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User:Joaopais/History of Portugal

This is a chronically incomplete list of articles related with the History of Portugal. Things you can/may/should do:

 * 1) Feel free to edit this page
 * 2) Improve the articles listed
 * 3) Add links and subsections and basically everything that concerns Portuguese History
 * 4) Check the "To do" list

By period

 * Prehistoric Portugal (it's only a timeline; needs proper text)
 * Pre-Roman Portugal (only a timeline; needs proper text)
 * Lusitania, Lusitanians and Gallaecia (Roman Portugal) (needs an article for the Portuguese territory as a whole)
 * Visigoths and Suevi (Germanic Portugal) (same thing as Roman Portugal)
 * Al-Andalus and Reconquista (Muslim Portugal) (needs an article for the Portuguese territory as a whole)
 * First County of Portugal (it's only a timeline; needs proper text)
 * Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal (very short)
 * Second County of Portugal (it's only a timeline; needs proper text)
 * The establishment of the monarchy in Portugal (good article; needs a table of contents and some wikification)
 * The consolidation of the monarchy in Portugal (same thing as the establishment)
 * 1383-1385 Crisis (same thing as establishement and consolidation)
 * Portugal in the Age of Discovery
 * Portuguese Empire
 * Portuguese Inquisition
 * Struggle for the throne of Portugal
 * Iberian Union
 * History of Portugal (1640-1777) (formerly Portugal from the Restoration to the 1755 Earthquake)
 * History of Portugal (1777-1834) (formerly Portugal from the Napoleonic Invasions to the Civil War)
 * History of Portugal (1834-1910) (formerly Portugal in the 19th century)
 * Liberalism in Portugal
 * Portuguese First Republic (needs a table of contents and a lot of improvements; needs real facts and less studies)
 * Portuguese Military Dictatorship and Estado Novo (Portugal) (the first is very short; Estado Novo is fine)
 * History of Portugal (1974-1986) (formerly Portugal from the Carnation Revolution to the EEC)
 * History of Portugal (1986-2000) (formerly Portugal in the 1990's)
 * Portugal in the 2000's

Timelines

 * Timeline of Portuguese history - Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd Century BC)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia (3rd Century BC to 4th Century AC)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - Germanic Kingdoms (5th to 8th Century)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - Al' Garb Al'Andalus and the begining of the Reconquista (8th to 9th Century)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - First County of Portugal (9th to 11th Century)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - Second County of Portugal (11th to 12th Century)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - First Dynasty: Burgundy (12th to 14th Century)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - Second Dynasty: Aviz (14th to 16th Century)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - Third Dynasty: Habsburg (Spanish rule) (16th to 17th Century)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - Fourth Dynasty: Bragança (17th to 20th Century)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - First Republic (20th Century)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - Second Republic: Authoritarian Estado Novo (20th Century)
 * Timeline of Portuguese history - Third Republic: Democracy (20th Century to Present)

By topic

 * Economic history of Portugal
 * Cultural history of Portugal
 * Arts history of Portugal
 * Military history of Portugal
 * Colonial history of Portugal
 * Demographic history of Portugal
 * Diplomatic history of Portugal
 * Sports history of Portugal

War and Revolution

 * Muslim conquest of Iberia
 * Battle of Covadonga
 * Battle of São Mamede
 * Battle of Ourique
 * Battle of Arouca
 * Siege of Lisbon
 * Battle of Atoleiros
 * Battle of Aljubarrota
 * Battle of Ceuta
 * Battle of Alfarrobeira
 * Battle of Chaul
 * Battle of Alcazarquivir
 * Battle of Alcântara (1580)
 * Naval Battle of Vila Franca
 * Restoration of Independence
 * Battle of Castelo Rodrigo
 * Battle of the Lines of Elvas
 * Battle of Montes Claros
 * Battle of Montijo
 * Battle of Ameixial
 * Second Battle of Guararapes
 * Battle of Matapan
 * War of the Oranges
 * Napoleonic invasions of Portugal
 * Peninsular War
 * Battle of Vimeiro
 * Battle of Buçaco
 * Lines of Torres Vedras
 * Liberal revolution of Oporto
 * Abrilada
 * Vilafrancada
 * Liberal Wars
 * Mindelo disembarkment
 * Establishment of the Portuguese Republic
 * Portugal in the Great War
 * 28 May coup d'état
 * Portuguese Colonial War
 * Carnation Revolution

Diplomacy and law

 * Trety of Tui
 * Cortes of Lamego, 1143
 * Treaty of Zamora
 * Manifestis Probatum
 * Cortes of Coimbra, 1211
 * Cortes of Guimarães, 1288
 * Treaty of Alcanizes
 * Cortes of Évora, 1325
 * Cortes of Elvas, 1361
 * Trety of Alcoutim
 * Cortes of Coimbra, 1385
 * Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
 * Treaty of Windsor 1386
 * Treaty of Monção
 * Cortes of Évora, 1391
 * Cortes of Viseu, 1391
 * Cortes of Guimarães, 1401
 * Cortes of Guarda, 1465
 * Cortes of Coimbra, 1472-1473
 * Cortes of Montemor-o-Novo, 1477
 * Cortes of Évora, 1481
 * Cortes of Montemor-o-Novo, 1495
 * Treaty of Tordesillas
 * Treaty of Zaragoza
 * Cortes of Évora, 1535
 * Cortes of Lisbon, 1579
 * Cortes of Almeirim, 1580
 * Cortes of Tomar, 1581
 * Treaty of Madrid (1750)
 * Távora affair
 * Expulsion of the Jesuits of Portugal
 * Treaty of Fontainebleau
 * Trety of Commerce and Navigation
 * Convention of Sintra
 * Portuguese Constitution of 1822
 * Constitutional Charter of 1826
 * Convention of Évora-Monte
 * Portuguese Constitution of 1838
 * British ultimatum of 1890
 * Portuguese Constitution of 1911
 * Portuguese Constitution of 1833
 * Portuguese Constitution of 1976
 * Accession of Portugal to the EC

Exploration

 * Discovery of the Madeira Islands
 * Discovery of the Azores Islands
 * Crossing of the Cape Bojador
 * Crossing of the Cape of Good Hope
 * Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India
 * Discovery of Brazil
 * Airplane crossing of South Atlantic

Other events

 * 1755 Lisbon earthquake
 * Independence of Brazil
 * Lisbon Regicide
 * Expo '98
 * 2004 European Football Championship

House of Burgundy

 * Afonso I of Portugal (Alphonzo I)
 * Sancho I of Portugal
 * Afonso II of Portugal (Alphonzo II)
 * Sancho II of Portugal
 * Afonso III of Portugal (Alphonzo III)
 * Dinis I of Portugal (Denis I)
 * Afonso IV of Portugal (Alphonzo IV)
 * Pedro I of Portugal (Peter I)
 * Fernando I of Portugal (Ferdinand I)

House of Aviz

 * João I of Portugal (John I)
 * Duarte I of Portugal (Edward I)
 * Afonso V of Portugal (Alphonzo V)
 * João II of Portugal (John II)
 * Manuel I of Portugal (Emanuel I)
 * João III of Portugal (John III)
 * Sebastião I of Portugal (Sebastian I)
 * Henrique I of Portugal (Henry I)
 * António I of Portugal (Anthony I) - disputed

Philippine House

 * Filipe I of Portugal, Felipe II of Spain (Philip I/II)
 * Filipe II of Portugal, Felipe III of Spain (Philip II/III)
 * Filipe III of Portugal, Felipe IV of Spain (Philip III/IV)

House of Braganza

 * João IV of Portugal (John IV)
 * Afonso VI of Portugal (Alphonzo VI)
 * Pedro II of Portugal (Peter II)
 * João V of Portugal (John V)
 * José I of Portugal (Joseph I)
 * Maria I of Portugal (Mary I)
 * João VI of Portugal (John VI)
 * Pedro IV of Portugal (Peter IV)
 * Miguel I of Portugal (Michael I)
 * Maria II of Portugal (Mary II)
 * Pedro V of Portugal, Pedro I of Brazil (Peter V/I)
 * Luís I of Portugal (Lewis I)
 * Carlos I of Portugal (Charles I)
 * Manuel II of Portugal (Emanuel II)

First Republic

 * Teófilo Braga
 * Manuel de Arriaga
 * Bernardino Machado
 * Sidónio Pais
 * João do Canto e Castro
 * António José de Almeida
 * Manuel Teixeira Gomes

Military dictatorship and Estado Novo

 * José Mendes Cabeçadas
 * Manuel Gomes da Costa
 * António Óscar Carmona
 * António de Oliveira Salazar
 * Francisco Craveiro Lopes
 * Américo Thomaz

Third Republic

 * António de Spínola
 * Francisco da Costa Gomes
 * António Ramalho Eanes
 * Mário Soares
 * Jorge Sampaio

Monarchy

 * Pedro de Sousa Holstein
 * João Francisco de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun
 * José Jorge Loureiro
 * António Severim de Noronha
 * José da Gama Carneiro e Sousa
 * José Bernardino de Portugal e Castro
 * Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo
 * António Dias de Oliveira
 * Rodrigo de Almeida Carvalhais
 * José Travassos Valdez
 * Joaquim António de Aguiar
 * António Bernardo da Costa Cabral
 * Nuno José de Moura Barreto
 * António José de Ávila
 * Fontes Pereira de Melo
 * Anselmo José Braamcamp
 * António Rodrigues Sampaio
 * Luciano de Castro
 * António de Serpa Pimentel
 * João Crisóstomo de Abreu e Sousa
 * José Dias Ferreira
 * Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro
 * João Franco
 * Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral
 * Artur de Campos Henriques
 * Sebastião de Sousa Teles
 * Wenceslau Pereira de Lima
 * Francisco de Veiga Beirão
 * António Teixeira de Sousa

First Republic

 * José Pinheiro Chagas
 * Augusto Vasconcelos
 * Duarte Leite
 * Afonso Costa
 * Bernardino Machado
 * Victor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho
 * Joaquim Pimenta de Castro
 * José de Castro
 * António José de Almeida
 * Sidónio Pais
 * João Tamagnini Barbosa
 * José Relvas
 * Domingos Leite Pereira
 * Alfredo de Sá Cardoso
 * António Maria Baptista
 * José Ramos Preto
 * António Maria da Silva
 * António Granjo
 * Álvaro de Castro
 * Liberato Pinto
 * Tomé de Barros Queirós
 * Manuel Maria Coelho
 * Carlos Maia Pinto
 * Francisco da Cunha Leal
 * António Ginestal Machado
 * Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar
 * José Domingues dos Santos
 * Vitorino de Carvalho Guimarães

