text:
Empress Wang (Xuan)

Empress Wang (王皇后, personal name unknown) (died 22 September 16 BC ), formally Empress Xiaoxuan (孝宣皇后), semi-formally Empress Dowager Qiongcheng (邛成太后), to distinguish her from her daughter-in-law Wang Zhengjun, with the same family name, but otherwise unrelated to her) was an empress during the Western Han Dynasty. She was the third wife of Emperor Xuan.

Early life
Empress Wang's father Wang Fengguang (王奉光) was a hereditary acting marquess (關內侯) when he met Emperor Xuan while he was still a commoner, based on their common interest in cockfighting. According to legend, she was betrothed to several men in succession, but each time her fiancé died before marriage could occur. After Emperor Xuan became emperor, he took her as a concubine (as Consort Wang), but she was not one of his favourites.

Emperor Xuan's first wife, Empress Xu Pingjun was poisoned in 71 BC by the ambitious Xian (顯), the wife of the regent Huo Guang, who wanted to make her daughter Huo Chengjun empress, an objective that she was successful in after Empress Xu's death. While Huo Chengjun was empress, she allegedly tried unsuccessfully several times to poison Empress Xu's son Crown Prince Liu Shi, to make her potential future son the imperial heir.

Empress
After the Huo clan was destroyed and Empress Huo deposed in 66 BC, Emperor Xuan considered who amongst his consorts to create as his empress. At that time, he favoured Consorts Hua, Zhang, and Wei, each of whom had borne him children. He almost settled on Consort Zhang as his new empress. However, he became hesitant, remembering how Empress Huo had tried to murder the crown prince. He therefore resolved to create as his empress someone who was childless and kind. He decided on Consort Wang, and created her empress on 26 March 64 BC and gave her a luxurious life. He also created her father, Wang Fengguang, the Marquess of Qiongcheng (邛成侯). Emperor Xuan put Prince Shi in her care, and she cared for him well. Despite her position, she was never one of Emperor Xuan's favourites and she rarely saw him. Of course, she had no problem with this and was satisfied with her power, which was superior to all wives, courtiers and even male relatives of the royal family.

Empress Wang would have a role in Crown Prince Shi's eventual choice of a wife. In the mid-50s BC, Consort Sima, the favourite consort of Prince Shi died from an illness. Prince Shi was grief-stricken and became ill and depressed. Emperor Xuan was concerned, so he had Empress Wang select the most beautiful of the young ladies in waiting and had them sent to Prince Shi. Wang Zhengjun was one of the ladies in waiting chosen. She, as the mother of his first-born son Liu Ao (later Emperor Cheng), would eventually become his wife and empress.

Empress Wang was not known to have had significant political influence as an empress.

Empress dowager and grand empress dowager

After her husband Emperor Xuan died in January 48 BC and her stepson Prince Shi took the throne as Emperor Yuan, she held the title of empress dowager. She would outlive him as well.

After Emperor Yuan died in July 33 BC, his son, Crown Prince Ao, took the throne as Emperor Cheng. Empress Wang then held the title of grand empress dowager, and she became also semi-formally known as Empress Dowager Qiongcheng (based on her father's title) to be distinguished with her daughter-in-law. She did not appear to have much political influence during the reigns of either Emperor Yuan or Cheng, even though they appeared to genuinely love and respect her as a mother/grandmother.

She died in September 16 BC and was buried with her husband, Emperor Xuan.

title: Empress Wang (Xuan)


text: User:Asav

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Asav


text:
Russian National Unity

Russian National Unity (RNU; transcribed Russkoe natsionalnoe edinstvo RNE) or All-Russian civic patriotic movement "Russian National Unity" (Общероссийское общественное патриотическое движение "Русское национальное единство") was an unregistered neo-Nazi,   irredentist group based in Russia and formerly operating in states with Russian-speaking populations. It was founded in 1990 by the ultra-nationalist Alexander Barkashov. The movement advocated the expulsion of non-Russians and an increased role for traditional Russian institutions such as the Russian Orthodox Church. The organization was unregistered federally in Russia, but nonetheless collaborated on a limited basis with the Federal Security Service. The group was banned in Moscow in 1999 after which the group gradually split up in smaller groups and their webpage became defunct in 2006.

Ideology, tactics and activities
Promoting the notion of "Russia for Russians and compatriots", members of the party (sometimes called Barkashovites) endorse policies including the expulsion of minorities that "have their homeland outside Russia", especially Jews and migrants from the South Caucasus such as Azeri, Georgians and Armenians as well Central Asian nationalities such as Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Tajiks, and others. Their vision of Russia is divided into privileged ethnic Russians, who would be guaranteed majority political representation, and non-Russians who live in Russia and have their national homeland there, including indigenous populations of Russian Far East, North, Turkic and some other minorities.

New recruits (storonniki, literally "supporters" or "siders") to the organization have traditionally been required to serve as low-level functionaries in the organization, acting as drivers and handing out flyers as well as attending instructional sessions on the group's philosophy and beliefs, many of which are derived from a book written by Barkashov. As members advance, they may attain the rank of spodvizhniki (literally archaic, high-style for "co-workers" or "co-endeavourers") and are entitled to wear the insignia and participate in paramilitary training. The most dedicated members advance to the ranks of the soratniki (literally "comrades-in-arms"), who serve as the leadership of the group.

Members of some local RNE groups have been convicted of serious racist crimes, such as in the case of the RNE group in Tver who vandalized Jewish and Muslim graves, murdered and assaulted individuals belonging to ethnic minorities, and spread racial hatred, among other crimes.

Reportedly, RNE talked about killing Jews and Gypsies who reside in Russia. Concerning Adolf Hitler, Barkashov declared: "I consider [Hitler] a great hero of the German nation and of all white races. He succeeded in inspiring the entire nation to fight against degradation and the washing away of national values." Regardless of the RNE's resemblance to Nazism, founder Barkashov rejected the labels 'fascist' and 'Nazi', however, he admitted to being a national socialist. The group had a membership of around 20,000–25,000 members before its breakup in 2000.

History
In 1989, Barkashov was the second in command in Russian National-Patriotic Front Pamyat. His conflict with Dmitri Vasilyev resulted in Barkashov leading, in his words, "the most disciplined and active members, dissatisfied with empty talk and theatrical stunts, out of Pamyat". In 1990, RNU grew in the face of the economic and social difficulties faced by Russians in the course of the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

The Russian National Unity movement was founded on 16 October 1990 by a splinter group of the National Patriotic Front "Memory" (NPF "Pamyat"). It grew from 1990 to 1991. Members have been reported to wear black and camouflage uniforms. The group also adopted a red and white swastika emblem and openly expressed admiration for German National Socialism and public celebrations of the rise of the Nazis, although the organization officially denied any support for Nazi ideology. The group was active not only in Russia, but also in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine. The RNU has attempted to unite nationalist groups by organizing Slavonic and then Russian sobors. They met with various groups to pursue common goals, but saw little progress.

By the middle of 1993, the RNU had become the most prominent Russian nationalist movement, with a wide network of regional divisions. In addition to engaging in political action, the RNU conducted military drills and tactical training. As the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis unfolded, the RNU militantly supported the Russian parliament over President Boris Yeltsin. In 1993, it also took part in defending and patrolling the White House, the residence of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, against the President's troops. Following Yeltsin's victory, the RNU worked illegally for several months. While underground, the movement continued to publish their newspaper Russian Order.

The same year, the organization was registered as "a club for military and patriotic upbringing" and later was recognized by local officials as "a volunteer people's self-protection unit". To help achieve its goals, the RNU developed a cadre of armed paramilitaries, known as Russian Vityazi, who were trained in the use of small arms and explosives.

On 15 October 1995, 304 delegates from 37 regional divisions attended a RNU conference in Moscow.

In 1998, Moscow's mayor Yuri Luzhkov, with the support of higher government officials, prohibited the second RNU regional conference from being held in Moscow.

At the peak of its popularity in 1999, RNU was estimated to have 20,000–25,000 active members all over Russia by state officials.

The group was banned in Moscow in 1999 and Barkashov lost the control of the group by 2000 after which the group was defunct.

