text:
Carrbrook

Carrbrook is a village east of Stalybridge, in Cheshire, Greater Manchester, England. The area still has many seventeenth and eighteenth-century buildings. Much of the late-nineteenth and the early-twentieth-century village was built during the industrial boom brought by the printworks. In the 1970s modern Housing estates were built next to the old village on the lower flank of Harridge Pike. The view to the east of Carrbrook is dominated by the steep-sided Buckton Hill, on the summit of which is located Buckton Castle. Neighbouring communities include Millbrook, Heyheads and Mossley.

Many properties in Carrbrook were threatened by a large wildfire burning on Buckton Moor in late June 2018. The fires burned for several weeks and the damage caused is still visible to this day. On 26 June 2018, 50 properties in Carrbrook were evacuated as the fire advanced towards the settlement. Carrbrook is now part of a high fire risk zone.

On the 27th December 2023 at approx. 23:10 GMT, a tornado hit the village during Storm Gerrit - the strongest in the UK since 2006. Heavy damage was done to some structures, however no deaths were recorded.

Education
The village school is named Buckton Vale Primary. The current school is the 3rd building.

Although there are no Secondary Schools in the village itself, nearby schools (which ultimately serve the village) are Copley Academy and Mossley Hollins High School.

Music
Every year on Whit Friday, Carrbrook is host to a popular brass band contest which takes place in the car park opposite the Buckton Vale Institute.

Transport
Bus routes serving the village include (as of March 2024): |title= Departures from Carrbrook South View/near Castle lane bus stop
 * 348: Carrbrook to Ashton via Stalybridge. This service is operated by Stagecoach as part of the Bee Network.
 * 343: Hyde to Oldham. This service is operated by Stotts (Stagecoach on Sundays) and is the only service to connect the village with nearby Mossley.

title: Carrbrook


text:
Committee on Cooperation, International Relations, and Conflict Resolutions

The Committee on Cooperation, International Relations, and Conflict Resolution is one of the ten permanent committees of the Pan-African Parliament. It is charged with the following duties:

 * Consider issues relating to the development of an efficient policy in matters of cooperation and international relations of the Parliament and the Union.
 * Consider the conventions and protocols linking the Parliament with regional and international institutions and report to the Parliament.
 * Carry out examinations on the revision of Protocols and Treaties of the Union.
 * Assist the Parliament in its efforts of conflict prevention and resolution.

Chairperson of the Committee is Hon Elhadj Diao Kante from    Guinea.

Deputy Chairperson of the Committee Hon Mrs Diye Ba Mauritania.

Rapporteur of the Committee is Hon Symon V Kaunda of Malawi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Nadine Salameh

Nadine Salameh (نادين سلامة, born February 9, 1979, in Beirut, Lebanon ), sometimes credited as Nadeen Salameh, is a Palestinian actress well known in Syria, where she lived and worked for most of her life.

Family and childhood
Before fleeing to Lebanon, after being forced out of their homeland, her family was originally from Acre, Mandatory Palestine. She also had a Syrian and Turkish ancestry.

Her father, Nabil Salameh was an activist with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Initially he was associated with Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement, and later he co-founded the more extreme Black September organization. During the 1982 Israeli intervention in Lebanon he went missing, with the presumption by family and friends he was captured by Israel.

The Lebanese Civil War caused her to go to Syria, with her mother and two sisters. In Damascus, she studied in the Department of Acting of the Higher Academy of Theatrical Arts. She also studied Law at the Damascus University and had a master's degree in Political Sciences. She was mentored by some of Syria’s best known actors, including Naila Al Atrash, and Jihad Sa’d.

Acting career
While a freshman in college, Nadine made her first TV series with the Syrian director Najdat Ismail Anzour called al-Kawasir. It was a 29-episode fantasy epic set in medieval Arabia about chivalry, war, love, and tribalism. In it, Nadine played the role of Zumuruda, a horse-riding, sword-flashing barbaric heroin. She has since made one play, two TV movies, one film for the cinema, and over ten television TV series.

Her most notable works are the movie Ru’aa Halima (Vision of a Dreamer) and the TV series al-Taghriba al-Filastiniyya (The Palestinian Exile). Al-Taghriba al-Filistiniyya (The Palestinian Exile), directed by Hatem Ali, is her other significant work, where Salameh stars with Syrian actor Jamal Suliman. Her other works include Faris Bani Marwan, Khalf al-Qudban (Men Behind Bars), Ashwak Na'ima (Soft Thorns), and Ahl al-Gharam (The People of Passion).

Personal life
She married a Lebanese businessman in 2011, with whom she had two daughters.

Filmography

 * Al-Kawasir (1998) - TV
 * Masrahi wa Masrahiyya (1999) - TV
 * Lil Amal Awdeh (1999) - TV
 * Al-Mizan (1999) - TV
 * Amir al-Qulub (1999) – TV Movie
 * Al-Ayyam al-Mutamarrida (1999) - TV
 * Spotlight (2000) - TV
 * Al-Basir (2000) - TV
 * Radm al-Asatir (2001) - TV
 * Ru'a Halima (2001) - Film
 * Zaman al-Wasl (2001) - TV
 * Soura (2002) - TV Film
 * Unshudet al-Matar (2003) - TV
 * Zamat al-Samt (2003) - TV
 * Tarek Ibin Ziyad (2003) - TV
 * Kihl al-Iyoun (2004) - TV
 * Hikayat Kharif (2004) - TV
 * Asr al-Junon (2004) - TV
 * Kihl al-Iyoun (2004) - TV
 * Faris Bani Marwan (2004) - TV
 * Al-Taghriba al-Filastiniyya (2004) - TV
 * Ashwak Na'ima (2005) - TV
 * Asiyya al-Dame (2005) - TV
 * Ahl al-Gharam (2006) - TV
 * al-Batreek (2006) - Short film
 * Ratl Kamel Min al-Ashjar (2006) - Short film.
 * Sada al-Roh (2006)
 * Wasmet Aar (2007) - TV
 * Al-yawm al rabe wa al-thalatin (2006)- Documentary
 * Rasael al-Hubb wa al-Harb (2007)- TV
 * Katheer Min al-Hubb katheer Min al-Ounf (2007)- TV
 * Haza al-Aalam (2007) - TV
 * Jubba (2007) - Cinema
 * Sabe Dakaik ila Muntasaf al-Layl (2007) - Cinema

title: Nadine Salameh


text:
Talk:Carrbrook

Speedy
This article was subject to a disputed speedy deletion on 19 August. It has been rewritten and, to comply with the GFDL, the deleted versions have been restored. --Tony Sidaway Talk 17:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Greater Manchester County Council Arms.png
Image:Greater Manchester County Council Arms.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:45, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Greater Manchester County Council Arms.png
Image:Greater Manchester County Council Arms.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:24, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Carrbrook brass band
Any reason for this change? Yaris678 (talk) 17:21, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Carrbrook. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090412044832/http://www.carrbrookbrass.co.uk:80/ to http://www.carrbrookbrass.co.uk/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040720082909/http://www.lhi.org.uk:80/projects_directory/projects_by_region/north_west/tameside/carrbrook_heritage_trail/ to http://www.lhi.org.uk/projects_directory/projects_by_region/north_west/tameside/carrbrook_heritage_trail/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080521083132/http://www.carrbrookbandcontest.co.uk:80/ to http://www.carrbrookbandcontest.co.uk/

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title: Talk:Carrbrook


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of japanese,manchu,mongol,korean,chinese,uiguir and foreing supporters personalities in ww2 period

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. --Tony Sidaway Talk 22:12, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

List of japanese,manchu,mongol,korean,chinese,uiguir and foreing supporters personalities in ww2 period
This is a badly written list of red links with an incomprehensible and long name and a purpose I don't even understand. In my opinion, this doesn't even merit a merge into List of people associated with World War II. - ulayiti (talk)  17:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes and the criteria for inclusion is not entirely clear. What is a "foreing supporters personalities"? It would take somebody to weed through this list and do lookups on all the names. The list could be of value, but I'm just not sure. I'll take a pass on this one. — RJH 18:12, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: during last days someone got very active on Manchukuo and related topics, creating number of similar articles (they look as ripoff from a book). Someone knowledgeable of the topic and Wikipedia rules should cleanup the whole area and then nominate remnants on VfD. Pavel Vozenilek 18:28, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Another comment -- this has happened before; the same anon created an article reminiscent of this one several months ago; it ended up on VfD (Votes for deletion/Agriculture,Farming,lumber,hunting and Fishing in Manchukuo and Mengchiang lands), was deleted, but the anon rewrote it with someone's assistance here: Manchukuo and Mengchiang (agriculture, farming, lumber and fishing).  No vote (yet).  Antandrus  (talk) 18:33, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * AUUUGHH. Delete. 5% of these people will ever be notable. N (t/c) 16:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * One more comment: at least two of these new articles added by 200.46.176.* are copyvio: see Zionism,Manchukuo and The Japanese Empire and Mitsui Zaibatsu and the Opium Bussiness Monopoly. Pavel Vozenilek 18:43, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, terrible name and very few of those red names will ever become blue.--nixie 05:33, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The cited reasons (bad writing and lack of comprehension on the nominator's part) are not VfD reasons. And the nomination has the stupid side effect of not allowing a title change. Charles Matthews 07:12, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rename and cleanup. The contents are useful and encyclopedic, but the title is horrible, and the syntax and punctuation needs cleaning. — J I P | Talk 07:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Can't we at least split it up into lists that would make a bit more sense (such as List of military and civil personalities in Manchukuo during World War II etc)? Also, most of the people listed there don't seem to be very extremely encyclopaedic, since they're credited with stuff like 'some Kempeitai officer in Manchukuo' (which hardly sounds notable to me). - ulayiti (talk)  13:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, sure, it might need all sorts of work. Which is why clean-up is more appropriate. But are you a Manchukuo expert, to know such things about each entry? The poster is - see User: Charles Matthews/Imperial Japan for the bigger picture. Charles Matthews 14:31, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete I agree that important foreign supporters of/collaborators with the Japanese during World War II should probably be listed somewhere, but I believe that such listing should exist only as sections of articles like Manchukuo. The Literate Engineer 03:27, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Bible and Spade

