text:
Template talk:World War II

Some reformatting
Have tried some reformatting in effort to halt template's growing width. In order to preserve chronology, "principal co-belligerents" now shown by italics – but (1) am not sure that their positions are correct; and (2) not sure if Brazil/Czechoslovakia/Vietnam/Thailand qualify as "principal" co-belligerents (or "major" participants)...? Will add "• Others" to end of each list (duplicating links to Axis and Allies provided by these subheadings, but folk might not notice/respond to these instances). Hope nothing unacceptable has crept in. Regards, David Kernow (talk) 15:52, 1 June 2007 (UTC) Это пиздеж блять! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.88.4.54 (talk) 21:09, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Further amendments
Regards, David Kernow (talk) 04:50, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) If Japan to be listed under 1937, then China also.
 * 2) In light of the Czech resistance to Nazi occupation article, have removed Czechoslovakia from "Major participants"/"co-belligerents" list and included it in a "Resistance movements" section. This section probably needs some further (non-European) additions.

 * One question - what makes Brazil a co-belligerents and not a participant? 96T 11:26, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Good question. I earlier wrote: "Brazil patrolled parts of the Atlantic and sent a division (Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB)) to Italy where they liberated parts of the Po valley." It sems to me that Brazil was an active ally. Folks at 137 12:40, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for spotting; have amended accordingly. Regards, David (talk) 18:47, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Winter War
Can anybody point here how Winter War is related to WWII?--Dojarca 23:07, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe you should read Winter War article more carefully? I guess that Winter War is far enough for including Winter War as a part of WWII? Piotr Mikołajski 10:14, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Free France / Vichy France issue
there's a problem with france since there was two france each one with its own flag and leader. looking at the current article its like vichy france never existed, but it did! vichy french fought the russians in the eastern front through the SS division charlemagne and LVF, they fought the thai then the japanese in french indochina, they fought the allies in africa and maghreb. this had to be mentioned like you have done with the smaller country that is finland! Paris By Night 01:21, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

British Crown Colonies
I see that British Crown Colonies like India are not even mentioned in the template. Either the entry of UK should be changed to the British Empire, or it should carry a note saying "includes British Crown Colonies", or a separate entry should be made for India.

Timeline 1941
Whilst the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran is included in the timeline in 1941 the other elements to the Middle East Campaign are not (ref the "invisible" Vichy French mentioned above). Perhaps it would be appropriate if the Iran line was substituted with a link to the Middle East campaign with text to indicate all the elementse.g. Iraq, Lebanon, Syria & Iran that is Iraq, Lebanon, Syria & Iran.

Also I think the East African Campaign should be included. This was a very serious and tough campaign with the equivalent of five plus divisions of infantry on each side - as big as the early campaigns in North Africa. Stephen Kirragetalk - contribs 17:20, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Timeline 1942/43
The Guadalcanal campaign actually happened more in 1942 (August-December) than it did 1943 (January-February) so I moved it to 42 which could stand the addition. In it's original place I linked the rest of the Solomon Islands campaign which for the most part took place in 1943. Anynobody 08:28, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

RSI
The RSI was a member of the Axis as such from 1943 - 1945, with its own Government, Capital and Military units. The template is about the MEMBERS of the Axis and the RSI was a member of the Axis as such. The RSI emerged out of the Kingdom of Italy, which entered the war in 1940. The head of the RSI was the same as the head of the Fascist State within the Kingdom of Italy. But its entry can also be specified to 1943. Daufer

 * It has to be specified in 1943, in 1940 there was just Italy and the RSI didn't even exist yet. Frankly since the Free French aren't listed on the Allies side I don't see why the RSI should be listed on the Axis. Anynobody 22:24, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Ok, than it will be specified to 1943. Mussolini never signed the armistice, and when he was liberated, he and several loyal generals reestablished the fascist regime, in the north of the Gustav line with the help of the Nazi regime. But the RSI had the Same heads, same racial laws, same currency, same ideology, same politics as the Fascist Kingdom of Italy before. As for your strange comparison. 1. The RSI was the RSI and Free France was Free France, whats the connection? 2. Unlike the Trieste province and South Tyrol which were annexed by Germany, and under German control, the RSI remained independent. And was, as a state, a member of the Axis from 43 - 45. The RSI had its own Government, Capital and Military Units. If this was the same case with Free France and the Allies, than Free France should be added to the members of the Allies from its entrance - the end of war.

Whether it was a puppet state or not, doesnt matter, because it was a state nonetheless. And it was a member of the Axis, as that state, the RSI. Its actually really simple. Daufer

Archiving
Hi guys, I have archived old discussions here: Archive 01. It was surely high time... My regards, --Dna-Dennistalk - contribs 01:00, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Compression, anyone?
While I admire the great work & effort that has been put into this template, I nevertheless have some concerns. I created this template once, and as the absent father, I weep a little for my child which seems to suffer from serious elephantiasis... :)

As I said before, the idea was not that this template should serve as an exhaustive or detailed list on various WW2 matters, but only as a jump-off point to WW2 main topics. I talked about this one year ago here : Compression needed!.

Therefore, I recommend that this template gets thoroughly scrutinized.

As a starter I'd say:

 * Nuke all the individual resistance movements. Link only to Resistance during World War II.

 * Nuke many of the events in the timeline. Keep only very, very important ones. For a starter, go for 3 or 4 for each year.

 * 1940: nuke British Somaliland, Occupation of Baltic states, Bessarabia and Bukovina, Invasion of Indochina, Invasion of Greece.

 * 1941: nuke Invasion of Yugoslavia, Middle East, Siege of Leningrad.

 * 1942: nuke Operation Torch.

 * 1943: nuke End in Africa, replace Invasion of Sicily, Invasion of Italy with Italian Campaign, label it as "Invasion of Italy".

 * 1944: nuke Cassino and Anzio, Battle of Romania, Liberation of Paris, Operation Market Garden.

Don't worry about "things being left out" - things will always be left out, no matter how hard we try. After all, it's a starting point, and there are links to the different theaters at the top of the template, and to List of military engagements of World War II.

Yes, I'm harsh. But sometimes a father has to be. :) My regards, --Dna-Dennistalk - contribs 14:16, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that the list needs to be trimmed. I'm not an expert here, but I believe the invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece and the Siege of Leningrad were more important that the Phoney War and Operation Weserübung, which it seems you're going to keep. If the list of resistance movements is removed, Czechoslovakia and perhaps Ethiopia should be placed in the main combatant list. 96T 17:21, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with you regarding PhoneyWar/Leningrad, but my personal point was that I'd like to see 3-4 important events each year, without comparing their importance ouside the scope of a year. As for Weserübung/Greece: hmmm...not sure, Norwegian harbors, Swedish iron ore...tricky. Believe me, I hate to remove stuff. But my starters was just me being semi-bold...and it was a little quickie to get some discussions. Regards, --Dna-Dennistalk - contribs 17:32, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

The above suggestions are a good start. I have just added some more Asia/Pacific battles, as I found the list very Eurocentric. I think all of those added are significant, in particular Burma campaign (for duration and forces), Operation Cartwheel (Allied master plan for the South Pacific from 1943) and Battle of the Philippine Sea (the death of the Japanese aircraft carrier fleet) and a significant proportion of its air power. Grant |  Talk  20:11, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

RSI
Just a few words. I'm the anonymous user who engaged an edit war with user Daufer on the presence of the RSI in the list of the Axis states. You can find our discussion here. I'm going to do a last revert, and never more. The main reasons because I cancelled RSI from the list is that its military relevance is negligible and is already included in "others". If you want, continue the discussion. Bye, 87.14.234.106 14:47, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I realize it's far too late, but leaving a discussion never solves anything. Jmlk  1  7  02:41, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Kingdom of Italy
- 10th June 1940 : Kingdom of Italy enters WWII - 9th July 1943 : Allied Landing in Sicily - 25th July 1943 : General Badoglio and the King VE III overthrow Mussolini and Arrest him - 17th August 1943 : Allies conquer all of Sicily - 3rd September 1943 : Allies begin invasion of Italy, Axis retreat to Volturno Line - 8th September 1943 : The Kingdom of Italy sign the Armistice (Joining the Allies and declaring war on Germany) - 10th September 1943 : Germans take control of all Italy North of the Volturno Line; The King flees to the Allies - 12th September 1943 : Germans liberate Mussolini - 13th September 1943 : The Allies and the King create the Kingdom of the South with capital at Bari - 23rd September 1943 : The Italian Social Republic (RSI) is proclaimed and ruled by Mussolini - 23rd September 1943 : Badoglio (Kingdom of Italy) signs the formal documents of surrender with General Eisenhower aboard Nelson off Malta

