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Madhyamgram

Madhyamgram is a town and a municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is close to Kolkata.

History
Madhyamgram was one of the twelve feudal provinces of Bengal. It was under Pratapaditya Roy, ruler of Jessore during the Mughal Empire.

On 21 December 1757 Mir Jafar, the Nawab of Bengal, presented twenty-four parganas to the East India Company as dowry which also included Madhyamgram, under Anwarpur Pargana, adjacent to Barasat.

The first railway line from Madhyamgram to Duttapukur was commissioned in 1882 and the station was called Chandipur. Madhyamgram was then named as Majher Gaon, probably because the area was situated between Badu (Chakradharpur Mouza) and Sajirhat (Guchuria Mouza).

The present narrow Noai Canal, now acting as a dividing border line between New Barrackpore and Madhyamgram, stretching from the South of Ganganagar to Sajirhat in the West used to be a wide river, once called Labanyabati, which through colloquial transformation became the Noai River, and after years of silt depositions, turned into Noai Canal.

At that time, Anwarpur Pargana was notable for its tobacco trade and a special sweet-smelling blended tobacco was manufactured in Madhyamgram.

Madhyamgram was also a big paddy growing area, and the Labanya River was a medium of navigation for the exportation of those products. Madhyamgram was also notable for its fine embroidery works that attracted appreciation from Delhi and Mumbai. Many Muslim families maintained a livelihood through those works.

Location
Madhyamgram is bounded by Barasat II in the east; Barasat II, Rajarhat (community development block), Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation and North Dum Dum in the south; New Barrackpore and Barrackpore II in the west and Barasat in the north.

Area overview
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower Ganges Delta. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels. 54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural areas.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Climate
The climate is tropical, like the rest of the Gangetic West Bengal. The hallmark season is the Monsoon—which occurs from early June to mid September. The weather remains dry during the winter (mid-November to mid-February) and humid during summer.

Temperature: 41 °C in May (max) and 8.3 °C in January (min).

Population
According to the 2011 Census of India, Madhyamgram had a total population of 196,127, of which 98,864 were males and 97,263 were females. Population in the age range 0 to 6 years was 16,351. The total number of literate persons in Madhyamgram was 161,087. The effective literacy (7+) of population over 6 years of age was 89.60%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 24,822 and 2,842 respectively. Madhyamgram had a total of 48942 households as of 2011.

As of the 2001 Indian census, Madhyamgram had a population of 198,964. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Madhyamgram has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80% and female literacy is 71%. In Madhyamgram, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Kolkata Urban Agglomeration
The following Municipalities and Census Town in Barasat Sadar subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: Barasat (M), Madhyamgram (M), Rajarhat-Gopalpur (M) (merged with Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation in 2015) and Raigachhi (CT).

Police station
Madhyamgram police station serves a population of 198,964. It has jurisdiction over Madhyamgram Municipal area and Barasat II CD Block.

Economy
There is a major textile mill and a rubber factory in this area. Star Mall is located in Madhyamgram on Jessore Road. The mall was launched in 2008 and has a gross leasable area of 237,000 sqft.

Transport
Madhyamgram is characterised by its close proximity to an airport (Kolkata Airport) (around 15 minutes). Madhyamgram is a four-point junction of Jessore Road (part of State Highway 12), Sodepur-Barasat Road and Badu Road. East and west parts of Madhyamgram are connected with a Rail Overbridge (Madhyamgram Bridge), which was opened in 2006.

Many private and governmental public buses serve the town. Taxi services are one of the most popular forms of transportion to reach nearby towns like Sodepur, New Barrackpore and Barasat. Rickshaws, three-wheeled pedalled vans and battery-operated e-rickshaws ("toto" vans) are also used for short distances.

Madhyamgram railway station on the Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line serves the town.

Private Medical Facilities (Name, location, speciality)
Sparsha Infertility Centre, Station Road, Purbalaya, South Bankimpally, Madhyamgram (IVF, IUI, ICSI, Gynaecology, Laparoscopy, Hysteroscopy etc.)

Spectra Eye Hospital, 108, Jessore Rd, Chowmatha, Vivekananda Nagar, Madhyamgram, (Low Vision, Prosthetic Eyes Vision Therapy, Cataract, Cornea, Paediatric Ophthalmology, Advanced Retina, Glaucoma etc.)

Education
Vivekananda College is a degree college in Madhyamgram. The engineering college Camellia Institute of Technology and the management college Camellia School Of Business Management are also located here.

Sports
Madhyamgram High School has won the Subroto Cup, an all-India inter-school soccer competition, seven times, which includes a hat-trick (in the years 1981, 1982 and 1983).

title: Madhyamgram


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Hallingdal Museum

Hallingdal Museum Nesbyen (formerly Hallingdal Folkemuseum) is an open-air museum at Nesbyen in Buskerud county, Norway. Hallingdal Folk Museum was founded in 1899. It is one of the oldest open-air museums in Norway. The museum has 30 historic buildings and some 30,000 artifacts from the region of Hallingdal.

The museum consists of several branches located in different municipalities: Dagali Museum (Hol municipality), Gol Bygdetun (Gol Municipality), Hemsedal Bygdetun (Hemsedal municipality), Hol Bygdemuseum (Hol municipality) and Ål Bygdamuseum (Al Municipality), as well as the former mountain farm Dokken Fjellgard at Sudndalen in Hol. All museum departments in Hallingdal have a main emphasis on the farm culture of the 17th and 19th century.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hallingdal Museum


text:
Portal:France/Featured Article Archive

-

 * Current Article of the Month

title: Portal:France/Featured Article Archive


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Category talk:Esotericism

Untitled
Gathering at this top category main general articles related to "Esotericism" and then each of this article and all the others stay under a hierarchical related subcategory from this one. --GalaazV 11:45, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Esotericism - which includes main known subcats Occult & Mysticism - is a subcat of categories: Religious faiths, traditions, and movements | Religious behaviour and experience | Spirituality

Occult is under categories: Religious faiths, traditions, and movements | Esotericism

Mysticism is under categories: Religious behaviour and experience | Esotericism

title: Category talk:Esotericism


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Tragic Daydreams

Tragic Daydreams is the debut album by Australian songwriter Mandy Kane, released in 2004. The album peaked at number 79 in Australia.

Singles
The lead single, "Stab", was released on 14 July 2003 and peaked at number 18 in Australia. Second single "Billy Bones" was released on 20 October 2003, debuting and peaking at number 27 in Australia. The third single, "Stupid Friday", followed on 1 March 2004, peaking at number 36 in Australia. The fourth single, "Make Believe", was only released to radio later in 2004.

