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Chick culling

Chick culling or unwanted chick killing is the process of separating and killing unwanted (male and unhealthy female) chicks for which the intensive animal farming industry has no use. It occurs in all industrialised egg production, whether free range, organic, or battery cage. However, some certified pasture-raised egg farms are taking steps to eliminate the practice entirely. Worldwide, around 7 billion male chicks are culled each year in the egg industry. Because male chickens do not lay eggs and only those in breeding programmes are required to fertilise eggs, they are considered redundant to the egg-laying industry and are usually killed shortly after being sexed, which occurs just days after they are conceived or after they hatch. Some methods of culling that do not involve anaesthetics include: cervical dislocation, asphyxiation by carbon dioxide, and maceration using a high-speed grinder. Maceration is the primary method in the United States. Maceration is often a preferred method over carbon dioxide asphyxiation in western countries as it is often considered as "more humane" due to the deaths occurring immediately or within a second.

Due to modern selective breeding, laying hen strains differ from meat production strains (broilers). In the United States, males are culled in egg production because males "don't lay eggs or grow large enough to become broilers."

Ducklings and goslings are also culled in the production of foie gras. However, because males gain more weight than females in this production system, the females are culled, sometimes in an industrial macerator. Up to 40 million female ducks per year may be killed in this way. The remains of female ducklings are later used in cat food and fertilisers.

Because of animal welfare concerns, there is societal opposition to chick culling. In the 2010s, scientists developed technologies to determine the sexes of chicks when they are still in their eggs (in-ovo sexing). Germany and France jointly became the first countries in the world to prohibit all chick killing from 1 January 2022, and called on other EU member states to do the same. Italy also banned the practice soon after.

History

Prior to the development of modern broiler meat breeds, chickens were largely dual-purpose breeds, with most male chickens (cockerels) were slaughtered for meat, whereas females (pullets) would be kept for egg production. However, once the industry successfully bred separate meat and egg-producing hybrids—starting in the 1920s and 1930s —there was no reason to keep males of the egg-producing hybrid. As a consequence, the males of egg-laying chickens are killed as soon as possible after hatching and sexing to reduce financial losses incurred by the breeder. Special techniques have been developed to accurately determine the sex of chicks at as young an age as possible.

In November 2018, the "world's first industry-scale production no-kill eggs" were sold to the public in Berlin, Germany.

Methods
Several methods are used to cull chicks:
 * Maceration (also called 'grinding', 'shredding' or 'mincing'); the chicks are placed into a large high-speed grinder.
 * Asphyxiation (also called 'gassing' or 'controlled atmosphere killing'); carbon dioxide is used to induce unconsciousness and then death.
 * Cervical dislocation; the neck is broken.
 * Electrocution; an electric current is passed through the chick's body until it is dead.
 * Suffocation; the chicks are placed in plastic bags.

Permitted methods in the EU
Authorised procedures for killing chicks have been harmonised within the European Union. The regulations initiated in 1976 evolved in 1993, the first directive to specifically take chicks into account. A new directive was adopted in 2009, enacted on 1 January 2013 (replacing the 1993 directive) and last updated on 14 December 2019:
 * "Use of a mechanical apparatus causing rapid death" (essentially grinding)
 * "Exposure to carbon dioxide" (essentially gassing)

Recommended methods and standards in the US and Canada
The American Veterinary Medical Association (AMVA) "Euthanasia" methods include: cervical dislocation, maceration, and asphyxiation by carbon dioxide.

In Canada, the National Farm Animal Care Council (Conseil National Pour Les Soins Aux Animaux D'Elevage) publishes the Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Hatching Eggs, Breeders, Chickens and Turkeys, (2016, amended from time to time), which is mentioned in the Health of Animals Regulations section 72.5(1) as the requirements and industry standards that must be met. The "code" defines the euthanasia as the "ending of life [...] in a way that minimizes pain and distress[..] and is characterized by rapid, irreversible unconsciousness [...] followed by prompt death" and adds that protocols including "irreversible stunning of birds prior to the final kill step may assist in effective euthanasia."

The 2005–2006 AMVA Executive Board proposed a policy change, recommended by the Animal Welfare Committee on the killing of unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs. The policy states: The Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Hatching Eggs, Breeders, Chickens and Turkeys, in Canada, lists the acceptable methods under the Appendix B, grouped as recommended on-Farm or at hatcheries, being:
 * 'Unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs should be killed by an acceptable humane method, such as use of a commercially designed macerator that results in instantaneous death. Smothering unwanted chicks or poults in bags or containers is not acceptable. Pips, unwanted chicks, or poults should be killed prior to disposal. A pipped egg, or pip, is one where the chick or poult has not been successful in escaping the egg shell during the hatching process.'
 * Anesthetic Overdose
 * Non-Penetrating Captive Bolt (farm only), Penetrating Captive Bolt (farm only)
 * Manual Blunt Force Trauma
 * Decapitation
 * Gas Inhalation (Nitrogen (farm only), Carbon Monoxide (farm only), and Carbon Dioxide)
 * Manual Cervical Dislocation, Mechanical Cervical Dislocation (farm only)
 * Maceration
 * A combination of methods.

The outcome expected being instantaneous death. For instance, the maceration must be "instantaneous and complete".

US producers announced in 2016 a goal of being able by 2020 to determine the sex of the developing chick long before hatching, so male eggs can be destroyed. However in January 2020 they stated that killing day-old male chicks remains unavoidable due to the lack of a viable alternative.

Statistics

 * Worldwide: approximately 7 billion male chicks are culled annually around the world (2015 Poultry Site estimate). Other estimates include 6 billion (June 2016 SMH claim), 4–6 billion chicks (December 2018 The Guardian claim). According to In Ovo cofounder Wouter Bruins in October 2013, the top 20 poultry production countries alone culled 3.2 billion male chicks a year.
 * Australia: more than 12 million male chicks are culled annually (June 2016 estimate). Maceration is the primary method used, but gassing is also used.
 * Belgium: more than 15 million male chicks are culled annually, 40,000 a day (February 2020 estimate). CO2 gassing is the only method used and happens in two stages: chicks are first stunned and then killed.
 * Canada: 22.5 million male chicks are culled annually, nearly 62,000 a day (December 2016 estimate).
 * Denmark: As of 2024, 'more than three million day-old male layer chicks are culled every year – including those from free-range and organic production systems.'
 * France: 50 million male chicks are culled annually in the egg industry (February 2020 estimate) and about 16 million female ducklings and goslings are culled annually in the foie gras industry. Maceration is the primary method in both industries.
 * Germany: up to 50 million male chicks are culled annually (October 2019 estimate). Gassing is the primary method.
 * India: over 180 million male chicks are culled annually (October 2014 estimate). Maceration appears to be the primary method, though suffocation using plastic bags has also been reported.
 * Netherlands: 45 million male chicks are culled annually (May 2016 estimate). Gassing is the primary method.
 * New Zealand: 2.5 million (April 2001 estimate) to 3 million (June 2016 estimate) male chicks are culled annually. Maceration is the primary method.
 * Norway: Over 3.5 million day-old male chicks are killed annually (2023 estimate), with maceration being the most common method.
 * Spain: 35 million male chicks are culled annually (March 2020 estimate).
 * Sweden: A 2026 Swedish Board of Agriculture report stated: 'In Sweden, 5.6 million laying hens are replaced every year. At the same time, a similar number of cockerels are produced, the vast majority of which are killed and destroyed at hatcheries.'
 * Switzerland: about 3 million male chicks are culled annually (September 2019 estimate). Gassing is the only method used; maceration was prohibited on 1 January 2020, but rarely used before that date.
 * United Kingdom: 30 to 40 million male chicks are culled annually (November 2010 Viva! claim). A November 2010 Telegraph article reported on two undercover operations carried out by animal rights organisation Viva! showing a gassing-method hatchery and a maceration-method hatchery, both located in Preston. Both methods were reportedly 'legal and approved by both the Humane Slaughter Association and the RSPCA', with a British Egg Information Service (BEIS) spokesman saying gassing was used more often than maceration in the UK. In March 2015, a BEIS spokesman insisted that gassing was the only method used in the UK.
 * United States: 300 million male chicks are culled annually (January 2020 The Humane Society claim). The Associated Press estimated this number at 200 million in 2009. Maceration is the primary method.

Controversy and phaseout
Animal welfare advocates maintain that many of the current practices surrounding chicken slaughtering are unethical. Animal rights advocates argue that it is wrong to unnecessarily exploit and kill other sentient beings for food production, including chicks.

Scientific research into alternatives (2010s)

Several technologies may obviate chick culling by determining the sex of a chick before hatching. Some of these technologies rely on measuring eggs (through spectroscopy, chemical assays, or imaging); they can determine a chick's sex within 3-13 days of incubation. Some methods require genetic engineering to make male eggs fluorescent. Such methods are attractive not only for ethical reasons but to reduce the costs of employing human cullers and of incubating male eggs. Timothy Kurt, a director from the United States Department of Agriculture, said, "Everyone wants the same thing, and the right piece of technology could solve this right now."

