text:
HMS Association (1697)

Association was a 90-gun second-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1697. She served with distinction at the capture of Gibraltar, and was lost in 1707 by grounding on the Isles of Scilly in the greatest maritime disaster of the age. The wreck is a Protected Wreck managed by Historic England.

Service
Association survived the Great Storm of 1703, during which she was at anchor off Harwich. Her rigging was cut away to avoid foundering on the "Galloper" sandbar, and she was blown to Gothenburg in Sweden before she could make her way back to England.

Association served as the flagship of Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell in the Mediterranean during the War of the Spanish Succession. Her engagements included the capture of Gibraltar on 21 July 1704, and the Battle of Toulon in summer 1707.

Sinking
In October 1707, Association, commanded by Captain Edmund Loades and with Admiral Shovell on board, was returning from the Mediterranean after the Toulon campaign. The 21 ships in the squadron entered the mouth of the English Channel on the night of 22 October 1707 (Old style). At 8 pm, Association struck the Outer Gilstone Rock (see image) off the Isles of Scilly, and was wrecked with the loss of her entire crew of about 800 men. As a result of navigational errors, the ships were not where they were reckoned to be. Association was seen by those on board HMS St George to go down in three or four minutes' time. Among the dead were Captain Loades and Admiral Shovell, his stepsons Sir John Narborough and James Narborough (sons of Shovell's wife from her marriage to Rear Admiral Sir John Narbrough) as well as Henry Trelawney, second son of the Bishop of Winchester. Captain Loades was the son of Rear Admiral Narbrough's sister. Three other ships (HMS Eagle, HMS Romney and HMS Firebrand) were also lost, bringing the death toll to nearly 2,000. The Scilly naval disaster was one of the greatest maritime disasters in British history. It was largely as a result of this disaster that the Board of the Admiralty instituted a competition for a more precise method to determine longitude. There is a memorial depicting the sinking of the Association in the church at the Narboroughs' home of Knowlton near Dover.

Discovery of the wreck
In June 1967, the minesweeper HMS Puttenham, equipped with twelve divers under the command of Engineer-Lieutenant Roy Graham, sailed to the Isles of Scilly and dropped anchor off Gilstone Ledge, just to the south-east of Bishop Rock and close to the Western Rocks. The year before, Graham and other specialists from the Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club had dived in this area on a first attempt to find the Association. He recalled some years later: "The weather was so bad, all we achieved was the sight of a blur of seaweed, seals and white water as we were swept through the Gilstone Reef and fortunately out the other side." On their second attempt in summer 1967, using the minesweeper and supported by the Royal Navy Auxiliary Service, Graham and his men finally managed to locate the remains of Association on the Gilstone Ledge. Parts of the wreck are in 30 feet, while others can be found at between 90 and 120 feet as the sea floor falls away from the reef. The divers first discovered a cannon, and on the third dive, silver and gold coins were spotted underneath that cannon. The Ministry of Defence initially suppressed news of the discovery for fear of attracting treasure hunters, but word was soon out and excited huge national interest. More than 2,000 coins and other artefacts were finally recovered from the wreck site and auctioned by Sotheby's in July 1969. The rediscovery of the Association and the finding of so many historical artefacts in her wreck also led to more government legislation, notably the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, passed in an attempt to preserve British historic wreck sites as part of the maritime heritage.

In 2017 Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Maritime Archaeology Society (CISMAS) undertook a survey of the site of the Association. A 3D site plan was produced for Historic England along with photos from the dive showing the difficult diving conditions.

In fiction
In Robert Goddard's novel Name to a Face, a central plot element is the recovery of a ring worn by Admiral Shovell at the time of Association's sinking.

title: HMS Association (1697)


text:
Talk:Historical Hindustan

NPOV
At the moment, this reads a bit too much like Hindu nationalist propaganda. "India prior to the Muslim invasions was one of the world’s great civilizations" -- what, like it stopped being one of the world's great civilizations after that? Also, it could use more fleshing out. --Skoosh 12:38, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Historical Hindustan


text:
Paragonimiasis

Paragonimiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by several species of lung flukes belonging to genus Paragonimus. Infection is acquired by eating crustaceans such as crabs and crayfishes which host the infective forms called metacercariae, or by eating raw or undercooked meat of mammals harboring the metacercariae from crustaceans.

More than 40 species of Paragonimus have been identified; 10 of these are known to cause disease in humans. The most common cause of human paragonimiasis is P. westermani, the oriental lung fluke.

About 22 million people are estimated to be affected yearly worldwide. It is particularly common in East Asia. Paragonimiasis is easily mistaken for other diseases with which it shares clinical symptoms, such as tuberculosis and lung cancer.

Background
The first human case was seen in 1879 in Taiwan. An autopsy was done and adult trematodes were found in the lungs. The adult flukes are reddish-brown in color with an ovoid shape. They have two muscular suckers, the first an oral sucker located anteriorly and the second a ventral sucker located mid-body. The adult flukes can live up to 20 years. The eggs are golden brown in color and are asymmetrically ovoid. They have a very thick shell.

These trematodes have a very complex life cycle with seven distinct phases involving intermediate hosts and humans. These seven phases are outlined as follows: eggs reach fresh water where they develop into miracidia. These penetrate many species of aquatic snails (first intermediate host) where they go through three distinct stages: first sporocysts, then rediae, and finally cercariae, also referred to as the larvae. These larvae released into water and penetrate crabs, crayfish and other crustaceans (second intermediate host). The cercariae situate themselves into the gills, liver and muscles where they further develop into metacercariae. When the parasite-filled crustacean is eaten, the metacercariae hatch in the intestine. These young worms penetrate intestinal wall, peritoneum, the diaphragm and the pleura where they finally reach the lungs. Here they live in pairs and lay eggs that are coughed up in sputum to restart the cycle.

Life cycle
Not all Paragonimus species infect humans. However, all of them target mammals as their final (definitive) hosts. In mammalian lung tissue, the adult flukes live as encapsulated pairs. As hermaphrodites, they produce and fertilise their own eggs that are released through the respiratory tract. The eggs are excreted to the environment either through the sputum or by being swallowed and passed out along with the faeces.

In the external environment, the eggs remain unembryonated until ideal conditions of temperature and humidity are encountered. Then, they embryonate and develop into ciliated larvae called miracidia. As the egg shells disintegrate, the motile miracidia hatch and swim to seek the first intermediate host, a snail, and penetrate its soft tissues. Each miracidium goes through several developmental stages inside the snail: firstly into a series of daughter cells called sporocysts and then into rediae, which give rise to many worm-like larvae called cercariae. The cercariae penetrate through the body of the snail, emerging into the water. Development in the snail takes about 9 to 13 weeks.

The cercariae then infect the second intermediate host, a crustacean such as a crab or crayfish, where they encyst and become metacercariae. Encystment occurs in the liver, gills, intestine, skeletal muscles and sometimes in the heart. These cysts are the infective stage for the mammalian host. Freshwater crab species of genera Potamiscus, Potamon, Paratelphusa, Eriocheir, Geothelphusa, Barytelphusa, crayfish species of genus Camberoides and shrimps of genera Acrohrachium and Caridina commonly serve as the secondary intermediate hosts. The secondary intermediate hosts are infected either by directly eating the snail or penetration of the body by free-swimming cercariae.

Human infection with P. westermani—the best understood species—occurs by eating inadequately cooked or pickled crab or crayfish that harbour metacercariae of the parasite. The metacercariae excyst in the duodenum, penetrate through the intestinal wall into the peritoneal cavity, then through the abdominal wall and diaphragm into the lungs, where they become encapsulated and develop into adults (7.5 to 12 mm by 4 to 6 mm). Unlike most other trematodes, after they migrate from the intestine, they remain in the peritoneal cavity until they find a suitable partner. Only then do the couples enter the lung tissues to form capsules. The flukes can also reach other organs and tissues, such as the brain and skeletal muscles. However, when this takes place completion of the life cycles is not achieved, because the eggs laid cannot exit these sites. Time from infection to laying of eggs is 65 to 90 days. Infections may persist for 20 years in humans. Animals such as pigs, dogs, and a variety of feline species can also harbor P. westermani. For other species, rodents and deer are also additional (paratenic) hosts. By consuming infected animals of these reservoir species, even animals and humans that do not eat crustaceans directly can become infected.

Geographic distribution
There are more than 30 known species of Paragonimus. Species of Paragonimus are widely distributed in Asia, Africa, and North and South America. P. westermani is found in southeast Asia and Japan, while P. kellicotti is endemic to North America. P. africanus is found in Africa and P. mexicanus is found in central and South America. Just as the species names imply, paragonimiasis is more prominent in Asians, Africans and Hispanics because of their habitats and cultures. Prominence increases with age from older children to young adults then decreases with age. It is also higher among the female populations. This is a very common parasite of crustacean-eating mammals.

Symptoms and diagnosis
Paragonimiasis causes pneumonia with characteristic symptoms including prolonged cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and hemoptysis. Owing to the diverse symptoms it presents, the disease is variously known as endemic haemoptysis, oriental lung fluke infection, pulmonary distomiasis, parasitical haemoptysis, and parasitare haemopte. Pulmonary paragonimiasis is the most common clinical manifestation, accounting for 76–90% of all infections. It has the classic symptoms of pneumonia. Extra-pulmonary infection is due to migration of the young worms away from the normal route to the lungs. In such case, any other part of the body can be infected. Cutaneous paragonimiasis is common in children and is generally indicated by skin nodules that move from one place to another. Cerebral paragonimias is most severe extra-pulmonary symptoms that affect the brain and leads to seizure, headache, visual disturbance, and motor and sensory disturbances.

