text:
The Night (album)

The Night is the fifth and final studio album by the alternative rock band Morphine, released in 2000 via DreamWorks. The album expands the band's sound beyond their usual arrangements of previous albums (bass, saxophone and drums), introducing acoustic guitars, organs, strings and female backing vocals.

The album peaked at No. 137 on the Billboard 200.

Production
Jerome Deupree, the band's original drummer, who had previously quit due to health problems, rejoined as a guest playing alongside Billy Conway, according to credits listed in the CD booklet, thus making The Night Morphine's first album recorded as a quartet rather than a trio. Recording sessions for the album were completed shortly before the sudden July 1999 death of bass player and lead singer Mark Sandman; Conway and saxophonist Dana Colley oversaw the final mixing process. The band spent two years working on the album in Sandman's Cambridge home studio.

Critical reception
The Pitch wrote that "it’s not a romantic exaggeration to say that this album is the trio’s most sensuous, satisfying recording, finally delivering on the diverting-but-two-dimensional original notion of what Sandman termed 'low rock' ... The Night is the first time in ages a posthumous release has made noise from beyond the grave that doesn’t sound like a cash register." Trouser Press wrote that "the tone may be dour due to the singer’s sudden death, but the music is the most fully realized and finely textured Morphine ever mustered." Exclaim! called the album "a slow, grinding burlesque that hovers tentatively between testifying to above and wallowing down below."

Track listing
All songs written by Mark Sandman.

 * 1) "The Night" – 4:50
 * 2) "So Many Ways" – 4:01
 * 3) "Souvenir" – 4:40
 * 4) "Top Floor, Bottom Buzzer" – 5:44
 * 5) "Like a Mirror" – 5:26
 * 6) "A Good Woman Is Hard to Find" – 4:14
 * 7) "Rope on Fire" – 5:36
 * 8) "I'm Yours, You're Mine" – 3:46
 * 9) "The Way We Met" – 2:59
 * 10) "Slow Numbers" – 3:58
 * 11) "Take Me with You" – 4:54

Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes.

Morphine
 * Mark Sandman – vocals, 2-string slide bass, acoustic guitar, piano, organ, trombone, tritar
 * Dana Colley – baritone saxophone, tenor saxophone, bass saxophone, piano, backing vocals,
 * Billy Conway – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 * Jerome Deupree – drums (1–8, 10, 11)
 * Jane Scarpantoni – cello (1, 7, 11)
 * Mike Rivard – double bass (7, 11)
 * John Medeski – organ (4, 8)
 * Billy Beard – hand drum (7)
 * Brahim Fribgane – oud, frame drum (7)
 * Joseph Kessler – viola (7, 11)
 * Carolyn Kaylor – backing vocals (2, 4)
 * Linda Viens – backing vocals (2, 4)
 * Ramona Clifton – backing vocals (4)
 * Margaret Garrett – backing vocals (5)
 * Tara McManus – backing vocals (5)

Technical
 * Mark Sandman – producer, engineer (Hi-N-Dry)
 * Morphine – producer, art direction
 * Brian Dunton – engineer (Hi-N-Dry)
 * Matthew Ellard – engineer (Hi-N-Dry)
 * Juan Garcia – engineer (Magic Shop)
 * Reto Peter – engineer (Magic Shop)
 * Dave Kay – engineer (Super Sonic)
 * Toby Mountain – mastering
 * Robert Fisher – design

title: The Night (album)


text:
User talk:Alex ansary

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! feydey
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Image Tagging Image:Alex-fireshot.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Alex-fireshot.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --feydey 18:53, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:Alex2.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Alex2.JPG, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Nv8200p talk 21:52, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Alex ansary


text:
User:MarcK

Maybe one day I'll be bothered enough to put a proper user page here, but today is not that day. In the meantime, check out this box I've made for when the various WWE title history articles become a featured topic (and yes, it will happen): this fuzzy bunny:

And my award(s):

title: User:MarcK


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ignoracist

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 18:00, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Ignoracist
This is a non-notable neologism (15 Google hits, + 56 for "ignoracism") created by a non-notable professor. It is an orphan article that nothing links to and that is uncategorized. Delete. -Willmcw 18:58, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  Paul Klenk 19:04, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A related article on Thrivals appears to have been voted into deletion.LadyClaudius
 * Delete looks and smells like original research. --WCFrancis 22:57, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This looks theoretically identical to the concept of "colorblind racism", which is gaining popularity in sociological circles, to the point where I'm considering doing an entry on it. -HX 04:08, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism, though an interesting topic. --Fastfission 13:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Gus Logie

Augustine Lawrence Logie (born 28 September 1960), commonly known as Gus Logie, is a former West Indies and Trinidad and Tobago cricketer and is currently an international cricket coach. He coached the West Indies to win the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, the first major world cricket title the team won since winning the 1979 Cricket World Cup. He was a part of the West Indian squad which finished as runners-up at the 1983 Cricket World Cup.

Logie played in the dominant West Indies team of the 1980s as a batsman, though he was almost equally well known as a strong fielder. He made 52 Test appearances and played in 158 One Day Internationals, scoring three international centuries.

Career
Born and raised in the village of La Brea, Logie enjoyed a successful career with the Trinidad and Tobago and the West Indies. He played for T&T from 1978 to 1992 and went on to captain the side in 1990. He earned the distinction of being chosen as Man of the Match despite him neither batting or bowling in an ODI against Pakistan on 28 November 1986. Adjudicators awarded him for his three catches and two run-outs, which helped The West Indies dismiss Pakistan for 143. With this, he also became the first cricketer to win a Man of the Match award for fielding. Logie was part of the West Indies squad that finished as losing finalists in the 1983 Cricket World Cup. He was not in the final XI for the final, although he again starred as a fielder, taking a catch as a substitute.

His 52 Test matches returned two centuries, including his career best 130 against India in April 1983. Among his most important Test innings were his scores of 81 and 95 not out against England at Lord's in 1988. These won him the Man of the Match award, and he rescued the West Indies from 54 for 5 in the first innings, setting up a victory. Logie also rescued the West Indies in the Third Test against England in 1990 when his team were 103 for 8, making 98 and helping to earn a draw when the West Indies looked likely to go 2-0 down in a series which they eventually won 2-1. The following year he was made Man of the Match again in the first Test in Jamaica of the 1990-1 series against Australia for making 77 not out, again helping to rescue the West Indies from 75 for 6, even after being forced briefly to retire hurt. He played his last Test against England at Birmingham in 1991.

Logie coached the West Indies U-15 team to victory in the 2000 Costcutter U15 World Challenge. He then coached the Canadian cricket team during the 2003 Cricket World Cup where they defeated Bangladesh. He was thereafter appointed coach of the Windies, who eventually won the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy under his charge. After leaving the West Indies, Logie went on take over as coach of the Bermuda national cricket team. With Logie in tow, the Bermudian side qualified for the 2007 Cricket World Cup in his native West Indies. This was historic being Bermuda's first ever showing at a Cricket World Cup.

During December 2010 Logie was appointed as the coach of the Jamaican national cricket team. Logie saw the Jamaican side to win the 2011 edition of the West Indian Regional Four Day Competition.

During August 2014 Logie was appointed as the coach of the Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team. Logie eventually saw the twin island side to consecutive triumphs in the 2015 and 2016 editions of the Regional Super 50 tournament.

In 2017 Logie was appointed as the assistant coach of the West Indies women's cricket team. He was eventually named as the Windies Women head coach in 2019.

Logie was bestowed with the Trinidad and Tobago Sportsman of the Year Award in 1988. He was also honoured with the Humming Bird Medal Silver in 1993 for his service to sport in Trinidad and Tobago.

title: Gus Logie


text:
Talk:Tony Perkins (politician)

Completely uninformative
I know nothing about this man. For all I know he might be the Grand Dragon; but I have read this article, and I still know absolutely nothing about this man, except malicious innuendo and guilt by association. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 18:55, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

The most offensive section I have deleted, which read:

Connections to White Supremacists
In 2001, Perkins addressed the Council of Conservative Citizens (successor organization to the anti-integration White Citizens Council.

This was founded by former members of the WCC - does that make it a successor organization? Does the WCC itself sponsor anti-integration? More relevantly, does Perkins' address to the group mean that he is in agreement with it, or doesn't it rather suggest that the group is in some sense in agreement with him: a very different thing. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 22:20, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

I restored this section. A quick glance at the Council of Conservative Citizens entry shows that they are most definitely a racist group.--Baltech22 03:41, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

And WOW - his point was absurd anyway. Who gives a frack if they are in agreement of him, or he is in agreement with them - what the hell is wrong with your moral compass? What kind of person would decide it is a *good idea* to even appear in the same room with these people? Either he is with them in thought or he is so dumb as to fail to realize he is appearing in a room fool of racist criminals? He's not that dumb. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.183.79.68 (talk) 17:27, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Bob Barr spoke at a COfCC meeting once, because he didn't know the group was racist at first (he is strongly opposed to racism though, and after he learned what the group's racial views were, he dissociated himself from them). It's understandable, given that "Council of Conservative Citizens" is an innocuous-sounding name (kind of like National Policy Institute) and you wouldn't guess that it was a hate group just from the title. So let's not jump to conclusions about Perkins. I don't agree with his political views but there's no reason to assume that he wasn't a victim of the same type of misunderstanding as Bob Barr (and a whole host of other unsuspecting non-racist politicians, from what I have heard). I have a feeling the COfCC deliberately chose an innocuous-sounding name in order to deceive mainstream politicians, so that it could get more publicity after their appearances at its rallies get mentioned by the media (any publicity is good publicity, I guess). If they had chosen a more accurate name like "Racial Purity Front" or something, they wouldn't have nearly as much publicity.

