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Christopher Hyatt

Christopher Hyatt (July 12, 1943 – February 9, 2008), born Alan Ronald Miller, was an American psychologist, occultist, and writer. He was founder and president of New Falcon Publications, an independent publisher specializing in psychedelic and occult literature; Hyatt's press published work by several well-known champions of consciousness expansion, including Israel Regardie, Timothy Leary, Robert Anton Wilson, and Antero Alli.

Hyatt also co-founded the Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn with David Cherubim in Los Angeles on the Vernal Equinox of 1990.

Early life
A native of Chicago, Alan Miller, the son of police lieutenant Leonard Miller and his wife, Bertha Freidman, was born during what he described as the "roaring war years". Writing and speaking as Christopher Hyatt, Miller claimed to have dropped out of high school at the age of sixteen, working instead as a dishwasher and cook, roaming the United States. Miller's obituary states he left high school at 17 and joined the U.S.Navy.

Academic career
Alan Miller was trained in experimental and clinical psychology and practiced as a psychotherapist. The 18 units earned from his military GED towards his first academic career were used at Los Angeles City College, where he studied accounting for two years. He later changed his graduate to General Psychology, earning master's degrees in experimental psychology and medical education and Counseling. He was a member of a Freudian clinic in Southern California. He spent almost a year studying hypnosis at the Hypnosis Motivation Institute in Los Angeles and also studied hypnosis at the University of California, Irvine. Miller held PhDs in both clinical psychology and human behavior and was a Postdoctoral researcher in Criminal Justice. Some of his techniques blended Reichian physiotherapy and tantric yoga. He also incorporated hypnosis alongside his bodywork with patients and students. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Alan R. Miller's research was published in various peer-reviewed articles and professional journals.

Occultism and publishing
Miller's interest in the occult began in his early twenties. His desire to further pursue his studies in magick resulted in meeting Israel Regardie in Studio City in the 1970s. Regardie introduced Miller to Reichian therapy, which he insisted Miller learn prior to any magical pursuits. Regardie further instructed Miller in the magical system of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Miller formed New Falcon Publications in 1980 and, adopting the pseudonym Christopher S. Hyatt, began publishing out of his Sedona, Arizona home.

In 1987 Lon Milo DuQuette initiated Hyatt into Ordo Templi Orientis. Hyatt went on to become a Ninth Degree member of the order. He later co-founded (with David Cherubim) the Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn in Los Angeles on the Vernal Equinox of 1990.

Death
Hyatt died of cancer in Scottsdale, Arizona on February 9, 2008 at the age of 64.

title: Christopher Hyatt


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The Blue Boy

The Blue Boy (c. 1770) is a full-length portrait in oil by Thomas Gainsborough, owned by The Huntington in San Marino, California.

History
One of Gainsborough's best known works, The Blue Boy was long thought to be a portrait of Jonathan Buttall (1752–1805), the son of a wealthy hardware merchant, because of his early ownership of the painting. This identification has never been proven and as Susan Sloman argued in 2013, the likely sitter is Gainsborough's nephew, Gainsborough Dupont (1754–1797). It is a historical costume study as well as a portrait; the youth appears in clothing from the 17th century as the artist's homage to Anthony van Dyck and is very similar to Van Dyck's portraits of young boys, especially his double portrait of brothers George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, and Lord Francis Villiers.

Gainsborough had already drawn something on the canvas before beginning The Blue Boy, which he painted over. The painting is about life-size, measuring 48 in wide by 70 in tall.

In 1821, John Young (1755–1825), a printmaker and keeper of the British Institution, published a reproduction of the painting for the first time and told the story of how the artist painted The Blue Boy to contradict the advice of Sir Joshua Reynolds. As president of the Royal Academy of Arts, Reynolds had lectured publicly on the use of warm and cool colours in his Eighth Discourse presented in 1778. "It ought, in my opinion, to be indispensably observed, that the masses of light in a picture be always of a warm, mellow colour, yellow, red, or a yellowish white, and that the blue, the grey, or the green colours be kept almost entirely out of these masses, and be used only to support or set off these warm colours; and for this purpose, a small proportion of cold colour will be sufficient. Let this conduct be reversed; let the light be cold, and the surrounding colour warm, as we often see in the works of the Roman and Florentine painters, and it will be out of the power of art, even in the hands of Rubens and Titian, to make a picture splendid and harmonious." This origination story appealed to the public's perception of the distinctly different personalities of Reynolds and Gainsborough since it set the two artists in opposition. As president of the Royal Academy, Reynolds was a disciplined advocate of history painting who played an active role in curriculum development and delivery, and the presentation of the annual exhibitions. Gainsborough, on the other hand, was a portrait painter and landscapist and remained aloof from any academic functions. Reynolds was knighted in 1769 and wrote art criticism and delivered lectures while Gainsborough never received sovereign recognition and wrote lively correspondence as his written legacy. These and other real and imagined differences between the two artists were exaggerated in subsequent reports about the creation of The Blue Boy.

Although it eventually became clear that the painting was completed by Gainsborough eight years before Reynolds' Eighth Discourse, the story about how it resulted from a challenge over warm and cool colours was too good to give up. The repeated erroneous account propelled the painting to international fame. The painting was in Buttall's possession until he filed for bankruptcy in 1796. It was first bought by the politician John Nesbitt and then, in 1802, by the portrait painter John Hoppner. In about 1809, The Blue Boy entered the collection of the Earl Grosvenor and remained with his descendants until its sale by the second Duke of Westminster to the California railroad magnate Henry Edward Huntington in 1921. Before its departure to California in 1922, The Blue Boy was briefly put on display at the National Gallery in London, where it was seen by 90,000 people. The British recognized the loss of Gainsborough's painting in several notable ways including its appearance on stage towards the end of the Mayfair and Montmartre variety show at the New Oxford Theatre in spring 1922. Framed on stage, dressed as the boy in the painting, and flanked by cowboys and Indians, the celebrity Nellie Taylor sang Cole Porter's "The Blue Boy Blues".

The Grosvenor family played a significant role in the increasing fame of The Blue Boy during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They not only allowed visitors into their London residence to see the painting, they also frequently lent the painting to important exhibitions, including the Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester in 1857 when The Blue Boy captured the attention of viewers who had likely never previously given much thought to fine art. Gallery guides and exhibition publications passed on the story of the disputed origins of the painting and claimed that "there is nothing which has attracted more universal admiration than this 'far-famed' painting." The painting was subsequently exhibited to much public acclaim at the Great London Exposition in 1862, the Royal Academy and the South Kensington Museum in 1870, the Grosvenor Gallery in 1885, and the Royal Academy in 1896, when it was identified as "the most famous of all of his pictures" by a review in the London Times.

In addition to viewing Gainsborough's Blue Boy in public venues, the painting also appeared in publications and as individual black-and-white and colour prints. It became a popular ceramic figure and showed up in advertisements. The boy in blue also came alive with men, women, boys, and girls dressing up in similar costumes and pretending to be Gainsborough's youth at fancy-dress balls and marriage ceremonies, in pantomimes and plays, and eventually in movies and television programmes.

When girls and women masqueraded as Gainsborough's Blue Boy on stage and screen, they brought about a gradual feminization of the youth. By the early 20th century, Marlene Dietrich was photographed in a Blue Boy costume and Shirley Temple appeared as Gainsborough's youth in the movie Curly Top in 1935. Shortly after the painting showed up in the main entrance of the Cleaver family residence during the third season of the Leave it to Beaver show in 1959, viewers increasingly associated feminine traits with the boy in blue, leading to his connection to an emergent gay culture.

In September 1970, The Blue Boy was "outed" in the pages of Mad Magazine in a strip called "Prissy Percy". In the four-panel strip, artist Jack Rickard and writer Frank Jacobs used contemporary stereotypes of homosexuality to contrast Gainsborough's boy in blue with a group of football players. Stereotypes linking The Blue Boy and homosexuality were well established when Hank Ketcham, the creator of "Dennis the Menace," cast Gainsborough's boy in blue as a "sissy" in a multi-panel strip that included a line by Dennis confusing the painter Gainsborough and the Beat poet and gay peacenik Allen Ginsberg. In 1974, former TV Guide advertising manager Don N. Embinder (a.k.a. Don Westbrook) published the first issue of Blueboy Magazine, an upscale, gay bi-monthly magazine with nude photography, slick advertisements, and articles by writers such as Christopher Isherwood and Randy Shilts. Rescuing Gainsborough's Blue Boy from sissiness, Embrinder introduced him as the embodiment of the recently liberated gay man. The premier issue featured a bright blue cover with a photograph of a young man dressed up as Gainsborough's boy in blue from the waist up. Embinder re-appropriated Gainsborough's Blue Boy from the funny pages and transformed a derogatory stereotype into an emblem of pride.