Bryant G. Wood
Bible and Spade is written by the organization headed by Bryant G. Wood a archeologist who has published several articles in the notable publication  Biblical Archaeological review

I cite the following articles:

 * Bryant G. Wood, "Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho? A New Look at the Archaeological Evidence," Biblical Archaeological Review 16(2) (March/April 1990): 44-58.
 * Bryant G. Wood, "Dating Jericho’s Destruction: Bienkowski Is Wrong on All Counts, BAR 16:05, Sep/Oct 1990
 * Bryant G. Wood, The Philistines Enter Canaan, BAR 17:06, Nov/Dec 1991

A leading Christian website Christiananswers.net features Dr. Woods publication Bible and Spade:

http://abr.christiananswers.net/bible-and-spade.html

I see no reason for wikipedia not offering a broad perspective of viewpoints especially if the publication is headed by someone who is published in respected publications such as Biblical Archaeological Review.

ken 18:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)kdbuffalo

Why the notability notice?
From Chronic2 (talk)

Wikipedia has articles on the following journals or magazines that might be considered in roughly the same category as Bible and Spade. None of these have a notability notice.

Andrews University Seminary Studies. Articles on archaeology, Biblical interpretation, church history (not a subject covered by Bible and Spade), etc.

Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. This covers topics such as the archaeology of the Book of Mormon, historical studies in the Book of Mormon, etc.

"Notability" can be a subjective matter. However, a rough idea of whether a periodical is significant can be found by going to WorldCat and seeing how many libraries worldwide subscribe to the periodical. For the three journals mentioned above, the results are:

Andrews University Seminar Studies (AUSS): 186 Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought: 13 Bible and Spade: 152

This indicates that Bible and Spade is to be found in slightly fewer libraries than AUSS, and in far more libraries than "Dialogue."

For consistency the notability notice should be removed.

I have corrected the sentence about the contents of Bible and Spade. It is an archaeological journal. It does not have articles about creation vs. evolution or church history.

Chronic2 (talk) 15:29, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Other stuff exists is never considered a good argument in Wikipedia. There are still huge numbers of articles which don't meet notability guidelines, and you can't use comparisons to decide notability. If this is an archaeological journal, it will be found referenced in other archaeological journals and books, and that might establish notability. Oops, that seems to be a problem. Thanks for raising the issue. I'll AfD it now. dougweller (talk) 16:40, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Why anyone would think that this journal is less notable than every single Pokemon card is beyond belief to me. 75.246.30.233 (talk) 02:58, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I have removed the notice - this was discussed and resolved at Articles for deletion/Bible and Spade. StAnselm (talk) 03:04, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bible and Spade


text:
Indian Evidence Act, 1872

The Indian Evidence Act, originally passed in India by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1872, during the British Raj, contains a set of rules and allied issues governing admissibility of evidence in the Indian courts of law.

The India Evidence Act is replaced by the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam  on 1st July, 2024.

Importance
The enactment and adoption of the Indian Evidence Act was a path-breaking judicial measure introduced in India, which changed the entire system of concepts pertaining to admissibility of evidences in the Indian courts of law. Until then, the rules of evidences were based on the traditional legal systems of different social groups and communities of India and were different for different people depending on caste, community, faith and social position. The Indian Evidence Act introduced a standard set of law applicable to all Indians.

The law is mainly based upon the firm work by Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, who could be called the founding father of this comprehensive piece of legislation.

The Act
The Indian Evidence Act, identified as Act no. 1 of 1872, and called the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, has eleven chapters and 167 sections, and came into force 1 September 1872. At that time, India was a part of the British Empire. Over a period of more than 150 years since its enactment, the Indian Evidence Act has basically retained its original form except certain amendments from time to time.

Amendments:

The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2005 The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018 (22 of 2018) The Jammu & Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019

Applicability
When India gained independence on 15 August 1947, the Act continued to be in force throughout the Republic of India and Pakistan,., Since the independence of Bangladesh in 26 March 1971, it is in use throughout Bangladesh though some necessary amendments have been made. After 1947, the Act continues in force in India, but it was repealed in Pakistan in 1984 by the Evidence Order 1984 (also known as the "Qanun-e-Shahadat"). It also applies to all judicial proceedings in the court, including the court martial. However, it does not apply on affidavits and arbitration.

Contents
This Act is divided  into three parts and there are 11 chapters in total under this Act. Part 1 deals with relevancy of the facts. There are two chapters under this part: the first chapter is a preliminary chapter which introduces to the Evidence Act and the second chapter specifically deals with the relevancy of the facts.
 * Part 1

Part 2 consists of chapters from 3 to 6. Chapter 3 deals with facts which need not be proved, chapter 4 deals with oral evidence, chapter 5 deals with documentary evidence and chapter 6 deals with circumstances when documentary evidence has been given preference over the oral evidence.
 * Part 2

The last part, that is part 3, consists of chapter 7 to chapter 11. Chapter 7 talks about the burden of proof. Chapter 8 talks about estoppel, chapter 9 talks about witnesses, chapter 10 talks about examination of witnesses, and last chapter which is chapter 11 talks about improper admission and rejection of evidence.
 * Part 3

Indian Evidence Act Classic Classification
In the Evidence Act All the Provisions can be divided into two Categories (1) Taking the Evidence (By Court) (2) Evaluation

Taking Evidence : Parties to a proceeding before a court of law can adduce only admissible evidence. Admissible evidence are either "Fact in issue" or "Relevant Facts" which are not excluded from being adduced by any other provisions of Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Section 3 of the Act defined Fact, Fact in issue and Relevant Facts.

According to section 59 and 60, facts can be proved by two ways, One is Orally and Second is Documentary (includes Electronic Documents), Oral Evidence mostly suggest the Verbal deposition before the Court (and not other wise), and Which includes oral statement regarding materials too, Documentary Evidence suggest the Documents. So The Evidence Regarding Matter which have number of Facts, for which Evidence by way of oral or Documentary produced before the court for its Evaluation for either one fact or facts. Court by going through those Documentary Evidence and Oral Evidence decide that particular fact and all facts are proved or not, or whether the fact or facts can be presumed to be proved?

In Evaluation as above said by looking into the Oral and Documentary Evidence Court decide whether particular fact is proved or not, or facts are proved or not, In Evaluation there are two concepts to prove facts; One is Prove (Prove, Disprove or Not prove) and Other is Presumption (that fact is proved) (may Presume, Shall presume and Conclusive proof) After going to Oral and Documentary Evidence Court see that whether any fact or facts are proved by looking to such evidence or not? If at all no evidence is given or enough evidence is given for the fact its said fact is 'Not proved'; The second Concept for evaluation is "Presumption" In Evidence many Section suggest these presumptions, Where there is said Facts 'may presume', Court is extremely free to believe it or not and may ask to prove the fact, According to section 4 in 'shall presume' court has no discretion and should consider the fact as proved unless it is disproved, Where in any provision it is said that particular fact, or particular fact in particular circumstances must be concluded as "conclusive proof" Court has to regard it as proved and shall not allow parties to adduce evidence to rebut it.

Classification of Evidence Act in Four Questions
Evidence Act may be divided in four questions.

Question 1     What is the Evidence given of?

Answer 1       of Facts ("Facts In Issue" or "Relevant Facts")

Question 2     How the Evidence of such Facts are Given

Answer 2       The Evidence of Such Facts is Given Either by way of "Oral Evidence" or "Documentary Evidence"

Question 3     On whom does the Burden of proof lie?

Answer 3       "Burden of Proof"(of particular fact) or "Onus of proof" (to prove whole case) lies on the Prosecution incharge

Question 4     What are the Evaluation of the Facts.

Answer 4       The Evaluation is "Prove" or "Presumption"(of prove); The fact is either 'proved','disproved', or 'Not proved'; or there may be presumption that proof of facts "may presume", "shall presume", or "conclusive proof".

title: Indian Evidence Act, 1872


text:
John Henry Johnson

John Henry Johnson (November 24, 1929 – June 3, 2011) was an American professional football player who was a running back. He was known for his excellence at the fullback position as both a runner and a blocker. His first professional stint was in Canada in the Western Interprovincial Football Union (WIFU, a forerunner league to today's Canadian Football League) for one season with the Calgary Stampeders. He then played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, Detroit Lions, and Pittsburgh Steelers before spending his final season in the American Football League (AFL) with the Houston Oilers. Commonly referred to as simply John Henry, an allusion to the folk hero of the same name, Johnson was a tough and tenacious player who performed at a high level well into the tail end of his career.

After playing college football for St. Mary's Gaels and Arizona State Sun Devils, Johnson was selected in the second round of the 1953 NFL draft by the Steelers, the 18th overall pick. He instead played one season of Canadian football for the Stampeders, in which he won the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy as the league's most valuable player. He then signed with the 49ers, and played left halfback in San Francisco's famed "Million Dollar Backfield". He was traded to Detroit in 1957, and became the team's leading rusher en route to that year's NFL championship, their most recent.

