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Châtelat

Châtelat was a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois), however a majority of the residents in Châtelat are German speaking. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merged to form the new municipality of Petit-Val.

History
Châtelat is first mentioned in 1335 as Schestellat.

For most of the village's history, it belonged to the court and parish of Sornetan under the provost of Moutier-Grandval Abbey. Châtelat remained part of the parish after they both converted to the new faith during the Protestant Reformation in 1531. In the following years, a colony of Mennonites was established in the village of Moron on the slopes of the Moron mountain. Moron was located at the far end of the valley, at an elevation of 1020 m and like many Mennonite settlements was in a poorly accessible location. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Châtelat became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Châtelat was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815. During the period of French control, the village of Fornet-Dessous was an independent municipality. At some point after Bern assumed control, it was integrated into the Châtelat municipality. In 1829 the village of Fornet-Dessous was completely destroyed in a fire.

Today, the village remains fairly rural and agrarian. About two-thirds of the workers work in the municipality and about two-thirds of the jobs in the municipality are in agriculture.

Geography
Before the merger, Châtelat had a total area of 4.2 km2. As of 2012, a total of 2.28 km2 or 54.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.75 km2 or 42.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.11 km2 or 2.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.5% is either rivers or lakes.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 1.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.0%. Out of the forested land, 32.3% of the total land area is heavily forested and 9.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 2.2% is used for growing crops and 31.8% is pastures and 20.2% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The former municipality is located in the Moutier district in the Petit Val. The main village is split in half by the Pichoux-Strasse. It consists of the villages of Châtelat, Moron and Fornet-Dessous. The nearby village of Fornet-Dessus belongs to the municipality of Lajoux.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent a Tower embattled Sable issuant from a Mount of 3 Coupeaux Vert between three Mullets Gules. The coat of arms of Châtelat is an example of canting since the tower is a castle (château). The threes stars represent the three parts of the municipality, le Châtelat, le Fornet and Moron.

Demographics
Châtelat had a population (as of 2013) of 105. , 2.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 0%. Migration accounted for -3.6%, while births and deaths accounted for 0%.

Most of the population speaks German (78 or 63.9%) as their first language with the rest speaking French.

, the population was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. The population was made up of 55 Swiss men (49.5% of the population) and 1 (0.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 53 Swiss women (47.7%) and 2 (1.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 71 or about 58.2% were born in Châtelat and lived there in 2000. There were 31 or 25.4% who were born in the same canton, while 14 or 11.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 3 or 2.5% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 49.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 23.4%.

, there were 52 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 65 married individuals, 5 widows or widowers and individuals who are divorced.

, there were 9 households that consist of only one person and 6 households with five or more people. , a total of 39 apartments (84.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 5 apartments (10.9%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (4.3%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 2%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire village of Châtelat is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 46.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Evangelical People's Party (EVP) (22%), the Christian Social Party (CSP) (22%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (11.4%). In the federal election, a total of 48 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 53.9%.

Economy
, Châtelat had an unemployment rate of 0.49%. , there were a total of 61 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 40 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 16 businesses involved in this sector. 15 people were employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business in this sector. 6 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 2 businesses in this sector. There were 68 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 36.8% of the workforce.

there were a total of 44 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 28, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 12, all of which were in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 4. In the tertiary sector; 2 were technical professionals or scientists and 2 were in education.

, there were 7 workers who commuted into the municipality and 19 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 49 workers (87.5% of the 56 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Châtelat.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident of Châtelat making 150,000 CHF was 13%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.1%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in 2006 was 13.9% and the nationwide rate was 11.6%. In 2009 there were a total of 37 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 8 made over 75,000 CHF per year. The greatest number of workers, 10, made between 20 and 30 thousand CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Châtelat was 87,463 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.

Religion
From the, 29 or 23.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 4 or 3.3% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 75 individuals (or about 61.48% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 6 (or about 4.92% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 8 individuals (or about 6.56% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Châtelat about 47.7% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 12.3% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 9 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 44.4% were Swiss men, 55.6% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 20 students attending classes in Châtelat. There were no kindergarten classes and one primary class with 20 students.

, there were a total of 9 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 2 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 7 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 14 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Châtelat


text:
Corcelles, Bern

Corcelles is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking part of the canton in the Jura mountains.

History
Corcelles may have been first mentioned in 1181 as Corcellis though there is some debate over this mention.

The village has always been part of the parish of Grandval. In 1531, the entire parish converted to the new faith of the Protestant Reformation.

For most of its history, the village was owned by the provost of Moutier-Grandval Abbey. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Corcelles became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Corcelles was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

Iron has been mined and smelted in Corcelles for centuries. A hydraulic hammer mill operated in the village from 1791 until 1955. Today the building has been restored and is a museum. From 1830 until 1842, the iron was smelted in a blast furnace by Ludwig von Rolls. While the iron industry was important to the region, the village was isolated and difficult to reach. In 1904-08, the Solothurn-Moutier railway built a railroad bridge to link the village to the rest of the country.

Geography
Corcelles has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 2.81 km2 or 41.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.81 km2 or 56.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.16 km2 or 2.4% is settled (buildings or roads).

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 1.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.7%. Out of the forested land, 51.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 7.5% is used for growing crops and 12.7% is pastures and 21.3% is used for alpine pastures.

It is a ribbon village on the east end of the Grand Val (valley of Moutier), with some houses on Mont Raimeux.

On 31 December 2009, District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Argent a Gules two Fishes in pale counterchanged. The fish represent the fish of the Gaibiat river which passes through the municipality.

Demographics
Corcelles has a population of. , 3.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -4%. Migration accounted for -2.2%, while births and deaths accounted for 0%.

Most of the population speaks French (173 or 84.4%) as their first language, German is the second most common (31 or 15.1%) and Italian is the third (1 or 0.5%).

, the population was 49.8% male and 50.2% female. The population was made up of 108 Swiss men (48.4% of the population) and 3 (1.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 108 Swiss women (48.4%) and 4 (1.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 68 or about 33.2% were born in Corcelles and lived there in 2000. There were 71 or 34.6% who were born in the same canton, while 54 or 26.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 9 or 4.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 21%.

, there were 87 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 94 married individuals, 19 widows or widowers and 5 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 33 households that consist of only one person and 13 households with five or more people. , a total of 75 apartments (81.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 13 apartments (14.1%) were seasonally occupied and 4 apartments (4.3%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.5 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.83%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 34.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) (20.4%), the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP) (11.7%) and the Evangelical People's Party (EVP) (9.2%). In the federal election, a total of 73 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 43.7%.