That's just my two cents' worth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.99.104.234 (talk) 18:06, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

There was definitely some malicious intent in the Controversy section. The source cited says: "This connection was not known to Mr. Perkins until 1999. Mr. Perkins profoundly opposes the racial views of Mr. Duke and was profoundly grieved to learn that Duke was a party to the company that had done work for the 1996 campaign." While the article says: "The Family Research Council says Blumenthal's claims about Perkins' connection to David Duke are false; FRC adds that Duke's "connection was not known to Mr. Perkins until 1999. Mr. Perkins claims to embrace the racial views of Mr. Duke and expresses satisfaction to learn that Duke was a party to the company that had done work for the 1996 campaign." I will edit this. Danielcoulbourne (talk) 22:20, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Title
"Tony Perkins (evangelical Christian figure)" is a dreadful title. How about Tony Perkins (politician)? Any other suggestions for a shorter identifier? -Willmcw 03:31, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, "politician" does make much more sense. --Diogenes00 17:19, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

This article might as well have been written by a Media Matters blogger. Its incredibly biased. Just because Perkins spoke at CCC meeting on ONE occasion does not need to be mentioned in this article. I'll be removing that section, but the article still needs a lot of reworking. SP4 (talk) 16:33, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Endorsements of other candidates
I think the following is irrelevant to this biography, so I have moved it here.

Political endorsements
In 2006, Perkins endorsed Louisiana Republican state Senator James David Cain of Beauregard Parish in Cain's unsuccessful challenge to fellow Republican Jim Donelon in the special election for state insurance commissioner held on September 30.

In September, 2007, Perkins endorsed Brian P. McNabb in the House District 69 all-Republican race, linking him to Bobby Jindal, the GOP front-runner for governor, and calling him a "fresh face with integrity". Erich Ponti defeated McNabb in a general election runoff.

In 2009, Perkins endorsed Ken Blackwell of Ohio for chairman of the Republican National Committee, but the position went to Michael Steele, former lieutenant governor of Maryland.

In 2012, Perkins endorsed former U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania Rick Santorum for the Republican presidential nomination.

208.78.67.43 (talk) 15:09, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

RfC
An RfC: Which descriptor, if any, can be added in front of Southern Poverty Law Center when referenced in other articles? has been posted at the Southern Poverty Law Center talk page. Your participation is welcomed. – MrX 17:40, 22 September 2012 (UTC)

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Talk:Irwin Chusid

Untitled
I was about to correct this article, but the obviously intentional "errors" that are liberally sprinkled throughout it are so funny that I couldn't bring myself to do it.

Although in the interest of accuracy, since this article is directly referenced by many other "real" Wikipedia entries, it probably should be corrected (no pun intended). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.8.130.85 (talk • contribs)

Reverted, because there's no even half-plausible reason been given as to why the article should have been cropped to about one-tenth its original length. If people want to have a debate about him and the errors, fine, but let's just not delete most of the article.Famous Mortimer 13:32, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

explaining erroneously deleted text sections
The massive deletions to this article that took place over the past two days were NOT the work of the person whose ID is associated with the revisions. The deletions were made by a cyberstalker — his identity is known — who has been impersonating various alternative/exotica/outsider music authorities and enthusiasts on message boards and discussion groups for years. He has created havoc on other Wiki entries as well. Self-restraint prevents me from identifying this malefactor publicly. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.100.49.84 (talk) 20:02, 16 March 2007 (UTC).

Excellent news. Thanks for coming on here and letting us know. Famous Mortimer 13:32, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

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Parliament of Barbados

The Parliament of Barbados is the national legislature of Barbados. It is accorded legislative supremacy by Chapter V of the Constitution of Barbados. The Parliament is bicameral in composition and is formally made up of two houses, an appointed Senate (Upper house) and an elected House of Assembly (Lower house), as well as the President of Barbados who is indirectly elected by both. Both houses sit in separate chambers in the Parliament Buildings (commonly known as "The Public Buildings"), in the national capital Bridgetown in Saint Michael.

The Senate is made up of twenty-one Senators, while the House consists of thirty Members of Parliament (MPs) in addition to the Honourable Speaker of the House. Members to serve in the Cabinet of Barbados may be chosen by the Prime Minister from either the House of Assembly or Senate, (the Prime Minister alone who must be chosen by the President must come from the House of Assembly.) In theory, supreme legislative power is vested in all three components equally; in practice during modern times, real power is vested in the House of Assembly, as the President generally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and the powers of the Senate have been limited.

The Parliament of Barbados is originally patterned after the Parliament of England, so the structure, functions, and procedures of the parliament are based on the Westminster system of government.

Sittings of both House and Senate are usually held once per month, with other meetings called as necessary. The House sits on Tuesdays beginning at 10:30am, and are broadcast live on the local radio station, Quality 100.7 FM. Sittings of the Senate take place on Wednesdays.

As of February 2020 the government has been renting various private buildings around Barbados, including the Worthing Corporate Centre and Conference Centre (on 15 Sep 2020 for the State Opening of Parliament)  to host Parliament without any firm return date mentioned as to when it might return to using the capital site.

History
Established on 26 June 1639. The Parliament of Barbados is the third oldest legislature in the Americas (behind the Virginia General Assembly and Bermuda House of Assembly), and is among the oldest in the Commonwealth of Nations.

The genesis of a legislature in Barbados was introduced by Governor Henry Hawley, creating a structure of governance to Barbados, itself patterned after the Parliament of England). The then unicameral Parliament originally was tasked with establishing a system of laws and was completely under the domination of the island's planter-class.  The first meeting of the Barbados Assembly was held in 1639.

The initial location known as the "Sessions House" which was situated in the Marlhill, which is now known as Spry Street. Built by Captain Henry Hawley, the building may have originally accommodated his Courts of Law. (On 25 June 1989, a monument was unveiled to commemorate the site outside of the current Central Bank.)

By 1653, the Assembly moved to the State House then located in Bridgetown area known as Cheapside (then encompassing Broad Street). In 1668 the State House was destroyed by a great fire started by an explosion of the Bridgetown military magazine. Over the next century, the colony's elected officials assembled at various locations all over Bridgetown, which were rented taverns and homes of local merchants and landlords. The Roebuck Tavern located on Roebuck Street was a favourite assembly point and was also owned by Henry Hawley. The movement of the Assembly among the various taverns in the town eventually presented an irony for the thriving colony. Governor Atkins, who was attending a meeting at Gwynn's Tavern in 1674 commented, "I must confess I am a little astonished to see so honourable an Assembly to meet in a place so considerable as the island is, and have no house to receive us but a public tavern" (TOB 71). For many years the Barbados Assembly continued to meet in various places. In 1724 an Act was passed providing for a building for the Council and Assembly, Law Courts and gaol. The building located on Coleridge Street was completed in 1731–1732, yet the House of Assembly still often met at times at different private houses and taverns. The current Parliament Buildings were built in the neo-Gothic style in the early 1870s on the site of what was known as the "New Burnt District", which was part of a 10-acre area in the town that was destroyed by the great fire in 1860.

In 1968 the Barbados Parliament was presented two complete libraries of Parliamentary and constitutional works of reference from the British House of Commons to celebrate political Independence with membership to the Commonwealth. The Parliament of Barbados in its current form was first introduced following the 1961 general elections. In 1963 the colonial era Legislative Council was disestablished. In its place came the Senate in 1964 (due to Barbados' status as a colony of Great Britain). As the years went by, governance in Barbados continued to change in structure until both of the present chambers assumed their present numbers.

Legislative functions
Parliament is empowered by Article 35(l) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of Barbados. The Constitution also empowers Parliament to:
 * Determine the privileges, immunities, and powers of the Senate and the House of Assembly and the members thereof;
 * alter or amend any of the provisions of the constitution;

Following amendments to the Constitution that initiated a transition to a republican form of government in 2021, Parliament is also responsible for electing the country's President.

Enactment clause
"'BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Assembly of Barbados and by the authority of the same as follows:-'"

"'ENACTED by the Parliament of Barbados as follows:-'"

Members in Parliament
As of the 16 February 2024, the Barbados Labour Party holds 29 seats in the House of the Assembly, with the rival Democratic Labour Party holding 1 seat. In the senate, the BLP holds 12 seats with the DLP holding 2 seats and independents holding 7 seats.

Election date
The next general election in Barbados is expected to be held by 2027 the latest. According to the Constitution of Barbados elections can take place no longer than every five years from the first sitting of Parliament. The last general election was held on 19 January 2022.

The Constitution of Barbados also establishes that at any time before this date the Government in power may seek a new mandate from the electorate and may ask for the current sitting of Parliament be dissolved by the President and allow for the announcement of a new date for General elections. The President of Barbados may also announce a new date of General elections should the Prime Minister in power not survive a vote of no confidence motion.

International affiliation(s)

 * ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly
 * Canada-CARICOM Parliamentary Friendship Group
 * Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
 * ParlAmericas
 * Parliamentarians for Global Action (PGA)
 * Pink Parliament, an initiative seeking to inspire & encourage more women to pursue careers in politics

Official Gazette / Hansard

 * The Official Gazette of Barbados

About

 * The Parliament of Barbados – official website
 * History of the Parliament of Barbados – Parliament of Barbados website
 * Laws of Barbados – Parliament
 * Parliament of Barbados profile – Secretariat of the Caribbean, Americas and Atlantic Region of the CPA

Other

 * Barbados Government Information Network – official website
 * (7700 KB) – Government of Barbados

title: Parliament of Barbados


text:
Jonava

Jonava ( יאָנאווא; Janów; Janau) is the ninth largest city in Lithuania with a population of c. 30,000. It is located in Kaunas County in central Lithuania, 30 km north east of Kaunas, the second-largest city in Lithuania. It is served by Kaunas International Airport. Achema, the largest fertilizer factory in the Baltic states, is located nearby. The city is sometimes called "the capital of midsummer holiday" (lt. – Joninės).

