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Dębno

Dębno (Neudamm) is a town in Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship in western Poland. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 13,443.

Despite its location in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Dębno is part of the historic Lubusz Land.

Dębno is known for hosting the oldest marathon in Poland (since 1969), one of the five marathons included in the Crown of Polish Marathons, along with marathons in Kraków, Poznań, Warsaw and Wrocław.

The Dębno oil field is located near the town.

History
After the Migration Period, the area was populated by Polish tribes since the 6th century. In the 10th century it became part of the emerging Polish state under its first historic ruler Mieszko I. In 1232 Dębno was granted by Duke Władysław Odonic of the Piast dynasty to the Knights Templar. Later, it was invaded by Saxons immediately after the invasion and annexation of the Catholic Duchy of Kopanica, a Polish fief. The castle of Dębno belonged to the House of Odrowąż. In 1373 the town became part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (or Czech Lands), ruled by the Luxembourg dynasty. In 1402, the Luxembourgs reached an agreement with Poland in Kraków. Poland was to buy and re-incorporate the town and the surrounding region, but eventually the Luxembourgs sold it to the Teutonic Order, which remained in power until 1454.

During World War II, the Germans operated a subcamp of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in the town.

Notable residents

 * Franz Alexander von Kleist (1769–1797), poet
 * Franz Hilgendorf (1839–1904), zoologist and paleontologist
 * Friedrich W. K. Müller (1863–1930), German scholar of oriental cultures and languages
 * Arthur Hübner (1885–1937) a German philologist, researched German literature from the Middle Ages
 * Antoni Dobrowolski (1904–2012) a Polish educator and the oldest known survivor of Auschwitz
 * Joanna Szarawaga (born 1994) a Polish handballer for GTPR Gdynia and the Polish national team

International relations
Dębno signed partnership agreements with:
 * 🇩🇪 Strausberg, Germany (1978)
 * Renkum, Netherlands (1990)
 * 🇵🇱 Tczew, Poland (2000)
 * 🇨🇿 Terezín, Czech Republic (2003)
 * 🇵🇱 Nowy Tomyśl, Poland (2010)
 * 🇵🇱 Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Poland (2022)
 * 🇵🇱 Postomino, Poland (2022)

title: Dębno


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Religious controversy

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was ambiguous. There are five deletes, 2 keeps and 1 redirect. Usually, I would not delete with such a vote count, but after reading the comments presented here, I feel the need to use my discretion a bit. First, there is no consensus that there should never be an article on this, indeed some of the "delete"s say that a more neutral article without original research should be put in its place, so therefore I will not turn this this page into a redirect. Furthermore, one of the two "keep"s said "but not in this form" and so there appears to be a consensus that there are serious issues with the article, and I therefore feel that an outright "no consensus keep" result cannot be justified either. Based upon that, I will call the result of this debate as delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:27, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Religious controversy
OK, this will seem a strange topic to delete, but here's the reason. It is too vaugue to write an article on this. The current one asserts that controversy is due to intolerance, but that's a POV, reductionist and partonizing (see my comments on article talkpage) - controversy can simply be honust and informed disagreements over truth claims. Religious controversy could include every type of informed (or uniformed) theological difference of opinion within, and between, religions - from 'what shall we sing in my church on sunday?' through 'is their a God/afterlife?' and 'shall we pray/teach evolution in school?' to 'who's going to hell?'. I wanted to redirect this somewhere - but any redirect is bound to be loaded - unless we redirect to religion itself. --Doc (?) 11:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to religion. I agree with the reasoning above. Any good article about this subject is bound to be either POV or original research. --Lomedae 12:38, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am tempted to classify this entry as nonsense: certainly POV. Examples provided aren't religious controversies, but are aspects of religion which the editor presumably has a personal beef with.  If there was anything of interest I would suggest a merge to religion or specific religions as appropriate. But there isn't. Delete. --Demogorgon's Soup-taster 13:41, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but definitly not in this form, the topic is one that can be expanded on but the current text is completly POVHoratioVitero 15:35, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It might be helpful if you could comment on what form you could see an article developing. My initial reaction was exactly as yours, but I could not think where this might go. --Doc (?) 15:59, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, it's a microessay. Gazpacho 16:29, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. With nowhere to take this, and no usefully non-duplicative NPOV content like to exist in the future, this is just a stringalong of a few examples to justify what is effective POV OR. -Splash 22:29, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep well written but could do with updating--Machtzu 23:02, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Controversy itself is self-explanatory Ryan Norton T 23:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I looked up the edit history: this thing started as a poorly worded dicdef, and I think the subsequent edits kind of hid that fact. The whole field is fraught with ambiguities.  Large controversies may cover up personal animosities, just as personal animosities may be motivated by genuine disagreements on religions.  The place this really needs to go to be NPOV is to an article in the realm of the anthropology of religion, but I don't know anyone who is writing that kind of analysis; if they are, we'd be up against some original research.  So I'm voting for Delete in the hopes that if someone wants to start a new article (BTW, I am not volunteering), they could do so with a better starting point. --KJPurscell 02:36, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
National Gallery Prague

The National Gallery Prague (, NGP), formerly the National Gallery in Prague (Národní galerie v Praze), is a state-owned art gallery in Prague, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic and presents masterpieces of Czech and international fine art in permanent and temporary exhibitions. The collections of the gallery are not housed in a single building, but are presented in a number of historic structures within the city of Prague, as well as other places. The largest of the gallery sites is the Trade Fair Palace (Veletržní Palác), which houses the National Gallery's collection of modern art. Other important exhibition spaces are located in the Convent of St Agnes of Bohemia, the Kinský Palace, the Salm Palace, the Schwarzenberg Palace, the Sternberg Palace, and the Wallenstein Riding School. Founded in 1796, it is one of the world's oldest public art galleries and one of the largest museums in Central Europe.

History
The history of the National Gallery dates back to the end of the 18th century (namely February 5, 1796 ), when a group of prominent representatives of Bohemian patriotic aristocracy (Kolowrat, Sternberg, Nostitz) and middle-class intellectuals decided to elevate what they called the "debased artistic taste" of the local population. The institution, which received the title Society of Patriotic Friends of the Arts, established the Academy of Fine Arts and the Picture Gallery. In 1918 the Picture Gallery became a central collection of newly formed Czechoslovakia.

In 1995 new spaces dedicated to 19th- and 20th-century art were opened in the refurbished Veletržní Palác (Trade Fair Palace), itself a national monument as Prague's largest functionalist building and one of the earliest examples of that architectural style in the city (construction began in 1925).

St George's Convent (Hradčany) was formerly used to display Art of the Middle Ages in Bohemia and Central Europe, baroque art, and the 19th-century art of Bohemia.

Old Masters

 * Convent of St Agnes of Bohemia (Old Town) – Art of the Middle Ages in Bohemia and Central Europe
 * Šternberk Palace (Hradčany) – European Art from Antiquity to the end of the Baroque period
 * Schwarzenberg palace (Hradčany) – Baroque in Bohemia

19th-Century Art

 * Salm Palace (Hradčany)

Modern and Contemporary Art

 * Veletržní palác (Trade Fair Palace), Holešovice – 19th-, 20th-, and 21st-century art, the National Gallery's largest collection. Since 2012 Alfons Mucha's Slav Epic has been on display here.
 * The international collection includes numerous works by artists such as Picasso, Monet, Van Gogh, Rodin, Gauguin, Cézanne, Renoir, Schiele, Munch, Miró, and Klimt; many of these are donations from the collection of art historian Vincenc Kramář.
 * Picasso, who has a spacious room to himself in the gallery, has two self-portraits there, and two of his nudes in addition to more abstract work. Works by Rodin, whose exhibition in Prague in the early 20th century had a profound impact on Czech sculpture for many years afterwards, include a series of busts and full-sized figure on a variety of subjects in the gallery.
 * The vast collection contains a large number of Czech and Slovak paintings and sculptures, including works by Alfons Mucha, Otto Gutfreund, František Kupka, T. F. Šimon, Tavik Frantisek Simon (1877-1942), Rudolf Fila, Vincenc Beneš, and Bohumil Kubišta. Along with the Black Madonna House and the Museum Kampa, the Trade fair palace collection is one of the most notable collections of Czech Cubism in Prague. Notable works include Don Quixote by Gutfreund, Military Funeral by Beneš, an array of paintings by Kupka, covering almost all of the styles with which he experimented.

 * House of the Black Madonna (Old Town) – Czech Cubism

Graphics Collection

 * Kinský Palace (Old Town)

Oriental Art

 * Kinský Palace (Old Town) – Art of Asia and Art of the Ancient World

On display outside Prague

 * Kinský castle Žďár nad Sázavou – Baroque Art from the Collections of the National Gallery in Prague
 * Fryštát castle in Karviná – 19th-century Czech art from the Collections of the National Gallery in Prague

title: National Gallery Prague


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Omroepvereniging VARA

The Omroepvereniging VARA, the VARA Broadcasting Association, was a Dutch public broadcasting association primarily operating in the fields of television, radio, publishing and interactive media. It was a member of Netherlands Public Broadcasting.

History
The association was founded in 1925 as the Vereeniging van Arbeiders Radio Amateurs (Association of Worker Radio Amateurs). The name was changed to Omroepvereniging VARA in 1957 and is no longer an acronym.

VARA originally focused on labour and socialism. In the era of Dutch pillarization, the association had close links to the Social Democratic Workers Party and its successor, the Labour Party. For many years VARA's chairmen, such as Marcel van Dam and André Kloos, were prominent members of the party. Although the connection between the two organizations loosened, affinities remain, such as a large overlap between their respective support bases.