A Unilever spokesperson has been quoted as saying in 2014: "We have also committed to providing funding and expertise for research and introduction of alternative methods such as in-ovo gender identification (sexing) of eggs. This new technology offers the potential to eliminate the hatching and culling of male chicks."

In 2015, the Leipzig University developed a method to determine the gender of fertilized eggs 72 hours after the incubation process has started. The procedure would use a laser to drill a hole into the eggshell and analyze the way the egg's blood cells disperse that light using near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. The hole in the eggshell would then be sealed again, and female embryos could be incubated as normal. Males would still be discarded, but earlier in their development.

In 2018, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, invested $844,000 to electronically "scan" fertilized eggs to determine if they are male or female.

In September 2019, the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research, a company that was founded by the United States Congress in 2014 announced a $6 million prize for in-ovo sexing technology that could meet certain criteria. They awarded $2,113,915 of this prize to six entrants in November 2019.

CRISPR technology uses a "pair of molecular scissors" to illuminate the male chicks after being conceived and before being placed in the incubator to be hatched, thus eliminating all male chicks from being hatched.

In spring 2021, the Leiden-based Dutch company In Ovo presented the new in ovo-sexing machine "Ella", which had an accuracy of over 95%, which could possibly be upgraded to 99% in the short term. Its method of retrieving some fluid from the fertilised egg with a needle, and finding the biomarker sabineamine in this sample with mass spectrometry, takes less than one second to perform.

In late May 2021, a research team from the Technische Hochschule OWL based in Lemgo, Germany, claimed to be able to shine a laser into a small hole in fertilised eggs' scale, and derive its sex from the reflected light using fluorescence spectroscopy within six days, thus complying to Germany's legal requirement of early sexing from 2024. Startups including Respeggt and In Ovo responded skeptically, saying the publication of these conclusions seemed rushed, and that "many methods may seem promising at first, but aren't immediately useful in practice."

Legal challenge in Germany (2013–2019)
In 2013, the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia issued a decree banning hatcheries from killing chicks, against which two egg hatcheries in the state appealed. As paragraph one of Germany's Animal Welfare Act stipulates that "No-one shall inflict pain, suffering or harm on an animal without a reasonable cause," a lower court ruled that killing for food production was a "reasonable" ground. This led to a challenge in the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig. On 13 June 2019, this court decided that the current way of culling chicks "violates the country's laws against killing animals without a justifiable reason." However, the court allowed hatcheries to keep culling chicks on a temporary basis until alternatives, such as sex determination in eggs, are introduced. Such "no-kill eggs" had been introduced into the German market in 2018 and were available in more than 200 shops by June 2019. As of June 2023, five companies have commercially available in-ovo sexing technology, which is estimated to be used for 15 percent of the European layer population.

Political efforts (2018–present)
On 6 June 2018, Luxembourg amended its Animal Protection Act (Loi sur la protection des animaux, Deiereschutzgesetz, Tierschutzgesetz), including a ban on "eliminating animals for exclusively economic reasons", understood as covering killing male chicks and male calves in milk production. The government claimed Luxembourg to have been the first country in the world to prohibit these practices; although it appears these did not exist within its borders at the time anyway, it did set a legal precedent for other countries to follow suit.

In response to the June 2019 Leipzig court ruling, German Agriculture Minister Julia Klöckner stated chick culling was "ethically unacceptable" and argued it should be prohibited. The Grand Coalition agreement of March 2018 stated that chick culling should have been ended "by the middle of the current legislative period", which would have been in October 2019, but this goal was not met. At that time, gassing was the most common method of chick culling in Germany, which killed up to 50 million chicks a year. Although the federal government had already invested millions of euros in stimulating scientific research into two alternative methods for sex determination in eggs by then, these were still not ready for the market yet.

In September 2019, in Switzerland, the parliament voted to outlaw the shredding of chickens. This is despite this practice not being used in Switzerland. It was further commented that: "This tendency to rear species only for the production of eggs or for meat turns animals into mere objects. It has led to absurd practices such as the shredding of living male chicks". However, the practice of gassing chicks, which kills about three million male baby chicks in Switzerland per year, remained legal.

In late October 2019, French Agriculture Minister Didier Guillaume told France Inter: "We announced last week with my colleague, German Minister for Agriculture [Julia Klöckner], that we were going to stop the shredding of chicks, which is no longer bearable today. We said end of the year 2021." He further argued that the practice needed to be phased out and not immediately discontinued: "If we do it right away, what will happen? There won't be eggs anymore."

On 13 January 2020, during an official visit of Guillaume to Klöckner, the Ministers said in a joint statement that France and Germany wanted to end the mass shredding of male chicks at the EU level by the end of 2021. Guillaume stated that "France and Germany should be the European motor to advance on this issue", with Klöckner adding that Germany's EU presidency in the second half of 2020 was a good opportunity to do so. The countries planned to bring together various groups to share scientific knowledge and implement alternative methods. On 28 January 2020, Guillaume repeated at a press conference that the culling of unwanted male chicks (by shredding) would be outlawed in France by the end of 2021. While some animal rights activists welcomed the move, others said that the decision did not go far enough. The minister's entourage told Agence France-Presse that it was unclear whether his announced ban also included asphyxiation by CO2 (which was excluded from the Swiss ban ), pressing him to explicitly prohibit that chick culling method as well.

In early February 2020, four Dutch animal rights organisations sent letters to Prime Minister Mark Rutte and the Parliamentary Commission on Agriculture urging them to follow the examples given by Switzerland and France, and phase out all chick culling including gassing in the Netherlands by the end of 2021. The Dutch Ministry of Agriculture cautiously responded that "a political solution is being explored" and that the Agriculture Minister would soon provide more information. In March 2020, the Directorate of Production and Agrarian Markets of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture stated that it is working with egg producers to end the annual culling of 35 million male chicks in Spain in 2021. The Ministry said producers were testing two different techniques of in-ovo sex detection.

In July 2020, after appeals from PETA India that various killing methods used in the poultry industry were in violation of the 1960 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, the government of Assam issued a directive to poultry hatcheries within the state to cease all illegal killing of male or unwanted chicks. By June 2023, multiple state governments in India had also started taking steps to curb this practice at the behest of PETA India. The animal husbandry departments of the states of Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Goa had committed to adopting in-ovo sex determination technology once it became available in India, while Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh states had all issued orders similar to those of Assam to end all current illegal and cruel practices of chick-killing in the poultry industry.

In January 2021, the German federal government approved a draft law banning chick culling, to be effectuated at the end of 2021. If passed by the Bundestag, Germany would become the first country in the world to ban this practice, confirming its joint commitment with France made in January 2020. On 20 May 2021, the Bundestag indeed voted to ban the culling of male chicks in Germany from 1 January 2022. Initially, the new German law also dictated that by 1 January 2024, all fertilised eggs in Germany must be sexed before day 7 of incubation, to avoid any chance of the embryo having consciousness and thus being able to experience pain. However, a further study conducted by the German government concluded that embryos do not feel pain before day 13, and the law was adjusted accordingly. This was a positive development for the in-ovo sexing industry, since many technologies can work before day 13, but not before day 7.

On 15 June 2021, the Dutch parliament by 81 votes to 69 adopted a motion directed at Agriculture Minister Carola Schouten to ban chick killing in the Netherlands. The motion, written and submitted by MPs Sandra Beckerman (SP) and Leonie Vestering (PvdD), stated: "[Parliament], noting that about 40 million male chicks are killed in the Netherlands annually because they have no economic value; considering that this is unnecessary because there are alternatives; considering that France and Germany are already introducing a ban; pronounces that the killing of male chicks should be prohibited." The same day, another motion by MPs Beckerman and Derk Boswijk (CDA), adopted by a much larger majority of 115 votes to 35, requested the government to inquire how, and how fast, a ban on killing male chicks could be introduced. The motion reiterated that the annual killing of 40 million Dutch male chicks was unnecessary, that France and Germany were already introducing a ban, and furthermore stated that "a ban in the Netherlands is desirable and must be done in a way that is good for animals, farmers and consumers." The Steering Group on One-Day Cockerels, set up by the Ministry of Agriculture after this, published two research reports in November 2022, which showed that the issue was complex and a Dutch ban on chick killing could not be introduced for the time being, but agreements were already reached between the Ministry and the poultry sector on structurally reducing chick killing.

On 8 July 2021, the Belgian region of Wallonia banned the broyage (grinding) of male chicks, but not the gazage (gassing); although welfarists criticised the lack of a ban on gassing, neither killing method has been practiced at businesses inside the Walloon Region.