Economy
, Corcelles had an unemployment rate of 0.86%. , there were a total of 70 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 24 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 19 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 27 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 3 businesses in this sector. There were 106 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.5% of the workforce.

there were a total of 53 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 15, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 18 of which 8 or (44.4%) were in manufacturing and 10 (55.6%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 20. In the tertiary sector; 2 were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 4 were in a hotel or restaurant, 14 were in education.

, there were 9 workers who commuted into the municipality and 75 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 8.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 31 workers (77.5% of the 40 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Corcelles. Of the working population, 11.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 61.3% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident of Corcelles making 150,000 CHF was 13.2%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.4%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% for married residents and 22.0% for single. The nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 100 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 26 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 2 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Corcelles was 112,900 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.

Religion
From the, 107 or 52.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 47 or 22.9% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 36 individuals (or about 17.56% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 8 (or about 3.90% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 5 individuals (or about 2.44% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Corcelles about 59.4% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 6.6% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 7 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 71.4% were Swiss men, 28.6% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 11 students attending classes in Corcelles. There were no kindergarten classes and one primary class with 11 students.

, there were a total of 22 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 4 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 18 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 35 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Corcelles, Bern


text: Category:Chinese swords

title: Category:Chinese swords


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Court, Switzerland

Court is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois).

History
Court is first mentioned in 1148 as Cort.

Between the 12th and 15th centuries the village of Mévilier or Minvilier existed between Court and Champoz. During the 15th Mévilier village was abandoned for an unknown reason. For most of its history, Court was part of the district of Orval which was owned by the provost of Moutier-Grandval Abbey. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Court became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Court was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

Originally, Court was part of the parish of Mévilier. By the 16th century it was part of the parish of Sorvilier. In 1531, Court adopted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation. The old parish church of Mévilier remained in operation as a filial church for Court until about 1715. Then the residents of Court attended a church in the village of Vélé, between Court and Sorvilier. Finally, in 1864 a church was built in Court.

During the Middle Ages there were sawmills, mines and smelters in the village. In 1658 there were four glass blowing shops in the village of le Chaluet. They remained in operation until 1738. Beginning at the end of the 18th century, pottery was produced in the municipality. The first major road through the Court Gorge in 1752 connected the village to the rest of the country and allowed it to grow. A railroad station of the Delémont-Sonceboz-Biel railroad was built in 1877. In 1911-16 a tunnel was built through the Jura Mountains which connected Court to Moutier and Grenchen. The excellent transportation links encouraged small factories to settle in Court. During the second half of the 19th century, engineering, watch-making and machining companies settled here. Today about two-thirds of the workers in the municipality work in the industrial sector, mostly in small companies.

Geography
Court has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 8.44 km2 or 34.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 14.76 km2 or 60.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.14 km2 or 4.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.03 km2 or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.21 km2 or 0.9% is unproductive land.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 2.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.7%. Out of the forested land, 56.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 4.1% is used for growing crops and 8.8% is pastures and 21.3% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

It consists of the Court is a linear village in the eastern portion of the Vallée de Tavannes and along the entrance to the Court Canyon through which the Birs River runs. It also includes about a dozen isolated farm houses in le Chaluet, on Graitery, on Mont Girod and in Montoz.

The municipalities of Bévilard, Court, Malleray, Pontenet and Sorvilier are considering a merger on 1 January 2015 into the new municipality of Valbirse.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure a Horn Or ringed Argent and stringed Gules and a Chief of the first three pales Or.

Demographics
Court has a population of. , 6.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -0.8%. Migration accounted for -0.3%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.1%.

Most of the population speaks French (1,202 or 89.1%) as their first language, German is the second most common (89 or 6.6%) and Portuguese is the third (14 or 1.0%). There are 13 people who speak Italian and 3 people who speak Romansh.

, the population was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. The population was made up of 643 Swiss men (46.2% of the population) and 36 (2.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 667 Swiss women (47.9%) and 47 (3.4%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 630 or about 46.7% were born in Court and lived there in 2000. There were 343 or 25.4% who were born in the same canton, while 190 or 14.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 144 or 10.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%.

, there were 527 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 656 married individuals, 112 widows or widowers and 54 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 170 households that consist of only one person and 46 households with five or more people. , a total of 541 apartments (87.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 35 apartments (5.6%) were seasonally occupied and 46 apartments (7.4%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 6.42%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 45.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (16.3%), another local party (11%) and the FDP.The Liberals (8.1%). In the federal election, a total of 367 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 35.9%.

Economy
, Court had an unemployment rate of 1.75%. , there were a total of 669 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 76 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 27 businesses involved in this sector. 432 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 36 businesses in this sector. 161 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 39 businesses in this sector. There were 675 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.7% of the workforce.

there were a total of 548 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 55, of which 40 were in agriculture and 15 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 367 of which 350 or (95.4%) were in manufacturing and 17 (4.6%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 126. In the tertiary sector; 18 or 14.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 14 or 11.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 21 or 16.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 1.6% were in the information industry, 8 or 6.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 8 or 6.3% were in education and 21 or 16.7% were in health care.

, there were 376 workers who commuted into the municipality and 286 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.3 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. A total of 389 workers (51.4% of the 757 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Court. About 2.1% of the workforce coming into Court are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 5.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 56.1% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Court making 150,000 CHF was 13.3%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.5%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% for married residents and 22.0% for single. The nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 590 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 185 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 5 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Court was 114,484 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.

Religion
From the, 714 or 52.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 273 or 20.2% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 200 individuals (or about 14.83% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 22 (or about 1.63% of the population) who were Islamic. 98 (or about 7.26% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 42 individuals (or about 3.11% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Court about 56.8% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 9.1% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 78 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 50.0% were Swiss men, 35.9% were Swiss women, 9.0% were non-Swiss men.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 112 students attending classes in Court. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 31 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 6.5% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 12.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 4 primary classes and 81 students. Of the primary students, 4.9% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 7.4% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 101 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 101 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 94 students from Court attended schools outside the municipality. During the same year, 94 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality has a railway station, Court. The station is located on the Sonceboz-Sombeval–Moutier line and has regular service to Biel/Bienne and Moutier.

title: Court, Switzerland


text:
Crémines

Crémines is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois).

History
Crémines is first mentioned in 1461 as Crimene.