History
Jonava was officially established as a city in the 18th century during the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1750, the first wooden church was built in Jonava. In 1778, a beer brewery was operating in the town. Around 1812, Napoleon and his army invaded the town and its surrounding villages. In 1923, Jonava was officially recognised as a city-status settlement and in 1950 it became the centre of the municipality.

The city had a large Jewish population before World War II. In 1893, 92% of the population was Jewish and in 1941 it was 80%. In 1932 there were 250 shops owned by Jewish families, a Jewish bank, 7 synagogues and a Jewish school. During World War II Jonava was attacked by Nazi Germany. A Christian church and five Jewish synagogues were destroyed. The Jews of the city were killed in two massacres, in August and September 1941. A total of 2,108 people were executed by an Einsatzgruppen of Germans and Lithuanian Self-Defence Units. 200 remaining Jews were kept prisoners at the Kaunas ghetto.

After the war, the city built the largest fertilizer factory in the Baltic states and Jonava become one of the 4 biggest industrial cities in Lithuania.

Environmental catastrophe
An explosion occurred in the chemical fertilizers factory on 20 March 1989, causing a leakage of nearly 7,500 tonnes of liquid ammonia. The catastrophe developed further into a fire within the nitrophosphate facility and fertilizer storehouses polluting the atmosphere with products of their combustion, such as nitrous oxide and chlorine. The toxic cloud drifted towards Ukmergė, Širvintos and Kėdainiai. The concentration of ammonia surpassed the permissible level by a factor of 150 in Upninkai, at 10 km from the disaster site. One day after the accident, a toxic cloud 7 km wide and 50 km long was recorded between Jonava and Kėdainiai. Seven people died during the fire and leakage of ammonia immediately afterward, 29 people became handicapped, and a large number of people suffered from acute respiratory and cardiac attacks. The true extent of damages and health impact from the event is however unknown. What is known is that exposure to ammonia prenatally, especially at a young age can cause serious brain damage.

Administrative divisions
Jonava is divided into 13 city regions:

 * Senamiestis
 * Girelė
 * Miškų ūkis
 * Paneriai
 * Lietava
 * Lakštingalos
 * Juodmena
 * Geležinkelio stotis
 * Baldininkai
 * Rimkai
 * Kosmonautai
 * Skaruliai
 * Virbalai

Population
According to the 2021 census, the city population was 27,381 people, of which:
 * Lithuanians – 88.03% (24,104)
 * Russians – 7.14% (1,956)
 * Poles – 1.19% (327)
 * Ukrainians – 0.76% (207)
 * Belarusians – 0.59% (161)
 * Others / did not specify – 2.28% (624)

Sport
The city has its own "physical culture and sports center" with stadium, swimming pool and indoor arena. It has already been announced that the city is going to build a new large indoor arena "BC Jonava".

Football
Jonava has 2 soccer teams
 * FK Jonava is playing in the A Lyga – First Football Division of Lithuania
 * FK Jonava B - second team of FK Jonava, playing in the Third Division of Lithuania

Athletics
The marathon runners sport club Maratonas won 4 medals at Vilnius Marathon.

Basketball
Jonava has a basketball team, founded in 1969; Jonava SK Malsta playing in the National Basketball League (Nacionalinė Krepšinio Lyga). There is also a women's basketball team called BC Jonava which won bronze medals in the women's Second Basketball Division (Nacionalinė moterų krepšinio lyga).

Volleyball
Jonava has a strong women's volleyball team Achema-KKSC that playing in the highest league A Grupė. In 2010 Jonava held the international "Alfredas Ogonauskas Memorial Volleyball Championship".

Competitions
Jonava also hosts some less regular competitions. During the traditional midsummer holiday there was "Jonas's Republic President Cup" of Rally Slalom events. In summer seasons there are some occasional cycling tournaments or cross country competitions.

Education

 * Jonava adult education center
 * Jonava Jeronimas Ralys Gymnasium
 * Jonava Justinas Vareikis Progymnasium
 * Jonava Lietava comprehensive school
 * Jonava Neris comprehensive school
 * Jonava Raimundas Samulevičius Progymnasium
 * Jonava Old Town Gymnasium
 * Janina Miščiukaitė art school

Twin towns — sister cities
Jonava is twinned with:

 * 🇨🇿 Děčín, Czech Republic
 * 🇪🇪 Jõgeva, Estonia
 * 🇵🇱 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
 * 🇫🇮 Riihimäki, Finland
 * Pucioasa, Romania
 * 🇺🇦 Smila, Ukraine
 * 🇲🇩 Vadul lui Vodă, Moldova
 * Zugdidi, Georgia

Notable residents

 * Linas Balčiūnas, (born 1978), olympic cyclist
 * Arnoldas Burkovskis (born 1967), manager
 * Vydas Dolinskas, (born 1970), art scientist
 * Israel Davidson (1870–1939), writer
 * Dominykas Galkevičius (born 1986), footballer
 * S. J. Goldsmith (1915–1995), journalist and editor
 * Laurynas Gucevičius, architect
 * Andrius Janukonis, (born 1971), businessman
 * Grigorijus Kanovičius, (born 1929), Jewish writer
 * Dainius Kreivys, (born 1970), politician, Minister of Economy
 * Juozapas Antanas Kosakovskis, general, Napoleon aide
 * Darius Maskoliūnas, (born 1971), basketball player
 * Abra Abrahamas Meirsonas, Harvard professor of neurosurgery
 * Janina Miščiukaitė (1948–2008), singer
 * Abraham Myerson, (1881–1948), neurologist, psychiatric, sociologist
 * Jeronimas Ralys (1876–1921), translator and medic
 * Ričardas Tamulis (1938–2008), boxer
 * Artūras Zuokas, (born 1968), businessman, former Vilnius mayor

title: Jonava


text:
Golden Spike Ostrava

Golden Spike is an annual athletics event at the Městský Stadion in Ostrava-Vítkovice, Czech Republic as part of the IAAF World Challenge Meetings. It was first organized in 1961.

The history of the meeting was interrupted in 1999, when the meeting was not held due to the apparent lack of interest of sponsors. From 2003 to 2009 the IAAF classified the Zlatá tretra meeting among IAAF Grand Prix meetings.

World records
Over the course of its history, numerous world records have been set at the Golden Spike.

title: Golden Spike Ostrava


text:
User talk:DavidR~enwiki

Welcome!

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title: User talk:DavidR~enwiki


text:
Military ranks of Mexico

The military ranks of Mexico are the military insignia used by the Mexican Armed Forces. Mexico shares a rank structure similar to that of Spain.

Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Branch colors
Rank badges have a band of colour indicating branch:

title: Military ranks of Mexico


text:
Palace of the Shirvanshahs

The Palace of the Shirvanshahs (Şirvanşahlar Sarayı, ) is a 15th-century palace built by the Shirvanshahs and described by UNESCO as "one of the pearls of Azerbaijan's architecture". It is located in the Inner City of Baku, Azerbaijan and, together with the Maiden Tower, forms an ensemble of historic monuments inscribed under the UNESCO World Heritage List of Historical Monuments. The complex contains the main building of the palace, Divanhane, the burial-vaults, the shah's mosque with a minaret, Seyid Yahya Bakuvi's mausoleum (the so-called "mausoleum of the dervish"), south of the palace, a portal in the east, Murad's gate, a reservoir and the remnants of a bath house. Earlier, there was an ancient mosque, next to the mausoleum. There are still ruins of the bath to the west of the tomb.

In the past, the palace was surrounded by a wall with towers and, thus, served as the inner stronghold of the Baku fortress. Despite the fact that at the present time no traces of this wall have survived on the surface, as late as the 1920s, the remains of apparently the foundations of the tower and the part of the wall connected with it could be distinguished on the north-eastern side of the palace.

There are no inscriptions that survived on the palace itself. Therefore, the time of its construction is determined by the dates in the inscriptions on the architectural monuments, which refer to the complex of the palace. Such two inscriptions were completely preserved only on the tomb and minaret of the Shah's mosque. There is the name of the ruler who ordered to establish these buildings in both inscriptions is the – Shirvan Khalil As time of construction – was marked on the tomb, 845 on the minaret of the Shah's mosque.

The burial vault, the palace and the mosque are built of the same material, the grating and masonry of the stone are the same.

The complex used to occupy more area. There were rooms for court servants and services.

The main buildings of the ensemble were built at different times. Despite this fact, these buildings are linked by unity of scale, by rhythm and proportionality of the basic architectural forms – cubic volumes of buildings, domes, portraits. The builders of the ensemble relied on the traditions of the Shirvan-Absheron architectural school.

In 1964, the palace complex was declared a museum-preserve and taken under the protection of the state. In 2000, this ensemble, along with the fortified walls of the historic part of the city and the Maiden Tower, was named a World Heritage Site.

The palace is depicted on the obverse of the Azerbaijani 10,000 manat banknote of 1994–2006 and of the 10 new manat banknote issued since 2006.

