text:
Dog health

The health of dogs is a well studied area in veterinary medicine.

Dog health is viewed holistically; it encompasses many different aspects, including disease processes, genetics, and nutritional health, for example. Infectious diseases that affect dogs are important not only from a veterinary standpoint, but also because of the risk to public health; an example of this is rabies. Genetic disorders also affect dogs, often due to selective breeding to produce individual dog breeds. Due to the popularity of both commercial and homemade dog foods, nutrition is also a heavily studied subject.

Diseases
Some diseases and other health problems are common to both humans and dogs; others are unique to dogs and other animals. Dogs are susceptible to various diseases; similarly to humans, they can have diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, or arthritis.

Timely vaccination can reduce the risk and severity of an infection. The most commonly recommended viruses to vaccinate dogs against are:
 * Rabies
 * CDV (canine distemper)
 * CAV-2 (canine hepatitis virus or adenovirus-2)
 * Canine herpesvirus
 * Canine influenza
 * CPV-2 (canine parvovirus)
 * Kennel cough
 * Leptospirosis
 * Lyme disease

Infectious diseases
An infectious disease is caused by the presence of organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites (either animalian or protozoan). Most of these diseases are spread directly from dog to dog, while others require a vector such as a tick or mosquito. Certain infectious diseases are a concern from a public health standpoint because they are zoonoses (transmittable to humans)

Viral diseases
Viral diseases in dogs can be serious, especially in kennels.

Bacterial diseases
Bacterial diseases in dogs are usually not contagious from dog to dog; instead they are usually the result of wound colonization, opportunistic infections secondary to decreased resistance (often the result of viral infections), or secondary to other conditions (pyoderma secondary to skin allergies or pyometra secondary to cystic endometrial hyperplasia). These examples are not considered infectious diseases because they do not satisfy Koch's postulates – for example Staphylococcus intermedius, a commonly isolated bacteria from skin infections in dogs, would not cause pyoderma when introduced to a healthy dog. In all likelihood that type of bacteria is already present on the skin of a healthy dog.

There are some bacteria that are contagious from dog to dog. The most notable of these are Bordetella bronchiseptica, one of the causes of kennel cough, Leptospira sp, which cause leptospirosis, and Brucella canis, cause of brucellosis in dogs. There are also common tick-borne bacterial diseases, including Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Humans and dogs become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact, especially with mucosal surfaces, such as the eyes or nose, or with broken skin. In dogs, transmission most commonly occurs by drinking puddle, pond, or ditch water contaminated by urine from infected wildlife such as squirrels or raccoons. The liver and kidney are most commonly damaged by leptospirosis. Vasculitis can occur, causing edema and potentially disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, and uveitis are also possible sequelae.

Brucellosis in dogs is caused by Brucella canis. It is a sexually transmitted disease, but can also be spread through contact with aborted fetuses. The most common sign is abortion during the last trimester or stillbirth. Other symptoms include inflammation of the intervertebral disc and eye (uveitis), and inflammation of the testicle (orchitis) and prostate (prostatitis) in males.

Tick-borne diseases are common in dogs. Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and spread by Ixodes pacificus on the West coast of the United States and by I. scapularis (deer tick) in the rest of the U.S. Signs and symptoms include fever, joint swelling and pain, lameness, and swelling of the lymph nodes. It has been diagnosed in dogs in all 48 states of the continental U.S. Ehrlichia canis, which causes canine ehrlichiosis, and Rickettsia rickettsii, which causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, are both spread by the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, and the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineous.

Fungal diseases
One of the most common fungal diseases in dogs is ringworm, or dermatophytosis, an infection of the skin, hair, or nails. There are three fungal species that cause ringworm in dogs. About 70 percent of infections are caused by Microsporum canis, 20 percent by M. gypseum, and 10 percent by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Signs include hair loss and scaling of the skin. Treatment for localized ringworm is not always necessary as the disease is self-limiting, but the clinical course can be shortened by using topical miconazole or clotrimazole. Generalized infections, most commonly seen in immunocompromised dogs, can be treated with oral antifungal drugs such as griseofulvin or itraconazole. Infection can spread to humans.

There are several fungal diseases that are systemic in nature, meaning they are affecting multiple body systems. Blastomycosis, caused by Blastomyces species including Blastomyces dermatitidis, is a fungal disease that affects both dogs and humans. It is transmitted through the inhalation of fungal spores. It is found mainly in the United States in the Mississippi River and Great Lakes areas. It has also been reported in four Canadian provinces; Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec. Signs include weight loss, cough, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, draining skin lesions, eye inflammation with discharge, blindness, and lameness. Because dogs are ten times more likely to become infected from the environment than humans, they are considered to be sentinels for the disease. Treatment requires a minimum 60–90-day course of oral antifungal medication or in severe cases intravenous antifungal injections.

Histoplasmosis, caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, is a disease with a worldwide distribution. In the United States it is mainly found in the Mississippi and Ohio River areas, most commonly in bird and bat feces. Signs include weight loss, cough, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Coccidioidomycosis, caused by Coccidioides immitis, is found in arid and semi-arid regions of Central and South America, Mexico, and southwestern United States. Signs include weight loss, fever, cough, enlarged lymph nodes, and lameness.

Parasites
Veterinary parasitology studies both external and internal parasites in animals. External parasites, such as fleas, mites, ticks and mosquitoes can cause skin irritation and are often carriers of other diseases or of internal parasites.

External parasites

 * Fleas and ticks of various species can be acquired and brought home by a dog, where they can multiply and attack humans (and vice versa). These two parasites are particularly important to note, now that tick-borne Lyme disease has become endemic throughout a large area, in addition to other similar diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Although dogs do not seem to be as susceptible to such diseases as humans, similar rickettsial diseases have been spread by dogs to humans through such mechanisms as a dog killing an infected rabbit, then shaking itself off in the house near enough to its owners to fatally infect most of the family.
 * Various mites cause skin problems such as mange.
 * Mosquitos
 * Lice infestations (pediculosis) cause intense pruritus, scratching, and hair loss. The two species of chewing lice that affect dogs are Trichodectes canis and Heterodoxus spiniger. The dog sucking louse is Linognathus setosus.

Internal parasites

 * Parasites, particularly intestinal worms such as hookworms, tapeworms and roundworms, can be transmitted in a dog's feces. Some tapeworms have fleas as intermediate hosts: the worm egg must be consumed by a flea to hatch, then the infected flea must be ingested (usually by the dog while grooming itself, but occasionally by a human through various means) for the adult worm to establish itself in the intestines. The worm's eggs then pass in the feces, and the cycle begins again. Intestinal worms cause varying degrees of discomfort.
 * Heartworm is a dog parasitoid. It is hard to eliminate and can be fatal; prevention, however, is easily achieved using medication. As the name suggests, an infected mosquito injects a larva into the dog's skin, where it migrates to the circulatory system and takes up residence in the pulmonary arteries and heart, growing and reproducing to an alarming degree. The effects on the dog are quite predictable: cardiac failure leading to death. Treatment of an infected dog is difficult, involving an attempt to poison the healthy worm with arsenic compounds without killing the weakened dog, and may not succeed. Prevention is recommended via the use of heartworm prophylactics, which contain a compound that kills the larvae immediately upon infection without harming the dog.  Often they are combined with other parasite preventives.
 * Hydatidosis is caused by the cestode Echinococcus. It is observed in dogs, wild canids, foxes, etc. Due to its importance as a zoonosis, prevention and treatment is crucial. Preventing hydatidosis is an easier task than treatment. Anthelmintics such as praziquantel may help prevent this condition. Prohibition of the feeding of uncooked offals may be the best prophylactic measure against these tapeworms.

Genetic diseases
Genetic conditions are a problem in some dogs, particularly purebreds. For this reason many of the national kennel clubs require that dogs with certain genetic illnesses or who are deemed to be carriers cannot be registered. Some of the most common conditions include hip dysplasia seen in large breed dogs; von Willebrand disease a disease that affects platelets that is inherited in Doberman Pinschers; entropion a curling in of the eyelid seen in Shar Peis and many other breeds; progressive retinal atrophy inherited in many breeds; deafness and epilepsy known to be inherited in Belgian Shepherd Dogs, German Shepherd Dogs, Cocker Spaniels, and St. Bernards. Subaortic stenosis, or SAS, is a genetic ailment that causes a narrowing of the passage of blood between the heart and the aorta. This leads to heart problems and sometimes sudden death. It affects larger breeds such as the Newfoundland dog and the Golden Retriever. In some dogs, such as collies, the blue merle or harlequin coloring is actually the heterozygote of a partially recessive gene preventing proper development of the nervous system; therefore, if two such dogs are mated, on the average one quarter of the puppies will have severe genetic defects in their nervous systems and sensory organs ranging from deafness to fatal flaws.

Skin diseases
Skin diseases are very common in dogs. Atopy, a chronic allergic condition, is thought to affect up to 10 percent of dogs. Other skin diseases related to allergies include hot spots and pyoderma, both characterized by secondary bacterial infections, food allergy, ear infections, and flea allergy dermatitis. Canine follicular dysplasia is an inherited disorder of the hair follicles resulting in alopecia (baldness). Mange is an infectious skin disease caused by mites. Endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism and Cushing's syndrome can also manifest as skin problems like alopecia or recurring bacterial infections. Another class of integumentary malady is hygromas, a swelling typically on or near the elbow joint. Nutrition may also play a role in skin disease, as deficiencies in certain nutrients may result in scaling, redness, oiling, balding, and/or itching of the skin. (See dog skin disorders for specific nutrients that impacts skin)

Physical elements of certain dog breeds also affect susceptibility of individuals to skin problems, such as wrinkled skin or excessive skin folds. For instance, skin-fold dermatitis is a skin infection more prevalent in breeds such as the bulldog, cocker spaniel, and English Springer spaniel.

Orthopedic diseases
Orthopedic diseases in dogs can be developmental, hereditary, traumatic, or degenerative. Because of the active nature of dogs, injuries happen frequently. One of the most common of these is an anterior cruciate ligament injury, a condition which often requires surgery. Bone fractures are a frequent occurrence in outdoor dogs due to trauma from being hit by cars. Degenerative joint disease is common in older dogs and is one of the most likely reasons for prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Hereditary orthopedic diseases are mainly found in purebred dogs. Hip dysplasia is a common problem that primarily affects larger breeds. Hip dysplasia is a defect in the shape of the hip joint which can, depending on the degree of hip luxation, be quite painful to the dog as it ages. Over time it often causes arthritis in the hips. Dysplasia can also occur in the elbow joint. Luxating patellas can be a problem for smaller breeds. It can cause lameness and pain in the hind legs.

