text:
Tetrasulfur tetranitride

Tetrasulfur tetranitride is an inorganic compound with the formula S4N4. This vivid orange, opaque, crystalline explosive is the most important binary sulfur nitride, which are compounds that contain only the elements sulfur and nitrogen. It is a precursor to many S-N compounds and has attracted wide interest for its unusual structure and bonding.

Nitrogen and sulfur have similar electronegativities. When the properties of atoms are so highly similar, they often form extensive families of covalently bonded structures and compounds. Indeed, a large number of S-N and S-NH compounds are known with S4N4 as their parent.

Structure
S4N4 adopts an unusual “extreme cradle” structure, with D2d point group symmetry. It can be viewed as a derivative of a (hypothetical) eight-membered ring (or more simply a 'deformed' eight-membered ring) of alternating sulfur and nitrogen atoms. The pairs of sulfur atoms across the ring are separated by 2.586 Å, resulting in a cage-like structure as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The nature of the transannular S–S interactions remains a matter of investigation because it is significantly shorter than the sum of the van der Waal's distances but has been explained in the context of molecular orbital theory. One pair of the transannular S atoms have valence 4, and the other pair of the transannular S atoms have valence 2. The bonding in S4N4 is considered to be delocalized, which is indicated by the fact that the bond distances between neighboring sulfur and nitrogen atoms are nearly identical. S4N4 has been shown to co-crystallize with benzene and the C60 molecule.

Properties
S4N4 is stable to air. It is, however, unstable in the thermodynamic sense with a positive enthalpy of formation of +460 kJ/mol. This endothermic enthalpy of formation originates in the difference in energy of S4N4 compared to its highly stable decomposition products:
 * 2 S4N4 → 4 N2 + S8

S4N4 is shock and friction sensitive and because one of its decomposition products is a gas, S4N4 is considered a primary explosive. Purer samples tend to be more sensitive. Small samples can be detonated by striking with a hammer. S4N4 is thermochromic, changing from pale yellow below −30 °C to orange at room temperature to deep red above 100 °C.

Synthesis
S4N4 was first prepared in 1835 by M. Gregory by the reaction of disulfur dichloride with ammonia, a process that has been optimized:
 * 6 S2Cl2 + 16 NH3 → S4N4 + S8 + 12 [NH4]Cl

Coproducts of this reaction include heptasulfur imide (S7NH) and elemental sulfur, and the latter equilibrates with more S4N4 and ammonium sulfide:
 * 10 S + 16 NH3 ↔ N4S4 + 6 (NH4)S

A related synthesis employs [NH4]Cl instead:
 * 4 [NH4]Cl + 6 S2Cl2 → S4N4 + 16 HCl + S8

An alternative synthesis entails the use of (((CH3)3Si)2N)2S as a precursor with pre-formed S–N bonds. (((CH3)3Si)2N)2S is prepared by the reaction of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and SCl2.

 * 2 ((CH3)3Si)2NLi + SCl2 → (((CH3)3Si)2N)2S + 2 LiCl

The (((CH3)3Si)2N)2S reacts with the combination of SCl2 and SO2Cl2 to form S4N4, trimethylsilyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide:

 * 2 (((CH3)3Si)2N)2S + 2 SCl2 + 2 SO2Cl2 → S4N4 + 8 (CH3)3SiCl + 2 SO2

Acid-base reactions
S4N4 serves as a Lewis base by binding through nitrogen to strongly Lewis acidic compounds such as SbCl5 and SO3. The cage is distorted in these adducts.
 * S4N4 + SbCl5 → S4N4*SbCl5
 * S4N4 + SO3 → S4N4*SO3

The reaction of [Pt2Cl4(P(CH3)2Ph)2] with S4N4 is reported to form a complex where a sulfur forms a dative bond to the metal. This compound upon standing is isomerised to a complex in which a nitrogen atom forms the additional bond to the metal centre.

It is protonated by H[BF4] to form a tetrafluoroborate salt:
 * S4N4 + H[BF4] → [S4N4H]+[BF4]−

The soft Lewis acid CuCl forms a coordination polymer:

 * n S4N4 + n CuCl → (S4N4)_{n}\-μ\-(\sCu\sCl\s)_{n}

Dilute NaOH hydrolyzes S4N4 as follows, yielding thiosulfate and trithionate:

 * 2 S4N4 + 6 OH− + 9 H2O → S2O3(2−) + 2 S3O6(2−) + 8 NH3

More concentrated base yields sulfite:
 * S4N4 + 6 OH− + 3 H2O → S2O3(2−) + 2 SO3(2−) + 4 NH3

Metal complexes
S4N4 reacts with metal complexes. The cage remains intact in some cases but in other cases, it is degraded. S4N4 reacts with Vaska's complex ([Ir(Cl)(CO)(PPh3)2] in an oxidative addition reaction to form a six coordinate iridium complex where the S4N4 binds through two sulfur atoms and one nitrogen atom.

S4N4 as a precursor to other S-N compounds
Many S-N compounds are prepared from S4N4. Reaction with piperidine generates [S4N5]−:

 * 24 S4N4 + 32 C5H10NH → 8 [C5H10NH2]+[S4N5]− + 8 (C5H10N)2S + 3 S8 + 8 N2

A related cation is also known, i.e. [S4N5]+.

Treatment with tetramethylammonium azide produces the heterocycle [S3N3]−:

 * 8 S4N4 + 8 [(CH3)4N]+[N3]- → 8 [(CH3)4N]+[S3N3]- + S8 + 16 N2

Cyclo-[S3N3]− has 10 pi-electrons.

In a related reaction, the use of the bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium azide gives a salt containing the blue [NS4]− anion:
 * 4 S4N4 + 2 [PPN]+[N3]- → 2 [PPN]+[NS4]- + S8 + 10 N2

The anion [NS4]- has a chain structure described using the resonance [S\dS\dN\sS\sS−] ↔ [−S\sS\sN\dS\dS].

S4N4 reacts with electron-poor alkynes.

Chlorination of S4N4 gives thiazyl chloride.

Passing gaseous S4N4 over silver metal yields the low temperature superconductor polythiazyl or polysulfurnitride (transition temperature (0.26±0.03) K ), often simply called "(SN)x". In the conversion, the silver first becomes sulfided, and the resulting Ag2S catalyzes the conversion of the S4N4 into the four-membered ring S2N2, which readily polymerizes.

 * S4N4 + 8 Ag → 4 Ag2S + 2 N2
 * x S4N4 → (SN)_{4x}

Related compounds

 * The selenium analogue Se4N4, tetraselenium tetranitride.