Among the gay artists who have embraced The Blue Boy as a symbol of gay emancipation are Robert Lambert (a member of Les Petites Bon-Bons), Howard Kottler, and Léopold Foulem.

The Blue Boy was temporarily loaned to the National Gallery, London, and placed on view on 25 January 2022, a century to the day since it left the UK in 1922. It remained in the National Gallery for five months before returning to the US permanently.

In October 2021, Kehinde Wiley's Portrait of a Young Gentleman was installed opposite to Gainsborough's Blue Boy in the Huntington Museum of Art.

In popular culture
In Quentin Tarantino's film Django Unchained, the main character Django, a freed slave, chooses to wear an outfit similar to that worn by Gainsborough's subject in The Blue Boy.

It inspired the 1980s Garbage Pail Kid "Blue Boy George" (fifth series).

In 1985, the picture was referenced in the song "Art is for Your Heart" on the Muppet Babies episode "The Muppet Museum of Art", with Gonzo wondering about the painting and Kermit stating the subject's possible preference for green clothing.

The painting is also seen in the movie Batman (1989) as hanging in Gotham museum, and again in the Joker (2019) movie hanging in smaller form in the Joker's apartment.

The third season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation "Hollow Pursuits" features Reginald Barclay's holodeck replica of Wesley Crusher dressed in an outfit similar to The Blue Boy.

In the introduction of the television series Pee-wee's Playhouse (1986-1990), the painting can be seen hanging in the background while Pee-wee is singing the theme song.

In the Disney Series Wizards of Waverly Place (2007-2012) the Blue Boy is also shown in Episode 21 of Season 1.

The painting is seen hanging in Vincent Ludwig's office in the film The Naked Gun.

In the movie Ghostbusters 2 (1989), the character Janosz Poha contrasts a large portrait of the fictional 16th-century sorcerer Vigo the Carpathian with Gainsborough's Blue Boy.

A split-second image in Teacher's Pet shows a parody of the painting featuring Leonard.

Over the credits of Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, a parody of the painting featuring Gus dressed in this outfit is shown.

It appears as an in-game item in the Animal Crossing series.

The Blue Boy inspired pop artist Robert Rauschenberg to pursue a painting career. It is often paired with a painting by Thomas Lawrence called Pinkie that sits opposite to it at the Huntington Library.

On "Mr. Toad's Wild Ride" in Disneyland California, before exiting your car, you can spot a painting of Toad posing while dressed all in blue and holding a feathered hat. This is a Toad-themed reproduction of Gainsborough's oil painting The Blue Boy.

The Blue Boy painting is a heavily-used prop in the 1929 Laurel and Hardy comedy Wrong Again.

The painting is also referenced in the movie Coraline as a portrait in the Pink Palace's hearth room.

The painting is seen leaning against the wall in the storage room of the Salem police station in the Season 7 episode of Bewitched 'Samantha's Hot Bedwarmer' which is the second part of the 8 part story arc 'The Salem Saga' ( S7 E4). Production of Bewitched moved to Salem in June 1970 due to a fire at the Hollywood studio.

In the BBC sitcom Keeping Up Appearances episode The Country House Sale (series 5, episode 6), Hyacinth is looking to buy a painting that is similar to The Blue Boy.

The Blue Boy is parodied in the Pelswick episode "Wheeldini."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Blue Boy


text:
Zaza (play)

Zaza is a French-language play written by playwrights Pierre Berton and, and staged for the first time at the Théâtre du Vaudeville in Paris, in May 1898. The title character is a prostitute who becomes a music hall entertainer and the mistress of a married man.

The play is probably best known in the English-speaking world in the adaptation of the same title by David Belasco, which premiered at the Lafayette Square Opera House in Washington, D.C., in December 1898, and subsequently opened at the Garrick Theatre in New York City, in January 1899. It is also the source material for the 1900 opera Zazà by Ruggero Leoncavallo.

A substantial difference between the two stagings is that in the original French play, Zaza and her married customer resume their relationship after she becomes a successful performer, whereas in the American adaptation, they do not reunite.

Films

 *  (France, 1913, dir., with Maria Ventura
 * Zaza (1915, dir. Edwin S. Porter and Hugh Ford), with Pauline Frederick
 * Zaza (1923, dir. Allan Dwan), with Gloria Swanson
 * Zaza (1939, dir. George Cukor), with Claudette Colbert
 *  (Italy, 1944, dir. Renato Castellani), with Isa Miranda
 * Zaza (France, 1956, dir. René Gaveau), with

title: Zaza (play)


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Second War

Second War may refer to:

 * World War II (1939–1945)

Other wars

 * Second Sacred War (449–448 BC)
 * Second Samnite War (326–304 BC)
 * Second Punic War (218–202 BC)
 * Second Macedonian War (200–196 BC)
 * Second Servile War (104–103 BC)
 * Second Mithridatic War (83–82 BC)
 * Second Crusade (1145–1148)
 * Second Barons' War (1264–1267)
 * Second War of Scottish Independence (1328–1357)
 * Second Italian War (1499–1504)
 * Second War of Kappel (1531)
 * Second Bishops' War (1640)
 * Second English Civil War (1648–1649)
 * Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667)
 * Second Silesian War (1744–1745)
 * Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784)
 * Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805)
 * Second War against Napoleon (1813–1814)
 * Second Barbary War (1815)
 * Second Seminole War (1835–1842)
 * Second Carlist War (1846–1849)
 * Second Anglo-Sikh war (1848–1849)
 * Second Anglo-Burmese War (1853)
 * Second Opium War (1856–1860)
 * Second Italian War of Independence (1859)
 * Second Schleswig War (1864)
 * Second Taranaki War (1864–1866)
 * Second Matabele War (1896–1897)
 * Second Boer War (1899–1902)
 * Second Balkan War (1913)
 * Second Zhili–Fengtian War (1924)
 * Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–1936)
 * Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
 * Second Cod War (1972–1973)
 * Second Gulf War, one of three wars in the last two decades of the twentieth century and in the first decade of the twenty-first century
 * Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)
 * Second Congo War (1998–2004)
 * Second Chechen War (1999–2009)
 * Second Liberian Civil War (1999–2003)
 * Second Lebanon War (2006), the Israeli name for the 2006 Lebanon War

Fictional

 * Second Bloody Valentine War
 * Second Robotech War
 * Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness, a computer game

title: Second War


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Guilford Courthouse National Military Park

Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, at 2332 New Garden Road in Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina, commemorates the Battle of Guilford Court House, fought on March 15, 1781. This battle opened the campaign that led to American victory in the Revolutionary War. Though they won the battle, the casualties suffered by the British in this battle contributed to their surrender at Yorktown seven months later. The battlefield is preserved as a National Military Park and operated by the National Park Service (NPS). Based on research of historical evidence, the interpretation of the battle has changed since the late 20th century, which will affect the placement of monuments and markers.

Battlefield preservation
In 1886, local resident David Schenck initiated plans to gain control of the land to commemorate the Guilford Courthouse battleground as a park. The following year, he chartered the non-profit Guilford Battle Ground Company (GBGC) to advance such efforts. From an early date, he planned on the group's donating the property it purchased to the federal government. When the US Congress finally established Guilford Courthouse as a national military park in 1917, the GBGC turned over its 125 acre at no charge. Without David Schenck's generosity, it is entirely possible that the park would not exist today.

Although generous in starting the park, the years of control by the GBGC left a mixed legacy. First, Schenck did not preserve the terrain in its approximate historical state, but beautified the landscape for a pleasing experience. Before the grounds were established as a military park, state historical societies began to erect monuments in the area purchased by the GBGC. Although well-meant, these monuments and interpretations were not based on researched evidence and were often constructed in convenient, if inaccurate, locations.