Military dictatorship and Estado Novo

 * José Mendes Cabeçadas
 * Manuel Gomes da Costa
 * Óscar Carmona
 * José Vicente de Freitas
 * Artur Ivens Ferraz
 * Domingos da Costa e Oliveira
 * António de Oliveira Salazar
 * Marcelo Caetano

Third Republic

 * Adelino da Palma Carlos
 * Vasco Gonçalves
 * José Batista Pinheiro de Azevedo
 * Mário Soares
 * Alfredo Nobre da Costa
 * Carlos Mota Pinto
 * Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo
 * Francisco Sá Carneiro
 * Diogo Freitas do Amaral
 * Francisco Pinto Balsemão
 * Aníbal Cavaco Silva
 * António Guterres
 * José Manuel Durão Barroso
 * Pedro Santana Lopes
 * José Sócrates

House of Burgundy

 * Maud of Savoy (Alphonzo I)
 * Dulce of Barcelona (Sancho I)
 * Urraca of Castile (1186-1220) (Alphonzo II)
 * Mécia Lopes de Haro (Sancho II)
 * Matilda II of Boulogne (Alphonzo III)
 * Beatrice of Castile (1242-1303) (Alphonzo III)
 * Elizabeth of Portugal (Denis I)
 * Beatrice of Castile (1293-1359) (Alphonzo IV)
 * Inês de Castro (Peter I)
 * Leonor Teles de Menezes (Ferdinand I)

House of Aviz

 * Philippa of Lancaster (John I)
 * Leonor of Aragon (Edward I)
 * Isabel of Portugal (1432-1455) (Alphonzo V)
 * Joan, princess of Castile (Alphonzo V)
 * Leonor of Viseu (John II)
 * Isabella of Aragon (1470-1498) (Emmanuel I)
 * Maria of Aragon (Emmanuel I)
 * Eleonore of Austria (Emmanuel I)
 * Catherine of Habsburg (John III)

Philippine House

 * Margaret of Austria (Philip II)
 * Elisabeth of France (Philip III)

House of Braganza

 * Luisa de Guzman (John IV)
 * Marie-Françoise of Savoy (Alphonzo VI and Peter II)
 * Marie Sophie of Neuburg (Peter II)
 * Mary Anne of Austria (John V)
 * Marianne Victoria of Borbón (Joseph I)
 * Charlotte of Spain (John VI)
 * Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil (Peter IV)
 * Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (Peter V)
 * Maria Pia of Savoy (Lewis I)
 * Amélie of Orléans (Charles I)

Kings consort

 * Peter III of Portugal] (Mary I)
 * Ferdinand II of Portugal (Mary II)

House of Burgundy

 * Alphonzo I
 * Urraca of Portugal
 * Teresa of Portugal (1157-1218)
 * Sancho I
 * Teresa of Portugal (1181-1250)
 * Sancha of Portugal
 * Constance of Portugal (1182-1202)
 * Peter, Count of Urgell
 * Ferdinand, Prince of Portugal
 * Branca, lady of Guadalajara
 * Berengária of Portugal
 * Mafalda of Portugal
 * Alphonzo II
 * Leonor of Portugal (1211-1231)
 * Ferdinand, Prince of Portugal (1217-1246)
 * Alphonzo III
 * Branca of Portugal
 * Afonso, Lord of Portalegre
 * Maria of Portugal (1264-1284)
 * Sancha of Portugal (1264-1279)
 * Denis I
 * Constance of Portugal (1285-1313)
 * Alphonzo IV
 * Maria of Portugal (1313-1357)
 * Leonor of Portugal (1328-1348)
 * Peter I
 * Maria of Portugal (1342-1367)
 * Beatrice of Portugal (1347-1381)
 * John, Prince of Portugal
 * Denis, Prince of Portugal
 * Ferdinand I
 * Beatrice of Portugal

House of Aviz

 * John I
 * Pedro, Duke of Coimbra
 * Henry the Navigator
 * Isabella of Portugal
 * João, Lord of Reguengos
 * Fernando, the Saint Prince
 * Afonso, Duke of Braganza
 * Beatrice of Portugal (1386-1447)
 * Edward I
 * Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu
 * Leonor of Portugal (1434-1467)
 * Catherine of Portugal
 * Joan of Portugal
 * Alphonzo V
 * Saint Joan of Portugal
 * John II
 * Afonso of Portugal
 * George, Duke of Coimbra
 * Emanuel I
 * Miguel da Paz
 * Isabella of Portugal (1503-1539)
 * Beatrice of Portugal (1504-1538)
 * Louis, Duke of Beja
 * Ferdinand, Duke of Guarda
 * Cardinal Afonso of Portugal
 * Edward, Duke of Guimarães
 * Maria of Portugal (1521-1577)
 * John III
 * Maria Manuela of Portugal
 * João de Portugal
 * Anthony I

Philippine House

 * Philip I
 * Don Carlos of Spain
 * Isabella Clara Eugénia, princess of Spain
 * Catarina Micaela, princess of Spain
 * Philip II
 * Anna of Austria (1601-1666)
 * Carlos, Grand-Prior of Castile
 * Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
 * Philip III
 * Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias
 * Maria Theresa of Spain
 * Margaret of Spain
 * Charles II of Spain

House of Braganza

 * John IV
 * Teodósio, Prince of Brazil
 * Joan of Portugal (1635-1653)
 * Catherine of Braganza
 * Peter II
 * Isabel Luísa of Braganza
 * Francisco, Duke of Beja
 * António of Braganza
 * Manuel of Braganza
 * Francisca Josefa of Braganza
 * Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval
 * Joseph, Archbishop of Braga
 * John V
 * Maria Magdalena Barbara
 * Joseph I
 * Maria Ana Francisca Josefa
 * Maria Francisca Doroteia
 * Maria Francisca Benedita
 * Mary I
 * Joseph, Prince of Beira
 * Mariana Vitória Josefa
 * John VI
 * Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira
 * Maria Isabel of Braganza
 * Maria Francisca, Princess of Portugal
 * Isabel Maria of Braganza
 * Maria da Assunção of Braganza
 * Ana de Jesus de Bragança
 * Peter IV
 * Januária, Princess Imperial of Brazil
 * Francisca, Princess of Brazil
 * Pedro II of Brazil
 * Mary II
 * John, Duke of Beja
 * Maria Ana, Princess of Portugal
 * Antónia of Braganza
 * Augustus, Duke of Coimbra
 * Lewis I
 * Afonso, Duke of Porto
 * Charles I
 * Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza

Miscellaneous people

 * Viriathus
 * Pope Damasus I
 * Vímara Peres
 * Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal
 * Raymond of Burgundy
 * Henry, Count of Portugal
 * Teresa of Leon
 * Egaz Moniz or Egas Moniz de Ribadouro
 * Martim Moniz
 * Geraldo the Fearless
 * Anthony of Lisbon
 * Pope John XXI
 * Fernão Lopes
 * Nuno Álvares Pereira
 * Gomes Eanes de Zurara
 * João Gonçalves Zarco
 * Tristão Vaz Teixeira
 * Gil Eanes
 * Diogo Cão
 * Pêro de Barcelos
 * João Fernandes Lavrador
 * Pêro da Covilhã
 * Bartolomeu Dias
 * Vasco da Gama
 * Pedro Álvares Cabral
 * Ferdinand Magellan
 * Afonso de Albuquerque
 * Pedro Nunes
 * Gil Vicente
 * Luís de Camões
 * Damião de Góis
 * Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal
 * Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult
 * Jean-Andoche Junot
 * André Masséna
 * Alexandre Herculano
 * Cesário Verde
 * Eça de Queiroz
 * Fernando Pessoa
 * Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro
 * Jacinta and Francisco Marto
 * Alves Reis
 * Egas Moniz
 * Manoel de Oliveira
 * Gago Coutinho
 * José Norton de Matos
 * Humberto Delgado
 * Eusébio
 * Álvaro Cunhal
 * Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
 * Álvaro Siza Vieira
 * Carlos Lopes
 * Rosa Mota
 * Luís Figo
 * António Vitorino
 * José Mourinho
 * Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi

title: User:Joaopais/History of Portugal


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Dolní Roveň

Dolní Roveň is a municipality and village in Pardubice District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,100 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The villages of Horní Roveň, Litětiny and Komárov are administrative parts of Dolní Roveň. They are urbanistically merged.

Geography
Dolní Roveň is located about 13 km east of Pardubice. It lies in the East Elbe Table, on the edge of the Polabí region. The Lodrantka Stream flows through the municipality. The built-up area is situated along the stream.

History
The first written mention of Roveň is from 1336. The village was probably founded in the second half of the 13th century. The most important owners of the village was the Pernštejn family. During their rule in 1516–1560, the village experienced its greatest development.

Transport
The D35 motorway passes through the municipality.

Dolní Roveň is located on a short railway of local importance heading from Holice to Moravany.

Sights
The main landmark is the Church of Saint Catherine, located in Horní Roveň. It was built in the Baroque style in 1679–1699 on the site of an older wooden church.

Notable people

 * František Udržal (1866–1938), politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dolní Roveň


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Suzi Lane

Suzi Lane is an American female singer and model noted for her 1979 hit disco song "Harmony" / "Ooh, La La".

Lane was born Suzilienne McDonald. She adopted the name Suzi Lane prior to the release of her debut album Ooh, La, La. The album was produced by Giorgio Moroder who was also producing Donna Summer at that time. Lane said she met Summer at the recording studio and that she was influenced by the "high-energy electronica" sound pioneered by Moroder and Summer. The title track along with the song "Harmony" reached number one on Billboard magazine's Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. The dance hit was number one for one week then remained on the chart for six months.

Soon after the release of the album, Lane was involved in a car accident in which her face was seriously injured by the broken windshield. Lane spent three years in seclusion at her home in Las Vegas recuperating. In New York, while visiting her sisters who worked as fashion models, Lane was spotted at a photo shoot for Essence magazine. She subsequently was represented by Ford Modeling and had contracts with Lane Bryant and Hanes.

title: Suzi Lane


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Robert Newton Lowery

Robert Newton Lowery (July 13, 1882 —April 27, 1962 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1915 to 1920 as a member of the Liberal Party.

Background
Lowery was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Edward Wesley Lowery and Christina Elizabeth Maguire, and moved to Canada with his family in 1883. He attended public schools in Winnipeg. He first worked as an employee of the Canadian Pacific Railway and later worked as a real estate agent and broker. In 1909, Lowery married Gertrude Bowman. In religion, he was a Methodist. He was chair of the Selkirk Board of Management, and a director of the Young Men's Christian Association.

