text:
Ute Wars

The Ute Wars were a series of conflicts between the Ute people and the United States which began in 1849 and ended in 1923.

Wars

 * Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
 * Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
 * Walker War (1853–1854)
 * Tintic War (1856)
 * Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
 * White River War (1879)
 * Pinhook Draw fight (15-16 June 1881)
 * Beaver Creek Massacre (June 19, 1885) – Cases of cattle-rustling by the Utes on white cattlemen caused tensions that eventually led to a skirmish between the two parties in Beaver Creek. In the gunfight that ensued, cowboys killed six Mountain Ute Indians. It was the last major confrontation between Ute Indians and white settlers in Colorado.
 * Ute War (1887)
 * Bluff War (1914–1915)
 * Bluff Skirmish (1921)
 * Posey War (1923)

title: Ute Wars


text:
Mu'in ad-Din Unur

Mu'in ad-Din Unur (معين الدين أنر; died August 28, 1149) was the ruler of Damascus from 1140 to 1149. He was a Turkoman slave of Burid emirs.

Origins
Mu'in ad-Din was originally a Mamluk in the army of Toghtekin, the founder of the Burid Dynasty of Damascus. When Zengi, the atabeg of Aleppo, besieged Damascus in 1135, Mu'in ad-Din was at the head of the army defending the city. That year the Burid Shihab ad-Din Mahmud took control of Damascus after the assassination of his brother; when Zengi gave up the siege and instead besieged Homs, Shihab ad-Din sent Yusuf ibn Firuz and Mu'in ad-Din to govern it, with Yusuf acting as Mu'in ad-Din's lieutenant. In 1137 Mu'in ad-Din was still governor of Homs when the city was briefly besieged again by Zengi. In 1138, Shihab ad-Din appointed Mu'in ad-Din atabeg of Damascus and gave him the title Isfahsalar. Later in 1138, Zengi negotiated a marriage between himself and Shihab ad-Din's mother Khatun Safwat al-Mulk, and as part of the settlement Zengi received Homs. Mu'in ad-Din was given the castle of Barin in place of Homs. On June 22, 1139, Shihab ad-Din was assassinated in Damascus; Jamal ad-Din, emir of Baalbek, was chosen as his successor, and Mu'in ad-Din was chosen to govern Baalbek in his absence. He was in charge of the defenses of Baalbek when Zengi arrived to avenge the murder of his stepson. Zengi besieged it with 14 catapults and the city surrendered to him.

Governor of Damascus
In 1140, Jamal ad-Din died, and Mu'in ad-Din continued to rule as regent for Jamal ad-Din's son Mujir ad-Din Abaq. That year, Mu'in ad-Din besieged Banias with help from King Fulk of Jerusalem and Prince Raymond of Antioch; Mu'in ad-Din offered 20,000 pieces of gold per month to pay for their expenses. When it was captured, Mu'in ad-Din handed it over to Fulk and returned to Damascus. A more thorough alliance, to protect Damascus against Zengi, was negotiated during a visit by Mu'in ad-Din to Jerusalem, accompanied by the future chronicler Usamah ibn Munqidh.

King Fulk died in 1143, and Zengi was assassinated in 1146. Zengi was succeeded by his sons Saif ad-Din Ghazi I in Mosul and Nur ad-Din in Aleppo, and Mu'in ad-Din took the opportunity to besiege Baalbek; the governor, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Saladin, quickly surrendered to him. Mu'in ad-Din also asserted control over Homs and Hama, and sent Yarankash, the assassin of Zengi, to Nur ad-Din, after Yarankash sought refuge in Damascus.

Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's power, but it was his policy to remain on friendly terms with his neighbours wherever possible, whether they were Christian or Muslim. In 1147 Nur ad-Din and Mu'in ad-Din negotiated an alliance, in which Nur ad-Din married Mu'in ad-Din's daughter Ismat ad-Din Khatun. Having established peace with Aleppo, Mu'in ad-Din set out to besiege Salkhad and Bosra, after their governor, Altuntash, allied with Jerusalem against him. This broke Jerusalem's treaty with Damascus, forcing Mu'in ad-Din to turn to Nur ad-Din for assistance. Nur ad-Din arrived with the army of Aleppo, and the crusaders were forced to withdraw; both Bosra and Sarkhad then surrendered to Mu'in ad-Din. In August 1147 Mu'in ad-Din was formally recognized as governor of Damascus by the Caliph of Baghdad Al-Muqtafi and the Seljuk Sultan Mas'ud, and he was also recognized formally by the Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, al-Hafiz.

Second Crusade
In 1148, news reached Damascus of a new crusade, called in response to Zengi's capture of Edessa in 1145. Mu'in ad-Din prepared for the inevitable siege, although he had hoped his former alliance with Jerusalem could be restored and that the crusade would attack some other city. When the crusaders arrived in July, according to Ibn al-Qalanisi, Mu'in ad-Din "distinguished himself in combat with them, and displayed a valour, steadfastness and gallantry such as was never seen in any other, never wearying in repelling them nor taking respite from the struggle against them." Mu'in ad-Din reluctantly sent for help from Nur ad-Din and Saif ad-Din Ghazi, whose power he did not wish to see extend as far south as Damascus, and the crusaders besieged the city for only four days before withdrawing. It is possible that Mu'in ad-Din had bribed the crusaders to leave before Nur ad-Din arrived. After this success, the three emirs besieged the castle of Araima in the County of Tripoli, but Mu'in ad-Din was forced to acknowledge Nur ad-Din as his overlord.

In 1149, Mu'in ad-Din led raids against crusader territory, in response to their raids against the territory of Damascus which they continued to make after the failure of their siege. He agreed to a two-year truce with King Baldwin III, and then joined Nur ad-Din against the Principality of Antioch. Mu'in ad-Din patrolled the Hauran with his army while Nur ad-Din defeated Antioch at the Battle of Inab that year, in which Prince Raymond was killed.

Death
After returning to Damascus in July 1149, Mu'in ad-Din "ate a hearty meal, as was his usual custom, and was seized thereafter by a loosening of the bowels...From this resulted in the disease known as dysentery..." The emir died on August 28 and was buried in the university he had established in the city.

Successor, issue, and legacy
As he had been acting as regent for Mujir ad-Din Abaq, the latter took his place as the rightful heir of Damascus. Mujir ad-Din was a weak ruler, however, and by 1154 Nur ad-Din was fully in control of the city and all of Syria.

Mu'in ad-Din had three daughters, who married Nur ad-Din, Mujir ad-Din, and a soldier named Margar respectively.

In addition to Ibn al-Qalanisi's favourable depiction of him, the Christian chronicler William of Tyre also speaks very highly of Mu'in ad-Din: he showed "sincere fidelity" in his negotiations with the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and was "a man of much wisdom and a lover of our people." William of Tyre rendered his names in Latin as Meheneddin for Mu'in ad-Din and Anardus for Unur.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mu'in ad-Din Unur


text: User talk:196.36.80.164

title: User talk:196.36.80.164


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User talk:Tabathapwnd

Removal of image on Characters of Fullmetal Alchemist
Please leave rationale before you delete good images from a page. Your edit has been reverted. — Ambush Commander (Talk) 00:53, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Aw man... SORRY! I'm really sorry! I got the diffs mixed up! Aw man... that was real stupid of me. SORRY! I reverted my stupid revert. How silly of me. I thought you removed the image when you added it... aw man... SORRY! — Ambush Commander (Talk) 00:56, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tabathapwnd


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Apple Island

Apple Island may refer to several places:

 * Apple Island (Massachusetts), a former island now incorporated into Logan International Airport complex in Boston, Massachusetts, USA
 * Apple Island (Michigan), a small island in Orchard Lake in Oakland County, Michigan, USA
 * Apple Island (Missouri), an island in the Mississippi River
 * Æbelø, a Danish island
 * Tasmania, a state of Australia that is often referred to as "Apple Island" or the "Apple Isle"
 * Hanikatsi laid, an islet in Estonia