The Kingdom of Italy was an Allied member for 2 days. The Kingdom of the South (a state put up by the allies in already allied territory) remained with the allies - end of war. Daufer —Preceding comment was added at 06:27, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Can you provide any source for this "Kingdom of the South"? Certainly the territory under the control of the allies was the southern part, but I can find no evidence that the Royal government did not claim to be the legitimate government of all Italy. In the meantime I am reverting what is, because of the template layout, a fairly messy edit. --Michael Johnson 08:39, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Literature about the Regno Del Sud (Kingdom of the South) is: Königreich des Südens : Italien 1943/44 / E. R. Rosen. Goltze, 1988-90 -  Regno del Sud / S. Bertoldi  -  The Italian Anti-Fascist Resistance in Retrospect: Three Decades of Historiography / Charles F. Delzell  -  Mussolini's Last Republic Propaganda and Politics in the Italian Social Republic / Luisa Quartermaine. I-Net source from A. Gasperi Foundation http://www.fondazionedegasperi.it/Inglese/page.asp?IDCategoria=782&IDSezione=4511&ID=91749 Daufer —Preceding comment was added at 08:51, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid I didn't read it like that. The internet source seems to me to use the term "Kingdom of the South" as a nickname to contrast it to RSI in the north, both of which I presume claimed to be the legitimate government of Italy, not governments of separate northern and southern states. In any case the point is technical, and hardly appropriate for a template. Perhaps you would be better off taking it to History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. --Michael Johnson 09:17, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Japan and China
I think we should remove "1937 invasion of China", because the war starts in 1939. 96.229.179.106 (talk) 04:17, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The war between Japan and China started in 1937, and is usually considered to be part of WW2. --Michael Johnson (talk) 04:24, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Yeah! But in the timeline of World War II, it only has from 1939 onward. 96.229.179.106 (talk) 22:11, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * That article does not mention the Japanese-Chinese conflict at all, apart from where American forces are involved. Overall the article tends to take an euro-centric view of the war. Problems with one article should not influence the attempts to improve another. --Michael Johnson (talk) 23:36, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This is simply not true. There are 28 items on the timeline referencing the conflict in China. Eight of them are before US involvement in the War on December 8 1941. The entries referencing the US in China are relatively sparse amongst the remaining entries. You can drag in all sorts of conflicts into the grander heading WWII. Italy's campaign in Abyssinia, the Spanish Civil War, the Winter War. Some argue that WWII only ended with the fall of the Soviet Union. Others argue that 1914-1918 & 1919-1945 were the same conflict. Stephen Ambrose argues both. However - the generally accepted convention is that WWII began with the Invasion of Poland in 1939. The conflit in China merged into WWII when the Great Powers became involved. In much the same way as the War of Jenkins' Ear merged into the War of Austrian Succession Jooler (talk) 19:15, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree! WWII exactly started in 1939. 96.229.179.106 (talk) 23:10, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Spain?
Any thoughts of adding the Spain to the Axis power section with a link to Spain in World War II? While technically neutral, they did provide manpower and material to Axis war aims. Surv1v4l1st (Talk 17:29, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Neutral is neutral, although for part of the war Spain described itself as a "Non-belligerent"; it also set a (deliberately?) very high bar for its active participation and backed off quickly. Most "neutrals" were partial: Ireland was largely pro-Allies & allowed its citizens to help the war effort and some violations of its territory, etc; Sweden's iron ore was critical to the German war effort; Portugal allowed allied bases on the Canary Islands. I think we have to go with the formal definition, while explaining the nuances. Folks at 137 (talk) 09:16, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Yugoslav resistance
In the resistance section, under countries, Yugoslavia is linked to Yugoslav Partisans, but they were not the sole important resistence movement. During the war, the resistence was divided among the Royalists (article Chetniks), that fought the Germans with the final goal of re-establishing the Monarchy, and the Tito Partisans, that eventually won, and did their best to show the first ones as collaborators. The USA and France condecorated the Monarchists, and it will be fair to have both groups included. Maybe under Yugoslavia:Partisans and Yugoslavia:Royalists. Much effort has been done by one Tito enthusist editor to demonstrate the collaboration of the Royalists, so the article is quite unbalanced, but anyway, they were an important resistence moviment in the country, and that is undoubtible. FkpCascais (talk) 02:42, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Civilian impact / war crimes
Per a comment at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history

The "Civilian impact" section was recently retitled "war crimes", which is reasonable enough - but it does mean that the Bengal Famine of 1943 is now described as a war crime, which is a bit at odds with the usual interpretation. Any idea on how best to restructure this? It's probably worth mentioning the Famine somewhere... Shimgray | talk | 10:57, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

Вот это прикол!

Crimean_Offensive
Why in the box in 1944 Crimean Offensive didn't appear? Stephan from NN (talk) 23:02, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Adding War Memorials to Aftermath ???
Does anyone object if add War Memorials category to the Aftermath section? I will also populate it with links to several WWII memorials around the globe which have Wikipedia articles. Leidseplein (talk) 18:21, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Could you please be more specific? - which articles are you planning to link here? Thanks, Nick-D (talk) 08:08, 4 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Here are some; there are probably more: National Monument (Amsterdam), Monument to the Women of World War II, National World War II Memorial, Poklonnaya Hill, Mamayev Kurgan, then there are the combination cemeteries/memorials such as:
 * Kranji War Cemetery, Groesbeek Canadian War Cemetery, Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial, Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial, and others. Then of course there are the many memorials/cemeteries to both WWI and WWII,   What do you think?Leidseplein (talk) 17:02, 4 April 2011 (UTC)  Also, I'm in the process of writing 3 more articles now on memorials, I hope they can fit in somewhere on the WWII template.   Leidseplein (talk) 17:06, 4 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Here's a much larger list Category:World War II memorials and cemeteries, , ,Leidseplein (talk) 18:41, 4 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It's been a week, does anyone have further concerns about adding a section on WW2 memorials/cemeteries to the WW2 template?
 * Leidseplein (talk) 04:04, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 July 2014 - Finland
We have the dates when Italy switched sides, okay. Then why not adding to the template: Finland, Axis (1940-44), Allies (1944-1945)? I demand it for consistency. --79.8.234.72 (talk) 01:46, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

79.8.234.72 (talk) 01:46, 26 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Finland never joined the UN (until 1955) which was the definition of Ally. It was treated as an enemy country by the US and UK in 1945. Rjensen (talk) 02:37, 26 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: per above. -- Mdann 52   talk to me!  08:22, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

Ally
Countries like Guatemala, Ecuador or Liberia were Allies too. Look all the Allies countries; Allies of World War II. The Template:World War II forget many countries as Allies, why? --Nockayoub (talk) 14:53, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

Add bombs and weaponry?
Where should we put a template that shows the following history, such as the time in Japanese side of WWII, the German side of WWII, etc.? Qwertyxp2000 (talk) 22:34, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

Antonescu
Hello, I have a proposal: How about you also put Marshal Ion Antonescu in the Axis leaders category? I mean, if you put the top 4 Allied leaders, you got to put the Top 4 Axis leaders too, right? And as far as I know, Antonescu was the leader of the 4th most important Axis country, and the third most important in Europe. That empty space below Mussolini just begs to be filled, and Antonescu is the most plausible candidate for that.

Romanian-and-proud (talk) 16:43, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 August 2019
War Crimes list lacks Ukrainian war crimes: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 2A02:A318:813B:6100:C9B6:8941:F84F:144F (talk) 16:48, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
 * ❌, the truth of the matter is that there was a vast number of (possible) war crimes during WWII, take a look at List of war crimes for some. For Poland alone see Category:World War II crimes in Poland. To list them all would probably need a template of this size in itself. This template does list all WWII articles, just the ones that are probably most important. --Jules  (Mrjulesd) 21:38, 23 August 2019 (UTC)

Invasion of Luxembourg is missing
hi i see at the timeline 1940, near the invasion of belgium and the netherlands, luxembourg is missing! Can somebody please insert Luxembourg in that space refering to the article "German invasion of Luxembourg" ? Thank you Letzebuergerr

title: Template talk:World War II


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Marblehill, Georgia

Marblehill is an unincorporated community in Pickens County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

History
The community was named for a marble quarry near the town site. The name sometimes is spelled out as "Marble Hill". A post office was established at Marblehill in 1889. The ZIP Code for Marblehill is 30148

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marblehill, Georgia


text:
Allegheny Energy

Allegheny Energy was an electric utility headquartered in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. It owned and operated electric generation facilities and delivered electric services to customers in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, and Virginia. Allegheny Energy was incorporated in Maryland in 1925 as West Penn Electric Company. One of its predecessor companies dates back to the formation of West Penn Power on January 31, 1907.

The company had three primary businesses: "merchant generation," which operated power plants primarily in Pennsylvania and West Virginia; "transmission expansion;" and "utility operations," consisting of transmission and distribution operations serving 1.6 million customers, primarily in small towns and rural areas.

Allegheny merged with FirstEnergy in February 2011.

Subsidiary companies
Allegheny Energy operated its electric distribution operations under the trade name Allegheny Power. Its regulated subsidiaries were West Penn Power (serving Southwestern and Central Pennsylvania), Monongahela Power ("Mon Power," serving Northern and Southern West Virginia, as well as Hancock and Brooke Counties in the Northern Panhandle), and The Potomac Edison Company (western Maryland, parts of eastern West Virginia, and (until 2010) northern Virginia). The electric generating plants were operated by subsidiary Allegheny Energy Supply Company and Monongahela Power.

In 1999, Monongahela Power purchased the distribution assets of West Virginia Power, a utility owned by UtiliCorp United based in Lewisburg, West Virginia. West Virginia Power's operations were centered on portions of southeastern West Virginia. It is said UtiliCorp sold the subsidiary to concentrate on its main operations in the midwestern US. UtiliCorp had purchased the division from Dominion Resources in 1986, of which it had operated as the West Virginia Power division of Virginia Electric & Power Company (VEPCO).

Allegheny Energy formerly operated in sections of eastern Ohio, until early 2006, when regulatory issues within Ohio forced them to sell the territory to Columbus Southern Power, a division of American Electric Power, Inc.

In 2010, Allegheny officially sold their Virginia service area. Counties west of the Blue Ridge Mountains were purchased by Shenandoah Valley Electric Cooperative of Mount Crawford, Virginia, while counties to the east were sold to Rappahannock Electric Cooperative of Fredericksburg, Virginia.

Merger
In 1997, Allegheny and Duquesne Light Holding Company (DQE) agreed to a $4.3 billion merger with headquarters remaining in Hagerstown, Maryland. However DQE backed out of the deal by 1998.

In February 2010, Allegheny announced plans to merge with FirstEnergy. The merger was completed on February 25, 2011.

Customer service
Allegheny Power was ranked number one in customer satisfaction among utilities in the northeastern United States in 2010, according to TQS Research. The recent recognition marks the sixth consecutive year large commercial and industrial customers rated Allegheny Power the region's top performer.

Southwestern Pennsylvania, excluding the city of Pittsburgh, provided about half of regulated utility revenues.

Environmental policies, practice and record
Allegheny has indicated that its policy is "to produce and distribute electricity in a reliable and responsible manner that protects its personnel, communities, customers, and the environment."

