text:
Telcel

Radio Móvil Dipsa S.A.U., doing business as Telcel, is a Mexican wireless telecommunications company, owned by América Móvil, founded in 1984 and based in Mexico City. Telcel holds concessions to operate a wireless network in all nine geographic regions in Mexico using both the 850 megahertz and 1900 megahertz radio spectrum.

History
In June 1926, the company Publicidad Turística S.A. was founded, as a subsidiary of Teléfonos de México. Its main activity was the commercialization of phone directories (white section and Yellow Section).

In September 1954, he changed his company name to that of "Professional Directories" (DIPSA), since he began to specialize in the edition of the blue directory by streets, construction directory, tourism and others. During the same year and due to the modernization of telecommunications, Teléfonos de México integrates DIPSA in the administration of Mobile Radiotelephony.

In 1981, the Secretariat of Communications and Transport (SCT) was asked for a concession to install and operate a mobile radiotelephony system known as mobile radiotelephony (telephone in the car).

In 1984, the concession was obtained to operate the mobile radiotelephony service network in Mexico City, under the name of Radiomovil DIPSA S.A de C.V.

In 1989, the Telcel brand was created, starting operations in Mexico City.

In 1996, the company launched the Amigo system, the first prepaid system in America and the world.

In 2002, Telcel implemented the GSM network and Value-Added services under the Ideas Telcel concept.

In 2008, it launched its 3G connectivity system.

For 2012 it implements its LTE, LTE Advanced and 4G-LTE Connectivity system, which allows a browsing speed of up to 5 Mbps.

In March 2016, Telcel wins the spectrum tender for the frequency band 1990-1990 MHz / 2990-2990 MHz (AWS Band).

In 2017, they presented solutions related to the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem.

In 2020, the 5G network is launched in closed testing mode to the public and it was expected that at the beginning of 2021.

On November 6, 2023, Telcel renews its image, eliminating the characteristic icon of the phone next to its name, keeping only the latter.

Voice services
Telcel provides services in AMPS, GSM, and TDMA, as well as the newer technologies of UMTS and WCDMA.

Data services
Two-way SMS was introduced by the company in January 2002, and MMS, using GSM technology (for postpaid and prepaid customers), commenced in March 2003. Since December 2004, postpaid and prepaid customers may send and receive short messages to and from users from 35 other countries.

Telcel supplies data services in GPRS, EDGE, 3G HSPA, 3.5G HSPA+, 4G LTE and 5G.

Sales and distribution
Telcel markets its wireless services primarily through exclusive distributors located throughout Mexico. As of March 31, 2007, Telcel had relationships with a network of approximately 1,171 exclusive distributors, who sell Telcel's services and products through approximately 48,320 points of sale and receive commissions.

3G Technology
Telcel officially launched its 3G (850MHz Band) services on February 25, 2008 initially in the cities of: Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Mérida, León, Morelia, Monterrey, Tijuana, Puebla, Santiago de Querétaro and México D.F. This was the second 3G Wireless Network, in Mexico after Iusacell's 3G Nationwide CDMA2000 network. Telcel's 3G Network expanded to other cities, to finally become a national 3G network which reaches more than 350 cities. Telcel's 3G network is based on UMTS / HSDPA / HSPA+ technology (850Mhz/Band 5).

Telcel launched its HSPA+ network in Mexico City and other major Mexican cities, by the end of 2011.

Unlike many companies, who advertise their HSPA+ network as a "4G network," Telcel advertises its HSPA+ Network as a "3.5G network,". As it counts with a 4G LTE Network, which is the one they advertise as "4G"

4G Technology
Telcel is the second company in Latin America to promote a 4G service (under LTE Band 4/1700 MHz), but the other player in the market, Iusacell, uses simply HSPA+ instead of LTE.

title: Telcel


text: Category:Volcanoes of Hawaii

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Volcanoes of Hawaii


text:
Romavia

Compania Română de Aviație Romavia R.A., usually referred to as Romavia, was a state airline from Romania, owned and controlled by the Romanian Ministry of National Defence. It operated VIP and charter flights, serving the demands of the Romanian state and its politicians. Romavia had its headquarters in Bucharest, with the base for its flight operations being located at the city's airports Henri Coandă and Băneasa.

History
Romavia was formed by the Romanian government in 1990 and launched flight operations the following year.

Romavia set up an Aircraft Maintenance Organization, for the benefit of their own fleet and for other customers. The fleet consisted, among other models, of two Romanian-built BAC (Rombac) 1-11 (YR-BRE and the last worldwide build, YR-BRI with stage III Rolls-Royce engines).

As of August 2014, the company is bankrupt.

Fleet
Over the years, Romavia operated the following aircraft types:

Incidents and accidents

 * On 10 January 1991, a Boeing 707-300 (registered YR-ABD) was damaged beyond repair during a crash landing at Bucharest Otopeni Airport. The aircraft had been on a crew training flight for soon-to-be-launched Romavia, when it hit the runway with its left wing, resulting in a fire. There were no casualties amongst the 13 persons on board.
 * On 13 December 1995, Banat Air Flight 166, an Antonov An-24 (registered YR-AMR) chartered from Romavia, crashed shortly after take-off from Verona Airport, killing all 41 passengers and 8 crew members on board. The accident most probably happened because of the aircraft having been overloaded and improperly de-iced.

title: Romavia


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 August 29

Category:State birds to Category:U.S. state birds

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename to United States state birds --Kbdank71 16:19, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

For consistency with other, similar, categories. TexasAndroid 18:05, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Defer to Category titles. Absolutely do not use abbreviation "U.S.". siafu 19:00, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment If this were brand new, I might agree, but with the exception of birds and fossils, everything in Category:U.S. state insignia already uses the form U.S. state widgets. Unless Wikipedia is going to soon do a mass renaming of all of these to the form State wisgets of the United States, the proposed renaming is the better one for now. Caerwine 19:27, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If we are going to do this, we can do it correctly now. As I see it, we have four other categories, and a number of lists to be moved.  The lists are easy, as they just require a Page Move each.  The categories are more tricky, but that's one reason to put them here: to get bot and manpower support in moves.  So I'm proposing to change my Rename suggestion to Category:United States state birds to be standard, and I'll submit the other four at once. TexasAndroid 21:16, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * RENAME it has to be renamed now. Whether the abbrieviation is correct or not is beside the current issue. "State" is not a US specific term. If it needs to be renamed again in the future, so be it, but right now, it is factually incorrect. 132.205.3.20 19:43, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:United States state birds. Category titles has pretty much decided that abbrevs are to be done away with. There is little question in this particular case over whether to use "American" or "United States", I would think. -Splash 23:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:State birds of the United States if we must avoid abbreviations. United States state is just too awkward a phrasing to be used. Caerwine 07:13, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Agrees. This works better.  I support this option. TexasAndroid 11:25, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:State birds of the United States per Caerwine. Hiding talk 08:27, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to "United States state birds". James F. (talk) 13:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:State birds of the United States. Hall Monitor 17:00, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:State birds of the United States. -choster 16:53, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * NOTE: as of now there is no consensus as to what to rename to. If I could make a suggestion, the US State Widgets (see Categories for deletion/Log/2005 August 29) was decided to go with the form of "United States state foo", and not "State foo of the United States".  For consistency, we should probably do the same here.  --Kbdank71 14:07, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm OK either way. But you're right, it makes sense to go with the same way the other four went. TexasAndroid 18:29, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Natives of Cornwall to Category:Cornish people