title: Apple Island


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amy Yip

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep Could use a cleanup. --18:51, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Amy Yip
Weak Delete not particularly notable except in niche-market, no biographical or career info. given other than link to imdb (duh!). Eddie.willers 00:55, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Clear Keep Poorly written content is not a reason to delete an otherwise entirely notable actor. She passes all the standards for inclusion.  Dottore So 01:27, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and clean up. Al 01:30, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral Most well known in HK for her boobs and having little acting skills other than being cast as a bimbo or lust symbol in comedies. Whether that's notable is open to speculation. 165.21.154.112 01:35, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment So, I guess you think we should delete Pamela Anderson??? Roodog2k 13:49, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per WP:BIO and expand. WP:BIO specifies that biographies of living people who are "Well known entertainment figures, such as TV/movie producers, directors, writers, and actors who have starring roles, or a series of minor roles, in commercially distributed work watched by a total audience of 5,000 or more" are worthy of inclusion. Ms Yip meets this criteria. Capitalistroadster 01:46, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - to my mind, anyone listed on IMDB is almost certainly notable. This article needs to be cleaned up, not deleted. Rob Church Talk 02:26, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. She seems notable enough in Hong Kong films. Hong Kong is not a niche market.--Prosfilaes 02:44, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Even if it was a niche-market. It wouldn't be a valid reason for deletion. - Mgm|(talk) 10:23, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I tend to be an inclusionist, but enough of a niche market may cross the line into not-notable. If someone stared in a series of movies that had their debue and final performances in the UNLV audioturium, that would be a valid reason for deletion.--Prosfilaes 18:50, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not everyone in IMDB is notable, but the ones with numerous speaking/named roles and credited ones are as opposed to the "woman on bus" or the non-speaking "bag-lady" in the background for example. Her credits seem to include little of such non-notable roles. - Mgm|(talk) 10:22, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I require a photo to be added to the article to decide what I think about it. Just kidding.  This one's a clear keep. Nandesuka 12:39, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Her lack of acting talent is fine by me. Alf 12:41, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Duh... Roodog2k 13:47, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, even I've heard of her, and I'm British. However, somebody needs to explain why she has "become a target of koing in films". What is koing? Is it rude? I'd certainly like to target my own koing at Amy Yip, indeed I may have done so in the past, and I don't care who reads this. -Ashley Pomeroy 14:59, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Yipster was well known in HK film circles out of proportion to her actual body of work, or something like that... Fire Star 20:22, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup it seems notable but needs some more stuff added. Elfguy 01:25, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Article expanded and cleaned up. No change of vote from Keep. Capitalistroadster 03:40, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Cleanup. Frederick Dannen wrote a lot about her in Hong Kong Babylon...time permitting, I'll take up the task.--Toquinha 21:46, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amy Yip


text:
List of female scientists before the 20th century

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

Antiquity

 * Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician
 * Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
 * Agnodike (4th century BCE), first woman physician to practice legally in Athens
 * Andromache (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician
 * Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), Greek natural and moral philosopher
 * Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist
 * Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician
 * Aurelia Alexandria Zosime, Ancient Roman physician
 * Chun Yuyan (1st century BCE), Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist
 * Cleopatra the Alchemist (c. 3rd century CE), wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making"
 * Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher
 * Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece
 * Eccello of Lucania (5th or 4th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher
 * Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher
 * Elephantis (1st century BCE), Greek physician
 * Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
 * Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician
 * Fang (first century BCE), Chinese chemist
 * Favilla (2nd century), Roman physician
 * Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher
 * Gu Bao (4th century), Chinese physician
 * Hypatia (370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt
 * Laïs (c. 1st/2nd century BCE), midwife
 * Lais of Corinth, Ancient Greek physician
 * Leoparda (4th century CE), gynecologist
 * Macrina (4th century CE), Greek physician and nun
 * Marcella (4th century CE), Roman healer
 * Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist
 * Melissa (3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher
 * Metrodora (c. 200–400 CE), Greek physician and author
 * Minucia Asste, Ancient Roman physician
 * Myia (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
 * Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer
 * Occello of Lucania (4th or 5th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher and mathematician
 * Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife
 * Origenia (2nd century CE), Greek healer
 * Pao Ku Ko (3rd century CE), Chinese chemist
 * Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300), Egyptian alchemist
 * Paula (347–404 CE), Roman healer
 * Perictione (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato
 * Panthea, Ancient Greek physician, wife and colleague of Glycon
 * Philinna of Thessaly, Ancient Greek physician
 * Peseshet, Egyptian physician (Fourth Dynasty)
 * Pulcheria (5th century CE), healer
 * Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist
 * Restituta (1st century), Ancient Roman physician
 * Salpe (1st century BCE), Greek midwife
 * Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician

 * Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process
 * Terentia Prima, Ancient Roman physician
 * Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
 * Thelka, Iranian
 * Theosebeia (4th century CE), healer

 * Yi Jia (2nd century BCE), Chinese physician

Middle Ages

 * Abella (14th century), Italian physician
 * Adelle of the Saracens (12th century), Italian physician
 * Adelmota of Carrara (14th century), Italian physician
 * Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th century), Muslim nurse
 * Maesta Antonia (1386–1408), Florentine physician
 * Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313–1325), French physician
 * Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon
 * Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th century), Italian-Jewish physician
 * Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher
 * Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes
 * Gentile Budrioli (?-1498), Italian astrologer and herbalist
 * Constanza, Italian surgeon, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.
 * Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon
 * Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician
 * Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician
 * Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine
 * Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye
 * Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1376), Jewish-Sicilian physician
 * Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician
 * Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon
 * Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician
 * Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician
 * Fava of Manosque (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician
 * Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician
 * Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th century), Catalan physician
 * Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon
 * Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician
 * Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician
 * Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician
 * Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher
 * Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist
 * Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician
 * Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon
 * Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.
 * Isabiau la Mergesse (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician
 * Floreta La-Noga (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician
 * Helvidis (fl. 1176), French physician
 * Keng Hsien-Seng (10th century), Chinese chemist
 * Li Shao Yun (11th century), Chinese chemist
 * Stephanie de Lyon (fl. 1265), French physician
 * Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon
 * Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.
 * Margherita di Napoli (late 14th century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main
 * Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon
 * Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician
 * Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon
 * Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician
 * Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist
 * Peretta Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon
 * Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician
 * Trota of Salerno (fl. 1090), Italian physician
 * Marguerite Saluzzi (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician
 * Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician
 * Juana Sarrovia (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician
 * Shen Yu Hsiu (15th century), Chinese chemist
 * Sun Pu-Eh (12th century), Chinese chemist
 * Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon
 * Théophanie (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon
 * Trotta da Toya (f. 1307), Napolitan physician
 * Polisena da Troya (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon
 * Margarita da Venosa (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon, who studied at the University of Salerno She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of Naples, as a patient.
 * Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician
 * Zhang Xiaoniang (11th century), Chinese physician

16th century

 * Maria Andreae (1550–1632), German pharmacist
 * Marie de Brimeu (1550–1605), Flemish botanist
 * Sophia Brahe (1556–1643), Danish astronomer and chemist
 * Isabella Cortese (fl. 1561), Italian alchemist
 * Helena Magenbuch (1523–1597), German pharmacist
 * Loredana Marcello (died 1572), Venetian botanist
 * Elizabeth Moulthorne (fl. 1593), English barber-surgeon
 * Tarquinia Molza (1542–1617), Italian natural philosopher
 * Catherine de Parthenay (1554–1631), French mathematician
 * Elinor Sneshell (fl. 1593), English surgeon
 * Agatha Streicher (1520–1581), German physician
 * Caterina Vitale (1566–1619), Maltese pharmacist and chemist
 * Tan Yunxian (1461–1554), Chinese physician

17th century

 * Anna Åkerhjelm (1647–1693), Swedish traveler and archaeologist
 * Ann Baynard (1672–1697), British Natural philosopher
 * Aphra Behn (1640–1689), British translator of an astronomical work
 * Martine Bertereau (1600–fl.1642), French mineralogist
 * Agnes Block (1629–1704), Dutch horticulturalist
 * Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (1618–1680), German natural philosopher
 * Louise Bourgeois Boursier (1563–1636), French obstetrician
 * Titia Brongersma (1650–1700), Frisian archaeologist, poet
 * Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), natural philosopher
 * Marie Crous (fl. 1640), French mathematician
 * Maria Cunitz (1610–1664), Silesian astronomer
 * Jeanne Dumée (1660–1706), French astronomer

 * Maria Clara Eimmart (1676–1707), German astronomer
 * Marie Fouquet (1590–1681), French medical writer
 * Eleanor Glanville (1654–1709), English entomologist
 * Elisabeth Hevelius (1647–1693), Polish astronomer

 * Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist
 * Marie Meurdrac (c. 1610–1680), French chemist and alchemist
 * Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), Italian mathematician and the first female PhD
 * Marguerite de la Sablière (c. 1640–1693), French natural philosopher
 * Jane Sharp (fl. 1671), British obstetrician
 * Justine Siegemund (1636–1705), German obstetrician
 * Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (1630–1715), English botanist
 * Elizabeth Walker (1623–1690), British pharmacist