Political career
Lowery first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1914 provincial election, and lost to Conservative candidate Daniel McLean by 623 votes in the Winnipeg North's "B" constituency. He contested Winnipeg North "A" in the 1915 election, and defeated Social Democratic candidate Arthur Beech by 195 votes (Conservative incumbent Joseph P. Foley finished third). The Liberals won a landslide majority in this election, and Lowery served as a backbench supporter of Tobias Norris's administration for the next five years.

Manitoba's electoral laws were changed prior to the 1920 provincial election, such that Winnipeg was redesigned as a single ten-member constituency with members chosen by a single transferable ballot. Lowery fared poorly in his bid for re-election, finishing in 30th place on the first ballot with only 254 votes. He was eliminated on the thirteenth count, having received only thirty more ballots through transfers.

Lowery's brother Edward Wesley was the candidate of the Liberal Party of Canada for Winnipeg North Centre in the 1925 federal election.

He died in Winnipeg at the age of 79.

title: Robert Newton Lowery


text: Portal:Morocco/Things you can do

title: Portal:Morocco/Things you can do


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User:Lackaday-oh

Note: A series of sockpuppets have been editing the same set of pages (usually Victoria of the United Kingdom, Pope Pius XII, Jim Duffy (author) and Dublin statues and their nicknames, Lamest edit wars, Stalking and George III of the United Kingdom) identical ways to include almost identical information, all of it POV. All were pages I had edited. Skyring had a history of Wikistalking me, for which the ArbComm imposed a one year ban. Within hours of contributing to a debate on Wikistalking this latest campaign started, with some aspects of the campaign (abusive edit summaries on occasion, undoing changes I had made, etc, exactly what Skyring did. He had threatened to use sockpuppets to continue to wage campaigns against me if banned. FearÉIREANN\(caint) 02:00, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Lackaday-oh


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Edith Frank

Edith Frank (16 January 1900 – 6 January 1945) was the mother of Holocaust diarist Anne Frank and her older sister Margot. After the family were discovered in hiding in Amsterdam during the German occupation, she was transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.

Early life
Edith was the youngest of four children, having been born into a German Jewish family in Aachen, Germany. Her father, Abraham Holländer (1860–1928) was a successful businessman in industrial equipment who was active in the Aachen Jewish community together with Edith's mother, Rosa Holländer (1866–1942). The ancestors of the Holländer family lived in Amsterdam at the start of the 18th century, emigrating from the Netherlands to Germany around 1800. Edith's last name, Holländer, is German for "Dutchman" (literally: "Hollander"). Edith had two older brothers, Julius (1894–1967) and Walter (1897–1968), and an older sister, Bettina. Bettina died at the age of 16 from appendicitis when Edith was 14. Both Julius and Walter immigrated to the United States, surviving afterwards. The Holländer family adhered to Jewish dietary laws and was considered to be religious. Nevertheless, Edith attended the Evangelical Higher Girls' School and passed her school-leaving exams (Abitur) in 1916. Afterwards, she worked for the family company. In her free time, she read copiously, played tennis, went swimming and had a large circle of friends.

Family
She met Otto Frank in 1924 and they married on his 36th birthday, 12 May 1925, at Aachen's synagogue. They had two daughters born in Frankfurt, Margot, born 16 February 1926, followed by Anne, born 12 June 1929. At the time Anne was born, the family lived in a house at Marbachweg 307 in Frankfurt-Dornbusch, where they rented two floors. Her daughters played almost every day in the garden with the children in the neighborhood. They all had different backgrounds; Catholic, Protestant or Jewish. They shared a curiosity about each other's religious holidays. Margot was invited to the communion celebration of one of her friends, and the neighbors' children were sometimes invited to the Frank's celebration of Hanukkah. Later the family moved to Ganghoferstrasse 24 in a fashionable liberal area of Dornbusch called the Dichterviertel (Poets' Quarter). Both houses still exist.

In the summer of 1932, the Nazi Party' paramilitary wing – Sturmabteilung (SA) – marched through the streets of Frankfurt am Main wearing Haken Kreuz armbands. These Brownshirts, as they were called because of the color of their uniforms, loudly sang: "When Jewish blood spurts from the knife, things will go well again". Upon hearing this, Edith and Otto discussed their concerns with each other. It was impossible for them to leave their homeland immediately because making a living abroad was an issue.

Immigration
The appointment of Adolf Hitler on 30 January 1933, to the position of chancellor in Germany and the following rise of antisemitism and introduction of discriminatory laws in Germany forced the family to emigrate to Amsterdam in 1933. In the Dutch capital Otto established a branch of his spice and pectin distribution company, called Opekta. Edith found emigration to the Netherlands difficult. The family lived in confined conditions and she struggled with the new language. She remained in contact with her family and friends in Germany, but also made new friends in Amsterdam, most of them fellow German refugees. Edith became involved in Amsterdam's Liberal Jewish community, and attended synagogue with her oldest daughter, Margot, on a regular basis. On Friday evenings, the Franks often went to visit German-Jewish friends to eat together, and many Jewish holidays were also celebrated. Edith was an open-minded woman who educated her daughters in a modern way. Her older brothers Walter and Julius immigrated to the United States after 1938, and her mother, Rosa Holländer-Stern, left Aachen in 1939 to join the Frank family in Amsterdam, where she died in January 1942.

Anne Frank's cousin Bernhard ("Buddy") Elias has said that "Edith never felt well in Holland. Edith was German, and she missed Germany. She did not learn Dutch very well. She did not feel at home in Amsterdam."

Persecution and death
In 1940, Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands and began their persecution of the country's Jews. Edith's children were removed from their schools, and her husband Otto Frank was forced by the Germans to give up his companies Opekta and Pectacon. Otto made his businesses look "Aryan" by transferring control to his Dutch colleagues Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, who helped the family when they went into hiding at the company premises on 6 July 1942.

The two-year period the Frank family spent in hiding with four other people (their friends Hermann van Pels, his wife Auguste van Pels and his son Peter van Pels, and Miep Gies's dentist Fritz Pfeffer) was chronicled in Anne Frank's posthumously published diary. In her diary, the adolescent Anne frequently writes about the disagreements, conflicts, mutual lack of understanding, and the pessimism of her mother, which she wants to disassociate herself from. However, she repeatedly also describes her mother as an understanding and loyal woman who stands up for her daughters and protects them against verbal attacks from the other inhabitants. On 2 January 1944, Anne wrote in her diary: "The period of tearfully passing judgement on Mother is over. I've grown wiser and Mother's nerves are a bit steadier. Most of the time I manage to hold my tongue when I'm annoyed, and she does too." The diary ended three days before they were anonymously betrayed and arrested on 4 August 1944. After detainment in the Gestapo headquarters on the Euterpestraat and three days in prison on the Weteringschans, Edith and those with whom she had been in hiding were transported to the Westerbork transit camp. From there, they were deported to Auschwitz concentration camp on 3 September 1944, on the last train to be dispatched from Westerbork to Auschwitz.

Edith and her daughters were separated from Otto upon arrival, and they never saw him again. Edith looked for ways of keeping her children alive. Survivors later described them as an inseparable trio. On 30 October, another selection separated Edith from Anne and Margot. Edith was selected for the gas chambers, and her daughters were transported to Bergen-Belsen. Edith escaped with a friend to another section of the camp, where she remained through the winter. Edith became very ill and was taken to the sick barracks, where she died of weakness and disease on 6 January 1945, three weeks before the Red Army liberated the camp and ten days before her 45th birthday. Her daughters outlived her by one month.

Her daughter's diary
Otto Frank was the sole member of his family to survive the Holocaust and returned to Amsterdam in June 1945. One of the helpers, Miep Gies, gave him Anne's diary papers. She had saved parts of them, just like the other female secretary, Bep Voskuijl. When Otto Frank decided to edit his daughter's diary for publication, he was sure that his wife had come in for particular criticism because of her often difficult relationship with Anne, and he deleted some of the more heated comments out of respect for his wife and other residents of the Secret Annex. Nevertheless, Anne's portrait of an unsympathetic and sarcastic mother was duplicated in the dramatizations of the book. Anne's portrayal of her mother was countered by the memories of those who had known her as a modest, distant woman who tried to treat her adolescent children as her equals.

In 1999, the discovery of previously unknown pages excised by Otto showed that Anne had discerned that, although Edith very much loved Otto, Otto – though very devoted to Edith – was not in love with her; and that this understanding was leading Anne to develop a new sense of empathy for her mother's situation. By the time Edith and her daughters were in Auschwitz, Bloeme Evers-Emden, an Auschwitz survivor interviewed by Willy Lindwer in The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank (p. 129), observed that "they were always together, mother and daughters. It is certain that they gave each other a great deal of support. All the things a teenager might think of her mother were no longer of any significance."

After their arrest and transfer to camp Westerbork the relationship between Anne and her mother improved as can be seen from a letter sent by Otto Frank to his cousin Milly on 16 November 1945: It does not grieve me what she writes (about her mother) and I know quite well that there are several things she did not see and she would have changed her ideas. In fact she was on very good terms with her mother at the camp (Westerbork) later. In 1968, Otto Frank wrote in his `memoirs to Anne' about his wife: she truly was an excellent mother, who put her children above all else.

title: Edith Frank


text:
Milliarium Aureum

The Milliarium Aureum (Miliario Aureo), also known by the translation Golden Milestone, was a monument, probably of marble or gilded bronze, erected by the Emperor Augustus near the Temple of Saturn in the central Forum of Ancient Rome. All roads were considered to begin at this monument and all distances in the Roman Empire were measured relative to it. On it perhaps were listed all the major cities in the empire and distances to them, though the monument's precise location and inscription remain matters of debate among historians.

According to Philip Schaff, the phrase "all roads lead to Rome" is a reference to the Milliarium Aureum—the specific point to which all roads were said to lead. A marble structure speculated to be the base of the milestone is present in the Roman Forum.

History
Augustus, as curator viarum, erected the monument in 20 BCE. It probably received the name Milliarium Aureum soon after its inauguration. It symbolized the starting point of the Roman road system to the rest of Italy and to all the imperial possessions.

Architecture and style
The plan of the monument is among those missing from the recovered fragments of the Forma Urbis. The remaining fragments for this area of the Roman Forum are all in the so-called slab V-11, Stanford University#19 (Temple of Saturn with the frontal section and staircase, but the Rostra section is missing, Temple of Concordia, and Temple of the Deified Vespasian). Information from ancient authors is also very scarce, so there are many problems of interpretation concerning the exact nature of the Milliarium Aureum.