Track listing

 * 1) "Stab" – 3:49
 * 2) "Billy Bones" – 3:21
 * 3) "Spastic Annie" – 3:36
 * 4) "Stupid Friday" – 4:20
 * 5) "Apparition" – 4:26
 * 6) "Yes! Matron" – 3:22
 * 7) "Ordinary Guy" – 3:45
 * 8) "Make Believe" – 3:38
 * 9) "Subsequently Sad" – 4:22
 * 10) "Touch" – 4:06
 * 11) "Trailer Trash Theme Park" – 4:02
 * 12) "The Mannequin Ball" – 4:52
 * 13) "Traces" – 4:01

title: Tragic Daydreams


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Dagali Museum

Dagali Museum is a small local museum in Dagali, within the Hol municipality in Buskerud county, Norway. The museum is a subsidiary of the Hallingdal Museum.

Gunnar Steensen (1870-1970) initiated the collection of historic buildings now comprising the Dagali Museum before 1900. In 1947, he bequeathed to the village of Dagali, the museum buildings and artifacts from Dagali, Skurdal, Tunhovd and Uvdal. Altogether there are 10 buildings at the museum, representing the rural culture of the 18th and 19th century. Ølistugu and Gvølveli seters (mountain farms) are also included in the Dagali museum.

title: Dagali Museum


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Wikipedia:Requested articles/Business and economics

__NOINDEX__

'''Please note this is a place to request article regarding the above subjects. You may also be able to find more information using the Wikipedia's Reference Desk as the volunteers there provide external links and detailed information. Also note, don't ask them to make an article, they are helping out to find information, so once the information is collected, please create the article.'''

Terminology (business)

 * religious bias in the Job Interview
 * Business meal A meal scheduled for the express purpose of improving business relations between two entities and making business deals. There is already an article on three martini lunch, but it focuses more on the concept of businessmen leisurely drinking alcohol during lunch.
 * Business proverbs
 * Connectivity integrator (Develop integrated solutions for telecom, network, data center and cloud technologies; often assist throughout the lifecycle of solutions, from design to implementation to service management.)
 * Economic batch quantity – Formula involved in inventory management used for calculating reorder quanitity in batch production systems..
 * Fascist management
 * International centre for local credit (has a website, though no content is available – some information in Dutch at BNG)
 * Managed live chat (Managed Live Chat Service is a Managed Service or MSAAS - Managed Software as a Service. Companies use this service to interact with their website visitors via instant chat on their websites round the clock using outsourced live chat service providers. This service exists since 2010 and many companies are adopting it. Managed Live Chat guarantees friendly and professional support to customers using professionally trained OSE’s (Online Sales Executives), reducing website bounce rate, nurturing users to qualified sales leads, increasing revenue and, providing engaging customer service and assistance to existing clients) (https://www.g2.com/categories/managed-live-chat)
 * Microadvisory (a digital, business consultation focused on solving specific problems for the clients through clear, transparent, and affordable services and solutions. The term microadvisory was first used by HalloSophia founders Markus Waghubinger and Johannes Mayer during the mentoring program following the European Commission's #EUvsVirus Hackathon in April 2020. The microadvisory services are tailored for entrepreneurs and all enterprises regardless of their size. Microadvisory services are accessible digitally and more affordable than traditional consulting. They include expertise and experience from professional advisors, video calls, and additional services like a report and to-do list. The main goal of microadvisory is to provide all the enterprises with the same access to professional business experts, so that economy can scale equally. Another long-term goal is to empower people to be self-determined and successful entrepreneurs.):
 * Multi-brand point program - In Japan case → ja:共通ポイント and ja:ポイントプログラム. cf. Loyalty program
 * Solar PV technician – There are articles on other jobs, such as Software engineer, and also a category Category:Green_jobs, but I want to know what this specific job is. Maybe a better article would be Solar PV jobs, which could describe many different jobs. I couldn't find that information in any of Solar PV, Solar power, or Solar power in the United States.
 * The next kodak / Next kodak
 * The next nokia / Next nokia
 * Website broker:

Other

 * Medieval socialism
 * Attempted acquisition of Spirit Airlines by JetBlue:
 * Best European Countries for Business (BECB) – Business: index by, which annually provides business environment rankings of 46 European countries based on data from the World Bank's Ease of doing business index and Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International.
 * Central States Pension Fund (often shortened to Central States). Though about twenty articles mention the fund and the scandal which surrounded it in the 1970s, there is no article on the fund or the scandal. Thirty-seven articles, as of 7 May 2016, include the phrase "Central States Pension Fund", and it is in the headlines but there is no article.

 * Liberty (tax avoidance scheme), promoted to high earners by Mercury Tax Group and used by many UK celebrities until it was shut down by HMRC in 2017, involved a limited partnership that was registered in Jersey and was claiming to carry out trade in the UK. Each of the users of the scheme contributed a sum which was used, with a large bank loan, to acquire rights to dividends declared by a company registered in the Cayman Islands.

Econometrics

 * Tribute and inflation
 * Advanced Econometrics – 1985 textbook on econometrics; written by Amemiya
 * Algebra and economics:
 * Baxter-King filter
 * Dynamic conditional correlation – Widely used method developed by Robert F. Engle
 * Econometric bias: Analysing Econometric Bias and Non-linearity in Returns to Education of Pakistan
 * Gaussian Copula: pt:Cópula gaussiana
 * Geometry and economics, Arithmetics and economics:
 * Grenander conditions
 * Ichimoku Chart
 * Incidental Parameter Problem
 * Integrated System Analysis – analysis of markets, determinants and market interventions
 * LDOD – (long-term debt outstanding and disbursed)
 * Least squares learning
 * New Empirical Industrial Organization
 * Nonmyopic equilibrium
 * Physics and economics: Econophysics
 * Quasi-differencing
 * Quasi-likelihood ratio statistic
 * Quit rate — the rate at which people quit their jobs – Turnover (employment)
 * Reduced-form regression
 * Robust smoother
 * Roughness penalty
 * Socialist statistics, Communist statistics: Data capitalism
 * Staiger-Stock test for the strength of instrumental variables
 * State-space approach to linearization
 * Stochastic economics:
 * Structure of production
 * Structural change method (SCM model) – By my understanding, like a Markov model but with continuous values instead of simply on/off. Used for the modeling of sudden jumps in financial time series. Has also been used in BioConductor for detecting transcription (biology) boundaries.