History
In the 15th century the Shirvanshah dynasty, under Ibrahim I of Shirvan, transferred his capital from Shemakha to Baku following a devastating earthquake. He committed himself to the construction of the "palace". The building is believed to be a memorial complex built around the sacred place of worship (pir) and tomb of Seyyid Yaxya Bakuvi, who was a Helwati Sufi saint. The Shirvanshahs were patrons of the Helwati Sufiye order, and Shirvanshah Khalilullah I was buried with his family in the grounds of the palace. Other historians argue that the building was used as the ruler's palace. Both theories suffer from the absence of evidence. It is known that wells inside the grounds of the "palace" were considered to have healing qualities until recent times, as was the hill where the palace was built.

After the Safavid conquest of Baku in 1501, the Sufi order was expelled. Over centuries, the "palace" fell into ruin and was known in Baku as Baku Khans palace; this toponym moved into Russian historiography, first cited by Bartold.

Until 1501, there was not any information found about the building of the palace. According to one of the Persian chronicles, in 1501 the troops of Shirvanshakh Farrukh-yessar, the son Khalil-ully I, were defeated in Shemakha by the troops of Shah Ismail I from the Safavid dynasty. Farrukh-yessar was killed in the Battle of Shirvanshah; the troops of Ismail I, having defeated near Shemakha, moved to Baku, besieged it and after several assaults took the city. Then, a tall building of Shirvanshahs was destroyed due to the order of Shah Ismail I. After a while, the city of Baku and its entire district, as well as Shirvan, were governed by the governors who were placed by the Safavids. There is not any detailed information about the people who lived in the palace and in what state it was in the first half of the 16th century.

In the second half of the 16th century, there was a war between the Safavids and the Ottoman Empire. In 1578, the Turks conquered Baku. From the time of the rule of the Ottoman Empire in the palace area, the gate in the palace wall surrounding the palace from the east has been preserved. From the inscription placed on the portal of this gate, it follows that they were built during the reign of the Turkish sultan Murad III (1574–1595 years of rule).

Due to the literary works, there were Turkish pashas living in the palace at that time. The East Gate is a witness of this.

Since the 17th century, the palace was empty, and there were not any government officials. The abbot of the monastery and the representative of the Isfahan mission, Capuchin Pater Raphael du Mans in his essay in 1660 described Shirvanshah Palace in Baku fortress and gave information about its desolation and destruction. In 1723, Baku was besieged by the troops of Peter I, and the city was bombed. In this regard, the south-eastern facades of the palace suffered much. The palace was transferred to the Russian military department in the middle of the 19th century.

The Russian military department made a partial renovation of the palace. At the same time, the significant restructuring was carried out, which adapted the palace facilities to warehouses for military equipment. Repairs carried out by the military department, along with the restoration of the destroyed parts, and led to the destruction of a number of parts required for the restoration of the palace. By adapting the building of the palace to the warehouse, the military department demolished a number of walls separating the rooms in the second and first floors, and there were semicircular arches supporting the roof instead of them on the second floor.

The remains of domed, lancet and cross-slabs were destroyed in all the rooms on the second floor; they were replaced by flat beams. And window openings (double-glazed windows) of the second floor were laid out so that only small windows remained. New wide doorways were pierced.

During this period, the Eastern Orthodox Church in Baku sought the demolition of the palace to build a Baku cathedral in its place. However, this petition was rejected by the tsarist authorities only because the premises of the palace were used for large warehouses.

There was an entrance made to the second floor of the northern facade of the palace, and a huge opening was punched in the wall. This was done so that the cart drawn by the horses from the street could enter the second floor of the palace. After making the above-mentioned reorganization, the military department attached a ladder to the eastern facade of the palace, and the entire southern (or lower) courtyard was surrounded by a stone wall with loopholes. This wall was erected from a foundation left from the old walls surrounding the palace. The palace ensemble is now protected by fortress walls erected in the first half of the 19th century.

During the existence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920), a number of measures were taken to study and fix architectural monuments. Thus, at the end of 1918, the dimensional drawings of the Shirvanshahs Palace were made by the Ishmael Bek Nabi oglu, the architectural engineer. At the beginning of 1920, several cycles of lectures on the fate of the palace were read in the "Society for the Study of the Muslim East" by Ismail bek Nabi oglu. The periodical press indicated that the report was illustrated by various photographs and drawings of the palace. After the reports and debates, the presidium of the society was elected, which included chairman Professor Zimin, Comrade chairman I Belyaev, secretary-teacher Seidov and Kazioni Subkhanverdikhanov. The meeting instructed the presidium to organize an excursion to the palace in the near future.

In 1920, the government of the Azerbaijani SSR began to take measures to protect the monument. Since 1920, the cleaning of the palace from the age-old layers of garbage and partial repairs began, accompanied by archaeological reconnaissance.

In 1924, the works were continued. After the extensive repair and restoration works of 1932–1934, conducted by AzCUOP together with the Moscow State Restoration Workshops for projects designed by architect Boris Zasypkin, the building of the former Shirvanshah palace was given to the Azerbaijan History Museum AzFAN. Since the clay floors were fragile, and the building of the palace was intended for the organization of a museum in it, during the repair and restoration work the floors were covered with parquet. Also, during the works from the window openings were laid the stones laid in the 19th century, and they were returned to their original appearance. The original layout of the second floor was not restored, due to the fact that the premises were supposed to be a museum: where there are only two rooms, there were originally eight rooms. The plan of the first floor was completely restored.

In 1937–1938 under the guidance of archaeologist Vadim Leviatov, archaeological excavations were carried out in the palace and a large number of artifacts dating from the 12th–15th centuries were found. The archaeological excavations conducted by Leviatov in 1945 on the territory of the palace ensemble, deep beneath the foundations of the surviving buildings, revealed the remains of a once densely populated residential quarter. Numerous fragments of ceramic products and coins date it to the 8th–9th centuries.

For some time, the Azerbaijan People's Museum and the Museum of the History of Religion were located in the palace building. In 1960, the palace was turned into an architectural reserve, which in 1964 was transformed into the State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve "Complex of the Shirvanshahs Palace".

In 1992, new restoration works began. The author of the restoration project of the palace complex was Niyazi Rzayev. The restoration began from the throne room. In 2000, at the 24th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, the historical part of the city of Baku, Icheri Sheher, along with the palace, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site from Azerbaijan. These were the first objects included in the list of UNESCO, located on the territory of Azerbaijan. In 2006, the next restoration of the palace was completed.

In 2017, the Maiden Tower and the Palace of the Shirvanshahs were awarded with the Certificate of Excellence.

The plan of the palace

 * 1) The palace
 * 2) Divan-khana
 * 3) Seyid Mausoleum Yahya Bakuvi
 * 4) The place of the destroyed Kei-Kubad mosque
 * 5) The Eastern portal
 * 6) The Palace Mosque
 * 7) The Shrine
 * 8) Place of bath
 * 9) Ovdan.

The main building (the palace)
The building of the palace did not arise at once. The building of the complex was started in 1411 by Shirvanshah Sheykh Ibrahim I. The two-storey building of the palace numbers about 50 dimensions and outlines of the constructions connected with three narrow winding staircases. The big lancet portal directly leads from the courtyard to the second floor, into a high octahedral lodging covered with a cupola. A small, octagonal vestibule behind it connects it with the rest of the lodgings in the palace.

The earliest building (approximately the end of the fourteenth century) is the central part (octagonal hall of the second floor). The part adjoining the western facade was added a little later. The western, northern and a small part of the eastern facades form an incomplete rectangle. The rest of the eastern facade and the entire southern facade are formed by two triangular lanterns and a broken line between them, enclosing four right angles.

There were originally 52 rooms connected by three narrow spiral staircases in the palace building: 27 on the first and 25 on the second floor (currently 16 rooms on the second floor), and the layout of the second floor basically reproduced the plan of the first floor. The central part of the palace (octagonal hall on the second floor, the entrance to which is decorated with a portal) has thicker walls. Arranged on the western facade, the main entrance to the palace is decorated with a high portal. The ladder of the portal leads to a tall octagonal front hall, covered with a dome. It is assumed that this room served for receptions.

The small octagonal lobby behind it connected the hall to the rest of the rooms. Slit-shaped holes in the faces served as a voice connection with the lower floor, where the office premises were located. The rooms and rooms of the second floor are more ceremonial. Among them, there are the southern and eastern facades with bay windows that reveal the bay view. There are also rooms for the Shah and his family on the second floor.

The smooth surface of the large stone planes of the palace is shaded by alternating rows of masonry, differing in color, width and texture, as well as the "shebeke" aura – stone gratings in small light apertures.

There were daily-life objects, coins from the 12th to 15th centuries, copper utensils, weapons and decorations of the 19th century, musical instruments of the 15th century found during the archaeological excavations both on the territory of the palace complex and in the territory of the historical center of Icheri-Sheher and Shirvan. There were also female costumes and embroidery of the 19th century, Shemakha carpets of the 19th century and carpets woven in the 17th century in Baku. There is a mock-up of the historic part of the city in the center of the hall.

Divan-khana
A small aperture, located on the north side of the palace garden, leads to the closed courtyard Divan-khana, which is framed on three sides by a pointed arcade. In the composition center, Divan-khana there is an octagonal rotunda-pavilion. The hall of this rotunda is surrounded by an open arcade of the same warrant. The elliptical cover with a slightly pointed top is protected from the outside by a faceted stone dome. The western facade of the rotunda is decorated with arabesques which are stylized with a portal, the channeled half-cupola of the lancet conch is supported by a system of finely modeled stalactites (mucarnases). Overhead planes are covered with ornament. The portal leads to the canopy connecting the hall with the service rooms located one above the other.

