text:
User:Play

Someday I'll put stuff here. You should get canned food now...to prepare...for the storm...of awesome....ness.

title: User:Play


text:
User:Korg/monobook.js

importScript('User:AzaToth/twinkle.js'); if( typeof( TwinkleConfig ) == 'undefined' ) TwinkleConfig = {}; // DO NOT REMOVE THIS LINE - ALL TWINKLE SETTINGS AFTER THIS TwinkleConfig.notifyUserOnSpeedyDeletionNomination     =       [ 'g1', 'g3', 'g4', 'g10', 'g11', 'g12', 'a1', 'a2', 'a3', 'a5', 'a7', 'a9', 'f1', 'f2', 'f3', 'f4', 'f5', 'f6', 'f7', 'f9', 'f10', 'f11', 'u3', 't2', 't3', 'p2' ]; // rm 'g2', TwinkleConfig.watchRevertedPages                       =       [ ]; TwinkleConfig.watchSpeedyPages                         =       [ ];

// addPurge $(function {    var hist; var url;    if (!(hist = document.getElementById('ca-history') )) return;    if (!(url = hist.getElementsByTagName('a')[0] )) return;    if (!(url = url.href )) return;    mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', url.replace(/([?&]action=)history([&#]|$)/, '$1purge$2'), 'purge', 'ca-purge', 'Purge server cache for this page', '0'); });

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Korg/monobook.js


text: User talk:84.66.151.185

title: User talk:84.66.151.185


text:
1899 San Ciriaco hurricane

The 1899 San Ciríaco hurricane, also known as the 1899 Puerto Rico Hurricane or The Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1899, was the longest-lived Atlantic hurricane on record, and the third-longest-lived tropical cyclone globally on record (in terms of tropical duration) after 1994's Hurricane John in the Pacific Ocean and 2023's Cyclone Freddy in the southern Indian Ocean. It was also one of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes in recorded history, with an estimated 3,800 fatalities. The third tropical cyclone and first major hurricane of the season, this storm was first observed southwest of Cape Verde on August 3. It slowly strengthened while heading steadily west-northwestward across the Atlantic Ocean and reached hurricane status by late on August 5. During the following 48 hours, it deepened further, reaching Category 4 on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) before crossing the Leeward Islands on August 7. Later that day, the storm peaked with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). The storm weakened slightly before making landfall in Guayama, Puerto Rico with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) on August 8. Several hours later, it emerged into the southwestern Atlantic as a Category 3 hurricane. The system paralleled the north coast of Dominican Republic and then crossed the Bahamas, striking several islands. Then, on August 14, it started to move north while still being located east of Florida. The storm recurved northeastward early the next morning and appeared to be moving out to sea. However, by August 17, it turned back to the northwest and made landfall near Hatteras, North Carolina early on the following day. No stronger hurricane has made landfall on the Outer Banks since the San Ciriaco hurricane.

The storm weakened after moving inland and fell to Category 1 intensity by 1200 UTC on August 18. Later that day, the storm re-emerged into the Atlantic. Now heading northeastward, it continued weakening, but maintained Category 1 intensity. By late on August 20, the storm curved eastward over the northwestern Atlantic. It also began losing tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 0000 UTC on August 22, while located about 325 miles (525 km) south of Sable Island. However, after four days, the system regenerated into a tropical storm while located about 695 miles (1,120 km) west-southwest of Flores Island in the Azores on August 26. It moved slowly north-northwestward, until curving to the east on August 29. Between August 26 and September 1, the storm did not differentiate in intensity, but began re-strengthening while turning southeastward on September 2. Early on the following day, the storm again reached hurricane intensity. It curved northeastward and passed through the Azores on September 3, shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone.

In Guadeloupe, the storm unroofed and flooded many houses. Communications were significantly disrupted in the interior portions of the island. Impact was severe in Montserrat, with nearly every building destroyed and 100 deaths reported. About 200 small houses were destroyed on Saint Kitts, with estates suffering considerable damage, while nearly all estates were destroyed on Saint Croix. Eleven deaths were reported on the island. In Puerto Rico, the system brought strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused extensive flooding. Approximately 250,000 people were left without food and shelter. Additionally, telephone, telegraph, and electrical services were completely lost. Overall, damage totaled approximately $20 million, with over half were losses inflicted on crops, particularly coffee.

At the time, it was the costliest and worst tropical cyclone in the history of Puerto Rico. It was estimated that the storm caused 3,369 fatalities on the island territory. In the Bahamas, strong winds and waves sank 50 small crafts, most of them at Andros. Severe damage was reported in Nassau, with over 100 buildings destroyed and many damaged, including the Government House. A few houses were also destroyed on Bimini. The death toll in the Bahamas was at least 125. In North Carolina, storm surge and rough sea destroyed fishing piers and bridges, as well as sank about 10 vessels. Hatteras Island was almost entirely inundated with 4 to 10 ft of water, and many homes were damaged. There was also much destruction at Diamond City, on the Shackleford Banks near Cape Lookout. There were at least 20 deaths in the state of North Carolina. In the Azores, the storm also caused one fatality and significant damage on some islands.

Meteorological history
A tropical storm of unknown origins developed about 480 mi southwest of the southwesternmost islands of Cape Verde at 00:00 UTC on August 3. According to an article by the United States Hydrographic Office, the British steamship Grangense encountered the system later that day, while located about 1800 mi east-southeast of Guadeloupe. According to the ship's log, there was a "sudden change in the weather", falling barometric pressures, and increasingly rough seas. Further, the storm "showed all the symptoms of a genuine West Indian hurricane underdeveloped." The captain, who followed a route from Europe to Brazil for many years, noted that he never experienced "any weather of cyclonic character so far to the eastward before".

Thereafter, the storm strengthened and reached winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) early on August 4. Intensification halted until late on the following day, at which time the storm reached hurricane status. Around 18:00 UTC on August 6, it became a Category 2 hurricane. Early the next day, the system deepened to a Category 3. While approaching the Lesser Antilles, it continued to strengthen, reaching Category 4 status around midday on August 7. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane passed through the Lesser Antilles and made landfall on Guadeloupe. At 18:00 UTC on August 7, the system attained its peak intensity with a maximum sustained wind speed of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 930 mbar, observed by a weather station on Montserrat. The hurricane weakened slightly while moving west-northward across the Caribbean Sea and made landfall in Guayama, Puerto Rico late on August 8 with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h). August 8 was the namesday of Saint Cyriacus, hence the hurricane's nickname. Several weather stations across the island reported low barometric pressures, with a reading as low as 939 mbar in Guayama. Wind shifts were also experienced across the island, primarily in the south and the west. The storm crossed Puerto Rico in approximately six hours and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean late on August 8, while weakening to a Category 3 hurricane, with winds decreasing to 120 mph (195 km/h). The hurricane would maintain this intensity for more than nine days. Continuing west-northward, the hurricane brushed the north coast of Dominican Republic on August 9. Thereafter, the system moved slowly northwestward through the Bahamas, striking Inagua on August 10 and Andros Island on August 12. According to telephone and telegraph reports from the Weather Bureau, the storm was predicted to make landfall in Florida. However, the storm instead curved north-northwestward and struck Grand Bahama on August 13. The next day, officials at the Weather Bureau predicted that the hurricane would strike Charleston, South Carolina, at which time it would have weakened "into an ordinary blow". The storm instead eventually turned northeastward and moved parallel to the coast of the Southeastern United States for a few days. By early on August 17, however, the hurricane re-curved northwestward. At 01:00 UTC on August 18, it made landfall near Hatteras, North Carolina, with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). Five hours later, the storm weakened to a Category 2 hurricane. Around midday on August 18, it fell to Category 1 hurricane intensity while re-emerging into the Atlantic Ocean. Thereafter, the storm drifted slowly east-northeastward before accelerating to the northeast after 12:00 UTC on August 19. It moved parallel to Long Island and New England, until curving just north of due east late on the following day.

The system began losing tropical characteristics after interacting with a weather front and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on August 22, while situated about 325 miles (525 km) south of Sable Island, Nova Scotia. The extratropical system moved east-southeastward and then southeastward, while continuing to weaken. By August 24, it curved eastward and then northeastward the next day. Operationally, it was believed that the system remained extratropical. However, Partagas indicated that it regenerated into a tropical storm at 00:00 UTC on August 26, while located about 695 miles (1,120 km) southwest of Flores Island, Azores. Initially, the rejuvenated system drifted slowly north-northwestward, before turning northward on August 27. No change in intensity occurred for nearly a week. On August 28, it curved northeastward and then eastward, while continuing to drift.

By September 1, the storm began to accelerate and moved east-southeastward. It resumed intensification the next day after curving southeast, and was upgraded to a hurricane early on September 3, based on barometric pressure data. A few hours later, the hurricane attained a secondary peak intensity with a maximum sustained wind speed of 80 mph (130 km/h). Late on September 3, the storm passed through the Azores, shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. After becoming extratropical, the remnants moved rapidly northeastward and continued to weaken, before dissipating southwest of Ireland late on September 4. However, the Weather Bureau noted that gales prevailed offshore France until September 12, when the system merged with a low pressure area.

With just under 28 days as a tropical cyclone, this system became the longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane on record.

Preparations
On August 7, after stations in the Lesser Antilles reported a change in wind from the northeast to the northwest, the United States Weather Bureau ordered hurricane signals at Roseau, Dominica, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, and San Juan, Puerto Rico; later, a hurricane signal was raised at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Advisory messages were sent to other locations throughout the Caribbean, including Santo Domingo, Kingston, Jamaica, and Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Information was also telegraphed to major seaports along the Gulf and East coasts of the United States. On August 9, hurricane signals were posted at Santiago de Cuba, while all vessels bound northward and eastward from Cuba were advised to remain in port.