After the ban on the group, members of RNU were often jailed and the organisation was split into a number of other groups. The members of these new groups, namely Alexander Barkashov, Russian Orthodox Army, and others have since have engaged in religious activities and pro-Russian activism in Donbas conflict. They also support the Russian invasion of Ukraine and expressed their readiness to fight against Ukraine.

title: Russian National Unity


text: Archology

title: Archology


text: Category:Country music by year

title: Category:Country music by year


text:
Narleski

Narleski is a surname of Polish origin. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Bill Narleski (1900–1964), American baseball player
 * Ray Narleski (1928–2012), American baseball player, son of Bill

title: Narleski


text:
Alfred Sutro

Alfred Sutro OBE (7 August 1863 – 11 September 1933) was an English dramatist, writer and translator. In addition to a succession of successful plays of his own in the first quarter of the 20th century, Sutro made the first English translations of works by the Belgian writer Maurice Maeterlinck.

Life and career
Sutro was born in London, the third and youngest son of Sigismund Sutro, a medical practitioner and authority on continental spas and their cures. Sutro senior, who was of German and Spanish Sephardic ancestry, had come to England from Germany as a young man and become a British subject. Alfred's grandfather was a rabbi.

Sutro was educated at the City of London School and in Brussels. He worked as a clerk in the City and when he was twenty he entered into partnership with his elder brother Leopold, trading as wholesale merchants. In 1894 he married Esther Stella, daughter of Joseph Michael Isaacs, a fruit broker and importer in Covent Garden; her brother, Rufus Isaacs, became a prominent lawyer and politician. Stella Isaacs was a painter, and insisted that Sutro should give up business and earn his living in the arts.

The Sutros lived for a time in Paris; among the friends they made there was Maurice Maeterlinck, with whom Sutro established a lifelong friendship. Sutro undertook to translate Maeterlinck's works into English, and it was his versions of The Treasure of the Humble (1897), Wisdom and Destiny (1898) and The Life of the Bee (1901) that introduced Maeterlinck to anglophone readers. Sutro's other Maeterlinck translations, some made jointly with his friend Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, include Aglavaine and Selysette, Joyzelle, The Life of the White Ant, The Buried Temple, Monna Vanna, The Death of Tintagiles, and The Magic of the Stars.

Sutro's own work was chiefly as a playwright. After many false starts he achieved a moderate success in 1895 with The Chili Widow, an adaptation of a French work, made jointly with Arthur Bourchier. His first great success was not for a further nine years, when his mildly satirical comedy The Walls of Jericho was presented at the Garrick Theatre, with Bourchier in the lead. A B Walkley in The Times was not greatly impressed by the play but correctly predicted a long run. It ran for 423 performances, and established Sutro among the leading English dramatists.

From then until his retirement, Sutro wrote more than twenty plays, most of them popular successes. The Times singled out for mention
 * Mollentrave on Women (1905),
 * The Perfect Lover (1905),
 * The Fascinating Mr Vanderveldt (1906),
 * John Glayde’s Honour (1907),
 * The Barrier (1907),
 * The Builder of Bridges (1908),
 * Making a Gentleman (1909),
 * The Perplexed Husband (1911),
 * The Fire-Screen (1912),
 * The Two Virtues (1914),
 * The Clever Ones (1914),
 * The Choice (1919) and
 * A Man with a Heart (1925).

Sutro's biographer Katherine Chubbuck writes that in the 1920s "He had been overtaken by a new school of dramatists led by Noël Coward". After the poor reception of his final play, Living Together (1929) he retired from the theatre.

Sutro also published a volume of stories (The Foolish Virgins, 1904), a collection of sketches (About Women, 1931), and a volume of memoirs, (Celebrities and Simple Souls, 1933).

Sutro died after a few days' illness at his home in Witley, Surrey, on 11 September 1933. His widow died the following year. They had no children.

title: Alfred Sutro


text:
John Osteen

John Hillery Osteen (August 21, 1921 – January 23, 1999) was an American pastor who founded Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas. His television program ran for 16 years and was broadcast to millions in the U.S. and nearly 50 countries weekly.

Life and work
Osteen was born in Paris, Texas. He earned a bachelor's degree from John Brown University in Siloam Springs, Arkansas, and a master's degree from Northern Baptist Seminary. He also held a Doctor of Divinity degree from Oral Roberts University.

In his biography, Osteen said he did not begin thinking seriously about God until 1939, after leaving a nightclub he frequented. Within a couple of months, he began preaching in Paris, Texas, and was apparently ordained to the gospel ministry shortly before his 18th birthday by a church affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention. He served as an Associate Pastor at First Baptist Church in San Diego, California, after completing his studies at NBTS and by the late 1940s as a minister at First Baptist Church, Hamlin, Texas. Osteen left Hamlin in 1948 to become an itinerant preacher, but within a year he became pastor of Central Baptist Church, Baytown, Texas.

During his pastorate of Central Baptist Church, Osteen and his first wife, Emma Jean Shaffer, began to experience marital unrest and subsequently divorced. He married Dolores "Dodie" Pilgrim on September 17, 1954, and the following year resigned his pastorate. Before long, Osteen again entered pastoral ministry at Hibbard Memorial Baptist Church, Houston, Texas, but left in 1958.

That same year, John and Dodie's first daughter Lisa was born with severe health issues. As he wrestled with her circumstance, his theological beliefs began to shift and he had ecstatic religious experiences, based on the baptism of the Holy Ghost. A year later, on Mother's Day, May 10, 1959, he and Dodie started Lakewood Baptist Church in "a dusty, abandoned feed store" in northeast Houston as a church for charismatic Baptists. The church soon dropped "Baptist" from its name and became nondenominational.

In the mid-1980s, Osteen launched the Lakewood Bible Institute (LBI), an "unaccredited school devoted to biblical training from a charismatic perspective." LBI offered a variety of classes including principles of Bible study, healing, conversion, and prayer. Osteen served as LBI's president until its closure in the late-1980s.

Lakewood Church
Osteen founded Lakewood Church in 1959 in Houston, Texas, and developed Lakewood into a body of approximately 15,000 members with active ministries in televangelism, conferences, missionary support, and food distribution. He hosted the weekly John Osteen television program for 16 years, reaching millions in the U.S. and in many other countries with his preaching. On January 23, 1999, he died after a heart attack at the age of 77. His youngest son Joel Osteen later became the pastor, who has expanded his father's church. Lakewood now receives over 52,000 in attendance and reaches millions of people around the world by television and online.

title: John Osteen


text: File:CountingCrowsRecoveringTheSatellites.jpg


text:
Talk:Battle of Bentonville

Disposition of Sherman's Army
My understanding of the situation was that Johnston decided to attack only one of Sherman's three columns marching north, the one farthest west. Does anyone know if this is the case?L Hamm 03:43, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You're correct. Johnson's plan was to strike the Army of Georgia (under Henry W. Slocum) at Bentonville, hoping to destroy it before Sherman could bring reinforcements to the scene. If you are interested in participating in the editing process, the Carolinas campaign needs a lot of work and is way back on my to-do list. Hal Jespersen 15:25, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Reference improvement / possible plagiarism
Very similar phrasing in article vs. in text of NHL nomination from 1996 for the site, available as link in new Bentonville Battlefield article. Or, the plagiarizer could have copied from a source that the NHL nomination uses. I tagged article with "refimprove", as I don't know of a more severe tag to use. I downrate article to Stub for possible/probable plagiarism and general lack of sources. doncram (talk) 00:29, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I scanned around for a while and couldn't see obvious copying. Could you cite some specific passages? Is the URL of the external link correct? Hal Jespersen (talk) 01:55, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

"Before Johnston"
This sentence made me do a double take: "The next day, the other Federal flank arrived and for the next two days, the armies skirmished with each other before Johnston's army."

Before Johnston's army what? Or were there three armies (so two of them could skirmish in front of Johnston's one)?

Dredging through the history reveals that a revision as of 23:46, 12 December 2011 made by a Gorman McPhail changed the following:

The next day, the other Federal wing arrived and for the next two days, the armies skirmished with each other before Johnston retreated. --> The next day, the other Federal flank arrived and for the next two days, the armies skirmished with each other before Johnston's army.