There are several versions of the appointment of Divan-khana. It was supposed to serve as a building for legal proceedings, receptions or state council, or perhaps, it was a mausoleum. The most common hypothesis is based on the common name of the monument, according to which it was assumed that it is a court, or a reception room of the palace, or the building of an "order". The features of the style and the incompleteness of the part of the decoration work allow one to date Divan-khana to the end of the 15th century, the time of the capture of Baku by the Safavid troops. The features of the plan, the dungeon-crypt and the content of the lapidary inscription above the entrance to the hall (Koran, Sura 10, verses 26 and 27) indicate his memorial appointment.

The origin of the original architectural structure is also associated with the pre-Islamic funerary tradition. Historian Sara Ashurbeyli believes that even in pre-Islamic times, the occupied Divan-khan territory was a sacred place (it is assumed that the cup-shaped grooves served to collect the sacrificial blood of animals)

The Keygubad Mosque
In the old days, a mosque was added to the mausoleum of Seyyid Yahya Bakuvi, which was called the "old" mosque. It is known as the "Kei-Kubad Mosque". This mosque was built at the end of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth century after the destruction of the older building on which it was built. The mosque was covered with a dome, which was supported by four stone columns that stood inside the mosque. The clutches of the mosque were tied up with the laying of the mausoleum. In 1918, the "old" mosque burned down during a fire. The image of this mosque and its brief description was given in the article of Andrei Pavlinov, who visited Baku and saw the mosque in 1888, published in the third issue of the journal "Materials on the Archeology of the Caucasus" (Moscow, 1893) Historian Abbasgulu Bakikhanov wrote that Bakuvi taught and prayed in the mosque: "The cell where he prayed, the school where he worked and his grave are there, in the mosque". Keygubad Shirvanshah ruled from 1317 to 1343 and was Sheikh Ibrahim's grandfather.

In the 1920s, when E. A Pakhomov surveyed the mausoleum and ruins of the old mosque, it was discovered that the pedestal on which the base of one of the mosque columns stood, covers a narrow trench made in the ground and plastered into the crypt of the mausoleum. In this trench, there were several stone tombstones. When examining the crypt, it was found that there were scattered bones of twenty human skeletons. The bones were folded without observing any rules. This is due to the fact that at the place where the mausoleum stood and around it, there was once a cemetery. And during the construction of the mosque and digging foundation pits under the foundations, a number of burials were broken. Bones from the broken graves were collected and stacked in the mausoleum, and gravestones – in the trench. These tombstones are not preserved. Currently, on the site where the mosque once stood, there are two columns that once stood inside the mosque, as well as part of the wall with the roof.

Mausoleum of Seyyid Yahya Bakuvi
In the southern courtyard, next to the palace, stands a mausoleum, built in the second half of the 15th century, called the mausoleum of the "dervish" and known as the burial of the court scholar Khalil Ili Seyid Yahya Bakuvi, who was engaged in medicine, mathematics, and astrology. The mausoleum has an octagonal body, which completes the pyramidal tent. The interior of the mausoleum consists of an underground crypt where the tombstone of Bakuvi is located, and a camera above it. The small octagonal volume of the mausoleum turns into a drum covered with a dome. On the sides of the mausoleum there are three small windows carved into solid slabs of limestone, and, like in the old days, they are through-through stone gratings, consisting of multibeam stars. The archway in the northern part connects the mausoleum with an older mosque. According to Abbaskuli aga Bakikhanov, "the cell where he prayed [Bakuvi], the school and the grave that are under the mosque named after him, still exist today".

The palace mosque
In the front of the lower courtyard, there is a mosque building with a minaret. In terms of the mosque is rectangular, has a large hall, a small women's chapel and service rooms. The northern portal is facing the Shirvanshahs burial vault. This portal is more solemn than the east, which was intended for the inhabitants of the palace, descending the semi-underground passage. The double-lighted is covered with a dome on spherical sails.

Mihrab mosque is located at the southern end of the hall. Above the one-woman women's chapel, there is also a domed room. It is inferior in size to the dome of the hall and repeats its outlines. Against the backdrop of the prismatic volume, completed by two domes with slightly pointed tunnels, a deeply shaded aperture of the mosque portal is clearly drawn.

Above the northeast corner of the mosque stands a minaret, ending with a stalactite cornice supporting a balcony that had a stone barrier before. The inscription encircles the minaret below the stalactite cornice. It is executed in the font "nash" and contains an inscription. The inscription tells about the construction of the minaret, but not the mosque that was built at an earlier time. This is confirmed by the lack of a decorated rich portal and artistic inscriptions on it.

The Eastern Portal
On the territory of the southern courtyard of the complex was the so-called Eastern Portal, also known as the "Gate of Murad". The construction of this portal completed the formation of the ensemble. Judging by the inscription on the portal niche, the portal was built during the years of occupation of Baku by Ottoman troops at the behest of a noble Bakrada of the Rajab Baba in 994 AH (1585/86) by architect Amir Shah of Vaillankoukh (suburb of Tabriz). Compared with the Divan-khana portals and the Shirvanshahs burial vault, the structure and forms of the portal are somewhat simplified. It has a less rich and elegant decor. The upper part of the portal is decorated with a building inscription in Arabic.

The inscription has sockets with floral ornaments on both sides. In the lower part of the portal, there is a deep niche formed by a stalactite semi-double. Unlike other portals of the palace, the Eastern portal has a wide lancet entrance opening, similar to the gate. Sarah Ashurbeyli assumes that this structure was the entrance to a building that did not survive, or was not erected.

Shrine
Near the shah's mosque in the lower courtyard, in the wall separating the lower platform from the upper one, is located the building of the Shirvanshahs burial vault, the so-called "Turbe". This building is located directly opposite the entrance, overlapped by a pointed vault. The smooth wall of the facade is lined with Baku limestone with a careful fit of the seams. Above the building, there is a richly decorated portal to the tomb. This portal repeats the compositional reception of the Divan-khan portal, but in comparison with the latter it is somewhat easier to interpret (the stalactite arch consists of only four rows of stalactites, the side walls are smoothly solved, no niches, and only tympanum of the arches, a number of inscriptions in the font "nash" – Koranic (Surah XII, verse 92nd) and hadith.

On the right and left of the portal's lancet aperture in two onion-shaped medallions are inscriptions with the name of the builder-architect of the tomb. In each medallion, the same inscription is repeated twice (in direct and mirror image) and contains the following words: Allah Muhammad Ali (an architect). Judging by the name, the architect was a Shiite. Above the ornamentation of the tympanum of the stalactite arch, there is a strip with an inscription of a religious nature. In the tympanas, medallions are also arranged on each side, also with an inscription. The inscription above the entrance to the portal dates the construction of the burial vault 839 (1435/36) and reports that the tomb was built by Shirvanshah Halilullah for his mother and son.

The portal leads to the canopy, on the right and left side of which are located associated with the opening of small rooms, probably intended for ministers of worship. The canopies lead to the main hall, which is cross-shaped in plan, and its central part is covered with a dome resting on the vaults of the branches of the cross and stone walls through a system of spherical sails. It is interesting that outside, the stone dome was once covered with turquoise glaze.

During the archaeological excavations in the tomb were found fragments of architectural details of tombstones in the hall, as well as a number of burials of members of the family of Halilullah. So, archaeological works in 1946 under the wooden floor of the tomb, a crypt was found with five burials, covered with stone slabs (one of them contained the remains of a child of 6–7 years old, apparently the son of Halilullah, the other – older women, probably the mother of Halilullah, the skeleton of a man is 18–19 years old). The continuation of the work in the tomb found a number of untouched tombs, the total number of which reached 14. The names of the members of the family of Halilullah can be found on the basis of odes, elegies and chronograms from the sofa of Badr Shirvani: the mother of Halilullah Bike khanum (died 839 AH / 1435/6), his sons Farrukh Yamin (born 839 AH / 1435/6, died in 846 AH / 1442/3 at the age of seven), Sheikh Saleh (born in 847 AH / 1443, died in 849 AH / 1445/6 at the age of 2 years), Mir Bahram (killed ( Shaheed) in the Kaytag steppe at a young age of 20 Muharram in 850 AH / 17 April 1446), Prince Muhammad Ibrahim (born 20 Muharram 836 / 16 September 1432), Farrukh Yasar (born 12 Muharram 845 AH / 2 June 1441).

Bathhouses
In the lower courtyard of the complex, there is a bathhouse, the location of which does not allow us to contour the territory that belonged to the palace. It is assumed, however, that the bathhouse, built in the 15th century, was indeed a palace. The bath was cleared of blockages, and the internal layout of the bath was restored thanks to the conservation of the lower rows of wall masonry.

The palace bath, like the vast majority of the baths of the East, was buried in the ground, but only the entrance portal and the domes of large halls were visible from the outside, the crowns of which ended with perforated lanterns that served as ventilation. Such a strong depth of the bath was typical for the baths of the entire Absheron peninsula.

The visitor of the bath from the vestibule-dressing room got into the soap-house, where there was a swimming pool for general ablution. To the soap, adjoining large and small rooms, intended for all procedures that required a different temperature. The necessary temperature of the various rooms, depending on their destination, was tried to preserve the internal layout of the bath. In one of the last chambers of the bathhouse, there was a tank with hot water. Under it, there was a firebox, which served to heat all the premises of the bath. The underground, the stables and the walls of the baths were heated by a branched system of heat-conducting channels.

Ovdan
Not far from the bathhouse is located the ovdan – a reservoir which was one of the largest in the Fortress of the Ovdans. This ovdan supplied drinking water not only to the palace, but also to the entire surrounding area. This assumption is confirmed by the nearby small, built in the 14th century Chin Mosque, which is believed to have served the residents of the nearby area. Ovdan supplied water to the palace bathhouse.

