text:
Rayonnant

Rayonnant was a very refined style of Gothic Architecture which appeared in France in the 13th century. It was the defining style of the High Gothic period, and is often described as the high point of French Gothic architecture. French architects turned their attention from building cathedral of greater size and height towards bringing greater light into the cathedral interiors and adding more extensive decoration. The architects made the vertical columns and supports thinner, made extensive use of pinnacles and moldings. They combined the triforium gallery and the clerestory into single space and filled it with stained glass. They made extensive use of moldings and bar tracery to decorate the exteriors and interiors.

The most prominent features of the Rayonnant style were the enormous rose windows installed in the transepts and facades, made possible by the use of bar tracery. The design of the windows gave the name Rayonnant ("Radiant"} to the style.

The first major church built in the new style was Amiens Cathedral (1220-1271). Later examples include Sainte-Chapelle, the royal chapel of King Louis IX of France (1248); the new north and south transepts of Notre Dame de Paris (1250-1270, and the church of Sainte-Urbaine in Troyes (1262).

Rayonnant cathedrals soon appeared outside of France. One of the first was Cologne Cathedral. Its choir was built from 1248 to 1322, the decoration accomplished and partly remodeled until 1360. After an interruption from 1528 to 1832, the Cathedral was completed in 1880. The footplan with all foundations is medieval, but many details of the western parts are creations of the 19th century.

The style also soon appeared in England, where it took the name of Decorated Gothic At first French Rayonnant tracery was incorporated into more traditional English features, such as colonettes and vault ribs. Notable examples of Rayonnant in England include the Angel Choir of Lincoln Cathedral, and that of Exeter Cathedral (begun before 1280). The striking retrochoir of Wells Cathedral (begun before 1280), the choir of Saint Augustine at Bristol Cathedral, and Westminster Abbey are other important examples.

After the mid-14th century, Rayonnant was gradually replaced by the even more lavishly decorative Flamboyant style.

Periods
Rayonnant style is the third of the four phases of Gothic architecture in France, as defined by French scholars. Related to the English division of Continental Gothic into three phases (Early, High, Late Gothic), it is the second and larger part of High Gothic.

Other features of Rayonnant include development of the rose window; more windows in the upper-level clerestory; the reduction of the importance of the transept; and larger openings on the ground floor to establish greater communication between the central vessel and the side aisles.

The most prominent Rayonnant building outside France may be Cologne Cathedral. Its choir was built from 1248 to 1322, the decoration accomplished and partly remodeled until 1360. After an interruption from 1528 to 1832, the Cathedral was completed in 1880. The footplan with all foundations is medieval, but many details of the western parts are creations of the 19th century.

From Medieval France, the style quickly spread to England, where French Rayonnant tracery was often incorporated into more traditional English features, such as colonettes and vault ribs. Notable examples of Rayonnant in England include the Angel Choir of Lincoln Cathedral, and that of Exeter Cathedral (begun before 1280). The striking retrochoir of Wells Cathedral (begun before 1280), the choir of Saint Augustine at Bristol Cathedral, and Westminster Abbey are other important examples.

After the mid-14th century, Rayonnant was gradually replaced by the more ornate and highly decorated Flamboyant style.

Name
The term "Rayonnant" comes from the radiating spokes of the rose windows of the major cathedrals. The largely contemporary Decorated style in England, used many ideas from French Rayonnant.

The term was first used by the 19th-century French art historians (notably Henri Focillon and Ferdinand de Lasteyrie) to classify Gothic styles on the basis of window tracery.

Rayonnant in France
The style originated during the reign of Louis IX of France, or Saint Louis, from 1226 to 1270. During his reign, France was the wealthiest and most powerful nation in Europe. Louis was devoutly religious and was a major patron of the Catholic Church and arts. The University of Paris, or Sorbonne, was founded under his rule, as a school of theology. The major Rayonnant cathedrals had his patronage, and his royal chapel, Sainte-Chapelle, which he built to house his extensive collection of relics of the Saints, is considered one of the major landmarks of Rayonnant Gothic. He also had an important influence on English Gothic; King Henry III of England was the brother-in-law of Louis, visited Paris, and had Westminster Abbey modified after 1245 following the new style. He also attended the dedication of Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, and had the east end of St. Paul's Cathedral remodelled in 1258 to resemble it.

Basilica of Saint-Denis rebuilding (1231)
The Basilica of Saint-Denis, which had been the most influential initial building of Gothic style, developed problems of stability in the early 13th century. Therefore, the upper parts of the choir as well as the nave and the transepts were rebuilt beginning in 1231, opening up a greater amount of interior space (though altering beyond recognition some of the original Gothic features created by Suger). The walls were rebuilt with much larger windows, which opened up the upper elevation from the main arcades to the apexes of the vaults. The apse, once dark, was filled with light. In this campaign, the first triforia with windows were built. This was the onset of Rayonnant Gothic.

Amiens Cathedral
The construction of Amiens Cathedral had begun in 1220 with its western parts, in the more advanced version of Classic Gothic, similar to the eastern parts of Reims Cathedral, at the same time. Its builder, Bishop Evrard de Fouilly, set out to build the largest cathedral in France; one-hundred forty-five meters long, and seventy meters wide, with a surface area of 7700 square meters. The vaults are 42.5 meters high. The nave was completed by 1235.

After the necessary enlargement of the area enclosed by the city wall, in 1236, began the construction of transept and choir, which was completed between 1241 and 1269. Here, the innovations were applied, that had been initiated in the relaunch of Saint-Denis abbey church. The western rose window was renewed in the 16th century in Flamboyant style. A close study of the tympanum in 1992 revealed traces of paint, indicating that it was entirely painted in bright colors. The original appearance is simulated today on special occasions with coloured lights.

Notre-Dame de Paris
The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris also received a major makeover into the new style. Between 1220 and 1230, flying buttresses were constructed to replace the old wall buttresses, and to support the walls of upper level. Thirty-seven new windows were installed, each one six meters high, each with a double-arched window topped by a rose. (Twenty-five are still in place, twelve in the nave and thirteen in the choir.).

The first rose window of Notre-Dame was built on the west facade in the 1220s. In the Middle Ages, the rose was the symbol of the Virgin Mary, to whom the cathedral was dedicated. The west window was smaller, with thick spokes of stone. The larger transept windows were added in about 1250 (north) and 1260 (south), with much more ornate designs and thinner mullions, or ribs, between the glass. The north window was devoted to the events of the Old Testament, and the South to the teachings of Christ and the New Testament.

Le Mans and Tours
Rayonnant spread quickly from the Ile de France to other parts of France Normandy, in many projects already under construction. At Le Mans Cathedral in Normandy, the Bishop Geoffrey de Loudon modified the plans to add double flying arches and high windows divided into lancets, as well as a circle of new Rayonnant chapels. Tours Cathedral had an even more ambitious program, financed with the assistance of Louis IX between 1236 and 1279. Its most striking Rayonnant feature was the fusion of the windows of the triforium and high clerestory windows to create a curtain of stained glass, similar to that of Sainte-Chapelle.

Sainte-Chapelle (1248)
Sainte-Chapelle, the chapel constructed by Louis IX for the relics of the Passion of Christ that he had brought back from the Crusades, consecrated in 1248, is considered the summit of the Rayonnant style. It served as a model of several similar chapels around Europe, in Aachen, Riom, and Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes at the edge of Paris. The glass was heavily coloured, the walls were brightly painted, and the portions of the walls not covered with glass were densely covered with sculpted and painted tracery.

Decorated Style in England
An English version of the Rayonnant style began to appear in England in the middle of the 13th century. Later scholars gave the English version the term "Decorated Period". English Historians sometimes subdivide this style into two periods, based on the predominant motifs of the designs. The first, the Geometric style, lasted (about 1245 or 50 until 1315 or 1360), where ornament tended to be based on straight lines, cubes and circles, followed by the Curvilinear style (from about 1290 or 1315 until 1350 or 1360) which used gracefully curving lines.

Henry III of England was the brother-in-law of Louis IX of France, and he had attended the consecration of Sainte-Chapelle in Paris in 1248. In 1245 he had begun reconstructing portions of Westminster Abbey. After his visit to Paris, he began adding Rayonnant elements. He also ordered the reconstruction of the east end of St. Paul's Cathedral, based upon the model of Sainte Chapelle. Unlike the French Rayonnant, the English version at Westminster was more heavily decorated with carved stonework.

The style was soon used in other cathedrals and churches across England. Lincoln Cathedral saw the addition of several important Rayonnant features; the vaulted ceiling of the chapter house (1220); and the Dean's Eye rose window (1237); the Galilee Porch and the Angel Choir (1256–1280). Other notable Rayonnant examples include Exeter Cathedral (begun before 1280); in the Choir of Saint Augustine at Bristol Cathedral; and in the unusual retrochoir of Wells Cathedral. In these structures, the French tracery and decoration was often mixed with typical English decorative features, including colonettes, and added very decorative ribs to the ceiling vaults.

In the 14th century, the technique of grisaille was more widely used in English cathedrals, such as the nave windows of York Minster (1300–38). This was monochrome painting in large windows onto the glass, usually grey or white, which allowed more light to enter, and was usually surrounded by smaller panels of stained glass.

Central Europe
The Rayonnant style gradually spread to the east from Paris and was adapted to local styles. The nave of Strasbourg Cathedral, then in the Holy Roman Empire, was a notable early example. It was begun in 1245, built atop the foundations of an earlier Romanesque church which some deviations from the usual Rayonnant arrangement of arcades, which were separated by bundled columns. The three-part elevation were large windows with lancets and roses along the aisles, more windows above on the narrow Triforium, and dramatic high windows with four lancets surmounted by quadrille windows, filling the church with light. One special aspect of the cathedral was its color; the reddish-grey stone in different shades became part of the decoration. The western façade was built in 1277. Its fine rose window of more than 13 metres diameter is divided into sixteen "soufflets", or elongated heart-shaped forms. Stone of similar colour as on Strasbourg Cathedral was used for many important medieval churches in the Upper Rhine Plain. Famous examples are the cathedrals of Mainz (various Romanesque and Gothic phases) and of Worms (Late Romanesque, 1130–1181) and the minsters of Basel (Late Romanesque and Late Gothic) and of Freiburg, nave (1220–1230) and spire (finished in 1330) High Gothic.

