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Tvind

Tvind is the informal name of a confederation of private schools, humanitarian organizations, and businesses, founded as an alternative education school in Denmark circa 1970. The organization is controversial in Denmark, where it runs a number of schools primarily for troubled youth. Some former students and employees have described the organization and its controlling body, the Teachers Group, as a political cult.

Investigations by journalists and law-enforcement agencies have suggested the presence of an extensive money-laundering network within the group's commercial and non-profit ventures, wherein charitable funds are diverted to private businesses and individuals, including several of the group's leaders. In 2013, several of Tvind's senior members were sentenced in absentia to prison in Denmark for suspected tax evasion and embezzlement, after an earlier acquittal. , the defendants, who are wanted by Interpol, are believed to be hiding in Mexico.

Overview
Following a provision of the Danish constitution that allows any group to form a school and receive government funding, Tvind has founded numerous private schools across Denmark. According to The Copenhagen Post, "'Debate has raged for years as to whether Tvind, the western Jutland school that reformed the Danish educational system through out the ‘70s and ‘80s is a boon to the country‘s school system or little more than a hippie cult that has diminished the quality of education'."

Over time, the group's financial dealings grew to encompass various non-profit and commercial enterprises such as African AIDS work, South American plantations and second-hand clothing dealers.

Some former members of the group have made allegations that Tvind is run as an authoritarian cult, controlled by an inner circle known as the "Teachers Group". Its purported leader, Mogens Amdi Petersen, born 9 January 1939 in Tønder, had been in hiding since the 1970s and reappeared in 2002 when apprehended on charges of fraud and tax evasion. , Petersen and a group of the organization's leaders are facing charges of fraud in Denmark.

History
Tvind was founded c. 1970 by Petersen, then a young, radical idealist. Petersen is said to have collected about 40 followers and established a government-funded alternative school system for troubled youth in Denmark.

In 1972 the Tvind base was founded in West Jutland on a plot of farming land called Tvind, where several schools were built as well as a teachers training college. At that time, all of Tvind's schools received public subsidies in accordance with the very liberal education laws in Denmark.

It is located in the countryside near Ulfborg in Western Jutland, Denmark - 12 km from the North Sea.

1970s and 1980s
More 'Tvind Schools' began to emerge and after 25 years more than 30 schools have been established all over Denmark and some abroad. An estimated 40,000 children and adults have attended Tvind Schools since the first school was established in 1970.

Tvind soon became a popular center for youth counter culture in the 1970s and 1980s. The world's largest electricity producing turbine, known as Tvindkraft or Tvind Power, was constructed on the school grounds in Tvind in the mid-1970s in a collaboration between volunteers, teachers and students. In 2008, The European Association for Renewable Energy awarded Tvind the European Solar Prize for education, in recognition of the effort of planning and building the turbine in the 1970s.

Tvindkraft has since supplied the energy needed for the schools in Tvind. The building of Tvindkraft inspired and gave rise to a growing wind turbine industry in Denmark.

Danish government subsidies, Special Act and Danish Supreme Court decision
From 1970 to 1996, the Tvind schools received government financial support and supervision in accordance with Danish laws for private schools. Official support of The Necessary Teacher Training College, Tvind's volunteer training school in Denmark, had ended four years earlier, in 1992.

A Special Act passed in 1996 by the Danish Parliament discontinued the official support beginning January 1, 1997. This act prevented the Tvind schools from receiving such support under the general rules, which they otherwise would have been entitled to.

In 1999, the Danish Supreme Court — in a unanimous, 11 judge ruling — set aside the Special Act on the grounds that it had circumvented the Danish Constitution. The controversial decision was the first time in the history of Denmark's Constitution that the Supreme Court had ever discarded an act as being unconstitutional.

Despite the court's ruling, the Tvind schools never regained financial support from the Danish government.

In the schools for children and youngsters the student base was shifted so that the focus was on students who have been subjected to abuse, involved with alcohol abuse or other drug abuse, being from immigrant or refugee families with conflict ridden background or being orphans, etc. Financial support for training and education of such young people are available from the social services of the municipalities in Denmark, which provide the funds for the school fees and boarding fees. Those schools were named "The Small Schools" because of many smaller units with different programs.

The Travelling Folk High Schools
One type of Tvind institution, the "travelling folk high schools", were created to send teachers and students together to Third World countries with the ambition of improving living standards of the poor. Now collectively known as the "DRH Movement" (Den Rejsende Højskole in Danish), these schools train volunteers for humanitarian work overseas. Some former DRH Movement students say that even after paying tuition of several thousand dollars, they were required to spend much of their time trying to raise yet more money by what some of them call begging in the streets. Students also complain that the training they received is not recognised by governments or aid agencies.

In Denmark, these Folk High Schools are public institutions subsidized and supported by the Ministry of Education.

Special programs were established in the late 1970s and the beginning 1980s for young people from the so-called Frontline States in Southern Africa. The programs emphasized on vocational skills. Students from Zimbabwe, South Africa, Mozambique, Angola, Namibia and Guinea Bissau completed such programs.

Necessary Teachers Training College
The Necessary Teachers Training College (Det Nødvendige Seminarium or DNS) was established in 1972. The training leads to a diploma in primary and secondary school teaching.

The Continuation Schools and the Free Schools
The first Continuation School for students from 14 to 18 years old was established in Tvind in 1974 and was followed by 6 other continuation schools and 6 international continuation schools with government financial support and supervision. The first International Continuation School received financial support from the EU Commission as well. The First Free School for pupils from 7–16 years old was established in 1976 and was followed by 6 other Free Schools, 5 of them boarding schools. These two school types were discontinued after the Government withdrew its financial support from 1997.

The Small Schools and The Second Generation School Cooperation
In 1979, the Small Schools started operations. Many of the students have experienced neglect and other difficult circumstances such as physical abuse and parental alcoholism. Many are "runaways". The Small School at Red House near Buxton operated from 1984 to 1998 with local councils paying 700 pounds a week for the school to house troubled youngsters. More than a dozen former pupils have alleged that they were sexually and physically abused at the school and have even provided photographic evidence. A former Tvind head teacher described the English Small Schools as a "money machine" and alleged that Tvind used the schools to funnel money out of the UK to fund the extravagant lifestyles of Tvind's leaders. The English Small Schools were closed by inspectors after a 1997 Charity Commission report exposed the financial malfeasance that was taking place. In 2001 a former student successfully sued his child services department for sending him to a Small School and another abusive children's home.

Humana People to People
In 1977, Tvind members founded the International Humana People to People Movement to oversee several self-described humanitarian aid projects in the Third World. In Scandinavia the group is known as "Ulandshjælp fra Folk til Folk" (UFF). Headquartered in Zimbabwe, Humana People to People claims on its website to be a "network of non-profit aid organizations in Europe, North America, Africa, Asia and Latin America, all working in the field of international solidarity, cooperation and development." Several programmes run by Humana People to People member organisations have been criticised by former volunteers as being ineffective, culturally insensitive, environmentally unsustainable and even abusive toward volunteers. Humana People to People volunteers who are Teachers Group members are forced to donate up to 50% of their salary to fund the Teachers Group calls the "common economy." Humana employees, many of them from vulnerable backgrounds, are told that joining the Teachers Group is the only way to ensure job security. This practice has caused UNICEF to pull all funding from Humana project. High ranking positions within Humana People to People are reserved for Teachers Group members.

Tvind has also been linked to the College for International Co-operation and Development (CICD), located in Hull, East Yorkshire, England. Part of Tvind's "DRH Movement," this residential college advertises widely on the Internet as providing training for young people wishing to volunteer in Africa. However, many former CICD students have complained about poor teaching, low-grade facilities, and being obliged to work long, unpaid hours collecting and sorting used clothes for commercial companies allegedly owned by Tvind. CICD has hundreds of clothes collection boxes across Northern England.

Used clothes collection
Tvind and Humana People to People are alleged to be behind a group of similar organisations that have placed tens of thousands of used clothes collection bins throughout the United States and Western Europe. Advertised as supporting environmental causes, the organizations behind the bins instead sell the clothes and channel the profits to a small circle of Tvind leaders, say investigators. Humana People-to-People's donation bins can be found in many European countries except in Scandinavia, where clothes are collected under the name UFF.

