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Yakima Air Terminal

McAllister Field (known for the Yakima Air Terminal) is a public airport three miles south of Yakima, in Yakima County, Washington. Owned by the City of Yakima, it is used for general aviation and commercial air service. Yakima is served by one scheduled passenger air carrier (Alaska Airlines with service to Seattle/Tacoma International Airport) and two non-scheduled carriers (Sun Country Airlines and Xtra Airways). Sun Country Airlines operates charter flights to Laughlin, NV and Xtra Airways operates charter flights to Wendover, NV.

This airport is in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which called it as a primary commercial service airport. Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 36,383 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2022, 57,076 in 2014, 60,028 in 2009 and 53,832 in 2010.

History
The airfield first officially operated in 1926 (Goodman’s pasture had been in use unofficially before 1928) in a 80 acres field cleared from sagebrush and runway added in 1932. During World War II the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces.

Historical airline service
Northwest Airlines was serving the airport in 1939 with a daily roundtrip Portland, OR - Yakima - Spokane flight operated with a Douglas DC-3. By the early and mid 1960s, Northwest was operating daily, no change of plane Lockheed L-188 Electra propjet service from Yakima to the U.S. east coast via a number of intermediate stops as well as nonstop Electra service to Seattle/Tacoma International Airport (SEA), Portland (PDX) and Spokane (GEG). In early 1962, Northwest was operating a daily eastbound Seattle - Yakima - Spokane - Great Falls, MT - Billings, MT - Bismarck, ND - Minneapolis/St. Paul - Milwaukee - Detroit - New York City (via Newark Airport) flight with an Electra. By late 1965, Northwest was operating a daily eastbound Seattle - Yakima - Spokane - Missoula, MT - Helena, MT - Butte, MT - Bozeman, MT - Billings - Fargo, ND - Minneapolis/St. Paul - Washington D.C. National Airport flight also with an Electra. Northwest was continuing to serve the airport in early 1966 with daily nonstop Electra propjet service to Seattle/Tacoma, Portland, OR and Spokane as well as direct, no change of plane Electra service to Billings, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Washington, D.C. and other destinations; however, the airline was no longer serving Yakima by late 1966.

West Coast Airlines was serving Yakima in 1954 with nine daily Douglas DC-3 departures from the airport with flights to Seattle Boeing Field (BFI), Portland, OR, Spokane, Baker, OR, Coeur d'Alene, ID, Ellensburg, WA, Ephrata, WA, La Grande, OR, Lewiston, ID, Ontario, OR, Pasco, WA, Pendleton, OR, Pullman, WA and Walla Walla, WA. By the spring of 1968, West Coast was operating Douglas DC-9-10 jet service nonstop from the airport to Seattle Boeing Field, Portland and Pasco as well as direct, no change of plane DC-9 jet flights to San Francisco (SFO), Spokane, Eugene and Medford in addition to flying Fairchild F-27 turboprop service to a number of regional destinations.

West Coast Airlines then merged with Bonanza Air Lines and Pacific Air Lines to form Air West which was subsequently renamed Hughes Airwest. In the summer of 1968, Air West was operating Douglas DC-9-10 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jet service from the airport nonstop to Portland, OR and Pasco as well as direct DC-9 service to San Francisco (SFO), Spokane, Eugene, Medford, San Jose, CA, Fresno and Las Vegas in addition to nonstop Fairchild F-27 turboprop flights to Seattle Boeing Field (BFI) with nonstop and direct F-27 service to other regional destinations. In 1975, Hughes Airwest was operating all of its flights from the airport with Douglas DC-9-10 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jets with nonstop service to Seattle/Tacoma International Airport (SEA) and Pasco in addition to direct, no change of plane DC-9 jet flights to Los Angeles (LAX), Orange County Airport near Santa Ana, CA, Salt Lake City, Phoenix, Tucson, Portland, OR, Santa Maria, CA and Eugene and was also operating direct, no change of plane DC-9 service to two international destinations: Guadalajara, Mexico and Mazatlan, Mexico. Also in 1975, Cascade Airways, a commuter air carrier, was operating nonstop Beechcraft 99 turboprop flights to Yakima from Seattle/Tacoma, Portland, OR, Spokane, Pullman, WA and Wenatchee, WA.

Hughes Airwest was then acquired by and merged into Republic Airlines in 1980. In late 1980, Republic was operating McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jet service from the airport nonstop to Seattle/Tacoma and Pasco as well as direct, no change of plane DC-9-30 jet flights to San Francisco, Los Angeles, Denver, Boise and Eugene. However, by the summer of 1982 Republic was no longer serving Yakima.

Horizon Air began serving the airport on September 1, 1981, as a new independent regional air carrier with nonstop Fairchild F-27 turboprop service to Seattle/Tacoma (SEA) with Yakima being the first destination served by Horizon. By early 1985 Horizon Air was operating F-27 turboprops as well as smaller Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner propjets into the airport with nonstop flights from Seattle/Tacoma, Portland, OR, Pasco and Pullman while Cascade Airways was operating its flights with Beechcraft 1900C and larger Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprops with nonstop service from Seattle/Tacoma, Portland, OR, Spokane, Lewiston, ID, Moses Lake, WA, Pasco, Pullman, WA and Walla Walla, WA. According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), Cascade and Horizon were operating a combined total of thirteen nonstop flights a day on weekdays from Seattle/Tacoma to Yakima in February 1985. Horizon Air was then acquired by Alaska Airlines in November 1986 as a wholly owned subsidiary and continues to currently serve Yakima with Alaska Airlines branded service.

Jet service had returned to Yakima by early 1988 when Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) was operating twice daily direct service to San Francisco with both flights making an intermediate stop in Pasco with one of these flights then continuing on from SFO to Orange County Airport in southern California. That same year, PSA was acquired by and merged into USAir which in late 1988 was operating McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jetliners twice a day nonstop from Seattle/Tacoma with both of these flights originating in San Francisco with twice daily jet service from SFO to Yakima thus being flown on a direct one stop basis. At this same time, both Horizon Air (operating code sharing service on behalf of Alaska Airlines) and United Express (operated by North Pacific Airlines on a code sharing basis on behalf of United Airlines) were also operating nonstop flights from Seattle/Tacoma to the airport, Horizon Air with de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 and Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner propjets, and United Express with British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 propjets with both air carriers also operating nonstop service from Portland, OR to Yakima at this time. According to the OAG, Horizon Air, United Express and USAir were operating a combined total of 19 nonstop flights every weekday from Seattle/Tacoma to Yakima in late 1988. However, USAir was no longer operating jet service into Yakima by the summer of 1989.

During the early and mid 1990s, both Horizon Air (on behalf of Alaska Airlines) and United Express (operated by WestAir Commuter Airlines on behalf of United Airlines) continued to serve Yakima primarily with nonstop flights operated with twin turboprop aircraft from Seattle/Tacoma with Horizon operating nonstop turboprop service from Portland, OR as well. In the spring of 1995, Horizon Air was operating all of its nonstop flights from Seattle/Tacoma to Yakima with Dornier 328 propjets while United Express was operating all of its flights from SEA to the airport with British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 propjets. By June 1999, Horizon Air was operating all of its flights to Seattle/Tacoma (SEA) with de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 turboprops while United Express (operated by SkyWest Airlines on behalf of United Airlines) was operating all of its flights to SEA with Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia turboprops with a combined total of 16 daily nonstop flights operated by the two air carriers from the airport to Seattle/Tacoma at this time.

, the airport has two daily passenger flights to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport operated by Alaska Airlines by their affiliate Horizon Air. The airport has entered discussions with Allegiant Airlines and Avelo Airlines to establish a flight to Las Vegas in the future.

Facilities and aircraft

McAllister Field covers 825 acres (334 ha) at an elevation of 1,099 feet (335 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt runways: 9/27 is 7,604 by 150 feet (2,318 x 46 m) and 4/22 is 3,835 by 150 feet (1,169 x 46 m). The Yakima Air Terminal is equipped with a contract Air Traffic Control Tower, operated by SERCO under a contract with the FAA. The tower operates daily from 0600 to 2200.

In the year ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 35,588 aircraft operations, average 97 per day, 80% general aviation, 10% military, 7% air taxi and 3% airline. 133 aircraft were then based at this airport, 106 single-engine, 15 multi-engine, 5 jet, 6 helicopters and 1 glider.

The airport is home to Cub Crafters, a manufacturer of light sport and light utility aircraft. The airport has one full-service fixed-base operator (FBO), McCormick Air Center, which provides hangar leasing, aircraft rental, flight instruction, and fuel. The airport has one aviation museum known as McAllister Air Museum.

Yakima Air Terminal is designated as the primary diversion site for flights unable to reach Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. In December 2023, an Airbus A330 on an international Delta Air Lines flight from London Heathrow Airport landed at Yakima due to heavy fog in the Seattle area. It was the largest commercial airliner to land at the airport; due to the lack of customs facilities, passengers were processed by officials who arrived from Western Washington by car. Yakima has been proposed as a potential reliever airport for the Seattle area by local officials.

title: Yakima Air Terminal


text:
Once a Hero

Once a Hero is an American action-adventure television series that aired on ABC from September 19 until October 3, 1987. The series stars Milo O'Shea as Abner Bevis, a down-on-his-luck comic book artist whose life is turned upside down when his creation, Captain Justice (Jeff Lester), comes to life. Also appearing in the series were Caitlin Clarke and Robert Forster.

Premise
Abner Bevis (Milo O'Shea) is the creator of a comic-book superhero called Captain Justice. Lately Bevis is in a rut and repeating old storylines, and children have lost interest in the comic, so the comic's owners want to kill off the title. Even the characters in the book's fictional world of Pleasantville have started to notice that their lives are repeating themselves, and the lack of reader interest is causing characters to start fading.

Captain Justice (Jeff Lester) decides to cross the Forbidden Zone into the real world, where he becomes a real human being with no superpowers. Also crossing over is Gumshoe (Robert Forster), the embodiment of generic private detectives, who's looking out for Justice. The Captain's attempts to fight real-world criminals renew interest in the comic, and the owners agree not to cancel it; also, Bevis is inspired to make it more contemporary.

Adding to the stories is suspicious newspaper reporter Emma Greely (Caitlin Clarke), who keeps snooping around. Her troubled and precocious son Woody (Josh Blake) knows the truth about Captain Justice, but she doesn't.

