text:
Ansel Williamson

Ansel Williamson (c. 1806–1881) was an American thoroughbred horse racing trainer and a member of the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. He trained horses who won the Kentucky Derby, Travers Stakes, Belmont Stakes, Jerome Handicap, Phoenix Stakes and Withers Stakes.

Williamson was born a slave in Virginia in about 1806. His early horse racing experience came for owner Thornton Boykin Goldsby, where he notably trained champion horse Brown Dick to victories in top races in Atlanta, Mobile, New Orleans and Charleston. In 1864 he was purchased by Robert A. Alexander, owner of the famous Woodburn Stud near Midway, Kentucky. Taught the breeding and training of horses, after he was freed Williamson remained in Alexander's employ. He conditioned a number of successful horses including the undefeated U.S. champion three-year-old male, Norfolk and the undefeated Asteroid.

Williamson was the trainer for Merrill, ridden by Abe Hawkins when he won the third Travers Stakes in 1866. Willamson won that prestigious race again in 1873 with Tom Bowling who would win 14 of his 17 career races.

Following Robert Alexander's death in 1867, Williamson went on to train many great horses including Virgil who was the sire of the great Hindoo. However, he is best remembered for having trained Aristides, the winner of the inaugural Kentucky Derby in 1875. That same year, his horse Calvin won the Belmont Stakes. In addition, Williamson trained horses who won other major races such as the Jerome Handicap and the Withers Stakes.

In 1998 Ansel Williamson was inducted posthumously into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

title: Ansel Williamson


text:
BMW International Open

The BMW International Open is an annual men's professional golf tournament on the European Tour held in Germany.

History
Founded in 1989, it was held near BMW's home city of Munich every year until 2012. From 1989 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2011 it was played at the Golfclub München Eichenried while from 1994 to 1996 it was held at St. Eurach Land-und-Golfclub. In 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018, the event was played at Golf Club Gut Lärchenhof near Cologne, alternating with Golfclub München Eichenried, which hosted the event in 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019.

The event was for a time the only European Tour event played in Germany, until the Porsche European Open moved to Germany in 2015.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: BMW International Open


text:
Nathanael Emmons

Nathanael Emmons, sometimes spelled Nathaniel Emmons, (April 20, 1745 – September 23, 1840) was an American Congregational minister and influential theologian of the New Divinity school. He was born at East Haddam, Connecticut.

Emmons graduated at Yale in 1767, studied theology under the Rev. John Smalley (1734–1820) at Berlin, Connecticut, and was licensed to preach in 1769. After preaching four years in New York and New Hampshire, he became, in April 1773, pastor of the Second church at Franklin (until 1778 a part of Wrentham, Massachusetts), of which he remained in charge until May 1827, when failing health compelled his relinquishment of active ministerial cares. He lived, however, for many years thereafter, dying of old age at Franklin on the 23rd of September 1840.

It was as a theologian that Emmons was best known, and for half a century probably no clergyman in New England exerted so wide an influence. He developed an original system of divinity, somewhat on the structural plan of that of Samuel Hopkins, and, in Emmons's own belief, contained in and evolved from Hopkinsianism. While by no means abandoning the tenets of the old Calvinistic faith, he came to be looked upon as the chief representative of what was then known as the New Divinity.

His system declared that holiness and sin are free voluntary exercises; that men act freely under the divine agency; that the slightest transgression deserves eternal punishment; that it is through God's mere grace that the penitent believer is pardoned and justified; that, in spite of total depravity, sinners ought to repent; and that regeneration is active, not passive, with the believer. Emmonsism was spread and perpetuated by more than a hundred clergymen, whom he personally trained. Politically, he was an ardent patriot during the American War of Independence, and a strong Federalist afterwards, several of his political discourses attracting wide attention.

He was a founder and the first president of the Massachusetts Missionary Society, and was influential in the establishment of Andover Theological Seminary. More than two hundred of his sermons and addresses were published during his lifetime. His Works were published in 6 vols (Boston, 1842; new edition, 1861).

See also the Memoir, by Dr EA Park (Andover, 1861).

Early life and education
Born in East Haddam, Connecticut, Emmons was the sixth son, and twelfth and youngest child, of Samuel and Ruth (Cone) Emmons. Both his parents were professors of religion, and he was the subject of an early Christian training. Early in his life, his father intended to give Nathaniel a liberal education, and to allow him to enter someone of the professions; but on witnessing his volatile, trifling spirit, he changed his mind, and determined to sober his views by making him a farmer. Emmons, however, never cared for labor, and intended in some way to escape it if possible. Being indisposed to agricultural pursuits, to which his childhood and early youth were devoted, and having an ardent thirst for knowledge, he gained his father's consent to commence a course of classical study. He studied vigorously, and after ten months he was admitted to Yale College in September, 1763. He graduated in 1767, in the same class as John Treadwell, John Trumbull, and several other of the noted New England natives. Emmons lost his father about three months before his graduated, inheriting only a bequest for defraying the expenses of his education.

Emmons devoted a few months to the business of teaching, and then went to reside with the Rev. Nathan Strong of Coventry, Connecticut, as a theological student. However, after a short time, he placed himself under the instruction of the Rev. John Smalley, of Berlin, who had then the reputation of being one of the ablest Divines in New England.

Of his early religious history Emmons stated that "by reading the life of a pious youth, I was sensibly struck with a conviction of my great guilt and the awful thought of dying unprepared", noting that "[w]hen one of my sisters died of consumption, my fears about myself were again alarmed, and I had some lively apprehensions of the state of the damned, especially of the lake that burned with fire and brimstone".

Emmons further described the feelings that led him to pursue a career in the ministry:

"All this time, however, I had no sense of the total corruption of my heart, and its perfect opposition to God. But one night there came up a terrible thunderstorm, which gave me such an awful sense of God's displeasure and of my going into a miserable eternity, as I never had before. I durst not close my eyes in sleep daring the whole night, but lay crying for mercy with anxiety and distress. This impression continued day after day, and week after week, and put me upon the serious and diligent use of what I supposed to be the appointed means of grace. In this state of mind I went to Dr. Smalley's to pursue my theological studies."

"I felt a peculiar complacence in good men, but thought they were extremely stupid, because they did not appear to be more delighted with the Gospel, and more engaged to promote the cause of Christ. I pitied the deplorable condition of ignorant, stupid sinners, and thought I could preach so plainly as to convince every body of the glory and importance of the Gospel. These were my views and feelings about eight months before I became a candidate for the ministry."

Ministry
Emmons was licensed to preach by the South Association of Hartford County, in October, 1769. The examination which he underwent, on that occasion, was, on several points, unsatisfactory to a part of the Association,—particularly on the doctrines of depravity, regeneration, human and Divine agency. Several of the older clergymen voted against his licensure, and one of them, the Rev. Mr. Eells of Middletown, went so far as to throw in a written remonstrance. Emmons may have originally been somewhat inclined to Arminian views. Under the teachings of the Rev. Strong, he embraced Calvinism, as embodied in the writings of theologians like Thomas Ridgeley and Samuel Willard. Subsequently, under Dr. Smalley, he become, in the then popular acceptation of the word, a new-school man. The points which were specially agitated at his examination, came up for discussion, at several subsequent meetings of the Association, and the result was the formation of a "conciliatory creed" upon the points in question, in which the different parties agreed to unite. Having preached in various places for nearly four years, he accepted a call from the church in Franklin, then the Second church in Wrentham, Massachusetts, to become their pastor, formally begin his pastorship there on April 21, 1773.

Emmons was a zealous Whig during the American Revolution. He spoke publicly and without hesitation in favor of independence, which caused some hostility in his congregation, which was considerably divided on the issue. He also went through some financial distress during the war, due to the irregular and partial payment of his salary. Both his prosperity and his popularity rebounded after the conclusion of the war.

Emmons considered himself an intellectual theologian, rather than an orator, and sought to influence his parishioners with reasoned arguments rather than stirring speeches. However, he was noted to have "a kind of haughty confidence in his own creed ... as though all his tenets were the accredited verities of heaven", which "caused him to think disparagingly of all other creeds". A Universalist once replied to a sermon of his, and published the sermon and reply in the same pamphlet. A friend asked Emmons what he thought of it. "It is against the law," said Emmons, "for Moses says, 'Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together.'" In 1798 he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from Dartmouth College. The New England magazine wrote of him:

"His quaint, antique dress, cocked hat, knee breeches, silken hose and shoe buckles belonged as distinctively to the dress of a former generation as did his austere, inflexible, unanswerable arguments to their theology."

Throughout his life, Emmons abstained almost entirely from alcohol, seldom drank tea or coffee, and ate simply and in moderate quantities. He studied from twelve to seventeen hours a day, seldom leaving his study for anything but meals, rest, and his parochial duties. He was described as "a man of strong convictions and an indomitable will, which gave to his character an aspect of sternness, of chilly dignity".

Personal life
In 1775, Emmons married Deliverance, daughter of Moses French, of Braintree, Massachusetts, who was said to have been "a pattern of prudence, condescension, benevolence, and faithfulness". However, she quickly fell into a decline, and died in June 1778. Within two months from her death, his two little sons, the only surviving members of his family, suddenly sickened and died in one day, and were buried in the same grave. His recorded reflections on the occasion show that, while his heart was deeply smitten, it was full of humble trust in the Divine wisdom and goodness.

Within about a year and four months from the death of his first wife, Emmons married Martha, daughter of the Rev. Chester Williams of Hadley, Massachusetts. He found her to be a companion not only distinguished for her excellent intellectual and moral qualities, but of such exemplary domestic habits as to relieve him, in a great measure, from the ordinary cares of his family. By this marriage he had six children, two sons and four daughters. In 1813, Emmons' second daughter died, followed within a few years by another son and daughter. Emmons' second wife, Martha, died in August 1829, when Emmons was 85. In 1831, Emmons married for the third time, to the widow of the late Rev. Edmund Mills of Sutton, Massachusetts. His health and spirits seemed to revive, so that he was enabled to endure the fatigue of several journeys of considerable length.

