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Rouen Cathedral

Rouen Cathedral (Cathédrale primatiale Notre-Dame de l'Assomption de Rouen) is a Catholic church in Rouen, Normandy, France. It is the see of the Archbishop of Rouen, Primate of Normandy. It is famous for its three towers, each in a different style. The cathedral, built and rebuilt over a period of more than eight hundred years, has features from Early Gothic to late Flamboyant and Renaissance architecture. It also has a place in art history as the subject of a series of impressionist paintings by Claude Monet, and in architecture history as from 1876 to 1880, it was the tallest building in the world.

First churches
Christianity was established in Rouen in about 260 by Saint Mellonius, who became the first bishop. The first church is believed to have been under or close to the present cathedral. In 395, a large basilica with three naves was built at the same site. In 755, the archbishop Rémy, the son of the Frankish statesman and military leader Charles Martel, established the first Chapter of the cathedral and constructed several courtyards and buildings around the church, including a palace for the archbishop.

The cathedral was enlarged by St. Ouen in 650, and visited by Charlemagne in 769. However, beginning in 841, a series of Viking raids seriously damaged the cathedral complex.

The Viking leader Rollo became first Duke of the Duchy of Normandy and was baptised in the Carolingian cathedral in 915 and buried there in 933. His grandson, Richard I of Normandy, further enlarged it in 950.

In the 1020s, the archbishop Robert began to rebuild the church in the Romanesque style, beginning with a new choir, crypt and ambulatory, and then a new transept. The Romanesque cathedral was consecrated by the archbishop Maurille on October 1, 1063, in the presence of William, Duke of Normandy, soon to become William the Conqueror after his conquest of England in 1066.

The Gothic cathedral
The project for a cathedral in the new Gothic style was first launched by the Archbishop of Rouen, Hugues of Amiens, who had attended the consecration in 1144 of the Basilica of Saint-Denis, the first Gothic structure, with its emphasis upon filling the interior with light. In 1145, he began constructing a tower, now called the Tower Saint-Roman, in the new Gothic style.

A complete reconstruction of the cathedral was begun by his successor, Gautier the Magnificent. In 1185 he demolished the Romanesque nave and began building the western end of the sanctuary. He had completed the west front and first traverses when the work was interrupted by a major fire on Easter eve in 1200, which destroyed a large part of the town and seriously damaged the unfinished church and its furnishings. Gautier quickly repaired the damage and resumed the work, which was directed by his master mason, Jean d'Andeli. The nave was sufficiently complete by 1204 for King Philip II of France to be received there to celebrate the annexation of Normandy to the Kingdom of France. By 1207 the main altar was in place in the choir.

The first architectural addition to the new church was a series of small chapels between the buttresses on the north and south sides of the nave, requested by the city's prominent religious brotherhoods and corporations. In 1280 the surrounding spaces and buildings were modified to permit the construction of portals on the north and south transepts. The next addition was a response to the growing role of the Virgin Mary in church doctrine; the small axial chapel at the east end of the apse was replaced by a much larger chapel dedicated to her, begun in 1302. The west front was also given new decoration between 1370 and 1450.

Beginning in 1468 a highly ornamental new top, made of iron and covered with stone tiles, in the late Gothic Flamboyant style was added to the tower of Saint-Romaine.

16th century – The Transition and the Renaissance
Cardinal-Archbishop Georges d'Amboise (1494-1510) had a major influence on the church architecture. He incorporated into the Gothic design new Renaissance features, as he had done in his own residence, the Château de Gaillon, The first major project of the period was a new tower to match the old Saint-Romaine tower, built almost three centuries earlier. Work on the tower had begun in 1488, under master builder Guillaume Pontifs, but under Cardinal d'Amboise in 1496 the project was taken over 1496 by Jacques Le Roux, who had a more ambitious plan with Renaissance touches. The Pope authorised Cardinal d'Amboise to grant dispensations to consume milk and butter during Lent, in exchange for contributions to the tower. The new tower soon took on the nickname of the Butter Tower, though the money collected paid only a portion of the cost.

As the new tower was being built, the west front of the Cathedral showed weaknesses and began to tilt. Cardinal d'Amboise ordered its complete reconstruction. This was carried out by master builder Rouilland Le Roux, nephew of Jacques Le Roux, in a lavishly ornate Flamboyant style. It was covered with layers of lacelike stone tracery, and hundreds of sculpted figures were added to the arch and niches of the portals. To stabilise the new facade, he added two massive buttresses, also richly decorated with sculpture. In addition to his changes to the Cathedral, the Cardinal and his architect reconstructed and decorated the Palace of the Archbishop close by, adding a new reception hall, galleries, gardens and fountains.

In 1514 the flèche, or spire of the cathedral, a lead-covered wooden spire over the lantern tower, fell. It was replaced within a few months in exactly the same form and with the same materials.

17th–18th century
In the late 16th century the cathedral was badly damaged during the French Wars of Religion: in 1562 the Calvinists attacked the furniture, tombs, stained-glass windows and statuary. The cathedral was again struck by lightning in 1625 and 1642, then damaged by a hurricane in 1683.

In 1796, in the course of the French Revolution, the new revolutionary government nationalised the cathedral and transformed it for a time into a Temple of Reason. Some of the furniture and sculpture was sold, and the chapel railings were melted down to make cannon.

19th century
In 1822 lightning started a fire that destroyed the wood and lead Renaissance spire of the central tower. The architect Jean-Antoine Alavoine proposed to replace it with a new spire made of cast iron. The idea of an iron spire was highly controversial; the novelist Gustave Flaubert denounced it as "the dream of a metal-worker in a delirium." The new spire, 151 meters (495 feet) tall, was not finally completed until 1882. For a short time, from 1876 to 1880, the spire made Rouen Cathedral the world's tallest building, until the completion of Cologne Cathedral.

20th century
In 1905, under the new law separating church and state, the Cathedral became the property of the French government, which then granted to the Catholic Church its exclusive use.

At the beginning of World War II in 1939, remembering the damage caused to French cathedrals in World War I, the Cathedral authorities protected the sculpture of the cathedral with sandbags and removed the old stained glass and transported it to sites far from the city. Nonetheless, in the weeks before D-Day in Normandy, the cathedral was hit twice by Allied bombs. In April 1944, seven bombs dropped by the British Royal Air Force hit the building, narrowly missing a key pillar of the lantern tower, and damaging much of the south aisle and destroying two windows. In June 1944, a few days before D-Day, bombs dropped by the U.S. Army Air Force set fire to the Saint-Romain tower. The bells melted, leaving molten remains on the floor.

Following World War II, a major restoration effort began to repair war damage by the Service of Historic Monuments, concluding in 1956. Then a new campaign began to consolidate the structure and to restore the statuary of the west front, including putting back four statues that had been moved elsewhere. In 2016, the project was finished and the scaffolding which had covered much of the cathedral for a half-century was finally removed.

Prior to the re-opening of the Cathedral in 1956, the choir, damaged by the bombing during the war, was given a substantial renewal. This included a new high altar topped by an 18th-century Rococo statue of Christ made of gilded made by Clodion, which had previously been on the altar screen, as well as new choir screens, a new episcopal throne, and a new communion table and pulpit made of cast iron and gilded copper.

Beginning in 1985, excavations were carried out beneath the church and its surroundings, which uncovered vestiges of the earlier Paleochristian buildings and foundations of the Carolingian cathedral.

In 1999, during Cyclone Lothar, a copper-clad wooden turret, which weighed 26 tons, broke free from the tower and fell partly into the church, damaging the choir.

21st century
On 11 July 2024, the central spire of the cathedral caught fire during renovation works. The fire was brought under control the same day by a team of some 70 firefighters and 40 fire engines.

Timeline

 * c. 260 - Saint Mellonius recorded as first bishop of Rouen
 * c. 396 - Bishop and Saint Victricius builds first basilica
 * 769 - Charlemagne attends the Cathedral for Easter
 * 1063 - Romanesque cathedral consecrated
 * 1145 - Reconstruction in Gothic style of Saint Roman tower begins
 * 1200 - On Easter Day, a fire causes major damage to interior of cathedral
 * 1207 - Main altar in place
 * 1214 - Work underway on axial chapel
 * c. 1247 - Gothic cathedral complete
 * c. 1270 - chapels of nave constructed
 * 1280 - Portals of transept begun
 * 1302 - Work begins on Chapel of the Virgin
 * 1370 - Rose window on west facade begun
 * 1478 - Completion of upper level of the Tour Saint-Romain
 * 1479 - Library of the Chapter completed
 * 1484 - Porch of Libraries completed
 * 1485-1506 - Construction of the Butter Tower
 * 1508 - Restoration of west front begins, with addition of lavish late Gothic decoration
 * 1514 - Gothic spire called "La Grêle" on the bell tower burns and is quickly rebuilt in same style
 * 1562 -Cathedral pillaged by Protestants in the European wars of religion
 * 1683 -A hurricane causes major damage to the cathedral
 * 1796 -French Revolution briefly turns Cathedral into a "Temple of Reason"
 * 1822 - A fire destroys the fragile Renaissance spire
 * 1884 - The spire is replaced by a new version made of cast iron and copper
 * April and June 1944 - Cathedral damaged by Allied aerial bombing in advance of Normandy Landings
 * 1980s - Completion of restoration of World War II damage
 * 26 December 1999 - High winds cause a copper and wood turret to fall through the vaults of the choir
 * 11 July 2024 - Spire damaged by fire

West front
The towering buttresses on either side of the central portal were installed in the 14th century to strengthen the west front, and were covered with galleries of sculpture to merge them into the rest of the decoration.