Cast

 * Milo O'Shea as Abner Bevis
 * Jeff Lester as Captain Justice/Brad Steele
 * Robert Forster as Gumshoe
 * Caitlin Clarke as Emma Greely
 * Josh Blake as Woody Greely
 * David Wohl as Edward "Eddie" Kybo

Production
Jim Turner was initially cast as Captain Justice, he "was cast against type, a small, skinny guy ... It was supposed to be a joke", but when the producers became worried he might not be suitable as the lead, the role was recast with Jeff Lester. A pilot with Turner had been shot, and writer Ira Steven Behr suggested that key advertising-agency executives had seen the abandoned version of the pilot, which caused bad word-of-mouth for the show, ultimately dooming it.

Episodes
Seven episodes were created, but only the first three of them were aired in the United States.

Reception
Many ABC stations preempted the show's first episode with Star Trek: The Next Generation, which they correctly decided would be more successful after watching the ABC show; one station stated that "Once a Hero is gone". Although widely promoted, the series was a ratings failure, and was cancelled after three episodes were broadcast.

Comics
Marvel Comics began publishing a comic book spin-off, Captain Justice, but this too was short-lived and was cancelled after two issues.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Once a Hero


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TMS320

TMS320 is a blanket name for a series of digital signal processors (DSPs) from Texas Instruments. It was introduced on April 8, 1983, through the TMS32010 processor, which was then the fastest DSP on the market.

The processor is available in many different variants, some with fixed-point arithmetic and some with floating-point arithmetic. The TMS320 processors were fabricated on MOS integrated circuit chips, including both NMOS and CMOS variants. The floating-point DSP TMS320C3x, which exploits delayed branch logic, has as many as three delay slots.

This series of processors are used as a digital signal processing co-processor and as the main CPU in some applications. Newer implementations support standard IEEE JTAG control for boundary scan and/or in-circuit debugging.

The original TMS32010 and its subsequent variants are an example of a CPU with a modified Harvard architecture, which features separate address spaces for instruction and data memory but the ability to read data values from instruction memory. The TMS32010 featured a fast multiply-and-accumulate operation useful in both DSP applications as well as transformations used in computer graphics. The graphics controller card for the Apollo Computer DN570 Workstation, released in 1985, was based on the TMS32010 and could transform 20,000 2D vectors per second.

Variants
The TMS320 architecture has been around for a while so a number of product variants have developed. The product codes used by Texas Instruments after the first TMS32010 processor have involved a series of processor named "TMS320Cabcd", where a is the main series, b the generation and cd is some custom number for a minor sub-variant.

For this reason, those working with DSPs often abbreviate a processor as "C5x" when the actual name is, for example, TMS320C5510, since all products have the name "TMS320", and all processors with "C5" in the name are code compatible and share the same basic features. Similarly, a subgrouping may be referred to as, for example, C55x, as processors in the same series and generation are even more similar.

TMS320 processors are fabricated on MOS integrated circuit chips, including both NMOS and CMOS variants.

Legacy series

 * TMS320C1x, first generation 16-bit fixed-point DSPs. All processors in these series are code-compatible with the TMS32010
 * TMS32010, the very first processor in the first series introduced in 1983, using external memory
 * TMS320M10, the same processor but with an internal ROM of 3 KB
 * TMS320C10, TMS320C15, TMS320C25, etc
 * TMS320C2x, second generation 16-bit fixed-point DSPs. All processors in these series are object-code compatible with the TMS32020 and source-code compatible with the TMS32010
 * TMS32020, first processor in the second series
 * TMS320C25, 40 MHz CMOS version with greatly enhanced feature set
 * TMS320C25-50, 50 MHz version of the TMS320C25
 * TMS320E25, identical to the TMS320C25, except with EPROM used for the 4K-word on-chip program store rather than ROM
 * TMS320C3x, 32-bit floating point
 * TMS320C30, 27 to 50 MHz, 8 KB internal SRAM, 5 Volt
 * TMS320C31, 27 to 60 MHz, 8 KB internal SRAM, 5 Volt, subset of TMS320C30 by removing 2nd serial port, removing 2nd memory bus, replacing user ROM with factory ROM bootloader
 * TMS320LC31, 33 to 40 MHz, 3.3 Volt version of TMS320C31
 * TMS320C32, 40 to 60 MHz, 2 KB internal SRAM, 5 Volt, adds 2nd DMA coprocessor, changes external memory bus to allow 8/16/32-bit wide memory access where as other C3x parts are 32-bit only
 * TMS320VC33, 60 to 75 MHz, 136 KB internal SRAM, 3.3 Volt I/O with 1.8 Volt Core, superset of TMS320C31 by adding 128KB internal SRAM
 * TMS320C4x, 32-bit floating point
 * TMS320C40, 40/50/60/80 MHz, cycle time 50/40/33/25 ns, CMOS, is equipped with three branch delay slots and supports both delayed and non-delayed branch instructions.
 * TMS320C44, subset of TMS320C40
 * TMS320C8x, multiprocessor chip
 * TMS320C80 MVP (multimedia video processor) has a 32 bit floating-point "master processor" and four 32-bit fixed-point "slave processors". In many ways the Cell microprocessor followed this design approach

C2000 series

 * C2000 microcontroller family consists of 32-bit microcontrollers with performance integrated peripherals designed for real-time control applications. C2000 consists of 5 sub-families: the newer C28x + ARM Cortex M3 series, C28x Delfino floating-point series, C28x Piccolo series, C28x fixed-point series, and C240x, an older 16-bit line that is no longer recommended for new development. The C2000 series is notable for its high performance set of on-chip control peripherals including PWM, ADC, quadrature encoder modules, and capture modules. The series also contains support for I²C, SPI, serial (SCI), CAN, watchdog, McBSP, external memory interface and GPIO. Due to features like PWM waveform synchronization with the ADC unit, the C2000 line is well suited to many real-time control applications. The C2000 family is used for applications like motor drive and control, industrial automation, solar and other renewable energy, server farms, digital power, power-line communications, and lighting. A line of low cost kits are also available for specific applications including motor control, digital power, solar, and LED lighting.

C5000 series

 * TMS320C54x 16-bit fixed-point DSP, 6 stage pipeline with in-order-execution of opcodes, parallel load/store on arithmetic operations, multiply accumulate and other DSP enhancements. Internal multi-port memory. no cache unit.
 * A popular choice for 2G Software defined cellphone radios, particularly GSM, circa late 1990s when many Nokia and Ericsson cell phones made use of the C54x.
 * At the time, desire to improve the user interface of cellphones led to the adoption of ARM7 as a general-purpose processor for user interface and control, off-loading this function from the DSP. This ultimately led to the creation of a dual core ARM7+C54x DSP, which later evolved into the OMAP product line.
 * TMS320C55x generation – fixed-point, runs C54x code but adds more internal parallelism (another ALU, dual MAC, more memory bandwidth) and registers, while supporting much lower power operation.
 * Today, most C55x DSPs are sold as discrete chips
 * OMAP1 chips combine an ARM9 (ARMv5TEJ) with a C55x series DSP.
 * OMAP2420 chips combine an ARM11 (ARMv6) with a C55x series DSP.

C6000 series

 * TMS320 C6000 series, or TMS320C6x: VLIW-based DSPs
 * TMS320C62x fixed-point – 2000 MIPS/1.9 W
 * TMS320C67x floating point – code compatible with TMS320C62x
 * TMS320C64x fixed-point – code compatible with TMS320C62x
 * TMS320C67x+ floating point – architectural update of TMS320C67x
 * TMS320C64x+ fixed-point – major architectural update of TMS320C64x
 * TMS320C674x fixed- and floating point – merger of C64x+ and C67x+
 * TMS320C66x fixed- and floating point – backwards compatible with C674x
 * Other parts with C6000 series DSPs include
 * DaVinci chips include one or both of an ARM9 and a C64x+ or C674x DSP
 * OMAP-L13x chips include an ARM9 (ARMv5TEJ) and a C674x fixed and floating point DSP
 * OMAP243x chips combine an ARM11 (ARMv6) with a C64x series DSP
 * OMAP3 chips include an ARM Cortex-A8 (ARMv7) with a C64x+ DSP
 * OMAP4 and OMAP5 chips include an ARM Cortex-A9 or A15 (ARMv7) with a custom C64x+ derivative known as Tesla (or C64T)

C7000 series
The C7000 series was released in early 2020, but cores are not available individually. As of August 2023, they are only available bundled inside other SOCs, such as the TDA4VM, which features a C71x DSP.

DaVinci series

 * The DaVinci series started with systems-on-a-chip using an embedded C6000 series (C64x+) DSP, ARM9 application processors, and Digital Media peripherals. There are variants without ARMs, and without DSPs.  Their marketing focuses on their video processing capabilities.  Original chips supported NTSC and PAL, while newer ones support HDTV.

OMAP variants

 * OMAP variants also have an ARM processor in the same chip; see the main article on Texas Instruments OMAP. (There are also OMAP processors with other secondary processors, so these are not necessarily DSPs.)

DA variants

 * DA variants (target "Digital audio")
 * DA25x is an ARM processor and a C55x core. It has some on-chip peripherals like a USB slave controller and security features. Documentation of this chip is only available after signing a Texas Instruments NDA. These variants are used exclusively in the Creative ZEN and Dell Digital Jukebox MP3 players, as the primary CPU and signal processor for all processing of MP3 data streams.
 * TMS320DA7xx Aureus chips are built around C67x+ DSPs
 * DA830/DA828 Aureus chips are based on the OMAP-L137, and include a 300 MHz C674x DSP and a 300 MHz ARM926ES-J core. The DA828 variant has reduced I/O and comes in a 176-pin TQFP package instead of a 256-ball PBGA.
 * DA610/601 is a processor with a C67x core. It has on chip peripherals needed to connect to audio codecs for a 5.1 or 7.1 system. This chip is used in the YAMAHA high end receivers : RX-V1400, RX-V2400, RX-V1600, RX-V2600, RX-V2500.

DM variants

 * Kodak EasyShare LS743 - board 2 - Texas Instruments TMS320DM270-40522.jpg variants:
 * DM270 has an ARM7TDMI core and a TMS320 C5409 DSP
 * DM320 has an ARM926 core and a TMS320 C5409 DSP
 * DSC25 has an ARM7TDMI core and a TMS320 DSP
 * Texas Instruments DaVinci chips

Other vendors
General Instrument manufactured the TMS32010 as a second source.

Around 1991 a CMOS-version of the TMS32020 was manufactured by ZMD under the designation U320C20FC.