On 7 March 2002, VARA adopted its final logo which consists of a red cube bearing an exclamation mark alongside the word "VARA" in its new, trademark font.

On 1 January 2014, VARA was merged with BNN to form BNN-VARA.

Selection of domestic programmes

 * 2 voor 12 (1971–1981 and 1991–present), a quiz show hosted most recently by Astrid Joosten
 * Kassa (1989–present)
 * Kinderen geen bezwaar (2004–2013)
 * Kinderen voor Kinderen (1980–present)
 * Mike and Thomas Show (2005–2009), a panel game show
 * Pauw & Witteman (2006–2014), a live programme about current events, presented by Jeroen Pauw and Paul Witteman
 * Sonja (1983–2006), a talk show hosted by Sonja Barend
 * De Wereld Draait Door (2005–2020), a live programme about current events, hosted by Matthijs van Nieuwkerk
 * Various programmes with Paul de Leeuw
 * Zeg 'ns Aaa (1981–1993), popular Dutch sitcom
 * Alfred J. Kwak (1989–1991), an animated children's television series
 * Pipo de Clown (1958–1964 and 1970–1980), a children's television series

Miscellaneous
On 5 June 1964, during The Beatles' world tour of that year, VARA organized and recorded for television a Beatles concert in the Treslong Café Restaurant in Hillegom as part of the group's three-day visit to the Netherlands. VARA broadcast a complete summary of the Beatles' visit to the country three days later, on 8 June 1964.

title: Omroepvereniging VARA


text:
Swallow Doretti

The Swallow Doretti is a British sports car built on Swallow's own custom chassis using Triumph TR2 mechanicals, made between 1954 and 1955. It was intended for the US market, as a more refined two-seater than what was available there at that time.

Swallow
The car was built by the Swallow Coachbuilding Company Ltd., a Tube Investments Group subsidiary bought for its 1935–1946 association with Jaguar's prewar motorcycle sidecars.

Name
The Doretti name was derived from Dorothy Deen, who managed the Western US distributorship Cal Sales. The Trade Mark logo and Doretti name are in the ownership of Canadian Peter Schömer. He is building a new limited edition sports car called the Doretti TR250 'Corsa Veloce' using the Ferrari TR 250 chassis and engine from 1957.

Design
Some observers find similarities between the Doretti and the 166MM 'Barchetta' and Austin-Healey 100. Based on the Triumph TR2, the Doretti had much improved stability, its track was 3 in wider, and its wheelbase 7 in longer. The Doretti had a tubular Reynolds 531 manganese–molybdenum, medium-carbon steel chassis. Reynolds was another member of the T.I. Group. The double-skinned body had an inner structural skin made of steel and an aluminium outer skin. Power came from a 1991 cc Standard wet liner inline-four engine. Most cars were supplied with Laycock-de Normanville electric epicyclic overdrive and they were capable of 100 mph. 276 Mk I cars were made, including a single fixed head coupe version. The car was designed in-house by engineer Frank Rainbow, and produced in the T.I. factory at The Airport, Walsall, Staffordshire, England.

Three prototype Mk II cars, called Sabres, were produced. These had a stiffer chassis and better weight distribution.

The Doretti was the only car that the T.I. Group ever built under the Swallow name. Production stopped in 1955 when the parent company T.I. Group changed policy. Allegedly, pressure placed on T.I. directors by the British motor industry, most notably Jaguar, alleged that Doretti production created a conflict of interest for T.I. by giving Swallow an advantage over other customers in buying its products.

Performance
A car with overdrive tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1954 had a top speed of 100.2 mph and could accelerate from 0-60 mph in 12.3 seconds. A fuel consumption of 27.9 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £1,158 including taxes.

The standard version without overdrive cost £1,102. At the time a Triumph TR2 cost £887.

title: Swallow Doretti


text:
Jaranwala

Jaranwala is a city and capital of Jaranwala Tehsil located in the Faisalabad District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is the 58th largest city of Pakistan.

Geography
It is located at 31°20'0N 73°26'0E with an altitude of 184 meters (606 feet). It is located 35 km southeast of Faisalabad and 110 km from Lahore. The city serves as the headquarters of Jaranwala Tehsil, an administrative subdivision of the district.

Etymology
Jaranwala'a name originates from a Bohar, Bargad Banyan tree known as Jaranwala Bohar. Jaranwala is combination of two Punjabi words: Jaran and Wala, where Jaran means "roots" and "Wala" means place.

History
The existing city was founded by the British government in 1908. Deputy commissioner Micheal Ferrar of Faisalabad inaugurated the town in 1909 and Sir Ganga Ram designed the city.

Pakistani Gate Jaranwala
The Pakistani Gate is a central point and historical monument in Jaranwala. In January 1917, Sardar Harbeel Sing notified the area committee of Jaranwala to construct a wooden gate to welcome the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael Francis O'Dwyer, in Jaranwala. After his visit, the gate was named O'Dwyer Gate. However, after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the people demanded to rename the gate to no avail. Due to heavy wind, the name of O'Dwyer was removed from the gate and it was renamed the Railway Gate.

On the visit of Nehru on 1 June 1936, it was renamed the Nehru Gate, and the president of Municipal Committee Jaranawala Lala Harnam Das approved the name on 30 March 1937. The name was changed again after the independence of Pakistan, when the first president of the Municipal Committee of Jaranawala, Syed Altaf Hussain, renamed it the Pakistani Gate. The Pakistani Gate was reconstructed in 1956, 1967 and 2009.

Demographics
According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, the population of the Jaranwala MC (Municipal Committee) is 150,380.

Education
Jaranwala has several schools:-

 * Government Post Graduate College Jaranwala
 * Govt Post Graduate College for Women Jaranwala
 * Government High School Jaranwala
 * Government Islamia High School Jaranwala
 * Govt Girls High School MC 1 Jaranwala
 * Govt Girls High School MC 2 Cinema Choke Jaranwala
 * Centre of Excellence Jaranwala
 * Punjab Group of Colleges Jaranwala Campus
 * Commerce College Jaranwala
 * Ripah College
 * Mian Nazir Hussain Model Secondary School
 * AW Grammar school
 * Al Raza Grammar school
 * Al-Ijaz high school Jaranwala
 * The Educators school system (city Campus or New City campus Jaranwala)
 * Allied School System
 * Dare Arqam School System
 * Virtual university campus
 * The Spirit school system campus
 * The Smart school system campus
 * Al-Noor Pre-Cadet School Jaranwala
 * Sir Syed College Jaranwala
 * Faran Public School Jaranwala.
 * The Educater's School system (Jaranwala city Campus or New City campus)
 * Allied School System
 * Informatics group of colleges Jaranwala
 * Pakistan Forces Academy-Major Mumtaz Shafique
 * Pakistan Forces Academy-Major Mumtaz Shafique

Industry
The industrial area of Khurrianwala is part of the Jaranwala Tehsil. Other main industries include:
 * Rafhan Maize Products Plant
 * Crescent Jute Products Ltd Established in 1965, this was largest jute mill of Pakistan. It has ceased its operations.
 * Aslam Textile Mills
 * Hussain Sugar Mills
 * Lyallpur Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited, Jaranwala

Agriculture
Jaranwala produces crops including rice, wheat, sugarcane, vegetables, and fruits. Its grain market is one of the busiest markets in Punjab. It is also the biggest consumer of fertilizers by volume in Pakistan.

Transportation
Jaranwala is 10 km from the M3 motorway interchange. There are daily bus services from and to Lahore and Faisalabad. There are many trains coming from Lahore on the Shorkot–Sheikhupura Branch Line. The nearest airport is the Faisalabad International Airport, which is approximately 50 km from the city.

Main roads
There are seven main roads from Jaranwala to other cities.
 * Lahore-Jaranwala Road
 * Faisalabad-Jaranwala Road
 * Jaranwala-Nankana Road
 * Jaranwala-Satiana Road
 * Jaranwala-Shahkot Road
 * Jaranwala-Khurrianwala Road
 * Jaranwala-Syedwala Road

Notable people

 * Bhagat Singh, freedom fighter in British India
 * Sir Ganga Ram, civil engineer and architect who designed Lahore High Court, Aitchison College, Hailey College of Commerce, Lahore Museum, National College of Arts, and The Horse Train Ghangha Pur of British India
 * Nand Lal, Subcontinental freedom fighter, politician and member of the Constituent Assembly of British India from East Punjab
 * Malik Nawab Sher Waseer, politician
 * Rai Haider Ali Khan, politician
 * Rai Usman Khan, politician
 * Munawar Shakeel, Punjabi poet

title: Jaranwala


text:
User talk:Sumit sinha~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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=Nichalp  «Talk»=  11:21, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sumit sinha. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sumit sinha~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:20, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sumit sinha~enwiki


text:
Talk:Walking on a Thin Line

==Fair use rationale for Image:Guano Apes - Walking On A Thin Line album cover.jpg== Image:Guano Apes - Walking On A Thin Line album cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:39, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Fair use rational exists --Cdl obelix (talk) 09:52, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walking on a Thin Line


text:
User talk:Poppywin~enwiki

For the sake of Poppy flower that give and encourage soldier to suvive in the war and came back. It's the representative of peace and blend with win. So poppywin is the semiotic that value peace to be the highest pride that human being must yearn for. And Win may be descride short from within as jargon. The real peace begins from within. That's how the story of "poppywin" begins.