18th century

 * Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), Italian mathematician
 * Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville (1720–1805), French anatomist
 * Madeleine-Françoise Calais (circa 1713– fl. 1740) French dentist.
 * Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (1751–1827), German astronomer
 * Maria Angela Ardinghelli (1728–1825), Italian mathematician and physicist
 * Sarah Sophia Banks (1744–1818), British natural history collector
 * Giuseppa Barbapiccola (c. 1702–1740), natural philosopher, translator
 * Jeanne Baret (1740–1807), French circumnavigator and botanist
 * Laura Bassi (1711–1778), Italian physicist
 * Marie Marguerite Bihéron (1719–1795), French anatomist
 * Celia Grillo Borromeo (1684–1777), Italian natural philosopher
 * Jacoba van den Brande (1735–1794), Dutch founder of first all-female science academy
 * Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1808), Swedish inventor
 * Margaret Bryan (c. 1760–1815), British natural philosopher
 * Elsa Beata Bunge (1734–1819), Swedish botanist
 * Lydia Byam (fl. 1797–1800), naturalist
 * María Andrea Casamayor (1700–1780), Spanish mathematician
 * Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), French mathematician and physicist
 * Maria Medina Coeli (1764–1846), Italian physician
 * Jane Colden (1724–1766), American biologist
 * (1758–1834), Swiss naturalist
 * Angélique du Coudray (1712–1794), French midwife
 * Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
 * Catharina Helena Dörrien (1717 – 1795), German botanist
 * Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), Swedish agronomist
 * Hannah English Williams (died 1722), collector of natural history in the American British Colonies
 * Dorothea Erxleben (1715–1762), German physician
 * Charlotta Frölich (1698–1770), Swedish agronomist and historian
 * Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794), British chemist
 * Lucia Galeazzi Galvani (1743–1788), Italian physician
 * Sophie Germain (1776–1831), elasticity theory, number theory
 * Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi (1760–1830), Italian botanist
 * Catherine Littlefield Greene (1755–1814), American inventor
 * Salomée Halpir (1718-fl. 1763), Lithuanian oculist
 * Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German-British astronomer
 * Catherine Jérémie (1664–1744), French-Canadian botanist
 * Christine Kirch (1696–1782), German astronomer
 * Margaretha Kirch (1703–1744), German astronomer
 * Maria Margarethe Kirch (1670–1720), German astronomer
 * Marie Lachapelle (1769–1821), French midwife
 * Marie-Jeanne de Lalande (1760–1832), French astronomer
 * Marie Paulze Lavoisier (1758–1836), French chemist and illustrator
 * Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1723–1792), French astronomer
 * Elisabeth Christina von Linné (1743–1782), Swedish botanist
 * Martha Daniell Logan (1704–1779), American horticulturalist
 * Eliza Lucas (1722–1793), American agronomist and indigo dye pioneer
 * Maria Lullin (1750–1831), Swiss entomologist
 * Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791), British social scientist
 * Anna Morandi Manzolini (1716–1774), Italian physician and anatomist
 * Marie Le Masson Le Golft (1750–1826), French naturalist
 * Sybilla Masters (1675–1720), patent for a corn mill
 * Lady Anne Monson (1726–1776), English botanist
 * Maria Petraccini (1759–1791), Italian anatomist and physician
 * Zaffira Peretti (fl. 1780), Italian anatomist and physician
 * Claudine Picardet (1735–1820) French chemist, mineralogist and meteorologist
 * Louise du Pierry (1746–1807), French astronomer
 * Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon (1724–1767), French mathematician
 * Faustina Pignatelli (1705–1785), Italian physicist
 * Anna Barbara Reinhart (1730–1796), Swiss mathematician
 * Cristina Roccati (1732–1797), Italian physics teacher
 * Jane Squire (bap. 1686 – 1743), English mathematician
 * Clotilde Tambroni (1758–1817), Italian philologist and linguistic
 * Petronella Johanna de Timmerman (1723–1786), Dutch scientist
 * Wang Zhenyi (1768–1797), Chinese astronomer

Anthropology

 * Maria Czaplicka (1884–1921), Polish cultural anthropologist
 * Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923), American ethnologist
 * Johanna Mestorf (1828–1909), German prehistoric archaeologist
 * Margaret Murray (1863–1963), British anthropologist
 * Clémence Royer (1830–1902), French anthropologist
 * Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), American geographer
 * Praskovja Uvarova (1840–1924), Russian archaeologist

Archeology

 * Cornelia Horsford (1861– c. 1941), American archaeologist
 * Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839), British archaeologist
 * Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archaeologist, paleologist, anthropologist

Astronomy

 * Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
 * Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer
 * Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), British astronomer
 * Florence Cushman (1860–1940), American astronomer
 * Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), Scottish/American astronomer
 * Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German astronomer active in England
 * Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins (1848–1915), British astronomer
 * Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer
 * Annie Russell Maunder (1868–1947), Irish astronomer
 * Antonia Caetana Maury (1866–1952), American astronomer
 * Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), American astronomer
 * Isis Pogson (1852–1945), British astronomer
 * Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer
 * Sarah Frances Whiting (1846–1927), American astronomer and physicist
 * Mary Watson Whitney (1847–1921), American astronomer
 * Anna Winlock (1857–1904), American astronomer

Biology or natural history

 * Frances Acton (1793–1881), British botanist
 * Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (1822–1907), American natural historian
 * Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
 * Mary Anning (1799–1847), British natural historian
 * Emily Arnesen (1876–1928), Norwegian zoologist
 * Anna Atkins (1799–1871), British botanist
 * Harriet Henrietta Beaufort (1778–1865), British botanist
 * Isabella Bird Bishop (1831–1904), British natural historian
 * Priscilla Susan Bury (1799–1872), English botanist
 * Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930), Swedish zoologist
 * Mary Agnes Meara Chase (1869–1963), American biologist
 * Cornelia Clapp (1849–1934), American zoologist
 * Anna Botsford Comstock (1854–1930), American natural historian
 * Clara Eaton Cummings (1855–1906), American botanist
 * Eunice P. Cutter (1819–1898), American author of anatomy textbooks
 * Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt (1859–1928), American pathologist
 * Mary Cynthia Dickerson (1866–1923), American herpetologist, museum curator and writer
 * Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891), German natural historian
 * Alice Eastwood (1859–1953), American biologist
 * Rosa Smith Eigenmann (1858–1947), American biologist
 * Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921), Russian botanist
 * Maria Elizabeth Fernald (1839–1919), American entomologist
 * Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti (1799–1879), Italian botanist
 * Susanna Phelps Gage (1857–1915), American embryologist and comparative anatomist
 * Lilian Jane Gould (1861–1936), British biologist
 * Amelia Griffiths (1768–1858), British phycologist
 * Marian E. Hubbard (1868–1956), American zoologist
 * Agnes Ibbetson (1757–1823), English vegetable physiologist
 * Susan Hallowell (1835–1911), American botanist
 * Gabrielle Howard (1876–1930), British plant physiologist
 * Ellen Hutchins (1785–1815), Irish botanist
 * Ida Henrietta Hyde (1857–1945), American biologist
 * Maria Elizabetha Jacson (1755–1829), English botanist
 * Alice Johnson (1860–1940), English zoologist
 * Józefa Joteyko (1866–1928), physiologist, psychologist, pedagogist
 * Josephine Kablick (1787–1863), botanist
 * Helen Dean King (1869–1955), American biologist
 * Phoebe Lankester (1825–1900), British botanist
 * Marie-Anne Libert (1782–1865), Belgian botanist and mycologist
 * Friederike Lienig (1790–1855), German-Baltic entomologist
 * Elizabeth Eaton Morse (1864–1955), American mycologist/cryptogamist
 * Katharine Murray Lyell (1817–1915), British botanist
 * Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist
 * Olive Thorne Miller (1831–1918), American natural historian
 * Maria Gugelberg von Moos (1836–1918), Swiss botanist
 * Margaretta Morris (1797–1867), American entomologist
 * Mary Murtfeldt (1848–1913), American biologist
 * Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1828–1901), British biologist
 * Edith Marion Patch (1876–1954), American biologist
 * Maria Louisa Pike (d. 1892), American naturalist
 * Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), British mycologist
 * Mary Jane Rathbun (1860–1943), American marine biologist
 * Margaretta Riley (1804–1899), British botanic
 * Caroline Rosenberg (1810–1902), Danish botanist
 * Ethel Sargant (1863–1918), British biologist
 * Hazel Schmoll (1890–1990), American botanist working on plant life in Colorado
 * Lilian Sheldon (1862–1942), English zoologist
 * Alexandra Smirnoff (1838–1913), Finnish pomologist
 * Annie Lorrain Smith (1854–1937), British lichenologist and mycologist
 * Emilie Snethlage (1868–1929), German-Brazilian naturalist and ornithologist
 * Nettie Stevens (1861–1912), American geneticist
 * Jantina Tammes (1871–1947), Dutch botanist and geneticist
 * Charlotte De Bernier Taylor (1806–1863), American entomologist
 * Mary Treat (1830–1923), American naturalist
 * Anna Vickers (1852–1906), marine algologist
 * Jeanne Villepreux-Power (1794–1871), French marine biologist
 * Anna Maria Walker (c. 1778–1852), Scottish botanist
 * Elizabeth Andrew Warren (1786–1864), Cornish botanist
 * Mary Anne Whitby (1784–1850), English breeder of silkworms
 * Mary Pirie (1822–1885), Scottish botanist

Chemistry

 * Vera Bogdanovskaia (1868–1897), Russian chemist
 * Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom
 * Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish chemist
 * Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry
 * Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist
 * Laura Linton (1853–1915), American chemist
 * Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900), American chemist
 * Adelaida Lukanina (1843–1908), Russian physician and chemist
 * Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist
 * Frances Micklethwait (1867–1950), British research chemist
 * Muriel Wheldale Onslow (1880–1932), British biochemist
 * Marie Pasteur (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist
 * Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American chemist
 * Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist
 * Vera Popova (1867–1896), Russian chemist
 * Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist
 * Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist
 * Margarete Traube (1856–1912), German-born chemist who lived in Italy
 * Anna Volkova (1800–1876), Russian chemist
 * Martha Annie Whiteley (1866–1956), English chemist and mathematician
 * Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (died 1914), Russian chemist

Engineers

 * Mary Dicas (fl. 1800–1815), maker of scientific instruments
 * Emily Roebling (1844–1903), American civil engineer