Location
It is certain that it was "hard by [under] the Temple of Saturn at the head of the Roman Forum", but its exact location is still unknown. Due to archaeological data from excavations by Kähler in 1959, which seem to confirm data from excavations by Bunsen in 1833, many scholars now believe that it was located at the southeast corner of the podium of the Rostra Augusti on a symmetrical axis with the Umbilicus urbis Romae.

Style, structure, and dimensions
The Milliarium Aureum seems to have been a marble column sheathed in gilded bronze; according to C. Hülsen, a huge marble cylinder was found in 1835 near the Temple of Saturn and it still had bronze hooks. The whole monument likely had the standard form of a Roman milestone. Some scholars think that the Milliarium Aureum was made entirely of gilded bronze, while others believe only the inscribed letters were gilded bronze. Probable dimensions for the structure include a height of 3.7 m, and a diameter of 1.15 m (column only) or 3 m if including the alleged base (i.e. the carved marble fragments labeled "Milliarium Aureum" in the Roman Forum).

The problem of the inscription
Ancient sources never directly say what was inscribed on the Milliarium Aureum, so every idea one may have about the inscription must be considered a modern inference based on the typical form, structure and function of Roman milestones.

The main hypotheses about the inscription suggest that it included:
 * Nothing, except for the name and title of the Emperor.
 * The names of the most important cities of Italy and of the Roman Empire in 20 BCE, with the distances of these from Rome. According to a vague sentence by Pliny the Elder (Naturalis Historia, 3.66), the distances in Roman miles were measured starting from the city gates and not from the location of the Milliarium (thus with a difference of ca. 1 mile): Via Appia from Porta Capena (to Brundisium, Greece and the Oriental Provinces); Via Salaria and Via Nomentana from Porta Collina and Via Flaminia (to Northern Italy, Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia and Illyricum); Via Aurelia (to the Galliae and Hispaniae); Via Ostiensis (to Ostia and the main harbours of Corsica and Sardinia, Sicilia and Africa).
 * The names of the roads out of Rome and the men of praetorian rank Augustus had made curatores viarum to see to their upkeep, based on Cassius Dio's account of the erection of the monument.

The problem of the marble fragments labeled "Milliarium Aureum"
The ca. 3-m diameter marble fragments labeled "Milliarium Aureum" with an anthemion frieze decoration have long been considered part of the base of the monument. However, there is no direct evidence for this, considering as well that the diameter of this base seems to be too large for a standard milliarium.

According to Richardson, the ruins labeled "Milliarium Aureum" can be considered pertinent only if the column of the monument was of a colossal scale, of almost 3 m diameter and not 1.15 m: "Still less credible is that the carved stone members labelled Milliarium Aureum at the northwest end of the Forum Romanum today actually belonged to the base of that monument. The frieze decorated with an anthemion belongs relatively high on a building, and both elements are of a diameter equal to that of the Umbilicus Romae, too large for a milestone, unless it were of colossal scale."

title: Milliarium Aureum


text:
Brother (1997 film)

Brother (Брат, translit. Brat) is a 1997 Russian neo-noir crime drama film written and directed by Aleksei Balabanov. The film stars Sergei Bodrov Jr. as Danila Bagrov, a young ex-conscript who becomes embroiled with the Saint Petersburg mob through his criminal older brother. It appeared in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival.

After its release on VHS in June 1997, Brother unexpectedly became one of the most commercially successful Russian films of the 1990s and quickly rose to cult film status throughout Russia. Due to the film's popularity and fan demand, a sequel, Brother 2, was released in 2000.

Plot
Danila Bagrov (Sergei Bodrov Jr.), a recently discharged Chechen War veteran, is insisted by his mother that he travel to Saint Petersburg to seek out his successful older brother Viktor, whom his mother is confident will help him make a living. He does, and there he befriends Kat, an energetic drug addict, and "The German" Hoffman, a homeless street vendor whom Danila helps after a thug attempts to extort him.

Unbeknown to their mother, Viktor is an accomplished hitman who goes by the street name "The Tatar", working for a St. Petersburg mafia boss called "Krugliy" (Russian for "round"), His latest target is "The Chechen", a Chechen mafia boss who was recently released from prison. Krugliy, who is unhappy with the amount of money that Viktor demanded for the hit, orders his thugs to watch The Chechen, so that he can kill The Tatar to avoid paying him.

Danila eventually meets up with Viktor. To avoid exposure, Viktor passes his assignment to his brother, gives him money to settle into the city, and then lies to him that the Chechen has been extorting from him, asking Danila to perform the hit, and he agrees. While settling in, Danila boards a public bus and when an Armenian man refuses to pay the fare, Danila steps in and forces him to pay at gunpoint. Danila makes a pipe bomb and blows up The Chechen, and Krugliy's thugs spot and chase him, but he manages to escape by jumping into a tram and killing one of the mobsters, the tram driven by a woman named Sveta.

After Danila recovers, he decides to meet up with her, despite her being married to an abusive husband.

Meanwhile, Krugliy is angry, and decides to draw The Tatar into a combined raid. Viktor, again suspecting a trap, passes the job to Danila once more. The two thugs raid the apartment, but their main target is away. While they wait, in an apartment on the floor above, a party is taking place. A young radio director, Stephan, mistakes the raided flat for the party flat and is almost killed by the thugs, who take him captive. There is a party in a different apartment with members of Nautilus Pompilius, and lead singer Vyacheslav Butusov mistakes this apartment for the one and is turned away by Danila. Bored of the waiting, Danila decides to go to the party above. Some time afterward, he comes back to find the thugs killed their primary target and a hostage, and are about to do the same with Stephan, but Danila kills them.

Krugliy, decides to track Danila and intercepts Sveta's tram. They later raid her apartment, where his men beat and rape her, and learn his phone number, as well as his address. A henchman nicknamed "Mole" ambushes Danila near his apartment building, but Danila manages to kill him, Danila's CD player stopping Mole's bullet. Danila travels to Sveta's house and is shocked.

At the same time, Krugliy raids Viktor's apartment and forces him to call Danila at gunpoint, urging him to come over. Realizing the depth of the situation, Danila goes back to the communal room that he was renting and buys a shotgun from his landlord. He modifies the shells from birdshot rounds to cut nails. At Viktor's apartment, he takes a mobster hostage and kills Krugliy and two of his henchmen and tells the surviving thug to warn the rest of the gang that he will kill anyone who hurts his brother.

Danila forgives Viktor and gives him some of the money from Krugliy's suitcase, telling him to return home and to work for the militsiya. Before leaving for Moscow, he visits Sveta, and upon finding her husband beating her, he shoots him in his leg before leaving, to which Sveta says she doesn't love him anymore for such an action. He then says goodbye to Hoffman and Kat, before hitching a ride to Moscow on a passing truck.

Cast

 * Sergei Bodrov Jr. – Danila Bagrov
 * Viktor Sukhorukov – Viktor Bagrov (voiced by Aleksei Poluyan)
 * Svetlana Pismichenko – Sveta
 * Maria Zhukova – Kat
 * Yury Kuznetsov – "The German" Hoffman
 * Irina Rakshina – Zinka
 * Sergei Murzin – Roundhead (voiced by Aleksandr Stroev)
 * Andrey Fyodortsov – Stepan
 * Igor Shibanov – Militiaman
 * Andrey Krasko – Owner of the raided apartment
 * Aleksei Poluyan – "Mole" the bandit
 * Igor Lifanov – One of Roundhead's bandits (voiced by Aleksandr Bashirov)
 * Tatiana Zakharova – Danila's and Viktor's mother (voiced by Nina Usatova)
 * Sergei Debizhev – Music video director (voiced by Valery Kukhareshin)
 * Konstantin Anisimov – Music video security guard (voiced by Viktor Bychkov)
 * Anatoly Gorin – Sveta's roommate (voiced by Viktor Bychkov)

The film also features brief appearances from several Russian rock musicians:
 * Vyacheslav Butusov, as well as other members of Nautilus Pompilius
 * Sergey Chigrakov
 * Nastya Poleva
 * Band members of Aquarium
 * Band members of Kolibri

Concept
According to director Aleksei Balabanov, the concept of Brother was born from an old plan to make a film about bandits and musicians, since he often talked to both. In this concept, music was to play a leading role. Looking for a suitable soundtrack, Balabanov chose the group Nautilus Pompilius, since he had been friends with vocalist Vyacheslav Butusov since they both lived in Sverdlovsk.

The draft script contains differences from the film, for example:
 * Sveta and her husband Pavel Yevgrafovich are fond of sadomasochism. During filming, Balabanov rewrote these scenes to feature domestic violence, but later explored the theme of BDSM in his next film, Of Freaks and Men.
 * Some characters are missing, such as Kat, the Chechens who did not pay for the tram fare, and various minor characters.
 * Danila makes a bulletproof vest from CDs sewn together.

Filming
The film was shot in thirty-one days. According to producer Sergei Selyanov, about 10,000 US dollars were spent on filming. Many actors worked for a small fee or for free. According to Svetlana Pismichenko, she was compensated a thousand dollars for her role; for her role, she was specially trained to drive a tram. The knit sweater worn by Danila was bought by the artist Nadezhda Vasilyeva at a flea market for less than forty rubles. In the last scene, the truck driver who picked up Danila was played by the film's cameraman Sergei Astakhov. The Nautilus Pompilius that Sveta and Danila attend was actually a concert of the band Chizh & Co. According to Pismichenko, drunken fans at the concert almost trampled over her and Bodrov in the crowd.

Themes
According to producer Sergei Selyanov, one of the main themes of Brother was to document the transition from the "communal system of life" under socialism to the "individual responsibility" of capitalism. He noted that "in the 1990s, the individual had a chance to realize himself to the fullest" and that even family ties lost meaning. Balabanov wanted to show the importance and value of lost connections, yet Danila single-handedly confronted all the obstacles in the world around him.

Literary critic and publicist Viktor Toporov, studying the draft version of the script, noted that it is connected with other Balabanov films, both previous and subsequent, by various details.

"Balabanov's integrity becomes especially obvious when reading the scripts he wrote, the internal connections between which become something like a single circulatory system.

[...]

One amazing thread sticks out from the script of Brother, and by pulling it, almost half of Balabanov's work can be unraveled. Danila's 'mature' girlfriend, the well-worn tram driver, turns out to be an avid bottom here: she likes to be tortured and she keeps in the closet - and readily uses on herself - almost the entire arsenal of SM. Which, on the one hand, ties her together (forgive me this pun) with both the 'porn divas' from Freaks and the daughter of the district committee secretary from Cargo 200, and on the other, in purely Fassbinder style, turns her into the long-suffering Mother Russia! Exactly so, that is, no more, but no less."