Was this an innocent mistake? Why otherwise replace "retreated" with "army"? Should we change it to end with "... before Johnston's army retreated"? What was wrong with saying Johnston retreated - when a commander is said to retreat, his forces is understood to have retreated with him. CapnZapp (talk) 09:06, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Fixed with a more general rewrite. Hal Jespersen (talk) 18:25, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Battle of Bentonville. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080418215658/http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/bentonvi/bentonvi.htm to http://www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us/sections/hs/bentonvi/bentonvi.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:01, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Bentonville


text:
Talk:Granby, Quebec (township)

Untitled
The word "Township" is not apart of the official name. Putting it in bold is bad enough, but capitalizing "Township" is especially bad. Even it were the "township of Granby", it's not the "Township of Granby". --rob 03:43, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Also, when renaming articles, please fix the re-directs after, especially the double re-directs. --rob 04:12, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it's correct as is. In English, generics are capitalized when attached to name (eg the Province of Quebec; the City of Rimouski; the Island of Montreal). Farquard 18:19, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I removed the second use of the word "township". It would be ok, if it was done to link to a definition of the word "township" (in a Quebec context), but all the link did was take soembody to the the category page.  However, categories appear at the bottom of the article, and there's no need to link to it at the top.  --rob 19:46, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Granby, Quebec (township)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Osteen

John Osteen
nn bio, maybe a speedy Wyss 03:44, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. A quick search reveals that he and his son seem to be very much notable. Mmmbeer 03:49, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable. Everyking 03:50, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, just on the info in the article, being the first pastor of one of the largest megachurches in the US would be enough. -Splash 04:01, 20 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Piri Wiri Tua Movement

Piri Wiri Tua Movement was a Māori political party in New Zealand associated with the Ratana movement. It was formed in 1999 with the aim of establishing a separate Māori assembly that would work in a partnership alongside Parliament to administer Māori affairs, social services, health and education and the Māori Land Court. The party's leader Te Kaiarahi Hui said the party's name referred to working closely with others to achieve benefits for Māori. He said Ratana had taken on the role of Piri Wiri Tua ('The Campaigner') when he worked to meet the needs of Māori people.

The party had six principles:

 * the primacy of taha wairua (spirituality)
 * upholding the Treaty of Waitangi and any subsequent treaty between the Crown and Māori
 * ensuring integrity, due process and justice for Māori in settlement of treaty claims
 * procuring Māori self-government (mana motuhake) through democratic processes
 * through mana motuhake, improving the social, cultural, educational, economic and environmental position of Māori
 * fostering peace, goodwill and understanding amongst all peoples in Aotearoa.

In the 1999 elections, the Piri Wiri Tua Movement fielded three candidates, who won 568 votes between them. One of the party's better known candidates was the entertainer Dalvanius Prime, who stood in the Te Tai Hauāuru electorate. Te Kaiarahi Hui was a candidate in Te Tai Tokerau electorate, and Erena Rigby stood in Te Tai Tonga electorate. In the 1999 and 2002 elections, the party was affiliated to the Mana Māori Movement.

The name "Piri Wiri Tua" was sometimes used by the Ratana religion's founder, Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana, and means The Campaigner. A literal translation is Billy Bore Through or stick fast and bore to the other side. In 2002 the Ratana church successfully objected to the registration of the party, based on the fact that "Piri Wiri Tua" "...is used in a number of other ways by church followers...", and that "...would confuse and mislead voters into wrongly thinking the church had endorsed the party".

title: Piri Wiri Tua Movement


text:
Piri Wiri Tua

Piri Wiri Tua can be:

 * A pseudonym used by Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana, founder of the Ratana religion
 * The Piri Wiri Tua Movement, a political party based on the Ratana religion

title: Piri Wiri Tua


title: User:Sam916


text:
Mary Jane (shoe)

Mary Jane (also known as bar shoes or doll shoes) is an American term (formerly a registered trademark) for a closed, low-cut shoe with one or more straps across the instep.

Classic Mary Janes for children are typically made of black leather or patent leather and have one thin strap fastened with a buckle or button, a broad and rounded toe box, low heels, and thin outsoles. Among girls, Mary Janes are commonly worn with tights, pantyhose, socks, and a dress, or a skirt and blouse. Among boys (less common), Mary Janes are traditionally worn with socks, short trousers and a shirt. Mary Janes can also be worn on bare feet by both boys and girls.

History
Children's shoes secured by a strap over the instep and fastened with a buckle or button appeared in the early 20th century. Originally worn by both sexes, they began to be perceived as being mostly for girls during the 1930s in North America and the 1940s in Europe. They were also popular with women in the 1920s.

Today, Mary Janes for children, particularly the more classic styles, are often considered semi-formal or formal shoes, appropriate for school (many schools worldwide require that girls wear them with their uniform), religious ceremonies, weddings, visits, and birthday parties for example. More modern styles are also worn in casual settings, however: playgrounds, shopping centres, sports (Mary Jane sneakers), etc. Although less popular than in the past, Mary Janes remain a timeless classic of children's fashion and, for many people, a symbol of girlhood.

Moreover, Mary Janes are a preferred accessory of many traditional or folk costumes, such as those of the flamenco female dancer and of the typical woman in Mao's China and the Kims' North Korea.

Etymology
Mary Jane was a character created by Richard Felton Outcault, "Father of the Sunday Comic Strip", for his comic strip Buster Brown, which was first published in 1902. She was the sister of the title character Buster Brown and was drawn from real life, as Outcault had a daughter of the same name. In Outcault's and his daughter's words, she was the only character drawn from life in the Buster Brown strip although "Mrs. Brown" resembled Outcault's wife.

In 1904, Outcault traveled to the St. Louis World's Fair and sold licenses to up to 200 companies to use the Buster Brown characters to advertise their products. Among them was the Brown Shoe Company, which later hired actors to tour the country, performing as the Buster Brown characters in theaters and stores. This strategy helped the Brown Shoe Company become the most prominently associated brand with the Buster Brown characters. The style of shoe both Buster Brown and Mary Jane wore came to be known by her name, Mary Jane.

Adult styles
While the classic Mary Jane still retains its wide popularity and appeal, platform style Mary Janes have also evolved since the late 1990s, with 1-cm to 3-cm (½-in to 1-in) outsoles and 8-cm to 13-cm (3-in to 5-in) "chunky" heels, often with exaggerated grommets or buckles. The 1920s-style Mary Janes were a famous part of flappers' ensembles, thus reinforcing the childlike style the flappers had. These styles were especially popular in the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s, within punk rock, psychobilly and goth subcultures. Many times the wearers would accent the look with knee-high knit socks in dark-colored stripes or patterns and/or some form of hosiery (stockings/pantyhose), and often complete the look with a plaid, pleated schoolgirl-style skirt.

During the early 2000s, block-heeled Mary Jane shoes were popular in the United Kingdom and were fastened by a rectangular chrome buckle and were made under various brand names such as No Doubt, Koi Couture etc.

Mary Janes are a popular part of kinderwhore and Lolita fashion. A pump with a strap across the instep may be referred to as a "Mary Jane pump", although it does not have the low heels or wide toe of the original Mary Jane (and a pump is generally strapless by definition).

title: Mary Jane (shoe)


text:
Heinrich Blum

Heinrich Blum (name sometimes written in Czechized form Jindřich Blum; 16 January 1884, in Soběšice, today part of Brno – 1942) was a Czech architect.

Biography
Blum was born into a Jewish family. From 1903 to 1921 he studied at German Technical University in Brno. His study was interrupted by the WWI, where he served in the Austrian army until 1918. Later he continued to work at the university. Together with architects Arnošt Wiesner, Otto Eisler and Zikmund Kerekes he was influenced by works of Adolf Loos.

At the beginning of November 1941 he married Gertrude Nasch.

In 1942 Blum was deported to concentration camps Theresienstadt and Lublin. He died at an unknown location.

title: Heinrich Blum


text:
Jackson High School (Stark County, Ohio)

Jackson High School is a public high school located in Jackson Township, Ohio, United States, near Massillon. Part of the Jackson Local School District, it serves grades 9 through 12. The school's colors are purple and gold and the athletic teams are known as the Polar Bears.