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus (no change) --Kbdank71 14:13, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Natives of Cornwall implies only people who were born in Cornwall. People such as Daphne du Maurier (already in the category) and William Bligh (on the List of Cornish people) were not born in Cornwall, but are closely associated with the county, either because they spent most of their lives there, self-identified as being Cornish, or came from Cornish families. The new category title would allow people like this to be properly categorised. -- Necrothesp 22:50, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, ethnic subcats. I'll go as far as England, Scotland, Wales and NI, but no farther. -Splash 23:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems a bit extreme, considering there are many categories already in existence for people from individual cities, let alone counties that have as much of an individual identity as Cornwall. -- Necrothesp 00:07, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Also seems extreme referring to England, Scotland and Wales as ethnic subcats when they are clearly countries. Hiding talk 10:22, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't really mean that those ones were ethnic subcats; just that Cornwall is. The reason I'll go as far as England, Scotland, Wales and NI is because they are countries, even if they are part of a single(-ish) State. -Splash 03:06, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Some people believe Cornwall is also a country. Note even Northern Ireland's status as a country is unclear, which is why I did not list it myself.  Note there is a Cornish language.  More so, though, I believe if the United States can categorise people by state then it is equally acceptable to allow categorisation of people by county in the United Kingdom. I do not see how categorising people at a county level is instigating an ethnic breakdown. Hiding  talk 09:59, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, most certainly, Cornwall has a strong and fiercely defended identity. The rename I am unsure of however, perhaps Category:People of Cornwall might be better, it doesn't so strongly imply they are native, and Cornish people to me still implies they are born there to me. Hiding  talk 08:26, 30 August 2005 (UTC) Rename talk 10:22, 31 August 2005 (UTC) Category:People from Cornwall, given Category:People by U.S. state uses predominately people from talk 10:04, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 13:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move Cornish people who're not native to Cornwall to category:Cornish people. — Instantnood 13:39, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's the standard term for such categories in the UK. It is possible to be a native of Cornwall without having any Cornish ethnicity. CalJW 03:58, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per CalJW. Hiding talk 08:11, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

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State widgits

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The result of the debate was rename as nominated --Kbdank71 14:03, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Category:U.S. state flags to Category:United States state flags
 * Category:U.S. state insignia by state to Category:United States state insignia
 * Category:U.S. state seals to Category:United States state seals
 * Category:U.S. state songs to Category:United States state songs

As is discussed in the State Birds discussion below, these are non-standard. Preference is to avoid abbreviations on category names. Discussion on State Birds was whether to follow normal preferences, or be consistant. I say let's move them all to where they should be, and be done with it. Then, both concerns are satisfied. :) -- TexasAndroid 21:23, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename all, but wonder about the state-songs one continuing to exist at all. Category titles has largely determined that abbrevs should be avoided in this kind of case. -Splash 23:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment If they must be renamed, do it to Category:State flags of the United States etc. United States state simply is not euphonious. Caerwine Caerwine 07:08, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds great. I'm up for the alternate naming.  That gives us:
 * Category:U.S. state flags to Category:State flags of the United States
 * Category:U.S. state insignia by state to Category:State insignia of the United States
 * Category:U.S. state seals to Category:State seals of the United States
 * Category:U.S. state songs to Category:State songs of the United States
 * TexasAndroid 11:29, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Retracting, so we don't get No Conscensous. TexasAndroid 14:01, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename as suggested by the original poster - "State seals of the United Kingdom", for example, would refer to the seals of state of the country, not the seals of state of the states of the country, so "State seals of the United States" is highly confusing. James F. (talk) 13:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Stannates

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:32, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 18:23, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, but this should be remade once we have articles for Sodium stannate (common ingredient in hair dye), Potassium stannate (used in plating), Nickel stannate, Cadmium stannate, etc. siafu 18:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and no need to remake later. Redundant with populated category Tin compounds Caerwine 20:10, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. James F. (talk) 13:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Stargate related

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The result of the debate was merge --Kbdank71 14:09, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

At the best the name is confusing. I had to look through several of the articles to figure out what the category is for. Since it only has three articles, I would suggest moving them up to Category:Stargate. TexasAndroid 18:15, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No argument. siafu 18:59, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * yup. i made it in sillyness. so DELETE. but not to be moved up to 'Stargate', because that category is so about the tv series, which the SG-3000 is not about.--alfakim 19:07, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * According to the article, SG-3000 is about the tv series. The category Stargate is for both the TV series and the movie/movie-books. 132.205.3.20 19:40, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If you do not want them merged up, please suggest a viable alternative. The articles need to live *somewhere* Stargate related. TexasAndroid 21:09, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  19:28, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * MERGE' with Category:Stargate 132.205.3.20 19:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as suggested. James F. (talk) 13:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as suggested. --Kbdank71 13:34, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Swedish statistical lists

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:32, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 17:54, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No argument. siafu 23:26, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Taba'een

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The result of the debate was keep --Kbdank71 13:57, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 17:03, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I just populated it based on Taba'een. siafu 23:25, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Changing my vote.  saifu did a good job populating and parenting it.  Now in use, no need to delete. TexasAndroid 00:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Taba taba'een

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:32, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 17:03, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No articles to populate with. siafu 23:33, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Tarlo

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:32, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 17:03, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No argument. siafu 23:32, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, doesn't indicate any particular Tarlo and anyway the Tarlos with articles are unlikely to require categories. - choster 16:55, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Technological Lists

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:32, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 17:03, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No argument. siafu 23:36, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Technology for geography

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:32, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 17:03, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Empty, vague. siafu 23:37, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per siafu. - choster 21:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Teen Titans locations

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:32, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 16:56, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No argument. siafu 23:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Category is redundant, see Category:DC Comics locations. Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 04:45, 2005 August 30 (UTC)

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Category:Television channels in Spain

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:54, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 16:56, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Redundant with Category:Television stations in Spain. siafu 23:46, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with redundancy. I was going to say keep and populate, but there's no need. -Splash 23:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Reverse rename, "television channels" is more common. James F. (talk) 13:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * "Stations" is the term used on wikipedia, per Category:Television stations and Television station. Television channel is just a redirect. siafu 12:34, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No, both terms are used. Spain isn't a U.S. colony. CalJW 03:55, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. --Kbdank71 13:28, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Temples of India

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:56, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. (I know some of these could be speedied, but I'm tossing them up via CFD instead in case someone can make them useful instead. I see no rush to remove them.) TexasAndroid 16:28, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and populate. I'm not very familiar with Hinduism, but there is Category:Mosques in India, so this one must surely have articles that could populate it. siafu 23:40, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as Category:Hindu_temples should suffice. As the great majority of Hindus, and logically the great majority of Hindu temples, will be located in India, I hold that renaming to Hindu temples in India á la Category:Hindu temples in Cambodia is overcategorization. For an analogue compare at Category:Shinto shrines.  - choster 01:39, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * COMMENT That's not a valid analog. Shintoism is more or less Japan only. Hinduism spread across South-East asia and was the major religion before being displaced by Islam. 132.205.44.43 19:37, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course, but that is besides the point. It remains that the contents of Category:Hindu temples are overwhelmingly Indian. - choster 21:55, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Empty and vague; are they Hindu temples? Buddhist temples? some other religion? If any of those would be useful, create and name them as such (which would also match most other categories for temples in specific countries). --Mairi 01:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and populate. It's not vague.  It is about temples in a country, not temples of a religion. -- Reinyday, 00:29, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * But unlike, for instance, gurdwaras, the English word "temple" is used for the houses of many faiths, and a Buddhist temple has as much to do with a Hindu temple as it does a synagogue. A better countrywide umbrella would be Category:Religious buildings in India. -choster 17:05, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * COMMENT Submitter here.  If one or another of the people suggesting "Keep and populate" would please do the populating, and give it a valid parent, I would gladly change my vote to Keep as well.  As long as it stays empty and parentless, my vote stays Delete.
 * Delete. Empty.  --Kbdank71 13:27, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Templates for Hinduism