Film critic Anton Dolin describes Danila as "a person who has fallen out of context, living in a time of great change, but who has ceased to feel History." In his opinion, Danila needs relatives and friends, but he either doesn't find them or he doesn't find in them what he was looking for.

"A character who is so close to the viewer, living in the world of a film - the main film, if not the only one in the entire 1990s, that comprehensively described and summarized that turning point decade. And, of course, the main film for Balabanov. It still doesn’t have the postcard popular style of Brother 2 nor the hard guignol of Cargo 200, but it no longer smells of the esoteric thoughtfulness of Happy Days and The Castle. But there is something here that Balabanov would later define as 'fantastic realism,' where unvarnished documentary borders on extreme conventionality. Tough, clear, dashing, frank, naive, poetic, musical, not containing a single unnecessary frame or word. With amazing acting work, its organic nature and energy that goes far beyond the concept of 'acting work' - like De Niro in Taxi Driver or Huppert in The Piano Teacher. Perfectly meeting the definition of a 'masterpiece'.

[...]

Brother is either a tragedy or a comedy of the loneliness of a hero who dreamed of loved ones, but ended up with his pistol in the Lutheran cemetery in the company of a German and a director who is scared to death of him. He seems to have a presentiment that new times are about to come, in which there will be no place left for either the author or the actor. And the hero will be appropriated and called 'brother' by the trivial thieves from Krugly's gang - those who unsuccessfully tried to overthrow him in the film. In fact, Danila Bagrov did not have any brothers. He was the only one."

Twenty years after the film's release, Viktor Sukhorukov noted both the heroism and inconsistency of the character of Sergei Bodrov. "The need for heroes always exists, starting from epics and fairy tales. What is a hero? This is the main horse in the trio. That dark horse that pushes this chariot, cart, wheelbarrow, britzka. Do we have one today? No. A hero must be born. Not through ideology, but through resistance, through a clash of positions.

[...]

Danila Bagrov served his fatherland on a certain front, then returned and decided to help his brother. Each of us has such a mixed up contradiction of good, evil, love, hatred, strength and weakness. In this contradiction, we must find a hero who will unite the weak and the strong - and say: 'Yes, you can live with this! And not get lost, and get rich, and be strong, and be saved.'"

Journalist and critic Yuri Saprykin defined Danila's personality as a blank slate, which contains the names of his closest relatives, several common moral truths ("the weak must be protected"), several innate social instincts ("I don't like Jews very much") and the name of his favorite band ("Nautilus Pompilius"). Saprykin characterizes the Bagrov's calm shooting as "the fastest movement towards the goal, in which all ethical corners are cut; the simplest solution for any problem, he is like a bullet that flies in a straight line."

"Danila aims at a businessman with the same readiness as at an ordinary bandit, and at a negligent husband; with the same thoughtless readiness he would shoot a random passer-by if he were in the line of the bullet. Class enmity is absent in his simple value grid, where the only important division is friends and foes, and except for the Tatar, who is always a friend because he is a brother, this division is always established by chance, according to the situation."

Saprykin also agrees with the author of Balabanov's biography, Maria Kuvshinova, regarding the role of the German, who he see as a kind of alter ego of Balabanov.

Release
Brother was selected for screening at a number of Russian and international film festivals, where it won many awards. The festivals include, among others:
 * Cannes Film Festival, Un Certain Regard
 * Chicago International Film Festival
 * Sozvezdie
 * Torino International Film Festival
 * Trieste International Film Festival

The domestic premiere took place at the St. Petersburg Cinema House in 1997. After attending the premiere, critic Sergei Dobrotvorsky said that Brother would become "the main event of the country." The film was released on VHS in June 1997. It premiered on television on 12 December 1997 on the NTV channel.

On 24 March 2022, the film, along with its sequel, was re-released in cinemas. Vesti.ru noted that "the first day of the film's re-release brought in 7 million rubles, which for the current situation is an excellent result. Foreign releases earn much less in a weekend than Brother earned in a day." The film's producer, Sergei Selyanov, admitted that "We didn't make any predictions, but the result exceeded our wildest expectations. We were impressed that viewers who had seen both films 10-20 times still came to the cinema. The films seem to be legendary, unsurprisingly, but it’s still amazing." As of 3 April 2022, the film's re-release collected 59.5 million rubles or 577,000 US dollars with an audience of 219,000.

Critical response
Brother has an approval rating of 100% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 5 reviews, and an average rating of 7.63/10.

Track listing
Other songs featured in the film are "Max Don't Have Sex With Your Ex" by E-rotic, "Coz I Luv You" by Slade, and "Giamaica" by Robertino Loreti

Sequel
Following the film's success, Balabanov initially planned to make two sequels: the second instalment was to take place in Moscow and the third in United States. During the writing phase, however, he abandoned this idea and combined the second and third parts into a single sequel instead. Brother 2 is notable for having a significantly higher budget, placing more emphasis on action sequences, and being set in Moscow and Chicago.

In September 2022, the publishing house Bubble Comics released a comic collection, Brother: 25 years, for the 25th anniversary of the film. The collection contains stories about Bagrov and other characters, some from the films and some new. One of the artists of the project is Andrey Vasin, who worked on the comics Igor Grom and Besoboy.

Legacy
In 2016, producer Sergei Selyanov noted that in the 2000s and 2010s, there was no character in Russian cinema who had as strong an image as Danila Bagrov.

In the 2018 music video for her song "90", the Russian singer-songwriter Monetochka reenacts scenes from Brother.

title: Brother (1997 film)


text:
Lavello

Lavello (Potentino: Lavìdde) is a town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the region of Basilicata of southern Italy; it is located in the middle Ofanto valley.

History
The area of Lavello was settled in prehistoric times, as attested by findings of an Iron Age village. The town originated as a Daunian and then Roman settlement, known as Forentum. It was an important stronghold during the Lombard rule in southern Italy, and here was killed Sicard of Benevento (839).

Lavello was an important Byzantine center and a bishopric seat from 1025. Starting from 1043 Lavello was one of the twelve baronies of the Norman county of Apulia in southern Italy. The Normans rebuilt the cathedral and added a line of walls. The fortress was strengthened under their successors, the Hohenstaufen. Here King Conrad IV of Germany died in 1254. As a result of its participation in the anti-Angevine revolt in 1268, it was burnt down by Charles I of Anjou in 1298. The castle has since been transformed into the town hall.

The Church of Annunziata, which is in Lavello, was built during the Norman age and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Assumption. A limestone sarcophagus from 1550 is situated in the chapel along with altarpieces and wooden statues. Renovations of the church have occurred since the sixteenth century and have continued into the 20th century; in 1986, the central nave floor was redone.

Climate
The city is characterized by a Mediterranean climate, with long warm summers and characterized by strong diurnal air temperature variation and snowy winters. According to the average data of the thirty years 1961-1990, the average temperature of the coldest month, January, is 6.5 °C, while that of the warmer months, July and August, is 23.4°C.

Lavello falls within climate band D, a classification that pertains to municipal limits on energy consumption as determined by Decree of the President of the Republic no. 412 of August 26, 1993. The maximum limit allowed for the ignition of the heating is 12 hours a day from November 1 to April 15.

Famous citizens

 * Angelo Tartaglia – mercenary
 * Marco Bisceglia – priest and activist for homosexual rights

title: Lavello


text: User talk:69.223.41.113

title: User talk:69.223.41.113


text:
Criminal punishment in Edo-period Japan

During the Edo period, Japan (1603-1868) used various punishments against criminals.

Categories of punishment
During the Edo period, Japan used various punishments against criminals. These can be categorized as follows:

 * Capital punishment
 * Prison and Exile
 * Penal labor
 * Confiscation of property
 * Corporal punishment

Death penalty
Serious crimes such as murder and arson were punished by death. The Tokugawa shogunate maintained execution grounds for Edo at Kozukappara, Suzugamori, and Itabashi.

Kozukappara, also known as Kotsukappara or Kozukahara, is currently located near the southwest exit of Tokyo's Minami-Senju Station. It is estimated that between 100,000 and 200,000 people were executed here. Only part of the site remains, located next to Emmeiji temple, partly buried under the rail tracks and under a more-recent burial ground. Archaeological and morphological research was done by Tokyo University on the skulls found buried here which confirmed the execution methods.

Another notable one was located at Suzugamori in Shinagawa. Both sites are still sparsely commemorated in situ with memorial plaques and tombstones.

The shogunate executed criminals in various ways:

 * Boiling to death
 * Execution by burning
 * Crucifixion for killing a parent, husband etc.
 * Decapitation by sword
 * Execution by hanging
 * Sawing
 * Waist-cutting (cutting the person in half). The Kanazawa han coupled this with decapitation.

The death penalty often carried collateral punishments. One was parading the criminal around town prior to execution. A similar one was public display of the criminal prior to execution. A third was public display of the severed head.

Samurai were often sentenced to commit seppuku in lieu of these forms of punishment. Seppuku is a term of suicide for the samurai.

Incarceration and exile
Depending on the severity of the crime, magistrates could sentence convicts to incarceration in various forms:
 * Exile to an island. Criminals in Edo were often confined on Hachijōjima or Miyakejima. Criminals so punished received tattoos.
 * Imprisonment. The government of Edo maintained a jail at Kodenma-chō.

Exclusion from the location of the crime was a penalty for both commoners and samurai.
 * Tokoro-barai, banishment to a certain distance, was common for non-samurai.
 * Kōfu kinban, assignment to the post of Kōfu in the mountains west of Edo, is an example of rustication of samurai.

Penal labor
For crimes requiring moderate punishment, convicts could be sent to work at labor camps such as the one on Ishikawa-jima in Edo Bay. More serious acts could result in being sent to work in the gold mine on the island of Sado. In 1590, Hideyoshi had banned "unfree labor" or slavery; but forms of contract and indentured labor persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labor. For example, the Edo period penal laws prescribed "non-free labor" for the immediate family of executed criminals in Article 17 of the Gotōke reijō (Tokugawa House Laws), but the practice never became common. The 1711 Gotōke reijō was compiled from over 600 statutes promulgated between 1597 and 1696.

It was also common for female convicts to be sentenced to serve terms working as slaves and prostitutes in walled Red Light Districts, most notably Yoshiwara.

Confiscation
A penalty that targeted merchants especially was kesshō, the confiscation of a business.

Corporal punishment
Handcuffing allowed the government to punish a criminal while he was under house arrest. Depending on the severity of the crime, the sentence might last 30, 50, or 100 days.