Welcome! Bienvenue! Willkommen!
Hi Poppywin, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Please don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Gryffindor  15:06, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

File source problem with File:SomdejToh.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:SomdejToh.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 05:45, 1 November 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —Bkell (talk) 05:45, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Poppywin. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Poppywin~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:12, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:43, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poppywin~enwiki


text:
Template talk:Article for deletion/Archive 2

Tidying Up
I made 2 changes to the template: I removed the unnecessary <br> to make the template a bit more compact. Also, I removed the notice not to deface the notice, as it was quite silly and caused the text to break to a new line and take up a bit more space on the page than necessary. If I have stepped on any toes, my apologies. Kaldari 19:18, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I've restored the request not to deface the notice. It's not silly at all.  Furthermore: Not everyone's web browser windows are the same width and resolution as yours.  Removing a word because "it caused the text to break to a new line" is daft.  If the exact placements of things within your web browser's window is your reason for continually fiddling with this notice, please stop. Uncle G 21:45, 2005 May 9 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but having a notice that says "don't deface this notice" is utterly silly. Why don't we just put a notice on every single page that says "Don't deface this page". It's totally pointless. And I realize that everyone's window sizes are different, I just meant that it's better to be more concise so that the notice takes up less screen real estate. Kaldari 06:27, 10 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You're wrong. It's not silly at all.  I suggest that you familiarize yourself with how the VFD notice is actually applied (At the very least read what is written on this very page.) and some of the things that are frequently done to it by novices before being bold again. Uncle G 11:14, 2005 May 11 (UTC)

I'd like to stress that the appearance and content of this template have been discussed a great deal on this page, consensus being that it should be as small, clean, and concise as possible, including no more nor less than the vital information. Drastic changes should be reasoned carefully, and preferably discussed here first, especially since it is common to use  (meaning that, once inserted, the template's appearance is not automatically updated). — Dan | Talk 22:27, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

I have a problem with the current background colour, in that there is no background colour. Not on my laptop screen, anyway. I find this white block of text ugly. Also, 'or deface this notice'? Is that a real problem? Is that not a rather obvious suggestion?

What's wrong with:  This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. Please vote on and discuss the matter. See this article's entry on the Votes for Deletion page. You are welcome to edit this article, but please do not blank, merge, or move this article, nor remove this notice, while the discussion is in progress. For more information, read the Guide to Votes for Deletion. Category:Pages on votes for deletion
 * It's missing the words "or deface", for starters, and it has a newline before the category that results in a spurious newline in the article. The words "is being nominated" bring the aspect of voting to the fore, the wrongness of which has been discussed extensively, both at Wikipedia and at Meta. The words "vote on and discuss the matter" are, as Rdsmith4 has pointed out several times, wrong for the same reasons. Uncle G 11:14, 2005 May 11 (UTC)
 * It does not contain the words "is being nominated".

I find 'Please vote on and discuss' to run more smoothly than 'Please discuss and vote on'. The background colour is now visible on my laptop screen as well. – Ec5618 00:36, May 10, 2005 (UTC) or:  This article has been nominated for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. Please vote on and discuss the matter. See this article's entry on the Votes for Deletion page. You are also welcome to edit this article, but please do not blank, merge, or move this article, nor remove this notice, while the discussion is in progress. For more information, read the Guide to Votes for Deletion. Category:Pages on votes for deletion -Ec5618 08:22, May 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's missing the words "or deface", for starters, and it has a newline before the category that results in a spurious newline in the article. The words "is being nominated" bring the aspect of voting to the fore, the wrongness of which has been discussed extensively, both at Wikipedia and at Meta. The words "vote on and discuss the matter" are, as Rdsmith4 has pointed out several times, wrong for the same reasons. Uncle G 11:14, 2005 May 11 (UTC)
 * Considering the fact that User:Rdsmith4 has not yet posted on this page, you'll have to provide more arguments for your point to be valid. - Ec5618 16:40, May 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wrong. He has.  In this very section of the page, even.  He has also made edit history comments, which I suggest that you read. Uncle G 18:10, 2005 May 11 (UTC)
 * Wrong. He hasn't. Perhaps you're mistaking him for someone else. This section? Are you perhaps thinking of me? Kaldari? Dan? As for edit history, the only relevant he said was: "on the contrary, the previous text is much clearer; discussion comes before voting". As I said before, I find 'Please vote on and discuss' to run more smoothly than 'Please discuss and vote on'. Two opposing opinions. What makes Rdsmith4's opinion so great? And thank you for adressing my concerns. - Ec5618 19:07, May 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * In fact I have, and am doing so right now. Sorry for the confusion - I sign as "Dan". Uncle G expresses my opinion well, but it is no more than my opinion. I'd simply like it to be made clear that VFD, despite its name, is about forming consensus, and not about partisanship or voting. — Dan | Talk 21:23, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Notice: Do not deface this notice
All other issues aside, I feel strongly that the admonition against defacing the VfD notice is inappropriate. Not only is it almost comically pointless, but it also does not assume good faith. No other Wikipedia templates contain such a warning (or such a paternalistic tone). Kaldari 14:28, 11 May 2005 (UTC)
 * History has, however, proven that we need such an admonition here. The clause was only added after long experience with notices that had been defaced or modified inappropriately.  Yes, we should assume good faith but not the to point of denying reality or experience.  Rossami (talk) 15:06, 11 May 2005 (UTC)
 * History has proven? How do people 'deface' the notice? And how does the dire warning message prevent them from doing so? If there is a need for a warning message, add it in tags in the code. You'll be able to give a stern talking to to anyone editing the template. - Ec5618 16:40, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

 This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. Please vote on and discuss the matter. See this article's entry on the Votes for Deletion page. You are welcome to edit this article, but please do not blank, merge, or move this article, nor remove this notice, while the discussion is in progress. For more information, read the Guide to Votes for Deletion. Category:Pages on votes for deletion

 * The other problem is that this template is auto-inserted with the use of subst:, meaning that if someone messes up the template, the messed up version of the template is included onto the page which is being considered for VfD. -- AllyUnion (talk) 17:09, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure I follow. Are you saying the tag is replaced in all pages by the actual text in the template? Would the comment not be added to all these pages aswell? - Ec5618 17:26, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * It inserts whatever text is on the template into the article. -- AllyUnion (talk) 00:06, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

First sentence all bold
Having the first sentence all bold looks really clunky and imposing, and makes it harder to pick out the important point. (deletion). Kappa 09:00, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I would disagree. I feel that the initial line is the point, and that editors will need only to notice the template once, either way and realise its importance. It may be possible (and preferable) to highlight the word 'deletion' in another way, if you insist. -- Ec5618 09:09, May 14, 2005 (UTC)

New link with date
I gather we're supposed to be changing the template to link to this article's entry now. What is that supposed to accomplish? Is it truly easier? I am for easier. -- Ec5618 18:46, May 15, 2005 (UTC) Yes, the date has to be substituted for it to work and so it wouldn't have worked. I didn't realize this. I'm not sure if this can be fixed, but I'll look into it, What four ways of viewing vfd are there? -MarSch 12:23, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know where that idea came from, but it's a bad one. Uncle G 21:55, 2005 May 15 (UTC)
 * I agree. Stick with the original, simpler form. — Dan | Talk 22:01, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Ec5618 reverted the changes here and I've reverted the changes in the VfD footer. I am guessing that the proposal was supposed to be a way around the problem of renominated articles conflicting with an already archived decision.  We need to preserve the old discussion.  The current workaround for renominated articles is ... clumsy.  I'm not sure however that this was the most effective or least intrusive way to achieve the goal.  We should discuss it some before making the change.  Rossami (talk) 23:12, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * A slightly less clumsy method, perhaps, is to rename any existing Votes for deletion/ to a sub-page of itself such as Votes for deletion//First, and then edit the resultant redirect as the new nomination. No hand-editing of the VFD notice required, and you also get a link from the old sub-page to the current sub-page for free (and a link on the new nomination page, that you can edit into a "For a previous VFD discussion see X" note, for free, too). Uncle G 01:13, 2005 May 16 (UTC)
 * See Votes for deletion/Insidious and Votes for deletion/Insidious/2005 May 8 for this method in action, by the way. It involves the same 3 pages to be edited as the usual nomination process, in almost exactly the same way, with the sole addition of a page move. Uncle G 16:15, 2005 May 17 (UTC)
 * It was my idea, when I was perusing vfd since because the templates are created in a subdirectory of vfd they link back there and not to the day subpage of vfd which is, to say the least, annoying. I hadn't yet fathomed the problem with repeated vfd's, but the fact that my change solves that too makes me wonder why I was reverted. -MarSch 23:41, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Your change stops the link from pointing to where the sub-pages actually are, and causes things to break the next day after a sub-page is created. On a more general note: Having the ability to have a separate VFD discussion sub-page for an article every day is needless overkill. The (purported) simplification that it provides for the small minority of renominations is far outweighed by the complexity that introduces across the board.  And since the link to Votes for deletion at the top of all VFD sub-pages brings you to hyperlinks to the per-day pages anyway, there's not really a great deal of benefit to be gained in terms of ease of use in the first place.  Furthermore: Bear in mind that there are now four separate ways of viewing current VFD discussions that people can choose from.  Altering naming conventions to suit your own viewing method of choice has ramifications for those who use the other viewing methods. Uncle G 01:13, 2005 May 16 (UTC)
 * Making such sweeping changes should perhaps have been discussed. On a more practical note, perhaps closed discussions should be moved manually to a "Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Deleted articles/ " section, after deletion. Of course, that would only work for articles that are renominated once. /Once deleted, /Twice deleted etc might be better. And it wouldn't address the problem MarSch brought up. -- Ec5618 00:03, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Let me explain the reasoning for the subpage day to day naming scheme. The reason why it was placed under /Log/ was that in the event, however likely or unlikely it was, that the page Log was nominated for deletion.  Furthermore, the four six ways of viewing VFD are: Votes for deletion, Votes for deletion (long form), Votes for deletion/Log/Today, Votes for deletion/Log/Yesterday, User:AllyUnion/VFD List, and finally, User:AllyUnion/VFD Calendar. -- AllyUnion (talk) 18:23, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * And if you are annoyed, have you tried looking at the list format? Have you tried using a tabbed browser instead of Internet Explorer? -- AllyUnion (talk) 18:26, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

TfD'd
This template was listed for deletion on Templates for Deletion. The decision was to keep this template. Please see Templates for deletion/Log/Not deleted/May 2005 for more information. -Frazzydee|✍ 21:54, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

link "vote on and discuss" to page?
I remember being confused, the first time I came across this template, as to where one went to discuss and vote. Even today, "vote on and discuss" is separated from "See this page," which does not seem to follow standard Web interface, let alone proper wikipractice. I suggest we link the vote page to "vote on and discuss." This would have the additional benefit of tightening the text.