Developmental orthopedic diseases include panosteitis and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. Panosteitis occurs in large and giant breed dogs usually between the age of five and fourteen months and manifests as fever, pain, and shifting leg lameness. Hypertrophic osteodystrophy is also seen in young large and giant breed dogs and is characterized by pain, lameness, fever, and swelling of the long bone metaphysis.

Tumors and cancer

Both benign and malignant tumors are seen in dogs. Common benign tumors include lipomas, non-viral papillomas, sebaceous gland adenoma, and perianal gland adenomas.

Frequently seen cancers include lymphoma, melanoma, mast cell tumors (which are considered to be potentially malignant, even though they may have benign behavior), and osteosarcoma (bone cancer).

Certain breeds are more likely to develop particular tumors, larger ones especially. The Golden Retriever is especially susceptible to lymphoma, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 8. Boxers and pugs are prone to multiple mast cell tumors. Scottish terriers have eighteen times the risk of mixed breed dogs to develop transitional cell carcinoma, a type of urinary bladder cancer.

Gastrointestinal diseases
Due to the indiscriminate nature of a dog's appetite, gastrointestinal upset is a frequent occurrence in dogs. The most common symptoms are anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea. Foreign body ingestion can lead to acute obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, a very dangerous condition. Acute pancreatitis can also result from dietary indiscretion.

Bloat and gastric torsion
Gastric dilatation volvulus, or gastric torsion and bloat, primarily affects breeds with deep, narrow chests, such as Great Danes, St. Bernards, German Shepherds, Standard Poodles and Irish Setters. The stomach twists on its supporting ligaments, sealing off the exits, and the contents begin to generate gas pressure which is very painful and rapidly causes shock and necrosis of large areas of stomach tissue. It can be fatal within a few hours. Dogs who have experienced bloat are very susceptible to recurrences. Treatment involves stabilization and abdominal surgery to tack the dog's stomach down to prevent recurrence (gastropexy).

Eye diseases
Eye diseases are common in dogs. Cataracts, canine glaucoma, and entropion are seen in dogs. Canine-specific eye diseases include progressive retinal atrophy, Collie eye anomaly, sudden acquired retinal degeneration, and cherry eye. Injury to the eye can result in corneal ulcers.

The frequency of bilateral glaucoma with a genetic base in purebred dogs is higher than in any species except humans. Cataracts in dogs either have a genetic base or can also be caused by diabetes. Nuclear sclerosis resembles a cataract but is actually a normal age-related change.

Vestibular disease
Signs of vestibular disease include head tilt, circling, nystagmus (an abnormal movement of the eyes), and difficulty or inability to stand. These clinical signs are similar to those seen in humans experiencing vertigo. Vestibular disease may have many causes. Elderly dogs are susceptible to an idiopathic (meaning due to unknown causes) form of vestibular disease commonly called "old dog vestibular disease" or idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease. The signs may improve rapidly or take a few days. Less commonly, vestibular signs can also be caused by inner ear disease, a brain tumor, a stroke, or other causes. The major risk with idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease is that the dog is often unable to eat, drink, or go outside to urinate or defecate. These cases must receive supportive therapy of intravenous fluids and nutrition; a light sedative is sometimes administered, as the dog may be very stressed by the experience.

Heart disease
Older, small breeds of dogs are prone to congestive heart failure due to degeneration of the mitral valve. This condition is known to be inherited in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Degenerative valve disease is the most common form of heart disease in dogs. Mitral regurgitation leads to turbulent blood flow and increased pressure in the left atrium. This causes increased pressure in the pulmonary blood vessels and pulmonary edema (a build-up of fluid in the lungs). Decreased output of blood by the left ventricle causes the body to compensate by increasing sympathetic tone and activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). Increased sympathetic tone leads to increased peripheral vascular resistance and increased heart rate and contractility of the heart muscle. Chronic elevation of sympathetic tone damages the heart muscle. Activation of the RAAS results in increased retention of water and sodium by the kidneys, blood vessel constriction, and other effects that result in increased blood volume. It also results in an increase in diastolic pressure and leads to pulmonary edema. Treatment for congestive heart failure has historically focussed on two types of drugs that address these concerns: diuretics (especially furosemide), which decrease blood volume, and ACE inhibitors, which interrupt the RAAS. Recently, pimobendan – which increases the force with which the heart muscle contracts, and is also a vasodilator – is being more widely used in the treatment of congestive heart failure caused by valvular disease. A major veterinary study, called the QUEST study (QUality of life and Extension of Survival Time), published in September 2008 found that dogs with congestive heart failure receiving pimobendan plus furosemide had significantly better survival outcomes than those receiving benazepril (an ACE inhibitor) plus furosemide. However, ACE inhibitors and pimobendan have different mechanisms of action, and many veterinary cardiologists recommend they be used concurrently. Within the past decade, a new surgical technique has been developed for mitral valve repair that replaces or strengthens the mitral valve chords with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prostheses and tightens the mitral valve ring to reduce or eliminate regurgitation.

Cardiomyopathy, or disease of the heart muscle, is also seen in dogs and is associated with large breeds (the exception being Cocker Spaniels, a medium-sized breed). Dilated cardiomyopathy is seen in Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, St. Bernards, Dobermanns, Boxers, and other large breeds. Dobermanns, in addition to heart muscle failure, are prone to ventricular arrhythmias. Boxer dogs are predisposed to a unique cardiomyopathy with clinical and histological changes analogous to human arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The disease has been termed "Boxer cardiomyopathy" or "Boxer ARVC", and is characterized by development of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Affected dogs are at risk of syncope and sudden cardiac death. Myocardial failure and congestive heart failure are rare manifestations of this disease.

In 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a report citing a possible link between certain diets and canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dog breeds without the genetic predisposition. Researchers at University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine announced the results of their own study in early 2019, confirming the connection and identifying a particular concentration found among Golden Retrievers. Diet-related DCM is associated with grain-free and/or legume-rich diets, as well as "boutique" dog foods containing exotic ingredients (such as bison or kangaroo meat). In the treatment of dietary DCM, food change and taurine supplementation is typically indicated, in addition to traditional medical treatments as needed.

Other diseases and psychological issues
Other diseases affecting dogs include endocrine diseases, immune-mediated diseases, and reproductive diseases. Diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and hypothyroidism are the most common endocrine diseases. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia is a devastating disease that causes severe anemia in dogs through red blood cell destruction by the immune system. It has been associated with vaccinations and certain drugs, although many cases are idiopathic. A similar but less severe immune disease is immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, characterized by destruction of platelets by the immune system. Clinical signs include bruising and petechiae (pinpoint bruising, often seen in the mouth). Common reproductive diseases include pyometra (distension of the uterus with pus), mammary tumors, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Psychological anxieties affecting dogs include noise phobia and separation anxiety.

Toxic substances
Some common sources of toxins that pets encounter include some plants, human medications and cosmetics, cleaning products, and even some foods.

Dangerous foods
Some foods consumed safely by humans are harmful to dogs:

Chocolate
Cocoa within chocolate contains theobromine, a chemical stimulant that, together with caffeine and theophylline, belongs to the group of methylxanthine alkaloids. Dogs are unable to metabolize theobromine effectively. If they eat chocolate, the theobromine can remain in their bloodstreams for days, and dogs may experience fast heart rate, severe diarrhea, epileptic seizures, heart attacks, internal bleeding, and eventually death. One ounce (oz) of milk chocolate contains 44 - 55 milligrams (mg) of theobromine, and baker's chocolate contains 393 mg of theobromine. The lethal dose for 50% of dogs (LD50) is 100 – 200 mg per kilogram (kg) of body weight, yet some dogs will exhibit signs of toxicosis after ingesting as little as 20 mg per kg. In case of accidental intake of chocolate, especially involving a smaller dog, contact a veterinarian or animal poison control immediately; it is commonly recommended to induce vomiting within two hours of ingestion. Treatment protocol also includes intravenous fluid therapy and/or administration of activated charcoal. Large breeds are less susceptible to chocolate poisoning, but can still die after eating four ounces of chocolate.

Carob treats are often available as dog treats; these are unrelated to chocolate and are safe.

Grapes and raisins
Grapes and raisins can cause acute kidney failure in dogs The exact mechanism is unknown, nor is there any means to determine the susceptibility of an individual dog. While as little as one raisin can be toxic to a susceptible 10 lb dog, some other dogs have eaten as much as a pound of grapes or raisins at a time without ill effects. The affected dog usually vomits a few hours after consumption and begins showing signs of kidney failure three to five days later. A mycotoxin is suspected to be involved, but one has not been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs. Salicylate, tartaric acid, or potassium bitartrate have also been implicated. The reason some dogs develop kidney failure following ingestion of grapes and raisins is not known. The most common pathological finding is proximal renal tubular necrosis.

Onions
Onions cause hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats. Allyl propyl disulfide has been reported as being considered to be the main cause of onion poisoning in dogs. Alkyl thiosulfate and N-propyl disulfide have also been implicated. Thiosulfate levels are not affected by cooking or processing. Occasional exposure to small amounts is usually not a problem, but continuous exposure to even small amounts can be a serious threat.

Plants in the genus Allium (onions, scallions, garlic, leek, chives, etc.) in general contain varying levels of organosulfoxides compounds including the two mentioned above. These chemicals are responsible for their signature spicyness, but also causes oxidative damage to red blood cells of dogs and cats. Poisoning have been reported from many such plants, with symptoms ranging from diarrhea and vomiting to pale gums and hemolysis.

Nutmeg
Nutmeg is highly neurotoxic to dogs and causes seizures, tremors, and nervous system disorders which can be fatal. Nutmeg's rich, spicy scent is attractive to dogs which can result in a dog ingesting a lethal amount of this spice. Eggnog and other food preparations which contain nutmeg should not be given to dogs.

Macadamia nuts
Macadamia nuts can cause non-fatal stiffness, tremors, hyperthermia, and abdominal pain. The exact mechanism is not known. Most dogs recover with supportive care when the source of exposure is removed.

Hops
Hops, a plant used in making beer, can cause malignant hyperthermia in dogs, usually with fatal results. Certain breeds, such as Greyhounds, seem particularly sensitive to hop toxicity, but hops should be kept away from all dogs. Even small amounts of hops can trigger a potentially deadly reaction, even if the hops are "spent" after use in brewing. The precise causative chemical is unknown: for now it is presumed that one of the chemicals in hops acts as a uncoupling agent in dogs.

Yeast
Ingestion of yeast, for example in uncooked bread dough, can cause intestinal obstruction. The yeast can also cause fermentation internally, resulting in ethanol (alcohol) poisoning.

