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Cousin Island

Cousin Island is a small (29 ha) granitic island of the Seychelles, lying 2 km west of Praslin. It is a nature reserve protected under Seychelles law as a Special Reserve. It is managed by Nature Seychelles, a national nonprofit organization and Partner of BirdLife International, by which it has been identified as an Important Bird Area.

Description
A plateau covered with indigenous woodland extends over most of the island, which is almost encircled by a long sandy beach. The southern coast is rocky. A 69 m hill occupies the centre of the island's southern half. There is an area of mangroves and three small, freshwater swamps. A marine reserve, protecting coral reefs, extends 400 m into the sea from the shoreline.

History
The island was formerly a coconut plantation that had been stripped of much of its native vegetation. The endemic Seychelles warbler had become almost extinct, with a population of only 26 birds. In 1968 BirdLife International, at the time known as the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP), bought the island and removed young coconut trees, thus allowing the native vegetation to regenerate and native fauna to recover. It was declared a special reserve in 1975.

Flora and fauna
The island's woodland is dominated by Pisonia grandis, Morinda citrifolia and Ochrosia oppositifolia trees. Casuarina equisetifolia trees and Coconut palms fringe the coast. The rocky southern part of the island is characterised by Pandanus balfourii, Ficus reflexa, Ficus lutea and Euphorbia pyrifolia shrubs, with tall herbs and ferns.

There are several species of endemic Seychelles lizards on the island, the skinks Mabuya wrightii, M. seychellensis and Pamelascincus gardineri and the geckos Phelsuma astriata and Ailuronyx sechellensis, as well as a freshwater turtle Pelusios subniger and 12 Aldabra giant tortoises. It is an important nesting site for hawksbill turtles and, occasionally, green turtles. The island is free of rats. Indian hares have been introduced but are not considered harmful to the vegetation.

Birds
The island was the last refuge of the Seychelles warbler, with only 26–29 individual birds left in 1959. Following conservation efforts the population began to recover and birds were translocated to other islands. In 1999, the population on Cousin was 353 birds with 104 occupied territories. The total warbler population has since grown to some 3000 birds. The island is one of only four that host the Seychelles fody, with an estimated 800–1,200 birds in 1997. A small breeding population of Seychelles magpie-robin was established in 1995, with three pairs translocated from Frégate; in 1997, the population had increased to 25 birds in four occupied territories. Other landbirds present include the endemic Seychelles sunbird and Seychelles blue pigeon as well as the Malagasy turtle dove.

The island hosts over 300,000 nesting seabirds of seven species. A large colony, dominated by lesser noddies, but including about 1300 pairs of brown noddies, is present from May to September during the south-east monsoon. During the north-west monsoon, the hill supports a breeding colony of wedge-tailed shearwaters. Year-round breeders include white and bridled terns, white-tailed tropicbirds and some 1000–1,500 pairs of Audubon's shearwaters. Several hundred great and lesser frigatebirds use the island for roosting and can be seen soaring over it. Some waders are present throughout the year, the commonest being the ruddy turnstone. Common moorhens and striated herons also breed on the island.

Conservation
The island is known as a site for good practice in environmental management and has been the focus of many case studies. It is used by international research organisations and universities as a research base. It is a Demonstration Site for the International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN). Its ecotourism program has won several prizes including the Condé Nast ecotourism award and a Tourism for Tomorrow award. It is linked to other privately owned islands that contain endemic biodiversity through the Island Conservation Centre on Praslin island, funded by a World Bank/Global Environment Facility project. The Centre aims to increase awareness of conservation efforts on Cousin and elsewhere through displays, educational programs and work with grass roots groups.

Access
The island is accessible by sea from Praslin, or the neighbouring resort island of Cousine. It is open to visitors every morning, Monday to Friday, but is closed at weekends and on public holidays.

title: Cousin Island


text:
Westchase, Houston

Westchase is a business district and neighborhood in western Houston, Texas, bounded by Westheimer Road on the north, Gessner Road on the east, Houston Center Boulevard on the west, and Westpark Tollway on the south. The area is bisected by Beltway 8. Westchase is adjacent to Greater Sharpstown, the International District (which includes part of Chinatown), and the Royal Oaks Country Club subdivision. The area is immediately northeast of Alief.

A large portion of Westchase is covered by a special district, the Westchase Management District, which was created by the Texas Legislature in 1995. This entity, funded by a tax increment on businesses within its boundaries, provides branding, urban planning, and public safety functions for its constituents.

More than 1,500 businesses reside in Westchase; several are associated with the petroleum industry, for which Houston is considered a major capital. Major employers that have offices in Westchase include ABB Group, BMC Software, Chevron, Phillips 66, Dow Chemical, Petrochina, and Jacobs Engineering. The Westchase management district is approximately 4.32 mi2 in size, with 16.3 e6ft2 of office space contained in 118 buildings.

In 2006 Westchase was described by John Nova Lomax of the Houston Press as suburban in nature, with a high concentration of chain stores along its major arterial roads.

History
In the 1950s, large portions of Westchase were purchased by Robert E. Smith, a Houston oilman and philanthropist well known for creating the Houston Colt .45s baseball team. In 1969, Friendswood Development Company purchased a section of Smith's land to form what is now Woodlake, a residential subdivision at the intersection of Westheimer and Gessner. In 1973, Westchase Corporation, the predecessor to the modern management district, purchased 760 acre of Smith's land and began preparing land parcels for corporate development. Chevron and Western Geophysical were some of the first companies to establish operations in the district.

Construction on Beltway 8 (the Sam Houston Tollway) through the area began in 1985 and was completed in 1988. Financing for this section of the tollway was particularly challenging, as the Texas Department of Transportation's right-of-way acquisition program coincided with the rapid development of Westchase and Sharpstown, induced by the 1970s energy crisis. In order to ensure that the highway would be built, landowners and developers in Westchase and Sharpstown formed the Beltway 8 Group, which coordinated with TxDOT to lock in property values at rates the state could afford.

In the early 1990s, BMC Software relocated its headquarters from Sugar Land to a new 20-story tower in Westchase.

Legislation creating the Westchase District was passed by the 73rd Texas State Legislature and became law on August 28, 1995.

In 2012, after splitting from ConocoPhillips, Phillips 66 began construction on a 14 acre corporate headquarters in the district. The project was completed in 2016. That same year, due to the 2010s oil glut, Halliburton moved out of its 48 acre campus near Chinatown, and Maersk Oil ended operations in the area.

Economy
The following companies have regional or international headquarters in Westchase: Additionally, the following companies have operations in Westchase:
 * BMC Software
 * Phillips 66
 * Geokinetics
 * The Men's Wearhouse
 * Randall's Food Markets
 * Statoil
 * Jacobs Engineering Group
 * Chevron Corporation
 * PetroChina
 * WesternGeco
 * ABB Group
 * KRBE, a radio station
 * Compuware
 * Vroom, Inc.

Westchase is home to a growing number of hotels; between 2014 and 2016, the hotel market in the district grew by 9%. The two flagship full-service hotels in the district are the Marriott Westchase and the Houston Hilton Westchase.

Westchase is home to one of Houston's only Japanese markets, the Nippan Daido (大道日本食料品店 Daidō Nihon Shokuryōhinden).

In 2022 the Bechtel announced it would move its Houston area offices, currently in the Houston Galleria area, to Westchase effective late 2023.

In 2023 Mattress Firm announced it would move its headquarters to Westchase as the lease at its current headquarters ends.

Halliburton previously operated the Houston Office (a.k.a. Oak Park Campus) on 67 acre of land located in Chinatown and in the Westchase district. The complex included the Latin America division of Easywell, a division of Halliburton. The building first opened as a Brown and Root facility in 1979. In 2009 the Westchase campus had 1,700 employees; Halliburton plans to increase its workforce at Oak Park to 3,000 workers. At the Bellaire site Halliburton plans to build a 16-story tower, a two-story "life center," an additional parking garage, expanded child care facilities, auditoriums, and bridges to connect the many buildings. In 2009 Halliburton had about 1,000 employees worked in leased office space in Westchase. During that year Halliburton stated that it planned to vacate the leased space. The plans for the Oak Park office had been delayed by one year, and Halliburton expected completion in 2013. However Halliburton closed the facility in 2015, and in 2020 a planned demolition was revealed.

Diplomatic missions
The consulate generals of Costa Rica, Indonesia, and the Philippines reside in Westchase. The Indonesian consulate has been in Westchase since 1993. The Philippines consulate opened on September 24, 2018.

In 2015, Saudi Arabia submitted plans to construct a new 3 acre general consulate complex in Westchase.

In 2019 the Mexican government agreed to give the state government of Texas the land of the Consulate-General of Mexico, in Southeast Houston, in exchange for the state giving the Mexican government 3 acre of land in Westchase, that was previously state property. The move is rebuilding so the state government can reconstruct freeways in the Southeast Houston area. The current Mexican consulate opened in June 2021.

Demographics
In 2015 the Westchase Super Neighborhood, defined by the City of Houston and with boundaries different from that of the Westchase Management District, had 29,149 residents in 2015. 33% of them were non-Hispanic black, 26% were Hispanic, 25% were non-Hispanic white, 13% were non-Hispanic Asians, and 2% were non-Hispanic others. The super neighborhood had 21,017 residents in 2000. Of the residents, 40% were non-Hispanic white, 22% were Hispanics, 23% were non-Hispanic black, 13% were non-Hispanic Asians, and 2% were non-Hispanic others.

Municipal services
Westchase is located in Houston City Council district F.