 This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.

Please vote on and discuss the matter.

You are welcome to edit this article, but please do not blank, merge, or move this article, or remove this notice while the discussion is in progress. For more information, read the Guide to Votes for Deletion. Category:Pages on votes for deletion

Any thoughts? Bbpen 19:26, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Icon
I suggest to put an icon onto the template: Scriberius 10:33, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

hybrid CSD-VfD
Should we mod the speedy deletion template for pages that are candidates for speedy deletion in conjunction with having votes for deletion? I am going to make a new mod template for it. --SuperDude 22:04, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Please don't. There's no need for such a template. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 22:07, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

One category per day?
At the moment, there is a discussion going on about a reform of the VfD process. A part of this proposed reform is to have a separate deletion category for each day. I just realized that this is very easy to implement in the current system: change the  Category:Pages on votes for deletion  in the VfD template to  . Would this be possible/useful? It will mean that the links to the VfD categories on the nominated articles will be redlinks, as the categories by date do not actually exist, but the only consequence of this is that the link to the category wil be red. Which is perhaps even an advantage.

I propose to make this change. It will mean that the single category Category:Pages on votes for deletion would no longer be used. I cannot imagine anyone using this category at the moment: it's huge. But if you are, please let me know how.

I should point out that one of the reasons I'm proposing this change is that I want to show that these categories (e.g. Category:Pages on votes for deletion 2005-08-3) would not be a satisfactory replacement for the currect daily VfD pages (such as Votes for deletion/Log/2005 August 3). Eugene van der Pijll 22:11, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a nice idea, but unfeasible. Doing this would cause the category to just become the current date each time the page was viewed/edited (not sure which).  I can't see a way round this with the current software design.  [[smoddy ]] 22:18, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Not if the template is inserted using instead of  . Which is how the VfD process suggests it should be done. Eugene van der Pijll 22:21, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, yes. :-) The text left in the edit box will be  .  Which will render the date of the last edit, as far as I am aware.   [[smoddy ]] 22:24, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh. I did not test it, but based my suggestion on some of the suggestions at VfD reform. My apologies. (Actually, I still haven't tested it; but I'll take your word for it.)
 * Option two: just put todays date in this template, and update it each day. Probably should be done by a bot. IIRC, there is a VfD bot which creates the new daily VfD pages, and inserts a link on the main VfD page. Perhaps he could do it? Eugene van der Pijll 22:34, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

I've tested it now:   actually works. See Template:VfD test. Eugene van der Pijll 22:45, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Proposal:please discuss.
About a third of the entries on VfD contain no encyclopedic content, but would make good redirects. VfD explicitly encourages you to do redirection instead of VfD, but that seems to be unfashionable. The best way to deal with some of these is to simply make them redirects, instead of having an administrator spend time deleting. But the wording of the template encourages evey possible improving edit, except this one. Therefore I propose to remove the word merge from the template.

It would be possible to add; Merges and redirects should be noted on the VfD page or something of the sort. Septentrionalis 02:10, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Pick one, or permit both. I don't much care which, but VfD itself should be edited accordingly.Septentrionalis 18:20, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If the page is merged or redirected, won't the link on VfD automatically fall through to the object of the redirect, which is not the page being discussed for deletion? Talk about confusing!!! Robert A West 17:36, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Two possibilities:
 * Make the redirect, but leave the VfD notice. The redirect will not work until the {vfd} tag is removed, but that's a trivial part of closing. This would answer the concerns about vandalism of the notice which inspired the present wording. (see above).
 * As I understood the archived discussion, there was clear consensus: any action that removes the page content (i.e. blanking or redirect or the redirect following merge) is ipso facto vandalism.Robert A West 19:07, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Make into full redirect and remove the tag, but post a link to the preceeding version of the srticle on the VfD discussion page.
 * And if someone wants to improve the original article, we now have "two versions" on top of a VfD. That will streamline everything!  Robert A West 19:02, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I pick neither. The proper remedy is to vote speedy keep, and explain that you volunteer to merge/redirect/whatever after the vote closes.  Then watch the page and when the VfD tag comes off, be bold.  Wikipedia is not a race.  Robert A West 19:02, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I will try the experiment, probably Sunday. I expect that the articles will be deleted on autopilot anyway, but we'll see. Septentrionalis 19:46, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * In the mean-time, consider Egyptian Americans, a perfectly reasonable stub rewrite of a vanity page, which is still getting delete votes. Septentrionalis

Vandalism
If this page is protected (as it appears to be), then how in the hell did an anonymous editor vandalize it with a picture of a penis? I'm completely confused and would love it if someone can figure out what went wrong? Jwrosenzweig 21:53, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It was only protected against moves. Now fixed properly.  [[smoddy ]] 21:58, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent -- thanks so much, smoddy! I hadn't realized there was a way of protecting without really protecting...how did you check that status? Jwrosenzweig 22:03, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Special:Log/protect is one part. This happened to work in this case because the admin used helpful edit summaries.  The other option is to log out and attempt to edit and attempt to move the page.  There should be some indicator (such as, perhaps, a differently-coloured border), but that isn't currently written into the code, so it's hacks that have to sort it!  Cheers,  [[smoddy ]] 22:14, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

VfD
Could someone insert a direct link to the actual VfD page? It's fairly tricky nagivating yourself there right now.

Peter Isotalo 11:25, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, I'm not sure I understand you. Surely, the 'the article's entry' link refers to the VfD page. -- Ec5618 11:33, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed it does, but I was refering to a link to Votes for Deletion. / Peter Isotalo 15:51, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What Peter asked is what I came here to ask. There are three steps and three templates to be used in the deletion process. The first step is to place on the article page. The second step is to place  (plus the explanation etc.) on the article's VfD subpage. The third step is to place  on that day's page on VfD.

 * The places to do the first two steps are easily accessed from the article. The third step can't be accessed directly from the template. That day's page on VfD has to either be navigated to manually, or has to be accessed from the 'Follow this edit link' at the bottom of the wp:vfd page.

 * I wondered whether it would be possible to put that link in the main vfd template, in a similar manner to the "If you have just labeled this page as a possible copyright infringement, please add a link to it on..." text at the top of Template:copyvio.

 * I was going to be bold and do it myself, but it seems from the talk page that the aim is to keep the template as empty as possible. Is that a fair assessment? I think the link could still be added without cluttering up the template (perhaps linking part of "on the Votes for Deletion page"?) However I'd be happier hearing from someone with more knowledge of the history of the template, rather than just rushing in and making the changes myself. I may yet summon up the courage to be bold in the next few days though! KeithD (talk) 15:38, 24 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Category:Formal methods

Formal methods are mathematical approaches to software and hardware computer-based system development from requirements, specification and design through to programming and implementation. They form an important theoretical underpinning for software engineering, especially where safety or security is involved. Formal methods are a useful adjunct to software testing since they help avoid errors and can also give a framework for testing. For industrial use, tool support is required.

title: Category:Formal methods


text:
User:Erjon~enwiki

Erik de Jong
IT-specialist (MVS Z/Os application maintenance),
 * desperately looking for a job,
 * filling his days with maintaining his website Guitar-poll.com,
 * living in Steenwijk, the Netherlands.

title: User:Erjon~enwiki


text:
Talk:Thoracentesis

note
As a practicing surgeon I do thoracentesis regularly. I have taken much more that 1 L at a time off and have never seen post thoracentesis pulmonary edema. I have asked at a medical forum and none of the respondents have either. Please post frequency of this complication without just asserting that. Prove it not an old wives' tale.

One might discuss "cracking" of the malignant or inflammatory peel resulting in chronic pneumothorax, bronchopleural fistula and the use of special catheter sets. Thoracentesis is loosely related to heart failure despite what is below me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.94.173.214 (talk) 19:50, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Tuberculosis
Although the reference to TB as reason for the presence of pleural fluid is correct I would think this condition is a form of pneumonia and therefore already mentioned by the word parapneumonic. What is your view on this? --Nomen Nescio 11:23, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Tuberculous pleural effusion is usually associated with (tuberculous) pneumonia. However TB is sufficiently distinct from other pneumonias, in my opinion, to warrant an extra line in the text. Axl 17:55, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Most medical texts make a distinction for TB.DocJohnny 05:14, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Needle aspiration
Is needle aspiration synonymous with thoracocentesis? If so, should it be boldly included in the introduction of this article? As well as a redirection page from needle aspiration, to this article? --Gautehuus (talk) 20:13, 28 December 2012 (UTC), Norway

title: Talk:Thoracentesis


text:
North Sydney Council

North Sydney Council is a local government area on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, established on 29 July 1890 through the amalgamation of three boroughs.