Lesser Antilles
While passing through the Leeward Islands, strong winds were reported on several islands. In Guadeloupe, the storm unroofed and flooded many houses and buildings, including the American Consulate in Pointe-à-Pitre. Communications were significantly disrupted in the interior portions of the island. Two schooners sunk and at least 23 flat boats were pushed ashore in the Îles des Saintes archipelago of Guadeloupe. Impact was severe in Montserrat, with nearly every building destroyed. The Courthouse and a school, both of which remained standing, became crowded with homeless women and children. One-hundred deaths and fourteen-hundred injuries were reported.

In Saint Kitts, 5-minute sustained winds were 72 mph, while 1-minute sustained winds were as high as 120 mph. About 200 small houses were destroyed on Saint Kitts, with estates suffering considerable damage. Despite the impact, no deaths occurred, which was attributed to ample warnings. On Nevis, the hurricane left "general destruction" and at least 21 fatalities. Nearly all estates were demolished on Saint Croix, while almost every large building was deroofed. Eleven deaths were reported on the island.

Puerto Rico
Taking place a mere 12 months after the American invasion of the Island, U.S. Army Major Albert L. Myer described it as "more disruptive to Puerto Rican society than was the American invasion." The San Ciriaco hurricane was described as the first major storm in Puerto Rico since the 1876 San Felipe hurricane. Approximately 250,000 people were left without food and shelter. Overall, damage totaled approximately $35.8 million, with over half were losses inflicted on crops, particularly coffee. At the time, it was the costliest and worst tropical cyclone in Puerto Rico. The number of fatalities ranged from 3,100 to 3,400, with the official estimate being 3,369. The San Ciriaco hurricane is the deadliest tropical cyclone in the history of Puerto Rico.

Strong winds were reported throughout the island, reaching 85 mph at many locations and over 100 mph in Humacao, Mayagüez, and Ponce. Within the municipality of Ponce, 500 people died, mostly from drowning. Streets were flooded, waterfront businesses were destroyed, and several government buildings were damaged. Telephone, telegraph, and electrical services were completely lost. Ponce was described as an image of "horrible desolation" by its municipal council. Impact was worst in Utuado, with damage exceeding $2.5 million. In Humacao, 23 in of rain fell in only 24 hours.

Greater Antilles and Bahamas
In Dominican Republic, heavy rainfall caused the Ozama River to overflow its banks, sweeping away an iron bridge. A freshet was also reported along the Haina River in San Cristóbal Province, washing away many houses.

The storm brought catastrophic impact to the Bahamas and at least 334 deaths. Losses to boating vessels reached $50,000. On Inagua, three vessels were lost and a schooner was left stranded at Lantern Head, while other boats that were hauled up on the bay suffered severe damage. The public school house was demolished on Ragged Island, though dwellings escaped serious impact. Plantain and banana plantations were completely flattened at Deadman's Cay on Long Island. Three vessels were beached on Rum Cay, but only one was considerably damaged. About 10 bushels of salt were lost. Two churches and a number of private homes were damaged on San Salvador Island. A few ships and vessels were destroyed, damaged, or lost on Eleuthera, leaving a few people missing.

On San Salvador Island, two churches and many dwellings were destroyed.

Exuma was devastated by the storm. All boats and other forms of transportation on the island were destroyed, with several crews either completely lost or missing some few members. Several bodies washed ashore and were immediately buried. A total of 46 deaths were reported at sea, with some victims as young as 8-years old. At Gray's Settlement, several houses, outbuildings, and a church were destroyed. Of the buildings that remained standing, many lost their roof. At Barritarri and Rolleville, churches were deroofed and several small buildings suffered complete destruction. Throughout the island, 97 dwellings were destroyed and 131 others were damaged, which did not include the number of kitchens, barns, and homes demolished at Alexandria and Stuart's Manor. Overall, the storm left at least 64 fatalities on Exuma alone.

Within the capital city of Nassau, fences and boundary walls separating businesses and properties were felled. A fruit factory, a sponge warehouse, a dancing pavilion, and about 100 smaller buildings were destroyed. A few public buildings were damaged, including the prison and the Government House. Damage to homes in Nassau was light in comparison to the dwellings in the suburbs, where lower-class homes suffered extensive impact or were completely destroyed. A total of 44 multi-family residences were demolished. Many adobes in Adelaide were flattened, forcing 12 families to live in a church. Three people suffered serious injuries after a home near Gambier was destroyed. The entire community of Gambier was reportedly wiped out. Local agriculture also experienced significant impact, with two orchards alone losing many trees and thousands of fruits. All sisal plantations on the island were demolished.

Of the 50 small crafts capsized by strong winds and waves in the Bahamas, a majority of these were located at Andros Island. Several settlements along the northern portions of the island were devastated, with numerous homes flattened and all crops were destroyed, including coconuts, corn, grapefruit, oranges, peas, and potatoes. At Red Bays, two churches were destroyed and many houses were washed away. Several sponging vessels were beached, resulting in an "astronomical" number of casualties. Only seven homes remained standing at Nicholls Town. A church was demolished along the Staniard Creek. At Coakley Town, several houses were blown down, while a number of vessels sunk. Overall, at least 114 deaths occurred on land alone. Several schooners were lost near Andros Island, while at least 30 other schooners were driven ashore and severely damaged or demolished.

United States and elsewhere
Offshore the United States between Florida and North Carolina, the Norwegian bark Drot encountered the hurricane. A large wave swept the captain and seven crew members overboard. The remaining men built a makeshift raft out of the ship's plank in order to survive. However, the raft split into two, with two men on one portion and six on the other. On the former raft, a person committed suicide by jumping into the raging sea, but the remaining man was eventually rescued by the German steamship Titania. Of the six men on the other raft, three of them intentionally jumped into the ocean and drowned. Because the remaining three men realized that they were facing starvation or death by dehydration, they drew locks to determine who would be cannibalized by the other two. The man who lost was killed and the two surviving people drank blood from his veins. One of the persons remaining then went insane and bit large chunks of flesh from the other man's face and chest. On August 31, two weeks after the ship sunk, the two survivors were finally rescued by the British steamer Woodruff. The Weather Bureau office in Jupiter, Florida, recorded sustained winds of 52 mph and a gusts up to 63 mph. Winds downed all telegraph lines in the area, which disrupted telegraphic communications for about 48 hours. Brief periods of heavy rainfall were also reported. At The Breakers hotel in Palm Beach, storm surge ripped off the upper portion of the ocean deck, which consisted of railings, a canopy, and a flagpole. Between Titusville and Miami, losses reached $5,000. Tides along the coast of South Carolina peaked at 2.8 ft, resulting in no coastal flooding. Well executed warnings were attributed to no fatalities in South Carolina. Strong winds were observed in coastal North Carolina, with sustained winds up to 93 mph and gusts as high as 140 mph. However, the anemometer then blew away. According to the Weather Bureau, "the entire island" of Hatteras was submerged in 4 to 10 ft of water due to storm surge. A personal account by Weather Bureau observer S. L. Dosher noted that it was typical for 40 to 50 individuals in Hatteras to seek shelter in a home because of coastal flooding, only to be forced to venture to another dwelling due to rising water. In only four houses, less than 1 ft of water was recorded. All fishing piers and equipment were destroyed, while every bridge was swept away. About 10 vessels, including a large steamship, were wrecked.

Dosher, sent a report to Washington, D.C., on August 21, four days after the storm hit the Outer Banks. In his report Dosher wrote: "The howling wind, the rushing and roaring tide and the awful sea which swept over the beach and thundered like a thousand pieces of artillery made a picture which was at once appalling and terrible and the like of which Dante's Inferno could scarcely equal." He stated, "At about 8 p.m. on the 17th when the wind lulled and shifted to the east and the tide began to run off with great swiftness, causing a fall of several feet in less than a half hour, a prayer of thankfulness went up from every soul on the island, and strong men, who had held up a brave heart against the terrible strain of the past 12 hours, broke down and wept like children..."

Severe damage also occurred at Diamond City and Shackleford Banks, where nearly every house was swept away. A number of farm animals drowned. The tides unearthed caskets, damaging them and leaving bones scattered throughout the towns. After the storm, residents began abandoning the area and re-settled in other cities, most of them located elsewhere in the Outer Banks. On Ocracoke Island, the island was covered with 4 to 5 ft of water. A total of 33 homes were destroyed and nearly every other suffered damage. Additionally, two churches were demolished. Several cows, horses, and sheep drowned. Among the ships that wrecked was the barkentine Priscilla. Rasmus Midgett, a United States Life-Saving Service member, single-handedly rescued 10 people from the Priscilla. On October 18, Midgett was awarded the Lifesaving Medal by Secretary of the Treasury Lyman J. Gage. Heavy rains and strong winds as far inland as Raleigh resulted in "great damage" to crops. There were at least 20 fatalities in North Carolina.

Strong winds were also reported in Virginia. At Cape Henry, winds peaked at 68 mph for five minutes. In Norfolk, five-minute sustained winds reached 42 mph. The storm was quite severe along the James River, with low-lying areas of Norfolk inundated by wind-driven tides, while livestock drowned in the flood waters at Suffolk. A "heavy northeastern storm" began in Petersburg the night of August 17. In Southside Virginia Corn and tobacco suffered considerable damage as crops were leveled by strong winds.

In the Azores, "several lives were lost" on São Miguel Island. Strong winds and heavy rainfall damaged many houses, inundated several roads, and toppled a number of telegraph poles.