On 18 July 2021, French Minister of Agriculture, Julien Denormandie, announced chick culling would be banned from 1 January 2022. Both maceration and gassing will be prohibited, and the French government would grant chicken breeders subsidies of 10 million euros combined in order to acquire in-ovo sexing machines instead (leading to extra consumer costs of about 1 eurocent per box of six eggs). Denormandie stated that two-thirds of the poultry industry was expected to have adopted these machines by the end of the first quarter of 2022. and must have them installed by December 31, 2022. On 21 July 2021, Germany and France made a joint declaration that called on other EU member states to prohibit chick culling throughout the Union; their call was officially supported by Austria, Spain, Ireland, Luxembourg, and Portugal. In December 2021, Italy's Chamber of Deputies first proposed plans to ban chick culling per 1 January 2027, confirming its decision on 3 August 2022, in part due to welfarists' campaigning since 2020.

Ukraine is seeking to catch up to EU animal welfare standards in accordance with the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement (signed in 2014 after Euromaidan). Therefore, on 29 August 2022, the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine adopted Law no. #628 "On the approval of the Requirements for ensuring the well-being of animals during slaughter and killing" in order comply with EU Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 "on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter", which requires stunning all animals before slaughter. Since entering into force, the legislation applies to new specialised facilities, and from 1 January 2027 it will apply to all slaughterhouses in Ukraine. Ukrainian poultry innovation researchers noted in April 2023 that the 2009 EU regulation might not be sufficient anymore, given new developments in EU member states such as Germany banning the killing of male chicks since 1 January 2022, and using spectroscopy for in-ovo sexing before the 15th day of incubation instead.

As of 12 October 2022, Austria and Luxembourg have banned the systematic killing of male chicks. Also in 2022 in Norway, a six-party majority in parliament called for research to end chick maceration in Norway. As the country's main egg producer installed in-ovo sexing technology installed in summer 2023, its first no-kill eggs entering shops in 2024, and its only competitor unveiled plans to open a new no-kill hatchery in autumn 2024 as well, it was expected as of April 2024 that the Norwegian government would adopt a national ban on the killing of cockerels in the future as demanded by the Storting. Per 1 January 2023, the Animal Protection Act of Austria added provisions, including "The shredding of living chicks is forbidden", as well as that out-sorting of in ovo sexed eggs was legal before 14 days, but had to involve stunning the embryo if done after 6 days. As of December 2023, in-ovo sexing had reached about 15% market penetration in the EU, but an EU-level agreement to ban chick culling altogether was not yet forthcoming.

With the adoption of the Flemish Animal Welfare Code in May 2024, chick culling was banned in Flanders in principle, but the ban would not take effect until a date to be determined:

Article 37. The killing of day-old chicks is prohibited. The first paragraph shall come into force on a date to be determined by the Flemish Government. Such date shall be determined from as soon as sex determination of chicks in the egg is feasible for day 12 after incubation.

The Flemish Government may provide for exceptions to the prohibition as referred to in the first paragraph.

Business efforts (2018–present)
Currently, the following businesses (producers, distributors and retailers) are in the process of introducing no-kill eggs (also called 'brotherless eggs') and phasing out kill eggs:
 * German supermarket chain REWE is one of the main stakeholders of the Dutch–German Seleggt company that developed the first no-kill eggs. Under the label of Respeggt, these no-kill eggs were first introduced in 350 supermarkets and shops of REWE and Penny in the Berlin region in November 2018. By September 2019, Respeggt eggs were sold in 1,350 REWE shops.
 * German supermarket chains Edeka, Marktkauf and Famila introduced brotherless eggs in 2019.
 * French retail multinational Carrefour, Fermiers de Loué and German group Agri Advanced Technologies (AAT) introduced no-kill eggs in France in December 2019. On 10 February 2020, Carrefour announced it planned to mark the package of no-kill eggs with special logos, to have 20% of all its eggs sold without chick culling by 1 May 2020, and to completely produce and sell all eggs with the AAT method before the end of 2021. The number of Carrefour locations that sold AAT-style eggs grew gradually in the first half of 2020.
 * In early February 2020, French egg distribution business Cocorette announced it would collaborate with poultry company Novoponto to produce no-kill eggs using Seleggt's technology.
 * The German supermarket chains Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd announced in March 2020 they wanted to phase out chick culling in their entire chain before 2022. Aldi Netherlands was still considering its course as of May 2020.
 * Dutch supermarket chain Jumbo was the first company in the Netherlands to start selling Respeggt eggs. Since mid-March 2020, all Jumbo supermarkets (more than 600 locations in the Netherlands and a few in Belgium) had them in store, and organic Respeggt eggs are planned to be introduced later in 2020.
 * Dutch supermarket chain Coop (over 300 locations) will start selling free-range Respeggt eggs in September 2020.
 * In July 2021, the Dutch in-ovo sexing machine companies Respeggt and In Ovo stated that in-ovo sexing was gaining momentum in Northwestern Europe, and major retailers were switching to it in anticipation of the German legal ban on chick killing. Generally speaking, the extra costs were not transferred to producers, but to consumers (at about 1 eurocent per egg in the case of Respeggt). Respeggt CEO Martijn Haarman stated: "The [poultry] industry is demonstrating that it has listened to society's desire to no longer kill male chicks. ... So now it's up to the consumer to decide if that higher price [of 1 cent per egg] is worth paying in order to prevent chick killing." Haarman also argued that the alternative of raising male chicks to roosters for meat was not economically viable, and "a step back both for animal welfare and the environment."
 * Norway: In May 2023, Jæren-based company Steinsland & Co and Nortura, representing two-thirds of the Norwegian laying hen market, installed the first Seleggt in-ovo sexing technology in the country in order to sort out fertilised male eggs before the 13th day of incubation, with the aim of gradually phasing out all hatched chick culling in the future. The only other Norwegian egg producer, Salte Kyllingopdrett ("Chickenbreeding"), announced in December 2023 it was teaming up with two large feed producers (Felleskjøpet Rogaland Agder and Fiskå Mølle) to install a new no-kill hatchery with in-ovo sexing technology in Sirevåg, to be delivered in autumn 2024. Salte commented: 'This will result in a higher egg price in the shop, but we have no choice', in order to remain competitive with Steinsland/Nortura, as well as securing genetic diversity and reducing bird flu risks.

The following businesses are considering or have committed to introducing no-kill eggs and phasing out kill eggs:
 * In 2016, United Egg Producers, representing hatcheries that produce 95% of all eggs in the United States, reached an agreement with The Humane League that it would voluntarily phase out chick culling by 2020, or as soon as it was 'economically feasible' and an alternative was "commercially available". In January 2020, UEP president Chad Gregory said "a workable, scalable, solution is not yet available", but remained "a priority and the right thing to do" and that the UEP are "hopeful a breakthrough is on the horizon". The Humane League president David Coman-Hidy was similarly optimistic about the technological progress made and remains confident that alternatives will be soon be put in place "in order to spare the lives of the estimated 300 million male chicks that are killed every year in the U.S. alone". As of March 25, 2021, according to a press release from United Egg Producers, the agreement had not been upheld. Therefore, UEP was not yet ready to switch to in ovo-sexing until the technology would be more scalable and efficient.
 * Vital Farms, a producer of pasture-raised eggs and the second largest egg brand in the United States by sales, has said that they are committed to advocating for an end to male chick culling, and supporting alternatives that can be adopted at scale.
 * Albert Heijn, the largest Dutch supermarket chain, with 1000 locations in the Netherlands and Belgium, stated in May 2020 that they are "meticulously monitoring the technological developments, and when it's operationally feasible, we will enable it".

According to a September 2023 research report of Innovate Animal Ag, in-ovo sexing technology had been successfully applied to at least 'at least 56 million of the commercial EU layer population of 389 million hens', reaching a market penetration of almost 15% in the European Union, 5 years after the technology was first commercialised in 2018. The increasing availability of in-ovo sexing machines in Europe allowed for the prevention of the birth and killing of the equivalent number of male chicks.