The area is bounded by Willoughby to the north and north-west, Northern Beaches to the north-east, Mosman to the east, Lane Cove to the west and Sydney Harbour to the south. It covers an area of approximately 10.9 km2 and as at the had an estimated population of 67,658. The administrative seat of North Sydney Council is located in the suburb of North Sydney, approximately 3 km north of the Sydney central business district.

The mayor of North Sydney Council is Cr. Zoë Baker, an independent politician, first elected on 10 January 2022.

Suburbs and localities in the local government area
Suburbs serviced by North Sydney Council are: • Cammeray

• Cremorne

• Cremorne Point

• Crows Nest

• Kirribilli

• Kurraba Point

• Lavender Bay

• McMahons Point

• Milsons Point

• Neutral Bay

• North Sydney

• St Leonards

• Waverton

• Wollstonecraft

History
The area now covered by North Sydney Council originally comprised three municipalities: the Borough of East St Leonards from 1860 (Kirribilli, Cremorne Point, Milsons Point), the Borough of St Leonards from 1867 (Cammeray, Mosman, Waverton, Wollstonecraft) and the very small Borough of Victoria from 1871 (McMahons Point and parts of North Sydney and Lavender Bay). These boroughs lasted until 29 July 1890 when they merged to form the "Borough of North Sydney".

Following a petition submitted by residents in 1892, on 11 April 1893 the Mossman Ward of North Sydney confirmed its separation as the Borough of Mosman, being proclaimed by Lieutenant-Governor Sir Frederick Darley. From 28 December 1906, following the passing of the Local Government Act, 1906, the council was renamed as the "Municipality of North Sydney".

North Sydney Municipal Council first met in the 1885 East St Leonards Town Hall on Alfred Street, Milsons Point, that had been built for the Borough of East St Leonards, and took up residence in the North Sydney Council Chambers on Miller Street, North Sydney, from 12 July 1926.

Post-war council history and Mack era
With the completion of the Warringah Expressway in 1968, a construction that involved the wide-scale demolition of areas in the centre of the municipality, North Sydney was split in two and development in the North Sydney central business district took off. With this development resulting in the destruction of the heritage streetscape of the North Sydney CBD, threatening the character of surrounding areas, several movements of North Sydney residents formed to oppose and manage the pace and extent of development. One prominent group was the North Sydney Civic Group, which came to prominence in the late-1970s amid dissatisfaction with the North Sydney Council. The Council's plans for the demolition of the historic Council Chambers following a fire in 1976, led to further tensions and resulted in the council being turned out at the 1980 elections, replaced by a North Sydney Civic Group-aligned council and Ted Mack elected mayor.

Mack's term as mayor, was marked by a single-minded and innovative approach to the local governance issues facing North Sydney at the time. Mack began his term as mayor by selling the mayoral car to help buy community buses. During his term as mayor, North Sydney Council introduced the "open government policy" which honoured a promise of openness and transparency of council decisions, and established a precinct committee system, which allowed for greater citizen input in council issues. The pioneering North Sydney Heritage Study was released in 1982 and in 1989 the new Local Environmental Plan was gazetted.

With an increase in council revenues, Mack reinvested the funds in a public works program into several new and renovated parks, car parks, childcare facilities, community and sports centres, and major extensions and renovations to the Stanton Library and North Sydney Oval. Infrastructure also took on a distinct local identity, with Council investment on new street signs, bus shelters, colour schemes of public buildings, paving and street furniture. In 1982, council voted to popularly elect the mayor, with Mack being directly elected twice to the position in 1983 and 1987 before retiring in 1988.

With the passing of the Local Government Act, 1993, the Municipality of North Sydney was legally renamed as North Sydney Council and aldermen were renamed councillors.

2016–17 amalgamation proposals
A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the North Sydney Council merge with adjoining councils.

The government considered two proposals. The first proposed a merger of the North Sydney and Willoughby Councils to form a new council with an area of 33 km2 and support a population of approximately 145,000. The alternative, proposed by Warringah Council on 23 February 2016, was for an amalgamation of the Pittwater, Manly and Warringah councils. As a consequence of Warringah's proposal, the New South Wales Minister for Local Government Paul Toole proposed that the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman Councils merge.

In July 2017, the Berejiklian government decided to abandon the forced merger of the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman local government areas, along with several other proposed forced mergers.

Demographics
At the, there were 67,658 people in the North Sydney local government area, of these 47.2 per cent were male and 52.8 per cent were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.3 per cent of the population; significantly below the NSW and Australian averages of 2.9 and 2.8 per cent respectively. The median age of people in the North Sydney Council area was 37 years; slightly below the national average of 38 years. Children aged 0–14 years made up 12.6 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 14.4 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 41.9 per cent were married and 16.6 per cent were either divorced or separated.

Population growth in the North Sydney Council area between the and the  was 5.98%; and in the subsequent five years to the, population growth was 6.92%. At the 2016 census, the population in the North Sydney Council area increased by 8.62 per cent. When compared with total population growth of Australia for the same period, being 8.8 per cent, population growth in the North Sydney local government area was marginally lower than the national average. The median weekly income for residents within the North Sydney Council area was significantly higher and nearly double the national average.

Current composition and election method
North Sydney Council is composed of ten councillors operating on a Council–manager system of operation, elected proportionally from two wards, each electing five Councillors. The mayor is elected by the Councillors for a two-year term and the deputy mayor for a one-year term. Although the fixed term of the Council is four years, due to delays caused by amalgamations and the COVID-19 pandemic, the previous term lasted from 9 September 2017 to 4 December 2021.

A referendum passed at the same time at the 2012 council elections reduced the number of wards from four to three (Cremorne Ward was abolished) and the number of councillors from 13 to 10, inclusive of the popularly elected mayor, which took effect from the 2017 election. A referendum passed at the 2017 election also altered the system of electing the mayor. Starting in 2020, the mayor was elected by the councillors from among their members for a two-year term. As the wording of this referendum did not specify a reduction in the number of elected positions in the Council (such as from 10 Councillors to 9), the Office of Local Government required council to specify a ward structure of equal numbers to each ward: two wards of five councillors or five wards of two councillors. At its extraordinary meeting held on 20 January 2020, the Council voted to adopt a two-ward model on a north/south boundary with the northern ward named "St Leonards Ward" and the southern ward named "Cammeraygal Ward" from the 2021 election.

The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council is as follows:

The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election by ward, is:

Heritage listings
North Sydney has a diverse range of heritage listings and conservation areas, including those listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register (SHR), Section 170 Registers (s.170), the Commonwealth Heritage List (CHL), and the North Sydney Local Environmental Plan 2013 (LEP), including:

 * Cammeray, 3 Amherst Street: Tarella (SHR & LEP)
 * Cammeray, 143 Bellevue Street: Cammeray Substation (SHR & LEP)
 * Cremorne, 8 Bannerman Street: Dalkeith (SHR & LEP)
 * Cremorne, 380 Military Road: Hayden Orpheum Picture Palace (LEP)
 * Cremorne, 53–57 Murdoch Street: Cremorne Girls High School (Former) (LEP)
 * Cremorne, 274 Military Road: SCEGGS Redlands (LEP)
 * Cremorne, 7 Cranbrook Avenue: Belvedere (SHR & LEP)
 * Cremorne, 11 Cranbrook Avenue: Egglemont (SHR & LEP)
 * Crows Next, 23 Albany Street: Electricity Power House (SHR, s.170 & LEP)
 * Crows Nest, 250 West Street: St Thomas Rest Park (LEP)
 * Kirribilli, 109 Kirribilli Avenue: Admiralty House, Lodge, Garden and Fortifications (CHL & LEP)
 * Kirribilli, 111 Kirribilli Avenue: Kirribilli House, Garden and Grounds (CHL & LEP)
 * Lavender Bay, 11 Bay View Street: Ildemere (SHR & LEP)
 * Milsons Point, North Shore railway: Milsons Point railway station (SHR, s.170 & LEP)
 * Milsons Point, 1 Olympic Drive: Luna Park Precinct (SHR & LEP)
 * Neutral Bay, 2 Hayes Street: Hastings
 * Neutral Bay, 146 Kurraba Road: Hollowforth (SHR & LEP)
 * Neutral Bay, 5 Wallaringa Avenue: Nutcote
 * Neutral Bay, Yeo Street: St John's Uniting Church and Pipe Organ
 * Neutral Bay, Kurraba Road: Anderson Park
 * Neutral Bay, Kurraba Road: Former Neutral Bay tram depot and water tower
 * North Sydney, 36 Blue Street: Former North Sydney Technical High School (now Greenwood Hotel)
 * North Sydney, 20 Edward Street: Graythwaite
 * North Sydney, Falcon Street: North Sydney Sewer Vent
 * North Sydney, 283a Miller Street: St Leonards Park
 * North Sydney, 6 Napier Street: Don Bank
 * North Sydney, 92–94 Pacific Highway: North Sydney Post Office (CHL, SHR & LEP)
 * North Sydney, 44 Union Street: Kailoa
 * North Sydney, 105-153 Miller Street: MLC Building (LEP)
 * North Sydney, 128 Miller Street: Monte Sant Angelo Group (LEP)
 * North Sydney, 127 Falcon Street: North Sydney Boys High School (LEP)
 * North Sydney, 200 Miller Street: North Sydney Council Chambers and Wyllie Wing (LEP)
 * North Sydney, Miller Street: North Sydney Oval (LEP)
 * North Sydney, William Street: Sydney Church of England Grammar School (LEP)
 * North Sydney, 34 McLaren Street: St Thomas' Church, Rectory, Kindergarten Hall and Memorial Hall (LEP)
 * Waverton, North Shore railway: Waverton railway station (SHR & s.170)

Council facilities

 * Kirribilli Neighbourhood Centre
 * North Sydney Olympic Pool
 * North Sydney Oval
 * Stanton Library
 * Don Bank Museum
 * Clark Park

title: North Sydney Council


text:
Big Wars

Big Wars: Red Zone, Divine Annihilation (ビッグ・ウォーズ 神撃つ朱き荒野に) is a 1993 Japanese science fiction anime film based on the novel of the same name by Yoshio Aramaki. It was released in the United States by Central Park Media.