The oldest trace of a settlement in the area are several early medieval graves. For much of its history it was owned by the provost of Moutier-Grandval Abbey. During the Middle Ages and into the Early Modern era the Pré de Sales in Crémines was used as the dueling grounds for entire valley. In 1531 the village accepted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation along with the rest of the parish of Grandval. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Crémines became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Crémines was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

Until about 1900, the local economy was still dominated by agriculture with a few cottage industries that manufactured pottery, watch parts and arquebuses. This began to change with the growth of the machinery manufacturing industry in nearby Moutier and the construction of the Solothurn-Moutier railroad in 1904-08. A number of industrial factories settled in Crémines and remained. Today over half of the working population is in the industrial sector. In 1972, a zoo opened in the municipality.

Geography

Crémines has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 4 km2 or 42.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.97 km2 or 52.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.51 km2 or 5.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.03 km2 or 0.3% is unproductive land.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 2.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.3%. Out of the forested land, 44.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 7.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 8.6% is used for growing crops and 15.1% is pastures and 18.2% is used for alpine pastures.

The municipality includes the village of Crémines in the Grand Val (valley of Moutier), and some scattered farmhouses on Mont Raimeux, which has only been accessible by road since 1859.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent a Cauldron Gules. The cauldron refers to the traditional wax gathering industry.

Demographics
Crémines has a population of. , 8.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 3.4%. Migration accounted for 1.3%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.4%.

Most of the population speaks French (464 or 80.4%) as their first language, German is the second most common (81 or 14.0%) and Spanish is the third (10 or 1.7%). There are 2 people who speak Italian.

, the population was 49.4% male and 50.6% female. The population was made up of 237 Swiss men (44.7% of the population) and 25 (4.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 246 Swiss women (46.4%) and 22 (4.2%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 167 or about 28.9% were born in Crémines and lived there in 2000. There were 164 or 28.4% who were born in the same canton, while 154 or 26.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 61 or 10.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 55.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 22.1%.

, there were 211 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 280 married individuals, 58 widows or widowers and 28 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 84 households that consist of only one person and 18 households with five or more people. , a total of 168 apartments (66.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 82 apartments (32.5%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (0.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.9 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.27%. In 2011, single family homes made up 55.1% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire village of Crémines is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Social Democratic Party (SP) which received 28.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Swiss People's Party (SVP) (25.5%), the Green Party (8.2%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (8%). In the federal election, a total of 144 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 36.5%.

Economy
, Crémines had an unemployment rate of 0.98%. , there were a total of 223 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 18 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. 111 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 8 businesses in this sector. 94 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 17 businesses in this sector. There were 263 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.2% of the workforce.

there were a total of 189 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 14, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 100 of which 90 were in manufacturing and 10 were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 75. In the tertiary sector; 8 or 10.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 4.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 13 or 17.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 1 was a technical professional or scientist and 35 or 46.7% were in health care.

, there were 105 workers who commuted into the municipality and 172 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 91 workers (46.4% of the 196 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Crémines. Of the working population, 15.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 57.4% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Crémines making 150,000 CHF was 12.7%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.7%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% for married residents and 22.0% for single. The nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 224 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 59 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 4 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Crémines was 114,861 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.

Religion
From the, 288 or 49.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 161 or 27.9% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 5 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.87% of the population), there were 3 individuals (or about 0.52% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 28 individuals (or about 4.85% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 12 (or about 2.08% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist. 59 (or about 10.23% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 16 individuals (or about 2.77% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Crémines about 55.5% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 11.3% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 45 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 66.7% were Swiss men, 24.4% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 47 students attending classes in Crémines. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 16 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 12.5% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens). The municipality had 2 primary classes and 31 students. Of the primary students, 6.5% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 16.1% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 43 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 20 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 23 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 51 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Notable persons from Crémines

 * Samuel Gobat, second Protestant Bishop of Jerusalem

title: Crémines


text:
Bessera

Bessera is a genus of Mexican plants in the cluster lily subfamily within the asparagus family. It is a small genus of 5 known species of mostly herbaceous flowering plants with corms. They have flowers with petals and petaloid sepals (tepals) with compound pistils.

The genus is named for Austrian and Russian botanist Wilibald Swibert Joseph Gottlieb von Besser (1784–1842).

Bessera elegans, called coral drops, is cultivated and is a half-hardy Mexican herbaceous plant growing from corms with drooping terminal umbels of showy red-and-white colored flowers.

Species
The currently accepted species listed in Plants of the World Online are:
 * 1) Bessera elegans Schult.f. — central to southern Mexico.
 * 2) Bessera elegantissima E.Gándara, Ortiz-Brunel, Art.Castro & Ruiz-Sanchez
 * 3) Bessera ramirezii E.Gándara, Ortiz-Brunel, Art.Castro & Ruiz-Sanchez
 * 4) Bessera tenuiflora (Greene) J.F.Macbr. — Baja California Sur state, including the southern Baja California Peninsula and Gulf of California islands; and the coastal region of mainland Northwestern Mexico.
 * 5) Bessera tuitensis R.Delgad. — Jalisco state in coastal southwestern Mexico.

Former species
Some plants formerly classified as Bessera species have been reclassified under other genera, which include: Androstephium, Drypetes, Flueggea, Guapira, and Pulmonaria. Former species include:
 * Bessera azurea — Pulmonaria angustifolia
 * Bessera breviflora — Androstephium breviflorum
 * Bessera calycantha — Guapira opposita
 * Bessera inermis — Flueggea virosa
 * Bessera spinosa — Drypetes alba

title: Bessera


text: Portal talk:Poland/Polish cinema

title: Portal talk:Poland/Polish cinema


text:
Seehof, Switzerland

Seehof (Elay in French) is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is one of two municipalities with German as its official language in the otherwise French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). The other is Schelten.

History
Seehof is first mentioned in 1540 as Seehoft. In 1673 it was mentioned as Eslay. Until 1914 the official name was the French name Elay. By 1880 almost the entire population (97%) of the village was German speaking.

For most of its history, the village was part of the lands of the provost of Moutier-Grandval under the Prince-Bishop of Basel. During the Protestant Reformation in 1528, Seehof/Elay was part of the Sous-les-Roches region that remained by the old faith. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Seehof became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Seehof was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

Today it is part of the Catholic parish of Vermes. The Swiss Reformed residents are part of the German speaking parish of Moutier or the parish of Grandval.