Another important example was Cologne Cathedral. Work began in 1248 and the choir was consecrated in 1322, but work stopped in the 14th century and was not resumed until the 19th, and not finished until 1880.

The Central European examples of Rayonnant demonstrate the bias between French and German phasings; in German literature, they are called High Gothic (GE: Hochgotisch).

Spain
In Spain, the Christian states of the north expanded with the success of Reconquista. They invited specialists from France, and particularly even from Germany, who made Spain participate in the actual developments north of the Pyrenees. This way, Rayonnant appeared in Spain. But each Spanish cathedral had its own very distinctive style that was difficult to classify.

Toledo Cathedral, begun in 1226 and continued in Gothic style until 1493 ,shows more preference of large windows than most other churches in Spain.

Italy
In most of the Gothic architecture of Italy, transalpine forms are applied very selectively. So was the adaption of Rayonnant architecture. Some of the few examples are abbey churches whose orders were active in France and other parts of Europe. But also cathedrals have to be mentioned. The façade of Siena Cathedral was planned in the Rayonnant style, in 1284, though modified in later years. The façade is covered by fine sculpture. The interior was remodeled and vaulted in 1260 and therefore resembles northern Gothic – except of the round arcades and travers arches. Orvieto Cathedral, begun in 1290 or 1310, has many Gothic but also some Romanesque elements. It is notable for its elaborate two-dimensional decorative patterns on its façade and interiors. Its open trusses emphasize the difference from transalpine Gothic. Both interiors are dominated by polychrome marble. The facade of the bell tower 1334–1358) of Florence Cathedral is decorated with elaborate patterns in the marble, resembling Rayonnant tracery.

Characteristics
The distinguishing features of Rayonnant architecture included the greatly increased amount of light in the interior, due to the enlargement of the arcades and especially the increase in the number and size of windows. In distinction from the dark triforia of Classic Gothic, Rayonnant triforia are lit by windows. This became possible by covering the aisles with roofs with own ridges, instead of lean-to roofs. Nevertheless, there was some roll back of this development, see Utrecht Cathedral (younger but with dark triforia) in relation to Cologne Cathedral.

In the layout of stained glass windows, combinations of coloured subjects and uncoloured areas made the presentations more impressive and interiors brighter. The Rayonnant period coincided with the development of the band window, in which a central strip of richly coloured stained glass is positioned between upper and lower bands of clear or frosted glass, which allowed even more light to flood in, and a comparable increase in the amount of ornament, both on the inside and the exterior. This was often achieved by very elaborate designs in the rose windows and the lace-like tracery screens on the exterior to cover the facades and elements like the buttresses.

On the walls, the use of gables, pinnacles and open tracery increased.

Elevations
In early Gothic cathedrals, the walls of the nave were about equally divided between the arcades on the ground floor, the Tribune, an arcaded passage above, which buttressed the nave; above that the narrow arcaded Triforium which was a passageway which further reinforced the walls; and the clerestory on the top, just below the vaults, which usually had small windows. This changed dramatically in the Rayonnant period. Thanks to the more efficient flying buttress and quadripartite rib vaults, the walls could be higher and thinner, with more space for windows. The arcade became higher and higher, with much larger openings. The tribune, no longer needed for support, disappeared entirely. The intermediate triforium nearly disappeared, or was itself filled with windows. Most impressive was the change to the top level, the clerestory, supported by longer buttresses; the upper walls were filled with larger and larger windows, until the walls at that level nearly disappeared.

The final architectural innovation that emerged as part of the Rayonnant style in France was the use of glazed triforia. Traditionally, the triforium of a Primary Gothic or Classic Gothic basilica was a dark horizontal band, usually housing a narrow passageway, that separated the top of the arcade from the clerestory. Although it made the interior darker, it was a necessary feature to accommodate the sloping lean-to roofs over the side aisles and chapels. The Rayonnant solution to this, as employed to brilliant effect in the 1230s nave of the Abbey Church of St Denis, was to use double-pitched roofs over the aisles, with hidden gutters to drain off the rainwater. This meant the outer wall of the triforioum passage could now be glazed, and the inner wall reduced to slender bar tracery. Architects also began to emphasise the linkage between triforium and clerestory by extending the central mullions from the windows of the latter in a continuous moulding running from the top of the windows down through the blind tracery of the triforium to the string course at the top of the arcading.

Windows
Light, and therefore the window, was a central feature of Rayonnant architecture; Rayonnant windows were larger, more numerous, and more ornate than in earlier styles. They also frequently had clear or grisaille glass, brightening up the interior. The shadows and darkness of early Gothic cathedrals, with their small windows and deep, rich colors such as Chartres blue, was replaced by a brightly lit space with a full spectrum of coloured light.

Intermediate levels of the walls, such as the Triforium, were given windows. At the high level of the clerestory, rows of lancet windows appeared, often topped with tri-lobed or four-part windows and a type of miniature rose windows, called an oculus. This was made possible at Notre-Dame by the construction of taller and longer kind of flying buttress that made a double leap to support the higher sections of the walls.

There was also a fundamental change in the tracery, or ornamental designs, within windows. Early Gothic windows often used plate-tracery (in which the window openings look as if they have been punched out of a flat stone plate. This was replaced by the more delicate bar-tracery in which the stone ribs separating the glass panels are made of narrow carved mouldings, with rounded inner and outer profiles. The elaborate designs of the spokes of the rose windows, radiating outward, gave the name to the Rayonnant style. Bar-tracery probably made its first appearance in the clerestory windows at Reims Cathedral and quickly spread across Europe.

A notable architectural innovation that emerged as part of the Rayonnant style in France was the use of glazed triforia. Traditionally, the triforium of an Early or High Gothic cathedral was a dark horizontal band, usually housing a narrow passageway, that separated the top of the arcade from the clerestory. Although it made the interior darker, it was a necessary feature to accommodate the sloping lean-to roofs over the side aisles and chapels. The Rayonnant solution to this, as employed to brilliant effect in the 1230s nave of the Abbey Church of St Denis, was to use double-pitched roofs over the aisles, with hidden gutters to drain off the rainwater. This meant the outer wall of the triforioum passage could now be glazed, and the inner wall reduced to slender bar tracery. Architects also began to emphasise the linkage between triforium and clerestory by extending the central mullions from the windows of the latter in a continuous moulding running from the top of the windows down through the blind tracery of the triforium to the string course at the top of the arcading.

In England, the Rayonnant or Decorated period was characterised by windows of great width and height, divided by mullions into subdivisions, and further elaborated with tracery. Early characteristics were a trefoil or quadrifoil design. Later windows often used an S-shaped curve, called an ogee, giving a flame-like design that heralded the Flamboyant style. Notable examples include the windows in the cloister of Westminster Abbey (1245–69), the Angel Choir of Lincoln Cathedral (1256), and the nave and west front of York Minster (1260–1320).

Rose windows
The great rose window was among the most distinctive elements of the Rayonnant. The transepts of Notre-Dame de Paris were rebuilt to make a place for two enormous rose windows, made by Jean de Chelles and Pierre de Montreuil, and paid for by King Louis IX. Similar great roses were added to the nave of the Basilica of Saint-Denis and Amiens Cathedral. With the use of stone mullions separating the pieces of glass, and those glass pieces supported by lead ribs, windows became stronger and larger, able to resist strong winds. Rayonnant rose windows reached a diameter of ten meters.

Blind tracery
The tracery within windows inspired another form of Rayonnant decoration; the use of blind tracery, or meshes of thin ribs that could be used to cover blank walls in decorative designs, matching the designs within the windows.

Sculpture
Sculpture was an important feature of the decoration of the facades of cathedrals, a practice dating back to the Romanesque period. Stone figures of saints and the Holy family were featured on the facade and tympanum. In the Rayonnant period, the sculptures became more naturalistic and three-dimensional, standing out in their own niches across the facade. They had individual facial characteristics, natural gestures and postures, and finely-sculpted costumes. The other decorative sculpture, such as the leaves and plants that decorated the capitals of columns, also became more realistic.

The sculptural decoration of Italian Gothic churches, such as the facade Orvieto Cathedral, designed by Lorenzo Maitani (1310) was extremely fine, and was part of a combination of bronze and marble figures, mosaics, and polychrome reliefs. It was a forecast of the Renaissance that was about to begin.

Decorative elements
One distinctive element of Rayonnant was the use of carved stone decorative elements on the exterior and interior. These included the fleuron, the pinnacle, and the finial, which gave greater height to everything from doorways to buttress. These elements usually also had a practical purpose; they were often added to external structures, such as buttresses, to give them additional weight.

These elements included the crocket, in the form of a stylized carving of curled leaves, buds or flowers which are used at regular intervals to decorate the sloping edges of spires, finials, pinnacles, and wimpergs.

Transition
The transition (in France) from Rayonnant to Flamboyant Gothic was gradual, marked primarily by a shift towards new tracery patterns based on S-shaped curves (these curves resemble flickering flames, from which the new style got its name). However, amidst the chaos of the Hundred Years War and the various other misfortunes experienced by Europe during the 14th century, relatively little large-scale construction occurred and certain elements of the Rayonnant style remained in vogue well into the next century.

title: Rayonnant


text:
Alec Coxon

Alexander Coxon (18 January 1916 – 22 January 2006) was an English cricketer who played for Yorkshire. He also played one Test match for the England cricket team in 1948.