Plot
Set in the dawning of the 25th century, the earth has undergone changes and technology improved in leaps and bounds, with humanity now colonizing Mars. However, unknown to humanity, there is an ancient race of aliens known as 'The Gods' which have been patiently waiting and watching humanity's progress. They take action and try to halt man's progress into space with extreme force. Although humanity has some very advanced weaponry at their disposal such as highly advanced aircraft, orbital fighters and gigantic desert battleships full of the most amazing array of weapons, will it be enough to stop them? The aliens have impressive weapons of their own, including an unstoppable stealth carrier. Humanity's hope rests on the shoulders of Captain Akuh and the crew of the Battleship Aoba. They are to carry out a top-secret mission against the aliens which, if successful, could mean the end to the war.

Japanese Cast

 * Hideyuki Tanaka as Captain Akuh
 * Isshin Chiba as Operator
 * Kouji Tsujitani as J. Dalton
 * Yumi Touma as Dr. Lee
 * Hiroko Emori as Lt. Darsa Keligan
 * Yuzuru Fujimoto as Admiral Mikawa
 * Shinya Ohtaki as Yutaka Todoroki
 * Ikuya Sawaki as Colonel Coleman
 * Masaru Satou as John Bruce
 * Hirohiko Kakegawa as Yamamoto
 * Sanshiro Nitta as P.O.
 * Omi Minami as Announcer
 * Michiko Neya as Yoko Dalton

English Cast

 * B.H. O'Neill as Captain Akuh
 * Cynthia DeMoss as Dr. Lee
 * Dale Oliverio as Takeshi Hijikata
 * David Stuart as J. Dalton
 * Michael William as Yutaka Todoroki
 * Sharon Becker as Lt. Darsa Keligan
 * Barry Chiate as Colonel Coleman
 * Bob Heitman as Admiral Mikawa

title: Big Wars


text:
User:Aleph4

Hi everybody.

I started editing Wikipedia in September 2003, and registered a few days later. As you can see from my list of contributions, I am mainly interested in mathematics, mainly mathematical logic.

What does my name mean? Why the hell is it 4? Well, nobody knows, actually...

If you want to leave me a message, please use my talk page.

(See also .)

it:Utente:Aleph4 nl:Gebruiker:Aleph4 sv:Användare:Aleph4

title: User:Aleph4


text:
Joe Carnahan

Joseph Aaron Carnahan (born May 9, 1969) is an American film director, screenwriter, producer and actor whose films include Blood, Guts, Bullets and Octane; Narc; Smokin' Aces; The A-Team; The Grey; and Boss Level. He also wrote and directed several episodes for the NBC television series The Blacklist. He is the brother of screenwriter Matthew Michael Carnahan and producer Leah Carnahan.

Early life
Carnahan was raised in Michigan and Northern California. Carnahan graduated from Fairfield High School in 1987, where he also played football. He attended college at San Francisco State University but later transferred to California State University, Sacramento, and earned his B.A. in Filmography there. Carnahan eventually became employed in the Promotional Department of Sacramento's KMAX-TV, producing short films and television spots.

Film career
In 1998, he won some cult and critical acclaim for his film Blood, Guts, Bullets and Octane which premiered in September 1997 at the New York Independent Feature Film Market and later at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival.

He directed the 2002 Detroit-set thriller Narc, starring Ray Liotta and Jason Patric. Following Narc, he directed an entry in the BMW Films titled Ticker starring Clive Owen and Don Cheadle. At one point he was solicited to direct Mission: Impossible III, produced by Tom Cruise and Paula Wagner (who also executive produced Narc), however, he subsequently left the production due to conflicting views on the tone of the film. It was also announced in October 2005, Carnahan would be directing a film based on the life of convicted drug dealer Will Wright, but the project seems to be abandoned.

His next film, Smokin' Aces, was produced in 2006 and released in January 2007. He also co-wrote the screenplay of Pride and Glory, released in 2008, nearly a year behind schedule.

He was attached to direct an adaptation of James Ellroy's novel White Jazz with George Clooney producing and starring, but Clooney later pulled out from the production and in 2009, Ellroy stated that all adaptations of the film were dead.

In 2007, Carnahan penned Remarkable Fellows for Universal with Jason Bateman set to star, but the film never went into production.

In 2010, Brian Bloom and Carnahan were then hired by Fox for the revamping of their long-gestating A-Team project, based on the hit '80's television series. He also showed interest in directing film adaptations for Garth Ennis' graphic novel Preacher and David Michelinie's Taskmaster.

In 2011, he directed the thriller The Grey, starring Liam Neeson.

Carnahan was one of the executive producers for NBC's The Blacklist, starring James Spader and Megan Boone, during its first season. He directed the pilot, and went on to co-write and direct the ninth episode, "Anslo Garrick". Carnahan also wrote the story for episode 16, "Mako Tanida".

He is currently writing the script for the film adaptation of the Mark Millar comic book series Nemesis with his brother Matthew and will be directing. He is also set to direct Mark Bowden's book Killing Pablo.

Carnahan executive produced the NBC political thriller State of Affairs, starring Katherine Heigl and Alfre Woodard, which premiered November 17, 2014. He directed and co-wrote the pilot.

In April 2022, Lionsgate Films revealed that Carnahan will direct Shadow Force, starring Kerry Washington and Omar Sy.

In June 2023, Carnahan is filming an adaptation of the non-fictional book, Not Without Hope by Nick Schuyler and Jeré Longman, a survival thriller starring Zachary Levi and Josh Duhamel.

Personal life
Carnahan serves on the Creative Council of RepresentUs, a nonpartisan anti-corruption organization.

Film
Producer only
 * The Fourth Kind (2009)
 * Wheelman (2017)
 * Point Blank (2019)

Associate producer
 * The Devil Takes a Holiday (1996)

Executive producer
 * Smokin' Aces 2: Assassins' Ball (2010) (Also story writer)
 * Into the Ashes (2019)

Acting roles

title: Joe Carnahan


text:
Talk:North Sydney Council

Separate page for the Local Government Area
As per discussion at Talk:List of Sydney suburbs, I have created a separate page for North Sydney Council, the Local Government Area. -- Ianblair23 11:25, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Cleaning suburbs in LGAs to remove redlinks
Hi, Can people who know about this LGA please have a look at this message and see if they can please help solve any of the redlinks in the "suburbs in this LGA" section of this page? (Usually solution is either to add a stub about the suburb / locality in question, or to remove it from the LGA's list). -- All the best, Nickj (t) 04:18, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Infobox Update
This page has had its infobox updated to Infobox Australian Place. This update has been automatically preformed by TheJoshBot. Please be aware that poorly filled templates can have infomation lost in the transition that is unknown to the bot. Check the page history for more infomation. The following infomation has been lost in the transition, and will need to be converted to the document prose:

title: Talk:North Sydney Council


text:
Talk:Finnish noun cases

Declension charts needed
This article is in need of some charts (or a chart) showing these cases attached to different nouns to show how they attach to singulars and plurals and how they affect consonant gradation and vowel harmony. However, my skill in Finnish is not good enough to undertake this task myself. – Dyolf87 (talk) 10:14, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Remove sticky header at the top?
It appears that this has been rectified — the Finnish examples are wrapped in a lang template, as requested. Certainlynotinthishouse (talk) 23:51, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Finnish noun cases


text:
Talk:North Sydney, New South Wales

Page move
This page was moved from "North Sydney" to "North Sydney, New South Wales" as per the naming convention set out at Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places) – Ianblair23 11:28, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Separate page for the Local Government Area
As per discussion at Talk:List of Sydney suburbs, I have created a separate page for North Sydney Council, the Local Government Area. -- Ianblair23 11:26, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

National estate
I turned Nat. Estate back into a section; it was meant to be a section in its own right, not just a sub-section of Landmarks.

Sardaka 09:27, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:North Sydney, New South Wales


text:
George Dempsey (diplomat)

George Dempsey is an American former diplomat. He served in Madrid, Vienna, Geneva (in the United Nations), The Hague, Dublin, and Caracas before retiring. He wrote the book From the Embassy about his experiences.

During his tenure in Ireland, the Irish Phoenix magazine alleged he was a covert CIA agent. Dempsey took a court case against the magazine, which ended in their retraction of the allegation.

title: George Dempsey (diplomat)


text:
Redgum

Redgum were an Australian folk and political music group formed in Adelaide in 1975 by singer-songwriters John Schumann and Michael Atkinson on guitars/vocals, Verity Truman on flute/vocals; they were later joined by Hugh McDonald on fiddle and Chris Timms on violin. All four had been students at Flinders University and together developed a strong political voice. They are best known for their protest song exploring the impact of war in the 1980s "I Was Only 19", which peaked at No. 1 on the National singles charts. The song is in the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) list of Top 30 of All Time Best Australian Songs created in 2001.

