showing Jason walking through a field killing teenagers while on fire.

Appearances
Kirzinger has performed stunts, or worked on the following:

TV shows

 * Till Dad Do Us Part
 * Boy Meets Girl
 * Room Mates
 * Sirens
 * Sea Hunt
 * MacGyver
 * Bordertown (co-coordinator)
 * Danger Bay (co-coordinator)
 * Cadillac
 * Neon Rider (co-coordinator)
 * Memories of Murder
 * Fly by Night (co-coordinator)
 * Day Glow Warrior
 * Rescue 911
 * Max Glick
 * Shame
 * The X-Files
 * Supernatural
 * Psych (2 acting roles)

Movies

 * Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989)
 * Stay Tuned (re-shoots) (1992)
 * White Fang 2: Myth of the White Wolf (co-coordinator) (1994)
 * Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995)
 * Bad Moon (1996)
 * Futuresport (1998)
 * Firestorm (1998)
 * The 13th Warrior (1999)
 * Cats & Dogs (2001)
 * Thirteen Ghosts (2001)
 * Camouflage (2001)
 * The Santa Clause 2 (2002)
 * Insomnia (2002)
 * Freddy vs. Jason (2003)
 * Hot Rod (2007)
 * Wrong Turn 2: Dead End (2007)
 * Stan Helsing (2009)
 * Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014)
 * The Assignment (2016)

Movies for television with stunt performance credits

 * Still Not Quite Human
 * Omen IV: The Awakening
 * My Son Johnny
 * Blind Man's Bluff
 * Brotherly Love
 * Going for the Gold
 * Betrayal of Trust
 * General Alarm
 * Sirens
 * The Indestructible Man
 * Perry Mason
 * Force III
 * It
 * Deadly Intentions... Again?
 * Barrington
 * Christmas Comes to Willow Creek
 * Gunsmoke: Return to Dodge
 * Return of the Shaggy Dog
 * Davy Crockett TV pilot
 * Wiseguy TV pilot
 * Stranger in My Bed
 * Glory Days TV pilot
 * Deadly Intentions
 * Season of Fear
 * A Mother's Justice
 * Jumpin' Joe
 * I Still Dream of Jeannie
 * Diagnosis of Murder
 * Love Binds

Documentary

 * His Name Was Jason: 30 Years of Friday the 13th (2009)

title: Ken Kirzinger


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Talk:JScript .NET/to do

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Differences with Visual Basic .NET
To do: finish this section

Differences with PHP
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Differences with Perl
to finish

Differences with J#
to add

Add more languages
to be finished

title: Talk:JScript .NET/to do


text: Template:User mac

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Rum Punch

Rum Punch is a 1992 novel written by Elmore Leonard. The novel was adapted into the film Jackie Brown (1997) by director Quentin Tarantino.

The characters Ordell Robbie, Louis Gara and Melanie Ralston first appeared in Leonard's novel The Switch, which itself has also been adapted as a film, Life of Crime, first shown at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, with Robbie played by Mos Def and Gara portrayed by John Hawkes.

Plot
Set in the South Florida cities of West Palm Beach and Miami, Rum Punch follows Jackie Burke, a 44-year-old stewardess for a bottom-rung airline, who has been smuggling illegal cash into the U.S. from Jamaica for small-time gunrunner and aspiring crime boss Ordell Robbie. When U.S. agents arrest Jackie after catching her smuggling this "dirty money", they use the threat of prison and job loss to pressure her into acting as bait in their plan to catch Ordell. Upon learning of this, Ordell pressures Jackie into intentionally misleading and stalling the police long enough for her to smuggle the remainder of his "retirement score" money into the U.S. Hopelessly caught between two no-win scenarios, both dooming her to lifelong poverty (since she's too old to start over again), a desperate Jackie devises a secret, risky plan of her own to double-cross Ordell and the police, save herself, and secure her future. To execute this plan, Jackie must enlist the help of Max Cherry—the same bail bondsman Ordell hired to get Jackie out of jail. Louis Gara, Ordell's longtime criminal associate works for Cherry and becomes involved in the gun running.

title: Rum Punch


text:
Georg Keppler

Georg Keppler (7 May 1894 – 16 June 1966) was a high-ranking Waffen-SS commander during World War II. He commanded the SS Division Das Reich, SS Division Totenkopf, I SS Panzer Corps, III SS Panzer Corps and the XVIII SS Army Corps.