Flagellation was a common penalty for crimes such as theft and fighting. Amputation of the nose or ears replaced flogging as penalty early in the Edo period. The 8th Shōgun of Edo, Tokugawa Yoshimune introduced judicial Flogging Penalty, or tataki, in 1720. A convicted criminal could be sentenced to a maximum of 100 lashes. Samurai and priests were exempt from flogging, and the penalty was applied only to commoners. The convict was stripped of all outer clothing and struck about the buttocks and back. The flogging penalty was used until 1867, though it fell out of favor from 1747 to 1795 intermittently. Both men and women could be sentenced to a flogging, though during one segment of the mid-Edo period, women were imprisoned rather than flogged.

Origin of flogging penalty
In 757 A.D., the Chinese-influenced Yoro Ritsuryo (養老律令) legal system was enacted and introduced Five Judicial Penalties (五刑). Two of the Five Judicial Penalties involved Flogging. Light Flogging provided for 10 to 50 lashes, while Heavy Flogging stipulated 60 to 100 strokes. However, a slave could be sentenced to up a maximum of 200 lashes. These flogging penalties only applied to male commoners. Convicts of the nobility, along with female commoners, might be sentenced to the imposition of handcuffs or a fine. When a convicted criminal was flogged, half the number of lashes were typically applied to the back, half to the buttocks. At times, if the convict's request to change the lash target was sanctioned then the lashes would be applied only to the back or to the buttocks. By the Age of Warring States, flogging had been largely replaced by decapitation.

title: Criminal punishment in Edo-period Japan


text:
User:Dr.P.

Sorry my page looks blah. I'm not very experienced with the different Wikipedia commands yet.

Hola
I'm Dr. P., but you may call me Matt. I'm a 16-year-old male currently living in a backwater Tennessee town. I'm nearly positive I suffer from Obsessive-compulsive disorder. I'm very laid back, but I would still advise you not to get on my bad side. You never know what I might do. ;)

Also, I'm very fond of using many different fonts colors, so don't be surprised if you see my signature showing up in about  10 ,0 00  different colors.

Origins of Dr.P.
Well, you see I am part of the NSider forum where I coined the screenname PICHUMASTER.

About six or so months ago I was speaking with a friend about a problem he was having. After a bit, he thanked me and told me I had helped him with his dilemma. On the spur of the moment, I decided to tell him I was like a tennage Dr. Phil. He PMed (personal messaged) me a few moments later and told me I should try and combine the two (my screenname and Dr. Phil) into one name. I quickly decided I should call myself Dr.P. And the rest, as they say, is history.

title: User:Dr.P.


text:
Fight of My Life

Fight of My Life is the third full-length album by the Christian third-wave ska band, The Insyderz, and was released in late 1998.

Track listing

 * 1) "Jigsaw"
 * 2) "What Happened to Joe?"
 * 3) "Paradise"
 * 4) "The Hunted"
 * 5) "Game Day"
 * 6) "Trinidad"
 * 7) "Rat Race"
 * 8) "Just What I Needed"
 * 9) "Fight of My Life"
 * 10) "Forgive and Forget"

Personnel

 * Joe Yerke - Lead Vocals
 * Beau McCarthy - Bass Guitar
 * Kyle Wasil - Lead Guitar
 * Nate Sjogren - Drums
 * Bram Roberts - Trumpet
 * Sang Kim - Trombone

title: Fight of My Life


text:
Robert Lowery

Robert Lowery may refer to:

 * Robert Lowery (actor) (1913–1971), American actor
 * Robert Lowery (basketball) (born 1987), American basketball player
 * Robert Lowery (canoeist) (born 1937), British canoer who competed in the Summer Olympics
 * Robert Lowery (musician) (1931–2016), blues musician
 * Robert Newton Lowery (1882–1962), Canadian politician from Manitoba
 * Robert O. Lowery (1916–2001), New York City Fire Commissioner

title: Robert Lowery


text:
Lisa Arch

Lisa Arch ( Kushell; born November 23, 1971) is an American actress and comedian, known for her recurring role on Curb Your Enthusiasm as Cassie with wife of Larry's cousin, Andy, her roles in the 1997–98 season of the FOX Network comedy show, Mad TV, as cohost of TBS's Dinner and a Movie from 2002 to 2005, and as the recurring character of Samantha Samuels on Disney Channel's Cory in the House. Arch has also been in movies, such as 2001's Legally Blonde.

Personal life
Born Lisa Kushell in Los Angeles, California, she began acting on stage at 15 years old in the sketch comedy troupe Upstage Comedy. Arch credits Whoopi Goldberg's valley girl monologue as the reason she got into acting. Arch has often stated that her parents were extremely supportive of her and they allowed her to hone her skills in their "unfurnished living room" until she graduated from high school. She earned her SAG card with one line as a waitress on Dream On. After her first appearance, she began appearing on such shows as Seinfeld, The X-Files, and For Your Love.

She has an older brother, Bob Kushell, who is a TV writer/producer and Internet talk show host. Her brother worked with her husband in 2009, Russell Arch, as the Co-Creator and Executive Producer of ANYTIME WITH BOB KUSHELL, an internet talkshow for Sony Interactive's Crackle.com.

On September 18, 2007, she gave birth to a son, Garrett Mitchell Arch. Lisa lives with her husband, son and 2 small dogs.

Curb Your Enthusiasm
Arch was cast on Curb Your Enthusiasm in 2009 as "Cassie", the wife of Larry's "Cousin Andy" played by Richard Kind. She appeared in the Season 7 episode entitled "The Black Swan" and played a new mom who had a side-business where she made colorful, ornate cowboy hats. She also appeared in season 10 episodes #2 & #3 entitled "Side Sitting" and "Artificial Fruit". In "Fruit" she has a featured role where she asks Larry to draw a doodle for charity, but later on blames him for not putting in enough effort on his artwork.

Mad TV
Arch joined the cast of Mad TV in 1997, as a repertory performer, for the third season. She would be promoted to repertory status mid-season. She is remembered for playing characters like social outcast Susan Whitfield and sassy country gal Wanda Terry-Ann Lainier Parker from the Parker Sisters sketches.

Arch did celebrity impressions, such as Paula Jones. She also lampooned Hollywood stars like Farrah Fawcett, Demi Moore, Alyson Hannigan, Lori Loughlin and Hope Summers. She has also impersonated singers like Melanie C, Alanis Morissette and Fiona Apple.

After one season on the show, Arch left Mad TV at the conclusion of season three to pursue other career opportunities.

Other television projects
Since Leaving Mad TV, Arch has done many guest appearances and voice overs. She has appeared in such commercials as "Mervyn's" and "Southern Comfort."

She has featured on the Comedy Central show Crank Yankers as the voice of "Cammie", an airheaded, bisexual party-girl in her early twenties. She also played the role of Samantha Samuels on the Disney Channel show Cory in the House. She has also had a part in the children's TV program Hannah Montana as a photographer. Arch can be seen on a regular basis at Los Angeles' ACME Comedy Theater and recently hosted a special episode of Reel Comedy about the movie, Bewitched. She also has made numerous guest appearances on television shows, including Reno 911!, Seinfeld, and The X-Files. Also she was in Austin & Ally as Damonica Dixon.

Dinner and a Movie
In 2001, Arch's career got a boost when she replaced Annabelle Gurwitch as the hostess of the TBS cooking and entertainment show, Dinner and a Movie. For two and a half years, she appeared, alongside host Paul Gilmartin and chef Claud Mann, in each episode introducing movies and cracking jokes during the preparation of a creative dinner to go with some theme of the movie.

title: Lisa Arch


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Ad colligenda bona

Ad colligenda bona is a Latin phrase that approximately translates as "to collect the goods". In cases involving something quid pro quo, a prosecutor may be eligible for certain goods. Or, if specific items i.e. estate are unclaimable, the state would collect their goods.

In English law, a grant ad colligenda bona is sometimes applied for by parties interested in the administration of a deceased person's estate. The grant is useful where it has not been possible to grant probate in solemn form; for example, because there is a dispute over the validity of the will. Unlike an ordinary executor or administrator, someone with a grant ad colligenda cannot make any distribution of the estate's assets. Their role is to protect the assets of the estate while the dispute surrounding the will is resolved.

title: Ad colligenda bona


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matt Welch

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted by Geogre. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 10:08, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Matt Welch
Vanity page. Delete Blings 03:51, 21 August 2005 (UTC)Blings
 * Speedy delete. I tagged it for nn-bio (speedy delete). Punkmorten 20:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Niteowlneils 21:01, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy per Punk -- MicahMN | Talk 22:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge

The Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife preserve, one of the national wildlife refuges operated by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The refuge is located east of Colville, Washington, along the west slope of the Selkirk Mountain Range. It lies mostly in eastern Stevens County, with a small part extending eastward into western Pend Oreille County. It is the only mountainous, mixed-conifer forest refuge outside Alaska and the largest in Washington state.

Wildlife found in the refuge include numerous songbirds, bald eagles, elk, black bears, timber wolves, cougars, moose, beavers, and white-tailed deer.

Public uses include hunting, fishing, hiking, camping, and horseback riding.


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Category:Dedicated consoles

A dedicated console is a video game console that is dedicated to a built in game or games, and is not equipped for additional games, via cartridge or other media.

title: Category:Dedicated consoles


text:
File:Optimus Keyboard Photoshop layout.jpg

Rendering of the Optimus Keyboard using a key layout from Adobe Photoshop, taken from the official website.


text:
Talk:Marcel Hossa

External links modified
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title: Talk:Marcel Hossa


text: User talk:Wikramaratna

title: User talk:Wikramaratna


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/383.Infanterie-Division

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 02:53, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

383.Infanterie-Division

 * Delete it's in German. could someone with knowledge of German tell me if this is notable or not? --Revolución (talk) 03:54, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment The proper action would have been to put a on it.  CanadianCaesar 04:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. My German is rusty as hell, but it appears that the article is about a German Army division that fought on the Russian front in World War II. I'm gonna tag it for translation. Fernando Rizo T/C 04:05, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete by WP:CSD-A1 (very short article providing no or little context). This is just a random piece of trivia. Martg76 04:25, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The article says: Infantry regiment 531, later Grenadiers Regiment 531, belonged to this division and was destroyed in Russia in June/July 1944. I say Delete Dottore So 06:07, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete a nigh-useless stub.
 * Delete I have not found aything specifically notable about this division, or regiment 531 for that matter. I would hope this is not the start of a flood of stubs originating from List_of_German_military_units_of_World_War_II .--Lomedae 13:07, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. And the original contributor did not even get the space after the number right. --DrTorstenHenning 13:24, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not enough information for a stub. Notability is also uncertain. Sietse 17:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per dottore so. Punkmorten 10:53, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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File:Optimus Keyboard Quake III layout.jpg

Rendering of the Optimus Keyboard using a key layout from Quake III Arena, taken from the official website.