In the UK, clothes collection organisations said to be tied to Tvind include the for-profit companies Green World Recycling, Planet Aid UK and Development Aid from People to People UK (DAPP-UK).

According to the British Broadcasting Corporation, the charitable organization Development Aid from People to People (DAPP) is controlled by the Teachers Group. DAPP has been paid millions by the UK and US government for its work in Africa. An August 2016 report by the BBC, in partnership with the Center for Investigative Reporting, led the United Kingdom Department for International Development to suspend payments as well.

In 2019 Ulla Carina Bolin (named "Karin Bolin"), CEO and President of Humana People to People Italia, publicly admitted to be an active member of Teachers Group and expressed solidarity to the fugitive Amdi Petersen, sayng that the allegations against him are not really serious. Humana People to People Italia is the bigger player in the Italian sector of used clothes collection.

In the United States, the non-profits Planet Aid and Gaia Movement Living Earth Green World Action and the for-profit company USAgain, which have each placed thousands of clothes drop-off bins nationwide, have attracted both favorable and unfavourable publicity over their business. Planet Aid is a member of the Humana People to People Federation and has supported these projects economically. Planet Aid has stated that "less than 5%" of the 250 people working with the company belong to the Tvind Teachers Group. Some executives in USAgain have also stated that they personally belong to the group.

There are three other alleged Tvind-run clothes-collecting groups in the U.S., two of which are DRH Movement schools claiming to train volunteers for related humanitarian projects overseas through the Institute for International Cooperation and Development (IICD), located in Williamstown, Massachusetts and in Dowagiac, Michigan. Former students of IICD have reported being obliged to endure substandard living conditions, unreasonable work hours, bullying, and a "cult-like" atmosphere. Volunteers have also reported that they received little to no training, being instead required to solicit donations door-to-door, sell postcards on the street, and provide labour to Tvind-owned businesses under the guise of raising funds to support their overseas projects. Others recalled the aid programs themselves being fraught with mismanagement and even disastrous results. In June 2013, The two IICD schools changed their name to One World Center.

A third DRH Movement school in the U.S., Campus California, had been located in Etna, California, but reportedly closed under mysterious circumstances in December 2009. The organisation has since relocated to Richmond, California, where it has continued with its used clothes collection bin operation in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Central Valley. In November 2014, Campus California announced its new name, Recycle for Change.

Criminal investigations
Tvind has historically received a great deal of interest from both media and officials. Minister of Education Ole Vig and the Parliament attempted to tighten the legislation in order to prevent the Tvind Schools from receiving public funds. The Danish Supreme Court declared such attempts as contrary to the Danish Constitution. Vig was advised by the National Audit Office and the Parliament's Barrister (Kammeradvokaten) to raise the case accusing Tvind School Center of fraud. Around two years later, the Public Prosecutor in Aalborg dismissed the case - the materials did not contain sufficient evidence for prosecution.

According to a 2001 case summary by Danish police and Denmark's Public Prosecutor for Serious Economic Crime, Tvind's scope had by 1992 "expanded far beyond pure school activities". Such activities were said to include the ownership of Third World fruit plantations, farms, shoe factories and sawmills, aid agencies, used clothing shops as well as the leasing of property, ships and containers. Numerous media reports as well as investigations by European governments suggest that Tvind's alleged controlling body, the Teachers Group, is a political cult involved in criminal financial activities. In Denmark, Teachers Group leaders have been prosecuted for serious financial crimes, with two convictions in separate trials, in 2006 and 2009 respectively.

British journalist Michael Durham has tracked the "many interconnected businesses, properties and charitable operations around the world" owned by Tvind/TG.

Annually, alleged Tvind-run non-profit companies in the United States, Europe and elsewhere receive millions of dollars in governmental and private-sector funding intended for Tvind-related humanitarian programmes in Africa and other areas of the Third World. Danish prosecutors have claimed that Tvind members instead channelled a portion of funds earmarked for charitable use into purchases of property and luxury items, offshore tax havens and private business investments, all controlled by Tvind's top leaders.

An FBI investigation into Tvind stated that "Tvind derives income from the creation of developmental aid organizations. Money is raised by the collection of used clothes. The clothes are recycled and sold in third world countries. The proceeds are sent to charitable trust funds established in off shore tax havens. [...] In each of these organizations the funds are ultimately controlled by captioned subjects who divert the money for personal use. Little to no money goes to the charities".

Danish media begun to air stories accusing Tvind of fraud as early as the late 1970s. Petersen, claiming to be a target for the SIS and the CIA, disappeared in 1979, and was not seen again for the next 22 years. He is alleged to have continued to covertly run his organisation from various locations, subverting Tvind's original humanitarian mission to create a lucrative financial web by diverting charitable funds into private coffers. Petersen's network soon became a business empire based on property and used clothes collection. Tvind has since then grown into a global conglomerate with numerous profit-motivated enterprises reportedly worth hundreds of millions of dollars. Its interests range from farming and timber to property, retail clothing and furniture, with businesses in Europe, the United States, Brazil, Belize, Ecuador, Malaysia and China.

In February 2002, FBI agents in the U.S. arrested Amdi Petersen between international flights at Los Angeles International Airport. An arrest warrant for Petersen had been issued in 2000 by the international police agency Interpol. A federal judge extradited Petersen to Denmark, where he and his top assistants faced trial for a multimillion-dollar tax fraud and embezzlement scheme.

The trial began in 2003. Three years later, on August 31, 2006, Petersen, Tvind spokesperson Poul Jørgensen, top aides Kirsten Larsen and Ruth Sejerøe-Olsen, former chair of Tvind's 'Humanitarian Foundation' Bodil Ross Sørensen, financial director Marlene Gunst, and lawyer Kirsten Fuglsbjerg (also known as 'Christie Pipps') were all acquitted of charges. Another former chair of Tvind's Humanitarian Foundation, Sten Byrner, was found guilty of fraud and given a one-year conditional sentence.

The Public Prosecutor in Denmark immediately appealed the verdict to a higher court. Petersen and four of his co-defendants fled Denmark shortly the lower court's acquittal. Poul Jørgensen, who had remained in Denmark, was found guilty of tax fraud and embezzlement in January 2009, and sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment. According to Danish prosecutors, Jørgensen diverted millions of dollars earmarked for charitable use into private businesses owned by Tvind leaders. In 2013, Petersen and four others were sentenced in absentia to a year in prison for their suspected role in embezzling millions of Danish kroner from the Tvind Humanitarian Fund, an outgrowth of the Tvind schools. Danish police then instituted procedures for issuing an international arrest warrant, according to Jens Madsen, head of "Bagmandspolitiet", the Danish national financial crimes division. , the five, who are wanted by the police agency Interpol, are believed to have taken refuge in a coastal resort compound in Mexico.

title: Tvind


text:
Gille Brigte of Galloway

Gille Brigte or Gilla Brigte mac Fergusa of Galloway (died 1185), also known as Gillebrigte, Gille Brighde, Gilbridge, Gilbride, etc., and most famously known in French sources as Gilbert, was Lord of Galloway of Scotland (from 1161 with Uchtred; 1174 alone, to 1185). Gilla Brigte was one of two sons of the great Fergus, the builder of the "Kingdom" of Galloway.

Background, marriage and family
In the struggle that arose after the death of Fergus between Gille Brigte and Uchtred, Gille Brigte emerged the stronger. The partitioning of Galloway left Gille Brigte with the western part, the part less exposed to the armies of the Scottish and English Kings.

We do not know for certain to whom Gille Brigte was married. Richard Oram suggests the strong likelihood that his main wife was a daughter of Donnchad II, Mormaer or Earl of Fife and the most important native lord in Scotland. The introduction of the name Donnchad (or Duncan) into the family naming pattern is some evidence of this, as is the later marriage of Gille Brigte's great-granddaughter Marjorie to the Fife petty-lord Adam de Kilconquhar.