Other

 * Theology and Economics
 * Economics of peace in Pacific Ocean
 * Jesus and Muhammad in economics
 * Communism and anarchy or anarchy in communism
 * Economists of TV Globo:
 * Cities by cost of real estate
 * Convertible Ruble (articles to base on in German, Russian (de:Transferrubel)(ru:Переводный_рубль)
 * Countries by insurance penetration – a filterable list of countries and their insurance penetration figures, similar in form to a page like List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita. Insurance penetration is defined by the ratio of (insurance premiums)/GDP.
 * Infonomics (Valuing data and information)
 * Institute of Community Economics
 * MEA Mannheim – "Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging" (MEA) associated with University of Mannheim (also listed in this article)
 * Money recasting (ja:貨幣改鋳) - c.f. Debasement.
 * Net importer:

A–H

 * George Abed – Institute of International Finance Senior Counselor and Director for Africa & the Middle East. Former Chairman of the Palestine Monetary Authority, where he was responsible for developing and implementing a comprehensive plan to restructure the PMA in preparation for transforming the institution into a full fledged central bank and for reforming and strengthening the banking system in Palestine . Previously, Mr. Abed had served as Director of the Middle East and Central Asia Department of the International Monetary Fund and Special Advisor to the Managing Director. Prior to taking up that position, he served as Deputy Director of the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department
 * Dennis R. Appleyard – Chair Department of Economics at Davidson college, Main Author of the International Economics (6th Edition) McGrawHill Inc. Received UNC-Chapel Hill's Tanner Award for "Excellence in Inspirational Teaching of Undergraduate Students" in 1983 and Davidson's Thomas Jefferson Award for teaching and service in 2004;
 * Philip Armstrong (historian) – economic historian
 * Dany Bahar (economist): d:Q27892374 – Venezuelan and Israeli economist. Focus areas are international economics and economic development. David M Rubenstein Fellow at the Brookings Instituion and associate at Harvard Center for International Development.
 * David Besanko: d:Q30072109 – Alivn J. Huss Professor of Management and Strategy; author of multiple economics text books; Editorial Board, Review of Industrial Organization; Editorial Board, Journal of Regulatory Economics;
 * Robin Brooks (economist) – Institute of International Finance Mr. Brooks serves as Managing Director and Chief Economist, overseeing the IIF’s macroeconomic analysis and serves as part of the IIF’s senior management team. Previously, Mr. Brooks was the Chief FX Strategist at Goldman Sachs based in NY, where he was responsible for the firm’s foreign exchange forecasts and publishing international macro research. Prior to joining Goldman, Mr. Brooks was the FX strategist at Brevan Howard. Before joining the private sector, Mr. Brooks spent eight years as an economist at the International Monetary Fund, where he worked on the IMF’s fair value models for FX, published academic research and participated in missions to IMF program countries. Mr. Brooks earned his PhD in Economics from Yale University in 1998. He earned a BSc in Monetary Economics from the London School of Economics in 1993.
 * Katrina Ellis – Head of Research at Australian Prudential Reglatory Authority, PhD at Cornell University, Fulbright scholarship alumni. Worked with Maureen O'Hara on "When the Underwriter is the Market Maker: An Examination of Trading in the IPO Aftermarket"
 * Bent Hansen (economist): ru:Хансен, Бент (экономист)  – the chair of Department of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley (1977–1985)
 * John William Hatfield – PhD economics, Stanford, 2005; currently at Stanford Graduate School of Business.
 * Henry T. C. Hu – Allan Shivers Chair in the Law of Banking and Finance at the University of Texas Law School; appointed by U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Mary L. Schapiro as the inaugural Director of the SEC's Division of Risk, Strategy, and Financial Innovation (2009-2011).
 * Jeffrey Rogers Hummel - a professor of the faculty of the Department of Economics in San Jose State University who authored Emancipating Slaves, Enslaving Free Men: A History of the American Civil War

J–Z

 * Elias Jabbour:
 * Naum Jasny – ru:Ясный, Наум Михайлович – the father of Natascha Artin Brunswick
 * Hari Bansh Jha – one of senior most economists of Nepal; academician
 * Jim Jubak – senior markets editor, MSN Money
 * Hilary Kramer – financial journalist
 * Jyotish Kumar – Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
 * William Dean Lastrapes: d:Q30073045 – Current editor of the Journal of Macroeconomics (2014–present). Current Professor of Economics at the Terry College of Business at the University of Georgia (2002–present). Associate editor of the Journal of Economics and Business (1999-present). Former Economics Department Head at the Terry College of Business at the University of Georgia (2002–2008).
 * Susan Laury – d:Q29570209 Experimental Economist; over 5000 citations on google scholar
 * Manuel Fernández López – Specialist in History of Economic Thinking, FCE, University of Buenos Aires
 * Mukul Majumdar: d:Q102123223 – PhD economics, Berkeley, 1970. Fellow of the Econometric Society (1976). Currently at the economics department at Cornell University.
 * Jordan Matsudaira – d:Q95970920 Ph.D. Associate professor of economics, chief economist for Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisers
 * James C. McConnon, Jr. Professor of Economics, University of Maine, Microenterprise research, cruise ship economic impacts, regional economics
 * Brendan McEvoy – economic researcher, National University of Australia
 * Gerhard Mensch: de:Gerhard Mensch (Wirtschaftswissenschaftler) – professor at Case Western Reserve University
 * Kamiar Mohaddes – Macroeconomist at Cambridge Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge and Fellow in Economics at King's College, Cambridge. Executive Secretary for the International Iranian Economic Association.
 * Sam I. Nakagama Former chief economist at various times for Chase, Kidder Peabody, and Argus Research; WWII camp internee; WWII army veteran; graduate University of Chicago; Milton Friedman student.
 * Nugent-Smith, Jerome Patrick – International economist and educator. Lancaster University (1967-71) cited in Umberto Meoli.
 * Julio H. G. Olivera – Argentine Math economist: es:Julio H. G. Olivera
 * James E. Pesando – d:Q41804783
 * Solomon W. Polachek: d:Q30071224 — Labor economist, Distinguished Research Professor at Binghamton University.
 * John M. Quigley (1942–2012) d:Q30069057 – scholar of housing markets;
 * Janet Stotsky –
 * Leonardo Augusto Amaral Terra – Socioeconomic Dynamics researcher, University of São Paulo, Winner of West Churchman Memorial Prize (2014).
 * Jan Toporowski — pl:Jan Toporowski

Terminology (economics)

 * indigenous capitalism
 * religious peace or christian peace
 * Socialist peace
 * Social peace
 * communist peace
 * necroeconomics
 * Sociocapitalism
 * New Statism
 * Banality of totalitarianism
 * Proto capitalism
 * narco-communism ISBN 9789812304926
 * Socialism for the rich
 * Narco-conservatism or narco-loyalism
 * Narco-coup
 * Freudian economics
 * Market and democracy  *
 * economic terminology
 * Racial religious inequality or racism and religion in social inequality
 * Religious inequality
 * bipartisan policy Religious Freedom in Egypt in 2021
 * Bipartisan inequality Playing with Fire. The Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian Leviathan; With the Highest Inequality in Human History, Societies Are Ripe for Social Change;
 * Multimodal economics
 * capitalism in the New York
 * communism in the New York
 * social nationalism in New York
 * economic culture:
 * 1) Tales of Two Cities: Race and Economic Culture in Early Republican North and South America ISBN 0292781679
 * 2) Ponzi Scheme: Learn to detect scams and take care of your money (Economic Culture Book 5) ISBN 9782806268457
 * 3) Benjamin Franklin (2002 TV series)
 * 4) China's economic culture: the ritual order of state and markets ISBN 9780415711272
 * 5) Oil Revolution: Anticolonial Elites, Sovereign Rights, and the Economic Culture of Decolonization ISBN 9781107168619
 * Automatic Mixed Securities Shelf
 * default barrier
 * export-supply curve
 * hedonic deflation
 * level accounting
 * Marshall and Swift Cost Index – Cost estimation for engineering equipment
 * Open offer, Open offering – Special kind of a capital increase of joint-stock companies
 * polyopoly Local monopolies, due to high cost of relocation. Historically seen in factory locations in industrial-revolution-era woolen mills in England, in modern times ISP local monopolies.
 * Pro-cyclicality – Mentioned as a potential major factor in the 2008 world financial crisis – may be covered with business cycles
 * R. S. Means
 * Real social:
 * resource colonialism
 * Risk corridors (in health insurance)
 * segment operation income
 * Terms of sale, probably best to explain in the Terms of service article and then make both "Terms of sale" and "Terms of Sale" redirect there. Many companies have separate Terms of sale, such as The New York Times, which may make finding reliable sources that discuss the subject difficult
 * tax performance
 * Neighborhood Stabilization Program Grant
 * A15 (coordinated economic boycott on April 15, 2024 in response to Israel’s attack on Rafah, Palestine)