His abilities seemingly in decline, Johnson was traded to Pittsburgh in 1960, where he had the most productive years of his career, recording two 1,000-yard rushing seasons. He is the second oldest player to record a 1,000-yard rushing season (behind only John Riggins), having achieved that mark for the final time on December 6, 1964, at the age of 35 years 12 days. He is the oldest player to rush for 200 or more yards in a game. A four-time Pro Bowl selection, Johnson ranked third on the NFL's all-time rushing yards list when he retired, but was best remembered by his peers for the mark he left with his blocking. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987.

Early life
Johnson was born in northeastern Louisiana, at Waterproof in southern Tensas Parish. He played high school football in northern California at Pittsburg High School.

College career
He played college football at Saint Mary's College of California in Moraga before transferring to Arizona State College in Tempe. While at Saint Mary's, sportswriters deemed Johnson "one of the fleetest and finest players on the Pacific Coast." The school dropped its football program after the 1950 season.

As a senior at Arizona State in 1952, he played left halfback and was recognized as one of the roughest and hardest runners in the country, and as one of the top defensive players as a safety. He also excelled as a punt returner, and had a two-game stretch in which he returned four punts for touchdowns. Johnson's running abilities made him a standout pro football prospect.

Calgary Stampeders
Selected in the second round of the 1953 NFL draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers, Johnson instead played one season in Canada with the Calgary Stampeders of the Western Interprovincial Football Union (WIFU) in 1953. Johnson reasoned that Calgary had offered more money, but Steelers owner Art Rooney speculated that Johnson thought it was too cold in Pittsburgh. "He must have thought he was going to some resort up there," joked Rooney. He led the Stampeders in rushing that season with 107 carries for 648 yards, an average of six yards per carry with five touchdowns. In addition, Johnson caught 33 passes for 365 yards and three more touchdowns, returned 47 punts for 386 yards, and had a 104-yard kickoff return touchdown. He also starred on defense and intercepted five passes. He was awarded the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy as the league's most valuable player. Johnson was also a leading WIFU All-Star vote receiver, but because he played both offense and defense so well voters split their votes and he was left off the team's "roster".

San Francisco 49ers
Johnson was signed by the San Francisco 49ers in 1954 as a halfback, where he joined Hugh McElhenny, Y. A. Tittle, and Joe Perry to form the 49ers' famed "Million Dollar Backfield". That year, the 49ers shattered the team record for rushing yards in a season. Johnson finished second in the league in rushing with 681 yards, behind only Perry, who picked up the majority of his 1,049 yards behind blocking from Johnson. Johnson scored nine touchdowns, which were the most for a season in his career. He was invited to his first Pro Bowl following the season, joining Tittle and Perry. Johnson earned second-team All-Pro honors from United Press International (UPI) and the New York Daily News.

For the remainder of his time in San Francisco, Johnson was unable to replicate the success of his rookie year, as his production dropped significantly in the following two seasons. He played in seven games in 1955 before injuring his shoulder against the Los Angeles Rams, and finished the year with only 19 carries for 69 yards and one touchdown. He was traded to the Detroit Lions following the 1956 season in exchange for fullback Bill Bowman and defensive back Bill Stits.

Detroit Lions
Lions head coach Buddy Parker saw Johnson's value as a blocker and moved him to fullback. In his first season with Detroit in 1957, he led the team in rushing, carrying for 621 yards and five touchdowns. In the 1957 NFL Championship Game, which was won by the Lions 59–14 over the Cleveland Browns, Johnson carried seven times for 34 yards, caught a 16-yard pass, and recovered a fumble on defense. Going into the 1958 season, the Lions looked to continue their success, and Johnson was expected to be the team's primary ball carrier. However, Johnson missed several games due to injuries, and the Lions finished with a 4–7–1 record and one of the league's worst rushing offenses.

In 1959, Johnson was suspended indefinitely by the Lions after he missed the team plane back to Detroit following a one-sided 33-7 loss to the 49ers on November 1 in which he carried the ball five times for only eight yards. To that point, the Lions had a 1–5 record, and coach George Wilson used Johnson's suspension as an opportunity to call out the team for its lack of "desire." Johnson was ultimately fined $1,000. Wilson took the brunt of the blame for Detroit's struggles in 1958 and 1959, but he questioned the resolve of some of the team's higher-paid players, including Johnson. Following the season, Johnson was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers for two draft picks. "That's all we could get for him," explained Wilson.

Pittsburgh Steelers
The Steelers finally acquired Johnson in 1960, after having lost him to the CFL when they drafted him eight years prior. His career rejuvenated, he had his most productive years as a pro while in Pittsburgh. In his first season with the team, he rushed for 621 yards with a 5.3 yards-per-carry average, which included a career-high 87-yard score against the Philadelphia Eagles. He became the first Steelers player to rush for 1,000 yards in a season when he did so in 1962, and he repeated the feat in 1964. He made three straight Pro Bowl appearances, and was a second-team All-Pro selection by the AP, UPI, and Newspaper Enterprise Association in 1962. He became the oldest player in NFL history to eclipse 1,000 yards rushing in a season, finishing with 1,048 in 1964, but was later eclipsed by John Riggins. Johnson was 35 years, 12 days old when he passed the 1,000 yard mark on December 6, 1964. When Riggins accomplished the feat in 1984, he was 89 days older. In a game during the 1964 season against the Cleveland Browns, Johnson, then at age 34, carried 30 times for 200 yards and scored three touchdowns, out-dueling the great Jim Brown. It was only the ninth 200-yard rushing game in NFL history to that point, and the performance made him the oldest player to reach that mark, a record he still holds. Johnson's effort impressed Steelers president Dan Rooney, who remarked that "he got almost all the yardage by himself." Age and injuries caught up to Johnson in 1965, as he was limited to just three carries for 11 yards.

Houston Oilers
After playing out his option with the Steelers, in July 1966 Johnson signed as a free agent with the Houston Oilers of the American Football League. He joined the Oilers with the hope of helping the team win an AFL championship. However, the team finished the season last in the Eastern Division with a record of 3–11. Johnson retired after the season at the age of 37. He completed his NFL career having carried 1,571 times for 6,803 yards and 48 touchdowns, and picked up 1,478 yards on 186 pass receptions for seven receiving touchdowns.

Playing style
Equally proficient as both a blocker and runner, Johnson was described as "the perfect NFL fullback". A talented runner, he ran with power both inside and outside the tackles, and he was as fast as McElhenny and Perry. Jim Brown called Johnson the greatest running back he had ever seen. He was also a very skilled safety and linebacker on defense. During a preseason game in 1955, Johnson hit Chicago Cardinals halfback Charley Trippi so hard that he fractured Trippi's face in multiple places, leaving him with a smashed nose and concussion and all but ended his career. "Football was like a combat zone," said Johnson. "I was always told that you carry the impact to the opponent. If you wait for it, the impact will be on you."

Perhaps the most notable aspect of Johnson's game was his blocking abilities, for which he received heavy praise. He took pride in it, saying "It gave me a chance to hit all those people who hit me all the time." Quarterback Bobby Layne, a teammate of Johnson with both the Lions and Steelers, listed Johnson as one of the one of "Pro Football's 11 Meanest Men" in an article for SPORT magazine in 1964. "By 'mean,' I mean vicious, unmanageable, consistently tough," said Layne. "I don't mean dirty." Layne also called Johnson his "bodyguard," saying "Half the good runners will get a passer killed if you keep them around long enough. But a quarterback hits the jackpot when he gets a combination runner-blocker like Johnson."

Honors
Upon his retirement, Johnson was ranked fourth on pro football's all-time rushing yards list, behind Jim Brown, Jim Taylor, and his fellow Million Dollar Backfield teammate Perry. As of 2016, he is fourth on the Steelers franchise all-time rushing yards list, behind Franco Harris, Jerome Bettis, and Willie Parker. In 1987, he was selected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and chose Steelers owner Art Rooney as his presenter. Many of his contemporaries felt his induction was belated; he had been eligible for induction for the past fifteen years. The 49ers' "Million Dollar Backfield" is currently the only full-house backfield to have all four of its members enshrined in the Hall of Fame. Johnson is a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers Legends team, which honors the franchise's best players pre-1970. He was a charter inductee to the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009.

Personal and later life
In November 1955, while on the sick list for the 49ers due to a shoulder injury, Johnson carried two women to safety out of a blazing apartment building in Oakland, California. One of the women was his pregnant wife, Barbara Johnson. The couple divorced in 1959, and a bench warrant was issued for Johnson after he fell $2,360 behind on alimony payments, concurrent with his suspension from the Lions for missing the team plane. After retiring as a player, he worked for Columbia Gas and later for Warner Communications. He had aspirations of coaching football, but the opportunity never arose.

Johnson died at age 81 in 2011 in Tracy, California. Several days later, it was announced that Johnson and his fellow Million Dollar Backfield teammate, Joe Perry, who died six weeks earlier, would have their brains examined by researchers at Boston University, who were studying head injuries in sports. Both men were suspected of having chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a disorder linked to repeated brain trauma. According to his daughter, Johnson could not talk or swallow in the final year of his life and also used a wheelchair. She told the San Francisco Chronicle that she hoped by donating her father's brain, it would "help with a cure."