Two Houston Fire Department stations, Station 69 Westchase and Station 83 Royal Oaks, serve Westchase. Both stations are a part of Fire District 83. Station 69, located on Beltway 8, opened in 1980, after rapid area development stressed existing emergency infrastructure. Station 83 opened in 2005.

The Houston Police Department's Westside and Uptown Divisions serve separate sections of the district.

County, state, and federal representation
Westchase is located in Harris County Precinct 3, which is headed by Commissioner Steve Radack.

The United States Postal Service operates the Westchase and Debora Sue Schatz post offices in the district.

Colleges and universities
Houston Community College Alief Campus, opened in 2007, is located along Westheimer in Westchase. In 2017, the West Houston Institute, a STEM-focused facility, opened adjacent to HCC Alief.

American InterContinental University, a for-profit institution, operates its Houston campus in the district. Remington College opened a campus in the district in 1997.

Primary and secondary education
Much of Westchase is zoned to Alief Independent School District.

Public schools
Most of Westchase, which is south of Westheimer Road (Farm to Market Road 1093) and west of Gessner Road, is zoned to schools in Alief Independent School District, while the parts north of Westheimer and parts east of Gessner Road are zoned to the Houston Independent School District.

Two AISD public schools are located within the boundaries of the district, Alief Early College High School and Sneed Elementary School.

The school zoning for the Alief ISD portion is as follows:
 * The portion inside Beltway 8 south of Westheimer and west of Gessner is zoned to Sneed Elementary School (Sneed Elementary is in Westchase District Section 5 ), Budewig Intermediate School, and  O'Donnell Middle School.
 * The portion outside Beltway 8 north of the Westpark Tollway and south of Westheimer is zoned to Outley Elementary School, Budewig Intermediate School, and O'Donnell Middle School.
 * The portion outside Beltway 8 south of the Westpark Tollway is zoned to Chancellor Elementary School (Bilingual students go to Youens Elementary School), Owens Intermediate School, and Alief Middle School.
 * Westchase students in Alief ISD may attend Elsik, Hastings, and Taylor high schools, as high school assignments in Alief ISD are determined by a lottery.

The school zoning for the Houston ISD portion is as follows:
 * Areas north of Westheimer and west of East Rivercrest are zoned to: Walnut Bend Elementary School, Paul Revere Middle School (Revere is located in Westchase) with West Briar Middle School as an option, and Westside High School.
 * Areas north of Westheimer, east of East Rivercrest, and west of Gessner are zoned to: Emerson Elementary School, Paul Revere Middle School (with West Briar Middle School as an option) and Westside High School.
 * Areas west of Gessner (whether north or south of Westheimer) are zoned to: Emerson Elementary School, Paul Revere Middle School, and Lee High School with Lamar High School and Westside High School as boundary transfer options.
 * Residents of the Emerson Elementary School attendance zone may apply for the Briarmeadow Charter School.
 * Residents zoned to Westside may transfer to Lamar High School.

Private schools
Private schools in Westchase include Alexander-Smith Academy, River Oaks Academy, Wesley Academy, Woodlake Square Children's Center, Ascension Episcopal School, Children's World Learning Center, and the Grace Presbyterian Church and School. Westchase Methodist School is a preschool and kindergarten in Westchase. The Tenney School is also in Westchase.

Public libraries
The area is served by the Judson W. Robinson-Westchase Neighborhood Library of Houston Public Library at 3223 Wilcrest Drive. The branch is named for Judson W. Robinson Jr. (1932-1990), who in 1971 became the first African-American elected to the Houston City Council. The library, originally opened in 1991, was closed for major renovations in the fall of 2016, and re-opened in the spring of 2018.

Transportation
METRO maintains a park and ride station for commuting to the central city. This station's construction had an anticipated start date of September, and there were plans for it to have spaces for 1,473 vehicles.

Parks, recreation, and culture
The Westchase District maintains a network of trails along a tributary of Brays Bayou which flows through the center of the district. The Brays Bayou Connector, which commenced construction in 2016, will connect Richmond Avenue and Bellaire Boulevard with a 1.92 mi grade-separated trail, providing pedestrian and bicyclist access to the International District and Arthur Story Park. The district government had revealed its initial plans for it in 2012. Another section opened in 2016.

In 2016 the city government bought 3.4 acre of land, on two plots adjacent to the library, to create a park there. Houston City Council voted to approve creation of a park the following year. Wilcrest Park is scheduled to begin operations in December 2022. Woodchase Park, 1.75 acre in size, had its opening scheduled for October 2021. Prior to the openings of these parks, as of 2020, Trust for Public Land described Westchase as having a below average number of public parks for a city neighborhood.

Harris County operates Tracy Gee Community Center, named after Tracy Gee, a Chinese American university student who was murdered in 1990. The center opened in 1993.

The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Houston maintains the Chinese Cultural Center in Westchase.

By 2020 the farmers market in Westchase had an increase in traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas.

Congregation Or Ami, a Jewish congregation, is located in Westchase. the rabbi is Gideon Estes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Westchase, Houston


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Conan vs. bear

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was was NO CONSENSUS, THEREFORE KEEP, with a possible merge. moink 04:27, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Conan vs. bear
This is some kind of web pheonomena that is very new (from august 2005, and that month hasn't even ended yet. The article features a prominent collection of external links. Created by two individual users whose only interest seems to be this article. Reasons, in short: non-notable, created for visibility only. — Sverdrup 18:42, 31 August 2005 (UTC) Delete. it's pretty pointless. Delete it.
 * Weak Keep This may have legs, give it a bit of time. DV8 2XL 19:13, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * merge to Conan O'Brian O'Brien Roodog2k 19:32, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge to Conan. I wouldn't be so quick to dismiss this. After some googling, it appears to be a wide phenom. -- beyond a very small group.  --Quasipalm 20:22, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Conan O'Brien. If it's still memorable (without people being prompted to recall it) in a few months, then it can have its own article. Beginning 21:20, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge at best. I agree with above -this is likely a flash in the pan.  If not, it can warrant independent treatment once it is slightly better established. Dottore So 23:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, website promotion (Alexa rank: 981,531), most likely vanity. Martg76 04:44, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If an when it becomes notable, then it can be rewritten.  Zoe 06:31, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've seen it long before mentioned date ('August 2005') and it's leading nowhere, but to vanity of the creator(s). However I'm afraid it will just keep turning up again after deletion. Marc NL 20:32, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's been mentioned on the show, and is far from just a tiny group of friends showing off their drawings. Page does need a cleanup though. --SFont 19:05, 10 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I say keep.

Oh dear, Conan just mentioned the 'Conan vs Bear' website in his show today. He said about it: "One of the by-products of fame are the crazy websites. And there's a bunch of strange websites devoted to you [ Elijah Wood ] now. [...] It's very strange when sometimes -- someone made me aware today of a website that's artists doing drawings of me fighting bears. Seriously, it's me fighting bears! ... I don't think it has anything to do with anything, but I'm looking at it and a lot of artwork is really good; it's me battling bears and you just think like this is the -- I don't think this is what the inventors of these computers and the internet had in mind. That stuff was invented but God bless them. Good stuff." --Marc NL 05:42, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Moyenne Island

Moyenne Island is a small island (9.9 ha) in the Sainte Anne Marine National Park off the north coast of Mahé, Seychelles. Since the 1970s onwards, it has been a flora and fauna reserve. From 1915 until the 1960s, the island was abandoned until its purchase by Brendon Grimshaw for £8,000 (about $22,000). He was a newspaper editor from Dewsbury in Yorkshire, England.

Grimshaw was the only inhabitant of the island until his death in July 2012. The island is now a national park and can be visited as part of organized trips.

History

Moyenne Island, named after the French word for "middle", has a rich history. Pirates allegedly used the island in the 18th and 19th centuries, and two "pirate graves" remain. Philippe Georges owned the island from 1946 to 1962, living there with his wife Vera before moving to Mahé. The island features a viewpoint and beach named after Vera.

In 1962, Brendon Grimshaw bought the island from Philippe Georges for £8,000. Grimshaw and René Antoine Lafortune transformed the island by planting 16,000 trees, building nature paths, and introducing Aldabra giant tortoises. Their goal was to create an island of exceptional beauty, now home to diverse plant and bird life, and nearly 50 giant tortoises.

After 20 years of persistence, Grimshaw and Lafortune succeeded in making Moyenne Island a national park in its own right. The island is now known as Moyenne Island National Park, separate from the surrounding Sainte Anne Marine National Park. Following Grimshaw's death in 2012, his friend Suketu Patel oversees the Moyenne Island Foundation, managing the island and fulfilling Grimshaw's vision of preserving the island's natural beauty.

The island remains largely undeveloped, with a small restaurant and museum dedicated to Grimshaw. The 50 Aldabra giant tortoises roam freely, and the island is a testament to Grimshaw's dedication to conservation.

Administration
The island belongs to Mont Fleuri District.

Tourism
Today, the island's main industry is tourism, and it is known for its beaches. Behind the restaurant is the local warden's house.

title: Moyenne Island


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Talk:Extreme snowboarding

We should be able to find a better picture of extreme snowboarding. I think this is just Granite Chief Peak, a short hike from the top of the lift. I think extreme skiing/boarding usually includes mandatory air (cliff bands, chutes, and the like). Granite Chief Peak is kind of steep, but nothing that any expert level freerider wouldn't go down. Kjl 18:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

unusual locations
extreme places and locations - should be a section. eastern europe and central asia for instance. friend of mine intending to film thereGrroin 09:40, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Extreme snowboarding


text: Talk:1941–42 NHL season

title: Talk:1941–42 NHL season


text:
Ambrose Swasey

Ambrose Swasey (December 19, 1846 – June 15, 1937) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor, entrepreneur, manager, astronomer, and philanthropist. With Worcester R. Warner he co-founded the Warner & Swasey Company.