The acute phase (invasion and migration) may be marked by diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, cough, urticaria, hepatosplenomegaly, pulmonary abnormalities, and eosinophilia. During the chronic phase, pulmonary manifestations include cough, expectoration of discolored sputum containing clumps of eggs, hemoptysis, and chest radiographic abnormalities. Extrapulmonary locations of the adult worms result in more severe manifestations, especially when the brain is involved. Diagnosis is based on microscopic demonstration of eggs in stool or sputum, but these are not present until 2 to 3 months after infection. (Eggs are also occasionally encountered in effusion fluid or biopsy material.) Concentration techniques may be necessary in patients with light infections. Biopsy may allow diagnostic confirmation and species identification when an adult or developing fluke is recovered.

Diagnosis is done by microscopic examination of sputum and stool samples, and presence of the eggs is a confirmation. However, eggs are not always to be found. In such case, serological tests based on antibody detection using ELISA is a better method. A more arduous method like immunoblotting is also used. For brain infection, radiological examinations including plain skull x-rays, brain CT, and MR scans are used. A rapid antibody detection kit, dot-immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA), was developed for P. wertermani in China in 2005.

Misdiagnosis is a serious issue in paragonimiasis. It is commonly misdiagnosed as tuberculosis because it presents similar symptoms. In China, 69–89% of cases from 2009 to 2019 were misdiagnosed. It is also frequently misidentified as malignancy or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Treatment
The drug of choice to treat paragonimiasis is praziquantel, although bithionol may also be used. Triclabendazole is useful in P. uterobilateralis, P. mexicanus, and P. skrjabini infections but not in P. westermani infection.

title: Paragonimiasis


text:
Talk:Medina (disambiguation)

Funky Cold Medina
Isn't that some type of an alcoholic beverage? Scriberius 12:19, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

Meaning of Medina
Hi. The Medina in Saudi Arabia means the city. In the Arab world or areas that once were part of the varuous Arab empires, the old inner core/ quarters of the cities are also called medinas. Linguistically and historically, these are related concepts. Therefore, it makes sens to keep them together, rather tan at the bottom of a long list of entries with no conection to Medina whatsoever. Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 15:34, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Dear Bkonrad. Have it your way - I don't play this game, I have better things to do. If you really want to help (not me, the Project), then be specific about what you have a problem with - don't just cite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSDAB. But you have already demonstrated that you are the type that likes to have things their way, so have it. --Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 17:00, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Medina (disambiguation)


text:
Callistege mi

Callistege mi, the Mother Shipton moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was classified by Carl Alexander Clerck in 1759, and is also known under the name of Euclidia mi. In Finnish it is known as piirtoyökkönen and in German as Scheck-Tageule.

Variations
Variations include:
 * Callistege mi ab. ochrea Tutt has the ground colour of hindwing yellow; this is the usual form in Britain, where sometimes the forewing also is tinged with yellowish: the underside of both being yellow;
 * Callistege mi ab. illuminata ab. nov. [Warren] is a paler form of the type in which the dark areas are restricted by the amplification of the pale spaces, the underside yellowish white; in litterata Cyr. from Italy the white is pure, the underside bluish white; but the white spots of the upperside are restricted in size;
 * Callistege mi ab. extrema B.-Haas from Amurland and Central Asia, the white predominates still more over the black than in illuminata, the underside being also pure white;
 * Callistege mi ab suffusa ab. nov. [Warren] from Italy, the white spaces are almost crowded out and both wings are nearly black: the underside with all the veins black and the ground colour yellowish white; ab. explanata Rbl. is a clear whitish yellow form from Bohemia;
 * Callistege mi ab. aurantiaca ab. nov. [Warren] from Portugal the ground colour is orange yellow.

Distribution
This species spans over most of Europe, Siberia, the Russian Far East and Asia Minor. On the British Isles it is most common in England and Wales; less so in Scotland and Ireland.

Technical description
The adult moth's forewing is 13 to 16 mm (0.51 to 0.63 inches) long, and the wingspan is 25 to 30 mm (0.98 to 1.18 inches).

Forewings are black slightly dusted with grey. Lines are whitish, the subbasal ending in a grey-edged black spot on inner margin; the inner is obliquely curved outwards; the outer is angled at vein 6, indented on 4 and angled inwards below vein 2, running upwards and outwards below reniform, then downwards again parallel to its former course, and finally running in to the inner line above inner margin.

Orbicular stigma is a round black spot with grey outline; reniform large and black, edged externally by a white bar, which often emits a narrow pale line externally from its middle subterminal line sinuous, double, somewhat lunulate, with dark centre and pale-scaled edges, except at costa where it is single and white, preceded by oblong black spots separated by the pale veins. Hindwings have the cell ochreous white, containing a black cellspot; outer and subterminal sinuous series of ochreous white spots between the veins. Fringe of both wings are mottled black and white, with pale line at base; underside is ochreous white.

The larva is yellowish with a dorsal line dark, finely pale in centre and with several fine wavy lines on each side. The spiracular line is broad, dark reddish brown, edged below with yellow or red.

Biology

The stages of its life cycle are as follows: egg: May – September, larva: June – September, pupa: July – May, and imago: May – July.

It flies by day, normally taking only short, rapid flights, and can be found in wasteland and other open habitats.

It hibernates as a pupa, and does so in a cocoon among blades of grass, or right underneath the ground.

Among its foods is the nectar of the white clover and the creeping buttercup. The larva feeds on Elymus arenarius, Polygonum aviculare, Lathyrus pratensis, Vicia spp., Calluna vulgaris, Hypericum maculatum, Andromeda polifolia, Galium verum, Melilotus officinalis, Lotus corniculatus and Medicago lupulina.

Human culture
The popular English name for this moth comes from the pattern on its forewing. This pattern resembles the iconic representation of Ursula Southeil, known as Mother Shipton – a sixteenth-century prophetess and witch. Mother Shipton is a mostly mythical character, who supposedly foretold the death of Cardinal Wolsey in 1530. Charles Hindley, a nineteenth-century bookseller, created a prophetic poem that he claimed to be by Shipton. This poem told of "Carriages without horses" and air planes, as well as predicting the end of the world in 1881.

title: Callistege mi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Masochism Tango

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was nomination withdrawn. - Mailer Diablo 17:31, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

The Masochism Tango
Album is notable. This particular song is not. GeeJo 12:19, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nomination withdrawn GeeJo 13:53, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

*Keep. With The Elements, it's one of Tom Lehrer's best known songs. RasputinAXP  talk  *  contribs  12:24, 19 August 2005 (UTC) never mind! I'm cool with merging. RasputinAXP  talk  *  contribs  20:43, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep The notability of the song is borderline, but the article is encylopaedic enough to warrant inclusion. KeithD (talk) 12:27, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I decided to Be Bold. I merged this content with An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer, so that a redirect can be put in place easily, if separate article is deleted. -- WCFrancis 12:56, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * On reflection, that seems to be the better idea. I'd retract the nomination if I was sure I wasnt violating some VFD taboo :) GeeJo 12:59, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect as per WCFrancis, I've had the pleasure of performing both these numbers and am fine with the content being at An Eve..., at least until there is too much there and we can consider a Tom Lehrer songs page. Alf 13:33, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect per WCFrancis works. — RJH 15:42, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good grief! --Tony Sidaway Talk  02:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable novelty song that has appeared on other albums besides the original because of its popularity. Caerwine 23:31, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect as suggested by WCFrancis. Crypticfirefly 02:37, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bill Copson

William Henry Copson (27 April 1908 – 14 September 1971) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire County Cricket Club between 1932 and 1950, and for England between 1939 and 1947. He took over 1,000 wickets for Derbyshire, and was prominent in their 1936 Championship season. Cricket correspondent, Colin Bateman, noted Copson was, "a flame-haired pace bowler with a temper to match, became a cricketer by accident".

Life and career
Bill Copson was born in Stonebroom, Derbyshire, and became a miner. Like his fellow bowler, Tommy Mitchell, he was a cricketing product of the 1926 General Strike. He took no interest in cricket until the Strike, when some fellow miners persuaded him to join in cricket on the local recreation ground while they were absent from work. His ability as a bowler of considerable pace and exceptional straightness, who made the batsmen play every ball was clearly revealed. In the next season he was given a place in the Morton Colliery team and, from there, he progressed to Clay Cross club in the Derbyshire League, and his success was such that Derbyshire engaged him in 1932.

He made his debut in first-class cricket for Derbyshire against Surrey when he sensationally dismissed Andy Sandham with his first ball. However, his record for the rest of the season was moderate. In 1933, Copson became a regular member of the Derbyshire side, and, if he did not, in spite of his short run-up, possess the build to undertake as much work as fast bowlers were expected to then, he was consistently good in a summer unfavourable to bowlers. In the following two summers, Copson was so plagued by injury that there were serious worries about his long-term health. When he did play he developed so well that he headed Derbyshire's averages in 1935, for a team that recorded more victories than any other Derbyshire side before or since.