Xylitol
Xylitol is a sugar substitute used in chewing gum, chewable vitamins, candy, toothpaste, and other products. Although a small preliminary study indicated xylitol may be safe for dogs, other studies show significant toxicity. There have been cases of foods, candies and gums containing xylitol causing toxic or even fatal liver damage in dogs. Ingestion may cause hypoglycemia.

Avocado
Avocado leaves, bark, skin, and pit are known to be harmful to a wide range of animals, including dogs and cats. Death can occur from a sufficiently high dose. The flesh of the fruit is not generally considered toxic to the two animals.

Common household substances
Some common household chemicals are particularly dangerous to dogs:
 * Antifreeze (ethylene glycol)
 * Toxic in humans, dogs, and cats alike. Extremely dangerous to dogs (and children) due to its sweet taste. The antifreeze itself is not toxic, but is metabolized via the liver to the toxins glycolate and oxalate, which cause intoxication and vomiting, metabolic acidosis, and finally acute kidney failure leading to seizures and death. By the time clinical signs are observed, the kidneys are usually too damaged for the dog to survive, so acting quickly is important. Immediate treatments include inducing vomiting by using apomorphine or dilute hydrogen peroxide solution (if this can be done shortly after ingestion), but these merely reduce the amount absorbed – immediate veterinary treatment is still usually imperative due to the high toxicity of the compound. Medical treatments may include fomepizole (preferred treatment) which competes favorably with the toxin in the body, ethanol which competes favorably in the liver long enough to allow excretion to take place, activated charcoal to further reduce uptake of undigested product, and hemodialysis to remove toxins from the blood. Dogs should not be allowed access to any place in which an antifreeze leak or spill has happened until the spill is completely cleaned out. Some brands of antifreeze contain propylene glycol instead of ethylene glycol for lower toxicity. Others are marketed as being less attractive to animals.

 * Alcohols
 * Isopropanol, methanol (common in household products), and ethanol (common in alcoholic beverages and rotten fruits) are all toxic to dogs. Isopropanol found in rubbing alcohol has twice the toxicity of ethanol; however, methanol found in windshield washer fluid does not have the same retinal and neuronal toxicity on dogs as it does to humans and primates due to the differences in the way its metabolite formic acid is processed.
 * The effect of ethanol on dogs and cats is similar to its effect on humans, also causing intoxication. Death is unlikely given supportive care (only one death is known). Ethanol is also an antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning.

 * Mouse and rat poison, anticoagulant type
 * Rodenticide is commonly found in the house or garage. This anticoagulant class of poison works by depleting stores of Vitamin K in the body; without these stores, blood cannot clot properly. Clinical signs of poisoning include depression, weakness, difficulty breathing, bruising, and bleeding from any part of the body. These clinical signs often take 3 to 4 days to appear.  A blood test will confirm that the blood is not clotting properly.  If the poison has only recently been ingested (within 2 to 3 hours), the dog should be given apomorphine or hydrogen peroxide to induce vomiting. Activated charcoal can be given to absorb any remaining poison in the gastrointestinal tract.  Then the dog is given Vitamin K supplementation for 3 to 4 weeks, depending on the type of poison.  At the end of treatment, the clotting times should be tested again.  The prognosis is good in these cases.  However, if the dog is already showing signs of poisoning, it is too late to try to remove the poison from the body.  A whole blood transfusion or plasma is given to treat the anemia and to try to control bleeding.  Vitamin K is also given.  The prognosis is poor in these cases.

 * Mouse and rat poison, hypercalcemia type
 * Mouse and rat poisons containing cholecalciferol cause hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in dogs. Clinical signs include depression, loss of appetite, vomiting blood, weakness, and shock.  Treatment is as above for recent exposure.  When hypercalcemia occurs (which can take 1 to 2 weeks), treatment is with intravenous fluids (saline), diuretics, corticosteroids, and calcitonin.  Long term prognosis is good once the dog is stabilized.

 * Snail bait, metaldehyde type
 * Ingestion can cause anxiety, muscle twitching, seizures, rapid heart rate, dilated pupils, hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and high fever due to the metaldehyde present. Treatment involves gastric lavage, intravenous fluid administration, and/or administration of activated charcoal.

Over-the-counter medications
Poisoning with pain medications is common. Aspirin, paracetamol/acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), and naproxen (Aleve) can all cause severe clinical signs in dogs, including vomiting blood, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Specifically, aspirin can cause metabolic acidosis and bleeding disorders, acetaminophen can cause liver disease at high doses (the toxic dose is 150 mg per kilogram of body weight), ibuprofen can cause kidney disease, and naproxen can cause ulcers in the stomach, which can perforate. Treatment depends on the clinical signs and often involves inducing vomiting, gastric lavage, intravenous fluid diuresis, and supportive care. The antidote for acetaminophen toxicity is N-acetylcysteine.

Public health risks
Most diseases that affect dogs or humans are not transferable between the two species. Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans are termed zoonoses. A well-known zoonosis is rabies, a viral infection transmitted through a bite. A common bacterial zoonosis is leptospirosis, transmitted through urine. Some of the most important zoonoses are parasitic. Zoonotic intestinal parasites transmitted through contact with feces include Toxocara canis (the canine roundworm), which causes toxocariasis, visceral larva migrans, and ocular larva migrans, and hookworms, which can cause cutaneous larva migrans. Zoonotic skin parasites include scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. The most common zoonotic fungal disease is ringworm, caused in this case by Microsporum canis.

Vaccinations
Vaccinations are an important preventive animal health measure. The specific vaccinations recommended for dogs varies depending on geographic location, environment, travel history, and the activities the animal frequently engages in. In the United States, regardless of any of these factors, it is usually highly recommended that dogs be vaccinated against rabies, canine parvovirus, canine distemper, and infectious canine hepatitis (using canine adenovirus type 2 to avoid reaction). The decision on whether to vaccinate against other diseases, including leptospirosis, Lyme disease, Bordetella bronchiseptica, parainfluenza virus, and canine coronavirus, should be made between an owner and a veterinarian, taking into account factors specific to the dog.

Dentistry
Dental disease is one of the most common diseases in dogs. Accumulation of plaque, and subsequently tartar, leads to gingivitis, and then periodontitis (gum disease). Periodontitis leads to loss of the bony attachment of the teeth, and tooth loss. Preventive measures include tooth brushing, providing an appropriate diet (avoiding tinned and other soft foods, and providing dental chew treats), and dental scaling and polishing. Cavities are uncommon in dogs.

Heartworm, flea or tick preventives
Once-a-month topical products and oral medications are the most commonly used products to kill and prevent heartworm infection and flea or tick infestations.

Nutrition and obesity
Feeding table scraps to a dog is generally not recommended, at least in excess. Just as in humans, a dog's diet must consist of the appropriate mix of nutrients, carbohydrates, and proteins to give them the minerals and vitamins that they need. Dogs get ample correct nutrition from their natural, normal diet; wild and feral dogs can usually get all the nutrients needed from a diet of whole prey and raw meat. In addition, a human diet is not ideal for a dog: the concept of a "balanced" diet for a facultative carnivore like a dog is not the same as in an omnivorous human. Dogs will usually eat all the scraps and treats they are fed: usually too much food. While not all human delicacies are acutely toxic to dogs (see above), many have the same chronically unfortunate results as they do for humans.

Obesity is an increasingly common problem in dogs in Western countries. As with humans, obesity can cause numerous health problems in dogs (although dogs are much less susceptible to the common cardiac and arterial consequences of obesity than humans are). According to a study published in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, the prevalence of obesity in dogs is between 22 and 40 percent.

Obesity may also be caused by some diseases, such as Cushing's disease or hypothyroidism.

Dog treats
Dog treats are often given to pets as a reward or just to let them chew on a bone, which works their jaw muscles and helps keep their teeth clean. Although dog treats carry high benefits for dogs' teeth, they can also be a source of problems like obesity when given excessively, especially human table scraps.

The type of food given directly affects the tendency of a dog to become overweight. Table scraps, treats, and even premium high-energy dog foods can contribute to obesity. Therefore, it is highly important to closely monitor the quantity of treats that a dog gets especially when the dog's activity is diminished. Dog treats are more likely to be linked to obesity in old dogs, since in their old age they are less likely to be active and exercising. Active dogs require and use more calories.

Coprophagia
Some dogs may attempt to consume feces. Some consume their own or other dogs' feces; others seem to prefer cat feces (which, due to the feline digestive system, are high in protein and consumed by many animals in the wild.) This can be harmful if the feces has any pathogens or parasites or contain excreted drugs.

Vitamins and supplements
It is not yet clear whether or not vitamins and supplements should be administered in dogs—opinions among veterinarians vary widely. While some think that vitamins and supplements are necessary and can improve the health of a dog, others believe that they are unnecessary and may harm the dog. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), dogs receive a complete and balanced diet from the commercially processed dog food alone. Pet owners who give their dogs homemade diets may incorporate extra vitamins and supplements.

Between approximately 10 and 30 percent of dogs in the United States receive nutritional supplements. A survey of U.S. pet owners in 2006 found that the most commonly used supplements were multivitamins and chondroprotective agents.

Overdoses of vitamins can be harmful in dogs. As an example, calcium in excess can cause bone problems, especially in the large-breed dogs. Over-supplementation of vitamins A and D can cause vitamin toxicity in dogs. Excess vitamin A can cause dehydration, joint pain and can also harm the blood vessels, while too much vitamin D can cause muscular atrophy, loss of appetite and many other health-related problems.

Spaying and neutering
Spaying (females) and neutering (males) refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Neutering has also been known to reduce aggression in male dogs, but has been shown to occasionally increase aggression in female dogs.

Animal control agencies in the United States and the ASPCA advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be spayed or neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies.

Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, puppies born to strays or as the result of accidental breedings often end up being killed in animal shelters. Spaying and neutering can also decrease the risk of hormone-driven diseases such as mammary cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors. However, certain medical problems are more likely after surgery, such as urinary incontinence in females and prostate cancer in males. The hormonal changes involved with sterilization are likely to somewhat change the animal's personality, however, and some object to spaying and neutering as the sterilization could be carried out without the excision of organs.

It is not essential for a female dog to either experience a heat cycle or have puppies before spaying, and likewise, a male dog does not need the experience of mating before neutering.

Female cats and dogs are seven times more likely to develop mammary tumors if they are not spayed before their first heat cycle. The high dietary estrogen content of the average commercial pet food may be contributing factors in the development of mammary cancer, especially when these exogenous sources are added to those normal estrogens produced by the body. Dog food containing soybeans or soybean fractions have been found to contain phytoestrogens in levels that could have biological effects when ingested longterm.

title: Dog health


text:
Mater Dei High School (Breese, Illinois)

Mater Dei Catholic High School (often called Breese Mater Dei), is a Catholic, co-educational high school in Breese, Illinois, United States, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Belleville. It was founded in 1954 through the merger of St. Dominic's High School in Breese and St. Mary's High School in Carlyle, Illinois.