Johnson was confirmed to have Stage 4 CTE, the most severe form of the disease. He was one of at least 345 NFL players to be diagnosed after death with this disease.

title: John Henry Johnson


text:
Category:Pardalote

Pardalotus is a bird genus of the family Pardalotidae.

title: Category:Pardalote


text:
Talk:Nadine Salameh

Information about article and my changes
--rob 02:18, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The original article seemed to be based on the official bio (but not an exact copy). I didn't add any facts (personal to her), but removed some that seemed dubious.
 * Every link to to her official web site appears (unconfirmed) to be done by the same person who made the web site, so should be disregarded when doing a "Google hit count" for notability.
 * Her bio said she's "from Acre" in "occupied Palestine" (aka Israel). Yet, she was born in Lebanon, and moved to Syria at age 3.  She never, seemed to move to Israel.  She definately wasn't there originally.  A possible reason could be that her ancestors were from Acre, and fled to Lebanon circa 1948.  If that happened even her dad was to young to have ever lived in Acre.  So, the official bio must have a major factual error and/or substantial omissions.
 * Her dad permanently disapeared in the 1982 war, and a different source gives her birth as 1980, meaning she was 2 when he disappeared..
 * If this was an American actress, with so little written up, I would vfd it, but given that she's arab, it might be that little comes up becomes I'm only doing an English language search for her. If the rest of her bio is legit, than she warrants an article.
 * Nadine Salameh has an imdb enter as Nadeen Salameh, but it only has a single entry for Ruaa halema. So, I though it's not worth mentioning.
 * Hoax possibility: I pretty much ruled this out.  At first it seemed odd an Arabic person would have a web site with no Arabic, and no links to Arabic sites.  But, there is mention of her and her dad in independent sites, so she seems real.  But, I wish an Arabic speaker would fix this article (one way or another).

title: Talk:Nadine Salameh


text:
Mount Hood Highway

The Mount Hood Highway No. 26 (see Oregon highways and routes) is the Oregon Department of Transportation's designation for a 96.74 mi highway from Portland east around the south side of Mount Hood and north via Bennett Pass to Hood River. It is marked as U.S. Route 26 from Portland to near Mount Hood and Oregon Route 35 the rest of the way to Hood River.

Much of the highway is part of the Mount Hood Scenic Byway, a National Scenic Byway which connects Troutdale with Hood River via the southern flank of Mount Hood. The Byway's route includes parts of present-day U.S. Route 26 and Oregon Route 35 and the historic Barlow Road through the Mount Hood Corridor. It also forms a loop with the Historic Columbia River Highway, an All-American Road.

The portion from Sandy to Barlow Pass on the south flank of Mount Hood is aligned to the land portion of the historic Oregon Trail. It was developed in the 1840s as the Barlow Road.

Route description
The highway begins in Portland at the west end of the Ross Island Bridge, with access to the Oswego Highway (Oregon Route 43), Pacific Highway (Interstate 5) and Pacific Highway West (Oregon Route 10). US 26 itself heads west on Arthur Street, which is not a state-maintained Highway, to reach the Stadium Freeway (Interstate 405).

After crossing the Willamette River on the Ross Island Bridge, the Highway is locally known as Powell Boulevard through Portland and Gresham. State maintenance ends at the Portland/Gresham border, beginning again where the Highway turns southeast at Burnside Street east of downtown Gresham. Soon after that turn, Highway 26 uses the completed part of the Mount Hood Freeway (built only to surface expressway standards) to Sandy, where it runs through downtown on a one-way couplet.

The section of Powell Boulevard from Interstate 205 east into downtown Gresham carries only two lanes. When I-205 was built, the ramps at Powell Boulevard were configured to only allow traffic towards the west, with US 26 east pointed along the four-lane Division Street, about 1/2 mi to the north. (Right turns were even banned to and from the I-205 north ramps at first.) Division Street runs east into Gresham, where it meets Burnside Road, at which a right turn to the southeast leads into the Mount Hood Highway and US 26. Despite this signage pointing US 26 east on Division Street, traffic already on US 26 is pointed straight along Powell Boulevard (the Mount Hood Highway), in agreement with ODOT's route description.

East of Sandy, the highway is a (mostly) four-lane undivided highway approaching the slopes of Mount Hood; as the highway climbs up towards Government Camp it reduces to two and three lanes. It is four lanes again through Government Camp. East of Government Camp is an interchange with Oregon Route 35, where US 26 heads southeast on the Warm Springs Highway towards Madras and the Mount Hood Highway heads north with Route 35.

Route 35 winds over Bennett Pass and around the eastern side of Mount Hood, and descends into the Hood River Valley. The Mount Hood Highway designation ends at the intersection with the Historic Columbia River Highway, which carries U.S. Route 30 to the west. To the north, the road continues as a spur of the Columbia River Highway No. 2 (Interstate 84), bringing US 30 back onto that freeway. Officially Route 35 heads west from there on US 30 through Hood River to end at I-84 west of that town, but all signage ends at the end of the Mount Hood Highway.

The general public uses the name Mount Hood Highway to refer to much the same route, excluding the portions inside Portland and western Gresham (which are referred to by the street name of Powell Boulevard).

Between 1955 and 1978, the 15 mi segment of the route through southeast Portland was proposed to be moved from Powell Boulevard to a new similar alignment known as the Mount Hood Freeway. Due to intense local opposition, this proposed freeway was cancelled.

Scenic Byway
From Troutdale, the Mount Hood Scenic Byway starts at the end of the Historic Columbia River Highway where the Troutdale Bridge crosses the Sandy River. For the first 20 mi of the route, it follows a southwestern path along city streets: west on Glenn Otto Park Road into downtown Troutdale, connecting with Halsey Street, south along 238th Street (which veers to become 242nd Street), Burnside Street, Orient Drive, Dodge Park Boulevard, Lusted Road, and Ten Eyck Road. The Byway continues into Sandy on US 26, heads west briefly on a spur to Jonsrud Viewpoint on Bluff Road, then backtracks to US 26.

It continues along U.S. Route 26 for about thirty miles, then leaves the highway proper in favor of the business loop through Government Camp. The Byway follows a spur just east of Government Camp to Timberline Lodge. After returning to US 26, it continues to the junction with Oregon Route 35 where it exits US 26 and goes north on OR 35 for about 40 mi. At the eastern outskirts of Hood River, OR 35 intersects with U.S. Route 30 and the Historic Columbia River Highway.

Points of interest
From west to east:
 * Sandy River: the mouth close to Troutdale is where William Robert Broughton spotted and named Mount Hood
 * Portland Women's Forum State Scenic Viewpoint, also known as Chanticleer Point: views of the Columbia Gorge, Historic Columbia River Highway, Crown Point and Rooster Rock State Park
 * Jonsrud Viewpoint: view of Sandy River basin and Devil's Backbone, route of the Oregon Trail and Barlow Road
 * Wildwood Recreation Site - Cascade Streamwatch, Oregon: underwater stream and fish habitat viewing, 5 mi of interpretive trails along the Salmon River, access to the Salmon-Huckleberry Wilderness via the 70 mi Salmon River National Recreation Trail
 * Lost Creek Campground: Nature Trail & Old Maid Flats
 * Philip Foster Farm National Historic Site
 * West Barlow Tollgate: operated from 1874 to 1919
 * Laurel Hill Chute: This effectively made the Barlow Road one way by its 60% grade, easily the most harrowing portion of the Oregon Trail.
 * Mount Hood Cultural Center and Museum: historic photos by Ray Atkeson in downtown Government Camp, Oregon
 * Timberline Lodge and Ski Area
 * Trillium Lake/Summit Meadow: a Barlow Road tollgate from 1866 through 1870
 * White River Canyon: views of lahar and mud flows and evidence of frequent floods
 * Barlow Pass/Pioneer Woman's Grave
 * Sahalie Falls: a horsetail waterfall 100 ft high and 20 ft wide, fed by Newton Clark Glacier and a tributary of Hood River
 * Tamanawas Falls: a gentle 2 mi trail along Cold Springs Creek to 100 ft high falls
 * Toll Bridge County Park
 * Panorama Point County Park and Viewpoint
 * Jesse and Winifred Hutson Museum: a National Historic Site in Parkdale, Oregon
 * Mount Hood Railroad
 * Historic Downtown Hood River

title: Mount Hood Highway


text:
Tomorrow Never Dies (song)

"Tomorrow Never Dies" is a song by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow that serves as the theme song to the 1997 James Bond film of the same name and its video game adaptation. The song was co-written by Crow and the song's producer Mitchell Froom, and became her fifth UK top-20 hit, peaking at No. 12 in December 1997.

History
Another song, "Tomorrow Never Dies", written by the movie's composer David Arnold and performed by k.d. lang, was originally produced as the official theme tune. When Crow's song became the official theme, the k.d. lang song was relegated to the end credits and renamed "Surrender". The melody of "Surrender" still remains in Arnold's score. In addition to lang's song, the James Bond producers solicited tracks from other artists, including Pulp, the Cardigans, Saint Etienne, and Swan Lee. These ultimately were rejected in favour of Crow's song.

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Crow steps forward with a tune that perfectly fuses her distinctive rock/pop style with the bombastic sound that has become the Bond signature. She wails with appropriate melodrama as an array of fluid guitar riffs and swooping strings and piano lines collide at the song's climax." He added, "It's a wonderfully delicious moment that tops off a stellar, deservedly hit-bound recording." Entertainment Weekly music critic Jim Farber negatively reviewed the song, explaining, "While Crow's music has the right swank and swing, her brittle voice lacks the operatic quality of the best Bond girls and boys, like Shirley Bassey, Tom Jones, or even Melissa Manchester. Tomorrow Never Dies should be for her ears only." (Manchester has never recorded a song for a James Bond film.) Farber called the choice of Crow "the worst hire since A-ha fronted one of these themes."