A village school is first mentioned in 1784. In 1969, the current school building was built.

Geography
Seehof has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 2.8 km2 or 33.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.36 km2 or 63.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.19 km2 or 2.3% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.05 km2 or 0.6% is either rivers or lakes.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 1.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.8%. Out of the forested land, 59.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 4.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.2% is used for growing crops and 18.7% is pastures and 13.2% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Seehof valley. It consists of the village of Seehof and the hamlets of Bächlen, Karlisberg and Stägen.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent a Cow Gules statant on a Mount of 3 Coupeaux Vert.

Demographics
Seehof has a population of. , 2.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 1.4%. Migration accounted for 0%, while births and deaths accounted for 1.4%.

Most of the population speaks German (72 or 91.1%) as their first language with the rest speaking French.

, the population was 56.5% male and 43.5% female. The population was made up of 39 Swiss men (56.5% of the population) and (0.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 28 Swiss women (40.6%) and 2 (2.9%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 35 or about 44.3% were born in Seehof and lived there in 2000. There were 11 or 13.9% who were born in the same canton, while 23 or 29.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 6 or 7.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 27.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 54.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.6%.

, there were 42 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 32 married individuals, 4 widows or widowers and 1 individual who was divorced.

, there were 3 households that consist of only one person and 7 households with five or more people. , a total of 21 apartments (87.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 3 apartments (12.5%) were seasonally occupied. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 3.7%. In 2011, single family homes made up 29.2% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 50% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) (20.6%), the Green Party (15.2%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (11.4%). In the federal election, a total of 25 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 41.0%.

Economy
, Seehof had an unemployment rate of 0%. , there were a total of 33 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 33 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. No one was employed in the secondary sector or the tertiary sector. There were 34 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 29.4% of the workforce.

there were a total of 25 full-time equivalent jobs, of which 23 were in agriculture and 2 were in forestry or lumber production.

, there were 5 workers who commuted into the municipality and 10 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 24 workers (82.8% of the 29 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Seehof.

Of the working population, 14.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 17.6% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Seehof making 150,000 CHF was 12.7%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.7%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 25 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 2 made over 75,000 CHF per year. The greatest number of workers, 6, made between 20,000 and 30,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Seehof was 89,400 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 2.9% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

Religion
From the, 48 or 60.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 5 or 6.3% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 12 individuals (or about 15.19% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 11 (or about 13.92% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 3 individuals (or about 3.80% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Seehof about 55.6% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 2.8% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 2 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 50.0% were Swiss men, 50.0% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 7 students attending classes in Seehof. Of these, 4 attended a primary school that was shared with a neighboring municipality while 3 attended a lower secondary class in the municipality.

, there were a total of 13 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 13 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 2 students from Seehof attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Seehof, Switzerland


text:
Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita

Anton (or Antonius) Maria Schyrleus (also Schyrl, Schyrle) of Rheita (Antonín Maria Šírek z Reity; 1604–1660) was an astronomer and optician. He developed several inverting and erecting eyepieces, and was the maker of Kepler's telescope. "Things appear more alive with the binocular telescope," he wrote, "doubly as exact so to speak, as well as large and bright. His binocular telescope is the precursor to our binoculars.

Biography
Two different stories exist about Schyrle's early life. The most popular account holds that he is of Czech origin, born in 1597. According to this story he was a priest and a member of the order of Capuchin friars at Rheita, Bohemia (today Rejta, a suburb of Trhové Sviny), hence "of Rheita". At the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 1618, he left the order and established himself in Belgium.

The other, more probable account, starts in 1604, when Schyrleus is born in Reutte, Austria. After joining the Augustine order in 1622, he is sent to the university at Ingolstadt, where he probably follows courses in astronomy and learns how to grind lenses. Following his graduation he does not return to his convent but enters the Capuchin order, which sends him to Linz in 1636 where he is to teach philosophy. Here, he comes in the service of Kurfürst Philipp Christoph von Sötern, the archbishop of Trier and Speyer, who is held captive by the Emperor Ferdinand III. The archbishop sends him on a mission to negotiate with Pope Urban VIII. The emperor however, seeing this diplomatic activity as a form of spying, bans Schyrleus from his lands in 1641. From here on, both accounts of Schyrleus' life come together.

In the 1640s he was a professor of philosophy at Trier. In 1642, he was in Cologne conducting astronomical observations and optical measurements, and in 1643 his work Novem stellae circa Jovem visae, circa Saturnum sex, circa Martem nonnullae ("Nine stars seen around Jupiter, six around Saturn, several around Mars") appeared. In 1645, he published Oculus Enoch et Eliae, siue, Radius sidereomysticus, a very influential work on optics and astronomy.

Optics
In Oculus Enoch et Eliae, besides describing one of his inventions, an eyepiece for a Keplerian telescope, which left the image reverted, it also contained a long section on binocular telescopes, which greatly influenced other telescope-makers and opticians in the next century. His section on binocular telescopes is not illustrated, but the methods he describes became the standard construction techniques for many years.

Another engraving in this book may show a lens grinding machine.

Astronomical observations
Schyrleus was a determined anticopernican. In the foreword of its book, which includes a dedication to Jesus Christ and Ferdinand III, Schyrleus boldly declared that after having meditated for a long time on the systems of Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, and other astronomers, he was convinced that all of these scientists had advanced superfluous theories. He dedicated the moons of Jupiter to Pope Urban VIII, calling them Astres Urbanoctavianes. He also wrote that Saturn had two "companions," and that they were periodically eclipsed by the planet. He deduced that they had their own independent orbits, and that they illuminated Saturn, which needed light as it was a hundred times less lit by the sun than the Earth. He tells us that in 1642, in Cologne, he saw pass in front of the Sun a troop (turnam) of shooting stars that followed one another during a period fourteen days, and that the glare of the Sun was considerably weakened by it.

In regard to extraterrestrial life, Schyrleus wrote, "If Jupiter has…inhabitants…they must be larger and more beautiful than the inhabitants of the Earth, in proportion to the [size] of the two spheres." However, he did not dare to confirm the existence of Jovian beings due to certain theological difficulties; Schyrleus wondered, for example, if beings on other planets maintained their primitive state of innocence, or if they are cursed by original sin like humans are.