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:30, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 16:28, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No argument. siafu 23:49, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Tellurides
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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:30, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 16:28, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Redundant with the populated category Telluride minerals Caerwine 19:46, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And with category Tellurium compounds as well. Caerwine 19:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No argument. siafu 23:50, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete Vsmith 02:51, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Thought it was for alumni of Telluride House. - choster 17:02, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

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Category:The Atlas Games
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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:30, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. Large text already moved to Atlas Games (sports event). TexasAndroid 16:47, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No argument. siafu 23:51, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Time travelers in Back to the Future
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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:30, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 16:31, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Is this a recreation from a previous CfD? siafu 23:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes it's a recreation of Category:Back to the Future time travelers. Delete. JW 11:11, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Torun
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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:51, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. TexasAndroid 16:28, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: it would probably be a good idea to have a soft redirect to Category:Toruń instead of just deletion, since the real name uses a non-English character. siafu 23:55, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Quarkonium
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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:30, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Empty category. Salsb 15:43, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Very few things to put in it anyway, and Category:Mesons is a perfectly good category.
 * Delete per anon, though it's Category:Meson. siafu 23:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Australian Commonwealth ministries to Category:Ministries of Australia
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The result of the debate was keep --Kbdank71 14:32, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Using "Australian Commonwealth" is awkward in any case. Here it is rather purposeless. I believe it should be renamed to "Ministries of Australia" because it sounds better, and so I can have sub-categories for State ministries. Cyberjunkie | Talk 14:42, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Not well versed in Australian politics, but aren't there already State ministries sub-categorised in Category:Australian ministries, of which this is also a sub-category. For that reason, at this moment I vote keep. Hiding  talk 21:58, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Rather sillily, I didn't notice that whilst working through the categories. However, I'd still like for the category to be renamed to Category:Ministries of Australia so that I incorporate all ministries, State and Commonwealth, under that title.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 14:04, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, I think. James F. (talk) 13:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I prefer the current phrasing. It seems clearer for those who don't know how Australia is organised. CalJW
 * Okay. Perhaps its not clear how I would like the hierarchy. I think "Ministries of Australia" should be the umbrella category for all ministries in Australia. "Australian Commonwealth ministries" would become "Australian ministries", which is consistent with the naming used for State ministries (eg "Western Australian ministries"). Had I noticed "Australian ministries" in the first place, I would not have needed to make this nomination.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 17:57, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Teen Titans characters to Category:Teen Titans animated series characters
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The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 13:49, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

I'd like this category to be renamed, as it provides too much confusion between the animated and comic book versions of Teen Titans. --Apostrophe 05:46, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 13:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Sounds like a logical move to lessen confusion. TexasAndroid 15:31, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. No argument. siafu 23:59, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment although I agree with the proposed rename, I ask that certain users refrain from moving contents of categories before the end of a discussion. Although it may seem that the discussion is logical and going in one direction, making changes hours after the proposal is premature as it may change. Thanks.  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  00:12, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

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Volcanoes
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The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 13:35, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

We recently renamed "Hawaiian volcanoes" to the more standard "Volcanoes of Hawaii". This subcategory should follow the same pattern Nandesuka 04:08, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:Oahu volcanoes to Category:Volcanoes of Oahu
 * Category:Maui Nui volcanoes to Category:Volcanoes of Maui Nui
 * Category:Hawaii (island) volcanoes to Category:Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii
 * converted to crfu ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  05:07, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename per nom. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  05:11, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 13:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename No argument TexasAndroid 15:33, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Advertise the running discussion at Category titles which is pondering whether to change all of these to "in" or "of". -Splash 23:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Defer per Splash. siafu 00:00, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:British heritage railway companies to Category:British heritage railways
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The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 13:34, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Proposed as speedy rename on 26 August. Does not meet speedy rename criteria, listing here. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 00:19, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Should be straightforward enough. Agree. Grutness...  wha?  02:21, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Rename (above was not vote, just listing). ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  05:11, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 13:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as proposed. Bhoeble 14:05, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Question. Why is the word 'heritage' in the title? If it's because they have some protection from British Heritage, then either capitals are needed or a completely different title is. -Splash 23:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I see this discussion has been preemtped. Why? -Splash 23:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Nothing to do with British Heritage. A heritage railway is a preserved railway still running steam or other vintage locomotives, primarily for tourists and rail enthusiasts. These are heritage railways in Britain, and the phrase "British heritage railways" would be understood as such by any railway enthusiast. Grutness...  wha?  09:04, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Or even English Heritage, though that exists. CalJW 01:33, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The same person created both of these categories, and decided that the first was a mistake. This shouldn't really have needed to go to a vote. The categorisation is done by template, and the relevant amendment was made three days before this listing, but it didn't take effect for some technical reason. See the talk page if you want, but this is a storm in a tea-cup. Bhoeble 01:42, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * When categorisation is done by a template, any changes to the category name in the template require all articles containing the template to get null-edits before they will move to the new category (this is a problem I face all the time as a stub-sorter...) Grutness...  wha?  10:31, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

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Category:2005 in Science
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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:30, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The correct name is Category:2005 in science. —Mike 03:21, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  05:11, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 13:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

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Category:2004 in Science
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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:30, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The correct name is Category:2004 in science. —Mike 03:21, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  05:11, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy rename as suggested. James F. (talk) 13:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

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text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 August 29


text:
Talk:Patricia Neal

Filmography
A contributor from a numbered IP undid the wikilinks for films that don't have articles yet. They didn't explain why- they did this. And they did a bad job. So I am reverting. -- Geo Swan 23:40, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Edits from Banned User HC and IPs
1) and all of his sockpuppets are EXPRESSLY banned for life.

2) Be on the look out for any edits from these IP addresses:
 * AOL NetRange: 92.8.0.0 - 92.225.255.255
 * AOL NetRange: 172.128.0.0 - 172.209.255.255
 * AOL NetRange: 195.93.0.0 - 195.93.255.255

Illnesses and Near Death
There should be something in here about her health when she was incapacitated for nearly two years and had to be "re-learned" to walk, talk, cook, etc. This was a big event in her life.

> Best O Fortuna (talk) 09:06, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Return to Catholicism.(98.114.228.55 (talk) 21:07, 22 August 2010 (UTC))
Patricia Neal returned to Catholicism about 4 months prior to her passing. World Over Live August 22 EWTN interview with her friend Dolores Hart

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"Odd twist"
"In an odd twist, Neal died at her home in Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, on August 8, 2010, from lung cancer, the same as her character Julia Sanderson from an episode of Little House on the Prairie." I don't think the character died in 2010, so awkward wording here at best. More importantly, it's also uncited and I can't immediately find a source that even alludes to this, however low-grade -- original research? 109.255.211.6 (talk) 13:08, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

Nervous Breakdown
"Nervous breakdown" is a phrase used in the popular press but has no real medical meaning (so says the "Wiki aricle that "Nervous Breakdown" redirects to). If some reliable source actually uses "nervous breakdown" then it should be in quotes and cited. Otherwise, some better description should be found. 2600:1700:CA10:18A0:D110:9546:C46B:2600 (talk) 05:04, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patricia Neal


text:
Toges

Toges may refer to:

 * Touge (Japanese: 峠, tôge)
 * Toges, a commune of the Ardennes département, in France

title: Toges


text: User:Dmnapolitano

title: User:Dmnapolitano


text:
File:Clock rate according to Moore's Law (graph).gif

Graph according to Moore's original law, clock rate doubles every 18 months


text:
Zhang Juzheng

Zhang Juzheng (26 May 1525 – 9 July 1582), courtesy name Shuda, pseudonym Taiyue , was a Chinese politician who served as Senior Grand Secretary in the late Ming dynasty during the reigns of the Longqing and Wanli emperors. He represented what might be termed the "new Legalism". Aiming to ensure that the gentry worked for the state, one of his chief goals was to reform and rationalize the bureaucracy together with his political rival Gao Gong, who was concerned that offices were providing income with little responsibility. Taking the Hongwu Emperor as standard and ruling as de facto Prime Minister, Zhang's true historical significance comes from his centralization of existing reforms, positioning the reformative agency of the state over that of the gentry—the "Legalist" idea of the sovereignty of the state.