Life and work
Swasey was born near Exeter, New Hampshire to Nathaniel and Abigail Swasey. He apprenticed as a machinist at the Exeter Machine Works and was afterwards employed at Pratt & Whitney. As his career progressed, he became a foreman in the gear-cutting section. He developed a new technique for making gear-tooth cutters. In 1880, he and Warner formed their eponymous firm, which quickly moved to Cleveland, Ohio. Swasey would perform the engineering and machine development at this company.

The close friends Warner and Swasey built their homes next to each other on Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, a street that was known as "Millionaire's Row".

In addition to army ordnance contracts, the firm of Warner & Swasey became notable for their work on astronomical observatories and equipment. The founders were interested in astronomy as an avocation, and in the field's quest for better optical telescopes, which was burgeoning at the time. They also realized that obtaining contracts to build large astronomical observatories would provide publicity for their company.

In 1885, Swasey completed work at McCormick Observatory on the 45-foot dome, which was the largest in the world, and had a unique, 3 shutter design. In 1887, Swasey built the mount for the 36-inch refracting telescope at Lick Observatory. In 1898, he manufactured a dividing engine for the U.S. Naval Observatory that was used to make the meridian circles. Both the building and dome of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory were made by Warner and Swasey Co. Other observatory telescopes and components were built by the company at the Kenwood Observatory, Yerkes Observatory, Argentine National Observatory, the Swasey Observatory at Denison University, and the Case School of Applied Science Observatory.

From 1904 until 1905, he was the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Legacy

Both Warner and Swasey were amateur astronomers. In 1920, they made a joint donation to the Case School of Applied Science to fund the construction of an observatory. This was named the Warner and Swasey Observatory in their honor, and the observatory was used for research by the Case astronomy department. The observatory maintained by the department today is still known by this name today.

Swasey Hall (1917, "懷士堂"), a red brick hall, is the landmark of Sun Yat-sen University, one of the top colleges in China. It was named after Swasey for his USD$25000 donation to the then university Christian YMCA society hall. Now it serves as a conference hall.

Other donations made by Swasey include the Swasey Chapel at Denison University in Granville, Ohio (1924), a bandstand in Exeter by architect Henry Bacon (1916), a library building to Colgate Rochester Divinity School and the endowment of a chair for a professor of physics at the Case School of Applied Sciences. The chimes in the chapel were included as a memorial to his wife, Lavinia Marston Swasey.

Swasey died in Exeter. The Warner & Swasey Company he cofounded would continue until 1980, when it was acquired by Bendix Corporation.

Awards and honors

 * The crater Swasey on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 992 Swasey.
 * At CWRU, the chair of "Ambrose Swasey Professor of Physics" was named for his endowment. (Lawrence M. Krauss was named to this position in 1993.)
 * In 1919 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society
 * In 1922 he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
 * In 1932 he was awarded the Franklin Medal.
 * in 1933 he was awarded the ASME Medal.
 * In 1936 he was awarded the Hoover Medal.
 * Swasey was a member of the United States National Research Council.
 * In 1982 Swasey was elected to the Machine Tool Hall of Fame of the American Precision Museum.

title: Ambrose Swasey


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Cerf Island

Cerf Island (1.31 km2) lies 4 km off the northeast coast of Mahé in the Seychelles.

Geography
Cerf Island measures 1.7 km long and 1 km wide, it reaches a height of 108 m. The island is surrounded by a coral reef and the geology is granitic. It is part of the Ste Anne Marine National Park.

History
Cerf Island was named after the royal French navy frigate Le Cerf which arrived at Port Victoria on 1 November 1756 during the Seven Years' War. On board was Corneille Nicholas Morphey, leader of the French expedition, which claimed the island by laying a Stone of Possession on Mahe, Seychelles’ oldest monument, now on display in the National Museum of History, Victoria.

In the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Some properties on Cerf Island suffered minor damage.

Demographics
Cerf Island is one of the islands in the marine park to have a small local population (not resort staff or rangers), who commute to Mahé for their daily business. It has a local population of 100, mostly centered in the southwest corner of the island, which allows them to make the short commute by boat to Mahé for work.

Well-known residents of Cerf formerly included the celebrated South African novelist Wilbur Smith, writer, explorer and treasure hunter William "Bill" Travis and yacht designer Phil Southwell. Artists Lisa Swerling and Ralph Lazar lived for a year on the island in 1998, where they created the cult cartoon Harold's Planet.

Administration
The island belongs to Warren Felton

Tourism
Cerf island has a small art gallery, Anglican chapel, Catholic chapel, and a cemetery. A high standard of accommodation is available in 3 hotel establishments (Cerf Island Resort, Fairy Tern Chalets, and L'Habitation ) currently on the island. There is also a guest lodge, 3 restaurants (Kapok Tree), a spa, a small shop, and a beach bar. There are no paved roads or local infrastructure on the island; travel to-and-from the island is by boat and by helicopter which lands at the helipad. There are no roads or local infrastructure on Cerf. Telephone service and electricity is provided from the mainland Mahe. Diving centers are plentiful on Mahe and snorkeling equipment is available for hire on the hotels of Cerf Island.

Flora & Fauna
Due to Cerf Island's location, in a National Marine Park, the waters around Cerf Island prove a spectacular sight. The deepest point of the Marine Park is 250 m and the Park offers exceptional marine life, with more than 150 species of reef fish, crabs, sea urchins, starfish, octopuses and many more. Cerf Island is home to the fruit bat and giant tortoises. On the north side of the island are superb coral reefs, where sea turtles swim with clown fish.

title: Cerf Island


text:
Weardale Way

Weardale Way is a footpath that follows the River Wear in the North East of England. It is 73 miles long, starting at the Lindesfarne Memorial on the sea wall at Roker (a part of the City of Sunderland). It then passes through Chester-le-Street, Durham, Bishop Auckland, Wolsingham and Stanhope. The path ends outside the Post Office in the village of Wearhead in County Durham.

Within the area administered by the City of Sunderland local authority, the route is meant to follow that marked as the River Wear Trail; unfortunately, many of the markers for this route have been removed by vandals. Once the route goes into the area administered by the Durham County Council, it is waymarked to some extent by plastic disks attached to wooden and metal posts, trees and street furniture. There are several wooden 'finger' signs along the route that countdown the distance along the footpath in both directions.

This path is marked on the latest series of Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 maps, Explorer sheets 305, 307, 308 and OL31 cover the walk.

A guide to the walk is available: The Weardale Way, A Pictorial Walking Guide by Alistair Wallace (Jema Publications, 1997).

Points of interest on or near the route

 * Roker Pier
 * Penshaw Monument
 * Lumley Castle
 * Chester-le-Street Riverside Cricket Ground
 * Finchale Priory
 * Durham Cathedral
 * Durham Castle
 * Croxdale Hall
 * Escomb Church

title: Weardale Way


text:
Talk:1942–43 NHL season

Final standings
AFAIK the final standings are wrong... Each team played only 14 matches? --NIGKDO (talk) 17:28, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:1942–43 NHL season


text:
Shapour Bakhtiar

Shapour Bakhtiar (, ; 26 June 1914 – 6 August 1991) was an Iranian politician who served as the last Prime Minister of Iran under the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In the words of historian Abbas Milani: "more than once in the tone of a jeremiad he reminded the nation of the dangers of clerical despotism, and of how the fascism of the mullahs would be darker than any military junta". In 1991, he and his secretary were murdered in his home in Suresnes, France, by agents of the Islamic Republic.

Early life
Bakhtiar was born on 26 June 1914 in southwestern Iran into a family of Iranian tribal nobility, the family of the paramount chieftains of the then powerful Bakhtiari tribe. His father was Mohammad Reza Khan (Sardar-e-Fateh). His mother was Naz-Baygom, and both of his parents were Lurs and Bakhtiaris. Bakhtiar's maternal grandfather, Najaf-Gholi Khan Samsam ol-Saltaneh, had been appointed prime minister twice, in 1912 and 1918.

Bakhtiar's mother died when he was seven years old. His father was executed by Reza Shah in 1934 while Shapour was studying in Paris.

Education
He attended elementary school in Shahr-e Kord and then secondary school, first in Isfahan and later in Beirut, where he received his high school diploma from a French school. He attended Beirut University for two years. He and his cousin, Teymour Bakhtiar, then went to Paris for additional university education at the Faculty of Law. There, he attended the College of Political Science.

Being a firm opponent of totalitarian rule, he was active in the Spanish Civil War for the Second Spanish Republic against General Francisco Franco's fascism. In 1940, he volunteered for the French army– rather than the French Foreign Legion– and fought in the 30th Artillerie Regiment of Orléans. According to MEED, Bakhtiar did 18 months' military service. While living in Saint-Nicolas-du-Pélem, he fought with the French Resistance against the German occupation. In 1945, he received his PhD in political science as well as degrees in law from the Faculty of Law of Paris and philosophy from the Sorbonne.

Political career
Bakhtiar returned to Iran in 1946 and joined the social democratic Iran Party in 1949 and led its youth organization. In 1951 he was appointed director of the labor department in the Province of Isfahan by the ministry of labor. He later held the same position in Khuzestan, center of the oil industry. In 1951 Mohammad Mosaddeq had come to power in Iran. Under his premiership Bakhtiar was appointed deputy minister of labor in 1953. After the Shah was reinstated by a British-American sponsored coup d'état, Bakhtiar remained a critic of his rule.