Career
Georg Keppler joined the army in 1913 and took part in World War I. Between 1920 and 1934, Keppler was a police officer commanding city and state police units. In 1935, he joined the paramilitary force of the Nazi Party, SS-Verfügungstruppe, eventually leading a battalion in the ”Deutschland” regiment. In September 1938, after the Anschluss, Keppler was promoted to command the newly raised “Der Führer” regiment, becoming a component of the SS-Verfügungs Division. Keppler served as Der Führer‘s regimental commander throughout the invasion of France, Balkans Campaign and in Operation Barbarossa. In August 1940, Keppler was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. On 15 July 1941, he took over for injured Theodor Eicke as a commander of the SS Division Totenkopf. He went on to command the SS Division Nord and the SS Division Das Reich.

From February 1943, Keppler held a number of administrative positions within the Waffen-SS. In August 1944, he was given a field assignment as commander of the I SS Panzer Corps, which he led until October 1944, during the later stages of the Battle of Normandy. He then returned to the Eastern Front, where he took over the III Panzer Corps. He remained with this unit until 2 April 1945 when he became the last commander of the XVIII SS Army Corps, surrendering the unit to the U.S. Army on 2 May 1945. After the war Keppler was interned; he was released in 1948. Keppler died in 1966.

Decorations

 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 15 August 1940 as SS-Oberführer and commander of SS-Standarte "Der Führer".

title: Georg Keppler


text: User:TurningHeads

title: User:TurningHeads


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Charles Rowan

Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Rowan (circa 1782 – 8 May 1852) was an officer in the British Army, serving in the Peninsular War and Waterloo and the joint first Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, head of the London Metropolitan Police.

Family
Rowan was the fifth of the ten sons of Robert Rowan, an impoverished landowner of Scottish descent. His eldest brother was Lieutenant-Colonel John Rowan, whilst other brothers were Field Marshal Sir William Rowan (1789–1879), Britain's Commander-in-Chief, North America (1849), and Major James Rowan (born 1781), who was appointed Chief Police Magistrate for the Town and Territory of Gibraltar in 1830.

Early life
Born in County Antrim, Charles went to school in Carrickfergus. In 1797, he was commissioned an ensign in the 52nd Regiment of Foot, in which his elder brother Robert (1780–1863) was also a captain, as recorded on the latter's tomb monument at St Nicholas Church in Carrickfergus. He was promoted Paymaster in 1798, lieutenant in 1799, captain in 1803, brevet major in 1809, major in 1811, Brevet lieutenant-colonel in 1812, and finally lieutenant-colonel – all his promotions above captain were field promotions, not purchases.

Rowan saw active service during the Napoleonic Wars, in Sicily in 1806–1808, Sweden in 1808, and then in the Peninsular War, fighting at the Battles of Corunna, Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, Buçaco, Fuentes d'Oñoro, the Côa and Salamanca, and serving as brigade major of the Light Brigade from 1809 and as assistant adjutant-general of the Light Division from 1811. As regimental second-in-command, he commanded a wing of the 52nd Foot at the Battle of Waterloo, where he was wounded, and was made a Companion of the Bath (CB) for his services. He returned to England with his regiment in 1818, and was stationed in the Midlands until 1821, when he took it to Dublin as commanding officer. He retired from the army by sale of his commission on 26 April 1822 and may then have served as a magistrate in his native Ireland.

1829
In June 1829, Rowan was selected by Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel as founding senior Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police after the first man offered the post, Lieutenant-Colonel James Shaw, had turned it down. Peel was probably acting on advice from the Duke of Wellington and Sir George Murray, Wellington's Quartermaster-General in the Peninsula and now Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in his government, who had been impressed by Rowan's conduct at Waterloo. Rowan was to provide the military discipline and organisation that it was felt the new police force needed and the junior Commissioner, barrister Richard Mayne, was to provide the legal expertise. Over the next twenty years, the two men were to become firm friends, and their close co-operation was to provide a solid foundation for the new police force.