A number of devices from the TMS320 series are in production at NIIET Voronezh as the 1867 series, including a radiation-hardened version of the TMS320C25 under the designation 1867VM7T (1867ВМ7Т). Clones of the TMS320C546 went into production at PKK Milandr Moscow in 2009 under the designation 1967VC1T (1967ВЦ1Т) and in 2016 at MVC Nizhny Novgorod as 1910VM1T (1910ВМ1Т). PKK Milandr also manufactures a TMS320C54x with an additional ARM core as the 1901VC1T (1901ВЦ1Т).

Software support
The TMS320 series can be programmed using C, C++, and/or assembly language. Most work on the TMS320 processors is done using Texas Instruments proprietary toolchain and their integrated development environment Code Composer Studio, which includes a mini operating system called DSP/BIOS. Additionally, a department at the Chemnitz University of Technology has developed preliminary support for the TMS320C6x series in the GNU Compiler Collection.

In November 2007 TI released part of its toolchain as freeware for non-commercial users, offering the bare compiler, assembler, optimizer and linker under a proprietary license. However, neither the IDE nor a debugger were included, so for debugging and JTAG access to the DSPs, users still need to purchase the complete toolchain.

In 2010 Texas Instruments contracted CodeSourcery (the assignment later transferred to Mentor Graphics as part of their acquisition) to provide deep integration and support for the C6x series in GCC, as part of their effort to port the Linux kernel to C6x. This culminated in C6x being a supported architecture in GCC release 4.7 on March 22, 2012.

title: TMS320


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Bagnols-sur-Cèze

Bagnols-sur-Cèze (, lit. "Bagnols-on-Cèze"; Banhòus de Céser) is a commune in the Gard department in the Occitania region in Southern France.

History
A small regional centre, Bagnols-sur-Cèze was quite certainly a Roman town (the name of the town comes from the Latin balnearius meaning "related to baths, bathing-place") before the main part was built in the 13th century around a central arcaded square that is still preserved today. At the same period, the regional market was installed here, undoubtedly contributing to its expansion.

Demographics
Bagnols-sur-Ceze expanded steadily after the Marcoule nuclear centre was established in 1956.

Sights
The old center of Bagnols-sur-Cèze retains its historic feel, with small streets and largely preserved architecture. Several façades are remarkable. The towns contains a notable museum of contemporary art, the Musée Albert-André, founded in 1868 as well as an archaeological museum with a collection of artifacts found mainly in nearby Roman sites. The shoegaze music band named Alcest is from this city.

There are several murals featuring optical illusions.

International relations
Bagnols-sur-Cèze is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Braunfels, Germany, since 1959
 * 🇮🇹 Feltre, Italy, since 1961
 * 🏴 Newbury, England, since 1971
 * 🇧🇪 Eeklo, Belgium, since 1976
 * 🇪🇸 Carcaixent, Spain, since 1982
 * 🇭🇺 Kiskunfélegyháza, Hungary

Notable people

 * Gersonides (born 1288), Jewish philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, physician and astronomer/astrologer
 * Albéric Pont (1870-1960), dentist and pioneer in maxillofacial surgery
 * Lionel Pérez (born 1967), goalkeeper
 * Neige (born 1986), blackgaze musician
 * Sandie Toletti (born 1995), footballer for Real Madrid and the France national team

Albert André, art collector of late 19th century art, who bequeathed his magnificent collection to the town of Bagnols-sur-Cèze, where it resides in the Mairie, as the Musée Albert André

title: Bagnols-sur-Cèze


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Linux blogs

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Jitse Niesen (talk) 02:38, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Linux blogs
A chatty definition of Linux, and a list of three blogs "of repute". Not encyclopedic it its current form, and I'm not sure it has the potential. Bovlb 07:18:29, 2005-08-26 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP:NOT --GraemeL (talk) 10:37, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Linux already has an article. Any useful links can be proposed there. Not worth a seperate entry. - Mgm|(talk) 11:46, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Whatever it is, it's not Wikipedia worthy. Optichan 20:46, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic. *drew 00:29, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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British Electric Traction Company (Mumbai)

The British Electric Traction Company was a company in Mumbai that generated electricity for the city. It was established in 1882.

It had a 1,100 hp (820 kW) generator and serviced 107 consumers by 1905.

The company was bought by the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company Limited the same year.


text:
Talk:History of measurement/Archive 1

 * Archive I
 * Unified theory of ancient measurement
 * Archive III
 * Archive IV
 * Archive V
 * Archive VI

Miles

 * While inches and feet have remained pretty constant, the riddle that puzzles me is to trace the history of the various miles. There seem to be at least 4 species:
 * The ~10 km Egyptian mile, carried on in the Greek scoinios. No Roman equivalent? Must surely be the origin of the ~10 km Norwegian and Swedish land miles.
 * The ~6-7 km mile. Why the change? Presumably to get it in accordance with degrees. When did this happen? Did the Greeks do this at some stage? The German geographical mile and Nordic sea miles at ~7.5 km must be related? Is Goethe connected to this (he was a pioneer of land measurement)? For navigation at sea, it was significant to have a measure which related directly to the degree. On land, not so important.

" The ~1.6 km UK/US mile, with origins from the 1000 paces is a pure Roman invention. " The ~1.8 Nautical mile, based on the ~1.8 km geograpical miles. Why two different equatorial miles? Which came first?

Short answer

 * Miles
 * The Greek Milos of 4800 pous and
 * the Roman Milliare of 5000 pes and
 * The English Myle of c 49 BC - 1593 AD
 * are 8 stadions, stadiums, furlongs of 185 m.

 * Stadions
 * The ordinary Mesopotamian sos or side at 6 iku and 180 meters
 * was the basis for the Egyptian minute of march
 * the Egyptian minute of march at 183 m and 350 royal cubits
 * was the basis for the stadion of the Greek Milos
 * The stadion of the Greek Milos at 6 plethrons or 100 orguia and
 * 600 Atic pous of 308.4 mm at 185 m
 * was the basis for the stadium of the Roman milliare
 * The stadium of the Roman Milliare at 625 pes of 296 mm
 * was also 185 m and at 1000 passus of 5 pes
 * was the basis for the furlong of 625 fote of the English Myle

 * Leauges
 * 3 Milos of 4800 pous = 24 stadions = 14,400 pous = 1 leauge = 4440 m
 * 3 Milliare of 5000 pes = 24 stadiums = 15,000 pes = 1 leauge = 4440 m
 * 3 Myles of 5000 fote = 24 furlongs = 15,000 fote = 9375 English cubits = 1 leauge = 4440 m
 * 3 Miles of 5280 feet = 24 furlongs = 15,840 feet = 9900 English cubits = 1 leauge = 4828 m

 * 7.5 milliare = 1 schoeni = 1 kapsu = 2 parasang = 60 furlongs = 11.1 km = 1/10 degree
 * 1 degree (eec) = 1 itrw = 10 schoeni = 20 parasangs = 600 furlongs = 21,000 royal cubits

Divisions of the Milos, Milliare, Myle and Mile into areas

 * Milos
 * 1 square Milos of side 4800 pous = 1 Knights fee
 * 64 square stadions of 360,000 square pous,
 * 34,225 square meters, 368,554 SF
 * 576 aroura of 40,000 square pous, 3802.78 square m, 40,950.46 SF
 * each aroura had a side of 200 pous divisible into 2 plethrons
 * each of the 2304 plethron in a square Milos had a side of 100 pous
 * 2304 square plethrons of 10,000 square pous,
 * 950.6 square meters 10,237.64 SF
 * 640,000 square orquia of 36 square pous, 3.4 square meters, 36.85 SF
 * Milliare
 * 1 square Milliare of side 5000 pes
 * 64 square stadiums of 390,625 square pes,
 * 34,225 square meters, 368,554 SF
 * 25 square actus of side 1000 pes with 25 acres or 20 heridia
 * 1 Heridia was 1.25 Roman acres so there were
 * 20 Heridis to a square Actus
 * 625 areas of 40,000 square pes, 3802.78 m, 40,950.46 SF
 * 1.25 Roman acres is 50,000 pied = side 217.15 Ft area 47,154.54 SF
 * Each Jugerum was half a Heridium and Half a Jugerum was an acuna.
 * A Centuria was 100 Heredia or 125 acres or 5 square Actus
 * Myle
 * 1 square Myle of side 5000 fote or 8 furlongs
 * 64 square furlongs of side 625 square feet
 * in a square acre there were 40,000 square feet or fote
 * each acre had a side of 200 fote
 * In Roman Europe The Bodelian manuscript tells us
 * 14 acres maketh a yerde of land
 * If those are Roman acres of 40,000 pied then
 * the yerde is 12 English acres
 * 5 yerdis maketh a hyde of land which is 70 acres 60 English acres
 * 8 hydis maketh a knights fee which is 560 acres of land
 * 8 hydis = 480 English acres

The Confusion

 * the redefinition of the Greek Milos by the Romans and
 * The redefinition of the Milliare by the Elizabeathans, and
 * The redefinition of the Mile by the Metric system

Old English or Anglo Saxon units derived from the Greeks and Romans

 * The Virgate - "An old English unit of area" is actually Roman in origin
 * equal to one quarter of a hide = 1.25 yerdis = 17.5 acres
 * The amount of land needed to support a person.
 * The hide is at its root a German word for household, but
 * the hide is a Roman derived unit
 * We are told that in the Saxon counties of southern England,
 * it referred to the land sufficient to support one family,
 * which equaled what the family plowed in a year.
 * We are told that depending on the fertility of the land, the hide varied
 * from as little as 60 to as many as 240 acres, half a knights fee
 * but it was typically between 80 and 120 acres, 1/4 knights fee
 * Its actually 60 modern English, and 70 old Roman acres
 * We are told that the bovate is 1/8 of a carucate,
 * which also appears in the Domesday Book originated as a Danish measure
 * and it is found in the northeastern English counties
 * constituting the Danelaw.
 * Lets allow a carucata or carucate, like
 * 1 hide, is approximately 120 acres and
 * like the bovate was found in the Danish counties.
 * Lets allow A Plowland or plowgate is equal to a carucate or
 * an area eight oxen can plow
 * sufficient for a free family to support itself;
 * its origins precede 1100. (see definitions of Sumerian areas)
 * We are told the plowland compares with the knight’s fee
 * which we have established originates with the Milos
 * which was a larger area sufficient to support a knight’s family
 * (perhaps to allow pasture for animal husbandry).
 * Sulung is a Kentish term for two hides.
 * Its 120 modern English, 140 Roman acres
 * A yoke in Kent is 1/4 of a sulung.
 * A virgate is a rod in linear measure and 1/4 of a hide
 * (or 30 acres) used as a measure of area in Saxon counties.
 * 30 acres is 1/4 sulong
 * We have the Arpent AS a unit of length =~ 191.8 feet and
 * the (square) arpent used as a unit of area, area
 * (180 old French 'pied', or foot) used in France, Louisiana, and Canada.
 * approximately .845 acres, or 36,802 SF
 * Clearly derived from 1000 square orguia = 36,850 SF
 * which is itself derived from 1 sos = 10,000 square orguia.
 * We have the Morgen a unit of area =~ .6309 acres. or 27, 482 SF
 * used in Germany, Holland and South Africa, as 3/4 the Arpent
 * derived from the German word Morgen ("morning").
 * It represented the amount of land that could be plowed in a morning.