Redgum also covered Australian consumer influences on surrounding nations in 1984's "I've Been to Bali Too", both hit singles were written by Schumann. "The Diamantina Drover", written by Timms' replacement, violinist/vocalist Hugh McDonald and "Poor Ned", written by Trevor Lucas of Fairport Convention, are examples of their bush songs. Lucas produced their May 1983 live album Caught in the Act, which peaked at No. 5 on the National albums chart. Schumann left the band and pursued a solo career from 1986, Atkinson left in 1987 and Redgum finally disbanded in 1990.

From 2005, Schumann and McDonald performed together as part of John Schumann and the Vagabond Crew.

History
Redgum was formed in 1975 when three students at Flinders University, John Schumann, Michael Atkinson and Verity Truman collaborated for a musical assessment piece for their Politics and Art course. The trio quickly gained fame around the university community for their forthright songs, and by 1976 had been joined by violinist Chris Timms who had previously attended Flinders University. The group were soon in demand for parties, pubs and rallies throughout South Australia and Victoria. On the first album, If You Don't Fight You Lose (1978) Redgum showed it was one of the few Australian bands prepared to tackle domestic politics and culture. "One More Boring Night in Adelaide" for some will remain, despite some of its dated references, a classic analysis of Australian provincial parochialism. Initially a part-time band, performing weekends and school holidays (two members were teachers), it was only after they released their second album, Virgin Ground (late 1980), to strong sales and critical acclaim, that the group became full-time and started touring nationally.

The group's success continued to grow with the release of their next three albums, Virgin Ground, Brown Rice and Kerosine (1981) and the EP Cut to the Quick (September 1982), and they weathered several line-up changes including the addition of a didgeridoo and the replacement of Timms in May 1982 with Hugh McDonald, among others. They released a songbook The Redgum Songbook: Stubborn Words, Flagrant Vices (1981).

Collaboration with influential Australian folk producer Trevor Lucas (from UK folk group Fairport Convention) brought the high-point of their career – the live LP Caught in the Act was released in May 1983 and "I Was Only 19" aka "A Walk in the Light Green" (March 1983) hit number one on the Australian singles chart. The song precipitated a Royal Commission into the use and effects of chemical agents in the Vietnam War by the Australian military. The album included "The Diamantina Drover" and "The Last Frontier" which are indicative of their folk music style.

The band released their next LP, Frontline (June 1984) with its single "I've Been to Bali Too", and started touring folk venues in the UK and Europe with some success. Late in 1985, Schumann announced that he had signed a solo deal with CBS Records and would be quitting. Redgum released one more album of new material, Midnight Sun (1986), and a last single "Roll it on Robbie" (1987) after which Atkinson left. There were plans to release another album but this did not occur. The album was recorded at Warrenwood in Melbourne but never released due to the studio going into liquidation. The remaining members who recorded this album Hugh McDonald, Verity Truman, Michael Spicer, James Spicer and Tim Hannaford performed until 1990, when the band's considerable debts were cleared. After this was achieved Redgum disbanded.

Band members post-Redgum
After leaving the band, Schumann released two solo albums before pursuing a brief political career, standing for the South Australian seat of Mayo in the 1998 Federal election and losing by a small margin. He was later employed by the Democrats as a staffer. He left the Democrats in 2000 and returned to further solo works. Schumann returned to recording in 2005 with the Vagabond Crew (which included fellow Redgum member Hugh McDonald) and new albums were released in 2005 and 2008.

Chris Timms left to further a career in Adult Education within the Dept. of TAFE in South Australia. He was active within the Australian Labor Party for a time.

Other members of Redgum continue to work in the Australian music scene. Atkinson has worked in film and television. He composed the music for films including Heaven's Burning (1997), starring Russell Crowe.

Truman performs in Adelaide as a longtime member of cabaret/cover band CrossRoads.

In 2005, Redgum was again brought to attention through the recording of an acoustic / hip hop cover of "I Was Only 19" by Australian group The Herd with Schumann providing some vocals. The song received high rotation on popular national radio station Triple J. Michael Spicer is currently teaching MIDI, Synthesis & Composition in Singapore Polytechnic.

Hugh McDonald died of cancer on 19 November 2016 at the age of 62.

Members
In chronological order:

 * John Schumann (vocals, guitar) 1975–1985
 * Michael Atkinson (songwriting, bass, mandolin, piano, vocals) 1975–1987
 * Verity Truman (vocals, flute, tin whistle) 1975–1990
 * Chris Timms (violin, backing vocals) 1975–1982
 * Bruce Barry (bass, guitar) 1975
 * Chris Boath (bass guitar) 1978–1979
 * Gordon McLean (drums) 1978–1979
 * Tom Stehlik (drums) 1981
 * David Flett (bass guitar) 1980–1983
 * Geoff Gifford (drums) 1980–1982
 * Russel Coleman (drums) 1982–1983
 * Hugh McDonald (guitar, violin, vocals) 1982–1990
 * Michael Spicer (keyboards, flute) 1983–1990
 * Brian Czempinski (drums) 1984–1986
 * Stephen Cooney (bass guitar, didgeridoo, guitar, mandolin, banjo) 1984–1985
 * Andy Baylor (guitar, fiddle) 1986
 * Peter Bolke (bass guitar) 1986
 * Ray Rafael (drums) 1986–1989
 * Darren Deland Darren (bass guitar, vocals) 1987–1988
 * Louis McManus (guitar) 1987?
 * Malcolm Wakeford (drums) 1987?
 * Bob Sender Bob (guitar) 1987?
 * James Spicer (drums/vocals) 1988–90
 * Tim Hannaford (bass guitar/vocals) 1989–90

Country Music Awards of Australia
The Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. They have been held annually since 1973.

 * rowspan="2"| 1984
 * rowspan="2"| "I Was Only 19" (written by John Schumann)
 * Top Selling Song of the Year
 * Won
 * APRA Song of the Year
 * Won
 * APRA Song of the Year
 * Won

Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Redgum won two awards in that time. (wins only)
 * 1984
 * Redgum
 * Country Showgroup of the Year
 * Won
 * 1987
 * Redgum
 * Country Showgroup of the Year
 * Won
 * Country Showgroup of the Year
 * Won

title: Redgum


text:
Architecture of Singapore

The architecture of Singapore displays a range of influences and styles from different places and periods. These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms of the colonial period to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to incorporate trends from around the world. In both aesthetic and technological terms, Singapore architecture may be divided into the more traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial period.

Traditional architecture in Singapore includes vernacular Malay houses, local hybrid shophouses and black and white bungalows, a range of places of worship reflecting the ethnic and religious diversity of the city-state as well as colonial civic and commercial architecture in European Neoclassical, gothic, palladian and renaissance styles.

Modern architecture in Singapore began with the transitional Art Deco style and the arrival of reinforced concrete as a popular building material. International Style modern architecture was popular from the 1950s to the 1970s, especially in the public housing apartment blocks. The Brutalist style of architecture was also popular in the 1970s. These styles coincided with the great urban renewal and building boom periods in Singapore history, and consequently these are the most common architectural styles seen on the island. Some of the more architecturally significant works of this period include Pearl Bank Apartments by Tan Cheng Siong, and the People's Park Complex and Golden Mile Complex by Design Partnership.

Post-modern architecture experiments, in both the 'historicist' and deconstructivist modes made an appearance in the 1980s, though the style was relatively muted in its expression. Another architectural trend has been the rediscovery of Singapore's architectural heritage, leading to an active conservation programme as well as a booming industry in the restoration of historic buildings, often adapting them to new uses. A recent example is the National Museum of Singapore.

An important area of local innovation has involved seeking to develop a form of modern architecture appropriate to Singapore's tropical climate. This climatically sensitive approach to architecture traces its roots back to the vernacular Malay houses and through to experiments by British colonial architects and early local nationalist architects to devise an authentically local architecture using modern construction methods. In the 1980s and especially from the late 1990s, this has led to a proliferation of what might be called 'modern tropical' architecture, or neo-tropical architecture. It involves a return to clean and simple rectilinear modernist forms, coupled with an emphasis of lush landscaping and sleek sun-shading in the form of metal or wood louvres, instead of the modernist glass curtain wall, which admits and traps solar heat. These architectural efforts have taken on a new relevance and urgency due to concerns about global warming, climate change and environmental sustainability, especially given that air conditioning in buildings is one of the largest consumers of electricity in Singapore, which is mostly generated by fossil fuels.

From the late 1990s, like many other global cities and aspiring global cities, the Singapore government consciously launched a drive to develop 'iconic' landmarks in the city to strengthen the Singapore brand identity as well as to attract foreign tourists, skilled immigrants, investments and buzz. Several such landmark projects have since been developed, sometimes through open or closed architectural design competitions. These include the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay arts centre, the Supreme Court of Singapore, the new National Library, Singapore, the Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort and the Singapore Flyer.

Pre-colonial architecture
Prior to the British establishment of a settlement in 1819, architecture followed the pattern of the surrounding region. Vernacular architecture was primarily village (or 'kampong') houses built in the Malay tradition. Malay kampong houses were built on stilts and raised above the ground (or water, depending on their location). The house was erected around a skeletal structure of tropical hardwood posts and beams, usually chengal. Medium hardwoods, like meranti, were used as floor boards, roof rafters and door and window frames. The roof itself was made of layers of palm frond thatch, while the walls were either made of woven bamboo strips or meranti planks. The basic form of the house was simple, but additional rooms could be added according to the requirements and wealth of the family. Likewise, the architectural ornament, in the form of carved wood fascia boards, screens and panels, could be quite elaborate.