Aftermath and records
Some wealthy citizens and local governments in Puerto Rico provided food and shelter in the immediate aftermath of the storm, but their resources were too limited to effectively handle the disaster. Following Military Governor George Whitefield Davis's initial assessment of damage, he requested that the federal government appeal to citizens for aid. In San Juan, Major John Van Hoff established a Board of Charities, which was staffed by military doctors and clergy. Davis requested that similar committees be developed and headed by three "people of respectability" in each town. At the time, the island was divided into 12 military districts. Davis ordered that commanding officers assess damage in each district and report the number of citizens without food and shelter. Hundreds submitted petitions for tax relief, including 369 in Lares alone. The destruction of infrastructure made it difficult to deliver aid, especially because of an 11 mi section of railroad destroyed between Añasco and Mayagüez. Many roads and bridges were rebuilt in the following months. However, because the railroads were privately owned, the government hesitated to begin repairs. Various municipal governments proposed 25 million to 30 million pesos in bonds to fund restoration efforts.

On August 24, the USAT McClellan departed the United States Quartermaster's dock in Brooklyn after being filled with supplies by the Puerto Rican Relief Committee of the Merchant's Association including 12,600 vests for women, 4,800 women's wrappers, 4,200 undershirts for men, 600 pairs of trousers, and 215 children's garments. H. C. F. Koch & Co. also sent 265 articles of women and children's clothing. Additionally, the Windsor Company donated one case of calico, the Renfrew Machinery Company contributed one case of gingham, the Hines Underwear Company gave away knit underwear, and the National Biscuit Company (now known as Nabisco) sent 30 barrels of bread.

In the Bahamas, the House of Assembly held a special session to vote for a measure that authorized expenditure for relief throughout the country. Additionally, Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain called on several vessels to distribute and render assistance to the Out Islands. The British Government enacted the Hurricane Warning Act, which ordered that hurricane signal flags be hoisted at Fort Charlotte and Fort Fincastle in the event of a hurricane. The new regulation also required these flags to be raised when the barometric pressure fell to a certain point. Additionally, the Imperial Lighthouse Service issued a set of signal flags to all lighthouses in the Bahamas.

There was so much Destruction in Diamond City, North Carolina that the approximately 500 residents of the settlement and island decided to move inland. The last of the residents had left by 1902, and even relocated houses to nearby places such as Harkers Island, Salter Path and Morehead City.

Hurricane San Ciriaco set many records on its path. Resulting in at least 3,369 deaths in Puerto Rico, the storm was the deadliest hurricane to hit the island and the strongest at the time, until the Hurricane San Felipe Segundo made landfall in 1928 as a Category 5 hurricane. It was also among the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes ever recorded.

Also, with an accumulated cyclone energy of 73.57, it has the highest ACE of any Atlantic hurricane in history and was second highest overall, until surpassed by 2023's Cyclone Freddy. In 2004, Hurricane Ivan became the second Atlantic hurricane to surpass an ACE value of 70, but did not surpass the San Ciriaco hurricane.

The San Ciriaco hurricane is also the longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane in recorded history, lasting for 27.75 days.

Migration to Hawaii
The hurricane was one of the reasons why some 5,000 Puerto Ricans migrated to Hawaii. Two historians, living in Hawaii, documented the history of Puerto Rican migration to Hawaii and stated the San Ciriaco hurricane was one of the main reasons why Puerto Ricans went to Hawaii. "Nicolas G. Vegas wrote in his Narración Patriótica (Patriotic Narration):

Name
The hurricane earned its name by striking Puerto Rico on August 8, the Roman Catholic feast day devoted to Saint Cyriacus (San Ciriaco in Spanish). This was a common practice prior to the introduction of standardized hurricane names – for example, the 1867 San Narciso hurricane, the 1928 San Felipe hurricane, and the 1932 San Ciprian hurricane were also named after the feast day on which they occurred.

title: 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane


text:
Talk:Caracas

Caracas Homicide Rate
Citation 11 for the Caracas homicide rate is inaccurate to the source. According to citation 11, the homicide rate is 58.82, however I found another source which states that the homicide rate for Caracas is 130 per 100k.

https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/venezuela/crime.htm Theoceansandbox27 (talk) 05:33, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Motto
The city's motto is "Seguid El Ejemplo Que Caracas Dio", but the article translates this as "Then Follow the Example that Caracas Gave". But why? Specifically, where in the Spanish original does it say "then"? You would expect the original to begin with the word entonces, luego or después, depending on what "then" is supposed to mean here. Kelisi (talk) 04:20, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caracas


text:
User talk:Play

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you like the place and decide to stay.

Your recent article Old School Gamers (forum) has been marked for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. You may wish to comment at Votes for deletion/Old School Gamers (forum). Since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, there are many types of articles that are simply viewed as not appropriate for Wikipedia. Before spending more time on articles, you may want to review What Wikipedia is not.

Of course, there is nothing wrong with learning to edit by writing articles on you or your friends, but you should do it in the Wikipedia sandbox or on your own user page.

Here are a few more good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Alf 01:34, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Monster.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Monster.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an arguement why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 00:21, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Play


text:
Talk:Atani

Disambiguation needed?
The Tolkien-specific page about Manwë links to Atani, but I'm not sure the Wikipedia Atani entry refers to the "Men" of Tolkien's world. — Keramida 01:36, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atani


text: User talk:68.161.44.106

title: User talk:68.161.44.106


text:
Talk:North Olmsted High School

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on North Olmsted High School. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20101104204938/http://cdab.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1146 to http://www.cdab.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=1146

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:00, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:North Olmsted High School


text:
Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish)

The Huey P. Long Bridge, located in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, is a cantilevered steel through-truss bridge that carries a two-track railroad line over the Mississippi River at mile 106.1, with three lanes of US 90 on each side of the central tracks. It is several kilometers upriver from the city of New Orleans. The East Bank entrance is at Elmwood, Louisiana, and the West Bank at Bridge City.

Opened in December 1935, the bridge was named for the late Governor Huey P. Long, who was assassinated on September 8 of that year. The bridge was the first Mississippi River span built in Louisiana and the 29th along the length of the river. It was designed by Polish-American engineer Ralph Modjeski and is designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

On June 16, 2013, a $1.2 billion widening project by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development was completed and opened to motorists. The bridge now consists of three 11 ft lanes in each direction, with inside and outside shoulders. Prior to the expansion, there were two 9 ft lanes in each direction with no shoulders. In both cases, the road lanes flanked the twin railroad tracks contained within the truss.

in 2014, a writer at The New Yorker described the bridge as "a structure so vaulting and high that it seems to extend from one white, towering Gulf Coast cloud to the next."

Structure
The widest clear span is 790 ft long while each of the three additional spans are 530 ft long, making the total river crossing about 2400 ft long. There are three navigation channels below the bridge, the widest being 750 ft. The vertical clearance below the structure is 152.9 ft. The distinctive rail structure is 22996 ft long and extends as rail viaducts well into the city on both sides of the river from the central spans. It has sometimes been described as the longest rail bridge in the US, but the nearby Norfolk Southern Lake Pontchartrain Bridge, at 5.8 mi, is considerably longer. The highway structure is 8076 ft long with steep grades on both sides. As originally constructed, each roadway deck was 18 ft wide, with two 9 ft lanes; but because of the railroad component, it is unusually flat. Normally, bridges its height have a hump, but this bridge was designed flat to facilitate rail traffic.

The bridge is a favorite railfan location. It is owned by the New Orleans Public Belt Railroad, which is owned by the City of New Orleans and managed by the Public Belt Railroad Commission. The bridge was hated by many drivers in the New Orleans area due to the narrow 9 ft lanes without shoulders before it was widened. Additionally, where the East Bank approach met the superstructure of the bridge, the two vehicular roadways "jogged" or shifted inwards towards the bridge centerline about 1+1/2 ft since the through-truss portion of the superstructure was 3 ft wider than the deck truss portion of the east approach.

The foundation of the bridge is also unique. The land in and around New Orleans was formed by silt deposits brought down the Mississippi River. The clay topsoil, known colloquially as "gumbo soil," is compressible and unsuitable for foundation loads. As bedrock is around 1000 ft below the surface, making it too deep for normal bridge foundation construction, the main piers are seated on a layer of fine sand 160 to 170 ft below Mean Gulf Level and rely on their size and mass to hold them in place.

The bridge dates from an era when large bridges mixing rail tracks and highways were common, as typified by the MacArthur Bridge and McKinley Bridge in St. Louis, Missouri, and the Harahan Bridge in Memphis, Tennessee. A second Huey P. Long Bridge, which is very similar to the design of this bridge in New Orleans before its renovation, was built further upstream in 1940 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. While both of the Long bridges still carry both types of traffic, most of the others have been converted either to entirely rail use (Harahan since 1949, MacArthur since 1981) or exclusive road use (McKinley since 1978), sometimes with bicycle and/or pedestrian use added (McKinley in 2007, Harahan in 2016).

History
As early as 1892 the Southern Pacific Railway proposed a high-level bridge, but a depression that year prevented further work on a project that would have been an overwhelming challenge for the engineers of the time due to soil conditions and extremely high clearances for river navigation. With the development of the Public Belt Railroad, interest in a river rail crossing grew and led to passage of a constitutional amendment in 1916 granting the city exclusive power to build and operate a crossing. Three general ideas emerged from the planning process: a low-level drawbridge, a tunnel, and a high-level bridge. The tunnel idea died first, because it would have provided limited capacity, and the War Department (after years of wrangling) ultimately rejected the idea of a drawbridge as too problematic for such a significant concentration of vital transportation infrastructure.

Work on the design of the bridge began in earnest in 1925 by the engineering firm of Modjeski and Masters. Some pilings were actually driven that year to prevent expiration of congressional authority and provide further information for the design. As the magnitude of the project became apparent and projected costs ballooned, financing difficulties compounded by the Great Depression delayed the project. Finally, on November 5, 1932, the bonds of the Public Belt Railroad Commission were guaranteed by a complex agreement between the Southern Pacific Railroad, the City of New Orleans and the State of Louisiana. Principal construction contracts were signed on December 30, 1932, and work formally started the following day. Construction of the bridge proceeded smoothly over a three-year period with only minor interruptions due to high water and a one-month strike in September 1933.