Ancient Definitions of Medieval Units

 * Mesopotamia
 * 1 square iku = 10,000 SF
 * 1 square great iku = 14,400 SF
 * 1 square sos = 360,000 SF

 * Egypt
 * 1 square khet = 21,780 SF
 * 1 square st3t of remen = 15,064.64 SF
 * 1 square st3t = 29,526.69 SF

 * Greece
 * 1 square aroura = 40,950.46 SF
 * 1 square plethron 10,237.64 SF
 * 1 square orquia 36.85 SF

 * Rome
 * 1 square actus 943,090.78 SF
 * 1 square Centuria 4,715,454 SF
 * 1 square Heridia 47,154.54 SF
 * 1 square area 40,950.46 SF
 * 1 square Jugerum 23,577.27 SF
 * 1 square acuna 11788.63 SF

Anglo - Saxon use of Roman and Greek Units

 * 1 Myle of 5000 fote became 1 Mile of 5280 feet in 1593
 * 1 square Mile of side 5280 feet was now divided into 8 furlongs of 220 yards
 * where before it had been 8 stadium/furlongs of 625'
 * 1 acre = 43,560 SF because it was increased by Queen Elizabeth
 * The side of each square furlong was increased 35'
 * The area that had been 8 Heridia of 1.25 acres or 9 acres was now divided into 10 acres
 * each acre measured a perch by a furlong
 * Each square furlong was half a square Actus
 * Each Jugerum was half a Heridium and Half a Jugerum was an acuna.
 * Each Furlong was 16 Jugerum and 32 acuna
 * A Centuria was 100 Heredia, 12.5 square furlongs
 * 125 acres was 5 square Actus
 * in a square acre there were 40,000 square feet or fote
 * each square acre had a side of 200 feet

Longer Discussion
Stadios
 * The Greek root stadios means "to have standing"
 * "to have standing" means to be a landowner.
 * Land measures including both
 * length and area are based on the size of fields
 * The base units are the remen, pace, yard, orguia,
 * fathom, rod, cord, perche and furlong.
 * Body measures fingers, thumbs, palms, hands, fists, feet, forearms
 * are related and worked into the system as multiples of the foot.
 * Different classes of citizen and occupation are apportioned
 * different amounts of land by the community

Ancient Degree Based Stadia Standards of Measure

 * Ancient stadia measures were always divisions of the degree
 * Systemized standards of measure derived from this common standard
 * Mesopotamia used 600 sos of 180 m = 108 km
 * Egypt used 10 itrw = 700 "3ht or fields" (of 3 kht of 100 royal cubits) = 110.25 km
 * Persia used 20 parasangs of 30(furlongs = 185 m) = 111 km
 * Phoenicia used 500 stadions (of 750 feet = 185 m) = 111 km
 * Ptolomy and Marinus of Tyre measured in the Persian/Phoenician stadia
 * Eratosthenes measured in the 700 3ht of Egypt.
 * The Greeks used 600 stadions (of 600 pous of 308.4 mm) = 111 km
 * The Romans used 600 stadiums of 625 pes (of 296 mm = 111 km
 * All of those are accurate divisions of a degree as defined by Ptolomy
 * Ancient Europe used the same standards because it did business with the same people

 * The credit for the first systemized collection and standardization
 * probably goes to the empire builders of Mesopotamia and Egypt
 * but the international commerce of the people who benefited
 * by those great empires, the Greeks and Persians and the Romans
 * who followed them is what really required the system
 * be standardized over such vast areas.

 * The important thing to recognize is that you can identify the original source
 * as Mesopotamian or Egyptian depending on whether the system is sexigesimal
 * or septenary and whether the divisions are by palms or feet or both.

Egyptian Itrw and Atur

 * The Itrw is an hour of travel on the river = 21,000 royal cubits
 * The Atur is an hour of march on the land = 21,000 royal cubits
 * The minute of march is a unit of 1 minutes travel = 350 royal cubits
 * 21,000 royal cubits = 36,085 English feet = 6.83 modern miles
 * It equaled 7.22 miles prior to the time of Queen Elizabeth
 * That was 11 km or 7.43 Roman milliare.
 * 75 Roman milliare are a pretty good value for a degree
 * The Egyptian value for 10 itrw is a little less accurate
 * and that probably explains the correction.

Conversions between Mesopotamian and Other Systems

 * Much of the Egyptian system of measurement is based on the Mesopotamian.
 * The Egyptian system in its turn formed the basis of the later Greek and Roman systems
 * while they in turn influenced European Systems.

 * The Egyptians took a sexigesimal Mesopotamian system and converted it to a septenary Egyptian system by taking an ordinary cubit of five gat measuring 30 sheshi 25 uban(500 mm) and a great cubit of 6 gat measuring 30 uban (600 mm)and making the first 6 Šsp (6 palms with 24 db<= 450 mm) and the second 7 Šsp (palms with 28 db< = 525 mm).

 * There are generally two or more divisions by size of finger and thumb

and different cultures have a preference for different unit fractions but basically all of it is part of the same system.

 * Mesopotamian;
 * 1 (little finger) = 1 "shusi" = 15 mm = 0.05 feet or podes
 * Greek;
 * 1 (ring finger)= 1 daktylos = 19.275 mm = 0.06 feet or podes
 * Roman;
 * 1.33 finger = 1 (thumb or inch)= 1 uncia = 25.64 mm = 0.08 feet or podes
 * Greek;
 * 2 (daktylos)= 1 condylos = 38.55 mm = 0.13 feet or podes
 * Roman
 * 4 (daktylos)= 1 palaiste = 77.10 mm = 0.25 feet or podes =(1 palm)
 * 8 (daktylos)= 1 dichas = 154.20 mm = 0.51 feet or podes =(2 palms)
 * 12 (daktylos)= 1 spithame = 231.30 0.76 feet or podes =(3 palms)
 * Greek;
 * 16 (daktylos)= 1 pous = 308.40 mm =1.01 podes =(4 palms)
 * 20 (daktylos)= 1 pygon = 385.50 mm =1.26 podes =(5 palms = 1 remen)
 * Roman
 * 24 daktylos = 1 pechya = 462.60 mm = 1.52 podes =(6 palms = 1 cubit)
 * English;
 * 25 (daktylos )= 1 English cubit = 493.44 mm = 1.62 podes;
 * Egyptian;
 * 28 (daktylos )=~ 1 Egyptian royal cubit = 539.70 = 1.77 podes =(7 palms)

Land cubits and tenure, the Feudal system

 * The Mesopotamians measured their arable land in garden plots or sar and combined them into fields or iku of 100 cubits to a side. The Egyptians measured out the irrigation ditches that bounded their 3ht or fields as strips a cubit wide and 100 cubits long known as kht. Their st3t which was a field 100 cubits to a side is said to have become the Greek Aroura or thousand but when you run the numbers the Aroura seems more likely to have derived from the iku.

 * Its probable that farmers measured out the land their community allowed them to plow in return for digging the ditch by pacing it off and built up an enclosure for it with the stones they found in their furrows.

 * The community would give the fields out in pairs, one to be plowed and one to remain fallow which were planted in rotation. As beasts of burden were domesticated and yoked to the plow the amount of land under cultivation increased, and a third field was added to be planted in hay or fodder for the plow animal. The side of this cluster of fields became standardized at 350 cubits or one minute of march.

Where the Metric System came from

 * In 1670 Abbe Mouton suggested a primary length standard
 * equal to 1 minute of arc on a great circle of the earth.
 * For this basic length Mouton offered the name milliare.
 * This was to be subdivided by seven sub units with each one
 * to be 1/10 the length of the one preceeding or

 * Milliare = 1 minute of arc = 36524 English feet = 1.11 km
 * Centuria =.1 minute of arc = 3652.4 English feet = .111 km
 * Decuria = .01 minutes of arc = 365.24 English feet = 111.1 m
 * Virga = .001 minutes of arc = 36.524 English feet =11.1 m
 * Virgula = .0001 minutes of arc = 3.6524 English feet = 1.11 m
 * Decima = .00001 minute of arc = .36524 English feet = .111 m
 * Centesima = .000001 minute of arc .36524 = English feet = 113.25 mm
 * Millesima = .0000001 minute of arc .036524 = English feet = 11.325 mm

 * Abbe Mouton may or may not have known that
 * The Milos was based on a stadion equivalent to the Egyptian minute of march.
 * Sir Issac Newton who attempted to restablish the measures of the ancient world
 * from the math problems in Kings 1 may not have known that

 * But its certain that Jomard, one of the French savants accompanying Napoleon
 * to Egypt entrusted with the measurement of ancient architecture to attempt
 * to restablish the correct value of ancient measures by measurement
 * knew that because he cites the Greeks who knew that

 * "In 1798, Edme-Francois Jomard visited the Great Pyramid
 * as a young savant on Napoleon's expedition.
 * The French had the debris cleared away from
 * the two northern corners of the Pyramid and discovered the corner sockets
 * where the corner casing stones had apparently originally been placed.
 * These were ten by twelve foot mortises, perfectly level,
 * and perfectly level with each other, cut twenty inches into the limestone bedrock.

 * Although, there were still piles of rubble between them,
 * Jomard was able to measure the north side of the base to be 230.902 meters (757.5 feet).
 * For the height, he measured each step. They added up to a total of 144 meters (481 feet).
 * By means of trigonometry Jomard calculated a slope of 51* 19' 14", and
 * an apothem of 184.722 meters. Because the casing stones were missing,
 * these figures were both estimates, but the length of the apothem
 * looked virtually perfect in light of various ancient classical texts
 * which Jomard was familiar with."