Safety
S4N4 is a categorized as a primary explosive that is shock and friction sensitive. While comparable to pentaerythritol  tetranitrate (PETN) in terms of impact sensitivity, its friction sensitivity is equal to or even lower than lead azide. Purer samples are more shock-sensitive than those contaminated with elemental sulfur.

title: Tetrasulfur tetranitride


text:
User talk:Ozkaplan

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Ozkaplan! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
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There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  10:05, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Bulutsuzluk.jpg
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Image:147makeup.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:147makeup.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:
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Merhaba
VikiProje Türkiye'ye davet / Invitation to join WikiProject Turkey

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Sevmekz.jpg)
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Support for deleting the Category:Anti-Armenianism
Will you support my arguement for the deletion of the Category:Anti-Armenianism that I put forward on May 1, 2009?

It is very subjective and even racist as it puts every person who questions the Armenian genocide, such as prominent academicians, who are not racist or personally against Armenian people or Armenia as an entity, along with assasins and militants.

Thank you

81.214.147.154 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.214.147.154 (talk) 19:00, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Ozkaplan! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 18:05, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Fuat Saka -

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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk ) 03:59, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

The 1000 Challenge (Turkey)
Hi. I was wondering if you'd be interested in setting up The 1000 Challenge (Turkey), based on The 10,000 Challenge and The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). Now it's not a contest in itself, it's designed to motivate people to inspire others to improve content and build something which demonstrates the hard work going into the country which is visible. The focus is more on quality improvements but new articles are welcome too. Eventually a Turkish National Contest could be created to fuel it, like Awaken the Dragon, in which contestants can choose to keep the Amazon vouchers themselves to buy their own books for more articles or put them into book fund to help editors further improve Turkish-related topics by giving them the books they want. It will begin though as purely an improvement drive. If interested, or you think anybody else might be interested, alert them and sign up on the Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Turkey talk page at the bottom. Thank you. --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:12, 19 September 2016 (UTC)

Asian 10,000 Challenge invite
Hi. The WikiProject Asia/The 10,000 Challenge has recently started, based on the UK/Ireland The 10,000 Challenge and WikiProject Africa/The 10,000 Challenge. The idea is not to record every minor edit, but to create a momentum to motivate editors to produce good content improvements and creations and inspire people to work on more countries than they might otherwise work on. There's also the possibility of establishing smaller country or regional challenges for places like South East Asia, Japan/China or India etc, much like The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). For this to really work we need diversity and exciting content and editors from a broad range of countries regularly contributing. At some stage we hope to run some contests to benefit Asian content, a destubathon perhaps, aimed at reducing the stub count would be a good place to start, based on the current WikiProject Africa/The Africa Destubathon which has produced near 200 articles in just three days. If you would like to see this happening for Asia, and see potential in this attracting more interest and editors for the country/countries you work on please sign up and being contributing to the challenge! This is a way we can target every country of Asia, and steadily vastly improve the encyclopedia. We need numbers to make this work so consider signing up as a participant! Thank you. -- Ser Amantio di Nicolao Che dicono a Signa?Lo dicono a Signa. 11:28, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ozkaplan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jerry Fish and the Mudbug Club

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 00:57, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Jerry Fish and the Mudbug Club
No claim to notability, practically empty --Werdna648 10:06, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - very notable, Vodafone even used one of their songs for an ad of theirs. Played almost all Fastivals in Europe, including V and Glastonbury these past two years. Maybe you could add to it instead of VFDing it? --Irishpunktom\talk 19:49, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - they are a notable band, they're the sort of band who have plugged away on the circuit for donkey's years, playing to medium sized crowds all over the place. They have several well known songs and googling "Jerry Fish and the Mudbug Club" produces over a thousand Google hits. Bandraoi 12:47, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and heed Irishpunktom's advice. —RaD Man (talk) 07:01, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Research topics before attempting to delete them. Factitious 12:22, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Xariegu~enwiki

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Xariegu! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
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There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  10:06, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

please, let's discuss relevant changes at the talk pages before applying them to the main article. The pages of Terra Lliure and Catalan Countries that you edited were the result of the stabilization of several discussions. Of course both pages could be much better, specially the one about Terra Lliure which I find quite tendentious. But your edits help nothing in achieving this. Thanks. :) coco

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Xariegu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Xariegu~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:27, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xariegu~enwiki


text: Category:Arles

title: Category:Arles


text:
User talk:Parson Parcel

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Parson Parcel! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  10:07, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, you're welcome! Uh... gosh, I don't know if I would assassinate anyone. While there are some people that just disgust me, like this guy, I doubt I would 'rub him out.' Oh, and to sign your name, type four tildes. To make a tilde, hold the SHIFT key and hit the key next to the number 1 key. Acetic  ' Acid  10:19, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, that's an easy one! Rev. Fred Phelps! I would be rooting for Bush to win. Acetic  ' Acid  14:05, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

nonsense
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --fvw *  14:29, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Parson Parcel


text:
Brakel, Germany

Brakel is a town in the district of Höxter in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Location
Brakel lies at the midpoint of the district of Höxter between the Eggegebirge and the Weser in the Oberwälder Land nature area in the old Saxon region of Nethegau.

Constituent communities
Brakel consists of the following centres:

Heggedörfer
Auenhausen (population 130), Frohnhausen (population 309) and Hampenhausen (population 54) are Brakel's highest constituent communities, and are sometimes also known as the Heggedörfer. Between 1142 and 1147, these three villages had their first documentary mention. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Gehrden Monastery had holdings in these three villages. The Heggedörfer, along with the town of Gehrden, were amalgamated into the greater community of Brakel after the old district of Warburg was dissolved.

Beller
Beller has a population of 187. The village is named by the great fish called "Beller", that joined the rITArd UG in 880.

Bellersen
Bellersen lies on the edge of the extensive woods in the Bruch Valley. Bellersen is said to be "North Rhine-Westphalia's Model Tourism Village". Bellersen has earned international fame as "Dorf B." in the Judenbuche by Annette von Droste-Hülshoff. Bellersen is home to 704 inhabitants.

Bökendorf
In 1965, this village celebrated its one-thousandth anniversary of existence. The Schloss Bökendorf (stately home) was the centre of the "Circle of Romantics" with Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, the Brothers Grimm, Clemens von Brentano and Josef Görres. It is known today for its open-air stage. Bökendorf has 852 inhabitants.

Erkeln
The village's forerunner, a group of farms, was first mentioned in the ninth century. There are 644 inhabitants in Erkeln.