Later life and death
In May 1827, Emmons fainted at the pulpit, in the midst of his discourse, and had to be carried home. He was able, however, on the next Sabbath, to finish his discourse. It was listened to with uncommon interest, in part because the impression was very general in the congregation that it would prove to be, as it actually did, his last public service. On the next Sabbath he sent a letter resigning his pastoral charge, and requesting that the congregation make immediate provision for the supply of the pulpit. His resignation was accepted with some objections, but Emmons continued ministering in private. After he retired from the active duties of his office, he spent a large part of his time in reading.

In the summer and autumn of 1840, his strength began perceptibly to decline, he died at about three o'clock on Wednesday morning, September 23, 1840. His funeral was held the following Monday, and a sermon was preached by the Rev. Thomas Williams, from Ecclesiastes XII, 9; which was published.

title: Nathanael Emmons


text:
Joël Abati

Joël Marc Abati (born 25 April 1970) is a French handball player who has played ten years for SC Magdeburg in Germany until 2007. After returning to France and playing two years for Montpellier HB he ended his professional career in 2009, having won numerous prizes for his clubs and his country. In November 2019 he signed as trainer for the Belgian club Sporting Pelt.

With France national team he is Olympic champion in 2008, World champion in 2001 and 2009 and European champion in 2006.

Club history

 * Espoir de Floreal (France)
 * 1990-91  : Saint Michel sur Orges (France)
 * 1991-92  : Levallois (France)
 * 1992-95  : USM Gagny (France)
 * 1995-97  : US Créteil (France)
 * 1997-2007 : SC Magdeburg (Germany)
 * 2007-2009 : Montpellier HB (France)

Honors

 * with France national team
 * Olympic games
 * Gold in 2008
 * 5th in 2004
 * World Men's Handball Championship
 * Gold in 2001, 2009
 * Bronze in 2003 2005
 * European Men's Handball Championship
 * Gold in 2006
 * Bronze in 2008

 * with clubs
 * EHF Champions League: 2002
 * EHF Cup: 1999, 2001, 2007
 * German Championship: 2001
 * French Championship: 2008, 2009
 * French Cup: 1997, 2008, 2009
 * French League Cup: 2008

title: Joël Abati


text:
Aguirre

Aguirre may refer to:

Media

 * Aguirre, the Wrath of God, a 1972 film by Werner Herzog, loosely based on the career of Lope de Aguirre (1510–1561)
 * Aguirre (soundtrack), the soundtrack to Herzog's film, composed and performed by Popol Vuh

Places

 * Aguirre, Salinas, Puerto Rico, a barrio in the municipality of Salinas, Puerto Rico
 * Aguirre Department, Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina
 * Aguirre, Venezuela, a village in Carabobo state, Venezuela

People

 * Lope de Aguirre

Other uses

 * Aguirre (surname)
 * BAP Aguirre, several Peruvian Navy ships commissioned between 1951 and 2005

title: Aguirre


text:
Per Kirkeby

Per Kirkeby (1 September 1938 – 9 May 2018) was a Danish painter, poet, film maker and sculptor. His works have been exhibited worldwide and are represented in many important public collections, including the Tate, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Modern Art, and the Centre Pompidou.

Kirkeby became a member of the Danish Academy in 1982. In 1990 he received the Art Prize of NORD/LB, which is endowed for outstanding efforts in the subject of contemporary art. In 1996 he received the Coutts Contemporary Art Foundation Award and the Henrik Steffens Award. In 1997 he became a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog and in 2003 he received the Herbert Boeckl Prize for his lifetime of work.

Career
In 1957, Kirkeby began studying natural history at the University of Copenhagen. As a research assistant, he went on several trips to Greenland, in 1958, 1959, and 1960. In 1962, he began studying at the Experimental Art School in Copenhagen (Den Eksperimenterende Kunstskole). During his time there, worked with a variety of mediums, including: painting, graphic arts, 8 millimeter films and performance pieces.

By the time Kirkeby completed a master's degree in arctic geology at the University of Copenhagen in 1964, he was already part of the important experimental art school "eks-skolen." His interest in geology and other aspects of the natural world was fundamental to and characteristic of his art. Kirkeby went on to work as a painter, sculptor, writer, and printmaker. His works were exhibited at the Venice Biennale in 1976, 1980, 1993, 1997, and 2005. In addition, he worked with theatre productions, designing the set for the New York City Ballet's 1999 production of Swan Lake, and the set and costumes for their 2007 production of Romeo and Juliet.

In 1977, he published Fliegende Blätter. He published a book of essays on the works of Delacroix, Manet, Picasso in 1988. Kirkeby taught as a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe beginning in 1978, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (1978–1989) and at Städelschule in Frankfurt (1989–2000).

In 1996, he collaboratively works as a painter for three films with filmmaker Lars von Trier, creating the chapter headings for Breaking the Waves and Antichrist, as well as the visuals for the ouverture to Dancer in the Dark.

Personal life
Per Kirkeby was born 1 September 1938 in Copenhagen to Alfred Kirkeby Christensen and Lucy Helga Alice Nisbeth Bertelsen. His father Alfred was an engineer and he spent his childhood between Bispebjerg and Husum. In his adult life, Kirkeby lived and worked between Hellerup, Læsø, Frankfurt am Main and Italy. In 1979, he married film producer Vibeke Windeløv. The next year he purchased a house on the island Laeso. Vibeke and Per separated in 2002. In 2005, he Married Mari Anne Duus Jørgensen in Grundtvig's Church. Kirkeby had four children: two daughters and two sons.

In 2013, Kirkeby sustained a serious brain injury in a domestic fall accident. He announced in 2015 that he had given up all further attempts to resume painting after the accident, but continued to create small etchings. He died on 9 May 2018 at his home in Hellerup and is buried at Bispebjerg Cemetery.

List of exhibitions

 * "Per Kirkeby", Kunsthalle Krems (2018)
 * "Per Kirkeby: Sculptures en brique", Palais des études (2017)
 * "Kirkeby på Læsø – om Læsø i Per Kirkebys kunst", Læsø Kunsthal, Østerby, Denmark (2016)
 * "Per Kirkeby komplet. Det raderede livsværk", Museum Jorn (2015)
 * "Per Kirkeby – Samlingen", ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum (2012)
 * "Per Kirkeby", Tate Modern (2009)
 * "Per Kirkeby", Louisiana Museum of Modern Art (2008)
 * "Per Kirkeby", Shanghai Zendai Museum of Modern Art (2007)
 * "Per Kirkeby", Arts Club of Chicago (2007)
 * "Per Kirkeby", National Gallery of Denmark (2006)
 * "Per Kirkeby: Prototypes of Nature", Kunsthalle Emden (2006)
 * "Per Kirkeby", Kunsthalle zu Kiel (2006)
 * "Per Kirkeby / Crystal – Reflections, Connections and References", Aargaouer Kunsthaus (2006)
 * "Homage to Chillida", Guggenheim Bilbao (2006)
 * "Per Kirkeby: Retrospektive der Zeichnungen", Villa Massimo (2004)
 * "Per Kirkeby: Natur und Gestalt. Retrospektive der Zeichnungen und Aquarelle", Sinclair-Haus, Bad Homburg v.d.H. (2003); Städtisches Kunstmuseum Singen, Germany (2004)
 * "Per Kirkeby. Monotypes", University Art Gallery, University Massachusetts Dartmouth (2002)
 * "DC: Per Kirkeby. 122 x 122 – Gemälde auf Masonit", Museum Ludwig (2002)
 * "Per Kirkeby. Die Karlsruher Jahre", Städtische Galerie Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe (2000)
 * "Per Kirkeby. Radierungen, Holzschnitte, Monotypien • 1980-2000", Niels Borch Jensen Galerie und Verlag, Berlin (2000)
 * "Per Kirkeby", Magasin 3, Stockholm (1999)
 * "Per Kirkeby. Schilderijen, sculpturen en modellen in brons/Peintures, Sculptures et modèles en bronze" Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels (1998)
 * "Per Kirkeby. Peintures 1992-1996", Maison des Arts Georges Pompidou, Centre d'art contemporain, Cajarc-Lot, France (1996)
 * "Per Kirkeby. Pinturas, Esculturas, Grabados y Escritos. Institut Valencià d'Art Modern IVAM, Spain (1989)
 * "Retrospektive", Ludwig Museum (1987)
 * "Per Kirkeby: Recent Paintings and Sculpture", Whitechapel Gallery (1985)
 * "An International Survey of Recent Painting and Sculpture", Museum of Modern Art (1984)
 * "Per Kirkeby", Van Abbemuseum (1982)
 * Documenta 7 (1982)
 * "Per Kirkeby", Kunsthalle Bern (1978)
 * "Fliegende Blätter", Museum Folkwang (1977)

title: Per Kirkeby


text:
List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

This list of Nobel laureates by university affiliation shows the university affiliations of individual winners of the Nobel Prize since 1901 and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1969. The affiliations are those at the time of the Nobel Prize announcement. Universities all adopt different metrics to claim Nobel affiliates, some generous while others more stringent, since some only count academicians at the time of announcement while others include all visitors and professors of various ranks as well. Inconsistency thus may occur between those official counts and what this list states.


text:
GWR 6000 Class 6024 King Edward I

6024 King Edward I is a preserved Great Western Railway (GWR) 6000 Class steam locomotive operated from 1930 to 1962 by the Great Western Railway and latterly British Railways hauling express passenger services.