Life and career
Coxon was born in Huddersfield, Yorkshire. World War II delayed Coxon's first-class debut for Yorkshire to 1945, when he was 29. Coxon was an aggressive fast-medium bowler who played for England once – against Australia in 1948 at Lord's. Coxon was included in the team for the final Test at Oval against West Indies in 1950 to cover for the injured Trevor Bailey but Bailey eventually played. There were rumours of an argument with Denis Compton, and his prickly nature was later attested to by Brian Close. Coxon retired after the 1950 season, allegedly in umbrage at his non-selection for the forthcoming Ashes tour, and moved to play Minor counties cricket with Durham. He played 29 times for that county between 1951 and 1954, taking 127 wickets and scoring 1,047 runs with two centuries. His highest score was 102 not out against Yorkshire Second XI at Scarborough in 1952. Also in 1952, he achieved his best bowling figures for Durham; nine for 28 and six for 58 against Staffordshire.

He also played professionally with Sunderland, where he took 753 wickets at 8.73 runs apiece, and scored 3,764 runs at an average of 34.21.

In 1959, he moved to South Shields where he took 443 wickets for 10.28 and scored 2,663 runs at 23.63. He had shorter spells with both Wearmouth and Bolden, before finally retiring from the sport some distance past his 50th birthday, although still coaching at Whitburn Cricket Club in 1979.

He also played soccer for Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C. in wartime matches. He kept up a keen interest in club cricket until the end.

Cultural Influences and References
Coxsone Dodd (26 January 1932 – 4 May 2004), a Jamaican record producer who was highly influential worldwide in the development and evolution of ska, reggae, dub, and sound system culture as an international phenomenon, was nicknamed "Coxsone" due to his talent as a cricketer, his friends comparing him to Alec Coxon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alec Coxon


text:
Talk:Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol

Moved from FNBDT
FNBDT has be renamed SCIP and thus the renaming and linking of FNBDT to SCIP

To Do

 * SCIP adopted in 2004? - I am not positive about the exact date SCIP was adopted, will need to verify --Terry 02:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Update Products --Terry 02:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Query

 * The artical makes the assertion that SCIP does not make any assumptions other than a bandwidth of 2400Hz, however I think it actually assumes a bitrate 2400bps. I think that at that bitrate using a 8bit sample you could only sample upto 150Hz. Obviously higher is possible with compression. I think this needs to be varified. 193.36.230.96 (talk) 15:14, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation needed
SCIP is also "Simple Content Inspection Protocol", which is a standard way to attach gateway-level antivirus scanning capability to Checkpoint / Gauntlet / Cyberguard and other OPSEC CVP compatible firewalls. 82.131.210.162 13:58, 23 May 2007 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kaskus

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 02:07, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Kaskus
The forum is not famous. A forum should not be listed as an article on wikipedia Kontrovert 13:21, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't see why, we should let it stay, all things should be on Wikipedia for then it will become an Encyclopedia of Everything. Tim 13:35, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. 100,000+ members is good enough for me (and WP:WEB). Alf 14:02, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, badly written. Andrew pmk | Talk 21:47, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and leave on cleanup. Alexa rank of 6235. —Cryptic (talk) 21:51, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and cleanup. --Apostrophe 22:27, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - 'not famous' is not a criteria for deletion. Trollderella 09:14, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Tony Sidaway Talk  03:02, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kaskus


text:
Someone Like You (short story collection)

Someone Like You is a collection of short stories by Roald Dahl. It was published in 1953 by Alfred Knopf.

Contents
It contains eighteen short stories. The final four are grouped under a collective title.
 * "Taste"
 * "Lamb to the Slaughter"
 * "Man from the South"
 * "The Soldier"
 * "My Lady Love, My Dove"
 * "Dip in the Pool"
 * "Galloping Foxley"
 * "Skin"
 * "Poison"
 * "The Wish"
 * "Neck"
 * "The Sound Machine"
 * "Nunc Dimittis"
 * "The Great Automatic Grammatizator" (republished as The Great Automatic Grammatizator anthology)
 * "Claude's Dog"
 * "The Ratcatcher"
 * "Rummins"
 * "Mr. Feasey"
 * "Mr. Hoddy"

Reception & Legacy
Groff Conklin called Someone Like You "certainly the most distinguished book of short stories of 1953 ... all superb". Anthony Boucher and J. Francis McComas praised the collection's "subtly devastating murder stories [as well as] two biting science-fantasties, plus a few unclassifiable gems" and concluded the volume "belong[ed] on your shelves somewhere in the Beerbohm/Collier/Saki section".

Van Morrison's song Someone Like You is named after this collection.

Two of the stories in this collection were adapted by Wes Anderson as short films for Netflix.

Awards

 * Edgar Award, 1954


text:
User talk:Godboy175179027

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 13:25, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Godboy175179027


text:
West Virginia's 2nd congressional district

West Virginia's 2nd congressional district consists of the northern half of the state. It contains Barbour, Berkeley, Brooke, Doddridge, Grant, Hampshire, Hancock, Hardy, Harrison, Jefferson, Lewis, Marion, Marshall, Mineral, Monongalia, Morgan, Ohio, Pleasants, Preston, Randolph, Ritchie, Taylor, Tucker, Tyler, Upshur, Wetzel, and Wood counties.

The district is currently represented by Alex Mooney, a Republican.

The legislature placed both the previous 1st district congressman David McKinley and the previous 2nd district congressman Alex Mooney in the new 2nd district, setting up a Republican primary race between Mooney and McKinley. In the Republican Primary held on May 10, 2022, Mooney, who was endorsed by Donald Trump, easily defeated McKinley, who was endorsed by Democrat Joe Manchin 54% to 36%, with three minor candidates receiving the balance. Mooney then easily won the general election.

History
The second district as originally formed in 1863 included Taylor, Marion, Monongalia, Preston, Tucker, Barbour, Upshur, Webster, Pocahontas, Randolph, Pendleton, Hardy, Hampshire, Berkeley, and Morgan counties (Jefferson county's status in the state was still in dispute, and Grant and Mineral counties were still part of other counties, but the modern territory of all was also included). It was essentially the successor of Virginia's 10th congressional district. The district was unchanged for 1882.

In 1902, the district was changed to Monongalia, Preston, Tucker, Taylor, Barbour, Tucker, Randolph, Pendleton, Grant, Hardy, Mineral, Hampshire, Morgan, Berkeley, and Jefferson counties. The district was unchanged for 1916. Taylor was removed for 1934. The district was again unchanged for 1954. In 1962 Upshur, Webster, Pocahontas, and Greenbrier counties were added. In 1972, Lewis, Monroe, Summers, and Fayette were added. In 1982, Barbour was added.

1992 saw the district consist of Berkeley, Braxton, Calhoun, Clay, Glimer, Hampshire, Hardy, Jackson, Jefferson, Kanawha, Lewis, Mason, Morgan, Nicholas, Pendleton, Putnam, Randolph, Roane, Upshur, and Wirt counties. In 2002, Gilmer and Nicholas were removed and for the election cycle beginning in 2012, Mason was removed.

Responding to the 2020 census, the district was reconstituted to contain Barbour, Berkeley, Brooke, Doddridge, Grant, Hampshire, Hancock, Hardy, Harrison, Jefferson, Lewis, Marion, Marshall, Mineral, Monongalia, Morgan, Ohio, Pleasants, Preston, Randolph, Ritchie, Taylor, Tucker, Tyler, Upshur, Wetzel, and Wood.


text:
User:Rotane

This is me: rotane (german wikipedia) de:Benutzer:Rotane

title: User:Rotane


text:
Kenta

Kenta (廉侍) is a masculine Japanese given name. (written: 健太, 建太, 研太, 賢太 or ケンタ in katakana).

Notable people with the name include:

 * Kenta Abe (阿部 健太), Japanese baseball player
 * Kenta Fukasaku (深作 健太), Japanese film director
 * Kenta Hayashi (林 健太), Japanese kickboxer
 * Kenta Kobashi (小橋 建太), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Kenta Kobayashi (小林 健太), Japanese professional wrestler known in WWE as Hideo Itami, and otherwise his first name stylized in all caps
 * Kenta Hasegawa (長谷川 健太), Japanese international football player
 * Kenta Ito (伊藤 研太), Japanese footballer
 * Kenta Kato (加藤 健太), Japanese footballer
 * Kenta Maeda (前田 健太), Japanese baseball player
 * Kenta Matsudaira (松平 健太), Japanese table tennis player
 * Kenta Miyake (三宅 健太), Japanese voice actor
 * Kenta Miyawaki (宮脇 健太), Japanese footballer
 * Kenta Nagasawa (長澤 憲大), Japanese judoka
 * Kenta Nishizawa (西澤 健太), Japanese footballer
 * Kenta Shimaoka (島岡 健太), Japanese footballer
 * Kenta Shimizu (清水 健太), Japanese footballer
 * Kenta Takada (髙田 健太), Japanese singer, member of South Korean groups JBJ and JBJ95
 * Kenta Takanashi (高梨 健太), Japanese volleyball player
 * Kenta Tanaka (田中 健太), Japanese field hockey player
 * Kenta Yamazaki (山崎 健太), Japanese footballer
 * Kenta Yanagida (柳田 健太), Japanese footballer
 * Kenta Yoshikawa (吉川 健太), Japanese footballer

Fictional characters

 * Kenta (Black Mask) (ケンタ) in Hikari Sentai Maskman
 * Kenta (ケンタ) in Ani-Yoko
 * Kenta Date (a.k.a. MegaRed) (伊達 健太) in Denji Sentai Megaranger
 * Kenta Kitagawa (北川 健太) in Digimon Tamers
 * Kenta, civilian name of Lung, a villain in the web publication Worm

title: Kenta


text:
Shaurya Chakra

The Shaurya Chakra (lit. 'Wheel of Gallantry') is an Indian military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice while not engaged in direct action with the enemy. It may be awarded to civilians as well as military personnel, sometimes posthumously. It is third in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards and comes after the Ashoka Chakra and the Kirti Chakra. It precedes the Yudh Seva Medal.