The Moon
Schyrleus also included a map of the Moon in Oculus Enoch et Eliae. It was the first depiction of the Moon as seen in an inverting telescope (and thus the Moon itself is inverted in the illustration, with the South Pole at the top). The crater Tycho, for example, was depicted on lunar maps as early as 1645, when Schyrleus depicted the bright ray system. His map, however, did not come into standard use, as it was superseded by those made by Hevelius and the Jesuits Giovanni Battista Riccioli and Francesco Maria Grimaldi (1650–1651). In 1647, Schyrleus published a lunar chart with a diameter of 19 cm.

He may have spent some time in Italy, but it is certain that he died at Ravenna. It is unknown why he was there at the time.

Legacy
He is credited with bringing into the scientific lexicon the terms "ocular" and "objective" (as used in optics). The lunar crater Rheita is named after him. By extension, the lunar valley Vallis Rheita, where the crater stands at the valley's northwestern end, is also named after Schyrleus.

title: Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita


text: Portal talk:Poland/Polish cuisine

title: Portal talk:Poland/Polish cuisine


text:
User:Wclark

I am a data scientist with a background in philosophy.

title: User:Wclark


text:
Eschert

Eschert is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois).

History
Eschert is first mentioned in 1179 as Escert.

For much of its history, the village was owned by Moutier-Grandval Abbey. In 1531 the parish church of Grandval along with the entire parish, including Eschert, converted to the new faith of the Protestant Reformation. In 1733 a fire destroyed most of the buildings in the village. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Eschert became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later in 1800, it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Eschert was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

The municipality is not on any of the major roads or railroads in the Grand Val and so remained isolated, rural and generally agrarian into the 20th century. Today an increasing number of commuters live in Eschert and work in factories in the surrounding municipalities.

Geography
Eschert has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 2.64 km2 or 40.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.66 km2 or 55.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.27 km2 or 4.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 or 0.2% is unproductive land.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 2.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.5%. Out of the forested land, 49.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 6.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 8.8% is used for growing crops and 11.9% is pastures and 19.1% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

Eschert is a star shaped village on the southern side of the Grand Val (valley of Moutier). A portion of the village is along the Raus (Sous la Rive) on the border of Moutier.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent seven Ears Gules in bend 2-3-2.

Demographics
Eschert has a population of. , 16.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -1.6%. Migration accounted for 0.5%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.5%.

Most of the population speaks French (298 or 83.7%) as their first language, German is the second most common (29 or 8.1%) and Italian is the third (10 or 2.8%).

, the population was 53.4% male and 46.6% female. The population was made up of 164 Swiss men (43.4% of the population) and 38 (10.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 151 Swiss women (39.9%) and 25 (6.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 99 or about 27.8% were born in Eschert and lived there in 2000. There were 127 or 35.7% who were born in the same canton, while 53 or 14.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 72 or 20.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.5%.

, there were 126 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 202 married individuals, 17 widows or widowers and 11 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 34 households that consist of only one person and 18 households with five or more people. , a total of 136 apartments (86.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 11 apartments (7.0%) were seasonally occupied and 11 apartments (7.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 5.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 4.44%. In 2011, single family homes made up 61.5% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 44.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (16.8%), the FDP.The Liberals (8.7%) and another local party (7.4%). In the federal election, a total of 93 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 38.0%.

Economy
, Eschert had an unemployment rate of 1.68%. , there were a total of 125 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 16 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. 87 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 7 businesses in this sector. 22 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 5 businesses in this sector. There were 176 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 36.9% of the workforce.

there were a total of 112 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 11, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 82 of which 58 or (70.7%) were in manufacturing and 24 (29.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 19. In the tertiary sector; 13 or 68.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in the movement and storage of goods, 3 or 15.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in education and 2 or 10.5% were in health care.

, there were 75 workers who commuted into the municipality and 108 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 68 workers (47.6% of the 143 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Eschert.

Of the working population, 15.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 59.7% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Eschert making 150,000 CHF was 13.2%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.4%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 155 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 50 made over 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Eschert was 106,112 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 1.6% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

Religion
From the, 173 or 48.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 118 or 33.1% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, there were 2 individuals (or about 0.56% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 17 individuals (or about 4.78% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 34 (or about 9.55% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 9 individuals (or about 2.53% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Eschert about 53.1% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 10.8% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 21 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 61.9% were Swiss men, 33.3% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011–12 school year, there were a total of 50 students attending classes in Eschert. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 14 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 7.1% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 2 primary classes and 36 students. Of the primary students, 11.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 2.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 35 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 8 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 27 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 41 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Eschert


text:
Henrique da Rocha Lima

Henrique da Rocha Lima (24 November 1879 – 12 April 1956) was a Brazilian physician, pathologist and infectologist born in Rio de Janeiro. With his friend, Stanislaus von Prowazek, he described what would later be known as Rickettsia prowazekii, the pathogen of epidemic typhus. Rocha Lima named the organism after Prowazek and American bacteriologist Howard Taylor Ricketts (1871-1910).

Henrique da Rocha Lima received his M.D. degree from the Medical School of Rio de Janeiro in 1905. He was one of the founders of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, where he worked as a professor of pathology with other famous Brazilian researchers, such as Oswaldo Cruz himself, Adolfo Lutz and Carlos Chagas (the discoverer of Chagas disease) in the areas of microbiology, immunology and infectious diseases. Rocha Lima developed an international career in medical research, working with pathologist Hermann Dürck (1869-1941) at the University of Munich, and from 1909, as director of the department of pathology at the Institute for Maritime and Tropical Diseases in Hamburg.

In Brazil, he was a scientific and educational leader, as he participated in the foundation of the Paulista School of Medicine, and of the University of São Paulo. Rocha Lima was also a president of the Brazilian Society for the Advancement of Science. He received several awards and distinctions, such as the Iron Cross of the German Empire, the Benemerence Medal by Pope Pius XI, the Nocht Medal for distinguished researchers on Tropical Diseases, and the effective membership of the German Academy of Natural Sciences. His name has been given to the Student Union (Centro Acadêmico) at the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.

In 2007, a new strain of Gram-negative bacteria was named after Rocha Lima, Bartonella rochalimae.

Partial list of writings

 * Zur Aetiologie des Fleckfiebers. Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1916, 53: 567–569.
 * Rickettsien. Handbuch der pathologischen Mikroorganismen. 3, Abteilung, Band 8, 2. Jena, Berlin and Vienna, 1930.
 * Rickettsia prowazeki- sua descoberta e caracterização constituindo um novo grupo de microrganismos. Revista Brasileira de Medicina, 1951, 8 (5): 311–320.