After withdrawal, it was sent to Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, South Wales, where it remained for a number of years before being bought for preservation. It returned to steam in 1989 and has since been certified for mainline running. The locomotive is currently undergoing a 10 yearly major overhaul to mainline running condition.

GWR/BR Operation
Built at by the Great Western Railway's (GWR) Swindon Works in June 1930, for most of its working life it was allocated to Plymouth Laira. Transferred to Old Oak Common, London, in March 1959, and finally to Cardiff Canton TMD in 1962.

Sent to Swindon Works for breaking up, it had one final unusual task – coupled to its twin, 6023 King Edward II, it was towed over a bridge for weight testing purposes. Resultantly, with them now being closer to South Wales than Swindon, both locomotives survived and ended up being sold to Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, South Wales, where they languished in the company of 300 other locomotives.

Restoration
Inspired by preserved class-mate 6000 King George V's 1971 breach of British Rail's steam ban, in 1973 the King Preservation Society wanted to restore a locomotive to mainline condition. Both 6023 and 6024 were available for purchase, but 6024 was preferred because after a derailment in the Barry yard 6023 had had its rear driving wheels torched through, and at the time was considered beyond repair.

No 6024 was bought for £4,000 in 1974 but, like many of the other remaining locomotives, was missing significant components, including its double-chimney (currently fitted to No 6000) and its piston, connecting and eccentric rods; in addition its slide-bars had been cut through. The 36th locomotive to be rescued from Barry, 6024 was moved to the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre at Quainton Road. On 2 February 1989, and after the creation of the Club100 funding initiative, 6024 moved again under its own power. It was re-commissioned on 26 April 1989 by the Duke of Gloucester. In October of that year the engine was moved by low-loader from Quainton Road to the Birmingham Railway Museum, from where it completed its mainline test runs. On 15 April 1990 it resumed its mainline career hauling revenue-earning passenger trains.

In recognition of the high standard to which the locomotive had been restored, 6024 was outright winner of the 1990 British Coal sponsored Heritage Award (for a restoration project using coal), and awarded a £3,000 prize which was put towards the restoration of a British Railways Mark 1 BSK coach for conversion to a support coach to accommodate support crew and equipment for mainline work.

Mainline tours
The society was invited by British Rail to provide 6024 to haul the InterCity VIP special on 19 May 1990. In July 1990 it appeared at the National Railway Museum Exhibition on Tour which was held at Swindon Works, where it celebrated its 60th anniversary and was stabled alongside classmate 6000 King George V.

Affectionately nicknamed "Spud One" the locomotive was used for an expanding mainline tour programme, based at either Tyseley, Didcot or Hereford Railway Centre. In late 1991 the locomotive was invited to haul the "William Shakespeare Express" from London Paddington, its first appearance there for almost thirty years.

As open access to the national network brought more routes into play in early 1992, 6024 was increasingly seen hauling passenger charter trains on a number of previously banned routes, including the mainlines to the West of England via Bristol, and South Wales through the Severn Tunnel. Fitted with BR's standard Automatic Warning System (permitting speeds up to 75 mph), 6024 reintroduced steam-hauled express passenger trains to a number of new destinations within western zones for the first time for many years.

In August 1992 the locomotive made its promised return to Quainton Road, this time via the mainline, when in the company of 5029 Nunney Castle it hauled shuttles to and from Aylesbury. However, plans to take a train to Plymouth were thwarted by the locomotive's cab height preventing it from passing an over-bridge at Plympton.

Modifications
After running almost 10,000 mainline miles, in March 1995 the locomotive was withdrawn from traffic for its heavy overhaul at the end of its mainline boiler certificate, and it retired to a secure Ministry of Defence site at Kineton in Warwickshire for the Society to carry out the work. In September 1996 it reappeared with a number of small but significant modifications, incorporated in order to make it more adaptable and to increase its availability.

The modifications included the fitting of dual-braking equipment (air and vacuum) to increase flexibility in the use of passenger rolling stock, and the reduction of its chimney, safety valves and cab-roof heights to permit it to fit within the standard loading gauge. This allowed it to make its return to Plymouth, first double-headed in November 1996, and then in April 1997 running solo. This was the first time an unassisted steam locomotive had been entrusted with a passenger train over the route since the early 1960s. In August 2002 6024 broke the record for steam haulage with the fastest modern-day time for the 52 miles from Plymouth to Exeter, in 58 minutes 6 seconds.

With a further 15,000 mainline miles on the clock, in October 2002 the locomotive was again withdrawn for its second major overhaul, which was being carried out by the Society within the site of Tyseley Locomotive Works. To keep pace with safety improvements, the locomotive was fitted with standard Train Protection & Warning System, and the society also completed its Water Wagon project for mainline trials. This will enable mainline water-stops to be avoided on certain routes. It returned to the mainline on 7 October 2004, on its third 7-year main line certificate.

Royal train
On 10 June 2008, 6024 hauled the Royal Train, with Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall on board, from Kidderminster Town to Bridgnorth on the Severn Valley Railway. Between Bewdley and Arley, the Prince of Wales drove the locomotive.

Before leaving the SVR to resume its mainline appointments a broken tender axlebox was discovered that delayed its departure. Once repaired, a further delay was incurred by a defect in the air pump.

Royal Scot Locomotive & General Trust
Following an internal dispute within the 6024 Society which had owned the locomotive since its preservation, an unsuccessful legal case was pursued in 2010 by the owning Trusts board against the former Chief Mechanical Engineer, which resulted in a loss in the High Court. The resulting requirement to pay compensation and both parties' legal costs totalling over £500,000, resulted in the society becoming deficient in liquid cash funds.

Following discussions with various interested parties in December 2010, the society agreed to sell the locomotive to the Royal Scot Locomotive and General Trust, chaired by investor and steam enthusiast Jeremy Hosking. Following a meeting in December 2023, The 6024 Society closed voluntarily.

From April 2012 the locomotive is currently undergoing a 10 yearly heavy general overhaul at the West Somerset Railway's workshops at Minehead, Somerset. 6024 undertook a steam test in late 2022 and left the West Somerset Railway by road for Crewe in February 2023 for the completion of its overhaul. As of February 2024, 6024 is still undergoing overhaul in Crewe.

title: GWR 6000 Class 6024 King Edward I


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Austria

 * See also: German-speaking Wikipedians' notice board

 * }

Others
==== Categories ====

==== Deletion reviews ====

==== Miscellaneous ====

==== Proposed deletions ====

==== Redirects ====

==== Templates ====

== See also ==
 * WikiProject Austria/Article alerts, a bot-maintained listing of a variety of changes affecting Austria related pages including deletion discussions


text:
Belprahon

Belprahon is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking part of the canton in the Jura mountains.

History
Belprahon was formerly known by its German name, Tiefenbach, though this name is no longer used.

Throughout most of its history, Belprahon was part of the lands of Moutier-Grandval Abbey and the Abbey's college of canons. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Belprahon became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Belprahon was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815. The village was bypassed by the major roads through the Grand Val and so for most of its history was generally rural and agricultural. In the 1960s many commuters moved into the village and by 1990 three-quarters of the working population commuted to jobs in other towns. A majority of the workers who work in the municipality now work in the services sector.

It is the only municipality in the Grand Val that is not part of the parish of Grandval. Rather it is part of the Reformed parish of Moutier.

Geography
Belprahon has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 1.53 km2 or 39.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.01 km2 or 52.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.28 km2 or 7.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.02 km2 or 0.5% is unproductive land.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 3.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.3%. Out of the forested land, 43.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 8.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 12.5% is used for growing crops and 7.3% is pastures and 19.6% is used for alpine pastures.

It is located on the north flank of the Grand Val (valley of Moutier).

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Azure a House with pinnacle Argent roofed Gules between two Fir Trees Vert trunked of the third and Argent a Fountain Basin between two Mullets all of the third.

Demographics
Belprahon has a population of. , 4.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 2%. Migration accounted for 1.7%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.3%.

Most of the population speaks French (289 or 88.1%) as their first language, German is the second most common (21 or 6.4%) and Italian is the third (6 or 1.8%).

, the population was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. The population was made up of 142 Swiss men (47.8% of the population) and 8 (2.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 143 Swiss women (48.1%) and 4 (1.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 66 or about 20.1% were born in Belprahon and lived there in 2000. There were 136 or 41.5% who were born in the same canton, while 77 or 23.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 39 or 11.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 50.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 26.7%.

, there were 111 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 185 married individuals, 15 widows or widowers and 17 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 26 households that consist of only one person and 12 households with five or more people. , a total of 121 apartments (89.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 10 apartments (7.4%) were seasonally occupied and 5 apartments (3.7%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 2.04%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 29.6% of the vote. The next two most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (20.4%), and the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP) (17%). In the federal election, a total of 104 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 44.6%.

Economy
, Belprahon had an unemployment rate of 1.88%. , there were a total of 67 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 8 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. 12 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 2 businesses in this sector. 47 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 9 businesses in this sector. There were 173 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 38.7% of the workforce.

there were a total of 56 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 6, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 11, all of which were in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 39. In the tertiary sector; 20 or 51.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 5.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, and 15 or 38.5% were technical professionals or scientists.

, there were 61 workers who commuted into the municipality and 138 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 35 workers (36.5% of the 96 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Belprahon. Of the working population, 12.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 70.5% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident of Belprahon making 150,000 CHF was 13%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.1%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in 2006 was 13.9% and the nationwide rate was 11.6%. In 2009 there were a total of 128 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 53 made over 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Belprahon was 121,104 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.