A–G

 * Accident year (along with report year, policy year, calendar year, but this is probably the most important) – a way that data is aggregated in actuarial science and insurance https://www.irmi.com/online/insurance-glossary/terms/a/accident-year-data.aspx
 * Act of April 10, 1806 (United States legislation dealing with currency and coinage among other issues) (Act of April 10, 1806 (bottom of the page) / Act of April 10, 1806 (as related to currency) /
 * Abacus Deal –
 * Agibank – A digital bank and tech startup that uses the phone number as a bank account.
 * AirGap - (A free self-custody cold storage crypto wallet that securely stores private keys offline.) (website, medium)
 * Akirix – A service that provides a secure way of transferring money from company to company.
 * Alliance One – An ATM cooperative network for credit unions and community banks similar to the Co-op Network. Both networks may have overlapping memberships, but not all credit unions are members of both ATM networks.
 * American Oriental Bioengineering – traded New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: AOB) 119; currently redirects to Financial statements
 * Ameriflex – uses automatic electronic transfer of pre-tax dollars from an employee account when paying for qualified expenses;
 * Black Diamond Capital Management – Private Equity
 * cabinet order – discussed for example in FIX book management practices – no online definitions!
 * California Mortgage Association - California nonprofit organization, formed in 1999, that represents individuals, sole proprietorships, corporations and partnerships involved with the origination, selling, or servicing of trust deed loans. Members include those regulated by the Bureau of Real Estate (BRE) and by the Department of Business Oversight (DBO). In addition to California licensed mortgage brokers and lenders, CMA also represents affiliate members, including title, escrow and software services, among others:
 * 1)
 * Certified Healthcare Financial Professional (CHFP) – Professional certification designation granted by HFMA.
 * Charge Rate – Financial Analysis / Tariff Computation
 * Chapter X bankruptcy - a former bankruptcy chapter rolled into chapter 11
 * Cinium Financial – holding company; provides insurance and financial-related products and services to small an medium businesses; subsidiaries include a licensed and admitted property and casualty insurance company (upper hudson national insurance company), licensed insurance agency (cinium underwriter services group dba OxBonding), risk management group (cinium risk management), a company that provides payroll services (ox payroll), and a company that provides financing and working capital to small businesses (cinium finance corp). ; ;
 * Coficom Trust S.à r.l. – provides expert tax structuring advice and important information on double-tax treaties and changes in law, specifically in Luxembourg.]
 * ConnectPay - An Electronic Money Institution (EMI) that offers banking services for businesses and institutional clients:
 * 1)
 * Conference of State Bank Supervisors (CSBS) - A national organization founded in 1902, dedicated to protecting and advancing the nation’s dual-banking system. The NMLS is owned and operated by the State Regulatory Registry LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of CSBS.
 * 1)
 * Default fund – a mutualised loss-sharing arrangements where clearing members make contributions to central counterparties
 * Effective financing statement
 * Eldorado GG - A virtual economy marketplace for gamers to trade virtual goods:
 * Electric Home and Farm Authority (EHFA) – US Gov agency from 1936-1942
 * EI Variance This term has been used by Navarik inspection tool in a report. What does this mean? I can't find any references for the same on internet.
 * Enfinium – global trading firm; created through the combination of engineering and finance
 * ePayLater -ePayLater is a Mumbai based fintech company, founded in 2015, offering digital credit based payment solution.
 * ESW Capital – A private equity firm based in Austin, Texas that owns Trilogy (company):
 * 1)  amount other businesses.
 * Fare collection systems in Bangladesh:
 * 1)
 * Federal Reserve National Settlement Service:
 * 1) The Federal Reserve Banks provide the National Settlement Service.
 * 2) Settlement (finance).
 * FINIPC Financial Interprocess Communication message format
 * Gobi Partners - Gobi Partners is one of the longest-standing venture capital firms with a Pan-Asian presence across North Asia, South Asia, and ASEAN with over US$1.1 billion in assets under management (AUM). The firm, headquartered in Kuala Lumpur and Shanghai, supports entrepreneurs from the early to growth stages and focuses on emerging and underserved markets:
 * Refugee Lens Investing (A framework to define and qualify refugee investments to facilitate the deployment of capital toward refugees and the communities hosting them)
 * ePayLater -ePayLater is a Mumbai based fintech company, founded in 2015, offering digital credit based payment solution.
 * ESW Capital – A private equity firm based in Austin, Texas that owns Trilogy (company):
 * 1)  amount other businesses.
 * Fare collection systems in Bangladesh:
 * 1)
 * Federal Reserve National Settlement Service:
 * 1) The Federal Reserve Banks provide the National Settlement Service.
 * 2) Settlement (finance).
 * FINIPC Financial Interprocess Communication message format
 * Gobi Partners - Gobi Partners is one of the longest-standing venture capital firms with a Pan-Asian presence across North Asia, South Asia, and ASEAN with over US$1.1 billion in assets under management (AUM). The firm, headquartered in Kuala Lumpur and Shanghai, supports entrepreneurs from the early to growth stages and focuses on emerging and underserved markets:
 * Refugee Lens Investing (A framework to define and qualify refugee investments to facilitate the deployment of capital toward refugees and the communities hosting them)
 * 1) Settlement (finance).
 * FINIPC Financial Interprocess Communication message format
 * Gobi Partners - Gobi Partners is one of the longest-standing venture capital firms with a Pan-Asian presence across North Asia, South Asia, and ASEAN with over US$1.1 billion in assets under management (AUM). The firm, headquartered in Kuala Lumpur and Shanghai, supports entrepreneurs from the early to growth stages and focuses on emerging and underserved markets:
 * Refugee Lens Investing (A framework to define and qualify refugee investments to facilitate the deployment of capital toward refugees and the communities hosting them)
 * Refugee Lens Investing (A framework to define and qualify refugee investments to facilitate the deployment of capital toward refugees and the communities hosting them)
 * Refugee Lens Investing (A framework to define and qualify refugee investments to facilitate the deployment of capital toward refugees and the communities hosting them)