History
Established as the "Ashoka Chakra, Class III" by the President of India, 4 January 1952 (with effect from 15 August 1947). The statutes were revised and the decoration renamed on 27 January 1967. Before 1967, the award was known as the Ashoka Chakra, Class III. Subsequent awards of the Shaurya Chakra are recognized by a bar to the medal ribbon (to date five have been awarded). It is possible for a recipient to be awarded the Ashoka Chakra or Kirti Chakra in addition for separate acts of gallantry.

Since July 1999, it also being given to Civilians of either gender in all walks of life, other than members of Police Forces and of recognized Fire Services. From 1 February 1999, the central government set a monthly stipend of Rs. 750 for recipients of the award. Jammu and Kashmir awards a cash award of Rs. 700 (ca. 1960) for recipients of the Shaurya Chakra.

Design
Medal: Circular bronze, 1-3/8 inches in diameter. In the centre, the Ashoka Chakra, surrounded by a lotus wreath and with an ornate edge. Suspended by a straight bar suspender. The medal is named on the edge.

Reverse: For pre-1967 awards, the medal is blank in the centre, with "Ashoka Chakra" in Hindi along the upper edge on the medal and the same name in English along the lower rim, "ASHOKA CHAKRA". On either side is a lotus design. The centre is blank, perhaps with the intent that details of the award be engraved there. There is no indication of the class on the pre-1967 awards. For the post-1967 awards, the, names are changed to "Shauryua Chakra" in Hindi above and "SHAURYA CHAKRA" below.

Ribbon: Green colour ribbon divided into four equal parts by three orange vertical lines.

Bar: If a recipient of the Chakra shall again perform such an act of gallantry as would have made him or her eligible to receive the Chakra, such further act of gallantry shall be recognised by a Bar to be attached to the riband by which the Chakra is suspended and, for every subsequent act of gallantry, an additional Bar shall be added and such Bar or Bars may also be awarded posthumously. For every such Bar, a replica of the Chakra in miniature shall be added to the riband when worn alone.

Eligibility
It is the peacetime equivalent of the Vir Chakra. It is generally awarded for Counter-Insurgency operations and actions against the enemy during peace-time.

Following categories of persons are eligible for the Shaurya Chakra:
 * Officers and men and women of all ranks of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, of any of the Reserve Forces, of the Territorial Army, Militia and of any other lawfully constituted forces.
 * Nursing officers of military nursing service.
 * Civilian citizens of either sex in all walks of life and members of Police Forces including Central Para-Military Forces and Railway Protection Force.

title: Shaurya Chakra


text:
Micheal Williams

Micheal Douglas Williams (born July 23, 1966) is an American former professional basketball player turned businessman who played the point guard position in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He holds the NBA record for most consecutive free throws made, with 97. Micheal Williams also founded Dallas based 3i Contracting, which has participated, built and/or developed over $1 billion worth of real estate throughout the state of Texas.

Out of Baylor University, Williams was selected with the 48th overall pick in the 1988 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons with whom he played 49 games in his rookie season, averaging 2.4 points and 1.4 assists per game. The Pistons won the NBA championship in his rookie year.

Williams was traded by Detroit to the Phoenix Suns on draft day of 1989, along with the Pistons' first-round draft pick (27th overall) of the 1989 NBA draft, Kenny Battle, in exchange for the Suns' first-round draft choice (24th overall pick), Anthony Cook. That season was spent split between the Phoenix Suns and the Charlotte Hornets averaging 5.6 points and 2.9 assists per game, before being acquired by the Indiana Pacers in 1990.

He thrived during his two seasons in Indiana, averaging 13.2 points, 6.5 assists and shooting 87.5% from the free-throw line. Prior to the 1992–93 season, he was traded along with Chuck Person to the Minnesota Timberwolves in exchange for Sam Mitchell and Pooh Richardson. He continued his solid play in Minnesota for the following two seasons but, due to various injuries, in his final four years with the Wolves he participated in just 35 games (including missing the entire 1996–97 season). On January 21, 1999 Minnesota traded him, along with Željko Rebrača, to the Toronto Raptors in a three-team deal. By then his career was on the decline, and he only played two games for the Raptors before retiring that year.

At the conclusion of 1992–93, Williams ranked fourth in the league in free-throw accuracy at 90.7 percent after making his final 84 attempts. In the process, he broke Calvin Murphy's 1981 record of 78 successive free throws, continuing his streak into the following season (1993–94), making his first 13 attempts. As of 2022 he still holds the NBA record for consecutive free throws made during the regular season at 97, spanning 19 regular-season games from March 24 to November 9, 1993.

title: Micheal Williams


text:
User talk:InvisibleSun

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Edit summary
When editing an article on Wikipedia there is a small field labelled "Edit summary" under the main edit-box. It looks like this: The text written here will appear on the Recent changes page, in the page revision history, on the diff page, and in the watchlists of users who are watching that article. See m:Help:Edit summary for full information on this feature. When you leave the edit summary blank, some of your edits could be mistaken for vandalism and may be reverted, so please always briefly summarize your edits, especially when you are making subtle but important changes, like changing dates or numbers. Thank you.  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined

Vollard
Hello,

In the future, please consider using the move feature when making such edits like you did with Ambrose Vollard. Your actions destroyed the entry's traceability. --Folajimi 21:13, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Impersonation on Wikiquote
Weird, I was being impersonated as well. I'll go ban the account. —     01:13, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Inactivity discussion
I've started a discussion on Wikiquote to remove your Bureaucrat and Admin flags, unfortunately, due to inactivity.

Discussion at: q:Wikiquote:Requests for adminship/InvisibleSun (inactivity discussion).

— Cirt (talk) 17:17, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:InvisibleSun


text:
Ground hornbill

The ground hornbills (Bucorvidae) are a family of the order Bucerotiformes, with a single genus Bucorvus and two extant species. The family is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa: the Abyssinian ground hornbill occurs in a belt from Senegal east to Ethiopia, and the southern ground hornbill occurs in southern and East Africa.

Ground hornbills are large, with adults around a metre tall. Both species are ground-dwelling, unlike other hornbills. Also unlike most other hornbills, they are carnivorous and feed on insects, snakes, other birds, amphibians and even tortoises. They are among the longest-lived of all birds, and the larger southern species is possibly the slowest-breeding (triennially) and longest-lived of all birds.

Taxonomy
The genus Bucorvus was introduced, originally as a subgenus, by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1830 with the Abyssinian ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus as the type species. The generic name is derived from the name of the genus Buceros introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the Asian hornbills where corvus is the Latin word for a "raven".

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2013 found that the genus Bucorvus was sister to the rest of the hornbills.

The genus Bucorvus contains two species:

A prehistoric ground hornbill, Bucorvus brailloni, has been described from fossil bones in Morocco, suggesting that prior to Quaternary glaciations the genus was either much more widespread or differently distributed.

It is currently thought that the ground hornbills, along with Tockus and Tropicranus, are almost exclusively carnivorous and lack the gular pouch that allows other, less closely related hornbill genera to store fruit.

title: Ground hornbill


text:
Blood and Fire (record label)

Blood and Fire is a British reggae record label specialising in reissues of 1970s dub.

History
Steve Barrow, Bob Harding, Mick Hucknall, Elliot Rashman and Andy Dodd formed the record label in Manchester in 1993 with the objective of reissuing roots reggae, dub and DJ albums with the integrity of jazz reissues. In the process, Blood and Fire influenced the overall aesthetic of other labels issuing archival Jamaican recordings in the 1990s and beyond.

Initial releases drew on mid-1970s Bunny Lee produced material but the label subsequently reissued material produced by Yabby You and Glen Brown along with the Lee "Scratch" Perry produced Congos set Heart of the Congos and a three-CD Big Youth set, Natty Universal Dread.

Despite the reissue objective, the label released two one-riddim albums. The first was Tree of Satta (2003) which used the original "Satta Massagana" riddim featuring a mixture of new and vintage voicings over the riddim along with the original version of the song by The Abyssinians. The second, Fisherman Style (2006), used The Congos' "Fisherman" riddim and featured new material from a variety of singers including Horace Andy, U Roy, Big Youth, Luciano, Tony Tuff and Dillinger.

The label also had a sound system which has featured original Jamaican artists such as Dilinger, Trinity, Ranking Joe, U Brown, Horace Andy, Dennis Alcapone, U Roy, Spikey Tee, Country Culture, Raggamonica along with Steve Barrow and Dom Sotgiu. In July 2006 the sound went to Japan with U Roy on a three date sell out tour.

In 2007, news leaked out via the company's popular message board that Blood and Fire had stopped trading as an active company. The loss of their American and French distributors due to bankruptcy as well as some unfortunate management decisions, combined with an industry-wide decline in sales, were to blame. Although the company declined to make any official announcement, it was effectively out of business.

In 2014 it was announced that the label would be relaunched in conjunction with VP Records, with Barrow overseeing future projects.