Second, he adopted an interpretation of the battle that encompassed a much smaller area than is indicated by contemporary accounts. Historians believe his limited funds, coupled with landowners' demanding top dollar, influenced his interpretation. This misled researchers and historical groups who relied on his work; they placed historical monuments and markers in the wrong spots. It also hampered government efforts to acquire land or resist development in areas outside the original area designated as a battleground by Schenck. Since his time, the expanding city of Greensboro approached and encircled the park with private development, destroying some battlefield areas. When the National Park Service assumed responsibility for the park, their historians and researchers sought to clarify the accuracy of the locations of the battle. The renewed accuracy places many of the monuments in locations that had very little reference to the actual battle.

Today, the National Park Service has moved beyond Schenck's interpretation of the battle with a more researched understanding of the battle's events. It hopes to reconstruct the battlefield and its monuments to be consistent with historical evidence. A revived Guilford Battleground Company supports preservation efforts for Guilford Courthouse National Military Park and Colonial Heritage Center, where British forces assembled for their advance.

The park is linked by a bicycle path to the adjoining Greensboro Country Park, and residents use both for jogging and cycling.

Administrative history
The military park was established on March 2, 1917. It was transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service on August 10, 1933. As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the military park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, when it was established. The park's nomination was substantially updated in 1996, and in 2001 it was designated a National Historic Landmark.


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Talk:Guillaume d'Orange

A merge of two names for the one figure is always good. The essential point, which is not yet sufficiently brought out, is the distinction between the historical figure, as much as can be discerned of him, and the hero of romance. There is a comparable situation with King Arthur.--Wetman 17:09, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guillaume d'Orange


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Talk:Liberec

Untitled
Sentence "It is surrouned by Jizera Mountains and Ještěd-Kozákov Ridge." should be added (as in CS version), unfortunately it somehow does not fit to the current structure. JanSuchy 13:15, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. ;) Karasek (talk) 06:20, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

"After World War I, the ethnic German majority in the Sudetenland refused to be incorporated into Czechoslovakia, citing Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and the doctrine of Self Determination. An independent Sudeten German state was briefly formed with Reichenberg as the Capital. However, the Czechoslovak Army invaded the area and it was after all integrated into Czechoslovakia."

It should be World War II, shouldn't it? --Ratego (talk) 15:05, 4 November 2009 (UTC)
 * No. Karasek (talk) 17:12, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

A. J. Corda is missing in the list of the persons from Liberec. --Ratego (talk) 15:53, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Beneš decrees and transfer
Transfer/expulsion of German inhabitants of Reichenberg/Liberec was NOT based on president Benes decrees. That is widespread mistake. The "sinner" is Potsdam Agreement and the Allies. See paragraph 12: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement jirgen —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.0.197.146 (talk) 20:54, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Recent Edit: History
My recent edit was genuinely aimed at improving that paragraph and no POV was intended. The paragraph was badly written, with mistakes in the grammar and lots of repetition. I believe I did not add to or remove any information that was contained in it and simply improved the paragraph. I would appreciate some clarification on what part of the edit was objectionable. Globo (talk) 05:49, 28 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Your edit was perfectly fine. I reverted back to your version and changed it a bit. I hope it's OK. Karasek (talk) 08:18, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

Linking

 * The Guide to writing better articles says: "When you do create links, link only one or a few instances of the same term; don't link all instances of it."
 * Avoiding common mistakes warns against "Over-Wikifying": "Wikipedia thrives on internal links, but keep it within reason."
 * Also, links should be made only where they are relevant to the article, and not to every word. See Make only links relevant to the context.

WP:OVERLINK specifically says:
 * "Unless they are particularly relevant to the topic of the article, it is generally inappropriate to link:
 * plain English words;
 * terms whose meaning would be understood by almost all readers;
 * items that would be familiar to most readers, such as the names of major geographic features and locations, religions, languages, common professions and common units of measurement (particularly if a conversion is provided);
 * dates."

Ground Zero | t 20:27, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liberec


text:
Monible

Monible is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merged to form the new municipality of Petit-Val.

History
Monible is first mentioned in 1403 as Montnible, though this comes from document that was written in 1414. In 1537 it was mentioned as Monible.

For much of its history, Monible was part of the Amt or township of Sornetan under the provost of Moutier-Grandval Abbey who was under the Prince-Bishop of Basel. Most of the village was destroyed by a fire in 1743. After the 1798 French invasion, Monible became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Monible was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

The village's population has been steadily declining since the 19th century. In 1956 the municipal primary school closed and today only a kindergarten is open.

Geography
Before the merger, Monible had a total area of 3.4 km2. As of 2012, a total of 1.65 km2 or 48.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.62 km2 or 47.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.05 km2 or 1.5% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.03 km2 or 0.9% is unproductive land.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 0.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.9%. Out of the forested land, 43.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 36.0% is pastures and 11.2% is used for alpine pastures.

Monible is a small hamlet located on a hill near the Sornetan.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent a Pigeon Azure holding in beak a Horse-Shue Gules on a Mount Vert.

Demographics
Monible had a population (as of 2013) of 36. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -14%. Migration accounted for -16.3%, while births and deaths accounted for 2.3%.

Most of the population speaks French (31 or 88.6%) as their first language with the rest speaking German.

, the population was 53.5% male and 46.5% female. The population was made up of 22 Swiss men (51.2% of the population) and 1 (2.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 20 Swiss women (46.5%) and (0.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 12 or about 34.3% were born in Monible and lived there in 2000. There were 16 or 45.7% who were born in the same canton, while 7 or 20.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.2%.

, there were 13 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 20 married individuals, 1 widow or widower and 1 individual who was divorced.

, there were 3 households that consist of only one person and 2 households with five or more people. , a total of 15 apartments (83.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 3 apartments (16.7%) were seasonally occupied. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 4.76%. In 2011, single family homes made up 52.6% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Forêts du Beucle, a medieval iron mine, is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was another local party which received 36.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Swiss People's Party (SVP) (27.3%), the Green Party (18.2%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (7.7%). In the federal election, a total of 19 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 65.5%.

Economy
, Monible had an unemployment rate of 0.96%. , there were a total of 15 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 13 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 3 businesses involved in this sector. No one was employed in the secondary sector. 2 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 2 businesses in this sector. There were 25 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 32.0% of the workforce.

there were a total of 10 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 8, all of which were in agriculture. There were no jobs in the secondary sector. That left two jobs in the tertiary sector, one was in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles and one was in the information industry.

, there were 3 workers who commuted into the municipality and 13 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 4.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 12 workers (80.0% of the 15 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Monible. Of the working population, 4% used public transportation to get to work, and 52% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Monible making 150,000 CHF was 13%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.1%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 18 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 6 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There was one person who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The greatest number of workers, 7, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Monible was 84,650 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.

Religion
From the, 31 or 88.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 3 or 8.6% were Roman Catholic. 1 belonged to no church, was agnostic or atheist.

Education
In Monible about 44.4% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 18.5% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 5 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 80.0% were Swiss men, 20.0% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 15 students attending classes in Monible. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 15 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 13.3% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 6 students attending any school in the municipality. All 6 of the students came from another municipality. During the same year, one resident attended school outside the municipality.

title: Monible


text:
Southeast Peninsula, Sulawesi

The Southeast Peninsula is a peninsula of Sulawesi (Celebes), lying between the Gulf of Tolo and the Gulf of Boni. It is mostly coterminous with the province of Southeast Sulawesi. The largest city on the peninsula is Kendari.

Several islands are situated off its south-eastern tip, including Muna and Buton.

title: Southeast Peninsula, Sulawesi


text:
Perrefitte

Perrefitte is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). Its old German names Beffert and Pfeffert are no longer in use today.

History
Perrefitte is first mentioned in 1295 as Pierefite. In 1321 appears the Perefiten terminology, then followed by Pierefetteau, and in 1548 Pierrefette. This name is derived from the Latin “petra ficta”. The village remains incorporated to the Moutier-Grandval community until the end of the 18th century. From 1797 to 1815, Perrefitte belongs to France, within the French Department of Mont-Terrible.

As from 1800, it becomes a part of the Haut-Rhin Department, to which the department of Mont-Terrible was attached.

By decision of the congress of Vienna, the territory of the old Basel diocese was allotted to canton of Bern, in 1815.