 * Diodorus Siculus and Strabo both claimed that the apothem of the Great Pyramid
 * was one stadium long. The Olympic stadium was 600 Greek feet, and
 * was supposed to be related to the size of the earth.

 * Jomard found the stadium of Eratosthenes and Hipparchus to be 185.5 meters,
 * and thus within one meter of his figure for the apothem. He also found that
 * distances quoted by the ancients in stadia matched the distances found by
 * Napoleon's surveyors, if a stadium was taken to be 185 meters.

 * The ancient stadium was also reported to have been 1/600 of a degree.
 * When Jomard took the length of a degree at what he believed to be
 * the mean latitude of Egypt, 110,827.68 meters, and divided it by 600,
 * he arrived at a stadium of 184.712 meters, which was
 * within ten centimeters of his figure for the length of the apothem!

 * In addition, several Greek authors had reported that the perimeter
 * of the base was equal to half a minute of a degree.

 * This would mean that a degree of latitude divided by 480 should
 * equal the length of one side of the base.

 * Again Jomard used the length of a degree at his mean latitude of Egypt,
 * 110,827 meters, and dividing by 480 arrived at 230.8 meters,
 * again within 10 centimeters of his measured base.

The Egyptian Minute of March as Stadion, Stadium, Furlong

 * In Egypt the minute of march was 350 royal cubits long and
 * an hour of march or itrw was 21,000 royal cubits long.
 * The Greeks tell us they noted their measures of 6 plethrons and 8 stadions,
 * were both the equivalent of the Apothem or slant side of the Great Pyramid.
 * The modern pre Euro nautical mile was ten times the length of that Apothem.

 * Using unit measures like the Stadion, Stadium and Furlong, which
 * were originally used to lay out fields and only gradually became defined as areas
 * like the Aroura or thousand square royal cubits, the empire builders
 * measured out their roads.

 * The Greek Milos was originally 8 stadions or 600 Greek pous x 8 = 4800 pous
 * The Pous came in long short and median variations so depending on which one
 * you used the number of pous would vary even as the length of the stadion and
 * Milos remained the same.
 * 600 Attic pous were equal to 625 Ionian pous but
 * both stadions were 185 meters long

 * The Romans standard pes was the Ionian pous of 296 mm so
 * they made their stadium of 185 meters egual to 625 pes or 1000 passus and
 * that made their Milliare 5000 pes

 * What makes that a great system for empire builders is that
 * the passus is now a measure of the pace at which the army moves.
 * If such standards of measure are well suited to
 * controlling the movements of armies with milestones
 * related to how much distance can be covered in a set period of time
 * they are equally servicable to the needs of commerce.

 * Just as the farmer can use the stone walls that border his field
 * to help him restablish its boundaries after a flood,
 * the community can establish its bounds in terms of
 * how much land it needs to irrigate to sustain its population and
 * the lugal or narmr (chief farmer)can determine
 * how many men he needs to dig the irrigation system and
 * how much land to alot to each oinkos, gene and phratre
 * in return for their service. Its all very feudal.

 * The city state is based on a market or agora that
 * serves a number of communities which are
 * spaced about as far apart as a man can walk in a day
 * driving a team of oxen pulling a cart.

 * When it takes more days to get the goods to market
 * than it takes for the crops to spoil you need a new market.

Leauges and the Vestigal Remnant of ther English Cubit on the Stanley Tape Measure

 * The various leagues at ~4km also enters the picture, but these seem to have
 * a simple, pedestrian origin. The French league later connects it to the meridian.

 * Pull out your standard everyday run of the mill Stanly tape measure and you should
 * see a diamond at 19.2" That is the ancient ordinary English cubit and its
 * the basis of the English League of three modern miles or
 * anciently in the time when a mile was 8 furlongs of 600 feet,
 * 14,400 ft and 9,000 diamonds.

Egil 13:49 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't know about Goethe, but
 * Ole Rømer was a big player in the 4-minute geographical mile.
 * Elizabeth I added the 280 ft to make an 8-furlong mile.

Gene Nygaard 17:52, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

iku, 3kr, 3ht, kht, st3t, aroura, area, are, acre

 * She added the 280 feet to make a mile of 8 furlongs of 660 feet
 * be a mile of 80 perche instead of a mile of 8 furlongs of 625 feet.
 * The perche was not a Roman measure.
 * Trying to lay out a knights fee with a mile that measured 75.75 perche to a side
 * was what led to the confusion as to how many acres were in a hyde and yerde.
 * In a modern square mile there are 640 acres making 10 acres to a square furlong.

 * In the ancient square Milos there were 576 Aroura.
 * Greek Aroura would be measured with a side of 200 Attic pous of 308.4 mm.
 * That means there would have been 9 Aroura to a square stadion and
 * 576 to a square Milos of 23040000 square pous.

 * Those would have been derived from
 * a Mesopotamian iku of 100 cubits of 600 mm rather than
 * a st3t with side 100 Egyptian royal cubits of +/- 525 mm.

 * An iku of side 100 great cubits of 600 mm has
 * a side of 196.85 modern English feet and
 * an area of 38750 SF. It would have had
 * a side of 202.7 Ionian pous or Roman pes of 296 mm

 * An Egyptian st3t with side 100 royal cubits
 * would measure 171.83 modern English feet to a side and
 * contain 29526.69 SF. While thats about half of a modern acre and
 * anciently fields were farmed in pairs that's 169.83 Attic pous and
 * With 28841.37 square pous not enough square pous in an Aroura
 * to multiply out to a square mile of 4800 pous to a side.

 * When people began to harness domestic animals to the plow
 * they added a third field which probably became
 * the basis for the Roman jugerum.

 * The above questions are very old, and I have found some answers
 * I have yet found no clear connection between
 * the Egyptian mile (river measure) and anything else,

 * The Egyptian minute of march is 350 royal cubits.
 * The itrw is 60 minutes of march or a one hour river journey and
 * measures 21,000 royal cubits.
 * The key to understanding Egyptian measures is that they are septenary
 * and based on multiples of the palm rather than multiples of the hand.

 * but the Persian parasang is also interesting.

Herodotus on the length of ancient measures

 * For that you go to Herodotus (and Ptolomy)
 * Herodotus explains that the Persian stadia are 500 to a degree
 * rather than 600 so their stadion is 222 meters rather than 185 and
 * based on 750 Persian feet rather than 600 Greek feet.

 * The geographical ~7.5 km mile, land and sea, is the brainchild of Ole Rømer - the Prussian king later adopting it.

 * VI. Further, the length of the seacoast of Egypt itself is sixty “schoeni”1 --of Egypt, that is, as we judge it to be, reaching from the Plinthinete gulf to the Serbonian marsh, which is under the Casian mountain--between these there is this length of sixty schoeni. [2] Men that have scant land measure by feet; those that have more, by miles; those that have much land, by parasangs; and those who have great abundance of it, by schoeni. [3] The parasang is three and three quarters miles, and the schoenus, which is an Egyptian measure, is twice that.

 * VII. By this reckoning, then, the seaboard of Egypt will be four hundred and fifty miles in length. Inland from the sea as far as Heliopolis, Egypt is a wide land, all flat and watery and marshy. From the sea up to Heliopolis is a journey about as long as the way from the altar of the twelve gods at Athens to the temple of Olympian Zeus at Pisa. [2] If a reckoning is made, only a little difference of length, not more than two miles, will be found between these two journeys; for the journey from Athens to Pisa is two miles short of two hundred, which is the number of miles between the sea and Heliopolis.

 * IX. From Heliopolis to Thebes is nine days' journey by river, and the distance is six hundred and eight miles, or eighty-one schoeni. [2] This, then, is a full statement of all the distances in Egypt: the seaboard is four hundred and fifty miles long; and I will now declare the distance inland from the sea to Thebes : it is seven hundred and sixty-five miles. And between Thebes and the city called Elephantine there are two hundred and twenty-five miles.

 * 81 schoeni = 608 miles
 * 1 schoeni = 7.5miles = 1/10 degree = 11.1 km

Parasan = 30 furlongs

 * The British nautical mile may have been due to a want of having a sea mile in the same order of magnitude as their land mile? The relationship between the Roman and British land miles are, as you note, well documented. -- Egil 08:48, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of measurement/Archive 1


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DeeDee Trotter

De'Hashia Tonnek "DeeDee" Trotter (born December 8, 1982, in Twentynine Palms, California) is an American athlete. Trotter is a former NCAA national champion in the 400m, and competed in the 2004, 2008, and 2012 Summer Olympics. There, she was a two-time Olympic gold medalist in the 4 × 400 m relay (2004 and 2012), in addition to a bronze medalist in the 2012 400m event. She placed 5th in the same event in 2004. Trotter is currently a brand ambassador for international company Education First, and a global motivational speaker.

Early life
Trotter was born in Twenty Nine Palms, California, on December 8, 1982. She grew up in Decatur, Georgia, graduating from Cedar Grove High School in 2001. She was a member of both the track and basketball teams, helping to lead the basketball team in her senior year to an undefeated season on home court. She specialized in both the 200m and 400m in track, and in her senior year, she also helped lead the 4 × 400 m relay team from her highschool to the Georgia State Championship.

College track and field
Trotter was mainly a basketball player in high school, and took up track-and-field as a second sport under the encouragement of those who saw her running on the court. She earned a track-and-field scholarship to the University of Tennessee, and was forced to turn away from basketball and focus solely on running. In 2003, she placed second in the NCAA championships in the distance, and in 2004 she was the NCAA champion. She still holds the Tennessee record time of 50.0s. She graduated from the university with a major in Sociology. She later trained under coach Caryl Smith Gilbert, who continued to train Trotter after her graduation. Trotter became the first woman to turn professional as a track-and-field athlete coming out of the University of Tennessee before graduation, turning pro in her junior year.

2003-04
Trotter competed at the 2003 IAAF World Athletics Championship in France, running in the 400m, where she qualified for the semi-finals. That year she also won gold in the 4 × 400 m women's relay, at both the World Championships and the Pan-American Games. Trotter qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics team in the 400m, and was considered a medal contender going into the games. Trotter placed 5th overall in the 400 metres with a personal best time of 50.00s. She was part of the US team which finished first in the 4×400 meters relay, which beat the second placed team from Russia by more than one second. Trotter ran first, with a lead leg time of 49.19 seconds.

