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Gumla district

Gumla district is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand state, India, and Gumla town is the administrative headquarters of this district.

Etymology
For centuries, the place was a meeting center for people from the hinterland who flocked here to exchange goods using the barter system and the place was called Gaw-Mela. Gumla is believed to derive its name from Gaw-Mela, which consists of two words of Hindi (also used in several local dialects), namely, Gaw (cows and the cattle) and Mela, that is, a fair. The place became known as Gaw-mela, and then the word transformed itself into Gumla.

Politics

 * }

Administration
District Commissioner: Sushant Gaurav (IAS)

Sub Divisions
There are 3 subdivisions in gumla district:
 * 1) Gumla

 * 1) Chainpur

Blocks/Anchals
Gumla district consists of 12 Blocks. The following are the list of the Blocks in Gumla district:

• #Basia block

• #Bharno block

• #Bishunpur block

• #Chainpur block

• #Dumri block

• #Ghaghra block

• #Gumla block

• #Kamdara block

• #Palkot block

• #Albert Ekka (Jari) block

• #Raidih block

• #Sisai block

Panchayats
There are 159 Panchayats in the district.

Villages
There are 952 Villages in the District.

History
During regin of the Nagvanshi dynasty Navratangarh was one of the capital of Nagvanshi. During British rule Gumla was under Lohardaga district. In 1843 it was brought under Bishunpur province that was further named Ranchi. In fact Ranchi district came into existence in 1899. In 1902 Gumla became Sub-division under Ranchi district. On 18 May 1983 Gumla District came into existence. Sri Jagannath Mishra then ruling Chief Minister of Bihar inaugurated it and Sri Dwarika Nath Sinha acquired the post of first deputy commissioner of the newly created district.

Gumla is considered to be the birthplace of the Hindu God Hanuman. A temple a few kilometers away from the city off the Gumla-Ghaghra road is dedicated to him and his mother. The district contains mountains named Risyamook, which are mentioned in the Ramayana.

The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.

Geography
Gumla is located at 23°N, 84.5°W. Geographically, Gumla is located on southern part of the Chota Nagpur plateau which forms the eastern edge of the Deccan plateau system.

There are three major rivers, which flow through the Gumla district viz. the South Koel, the North Koel and the Sankh. There are various streams/ tributaries to the main rivers on which there are some picturesque waterfalls, as for example Sadni Falls.

The terrain is highly undulating and there are existence of many rivers and streams. The forest cover of the district is 1.35 lakh hectares out of the total 5.21 lakh hectares of land i.e. round 27% of the total area of the district.

Climate
Gumla district enjoys a good climate characterized by a pleasant cold and temperate weather conditions. Gumla has a sub-tropical climate. Temperature ranges from maximum 40 to 20 °C during summer, and minimum 21 to 3 °C during winter. The annual rainfall is about 1450 mm. From June to September the rainfall level is about 1,150 mm.

Economy
Gumla district has rich natural and mineral resources. There are 23 bauxite mines and 68 stone mines in Gumla district. Besides these there is good number of brick makers. In Gumla District the important minerals like bauxite and laterite (aluminium ore) are found in villages of Amkipani, Langdatanr, Chirodih, Jalim, Narma, Bahagara and Gurdari of Bishunpur block, Langatanr, Lupungpat and Chota-Agiatu in Chainpur block and Harup, Serengdag and Jalim in Ghaghra block. Beside these china clay is also found in some part of the district. Other mining activities like stone crusher, Brick kiln and stone chip mining lease are also available in different part of the district.

In 2006 the Indian government named Gumla one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Gumla district has a population of 1,025,213, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Montana. This gives it a ranking of 439rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 193 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 23.21%. Gumla has a sex ratio of 993 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 65.73%. 6.35% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3.17% and 68.94% of the population respectively.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 50.75% of the population in the district spoke Sadri, 29.61% Kurukh, 7% Hindi, 4.69% Mundari, 3.73% Kharia and 2.31% Urdu as their first language.

Education
In 1986, Rakesh Popli and his wife, Rama (an expert in childhood education), founded the first Ekal Vidyalaya (one-teacher) schools to bring education to the tribes of the region. From 2018, Deptt. of Higher and Technical Education, Govt. of Jharkhand is going to start Polytechnic College "Gumla Polytechnic".The Polytechnic college will be run and manage under "PPP" Mode by Gumla Educational Foundation.

Three colleges under Ranchi University:
 * Kartik Oraon College
 * Karunavati Devi Memorial College
 * Women's College

Technical Institute
 * Gumla Polytechnic
 * IIST Computer Institute
 * Media INFOTECH
 * Wings IT

Schools in Gumla:
 * Adarsh Vidya Mandir School, Pugu
 * Chanchal Cygnus School, Dumerdih
 * D.A.V. Public School, Neemtoli
 * Don Bosco School, Bhamni
 * Kendriya Vidyalaya Gumla
 * Notre Dame School
 * Oxford Public School
 * S.S. High School
 * Saraswati Shishu-Vidya Mandir
 * Solitaire Educational Academy
 * St. Patrick School
 * St. Stephen's School
 * Ursuline Convent School
 * Wescott Public School
 * Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Masaria Dam

St. Ignatius School, founded in 1935 and administered by the Jesuits, has produced international-level hockey players.