Writing for Filmtracks.com, Christian Clemmensen wished Lang's song had remained, and thought Crow's "beach-bum voice and lazy performance was a disgrace to the film." Pan-European magazine Music & Media wrote that "this is a topnotch song and a classy record. In true Bond style, it could best be described as a mini epic." A reviewer from Music Week gave it four out of five, stating that it "strikes the right cinematic note, relying on the traditional John Barry orchestral cues and kettle drum." NME also complimented the song, saying, "But, believe it or not, this is a low-key beauty and probably the best thing 'Miss' Crow has ever done. Crow has virtually reinvented the Bond theme by shrugging off the weight of history and playing it straight." A reviewer from Rolling Stone was critical, believing Lang's song to be superior. Ian Hyland from Sunday Mirror rated the song nine out of ten. He commented, "Miss Crow follows the fine tradition of Bond themery with a dreamily brilliant rock song demanding play after play."

Awards and nominations
At the 55th Golden Globe Awards, "Tomorrow Never Dies" received a nomination for Best Original Song, but it lost to "My Heart Will Go On" by James Horner and Will Jennings. The song also received a nomination at the 41st Grammy Awards for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, losing again to "My Heart Will Go On".

Track listings
All songs were written by Sheryl Crow. Additional writers are credited in parentheses.
 * UK CD1 and cassette single
 * 1) "Tomorrow Never Dies" (full length version) (Mitchell Froom)
 * 2) "The Book" (Jeff Trott)
 * 3) "No One Said It Would Be Easy" (Bill Bottrell, Kevin Gilbert, Dan Schwartz)
 * 4) "Ordinary Morning"

 * UK CD2
 * 1) "Tomorrow Never Dies" (Froom)
 * 2) "Tomorrow Never Dies" (video)

 * European CD and Japanese mini-CD single
 * 1) "Tomorrow Never Dies" (LP version) (Froom) – 4:47
 * 2) "Strong Enough" (LP version) (Bottrell, David Baerwald, Gilbert, Brian MacLeod, David Ricketts) – 3:10

Alternate rejected theme songs
While Sheryl Crow was ultimately selected to sing the theme to Tomorrow Never Dies, like others before it, it was not the only song recorded for the film. A top contender, alternative rock band Pulp, wrote a song for the film, which was later retitled "Tomorrow Never Lies" and released as a B-side to their This Is Hardcore album in 1998. Britpop band Saint Etienne recorded their own version of a song titled "Tomorrow Never Dies", which was later released as an exclusive to their fanclub on their Built On Sand album in 1999. Canadian country and pop singer k.d. lang's optioned theme, "Surrender", which was co-written by the film's composer, David Arnold, ended up being used as an end-title song.

title: Tomorrow Never Dies (song)


text:
Talk:Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Untitled
hello, sir

i want information about examination of witness and competent

witness and what is the steps involved role the actual litigation with indian evidence act? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.95.41.63 (talk) 09:26, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * May be someone shall provide the information here. --Bhadani 14:06, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Confession under Indian Evidence Act
Is any of the following sourceable? -- Avanu (talk) 02:34, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indian Evidence Act, 1872


text:
Diver rescue

Diver rescue, usually following an accident, is the process of avoiding or limiting further exposure to diving hazards and bringing a diver to a place of safety. A safe place generally means a place where the diver cannot drown, such as a boat or dry land, where first aid can be administered and from which professional medical treatment can be sought. In the context of surface supplied diving, the place of safety for a diver with a decompression obligation is often the diving bell.

Rescue may be needed for various reasons where the diver becomes unable to manage an emergency, and there are several stages to a rescue, starting with recognising that a rescue is needed. In some cases the dive buddy identifies the need by personal observation, but in the more general case identification of the need is followed by locating the casualty. The most common and urgent diving emergencies involve loss of breathing gas, and the provision of emergency gas is the usual response. On other occasions the diver may be trapped and must be released by the rescuer. These first responses are usually followed by recovery of the distressed diver, who may be unconscious, to a place of safety with a secure supply of breathing gas, and following rescue, it may be necessary to evacuate the casualty to a place where further treatment is possible.

Recommended procedures for recovering a disabled or unresponsive scuba diver to the surface have varied over time, and to some extent depend on circumstances and the equipment in use. None are guaranteed to be successful.

In all rescue operations, the rescuer must take care of their own safety and avoid becoming another casualty. In professional diving the supervisor is responsible for initiating rescue procedures, and for ensuring the safety of the dive team. The rescue is generally carried out by the stand-by diver, and for this reason the stand-by diver must be willing and competent to perform any reasonably foreseeable rescue that may be required for a planned diving operation. A similar level of competence is desirable, but not required of recreational divers, who generally have a poorly defined duty of care to other divers, and are usually only trained in rescue and first aid as optional specialties. Nevertheless, recreational divers are usually advised by their training agencies to dive as buddy pairs so they can assist each other if one gets into difficulty.

Reasons for needing rescue
There are many reasons why a diver may need rescue. These generally imply that the diver is no longer capable of managing the situation. Scenarios requiring rescue include: The diver may get into a situation requiring rescue through incompetence, unfitness or bad luck.
 * running out of breathing gas
 * inability to access the breathing gas due to an equipment failure
 * unconsciousness or incapacitation due to trauma, diving disorder, hypothermia, narcosis, fatigue, or other medical condition
 * inability to see the depth gauge or diving computer to make a safe ascent, generally because the diving mask is lost, keeps flooding or is damaged
 * panic, or inappropriate response to a problem
 * becoming overwhelmed by unexpected environmental conditions
 * becoming lost or trapped underwater
 * inability to control buoyancy and/or inability to apply thrust sufficiently to ascend (in Scuba diving without a lifeline)
 * inability to return to the shore or a boat after a dive

Rescue activities
The effort and difficulty of a rescue varies widely and depends on many factors such as the nature of the problem, the underwater conditions and the type and depth of the dive site. A simple rescue could be to tow to safety a diver on the surface who is exhausted or suffering from leg cramps. A complex and high-risk rescue would be to locate, free and bring to the surface a lost diver who is trapped underwater in an enclosed space such as a shipwreck or cave with limited breathing gas supplies.

The sequence of potential activities needed in a generic rescue are:
 * Recognising or identifying the need for a rescue
 * if the casualty's position underwater is unknown, locate the casualty and, if possible, mark the position
 * if the casualty is low on breathing gas, provide more gas
 * if the casualty is trapped, free the casualty
 * if the casualty is submerged, bring the casualty to the surface
 * if the casualty has a decompression obligation, decompress if safely possible. The rescuer must also take into account their personal decompression requirements.
 * if the casualty is not buoyant at the surface, make the casualty buoyant
 * if help at the surface is available but not at hand, attract help
 * if the casualty is not breathing, carry out continuous artificial respiration on the surface
 * if the casualty is on the surface in the water and no help is available, tow the casualty to a boat or to land
 * if the casualty is beside a boat or the shore, remove the casualty from the water
 * if necessary, resuscitate, provide first aid and arrange transport to professional medical help

Recognition of an emergency
Before any attempt to perform a rescue can be made, a person or group of people who are in a position to initiate appropriate procedures must be aware of the need. This may seem an obvious requirement, but many diving fatalities occur without anyone else knowing that there is a problem, and in many others the problem is initially the loss of information regarding the current status of the diver. This is common in scuba accidents, where separation of the diving team members is often the first indication of a potential problem, and many emergencies are first recognised when a diver fails to surface at the expected time.

Scuba divers generally have no voice communication and are generally restricted to visual signalling. this is limited by line of sight and visibility, which may be poor. In some cases scuba divers may be connected by a tether, or buddy line, which allows communication by line signals, and professional scuba divers often tow a surface marker buoy, which may be used to transmit a very limited range of signals to surface personnel, mainly location of the diver, and if the diver needs help.

Surface supplied divers are less likely to get lost, as they are initially connected to the surface team by at least an airline, and usually also a lifeline which may be used by the line-attendant to communicate with the diver using line signals. Most 21st century surface supplied divers also have voice communication with the surface team, and this allows constant monitoring of the diver's condition by listening to the breathing sounds. Surface supplied divers are therefore able to indicate distress and need for assistance promptly and effectively in almost all cases, and the simple failure to respond appropriately to communications from the surface is also an effective indication of a problem.

Locating the casualty underwater
It may be difficult to locate the diver underwater where dives take place in low visibility conditions, in currents or in enclosed spaces such as caves and shipwrecks or where the diver uses breathing equipment which releases few bubbles, such as a rebreather. Even when open circuit equipment is used it may be difficult to see the bubbles due to surface conditions of wind, waves and spray, fog, or darkness.

Surface supplied divers are usually easy to find, as they are at the far end of the umbilical, and it is extremely rare for the umbilical to be completely severed. The standard procedure for rescue of a surface supplied diver is for the standby diver to follow the umbilical to the diver, reporting back frequently to the supervisor on progress.

Divers often use guidelines, surface marker buoys, diving shots, lightsticks and strobe lights to indicate their position to their surface support team. A standard precaution when entering enclosed spaces is to use a guideline to mark the exit route, which may be needed after the diver's fins, wash, and bubbles dislodge silt and loose overhead materials such as rust which can reduce underwater visibility to near zero.

Common search techniques such as the circular search or jackstay search, need preparation and practice if they are to be used effectively and safely. The spiral box search and compass grid search require less preparation, but probably greater skill, and may be rendered ineffective by currents.

Searches of enclosed spaces expose the rescuer to danger. The rescuers may need training and experience in cave diving, ice diving or wreck diving to minimise the risks of that type of rescue.

Providing emergency gas
Providing emergency gas to a diver who has run out is the highest priority after finding the diver. Without breathing gas the diver will die in minutes. Running out of gas is a major contributor to diving accidents. Many scuba accidents start in some other way and culminate in running out of gas.