Having been sent to Skegness to restore his health, he responded with a marvellous season in 1936. His 12 for 52 against the strong Surrey batting side on an admittedly damaged pitch was his finest feat. In all, he took 140 wickets for less than 13 runs each in the County Championship, and was chosen for the Ashes tour at the end of the season. Though he headed the averages for all matches, Copson's body was not resilient enough for the timeless matches on rock-hard Australian pitches, and he did not play in any of the Tests.

In 1937, Copson suffered more injury problems, but featured one of the most magnificent bowling feats in county cricket history when he took 8 for 11 – including the first performance in first-class cricket of five wickets with six consecutive balls – against Warwickshire on a pitch giving bowlers almost no help. Copson also took 8 for 64 against Sussex on a good pitch, and the following year took 103 wickets, but could not dislodge Farnes and Bowes from the Test team. At last, Copson played his first Test against the West Indies in 1939 at Lord's and did not disappoint, taking nine wickets on a blameless pitch, including five in the first innings. He took 146 wickets that year, but World War II put paid to him being a regular Test bowler. By 1946, he had lost a yard of pace, and, if he could bowl straighter than anyone, he had not the venom of pre-war years. Copson did play one Test in 1947 with almost no success, but retired at the age of 41 in 1949.

Copson was a right-arm fast medium bowler, and took 1,094 first-class wickets at an average of 18.96, with a best performance of 8 for 11. He also took 15 Test wickets. He was a right-hand batsman, and played 359 innings in 279 first-class matches, with an average of 6.81, and a top score of 43.

From 1958 to 1967, Copson was a first-class umpire, but persistent health problems took so much toll, that he died in Clay Cross, Derbyshire, at the age of 63 in 1971.

title: Bill Copson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Poisoning Pigeons in the Park

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was nomination withdrawn. - Mailer Diablo 17:33, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Poisoning Pigeons in the Park
Album the song is on is notable. The song itself is not. GeeJo 12:20, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nomination Withdrawn GeeJo 13:54, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak keep The notability of the song is borderline, but the article is encylopaedic enough to warrant inclusion. KeithD (talk) 12:27, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the song seems notable, and the article is a pretty good start. CanadianCaesar 12:29, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I decided to Be Bold. I merged this content with An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer, so that a redirect can be put in place easily, if separate article is deleted. -- WCFrancis 12:57, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * On reflection, that seems to be the better idea. I'd retract the nomination if I was sure I wasnt violating some VFD taboo :) GeeJo 12:59, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * You can scratch out your nomination and call it "withdrawn", but you can't remove the vfd notice, and an administrator won't necessarily close the debate right away, although I've seen that happen before, eg. with Self-induced abortion and most recently with SaRenna Lee CanadianCaesar 13:22, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * KEEP I love the song. I know it by heart and I share it at every opportunity. How can we improve the article? Robin Patterson 13:02, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per WCFrancis, I've had the pleasure of performing both these numbers and am fine with the content being at An Eve..., at least until there is too much there and we can consider a Tom Lehrer songs page. Alf 13:35, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect works for me. We all go together when we go... — RJH
 * Either Expand and Keep (but please, despite what Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky may have told you, don't plagerize), or Merge with album. -Satori 15:38, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Trollderella 15:42, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. What do people see, precisely, as the advantage of having a tiny crumb of information out of context as opposed to putting it on the same as related information? Leave it in An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer and break it out when and if it grows to a reasonable article size. Dpbsmith (talk) 17:45, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Don't Merge The song is notable enough that it regularly appears in compilation albums of novelty songs. Tho I will admit that I am slightly worried that some people might use the article as if were a sandbox "to experiment with". Caerwine 23:37, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, nomination was withdrawn.Gateman1997 20:41, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect into An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer. Jonathunder 01:53, 2005 August 20 (UTC)
 * Keep Is there a person reading this who doesn't know this classic? --Tony Sidaway Talk 02:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. ''It's not against any religion/to want to dispose of a pigeon", but I do believe this should continue to waste our evenings on Wikipedia. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 04:23, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Toba people

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Cpsouthworth. Peer reviewers: Edultz, Brimo1014.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:27, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Anth 3134 Peer Review of Cpsouthworth
The culture and history sections are very thorough and straightforward, tonally neutral but descriptive. The lead section is a little long, but it's also descriptive, and the paragraph structure keeps it manageable. I appreciate the focus on their current situation. Edultz (talk) 23:55, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

Peer Review
I agree with the other reviewers that this page is very thorough, but I wonder if you can find some more information regarding the institutions of the Toba so as to create another section? Just a suggestion! Solid work, I appreciate the encyclopedic tone throughout. Brimo1014 (talk) 01:43, 22 April 2017 (UTC)

Further comments
In general, this article is both broad and deep in its coverage. Some suggested changes or places for improvement:
 * References need to be clearly and more frequently cited throughout.
 * “Toba is an initially pejorative denomination…" — This slightly jargon-y sentence should go later in the article, instead of cluttering the lead sentence.
 * Peoples and languages that may not be capitalized in Spanish should be capitalized in English.
 * There's a history of "physical type" descriptions of ethnic peoples being too confident and specific compared to the actual group It's essential to clearly state who has concledud what about their shared physical traits.
 * There's some pretty serious Toba/Qom resistance to military conquest in 1840s Bolivia. See Erick Langer's article "The Eastern Andean Frontier (Bolivia and Argentina) and Latin American Frontiers: Comparative Contexts" (2002).
 * An opening summary sentence under "Land protests" would be helpful.
 * This seems both vague and yet POV: "The Qom culture, with respect to their customs and traditions, is very functional."

Also, the following source is an example of a text likely to have lots of encyclopedic information, particularly in its early chapters. --Carwil (talk) 03:32, 21 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Marcela Mendoza. Band mobility and leadership among the Western Toba hunter-gatherers of Gran Chaco in Argentina.

New article
I'd like to thank Harmil for starting the Toba stub. I'm collecting material to fill it up now, since the Toba deserve it. These people have been forgotten or badly treated for a long time; the history of "La Forestal" (quebracho exploiters) and the recent migration of the Toba (which the government of Chaco sent away even in cattle trucks for them to come begging to Rosario) is a tragedy that needs to be told (I'm trying to keep the NPOV).

As it turns out I'm a privileged witness, since not only do I live in Rosario, but in the very neighbourhood where the Toba settled; the remains of their original community is 12 blocks from my place, and the peace pole just 3 blocks away. --Pablo D. Flores 12:22, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Any photos you could add to the article? Rmhermen 18:16, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm trying to get some pictures of people; I'll have to talk to someone who knows someone... The pole will be easier I hope. :) --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 01:54, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

i speak guarani, and toba does not mean "big forehead" it means face, but its tova in guarani. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.31.230.144 (talk) 14:07, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Concern over lack of citations and data
While reading through the Toba people article, I became concerned about the lack of citations. There are many facts and statements that require citations, such as the statement "According to the 2010 census there are 126,967 Toba in Argentina", that lack a reference or citation. This pattern continues throughout the rest of the article with only two citations being used throughout the entire article. While I think there is room for expansion and additional information considering the Toba people are still an active society whose history has not ended, it is importante to refine this article and either cite the information currently available or remove statements that cannot be legitimized and lack sources. Cpsouthworth (talk) 16:43, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/USS Liberty incident/archive1

USS Liberty incident
Well-researched, well-written, NPOV article about a relatively little-known, but important subject. ——Preost talk  contribs  12:21, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * no Article still seems to be evolving, not in stable state. Gzuckier 15:21, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Article still not stable, and regularly subjected to POVing by partisans. Jayjg (talk) 15:40, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Agree with Jayjg, this article should have undergone a peer review before coming here. -- ZeWrestler  Talk 17:05, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * object a) some key elements are not sufficiently described. For example, the congressional enquiries are only covered from the critical point of view, some kind of "NPOV description" of at least the key ones is needed.  b) there are a number of crucial documents referenced with direct links only.  Given how volatile this subject is likely to be, proper references including author/date/summary/key points used etc. are needed.  This applies particularly to the transcripts and interviews which are used in ways which aren't fully obvious from the text.  Some form of footnoting system, e.g. footnotes or invisible references would help considerably Mozzerati 21:19, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Mild object. Need more sources and info, such as more details on this tantalizing item: "Captain William L. McGonagle, the USS Liberty's commander, received the highest U.S. medal, the Congressional Medal of Honor, for his actions during the incident. However, his medal is the only CMH not to be awarded by the U.S. President in a formal event." Why wasn't it presented in a formal event? If the editor addresses the concerns listed here, I will support. --Alabamaboy 01:56, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object for the reasons above.  ←Humus sapiens←ну? 05:20, 21 August 2005 (UTC)


text: Talk:Biometric passport

title: Talk:Biometric passport


text:
Talk:Albert Luque

Untitled
Albert Luque is a Spanish football player. I propose the following text to save it from Speedy...

Albert Luque is a football player from Spain.

Cnwb 12:22, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Gram 11:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't know whether it was Inter or AC Milan that Luque scored against for Deportivo in the 2003-2004, so I've just left it as "Milan" for now - can someone update?

