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Talk:Religions of the ancient Near East

Untitled
is this article supposed to be about ANE religion itself, or about reconstructionist movements? If the former, the reconstructionists are at best of passing relevance, and it should focus at explaining the religions themselves. dab (ᛏ) 11:44, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 August 2020 and 10 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Emavila123. Peer reviewers: Momovuwi.

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Egyptian religion is not middle eastern
The religion of ancient egypt developt out of the religion of two older purely African cultures, the Sudanic religion (a monotheistic religion of Nilo-Saharan speaking people) and the henotheistic religion of the Afro-Asiatic people. The word Afro-Asiatic here referes to the language family, which is of purely African origin. Only one branch of it (the Semites) migrated into Asia, hence the name. The Semites are not the ancestors of the ancient Egyptians, so the inclusion of Egypt among the middle eastern cultures is questionable, See:

Nannus (talk) 22:36, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Ehret, Christopher, (2002) The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.

original research
The Astrology and Ethic sections of this article consist of original research and opinion, lacking any citations. The Astrology section even speculates about an "unfolding" process by which religious beliefs arose in the ancient mind, which is quite an adventurous subject that goes a little beyond what is historically knowable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DesertRat262 (talk • contribs) 17:57, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Religions of the ancient Near East


text:
Studies in the Scriptures

Studies in the Scriptures is a series of publications, intended as a Bible study aid, containing seven volumes of great importance to the history of the Bible Student movement, and the early history of Jehovah's Witnesses.

Origin
The author of the first six volumes of Studies in the Scriptures, Charles Taze Russell, reported that he did not write them "through visions and dreams, nor by God's audible voice," but that he sought "to bring together these long scattered fragments of truth". The first volume was written in 1886. Originally entitled The Plan of the Ages as part of a series called Millennial Dawn, it was later renamed The Divine Plan of the Ages. The name Studies in the Scriptures was adopted in limited editions around October 1904 and was more generally used from 1906.

Purpose
The series was written as a Bible study aid. Russell held that topical study was the best approach, rather than verse by verse. The series contains commentary about biblical events and expressions, and progresses from elementary topics such as the existence of God and promoting the Bible as God's word, to deeper subject matter throughout the series.

Russell did not claim infallibility, but declared that God's plan of salvation could not be understood independently from his writings. He stated, "if he then lays [the Studies in the Scriptures] aside and ignores them and goes to the Bible alone, though he has understood his Bible for ten years, our experience shows that within two years he goes into darkness." Studies in the Scriptures claimed to represent that humankind had reached the end of the current era, and that Jesus would soon separate the wheat from the weeds.

Contents

 * 1) The Divine Plan of the Ages (1886)—interpretations of fundamental biblical topics associated with God's plan of salvation;
 * 2) The Time is at Hand (1889)—an interpretation of biblical chronology, keys to time prophecies, the second advent of Christ, and the identification of the Antichrist;
 * 3) Thy Kingdom Come (1891)—describes biblical prophecies in further detail, along with the fate of Israel and information on the Great Pyramid of Giza as being built under God's direction. The section on Pyramidology was influenced by the theories of Charles Piazzi Smyth, who also helped review it;
 * 4) The Day of Vengeance (1897), later renamed The Battle of Armageddon—suggests causes of the dissolution of the present order, with the biblical remedy as God's kingdom;
 * 5) The At-one-ment Between God and Man (1899)—discusses the nature of humanity, the work of redemption, and the Holy Spirit;
 * 6) The New Creation (1904)—discusses the seven days of creation found in Genesis, and the duties and personal responsibilities of a Christian.

The Finished Mystery
Russell had stated an intention to write a seventh volume of Studies, which would be a commentary on the books of Ezekiel and Revelation, as early as 1906. Following Russell's death in 1916, a seventh volume—entitled The Finished Mystery—was published in 1917 and advertised as his "posthumous work". This seventh volume was a detailed interpretation of the books of Ezekiel and Revelation, as well as the Song of Solomon. An advertisement for the book in Zion's Watch Tower called it "the true interpretation", and it was promoted as being "of the Lord—prepared under his guidance."

Immediate controversy surrounded both its publication and content. It was soon established that it was largely written and compiled by two of Russell's associates, Clayton J. Woodworth and George H. Fisher, and edited by Russell's successor, Joseph Franklin Rutherford.

Legacy
The abandonment of several core doctrines under Rutherford's presidency prompted the Watch Tower and Bible Tract Society to cease publication of all seven volumes of Studies in the Scriptures in 1927, and distribution of remaining stock ended in 1929.

The six volumes of Studies in the Scriptures authored by Russell are still published by independent groups within the Bible Student movement.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Studies in the Scriptures


text:
Isotopes of copernicium

Copernicium (112Cn) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 277Cn in 1996. There are 6 known radioisotopes (with one more unconfirmed); the longest-lived isotope is 285Cn with a half-life of 30 seconds.

List of isotopes

 * 277Cn
 * 112
 * 165
 * 277.16364(15)#
 * α
 * 273Ds
 * 3/2+#
 * 281Cn
 * 112
 * 169
 * 281.16975(42)#
 * α
 * 277Ds
 * 3/2+#
 * 282Cn
 * 112
 * 170
 * 282.1705(7)#
 * SF
 * (various)
 * 0+
 * rowspan=3|283Cn
 * rowspan=3|112
 * rowspan=3|171
 * rowspan=3|283.17327(65)#
 * rowspan=3|$790 us$
 * α (96%)
 * 279Ds
 * rowspan=3|
 * SF (4%)
 * (various)
 * EC?
 * 283Rg
 * rowspan=2|284Cn
 * rowspan=2|112
 * rowspan=2|172
 * rowspan=2|284.17416(91)#
 * rowspan=2|$180 ms$
 * SF (98%)
 * (various)
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * α (2%)
 * 280Ds
 * 285Cn
 * 112
 * 173
 * 285.17712(60)#
 * α
 * 281Ds
 * 5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * α (2%)
 * 280Ds
 * 285Cn
 * 112
 * 173
 * 285.17712(60)#
 * α
 * 281Ds
 * 5/2+#
 * α
 * 281Ds
 * 5/2+#

 * 286Cn
 * 112
 * 174
 * SF
 * (various)
 * 0+
 * SF
 * (various)
 * 0+

Nucleosynthesis
Superheavy elements such as copernicium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induces fusion reactions. Whereas most of the isotopes of copernicium can be synthesized directly this way, some heavier ones have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers.

Depending on the energies involved, the former are separated into "hot" and "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets such as actinides, giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons. In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products. The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion).

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z = 112.

Cold fusion
The first cold fusion reaction to produce copernicium was performed by GSI in 1996, who reported the detection of two decay chains of copernicium-277.

In a review of the data in 2000, the first decay chain was retracted. In a repeat of the reaction in 2000 they were able to synthesize a further atom. They attempted to measure the 1n excitation function in 2002 but suffered from a failure of the zinc-70 beam. The unofficial discovery of copernicium-277 was confirmed in 2004 at RIKEN, where researchers detected a further two atoms of the isotope and were able to confirm the decay data for the entire chain. This reaction had also previously been tried in 1971 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia in an effort to produce 276Cn in the 2n channel, but without success.

After the successful synthesis of copernicium-277, the GSI team performed a reaction using a 68Zn projectile in 1997 in an effort to study the effect of isospin (neutron richness) on the chemical yield.
 * + →  + x

The experiment was initiated after the discovery of a yield enhancement during the synthesis of darmstadtium isotopes using nickel-62 and nickel-64 ions. No decay chains of copernicium-275 were detected leading to a cross section limit of 1.2 picobarns (pb). However, the revision of the yield for the zinc-70 reaction to 0.5 pb does not rule out a similar yield for this reaction.

In 1990, after some early indications for the formation of isotopes of copernicium in the irradiation of a tungsten target with multi-GeV protons, a collaboration between GSI and the Hebrew University studied the foregoing reaction.
 * + →  + x

They were able to detect some spontaneous fission (SF) activity and a 12.5 MeV alpha decay, both of which they tentatively assigned to the radiative capture product copernicium-272 or the 1n evaporation residue copernicium-271. Both the TWG and JWP have concluded that a lot more research is required to confirm these conclusions.

Hot fusion
In 1998, the team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Research (FLNR) in Dubna, Russia began a research program using calcium-48 nuclei in "warm" fusion reactions leading to super-heavy elements. In March 1998, they claimed to have synthesized two atoms of the element in the following reaction.
 * + →  + x  (x=3,4)

The product, copernicium-283, had a claimed half-life of 5 minutes, decaying by spontaneous fission.

The long half-life of the product initiated first chemical experiments on the gas phase atomic chemistry of copernicium. In 2000, Yuri Yukashev in Dubna repeated the experiment but was unable to observe any spontaneous fission events with half-life of 5 minutes. The experiment was repeated in 2001 and an accumulation of eight fragments resulting from spontaneous fission were found in the low-temperature section, indicating that copernicium had radon-like properties. However, there is now some serious doubt about the origin of these results. To confirm the synthesis, the reaction was successfully repeated by the same team in January 2003, confirming the decay mode and half-life. They were also able to calculate an estimate of the mass of the spontaneous fission activity to ~285, lending support to the assignment.

The team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in Berkeley, United States entered the debate and performed the reaction in 2002. They were unable to detect any spontaneous fission and calculated a cross section limit of 1.6 pb for the detection of a single event.

The reaction was repeated in 2003–2004 by the team at Dubna using a slightly different set-up, the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator (DGFRS). This time, copernicium-283 was found to decay by emission of a 9.53 MeV alpha-particle with a half-life of 4 seconds. Copernicium-282 was also observed in the 4n channel (emitting 4 neutrons).