References and external links

 * Henrique da Rocha Lima. Um processo do conhecimento contemporâneo - I. Instituto Biológico de São Paulo (In Portuguese)

title: Henrique da Rocha Lima


text:
Grandval, Switzerland

Grandval is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). Grandval also used to be known under its German name Granfel or Granfelden, but these forms are no longer commonly used.

History
The oldest evidence of a settlement in the area is a reasonable well preserved section of a Roman road. Around 640 what became the Moutier-Grandval Abbey was established outside the village of Grandval. The town of Moutier then developed around the Abbey complex.

Grandval is first mentioned around 900 as Grandemvallem.

The village chapel of St. Martin was first mentioned in 962. By the 14th century it had become the parish church for Grandval parish, which included most of the communities in the Grand Val/Moutier valley. In 1531 the village, its church and the parish converted to the new faith of the Protestant Reformation. Beginning in 1663 the church was almost constantly under construction for several centuries. Major reconstruction projects happened in 1701-06 and 1927.

For most of its history, the village of Grandval was owned by the Abbey. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Grandval became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Grandval was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

Until about 1900, the local economy was still dominated by agriculture with a few cottage industries that manufactured pottery, watch parts and arquebuses. This began to change with the growth of the machinery manufacturing industry in nearby Moutier and the construction of the Solothurn-Moutier railroad in 1904-08. A number of industrial factories settled in Crémines and remained. Today over half of the working population is in the industrial sector.

Geography
Grandval has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 3.64 km2 or 44.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.15 km2 or 50.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.34 km2 or 4.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and 0.04 km2 or 0.5% is unproductive land.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 2.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.3%. Out of the forested land, 44.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 6.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 9.6% is used for growing crops and 13.2% is pastures and 21.0% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Grand Val (valley of Moutier), but some scattered houses are located on a part of Mont Raimeux.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Gules and Or a Letter G counterchanged.

Demographics
Grandval has a population of. , 5.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -2.9%. Migration accounted for -2.9%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.3%.

Most of the population speaks French (315 or 85.6%) as their first language, German is the second most common (44 or 12.0%) and Italian is the third (3 or 0.8%). There is 1 person who speaks Romansh.

, the population was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. The population was made up of 158 Swiss men (45.1% of the population) and 14 (4.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 172 Swiss women (49.1%) and 6 (1.7%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 104 or about 28.3% were born in Grandval and lived there in 2000. There were 141 or 38.3% who were born in the same canton, while 76 or 20.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 33 or 9.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 17.9% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 63.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.8%.

, there were 158 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 166 married individuals, 31 widows or widowers and 13 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 42 households that consist of only one person and 11 households with five or more people. , a total of 136 apartments (84.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 20 apartments (12.3%) were seasonally occupied and 6 apartments (3.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.9 new units per 1000 residents. In 2011, single family homes made up 54.0% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Maison De La Dîme and the Maison du Banneret Wisard are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 29.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were another local party (18.7%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (14.9%) and the Green Party (9%). In the federal election, a total of 108 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 40.3%.

Economy
, Grandval had an unemployment rate of 2.23%. , there were a total of 92 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 22 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 32 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 38 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 8 businesses in this sector. There were 188 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.9% of the workforce.

there were a total of 69 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 13, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 26 of which 21 or (80.8%) were in manufacturing and 5 (19.2%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 30. In the tertiary sector; 8 or 26.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 8 or 26.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 8 or 26.7% were in education.

, there were 27 workers who commuted into the municipality and 122 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 4.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 66 workers (71.0% of the 93 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Grandval. Of the working population, 13.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 50.5% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Grandval making 150,000 CHF was 12.7%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.7%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 164 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 40 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 4 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Grandval was 98,070 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 0.6% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

Religion
From the, 195 or 53.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 96 or 26.1% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 28 individuals (or about 7.61% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 3 (or about 0.82% of the population) who were Islamic. 35 (or about 9.51% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 11 individuals (or about 2.99% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Grandval about 51.1% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 8.1% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 16 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 62.5% were Swiss men, 31.3% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 35 students attending classes in Grandval. There were no kindergarten classes and one primary class with 16 students. Of the primary students, 18.8% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 12.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there was one lower secondary class with a total of 19 students. 5.3% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 55 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 15 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 40 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 46 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Grandval, Switzerland


text:
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title: User:Jesushaces/Sandbox


text:
Staphylococcus warneri

Staphylococcus warneri is a member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus, consisting of Gram-positive bacteria with spherical cells appearing in clusters. It is catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, and coagulase-negative, and is a common commensal organism found as part of the skin flora on humans and animals. Like other coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. warneri rarely causes disease, but may occasionally cause infection in patients whose immune system is compromised.

Identification
Colonies of S. warneri on trypticase soy agar are usually beige, tan, or yellow, sometimes with an orange rim and about 2–4 mm in diameter after 48 hours' incubation at 35 °C. Optimal growth temperature is 30-40 °C.

Clinical importance
Staphylococcus warneri has been suggested as a cause of spontaneous abortion in cattle and humans. It has been associated with vertebral discitis, urinary tract infection, meningitis, orthopedic infections/osteomyelitis, ventricular shunt infections, and infective endocarditis (more associated with prosthetic rather than native valves). Similar to other coagulase-negative staphylococci, the presence of S. warneri in blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures can also represent contamination rather than a true infection.

It has been suggested as the cause of a case of meningoencephalitis in a dog.

title: Staphylococcus warneri


text:
Loveresse

Loveresse is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois).

History
Loveresse is first mentioned in 1148 as de Loveresce though this document is probably a late 12th-century forgery. In 1225 it was mentioned as Loverasse.

In the 12th century both Bellelay Abbey and the college of canons of Moutier-Grandval Abbey owned lands or rights in Loveresse. During the second half of the 13th century, Bellelay Abbey expanded their holdings in the village and became the main landowner there. In 1404 the Prince-Bishop of Basel granted extensive rights to Loveresse in a bid to attract settlers. The village church was part of the parish of Tavannes-Chaindon. When the parish converted to the new faith of the Protestant Reformation, Loveresse also converted. It remained part of the parish until 1928 when it joined the Reconvilier parish.