Expansion
The Huey P. Long Bridge Widening Project is a TIMED (Transportation Infrastructure Model for Economic Development) Program project. The TIMED Program was created by Act 16 of the 1989 Louisiana Legislature, was voted for by the people and is the single largest transportation program in state history. The Program is designed to enhance economic development in Louisiana through an investment in transportation projects.

The $1.2 billion widening project started in April 2006 and is the first change to the structure since it opened in 1935. The project expanded the highway on each side of the structure from two 9 ft lanes to three 11 ft lanes with a 2 ft inside shoulder and an 8 ft outside shoulder. It also included new signalized intersections to replace the traffic circles at Jefferson Highway and at Bridge City Avenue, both in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana.

Project details
This seven-year-long, four-phase project was completed in 2013. The timeline of the project was as follows:

Phase I: Main support widening (piers)

In this phase, completed in May 2009, four river piers and one land pier were widened to support the additional lanes. Reinforcing framework and concrete filled the void sections of the piers to strengthen them. In addition, w-shaped metal bridge struts were anchored to the upper part of each pier to support the additional new trusses and the existing truss.

Phase II: Railroad modifications

In October 2006, work to relocate five selected railroad supports was done to facilitate the construction of the new approaches. This phase was completed in June 2008.

Phase III: Main bridge widening (truss)

Completed in 2012, this phase widened the existing truss on either side to accommodate new travel lanes and shoulders.

The bridge, which is composed of four spans, was erected one span at a time. In November 2009, construction of the West Bank Anchor Span began by using the stick-built method, meaning each element of the span was individually placed. In order to minimize the use of falsework and river closures in the navigation or auxiliary channels, the three remaining spans were done through the span-by-span method. This method involved large barges transporting a pre-assembled span section, positioning it under the bridge, and lifting it into position using strand jacks. Temporary stability frames made up of floorbeams and towers were used to support each span section during the lifting process.

This phase was completed on April 29, 2012, when traffic was shifted from the original lanes (two 9 ft lanes in each direction, cantilevered on each side of the original truss) to two temporary lanes in each direction on the widened portion of the truss.

Phase IV: New approaches construction

During this phase of the project, the two temporary lanes were widened to three 11 ft lanes in each direction with 8 ft shoulders and 2 ft inside shoulders. The traffic circles at each end of the bridge were replaced with signalized intersections. Also, new roadway and elevated structures were constructed.

Four cameras were installed to view the approaches and ramps construction – two on the East Bank of Jefferson Parish and two on the West Bank of Jefferson Parish.

On February 5, 2013, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development Secretary Sherri LeBas announced that the bridge would be fully open to drivers on June 16, 2013.

Incidents

 * On April 27, 2015, a severe storm knocked several double stack train cars off the track as the train crossed the Huey P. Long Bridge, with no injuries reported. The accident was captured by a WGNO News Team dashcam.

Original construction

 * Mississippi River Bridge at New Orleans, Louisiana – Final Report to the Public Belt Railroad Commission of the City of New Orleans (1941)

2006 road widening project

 * Huey P. Long Bridge Widening Project, Louisiana DOTD (June 2007) (archived copy).
 * , HNTB, August 9, 2011. Seven-minute animation of erection of trusses widening river spans to enlarge roadway.
 * , May 11, 2012. Seventeen-minute-long video taken from the westbound Sunset Limited as it climbs the east bank viaduct, crosses the truss spans as construction continues on the new road lanes while old 18 ft carriageways are still in use, and then descends the west bank viaduct to its landing.
 * , April 11, 2016. Fifteen-minute-long video very similar to 2012 video linked immediately above, showing completed highway lanes.

title: Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish)


text:
Tochigiyama Moriya

Tochigiyama Moriya (栃木山 守也) was a Japanese professional sumo wrestler. He was the sport's 27th yokozuna from 1918 until 1925. Generally he is considered one of the pioneers of modern sumo. He remains the lightest yokozuna in the history of the sport with a weight of 104 kg.

Early career
He was born Yokoda Moriya (横田 守也), but later changed his surname to Nakata (中田). He entered sumo in February 1911, using the shikona Tochigiyama Senjō (栃木山 専成) until changing the given name to Moriya in January 1914. His coach Hitachiyama Taniemon did not expect him to be strong owing to his light weight. However, Tochigiyama lost only 3 bouts on his way to the top makuuchi division, achieving promotion in January 1915. Tochigiyama defeated Tachiyama Mineemon, ending his series of 56 victories, on the 8th day of the May 1916 tournament.

Tochigiyama was promoted to ōzeki in May 1917. After he won his first two championships at ōzeki without suffering a single defeat, he was promoted to yokozuna in February 1918.

Yokozuna
Tochigiyama won a third championship during his first tournament as yokozuna. He also won the following two tournaments, meaning he achieved five consecutive championships between May 1917 and May 1919.

Tochigiyama defeated other wrestlers with his strong oshi, or pushing techniques. He compensated for his lack of weight by training extremely hard. He was nicknamed the "little giant yokozuna". Like Hitachiyama before him, he trained many wrestlers, such as later yokozuna Tamanishiki San'emon, even though they were not members of the Dewanoumi stable.

In May 1925, he suddenly retired after winning three consecutive championships between January 1924 and January 1925. Asked about his retirement, he stated that he wanted to retire while still a strong opponent.

The painter Foujita made his portrait in sumotori in 1926 in Paris; the painting is kept in the musée de Grenoble (France).

Tochigiyama only lost 23 times while an active sumo wrestler in the top makuuchi division, and only eight times during his seven years as yokozuna. His top division winning percentage was 87.8. In addition, his winning percentage as yokozuna reached 93.5, the fourth best in history after Jinmaku, Tachiyama and Tanikaze.

Retirement from sumo
After his retirement, he was permitted to leave Dewanoumi stable and become the eighth head coach of Kasugano stable. He was the adopted son of its previous head coach, referee Kimura Soshiro. In his tenure, Tochigiyama produced yokozuna Tochinishiki Kiyotaka.

In June 1931, Tochigiyama took part in the first Dai-Nippon Rikishi Senshuken (大日本角力選手権), special sumo tournament. To the surprise of many, he defeated Tamanishiki and Tenryū, and won the championship. In the modern age, retired wrestlers can no longer take part in any special sumo tournaments.

In 1952 he performed his kanreki dohyō-iri or '60th year ring entrance ceremony' to commemorate his years as yokozuna. His strength hardly declined long into his retirement. It is reported that Tochigiyama in his sixties easily carried a large hibachi which none of his other junior stable members could move.

He died suddenly in 1959 whilst still in charge of Kasugano stable. Tochinishiki, who Tochigiyama had in turn adopted as his son, took over as head coach of the stable.

title: Tochigiyama Moriya


text:
Bridgewater Associates

Bridgewater Associates, LP (informally known as "Bridgewater") is an American investment management firm founded by Ray Dalio in 1975. The firm serves institutional clients including pension funds, endowments, foundations, foreign governments, and central banks. As of 2022, Bridgewater has posted the second highest gains of any hedge fund since its inception in 1975. The firm began as an institutional investment advisory service, graduated to institutional investing, and pioneered the risk parity investment approach in 1996.

In 1981, the company moved its headquarters from New York City to Westport, Connecticut, and currently employs 1,500 employees.

History
The firm's history includes the pioneering of industry strategies such as: currency overlay, the separation of alpha and beta strategies, the creation of absolute return products, and risk parity. According to Financial News, the company was the fastest growing asset manager from 2000 until 2005 when it stopped accepting new accounts. Its assets under management have increased by 25% each year during the 2001-2010 decade with employees at eleven times their year 2000 levels. The company's Daily Observations research is reportedly read by leaders of central banks and managers of pension funds around the world.

1975–1990: Consulting, research, money management
Bridgewater Associates was founded by Ray Dalio in 1975 from an office in his Manhattan apartment. At that time, the business consisted exclusively of advising corporate clients and the management of domestic and international currency and interest rate risks. The firm later changed its emphasis and began selling economic advice to governments and corporations such as Nabisco and McDonald's.

The company began publishing a paid subscription research report called the Daily Observations which inspired McDonald's Corp. and its main supplier to become clients in the early 1980s. Another client was Banks of Mid-America and its treasury department director, Bob Prince, later joined Bridgewater Associates as co-CIO. In 1981, the company moved its offices from New York City to Connecticut.

The company's first account was funded by a US$5 million fixed-income investment through Hilda Ochoa-Brillembourg of World Bank in 1987. In the mid-1980s, the firm changed its business focus from currency and interest rate management to global bonds and currencies for institutional investors. As a fixed income and currency adviser to institutional clients, the company gained a reputation as a currency trader and a developer of techniques for overlaying currencies. In 1990, it launched a hedge fund portfolio using monies from Kodak and Loews Corporation and began formally offering its currency overlay products to its clients.

1991–2006: Pure Alpha, All Weather
Bridgewater Associates developed several "innovative investment strategies" during the 1990s such as inflation-indexed bonds, currency overlay, emerging market debt, global bonds and "super-long duration bonds". The firm also "pioneered the separation of alpha and beta" investments and developed a strategy called "alpha overlay" which involved a portfolio of "20 uncorrelated" investments, leveraged for risk or return and combined with cash or an investment market benchmark.

The firm launched its Pure Alpha fund and began to market portable alpha investment strategies in 1991. The Pure Alpha fund did well during the market's downturn of 2000 to 2003 and, as hedge funds became more popular, the company expanded its assets through its connections with various underfunded pension funds, some of which were already clients. In 1992 the firm introduced its global bond overlay program. In 1995, company executives participated in the discussions at the U.S. Treasury and advised federal government on the development of inflation-indexed bonds.