H–M

 * Heartland Seniors Finance (Australian Reverse Mortgage provider, originally established in 2004 as 'Australian Seniors Finance', the company was purchased by Heartland Bank – a New Zealand bank. ASF was renamed to Heartland Seniors Finance to reflect new ownership. ) (https://www.brokernews.com.au/news/breaking-news/multimillion-dollar-reverse-mortgage-acquisition-186097.aspx, https://www.canstar.com.au/providers/heartland-seniors-finance-reverse-mortgage/, https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/wealth/caution-with-reverse-mortgages/news-story/bb0610e0abe3b327db280aa328490e51?sv=80b74f923741ca872a8e0206151bfcd5,)
 * HedgeGuard (Fintech company where full front-to-back portfolio management system has been designed and created by developers and buy-side professionals. Used by Asset managers, hedge funds, family offices and their respective middle office team) (https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/hedge-guard, https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=225205559, https://leap.vc/talent/company/14/hedgeguard/, https://www.rimes.com/integration/hedgeguard/)
 * Heinlein Heritage Check System, Heritage Check System, Heritage Check – A theoretical public finance system designed by the Engineer Robert H. Heinlein and proposed in his book, "For Us, The Living" whereby a government is funded by investing in the society instead of by taxes.
 * Is this simply a different name for the Social Credit concept?

 * Industrial goods – Define and compare to consumer goods and services.
 * Internet finance in China - Internet finance services in China such as P2P, third-part lending, and online investment funds have increased in recent years, China has biggest internet finance industry; scandals and frauds related to internet finance in China; and regulatory framework and policies.
 * Istituto Finanziario Industriale, the principal holding company of the Agnelli Group which includes 30% of the Fiat and 60% of Juventus F.C.. It joined it:Exor.
 * Kasasa cash – some sort of financial tool or alternative currency being used by smaller banks.
 * KCRise Fund – A venture capital firm based in Kansas City that focuses on investing in emerging business in and around the Kansas City metropolitan area. KCRise Fund is the most active venture capital fund in the state of Kansas and, with $60 million in assets under management, is the largest Midwest-based venture capital firm founded solely by a woman.
 * Laybuy - Laybuy is a New Zealand financial technology company operating in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. The company is a payments platform that allows retailers to offer weekly, interest-free, instalment plans:
 * 1)
 * 2)
 * 3)
 * 4)
 * 5)
 * 6)
 * 7)
 * 8)
 * 9)
 * 10)
 * 11)
 * 12)
 * 13)
 * Loan Notes – UK financing technique
 * Lendingkart – Lendingkart is an online financing company ,
 * Land and Buildings Investment Management – Notable activist hedge fund that focuses on investments in REITs and real estate related companies.
 * Lending Loop Canadian p2p business lending platform.
 * Matching halt – I think it is a kind of Pause in the Stock Marked when new vital information is released.
 * MMIFF – cf. the Federal Reserve's balance sheet
 * Middle East and Africa Bank A bank based in Beirut, Lebanon with some controversy related to its owners.
 * Mirror account – A bank maintaining its account with another bank
 * Mlhuillier Financial Services – One of largest Financial Services Company in the Philippines offering Quick Cash Loans, Money Transfer Services (Domestic & International), Bills Payment and other services.
 * Monacoin - cryptocurrency involved in the 2018 Zaif exchange compromise:

N–R

 * Named order – a type of order on the London Stock Exchange, not allowed for all financial instruments. An explanation is needed by someone familiar with the subject.
 * Needham Funds:
 * 1)
 * 2)
 * Neal Analytics(A B2B consulting company focused on AI, data science, and cloud technology. Founded in 2011, headquarters is in Bellevue, Washington. Currently over 200 employees across several countries. Serving the United States, Canada, and India. Gold Partner with Microsoft.)(https://nealanalytics.com/)
 * Novantas, Inc. – An international banking analytics and advisory services firm with locations in New York, Chicago, Toronto and others. A FinTech 100 firm ;
 * OANDA – Key player in the retail FOREX. Analysts are frequently quoted in top-tier news sources. Cited/sourced on wiki regularly. Conspicuous by their absence since AFD of an apparently promotional article in 2016. These are just a few examples in the last day, from the first couple pages of this 82,000-hit Google search of news sources:
 * 1) ; WaPo 2019-10-23;
 * Ox Bonding – national leader in credit and bonding services. The Contractor Credit Program (CCP) provides A.M. Best A− rated Bid, Payment and Performance bonds to contractors as well as working capital advances, payroll processing and other services designed to support their client’s needs. In addition to the CCP program, they offer traditional commercial surety bonds to the millions of American business that are required to post a bond under the terms of their licenses ;
 * Panic of 1855 – discussed in History of Wells Fargo, subsection title improperly pointing to Panic of 1857., et al.
 * Paytron – an Australian financial software company that specializes in payments online. Offering a global payments platform that simplifies the way businesses and accountants can manage their transactions from start to end. The Saas tool simplifies accounts payables, international transfers, payroll payments and approval workflows. Paytron currently integrates with additional accounting, financial and payroll software companies including Xero and KeyPay while MYOB Advanced and Netsuite are coming soon. Paytron was co-founded in Sydney Australia by Francois Henrion and Jaco Veldsman. ;;;;
 * Portfolio Management Software – Details and comparison of software used to manage investment portfolios
 * Primary capital certificate – some sort of security, possibly primarily Norwegian, which is traded on the London Stock Exchange.
 * Principal investment
 * QT Mutual Bank – A mutual bank in Queensland, Australia, soon to be merged with Royal Automobile Club of Queensland;
 * RCN Capital – Nationwide private, direct lender based out of Connecticut:
 * Regulation H – Membership of State Banking Institutions in the Federal Reserve System, Defines the requirements for membership of state-chartered banks in the Federal Reserve System; sets limitations on certain investments and requirements for certain types of loans; describes rules pertaining to securities-related activities; establishes the minimum ratios of capital to assets that banks must maintain and procedures for prompt corrective action when banks are not adequately capitalized; prescribes real estate lending and appraisal standards; sets out requirements concerning bank security procedures, suspicious-activity reports, and compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act; and establishes rules governing banks' ownership or control of financial subsidiaries;
 * Republic (Investment Platform) – Republic is a financial technology firm headquartered in New York City focused on expanding access to the private markets. Republic operates several distinct business lines including a retail investment platform, a private capital division, and a blockchain advisory practice. Republic was founded by Kendrick Nguyen in 2016 as a spinout of AngelList, an angel investing website.   History: Republic was founded in 2016 after the passing of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission enacted Title III of the JOBS Act, which allowed non-accredited investors to participate in funding rounds for startups. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act. After spinning out of AngelList in 2016, Republic opened up investing in startups to retail investors with minimums of $20-$50.
 * 1) In April 2020, Republic acquired Fig, a crowdfunding platform for games, to add video game investing to their platform. Crowdfunding  In June 2020, Republic acquired Compound, a real estate investment platform, to add real estate investing to its platform.  In November 2020, Republic acquired NextSeed, a local business debt-financing platform, to add main street investing to their platform. On March 15th, 2021, Gumroad, a startup helping creators sell their work, took advantage of a regulation passed on that same day that allowed companies to raise up to $5M from crowdfunding. Gumroad became the first company in history to raise the $5M and sold out within 12 hours of launching. Gumroad
 * , On March 17th, 2021, Republic announced their $36M Series A funding round led by Galaxy Interactive, a division of Mike Novogratz's Galaxy Digital with participation from Tribe Capital, Motley Fool Ventures, and Broadhaven Ventures. Michael Novogratz, The Motley Fool,
 * 1)  On October 13th 2021, Republic launched a $60M Crypto Seed Fund. On October 19th, 2021, Republic announced a $150M Series B round led by Valor Equity Partners with new backers like Pillar VC, Brevan Howard, GoldenTree, and Atreides. Brevan Howard,:
 * , Chingari (app)
 * 1)  In November 2021, Republic helped Chingari, India’s short-form video app, launch the GARI token and raised $40M within 24 hours of the live sale. On December 1, 2021, Republic announced its plan to acquire UK equity crowdfunding business Seedrs in a $100 million deal to expand into Europe:
 * 2) Seedrs
 * Rice Finance Company – stock market investment company
 * Rodrigo Patto de Sá Motta: pt:Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta Scholar of economy of Military dictatorship in Brazil in 1964
 * Regulation H – Membership of State Banking Institutions in the Federal Reserve System, Defines the requirements for membership of state-chartered banks in the Federal Reserve System; sets limitations on certain investments and requirements for certain types of loans; describes rules pertaining to securities-related activities; establishes the minimum ratios of capital to assets that banks must maintain and procedures for prompt corrective action when banks are not adequately capitalized; prescribes real estate lending and appraisal standards; sets out requirements concerning bank security procedures, suspicious-activity reports, and compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act; and establishes rules governing banks' ownership or control of financial subsidiaries;
 * Republic (Investment Platform) – Republic is a financial technology firm headquartered in New York City focused on expanding access to the private markets. Republic operates several distinct business lines including a retail investment platform, a private capital division, and a blockchain advisory practice. Republic was founded by Kendrick Nguyen in 2016 as a spinout of AngelList, an angel investing website.   History: Republic was founded in 2016 after the passing of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission enacted Title III of the JOBS Act, which allowed non-accredited investors to participate in funding rounds for startups. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act. After spinning out of AngelList in 2016, Republic opened up investing in startups to retail investors with minimums of $20-$50.
 * 1) In April 2020, Republic acquired Fig, a crowdfunding platform for games, to add video game investing to their platform. Crowdfunding  In June 2020, Republic acquired Compound, a real estate investment platform, to add real estate investing to its platform.  In November 2020, Republic acquired NextSeed, a local business debt-financing platform, to add main street investing to their platform. On March 15th, 2021, Gumroad, a startup helping creators sell their work, took advantage of a regulation passed on that same day that allowed companies to raise up to $5M from crowdfunding. Gumroad became the first company in history to raise the $5M and sold out within 12 hours of launching. Gumroad
 * , On March 17th, 2021, Republic announced their $36M Series A funding round led by Galaxy Interactive, a division of Mike Novogratz's Galaxy Digital with participation from Tribe Capital, Motley Fool Ventures, and Broadhaven Ventures. Michael Novogratz, The Motley Fool,
 * 1)  On October 13th 2021, Republic launched a $60M Crypto Seed Fund. On October 19th, 2021, Republic announced a $150M Series B round led by Valor Equity Partners with new backers like Pillar VC, Brevan Howard, GoldenTree, and Atreides. Brevan Howard,:
 * , Chingari (app)
 * 1)  In November 2021, Republic helped Chingari, India’s short-form video app, launch the GARI token and raised $40M within 24 hours of the live sale. On December 1, 2021, Republic announced its plan to acquire UK equity crowdfunding business Seedrs in a $100 million deal to expand into Europe:
 * 2) Seedrs
 * Rice Finance Company – stock market investment company
 * Rodrigo Patto de Sá Motta: pt:Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta Scholar of economy of Military dictatorship in Brazil in 1964
 * , On March 17th, 2021, Republic announced their $36M Series A funding round led by Galaxy Interactive, a division of Mike Novogratz's Galaxy Digital with participation from Tribe Capital, Motley Fool Ventures, and Broadhaven Ventures. Michael Novogratz, The Motley Fool,
 * 1)  On October 13th 2021, Republic launched a $60M Crypto Seed Fund. On October 19th, 2021, Republic announced a $150M Series B round led by Valor Equity Partners with new backers like Pillar VC, Brevan Howard, GoldenTree, and Atreides. Brevan Howard,:
 * , Chingari (app)
 * 1)  In November 2021, Republic helped Chingari, India’s short-form video app, launch the GARI token and raised $40M within 24 hours of the live sale. On December 1, 2021, Republic announced its plan to acquire UK equity crowdfunding business Seedrs in a $100 million deal to expand into Europe:
 * 2) Seedrs
 * Rice Finance Company – stock market investment company
 * Rodrigo Patto de Sá Motta: pt:Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta Scholar of economy of Military dictatorship in Brazil in 1964
 * Rice Finance Company – stock market investment company
 * Rodrigo Patto de Sá Motta: pt:Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta Scholar of economy of Military dictatorship in Brazil in 1964
 * Rodrigo Patto de Sá Motta: pt:Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta Scholar of economy of Military dictatorship in Brazil in 1964

S–Z

 * scrap rate = (?) scrapping rate (of capital)
 * Stock market crash 2021 - ongoing
 * Swap Mis-selling – anyone want to write an article on what the UK experienced?
 * Tassa di Circolazione – An Italian equivalent to the British tax disc that vehicle owners used to have to display until somewhere around the 1980s.
 * Target Redemption Notes – Composition (underlying options) that make up such structures
 * Time averages – ? moving averages ? (example 60-day moving average) used in technical analysis of stocks
 * WIIFM Principle –
 * Yieldbroker Pty Ltd – Subsidiary of the Australian Stock Exchange.
 * ThinkMarkets – ThinkMarkets is a Financial Conduct Authority and Australian Securities and Investments Commission regulated online broker for Forex, Shares, Indices, Precious metals, Commodities and Cryptocurrencies trading, providing leading technology to traders around the world
 * White Rabbit Money A gold backed local complementary currency that circulates in Central Illinois.
 * White Rabbit Money A gold backed local complementary currency that circulates in Central Illinois.