Rowan and Mayne took up their new posts on 7 July 1829. Later that month, they moved their offices into 4 Whitehall Place, and Rowan also took up residence in an apartment at the top of the building. On 29 August, they were sworn in as justices of the peace by Lord Chief Baron Sir William Alexander.

The two Commissioners were almost entirely responsible for the organisation of the new force. In twelve weeks, they managed to recruit, train, organise, equip and deploy a force of nearly one thousand men. They drew up regulations and pay scales, designed and ordered uniforms and equipment, and found, purchased and furnished station houses. Rowan's military experience led to the division of London into six divisions, each divided into eight sections, each of which was divided into eight beats. The beat system, with each constable almost overlapping the next, was based on the Shorncliffe System for light infantry, devised by Sir John Moore, Rowan's commander in the Peninsula (and who had paid for his captaincy in 1803). It is possible that it was Rowan's idea to outfit the police in more civilian-styled blue uniforms rather than the scarlet and gold that Peel had originally envisaged. Since there was heated debate over whether the police should even be uniformed at all (due to fears of a European-style gendarmerie), this was undoubtedly a wise move. Rowan did, however, insist that his men were drilled and laid down the highest standards of conduct, dismissing men for the slightest infringement even before the police had begun patrolling the streets of London. During the first two years of the force's existence, half of its original constables were dismissed, mainly for drunkenness, absenteeism, and frequenting pubs and fraternising with prostitutes while on duty. Officers were to ensure that they treated members of the public with respect and courtesy at all times. On the other hand, Rowan insisted that his senior officers treat their men with kindness and fairness and without undue harshness or authoritarianism. On 16 September 1829, the two Commissioners personally swore in their new constables at the Foundling Hospital. The new force first took to the streets at 6:00 p.m. on 29 September.

As Commissioner
For 21 years, Rowan served as Commissioner. The early years were difficult, as the new force faced opposition from the Whigs, who had opposed its formation and formed a new government four years afterwards, and the London magistrates and parish vestries, many of whom were none too keen on losing their own parish constables and in some cases continued to employ the services of the Bow Street Runners.

The trouble with the Whigs came to a head in 1834, when the government demanded that Rowan and Mayne dismiss Inspector Squire Wovenden and his divisional commander, Superintendent Lazenby, after a prostitute falsely accused Wovenden of raping her in a cell and Lazenby refused to discipline him. The Commissioners felt obliged to dismiss the two officers for the good of the force, but refused to accept their guilt and wrote to the government in protest. This paid off when the consequent Parliamentary Select Committee on the Police reported on 13 August, backing the Metropolitan Police (although Wovenden and Lazenby were never reinstated), removing the power of the magistrates over them, and abolishing most of the other constables in London (including the Bow Street Runners, many of whom transferred to the police). In 1835, Lord John Russell, the Home Secretary, even agreed to pay compensation to officers injured on duty.

On 6 March 1848, Rowan's achievements and those of his force were acknowledged when he was made a Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB). In 1850, aged nearly 68 and having been diagnosed with colon cancer, he retired. He died at his residence in Norfolk Street (now known as Dunraven Street), Park Lane, London on 8 May 1852, and his remains were deposited in Catacomb B beneath the Anglican Chapel of Kensal Green Cemetery six days later.

Rowan was a bachelor and an evangelical Anglican. His principal hobbies were salmon fishing and shooting, often using as a base Floors Castle in Scotland, seat of his friend, James Innes-Ker, 6th Duke of Roxburghe.

title: Charles Rowan


text: User talk:69.159.9.117

title: User talk:69.159.9.117


text: Template:User bsd

title: Template:User bsd


text: Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. managers

title: Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. managers


text:
Patrick O'Boyle (cardinal)

Patrick Aloysius O'Boyle (July 18, 1896 – August 10, 1987) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the first resident Archbishop of Washington from 1948 to 1973, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967.

Early life and education
Patrick O'Boyle was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Michael and Mary (née Muldoon) O'Boyle, who were Irish immigrants. His father was originally from Glenties, County Donegal, and in 1889 came to the United States, where he settled at Bedford, New York. His mother moved to New York City from County Mayo in 1879, and later married O'Boyle in December 1893. Shortly afterwards they moved to Scranton, where Michael became a steelworker; they had a daughter who died during infancy in 1895.