Ovdan is a spacious reservoir located deep underground, which was ventilated by means of a special vertical shaft. Such a structure is typical for most of the ovdans surviving until the present day. To descend into the reservoir was possible by a gentle staircase, which was blocked by a lancet arch.

Water came into the ovdan from a well-kept underground water pipe or kyhryza. The water intake structures of this water pipe were quite far from the city.

In culture
Images of the Shirvanshahs palace can be found in the works of such artists as Grigory Gagarin, Georgy Hohenfelden, in the photographs of Richard Thiele. In 1990, the postage stamp of the USSR, dedicated to the palace, was issued. Later, the image of the palace appeared on the postage stamps of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Also, Shirvanshah's palace was depicted on an Azerbaijani banknote with a face value of 10,000 manats. In June 2022, the Central Bank of Azerbaijan issued a new banknote that also shows Shirvanshahs Palace in the background. Description of the palace is found in the novel of Kurban Said "Ali and Nino."

Palace complex in cinematography
The architecture of the palace several times fell into the footage of Leonid Gaidai's film The Diamond Arm (1969), which was also filmed in the "old city" of Baku.

Literature
Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair. The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. – Oxford University Press, 2009. – Т. 2. – С. 240. – 513 pp. – ISBN 9780195309911.

title: Palace of the Shirvanshahs


text:
Monique Richard

Monique Richard (born December 12, 1947) is a Quebec politician. She is a member of the National Assembly of Quebec, representing the district of Marguerite-D'Youville. She was elected in the 2008 provincial election. She is a member of the Parti Québécois and served as president of that party from 2005 to 2008.

She is a former labour union leader of the Centrale des syndicats du Québec. She is now councilor and spokesperson of the left-wing SPQ Libre, a political faction within the Parti Québécois. She became the president of the Parti Québécois in 2005, becoming the first president after the separation of that function with that of leader of the party.

Richard obtained a bachelor's degree in education sciences from the École Normale Eulalie-Durocher in 1969 and became teacher at the primary level. From 1984 to 1999 she was the vice-president of the executive council of the Centrale des syndicats du Québec, and served as the president from 1999 to 2003.

title: Monique Richard


text:
Lorenzo Sanz

Lorenzo Sanz Mancebo (9 August 1943 – 21 March 2020) was a Spanish businessman who was the 14th President of Real Madrid and a former owner of Málaga.

Early life
He was born in August 1943 in a humble family in Madrid, being the eldest of ten siblings. During his youth, he was a goalkeeper for several soccer teams in Madrid, such as Puerta Bonita. He began his business career with a wallpaper factory. He was linked to Fuerza Nueva, an extreme right-wing party for which he managed advertising. Married to María Luz Durán Muñoz, he was the father of five children. The first son, Lorenzo, was a basketball player and played two seasons with Real Madrid's first team and later as technical director of the section for two seasons. The following sons, Paco -who played eight games in the First Division- and Fernando -who played four seasons with Real Madrid's first team and seven with Málaga-, were soccer players and later presidents of Granada Club de Fútbol and Málaga Club de Fútbol, respectively. Their daughters are María Luz "Malula" (1975), who is married to former Real Madrid player Míchel Salgado, and Diana (1977).

Professional life
In 1985, Sanz left Blas Piñar's notary and was appointed as a member of the board of directors of Real Madrid, chaired by Ramón Mendoza, while he shifted his professional activities towards the real-estate sector by joining the Swiss Jose Antonio Roth, a wealthy developer who controlled the real-estate development group Barada ("Grupo Barada"). Sanz would acquire land through his companies (Nuada and Renfisa) and use his influence through Real Madrid's board to gain planning permissions. After that, the land was sold to Barada, which would offer to the banks said land as collateral to cover the guarantees required to the board of directors. In 1995 Lorenzo Sanz became president of Real Madrid after covering, with the economic support of Barada, the majority of the 1,045 million pesetas required by LaLiga. During the 2000s Lorenzo Sanz was attributed a net worth of 20,000 million pesetas (120 million euros), less than Roth's wealth, who controlled his stake in Barada, S.L. through the shell company Merenco Capital B.V., registered in the Netherlands.

President of Real Madrid
Sanz was a director of Real Madrid from 1985 to 1995. He then became President of Real Madrid on 26 November 1995 after Ramón Mendoza was forced to resign due to the economic, social, and sporting problems of the club. Sanz tried to turn the club around by bringing in star players like Davor Šuker and Predrag Mijatović with his own money. This led to a long-awaited UEFA Champions League victory, which Real Madrid had not won since 1966, as the club won both the 1998 and 2000 finals.

Following the two Champions League trophies, Sanz decided to hold an early election to the club presidency in 2000, but eventually lost to Florentino Pérez, and vacated the presidency on July 16. He then tried unsuccessfully twice to regain his former position as the president of Real Madrid, and failed in a bid to take over Parma.

Negotiations with Parma
Between June 2005 and January 2006, Sanz was negotiating with Italian club Parma in Amministrazione Straordinaria to become the club's new owner. Guido Angiolini and Enrico Bondi, the two officers appointed by the Italian government to restore Parma, and its main sponsor Parmalat, were the two people involved in the operations with Sanz. The first time Parma announced negotiations with Sanz was in August 2005. Both President Angiolini and government-appointed administrator Enrico Bondi asked for €27.5 million, but the negotiations were not as smooth as some predicted.

Until January 2006, the Sanz family was still transacting business with Bondi and Angiolini, but to no avail. In an interview with Gazzetta dello Sport in January 2006, President Angiolini stated that, "If, by the 16th, the deal with the Sanz family has not been closed, we will set about finding a new buyer." Sanz had seemed the most likely buyer of the club in August 2005 when he made an initial payment of €7.5 million ($9.07 million) on the full price of €27.5 million. However, he did not pay the outstanding €20 million. Parma administrators stated that after 16 January 2006, the club was free to find other interested buyers as the contract with Sanz expired on 15 January 2006.

Other interested buyers included the owner of Spain's Alamak Espana Trade, Russian oligarch Abram Reznikov. The uncertainty over the club's future had become a source of increasing frustration for Parma supporters. The deal with Sanz was a big dilemma for the Parma fans. In some papers, this deal was referred to as "The never ending story." Parma supporters were longing for a positive ending. Sanz visited Parma a couple of times, and he even turned up at the Stadio Ennio Tardini to follow some of Parma's matches in Serie A. Because of his withdrawal from the deal and failure to pay the rest of the sum of €20.5 million, Lorenzo Sanz Senior and Lorenzo Sanz Junior lost much of their credibility.

Later years
Sanz announced in 2006 that he was putting himself up for election once again for the vacant President's position at Real Madrid, losing it to Ramón Calderón.

In July 2006, Sanz purchased Málaga. He sold the club in 2010 to a Qatari investor for a sum of €50 million.

In May 2008, it was reported that he was looking to buy Italian club Bari, and that the Bari owners had given him ten days to close the deal, which was rumored to be around €15 million.

Personal life
Sanz was the father-in-law of former Real Madrid and Spain national team defender Míchel Salgado, who married his daughter Malula. Sanz's two sons, Paco and Fernando, and his grandson Paco Sanz Mora, were also professional footballers. As the owner of Málaga, he entrusted Fernando with the presidency of the club.

Sanz died in the evening of 21 March 2020 at the age of 76, after testing positive for COVID-19.

Honours

 * Football:
 * La Liga: 1996–97
 * Supercopa de España: 1997
 * UEFA Champions League: 1997–98, 1999–2000
 * Intercontinental Cup: 1998

 * Basketball:
 * Liga ACB: 1999–2000
 * FIBA EuroCup: 1996–97

title: Lorenzo Sanz


text:
Barinas State Anthem

The lyrics for the anthem of the Barinas State, Venezuela, were written by Rafael Montenegro. The music was composed by Pedro Elías Gutiérrez. It was adopted by executive decree 27 January 1911.

title: Barinas State Anthem


text:
Gabriela Bustelo

Gabriela Bustelo (Madrid, 1962) is a Spanish author, journalist and translator.

Biography
Included in the 1990 neorealist generation of Spanish novelists, Bustelo made her debut with Veo Veo (Anagrama, 1996), which placed her in the literary Generation X  She shares with José Ángel Mañas, Ray Loriga and Lucía Etxebarria a sharp literary style influenced by commercial culture — advertising, pop music, film and television. Gabriela Bustelo is one of the few Spanish women who have written science fiction. Her second novel Planeta Hembra (RBA, 2001), located in New York, is a dystopia that envisaged —almost two decades ago— the underlying conflict between women and men that in the 21st century has become the MeToo Movement as a global battle of the sexes. La historia de siempre jamás (El Andén, 2007) portrays the immorality and shallowness of European political elites. In 1996 she began to write pieces on art and culture for publications such as Vogue and Gala (magazine), having penned political columns for fifteen years in national print media and digital newspapers. She contributed cultural articles to Colombian magazine "Arcadia" (revistaarcadia.com) from 2005 to 2015.

Translations
Bustelo has translated to Spanish the works of classics such as Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Rudyard Kipling, Oscar Wilde, Edgar Allan Poe and Mark Twain; and well-known contemporaries including Raymond Chandler, Muriel Spark and Margaret Atwood.

title: Gabriela Bustelo


text: User talk:86.135.181.94

title: User talk:86.135.181.94


text:
UNIGIS

UNIGIS is a worldwide network of universities cooperating since 1992 in the design, development and delivery of distance learning in Geographical Information Science and Systems (GIS). Members of the UNIGIS network offer Postgraduate Certificate, Diploma and Masters courses in GIS by open and distance learning, following the mission of Educating GIS Professionals Worldwide.