Academics
Jackson High School is ranked the 50th best public high school within Ohio, and 983rd nationally as of 2022. Students have the opportunity to take Advanced Placement® course work and exams. The AP® participation rate at Jackson High School is 52 percent, and the exam participation rate is 78%. At the state level, 88% of students receive advanced or accelerated on their state proficiency tests.

Athletics
Jackson High School is a founding member school of the Federal League, a high school athletic conference in Ohio.

State championships
Boys Basketball: 2010, 2017

Boys Baseball: 2014, 2017

Boys Cross Country: 2023

Basketball
Jackson has won two State Championships in Basketball in both 2010 under the direction of Mike Fuline, as well as 2017 under Tim Debevec, Fuline's replacement after he left to be the head coach of the Mount Union Men's Basketball team. The Polar Bears have four total final four appearances.

Music department
The Jackson Marching Band produces a show yearly (along with one black light halftime show). The band has marched in the Tournament of Roses Parade (1982 and 1998), Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1999), Cotton Bowl Parade, Orange Bowl Parade (1992), Fiesta Bowl Parade and pre-game (1994), and Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade (1987, 1991, 1995 and 1998). The band has also traveled to Hawaii, Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida, and Phoenix, Arizona. In 2009 the Marching Band traveled to New Orleans to play in the Sugar Bowl halftime show. In 2012, the band traveled to Orlando to play in the Disney Thanksgiving Day Parade. In March 2014 the band successfully traveled to China. While in China the band performed on the Great Wall of China, along with sightseeing, the band visited their sister school in Jiaozhou, Qingdao. The band performed in a grand concert tour with their sister school. The band department has four bands, a Freshman band, two concert bands, and Symphony band. All four bands participate in competitions sponsored by the Ohio Music Educators Association. In 2018, the band took a trip to Ireland and marched in the St. Patrick's Day Parade in Ireland. In 2021, the band participated in the first Ohio State University skull session in nearly two years on September 11, and traveled to Disney World and marched in the Magic Kingdom Parade over the district’s spring break in 2022.

The choral department has six choirs, which compete in competitions sponsored by the Ohio Music Educators Association. Jackson's show choir, the Jacks-N-Jills, performs throughout the region. The Choral Department puts on the school's annual musical production and the choir takes a semi-annual trip to Pennsylvania and New York City.

Art department
Jackson High School has the largest high school arts program in Stark County, called JSA (Jackson School for the Arts). Students are accepted into the arts school as freshmen and sometimes sophomores and follow the program until senior year. In the school of the arts students must meet GPA requirements, audition for dance classes and participate in technical and performing areas. Students in JSA begin their day an hour before other students to fit in more classes and thus have more time to be in more arts courses as well as the required core classes. In their senior year, students are also required to complete an internship in a field relating to their area of concentration.

Other distinctions
In 2006, Jackson High School was rated "academically excellent" by the Ohio State Board of Education, scoring 110 and meeting 12 of 12 academic achievement indicators. The Jackson Local School district scored 106.9, making it the highest scoring public school district in Stark and several surrounding counties. In 2005 and 2006, Jackson High School was named to Newsweek's list of the top 1,000 schools in America. In 2010, Jackson High School received recognition as a "National Blue Ribbon School". In 2015, Jackson High School was ranked as the 33rd best public high school in the state of Ohio. US News also ranked Jackson High School as the 870th best public high school in the nation for 2015.

Jackson also boasts a speech and debate program, where students can be a part of the National Forensics League. The team won state championships in the Ohio High School Speech League's 2010, 2012, and 2017 tournaments.

Notable alumni

 * Carlin Isles - Professional rugby union player on the United States national rugby sevens team
 * Mark Kozelek - Professional singer, guitarist, and record producer
 * Dillon Dingler - Professional MLB player for the Detroit Tigers, currently in the MiLB
 * Kyle Nicolas Professional MLB player for the Pittsburgh Pirates
 * Kyle Young Former D1 college basketball player for Ohio State University


text: User talk:71.105.190.36

title: User talk:71.105.190.36


text: User talk:209.175.47.240

title: User talk:209.175.47.240


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fuskie

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Tony Sidaway Talk 21:55, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Fuskie

 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a dictionary; additionally, searching Google didn't show that this was even a correct definition. —Charles O'Rourke 03:52, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. Neologism, Not encyclopedic. Mmmbeer 03:59, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Mmmbeer. --GraemeL (talk) 16:29, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Relisting August 27 for more discussion. --Tony Sidaway Talk 14:17, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * delete slowly --Doc (?) 14:49, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dottore So 15:14, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. neo, ne, etc, pdq, plz. RasputinAXP   talk  *  contribs  19:00, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fuskie


text:
User:Petegrk

Colorado Native

Grew up on the Western Slope of Colorado, lived in Grand Valley (now Parachute, Colorado) in the 60s - the TOSCO era, and was at the VIP tent for Project Rulison.

Bachelor of Arts in Visual and Performing Arts - Stage Lighting

Masters in Divinity - Iliff School of Theology

Certified Basic Police Chaplain - ICPC (Internation Conference of Police Chaplains)

Currently Chaplain Commander of the Police Chaplains in my Town.

Married to a Profession Educator and Excellent Handbell Artist

title: User:Petegrk


text:
Francis T. Purcell

Francis Thomas Purcell (August 11, 1918 – May 18, 2014) was an American Republican politician who was county executive of Nassau County, New York (1978–87). He served as a trustee and also as mayor of the village of Malverne, was a member of the New York State Assembly, and supervisor of the town of Hempstead, New York, before becoming county executive in 1978. After resigning in 1987, Purcell became a political commentator for Cablevision's news channel News 12 Long Island. In 2004, a section of land formerly called Hempstead Plains was dedicated to Purcell in honor of his service and dedication to Nassau County.

Early life
Purcell was born in 1918 to Thomas (d. 1942) and Annette (d. 1972) Purcell on 11 August 1918 in Brooklyn, New York. A star athlete at Malverne High School, he was signed to play baseball with the Brooklyn Dodgers but never played for them because he joined the army in 1941 and was discharged in 1945 with the rank of captain.

Career
Purcell was elected mayor of Malverne in 1955. In June 1964, he challenged the party designee in the Republican Party primary for Nassau's 1st district's seat in the New York State Assembly and won the nomination. He was a member of the State Assembly in 1965. On June 18, he was appointed as supervisor of the town of Hempstead, to fill the vacancy created by the appointment of Ralph G. Caso as presiding supervisor. Purcell was elected to the position in November 1965, and then reelected twice.

He was elected to the post of county executive of Nassau County in 1977. He secured the nomination of the Republican Party over fellow Republican and incumbent county executive Ralph G. Caso, who also opposed Purcell in the general election. He took office in January 1978. In the late 1970s and '80s, Purcell promoted the development of downtown Nassau County businesses, and oversaw the transformation of Mitchel field, a former air base, into a recreational and educational center.

Purcell easily won reelection in 1981 and 1985. In December 1986, near the end of the first year of his third term, he announced his retirement from politics and his intention to join Cablevision as a political analyst and commentator.

Personal
Purcell had 3 children, Patricia, Kim, and Diane, seven grandchildren, and eight great-grandchildren. He resided in West Palm Beach, Florida with his wife Barbara, where he died on May 18, 2014, aged 95.

title: Francis T. Purcell


text:
Fiqh Council of North America

The Fiqh Council of North America (originally known as ISNA Fiqh Committee) is an association of Muslims who interpret Islamic law on the North American continent. The FCNA was founded in 1986 with the goal of developing legal methodologies for adopting Islamic law to life in the West.

According to its website, the Fiqh Council traces its origins back to the Religious Affairs Committee of the then Muslim Student Association of the United States and Canada established in the 1960s. In 1980, after the founding of the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), the Religious Affairs Committee evolved into the Fiqh Committee of the Islamic Society of North America, and was eventually transformed into the Fiqh Council of North America in 1986.

Its 22 members issue religious rulings, resolve disputes, and answer questions relating to the Islamic faith. As outlined in its by-laws, the Council's primary objectives include: "To consider, from a Shari'ah perspective, and offer advice on specific undertakings, transactions, contracts, projects, or proposals, guaranteeing thereby that the dealings of North American Muslims fall within the parameters of what is permitted by the Shari'ah." The Council's opinions are not binding.