The Wanli Emperor deeply respected Zhang as a mentor and valued minister. During the first ten years of the Wanli era, the Ming dynasty's economy and military power prospered in a way not seen since the Yongle Emperor and the Rule of Ren and Xuan from 1402 to 1435. However, after Zhang's death, the Wanli Emperor felt free to act independently, and reversed many of Zhang's administrative improvements.

Early career
Zhang Juzheng was born in Jiangling County, in modern–day Jingzhou, Hubei province, in 1525, and was renowned for his intelligence at an early age, passing the county shengyuan examinations at the age of 12 and enrolling for the provincial juren examinations the next year, where the chief examiner failed him to prevent his becoming complacent. Finally, in 1547, he passed the imperial examination and was appointed as an editor in the Hanlin Academy.

Zhang was embroiled in deep political turmoil from the start of his career, owing to the factionalism prevalent in the Ming bureaucracy at the time. He was one of few officials who had cordial relations with both Yan Song and Xu Jie, the leaders of the respective factions, but eventually assisted Xu in overthrowing Yan Song. Subsequently, under Xu's patronage, Zhang became a Privy Secretary in 1567, outlasting Xu himself and sharing power with his political rival Gao Gong. In 1572, shortly after the accession of the Wanli Emperor, Gao was ejected from office by Zhang and his ally, the eunuch Feng Bao, on charges that he had questioned the ability of the child emperor to rule. This left Zhang as the sole Grand Secretary, in effect controlling the entire Ming bureaucracy during the first ten years of the Wanli era.

As Senior Grand Secretary
Zhang's reforms consisted primarily of fiscal measures in order to address the persistent revenue shortages that plagued the government. At the same time, laws were instituted from 1573 onwards to tighten monitoring and assessment of officials, in an attempt to restore discipline to an increasingly corrupt bureaucracy. Other major measures included the large–scale retrenchment of officials to achieve savings, as well as efforts to reclaim tax–exempt lands and expand the revenue base. In 1580 the single whip law was instituted, commuting all taxes and labour obligations into silver payments, while an empire–wide land survey was also ordered.

In military affairs, Zhang promoted and supported competent generals such as Qi Jiguang in order to strengthen the empire's northern borders.

Zhang also played a very important role as mentor and regent during the early years of the reign of the Wanli Emperor. He strongly influenced and guided the emperor through his teenage years. However, the strict upbringing he imposed on the emperor also aroused resentment, while his attempts to centralise government and improve its finances affected the interests of large sections of the bureaucracy, leading to frequent controversy. One example of this was the death of Zhang's father in 1577; normally this would have obliged Zhang to enter filial mourning (according to Confucianist tradition) and leave his post, but Zhang applied to remain in office, and was retained by the emperor. In the subsequent dispute over the propriety of Zhang's actions, several opposing officials were subjected to punishment by caning, which only increased the impression of Zhang's domineering nature.

Zhang's fiscal policies met with only mixed success, due to the institutional resistance to his reforms. While the fiscal situation of the imperial government was much improved, and the coffers were refilled with silver, most of the reforms he instituted either failed to achieve their aims, such as the empire-wide land survey, or were quickly discarded after his death in 1582. At the same time, his luxurious lifestyle—which included meals with over a hundred dishes, and a palanquin carried by 32 men—exposed him to charges of hypocrisy even as he imposed austerity measures on the rest of the bureaucracy.

After his death, Zhang's political opponents quickly accused him and his supporter Feng Bao of several major charges, including corruption, embezzlement, and factionalism (党争). As a result, his family was purged and his wealth and estate confiscated on the Wanli Emperor's orders, while several of his political allies were forced to retire. Zhang's reputation would only be rehabilitated more than half a century later, just before the downfall of the Ming dynasty.

Zhang's commentary on the "Four Books"
In 1573, Zhang presented the Wanli Emperor with a commentary on the Four Books of the Confucian canon, entitled "Colloquial Commentary on the Four Books" ("四书直解", Sì Shū Zhíjie). It was published some time between 1573 and 1584. The book was not destroyed during the posthumous disgrace of Zhang, and even enjoyed a measure of renown among the Chinese literati almost a century later, during the early decades of the Qing dynasty, when several editions of it appeared between 1651 and 1683.

In the assessment of modern scholars (e.g. D.E. Mungello), Zhang's commentary was, in its content and meaning, not that different from the commentary written by Neo–Confucianist Zhu Xi. The Jesuits rejected the Neo–Confucianism but found Zhang's book more consonant with their view of Confucius' teaching. As a result, there are numerous references to Zhang's work in Confucius Sinarum philosophus, the pioneering Latin translation and commentary of the Confucian classics, which had been gradually created by a large group of Jesuits over several decades and published in Paris in 1687.

Literature
Zhang Juzheng (Chang Chü–cheng) is an important character in Ray Huang's 1587, a Year of No Significance, a documentary book on the period. Zhang is also a main character in Chinese television series Ming Dynasty in 1566.

title: Zhang Juzheng


text:
User:MrTroy

This user has left Wikipedia.

title: User:MrTroy


text: Category:Toll bridges in Oregon

title: Category:Toll bridges in Oregon


text:
TO-92

The TO-92 is a widely used style of semiconductor package mainly used for transistors. The case is often made of epoxy or plastic, and offers compact size at a very low cost.

History and origin
The JEDEC TO-92 descriptor is derived from the original full name for the package: Transistor Outline Package, Case Style 92. The package is also known by the designation SOT54. By 1966 the package was being used by Motorola for their 2N3904 devices among others.

Construction and orientation
The case is molded around the transistor elements in two parts; the face is flat, usually bearing a machine-printed part number (some early examples had the part number printed on the top surface instead). The back is semi-circularly-shaped. A line of moulding flash from the injection-moulding process can be seen around the case.

The leads protrude from the bottom of the case. When looking at the face of the transistor, the leads are commonly configured from left-to-right as the emitter, base, and collector for 2N series (JEDEC) transistors, however, other configurations are possible, such as emitter, collector, and base commonly used for 2S series (Japanese) transistors or collector,  base, and emitter for many of the BC series (Pro Electron) types.

If the face has a part name made up of only one letter and a few numbers, it can be either a Japanese or a Pro Electron part number. Thus, "C1234" would likely be a 2SC1234 device, but "C547" is usually short for "BC547".

The leads coming out of the case are spaced 0.05" (1.27 mm) apart. It is often convenient to bend them outward to a 0.10" (2.54 mm) spacing to make more room for wiring. Units with their leads pre-bent may be ordered to fit specific board layouts, depending on the application. Otherwise, the leads may be bent manually; however, care must be taken as they can break easily, as with any other device that is manually configured.

The physical dimensions of the TO-92 housing may vary slightly depending on the manufacturer, however, the 1.27mm lead spacing must be respected.

Advantages

 * Transistors of this type can be made very inexpensively and take up very little board space. Most models are readily available in large quantities from wholesale distributors.
 * They are easy to find in small electronics stores because of their wide usefulness, making them a popular choice for hobby work and prototyping.

Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of this style of case is the lack of heat sinking.
 * Transistors and ICs of these types cannot handle as much power as higher-power equivalents, such as the TO-220, and can burn out quickly if they dissipate excessive power.
 * There is no standard pinout for the TO-92. The American BJTs use the E-B-C pinout while their Japanese counterparts use the E-C-B pinout and some RF devices use the B-E-C pinout.