The academic program is accredited by North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, and holds a Certificate of Recognition from the Illinois State Board of Education.

Recent developments at Mater Dei include the construction of a new east wing, expanding facilities by adding a new band room, weight room, and gym. In addition, they added an outdoor football / soccer facility with a turf playing surface

Parishes represented
St. Boniface, St. Mary-Centralia, St. Bernard, St. Mary-Edwardsville, St. Rose, St. Felicitas, St. Stephen-Caseyville, St. Francis, St. Teresa-Marydale, St. George, St. Josephs, St. Paul, St. Dominics, St. Mary-Carlyle, St. Augustines, St. Cecilias, St. Marys-Trenton, St. Anthonys- Beckemeyer, and St. Damian. The school also has many students with other religious affiliations, most predominantly among those is that of the Protestant tradition.

Student activities
The school offers over 23 clubs covering areas from academic and performing arts to ministry and leadership. Clubs include: Chess club, Book club, Science Club, Scholar Bowl, Teens for Life (Prolife Group), Saint Vincent DePaul Society, Student Council, Student Ambassadors, Peer Advisers, Liturgical Planning Core, Liturgical Music Group, Spring Musical, Fall Play, and others. The high school also has a student newspaper (Lance) and a student designed yearbook (Knight).

Athletics
The school sponsors teams in basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, and track & field for both boys and girls. The school sponsors teams in baseball and football for boys, while girls also compete in cheerleading, softball, and volleyball. The school is an independent school which does not participate in a conference or league, but is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA) which sponsors and governs statewide competition in many sports. For most of its history, Mater Dei competed in the Class A, or smaller school classification. In recent years, the use of a multiplier on private schools has raised the school to the larger class (AA). They now compete in class 3A of the newly implemented four-class system.

The following teams have won their respective state tournaments sponsored by the IHSA:

 * Cross Country (girls): 2003-04
 * Golf (boys): 1993-94, 2019
 * Volleyball (girls): 1987–88, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2010–11

Notable athletic events
Every September, the school and neighboring Central Community High School play a football event named the Milk Bowl. A traveling trophy in the shape of a traditional milk can is awarded to the winning team to hold for the following year. The event gives both schools the most profit out of all athletic games, activities, etc. and is evenly shared between both. The game's location alternates each year between the schools' football fields. Mater Dei High School also hosts an annual Christmas Basketball Tournament beginning on December 26 every year since 1960.

Notable alumni

 * Trevor Richards, MLB pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays
 * Josh Thole, MLB catcher

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Tulga

Tulga or Tulca (died in or af. 642) was Visigothic King of Hispania, Septimania and Galicia from 639, if his father died in December 639, as some sources state, to 642. Other sources have his rule beginning as early as 639 or ending as early as 641. He succeeded his father Chintila in an ultimately vain attempt to establish dynastic kingship.

Biography
In 642, Chindasuinth, a Gothic warlord, who may have been as old as 79, commenced a rebellion. He had command of the frontier with the Basques. He saw the crown's weakness, and a convention of nobles (landholding Goths) and other Gothic inhabitants at Pampalica (probably modern Pampliega) proclaimed him king without the support of the church.

According to Sigebert of Gembloux, the rebel deposed Tulga in Toledo and tonsured him, sending him to live out his days in a monastery, since monks were ineligible for the elective throne. However, Saint Ildephonsus of Toledo says that the rebellion failed without the church's support and Chindasuinth succeeded only on the death of Tulga. Modern historians consider it impossible to discern the truth.

title: Tulga


text:
Jeff Fahey

Jeffrey David Fahey (, born November 29, 1952) is an American actor. His notable roles include Duane Duke in Psycho III (1986), Pete Verill in Clint Eastwood's White Hunter Black Heart (1990), Jobe Smith in The Lawnmower Man (1992), and Captain Frank Lapidus on the ABC series Lost (2008–2010). He is also known for his collaborations with director Robert Rodriguez, appearing in his films Planet Terror (2007), Machete (2010), and Alita: Battle Angel (2019).

Early life and education
Fahey was born in Olean, New York, the sixth of 13 siblings in an Irish American family. His mother, Jane, was a homemaker, and his father, Frank Fahey, worked at a clothing store. Fahey was raised in Buffalo, New York, from the age of ten and attended Father Baker's high school there. Fahey left home at the age of 17, subsequently hitchhiking to Alaska. He later backpacked through Europe, and worked on an Israeli kibbutz.

Career
Fahey started performing when he won a full scholarship to dance at the Joffrey Ballet School at the age of 25. He performed in theaters across the United States and on Broadway. He landed his first major role on television playing Gary Corelli on the soap opera, One Life to Live.

In 1985, he received his first major film role as Tyree in Silverado. In 1986, he co-starred with Anthony Perkins in Psycho III as Duane Duke, a money-desperate guitarist who is hired by Norman Bates to work at the Bates Motel. That same year, Fahey guest starred on the Season 3 premiere of Miami Vice as gun dealer Eddie Kaye, famously destroying Detective Sonny Crockett's Ferrari Daytona.

In 1990, Fahey starred in Impulse and White Hunter Black Heart, respectively directed by feuding ex-couple Sondra Locke and Clint Eastwood. Also that year, he played the title role in the TV movie Parker Kane alongside Marisa Tomei. In 1992, he starred alongside Pierce Brosnan in The Lawnmower Man. In 1995, Fahey was the lead in the Trimark Pictures adventure film Eye of the Wolf, directed by Arnaud Sélignac, based on the book "KAZAN" by James Oliver Curwood.

In 1995, he starred as "Winston McBride" on ABC's The Marshal. In 1999, he played the main character in Apocalypse II: Revelation. In 2007, he appeared in the Robert Rodriguez film Planet Terror and starred in Messages with Bruce Payne.

Fahey appeared as daredevil Dutch the Clutch in an episode of Psych at the beginning of the third season of the show.

Fahey played Frank Lapidus, the airplane and helicopter pilot of the research team sent to the island in Lost, as a recurring character in the fourth and fifth seasons, and as a regular character in the sixth season.

In 2010, he had a major role in Robert Rodriguez's action film Machete.

In 2013, a new production of the classic play Twelve Angry Men took place at the Garrick Theatre in London, running until March 2014. Fahey played the part of the last juror in the story to change his vote to not guilty. Other notable actors appearing in this production were Martin Shaw who played the part of juror number 8 (a role made famous in the 1957 film by Henry Fonda), Robert Vaughn and Nick Moran.

In 2015, Jeff Fahey starred in History Channel's mini-series Texas Rising as Tom Rusk, the Secretary of War for the new Republic of Texas who fought alongside General Sam Houston.

In 2017, Jeff Fahey joined the UK tour of Bill Kenwright's production of Gore Vidal's The Best Man where he plays the part of US Presidential hopeful Joseph Cantwell against political rival William Russell, played by Martin Shaw.

Humanitarian efforts
In 2006 and 2007, Fahey spent time in Afghanistan assisting the newly established American University of Afghanistan, and launching a project to assist orphans in Kabul.

Fahey's recent humanitarian work has revolved around the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, focusing on the subject of warehousing, a practice in which the rights and mobility of refugees is restricted by a host country. Fahey's work specifically has addressed the subject of warehoused Sahrawi refugees in Algeria.

Film

 * Silverado (1985) as Tyree
 * Psycho III (1986) as Duane Duke
 * Riot on 42nd St. (1987) as Frank Tackler
 * Backfire (1988) as Donnie McAndrew
 * Split Decisions (1988) as Ray McGuinn
 * True Blood (1989) as Raymond Trueblood
 * Minnamurra (a.k.a. Outback) (1989) as Ben Creed
 * The Serpent of Death (1989) as Jake Bonner
 * The Last of the Finest (a.k.a. Blue Heat) (1990) as Ricky Rodriguez
 * Impulse (1990) as Stan
 * White Hunter Black Heart (1990) as Pete Verrill
 * Body Parts (1991) as Bill Chrushank
 * Iron Maze (1991) as Barry Mikowski
 * The Lawnmower Man (1992) as Jobe Smith
 * Sketch Artist (1992)
 * The Hit List (1993) as Charlie Pike
 * Quick (1993) as Muncie
 * Woman of Desire (1994) as Jack
 * Freefall (1994) as Dex Dellum
 * Wyatt Earp (1994) as Ike Clanton
 * Temptation (1994) as Eddie Lanarsky
 * Serpent's Lair (1995) as Tom Bennett
 * Darkman III: Die Darkman Die (1996) as Peter Rooker
 * Lethal Tender (1996) as Det. David Chase
 * Small Time (1996) as The Dutchman
 * The Sweeper (Video, 1996) as Dale Goddard
 * Catherine's Grove (1997) as Jack Doyle
 * The Underground (1997) as Brian Donnegan
 * Time Under Fire (1997) as Alan / John Deakins
 * Extramarital (1998) as Griffin
 * Detour (Video, 1998) as Danny Devlin
 * The Last Siege: Never Surrender (a.k.a. Hijack) (1999) as Eddie Lyman
 * When Justice Fails (1999) as Tom Chaney
 * Apocalypse II: Revelation (a.k.a. Revelation: The Book Has Been Opened) (1999) as Thorold Stone
 * No Tomorrow (1999) as Davis
 * Dazzle (1999) as The Collector
 * The Contract (1999) as Detective Tucci
 * Epicenter (2000) as FBI Agent Moore
 * The Sculptress (2000) as Matthew Dobie
 * The Newcomers (2000) as Mack Weatherton
 * Spin Cycle (2000) as Tall Vinnie
 * Blind Heat (2001) as Paul Burke
 * Out There (2001, Short) as Agent Gary Booth
 * Cold Heart (2001) as Dr. Phil Davis
 * Maniacts (2001) as Joe Spinelli
 * Outlaw (2001) as Jim Moran
 * Choosing Matthias (2001) as Charlie
 * Inferno (a.k.a. California Firestorm) (2002) as Robert 'Jake' Wheeler
 * Unspeakable (2002) as Governor
 * Fallen Angels (2002) as Prof. Richard Leighton
 * Ghost Rock (2004) as Moses Logan
 * No Witness (2004) as Senator Gene Haskell
 * Close Call (2004) as Elliot Krasner
 * Darkhunters (2004) as Mr. Barlow
 * Blue Demon (2004) as General Remora
 * Day of Redemption (2004) as Frank Everly
 * Corpses (Video, 2004) as Captain Winston
 * Killing Cupid (a.k.a. Warrior or Assassin) (2005) as The Trainer
 * Split Second (2005) as Mr. Kudis
 * Only the Brave (2005) as Lt. William Terry
 * Scorpius Gigantus (2006) as Major Nick Reynolds
 * The Hunt for Eagle One: Crash Point (Video, 2006) as Colonel Halloran
 * Diablita (2007) as Bill Rockwell
 * Messages (2007) as Dr. Richard Murray
 * Planet Terror (2007) as J.T.
 * Matchmaker Mary (2008) as Cameron Banks
 * Machete (2010) as Booth
 * Terror Trap (2010) as Cleveland
 * Blacktino (2011) as Cooter
 * Marriage Retreat (2011) as Craig Sullivan
 * Dadgum, Texas (2011) as Robert E Lee Magee
 * Eldorado (2012) as Doc Martin
 * Easy Rider: The Ride Back (2012) as Wes Coast
 * Hatfields and McCoys: Bad Blood (2012) as Devil Anse Hatfield
 * Sushi Girl (2012) as Morris
 * Guns, Girls and Gambling (2012) as The Cowboy
 * 100 Below Zero (2013) as Steve Foster
 * Beneath (2013) as George Marsh
 * The Last Light (2014) as Harold
 * Dawn Patrol (2014) as Trick
 * Skin Traffik (2015) as Jacob Andries
 * Too Late (2015) as Roger
 * Confident (Music video, 2015) (Demi Lovato)
 * Urge (2016) as Gerald
 * The Hollow (2016) as Darryl Everett
 * County Line (2017) as Clint Thorne
 * American Dresser (2018) as Calhoun
 * Alita: Battle Angel (2019) as McTeague
 * Santa Fake (2019) as Jim
 * Badland (2019) as Huxley Wainwright
 * Intrigo: Samaria (2019) as Jacob
 * Beckman (2020) as Philip
 * A Bird Flew In (2021)
 * The Long Night (2022) as Wayne
 * Maneater as Professor Hoffman
 * Battle For Saipan (2022) as Col. Jake Carroll
 * Hypnotic (2023) as Carl
 * Ruthless (2023)
 * One Year Off (2023)
 * Due Justice (2023) as Ellis
 * Horizon: An American Saga – Chapter 1 (2024)