In February 1995, the company signed a participation accord with the United States Department of Energy as a participant in the Climate Challenge Program. Under this accord, Allegheny Energy agreed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions (as carbon dioxide equivalents) by two million tons per year by 2000. Through a series of reduction efforts including demand side management programs, heat-rate, and efficiency improvements on generation equipment, transportation alternatives, and land-use management involving forestation and vegetative sequestration efforts, Allegheny was able to achieve just under 8.5 million tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent reductions. These reductions fulfilled the company's Climate Challenge commitment goal by the calendar year 2000.

Carbon dioxide reduction efforts have continued since 2000, and Allegheny has since recorded another 9 million tons of avoided emissions through continued efficiency improvements, demand-side management measures, and vegetative sequestration.

The company complied with current sulfur dioxide emissions standards through a system-wide plan combining the use of emission controls, low sulfur fuel and emission allowances. Allegheny has taken steps to significantly reduce sulfur dioxide emissions at its generating facilities, investing $1.3 billion to install clean air technology at both the Hatfield's Ferry and Fort Martin power stations. With the addition of scrubbers at these plants, 85 percent of its coal-fired fleet now utilizes the best available controls for reducing sulfur dioxide emissions. Allegheny now has one of the cleanest fleets in the United States with respect to sulfur dioxide. The scrubber projects will also significantly reduce mercury emissions at these power stations.

2005 litigation
In 2005, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Maryland filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania against Allegheny Energy. The suit claimed that Allegheny Energy has made major upgrades at its Armstrong, Hatfield's Ferry, and Mitchell electric generating stations, having dramatically increased emissions without installing new pollution controls required by the Clean Air Act.

A trial was held in 2010. But in the five years that elapsed between the filing of the suit and the trial, the company's sulfur dioxide emissions profile improved significantly. The scrubbers at Fort Martin and Hatfield's Ferry, completed in 2009, removed approximately 95 percent of the sulfur dioxide emissions at those facilities, totaling more than 200,000 tons annually from the two plants. Mercury emissions at the facilities have also dropped significantly as result of the scrubbers. In 2014 the suit was dropped.

At the time the suit was filed, opponents claimed that the plants were emitting thousands of tons of pollution each year, including sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions, which were allegedly wind-blown into New Jersey. They also claimed this causes smog, acid rain, and different respiratory disease. "New Jersey continues to pursue litigation to protect our citizens' health and meet clean air quality standards," Gov. Jon S. Corzine said. "This decision proves that New Jersey can and will pursue action to enforce the Clean Air Act's protections even when the federal government abdicates its own responsibility to do so." The 2005 suit claimed that three plants at issue in the litigation were at the time emitting in total hundreds of thousands of tons of pollutants a year. It also claimed that the three plants were putting out more nitrogen oxide emissions than all the power plants in New Jersey combined and more than three times the total amount of sulfur dioxide emissions emitted by all New Jersey power plants. The 2005 litigation also claimed that the Hatfield's Ferry plant was at that time the fifth largest single source of sulfur dioxide emissions in the country. The suit claimed violations of Pennsylvania's air pollution laws and regulations. New Jersey sought injunctive relief to require Allegheny to reduce its harmful emissions by installing up to date pollution controls at each of the three plants. The states also asked the court to apply penalties and order Allegheny to take additional appropriate actions to make up for the harm done to public health and the environment by its violations of federal and state law.

title: Allegheny Energy


text: User talk:70.21.243.112

title: User talk:70.21.243.112


text:
Benny Benack

Ben E. "Benny" Benack I (August 31, 1921 – July 23, 1986) was at the forefront of the Pittsburgh jazz scene in the 1960s and 1970s. A talented trumpet player, Benack was made famous by his song "Beat'em Bucs" and was a staple at Pittsburgh Pirates and Pittsburgh Steelers games. The Benny Benack Orchestra played the styles of traditional jazz, dixieland, and swing. He was known as the "King of Dixieland" in Pittsburgh for many years.

Biography
Benack was born to Italian immigrant parents in 1921 and grew up in Clairton, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. His father, Charlie, was a self-taught photographer who started out walking from one mill town to another in the Monongahela River valley, his equipment on a donkey, making family portraits and class photographs. Uninterested in following in the photography business, young Benny began playing trumpet at age five, and practiced for six or seven hours a day throughout his childhood.

He was educated in the fine arts department of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon University, where he was friends with jazz composer Sammy Nestico. He also attended the University of Pittsburgh. He played at army bases in Florida and India during World War II, was director of a group of young musicians known as the Dodge Kids, and toured the country with the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra and the Raymond Scott Orchestra. During the late 1950s and '60s, he was an innovative bandleader at Clairton High School, introducing jazz, swing, and high-stepping routines to the marching band's pregame and halftime performances.

Benack died in 1986 of lung cancer.

Personal life
He and his wife Gretchen had three children: Benny "Peek" Benack II, Flip, and Suzie, each of whom had two children of their own. Peek and Flip both live near Pittsburgh with their families, while Suzie moved to upstate New York. Peek continues the family musical tradition as Benny Benack Jr., playing trumpet, clarinet, and saxophone.

Peek's son, Benny Benack III, is following in his grandfather's footsteps as a jazz trumpeter and vocalist, touring the world as an international soloist with such artists as Postmodern Jukebox, Aaron Johnson, Christian McBride, Josh Groban, Isaac Mizrahi, Joey DeFrancesco, and many others. He was featured on the NBC series Maya & Marty as part of the in-house band.

Flip currently owns and operates Benack Sound Productions, an audio/visual production company near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

title: Benny Benack


text: User talk:69.109.236.161

title: User talk:69.109.236.161


text:
Cornell Big Red

The Cornell Big Red is the informal name of the sports and other competitive teams that represent Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. The university sponsors 37 varsity sports, and several intramural and club teams. Cornell participates in NCAA Division I as part of the Ivy League.

The men's and women's ice hockey teams compete in the ECAC Hockey League. Additionally, teams compete in the National Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association, the Collegiate Sprint Football League, the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC), the Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges (EAWRC), the Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association, and the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association (EIWA).

History
Cornell's teams did not have an official name until after 1905, when a recent graduate, Romeyn Berry '04, wrote lyrics for a new football song. The lyrics included the words "the big, red team," and the nickname stuck.

Cornell does not have an official mascot; however, the bear has long been a symbol of Cornell Athletics. In 1915, a live bear named Touchdown first appeared at football games to represent Cornell. The current version, which appears at many of Cornell's sporting events, is a brown bear costume, which replaced the live bear in 1939, that is worn by an undergraduate student; it is referred to as the "Big Red Bear" or by its nickname, "Touchdown." "Red man," a person dressed in a tight red suit, has been seen running up and down the field of men's soccer games.

Cornell's colors, carnelian red and white, date back to the university's Inauguration Day on October 7, 1868.

Many of Cornell's athletic directors have made substantial contributions to collegiate athletics in general, including Romeyn Berry, James Lynah, and Robert Kane.

Big Red sports are covered in the two campus publications, The Cornell Daily Sun and The Cornell Review, and various blogs.

Fight songs
A number of fight songs are associated with Cornell sports teams, such as "The Big Red Team", "Fight for Cornell", and "New Cornell Fight Song", but the one with the longest use and tradition is "Give My Regards to Davy", a song written by three Cornellians in 1904. The song is sung to the tune of George M. Cohan's "Give My Regards to Broadway".

Athletics
The sprint football team has won the CSFL title six times. The men's ice hockey team has been NCAA champion twice, ECAC champion 12 times and Ivy League champion 22 times, and recorded the only undefeated season in NCAA Division I Hockey history in 1970. The men's lacrosse team has been NCAA champion three times and Ivy League champion 29 times. The men's Lightweight rowing team varsity 8+ has won the IRA regatta seven times since 1992 (1992, 2006–08, 2014, 2015 & 2017). The women's polo team has won the National Women's Polo Championship 15 times and the women's hockey team has been Ivy League champion 14 times.

Championship teams

 * Baseball

 * Ivy 1972, 1977, 1979, 1982, 2012
 * EIBL 1939, 1940, 1952, 1972, 1977
 * Men's basketball

 * Ivy 1988, 2008, 2009, 2010
 * Women's basketball

 * Ivy 2008
 * Men's cross country
 * Heptagonal Champions 1939, 1940, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1963, 1993
 * Ivy Champions 1957, 1961, 1963, 1992, 1993
 * Women's cross country
 * Heptagonal Champions 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998, 2011, 2012
 * Football

 * National 1915, 1921, 1922, 1939
 * Ivy 1971, 1988, 1990
 * Sprint football
 * CSFL 1975(Co-Champs), 1978, 1982, 1984(Tri-Champs), 1986(Tri-Champs), 2006
 * Field Hockey
 * Ivy 1991
 * Men's ice hockey

 * NCAA 1967, 1970
 * ECAC (13) 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1980, 1986, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2005, 2010, 2024
 * Ivy (26) 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1977, 1978, 1983*, 1984*, 1985*, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004*, 2005, 2012, 2014, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023, 2024 (*shared title)
 * Ned Harkness Cup 2003, 2005, 2008, 2013
 * Women's ice hockey

 * NCAA Frozen Four 2010, 2011, 2012, 2019
 * ECAC 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014
 * Ivy 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1990, 1996, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2024
 * Men's lacrosse

 * NCAA 1971, 1976, 1977
 * Ivy (32) 1966, 1968, 1969*, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980*, 1981, 1982, 1983*, 1987, 2003*, 2004*, 2005, 2006*, 2007, 2008*, 2009*, 2010*, 2011, 2013, 2014*, 2015*, 2022*, 2023, 2024 (*shared title)
 * Ivy League Tournament Champions 2011, 2018
 * Women's lacrosse
 * Ivy 2006*, 2017* (* shared)
 * Men's polo
 * National 1937, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1992, 2005
 * Women's polo
 * National 1979, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2015, 2016
 * Men's heavyweight crew
 * Cornell's Crews have won more RAAC (12 of 21)(1871–1894) and IRA National Championships (26) than any other university, most recently:
 * IRA National 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1971, 1977, 1981, 1982
 * Eastern Sprints 1956, 1957, 1960, 1963
 * Men's lightweight crew
 * IRA National 1992, 2006, 2007 2008 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019
 * Eastern Sprints 1949, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1992, 2006, 2008, 2014, 2015, 2017
 * Ivy League 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1992, 2006, 2008, 2014, 2015, 2017
 * Women's crew
 * IRA National 1989
 * Men's soccer