Saint-Romain Tower
The Saint-Romain tower, on the left facing the west front, was begun in 1145 as part of the original Gothic cathedral. The top of the tower, more decorative, was added in the 15th century. Like the Butter tower on the right side, it is separated from and slightly behind the main block of the west front. The ground level has no windows, and contains the Baptistry. Above is a tall vaulted space with are four levels of bays, topped by a very ornate belfry. This contains the bourdon or largest Cathedral bell, named Joan of Arc, which weighs 9.5 tons. It also houses the sixty-four smaller bells of the carillon, which was restored in 2016. It is the second-largest carillon in France. The roof of the tower is decorated with sculptures of four small suns, made of gilded lead.

Butter Tower
The Butter Tower was constructed between 1488 and 1506, in a late Gothic Flamboyant style. It received its popular name because donors to the tower were given dispensation to consume butter and milk during Lent. The dense decoration of the tower emphasises its height; tall pointed niches for sculpture, buttresses decorated with tracery, pinnacles, gables and arches. At the top, the square plan of the tower becomes an octagon, with an ornate stone crown.

A bell for the Butter Tower, named Georges d'Amboise in honor of the Cardinal, was completed in 1501. It cracked in 1786 and was melted down during the French Revolution.

Lantern tower and spire
A central lantern tower over the transept is a tradition of Gothic architecture in Normandy. The lantern tower with its flèche, or spire is placed over the transept, almost in the centre of the cathedral, and is 151 meters high, the tallest of the three towers. The first two levels of the lantern tower were built in the 13th century. The original Gothic spire was destroyed by fire in 1514, and rebuilt in 1544 in wood and lead by the master builder Robert Becquet. The next builder, Rouland Le Roux, consolidated the first two levels of the lantern tower and added flamboyant decoration and sculpture.

Another fire in 1822 destroyed the lead and wood spire, which was then replaced, after much controversy, by the architect Jean-Antoine Alavoine with one of iron and copper, finished in 1882. He surrounded the new spire with four smaller spirelets, made of copper. One of these fell during a hurricane in 1999, going through the roof and damaging the choir stalls below.

On 11 July 2024, the main spire caught fire, though it was quickly brought under control.

Tourelles and sculpture galleries
In the 13th century four smaller towers, or tourelles, with spires, were added atop the buttresses that were built to support the west front, two on either side of the central portal below. In the 14th century, to enrich the decoration even further, three gables were attached to the west front below each of the tourelles. The gables were filled with sculpture; over the north portal, statues of the first archbishops, apostles and saints, and on the south, kings and prophets from the Old Testament.

The Nave exterior
Flying buttresses along the north and south sides of the cathedral reach up over the roof of the side aisles to support the upper walls of the nave. The space between the buttresses on the lower level is filled with lateral chapels. Because of the support of the buttresses, the upper walls of the nave are able to be entirely filled with windows. The edges of the roofs of the aisles and nave are both decorated with balustrades and pinnacles.

North transept
Two portals, on the north and the south, heavily decorated, give access to the transept at the meeting point between the nave and the choir. On the north is the portail des librairies, and to the south the portail de la Calende. The north portal is similar in its plan to the north transept portal of Notre-Dame-de-Paris, built a few years earlier; the decoration of the portals spills over into the adjacent sections. Each portal has a column-statue between the doors, and is topped by a tympanum full of sculpture, and above that an arched voussure filled with three bands of statues. Above this a lace-like pointed gable, which rises upward in front of the windows of the claire-voie gallery as far as the rose window. A similar sculpted gable is placed over the rose window, just below the triangular gable of the transept roof. The embrasures of the doorway are also filled with delicate sculptural medallions.

South transept
The front of the south transept and the portal of La Calende are even more packed with sculpture and decoration. The scenes in the tympanum over the portal illustrate the life of Christ, while the contreforts on either side of the portals contain niches filled with angels and prophets The quadrille medallions around of the portal illustrate the Book of Genesis and are filled with an array of fantastic animals. Scenes of the Last Judgement fill the space over the tympanum. At the very top, over the rose window, is another gable filled with sculpture of the crowning of the Virgin Mary.

Chevet
The dominant feature of the Chevet, or east end of the Cathedral beyond the choir, is the chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, which extends well east of the choir and apse. It has very high buttresses, topped by pinnacles containing statues, and high lancet windows topped by gables, which are topped with statues. Above all these is the 'Golden Virgin", a gilded statue of The Virgin Mary made by Nicolas Quesnel in 1541.

Smaller chapels, accessed by the disambulatory, are fit between the buttresses north and south of the Virgin Mary Chapel. In addition, the Sacristy and the Revestiaire are attached to the south side of chevet.

Nave and collateral aisles
The nave is the portion of the cathedral where the churchgoers are seated, extending from the west front to the transept and choir. It is covered with four-part rib vaults, supported by colonettes with reach down the walls to the massive pillars on the ground floor. The first four traverses of the nave, on the west, completed by 1200, followed the original elevation plan of the late 13th century; an arcade of pillars on the ground floor, which opened into the collateral aisles; above that a tribune, or wide passageway; above that the triforium, a narrow passageway; and above that the clerestory, the high windows which reached up into the arches of the vaults. All these levels provided the necessary width to support the upper walls.

After the fire of 1200, the master builder Jean d'Andeli began to revise the plans, following the design used in High Gothic cathedrals, which had only three levels. He made a compromise; he preserved the tribunes but he installed a narrow coursiere or passageway atop the arches of the tribune, which wound around the pillars. He then made the arches of the tribune wider and taller, allowing more light from the windows of the collateral aisles to enter the nave. These modifications were possible thanks to another new technology, the flying buttress, which reaches over the collateral aisles to provide support to the upper nave walls, allowing them to be thinner and the windows to be larger.

The collateral aisles at Rouen are fourteen metres high compared with twenty-eight metres high vault in the nave. The high clerestory windows of the central nave look out over the roofs of the collateral aisles, and bring more light to the interior.

Transept
The transept is unusually large and brightly lit thanks to the large rose windows on the north and south and the large windows below them in the triforium of each transept. Overhead, the interior of the lantern tower is visible. The walls of the inside of the north and south facades are richly decorated with tracery, composed of pointed stone arches and sculpture in niches and in the small quadrille panels of the south transept. In the northwest corner is a stairway from 1471 which gave access to the cathedral library. It was updated with Neo-Gothic landings in the 18th century.

Choir
The Choir is the section of the cathedral at the east which was reserved for the clergy, and in the Middle Ages was separated from the nave by an elaborate screen. It was constructed slightly later than the nave, in the middle of the 13th century, and the style is more unified than in the nave. The beginning of the choir is marked by the retable of the main altar, and the throne of the Archbishop. Beyond that to the east are the stalls where the members of the clergy were seated.

The elevation of the Choir is different from that of the nave, being more in the High Gothic style of the 13th century, with three levels. The pillars of the arcade are circular, crowned with capitals decorated with stylised foliage and crochets. Above the arcade is the triforium, or enclosed gallery, and above that the high windows, which form a half-circle.

The center of the Choir was substantially refurbished before the 1956 re-opening to repair damage suffered during the war. The high altar was added, topped by an 18th-century Rococo statue of Christ made of gilded lead made by Clodion, which had previously been part of the 18th-century altar screen, as well as two kneeling angels, made by Caffieri in 1766, and previously in the Church of Saint-Vincent de Rouen, which was destroyed in 1944. The Choir also received modern screens by 20th-century artist Raymond Subes, a new episcopal throne, and a modern communion table and pulpit made of cast iron and gilded copper.[

Choir stalls
The Choir stalls were put in place between 1457 and 1470 by the master woodworker Philipott Viart. A majority of the original seats are still in place, along with the carved decorations, called misericords, illustrating scenes from the Bible, as well as proverbs, fables and craftsmen at work. Unfortunately, the upper portions of the stalls were destroyed during the Revolution.

Tombs of the Dukes of Normandy
The remains of four Dukes of Normandy are placed in the simple tombs with their images on either side of the choir. These are the tombs of Rollo, a Viking and the first Duke of Normandy; William Longsword, the son of Rollo (died 942); Henry the Young King (died 1183); and a tomb with the heart of Richard the Lionheart, Duke of Normandy and King of England (died 1199); his body was buried at Fontevraud Abbey in Anjou. The original tomb of Rollo was destroyed during the bombing of 1944, and was replaced by a copy of the tomb of Henry the Young King made in the 19th century. The remains of Rollo and his son William Longsword were transferred from the first cathedral to the Romanesque cathedral in 1063, shortly after it was built, then to the Gothic cathedral when it was completed.

Collateral Chapels
Eighteen small chapels are placed between the buttresses on the north and south sides of the nave. They are filled with art, sculpture and stained glass given by wealthy donors and the guilds of the city. Some of the chapels are very plain, while others are adorned with paintings and sculptures from the 17th and 18th centuries. The Chapel of Sainte-Catherine is distinguished by its highly ornate lambris with painted panels of the life of Saint Brice. The bombardment of the Catedral in 1944 destroyed the other five chapels on the south side of the nave; only the Chapel of Sainte-Catherine survived intact.

Apse – The Chapel of the Virgin
At the east end of the cathedral is the Chapel of the Virgin, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It was constructed by master builder Jean Davi beginning in 1302, when the veneration of the Virgin began to play a larger role in Christian theology, and replaced a more modest earlier chapel. Following the style of the 14th century, the windows fill the entire upper portion of the walls, while the lower walls are covered with elaborate tracery and sculpture. Traces of gilding and pigment on the walls show that the chapel was originally brightly colored.