1994

 * BAFCD/LP001 – The Dreads at King Tubby's – If Deejay Was your Trade
 * BAFCD/LP002 – King Tubby and Friends – Dub Gone Crazy
 * BAFCD/LP003 – Keith Hudson – Pick a Dub
 * BAFCD/LP004 – Burning Spear – Social Living
 * BAFCD/LP005 – Yabby U – King Tubby's Prophesy of Dub

1995

 * BAFCD/LP006, BAFLP007 – Horace Andy – In The Light / In The Light Dub
 * BAFCD007 – Various Artists – Heavyweight Sound
 * BAFCD/LP008 – Tapper Zukie – Tappa Zukie in Dub

1996

 * BAFCD/LP009 – The Congos – Heart of the Congos (2-CD)
 * BAFCD/LP010 – Jah Stitch – Original Raggamuffin 1975–1977
 * BAFCD1001 – King Tubby & Scientist – Greenwich Farm Rub-A-Dub
 * BAFCD/LP011 – King Tubby & Soul Syndicate – Freedom Sounds in Dub
 * BAFCD/LP012 – Scientist – Dub in the Roots Tradition
 * BAFCD/LP013 – King Tubby & Prince Jammy – Dub Gone 2 Crazy
 * BAFCD/LP014 – Prince Alla – Only Love Can Conquer
 * BAFCD/LP015 – Glen Brown & King Tubby – Termination Dub 1973–1979

1997

 * BAFCD/LP016 – I-Roy – Don't Check Me With No Lightweight Stuff 1972–1975
 * BAFCD017 – Various Artists – 2 Heavyweight: Another Blood and Fire Sampler
 * BAFCD/LP018 – Morwell Unlimited Meet King Tubby's – Dub Me
 * BAFCD/LP019 – Horace Andy – Good Vibes
 * BFCDS903 – Various Artists – Dubwise and Otherwise: A Blood and Fire Audio Catalogue
 * BAFCD/LP020 – U Brown – Train To Zion
 * BAFCD/LP021 – Yabby You – Jesus Dread 1972–1977 (2-CD)
 * BAFCD/LPO22 – Yabby you – Jesus Dread 1995–1997 (2-CDE)

1998

 * BAFCD/LP022 – Impact Allstars – Forward The Bass: Dub From Randy's 1972–1975
 * BAFCD/LP023 – Junior Byles and Friends – 129 Beat Street: Ja-Man Special 1975–1978
 * BAFCD/LP024 – Johnny Clarke – Dreader Dread 1976–1978

1999

 * BAFCD025 – Various Artists – Heavyweight 3: A Blood and Fire Sampler
 * BAFCD/LP026 – King Tubby & Friends – Dub Like Dirt 1975–1977
 * BAFCD/LP027 – Max Romeo – Open The Iron Gate 1973–1977
 * BAFCD028 – The Chantells & Friends – Children of Jah 1977–1979
 * BAFCD/LP029 – Inner Circle & The Fatman Riddim Section – Heavyweight Dub / Killer Dub
 * BFCDS904 – The Dubmasters – X-Ray Music: A Blood and Fire Dub Directory

2000

 * BAFCD/LP030 – Cornell Campbell – I Shall Not Remove 1975–1980
 * BAFCD/LP031 – Trinity – Shanty Town Determination
 * BAFCD/LP032 – Linval Thompson – Ride on Dreadlocks 1975–1977
 * BAFCD/LP033 – Sylford Walker & Welton Irie – Lamb's Bread International

2001

 * BAFCD/LP034 – Big Youth – Natty Universal Dread 1973–1979 (3-CD)
 * BAFCD035 – Gregory Isaacs – Mr Isaacs
 * BAFCD/LP036 – Darker Than Blue: Soul From Jamdown, 1973-1977
 * BAFCD/LP037 – Niney the Observer – Microphone Attack 1974–1977

2002

 * BAFCD/LP038 – Yabby You – Dub it to the Top 1976–1979
 * BAFCD/LP039 – Dennis Brown – The Promised Land 1977–1979
 * BAFCD040 – Prince Alla & Junior Ross – I Can Hear The Children Singing 1975–1978
 * BFCDS905 – Various Artists – Dubwise And Otherwise 2: A Blood and Fire Audio Catalogue

2003

 * BAFCD041 – Ja-Man Allstars – In The Dub Zone
 * BAFCD/LP042 – Jackie Mittoo – Champion in the Arena 1976–1977
 * BAFCD/LP043 – Ranking Joe – Zion High
 * BAFCD/LP044 – Tommy McCook – Blazing Horns / Tenor in Roots

2004

 * BAFCD/LP045 – The Abyssinians and Friends – The Tree of Satta Vol 01
 * BAFCD/LP046 – Dennis Brown Presents Prince Jammy – Umoja / 20th Century DEBwise

2005

 * BAFCD047 – Blood and Fire All Stars – Run It Red
 * BAFCD/LP048 – Willi Williams – Messenger Man
 * BAFCD/LP049 – Prince Far I – Silver & Gold 1973–1979

2006

 * BAFCD/LP050 – The Congos and Friends – Fisherman Style
 * BAFCD/LP051 – Yabby You – Deliver Me From My Enemies

2007

 * BFCDS906 – Blood and Fire Allstars – Singerman!

2014

 * VPBAF6524 – Gregory Isaacs – "Mr. Know It All/War of the Stars" (12")

title: Blood and Fire (record label)


text:
User:InvisibleSun

 * I joined Wikipedia on 8/28/05.

 * I have the same username on these other projects: q:User:InvisibleSun on Wikiquote b:User:InvisibleSun on Wikibooks s:User:InvisibleSun on Wikisource commons:User:InvisibleSun on Wikicommons wikispecies:User:InvisibleSun on Wikispecies.

 * The username n:User:InvisibleSun on Wikinews is an impersonator of me and has been permanently blocked.

 * I am a bureaucrat on Wikiquote and an occasional editor on Wikipedia.

title: User:InvisibleSun


text:
Talk:Chris Huelsbeck

Untitled
So what is his official name, Hülsbeck or Huelsbeck? On his albums and webpage it says Huelsbeck. The spelling simply changed because english doesn't use the "ü" ? Garion96 13:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Definitely the former. It does say Hülsbeck on his home page, just look at the bottom. arj 20:46, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

I should've known I missed it. :) Tnx. Garion96 02:15, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Shades was released in 1986 in the 64'er magazine, so either he wasn't born in 1968 or "Huelsbeck's music career started at age 14, when he entered a music competition in a German games magazine, taking first prize with his composition "Shades" is incorrect? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.17.167.69 (talk) 22:25, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

Gem'x and Gem'z
Wot, no Gem'x or Gem'z? You're having a laugh, right? :)

 * Gem'X came out in 1990, and was published by Kaiko. It had a great cover. The tricky thing is that the discography is a list of notable soundtracks, rather than a complete discography (which would be a nightmare to compile), and although Gem'X is catchy it's fairly obscure. -Ashley Pomeroy 17:18, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Is there a listing somewhere of his complete works? I was sad to not see Madness C64 on there, the soundtrack for that is incredible. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.160.172.23 (talk) 22:25, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Chris Huelsbeck. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050308225006/http://www.electronicscene.com:80/artist/index.cfm?a=2635 to http://www.electronicscene.com/artist/index.cfm?a=2635

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:12, 23 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Chris Huelsbeck. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130620141805/http://www.squareenixmusic.com/sitenews2.php?subaction=showfull&id=1237481915&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1& to http://www.squareenixmusic.com/sitenews2.php?subaction=showfull&id=1237481915&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20141210155523/http://www.huelsbeck.com/blog/category/chris-huelsbeck-productions-scores-doctor-who-game to http://www.huelsbeck.com/blog/category/chris-huelsbeck-productions-scores-doctor-who-game
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.electronicscene.com/artist/index.cfm?a=2635

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:00, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chris Huelsbeck


text:
Park National Bank

Park National Bank may refer to:
 * Park National Bank (Ohio), a division of Park National Corp.
 * Park National Bank (FBOP), an FBOP division, based in Chicago, Illinois

title: Park National Bank


text:
Aldo Aniasi

Aldo Aniasi, OMRI (31 May 1921 – 27 August 2005) was an Italian politician.

Biography
Aniasi was born in Palmanova, in Friuli. In 1943 he joined the Brigate Garibaldi, the paramilitary wing of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the Italian resistance. He fought in Piedmont, in Valsesia and Ossola. In 1945 he was briefly the lieutenant for the National Liberation Committee in Milan.

After the war Aniasi left the PCI, adhering (after 1947) to the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI). Aniasi was a councilman of Milan from 1951 to 1967, when he became Mayor of the city following the resignation of Pietro Bucalossi; he contributed to Bucalossi's fall by leaving the PSDI to join the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). Mayor during the "Years of Lead", Aniasi was often in disagreement with the prefect Libero Mazza: while the latter supported law and order policies against the Red Brigades and other terrorists, Aniasi supported disarming the police instead. Aniasi was also criticized for seemingly downplaying terrorism.

In 1976, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, where he remained until 1994. In the 1980s, he was Minister of Health in the Cossiga II and Forlani Cabinets. As Minister, he created the National Health Service.

After 1994, he left politics temporarily before joining the Democrats of the Left (DS), becoming a member of its directive council. He died in Milan in 2005 and is buried at the city's Monumental Cemetery.

Honour

 * 🇮🇹: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (27 December 1967)

title: Aldo Aniasi


text:
Talk:Abba P. Lerner

Untitled
I'm sure he had twins Marion and Lionel.

Abuse of admin powers
If this is not abuse of admin powers, then nothing is. The arbitration case against Silmvirgin says everything. Cognition 03:25, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Page protection
I've protected this page because a Larouche editor,, is inserting a section about LaRouche without producing a source showing that the debate with LaRouche was a significant event in Lerner's life. There's an arbcom ruling that LaRouche may not be inserted into non-LaRouche articles unless he is highly relevant to them. SlimVirgin (talk) 03:31, 21 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Riiiiight. I will put this matter on hold for now. The main issue for me at the moment is your incorrect page protection on physical economics, which from the time it was created dealt with Russian economists who claim extensive influence by LaRouche. Cognition 03:34, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Debate with Hayek on socialism vs free markets
Does anyone have a link to the debates he engaged Hayek in on socialism ? I believe he was for a planned economy while Hayek was against it.Kendirangu (talk) 13:53, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

Befriended Milton Friedman and Barry Goldwater?
Is there a source for this? If not I would take it out. The Colander article mentions neither Friedman nor Goldwater. Nor is Lerner mentioned in the articles on Friedman an Goldwater. 130.149.205.6 (talk) 08:29, 3 June 2015 (UTC) Christian

Yes. See Kenneth J. Arrow (2016) - On Ethics and Economics, Chapter 1, footnote 14. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:64B0:1690:BDFC:6DBA:92C6:8718 (talk) 15:10, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abba P. Lerner


text:
George Emmett

George Malcolm Emmett (2 December 1912 – 18 December 1976) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club. He also played one Test match for England in 1948.