Religion
From the, 148 or 45.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 130 or 39.6% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 24 individuals (or about 7.32% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Islamic. 34 (or about 10.37% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 2 individuals (or about 0.61% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Belprahon about 55.8% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 22.1% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 48 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 58.3% were Swiss men, 25.0% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 18 students attending classes in Belprahon. There were no kindergarten classes in the municipality. The municipality had one primary class and 18 students. Of the primary students, 5.6% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 11.1% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 24 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 10 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 14 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 41 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Belprahon


text:
Will Bynum

William Bynum (born January 4, 1983) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the University of Arizona and Georgia Tech before going undrafted in the 2005 NBA draft. He was the 2007 Israeli Basketball Premier League Finals MVP.

High school career
Bynum attended Chicago's Crane High School, where he played for coach Anthony Longstreet. As a junior in 1999–2000, he averaged 22.0 points, 4.0 rebounds, and 7.0 assists per game as he led the Cougars to a 20–9 record and helped them advance to the Class AA Elite Eight, going on to earn all-state honors.

On November 14, 2000, Bynum signed a National Letter of Intent to play college basketball for the University of Arizona.

As a senior in 2000–01, Bynum averaged 27.0 points, 6.0 rebounds and 7.0 assists per game as he earned all-city and Chicago Public Player of the Year honors. He was also a Chicago Tribune first-team all-state selection.

In 2001, Will Bynum has featured in the documentary "Preps:Chicago Hoops", a series about five Chicago high school basketball stars making the jump to college or the NBA.

College career
In his freshman season at Arizona 2001–02, Bynum averaged 6.4 points, 1.5 rebounds and 1.4 assists as he posted three straight double-figure scoring efforts twice during the year and finished the year with nine double-figure scoring games. In the summer of 2002, he averaged 12.8 points, 2.8 rebounds and 2.0 assists per game on Arizona's 10-game tour of Australia. He saw action in six contests (three starts) before returning home to Chicago to be with his mother, Rose, who had been in the hospital.

In his sophomore season, Bynum played just eight games for Arizona before deciding to leave the program on January 6, 2003 and subsequently enrolled at Georgia Tech seven days later in order to give his mother a better opportunity to see him play. For the rest of the 2002–03 season, he practiced with the Yellow Jackets and participated in the team's spring strength and conditioning workouts and individual instruction.

Bynum became eligible to play for the Yellow Jackets following the 2003 fall semester exams and went on to play 30 games in 2003–04 while averaging 9.6 points, 2.2 rebounds and 2.5 assists in 20.5 minutes per game as Georgia Tech finished as National Runner-Up. In the National Semifinal against Oklahoma State, with the game tied, Bynum scored with 1.5 seconds remaining to send the Yellow Jackets to the title game. As a senior in 2004–05, he was named to the ACC All-Tournament first team after averaging 20.7 points in three games. He also scored a Georgia Tech ACC Tournament record 35 points in the Yellow Jackets' semi-final victory over North Carolina. For the season, he played 32 games while averaging 12.5 points, 2.5 rebounds, 2.5 assists and 1.0 steals in 27.3 minutes per game.

Rookie season
After going undrafted in the 2005 NBA draft, Bynum joined the Boston Celtics for the 2005 NBA Summer League where in six games, he averaged 4.2 points, 2.7 assists and 2.3 rebounds per game. On August 19, 2005, he signed with the Celtics. However, he was later waived by the Celtics on October 25, 2005. On November 3, 2005, he was selected with the fifth overall pick in the 2005 NBA D-League draft by the Roanoke Dazzle.

On March 17, 2006, Bynum signed a 10-day contract with the Golden State Warriors. On March 27, 2006, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Warriors. Two days later, he was named the 2006 NBA D-League Rookie of the Year. On April 6, 2006, he signed with the Warriors for the rest of the 2005–06 season.

After playing for the Warriors' Summer League team, Bynum was waived by the franchise on July 14, 2006.

Israel
On September 6, 2006, Bynum signed with Maccabi Tel Aviv of Israel for the 2006–07 season. He went on to help Maccabi win the 2007 Israeli Basketball Premier League championship. In 21 EuroLeague games, he averaged 11.0 points, 2.5 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 1.3 steals per game. He was the 2007 Israeli Basketball Premier League Finals MVP.

Bynum returned to Maccabi for the 2007–08 season and helped them reach the Israeli Cup final, the Israeli Premier League final and the EuroLeague Final. In 24 EuroLeague games, he averaged 10.6 points, 1.9 rebounds, 3.0 assists and 1.2 steals per game.

Tel Aviv nightclub incident
On January 5, 2008, Bynum hit a 22-year-old man with his car outside a Tel Aviv nightclub and then fled the scene. The man was taken to a hospital with moderate injuries. Bynum was later questioned and taken into custody by police. It was initially alleged that Bynum, who was out celebrating his 25th birthday, hit the man with his vehicle after a brawl in which his brother was stabbed, and other players were attacked as well. The prosecution also claimed he would try to flee the country if released. As a result, a judge extended his remand. He was later released to house arrest.

Bynum's case was eventually closed with no charges after the investigation determined that the collision was not intentional and that his actions were justified. The Tel Aviv district attorney announced: "It was found that Will Bynum was in tangible danger, and under these circumstances, in order to save himself, had to escape immediately by driving his car. Therefore, the advocacy decided the accident took place in circumstances that forced Bynum to protect himself. As a result, he's exempt of criminal responsibility."

Detroit Pistons
Bynum joined the Detroit Pistons for the 2008 NBA Summer League where he averaged 11.8 points, 2.0 rebounds and 3.2 assists in five games. On July 30, 2008, he signed with the Pistons. On April 5, 2009, he scored a franchise-record 26 points in the fourth quarter to lead Detroit to a 104–97 victory over the Charlotte Bobcats. He finished the game with 32 points.

On March 12, 2010, Bynum recorded a career high 20 assists in a 101–87 victory over the Washington Wizards. It marked the first time a Pistons player had 20 or more assists since Isiah Thomas had 21 against Washington on April 12, 1985.

On July 30, 2010, Bynum re-signed with the Pistons on a three-year, $9.75 million deal.

On July 16, 2013, Bynum re-signed with the Pistons on a two-year, $5.75 million contract.

Boston Celtics
On October 17, 2014, Bynum was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Joel Anthony. Ten days later, he was waived by the Celtics.

China
On December 5, 2014, Bynum signed with the Guangdong Southern Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association as an injury replacement for Emmanuel Mudiay. In 30 games for Guangdong, he averaged 22.3 points, 7.1 assists, 3.6 rebounds and 1.5 steals in 32.1 minutes.

Washington Wizards
On March 27, 2015, Bynum signed a 10-day contract with the Washington Wizards. On April 6, he signed with the Wizards for the rest of the season.

Second stint in China
In August 2015, Bynum re-signed with the Guangdong Southern Tigers. In 29 games, he averaged 17.8 points, 4.3 rebounds, 6.5 assists and 2.3 steals in 34.4 minutes.

Windy City Bulls
On September 20, 2016, Bynum signed with the Atlanta Hawks. However, he was waived on October 21 after appearing in seven games. On December 23, he was acquired by the Windy City Bulls. On December 31, he made his debut for Windy City in a 117–106 loss to the Maine Red Claws, recording 20 points, two rebounds, 10 assists and two steals in 36 minutes.

Turkey
On January 20, 2018, Bynum signed with Turkish club Yeşilgiresun Belediye.

EuroLeague

 * style="text-align:left;"| 2006–07
 * style="text-align:left;"| Maccabi Tel Aviv
 * 21 || 20 || 26.7 || .480 || .292 || .838 || 2.5 || 2.6 || 1.3 || .1 || 11 || 8.6
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2007–08
 * style="text-align:left;"| Maccabi Tel Aviv
 * 24 || 4 || 21.5 || .554 || .357 || .775 || 1.9 || 3 || 1.2 || .1 || 10.6 || 11
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:left;"| Career
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 45 || 24 || 23.9 || .517 || .324 || .806 || 2.1 || 2.8 || 1.2 || .1 || 10.7 || 9.8
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 45 || 24 || 23.9 || .517 || .324 || .806 || 2.1 || 2.8 || 1.2 || .1 || 10.7 || 9.8

Personal life
Bynum is the son of William and Rose Robinson, and has eight siblings. His father, a steelworker, died in 2007 from lung cancer and his mother is a diabetic. He and his wife have two daughters; Laila Rose (born 2007) and Aliya Gloria (born 2012).

Legal issues
In November 2023, a jury convicted him of conspiring to make false statements related to NBA players who submitted false dental and medical claims to the NBA Players' Health and Benefit Welfare Plan.

In April 2024, Bynum was sentenced to 18 months in prison.

title: Will Bynum


text:
Harmony in My Head

"Harmony in My Head" is a song by Buzzcocks. It was released as a single in 1979, reaching number 32 in the UK Singles Chart. It was written and sung by Steve Diggle. In a 2006 interview with Pitchfork Media, Diggle revealed he had smoked 20 cigarettes to achieve the gruff sound of the vocals.

The song title was also used as the name of a radio show hosted by singer Henry Rollins on Indie 103.1, a Santa Monica, California FM radio station. Rollins stated in Fanatic, his book about the radio show's first run that "Harmony in My Head" is his favorite Buzzcocks song; appropriately, the Buzzcocks' recording kicked off the first episode of the show. When Rollins relaunched the show after a short hiatus on 27 December 2005, he used a live recording of the same song.

Track listing

 * 1) "Harmony in My Head" (Diggle) – 3:06
 * 2) "Something's Gone Wrong Again" (Shelley) – 4:29

title: Harmony in My Head


text: User talk:71.105.42.200

title: User talk:71.105.42.200


text:
Harry Escombe

Harry Escombe (25 July 1838 – 27 December 1899) was a South African statesman. Born in London, Escombe emigrated to the Colony of Natal. There he worked as a lawyer. He was briefly prime minister of the colony in 1897 and died two years later.