Geography
Perrefitte is located at 600 meters of altitude. This old agricultural village lies 2 km west of Moutier, in the chain of the Jura Mountains, on the left bank of the Chalière brook, which merges into the Birse river in Moutier. It is the western part of the Grand Val (valley of Moutier). In the southern area Combe Fabet, a kind of small throat has formed a secondary valley, from where the Chalière flows down. The Moron mountain marks the southern border of the community, rising to 1140 m of altitude. To the North, the communal territory extends to the chain from Mountain of Moutier, which constitutes the highest point of Perrefitte with its height of 1158 m.

The bordering communities are Moutier, Champoz and Souboz in canton of Bern, and Soulce in canton of Jura

Perrefitte has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 2.61 km2 or 30.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.64 km2 or 65.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.34 km2 or 4.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is unproductive land.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 2.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.3%. Out of the forested land, 62.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 2.8% is used for growing crops and 15.9% is pastures and 11.4% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Argent and Gules two Keys counterchanged adorsed.

Demographics
Perrefitte has a population of. , 11.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -3.3%. Migration accounted for -2.9%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.6%.

Most of the population speaks French (401 or 84.2%) as their first language, German is the second most common (44 or 9.2%) and Italian is the third (14 or 2.9%).

, the population was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. The population was made up of 201 Swiss men (41.9% of the population) and 31 (6.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 223 Swiss women (46.5%) and 25 (5.2%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 131 or about 27.5% were born in Perrefitte and lived there in 2000. There were 161 or 33.8% who were born in the same canton, while 110 or 23.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 56 or 11.8% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 18.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 21.6%.

, there were 180 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 259 married individuals, 28 widows or widowers and 9 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 54 households that consist of only one person and 13 households with five or more people. , a total of 197 apartments (82.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 33 apartments (13.9%) were seasonally occupied and 8 apartments (3.4%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 8.66%. In 2011, single family homes made up 66.5% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 42.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (14.4%), the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP) (11%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (8%). In the federal election, a total of 169 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 50.3%.

Economy
Perrefitte was characterized for a long time by agriculture. Then, following the industrialization of Moutier, some small companies were established along the Chalière, at the border of Moutier. Within the last decades the village was transformed into a quiet residential area. Now, many of its inhabitants work in nearby Moutier or commute even much further.

, Perrefitte had an unemployment rate of 1.07%. , there were a total of 78 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 26 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 15 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 9 businesses in this sector. 37 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 14 businesses in this sector. There were 233 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 35.6% of the workforce.

there were a total of 52 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 16, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 11 of which 7 or (63.6%) were in manufacturing and 3 (27.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 25. In the tertiary sector; 4 or 16.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 4 or 16.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 9 or 36.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 8.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 3 or 12.0% were in education.

, there were 26 workers who commuted into the municipality and 173 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 6.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 60 workers (69.8% of the 86 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Perrefitte.

Of the working population, 5.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 69.1% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Perrefitte making 150,000 CHF was 13.1%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.3%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 201 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 57 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 3 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Perrefitte was 104,372 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 2.3% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

Religion
From the, 186 or 39.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 143 or 30.0% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 53 individuals (or about 11.13% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 17 (or about 3.57% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 60 (or about 12.61% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 14 individuals (or about 2.94% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Perrefitte about 57% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 12.5% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 37 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 59.5% were Swiss men, 18.9% were Swiss women, 16.2% were non-Swiss men.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 29 students attending classes in Perrefitte. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 8 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 25.0% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 12.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had one primary class and 21 students. Of the primary students, 14.3% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 9.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 37 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 36 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while one student came from another municipality. During the same year, 34 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The community lies along the cantonal road which connects Moutier with Bellelay via Souboz. Soon, with the finalization of the "transjura" motorway A16, which shall connect the Swiss motorway network with that of France, Perrefitte shall obtain a fast access to the other areas.

Sport
Over the past years, Perrefitte has become, during one weekend, the Swiss capital of the VTT, when the races of SwissPowerCup and Bike Cup Watch Valley proceed through the splendid landscapes of the mountains of the Jura.

Gastronomy
The gastronomic guide Gault-Millau mentions a restaurant in Perrefitte: the Restaurant de l’Etoile (13 points out of 20 in the guide 2005)

title: Perrefitte


text:
Talk:William of Gellone

Merge
A merge of two names for the one figure is always good. The essential point, which is not yet sufficiently brought out, is the distinction between the historical figure, as much as can be discerned of him, and the hero of romance. There is a comparable situation with King Arthur.--Wetman 17:09, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

This needed to be fixed a bit. But someone else should'be done it. Srnec 05:33, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Merovingian
What is the basis for the Merovingian heritage recently removed from this page? Srnec 02:28, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

There is no source for a Merovingian heritage of William, except claims by people involved in theories about things like this. Trust a former believer. Str1977 (smile back) 08:48, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Right! The present text "Through his mother Aldana, daughter of Charles Martel, he was kinsman, as well as trusted comes, of Charlemagne" is correct. One might say he was a Carolingian. --Wetman 23:05, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * And this is the fact behind the expression "ex stirpe regis" (from the king's kin) which pseudo-scholars use as the basis for the Merovingian claim. Str1977 (smile back) 23:11, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Since the claims about the Merovingian connection are showing up in pop culture (I just watched it go by on a TLC documentary), I decided to add at least a "Pop culture references" section to the article which covers the claims in HBHG. I've tried to make it as neutral as possible, though if anyone wants to tweak the wording, feel free.  Also, I've been unable to find any Wikipedia page that covers William's alleged father, Theodoric, King of the Jews of Septimania.  Is this something that's a complete fabrication from HBHG, or should we perhaps make another page about him, or am I just searching on the wrong name, like I should expand to Theodorich or Thierry or something? --Elonka 15:12, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

redirect
I discovered that "Guillem" redirected to this article, which seems bizzare to me since Guillem is only in the article as an alternate first name. I just changed it so that now it redirects to the page on Sylvie Guillem, a ballet dancer. I also noticed that "Gellone" redirects to "Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert." Maybe there should be disambiguation somewhere so that people can find this article? I don't know if this is correct protocol or whatever, since I'm pretty new to editing Wikipedia. I will leave that to someone with more experience than me. Coppelia 01:50, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Discussion on WikiProject France talk page
Please come participate in the discussion over at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject France. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 17:19, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

Witcher?
Is this vandalism? 79.106.203.55 (talk) 10:32, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:William of Gellone


text:
User:Qimmiq

/qim:iq/ [qim:eq] 'dog'.

title: User:Qimmiq


text:
South Peninsula, Sulawesi

The South Peninsula is one of the four principal peninsulas on the island of Sulawesi, stretching south from the central part of the island. It is part of the province of South Sulawesi. The southern peninsula is the most densely populated peninsula in Sulawesi; over 45% of the population of Sulawesi (or 8.8 million people) are on the southern peninsula. Inhabited by an Austronesian people who came thousands of years ago. The largest ethnic group in Sulawesi is the Bugis, followed by Makassar and Toraja.

Mount Lompobattang lies near the southern tip of this peninsula. and the latimojong mountain is the highest mountain in the southern peninsula of sulawesi and on the island of sulawesi.

History
South Peninsula was first inhabited by humans about 30,000 years ago. The archaeological remains of the earliest inhabitants were discovered in caves near limestone hills around Maros, about 30 km northeast of Makassar, the capital of the South Sulawesi province. Pebble and flake stone tools have been collected from the river terraces in the valley of Walanae, among Soppeng and Sengkang, including the bones from giant pig and elephant species that are now extinct. Hand print paintings, estimated to be around 35,000 to 40,000 years old, have been found in the Pettakere cave, located 12 km from the town of Maros and 30 km from Makassar. During the golden era of the spice trade, from the 15th to 19th centuries, South Sulawesi served as the gateway to the Maluku Islands.

At around the 14th century in South Sulawesi there were a number of small kingdoms, including two prominent ones, the Kingdom of Gowa near Makassar and the Bugis kingdom located in Bone. In 1530, the kingdom of Gowa began development and in the mid 16th century, Gowa become one of the most important trade centers in eastern Indonesia. In 1605, the King of Gowa embraced Islam and made the kingdom of Gowa Islamist and between the years 1608 and 1611, the Kingdom of Gowa conquered the kingdom of Bugis so that Islam could be spread to the regions of Makassar and Bone.

title: South Peninsula, Sulawesi


text:
River Don Engine

The River Don Engine is a 1904-built steam engine used for hot rolling steel armour plate. It is a 3-cylinder simple engine of 40 in diameter, 48 in stroke. At its operating steam pressure of 160psi, it developed 12000 hp, and was able to reverse from full speed in 2 seconds. The rapid reverse was an essential feature of an engine used for rolling, as delays would result in cooling of the workpiece. This engine was one of four built to the same design, one going overseas to the Japanese Government, one to John Brown's Atlas plant, and the destination of the final one being William Beardmore of Glasgow. It is claimed to be one of the most powerful steam engines ever built, and the most powerful remaining in Europe.