Members of the UNIGIS network also work together in research and curriculum development activities related to GIS education. Programmes and courses are under continuous development and are currently being offered in English, German, Hungarian, Portuguese, Spanish and Polish languages. UNIGIS each year enrolls more than 600 new students worldwide.

UNIGIS courses
UNIGIS courses are modular and flexible study programmes. The content varies to meet local student needs. Optional courses give the opportunity to tailor the programme to meet individual student needs, and residential workshops are offered to support areas of the courses. Topics covered in the UNIGIS courses include:
 * Spatial Data
 * Database Theory
 * Geodata Sources
 * GIS and Organisations
 * Spatial Thinking
 * Visualisation of Spatial Data
 * Project Management
 * Applications Development
 * Remote Sensing
 * GIS and Modelling
 * Environmental Impact Analysis

Students use digital and printed study materials including specially developed study notes, guided readings, and practical exercises. Professional GIS software to support practical work is provided at no cost to students. Students are encouraged to use their work experience in the course, and to apply their new knowledge from their study to their work situations.

Partner institutions

 * UNIGIS International Association
 * UNIGIS Amsterdam at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
 * UNIGIS Central Asia at ACA*GIScience
 * UNIGIS Girona at the University of Girona
 * UNIGIS Hungary at the Óbuda University (Alba Regia Technical Faculty, Institute of Geoinformatics)
 * UNIGIS India
 * UNIGIS Kathmandu, jointly provided by the University of Salzburg and Kathmandu Forestry College
 * UNIGIS Latin America at Universidad San Francisco de Quito and the University of Belgrano
 * UNIGIS Lisbon at Universidade Nova de Lisboa
 * UNIGIS Poland at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków
 * UNIGIS Salzburg (German and English language) at the University of Salzburg
 * UNIGIS Zagreb at the University of Salzburg, delivered through Oikon

Social media

 * LinkedIn UNIGIS Alumni Worldwide
 * Blog UNIGIS News

title: UNIGIS


text:
User talk:Aventferry

Welcome!

Hello, Aventferry, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay.

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * Try our tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * Keep the Five Pillars of Wikipedia in mind, and remember to write from a neutral point of view.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~, or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

If you have any questions, see the help pages, ask a question at the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome, and good luck!

-- Kirill Lokshin 19:06, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aventferry


text:
Ken Bugul

Ken Bugul (born 1947) is the pen name of Senegalese Francophone novelist Mariètou Mbaye Biléoma. In the Wolof language, her pen name means "one who is unwanted".

Background
Bugul was born 1947 in Ndoucoumane. She was raised in a polygamous environment, born to a father who was an 85-year-old marabout. After completing her elementary education in her native village, she studied at the Malick Sy Secondary School in Thiès. After a year in Dakar, she obtained a scholarship that allowed her to continue study in Belgium. In 1980 she returned to her home, where she became the 28th wife in the harem of the village marabout. After his death, she returned to the big city. From 1986 to 1993, Bugul worked for the NGO IPPF (International Planned Parenthood Federation) in Nairobi, Kenya; Brazzaville, Congo; and Lomé, Togo, and served as the head of the organization's African region section. She subsequently married a doctor from Benin and gave birth to a daughter. Today she lives and works in Senegal. From July to December 2017 Ken Bugul is the 14th Writer in Residence in Zürich.

Bugul's literary reputation has varied from place to place. She was awarded the Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire for her novel Riwan ou le Chemin de Sable in 2000, but is better known among American readers for her novel The Abandoned Baobab, which is her only book to date to have been translated into English. Among other themes, the work deals with and critiques African colonialism. On the question of The Abandoned Baobab 's autobiographical nature, Bugul has said of the novel, as well as of the subsequent Cendres et Braises and Riwan ou Le chemin de sable, "All three books mirror the very deep and radical experiences I went through". As of late, her status among American feminists has diminished somewhat, as many have critiqued her for marrying a holy man who already had more than 20 wives. This is perhaps undeserved, and is a good example of ideologies clashing, as the criticism is the result of American feminists attempting to hold Bugul up to the standards of Western feminism, which is worlds away from her Senegalese experience.

Works

 * Le Baobab Fou (1982); translated into English as The Abandoned Baobab: The Autobiography of a Senegalese Woman (1991)
 * Cendres et braises (1994); "Ashes and Embers"
 * Riwan ou le Chemin de Sable (1999); "Riwan; or, the Sandy Track"
 * La Folie et la mort (2000); "Madness and Death"
 * De l'autre côté du regard (2002); "As Seen From the Other Side"
 * Rue Félix-Faure (2005)
 * La pièce d'or (2005); "The Gold Coin"
 * Mes hommes à moi (2008)
 * Aller et Retour (2014)
 * Cacophonie (2014)
 * Riwan ou le Chemin de sable (2018)
 * Le Trio bleu (2022)

title: Ken Bugul


text:
Phommathat

Phommathat was the fourth king of Lan Xang (Laos) (ruled 1428–1429). He was Lan Kham Deng's oldest son. He was king for only 10 months. He was assassinated by Nang Keo Phimpha. He was succeeded by Yukhon.

Family

 * Father: Lan Kham Deng - King of Lan Xang (r.1416-1428)
 * Mother: Queen Nang Kaeva Buma Fa (Keo Poum Fa)
 * Consorts and their Respective Issue:
 * 1) by unknown women
 * 2) Prince Kaya Bunabarna (Kay Bona Ban) - died in 1428 on the orders of his grandmother, Nang Keo Phimpha

title: Phommathat


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/LET’S DISCUSS THE ISSUES? Or A MESSAGE TO THE TERMITES

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. HappyCamper 04:23, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

LET’S DISCUSS THE ISSUES? Or A MESSAGE TO THE TERMITES
Appears to be a personal essay. --Mysidia (talk) 19:06, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete appears to be a barely coherent rant, with no encyclopaedic value. Could not be turned into an article without serious re-writing and even then there appears to be no actual substance to the text. dok 07:43, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not encyclopaedic and probably can't be turned into anything useful easily. Halo 19:09, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete incessant rambling.  Paul Klenk 19:15, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete rambling Groeck 19:42, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  Interesting to read, but not in an encyclopedia.    Austrian 20:07, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * so....? what presidential election is almost upon us??Bush is a lame duck, and isn't going anywhere for 3 years, assuming of course he decideds to acknowledge term limits at all, this is either very old, or takes place some time in the future--172.149.98.9 20:10, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Essay. Dr Gangrene 20:14, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy, article is primarily an attempt to communicate with termites. Sdedeo 20:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Har, har. Thanks for the laugh, Sdedeo. --DavidConrad 00:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, this is an article --KJPurscell 21:04, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete for wasting my time reading it. --Agamemnon2 20:21, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete termites, and insert the word "not" in KJPurscell's vote. sjorford (?!) 22:22, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy and delete, if the creator wants it. N (t/c) 23:01, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This has the feel of a copyvio, too, but I couldn't dig anything up... in any case it's not encyclopedic. Aquillion 23:04, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This is an essay, and WP is not a soapbox. Dr. Orkin should tell his 'Tale of a Tub' in some other forum. --DavidConrad 00:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - and should have been speedied anyway. -- AlexR 08:19, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ARGH! My eyes!. Alphax τεχ 08:33, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User:Ctrlaltdel

title: User:Ctrlaltdel


text:
User:Guanaco152003

I'm a Salvadoran American Living in Hammond, Indiana, USA

I've started a couple articles regarding El Salvador, including:

 * Casa Presidencial
 * Teatro Nacional de El Salvador
 * Joya de Cerén
 * Mision Cristiana Elim Internacional
 * List of Salvadorans

title: User:Guanaco152003


text:
David Lambkin

David Lesley Goatham, better known by his pen name David Lambkin, is an English novelist.

Background
Born in the United Kingdom, he spent many years in South Africa and Kenya. Lambkin divides his time between running his advertising agency in Johannesburg and writing novels and articles (for National Geographic i.a.).

Writing
Lambkin's novels are mainly crime fiction set in Kenya with White protagonists.

Lambkin won the South African Central News Agency Literary Award for best debut work for his first novel, "Plain of Darkness", in 1992. He was voted "Author of the Year" by The Star (South Africa) newspaper in 1995 for his novel "The Hanging Tree" and in 2002 for "Night Jasmine Man". Both "The Hanging Tree" and "Night Jasmine Man" are set in Kenya. His fourth novel, "The Voyeur" is set on Zanzibar. Lambkin is also compiling a cookbook on Swahili cuisine and has written scripts for wildlife documentaries.

His books have been reviewed in Publishers Weekly, Chicago Tribune, World Literature Today, Kirkus Reviews among other places.

Hobbies
Lambkin is an amateur naturalist, clay pigeon shot, fisherman, wine lover, fan of Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven, and an enthusiastic albeit untrained cook.

Publications

 * Plain of Darkness (1992)
 * The Hanging Tree (1995)
 * Night Jasmine Man (2002)
 * The Voyeur (2005)

title: David Lambkin


text:
Time and Tide (Split Enz album)

Time and Tide is the eighth album by the New Zealand new wave band Split Enz, released in April 1982. It topped the album charts in New Zealand and Australia.

At the 1982 Countdown Australian Music Awards, Time and Tide was named Best Australian Album, despite being a New Zealand album.

The album was re-released in 2006 along with all of Split Enz's studio album catalogue. Some albums were rearranged, reordered or adjusted; Time and Tide, however, was left unchanged.