In the mid-1950s he was involved in underground activity against the Shah's regime, calling for the 1954 Majlis elections to be free and fair and attempting to revive the nationalist movement. In 1960, the Second National Front was formed and Bakhtiar played a crucial role in the new organization's activities as the head of the student activist body of the Front. He and his colleagues differed from most other government opponents in that they were very moderate, restricting their activity to peaceful protest and calling only for the restoration of democratic rights within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. The Shah refused to co-operate and outlawed the Front and imprisoned the most prominent liberals. From 1964 to 1977, the imperial regime refused to permit any form of opposition activity, even from moderate liberals like Bakhtiar. In the following years Bakhtiar was imprisoned repeatedly, a total of six years, for his opposition to the Shah. He was also one of the prominent members of central council of the illegal Fourth National Front in late 1977, when the group was reconstituted as the Union of National Front Forces with Bakhtiar as head of the Iran Party (the largest group in the Front).

At the end of 1978 (as the Shah's power was crumbling), Bakhtiar was chosen to help in the creation of a civilian government to replace the existing military one. He was appointed to the position of Prime Minister by the Shah, as a concession to his opponents, especially the followers of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Although that caused him to be expelled from the National Front, he accepted the appointment, as he feared a revolution in which communists and mullahs would take over the country, which he thought would ruin Iran.

In his 36 days as premier of Iran, Bakhtiar ordered all political prisoners to be freed, lifted censorship of newspapers (whose staff had until then been on strike), relaxed martial law, ordered the dissolution of SAVAK (the regime's secret police) and requested for the opposition to give him three months to hold elections for a constituent assembly that would decide the fate of the monarchy and determine the future form of government for Iran. Despite the conciliatory gestures, Khomeini refused to collaborate with Bakhtiar, denouncing the premier as a traitor for siding with the Shah, labeling his government "illegitimate" and "illegal" and calling for the overthrow of the monarchy. Bakhtiar was accused by some of making mistakes during his premiership such as allowing Khomeini to re-enter Iran. In the end, he failed to rally even his own former colleagues of the National Front.

His government was overwhelmingly rejected by the masses except for a very small number of pro-Shah loyalists and a handful of moderate pro-democratic elements. The opposition was not willing to compromise. The Shah was forced to leave the country in January 1979; Bakhtiar left Iran again for France in April of the same year.

French exile and series of assassination attempts
Shortly after the revolution, Ayatollah Sadegh Khalkhali, a religious judge and later chairman of the Revolutionary Court, announced to the press that the death sentence had been passed on members of the Pahlavi family and former Shah officials, including Bakhtiar.

In July 1979, Bakhtiar emerged in Paris. He was given political asylum there. From his base in Paris, he led the National Movement of Iranian Resistance, which fought the Islamic Republic from within the country. Between 9 and 10 July 1980, Bakhtiar helped organize a coup attempt known as the Nojeh coup plot, prompting the Islamic Republic to issue a death sentence on him.

On 18 July 1980, he escaped an assassination attempt by a group of three attackers in his home in Neuilly-sur-Seine, a suburb of Paris, in which a policeman and a neighbor were killed. The five-man assassination team with ties to the newly formed Islamic republic led by Anis Naccache, a Lebanese revolutionary, was captured. They were given life sentences, but French President François Mitterrand pardoned them in July 1990. They were sent to Tehran.

Death and trial
On 6 August 1991, Bakhtiar was murdered along with his secretary, Soroush Katibeh, by three assassins in his home in the Parisian suburb of Suresnes. Both men were killed with kitchen knives. Their bodies were not found until at least 36 hours after death, even though Bakhtiar had heavy police protection and his killers had left identity documents with a guard at his house. Two of the assassins escaped to Iran. A third, Ali Vakili Rad, was apprehended in Switzerland, along with an alleged accomplice, Zeynalabedin Sarhadi, a great-nephew of the president of Iran at the time, Hashemi Rafsanjani. Both were extradited to France for trial. Vakili Rad was sentenced to life in prison in December 1994, but Sarhadi was acquitted. Rad was paroled on 19 May 2010, after serving 16 years of his sentence. He was received as a hero by Islamic Republic officials.

Aftermath
The release of Rad had happened only two days after Tehran freed Clotilde Reiss, a French student accused of spying by the Islamic regime. Both the French and Iranian governments deny the two affairs were linked.

Hours after the assassination of Bakhtiar, a British hostage was released from Lebanon, presumably held by Hezbollah, but a French hostage was taken. Although many in the Iranian exile community speculated of official French complicity in Bakhtiar's death, the second kidnapping is said to cast a shadow over such theories. The French would seem unlikely to support an operation that included the kidnapping of another French hostage in Lebanon, but there is no apparent connection between the two events.

Published works
He published a memoir in addition to many articles. Bakhtiar's books include Ma Fidélité (in French) and 37 Days after 37 Years (in Persian), his biography (highlighting his political career and his beliefs, up to the Iranian Revolution). His writings are of special interest regarding society and politics in the Pahlavi Era and the period of riots and turbulence just before the fall of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi.

Personal life
Bakhtiar was first married to a French woman with whom he had three children, a son Guy and two daughters, Viviane and France. Viviane died of a heart attack at the age of 49 in Cannes in August 1991. Guy is a French police intelligence unit officer.

Shortly before his death, Bakhtiar divorced his wife and married a young Iranian woman. His second wife was Shahintaj, and they had a son, Goudarz. He also had a stepdaughter named Manijeh Assad. As of 2001, all three were United States citizens.

Bakhtiar is buried in Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris.

title: Shapour Bakhtiar


text:
Tascalate

Tascalate (alternative spelling Tazcalate) is a chocolate drink made from a mixture of roasted maize, roasted cocoa bean, ground pine nuts, achiote and sugar or panela, very common in the Mexican state of Chiapas.

Tascalate means tortilla water (agua de tortilla) and their origins can be rooted to their noble prehispanic lineage.

Ingredients could vary, so that some variants are dominated by the taste of roasted corn, whilst other mixtures are dominated by chocolate flavor. But actually the ingredients are mostly standardized without major variations.

For preparing the hot drink, the ground ingredients are mixed with milk and heated. For a cold drink, ingredients are stirred in cold water and consumed with ice cubes.

title: Tascalate


text:
Indriði Sigurðsson

Indriði Sigurðsson (born 12 October 1981) is an Icelandic former football defender. He last played for the Icelandic club KR Reykjavik.

Club career
He started his career in KR Reykjavik, and went to Norway to play for Lillestrøm SK in 2000. In September 2003 he moved on to KRC Genk in Belgium. Indriði transferred back to KR Reykjavik on 29 July 2006. After a short spell at KR, he was transferred to Lyn on 8 August 2006. On 3 August 2009, Indriði signed for Viking. With a total of 298 appearances, no foreign player has played more games in the Norwegian Premier League than Sigurðsson.

On 28 July 2017, Indriði announced his retirement for health reasons.

International career
Indriði has been capped 65 times and has scored 2 goals for Iceland. He made his debut in January 2000 against Norway.

title: Indriði Sigurðsson


text:
User talk:Asmarin~enwiki

Hi, and welcome to wikipedia! The wiki offline reader projects (there were several over the years) are more or less "on ice" now. There is, however, a PDA version for several languages here, in TomeRaider format. --Magnus Manske 18:45, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Asmarin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Asmarin~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:44, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asmarin~enwiki


text: Talk:1943–44 NHL season

title: Talk:1943–44 NHL season


text:
Talk:Don Coppersmith

Answer of Coppersmith
> Sorry, I can't help you with either request. > I don't have a picture of Horst, and don't want my own picture on the site. > > Regards, > Don Coppersmith

Dake 18:47, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Apparently, Don is no longer with IBM. From the IBM Ponder This site: Don Coppersmith has moved on from IBM to pursue other interests. He has enjoyed the interaction with the readers over the years. The new puzzlemaster will be James Shearer. Is Don Coppersmith still alive? Sorry for the macabre query, but I was sure I'd read that he had passed from pancreatic cancer some years ago. The current Wiki article (as well as other online sources I've checked) seems to imply he's still with us. If so, I'd surely like to know, him being a classmate (MIT '72) and all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8801:8502:B500:89E0:5C2D:14B2:736D (talk) 11:38, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

Ringzero

Oded Margalit is the puzzle master for the Ponder This site now; following from http://domino.research.ibm.com/Comm/wwwr_ponder.nsf/pages/index.html The current puzzlemaster is Oded Margalit. He took over from James B. Shearer, who took over from the original puzzlemaster Don coppersmith, in October 2005.

Jtrbnsn (talk) 04:49, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Coppersmith


text:
Talk:Curse of Ham

Dead Sea Scrolls: 4Q252

Fragment I, Column II:

Line 6: viii, 18 on the first day of the week. On that day Noah went forth from the ark

Line 7: ix, 24-5 And Noah awoke from his wine and knew what his youngest son had done to him. And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a slave of slaves shall he be to [his] bro[thers].

Line 8: ix, 27 But he did not curse Ham but only his son, for God had blessed the sons of Noah. And let him dwell in the tents of Shem.