Culture
Gumla has a rich culture. The majority of people speak Nagpuri and Hindi.
 * Karma - A holy festival celebrated by the people in almost all places of this district.
 * Sarhul - A festival celebrated by the people and Jhankis and Rallies were organised around the main town Gumla. Ladies put flowers (Gulaichi Flower) on their hair and gents put it on their ears.
 * Ramnavami - A holy festival celebrated with huge sound, and Jhankies and Rallies.

Tourist attractions

 * Palkot Fort- Palkot Fort is a historic place which was one of the capital of the Nagvanshi dynasty. It is located in Palkot block of the district.
 * Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Anjan - Small village about 18 km away from Gumla. The name of the village has been derived from the name of goddess Anjani, mother of Hanuman. Many objects of archeological importance obtained from this place have been placed at Patna Museum. It is believed to be the birthplace of Lord Hanuman.
 * Hapamuni - The ancient village Mahamaya temple that is the identity of this village. Hapamuni Mahamaya temple traces its origin to 11th century. It also has some ancient rock sculpture in front of temple dating to that period. Moreover, with the arrival of Hapamuni agro tech, the village economy has reached new dimensions.
 * Nagfeni - It is known for the Jagannath temple and there is a big rock in the shape of snake 'Nag'.
 * Navratangarh- It was the seat of old Nagvanshi kings located in Sisai block of the district.
 * Tanginath - Tanginath Dham is located in Gumla's Dumri block. Several devotees during the month of Shravan come to shrine which goes back to seventh or ninth Century AD.

title: Gumla district


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abby Hayes

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:18, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Abby Hayes
NN + Vanity. - Mailer Diablo 07:29, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

*Delete: yes delete now, but I wish to see the child grows to become a part of wikipedia one day. --Bhadani 07:40, 21 August 2005 (UTC) --Bhadani 13:18, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep- I had done it in a hurry without understanding all the dimensions of the contents. --Bhadani 13:18, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, article establishes notability. Kappa 11:59, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, the child isn't going to grow to become part of Wikipedia, for the same reason that the (clumsily-written) article isn't vanity: she's a fictional character who was the subject of eight books, and has >11K Google hits. Keep (and I'll get started on the cleanup).DS 12:59, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as notable children's book character. Capitalistroadster 16:34, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per DS. -- DS1953 20:15, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but reformulate making it more clear --Raistlin 18:44, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:Harvzsf

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Help with Waray-Waray
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title: User talk:Harvzsf


text:
Talk:Michel Saloff Coste

Comments on speedy deletion

 * gentle oppose. This page has some vanity characteristics, but vanity alone is not a reason for speedy deletion. It seems that this professor may be notable (although I have never heard of him before, I do not know the names of many professors outside of my home country, and there are business professors at less notable schools than HEC who have biography pages in Wikipedia, such as my colleague David Cooperrider. I am editing the page to Wikify it. Mamawrites 07:30, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * One problem: I cannot locate this professor's name on the HEC list of professors. Mamawrites

 * I have removed the speedy delete tag, because the article does not meet speedy deletion criterion A7; it assert notability ("has published several books", etc.). If you want it to be removed, please userfy (if the author agrees) or take it to VFD. Sietse 08:28, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

French deletion ??
See the talk about deletion on the French WP : fr:Wikipédia:Pages à supprimer/Michel Saloff Coste
 * Thanks... - Introvert undefined 21:19, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately not many voters gave reasons but it looks to me like the French folks deleted it more because it was autobiography and too promotional, than because of non-notability. There are some people arguing that 5 non-vanity books is enough and since I agree with them, I've taken off the prod tag. I also think it would be more likely than not to survive an AFD, especially since it's reasonably neutral now, but it might be worth a try if you want to get rid of it. Kappa 04:05, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Michel Saloff Coste


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Intratec

Intratec was a firearm company based in Miami, Florida. The company's most famous product was the TEC-9.

History
Intratec began as Interdynamic USA, an offshoot of Swedish firearms manufacturer Interdynamic AB. As a result of the lack of a competitive firearms market in Sweden, Interdynamic AB set up a subsidiary in the United States to sell the KG-9. Called Interdynamic USA, this company eventually became Intratec when George Kellgren left the company and Carlos Garcia renamed it Intratec, and continued to sell variants of KG-99, later known as the model it would be known for, the Tec-9. The company went out of business in 2001.

Products
Intratec was known for numerous handgun designs using polymer frames and steel stampings.

CAT series
Designed by famed Israeli gun designer Nehemiah Sirkis, the CAT-9, CAT-380, CAT-40, and CAT-45 pistols are polymer-framed semi-automatic handguns chambered in 9mm Parabellum, .380 Auto, .40 S&W, and .45 ACP, respectively. The design is a derivative of Sirkis' original all-steel Sardius SD-9 pistol.

Protec series
The Protec-22 and Protec-25 are small semi-automatic handguns chambered in .22 Long Rifle and .25 ACP, respectively. The Protec-25 is a CZ 45 clone.

TEC-9

The TEC-9 is the third version of this gun, made and marketed by one of the original principal partners that produced this style of 9mm pistol, first as the open-bolt semi-automatic KG-9 and then as the closed-bolt semi-automatic KG-99. The TEC-9 name was applied when the Kellgren and Garcia partnership ended and Carlos Garcia went solo as Intratec of Miami, FL.

TEC-22

The TEC-22 is a handgun chambered in .22 Long Rifle. It uses Ruger 10/22 magazines.