The central feature of the chapel is an enormous altar, made in the 17th century, framing a painting of the Virgin surrounded by carved and sculptural decoration. The chapel also contains the tomb of Cardinal Georges d'Amboise, the principal patron of the Gothic cathedral, and his nephew and successor, Cardinal Georges II d'Amboise. It is placed against the south wall. The nephew, Georges II, moved the statue of his uncle to the side of the tomb and placed his own in the central position. The baldaquin or upper portion of the tomb is lavishly decorated with sculpture of the Apostles, in pairs, separated by Sibyls and Biblical kings. The top of the tomb is ornamented with sculpted candelabra and tempietti. or miniature classical temples.

The other monumental tomb in the chapel is that of Louis and Pierre de Brézé, made between 1536 and 1541 in a purely Renaissance style. Louis, who died in 1531, was the grandson of Pierre, and was Senechal and Governor of Normandy. His wife was Diane de Poitiers, who was the mistress of King Henri II of France; it was she who commissioned the tomb. Its main elements are a triumphal arch, under which Louis, in armor and on horseback, is passing in triumph. He appears again at the bottom as a corpse, almost nude. Diane is depicted next to his corpse, kneeling. The tomb is attributed to the prominent French Renaissance sculptor Jean Goujon, who was active during this period as a sculptor to Henri II.

Stained glass
A considerable portion of the original stained glass from the 13th century is still in place. It dates from about the same time as the early windows of Chartres Cathedral and Bourges Cathedral. There are five bays with windows of early glass found in the collateral chapels of the north nave. The early windows are composed of series of medallions arranged in rows. Each medallion is made of small pieces of thick glass, deeply colored, particularly in reds and blues, bound together like mosaics with thin strips of lead.

13th-century windows
The collateral chapels on the north side of the nave have some of the oldest existing windows. Some of these windows were funded by the guilds of craftsmen, and depict them at their work. Unusually, some of the windows, such as the Window of saint Joseph, are signed by the glass artist; the band in front of the Saint reads: "Clement, glassmaker of Chartres".

The "Belles Verrieres"
The "Belles Verrieres" are a group of windows located in the collateral chapels on the north side of nave and in the transept, containing some of the earliest stained glass in the cathedral. They are composed of early 13th century glass that was moved in the 15th century from its original locations in the south collateral chapels and reinstalled into new windows in the Chapel Saint-Jean, Chapel Saint-Severus, the Chapel of the Saint-Sacrament, and the Chapel of Saint-Pierre-and-Saint-Paul. The window in Bay 53 of the Chapel of Saint-Joseph-de-la-nef shows some of the craftsmen planning and building Rouen cathedral.

14th–15th century windows
The windows of the 14th century began to look considerably different than the earlier windows. Glass artists had begun using techniques of silver stain and enamel paints baked on the glass to add greater detail and realism to the images. The windows looked less like mosaics, and increasingly resembled paintings, with the use of perspective and shading to suggest three dimensions. Fourteenth-century windows often depicted the subjects, usually saints and bishops, in architectural settings, surrounded and crowned by elaborate canopies and arches, to match the architecture of the cathedral. They also made greater use of grisaille, or a greyish or white glass, which surrounded and set off the figures and also brought increased light into the cathedral. One example from the mid-14th century is the Pentecost window in Bay 36, with an edge of grisaille bordered by angel musicians.

Rose windows (15th c.)
The rose window of the north portal is the only large rose window to survive in its original form. It was made by Guillaume Nouel at the end of the 14th century, and depicts Christ surrounded by the evangelists, bishops, kings and martyrs.

Renaissance windows (16th century)
The windows of the 16th century most fully display the influence of the Renaissance, with greater realism and closer resemblance to paintings. A good example is the window in the Chapel of Saint-Joseph, in the south transept. While it is full of activity and detail, it lacks some of the depth and richness of color given by the thick, densely-coloured glass of the 13th-century windows.

Other major 16th-century works are two windows of the Saint-Romain chapel, the south part of the nave next to the transept. These are based on the work of the Rouen painter Arnoult de Nimegue or his followers. They depict scenes from the life of the archbishop Romaine, best known in Rouen legends for ridding the city of a monster called "The Gargoyle".

Modern windows (20th century)
The Cathedral has a number of modern windows created in the 1950s to replace windows which were destroyed in the bombardments of the Second World War. They resemble, in their colors and the density of their imagery, the earlier medieval and Renaissance windows. One example is found in the Chapel of St. Leonard, Bay 50. Other striking examples are the three Joan of Arc windows in the Chapel of Joan-of-Arc in the South transept, bays 22, 24 and 26. These were made in 1955–56.

Bells
The cathedral has seventy bells made by the Fonderie Paccard in Annecy. There are sixty-four in the Saint-Romain Tower and six in the Butter Tower. Together they are the heaviest "peal" or group of bells in France, with a combined weight of thirty-six tons.

Grand Organ
The cathedral had an organ since the 1380s. A larger new organ was constructed beginning in 1488, and placed at the beginning of the nave, on the inside of the west front under the rose window. This organ was damaged in the hurricane of 1683, but was put back into service. Prominent organists included Jean Titelouze from 1588 until 1634, and Jacques Boyvin from 1674 until 1706. A smaller organ had been installed in the choir in 1517, in the center of the Choir screen, removed during the Renaissance. New organs were built by Merklin & Schütze (1858–60) and, after World War II, by Jacquot-Lavergne.

Treasury
The treasury of the Cathedral was originally in the Sacristy, and then was moved to its own tower on the Alban Courtyard, on the north side of the cathedral. It was twice pillaged; first by the Protestants in 1562, then during the French Revolution in 1791. Most of the original objects were lost, with the exception of the Chasse de Saint-Roman, but in the 19th century, a new collection was assembled, acquired from monasteries, churches and private collections. Notable objects include the Châsse de Saint Roman, a miniature cathedral made of gilded copper, with figures of Christ and the Apostles (late 13th century); the Châsse de Notre Dame, a mini-cathedral of gilded bronze and enamel, devoted to the Virgin Mary (19th century); A 15th-century monstrance, an elaborate miniature tower embracing a crystal cylinder used to hold the host during the Eucharist ceremony; and the Ostentoire of Two Crowns (1777), a similar vessel for the host, decorated with a gilded crown and rays of light. The treasury also displays some of the elaborate ceremonial costumes worn by the Archbishops.

Crypt
The 11th-century crypt of the original Romanesque cathedral is located underneath the choir of the Gothic cathedral. It is accessed through the Chapel of Saint Joan of Arc on the south side of the Choir. It was excavated between 1931 and 1934, and opened to visitors in 1956. It was within the foundation of the old cathedral, and is composed of a sanctuary and a curving ambulatory with three small chapels, with vaults supported by two rows of columns. The original floor was made of a pattern of light stone and black marble. There is a well located in the ambulatory, beneath the axis of the apse above.

The Cathedral in art and literature
The most famous paintings of the cathedral were done by the Impressionist artist Claude Monet, who produced a series of paintings of the building showing the same scene at different times of the day and in different weather conditions. Two paintings are in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; one is in the Getty Center in Los Angeles; one is in the National Museum of Serbia in Belgrade; one is at the Clark Art Institute in Williamstown, Massachusetts; one is in a museum of Cologne; one is in the Rouen fine art museum; and five are in the musée d'Orsay in Paris. The estimated value of one painting is over $40 million.

Other painters inspired by the building included John Ruskin, who selected it as an example of good architecture in The Seven Lamps of Architecture, and Roy Lichtenstein, who produced a series of pictures representing the cathedral's front. Mae Babitz, known for illustrations of the Watts Towers and Victorian-era buildings in Los Angeles, illustrated the Cathedral in the 1960s. Those works are held in the UCLA library Special Collections.

In literature, Gustave Flaubert was inspired by the stained glass windows of St. Julian and the bas-relief of Salome, and based two of his Three Tales on them. Joris-Karl Huysmans wrote La Cathédrale, a novel based on an intensive examination of the building. Willa Cather sets a key scene in the development of the protagonist Claude Wheeler of One of Ours in the cathedral.

Burials
The Cathedral houses a tomb containing the heart of Richard the Lionheart. His bowels were probably buried within the church of the Château of Châlus-Chabrol in the Limousin. It was from the walls of the Château of Châlus-Chabrol that the crossbow bolt was fired, which led to his death once the wound became septic. His corporeal remains were buried next to his father at Fontevraud Abbey near Chinon and Saumur, France. Richard's effigy is on top of the tomb, and his name is inscribed in Latin on the side.

The Cathedral also contains the tomb of Rollo (Hrólfr, Rou(f) or Robert), one of Richard's ancestors, the founder and first ruler of the Viking principality in what soon became known as Normandy.

The cathedral contained the black marble tomb of John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, one of the English commanders who oversaw Joan of Arc's trial. His original tomb was destroyed by the Calvinists in the 16th century but there remains a commemorative plaque.