(--Translated by Géza Vermès )

Ham not cursed
Justin Martyr, who is considered to be the first Christian writer to comment on Noah’s curse and blessings in Gen 9:25-27, also supports the same view as rabbinic tradition, that Ham could not have been cursed as based on Genesis 9:1. However, Martyr interpreted that the curse was transmitted onto all of Ham’s descendants, Canaan being as a representing example of a sorts. [Goldenberg. The Curse of Ham, 2009, (ISBN 1400828546, 9781400828548), p. 158]

References

Comparisons in mythology
According to the text published in 1498 by the monk Annio da Viterbo purporting to be an ancient Babylonian chronicle ("Pseudo-Berossus"), Ham studied the evil arts that had been practiced before the flood, and thus became known as "Cam Esenus" (Ham the licentious) as well as the original Zoroaster and Saturn (Cronus). He became jealous of Noah's additional children born after the deluge, and began to view his father with enmity. One day when Noah lay drunk and naked in his tent, Ham saw him and sang a mocking incantation that rendered Noah temporarily sterile, as if castrated. This account contains several other parallels connecting Ham with Greek myths of the castration of Uranus by Cronus, as well as Italian legends of Saturn and/or Camesis ruling over the Golden Age and fighting the Titanomachy. Ham in this account also abandons his wife who had been aboard the ark and had mothered the African peoples, and instead marries his sister Rhea, daughter of Noah, producing a race of giants in Sicily. Viterbo's text, while finding scholarly acceptance in the 16th century, has been widely dismissed as a forgery since ca. 1600.

Commentators

 * 1) Origen (ca. 185-254): “For the Egyptians are prone to a degenerate life and quickly sink to every slavery of the vices. Look at the origin of the race and you will discover that their father Cham, who had laughed at his father’s nakedness, deserved a judgment of this kind, that his son Chanaan should be a servant to his brothers, in which case the condition of bondage would prove the wickedness of his conduct. Not without merit, therefore, does the discolored posterity imitate the ignobility of the race [Non ergo immerito ignobilitatem decolor posteritas imitatur].” - Homilies on Genesis 16.1.
 * 2) Mar Ephrem the Syrian (ca. 306 – 373): "When Noah awoke and was told what Canaan did. . .Noah said, ‘Cursed be Canaan and may God make his face black,’ and immediately the face of Canaan changed; so did of his father Ham, and their white faces became black and dark and their color changed.”
 * 3) The Cave of Treasures, 4th century Syriac work, gives the explanation that Canaan's curse was actually earned because he revived the sinful music and arts of Cain's progeny that had been before the flood. "And Canaan was cursed because he had dared to do this, and his seed became a servant of servants, that is to say, to the Egyptians, and the Cushites, and the Mûsâyê, [and the Indians, and all the Ethiopians, whose skins are black]."
 * 4) Ishodad of Merv, the Syrian Christian bishop of Hedhatha, (9th century): When Noah cursed Canaan, “instantly, by the force of the curse. . .his face and entire body became black [ukmotha]. This is the black color which has persisted in his descendants.”
 * 5) Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, a Persian historian (c. 915), recounted a version of the story where Noah cursed both Canaan and Ham to slavery, on account of Ham's action of seeing his father naked and not covering him.
 * 6) Eutychius, an Alexandrian Melkite patriarch, (d. 940): “Cursed be Ham and may he be a servant to his brothers… He himself and his descendants, who are the Egyptians, the Negroes, the Ethiopians and (it is said) the Barbari.”
 * 7) Ibn al-Tayyib, an Arabic Christian scholar, Baghdad, (d. 1043): “The curse of Noah affected the posterity of Canaan who were killed by Joshua son of Nun. At the moment of the curse, Canaan’s body became black and the blackness spread out among them.”
 * 8) Bar Hebraeus, a Syrian Christian scholar, (1226–86): “‘And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father and showed [it] to his two brothers.’ That is…that Canaan was cursed and not Ham, and with the very curse he became black and the blackness was transmitted to his descendants… And he said, ‘Cursed be Canaan! A servant of servants shall he be to his brothers.’”
 * 9) Anne Catherine Emmerich, a Catholic mystic (1774-1824): "I saw the curse pronounced by Noah upon Ham moving toward the latter like a black cloud and obscuring him. His skin lost its whiteness, he grew darker. His sin was the sin of sacrilege, the sin of one who would forcibly enter the Ark of the Covenant. I saw a most corrupt race descend from Ham and sink deeper and deeper in darkness. I see that the black, idolatrous, stupid nations are the descendants of Ham. Their color is due, not to the rays of the sun, but to the dark source whence those degraded races sprang".
 * 10) John Brown, a Scottish Anglican Divine, published The Self-Interpreting Bible (1778). Genesis 9:25 footnote reads: “For about four thousand years past the bulk of Africans have been abandoned of Heaven to the most gross ignorance, rigid slavery, stupid idolatry, and savage barbarity.”

Needs fixing "Nevertheless, most Christians and Jews now disagree with such interpretations, because in the biblical text, Ham himself is not cursed, and race or skin color is never mentioned."
Too many pov edits to the line to trust it. Doug Weller talk 07:04, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I also note that Whitford p 20 says :... one striking example, the belief that blackness as well as servitude were the result of Noah's curse upon his son Ham ( or Cham ) is shared by Christian , Jewish , and Muslim commentaries from the forth to the twelfth centuries .: Doug Weller  talk 07:05, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Hope you're doing well, Doug. I changed the  tag to the inline version targeting the specific content you were noting here, which I believe, based on your notes here, was the intention?  If not, and/or if I have your intention wrong, feel free to revert or change it back.   Butler Blog   (talk) 13:54, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * @ButlerblogThanks. I've taken this off my watchlist, trimming it down as much as I can. My research on archaeology and racism grows and grows, I'm finding more and more relevant topics and a lot of sources - reading them is really time consuming, turning them into article sections more so! And categorising existing articles, some of which don't even mention the blatant racism involved in the subject. Doug Weller  talk 14:01, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Those rabbit trails can be enlightening and interesting. It's one of the things that I love about wikipedia - I end up going down those paths and learning a lot!  Knowing this is off your watchlist, I may ping you for input if the situation warrants (assuming that's alright with you - I know you've got more important things going on).   Butler Blog   (talk) 14:26, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * @Butlerblog Yes, "rabbit trails" is a great description. Love them. I had no idea when I started my draft I'd find so much. Makes it a really major project. I need to decide when to go live, but my lead is hopeless at the moment. Do ping me if needed. Doug Weller  talk 14:29, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

Issues needing correction in 2 Jubilees sections
The section on Jubilees under "Ham's transgression" needs one minor edit, but it has much more substantive issues in how it is phrased which would require major edits or its deletion. The minor edit is the phrase "Ham's curse." According to Jubilees (and Genesis) Ham is not cursed, Canaan is cursed. As mentioned elsewhere in the page, the interpretation that Ham was cursed is present in the history of interpretation. But it is not there in the book of Jubilees. Most likely, this section would make more sense if "Ham's curse" were changed to "Ham's transgression."

The more substantial issue is that this section has some errors and presents an argument that is very debatable rather than just the facts.

 * 1) One error is that Jubilees 6:1-4 does show Noah offering a sacrifice in the context of God's making a covenant to never again destroy the earth with a flood, but the episode of Noah's drunkenness and curse of Canaan happens in the next chapter and years later. Jubilees 7:1 indicates that Noah plants the vineyard 7 weeks after the previous atoning sacrifice, and that he harvests it 4 years after that. Jubilees 7:2 adds that it is another year before he drinks wine from this harvest. All of this is to say that it is inaccurate to imply (as the current Wikipedia text does) that the sacrificial altar that Noah makes to atone for the land when God promises to never again bring a flood to destroy the earth is the same ceremonial context for the episode where Noah gets drunk and curses Canaan. They are years in time and a chapter in the text apart.
 * 2) The section is correct in asserting that Noah is offering a sacrifice and celebration when he drinks wine. This happens in Jubilees 7:1-6. However, it is debatable whether one can say that it is like Shavuot "as if it were a prototype to the celebration of the giving of the Torah." Why would this sacrifice in Jubilees 7 be the prototype and not the previous atoning sacrifice in Jubilees 6? The statement as it stands is not a fact but an argument (if correctly paraphrased) from Devorah Dimant.
 * 3) Although Noah does drink in the context of a sacrifice, it is not a fact that this context in the book of Jubilees makes it so "Ham's offense would constitute an act of disrespect not only to his father, but also to the festival ordinances." That is an opinion. Jubilees does not actually describe Ham's offense as disrespect or anything beyond the details in the biblical text: that Ham sees and tells his brothers (Jubilees 7:8). When Ham finds out that Noah cursed Ham's son, Canaan, Ham is displeased and leaves to establish a home--actually a reputable city--far from Noah. Japheth get's jealous and leaves to establish his own respectable city. But Shem stays close by Noah when he makes a city (Jubilees 7:13-17). Thus, Jubilees seems to claim that the implications of the curse for Ham is that it explains how far away (in comparison with his brothers) he went when he founded a city. This is the most obvious way that differences between Jubilees and Genesis have implications for Ham. If there is anything especially critical about Ham's guilt, it can only be established by a very nuanced argument, not the clear facts of what the passage says.