Gille Brigte had two known children:

 * Donnchad
 * Máel Coluim

Events of 1174 & approach to England
From 1161 until 1174, Gille Brigte and Uchtred shared the lordship, with Gille Brigte in the west, and Uchtred in the east. In 1174, King William le Lion of Scotland invaded England in an attempt to regain Northumberland. He brought with him the two meic Fergusa, Gille Brigte and Uchtred. During the invasion, William was caught off-guard, and captured while besieging the castle at Alnwick. Benedict of Peterborough reported that:

When they [the brothers] heard that their lord the king of Scotland was taken, they immediately returned with their Galwegians to their own lands, and at once expelled from Galloway all the bailiffs and guards whom the king of Scotland had set over them; and all the English and French whom they could seize they slew; and all the defences and castles which the king of Scotland had established in their land they besieged, captured and destroyed, and slew all whom they took within them

Despite the implications that both brothers were involved, it is clear that only Gilla Brigte was, and that Uchtred opposed him. For Benedict goes on to tell us that, in relation to the same year, Gille Brigte's son Máel Coluim was besieging Uchtred on an island in Galloway. Máel Coluim mac Gille Brigte captured Uchtred. Uchtred was blinded, castrated and had his tongue cut out.

What Gille Brigte did at this time might have changed British history for ever. Gille Brigte sent a messenger, and asked King Henry II for direct lordship (i.e. without the Scottish king as a middle man). Henry sent a delegation to investigate. This delegation consisted of Roger de Hoveden and Robert de Vaux. Thanks to the former, we have a record of the embassy. It is reported by Benedict of Peterborough that Gille Brigte offered the King of England a one-off payment of 2000 marks, and a yearly tribute of 500 cows and 500 swine, if the King would "remove them [the Galwegians] from the servitude of the king of Scotland" (Anderson, p. 258).

However, when the delegation discovered the fate of Uchtred, Henry's cousin, they rejected the request. Gille Brigte's fratricide effectively prevented any deal. Gille Brigte's bad fortune was compounded later in the year, when Henry and William signed the Treaty of Falaise. Gille Brigte was forced to come to terms with the two kings. In 1176, Gille Brigte travelled into England, was fined 1000 marks by Henry, and handed over his son Donnchad into Henry's custody as a hostage to ensure good behaviour.

The Lordship of Gille Brigte
Gille Brigte's reign is characterized by a large degree of hostility towards the Scottish kings. Unlike his brother Uchtred, he was no friend to incoming Normans. He maintained a Gaelic following. Such a policy made him popular in the province, but alienated him from his nominal Franco-Gaelic overlords, King Máel Coluim IV and then King William. William cultivated the loyalty of Uchtred's son Lochlann (Roland), using him as a card in the game for control over the Galwegian lordship. In the 1180s, tension between Gille Brigte and William was high, with Gilla Brigte being known to have made frequent raids into the Scottish controlled territory of eastern Galloway. When Gille Brigte died in 1185, he was at war with William.

Gille Brigte's timely death, with Donnchad still in Henry II's custody, eased the way for William to install Lochlann as Gille Brigte's successor.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gille Brigte of Galloway


text:
Variable-geometry turbocharger

Variable-geometry turbochargers (VGTs), occasionally known as variable-nozzle turbochargers (VNTs), are a type of turbochargers, usually designed to allow the effective aspect ratio (A/R ratio) of the turbocharger to be altered as conditions change. This is done with the use of adjustable vanes located inside the turbine housing between the inlet and turbine, these vanes affect flow of gases towards the turbine. The benefit of the VGT is that the optimum aspect ratio at low engine speeds is very different from that at high engine speeds.

If the aspect ratio is too large, the turbo will fail to create boost at low speeds; if the aspect ratio is too small, the turbo will choke the engine at high speeds, leading to high exhaust manifold pressures, high pumping losses, and ultimately lower power output. By altering the geometry of the turbine housing as the engine accelerates, the turbo's aspect ratio can be maintained at its optimum. Because of this, VGTs have a minimal amount of lag, a low boost threshold, and high efficiency at higher engine speeds.

History
The rotating-vane VGT was first developed under Garrett and patented in 1953.

One of the first production cars to use these turbochargers was the 1988 Honda Legend; it used a water-cooled VGT installed on its 2.0-litre V6 engine.

The limited-production 1989 Shelby CSX-VNT, with only 500 examples produced, was equipped with a 2.2-litre Chrysler K engine with a Garrett turbo called the VNT-25 (because it used the same compressor and shaft as the fixed-geometry Garrett T-25).

In 1991, Fiat incorporated a VGT into the Croma's direct-injected turbodiesel.

The Peugeot 405 T16, launched in 1992, used a Garrett VAT25 variable-geometry turbocharger on its 2.0-litre 16-valve engine.

The 2007 Porsche 911 Turbo has twin variable-geometry turbochargers on its 3.6-litre horizontally-opposed six-cylinder gasoline engine.

In 2007, Acura introduced the RDX with Variable Geometry Turbocharger following a (VFT) design.

The 2015 Koenigsegg One:1 (named after its power-to-weight ratio of 1:1) uses twin variable-geometry turbochargers on its 5.0-litre V8 engine, allowing it to produce 1361 horsepower.

Common designs
The most common implementations of VGTs are Variable-Nozzle Turbines (VNT), Sliding Wall Turbines, and Variable Flow Turbines (VFT).

Variable-Nozzle Turbines are common in light-duty engines (passenger cars, race cars, and light commercial vehicles), the turbine's vanes rotate in unison, relative to its hub, to vary its pitch and cross-sectional area. VNTs offer higher flow rates and higher peak efficiency compared to other variable geometry designs.

Sliding Wall Turbines are commonly found in heavy-duty engines, the vanes do not rotate, but instead, their effective width is changed. This is usually done by moving the turbine along its axis, partially retracting the vanes within the housing. Alternatively, a partition within the housing may slide back and forth. The area between the edges of the vanes changes, leading to a variable-aspect-ratio system with fewer moving parts.

Variable Flow Turbines are another simplified version of a VGT when compared to a VNT. This design uses a two-volute turbine housing with a blend gate located in the neck. The gate can vary the flow between the scrolls to average the optimal A/R ratio. In low flow conditions exhaust gas is routed through the primary volute and under peak flow it is directed through both the primary and secondary. This design has a lower flow rate compared to VNT types so a wastegate may be incorporated with this design.

VGTs may be controlled by a membrane vacuum actuator, electric servo, 3-phase electric actuation, hydraulic actuator, or pneumatic actuator using air brake pressure. Unlike fixed-geometry turbines, VGTs do not require a wastegate. Although VGTs do not require a wastegate, some applications requiring a high mass air flow ratio will benefit from an additional wastegate most commonly found in high performance spark ignition engines. This is in contrast to diesel engines.

Use
VGTs tend to be much more common on diesel engines, as lower exhaust temperatures mean they are less prone to failure. Early gasoline-engine VGTs required significant pre-charge cooling to extend the turbocharger life to reasonable levels, but advances in technology have improved their resistance to high-temperature gasoline exhaust, and they have started to appear increasingly in gasoline-engine cars.

Typically, VGTs are only found in OEM applications due to the level of coordination required to keep the vanes in the most optimal position for whatever state the engine is in. However, there are aftermarket VGT control units available, and some high-end aftermarket engine management systems can control VGTs as well.

In trucks, VGTs are also used to control the ratio of exhaust recirculated back to the engine inlet (they can be controlled to selectively increase the exhaust manifold pressure until it exceeds the inlet manifold pressure, which promotes exhaust gas recirculation). Although excessive engine backpressure is detrimental to overall fuel efficiency, ensuring a sufficient EGR rate even during transient events (such as gear changes) can be sufficient to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions down to that required by emissions legislation (e.g., Euro 5 for Europe and EPA 10 for the USA).

Another use for sliding-vane turbochargers is as a downstream exhaust brake, so that an extra exhaust throttle valve is not needed. The mechanism can also be deliberately modified to reduce the turbine efficiency in a pre-defined position. This mode can be selected to sustain a raised exhaust temperature to promote "light-off" and "regeneration" of a diesel particulate filter (this involves heating the carbon particles stuck in the filter until they oxidize away in a semi-self-sustaining reaction - rather like the self-cleaning process some ovens offer). Actuation of a VGT for EGR flow control, or to implement braking or regeneration modes in general, requires hydraulic actuators or electric servos.

VGTs offer improved transient response over conventional fixed geometry turbochargers. This makes VGTs ideal for use in vehicles where power demand is very dynamic. In situations where engine load is constant like in stationary generators, fixed geometry turbochargers can provide higher efficiency over VGTs. This is due to the added exhaust resistance created from the tolerances of the moving parts within a VGT.