The main reasons for running out of scuba gas are:
 * failing to monitor consumption of the gas - not watching the contents pressure gauge
 * underestimating the amount of gas needed for the return and ascent and decompression stops
 * consuming gas faster than estimated by going too deep, over-exercising or psychological stress
 * delayed exit or ascent due to other problems, such as getting lost or entrapped
 * equipment failure, such as a regulator freeze or blown o-ring, in the breathing apparatus leading to loss of gas.

Even when the prime cause of an underwater emergency is not running out of gas, lack of gas can easily become another problem for the rescuers to overcome because more gas is consumed during the accident and its aftermath. This could be due to the diver remaining at depth for longer than planned or due to increases in the diver's breathing rate, due to exertion, stress or panic.

Common configurations of diving cylinders and diving regulators used as a backup or reserve for emergencies include:
 * An independent set carried by the diver;
 * a complete, backup scuba set such as a bailout cylinder, or
 * the cylinder not currently in use of an independent twin set, or
 * a cylinder not currently in use of a group of side-mounted cylinders, or
 * a separate rescue set brought down by the rescuer, or
 * a "spare air" - a small independent scuba set with integrated regulator and mouthpiece
 * A potentially independent pair of twins connected by an isolation manifold and carried by the diver. If the diver can isolate them in time, the remaining gas in the uncompromised side is available.
 * Sharing gas with another diver via an "octopus regulator" - a second, backup regulator or second stage on a scuba set that is in use by the buddy or rescue diver

There are two main ways of delivering breathing gas to the out-of-air scuba diver;
 * provide the casualty with a separate demand valve, preferably on a long hose or, so that rescuer and casualty can breathe simultaneously, and concentrate their efforts on getting to a safer place, or
 * share a single demand valve with the casualty by "buddy breathing", which is a more risky procedure, and requires constant attention to breathing and management of the demand valve by both divers. The additional task loading of buddy breathing may reduce the capacity of the divers for other activities required for safe resolution of the emergency.

The gas capacity of the cylinder is important. Divers breathing at depth consume more gas because the gas must be delivered to them at ambient pressure, and volumetric breathing gas consumption is driven by partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide. At the end of a deep dive they will need more gas to breathe during the longer ascent to the surface and during any decompression stops.

The mixture of the breathing gas is important. Hyperoxic gases cannot be breathed safely below their maximum operating depth because of the risk of oxygen toxicity and hypoxic gas cannot be breathed safely in shallow water because the partial pressure of oxygen falls below that needed to sustain consciousness.

A surface supplied diver can provide emergency breathing gas from their pneumofathometer hose, which can be inserted under the neck seal of the helmet and turned on at the gas panel to provide an adequate but noisy free-flow supply. This is normally sufficient to ventilate the casualty for the return to the surface or bell. In some cases it may be necessary to disconnect the casualty from their umbilical, if it is irretrievably trapped. This requires a few minutes work with spanners, and will lose any voice communications that may have remained. It is possible to connect a replacement umbilical if one is available. This is not usually the case from a bell, as the umbilicals occupy too much space to carry a spare.

Freeing the trapped casualty
Divers may become trapped in fishing nets; monofilament is almost invisible underwater. Loose ropes and lines are also an entanglement hazard; normal diving equipment has many inaccessible snag points that can trap the diver, particularly when components are left to dangle, and when clips are used which can hook onto line without active intervention by the diver (known to technical divers as suicide clips).

Another entrapment risk occurs when divers try to squeeze through small gaps where they or their equipment can become wedged or caught.

Old ferrous shipwrecks can be structurally unstable; they may retain their shape but have lost their strength through corrosion and therefore have components or cargos that have high potential energy due to gravity, and may collapse without warning.

Divers routinely carry a knife, line cutter, scissors or shears to free themselves from ropes, lines and nets. Lifting bags can be used to help move heavy objects underwater, but are not carried as standard equipment by most divers.

Taking the casualty to a place of safety
The safest place may be the surface, where the supply of breathing gas is unlimited, or if the diver was diving from a bell, the diving bell. where the gas supply is relatively secure, and some first aid is possible. The procedure for retrieving the casualty to the bell is relatively straightforward. The casualty is simply carried there by the rescuer. A rescue tether may be used to aid this process as it allows the rescuer the use of both hands. Once at the bell the casualty will generally be suspended by the harness using a lifting tackle provided tor this purpose. A closed bell may be partly flooded to aid lifting the casualty through the bottom lock opening, after which it will be blown down with breathing gas to remove the water.

Bringing the casualty to the surface
If a diver is out of gas and is breathing gas supplied by the rescuer, the rescuer and casualty must remain close to one another and ascend together. Starting the ascent may be complicated by the casualty's lack of gas to inflate the buoyancy compensator to become buoyant at the start of the ascent and later, at the surface. At the start of the ascent the casualty may need to fin upwards and keep pace with the rescuer until, with the drop in ambient pressure, the gas already inside buoyancy devices such as the buoyancy compensator or diving suit, expands and provides sufficient buoyancy.

If the casualty is not capable of making an ascent, due to injury or unconsciousness, or the casualty cannot make a safe and controlled ascent, perhaps due to the loss or damage of the diving mask, the rescuer must control the casualty's ascent. This may be done by using the Controlled buoyant lift. As the casualty is totally dependent on the rescuer, it is important if the two were to separate underwater the casualty should continue to ascend to the surface in a failsafe way.

The options for making the casualty buoyant include:
 * inflate the casualty's buoyancy compensator to lift off the seabed, then vent it to make a controlled ascent. If the casualty's buoyancy is maintained slightly positive and the rescuer remains slightly negative, the casualty will not sink if they must be released.
 * inflate the casualty's drysuit, if one is worn, to lift off the seabed, then vent it to make a controlled ascent. A drysuit is a less secure buoyancy device than a buoyancy compensator, and more difficult to inflate if the connected hose has no pressure on it.
 * drop the weights from the casualty's diving weighting system. This may result in a dangerous and rapid ascent.
 * lift, by finning, the casualty into shallower water, or to a shallower depth, where gas in the casualty's buoyancy devices and diving suit will expand, then vent it to make a controlled ascent.
 * It is possible to use the rescuer's buoyancy compensator to lift both divers. A technique for this is taught by some agencies, in which the rescuer holds the casualty with their legs wrapped round the torso, freeing the hands for buoyancy control. This technique does not allow the rescuer to provide upward thrust by finning, and all lift must be from buoyancy. A further problem is that if the divers are separated, the rescuer will be considerably positively buoyant, and the victim may well be negative, and sink away before the situation can be corrected.

If there is a surface marker buoy available with sufficient buoyancy, the rescuer can clip the casualty to the reel and use the reel to hoist the casualty to the surface. In this case the casualty will not sink back down if released for any reason. Not all diving reels are suitable for this application. The reel needs a ratchet and a winding knob with a good grip and sufficient leverage. Some reels seize up when wound in under too much tension. If there is a swell running, the line tension will decrease after each wave passes, at which time winding in will be easier.

If the casualty is not breathing, an urgent ascent directly to the surface is needed so that resuscitation can take place there. In this situation and if the rescuer needs to do decompression stops, the rescuer has a dilemma; take the casualty to the surface and increase the risk or severity of decompression sickness, including irreversible injuries or death, or do the stops and risk leaving the casualty to die by asphyxiation or drowning. In these circumstances the value of a surface backup team becomes obvious, as a message or pre-arranged signal to the surface can bring a standby diver down to take over the recovery of the casualty while the initial rescuer attends to his own safety, or the rescuer can send the casualty to the surface by buoyancy, while remaining at the required depth for decompression. If the rescuer chooses to stop for required decompression, the non-breathing casualty may be made positively buoyant and allowed to surface, where there is at least a possibility of assistance from bystanders or surface team members. This strategy has been successfully used in at least one incident.

Active management of the casualty's airway during the ascent is necessary only as far as avoiding or correcting any position that tends to close the airway, such as extreme flexion of the neck. Expanding gases will generally pass passively out of the airway during rescue from depth, and pulmonary barotrauma is rare. A gradual and natural outflow of expanding air during the ascent may help prevent aspiration of water into the lungs. There is no evidence that compressing the chest to promote exhalation is more effective than simply maintaining an open airway.

Managing a convulsing casualty
Convulsions due to acute oxygen toxicity may render a diver unconscious. A common symptom is convulsions similar in appearance to epileptic seizure.