 * Ivy 1975, 1977, 1995, 2012
 * Women's soccer
 * Ivy 1987, 1991, 1992
 * Softball
 * Ivy 1999, 2001, 2004, 2009, 2010
 * Men's swimming
 * Ivy 1984 [Co-Champions]
 * Men's tennis
 * Ivy 2011, 2017* (* shared title)
 * Men's track
 * Indoor Heptagonal Champions 1953, 1955, 1958, 1977, 1978, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014
 * Outdoor Heptagonal Champions 1939, 1951, 1955, 1958, 1978, 1985, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 2014, 2016
 * Women's track
 * Indoor Heptagonal Champions 1991, 1995, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
 * Outdoor Heptagonal Champions 1991, 1992, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013
 * Volleyball
 * Ivy 1991, 1992, 1993, 2004, 2005, 2006
 * Men's wrestling

 * EIWA champions 1910, 1912–1917, 1922, 1923, 1926, 1930, 1958, 1992, 1993, 2007-2017, 2022, 2023, 2024
 * Ivy League champions (43) 1957–1960, 1962–1966, 1973, 1974, 1983, 1984, 1987–1993, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2003–2019, 2022, 2023, 2024
 * NCAA Runner-up 2010, 2011

Other teams
Men's Squash
 * Equestrian
 * Gymnastics
 * Men's Golf
 * Men's Swimming and Diving
 * Women's Fencing
 * Women's Squash
 * Women's Swimming and Diving

Club teams

 * Alpine Skiing
 * Cornell University Men's Fencing Club
 * Women's Club Ultimate Team
 * Cornell University Figure Skating Club
 * Men's Club Volleyball Team
 * Men's Club Ultimate Team
 * Cornell University Rowing Club
 * Cornell University Rugby Football Club (men's)
 * Cornell Women's Rugby Football Club
 * Cornell Men's Club Swim Team
 * Cornell Women's Club Swim Team

Facilities
The football, lacrosse, and sprint football teams play in Schoellkopf Field, which has a capacity of 25,597. The ice hockey teams play in Lynah Rink, which has a capacity of 4,267. The Cornell men's wrestling team competes at the Friedman Wrestling Center with a capacity of 1,100. Cornell soccer teams play on Charles F. Berman Field on the southeast side of campus. In August 2000, the bleachers and lights were completed, with a capacity of over 1,000. Field hockey plays on Marsha Dodson Field. The Cornell Men's and Women's Track and Field Teams compete in Barton Hall, a converted military hangar, for indoor track, and the Robert J. Kane sports complex for outdoor track. There are also facilities about 2 miles east of campus that has multiple uses, but it is mainly used by the Cornell men's soccer team for practice. Other campus facilities include a Robert Trent Jones (a Cornell alumnus) designed golf course, baseball's Hoy Field, the Niemand•Robison Softball Field, the Oxley Equestrian Center, and numerous fields and gymnasiums. Some of the athletic playing fields along Tower Road are known as the "Alumni Fields" because the Cornell Alumni Association funded the grading and development of these fields in exchange for a promise that they would remain in perpetuity. A subsequent land swap resulted in giving the Agriculture College building sites at the east end of the fields in exchange for the site of what became Schoellkopf Field and Hoy Field. The Alumni Fields became the site of an underground Synchrotron Laboratory.

Since the 1970s, several of the fields were used as sites for new biology buildings and were replaced by new fields along Jessup Road. Today, facilities are spread around campus with tennis courts and basketball courts located near a number of dormitories. In addition, the athletics department operates Helen Newman Hall (formerly the women's athletics building) and Noyes Center as remote fitness facilities.

The men's and women's crew programs are housed in the John Collyer Class of 1917 Boathouse and Doris B. Robison Boathouse on Cayuga Inlet. Both boathouses underwent an $8 million renovation in 2011.

Rivalries
Cornell maintains informal athletic rivalries with other collegiate institutions. Cornell's principal rival is Harvard. The men's ice hockey team has a historic rivalry with Harvard, which dates back to 1910 and includes many championship meetings. The Cornell-Harvard ice hockey rivalry was highlighted in the 1970 novel Love Story and its film adaptation. Following tradition, when Harvard plays the men's ice hockey team at Cornell's Lynah Rink, some Big Red fans throw fish on the ice. A historic rivalry with Boston University, dating back to when Cornell and Boston University played in ECAC Hockey before the creation of Hockey East, is maintained by biennial games at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan, dubbed "Red Hot Hockey," on Thanksgiving weekend.

Cornell and the University of Pennsylvania are long-time rivals in football, having played each other in 122 games since their first meeting in 1893, representing the fifth most-played rivalry in college football. Cornell's football series against both the University of Pennsylvania and Dartmouth College are tied for second longest uninterrupted college football match-ups in history, both dating back to 1919. Cornell and Penn play for the Trustees Cup. They are only surpassed by the Lehigh-Lafayette series, which is uninterrupted since 1897.

In polo, the men's and women's teams maintain rivalries with the University of Virginia and the University of Connecticut.

For men's lacrosse, Cornell and Princeton University have historically been the perennial favorites in the Ivy League and the Princeton game is usually the most anticipated Ivy-game. Fellow upstate schools Syracuse University and Hobart are also considered Cornell's lacrosse rivals.

In women's equestrian, Skidmore College is an ongoing rival.

title: Cornell Big Red


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title: User talk:165.228.73.119


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The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate

The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate is an American newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana. Ancestral publications of other names date back to January 25, 1837. The current publication is the result of the 2019 acquisition of The Times-Picayune (which was the result of the 1914 union of The Picayune with the Times-Democrat) by the New Orleans edition of The Advocate in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

The Times-Picayune was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 2006 for its coverage of Hurricane Katrina. Four of The Times-Picayune 's staff reporters also received Pulitzers for breaking-news reporting for their storm coverage. The paper funded the Edgar A. Poe Award for journalistic excellence, which was presented annually by the White House Correspondents' Association from 1990 to 2019.

History
Established as The Picayune in 1837 by Francis Lumsden and George Wilkins Kendall, the paper's initial price was one picayune, a Spanish coin equivalent to 6¼¢ (half a bit, or one-sixteenth of a dollar). Under Eliza Jane Nicholson, who inherited the struggling paper when her husband died in 1876, the Picayune introduced innovations such as society reporting (known as the "Society Bee" columns), children's pages, and the first women's advice column, which was written by Dorothy Dix. Between 1880 and 1890, the paper more than tripled its circulation. The paper became The Times-Picayune after merging in 1914 with its rival, the New Orleans Times-Democrat.

From 1947 to 1958, the paper operated a radio station, WTPS, launching first on FM at on January 3, 1947, and adding an AM station at  a year later. WTPS(AM) later moved to. The stations primarily aired music, but also included newscasts drawn from the paper's staff and live broadcasts of local high school, college, and professional sports. Both stations went off the air in 1958.

In 1962, Samuel Irving Newhouse, Sr., bought The Times-Picayune and the other remaining New Orleans daily, the afternoon States-Item. The papers were merged on June 2, 1980 and were known as The Times-Picayune/States-Item (except on Sundays; the States-Item did not publish a Sunday edition) until September 30, 1986.

In addition to the flagship paper, specific community editions of the newspaper are also circulated and retain the Picayune name, such as the Gretna Picayune for nearby Gretna, Louisiana.

The paper is owned by Georges Media, whose chair is John Georges, a New Orleans business owner. In the vernacular of its circulation area, the newspaper is often called the T-P.

Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina became a significant part of The Times-Picayune's history, not only during the storm and its immediate aftermath but for years afterward in repercussions and editorials. As Hurricane Katrina approached on Sunday, August 28, 2005, dozens of the newspaper's staffers who opted not to evacuate rode out the storm in their office building, sleeping in sleeping bags and on air mattresses. Holed up in a small, sweltering interior office space—the photography department—outfitted as a "hurricane bunker," the newspaper staffers and staffers from the paper's affiliated website, NOLA.com, posted continual updates on the internet until the building was evacuated on August 30. With electrical outages leaving the presses out of commission after the storm, newspaper and web staffers produced a "newspaper" in electronic PDF format.

On NOLA.com, meanwhile, tens of thousands of evacuated New Orleans and Gulf Coast residents began using the site's forums and blogs, posting pleas for help, offering aid, and directing rescuers. NOLA's nurturing of so-called citizen journalism on a massive scale was hailed by many journalism experts as a watershed, while several agencies credited the site with leading to life-saving rescues and reunions of scattered victims after the storm.

After deciding to evacuate on Tuesday, August 30, because of rising floodwaters and possible security threats, the newspaper and web staff set up operations at The Houma Courier and in Baton Rouge, on the Louisiana State University campus. A small team of reporters and photographers volunteered to stay behind in New Orleans to report from the inside on the city's struggle, looting, and desperation. They armed themselves for security and worked out of a private residence.

The August 30, August 31, and September 1 editions were not printed, but were available online, as was the paper's breaking news blog:

"Hurricane Katrina struck metropolitan New Orleans on Monday with a staggering blow, far surpassing Hurricane Betsy, the landmark disaster of an earlier generation. The storm flooded huge swaths of the city, as well as Slidell on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain, in a process that appeared to be spreading even as night fell."

- Bruce Nolan

After three days of online-only publication, the paper began printing again, first in Houma, La., and beginning September 15, 2005, in Mobile, Ala.; it resumed publication in New Orleans on October 10, 2005. The paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 2006 for its storm coverage. Several of its staff reporters also received the award for breaking news reporting for their coverage of Hurricane Katrina––Gordon Russell, Jed Horne and Bob Marshall––marking the first time a Pulitzer had been awarded for online journalism.