Voltage and current
Although TO-92 devices are mainly used in low-voltage / low-current (<30 V; <1 A) applications, high-voltage (600 Volt Vce) and high-current (5 A Ic) devices are available. Nominal maximum power dissipation is less than one watt (600 mW).

Variants
For diodes or integrated circuits with two connections (e.g. temperature sensors) the middle lead is either not connected or omitted entirely.

In the late 1960s, Ferranti introduced a smaller package with a compatible footprint, called "E-Line". This package was later standardized as a British Standard (but not by JEDEC) and remained in production with Ferranti Semiconductors' successor companies (Plessey, Zetex Semiconductors, Diodes Incorporated ). In East Germany the E-Line package was known as the "Miniplast" package and widely used by Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt.

Common components in a TO-92 package
Common transistors:
 * BC548, general purpose NPN transistor
 * BC558, general purpose PNP transistor
 * 2N3904, general purpose NPN transistor
 * 2N3906, general purpose PNP transistor
 * 2N7000, N-channel FET
 * BS170, N-channel FET, similar to 2N7000
 * PN2222A, a "plastic" version of the original 2N2222 NPN transistor which came in a TO-18 package

Other common components:
 * MK484, AM radio integrated circuit
 * 78Lxx series, voltage regulator integrated circuits
 * TL431, voltage regulator integrated circuit

title: TO-92


text:
User:Tuexss

I was born in 1981 in Bad Godesberg, Bonn, Germany. He studies Theoretical and Applied linguistics at the University of Bonn, with Psychology and Computer Science as minor. Further interests lie in Philosophy and Political science. He loves foreign languages.

Personal Statement
In my opinion Wikipedia is exactly what the world wide web was meant to be, when it was invented: To make informations accessible for free all around the world as fast as possible. But then came the economy, the media, the political institutions, the law, and many more, who made the internet just another part of the real world. By having this wiki, we separated an area of this www for our own use, under our own control, with own dynamics. Breaking the barriers is what we need to do, so equality for access to information is possible.

The main task for us is at the moment to establish the wikipedia on all social levels, and to find experts in all realms of knowledge. Furthermore we should aim on lowering barriers not only for physical access to the wikipedia in the poorer areas of the world, but also in concern of different languages, handicaps, ipv6, mirrors und comprehensibility of articles. Wikipedia should implement, what's demanded by german students at demonstrations: Education for all, for free.

I stubbed the article about...

 * Rob Grootendorst - Robin Benzing - Schürmann-Bau - Jan Eichhorn - Jens Boden - Patrick Femerling - Category:Urban districts and boroughs of Bonn - Category:Sport in Bonn

de:Benutzer:Trickstar fr:Utilisateur:Trickstar hr:Suradnik:Trickstar pt:Usuário:Trickstar

title: User:Tuexss


text: User talk:24.94.88.236

title: User talk:24.94.88.236


text:
User talk:Tuexss

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Beach volleyball players at the 2021 Summer Olympics

A tag has been placed on Category:Beach volleyball players at the 2021 Summer Olympics indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 15:24, 25 July 2021 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:International Design Excellence Awards

Quote
Are we allowed to quote from other sources? Not the whole page (that would be plagiarism), but part of a sentence. -Wikimachine.

Merge International then move to International
This award's name apparently has changed to International Design Excellence Awards, but the edits are in Industrial Design Excellence Awards. I propose merging the short content in International Design Excellence Awards to Industrial Design Excellence Awards, then having an administrator move Industrial Design Excellence Awards to International Design Excellence Awards. This is most likely a non-controversial move. --Closeapple (talk) 17:12, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * There was no merging to be done, so I just got rid of the merge template in this page and turned the other page to a redirect. I then added the appropriate "uncontroversial proposal" request to Requested_moves. Guy Harris (talk) 23:57, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

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Metagenics

The word metagenics uses the prefix meta and the suffix gen. Literally, it means "the creation of something which creates". In the context of biotechnology, metagenics is the practice of engineering organisms to create a specific enzyme, protein, or other biochemicals from simpler starting materials. The genetic engineering of E. coli with the specific task of producing human insulin from starting amino acids is an example. E. coli has also been engineered to digest plant biomass and use it to produce hydrocarbons in order to synthesize biofuels. The applications of metagenics on E. coli also include higher alcohols, fatty-acid based chemicals and terpenes.

Biofuels
The depletion of petroleum sources and increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the twenty and twenty-first centuries has been the driving factor behind the development of biofuels from microorganisms. E. coli is currently regarded as the best option for biofuel production because of the amount of knowledge available about its genome. The process converts biomass into fuels, and has proven successful on an industrial scale, with the United States having produced 6.4 billion gallons of bioethanol in 2007. Bioethenol is currently the front-runner for alternative fuel production and uses S.cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis to create ethanol through fermentation. However, maximum productivity is limited due to the fact that these organisms cannot use pentose sugars, leading to consideration of E.coli and ''Clostridia. E.coli'' is capable of producing ethanol under anaerobic conditions through metabolizing glucose into two moles of formate, two moles of acetate, and one mole of ethanol. While bioethanol has proved to be a successful alternative fuel source on an industrial scale, it also has its shortcomings, namely, its low energy density, high vapor pressure, and hygroscopicity. Current alternatives to bioethanol include biobutanol, biodiesel, propanol, and synthetic hydrocarbons. The most common form of biodiesels is fatty acid methyl esters and current synthesis strategies involve transesterification of triacylglycerols from plant oils. However, plant oils have a major limitation in availability of oil-seed supplies at competitive prices, leading to an interest in direct synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters in bacteria. This process bypasses transesterification, leading to higher energy yields and lower production cost. One of the principal obstacles in production of viable biofuels is that the maximum blend ratio of biofuel to petroleum is between 10% and 20%, Current biofuels are not compatible with high-performance, low-emission engines and costly changes in infrastructure and engine remodeling would be required. A University of Exeter study sought to overcome this obstacle through production of biofuels that can replace current fossil fuels through sustainable means, namely, the production of n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, and n-alkenes, as these are the hydrocarbons that compose current retail transport fuels. The study found suitable substrates for production of the aforementioned hydrocarbons by means of the P. luminescens fatty acid reductase (FAR) complex. A study published in Biotechnology for Biofuels used S. cerevisiae to produce short- and branched-chain alkyl esters biodiesel through metabolic engineering. Negative regulators for the INO1 gene, Rpd3 and Opi1 were deleted to boost S. cerevisiae's ability to produce fatty acid esters. To increase the production of alcohol precursors, five isobutanol pathway enzymes were overexpressed.

Insulin Production
Increase in the demand for recombinant insulin can be explained by an increase in the number of diabetic patients globally, as well as alternative delivery methods such as inhalation and oral routes, which require higher doses. Through the use of recombinant DNA technology, E. coli can be used for the production of human insulin. The biosynthesis of insulin within the human body confers a significant advantage over bovine or porcine synthesis, which are often immunogenic in diabetic patients. To accomplish this, synthetic genes for human insulin are fused with the β-galactosidase gene of E.coli, where they undergo transcription and ultimately translation into proteins. The limiting factor for the use of microorganisms like E. coli in biosynthesis of gene products like insulin is time, yet due to advancements in the synthesis of oligonucleotides and liquid chromatography, the production time needed for DNA fragments has greatly decreased. Recombinant human insulin was first approved for clinical trials in 1980. At this time the A and B chains of insulin were produced separately and then chemically joined. Joining of the two chains was often carried out through air oxidation with low efficiency. A 1978 study by Goedell et al. successfully accomplished correct joining of the A and B chains through S-sulfonated derivatives and an excess of the A chain, resulting in 50-80% correct joining. Recent advances have allowed the chains to be synthesized together by inserting the human proinsulin gene into E. coli cells, which produce proinsulin through fermentation.

title: Metagenics


text: User talk:70.48.92.92

title: User talk:70.48.92.92


text:
Lochranza Castle

Lochranza Castle is an L-plan fortified tower house situated on a promontory in Lochranza, on the northern part of the Isle of Arran in Scotland. Most of the current structure was built in the 16th century.