Manufacturers
Several companies manufacture and supply rotating-vane variable-geometry turbochargers, including Garrett, BorgWarner, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. This design is mostly limited to small engines and light-duty applications (passenger cars, race cars and light commercial vehicles).

The main supplier of sliding-vane VGTs is Holset Engineering.

title: Variable-geometry turbocharger


text:
Heather Hunter

Heather Keisha Hunter (born October 1, 1969), nicknamed Double H, is an American rapper, painter, author, and pornographic actress. She is a member of the AVN, Urban X, and XRCO Halls of Fame.

Early life
Hunter was born in The Bronx, New York, to a funeral salesman. She left home at 16 and supported herself by working as a clerk at the Latin Quarter, one of the first downtown/midtown clubs to play rap. At the age of 18, she answered an ad in The Village Voice for striptease artists. Pictorials in Players and Swank followed. Subsequently, the offers to appear in pornographic films started to emerge.

Film and television
Hunter entered the adult film business in 1988 and her career peaked in the mid-'90s. She was one of the few performers to use her actual name rather than a stage alias. She became known for her interracial- and lesbian-themed films. In her hometown she was a mainstay on the Robin Byrd Show and was a frequent performer.

From 1990 to 1992, during her Los Angeles years, Hunter was a dancer on the TV show Soul Train. Hunter has described how she was able to conceal her porn career from Soul Train producer Don Cornelius. She also played the role of a hooker in the black comedy horror film Frankenhooker as Chartreuse.

She got her start while dancing at the Latin Quarter in New York City, where she met adult film actress Hyapatia Lee, who suggested she perform in movies. Her first video, Heather Hunter On Fire, came out in 1988. She did a few low-budget movies for New York-based Vidway before moving to Los Angeles and eventually becoming the first African-American woman to be a Vivid Entertainment contract girl. She has 51 videos and 1 directorial effort to her credit on the Internet Adult Film Database; her final adult video appears to be Honeywood, released in 1999. Old scenes with Hunter continue to be released in numerous compilations.

In 1996, she, Nina Hartley, and Angel Kelly appeared in the music video of Tupac Shakur's How Do U Want It.

Hunter was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2003. The same year she starred in her own animated cartoon series, Bulletproof Diva, in which she saves the world from the inhabitants of Hell.

In 2004, she and Ginger Lynn appeared in non-sex roles in Hustler's Can You Be A Pornstar?

Hunter was inducted into the Urban X Hall of Fame in 2008 and XRCO Hall of Fame in 2022.

Music career
Hunter has been involved with music professionally since 1993, when she was under contract with Island Records doing House music. She released a song titled "I Want It All Night Long." Hunter later worked for Tommy Boy Records without much progress, as the company did not know whether to market her as an R&B or pop singer.

Hunter released an 18-track rap music album on July 12, 2005, titled Double H: The Unexpected. She released the music through Blo Records label, owned by her long-time manager, Dave Copeland. Hunter is the company's CEO. In creating the album, she worked with well-known music producers DJ Premier and Scott Storch. Guests on her album include Akinyele, Madison Taylor, plus Chalu and Erin Yes. Hunter's old adult movie friend Janet Jacme appears on the interlude of "My Toolbox." "So Serious" was the only single released from the album. The single and her album's title refers to Hunter's desire to be taken seriously as a hip-hop musician. Hunter said in a VIBE interview:

"What people may not expect is how serious I am about this. I really want people to take me seriously. Being retired from the adult industry nearly thirteen years ago, I think I've done enough in the mainstream business and I want to be accepted as an equal, as an artist. I'm going for my respect whether they give it to me or not."

From 1998 to 2000, Hunter hosted The Peep Show on pay-per-view TV. The program was originally hosted by rapper Luther Campbell as Luke's Peep Show. It was a raunchy interview show that aired uncensored music videos. On a 1998 episode, she met rapper Akinyele, who encouraged her to pursue a music career after hearing a sample of her raps. He later appeared with Mr. Cee on Double H: The Unexpected.

Hunter has recorded with Esham ("All Night Everyday" off his album Tongues). Songs also feature Kool Keith ("I Wanna Play" off his album Spankmaster), N.O.R.E. ("Big D" off his album God's Favorite. Also features Akinyele & Khia), Bubba Sparxxx ("Would You Like", which was cut from his album Deliverance), Above the Law ("Freak In Me" and "Playas, Gangstas And Ballers" from their album Sex, Money & Music).

Songs

 * "I Want It All Night Long" (1993)
 * "So Serious" (2005)
 * "In Love"
 * "Orgasmic"

Painting and writing
Hunter has had an interest in art since she was a child, when she began painting portraits of family members. She furthered this love by majoring in design and illustration at High School of Fashion Industries in New York City. For a short time during her teenage years, she was involved in illegal graffiti art as Ms. 45, but quit after being cited by the police. She enrolled in a special workshop under the direction of renowned street artist, Keith Haring.

In June 2006, Hunter opened her own art gallery, Artcore-NYC, in the DUMBO section of Brooklyn, New York. She debuted her "Hunter Collection" paintings as the gallery's first exhibition. The gallery was located at 111 Front Street, and as of 2007 there was an ongoing search for a new location.

She wrote a novel, Insatiable: The Rise of a Porn Star, by Hunter and Michelle Valentine, which was published on July 24, 2007, by St. Martin's Press. It purports to tell the story of Simone Young, a young woman with a career and background similar to Hunter's. In an interview, Hunter implied that her story would be fictionalized to protect the privacy of others. A plagiarism suit was filed against Hunter by Dianne Miller; Miller claimed she gave a manuscript to Hunter in 2005, and then Hunter copied a number of passages verbatim from the manuscript for her own novel. In November 2008, a judge dismissed most of the claims against Hunter.

Interviews

 * Heather Hunter: Not What You'd Expect, MVRemix, June 2005
 * Double H-Heather Hunter Interview, Tha Biz, June 2005
 * Heather Hunter: Life After Porn Stardom, Black Voices, July 2007
 * Inside Out With Heather Hunter, Urban Reviews, August 2007

title: Heather Hunter


text:
User:Bala2252

Bala R. Subramanian

An India born and naturalized American business philosopher who coined the phrase time-technology and invented the timescapes for integrating arts and sciences in a virtual time plane.

His article titled, "Pricing using time-technology and timescapes" is published in the 13th issue of the Journal of Financial Transformation in April, 2005.

title: User:Bala2252


text:
2006 United States Senate election in Ohio

The 2006 United States Senate election in Ohio was held November 7, 2006. Incumbent Republican Mike DeWine ran for re-election, but was defeated by Democratic congressman Sherrod Brown. As of, this is the most recent time a Democratic Senate candidate in Ohio won a race by double digits.

Following his defeat, Mike DeWine would later serve as Ohio’s State Attorney General from 2011 to 2019 and has been the state’s Governor since 2019.

Background
The incumbent Republican Senator R. Michael DeWine had approval ratings at 38%, making him the second most unpopular U.S. Senator behind Pennsylvania Republican Rick Santorum, who was also up for reelection in 2006. Pre-election stories in the U.S. media suggested that the national Republican Party may have given up on saving Senator DeWine's Senate seat before election day. Sherrod Brown, former Ohio Secretary of State and U.S. Representative from Ohio's 13th district, easily won the Democratic nomination over Merrill Keiser Jr.

Candidates

 * Mike DeWine, incumbent U.S. Senator since 1995
 * David Smith, candidate for U.S. Representative from Ohio's 2nd congressional district in 2005
 * William G. Pierce, engineer

Campaign
Both candidates campaigned as conservative alternatives to DeWine, citing DeWine's support for gun control measures and his role as one of the Republican members of the Gang of 14 which was a group of Republicans who compromised with Democrats in a dispute about judicial appointments.