Patrick was baptized two days after his birth at St. Paul's Church in Scranton. Following his father's death in January 1907, he helped support his mother by becoming a paperboy. He dropped out of school in 1910 to pursue a full-time career with the Bradstreet Company, but entered St. Thomas College in 1911 upon the orders of a local priest. In addition to his studies, he there served as class librarian and editor of the monthly magazine The Aquinas.

Priesthood
O'Boyle graduated from St. Thomas' as valedictorian in 1916, and then began his studies for the priesthood at St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers, New York. During his time at St. Joseph's, he developed a close friendship with James Francis McIntyre, later Archbishop of Los Angeles and a cardinal as well, who tutored him in Latin and invited him to spend holidays with his family. One of his professors was Rev. Francis P. Duffy, a famed chaplain of World War I.

O'Boyle was ordained a priest by Archbishop Patrick Joseph Hayes on May 21, 1921. The next day he celebrated his first Mass at St. Paul's Church in his native Scranton. He returned to New York the following June, when he became a curate at St. Columba's Church in the Chelsea section of Manhattan. He there organized St. Joseph's Society for teenaged boys, beginning with about 300 members, and instituted parish dances. From 1926 to 1933, O'Boyle was director of the Catholic Guardian Society, a division of Catholic Charities dedicated to orphans and foster children; during this time, he also resided and did pastoral work at Holy Innocents Church. Sheila Wickouski identifies social concerns, labor rights, and racial equality as O'Boyle's key issues.

He furthered his studies at the New York School of Social Work from 1927 to 1932. He also taught child welfare at Fordham Graduate School of Social Service from 1930 to 1934. In 1933 he organized the National Conference of Catholic Charities. O'Boyle worked closely with the New Deal agency Works Progress Administration to find employment for young people as well. He then served as director of the Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, also known as Mount Loretto, on Staten Island from 1936 to 1943.

He was raised to the rank of a Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness in 1941 and a Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 1944. He was director of the War Relief Services of the National Catholic Welfare Conference (1943–1947), before being named director of the Catholic Charities in New York on August 1, 1947.

Bishop
According to Raymond Kupke, O'Boyle's work at War Relief Services and his ability in dealing with governmental and non-governmental agencies during the war and postwar periods caught the attention of the Apostolic Delegate, Archbishop Amleto Giovanni Cicognani. On November 27, 1947, he was appointed Archbishop of Washington by Pope Pius XII. O'Boyle received his episcopal consecration on January 14, 1948, from Cardinal Francis Spellman, with Bishops John McNamara and Henry Klonowski serving as co-consecrators, in St. Patrick's Cathedral. According to Wickouski, O'Boyle's view of his role was shaped by his experience as an administrator under Spellman.

Known for his opposition to racism, in 1948 he racially integrated the Catholic schools of Washington six years before the U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregation unconstitutional. He started with the city of Washington first and then expanded to the southern counties of Maryland that were part of the archdiocese, first with the colleges and universities, then the high schools, and finally the parochial elementary schools.

In 1949, O'Boyle delivered the benediction at the inauguration of President Harry S. Truman. In 1959, Bishop O’Boyle consecrated the United States to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

In April 1964, in the midst of Congressional debate on the Civil Rights Bill, O'Boyle chaired the Inter-religious Convocation on Civil Rights at Georgetown University. In giving the invocation, O'Boyle said that "There is in every man a priceless dignity which is your heritage. From this dignity flow the rights of man, and the duty in justice that all must respect and honor these rights..." In his remarks, he urged Congress to pass the bill and those present to "tell our Representatives our conviction that such a law is a moral obligation."

From 1962 to 1965, he attended the Second Vatican Council. He was made Metropolitan Archbishop on October 12, 1965, upon Washington's promotion to that ecclesiastical status. On August 28, 1963, he delivered the invocation which began the March on Washington.

Cardinal
He was created Cardinal Priest of San Nicola in Carcere by Pope Paul VI in the consistory of June 26, 1967. At the same ceremony, Archbishop Karol Wojtyła of Kraków (the future Pope John Paul II) was also elevated to the College of Cardinals. O'Boyle resigned as Washington's archbishop on March 3, 1973, after twenty-five years of service.