In 2003, the team at GSI entered the debate and performed a search for the five-minute SF activity in chemical experiments. Like the Dubna team, they were able to detect seven SF fragments in the low temperature section. However, these SF events were uncorrelated, suggesting they were not from actual direct SF of copernicium nuclei and raised doubts about the original indications for radon-like properties. After the announcement from Dubna of different decay properties for copernicium-283, the GSI team repeated the experiment in September 2004. They were unable to detect any SF events and calculated a cross section limit of ~1.6 pb for the detection of one event, not in contradiction with the reported 2.5 pb yield by Dubna team.

In May 2005, the GSI performed a physical experiment and identified a single atom of 283Cn decaying by SF with a short half-time suggesting a previously unknown SF branch. However, initial work by Dubna team had detected several direct SF events but had assumed that the parent alpha decay had been missed. These results indicated that this was not the case.

The new decay data on copernicium-283 were confirmed in 2006 by a joint PSI–FLNR experiment aimed at probing the chemical properties of copernicium. Two atoms of copernicium-283 were observed in the decay of the parent flerovium-287 nuclei. The experiment indicated that contrary to previous experiments, copernicium behaves as a typical member of group 12, demonstrating properties of a volatile metal.

Finally, the team at GSI successfully repeated their physical experiment in January 2007, and detected three atoms of copernicium-283, confirming both the alpha and SF decay modes.

As such, the 5-minute SF activity is still unconfirmed and unidentified. It is possible that it refers to an isomer, namely copernicium-283b, whose yield is dependent upon the exact production methods. It is also possible that it is the result of an electron capture branch in 283Cn leading to 283Rg, which would necessitate a reassignment of its parent to 287Nh (the electron-capture daughter of 287Fl).

 * + →  + x

The team at FLNR studied this reaction in 2004. They were unable to detect any atoms of copernicium and calculated a cross section limit of 0.6 pb. The team concluded that this indicated that the neutron mass number for the compound nucleus has an effect on the yield of evaporation residues.

Decay products
Copernicium has been observed as decay products of flerovium. Flerovium currently has seven known isotopes, all but one (the lightest, 284Fl) of which have been shown to undergo alpha decays to become copernicium nuclei, with mass numbers between 281 and 286. Copernicium isotopes with mass numbers 281, 284, 285, and 286 to date have only been produced by flerovium nuclei decay. Parent flerovium nuclei can be themselves decay products of livermorium or oganesson.

For example, in May 2006, the Dubna team (JINR) identified copernicium-282 as a final product in the decay of oganesson via the alpha decay sequence. It was found that the final nucleus undergoes spontaneous fission.

In the claimed synthesis of oganesson-293 in 1999, copernicium-281 was identified as decaying by emission of a 10.68 MeV alpha particle with half-life 0.90 ms. The claim was retracted in 2001. This isotope was finally created in 2010 and its decay properties contradicted the previous data.

Nuclear isomerism
First experiments on the synthesis of 283Cn produced a SF activity with half-life ~5 min. This activity was also observed from the alpha decay of flerovium-287. The decay mode and half-life were also confirmed in a repetition of the first experiment. Later, copernicium-283 was observed to undergo 9.52 MeV alpha decay and SF with a half-life of 3.9 s. It has also been found that alpha decay of copernicium-283 leads to different excited states of darmstadtium-279. These results suggest the assignment of the two activities to two different isomeric levels in copernicium-283, creating copernicium-283a and copernicium-283b. This result may also be due to an electron-capture branching of the parent 287Fl to 287Nh, so that the longer-lived activity would be assigned to 283Rg.

Copernicium-285 has only been observed as a decay product of flerovium-289 and livermorium-293; during the first recorded synthesis of flerovium, one flerovium-289 was created, which alpha decayed to copernicium-285, which itself emitted an alpha particle in 29 seconds, releasing 9.15 or 9.03 MeV. However, in the first experiment to successfully synthesize livermorium, when livermorium-293 was created, it was shown that the created nuclide alpha decayed to flerovium-289, decay data for which differed from the known values significantly. Although unconfirmed, it is highly possible that this is associated with an isomer. The resulting nuclide decayed to copernicium-285, which emitted an alpha particle with a half-life of around 10 minutes, releasing 8.586 MeV. Similar to its parent, it is believed to be a nuclear isomer, copernicium-285b. Due to the low beam energies associated with the initial 244Pu+48Ca experiment, it is possible that the 2n channel may have been reached, producing 290Fl instead of 289Fl; this would then undergo undetected electron capture to 290Nh, thus resulting in a reassignment of this activity to its alpha daughter 286Rg.

Cold fusion
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing copernicium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Hot fusion
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing copernicium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Fission of compound nuclei with atomic number 112
Several experiments have been performed between 2001 and 2004 at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus 286Cn. The nuclear reaction used is 238U+48Ca. The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as 132Sn (Z = 50, N = 82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between 48Ca and 58Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of 58Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.

Evaporation residue cross sections
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section

title: Isotopes of copernicium


text:
Isotopes of nihonium

Nihonium (113Nh) is a synthetic element. Being synthetic, a standard atomic weight cannot be given and like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 284Nh as a decay product of 288Mc in 2003. The first isotope to be directly synthesized was 278Nh in 2004. There are 6 known radioisotopes from 278Nh to 286Nh, along with the unconfirmed 287Nh and 290Nh. The longest-lived isotope is 286Nh with a half-life of 9.5 seconds.

List of isotopes

 * 278Nh
 * 113
 * 165
 * 278.17073(24)#
 * α
 * 274Rg
 * 282Nh
 * 113
 * 169
 * 282.17577(43)#
 * α
 * 278Rg
 * 283Nh
 * 113
 * 170
 * 283.17667(47)#
 * α
 * 279Rg
 * rowspan=2| 284Nh
 * rowspan=2|113
 * rowspan=2|171
 * rowspan=2|284.17884(57)#
 * rowspan=2|$2 ms$
 * α (≥99%)
 * 280Rg
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (≤1%)
 * 284Cn
 * rowspan=2|285Nh
 * rowspan=2|113
 * rowspan=2|172
 * rowspan=2|285.18011(83)#
 * rowspan=2|$61 ms$
 * α (82%)
 * 281Rg
 * SF (18%)
 * (various)
 * 286Nh
 * 113
 * 173
 * 286.18246(63)#
 * 9.5 s
 * α
 * 282Rg
 * 287Nh
 * 113
 * 174
 * 287.18406(76)#
 * 5.5 s
 * α
 * 283Rg
 * 290Nh
 * 113
 * 177
 * 290.19143(50)#
 * 2 s?
 * α
 * 286Rg
 * 282Rg
 * 287Nh
 * 113
 * 174
 * 287.18406(76)#
 * 5.5 s
 * α
 * 283Rg
 * 290Nh
 * 113
 * 177
 * 290.19143(50)#
 * 2 s?
 * α
 * 286Rg
 * 290.19143(50)#
 * 2 s?
 * α
 * 286Rg

Nucleosynthesis
Super-heavy elements such as nihonium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induce fusion reactions. Whereas most of the isotopes of nihonium can be synthesized directly this way, some heavier ones have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers.

Depending on the energies involved, the former are separated into "hot" and "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets (actinides), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons. In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products. The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion).

Cold fusion
Before the synthesis of nihonium by the RIKEN team, scientists at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany also tried to synthesize nihonium by bombarding bismuth-209 with zinc-70 in 1998. No nihonium atoms were identified in two separate runs of the reaction. They repeated the experiment in 2003 again without success. In late 2003, the emerging team at RIKEN using their efficient apparatus GARIS attempted the reaction and reached a limit of 140 fb. In December 2003 – August 2004, they resorted to "brute force" and carried out the reaction for a period of eight months. They were able to detect a single atom of 278Nh. They repeated the reaction in several runs in 2005 and were able to synthesize a second atom, followed by a third in 2012.

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=113.

Hot fusion
In June 2006, the Dubna-Livermore team synthesised nihonium directly by bombarding a neptunium-237 target with accelerated calcium-48 nuclei, in a search for the lighter isotopes 281Nh and 282Nh and their decay products, to provide insight into the stabilizing effects of the closed neutron shells at N = 162 and N = 184:

 * + →  + 3

Two atoms of 282Nh were detected.

As decay product
Nihonium has been observed as a decay product of moscovium (via alpha decay). Moscovium currently has five known isotopes; all of them undergo alpha decays to become nihonium nuclei, with mass numbers between 282 and 286. Parent moscovium nuclei can be themselves decay products of tennessine. It may also occur as a decay product of flerovium (via electron capture), and parent flerovium nuclei can be themselves decay products of livermorium. For example, in January 2010, the Dubna team (JINR) identified nihonium-286 as a product in the decay of tennessine via an alpha decay sequence:

Evaporation residue cross sections
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section

title: Isotopes of nihonium


text:
Isotopes of flerovium

Flerovium (114Fl) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 289Fl in 1999 (or possibly 1998). Flerovium has six known isotopes, along with the unconfirmed 290Fl, and possibly two nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 289Fl with a half-life of 1.9 seconds, but 290Fl may have a longer half-life of 19 seconds.