title: Chick culling


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text:
User:Arash Fattahi

This is Arash Fattahi's Wikipedia user page. Arash Fattahi is a friend of Omid

title: User:Arash Fattahi


text:
Talk:List of governors of Tamil Nadu

Review
=Nichalp  «Talk»=  06:44, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) Dates do not sort properly (You need to use a sortkey)
 * I have disabled sorting for the date columns.
 * 1) Can we have the graphical timeline like the CM of Tamil Nadu?
 * Graphical timeline will need party colors. I did not want to assign party affiliations to the governors. Please let me know your thoughts.
 * 1) Dates no longer need to be wikified as per the new MOS
 * Removed the wikilinks for dates.
 * 1) His official --> use gender neutral tone
 * Fixed
 * 1)  The complete list of Governors of Tamil Nadu --> avoid. As oer MOS rules List...Nadu does not need to be in bold or repetitive as the title is descriptive
 * Fixed but left the title bold. Let me know if that is okay.
 * 1) 9 > nine
 * Fixed
 * 1) It comprised present-day > grammar
 * Fixed. Please check.
 * 1) 1st time > odd reading. Remove
 * Removed and have added a terms column
 * 1) real power lies in the hand of the > make it more active > CMs are invested with most executive powers.
 * Fixed. Please check.
 * I have made the required changes. Please check again. Thanks, Ganeshk  ( talk ) 14:49, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Pictures
Are the image place-holders an overkill? :) Please comment. Thanks, Ganeshk  ( talk ) 15:05, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Krishan Kant
I kinda remember that Krishan Kant was acting governor since Chenna Reddy died in office. Please check if this ref is of any use although it doesn't seem to spell out that he was acting governor. Cheers Wiki San Roze†αLҝ 19:36, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * According to this, he held an additional charge. Regards, Ganeshk  ( talk ) 02:18, 21 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I have updated the table per your suggestion. Regards, Ganeshk  ( talk ) 02:30, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Review 2
Further review: =Nichalp  «Talk»=  20:02, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) The governors need not have political colours: See List of popes (graphical) for example. You can separate the nominated governors from acting governors like the pope and antipope.
 * 2) The picture placeholders look odd. There is only one picture, so that kinda makes the need for one unnecessary.
 * 3) MOS dictates (or atleast the current debate) that the date should be in the international format: eg 15 August 1947. Note the lack of a comma. The current rendering is inconsistent.
 * 4) I think you need to expand on why acting governors were listed.
 * 5) For some of the older governors, you might be able to source PD photographs (if published in India before 1948)
 * 6) This article Indian order of precedence came to my mind for a possible expansion. [EDIT: PS What do you know? It is exactly 4 years to the day I created it :D )
 * 7) for a term of five years. --> for a five year term / quinquennial term
 * 8) The following is the list of the Governors of Tamil Nadu  --> Start with Governors of Tamil Nadu...
 * 9) Too many ands in the second sentence of the lead
 * 10) =Madras Presidency and Madras State= has a very long lead in sentence. Split. Begin the second sentence Headquartered in...
 * 11) After the Indian independence, --> After India's independence in 1947
 * 12) at the union level --> Central government level
 * 13) Ujjal Singh --> Link (sortable columns should have all names linked)
 * 14) Records section should be consistent. There is a dash used for the first instance of the term, and the other two instances uses a too
 * 15) 4 is not a reference. It should come under =Notes= (Amateur radio frequency bands in India has some examples)
 * 16) Column title Term should be Terms

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title: Talk:List of governors of Tamil Nadu


text:
Talk:Kansai Gaidai University

Confusing Number
"more than 2000 students are in the international program now."
 * I'm currently an international student here at KG and I find this number confusing. At our orientation this year, we were told that this year's class of 431 international students was the largest in the university's history. So where is this 2000 student figure from? It seems to contradict my information. Is that a total since the program began? If so, the number is much closer to 8000. --feitclub 11:31, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that means the Japanese students who are sent abroad. --User:Tallasse

I've edited the two sections "Intensive English Studies program" and "Asian Studies program" to make them sound less like an advertisement. I've also deleted enrollment numbers for 2006, which would become quickly dated. Jerochan 02:16, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kansai Gaidai University


text:
Armored train Štefánik

The armored train Štefánik was a military train used during World War II (during the Slovak National Uprising) in Slovakia.

The building of the armored train started on September 4, 1944. It was finished on September 18, 1944, in a railway manufacture in Zvolen, Slovakia.

It was equipped with:
 * the 75mm Czechoslovak mountain cannon vz. 15 in a cannon carriage
 * 2 37mm cannons in two tank carriages (LT vz. 35)
 * 10 7.92mm machine guns

The commander of the train was Captain F. Adam, and his assistant was Lieutenant A. Tököly. The crew consisted of 70 men. Its first action was on September 27, 1944, at the line Hronská Dúbrava – Kremnica. Near Stará Kremnička it was fighting against a German army advancing to Zvolen. When moving to Hronská Dúbrava, the German Luftwaffe destroyed the train's locomotive. After repair, it successfully fought at Žiar nad Hronom, Jalná and Hronská Dúbrava, from where it moved on October 18, 1944, to Krupina, where it fought against SS Schill. Two days later, it moved to Dobrá Niva, where it was attacked several times by the German Luftwaffe. After a German attack on October 25, 1944, it left Zvolen as the last train, moved to Banská Bystrica and then moved to Ulmanka, where it was blocked by a retired train. After discarding all weapons the crew continued fighting as a partisan battalion.

Not only tank turrets, but whole tanks, were used in building the tank cars. A LT vz. 35 tank was placed on a flatbed car, after which armored construction was built around it.

Preserved wagons are displayed in an outdoor exposition of the Museum of Slovak National Uprising in Banská Bystrica.

title: Armored train Štefánik


text:
T'ong guitar

T'ong guitar (or tong guitar) was a form of Korean music developed in the early 1970s. It was heavily influenced by American pop music, and artists in the genre were considered Korean versions of American folk singers, such as Joan Baez and Bob Dylan.

The musical form originally started as a solo singer-songwriter performing with an acoustic guitar. It was allied with student movements of the 1970s in song clubs such as "Maeari" at Seoul National University and in Norae Undong ("Song Movement"), caused the embracing of popular genres by Korean intellectuals. Serious academic inquiries in Korean popular music started in 1984, and continue today. With Korean popular music becoming more wide-spread across the world this style of guitar is being heard by more and more people. This does not limit T'ong guitar to specifically the Korean pop genre as there are hints of it in many different genres of music from rock all the way to contemporary Korean music. Most of these genres that T'ong guitar is used in are heavily influenced by western folk music but specifically the stylistic additions added to the music by the guitar. This was very apparent in the palladü style of music that became a popular dance music in the late 1980s that would normally be introduced with piano, violin, or cello with a solo acoustic guitar. However, in the 1980s, t'ong became a form of soft rock ballad that earned critical scorn, being described as a 'mindless love affair with American culture'. Norae Undong separated from t'ong guitar, becoming a more rock-based genre. With these newer genres T'ong guitar continued to evolve and expand on what it already was. It was a new style to many Korean people that brought in just enough western culture but also keeping the culture and vernacular that they were comfortable with. This bridged the gap between the people of Korea and the western folk music that many people enjoyed all over the world.

title: T'ong guitar


text:
Kari Rajamäki

Kari Juhani Rajamäki (born 15 October 1948, in Anjala) is a Finnish politician from the Social Democratic Party and a former Minister of the Interior.

Rajamäki has been MP since 1983 and represents Southern Savonia. Before he became a minister, he was profiled in public by demanding more funds for road construction projects.

Rajamäki was the Minister of the Interior of Finland in Jäätteenmäki and Vanhanen cabinets from 2003 to 2007. During his term in office he actively contributed to get more funding for police and handling visa grants.

In municipal politics, Rajamäki has been a member of Varkaus town council since 1973.

title: Kari Rajamäki


text:
Antoine François Desrues

Antoine François Desrues (1744–1777) was a French poisoner.

Desrues was born at Chartres, of humble parents. He went to Paris to seek his fortune, and started in business as a grocer. He was known as a man of great piety and devotion, and his business was reputed to be a flourishing one, but when, in 1773, he gave up his shop, his finances, owing to personal extravagance, were in a deplorable condition.

Nevertheless, Desrues entered into negotiations with a Madame de la Motte for the purchase from her of a country estate, and, when the time came for the payment of the purchase money, invited her to stay with him in Paris pending the transfer. While she was still his guest, he poisoned first her and then her son, a youth of sixteen. Then, having forged a receipt for the purchase money and taken on the aristocratic name "Desrues de Bury," he endeavoured to obtain possession of the property.

But by this time the disappearance of Madame de la Motte and her son had aroused suspicion. Desrues was arrested, the bodies of his victims were discovered, and the crime was brought home to him. He was originally sentenced to life in prison, but was retried and condemned to be torn asunder alive and burned. He was condemned to death and executed in Paris in 1777, Desrues repeating protestations of his innocence to the last. An extended debate ensued after his death, which was seen as a touchstone for understanding both the last years of the Ancien Régime and the early revolutionary period, with Balzac, Hugo, and Dumas among the participants. As late as 1828 a dramatic version of it was performed in Paris.

title: Antoine François Desrues


text:
User talk:Simonwi

Hi Simonwi.

Please read Neutral point of view and NPOV tutorial for an idea of how to make successful and useful edits. Thanks! Robertbyrne 11:33, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Simonwi


text:
User:Solensean~enwiki

I'm a sysop on the french Wikipedia. I'm also a board member of Wikimedia France, one of the local chapters of the Wikimedia Foundation.

See my french page for more info. If you need something, please ask (in english, if you want) on my french talk page, the answer will come swiftly.

fr:User:Solensean

title: User:Solensean~enwiki


text:
Stottesdon

Stottesdon is a village and civil parish in south east Shropshire, England. The parish of Stottesdon covers a large rural area and extends over the village of Chorley. The village is situated near the market towns of Cleobury Mortimer and Bridgnorth.

History
St. Mary's Church (the oldest building in Stottesdon) is pre-Norman with parts that may date at 450 CE, although the bulk of the church is post-Norman. The churchyard contains the war graves of 3 British soldiers of World War I.

Facilities
Stottesdon has a primary school st Mary’s C of E primary school, a public house the fighting cocks and post box.