It was AC Bababoum 10:49, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

ok i was wondering why the chant i put on was removed, if its a citeation ur needing i'm sure i could find one but i believe it is releveant as it does show that the player is widely accepted in newcastle, i love you all, luke out Crabman123 18:40, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

No need for that crap at the end

Extremely biased article this one imo. There's no word what so ever of all the utterly poor performances Luque has made for Newcastle. Yet it mentions even the few good reserve games he's made. Jooaakim 16:42, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Move To Ajax
There has been no confirmed move to any club as off yet. No speculation please. Thanks. MrNewcastle 22:23, 23 August 2007 (UTC) Move is confirmed by SSN. MrNewcastle 17:02, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Saturday 25th, Luque is in Amsterdam for a full medical, after that he will sign a 3-year deal. I've made the changes SplitFaction 12:00, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

95 million pounds
try 1/10th of that —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.252.152.142 (talk) 15:04, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Move to liverpool
This is rubbish —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.6.159.120 (talk) 13:01, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Albert Luque


text:
Paragonite

Paragonite is a mineral, related to muscovite. Its empirical formula is NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2. A wide solvus separates muscovite from paragonite, such that there is little solid solution along the vector Na+K+ and apparent micas of intermediate composition is most commonly a microscopic (or even sub-microscopic) intergrowth of two distinct micas, one rich in K, and the other in Na. Paragonite is a common mineral in rocks metamorphosed under blueschist facies conditions along with other sodic minerals such as albite, jadeite and glaucophane. During the transition from blueschist to greenschist facies, paragonite and glaucophane are transformed into chlorite and albite. Jadeite bearing pyroxene minerals have suggested clinozoisite and paragonite are associated and derived from lawsonite releasing quartz and water via the following reaction:

It was first described in 1843 for an occurrence at Mt. Campione, Tessin, Switzerland. The name derives from the Greek, paragon, for misleading, due to its similar appearance to talc.

title: Paragonite


text:
Talk:The Look

< 50
This article is devastatingly confused. It's hard to know where to begin to fix it because the author probably doesn't even know why what's written has been written. Incomplete sentences, wayward grammar, punctuation - do any of you even care about this? My personal estimate is that the collected accumulated IQ of all the previous authors put together can't be even as much as 50. Given that this group and their music enjoy an international reputation this is a scandal only Wikipedia would be capable of.

Image syntax
Current preferred image syntax is to use thumbnails so that the image supports the article text, and alternative text to aid people with speech- or text-browsers. Cmadler 12:22, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

incorrect information
Roxette's songs haven't ever entered to the top-100 of Japanese Official Singles Chart. --- Zoizoiz2 23,48, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

INXS
Did INXS ever file for plagiarism because that steel-string-like instrument in The Look sounds pretty much like a recorded sample taken out of their 1987 song Need You Tonight/One of my kind? --79.193.37.115 (talk) 19:26, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

Land of a 1000 dances
The "na na na" hook is lifted from Land of a 1000 Dances yet Gessle is noted as the only writer. Has this ever been raised as an issue? (Lawsuits etc) Given how massive a hit it was I would have assumed so. Swooch (talk) 13:05, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Look


text:
Anamorphosis

Anamorphosis is a distorted projection that requires the viewer to occupy a specific vantage point, use special devices, or both to view a recognizable image. It is used in painting, photography, sculpture and installation, toys, and film special effects. The word is derived from the Greek prefix ana-, meaning "back" or "again", and the word morphe, meaning "shape" or "form". Extreme anamorphosis has been used by artists to disguise caricatures, erotic and scatological scenes, and other furtive images from a casual spectator, while revealing an undistorted image to the knowledgeable viewer.

Types of projection

There are two main types of anamorphosis: perspective (oblique) and mirror (catoptric). More complex anamorphoses can be devised using distorted lenses, mirrors, or other optical transformations.

An oblique anamorphism forms an affine transformation of the subject. Early examples of perspectival anamorphosis date to the Renaissance of the fifteenth century and largely relate to religious themes.

With mirror anamorphosis, a conical or cylindrical mirror is placed on the distorted drawing or painting to reveal an undistorted image. The deformed picture relies on laws regarding angles of incidence of reflection. The length of the flat drawing's curves are reduced when viewed in a curved mirror, such that the distortions resolve into a recognizable picture. Unlike perspective anamorphosis, catoptric images can be viewed from many angles. The technique was originally developed in China during the Ming Dynasty, and the first European manual on mirror anamorphosis was published around 1630 by the mathematician Vaulezard.

Channel anamorphosis or tabula scalata has a different image on each side of a corrugated carrier. A straight frontal view shows an unclear mix of the images, while each image can be viewed correctly from a certain angle.

Prehistory
The Stone Age cave paintings at Lascaux may make use of anamorphic technique, because the oblique angles of the cave would otherwise result in distorted figures from a viewer's perspective.

The ancient historians Pliny and Tzetzes both record a sculpture competition between Alcamenes and Phidias to create an image of Minerva. Alcamenes' sculpture was beautiful, while Phidias' had grotesque proportions. Yet once both had been mounted on pillars, the decelerated perspective made Phidias' Minerva beautiful, and Alcamenes' ugly.

Renaissance

Artists' experimentation with optics and perspective during the Renaissance advanced anamorphic technique, at a time when science and religious thought were equally important to its growth in Europe. Leonardo's Eye by Leonardo da Vinci, included in the Codex Atlanticus (1483-1518), is the earliest known example. He later completed several large-scale anamorphic commissions for the King of France.

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola credited Tommaso Laureti as the originator of a perspectival anamorphic technique in one of the earliest written descriptions in The Two Rules of Practical Perspective, compiled between 1530 and 1540 but not published until 1583. Many other descriptions and examples were created before 1583 without access to Vignola's work.

The Ambassadors (c. 1533) by Hans Holbein the Younger is known for the prominent gray diagonal slash across the bottom of the frame which, when viewed from an acute angle, resolves into the image of a human skull. It has been hypothesized that the painting, regarded as a vanitas – a meditation on the transience of life including the skull as a memento mori – was intended to be hung alongside stairs to startle viewers with the sudden appearance of a skull. Four centuries later, psychoanalyst Jaques Lacan noted in 'Of the Gaze as Objet Petit a' (1973) that the use of anamorphism, particularly in this painting, is one of the few methods for making viewers aware of their gaze.

17th century
By the 17th century, a revival of fantastical anamorphic imagery occurred. Magical and religious connotations were largely abandoned, and the images were understood as a scientific curiosity. Two major works on perspective were published: Perspective (1612) by Salomon de Caus, and Curious Perspective (1638) by Jean-Francois Niceron. Each contained extensive scientific and practical information on anamorphic imagery. In Niceron's work, three types of large-scale anamorphism are explained: 'optical' (looking horizontally); 'anoptric' (looking upwards); and 'catoptric' (looking down i.e. from a mezzanine). A conical perspective is also described. Towards the end of the century, Charles Ozanam's Mathematical Recreations widely popularized the techniques for the creation of anamorphic images.

Between 1669 and 1685, both perspective and mirror anamorphosis were introduced in China by the Jesuits to the Kangxi Emperor and monks at the Peking Mission. However, Chinese production of anamorphic images were already occurring on a large scale during the late Ming Dynasty. The images were mostly created freehand, unlike the grid system used in the west. As Chinese anamorphoses primarily focused on erotic themes, Jesuit influence is unlikely. It is considered likely that Chinese catoptric techniques, which are technically unrelated to geometric anamorphosis, influenced European mirror anamorphosis, and not the other way around.

Baroque trompe-l'œil murals often used anamorphism to combine actual architectural elements with illusory painted elements to create a seamless effect when viewed from a specific location. The dome and vault of the Church of St. Ignazio in Rome, painted by Andrea Pozzo, represented the pinnacle of illusion. Due to neighboring monks complaining about blocked light, Pozzo was commissioned to paint the ceiling to look like the inside of a dome, instead of building a real dome. As the ceiling is flat, there is only one spot where the illusion is perfect and a dome looks undistorted.

Anamorphosis could be used to conceal images for privacy or personal safety, and many secret portraits were created of deposed royalty. A well-known anamorphic portrait of the English King Edward VI was completed in 1546, only visible when viewed through a hole in the frame. It was later hung at Whitehall Palace, and may have influenced Shakespeare during the writing of Richard II. Many anamorphic portraits of King Charles I were created and shared following his 1649 execution. A secret mirror anamorphosis portrait of Bonnie Prince Charlie, held at the West Highland Museum, can only be recognized when a polished cylinder is placed in the correct position. To possess such an image would have been seen as treason in the aftermath of the 1746 Battle of Culloden.

The memento mori theme continued into this period, such as in an Anamorphic Painting of Adam and Eve, on display at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut. This painting by an unknown Italian artist of the 17th or early 18th century portrays the Biblical couple, along with a large unidentified male face at the top, and a large human skull at the bottom. The images are distorted when viewed straight on, and can only be seen by peeking through one of two holes at each end of the surrounding frame. The painting includes a Latin religious inscription adapted from John 14:6, ending with the words memento mori.

18th and 19th century
The eighteenth century saw anamorphism completely enter the realm of entertainment and diversion, as well as the widest dissemination of the technique.

By the 19th century, a revival of interest in anamorphism for architectural illusion occurred, as well as a fashion for classical themes. Reprints of Renaissance-era engravings became popular, as did political, obscene and popular subjects. Edgar Allan Poe's short story "Ligeia" describes a room filled with "simple monstrosities" that resolve in to "an endless succession of ... ghastly forms" as the narrator walks through the room. This mass popularization was to later have effect on the Surrealists.

20th century
By the twentieth century, some artists wanted to renew the technique of anamorphosis for aesthetic and conceptual effect. During the First World War, Arthur Mole, an American commercial photographer, used anamorphic techniques to create patriotic images from massive assembled groups of soldiers and reservists. When seen from a tower at their base, the gathered people resolved into recognizable pictures.