Other burials include:

 * Maurilius, a Norman Archbishop of Rouen (d. 1067)
 * Poppa, wife of Rollo of Normandy and mother of Duke William I
 * William I, Duke of Normandy (also known as William Longsword)
 * Hugh of Amiens (d. 1164), first abbot of Reading Abbey and then archbishop of Rouen
 * Matilda of England (also known as the Empress Matilda)
 * Walter de Coutances, medieval Anglo-Norman bishop of Lincoln and archbishop of Rouen (d. 1207)
 * William FitzEmpress
 * A memorial to Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, a rival claimant to King John for the throne of England. He is remembered in Rouen as he was last heard of in Rouen Castle in 1203, aged sixteen. His fate and place of burial are unknown.
 * Henry the Young King, heir to King Henry II of England, but predeceased him
 * Georges d'Amboise
 * Pierre de Brézé
 * Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet
 * Gustave Maximilien Juste de Croÿ-Solre, a French cardinal, Archbishop of Rouen, and a member of the House of Croy (d. 1844)
 * Pierre Petit de Julleville (d. 1947)
 * Joseph-Marie Martin, a French Cardinal and Archbishop of Rouen (d. 1976)

title: Rouen Cathedral


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Majestic Trust

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 08:03, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Majestic Trust
No source. Inherently POV. Based off MJ-12 conspiracy theory. --Saint-Paddy 00:55, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong delete; this is probably a hoax, as a Google and literature search for "Majestic Trust" in conjunction with the Twelve yields nothing. There doesn't even appear to be any such organization. Collabi 01:03, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inherently POV: Not sure. Google? Since when do we believe in google? No source? Yes, no source and therefore no evidence. Please, bring us evidence user 80.4.224.6. Cheers -- Svest 01:20, August 30, 2005 (UTC) Wiki me up™
 * Delete Hoax. Johntex 01:47, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. Jaxl | talk 02:22, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong deletehoax. DV8 2XL 17:59, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Journey (Guardians of Ga'hoole)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 08:03, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

The Journey (Guardians of Ga'hoole)
I don't think we need an article about a part of a book when neither the book nor the book's author has an article. -- Reinyday, 00:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The description in the article is incorrect. This is actually the second book in a series. ManoaChild 01:26, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep 579 Google hits using the full title.  Johntex 01:48, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a blatant substub. Delete unless seriously expanded. Place Guardians of Ga'hoole and author name on requested articles if this is deleted. - Mgm|(talk) 09:19, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Mgm, makes perfect sense that way round. Alf 09:39, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Mgm. -- Etacar11   01:48, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.11.139.119

title: User talk:69.11.139.119


text:
Sequest

Sequest (often stylized as SEQUEST) is a tandem mass spectrometry data analysis program used for protein identification. Sequest identifies collections of tandem mass spectra to peptide sequences that have been generated from databases of protein sequences.

Algorithm
Sequest identifies each tandem mass spectrum individually. The software evaluates protein sequences from a database to compute the list of peptides that could result from each. The peptide's intact mass is known from the mass spectrum, and Sequest uses this information to determine the set of candidate peptides sequences that could meaningfully be compared to the spectrum by including only those near the mass of the observed peptide ion. For each candidate peptide, Sequest projects a theoretical tandem mass spectrum, and Sequest compares these theoretical spectra to the observed tandem mass spectrum by the use of cross correlation. The candidate sequence with the best matching theoretical tandem mass spectrum is reported as the best identification for this spectrum.

title: Sequest


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/This Music Sucks - 2006

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 08:03, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

This Music Sucks - 2006
completing VfD entry. Crystal ball for artist listed on VfD. WCFrancis 00:58, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. When they become famous enough to keep their article (currently a unanimous delete VfD), this can be merged into it. -Splash 01:27, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; WP:NOT a crystal ball. Non-notable artist. Jaxl | talk 02:24, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete WP:NOT a crystal ball Sliggy 08:31, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, artist fails WP:MUSIC and Wikipedia is not a crystal ball for albums that will be released in 6 monts by such artists. - Mgm|(talk) 09:21, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — RJH 18:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete future event --Outlander 21:06, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User:QzDaddy

title: User:QzDaddy


text:
Minotaur-class cruiser (1906)

The Minotaur class was a three-ship class of armoured cruisers built in the first decade of the twentieth century for the Royal Navy. These were the last class of armoured cruisers built for the Royal Navy, with that role being substantially replaced by the first battlecruisers. These initially served with the Home Fleet, generally as the flagships of cruiser squadrons. Minotaur became flagship of the China Station in 1910 and Defence served as flagship of the 1st Cruiser Squadron in the Mediterranean from 1912; Shannon remained at home as flagship of several different squadrons.

When World War I began in August 1914, Defence participated in the pursuit of the German ships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau and Minotaur hunted for the German East Asia Squadron and German commerce raiders in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Shannon remained with the Grand Fleet, as the Home Fleet was renamed, for the entire war. All three were present at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, where Defence was sunk with the loss of all men on board. The surviving pair spent most of the rest of the war assigned to the Northern Patrol unsuccessfully searching for German warships and commerce raiders. The pair were scrapped after the war.

Design and description
The Minotaur-class ships were the last armoured cruisers built for the Royal Navy. They were significantly larger and more heavily armed than their predecessors, although their armour was reduced in an attempt to compensate for the additional weight of the armament. The design was criticized for this weakness as well as the wide dispersal of the 7.5 in turrets along the length of the ship. They have been described by naval historian R. A. Burt as "cruiser editions of the Lord Nelson-class battleship", and by E.H.H. Archibald of the Greenwich National Maritime Museum as "armed in a manner that presented one of the most ferocious sights in the fleet". A planned fourth ship of the class, Orion, was cancelled due to financial pressures arising from the purchase of the Swiftsure-class battleships.

The Minotaur class displaced 14600 LT as built and 16630 LT at deep load. Defence and Minotaur had an overall length of 519 ft, a beam of 74 ft and a mean draught of 26 ft. Shannon had 1 ft more beam and one foot less draught than her sister ships to evaluate the theory that she might be faster with these proportions than her sisters. The class displaced 1050 lt more, was 13 ft longer overall, was one foot broader in beam and had more freeboard than their predecessors of the Duke of Edinburgh-class cruiser. At normal load they had a metacentric height of 3.05 ft, and at deep load, 3.25 ft. The Minotaurs were designed to carry 779 officers and enlisted men, but mustered 802–842 between 1908 and 1912.

The ships were powered by a pair of four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, which developed a total of 27000 ihp intended to give a maximum speed of 23 kn. The engines were powered by 24 water-tube boilers with a working pressure of 275 psi. They carried a maximum of 2060 LT of coal and an additional 750 LT of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. At full capacity, the ships could steam for 8150 nmi at a speed of 10 kn. During her sea trials on 6 December 1907, Minotaur made her designed speed when she reached 23.01 knots from 27049 ihp during her eight-hour full-power test. Shannon proved to be the slowest of the three and only reached 22.324 kn from 27372 ihp during her trial three days before Minotaur's.

Armament
The Minotaurs carried only four 50-calibre BL 9.2-inch Mk XI guns, compared to the six of the earlier ships, but the guns were mounted in twin hydraulically powered centreline turrets, which gave them the same four-gun broadside as the Duke of Edinburghs. The guns had an elevation range of −5°/+15°. They fired 380 lb projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2875 ft/s; this provided a maximum range of 16200 yd with armour-piercing (AP) shells. The rate of fire of these guns was up to four rounds per minute and the ships carried 100 rounds per gun.

The secondary armament was much heavier than the older ships, with five single hydraulically powered turrets equipped with 50-calibre BL 7.5-inch Mk II guns mounted on each side. The guns could be depressed to −7.5° and elevated to +15°. Using 4crh AP shells, they had a maximum range of 15571 yd. Their 200 lb projectiles were fired at a muzzle velocity of 2841 ft/s at four rounds per minute. Each gun was provided with 100 rounds.

Anti-torpedo boat defence was provided by sixteen QF 12-pounder 18-cwt guns. Eight of these were mounted on the tops of the 7.5 inch gun turrets and the other eight in the superstructure (four fore and four aft), as per the deck plan illustration. They fired 3 in, 12.5 lb projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2660 ft/s; this gave a maximum range of 9300 yd at their maximum elevation of +20°. They also mounted five submerged 18-inch torpedo tubes, two on each broadside, plus one mounted in the stern.

Armour
Armour in the Minotaur class was reduced compared to the earlier ships. The upper belt, considered superfluous after the elimination of the main deck casemates, was eliminated as were the transverse bulkheads that connected the waterline belt to the barbettes that protected the ships from raking fire. The 6 in waterline armour belt of Krupp cemented armour extended past the fore and aft 7.5-inch gun turrets; its lower edge was about 5 ft below the waterline at normal load. Forward the armour was 4 in up to about 50 ft from the bow when it was reduced to three inches; aft the belt armour was three inches thick all the way to the stern. In addition to this, the engine cylinders were protected by armour plates 1.5 - 2 in thick.

The faces of the primary gun turrets were 8 in thick and they had 7 in sides. The face armour for the 7.5-inch turrets was also eight inches thick, but their sides were only 6 in thick. The main barbettes were protected by seven inches of armour as were the ammunition hoists, although the armour for those thinned to two inches between the lower and main decks. The thickness of the lower deck ranged from 1.5 inches on the flat amidships to two inches on the slope connecting it to the lower edge of the waterline belt for the length of the ship. At the ends of the ship, the thickness of the deck armour increased to two inches. The sides of the forward conning tower were 10 inches thick while those of the rear conning tower were three inches in thickness.

Modifications
The funnels were raised 15 ft in 1909 to eliminate smoke interference with the bridge. During 1915–16, a 12-pounder was fitted to the rear superstructure and a three-pounder to the quarterdeck, both guns on high-angle mounts for anti-aircraft defence. In 1916, reinforcing legs were added to the foremast to support the weight of a fire-control director; Shannon received her director that same year and Minotaur in 1917–18. In the last year of the war, the reinforced foremast was replaced by a stronger tripod mast and the 12-pounder was moved to the top of the forward turret.

Careers
The sisters were all initially assigned to the Home Fleet upon commissioning with Shannon frequently serving as the flagship of the 5th, 2nd and 3rd Cruiser Squadrons before reverting to the flagship of the 2nd Squadron in 1914. Minotaur became the flagship of the China Station in 1910 and she was briefly joined by Defence in 1912 before the latter was transferred to the Mediterranean at the end of the year to serve as flagship of the 1st Cruiser Squadron there.