Early life
A member of a Somersetshire family, Escombe was born at Notting Hill, London, and was educated at St Paul's School.

After four years in a stockbroker's office, he emigrated, in 1859, to the Cape. The following year he moved to the Colony of Natal, and, after trying other occupations, qualified as an attorney.

Career
Escombe became recognized as the ablest pleader in the colony, and, in 1872, was elected for Durban as a member of the legislative council, and subsequently was also placed on the executive council. In 1880 he secured the appointment of a harbour board for Natal, and was himself made chairman. The transformation of the port of Durban into a harbour available for ocean liners was as a result of his and Cathcart William Methven's work.

In 1888–1889 he defended Dinizulu and other Zulu chiefs against a charge of high treason. For several years he opposed the grant of responsible government to Natal, but by 1890 had become convinced of its desirability, and on its conferment in 1893 he joined the first ministry formed, serving under Sir John Robinson as attorney-general. In February 1897, on Sir John's retirement, Escombe became premier, remaining attorney-general and also holding the office of minister of education and minister of defence.

In the summer of that year he was in London with the other colonial premiers at the celebration of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, and was made a member of the privy council. Cambridge University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. The election that followed his return to Natal proved unfavourable to his policy, and he was succeeded in office, in October 1897, by Sir Henry Binns. Throughout his life he took an active interest in national defence. He had served in the Zulu War of 1879 in the Durban Mounted Reserve, was commander of the Natal Naval Volunteers and received the volunteer long service decoration. In October 1899 he went to the northern confines of the colony to take part in preparing measures of defence against the invasion by the Boers.

On 13 January 1897, Mahatma Gandhi arrived on a ship with his family in Natal docks. Escombe criticized Gandhi in the media due to the unpopularity of the Indian immigration at the time.

Escombe was instrumental in the creation of the Natal Observatory. In 1882 David Gill, director of the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, requested the government of Natal to establish an astronomical observatory at Durban, in anticipation of the transit of Venus on 4 December that year. A site for the observatory was chosen in the southwest corner of the Natal Botanic Gardens. Escombe equipped the observatory with an 8-inch refractor from which he personally bought from Grubb for £600.

He lived at 15 Beach Grove in Durban in a house designed by Philip Maurice Dudgeon.

Legacy

He is commemorated with a statue on Francis Farewell Square outside the Durban City Hall. A Durban Harbour tug was named in his honour. A suburb in Queensburgh -29.87213°N, 30.89909°W in Durban is named after him.

title: Harry Escombe


text:
Faisal Alam

Faisal Alam is a gay Pakistani American man who founded the Al-Fatiha Foundation, an organization dedicated to advancing the cause of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender Muslims.

Alam arrived in the United States from Pakistan in 1987, at the age of ten, and resided in the rural middle-class town of Ellington, Connecticut. In 1997, he started an email listserv for LGBT Muslims that led to the founding of Al-Fatiha in 1998. He served as its President from 1998 until stepping down in 2004. In 2011, Alam and other LGBTQ Muslim activists were invited by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force to form a Queer Muslim Working Group to evaluate the needs of the LGBTQ Muslim community. Alam was instrumental in bringing together a diverse group of seasoned leaders to undertake this project. In 2013, the Queer Muslim Working Group launched a new organization: the Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity (MASGD).

He is a former member of the Advisory Committee of the LGBT Program at Human Rights Watch.

Media Mentions
"21 LGBT Muslims Who Are Changing the World." The Advocate. December 20, 2016. Web

title: Faisal Alam


text: User talk:Hbohloli

title: User talk:Hbohloli


text: User talk:82.201.171.123

title: User talk:82.201.171.123


text:
List of Jean-Michel Jarre concerts

Jean-Michel André Jarre (born 24 August 1948) is a French composer, performer and record producer. He is a pioneer in the electronic, ambient and new-age genres, and is known for organising outdoor spectacles featuring his music, accompanied by vast laser displays, large projections and fireworks.

Jarre was raised in Lyon by his mother and grandparents and trained on the piano. From an early age, he was introduced to a variety of art forms, including street performers, jazz musicians and the artist Pierre Soulages. But his musical style was perhaps most heavily influenced by Pierre Schaeffer, a pioneer of musique concrète at the Groupe de Recherches Musicales.

His first mainstream success was the 1976 album Oxygène. Recorded in a makeshift studio at his home, the album sold an estimated 18 million copies. Oxygène was followed in 1978 by Équinoxe, and in 1979, Jarre performed to a record-breaking audience of more than a million people at the Place de la Concorde, a record he has since broken three times. More albums were to follow, but his 1979 concert served as a blueprint for his future performances around the world. Several of his albums have been released to coincide with large-scale outdoor events.

He was the first Western musician officially invited to perform in the People's Republic of China and holds the world record for the largest-ever audience at an outdoor event for his Moscow concert on 6 September 1997, which was attended by 3.5 million people.

title: List of Jean-Michel Jarre concerts


text:
Stanisław Narutowicz

Stanisław Narutowicz (Stanislovas Narutavičius ; 2 September 1862 – 31 December 1932) was a lawyer and politician, one of the 20 signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania. His brother was the first president of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz.

Born into a family of Lithuanian nobility, Narutowicz studied law at Kiev University. As a student he joined socialist groups and organized publication of the Polish-language workers' newspaper Tygodnik Powszechny (1887–1891), but soon withdrew from more active political work. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he was elected to a zemstvo (an institution of local self-government), participated in the Great Seimas of Vilnius, and was briefly arrested for his involvement in the anti-Tsarist activities in Alsėdžiai. Together with his wife Joanna, Narutowicz established a progymnasium for girls and gymnasium for boys in Telšiai in 1907 and 1909, respectively.

In 1917, he helped organize the Vilnius Conference and was elected to the 20-member Council of Lithuania. He was the only Polish–Lithuanian member of the council. When the council adopted an act declaring independent Lithuania but in "a firm and permanent alliance" with Germany, Narutowicz and three other members of the council resigned in protest. This forced the council to reconsider and unanimously adopt the Act of Independence of Lithuania on 16 February 1918. This final Act of Independence made no political promises to Germany. Narutowicz was also staunchly against constitutional monarchy and resigned from the Council of Lithuania when it selected Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach as the King of Lithuania in July 1918.

In summer 1919, the Polish Military Organisation organized a coup d'état against he government of Lithuania. Narutowicz was selected to become the Prime Minister of the new pro-Polish government. However, the coup was discovered and Narutowicz retired from public life. He returned to agricultural matters at his Brėvikiai Manor. However, he faced financial difficulties, social alienation, family troubles. He died by suicide on 31 December 1932.

Early life and education
Narutowicz was born into a family of Lithuanian nobility. Their original Lithuanian surname Narutis was Polonized as Narutowicz. He was a self-declared Samogitian, Lithuanian and a Pole. He could speak the Samogitian dialect. His grandmother Anna Kossakowska acquired Brėvikiai Manor near Alsėdžiai in 1813 and brought it to the Narutowicz family as her dowry. His father Jan Narutowicz rented out the manor and moved to Telšiai where he worked as a judge and where Stanisław Narutowicz was born on 2 September 1862. He had two older half-siblings and younger brother Gabriel (future President of Poland). Their father joined the unit of Antanas Mackevičius during the anti-Tsarist January Uprising of 1863 and served a year in prison. He died in 1866 leaving the family in a difficult financial situation.

Narutowicz's mother Wiktoria Szczepkowska and her two sons were taken in by Anton Rönne, owner of the Renavas Manor. In summer 1868, Rönne hired Laurynas Ivinskis, an activist of the Lithuanian National Revival, as tutor for the children. In 1873, Szczepkowska moved to Liepāja (Libau) so that her sons could attend the German Liepāja Gymnasium. There Narutowicz became interested in liberal and socialist ideas and became good friends with Tadeusz Rechniewski. One of his teachers was Edmund Veckenstedt who encouraged his students to collect examples of Lithuanian folklore.

In 1882, Narutowicz graduated from the gymnasium and enrolled at St. Petersburg University to study law. However, he became involved in the student anti-Tsarist movement and was expelled from the university the same year. After living for a year in Liepāja under police supervision, Narutowicz decided to continue his law studies at Kiev University. There he joined a group of revolutionary minded students, known as the Commune of Polish Socialists (Gmina Polskich Socjalistów), and became one of their leaders. The group maintained contacts with the Second Proletariat, an underground socialist-revolutionary party and the predecessor of the Polish Socialist Party. Narutowicz was supposed to help Tadeusz Rechniewski escape imprisonment. However, around 1886, Narutowicz started questioning socialist ideas and withdrew from political work.

Manor owner
Narutowicz graduated with a law degree in 1887 and moved to Warsaw where for about a year he worked as a court clerk. Together with Ludwik Krzywicki, he decided to establish Polish-language workers' newspaper Tygodnik Powszechny (1887–1891) edited by Wiktor Gomulicki. Narutowicz wrote very little for the newspaper, but organized its publishing matters, including obtaining financial support from graf Vladimir Zubov and brother of Liudvikas Janavičius. However, he quickly became disillusioned with the newspaper – encounters with Russian censors, financial difficulties and personal debts, attacks by political opponents, etc.

In 1889, Narutowicz married Joanna née Billewicz in a civil ceremony in Zürich where Joanna studied philosophy. She was from an old family of Samogitian nobles and a cousin of Józef Piłsudski. In May 1900, they married again in a religious ceremony in Vilnius. Narutowicz's disappointment with Warsaw activists and Joanna's inability to find employment led the couple to return of Narutowicz's native Brėvikiai Manor. The manor had about 60 ha of land, but renters left it in a deplorable state. Narutowicz became preoccupied with agricultural matters. The family continued to support the Lithuanian National Revival by supporting Lithuanian book smugglers and by secretly educating peasant children.