Declared

 * Sherrod Brown, U.S. Representative from Lorain
 * Merrill Keiser Jr., trucking business owner/operator and Vietnam War veteran

Withdrew

 * Paul Hackett, Iraq War veteran

Candidates

 * Sherrod Brown, U.S. Representative from Lorain (Democratic)
 * Mike DeWine, incumbent Senator since 1995 (Republican)
 * Richard Duncan (Independent)

Campaign
The Republican Party, which was facing multiple challenges to their Senate majority, was initially determined to assist DeWine in his competitive race while the National Democratic party supported Brown in hopes of taking control of the Senate. John McClelland, a spokesman for the Ohio Republican Party said, "It's vitally important to the Republican Party as a whole, so I think that's why you see the president coming to Ohio to support Mike DeWine." Phil Singer, a spokesman for the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee said, "Mike DeWine Senior is in for the fight of his life, make no mistake about it."

On July 14, 2006, DeWine's campaign began airing TV commercials depicting a smoking World Trade Center. "The senator was notified... by a reporter at U.S. News & World Report that the image of the burning Twin Towers could not have depicted the actual event because the smoke was blowing the wrong way." DeWine's campaign admitted that the video was actually a still photo of the World Trade Center with smoke digitally added. He also was criticized for using an emotionally charged image to attack his challenger.

Another of DeWine's ads suggested that opponent Sherrod Brown didn't pay his taxes for thirteen years. This claim led to the Associated Press reporting on October 19 that, "Several Ohio television stations have stopped airing a Republican ad because state documents contradict the ad's accusation that Democratic U.S. Senate candidate Sherrod Brown didn't pay an unemployment tax bill for 13 years." Brown produced a commercial citing these facts. DeWine's ads were changed to state only that he had failed to pay his unemployment taxes until legal action was taken against him.

On October 16, 2006, The New York Times reported that top national Republicans were moving resources away from the Ohio Senate race, as they had determined that DeWine was likely to lose and were seeking to spend money on races where Republican candidates were seen as having a better chance of winning.

Debates

 * Complete video of debate, October 1, 2006
 * Complete video of debate, October 13, 2006
 * Complete video of debate, October 19, 2006
 * Complete video of debate, October 27, 2006

Fundraising
During the election cycle, DeWine raised $14.9 million and spent $15.5 million. Brown raised $8.9 million and spent $10.8 million.

Results
Brown was declared the winner right when the polls closed in Ohio at 7:30. DeWine had the second worst performance of a Republican incumbent in 2006; only Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum had a worse performance. While DeWine was able to win rural counties in western Ohio, Brown managed to win most eastern Ohio counties, especially in heavily populated areas. DeWine's narrow 2,000 vote victory in Hamilton County which is home to Cincinnati, came nowhere close to making a dent in Brown's lead. Brown would go on to be reelected to a second term in 2012, and a third term in 2018. Also in 2018, both Brown and DeWine were on the ballot but this time for different races; DeWine would be elected Governor of Ohio.

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Harrison (Largest city: Cadiz)
 * Hocking (Largest city: Logan)
 * Jackson (Largest city: Jackson)
 * Lawrence (Largest city: Ironton)
 * Noble (Largest city: Caldwell)
 * Vinton (Largest city: McArthur)
 * Seneca (Largest city: Tiffin)
 * Huron (Largest city: Norwalk)
 * Columbiana (Largest city: Salem)
 * Carroll (Largest city: Carrollton)
 * Tuscarawas (largest city: New Philadelphia)
 * Guernsey (Largest city: Cambridge)
 * Coshocton (Largest city: Coshocton)
 * Geauga (Largest city: Chardon)
 * Medina (Largest city: Medina)
 * Morgan (Largest city: McConnelsville)
 * Washington (Largest city: Marietta)
 * Muskingum (Largest city: Zanesville)
 * Perry (Largest city: New Lexington)
 * Hocking (Largest city: Logan)
 * Jackson (Largest city: Jackson)
 * Lawrence (Largest city: Ironton)
 * Noble (Largest city: Caldwell)
 * Vinton (Largest city: McArthur)
 * Seneca (Largest city: Tiffin)
 * Huron (Largest city: Norwalk)
 * Columbiana (Largest city: Salem)
 * Carroll (Largest city: Carrollton)
 * Tuscarawas (largest city: New Philadelphia)
 * Guernsey (Largest city: Cambridge)
 * Coshocton (Largest city: Coshocton)
 * Geauga (Largest city: Chardon)
 * Medina (Largest city: Medina)
 * Morgan (Largest city: McConnelsville)
 * Washington (Largest city: Marietta)
 * Muskingum (Largest city: Zanesville)
 * Perry (Largest city: New Lexington)
 * Pike (Largest city: Waverly)
 * Ross (Largest city: Chillicothe)
 * Scioto (Largest city: Portsmouth)
 * Jefferson (largest city: Steubenville)
 * Sandusky (Largest city: Fremont)
 * Clark (largest municipality: Springfield)
 * Stark (largest city: Canton)
 * Athens (Largest city: Athens)
 * Montgomery (largest city: Dayton)
 * Franklin (Largest city: Columbus)
 * Portage (largest city: Kent)
 * Ashtabula (largest city: Ashtabula)
 * Summit (Largest city: Akron)
 * Lake (Largest city: Mentor)
 * Lorain (largest municipality: Lorain)
 * Erie (largest city: Sandusky)
 * Cuyahoga (Largest city: Cleveland)
 * Lucas (Largest city: Toledo)
 * Ottawa (Largest city: Port Clinton)
 * Wood (Largest city: Bowling Green)

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Madison (Largest city: London)

By congressional district
Sherrod Brown won 14 of 18 congressional districts, including the 1st, 5th, 7th, 12th, 14th, 15th, and 16th districts, which elected Republicans to the House.


text:
Stadion Wankdorf

Wankdorf Stadium (Stadion Wankdorf) is a football stadium in Bern, Switzerland. The second largest all-seater football stadium in Switzerland, it is the home ground of BSC Young Boys. It was also one of the venues for UEFA Euro 2008.

History
The present-day Stadion Wankdorf was built on the grounds of the former Wankdorf Stadium, which hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup final (The Miracle of Bern), and was then demolished in 2001. The new stadium has a capacity of 32,000 spectators, all seated. Integrated into the roof are solar panels with a yearly production of 1,200,000 kWh. The stadium was officially opened on 30 July 2005, although the first match in the new stadium had already taken place on 16 July 2005. Young Boys played against Olympique de Marseille and lost 2–3 with 14,000 spectators watching. The match was considered an "infrastructure test", which is why no more than 14,000 tickets were sold.

The stadium was used by FC Thun for three Champions League home matches in 2005, and for one home match in the UEFA Cup round of 32 in 2006.

Fifteen years after the new stadium opened in 2005 (back then called Stade de Suisse), it was renamed Stadion Wankdorf in June 2020, in an effort to return to the stadium's roots.

Concerts
Bruce Springsteen performed at the stadium on 30 June 2009 as part of the Working on a Dream Tour in front of a sold-out crowd of 36,538 people.

AC/DC performed at the stadium on 8 June 2010 as part of their Black Ice World Tour and on 29 May 2016 during the Rock or Bust World Tour with Axl Rose as lead singer.

P!nk performed at the stadium on 10 July 2010 during The Funhouse Summer Carnival Tour.

Muse performed a sold-out show at the stadium on 15 June 2013 as part of their The 2nd Law World Tour.

Bon Jovi performed at the stadium on 31 May 2006 during their Have a Nice Day Tour, in front of a sold-out crowd of 38,762 people. The band performed at the stadium for the second time on 30 June 2013 during their Because We Can, in front of a sold-out crowd of 28,868 people.

Depeche Mode performed at the stadium on 7 June 2013 during their The Delta Machine Tour, in front of a sold-out crowd of 39,241 people.

One Direction performed at the stadium on 4 July 2014 during their Where We Are Tour.

On 15 July 2017, Celine Dion brought her Celine Dion Live 2017 tour to the stadium. She performed her sold-out show to 23,143 people, with a mixed set list of English and French.

On 5 June 2019 Rammstein performed in Bern during their Europe Stadium Tour 2019. The concert was sold out in several hours.

The Hot Seat
A peculiar feature of the Wankdorf Stadium is the presence of a single, red seat (the other seats are black and yellow). This was the first seat installed at the stadium, on 20 January 2005, and the honour of unveiling it was given to former Young Boys player and manager Walter Eich. There are no tickets available for this seat; every game the seat is occupied by a notable personality, often with ties to Young Boys.