The section on Jubilees under "Curse of Canaan" has one significant inaccuracy to fix. It states that an agreement to not take the land allotted to another of Noah's sons is the reason Jubilees provides for why Canaan "so rightly deserved the curse of slavery." However, Jubilees has two different curses of Canaan going on here. Canaan is cursed by Noah to be a slave of slaves in Jubilees 7:10 just like in Genesis 9:25. As in Genesis, this is related to Ham seeing Noah's nakedness. After that, Jubilees has an episode where all of Noah's descendants agree to enter into the lands to which they were allotted. During this episode, a new curse is introduced and invoked by everyone on themselves if they usurp someone else's allotted land (Jubilees 9:14-15). According to R. H. Charles' translation, this one is a curse "for themselves and their sons for ever throughout their generations till the day of judgment, on which the Lord God shall judge them with a sword and with fire, for all the unclean wickedness of their errors, wherewith they have filled the earth with transgression and uncleanness and fornication and sin." Clearly, the details of this curse and the fact that any of Noah's descendants who takes the wrong allotted land can get it means that this not the same as the curse of slavery for Ham seeing Noah's nakedness. In Jubilees 10:29-34, Canaan breaks this oath and his family warns him not to do it lest he bring upon himself that particular "curse by which we bound ourselves by an oath" (10:32). All of this is to say that Jubilees has this further episode (also there in 4Q181) to justify Canaan being cursed, but it does not justify the curse of slavery that Noah proclaimed after awakening from his drunkenness. In fact, the fact that it adds a different curse that is thoroughly justified might imply that the authors of Jubilees saw Noah's previous curse as unjust. Jayreed2 (talk) 20:42, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * For each of these, you need to have a specific source to cite that backs up what you're intending to revise and/or add. For your point #3 regarding Ham's offense would constitute an act of disrespect not only to his father, but also to the festival ordinances: There are appropriate ways to address that, which may include revising the way it's presented to attribute it to the source, rather than it being explicitly stated as fact.  But in any of these instances, what you present must be WP:NPOV and come from specifically cited secondary sources that are deemed to meet the criteria of WP:RS. It cannot be your own POV or WP:SYNTHESIS of sources.    Butler Blog   (talk) 14:08, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for explaining this. For the first, minor edit before the three points, I don't think it needs a source. Simply put, it is in a sub-section titled Ham's transgression and that is what it is about, not the bigger topic of Ham's curse. (This point may be irrelevant considering what I propose below)
 * In addressing the rest of the section titled "Book of Jubilees" under "Ham's Transgression," I read the page numbers that are cited from Devorah Dimant, and I can see that the current Wikipedia page inaccurately conveys what the cited source says.
 * It is inaccurate to cite Devorah Dimant with the claim, "In the Book of Jubilees, the seriousness of Ham's curse is compounded by the significance of God's covenant to 'never again bring a flood on the earth.'" The article cites page 137. Actually, the quoted phrase occurs on 136. On that page, Dimant is explaining that Jubilees "turns Noah into a paradigm of correct morality of the renewed world." She then writes, "From the biblical story are taken the reestablishment of natural order, epitomized in the covenant God made with Noah, and in God's promises never again to bring a flood on the earth." Thus the phrase "never again bring a flood on the earth" is NOT used by the cited source to say anything about Ham or Ham's curse in contrast to what the Wikipedia article claims. Above, I commented that the Wikipedia article did not make sense on this particular point based on what is there in the book of Jubilees. Now I see that the author cited does not make the inaccurate claim presented in Wikipedia.
 * For point two, I commented on how the second and third sentence don't necessarily imply anything about the specific context of the story where Noah proclaims a curse because they are years apart in Jubilees. Having read the cited source, I now see that the cited secondary source does not make this mistake. Thus, although the Wikipedia article does partially convey Dimant's points about Noah in Jubilees presenting a sacrifice that is a prototype of Shavuot, Dimant does not say this has anything to do with Noah's curse on Canaan or Ham's transgression. Dimant is only concerned with what this implies about the depiction of Noah.
 * For point three, I said that the final sentence of the section is an opinion rather than a fact. @Butlerblog says it can be revised better to reflect this. I agree. Actually, it is partially a direct quote from Dimant. Unfortunately, since the sentences before it misconstrue what the cited source says, the quote now also misconstrues what the cited author intends to mean.
 * Considering all that is above, I propose the following revised paragraph:
 * According to Devorah Dimant, the book of Jubilees depicts Noah planting, harvesting, and drinking wine in accordance with the stipulations of the Torah such that Noah's drunkenness appears less problematic and Ham's offense appears more problematic than in Genesis. Dimant writes that the timing of Noah's viniculture and the procedure of Noah's sacrifice in Jubilees 7:1-6 match Second Temple Judaism interpretations of Leviticus 19:23-25 and Numbers 29:1-6 [Cite page 138]. Thus, she claims " Jubilees alleviates any misgivings that may be provoked by the episode of Noah's drunkenness. In this light, Ham's offense constitutes an act of disrespect not only to his father, but also to the festival ordinances." [Cite page 139]
 * For the section titled "Jubilees" under "Curse of Canaan," I wrote a long explanation to say that the last clause is inaccurate; "and so rightly deserved a curse of slavery" should be removed. My previous claim was based on what is literally there in Jubilees. Now, that I have gone and read the secondary source cited (from John Van Seters), I see that the Wikipedia article misconstrues what it cites. Instead of saying that the incident where Canaan steals land delineated for Shem makes it so that Canaan "rightly deserves the curse of slavery," Van Seters actually writes "Though he was warned by his own family, Canaan rejected their counsel and took upon himself the full force of a second curse." [p. 492]. Van Seters makes no claim that this passage from Jubilees shows Canaan deserved the earlier curse of slavery.
 * I propose deleting the last sentence of that section and replacing it with the following two sentences:
 * Later, however, Jubilees explains further that Ham had allocated to Canaan a land west of the Nile (Jubilees 9:1), and all Noah's sons agreed to invoke a curse on anyone who tries to seize land that was not allocated to them (Jubilees 9:14-15). But Canaan violated this agreement and chose to squat in the land delineated to Shem and his descendants, and so Canaan brought upon himself the full force of this second curse (Jubilees 10:29-35). [Cite the same source pages 491-492] Jayreed2 (talk) 15:36, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Those revisions look good to me. I appreciate you going directly to the existing sources for review.  Sometimes, that's a very necessary cleanup to an article because over time, if someone puts in something from a source, and other editors come along with changes to that original text without referring to the source, it can introduce "style drift".  So it's always a good idea to verify against current citations.  The only thing I'd recommend in those changes is using gender neutral language in the attribution - specifically, change "Thus, she claims" to "Thus, Dimant claims".  Minorly, on point #1, double check the edition being used to make sure the citation and your copy are the same edition.  If they are, change the page number to reflect the correct one.   Butler Blog   (talk) 16:02, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

Lead POV
Keep in mind that the lead is intended to simply summarize the key points outlined and expanded upon in the article. Further, the first paragraph, especially the opening sentence, needs to be a basic description of what the topic is, without opening the door to POV. To state that the topic is "a common misnomer" introduces POV into the opening sentence implies that the entire topic of the article is going to be a discussion of it being a "misnomer" and why it is "common", which it does not. The discussion of Canaan v. Ham is covered, but it is only one part of the article, not the entire thing. Further, the use of the term "common" would have to be expounded upon to explain why it is common, which the article also does not cover. It's essentially a weasel word that should be avoided if it cannot be explicitly supported. Butler Blog  (talk) 14:23, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for adding this talk section. I am new to editing Wikipedia and trying to learn best practices.
 * Thank you for explaining how the first sentence functions and that it is intended to be a basic description of the topic without opening the door to a POV or other matters not prominent in the article. I disagree with you saying that "To state the topic is a common misnomer introduces POV." Perhaps the start of the article could be phrased better to reflect what I tried to summarize there.
 * The topic is not a misnomer; the phrase "Curse of Ham" is a misnomer if it is used to describe the general, current topic of this article. Dozens (perhaps more than a hundred) academic articles or books on the topic point that out. For that reason, some scholars use the more accurate term "Curse of Canaan" or "Noah's Curse" to describe the passage in in Genesis where Noah curses Canaan. In the bibliography cited at the end of this Wikipedia article, every work that includes "Curse of Ham" in the title (three sources by Goldenberg, one from CrhristainAnswers.net, and one from Whitford) do not use the phrase "curse of Ham" to describe a curse "imposed by the patriarch Noah upon Ham's son Canaan" (which is what the opening sentence says). They use the phrase "Curse of Ham" more narrowly to describe a history of interpretation that Ham or Ham's descendants are cursed.
 * The sources that I cited all point out the inaccuracy of the term "curse of Ham" to describe the narrative in Genesis although they don't use the term "misnomer." For example, the first one I cited says, "No other verse in the Bible has been so distorted [...] It is quite clear that as the text stands, the curse was not upon Ham" (Yamauchi, Africa and the Bible, 19). The other two that I cited make the same point with much more words. Each is saying that this is commonly thought of, interpreted, or referred to as "the curse of Ham" even though the biblical text does not have a curse of Ham.
 * I looked at Koala and see that the opening sentence of that Wikipedia page points out that the animal is "inaccurately, koala bear." And, of course, the rest of that long page is not about the inaccuracy of the term "koala bear"; only one short paragraph is. But that term is a common and inaccurate title for what the article is about. I was trying to get across the same thing in the opening line because it's a very similar situation: the common phrase used to describe the current topic is technically inaccurate and everyone who studies it knows this even though the phrase continues to be used. In popular discourse it might be used to describe what happens in Genesis and its history of interpretation. The writings cited on the topic only use it to describe the latter. To open the article by claiming that "The curse of Ham is described in the Book of Genesis [...]" just starts with a technically inaccurate statement that no expert on the topic would corroborate.
 * I added the sentence about how the history of interpretation is the reason that the term "Curse of Ham" continues to be used even though it is inaccurate. Perhaps that sentence does not need to be there or it could be revised so that it doesn't imply that the article is mainly about why the term "Curse of Ham" remains popular. Jayreed2 (talk) 16:34, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry if I was unclear on the objection - it's not really an objection to pointing out that the term is inaccurate. That's known, and I don't have an issue with it.  It's primarily the way in which was worded and presented.  I was looking at the page on Canaan to see how it was handled there, which is This is the Curse of Canaan, erroneously called the "Curse of Ham" since Classical antiquity because of the interpretation that Canaan was punished for his father Ham's sins.  I'd support something along the lines of:
 * The curse of Ham is described in the Book of Genesis as imposed by the patriarch Noah upon Ham's son Canaan. It occurs in the context of Noah's drunkenness and is provoked by a shameful act perpetrated by Noah's son Ham, who "saw the nakedness of his father". Since the curse is actually upon Canaan, the term Curse of Ham is considered to be inaccurate (or a misnomer, or some other synonym).
 * Or something along those lines, anyway. Then, you can expand that in the article.  I would probably include noting this toward the end of the Biblical narrative section as a transition to a new section or subsection (immediately following) that discusses the origin of the term and expanding on that.   Butler Blog   (talk) 17:59, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