2005-11
In 2005 and 2006, Trotter repeated as gold medalist at the USA Indoor Championships. In 2007, she won an additional 4 × 400 m gold at that year's World Championships. In 2007, she finished first in the 400m at the US Track and Field Championships, with the fastest time in the world that year: 49.64 seconds, and afterwards stated that her victory "was like a dream". According to USA Track and Field, "At the 2008 Olympic Trials, in perhaps the most astounding story of the women’s 400, Trotter finished third in 50.88. She was running with a broken bone chip in her left leg, the result of an errant car door closing on her two months ago." Trotter did compete in the women's 400 meters race at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and qualified out of heats for the semi-finals, but failed to qualify for the finals due to the injury. She also withdrew from her spot on the 4 × 400 m relay.

After the Olympics Trotter had successful reconstructive surgery and was able to return to competition in 2009. In her return races, she used face paint to help motivate her return to form. However the following three years she remained plagued with injuries. Still, in 2010 during the Reebok Boston Indoor Games Trotter tripped near the beginning of the race, but was able to recover her stride and eventually place first in the 400m event despite the misstep. She stated after the race that nothing like that had ever happened to her, but her first instinct was 'as long as I'm not on the ground, just keep running'. Trotter is also a multi-time IAAF Diamond League silver and bronze medalist.

2012 to present
Leading into the 2012 Olympics, she again recorded the fastest time that year in the 400m. She said of the time that, "My personality, demeanor, confidence and spirit were low. That DeeDee is gone. I overcame my entire career crumbling and made the Olympic Team." She qualified at the national championships with a second place showing. At the 2012 Olympics in London she won the bronze medal in the 400 meters in a time of 49.72, two one hundredths of a second behind the silver medalist. She was also the lead runner in the gold medal 4 × 400 m US relay team, providing her team with a 10 m lead at the end of her leg. After winning the event, Trotter stated that, "I think the pressure was on to go out and do what we are capable of doing ... I think we finally hit the mark this time. We hit the center of the target. We got it done.” Trotter ran her final lap at the 2016 USA Olympic Trials to gracefully retire from the sport. After a thirteen-year career, Trotter waved farewell to the crowd at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon, after crossing the finish line of the 400m semifinals and not advancing to the finals.

Other work
In 2009 Trotter was the winner of the Bodybuilding.com Model Search, transitioning into a part-time career as a fitness model. In 2013 Trotter became a volunteer assistant coach in the sprints for the USC Trojans track and field team. That year she also began a fundraising drive called Gifted Soles, which gathers shoes for the homeless population of Orlando. The drive also raised funds for 500 meals for the homeless as well. Donations were made through the Orlando Union Rescue Mission. In 2014, Trotter dissolved her non-profit organization Test Me I'm Clean and launched a new non-profit entitled Running For The People. Running For The People used running as a way to help people in need of encouragement. In 2020, Trotter traveled to Japan as a Sports Envoy for the U.S. State Department's Sports Diplomacy Office.

Anti-doping advocacy
Trotter is the founder of Test Me I'm Clean, a charity dedicated to combating the abuse of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs. She also acts as the organization's spokesperson, traveling across the United States giving speeches and presentations to students about the importance of staying clean. Those that support the organization can identify themselves with a white and red rubber armband, which Trotter herself wore during her 2012 bronze medal race. Trotter was inspired to found the charity in 2006, after overhearing a conversation on an airplane where the participants were convinced that all elite athletes were on steroids, which she took exception to. She has said of the program that, "I'm more concerned with the health aspect than anything else ... [Drugs] have been glorified. It's not something that is always emphasized as a danger, so I wanted to make that very clear."

Trotter was one of the founding athletes of Project Believe, in which twelve athletes volunteered for frequent random out-of-competition drug testing. As a part of the testing she volunteer to give 31 additional testing samples. She was quoted as saying of the program that, "[T]o prevent myself from going down in the flames ... We have to do something ... Otherwise, it will continue to go down this path, and it won't stop." In 2009, Trotter also became one of the first twelve athletes to join the "Athlete Ambassador" program, which is a U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) initiative. As an ambassador, Trotter travelled to speak with students about the importance of staying clean in sports. She also wrote articles for the USADA website. After this initial advocacy, Athens 4 × 400 m relay team member Crystal Cox, pleaded guilty to a doping violation in 2010, and was stripped of her gold medal. In 2013 however, the other three members (including Trotter) were allowed to keep their own gold medals and the team remains the gold medal team in the historical Olympics standings.

title: DeeDee Trotter


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YMCA College of Physical Education

YMCA College of Physical Education, the first college for physical education of Asia, was established in 1920 by Harry Crowe Buck of Pennsylvania, United States. The college is now affiliated with the Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University.

History
The YMCA Madras was started in 1920 and it started its academic operation from the year 1931, as a first Physical Education college of South Asia with two academic programmes, 'Certificate in Physical Education' and 'Diploma in Physical Education' affiliated to the University of Madras.

Campus
The college, originally located in George Town, a prominent central business district of Chennai, and later shifted to Royapettah. The Nandanam campus of the College, spread over 64.5 acres (261,000 m2) of land, houses several classrooms, gymnasiums, laboratories, a computer centre, a library, and an open-air theatre.

Course
The college offers undergraduates, postgraduates, diploma and other certificate courses in Physical education and sports sciences. The Bachelor of Mobility Science (B.M.S) programme is recognized by Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI).

Initiatives

 * The college became co-educational in 1940.
 * One of the first colleges of physical education to promote sports for disabled persons.
 * The college has designed orientation and mobility training for blind people.

Sports Medicine
The founder of Indian Institute of Sports Medicine and SPARRC, Dr Kannan Pugazhendi was initially employed here as Medical Officer. Later, he has been the Sports Physician for most of the International Sports Teams in India including Cricket, Hockey and Football.

title: YMCA College of Physical Education


text:
Cross-sectional regression

In statistics and econometrics, a cross-sectional regression is a type of regression in which the explained and explanatory variables are all associated with the same single period or point in time. This type of cross-sectional analysis is in contrast to a time-series regression or longitudinal regression in which the variables are considered to be associated with a sequence of points in time.

For example, in economics a regression to explain and predict money demand (how much people choose to hold in the form of the most liquid assets) could be conducted with either cross-sectional or time series data. A cross-sectional regression would have as each data point an observation on a particular individual's money holdings, income, and perhaps other variables at a single point in time, and different data points would reflect different individuals at the same point in time. In contrast, a regression using time series would have as each data point an entire economy's money holdings, income, etc. at one point in time, and different data points would be drawn on the same economy but at different points in time.

title: Cross-sectional regression


text:
Gregorio F. Zaide

Gregorio Fernandez Zaide (May 25, 1907 – October 31, 1986) was a Filipino historian, author and politician from the town of Pagsanjan, Laguna in the Philippines. A multi-awarded author, Zaide wrote 67 books and more than 500 articles about history, he is known as the "Dean of Filipino Historiographers." He was one of the founders of the International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA), and president of the Philippine Historical Association for three terms. As a politician, he served as the mayor of his hometown of Pagsanjan from 1971 to 1975.

Biography
Zaide was born in Pagsanjan, Laguna on May 25, 1907. He was known as "Goyo" to the people of his home town of Pagsanjan. He was married to Dolores (“Lily”) Magbanua.

He retired on May 25, 1964, and entered politics, winning as mayor of Pagsanjan from 1971 to 1975. While serving his post, he wrote a book about his town, Pagsanjan, In History and Legend, released in 1975 (of which excerpts are published in the town's official website). Dr. Gregorio F. Zaide died on October 31, 1986.

Education
Gregorio Zaide's primary and secondary education were in Spanish language, when it was the social language of the Philippines. He graduated valedictorian from Laguna High School (now called the Pedro Guevara Memorial National High School) in Santa Cruz, Laguna, in 1926. He obtained his Master of Arts in 1931 from the University of the Philippines in Manila, his Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in 1934 from the University of Santo Tomas in Manila.

Career
In his time, Zaide was the most traveled Filipino historian, with teaching and research stints at various universities and institutions in the Philippines and around the world. He worked at the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City; at the University of Santo Tomas, San Beda College, University of Manila, and Far Eastern University in Manila. He also taught and researched for the University of Hawaii and around the United States, as well as at the United Nations and around Asia. As a fluent speaker of the Spanish language, he worked in Mexico, and other Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America. He became a member of Instituto Histórico de la Independencia Americana (Historical Institute of American Independence) in Argentina and the Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia (Pan American Institute of Geography and History) in Mexico.

Zaide was elected as president of the Philippine Historical Association and served in this capacity for three terms – between 1965–1966 and in 1971. He was also an active member of the American Historical Association based in Washington, D.C. He was a member of both the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) and the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP).

He was one of the founders of the International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA). Dr. Zaide was a Paul Harris Fellowship of the Rotary Club.

In 1956, he wrote the screenplay for the Larry Santiago Productions' movie Heneral Paua, a movie about Jose Ignacio Paua, a Filipino–Chinese blacksmith turned general, a relatively unknown hero of the Philippine revolution.

He became the first Professor emeritus of History at the Far Eastern University after he retired in 1964.

Legacy
The earliest editions of Zaide's books were standard texts studied by students during the Philippines' immediate post–WWII period, and became very influential because of their influence on the education of first generation after Philippine independence, and because some of these books continue to be released in updated editions.

Zaide's historical works are generally known for their lively prose – with Palanca laureate Butch Dalisay noting that his works were "as fascinating to him as a boy as any of Edgar Rice Burroughs’ 'Martian Chronicles'." In the same breath, however, these works are criticized as lacking in "the important qualifications and nuances to be made to telling the story of our past, such as the fact that histories unavoidably took sides, and that it was all too easy to be seduced into taking the wrong one."

In particular, Zaide has been criticized for portraying history in a way that put the Philippines' colonial experience under the Spanish and the Americans in an over-simplistically positive light.

Historian Ambeth Ocampo has noted that this "old-fashioned" style and perspective was simply reflective of historians of Zaide's generation, noting: "'Zaide may be old-fashioned to a generation that grew up with the works of nationalist historians Teodoro A. Agoncillo and Renato Constantino, but I have always appreciated his two-volume work 'The Pageant of Philippine History'. One may not find Zaide’s writing style or viewpoint to one’s taste, but in his footnotes he gives the interested reader the leads to follow up on in the primary sources.'"

Major works
Zaide was a prolific writer and historian writing about 67 books, which were adopted as textbooks for high schools and colleges. He also authored more than 500 articles in history published in both national and international newspapers and academic journals.