When the war began, Minotaur searched unsuccessfully for the German East Asia Squadron in the Pacific and the commerce-raiding light cruiser SMS Emden (1908) in the Indian Ocean before she was transferred to the Grand Fleet at the end of 1914. She became flagship of the 7th Cruiser Squadron and was assigned to the Northern Patrol. Defence participated in the pursuit of the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser SMS Breslau, but Rear-Admiral Ernest Troubridge decided not to engage Goeben due to the latter's more powerful guns, heavier armour and faster speed. She then blockaded the German ships inside the Dardanelles. The Admiralty ordered the ship to the South Atlantic in October to join Rear-Admiral Christopher Cradock's squadron searching for the German ships. Defence, however, had only reached Montevideo, Uruguay by 3 November when she received word that most of Admiral Cradock's squadron had been destroyed two days previously at the Battle of Coronel. The ship was then ordered to South Africa to escort a troop convoy to Great Britain. Defence departed Table Bay, Cape Town in December and rejoined the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Grand Fleet as its flagship upon her arrival.

In early 1915, the sisters were all assigned to the Grand Fleet, each as flagship of their respective squadrons. Just before the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916, the 2nd and 7th Cruiser Squadrons were combined with Minotaur as the flagship. During the battle the 2nd Cruiser Squadron was unengaged and did not fire their guns. In contrast the 1st Cruiser Squadron was engaged at close range by the German capital ships during the battle; Defence was hit by two salvoes from the German ships that caused the aft 9.2-inch magazine to explode. The resulting fire spread via the ammunition passages to the adjacent 7.5-inch magazines which detonated in turn. The ship exploded with the loss of all men on board; between 893 and 903 men were killed.

Shannon and Minotaur were also present during the attempted interception of the High Seas Fleet by the Grand Fleet on 19 August although no combat occurred. For the rest of the war, the ships were assigned to the Northern Patrol. On 11 December 1917, the sisters and four destroyers were assigned to patrol the convoy route between Lerwick and Norway, but the Germans successfully destroyed a convoy off the Norwegian coast on the following day and returned home without being spotted. The British ships were only able to rescue survivors and escort the sole surviving ship from the convoy, the crippled destroyer HMS Pellew (1916), back to Scapa Flow.

The sisters were paid off in 1919, although Shannon temporarily became a training ship before the two were sold for scrap in 1920. Shannon was not actually broken up until January 1923.

title: Minotaur-class cruiser (1906)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Phenomenauts

I rewrote this and added some content. It meets WP:MUSIC at this point I think it's ok...the new content is on the temp page. Rx StrangeLove 00:58, 30 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:69.18.50.2

Arbitration notice
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Thanks, –MuZemike 19:50, 15 February 2010 (UTC) sdfasdfasfaf

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Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia!

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title: User talk:69.18.50.2


text:
Whyteleafe

Whyteleafe is a village in the district of Tandridge, Surrey, England, with a few streets falling inside the London Borough of Croydon. The village, in a dry valley of the North Downs, has three railway stations (on two parallel lines). Neighbouring villages and towns include Woldingham, Caterham, Coulsdon, Warlingham, and Kenley. To the west are Kenley Aerodrome, Kenley Common (owned by the Corporation), Coxes Wood, and Blize Wood. To the east are Riddlesdown, the Dobbin and Marden Park.

The churchyard contains graves of airmen who died during WWII, stationed at RAF Kenley nearby. The village forms part of the Greater London Built-up Area.

History
The village name comes from the distinctive white underside of the whitebeam trees growing in the area. In 1855 Nathaniel Glover purchased White Leaf field and George Henry Drew later completed the building that was called "White Leafe House". By 1881 the surrounding area had become known as "Whiteleafe". As with Kenley the history of its land before that was that of other parishes, in this case Caterham and to a lesser extent Warlingham and Coulsdon.

Its first primary school was built in 1892, enlarged in 1900 and again in 1907.

In 1911 the population of Whyteleafe was "now larger than that of Warlingham village...A county council secondary school for girls has been set up in this year (1911)."

Amenities
Whyteleafe has: a large pub, a micropub, a newsagent, general store, two petrol stations (M&S and Waitrose food outlets), a post office, hairdresser, chemist, ladies' outfitter, baker, fish and chip shop, kebab shop, Indian restaurant, Chinese restaurant, launderette, barber, Tesco Express and an e-cigarette store.

To the south of Whyteleafe are the headquarters of Gold Group International, the largest employer in the parish boundaries.

Whyteleafe School, is a primary school which is part of the multi academy trust GLF and is situated at the bottom of Whyteleafe Hill. It makes use of the site of the former Whyteleafe Girls' Grammar School, vacated in the late 1970s. Warlingham School (secondary) is at the top of Tithe Pit Shaw Lane, on the edge of Whyteleafe in the east.

The C of E church of St Luke was built in 1866, founded as a new parish in the Diocese of Southwark.

Transport
There are three railway stations: Whyteleafe South, Whyteleafe and Upper Warlingham. All three stations are served by Southern services. The Godstone road (A22) cuts through north to south. Bus routes 407, 434 and 439 serve the area and run from Coulsdon, Croydon, Sutton, Waddon Marsh and Caterham. Whyteleafe village grew after the railway came on its way to Caterham in 1856. A second line, the Oxted Line, following a slightly higher contour, opened in 1884. It serves different destinations to the south but also runs to London Bridge or Victoria.

Sport and leisure
AFC Whyteleafe is the main football club following the closure of Whyteleafe F.C. in 2021. AFC Whyteleafe, like its predessor plays in grounds on Church Road where the former club moved in 1959, when it moved from the field off New Barn Lane, now utilised by the adjacent Kenley School. Separate from its ground in the west of town is the large recreation ground below wooded hills in the east of town which has informal sports fields and a playground.

Caterham and Whyteleafe Tennis Club is located in Manor Park near Whyteleafe South Station. The Surrey National Golf Club is located in nearby Chaldon.

Local government

Surrey County Council, headquartered in Reigate, elected every four years, has one councillor representing Caterham Valley, which incorporates the civil parishes of Caterham Valley and Whyteleafe.

Whyteleafe has 2 representatives on Tandridge District Council, headquartered in Oxted:

Whyteleafe is one of 21 civil parish councils in Tandridge District electing seven parish councillors every four years. The parish council clerk is Simon Bold.

title: Whyteleafe


text:
Peoria Rivermen (IHL)

The Peoria Rivermen were an ice hockey team that played in the International Hockey League. They played in Peoria, Illinois at the Carver Arena. A new team with the Peoria Rivermen name currently competes in the Southern Professional Hockey League.

History
The Peoria Rivermen were founded in 1982–83 in the International Hockey League, operating under owner Ken Wilson as the Peoria Prancers. The franchise was taken over by the Peoria Civic Center in 1984, which held a contest with the Peoria Journal Star newspaper to rename the team with Rivermen as the winner. The IHL's Peoria Rivermen began operations for the 1984–85 season and won the Turner Cup in their first season. They were bought by Bruce Saurs in the summer of 1989, and he owned the club for 19 seasons. Following several season of financial losses, Saurs sold 50% of the ownership in the IHL franchise in 1996 and relocated it as the San Antonio Dragons. Saurs then launched the Rivermen in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) beginning with the 1996–97 season.

They held professional hockey's longest winning streak at 18 games in 1991 until the Norfolk Admirals of the American Hockey League broke the record by winning 28 consecutive games in 2012.

Former owner Bruce Saurs died in July 2014.

The St. Louis Blues owe their "Towel Man" tradition to the Rivermen. According to the Towel Man himself, Ron Baechle, he and friend Monsignor Matthew Mitas attended a Rivermen game in 1990 where they saw their post-goal tradition, which Mitas suggested Baechle copy in St. Louis. It's been a Blues tradition ever since, even making its way into EA Sports's NHL Video Game Series.

title: Peoria Rivermen (IHL)


text: Category:Golf biography stubs

title: Category:Golf biography stubs


text: User talk:68.80.82.132

title: User talk:68.80.82.132


text:
Talk:Purple Haze

Tritone
Actually the tritone was never banned by the Spanish Inquisition. Look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritone#Historical_uses The cited sources (both are books about Jimi Hendrix) seem to have adopted this urban myth without more researching. The term diabolus in musica was never treated in a papal bull. Please correct this to avoid reproducing this myth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:16B8:424D:3901:C6D9:87FF:FECA:C8C1 (talk) 00:20, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

 * The WP Tritone article includes several "needs additional citations for verification" tags and under the "Historical uses" section "possibly contains original research". The paragraph that mentions the Church is unreferenced, so there don't seem to be any sources that support "likely fanciful". —Ojorojo (talk) 15:42, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Purple Haze


text:
Walter Lawrence Trophy

The Walter Lawrence Trophy is an annual award made to the player who has scored the fastest century in English domestic county cricket that season, in terms of balls received (not counting wides). Hundreds are considered by a panel of experts which, as of 2020, comprise Michael Atherton, David Gower, Simon Hughes and John Barclay. Those which are adjudged to have been made against declaration bowling are not eligible for the award, although this restriction was not always observed in former years. , the recipient of the Walter Lawrence Trophy is also presented with a cheque for £2,500.