List of isotopes

 * 284Fl
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * style="text-align:right" | 170
 * 284.18119(70)#
 * 3.1(13) ms
 * SF
 * (various)
 * 0+
 * 285Fl
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * style="text-align:right" | 171
 * 285.18350(43)#
 * α
 * 281Cn
 * 3/2+#
 * rowspan=2|286Fl
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 172
 * rowspan=2|286.18423(59)#
 * rowspan=2|$100 ms$
 * α (55%)
 * 282Cn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * SF (45%)
 * (various)
 * rowspan=2| 287Fl
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 173
 * rowspan=2| 287.18672(66)#
 * rowspan=2| $105 ms$
 * α
 * 283Cn
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC?
 * 287Nh
 * 288Fl
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * style="text-align:right" | 174
 * 288.18778(82)#
 * 653(113) ms
 * α
 * 284Cn
 * 0+
 * 289Fl
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * style="text-align:right" | 175
 * 289.19052(55)#
 * 2.1(6) s
 * α
 * 285Cn
 * 5/2+#
 * rowspan=2 | 290Fl
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 176
 * rowspan=2 | 290.19188(75)#
 * rowspan=2 | 19 s?
 * EC
 * 290Nh
 * rowspan=2 | 0+
 * α
 * 286Cn
 * rowspan=2 | 290Fl
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 176
 * rowspan=2 | 290.19188(75)#
 * rowspan=2 | 19 s?
 * EC
 * 290Nh
 * rowspan=2 | 0+
 * α
 * 286Cn
 * 286Cn

 * It is theorized that 298Fl will have a relatively long half-life, as N = 184 is expected to correspond to a closed neutron shell.

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=114 compound nuclei
The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with an atomic number of 114.

Cold fusion
''This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of flerovium by so-called "cold" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV, hence "cold"), leading to a higher probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of one or two neutrons only.''

208Pb(76Ge,xn)284−xFl
The first attempt to synthesise flerovium in cold fusion reactions was performed at Grand accélérateur national d'ions lourds (GANIL), France in 2003. No atoms were detected, providing a yield limit of 1.2 pb. The team at RIKEN have indicated plans to study this reaction.

Hot fusion
''This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of flerovium by so-called "hot" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV, hence "hot"), leading to a reduced probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3–5 neutrons. Fusion reactions utilizing 48Ca nuclei usually produce compound nuclei with intermediate excitation energies (~30–35 MeV) and are sometimes referred to as "warm" fusion reactions. This leads, in part, to relatively high yields from these reactions.''

248Cm(40Ar,xn)288-xFl
One of the first attempts at synthesis of superheavy elements was performed by Albert Ghiorso et al. and Stan Thompson et al. in 1968 at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using this reaction. No events attributable to superheavy nuclei were identified; this was expected as the compound nucleus 288Fl (with N = 174) falls ten neutrons short of the closed shell predicted at N = 184. This first unsuccessful synthesis attempt provided early indications of cross-section and half-life limits for superheavy nuclei producible in hot fusion reactions.

244Pu(48Ca,xn)292−xFl (x=2?,3,4,5)
The first experiments on the synthesis of flerovium were performed by the team in Dubna in November 1998. They were able to detect a single, long decay chain, assigned to. The reaction was repeated in 1999 and a further two atoms of flerovium were detected. The products were assigned to. The team further studied the reaction in 2002. During the measurement of the 3n, 4n, and 5n neutron evaporation excitation functions they were able to detect three atoms of, twelve atoms of the new isotope , and one atom of the new isotope 287Fl. Based on these results, the first atom to be detected was tentatively reassigned to or 289mFl, whilst the two subsequent atoms were reassigned to  and therefore belong to the unofficial discovery experiment. In an attempt to study the chemistry of copernicium as the isotope, this reaction was repeated in April 2007. Surprisingly, a PSI-FLNR directly detected two atoms of forming the basis for the first chemical studies of flerovium.

In June 2008, the experiment was repeated in order to further assess the chemistry of the element using the isotope. A single atom was detected seeming to confirm the noble-gas-like properties of the element.

During May–July 2009, the team at GSI studied this reaction for the first time, as a first step towards the synthesis of tennessine. The team were able to confirm the synthesis and decay data for and, producing nine atoms of the former isotope and four atoms of the latter.

242Pu(48Ca,xn)290−xFl (x=2,3,4,5)
The team at Dubna first studied this reaction in March–April 1999 and detected two atoms of flerovium, assigned to 287Fl. The reaction was repeated in September 2003 in order to attempt to confirm the decay data for 287Fl and 283Cn since conflicting data for 283Cn had been collected (see copernicium). The Russian scientists were able to measure decay data for 288Fl, 287Fl and the new isotope 286Fl from the measurement of the 2n, 3n, and 4n excitation functions.

In April 2006, a PSI-FLNR collaboration used the reaction to determine the first chemical properties of copernicium by producing 283Cn as an overshoot product. In a confirmatory experiment in April 2007, the team were able to detect 287Fl directly and therefore measure some initial data on the atomic chemical properties of flerovium.

The team at Berkeley, using the Berkeley gas-filled separator (BGS), continued their studies using newly acquired targets by attempting the synthesis of flerovium in January 2009 using the above reaction. In September 2009, they reported that they had succeeded in detecting two atoms of flerovium, as and, confirming the decay properties reported at the FLNR, although the measured cross sections were slightly lower; however the statistics were of lower quality.

In April 2009, the collaboration of Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) of JINR carried out another study of the chemistry of flerovium using this reaction. A single atom of 283Cn was detected.

In December 2010, the team at the LBNL announced the synthesis of a single atom of the new isotope 285Fl with the consequent observation of 5 new isotopes of daughter elements.

239,240Pu(48Ca,xn)287,288−xFl (x=3 for 239Pu; x=3, 4 for 240Pu)
The FLNR had plans to study light isotopes of flerovium, formed in the reaction between 239Pu or 240Pu and 48Ca: in particular, the decay products of 283Fl and 284Fl were expected to fill in the gap between the isotopes of the lighter superheavy elements formed by cold fusion with 208Pb and 209Bi targets and those formed by hot fusion with 48Ca projectiles. These reactions were studied in 2015. One new isotope was found in both the 240Pu(48Ca,4n) and 239Pu(48Ca,3n) reactions, the rapidly spontaneously fissioning 284Fl, giving a clear demarcation of the neutron-poor edge of the island of stability. Three atoms of 285Fl were also produced. The Dubna team repeated their investigation of the 240Pu+48Ca reaction in 2017, observing three new consistent decay chains of 285Fl, an additional decay chain from this nuclide that may pass through some isomeric states in its daughters, a chain that could be assigned to 287Fl (likely stemming from 242Pu impurities in the target), and some spontaneous fission events of which some could be from 284Fl, though other interpretations including side reactions involving the evaporation of charged particles are also possible.

As a decay product
Most of the isotopes of flerovium have also been observed in the decay chains of livermorium and oganesson.

285Fl
In the claimed synthesis of 293Og in 1999, the isotope 285Fl was identified as decaying by 11.35 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 0.58 ms. The claim was retracted in 2001. This isotope was finally created in 2010 and its decay properties supported the fabrication of the previously published decay data.

Fission of compound nuclei with an atomic number of 114
Several experiments have been performed between 2000 and 2004 at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus 292Fl. The nuclear reaction used is 244Pu+48Ca. The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as 132Sn (Z = 50, N = 82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between 48Ca and 58Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of 58Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.

289Fl
In the first claimed synthesis of flerovium, an isotope assigned as 289Fl decayed by emitting a 9.71 MeV alpha particle with a lifetime of 30 seconds. This activity was not observed in repetitions of the direct synthesis of this isotope. However, in a single case from the synthesis of 293Lv, a decay chain was measured starting with the emission of a 9.63 MeV alpha particle with a lifetime of 2.7 minutes. All subsequent decays were very similar to that observed from 289Fl, presuming that the parent decay was missed. This strongly suggests that the activity should be assigned to an isomeric level. The absence of the activity in recent experiments indicates that the yield of the isomer is ~20% compared to the supposed ground state and that the observation in the first experiment was a fortunate (or not as the case history indicates). Further research is required to resolve these issues.

It is possible that these decays are due to 290Fl, as the beam energies in these early experiments were set quite low, low enough to make the 2n channel plausible. This assignment necessitates the postulation of undetected electron capture to 290Nh, because it would otherwise be difficult to explain the long half-lives of the daughters of 290Fl to spontaneous fission if they are all even-even. This would suggest that the erstwhile isomeric 289mFl, 285mCn, 281mDs, and 277mHs are thus actually 290Nh (electron capture of 290Fl having been missed, as current detectors are not sensitive to this decay mode), 286Rg, 282Mt, and the spontaneously fissioning 278Bh, creating some of the most neutron-rich superheavy isotopes known to date: this fits well with the systematic trend of increasing half-life as neutrons are added to superheavy nuclei towards the beta-stability line, which this chain would then terminate very close to. The livermorium parent could then be assigned to 294Lv, which would have the highest neutron number (178) of all known nuclei, but all these assignments need further confirmation through experiments aimed at reaching the 2n channel in the 244Pu+48Ca and 248Cm+48Ca reactions.

287Fl
In a manner similar to those for 289Fl, first experiments with a 242Pu target identified an isotope 287Fl decaying by emission of a 10.29 MeV alpha particle with a lifetime of 5.5 seconds. The daughter spontaneously fissioned with a lifetime in accord with the previous synthesis of 283Cn. Both these activities have not been observed since (see copernicium). However, the correlation suggests that the results are not random and are possible due to the formation of isomers whose yield is obviously dependent on production methods. Further research is required to unravel these discrepancies. It is also possible that this activity is due to the electron capture of a 287Fl residue and actually stems from 287Nh and its daughter 283Rg.

Yields of isotopes
The tables below provide cross-sections and excitation energies for fusion reactions producing flerovium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Evaporation residue cross sections
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

MD = multi-dimensional; DNS = Dinuclear system; σ = cross section

Decay characteristics
Theoretical estimation of the alpha decay half-lives of the isotopes of the flerovium supports the experimental data. The fission-survived isotope 298Fl is predicted to have alpha decay half-life around 17 days.