Among his contributions to Philippine history are the following books:
 * A Documentary History of the Katipunan (1931)
 * History of the Katipunan (1939)
 * Philippine Political and Cultural History (1949)
 * Great Events in Philippine History (1951)
 * The Philippine Revolution (1954)
 * Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings (1957)
 * History of the Filipino People (1958)
 * World History (1965)
 * Great Filipinos in History (1970)
 * Jose Rizal: Asia's First Apostle of Nationalism (1970)
 * The Pageant of Philippine History (1979)
 * History of Asian Nations (1980)
 * Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero (with Sonia M. Zaide, 1983)
 * Riquezas Filipinas en los Archivos de Mexico (Titled in Spanish language)

Awards
Zaide was the first Asian to win the United Nations Study Award in 1957. He was awarded by the Philippine government the prestigious Republic Cultural Heritage Award in 1968.

His other awards includes:
 * Diploma of Outstanding Writings on Filipino National Heroes
 * A Special Prize in History in the 1940 Commonwealth Literary Contest
 * Diploma of Distinction for research on the life and works of Dr. Jose Rizal, the Philippine national hero
 * Distinguished Public Service Award

title: Gregorio F. Zaide


text: Talk:Rarities and B-Sides (The Smashing Pumpkins album)


text:
Cinema of Malaysia

The cinema of Malaysia consists of feature films produced in Malaysia, shot in the languages Malay, Mandarin, Cantonese, Tamil, various indigenous languages, and English.

Malaysia produces about 60 feature films and 300–400 television dramas and serials per year, in addition to the in-house productions of individual television stations. The country also holds its own annual national level film awards, known as the Malaysia Film Festival. There are about 150 cinemas and cineplexes in Malaysia, which show both domestically produced and foreign films. Foreign film producers are welcome to shoot on location in Malaysia and to undertake film co-production ventures, which provide local artists and those with technical roles to with the opportunity to gain exposure and experience.

Currently internationally famous Malaysian actors include Academy Award winner Michelle Yeoh and Henry Golding.

Early films, 1933–41
Malaysian cinema began in 1933 with Leila Majnun, which is based on a classical Persian story of two ill-fated lovers. Directed by B.S. Rajhans and produced by the Singapore-based Motilal Chemical Company of Bombay, the cast was derived from a local opera group. Inspired by the success of this project, two brothers, Run Run and Run Me Shaw, decided in 1937 to import filmmaking equipment from Shanghai and begin the production of Malay films in a small studio at Ampas Road in Singapore. However, they were only able to produce five or six films prior to the Japanese invasion in 1941.

Many actors from these early films came from the bangsawan theatre scene, bringing the exaggerated character of their usual performances to the new art form, aided by the endorsement of the Shaw Brothers.

Under Japanese colonial rule, 1941–45
In 1941, when the Japanese occupied Malaya, the first Japanese film companies found local film production to be extremely limited. The exhibition market was dominated by overseas Chinese companies, most notably the Shaw Brothers. The Japanese would later use Malaya for exactly the same purposes, even receiving the help of the Shaws to break into their extensive Southeast Asian film exhibition network. Although Malaya never became a major film production center under the Japanese, it was a strategically important film market for Japan and a convenient outpost for moving films into and out of Southeast Asia.

The Japanese film studios shot a number of films in Shonan (what the Japanese renamed Singapore during the occupation) depicting the area in similar ways to the Japanese frontier. Films such as Southern Winds II (続・南の風, 1942, Shochiku Studios), Tiger of Malay (マライの虎, 1942, Daiei Studios) or Singapore All-Out Attack (シンガポール総攻撃, 1943, Daiei Studios) presented the area as an exotic land rich in resources, occupied by simple but honest people. Japanese colonial films also associated the region with sex as many 'Karayuki-san', or prostitutes, had been either sold to brothels or chosen to go to Southeast Asia to earn money around the turn of the century. Karayuki-san (からゆきさん, 1937, Toho Studios), Kinoshita Keisuke's Flowering Port (花咲く港, 1943, Shochiku Studios), and later, Imamura Shohei's Whoremonger (女衒, 1987, Toei Studios), which were all shot at least partly on location, are examples of the extent to which this subgenre dominates the representations of Malaya in Japanese cinema.

Development and decline, 1945–75
Following the end of World War II in 1945, the Shaw Brothers resumed production in 1947 with a Rajhans-directed film called Singapura Di Waktu Malam (Singapore by Night) starring Siput Sarawak. Backed by their chain of theatres, which they either owned or rented, the film enjoyed a good response. The Shaw Brothers proceeded to produce more films and introduced new faces, including the Sumatran-born Kasma Booty. Her first film, Cempaka, revolved around the life of a native island girl.

In 1948, P. Ramlee, who later became one of the foremost figures in Malay cinema, made his debut in the film Cinta (Love). Ramlee rose to prominence thanks to his musical abilities as both a composer and singer. He was very versatile as a leading actor, a comic, dramatic artiste, scriptwriter and film director. Most of his early films contained numerous song and dance scenes, a trend introduced by Indian film directors. After Rajhans, the Shaw Brothers imported many other Indian film directors, among them S. Ramanathan, K.R. Seetharama Sastry, Phani Majumdar and D. Ghoss. Local film directors such as L. Krishnan and K. M. Bashker also learned the trade and techniques through experience and apprenticeship. By the 1960s, many of the expatriates were replaced by local directors.

The success enjoyed by the Shaw Brother’s film studio, known as Malay Film Productions (MFP), encouraged other entrepreneurs to venture into the same business. One such example is the Nusantara film company, which was started in 1951 by Hsu Chiu Meng. However, he depended heavily on independent theatres, and after producing about a dozen films, Nusantara closed down in 1954.

In 1952, Ho Ah Loke opened a studio on Tampines Road, Singapore, calling his company Rimau Film Productions, later to be known as Keris Film Productions. Ho owned a few small theatres through his earlier venture as a film distributor. He managed to produce a number of films, and in 1956 merged with Cathay Organisation, owned by millionaire Loke Wan Tho. The company was renamed Cathy-Keris Film Productions, with its studio on East Coast Road, Singapore. Supported by their own theatre chain throughout Malaya and Singapore, Cathay-Keris films posed a challenge to the films produced by Shaw’s MFP studios. Shaw studios and Cathay-Keris each produced about 10 films per year.

During those early years, all of the films were black and white. The studios had their own laboratories and recording and editing facilities. Direct sound recording was the standard practice from the beginning, until the advent of the 1960s; post-synching or dubbing systems subsequently became available and are still in use today.

Screenplays were mostly based on folk tales, stage plays, and legends of fictional or real historical heroes or events. MFP made Hang Tuah in 1956, about the legendary Melaka warrior Hang Tuah who lived during the heyday of the Melaka Sultanate. It was processed in Eastman Color and directed by Indian Phani Majumdar, who was specially brought in to ensure that the film made it to the East Asia Film Festival. P. Ramlee played the role of Hang Tuah and composed the background music, for which the film won an award. In response, Cathay-Keris produced Hang Jebat, about Hang Tuah’s closest friend who becomes involved in a life-or-death struggle with him.

Just before they ceased operations, both MFP and Cathay-Keris produced three colour films each. The Shaw Brothers produced Ribut (Storm), Hang Tuah and Raja Bersiong (The Fanged King). The latter, a legend from the state of Kedah, was written by Malaysia’s first Prime Minister, the late Tunku Abdul Rahman. Cathay-Keris produced Buluh Perindu (The Magic Flute), Cinta Gadis Rimba (The Virgin Of Borneo) and Mahsuri (The Maid of Langkawi), another Kedah legend written by Tunku Abdul Rahman.

Although many new companies emerged during this period, including Nusantara Films, Tan & Wong Film Company, Rimau Productions and Cathay-Keris, many closed down due to escalating production costs and diminishing audiences, leaving only MFP and Cathay-Keris both operating in Singapore.

In 1961, H.M. Shah bought a desirable piece of land on the fringe of Kuala Lumpur and turned it into Merdeka Studio. In spite of its humble beginnings, its growth surged dramatically once the biggest stars began their exodus from the two Singapore studios. Located adjacent to the National Zoo on Hulu Kelang Road, it is 13 kilometres from the city. Today, it is the headquarters of the National Film Development Corporation, Malaysia (FINAS). The Shaw Brothers dispatched some of their Singapore film directors, among them L. Krishnan, P. Ramlee, Salleh Ghani, Jamil Sulong, Omer Rojik, S. Kadarisman, Sudarmaji, Naz Achnas, M. Amin and Jins Shamsuddin, to make films at Merdeka.

Renaissance, 1975–present
In 1975, a renaissance prompted a revitalised growth when Sabah Films grossed huge profits with its maiden offering, Keluarga Comat (Comat’s Family). Soon, other companies mushroomed, such as Perfima, Syed Kechik, Indra, Jins Shamsuddin, and others.

The 1980s saw numerous changes. A vital one was the setting up FINAS in 1981 to develop and stimulate the growth and maintain the standards of the film industry by various means, including the provision of research and advisory services. FINAS has since set up numerous facilities to promote the industry, including a credit facility scheme which enables young film-makers to test their potential. The revival in the industry also made changes to certain formats of the local film productions. Nearly all the films were made in colour, some using the scope format and some the standard format. There were no fixed salaries for artists attached to a certain company or studio. A company can only do two of three functions: production, distribution or exhibition, to avoid a monopoly by a certain party. The producers also might be able to recover part of their investment by the return of the entertainment tax as a way of incentive. A further incentive to local film-makers is that they are invited to make television programmes either in film format or video format. As a result, there are now more than 300 film companies registered with FINAS.

In 1989 and 1990, over 20 feature films were produced, a number that decreased to 15 in 1995, but still more than the five feature films made in 1985. In the mid-2000s, Malaysian film industry saw an increase in number of domestic film production, from only seven films in 1999, to 26 films in 2009. The increase of domestic film production is because of new opening of cinemas and limitations on the screening of foreign films in local cinemas. Currently, the Malaysian film industry faces competition from surrounding regional cinemas such as those from Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines and India.

In 2007, Tan Chui Mui's Love Conquers All won a Tiger Award at the 36th International Film Festival Rotterdam. In 2008, Liew Seng Tat's Flower in the Pocket also won a Tiger Award at the 37th International Film Festival Rotterdam. In 2011, over 40 films were released in Malaysia. In 2012, FINAS cooperated with Skim Wajib Tayang to allow 2 local films to be screened at local cinemas every week, effective on 24 May, to solve the delay of screening faced by local film industry. As such, in 2012, 70 films queued up to be shown in Malaysia nationwide.