Life and career
George Malcolm Emmett was born in Agra, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh in British India in 1912. He started his cricket career in minor county cricket with Devon, before he moved to Gloucestershire to qualify to play for the county side by residency from 1936. He lost five years of his playing career as a result of World War II, but by 1947 Emmett was enjoying first-class success.

In 1948 he was picked to play for England, replacing Leonard Hutton at Old Trafford. Cricket writer, Colin Bateman, noted that it "caused something approaching national outrage". "It was not so much the choice of Emmett, a highly-rated attacking opening batsman, that caused the stir as the absence of the man he replaced". Emmett was caught for 10 in the first innings, and failed to score in the second. Hutton was restored to the side for the next encounter, and Emmett had no more international recognition.

Emmett stayed at Gloucestershire, playing with distinction, until 1959, and captained the county from 1955 to 1958. After retiring as a player he became a coach at Gloucestershire.

George Emmett died in Knowle, Bristol, in December 1976, at the age of 64.

title: George Emmett


text:
Kingston On Murray, South Australia

Kingston On Murray (formerly Thurk and Kingston O.M.) is a town on the south bank of the Murray River in the Riverland region of South Australia. Its name is ultimately derived from Charles Kingston who was Premier of South Australia from 1893 to 1899. At the 2006 census, the town had a population of 257.

History
The town was surveyed in January 1915 and originally proclaimed as Thurk on 21 November 1918. Its size was reduced on 19 July 1934 and again on 13 July 1939. The name was derived from Thurk Homestead where the word Thurk is itself derived from an aboriginal word tharko that means the mouth.

The town's name was changed from Thurk to Kingston O.M. on 19 September 1940. The name was derived from the Kingston Village Settlement Area, a settlement which was established in 1896 and whose name is derived from Charles Kingston, the then Premier of South Australia.

The name was altered at the request of residents from Kingston O.M. to Kingston On Murray on 31 March 1994. An erratum was published in the South Australian Government Gazette of 24 November 1994 to correct the wrongly used hyphens in the original Notice to Assign.

Boundaries for the locality of Kingston on Murray were created on 28 September 2000 and include the sites of the Kingston Ferry Shack Site and the government town of Kingston On Murray.

Overview
The Sturt Highway now bypasses the town and crosses the River Murray over a bridge. Before the bridge was opened in 1973, there were two vehicular cable ferries in the town to carry traffic over the river.

Kingston On Murray is in the District Council of Loxton Waikerie, the state electoral district of Chaffey and the federal Division of Barker.

Kingston Estate and Accolade Wines' Banrock Station brand have wineries near Kingston On Murray. There is also the Ramsar-listed Banrock Station Wetlands.

The historic Kingston On Murray Pump Site and Feeder Tank Ruins are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.

title: Kingston On Murray, South Australia


text:
Tore Johansson

Tore Johansson (born 6 November 1959) is a Swedish record producer, composer and musician based in Malmö, Sweden.

Biography
In an interview with HitQuarters, Johansson claimed that the main impetus for his becoming a music producer was the lack of good recording studios in the Malmö area at that time in which to record his own band. As a result,

"'my friends and me decided to build a studio for recording our own music, and then I started to record other bands here and ended up as an engineer/producer. It wasn’t something I had planned.'"

Untutored in the art of recording, he acquired his skills through "trial and error". His main inspiration at that time was classic recordings from the 1960s and '70s, and in fact attempted to capture an old style in a conscious reaction against the production methods employed at that time, which he and his friends thought were bad.

His first five years as a producer were largely focused on developing the Swedish indie band The Cardigans, for whom Johansson has produced five of their six albums to date, beginning with the 1994 debut Emmerdale, excluding their fifth studio album Long Gone Before Daylight due to artistic differences. As someone as new to the studio as the band these sessions were an equally valuable learning experience for both parties. According to Johansson, each time they started on a new album, "we sat down and listened to the old album and decided what we liked about it and what we didn't like about it and what direction the new album should go in." More recently, Johansson prefers to write for or co-write with solo artists.

Production work
Johansson has gained particular international recognition through his production work with The Cardigans and Franz Ferdinand, but has also worked with a number of other recording artists such as:

 * a-ha
 * A Camp
 * Anouk
 * Nicole Atkins & the Sea
 * Mathieu Boogaerts
 * Melanie C
 * Eggstone
 * Sophie Ellis-Bextor
 * Tomoyo Harada
 * Mayumi Iizuka – Smile×Smile
 * Tom Jones
 * Kira and The Kindred Spirits
 * David Kitt
 * The Little Flames
 * The Mighty Roars
 * OK Go
 * New Order
 * Bonnie Pink
 * The Redwalls
 * Saint Etienne
 * Solveig Sandnes
 * Suede
 * Titiyo
 * Emilíana Torrini
 * Martha Wainwright
 * Wild Beasts
 * WIT
 * Bertine Zetlitz
 * Cia Cia Her
 * Åtta Bier ti min far
 * As Animals

title: Tore Johansson


text:
District Council of Loxton Waikerie

The District Council of Loxton Waikerie is a local government area in the Murray Mallee region of South Australia. The council seat lies at Loxton, while it maintains a branch office at Waikerie.

The council was formed on 3 May 1997 as an amalgamation of the District Council of Brown's Well, the District Council of Loxton and the District Council of Waikerie.

It includes the towns and localities of Alawoona, Boolgun, Bakara Well, Billiatt, Bookpurnong, Bugle Hut, Caliph, Devlins Pound, Golden Heights, Good Hope Landing,  Holder, Holder Siding, Kanni, Kingston On Murray, Kringin, Loxton, Loxton North, Lowbank, Maggea, Malpas, Markaranka, Meribah, Moorook, Moorook South, Naidia, New Residence, New Well, Notts Well, Paisley, Paruna, Pata, Peebinga, Pooginook, Pyap, Pyap West, Qualco, Ramco, Ramco Heights, Schell Well, Stockyard Plain, Sunlands, Taldra,  Taplan, Taylorville, Taylorville Station, Veitch, Waikerie, Wappilka, Wigley Flat, Woodleigh, Woolpunda, Wunkar and  Yinkanie, and parts of Galga, Mantung, Mercunda, Murbko and Westons Flat.

Councillors
The District Council of Loxton Waikerie has a directly elected mayor.

title: District Council of Loxton Waikerie


text:
Offender profiling

Offender profiling, also known as criminal profiling, is an investigative strategy used by law enforcement agencies to identify likely suspects and has been used by investigators to link cases that may have been committed by the same perpetrator. The ancestor of modern profiling, Robert Ressler of the FBI, considered profiling as a process of identifying all the psychological characteristics of an individual, forming a general description of the personality, based on the analysis of the crimes committed by him or her.

History
The earliest reference to the use of profiling, according to R.S. Feldman, is Quintilian's essay "Instruction to the Speaker", was written in the 1st century AD. It included information about gestures used by people at that time. M. Woodworth and S. Porter believe that the first development on the topic of profiling should be considered the notorious Malleus Maleficarum ("Hammer of Witches"), written in the 15th century, since it contains psychological profiles of alleged witches. There is also an opinion that the first "professional profiler" was the protagonist of Edgar Allan Poe's short story The Murders in the Rue Morgue (published 1841), who used the method of constructing a psychological portrait of the killer. The first work with a scientific approach (at the level of the 19th century) was Charles Darwin's book The Expression of Emotions in humans and animals (1872). It contained only a description of external manifestations, but it was already a systematization — the beginning of a scientific study of the issue.

The first offender profile was assembled by detectives of the London Metropolitan Police on the personality of Jack the Ripper, a serial killer who had murdered several prostitutes in the 1880s. Police surgeon Thomas Bond was asked to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge. Bond's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders. In his notes, dated November 10, 1888, Bond mentioned the sexual nature of the murders coupled with elements of apparent misogyny and rage. Bond also tried to reconstruct the murder and interpret the behavior pattern of the offender.

Theory
Psychological profiling is described as a method of suspect identification which seeks to identify a person's mental, emotional, and personality characteristics based on things done or left at the crime scene. There are two major assumptions made when it comes to offender profiling: behavioral consistency and homology. Behavior consistency is the idea that an offender's crimes will tend to be similar to one another. Homology is the idea that similar crimes are committed by similar offenders.

Fundamental assumptions that offender profiling relies upon, such as the homology assumption, have been proven outdated by advances in psychology and behavioral science. The majority of profiling approaches assume that behavior is primarily determined by personality, not situational factors, an assumption that psychological research has recognized as a mistake since the 1960s. Profilers have been noted to be very reluctant to participate in studies of profiling's accuracy. In a 2021 article it was noted that out of 243 cases, around 188 were solved with the help of criminal profiling.

Criticism
, although the practice of offender profiling is widely used, publicized and researched globally, there is a significant lack of empirical research or evidence to support the validity of psychological profiling in criminal investigations. Critics question the reliability, validity, and utility of criminal profiles generally provided in police investigations. Even over the years common criminal profiling methods have changed and been looked down upon due to weak definitions that differentiate the criminal's behaviors, assumptions and their psychodynamic process of the offender actions and characteristics that occur. In other words, this leads to poor and misleading profiles on offenders because they are based on opinions and decisions made up from one profiler conducting research on the offender. Research in 2007-2008 into profiling's effectiveness have prompted researchers to label the practice as pseudoscientific. At the time, Malcolm Gladwell of The New Yorker compared profiling to astrology and cold reading. Other critics described criminal profiling as an investigative tool hidden behind a lack of scientific evidence and support.