TEC-38
The TEC-38 is a polymer-framed two-shot derringer chambered in .38 Special, made for a short period from 1986-1988. The TEC-38 was also made in .22 WMR, .32 H&R Magnum, and .357 Magnum.

title: Intratec


text:
Nice & Slow

"Nice & Slow" is a song from American singer-songwriter Usher's second album, My Way (1997). Released on January 6, 1998 by LaFace and Arista, the song became Usher's first number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in February 1998. The song was written by Usher, Brian Casey of the R&B group Jagged Edge, Manuel Seal Jr., and Jermaine Dupri.

Background and composition
"Nice & Slow" was written by Usher, Jermaine Dupri, Manuel Seal, and Brian Casey, with Dupri producing the tune and Seal serving as co-producer and responsible for the guitar work. Jagged Edge provided background vocals in the record. "Nice & Slow" was recorded by Phil Tan at the Somewhere in College Park studio in College Park, Georgia. Tan and Dupri mixed the record with assistance from John and Brian Frye at Studio LaCoCo, in Atlanta, Georgia. Dupri recalled telling Usher he needed a ballad to "knock out the world". The beat was created first, and the lyrics were fitted to it. The composition and recording of "Nice & Slow" took four hours, according to Dupri.

"Nice & Slow" is a slow R&B and soul ballad with hip hop influences. Musicologist Richard J. Ripani wrote that "Nice & Slow" is an example of the typical "R&B ballad style that became widely popular" in the late 1990s. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Universal Music Publishing Group, "Nice & Slow" is written in common time with a slow tempo of sixty-eight beats per minute. Set in the key of A♭ major, it follows the basic chord progression of Fm11–Cm7–D♭maj13–E♭9sus. Usher's voice spans from the low note of E♭4 to the high note of A♭5. "Nice & Slow" features a spoken introduction, while in the middle of the song Usher performs a melodic rap, which Billboard Shawnee Smith compared to the syle of Do or Die. Usher said to Time that "Nice & Slow" is "somewhat of an intimate story between a man and a woman."

Release
"Nice & Slow" was released via CD single and cassette single in the United States on January 6, 1998. On February 3, 1998, it was serviced to US contemporary hit radio. A maxi single was released on March 2, 1998, and a remixes CD was made available on March 9, 1998. In the United Kingdom, "Nice & Slow" was issued as CD single, a 12-inch single, and a cassette single on April 20, 1998.

Critical reception
A writer for the Daily News complimented the song as "warmly engaging". A writer for Jet praised Usher's "tender" vocals on the "sensuous ballad", stating that he displayed romance on the song. British magazine Music Week wrote, "More ultra-smooth R&B from the crown prince of hip-hop soul, "Nice & Slow" is a superbly mellow, seductive tune which has Usher showing off his unhurried rapping skills." In 2016, Complex ranked the song number seven on their list of the 25 greatest Usher songs, and in 2021, American Songwriter ranked the song number eight on their list of the 10 greatest Usher songs.

Chart performance
"Nice & Slow" debuted at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 on the chart dated January 24, 1998, as "You Make Me Wanna...", the first single from My Way slipped from number seven to number ten. On February 2, 1998, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) awarded the song a gold certification, following up with a platinum one on February 12. "Nice & Slow" continued to ascend the Hot 100, reaching number one on February 14, succeeding "Together Again" by Janet Jackson. It remained atop the chart on February 21, but on February 28 it was replaced by Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On". On the UK Singles Chart, "Nice & Slow" reached number 24.

Music video
The music video for the song was directed by Hype Williams and shot in Paris in February 1998. Kimora Lee Simmons plays Usher's love interest. The video opens with the caption "4:00 pm Paris" as Usher gets out of an airplane. He is shown shirtless in a hotel room having a telephone conversation with his love interest, consisting of the song's spoken intro. Usher and Simmons prepare for their date and meet each other before sightseeing around Paris in a convertible. Interspersed are low-angle shots of Usher dancing on a sidewalk. As the day becomes night, Usher is seen wearing sunglasses playing the guitar and dancing shirtless in front of the Eiffel Tower. Usher and Simmons drive across a bridge, and midway they are confronted by several gangsters, who kidnap and cage Simmons and beat Usher. Usher appeals to the police, who are apparently of no help, and proceeds to locate the gangsters' lair himself. He offers a briefcase to the gangsters, which explodes after being opened and a grenade starts to blow. Usher and the gangsters then engage in hand-to-hand combat. Usher and Simmons are together riding escape away on a motorbike as the windows of the building behind them explode. They are then seen relaxing on a sofa in triumphant before she saw a computer zoomed in, which features the song's title written over and over on a word processor. The music video on YouTube has received over 80 million views as of May 2024.

Track listing

 * US CD and cassette
 * 1) "Nice & Slow"
 * 2) "Nice & Slow" (instrumental)

 * US 12-inch vinyl and CD-maxi
 * 1) "Nice & Slow" (Live Mix)
 * 2) "Nice & Slow" (B-Rock's Basement Mix)
 * 3) "Nice & Slow"
 * 4) "You Make Me Wanna..." (T & J Classic Garage Mix)

 * UK CD1
 * 1) "Nice & Slow"
 * 2) "Nice & Slow" (CD-Rom Video Element)
 * 3) "You Make Me Wanna..." / "Just Like Me" / "My Way" (Snippets)

 * Remixes CD
 * 1) "Nice & Slow" (Radio Version)
 * 2) "Nice & Slow" (Live Version)
 * 3) "Nice & Slow" (B-Rock's Basement Mix)
 * 4) "Nice & Slow" (Suli & Stef's Club Class Mix – UK Mix)

title: Nice & Slow


text:
Phats & Small

Phats & Small are a British electronic dance music duo formed in Brighton, in 1998, and composed of Jason "Phats" Hayward and Russell Small. They are best known for their single "Turn Around", which became an international hit in 1999.