Views
O'Boyle was socially progressive but theologically conservative. He was an ardent supporter of Paul VI's encyclical Humanae Vitae, and placed ecclesiastical censures on priests who dissented from its teachings. During his younger days, he supported Robert M. La Follette, Sr. and Al Smith.

A staunch opponent of racism, O'Boyle wrote:

"Those who deny a neighbor, solely on the basis of race, the opportunity to buy a house, or to enjoy equal educational and job opportunities, are in effect denying those rights to Christ Himself."

Death
Cardinal O'Boyle died in Washington, D.C., in 1987 at age 91. He was the first person to be interred in a burial chamber constructed inside the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle for the Archbishops of Washington. It is also the final resting place of Cardinal James Aloysius Hickey and Cardinal William Wakefield Baum.

title: Patrick O'Boyle (cardinal)


text: User talk:82.13.22.89

title: User talk:82.13.22.89


text:
User talk:WJRod2003

An invitation to join WikiProject Ohio
 Hi, you are listed under Category:Wikipedians in Ohio or one of its subcategories. WikiProject Ohio has been slowing down and we're looking for active Ohioans to turn that around! But first, let us introduce ourselves; we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to Ohio and we're sure there's somewhere you'll fit in just fine. The project's departments include article quality assessment: We have over 5,000 articles to assess for class alone, newsletter writing: This has been delayed by a few months, and new page patrolling: Which has also been slowing down. We also have a newly formed taskforce on our over 1,000 townships at WP:OHTWP.

We have 132 members, many of which are not active within the project. If you are listed there and still received this message please accept the auotmated porcess's apologies. If you are interested in joining us please list you name here. If you're not interested please note this is a one time invite and you will never hear from us again.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to leave a message at our talkpage or with any member of the project, we'll be happy to answer any of your questions. We look forward to seeing you around!

Delivered by: §hepBot  ( Disable )  04:21, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

The first Wikipedian meetup in Ohio
Thanks! --Rkitko (talk) 23:21, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

WikiProject Apple Inc.
Hello ,

You've been identified either as a previous member of the project, an active editor on Apple related pages, a bearer of Apple related userboxes, or just a hoopy frood.

WikiProject Apple Inc. has unexpectedly quit, because an error type "unknown" occured. Editors must restart it! If you are interested, read the project page and sign up as a member. There's something for everyone to do, such as welcoming, sourcing, writing, copy editing, gnoming, proofreading, or feedback — but no pressure. Do what you do, but let's coordinate and stay in touch.

See the full welcome message on the talk page, or join the new IRC channel on irc.freenode.net named. Please join, speak, and idle, and someone will read and reply.

Please spread the word, and join or unsubscribe at the subscription page.
 * RhinosF1(chat) (status)(contribs) and Smuckola on behalf of WikiProject Apple Inc. - Delivered 15:00, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:WJRod2003


text:
Dnotify

dnotify is a file system event monitor for the Linux kernel, one of the subfeatures of the fcntl call. It was introduced in the 2.4 kernel series. It has been obsoleted by inotify, but will be retained for compatibility reasons.

Its function is essentially an extension to filesystems to notice changes to the filesystem, and report those changes to applications. Instead of application checking for changes to filesystem, application can register to be notified by kernel when changes to filesystem occur. Application can select directories to monitor and types of changes to be notified for.

One major use is in desktop search utilities like Beagle, where its functionality permits reindexing of changed files without scanning the filesystem for changes every few minutes, which would be very inefficient. By being told that a file has changed directly by the kernel, rather than actively looking, Beagle and such utilities can achieve change-to-reindexing times of only about a second, with very small performance hits (dnotify therefore enables the use of such programs in a sensible manner; daemons are generally not accepted by distributors if they drain system performance noticeably to provide userland functionality).

Limitations

 * dnotify can only watch directories.
 * dnotify requires maintaining an open file descriptor to the directory that the user wants to watch. First, the directory is open, hence disallowing the device on which it resides from being unmounted. Second, watchlist is limited by open file limit of the process.

title: Dnotify


title: User:WJRod2003


text:
User talk:RustedB

I am new to the wild world of Wiki, so this is a start.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 23:38, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:RustedB


text:
User talk:Jdufresne

Hey
Hello dufus.