Notable people

 * Trevor Meredith (b.1936), professional footballer for Burnley and Shrewsbury Town.

title: Stottesdon


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject California/Lists

This is a list of California-related lists, with some annotation on the # or % of red-linked articles in the lists
 * THIS IS NOT AN ARTICLE, BUT A TOOL FOR REDUCING REDLINKS, USED BY WikiProject California. DO NOT ASK QUESTIONS ON THE TALK PAGE ABOUT THE CONTENTS, OR SUGGEST NEW CONTENT.

General

 * Index of California-related articles ~10 red-linked articles
 * Outline of California ~20 red-linked articles

Federal government

 * List of U.S. Air Force bases
 * List of Amtrak stations
 * List of United States Supreme Court cases

State government

 * List of California ballot propositions - this is a "list of lists", with a new list for each decade. Only the lists for 1970 and later exist. Even List of California ballot propositions 2000-present is about half red-linked articles.
 * List of California county secession proposals
 * List of State of California agencies, departments, and commissions - contains over 500 agencies, departments, and commissions with most of the articles red-linked.

Politicians/Officials

 * List of California Chief Justices
 * List of California District Attorneys - no links to names, with most probably not having articles.
 * List of California politicians - very incomplete list
 * List of law enforcement agencies in California - lots of redlinks
 * List of former members of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * List of former members of the U.S. Senate
 * List of Governors of California - all have articles, but many are sub-stubs, stubs, or very small articles
 * List of Lieutenant Governors of California - 26 red-linked articles
 * List of mayors of Los Angeles, California
 * List of mayors of Oakland, California
 * List of mayors of San Diego
 * List of Mayors of San Francisco, California
 * List of Mayors of San Jose, California
 * List of members of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * List of pre-statehood governors of California - all but eleven are red-linked
 * List of Speakers of the California State Assembly - only 14 currently have articles
 * List of United States Congressional Delegations from California
 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/American politicians/Representatives
 * List of United States Senators from California - no red-links, but many are sub-stubs, and more are just slightly large than stub-sized (10-15 sentences)
 * California Court of Appeal
 * California Secretary of State
 * California State Assembly
 * California State Controller
 * California State Senate
 * California State Treasurer
 * Supreme Court of California

Private business

 * List of buildings
 * List of California oil refineries - all red-linked

Entertainment

 * Music of California
 * List of California Aquariums - 4 red-linked aquariums
 * List of minor league baseball leagues and teams
 * List of newspapers in the United States
 * List of professional sports teams in California - list is ONLY of major league sports teams—need to add all the minor league baseball teams, etc.
 * California League
 * Pacific Coast League
 * List of television stations in California - almost all television stations not in LA or San Diego are red-linked. Only half of the San Francisco TV stations have articles.
 * List of Worldcons (World Science Fiction Conventions)

California education and training

 * California Community Colleges system - 58 red-linked community colleges
 * List of colleges and universities in California - 37 red-linked mostly private universities
 * List of dental schools in the United States - 3 schools red-linked
 * List of high schools in California - only schools with existing articles have links. Almost all schools do not have links.
 * List of medical schools in the United States - 2 red-linked Calif. med schools
 * List of school districts in California - 17 red-linked school districts in a very incomplete list
 * List of the largest school districts in the United States by enrollment
 * Lists of school districts in California by county - 6 counties do not have lists of school districts. There are large number of red-linked school districts in each county list, even List of school districts in Los Angeles County, California
 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/High schools/US/California

California environment and natural resources

 * List of California rivers - 16 red-linked rivers
 * List of California State Historic Parks - roughly 2/3rds are red-linked
 * List of California state parks - almost 200 red-lined parks
 * List of environment topics
 * List of extinct animals of the United States
 * List of mountains of the United States
 * List of reservoirs and dams in California
 * List of rivers of the Americas
 * List of San Francisco Bay Area wildflowers
 * List of U.S. National Forests
 * List of California hurricanes (a Featured list)
 * List of protected areas within California

California health and safety

 * List of earthquakes
 * List of forest fires

California history and culture

 * List of Original Signers of the 1849 Constitution
 * List of Buddhist temples
 * List of California Historical Landmarks - Alameda, Colusa, Glenn, Kings, Orange, Sutter, Tehama, Trinity, Ventura, Yolo, and Yuba counties have landmarks listed so far. Roughly 2/3rds of the articles are red-linked.
 * List of Registered Historic Places in California
 * List of Registered Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California
 * List of Registered Historic Places in San Diego County, California
 * List of Registered Historic Places in San Francisco, California
 * List of Native American Tribal Entities
 * List of last known speakers of California indigenous languages
 * List of people associated with the California Gold Rush - 100% articles

California buildings

 * List of tallest buildings in San Francisco - lots of redlinks, needs improvement even though its long
 * List of tallest buildings in Sacramento - needs improvement
 * Skyscrapers in Los Angeles - very incomplete

California geography

 * List of counties in California
 * List of California county name etymologies
 * List of cemeteries in the United States
 * List of cities in California (by population)
 * List of cities in California - over 100 red-linked communities, includes incorporation date
 * List of cities, places, and neighborhoods in California
 * List of places in California - with separate subpages for each letter (e.g. List of places in California/A)
 * List of California area codes - 9 area codes are red-linked
 * U.S. cities without articles
 * List of Indian reservations in the United States
 * List of named ethnic enclaves in North American cities
 * Gay village

California Travel and Transportation

 * Etymologies of place names in Los Angeles, California
 * Etymologies of street names in San Francisco, California
 * List of bridges in the United States
 * List of California railroads - about half are red-links
 * List of California State Routes - roughly 2/3rds of the articles are red-linked
 * List of California State Scenic Routes
 * Unconstructed California State Highways
 * List of airports in California

WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles

 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles
 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/High schools/US/California
 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/List of US Newspapers/California
 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/American politicians/Representatives

Articles that include lists
These articles are also listed in the various section above.

 * California government
 * California Court of Appeal
 * California Secretary of State
 * California State Assembly
 * California State Controller
 * California State Senate
 * California State Treasurer
 * Supreme Court of California

 * Sports
 * California League
 * Pacific Coast League

 * Other
 * Music of California

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject California/Lists


text:
Spire (disambiguation)

A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building.

Spire may also refer to:

Geography

 * Spire, French name of the German city Speyer
 * The Spire (Graham Land), a rock pinnacle in Antarctica
 * The Spire (Rampart Ridge), a rock pinnacle in Antarctica
 * Spire Peaks, a mountain in Canada
 * Spire Point, a mountain in Washington state

Buildings and structures

 * Spire (Seattle building), residential skyscraper, Washington, US
 * Chicago Spire, a cancelled skyscraper in Chicago, US
 * Spire of Dublin, a sculpture in Dublin
 * Spire London, a planned building near Canary Wharf

Comics

 * Spire Christian Comics
 * The Spire (comics), 2015

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Spire (social networking service)
 * A fictional character in the video game Metroid Prime Hunters
 * A Spire for Mansfield or A-Spire, a sculpture in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England
 * A fictional world in the video game Myst IV: Revelation
 * Spire FM, a UK radio station
 * The Spire, a 1964 novel by William Golding

Brands and enterprises

 * Spire Credit Union, Minnesota, US
 * Spire Global, a data company
 * Spire Healthcare, UK
 * Spire Inc, St. Louis, Missouri, US

Science and technology

 * Spire (mollusc), part of the shell
 * Spire (synthesizer), a software synthesizer developed by Reveal Sound
 * SPIRE, the export control system used by the UK government
 * Spire Elite in InterContinental Hotels Group loyalty program
 * Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver, part of the Herschel Space Observatory
 * Systematic Protein Investigative Research Environment, a mass spectrometry analysis site
 * University College Dublin's School Of Politics and International Relations

Sports

 * SPIRE Institute, Geneva, Ohio; a United States Olympic Training Center

title: Spire (disambiguation)


text:
Lofa Defense Force

The Lofa Defense Force (LDF) was a rebel group that participated in the Liberian Civil War.

It was a local group that crossed the northern border from Guinea to attack armed positions, mostly those of the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy-Kromah faction (ULIMO-K), in early 1994.

The Lofa Defense Force (LDF) was led by Francois Massaquoi and was formed in 1993. Francois Massaquoi was from the Lorma ethnic group. Massaquoi studied economics at New York University. The LDF was estimated to have 750 combatants, mainly drawn from within Lofa County and the Lorma ethnic group. Their mission was to protect their Lorma village from attack from the looting bands of ULIMO's ethnic Mandingo fighters.

Francois Massaquoi died on 16 April 2001 from gunshot wounds after the helicopter he was flying in came under fire in the troubled northern border region of Lofa county.

A government statement said that Francois Massaquoi was taking humanitarian supplies to the northern town of Voinjama, the capital of Lofa near Guinea when his helicopter was fired on as it came to a landing. The helicopter and everyone else in the helicopter escaped, however, Mr. Massaquoi was shot in the helicopter.