Musical career
Phats & Small appeared on the scene in 1998 with "Turn Around", a track that featured sampled Toney Lee's "Reach Up" and Change's "The Glow of Love". The song debuted at number three in the UK Singles Chart, before climbing to number two, with career sales of this hit amassing them £5,000 in total due to their recording contract. Singer Ben Ofoedu appears in the video for the track miming to the vocals. Future releases featured his voice but "Turn Around" featured Lee's voice. However, Ofoedu has been known to perform the track live. In 1999, they also released their first album, Now Phats What I Small Music, a play on their name and the compilation series Now That's What I Call Music!. Ofoedu sang on two tracks, "Feel Good" and "Tonite", which were also released as singles. In 1999, Phats & Small also achieved notoriety for remixing the Earth, Wind & Fire track, "September" and Simply Red's "Ain't That a Lot of Love". Other remixes around the same time included PJ "Happy Days", Space Raiders "I Need The Disko Doktor", High Steppers "I Will Follow" and pop group A1's single "Be the First to Believe".

Ofoedu left the group to pursue a solo career as singer, songwriter and producer, and his backing vocalist Tony Thompson, was promoted to main vocalist. He sang on most tracks in Phats & Small's second album, This Time Around, released in 2001, which featured an eponymous single, as well as "Change" and "Respect The Cock" (which was supposed to feature the phrase uttered by Tom Cruise in the film Magnolia). The second album was co-produced by Jimmy Gomez.

After a few years away from the recording studio, Phats & Small returned in 2005 with a new vocalist, Ryan Molloy, and a new album, Soundtrack to Our Lives, featuring the single "Sun Comes Out", this track sung by a returning Ofoedu and a new female vocalist, Carrie Luer.

In 2016, a new version of "Turn Around" was made featuring new vocals from Ofoedu.

Small is also one half of the production team The Freemasons, along with James Wiltshire (Jimmy Gómez) who was a co-producer for Phats & Small.

Small is a Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. fan after being taken to games as a youngster by his uncle.

Their song "Turn Around" was on the CD of the computer game K.S.-n-Kickin.

title: Phats & Small


text:
Simdega district

Simdega district is one of the 24 districts of Jharkhand state, India, and Simdega town is the administrative headquarters of this district. As of 2011, this district is the least densely populated district and the third least populous district of Jharkhand after Lohardaga and Khunti districts. Simdega District was carved out from erstwhile Gumla district on 30 April 2001. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.

Economy
In 2006, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Simdega one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Politics

 * }

Blocks/Mandals
The following are the list of blocks (10 blocks) in Simdega district. • #Bano block

• #Bansjore block

• #Bolba block

• #Jaldega block

• #Kersai block

• #Kolebira block

• #Kurdeg block

• #Pakartanr block

• #Simdega block

• #Thethaitangar block

Villages

 * Khutitoli

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Simdega district has a population of 599,578, roughly equal to the nation of Solomon Islands or the US state of Wyoming. This gives it a ranking of 526th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 160 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.62%. Simdega has a sex ratio of 1000 females for every 1000 males; and a literacy rate of 67.99%. 7.16% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.45% and 70.78% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 53.91% of the population spoke Sadri, 22.50% Mundari, 15.44% Kharia, 4.02% Hindi, 1.44% Kurukh and 1.36% Urdu as their first language. Simdega is the only district in India outside of the Northeast that has a Christian majority.

Popular places in Simdega District

 * Chhinda Dam
 * Ramrekha Dham - it is commonly believed by the tribals in the area that Lord Rama had visited this place in his exile years.
 * Ramjanki Mandir
 * Gandhi Maidan
 * Kelaghagh
 * Kobang Dam
 * Sarna Mandir
 * Dhangadi - It is a picnic place in Bolba Block with rocks naturally eroded by the adjacent Shankh River.

title: Simdega district


text:
Talk:Guglielmo Achille Cavellini

its alive
just set this up to init based on sticker received in mail (july, 2005) -- seems worthy of inclusion. need more sources and reliable information, and will return with such shortly i do believe. Here 07:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * major expansion. his involvement in mail art still needs expansion... more to come. ∴ here…♠ 07:29, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Guglielmo Achille Cavellini


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark MacDonald Brown

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE

Mark MacDonald Brown
NN, Fails to establish notability because he has no NASA experience. Vanity. :P - Mailer Diablo 07:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as nn-bio - "Student", no claim to notability asserted  --Mysidia (talk) 07:33, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've now tagged as a speedy delete. Notability not asserted, and not even hinted at CanadianCaesar 07:57, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Candidates for A7 Speedy don't come any more obvious than this. Capitalistroadster 10:19, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speed the plow. I placed it for speedy deletion, but User:Mailer_diablo removed that when entering the VFD. Now, why? --Dhartung | Talk 11:20, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete already. --Lomedae 13:49, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Radheju

This is a page for my own development. Development of the soul and also of the body. Reaching God in this lifetime is the goal.

title: User talk:Radheju


text:
TheatreWorks

TheatreWorks may refer to:

 * TheatreWorks (Silicon Valley), California
 * TheaterWorks (Hartford), Connecticut
 * TheatreWorksUSA
 * Theatre Works (Melbourne)
 * TheatreWorks (Singapore)

title: TheatreWorks


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Meet The Sess

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:21, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Meet The Sess