Marcel Duchamp was interested in anamorphosis. His last work Given: 1. The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas (1946–66) used mild anamorphosis to force viewers into the position of peep-hole voyeurs in order to see a nude, anonymous human body.

Surrealist artist Salvador Dalí used extreme foreshortening and anamorphism in his paintings and works. A glass floor installed in a room next to his studio enabled radical perspective studies from above and below. The Dalí Theatre and Museum features a three-dimensional anamorphic living-room installation; the Mae West Lips Sofa that looks like the face of the film star when seen from a certain viewpoint. Interestingly, Lacan also compared Holbein's 16th-century painting to Dali's imagery, rather than the other way around.

Impossible objects
In the twentieth century, artists began to play with perspective by drawing "impossible objects". These objects included stairs that always ascend, or cubes where the back meets the front. Such works were popularized by the artist M. C. Escher and the mathematician Roger Penrose. Although referred to as "impossible objects", such objects as the Necker Cube and the Penrose triangle can be sculpted in 3-D by using anamorphic illusion. When viewed at a certain angle, such sculptures appear as the so-called impossible objects.

Ames rooms
The Ames room was invented by American scientist Adelbert Ames Jr. in 1946. When viewed through a peephole, the room appears to have normal perspective. However, all other viewpoints reveal that the room is constructed of irregular trapezoids. Similar effects had been achieved during the Renaissance through the use of "accelerated perspective" in stage design. These included productions by Scamozzi (1588-9), Furtenbach (1625), Sabbattini (1637) and Troili (1672).

One of the most interesting effects of an Ames room is that the distorted perspective can make people and objects look much bigger or smaller than they really are. For this reason, Ames rooms are widely used in cinema for practical special effects. A well-known example is the homes in the Shire from the Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit films. Through the use of forced perspective, the character of Gandalf appeared much larger than the characters of Frodo and Bilbo, without the use of digital effects.

Practical uses
Cinemascope, Panavision, Technirama, and other widescreen formats use anamorphosis to project a wider image from a narrower film frame. The IMAX company uses even more extreme anamorphic transformations to project moving images from a flat film frame onto the inside of a hemispheric dome, in its "Omnimax" or "IMAX Dome" process. The technique of anamorphic projection can be seen quite commonly on text written at a very flat angle on roadways, such as "Bus Lane" or "Children Crossing", to make it easily read by drivers who otherwise would have difficulty reading obliquely as the vehicle approaches the text; when the vehicle is nearly above the text, its true abnormally elongated shape can be seen. Similarly, in many sporting stadiums, especially in Rugby football in Australia, it is used to promote company brands which are painted onto the playing surface; from the television camera angle, the writing appear as signs standing vertically within the field of play.

Much writing on shop windows is in principle anamorphic, as it was written mirror-reversed on the inside of the window glass.

In the work of contemporary artists
While not as widespread in contemporary art, anamorphosis as a technique has been used by contemporary artists in painting, photography, printmaking, sculpture, film and video, digital art and games, holography, street art and installation. The latter two art forms are largely practised in public areas such as parks, city centres and transit stations.

In 1975 a major exhibition was held focusing exclusively on anamorphic imagery: Anamorphoses: Games of Perception and Illusion in Art. The artist Jan Beutener created The Room, a major new installation specifically for the exhibit.

Sculpture and installation

Since the mid-20th century, many artists have made use of anamorphosis in public artworks. American land art pioneer Michael Heizer's Complex One (1972-1974), a massive earth and concrete structure in the Nevada desert, creates a rectangular frame for a mastaba when viewed from a specific location. Inspired by Luxor and other ancient monumental sites, it is part of the larger work City, an enormous sculpture running a mile and a half long. The entire work will not be completed until 2020.

Shigeo Fukuda, a Japanese artist and designer globally renowned for his satirical posters on anti-war and environmental advocacy, created posters and sculptures making use of both types of anamorphosis in the 1970s and 1980s. He also wrote multiple books on the topic of optical illusions.

Felice Varini's 2014 work Three Ellipses for Three Locks in Hasselt, Belgium is an image of three loops that are made up of segments painted on to over 100 buildings. It is only visible from a specific vantage point over the city.

French artists that have created recent anamorphic installations include François Abélanet and Jean-Max Albert.

Markus Raetz's Kopf is a large scale public installation that reveals the form of a person's head in profile when viewed from a specific vantage-point. It was installed in a public park in Basel, Switzerland.

While anamorphic images were not his exclusive area of focus, the American artist Jonathan Borofsky created installations in the 1980s using anamorphic techniques, exhibiting at institutions such as the Museum of Modern Art.

Jonty Hurwitz pioneered the use of a mathematical technique to create catoptric sculptures that resolve in a cylinder. In 2013 he produced a public work for the Savoy Hotel's River Room.

Drawing and painting
The Swedish artist Hans Hamngren produced and exhibited many examples of mirror anamorphosis in the 1960s and 1970s.

Sara Willet's paintings focus on anamorphic images.

Belgian artist Isabelle de Borchgrave also widely uses anamorphosis in her paintings, whereby her original drawings or paintings are stretched out and revert to a 'normal' dimension once the drawing or painting is pleated to its final form.

Photography
Beginning in 1967, Dutch artist Jan Dibbets based an entire series of photographic work titled Perspective Corrections on the distortion of reality through perspective anamorphosis. This involved the incorporation of land art into his work, where areas dug out of the Earth formed squares from specific perspectives.

Street art
Anamorphic effects are popular in street art, sometimes called "Slant Art" when accomplished on sidewalks. Examples are the sidewalk chalk drawings of Kurt Wenner and Julian Beever, where the chalked image, the pavement, and the architectural surroundings all become part of an illusion. Art of this style can be produced by taking a photograph of an object or setting at a sharp oblique angle, then putting a grid over the photograph. Another elongated grid is placed on the sidewalk based on a specific perspective, and visual elements of one are transcribed into the other, one grid square at a time.

In 2016, the street artist JR completed a massive temporary anamorphic illusion over the Louvre's pyramid, making the modern structure disappear and the original building appear as though it was still in the 17th century.

Popular culture
Since the 18th century, anamorphosis has been a widespread art form in popular culture. It has been used for children's toys, album art, advertising, videogames and movies, among other things.

In the 1970s, albums for musicians Steeleye Span and Rick Wakeman featured anamorphic album art.

The 2009 video game Batman: Arkham Asylum has a series of riddles posed by the classic Batman antagonist The Riddler, the solution of which is based on perspective anamorphosis.

In 2013, Honda released a commercial which incorporated a series of illusions based on anamorphosis.

Tourists attractions employing large-scale illusory art allowing visitors to photograph themselves in fantastic scenes have opened in several Asian countries, such as the Trickeye Museum and Hong Kong 3D Museum.

OK Go makes repeated use of anamorphic illusions in the music video for The Writing's On the Wall.

Artists

 * Jonty Hurwitz
 * Jean-Max Albert
 * Julian Beever
 * Peter Dazeley
 * Joe Hill
 * Hans Holbein the Younger
 * Kelly Houle
 * Patrick Hughes
 * William Kentridge
 * Leon Keer
 * René Luckhardt
 * Edgar Müller
 * Matthew Ngui
 * István Orosz
 * Andrea Pozzo
 * Eduardo Relero
 * Georges Rousse
 * Ed Ruscha
 * Tracy Lee Stum
 * Kurt Wenner

title: Anamorphosis


text:
Talk:Sausage Making

Possible copyvio?
The article says that the recipes were derived from a cookbook. How 'derived' are they? Is it possible that they violate copyright?

Also, this article was already submitted under Sausage making and then listed as a VfD when it was submitted here with both words capitalised, rather than being moved over. Hopefully when someone moves to Wikibooks, they'll unpick the problems of there being two articles. I think both should probably be redirected to sausages. KeithD (talk) 12:23, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * KethD: I was the fellow who submitted the wrong articals to be deleted.  It was simply that I didn't realise they could be moved and I had already linked the same and updated artical in under the proper name.

terr 15:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. KeithD (talk) 15:23, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Not copyvio
This is not a copyvio. Keith does not have the book and I do. He should check the book before he starts making accusations.

The artical on sausages is fine just as it is. The problem with that artical is that it is not and should not be an artical on sausage making. These are two entirely different subjects just as reading and writing are different subjects. That should be obvious. Lets not muddle everything together.

The reason for the resubmission and not moving is simply because I did not know at the time that I could move it.

Personally, since I wrote the artical, I do not think this belongs in wikibooks. However it may be nice to have a book on sausage making. The subject of how sausages are made IMHO should be in the wikipedia as a subject standing on its own. One reason for this is that when I came here I was looking for some specific technical information on the formulations of Prague powders and specifically what Morton's quick cures are. I do not believe this is something that really belongs in an artical about what a sausage is.

There is a lot of misinformation and a certain amount of disinformation on this subject. Many old recipes suggest using saltpetre for instance and this frankly is a bad thing to do. Next we have the issue that Morton's quick cure for instance is NOT a formulation of Prague Powder #1. A lot of people do not know this, and given the arm waving by the marketing departments of people who want to sell salt at high prices, I can understand. The issue is that this actually jeaopardizes people's lives.

There are other sections that should be added to this artical - eg - types of casings, stuffing machines and so forth. This is a whole specialized field and what we get to eat is the result.

terr 15:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification about the possible copyvio. I made no accusation at all, simply a request for more information as I had no way of checking the book for myself. I hope I caused no offence.