Since his death, many Liberians have expressed doubts over the government's version of the story, indicating it is a familiar pattern of mysterious deaths plaguing Liberia. They argued that the government has claimed rebels fighting in northern Liberia (Lofa county in particular) shot and killed Minister Massaquoi and wondered why would an investigation be carried out when it had already labeled rebels as the responsible party. Rebels fighting in Lofa County have claimed responsibility.

"If the Government believes that the Minister was shot in the helicopter and no one else was injured, why is the President naming a commission to investigate? Investigate what? We have not heard from the commission named to probe the death of Vice President Enoch Dogoleah. The Commission of ex-police director Joe Tate, who also died in a plane crash under mysterious conditions, is silent. The killers of Samuel Dokie remain at large. The Government promised to bring the killers of Madam Nowai Flomo to justice but they remain unknown. And now there is a commission of the LDF founder & Sports Minister's death? This is a joke", said an anonymous Methodist priest.

title: Lofa Defense Force


text:
User:NRW

Temporarily devoid of content

Well not so temporary. My Talk Page

title: User:NRW


text:
Amanoeae

Amanoeae is a tribe of the family Phyllanthaceae. It comprises 2 genera.

title: Amanoeae


text:
Tibberton, Shropshire

Tibberton is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Tibberton and Cherrington, in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England. In 1961 the parish had a population of 319. On 1 April 1988 the parish was abolished to form "Tibberton & Cherrington".

It is a fairly small village with some new barn conversions contrasting with the older houses. Much new housing has been planned by the borough council for the village however. The River Meese flows just to the north of the village. The B5062 road runs less than a mile away, to the south.

In the way of amenities, Tibberton has a pub, The Sutherland Arms, and a small primary school. Following two years without a shop, a community shop opened in the village in December 2011. Newport, the nearest town, is only 4 mi away, to the east.

There is a holy well within the parish of Tibberton, marked on the 1:50 000 map and signposted on the roads. The well has given its name to the district round about, but is not easy to locate on the ground. A gully takes one from the road, turns to a path, and the well is in a little wood. Water from the spring has carved out a little stream running down the short distance to the River Meese.

Nearby is the small village of Cherrington.

title: Tibberton, Shropshire


text:
File:Frank (MiB2).jpg

Fair use in Frank the Pug
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because: Koveras ☭ 11:08, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) It is a low resolution screenshot from the film Men in Black II.
 * 2) There is no free alternative to replace it.
 * 3) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film on DVD.
 * 4) It is used solely for educational purposes to illustrate the character in question.

title: File:Frank (MiB2).jpg


text: Category:Cinema of Greece

title: Category:Cinema of Greece


text:
User talk:Mdixon

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! pamri 11:38, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Mdixon


text: Category:Phyllanthaceae

title: Category:Phyllanthaceae


text:
Cherrington

Cherrington is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Tibberton and Cherrington, in the Telford and Wrekin district, in the ceremonial county of Shropshire, England. It was recorded as a manor in Domesday, when it was held by Gerard de Tournai, and was stated to have been held by a man named Uliet in the time of Edward the Confessor, although it was recorded as "waste", in an uncultivated state, by the time Gerard took possession of it. In 1961 the parish had a population of 122.

Cherrington is near to the larger village of Tibberton, to the east; Waters Upton is to the west and Great Bolas to the north-west. Newport is the nearest town. It contains several half-timbered buildings including Cherrington Manor, which dates from 1635 and was probably built for a landowner and Member of Parliament, Sir Richard Leveson of Lilleshall (1598-1661).

History
Its name is possibly derived from the Old English personal name Ceorl, or it may have originally been "Ceorranton" from the name Ceorra ("the settlement of Ceorra's people").

Cherrington Manor (or in some versions, the malt-house standing behind it) was popularly supposed to have been the building referenced in the nursery rhyme This Is the House That Jack Built. The story is, however, a purely local attribution with no particular evidence to back it up.

Cherrington was formerly a township in the parish of Edgmond, from 1866 Cherrington was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 1988 the parish was abolished and merged with Tibberton to form "Tibberton & Cherrington".

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Cross Houses

Cross Houses is a village in Shropshire, England, the largest village in the Parish of Berrington. It is located on the A458 road and is 4 miles south east of Shrewsbury.

Cross Houses is also the name of a hamlet south-west of Bridgnorth.

Transport
It was once served by Berrington railway station, which despite the name was much closer to Cross Houses than to its namesake.

Local businesses
The village has a Shop/Post Office/Petrol Station and also a pub "The Bell". The village also used to be home to a second pub "The Fox" which has since been converted into a single dwelling and a second house built in the former car park.

Developments
Over the decades, Cross Houses has expanded in phases. Properties in Lower Cross were originally built as council houses in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Further social housing was added on the adjacent Noel Hill Road in the 1960s. There was little substantial change in the 1970s and 1980s, before the first phase of homes by Shrewsbury-based developer Fletcher Homes were completed in the 1990s on land immediately to the south of the A458.

The turn of the Millennium saw substantial further developments. The Chestnuts, providing 2, 3, 4 and 5 bedroom homes, was built on the site of the former Cross Houses Hospital in the early to mid 2000s. The Chestnuts development was located on the site of the old workhouse and incorporated renovation of some of the old buildings.

During 2016 work started by Fletcher Homes on a new development, known as Berrington Meadows, located on the land opposite the village shop. This development also features a selection of 3 and 4 bedroom properties. As part of this development a new roundabout was built in 2019.

Banbury Developments, a company associated with Fletcher Homes, also owns the field to the east of the existing Berrington Meadows development, where further expansion of the village is likely to take place.

Atcham Union Workhouse/Cross Houses Hospital
Cross Houses has long been renowned for the hospital site, which has recently been redeveloped for housing. The hospital was originally built as the Atcham Union Workhouse in 1793 following Atcham's incorporation under a local Act in 1792. The Incorporation was allowed under the Act to build and operate workhouses. The original building was designed by local architect John Hiram Haycock (1759–1830), and was later extended in 1851, 1871 and 1903 to increase capacity.

The part of the building that was the original Workhouse, now residential accommodation, is called Haycock House after the original architect.

In 1916, during World War I, the building became Berrington War Hospital before becoming successively a general hospital, maternity hospital and geriatric hospital after that war. The building was eventually used as NHS Trust admin offices and storage. The offices were closed in 2000 and redeveloped into modern housing.

The development, commencing in 2001, aimed to preserve the heritage of the original buildings in the workhouse complex. The original workhouse building, the kitchen/laundry block and the chapel remained where other extensions were taken down.

The chapel now houses a community centre and the former laundry and kitchen block houses offices. Architecturally, the appeal of the building is with the original Workhouse and the original laundry/kitchen block which has some of the earliest cast-iron windows in the world. It is also note-worthy that "great" bricks were used in the construction of the Workhouse, reflecting the response of brick manufacturers to the brick tax.

To the north of Cross Houses lies Work House Wood – a wood strategically positioned to protect the residents of Attingham Park Mansion from views of the Workhouse.

Art in Cross Houses
The history of the buildings inspired a group of artists during its redevelopment and Benchart in Cross Houses was formed. The artists developed contemporary public artworks in rural areas, recycling reclaimed materials from the site. Some of the art works include sculpted benches around the Workhouse and chapel and bus shelters built using reclaimed materials and reflecting the 'local vernacular'.

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Crudgington

Crudgington is a village in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England. It is situated in the civil parish of Waters Upton, a village to the north, and is 7 miles north-west of Telford. Nearby is the confluence of the rivers Tern and Strine; the village lies at an elevation of 55 m.

History
Crudgington is mentioned in the Domesday Book, where it is called Crugetone. Its lord was Robert Butler, under Earl Roger, who had 1½ hides of land under cultivation, one plough and three serfs. Also living there were nine villagers, two smallholders and a freeman with three ploughs. There were four fisheries here and it provided a payment of £4 and 1000 eels.

By 1269, the village had passed into the hands of Shrewsbury Abbey. In 1285, it is recorded as part of the manor of Slepe.

After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the village became part of the Lilleshall estate and their landlords, who later became the Dukes of Sutherland were responsible for building several of the houses in the village, including Leasowes Farm (dated 1817) and Tern Farm.

Transport
On 16 October 1867, the Wellington and Market Drayton Railway line from Wellington to Market Drayton was opened, which included a station at Crudgington. However, lack of use forced the line to close to passenger traffic on 9 September 1963, and to freight four years later.

The A442 road from Telford to Whitchurch and B5062 road from Newport to Shrewsbury cross at Crudgington. As well as private and commercial traffic, they are used by local bus services 341, 342, 519, 820, WR2 and WR3.

Landmarks

There was a large dairy factory and creamery in Crudgington. It was originally formed as a co-operative in the 1920s, then taken over in 1935 by the Milk Marketing Board and eventually operated under the Dairy Crest name, producing butter and Clover, Argento and Willow spreads, as well as Country Life Butter. The factory employed about 300 people in 2005. The plant was closed late in 2014, when production of the spreads was concentrated in Kirkby near Liverpool. There was also a research and development department which following the closure was moved to a new innovation centre built by the company at Harper Adams University near Newport, transferring around 40 members of its staff there. The Crudgington premises were due for demolition in 2015.