Unregulated usage
The profession of criminal profiling is highly unregulated. There is no governing body which determines who is and who is not qualified to be a criminal profiler, and therefore those who identify themselves as criminal profilers may range from someone with minimal to someone with extensive experience in the realm of criminal investigation. In addition to the lack of criteria as to what makes an expert in the field of criminal profiling, there is little empirical evidence supporting the accuracy of criminal profiling. There is an abundance of anecdotal support for criminal profiling, much of which originates from reports made by police officers and investigators regarding the performance of criminal profilers. However, law enforcement agents have been found to greatly support the use of criminal profiling, but studies have shown that detectives are poor profilers themselves. One study presented police officers with two different profiles for the same perpetrator, each of which varied greatly from the officers’ own description. It was found that the officers were unable to determine whether one profile was more accurate than the other, and felt that all profiles accurately described the perpetrator. Officers were able to find truth in whichever profile they viewed, believing it accurately described the perpetrator, demonstrating the presence of the Barnum effect. In addition, an investigator's judgement of the accuracy of a profile is impacted by the perceived source of the information; if the officer believes that the profile was written by an “expert” or “professional”, they are likely to perceive it as more accurate than a profile written by someone who is identified as a consultant. This poses a genuine problem when considering that there are no true criteria which determine who may be considered a “professional” criminal profiler, and when considering that support for criminal profiling is largely based on the opinion of police officers.

Typologies
The most routinely used typology in profiling is categorizing crime scenes, and by extension offender's personalities, as either "organized" or "disorganized". The idea of classifying crime scenes according to organized/disorganized dichotomy is credited to the FBI profiler Roy Hazelwood.

A typology of serial sexual homicides advocated by Robert Keppel and Richard Walter categorizes them as either power–assertive, power–reassurance, anger–retaliatory, or anger–excitation.

Criminal profiling can also be ex-ante or ex-post. Descriptive profiling of a perpetrator is a type of ex-post profiling, and can be used to prevent a serial killer from striking again.

Approaches
There are three leading approaches in the area of offender profiling: the criminal investigative approach, the clinical practitioner approach, and the scientific statistical approach. The criminal investigative approach is what is used by law enforcement and more specifically by the Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) within the FBI. The BAU "assists law enforcement agencies by their review and assessment of a criminal act, by interpreting the offender's behavior during the crime and the interactions between the offender and the victim during the commission of the crime and as expressed in the crime scene." The clinical practitioner approach focuses on looking at each case as unique, making the approach very individualistic. One practitioner, Turco, believed that all violent crimes were a result of the mother-child struggle where female victims represent the offender's mother. This is also recognized as the psychodynamic approach. Another practitioner, Copson, outlined some principles for profiling which include being custom made, interactive and reflexive. By following these principles, the profile should include advice that is unique and not from a stereotype, should be easy to understand for all levels of intelligence, and all elements in the profile should influence one another. The Scientific approach relies heavily on the multivariate analysis of behaviors and any other information from the crime scene that could lead to the offender's characteristics or psychological processes. According to this approach, elements of the profile are developed by comparing the results of the analysis to those of previously caught offenders.

Wilson, Lincon and Kocsis list three main paradigms of profiling: diagnostic evaluation, crime scene analysis, and investigative psychology. Ainsworth identified four: clinical profiling (synonymous with diagnostic evaluation), typological profiling (synonymous with crime scene analysis), investigative psychology, and geographical profiling.

Five steps in profiling include: One- Analyzing the criminal act and comparing it to similar crimes in the past. Two- An in-depth analysis of the actual crime scene, Three- Considering the victim's background and activities for possible motives and connections, Four- Considering other possible motives. Five- Developing a description of the possible offender that can be compared with previous cases.

One type of criminal profiling is referred to as linkage analysis. Gerard N. Labuschagne defines linkage analysis as "a form of behavioral analysis that is used to determine the possibility of a series of crimes as having been committed by one offender." Gathering many aspects of the offender's crime pattern such as modus operandi (MO), ritual or fantasy-based behaviors exhibited, and the signature of the offender, help to establish a basis for a linkage analysis. An offender's modus operandi is the habits or tendencies during the killing of the victim. An offender's signature is the unique similarities in each of the kills. Mainly, linkage analysis is used when physical evidence, such as DNA, cannot be collected.

Labuschagne states that in gathering and incorporating these aspects of the offender's crime pattern, investigators must engage in five assessment procedures: One- Obtaining data from multiple sources. Two- Reviewing the data and identifying significant features of each crime across the series. Three- Classifying the significant features as either modus operandi or ritualistic. Four- Comparing the combination of modus operandi and ritual or fantasy-based features across the series to determine if a signature exists. Five- Compiling a written report highlighting the findings.

FBI method
There are six stages to developing a criminal profile: profiling inputs, decision process models, crime assessment, criminal profiling, investigation, and apprehension. The FBI and BAU tend to study specific categories of crimes such as white collar and serial murder.

History
An Italian psychologist Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) was a criminologist who attempted to formally classify criminals based on age, gender, physical characteristics, education, and geographic region. When comparing these similar characteristics, he better understood the origin of motivation of criminal behavior, and in 1876, he published the book The Criminal Man. Lombroso studied 383 Italian inmates. Based on his studies, he suggested that there were three types of criminals. There were born criminals, who were degenerates and insane criminals, who suffered from a mental illness. Also, he studied and found specific physical characteristics. A few examples included asymmetry of the face, eye defects and peculiarities, and ears of unusual size, etc.

One of the first offender profiles was assembled by detectives of the Metropolitan Police on the personality of Jack the Ripper, a serial killer who had murdered a series of prostitutes in the 1880s. Police surgeon Thomas Bond was asked to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge. Bond's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders. In his notes, dated November 10, 1888, Bond mentioned the sexual nature of the murders coupled with elements of apparent misogyny and rage. Bond also tried to reconstruct the murder and interpret the behavior pattern of the offender. Bond's basic profile included that "The murderer must have been a man of physical strength and great coolness and daring... subject to periodic attacks of homicidal and erotic mania. The characters of the mutilations indicate that the man may be in a condition sexually, that may be called Satyriasis."

In 1912, a psychologist in Lackawanna, New York delivered a lecture in which he analyzed the unknown murderer of a local boy named Joey Joseph, dubbed "The Postcard Killer" in the press.

In 1932, Dr. Dudley Schoenfeld gave the authorities his predictions about the personality of the kidnapper of the Lindbergh baby.

In 1943, Walter C. Langer developed a profile of Adolf Hitler that hypothesized the Nazi dictator's response to various scenarios, including losing the war. The United States Office of Strategic Services asked William L. Langer's brother Walter C. Langer, a psychiatrist, to draw up a profile of Adolf Hitler and hypothesize their response to various scenarios including losing the World War II. After the war, British psychologist Lionel Haward, while working for the Royal Air Force police, drew up a list of characteristics which high-ranking war criminals might display. These characteristics were used to identify high-ranking war criminals amongst captured soldiers and airmen.

Offender profiling was first introduced to the FBI in the 1960s, when several classes were taught to the American Society of crime lab directors. There was little public knowledge of offender profiling until publicization with TV. Later films based on the fictional works of author Thomas Harris that caught the public eye as a profession in particular Manhunter (1986) and Silence of the Lambs (1991). The fastest development occurred when the FBI opened its training academy, the Behavioral Analysis Unit, in Quantico, Virginia. It led to the establishment of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime and the Violent Criminal Apprehension Program.

James Brussel was a psychiatrist who rose to fame after his profile of New York City's "Mad Bomber" George Metesky was published in the New York Times in 1956. The media dubbed him "The Sherlock Holmes of the Couch." In his 1968 book Casebook of a Crime Psychiatrist, Brussel relates how he predicted that the bomber would wear a buttoned-up double-breasted suit, but edited out the many incorrect predictions he had made in his profile, claiming he had successfully predicted the bomber would be a Slav who lived in Connecticut, when he had actually predicted he would be "born and educated in Germany," and live in White Plains, New York. In 1964, Brussel profiled the Boston Strangler for the Boston Police Department.

In 1972, after the death of J. Edgar Hoover, who was skeptical of psychiatry, the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI was formed by Patrick Mullany and Howard Teten.

Investigations of serial killers Ted Bundy and Gary Ridgway were performed in 1974 by Robert Keppel and psychologist Richard Walter. They went on to develop the four subtypes of violent crime and the Hunter Integrated Telemetry System (HITS) database which compiled characteristics of violent crime for research.

At the FBI's BSU, Robert Ressler and John Douglas began an informal series of ad hoc interviews with 36 convicts starting in early 1978. Douglas and Ressler later created a typology of sexually motivated violent offenders and formed the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime.

The March 1980 issue of the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin invited local police to request profiles from the FBI. An article in the April 1980 issue, "The Lust Murderer," introduced the dichotomy of "organized" and "disorganized" offenders. The August 1985 issue described a third, "mixed" category.

In 1985, Dr. David Canter in the United Kingdom profiled "Railway Rapists" John Duffy and David Mulcahy. David Canter assisted police detectives from the mid-1980s to an offender who had carried out a series of serious attacks, but Canter saw the limitations of offender profiling – in particular, the subjective, personal opinion of a psychologist. He and a colleague coined the term investigative psychology and began trying to approach the subject from what they saw as a more scientific point of view.

The Crime Classification Manual was published in 1992, and introduced the term "criminal investigative analysis."

In 1999, the percentage of accurate criminal profilers was only estimated to be at 21%, whereas in 2020 the accuracy was estimated to be at 86%.

Popularity
Profiling has continuously gotten more accurate throughout the years. In the year 2008, only 42% of cases were solved using criminal profiling. In 2019 the FBI was able to solve 56% of the cases that were not solved back in the year 2008.

Profiling as an investigative tool has a high level of acceptance among both the general public and police.

In the United States, between 1971 and 1981, the FBI had only profiled cases on 192 occasions. By 1986, FBI profilers were requested in 600 investigations in a single year. By 1996, 12 FBI profilers were applying profiling to approximately 1,000 cases per year.