 * The article is much better now than when I suggested it be moved to Wikibooks - it was just a couple of recipes at that time. I'm still leaning towards thinking that it's better suited to a sub-heading within the sausage article, but rather than merging the articles myself, I'm going to hang back for a bit, and see how this article develops. KeithD (talk) 15:23, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. I still think the artical on sausages will be stuffed a little too full if we try to put it all in the same casing.  But I agree with you that we can sit back and wait to see what happens. There are many articals in the wikipedia that are way too damn long.  terr 17:21, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sausage Making


text:
Mango Groove

Mango Groove is an 11-piece South African Afropop band whose music fuses pop and township music—especially marabi and kwela.

Since their foundation in 1984, the band has released six studio albums and numerous singles. Their most recent album, 2016's Faces to the Sun, was more than four years in the making.

Formation
Mango Groove was formed in Johannesburg in 1984. Three of the four founding members—John Leyden, Andy Craggs, and Bertrand Mouton—were bandmates in a "white middle-class punk band" called Pett Frog, while they were students at the University of the Witwatersrand. In 1984 the three young men met kwela musician "Big Voice" Jack Lerole at the Gallo Records building in Johannesburg. In the late 1950s, Lerole had led a kwela band called Elias and His Zig-Zag Jive Flutes. John Leyden was enamoured with South African jazz of this era. Lerole's reputation preceded him. He and the boys from Pett Frog rehearsed together, and a new band started to take shape. The band's name was invented over dinner: a pun on the phrase "Man, go groove!".

Evolution
In Mango Groove's early days, musicians came and went as the group evolved into a cohesive whole. Leyden was the only founding member who has stayed on since the very beginning, but the full roster eventually swelled to 11 members. Alan Lazar, a composer and arranger who became the band's keyboardist, explains that a big band with diverse musical elements allows for a variety of arrangements. For most of the band's history, it has comprised four vocalists, lead and bass guitar, a brass section, drums, keyboards, and the penny whistle. (The penny whistle is the central instrument in kwela music—a Southern African style that has strongly influenced Mango Groove's sound.) Lead singer Claire Johnston's soprano is complemented by backing vocalists Beulah Hashe, Marilyn Nokwe, and Phumzile Ntuli.

Guitarist and longtime member George Lewis joined in 1984. He, John Leyden, Kevin Botha, Jack Lerole, and Simon "Mahlathini" Nkabinde co-wrote "Dance Some More", which was the first song Mango Groove recorded. The band had not yet found their singers, and this seminal recording was fronted by Jack Lerole and the Mahotella Queens. Johnston joined when she was 17. She was receiving voice instruction from Eve Boswell at the time. Bertrand Moulton called Boswell in 1984 and asked her to refer her best female singer, and she recommended Claire Johnston. Leyden met Johnston for the first time in Rosebank, a suburb of Johannesburg. She played him some tapes of her singing, and went to see the band perform. "I was intrigued because I'd never heard anything like Mango Groove." After a month with no word from the band, Johnston received a phone call from Leyden who asked if she could rehearse for a show booked two nights later.

When Johnston graduated from secondary school, she—like Leyden, Craggs, and Moulton before her—enrolled at the University of the Witwatersrand. She completed a Bachelor of Arts degree while touring with the band. She and John Leyden married in 1999, and divorced more than a decade later.

The band's first studio recording with Claire Johnston was "Two Hearts", which they released as a single in 1985. The band at this time had seven members: John Leyden (bass guitar), Sarah Pontin (alto sax and clarinet), Banza Kgasoane (trumpet), Mickey Vilakazi (trombone), Sipho Bhengu (tenor sax), and George Lewis (guitar). On the back of the record jacket was a sales pitch introducing potential listeners to the band and their ethos. Nicholas Hauser, who wrote the copy, described "Two Hearts" as a "beatbox township waltz" that blends music of different traditions. The band's first hit came in 1987: "Move Up", which was released on 7-inch record in an edition of 4,000, reached number one on the Capital Radio hitparade.

Some of the band's other former members are drummer Peter Cohen, trumpeter Banza Kgasoane, composer/keyboardist Alan Lazar, penny whistler Kelly Petlane, keyboardist Les Blumberg, and trombonist Mickey Vilakazi. Before his stint with Mango Groove, Cohen co-founded the South African pop rock band Bright Blue; he later joined Freshlyground (est. 2003), a six-person fusion ensemble that has been compared with Mango Groove.

Alto saxophonist and clarinetist Sarah Pontin left the band in 1986. Mduduzi Magwaza eventually took her place on the alto saxophone; he also plays the penny whistle.

Alan Lazar joined on as Mango Groove's keyboardist not long after the band's formation. He co-wrote some of their first songs, including the 1985 single "Two Hearts". In the mid-1990s he started producing scores for film and television, and won a scholarship from the United States' Fulbright Foreign Student Program. After earning a Master of Fine Arts degree from the USC School of Cinema-Television in 1997, he settled in the US and continued his career in the Greater Los Angeles Area.

"Big Mickey" Vilakazi, a World War II veteran, was also an early member of the band. He was 65 when he joined; John Leyden recalled that when Vilakazi died in June 1988, it seemed for a time that the band might break up.

Mango's longtime trumpeter, Banza Kgasoane, died 9 December 2015, age 65. At the funeral service in Alexandra, Claire Johnston, John Leyden, and other musicians joined Kgasoane's son Moshe on-stage to perform a tribute to Banza. Moshe, like his father, took up the trumpet; he performs as Mo-T with the band Mi Casa. On 21 December, South Africa's Minister of Arts and Culture Nathi Mthethwa memorialised Kgasoane in a press statement issued by the Department.

Albums
In July 1989, a year after Mickey Vilakazi's death, the band released their first studio album: Mango Groove. Four of the album's eleven songs had previously been released as singles: "Two Hearts" in 1985, "Love Is (the Hardest Part)" in 1986, and "Do You Dream of Me?" and "Move Up" in 1987. After the album's release, three more songs were released as singles: "Hellfire", "Dance Sum More", and "Special Star". Mango's debut album stayed in the top 20 of the Radio Orion national album chart for a year, and peaked at number 2. This was the longest that any album had maintained such a rank on Orion's chart. However, when Phil Collins released …But Seriously a few months later—an album that had some anti-apartheid themes—it demonstrated a similar staying power. (Radio Orion itself was a national FM radio station operated by the South African Broadcasting Corporation. It operated only at night, with a format that included "a wide variety of music, phone-in shows and topical discussion.")

Mango Groove was followed by Hometalk in 1990, Another Country in 1993, and Eat a Mango in 1995. In South Africa, each of these was released by Tusk Music—or by its One World Entertainment imprint. Hometalk went gold as soon as it was released in South Africa (it has since reached platinum status). After Eat a Mango, the band released several compilation album, but they did not put out another studio album until Bang the Drum in 2009. "We took a break," Claire Johnston told an interviewer shortly after Bang the Drum's release. "I wanted to do some solo things and get some of those frustrations and aspirations out of my system.… We just put Mango Groove on the back burner.… [W]e all did our own things, while still getting back together for the odd Mango Groove concert." In a 2014 interview, Johnston elaborated: "We experienced a creative lull. It happens to everyone; and I really learned a lot about myself during that time. I joined Mango Groove at such a young age, I needed to go out on my own and explore…".

During this period, Johnston released her first solo album, Fearless (2001), and a cover album called Africa Blue (2004). She also recorded the song "Together as One (Kanye Kanye)" with Jeff Maluleke in 2003; John Leyden was the producer. Johnston and Maluleke later recorded an album together: Starehe: An African Day (2006), and Leyden produced albums for other artists. Sax and penny whistle player Mduduzi "Duzi" Magwaza also released an album, Boerekwela (2005), and accompanied the Soweto String Quartet on their world tour. An impetus for Mango Groove to record together again came after the band launched their website in 2007: Fans kept asking when they would release a new album.

After Bang the Drum came the DVD Mango Groove: Live in Concert (2011), but it was not until 2016 that the band released a new studio album: Faces to the Sun, a double album that took more than four years to write, record, and produce. "We don't churn out albums," said Leyden in 2015, when Faces to the Sun was still in production. "Mango is a lot of people and we have different creative projects that we've done over the years.… [We've had] long hiatuses, but Mango has never stopped going."

Between 1989 and 2009, the band sold more than 700,000 albums in South Africa; that number eventually surpassed one million.

Multi-ethnicity
For the band's first seven years, the National Party was in power, and apartheid was an official policy of the government of South Africa. For a band with white and black members, the government's policies of enforced racial segregation made accommodations, booking, and travel more difficult, if not dangerous. Sometimes when they arrived at a club to perform, they were refused entry because they were multi-ethnic. On one occasion, John Leyden (a white man) was arrested on a charge of loitering after he gave a ride home to bandmate Jack Lerole (a black man).

At the same time, the state was trying to censor and suppress the anti-establishment music scene. In the 1980s and early 1990s, near the end of the apartheid era, Mango Groove and Juluka were the only major South African music groups with both black and white band-members. In the early 1990s Mango Groove was managed by Roddy Quin (with Run-Run Artist Management), who was also the manager for Johnny Clegg of Juluka. The two bands became emblematic of the rainbow nation envisioned by Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela. When Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison on 11 February 1990 after 27 years of imprisonment, the US news program Nightline used "We Are Waiting" as a musical score for the event. Band members had written the song in anticipation of Mandela's release. The number of US viewers who watched the broadcast was estimated at 30 million. In 1994 the band were invited to play for Mandela's inauguration concert, to a crowd of about 100,000 people. This was the country's first inauguration of a president elected by both black and white voters.