Narutowicz continued to struggle financially. To earn some money for children's education, Narutowicz moved to Kalisz where he was director of Vereinigte Gaswerke (United Gasworks) in 1899–1904. He then returned to Lithuania where he worked as an attorney in Telšiai in 1904–1908.

Russian Revolution of 1905
During the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Vilna Governorate-General was allowed to organize a zemstvo (an institution of local self-government) and each uezd elected one representative. Narutowicz was elected as a representative of the Telšiai Uezd. In August 1905, during the first meeting with Governor General Alexander Frese, Narutowicz objected to the inclusion of Tsarist officials in the commission and left the meeting in protest.

In preparation for the Great Seimas of Vilnius in December 1905, Narutowicz agitated residents of Alsėdžiai Volost to send representatives to the congress. He spoke at the Seimas in support of total nationalization of land which was a radical position for a landowner. Inspired by the Seimas, residents of Alsėdžiai decided to establish their own "republic" (oust Tsarist officials, stop paying taxes, organize their own police and court, introduce Lithuanian language at the local school, etc.). For his involvement with this "republic", Narutowicz was arrested by the Tsarist police. He was released shortly and as an attorney he defended many others arrested for their anti-Tsarist actions during the revolution.

Schools in Telšiai
In August 1907, Narutowicz's wife Joanna received a permit to establish a private progymnasium for girls in Telšiai. It was the first girls' school in Lithuania to teach Polish and Lithuanian. In spring 1913, the school had a total of 114 students (32 Lithuanians, 42 Jews, 32 Poles, and 8 Russians). In 1909, Narutowicz became the first chairman of a society that worked to establish a private boys' gymnasium in Telšiai (he was soon replaced by graf Aleksander Tyszkiewicz (1864–1945), but remained society's vice-chairman). The school opened in October 1909. The number of students grew from 50 in 1909 to 103 in the 1912/1913 school year. One of gymnasium students, the future writer Butkų Juzė, became severely ill with typhoid fever and pneumonia which left him paralyzed and unable to speak. Narutowicz took in Butkų Juzė and nursed him back to health.

Narutowicz joined the Lithuanian Scientific Society when it was first organized in August 1907. He was also a member of the Lithuanian Art Society. In 1912, Narutowicz was a candidate in the Russian election to the State Duma. However, priests did not want to vote for a socialist and Narutowicz lost to Antanas Juozapavičius, pastor in Varniai, who in turn lost to a candidate put forth by the nobility.

World War I
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Narutowicz continued to work at his manor and care for the gymnasiums in Telšiai. In spring 1915, just as the German Imperial Army pushed towards Telšiai, his wife and children hastily evacuated to Russia while he remained in Brėvikiai to look after the manor. During the German occupation, as an attorney, Narutowicz often defended local residents against the German Ober Ost officials. He even wrote a memorandum protesting oppressive and exploitative German policies. However, he also assisted German authorities. For example, he acted as a secretary and interpreter during legal proceedings and assisted with the census count of Telšiai residents in January 1916.

Vilnius Conference
As German military advances stalled, German leadership rethought their strategy for occupied Lithuania. The policy of open annexation was replaced by a more subtle strategy of creating a network of formally independent states under German influence (the so-called Mitteleuropa). To that end, Germans asked Lithuanians to establish an advisory council (Vertrauensrat). Narutowicz became a member of the 21-member organizing committee which organized the Vilnius Conference which in turn elected the Council of Lithuania. The organizing committee met in Vilnius on 1–4 August 1917. Already at this meeting, Narutowicz proposed a resolution that the ultimate goal is an independent Lithuania in its ethnographic border. After these meetings, Narutowicz traveled across Samogitia agitating and selecting delegates to the Vilnius Conference which was held on 18–22 September 1917. At the opening of the conference, Narutowicz was a member of four-person commission to register and check eligibility of the delegates.

The Vilnius Conference voted to elect the 20-member Council of Lithuania. Narutowicz was not initially elected (he received 94 votes for, and 108 votes against). However, the social democrats were dissatisfied with the composition of this council since it included six Roman Catholic priests and only two social democrats (Steponas Kairys and Mykolas Biržiška). When the two social democrats threatened to resign from the council, two priests (Juozas Stankevičius and Pranas Urbonavičius) agreed to resign in favor of Narutowicz and Jonas Vileišis (even thought Narutowicz did not belong to any political party). At the age of 56, Narutowicz was the second-eldest (after Jonas Basanavičius) member of the council.

Act of Independence of Lithuania
Starting with the meetings of the organizing committee, Narutowicz often disagreed with Antanas Smetona, the chairman of the council and the future President of Lithuania. Disagreements with Smetona persisted and had a lasting impact on Narutowicz's political career. More fundamental disagreements were regarding Lithuania's relationship with Germany and form of government. Narutowicz spoke against making any promises to Germany, while Smetona saw no option but to agree to the German demands and agree to the future special (albeit undefined) ties to Germany.

Narutowicz was one of the three votes against the Act of 11 December 1917 which called for "a firm and permanent alliance" with Germany. The council was dissatisfied with such concessions and drafted a new act on 8 January 1918 which in its essence was the same as the ultimate Act of Independence of Lithuania. When the Germans rejected these changes and the council attempted to revert to the Act of 11 December, the four leftist members – Narutowicz, Mykolas Biržiška, Steponas Kairys, and Jonas Vileišis – resigned from the council in protest. After heated debates, the four members agreed to return to the council which adopted the Act of Independence on 16 February 1918. The final act dropped any concessions to Germany and returned to the democratic principles as decided at the Vilnius Conference.

Constitutional monarchy
After the Act of Independence, the issue of the relationship between Lithuanian and Germany remained open. In an attempt to gain recognition of independent Lithuania from Germany, five members of the council (including Narutowicz) traveled to Berlin in March 1918. On 23 March 1918, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, recognized independent Lithuania but only on the basis of the Act of 11 December. Despite the recognition, the council could not organize the government or other state institutions due to the continued military occupation by the German troops. Even council members had to obtain German permits to travel between cities in Lithuania.

German press continued to promote the idea of a personal union between Lithuania and the Kingdom of Prussia or the Kingdom of Saxony. In attempt to block such a union, the presidium of the council decided to establish a constitutional monarchy and select Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach as the King of Lithuania. From the early discussions in December 1917, Narutowicz opposed monarchy and advocated for a democratic republic. On 11 July 1918, the council officially voted for the monarchy (13 for, 5 against, and 2 abstentions). The four leftist council members – Narutowicz, Biržiška, Kairys, and Vileišis – sent a protest letter to the council which the council interpreted as their resignation. In October 1918, changing political situation forced the Council of Lithuania to rescind its plans for the monarchy and the four leftist members were invited to rejoin the council, but only Vileišis agreed.

Coup d'état attempt
In May 1918, Narutowicz traveled to Roslavl to bring back his family to Brėvikiai. His eldest son Jan volunteered for the Lithuanian Army during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence. Narutowicz worked on organizing local government council in Alsėdžiai. In 1919, he was elected to the regional council in Telšiai and was selected as its chairman. In early 1919, he organized local police in Telšiai. He recruited 42 volunteer policemen and organized supplies (clothing, weapons, food).

In spring and summer 1919, Narutowicz visited Vilnius and Warsaw and met with Leon Wasilewski and Józef Piłsudski (his cousin-in-law) who were organizing a coup d'état against the government of Lithuania to be carried out by the Polish Military Organisation (PMO). Narutowicz agreed to participate in the coup. On 20–22 August 1919, he planned coup details with Wasilewski, Tadeusz Kasprzycki, Walery Sławek, and Jurgis Aukštuolaitis. Narutowicz was slated to become the Prime Minister of the new pro-Polish government which would replace the cabinet of Mykolas Sleževičius. However, the coup was discovered and around 200 Polish activists were arrested. At the time, Narutowicz was in Warsaw and avoided the arrests.

Later life and death
Narutowicz returned to his manor where he established a dairy; some of its cheese and butter was exported via Liepāja. He also imported new breeds of cows, sheep, pigs from England and Holland. In 1922, he established and led a milk cooperative in Alsėdžiai. For about ten months in 1920–1921, he worked organizing a district court in Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania. He also worked as an attorney in Telšiai.

However, Narutowicz continued to face financial difficulties. His manor was mortgaged to a bank. In 1929, in accordance with the Land Reform of 1922, Narutowicz's land was nationalized leaving him just 160 ha – 80 ha for him and 80 ha for his son. After a complaint to President Antanas Smetona, Narutowicz was left an additional 70 ha. At the same time, he received permission to mortgage his land for the second time. On 15 August 1932, fire destroyed a barn with 200 carriages of wheat in Brėvikiai. The losses were valued at 20,000 litas while the insured value was just 3,000 litas.

Narutowicz also experienced some personal tragedies. His son Jan contracted tuberculosis in 1920 and required expensive treatments in Switzerland. Jan died on 15 June 1930. Narutowicz's daughter Helena experienced persecutory delusions. After various treatments failed, she was placed in a psychiatric hospital in Kalvarija.

Narutowicz shot himself on 31 December 1932 in Kaunas. His son Kazimierz Narutowicz quoted the suicide note in his memoirs published in 1990. The note mentioned financial hardships as well as the hostile Lithuania–Poland relations. Contemporary commentators and later historians variously attribute his suicide to alienation and exclusion from public life on both sides of the Lithuania–Poland border, family issues, and economic hardship. He was buried on 3 January 1933 in a family grave in Alsėdžiai.