 * Delete This article is about an unimportant, fake show that never existed and certainly doesn't deserve an article here. Salvag 07:40, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom, a joke from a show. --TheMidnighters 10:24, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. --Lomedae 13:50, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Thunderbrand 15:42, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Adam Sessler, as that already mentions Meet the Sess.--Kross 06:40, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Star Trek/Non-canon Star Trek

This survey has been going on a while, and it seems that most people have voted for inclusion of all, or most, non-canon material. Should this now be regarded as a consensus? Is it allowed to write articles about non-canonical Star Trek characters (except for minor characters with only one appearance)? — J I P | Talk 07:36, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see why not.--StAkAr Karnak 11:55, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Some beleive non canon should not be allowed as it wu#ould detract from the overall theme of what is supposed to be real in this setting. Also, someone wrote "dwellers in the crucible" as the best novel they have read of al time. This book had two characters, who were not regular, as the main theme, and the story concentrated upon them, more than the regular crew, considering that the stroy about the original cast as wel s the rest of the series are finished, and nothing new will be shown about them, should these type of stories be continued and aowed to be written and printed, if for no other reason that they are good stories? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.133.85.135 (talk) 20:38, 2 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Muizenberg

Muizenberg (, Dutch for 'mice mountain') is a beach-side town in the Western Cape, South Africa. It is situated where the shore of the Cape Peninsula curves round to the east on the False Bay coast. It is considered to be the main surfing spot in Cape Town and is currently home to a surfing community, centered on the popular 'Surfer's Corner'.

History
Muizenberg was apparently named after Wynand Willem Muijs who commanded a small outpost on the shore of Zandvlei in 1743.

The Battle of Muizenberg was a small but significant military affair that began on 7 August 1795 and ended three months later with the (first) British occupation of the Cape. Thus began the period (briefly interrupted from 1803 to 1806) of British control of the Cape, and subsequently much of Southern Africa. The historical remnant of the Battle of Muizenberg is a site on the hillside overlooking False Bay that holds the remains of a defensive fort started by the Dutch in 1795 and expanded by the British from 1796 onwards. Cannons from that era are mounted at "Het Posthuys", the Muizenberg Park and on the station platform.

The railway from Cape Town, which for twenty years stopped at Wynberg, was extended to Muizenberg in 1882. Muizenberg started as a place for holiday homes for the rich after the discovery of gold in the Witwatersrand in 1886. Muizenberg Municipality was established in 1895. It merged with Kalk Bay in 1897. In 1910 a library opened next to the Natale Labia, and a year later a post office opened. In 1911 the first pavilion, a wooden one, was built. In the twentieth century, Muizenberg was the premier summer destination among Southern African Jews. The post office was bombed in 1986, injuring the postman.

Buildings
The famous architect, Sir Herbert Baker, designed his house "Sand Hills" on Atlantic Road, was the architect for "Vergenoegd" further along the same road, and designed "Coel an Mar" on Main Road.

Many of the buildings in Muizenberg date from the resort town's heyday and are built in the art deco style. At its peak the Muizenberg beachfront attracted masses of holiday-makers and the beach in front of the pavilion earned the name "The Snake Pit". It boasted a large Jewish population that attended the synagogue in Camp Rd. The community is celebrated in a book called "The Stetl by the Sea".

Rhodes Cottage
Rhodes' Cottage is a small house on the seafront that Cecil Rhodes bought as a holiday cottage and this was where he died in 1902. The house is preserved as a museum dedicated to Rhodes' life and is open to the public.

Het Posthuys
Het Posthuys is one of the oldest buildings in South Africa, originally erected in February 1673: a year before the Castle in Cape Town was occupied. It was built by the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC), originally as a three-roomed signal station, and used as a military observation post, and subsequently used as a toll-house to levy a tax on farmers passing by to sell their produce to ships lying in Simon's Bay. One of the early postholders was Sergeant Muys (meaning "mouse"), from whom Muizenberg (formerly Muysenbergh and Muys Zijn Bergh (Muys' mountain) before that) gets its name. After a varied career as a police station, stables, brothel, hotel and private house the building was identified for what it was in the 1980s and restored with funds from Anglo American Corporation. The house is cared for by the Muizenberg Historical Conservation Society and contains a small collection of photos and items of interest relating to early days in Muizenberg. It is open to the public.

Casa Labia
The Muizenberg Battle site flanks the home of the first Italian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to South Africa, Prince Natale Labia. Originally called "The Fort" after the site of the battle, it now bears the name Casa Labia and is a restaurant, conference centre and music venue. The house was built by skilled Italian artisans and houses part of the Labia family's extensive art collection.

Behind Casa Labia lies the grave site of Abe Bailey, one of South Africa's early and important mine magnates. The graveyard is maintained by the Muizenberg Historical Conservation Society. One of the few houses on the sea side of the railway line, is the thatched cottage owned by Bailey and called Bailey's Cottage. This is owned by the South African Navy.

Pavilion
There have been three pavilions built in Muizenberg - the first was a wooden one built in 1911. The next had bathing cubicles, a tearoom, and a 900-seat theatre, built in 1929. This was demolished in 1970, and a third one, still standing, was built.

Muizenberg Shul
Muizenberg Shul is a modern orthodox synagogue on Camp Road. The red-and-white painted building dates from the 1920s and ‘30s. The synagogue has a full-time rabbi and is open for Shabbat services and for the Jewish holidays.