Track listing

 * 1) "Dirty Creature" (Neil Finn, Tim Finn & Nigel Griggs) – 4:02
 * 2) "Giant Heartbeat" (N. Finn & Griggs) – 3:57
 * 3) "Hello Sandy Allen" (N. Finn) – 3:51
 * 4) "Never Ceases to Amaze Me" (T. Finn) – 3:06
 * 5) "Lost for Words" (N. Finn, T. Finn & Griggs) – 3:02
 * 6) "Small World" (T. Finn) – 3:37
 * 7) "Take a Walk" (N. Finn) – 3:37
 * 8) "Pioneer" (Eddie Rayner) – 1:32
 * 9) "Six Months in a Leaky Boat" (T. Finn & Split Enz) – 4:21
 * 10) "Haul Away" (T. Finn) – 2:27
 * 11) "Log Cabin Fever" (N. Finn) – 4:36
 * 12) "Make Sense of It" (Noel Crombie, T. Finn, N. Finn, Griggs & Rayner) – 3:40

Split Enz

 * Tim Finn – vocals, piano
 * Neil Finn – vocals, guitar
 * Noel Crombie – drums, percussion
 * Nigel Griggs – bass guitar
 * Eddie Rayner – keyboards, percussion

Technical and art

 * Produced by Hugh Padgham and Split Enz
 * Recorded in Sydney, Australia, for Enz Productions
 * Engineered by Hugh Padgham, assisted by David Price
 * Mixed by Hugh Padgham and Split Enz
 * Mastered by Ian Cooper and Howard Grey at Townhouse Studios, UK
 * Art direction: Jeff Ayeroff
 * Cover design and photos by Noel Crombie

title: Time and Tide (Split Enz album)


text:
Luis Bernardo Honwana

Luís Bernardo Honwana (born 1942) is a Mozambican author and statesman.

Biography
Luís Bernardo Honwana was born Luís Augusto Bernardo Manuel in Lourenço Marques (present-day Maputo), Mozambique. His parents, Raúl Bernardo Manuel (Honwana) and Naly Jeremias Nhaca, belonged to the Ronga people from Moamba, a town about 55 km northwest of Maputo.

In 1964 he became a militant with FRELIMO, a front that had the objective to liberate Mozambique from Portuguese colonial rule. Due to his political activities he was arrested by the colonial authorities and was incarcerated for three years, from 1964–1967. In 1970, he went to Portugal and did a law degree at the University of Lisbon. For some time, he worked as a journalist. In 1975, upon independence, he became Director of the Office of President Samora Machel. In 1982, he became the Secretary of State for Culture of Mozambique. In 1986, he was appointed Minister of Culture of Mozambique. In 1987, he was elected a member of the Executive Council of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

He served on the Executive Board of UNESCO from 1987 to 1991 and was chairman of UNESCO's Intergovernmental Committee for the World Decade for Culture and Development. In 1995, he was appointed director of the newly opened UNESCO office in South Africa. Since he retired from the organization in 2002, he has been active in research in the arts, history, and ethno-linguistics.

In 1991, he founded Fundo Bibliográfico de Língua Portuguesa and later founded Organização Nacional dos Jornalistas de Moçambique (National Organization of Journalists of Mozambique), Associação Moçambicana de Fotografia (Mozambican Photography Association), and Associação dos Escritores Moçambicanos (Mozambican Writers Association). He was also the executive director of Fundação para a Conservação da Biodiversidade (BIOFUND, Foundation for the Conservation of Biodiversity).

Works
For decades, Honwana was the author of a single book, Nós Matámos o Cão-Tinhoso (1964), a classic of African literature and the most widely read and influential Lusophone African fiction ever published. It was translated into English by Dorothy Guedes as We Killed Mangy Dog and Other Stories (1969). He self-published Nós Matámos o Cão-Tinhoso when he was 22 while a political prisoner of PIDE. He also published the tale "Hands of the Blacks".

We Killed Mangy Dog is a collection of short stories set in the (Portuguese) colonial era at the turn of the sixties and is reflective of the harsh life black Mozambicans lived under the Salazar regime. It "denuncia e contesta a realidade brutal de Moçambique na época do colonialismo" (denounces and challenges the brutal reality of Mozambique in the era of colonialism). Honwana's stories were written for a greater purpose than entertainment and amusement. They "raise questions about social exploration, racial segregation, and class and education distinctions." Several of the stories are told from the point of view of children or alienated adolescents and most feature the rich mix of races, religions and ethnicities that would later preoccupy Mozambique's most internationally celebrated writer, Mia Couto.

In 2017, more than fifty years after he published his first book, Honwana published a second book, nonfiction, titled A Veha Casa de Madeira e Zinco (The Old House of Wood and Zinc), a collection of previously published essays and other commentary.

Reputation
According to Patrick Chabal, "Honwana greatly influenced the post-colonial generation of younger prose writers and has rightly been regarded as stylistically accomplished." Honwana is considered "an iconic figura in the development of Mozambican literary prose style."

title: Luis Bernardo Honwana


text:
File:Main Page with AEJ Collins on it.JPG

Licensing
- for Brookie


text:
Anne Landsman

Anne Landsman (born 14 April 1959) is a novelist. She was born in Worcester, South Africa, the daughter of a country doctor, and is a graduate of the University of Cape Town and Columbia University. Until 2001, she lectured at The New School university in New York, where she still lives with her husband, architect James Wagman, and children.

She is the author of the novels The Devil's Chimney and The Rowing Lesson. The first novel developed from one of her short stories published in the American Poetry Review; the second is more autobiographical, telling the story of a Jewish South African woman.

Her novels have been published in the United Kingdom, Germany, South Africa, the Netherlands, Norway and Denmark, as well as the U.S. She has contributed essays to the anthologies Touch, An Uncertain Inheritance and The Honeymoon’s Over and has written for numerous publications including The Washington Post, The American Poetry Review, The Believer, The Guardian and The Telegraph. She has taught writing at Columbia University, Brooklyn College and The New School for Social Research. Landsman is on the board of trustees at The Writers' Room in New York City.

Novels

 * The Devil’s Chimney (1997) ISBN 1-56947-101-0
 * The Rowing Lesson (2007) ISBN 1-56947-469-9

Awards

 * 2009 Sunday Times Fiction Prize,
 * 2009 M-Net Literary Award
 * PEN/Hemingway Award
 * Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize
 * Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature (shortlisted)
 * Harold U. Ribalow Prize (shortlisted)

title: Anne Landsman


text:
Sony Lab'ou Tansi

Sony Lab'ou Tansi (5 July 1947 – 14 June 1995), born Marcel Ntsoni, was a Congolese novelist, short-story writer, playwright, and poet in French language. Though he was only 47 when he died, Tansi remains one of the most prolific African writers and the most internationally renowned practitioner of the "New African Writing." His novel The Antipeople won the Grand Prix Littéraire d'Afrique Noire. In his later years, he ran a theatrical company in Brazzaville in the Republic of the Congo.

Life and career
The oldest of seven children, Tansi was born in the former Belgian Congo, in the village of Kimwaanza, just south of the city now known as Kinshasa in the modern day Democratic Republic of the Congo. He was initially educated in the local language, Kikongo, and only began speaking French at the age of twelve, when his family moved to Congo-Brazzaville, today known as the Republic of the Congo. He attended the École Normale Supérieure d'Afrique Centrale in Brazzaville where he studied literature, and upon completing his education in 1971, he became a French and English teacher in Kindamba and Pointe-Noire. When the young teacher began writing for the theatre later that year, he adopted the pen name "Sony La'bou Tansi" as a tribute to Tchicaya U Tam'si, a fellow Congolese writer who wrote politically charged poetry about oppressive nature of the state.

In the early part of his career, Tansi continued to support himself through teaching and he worked as an English instructor at the Collège Tchicaya-Pierre in Pointe Noire while working on his first two novels and several plays. In 1979 he founded the Rocado Zulu Theatre, which would go on to perform his plays in Africa, Europe, and the United States in addition to appearing regularly at the Festival International des Francophonies in Limoges.

After teaching for many years, Tansi moved on to government work, serving as an administrator in several ministries in Brazzaville. In the late 1980s he allied with opposition leader Bernard Kolélas to found the Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development (MCDDI), a political party acting against the communist regime of President Denis Sassou Nguesso and his Congolese Labour Party. Left-wing forces succeeded in pushing President Sassou toward democracy, and former Prime Minister Pascal Lissouba returned from an extended exile and was elected President in the August 1992 elections. In that same year, Tansi was elected to parliament as a deputy for the Makélékélé arrondissement of Brazzaville, but his participation in opposition politics angered President Lissouba, and his passport was withdrawn in 1994.

Tansi soon discovered that he had contracted the AIDS virus, but Lissouba's travel restrictions prevented him from going abroad to seek treatment for himself and his wife. Tansi's partner, Pierrette, died from the disease on 31 May 1995 and Tansi followed 14 days later.

English translations

 * Parentheses of Blood, a play. Trans. Lorraine Alexander Veach. New York: Ubu Repertory Theater Publications, 1986. ISBN 0-913745-19-7
 * The Antipeople, a novel. Trans. J.A. Underwood. and M. Boyars. New York: Kampmann, 1988. ISBN 0-7145-2845-5
 * "An Open Letter To Africans" c/o The Punic One-Party State, an essay. Trans. John Conteh-Morgran. Published in Tejumola Olaniyan and Ato Quayson's African Literature: An Anthology of Criticism and Theory. Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 1990.
 * The Seven Solitudes of Lorsa Lopez. Trans. Clive Wake. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1995. ISBN 0-435-90594-5
 * Life and a Half, trans. Alison Dundy (Indiana University Press, 2011)

title: Sony Lab'ou Tansi