History
The castle dates from the 13th century when it was owned by the MacSweens. In 1262, King Alexander III granted the castle and its lands to Walter Stewart, the Earl of Menteith. It is believed that Robert the Bruce landed at Lochranza in 1306 on his return from Ireland to claim the Scottish throne. By 1371, the castle was the property of Robert II. It is thought that at this time it was used as a royal hunting lodge.

During the 1490s, James IV used the castle in his campaign against the Lord of the Isles and the Clan MacDonald.

In 1600 Robert Montgomerie of Skelmorlie recovered the castle for the Marquess of Hamilton from Alastair Mc Alastair and his followers.

In 1614 it was occupied by the king and in the 1650s it was used by Oliver Cromwell.

By 1705, Lochranza Castle was the property of the Hamilton family, after it was purchased by the Duchess of Hamilton. The Hamiltons had owned other estates on the Isle of Arran so eventually sold it to the Blackwood-Davidson family who used it as their principal seat. During the 18th century, the castle fell into disuse and was abandoned. The castle is now in the care of Historic Scotland.

In popular culture
For the album The Black Island in The Adventures of Tintin, Methuen Publishing, the English publisher, asked for more realism for the third edition of 1966. Bob de Moor, then Hergé's assistant, followed in Tintin's exact footsteps, drawing inspiration from different locations to produce a new set of background designs. He goes to the Isle of Arran. According to Charles Dierick, a member of Studios Hergé, it erroneously follows that Lochranza Castle is said to serve as a model. But this one has a square tower and its silhouette is not appropriate, whereas on this same island Bob de Moor reproduces certain details of Brodick Castle.

The castle appeared in "Dom Joly and the Black Island" on Channel 4 TV on 19 March 2010, in which it was portrayed as being Kisimul Castle on the Isle of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, as it appeared directly after Joly was shown attempting to reach Kisimul Castle.

title: Lochranza Castle


text:
Talk:Theodore Pappas

Untitled
Ted doesn't seem to know what's going on. From the New Yorker (July 16, 2001):

Amid such typically elliptical remarks, her description of how she [Laurie Anderson] came to write the song "Statue of Liberty" leaps out: "When I started working on the record I had just finished writing the entry about New York for the Encyclopaedia Britannica."

...

"Well, on most topics we would have scholars do the writing," Tom Panelas, a Britannica spokesman, said last week. "Laurie Anderson might be able to write about performance art. I can investigate the matter further, but I am fairly certain that we wouldn't commission an article about New York from her."

Panelas called back the next day. "Lo and behold," he said. "Laurie Anderson is writing an entry about New York for the Encyclopaedia." Inspired by "The American Scene," a series of travel essays by Henry James, Theodore Pappas, the Britannica executive editor, decided to supplement the Encyclopaedia's existing entries with a number of impressionistic writings about American cities and towns. Annie Proulx was asked to write about Rock Springs, Wyoming. Camille Paglia took on Syracuse. David Mamet got Chicago.

Senile or what? He couldn't even keep track of his new popcruft campaign. lots of issues | leave me a message 00:10, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Huh? Doesn't it seem from that quote that Tom, not Ted, is the one who was confused?
 * Damnit. :-( I confused the two...  lots of issues  | leave me a message 07:56, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Theodore Pappas


text: Category:2001 Atlantic hurricane season

title: Category:2001 Atlantic hurricane season


text: User:Gadtium

title: User:Gadtium


text:
Talk:List of Dutch musicians

[Untitled]
This list is based on Lijst van Nederlandse bands en artiesten, Music of the Netherlands and the related categories. The aim is to increase the available information on Dutch music. Brz7

Bold titles
You dont list het klein orkest which is a dutch band?

Links should be checked
A lot of the links in this list aren't correct (any more?)... They should be checked and corrected if somebody can find the time --Mighty Jay 21:52, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge of List of Dutch artists, split of List of Dutch bands
I have start merging the List of Dutch artists here, which had been developed as a list of musical artists. This is enduring solution:
 * 1) The term artist is no equivalent of the Dutch "artiest"
 * 2) The term artist can mean musical artist as well as visual artist
 * 3) Now this list also contains a lot of Dutch musical artists

After starting merging the (former) "List of Dutch artists" I noticed:
 * 1) This listing both contains artists and bands.
 * 2) It seems only logical to split those two.
 * 3) Just like in the Dutch Wikipedia where there is a separate Lijst van Nederlandse bands

-- Mdd (talk) 11:02, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

 * This proposal had been implemented, with the Dutch bands listed in List of bands from the Netherlands. -- Mdd (talk) 13:47, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Dutch musicians


text:
User talk:Gadtium

Welcome!
Welcome!

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title: User talk:Gadtium


text:
Talk:Cabinda Province

Why is Zaire listed?
i am not sure why Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zaïre are listed seeing as that what was called Zaïre at one time is now the Democratic republic of congo. it seems that Zaïre is un-necessary and may be confusing to some. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tainter (talk • contribs) 00:13, 29 August 2005.

 * It probably has something to do with the fact that what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo was Zaire for more than half its existence as a soveriegn state. How much sense would it make to talk about Iran and not mention it was once called Persia? Picaroon9288 18:38, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * None. Everybody knows what Iran is. Same for Democratic Congo if anybody is in the least concerned with the topic.Zamora1934 (talk) 20:47, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Republic of Cabinda a hoax?
I believe the links to the so-called Republic of Cabinda webpage should be deleted, as there is reason to doubt whether it actually represents the persons and areas mentioned. The page seems to be closely linked to the so-called Regular Grand Lodge of England, a pseudo-masonic organisation already removed from wikipedia references as a con act; indeed, cabinda.net until recently hosted the lodge's webpages. The phone number given by the "UK high comissioner" is also identical to those mentioned on RGLE's page.

See http://www.rgle.org.uk/RGLE_contact.htm and http://www.cabinda.net/chc.htm for comparison.

The same goes for the so-called "cabinda national petroleum company", also linked to the cabinda.net pages.

 * There are several different Cabindan organizations that are all rivals with eachother; see FLEC for details. This one is probably an expat organization that set up shop in the UK and became affiliated with some masonic group. I doubt that it is completely a hoax with no Cabindans involved. Picaroon9288|ta co 15:18, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * but it is not one of the main organizations. You can also create your own organisation. Only FLEC groups should be listed.--Pedro 15:02, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The two main exile groups are FLEC-FAC and the Provisonal Republic of Cabinda, more details here: http://www.legalbrief.co.za/filemgmt_data/files/Cabinda%20v%20Angola%20-%20Admissibility%20Brief%20328-06.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by Resistk (talk • contribs) 02:26, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The information on Lopes is a fraud, his web page has been static for years. The actual Premier of the Republic of Kabinda is Dr. Joel Batila in France. cabinda.net is a hoax as is Cabinda.org — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.20.156.69 (talk) 14:21, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

On placenames
On the name(s) Congo/Kongo: The article says there is: Questions now: For now it looks like 'Congo (municipality)' and 'Kakongo' as the kingdom; cutting out 'Cacongo'.
 * Kakongo, former kingdom
 * Congo, 1 of 4 municipalities in Cabinda
 * Cacongo (in the template Municipalities of Angola), as a municipality of Cabinda
 * (And of course the river and two republics Congo)
 * 1) . What is the correct name of the municipality?
 * 2) . is Kakongo absoluely different from the municipality?