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Kırklareli

Kırklareli is a city in the European part of Turkey. It is the seat of Kırklareli Province and Kırklareli District. Its population is 85,493 (2022).

Name
It is not known when the city was founded, nor under what name. The Byzantine Greeks called it Saranta Ekklisies (Σαράντα Εκκλησιές, meaning "forty churches"). In modern Greek it is known with the same name, too. In the 14th century this was translated to Turkish and called Kırk Kilise (40 churches). Following the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, sanjaks became cities and on December 20, 1924, Kırk Kilise's name was changed to Kırklareli, meaning The Place of the Forties. The denomination Kırklareli was already used years before 1924, for example in the contemporary literature concerning the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. The Bulgarian name of the town is Lòzengrad (Лозенград) which means Vineyard Town. (see also its other names)

History
Ongoing archeological excavations in the city support the claim that the area was the location of one of the first organized settlements on the European continent, with artifacts from the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.

The settlement and its surrounding areas were conquered by the Persians in 513–512 BC, during the reign of King Darius I.

In 914 during the Bulgarian invasion in Adrianople led by Simeon I, the settlement was captured by the Bulgarians and was under Bulgarian rule until 1003 when it was lost to the Byzantines.

The Ottoman Turks took the city and its region from the Byzantines in 1363, during the reign of Sultan Murad I.

The city was damaged during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829).

According to the 1878 record "Ethnography of the Wilayahs Adrianopol, Monastir and Thessaloniki" Kırk Kilise was inhabited by 6,700 Bulgarians, 2,850 Greeks, and 2,700 belonging to other ethnic groups.

In 1906, the Diocese of Saranda Ekklisies was detached from the Metropolis of Adrianople and was elevated to the status of Metropolis.

According to the official Ottoman census of 1906–1907 (published in "The Ottoman Population 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics" by Kemal H. Karpat), the ethnic-religious breakdown in the Sanjak of Kırk Kilise was: 22,022 Muslims; 14,154 Greek Orthodox; 1,599 Bulgarian Orthodox; and 789 Jews.

During the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) Kırk Kilise was occupied by Bulgaria, and then by Greece in the aftermath of World War I (1914–1918) prompting the exodus of its Bulgarian population (there were a large number of journalists who reported on the actions at Kırk Kilise). Following the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) the city was retaken by the Turks on November 10, 1922. According to the 1923 population exchange agreement between Greece and Turkey, the Greeks of the city were exchanged for the Muslims (Turks, Pomaks, Karadjaovalides and Albanians) living in Greece.

Most of the inhabitants of the city are Turks who formerly lived in Thessaloniki until the First Balkan War of 1912. The Treaty of Lausanne (1923) which defines Turkey's western border in Thrace also resulted in a Kırklareli Province within Turkey.

The Megleno-Romanians of Kırklareli
In 1923 most of the 3700 inhabitants of Notia, the only Muslim village of the Megleno-Romanians in northern Greece, settled in the Edirne area (mainly in Kırklareli) and became known as Karadjovalides after the Turkish name of Moglena.

The number of these Megleno-Romanian families settled in Kırklareli were more than 110, while those settled in small villages were around 400: in total, nearly 2000 Megleno-Romanians. Currently, their number only 500, concentrated in Kırklareli and culturally assimilated into the Turks. Most of them speak the Turkish language, but are still bilingual at home.

Cultural assets

 * Hızır Bey Külliye: This külliye (religious complex) consists of the Hızır Bey Mosque, Hızır Bey Bath and Arasta (Bazaar.)
 * Hızır Bey Mosque: Located at the center of the city, it was built on a square plan by Köse Mihalzade Hızır Bey in 1383. Built of cut stone and having one minaret, it was restored by Yusuf Pasha of Aydost in 1824. Still used today, the final praying place and garden walls of the mosque were built afterwards.
 * Hızır Bey Bath: Also located at the center of the city and built adjacent to Bath and Arasta by Köse Mihalzade Hızır Bey in 1383. There are two entrances, one each for women and men, which are also called the "Paired Baths". According to an inscription in the women's bath, Hacı Hüseyin Ağa restored it between 1683 and 1704. Still used today, the outer walls are regular and built from coarse sandstone. It's a Turkish Bath in the traditional Ottoman architecture style.
 * Arasta (Bedesten): Built adjacent to the Hızır Bey Bath in a "T" form, it has arch-type walls. The upper cover is a vault 15 m long. There were 12 shops inside formed by three beams. It was restored in 1704.
 * Kırklareli Museum: A natural history, ethnography and archaeology museum.
 * Dupnisa Cave: Kırklareli Province is also host to the only cave that is open to tourists in Thrace, the Dupnisa Cave near the village of Sarpdere, which is believed to have formed circa 4 million years ago. The Dupnisa Cave was used for Dionysian Rituals (Sparagmos) in ancient times. Even the name of Dionysus is associated with Mount Nisa right above the cave of Dupnisa; as, according to ancient Greek mythology, Dionysus "discovered wine while playing at Mount Nisa." The Bulgarian name of Kırklareli, Lozengrad (Лозенград) which means Vineyard Town may also have its origins in this ancient Greek myth.
 * Demirköy Foundry: Archaeological site of a historic iron foundry, where cannonballs fired during the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453 were manufactured.

Climate
Kırklareli has a borderline Mediterranean and humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa/Cfa, Trewartha climate classification: Do). Summers are hot and humid whilst winters are cool, cloudy and damp. Rainfall is somewhat common throughout the year, but is lower in amount and intensity than in coastal cities, largely due to the rain shadow caused by the Istranca massif to the immediate northeast. Snowfall is somewhat common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two.

Highest recorded temperature:42.5 C on 27 July 2000 Lowest recorded temperature:-15.8 C on 14 January 1972

Sister cities
Kırklareli is twinned with:

 * 🇹🇷 Manisa, Turkey

Notable natives

 * Anthim I (1816-1888), first head of the Bulgarian Exarchate
 * Nikola Aslanov (1875-1905), Bulgarian revolutionary
 * Candan Erçetin, (born 1961), female singer, songwriter and Vice-President of Galatasaray SK
 * Şaban Erden (born 1949), Deputy Secretary General of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
 * Barış Hersek (born 1988), professional basketball player
 * Seda Kaçan (born 1994), racing driver
 * Nikolaos Mavridis (1869-1927), wine merchant
 * Ayşenur Taşbakan (born 1982), European champion female taekwondo practitioner
 * Burak Akkul (born 1972) humorist
 * Serap Belet (born 1978) anchorwomen
 * Burhan Öçal (born 1959) percussion artist

title: Kırklareli


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Massachusetts Route 104

Route 104 is a 12.54 mi west–east highway in southeastern Massachusetts. Its western terminus is at U.S. Route 44 (US 44) in Taunton and its eastern terminus is at Route 106 in East Bridgewater.

Route description
Route 104 begins at U.S. Route 44 in Taunton. The highway crosses less than a thousand feet later thereafter into Raynham and passes through Raynham Center. The highway crosses over Interstate 495 without an interchange, enters Bridgewater, abuts the southern shore of Lake Nippenicket and intersects with Route 24, all within a space of about one mile (1.6 km). Route 104 then goes through the center of Bridgewater, intersecting with the northern end of the Route 18 and 28 concurrency in a three-route concurrency for a short distance which is signed as a rotary. Just east of the rotary is the location of Bridgewater State University, which Route 104 passes and grants entrance to. It is at that same point where commuters may enter campus to gain access to the Bridgewater station of the MBTA's Middleborough-Lakeville commuter rail line. The highway then passes by the source of the Taunton River and ends at Route 106 in East Bridgewater astride the East Bridgewater/Bridgewater town line.

title: Massachusetts Route 104


text:
Talk:United States Marine Corps enlisted rank insignia

Untitled
Perhaps an explanation of "chevron", "rocker" etc (whatever), would be useful here?

(unknown poster)

perhaps as a separate page... the terms are  common to military ranks of the US, UK, Commmonwealth, and several others. Chevrons have points, rockers don't... direction of point is immaterial to chevrons terminology. Upward rockers sometimes are called arches in historical texts.

Wfh 07:58, 11 November 2005 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Deletion reform/Proposals/The Karmafist Plan

To me, it seems that the biggest weakness of the current vfd system is the ambiguity involved with voting. The result can seem random at times, thus reducing faith in the system. However, the lack of too much structure has been seen as a strength. So, why not split the middle and combine the two sides? Here's my plan.

Step 1
The nominator states the reasoning behind their nomination and then is allowed comment on two ordinal votes (best case scenario, then second best case scenario) under the Instant Runoff System, if they don't wish to use both votes, their first vote becomes a Strong and is counted as two votes. If they feel Weak about an option, then they get three votes (two Weak options, each Weak option counting as a half vote), or four half votes if their first two are Weak. The nominator or voter should only vote for Weak options if they feel that the option may work, but there are preferable options. It should not be used for options they believe will not work, and these beliefs in options should be expressed in the comment.

Step 2
Voters state their comments beginand then follow the same voting system.

Step 3
After 7 Days, an administrator counts the votes. If no option gains more than 75%, then the option with the fewest best case votes is eliminated and then the second best votes of those users become the first votes. If 70% isn't gained by an option after that, the process continues until there are no more votes or an option wins. If 70% is not reached, the administrator can declare a No Consensus, or declare a result if one total is above 60%, but must declare a No Consensus, if there is no option above 60%. It is also the administrator's job to encourage anon voters to register a free account and come back, as non anon votes will be counted. Suspected sockpuppets will also not be allowed to vote, and will be blocked.


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Christmas Carol: The Movie

Christmas Carol: The Movie is a 2001 British live action/animated film based on Charles Dickens's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. Directed by Jimmy T. Murakami, the film features the voices of numerous actors including Simon Callow, Kate Winslet (who also sang the film's theme "What If"), Kate's sister Beth Winslet, and Nicolas Cage. The film was a critical and commercial failure upon release.

This version differs from others, in that Scrooge is given another chance with the love of his life, Belle, who ended their engagement in their youth after he was corrupted by greed; they later meet again after the three spirits have reformed Scrooge and he is now kind and generous, causing Belle to love him again. Both Belle and Old Joe notably have bigger roles in the film. Unlike the book as well as other film adaptations, Belle does not marry and have children with another man. She is a nurse. Old Joe is a henchman of Scrooge who arrests or robs people who owe Scrooge debt but Scrooge fires him after mending his ways.

Also in the film, Marley's ghost haunts Scrooge before he goes home and Scrooge is notably younger as he has auburn hair and is middle-aged rather than being elderly. He also shows kindness towards a mouse that appears throughout the film.