The trophy was instituted in 1934 by Sir Walter Lawrence, a builder and cricket enthusiast from Hertfordshire, the first recipient being Frank Woolley. At this stage in its history, the criterion was the time taken to score a hundred rather than the number of balls faced. The award was made every season up to and including 1939 when Lawrence died. When first class cricket resumed in 1945 after the Second World War, Lawrence's son Guy left the presentation of the Trophy in abeyance. It was finally re-instated by Guy's son-in-law, Brian Thornton for the 1966 season. The recipient was then the player who had scored the fastest England Test century in terms of balls faced, at home or away, in the calendar year. The 1970 award was made to Geoffrey Boycott for "the most meritorious innings of the England v The Rest of the World series", but in 1971 the original version of the award was restored. Since 1985, the trophy has been decided in terms of balls faced rather than minutes spent at the crease.

University games were eligible for the trophy until 1995 and from 2001 to 2003. Until 2007, only first-class centuries could qualify for the award, but eligibility was widened in 2008 to include limited overs cricket. Graham Napier became the first man to win the trophy under these new conditions by scoring a 44-ball hundred in a Twenty20 match. Matches involving individual university sides (i.e. University Centre of Cricketing Excellence matches and the Varsity Match) are excluded, although games involving the combined British Universities team are eligible. Three other variants of the Walter Lawrence Trophy are also awarded annually: Walter Lawrence Women's Award, Walter Lawrence MCC Universities Award and Walter Lawrence Schools Award.

Four batsmen have won the main award on more than one occasion, twice each: Ian Botham, Graham Lloyd, Leslie Ames and Viv Richards. Kent have the most winners (8) followed by Somerset (6). The winner of the main award for the 2021 English cricket season is England batter Liam Livingstone, who struck 100 in 42 balls against Pakistan in the first T20 international match.

title: Walter Lawrence Trophy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/York Hill Elementary School

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Homey 18:31, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

York Hill Elementary School
DeleteVanity, not notable, and I don't need to know when the bbq is. --Kennyisinvisible 01:04, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, totally non-notable elementary school per Schools for Deletion. Has no potential for any notable future growth. And the BBQ is irrelevant, wikipedia is not a BBQ directory either. Keeping stuff like this is continuing to set a bad precedent. Gateman1997 01:10, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Gateman. Johntex 01:49, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. correct name is Yorkhill Elementary School, and it's not notable. Gazpacho 02:22, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable. Sunray 03:11, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Substub. Gamaliel 04:39, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge to Thornhill, Ontario. There isn't much verifiable information to hand on this school and it should probably be covered in the town article. I don't see any point in just deleting it; it's a public institution. --Tony Sidaway Talk  05:30, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge. Very little information. --Carnildo 06:07, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or keep. If that fails, then keep.  —RaD Man (talk) 08:01, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * D. nn. Radiant_ >|< 08:46, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Elementary schools? No way. NN per definition. --Lomedae 09:00, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge into Thornhill, Ontario. This article is near a substub and the only interesting bit of info is the Herbrew Kindergarten thingy. which means it would get a WP:BEEFSTEW score of "1". - Mgm|(talk) 09:25, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or weak merge. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 10:07, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete after merging. Blank Verse  ∅  11:40, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone will say that merge and delete is not a compatible vote with GFDL. So just mention the name of the school in Thornhill, Ontario, and delete this. Proto t c 12:32, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per my usual reasoning.--Scimitar parley 13:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please this school looks notable but the name is off Yuckfoo 16:42, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, there's not even anything worth merging. --TimPope 17:01, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable. Kappa 17:40, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Please! Pilatus 18:19, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete definitely not notable. Dunc|☺ 18:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Substantial school for pupils up to about 14. Osomec 19:10, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep is notable, and several individual articles exist for individual schools in Wikipedia. D. J. Bracey (talk) [[Image:Flag of California.svg|25px]] 19:24, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment "several"? This is close to becoming Edupedia or Schoolopedia. In a few months we won't have a serious encyclopedia, but we will have a comprehensive webguide to all schools in the UsA. Until now I thought even the most rabid school inclusionists drew the line at elementary schools. Alas. --Lomedae 19:34, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Believe it or not, we actually had two articles on preschools on VfD a few weeks ago. Bafflingly, they both got a few keep votes. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  21:22, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, the deletionists carried the day on the preschools, however eventually well-written articles about preschools will be able to survive the barbarity of the VfD process.--Nicodemus75 22:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If you think that's odd, I put my local Albertsons grocery store up, and when it was VFDed it actually got keep votes. Some people will keep anything as long as it has four walls.Gateman1997 21:26, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We keep high schools, but this is too much. Sdedeo 19:45, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As many user above point out, this is a notable school. It is notable not only for its multiculturalism, but most strikingly for it's hosting of a religious school - a notable rarity in Canadian public schools. Also, it is a school. I simply cannot afford to vote Bicycle on this nomination because it looks like it might be close.--Nicodemus75 22:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What is that bicycle nonsense anyway? And yes it's a school, a non-notable one. Check Google and alumni... it has few hits and no alums of note. This school is no more notable then my house and is taking up valuable server space.Gateman1997 23:01, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not taking up any signficant amount of server space. Kappa 23:55, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's taking up too much by taking up any. As I said it's no more notable or ethnically diverse then my house. Gateman1997 00:01, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You have young Jewish children, East Indians, Pakistanis, Arabs and Caucasians all in your house????--Nicodemus75 01:21, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * How many men made of straw do you have boarding in your house? —RaD Man(talk) 01:26, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No, but I have whites, vietnamese, african americans, and a mexican jew living with me.Gateman1997 01:32, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per User:Soltak/Views Soltak | Talk 22:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non notatble / no historial value / no noted alumni or staff - 83.151.204.235 23:41, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing to see here, move along. CDThieme 00:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. - brenneman (t) (c)  01:06, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This school is great, I'm sure, and it does not merit inclusion in an encyclopedia. Nandesuka 11:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable school. *drew 12:03, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanishingly few elementary schools are encyclopedically notable. Quale 16:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Thornhill, Ontario and redirect. -- DS1953 17:05, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per previous arguments to do so. Hamster Sandwich 21:21, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this good faith addition of good content from a welcome, probably new and as of yet unregistered Wikipedia editor. Schools are notable enough topics for articles. If we give new users this kind of welcome, far fewer of them will stay.   Unfocused 18:58, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * That's nonsense. I got the same kind of welcome and I'm still here.Gateman1997 19:03, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * NOTE: I didn't say "none" would stay. Unfocused 19:23, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment If they're only here to add non-notable elementary schools then I won't shed a tear if they leave. And the last thing this project needs is more unregistered editors... --Lomedae 21:06, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment The last thing this project needs is more of the same rhetoric from elitist, exclusionist, deletionists. Being registered (especially for only a month) does not a good editor make.--Nicodemus75 01:24, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment tsk tsk tsk. Big talk :-D Calling someone names whilst yourself are trying to push a religious agenda is quite iffy :-)--Lomedae 08:44, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, borderline notable. 24 at 18:55, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: very few elementary schools are notable and this one is not. Jonathunder 00:43, 2005 September 3 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable, per nominator. --Metropolitan90 06:41, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..


text:
Duke of Edinburgh-class cruiser

The Duke of Edinburgh-class cruiser was a class of two armoured cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. They were the first British armoured cruisers designed to work with the battlefleet rather than protect merchant shipping. After commissioning, they were assigned to the Atlantic, Channel and Home Fleets until 1913 when they were transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet. After the start of World War I in August 1914, the sister ships participated in the pursuit of the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben and light cruiser SMS Breslau. After the German ships reached their refuge in Ottoman Turkey, the ships were ordered to the Red Sea for convoy escort duties. They captured three German merchant ships before they returned to home at the end of the year.

The sisters participated in the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 where HMS Black Prince (1904) was sunk with all hands. HMS Duke of Edinburgh spent the next year on blockade duties in the North Sea before she was transferred to the Atlantic Ocean on convoy escort duties for the rest of the war. She was sold for scrap in 1920.

Design and description
After the preceding Devonshire-class cruiser (1903), the Royal Navy rethought how it planned to use its armoured cruisers. It decided that they were going to form a fast wing of the battlefleet, which meant that they required heavier armour and armament to fight their counterparts in opposing fleets (thus necessitating larger hulls and higher costs). Two armoured cruisers were planned for the 1902–1903 Naval Programme and the newly appointed Director of Naval Construction, Philip Watts designed what naval historian Oscar Parkes called: "cruiser editions of the King Edward VII-class battleships". In these, his first design, he perpetuated the worst feature of the designs by his predecessor, Sir William White, by placing the secondary armament of 6 in guns in embrasures a deck below the main armament which meant that the guns were inoperable in anything more than a dead calm sea. A solution for this problem was offered after construction began when Watts learned that the ships would be lighter than expected and that weight would be available to replace the six-inch guns with 7.5 in guns raised to the same deck as the main armament. The change would cost a total of £398,000 for the two ships, far too expensive for the Board of Admiralty, so it was rejected on 30 March 1904.

The Duke of Edinburgh-class ships were designed to displace 13550 LT, but they proved to be significantly lighter as built, displacing 12590 LT at normal load and 13965 LT fully loaded. The ships had an overall length of 505 ft and a length between perpendiculars of 480 ft. They had a beam of 73 ft and a deep draught of 26 ft forward and 27 ft aft. The class was over 30 ft longer overall than the Devonshires and displaced over 2500 LT more.

The ships' complement was 769 officers and enlisted men. They rolled quickly with a metacentric height of 4.2 ft at deep load and their six-inch guns were as wet as predicted.

The cruisers were powered by two 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, which produced a total of 23000 ihp and gave a maximum speed of 23 kn. The engines were powered by 20 Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers and six cylindrical boilers. The ships carried a maximum of 2150 LT of coal and an additional 600 LT of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. At full capacity, they could steam for 8130 nmi at a speed of 10 kn.