Also notable is the small local church, built in 1863 by J. L. Randal and dedicated to St. Mary. It is a member of the Church of England and a daughter church of the parish of High Ercall, usually holding services twice per month. It has a wooden bell chamber and spirelet.

There is a primary school, with 116 students (2008 figure) ranging in age from 3 to 11. It is a non-denominational, mixed-sex school.

In popular culture
In Bill Tidy's long-running cartoon published in the monthly Campaign for Real Ale newsletter, a fictional Crudgington Brewery is a regular feature, as the beer of choice ("Crudgington's") of the strip's main character. It is a regional family brewery, with a similar presentation as the non-fictional Boddington's brand.

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Robert Dick

Robert Dick (January 1811 – 24 December 1866), was a Scottish geologist and botanist.

Life
He was born at Tullibody, in Clackmannanshire. His father was an officer of excise in nearby Alloa.

At the age of thirteen, after receiving a good elementary education at the parish school, Dick was apprenticed to a baker, and served for three years. In these early days he became interested in wildflowers—he made a collection of plants and gradually acquired some knowledge of their names from an old encyclopedia.

When his time was up he left Tullibody and gained employment as a journeyman baker at Leith, Glasgow and Greenock. Meanwhile, his father, who in 1826 had been removed to Thurso, as supervisor of excise, advised his son to set up a baker's shop in that town. Dick went there in 1830, started a business as a baker, and worked laboriously until his death.

Throughout this period he zealously devoted himself to studying and collecting the plants, mollusca and insects of a wide area of Caithness. Soon after he settled in Thurso his attention was directed to the rocks and fossils. In 1835 he first found remains of fossil fishes; but it was not until some years later that his interests became greatly stirred.

Then he obtained a copy of Hugh Miller's Old Red Sandstone (published in 1841), and he began systematically collecting with hammer and chisel the fossils from the Caithness flags. In 1845 he found remains of Holoptychius and forwarded specimens to Miller, and he continued to send the best of his fossil fish to that geologist, and to other geologists after the death of Miller. In this way he largely contributed to the progress of geological knowledge, although he himself published nothing and was never averse from publicity.

His herbarium, which consisted of about 200 folios of mosses, ferns and flowering plants "almost unique in its completeness," is now stored, with many of his fossils, in the museum at Thurso. Dick had a hard struggle for existence, especially through competition during his late years, when he was reduced almost to beggary: but of this few, if any, of his friends were aware until it was too late. A monument erected in the new cemetery at Thurso testifies to the respect which his life-work created, when the merits of this enthusiastic naturalist came to be appreciated.

One of his discoveries, the 385 million-year-old placoderm Microbrachius dicki was confirmed as the earliest known example of copulation between two sexes.

title: Robert Dick


text: User talk:82.14.26.81

title: User talk:82.14.26.81


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Shallow focus

Shallow focus is a photographic and cinematographic technique incorporating a small depth of field. In shallow focus, one plane of the scene is in focus while the rest is out of focus. Shallow focus is typically used to emphasize one part of the image over another. Photographers sometimes refer to the aesthetic quality of the unfocused area(s) as bokeh.

The opposite of shallow focus is deep focus, in which the entire image is in focus.

Overview
Shallow focus has become more popular in the 2000s and 2010s. It is also a means by which low budget filmmakers use to hide places that would require expensive props. It is often proclaimed by some to being a way to avoid the "video look." Extremely shallow focus – sometimes called bokeh porn – made its debut in cinematography in 2008 with the release of the Canon EOS 5D Mark II and the start of DSLR cinematography.

Details
The effect can be obtained by a larger aperture, a close viewpoint, a larger image sensor or a longer focal length lens from a smaller distance. A tilt lens can be used, in the opposite way to that used to increase depth of focus.

There are even adapters that allow lenses from 35 mm cine cameras to be used on smaller film and digital formats.

Examples
In the film The Rules of the Game (1939), a couple flirts in the foreground while the woman's husband enters in the background. Director Jean Renoir chose to keep the husband out of focus so that his presence is hinted, but not emphasized.

title: Shallow focus


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Rajah Tupas

Rajah Tupas (baptized as Felipe Tupas; c. 1497 — 1568) was the last Rajah of Cebu in the Pre-Hispanic Indianized polity of Philippines. He was the son of Sri Parang the Limp, and the cousin of Rajah Humabon. He is known to have been baptized under duress on March 21, 1568, at age 70, placing his birthdate at about 1497. He ruled Cebu with his peers until he was defeated by Miguel López de Legazpi's soldiers on April 27, 1565. On June 4, 1565, Tupas and Legaspi signed the Treaty of Cebu, which effectively gave Spain suzerainty over Cebu. He died later in 1568.

title: Rajah Tupas


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Longden

Longden is a village and civil parish in Shropshire, England. It is located 5 mi southwest of Shrewsbury.

Longden village
There is a public house (the Tankerville Arms) and a post office/shop, along with a church, and a primary school. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 1,266. It also has a village hall with a recreational field, children's play park and a private tennis club. According to mid-2007 population estimates, the parish had a population of 1,325.

In the south end of the village is hexagonal brick gazebo, built about 1870, in the garden wall of Hall Farmhouse.

Church and chapel
The Church of England church of St Ruthen (name sometimes believed to be a corruption of Swithun) was originally built before 1569 as a chapel to the parish church at Pontesbury. (Longden was part of that parish until it became an ecclesiastical parish in its own right in 1935; in 1955 Longden benefice amalgamated with neighbouring Annscroft. ) The nave, of mixed red and yellow sandstone rubble, has a moulded plinth believed to be of mediaeval origin, and a blocked south doorway probably early 17th century. A polygonal apse chancel was added in the 18th century, which was restored 1877 and given north and south windows in 1938, while the west porch and vestry were added in 1852-53. It contains a late 17th-century plain wooden pulpit and a marble baluster shaped font, originally made for Pontesbury parish church in 1829, brought here in 1864. The oak lych-gate of the churchyard is the village's war memorial, erected after World War I. The churchyard contains the war graves of two British Army soldiers of World War II.

There was formerly a Methodist chapel at the north end of the village, built in 1870, which closed in the 1990s and is now part of a private house.

Longden Common
Longden Common lies to the south of the village. It had a Congregationalist chapel, built in 1836, which closed in 1967, when some of its pews were given to Longden Methodist chapel. The hamlet's main social focal point is a public house, The Red Lion.

Governance
An electoral ward of Shropshire Council in the same name exists. This ward stretches north to Ford with a total ward population at the 2011 census of 3,967. Longden is represented within the Shrewsbury and Atcham parliamentary constituency.

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Yalgoo

Yalgoo may refer to:

 * Yalgoo, Western Australia, a locality in Western Australia
 * Yalgoo bioregion, an ecological region of Western Australia
 * Shire of Yalgoo, a local government area
 * Electoral district of Yalgoo, a former electorate of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
 * Acacia longiphyllodinea, a wattle native to Western Australia

title: Yalgoo


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El Rom

El Rom (אֶל רוֹם, lit. To Height) is an Israeli settlement organized as a kibbutz in the northern Golan Heights in the municipal territory of the Golan Regional Council. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the Golan Heights illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this. In it had a population of.

Geography
The kibbutz is about 10 km south of Mount Hermon, at an elevation of 1050–1070 m above sea level. El Rom and the nearby moshav Odem are the two Jewish settlements in Israel with the highest elevation after Nimrod.

History
The kibbutz was founded in 1971 by a core group of settlers from the Machanot HaOlim Zionist youth movement. Although they had intended to settle in Beit HaArava in the southern Jordan River Valley, they were eventually persuaded to move to the Golan Heights. The original settlement was shelled during the Yom Kippur war; most buildings were repaired, except for one or two prefabs.

Climate
El Rom has Mediterranean-type climate, with warm and dry summer followed by cold and humid winter. Being at the northern part of the Golan Heights and at an altitude of over 1000 m above sea level gives it a unique year-round weather in comparison to most of Israel. Summer time, in between May and September, is dry with almost no precipitation at all and temperatures of 25–30 C during the day in the hot months of July and August. Nights are mostly cool due to the continental wind blowing from the vast desert to the east. Winter temperature averages 7 C in the cold months of January and February during the day and lows of 2-3 C, at times dropping down to -15 C. The rains start in September and go on until May, filling up the reservoirs and giving a lot of water to the Sea of Galilee. The annual precipitation averages 940 mm of rain and occasional snow, but the last few years show lesser precipitation and higher temperatures. Fog is very common throughout the year.

Economy
The economy is based primarily on agriculture. Crops include apples, pears, strawberries, and grapes for wine. A cider house producing British-style alcoholic cider operates on the kibbutz. They also raise cattle and chickens. In 1984, the kibbutz established El Rom Studios to provide an alternative employment opportunities and revenue stream. The studios command a large share of the market for adding subtitles as well as other translation services for film and television. In Israel, since foreign language movies and TV programs are rarely dubbed, there is a constant need to provide these services.