In a January 14, 2006 address to the American Bar Association Communications Lawyers Forum, Times-Picayune editor Jim Amoss commented on perhaps the most significant challenge that the staff faced then and continued to face as the future of New Orleans is contemplated:

"For us, Katrina is and will be a defining moment of our lives, a story we'll be telling till the day we die. Being a part of the plot is both riveting and deeply unsettling. We don't yet know the end of this story ... It's the story of our lives, and we must both live and chronicle it."

- Jim Amoss

Limited publication dates, launch of The New Orleans Advocate
On May 24, 2012, the paper's owner, Advance Publications, announced that the print edition of the Times-Picayune would be published three days a week (Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday) beginning at the end of September. News of the change was first revealed the night before in a blog post by New York Times media writer David Carr. A new company, NOLA Media Group, was created to oversee both the paper and its website, NOLA.com. Along with the change in its printing schedule, Advance also announced that significant cuts would be coming to the newsroom and staff of the Picayune. A second new company, Advance Central Services Louisiana, was created to print and deliver the newspaper.

The decision to end daily circulation led to protests calling for continued publication for the common good; fifty local businesses wrote an open letter to the Newhouse family, urging them to sell the paper instead since they had stated it was still profitable. An ad hoc group of community institutions and civic leaders, The Times-Picayune Citizens Group, was formed to seek alternatives for the continued daily publication of the newspaper.

In October 2012, The Times-Picayune began publishing its broadsheet paper on Wednesdays, Fridays, and Sundays. Along with the change, the paper began publishing a special tabloid-sized edition following Sunday and Monday New Orleans Saints football games and an "early" Sunday broadsheet edition, available on Saturdays. The thrice-weekly publication schedule made New Orleans the largest American city not to have a daily newspaper, until The Advocate of Baton Rouge began publishing a New Orleans edition each day to fill the perceived gap on August 18, 2013. On June 12, 2012, Advance followed through with its layoff plans, as about 200 Times-Picayune employees (including almost half of the newsroom staff) were notified that they would lose their jobs.

In January 2013, NOLA Media Group moved its news-gathering operation, along with sales, marketing, and other administrative functions, from its building at 3800 Howard Avenue, New Orleans, to offices on the 32nd and 31st floors of the One Canal Place office tower at 365 Canal Street, New Orleans. Advance Central Services Louisiana employees remained at Howard Avenue.

In April 2018, NOLA Media Group moved from the offices at One Canal Place to a newly renovated location at 201 St. Joseph Street, New Orleans. Its news staff, sales and sales support staff, marketing, and other administrative staff now work from the Warehouse District offices, offices in St. Tammany Parish at 500 River Highlands Blvd., Covington, and the existing East Jefferson Times-Picayune Bureau at 4013 N Interstate 10 Service Road W, Metairie.

The Times-Picayune's resumption of daily publication
On April 30, 2013, the paper's publisher announced plans to print a tabloid version of The Times-Picayune, called Times-Picayune Street, on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays, sold only through newsstands and retail locations. The move returned the paper to a daily printing schedule (including the "early" Sunday edition offered at newsstands on Saturdays). The TP Street edition first went on sale Monday, June 24, 2013.

The new edition removed from New Orleans the designation as the largest city in the United States without its own daily newspaper; with The Times-Picayune and the New Orleans edition of The Advocate, the city now has two. However, in reporting its print circulation figures to the Alliance for Audited Media, The Times-Picayune still provides data only for the home-delivery days of Sunday, Wednesday, and Friday.

The paper returned to a full broadsheet format for all editions on September 6, 2014, and ceased using the "TP Street" name. On the same date, NOLA Media Group began publishing "bonus" editions of The Times-Picayune on Saturdays and Mondays to be home-delivered to all three-day subscribers at no additional cost. The bonus editions were delivered for 17 weeks, the duration of the 2014 football season. On January 3, 2015, NOLA Media Group returned the paper to its previous three-day home delivery, printing two-section papers for street sales only on the other four days. On Saturday, February 13, 2016, NOLA Media Group debuted a street-sales-only "Early Sunday" edition, a hybrid of features from the former Saturday street-sales-only paper and sections from the Sunday paper, offered at the Sunday price.

Additional cuts
On October 21, 2014, the paper announced it would begin printing and packaging The Times-Picayune in Mobile, Alabama, sometime in late 2015 or early 2016, closing the plant on Howard Avenue in New Orleans and eliminating more than 100 jobs at Advance Central Services Louisiana. The Howard Avenue building, which housed all aspects of the newspaper operation, opened in 1968. The building's lobby is lined with custom panels by sculptor Enrique Alferez, showing symbols used in communication throughout history. Although NOLA Media Group said in 2014 that it hoped to donate the building to a nonprofit institution in the community, it ultimately sold the building on September 2, 2016, to a local investor group for $3.5 million. The newspaper of Sunday, January 17, 2016, was the last Times-Picayune to be printed in New Orleans. The street-sales-only newspaper of Monday, January 18, 2016, was the first to be printed in Mobile. The New Orleans presses were to be decommissioned.

The circulation numbers for the printed Times-Picayune were the largest newspaper in Louisiana until the end of 2014. By then, declines in its sales, combined with circulation gains by The Advocate, dropped The Times-Picayune to second place behind The Advocate.

NOLA Media Group announced on June 15, 2015, that it would join with Alabama Media Group in a new regional media company across Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi, to be called Southeast Regional Media Group. Additional job losses were expected in Louisiana; those cuts came September 17, 2015, when NOLA Media Group fired 37 journalists, 28 of them full-time employees and nine part-timers. Hardest-hit were the Baton Rouge bureau, which had been expanded in the 2012 makeover, as well as The Times-Picayune's high school prep sports staff and its music reporting staff.

The merged company was named Advance Media Southeast, registered in New Orleans. A facility to design and produce the pages of The Times-Picayune and four newspapers in Alabama and Mississippi—The Birmingham News, the Mobile Press-Register, The Huntsville Times, and The Mississippi Press in Pascagoula—was opened in January 2016 in a former suburban bureau of The Times-Picayune in Metairie, emptying the Howard Avenue building of the remaining staff. The Metairie building also houses Advance Central Services Southeast, formed from the combined Advance Central Services units in Louisiana and Alabama. Production of another Advance newspaper, The Oregonian, was moved to the Metairie location in late 2016.

2019 acquisition
On May 2, 2019, Advance Publications announced that The Times-Picayune had been sold to Georges Media, owner of The Advocate. The new owners stated that both papers would be folded into a single operation by June 2019 and that the NOLA.com brand would be maintained for the combined newspaper's digital operations. A filing required under the WARN Act stated that the entire staff of the Times-Picayune had been laid off, resulting in a loss of 161 jobs,  including 65 journalists. The merged paper initially re-hired 10 of those journalists, and about 12 other employees.

The paper, carrying the nameplates of both The Times-Picayune and The New Orleans Advocate, began publication on July1.

The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate online
The Times-Picayune's first foray onto the internet came in 1995, with the www.NewOrleans.net website. Among the website's features was the "Bourbocam", placed in the window of a French Quarter bar to broadcast images of Bourbon Street. During the 1996 Mardi Gras, it was one of the first internet webcams to carry a live news event.

In early 1998, that site was superseded by www.nolalive.com, launched by Advance Publications. The site's format was similar to other websites launched in connection with Advance newspapers in New Jersey; Cleveland, Ohio; Michigan; Oregon; and Alabama. Although nolalive.com was affiliated with The Times-Picayune and posted content created by the T-P newsroom, it was operated independently, and it also hosted blogs and forums. In early 2001, the site was renamed NOLA.com.

After a management change at NOLA.com in February 2009, content on the website more closely reflected that of The Times-Picayune. Articles written for the newspaper were posted to the website using the Movable Type content management system. In October 2018, the paper switched from Movable Type to Arc, the content management system created by developers at the Washington Post.

Led by Advance, the site underwent several redesigns over the years. On May 8, 2012, the site debuted its most dramatic redesign by Mule Design Studio of San Francisco. With bright yellow accents, the design echoed that of Advance's bellwether site in Michigan, mlive.com. Following complaints from the public, NOLA.com developed a toned-down palette and new typography. However, the concept – a continually updated "river" of combined news, sports, and entertainment content – remained the same.

After the October 1, 2012, launch of NOLA Media Group, the publication workflow of the newspaper and website was reversed. All staff-produced content is published first to NOLA.com; content was harvested from the website for publication in the printed Times-Picayune.

NOLA.com also offers apps for mobile and tablet users; The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate offers subscribers an e-edition only.

Notable people
The writers William Faulkner and O. Henry worked for The Times-Picayune. The Louisiana historian Sue Eakin was formerly a Times-Picayune columnist. Bill Minor headed the paper's news bureau in Jackson, Mississippi from 1946 until it closed in 1976. A weekly political column is penned by Robert "Bob" Mann, a Democrat who holds the Douglas Manship Chair of Journalism at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.

The Times-Picayune was the longtime journalistic home of British-American satiric columnist James Gill, although he moved to The Advocate in 2013, along with many former Times-Picayune editorial staffers. For more than a decade, The Times-Picayune was also the newspaper home of Lolis Eric Elie, who wrote a thrice-weekly metro column before he went on to write for television, most notably HBO's Treme and AMC's Hell on Wheels.

Already widely known, the journalist and television commentator Iris Kelso joined The Times-Picayune in 1979. She had been particularly known for her coverage of the civil rights movement.

Editorial stance
The Times-Picayune endorsed George W. Bush for President in 2000, but endorsed no Presidential candidate in 2004. In 2008 and 2012, the paper endorsed Democrat Barack Obama for President. It endorsed Democratic Party candidate Hillary Clinton in 2016. In gubernatorial contests it endorsed Mike Foster, Bobby Jindal, and David Vitter. In the mayoral race of 2006, The Times-Picayune endorsed right-leaning Democrat Ron Forman in the primary election and Lieutenant Governor Mitch Landrieu in the runoff.