Fatwas

 * Terrorism: In July 2005, the Council issued a fatwa stating that all forms of terrorism against civilians are haram (forbidden under Islamic law), that it is forbidden for Muslims to cooperate with anyone involved in terrorism, and that it is a duty of all Muslims to cooperate with law enforcement to protect civilian lives.
 * Divorce: No Muslim marriage can be terminated except through the court system of the state in which the Muslim is resident.
 * Capital Punishment: The Council has issued a fatwa calling for a moratorium on capital punishment in the United States, based on the fact that several of the presupposed requirements for the carrying out of the law, according to Sharia, are not being met in most cases.
 * Apostasy: The Council issued a fatwa which declared that apostasy could not, on its own, be the grounds for any fixed punishment, especially capital punishment. The fatwa states: "The preponderance of evidence from both the Qur’an and Sunnah indicates that there is no firm ground for the claim that apostasy is in itself a mandatory fixed punishment Hadd, namely capital punishment"

Executive Committee and members
Executive Members: Council Members:
 * Dr. Yasir Qadhi, Chairman
 * Dr. Zainab Alwani, Vice Chairman
 * Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Shah, Executive Director
 * Dr. Muzammil H. Siddiqi
 * Dr. Mohammad Qatanani
 * Shaykh Umer Khan
 * Dr. Abdulbari Mashal
 * Shaykh Abdur Rahman Khan
 * Dr. Ali Sulaiman Ali
 * Dr. Deina Abdelkader
 * Dr. Ihsan Bagby
 * Dr. Jamal Badawi
 * Dr. Jasser Auda
 * Dr. Khalid Nasr
 * Dr. Mohamad Adam El-Sheikh
 * Dr. Muddassir Siddiqui
 * Shaykh Muhammad Nur Abdullah
 * Shaykh Mustafa Umar
 * Dr. Ossama Bahloul
 * Shaykh Suhaib Webb
 * Dr. Tamara Gray
 * Imam Yahya Hendi

title: Fiqh Council of North America


text:
Abraham John Valpy

Abraham John Valpy (1786 – 19 November 1854) was an English printer and publisher.

Life and career
He was the son of the Reading schoolmaster Richard Valpy and was born in that town.

He is remembered in connection with two great undertakings in the department of classical literature. These were reissues of (1) Stephanus' Greek Thesaurus, for which E. H. Barker was chiefly responsible; and (2) Valpy's Delphin Classics, a book series of 143 volumes with text drawn from the 18th century French Delphin Classics (Ad usum Delphini) series and with variorum notes, under the editorial superintendence of George Dyer. He also founded the Classical Journal in 1810.

In the years 1813–1828 he published The Pamphleteer, a book series described as being "a collection of the best pamphlets of the day" and which included contributions from William Wilberforce, Jeremy Bentham, George Canning, William Huskisson and Stamford Raffles.

He also published the Family Classical Library: English Translations of Greek and Latin Classics (52 volumes, 1830–1834) and an edition of the plays and poems of Shakespeare (15 Volumes, 1832–1834).

title: Abraham John Valpy


text:
EMD SD40A

The EMD SD40A is a model of diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1969 and 1970. 18 locomotives were built for the Illinois Central Railroad.

History
A total of 18 units were built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division exclusively for the Illinois Central Railroad between 1969 and 1970. The SD40A was designed as an EMD SD40 built on a frame of an EMD SDP45. The longer SDP45 frame allowed for a larger, 5000 gallon fuel tank.

This locomotive is powered by a 16-cylinder EMD 645E3 diesel engine, which could provide 3000 hp. Illinois Central Railroad used the SD40A as a long-range road-switcher, utilizing the larger fuel tank found on the SDP45.

In 1972, the Illinois Central Railroad merged with the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad to form the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad, this resulted in all of the units being repainted into the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad's paint scheme between 1984 and 1986 but kept the "Illinois Central" lettering. They would be repainted again between 1986 and 1989, but were patched with the "ICG" lettering.

Illinois Central sold six of its SD40As to locomotive leasing companies Helm Leasing and National Railway Equipment in 1992. The rest of the fleet were rebuilt as SD40-2R locomotives, during which their dynamic brakes were uninstalled and the locomotive cabs modified. Illinois Central's successor Canadian National Railway retired its remaining SD40As for scrapping in 2010. Locomotives 6009 and 6014 were acquired by Indiana Boxcar Corporation.

Preservation

 * Illinois Central 6014 is preserved by Railexco, and is currently undergoing restoration. The unit was purchased by Railexco in 2023 and are planning to operate the unit by the end of 2025.

title: EMD SD40A


text:
Pacific National

Pacific National is one of Australia's largest rail freight businesses.

History

In February 2002, National Rail's freight operations and rollingstock, jointly owned by the Federal, New South Wales and Victorian Governments, were combined with FreightCorp, owned by the New South Wales Government, and sold to a joint venture between Patrick Corporation and Toll Holdings, trading as Pacific National.

In February 2004, Pacific National purchased Australian Transport Network, operator of ATN Access and AN Tasrail. In August 2004, Pacific National purchased Freight Australia, giving Pacific National control of the Victorian non-urban rail track, excluding the interstate network which is controlled by the Australian Rail Track Corporation.

The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission attached special conditions to the sale to ensure competition in the rail freight industry. The company was required to provide a "starter pack" of locomotives, wagons, train paths, and freight terminals for a third party rail operator on the east-west route across the Nullarbor Plain. To fulfil that, Pacific National sold nine refurbished G class locomotives to competitor SCT Logistics to allow it to operate its own services.

In March 2005, Pacific National Queensland became the first non-Queensland Rail narrow gauge commercial rail operation in Queensland, with the commencement of container services between Brisbane and Cairns.

In November 2006, Pacific National entered into an agreement to sell the remainder of its Victorian rail lease of the network back to the Victorian Government. The sale was completed in May 2007, with the government-owned V/Line taking over management of the track.

In 2005, Toll Holdings launched a successful hostile takeover of its joint venture partner Patrick Corporation, giving Toll Holdings 100% ownership of Pacific National. In 2007, Toll Holdings was restructured into two separately ASX listed companies: Toll Holdings and Asciano Limited. As part of this restructure, Pacific National became a wholly owned subsidiary of Asciano Limited.

In 2009, Pacific National Queensland further expanded its narrow gauge operations, entering the export coal market, then dominated by incumbent Queensland Rail.

In 2016, Asciano agreed to sell Pacific National to Australian Logistics Acquisition Investments Pty Ltd, a consortium of Global Infrastructure Partners, CPP Investment Board, China Investment Corporation, GIC Private Limited and British Columbia Investment Management Corporation. The transfer was completed on 19 August 2016.

Tasmania 2005
In September 2005, Pacific National angered the Tasmanian State and Australian Federal Governments when it threatened to withdraw all services unless the governments paid a $100 million subsidy. Initially the governments refused to act on the issue claiming they would not be "held to mercy" by Pacific National, owned by Toll and Patrick Corporation, "which are extremely profitable multi-national companies". However, state infrastructure minister Bryan Green and federal counterpart transport minister Warren Truss announced a $120 million rescue package.

In May 2007, the Tasmanian Government, the Federal Government and Pacific National came to an agreement regarding the funding, ownership and operation of the Tasmanian railway network; with the Tasmanian Government acquiring the railway infrastructure previously leased to Pacific National, who would continue to provide above rail services on the network. In September 2009, the Tasmanian Government purchased the Tasmanian rail business, with rail infrastructure and railway operations to be maintained, managed and owned by a new TasRail.

Rural services 2007
In December 2007, Pacific National announced plans to sell or close its grain transport and Portlink rural container business operations in Victoria, selling or closing Patrick's intermodal freight business in Tasmania, and downsizing to a bare minimum Pacific National's grain operations across New South Wales. The decision was criticised as it forced grain growers to use higher cost road transport to transport the annual grain harvest from rural silos to the ports. The decision has seen many commentators accuse Pacific National of acquiring the operations of Freight Australia in 2004 only for the purposes of asset stripping and eliminating competition in rail freight.