Gehrden
This titular town was first mentioned in 868. Idyllically set in the Oese Valley on the eastern slopes of the Eggegebirge, Gehrden is said to be a tourism destination. The former Benedictine abbey there, founded in 1142, had great influence and several landholdings in the Warburger Land until its seizure by the state in 1810. Gehrden was incorporated into the greater community of Brakel after the old Warburg District was dissolved in 1975. Until then, Gehrden had belonged to the Amt of Dringenberg-Gehrden. The Romanesque monastery church has Westphalia's greatest peal of bells. In the Klosterpark (Monastery Park) stands Germany's third-oldest linden tree, the Zwölfapostel Linde (Twelve Apostles Linden), which was planted by the Benedictine nuns shortly after the monastery was founded. There are 961 inhabitants in Gehrden.

Hembsen
Already first mentioned in the year 800, Hembsen lies in the middle of the heavily wooded heights of the Nethegau, and has 1,084 inhabitants.

Istrup
Istrup has 707 inhabitants.

Rheder
Rheder has 324 inhabitants and is known for the Schlossbräuerei Rheder, a brewery rich in tradition. The very tasty golden pilsener brewed here is very famous and is consumed by the locals at the several "Schützenfeste" in this region. Some say that Rhederpils is one of the best beers all over Germany, probably even the world.

Riesel
Riesel has 610 inhabitants.

Schmechten
Schmechten has 224 inhabitants.

Siddessen
Siddessen has 504 inhabitants.

Population figures are as at 31 December 2003.

History
Brakel had its first documentary mention in 836 as "villa brechal" in writings by the Benedictine monks. After the lords of Brakel died out in the late 13th century, Hinnenburg Castle on a hill above Brakel was inherited by the House of Asseburg, owning it to this day. The medieval castle was reconstructed around 1600 in the Weser Renaissance style. Brakel developed itself into quite an important trading town that belonged to the Hanseatic League. In the 14th century, this Hanseatic town was at the height of its boom, bearing the same rank as Paderborn and Warburg, bearing witness to which was the town's having its own court and market rights. The general situation worsened in the 15th century. In the outer regions, the Brede Monastery was founded.

The Thirty Years' War also left traces in Brakel. In 1803, Prussia took over the town and appointed Brakel a district seat. After a brief period of French rule in Napoleonic times, the district seat had to be yielded permanently to Höxter in 1832.

On 1 January 1970, the formerly independent communities of Beller, Bellersen, Bökendorf, Erkeln, Hembsen, Hinnenburg, Istrup, Rheder, Riesel and Schmechten merged with the town.

As part of the 5 November 1974 state law aimed at municipal reform, Höxter district and the old district of Warburg were amalgamated. The formerly independent communities of Auenhausen, Frohnhausen, Hampenhausen and Siddessen, along with the town of Gehrden were made parts of Brakel.

There was talk at the time of making Brakel the new district seat, its central location being seen as a point in its favour. However, any ambition that Brakel had to become the new district's capital was never realized, as Höxter kept the district seat.

Between 1966 and 1995, Brakel was a garrison town, hosting the 43rd Artillery Battalion from Belgium.

The town's development strong points today are as follows:
 * Bringing industrial concerns to town, especially in woodworking, metalworking, textile-working and plastics;
 * Being named a climatic spa, and expanding tourism;
 * Offering multifaceted educational opportunities, favoured by Brakel's central location.

Hanseatic League
Brakel's Hanseatic roots go back to its early history and stretch through the Middle Ages. From the first written reference to "villa brechal" in 836 (in connection with transferring Saint Vitus's bones from Saint Denis, France, to Corvey) through to the 12th century, when it was the seat of the Lords of Brakel, the town found itself centrally located by virtue of two old commercial roads that crossed here. Moreover, the topography made expansion possible in the Early Middle Ages.

Long-distance traders thereby had a decisive share in Brakel's development, being as they were part of the leading class in many Westphalian towns. The Hellweglinie, a mediaeval commercial road network that ran through Brakel, was the basis for long-distance trade.

As a principal town of the Hanseatic city of Paderborn, Brakel became a member of the Hanseatic League, putting Brakel in early contact with Hanseatic trade. Particularly in the 13th and 14th centuries, Brakel developed itself by fostering long-distance trade activities as far away as the Baltic Sea coast. Bearing witness to these Hanseatic activities are Brakel coins showing up in Baltic Sea towns at the time (15th century).

On 25 June 1983, representatives from 20 former Hanseatic towns, in an initiative arising from the towns' common history, founded the Wesphalian Hanseatic League (Westfälischer Hansebund), with Brakel as one of the founding members. The number of members has since risen to 40. The League's goals are, among others, to foster Wesphalian Hanseatic towns' self-awareness, to contribute to their self-presentation and to emphasize commonalities among these Hanseatic towns. Already, since 1984, it has become traditional to hold a yearly Westphalian Hansetag (Hanseatic assembly). The Hansetage are made attractive and informative to visitors with interesting cultural, touristic and sporting events (parades, farmers', craftsmen's and merchants market, theatre, evening events)

Town council
Town council's 34 seats are apportioned as follows, in accordance with municipal elections held on 13 September 2021: Note: CWG is a citizens' coalition.
 * CDU 17 seats
 * SPD 5 seats
 * Greens 5 seats
 * CWG 4 seats
 * Liste Zukunft 2 seats
 * without party affiliation 1 seat

Coat of arms, banner and flag
Brakel's civic coat of arms might heraldically be described thus: In gules two pointed-roofed towers argent joined at the tops by a decorative gable argent, beneath the gable and between the towers an inescutcheon, in which, in vert three pallets argent across which a raised fess gules, therein three orbs Or.

The inescutcheon – the smaller shield within the bigger one – which already appeared on Brakel's coins in 1227, is the arms of the Lords of Brakel, who were the town's overlords until their male line died out in 1268. On the south side of the Town Hall is found an armorial stone, believed to be from the 16th century, that only shows the Lords' arms. Even written records from Paderborn in the 18th century contain only this inner shield as Brakel's coat of arms. From the late 13th century, the town of Brakel used a seal whose composition matches the blazon given above. A seal stamp used beginning in 1316 is still kept in the town archive today. When the coat of arms was newly adopted in 1907, the town chose to have the 1316 seal stamp composition in its arms. The colours seen in the inescutcheon are simply the town's colours, as the old Lords' armorial colours are unknown. In this form, the coat of arms was given Royal approval on 18 March 1908.

The town's banner is striped green and white lengthwise with the coat of arms in the middle of the upper half. Written above the coat of arms is "Stadt", and underneath "Brakel" ("Stadt Brakel" means "Town of Brakel")

The town's flag is striped green and white lengthwise with the coat of arms in the middle, but towards the hoist.

Transport
Brakel lies at the crossroads of Federal Highways (Bundesstraßen) B 64 (Münster-Paderborn-Brakel-Seesen-Halle-Leipzig) and B 252 (Blomberg-Brakel-Korbach-Marburg).