Book of Enoch
according to book 3 of the book Enoch, Noah was the first child born with a different nature with skin whiter than snow and redder than a bloom of rose, and hairs on his head whiter than white wool and his eyes were like rays of the sun. 105.113.70.232 (talk) 06:42, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

 * In other words, Noah was the first child born differently from the suppose nature of man.  Skin colour, hairs and eyes. 105.113.70.232 (talk) 06:46, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

European origins of connection between Ham, blackness and slavery?
Under the section 'Racism and Slavery' we find the following claim:

In the 15th century, Dominican friar Annius of Viterbo invoked the Curse of Ham to explain the differences between Europeans and Africans in his writings...Through these and other writings, European writers established a hitherto unheard of connection between Ham, Africa and slavery, which laid the ideological groundwork for justifying the transatlantic slave trade.

Note the word 'hitherto'. However, in the following section, we are told

the version brought in a midrash goes on further to say "Ham, that Cush came from him" in reference to the blackness,[50] that the curse did not apply to all of Ham but only to his eldest son Cush, who migrated to sub-Sahara Africa

suggesting it was in a Jewish midrash that the connection was made between Ham and blackness/Africa, presumably taking us back to the ancient world. The following paragraph says that

Some medieval Muslim writers – including Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Ibn Khaldun, and even the later Book of the Zanj – asserted the view that old biblical texts describe the effects of Noah's curse on Ham's descendants as being related with blackness, slavery, and a requirement not to let the hair grow past the ears.

Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari is a 9th century figure, making the Ham/blackness/slavery connection five centuries before Annius and co. So what is going on here? LastDodo (talk) 13:10, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Without looking entirely at the larger picture, perhaps Annius used al-Tabari as a source and was in essence brining this idea into the Western world from what was already in the Middle East? But, just spitballing here... I just threw that out as that's how I would probably start to approach it, looking for more sources to support that, and then rework what would appear to be an inconsistency in the article.  If that's what you're inclined to do, have at it.*  Maybe there are sources out there that tie this together? (*Just don't do it in a way that ends up being WP:OR or, more likely, WP:SYNTH.)    Butler Blog   (talk) 15:11, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay so I have come across a book called The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity and Islam (2003) by David Goldenberg, that examines the question of the origin of the connection thoroughly. I do not have the book but there is a review on jstor here: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43044433?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
 * According to that review:
 * His book is the result of thirteen years of steady research and presents what is often highly technical scholarship and linguistic analysis in a readable, cogent manner. His index of hundredes of primary ancient sources include Targum texts, apocryphal and psedpigraphal works, Greek and Latin authors, Hellenistic-Jewish, rabbinic, early Christian, Islamic, ancient Near East, Qumran, and Samaritan writings; this list does not even include ancient works that he cites infrequently or does not discuss at length (413). He also cites 1,478 writers in his "Index of Modern Scholars." As these indices imply, Goldenberg's research been thorough.
 * So the book is not to be sniffed at. It is also already cited a number of times in this article. Here is what he found:
 * ...Goldenberg reports that he found no link between skin color and slavery in Jewish sources from antiquity and late antiquity or in early Christian sources. Instead, a commentary thread referring to Canaan as having black skin first appeared among Muslims in the second century before Christ. An explicit link between blacks, slavery, and the curse is made later, in the seventh century after Christ, also in Arabia. This link occurred precisely "when the Black became strongly identified with the slave class in the Near East, after the Islamic conquest of Africa" (170)...The curse was born but still had not gained currency among Christians. It first appeared in the Christian West in the fifteenth century as Europe discovered Africa and started to trade slaves.
 * I am assuming the word 'Muslims' is meant to be 'Arabs', as there were no Muslims in the second century BC, and that would make sense of the phrase 'also in Arabia'.
 * So in summary, the connection between Ham, blackness and slavery dates to 7th century Arabia, presumably amongst Muslims, since it results from the Islamic conquest of Africa (north Africa I assume, given the date). It was passed to Christians in the 15th century when they started trading in African slaves. That is at least Goldenberg's conclusion. LastDodo (talk) 15:11, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me. There are two copies of that book on archive.org, one of which does not need to be borrowed:    Butler Blog   (talk) 17:15, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The Goldenberg books sounds detailed and authoritative. I hope some editor used it to explain the origins of this mess. Pete unseth (talk) 21:36, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Curse of Ham


text:
Associés de Laval

The Laval Associés (Associés de Laval) were Laval's baseball team in the Ligue de Baseball Élite du Québec. They played at Montmorency Park in the Laval-des-Rapides neighbourhood.

In 2015, the team was replaced by the Pirates de Laval.

Former players

 * Jonathan Malo, New York Mets farm system

title: Associés de Laval


text: Talk:1944–45 NHL season

title: Talk:1944–45 NHL season


text:
Talk:Truck wages

Old talk
This not exactly the most dispassionate discussion on the topic. Regardless of what modern day opinion is of such a system, I think it would be more appropriate to split the article into two sections: one describing the economic structure of a truck system, and a second to discuss the abuses and criticism of the system and the history of its diminishment. As it stands, it mixes criticism and description too much.

 * Hi. To state the facts about something is not "dispassionate" or "criticism". If so then concentration camp and HIV are also problematic, and a truck system by definition is exploitative, as you will discover if you have look at the literature on the subject, such as George Hilton's definitive work, The Truck System, including a History of the British Truck Acts, 1465-1960. (Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd, 1960.) A description of the "economic structure" should go at truck wages, since there is a difference between the payment of wages in a non-cash form, which is not necessarily exploitative, and a truck system (in the strict sense).Grant65 (Talk) 00:04, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * "Truck systems and company stores are sometimes identified with debt bondage, although the latter works through advances on wages; by contrast, truck systems exploit workers and their families by controlling consumption of essential items, such as food and accommodation." Who wrote this, Karl Marx? Just because you can quote people who wrote literature and agree with you on the subject doesn't mean it's not POV to declare the truck system "exploitative." If a worker and the employer voluntarily agree on such a system, many people would disagree that this is a system that exploits workers. This is blatantly POV and it should be fixed.
 * Furthermore, to define truck systems as "unfree labour" doesn't really fit the definition, which is forced labor. Now, of course, socialists argue that such systems are unfree and exploit workers, but this is one of those fundamental points where socialism and capitalism clash. Therefore, a statement representing one side has no place in a Wikipedia article. Aplomado 21:03, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * See my comments at talk:unfree labour. Grant65 | Talk 08:43, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * If you want to ignore other viewpoints of truck systems in favor of one in particular, then fine, I'm putting up a disputed tag. Are you honestly going to deny that there are many scholars who disagree with the "exploitative" nature of truck systems?
 * Yes I am. As does everyone who has ever written on it. You clearly are not very familiar with the literature on truck systems. If it isn't exploitative it simply isn't a truck system, i.e. it's payment in kind, or truck wages, or barter or whatever you want to call it. The terminology is confusing, I agree, but that is what a truck system  per se is and that is why governments throughout the western world introduced legislation to outlaw them. Grant65 | Talk 19:16, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * You still haven't explained how barter or "truck wages" are exploitative. You simply assume this to be true. If you want to quote scholars reasoning for this, fine. But as you said, it is confusing and it doesn't need to be. For example, Meriam-Webster merely defines a truck system as "the system of paying wages in goods instead of cash." I don't see "exploitation" as necessarily part of the definition. Instead of being condescending to your critics, make an effort to write a clear and fair article that addresses these concerns. Aplomado 19:47, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * BTW I'm re-adding the disputed tag until this "exploitation by definition" nonsense is resolved. Any significant reading of material on the company towns of the early 1900s will at the very least reveal this to be a disputed issue. Aplomado 03:00, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Condescending? Don't be so rude. Since you raised your concerns — in an insulting and abrasive fashion — I have been attempting to rewrite to emphasise the academic usage of "truck system".

I would invite you to try a rewrite, but I don't think you know enough about the subject; you clearly haven't touched the relevant literature and you're still having trouble with the semantics.

For example, I never said that barter was exploitative. It generally isn't. However a truck system, per se is a form or subset of barter or truck which is exploitative. Some historians argue about the extent/limits of said exploitation in particular cases, but that's it.

Meriam-Webster is a dictionary, this is an encyclopedia. Any dictionary definition of commonly used terms is probably going to be inadequate compared to what we do. If we simply adopted literal, dictionary definitions of words/terms then there would be no Wikipedia.

I challenge you to find me a quotation from the historical literature that defines a truck system (not truck wages or any similar term) as simply payment in goods. The definitions all include exploitation and/or unfree labour.