"We weren't overtly political," lead singer Claire Johnston said in 2017. "The only song that was was 'Another Country'. But we changed the hearts and minds of people in a way politicians cannot."

In South Africa

Mango Groove have appeared at numerous venues and music festivals in their home country of South Africa. In a 2015 interview, John Leyden expressed a need to limit the number of live shows Mango Groove per year in order to avoid overexposure in a small country like South Africa. "We have never stopped performing but we are very selective of the shows we do.… The essence of Mango Groove is… the live show."

Early in their career, the band played six sold-out shows at the Sun City Superbowl at Sun City, North West, and six more at the Standard Bank Arena in Johannesburg. After the release of Hometalk in November 1990, the band and six dancers toured South Africa and the Frontline States from December 1990 to January 1991. (A concert video was also released.) Prior to the release of their third album, 1993's Another Country, they played an open-air concert with the National Symphony Orchestra of South Africa in an amphitheatre in Johannesburg.

Mango performed at the Innibos music festival in July 2009, and released their fifth studio album, Bang the Drum, the following September. In 2010 they began a national tour of South Africa, with the possibility of stops in other parts of Africa, as well as Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain. This was a comeback tour, as Bang the Drum was the first studio album the band had released since 1995's Eat a Mango. The Big World Party Tour, as it was called, was named from the lyrics of "Give It", a song written by John Leyden and Claire Johnston for the album:

"There's a party, big world party Everybody shake your body Tell the world they have to come along"

The tour began on 5 April 2010 in Port Elizabeth, where they gave the final musical performance of the MTN Nelson Mandela Bay Splash Festival. On 17 April they appeared at the Emmarentia Dam and Johannesburg Botanical Gardens, accompanied by supporting acts Josie Field and Wrestlerish. That same weekend they did a show at Spier Gardens in Stellenbosch.

They have since performed at the music festivals Oppikoppi (2013), Splashy Fen (2016), and Park Acoustics (2013 and 2016). On New Year's Day 2012 and 2017, they performed at the Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden for the garden's Summer Sunset Concert series.

Abroad
When talks following the South African Border War culminated in independence for Namibia in March 1990, the band were invited to perform at Namibia's celebration concert. The event took place at Independence Stadium in Windhoek the Saturday after Namibian independence day; Namibian and South African bands played to nearly 20,000 people. In 1994 they played in Namibia again in celebration of the integration of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands into Namibia. (Namibia's cessation from South Africa did not originally include these territories. South Africa finally ceded them on 1 March 1994.) The Walvis Bay integration concert was the first time Mango Groove performed "Let Your Heart Speak" to a live audience. They did not play in Namibia again until 1998, when they preceded their South African tour with a show at the Windhoek Country Club.

Mango's first overseas show was an anti-racism concert in Paris, 1990—the latest in an annual series that had begun in 1985. The concerts' organisers (Julian Drey et al. of SOS-Racisme) were inspired by the concert launched by Rock Against Racism in London, 1978. At the Paris concert, Mango Groove played to an audience of 200,000 people. That same year the band toured Australia for the first time. The Australian shows were followed by a performance in Hong Kong, where the Hong Kong Ballet danced to "Special Star".

After a tour of South Africa and the Frontline States ended in January 1991, the band travelled to Great Britain for the Live in London tour. There they appeared at the Hammersmith Apollo and other Greater London venues. On 20 April 1992, they performed, via live satellite uplink from South Africa, for the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in London, to a television audience estimated at one billion people. In July 1992 their show at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland met with such an enthusiastic response, they came back onstage for three encores. In 1997 they played at the Celebrate Hong Kong Reunification concert that followed the Hong Kong handover ceremony. After their 1998 tour of South Africa, the band planned to tour Germany in August and, later, the US. They toured Australia in the mid-1990s, and have also performed in Canada and Zimbabwe.

A 2014 tour of Australia and New Zealand was cancelled when the tour promoter, Mzungu Promotions, lost a major source of funds (for reasons unrelated to the tour). Originally, the tour was to include six shows from 21 February to 4 March, beginning with Red Hill Auditorium in Perth; then on to the Forum Theatre in Melbourne; Bruce Mason Centre in Auckland; Big Top Sydney at Luna Park Sydney; Eatons Hill Hotel in Brisbane; and concluding at Norwood Concert Hall in Adelaide. Days before the tour was to begin, it was postponed to May and June, and supplemented with a planned stop in Dunedin. The Perth venue changed from Red Hill Auditorium to the Metro City Concert Club, and the Adelaide venue changed from the Norwood Concert Hall to HQ. Nevertheless, a press release issued in mid-May announced the cancellation of the entire tour.

On 7 March 2015, the band returned to the Hammersmith Apollo in London for the first time in more than 20 years. The opening act was South African singer-songwriter Matthew Mole. Claire Johnston had done a solo show at the Apollo in 2014, which cultivated demand for a Mango concert.

Awards
The South African Broadcasting Corporation awarded Mango Groove five OKTV awards during the band's early years: The debut album, Mango Groove, won in the categories of "Best Album" and "Best Arranger"; one of the singles won "Best Video". In 1991, Hometalk won "Best Pop Album", and one of its singles won "Hit of the Year". The OKTV Awards were an annual event in which members of the South African media were the judges.

At the second annual South African Music Awards in 1996, the album Eat a Mango won a SAMA in the category "Best Adult Contemporary Performance: English". In 2017, the band's seventh studio album, Faces to the Sun, was nominated in the "Best Adult Contemporary Album" and "Best Engineered Album" categories (the engineer was bandmember Andrew Baird). The award for "Best Adult Contemporary Album" went to Hugh Masekela's No Borders; the award for Best Engineered Album went to Arno Carstens' Aandblom 13. Other nominees in the Adult Contemporary Album category that year were Elvis Blue's Optics, Majozi's Fire, and Msaki's Zaneliza: How the Water Moves.

In 2015, Buzz South Africa included "Special Star" on their list of the "100 Greatest South African Songs of All Time".

Personnel
• ;Vocals

• : Claire Johnston - lead vocals

• : Beulah Hashe - backing vocals

• : Siziwe Ngema - backing vocals

• : Pinkie Moseme - backing vocals

• ;Brass section

• : Sydney Mavundla - trumpet

• : Percy Mbonani - tenor sax

• : Themba Ndaba - tenor sax, penny whistle

• ;Rhythm section

• : Andrew Baird - keyboards

• : John Leyden, - bass guitar

• : Thomas Selmer-Olsen - guitar

• : Keith - drums

Past members
• Nick Hauser - guitar

• Michael Bester - guitar

• Sipho Bhengu – tenor sax, vocals

• Peter Cohen - drums

• Andy Craggs - guitar

• Neil Ettridge - drums

• Beulah Hashe – backing vocals

• Banza Kgasoane - trumpet

• Alan Lazar - keyboards, piano

• Jack Lerole - penny whistle

• George Lewis – guitar

• Mauritz Lotz - guitar

• Mduduzi Magwaza – alto sax, penny whistle

• Khanyo Maphumulo – backing vocals

• Bertrand Mouton - saxophone

• Marilyn Nokwe – backing vocals

• Phumzile Ntuli – backing vocals

• Kelly Petlane - penny whistle

• Sarah Pontin - alto sax, clarinet

• Gavin Stevens – drums, percussion

• Mickey Vilakazi - trombone

• Harold Wynkwardt - keyboards

Studio albums

 * 1) Mango Groove (1989)
 * 2) Hometalk (1990)
 * 3) Another Country (1993)
 * 4) Eat a Mango (1995)
 * 5) Bang the Drum (2009)
 * 6) Faces to the Sun (2016)

Audio compilations
• # The Best of Mango Groove (Red Earth Music, 1995)

• # Dance Sum More… All the Hits So Far (EMI Music South Africa, 1997)

• # The Best of Mango Groove (Gallo Record Company, 2000)

• # Moments Away: Love Songs and Lullabies, 1990–2006 (Gallo Record Company, 2006)

• # The Essential (Gallo Record Company, 2008)

• # Great South African Performers: Mango Groove (Gallo Record Company, 2011)

• # Shhhhh…! Have You Heard? The Ultimate Collection, 1989–2011 (Gallo Record Company, 2011)

• # Colours of Africa: Mango Groove (Gallo Record Company, 2013)

• # The Ultimate Collection (Gallo Record Company, 2014)

• # Greatest Moments: Mango Groove (Gallo Record Company, 2015)

• # Grand Masters: Mango Groove (Gallo Record Company, 2015)

• # Essentials (Gallo Record Company, 2017)

Video compilations

 * 1) The Ultimate Collection (Gallo Music Vision, 2002)
 * 2) The Essential (Gallo Music Vision, 2009)

Audio and video compilations

 * 1) Shhhhh…! Have You Heard? The Ultimate Collection, 1989–2011 (Gallo Record Company, 2011)
 * 2) The Ultimate Collection / The Ultimate Collector's Edition (Gallo Record Company, 2014)

Video releases

 * 1) Mango Groove: Video Biography (Atco Records, 1990)
 * 2) Mango Groove (Ascension, 1998) [recorded in 1990]
 * 3) Mango Groove: Live in Concert (2011)