In search for the island of stability: 298Fl
According to macroscopic-microscopic (MM) theory, Z = 114 might be the next spherical magic number. In the region of Z = 114, MM theory indicates that N = 184 is the next spherical neutron magic number and puts forward the nucleus 298Fl as a strong candidate for the next spherical doubly magic nucleus, after 208Pb (Z = 82, N = 126). 298Fl is taken to be at the center of a hypothetical "island of stability" comprising longer-lived superheavy nuclei. However, other calculations using relativistic mean field (RMF) theory propose Z = 120, 122, and 126 as alternative proton magic numbers, depending upon the chosen set of parameters, and some entirely omit Z = 114 or N = 184. It is also possible that rather than a peak at a specific proton shell, there exists a plateau of proton shell effects from Z = 114–126.

The island of stability near 298Fl is predicted to enhance stability for its constituent nuclei, especially against spontaneous fission as a consequence of greater fission barrier heights near the shell closure. Due to the expected high fission barriers, any nucleus within this island of stability will exclusively decay by alpha emission, and as such, the nucleus with the longest half-life may be 298Fl; predictions for the half-life of this nucleus range from minutes to billions of years. It may be possible, however, that the longest living nucleus is not 298Fl, but rather 297Fl (with N = 183) has a longer half-life due to the unpaired neutron. Other calculations suggest that stability instead peaks in beta-stable isotopes of darmstadtium or copernicium in the vicinity of N = 184 (with half-lives of several hundred years), with flerovium at the upper limit of the stability region.

Evidence for Z=114 closed proton shell
While evidence for closed neutron shells can be deemed directly from the systematic variation of Qα values for ground-state to ground-state transitions, evidence for closed proton shells comes from (partial) spontaneous fission half-lives. Such data can sometimes be difficult to extract due to low production rates and weak SF branching. In the case of Z=114, evidence for the effect of this proposed closed shell comes from the comparison between the nuclei pairings 282Cn (TSF1/2 = 0.8 ms) and 286Fl (TSF1/2 = 130 ms), and 284Cn (TSF = 97 ms) and 288Fl (TSF > 800 ms). Further evidence would come from the measurement of partial SF half-lives of nuclei with Z > 114, such as 290Lv and 292Og (both N = 174 isotones). The extraction of Z = 114 effects is complicated by the presence of a dominating N = 184 effect in this region.

Difficulty of synthesis of 298Fl
The direct synthesis of the nucleus 298Fl by a fusion-evaporation pathway is impossible with current technology, as no combination of available projectiles and targets may be used to populate nuclei with enough neutrons to be within the island of stability, and radioactive beams (such as 44S) cannot be produced with sufficient intensities to make an experiment feasible.

It has been suggested that such a neutron-rich isotope can be formed by the quasifission (partial fusion followed by fission) of a massive nucleus. Such nuclei tend to fission with the formation of isotopes close to the closed shells Z = 20/N = 20 (40Ca), Z = 50/N = 82 (132Sn) or Z = 82/N = 126 (208Pb/209Bi). The multi-nucleon transfer reactions in collisions of actinide nuclei (such as uranium and curium) might be used to synthesize the neutron-rich superheavy nuclei located at the island of stability, especially if there are strong shell effects in the region of Z = 114. If this is indeed possible, one such reaction might be:

title: Isotopes of flerovium


text:
Isotopes of moscovium

Moscovium (115Mc) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no known stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 288Mc in 2004. There are five known radioisotopes from 286Mc to 290Mc. The longest-lived isotope is 290Mc with a half-life of 0.65 seconds.

List of isotopes
The isotopes undergo alpha decay into the corresponding isotope of nihonium, with half-lives increasing as neutron numbers increase.

 * 286Mc
 * style="text-align: right" | 115
 * style="text-align: right" | 171
 * α
 * 282Nh
 * 287Mc
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * style="text-align:right" | 172
 * 287.19082(48)#
 * α
 * 283Nh
 * 288Mc
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * style="text-align:right" | 173
 * 288.19288(58)#
 * α
 * 284Nh
 * 289Mc
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * style="text-align:right" | 174
 * 289.19397(83)#
 * α
 * 285Nh
 * 290Mc
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * style="text-align:right" | 175
 * 290.19624(64)#
 * α
 * 286Nh
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * style="text-align:right" | 174
 * 289.19397(83)#
 * α
 * 285Nh
 * 290Mc
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * style="text-align:right" | 175
 * 290.19624(64)#
 * α
 * 286Nh
 * 290.19624(64)#
 * α
 * 286Nh
 * 286Nh

Target-projectile combinations
The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z = 115. Each entry is a combination for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

Hot fusion
Hot fusion reactions are processes that create compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV, hence "hot"), leading to a reduced probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3–5 neutrons. Fusion reactions utilizing 48Ca nuclei usually produce compound nuclei with intermediate excitation energies (~30–35 MeV) and are sometimes referred to as "warm" fusion reactions. This leads, in part, to relatively high yields from these reactions.

238U(51V,xn)289−xMc
There are strong indications that this reaction was performed in late 2004 as part of a uranium(IV) fluoride target test at the GSI. No reports have been published suggesting that no product atoms were detected, as anticipated by the team.

243Am(48Ca,xn)291−xMc (x=2,3,4,5)
This reaction was first performed by the team in Dubna in July–August 2003. In two separate runs they were able to detect 3 atoms of 288Mc and a single atom of 287Mc. The reaction was studied further in June 2004 in an attempt to isolate the descendant 268Db from the 288Mc decay chain. After chemical separation of a +4/+5 fraction, 15 SF decays were measured with a lifetime consistent with 268Db. In order to prove that the decays were from dubnium-268, the team repeated the reaction in August 2005 and separated the +4 and +5 fractions and further separated the +5 fractions into tantalum-like and niobium-like ones. Five SF activities were observed, all occurring in the niobium-like fractions and none in the tantalum-like fractions, proving that the product was indeed isotopes of dubnium.

In a series of experiments between October 2010 – February 2011, scientists at the FLNR studied this reaction at a range of excitation energies. They were able to detect 21 atoms of 288Mc and one atom of 289Mc, from the 2n exit channel. This latter result was used to support the synthesis of tennessine. The 3n excitation function was completed with a maximum at ~8 pb. The data was consistent with that found in the first experiments in 2003.

This reaction was run again at five different energies in 2021 to test the new gas-filled separator at Dubna's SHE-factory. They detected 6 chains of 289Mc, 58 chains of 288Mc, and 2 chains of 287Mc. For the first time the 5n channel was observed with 2 atoms of 286Mc.

Reaction yields
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing moscovium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Decay characteristics
Theoretical calculations using a quantum-tunneling model support the experimental alpha-decay half-lives.

Evaporation residue cross sections
The table below contains various target-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

MD = multi-dimensional; DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section

title: Isotopes of moscovium


text: Category:Singapore Democratic Party politicians


text:
Isotopes of livermorium

Livermorium (116Lv) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 293Lv in 2000. There are five known radioisotopes, with mass numbers 288 and 290–293, as well as a few suggestive indications of a possible heavier isotope 294Lv. The longest-lived known isotope is 293Lv with a half-life of 70 ms.

List of isotopes

 * 288Lv
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * style="text-align:right" | 172
 * <1 ms
 * α
 * 284Fl
 * 0+
 * 290Lv
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * style="text-align:right" | 174
 * 290.19864(59)#
 * α
 * 286Fl
 * 0+
 * 291Lv
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * style="text-align:right" | 175
 * 291.20101(67)#
 * α
 * 287Fl
 * 292Lv
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * style="text-align:right" | 176
 * 292.20197(82)#
 * α
 * 288Fl
 * 0+
 * 293Lv
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * style="text-align:right" | 177
 * 293.20458(55)#
 * α
 * 289Fl
 * 293mLv
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 720(290)# keV
 * α
 * 294Lv
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * style="text-align:right" | 178
 * 54 ms#
 * α ?
 * 290Fl
 * 0+
 * 289Fl
 * 293mLv
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 720(290)# keV
 * α
 * 294Lv
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * style="text-align:right" | 178
 * 54 ms#
 * α ?
 * 290Fl
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * style="text-align:right" | 178
 * 54 ms#
 * α ?
 * 290Fl
 * 0+
 * 0+

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=116 compound nuclei
The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with atomic number 116.

208Pb(82Se,xn)290−xLv
In 1995, the team at GSI attempted the synthesis of 290Lv as a radiative capture (x=0) product. No atoms were detected during a six-week experimental run, reaching a cross section limit of 3 pb.

Hot fusion
''This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of livermorium by so-called "hot" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV, hence "hot"), leading to a reduced probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3–5 neutrons. Fusion reactions utilizing 48Ca nuclei usually produce compound nuclei with intermediate excitation energies (~30–35 MeV) and are sometimes referred to as "warm" fusion reactions. This leads, in part, to relatively high yields from these reactions.''

238U(54Cr,xn)292−xLv (x=4)
There are sketchy indications that this reaction was attempted by the team at GSI in 2006. There are no published results on the outcome, presumably indicating that no atoms were detected. This is expected from a study of the systematics of cross sections for 238U targets.

In 2023, this reaction was studied again at the JINR's Superheavy Element Factory in Dubna, in preparation for a future synthesis attempt of element 120 using 54Cr projectiles. One atom of 288Lv was reported; it underwent alpha decay with a lifetime of less than 1 millisecond. Further analysis of the reaction and its cross section are underway.

248Cm(48Ca,xn)296−xLv (x=2?,3,4,5?)
The first attempt to synthesise livermorium was performed in 1977 by Ken Hulet and his team at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). They were unable to detect any atoms of livermorium. Yuri Oganessian and his team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) subsequently attempted the reaction in 1978 and met failure. In 1985, a joint experiment between Berkeley and Peter Armbruster's team at GSI, the result was again negative with a calculated cross-section limit of 10–100 pb.