In 2022, the Shul's rabbi, Ryan Newman said: “Muizenberg may be the largest Jewish community in South Africa during the holidays. We have a minyan of over fifty men every single day. You can’t walk a minute on the beach without seeing a group of people you know sitting together. The amazing thing is that you see Jews here from across the spectrum of Orthodoxy. You have people – and often very different rabbis – from Chabad, Mizrachi, Ohr Somayach, etc. all joining together in a single shul.”

Present day

Muizenberg has a fine, long beach that in effect stretches all the way round the top of False Bay to the Strand, a distance of over 20 km. False Bay, known for its population of White Sharks, also has a shark watch service that operates from Muizenberg, signalling alerts when sharks come in proximity of bathers at the main beach and surfers at Surfer's Corner. Above Muizenberg there is a line of steep cliffs that is very popular as a venue for rock climbing. However, certain parts of the cliff are off-limits to climbers when birds nest on the ledges.

The Zandvlei estuary enters the ocean in Muizenberg. The estuary is one of the most important estuaries for fish spawning on the coastline and is home to the Imperial Yacht Club, Peninsula Canoe Club and Sandvlei Sea Scout Base.

Educational establishments
Muizenberg houses one of the False Bay College campuses in the Cinnabar Building, a high-rise apartment tower. The college, a Public Further Education and Training Institution (FET), was established in September 2002 when the South Peninsula College (established 1970) and the Westlake College (established 1954) were merged. Muizenberg is also home to the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS), a pan-African centre for education and research in mathematical sciences.

Beach front
Muizenberg is home to the well known "Surfers Corner", there is a range of restaurants and coffee shops in the area such as Knead Bakery, Bootlegger, Kauai and Starbucks. Surf shops are also very present in the area.

Agatha Christie, famous author and playwright, wrote that after nursing duty she would daily take the train to Muizenberg to go surfing.

Geography
Muizenberg is located approximately 27 km south-east of Cape Town’s CBD by road and is bounded by Kalk Bay to the south-west, the suburbs of Lavender Hill, Seawinds, Coniston Park, Sheraton Park, Retreat and Westlake to the north and Grassy Park to the north-west.

The older part of the town known as Muizenberg Village occupies the foot slopes of the Muizenberg Mountain, whilst the newer suburbs have spread eastwards along the flat expanse of land, known as the Cape Flats, bordering the lake of Zandvlei to the west.

The municipal boundaries of Muizenberg comprises Muizenberg Village and the following other suburbs:

 * Capricorn
 * Costa da Gama
 * Lakeside
 * Marina da Gama
 * St James
 * Stonehurst Mountain Estate
 * Vrygrond

Rail
Muizenberg is situated on the main commuter line between Cape Town and Simon’s Town, known as the Southern Line which is operated by Metrorail. Metrorail currently operates commuter railway services in Muizenberg from the False Bay, Lakeside, Muizenberg, and St James railway stations to Cape Town, Kalk Bay, Fish Hoek and Simon’s Town.

Roads
The main thoroughfare through Muizenberg is the M4 (Main Road) which roughly runs in a north-south direction from Cape Town towards Kalk Bay, Fish Hoek and Simon’s Town. The R310 is another major route roughly running NE to SW from Stellenbosch and Mitchells Plain to Muizenberg and runs through Muizenberg as Atlantic Road and Baden Powell Drive.

Muizenberg is also intersected by other metropolitan routes within the City of Cape Town including the M5 (Prince George Drive) linking Muizenberg with Cape Town and Milnerton and the M75 (Boyes Drive) skirting above Muizenberg along the lower slopes of the Muizenberg Mountains towards Kalk Bay.

The M3 expressway (Simon van der Stel Freeway) runs northwards to Cape Town’s CBD from the intersection with the M42 (Steenberg Drive) in Westlake. The M42 then connects the M3 to Muizenberg from the intersection with the M4 near Lakeside.

Nearby places of interest

 * Zandvlei Estuary Nature Reserve
 * Rondevlei Nature Reserve
 * Kalk Bay Harbour
 * Peck's Valley
 * Table Mountain Nature Reserve above Boyes Drive

title: Muizenberg


text:
My Way (Usher song)

"My Way" is a song from American singer-songwriter Usher's 1997 album of the same name. It features an uncredited rap and background vocals from Jermaine Dupri.

Music video
It was filmed and released in 1998 at a broken down garage in a desert location. It features a dance competition between two groups, one led by Usher and the other led by Tyrese Gibson. The music video on YouTube has received over 30 million views as of May 2024.

Release and reception
Despite moderate airplay, the single sold well and reached number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. Due to the disappointment of the "Nice and Slow" single in the United Kingdom, "My Way" was not released as a single there. In 2016, Complex ranked "My Way" number ten on their list of the 25 greatest Usher songs, and in 2021, American Songwriter ranked the song number two on their list of the 10 greatest Usher songs.

Track listing
US 12-inch vinyl
 * 1) "My Way" [Remix W/J.D.] 3:37 Rap [Featuring] - Jermaine Dupri
 * 2) "My Way" [Remix Instrumental] 3:37
 * 3) "My Way" [Remix Acappella] 3:37 Rap [Featuring] - Jermaine Dupri
 * 4) "My Way" [Album Version] 3:38
 * 5) "My Way" [Instrumental] 3:36
 * 6) "My Way" [Acapella]

title: My Way (Usher song)


text:
Prenasalized consonant

Prenasalized consonants are phonetic sequences of a nasal and an obstruent (or occasionally a non-nasal sonorant such as ) that behave phonologically like single consonants. The primary reason for considering them to be single consonants, rather than clusters as in English finger or member, lies in their behaviour; however, there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters. Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing, prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates, and the presence of the former implies the latter. Only three languages (Sinhala, Fula, Selayarese) have been reported to have a contrast between prenasalized consonants (C) and their corresponding clusters (NC).