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User:NickWinslow

i'm a long-time watcher of Wikipedia but only recently have I decided to become involved. I'm a master's student in linguistics at Universiteit Utrecht in the Netherlands, but I am originally from Millis, Massachusetts. My major interests within linguistics proper include phonetics, phonology, typography, prosody, TESOL and digital signal processing. Outside of language studies, I am interested in magic realism, independent movies, cycling, travel, and woodworking.

title: User:NickWinslow


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Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus

Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus (1 November 1927 – 10 July 2010) was an Irish environmentalist, barrister and politician who drew attention to his campaign issues by changing his name. He was often known as "Dublin Bay Loftus". He was a member of Dublin City Council for 25 years, an alderman for much of that time, and a member of the council's Planning and Development Committee. Loftus is often credited as being one of the first advocates for environmentalism in Irish politics, with former Green Party leader John Gormley stating that Loftus "led the way even before the Green Party came into existence. Sean never wavered in his pursuit of the highest environmental ideals". Besides his environmentalist views, Loftus subscribed to the label of Christian Democrat and was socially conservative, opposing moves by Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald to liberalise Irish laws around divorce, contraceptives, and abortion.

Background
Born Seán Daniel Loftus in Dublin in 1927, he was the eldest of seven siblings. He attended Coláiste Mhuire primary school on Parnell Square and received his secondary education at Catholic University School. His father was a doctor and Loftus attended medical school at University College Dublin but did not enjoy it, leaving before graduating. He moved to England in the late 1940s, where he worked as a builder. After six years, he returned to Ireland to attend King's Inns, qualifying as a barrister. He returned to England for several years before moving to the United States, where he worked and lectured. He moved back to Ireland in 1961. Loftus specialised in town planning law, lecturing in law at Bolton Street College of Technology (later the Dublin Institute of Technology). A resident of Clontarf, he campaigned for the sustainable development of Dublin Bay. Loftus was a devout Catholic. While he lived in the United States, he was an active member of the Montclair, New Jersey branch of an Irish-American Catholic fraternal organisation, the Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH). He was guest of honor at the 1960 AOH National Convention by invitation of the National President, Jeremiah J. O’Callaghan. Loftus moved back to Ireland in 1961.

Political career
During his time in America, Loftus met Eduardo Frei Montalva, who later became the leader of the Christian Democratic Party of Chile and President of Chile. The meeting with Montalva, who Loftus continued to admire afterwards, influenced Loftus to subscribe to the idea of Christian Democracy with corporatist influences. Due to this influence, during the late 1950s Loftus flirted with the hard-right "National Action" organisation, a group that advocated for "vocationalism", the localised Irish term for corporatism.

In 1961, Loftus founded the Christian Democrat Party of Ireland and stood for election to Dáil Éireann at the 1961 general election in the Dublin North-East constituency, the first of sixteen attempts. He contested every general election from 1961 to 1997. Although the party would exist for two decades, the Christian Democrat Party of Ireland struggled to register themselves on Ireland's official register of political parties and fought numerous court cases to achieve this. However, they were unsuccessful and partially because of this, the party never became any grander than a nexus of Rockall supporters.

In 1972 the Dublin Port and Docks Board proposed the building of an oil refinery in Dublin Bay. The plan was vigorously opposed by environmentalists, including Loftus, on the grounds that it posed a serious risk of pollution. Despite the motion having the support of larger political groups, such as Official Sinn Féin, the planned oil refinery was eventually rejected in 1976 thanks in part to Loftus bringing a bucket of polluted water from the bay to a public inquiry.

At the 1973 general election, Loftus stood for election to the Dáil in the Dublin North-Central constituency as a Christian Democrat on the issue of Dublin Bay. Because the party was too small to be registered under the Electoral Act 1963, meaning Loftus would be listed as 'Non-Party', he changed his name by deed poll to "Seán D. Christian Democrat Dublin Bay Loftus" in order that his political affiliation and campaign issue would appear on the ballot paper. Although not elected, he succeeded in highlighting the issue and the proposal was eventually turned down by the Minister for Local Government, James Tully. With the momentum from his campaign against the Dublin Bay oil refinery building, Loftus was elected to Dublin Corporation in 1974.

In the following years Loftus changed his name by deed poll several times more, to "Seán Dublin Bay Loftus", "Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus" (as part of a campaign to press the Irish Government to make a territorial claim to the Rockall islet 424 km off the coast of County Donegal) and "Seán Alderman Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus", among others. It was under this last name that he was elected to the 22nd Dáil for the Dublin North-East constituency at the 1981 general election. This Dáil was short-lived, however, and he himself contributed to the end of his Dáil career when he voted against John Bruton's budget in January 1982. During the early 1980s, Loftus supported the Anti H-Block movement and opposed attempts by Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald to liberalise Irish laws, suggesting FitzGerald was attempting "to dechristianise the people's constitution". At the February 1982 general election he stood in two constituencies, Dublin North-East and Dublin North-Central, but failed to win a seat in either.

Loftus continued to contest Dáil and European Parliament elections until 1997. He remained on Dublin City Council, and served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1995 to 1996.

Loftus remained active as a member and honorary legal advisor of Dublin Bay Watch, and led opposition to the 2002 application by the Dublin Port Company to fill in 52 acre of Dublin Bay. The application was rejected in June 2010 by the planning board, An Bord Pleanála, while Loftus was in hospital, having undergone brain surgery. Local councillor Gerry Breen said its rejection was a "fitting tribute" to Loftus.

Personal life
In 1962, Loftus married Úna Uí Lachtnáin, a home economics teacher from Cootehill, County Cavan. They had 3 children. A committed Gaeilgeoir, she became heavily involved in Oireachtas na Gaeilge, and was elected President of Oireachtas na Gaeilge in 2011. Uí Lachtnáin also served several years as Chairperson of the Dublin City Community Forum and was a founding member of the Bull Island Action Group.

Death
Loftus died on 10 July 2010 at the Mater Private Hospital. His funeral mass took place at St. Gabriel's Roman Catholic Church in Dollymount and he was interred at St. Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton on 12 July 2010. His widow Úna Uí Lachtnáin died on 1 April 2014.

title: Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus


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Ennio

Ennio is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Academics

 * Ennio Candotti (b. 1942), Italy-born Brazilian physicist
 * Ennio De Giorgi (1928–1996), Italian mathematician
 * Ennio Quirino Visconti (1751–1818), Italian archaeologist

Clergy

 * Ennio Antonelli (b. 1936), Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
 * Ennio Filonardi (1466–1549), Italian bishop and Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

Musicians

 * Ennio Bolognini (1893–1979), Argentina-born US musician
 * Ennio Morricone (1928–2020), Italian composer
 * "Ennio", a 2021 documentary about his life

Performers

 * Ennio Balbo (1922–1989), Italian film actor
 * Enio Girolami (1935–2013), Italian film and television actor
 * Ennio Marchetto (b. 1960), Italian comedian

Others

 * Ennio Capasa (b. 1960), Italian fashion designer
 * Ennio de Concini (1923–2008), Italian screenwriter and film director
 * Ennio Doris (b. 1940), Italian businessman
 * Ennio Falco (b. 1968), Italian sports shooter
 * Ennio Flaiano (1910–1972), Italian screenwriter, playwright and author
 * Ennio Mattarelli (b. 1928), Italian sports shooter and Olympic Champion

Fictional characters

 * "Ennio the Legend", also known as Spot, is a major supporting character in the computer game Tass Times in Tonetown

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Seán Loftus

Seán Loftus may refer to:

 * Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus (1927–2010), Irish environmentalist, barrister and politician
 * Seán Loftus (hurler), Irish hurler

title: Seán Loftus


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Intikhab Alam

Intikhab Alam Khan (Urdu:; born 28 December 1941) is a Pakistani cricket coach and former cricketer who played in 47 Test matches and four One Day Internationals from 1959 to 1977. He captained Pakistan in 17 Tests between 1969 and 1975. He also played in English county cricket for Surrey between 1969 and 1981. Prior to this, Intikhab was professional for several years at West of Scotland Cricket Club in Glasgow and also coached at The Glasgow Academy. In August 1967, at the Oval, he joined Asif Iqbal for a ninth-wicket stand of 190 runs. This remained a world record for around 30 years.

Intikhab was Pakistan's first One Day International cricket captain. He played 3 matches as captain, winning two and losing one. He was the manager of the Pakistan teams that won the 1992 Cricket World Cup and the 2009 ICC World Twenty20.

In 2004, he was appointed the first foreigner to coach a domestic Indian cricket team, coaching Punjab in the Ranji Trophy.

On 25 October 2008, he was once again named manager of the Pakistan cricket team by PCB, a day after Australian Geoff Lawson was sacked as the national coach of Pakistan.

In 2009, Intikhab was the manager of the team when Pakistan had their first Twenty20 World Cup title by defeating Sri Lanka in the final.

title: Intikhab Alam