Bridgewater launched its All Weather hedge fund and pioneered the risk parity approach to portfolio management in 1996. The firm's assets under management grew from US$5 billion in the mid-1990s to US$38 billion by the year 2003. In June 2000, the firm was ranked as the best performing global bond manager for that year and the prior five years by Pensions & Investments magazine. In 2002, the company was ranked by Nelson Information as the World's Best Money Manager in recognition of the 16.3% return on its International Fixed Income program. The firm received the Global Investor Awards for Excellence-Global Bonds award in 2003. The following year the company received the Global Pensions Currency Overlay Manager of the Year award, and 2 "best in class" awards from the PlanSponsor Operations Survey.

In 2006, the company's flagship Pure Alpha fund began "returning money" to its clients in order to maintain its investment strategy and enforce its "capacity limit". The firm began moving all of its clients into alternative strategies (either its All Weather or Pure Alpha Major Markets funds), thereby eliminating the traditional investment approach from its portfolios. That year it was honored by PlanSponsor Magazine with the Lifetime Achievement Award and the Global Pensions magazine Currency Manager of the Year award and the Money Management Letters, Public Pension Fund Award for Excellence and the Alternatives Manager of the Year award.

2007–2022: Pure Alpha Major Markets, Ray Dalio retires
By 2007, the firm's total assets under management grew to US$50 billion (from US$33 billion in the year 2000). According to a 2007 article in Barron's magazine, "nobody was better prepared for the global market crash" than its clients and subscribers to its Daily Observations. The company "began sounding alarms...in the spring of 2007 about the dangers of excessive financial leverage". The company's researchers reviewed the public accounts of most of the major financial institutions around the globe and found that estimated future losses due to bad debts totaled US$839 billion. In December, these conclusions were reported to the U.S. Treasury Department when company founder Ray Dalio met with U.S. Treasury Secretary staff and other White House economic advisers. Bridgewater's Pure Alpha fund "spared its investors" from most of the stock market's "meltdown" in 2008. However, this strategy was not successful in 2009 when economic growth responded faster than anticipated and the Dow Jones Industrial Average increased by 19% while the company's Pure Alpha fund reportedly gained a mere 2% to 4%. Bridgewater's Pure Alpha II has posted a historic average return of 10.4 percent with only 3 losing years. Senator John McCain visited the firm and addressed company employees during his 2008 presidential campaign.

Ray Dalio, the company's founder, began using the term "d-process" in February 2009 to describe the deleveraging and deflationary process of the subprime mortgage industry as distinct from a recession. That year, the company was termed the largest hedge fund in the U.S. and it received the Alternative Investment News 7th Annual Hedge Fund Industry's Lifetime Achievement award and PlanSponsor's Hedge Fund Manager of the year award. When the U.S. gross domestic product faltered in 2010, the firm had significant gains on their investments in Treasury bonds and other securities, and in November founded the US$10 billion, Pure Alpha Major Markets fund which brought the company's total assets under management to more than US$100 billion. In 2011 the firm received several honors. It was ranked number one on Institutional Investor's "world's top 100 hedge funds" list. It received the Macro-Focused Hedge Fund Firm of the Year award and the aiCIO Hedge Fund Industry Innovation Award. Absolute Return + Alpha (AR) ranked the company number one in its Hedge Fund Report Card and Billion Dollar Club categories. The Teacher Retirement System of Texas (TRS) invested $250 million in a stake in Bridgewater Associates Intermediate Holdings, LP. The firms total funds in the early part of 2012 was around US$ 120 billion.

Between 2014 and 2016, the Regents of the University of California withdrew $550 million from Bridgewater Associates also due to concerns about Bridgewater's future leadership. In 2016, Connecticut approved $22 million in grants and loans, via a program initiated by Gov. Dannel P. Malloy, in exchange for job training, job creation, and building renovations, with the agreement that the firm retains the 1,402 jobs they already supported in Connecticut. The company also received $30 million in urban tax credits. In 2016 the firm managed about US$150 billion.

In 2017 Ray Dalio retired as co-CEO. In September 2017, Bridgewater announced plans to launch an investment fund in China with Chinese government's approval.

In June 2018, it was announced to clients and employees that Bridgewater would change its corporate structure and become a partnership. By June 2018, the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System, the Singapore's sovereign wealth fund and the International Monetary Fund had invested in Bridgewater Associates.

In 2020, Bridgewater reported hefty losses due to COVID-19 related market volatility, with the flagship pure Alpha II fund losing 18.6% as of August 2020. During COVID-19 pandemic Bridgewater Associates bet against European companies. In January 2021 losses for 2020 amounted to $12.1 billion.

In December 2021, after 11 months in the doldrums, Bridgewater posted a 7.8% return providing the firm at the close of the year with its best annual performance since 2018.

In January 2022 Nir Bar Dea, a retired major and platoon leader in the Israeli Defense Forces, and Mark Bertolini were announced as co-CEO. In the volatile bear market of the 1st half 2022 the firm's Pure Alpha II fund posted a 32% return. Bridgewater finished the year with an AUM of $126.4 billion.

2023-2024
As of Jan. 31 2023, Bridgewater had $123.5 billion in AUM. That was No. 2, behind a total of $138.4 billion in hedge fund AUM, as of Sept. 30, 2022, for the London-headquartered Man Group. In comparison, Bridgewater's AUM totaled about $162 billion, as of Sept. 30, 2019; approximately $141 billion, as of Sept. 30, 2020; and about $153 billion, as of Feb. 28, 2022. At all of those points, it still ranked No.1 in hedge fund AUM.

Nir Bar Dea took over as the lone CEO in March 2023.

As of April 2024 Bridgewater continues to maintain top ranking in hedge fund AUM, with about $124 billion.

Investment philosophy
According to Ray Dalio, Bridgewater Associates is a "global macro firm". It uses "quantitative" investment methods to identify new investments while avoiding unrealistic historical models. Its goal is to structure portfolios with uncorrelated investment returns based on risk allocations rather than asset allocations. Additionally, the company is reported to accept funds from only institutional clients such as pension funds, foundations, endowments, and central banks rather than private investors.

A 2023 New York Times investigative report, based on a book by the paper's finance journalist Rob Copeland, raised questions about whether the firm uses a sophisticated investing system. The report indicated that the fund's investments are primarily based on Ray Dalio's personal picks and that investment choices are driven by information derived from Dalio's associations with prominent government actors.

Separation of alpha and beta
The company divides its investments into two basic categories: (1) Beta investments, whose returns are generated through passive management and standard market risk, and (2) Alpha investments, whose goal is to generate higher returns that are uncorrelated to the general market and are actively managed. The principle of separating alpha and beta investments was introduced by Dalio in 1990 and gained the recognition of other equity managers beginning in the year 2000. The firm is reported to be the first hedge fund manager to separate alpha and beta investment strategies and offer dedicated investment funds for each.

Systematic diversification
According to Bloomberg, Bridgewater uses an investing system that combines traditional diversification with "wager[s] on or against markets around the world" and attempts to invest in instruments and markets that do not "move in lock step" with each other. To guide its investment strategies, the company's top executives have compiled hundreds of "decision rules" which are the financial corollary to the firm's employee handbook, Principles, and these investment guidelines have been incorporated into the firm's computers' analysis.

Products
The firm offers three hedge funds to its clients: the Pure Alpha fund, the All Weather fund, and the Pure Alpha Major Markets fund. It also publishes a white paper, called the Daily Observations, which is read by investors worldwide on a subscription basis.

Pure Alpha
Bridgewater Associates launched its flagship fund, Pure Alpha, in 1989. The fund is described as a "diversified alpha source" that invests across a group of asset classes. It was designed to balance risk amongst a variety of non-correlated assets through active management. It includes 30 or 40 simultaneous trading positions in bonds, currencies, stock indexes and commodities to avoid affecting prices by concentrating funds in a single area. After placing some of the company's excess cash into the Pure Alpha hedge fund to increase its "investing discretion". The fund was closed to new investors in 2006 when it reached its pre-determined, maximum funds level. As of 2019, the fund is reported to have lost money in only three of its 20 years of existence and had an average annualized return of 12 percent. However, an investment in Pure Alpha has returned 4.5% annualized since 2005 and underperformed major indices.

All Weather
A second fund, called All Weather, was launched in 1996 and highlighted low fees, global inflation-linked bonds and global fixed-income investments. The fund began as the founder's personal trust fund and was subsequently opened to clients. The goal of the fund was to create "high, risk adjusted returns" that exceeded the return of the general market. The All Weather fund contains more than $46 billion and is one of the largest funds in the U.S. as of 2011. In April 2009, after the collapse of Lehman Brothers, the fund moved into "safe portfolio" mode which included nominal and inflation-linked bonds and gold instead of equities, emerging market debt, and commodities. The fund is reported to contain 40% inflation-linked bonds, 30% Treasury bills, 20% Treasury bonds and 10% gold.

In June 2018, Bridgewater was granted permission to develop and market domestic investment products to qualified investors in mainland China. In October 2018, Bridgewater launched its first Chinese investment product, Bridgewater All Weather China Private Fund Number 1, which by January 2024 grew to $5.5bn.

Pure Alpha Major Markets
Under the guidance of then co-CEO Jensen, the firm created the Pure Alpha Major Markets in 2011 with $2.4 billion from existing clients. In the summer of 2011 the fund was opened to a group of outside investors who had made a total advance commitment of $7.5 billion. At that time, it was reported to be the largest hedge fund launch. The fund was established to provide an investment vehicle similar to the company's Pure Alpha fund but with enhanced liquidity by focusing on the major markets such as European bonds. The launch of this fund in 2011 brought the company's total assets under management to more than $100 billion.

Daily Observations
The company's "Daily Observations" is a private communication and is the flagship product and service offered by the company. The daily notes synthesize Bridgewater's decades of following the markets and offer an alternative perspective on trends that are top of mind for all investors around the world. It has been characterized as comprehensive, with some editions being up to 43 pages in length. It is reportedly read, on a subscription basis, by clients, leaders of central banks and managers of pension funds around the world and said to be "one of the most widely forwarded pieces of market analysis" in the industry. It is the centerpiece of the company's outreach program and as of 2009 it was read by members of the U.S. Treasury, and the Executive Office of the Obama Administration.