Another example of your problem with semantics: a company town in 1906 or 2006 does not necessarily entail a truck system or exploitation. There are still plenty of company towns in the world. The article is about truck systems not company towns. Grant65 | Talk 04:23, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, Mr. Grant, I invited you to explain how "truck systems" are exploitative by definition. I'm having trouble seeing how you can back up such a statement. A "truck system" is not necessarily exploitative. Most of the literature I've read on such systems speak of "company towns" in which employees are paid in a form of credit that can be redeemed in a company store. Of course they could be paid in cash, but they live in an isolated town where cash is of little value. The burden of proof is on you, my friend, to demonstrate that company stores and truck systems fit into the narrow and inflammatory category of "exploitative," and not simply a system in which it is most convenient for such rural towns to operate. Aplomado 07:58, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Aplomado, can you explain why think you insist on referring only to the company store scenario, when that was only one example of a truck system? I have already given one illustration of how another kind of truck worked.

 * If the word "exploitative" is the main problem for you, then I think it's going to be difficult to provide any fuller description of the workings of truck systems which you would find agreeable, since you have seem to trouble conceiving of the radically different ways in which workplaces have operated in the past and continue to operate in some countries even now.

 * Instead of just leaving a NPOV template, why don't you try writing your own version, as you did at unfree labour. Be bold, that's what we're here for. Grant65 | Talk 12:51, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Scrip
How does one propse that this page be merged with scrip? Jimworm 01:28, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * They are realted but separate things, so I would be opposed to any merger.Grant65 (Talk) 13:00, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Is this sentence true?: ''While this system had long existed in many parts of the world, it became widespread in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as industrialization left many poor, unskilled workers without other means to support themselves and their families. '' I thought industrialization put unskilled workers and children to work leaving skilled workers with less opportunities. And I suspect as harsh as that sounds it was still in improvement on lifestyle for the majority. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.241.83.46 (talk) 16:51, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Unfree labor
By definition, unfree labor is labor under forced coercion. "exploative labor" is not the same as "unfree labor". In socialist theories, all labor in capitalist society is exploative to a degree. I am moving to replace this category as unsupported by the text of the article. `'mikka 00:22, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Removed a link to History of unfree labor in the United States. If someone wants to link to unfree labor would be fine, although I haven't checked the unfree labor main entry. This particular article (unfree labor in the untied states) needs to be edited for NPOV and needs some fact checking and citation work. It's not of use to link it to this entry. Gogogoat (talk) 08:09, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

truck system in newfoundland
there are some materials in william warrender mackenzie's report. Miriam Wright said it persisted into the mid of 20th ceturay. Jackzhp 16:49, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Company store vs. Truck system
What is the main difference between truck system and company store? Madd the sane (talk) 06:21, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Perhaps a slightly better article stub
I hope this is more straightforward than what it replaces; it still needs a lot of work. The previous stub seemed too abstractly ideological (my POV, anyway) and unusefully unfocused. Also, the lyrics to "16 tons" don't belong here. Added the Law and Economics banners on the talk page (seemed appropriate). Provided some usable (and accessible) references, for a potential starting point. Regards, Notuncurious (talk) 20:54, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

NPOV?
I'm leaving this on the talk page instead of tagging myself since I'm not an expert, but this article might need NPOV help...the opening sentence, "A truck system is where a predatory employer coerces..." etc etc. EagleFalconn (talk) 19:46, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * That is to distinguish it from a legitimate barter or payment-in-kind system, which is explained later on in the article stub. The truck system is only the predatory practice, which has been outlawed, and including the word predatory is intended to make the distinction clear. Regards, Notuncurious (talk) 21:47, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The article was loaded with an obvious editorial POV. I've edit the article to describe the practice (including the fact that it's considered exploitative and illegal) rather than to denounce it.  If described adequately, the editorial denunciation of it is unnecessary (cf. WP:NPOV). - JasonAQuest (talk) 14:39, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Looking at the edit history, there was some good NPOV material in an earlier version of it, which could be reincorporated into the article. - JasonAQuest (talk) 14:43, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello Jason, while you are entitled to your opinion (one that seems shared by others, for whatever reason), your reaction to the wording of the article is itself "loaded with POV" (to use your own phrasing). However, reasonable people may disagree. For an example of what one might conside "loaded with POV", see your comment above favoring a description of "considered exploitative and illegal". Something is illegal or it is not: to say it is "considered illegal" is weasel-wording, IMHO.

 * I suggest emphatically that when you make inflamatory accusations and change an article, you cite your references, which I took pains to do, and which you did not - how is that different than injecting your own personal point of view, unsupported by credible references? If you have any references, I would be interested in hearing them. If you are interested in the topic, then perhaps start with the references that I provided, which include legal opinions.

 * For the article itself: the essence of the truck system is a conscious decision by the employer to prey on the employee — ie, evil intent. This is not a denunciation: it is the definition (as exemplified by the laws and acts that have outlawed it). Also, it does not apply to employers who do not prey on employees in the use of barter and payment-in-kind systems (as the article made clear until you changed it, and which were sometimes necessary, and which were common among the poor, who had to trade on barter and PIK because they had no money). Regards, Notuncurious (talk) 22:03, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

 * "Considered exploitative" and "illegal" were intended to be read as two different clauses; I apologize if that wasn't clear enough. You'll note that I didn't use that phrase in the article itself, so your criticism of it and my comments on this talk page as POV is not particularly relevant; I'm allowed to express an opinion about the article.  I was simply suggesting "widely illegal and considered exploitative" (is that clearer?) as a thematic approach, one that is (as Wikipedia policy requires) utterly neutral and merely describes how other people characterize the subject, not my own assessment of it.  There is no debate over the fact that it is widely considered exploitative and predatory.  Nor is there debate about the fact that is is widely (but not universally) illegal.  (Unless there is a planetwide legislature I'm unfamiliar with, we cannot simply state that it's been "outlawed".  That's geographic bias and contrary to WP policy as an international encyclopedia.)  Those two facts are what the article should state.  The conclusion that it is exploitative and predatory does not belong here.  The fact that more than one other editor has objected to the argumentative and judgmental tone of this article should give you pause to consider that... maybe they have a point.
 * You seem to be falling into the trap of thinking that (for example) an article about Hitler needs to say that he was evil; it does not. It merely needs to describe what he did, and report the fact that lots of people have described that as "evil".  Read WP:NPOV please; it's a core WP policy and every editor should be familiar with it.  If we don't need to call Hitler "evil", surely we can manage to describe a truck system without resorting to epithets such as "predatory".
 * Your statement that the article no longer distinguishes between barter/in-kind arrangements and truck systems is incorrect; please reread the article. I did remove the word "honest" in the description of barter systems, which is precisely the kind of value judgment that Wikipedia is not permitted to make.  Instead we should describe how they are different in operation, not in morality or ethics.
 * By the way, I added no references because I added no new substantial information; I merely removed or rephrased the material which reduced the article's credibility by making it polemic rather than encyclopedic.
 * P.S. I happen to agree that truck systems are exploitative and predatory, and ought to be illegal everywhere, so please dismiss any notion that we're in disagreement about the subject; we are in disagreement about how to write about it. For my part, I like the approach consistent with WP policy. - JasonAQuest (talk) 04:00, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Company Store NOT a truck System
Folks, A company store is also a defining structure in a coal camp and basically help the camp become a town. It is a fact that yes, the employee did not have another place to spend their earnings. However, in the case of Appalachian Company towns and Coal towns, THERE WERE NO OTHER PLACES FOR AT LEAST A DECADE. We MUST avoid POV and politics if wewant to have an encyclopedia. Cant we define something before we imbue it meanings that may or may NOT be valid?????Coal town guy (talk) 02:10, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Tom and Jerry shop in the Britain section
I am deleting A Tom and Jerry shop is a low-drinking room  from the end of the Brewer quotation in the Britain section: There does not seem to be any (evidence of a) connection between the truck system and tommy shops on the one hand and Tom and Jerry shops on the other.

Frans Fowler (talk) 20:30, 17 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Truck wages


text: User talk:209.139.192.243

title: User talk:209.139.192.243


text: Talk:1945–46 NHL season

title: Talk:1945–46 NHL season


text: Talk:1946–47 NHL season

title: Talk:1946–47 NHL season


text:
Serrated blade

A serrated blade has a toothlike rather than a plain edge, and is used on saws and on some knives and scissors. It is also known as a dentated, sawtooth, or toothed blade. Many such blades are scalloped, having edges cut with curved notches, common on wood saws and bread knives.

With kitchen knives, the finer serrated edge is found typically on paring and cheese knives, particularly for slicing harder cheeses like cheddar or Wensleydale. The wider scalloped-edge serrations are found on practically all bread knives and typically on fruit knives. These serrated knives are better able to cut through a firmer or tougher outer crust or skin without crushing the softer and more delicate inner crumb or flesh.

Serrations give the blade's cutting edge less contact area than a smooth blade, which increases the applied pressure at each point of contact, and the points of contact are at a sharper angle to the material being cut. This causes a cutting action that involves many small splits in the surface of the material being cut, which cumulatively serve to cut the material along the line of the blade.

Cuts made with a serrated blade are typically less smooth and precise than cuts made with a smooth blade. Serrated edges can be difficult to sharpen using a whetstone or rotary sharpener intended for straight edges but can be sharpened with ceramic or diamond coated rods. Further, they tend to stay sharper longer than similar straight edges. A serrated blade has a faster cut, but a plain edge has a cleaner cut. Some prefer a serrated blade on a pocket knife or on an emergency rescue knife, especially with the latter for its increased ability to cut through cords, ropes, and safety belts.

Types of serration

 * Tooth serration — Vertical serration along edge of blade
 * Single edge serration — Serration on one side, the other remains flat
 * Double edge serration — Serration on both sides
 * Fan serration — Side-to-side serration without necessarily having a toothed edge
 * Micro-serration — Serration much smaller than thickness of blade creating something like a fan pattern

title: Serrated blade