During the global pandemic, cinemas were closed for up to a year beginning around March 2020 till late September 2021. In the July 2022, the resurgence of cinema attendance was evidence by the high attendance for Mat Kilau: Kebangkitan Pahlawan ('Mat Kilau: The Rise of a Warrior') directed by Syamsul Yusof, in which he was reported to claim 'earned RM53mil in 13 days', thus earning the historical epic as the highest grossing Malaysian film of all-time beating his own directed film, Munafik 2 before Polis Evo 3 directed by his younger brother, Syafiq Yusof snatch 2nd place for collecting RM54 million in 11 weeks also collecting more than RM1 million in just 7 days in Astro First.

Category 18+ films
At the beginning of Malaysian film industry, while watching movies, there were no age restrictions, and films were done under strict guidelines. For instance, no sex scenes and crimes were permitted. Malaysian film classification was introduced in 1996 to provide parents of minors a chance to prevent their children from being exposed to inappropriate materials. There are four 18+ categories used in Malaysia, unlike other countries, which only used one classification for each age. These are 18PA, 18PL, 18SG and 18SX, however, 18PA is rarely used. Movies prior to 1996 also carry ratings, and some of the local movies prior to 1996 later carry 18+ ratings, for example, Mekanik (1983) (later rated 18SX) and Pelumba Malam (1989) (later rated 18PL). Two of the earlier local movies with 18+ ratings since its introduction, Litar Kasih (1996) and Panas (1998), were both classified 18SX. However, these movies still enjoyed surprising box office successes in Malaysia. The latest film which used the 18+ rated for Malaysian film is The Assistant film published in 2022 directed by Adrian Teh.

Non-Malay language cinema
Malaysian films are also produced in Tamil and Mandarin. A Malaysian Tamil film titled Jagat won the best Malaysian film in 2016.

New Films Classification
On 29 March 2012, the Film Censorship Board of Malaysia released new color-coded logo designs for cinema films' classification. U or 'Umum' is now blue, which meant that the film can be watched by all ages and consists of what the Board deems positive depictions of values. P13 or 'Penjaga 13' is yellow, which signifies that caution should be taken when watching the film as it is not suitable for individuals below 13 and any viewers of that age must be guided by a parent or guardian. 18 is red, which meant that the film is only suitable for viewers aged 18 and above as it contains images of violence, horror and sex, as well as religious, political and social elements. All those changes are effective starting 1 April 2012.

Starting 1 February 2023, P12 or 'Penjaga 12' by the color of green will replace P13 while P13 upgraded into 13 to protect 'underage' and the color remains the same (yellow). For 16 is orange means that only viewers who aged 16 and above only.

All languages

 * Vedigundu Pasangge earned £222 on the first day and lifetime collection of £291 in the United Kingdom. It was the highest opening collection for a movie from Malaysia in the United Kingdom and overseas box office.

title: Cinema of Malaysia


text:
Diwata (disambiguation)

Diwata is another term for nature and ancestor spirits (anito) in the Visayan, Palawan, and Mindanao regions in the indigenous Filipino animistic beliefs. It can also refer to:

 * Diwata (song), a song by Filipino rapper Abra featuring Chito Miranda
 * Philippine satellites
 * Diwata-1, a microsatellite launched to the International Space Station (ISS) on March 23, 2016
 * Diwata-2, a microsatellite launched on October 29, 2018
 * Diwata (internet personality) (born 1982), Filipino internet personality

title: Diwata (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Turla

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Jitse Niesen (talk) 02:38, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Turla
Long-winded advert for a Yahoo group for people who share a specific surname. Bovlb 07:21:27, 2005-08-26 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn/unenc. --DrTorstenHenning 08:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per DrTorstenHenning. -- DS1953 16:06, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising & vanity. *drew 00:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Turla


text:
Talk:Nestlé Candy Shop

Need a "Shockers" article
We need an article for Wonka Shockers, or a sub-section on the Spree article.174.62.226.243 (talk) 18:40, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

possible addition
Going to the Wonka Candy 1800 hotline, Maurice (Wonka voice actor) is the recorded anwering machine. Add?

Zidel333 03:09, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Template
I've recently created and added a Willy Wonka Candy Company template to most of the Willy Wonka Candy Company-related articles. If you have any questions or comments please contact me on my talk page. -- T B C ??? ???  ??? 05:23, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Needs more history
The article lacks info on the company's history. The Wonka brand was owned by Sunmark in the '80s and was indeed sold to Nestle. There is no article for the Sunmark Capital Corp. so maybe someone could add something about it here? My grandfather was the president of Sunmark and he got the idea for SweeTarts while touring a Tums factory and saw how they compressed powdered medicine into tablet form. He applied the technology to powdered sugar to produce a variety of candies including Spree. eelwerdna 14, March 2006 (EST)

I agree the page needs more history but the current history needs fact checking. The nestle website states that the Wonka Brand was started in 1983... that date does not match any dates currently on the page nor the date located in the reference website page used for this article. Are these dates made up? 65.175.222.116 (talk) 00:51, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

General
isnt it great how this is word for word the same as what is on answers.com? -- the preceding comment is by 207.63.186.16
 * Yes. That is because answers.com uses wikipedia content under GFDL, as they correctly state at the bottom of the page. 82.32.65.149 23:19, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Product line founding
I'm told that PixyStix and maybe a couple other product (SweeTarts, BottleCaps) lines predate 1971. Probably they were existing products of Breaker or another company. knoodelhed 16:45, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Britain
The company used to sell "Exploding Chocolate" in Britain, maybe they still do. It was (or is) a bar of purple chocolate which had been carbonised, so when you bit into it it fizzed quite violently in your mouth. Did they never sell this in America? Rusty2005

What about Australia?
These candies / sweets are available over there, under the Wonka Name. They also have some other stuff like Redskins!

http://about-australia-shop.com/images/products/Nestle_Redskins_9300625171163.jpg

 * Is there an article about these "Red Skins?"

Merge candy pages into this one?
Was reviewing the articles for the candies that are developed and discontinued by Wonka, and it seems that none of them alone have very concrete articles... Perhaps it might be easier to merge them all into this article and build on it from there? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.97.240.223 (talk) 00:32, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Might be worthwhile. For the time being though, it's kind of sloppy that the Runts candy has its own detailed section, while no other candies have such a section (and the Runts info is already provided on its own linked article). Dlsimon (talk) 21:57, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

Dinosour Eggs?
Why aren't they in the box. I haven't seen them in years, so probably in the discontinued section. I loved these things, wish I could still find them.76.226.117.250 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:54, 1 November 2009 (UTC).

Article sounds like an advertisement
This entire article reads like an advertisement. Too many external links embedded in the article. It should probably be rewritten.76.28.72.87 (talk) 18:44, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

strange...
for some reason most Wonka products seem to be missing the Wonka logo recently. I hope it isn't a bad omen... Visokor (talk) 06:06, 24 June 2015 (UTC)
 * they seem to have phased out the brand, in the US anyway, I couldn't say for other countries. Wild guess, not worth it to nestle to keep paying for the license. In any event, the article needs to have some revisions to account for the lack of Wonka branding.68.51.193.141 (talk) 23:45, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

British Brand
Why does the article start out describing this as a "british brand"? There seems to be as much or more evidence in the article that it is an american brand, or a swiss brand if you count is as part of Nestle. 24.94.25.67 (talk) 11:15, 9 June 2016 (UTC)Sandy

Move request
Request a page move: current branding is now known as Nestlé Candy Shop. Visokor (talk) 21:13, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on The Willy Wonka Candy Company. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130117143426/http://products.nestle.ca/en.aspx to http://products.nestle.ca/en.aspx

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:01, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

Information not supported by cited article
Is it just me or is the statement about the Wonka logo/company closing around 2015 not supported by citation 3? I'm not a normal Wikipedia user so someone else should probably evaluate the claim and see if it needs verification. Thank you! 174.34.213.170 (talk) 05:40, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * You're correct. This claim is not supported and it smells like a marketing ploy. RRstimpy (talk) 05:48, 16 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you kindly! Appreciate the effort. 174.34.213.170 (talk) 05:46, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 17 November 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Unopposed move  (t · c)  buidhe  15:23, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Nestlé Candy Shop → The Willy Wonka Candy Company – Name by which the brand was primarily known during the period of its existence. Most of the article refers to information related to this period and this name (e.g. connections to novel, films, etc.). DilatoryRevolution (talk) 03:46, 17 November 2020 (UTC) —Relisting.  SITH   (talk)   11:59, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

Brand name revival
Ferrara just revived the Wonka brand name! See here: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/wonka-candy-makes-its-magical-return-with-new-wonka-magic-hat-gummies-301906101.html Visokor (talk) 08:42, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nestlé Candy Shop


text:
Talk:YMCA College of Physical Education

Untitled

 * This stub is based on a reporting in the Hindu dated 25th August 2005, which appeared in connections with 85th celebrations of this College. --Bhadani 07:27, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Really childish

 * One anonymous editor has deemed it appropriate to change the words physically challenged to handicapped and visually challenged to blind, giving the reason in the edit summaries, which indicates that former words are politically motivated. Actually, these words have come into circulation over a period of decades to give respect to the community of handicapped and the blind persons, and have no political overtones and colors, but accepted terms by social scientists and psychologists.

By such childish changes, I am reminded of the proverb: empty vessels sound much. Please do not make wikipedia small by your small thinking. Really, some persons, though endowed with sight are worse than the blind in their attitudes and mental make up and see the world with their own tainted looking glass, imputing motives to simple words. They do not have the guts and the integrity to edit with their registered Ids to give continuity to their style of editing for the benefit of the community of wikipedians. Please do not be afraid – come into open, and edit fearlessly: you are most welcome; because I am sure no new wikipedian would have edited few words so deeply. --Bhadani 10:22, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:YMCA College of Physical Education


text: User talk:71.106.21.58

title: User talk:71.106.21.58


text:
FIBA EuroBasket Division B

The EuroBasket Division B was the second-ranked tier of the bi-annual EuroBasket competition. In this division the teams played off in order to get a promotion into Division A. Conversely, the two worst-performing teams of Division A were relegated into Division B. Also, the winner of the Division C tournament would be invited to promote to Division B.

EuroBasket Division B was played until 2011, when FIBA Europe decided to abolish the divisional system.

title: FIBA EuroBasket Division B


text: User talk:4.242.189.162

title: User talk:4.242.189.162


text: User talk:69.40.73.174

title: User talk:69.40.73.174