In 2008, the company declined to sell wagons which had reached the end of their useful life to other Australian rail operators, indicating that the wagons would be scrapped or exported to Saudi Arabia.

The container freight service to Horsham, Victoria was almost cancelled in April 2008 but was given a three-month reprieve by the company. In July 2008, the service was taken over by QR National and later Qube.

Operations
Pacific National operates in all mainland states and territories. As of June 2012, the company operates 596 locomotives and 12,875 wagons. Services include bulk freight (coal, grain, steel, ore), intermodal containers (domestic and import-export), and specialised services such as 'hook and pull' for long-distance passenger trains.

The Pacific National steel contract was renewed with BlueScope and OneSteel in 2006 for $1bn, making it the largest ever freight rail contract in Australia. The deal involves haulage of about 3 million tonnes of steel over seven years. Pacific National has intermodal freight facilities at the Brisbane Freight Terminal in Queensland, the Melbourne Freight Terminal in Victoria, the Sydney Freight Terminal in New South Wales, the Adelaide Freight Terminal in South Australia and the Kewdale Freight Terminal in Western Australia.

Current locomotive fleet
In addition, Pacific National leases locomotives from CFCL Australia and operates three WH class locomotives on behalf of Whitehaven Coal.

Former fleet
All Pacific National Tasmania locomotives were sold to TasRail in 2009.

title: Pacific National


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brownie points

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 22:21, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Brownie points
Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Bcrowell 03:56, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep no brownie points for you. Mmmbeer 03:58, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment -- looks like more than a dictionary entry to me.. --Mysidia (talk) 03:59, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable pseudo-currency. Kappa 04:21, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep not sure why we have the if words aren't fair game, but this is as much a concept as it is the word signifying that concept. Nateji77 04:55, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Words aren't fair game. Wikipedia is not a dictionary.  It's an encyclopaedia.  vocab-stub was created as part of the stub-sorting and sub-stub elimination project, as a temporary holding area for sub-stubs that were dictionary articles that should be eventually transwikied to the dictionary and otherwise dealt with.  See the explanation at Votes for deletion/Kybernetès by Grutness and WikiProject Stub sorting/Criteria/Archive9.  Articles that give etymologies and meanings of words and idioms are dictionary articles, that belong in a dictionary.  An encyclopaedia article is about a person/place/concept/event/thing.  So an encyclopaedia article on brownie points would be about the concept of brownie points, not about the etymology of an idiom. Uncle G 06:39:56, 2005-08-20 (UTC)
 * Comment: while what Uncle G says is completely true, "otherwise dealt with" can include expanding the article into something more encyclopedic than, um, dictionaric. Whether that can happen in this case, though, I wouldn't know. (No vote). Grutness...  wha?  04:38, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep OK? SchmuckyTheCat 05:22, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. At this point, it is little more than a dicdef but my gut reaction is that there is still room for some expansion exploring the history and modern usage of the term, so I am slightly inclined to give it a pass.  -- DS1953 06:18, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Well known phrase. Capitalistroadster 06:38, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * A definite, nailed on keeper. james gibbon  10:19, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Capitalistroadster. --GraemeL (talk) 11:59, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. To delete a stub, you have to be sure that it can never grow into something worthwhile. That clearly isn't the case here. Soo 12:16, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Longhair | Talk 13:11, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - C'mon now :) --fpo 18:40, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - No reason I can tell to delete this. ~Don.
 * Keep. I could see users needing to study the history and relation of this concept outside of the literal dictionary definition. Che Fox 06:59, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This never made it to a main VfD page; listing now. Keep.  JYolkowski // talk 15:53, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it did. It was listed on the 2005-08-20 per-day page for a few hours until it was removed by . Uncle G 19:40:34, 2005-09-03 (UTC)
 * Move to wiktionary. -- Reinyday, 16:09, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep I'll conceed the posibility of making more than a dictdef out of this, and it's only been a mom-redirect for a little over a month, but if this comes back in a few months without having been made more than a dictdef, I'll gladly support a deletion then. Caerwine 00:35, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep CalJW 19:45, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Give it time. --Meiers Twins 14:46, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's not amazing material, but it's worthy enough to live. --McA 19:17, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
White Americans

White Americans (also referred to as European Americans) are Americans who identify as white people. This group constitutes the majority of the people in the United States. According to the 2020 census, 71%, or 235,411,507 people, were White alone or in combination, and 61.6%, or 204,277,273 people, were White alone. This represented a national white demographic decline from a 72.4% white alone share of the U.S. population in 2010.

As of the latest American Community Survey in 2022, United States Census Bureau estimates that 60.9% of the US population were White alone, while Non-Hispanic Whites were 57.7% of the population. Overall, 72.5% of Americans identified as White alone or in combination. European Americans are by far the largest panethnic group of white Americans and have constituted the majority population of the United States since the nation's founding.

The U.S. Census Bureau uses a particular definition of "white" that differs from some colloquial uses of the term. The Bureau defines "White" people to be those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa". Within official census definitions, people of all racial categories may be further divided into those who identify as "not Hispanic or Latino" and those who do identify as "Hispanic or Latino". The term "non-Hispanic white", rather than just "white", may be the census group corresponding most closely to those persons who identify as and are perceived to be white in common usage; similarly not all Hispanic/Latino people identify as "white", "black", or any other listed racial category. In 2015, the Census Bureau announced their intention to make Hispanic/Latino and Middle Eastern/North African racial categories similar to "white" or "black", with respondents able to choose one, two, or more racial categories; this change was canceled during the Trump administration. Other persons who are classified as "white" by the U.S. census but may or may not identify as or be perceived as white include Arab Americans and Jewish Americans of European or MENA descent. In the United States, the term White people generally denotes a person of European ancestry, but has been legally extended to people of West Asian and North African (Middle Eastern, West Asian, and North African) ancestry. However, in 2024, the Office of Managment and Budget announced that the race categories used by the federal government would be updated, and that Middle Eastern and North African Americans will no longer be classified as white in the upcoming 2030 Census.

The most commonly reported ancestries of White Americans include English (12.5%), German (7.6%), Irish (5.3%), Italian (3.2%) and Polish (1.3%). It is difficult to track full or partial ancestry from Spain in White Hispanics or Mestizos since people of direct Spanish descent are also classified as Hispanic, and though the census does track Hispanics' national origin, it does not classify it by race. In 2021, 995,583 people of any race claimed ancestry from Spain, 0.3% of the total population. However, genetic studies have found that the vast majority of Hispanics in the US have varying amounts of European ancestry, with the largest component being Spanish or Iberian. The British Americans' demography is also considered a serious under-count, as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (7%), due to the length of time they have inhabited the United States, particularly if their family arrived prior to the American Revolution. A 2015 genetic study found that British ancestry is the most common European ancestry among white Americans, with this component comprising over 20% of European ancestry in all 50 states, and over 50% in at least three states, primarily those where the largest number of people identified with "American" ancestry on the census. The majority of white Americans also have ancestry from multiple countries. According to the 2022 American Community Survey, 76,678,228 Americans identified with multiple European, Middle Eastern, or African ancestry groups, with the large majority of these identifying with various European groups.

Historical and present definitions
Definitions of who is "White" have changed throughout the history of the United States.

U.S. census definition
The term "white American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria. The 2000 U.S. census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria."

The Census question on race lists the categories White or European American, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, plus "Some other race", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one racial or ethnic category. The Census Bureau defines White people as follows:

"White" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "White" or reported entries such as German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian.

In U.S. census documents, the designation White overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term Hispanic or Latino, which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of race. Hispanic and Latino Americans as a whole make up a racially diverse group and are the largest minority in the country.

Beginning in 1930, Mexican was added as a distinct race on the U.S. census with the explanation that "practically all Mexican laborers are of a racial mixture difficult to classify". The Mexican racial category was removed in 1940, with new direction that "Mexicans are to be regarded as white unless definitely of Indian or other nonwhite race"; this was continued in 1950. 1970 saw the creation of the Spanish Origin category, which superseded previous classifications for Latin Americans and is now represented by the Hispanic or Latino ethnic category. Hispanic or Latino was again to be raised to racial status for the 2020 census (along with Middle Eastern and North African), but this was canceled by President Donald J. Trump.