Television

 * One Life to Live (1984, TV Series) as Gary Corelli
 * The Execution of Raymond Graham (1985, TV Movie) as Raymond Graham
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1986, TV Series) as Ray Lee
 * Miami Vice (1986, TV Series) as Eddie Kaye
 * Curiosity Kills (1990, TV Movie) as Matthew Manus
 * Parker Kane (1990, TV Movie) as Parker Kane
 * Sketch Artist (1992, TV Movie) as Det. Jack Whitfield
 * In the Company of Darkness (1993, TV Movie) as Will McCaid
 * Blindsided (1993, TV Movie) as Frank McKenna
 * Eye of the Wolf (1995, TV Series) as Paul Weyman
 * Sketch Artist II: Hands That See (1995, TV Movie) as Jack
 * Virtual Seduction (1995, TV Movie) as Liam Bass
 * The Marshal (1995, TV Series) as Deputy Marshal Winston MacBride
 * Every Woman's Dream (1996, TV Movie) as Mitch Parker
 * Operation Delta Force (a.k.a. Great Soldiers) (1997, TV Movie) as Captain Lang
 * Perversions of Science (1997, TV Series) as The Bearded Man
 * On the Line (1997, TV Movie) as Det. Dan Collins
 * Johnny 2.0 (1997, TV Movie) as Johnny Dalton
 * The Seventh Scroll (1999, TV Mini-Series) as Nick Harper
 * Time Served (1999, TV Movie) as Patrick Berlington
 * Nash Bridges (2001, TV Series) as Nelson Collins
 * Crossing Jordan (2004, TV Series) as Bounty Hunter
 * American Dreams (2004, TV Series) as Stevens
 * Icon (2005, TV Movie) as Harvey Blackledge
 * Crimson Force (2005, TV Movie) as Older Man
 * Locusts: The 8th Plague (2005, TV Movie) as Russ Snow
 * Manticore (2005, TV Movie) as Kramer
 * Absolute Zero (2006, TV Movie) as Dr. David Kotzman
 * The Eden Formula (2006, TV Movie) as Dr. Harrison Parker
 * Psych (2008, TV Series) as Dutch the Clutch
 * The Cleaner (2008, TV Series) as Quinn
 * Criminal Minds (2008, TV Series) as Kane
 * Lost (2008–2010, TV Series) as Frank Lapidus
 * Cold Case (2009, TV Series) as Darren Malloy '09
 * CSI: Miami (2009, TV Series) as Allen Pierce
 * Law & Order: LA (2011, TV Series) as Terry Briggs
 * Chuck (2011, TV Series) as Karl Sneijder
 * Workaholics (2011, TV Series) as Doug
 * Alien Tornado (2012, TV Movie) as Judd Walker
 * Lake Effects (2012, TV Movie) as Ray
 * Femme Fatales (TV Series, 2012; season 2, episodes 13 & 14) as Detective McAllister
 * Common Law (2012, TV; season 1, episode 10) as Dan Noone
 * Revolution (2012, TV Series) as Ken 'Hutch' Hutchinson
 * The Sacred (2012) as George
 * Hawaii Five-0 (TV Series, 2013; season 3, episode 12: "Kapu") as Dr. Brian Stevens
 * Under the Dome (2013, TV) as Sheriff Howard "Duke" Perkins
 * Rewind (2013, TV Movie) as Ellis
 * Justified (2015, TV Series) as Zachariah
 * Grimm (2015, TV Series) as Elder Bowden
 * The Librarians (2015, TV series; season 2, "And What Lies Beneath the Stones") as Isaac Stone
 * Scorpion (TV series, 2016; season 2, episode 14: "Son of a Gun") as Kenneth Dodd
 * Atomic Shark (2016, TV Movie)
 * Legends of Tomorrow (TV series, 2016; season 2, episode 6: "Outlaw Country") as Quentin Turnbull
 * Training Day (TV Series, 2017; season 1, episode 5: "Wages of Sin") as Pike
 * NCIS: New Orleans (2019) as Sheriff/Mayor
 * Wu Assassins (2019) as Jack

title: Jeff Fahey


text:
Abdul Karim Khan

Ustad Abdul Karim Khan (Devanagari: उस्ताद अब्दुल करीम ख़ान, Persian: ) (11 November 1872 – 27 October 1937) was an Indian classical singer and, along with his cousin Abdul Wahid Khan, the founder of the Kirana gharana of classical music.

Early life and background
Abdul Karim Khan was born on 11 November 1872 in Kirana town in Shamli, Uttar Pradesh into a family with music tradition which traced its roots to musician brothers Ghulam Ali and Ghulam Maula. His father, Kale Khan, was the grandson of Ghulam Ali. Abdul Karim Khan received training from his uncle Abdullah Khan and father Kale Khan. He also received guidance from another uncle, Nanhe Khan. Abdul Karim Khan was musically influenced by Ustad Rahmat Khan of Gwalior gharana. Apart from vocals and sarangi, he also learned the veena (been), sitar and tabla.

According to a story, he was initially a sarangi player, but decided to switch to vocals because of low status of sarangi players at that time. In his early years, he used to sing with his brother Abdul Haq. They appeared before Murtaza Khan of the "Maula Bakhsh Khandan", then all appeared before the Maharaja (king). They were all influenced by Murtaza's style. The king of Baroda State was impressed by this singing duo and made them the court musicians.

This is where he met Tarabai Mane, who was the daughter of Sardar Maruti Rao Mane, a member of the royal family. When they decided to get married, they were ousted from Baroda. The couple settled in Bombay. In 1922, Tarabai Mane left Abdul Karim Khan, which apparently had a major impact on his music – making it pensive and meditative.

Karim Khan's first wife, Gafooran, was the sister of another Kirana master Abdul Wahid Khan, who was also his cousin.

Career

"One of the most melodious classical musicians we have had, Abdul Karim Khan's music always created a sublime atmosphere. The soothing quality of his specially cultivated voice, and his repose style of singing were such that the singer as well as his listeners forgot themselves in a sort of 'trance'."

Abdul Karim Khan was invited to the Mysore court where he met famous Carnatic music masters who also influenced his music. In particular the singing of his sargam was a direct influence of Carnatic practice. He became a frequent visitor to Mysore Palace which conferred on him the title Sangeet Ratna. On the way to Mysore, he used to stay with his brother in Dharwad where he taught his most famous disciple Sawai Gandharva. In 1900, for eight months he taught Kesarbai Kerkar, who would go on to be one of the 20th century's most renowned vocalists. In 1913, he founded the Arya Sangeet Vidyalaya in Poona to teach music to the students. He finally settled down in Miraj till his death on 27 October 1937, when returning from a concert tour of the South. Every year in August, commemorative music concerts are held in Miraj in his honour.

His style
The innovations he brought to his vocal style distinguishes Kirana style from others. The slow melodic development of the raga in Vilambit laya (slow tempo) was the most characteristic aspect of his music. He worked hard to maintain his voice to be sweet and melodious which shaped his music. The thumri style he developed is also quite different from the 'Poorab ang' or 'Punjabi ang'. His thumri progresses in a leisurely slow pace with ample abandonment. He was also the first Hindustani musician to seriously study the Carnatic system and probably the first to be invited to sing all over the South. He has even recorded a Thyagaraja Krithi. He was also influenced by Rehmat Khan of the Gwalior gharana and adopted the direct style of presentation. "The ustad was an expert on many musical instruments, especially the veena and the sarangi. An expert in repairing musical instruments, he carried with him his set of tools for repairs everywhere..."

"Although frail-looking, Khan Saheb maintained excellent health through regular exercises, disciplined habits, and frugal living. His photographs show him as a tall, slim person dressed immaculately in a black 'achkan', a cane in hand, a typical moustache and a red gold-bordered turban, and most striking of all, his dreamy eyes."

Disciples
Abdul Karim's disciples include Pandit Balkrishnabuwa Kapileshwari, Ganapat Rao Gurav, Roshan Ara Begum, Sureshbabu Mane, Vishwanathbuwa Jadhav and Sawai Gandharva was the Guru of Bhimsen Joshi.