US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6
The US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6 Volume 4 section 17.11.1.4 recommends the following procedure for managing a convulsing casualty at depth. This differs significantly in some details from the procedure recommended by Dr E.D. Thalmann on the Divers Alert Network website. Thalmann further comments that the decision whether to ascend with a diver who is convulsing is tricky, and cites the US Navy Diving Manual again, specifically:
 * The rescuer should assume a position behind the convulsing diver.
 * The casualty's weights should only be dropped if progress to the surface is significantly impeded. (Thalmann recommends releasing the weights unless the diver is wearing a dry suit, as the dry suit without weights may cause the diver to take a face down position on the surface.)
 * The ascent should not be started until the convulsion subsides (Thalmann makes no recommendation to delay the ascent. )
 * The rescuer should open the casualty's airway and leave the mouthpiece in their mouth. If it is not in their mouth, the rescuer should not attempt to replace it. A rebreather mouthpiece that is not in the mouth should be switched to "Surface" position, so that the loop does not flood. (Thalman makes no mention of opening the airway, possibly on the assumption that air will escape without this manoeuvre. )
 * The casualty should be grasped round the chest above the breathing apparatus or between the breathing apparatus and their body. If this is difficult, the best method possible to obtain control should be used.
 * A rebreather should be flushed with diluent to lower oxygen partial pressure and depth maintained until the convulsion subsides. (This step is significantly omitted by Thalmann.)
 * The rescuer should make a controlled ascent to the first decompression stop, maintaining a slight pressure on the diver's chest to assist exhalation.
 * If the casualty regains control, the divers should continue the ascent with appropriate decompression. (omitted by Thalmann)
 * If the diver remains incapacitated, the rescuer should surface them at a moderate rate, establish an airway and treat for symptomatic decompression illness. (omitted by Thalmann)
 * If additional buoyancy is required, the rescuer should inflate the casualty's buoyancy compensator. The rescuer should not release their own weight belt or inflate their own buoyancy.
 * On reaching the surface, the casualty's life jacket should be inflated, if not already done.
 * When surfaced and buoyant, the casualty's mouthpiece should be removed if still in place, and in the case of a rebreather, the dive/surface valve should be switched to "surface" setting to prevent the loop from flooding and weighing down the casualty.
 * The rescuer should signal for emergency pickup. (Recreational divers may not have this option.)
 * he rescuer should check whether the casualty is breathing, and start rescue ventilation if necessary.
 * If an upward excursion occurred during the actual convulsion, the casualty should be transported to the nearest available chamber and be evaluated by a person competent to recognize and treat diving-related illness.
 * If a diver convulses, the breathing apparatus should be immediately flushed with a gas of lower oxygen content, if possible. (This is only appropriate with rebreathers, full-face masks with more than one gas supply connected, or with surface supply.)
 * If depth control is possible, and airway and gas supply is secure (helmet or full face mask), the diver's depth should be kept constant until the convulsion subsides.
 * If an ascent takes place it should be done as slowly as possible. (To some extent this is incompatible with the need to get the victim to a place where treatment is possible.)
 * If a diver surfaces unconscious because of an oxygen convulsion or to avoid drowning, the diver must be treated as if suffering from arterial gas embolism.

Thalmann further commented that a full face mask is desirable for use with high oxygen mixes, as it allows the diver to be kept at depth until the convulsion subsides, and that a diver who loses the mouthpiece must be surfaced as they will try to take a breath when the convulsion stops, and on open circuit, that as long as the diver has the mouthpiece in place and is breathing, it should be left until the diver can be removed from the water, but should be removed on the surface if rescue breathing is necessary and possible. Furthermore, the main goal while the diver is in the water is to prevent drowning, and secondarily ensure that the airway is open after the convulsion stops by keeping the neck extended.

2012 UHMS recommendations
The Diving Committee of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society reviewed the procedures for rescuing a submerged unresponsive compressed-gas diver and published their recommendations in 2012.

 * When an unresponsive diver is found the rescuer should assess the security of the airway by checking if the mouthpiece or full-face mask is in place.
 * If the mouthpiece is in place, it should be retained in position. If not, it should be replaced if the divers are in an overhead environment and the casualty cannot be surfaced without delay.
 * If the airway appears secure and the diver is convulsing, the rescuer should wait until the convulsions subside before surfacing the casualty.
 * The rescuer must decide whether their own ascent would be unacceptably hazardous. If they decide they cannot surface immediately, they should make the casualty buoyant and let them float to the surface, where there may be some chance of rescue.
 * If the rescuer decides they can surface without excessive risk, they should keep the casualty's head in a neutral position and surface the casualty in the way that is recommended by their training agency.
 * once surfaced the rescuer should ensure that the casualty is buoyant and face-up.
 * If immediate assisted removal from the water is possible, this should be done, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) started if indicated.
 * If immediate removal from the water is not possible, the rescuer should give two rescue breaths, then assess whether surface assistance is less than 5 minutes away.
 * If surface assistance is within 5 minutes, either by waiting or by towing, the casualty should be towed or given further rescue breaths while waiting.
 * If surface support is more than 5 minutes away, the rescuer should give rescue breaths foe about a minute, and the tow the casualty without further rescue breaths to the nearest surface support.
 * The casualty should then be removed from the water and given CPR if indicated.

2019 NATO simplified protocol
The Medical Panel of the NATO Underwater Diving Working Group (UDWG) examined the procedure for management of a convulsing diver using a half-mask and separate mouthpiece at depth. They considered that the guidance for this very rare situation should be simple, clear, and easy to follow. They concluded that the available evidence to support delaying surfacing until the clonic phase of oxygen toxicity convulsions dissipated was insufficient, that the probability of complete airway obstruction during a seizure was low, and that the survivability of pulmonary barotrauma was relatively high. Effective management of the airway would be necessary and difficult underwater, and it would be difficult to train divers sufficiently to reliably manage this type of event. They recommended that military divers should be recovered directly to the surface without delay, and that civilian diver training organisations should consider whether this guidance would also be suitable for their use.

Making the casualty buoyant on the surface
Once the casualty has been brought to the relative safety of the surface, it is important that the casualty does not accidentally sink again. The usual methods of making the diver positively buoyant are to:
 * inflate the buoyancy compensator. This is a routine surfacing drill in some training schemes.
 * inflate the drysuit, if one is being worn. The gas in a dry suit is not very secure; it can easily escape from seals and vents. Also, excess gas in the suit tends to make the legs buoyant causing the diver mobility problems.
 * drop weights.

Divers who are out of air will probably not be able to inflate their buoyancy compensator or drysuit using the normal and simple technique of pressing the direct feed injection valve. If their equipment allows it, and this is almost always the case, they may be able to inflate these devices orally or use an integrated gas cylinder (if fitted).

Attracting help
At this stage in the rescue immediate help is desirable. An immediate call or signal for help may take very little time to get the attention of potential assistance. However, if this fails, the survival of the casualty should be attended to, by artificial ventilation if necessary.

Very often, the only people that can provide that help are nearby boat users and people on the shore. Unless the emergency services are very close by or the rescue is beyond the capability of the local rescuers, they will not be on the scene quick enough to be able to provide help. Often with a small group of rescuers the emergency services can only be contacted after the highest priority job of getting the casualty is out of the water has taken place.

Often the rescue can be quickened if a boat can come to the casualty rather than a rescuer having to tow the casualty to safety. Once at the surface, using many rescuers becomes feasible; they can communicate and co-operate to make the rescue more efficient.

Methods of attracting help include shouting, waving a straight arm, flag or surface marker buoy, blowing a whistle, flashing or swinging a torch/flashlight at night, or using a strobe at night. Cylinder powered, high-pressure gas whistles may be effective even over the sound of engines.

Carrying out artificial ventilation in the water
If the casualty is not breathing, it is possible to sustain respiration or even restart it by artificial ventilation (AV) at the surface of the water.

It may be difficult for the rescuer to assess breathing, but it is more likely that this would fail to indicate shallow breathing than a false positive, and as there is little risk of harm from an attempt to administer rescue breathing when it is not needed, there is no reason to not administer AV if there is any suspicion that the casualty in not breathing.

Methods of in-water AV vary depending on diver training organization:

The BSAC technique works like this:
 * the casualty and rescuer are buoyant
 * the rescuer is positioned at the side of the casualty's head facing the ear
 * the rescuer extends the casualty's neck and closes the mouth by lifting the chin with one hand
 * the rescuer pushes the casualty's far shoulder upwards with the other hand causing the head to twist towards the rescuer
 * the rescuer makes a seal over the casualty's nose using the rescuer's mouth and exhales to fill the casualty's lungs
 * the rescuer aims to do 10 inflations per minute if stationary, 2 inflations every 15 seconds if towing

It is not possible to provide effective cardiac compression in the water, and it is also unlikely to reliably identify cardiac arrest in the water.

Towing the casualty
If the casualty is incapacitated or exhausted, help is needed to move the casualty to safety. Towing is time-consuming and will exhaust the rescuer, especially in rough water, currents, or if the rescuer is wearing high-drag equipment such as a drysuit or carrying bulky equipment.

It may be possible to avoid a tow by using a boat to pick up the casualty and rescuer. Alternatively, ropes thrown to the rescuer can be used to pull the pair towards safety.

Removing the casualty from the water
Urgently lifting an injured or incapacitated casualty from the water is a significant problem especially where there are few rescuers, the sea is rough, the boat has high sides or the rescuers on the shore cannot get in or close to the water to help.

Ropes and webbing can be very useful, but some precautions are need:
 * avoid looping the rope so that it goes round the chest, preventing breathing, or the neck, causing asphyxia.
 * when near boats, keep the minimum rope in the water to prevent fouling propellers
 * the minimum safe diameter is 12 mm, 1/2 inch. The rope should be doubled to increase the area of contact and reduce the lifting pressure on the casualty.

"Purbuckling" (or parbuckling) can be used to lift a casualty from the water up a vertical surface such as a high sided boat, pontoon or a jetty. For a 1.5 metre lift, a length of rope of at least 4 metres / 13 feet is needed. The casualty is brought horizontally alongside. A rescuer in the water with the casualty takes the loop of rope under the casualty and passes it back to two rescuers at the top of the vertical face. The loop of rope is positioned so that in passes outside the arms between the shoulder and elbow and around the outside of the legs between the knee and the hip. The two rescuers on land secure the end of the loop that they control by standing heavily on it with one foot. They both pull on the central part of the loop rolling the casualty up the surface taking care to co-ordinate the tension so that the casualty remains horizontal and that the rope remains in position on the casualty's arms and thighs. A rescuer should take care that the casualty's head and neck are not injured during the lift.

An alternative method of lifting the casualty using a rope is to pass the rope under an arm, around the back and under the other arm. The casualty is lifted vertically. There is a risk of spine damage by bending if the casualty is positioned with their back to the vertical surface and the rescuers pull the casualty's shoulders in board before lifting the lower end of the torso over top of the vertical surface.