Geology

 * Florence Bascom (1862–1945), American geologist
 * Etheldred Benett (1776–1845), British geologist
 * Mary Buckland (1797–1857), British paleontologist and marine biologist
 * Margaret Crosfield (1859–1952), British paleontologist and geologist
 * Maria Gordon (1896–1939), Scottish geologist
 * Mary Emilie Holmes (1850–1906), American geologist and educator
 * Charlotte Murchison (1788–1869), Scottish geologist
 * Elizabeth Philpot (1780–1857), British paleontologist

Inventors

 * Tabitha Babbitt (1779–1853), American inventor and tool maker
 * Mary Brush (fl. 1815), American inventor
 * Martha Coston (1826–1904), American inventor
 * Ellen Eglin (1849–fl. 1890), American inventor
 * Caroline Eichler (1809–1843), German inventor, instrument maker and prostheses designer.
 * Hanna Hammarström (1829–1909), Swedish inventor
 * Mary Kies (1752–1837), American inventor
 * Margaret E. Knight (1838–1914), American inventor, first woman awarded a U.S. patent
 * Huang Lü (died 1829), Chinese optic inventor

Mathematics

 * Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), Russian mathematician (partial differential equations, rotating solids, Abelian functions)
 * Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1851), British mathematician
 * Emilie Martin (1869–1936), American mathematician
 * Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), British statistician and nurse
 * Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician

Microbiology

 * Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975), American microbiologist

Medicine

 * Rachel Alcock (1862–1939), British physiologist
 * Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836–1917), British physician
 * Hedda Andersson (1861–1950), Swedish physician
 * Lovisa Årberg (1801–1881), first woman doctor and surgeon in Sweden
 * Amalia Assur (1803–1889), Swedish dentist
 * Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945), American doctor (child hygiene pioneer)
 * Chandramukhi Basu (1860–1944), Indian physician
 * Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), American physician
 * Emily Blackwell (1826–1910), American physician
 * Marie Boivin (1773–1841), French writer on obstetrics
 * Elizabeth D. A. Cohen (1820–1921), American physician, first female physician in the state of Louisiana
 * Rebecca Cole (1846–1922) American physician, by 1867 she was the second African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
 * Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831–1895) American physician, by 1864 she was the first African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
 * Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
 * Marie Durocher (1809–1893), Brazilian obstetrician, midwife and physician
 * Enriqueta Favez (c. 1791–1856), Swiss physician and surgeon
 * Rosalie Fougelberg (1841–1911), Swedish dentist
 * Rupa Bai Furdoonji, Indian physician who was the world's first female anesthetist
 * Kadambini Ganguly (1861–1923), Indian physician
 * Johanna Hedén (1837–1912), Swedish midwife, feldsher and barber
 * Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929), Dutch physician
 * Maria Jansson (1788–1842), known as Kisamor, Swedish physician
 * Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912), British physician
 * Anandi Gopal Joshi (1865–1887), Indian physician
 * Mary Poonen Lukose (1886–1976), Indian gynecologist
 * Emmy Rappe (1835–1896), Swedish nurse
 * Martha Ripley (1843–1912), American physician and suffragist
 * Varvara Kashevarova Rudneva (1844–1899), Russian physician
 * Florence R. Sabin (1871–1953), American medical scientist
 * Ellen Sandelin (1862–1907), Swedish physician and teacher of physiology
 * Regina von Siebold (1771–1849), German physician and obstetrician
 * Charlotte von Siebold (1788–1859), German physician and gynecologist
 * Anna Stecksén (1870–1904), Swedish pathologist
 * Lucy Hobbs Taylor (1833–1910), American dentist
 * Isala Van Diest (1842–1916), first female medical doctor and female university graduate in Belgium
 * Catharine van Tussenbroek (1852–1925), Dutch gynecologist
 * Mary Walker (1832–1919), American surgeon
 * Karolina Widerström (1856–1949), Swedish physician
 * Thora Wigardh (1860–1933), Swedish physician
 * Marie Elisabeth Zakrzewska (1829–1902), Polish-American physician

Nuclear physics

 * Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics

 * Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British physicist
 * Mileva Einstein-Maric (1875–1948), Serbian/Swiss physicist
 * Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist
 * Mary Somerville (1780–1872), British physicist, polymath
 * Eunice Newton Foote (1819–1888), American inventor and physicist who first discovered rising carbon dioxide levels could impact climate

Psychology

 * Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), American psychologist
 * Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930), American psychologist
 * Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939), American psychologist
 * Anna Freud (1895–1982), Austrian-British psychoanalyst

Science education

 * Jane Webb Loudon (1807–1858), Writer of introductory gardening books
 * Jane Marcet (1769–1858), Writer of introductory science books
 * Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884), American science educator
 * Josephine Silone Yates (died 1912), American chemistry professor

Sociology

 * Jane Addams (1860–1935), American sociologist
 * Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), American sociologist
 * Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist and economist


text:
File:BarbadosCoin-quarter-1973-obverse2.JPG

A Barbados quarter- Dated 1973


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User:SPUI/censored

 Censored Version This user page has been censored to satisfy a segment of the Community which desires not to see. I respect that -- that's why I brought Toby here.

But I cannot imagine, personally, how grown people think to understand people without looking at potentially questionable content. I guess we really need Toby.

In any case, for those who want to see the full content of my user page, go directly to User:SPUI/uncensored. --SPUI (talk) 00:58, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi. I am SPUI. I am fun and lovable and go baa.

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title: User:SPUI/censored


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User:Prunetucky

Greetings from the central coast of California- please enjoy

title: User:Prunetucky


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Talk:Granny Smith

long-lasting apple?
Why do Granny Smith apples take longer to brown than other types of apples?

 * The browning of apples (once exposed to air) is the result of enzymatic oxidation (enzyme mediated oxidation). The distinctly sour flavour associated with the granny smith variety results from its innate acidity, presumably caused by an higher concentration (in reference to other varieties) of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Much like any other enzymes those responsible for mediating the browning of apples are denatured in environments of high acidity, thus the high acidity (approx. pH. 3.25) of the granny smith variety is what affords them their longevity (at least in terms of oxidation reactions) by denaturing the enzyme (a chemical mediator) and thus hindering/slowing the oxidation reaction. 84.92.185.112 07:08, 23 March 2007 (UTC)Anubeon
 * Shouldn't this be in the article. I found it interesting. Does anyone have references for it? 70.190.242.30 (talk) 12:51, 4 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, many apple varieties have a pH of 3-3.5, caused mostly by malic acid ["the" apple acid], and the enzymatic browning in apples is caused by high tannin levels, the ascorbates neutralizing the tannins, which coincidentally are usually low in varieties that are highest in ascorbic acid - there are a number of varieties that are high in vit C, but not a lot Red58bill (talk) 03:43, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Picture
My edit summary should read "One article doesn't need two versions of the same picture".PiccoloNamek 00:57, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

green apples?
I'm a little confused. Are Granny Smith apples the only type of green apple? The fact that "green apple" redirects here suggests that, but then the statement "Granny Smith apples tend to have a harder texture than other green apples" doesn't make much sense. -VJ 21:15, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Rhode Island Greening is a fairly common pie and sauce apple in the US, but I think it would be every bit as hard as a Granny Smith. I've never had two equally ripe ones together, though, to compare. Pollinator 23:50, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * So there are other types of green apples, besides Granny Smith apples? -VJ 03:31, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Fairly common is relative. R.I. Greening account for less than one percent of U.S. apple production (and have fallen out of the top 15 varieties produced in the U.S.) In 1978, before Granny Smith became popular, R.I. Greening was as high as 8th with 2.3% of the total harvest. Granny Smith by comparision has been as high as third most popular (now 4th) and about 7% of the total crop. Rmhermen 18:11, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Yes or no? I'm a little curious as well. --M.W. 15:28, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes! Don't forget that this is an international encyclopedia, and other green apple cultivars are commonly seen all over the UK and Europe. Wild (read: naturalized) apples are also usually green. 62.113.159.156 01:09, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * So, why is the Granny Smith referred to as "the Green Apple" in this article, and why is it a redirect from "Green Apple"? "Green Apple", at least, should lead to a list of green apple varieties, if not redirect to apple itself. 69.95.240.178 (talk) 18:36, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I think this just reflects American usage. The term 'green apple' isn't used to describe an apple variety in the rest of the world, where many apple varieties are green. As a general rule, apples with green skins are acidic and mostly used for cooking. An example is the English Bramley (apple). --80.176.142.11 (talk) 15:26, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It is already fixed, but in American English, "green apple" does not refer to a cultivar, it just means an apple that is the color green. It is also true that Granny Smith is the only green apple you're likely to find in most of the US, even in the Pacific Northwest which is the biggest producing apple region in the world. From a culinary perspective there is not really the need to have more than one green apple in the store, because they're mostly used for baking and the differences would cook out. Other varieties of baking apple will sell just fine to food companies, so some diversification of green apples does exist even while there is only one type in most stores.MacroMyco (talk) 21:46, 13 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Since we all seem to agree that this redirect is misleading, could someone please delete it?62.113.159.156 (talk) 14:36, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Second picture
I noticed the second picture is a .png file & thus much bigger than a .jpg (for that sort of picture anyway); I'm new to this sort of thing - should I chat to the picture poster, reformat it myself or do something else entirely? Rockcake 07:58, 7 December 2006 UTC ☺