The River Don Engine worked for over 50 years at Cammell's mill before being moved first to British Steel's River Don plant (hence its name) and then in 1978 to its present home at the Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield. The engine was last used for commercial work in the 1970s, to roll out reactor shield plates for nuclear power plants.

The engine is normally regularly demonstrated at the museum, without load, and under 100 psi of steam pressure. It had to be taken out of service following the floods of July 2007, which extensively damaged the museum and parts of the engine, but was restored to working order in 2008.

title: River Don Engine


text:
Pontenet

Pontenet is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Bévilard, Malleray and Pontenet merged to form the new municipality of Valbirse.

History
Pontenet is first mentioned in 1359 as Pontenat.

By 1371 Bellelay Abbey was one of the major landholders in the village. In 1515 they granted their lands in the village to Grosjean Girod de Loveresse. During the Early Modern era it was administered by the provost of Moutier-Grandval for the Prince-Bishop of Basel. In 1750 the Birs river flooded and destroyed the village mill, sawmill and bridge over the river. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Pontenet became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Pontenet was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815. Throughout its history it was part of the parish of Bévilard.

In 1876 the Tavannes-Court branch line was built off the main Biel-Sonceboz-Delémont-Basel railroad. However, it was over forty years later, in 1918, that the train finally stopped in Pontenet. A few small workshops developed along the road and railroad into town.

Geography
Before the merger, Pontenet had a total area of 2.7 km2. As of 2012, a total of 1.32 km2 or 48.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.21 km2 or 44.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.17 km2 or 6.2% is settled (buildings or roads).

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 4.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.5%. Out of the forested land, 38.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 5.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 8.8% is used for growing crops and 12.8% is pastures, while 1.5% is used for orchards or vine crops and 25.3% is used for alpine pastures.

The municipality is located in the Tavannes valley, at the foot of Moron mountain.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules a Bridge Argent and a Mullet of the same. The bridge (pont) makes this an example of canting arms.

Demographics
Pontenet had a population (as of 2013) of 217. , 9.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 3.3%. Migration accounted for 2.9%, while births and deaths accounted for 0%.

Most of the population speaks French (170 or 89.5%) as their first language, German is the second most common (18 or 9.5%) and Italian is the third (1 or 0.5%).

, the population was 51.7% male and 48.3% female. The population was made up of 94 Swiss men (45.0% of the population) and 14 (6.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 95 Swiss women (45.5%) and 6 (2.9%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 53 or about 27.9% were born in Pontenet and lived there in 2000. There were 79 or 41.6% who were born in the same canton, while 37 or 19.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 15 or 7.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 25% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19%.

, there were 73 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 100 married individuals, 9 widows or widowers and 8 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 26 households that consist of only one person and 6 households with five or more people. , a total of 77 apartments (79.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 14 apartments (14.4%) were seasonally occupied and 6 apartments (6.2%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.8 new units per 1000 residents. In 2011, single family homes made up 65.4% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Social Democratic Party (SP) which received 32.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Swiss People's Party (SVP) (26.2%), another local party (7.9%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (6.4%). In the federal election, a total of 85 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 55.2%.

Economy
, Pontenet had an unemployment rate of 1.28%. , there were a total of 42 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 10 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. 9 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 2 businesses in this sector. 23 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 6 businesses in this sector. There were 95 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.3% of the workforce.

there were a total of 30 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 6, all in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 8, all in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 16. In the tertiary sector; 13 or 81.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles while 2 or 12.5% were in education.

, there were 30 workers who commuted into the municipality and 73 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 22 workers (42.3% of the 52 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Pontenet. Of the working population, 4.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 74.7% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Pontenet making 150,000 CHF was 13.2%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.4%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 84 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 24 made over 75,000 CHF per year. The greatest number of workers, 30, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Pontenet was 121,983 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 1.4% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

Religion
From the, 117 or 61.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 38 or 20.0% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 5 individuals (or about 2.63% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Islamic. 25 (or about 13.16% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 4 individuals (or about 2.11% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Pontenet about 55.9% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 12.7% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 15 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 73.3% were Swiss men, 20.0% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 17 students attending classes in Pontenet. There were no kindergarten classes in the municipality. The municipality had one primary class and 17 students. Of the primary students, 17.6% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 17.6% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 21 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 20 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while one student came from another municipality. During the same year, 10 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Pontenet


text:
Edgar Leonard

Edgar Welch Leonard (June 19, 1881 – October 7, 1948) was a Harvard graduate and male tennis player from the United States.

He is best known for his gold medal at the St. Louis Olympics (1904) in the men's doubles event, with partner Beals Wright. In the men's singles event he won a bronze medal.

Leonard reached the semifinals of the U.S. National Championships in 1904 and the quarterfinals in 1901 and 1906.

At the Cincinnati Open in 1904, Leonard was a singles quarterfinalist and a doubles finalist (with Beals Wright).

title: Edgar Leonard


text:
We Are Scientists

We Are Scientists is a New York City-based rock band that formed in Berkeley, California, in 1999. It consists primarily of guitarist and vocalist Keith Murray and bass guitarist Chris Cain, with drummer Keith Carne joining the band in the studio and for live performances since 2013.

The band have released eight studio albums, not including their early release Safety, Fun, and Learning (In That Order), which the band have gone on to describe as more of a rough draft, than a proper album. The band's breakthrough success came with their debut studio album, With Love and Squalor, which sold 100,000 copies in the first six months. This was followed by the releases of Brain Thrust Mastery in 2008, Barbara in 2010, TV en Français in 2014, Helter Seltzer in 2016, Megaplex in 2018, Huffy in 2021 and Lobes in 2023.

As well as music, Keith and Chris are known for their comedy, often injecting humour into their interviews, press-releases and off-the-cuff jokes at their live shows. This has been carried over as part of producing many of their own music video treatments and their 2009 series of television shorts Steve Wants His Money made for MTV, as well as a podcast series titled Dumpster Dive in 2020.

1999–2004: Formation and Safety, Fun, and Learning
Keith Murray and Chris Cain met in 1997 whilst attending Pomona College in Claremont, California. Keith had just transferred to Pomona and Chris was holding a Dawson's Creek viewing party and quickly bonded over a mutual love of stand-up comedy, film and television. In late 1999, after graduating and moving to Berkeley, California, they hatched the idea for the band. Murray and Cain, along with their roommate, Scott Lamb, a fellow alum from Pomona College, cofounded the group. Lamb originally played guitar and provided vocals, whilst Cain played bass and Murray played drums as well as handling vocals. The three of them chose the name We Are Scientists, after renting a truck from U-Haul. When they returned it, the inspector, after looking them up and down and assessing their wardrobe, asked if they were scientists. Some publications later claimed their band name to be a reference to a Cap'n Jazz song of the same name, whilst others believing it to be a homage to the Guided by Voices track "I Am a Scientist", both of which the band have unequivocally denied. Touching on the subject in their Dumpster Dive podcast, Cain jested "I can say that pretty unequivocally that if we had known of Cap'n Jazz at the time of naming our band, we would not have named it We Are Scientists.". When it came to songwriting, Keith, Scott and Chris' were particularly influenced by films, comic books, with many of their earliest songs about fighting monsters.

Keith and Chris moved to the Los Angeles area in late 2000, without Scott, recruiting Michael Tapper, whom they'd known during their time at Pomona, and who was in his last year at adjoining Harvey Mudd College. Michael would take drums over from Keith, who would now be the band's vocalist and guitarist, whilst Cain would continue playing bass. Moving again, the band relocated to Brooklyn, New York in 2001 and began recording material in November, 2001. The band finished recording in January 2002, completing 12 tracks - two of which credit former member Scott Lamb. The releases title was announced on March 14, 2002, on the band's official website as Safety, Fun, and Learning (In That Order) for release in April 2002 through the band's own label, Devious Semantics. Due to issues with setting up their own label, it wasn't until June that the band were able to release the record. The summer saw them reunite with original vocalist Scott Lamb. In October after several months of performing in California and New York, amongst other places the band recorded their first EP, available originally only at live shows Bitching! was released on October 14, 2002, and featured 6 tracks. Later Bitching! was made available online on January 16, 2003. In March 2003 the band announced they would be heading to the recording studio with Paolo DeGregorio on April 1 to record a second EP; In Action, which was released through MotherWest records in October 2003, featuring 6 tracks.