Singles
• # "Two Hearts" (1986)

• # "Love is the Hardest Part" (1986)

• # "We Are Party" (1986)

• # "Do You Dream of Me?" (1987)

• # "Move Up" (1987)

• # "Mau Mau Eyes" (1988)

• # "Dance Sum More" (1989)

• # "Hellfire" (1989)

• # "Special Star" (1989)

• # "Too Many Tears" (1989)

• # "Pennywhistle" (1990)

• # "Hometalk" (1991)

• # "Island Boy" (1991)

• # "Moments Away" (1991)

• # "Nice to See You" (1993)

• # "Keep On Dancing" (1993)

• # "Another Country" (1993)

• # "Tropical Rain" (1993)

• # "Eat a Mango" (1995)

• # "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" (1995)

• # "New World (Beneath Our Feet)" (1995)

• # "Tom Hark" (1996)

• # "Let Your Heart Speak" (1996)

• # "Southern Sky" (2007)

• # "This Is Not a Party" (2010)

• # "Hey! (Cada Coração)" [feat. Ivete Sangalo] (2011)

• # "Faces to the Sun" (2015)

• # "From the Get Go" (2016)

• # "Kind" (2017)

• # "Under African Skies" [feat. Kurt Darren and "Big Voice Jack" Lerole] (2018)

title: Mango Groove


text:
Sepik Coast exchange

Sepik Coast exchange is the method of social networking and alliance in the Sepik Coast area of Papua New Guinea.

Families living along the Sepik Coast in northern Papua New Guinea form alliances with families in other communities. Depending on the importance and status of the family, it can have anywhere between 5 and 75 contacts in its social network. In each surrounding town, the family knows another. When they travel to another town, they bring gifts to their contact family, and that family will house and care for them. Gifts are reciprocated when given or later when families return the visit. Common gifts are sago, tobacco, baskets, wooden bowls, and other similar items. The recipient does not specify which type of gift they would like to receive, but as a result of the vast quantity of exchanges taking place, the needs of participants are generally met.

A social field is one in which all the members have similar expectations of each other. In the social networks of the Sepik Coast, the significant expectations are hospitality, gift giving and reciprocation from friends in different villages. Alliances are passed along and preserved through many generations, because fathers bring their sons on their trips and families honor an association, no matter how long it has been since the last gift exchange.

title: Sepik Coast exchange


text:
User:EthanS/Near East Regnal Table

Table covers period of 600 BCE to 2700 BCE, based on conventional chronologies.

At this time, I have not added Greece or the Sumerian city states. I also intend to add a color notation for those dates which are firmly anchored in history, i.e., Egypt after the Assyrian invasion of 664, and Assyria before and after the eclipse of 763.

Explanations: "N Kings in NN years": data are incomplete. (?-?): start and end date are highly speculative. E.g., we have name but no regnal length. (?-): start date is speculative while the end date is more certain.

title: User:EthanS/Near East Regnal Table


text:
Talk:Pogonishte

Untitled
Is Pogonishte an instrument or a style? I can't work it out from the few Google hits. Original text was ambiguous - I reworded to match stubs --Cje 12:26, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pogonishte


text:
Burnet companion

The burnet companion moth (Euclidia glyphica) is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in most of the Palearctic realm, from Ireland in the west to Mongolia and Siberia in the east and south to the Mediterranean and North Africa.

Technical description and variation
Forewing pale grey suffused with pale brown or uniform pale brown; the shadings dark olive brown; inner line pale, oblique and waved, followed by a brown band; outer line whitish, vertically waved, preceded by a brown band, the inner edge of which is the median line; at costa the outer line is excurved and accompanied by pale scales on each side; submarginal line obscure, followed by a darker diffuse band, forming a black blotch on costa: hindwing orange, the veins dark; base and inner margin fuscous; a blackish submarginal band, outwardly toothed at costa and middle; a dark terminal shade running up along veins. The more uniformly dark brown examples constitute the ab. suffusa Spul., the usual form in Britain; -ab. marginata Spul.has the subterminal area whitish ochreous; in the ab. obsoleta Strand the dark bands of the underside are wanting; the ab. tristicula Schultz is much darker than the type.

Biology
Larva yellowish brown or reddish brown; the dorsal line darker; head yellowish brown with two dark streaks. The larvae feed on Viola, Trifolium species (especially Trifolium pratense), Medicago sativa, Lotus corniculatus, Vicia cracca, Lathyrus pratensis, and Hippocrepis comosa.

title: Burnet companion


text:
Christopher Merret

Christopher Merret FRS, FRCP (16 February 1614/1615 – 19 August 1695), also spelt Merrett, was an English physician and scientist. He was the first to document the deliberate addition of sugar for the production of sparkling wine, and produced the first lists of British birds and butterflies.

Life
Merret was born in Winchcombe, Gloucestershire on 16 February; Hunter gives the year of his birth as 1615, which may be 1614 Old Style. In 1632 he went up to Gloucester Hall, Oxford (which later became Worcester College); he received his BA from Oriel in 1635, and his BMed and DMed from Gloucester Hall in 1636 and 1643 respectively.

Merret then practised medicine in London, becoming a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1651. Three years later he moved to the RCP's premises at Amen Corner near St Paul's Cathedral, as the first Harveian Librarian, for which he received room and board and a small stipend. But disaster struck in 1666 with the Great Fire of London, which destroyed many of the rooms and most of the books. The college felt that he was no longer needed, but he felt that he had been appointed for life and fought them before the King's Bench twice, losing both times. He was expelled from his rooms and lost his Fellowship. He was a founding Fellow of the Royal Society, joining May 20, 1663. He became the chairman of the Royal Society's committee concerned with the history of trade and commerce, but was expelled in 1685.

He died at his home near the chapel in Hatton Garden, on 19 August 1695, and was buried at St Andrew's, Holborn.

Naturalist
Merret collected new plants, maintained a herb garden and compiled one of the first lists of the flora, fauna and minerals of England, the Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum. The Pinax was published in 1666 and is an alphabetical catalogue with no explanatory commentary. However it represents the first lists of British birds and butterflies, and contains one of the first statements by an Englishman on the organic origin of fossils: "…it is abundantly clear to me that many stones considered to be inorganic are fashioned out of animals or their parts through the action of some earthen fluid; that they had communicated their shape to the clay or soft earth, and had then perished though their figure was preserved"

Metallurgy and glass making
Merret had a particular interest in industrial uses of minerals, publishing papers on smelting and tin mining. In 1662 he translated Antonio Neri’s The Art of Glass (1611) and added 147 pages of his own, from other authors and his own observations. His descriptions of glassmaking indicate an intimate familiarity with the process, but his modern claim to fame lies in a passing mention to a different field altogether. On 17 December 1662 he presented Some Observations concerning the Ordering of Wines to the Royal Society. In this paper, unearthed by wine writer Tom Stevenson, Merret describes winemakers adding quantities of sugar and molasses to make the wines drink brisk and sparkling. Today this would be called the méthode champenoise, the addition of liqueur de tirage in order to stimulate a secondary fermentation that produces the bubbles in sparkling wine.

Spontaneous secondary fermentation had occurred in still wines since antiquity; most glass bottles of the time were not strong enough to contain the high pressures thus generated and so exploding bottles were an occupational hazard of winemaking. Sir Robert Mansell obtained a monopoly on glass production in England in the early 17th century and industrialised the process; his coal-powered factories in Newcastle upon Tyne produced much stronger bottles than were available in France. As a result, the English could deliberately induce a secondary fermentation in wine without the risk of blowing up the bottle, long before Dom Pérignon is traditionally considered to have invented sparkling wine in Champagne around 1697.

Although Merret appears to have been more interested in making glass than in making wine, producers of English sparkling wine such as Ridgeview have been quick to use his name as a generic term to describe their wines.

Publications

 * The Art of Glass, wherein are shown the wayes to make and colour Glass, Pastes, Enamels, Lakes, and other Curiosities. Written in Italian by Antonio Neri, and translated into English, with some observations on the author. Printed by Octavian Pulleyn, at the Sign of the Rose in St. Paul's Church-yard, London, 1662.
 * Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, continens Vegetabilia, Animalia, et Fossilia. Londini : Impensis Cave Pulleyn ad insigne Rosae in Coemeterio Divi Pauli, typis F. & T. Warren, 1666.

The following papers ascribed to Merret were published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, although the last two were published in the year of his death and attributed to "Mr. Merret, Surveyor of the Port of Boston", which may have been his son Christopher.
 * Observations concerning the uniting of barks of trees cut, to the tree itself. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. II, 453–454 (abridged version, III, 706).
 * An experiment on Aloe Americana serrati-folia weighed; seeming to import a circulation of the sappe in plants. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. II, 455–457 (abridged version, II, 645–646).
 * An experiment of making cherry-trees, that have withered fruit, to bear full and good fruit; and recovering the almost withered fruit. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. II, 455 (abridged version, II, 652)
 * A relation of the tinn-mines, and working of tinn in the county of Cornwal. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. XII, 949–952.
 * The art of refining. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. XII, 1046–1052.
 * A description of several kinds of granaries, as those of London, of Dantzick, and in Muscovy. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. II, 464–467.
 * An account of several observables in Lincolnshire, not taken notice of in Camden, or any other author. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. XIX, 343–353 (abridged version, III, 533).
 * A table of the washes in Lincolnshire. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. XIX, 392 (abridged version, II, 267).

title: Christopher Merret