Introduced to *England* in 1935
Any special reason why it's "England" rather than "the United Kingdom"? 81.158.1.176 08:51, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Wait, wait... it originated in England in 1968, but it wasn't introduced into the UK until 1935? Superjewboy (talk) 04:25, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I had the same question when reading the article. Upon investigation, the cause seems to be these two edits which contradict the reference given, so I reverted them. It makes more sense now. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 17:09, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 01:47, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

claustrophobia
according to an article in AOL health, smelling a green apple can help relieve claustrophobia. Does anyone know if this is true? —Preceding unsigned comment added by AlexWangombe (talk • contribs) 16:56, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * unlikely - the "smell" of any apple is the same, ethylene gas - apples breathe, taking in oxygen and giving off ethylene gas, which is the "aroma of apples" and a common compound in the plant kingdom .... it's also the case that it appears some folks here are confusing green as the apples natural color with the use of the term green to mean unripe Red58bill (talk) 04:14, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The "smell" is esters and aldehydes, ethylene gass isn't very smelly... 62.113.159.156 (talk) 16:06, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Neotony aspects
I too am confused by the references to “other green apples”. To date, I have believed that:

1. That Granny Smith’s tree was a mutation or sport, one which would reproduce without reversion to earlier type.

2. That the mutation involved the interesting notion of neotony, which is where juvenile characteristics are retained in the mature specimen. (This is something the article should mention). In human terms it would be like a mutation in which a child never reaches puberty. Effectively, the green apple never ripens properly, but by chance, people (like me) actually prefer the tangier taste, and the crystaline as opposed to floury texture. And it IS a great cooking apple. Aspects of human evolution are neotonous in nature, such as the preservation of smaller jaws over very large ones.

3. Is it true that the original tree is STILL living? Or at least some of its direct descendants.

4. Are “other green apples” other mutations of the same kind?

5. When the article says they grow wild in New Zealand, it sounds like they also evolved there. I presume the author meant that commercial varieties from Australia were planted there and have gone feral. But then that could be said of any number of agricultural products in any number of countries.

Any thoughts on these matters? Myles325a (talk) 07:28, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Granny Smith, like all named apple cultivars, is NOT a mutation but a genetic cross of 2 other varieties, just like children are a cross of their parents .... [2] no "juvenile" characteristics involved; while most apples begin their growth green, the color at maturity may remain green or be an "overlay" of a range of other colors, with the green ground still visible or not .... [3] ANY current Granny Smith tree is a direct descendent of the original - named varieties are propagated by grafting cuttings onto a root stock, the seeds from any apple will grow a completely different variety, the offspring resulting from whatever other tree provided the fertilization of the apple the seeds are from .... [4] the only "mutated" apples are those discovered on a particular branch of a given tree that differ markedly from the tree variety, they're called "sports" and account for the strains of a variety, like the difference between Gala and Royal Gala - the apples themselves are not the origin, but the particular branch they occur on .... [5] the "wild" reference seems to have been removed, properly - "feral" isn't a term that could be applied to an apple variety, as noted above, apple seeds that result in a bearing tree [many don't] will be a completely different variety - and apples don't "evolve", the Granny originated from a cross in Australia, as correctly noted in the article Red58bill (talk) 04:03, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Apple hybrid?
I often worry when I read stuff on Wikipedia because of vandalism. Is it true that a granny smith apple is really a hybrid between two species of apples? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.181.207.84 (talk) 15:46, 1 March 2009 (UTC)
 * yes, ANY apple is a cross between 2 strains of apple - apple is the species, just like human is your species and your children are a "hybrid" of you and your mate ;) Red58bill (talk) 04:06, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Growing granny-smith in sydney
Around two weeks ago I bought several granny smith apples in sydney, I planted the seeds, and they are now growing, some with leaves, It is the begining of winter at the moment, and I have no concerns about their growth over winter, although what percentage will survive (if any) over summer, I will be happy If any survive (I planted around 9).

Also, will they fruit in sydney conditions, or do they need a hibernation period before flowering and fruiting? And, I understand that all apples are extreme heterozygotes, so will my apples be similar to grannysmith, or will they inherit so many recessives that they will appear distinct?.

Thanks, Mike   Mike of Wikiworld (talk) 14:10, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Lytle Sweetness Scale
What the hell is it? Googling only redirects toward the wikipedia article, and the article is seriously lacking in references. I'm gonna delete this bit in a couple of days, if there are no objections. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.179.107.68 (talk) 12:50, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

All for that. Have fun finding a reference for it. http://www.google.com/search?ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sourceid=navclient&gfns=1&q=%22+Lytle+Sweetness+Scale%22+-granny#sclient=psy&hl=en&q=%22+Lytle+Sweetness+Scale%22+-granny&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&pbx=1&fp=f11dbcf84774216c iw —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.148.249.26 (talk) 18:03, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

I agree, can someone please delete this? I have Googled and only found ripped off references to this article from other sites. I was going to find out if I could create an article for the "Lytle Sweetness Scale" or maybe link to it if there was an article...but no dice. In fact, I am going to delete it now!121.44.129.211 (talk) 03:46, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Sour apple redirect
Why does sour apple redirect to this article? The article makes no mention of sour apples or of Granny Smith apples being sour. If Granny Smith is the archetypal "sour apple" then the article should make note of this. Otherwise, the redirect would be unwarranted and should probably be changed (to a list of all "sour" varieties of apples).

Similarly, I see that the previously noted redirect for green apple has been changed to redirect to the apple article instead of here. Since that article makes no mention of green apples, perhaps it's better redirected here if this is the most well-known green apple variety. Or the "green apple" page should contain a list of links to the most well-known green apple varieties, including Granny Smith.--71.189.159.190 (talk) 11:38, 14 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Granny Smith apples are indeed quite tart, especially when grown in cool conditions, but I don't see the point of sour apple or green apple entries at all. Some apples are sour and some are green, but it doesn't make sense to have specific pages for these terms. Possibly this is something to do with American usage. --Ef80 (talk) 12:25, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

I was surprised that there *wasn't* any mention of their tartness on this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.89.71.42 (talk) 21:21, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

Name in Canada
There is an unsourced statement, "In some parts of Canada the Granny Smith is referred to as a Green Delicious."

Really? I live in Canada and I have never heard of them referred to as such, although they could potentially be confused visually with the golden delicious. phreakydancin (talk) 21:26, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

Granny Smith - mutation or not?
The following appears in the article: "Because the Granny Smith is a chance (and rare) mutation, the seeds of the apple, when grown, tend to produce a tart green apple with a much less appealing taste." But Red58bill, who appears to know something about this told me with no uncertainty that:

"Granny Smith, like all named apple cultivars, is NOT a mutation but a genetic cross of 2 other varieties, just like children are a cross of their parents ...."

Well, I'm a city boy, I suppose but I know that when parents have kids, those kids don't have to be grafted onto someone else's body to propogate. Why, they have kids just the way their own parents did, with a bit of jiggery pokery and some slap and tickle thrown in for good measure. Well, it's taken me 7 years to come up with that, but there it is. What's the story? Myles325a (talk) 08:34, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Red58bill knows whereof they speak. Text has been adjusted, and with luck may be clearer now. Some science fiction is probably the best resource for the implications of human cloning. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:48, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Granny Smiths all from cuttings from the original tree!!??
The article states:

"Thus, like the navel orange and the Cavendish banana, all the Granny Smith apples grown today are cuttings from the original Smith tree in Sydney."

So what happens when that tree dies? Does the Granny Smith become extinct? How can this one tree be directly responsible for the hundreds of millions of apples being produced and grown around the world?

(Oh, and I didn't know that the Smith tree was also responsible for navel oranges and the Cavendish banana. What a cornucopia! Myles325a (talk) 08:40, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

 * :-) Language is a marvellous thing. I've adjusted the text; see what you think now. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:43, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Crab apple and cleopatra apple?
According to several sources, the apple was believed to be a cross between a crab apple and a Cleopatra apple. However the article claims Malus domestica and Malus sylvestris. Which is correct?-- Auric   talk  15:53, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

Helpful in reducing mucus and clearing the throat?
It is true that granny smith apples in particular are helpful in reducing mucus and clearing the throat for vocal performers? Thanks! --Lbeaumont (talk) 15:40, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Granny Smith


text:
Ramos Arizpe

Ramos Arizpe is a city and seat of the surrounding municipality of the same name in the Mexican state of Coahuila. Ramos Arizpe is located 11 km from the state capital of Saltillo. It is part of the Saltillo metropolitan area. The city reported a population of 48,228 in the 2005 census; the municipality had a population of 56,708. Its area is 5,306.6 km2 (2,048.9 sq mi).

Ramos Arizpe was established originally in 1577 as Valle de las Labores, a name chosen as the soil was conducive to agriculture.

History
In the year 1606 the town was renamed Valle de San Nicolás de la Capellanía, because Spanish missionaries had taken there a sacred image of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino.

It is now a major industrial center, founded in 1974, featuring many automotive industrial parks. Several major companies have large operations in Ramos Arizpe or vicinity, such the General Motors Ramos Arizpe Assembly plant (Home of the Chevy C2, Pontiac Aztek, Buick Rendezvous, Saturn Vue, Cadillac SRX, Saab 9-4X and HHR), Chrysler Saltillo Engine Plant (Home of the 5.7L V8 HEMI engine) and other suppliers such as Magna, Stabilus, ZF Sachs and Macimex. As of 2016 the plant produces about one third of the firm's full-sized pickups.