In 2000, Russian scientists at Dubna finally succeeded in detecting a single atom of livermorium, assigned to the isotope 292Lv. In 2001, they repeated the reaction and formed a further 2 atoms in a confirmation of their discovery experiment. A third atom was tentatively assigned to 293Lv on the basis of a missed parental alpha decay. In April 2004, the team ran the experiment again at higher energy and were able to detect a new decay chain, assigned to 292Lv. On this basis, the original data were reassigned to 293Lv. The tentative chain is therefore possibly associated with a rare decay branch of this isotope or an isomer, 293mLv; given the possible reassignment of its daughter to 290Fl instead of 289Fl, it could also conceivably be 294Lv, although all these assignments are tentative and need confirmation in future experiments aimed at the 2n channel. In this reaction, two additional atoms of 293Lv were detected.

In 2007, in a GSI-SHIP experiment, besides four 292Lv chains and one 293Lv chain, another chain was observed, initially not assigned but later shown to be 291Lv. However, it is unclear whether it comes from the 248Cm(48Ca,5n) reaction or from a reaction with a lighter curium isotope (present in the target as an admixture), such as 246Cm(48Ca,3n).

In an experiment run at the GSI during June–July 2010, scientists detected six atoms of livermorium; two atoms of 293Lv and four atoms of 292Lv. They were able to confirm both the decay data and cross sections for the fusion reaction.

A 2016 experiment at RIKEN aimed at studying the 48Ca+248Cm reaction seemingly detected one atom that may be assigned to 294Lv alpha decaying to 290Fl and 286Cn, which underwent spontaneous fission; however, the first alpha from the livermorium nuclide produced was missed.

245Cm(48Ca,xn)293−xLv (x=2,3)
In order to assist in the assignment of isotope mass numbers for livermorium, in March–May 2003 the Dubna team bombarded a 245Cm target with 48Ca ions. They were able to observe two new isotopes, assigned to 291Lv and 290Lv. This experiment was successfully repeated in February–March 2005 where 10 atoms were created with identical decay data to those reported in the 2003 experiment.

As a decay product
Livermorium has also been observed in the decay of oganesson. In October 2006 it was announced that three atoms of oganesson had been detected by the bombardment of californium-249 with calcium-48 ions, which then rapidly decayed into livermorium.

The observation of the daughter 290Lv allowed the assignment of the parent to 294Og and proved the synthesis of oganesson.

Fission of compound nuclei with Z=116
Several experiments have been performed between 2000 and 2006 at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nuclei 296,294,290Lv. Four nuclear reactions have been used, namely 248Cm+48Ca, 246Cm+48Ca, 244Pu+50Ti, and 232Th+58Fe. The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as 132Sn (Z = 50, N = 82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between 48Ca and 58Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of 58Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation. In addition, in comparative experiments synthesizing 294Lv using 48Ca and 50Ti projectiles, the yield from fusion-fission was roughly three times smaller for 50Ti, also suggesting a future use in SHE production.

289Lv
In 1999, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced the synthesis of 293Og (see oganesson), in a paper published in Physical Review Letters. The claimed isotope 289Lv decayed by 11.63 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 0.64 ms. The following year, they published a retraction after other researchers were unable to duplicate the results. In June 2002, the director of the lab announced that the original claim of the discovery of these two elements had been based on data fabricated by the principal author Victor Ninov. As such, this isotope of livermorium is currently unknown.

Hot fusion
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing livermorium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Decay characteristics
Theoretical calculation in a quantum tunneling model supports the experimental data relating to the synthesis of 293Lv and 292Lv.

Evaporation residue cross sections
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section

title: Isotopes of livermorium


text:
Isotopes of tennessine

Tennessine (117Ts) is the most-recently synthesized synthetic element, and much of the data is hypothetical. As for any synthetic element, a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first (and so far only) isotopes to be synthesized were 293Ts and 294Ts in 2009. The longer-lived isotope is 294Ts with a half-life of 51 ms.

List of isotopes

 * 293Ts
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * style="text-align:right" | 176
 * 293.20873(84)#
 * α
 * 289Mc
 * 294Ts
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * style="text-align:right" | 177
 * 294.21084(64)#
 * α
 * 290Mc
 * style="text-align:right" | 177
 * 294.21084(64)#
 * α
 * 290Mc
 * 290Mc

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=117 compound nuclei
The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles that could be used to form compound nuclei with atomic number 117.

249Bk(48Ca,xn)297−xTs (x=3,4)
Between July 2009 and February 2010, the team at the JINR (Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions) ran a 7-month-long experiment to synthesize tennessine using the reaction above. The expected cross-section was of the order of 2 pb. The expected evaporation residues, 293Ts and 294Ts, were predicted to decay via relatively long decay chains as far as isotopes of dubnium or lawrencium.

The team published a paper in April 2010 (first results were presented in January 2010 ) that six atoms of the isotopes 294Ts (one atom) and 293Ts (five atoms) were detected. 294Ts decayed by six alpha decays down as far as the new isotope 270Db, which underwent apparent spontaneous fission. The lighter odd-even isotope underwent just three alpha decays, as far as 281Rg, which underwent spontaneous fission. The reaction was run at two different excitation energies, 35 MeV (dose 2×1019) and 39 MeV (dose 2.4×1019). Initial decay data was published as a preliminary presentation on the JINR website.

A further experiment in May 2010, aimed at studying the chemistry of the granddaughter of tennessine, nihonium, identified a further two atoms of 286Nh from decay of 294Ts. The original experiment was repeated successfully by the same collaboration in 2012 and by a joint German–American team in May 2014, confirming the discovery.

Evaporation residue cross sections
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section

Decay characteristics
Theoretical calculations in a quantum tunneling model with mass estimates from a macroscopic-microscopic model predict the alpha-decay half-lives of isotopes of tennessine (namely, 289–303Ts) to be around 0.1–40 ms.

title: Isotopes of tennessine


text:
Category:Sport shooters

This category is for sportspeople who shoot at inanimate targets. For those who fire at animals, use Category:Hunters.

title: Category:Sport shooters


text:
User:Martinku

I live in Oxford in the UK, I have degrees in mathematics and social science, and I work as a supply chain consultant.

My wikipedia advice: never believe anything you read on wikipedia... but careful reference to the discussion page of an entry will help you work out what's going on. And that's one of the things I like about wikipedia. What I don't like is the nature of the systemic bias in subject matter and presentation that comes from the wikipedian demographic - but that may change over time. One day we might even see as much detail on, say, the ongoing conflict in Sri Lanka as there is on Star Wars (or maybe not).

To Do
Set up the Supply Chain Task Force...
 * Join the Business Project
 * Set up the Task Force under the Business Project
 * Publicise through LinkedIn
 * Set up blog page, and a sub-page here to help

See /Article Drafts

Resouces

 * http://www.willamette.edu/~fthompso/MgmtCon/Aglietta.html
 * http://www.cepii.fr/anglaisgraph/pagepers/aglietta.htm

title: User:Martinku


text:
Isotopes of oganesson

Oganesson (118Og) is a synthetic element created in particle accelerators, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first and only isotope to be synthesized was 294Og in 2002 and 2005; it has a half-life of 700 microseconds.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=2| 294Og
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 118
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 176
 * rowspan=2| 294.21398(59)#
 * rowspan=2| 0.7(3) ms
 * α
 * 290Lv
 * rowspan=2| 0+
 * SF (rare)
 * (various)
 * SF (rare)
 * (various)

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=118 compound nuclei
The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles that could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=118.

208Pb(86Kr,xn)294-xOg
In 1999, a team led by Victor Ninov at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory performed this experiment, as a 1998 calculation by Robert Smolańczuk suggested a promising outcome. After eleven days of irradiation, three events of 293Og and its alpha decay products were reported in this reaction; this was the first reported discovery of element 118 and then-unknown element 116.

The following year, they published a retraction after researchers at other laboratories were unable to duplicate the results and the Berkeley lab could not duplicate them either. In June 2002, the director of the lab announced that the original claim of the discovery of these two elements had been based on data fabricated by principal author Victor Ninov. Newer experimental results and theoretical predictions have confirmed the exponential decrease in cross-sections with lead and bismuth targets as the atomic number of the resulting nuclide increases.

249Cf(48Ca,xn)297-xOg (x=3)
Following successful experiments utilizing calcium-48 projectiles and actinide targets to generate elements 114 and 116, the search for element 118 was first performed at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in 2002. One or two atoms of 294Og were produced in the 2002 experiment, and two more atoms were produced in a 2005 confirmation run. The discovery of element 118 was announced in 2006.

Because of the very small fusion reaction probability (the fusion cross section is roughly 0.3–0.6 pb), the experiment took four months and involved a beam dose of $2.5$ calcium ions that had to be shot at the californium target to produce the first recorded event believed to be the synthesis of oganesson. Nevertheless, researchers were highly confident that the results were not a false positive; the chance that they were random events was estimated to be less than one part in 100,000.

In a 2012 experiment aimed at the confirmation of tennessine, one alpha decay chain was attributed to 294Og. This synthesis event resulted from the population of 249Cf in the target as the decay product of the 249Bk target (half-life 330 days); the cross section and decays were consistent with previously reported observations of 294Og.

From 1 October 2015 until 6 April 2016, the team at the JINR conducted a search for new isotopes of oganesson using a 48Ca beam and a target comprising a mixture of 249Cf (50.7%), 250Cf (12.9%), and 251Cf (36.4%). The experiment was performed at 252 MeV and 258 MeV beam energies. One event of 294Og was found at the lower beam energy, while no decays of oganesson isotopes were found at the higher beam energy; a cross section of 0.9 pb for the 249Cf(48Ca,3n) reaction was estimated.