Ice hockey attendance record
The Wankdorf Stadium with its artificial turf surface was an ideal candidate to provide Europe its first "new era" outdoor attendance record for ice hockey. On 14 January 2007, the massive local rivalry of SC Bern and SC Langnau managed to fill the Stade de Suisse with 30,076 fans, an event which was sold out within 53 hours of tickets going on sale. These two rivals regularly fill SC Bern's home venue Bern Arena with over 17,000 spectators.

UEFA Euro 2008
The stadium was one of the venues for the UEFA Euro 2008. The Netherlands played all three games at the stadium during the tournament:

UEFA Women's Euro 2025
The stadium was one of the venues for the UEFA Women's Euro 2025.

title: Stadion Wankdorf


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Julio Linares

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. No consensus. Take copyright concerns to WP:CP if appropriate. --Tony Sidaway Talk 05:23, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Julio Linares
Delete as the article is not written in English. Please feel free to speedy keep if there is a more appropriate place for these types of submissions. Hall Monitor 19:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No need to bring foreign language material to vfd. Trollderella 19:55, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's been translated into English now and a former government minister is notable. Keep. 24.34.190.187 20:52, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with above, except that the entire content has been sifted word for word from this obituary and as such I am assuming this constitutes a copyvio, translation or not, verdad? Dottore So 22:09, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Si, es un copyvio.Amren (talk) 22:41, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep No, it is not a copyvio. Both articles contain similar information because they are about the same person. Copying word for word (as opposed to paraphrasing) is a copywright violation. This, of course, includes a word for word translation. This article is neither. --Vizcarra 00:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
The Count (film)

The Count is Charlie Chaplin's fifth film for Mutual Film Corporation in 1916. Released on September 4, it co-starred Eric Campbell and Edna Purviance.

Plot
The tailor's handyman burns a count's trousers while ironing them and is fired. His superior discovers a note explaining the count can't attend a party, and dresses up like one to take his place.

Chaplin also goes to the residence hosting the party, but runs into the tailor. They both then struggle to win the fair maiden, Miss Moneybags. Soon, Charlie is distracted by a gypsy girl and the tailor must fend off other suitors. The real Count finally arrives, learns of the imposters and calls the police. Chaplin makes a mad dash through the party and scampers away to safety.

Cast

 * Charlie Chaplin - Tailor's apprentice
 * Edna Purviance - Miss Moneybags
 * Eric Campbell - Tailor
 * Leo White - Count Broko
 * Charlotte Mineau - Mrs. Moneybags
 * Albert Austin - Tall Guest
 * John Rand - Guest
 * Leota Bryan - Young Girl
 * Frank J. Coleman - Policeman
 * James T. Kelley - Butler
 * Eva Thatcher - Cook
 * Tiny Sandford - Guest
 * Loyal Underwood - Small Guest
 * May White - Large Lady

Reception
The Count received this positive review from the Chicago Tribune: "It has story, speed, and spontaneity. The fun is not forced--it just bubbles out. A good deal of the originality prevails and utter respectability. Some squeamish folks may take exception to Mr. Chaplin holding his nose while eating strong cheese, scratching his head with a fork, and washing his ears with watermelon juice at the table. But these vulgarities pass quickly and can be forgotten in the stress of the high comedy of the soup and the dance. Mr. Chaplin has his capacity for serious playing, but he is foremost as a clown and here he clowns superbly."

Sound version
In 1932, Amedee Van Beuren of Van Beuren Studios, purchased Chaplin's Mutual comedies for $10,000 each, added music by Gene Rodemich and Winston Sharples and sound effects, and re-released them through RKO Radio Pictures. Chaplin had no legal recourse to stop the RKO release.

title: The Count (film)


text:
User:EMcCutchan

Search user languages

My name is Eric, and I am an EMG technician for medical devices startup Emerge Diagnostics. I am interested in all things Indiana, since I was a Hoosier the first 3 decades of my life. I grew up in the Elkhart/Goshen area of north central Indiana, and I now live in Irving, Texas. I received my bachelor's degree from the University of Indianapolis in 2004, & I earned my master's degree at Indiana State University in 2007, both in athletic training. I currently live in Fort Worth, Texas. I have also been fortunate enough to have been an athletic training intern with the Indiana Pacers of the NBA when I was an undergraduate student.

I have created the following pages

 * Wacky Worlds (Mega Drive/Genesis)
 * WHME-TV
 * Template: Colleges and universities in metropolitan Indianapolis
 * Indiana State Road 123
 * Indiana State Road 134
 * Indiana State Road 219
 * Indiana State Road 223
 * Indiana State Road 319
 * Indiana State Road 329
 * Indiana State Road 342
 * Indiana State Road 435
 * Indiana Bible College

I have also made major contributions to these pages

 * Florida Flame
 * University of Indianapolis
 * Indiana State University
 * LeSEA

Pages to which I added images

 * Auto Zone Park
 * Eck Stadium
 * Hooters Air
 * Bass Pro Shops
 * Big I
 * Martinsville, Indiana
 * Bloomington, Indiana
 * VTi transmission

Pages I like

 * List of television stations in Indiana
 * List of State Roads in Indiana
 * Interstate 70
 * U.S. Highway 40
 * POWERade

My favorite bands

 * weezer
 * eels
 * REM
 * U2
 * Cake
 * Beck
 * Moby
 * Gorillaz
 * The Flaming Lips
 * The Bloodhound Gang
 * They Might Be Giants
 * Tenacious D
 * No Doubt
 * Paul and Storm
 * The Black Keys

Television shows I like to watch

 * All Star Trek
 * The Stargates
 * Battlestar Galactica
 * Lost
 * Simpsons
 * Family Guy
 * South Park
 * Jeopardy
 * MythBusters
 * Adult Swim
 * Tiki Bar TV

title: User:EMcCutchan


text:
Regil

Regil may refer to:

 * Marco Antonio Regil (born 1969), Mexican actor, television personality and game show host
 * Regil, a small village in Winford, a civil parish in the Chew Valley, Somerset, England

title: Regil


text:
Georg Leber

Georg Leber (7 October 1920 – 21 August 2012) was a German Trades Union leader and a politician in the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Biography
Leber was born in Obertiefenbach (Beselich). After serving in the Luftwaffe (the German air force) in World War II, he joined the SPD in 1947. In 1957, he was elected to the Bundestag, which he was a member of until 1983, representing Frankfurt am Main I.

In 1966, Leber was appointed minister for transportation for the grand coalition. He kept this position and became minister for postal service and long-distance communication under the joint SPD-FDP administration. In 1972, he gave up both positions and became minister of defence. Under his ministership the Bundeswehr was expanded and the Universities of the Bundeswehr were founded in Munich and Hamburg. In 1978, he left his position after a controversy in the defense ministry involving eavesdropping. From 1979 until 1983 he was the Deputy Speaker of the Bundestag.

Leber quit politics in 1986, and with his wife retired to the Bavarian countryside. From 1990 to 1993, he was a member of the Advisory Board of the Bertelsmann Stiftung.