A year after recording In Action the band headed once more to the recording studio with Los Angeles-based producer Chris Fudurich, where they recorded rough versions of "The Great Escape", "Scene Is Dead" and "This Means War", which would make up half of the band's final independently released EP The Wolf's Hour, other tracks included "Callbacks Under The Sea", "Inaction" and "Nobody Move, Nobody Gets Hurt". The EP was released on November 26, 2004.

2005–2006: With Love and Squalor and breakthrough success

On January 11, 2005, the band began the recording of their first, proper full-length album in Los Angeles with Ariel Rechtshaid and engineering from Rob Brill. The band ended their time in the studio on February 23, throughout their time in the studio the band posted blogs on their official website, many of which told of a cat called Lewis, which would later be used on the album's artwork. Having recorded the album, the band decided to sign to Virgin Records to handle to release. On May 15, 2005, the first single from the album was aired in the UK, "Nobody Move, Nobody Get Hurt", this came after a number of dates in the UK with Editors. "Nobody Move, Nobody Get Hurt" was released later on June 27 at the same time as their own headline Summer 2005 UK tour.

In July the band shot a music video for their second single, "The Great Escape", as well as appearing on MTV2 for the first time to plug their upcoming release. The band also appeared on at Reading and Leeds Festivals for the first time, performing on the Carling Stage, and later the band released the album With Love and Squalor in the United Kingdom on October 17, 2005 celebrating with an album signing session and intimate gig in London's Selectdisc on Berwick Street.

In December 2005 the band made their U.S. Network television debut on the Late Show with David Letterman where they performed "Nobody Move, Nobody Get Hurt", as well as announcing the release of their debut album, With Love and Squalor which would be released on January 10, 2006, although in January the band would be in the United Kingdom on the NME Shockwaves Tour with Mystery Jets, Arctic Monkeys and Maxïmo Park, before embarking on their own headline tour in April and releasing "Its a Hit" on February 20 and re-releasing "Nobody Move, Nobody Gets Hurt" on May 3. In September a co-headline tour across the US with Art Brut and a new split single with Art Brut covering W.A.S single "The Great Escape" and in-turn We Are Scientists covering Art Brut's "Bang Bang Rock & Roll". With their ongoing success in the United Kingdom the band embarked on another full 15 date tour, with two nights at Brixton Academy in London due to demand, it was on this tour that the band released Crap Attack, a compilation album of B-sides and covers, as well as a DVD featuring music videos for all of the tracks on With Love and Squalor and live performances.

2007–2008: Departure of Michael Tapper and Brain Thrust Mastery

In January 2007 Murray announced that he had begun working on the band's follow-up to With Love and Squalor in Brooklyn, New York, previewing "Impatience" and "Spoken For" later that month. During a UK tour that February they debuted the songs "Dinosaurs", "Chick Lit" and "Best Behavior". Recording of the new album began on June 11 in California with Ariel Rechtshaid and ended on July 19. That August the band made their second appearance at the Reading and Leeds Festivals, performing on the Radio One Stage.

September 2007 saw the band hire Max Hart as an additional guitarist and keyboard player for live performances. The addition of Hart was to fit the larger arrangements of new material. Days before the tour was due to start, drummer Michael Tapper quit the band. Gary Powell and Adam Aaronson took over from Tapper for the remainder of the tour. For eight of their November tour dates the band acted as their own support act, conducting "self-improvement seminars" under the name Brain Thrust Mastery.

After Virgin merged in 2007, the band were now signed to EMI. Murray stated that the band had to deal with a lot of bureaucracy recording the new album, with EMI unhappy that they were working with producer Ariel Rechtshaid; who at the time was relatively unknown. EMI instead tried setting the band up with various "cheesy, cheesy, big producers who we didn't like at all". Ultimately, against their labels wishes the band did record with Rechtshaid and in March 2008 the band announced that Brain Thrust Mastery would also be the name of their new album. Garrett Ray handled drum duties for the album. The first single from the record, "After Hours", was to be released on March 3 in the UK. The album was previewed a week before its UK release on NME.com. It came out in the United States on May 13.

"Chick Lit" was released as the second single from Brain Thrust Mastery on June 9, coinciding with performances at The Great Escape Festival, Oxegen Festival Glastonbury Festival, T in the Park and Reading and Leeds on the main stage, and a consequent North American tour in July. In the latter part of 2008 the band toured the US as support to Kings of Leon in the USA. "Impatience" was the final single from the album, released on October 27.

2009–2011: Steve Wants His Money TV shorts and Barbara

In October 2009, Chris Cain and Keith Murray co-created a short television series for MTV, titled Steve Wants His Money. The series premiered on October 25, 2009, during the Lil MTV was created with MTV production company Ja Digital. The series focuses around We Are Scientists playing fictional versions of themselves, owing an American man, Steve, money and consequently running away to England where they attempt to sell off various marketing ideas to musicians, journalists, music DJs and promoters. The band had hoped to make a second series, however it ultimately did not materialise.

Having worked with a number of different drummers since Michael Tapper's departure in 2007, the band announced that Andy Burrows would be joining them for recording and touring. The band had originally intended on using a succession of drummers on their third album; however after Burrows left his band Razorlight, he became their permanent drummer. In February 2010 they announced that their new record would be titled Barbara and would be released on June 14, 2010. This would also be the first release through the band's own label, Master Swan Recordings, with distribution handled by PIAS Recordings.

Burrows made his live debut with the band at a surprise NME awards show at Camden Barfly on February 21, 2010. Demonstrating the more stripped-back guitar-centric sound of Barbara, the band were now performing predominately as a three-piece, without Max Hart, although Hart amongst other musicians would occasionally feature at live shows for performances of "After Hours". As Burrows was involved in a number of other projects, the band hired Danny Allen to perform and tour with them, with Allen occasionally handling keyboards at shows where Burrows was drumming. The band released their first single from Barbara on April 5, 2010, titled "Rules Don't Stop", which peaked at number 14 in the UK Singles Chart. A second single "Nice Guys" was released on June 7, the week before the release of album Barbara. The band would make appearances at a number of major festivals that summer, including T in the Park, Glastonbury Festival and Reading and Leeds Festivals.

Days after the album release on June 10, 2010, the band released their World Cup Anthem "Goal! England!" in support of the England national team's campaign in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. As well as releasing the single, the band launched their website for the song goalengland.co.uk/, with videos of the recording.

In August 2010, We Are Scientists and Ash notably co-headlined two show in Australia as well as performing at Splendour in the Grass in Woodford, Queensland. At their two co-headline shows the bands came together to form WASH; performing a number of covers together as an encore set. A year later the two bands came together again to release a cover of a track called "Washington Parks" by Robert Manning. The track was covered to help raise money for Multiple Sclerosis Society. The final single to be taken from Barbara was "I Don't Bite" which was released on October 11, 2010.

2011–2014: Business Casual and TV en Français

A new album was first teased by the band at The Isle of Wight Festival 2011, where Murray suggested the band would be recording in Autumn that year. It was in 2012 that the band actually began recording new material, working with producer Chris Coady in New York City, where both Keith Murray & Chris Cain reside. The band worked in a number of New York studios, predominately The Magic Shop, DNA Studio and Ash's home studio Atomic Heart. In December 2012 that drummer Andy Burrows confirmed that they had finished work on their new album, with intent to release in early 2013.

Due to the fact the band had recorded without a record label, and had also fired their management after Barbara, the band then spent a lot of 2013 label shopping and looking for new management. Realising they would be unable to put the album out that year, the band released a two-track single featuring the songs "Something About You" and "Let Me Win". The single was released through their own record label Master Swan Records and Neon Gold Records on July 16. New material was further previewed across a string of UK tour dates in July. Eventually the band signed to release the finished album with 100% Records, putting out a teaser EP titled Business Casual on October 14, 2013. The EP includes lead singles "Return the Favor" and "Dumb Luck" along with album off cut "Good Answer", a demo of new track "Courage" and a cover of Berlin's "Take My Breath Away" - which features occasional scientist Max Hart on pedal-steel guitar. Andy Burrows had recorded drums for the album and subsequent EP and singles, but by the time the band were eventually able to release and tour Burrows was busy with his solo-career. This led to Keith Carne taking over the majority of live commitments, with Burrows stepping in for occasional dates, depending on his availability.