-DePiep (talk) 15:21, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Secessionism
The bulk of this section is without citations. It is (as a result?) much longer than the (somewhat) more carefully referenced "Main Article" Cabinda Conflict.

I suggest two options for fixing this:

1. Editor(s) with a knowledge of the succession movement and conflict — plus an understanding of objective reporting and accurate referencing! — revise this entire section. This would include deleting any allegations that cannot be referenced.

2. Reduce this section to a short summary of the main Cabinda Conflict article, referring readers to that article for more information. In this case, any well referenced content in this Secessionism section could be incorporated in the main article.

- Zulu Kane (talk) 18:19, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

Tchiowa
What thoughts can we share on the name Tchiowa. From what I've seen - although there doesn't appear to be a lot written about it at all - this is a local name for the capital of Cabinda ... not the whole plot. I can't see any reliable references to this name anywhere. The French Wikipedia page refers to it as a local name for the capital - but that's also unreferenced and it could be that someone has just copied it across to the Englaish page. Francis Hannaway (talk) 08:16, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:39, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Overview of Chapel of Rainha do Mundo in Cabinda, Angola by Macauhub.jpg

Source for seal
The article displays a seal for Cabinda, linking the no longer existing website gpcabinda.com. I am unable to find any source to confirm this is actually the seal. 66.223.148.93 (talk) 10:30, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cabinda Province


text:
Elke Clijsters

Elke Clijsters (born 18 January 1985) is a former professional tennis player from Belgium.

Career
Elke won the 2002 girls' Wimbledon Championships doubles title with Barbora Strýcová, and the girls' US Open doubles title with compatriot Kirsten Flipkens. Her highest singles ranking was 389, a ranking she achieved on 15 September 2003. She played in the Belgium Fed Cup team in 2002, 2003 and 2004, losing all four matches, of which one was a singles match. In 2004, she reached the finals of two ITF singles tournaments, winning the one in Bournemouth. In the same year, she also reached the finals of two ITF doubles tournaments, of which she also won one. She retired in 2004 due to a persistent back injury.

In 2021, Clijsters participated in the Belgian version of The Bachelorette.

Personal life
Her father was the Belgian football player Lei Clijsters (1956–2009) and her sister is former world No. 1 tennis player, Kim Clijsters (born 1983). Elke married footballer Jelle Van Damme on 31 May 2008 in Bree, Belgium. They had their first child in 2009, a boy. She gave birth to their second child, a girl in November 2010. Their marriage ended in 2016.

title: Elke Clijsters


text: User talk:68.93.3.165

title: User talk:68.93.3.165


text:
Kabaka (disambiguation)

Kabaka may refer to:

 * Kabaka of Buganda, the title of the king of Buganda
 * Kabaka Puttur, a village in the state of Karnataka, India
 * Silas Kabaka, Sense8 character

title: Kabaka (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Twisto

Welcome
Welcome!

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title: User talk:Twisto


text:
Category talk:Toll bridges in the United States

Untitled
I think that this page should be eliminated in favor of an all encompassing Toll bridges category, much like Arch bridges, Suspension bridges, Cantileever bridges, etc. Having them broken down so much makes the categories super small and therefore meaningless. Cacophony 00:17, August 29, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RENNtech

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 16:57, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

RENNtech
Non-notable company. It's local to Lake Park, Florida, according to the web site. dbenbenn | talk 00:18, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as noted above. --KJPurscell 01:15, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete; non-notable. Jaxl | talk 02:10, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep after rewrite. Jaxl | talk 02:35, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete but only because it's poorly executed. "local to x" means almost nothing with regard to notability. it could be a world-renowned local facility. and yes, pages aren't supposed to be deleted because they're poorly written. that's bunk, and one of the reasons so many horrible pages are created here. SaltyPig 02:31, 29 August 2005 (UTC) Keep, considering improvements. still needs work though. SaltyPig 00:18, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rewrite - notable and major automotive tuner - just because they're "local" (which means they only have one facility) doesn't mean their tuned Benzes aren't reviewed in every major car mag out there. 16,700 Googles. FCYTravis 08:20, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The company has been around for a while and their models haven been reviewed in a fair number of car magazines. Pilatus 11:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; non-notable. Dottore So 12:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable tuner, has been covered in major automotive press. Friday (talk) 18:10, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep field-leading company. — mendel ☎ 20:27, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep seems notable in the world of gearboxes. Klonimus 21:42, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable company. Jachin 21:48, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I agree that notability doesn't require a huge amount of publiticy in the general press.  I haven't personally verified the above claims, but I don't doubt them either...  --Daedalus-Prime 23:47, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: I've added links (found easily with a quick google) to support the assertions of being covered in major auto magazines. These guys aren't just your corner hotrod shop; they charge big money for their tuned Benzes, and the biggest magazines in the business have written about their products.  If those who voted delete are still watching and would care to reconsider, I think we could safely remove this from VfD as being a definite keeper.  Friday (talk) 00:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Coverage in major auto magazines. Andrew pmk | Talk 00:29, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Too Much Rain

"Too Much Rain" is a song by Paul McCartney and is the seventh track on his 2005 album Chaos and Creation in the Backyard. The song was recorded at George Martin's AIR Studios in central London with producer Nigel Godrich. It was inspired by the theme to the 1936 film Modern Times, written by Charlie Chaplin and commonly known as "Smile" (lyrics were added to Smile in 1954 by John Turner and Geoffrey Parsons).

The lyrics of "Too Much Rain" concern hope in the face of adversity ("Laugh when your eyes are burning/Smile when your heart is filled with pain..."). In addition to "Smile," McCartney has said the song was also inspired by his second wife, Heather Mills, who had "a lot of tough times in her life."

title: Too Much Rain


text:
Malinche (volcano)

La Malinche, also known as Matlalcueye or Malintzin, is an inactive volcano (dormant for the last 3,100 years) located in the states of Tlaxcala and Puebla in Mexico. Officially, its summit reaches 4461 m above sea level, though it is generally considered to be closer to 4440 m, using GPS measurements. It is the highest peak in Tlaxcala, the fifth-highest in Puebla, the sixth-highest in Mexico, the 23rd-highest in North America, and the 252nd-highest in the world. Its height above nearby cities varies from 1908 m above Huamantla, 2461 m above Villa Vicente Guerrero, 2221 m above Tlaxcala, to 2299 m above Puebla. The summit is 22.4 km from Tlaxcala, 28.3 km from Puebla, and 118 km from Mexico City. The climate is cold near the summit and mild on the lower slopes. The Tlaxcaltecs named the peak Matlalcueitl, which translates to "[Lady of the] Blue Skirt", a goddess of rain and song, believed to be the local equivalent of Chalchiuhtlicue. The Spanish named it simply Sierra de Tlaxcala ("Tlaxcalan Range"). The current name, Malinche or Malintzin, became popular during the 17th century, and honors the woman who helped Hernán Cortés as an interpreter during the conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Location
Located within the Parque Nacional La Malinche at the border of Tlaxcala and Puebla states, this volcano is part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The park is the fifth largest of the 85 peaks in México. It covers an area of 458.52 km2, of which roughly two thirds belong to Tlaxcala and one third to Puebla. The diameter of the park is approximately 24 km.