Death
He was on his way to Pondicherry when he experienced severe pain in the chest at Chingleput. On 27 October 1937, he died peacefully on the platform at Singaperumalkoil railway station. He spent the last few hours of his life remembering God, offering Namaz and reciting Kalma in the Raga Darbari.

title: Abdul Karim Khan


text:
User:KelseyH

Social Biography for Kelsey Elizabeth Hackem

On my father’s side of the family, our heritage goes back to my great-grandparents who lived in Syria. At that time Syria was still part of the Turkish Empire and the Turks were enlisting fifteen year old boys into their army, so my great-great grandmother sent my great-grandma and great-uncle to the United States. She thought that they could have a better life than being forced to serve in the Tjavascript:insertTags(,,'Link title'); Internal linkurkish Army. It took fifteen days for them to travel to Ellis Island on a ship. My great-grandmother was refused entry at Ellis Island because she had an eye infection. Because of that she had to go to Montreal Canada where she spent a few days at a hospital until the infection was cleared up. So in 1902, at ten years old, she was allowed entry into the United States. She stayed with her sister who had come to the United States previously. My great-grandfather came to the United States in 1905 and stayed with his brothers. Neither of them spoke any English, but they somehow made a living. Most people that came from Syria would go door to door selling needles, pins, towels, and other goods. They would have to make themselves understood enough to sell their products. This was always a challenge, but it was something that came with traveling to the United States as an immigrant. My great-grandmother would sell her products in the town and they, including my great-grandfather and his cousins, would travel from town to town. They traveled through Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, and other New England States. With the help of farmers along the way, they were allowed to sleep in barns and would occasionally be invited in for breakfast. Eventually, my great-grandmother got a job working in a glass factory where she etched designs into bowls, vases, and tumblers. She said that it was interesting work for her. Eventually my great-grandmother and great-grandfather married. She was eighteen and he was twenty-three at the time. They became United States citizens and over the years they worked hard to make a better life for themselves and their family. My grandmother was born in 1916. The Ottoman Empire began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged as Asia Minor during the breakdown o the empire of the Seljuk Turks. The Ottomans began to absorb other states and they ended all other Turkish dynasties. They biggest Ottoman expansion was when they took over the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Their success was due to the weakness and disunity of their opponents and also because of their excellent and vastly superior military organization. They took over Syria and pushed the Asia borders also. The breakup of the state coincided with the Russo-Turkish wars in the 18th century. Many treaties caused the Empire to lose economic independence. By that time, my great-grandmother had emigrated from Syria and was living in the United States. Under the Ottomans, atrocities and suppressions were common daily experiences for the people throughout the Ottoman rule. War expeditions of the Ottomans made for chaotic and calamitous times for the populations close to the army routes. They were usually forced to contribute goods, cash, work in supplementary labors, and sometimes watch their houses be destroyed by the attacks of army groups. Some people were forced to abandon their lands and occupations. I do not know how my family accumulated enough money to send two children to the United States. Also, our family is not Muslim  like many people in the Middle East, we are Eastern Orthodox. This is a problem when looking for information about how Middle Eastern Immigrants were treated in the United States because a lot of the treatment they incurred was because they were Muslim. I do know that it was very hard for my great-great grandmother because she spoke no English, so all of bargaining and selling had to be done through gestures. Also, most of the personal encounters through which immigrants defined U.S. culture transpired trough “Americanization”. These were campaigns sponsored by federal, local, and private organizations in the 1910s. A lot of these programs were racist, exclusionist sentiments that wanted racial assimilation of the non-white people. My family knows very little about my mother’s side of the family, but I do know that both of my mother’s grandparents hailed from the Netherlands, one side from Groningen and the other side from Saint Philips land. Both left the Netherlands for economic reasons; they were both very poor. They saw the United States as a promise of a prosperous and happy future. One characteristic of the Netherlands that my grandmother follows is Calvinism. My brother and I were not raised on any specific religion so we cannot specifically identify with Eastern Orthodox or Calvinism. During the reign of William III the Netherlands enjoyed a period of commercial expansion and internal development, but that was not enough to get my family out of poverty. Trade unions grew and a lot of social-welfare legislation was passes, which was beneficial to my family. After my family immigrated to the United States, they ended up living in Grand Rapids, Michigan, which has a large percentage of Dutch people. I do not know if they lived anywhere else before that. I am proud to be both Lebanese and Dutch, but I do not think that my heritage shaped who I am today. I knew very little about what happened in Syria and the Netherlands before this paper, and now knowing more information I do not think it had that much of an impact on me. The only Lebanese culture that my family really has is the food and my grandmother, who we call Sittee (Arabic for grandmother), is fluent in Arabic and worked as a translator in Detroit. Other than that we do not have any family traditions, but I enjoyed learning about my past through this paper.

title: User:KelseyH


text:
Talk:Agrègation

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 02:24, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Agrègation


text:
Susannah Melvoin

Susannah Melvoin (born January 26, 1964) is an American vocalist and songwriter. Melvoin is best known for her association with Prince in the mid-1980s. Melvoin comes from a musical family and is the twin sister of musician Wendy Melvoin, sister of Jonathan Melvoin (former touring keyboardist with the Smashing Pumpkins), and daughter of jazz pianist (and former NARAS president) Michael Melvoin.

Work with Prince
Melvoin got her start working with Prince in the mid-1980s during sister Wendy's stint with The Revolution. During this period, Melvoin was tapped to be a joint lead vocalist of one of Prince's side projects: The Family. Prince wrote The Family's 1985 song "Nothing Compares 2 U" about Melvoin. It charted when Sinéad O'Connor covered it in 1990.

Melvoin later joined the expanded line-up of The Revolution – adding backing vocals to Parade including the 1986 single "Anotherloverholenyohead." She designed the Dream Factory jacket and received a credit on Sign o' the Times co-writing the song "Starfish and Coffee."

Melvoin was engaged to Prince who wrote several songs about her.

Later work
Melvoin has subsequently worked as a background vocalist for such artists as Roger Waters, Eric Clapton, and Mike Oldfield and has performed vocals on Wendy & Lisa albums.

She co-wrote songs for Eric Clapton and then-husband Doyle Bramhall II's band, Arc Angels.

She also co-wrote songs performed by Madonna, such as Ray of Light's fourth track "Candy Perfume Girl", which was written with William Orbit. It was to have been "what she thought would either become her solo debut or an album by Orbit’s Strange Cargo project, which she – and, it turns out, Madonna – both loved." Orbit offered Madonna the songs he had written with Melvoin, who received no credit or compensation. She stated that she "has no beef with Madonna," but added that "had I gotten proper publishing on Ray of Light, I wouldn’t be worried about my financial life.” She is actually credited in the song’s credits via physical format and Apple Music

Outside of music, she has performed in small or cameo roles in three small-budget films, including Skin & Bone and Luster.

Personal life
Melvoin was married to Doyle Bramhall II, with whom she had two children. The couple separated in 2010. Their subsequent divorce proceedings were characterized in the tabloids as being "messy," due in part to Bramhall's relationship with actress Renée Zellweger, which started in 2012 before the divorce was settled.

title: Susannah Melvoin


text:
John Worrall

John Worrall may refer to:
 * Jack Worrall (1861–1937), Australian rules footballer
 * John Worrall (cricketer) (1927–2012), New Zealand cricketer
 * John Worrall (philosopher) (born 1946), professor of philosophy of science at the London School of Economics
 * John Worrall (RAF officer) (1911–1988), World War II RAF fighter pilot
 * John Worrall (criminologist), American criminologist

title: John Worrall


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Too Many "Mustangs" on Western Ranges

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 20:42, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

Too Many "Mustangs" on Western Ranges
An unformatted rant on the Bureau of Land Management's efforts to save wild horses. There's an article in here somewhere for one brave enough to rescue it from this morass, but it needs a new title and a complete rewrite - best to start from scratch. Denni ☯ 02:25, 2005 August 26 (UTC)
 * Delete. Paul Klenk 03:58, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unsalvageable POV rant. Fernando Rizo T/C 04:04, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yee-hawww. Rant. -EDM 04:38, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; Although I'm tempted to vote Keep on the grounds of this sentence: "A hores lover with the name of wild horse anne" | Celcius 05:05, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a place to display opinions on current affairs or personal essays. I don't believe any of it is salvageable.    — Kjammer  ⌂  07:59, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; there is no space for rants on Wikipedia. IINAG 14:18, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Personal comment and rambling. *drew 22:49, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File:Shaolin Cowboy 1.jpg

title: File:Shaolin Cowboy 1.jpg


text:
Kirana

Kirana may refer to:

 * Kirana Hills, Pakistan
 * Kirana-I, a series of 24 cold-tests conducted by Pakistan during 1983–1990 in the Kirana Hills
 * Kirana Bar, a hilly area named after the Kirana Hills
 * Kirana store, a small neighborhood retail store in the Indian Subcontinent
 * Kirana Ti, a Star Wars character
 * Alternative romananization of the Indic word Kiran
 * Astro Kirana, a Malaysian satellite television channel

title: Kirana


text:
User:Pzyktzle

Please leave messages on my talk page, or have a look at my contributions.

title: User:Pzyktzle


text:
WLMG

WLMG (101.9 FM, "Magic 101.9 FM") is a commercial radio station licensed to New Orleans, Louisiana. Owned by Audacy, Inc., it broadcasts an adult contemporary radio format. From mid-November to December 25 each year, it switches to all-Christmas music. The station's studios and offices are located at the 400 Poydras Tower in New Orleans' downtown district.

WLMG has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for non-grandfathered FM stations. The transmitter site is off Behrman Highway in the Algiers neighborhood of New Orleans. WLMG broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format.

WWL-FM
On March 15, 1970, the station first signed on the air as WWL-FM. It was owned by Loyola University of the South, now known as Loyola University New Orleans. Loyola also owned WWL-TV and AM powerhouse WWL.

WWL and WWL-FM had the same call sign but separate formats. The AM was a full service middle of the road station, while WWL-FM played beautiful music. It featured quarter hour sweeps of instrumental cover versions of popular songs with Hollywood and Broadway show tunes.

Top 40 and easy listening
In the mid-1970s, station management decided to go in a radically different direction, seeking a younger demographic for WWL-FM, as the FM flipped to a Top 40 format. However, the flip occurred during an era where most young people still were listening to inexpensive AM radios for their favorite hits. The station failed to make much headway against AM Top 40 leader WTIX.

By May 1976, WWL-FM returned to easy listening music. The format featured mostly instrumental songs with several soft vocals each hour. On December 26, 1980, to separate the FM station's image from its AM and TV counterparts, the call letters were changed to WAJY. The station, calling itself "Joy 102," moved closer to a 50/50 mix of instrumentals and vocals, some from soft rock artists such as Elton John, Olivia Newton-John, Stevie Wonder and Chicago.

Switch to WLMG
Through the 1980s, the easy format saw its audience continuing to age, while most advertisers seek young and middle-aged listeners. In 1987, the station completed its transition to a soft adult contemporary format, eliminating the instrumentals. The call sign was changed to WLMG, and rebranded as "Magic 102." With most radios in the 1990s going from analog dials to digital, the station began calling itself "Magic 101.9" in 1995.