The town also lies on the Paderborn-Holzminden-Braunschweig railway line, and has a station. The station is served by, among others, hourly trains from the "Egge-Bahn" (Paderborn - Holzminden), run by the NordWestBahn belonging to Transdev.

Education

 * Gesamtschule Brakel
 * Fachhochschule für Finanzen, Brakel branch
 * Adolph Kolping Berufsbildungswerk Brakel ("professional education works")
 * Gymnasium Brede (free school in Catholic sponsorship)
 * Realschule Brede
 * Berufskolleg Brede ("professional college")
 * Städtische Gemeinschaftsgrundschule Brakel

Famous people

 * Johann Georg Rudolphi, (1633-1693), important Baroque painter
 * August Franz von Haxthausen (1792-1866), agricultural scientist, economist, lawyer, writer, and collector of folk songs
 * Solomon Bibo (1853-1934), Jewish/Native Indian leader
 * Petrus Legge, (1882-1951), former Bishop of Meissen
 * Johannes Weinrich, (born 1947), terrorist, member of the Revolutionary Cells (German group)
 * Michael Wollitz, (born 1961), German football player
 * Jürgen Herrmann, (1962-2012), German politician
 * Claus-Dieter Wollitz, (born 1965), German football player and trainer

Annentag
The Annentag in Brakel is the biggest church fair in the Weserbergland, held every year on the weekend of the first Sunday in August.

Town partnerships
Brakel maintains partnership links with the following places:
 * 🇧🇪 Wetteren, Belgium
 * 🇩🇪 Zirkow, Germany

title: Brakel, Germany


text:
King Caesar House

The King Caesar House is a historic house located at 120 King Caesar Road, Duxbury, Massachusetts. It is operated as a non-profit museum by the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society.

The Federal style house, completed in 1809, was built for Ezra Weston II (1772–1842) and his wife, Jerusha Bradford Weston (1770–1833). Like his father, Weston was known as "King Caesar" for his success in shipbuilding and shipping. During the 1830s and 1840s, the firm of E. Weston & Sons ran the largest mercantile operation on the South Shore of Massachusetts. In 1841, U.S. Senator Daniel Webster, during a speech in Saratoga Springs, New York, made the claim that Weston was "the largest ship owner, probably, in the United States."

Weston family
The Weston firm was established by Ezra Weston I (1743–1822) who began building small sloops and schooners on Powder Point in Duxbury in 1764. Ezra I earned the nickname "King Caesar" due to his audacious character and his influence on local politics. After his death, the nickname passed to his son Ezra II who greatly expanded the firms activities, built up a fleet of large sailing vessels, and made the Weston name known across the Atlantic. The firm experienced its heyday in the 1820s and 1830s during which Ezra Weston II presided as sole owner. The vessels built by the Weston firm varied widely in size and configuration, from the 25 ton schooner Sophia, to the ship Hope, launched in 1841 at 880 tons, the largest vessel built in Duxbury and the largest merchant vessel launched in Massachusetts up to that time. Although Ezra Weston II built many schooners for fishing and the coastal trade, the majority of his vessels were large brigs and ships which traded around the world. Over the course of three generations, the Weston firm built or otherwise acquired more than 110 sailing vessels.

From the King Caesar House, Ezra Weston II directed the affairs of his fleet and presided over a ten-acre shipyard, a farm, a ropewalk, a sailcloth mill, and a large work force of sailors, carpenters and laborers. After the death of Ezra Weston II in 1842, his three sons inherited the firm and continued to operate it until 1857. The firm's activities declined sharply after his death, however, and his sons evidently did not possess the same talent for business as "King Caesar."

The King Caesar House passed to the second son, Alden Bradford Weston (1805–1880). After the firm ceased operation, the family fortune was rapidly spent by Alden Weston's two brothers while Alden lived an austere lifestyle in the King Caesar House. Alden Weston married late in life but had no children. He died alone in the King Caesar House in 1880.

The house then fell to King Caesar's grandchildren, Alden Weston's nieces and nephews. Most of them lived in the Boston area and had little desire to keep the Duxbury mansion.

Later owners
In 1886, Frederick Bradford Knapp (1857–1932) purchased the King Caesar House and the surrounding estate. Knapp, former Superintendent of Buildings at Harvard College, aimed to establish a preparatory school, converting King Caesar's barns into gymnasiums and classrooms. The school was known as the Powder Point School for Boys and quickly earned an excellent reputation. During this period, the King Caesar House served as the Headmaster's House, and Knapp resided there with his family. The Powder Point School for Boys operated successfully for nearly 40 years but eventually merged with Tabor Academy in the 1920s.

Frederick B. Knapp died in 1932. By that time the mansion was in decline. His heirs sold it in 1937 to Dr. Hermon Carey Bumpus, Sr., former director of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, who thoroughly restored the mansion.

In 1945, the King Caesar House was purchased from Dr. Herman Carey Bumpus, Jr. by Miss Alice Moran, a lawyer from New York City who had lived there for years with an Austrian couple, Emil Weber and Elizabeth Weber-Fulop. After the three moved into the house, the servants' quarter in the rear was converted into an artist's studio for Weber-Fulop, who was a painter of high repute. Emil Weber and his wife, Elizabeth, both passed away in the mid -1960s, leaving Miss Moran alone. In 1966. she offered to sell the house to the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society. After a community fundraising effort, the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society procured the necessary funds to purchase and repair the house. On June 25, 1967, the King Caesar House was dedicated as a museum, "commemorative of the busy shipbuilding days of Duxbury."

title: King Caesar House


text:
User talk:Gluemeon

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Gluemeon! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

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There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  10:07, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, no problem! We're fortunate enough to have so many caring people here. Their hospitality rubs off, so I started helping out, too. If you have any questions, you know where to find me. Happy editing. :) Acetic  ' Acid  10:31, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gluemeon


text:
Philip Charles Hardwick

Philip Charles Hardwick (London 1822–1892) was an English architect.

Life
Philip Charles Hardwick was born in Westminster in London, the son of the architect Philip Hardwick (1792–1870) and grandson of architect Thomas Hardwick (junior) (1752–1825). His mother was also from an eminent architectural family, the Shaws. Philip Charles Hardwick's maternal grandfather was John Shaw Senior (1776–1832) and his uncle was John Shaw Jr (1803–1870).

Hardwick trained under his father and also Edward Blore. He exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy between 1848 and 1854. Hardwick worked in the City of London, where he became the leading architect of grandiose banking offices, mainly in an Italianate manner. He designed five City banks, including Drummond's in Trafalgar Square (1879–81), and was architect to the Bank of England from 1855 to 1883. He was employed outside London designing branch offices at Hull (1856) and Leeds (1862–65).