Commercial divers generally wear a safety harness with lifting points, which simplifies the attachment of equipment for lifting the casualty, and if they are using a lifeline or umbilical, it would be strong enough to lift the diver out of the water.

Recreational and technical diver harnesses are generally unsuited and unsafe for lifting a casualty.

A proper spine board or rescue stretcher is far more suitable, but not often available.

Providing first aid
If the casualty is not breathing artificial respiration must be provided continuously. It is more likely to succeed if it is started promptly. If the casualty is showing no signs of circulation, chest compression is needed. See main article: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

If the casualty has injuries the rescuers will need to provide first aid and prepare the casualty to be transported to professional medical help. See main article: first aid.

In the developed world, transporting a diving casualty to hospital or a recompression chamber may be as simple as contacting the marine emergency services, generally by using marine VHF radio, telephone or a distress signal, and arranging a lifeboat or helicopter. If a diving injury such as decompression sickness is suspected, the success of recompression therapy as well as a decrease in the number of recompression treatments required has been shown if first aid oxygen is given within four hours after surfacing. In other parts of the world and particularly in remote locations, it may be difficult to quickly arrange reliable emergency medical transport and treatment; good insurance and self-reliance are needed. In-water recompression is a high-risk alternative that may be useful in locations where the casualty would not survive the journey to the nearest recompression chamber due to its distance.

Rescue involving a decompression obligation
The rescuer is primarily responsible for their own safety, and is expected to complete all personal decompression obligations. This may in some cases involve sending an unresponsive victim to the surface by making them positively buoyant while the rescuer completes their decompression.

Where a decompression chamber is available on site, it may be deemed appropriate to surface the divers and recompress following surface decompression schedules, which can be extended to a treatment schedule if symptoms of decompression sickness manifest. This decision should be made by a diving medical practitioner qualified to advise on hyperbaric treatment. Sometimes this is not practicable and the diving supervisor will make the call guided by the operations manual and relevant code of practice.

Saturation divers cannot be decompressed to surface at acceptable risk, and must remain under pressure during first aid and further medical treatment.

Rescue of divers from a disabled bell
If a closed bell cannot be sealed, it cannot be safely retrieved to the surface. Recovery of saturation divers in such a case can be done by lowering another bell close to the disabled bell and transferring the divers through the water to the rescue bell, which is then sealed and recovered and locked on to the surface chamber in the normal way, after which the empty bell can be lifted by whatever means are available, for repair. A similar procedure may be used if for any reason the bell cannot be lifted.

In the case of an open bell that cannot be raised the divers will abandon the bell by a method which depends on the type of bell. A wet bell which does not have a bell umbilical is the simple case as the divers are supplied direct from the surface through individual umbilicals which pass through the bell. The divers simply pass through the bell following their umbilicals and ascend to the surface assisted by the surface tenders. Any decompression required can be done in the water, or if there is a suitable hoist, surface decompression in a chamber may be practicable. If the divers are using excursion umbilicals supplied from the bell, they may not be long enough to reach the surface, and it may be necessary for the surface standby diver to meet them in the water and switch them over to umbilicals directly supplied from the surface.

Rescue of saturation divers
Rescue of saturation divers may be necessary in several possible scenarios:
 * A diver working at the bottom may need to be recovered to the bell by the bellman
 * The divers on a bell run may be stuck at the bottom because it is not possible to lift the bell. This is unlikely as there are usually alternative methods of lifting available.
 * The divers may be unable to get the bell to seal and hold pressure at the end of the dive.
 * The divers in the saturation system may be in danger from an uncontrollable hazard such as fire or imminent sinking of the platform

Any rescue of saturation divers is logistically complicated by the absolute barrier that they must remain at or very near their saturation pressure at all times until they can be decompressed according to a suitable saturation decompression schedule. This means that they must transfer from whatever environment they occupy at the time of the emergency, to a place of safety at effectively the same pressure at all stages. First aid and urgent medical treatment must also be done in the hyperbaric environment. It is not practicable to decompress from saturation outside of a hyperbaric chamber, as the decompression generally takes several days.

Rescue of a diver and recovery to the bell by the bellman is relatively straightforward, and much like the case for a wet bell. Hoisting tackle is provided to lift the casualty into the bell through the hatch, using the lifting points on the harness, and the bell can be partially flooded to assist with buoyancy. Once both divers are back in the bell, and the umbilicals stowed, the bell can be sealed and lifted while first aid is administered, and the divers transferred to the accommodation chambers for further treatment by the diving medical technician under instructions from the hyperbaric physician.

Rescue from a disabled bell usually involves another bell capable of the same depth. Divers will generally transfer between bells at or near the bottom at ambient pressure. It is possible in some circumstances to use a bell as a rescue chamber to transport divers from one saturation system to another. This may require temporary modifications to the bell, and is only possible if the mating flanges of the systems are compatible. Rescue from a saturation system in imminent danger is generally known as hyperbaric evacuation, and generally makes use of a hyperbaric lifeboat or rescue chamber to transport the divers and a hyperbaric reception facility where divers can be decompressed and treated in relative comfort.

Evacuation of a single diver who is medically stable, or a single diver with an attendant, may be possible using a hyperbaric stretcher or a small portable chamber if the duration of the trip is short, the pressure is suitable and the mating flanges are compatible.

Precautions during the rescue
Rescuers should not take unacceptable risks; any rescuers who become casualties themselves may jeopardise the rescue of the original casualty particularly as many of the emergency resources available at dive site, such as rescue manpower, first aid oxygen, underwater time and gas are generally in short supply.

Conscious casualties may panic and put the rescuer's safety at risk particularly when the rescuer approaches a casualty in or under the water. It may be possible to avoid contacting a panicked casualty by throwing a rope or buoyancy aid and encouraging the casualty to help themself. If contact must be made, the rescuer should try to approach the casualty from a direction that presents least risk to the rescuer, such as from behind. Alternatively, the rescuer may need to wait until the casualty is incapacitated before approaching.

Incident management
In a professional diving operation, management of any rescue or other emergency is the responsibility of the diving supervisor. In a recreational scenario, it may be the responsibility of the Instructor, dive-master or boat skipper, if professionally involved. In many recreational incidents there is no specific person responsible for the safety of others, and a rescue is often managed by the person best able to deal with the situation on site.

When the rescue involves a group of people, co-ordination is needed to make it quick and effective. This may be carried out by the skipper of the boat, if diving is taking place from a boat, or by a diver. Some training agencies offer courses to prepare divers for such as role, for example BSAC's Practical Rescue Management course.

Equipment
Diver rescue may involve equipment used underwater and equipment used in the recovery of the diver from the water and subsequent first aid and transportation to a suitable medical facility.
 * Rescue tether: Surface supplied standby divers and bellmen may carry a short length of rope with a clip on each end to support a disabled diver from the rescuer's harness, to allow the rescuer the use of both hands during the recovery to the bell or the surface.
 * Oxygen administration equipment:Administration of 100% oxygen at the surface is indicated as first aid for a large range of diving related conditions, and is not, as a general rule, contraindicated for any person medically fit to dive. If the diver is conscious and breathing spontaneously without difficulty, a demand regulator supply is convenient and economical of the gas supply. A demand valve can deliver about 95% oxygenWith a well-sealed mask. Non-rebreather masks provide a constant high flow rate of oxygen, usually from 10 to 15 litres per minute, which can be manually set to just sufficient to prevent the reservoir bag from emptying on the average inhalation. For casualties who are not breathing spontaneously, or who are breathing with difficulty, Bag-valve masks and manually triggered ventilators may be used to administer positive-pressure ventilation. Effectiveness of all delivery systems depends on a good seal between the administration mask and the casualty's face. Nasal cannulas provide inspired oxygen fractions only slightly more than air, and are not of much benefit to injured divers. Air breaks are not necessary to avoid oxygen toxicity at surface pressure.
 * Emergency oxygen supply: Sufficient oxygen to provide two divers with 100% oxygen at 15 litres per minute for long enough to reach further supplies of oxygen is standard equipment for commercial diving operations under the Scientific and Inshore codes of Practice in South Africa.
 * Extrication and transportation equipment: An injured diver may need to be removed from the water in an inconvenient place, and special equipment such as a stretcher, spine board, high-angle rescue equipment or recovery slings may be required to get the casualty to a place more suitable for first aid, or to a vehicle for transportation to medical facilities.

Emergency services
Coast guard and sea rescue services, ambulance and paramedic services, mountain rescue services etc. may be involved in the later stages of a diver rescue operation.

Rescuers and training
In recreational diving, the urgency of the rescue and the remoteness of dive sites mean that professional rescuers rarely take part in diver rescues. Other divers at the scene become rescuers.

As the immediate in-water rescuer is often the diver's own buddy, recreational diver training agencies often teach rescue techniques in intermediate-level diver training courses; examples are the PADI Rescue Diver, the BSAC Sport Diver and the DIR Rebreather Rescue courses.

Professional divers are usually trained in diver rescue for the modes of diving they are certified in, as part of the work of a professional diver is as stand-by diver to the working diver. The level and quality of training and required skill for certification may vary depending on the jurisdiction and relevant code of practice. During professional diving operations there will usually be a competent diver on stand-by at the surface control point, or in the water with the working diver, or both. The surface stand-by diver should be ready for immediate deployment for a rescue if this is deemed necessary by the diving supervisor, who is responsible for the safety of the dive team and for managing a rescue. Appropriate equipment based on the operational hazards and risk should be available on site. The bellman is the in-water standby diver in wet and dry bell operations.

title: Diver rescue


text:
User talk:Whisper555

Hey Whisper

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title: User talk:Whisper555