Headquarters
In 1981, the company moved its headquarters 50 miles north of New York City to Wilton, Connecticut, and in the late 1990s it moved to a larger office space on a corporate campus in Westport, Connecticut. As the company continued to expand, it became the sole tenant at the 22-acre campus. The firm's headquarters is described as retreat-like and is surrounded by the trees of a former nature reserve. The campus contains three buildings made of "midcentury modern fieldstone and glass". Since 2000 its staff has grown from 100 to 1500 employees, and the firm has taken office space in three additional buildings in the area. In an effort to consolidate its offices, the company made plans to build a 750,000- square-foot headquarters in Stamford, CT, about 15 miles from its present location in Westport, but cancelled the project in 2014.

Employees
Bridgewater Associates grew from 100 employees in 2003 to 1,500 employees in 2017. The company is reported to be one of the few hedge fund managers that hire its analysts and employees right out of college and from the annual pool of graduates from elite universities. Employees are transported daily in a "fancy" bus that ferries them from Manhattan to the company's Westport offices. According to an article in Bloomberg, "about a quarter of all new hires" leave within the first two years. Those that remain are reported to receive "generous" compensation and form bonds with fellow employees that are "like family" and the company's founder helps to pay for any employees that wish to learn the Transcendental Meditation technique.

Dalio, the founder, relinquished his chief executive officer (CEO) title in July 2011 to take on the role of "mentor". The company's administration consists of three co-CEOs; Greg Jensen, Eileen Murray, former Controller at Morgan Stanley, and David McCormick; the former undersecretary of the Treasury Department. The company also has three co-CIOs (chief investment officers); Dalio, Bob Prince and Greg Jensen (who is also co-CEO). Greg Jensen, the 45-year-old co-CEO, oversees the research programs at the firm and came to the company as a Dartmouth College intern about 15 years earlier. Britt Harris, formerly of Verizon Investment Management, joined Bridgewater as co-CEO in November 2004 but left six months later. According to Dalio, the cultural fit was a problem, but Harris "is a superstar, with an absolutely fabulous character". From 2010 until early 2013, Bridgewater's general counsel was James Comey, former United States Deputy Attorney General and Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 2013 to 2017. In 2016, Bridgewater had removed Greg Jensen as co-CEO and hired Jon Rubinstein instead. Rubinstein, a former Apple executive, left Bridgewater after 10 months in early 2017. Within a few years, Rubinstein was the third top-level executive to leave Bridgewater Associates after spending less than 12 months on the job. In December 2019, Bridgewater Associates announced that Eileen Murray plans to step down as co-chief executive in March 2020, making David McCormick the sole CEO.

Corporate culture
In 2005, Dalio created a handbook called Principles in response to the fast growth of the company. In 2017 Dalio published a new version of the handbook, Principles: Life & Work, which became a New York Times best seller. The publication is said to be part self-help book, part management manual, and part treatise on the mechanics of natural selection as they function in a business setting. According to one trade journal, six years after the publication of "Principles", the firm's rapid expansion led to the institution of a "bizarre culture of criticism". The company acknowledges that employees "often encounter culture shock" when they begin working there, and Dalio admits: "it's not for everyone". According to the company's web site, employees are encouraged to be assertive, and discussions about disagreements and mistakes are considered an intentional part of the company's culture because they are felt to stimulate both learning and progress. In addition to Principles, Bridgewater employees use the "dot collector", a tool that enables employees to give real-time assessments of each other's views, contributing to the open environment.

A 2011 article in the magazine New York described the company as the "largest and indisputably weirdest hedge fund" because of its unwavering commitment to "total honesty and accountability" and minute detail in its corporate culture. For example, Dalio encourages employees to do "whatever it takes to make the company great" and emphasizes transparency and openness in its decision making processes. All meetings are recorded and can be viewed by any employee as long as the meeting topic is not proprietary. In addition, Dalio says that he fosters "an extreme meritocracy of ideas" and asserts that decisions are made about investments without considerations of hierarchy. He says that any employee can respectfully say anything to anyone in the firm, but they must be prepared to be challenged in return. The company's flat corporate structure aims to remove the barriers associated with traditional asset management firms, and qualities like stodginess and risk-aversion are discouraged. In April 2017, Dalio presented a TED talk highlighting the culture and attributing a majority of Bridgewater's success to identifying the best ideas.

The company has been likened to a cult, but Dalio denies that and insists that the firm is a dedicated "community". An article in The New Yorker by John Cassidy says that "the word cult clearly has connotations that don't apply to an enterprise staffed by highly paid employees who can quit at any moment". Cassidy says the company is located away from other financial institutions and headed by a "strong-willed leader" and that employees use a "unique vocabulary". While Bridgewater's practice of radical transparency has at times been criticized, executives at the company maintain that open communication helps the firm better evaluate risk and is the key to the firm's success.

In 2016, an employee filed a complaint with the Connecticut Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities, saying that the hedge fund was like a "cauldron of fear and intimidation". The New York Times reported that "several former employees recalled one video that Bridgewater showed to new employees that was of a confrontation several years ago between top executives including Mr. Dalio and a woman who was a manager at the time, who breaks down crying".

In 2018, Wharton Professor Adam Grant published a podcast featuring a manager at Bridgewater who was ranked last in terms of performance following a meeting to illustrate how radical transparency works at the firm.

The organization's culture was explored in Robert Kegan's book An Everyone Culture: Becoming a Deliberately Developmental Organization.

title: Bridgewater Associates


text:
Talk:Inflection point

Old isolated post
I have expanded this, and corrected a few errors including that the second derivative at a point of inflection can be non-zero. Also added the term 'saddle-point' for 'non-stationary point of inflection'. And made clear that in principle there is no limit to how high an order of derivative you might need to go to if you are using that method. 158-152-12-77 01:38, 24 August 2005 (BST)

Inconsistent definition of Saddle Point
The definition in this article differs substantially from the saddle point article. One or both need to be fixed to show the correct definition (or both definitions, if both are correct). I have never heard of the def in this article, but am familiar with the surface def in the separate saddle point article. However, that doesn't mean this def isn't also correct, as many terms have multiple meanings. StuRat 19:16, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Your graphs are excellent - they add a lot to the article. The definition of 'saddle point' in the saddle point article is incomplete, because it does not cover the case of a function of a single variable. This is covered properly in the Mathworld definition, namely "A point of a function or surface which is a stationary point but not a extremum" (i.e. not a local extremum).
 * 158-152-12-77 21:41, 25 August 2005 (BST)

 * I have amended saddle point article.
 * 158-152-12-77 00:11, 26 August 2005 (BST)

 * Thanks. StuRat 23:18, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The allusions in the present article are still not clear. The article currently has "An example of a saddle point is the point (0,0) on the graph y = x³. The tangent is the x-axis, which cuts the graph at this point."  But there is no way for the reader to understand how this relates to inflexion points.
 * For example, why don't we also write "An example of a local minimum is the point (0,0) on the graph y = x²." It's also true, and also lacks an explanation of how it relates (if at all) to the present article....
 * —DIV (120.17.88.168 (talk) 00:51, 28 September 2017 (UTC))
 * The use of the term "saddle point" for a univariate function is uncommon, although correct, and defined in Saddle point. Nevertheless, generally, this term is used for univariate functions only when talking of functions of any number of variables, including one variable. Thus there is no reason, and it is confusing, to use it here. I have fixed this. D.Lazard (talk) 07:37, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Font problem
In four places towards then end of the article, when the first derivative is mentioned, it's impossible for me to see the apostrophe after the "f", so I thought the function itself was being referred to, and I got really confused. I really wish I could fix this myself, but I have no idea how.

 * The only way I can see to make it more visible is to add spaces:

HOW IT NOW APPEARS: f'(x)

WITH SPACES ADDED : f ' (x)

 * Should we do that ? StuRat 21:34, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

- No, probably not. One option (besides leaving it as it is) would be to force/trigger the TEX-style mathematical rendering. As I recall, this was typically done by including a character that cannot be rendered in pure HTML (e.g. a negative space) — but I cannot find a link to that advice at the moment, so maybe things have changed in the meanwhile. Here are some links: m:Help:Displaying_a_formula, Help:Displaying_a_formula, Manual_of_Style/Mathematics, Rendering_math. Anyway, other than that you might consider that mathematically we should be using a prime (symbol), and not a typewriter apostrophe, and that is a change that could be implemented just with HTML. —DIV (120.17.88.168 (talk) 01:17, 28 September 2017 (UTC))

Definition vs. Property
From the definitions: a point on a curve at which the tangent crosses the curve itself. This is a property of inflection points, but in no way defines them: tangents can cross the curve in many points, most of which, in some cases, are not inflection points. See Tangent.