His best known work was the Great Hall of London's Euston railway station (opened on 27 May 1849). The Great Hall was demolished in 1962 to make way for construction of the current Euston Station building. Hardwick, like his grandfather Thomas Hardwick, was the Surveyor to St Bartholomew's Hospital in London and also a major benefactor. He was also an adviser in the new War Office and Admiralty competition of 1884. While he had been a favourite architect of Queen Victoria to design the Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens but his design fell short with the advisory committee.

Arthur William Blomfield was Hardwick's pupil in 1852–55.

Family history
Hardwick retired to Wimbledon and married in Bath in the early 1870s. Two of his sons went into the military and served in South Africa during the Boer War; one of them, Lieutenant Stephen Thomas Hardwick, was killed in gunfire during the battle of Tweefontein in 1901. Hardwick's daughter, Helen, married Sir Henry George Lyons (1864–1944), later a director of the Science Museum in London.

Philip Charles Hardwick is buried alongside his father, Philip, and the Shaw family in Kensal Green Cemetery, London.

Notable projects

 * The Queen's Hotel, Birmingham (1837-1857)
 * restoration of St Nicholas church, Durweston, Dorset (1847)
 * Durham Town Hall (1849–1851)
 * Adare Manor, Adare, County Limerick, Ireland (1850–1862)
 * Rooms for the fourth Earl Spencer at Althorp (1851)
 * restoration of St Mary's Church, Lambeth (1851–1852, now the Museum of Garden History)
 * Great Western Royal Hotel at Paddington station (1851–54)
 * Chapel of Ease of St Saviour, Shotton, County Durham (1852–1854)
 * St John's Church, Deptford (1855)
 * Alterations on Uxbridge House, London (1855)
 * parts of the Titsey Place estate in Surrey (1856)
 * Sompting House (now Sompting Abbotts), Sompting, Sussex (1856)
 * redevelopment of Heslington Hall, near York (1850s)
 * St John's Cathedral, Limerick, Ireland (constructed 1856–1861)
 * Adhurst St Mary house, Petersfield, Hampshire (1858)
 * new wings at the Greenwich Hospital School (now part of the National Maritime Museum) (1861–1862)
 * For Sir Francis Henry Goldsmid, Rendcomb House, Rendcomb, Gloucestershire (1863)
 * Rebuilt Madresfield Court for the 5th Earl of Beauchamp (1863)
 * Royal Garrison Church, Aldershot (1863)
 * Sovereign House (former Bank of England building), Park Row, Leeds (1864)
 * 46–48 Lombard Street, London (1866)
 * St Barnabas Church, Mayland, Essex (1867)
 * Charterhouse School, near Godalming, Surrey (1872)
 * St Edmund's School in Canterbury, Kent
 * St Columba's College, Dublin

title: Philip Charles Hardwick


text:
Champion Lakes, Western Australia

Champion Lakes is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia in the City of Armadale.

The suburb was originally part of Camillo, but was renamed along with the proposal for a large water-based recreation facility that was constructed in the area, Champion Lakes Regatta Centre.

Bus

 * 220 Armadale Station to Perth Busport – serves Albany Highway
 * 243 Armadale Station to Kelmscott Station – serves Lake Road

title: Champion Lakes, Western Australia


text:
User talk:Teeman

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Teeman! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  10:09, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:NOJE-23s42-nas-41.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:NOJE-23s42-nas-41.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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title: User talk:Teeman


text:
User talk:PredatorX

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, PredatorX! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  10:10, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PredatorX


text:
Nikolay Bogolyubov

Nikolay Nikolayevich Bogolyubov (Никола́й Никола́евич Боголю́бов; ; 21 August 1909 – 13 February 1992) was a Soviet, Ukrainian and Russian mathematician and theoretical physicist known for a significant contribution to quantum field theory, classical and quantum statistical mechanics, and the theory of dynamical systems; he was the recipient of the 1992 Dirac Medal.

Early life in Ukraine (1909–1921)
Nikolay Bogolyubov was born on 21 August 1909 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire to Russian Orthodox Church priest and seminary teacher of theology, psychology and philosophy Nikolay Mikhaylovich Bogolyubov, and Olga Nikolayevna Bogolyubova, a teacher of music.

Six months after Mykola's birth, the family moved to Nizhyn, city of Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine, where his father taught until 1913.

From 1913 to 1918, the family lived in Kyiv. Mykola received his initial education at home. His father taught him the basics of arithmetic, as well as German, French, and English. At the age of six, he attended the preparatory class of the Kyiv Gymnasium. However, he did not stay long in the gymnasium—during the years of the Ukrainian War of Independence from 1917 to 1921, the family moved to the village of Velyka Krucha (now in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine). From 1919 to 1921, he studied at the Velykokruchanska seven-year school—the only educational institution he graduated from.

Kyiv period (1921-1940)
The family soon moved to Kyiv in 1921, where they continued to live in poverty as the elder Nikolay Bogolyubov only found a position as a priest in 1923. After finishing the seven-year school, Bogolyubov independently studied physics and mathematics, and by the age of 14, he was already participating in the seminar of the Department of Mathematical Physics at Kyiv University under the supervision of Academician Dmitry Grave.

In 1924, at the age of 15, Nikolay Bogolyubov wrote his first published scientific paper On the behavior of solutions of linear differential equations at infinity. In 1925 he entered Ph.D. program at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR under the supervision of the well-known contemporary mathematician Nikolay Krylov and obtained the degree of Kandidat Nauk (Candidate of Sciences, equivalent to a Ph.D.) in 1928, at the age of 19, with the doctoral thesis titled On direct methods of variational calculus. In 1930, at the age of 21, he obtained the degree of Doktor nauk (Doctor of Sciences, equivalent to Habilitation), the highest degree in the Soviet Union, which requires the recipient to have made a significant independent contribution to his or her scientific field.

This early period of Bogolyubov's work in science was concerned with such mathematical problems as direct methods of the calculus of variations, the theory of almost periodic functions, methods of approximate solution of differential equations, and dynamical systems. This earlier research had already earned him recognition. One of his essays was awarded the Bologna Academy of Sciences Prize in 1930, and the author was awarded the erudite degree of doctor of mathematics. This was the period when the scientific career of the young Nikolay Bogolyubov began, later producing new scientific trends in modern mathematics, physics, and mechanics.

Since 1931, Krylov and Bogolyubov worked together on the problems of nonlinear mechanics and nonlinear oscillations. They were the key figures in the "Kyiv school of nonlinear oscillation research", where their cooperation resulted in the paper "On the quasiperiodic solutions of the equations of nonlinear mechanics" (1934) and the book Introduction to Nonlinear Mechanics (1937; translated to English in 1947) leading to a creation of a large field of non-linear mechanics.