In January 2014, the band announced that the album would finally be released on March 3, 2014, through 100% Records and would be titled TV en Français. Accompanying the album announcement was the music video for new single "Dumb Luck". Soon after the announcement the band revealed another new track titled "Make it Easy", which was made available to download to those who pre-ordered the album.

On February 9, 2014, the band performed "Make It Easy" acoustically on Channel 4's Sunday Brunch. The band appeared for a third time on The Late Show with David Letterman on May 21, 2015, performing single "Make It Easy".

Across the summer, the band performed at Rock Am Ring in Germany, Godiva Festival, T in the Park and Reading and Leeds festival 2014 in the United Kingdom.

In support of their co-headline tour with Surfer Blood, the band recorded a new track titled "Distillery" which would accompany a new Surfer Blood track on a split-single, available at shows on the tour.

As part of Record Store Day 2015 the band would release TV en Français, Sous la Mer through Dine Alone Records. TV en Français, Under the Sea would feature eight reworked tracks from TV en Français, with a stripped back arrangement. The reworked version "Overreacting" was released as a music video on 8 April 2015.

2015–2017: Helter Seltzer
On March 18, 2016, the band released their new single "Buckle", announcing that it was the first offering from their upcoming fifth studio album Helter Seltzer. The band had been recording new material with "occasional-scientist" Max Hart, who previously joined the band during the Brian Thrust Mastery era as touring guitarist & keyboard player. The second single, "Too Late", from their upcoming album was released on April 2, 2016, with third single "Classic Love" arriving on April 14, 2016.

The band's fifth studio album, Helter Seltzer, was released on April 22, 2016, and was followed at the end of April, through to May with a tour of the United Kingdom.

On May 6, the band performed "Buckle", "In My Head" and "Too Late" on BT Sport's Football Tonight show. The following month on June 30, 2016, they performed "Buckle" on CBS's The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. In July, the band put out a music video for Helter Seltzer track "In My Head".

2018–2021: Megaplex, Dumpster Dive podcast and Huffy
On February 5, 2018, the band released the single "One In, One Out". Two more singles from their sixth studio album, Megaplex, were released: "Your Light Has Changed" on 15 March 2018 and "Heart is a Weapon on May 20, 2018. Touring the United Kingdom in promotion of the record took place across March, April and May 2018. Keith and Chris wrote the majority of the album's tracks in sessions for a songwriting club called 'Song Challenge', with Cain describing it as a collective who compete to each write 10 songs in 8 hours and drink beer. The collective also includes Tim Wheeler from Ash, Annie Hart from Au Revoir Simone and MGMT's Simon O'Connor. Megaplex was once again produced by Occasional Scientist Max Heart, and recorded across various sessions in 2017 in New York City.

On February 15, 2019, the band released "Second Acts". A compilation, Megaplex: Rise of the Lycans, a deluxe version of the album Megaplex with new songs and other material was released on 19 April 2019. The release was supported by a tour across the United States supporting Snow Patrol.

For Record Store Day on April 13, 2019, We Are Scientists teamed up with Art Brut to release a mini-album WASABI, featuring We Are Scientists covering two Art Brut songs and vice versa, as well as some unreleased tracks by Art Brut.

The band celebrated the 15th anniversary of debut record With Love and Squalor, reissuing the album on vinyl on 17 October 2019. The reissue was followed by several dates performing the album in its entirety across Europe, in Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Berlin, Munich and Amsterdam, followed by four dates in the United Kingdom in December 2019. The anniversary celebrations continued with the release of an acoustic version of the album titled With Love And Squalor Live In Woodstock 1969 on 6 December 2019.

In March 2020, as lockdown began for the COVID-19 pandemic, the band started a podcast series centred around dissecting their old material, but often spiralling out into random topics, called the Dumpster Dive. During the first months of lockdown, the band also put out regular live streams on Instagram, featuring them discussing all manner of topics and performing their tracks.

On May 21, 2020, We Are Scientists appeared on Jo Whiley's BBC Radio 2 show, premiering their new single "I Cut My Own Hair". While the song was written long before the COVID-19 pandemic, the idea of many people resorting to cutting their own hair made the band feel that the song had a new, different resonance and decided it was a fitting time to release the single. On May 22, they made "I Cut My Own Hair" available to stream and download, as well as releasing some merchandise to accompany the single. The track was also released in conjunction with the Big Buzz Off campaign, part of Mental Health Awareness Week 2020 for the charity Campaign Against Living Miserably.

In July 2021 the band announced their seventh studio album Huffy would be released on October 8, 2021, through 100% Records. The announcement also included their new single "Contact High" and detailed their plans to tour the United Kingdom in November through December then and Europe in April 2022. The band released another single, "Sentimental Education" on October 6, 2021.

Across 2022 the band performed at a number of festivals, including Into the Wild, Y Not Festival and Victorious Festival.

2022–present: Lobes and reissues of TV en Français & Brain Thrust Mastery
During writing and recording Huffy, We Are Scientists had also begun work on what would become their next album. On September 21, 2022, the band released "Operator Error", the first single from their new album. Days later the band announced their eighth studio album would be titled Lobes and would be released on January 20, 2023, through 100% Records. The band also gave details of their planned tour of the United Kingdom, which would start in February 2023. The band released their second single "Less from You" on October 28. During the build-up to the release of Lobes, two further singles were released, "Just Lucky to be Here" and "Settled Accounts" were released on December 2, 2022 and January 6, 2023 respectively. The band announced their first North American headline tour since the release of Lobes, which would start in November 2023. Over the summer of 2023, We Are Scientists performed a number of dates across the UK and Europe, including UK festivals Standon Calling, Truck Festival and Kendal Calling.

To celebrate the tenth anniversary of the bands fourth album, TV en Français, a deluxe version of the album was released in June 2024. In May 2024 We Are Scientists announced that they will be embarking on a UK tour in November, where they will perform their second album Brain Thrust Mastery in full. The tour will coincide with "deluxe LP reissue" of the album.

Style and performance

Before their debut album, their earliest material often drew inspiration for lyrics from comic books and films, whilst the music drew from more punk influences. Keith Murray has cited the influence of such performers as The Rapture and David Bowie on their debut album. The band has noted that tracks on With Love and Squalor were largely written to be performed live, whilst Brain Thrust Mastery was a more specifically studio effort. Older influences include Brian Eno, Velvet Underground, My Bloody Valentine and David Bowie's Berlin era as well as Hall & Oates and Fleetwood Mac.

Murray and Cain are known for incorporating comedy into their live performances, music videos and when giving interviews. British magazine God Is In The TV put forward that Keith Murray and Chris Cain demonstrated "sarcasm and wit not normally found coming from two of our American cousins", going on to put forward that this may have been lost in translation when the band first emerged to prominence in 2005. Writing for The Independent, Ben Walsh wrote "they are incorrigible wags, who are refreshingly willing to riff on any given topic". Their live and interview "banter" is always off-the-cuff, with Murray insisting that the thought of ever rehearsing or reusing material makes him "cringe".

The band come up with the majority of their music video concepts themselves. Earlier in the band's career the band frequently collaborated on music videos and other video content with Akiva Schaffer of The Lonely Island.

Members
Since the departure of Michael Tapper in 2007, We Are Scientists has primarily consisted of Murray and Cain. Drummer Keith Carne has featured since 2013 in the studio, at live shows and in promotions such as music videos. Murray has stated that he and Cain "really consider him a part of the band", going on to joke that "it's the two of us, and then our drummer Keith Carne. That’s the real issue — having another Keith in the band. Too many Keiths." "Honorary Scientist" Max Hart performed guitars and keyboards with the band during their Brian Thrust Mastery era, and has sporadically featured at live shows since then as well as producing their albums Helter Seltzer and Megaplex.