Diego.pereira 20:49, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you're misreading it: if it's an inflection point x=a, then we want the tangent line at the point a to cross the curve at the point a. --Cheeser1 (talk) 05:00, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * A tangent line by definition never crosses a curve. According to the Webster definition, a tangent line meets a curve or surface in a single point if a sufficiently small interval is considered. First Known Use in 1594. A tangent line cannot be constructed at any point of inflection or saddle point. 166.249.129.10 (talk) 01:09, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I have moved the previous posy because it was placed in the middle of an older post. This is not allowed by the policies.
 * The first assertion of the post is wrong. It is worth to mention that the author of the post has vandalized tangent by introducing there his wrong wp:original research (now reverted).
 * D.Lazard (talk) 09:50, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

 * All the assertions are correct. Is it called vandalizing when others edit articles and editing when you edit articles? Lazard, you are a Dimwit! There is reference that proves the first assertion is true. See Webster definition of tangent point. Also, you keep reverting the tangent article after I edit it. You need to STOP doing this. It is wrong as it currently stands. Now if you don't like the definition, that is your problem. But mathematics is not about what you like or dislike. 166.249.132.163 (talk) 12:00, 9 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I recall you that personal attack are forbidden by Wikipedia policy and may cause to block you to edit. Moreover your assertion that all your assertions are correct is not a valid argument to convince anybody. D.Lazard (talk) 12:59, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Graph of y=x^3 is wrong
The graph here resembles y=x^3 near the origin, but it doesn't pass the vertical line test like the x^3 function does. This doesn't affect what is being demonstrated, however, but nonetheless for the purposes of accuracy I believe the either figure should be replaced with a true x^3 graph, or that its caption contain the correct equation (unknown to me) for the graph shown. --unsigned

 * The first graph in the article is y=x^3 and is correct, it should be tangent to the x axis at 0. You may be talking about the cubic root. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 03:42, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe he's talking about how the second graph is not a function, Oleg. At x=4, notice how there are two y-values. I was about to say the same myself but I saw it was already here. --unsigned

 * Just plot x^3 + x instead of the rotated x^3 graph, which is not a function. --unsigned —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.240.130.75 (talk) 14:39, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Okay, first of all, a graph's not being a function has nothing to do with it's validity in demonstrating something mathematically. Circles aren't functions, so do you want them removed from wikipedia? Secondly, the caption doesn't claim that the graph is that of y = x^3, it claims that it is a graph of y = x^3 ROTATED. Nicklink483 (talk) 19:59, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Important Change Needed
A location where the "tangent line at the point a crosses the curve at point a" is not necessarily an inflection point.

The definition of inflection point is that the curvature changes from positive to negative or negative to positive at the point. That is, there exist $$c, d$$ such that $$f''(x)$$ has opposite signs on the intervals $$(c,a)$$ and $$(a,d)$$, Consider the function $$f(x) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c l} x^{5}\sin(\frac{1}{x}) & x\ne0\\ 0 & x=0 \end{array} \right. $$

This function is twice differentiable on $$(-\infty, \infty)$$. The tangent line at $$x=0$$ is $$y=0$$ and crosses the curve there. However, the sign of $$f''(x)$$ changes infinitely often in all intervals of the form $$(c,0)$$ or $$(0,d)$$.

To correct the page, the statement should be taken out of the definition section and restated later as "If $$f$$ has an inflection point at $$a$$, then the tangent line at $$a$$ crosses the graph at $$a$$." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.59.248.162 (talk) 20:31, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * How do you come up with f' (0) = 0? Oli Filth(talk) 20:40, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
 * $$f'(0)=\lim\limits_{h\to 0} \frac{f(h)-f(0)}{h}=\lim\limits_{h\to 0}\frac{h^5\sin(1/h)}{h}=\lim\limits_{h\to 0}h^4\sin(1/h)=0$$ since $$|\sin(1/h)|\le1$$.
 * Ah yes.
 * However, presumably your example should be $$f(x) = x^4\sin(1/x)$$, as in your current example, we have $$f(x) = f(-x)$$, hence the tangent can only touch the curve at $$x=0$$, not cross it.
 * However, with $$f(x) = x^4\sin(1/x)$$, we have that $$f^{\prime\prime}(x) = -f^{\prime\prime}(-x)$$. Therefore, this example also satisfies a further test for an inflection point (namely that $$f^{\prime\prime}(x + \epsilon)$$ and $$f^{\prime\prime}(x-\epsilon)$$ should have opposite signs in the region of an inflection point at x).
 * Oli Filth(talk) 21:50, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * In any neighborhood of zero there are points a<0<b such that f(a)f(b)<0 . That's good enough for me. --Cheeser1 (talk) 21:36, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, I used the fifth power so that the function is twice differentiable. The comment that in any neighborhood of zero, there are points $$a<0<b$$ such that f(x)f(b)<0 is very interesting,  but does not make an inflection point according to the accepted definition.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.59.248.162 (talk) 23:08, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Which is...? --Cheeser1 (talk) 20:28, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * If we accept the definition that an inflection point of a graph is a point where concavity changes and we take the function:
 * $$f(x) = \left\{

\begin{array}{c l} x^{3} & x<0\\ x^{3}+1 & x\ge0 \end{array} \right. $$

 * at $$x=0$$ the concavity changes but the statement is not true: "If $$f$$ has an inflection point at $$a$$, then the tangent line at $$a$$ crosses the graph at $$a$$.", because there is no tangent line at $$x=0$$. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.63.137.68 (talk) 09:57, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

Suggestion for a change to definition
Not all points of inflection involve a change from concave upwards to concave downwards. Also in a closed curve or looping curve (a circle, for example), the curve changes from being concave upwards to concave downwards without there being any point of inflexion.

The second sentence of the definition requires changing. It says:

"The curve changes from being concave upwards (positive curvature) to concave downwards (negative curvature), or vice versa."

I think you should replaced this with the following:

"Typically this is when an open curve changes from being concave upwards to concave downwards or vice versa."

Stated as such it doesn't sound like the curvature (whether upwards or downwards) should be part of the definition at all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.97.237.43 (talk) 11:06, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Your statement "the curve changes from being concave upwards to concave downwards without there being any point of inflexion" is sheer nonsense. The portion of the circle above the diameter is concave downwards - there is no change. The portion of the circle below the diameter is concave upwards. This means there must be an inflection point at x=r and x=-r. In fact there is because a tangent with defined gradient cannot be constructed at either of these points. 166.249.135.45 (talk) 22:14, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Thanks for the analogy!
The analogy with the steering wheel in this article is really good -- I use that concept all the time now when doing calculus homework. I suggest that for the future it's left in there and not removed, as it makes a complex concept far easier to understand. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.210.95.34 (talk) 01:46, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Analyticity and the equivalent formulations of inflection point
The article states three formulations of the definition of an inflection point and claims they are equivalent. In general, they are not equivalent as previous comments indicate. A function f for which f' has an extremum at which f' does not change from increasing to decreasing or vice versa is the function f:R→R defined by f(0)=0 and f(x) = exp(-1/x^2)(sin(1/x))^2 for x≠0. A function g for which there is a point where the tangent line crosses the graph but at which g' does not have an extremum is g:R→R defined by g(0) = 0 and g(x) = sgn(x)f(x) for x≠0 where f is the function from the previous example. Both of these examples are infinitely many times continuously differentiable. Interestingly, for real analytic functions the three formulations are equivalent because the zeros of a power series are isolated.Jalongi (talk) 23:17, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

a related stuff
fxx(x0,y)=0 implies f achieves local extreme at x0 along x. fyy(x,y0)=0 implies f achieves local extreme at y0 along y. then what does fxy(x0,y0)=0 mean? cross inflection point? Jackzhp (talk) 21:57, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Tangent crosses the curve?
The article states: ...a point on a curve at which the tangent crosses the curve at that point.

The above line should be removed because it is incorrect. If the "tangent" crosses the curve at a point, it is no longer a tangent.

Webster defines tangent as: meeting a curve or surface in a single point if a sufficiently small interval is considered

Although the derivative is defined for the cubic at x=0, it does not represent the slope of a tangent. There is no tangent at x=0. Consider the case of the circle derivative f'(x)= -x/sqrt(r^2-x^2). Although the derivative is defined, if x=-r or x=r, the derivative is undefined whereas a vertical tangent exists at both points: (-r,0) and (r,0). These are exceptions to the rule and the reason we call such points inflection points. 114.225.82.109 (talk) 10:09, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

In the context given, it is perfectly reasonable to describe an inflection point as a point at a curve at which the tangent crosses the curve at that point. The context is a differentiable function, which should be carefully explained as a real-valued function of a single real variable whose derivative exists in an interval. In that context, the tangent should be defined, not using Webster, as the line with slope equal to the derivative at a point which intersects the curve at that point. This line "crosses" the curve if and only if in every neighborhood of that point, there are points of the curve above the line and points of the curve below the line. Above and below are well-defined concepts since any non-vertical line in the plane divides the plane into three subsets: the line itself, the half-plane above the line, and the half-plane below the line. Points whose y-coordinate is greater than the y-coordinate of the point's projection onto the line are above; points whose y-coordinate is lesser than the y-coordinate of the point's projection onto the line are below. If the tangent exists at a point, and the curve is concave downward in the left half of a neighborhood of that point, and the curve is concave upward in the right half of the same neighborhood, points to the left of the point in that neighborhood will be below the line, and points to the right of the point in that neighborhood will be above the line.

Curves which do not happen to be functions may also be considered to have curvature and possibly inflection points, but the definitions require a bit more topology than is usually needed when restricting attention to curves which are differentiable functions. TheDean (talk) 15:36, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

possible error
in the section of equivalent forms it says: "a point (x, y) on a function, f(x), at which the first derivative, f′(x), is at an extremum, i.e. a minimum or maximum. (This is not the same as saying that y is at an extremum)."

If you take f(x)=x, then f'(x)=1 is always at a maximum. but f has no inflection points. I think it should be changed from "minimum or maximum" to "local minimum or local maximum" - which is the usual meaning of extremum point anyway... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.177.105.99 (talk) 13:53, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

Use in higher dimensions
For higher dimensional functions one can still define the boundary between concave and convex regions, though it's no longer a point. In a 3-dimensional graph, I've heard people use "inflection line" before. Is there standard terminology for this? Do people use "inflection curve" or "inflection region" (when the graph is in >3 dimensions)? --Bequw (talk) 21:32, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I've noticed that in the car body design industry, they call them "inflection lines", despite them clearly being a curve, not a line. StuRat (talk) 21:34, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Apparently, you are talking of the points where one of the two principal curvatures is null. These points are called parabolic points, and the standard terminology in geometry is thus "curve of parabolic points". There are other remarkable curves and points on smooth surfaces, see Umbilic point and Ridge (differential geometry). D.Lazard (talk) 09:28, 2 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I have forgot another important curve on smooth surfaces: the line of curvature. About the use of "line" to name some curves, one must be aware that the modern meaning of "line" is an abbreviation of "straight line", like "curve" is an abbreviation of "curved line". Moreover, in other languages, like French, "straight line" has been abbreviated by the equivalent of "straight" ("droite" in French), and the equivalent of "line" (ligne, in French) denotes (straight) lines as well as curves. This explains why "line" is yet used, in some cases, to denote curves.D.Lazard (talk) 11:18, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

 * D.Lazard mentions "one of the two principal curvatures".