Political views
As a politician, Narutowicz was a mild socialist or a social-democrat. He was a supporter of independence of Lithuania rather than of restoring the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, mostly from fear that the far more populous Poland would gain the upper hand in such a union. On the other hand, he supported a loose union between the states, which made him one of the leaders of the krajowcy movement, a group of Polish Lithuanians loyal to the legacy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and supporting reconciliation of divided loyalties of local Poles between Poland and Lithuania. In his vision, the Polish minority in Lithuania would gain a status similar to the Walloons in Belgium: with separate culture and language, but united with Lithuanians by what he called "state patriotism".

title: Stanisław Narutowicz


text:
Warrigal Creek Massacre

Warrigal Creek is the site of an 1843 massacre of Gunai/Kurnai people in colonial Victoria, during the Australian frontier wars. The creek is on a farm 40 km south of Sale, and 200 km east of Melbourne, in the South Gippsland area of Victoria, Australia.

Massacre
In July 1843, a man named Ronald Macalister was killed by Aboriginal men near Port Albert, on the coast of Victoria. The Scottish colonist and pastoralist, Angus McMillan, led a group of around 20 colonists to attack and kill several groups of Aboriginal people across a number of days. The group of Gaelic-speaking Scotsmen was known as the "Highland Brigade". The attack on the Brataualung people camped at Warrigal Creek was one of several incidents resulting in loss of life among the Gunai Kurnai people.

"Ronald Macalister was murdered by two blackfellows about five miles from Port Albert, on the west side of Tarra Creek. He was on his way to Mason's Station, known as Green Mount. A party got up by McMillan went in pursuit of the murderers, to avenge Macalister's death. After an absence of some weeks they returned."

The estimates of numbers of deaths vary: some historical accounts say that 60 people were killed, while other sources suggest that up to 150 people may have been killed. Some historians assert that the number of 60 is an exaggeration, despite the witness accounts. The statistical discrepancies likely emerged because Macmillan's group killed Aboriginal people at five different locations in the area.

A witness, William Hoddinott of East Bairnsdale, wrote an account of the Highland Brigade in 1925 under the pseudonym of 'Gippslander'. Hoddinott wrote a similar account in 1940. "The brigade coming up to the blacks camped around the Waterhole at Warrigal Creek surrounded them and fired into them, killing a great number, some escaped into the scrub, others jumped into the waterhole, and, as fast as they put their heads up for breath, they were shot until the water was red with blood. I knew two blacks, who though wounded came out of the hole alive. One was a boy at the time about 12 or 14 years old. He was hit in the eye by a slug, captured by the whites, and made to lead the 'brigade' from one camp to another."

Hoddinott said that more than 100 Aboriginal people were killed on that day.

About two years later, Assistant Protector of Aborigines William Thomas learnt that because of the deaths, there were not many Aboriginal people left in the area.

"there are not many left, he said he had a Brother who had been in Gippsland almost from the first his name was Bunton [Hugh Buntine] & kept a public house in Gipps Land by the Dirty Water Holes & a cattle Station adjoining to Mr Mc Allister, who was killed, and that after Mr McAllister’s murder great slaughter of the blacks took place, & that on his brothers Station a cart Load of Blks bones might be gatherd up, he stated that the Blks were fond of Mr Mcalisster and Mr McAllister of them, but in Mr McAllisters absence some his Men had stole some Lubras, and on the Blks wanting them they deliberately shot the blacks that this was unbeknown to Mr McAllister & when he returned they met him on the road &killed him. I asked him if he thought that such was the case, he said yes it is well known, in the neighbourhood of his brother."

Historian Peter Gardner, in a review of all accounts of the massacre, wrote that MacMillan and the Highland Brigade aimed to wipe out all the Aboriginal people in the area. Gardner concludes that McMillan's group initially killed two family groups at Warrigal Creek waterhole and then a few days later killed another 60 people at the mouth of Warrigal Creek, then killing three other groups at Freshwater Creek, Gammon Creek, and Red Hill.

"Macalister was apparently talking to them when a blow from a 'waddy' ended his career. It was the last serious outrage by the blacks. Aroused to fury, the settlers mobilised and beat up the country from Glenaladale to the sea. It was stated that the punitive expedition came early upon some of the blacks wearing Macalister's clothes; but no member of the party was ever induced to give further particulars. But from that day onward the natives recognised that Gippsland was a white man's country, and gave no further trouble."

Despite the widespread belief that MacMillan led several massacres, there are over 12 monuments in the Gippsland region dedicated to him.

title: Warrigal Creek Massacre


text:
User talk:Wheelie

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 16:14, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wheelie


text:
Talk:List of notable post-1960 Florida hurricanes

Katrina
Does Hurricane Katrina merit addition to the page,or was the impact not "catastrophic" enough on Florida despite the apparently imminent historic effect on Louisiana?--Louis E./le@put.com/12.144.5.2 16:15, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I would leave it off the list for now, as it wasn't exactly "catastrophic" in Florida. Major, yes. Catastrophic, no. If there was a page for Catastrophic Gulf Coast Hurricanes, Katrina would be at the top of it. The effects on Florida will be badly overshadowed by the likely catastrophic devastation in Louisiana and Mississippi. CrazyC83 16:34, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed

 * E. Brown, Hurricane enthusiast - Squawk Box 01:31, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Other storms
Hurricane Donna probably merits inclusion on this list. --69.86.16.61 04:04, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Donna is on the 1900-1960 list. Some I am wondering if they should be added to this list: CrazyC83 20:32, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Hurricane Betsy (1965, south part) - Swinging Across The Keys
 * Hurricane Frederic (1979, Panhandle) - Destruction at the State Line
 * Hurricane Elena (1985, much of the Gulf coast) - Confused in the Gulf
 * Hurricane Dennis (2005, Panhandle) - The Early Bird

 * If Betsy, Frederic, Elena, and Dennis are added, then shouldn't a new list of Catastrophic Florida Hurricanes be made? Perhaps Catastrophic Florida Hurricanes: 2004-present (Or 2000-present, to show the start of a new century)? Otherwise, there'd be 13 storms on the list. The previous list, from 1900-1960 has only eight storms listed and the 1961-present list has nine storms listed.--Cool Genius 15:24, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Betsy, Frederic and Elena did not cause enough damage in Florida to merit inclusion here. Hurricane Donna is mentioned here: Catastrophic Florida Hurricanes: 1900-1960. No a new article is not necissary yet. Dennis will probably be included, but I'd prefer to wait until the end of the season so I have all the information I need to put together an accurate section.

 * E. Brown, Hurricane enthusiast - Squawk Box 05:44, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Wilma
Suggestion for the Wilma headline: The Long Train Running (in the context of affecting many areas, with Florida just one stop on the long line of destruction). CrazyC83 02:19, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I like it, but it's vague. I had to read your explanation to get the reference. It should also be a specific reference to the Florida landfall. Something like Downtown Blast, or Smashing Towers, or, to continue your train reference: End of the Line (although that is probably too generic to be encyclopedic, not to mention it's a cliche). Anyway, something like that. -- Hurricane Eric - my dropsonde 21:19, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

I added Dennis and posted a message to not add Wilma until the end of the season. I added Dennis because I felt enough information had been made available to put together a decent section. I also need to balance this article with its sister page, 1900-1960, where I will soon add Hurricanes Easy and King from 1950. Wilma's section will finally balance them again at the end of the season.

Hurricane Eric - my dropsonde 22:31, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Pics
I think that there should be some type of graphic for this article. Maybe satellite pictures of the more recent hurricanes and pictures of damages from hurricanes before the satellite era will do. 70.156.139.24 23:51, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I've been thinking about that too. I'm sure I could come up with some pictures for the most notable of the hurricanes.

 * Hurricane Eric - my dropsonde 21:57, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hopefully we won't have to put up any 2006 storms here...or anywhere...(although somehow, I doubt it, maybe not in Florida but somewhere else). I'm wondering if hurricane history pages like this could be made for other states/regions? (An off-season project) CrazyC83 05:43, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, God! Sometime next summer I may find time for it. -- Hurricane Eric - my dropsonde - archive 04:53, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Hurricane Wilma
I lived through it in Broward County. I would certainly say it was catostrophic! ℬ astique ▼ parℓer ♥ voir ♑ 05:14, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I never said it wasn't. I was just saying that we should wait until more accurate information comes out in the tropical cyclone report. Then it will be added. -- Hurricane Eric - my dropsonde - archive 02:53, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Todo
Mediocre writing. Needs a copyedit, wikification in some places, and use of paragraphs. Needs pictures. Should not make up names for the storms. I'm not sure this article should exist. Jdorje 07:39, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Mediocre writing?! I spent a lot of time whiping this article into shape. I wrote this article with the same care and in the same style as my school reports, which I usually do well on. The creation of paragraph breaks and the addition of SOME pictures on the more notable storms are the only things I agree with in that above statement. -- §  Hurricane ERIC§ archive -- my dropsonde 13:59, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, this is almost FA-standard in my view! CrazyC83 03:26, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

I added paragraph breaks and some pics. -- §  Hurricane  E  RIC  §Damages archive 02:40, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

List Article?
Since E. Brown essentially did this entire article himself, I'm going to suggest this here rather than just doing it. This article is clearly a list, albeit a detailed one, and should perhaps be moved to List of catastrophic Florida hurricanes: 1961-present. —Cuiviénen (Cuivië) 01:50, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry to be a stick in the mud, but I'd have to oppose that. This is more of an article describing more than one event, since all of the storms listed are described in detail. Renaming it "List of Catastrophic Florida Hurricanes: 1961-present" would be like renaming 2004 Atlantic hurricane season List of Atlantic tropical cyclones of 2004. You see what I'm saying? -- §  Hurricane  E  RIC  §Damages archive 02:40, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