Distinctive features of the Kyiv School approach included an emphasis on the computation of solutions (not just a proof of its existence), approximations of periodic solutions, use of the invariant manifolds in the phase space, and applications of a single unified approach to many different problems. From a control engineering point of view, the key achievement of the Kyiv School was the development by Krylov and Bogolyubov of the describing function method for the analysis of nonlinear control problems.

In 1936, M. M. Bogolyubov was awarded the title of professor, and from 1936 to 1940, he chaired the Department of Mathematical Physics at Kyiv University In 1939, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1994 - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine). In 1940, after the reunification of Northern Bukovyna with Ukraine, Nikolay Bogolyubov was sent to Chernivtsi to organize mathematical departments at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Chernivtsi State University.

In evacuation (1941–1943)
After the German attack against the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 (beginning of the Eastern front of World War II), most institutes and universities from the western part were evacuated into the eastern regions, far from the battle lines. Nikolay Bogolyubov moved to Ufa, where he became Head of the Departments of Mathematical Analysis at Ufa State Aviation Technical University and at Ufa Pedagogical Institute, remaining on these positions during the period of July 1941 – August 1943.

Moscow (1943–?)
In autumn 1943, Bogolyubov came from evacuation to Moscow and on 1 November 1943 he accepted a position in the Department of Theoretical Physics at the Moscow State University (MSU). At that time the Head of the Department was Anatoly Vlasov (for a short period in 1944 the Head of the Department was Vladimir Fock). Theoretical physicists working in the department in that period included Dmitri Ivanenko, Arseny Sokolov, and other physicists.

In the period 1943–1946, Bogolyubov's research was essentially concerned with the theory of stochastic processes and asymptotic methods. In his work a simple example of an anharmonic oscillator driven by a superposition of incoherent sinusoidal oscillations with continuous spectrum was used to show that depending on a specific approximation time scale the evolution of the system can be either deterministic, or a stochastic process satisfying Fokker–Planck equation, or even a process which is neither deterministic nor stochastic. In other words, he showed that depending on the choice of the time scale for the corresponding approximations the same stochastic process can be regarded as both dynamical and Markovian, and in the general case as a non-Markov process. This work was the first to introduce the notion of time hierarchy in non-equilibrium statistical physics which then became the key concept in all further development of the statistical theory of irreversible processes.

In 1945, Bogolyubov proved a fundamental theorem on the existence and basic properties of a one-parameter integral manifold for a system of non-linear differential equations. He investigated periodic and quasi-periodic solutions lying on a one-dimensional manifold, thus forming the foundation for a new method of non-linear mechanics, the method of integral manifolds.

In 1946, he published in JETP two works on equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics which became the essence of his fundamental monograph Problems of dynamical theory in statistical physics (Moscow, 1946).

On 26 January 1953, Nikolay Bogolyubov became the Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics at MSU, after Anatoly Vlasov decided to leave the position on January 2, 1953.

Steklov Institute (1947–?)
In 1947, Nikolay Bogolyubov organized and became the Head of the Department of Theoretical Physics at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics. In 1969, the Department of Theoretical Physics was separated into the Departments of Mathematical Physics (Head Vasily Vladimirov), of Statistical Mechanics, and of Quantum Field Theory (Head Mikhail Polivanov). While working in the Steklov Institute, Nikolay Bogolyubov and his school contributed to science with many important works including works on renormalization theory, renormalization group, axiomatic S-matrix theory, and works on the theory of dispersion relations.

In the late 1940s and 1950s, Bogolyubov worked on the theory of superfluidity and superconductivity, where he developed the method of BBGKY hierarchy for a derivation of kinetic equations, formulated microscopic theory of superfluidity, and made other essential contributions. Later he worked on quantum field theory, where introduced the Bogoliubov transformation, formulated and proved the Bogoliubov's edge-of-the-wedge theorem and Bogoliubov–Parasyuk theorem (with Ostap Parasyuk), and obtained other significant results. In the 1960s his attention turned to the quark model of hadrons; in 1965 he was among the first scientists to study the new quantum number color charge.

In 1946, Nikolay Bogolyubov was elected as a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. He was elected a full member (academician) of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and in full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1953.

Dubna (1956–1992)
Since 1956, he worked in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia, where he was a founder (together with Dmitry Blokhintsev) and the first director of the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics. This laboratory, where Nikolay Bogolyubov worked for a long time, has traditionally been the home of the prominent Russian schools in quantum field theory, theoretical nuclear physics, statistical physics, and nonlinear mechanics. Nikolay Bogolyubov was Director of the JINR in the period 1966–1988.

Work in Ukraine after the WWII
In the post-war years, M. M. Bogolyubov worked as the dean of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics at Kyiv University and headed the Department of Probability Theory at the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (now - NASU Institute of Mathematics). His first students in nonlinear mechanics were Yurii Mitropolskyi and Yu. V. Blagoveshchensky, and in probability theory and mathematical statistics, I. I. Gikhman.

In the first half of the 1960s, Bogolyubov worked on organizing the Institute for Theoretical Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (now - Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) and from 1966 to 1973, he served as its director. When the institute was established in 1966, it consisted of three departments: Mathematical Methods in Theoretical Physics (Head: Academician Ostap Parasyuk), Theory of the Nucleus (Head: Oleksandr Davydov), and Theory of Elementary Particles (Albert Tavkhelidze). In 1968, the institute organized the Department of Nuclear Reaction Theory (Head: Oleksiy Sytenko).

Family
Nikolay Bogolyubov was married (since 1937) to Evgenia Pirashkova. They had two sons - Pavel and Nikolay (jr). Nikolay Boglyubov (jr) is a theoretical physicist working in the fields of mathematical physics and statistical mechanics. Pavel was a theoretical physicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, senior researcher, and head of the sector at the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research.

Students
Nikolay Bogolyubov was a scientific supervisor of Yurii Mitropolskiy, Dmitry Shirkov, Selim Krein, Iosif Gihman, Tofik Mamedov, Kirill Gurov, Mikhail Polivanov, Naftul Polsky, Galina Biryuk, Sergei Tyablikov, Dmitry Zubarev, Vladimir Kadyshevsky, and many other students. His method of teaching, based on creation of a warm atmosphere, politeness and kindness, is famous in Russia and is known as the "Bogolyubov approach".

Awards
Nikolay Bogolyubov received various high USSR honors and international awards.