250,251Cf(48Ca,xn)298,299-xOg
In the 2015–2016 experiment, these reactions were performed in a search for 295Og and 296Og. No events attributable to a reaction with the 250Cf or 251Cf portions of the target were found. A repeat of this experiment was planned for 2017–2018.

248Cm(50Ti,xn)298-xOg
This reaction was originally planned to be tested at the JINR and RIKEN in 2017–2018, as it uses the same 50Ti projectile as planned experiments leading to elements 119 and 120. A search beginning in summer 2016 at RIKEN for 295Og in the 3n channel of this reaction was unsuccessful, though the study is planned to resume; a detailed analysis and cross section limit were not provided.

Theoretical calculations
Theoretical calculations done on the synthetic pathways for, and the half-life of, other isotopes have shown that some could be slightly more stable than the synthesized isotope 294Og, most likely 293Og, 295Og, 296Og, 297Og, 298Og, 300Og and 302Og. Of these, 297Og might provide the best chances for obtaining longer-lived nuclei, and thus might become the focus of future work with this element. Some isotopes with many more neutrons, such as some located around 313Og, could also provide longer-lived nuclei.

Theoretical calculations on evaporation cross sections
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; 2S = Two-step; σ = cross section

title: Isotopes of oganesson


text:
Schofields

Schofields can refer to
 * Schofields (department store), a defunct department store in Leeds, England
 * Schofields, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
 * RAAF Station Schofields, a former Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) military air base

title: Schofields


text:
List of islands by name

This is a list of islands by name. As this list is too long to be contained within this page, it has been divided into 26 different articles corresponding to their first letter, accessible from the table below.

title: List of islands by name


text:
User talk:Forgottencitizen

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you like the place and decide to stay.

Your recent article Forgotten citizen has been marked for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. You may wish to comment at Votes for deletion/Forgotten citizen. Since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, there are many types of articles that are simply viewed as not appropriate for Wikipedia. Before spending more time on articles, you may want to review What Wikipedia is not.

There is also a wiki project for independent musicians Skwik.

Of course, there is nothing wrong with learning to edit by writing articles on you or your friends, but you should do it in the Wikipedia sandbox or on your own user page.

Here are a few more good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Alf 11:48, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:FCcover.jpg)
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title: User talk:Forgottencitizen


text:
Panic in the Streets

Panic in the Streets may refer to:

 * Panic in the Streets (film), a 1950 film directed by Elia Kazan
 * Panic in the Streets (album), a 2002 video album by Widespread Panic
 * "Panic in the Streets", a song by Praying Mantis
 * "Panic in the Streets", a song by Zebrahead from Call Your Friends

title: Panic in the Streets


text: Category:Singapore People's Party politicians


text:
User:Nick Ananin

Hello, I joined sometime ago and have not made a lot of contribution to date but I have a wide range of experience.

I live with my family near Bennachie beside the River Don, Aberdeenshire in Scotland.

My background is that I was a professional forester for many years. After starting my own business, I became involved in web portal designs using PHP and MySQL. I then went back to university and completed a masters degree in Electronic Information Management. Since then I have worked both for Aberdeenshire Advice Services Network and Aberdeenshire Council. I currently work as an Environment Planner.

This is not meant to read like a Curriculum vitae but as an indication of the domains that I may be able to assist with.

title: User:Nick Ananin


text:
Patagona

The giant hummingbirds are hummingbirds of the genus Patagona. The genus includes two species, the sedentary giant hummingbird and the migratory giant hummingbird, which are the largest and second largest species of hummingbird respectively.

title: Patagona


text: Category:Finnish sport shooters

title: Category:Finnish sport shooters


text: Category:Skeet shooters

title: Category:Skeet shooters


text:
University Film and Video Association

The University Film and Video Association (UFVA) is an organization of professors, scholars, and film and video makers. Although it is based in the U.S., it has members throughout the world.

Its stated description is: "The UFVA is an international organization where media production and writing meets the history, theory and criticism of the media. The UFVA members are image-makers and artists, teachers and students, archivists and distributors, college departments, libraries, and manufacturers."

UFVA holds an annual conference and publishes the Journal of Film and Video, a periodical featuring articles on film and video production, history, theory, criticism, and aesthetics. UFVA also administers the American Documentary Showcase.

History
UFVA was founded in 1947 as the University Film Producers Association. Its name was changed to the University Film Association and later the University Film and Video Association. UFVA serves as the professional organization for college and university teachers and students who wish to establish themselves as a serious professional-- and helps to provide validation for individuals who make films as part of their university research contribution. UFVA tends to attract membership among media makers or producers; the other professional organization in this arena, titled "cinema and media studies," primarily serve scholarship and critical writing which does not often include the making of a media. Serious professionals in the field are often a member of both organizations.

Conference
The annual UFVA Conference is held each summer. Attendees screen films, present papers and panels, mount new media exhibits, and stage readings of un-produced screenplays.

Recent conference sites

 * 2017 California State University Los Angeles
 * 2016 University of Nevada Las Vegas
 * 2015 American University
 * 2014 Montana State University
 * 2013 Chapman University
 * 2012 Columbia College Chicago
 * 2011 Emerson College
 * 2010 Champlain College
 * 2009 University of New Orleans
 * 2008 Colorado College
 * 2007 University of North Texas
 * 2006 Chapman University
 * 2005 Columbia College of Chicago
 * 2004 University of Toledo
 * 2003 University of South Carolina
 * 2002 Ithaca College
 * 2001 Kodak Headquarters
 * 2000 Colorado College
 * 1999 Emerson College
 * 1998 North Carolina School of the Arts
 * 1997 University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh
 * 1996 Chapman University

title: University Film and Video Association


text:
Belfast City Hall

Belfast City Hall (Halla na Cathrach Bhéal Feirste; Ulster-Scots: Bilfawst Citie Haw) is the civic building of Belfast City Council located in Donegall Square, Belfast, Northern Ireland. It faces North and effectively divides the commercial and business areas of the city centre. It is a Grade A listed building.

History
Belfast City Hall was commissioned to replace the Old Town Hall in Victoria Street. The catalyst for change came in 1888 when Belfast was awarded city status by Queen Victoria. This was in recognition of Belfast's rapid expansion and thriving linen, rope-making, shipbuilding and engineering industries. During this period Belfast briefly overtook Dublin as the most populous city in Ireland.

It was in this context that in the late 19th century the new city leaders formed the view that the Victoria Street building was not imposing enough and decided to commission a new building: the site they selected was once the home of the White Linen Hall, an important international Linen Exchange. The street that runs from the back door of Belfast City Hall through the middle of Linen Quarter is Linen Hall Street.

Belfast Corporation used their profits from the gas industry to pay for the construction of the Belfast City Hall. The building, which was designed by Sir Alfred Brumwell Thomas in the Baroque Revival style, was built in Portland stone at a cost of £369,000 and opened on 1 August 1906. Local firms H&J Martin and WH Stephens were among the companies involved in the design and construction. James G. Gamble, principal city architect with Belfast Corporation, was clerk of works for the erection of the City Hall circa 1896–1906.

The city hall in Durban, South Africa is almost an exact replica of Belfast's City Hall. It was built in 1910 and designed by Stanley G. Hudson, who was inspired by the Belfast design. The Port of Liverpool Building, designed by Sir Arnold Thornely and completed in 1913, is another very close relative.

On 1 August 2006 the City Hall celebrated its centenary with a "Century of Memories" exhibition and family picnic day. On 3 December 2012, the City Council voted to limit the days that the Union Flag flies from City Hall to no more than 18 designated days. Since 1906, the flag had been flown every day of the year. The move was backed by the council's Irish nationalist Councillors and by its Alliance Party Councillors. It was opposed by the unionist Councillors, who had enjoyed a majority on the council until the Northern Ireland local elections of 2011. On the night of the vote, unionist and loyalist protesters tried to storm the City Hall. They held protests throughout Northern Ireland, some of which became violent.

Exterior
The hall features towers at each of the four corners, with a lantern-crowned 173 ft green copper dome in the centre. The pediment sculpture is by F. W. Pomeroy, assisted by local carver J. Edgar Winter, and features on the reverse side of the current series of £10, £20, £50 and £100 sterling banknotes issued by the Northern Bank.

Interior
The interior has a number of notable features including the Porte-Cochère and Grand Entrance, the Grand Staircase, the Reception Room and the Banqueting Hall. The roof above the Banqueting Hall was destroyed during the Belfast blitz on the night of 4/5 May 1941 and had to be rebuilt.

Carrara, Pavonazzo and Brescia marbles are used extensively throughout the building as are stained glass windows featuring among others the Belfast coat of arms, portraits of Queen Victoria and William III and shields of the provinces of Ireland. There is also a stained glass window commemorating the 36th (Ulster) Division.

Parts of Belfast City Hall are open to the public, with a permanent exhibition opening in 2017. Visitors can also book free guided tours of the City Hall with access to areas usually closed to the public.

Grounds and public memorials
The memorial to Sir Edward Harland, the former head of the Harland & Wolff shipyard and Lord Mayor of Belfast, was sculpted by Sir Thomas Brock and unveiled by the Earl of Glasgow on 23 June 1903. The statue of Queen Victoria also by Brock was unveiled by King Edward VII on 27 July 1903. The Titanic Memorial in Belfast was dedicated in June 1920.

The grounds also house Northern Ireland's main war memorial, the Garden of Remembrance and Cenotaph, unveiled in 1929. There is also a granite column dedicated to the American Expeditionary Force, many of whom were based in Belfast prior to D-Day, unveiled in 1943.

A 6 ft memorial to Leading Seaman James Magennis VC, made from Portland stone and bronze, was erected in the grounds in October 1999.

On 3 January 2006 Belfast City Councillors ratified a plan to erect a statue to the late Belfast footballer George Best in the grounds of the City Hall. Following approval from the Best family, the George Best Memorial Trust was created in December 2006. The trust's patron David Healy contributed £1,000 to the estimated total cost of £200,000.

In October 2007 a 60-metre Ferris wheel was constructed in the grounds, giving passengers panoramic views 200 ft above the city. The wheel had 42 air-conditioned capsules, which could hold up to six adults and two children. The wheel finally closed at 6:00 pm on 11 April 2010 and was removed during May 2010.

In 2008, the Imjin River Memorial was relocated here when the St Patrick's Barracks in Ballymena closed. The memorial commemorates Irish troops lost in the Battle of Chaegunghyon in January 1951 during the Korean War.

On 8 March 2024, bronze statues of the anti-slavery campaigner, Mary Ann McCracken, and the trade unionist, Winifred Carney, were unveiled at a ceremony at Belfast City Hall to coincide with International Women's Day 2024. Mary Ann McCracken campaigned against slavery at Belfast docks until she was almost 90 years-old and Winifred Carney was a suffragist, committed trade unionist and political activist.

title: Belfast City Hall


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/August Capital

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 07:40, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

August Capital
Advertisement for non-notable company. Created by anonymous user who posted only on this topic. See also David Hornik. Dlyons493 11:53, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Got to admire John Johnston though! He is credited with the first public introduction of agricultural drainage in the United States in 1838.  Versatile and long-lived!!  Dlyons493 12:00, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisment. --GraemeL (talk) 12:00, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Dlyons493. -- Kjkolb 12:31, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - advert - Tεx  τ  urε  16:32, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Scampia

Scampia (Scampìa) is a modern suburb in the far north of Naples, whose population is about 80,000. To its south are the suburbs of Piscinola, Miano and Secondigliano.

It was built during the second half of the twentieth century, Scampia borders to the south with the Piscinola and Miano suburbs to the South-East with the Secondigliano district, to the East with the municipality of Arzano; to the north with the municipalities of Casandrino and Melito di Napoli, and to the west with the municipality of Mugnano di Napoli.

History
"Naples starts in Scampia."Scampia is the name of a small rural village, which fell within the nearby municipality of Secondigliano. Some remains of a Roman villa survive as evidence of the original agricultural vocation. It was, in fact, a land rich in fruit trees, especially walnuts and apples. The first modern residential nucleus dates back to the second post-war period, but the real building boom took place only in the twenty years of the 70s and 90s (over 80% of the buildings date back to that period), when the neighborhood was established as the 21st district of Naples. Since 2006 it has been part of the VIII Municipality of the Municipality of Naples together with the neighboring districts of Piscinola-Marianella and Chiaiano.

Scampia was built as a commuter town in the 1960s. The area was mostly developed in the 1970s and 1980s with huge, high-rise residential blocks, in particular after the 1980 earthquake with construction of housing in the area called "167" for displaced Neapolitans. Huge apartment complexes, wide boulevards and a massive park were built, without commercial districts or entertainment venues. Many people, however, were not placed in Scampia because of the problems caused by the earthquake. They occupied house in different buildings of the neighbourhood, in particular many houses in the "Vele". That was especially due to the Camorra crime syndicate, that took control of the "Vele" and turned them into their own space in which drug could be sold or hidden from the police. Large metal gates on some of the walkways and stairs in the blocks of flats have been put there, not by the council, but by the Camorra itself, so they can be locked by drug pushers as they flee the police. With over 50% unemployment, the area had in fact a very high crime rate, with heroin (including its low-grade form, kobret) and cocaine sold, and used openly, in the streets.

Scampia was also the territory of the Di Lauro clan, which controlled the drug trade and most other illegal activities in the area. In 2004 a bloody gang war erupted in the area, the so-called Scampia feud, between the Di Lauro family and a breakaway faction, the "secessionists".

The death of an innocent woman, Gelsomina Verde, caused widespread public revulsion and led to a major crackdown by the authorities. She was abducted, brutally beaten in an effort to get her to disclose the whereabouts of a gang member involved in the feud, and finally shot in the neck. Her body was stuffed in a car that was set on fire.

Although most of the services are of a public nature (Municipality, Local Health Authority, UTB), even associations in the form of committees have taken root in the culture of the neighbourhood: for the house, for the felling of the Sails, for the LSU and for the Bros. In addition to these, there are the actors of the voluntary sector and the third sector who have activated various services for the prevention and fight against marginalization such as, for example, the "Arci Scampia" football school, the "Finestra adolescents" project and the "Aizo" association for the social integration of nomadic populations.

Furthermore, on 3 January 2006, the Iervolino junta established "Napolinord", the urban transformation company with a share capital of 500 million euros. In 2008, with the help of European funds, many projects were presented with the intention of improving the area. First of all, one of the headquarters' of the Medical Department of the University of Naples Federico II.

Moreover, in 2010 many military forces have been placed outside the subway station of "Piscinola" and also in the vicinity of the "Vele" in order to offer more security to the area.

In 2016 many residents that lived in the "Vele" started being placed in the new buildings erected in an area close to the station, in order to carry on the project of demolishing them, in order to also eliminate the symbol of Camorra. The project that has allowed this relocation has been actually named "Restart Scampia".

The Scampia university complex was inaugurated in October 2022, located in Viale della Resistenza in a circular building. The structure houses the three-year and master's courses for the health professions of the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery with the degree courses in Nutrition and Dietetics.

Geography
The neighborhood has a green lung, Parco Ciro Esposito, named in honor of the S.S.C. Napoli fan killed by far-right militant and A.S. Roma ultras Daniele De Santis. The public park is located in Viale della Resistenza.

Vele di Scampia
The Vele di Scampia (Sails of Scampia) is a large urban housing project built between 1962 and 1975 in the Scampia neighbourhood. It was named for the triangular shaped buildings, reminiscent of a sail, as they are wide at the base and narrowing as they rise. They are similar to Marina Baie des Anges in Villeneuve-Loubet, France.

Built as a result of Law 167, which was passed in 1962, the Sails of Scampia were designed by Franz Di Salvo. They were part of a project which also included development of the city of Naples to the east, in Ponticelli. They best represent Di Salvo's style of architectural design. Di Salvo first designed low-cost housing in 1945. He worked in collaboration with other architects, to design the District of Cesare Battisti Poggioreale, which represented the paradigm of a "new way of thinking" about social housing.

After years of continuous design experiments, the task of establishing a large apartment complex in Scampia was entrusted to the Cassa del Mezzogiorno. The design followed the housing unit principles articulated by Le Corbusier for the design of public housing. He was influenced by the trestle structures proposed by Kenzō Tange. Di Salvo proposed a plan for the district which was based on two building types: a "tower" and "tent". The tent type provides the dominant impression of sails. The buildings were designed following the idea of Existenzminimum (subsistence dwelling): the dwellings themselves were deliberately minimal, with many shared exterior spaces where life would take place. This was done with the specific aim of reconstructing the spirit of Naples's alleys and courtyards, crowded but congenial, in an apartment building. This philosophy additionally reduced construction costs; and construction was skimped as funds were stolen, and the works were not finished.

Decline
Originally, the complex consisted of seven massive apartment blocks, and housed from 40,000 to 70,000 people, although a real headcount was never conducted. Three of the seven blocks were demolished in 1997, 2000 and 2003, but some 40,000 people still lived in the remaining blocks.

The idea behind the project was to provide a huge public housing project, where hundreds of families could socialize and create a community. The design included a public transportation rail station, and a large park area between the two buildings. The planners wanted to create a small city model with large parks, playing fields, and other facilities.

However, various causes have led to what is now regarded as a ghetto. Right after the earthquake in 1980, many families in the area were left homeless. Many of these families without shelter started to occupy the apartments illegally. Tolerated and ignored by the government, more people started to occupy the buildings including criminals. Things were made worse by the total lack of police presence, resulting in drug trafficking, illegal street racing, gangs, and fencing operations. Roberto Saviano wrote the book Gomorrah about organised criminality by the Camorra (the Neapolitan mafia)—with the Vele playing a big part—and discussed the Vele and their decline and criminality extensively in a long article about the demolition of the last of the sails in 2020.

The first police station for the area was established in 1987, fifteen years after people began occupying the apartments.

Demolition
Following continuous protest by the residents who felt that their extensive problems could not be fixed, the intention to demolish the complex was announced in 2016. In 2019 residents began moving into new apartments built nearby, leaving their old apartments empty and bricked up, awaiting demolition. One tower, the Blue Sail, will be used as offices for the comune of Naples.

Demolition, which was delayed by the discovery of asbestos, started on 20 February 2020 and was almost completed by July 2020.

Traditions and folklore
One of the most important Carnival processions in the city of Naples takes place in Scampia.

Every year the Premio Secondigliano takes place here (district adjacent to Scampia), which rewards all people born in these two districts and who distinguish themselves in the artistic field (literature, theater and music).

At the beginning of 2019, two new Jorti murals "Pasolini" and "Angela Davis" were inaugurated in Scampia. Pasolini's mural is accompanied by the following quote:

"Non lasciarti tentare dai campioni dell’infelicità, della mutria cretina, della serietà ignorante. Sii allegro.

T’insegneranno a non splendere.

E tu splendi, invece.""Do not be tempted by the champions of unhappiness, of dumb cretin, of ignorant seriousness. Be cheerful.

They will teach you not to shine.

And you shine, instead."The association "Vo.di.Sca" (Voci di Scampia, in English: Scampia's Voices), created by Rosario Esposito La Rossa, a writer, editor and bookseller born in Scampia, and Maddalena Stornaiuolo, has moved the Neapolitan publishing company "Marotta&Cafiero editori" from Posillipo to Scampia, turning it into an independent and open-source publishing house. It publishes books printed on recycled paper with non-polluting ink having the license "Creative Commons" and produced from the bottom. It is, in fact, the first cooperative made by young people in the northern area of Naples. This publishing house has also embraced the field of music with the recording label "Marotta&Cafiero Recorder", which has published more than 10 CDs and a vinyl. In 2013 "Marotta&Cafiero" becomes a book store with the name "Marotta&Cafiero Store". It was placed in the "Teatro Bellini" and it has been managed only by women. After one year the store was opened also in Scampia, becoming the first book store of the quarter. It is however a private library into a public school, but it has founded the "caffè letterario equo e solidale Sottopalco" (in English it would be "literary, equal and integral café Sottopalco"), in collaboration with the "Teatro Bellini". It includes three rooms in which are often organized book presentations, debates and conferences. It is of course also a café that sells only integral and equal products, it has spaces used for musical showcases, photographic exhibitions and many other activities. In addition, it has a bistrot that offers only local and fresh products by gastronomy excellences in the area of Naples. In 2016 the company becomes the responsible of the rebirth of the publishing house "Coppola editore", founded in 1984 by Salvatore Coppola, which was famous because of his dedication to the fight against the organised crime.

In popular culture
Scenes from the movie Gomorrah were filmed in the neighbourhood in 2008. Moreover, the homonym TV series Gomorrah (2014) was also based on the same book written by Roberto Saviano and it was directed by Stefano Sollima. Many scenes, especially episodes of season two, were filmed in different Scampia's buildings. It also includes actors who actually live in Scampia, like Christian Giroso.

The music video made by the French rap duo PNL's single "Le Monde ou Rien" was recorded in and around the neighbourhood. Another music video for the French rapper SCH's single "Gomorra" was recorded in the neighbourhood buildings.

Le Vele di Scampia is featured by poet and writer Emanuele Cerullo, a resident of one of the buildings. He describes through poetry the dreams and hopes of Scampia's adolescents, portraying a different view of living in this reality than that depicted by the media.

Gerald Seymour's 2009 novel The Collaborator uses this housing project as the setting for its denouement.

In 2021 Stanley Tucci filmed part of his first episode of his travel and food show in Scampia, featuring both Neapolitan cuisine and Romani cuisine.

Notes and references

 * Ghirardo, Diane (2014). Italy: Modern Architectures in History, London: Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-864-7

title: Scampia


text: Template:Campaignbox Hussite Wars

title: Template:Campaignbox Hussite Wars


text:
Farlow (surname)

Farlow or Farlowe is a surname. The surname derives from either Farlow or Fairley in Shropshire, England. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Brian Farlow (born 1964), U.S. Virgin Islands swimmer
 * Chris Farlowe (born 1940), English pop, soul, and R&B singer
 * Jarred Farlow (born 1986), Australian rugby player
 * Scott Farlow, Australian politician
 * Stanley Farlow, American mathematician
 * Tal Farlow (1921–1998), American jazz guitarist
 * Tessa King-Farlow (born 1941), British garden designer
 * William Gilson Farlow (1844–1919), American botanist
 * James O Farlow, American paleontologist

In fiction

 * Clayton Farlow, from the American TV series Dallas
 * Evelyn Farlow, from the Australian TV soap opera Neighbours

title: Farlow (surname)


text:
Nepean Township

Nepean Township is a former incorporated and now geographic township in Eastern Ontario, Canada, now part of the City of Ottawa.

Originally known as Township D, it was established in 1792. In 1800, it became part of Carleton County and was incorporated as a township in 1850. The first settler in the township was Jehiel Collins, from Vermont, who settled in an area near the Ottawa River which later became part of Bytown. Over the years, parts of Nepean Township were annexed by the expanding city of Ottawa. The original town hall of the township of Nepean was located in Westboro, which became part of Ottawa in 1949. A new town hall was built in Bells Corners in 1966. Nepean was incorporated as a city in 1978 and became part of the amalgamated city of Ottawa in 2001.

Nepean Township took its name from Sir Evan Nepean, British Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1782 to 1791. According to the Canada 2001 Census, the Township (original boundaries) had a population of 339,708.

The 1850 boundaries of Nepean Township were the Ottawa River on the north, the Rideau River on the east, approximately along where Bankfield Road and Brophy Drive are today on the south, and approximately where Eagleson Road, March Road, and Hertzberg Road are today through to Shirleys Bay on the west. The township included much of what is now Ottawa, all of the former City of Nepean, and parts of the former City of Kanata. To the west of Nepean Township was Goulbourn and March Townships, to the east Gloucester Township, and to the south North Gower Township.

Reeves

 * 1850 - Frederick Bearman
 * 1850 - Chester Chapman
 * 1854 - John Scott
 * 1856 - George Bell
 * 1858 - Samuel Davison
 * 1862 - Nelson George Robinson
 * 1864 - Thomas Graham
 * 1865 - John Dawson
 * 1873 - Col. John Fenton Bearman
 * 1875 - Thomas Clark
 * 1886 - John Dawson
 * 1890 - John Boyce
 * 1893 - James Bearman
 * 1896 - George Boyce
 * 1897 - William Henderson
 * 1897 - James Bearman
 * 1900 - Frederick Augustus Heney
 * 1905 - John George Clark
 * 1906 - Frederick Augustus Heney
 * 1913 - Frederick Henry Honeywell
 * 1916 - Bower Henry
 * 1919 - William Joynt
 * 1922 - W. Fred Bell
 * 1923 - Walter Lionel Graham
 * 1924 - Albert Bentham Ullett
 * 1925 - John William Arnott
 * 1927 - Robert Green
 * 1929 - Robert Ernest Nelson
 * 1933 - George Herbert Bradley
 * 1938 - Robert Mackie
 * 1939 - John Alexander Dawson
 * 1945 - Wellington Garfield Cummings
 * 1947 - Harry Parslow
 * 1949 - Thomas Campbell Keenan
 * 1954 - Douglas Aubrey Moodie
 * 1970 - Andrew S. Haydon

title: Nepean Township


text: Category:Slovenian sport shooters

title: Category:Slovenian sport shooters


text:
Talk:Belief revision

Page limits
The article has gone over the 32K limit... For now, it is better to leave it as is. If some section grows further, the article can be rewritten in the Summary style. Paolo Liberatore (Talk) 18:31, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't worry about page limits, they affect hardly any editors. Get the content right and we can figure out how best to carve it into pages. --- Charles Stewart 14:14, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, thanks. I do not think this paper will grow much further in the near future, so there is probably no need to worry, at least for now. Paolo Liberatore (Talk) 21:15, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Content to add
Some things still missing from the article:

 * 1) belief revision and abduction (Boutilier)
 * 2) relevance axiom (Parikh et al.)
 * 3) compartments (Wassermann et al.)

I am pretty sure I am still missing something else... let me know if this is the case. Paolo Liberatore (Talk) 11:56, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

What about ranking theory? Spohn laid down his new approach in his book "The laws of belief", which can serve as a generalization of AGM. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.2.228.200 (talk) 11:09, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

Piaget
I have removed the following from the article:

 * The concepts of update and revision echo Piaget's ideas of accommodation and assimilation in schema formation. Accommodation is similar to updating, in that existing structures are changed in light of new information.  Assimilation is similar to revision, in that new events are incorporated into preexisting cognitive structures.

I could not find sources for it. Most importantly, from what I could find, this is incorrect. If a parallel can be established, assimilation is expansion (simple addition of new information) while accomodation is revision (addition of new information that requires reorganization of the current body of knowledge). - Liberatore(T) 19:44, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

First sentence?
Does the first sentence

"Belief revision is the process changing beliefs to take into account a new piece of information. "

make sense to everyone but me? I am not really sure what it is trying to say, so I don't know how to change it to make it clearer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by TheMightyOrb (talk • contribs) 19:24, 12 September 2006

 * The "of" you added was indeed in the original version of that sentence I wrote. I am happy to see that someone else agrees with me :-> (Liberatore, 2006). 11:32, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Enumeration of operators
Is there any reason why Hegner and Weber are not iterated like the others here in the model-based revision update section? --Juxi 13:01, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Relationship to theory revision?
What is the relationship to theory revision? Greiner (pdf) suggests that belief revision and theory revision are related (last paragraph of section 1) but the relationship isn't clear. Finally, note that, in some cases, our task can require extracting the best consistent sub-theory from a given inconsistent theory From this perspective, our work is related to "Knowledge Representation" form of theory revision, a la Gardenfors [Gar88, AGM85], Katsuno and Mendelzon [KM9l] and many others Our work differs by using the notion of expected accuracy to dictate which of the "revisions" is best Pgr94 (talk) 16:14, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Backfire
Not sure it's relevant, as this article appears to be about a logical system, but I was surprised I couldn't immediately find a reference to the term backfire, as alluded to in the context of politics/psychology here. If this concept is related, can the article help clarify this relationship? 192.31.106.35 (talk) 18:17, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Early Technical Accounts
Was recently digging a little bit on early accounts of hypothetical reasoning and counter factual reasoning. It seems to me that simple reasoning can be done with some basic expansion and contraction operators in logic programming. I found the following papers dating back to 1988:

Kind of Expansion Operator (called embedded implication):
 * A Logic for Hypothetical Reasoning
 * Anthony J. Bonner, 1988
 * http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.56.1451

Kind of Contraction Operator (no specific name):
 * Hypothetical Datalog: Complexity and Expressibility
 * by Anthony Bonner, 1988
 * http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.47.8941

Worth citing these? Jan Burse (talk) 19:57, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Belief revision