In most languages, when a prenasalized consonant is described as "voiceless", it is only the oral portion that is voiceless, and the nasal portion is modally voiced. Thus, a language may have "voiced" and "voiceless". However, in some Southern Min (including Taiwanese) dialects, voiced consonants are preceded by voiceless prenasalization:. Yeyi has prenasalized ejectives. Adzera has a.

Prenasalized stops may be distinguished from post-oralized or post-stopped nasals (orally released nasals), such as the of Acehnese and similar sounds (including voiceless ) in many dialects of Chinese. (At least in the Chinese case, nasalization, in some dialects, continues in a reduced degree to the vowel, indicating that the consonant is partially denasalized, rather than actually having an oral release.) No language is believed to contrast the two types of consonant, which are distinguished primarily by a difference in timing (a brief nasal followed by longer stop, as opposed to a longer nasal followed by brief stop).

Africa
The Bantu languages are famous for their prenasalized stops (the "nt" in "Bantu" is an example), but similar sounds occur across Africa and around the world. Ghana's politician Kwame Nkrumah had a prenasalized stop in his name, as does the capital of Chad, N'Djamena (African prenasalized stops are often written with apostrophes in Latin script transcription although this may sometimes indicate syllabic nasals instead). The sound can also be found in approximately 90 languages in Africa.

East Asia
In Southern Min languages, such as Teochew, prenasalized stops are also found. The prenasalized stops in the vernacular readings of Southern Min languages evolved not from the different Middle Chinese initials and thus are historically different from the voiced obstruents found in Wu and Xiang languages.

Prenasalized consonants are widely utilized in the Loloish languages of the Lolo–Burmese family, such as Yi and Naxi. The following table illustrates the prenasalized consonants in northern Yi.

The prenasalized stops also occur in several branches of the Hmong–Mien language family of Southern China and Southeast Asia.

In dialects of northern Japan, standard voiced stops are prenasalized, and voiceless stops are voiced. For example, "strawberry" is  in most of the south, but  in much of the north. Prenasalized stops are also reconstructed for Old Japanese.

Europe
In Greek the orthographic sequences μπ, ντ γκ and γγ are often pronounced as prenasalized voiced stops, , and , respectively, especially in formal speech and among older speakers. Among younger Athenian speakers the prenasalization often disappears and in fast speech the voiced stop may be replaced by a fricative.

South America
The Guaraní language has a set of prenasalized stops which are alternate allophonically with simple nasal continuants; they appear only within a word, to the left of a stressed vowel that is oral.

South Asia
The Indo-Aryan languages Sinhala and Dhivehi have prenasalized stops. Sinhala script has prenasalized versions of, /ʥ/, , and. Sinhala is one of only three languages reported to have a contrast between prenasalized consonants and their corresponding clusters, along with Fula and Selayarese, although the nature of this contrast is debated. For example,

Sri Lankan Malay has been in contact with Sinhala a long time and has also developed prenasalized stops. The spectrograms on the right show the word gaambar with a prenasalized stop and the word sambal with a sequence of nasal+voiced stop, yet not prenasalized. The difference in the length of the [m] part is clearly visible. The nasal in the prenasalized word is much shorter than the nasal in the other word.

This phonetic information is complemented by phonological evidence: The first vowel in gaambar is lengthened, which only happens in open syllables in Sri Lanka Malay. The syllabification of gaambar must be gaa.mbar then, and the syllabification of sambal sam.bal.

Oceania
An example of the unitary behavior of prenasalized stops is provided by Fijian. In this language, as in many in Melanesia and also reconstructed for Proto-Oceanic, there is a series of voiceless stops,, and a series of prenasalized stops, , but there are no simple voiced stops,. In addition, Fijian allows prenasalized stops at the beginning of a word, but it does not allow other consonant sequences. Thus the prenasalized stops behave like ordinary consonants. In some Oceanic languages, prenasalisation of voiced consonants depends on the environment. For example, in Raga, b and d are prenasalized when the preceding consonant is nasal (noⁿda "ours"), but not elsewhere (gida "us"). Uneapa has prenasalization word-medially, but not word-initially (goᵐbu "yam").

When Tok Pisin is spoken by people in Papua New Guinea who have similar phonologies in their languages, voiced consonants are prenasalized. For example, the preposition bilong (from English belong) is pronounced by many Melanesians. The prenasalization behaves as a phonetic detail of voicing, rather than a separate segment.

Australia
Prenasalized stops are also found in Australia. The Eastern Arrernte language has both prenasalized stops and prestopped nasals, but does not have any other word-initial consonant clusters. Compare "good",  "make",  "coolamon".