Armament
The Duke of Edinburgh's main armament consisted of six 45-calibre BL 9.2-inch Mk X guns in single-gun turrets, a much more powerful gun than used in the Devonshires. The guns were distributed in two centreline turrets, one each fore and one aft of the superstructure, and four wing turrets disposed in the corners about the funnels. The centreline turrets could traverse a total of 285° while the wing turrets were limited to about 120° on the broadside due to muzzle blast. The gun had an elevation range of −5° to +15°. The 9.2 in shell weighed 380 lb and was fired at a maximum muzzle velocity of 2778 ft/s. This gave it a range of 15500 yd at maximum elevation. The gun's rate of fire was about three rounds per minute and the ships carried 100 rounds for each gun.

Their secondary armament of ten 50-calibre BL 6-inch Mk XI guns was arranged in single embrasures. They were mounted amidships on the main deck and were only usable in calm weather. The guns could only traverse about 120° on the broadside. They initially had a maximum elevation of +13°, but this was later increased to +20°. This gave them a range of 14310 yd at an elevation of +15° with their 100 lb shell. Each gun was provided with 150 rounds.

Twenty Vickers quick-firing (QF) 3-pounder guns were fitted for defence against torpedo boats, six on turret roofs and fourteen in the superstructure, all on pivot mounts. These guns were too small to be useful against the torpedo boats before they got within torpedo range. They fired a 47 mm shell that weighed 3.3 lb and was fired at a maximum muzzle velocity of 2587 ft/s. This gave it a range of 7550 yd at an elevation of +20°. 250 rounds were carried for each gun.

The ships also mounted three submerged 18-inch torpedo tubes. They carried a total of eighteen torpedoes in addition to the six 14 in torpedoes that could be used by the two 45 ft steam pinnaces.

Armour
The Duke of Edinburgh-class ships had a 6 in waterline armour belt of Krupp cemented armour that covered 260 ft of the hull amidships. It covered the side of the ship up to the upper deck, a height of 14 ft above the waterline and reached 4 ft below it. Between the central citadel and the bow, the belt armour was 4 in thick and it extended to the stern with a thickness of 3 in. Transverse bulkheads six inches thick protected the citadel from raking fire.

The faces of the gun turrets were 7.5 inches thick with 5.5 in sides and a 2 in roof. The barbettes were protected by six inches of armour as were the ammunition hoists, although the armour for those thinned to three inches between the armour belt. Two-inch armour screens separated each of the six-inch guns. The thickness of the lower deck was only .75 in except for a patch of 1.5 in armour over the steering gear and another 2 in thick over the engine cylinders. The sides of the conning tower were 10 in thick.

Modifications
The funnels proved to be too short in service and they were raised about 6 ft four years after completion to keep the superstructure free of smoke in a following wind. In March 1916, both ships had all their six-inch guns removed, the embrasures plated over, and six of the guns were remounted on the upper deck. In May 1917, two more were added to Duke of Edinburgh on the forecastle. The ship's foremast was converted to a tripod mast to support the weight of the fire-control director probably added in 1917.

Service history
Duke of Edinburgh and Black Prince served in the Channel, Atlantic and Home Fleets before World War I. They were stationed in the Mediterranean when World War I began and participated in the pursuit of the Goeben and Breslau as part of the 1st Cruiser Squadron, but was ordered not to engage. After the German ships reached Ottoman waters, the ships were sent to the Red Sea in mid-August to protect troop convoys arriving from India. While on escort duty they captured three German merchantmen.

The two sisters rejoined the 1st Cruiser Squadron in December 1914, which had transferred to the Grand Fleet and participated in the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. Black Prince became separated from the fleet when darkness fell and was sunk with all hands by German battleships later that night. Duke of Edinburgh was not damaged during the battle and was the only ship of her squadron to survive. After Jutland Duke of Edinburgh was ordered to reinforce the patrols north of the Shetland Islands against German blockade runners and commerce raiders. She was eventually transferred to the Atlantic in August 1917 for convoy escort duties. The ship was sold for scrap in 1920.

title: Duke of Edinburgh-class cruiser


text:
File:Viva Kenton.jpg

Summary
Cover artwork of Stan Kenton's Viva Kenton LP.

title: File:Viva Kenton.jpg


text:
Chris Perkins (politician)

Carl Christopher Perkins (born August 6, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the United States representative from the 7th district of Kentucky from 1984 to 1993. Perkins served as a Democrat. He was convicted on three federal felony corruption charges.

Biography
Perkins is the son of Carl D. Perkins, who represented Kentucky in the House of Representatives from 1949 to 1984. Perkins was born in Washington, D.C., and graduated from Fort Hunt High School, Alexandria, Virginia in 1972. He earned his B.A. from Davidson College in 1976. In 1978, he earned a J.D. degree from the University of Louisville. He worked for some time as a lawyer in private practice.

From 1981 to 1984, he was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives.

Perkins was elected simultaneously as a Democrat to the 98th and the 99th Congress by special election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his father. Perkins was reelected to the three succeeding Congresses (November 6, 1984 – January 3, 1993). The seat that he held, Kentucky's 7th district, was eliminated by redistricting and became Kentucky's 5th district and some counties in Kentucky's 4th district. He did not seek re-election to Congress in 1992 from the new 5th district, in part due to the House banking scandal.

In 1994, Perkins agreed to plead guilty on three felony charges in connection with the House banking scandal. The following year, he was sentenced to 21 months in federal prison for misusing hundreds of thousands of dollars in campaign contributions and improperly obtaining bank loans. He was also placed on three years' supervised probation, ordered to perform 250 hours of community service, and told to complete any treatment for alcoholism deemed necessary by his probation officer.

After his release from prison, Perkins attended Louisville Seminary and became an ordained Presbyterian minister, serving a church in Ezel, Kentucky.

title: Chris Perkins (politician)


text:
What a Nightmare, Charlie Brown!

What a Nightmare, Charlie Brown! is the 17th prime-time animated television special based on the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. It originally aired on Thursday, February 23, 1978, at 8:00 P.M. ET/PT on CBS. The special is unusual in that Snoopy and Charlie Brown are the only members of the Peanuts cast to appear in it. The plot is similar to that of Jack London's The Call of the Wild, and it centers on Snoopy having a nightmare about being an Arctic sled dog. This was the first special Bill Melendez directed since 1973's A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving.

In June 2010, the special debuted on DVD as part of the Peanuts 1970's Collection, Volume Two set by Warner Home Video. Before that it was released on CED format in 1983, and on VHS by Media Home Entertainment in 1985, Hi-Tops Video in 1988, and on September 6, 1995 by Paramount Home Entertainment along with It's Magic, Charlie Brown. The special occasionally saw airings on the American TV channel Nickelodeon from 1998 to 2000 as part of Nickelodeon's umbrella branding for Peanuts programming, You're on Nickelodeon, Charlie Brown!.

Plot
One winter day, Charlie Brown is trying to pretend to be a musher with Snoopy, but the dog has other ideas and gets Charlie Brown to pull while he has fun riding in the sled. When night comes and they are comfortably indoors, Charlie Brown is indignant that Snoopy is adjusting too well to home life, reminding Snoopy of the facts that Arctic dogs are only fed once a day, their meals largely consisting of cold meat and raw fish (to which Snoopy blanches and gives a look of "it's too bad to be them") and coming to the conclusion that Snoopy is "an overly civilized, underly 'dogified' dog". Snoopy makes a sumptuous dinner of five pizzas, vegetables and a milkshake, to which Charlie Brown retorts he hopes Snoopy can digest all that food. Snoopy then falls asleep atop his doghouse, but when he wakes up he finds himself in a polar region, to which he is made a sled dog for the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in Alaska, presumably during the Klondike Gold Rush or the 1925 serum run to Nome.

Snoopy is cruelly mistreated, being run ragged by his owner (who is only seen in shadow or silhouette and only speaks in a much deeper version of the classic Peanuts adult "waa-waa-waa" language) and his quintet of the larger dogs. They deny Snoopy any food or water and take turns barking loudly at him to let him know he is indeed an outsider. One scene which breaks the snow scenes is where the sled master stops at a honky tonk, and a hungry Snoopy sneaks inside to snatch a sandwich and a mug of root beer sitting near a piano, where he feigns playing John Philip Sousa's "The Washington Post March". Snoopy later tries his hand at a game of poker, where he keeps a poker face until he laughs out loud revealing his improbable winning hand of five aces, which causes a brawl and leaves Snoopy to escape into the next room. He finds himself on stage with a painted backdrop of Paris and is cheered for his dancing. However, when the music changes and he impersonates a can-can dancer, Snoopy is thrown out of the bar and is back with the sled dogs, where he continues to be mistreated.

Unable to take any more, that night Snoopy breaks down crying, then once he's done he goes about converting to his "new life" to survive, baring his fangs and falling to walking on all fours. Snoopy challenges the lead dog to a fight and wins, becoming the "Alpha Male" of the sled dog pack. He also turns the tables on the rest of the dogs by denying them food and water. Eventually, he leads his owner over an ice-covered lake where the ice cracks and causes all the sled dogs and the owner to be swallowed into the water. Snoopy finds himself being pulled into the hole. As he grapples screaming for his life, Snoopy wakes up clinging to the side of his doghouse and is relieved that he was just having a nightmare. Snoopy later wakes Charlie Brown up and recounts his nightmare in pantomime, to which Charlie Brown allows Snoopy to spend the night inside with him, but not before Snoopy helps himself to a large ice cream sundae, reminding himself that his Arctic experience was indeed a nightmare.