The Picayune endorsed Governor candidate Edwin Washington Edwards in 1971 and 1975. Still, it went against him in 1983 (endorsing incumbent David C. Treen), 1987 (endorsing challenger and eventual winner Buddy Roemer), and 1991 (endorsed Roemer in the primary, but switched to Edwards in the general election due to Edwards' opponent being former Ku Klux Klan Grand Wizard David Duke). The T-P also stung Edwards in 1979 even though he was barred from running for a third term, refusing to endorse Edwards' hand-picked candidate, Louis Lambert, in favor of Treen in the primary and general elections.

Journalism prizes and awards
The Times-Picayune was awarded a 1997 Pulitzer Prize for a series analyzing the threatened global fish supply; that same year, staff cartoonist Walt Handelsman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning.

The Times-Picayune shared the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for public service coverage of Hurricane Katrina with The Sun Herald in similarly affected Biloxi, Mississippi. In addition, staff reporters Doug MacCash, Manuel Torres, Trymaine Lee, and Mark Schleifstein were awarded a Pulitzer Prize for breaking news reporting. This award marked the first Pulitzer given for exclusively online journalism.

For its coverage of Hurricane Katrina, The Times-Picayune also received the 2005 George Polk Award for Metropolitan Reporting,.

Former Times-Picayune editorial cartoonist Mike Luckovich won the Pulitzer for his cartoons in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, some of which were also featured in New Orleans Magazine.

Loving Cup Award
Since 1901, The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate has annually awarded a Loving cup to individuals who have contributed to improving life in the New Orleans area through civic, cultural, social, or religious activities. Representative awardees include: Eleanor McMain, Albert W. Dent, Edgar B. Stern Sr, Scott Cowen, Gary Solomon Sr., Millie Charles, Mark Surprenant, Leah Chase, Norman Francis, Tommy Cvitanovich, Edith Rosenwald Stern, and Bill Goldring.

Ongoing criticism of FEMA
Soon after The Times-Picayune was able to restart publication following Hurricane Katrina, the newspaper printed a strongly worded open letter to President George W. Bush in its September 4, 2005, edition, criticizing him for the federal government's response to the disaster, and calling for the firing of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) chief Michael D. Brown. Brown tendered his resignation eight days later.

The Times-Picayune long continued to editorialize on FEMA. A searing editorial on April 18, 2009, lambasted FEMA and labeled "insulting" the alleged "attitude" of its spokesman Andrew Thomas toward people who were cash-strapped after the evacuation from Hurricane Gustav, which, in the meantime, had become part of the melange of problems associated with hurricanes and governmental agencies. A second editorial on the same day blasted the State of Louisiana's Road Home program and its contractor ICF.

The post-Katrina experience affected the paper's staff. On August 8, 2006, staff photographer John McCusker was arrested and hospitalized after he led police on a high-speed chase and then used his vehicle as a weapon, apparently hoping that they would kill him. McCusker was released from the hospital by mid-August, saying he could not recall the incident at all, which was apparently sparked by the failure to receive an insurance settlement for his damaged house. On December 13, 2007, Judge Camille Buras reduced the charges against McCusker to misdemeanors. The episode led to establishing a support fund for McCusker and other Times-Picayune staff, which collected some $200,000 in a few days. In October 2006, columnist Chris Rose admitted to seeking treatment for clinical depression after a year of "crying jags" and other emotionally isolating behavior.


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Duquesne Light Company

Duquesne Light Holdings, Inc. (DLH) is an energy services holding company formed in 1989 to serve as the holding company for Duquesne Light Company and to engage in certain unregulated energy and related businesses. After a 2007 acquisition, DLH is a wholly owned subsidiary of parent company DQE Holdings LLC, with principal executive offices located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Through its chief subsidiary, Duquesne Light Company, the corporation provides energy to over 588,000 homes and businesses.

Historic incorporation
Duquesne Light was one of the dozens of companies founded by inventor George Westinghouse and for its first 75 years of operation (1870s-1940s) was a subsidiary of the holding company known as the "Philadelphia Company". Other such companies also founded by Westinghouse such as the Equitable Gas company and other "Equitable" energy/electronic companies were equal subsidiaries with DQE when it was a subsidiary of the 'Philadelphia Company'.

In 1997, Duquesne and Allegheny Energy agreed to a $4.3 billion merger with headquarters remaining in Hagerstown, Maryland. However DQE backed out of the deal by 1998.

In May 2007, Duquesne was acquired by a consortium led by affiliates of the Australian-based Macquarie Group Limited. The consortium consists of several institutional investors which own all of the common equity of parent company, DQE Holdings, LLC. This classifies it as an investor-owned utility. In 2010, GIC Private Limited acquired a 29% stake from original investor DUET Group.

In 2018, Duquesne Light began offering $3,000 rebates for the purchase of electric vehicles in an effort to promote adoption of electric vehicles and increase the number on the road. The company partnered with Nissan North America to execute the program. People in Pennsylvania who purchase electric vehicles, in addition to the rebate, get up to $7,500 in federal tax credits and a $1,750 rebate from the state. In 2019, the company named Steve Malnight as CEO, replacing Rich Riazzi, who had held the post since 2010.

title: Duquesne Light Company


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Dominant seventh sharp ninth chord

In music, the dominant 7♯9 chord ("dominant seven sharp nine" or "dominant seven sharp ninth") is a chord built by combining a dominant seventh, which includes a major third above the root, with an augmented second, which is the same pitch, albeit given a different note name, as the minor third degree above the root. This chord is used in many forms of contemporary popular music, including jazz, funk, R&B, rock and pop. As a dominant chord in diatonic harmony, it most commonly functions as a turnaround chord, returning to the tonic.

The chord is also sometimes colloquially known, among pop and rock guitarists, as the "Hendrix chord" or "Purple Haze chord", nicknamed for guitarist Jimi Hendrix, who showed a preference for the chord and did a great deal to popularize its use in mainstream rock music. When used by The Beatles it has been called the "Gretty chord" although this can refer to a distinct six-string version.

Spelling and notation
There are two main ways to spell the chord, depending on the musical style, kind of musical notation (score or chord symbols), and personal taste. One consists of a dominant seventh chord with an added minor third placed one or more octaves over the major third (a minor tenth); the other, more common, consists of a dominant seventh chord with an added augmented ninth. The former can be written in popular chord symbol notation systems as 7♭10 and the latter as 7♯9. 7b10 is unorthodox way to write but it is in use on some contexts.

Sometimes, in a publication that includes both traditionally notated music and chord symbols, the music is notated with both a natural and a flattened third, while the chord symbol has the sharpened ninth. Other more uncommon notations and names include major/minor or 7 (add min 3). Kenn Stephenson says that in rock music the sharp ninth spelling is much more prevalent than the split third version.

Nature of the chord
The 7♯9 is an altered chord, and it is one option when seeing the chord symbol 7alt. It is functionally a dominant chord and thus "wants" to resolve to the tonic in diatonic harmony. Stuart Isacoff has called the chord "funky" or "bluesy" because of the tension "generated between the major third and the augmented ninth"; while Doug Munro deems it "jazzy" rather than bluesy. Eric Starr says, "the sharp nine tends to be edgier, bluesier, and meaner sounding [than the flat nine]." In jazz, 7♯9 chords, along with 7♭9 chords, are often employed as the dominant chord in a minor ii–V–I turnaround. For example, a ii–V–I in C minor could be played as: Dm7♭5 – G7♯9 – Cm7.

The 7♯9 represents a major divergence from the world of tertian chord theory, where chords are stacks of major and minor thirds. The 7♯9 does not satisfy that definition, as the interval between the minor seventh and augmented ninth is an augmented third. The same also pertains to the rarer M7♭9, where the interval between the major seventh and minor ninth is a diminished third. Rather than fully allow the inclusion of diminished and augmented thirds into the theory, a typical solution in jazz is to define chords as stacks of chordal degrees, where each degree has some range of selection from which to take its note or notes. Thus, for example, the ninth is available in flat, natural, sharp, and flat-and-sharp "alt" styles.

Classical

The English cadence is a distinctive contrapuntal pattern particular to the authentic or perfect cadence described as archaic or old-fashioned sounding. This pattern was primarily used by English composers of the High Renaissance and Restoration periods. The hallmark of this device is the dissonant augmented octave (compound augmented unison) produced by a false relation between the split seventh scale degree.

The English cadence is a type of full close featuring the blue seventh against the dominant chord which in C would be B♭ and G-B♮-D.

The dominant 7♯9 chord appears in impressionist classical music. An example can be heard in Claude Debussy's Feuilles Mortes, from his second book of Préludes (1913). There, the unresolved, dissonant ninth chords (at least a "C♯7" with a "split third" and "added minor ninth" ) help create, according to Richard Bass, an "utterly sad, desolate character" throughout the piece.

This chord can also be found in serial music. For example, the Elektronische Musik vom Freitag aus Licht (1991–94) by Karlheinz Stockhausen, from an opera composed using formula technique, concludes on this chord.

Jazz and blues

The dominant 7♯9 chord is usually found in blues contexts because in a blues scale a minor third (blue note) in the melody is usually played against a dominant seventh chord. The third of the dominant chord is the seventh degree of the scale. The chord was used in popular music as far back as the bebop era of the 1940s, and it appears with some regularity in blues and rhythm-and-blues of the 1950s and 1960s.

Hendrix chord

While this sonority has been previously used in jazz and related styles, one particular voicing of this chord is commonly called the "Hendrix Chord" by rock guitarists. This is because it was a favorite of Jimi Hendrix, who did a great deal to popularize its use in mainstream rock music.

The most notable Hendrix song that features the 7♯9 chord is "Purple Haze", while it is also implied in "Foxy Lady", both on his 1967 album Are You Experienced?. When performing "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" live, Hendrix later used not only E7♯9, the sharpened ninth chord on the tonic, but also D7♯9 and C7♯9 chords, the subtonic and submediant.