The characterization of Middle Eastern and North African Americans as white has been a matter of controversy. In the early 20th century, there were a number of cases where people of Arab descent were denied entry into the United States or deported, because they were characterized as nonwhite. In the early 21st century, MENA Americans began lobbying for the creation of their own racial group and were successful; in 2015, the US Census Bureau announced that it had responded to their requests and would add a "Middle Eastern and North African" racial category to the 2020 census. The Trump administration nullified this change after coming to power in 2016.

However, in 2024, the Office of Managment and Budget under the Biden administration reinstated the proposed changes, announcing that the race categories used by the federal government would be updated, and that Middle Eastern and North African Americans will no longer be classified as white in the upcoming 2030 Census, and Hispanic and Latino will also be treated similar to a racial, rather than ethnic, category. The Census Bureau defines the planned definition of White people as follows: "'Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, including, for example, English, German, Irish, Italian, Polish, and Scottish.'"

In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U.S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value.

On some government documents, such as the 2007 SEER program's Coding and Staging Manual, people who reported Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shia or Sunni), Jewish, Zoroastrian, Caucasian, or a MENA or Latin American ethnicity as their race in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin or Native American tribal affiliation, were automatically tallied as White. The 1990 U.S. census Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) listed "Caucasian" or "Aryan" among other terms as subgroups of "white" in their ancestry code listing, but 2005 and proceeding years of PUMS codes do not.

Social definition
In the contemporary United States, essentially anyone of European descent is typically considered white. People of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) descent may also be considered white. However, many of the ethnic groups classified as white by the U.S. Census, such as Arab Americans, Berber Americans, Romani Americans, Jewish Americans of European or MENA descent, and Hispanics and Latinos of European or MENA descent may not always identify as, and may not always be perceived to be, white.

Social perceptions of whiteness have evolved over the course of American history. For example, Benjamin Franklin commented that the Saxons of Germany and the English "make the principal Body of White People on the Face of the Earth". Historically, many individuals of European descent were not readily integrated into mainstream American society and found themselves caught on the "dark" side of the white/black binary, including Irish, Italians, Greeks and Slavs. In Minnesota, increasing numbers of Finnish immigrants led to a debate surrounding Finnish whiteness and whether Finns should be classified as a Mongoloid peoples.

David Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves. The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship.

Demographic information
The fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census

White Americans constitute the majority of the 332 million people living in the United States, with 71% of the population in the 2020 United States Census, including 61.6% who identified as 'white alone.' This represented a national white demographic decline from a 72.4% share of the US's self-identified white alone population in 2010.

The largest ethnic groups (by ancestry) among White Americans were English, followed by Germans and Irish. In the 1980 census 49,598,035 Americans cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 26% of the country and the largest group at the time, and in fact larger than the population of England itself. Slightly more than half of these people would cite that they were of "American" ancestry on subsequent censuses and virtually everywhere that "American" ancestry predominates on the 2000 census corresponds to places where "English" predominated on the 1980 census.

Geographic distribution
White Americans alone (including White Hispanics) are the majority racial group in most of the United States. As of 2022, they are not the majority in Hawaii, California, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, and Maryland, making up just under half of the population in the last four states. If White Hispanics are excluded, they are also a minority in Georgia. They are also a minority in many American Indian reservations, parts of the South, especially areas part of the “black belt”, the District of Columbia, all US territories, and in many urban areas throughout the country.

However, when including multiracial Americans, those who identify as part or fully White make up the majority of the population in every state except for Hawaii, along with Puerto Rico.

Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as "non-Hispanic whites" by the Census Bureau are found in the Midwest, New England, the northern Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky, West Virginia, and East Tennessee. The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states. Although all large geographical areas are dominated by White Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities.

States with the highest percentages of White Americans, either White Alone or in combination with another race as of 2020: States with the highest percentages of non-Latino/Hispanic whites, as of 2020:
 * 1) Vermont 95.6%
 * 2) Maine 95.4%
 * 3) West Virginia 94.4%
 * 4) New Hampshire 93.7%
 * 5) Wyoming 92.0%
 * 6) Montana 90.9%
 * 7) Idaho 90.2%
 * 8) Iowa 89.8%
 * 9) North Dakota 88.0%
 * 10) Kentucky 87.5%
 * 1) Maine 92.0%
 * 2) Vermont 91.3%
 * 3) New Hampshire 91.3%
 * 4) West Virginia 90.4%
 * 5) Wyoming 90.7%
 * 6) Idaho 90.7%
 * 7) Utah 88.7%
 * 8) Iowa 88.7%
 * 9) Montana 86.7%
 * 10) Nebraska 86.0%

Income and educational attainment
White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income levels in the nation, by cultural background. The median income per household member was also the highest, since White Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a White American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed, and of age 25 to 64, earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income, and educational attainment among White Americans. In 2005, White households had a median household income of $48,977, which is 10% above the national median of $44,389. Among Cuban Americans, with 86% classified as White, those born in the US have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other Whites.

The poverty rates for White Americans are the second-lowest of any racial group, with 11% of white individuals living below the poverty line, 3% lower than the national average. However, due to Whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white.

White Americans' educational attainment is the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of White Americans had a Bachelor's degree, with the educational attainment for Whites being higher for those born outside the United States: 38% of foreign born, and 30% of native born Whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27%.

Gender income inequality was the greatest among Whites, with White men outearning White women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of White females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for White American females was only slightly higher than that of African American females.

White Americans are more likely to live in suburbs and small cities than their black counterparts.

Ancestry groups
The following table lists all self-reported European and Middle Eastern ancestries with over 50,000 members, according to 2022 estimates from the American Community Survey:

Politics
A majority of White Americans have voted for the Republican Party since the 1968 United States presidential election, with the 1964 United States presidential election being the last election when the Democratic Party won a majority of White voters.

In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were non-Hispanic white while 56% of Obama voters were non-Hispanic white. In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain won 55% of non-Hispanic white votes. In the 2010 House election, Republicans won 60% of the non-Hispanic white votes.

Some academics and commentators have argued that Donald Trump's presidential election victory in 2016 is an example of "White backlash".

Culture
From their earliest presence in North America, White Americans have contributed literature, art, cinema, religion, agricultural skills, foods, science and technology, fashion and clothing styles, music, language, legal system, political system, and social and technological innovation to American culture. White American culture derived its earliest influences from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers and is quantitatively the largest proportion of American culture. The overall American culture reflects White American culture. The culture has been developing since long before the United States formed a separate country. Much of White American culture shows influences from British culture. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.

Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America

In his 1989 book Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, David Hackett Fischer explores the details of the folkways of four groups of settlers from the British Isles that moved to the American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries from distinct regions of Britain and Ireland. His thesis is that the culture of each group persisted (albeit in modified form), providing the basis for the modern United States.

According to Fischer, the foundation of America's four regional cultures was formed from four mass migrations from four regions of the British Isles by four distinct ethno-cultural groups. New England's formative period occurred between 1629 and 1640 when Puritans, mostly from East Anglia, settled there, thus forming the basis for the New England regional culture. The next mass migration was of southern English Cavaliers and their working class English servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675. This spawned the creation of the American Southern culture.

Then, between 1675 and 1725, thousands of Irish, Cornish, English and Welsh Quakers plus many Germans sympathetic to Quaker ideas, led by William Penn, settled the Delaware Valley. This resulted in the formation of the General American culture, although, according to Fischer, this is really a "regional culture", even if it does today encompass most of the U.S. from the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast. Finally, a huge number of settlers from the borderlands between England and Scotland, sometimes by way of northern Ireland, migrated to Appalachia between 1717 and 1775. This resulted in the formation of the Upland South regional culture, which has since expanded to the west to West Texas and parts of the American Southwest.

In his book, Fischer brings up several points. He states that the U.S. is not a country with one "general" culture and several "regional" cultures, as is commonly thought. Rather, there are only four regional cultures as described above, and understanding this helps one to more clearly understand American history as well as contemporary American life. Fischer asserts that it is not only important to understand where different groups came from, but when. All population groups have, at different times, their own unique set of beliefs, fears, hopes and prejudices. When different groups moved to America and brought certain beliefs and values with them, these ideas became, according to Fischer, more or less frozen in time, even if they eventually changed in their original place of origin.