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Friday (talk) 23:38, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

RE: VHEMT
Are you a part of the movement? I will state flatly that I do not believe in the premises of a "negative birth rate" movement and I have made that evident in my edits of the article. However, I would like to talk further with you and learn exactly why you would make the life choices you do to live as a childfree individual. And why would anarchy be positive for such a movement? Wouldn't anarchy promote a dangerous and shorter lifespan? Why would you want to live in an anarchy and be a vegan if you are at a higher rate of death in the anarchy? I mean, what gives?-- S c r e w b a ll 2 3 talk 00:27, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello Screwball2. Sorry about taking so long to reply, I have been on a long trip and this is my first time at my computer in a month.

 * I believe in the movement. Although from what I understand there isn't a way to sign up or anything like that, to be a part you just choose for yourself not to reproduce. My partner and I have both agreed we do not want to reproduce and will make this decision permanent through surgery at some point in the future. Although I had no influence in the VHEMT writing, my childfree views more or less line up with the FAQ at their website. If you have a question on a specific issue feel free to ask.

 * Anarchy strives to create social equality of all people be eliminating the inequality innate in a government. I don't see how this views conflict. I don't know why you say anarchy gives a high rate of death. I suggest you read the anarchist faq to get a better idea of what anarchy is.

 * I would like to give you more information but your question of "what gives" isn't very specific. If you have more questions feel free to ask and I will give you the best answer I can. Jdufresne 03:26, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

The Lady & Sons
I have added a "" template to the article The Lady & Sons, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at its talk page. Removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, but the article may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. 172.165.137.31 00:31, 11 January 2007 (UTC)   The owners might be notable but you didn't add anything to the restaurant's article to show why IT is notable! If you add to it and show why the restaurant is notable, then it is fine with me if it stays.

Possibly unfree File:Judith Thomson.gif
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Judith Thomson.gif, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. --TheGrappler (talk) 20:58, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Voluntary Human Extinction Movement. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:08, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Pioneer Valley Educational Press for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Pioneer Valley Educational Press is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Pioneer Valley Educational Press until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Rhododendrites (talk) 21:52, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jdufresne


text:
Bertha of Holland

Bertha of Holland (c. 1055 – 15 October 1094), also known as Berthe or Bertha of Frisia and erroneously as Berta or Bertrada, was Queen of France from 1072 until 1092, as the first wife of King Philip I of France. Bertha's marriage to the king in 1072 was a result of peace negotiations between him and her stepfather, Count Robert I of Flanders. After nine years of childlessness, the royal couple had three children, including Philip's successor, Louis VI. Philip, however, grew tired of his wife by 1090, and repudiated her in 1092 in order to marry the already married Bertrade of Montfort. That marriage was a scandal since both Philip and Bertrade were already married to other people, at least until Queen Bertha died the next year.

Early life

Bertha was the daughter of Count Floris I of Holland and Gertrude of Saxony. Bertha had six siblings and both of her parents came from large families. Her father ruled a territory vaguely described as "Friesland west of the Vlie", which is where Bertha spent her childhood. Count Floris I was assassinated in 1061, and two years later her mother remarried to Robert of Flanders. Robert, now known as Robert the Frisian, became guardian of Bertha and her six siblings. In 1070, Robert the Frisian became involved in a war with King Philip I of France over succession to the County of Flanders. Within two years, Robert and Philip concluded a peace treaty which was to be sealed by a marriage; Robert's own daughters were too young, but their half-sister Bertha was just the right age. Robert thus agreed to the marriage of his stepdaughter to King Philip. Bertha married Philip, thus becoming queen of the Franks, probably in 1072.

Queenship

Bertha was, at the time, the lowest-ranking woman to marry a French king; no suitable princess could be found, since they were all too closely related to Philip for the marriage to any of them to be seen as perfectly valid by the Church. Bertha had no kings among her traceable ancestors and lacked even tenuous links with the Carolingian that her predecessors could claim. Consequently, contemporary chroniclers did not even try to present her lineage as more exalted than that of a count's daughter. Nevertheless, the shortage of royal candidates made Bertha a suitable choice. The regal title she gained by this marriage was prestigious, but had little meaning, as she was confined to her husband's small royal domain that covered little more than areas around Paris and Orléans.