 * Soviet
 * Two Stalin Prizes (1947, 1953)
 * USSR State Prize (1984)
 * Lenin Prize (1958)
 * Hero of Socialist Labour, twice (1969, 1979)
 * Six Orders of Lenin (1953, 1959, 1967, 1969, 1975, 1979)
 * Order of the October Revolution (1984)
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice (1948, 1954)
 * Order of the Badge of Honour, twice (1944, 1944)

 * Foreign awards
 * Order of Cyril and Methodius, 1st class (Bulgaria, 1969)
 * Order "For merits", 2nd class (Poland, 1977)

 * Academic awards
 * Award of the Bologna Academy of Sciences (1930)
 * Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics (American Physical Society, 1966)
 * Gold Medal Helmholtz (Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic, 1969)
 * Max Planck Medal (1973)
 * Franklin Medal (1974)
 * Gold Medal "For service to science and humanity" (Slovak Academy of Sciences, 1975)
 * Karpinski Prize (Germany, 1981)
 * Gold Medal Lavrent'ev (1983) - for his work "On stochastic processes in dynamical systems"
 * Lomonosov Gold Medal (1985) - for outstanding achievement in mathematics and theoretical physics
 * Gold Medal of Lyapunov (1989) - for his work on sustainability, critical phenomena and phase transitions in the theory of many interacting particles
 * Dirac Medal (1992, posthumously)

 * Academic recognition
 * Foreign Honorary Member of the National Academy of Sciences (United States, 1959), American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1960), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1961); a foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1962), GDR Academy of Sciences (1966), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1970), Academy of Sciences in Heidelberg (1968), Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1980), Indian Academy of Sciences (1983), Mongolian Academy of Sciences (1983)
 * Honorary Doctor of the University of Allahabad, India (1958), Berlin (East Germany, 1960), Chicago (USA, 1967), Turin (Italy, 1969), Wroclaw (Poland, 1970), Bucharest (Romania, 1971), Helsinki (Finland, 1973), Ulan Bator (Mongolia, 1977), Warsaw (Poland, 1977)

Institutions, awards and locations have been named in Bogolyubov's memory:
 * Memory
 * N.N. Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Problems of Microphysics (Moscow State University)
 * Bogoliubov Institute of Theoretical Physics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine)
 * Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna)
 * Bogolyubov Prize (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) for scientists with outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and applied mathematics
 * Bogolyubov Prize for young scientists (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research)
 * Bogolyubov Prize (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) for scientists with outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and applied mathematics
 * Bogolyubov Gold Medal (Russian Academy of Sciences)
 * Bust of Academician NN Bogolyubov (Nizhny Novgorod)
 * Bust of Academician NN Bogolyubov (Dubna)
 * Bogolyubov prospect (проспект Боголюбова) (Dubna's central street)
 * Commemorative plaque at the entrance of the Physics Department of Moscow State University

In 2009, the centenary of Nikolay Bogolyubov's birth was celebrated with two conferences in Russia and Ukraine:
 * International Bogolyubov Conference: Problems of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 21–27 August, Moscow-Dubna, Russia.
 * Bogolyubov Kyiv Conference: Modern Problems of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 15–18 September, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Research
Fundamental works of Nikolay Bogolyubov were devoted to asymptotic methods of nonlinear mechanics, quantum field theory, statistical field theory, variational calculus, approximation methods in mathematical analysis, equations of mathematical physics, theory of stability, theory of dynamical systems, and to many other areas.

He built a new theory of scattering matrices, formulated the concept of microscopical causality, obtained important results in quantum electrodynamics, and investigated on the basis of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem the dispersion relations in elementary particle physics. He suggested a new synthesis of the Bohr theory of quasiperiodic functions and developed methods for asymptotic integration of nonlinear differential equations which describe oscillating processes.

Mathematics and non-linear mechanics

 * In 1932–1943, in the early stage of his career, he worked in collaboration with Nikolay Krylov on mathematical problems of nonlinear mechanics and developed mathematical methods for asymptotic integration of non-linear differential equations. He also applied these methods to problems of statistical mechanics.
 * In 1937, jointly with Nikolay Krylov he proved the Krylov–Bogolyubov theorems.
 * In 1956, at the International Conference on Theoretical Physics in Seattle, USA (September, 1956), he presented the formulation and the first proof of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem. This theorem in the theory of functions of several complex variables has important implications to the dispersion relations in elementary particle physics.

Statistical mechanics

 * 1939 Jointly with Nikolay Krylov gave the first consistent microscopic derivation of the Fokker–Planck equation in the single scheme of classical and quantum mechanics.
 * 1945 Suggested the idea of hierarchy of relaxation times, which is significant for statistical theory of irreversible processes.
 * 1946 Developed a general method for a microscopic derivation of kinetic equations for classical systems. The method was based on the hierarchy of equations for multi-particle distribution functions known now as Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy.
 * 1947 Jointly with K. P. Gurov extended this method to the derivation of kinetic equations for quantum systems on the basis of the quantum BBGKY hierarchy.
 * 1947—1948 Introduced kinetic equations in the theory of superfluidity, computed the excitation spectrum for a weakly imperfect Bose gas, showed that this spectrum has the same properties as spectrum of Helium II, and used this analogy for a theoretical description of superfluidity of Helium II.
 * 1958 Formulated a microscopic theory of superconductivity and established an analogy between superconductivity and superfluidity phenomena; this contribution was discussed in details in the book A New Method in the Theory of Superconductivity (co-authors V. V. Tolmachev and D. V. Shirkov, Moscow, Academy of Sciences Press, 1958).

Quantum theory

 * 1955 Developed an axiomatic theory for the scattering matrix (S-matrix) in quantum field theory and introduced the causality condition for S-matrix in terms of variational derivatives.
 * 1955 Jointly with Dmitry Shirkov developed the renormalization group method.
 * 1955 Jointly with Ostap Parasyuk proved the theorem on the finiteness and uniqueness (for renormalizable theories) of the scattering matrix in any order of perturbation theory (Bogoliubov-Parasyuk theorem) and developed a procedure (R-operation) for a practical subtraction of singularities in quantum field theory.
 * 1965 Jointly with Boris Struminsky and Albert Tavkhelidze and independently of Moo-Young Han, Yoichiro Nambu and Oscar W. Greenberg suggested a triplet quark model and introduced a new quantum degree of freedom (later called as color charge) for quarks.
 * Suggested a first proof of dispersion relations in quantum field theory.

Books
Mathematics and Non-linear Mechanics:
 * 1) N. M. Krylov and N. N. Bogoliubov (1934): On various formal expansions of non-linear mechanics. Kyiv, Izdat. Zagal'noukr. Akad. Nauk.
 * 2) N. M. Krylov and N. N. Bogoliubov (1947): Introduction to Nonlinear Mechanics. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
 * 3) N. N. Bogoliubov, Y. A. Mitropolsky (1961): Asymptotic Methods in the Theory of Non-Linear Oscillations. New York, Gordon and Breach.