Over the next decade, WWL and WLMG changed hands several times. In 1989, Loyola University sold the stations to Keymarket Communications. The TV station was sold to a group of its employees, using the name Rampart Broadcasting. In July 1995, the radio stations were acquired by River City Broadcasting. Later ownership switched to Sinclair Broadcast Group. In December 1999, WWL and WLMG were acquired by Entercom.

In the early 2000s, WLMG moved to a mainstream adult contemporary format. In 2006, the WWL-FM call sign returned to New Orleans on 105.3 FM.

title: WLMG


text:
Louis Armstrong Stadium (1978–2016)

Louis Armstrong Stadium was a tennis stadium of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center and one of the venues of the US Open. Armstrong was the main stadium before Arthur Ashe Stadium opened in 1997, after which it served as the No. 2 stadium. It was named after the noted jazz musician Louis Armstrong, who lived nearby until his death in 1971 and was a significant figure in the civil rights movement.

Original stadium
The stadium was originally built as the Singer Bowl for the 1964 New York World's Fair, and hosted special events and concerts afterwards. It was renamed the Louis Armstrong Stadium in 1973 but closed the following year.

In the early 1970s the United States Tennis Association was looking for a new place to host the US Open, for its relations with the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, which had hosted the tournament, were breaking down. The USTA was initially unable to find a sufficient site, but the association's incoming president, W.E. Hester saw the old Singer Bowl from the window of an airplane flying into LaGuardia Airport. The old, long rectangular stadium was heavily renovated and divided into two venues, becoming the square Louis Armstrong Stadium, with the remaining third becoming the attached Grandstand, with a seating capacity of about 6,000.

In 1997, the stadium was replaced as the US Open's primary venue by the new Arthur Ashe Stadium. Armstrong Stadium was renovated again: the top tiers of seating were removed, which reduced capacity from the peak of 18,000 to 10,200, while a brick facade was added to match that of Ashe Stadium.

The stadium was demolished in October 2016. For the 2017 tournament, while construction was still ongoing on the new stadium, a temporary 8,800-seat stadium was built on the site of the demolished ticket office and East Gate entrance, on Parking Lot B, close to the boardwalk ramp to the subway and LIRR trains.

Current stadium
A new 14,000-seat Louis Armstrong Stadium opened for the 2018 US Open. This new stadium features a retractable roof and is the largest No. 2 stadium at a Grand Slam site.

External Galleries

 * Views of Louis Armstrong Stadium
 * Old Stadium / Singer bowl Demolition

title: Louis Armstrong Stadium (1978–2016)


text:
Ion Moța

Ion I. Moța (5 July 1902 – 13 January 1937) was the deputy leader of the Romanian fascist Legionary Movement (Iron Guard), killed in battle during the Spanish Civil War.

Biography
Son of the nationalist Orthodox priest Ioan Moța, who edited a journal called Libertatea ("Liberty"), Ion I. Moța completed his baccalaureate at Bucharest's Saint Sava National College, then studied law in Paris (at the Sorbonne, 1920-1921), Cluj, and Iași. After being suspended from attending university in Romania, he returned to France. His thesis, finished in 1932 at the University of Grenoble, was entitled "Juridical Security in the Community of Nations", later published in Romania as "The League of Nations as a Vicious and Dangerous Ideal".

At Cluj, he founded Acțiunea Românească ("Romanian Action"), a nationalist group inspired by Charles Maurras' Action Française. This organization fused with A. C. Cuza's National-Christian Defense League in 1925. Moța met Corneliu Zelea Codreanu at a meeting of antisemitic students in August 1923.

In late 1923, Moța, Codreanu, and other ultranationalist students formed a plan to assassinate Romanian politicians and leaders of Romanian Jewry seen as traitors and corruptors of Romanian national life. They were arrested in Bucharest on 8 October 1923 and sent to Văcărești Prison. At the trial, Moța shot Aurelian Vernichescu, the member of their conspiracy who betrayed it to the authorities. Despite the shooting and a confession of guilt, the jury found the group not guilty of and they were released on 29 March 1924. Moța spent two months in Galata prison in Iași for the murder of Vernichescu before being acquitted and released on 29 September 1924.

Codreanu made Moța leader of Frăția de Cruce ("Brotherhood of the Cross"), a fascist organization of peasants and students who would "fight for nationalistic renewal" (founded on 6 May 1924). Moța attended, together with A. C. Cuza, the September 1925 World Anti-Semitic Congress in Budapest; upon the founding of the Iron Guard (the Legion of the Archangel Michael) on 24 June 1927, he became deputy Captain to Codreanu.

Later that year, on 18 August 1927, he married Codreanu's sister, Iridenta. Together they had two children: Mihail and Gabriela.

Ion Moța represented the Legion at the 1934 Fascist International meeting in Montreux. He was vice-president of the Iron Guard political creation, the Everything for the Country Party. From 1934 through 1936, he served as a correspondent for Welt-Dienst ["World-Service"], an anti-Jewish publication founded by Ulrich Fleischhauer in Erfurt, Germany. Fleischhauer was a staunch believer in the veracity of the antisemitic propaganda pamphlet, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and appeared as an "expert witness" for the pro-Nazis at the famous Berne Trial. Moța had previously translated The Protocols... into Romanian.

In late 1936, Moța formed a Legionary unit to fight against the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War. He and Vasile Marin (another prominent Legionary) were killed on the Madrid Front on the same day of fighting (13 January 1937). Their funerals in Bucharest (13 February 1937) were an immense and orderly procession (see Funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin), attended by the Ministers of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Francisco Franco's Spain, representatives of fascist Portugal, Japan (at the time in the early Shōwa period), and delegates of the Polish Patriotic Youth.

On the commemoration of the deaths of Moța and Marin on 13 January 1938, Codreanu created a special order in the ranks of the Legionary units: the Moța-Marin Corps under the direction of Alexandru Cantacuzino. The members of this elite corps had Ready to Die as their slogan.

A monument commemorating their deaths was erected at Majadahonda, on 13 September 1970, with the support of Franco's government.

title: Ion Moța


text:
User:Helloitsboogieman

So far, I have written only one article which is about the Highway Transportation System. I started it as an unregistered user but then decided to register the next day.

title: User:Helloitsboogieman


text:
Albert of Hohenzollern

Albert of Prussia or Albert of Hohenzollern (in German, Albrecht von Hohenzollern) may refer to:

 * Albert of Mainz (1490–1545), also known as Albert of Brandenburg, archbishop
 * Albert, Duke of Prussia (1490–1568)
 * Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia (1553–1618)
 * Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872), the fifth son and youngest child of King Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
 * Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906), son of the above
 * Prince Albert of Prussia (born 1998), son of Prince Oskar of Prussia

title: Albert of Hohenzollern


text:
Talk:Albert of Hohenzollern

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 02:28, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Albert of Hohenzollern


text:
Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority

Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA) was a statutory authority that owned and managed some of the Government of New South Wales most significant Sydney harbour foreshore assets, including Sydney's heritage and cultural precincts at The Rocks and Darling Harbour. The Foreshore Authority was also place manager for a number of culturally significant sites in Sydney, including Rozelle Rail Yards, White Bay Power Station and Ballast Point Park.

History
The authority was formed in 1998 under the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Act, 1998 to consolidate the works and functions of the City West Development Corporation, Darling Harbour Authority and Sydney Cove Authority. In September 2015 the NSW Government announced that the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority's functions would be consolidated with Government Property NSW (Property NSW), as part of a move to consolidate government approaches to property and precinct management, including removing duplication of functions. The Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2015 took effect on 1 July, consolidating all functions of the SHFA into Property NSW.

Chairs

 * Gerry Gleeson, 1 February 1999 – September 2004
 * Jon Isaacs, September 2004 – 31 December 2007
 * Mike Collins, 1 January 2006 – 29 August 2011
 * Dick Persson, 29 August 2011 – 21 August 2014
 * Les Wielinga, 21 August 2014 – 23 June 2015
 * Helen Coonan, 23 June 2015 – 1 July 2016

Role
The Authority's mandate was to:
 * protect and enhance the natural and cultural heritage of the foreshore area
 * promote, coordinate, manage, undertake and secure the orderly and economic development and use of the foreshore area, including the provision of infrastructure, and
 * promote, coordinate, organise, manage, undertake, secure, provide and conduct cultural, educational, commercial, tourist, recreational, entertainment and transport activities and facilities.

The Authority managed commercial and retail leases, providing security, cleaning, building maintenance and other facility management services, and had the responsibility for heritage protection, including over 100 New South Wales State Heritage listed items.

The Authority had previously been responsible for managing specific areas of foreshore land in Sydney, including Barangaroo (managed by the Barangaroo Delivery Authority) and the Darling Quarter retail and commercial redevelopment at Darling Harbour.

As a part of the Department of Finance and Services (New South Wales) cluster, it was autonomously administered by a Board that reported to the New South Wales Minister for Finance, Services and Property.

title: Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority


text:
Modibo Adama

Adama ɓii Ardo Hassana (1786 – 1847), more commonly known as Modibbo Adama (Modibbo meaning "learned man"), was a Fulani scholar from the Yillaga (Yirlaɓe) clan. He led a jihad into the region of Fombina (in modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria) and established the emirate of Fombina, also known as Adamawa.

Modibbo Adama received a flag from Shehu Usman dan Fodio to lead a jihad in Fombina ('southlands') during the Sokoto revolution. Fombina later became one of the largest and most complex emirates in Usman's Sokoto Caliphate. It spanned about forty thousand square miles that covered parts of northeastern Nigeria, entire northern Cameroon and parts of Central African Republic.

Early life
Modibbo Adama was born in 1779 in Wuro Chekke, located in what is now Adamawa state. He was described as being "lean and of tall stature, his features sharp and somewhat disfigured by small-pox, his nose slightly curved." His father, Modibbo Hassana, held the position of Arɗo, a clan leader. Adama's upbringing was deeply rooted in Islam, as his father, a Muslim, provided him with religious education until he was eleven years old. Recognizing the limitations of available Islamic education in the region, Adama was sent away to continue his studies and was accompanied by Hamman Song, a Bolaro of the Wolarɓe Fulɓe.

Under the tutelage of Shehu Muhammad Tahir in Baghirmi, Adama's focus was primarily on studying the Quran. He later moved to Birnin Ngazargamo, the capital of the Bornu empire, where he sought guidance from the renowned scholar Mallam Kiari. Adama immersed himself in his studies under Kiari's guidance for about a decade, absorbing a wide range of Islamic teachings and principles.