Little is known about Bertha's queenship. She co-signed only three donation charters. However, she plays a prominent role in the hagiography titled Vita Arnulfi. The hagiography describes how she used her regal power (vi regia) to expel Abbot Gerard of Saint-Médard and reinstate the former abbot, Pontius, who had been removed due to his mismanagement of the abbey. Saint Arnulf of Soissons warned her that doing so would incur the wrath of God and lead to her being driven out of the kingdom into exile, where she would die despised and miserable. The queen furiously refused to listen to him. Although all the extant versions of Vita Arnulfi refer to the queen as Bertrada, it is clear that the queen mentioned in the hagiography is Bertha of Holland, given that the events mentioned in it took place while Bertha was queen and more than a decade before she was replaced as such by Bertrade (or Bertrada) of Montfort. The hagiography, however, was written after Bertha died and during Bertrade's queenship, which might explain the name confusion.

Childlessness
For six years, King Philip and Queen Bertha were troubled by their childlessness and especially by the lack of male children, which was not unusual among the early male members of the House of Capet. Things suddenly took a different course, however, when the Queen had three children in quick succession: a daughter named Constance in 1078 and two sons, the long-hoped heir named Louis in 1081 and Henry, born in 1083 and who died in infancy. The birth of the long-awaited heir apparent had such a great impact that a story of a miracle developed around it. Reportedly, the couple's fertility was only restored thanks to the prayers of a hermit, Saint Arnulf of Soissons. Arnulf informed Queen Bertha that she was expecting a son and that it would be appropriate to give him the Carolingian name of Louis. A daughter, Constance, soon followed. Bertha gave birth to one more son, named Henry, but he appears to have died in infancy or childhood.

Repudiation

After the birth of three children, the marriage began breaking apart. The King became tired of his wife but the reasons are unclear. Contemporary chroniclers give different explanations. According to the English historian William of Malmesbury, Philip complained that Bertha was "too fat", though he was himself becoming too obese to ride a horse. In 1092, Philip announced his decision to divorce "the noble and virtuous daughter of Florent count of Holland and stepdaughter of Robert the Frisian" and marry the already married Bertrade of Montfort, the wife of Count Fulk IV of Anjou. The repudiated queen withdrew to the fortress of Montreuil-sur-Mer, which was part of her dower land. By doing so, Philip infuriated his stepfather-in-law. Bertha died soon thereafter, on 15 October 1094. This simplified matters for Philip who was now free to remarry—though not the Countess of Anjou, whose husband Fulk was still living.

In 1108, Philip died. The son of the queen who had been repudiated ostensibly for her obesity ascended the French throne as Louis VI. Both he and her fraternal nephew, Count Floris II of Holland, were nicknamed "the Fat".

Issue
Together, Philip and Bertha had three children:
 * 1) Constance (1078 – 14 September 1126), married Hugh I of Champagne before 1097 and then, after her divorce, to Bohemund I of Antioch in 1106.
 * 2) Louis VI of France (1 December 1081 – 1 August 1137).
 * 3) Henry (b. 1083), died young.

title: Bertha of Holland


text:
List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks

Some large blocks of IPv4 addresses, the former Class A network blocks, are assigned in whole to single organizations or related groups of organizations, either by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), through the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), or a regional Internet registry.

Each block contains 256$3$ = 2$24$ = 16,777,216 addresses, which covers the whole range of the last three delimited segments of an IP address. This means that 256 /8 address blocks fit into the entire IPv4 space.

As IPv4 address exhaustion has advanced to its final stages, some organizations, such as Stanford University, formerly using, have returned their allocated blocks (in this case to APNIC) to assist in the delay of the exhaustion date.

List of assigned /8 blocks to the regional Internet registries
The regional Internet registries (RIRs) allocate IPs within a particular region of the world.

Note that this list may not include current assignments of /8 blocks to all regional or national Internet registries.

Original list of IPv4 assigned address blocks
The original list of IPv4 address blocks was published in September 1981. In previous versions of the document, network numbers were 8-bit numbers rather than the 32-bit numbers used in IPv4. At that time, three networks were added that were not listed earlier: 42.rrr.rrr.rrr, 43.rrr.rrr.rrr, and 44.rrr.rrr.rrr.