Plot
In 1867, an audience gather in a theatre in Boston to hear Charles Dickens tell the story of "A Christmas Carol".

One Christmas Eve in Victorian London, the merriment is not felt by rich moneylender Ebenezer Scrooge, who orders criminal Old Joe to arrest his debt-ridden clients and lock them in a debtors' prison, including Dr. Lambert of a local children's hospital when its debts have been transferred to Scrooge. Learning this nurse Belle, who was once engaged to Scrooge, writes a letter to Scrooge pleading for forgiveness, which she leaves with his clerk, Bob Cratchit. Scrooge rejects an invitation to Christmas dinner from his nephew Fred and throws cold water over a group of carolers, including Bob's youngest son Tiny Tim, who gets pneumonia as a result.

After Bob leaves the office, Scrooge is haunted by the ghost of his late business partner, Jacob Marley, who wears a chain as punishment for his selfishness when he was alive. He tells Scrooge that he will suffer the same fate unless he changes his ways, and that he will be visited by three spirits beginning that night. Despite this, Scrooge subsequently refuses to donate to charity, telling the fundraisers that he supports the prisons and workhouses and believes that the poor are better off dead and should die to 'decrease the surplus population'.

That night, when Scrooge goes to bed, he is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past, who has Scrooge relive his past. While he felt comfort from his sister, Fan, and her best friend, Belle, he was unwanted by his father, James Emanuel, and was sent away to boarding school. As a young adult he became apprentice to Fezziwig, who treated him like a son, and where he became reacquainted with Belle. However, after being left the inheritance by his late father, Scrooge became greedier, whilst Fan was disowned by their father as he did not approve of her marriage and pregnancy and it is implied she was driven to poverty and died shortly after Fred was born. Scrooge finally relives his biggest regret: choosing pursuit of wealth over Belle, which prompted her to leave him.

The next spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Present, shows Scrooge how others keep Christmas, including Fred and the Cratchits. Tiny Tim, who is ailing with pneumonia, concerns Scrooge, but the spirit sarcastically uses Scrooge's previous unkind remarks of the surplus population. The final spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, shows him two future deaths: that of Tiny Tim, who is mourned for by his family, and his own, which sees the people of London overjoyed that he is gone. The ghost of Marley returns him to the present, where Scrooge first dismisses what happened as a bad dream, but after seeing his ghostly chains in a mirror, he resolves to becoming a kinder man.

However, the children's hospital is still closed down and its patients evicted. Belle finally confronts Scrooge, who expresses guilt and sorrow for everything wicked he has done, but Belle reassures him that he can start afresh and use his money to make a difference in peoples' lives. Scrooge fires Old Joe, Dr. Lambert is released from prison and Scrooge makes Bob his new partner and promises to help his family as well, which sees Tiny Tim recover from his illness.

Voice cast

 * Simon Callow – Charles Dickens/Ebenezer Scrooge (voice)
 * Kate Winslet – Belle (voice)
 * Nicolas Cage – Jacob Marley (voice)
 * Jane Horrocks – Ghost of Christmas Past (voice)
 * Michael Gambon – Ghost of Christmas Present (voice)
 * Rhys Ifans – Bob Cratchit (voice)
 * Juliet Stevenson – Emily Cratchit (voice)
 * Robert Llewellyn – Old Joe (voice)
 * Iain Jones – Fred (voice)
 * Beth Winslet – Fan (voice)
 * Colin McFarlane – Albert Fezziwig (voice)
 * Arthur Cox – Dr. Lambert (voice)
 * Keith Wickham – Mr. Leach/Undertaker (voices)
 * Joss Sanglier – Choir Master (voice)
 * Sarah Annison – Mice Voice No. 1 (voice)
 * Rosalie MacCraig – Mice Voice No. 2 (voice)

Production
A Christmas Carol was directed by Jimmy Murakami, who helmed the Oscar-nominated The Snowman and When the Wind Blows in the 1980s. The animation was carried out by several companies across Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Poland, Estonia, Spain and South Korea. It is bookended by live-action sequences featuring Simon Callow as Charles Dickens, who reads his tale to a Boston theatre audience. However, in certain DVD releases, the live action scenes are cut. Callow would play Dickens again three years later in 2005 in the Doctor Who episode "The Unquiet Dead".

Release and reception
Christmas Carol was released on 7 December 2001 by Pathé in the UK, although it was originally slated for 30 November. In the United States, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released it straight to video on VHS and on Region 1 DVD on 7 October 2003 in full screen. The film was largely panned by critics, holding a rating of 13% on Rotten Tomatoes. After viewing it at the Toronto International Film Festival, Variety's Todd McCarthy wrote: "[The] character animation is dully inexpressive, and two obnoxious mute mice do more scampering and gesticulating than Harpo Marx did in his entire career."

title: Christmas Carol: The Movie


text:
Dašice

Dašice is a town in Pardubice District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,600 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Malolánské, Prachovice, Velkolánské and Zminný are administrative parts of Dašice.

Etymology
The name is derived from the personal name Daš, meaning "the village of Daš's people".

Geography
Dašice is located about 8 km east of Pardubice. It lies in a flat landscape of the East Elbe Table, on the edge of the Polabí region. The Loučná River flows through the town.

History
The first written mention of Dašice is from 1318. In 1437, Dašice was first referred to as a market town. In 1517, Dašice estate was acquired by the Pernštejn family and was annexed to the Pardubice estate. In 1917, Dašice was promoted to a town.

Transport
The D35 motorway (part of the European route E442]]), which connects the D11 motorway with Olomouc, runs northeast of the town.

Sights
The historic centre is formed by the large T. G. Masaryka Square with preserved burgher houses from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, characterized by late Rococo Empire facades.

One of the main landmarks is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. It is a Baroque basilica built in 1677–1707.

A historical and technical monument is the Neo-Renaissance building of the water mill, in which two Francis turbines have been working non-stop since 1922.

title: Dašice


text: User talk:201.0.99.175

title: User talk:201.0.99.175


text:
Dennis Amiss

Dennis Leslie Amiss (born 7 April 1943) is a former English cricketer and cricket administrator. He played for both Warwickshire and England. Amiss is known for scoring the first ever century in ODI history, which was also his debut match. A right-handed batsman, he was a stroke maker particularly through extra cover and midwicket – his two favourite areas to score runs. He was an accomplished batsman in all forms of the game. He averaged 42.86 in first-class, 35.06 in List-A, 46.30 in Tests and 47.72 in One Day Internationals. In first-class cricket he scored 102 centuries, and his England record amassed over 50 Tests ranks him with the best England has produced.

After retiring as a player in 1987, he served Warwickshire as Chairman of the Cricket Committee, and he followed David Heath as chief executive from 1994 until 2006. In 1992 he was selected as an England selector. In November 2007 he became the deputy chairman of the England and Wales Cricket Board; in August 2011, The Daily Telegraph described his role on the board as providing "cricketing knowledge and expertise [that] complemented Clarke’s business skills."

Early years
Amiss was born at Harborne in Birmingham. He suffered a serious back injury whilst playing football in his teenage years, which entailed him starting each day of his sporting life undergoing stretching routines to loosen up.

England career
Amiss made his Test debut for England in the fifth Test of the 1966 series with West Indies, and he proved an accomplished Test match batsman. He was one of the first batsmen to use a protective helmet. In scoring 3,612 Test runs, Amiss made eleven half-centuries and eleven centuries, including two double centuries against the West Indies. His highest Test match score, also his highest first-class score, was 262 not out against the West Indies in the 1973–74 Kingston Test, an innings that saved the Test match for England after they conceded a first innings lead of 230. The next highest score in England's innings was 38. After being dropped by England in 1975, he made a successful return against the West Indies at the Oval in the final Test of 1976, although his 203 in the first innings did not prevent England losing the match. Amiss's last Test came in 1977 when he was left out to make way for Geoff Boycott's return from self-imposed exile.

His former Warwickshire teammate, Jack Bannister, stated "Dennis was always tinkering with his game, he was a bigger perfectionist than Colin Cowdrey".

Amiss was also a handy One Day International batsman scoring 859 runs, including four centuries and one half-century, with a top score of 137 against India which is still England's fourth highest individual score in the Cricket World Cup, behind the 158 scored by Andrew Strauss against India in 2011, Jason Roy's 153 against Bangladesh in 2019, and Eoin Morgan's 148 against Afghanistan at the same tournament. He has the distinction of scoring the first ever One Day International century (103 in only the second One Day International on 24 August 1972) which is also the first instance of a debutant scoring a century in ODI. Amiss along with Keith Fletcher is also credited to have shared the first ever partnership of hundred runs in the same match. He ended with an ODI batting average of 47.72, which excepting those players to have played fewer than five times, remains the highest of any England batsman who has completed his career. The still-active Kevin Pietersen averaged over 50 throughout the first 60 matches of his ODI career up until September 2007, but that figure had fallen to under 41 by June 2011.

Amiss played World Series Cricket in the late 1970s in Australia; during the 1978 World Series Cricket tournament, he became the first player to wear a batting helmet regularly.

Amiss was banned from Test cricket for three years for taking part in the first 'rebel' tour of South Africa in 1982.

Honours
Amiss was selected as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1975.

Amiss was awarded an MBE in 1988; in 2007 he received a Doctor of the University from the University of Birmingham.

Records
Dennis Amiss is the first player in ODI cricket to have scored a century on both his debut and in his last match, the only other being Desmond Haynes. On 7 June 1975 at Lord's in the first match of the Prudential World Cup (which was also the very first Cricket World Cup to have been held) Amiss smashed 137 runs in just 147 balls against India powered by 18 boundaries. His innings provided enough leverage for England to post a very imposing and improbable target of 335 for India to be chased down within a span of 60 overs. It was also the first time that a team would score 300 or more runs in an ODI match. The match also featured the infamous and notorious ODI innings of Sunil Gavaskar who in reply to the nearly unreachable target set by England scored an unbeaten 36 in 174 balls with just one boundary to adorn his innings.

Others:

Amiss has shown gratitude to the Indian trio of Bishen Bedi, Venkatraghavan and Abid Ali who had bowled to him in practice which enabled Amiss to get adjusted to Indian condition, especially spin bowling. (Reference: Chapter 3, 'My Debt to Indians' - "In Search of Runs")

Dennis Amiss has written an Autobiography *In Search of Runs" in association with Michael Carey.

title: Dennis Amiss


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User talk:Devuu

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Madchester 03:59, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

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Indeed. Please don't be a faggot, devuu. --utopianfiat 0:31, August 22, 2005 (CST)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --Madchester 04:01, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Devuu