Plan de Guadalupe International Airport serving Saltillo and Ramos Arizpe (Iata: SLW) is located there.

Climate
Ramos Arizpe has a desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh Owing to its altitude of 1400 to 1500 m above sea level, temperatures are milder than other desert cities at lower elevations. Winters are mild with warm temperatures during the day and cold nights. The January average temperature is 11.9 C. On average, temperatures drop below freezing on 18 days per year, which can occur in the months November to April. Occasionally, it can receive snowfall. Precipitation is low during the winter months and many days are clear and sunny, averaging 20-22 clear days from December to March.

Summers are warm to hot with the warmest month being June and July, each with an average temperature of 23.2 C. Temperatures frequently exceed 30 C and occasionally 40.0 C during the summer months. Most of the precipitation that Ramos Arizpe receives falls during the summer months. On average, Ramoz Arizpe receives 245.6 mm of precipitation per year and there are 37 days with measureable precipitation. The wettest record month was June 1990 with 385 mm and the wettest day record was 28 June 2007 with 166 mm.

Landmarks
Historical landmarks are Don Miguel Ramos Arizpe's house, father of Mexican federalism, Hacienda Santa María built in 1721, where Fr. Miguel Hidalgo celebrated his final mass, and Hacienda de Guadalupe, where the Plan de Guadalupe was signed during the Mexican Revolution in 1913.

title: Ramos Arizpe


text:
Wild Arms 4

Wild Arms 4, known in Japan as Wild Arms the 4th Detonator (ワイルドアームズ ザ フォースデトネイター), is a role-playing video game developed by Media.Vision and the fourth installment in the Wild Arms video game series. The game's overall look and feel is a departure from the Wild West feel of Wild Arms 3 to a more modern look. The game was originally announced alongside Wild Arms Alter Code: F under the title Wild Arms Another Code: F before being renamed.

Story
Jude Maverick has grown up in an isolated town called Ciel, which is completely enclosed in a large sphere floating thousands of feet above the surface of Filgaia. His sheltered world changes forever when he sees the sky "tear" and ships enter his homeland. Upon inspecting the campsite set up by the intruders, he sees something else that he has never seen before: a girl.

The girl's name is Yulie Ahtreide and she is being held captive by the intruders after being captured by a "Drifter" for hire, Arnaud G. Vasquez. After the invading army attacks Ciel and brings the sphere crashing down, Jude, Yulie and Arnaud join forces to find the army's true intention behind Yulie's abduction. With the help of another Drifter, Raquel Applegate, these four idealistic teens travel the war-torn land of Filgaia in search of truth, their own identities, and their separate paths to adulthood.

Gameplay
The HEX battle system is composed of seven hexagons on the battle field, with random beginning placement for all characters and enemies. The HEX battle system is area based; any attacks or spells given to certain hexagon, or HEX, will affect all characters on that HEX. Multiple allies or enemies can occupy a single HEX, but enemies and allies cannot occupy the same HEX.

Localization
In the North American version, two monsters (Dalawa Bunny and Accident Rabbit) were taken out of the game, but not out of the monsters list, making it impossible to finish the game with 100% completion. The PAL version still contains this error, and is also known to crash in certain places when played in 50 Hz mode, leaving those areas potentially impassable to players whose television does not support 60 Hz PAL signals.

Some PAL copies also have another issue where triggering specific Material summons would freeze the game. A workaround is to disable the battle movies in the game's options. This bug affects both PAL and NTSC modes.

The English localization copy is known to freeze when loading the area at the top of a ladder at "The Great Wall" roughly 5 hours into the game when played in PAL mode. A workaround can be achieved by saving the game in the area prior and loading the game in NTSC mode, going past and saving on the world map. No other areas are known to have this problem.

Reception
The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 32 out of 40.

title: Wild Arms 4


text:
User talk:Randy MacFarFarAway

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title: User talk:Randy MacFarFarAway


text:
File:BarbadosCoin-quarter-1973-reverse.JPG

A Barbados quarter- Dated 1973


title: File:UsagiYojimboVol3Issue52Cover.jpg


text:
User talk:Neomessiah

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Welcome!

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title: User talk:Neomessiah


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chaos washing machines

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was copyvio. --Tony Sidaway Talk 21:50, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Chaos washing machines
Weak delete I'm sure there's something of relevance or interest in there but where? Eddie.willers 00:59, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nonsense/drivel. --Blackcap | talk 01:02, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * O.K., I just did some checking and found that this article was completely plagarised from here. "Chaos washing machines" gets a mere 67 results on Google (singular "Chaos washing machine" gets 63), the first two links being WP's. I had thought it was nonsense, and I was wrong. But it is pretty nn, and also copyvio. --Blackcap | talk 02:06, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * This is probably the original source: http://www.ama.edu.ph/research/amacc_e-journal_f/the_butterfly.htm . However I can't believe you would describe it as "non-notable". Kappa 02:33, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Really? Well, maybe I'm not thinking of something... but still, it seems like a largely ridiculous article to me, anyway, and that feeling is only exacerbated by finding so few Google hits and that it's plagiarised (suggesting that there isn't enough material out there to write an article about it). It's somewhat interesting, but not very notable (IMHO). --Blackcap | talk 16:23, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm surprised you would say it's non-notable, because it's both a big thing (a new product from a large company) and distinct from other things of its type (by having a "gimmick"). It's creative and has a large audience, and so it seems highly notable. Kappa 19:43, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this. But there probably is an article to be written about the relationship between science and advertising.Zeimusu | Talk page 01:14, 2005 August 27 (UTC)
 * Keep, Vfd is not cleanup, maybe someone could provide a reason for deletion that has some basis in policy? Kappa 01:22, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Change vote to keep if copyvio is rewritten. Kappa
 * Delete, or, at best, merge non-copyvio stuff into Chaos theory. --Calton | Talk 09:00, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Leaning towards a merge with Washing machine. I don't think these appliances are really notable in their own right, but they do represent an interesting development in Washing Machine Drivel (WMD).  -- Visviva 09:20, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify, Visviva: Is your vote "merge," or are you still thinking about it? --Blackcap | talk 16:25, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that Goldstar is half of Lucky Goldstar, now known as LG. -- Visviva 09:22, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * RE-Merge back to Chaos Theory This article was a subsection in the Chaos Theory article, and was removed because it was marketing hooey. I think we should remerge it back to Chaos theory, under a new heading, like Chaos Theory in Popular Culture... or something....
 * Delete if it was removed from Chaos theory for being a marketing hooey, it should simply get deleted. Groeck 17:58, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  Paul Klenk
 * Comment Do you have a reason for your vote? --Blackcap | talk 20:23, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-encyclopedic. Elfguy 01:26, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup and Merge into Positioning (marketing) as an example thereof as that article currently has none and could use several. Caerwine 03:22, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm not sure I understand why you think it ought to go into Positioning (marketing) of all the places it could go. Some people think that this constitutes a valid article in and of its own right, so I don't think that if it belongs anywhere it should be as an example in an article about marketing. You can't just have a few paragraphs on a washing machine in the midst of a business article, so that would completely eliminate anything you want to say about CWM apart from the marketing sector. It seems to me that it would be much more fit (if the vote is to keep or merge it) to either leave it as its own article with a link from chaos theory, or merge it with aforesaid chaos theory. --Blackcap | talk 16:35, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Response Because as far as I can tell, the whole CWM concept is primarily an attempt to create a new market segment within the market for washing machines to make use of the buzz that surrounded chaos theory in the early 1990s. If there's anything out there that indicates that this was more than just marketing buzz, then it might warrant a separate article, but if so, why ain't it in the article already. Caerwine 20:06, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * O.K. Thanks for clarifying that. --Blackcap | talk 20:41, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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John R. Powers

John R. Powers (November 30, 1945 – January 17, 2013 ) was an American novelist and playwright.

Early life
Powers grew up in the Mt. Greenwood neighborhood on the far southwest side of Chicago. He held a Ph.D. in Communications from Northwestern University and was a professor of speech and performing arts at Northeastern Illinois University. He received his undergraduate degree in sociology from Loyola University and was a graduate of Brother Rice High School in Chicago.

Work
Powers wrote four books of fiction, The Last Catholic in America (Dutton 1973), Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up? (Regnery 1975), The Unoriginal Sinner and the Ice Cream God (Contemporary 1977), and The Junk Drawer, Corner Store, Front Porch Blues (Dutton 1992). He also wrote the self-help book Odditude (HCI 2007). These books relate his experience of growing up in 1950's Chicago. The first three books, referred to as the "Eddie Ryan Trilogy," have been re-issued by Loyola Press.

Powers was awarded two Emmy Awards for his writing. The first was in 1984 for Lovers and Lanes, written for WMAQ TV channel 5 in Chicago. The second was in 1988 for Going Home, written for WLS TV channel 7.

Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up? was selected for inclusion on the American Library Association’s list of Best Books for Young Adults in 1975. Powers wrote the libretto to a Broadway musical based loosely on characters and events from his first two novels entitled Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up? Powers was also the author of two one-man shows which he also performed. The first Scissors, Paper, Rock that was based on his Emmy Award-winning special Going Home and the second, which ran in Chicago, Life's Not Fair, So What.

Personal life
Powers lived in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin with his wife JaNelle Meyers Powers, whom he met while she was performing in the original production of Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up? as Mary Kenny, and two daughters: actress/playwright Jacey Powers and journalist Joy Victoria Powers.

Powers died in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin in 2013.

title: John R. Powers


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Kichai people

The Kichai tribe (also Keechi or Kitsai) was a Native American Southern Plains tribe that lived in Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. Their name for themselves was K'itaish.

History
The Kichai were most closely related to the Pawnee. French explorers encountered them on the Red River in Louisiana in 1701. By 1772, they were primarily settled around the east of the Trinity River, near present-day Palestine, Texas. After forced relocation, they came to share portions of southern and southwestern Oklahoma with the Wichita and with the Muscogee Creek Nation.

The Kichai were part of the complex, shifting political alliances of the South Plains. Early Europeans identified them as enemies of the Caddo. In 1712, they fought the Hainai along the Trinity River; however, they were allied with other member tribes of the Caddoan Confederacy and intermarried with the Kadohadacho during this time.

On November 10, 1837, the Texas Rangers fought the Kichai in the Battle of Stone Houses. The Kichai were victorious, despite losing their leader in the first attack.

20th and 21st centuries
Caddo-Wichita-Delaware lands were broken up into individual allotments at the beginning of the 20th century. Kichai people's allotted lands were mainly in Caddo County, Oklahoma. Forty-seven full-blood Kichai lived in Oklahoma in 1950. There were only four at the end of the 20th century.

The Kichai are not a distinct federally recognized tribe, but they are instead enrolled in the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes. These tribes live mostly in Southwestern Oklahoma, particularly in Caddo County, to which they were forcibly relocated by the United States Government in the 19th century.

Language
The Kichai language is a member of the Caddoan language family, along with Arikara, Pawnee, and Wichita.

Kai Kai, a Kichai woman from Anadarko, Oklahoma, was the last known fluent speaker of the Kichai language. She collaborated with Dr. Alexander Lesser to record and document the language.

title: Kichai people


text: User talk:69.198.113.152

title: User talk:69.198.113.152


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Maryland Route 170

Maryland Route 170 (MD 170) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs 12.98 mi from MD 175 in Odenton north to MD 2 in Brooklyn Park. MD 170 connects the western Anne Arundel County communities of Odenton and Severn and the North County communities of Linthicum, Pumphrey, and Brooklyn Park with Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI Airport). The highway connects BWI Airport with Interstate 695 (I-695) and MD 100 and forms part of the Airport Loop, a circumferential highway that connects the airport and I-195 with many airport-related services.

MD 170 originally served as the main highway between Baltimore and Fort George G. Meade. This highway, which included part of modern MD 174 west of Severn, was mostly constructed shortly after Camp Meade was established during World War I in the late 1910s. The Odenton–Severn portion of MD 170 was originally built as MD 554 in the 1930s, but became part of MD 170 in the mid-1940s. MD 170 went through another round of upgrades in the early 1940s due to its strategic importance during World War II. The highway originally passed through the area now occupied by BWI Airport. MD 170 was relocated north of MD 176 in the late 1940s during the construction of the airport and south of MD 176 in the late 1950s. The highway has been expanded to four lanes around its interchanges with I-195, I-695, MD 32, and MD 100 and along the perimeter of BWI Airport since the 1960s.

Route description
MD 170 begins at an intersection with MD 175 (Annapolis Road) in Odenton. The highway continues south as county-maintained Piney Orchard Parkway, which leads to the Odenton station on MARC's Penn Line and the Piney Orchard community. MD 170 heads north on Telegraph Road, which begins as a four-lane divided highway but reduces to a two-lane undivided road and passes through an industrial area. The state highway expands to a four-lane divided highway again shortly before its diamond interchange with MD 32 (Patuxent Freeway). MD 170 continues north as a two-lane road with a center left-turn lane that crosses Severn Run. The center turn lane ends as the highway approaches the center of Severn. There, the highway intersects MD 174, which heads west as Reece Road and east as Donaldson Avenue. MD 170 expands to a four-lane divided highway as it approaches its single-point urban interchange with MD 100 (Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway). The highway becomes a four-lane undivided road between MD 100 and its intersection with MD 176 (Dorsey Road) at Harmans. The long ramp from westbound MD 176 to northbound MD 100 is unsigned MD 170A.

MD 170 continues north as Aviation Boulevard and joins the Airport Loop. The highway parallels Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line, which carries MARC's Penn Line, and the hiker-biker BWI Trail. MD 170 meets the eastern end of Stoney Run Road, which heads east and immediately loops back west and crosses over the state highway and the railroad on its way to the BWI Car Rental Facility. The highway intersects the southern terminus of unsigned MD 995 (Amtrak Way), which leads to the BWI Rail Station serving Amtrak and MARC trains, as it gradually curves to the east. MD 170 crosses Kitten Branch immediately before its partial cloverleaf interchange with the eastern terminus of I-195 (Metropolitan Boulevard). The highway passes under the BWI Trail and expands to a divided highway before its intersection with Terminal Road and an at-grade intersection with MTA Maryland's Baltimore Light RailLink. Access to the rail line's BWI Business District station is via Elkridge Landing Road at the next intersection. MD 170 leaves the Airport Loop at its intersection with the northern terminus of MD 162 (Aviation Boulevard), where the highway turns north onto Camp Meade Road.

MD 170 intersects the Baltimore Light RailLink again and begins to parallel it as a two-lane road with a center turn lane. The light rail veers away to the east shortly before the highway's intersection with the northern terminus of MD 762 (Andover Road), where the center turn lane ends. MD 170 enters Linthicum and intersects the light rail line a third time and begins to parallel it again shortly before the Linthicum station in the center of the community. The highway intersects MD 169 (Maple Road) and expands to a four-lane divided highway shortly before its partial cloverleaf interchange with I-695 (Baltimore Beltway). There is no access from MD 170 to eastbound I-695 or from westbound I-695 to MD 170. The highway reduces to a two-lane road again and passes the North Linthicum station just south of MD 648 (Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard) in the center of Pumphrey. MD 170 continues northeast as Belle Grove Road, which veers away from the light rail line. The highway parallels the Patapsco River and passes under I-895 Spur (Harbor Tunnel Thruway) before entering Brooklyn Park. There, MD 170 reaches its northern terminus at a five-way intersection with MD 2, Jack Street, and Hanover Street at the Baltimore city limits. MD 2 heads south as Governor Ritchie Highway toward Glen Burnie and north into the city as Potee Street.

MD 170 is a part of the National Highway System from its southern terminus in Odenton to I-695 in Linthicum. Within that stretch, there are two sections that serve as intermodal passenger transport links: from its southern terminus to MD 32 in Odenton, and from MD 176 to MD 162 along the perimeter of BWI Airport. The portions from MD 32 in Odenton to MD 176 in Severn and from MD 162 to I-695 within Linthicum are National Highway System principal arterials.

History
When the Maryland State Roads Commission applied numbers to state highways, they assigned MD 170 to its current corridor from Severn to Brooklyn Park and to what is now MD 174 from Severn to Fort Meade. The portion of the modern highway from Odenton to Severn was originally MD 554. Much of what was to become MD 170 was constructed along the Old Annapolis Road between Pumphrey and Severn. A portion of this road ran through the hamlet of Wellham Crossroads in the middle of what is now BWI Airport. The highway was paved in macadam from the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard in Pumphrey to Hammonds Ferry Road in Linthicum by 1910. A second section of improved highway was planned by 1910 from Linthicum south to Wellham Crossroads. A section of highway from the current MD 170–MD 174 intersection in Severn west to the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak's Northeast Corridor) was built as a 14 ft concrete road by 1915.

Construction on the highway from Severn to Linthicum became a high priority with the United States' entrance into World War I; the remainder of the Severn–Linthicum highway and the highway from the railroad at Severn southwest to newly established Camp Meade, now collectively called the Camp Meade Road, were paved in 14 to 16 ft concrete between 1916 and 1919. Belle Grove Road from Pumphrey to Brooklyn Park was also paved in concrete in this period of time. A poorly constructed portion of the Camp Meade Road between Wellham Crossroads and Dorsey Road was repaved with asphalt in 1919. MD 170 was relocated at the railroad crossing when the highway's overpass of the Pennsylvania Railroad was completed in 1931. The old road, which is now Severn Station Road west of the tracks and Old Camp Meade Road to the east, became MD 483.

Telegraph Road from Severn to Odenton was built as a concrete road in three sections. The highway was constructed from the right-angle turn in the Camp Meade Road in Severn south to Evergreen Road in 1932 and 1933. Another section of MD 554 was completed from Odenton Road (then MD 180 and later MD 677) in Odenton to a point north of Old Mill Road in 1936. The gap in MD 554 was filled in or shortly after 1940. MD 170 was widened to 23 ft from Brooklyn Park to Pumphrey in 1940. With the outbreak of World War II, MD 170 was designated a road of strategic importance to connect Baltimore with Fort Meade; the highway was reconstructed as a 24 ft asphalt-surfaced concrete road in 1942. By 1946, MD 170 and MD 554 had swapped numbers, with the former now the road from Severn to Odenton.