The relevant portion of RFC 790 is reproduced here with minor changes:

 * 000.rrr.rrr.rrr Reserved [JBP]
 * 001.rrr.rrr.rrr BBN-PR BBN Packet Radio Network [DCA2]
 * 002.rrr.rrr.rrr SF-PR-1 SF Packet Radio Network [JEM]
 * 003.rrr.rrr.rrr BBN-RCC BBN RCC Network [SGC]
 * 004.rrr.rrr.rrr SATNET Atlantic Satellite Network [DM11]
 * 005.rrr.rrr.rrr SILL-PR Ft. Sill Packet Radio Network[JEM]
 * 006.rrr.rrr.rrr SF-PR-2 SF Packet Radio Network [JEM]
 * 007.rrr.rrr.rrr CHAOS MIT CHAOS Network [MOON]
 * 008.rrr.rrr.rrr CLARKNET SATNET subnet for Clarksburg [DM11]
 * 009.rrr.rrr.rrr BRAGG-PR Ft. Bragg Packet Radio Net [JEM]
 * 010.rrr.rrr.rrr ARPANET ARPANET [ VGC ]
 * 011.rrr.rrr.rrr UCLNET University College London [PK]
 * 012.rrr.rrr.rrr CYCLADES CYCLADES [ VGC ]
 * 013.rrr.rrr.rrr Unassigned [JBP]
 * 014.rrr.rrr.rrr TELENET TELENET [ VGC ]
 * 015.rrr.rrr.rrr EPSS British Post Office EPSS [PK]
 * 016.rrr.rrr.rrr DATAPAC DATAPAC [ VGC ]
 * 017.rrr.rrr.rrr TRANSPAC TRANSPAC [ VGC ]
 * 018.rrr.rrr.rrr LCSNET MIT LCS Network [DDC2]
 * 019.rrr.rrr.rrr TYMNET TYMNET [ VGC ]
 * 020.rrr.rrr.rrr DC-PR D.C. Packet Radio Network [ VGC ]
 * 021.rrr.rrr.rrr EDN DCEC EDN [EC5]
 * 022.rrr.rrr.rrr DIALNET DIALNET [MRC]
 * 023.rrr.rrr.rrr MITRE MITRE Cablenet [APS]
 * 024.rrr.rrr.rrr BBN-LOCAL BBN Local Network [SGC]
 * 025.rrr.rrr.rrr RSRE-PPSN RSRE / PPSN [BD2]
 * 026.rrr.rrr.rrr AUTODIN-II AUTODIN II [EC5]
 * 027.rrr.rrr.rrr NOSC-LCCN NOSC / LCCN [KTP]
 * 028.rrr.rrr.rrr WIDEBAND Wide Band Satellite Network [CJW2]
 * 029.rrr.rrr.rrr DCN-COMSAT COMSAT Dist. Comp. Network [DLM1]
 * 030.rrr.rrr.rrr DCN-UCL UCL Dist. Comp. Network [PK]
 * 031.rrr.rrr.rrr BBN-SAT-TEST BBN SATNET Test Network [DM11]
 * 032.rrr.rrr.rrr UCL-CR1 UCL Cambridge Ring 1 [PK]
 * 033.rrr.rrr.rrr UCL-CR2 UCL Cambridge Ring 2 [PK]
 * 034.rrr.rrr.rrr MATNET Mobile Access Terminal Net [DM11]
 * 035.rrr.rrr.rrr NULL UCL/RSRE Null Network [BD2]
 * 036.rrr.rrr.rrr SU-NET Stanford University Ethernet [MRC]
 * 037.rrr.rrr.rrr DECNET Digital Equipment Network [DRL]
 * 038.rrr.rrr.rrr DECNET-TEST Test Digital Equipment Net [DRL]
 * 039.rrr.rrr.rrr SRINET SRI Local Network [GEOF]
 * 040.rrr.rrr.rrr CISLNET CISL Multics Network [CH2]
 * 041.rrr.rrr.rrr BBN-LN-TEST BBN Local Network Testbed [KTP]
 * 042.rrr.rrr.rrr S1NET LLL-S1-NET [EAK]
 * 043.rrr.rrr.rrr INTELPOST COMSAT INTELPOST [DLM1]
 * 044.rrr.rrr.rrr AMPRNET Amateur Radio Experiment Net [ HM ]

title: List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks