text:
User talk:Ninly

Welcome!

Key Fiddle
I hope she sees the picture. It came out well. I should have gotten her last name. I fyou can add more the New York State Sheep and Wool Festival please do. Their website doesn't have much information.

Do you go to the Maryland Sheep and Wool Festival?

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Transliteration
Since you ask, the nagari form may be correct for modern (Hindi) pronunciation, but in classical pronunciation a consonant without attached vowel has a default a, so it would be pronounced ninali. unfortunately I lack the computer expertise to show you how to deal with that. Peter jackson (talk) 11:01, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I'm OK with some slight differences in pronunciation, where it's more or less unavoidable or a compromise (like the Chinese "ren" character in my Chinese/kanji version) – as long as it doesn't just look silly/impossible to people who know the script. I guess my next question would be: is there a way (classically, perhaps with another diacritic) to denote the lack of a vowel in that location? Or would that just be unlikely to happen in Skt? If you have any input, I can figure out the computer side of it. /Ninly (talk) 14:35, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

 * There is a way. 2 actually. But as I said I don't know how to show you. Maybe you could look @ an appropriate article. Peter jackson (talk) 11:11, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

OM
yay...you got it :) Andi 3ö (talk) 01:01, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Sentient being (Buddhism)
Regarding the recent discussion that yielded the stay on the deletion of the article "Sentient being (Buddhism)", could you please place a link to this discussion to the chittychat page of the article Sentient beings (Buddhism) for probity? I would be very appreciative if this could be done. I would do it myself if I knew how to find it. How may I nominate that this process, that of papertrail probity, is done for all such cases in the future? I hold stock in an easily discernable papertrail. People may want to track debate and decision with ease in future.

Thanking you in anticipation

B9 hummingbird hovering (talk • contribs) 02:09, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
Hi. FYI...changing the name of the image doesn't actually change the name. Instead, it changes it to a nonexistent file which results in no image at all. Please always remember to preview your edits. Thanks. Viriditas (talk) 13:26, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Oops; I thought I was changing the caption rather than the filename. Thanks for the notification. /Ninly (talk) 16:17, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Thank you for your copyedit of Assumption of Moses
Thank you for your copyedit of Assumption of Moses. A ntv (talk) 19:02, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

 * My pleasure. Nice work! /Ninly (talk) 19:05, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
 * If you like to copyedit, would you have a look to Apocalypse of Abraham I've expanded?. Thanks a lot!!. A ntv (talk) 10:11, 13 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you ! A ntv (talk) 08:03, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Editing suggestions
Sorry, not too sure if it's correct to reply on my own talk page or on yours, but I answered your point (talk). I didn't realise US spelling allowed (or insisted!) on practice as a verb. SpaceLem (talk) 17:01, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Astor Piazzolla
Hi Ninly

Re: Astor Piazzolla's two children with Dedé Wolff

Piazzolla married Dedé Wolff in 1942 and from this marriage he had two children: Diana in 1943 and Daniel in 1944. (http://www.piazzolla.org/biography/biography-english.html)

When they went to Paris in 1954, this would (by my estimation) make Diana (the eldest) 11 and Daniel (the youngest) 10.

Duckinatree —Preceding unsigned comment added by Duckinatree (talk • contribs) 11:47, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Joseph Priestley lead image alignment
You previously have commented on the RfC at Talk:Joseph_Priestley on whether or not the lead image should be left-aligned. A straw poll is under way to determine what, if any consensus have been developed towards resolving the debate. Go to Talk:Joseph_Priestley and indicate your relative levels of support for each option. Thank you. Madcoverboy (talk) 17:56, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

WP:CTM election notice
WikiProject Contemporary music   Hi and hello! We are currently electing our first coordinator, see Election: Coordinator for 2010. If you are interested in being a candidate, or would like to ask questions of the candidates, please take a look. Nominations are open until Sunday 3 January. You can see more information about this at WikiProject Contemporary music/Coordinator. P.S. You are currently listed on the project participants list. Are you still active on the project? If so, please reconfirm your name on the Members list. Thanks and good editing!

CTM scope review
Following on from this discussion, I have started to review the scope of WP:CTM's coverage on WP. There are two main possiblilies, so far:

 * 1) We refine our scope according to the "written in the last 50 years or so" statement agreed upon a few months back and included in the Overview - Scope section on the main page.
 * 2) We redefine our scope to include only living people and their works (while retaining the other relevent articles such as contemporary classical music etc).

The former position was agreed by consensus, of course, so redefining our scope to the latter position is a radical shift that needs full discussion and consensus. In essence, the question of redefining arises from the recent mass sourcing drama:
 * 1) It has been suggested that CTM take full responsibility for all composer BLPs.
 * 2) If that goes ahead, WPComposers may wish to unbanner composer BLPs and leave them to CTM (see here for example).
 * 3) Therefore, CTM simply focusses in on those people relevent to our project but not bannered by other projects eg composers with BLPs.
 * 4) Other articles on people are then treated in a similar way ie we would then cover BLPs only and their related articles (plus any other contemporary-music-related articles, as appropriate).

The full review and discussion is found at: WikiProject Contemporary music/Scope.

I am also looking more generally at our project's focus, especially as regards the notability criteria etc: User:Jubileeclipman/CTM. Thoughts on that are also most welcome!

Thank you --Jubilee♫ clipman 13:52, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

WP:CTM guidelines regarding infoboxes
In the wake of the proceedings at the Composers project, I am reviewing CTM's guidelines regarding infoboxes: at present we simply follow all the other CM-projects on this issue. I propose that we simply leave it to editors to use common sense and avoid policy-violations. Thoughts welcome at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Contemporary_music. Thank you --Jubilee♫ clipman 23:06, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

What?
The past does not exist outside study??? I'm an historian. You are simply confussing history with historiography... --Againme (talk) 19:02, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I suppose it depends on whom you ask. I am familiar with the distinction between history and historiography. The way I put it in the edit summary is certainly an oversimplification, but there has definitely been scholarly discussion along those lines (historians cannot see the past itself, they can only see the evidence, the archive, and draw conclusions from it). On the other hand, the sense of history as referring to the past itself is definitely in common usage, much as the word psychology may be used to refer to an individual psyche. In any case, I'm not an expert (far from it), and don't feel too strongly one way of the other; I just saw a potential conflict with consensus and raised it. If you feel strongly that yours is an accurate and referenceable definition, I'm fine with that. / ninly ( talk ) 20:17, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Ninly! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 1 of the articles that you created  is currently tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 04:28, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Pak Chi-eun -

Musical form
Please contribute to discussion at;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2010_December_21#Category:Musical_forms

Thanks Redheylin (talk) 07:00, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History i
Why do you think this addition is out of place? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Khaledtareq (talk • contribs) 16:17, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It just seemed to me like an overly prominent place in the article for one book's/writer's assessment. Cutting the content entirely may have been excessive, it may be a good thing to include. / ninly ( talk ) 05:11, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Your reverts to the Chinese Martial Arts article
You made a revert of 5 edits due to vandalism to the Chinese Martial Arts article, but missed one. I screwed up the revert that I intended for reverting that last, 6th, edit and reverted your reversions. Then I (hang on to your pants! :-) reverted the reversion of your reversions (never thought I'd write THAT!! LOL) and manually added the edit to restore the article to prior to the 6th vandalism edit...

Sorry about that  Bruno talk  05:33, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Hah, don't worry about it! I've found myself in similar brambles many times. Thanks for the heads-up, though. Not sure why Twinkle didn't "see" that 6th vandalism edit, but I'll keep an eye out for that in the future. / ninly ( talk ) 14:05, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

Sport Jujitsu/jujutsu
Hello Ninly, I have replied to your post on the Jujutsu Talkpage about the name issue. - 220.101 User talk:220.101.28.25\ 11:51, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

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12 Nidanas or nothing (just kidding... no, seriously)
You had a look at this article, raised in the wikipedia articles mentioned (and now slated to merge), but did you take the time to read it?

http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2011/01/27/unpopular-facts-about-one-of-buddhist-philosophys-most-popular-doctrines/

It is based (squarely) on primary sources.

There's a list of the author's other works, here: http://profiles.tigweb.org/EM0

Simply, the ones that have been peer reviewed and published on paper aren't available on the internet. So, yeah, blogs can be more influential because they're more easily accessible.

While you're correct to complain that a blog isn't a "real" publication... the other "interpretations" being quoted here often do not come from "real" publications, either (certainly not scholarly ones).

You can contact the author in question through the e-mail address written out here: http://www.pali.pratyeka.org/#Mazard

You're correct that a better published source should trump a blog... but if there is no better published source available, you should give due consideration to a blog that so extensively proves its case through primary sources (and, indeed, enough secondary sources to keep you entertained). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.82.253.185 (talk) 05:20, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

2011 Religion meeting and Buddhism articles
Just letting you know that when I was first thinking of this idea, I was very definitely considering the possibility that the topic might be large enough to require being broken into several pages. I as an individual certainly wouldn't mind you including links to the specific articles which you believe are most in need of reliable secondary sources, possibly based on their overall "importance" to Buddhism as a topic. As an individual, I tend to think the articles which are considered for inclusion or included in the various release versions of wikipedia are probably the ones which should receive attention first, for instance. John Carter (talk) 16:04, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

Re: Sources

 * different sources should have separate citations, no?

In best practice, no. See WP:CITEBUNDLE and WP:CITECLUTTER. When a source is used once to cite the same material, it is best to bundle them to preserve readability and avoid clutter. In lead sections alone, the material in question should be a summary of information already cited in the body so citations aren't needed. I'm not at all clear why you restored the multiple cites to the lead. I had properly formatted the citations using a semicolon per how to group cites, which is common practice. Excessive use of citation tags is also considered a typical red flag for other issues, such as trying to reinforce a disputed point. This is why, as an article moves up the assessment chain, from B to GA to FA, you'll find few, if any articles, using citations in the lead or multiple citations in the body. Viriditas (talk) 19:35, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

 * My bad. I had read the bundling link, but for some reason I thought it applied to repetition of a single source, not inclusion of several. On rereading, I'm not sure where the short circuit was. Probably just too much late-night editing! Thanks for pointing out the clutter link, too; good info there. / ninly ( talk ) 17:27, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Re Refs at Buddhism
Yeah, thanks, I kind of suspected that would be the case. Why else have 19 references after one sentence?! :) I was just passing by, so don't intend to get involved with any ongoing debates there, but I tend to agree with you that that stuff is better just cleared away until it can be sorted out cleanly. Having all those refs after a number of sentences/paragraphs just makes the article look like a joke. I was nearly going to slap a copyedit tag on it though because it could really do with a cleanup, but on the other hand I'm not sure I'd want to dump an innocent copyeditor into the likely maelstrom they may face. Cheers, --jjron (talk) 16:44, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

knives
Thanks for your help on the knife articles, if you have an interest and want to help out on more, please join the Knife project at WP:BLADES.--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 22:32, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Block quotations
Thanks! I didn't know that. Friendly regards, Joshua Jonathan (talk) 17:02, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
 * My pleasure! Thanks for all your recent work on Zen! / ninly ( talk ) 19:18, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

Middle Way page
There is a user changing wording of a couple of direct quotes here. These are the original books for you to confirm the original quotes Book 1, Book2Gooolog (talk) 02:04, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Dispute Resolution Noticeboard
Please give input on this Buddhist topic "India". Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SaibAbaVenkatesh (talk • contribs) 04:46, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

Talkback
I don't want to spam you, but I think this is important, and would like to know your opinion. WingtipvorteX  PTT   ∅  22:49, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

Advise on possible disruptive edting
Hi Ninly. I've asked Tengu800 advice on a disruptive editor; he adviced to ask you. It concerns User:81.106.127.14. There are several problems I'm getting quite fed-up with this; to me it seems WP:DISRUPT. Have you got an idea what to do with this? And can you give me some feedback where I might be wrong? Greetings,  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   07:30, 2 February 2013 (UTC)
 * He typically edits leads of spirituality-topics, but with a Perennialist/nondualist POV, and/or making bold statements which are not covered by the sources. See Spirituality & Talk:Arhat (Buddhism)
 * He adds unsourced material reflecting WP:OR. See diff &  Dharma transmission
 * He's quite hostile in his communication. See diff & warning

 * I'm just coming around to this. I am inclined to agree; the editor didn't seem to understand V or RS, among other things ... but it looks like the issue has already been taken to admins, and the IP address blocked. Not much to add, then! / ninly ( talk ) 16:37, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for responding! I was getting kind of desparate. Greetings,  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   16:45, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Totally understand. Especially since "regulars" sort of come and go (I know I've been fairly inactive in the WP:BUDDHA stuff), it's easy to feel like you're the only one witnessing/dealing with issues when they come up. Keep up the good work! / ninly ( talk ) 20:49, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Exactly! That's indeed what it felt like. Thanks for the encouragement!  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   05:10, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

222 Mc. article
The dead link tag has resulted in most of the article being unusable & the page says that there is no Reflist. I don't know how to fix it but thought maybe you do. Thanks!Stereorock (talk) 21:10, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Ooops! My mistake. Thanks for the quick catch. / ninly ( talk ) 21:14, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

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I have sent you a note about a page you started
Hello, Ninly

Thank you for creating Barthélémy Rosso.

User:Paul2520, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments:

To reply, leave a comment here and prepend it with. And, don't forget to sign your reply with ~.

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Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear Ninly,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more. Additionally, if I may speak on behalf of the WikiProject Buddhism community, congratulations on this milestone. It is heartwarming to see you as an active user after all these years. Take good care, my friend!

Best regards, Usedbook (talk) 19:00, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Thank you so much @Usedbook, and thanks again! It means a lot. / ninly ( talk ) 14:21, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ninly


text:
Serena Scott Thomas

Serena Harriet Scott Thomas (born 21 September 1961) is an English actress and documentary producer. Her television roles include Diana, Princess of Wales in Diana: Her True Story in 1993. Her film appearances include The World Is Not Enough (1999), Hostage (2005), Brothel (2008), and Inherent Vice (2014).

Early life
Scott Thomas was born in Nether Compton, Dorset. Her mother, Deborah (née Hurlbatt), was brought up in Hong Kong and Africa, and studied drama before marrying her father, Lieutenant Commander Simon Scott Thomas, a pilot in the Royal Navy who died in a flying accident in 1966.

Career
Scott Thomas is known for her portrayal of Diana, Princess of Wales, in the television mini-series Diana: Her True Story (1993), and for playing the lead in the TV film Harnessing Peacocks (1993) and Dr. Molly Warmflash in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough (1999). She played a villainous "watcher" in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Revelations" (1998) and also starred in the short-lived series All Souls (2001), as well as playing Bruce Willis's wife in the film Hostage (2005). She appeared on the television shows Nip/Tuck and NCIS and starred in the film Brothel (2008). She played the role of Carole Middleton, mother of Kate Middleton, in William & Kate: The Movie, a biopic of Kate's romance with Prince William. Now, Serena Scott is all set to debut on the Peacock Days of Our Lives as Fiona Cook. She will debut on July 19, 2024, as mother of Xander Cook.

Television
Days of our Lives (2024-)
 * Nash Bridges as Kelly Bridges (1996, 1997)
 * Nostromo (1996)
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1998)
 * All Souls (2001)
 * The Agency (2002)
 * The Division (2003)
 * She Spies (2003)
 * Over There (2005)
 * Freddie (2006)
 * Wicked Wicked Games (2006–07)
 * NCIS (2007)
 * Nip/Tuck (2007)
 * Rizzoli & Isles (2016)
 * Scorpion (2017)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Serena Scott Thomas


text:
User talk:Inetd~enwiki

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title: User talk:Inetd~enwiki


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Talk:Thalia (Muse)

Bad Maths
First sentence contains bad maths: Thalia can refer to four distinct entities in Greek mythology, two of whom were daughters of Zeus, and a third of whom bore him sons.

Unless a third of a woman bore Zeus sons, it is not proper and must be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DrBogdanovic (talk • contribs) 01:31, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I'd love to do it myself, if I actually knew the author was trying to say. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DrBogdanovic (talk • contribs) 03:24, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Dear Jimbo: It's been several years now since I opened this forum of discussion and the error still remains unaddressed. Please get in touch. DrBogdanovic (talk • contribs) —Preceding undated comment added 17:22, 23 October 2011 (UTC).

Comments
THALIA THE MEXICAN SINGER WHO IS MARRIED TO TOMMY MOTTOLA THE EX HUSBAND OF MARIAH CAREY -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.143.185.82 (talk • contribs) on 31 August 2005

After the words "to bloom": Could someone who actually knows clean up the phrasing? This is very confusing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.193.3.242 (talk • contribs) on 4 November 2005

Where is the singer? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xhamlliku (talk • contribs) on 16 November 2005

Use the disambiguation link at the top of this page to find the Mexican singer (Thalia Sodi). 138.69.160.1 17:24, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Thalia, the singer, really should be listed on the first page, IMO, because of her enormous popularity in the U.S. and around the world. Seems kind of weird to list several different things but put her on the disambiguation list. 67.10.149.205 09:08, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but I've never heard of her, so she can't be that popular. Besides, in a few years, no one will even know the singer's name, but the study of Greek mythology has been going on for millennia. :P IrisWings 09:03, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

This page looks like it needs a complete rewrite... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.131.106.255 (talk • contribs) on 4 October 2006

Renaming
This should probably have Thalia as the main article title, as it currently redirects here. Ziggurat 00:13, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

HI

There should probably be an additional page for the greek muse Thaleia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.11.222.145 (talk • contribs) 4 October 2006

 * There really isn't enough information about her to warrant her own separate page. IrisWings 09:03, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

The Muse
I'm not entirely sure the explanation of the meaning of Thalia in Albanian is in the same tone as the rest of the entry. Should the explanation be re-written or perhaps moved to another section of the article? Datsun Eleven 19:20, 3 January 2007 (UTC)Datsun Eleven

new picture, like one i could put on a school project?!
—Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.176.136.26 (talk • contribs) (19:13, 1 February 2007

How many, now?
From the intro:
 * Thalia can refer to four distinct entities in Greek mythology, two of whom were daughters of Zeus, and a third of whom bore him sons.

Supposedly, Thalia has four meanings, but only three are listed. Is the total wrong, or has someone been skipped? -Bbik ★ 05:12, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

"...holding a comic mom..."
The article says "Thalia was portrayed holding a comic mom, a shepherd’s staff, or a wreath of ivy."

What exactly is a "comic mom" as used in this context. Obviously some kind of object but what?

66.102.199.176 (talk) 17:00, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Percy Jackson & and the Olympians -- tag added
Besides the poor grammar and complete lack of citations this section is essentially way off-topic as written. With cleanup however I suspect there is room for it as follows:

I moved the level 2 section "Percy Jackson & and the Olympians" down to level 3 and started a new level 2 section over it called "Thalia in modern literature". I do not know much about such literature but I can easily see that the original section is (a) unencyclopedic / off-topic unless somehow cross-related to the topic of literature. I wager a guess that there are probably numerous references to all of the muses in modern literature but I am not the expert in these subjects so I am pointing out an obvious flaw and hoping someone can run with it.

On second thought ... as I write this ... this section might be appropriate to include in some kind of a list like "List of Classic Greek Muses found in Modern Art" which could include various movies and books and paintings. I think I will move this section there and create a See Also section in its place. 66.102.199.176 (talk) 17:28, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Since the Thalia in Percy Jackson's last name is Grace, one can assume she is more likely a modern literary usage of Thalia the Charity or Grace than Thalia the Muse. They are two different entities. 72.243.192.113 (talk) 11:57, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thalia (Muse)


text:
User talk:Ghal

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 20:01, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Ghal


text:
User talk:David Clouston

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 20:01, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:David Clouston


text:
User talk:Groucho734

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 20:01, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Groucho734


text:
Category:Doukid dynasty

This category includes the members of the Doukas or Doukid dynasty, which ruled the Byzantine Empire in 1059–78.

title: Category:Doukid dynasty


text:
Post-capitalism

Post-capitalism is in part a hypothetical state in which the economic systems of the world can no longer be described as forms of capitalism. Various individuals and political ideologies have speculated on what would define such a world. According to classical Marxist and social evolutionary theories, post-capitalist societies may come about as a result of spontaneous evolution as capitalism becomes obsolete. Others propose models to intentionally replace capitalism, most notably socialism, communism, anarchism, nationalism and degrowth.

History
In 1993, Peter Drucker outlined a possible evolution of capitalistic society in his book Post-Capitalist Society. This states that knowledge, rather than capital, land, or labor, is the new basis of wealth. The classes of a fully post-capitalist society are expected to be divided into knowledge workers or service workers, in contrast to the capitalists and proletarians of a capitalist society. Drucker estimated the transformation to post-capitalism would be completed in 2010–2020. Drucker also argued for rethinking the concept of intellectual property by creating a universal licensing system.

In 2015, according to Paul Mason, several factors — the rise of income inequality, repeating cycles of boom and bust, and capitalism's contributions to climate change — led economists, political thinkers and philosophers to start seriously considering how a post-capitalistic society would look and function. Post-capitalism is expected to be made possible with further advances in automation and information technology – both of which are effectively causing production costs to trend toward zero.

Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams identify a crisis in capitalism's ability and willingness to employ all members of society, arguing that: "there is a growing population of people that are situated outside formal, waged work, with minimal welfare benefits, informal subsistence work, or by illegal means".

Heritage check system
Heritage check system is a socioeconomic plan that retains a market economy but removes fractional reserve lending power from banks and limits government printing of money to offset deflation. Money printed is used to buy materials to back the currency and pay for government programs in lieu of taxes, with the remainder to be split evenly among all citizens to stimulate the economy (termed a "heritage check", for which the system is named). The original author of the idea, Robert Heinlein, stated in his book For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs, that the system would be self-reinforcing and would eventually result in regular heritage checks able to provide a modest living for most citizens.

Economic democracy
Economic democracy is a socioeconomic philosophy that establishes democratic control of firms by their workers and social control of investment by a network of public banks.

Participatory economy
In his book Of the People, By the People: The Case for a Participatory Economy, Robin Hahnel describes a post-capitalist economy called the participatory economy.

Hahnel argues that a participatory economy will return empathy to our purchasing choices. Capitalism removes the knowledge of how and by whom a product was made: "When we eat a salad the market systematically deletes information about the migrant workers who picked it".

Socialism

Socialism often implies common ownership of companies and a planned economy, though as an inherently pluralistic ideology, it is argued whether either are essential features. In his book PostCapitalism: A Guide to our Future, Paul Mason argues that centralized planning, even with the advanced technology of today, is unachievable.

In UK politics, strands of Corbynism and the Labour party have adopted this 'post-capitalist' tendency.

Permaculture
Permaculture is defined by its co-originator Bill Mollison as: "The conscious design and maintenance of agriculturally productive systems which have the diversity, stability, and resilience of natural ecosystems".

PROUT
Progressive utilization theory (PROUT) is a socioeconomic and political philosophy created by the Indian philosopher and spiritual leader Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar in 1959. PROUT includes the decentralization of the economy; economic democracy; development of cooperatives; provision of all working members of society with five basic needs: food, clothing, shelter, education, medical care; and systematic solution of environmental problems through technological development and limitation of consumption.

Degrowth
Degrowth aims to bring about a post-capitalist world through what Anitra Nelson describes as the reframing and recreation of economies so that they "respect the Earth’s limits in order to achieve socio-political equity and ecological sustainability.' They note that degrowth is "distinctive within sustainability and justice movements due to a unique emphasis on growth as a driver of unsustainabilities and inequities." As such "Degrowth argues for a radical reduction in production and consumption, greater citizen participation in politics, and more diversity, especially within ecological systems and landscapes, along with a flourishing of creativity, care, and commoning — using renewable energy and materials.

Degrowth and MMT
Modern monetary theory (MMT) could enhance the degrowth movement in transitioning to a "post-growth, post-capitalist economy", according to economic anthropologist Jason Hickel. Towards this end, he suggests that the power of "the government’s role as the issuer of currency" could be utilized to bring the economy back into balance with the natural world while at the same time reducing economic inequality by providing high quality universal basic services, implementing the rapid development of renewable energy infrastructure to completely phase out fossil fuels in a shorter period of time, and establishing a public job guarantee for 30 hours a week at a living wage doing decommodified, socially useful work in the public services sector, and also useful work in renewable energy development and ecosystem restoration. Hickel notes that providing a living wage at 30 hours a week also has the added benefit of shifting income from capital to labor. Furthermore, he adds that taxation can be used to "reduce demand in order to bring resource and energy use down to target levels," and specifically to reduce the purchasing power of the wealthy.

Automation
Technological change that has driven unemployment has historically been due to 'mechanical-muscle' machines, which have reduced the need for human labor. Just as the use of horses for transport and other work was gradually made obsolete by the invention of the automobile, humans' jobs have also been affected throughout history. A modern example of this technological unemployment is the replacement of retail cashiers by self-service checkouts. The invention and development of 'mechanical-mind' processes or 'brain labor' is thought to threaten jobs at an unprecedented scale, with Oxford Professors Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne estimating that 47% of US jobs are at risk of automation.

Information technology
Post-capitalism is said to be possible due to major changes brought about by information technology in recent years. These changes have blurred the boundaries between work and free time and loosened the relationship between work and wages. Significantly, information is corroding the market's ability to form prices correctly. Information is abundant and information goods are freely replicable. Goods such as music, software or databases do have a production cost, but once made can be copied infinitely. If the normal price mechanism of capitalism prevails, then the price of any good which has essentially no cost of reproduction will fall towards zero. This lack of scarcity of those things is a problem in those models, which try to counter by developing monopolies in the form of giant tech companies to keep information scarce and commercial. But many significant commodities in the digital economy are now free and open-source, such as Linux, Firefox, and Wikipedia.

title: Post-capitalism


text:
Christopher Amott

Christopher Amott (born 23 November 1977) is a Swedish guitarist, younger brother of Michael Amott and founding member of the metal bands Arch Enemy and Armageddon. He is most recently the former guitarist for Dark Tranquillity.

Biography
Amott was born in Halmstad. Inspired by his older brother Michael's band Carcass, he began studying the guitar at 14, playing in local bands, and eventually attending music college at age 18.

While attending music school in 1996, Michael asked Christopher to record solos for his new melodic death metal project Arch Enemy. The Black Earth album was released in Japan in 1996, and received regular airplay on Japanese MTV. The band were invited to play Japan in 1997, and it was there that Christopher secured a deal for his Armageddon side project. The project began as a melodic death metal band, similar in style to Arch Enemy. Armageddon released their first album Crossing the Rubicon on W.A.R. records in 1997. The album featured Peter Wildoer and Martin Bengtsson, who would also go on to record Stigmata with Arch Enemy in 1998. The Stigmata album was again a success in Japan, and was the first Arch Enemy album to be released in the US, on Century Media records.

With Arch Enemy gaining ground worldwide, Amott would go on to release Burning Bridges and Burning Japan Live 1999, both in 1999, then take a break until the latter part of 2000, when Armageddon released their second album Embrace the Mystery on Toy's Factory records in Japan. This time featuring a "melodic" singer, and more of an overall power metal feel, the album was a drastic shift from the straight ahead melodic death metal of Crossing the Rubicon, and marked Christopher's desire to branch out of the "extreme metal" genre. Also in 2000, he played a guitar solo on "Suburban Me" on the album Clayman with In Flames.

In 2001, Arch Enemy were joined by singer Angela Gossow, and released Wages of Sin. After completing an extensive world tour with Arch Enemy, Amott returned to his Armageddon project, and released Three in 2002 on Toy's Factory records in Japan. This time featuring Christopher on lead vocals, the album was almost purely a power metal effort, focusing on the melodic singing and guitar work of Amott.

Arch Enemy released Anthems of Rebellion in 2003, and again embarked on a world tour. In 2005, the band entered the studio to record Doomsday Machine, but immediately after the recording, Amott left Arch Enemy. He spent the next two years teaching music in Sweden, as well as attending a university. In March 2007, he announced his return to Arch Enemy as a permanent member. He re-joined the band near the end of the songwriting process for Rise of the Tyrant. In an interview in January 2010, Amott said that he would be releasing a solo album early in the year entitled "Follow Your Heart".

On 5 March 2012, Amott once again quit Arch Enemy. He cited his desire to pursue his solo career further as the main reason. He was replaced with Arsis guitarist Nick Cordle. In April 2012, he moved to New York City, United States. After obtaining a green card in the beginning of 2013, he stated that he intended to record a new Armageddon record, which was planned to be released by summer 2013. Amott also collaborated with Japanese pop/metal band Babymetal, providing guitars for an alternate version of their major label debut single, "Ijime, Dame, Zettai" nicknamed the "Nemesis" version (possibly named after the Arch Enemy song of the same name).

In 2014, Amott began recording for the new Armageddon album with a new lineup consisting of himself, vocalist Matt Hallquist, guitarist Joey Concepcion, bassist Sara Claudius, and drummer Márton Veress. Their new album, entitled "Captivity & Devourment", is set to be released in January 2015 on Listenable Records. Now enlisted Meridian Dawn/ex-Nightrage vocalist Antony Hämäläinen as their replacement for the recently departed Matt Hallquist.

During Arch Enemy's North American tour in support of their album War Eternal, guitarist Nick Cordle reportedly left the band. Amott temporarily re-joined the band for the remainder of the tour, while famed guitarist Jeff Loomis (formerly of Nevermore) was announced as the official replacement and joined the band for their European tour with Kreator and subsequent events.

On 10 October 2015, as part of Japan's Loud Park Festival, Arch Enemy vocalist Alissa White-Gluz invited special guests Amott and Johan Liiva to the stage, reuniting the Burning Bridges lineup. They would go on to perform "Bury Me an Angel" and "The Immortal", before being joined by White-Gluz and Jeff Loomis to perform "Fields of Desolation" together.

While Armageddon and Arch Enemy were touring together in Mexico 2016. Amott made a guest appearance on Arch Enemy and performed two songs, "Revolution Begins" and "Blood On Your Hands".

Starting on 23 May 2016, Amott along with the original Arch Enemy lineup reunited as Project Black Earth and made a special tour in Japan. The band performed the Black Earth album in its entirety. Songs from Stigmata and Burning Bridges were also played. The tour lasted for about a week.

In 2017 Amott joined Dark Tranquillity temporarily to help out the band with their European tour, and continued to tour with them throughout 2018 in Europe and North America. On 30 March 2020, Amott joined Dark Tranquillity, replacing original guitarist Niklas Sundin, but left the band on 23 July 2023. Amott released his third solo album Electric Twilight on January 30 2020. It is largely a synthwave album, strongly contrasting with the rest of his discography.

As full member

 * Black Earth (1996)
 * Stigmata (1998)
 * Burning Bridges (1999)
 * Burning Japan Live 1999 (1999)
 * Wages of Sin (2001)
 * Burning Angel (2002)
 * Anthems of Rebellion (2003)
 * Dead Eyes See No Future (2004, EP)
 * Doomsday Machine (2005)
 * Live Apocalypse (2006, 2-disc DVD)
 * Rise of the Tyrant (2007)
 * Tyrants of the Rising Sun (2008)
 * The Root of All Evil (2009)
 * Khaos Legions (2011)

As guest

 * Will to Power (2017) - Keyboards, guitar and songwriting on "Reason To Believe", songwriting on 	"Dreams of Retribution".
 * Deceivers (2022) - Songwriting on "Poisoned Arrow".

Armageddon

 * Crossing the Rubicon (1997)
 * Embrace the Mystery (2000)
 * Three (2002)
 * Captivity & Devourment (2015)
 * Crossing the Rubicon (Revisited) (2016)

Dark Tranquillity

 * Moment (2020)

Solo

 * Follow Your Heart (2010)
 * Impulses (2012)
 * Electric Twilight (2020)

title: Christopher Amott


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Mille passus

I removed a big chunk of text that Rktect had copied from the request of arbitration page. Discussion about the arbitration should take on the arbitration page, and the Votes for deletion page should be about the voting. Please don't mix the discussions all around. The Vfd page should not become another discussion field for different issues. -- (☺drini♫|☎) 20:03, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * FYI about Discussion about the arbitration should take on the arbitration page, I think that even though it is known to happen, according to Requests for arbitration, This is not a page for discussion, and arbitrators may summarily remove discussion without comment. -- Egil 20:14, 31 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Lkeeble

Welcome to Wikipedia. Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Andre ( talk ) 20:03, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

I apologize, I was confused by the content and style of your article, and I thought it was nonsense vandalism. I have restored the page. As you edit, please read over the encyclopedia guidelines, such as the Manual of Style and How to write a great article. Andre ( talk ) 20:29, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lkeeble


text: Category:Czech poets

title: Category:Czech poets


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/East Jesus

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete -- Joolz 21:05, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

East Jesus
Completely idiosyncratic non-topic, obscure, POV — Preceding unsigned comment added by NeilN (talk • contribs) 20:04, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 08:06, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable, idiosyncratic, and POV (unsigned by User:Logophile)
 * Delete because .... just delete it --Doc (?) 21:20, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as this is nonsensical, bordering on patent nonsense. For those not in the know. "East Jesus" is an expression synonymous with "the middle of nowhere." - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 05:55, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Eight Yugas

According to Ayyavazhi mythology there were eight yukams (Tamil) and this category gives it.

title: Category:Eight Yugas


text:
Inclusionism

Inclusionism (inclusion+-ism) may refer to:

 * The Gospel of Inclusionism - a controversial theological concept related to universal reconciliation, proposed by Carlton Pearson
 * Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia

title: Inclusionism


text:
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Please take a few moments and fill in the data for your bot on Bots/Status Thank you Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 19:06, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:GrinBot~enwiki


text:
Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad

The Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad (HR&PC) was chartered in 1866 as a branch line railroad between New York City and Port Chester, New York. The line opened in 1873 as part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and served in various capacities until 1971. The HR&PC is now part of the Hell Gate Line section of Amtrak's high-speed Northeast Corridor.

Early history
The Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad was chartered April 23, 1866 as a branch line from the Harlem River at the north end of the Harlem Bridge (now the Third Avenue Bridge) in New York City to the Village of Port Chester in Westchester County, New York at the Connecticut state border. Only the southern portion was completed, terminating instead about five towns southwest of Port Chester in New Rochelle. At the time, New Rochelle was the final railroad station when traveling from Connecticut before entering New York City.

The New York and New Haven Railroad and the Hartford and New Haven Railroad merged to create the larger New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1872. The HR&PC was leased by the New Haven Railroad in 1873 and opened later that year, running from the New Haven at New Rochelle south into the Bronx. Leasing the line enabled the New Haven to establish a continuous line of service from Connecticut to Manhattan. The HR&PC provided freight service between New York City and the Harlem River Yard. Commuter service ran along the line from the Harlem River Terminal up to the New Haven main line in New Rochelle until 1931.

The New York, Westchester and Boston Railway commuter rail line opened in 1912, paralleling the HR&PC just to the west, south of the crossing of the Bronx River. Until 1924, when a new combined station was built, the short Willis Avenue Spur of the elevated IRT Third Avenue Line ran to the Harlem River terminal of the HR&PC and the NYW&B.

In 1917 the New York Connecting Railroad opened for passenger service between the HR&PC at Port Morris and the Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad at Sunnyside Yard. This allowed NYNH&H trains to run over the HR&PC and into New York Penn Station, though most continued to serve Grand Central Terminal until Amtrak took over intercity operations in 1971.

Later years
On January 1, 1927 the HR&PC was merged into the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. It became the Harlem River Branch. The NYNH&H was merged into Penn Central in 1969, and Penn Central became part of Conrail in 1976. The HR&PC was ultimately sold to Amtrak and is now part of their Northeast Corridor used by its high-speed Acela Express.

title: Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad


text:
User talk:Tradecard

If you honestly do not want Tradecard to be deleted as an advertisement please follow the Manual of Style and write a proper article about this company, otherwise it will be continually deleted as an advertisement. Jtkiefer T - 20:06, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * It also does not help your case that you are not inserting an advertisement into wikipedia that your username is also Tradecard. Jtkiefer  T - 20:09, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tradecard


text:
Mount Tahoma High School

Mount Tahoma High School is a high school in Tacoma, Washington. It opened in 1961 and is a part of the Tacoma Public Schools. The school's mascot is the Thunderbird as a Native American symbolism for power, protection, and strength.

History
Mount Tahoma opened its doors in the South Tacoma neighborhood in 1961. It is the original Native American name for Mount Rainier. The school was built by a California contractor in the 1960s and wasn't very accommodating for its Washington students. The original school layout consisted of three open air courtyards, with a college style open campus. Frequently, students carried parkas or umbrellas from class to class. 2004 was the last year that students would be in the original Mount Tahoma building. Students and staff moved to the new building, which fit more with the Pacific Northwest weather.

New building
Built in 1961, the setting of Mount Tahoma High School drastically changed in September 2004. The school is located on 74th Street and is overlooked by Mount Rainier (which is the namesake for Mt. Tahoma.) The new campus features 93 teaching spaces, including 81 classrooms, eight technology labs, wireless networking throughout the building, a 600-seat performance arts theatre, two gymnasiums, a pool, weight room, aerobics room, athletic fields and a 3,500 seat stadium. The offices are located in the front of the main entrance and are connected to the large 900-seat commons. There are 9 science classrooms with a 90-foot greenhouse and nursery. Mount Tahoma's counseling center is the hub of career activities, which enable students to access college information and career opportunities.

Statistics

 * School Conference - West Central, District 3, Narrows League, Bridge Division
 * School Interhigh League - GPS, Greater Puget Sound

Notable alumni

 * Ahmad Rashad (Bobby Moore), class of 1968, an Emmy Award winning sportscaster and football wide receiver
 * Ron Cey, Class of 1966, Los Angeles Dodgers third baseman from 1973 to 1982 and co-MVP of the 1981 World Series
 * Ray Horton, Class of 1978, NFL cornerback and coach, former Tennessee Titans and Cleveland Browns defensive coordinator
 * Marilyn Strickland, 38th mayor of Tacoma, Washington and congressional candidate
 * Vince Goldsmith, class of 1977, CFL Outstanding Rookie Award. All-Star Linebacker and Defensive Lineman 1981, 1983, 1988 (Saskatchewan Roughriders, Toronto Argonauts, Calgary Stampeders. University of Oregon Hall of Fame, All Conference, All American. Holds Washington State's shot put record for High Schoolers at 69'11".

title: Mount Tahoma High School


text:
Talk:Hellen

Comments
I'm not sure, but shouldn't it be matriarch instead of patriarch in the first line?

 * No, Hellen (as opposed to Helen) is male. --Macrakis 21:24, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

confusing sentence
"together with his sister's Pandora's and Thyia's sons" This line is confusing. Does it refer to the sisters of Hellen? Xuthus? Also, the apostrophe in "sister's" is not necessary. It would read more cleanly if it said "together with the sons of his sisters Pandora and Thyia" (after indicating who's sisters they are). Hraesvelgr 01:15, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

thanks to whomever cleared that up Hraesvelgr (talk) 17:17, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Melanippe Wise and The Family Tree
" In the play, Melanippe, the daughter of Aeolus (and thus the granddaughter of Hellen), becomes by Poseidon the mother of twins, Aeolus and Boeotus. " Are there two people called Aeolus or did Melanipple give birth to her own mother? Also there is no mention of Boeotus in the family tree diagram below this section. Desdinova (talk) 16:00, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * There are a number of figures called Aeolus in Greek mythology; these two are distinct, as indicated by the links to their respective pages. As to the family tree, there are numerous conflicting versions of the genealogies of these characters, something no such chart could capture entirely, but I think the current chart (largely based upon Apollodorus, and given by the two modern sources cited) is still helpful as a visual aid. – Michael Aurel (talk) 23:30, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hellen


text:
List of Buffyverse villains and supernatural beings

The following is a list of demons, vampires, human monsters, walking dead, ghosts, beasts and any kind of evil being or supernatural creature seen in the Buffyverse (created by Joss Whedon).

Demons, Half-Demons and Old Ones

 * Acathla ("Becoming, Part Two")
 * Ano-Movic Demons: The Straleys ("Bachelor Party")
 * Anyanka
 * Arney ("Offspring", "Lullaby")
 * Artode ("Life of the Party")
 * Assassin demon ("Sanctuary")
 * Avilas ("Help")
 * Baker ("The Ring")
 * Balthazar ("Bad Girls")
 * Barney the Empath Demon ("Parting Gifts")
 * The Beast
 * The Beast of Amalfie ("To Shanshu in L.A." and "Birthday")
 * Billy Blim ("That Vision Thing", "Billy")
 * Bohg'Dar Demon ("Salvage")
 * Boone ("Blood Money")
 * Boretz Demon ("Power Play")
 * Brachen Demons ("Hero")
 * Bringers
 * Bro'os ("Teeth") the Loan-Shark demon ("Tabula Rasa")
 * Brotherhood of Seven: Marc ("The Puppet Show")
 * Senator Helen Brucker
 * Cantonese Fook-Beast ("That Vision Thing")
 * Carlos ("Underneath")
 * Carnyss Demon ("Judgment")
 * Chaos Demon ("Fool for Love")
 * Champion Knight ("Judgment")
 * Clem
 * Codger Demon ("Heartthrob")
 * Connor
 * Cordelia Chase (became part-demon, never used powers for evil)
 * Covenant of Trombli: Silas, Barshon
 * Cyvus Vail
 * Deevak ("First Impressions")
 * Devlin ("Life of the Party")
 * D'Hoffryn
 * D'Hoffryn's acolytes in Arashmahaar ("Something Blue")
 * D'Korr (D'Hoffryn's second demon hitman) ("Get It Done")
 * Doc
 * Doyle
 * Drokken Beast ("Belonging")
 * Drug Lord Demon ("The Prodigal")
 * Durslar Beast ("Fredless")
 * Durthok the Child-Eater ("Judgment")
 * Eater Demon ("Slouching Toward Bethlehem")
 * Eli ("Harm's Way")
 * Eyghon the Sleepwalker ("The Dark Age")
 * Ethros Demon ("I've Got You Under My Skin")
 * Fell Brethren
 * Dr. Fetvanovich ("Quickening")
 * Flanjoid Demon ("To Shanshu in L.A.")
 * Francis ("Release")
 * Frocter Demon ("Release")
 * Sid & Monica Frzylcka ("Double or Nothing")
 * Fungus Demon ("The Harsh Light of Day")
 * Fyarl Demon ("A New Man")
 * Gachnar ("Fear, Itself")
 * Garwak Demon ("Provider")
 * Gathwok Demons: Vakma, Trensiduf ("Over the Rainbow")
 * Gavrok Spiders ("Choices")
 * The Gentlemen and their Silent Footmen ("Hush")
 * Ghora Demon ("Forever")
 * Glarghk Guhl Kashma'nik Demon ("Normal Again")
 * Glory's Minions: Jinx, Dreg, Murk, Slook, Gronx and the High Priest Minion
 * Glurgg ("Apocalypse, Nowish")
 * Gnarl ("Same Time, Same Place")
 * Goran Demons ("The Girl in Question")
 * Granok Demons ("Forgiving")
 * Grappler Demons ("Quickening")
 * Grimslaw Demon ("Selfless")
 * The Groosalugg
 * Grox'lar Beast ("Just Rewards")
 * Hainsley Demon ("Just Rewards")
 * Haklar Demon ("Belonging")
 * Halfrek
 * Hans and Gretta Straus ("Gingerbread")
 * Haxil Beast ("Expecting")
 * Hellhound ("The Prom")
 * The Hellions: Razor, Mag, Klyed ("Bargaining", Parts One and Two)
 * Hellmouth Spawn ("Prophecy Girl", "The Zeppo")
 * Hindu Kush ("Judgment")
 * Howler Demons ("The Ring")
 * Illyria
 * Intestine demon ("Lonely Hearts")
 * Izzerial the Devil
 * Jenoff the Soul-Sucker ("Double or Nothing")
 * Jenoff's Repo-Man ("Double or Nothing")
 * Princess Jheira and the Oden-Tal females ("She")
 * The Judge ("Surprise"), ("Innocence")
 * Kailiff demon/Griff ("Rm w/a Vu")
 * Kamal the Prio-Motu Demon ("Judgment")
 * Karathmamanyugh Demon ("Spin the Bottle")
 * Kathy Newman/Mok'tagar demon ("Living Conditions")
 * Kek Demon ("I've Got You Under My Skin")
 * Ken and the demon enslavers ("Anne")
 * Der Kindestod ("Killed by Death")
 * Kith'Harn Demons ("Origin")
 * Kleynach Demon ("Reprise")
 * Kovitch Demon ("She")
 * Kulak of the Miquot Clan ("Homecoming")
 * Kungai Demon ("Parting Gifts")
 * Kurskov's minions ("Waiting in the Wings")
 * Lachnie Hag ("Benediction")
 * Lagos ("Revelations")
 * Lasovic ("The Ring")
 * Lei-Ach Demons ("Family")
 * Lilliad Demons ("Dad")
 * Lissa ("First Date")
 * Lister Demons ("Hero")
 * Liz ("Judgment")
 * Lohesh (mentioned in "Graduation Day, Part One")
 * Lorne's Id Monster ("Life of the Party")
 * Lubber Demons ("Happy Anniversary")
 * Lurconis ("Band Candy")
 * Lurite Demon ("Heartthrob")
 * Machida ("Reptile Boy")
 * Madam Dorian and her Girls (Lina) ("War Zone")
 * Mandraz ("Wrecked")
 * M'Fashnik Demon ("Flooded")
 * Mayor Richard Wilkins III aka Olvikan
 * Mellish ("The Ring")
 * M. James Menlo ("The Shroud of Rahmon")
 * Merl
 * Mofo Demon (Lenny Edward's demon muscle) ("War Zone")
 * Mohra Demon ("I Will Remember You")
 * Moloch the Corruptor ("I, Robot... You, Jane")
 * Mordar the Bentback ("Judgment")
 * Mucus Demon ("Double or Nothing")
 * Multi-headed demon ("Supersymmetry")
 * Mutite Demon ("Heartthrob")
 * Nahdrah Demons ("Provider")
 * Nezzla Demons ("Judgment")
 * Norman Pfister ("What's My Line", Parts One and Two)
 * Nurbatch Demon ("That Old Gang of Mine")
 * Octarus (""What's My Line", Part Two)
 * Olvikan ("Graduation Day, Part Two")
 * Ovu Mobani ("Dead Man's Party")
 * Piasca demon ("Lonely Hearts")
 * Pockla Demon ("Dead End")
 * Polgara Demons ("The I in Team")
 * Prechian Demon ("The Thin Dead Line")
 * Preggothian Demon ("Blind Date")
 * Pyleans: Lorne, Constable Narwek, Landok, Numfar, Blix, Lorne's Mother (Deathwok clan), Pylean Royal Guard: The Captain of the Guard
 * Queller Demon ("Listening to Fear")
 * Quor-Toth Demon ("The Price")
 * Rahmon ("The Shroud of Rahmon")
 * Reptilian Demon ("Parting Gifts")
 * Rodentius Demon ("Fredless")
 * Rwasundi Demons ("Dead Things")
 * Sahjhan
 * Sahrvin Demons
 * Sathari ("Power Play")
 * The Scourge: Trask, Tiernan ("Hero")
 * Archduke Sebassis
 * Sebassis' Slave/Pee-Pee Demon
 * Senih'D Demon ("Couplet")
 * The Senior Partners of Wolfram & Hart
 * Serparvo Demon ("Something Blue")
 * Shorshack Demon ("I've Got You Under My Skin")
 * Sloth Demon ("Judgment")
 * Sorialus the Ravager ("Waiting in the Wings")
 * Shur-Hod Demons ("Heartthrob")
 * Sisterhood of Jhe ("The Zeppo")
 * Skench Demon ("Double or Nothing")
 * Skilosh Demons ("Epiphany")
 * Skip
 * Skyler ("Enemies")
 * Slime Demon ("The Wish" & "To Shanshu in L.A.")
 * Dr. Gregson the Slod Demon ("Heartthrob")
 * Sluggoth Demon ("Beneath You")
 * Smile Time Puppet-Demons: Polo, Ratio Hornblower, Flora, Groofus ("Smile Time")
 * Soul-Eater ("Calvary")
 * Stewart Burns ("Hell's Bells")
 * Strom Demon ("Release")
 * Suvolte Demon ("As You Were")
 * Sweet ("Once More, With Feeling")
 * Sweet's Lackeys ("Once More, With Feeling")
 * Tarval Demon ("Expecting")
 * Talamour/Burrower ("Lonely Hearts")
 * Taparrich and the Mok'tagar demons ("Living Conditions")
 * Tezcatcatl ("The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco")
 * The Thaumogenic Demon ("After Life")
 * Thesulac Demon ("Are You Now or Have You Ever Been")
 * Thraxis ("Life of the Party")
 * Tien Shenin ("Judgment")
 * Tom Cribb ("The Ring")
 * Tor ("The Trial")
 * Torto Demon ("Happy Anniversary")
 * Torg ("Showtime")
 * Toth ("The Replacement (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)")
 * Tough Guy Demon ("That Old Gang of Mine")
 * Tree Demon ("Couplet")
 * Turfog the Thrall Demon ("Dear Boy")
 * Vahrall Demons ("Doomed")
 * Vajnu Demon ("The Shroud of Rahmon")
 * Val Trepkos ("The Ring")
 * Vampire Detector Demons ("Blind Date")
 * Vartite Monster ("Judgment")
 * Vigaries ("She")
 * Vinji Demons ("Harm's Way")
 * Vocah, Warrior of the Underworld, Bringer of Calamity ("To Shanshu in L.A.")
 * Voynok Demon ("Supersymmetry")
 * Vyasa ("The Shroud of Rahmon")
 * Wan-Shang Dhole ("That Vision Thing")
 * Wainakay Demon ("Happy Anniversary")
 * Wolfram & Hart Failsafe Technician Demon ("You're Welcome")
 * Wolfram & Hart Torturer Demon ("Underneath")
 * Wraithers ("Loyalty")
 * Whistler
 * Yeska the Davric Demon ("Guise Will Be Guise")
 * The Zealots of the Devourer: The High Priest Zealot, the Keeper of the Name ("Sacrifice", "Peace Out")

Vampires

 * Absalom ("When She Was Bad")
 * Alonna Gunn
 * Alphonse ("Doppelgangland")
 * Andrew Borba ("Never Kill a Boy on the First Date")
 * Andrew Hoelich ("Anne")
 * Angel/Angelus
 * Anne ("Lies My Parents Told Me"), Spike's mother
 * Aurelius, who prophesied the coming of the Anointed One
 * Big Ugly
 * Billy Fordham ("Lie to Me")
 * Blair ("Helpless")
 * Boone ("Who Are You?")
 * Charles Gunn ("After the Fall")
 * Charlotte ("Sleeper")
 * Collin, the Anointed One
 * Dalton
 * Darla
 * Doug Sanders
 * Dracula ("Buffy vs. Dracula")
 * Drusilla
 * El Eliminati ("Bad Girls")
 * Elisabeth
 * The Gorch family: Lyle, Tector, and Candy ("Bad Eggs", "Homecoming")
 * Harmony Kendall
 * Holden Webster ("Conversations with Dead People")
 * James
 * Jamie ("Pangs")
 * Jay-Don ("The Shroud of Rahmon")
 * Jeff & Mutt ("Crush")
 * Jesse McNally
 * Julia ("Lie to Me")
 * Kakistos ("Faith, Hope & Trick")
 * Stephen Korshak ("Some Assembly Required")
 * Lean Boy
 * Lenny ("Lovers Walk")
 * Luke
 * Marcus ("In the Dark")
 * The Master
 * Nightmare Buffy ("Nightmares")
 * Nostroyev ("Why We Fight")
 * Prince of Lies ("Why We Fight")
 * Rebel Vampire Posse: Carl, Justin, Zack, Glenn, Christy, Marla and others ("All the Way")
 * Richard ("Lies My Parents Told Me")
 * Russell Winters ("City Of")
 * Sam Lawson ("Why We Fight")
 * Mr. Sanderson ("Gingerbread")
 * Sandy ("Doppelgangland", "Family", "Shadow")
 * Sarah Holtz
 * Spike
 * Sunday and her gang: Dav, Rookie, Tom, Jerry and Eddie ("The Freshman")
 * Theresa Klusmeyer ("Phases")
 * Thomas ("Welcome to the Hellmouth")
 * The Three ("Angel")
 * The Three Sisters ("Buffy vs. Dracula")
 * Tom ("The Harsh Light Of Day")
 * Mr. Trick
 * Turok-Han vampires
 * Ul'thar Vampires
 * Whip and the Hooker Vamps ("Into the Woods")
 * Wishverse Willow ("The Wish", "Doppelgangland")
 * Wishverse Xander ("The Wish")
 * Zachary Kralik ("Helpless")

Wizards, witches, sorcerers and other magic users

 * Madam Anita ("Couplet")
 * Captain Atkinson ("The Thin Dead Line")
 * Helen Bointon ("Happy Anniversary")
 * Magnus Bryce ("Guise Will Be Guise")
 * Jenny Calendar
 * Cordelia Chase (through the former power Jasmine; notably in "Orpheus" and "Inside Out")
 * Command Central witches ("The Long Way Home" onwards)
 * Michael Czajak ("Gingerbread")
 * The Order of Dagon ("No Place Like Home")
 * The Devonshire Coven (mentioned in "Grave" and "Lessons")
 * Lucien Drake ("Soul Purpose")
 * Rupert Giles
 * Magnus Hainsley ("Just Rewards")
 * Clan Kalderash: Enyos Kalderash, Magda Kalderash (The Elder Woman)
 * Kumiko ("Wolves at the Gate, Parts 1-4")
 * Count Kurskov ("Waiting in the Wings")
 * Paul Lanier ("Guise Will Be Guise")
 * Jonathan Levinson
 * Allen Lloyd ("Sense & Sensitivity")
 * Tara Maclay
 * Catherine Madison ("Witch")
 * Amy Madison ("Witch")
 * Mistress Meerna ("A New World")
 * Gwendolyn Post ("Revelations")
 * Rack ("Wrecked", "Seeing Red", "Two to Go")
 * Ethan Rayne
 * Roden ("No Future For You, Parts 1-4")
 * Marcus Roscoe ("Carpe Noctem")
 * Willow Rosenberg
 * Professor Oliver Seidel ("Supersymmetry")
 * The Shadow-Men ("Get It Done")
 * Spanky ("Conviction")
 * Svear Priestesses ("Soulless")
 * Thelonious ("I, Robot... You, Jane")
 * Vaughne and the UC Sunnydale Wiccan Group ("The Killer in Me")
 * Andrew Wells
 * Wo-Pang of the Kung Sun Dai ("Awakening")
 * Wesley Wyndam-Pryce

Enhanced humans

 * Brain Man ("That Vision Thing")
 * Vanessa Brewer ("Blind Date")
 * Caleb
 * Bethany Chaulk ("Untouched")
 * Command Central psychics and seers ("The Long Way Home" onwards)
 * Connor
 * The Holy Triumvirate (The Three Blind Seer Children) ("Blind Date")
 * Mayor Richard Wilkins III
 * Ronald Meltzer ("I Fall to Pieces")
 * Cassie Newton ("Help")
 * Gwen Raiden
 * Marcie Ross and other Invisible Students ("Out of Mind, Out of Sight")
 * Slayers
 * Wolfram & Hart's Psychics ("Blind Date", "Quickening", "Hell Bound")
 * Wolfram & Hart's Telekinetic Ninja Assassin ("Quickening")

Dangerous mortals

 * Hunt Acrey ("Redefinition")
 * Richard Anderson ("Reptile Boy")
 * Ryan Anderson ("I've Got You Under My Skin")
 * Dr. Francis Angleman
 * Benny, Mr. Bryce's bodyguard ("Guise Will Be Guise")
 * Ilona Costa Bianchi ("The Girl in Question")
 * The Biker Gang ("Dad")
 * Billy's Kiddy League Coach ("Nightmares")
 * Congressman Nathan Blim ("Billy")
 * Brittany ("Harm's Way")
 * Gib Cain ("Phases")
 * Charlotte ("Harm's Way")
 * Mr. Chaulk ("Untouched")
 * Wilson Christopher and the Haxil's Cult Guys ("Expecting")
 * Jacob Crane ("Unleashed")
 * Cyril, W&H's mailboy ("Quickening")
 * Danny ("Harm's Way")
 * Debbie ("Salvage")
 * Lee DeMarco ("The House Always Wins")
 * Dick the Pimp ("Five by Five")
 * Lenny Edwards ("War Zone")
 * Elliot ("Ground State")
 * Emil the Arms Dealer ("Lineage")
 * Eric ("Some Assembly Required")
 * Bret Folger ("Five by Five")
 * Billy Fordham ("Lie to Me")
 * Frawley ("Homecoming")
 * Corbin Fries ("Conviction")
 * Frederick & Hans Gruenstalher and the Old Man ("Homecoming")
 * Gunn's ex-crew: Rondell, Gio ("That Old Gang of Mine")
 * Hank ("Parting Gifts")
 * Fritz Heinrich (SS officer) ("Why We Fight")
 * Henry, Deevak's human henchman ("First Impressions")
 * Captain Daniel Holtz
 * Holtz's Angel-hunters: Justine Cooper, Aubrey Jenkins
 * Jack the Barkeeper ("Beer Bad")
 * Jackson the Drug Dealer ("The Thin Dead Line")
 * Desmond Keel ("Conviction")
 * Knights of Byzantium: General Gregor, Orlando, Dante ("Checkpoint", "Blood Ties", "Spiral")
 * Knox
 * Irv Kraigle ("Dead End")
 * Lenny the Stalker ("In the Dark")
 * Rebecca Lowell ("Eternity")
 * The Lunch Lady ("Earshot")
 * Mac ("Parting Gifts")
 * Lindsey McDonald
 * The Maclay Family: Mr. Maclay, Donny and Beth ("Family")
 * Colonel McNamara
 * MacNamara Brothers: Darin and Jack ("The Ring")
 * Coach Carl Marin ("Go Fish")
 * Warren Mears
 * Lee Mercer
 * Dr. Michaels of Fairfield Clinic ("Dead End")
 * Lilah Morgan
 * Takeshi Morimoto ("Players")
 * Bob Munroe, Sunnydale Chief of Police
 * Linwood Murrow
 * Novac ("Just Rewards")
 * Gavin Park
 * Patrice of the Order of Teraka ("What's My Line, Part Two")
 * Preston ("Home")
 * Ramone, Lanier's mole in Caritas ("Guise Will Be Guise")
 * Nathan Reed ("Dead End")
 * Monsigneur Rivali & the Inquisitore ("Offspring")
 * Dr. Evan Royce ("Unleashed")
 * Ruddy ("Harm's Way")
 * Sam the Parole Officer ("Dead End")
 * Lacey Shepherd ("Home")
 * Fritz Siegel ("I, Robot... You, Jane")
 * Oliver Simon ("Eternity")
 * Rutherford Sirk ("Home")
 * Dr. Sparrow
 * Spencer, DeMarco's Head of Security ("The House Always Wins")
 * Sunnydale cops ("Empty Places")
 * The Faux T'ish Magev ("Guise Will Be Guise")
 * The Trio - Warren Mears, technology expert; Andrew Wells, summoner of demons; and Jonathan Levinson, caster of spells.
 * Tyke the Drug Dealer ("A New World")
 * Professor Maggie Walsh
 * Tom Warner ("Reptile Boy")
 * Tucker Wells ("The Prom")
 * Peter Wilder and the Avilas Cult ("Help")
 * Wolfram & Hart Security Guards: Howard ("Blind Date"), Phillip ("Blind Date"), Allan ("Dead End"), Dwight ("Blood Money")
 * Wolfram & Hart Special Ops Team: Commander Burke ("Quickening"), Agent Hauser ("Conviction"), Carlo ("Slouching Toward Bethlehem")

Undead

 * Adam
 * Francis Angleman ("Primeval")
 * Brian ("Provider")
 * Daryl Epps ("Some Assembly Required")
 * Forrest Gates ("Primeval")
 * The faux Ampata Gutierrez ("Inca Mummy Girl")
 * Josh ("Fear, Itself")
 * Holland Manners
 * Lilah Morgan
 * Jack O'Toole and his gang: Bob, Dickie and Parker ("The Zeppo")
 * Ovu Mobani zombies ("Dead Man's Party")
 * Prof. Maggie Walsh ("Primeval")
 * Wolfram & Hart Zombies ("Habeas Corpses")
 * Wolfram & Hart Failsafe Zombie Guards ("You're Welcome")
 * 23rd Precinct Zombie Cops ("The Thin Dead Line")

Ghosts and spirits

 * The First Slayer
 * Hus and the Chumash Warrior Spirits ("Pangs")
 * Poltergeist/Ghostly Spirits of the Orphans' Emotions ("Where the Wild Things Are")
 * Grace Newman ("I Only Have Eyes for You")
 * Matthias Pavayne, the Reaper ("Hell Bound")
 * Pavayne's hell-sent Wolfram & Hart deceased employee apparitions ("Hell Bound")
 * Dennis Pearson ("Rm w/a Vu")
 * Maude Pearson ("Rm w/a Vu")
 * The Puma Guide ("Intervention")
 * Spirit Guides ("The Zeppo")
 * James Stanley ("I Only Have Eyes for You")
 * Tammy ("Birthday")
 * Talisman Spectres ("Lessons")
 * The Valet ("The Trial")
 * Wraith ("Spin the Bottle")
 * Wesley Wyndam-Pryce ("After the Fall")
 * Lowell House Ghosts ("Where the Wild Things Are")

Animalistic beings

 * Nina Ash
 * Buffy Summers (Beer Bad)
 * Peter Clarner ("Beauty and the Beasts")
 * Hyena people: Xander Harris, Kyle DuFours, Rhonda Kelley, Tor Hauer, Heidi Barrie, the zookeeper ("The Pack")
 * MacManus ("Unleashed")
 * The Neander-Guys: Colm, Kip, Hunt & Roy ("Beer Bad")
 * Oz
 * Veruca

Deities and higher beings

 * Beljoxa's Eye ("Showtime")
 * The Conduit to the Powers That Be ("Birthday")
 * Cordelia Chase (temporarily a higher power)
 * Dinza, Dark Demi-Goddess of the Lost ("Ground State")
 * First Evil
 * Glorificus, a.k.a. Glory
 * Hecate ("Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered")
 * Jasmine
 * The Loa Alegba ("Loyalty")
 * Mesekthet's replacement (the White Room's Panther) ("Home", "Hell Bound", "A Hole in the World")
 * Osiris ("Bargaining, Part One)
 * The Powers That Be
 * The Ra-Tet: Mesektet, Manjet, Ashet, Semkhet and Ma'at ("Long Day's Journey")

Magical creations

 * Glory's Spawn of Sobek ("Shadow")
 * Jonathan's Augmentation Monster ("Superstar")
 * The Killer Clown ("Nightmares")
 * Olaf the Troll ("Triangle")
 * The Ugly Man ("Nightmares")
 * Willow's Dirt Golems ("Grave")
 * The Thaumogenesis Demon ("After Life")
 * Roden's golems ("No Future for You")
 * Dawn Summers

Monsters

 * The Bezoar ("Bad Eggs")
 * Bug monsters ("Fredless")
 * The 'Failsafe' ("You're Welcome")
 * Natalie French/She-Mantis ("Teacher's Pet")
 * The Lamprey Monster ("Doublemeat Palace")
 * Quor-Toth Sluks ("The Price")
 * Selminth Parasite ("Soul Purpose")
 * Sunnydale High Swim Team/Gill Monsters ("Go Fish")
 * Tentacle monster ("Sense & Sensitivity")

Robots

 * April ("I Was Made to Love You")
 * Ted Buchanan ("Ted")
 * Buffybot ("Intervention", "The Gift", "Bargaining, Part One", "Bargaining, Part Two")
 * Cyborg Cell ("Lineage")
 * Gwen, Wolfram & Hart's Files and Records ("Dad")
 * Mecha Dawn ("Wolves at the Gate")
 * Moloch the Corruptor ("I, Robot... You, Jane")
 * Warrenbot ("Villains")

Immortals and non-humans

 * Drogyn the Battlebrand
 * Eve, Child of the Senior Partners
 * The Guardian ("End of Days")
 * Marcus Hamilton, Child of the Senior Partners
 * The Immortal ("The Girl in Question")
 * The Oracles ("I Will Remember You")
 * The Shrouded Shaman ("Enemies")
 * Transuding Furies ("That Old Gang of Mine", "Offspring")
 * The Tribunal ("Judgment")
 * Wolfram & Hart's Prison Wardens: Zach, Trish, Ice-cream man, Mailman ("Underneath")

Good supernatural beings

 * Angel
 * Buffy Summers
 * Clem
 * Charles Gunn ("After the Fall")
 * Chinese herbalist demons ("That Vision Thing")
 * Connor
 * Cordelia Chase
 * Dennis Pearson ("Rm w/a Vu")
 * Allen Francis Doyle
 * Drogyn the Battlebrand
 * Faith
 * Kendra
 * Gwen Raiden
 * Illyria (debatable, as she technically doesn't care about either good or evil, instead believing herself to be above everything)
 * Kwaini Demon ("The Prodigal")
 * Lorne
 * Nina Ash
 * Oz
 * The Powers That Be
 * Sid the Dummy
 * Slayers
 * Spike (though some may argue that Spike was evil, Spike earned his soul back, thus becoming good)
 * Dawn Summers
 * Yarbnie demon ("That Old Gang of Mine")


text:
Chickasaw National Recreation Area

Chickasaw National Recreation Area is a national recreation area in the foothills of the Arbuckle Mountains in south-central Oklahoma near Sulphur in Murray County. It includes the former Platt National Park and Arbuckle Recreation Area.

Part of the area was established as Sulphur Springs Reservation on July 1, 1902, and renamed and redesignated Platt National Park on June 29, 1906. At the time of its founding, the reservation, later national park, was located in Pickens County, Chickasaw Nation.

On March 17, 1976, Platt National Park was combined with the Arbuckle Recreation Area and additional lands and renamed. Of the park's 9888.83 acre, water covers 2409 acre. The park contains many fine examples of Civilian Conservation Corps rustic National Park Service-style architecture of the 1930s. CCC workers created pavilions, park buildings, and enclosures for the park's many natural springs.

The Chickasaw National Recreation Area preserves partially forested hills of south-central Oklahoma near Sulphur. Named to honor the Chickasaw Indian Nation, who were relocated to the area from the Southeastern United States during the 1830s (and who later sold the original 640 acre of land for the park to the Federal government), the park's springs, streams, and lakes provide opportunities for swimming, boating, fishing, picnicking, camping, and hiking, among other activities. As part of the Chickasaw tribe's arrangement with the U.S. government, the park does not charge an admission fee.

History
When the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes were forced to move from their former lands in the southeastern United States, they found an area within the new Chickasaw nation that contained a number of natural fresh and mineral springs that they believed had healing powers. Fearing that developers would turn the springs into a private resort, as had happened earlier at Hot Springs, Arkansas, the Chickasaw sold a 640-acre parcel to the U. S. Government, which named it the Sulphur Springs Reservation in 1902.

The park was directly hit by the 2024 Sulphur tornado, which heavily damaged many areas of the park from the Lake of the Arbuckles into the Travertine District. As of May 4, 2024, all areas of the park remain closed.

Platt National Park
In 1902, Orville H. Platt, a U.S. Senator from the state of Connecticut, introduced legislation to establish the 640-acre Sulphur Springs Reservation, protecting 32 freshwater and mineral springs, in Murray County, Oklahoma (then part of Indian Territory). The reservation officially opened to the public April 29, 1904. On June 29, 1906, Congress re-designated the reservation as Platt National Park, named for the senator, a year after his death. It had the distinctions of being the seventh and smallest national park created in the United States as well as the only national park in Oklahoma, until its redesignation as a National Recreation Area in 1976. Since then, Gateway Arch National Park has taken its place as the smallest national park at just 91 acres. Visitors soon thronged to the new national park. Both the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway (Frisco) and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (Santa Fe) had built spur lines to Sulphur, which became the main entrance to the park. According to the National Park Service (NPS), in 1914, Platt had more visitors than either Yellowstone or Yosemite.

In the 1930s, crews of the New Deal Civilian Conservation Corps developed the park's infrastructure, applying then-popular ideas of landscape design to create a tranquil and scenic oasis. The environment built during this time has remained well-preserved, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2011.

Creation of CNRA
Platt National Park was abolished by Congress and made part of the much larger Chickasaw National Recreation Area (CNRA) in 1976, which included Lake of the Arbuckles.

In 1983, the city of Sulphur traded the 67 acre to the recreation area in exchange for a strip of land above the State Highway Seven bridge.

In 2011, the United States Mint issued a quarter featuring the Chickasaw's Lincoln Bridge, a limestone bridge built in 1909 to commemorate the 100th birthday of Abraham Lincoln, as part of its America the Beautiful Quarters series.

Travertine district
Travertine district, embracing the old Platt National Park, is like a large city park, three miles long and less than one mile wide. A narrow road circles the district, passing by parking areas, camp and picnic grounds, the Travertine Nature Center, swimming holes, and springs. A bison pasture was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. Travertine Creek, joined by Rock Creek, flows through the district, rising in Antelope Springs and Buffalo Springs at the eastern end of the park. The springs produce 5 million gallons per day (20 million liters) of cool, crystal clear-water and form Travertine Creek which is joined by Rock Creek about 2 miles from its source. A number of other fresh water and mineral springs contribute to Travertine and Rock Creek as they flow through Travertine District, dropping in small waterfalls over several ledges. Several miles of walking and biking trails wind through the heavily forested creek bottomland. Very popular and often crowded in summer, the Travertine district has been described as an oasis in the Oklahoma prairie.

Lake of the Arbuckles
Most of the National Recreational Area is taken up by the 2,350 acre (950 ha) Lake of the Arbuckles and the prairie and woodland along its shores. The scenic lake is a principal water supply reservoir for the city of Ardmore, some 30 mi (48 km) to the southwest. Lake of the Arbuckles was built by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1966 by impounding Rock Creek. Water quality and clarity are excellent. The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation has rated the lake as the best for bass fishing in the state. The lake features 36 miles of shoreline. Fishing is permitted year-round for crappie, catfish, largemouth bass, white bass and bluegill. Facilities include three campgrounds for tents and RVs, picnic areas, public restrooms, boat docks and ramps, and several miles of multi-use trails. Hunting is also allowed, and typically hunted species are quail, turkey, squirrel, rabbit, dove, ducks, geese, and deer. However, due to heavy hunting pressure and small area size, game is declining and trapping is prohibited. Hunting regulations and certain special rules (such as not killing male deer), are designed to regulate the hunt.

title: Chickasaw National Recreation Area


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Solano Community College

Solano Community College (SCC) is a public community college in Fairfield, California, with additional centers in Vacaville and Vallejo. The college is part of California Community Colleges System. SCC's service area includes all of Solano County, and the town of Winters in Yolo County. It has 10,814 students.

In 2016, Solano College was approved by the ACCJC to offer its first baccalaureate degree in biomanufacturing. The first cohort of students began the Bachelor of Science degree program in fall 2017.

History
The college was established in 1945 as Vallejo Junior College. It was part of the Vallejo City Unified School District until 1967, when it established itself as a countywide institution.

Campuses
SCC consists of a main campus in Fairfield and two centers: one in Vacaville and another in Vallejo. It also offers classes at other locations including Travis Air Force Base. The 192 acre main campus in Fairfield was completed in 1971. The Vallejo Center opened in 2007 and the Vacaville Center opened in 2008. In 2017, the college opened the Biotechnology and Science Building in Vacaville and the Auto Technology Building in Vallejo, and completed an extensive remodel on its theatre on the Fairfield campus. Solano College also holds classes at the Nut Tree Airport in Vacaville where they have a large hangar that houses the aviation mechanics and avionics mechanics programs. In its first year at the Fairfield campus, the college had approximately 5,000 students. By 2007, the three campuses had approximately 11,000 students taking on-ground and online classes.

Notable alumni

 * Joe Carnahan, independent film director
 * Johnny Colla, musician/producer/singer/songwriter and founding member of Huey Lewis and the News
 * Mike Gibson, professional football player
 * Bakari Hendrix, professional basketball player
 * Tug McGraw, Major League Baseball relief pitcher and the father of Country music singer Tim McGraw
 * Dawn Morrell, nurse and former member of the Washington House of Representatives
 * Ed Rollins, Republican campaign consultant
 * Sylvester (Sly) Stewart, Musician and Creator of the famous funk group Sly & the Family Stone
 * Rudy Sylvan, NFL, player for the Detroit Lions
 * Rob Wainwright, PBA player for the Welcoat Dragons

title: Solano Community College