Voice cast

 * Bill Melendez as Snoopy.
 * Liam Martin as Charlie Brown. (Martin previously voiced Linus Van Pelt from 1975 to 1977.)

title: What a Nightmare, Charlie Brown!


text:
File:Bold Forbes.JPG

Source
Bold Forbes at:www.thoroughbrednews.com/ gallery/forbeso.jpg

Fair use rationale in Bold Forbes
1. The subject is no longer alive, subject died in 2000, therefore the image in question is not replaceable 2. Image is used as promotional and appears in multiple sites. 3. Will be used only in subjects Bio.

title: File:Bold Forbes.JPG


text:
File:Peoria rivermen ihl 200x200.png

Summary
Peoria Rivermen logo

defunct IHL team

fair use in Peoria Rivermen (IHL), as it identifies the franchise.

title: File:Peoria rivermen ihl 200x200.png


text:
Wikipedia talk:Templates for discussion/Log/Not deleted/August 2005

Statistical roundup
Histograms, days of commentary and days resident on TFD; 42 templates considered.

Days of commentary                   Days on TFD 01 |=                                01 | 02 |                                  02 | 03 |                                  03 | 04 |                                  04 | 05 |====(+12)                         05 | 06 |====                              06 | 07 |===                               07 |==== 08 |==                                08 |== 09 |===                               09 |=== 10 |                                  10 |= 11 |======                            11 |= 12 |=                                 12 |==== 13 |===                               13 |==== 14 |                                  14 |====(+12) 15 |                                  15 | 16 |                                  16 |= 17 |=                                 17 |= 18 |=                                 18 |== 19 |                                  19 |= 20 |                                  20 |=

data supplemented Courtland 03:26, 3 September 2005 (UTC)


title: User:200.120.184.40


text:
Mytilopsis sallei

Mytilopsis sallei, the black-striped mussel, is a small marine bivalve mollusc in the family Dreissenidae, the false mussels.

It is closely related and ecologically similar to the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. It is also considered as highly invasive species.

Anatomy and morphology
Mytilopsis shell morphology is highly variable. Shells range from 20-40mm in length, and about 10-20mm in width. The shell is brownish, greyish, and yellowish, with dark brown and white stripes. The animal inside is light orange and yellow.

Taxonomy
There are seven known species of Mytilopsis, but because the morphology is so unclearly recorded, many are considered synonyms for each other. The Mytilopsis species has a highly variable shell morphology which has led to confusion. Mytilopsis are one of three genera of the family Dreissenidae, along with Congeria and Dreissena. Mytilopsis differs from Dreissena in that Mytilopsis have an internal apophysis, or hinge loop. Mytilopsis and Congeria are sister genera in the same clade.

Behavior
M. sallei matures early (at 8–10 mm shell length) and possesses a fast growth rate and high fecundity. It takes about 18 months for the mussel to fully mature and 12 to sexually mature. The species exhibits the characteristics of r-strategists, producing many offspring rapidly, which may favor competition with native species and inhibit the growth of other species. M. sallei exhibits two periods of reproductive activity and settlement per year, one component in the summer and one in the winter. Recruits of one season overlap with others, assuring continued success of the species.

Habitat and distribution
It typically lives in large colonies in clean, brackish water, unlike Dreissena, which inhabits only fresh water. As adults, Mytilopsis can tolerate wide fluctuations in salinity. It can also be found in intertidal and subtidal habitats as an invasive species living on a variety of substrates. Originated in the Caribbean and Mexico Bay, it has since spread to Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific region, much like many tropical species. It is thought that boats traveling through the Panama Canal assisted in distributing them, but some believe the species that currently inhabits Asia is different from Mytilopsis sallei and has been there all along.

M. sallei was transported to China via ballast waters, and was first recorded in Xiamen waters (Maluan Bay) in 1990 and in the Yundang Lagoon in 2000. M. sallei has also been introduced to Visakhapatnam harbour, India attached to the hulls of ships. In Taiwan, the introduction of M. sallei caused declines of native hard clams, harmful changes in aquaculture systems, and economic losses. M. sallei was first identified in Japan in 1980, in Australia at Darwin, in Thailand in 2001, in Singapore in 2006, and in Israel in 2009. M. sallei is an alien species to Asia and Australia; it flourishes there because there are no natural controlling organisms and also because this species is highly adaptable to its environment.

Invasive species
M. sallei has wide temperature, salinity, oxygen, and turbulence tolerances. The species is adapted to life in turbid estuaries with wide variations in these characteristics. M. sallei is a pest, invasive species that can inhibit growth of other species.

The species has also been associated with ecosystem damage and economic loss as they have been known to erode fishing facilities and other structures, leading scientists to believe its distribution should be carefully monitored. M. sallei are suspension feeders whose diets consist of organic matter and plankton. They can act as filters, removing particles and plankton from the water, though the effects of this ecological role are still unclear.

Conservation status
M. sallei are considered aggressive invasive species, particularly in Japanese and Indian ports. They are able to quickly reproduce and mature, allowing them to take over habitats. Efforts to control the species were taken in Darwin, Australia including chemical treatment which resulted in total eradication of the population. Studies have found that treating M. sallei larvae with magnesium and ammonia ions reduces their settlement, preventing their growth and development. Little research has been done on the impacts of this invasive species as well as possible management strategies.

title: Mytilopsis sallei


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aaron Broyles

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 08:07, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Aaron Broyles
completing VfD links. Is Backyard wrestling appropriate for an encyclopedia? WCFrancis 01:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete wrestler known for his monstrous non-notability and ability to be deleted. Of course, it does document the year in which he started watching WWF. --DavidConrad 03:02, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No, Backyard wrestling is definately not appropriate for an encyclopedia. --Lomedae 09:06, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. - Mgm|(talk) 09:27, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The only wrestlers than do not have the "ability to move" are dead ones surely. Alf 09:52, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable --- Paulley 14:59, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. McPhail 20:29, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Omegatron/Tablenamespacespam

Comment on the proposal page or my talk page — Omegatron 01:06, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Omegatron/Tablenamespacespam


text: User talk:68.45.140.236

title: User talk:68.45.140.236


text:
Web Standards Project

The Web Standards Project (WaSP) was a group of professional web developers dedicated to disseminating and encouraging the use of the web standards recommended by the World Wide Web Consortium, along with other groups and standards bodies, with a primary focus on web clients (web browsers).

Founded in 1998, The Web Standards Project campaigned for standards that reduced the cost and complexity of development while increasing the accessibility and long-term viability of any document published on the Web. WaSP worked with browser companies, authoring tool makers, and peers to encourage them to use these standards, since they "are carefully designed to deliver the greatest benefits to the greatest number of web users". The group dissolved in 2013.

Organization
The Web Standards Project began as a grassroots coalition "fighting for standards in our [web] browsers" founded by George Olsen, Glenn Davis, and Jeffrey Zeldman in August 1998. By 2001, the group had achieved its primary goal of persuading Microsoft, Netscape, Opera, and other browser makers to accurately and completely support HTML 4.01/XHTML 1.0, CSS1, and ECMAScript. Had browser makers not been persuaded to do so, the Web would likely have fractured into pockets of incompatible content, with various websites available only to people who possessed the right browser. In addition to streamlining web development and significantly lowering its cost, support for common web standards enabled the development of the semantic web. By marking up content in semantic (X)HTML, front-end developers make a site's content more available to search engines, more accessible to people with disabilities, and more available to the world beyond the desktop (e.g. mobile).

The project relaunched in June 2002 with new members, a redesigned website, new site features, and a redefined mission focused on developer education and standards compliance in authoring tools as well as browsers.

Project leaders were:
 * George Olsen (1998–1999)
 * Jeffrey Zeldman (1999–2002)
 * Steven Champeon (2002–2004)
 * Molly Holzschlag (2004–2006)
 * Kimberly Blessing and Drew McLellan (2006–2008)
 * Derek Featherstone, Aaron Gustafson, and Glenda Sims (2008–2013)

There were members that were invited to work on ad hoc initiatives, the Buzz Blog and other content areas of the site.

The group announced its dissolution on March 1, 2013.

Task forces
The Web Standards Project hosted projects focused on bringing relevant organizations closer to standards-compliance, dubbed Task Forces.

 * Adobe Task Force: Focused on improving web standards compliance in products from Adobe Systems. Was named the Dreamweaver Task Force until 2008-03-10.
 * Education Task Force : Worked with institutions of higher education to promote instruction of Web standards and standards-compliant public sites.
 * Microsoft Task Force: Worked with the Internet Explorer and Web platform tools team.
 * Accessibility Task Force: Worked with organizations, vendors and others to promote Web accessibility.
 * International Liaison Group: A member was "an active advocate for Web standards and best practices either in their country of origin or domicile."
 * The Street Team: Organized community events to promote web standards.
 * DOM Scripting Task Force: Focused on interoperable client-side scripting, through explaining and promoting the DOM standards from W3C and the ECMAScript Standard, and concepts like progressive enhancement, graceful degradation, accessibility, standards-driven JavaScript. These best practice approaches have been called "DOM scripting" to differentiate them from earlier perceived bad uses of "Dynamic HTML". The task force became inactive before the group disbanded.

Activities

 * The Acid1 test allows browsers and other rendering engines to test compliance with HTML 4 and CSS 1 specifications.
 * The Acid2 test allows browsers and other rendering engines to test compliance with CSS 1 and 2 specifications.
 * The Acid3 test allows browsers and other rendering engines to test compliance with CSS 2.1, DOM, and EcmaScript specifications.
 * The Web Compatibility Test for Mobile Browsers allows mobile browsers and other rendering engines to test for web page rendering issues.

title: Web Standards Project