This harmonic device is one of many factors that, according to Gleebeek and Spairo, contribute to "the dirty, raw, metallic, angular sounds of [...] Hendrix songs". It is an example of how he embellished chords "to add new colours to the music, often derived from his own roots in black music". "In essence," John Perry writes, the Hendrix chord is "the whole of the blues scale condensed into a single chord."

Other musicians
The chord is heard quietly at the end of the bridge in Santo and Johnny's 1959 instrumental hit "Sleep Walk". It was also used more prominently by the Beatles in songs such as "The Word" and "Taxman". McCartney called this a "great ham-fisted jazz chord" that was taught to them by Jim Gretty, who worked at Hessey's music shop in Whitechapel, central Liverpool. George Harrison uses it as the penultimate chord of his solo on "Till There Was You".

The chord (a D7♯9) can also be heard in Pink Floyd's "Breathe", and more prominently in "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", both before and after the final guitar solo, before the vocals come in.

The chord is favored by Pixies lead guitarist Joey Santiago, with D7♯9, reminiscent of the opening to "A Hard Day's Night", opening and being called the "secret ingredient" of the song "Here Comes Your Man". A "brutally scraped" F7♯9 features in the chorus of "Tame" against the three chord rhythm guitar part's D, C, and F chords.

Use as a primary or tonic chord in funk and disco of the 1970s includes Heatwave's "Boogie Nights".

Stevie Ray Vaughan, a devotee of Hendrix, used the chord extensively. For example, the main riff of his song "Scuttle Buttin'" uses both the E7♯9 and the B7♯9 as part of a 12-bar blues progression.

Johnny Winter referred to it as the "Hold It" chord after the Bill Doggett song. This was also a name used by John Scofield.

title: Dominant seventh sharp ninth chord


text: User talk:69.128.231.80

title: User talk:69.128.231.80


text:
Rock 'n' Roll High School Forever

Rock 'n' Roll High School Forever is a 1991 musical comedy film and sequel to the 1979 film Rock 'n' Roll High School. The film stars Corey Feldman and Mary Woronov.

Plot
The movie begins on May 14, also known as Rock 'n' Roll High School day at Ronald Reagan High. The students decide to play a prank on the faculty of the staff, flushing all of the toilets in unison and causing the faulty pipes to burst (yet again), causing for widespread mayhem in the school, as other students leave their classrooms and run rampant down the hall with the perpetrators who organized the entire thing: four members of the band known as The Eradicators. During the confusion, their friend (and the fifth band member) rides through the halls on a dirt bike as well.

Having had enough, the board of trustees tell Principal McGree that he is a failure as a disciplinarian, and that he is incapable of handling the school by himself. They tell him they're going to bring in someone new. The next day, an all black BMW seeping smoke from the insides arrives in the parking lot of the high school, and out steps a figure wearing a suit. Jesse, meanwhile, makes an encounter with Rita, a substitute teacher filling in for Mrs. Poindexter, the music teacher. After being chastised and asked to correct his behavior, Jesse becomes smitten with her.

After viewing the personal ads, they find someone advertising the sale of their refrigerator, and pile into their car to go to the appropriate location, posing as the Luthuanian Church of Appliance Worship, meanwhile Vadar (the new vice principal) makes a new announcement for her entrance to Reagan High. Later that night Jones rigs a device to continually dial the same number over and over again to 1-900-976-ROCK to enter a contest and nominate their band The Eradicators as local heroes, in order to win tickets to go see a concert performed by The Pursuit of Happiness, before they perform a show at Reagan High to both make some money, and get their band better known, before thrashing the show after being insulted by the debutante Whitney and her friend Margaret.

Apprehended by Vadar's hall monitors at the conclusion of the dance, they are chastised by Vadar and their classes are changed to no longer coincide with one another's schedules. Further, their lunch schedules are changed as well, making it impossible for them to practice any longer. In their new lunch period, they encounter a shut-in named Tabatha, the supposed daughter of a witch, who believes that the four basic food groups are Sugar, Salt, Fat, and Booze. This doesn't curb their behavior, however, and they continue with their trouble making in a business as usual fashion, mentally traumatizing Mrs. Grossman in the process (something that enrages Vadar), which leads to Vadar implementing a new operation known as 'Reagan High Super Secret Security Program'.

Mag makes friends with Tabatha at this point, after a misunderstanding and they begin to hang out together. However, in the new RHSSSP program, the school is made into (as Vadar describes it) a school-wide detention hall. Their efforts to get the Pursuit of Happiness tickets are made useless, as Vadar and her monitors assault Screaming Steve and the Rock TV crew. Then, as punishment (for nothing at all it would seem) they are given four days of detention. At this point, Jesse is infuriated by the sentence, and vows revenge on Vadar, spurring The Eradicators to begin fighting back to protest, and they vow to play at the prom.

Enlisting the help of Eaglebauer, a business man who seems to work out of one of the bathrooms in the school to disrupt the school in any way possible, such as selling test answers and other services that clearly violate school policy. He rigs the auditions for the school prom, and they enact his plan, winning the audition in the absence of Vadar. Thinking they're on drugs, Vadar institutes drug tests which provides no solution to dealing with the Eradicators. However, they are set up by Vadar, Whitney and Marget and made unable to participate through vandalism of school property (and planting Evidence in the lockers of the four).

Vowing to get even, they go to even greater lengths than before to get vengeance, and use video cameras this time around, taping numerous embarrassing situations, such as Bob and Margaret cheating on Whitney and Donovan, Whitney projectile vomiting on a teacher, Donovan posing with women's underwear, and Vadar having an intimate moment with a submissive slave in her office. They also trick the band Zillion Kisses, getting them to set up and wait in the school's storage room during the prom. The Eradicators meanwhile make their appearance at the prom. Upon the appearance of the Yupettes, the Eradicators begin playing the video tapes that they've managed to record over the previous week.

Severely embarrassing (and causing infighting among the Yupettes) the Yupettes and Vadar, the situation causes Vadar to go on a homicidal rampage. Driving her car through the school grounds, she has no regard for the safety of anyone on the school grounds. During the aftermath, she tries to kill The Eradicators, as well as Eaglebauer, and even substitute teacher Rita. Not so easily defeated, however, the Eradicators continue to fight back even against the vehicular attempt at manslaughter, and slick a section of the school with chemical extinguishers, which cause Vadar to crash into the school, causing it to explode, and the school catches fire for the second time in 12 years.

During the final sequence, when everyone is witnessing the destruction of the school something emerges from the fire, which quickly turns out to be a flaming tire (which no one attempts to stop, and continues rolling even after the credits finish rolling).

Cast

 * Corey Feldman: Jesse Davis, a troublesome teenager and the frontman of the Eradicators. He does main vocals for the Eradicators. Of his friend group, he would be considered the leader.
 * Evan Richards: Mag, a nervous teen who strives for something more in his life. He plays the drums for the Eradicators. He befriends Tabatha, who plays a vital role in the final scenes of the film.
 * Patrick Malone: Jones, a mechanical-minded individual. He plays the keyboard for the Eradicators.
 * Liane Curtis: Stella, the only female member of the Eradicators. She plays the guitar for the Eradicators.
 * Steven Ho: Namrock, the martial arts expert of the team. He plays the bass guitar for the Eradicators.
 * Sarah G. Buxton: Rita, a substitute teacher at Ronald Reagan High. She teaches music class.
 * Mary Woronov: Vadar, the new Vice Principal, and disciplinarian of Ronald Reagan High. She is an amputee and has three prosthetic hands, those being a gloved hand, a metal claw, and a whip.
 * Brynn Horrocks: Tabatha, the daughter of a woman who is supposedly a witch, and believes that the four basic food groups are Sugar, Salt, Fat, and Booze.
 * Roberta Bassin: The Witch, the mother of a teenage Goth girl.
 * Larry Linville: Principal McGree, a befuddled yet mostly good-hearted principal.

Featured music

 * Jesus Jones – "Bring it on Down"
 * The Lunar Twins (feat Captain Strobe) – "I, Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)"
 * Corey Feldman & The Eradicators – "I'm Walkin'"
 * The Pursuit of Happiness – "I'm an Adult Now"
 * Corey Feldman & The Eradicators – "Tutti Frutti"
 * The Divinyls – "Dirty Love"
 * Will & The Bushmen – "Dabble On"
 * Corey Feldman & The Eradicators – "Riot in the Playground"
 * Corey Feldman & The Eradicators – "Dare Dreamer"
 * Corey Feldman & The Eradicators – "Rock Us Danny"
 * Jean Beauvoir and Dee Dee Ramone – "Cut Me to Pieces"
 * Mark Governor and A Zillion Kisses – "Love at the Laundromat"
 * The Pursuit of Happiness – "Rock and Roll High School Forever"
 * Mojo Nixon – "High School Is a Prison"
 * Eleven – "You Are Mine"
 * Will & The Bushmen – "Very Scary"
 * Mister Mixi & Skinny Scotty (feat Dizzy D) – "I Can Handle It"
 * Mister Mixi & Skinny Scotty (feat Dizzy D) – "Now Get Wild"
 * Tackhead – "Leave Me Alone"
 * The Ventures – "Theme from Hawaii Five-O"
 * Geusch Patti & Encore – "Dans L'enfer"

Reception
The sequel was not as well received as its predecessor.

title: Rock 'n' Roll High School Forever


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Football South Australia

Football South Australia (FSA) is the governing body of soccer in the state of South Australia. It was established in 2006 under the name Football Federation South Australia (FFSA), which succeeded the former organisation, the South Australian Soccer Federation (SASF).

FSA oversees the highest levels of soccer in South Australia, as well as collaborating with regional competitions and amateur leagues, and organise the Football SA Federation Cup.

History
The first South Australian soccer organisation was the South Australian British Football Association (SABFA), which was founded in 1902. The inaugural official South Australian soccer competition took place in 1903, featuring three teams: North Adelaide, South Adelaide, and Woodville. In 1924, the association's name was changed to the South Australian Soccer Football Association (SASFA).