Transcription
When unambiguous, prenasalized consonants may simply be transcribed ⟨mb, nd, ŋɡ⟩ etc. In the IPA, a tie bar may be used to specify that these are single segments: ⟨m͜b, n͜d, ŋ͡ɡ⟩. Another common transcription practice is to make the nasal superscript: ⟨ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑɡ⟩. An old convention of the IPA was to mark the nasal as 'short' until the short and the nonsyllabic signs diverged: ⟨m̆b, n̆d, ŋ̆ɡ⟩.

title: Prenasalized consonant


text:
Raad

Raad may refer to:

Military

 * Hatf-VIII (Ra'ad), air-launched Pakistani cruise missile
 * RAAD (anti-tank guided missile), family of Iranian anti-tank missiles
 * Raad (air defense system), Iranian air defense system
 * Raad (anti-ship missile), Iranian anti-ship cruise missile
 * Iranian Self-propelled howitzers
 * Raad-1
 * Raad-2
 * RAAD 200, Egyptian multiple rocket launcer

Other uses

 * Raad ny Foillan, coastal long-distance footpath in the Isle of Man
 * Republican Action Against Drugs, former vigilante group that operated in Northern Ireland
 * Raad (name), list of people with the name

title: Raad


text:
Alabama and Tennessee River Railway

The Alabama and Tennessee River Railway is a shortline railway operating (via lease) over trackage formerly operated by CSX Transportation. The line's western terminus is a junction with the CSX (former Louisville and Nashville Railroad) main line in Birmingham, Alabama, near CSX's Boyles Yard. The eastern terminus is Guntersville, Alabama, near the Tennessee River. The parent company of the ATN is OmniTRAX, a major operator of American and Canadian short lines.

The route is a combination of the remnants of three former lines: the Seaboard Air Line's (SAL) Birmingham Subdivision from Birmingham to Wellington, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N) former Mineral Belt line from Birmingham to Gadsden, and the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway (NC&StL) line (ex-Tennessee and Coosa Railroad) from Guntersville to Gadsden, which once went further north to Huntsville using a car ferry over the Tennessee River. All of these lines eventually fell under the ownership of CSX. CSX abandoned the L&N line south of Wellington, where it crossed over the SAL main line, to Anniston, Alabama. Later, the SAL main line was abandoned from Wellington to Cedartown, Georgia. The portion of the former L&N line from just west of Ivalee, Alabama (near the junction with the NC&StL line) through Oneonta to Birmingham was sold to a quarry owner along the line who intended to operate it as an independent shortline. Almost all of the line was later abandoned, leaving an L-shaped line from Birmingham to Guntersville. CSX operated this as the Alabama Mineral Subdivision.

In 2004, CSX leased the line to OmniTRAX, which gave the line its current name. According to OmniTRAX, there are more than three dozen online customers. The line includes a short branch to Ivalee, Alabama which serves a Tyson Foods feed plant; this branch is a stub of the former L&N line to Birmingham. The ATN interchanges with CSX Transportation at Boyles Yard, and with Norfolk Southern (former Southern Railway) at Alabama City. The ATN also serves the Port of Guntersville.

title: Alabama and Tennessee River Railway


text:
Latehar district

Latehar district is one of the 24 districts of  Jharkhand state in eastern India, and Latehar town is the administrative headquarters of this district. This district is part of Palamu division.

Latehar district is situated on longitude 84° 31' E and 23° 44.4' N latitude. The area of the district is 3660 km², with a population of 726,978 (2011 census).

History
The territory covered by the present district became a part of Palamu district, when it formed on 1 January 1928. Latehar district was created on 4 April 2001 by separating the erstwhile Latehar subdivision of Palamu district. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.

Geography

 * Latehar district has two of the highest waterfalls in Jharkhand – Lodh Falls and Lower Ghaghri Falls, along with several others.
 * Netarhat is hill station in the district.
 * Betla National Park and Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary is located in this District.

Politics

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Blocks/Mandals
Latehar district consists of 9 blocks. The following are the list of the blocks in Latehar district:

 * 1) Latehar Block
 * 2) Chandwa Block
 * 3) Balumath Block
 * 4) Manika Block
 * 5) Barwadih Block
 * 6) Garu Block
 * 7) Mahuadanar Block
 * 8) Bariyatu Block
 * 9) Herhanj Block

Economy
In 2006 the Indian government named Latehar one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Divisions
There are 9 development blocks, namely Latehar, Chandwa, Balumath, Bariyatu, Herhanj, Manika, Barwadih, Garu and Mahuadanr

There are two Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district: Manika and Latehar. Both are part of Chatra Lok Sabha constituency.

Tourism

 * Netarhat
 * Betla National Park
 * Palamu fort
 * Kechki Sangam
 * Sarju Valley
 * Lodh Falls
 * Lower Ghaghri Falls
 * Suga Bandh
 * Mirchaiya Waterfall
 * Jhunjhuniya waterfall
 * Kanti Waterfall
 * Datam Patam Waterfall
 * Tapa Pahad
 * Ugratara Temple

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Latehar district has a population of 726,978. Roughly equal to the nation of Bhutan or the US state of Alaska. This gives it a ranking of 499th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 200 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 29.38%. Latehar has a sex ratio of 964 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 59.51%. 7.13% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 21.31% and 45.54% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 40.60% of the population in the district spoke Hindi, 27.10% Sadri, 18.31% Kurukh, 6.04% Magahi and 5.09% Urdu as their first language.

title: Latehar district


text:
Talk:Go West (band)

Untitled
I've added an infobox - Foetusized 23:46, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Gowest.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 22:58, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

The real U.S. hits for Go West!
Despite what every Go West fan knows, here in the States, "Call Me" and "We Close Our Eyes" are the first true hits for this band...no, really!...Baldwin91006 (talk) 03:44, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Needs more sources
The article needs more sources and has been tagged accordingly. SunCrow (talk) 19:32, 30 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Never mind. I cut out the unsourced material. SunCrow (talk) 13:46, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Go West (band)