By the beginning of the Early Modern era, the village was owned by the provost of Moutier-Grandval. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Loveresse became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Loveresse was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

In the late 19th century, several watch manufactures established shops in Loveresse. However, none of them survived the worldwide Great Depression. In 1906 the Canton of Bern purchased the hospice in the Vallée de Tavannes. It was converted into a girls' boarding school. In 1975 the building was converted into a clinic for the Bellelay region, and it was used in that capacity until 1987. After 1987 it was used as an agricultural training school, the Centre de formation et de vulgarisation agricole du Bernese Jura.

Geography
Loveresse has an area of. As of 2012, a total of 2.2 km2 or 46.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.27 km2 or 48.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.26 km2 or 5.5% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and 0.04 km2 or 0.8% is unproductive land.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 2.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.1%. Out of the forested land, 41.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 6.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 13.6% is used for growing crops and 11.7% is pastures and 21.2% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located on the southern slope of Moron Hill in the Vallée de Tavannes (Tavannes Valley).

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules on a Bar Argent a Rose of the first barbed and seeded proper.

Demographics
Loveresse has a population of. , 6.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -0.3%. Migration accounted for -0.9%, while births and deaths accounted for 0%.

Most of the population speaks French (287 or 86.2%) as their first language, German is the second most common (43 or 12.9%) and Italian is the third (1 or 0.3%).

, the population was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. The population was made up of 140 Swiss men (44.3% of the population) and 13 (4.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 156 Swiss women (49.4%) and 7 (2.2%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 95 or about 28.5% were born in Loveresse and lived there in 2000. There were 149 or 44.7% who were born in the same canton, while 57 or 17.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 24 or 7.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.7%.

, there were 133 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 172 married individuals, 19 widows or widowers and 9 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 30 households that consist of only one person and 6 households with five or more people. , a total of 115 apartments (85.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 7 apartments (5.2%) were seasonally occupied and 13 apartments (9.6%) were empty. In 2011, single family homes made up 64.9% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 35% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (22.8%), the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) (10.6%) and another local party (6.1%). In the federal election, a total of 113 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.7%.

Economy
, Loveresse had an unemployment rate of 0.83%. , there were a total of 160 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 23 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 51 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 86 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 15 businesses in this sector. There were 163 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.2% of the workforce.

there were a total of 124 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 15, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 50 of which 48 or (96.0%) were in manufacturing The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 59. In the tertiary sector; 12 or 20.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 3.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 11 or 18.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 3.4% were in the information industry, 8 or 13.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 2 or 3.4% were in education and 18 or 30.5% were in health care.

, there were 84 workers who commuted into the municipality and 112 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 51 workers (37.8% of the 135 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Loveresse. Of the working population, 5.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 68.7% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Loveresse making 150,000 CHF was 13.2%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.4%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 127 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 44 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There was one person who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The greatest number of workers, 46, made between 50 and 75 thousand CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Loveresse was 100,718 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 1.6% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

Religion
From the, 170 or 51.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 57 or 17.1% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 56 individuals (or about 16.82% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 33 (or about 9.91% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 17 individuals (or about 5.11% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Loveresse about 62.5% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 13.6% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 27 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 59.3% were Swiss men, 22.2% were Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011–12 school year, there were a total of 21 students attending classes in Loveresse. There were no kindergarten classes and one primary class with 21 students. Of the primary students, 4.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 36 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 35 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while one student came from another municipality. During the same year, 19 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Loveresse


text:
Minahasa Peninsula

The Minahasa Peninsula, also spelled Minahassa, is one of the four principal peninsulas on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. It stretches north from the central part of the island, before turning to the east and forming the northern boundary of the Gulf of Tomini and the southern boundary of the Celebes Sea.

The peninsula is divided into North Sulawesi and Gorontalo provinces, as well as part of Central Sulawesi. Its largest cities are Manado and Gorontalo, while Palu is located at its base.

The Minahasan people live in this area. The Minahasan languages, a branch of the Philippine languages, are spoken on the peninsula.

title: Minahasa Peninsula


text:
Malleray

Malleray is a municipality in the Jura bernois administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located in the French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Bévilard, Malleray and Pontenet merged to form the new municipality of Valbirse.

History
Malleray is first mentioned in 1179 as Malareia. The municipality was formerly known by its German name Mallaraya, however, that name is no longer used.

Very little is known about the early history of the village. In 1367, the Prince-Bishop of Basel, Johann von Vienne, sent troops to try to force Biel to break a burgrecht treaty that they had entered into with the city of Bern. At Malleray, the Basel troops encountered and were defeated by an army from Solothurn that was marching to support Bern against Basel. The noble de Malleray family appear in historic records during the 14th and 15th centuries. They may have been a cadet line of the local Tavannes family. Over the following centuries, the provost of Moutier-Grandval Abbey gradually acquired most of the rights and lands in the village. After the secularization of the Abbey following the adoption of the Protestant Reformation in Bern, during the end of the 16th century Malleray became part of a bailiwick under the diocese of Basel. After the 1797 French victory and the Treaty of Campo Formio, Malleray became part of the French Département of Mont-Terrible. Three years later, in 1800 it became part of the Département of Haut-Rhin. After Napoleon's defeat and the Congress of Vienna, Malleray was assigned to the Canton of Bern in 1815.

The watch making industry started in the village in 1846 and began to change it from an agrarian village into an industrial town. The construction of the Tavannes-Moutier railroad in 1874-77 increased the rate of change. The population grew rapidly as watch factory jobs brought new residents. Even today, about half of all jobs in Malleray are in precision industries.

Geography
Before the merger, Malleray had a total area of 10.2 km2. As of 2012, a total of 4.88 km2 or 47.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.37 km2 or 42.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.93 km2 or 9.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 5.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.5%. Out of the forested land, 37.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 5.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 12.8% is used for growing crops and 11.7% is pastures and 22.8% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Vallée de Tavannes (Tavannes Valley) on the banks of the Birs River.

On 31 December 2009 District de Moutier, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Arrondissement administratif Jura bernois.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure a Rooster hardi crowing Or crested jelloped and langued Gules on a Mount of 3 Coupeaux Argent and in chief sinister a Mullet of Five of the last.

Demographics
Malleray had a population (as of 2013) of 1,972. , 18.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 0.2%. Migration accounted for 0.1%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.2%.

Most of the population speaks French (1,634 or 88.1%) as their first language, German is the second most common (81 or 4.4%) and Italian is the third (58 or 3.1%). There is 1 person who speaks Romansh.