FA nominee?
Does anyone else agree that this should be nominated as a Featured Article? CrazyC83 23:08, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know if this one has what it takes to be an FA. It has a lot of information but voters might not like the way it's formatted or written. We could put it up for a general peer review to see what people's overall impression of the article is. In the mean time, anyone for promoting it to A? -- §  Hurricane  E  RIC  §Damages archive 18:52, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It's close to being A, but, no offense Eric, some of the writing is a bit dramatic. For example in the Frances section "...and the houses still habitable were licking their wounds." This is an encyclopedia, not a story. That would be perfect for a book of historic Florida hurricanes, but some of borders on POV. A few things are missing for A class that have been a requirement for other storms; inline sources, more intro, and damage pictures. Nonetheless, it is very interesting reading. Hurricanehink 17:29, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure, some of it may be melodramatic, but I don't see how it's POV. None of that should be too hard to fix. I'll find some damage pics too. -- §  Hurricane  E  RIC  §Damages archive 01:27, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Hurricanehink. In my view, it should probably be written more matter-of-fact.  I'm not making any sweeping changes on this page away from your tone without your permission, because I can see how attached you are to it, and I don't see the tag I saw on the Texas hurricane page to indicate such a change is necessary.  I must admit, nuclear blast made me wince. Thegreatdr 02:37, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

If references/notes were added explaining the sources of your information, it might strengthen your argument for A class. Just a thought. Thegreatdr 21:46, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Eric is currently on a wikibreak, until after June probably, so this article is on hold really. I dislike those section names too, "nuclear blast" seems bad. If you want to carry on with improvements go ahead, and when you are done I'd suggest you submit it as a good article (follow the procedure on that page), the ref format isn't an issue for GAs to the same extent.--Nilfanion (talk) 00:10, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, the article should focus more on the Florida impact. If this is like a list of catastrophic Florida hurricanes (which is what the title should be, it's a list), there should be lots more specific info, and not so much storm history. For example, Dora is listed as one of the catastrophic storms, yet it only gives a blurb about the impact. A lot of it needs to be rewritten to be in a more encyclopediac style. The titles (The legend, Jacksonville's Big Surprise) need to go, ASAP. I don't know what else should go there, if anything, but that's not the WPTC I know. Sourcing is needed throughout the article, as well. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 02:29, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Start-class
Have relegated it to start-class. Too much narrative, unencyclopedic tone, POV, Manual of Style issues. The narrative needs to go. "Catastrophic"? Who defines "catastrophic"? Does Hurricane Katrina count? It was a "catastrophic" hurricane, and it was a Florida hurricane. MOS - see also, (commented out because it wouldn't read properly - hit edit to see what needs to be added) et cetera need to be used... far from B-class. – Chacor 09:06, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Fixed some of the problems, such as much of the information irrelevent to Florida, the remainder of the lurid prose, and added general references. Chances are, the reference section and all Florida impact sections will need to be expanded.  Thegreatdr 12:46, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow, that's quite a makeover. Still minor problems ("nineteenth century" and "twentieth century" usually aren't capitalised), and see also needs to be put in the correct place. Still, it reads much better now. – Chacor 13:02, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge?
Would anyone (besides E. Brown) be against merging this article into our very, very poor List of Florida hurricanes? – Chacor 04:56, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know. The List of Florida hurricanes is pretty ambitious as it is, and will probably need splitting up. If it were to be split up, we have the debate of going by time or by location (List of Florida keys hurricanes, Florida Panhandle hurricanes, List of Mainland Florida hurricanes or something). In all, I do agree with merging it, as do I agree with merging the List of Catastrophic Texas hurricanes with the very, very short and stubby List of Texas hurricanes, though I don't think one should just copy and paste it in. Some work is needed. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 13:02, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

I suggest keep. I don't think it's worth losing notable hurricanes like Donna or Andrew amongst a list of non-notable storms. Pobbie Rarr 03:21, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not so much about the article's content here, per se, than the need for its existence - for which there is none. Like I've said above, who/what defines "catastrophic"? Someone can just come and say, "all tropical cyclones are catastrophic". – Chacor 03:25, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I see your point. I suggest we keep this article for retirees only (if that is not already the case). Pobbie Rarr 03:42, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Article renamed
Per WP:BOLD, I've moved this article to its current name. It's obviously a list, and "catastrophic" was too POV. "Notable" is also slightly POV, but better, and perhaps if this list is converted into retirees-only "notable" would become "retired". Also possible the 1900-1960 article could be merged to form one. – Chacor 05:01, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * What about merging this with the List of Florida hurricanes? Hurricanehink ( talk ) 05:06, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * How long would you like the page to become? I like the idea of breaking it into sections of time.  Thegreatdr 10:20, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't think it's quite B yet. Some key points still need referencing, and still some POV problems (like "It was the Panhandle’s worst hurricane in decades."). Some sentence plain don't make sense ("Devastation of this intensity and small of a scale had not been seen since Hurricane Andrew.") A small of this scale? That ("devastation of this intensity") still seems POV without a source. – Chacor 10:50, 12 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
Lin Xiangru

Lin Xiangru (died c. July 260 BCE ) was a politician and general of the Warring States period, who served the state of Zhao. He figures prominently in two stories of the period, namely the episode and the namesake chengyu of "Returning the Jade to Zhao" (完璧歸趙), as well as the story and the namesake chengyu of "Carrying Thorned Grass and Pleading Guilt" (負荊請罪).

Background
Lin Xiangru was born sometime in the reign of King Wuling of Zhao in present-day Mengmen town, Liulin County, Shanxi. Due to his intellect and superior skills, he rose quickly through the ranks of the Zhao bureaucracy.

Returning the Jade to Zhao
Emissaries from the King of Qin came over to the Zhao court one day, offering to exchange fifteen cities for the sacred Heshibi jade disk. At this stage of the Warring States period, Qin was the most powerful state, making it difficult to decline. On the other hand, the Kings of Qin had historically been untrustworthy, and King Huiwen of Zhao did not trust the King of Qin to keep his side of the bargain. Lin Xiangru volunteered to go to the Qin court with the He Shi Bi, promising to trade the jade for the cities if the King of Qin kept his word, and to return the jade safely if he did not.

At the Qin court, the King of Qin passed the He Shi Bi among his ministers and concubines, making no mention of the promised 15 cities. Lin concluded that the King of Qin was not intending to keep his word. He tricked the King of Qin by claiming that there was a tiny flaw in the jade, and when the King of Qin returned the jade to him so that he could point out the flaw, Lin threatened to smash both the jade and his head (i.e. commit suicide) against a pillar if the King of Qin tried to take it back by force. He demanded the King of Qin fast for three days and receive him with proper ceremonies before surrendering the jade. The Qin king, unwilling to see the jade ruined, agreed. That night, still not trusting the King of Qin, Lin ordered his henchman to take the jade back to Zhao in secret; he himself would stay in Qin and face the King. Three days later, the King of Qin was furious that the jade had been returned to Zhao. However, unwilling to execute a Zhao diplomat, he could do nothing but let Lin go.

The incident made Lin famous throughout the Warring States as the man who had shamed the Qin king. His status rose and soon he was chief minister of Zhao.

Carrying Thorned Grass and Pleading Guilt
Many people were jealous of Lin's meteoric rise, most notably the old general Lian Po, one of the most experienced commanders during that time. Lian Po was so jealous that he swore enmity between the two of them. When Lin had caught wind of this, he decided that the best way to deal with the problem was to not confront Lian at all. In one incident, Lian's and Lin's carriage met on a narrow road. Lin, as the higher-ranking minister, normally had right of passage; however, he turned and backed out of the street in order to let Lian pass.

Many saw it as a sign of weakness, not least Lian Po himself, who reckoned that Lin, an academic, was too scared to fight such a warrior as he. Lin's courtiers, too, grew dissatisfied by the subservient way Lin was behaving, and many left. But when Lin's chief courtier demanded to know why he was behaving in such a manner, Lin Xiangru replied: "The feud between me and Lian Po is a personal one; but I am in charge of the nation's government, and he the nation's security: I cannot let my personal life ruin that of the kingdom!"

When Lian Po finally heard of this, all his jealousy turned into shame. Deciding to apologize to Lin, he strapped brambles to his bare back and walked from his house to that of Lin Xiangru's, begging for his forgiveness. Lin Xiangru forgave him, and from then on, they became good friends. The alliance between chief minister and general kept Zhao peaceful for years.

Subsequent events
When Lian Po was on the verge of being replaced as overall commander in the Battle of Changping by the much younger and much more inexperienced Zhao Kuo, Lin Xiangru, then already gravely ill, begged King Xiaocheng of Zhao to reconsider the decision. However, his advice was not heeded, and disaster followed. Lin Xiangru died probably around Zhao's final defeat at the Battle of Changping.

Legacy

 * Sima Xiangru, a poet during the western Han Dynasty, named himself after Lin Xiangru as a result of having fostered great admiration for the latter during his studies.

Popular culture
Lin Xiangru is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI by Koei.

Lin Xiangru also appears in the manga Kingdom as one of the original "Three Great Heavens of Zhao" alongside Lian Po (Ren Pa) and Zhao She (Chou Sha) under his Japanese name "Rin Shou Jo", fostering a friendly rivalry with the former. He was regarded as a prodigy for warfare but died early in his career, and most of his retainers went down performing suicide charges, stricken by grief, except for two who stayed at his deathbed. Many years later, the remaining two joined their master after being killed.

Lin Xiangru is portrayed by Tan Yang in the last episode of The Legend of Mi Yue (2015) as a guest appearance, depicting the "Returning the Jade to Zhao" incident.

title: Lin Xiangru