MD 170 was relocated as a 24 ft road from MD 176 north to what is now the MD 170–MD 162 junction in 1947 and 1948 to make way for the construction of Friendship International Airport. The highway's interchange with the Friendship International Airport Access Road, which was designated MD 46 and later became I-195, was started in 1950, the same year the airport opened, and completed in 1954. South of the airport, MD 170 ran concurrently with MD 176 from the current MD 176–MD 652 intersection west to current MD 170A, which the highway used to connect with the modern alignment of MD 170. The stub of MD 170 north from MD 176 to Friendship Cemetery on the airport reservation became MD 652. MD 170 assumed its present alignment west of MD 170A when the highway was relocated from MD 176 south to the site of the MD 100 interchange as the first carriageway of an ultimate divided highway between 1958 and 1960. The old alignment became much of current MD 652 and the portion of MD 652 north of MD 176 was transferred to county maintenance.

When the expressway spur between MD 168 and U.S. Route 301 (now MD 648) was built between 1951 and 1954, the expressway, which became part of the Baltimore Beltway, included an at-grade intersection with MD 170 between Linthicum and Pumphrey. This junction was replaced with the present interchange in 1967; MD 170 was expanded to a divided highway on either side of the interchange in 1968. MD 170's grade separation with Stoney Run Road on the west side of the airport was built in 1982. The state highway was expanded to a four-lane divided highway from north of I-195 to MD 162 when the adjacent east–west portion of MD 162 was built in 1988. MD 170 was expanded to a four-lane divided highway through its interchange with MD 100 when the single-point urban interchange was built in 1995. MD 170 had been expanded to four lanes through its interchange with MD 32 and from MD 176 through the I-195 interchange, and had its southern terminus rolled back from MD 677 to MD 175, by 1999.

Auxiliary route
MD 170A is the designation for the 0.29 mi one-way ramp from westbound MD 176 to northbound MD 170 southwest of BWI Airport. The ramp is included in the clockwise direction of the Airport Loop and has a spur near its southern end. MD 170A, which has the official designation of MD 170 Spur, was assigned by 1999.

title: Maryland Route 170


text:
Stuart Weitzman

Stuart A. Weitzman (born 1941) is an American shoe designer, philatelist, and founder of the shoe company Stuart Weitzman. Weitzman has designed footwear for Beyoncé and Taylor Swift.

Career
In the late 1950s, Weitzman's father, Seymour Weitzman, and his older brother Warren opened a shoe factory in Haverhill, Massachusetts, called "Seymour Shoes". Weitzman began designing shoes for his father's business in the early 1960s.

Weitzman graduated from George W. Hewlett High School in 1958 and the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1963. When Seymour died in 1965, Warren and Stuart ran the business. They sold the business to a company in Spain in 1971, and Weitzman continued to design shoes for the company. In 1994, he bought back the business, but he continues to manufacture his shoe designs in Spain.

Weitzman is known for providing one-of-a-kind, "million dollar" shoes to Oscar nominees to wear at the Academy Awards such as the pair of platinum sandals adorned with 464 diamonds that actress Laura Harring wore to the 2002 ceremony. For the 2007 Oscars, shoes were designed for and provided to Diablo Cody, who subsequently declined to wear them, stating that she was not aware of nor interested in the publicity attendant with wearing the shoes. Weitzman uses unique materials including cork, vinyl, lucite, wallpaper, and 24-karat gold. His shoes are sold in over 70 countries.

The eponymous company that Weitzman founded has changed hands a number of times. Jones Apparel Group purchased a majority stake in the company in 2010 and later bought the remaining 45 percent of shares retained by Weitzman in 2012. In January 2015, Sycamore Partners LLC (the private equity fund that owns Jones Apparel Group) agreed to sell the company to Coach, the luxury fashion house, for $574M. As part of the deal, Weitzman stayed on as a shoe designer for the company.

In May 2017, Stuart Weitzman Holdings, LLC, appointed Giovanni Morelli as Creative Director and Weitzman stepped down from his role.

Personal life

Weitzman is married to Jane Gershon. Stuart and Jane have two daughters. His daughter Rachael Sage is a singer/songwriter. His daughter Elizabeth is a film critic and children's book author.

On June 17, 2014, Weitzman, who had collected stamps as a child, anonymously purchased the "world's most famous stamp", the British Guiana 1c magenta at a Sotheby's auction in New York for $9.48M, including buyer's premium, the highest price ever paid for a postage stamp. Weitzman later identified himself as the purchaser and lent the stamp to the National Postal Museum for exhibition. In June 2015, Weitzman also identified himself as the owner of the unique plate block of four 1918 U.S. 24-cent Inverted Jennies, widely regarded as the world's most celebrated philatelic printing error. In March 2021 Weitzman revealed himself as having purchased the only legal St. Gaudens 1933 double eagle in 2002 for $7.6M, then the most expensive coin ever sold.

All three items, dubbed the "Three Treasures", were sold at auction by Sotheby's to an anonymous buyer in June 2021. The items sold for $8.3m, $4.93m and $18.9m, respectively.

On February 26, 2019, University of Pennsylvania President Amy Gutmann announced that the School of Design will be renamed the University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design.

title: Stuart Weitzman


text:
A1 Team Indonesia

A1 Team Indonesia was the Indonesian team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series.

Management
A1 Team Indonesia has been operating since January 2008 by Performance Racing, which provide technical and race services. Its team now is managed by Bobby Issazadhe and helped by their new race engineer, Dave Luff. The new team principal is Bagoes Hermanto.

2008–09 season
Driver: Satrio Hermanto, Zahir Ali

2007–08 season
Driver: Satrio Hermanto

Team Indonesia again only managed to score in a single race, this time not scoring until the final race of the season. They finished in 21st position with a single point.

2006–07 season
Drivers: Ananda Mikola, Moreno Soeprapto

Team Indonesia only managed to score in a single race, finishing in 21st position with a single point.

2005–06 season
Driver: Ananda Mikola

In the inaugural season, Team Indonesia scored points on four occasions, finishing in 18th position with 16 points.

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key), "spr" indicate a Sprint Race, "fea" indicate a Main Race.

 * (1) = Since Taupo, New Zealand round, January 2008

title: A1 Team Indonesia


text:
A1 Team Switzerland

A1 Team Switzerland was the Swiss team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series. The team were the A1 Grand Prix champions for the third season, 2007-08.

Management
A1 Team Switzerland is owned by Max Welti.

History
In the inaugural season, Team Switzerland were "best of the rest", with a victory and ten podiums, finishing 2nd in the championship.

Team Switzerland lost their competitive edge in 2006-07, with only a single race victory, and finishing 8th in the championship.

After a spectacular 2007–08 season, Neel Jani single-handedly clinched the championship for Team Switzerland, with four victories and seven podiums.

In 2008–09, after having scored 4 wins and 3 other podium finishes, Neel Jani scored a total of 95 points for Team Switzerland. At the end of the season, the team finished second in the championship, 17 points behind the champions, Team Ireland, and just 3 points ahead of Team Portugal.

Drivers
Rahel Frey and Natacha Gachnang were the two first females to drive an A1 Grand Prix car during a race weekend.

They first drove as test drivers during a test session at Silverstone. Natacha Gachnang drove in the rookie sessions in the 2007-08 Czech round, on October 12, 2007; and Rahel Frey in the 2007-08 Malaysian rookie sessions, on November 23, 2007.

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key), "spr" indicates the Sprint Race, "fea" indicates the Feature Race.

title: A1 Team Switzerland


text:
A1 Team Russia

The A1 Team Russia was the Russian team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series.

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key), "spr" indicate a sprint race, "fea" indicate a main race.

title: A1 Team Russia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Williams Lake, British Columbia (disambiguation)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete (after nearly 2 months of voting) --Cel e stianpower hablamé 17:51, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Williams Lake, British Columbia (disambiguation)
Delete PROPOSE we delete this page and just use the "Williams Lake" (disambiguation) page. We don't need a disambiguation page for each country with a Williams Lake in it. WikiDon 01:01, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Williams Lake . Mindmatrix 21:17, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Aside: in the future, please link to the article you nominated for deletion. I've added the appropriate header.
 * Delete, upon further reflection. Why hasn't this AfD been closed yet? Mindmatrix 13:38, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect to Williams Lake & fix links. Luigizanasi 01:59, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Williams Lake is already a disambiguation page containing all B.C. Williams Lakes; there is nothing to merge. This page is entirely superfluous. -- Corvus 16:13, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A redirect is not necessary. Zhatt  18:48, September 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * October, as per the Julian calendar. --maclean25 02:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 08:13, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete . One dab page for all Williams Lakes worldwide is enough. Grutness...  wha?  10:03, 23 January 1846 (UTC)
 * Delete redundant. Jesse 20:17, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete double redirects and double-disambigs. —Michael Z. 2005-10-14 02:03 Z
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Jamestown, Oklahoma

I would like to be the first to point out that the statistical information is presented in a very silly way.

-Schmitt.

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jamestown, Oklahoma