Current members
 * Keith Murray – lead vocals, guitars, keyboards (1999–present), drums (1999)
 * Chris Cain – bass guitar, backing vocals (1999–present)

Current touring members
 * Keith Carne – drums, percussion (2013–present)

Former members
 * Scott Lamb – guitar (1999; touring member 2002), lead vocals (1999), backing vocals, keyboards (2002)
 * Michael Tapper – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2000–2007)
 * Andy Burrows – drums, percussion, keyboards, backing vocals (2009–2014)

Former touring members
 * Danny Allen – keyboards, drums (2009–2012)
 * Max Hart – guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (2008–2010, 2013)
 * Adam Aaronson – drums (2007–2009)

Discography
Studio albums
 * With Love and Squalor (2005)
 * Brain Thrust Mastery (2008)
 * Barbara (2010)
 * TV en Français (2014)
 * Helter Seltzer (2016)
 * Megaplex (2018)
 * Huffy (2021)
 * Lobes (2023)

title: We Are Scientists


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Category:Sulawesi

This category groups together articles about the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

title: Category:Sulawesi


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Gemma O'Connor (writer)

Gemma O'Connor (born 1940 in Dublin) is an Irish mystery writer.

Life
Born in Dublin in 1940, and educated in Ireland and France, she lived in Oxford, where she worked as a bookbinder, restaurateur and stewardess before becoming a writer.

In 1995 O'Connor had her first mystery story published, and as of 2019, she has had at least four more books published.

O'Connor and eighteen other female Irish writers contributed short stories for the 2005 collection, Irish Girls Are Back in Town.

title: Gemma O'Connor (writer)


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First War

First War may refer to:

 * Prehistoric warfare
 * World War I (1914–1918)

Other wars

 * First Anglo-Afghan War
 * First Anglo-Burmese War
 * First Anglo-Dutch War
 * First Anglo-Maratha War
 * First Anglo-Mysore War
 * First Anglo-Sikh war
 * First Balkan War
 * First Barbary War
 * First Barons' War
 * First Boer War
 * First Carlist War
 * First Celtiberian War
 * First Chechen War
 * First Congo War
 * Trajan's First Dacian War
 * First Franco-Dahomean War
 * First Egyptian-Ottoman War
 * First Goryeo–Khitan War
 * First Indochina War
 * First Italian War of Independence
 * First Italo-Ethiopian War
 * First Jewish–Roman War
 * First Macedonian War
 * First Margrave War
 * First Maroon War
 * First Matabele War
 * First Messenian War
 * First Mithridatic War
 * First Northern War
 * First Opium War
 * First Peloponnesian War
 * First Perso-Turkic war
 * First Punic War
 * First Sacred War
 * First Schleswig War
 * First Servile War
 * First Sino-Japanese War
 * First Taranaki War
 * First War against Napoleon
 * First War of Kappel
 * First War of Scottish Independence
 * First Zhili–Fengtian War

Music

 * First War of the World, a 2009 album by Black Messiah

title: First War


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Talk:Swona

Untitled
Haswell-Smith says that the last occupant was a batchelor living alone. Does anon contributer have a better source of information?--JBellis 17:13, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Having spoken to some locals in St Margaret's Hope I understand that the last family living on the island (the Rosie family) consisted of two brothers and their sister. One brother became ill and was taken off the island for medical attention by the other family members. Unfortunatly he died shortly after and the remaining two did not return to the island, leaving everything as it was. Doug MacLeod 19/12/05.

This article has many glaring technical inaccuracies in it. Even the grid reference is wrong, 58 40.8785′ N, 3 06.7012′ W lies right on top of Stroma (the wrong island). Swona lies roughly on 58° 44' 34" N, 3° 3' 32" W. William Annal. 06/08/2006

My apologies if my edit is not a minor one but I am new to Wikipedia. My husband is one of the owners of Swona and after conforming the facts with him I changed the information. I know that in 1974 there were 2 members of the Rosie family remaining on Swona. My husband's aunt, Violet, told me about how she and her brother James were taken off the island by their sister's husband Mr A T (Sandy) Annal. J Annal 06/08/2006

I have updated the grid reference J Annal 07/08/2006

The paragraph referring to Robert Louis Stevenson's book - Records of a Family of Engineers, aught to be removed as there is no factual basis for the identity of the Island on which the Regent was in close proximity. Stevenson himself states in footnote 54a of his book that:

"This is only a probable hypothesis; I have tried to identify my father’s anecdote in my grandfather’s diary, and may very well have been deceived. - [R. L. S.]"

Furthermore, as it appears from the footnote, this account appears to be nothing more than his father's anecdote, from which his father only recalls from a childhood memory. As this loose anecdote has no factual basis, It aught to be removed. William Annal 03/03/2009.

title: Talk:Swona


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File:Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg

Summary
A 1944 Nazi propaganda poster titled "LIBERATORS", which perfectly epitomizes many perennially-recurring themes of anti-Americanism. Published in 1944 by the Dutch SS-Storm magazine that then belonged to a radical SS wing of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands.

The original colour version titled "Kultur-Terror", was made by the Norwegian Harald Damsleth for Nasjonal Samling in 1943. The original size is 49x61 cm; 10,000 copies were printed. ,

Text contained in image: "Miss America", "Miss Victory", "Ku Klux Klan", "JITTERBUG - Triumph of Civilization", "World's Most Beautiful Leg". Symbols contained in image: reverse side of 48-star United States flag, WW2-era Army Air Corps roundel, dollar sign, Star of David. Dutch caption at bottom (proferred by European gullible "all-ears" dupe) reads: "De USA zullen de Europeesche Kultuur van den ondergang redden", meaning "The USA wants to save European culture from decline".

Some motifs contained in this poster:
 * The decadence of beauty pageants (scantily-clad "Miss America" and "Miss Victory", "The World's Most Beautiful Leg") – or more generally, the putative sexual laxness of American women. The "Miss America" beauty pageant in Atlantic City had expanded during the war and was used to sell war bonds.
 * Gangsterism and gun violence (the arm of an escaped convict holding a submachine gun). Gangsterism had become a theme of anti-Americanism in the 1930s.
 * Anti-black violence (a lynching noose, a Ku Klux Klan hood). Lynching of blacks had attracted European denunciations by the 1890s.
 * General violence of American society, in addition to the above (boxing-glove which grasps the money-bag). The theme of a violent American frontier was well known in the 19th century.
 * Americans as Indian savages. As well as mockery of American genocide over Natives as well as land-theft, since it is a chieftain symbol here used as fashion trinket. ("Miss America" wears plains-Indian head-dress).
 * The capitalism, pure materialism and commercialism of America, to the detriment of any spirit or soul (moneybag with "$" symbol). The materialism of America contrasted with the spiritual depth of European high culture is a common trope, especially in Scandinavia.
 * Anti-semitism appears in most Nazi images of America. A Jewish banker is seen behind the money.
 * The presence of blacks in America equals its "mongrelization", adding undesirably "primitive" elements to American popular culture, and constituting a potential danger to the white race (strongly muscular arms of a black male, a stereotypically-caricatured black couple dancing the "Jitterbug – Triumph of Civilization" in birdcage, which is portrayed as a degraded animalistic ritual). The degradation of culture, especially through miscegenation, resonated with European anxieties, especially in Germany.
 * Decadence of American popular culture, and its pernicious influence on the rest of the world (dancing of jitterbug, hand holds phonograph record, figure of a European gullible "all-ears" dupe in lower foreground). The growing popularity of American music and dancing among young people had ignited a "moral panic" among conservative Europeans.
 * Indiscriminate U.S. military violence (bloodied bomb for foot, metal legs, military aircraft wings), threatening the European cultural landmarks at lower right. The terror-bombing of cities was started at the very outset of war by the Nazis against Poland.
 * Hence the suggested falsity of American claims to be "Liberators" (the Liberator was also the name of a U.S. bomber plane).
 * Nazis denounced American jingoism and war fervor (a business-suited arm literally "beating the drum" of militarism, "Miss Victory" and her drum-majorette cap and boots).
 * The malevolent influence of American Freemasons (Masonic apron descending from drum) was a theme among conservative Catholics, as in Spain.
 * Demonization of national symbols of the United States ("Miss Victory" waves the reverse side of 48-star U.S. flag, and the WW2-era Army Air Corps roundel – of small red disk within white star on large blue disk – is shown on one of the wings).


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User:Axeman89

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title: User:Axeman89