Apart from this domestic rural architecture, there is evidence that more substantial buildings may have been built on the island. A nearby example of similar classical Hindu-Buddhist Malay architecture is Candi Muara Takus in the Riau province of Sumatra. Like the Singapore example, it also featured the use of sandstone as well as terraces. Stone foundations on Fort Canning Hill were discovered by the British soon after they arrived. Although they have since been destroyed and removed, the officials who discovered them speculated they were part of Hindu or Buddhist temples and/or a royal palace. The superstructure of these buildings would have been timber (as suggested by holes found in the foundations). However, these had long since disappeared by the time the foundations were discovered in 1819. Apart from some archaeological fragments, like jewellery, porcelain, coins and an inscribed stone, there few material artefacts from the pre-colonial period, and no buildings or even ruins remaining today.

Colonial period
The city of Singapore was planned by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1822, and his layout for the city, the Raffles Plan of Singapore, largely survives to this day, even if the city has expanded greatly through the years. Raffles specified the area for government offices, various ethnic communities, religious buildings, commerce and education, as well as a Botanic Garden. Raffles planned the city down to the size of the house, the widths of the streets, and the material to be used. Raffles' regulations for the city also has some influence over the architecture, and some of their effects may still be seen in the shop houses; for example it is stipulated that they should not be over 3 stories high, and needed to have an obligatory five foot way. Raffles himself opted for a Malay style house made of wood and atap (Raffles House on Bukit Larangan or Fort Canning Hill, once called Government Hill), other Europeans of the period however preferred European style buildings of brick and stucco.

Singapore's most prominent architect in the early colonial era was George Drumgoole Coleman, who was responsible for many of these early European style buildings, few of which survived. Those that did include the old Parliament house and Caldwell House at CHIJMES.

In the 19th century, two hybrid building typologies evolved in Singapore. While their origins can be traced elsewhere, these building types underwent significant local adaptation and modification before spreading regionally. As a result, they are Singapore's earliest known architectural innovations and exports. These hybrid building typologies were the shophouse and the black and white bungalow.

Shophouse
The old style shophouses are shops with one or more stories of living accommodation above it. These shophouses typically have a so-called five foot way which is a covered walkway located in front of the shop doors, with the upper floors shielding the pedestrians from the elements. This is a result of the Raffles Town Plan (1822) for Singapore with the stipulation that "all houses constructed of brick or tiles have a common type of front each having an arcade of a certain depth, open to all sides as a continuous and open passage on each side of the street".

Black and white bungalow
The black and white bungalows were once the residences of the wealthy, colonial government officials or members of the British army. These buildings typically have whitewashed walls, and black painted wood or detailing.

Traditional places of worship
Another prominent category of buildings in the colonial period were places of worship. As a multi-religious port-city, with migrants from all over the world, a variety of different immigrant communities lived and worked in Singapore. These groups often banded together to raise funds to erect their own places of worship, including a variety of syncretic Chinese temples, Hindu temples, Sikh temples, Jewish synagogues, Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox Christian Churches as well as Sunni and Shia mosques.

Apart from being devoted to the various sects and denominations within each religious tradition, these buildings were often built to serve ethnic groups and sub-groups. For examples, while most Muslims in Singapore were and are Malay, some mosques were built in the South Indian style to serve Tamil Muslims. Likewise, several churches were built in a distinctly Chinese style, serving ethnic Chinese congregations.

Several of the oldest and most important places of worship in Singapore have been designated National Monuments of Singapore, and they include the Cathedral of the Good Shepherd, Armenian Church, St Andrew's Cathedral, Thian Hock Keng Temple, Lian Shan Shuang Lin Monastery, Sultan Mosque, Sri Mariamman Temple, Jamae Mosque and Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church, amongst others.

Civic and commercial buildings
Another important group of historic buildings were those built by the colonial government. These were often built in one or another European architectural style, which was in fashion at the time, such as the Palladian, Renaissance, or Neoclassical styles. Some of the more important buildings included the Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall, the Fullerton Building, old Supreme Court Building, City Hall, Singapore, National Museum of Singapore, old Parliament House old Hill Street Police Station, Central Fire Station, old Raffles Institution buildings, Changi Prison, old NCO club and numerous other schools, post offices, military camps and police stations around the island. Major commercial buildings, often erected by European businesses as well as mission schools and other civic groups, also adopted these styles, such as the Raffles Hotel, Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus (now CHIJMES), old St Joseph's Institution and old Tao Nan School. Often the approach to matters of style was highly eclectic, and builders combined a variety of stylistic elements from various European, and some non-European, sources in the same building. Many colonial-era buildings are still found in the city, as a result of aggressive conservation efforts of Singapore's built heritage since the 1980s.

Art Deco architecture
Singapore has a wealth of Art Deco architecture, dating mainly from the 1920s and 1930s. The style was especially popular in commercial architecture, like factories and offices. Often, Art Deco style ornaments and elements were applied onto otherwise typical shophouses or bungalows. In other cases, Art Deco was applied to newly emergent types of buildings, like Kallang Airport (by the Public Works Department), the Ford Factory (by Emile Brizay), or the Cathay Building (by Frank Brewer) and the Asia Insurance Building (by Ng Keng Siang). Features of this style in the local context included a penchant for inscribing the date of the erection of the building prominently on its facade, the use of projecting horizontal fins as sun shading devices over windows and the use of flagpoles. Quite apart from the aesthetics of this style, the Art Deco period also marked the introduction of modern construction technologies like reinforced concrete in Singapore.

Post-colonial modern architecture

Following the Neoclassical and Art Deco phases, Singaporean architecture moved in a decidedly modernist direction after the war. Post-war austerity encouraged the use of clean, stark and simple modernist forms and surfaces devoid of ornament. Modernist architecture was also preferred for the many 'cookie-cutter' or standardised design public buildings being built at the time, such as schools, clinics, factories and especially public housing.

Public housing
Public housing architecture in Singapore dates back to the 1930s with the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT), a colonial government agency, embarked on a building programme to address a shortage of affordable housing in Singapore. Initially, the SIT focussed on housing middle and lower-middle class Asians. The most prominent example of their pre-war efforts was the Tiong Bahru estate, where many low-rise, four-storey Art Deco style apartment blocks, shops, markets and other amenities were built on the city fringe. This programme continued after the war, with the Art Deco style exchanged for a simple modern aesthetic. Although the estate was popular and praised for spacious and green communal areas as well as attractively designed blocks, the rate of construction was slow in relation to the scale of the housing shortage in Singapore.

After the People's Action Party came to power in 1959, it embarked on a massive public housing programme, which was one of its signature campaign promises. It replaced the SIT with the Housing and Development Board (HDB). The HDB was given the legal tools and financial resources needed to make great progress in speeding up the building of public housing. Architecturally, this resulted in a relatively homogenous suburban landscape, where satellite new towns (modelled after the British), were built with seemingly endless stacks of slab blocks housing tens of thousands of peoples in small two and three-bedroom flats.

Skyscrapers
From the 1970s to late 1980s the city was dominated by modern architecture, particularly the Brutalist style. This is seen in some of the older commercial skyscrapers, such as the OCBC Centre by I. M. Pei, as well as many buildings built to house governmental offices and government-linked companies, including the Singapore Land Tower, Temasek Tower, DBS Building, and the CPF Building. Changing international architectural trends also introduced some architectural styles (particularly the postmodernist style) here.

Among the tallest buildings in Singapore are One Raffles Place, Republic Plaza, and the twin towers of UOB Plaza. In 2016, the tallest building Tanjong Pagar Centre was built. Due to the proximity to Paya Lebar Airbase, buildings were limited to a height of 280 metres, except for Tanjong Pagar area. The tallest residential building in Singapore is the Marina Bay Tower.

Contemporary architecture
In the 21st century, Singapore architecture has embraced international architectural stylistic movements from postmodernism and high-tech architecture. In addition, local variants of Critical regionalism have been developed, taking into account Singapore's unique tropical climate and dense urban fabric.

Distinctive structures
A number of projects were initiated to create distinctive landmark buildings, unique structures, as well as interesting features and attractions in Singapore. Many of these developments can be found in the Marina Bay area, where one objective in its master plan is to create a distinctive image for the waterfronts as international landmarks. These developments include Marina Bay Sands, ArtScience Museum, the Helix Bridge, Gardens by the Bay, and in particular, the show piece arts centre Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay.

Others include residential complexes, such as Reflections at Keppel Bay and The Interlace, and public projects, such as Southern Ridges.

Critical regionalism
Architects in Singapore during the early 21st century were among the early proponents of Critical regionalism, as architects in Singapore's hot and humid tropical climate realised that the glassy, unadorned International Style buildings being proliferated across the world by globalism were not appropriate for the local climatic or cultural context. Architects such as Kerry Hill pioneered this form of modern tropical architecture, blending the architectural vernacular of Modernism with naturally-ventilated tropical spaces and Asian cultural references.

The new generation of Singaporean architects have combined a local form of Critical regionalism with lush skyrise greenery, in line with the Singapore government's ambitions to create a 'City in a Garden', where development sites commonly yield more public green space than the site area itself. Designers including international award-winning WOHA Architects have pioneered developing new types of green skyscrapers.

Historic preservation
The Urban Redevelopment Authority has designated 94 conservation areas that preserve the built heritage of Singapore. These areas protect 7,091 buildings across the city that showcase distinct and historic architecture. Developers must take conservation guidelines into account to retain historic buildings' original structure and elements, ensuring period styles are maintained.

The National Heritage Board has designated more than 70 specific buildings and landmarks as national monuments for their special value, many for their architectural significance.

title: Architecture of Singapore


text:
User talk:Quiachon

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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Incidentally I have moved the page you created about yourself to User:Quiachon. Can you please keep self-references out of the Wikipedia main article space? Cheers -- Francs2000 | Talk 11:32, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quiachon