Formation
La Malinche is an active stratovolcano which began to form in the middle of the Paleogene period, 30–35 million years ago. Since that time it has grown through eruptions, the last of which is believed to have occurred ca. 3,100 years ago. It is not a typical volcanic cone, but instead has a number of side peaks like Tlachichihuatzi or La Chichita (4100 m), Xaltonalli (3890 m) and Chicomecanoa (3650 m); as well as two of the most dramatically steep slopes in Mexico: Barranca Axaltzintle to the northeast (which is believed to be the former crater) and Barranca Axal to the south-southeast. La Malinche is mostly isolated from the surrounding ranges; some nearby mountains and hills are El Pinal (3280 m), El Tintero (2920 m), Cuatlapanga (2900 m), Huintitépetl (2890 m) and Xalapasco (2750 m).

On lower slopes are farmlands which grow mostly field "dent" corn and forests which transition from alders and various types of oak to Montezuma pines and sacred firs with increasing elevation. The upper slopes are zacatonal. The summit is covered by snow part of the year and is considered to be the coldest location in Tlaxcala. On the lower slopes the climate is mild year round, but rainy during the summer months. The soils consist of crushed volcanic rock and sand with an underlying layer of clay and sand called tepetate at an average depth of about a meter. The dark and porous forest soils were formed from volcanic ash. From La Malinche streams flow in all directions forming small gorges in places which fill and run rapidly when torrential rains occur. At the base of the mountain emerge many springs, some of drinkable water, and others of thermal water heated in the volcano's interior.

Legends
La Malinche shares, like Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl, legends about its formation. According to the most famous legend, Matlalcueye was a virgin girl engaged to Cuatlapanga, a warrior who had to go to battle in a remote place. Time went by, and the lover took so long to come back that the girl died of sorrow. When the warrior came back, badly hurt on the head, he received the bad news. He went to cry at her grave and also died, turning into a small mountain. Matlalcueye turned into the huge volcano, with the smaller Cuatlapanga at her side.

Another legend about the mountain concerns a reptilian monster that supposedly lived in the mountain and that would come down during the rainy season to abduct children and take them up the mountain to be devoured. Eventually the beast was killed, according to legend, and its head was mounted above the entrance to a house in Puebla that still stands at 201 East Third Street in the historical district of that town.

Recreation
The park offers a resort area at 3080 m—"Centro Vacacional Malintzin"—with cabins and camping. It is an ideal location to acclimatize and start an ascent of the volcano. There are sporting facilities, a restaurant and a gift shop. Outside the resort, there is also a convenience store and a little "antojitos" restaurant, as well as horses and llamas for riding on the weekends. The access road passes the resort area and continues partway up the mountain, switchbacking most of the way. A hiking trail to the summit begins at the resort area, cutting across the road switchbacks for the first section. The trail then leads into a conifer section at around 3400 m. The tree line, from where the "false" summit is visible for the first time, is at 3900 m. After that, a very steep grassland section begins. The ridge starts at 4200 m and leads to the summit, which is just behind the false summit. The last 100-or-so metres involve a bit of scrambling.

It is often cold and very windy above the tree line, so proper clothing is recommended. Crampons and an ice axe are absolutely necessary whenever it has snowed recently – which typically happens a few times each year from December to March. Other than that, the ascent is challenging but not technical. Fit hikers can reach the summit from the resort area in 3–4 hours, but it is best to plan for 5–6 hours with breaks. It is best to start in the early morning and return well before sunset. The alpine police will warn hikers against ascending above the tree line after 2 p.m.

There are other more demanding routes starting from the surrounding towns of Huamantla, Ixtenco, San Juan Tepulco and San Miguel Canoa. On September 14, 1968, a group of mountain climbers mainly consisting of employees of the Autonomous University of Puebla was infamously lynched in San Miguel Canoa, after they planned on staying in town overnight because of the adverse weather. The conservative town priest had encouraged the town population to the killing, mistaking the climbers for Communist students. The massacre was later adapted to film by director Felipe Cazals.

title: Malinche (volcano)


text:
Mahanoy

Mahanoy may refer to:

Municipalities

 * Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania, a borough in Schuylkill County
 * Mahanoy Township, Pennsylvania
 * Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
 * Lower Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
 * Upper Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
 * West Mahanoy Township, Pennsylvania, a township in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania

Other

 * Mahanoy Creek, a tributary of the Susquehanna River in east central Pennsylvania
 * Mahanoy Area School District, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
 * Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L., a Supreme Court case involving the school district
 * State Correctional Institution – Mahanoy, a medium-security, correctional facility in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania

title: Mahanoy


text:
Checkpoint (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"Checkpoint" is episode 12 of season 5 of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The episode aired on January 23, 2001 on The WB. The episode shows the Council testing Buffy's skills, while Glory plans to go through Buffy to get the Key. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Glory is a god, not a demon.

Plot
The Scooby Gang discusses the Watchers' Council's impending visit to Sunnydale. Buffy recalls that her previous experiences with the Council put her life in danger, and wishes they would give her the information she needs.

Glory is at her place, in obvious pain. Dreg and another demon bring her a mailman, who she drains of sanity to restore herself. The demons warn her that she is running out of time to use the key, but Glory assures them she will eliminate Buffy and get the Key. Jinx tells Ben that Glory wants information from him about Buffy. Ben beats up the demon.

Quentin Travers and a large team of Watchers arrive at the Magic Box and shut it down. Quentin announces that the Council plans on conducting a review of Buffy's methods, skills, and abilities. The Watchers have information on Glory, but will not reveal it until Buffy passes their tests; if she fails, the shop will be closed permanently and Giles will be deported. Buffy and Giles realize that they have to cooperate with the Council, but if Buffy fails, she will put everyone in even greater danger.

Council members interview the rest of the Scooby Gang for information about the Buffy. They try not to incriminate her, and each tries to justify their usefulness without making it sound like Buffy needs their help. In the training room, Buffy is blindfolded and her fighting skills are tested. She breaks a rib of her opponent and Quentin abandons that test.

Upon returning home, Buffy finds Glory in her living room. Glory threatens to kill Buffy's friends and family while she watches. Visibly disturbed by this, Buffy takes Dawn and Joyce to Spike for protection.

On her way to the shop to meet with the council, three Knights of Byzantium attack Buffy. Buffy takes them out and one reveals that she is their enemy because she protects the Key, which they came to steal.

At the shop, Buffy tells Travers that she is no longer cooperating with the review. She points out that Glory and the Council both need something from her: the location of the Key, and a purpose for their jobs, respectively. She demands that Giles be reinstated as her Watcher and that the Council give her the information. Quentin reluctantly agrees, then informs Buffy that Glory is not a demon – she is a god.

Reception
Noel Murray of The A.V. Club wrote that Checkpoint was a "highly entertaining episode" with "narrative and thematic significance," adding, "The real fight that Buffy has been staging for five years now may not be between good and evil, but between hidebound traditionalism and ingenious innovation, and between elitism and democratization... What better symbol for the degraded state of The Old Ways than a mad god in stylish clothes, sucking the brains of postmen and walking right into the Summers house and staring straight at Dawn — the object she seeks — while remaining completely ignorant."

Reviewer Mikelangelo Marinaro wrote for the Critically Touched Reviews website that this "wonderfully pleasant episode" is "Buffy's first serious take on the subject of power, which of course is a major theme of S7." Marinaro discusses how "Checkpoint stays focused on Buffy and how she takes another fine step into adulthood while discovering more about her power as a Slayer which, of course, is a big theme of the season." The reviewer gave the episode grades of 90/100 and A−.

A. M. Dellamonica, writing a recap for the Tor Books website, concludes, "Though [this is] not a primarily comic episode, the Scooby interviews are chucklesome. And even though, in dramatic terms, this confrontation has superficial similarities to the one between the Scoobies and the Maclays in Family, I can't help but love that sense of a bill coming due. The Watchers have been needing comeuppance. That they get it direct from the sacrificial teen they've been happy to think of as 'their instrument' only makes it sweeter."

title: Checkpoint (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)