In 1961, the association split into SASFA and the South Australian Soccer League (SASL), but the following year, merged to form the South Australian Soccer Federation (SASF), which continued to operate until 2006.

In 2006 the Football Federation South Australia (FFSA) was established. In 2020, following the renaming of Football Federation Australia to Football Australia, South Australia's federation adopted the name Football South Australia.

Description and functions
Football South Australia is affiliated with Football Australia, the national governing body.

FSA oversees the highest levels of football in South Australia, including the National Premier Leagues South Australia, State League 1 South Australia, and State League 2 South Australia. They also work in conjunction with South Australia's regional competitions and amateur leagues. Many teams from these various leagues participate in the Federation Cup, which determines the South Australian representatives for the Australia Cup.

Football South Australia also manages the Junior Premier League (JPL) and Junior State League (JSL), providing opportunities for teams in age groups ranging from under 6s to under 17s to compete on Sundays.

FSA holds the annual African Nations Cup of South Australia in partnership with the African Communities Council of South Australia, which is held at the ServiceFM Stadium.

National Training Centre
Football SA National Training Centre (NTC) programs "aim is to provide talented boys and girls with the opportunity to develop their skills and ability through a game-related approach to training". The FSA NTC teams have a high turnover owing to their nature as a training team for players, but the women's team reached their first ever grand final in 2023, after beating the Adelaide Comets.

Women's National Premier Leagues South Australia
The Women's National Premier Leagues South Australia (WNPL) represents the second tier of the sport, below A-League Women.

Men's teams
Port Adelaide Pirates are the oldest team still in existence in South Australia, being founded in 1903, and competing in the 1904 season.

In 1933, Birkalla Rovers were founded, which would later amalgamate with a West Torrens team to form West Torrens Birkalla. Alongside Adelaide University, these are the only South Australian clubs with history dating back to before World War II.

Following World War II, Australia was a particular hotspot for immigration by those who had been displaced by the war. These immigrants would found multiple clubs that have survived to the current day: Juventus in 1946, Beograd in 1949, Polonia in 1950, Croatia in 1952, Napoli in 1958 and Hellas in 1962. Other notable clubs founded during this period, now defunct, are: Burnside Budapest, which later merged with Campbelltown City to become Campbelltown Budapest; and Ukrainian SC Lion, which later merged with Port Adelaide to become Port Adelaide Lion, and now continue to participate in the South Australian Amateur Soccer League.

Adelaide City are the most successful club in history, having won 3 National Soccer League championships, 19 first division championships and 18 Federation Cups. Clubs can apply to enter the State League 2 competitions when a space is available, with the team being in one of the regional leagues or the amateur league.

The most recent teams to have joined being Pontian Eagles in 2020, Modbury Vista in 2017, Fulham United and Vipers FC both in 2016, the latter two having won promotion to State League 1.

Junior Premier League and Junior State League clubs participate in junior soccer, with teams ranging from U6 to U17. The seniors participate in the Amateur League or Regional Leagues.

League system
The soccer pyramid in South Australia comprises 4 levels below the A-League Men, with promotion and relegation between the top 3 levels. It also includes the South Australian Amateur Soccer League, which is not officially a part of the league system. In total, there are 259 men's clubs/teams across 28 divisions in South Australia, and 90 women's clubs/teams across 9 divisions.

Performance by club
Over the history of South Australian soccer, 26 different clubs have won the title. The most successful club is Adelaide City, with 19 titles to its credit, 7 of those coming since their return from the National Soccer League in 2004.

Clubs in bold currently play in the top division, and clubs in italics no longer compete in semi-professional competitions or are defunct.

title: Football South Australia


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Lostock Hall railway station

Lostock Hall railway station is a railway station serving the village of Lostock Hall in the South Ribble borough of Lancashire, England. It is on the East Lancashire Line and is managed by Northern, who also provide all passenger trains serving it.

History
The first railway in the area was the Blackburn & Preston Railway, which opened its route from Blackburn to Farington Junction (on the North Union Railway, 3 miles south of Preston) in June 1846. The company was almost immediately taken over by the ambitious East Lancashire Railway, which was undergoing a rapid expansion of its network of routes in the area. The ELR encountered problems almost from the outset over the use of the NUR route between Farington and Preston, with congestion and the high tolls charged by the latter company for access to its metals causing considerable friction between the two. The ELR sought parliamentary permission to build its own route to Preston to resolve this issue, which was granted in 1848 despite initial opposition from Preston Corporation. The following year saw the arrival from the west of the Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston Railway, which had received parliamentary assent in 1846 but had been bought out by the ELR before construction work had started upon it. This route gave the ELR direct access for its traffic to the docks in Liverpool and joined the B&PR at Lostock Hall by means of a junction facing towards Blackburn. A station was built on this line a short distance to the west of the junction (adjacent to the bridge carrying the main Preston to Wigan across the railway) to serve Lostock Hall village, which had by this time been chosen by the ELR as the site for one its main locomotive depots.

The ELR Preston Extension was finally opened to traffic on 2 September 1850 - this left the original B&PR line at a triangular junction just east of Lostock Hall and ran roughly parallel to the NUR en route to new platforms alongside the latter's station, with a connection to the main line beyond. Thereafter, the old B&P line between Lostock Hall Junction and Farington was rendered redundant before being closed - not seeing regular traffic again until the mid-1880s. Services from the station ran to Liverpool Exchange westbound and to both Preston and Blackburn (with some extensions through to Colne) eastbound. Traffic levels continued to increase in subsequent years, particularly after the ELR's absorption by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in May 1859 - the L&Y then routing significant quantities of trans-Pennine freight over the route to the port of Liverpool.

By 1877 traffic demands had reached the point that the 2-road depot adjacent to the junction was deemed inadequate by the L&Y and work on a new, much larger facility began. This was built on a site between the LO&P and B&P lines immediately south of the passenger station and was opened in 1881, with the old depot then becoming a carriage and wagon repair shop. The new shed would become the L&Y's main loco servicing facility for the entire Preston area (and beyond) and in due course the volume of traffic utilising it and the routes it served became so great that additional trackwork improvements had to be made to alleviate matters. These began with the re-opening of the Farington line in 1886, with the junction there altered to face south rather than north as previously, followed by the construction of two new connections between the East Lancs line and the newly quadrupled (and by now jointly owned) main line from Wigan north of where the two lines crossed each other. The first of these (from west to north) was commissioned in 1891 as part of the main line upgrade works, whilst the second (east to north) followed in May 1908, creating a second triangular junction to the west of the station and a second route to Preston. This complex network of lines allowed for considerable operational flexibility in the years that followed, as both full trains and light locomotives could be routed from there towards either side of Preston station without conflicting with the main line. It was also possible for trains from the north heading towards Blackpool or vice versa to be routed through Lostock Hall to avoid the need for an awkward and time-consuming reversal manoeuvre at Preston station and this became a regular feature of the timetable at peak times during the summer months right up until the closure of the East Lancs side of Preston station in 1972.

The lines would pass briefly into the hands of the London and North Western Railway from January 1922, before the 1923 Grouping saw the London, Midland and Scottish Railway take over. The station and depot then became part of the London Midland Region area of British Railways upon nationalisation in January 1948.

By the 1960s, the loco shed was still a busy location and would remain so right up until the end of steam on the UK rail network in August 1968. The station and LO&PR line by contrast were amongst those planned for closure in the 1963 Beeching Report, the route being considered by Beeching as a duplicate to that via Wigan and St Helens. Public opposition to the plans soon led to the southern portion as far as Ormskirk being safeguarded, but it was not until 1969 that the rest of the line was reprieved by the Labour government of Harold Wilson. Lostock Hall station though was not so fortunate, losing its passenger services on 6 October 1969 when the last few through trains between Blackburn and Liverpool were withdrawn and the other services on the Ormskirk line routed via Farington Curve Junction and the WCML. The connections either side of Lostock Hall toward Todd Lane Jcn (Preston ELR) and Moss Lane Jcn (Ormskirk) were closed at the same time and subsequently dismantled, whilst the station itself was also demolished at some point in the early 1970s.

Services over the ex-ELR Preston extension from the Bamber Bridge direction finally ended in the autumn of 1972, when the line was closed (as a result of the Preston area re-signalling scheme) along with the remaining manual signal boxes in the area (though a short section remained in use for freight to Lostock Hall gas works until 1977). East Lancashire line trains were thereafter routed via the original 1846/49 lines as far as Lostock Hall, then over the 1908 connection to reach the WCML.

The loco depot eventually lost its role as a maintenance facility in 1971, thereafter taking over the role of its predecessor further east as the area carriage and wagon repair shops. It closed altogether in 1988 and was finally demolished in January 1990. The adjacent Lostock Hall Jcn to Farington Jcn line (which has not had a timetabled passenger service since 1850) is still open and sees use by a variety of freight services heading to and from the S&C route and occasional diverted passenger trains and railtours. Part of the old Preston extension route is now a footpath and cycle way, whilst another portion has been utilised for road improvements.

The current station
By the early 1980s, local pressure for a station to serve the Lostock Hall area had become considerable and so on 14 May 1984 a new station was opened on the opposite side of the Watkin Lane bridge by British Rail with financial backing from Lancashire County Council.

The new facility was (and still is) quite basic – there are waiting shelters, a long-line P.A system and passenger information screens on each concrete platform. Step-free access is available to both platforms.

As of January 2018 along with other stations on this line, a modern touch screen ticket machine was added to the Station.

Services
Monday to Saturdays, there is an hourly service from Lostock Hall towards Preston westbound and Blackburn, Burnley and Colne eastbound. There is a two-hourly service in each direction on Sundays, with through running to Blackpool South. In addition there are two additional morning peak services from York and Leeds to Preston that call here, and one extra service in the evening in the opposite direction to Blackburn and York.

Direct bus services between Chorley, Leyland and Preston and beyond run through Lostock Hall on a much more frequent service.

title: Lostock Hall railway station


text:
User:Stroker And Hoop

Detectives. Not gay.

title: User:Stroker And Hoop