Leber died in his hometown of Schönau on 21 August 2012.

title: Georg Leber


text:
Talk:Governor-General of Solomon Islands

"Elected"?
The article says (and I have heard said elsewhere) that the G-G is "elected" by the Solomon Islands parliament. How is this reconciled with the theory that the G-G is just a representative of the Queen? In the article on the G-G of Papua New Guinea, it says that the G-G of that state is nominated by the parliament. Would it be more accurate to put it this way for the Solomon Islands? --Jfruh 19:52, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You are right. Parliament nominates the GG and arrives at that nomination by vote,but the GG is appointed by the Queen.  The Queen is not obligated to accept the vote but it would take extraordinary circumstances for her not to dos so.  The article now reflects this. E x nihil  (talk) 03:15, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 30 December 2015

 * The following discussion is closed. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

Governor-General of Solomon Islands → Governor-General of the Solomon Islands – For consistency, as the definite article is used within the article titles of both Monarchy of the Solomon Islands and Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands.     06:21, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

Don't move. The official name of the country is actually Solomon Islands without the definite article and there are reasons for this. The Solomon Islands (archipelago) with the definite article are an archipelago in the western South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago forms much of the territory of the nation of [[Solomon Islands, while the northwestern islands are within the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, in eastern Papua New Guinea. The gazetted UN name of the country is Solomon Islands, the SI Constitution refers to Solomon Islands as does the national anthem and Queen Elizabeth is officially Queen of Solomon Islands not the Solomon islands and her letter of appointment of the Governor General describes the position as the the Governor General of Solomon Islands.  The Solomon Islands as the name of the nation is avoided because it describes a colonial administrative area that doesn't actually map onto either the nation or the archipelago.  This, together with explanations for the name issue is described in the articles in various places.  Most of the content of the articles about both get this correctly but somebody started changing some of the page names a while back to include the definite article thinking this was more grammatical, including I believe the one ones you refer to so it has now become a bit of a mess.  For consistency we probably need to change those pages to Monarchy of Solomon Islands and Prime Minister of Solomon Islands. Anything pre-1978 needs to be the Solomon Islands.  It is not a small issue to those that live there.  Think Cote d'Ivoire.  E x nihil  (talk) 09:07, 30 December 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ Requesting moves of both on the Monarchy of the Solomon Islands talk page. Thanks.     09:57, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

 * I moved the page to the above proposed titled after the discussion was closed at Talk:Monarchy of the Solomon Islands.  Vanjagenije  (talk)  15:59, 7 January 2016 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pascal Constanza

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus. Moved page to Pascal Costanza. · Katefan0(scribble) 15:55, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Pascal_Constanza
Looks like a vanity article about a person who does not fulfill the notability criteria 128.119.232.69 19:52, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. *drew 01:54, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm a lisper. This guy is notable in his field. --Tony Sidaway Talk  21:35, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I am relisting this article. R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 04:07, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, I've asked Tony for additional information on Pascal. - Mgm|(talk) 08:21, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * I know him mainly through a very influential introduction to Lisp. He's a researcher with a number of interesting projects, and I think we might put him relatively high on the scale of notability mainly because he has co-organized international workshops and conferences; for instance he was one of the organizers of ECOOP 2005 (European Conference on Object Oriented Programming) at Glasgow as well as delivering workshops and papers at that event. --Tony Sidaway Talk  17:53, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep major figures in the field of a certain programming language are encyclopedic. - Mgm|(talk) 08:48, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The article title is wrong, as it should be Pascal Costanza.  I'm somewhat familiar with Costanza from reading his postings in c.l.l. and c.l.s., but I'm not convinced that it's accurate to characterize him as a major figure in the field of a certain programming language.  Right off the top of my head I can think of two dozen or more lispers who are more much more notable. Although I love lisp and this is certainly not an attack on Costanza, I'm not sure that lispers that far down the totem pole are encyclopedically notable. Lisp is over 45 years old so it's harder to become notable for it now than it was for work in the 1960s through 1980s.  Quale 09:45, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A review and a presentation do not establish notability. Pilatus 15:25, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If we treated this analogously to WP:PROF, I think he fails the sniff test.  I'd say delete without prejudice for resubmission at some later date when he is well-known beyond the Usenet pond.  His CV indicates some good research, but nothing that rises beyond the level of thousands of other CS PhD's.  His research may yet yield fruit that is truly notable, and we should welcome him with open arms when he publishes it and is recognized for it.  Not yet.  Nandesuka 16:33, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As per Nandesuka. / Peter Isotalo 16:52, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Nandesuka. Does not meet the "professor test". MCB 19:36, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Tony, but the article needs to be improved and expanded. I confess to being a LISP fanatic myself. Sdedeo 19:47, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep title is wrong, yet, you might be able to expand on this a lot. WB 21:34, 5 September 2005
 * Keep and move - to Pascal Constanza. Notable in his field. Rob Church Talk 23:12, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete If this were a humanities prof with a similar level of exposure people would be deleting. Maybe that shouldn't be the case but we need at least to be consistent. Marskell 08:28, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:70.245.74.149

title: User talk:70.245.74.149


text:
Raden Saleh

Raden Saleh Sjarif Boestaman (Rādīn Ṣāliḥ Šarīf Būstāman, ꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦭꦺꦃꦯ꦳ꦫꦶꦥ꦳꧀ꦨꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦩꦤ꧀; EYD: Raden Saleh Syarif Bustaman; c. 1811 – 23 April 1880)   was a pioneering Romantic painter from the Dutch East Indies of Arab-Javanese ethnicity. He was considered to be the first "modern" artist from Indonesia (then the Dutch East Indies), and his paintings corresponded with nineteenth-century romanticism which was popular in Europe at the time. He also expressed his cultural roots and inventiveness in his work.

Early life
Raden Saleh Syarif Bustaman was born in 1811 in the village of Terboyo, near Semarang on the island of Java in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). He was born into a noble Hadhrami family; his father was Sayyid Husen bin Alwi bin Awal bin Yahya, whose family had come to Java via Surat in India in the seventeenth century. He was the grandson of Sayyid Abdullah Bustam through his mother, Raden Ayu Sarif Husen bin Alwi bin Awal. Through his sister, Roqayah, Raden Saleh was uncle by marriage to the famous religious leader Habib Ali Kwitang.

Travel to Europe
Young Raden Saleh was first taught in Bogor by the Belgian artist A.J. Payen. Payen acknowledged the youth's talent, and persuaded the colonial government of the Netherlands to send Raden Saleh to the Netherlands to study art. He arrived in Europe in 1829 and began to study under Cornelius Kruseman and Andreas Schelfhout.

It was from Kruseman that Raden Saleh studied his skills in portraiture, and later was accepted at various European courts where he was assigned to do portraits. While in Europe, in 1836 Saleh became the first indigenous Indonesian to be initiated into Freemasonry. From 1839, he spent five years at the court of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became an important patron.

From Schelfhout, Raden Saleh furthered his skills as a landscape painter. Raden Saleh visited several European cities, as well as Algiers. In The Hague, a lion tamer allowed Raden Saleh to study his lion, and from that his most famous painting of animal fights was created, which subsequently brought fame to the artist. Many of his paintings were exhibited at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Several of his paintings were destroyed when the Colonial Dutch pavilion in Paris was burnt in 1931.

Return to the Dutch East Indies/Indonesia
Raden Saleh returned to Dutch East Indies in 1852, after living in Europe for 20 years. He worked as conservator for the colonial collection of government art, and acted as court painter to the Governors-General. He also painted portraits of members of the colonial elite – European administrators, the Javanese priyayi or the Peranakan Chinese 'Cabang Atas' – as well as landscapes. Returning to Java, he expressed his uneasiness of living in the colonies, stating that "here, people only talks about coffee and sugar, then sugar and coffee" in one of his letters.

Upon returning, he married a wealthy Indo heiress of part-German extraction, Constancia von Mansfeld. His new wife financed the construction of Saleh's landhuis or country house on the private domain (particuliere land) that the couple had acquired, Cikini. Saleh's house was inspired architecturally by Callenberg Castle where he had stayed during his European travels c. 1844. Surrounded by vast grounds, most of them were converted into public gardens in 1862, and were closed in the turn of the century. In 1960, the Taman Ismail Marzuki was built in the former gardens. The house itself is still used today as a PGI Cikini Hospital building.

On his first wife's death, Saleh remarried to a young aristocratic woman of Yogyakarta Sultanate, Raden Ayu Danudirdja, in 1867 and subsequently moved to Bogor, where he rented a house near the Bogor Botanical Gardens with a view of Mount Salak. He later took his wife to travel in Europe, visiting countries such as the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Italy. His wife however contracted an illness while in Paris, the exact illness is still not known, and was so severe that they both immediately returned to Bogor. She died on 31 July 1880, following her husband's death three months earlier.

Death
On Friday morning, 23 April 1880, Saleh suddenly fell sick. He claimed that he was poisoned by one of his servants, and subsequently died; however post-mortem examination showed that his circulatory system was disrupted due to a clot near his heart. Saleh was buried two days later in Kampung Empang, Bogor. As reported in Javanese Bode newspaper, 28 April 1880, his funeral was "attended by various landheeren [landlords] and Dutch officials, and even by curious students from nearby school."