Upon returning to Wuro Chekke, Adama was met with the news of his father's death during a local conflict involving the Fulbe and Bata communities. Adama left Wuro Chekke not long after receiving the news and joined the Ba'en Fulbe in the Faro valley. The Ba'en were led by an Islamic scholar called Ardo Hamman, also known as Modibbo Hamman, who was highly respected and considered one of the prominent Ardo'en in the Benue-Faro valley. Recognizing the need for the spread of Islamic teachings and the religious development of the local Fulbe community, both Adama and Modibbo Hamman intensified their efforts in this regard. Their dedication to learning and devotion earned them a reputation for their piety and knowledge throughout the upper Benue region.

Adama's mandate
The news of Usman dan Fodio's Sokoto jihad, initiated in 1804, eventually reached the Fulbe community in Fombina. This was primarily due to the activities of influential jihadists such as Buba Yero and Bauchi Gordi, who were actively expanding their control over neighboring territories in the Gongola valley. Their military campaigns and conquests served as a conduit for information about the unfolding Sokoto jihad. Furthermore, the Fulbe migrants who had fled the regions affected by the jihadists' advancements, particularly from Bornu, played a crucial role in disseminating news about the Sokoto jihad. These individuals, seeking refuge from the conflict, carried with them tales of the unfolding events and the growing influence of Usman dan Fodio's movement. As a result of these combined factors—jihadist activities near Fombina and the accounts of those who had experienced the impact of the Sokoto jihad—the news of this religious and political movement gradually reached and resonated with parts of the Muslim Fulbe community of Fombina.

In 1809, the Ardo'en of the Fombina Fulbe clans held a meeting in Guringa to reach a decision on how to approach the situation. After much deliberation, the leaders agreed on a course of action and chose to send a delegation to Sokoto, where Shehu Usman was based, seeking his guidance. Modibbo Adama was chosen to lead this delegation as he was seen as a learned man who was neutral among the Ardo'en and had no desire for political power nor interest in politics. The delegation embarked on the journey that took several months and finally reached the Shehu in Sokoto. They conveyed their message to him, explaining the situation in Fombina and seeking his counsel. After reviewing the situation, Uthman instructed them to launch the jihad in Fombina. Furthermore, he chose Adama as the leader, appointing him Lamido Fombina ('Lord of the South'). The reason for Uthman's decision to pick Adama, according to a manuscript dated March 1809 in Yola, was:"...since you tell me that some of the fulani leaders did not come with you, but they sent you to come and receive the flag of the jihad from me and take it back to them. I instruct you to tell them that it is you to whom I have given this jihad flag, and tell them that who ever obeys you obeys me, and whoever swears fealty to you, it is exactly as if he had sworn fealty to me."Shehu Usman's instructions to Modibbo Adama were comprehensive and far-reaching. He directed Adama to propagate Islam across the Fombina region and to distribute jihad flags among the various Ardo'en to carry out the mission of spreading the faith among the Fulbe and pagan peoples. Adama's role extended beyond local leadership; he was designated as a liaison between the Ardo'en and the central authority in Sokoto.

In addition to his leadership responsibilities, Usman emphasized to Adama the importance of anticipating the coming of the Mahdi. Usman believed that the Mahdi would emerge from the east and urged Adama to be vigilant for signs of his appearance. This emphasis on the Mahdi's coming was significant in the broader context of the Sokoto Caliphate's longevity. Usman had prophesied that the caliphate's reign would last only until the arrival of the Mahdi, within a span of a hundred years. This notion was deeply ingrained in the Sokoto leadership's mindset, and subsequent Lamibe Fombina were entrusted with the task of monitoring the signs of the Mahdi's appearance. Sultan Bello (second Sultan of Sokoto) further requested Adama to send spies to "south of Wadai and the south of Fur in the direction of the Nile River" so that the people of the caliphate, on the Mahdi's appearance, could "follow him and give him the oath of allegiance." This made Fombina an important region to the Sokoto government and likely influenced Usman's decision to appoint Adama as Lamido as he needed a trustworthy scholar who could spot the signs of the Mahdi and regularly update him on the happenings in the region.

Early campaigns
Adama immediately began recruiting Fulani and Hausa volunteers and mercenaries. These were mainly mounted cavalrymen fighting with sword, bow, and poisoned arrow. Adama forbade them to pillage or to kill indiscriminately, but enemy nations were given two choices: convert to Islam or become a tributary state. Those ethnic groups that lacked a centralised government had but one: become slaves or convert to Islam.

The non-Fulani Muslims of the Adamawa largely rejected Adama's jihad; they viewed it as little more than an excuse to spread Fulani hegemony. However, it was primarily the Fulani leaders (ardo'en, singular: ardo) of Fumbina with whom Adama was concerned. Some of them rejected his primacy for various reasons: He was from a fairly humble background, he owned little wealth, his army was still small, and he lacked charisma. The majority, however, welcomed Adama as a military commander or religious leader at the very least. Adama's son-in-law, Jauro Dembo, had already settled in Fumbina at Malabu and became one of his lieutenants.

The makeshift army made headquarters at Gurin, a fort at the junction of the Faro and Benue Rivers where Fulani warriors had regrouped after fighting the Bata in 1803. Adama then led his forces in a series of strikes on Bata settlements such as Pema, Tepa, and Turuwa. The victories elated Adama's men, who took numerous Bata slaves. It was during these battles that Adama received the news that his father was killed by the Bata on the Beti River. Modibbo Adama's force continued their battles against Bata and Lala peoples as far as the Gongola River, where he met the Lamido of Gombe, Buba Yero. The two joined forces and fought back the Yanguru, Hona and Kibba peoples. The two forces eventually stopped and both went homewards.

The early successes convinced more local Fulani leaders to come to Adama's side. Even those ardo'en who opposed his political rule recognised the jihad as an opportunity to expand their territories. Njobdi of the Wollarbe clan is one notable example, and his major rival, Hammam Sambo, perhaps the first ardo to have settled in Fumbina, proved the major holdout. Bitter relations between Njobdi and Hammam would prove a major obstacle in Adama's quest to maintain a cohesive empire.

In addition, common Fulani were inspired by Adama's exploits and formed into bands. Adama created a new position for their leaders: The lamido (plural: lamibe), who was the leader of a particular territory, as opposed to an ardo, leader of a particular people. Both groups received flags of command and shared the same status in Adama's armies. Before his death, Adama would appoint over 40 non-ardo lamibe. They would prove his most loyal lieutenants.

Mandara campaign
Adama turned his attentions on the only major state in Fumbina that could present a threat to his fledgling emirate: Mandara. It was an attractive target. It lay between Bornu to the north and Baghirmi in the Chad Basin, so its fall would facilitate the conquest of these areas. Its people were already Muslim, though they mixed the religion with pagan practices. Moreover, it had a large population from whom soldiers could be conscripted, and it was renowned for its excellent horses. Mandara was well organised, however, and would not be an easy prize. The people who lived there, the Mandarawa, had a long-standing rivalry with the Fulani, who had fought them under the Bornu in previous years. This animosity only served to drive more Fulani to Adama's armies, though, as many veterans were eager for another crack at an old rival. Furthermore, Fulbe rulers Modibo Damraka and others were already embroiled in fighting against the Mandara in the Diamaré Plain.

Adama reached Guringa in 1809 with a large army in good morale. He quickly conquered the Mandara settlement at Guider and headed north, taking several more villages along the way. Outside of the Mandara capital, Dulo, Adama demanded that the king, Bukar Djiama, swear his allegiance and convert to Islam untainted with paganism. Bukar agreed to acknowledged Adama's right to rule his own subjects, but he refused to yield his own sovereignty. Adama and his men took Dulo with little fighting.

Adama searched for someone to rule the settlement, but he found no one whom he felt adequate for the post. Meanwhile, his troops revelled in their plunder. No one expected the Mandara counterattack, which was launched from nearby Mora. Adama fled the town, and Du na lie

Administration
Adama and his men retreated to Yola (in present-day Nigeria). The town would become his capital by 1841. From here, he and his lieutenants continued to expand the emirate, which he named Adamawa after himself. The subordinates had to send him tribute in the form of cattle. Large settlements such as Maroua, Garoua, and Ngaoundéré fell to Adama or his lieutenants. By 1825, the Fulani had penetrated the Adamawa Plateau. Nevertheless, Adama lived in relatively moderate surroundings and never acquired great wealth.

From Yola, Adama began the administrative tasks necessary for his nascent state. He did this with Usman's advice; he was to foster understanding between his people and their governors, facilitate communication between elders and their subordinates, and prevent the stratification of society based on class or wealth. The empire eventually took on three administrative tiers. At the centre was the emir al-Mu'minin ("commander of the faithful"), Adama himself, ruling from Yola and answering only to Usman dan Fodio in Sokoto. A contingent of councillors and administrators directly aided him, and a household staff of non-Fulbe and slaves doubled as his bodyguard. Below him were a number of district leaders, the lamibe (singular: lamido), who ruled key settlements. Under them were a number of villages, each headed by a village chief.

Meanwhile, some of the older ardo'en grew powerful through their own conquests. They regarded the unconquered areas near their territories as their own private backyards and defended these zones from all comers. This sometimes surfaced in their relations with Adama, such as when Bouba Njida of Rai refused to come to Adama's aid when the emir was fighting the Namchi at Poli. Instead, Bouba waited for Adama to retreat from the area to bring in his own forces and finish the enemy off. He then sent prisoners from the battle to Adama as a gift.

Legacy
Adama died in 1847 and was laid to rest at Yola (his tomb survives to this day). Adamawa covered 103,000 km2 from Lake Chad to Banyo and was inhabited by 1,500,000 people. Further expansion to the south had proved difficult and undesirable since the presence of the tsetse fly and thick jungle made cattle rearing difficult there.

Adama's son Muhammadu Lawal succeeded him after a brief regency under Hamidu bi Adama. Eventually, three of Adama's other sons would at some point serve as Lamido of Adamawa. Not until the British and German colonial periods would the emirate come to an end.

Despite their loss of independence, the Fulani were now the preeminent ethnic group of Northern Cameroon. They spread Islam throughout the region, establishing it as the dominant religion. Education also flourished, as new converts learned Arabic writing and studied the Qur'an. Trade flourished, and communications with it. The conquests were also important ecologically. Lands that had once been used for cultivation now became part of Fulani pastureland. Herdsmen cut down trees to make way for cattle, and they burned grasses that their herds later trampled. Centuries of such behaviour have replaced the region's forest with savanna.

Ironically, the Adamawa was more sparsely populated after Adama's conquest. Rather than fight the Fulani invaders, many peoples fled, displacing others in turn. The Adamawa Plateau, once home to many of Cameroon's ethnic groups, soon became a pastureland, and the forest zone of Cameroon became more heavily populated.

title: Modibo Adama