, the population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. The population was made up of 759 Swiss men (38.6% of the population) and 201 (10.2%) non-Swiss men. There were 838 Swiss women (42.6%) and 169 (8.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 607 or about 32.7% were born in Malleray and lived there in 2000. There were 643 or 34.7% who were born in the same canton, while 265 or 14.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 299 or 16.1% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 21.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 57.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.7%.

, there were 730 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 934 married individuals, 112 widows or widowers and 78 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 235 households that consist of only one person and 55 households with five or more people. , a total of 757 apartments (83.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 82 apartments (9.0%) were seasonally occupied and 69 apartments (7.6%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0.5 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 3.1%. In 2011, single family homes made up 58.3% of the total housing in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 33.1% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (29.8%), the FDP.The Liberals (11.2%) and the Evangelical People's Party (EVP) (5.2%). In the federal election, a total of 521 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 39.5%.

Economy
, Malleray had an unemployment rate of 2.49%. , there were a total of 920 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 30 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 13 businesses involved in this sector. 513 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 28 businesses in this sector. 377 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 47 businesses in this sector. There were 936 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.1% of the workforce.

there were a total of 776 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 19, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 477 of which 399 or (83.6%) were in manufacturing and 77 (16.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 280. In the tertiary sector; 71 or 25.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 31 or 11.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 5 or 1.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 1.1% were the insurance or financial industry, 17 or 6.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 34 or 12.1% were in education and 97 or 34.6% were in health care.

, there were 365 workers who commuted into the municipality and 557 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 378 workers (50.9% of the 743 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Malleray.

Of the working population, 9.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 57.3% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Malleray making 150,000 CHF was 13.6%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 20%. For comparison, the rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide rate was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 815 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 269 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 6 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Malleray was 108,375 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 4.0% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.

Religion
From the, 891 or 48.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 588 or 31.7% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 12 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.65% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 137 individuals (or about 7.39% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.11% of the population) who were Jewish, and 25 (or about 1.35% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 5 individuals who were Buddhist and 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 133 (or about 7.17% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 57 individuals (or about 3.07% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Malleray about 52.6% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 10.1% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 119 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 64.7% were Swiss men, 24.4% were Swiss women, 8.4% were non-Swiss men.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2011–12 school year, there were a total of 386 students attending classes in Malleray. There were 3 kindergarten classes with a total of 54 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 18.5% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 16.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 8 primary classes and 133 students. Of the primary students, 13.5% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 18.0% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 11 lower secondary classes with a total of 199 students. There were 13.1% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 12.6% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were a total of 417 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 256 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 161 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 49 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Malleray


text:
Anaconda, New Mexico

Anaconda was a small mining community in Cibola County, New Mexico. The town came into existence in the early 1950s when the Anaconda Copper Company of Butte, Montana opened up a uranium ore processing plant 10 mi northwest of Grants, along Route 66, to process ore from the Jackpile Mine (or Jackpile-Paguate Mine), then the world's largest open-pit uranium mine. Anaconda was the site of somewhere around 100 homes for the supervisors and management of the company. The Mill was also located on the same property. Contrary to reports, none of the homes were built using "radioactive" material from the plant. Referred to by the residents as "Camp", a carryover from the original tents used as temporary housing during the initial establishment of the operations. The housing was built in three phases. The first group of about 35 houses was constructed of cinderblock walls and had exposed beam ceilings. A building with four efficiency type apartments was included and used to house unmarried employees and was known as the Bachelors Quarters, or simply "The BQ". The two subsequent groups of approximately the same number were wood frame construction with stucco exteriors. The groups came to be called by the order of their building. Old Camp, Middle Camp and New Camp The Mill closed in early 1980s and the houses were sold and removed and the land reclaimed during the next 20 years. Testimony given before the New Mexico Legislature's Economic and Rural Development Committee in 2008 claimed that the mill had polluted local aquifers. Presently there is little to show that the area was once a community.

During the time that Old Camp was built the Company also a built a clinic to serve the employees and their families. But as the only medical facility between Albuquerque and Gallup, it proved to be a blessing to the surrounding area as well. Dr. Basil Wang presided over the well-equipped multi-bed hospital and was so busy that, a second doctor was added for a time. Eventually, Anaconda employees spearheaded a drive that built the Cibola Hospital in Grants. The Anaconda Clinic building was later converted to general use and contained various departments including the Geology department during later years. A Quonset hut was added that served a number of purposes and was the community center for the camp. The floor was finished hardwood and used for basketball and volleyball, as well as rollerskating. A large kitchen in the back was used when the floor was turned into a meeting hall. Company and employee events here held here including a number of New Year's Eve celebrations.

Two additional buildings were added next to the Quonset Hut that housed a 20 yd (18.3 m) swimming pool and a four lane bowling alley. The swimming pool building was insulated with blown styrofoam on the inside. In the mid 1970s the pool building was replaced. Two outdoor tennis courts were added in the late 1950s. A golf course was added when the latter housing additions were built. There was no grass the course was periodically mainted with a grader to keep the "rough" from reclaiming the fairways. The greens were piles of oiled sand levelled on top and approximately 15 feet (4.6 meters) across. A "rake" was used to smooth the green for putting.

Beyond a pre-school held in the Quonset Hut, there were no schools. Students attended Elementary School in Bluewater Village several miles away. Junior High and High School students were bused to Grants. No store or Post Office was ever established on Company Property.

Jackpile-Paguate mine
The Jackpile uranium mine opened in 1953 and operated until 1982. The Jackpile was one of the largest uranium mines ever developed and mined in the United States, and by far the largest mine in the Laguna uranium district. The ores of the Laguna district contain uranium, vanadium, and many other elements. Only rarely do the ores contain more than 1% uranium or vanadium; most of the ores ·average about 0.2% uranium and less vanadium. The first 3 million tons of ore shipped from the mine averaged 0.23% U3O8 and 0.13% V2O5 (1958 data). The ore bodies are typical "roll-front" deposits, localized in old stream channels. Carboniferous material within the ore zones is often high-grade.

title: Anaconda, New Mexico


text: User talk:143.166.255.17

title: User talk:143.166.255.17


text:
East Peninsula, Sulawesi

The East Peninsula is one of the four principal peninsulas on the island of Sulawesi. It is part of the province of Central Sulawesi.

It stretches east from the central part of the island, forming the southern boundary of the Gulf of Tomini and the northwestern boundary of the Gulf of Tolo. The island of Peleng lies off the peninsula's southern coast, while the Sula Islands lie to the east.

title: East Peninsula, Sulawesi