Painting
During his stay in Paris, Saleh met Horace Vernet whose painting frequently took themes of African wildlife. Compared to Vernet, Saleh's painting seems to be more influenced by the romantic painter Eugène Delacroix. This could be seen in one of Saleh's work, Hunting Lion, 1840, which has similar composition to Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People. However, Werner Kraus, a researcher in the Southeast-Asian Art Center of Passau, Germany, said that Saleh "never mentioned Delacroix. Perhaps he saw Delacroix's, and possibly Vernet's, works during an exhibition."

The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro
Raden Saleh is particularly remembered for his historical painting, The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro, which depicted the betrayal of the rebel leader Prince Diponegoro by the colonial government, thus ending the Java War in 1830. The Prince was tricked into entering Dutch custody near Magelang, believing he was there for negotiations of a possible cease-fire. He was captured through treachery and later deported.

The event had been previously painted by a Dutch painter Nicolaas Pieneman, commissioned by Lieutenant General Hendrik Merkus de Kock. It is thought that Saleh saw this painting during his stay in Europe. Saleh made significant changes in his version of the painting; Pieneman painted the scene from the right, Saleh from the left. Pieneman depicts Diponegoro with resigned expression, while in Saleh's he appears to be outraged. Pieneman gave his painting the title Submission of Prince Diponegoro, while Saleh gave The Arrest of Pangeran Diponegoro. It is known that Saleh deliberately painted Diponegoro's Dutch captors with large heads to make them appear monstrous, as opposed to the more proportionally depicted Javanese.

Raden Saleh’s work has been regarded as a sign of incipient nationalism in what was then the Dutch East Indies / Indonesia. This can also be seen it the depiction of Diponegoro's men. Pieneman had never been to the Indies, and so depicted Diponegoro's men in a more Arabic fashion. Saleh's version has a more accurate depiction of native Javanese clothing, with some figures wearing batik and blangkon.

Saleh finished this painting in 1857 and presented it to Willem III of Netherlands in The Hague. It was returned to Indonesia in 1978 as a realization of a cultural agreement between the two countries in 1969, regarding the return of cultural items which were taken, lent, or exchanged to the Dutch in the previous eras. Even though the painting did not fall under any of those categories, because Saleh presented it to the King of the Netherlands and it was never in the possession of Indonesia, it was nevertheless returned as a gift from the Royal Palace of Amsterdam, and is currently displayed at the Merdeka Palace Museum in Jakarta.

title: Raden Saleh


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List of Indonesian painters

Below is the list of painters from Indonesia or the Dutch Indies.

Native Indonesian Painters

 * Affandi (1907–1990)
 * Ahmad Sadali (1924–1987), painter and lecturer at the ITB-Bandung
 * Anak Agung Gde Sobrat (1912–1992)
 * Basuki Abdullah (1915–1993)
 * Djoko Pekik (1937-2023), painter and sculptor
 * I Ketut Soki (b. 1946)
 * Kartika Affandi-Koberl (b. 1934)
 * I Nyoman Masriadi (b. 1973), Balinese artist and painter
 * Ida Bagus Made (1915–1999), Balinese painter
 * Marina Joesoef (b. 1959)
 * Mochtar Apin (1923–1994)
 * Mustofa Bisri (b. 1944), Islamic teacher, leader, poet and painter
 * Raden Saleh (1811–1880)
 * Soewardja (b. 1900), painter who specialized in drawing water color painting
 * Srihadi Soedarsono (b.1931), painter and lecturer
 * Sudjana Kerton (1922–1994)
 * Tio Tjay (b. 1946)
 * Umi Dachlan (1943–2009), painter and lecturer at the ITB-Bandung
 * Yunizar (b. 1971)
 * Popo Iskandar (1927-2000), Painter And Essayist
 * Motchtar Apin (1923-1994), Abstract Painter
 * Abdul Djalil Pirous (b.1932), Painter And Lecture

Foreign-born Indonesian Painters

 * Antonio Blanco (1912–1999), Philippine-born Indonesian painter
 * Rudolf Bonnet (1895–1978), Dutch-born Indonesian painter
 * Lee Man Fong (1913–1988), Chinese-born Indonesian painter
 * Adrien-Jean Le Mayeur (1880–1958), Belgium-born Indonesian painter
 * Ries Mulder (1909–1973), Dutch-born Indonesian painter and lecturer
 * Arie Smit (1916–2016), Dutch-born Indonesian painter
 * Han Snel (1925–1998), Dutch-born Indonesian painter
 * Walter Spies (1895–1942), Russian-born Indonesian painter
 * Symon (1947–2020), American-born Indonesian painter, aka Ronald Thomas Bierl
 * Richard Winkler (b: 1969), Swedish-born Indonesian painter

title: List of Indonesian painters


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List of Belgian flags

This is a list of flags used in Belgium.

Monarch
Each royal standard for a monarch is a square rouge ponceau banner of the royal arms, personalised with the king's cypher in each corner.

title: List of Belgian flags


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User:Erik J

My real name is Erik P. G. Johansson. My "professional" skills are physics, theoretical physics and mathematics (from my education).

Found Wikipedia during 2005 and was very impressed by it. Wikipedian since August 26th 2005 (created user account and first edit).

Same person as Erik J on Swedish Wikipedia.

=Some favorites (which I have neither written nor edited)=
 * Nothing, Arizona
 * The Sokal Affair

title: User:Erik J


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User:Robchurch/TalkIndex

Archives: Aug 05 | Sept 05 | Oct 05 | Nov 05 | Dec 05 | Jan 06 | Feb 06 | Mar 06 | Apr 06 || May 06 | Jun 06 | Jul 06 || [ New Message]

title: User:Robchurch/TalkIndex


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List of Russian artists

This is a list of Russian artists. In this context, the term "Russian" covers the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, including ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities living in Russia. This list also includes those who were born in Russia but later emigrated, and those who were born elsewhere but immigrated to the country and/or worked there for a significant period of time.

title: List of Russian artists


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Whippany

Whippany may refer to the following in the U.S. state of New Jersey:

 * Whippany, New Jersey, a town in Morris County
 * Whippany Railway Museum, a railway museum and excursion train ride in the above town
 * Whippany River, a tributary of the Rockaway River in Morris County

title: Whippany


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Second Thoughts (album)

Second Thoughts is the second studio album by New Zealand art rock band Split Enz. It was recorded in London with Roxy Music's guitarist Phil Manzanera producing the album.

Four of the songs on the album were reworked versions of songs from their 1975 debut album, Mental Notes. Two other songs on the album had been first recorded during the Mental Notes sessions, but left off and re-recorded for Second Thoughts. There were two new songs, both written by Phil Judd, and a re-recording of an early Judd/Finn composition ("129"), which for the Second Thoughts version, was renamed "Matinee Idyll".

The album was called Mental Notes when released outside Australasia and also featured a reworked version of the Mental Notes cover (for comparison see original and remake). Wally Wilkinson's image was replaced with that of Robert Gillies, and some band members are shown with newer haircuts: Phil Judd was now bald, and Tim Finn had his sides shaved.

Tim Finn, Robert Gillies and Eddie Rayner have said that the band felt the songs needed to be redone. But both Phil Judd and Noel Crombie have said that the re-recording of the Mental Notes tracks was a waste of time. On his MySpace forum, Judd has said that Tim Finn was obsessed with making the songs sound better, while he had new songs that he wanted to record.

Track listing

 * * New arrangement of a song that first appeared on Mental Notes
 * † Recorded during the Mental Notes sessions but not included in it, and re-recorded for Second Thoughts

Personnel
Split Enz Additional personnel
 * Tim Finn – vocals, piano on "Stranger Than Fiction"
 * Phil Judd – vocals, guitars, mandolin
 * Jonathan Michael Chunn – bass, piano on "Titus"
 * Noel Crombie – percussion
 * Emlyn Crowther – drums
 * Robert Gillies – saxophone, trumpet
 * Edward Rayner – keyboards
 * Miles Golding – violin on "Stranger Than Fiction" and "Matinee Idyll"
 * Ian Sharp – cello on "Matinee Idyll"
 * Rhett Davies, Guy Bidmead – Recording engineers
 * Phil Manzanera – producer
 * Rhett Davies – Mixing engineer
 * John Prew – Front cover photograph
 * Split Enz – Back snaps
 * Special Thanks To Dave Russell and Wally Wilkinson

title: Second Thoughts (album)