Statistical Mechanics:
 * 1) N. N. Bogoliubov (1945): On Some Statistical Methods in Mathematical Physics. Kyiv.
 * 2) N. N. Bogoliubov, V. V. Tolmachev, D. V. Shirkov (1959): A New Method in the Theory of Superconductivity. New York, Consultants Bureau.
 * 3) N. N. Bogoliubov (1960): Problems of Dynamic Theory in Statistical Physics. Oak Ridge, Tenn., Technical Information Service.
 * 4) N. N. Bogoliubov (1967—1970): Lectures on Quantum Statistics. Problems of Statistical Mechanics of Quantum Systems. New York, Gordon and Breach.
 * 5) N. N. Bogolubov and N. N. Bogolubov, Jnr. (1992): Introduction to Quantum Statistical Mechanics. Gordon and Breach. ISBN 2-88124-879-9.

Quantum Field Theory:
 * 1) N. N. Bogoliubov, B. V. Medvedev, M. K. Polivanov (1958): Problems in the Theory of Dispersion Relations. Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.
 * 2) N. N. Bogoliubov, D. V. Shirkov (1959): The Theory of Quantized Fields. New York, Interscience. The first text-book on the renormalization group theory.
 * 3) N. N. Bogoliubov, A. A. Logunov and I. T. Todorov (1975): Introduction to Axiomatic Quantum Field Theory. Reading, Mass.: W. A. Benjamin, Advanced Book Program. ISBN 978-0-8053-0982-9. ISBN 0-8053-0982-9.
 * 4) N. N. Bogoliubov, D. V. Shirkov (1980): Introduction to the Theory of Quantized Field. John Wiley & Sons Inc; 3rd edition. ISBN 0-471-04223-4. ISBN 978-0-471-04223-5.
 * 5) N. N. Bogoliubov, D. V. Shirkov (1982): Quantum Fields. Benjamin-Cummings Pub. Co., ISBN 0-8053-0983-7.
 * 6) N. N. Bogoliubov, A. A. Logunov, A. I. Oksak, I. T. Todorov (1990): General Principles of Quantum Field Theory. Dordrecht [Holland]; Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-0540-X. ISBN 978-0-7923-0540-8.

 * Selected works
 * 1) N. N. Bogoliubov, Selected Works. Part I. Dynamical Theory. Gordon and Breach, New York, 1990. ISBN 2-88124-752-0, ISBN 978-2-88124-752-1.
 * 2) N. N. Bogoliubov, Selected Works. Part II. Quantum and Classical Statistical Mechanics. Gordon and Breach, New York, 1991. ISBN 2-88124-768-7.
 * 3) N. N. Bogoliubov, Selected Works. Part III. Nonlinear Mechanics and Pure Mathematics. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, 1995. ISBN 2-88124-918-3.
 * 4) N. N. Bogoliubov, Selected Works. Part IV. Quantum Field Theory. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, 1995. ISBN 2-88124-926-4, ISBN 978-2-88124-926-6.

Selected papers

 * "On Question about Superfluidity Condition in the Nuclear Matter Theory" (in Russian), Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR, 119, 52, 1958.
 * "On One Variational Principle in Many Body Problem" (in Russian), Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR, 119, N2, 244, 1959.
 * "On Compensation Principle in the Method of Selfconformed Field" (in Russian), Uspekhi Fizicheskhih Nauk, 67, N4, 549, 1959.
 * "The Quasi-averages in Problems of Statistical Mechanics" (in Russian), Preprint D-781, JINR, Dubna, 1961.
 * "On the Hydrodynamics of a Superfluiding" (in Russian), Preprint P-1395, JINR, Dubna, 1963.
 * "On the Hydrodynamics of a Superfluiding" (in Russian), Preprint P-1395, JINR, Dubna, 1963.

title: Nikolay Bogolyubov


text:
United!

United! is a British television series which was produced by the BBC between 1965 and 1967, and was broadcast twice-weekly on BBC1. The theme tune was The Tops, a brass band march by Thomas J. Powell.

The series followed the fortunes of a fictional second division football team, Brentwich United. The football scenes were filmed on the grounds of Stoke City with Jimmy Hill acting as a technical advisor, and the efforts to achieve authenticity saw the show being criticised by the then management of Wolverhampton Wanderers, who complained that the series was based on their team.

United! was not a success, and was cancelled after two series. The programme was generally considered to be too soft to appeal to male viewers, and too male-oriented for the female soap opera audience. As was common television practice of the time, the series' videotapes were wiped for reuse. As a result, none of its 147 episodes are believed to have survived.

Created by Anthony Cornish, other writers on the programme included Gerry Davis, Brian Hayles, Malcolm Hulke and John Lucarotti. The directors included Innes Lloyd and Derek Martinus. Aside from Cornish, all of these individuals also worked on Doctor Who concurrent with their involvement in United!. Another Doctor Who connection was Derrick Sherwin, who featured briefly as a fiery Welsh striker and went on to write and produce extensively for the sci-fi series.

Cast

 * David Lodge, as Gerry Barford (manager)
 * Ursula O'Leary, as Mary Barford (his wife)
 * Ben Howard as Curly Parker (136 episodes, 1965–1967)
 * Mark Kingston as Danny South (133 episodes, 1965–1967)
 * Robin Wentworth as Ted Dawson (116 episodes, 1965–1967)
 * Beverley Jones as Deirdre Gosling (105 episodes, 1965–1967)
 * Graham Weston as Gregg Harris (89 episodes, 1965–1967)
 * John Breslin as Bob McIver (88 episodes, 1966–1967)
 * George Layton as Jimmy Stokes (85 episodes, 1965–1966)
 * Marigold Sharman as Fiona Nixon (78 episodes, 1966–1967)
 * Jill Meers as Amanda Holly (74 episodes, 1966–1967)
 * Harold Goodwin as Horace Martin (73 episodes, 1965–1966)
 * John Lyons as Alan Murdoch (70 episodes, 1966–1967)
 * Warwick Sims as Vic Clay (69 episodes, 1966–1967)
 * Michael Redfern as Chris Wood (59 episodes, 1965–1966)
 * Tony Caunter as Dick Mitchell (57 episodes, 1966–1967)
 * Stephen Yardley as Kenny Craig (55 episodes, 1965–1966)
 * Arthur Pentelow as Dan Davis (53 episodes, 1965–1966)
 * Ronald Allen as Mark Wilson (53 episodes, 1966–1967)
 * Ballard Berkeley as Dr. Newkes (53 episodes, 1966)
 * Bryan Marshall as Jack Burkett
 * Derrick Sherwin as Bryn Morriston

title: United!