In the United Kingdom, 29 profilers provided 242 instances of profiling advice between 1981 and 1994, its usage increasing steadily over that period.

The usage of profiling has been documented in Sweden, Finland, New Zealand, South Africa, Germany, Canada, Ireland, Malaysia, Russia, Zimbabwe, and the Netherlands.

Surveys of police officers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada have found an overwhelming majority consider profiling to be useful. A 2007 meta-analysis of existing research into offender profiling noted that there was "a notable incongruity between [profiling's] lack of empirical foundation and the degree of support for the field."

Profiling's continued popularity has been speculatively attributed to broad use of anecdotes and testimonials, a focus on correct predictions over the number of incorrect ones, ambiguous profiles benefiting from the Barnum effect, and the popular appeal of the fantasy of a sleuth with deductive powers like Hercule Poirot and Sherlock Holmes.

Notable profilers
Notable profilers include Roy Hazelwood, who profiled sexual predators; Ernst Gennat, a German criminologist, who developed an early profiling scheme for the police of Berlin; Walter Charles Langer, who predicted Hitler's behavior and eventual suicide; Howard Teten, who worked on the case of Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination; and John E. Douglas, who worked on a wave of child murders in Atlanta in the 1980s.

According to the BAU the probability of a profiler being used as "expert testimony" in court and leading to a guilty verdict is 85%. There is a difference between the hard sciences and the social sciences related to testimony and evidence in the courtroom. Some experts contend that offender profiling should not be used in court until such processes can be reliably validated, but as seen, it is still used successfully to this day. The historical roots of criminal profiling in the United States and Europe have been discussed elsewhere (1). Many European countries have now developed their own approaches to criminal profiling and established specialized academic research institutions and trained police units (1,6), for example, the German Bundeskriminalamt (7,8), implementing the first quality standards in 2003 (9,10), as well as Austria (11), Scandinavia (12), and the United Kingdom (13). Switzerland has only recently adopted ViCLAS, the computerized Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System, and is now training its own case analysis specialists (1,14,15)

Research
In a review of the literature by Eastwood et al. (2006), one of the studies noted, Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990), showed that trained criminal profilers did not do any better than non-profilers in producing an accurate profile. A 2000 study also showed that profilers were not significantly better at creating a profile than any other participating groups.

A survey of statements made in offender profiles done for major cases from 1992 to 2001 found that "72% included repetition of the details of what occurred in the offence (factual statements already known by the police), references to the profiler’s competence [...] or caveats about using the material in the investigation." Over 80% of the remaining statements, which made claims about the offender's characteristics, gave no justification for their conclusion.

A 2003 study which asked two different groups of police to rate how accurately a profile matched a description of the apprehended offender, with one group given a description of a completely fabricated offender instead of the real one, found that the profile was rated equally accurate in both cases.

There is a lack of clear, quantifiable evidence of a link between crime scene actions (A) and offender characteristics (C), a necessary supposition of the A to C paradigm proposed by Canter (1995). A 2002 review by Alison et al. concluded, "The notion that particular configurations of demographic features can be predicted from an assessment of particular configurations of specific behaviors occurring in short-term, highly traumatic situations seems an overly ambitious and unlikely possibility. Thus, until such inferential processes can be reliably verified, such claims should be treated with great caution in investigations and should be entirely excluded from consideration in court."

Cited works and further reading

 * Canter, David; Youngs, Donna (2008). Principles of Geographical Offender Profiling. New York: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-754-62549-0
 * Douglas, John; Olshaker, Mark (1997). Journey Into Darkness: The FBI's Premier Investigator Penetrates the Minds and Motives of the Most Terrifying Serial Killers. London: Arrow Books. ISBN 978-1-439-19981-7
 * Douglas, John; Olshaker, Mark (1997). Journey Into Darkness: The FBI's Premier Investigator Penetrates the Minds and Motives of the Most Terrifying Serial Killers. London: Arrow Books. ISBN 978-1-439-19981-7

title: Offender profiling


text:
Indene

Indene is an aromatic, polycyclic hydrocarbon with chemical formula C9H8. It is composed of a benzene ring fused with a cyclopentene ring. This flammable liquid is colorless although samples often are pale yellow. The principal industrial use of indene is in the production of indene/coumarone thermoplastic resins. Substituted indenes and their closely related indane derivatives are important structural motifs found in many natural products and biologically active molecules, such as sulindac.

Isolation
Indene occurs naturally in coal-tar fractions boiling around 175–185 °C. It can be obtained by heating this fraction with sodium to precipitate solid "sodio-indene". This step exploits indene's weak acidity evidenced by its deprotonation by sodium to give the indenyl derivative. The sodio-indene is converted back to indene by steam distillation.

Reactivity
Indene readily polymerises. Oxidation of indene with acid dichromate yields homophthalic acid (o-carboxylphenylacetic acid). It condenses with diethyl oxalate in the presence of sodium ethoxide to form indene–oxalic ester, and with aldehydes or ketones in the presence of alkali to form benzofulvenes, which are highly coloured. Treatment of indene with organolithium reagents gives lithium indenyl compounds:
 * C9H8 + RLi → LiC9H7 + RH

Indenyl is a ligand in organometallic chemistry, giving rise to many transition metal indenyl complexes.

title: Indene


text:
User:Ben goten78

(Someone delete this. Hardly an article.)

title: User:Ben goten78


text:
Jugoton

Jugoton was the largest record label and chain record store in the former Yugoslavia based in Zagreb, SR Croatia.

History
Jugoton was formed in 1947. It is notable for releasing some of the most important former Yugoslav pop and rock records. In addition, the company owned a widespread network of record shops across SFR Yugoslavia.

The company changed its name to Croatia Records in 1991, after Croatia seceded from Yugoslavia.

Artists
Jugoton notable for signing numerous eminent former Yugoslav pop and rock acts. Some of the artists that have been signed to Jugoton include:

 * Aerodrom
 * Ansambel bratov Avsenik
 * Silvana Armenulić
 * Atomi
 * Azra
 * Đorđe Balašević
 * Bele Vrane
 * Beograd
 * Halid Bešlić
 * Bezobrazno Zeleno
 * Bijele Strijele
 * Bijelo Dugme
 * Biseri
 * Borghesia
 * Bulevar
 * Cacadou Look
 * Crni Biseri
 * Crvena Jabuka
 * Crveni Koralji
 * Zdravko Čolić
 * Dah
 * Daltoni
 * Dʼ Boys
 * Delfini (Split band)
 * Delfini (Zagreb band)
 * Denis & Denis
 * Devil Doll
 * Divlje Jagode
 * Dorian Gray
 * Dubrovački trubaduri
 * Du Du A
 * Dino Dvornik
 * Električni Orgazam
 * Faraoni
 * Film
 * Garavi Sokak
 * Grešnici
 * Griva
 * Grupa Marina Škrgatića
 * Grupa 220
 * Hari Mata Hari
 * Haustor
 * Hobo
 * Idoli
 * Indexi
 * Ibrica Jusić
 * Kameleoni
 * Tereza Kesovija
 * Kontraritam
 * Korni Grupa
 * Zdenka Kovačiček
 * Laboratorija Zvuka
 * Laki Pingvini
 * Leb i Sol
 * Josipa Lisac
 * Oliver Mandić
 * Đorđe Marjanović
 * Srđan Marjanović
 * Seid Memić
 * Slađana Milošević
 * Zana Nimani
 * Oko
 * Opus
 * Osmi Putnik
 * Parni Valjak
 * Partibrejkers
 * Pekinška Patka
 * Petar i Zli Vuci
 * Plavi Orkestar
 * Prljavo Kazalište
 * Profili Profili
 * Rani Mraz
 * Riblja Čorba
 * Rokeri s Moravu
 * Sanjalice
 * September
 * Slomljena Stakla
 * Ivica Šerfezi
 * Srebrna Krila
 * S Vremena Na Vreme
 * Šarlo Akrobata
 * Tajči
 * Teška Industrija
 * Time
 * Neda Ukraden
 * U Škripcu
 * YU Grupa
 * Zabranjeno Pušenje
 * Zana
 * Zlatni Dečaci
 * Zlatni Prsti
 * Žeteoci

Jugoton also released the influential compilation album Paket aranžman. Many artists that represented Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest were signed with Jugoton, including the 1989 winners Riva.

Like other former Yugoslav labels, Jugoton also had a licence to release foreign titles for the Yugoslav market including notable international popular music stars such as: Rick Astley, The Beatles, David Bowie, Kate Bush, Deep Purple, Eurythmics, Iron Maiden, Kraftwerk, John Lennon, Madonna, Gary Moore, Mötley Crüe, Elvis Presley, Pink Floyd, Public Image Limited, Queen, The Rolling Stones, Scorpions, U2, Whitesnake, Kim Wilde and others.

Competition
Other major labels in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were: PGP-RTB and Jugodisk from Belgrade, Suzy from Zagreb, Diskoton from Sarajevo, ZKP RTLJ from Ljubljana, Diskos from Aleksandrovac, and others.

Yugonostalgia
Jugoton, as an important part of the former Yugoslav culture is one of the subjects of Yugonostalgia.

The former Jugoton record shop located in the main shopping mall in Skopje (Gradski Trgovski Centar), North Macedonia, still operates under the same name managed by the Macedonian record label Lithium Records.

An example of different kind is the online radio and web tv station called Jugoton which operates in the Yugoslav diaspora in Vienna, Austria. It plays music from the former Yugoslavia, but also from all the contemporary former Yugoslav countries, including pop, rock and folk. However, it is not formally related to the actual Jugoton, and not all the Yugoslav artists represented in its program were really signed to the label.

Yugoton
Yugoton is a Polish tribute album to the former Yugoslav rock scene released in 2001. Its title is a nod to Jugoton.

title: Jugoton