Admixture in non-Hispanic whites
White Americans have a mean of 98.6% European, 0.19% sub-Saharan African, and 0.18% Native American ancestry according to a study specifically focusing on customers who took a 23andMe DNA test. However, non-European ancestry in White Americans is highly variable; for example, Black ancestry (2% or greater) is found in over five percent of European Americans in Louisiana and South Carolina, and Native American ancestry (2% or greater) is found in over three percent of European Americans in Louisiana and North Dakota. African ancestry is most common in the South and least common in the Midwest; Native American ancestry is more common in Western states than Eastern states.

Older studies have also been performed. DNA analysis on White Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture. The same author, in another study, claimed that about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of Black African admixture. Shriver discovered his ancestry is 10 percent African, and Shriver's partner in DNA Print Genomics, J.T. Frudacas, contradicted him two years later stating "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry."

In a 2007 study, Gonçalves et al. reported sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDNA lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in a sample of 1387 American Caucasians as compared to 62% in white Brazilians (respectively 29% and 33%), 98% for white Colombians (respectively 8% and 90%) and 96% for white Costa Ricans (respectively 7% and 89%). A 2003 study on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA found African admixture in European Americans to be "below the limits of detection".

Admixture in Hispanic whites
In contrast to non-Hispanic or Latino whites, whose average European ancestry is 98.6%, genetic research has found that the average European admixture among White Hispanic and Latino Americans is 73%, while the average European admixture for Hispanic Americans overall (regardless of their self-identified race) is 65.1%. However, this study only obtained its genetic data from people who took a paid ancestry test from 23andMe, and as such may not be fully representative of the general Hispanic population in the US.

title: White Americans


text:
Cheeze

Cheeze may refer to:

 * Cheeze (band), South Korean band
 * Cheeze (singer), South Korean singer

title: Cheeze


text:
Dina Titus

Alice Constandina "Dina" Titus (born May 23, 1950) is an American politician who has been the United States representative for NV's 1st congressional district since 2013. She served as the U.S. representative for NV's 3rd congressional district from 2009 to 2011, when she was defeated by Joe Heck. Titus is a member of the Democratic Party. She served in the Nevada Senate and was its minority leader from 1993 to 2009. Before her election to Congress, Titus was a professor of political science at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). She was the Democratic nominee for governor of Nevada in 2006.

Early life, education, and career
Titus was born in Thomasville, Georgia. She graduated from the College of William & Mary with a bachelor's degree in political science. Titus earned a master's degree from the University of Georgia and a Ph.D. from Florida State University.

Titus taught in the political science department at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), retiring in 2011.

Nevada Senate

First elected in 1988, Titus served for 20 years in the Nevada Senate, representing the 7th district.

In December 2010, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid appointed her to a six-year term on the United States Commission on Civil Rights.

Titus authored a bill banning "universal default clauses" that have enabled some credit card issuers to boost interest rates by 30% or more. The bill passed the Senate and Assembly, but was vetoed by Gibbons. Credit card providers Citibank and Chase rolled back or eliminated universal default clauses due to political pressure in the U.S. Congress.

2006 gubernatorial election campaign

Incumbent Republican Nevada Governor Kenny Guinn could not run again in 2006 due to strict absolute lifetime term limit laws. Titus won the Democratic nomination, but lost to Republican Congressman Jim Gibbons. Titus won Clark County, but her margin there was not enough to overcome Gibbons's landslide margin in the 2nd district.

2008

Democrats were heavily targeting 3rd district Republican incumbent Jon Porter. Their top candidate was Clark County prosecutor Robert Daskas, but Daskas dropped out in April for family reasons. Democrats then recruited Titus, who had won the district in her unsuccessful 2006 run for governor. Titus defeated Porter in November, 47% to 42%, becoming the first Democrat to represent the district. She was a major beneficiary of the overall anti-Bush sentiment in the Las Vegas area. She was elected Regional Whip in the 111th Congress.

2010
Republican former State Senator Joe Heck defeated Titus by less than 2,000 votes.

2012
On October 31, 2011, Titus entered the Democratic primary for Nevada's 1st congressional district, where her home had been placed by redistricting. The incumbent, Democrat Shelley Berkley, gave up the seat to run for the United States Senate. While the 3rd is considered a swing district, the 1st is far and away Nevada's safest Democratic seat. Titus initially faced a challenge from State Senator Ruben Kihuen in the primary. Kihuen dropped out in February 2012, reportedly due to trailing in polls and fundraising. This all but assured Titus's return to Congress after a two-year absence. She easily defeated her Republican challenger, Chris Edwards.

2014
Titus was reelected, defeating Republican nominee Annette Teijeiro with 56.9% of the vote. After this election, she became the only Democratic member of Nevada's U.S. House delegation, as fellow Democrat Steven Horsford was defeated.

2016
Titus defeated Republican nominee Mary D. Perry with 61.9% of the vote to Perry's 28.8%; independent Reuben D'Silva received 7.4%. This election saw Democrats pick up two U.S. House seats in Nevada.

2018
Titus defeated Republican nominee Joyce Bentley with 66.2% of the vote, her highest percentage to date.

2020
Titus won a rematch with Bentley, this time with 61.8% of the vote to Bentley's 33.4%.

2022
Titus was redistricted into a much more competitive district. She faced progressive Amy Vilela in the Democratic primary, winning with 79.8% of the vote; in the general election, Titus defeated Republican nominee Mark Robertson, 51.6% to 46.0%. Most poll aggregators rated the race a tossup.

Tenure

On December 18, 2019, Titus voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald Trump.

Titus voted with President Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time in the 117th Congress, according to a FiveThirtyEight analysis.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure (2009–2011; 2013–present)
 * Subcommittee on Aviation
 * Subcommittee on Highways and Transit
 * Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment
 * Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management (chair)
 * Committee on Foreign Affairs (2017–present)
 * Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific
 * Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade

Past

 * Committee on Education and Labor (2009–2011)
 * Committee on Homeland Security (2009–2011)
 * Committee on Veterans' Affairs (2013–2017)
 * Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs (Ranking Member)
 * Subcommittee on Economic Opportunity

Caucus memberships

 * Congressional Arts Caucus
 * United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
 * U.S.-Japan Caucus
 * Congressional Hellenic Caucus
 * Medicare for All Caucus
 * Blue Collar Caucus
 * Americans Abroad Caucus (co-chair)

Abortion
In 2014 Titus received a 100% rating from Planned Parenthood for opposing a nationwide abortion ban after 20 weeks and supporting abortion access in the District of Columbia and through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

Armenia–Azerbaijan war
In September 2020, Titus started a successful petition to rename a Library of Congress heading from "Armenian massacres" to "Armenian genocide" in the wake of Armenian genocide recognition by the United States Congress in 2019.

On October 1, 2020, Titus co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan's offensive operations against the Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh, denounced Turkey's role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and called for an immediate ceasefire.

Redistricting
On December 16, 2021, Titus expressed her frustration with the process of redrawing Nevada's congressional districts to make them more electorally competitive. According to the Nevada Current, she told an AFL-CIO town hall, "I totally got fucked by the legislature on my district." She added, "I'm sorry to say it like that, but I don't know any other way to say it." Democrats who control the state legislature in Nevada gerrymandered districts to make two swing districts stronger for Democrats. She warned that three safe seats are now in danger and at risk of turning Republican in the 2022 election.

Voting rights
On February 9, 2023, Titus voted against H.J.Res. 24: Disapproving the action of the District of Columbia Council in approving the Local Resident Voting Rights Amendment Act of 2022 which condemns the District of Columbia's plan that would allow noncitizens to vote in local elections.

Syria
In 2023, Titus voted against H.Con.Res. 21 which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days.

Personal life
Titus has been married to Thomas C. Wright since 1979. Wright is a retired professor of history at UNLV. His studies in Latin American history have taken the couple on extended journeys throughout Central and South America and to Spain.

She is Greek Orthodox.

title: Dina Titus


text: Template:Rugby league in Australia

title: Template:Rugby league in Australia