 * Why only two? 2601:200:C000:1A0:31AA:B51:BC4C:5F5B (talk) 01:22, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

2nd Derivative unneeded in plotting the cubic - read on!
I discovered this in my college Calculus class. It was party due to this discovery, that I scored somewhat well in that class, as mathematics are not my strong point. I do however, have a natural talent in seeing patterns that warrant further exploration. My calculus professor was blown away by this discovery, and strongly urged me to try publishing it. I would have, except that I'm a very honest sort, and so researched it further. The ONLY other reference to this, was by a Professor of Louisiana State University - in 1929! Below, I have quoted just the preface to Irby C. Nichols' paper on the subject to show that I am not crazy, this is real, and light should be further shed on this in the mathematical community.

MY version is this: To find an inflection point, you only need the nearest local minimum and maximum points of any curve. If you plot a new line between the two, it will ALWAYS intersect the curve at the inflection point. Go ahead, try it before you read any further; I'll wait. I'm not fluent enough in calculus to provide the mathematical proof of this, but Professor Nichols WAS.

"The present paper offers two suggestions which should be- time-saving both to high school and college teachers of mathematics in their plotting of cubic equations. The author has used them with profit a good many years and, although he does not recall ever having seen them treated in any text on algebra or calculus, he feels that they possess merit sufficient to warrant special attention.

Familiarity with the popular definitions of maximum and minimum points and a point of inflection is assumed. It is also assumed that we can obtain the first derivative of a cubic and can apply it in obtaining its maximum and minimum points. No knowledge of the second derivative is required: the point of the present brief treatise is to show that the second derivative is not needed in plotting a cubic."

"Plotting the Cubic Irby C. Nichols Mathematics News Letter, Vol. 3, No. 5. (Jan., 1929), pp. 18-21. Mathematics News Letter is currently published by Mathematical Association of America."

(I discovered this through JSTOR, which hosts a copy.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Karmana (talk • contribs) 03:44, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree that this is an interesting and curious property, and that it is true. I congratulate you to have discovered it. But I disagree with Nichols that it is useful: If you want use it to compute (numerically) the coordinates of the inflection point, this is much more complicated than with the second derivative. I doubt that you will be able to do such a computation. If you want to use it to locate graphically the inflection point, you will see that the angle between this line and the tangent at the inflexion point is small. Thus, for a reasonably accurate localization of the inflection point, you will need a very high accuracy of the plotting. As the computation of the inflection point is only useful for having a correct plotting by computing only a small number of points on the cubic, you have some kind of vicious circle: you need an accurate plotting to get basic information on the plotting. :Nevertheless, as you have a reference, it could be discussed if this result is worth to be included in WP. If it is, cubic function would be a better place, because this result does not generalize to higher degree functions. --D.Lazard (talk) 10:20, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

undulation
can someone add an actual example of undulation point? JMP EAX (talk) 14:15, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

And how would one define undulation for a C0 function, e.g. for a polyline? The concept is obviously used for the latter (without giving a def) e.g. in. JMP EAX (talk) 14:19, 15 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The graph of y=xn has an undulation point at the origin, when n is an even integer greater than 2. As far as I know, undulation points are defined only for C3 curves (this is needed for having a curvature, which is defined and has a constant sign, in a small neighborhood, on both sides of the point). It is possible that generalizations of the definition exists for less regular curves, but they are not standard. D.Lazard (talk) 15:44, 15 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Why do you believe that C2 curves cannot have curvature defined (and continuous).
 * Fact: They do. 2601:200:C000:1A0:31AA:B51:BC4C:5F5B (talk) 01:29, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

Labeling of Graph of Cubic upwards downwards
An earlier version of the graphic has purple labels 'f(x) curve concave downwards' and 'f(x) curve concave upwards.' The article mentions this nomenclature, as well as 'concave' and 'convex' more frequently seen beyond school mathematics. As the purple labels were adjusted to reflect this latter usage, and the former usage parenthesized, it appears that the distinction between upwards and downwards was lost. Both occurrences in parentheses now read 'downwards.'

Perhaps I have misunderstood the intent, but shouldn't the label on the LHS read: concave (downwards); and the label on the RHS read: convex (concave upwards). Or if spacing is an issue, 'concave (down)' and 'convex (concave up)' respectively? Zimri2 (talk) 04:05, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

=Serious error=

f(x)=x^4 has f(x) continuous and f(0)=0, but that doesn't make x=0 an inflection point, it is a local extrema. If f'(a)=f''(a)=...f^{(m-1)}(a)=0 and f^(m)(a)!=0, then a local extrema if m is even, and it is an inflection point if m is odd.

Thomaso (talk) 07:03, 18 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Please, read the article before saying that it is erroneous: this is shortly discussed in the lead, and section discusses this with details, with a title that emphasizes what you say. The case of $$f(x)=x^4$$ is explicitly considered in this section. D.Lazard (talk) 09:02, 18 June 2021 (UTC)

It may seem obvious, but it is not
The section Definition begins as follows:

"Inflection points in differential geometry are the points of the curve where the curvature changes its sign."

Unfortunately, it is not at all clear what this means if a curve is not necessarily of class C2 at the point in question.

I hope someone knowledgable on this subject can fix this omission. 2601:200:C000:1A0:31AA:B51:BC4C:5F5B (talk) 01:19, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inflection point


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Reily Knox

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was ambiguous. There is not even a majority for outright deletion, so it stands between redirect and outright keep. There are seven votes to keep, five votes to delete and six votes to redirect. If I put the redirect and delete votes together we have 11-7 for discarding the content, which I will not call a consensus either. Also, I'm not sure if a redirect at this title to Beta Theta Pi would be really useful, or just confusing. Therefore, I will call this an outright keep (no consensus) for the time being. If anyone wants to merge or redirect, they may do so. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:34, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And I have deleted it. This is a copyvio, and I can't believe nobody saw it before.  All the Beta Theta Pi founder articles were created as copyvios back in February.  Might want to put them on your watchlist so when they get recreated again you can redelete them.  CryptoDerk 12:42, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

John Reily Knox
Minor, non-notable lawyer who founded some fraternity. Delete. Gamaliel 01:38, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Presidential electors are inherently notable. --Nicodemus75 02:23, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Name a famous one. --Tysto 05:55, 2005 August 24 (UTC)
 * Roger McBride who famously cast his vote for the Libertarians instead of Nixon and later went on to run for President on the Libertarian ticket.--Nicodemus75 06:59, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep as per Nicodemus75. --Apyule 05:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete—Presidential electors are minor party functionaries. --Tysto 05:55, 2005 August 24 (UTC)
 * Redirect/Merge to Beta Theta Pi, which seems to be his primary achievement of note. --Alan Au 06:09, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Tysto. -- Kjkolb 12:01, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Beta Theta Pi per Alan Au. The existence of one Presidential elector whose action was notable does not confer notability on all the rest who rubber-stamped their states' decision, and being one of eight founders of a fraternity does not (in my opinion) rise to the level of meriting a WP bio article.  Barno 15:21, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Alan Au. Proto t c 15:43, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Founded major world-wide fraternity with major award named after him, not just "one of eight" founders but seemes to clearly be the most notable of the bunch. Also Presidential elector...   Guerberj 18:49, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Beta Theta Pi per Alan Au. --Fang Aili 19:11, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. --PhilipO 19:57, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or redirect Trollderella 21:15, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A presidential elector is a minor party functionary selected on the sole criteria of loyalty to the party.  The average elector is about as notable as the average rubber stamp. --Carnildo 22:17, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Beta Theta Pi--Dysepsion 00:15, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Aside from the elector business, Beta Theta Pi acknowledges his leading role in the founding of a major fraternity. Rx StrangeLove 04:06, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Elector + fraternity founder adds up to "notable" as far as I'm concerned.  Crypticfirefly 05:12, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. --tranquileye 19:23:05, 2005-08-29 (UTC)

 * Keep. Agree with Crypticfirefly. Academic Challenger 00:24, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User:PanchoS/Germany tourism Koblenz area


text:
Cocito

Thiago Marcelo Silveira Cocito or simply Cocito (born August 24, 1977), is a Brazilian former footballer who last played for Vila Nova-GO.

Cocito previously played for Grêmio and Atletico Paranaense in the Campeonato Brasileiro. He also had a spell with Tenerife in the Spanish Segunda División.

title: Cocito


text:
Stationary distribution

Stationary distribution may refer to:

 * and, a special distribution for a Markov chain such that if the chain starts with its stationary distribution, the marginal distribution of all states at any time will always be the stationary distribution. Assuming irreducibility, the stationary distribution is always unique if it exists, and its existence can be implied by positive recurrence of all states. The stationary distribution has the interpretation of the limiting distribution when the chain is irreducible and aperiodic.
 * The marginal distribution of a stationary process or stationary time series
 * The set of joint probability distributions of a stationary process or stationary time series

In some fields of application, the term stable distribution is used for the equivalent of a stationary (marginal) distribution, although in probability and statistics the term has a rather different meaning: see stable distribution.

Crudely stated, all of the above are specific cases of a common general concept. A stationary distribution is a specific entity which is unchanged by the effect of some matrix or operator: it need not be unique. Thus stationary distributions are related to eigenvectors for which the eigenvalue is unity.

title: Stationary distribution