text:
Talk:Parramatta

Separate page for the Local Government Area
As per discussion at Talk:List of Sydney suburbs, I have created a separate page for the City of Parramatta, the Local Government Area. -- Ianblair23 11:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Page move
This page was moved from "Parramatta" to "Parramatta, New South Wales" as per the naming convention set out at Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places) – Ianblair23 16:26, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

SydneySuburbBox2
I have added the box, but it is not displaying correctly. I have places a comment on the template discussion page to try and get a fix. Yewenyi 21:07, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Minor clean up
There was a section about a German gang, which I deleted on the grounds that it was severely misspelled, did not cite references, and is irrelevent as other pages about major towns do not have sections on gangs. I guess if someone strongly disagrees with this action, they'll reverse the edit. Naysie 13:47, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

 * German gang? German gang?? I thought the major gang in Chinatown was Slavic?!!--Jack Upland (talk) 11:05, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

National Estate
Do we really need this section? If you don't know the suburb it conveys nothing.--Jack Upland (talk) 11:07, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it is useful, but only if we link the items in the list to their own articles (as per Lennox Bridge). That means we need to do more work! Ryanwiki (talk) 09:37, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

 * But why? Surely we can list or describe landmarks without bracketing them like this...???--Jack Upland (talk) 09:29, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I think we're talking about two different things: Are you suggesting we delete the list or add descriptions? I'd support the latter, as they are important landmarks that contribute to the bearings, history and character of the city. Sure, we could put the descriptions on the page, and also link to another article if there is enough information to warrant it. (For example, I think Parramatta Park could be a contender for its own article.) Removing the subheading "National Estate" and subsuming the list under "Landmarks" may also be helpful. Do you agree? Ryanwiki (talk) 02:11, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

I've made some changes to standardise the article, so that it looks more like other Sydney suburb articles. I use Summer Hill, New South Wales as a guide because it seems to be the most complete article, so far, and has one of the best ratings. J Bar (talk) 03:11, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

"Head of Waters"
According to Britannica the word Parramatta is an Aboriginal word meaning "head of waters". Source:

Should the article be changed accordingly to reflect this, or should this be included alongside the existing explanation (as they differ)? What is to be done? —VerseDoorPlace (talk) 15:28, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The eels explanation is commonly accepted, as reflected in the local rugby league team. However, there is some commonality between these two versions.  Parramatta is not the "head" (or source) of the Parramatta River, but it is the place where the fresh water and the salt meet, and this is why eels and other aquatic life converge there.--Jack Upland (talk) 09:16, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

PS I think a more correct translation is "eel waters" or "eel place (water)". The suffix matta meaning "place (water)" appears in Cabramatta, Wianamatta etc. I have added this in.--Jack Upland (talk) 08:50, 25 December 2012 (UTC)

User talk page conversations RE: recent changes to article
For reference purposes, I copy the following discussions here:

Before making any more edits, please consult with the people at Wikipedia:Australian Wikipedians Noticeboard. Your changes, while I am sure in good faith, are disruptive in nature. Major changes such as the ones you have made should probably be discussed first with other editors who may have different opinions. I am heading to bed so I am unable to help tonight but I can assist tomorrow if needed. Otherwise, I am sure someone at the noticeboard can assist. Regards, Mattinbgn\talk 13:32, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The edits I have made have mainly been wikifying in nature, i.e. I have made the article consistent with other articles of its type e.g. Sydney, Melbourne, etc. On closer examination it shall be seen that very little has in fact been changed, but it has only been rearranged in good faith such that all information is put in its proper place. I do not believe this to be a problem or disruptive. The article was a mess in the first place. VerseDoorPlace (talk) 13:35, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

You are correct that Parramatta is a city but it is also a suburb. It would have been wiser to create the city article separately and leave the suburb article alone, rather than move the suburb article and edit it to become a city article. --AussieLegend (talk) 16:47, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Indeed, Parramatta is a suburb of Sydney (sub-urban wrt Sydney, right?), but it is a city. This has been captured by saying that Parramatta is a city within the Sydney metropolitan area. While technically it is sub-urban, it would be ridiculous to label it directly as such (suburban city?) due to the obvious connotations (i.e. since most suburbs are not cities), thus we have 'city within Sydney metro area'.

 * They are one and the same. The entries from the NSW Geographical Names Register are otherwise identical. I believe this is just a double-entry for some sort of obscure convenience purpose.

 * Parramatta is for all intents and purposes a city. I believe this is clear and am surprised at the oft-reverted edits, labeling Parramatta merely a suburb. How utterly ridiculous! Now I have gone that little extra and provided a reference (which was available just a few clicks away already on Wikipedia), thereby quashing all of this. But it's just common sense, really. Sure you can play that game, but it's obviously a no-brainer. Next we'll be saying that some other major city in proximity to some more major city is just a suburb of the latter (I can't think of any potent example right now to make this sound good, but you know what I mean).

 * It would be ridiculous to have a separation of Parramatta (city) and Parramatta (suburb) here, or anywhere else (although you will never see it officially anywhere else), as they are, as I have said, one of the same!

 * It would be good for these discussions on private talk pages to be copied somehow to the Parramatta discussion page, for reference purposes. (Perhaps you could do this as I am not a Wikipedia regular)

 * =) VerseDoorPlace (talk) 17:10, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

 * No, the city and suburbs of Parramatta are not the same thing. Under NSW law, only LGAs can be declared cities and in accordance with this, city boundaries (with the exception of Sydney) now relate to the LGA boundaries. The original city of Cessnock, for example, now includes all placess in the Cessnock LGA, the original city of Newcastle now includes all parts of the Newcastle LGA and so on. The originally declared city of Parramatta now encompasses everything in the Parramatta LGA, including the suburb of Parramatta. At the last census the suburb of Parramatta had 18,448 residents, while the city had 148,323 residents. The two entries in the GNR are most definitely not double-entries. If they were, at least one of them would have "Status: Variant" in the extract (e.g.) but neither does. They exist for a reason and that is to differentiate between the two different entities. --AussieLegend (talk) 17:51, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Sure, but I believe this is only recent (1993) NSW law, and Parramatta was declared a city in 1976.

 * Since 1993, only Local Government Areas in New South Wales can be declared as "cities" by the Government, under the Local Government Act 1993.[1] Although the present version of the Act specifies no criteria for city status,[2], a previous version of the Act specified that to be a city, a Council area must: (From List of Australian cities)

 * In light of the above I do not think the legislation reverted the previous declarations of cities? Clearly Parramatta (and Campbelltown, Liverpool, and Penrith) were declared cities separately from their LGAs. All of the other listed cities in the aforementioned article (i.e. all of the cities not in the Sydney metro area) are recognised as such. We cannot discriminate like this. If only LGAs can be declared cities, then we must also change these articles and call them suburbs. I have not checked your sources (sorry, no time), therefore there is a chance that I am wrong. But I think this is compelling evidence already. (Also see my response below in 'justification of my reverting').

 * Also, DO NOT REVERT ALL OF THE EDITS. If it turns out that indeed it is merely a suburb (?), then please only change THE FIRST LINE. The reorganisation of the article I have conducted is to make it CONSISTENT with the rest of Wikipedia! It is a framework/skeleton for future work! The previous version of the article is a mess. VerseDoorPlace (talk) 02:26, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

In justification of my reverting:

As Aussie legend has said above. Most of the local government areas in Sydney have been declared cities. The articles that you have altered for Parramatta, Liverpool, Campbelltown and Penrith were for the suburbs themsleves and not the city (local government area). J Bar (talk) 01:36, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

 * You are mistaken. When I changed the articles to reflect their status as a city this wholly reflected this status separately from their LGAs. Why did you not check the citations? Why did you not check List of Australian cities? If you did you would have clearly seen this. —VerseDoorPlace (talk) 02:00, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

 * To further add to this: the aforementioned article says:

 * New South Wales, therefore, has two types of "city": cities which are acknowledged on the register of the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales,[4] and Local Government Areas which have been proclaimed as cities, either before or after 1993, which are not acknowledged on the NSW Geographical Names Register.

 * Parramatta, Liverpool, Campbelltown, Penrith are of the former type -- they are CITIES of themselves, and are recognised by the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales and not merely 'cities' by virtue of their LGAs. They are as much cities as all the other names on the list (Albury, Armidale, ...). The only difference is that they are within the Sydney metro area.

 * Please get your facts straight before simply reverting the extensive work I have conducted here. —VerseDoorPlace (talk) 02:05, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

This has been a contentious issue in the past and has been discussed by wikipedia editors often in talk pages and as part of the Sydney and Australia project. Every suburb in Sydney has its own suburb article and every local government area that is considered to be a city has its own article. Parramatta is considered to be both a suburb of Sydney and city, so we keep that distinction in wikipedia. If you start making the changes to the suburb articles, you will destroy links to many, many other articles and references. If you feel so strongly about the matter, i suggest you make your point on the talk pages or join the Sydney project before making such drastic changes.

Parramatta, New South Wales is the standard format for place names. Parramatta can be used in reference to many other articles. See Parramatta (disambiguation) for example. J Bar (talk) 03:08, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

pronunciation
I'd suggest that the (unstressed) second and fourth vowels were schwas.

 * I was just wondering about the pronunciation. Do locals really stress it initially, i.e. stress on the 'Pa-' and no more stress thereafter? Seems counter-intuitive and at least Dictionary.com, where you'll find the term in relation to the fabric, as well as to the city, actually provides a different pronunciation: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/parramatta
 * ..stressed on the third vowel, which is the way I'd speak it (lacking definite information) intuitively. But then, I'm German ;) Can someone please clarify? Zero Thrust (talk) 00:41, 30 January 2010 (UTC)::
 * If you want to hear how the word is pronounced you will hear it here . You will need to listen through the video in which it is only mentioned once. Cheers ***Adam*** 01:23, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

It is primarily stressed on the third syllable with a secondary stress on the first: ParraMATTa. The article is wrong.--Jack Upland (talk) 19:35, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Indeed, I thought so and that's how it is spoken in the video provided. For that reason I've edited the IPA prescription. Looks better now. Zero Thrust (talk) 02:19, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Sincerest Form of Flattery (Plagiarism)
Has anyone noticed that Raine & Horne (Real Estate Company) use a lot of this Wikipedia article for its info on the Parramatta suburb?

See for example -- has lightly edited copy of chunks of this page on the right (Local suburb information).

Or I hope it is not the other way round? :-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.70.43.118 (talk) 08:54, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

An obvious move
There aren't a lot of other Parramattas. In fact there aren't any other places called Parramatta. We should move it from "Parramatta, New South Wales" to "Parramatta" and fix all the redirects. --TS 00:40, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

City Council
Would it be a good idea to put more content in about the Parramatta City Council and the social enterprise projects? Eclipsed (talk) 20:43, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Infobox photo
Hi there, the church shown in the infobox is the same as this one, isn't it? Could anybody please let me know where on Church Street it is, e.g. what is the name of the side street? I'm working on an article on Thomas Forsaith. You can reply here, and many thanks in advance.  Schwede 66  04:46, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to Parramatta. Favonian (talk) 17:41, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

Parramatta, New South Wales → Parramatta – I'm not sure if this has been requested before, but a user did suggest this on the talk page in September of 2010. This article is the only one with the 'Parramatta' name, making the ",New South Wales" part redundant and unncecessary. Also, 'Parramatta' is a redirect to this article which further suggests that the NSW bit isn't needed. Till 08:24, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Question on the face of it seems straightforward, but Category:Suburbs of Sydney almost all seem to have NSW after them. Are they really all non-distinctive names? In ictu oculi (talk) 10:02, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Hmmm some are, some aren't. But here in New South Wales, everybody knows Parramatta as a city-suburb since it is one of Sydney's focal areas along with Liverpool and Penrith. The ones in Category:Suburbs of Sydney are merely just suburbs. Till 10:07, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * "Here in New South Wales" could probably be safely expanded to "here in Australia" (I say this having never lived in NSW). Jenks24 (talk) 01:15, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment. WP:NCGN begins "Most Australian town/city/suburb articles are at Town, State no matter their state of ambiguity . . ." There's an extensive thread on the topic at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (geographic names)/Archives/2010/August (along with a link to another extensive poll cum discussion in the last line of that thread). The inclusion or noninclusion of state names with unambiguous town names seems to be an unresolved, though not particularly contentious, question with regard to the naming of articles on Australian places. This discussion is not listed (at the time of my writing) among the active move discussions at WikiProject Australia, but I think the opinions of the WikiProject's members might be welcome. Deor (talk) 13:58, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes but then it says "...but the undisambiguated Town is also acceptable if the article has a unique name". IMO Parramatta is a unique name, and the disambiguation page seems to support this. Till 14:49, 20 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Clear primary topic, so there's no problem there. Australian placenames are slowly all heading in this direction, it is in with WP:PRECISION and the guideline says either is acceptable. Jenks24 (talk) 01:15, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Uniqueness confirmed by GeoNames. Kauffner (talk) 04:48, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Disambiguated version will still be available redirect. If NSW is not part of the name itself then the article should be moved. Agathoclea (talk) 12:41, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Satellite City or Suburb?
After a recent edit, the article now says, "Parramatta is a satellite city of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, now subsumed in Sydney's suburban sprawl".

While it has the status of a second government centre of Sydney (Old Government House etc), and to a lesser extent an alternative CBD, I don't think Parramatta was ever a separate city. The local government area received the title "City" in 1938, but originally it was a "Municipality" and then a "Borough". Those previous titles indicate that it wasn't conceived of as a city back then. The historical population would have hardly justified that description. And Ryde LGA also is called a "City", but I don't think anyone would say Ryde is a satellite city.

I don't believe the comment about "Sydney's suburban sprawl" is justified. Given Australia's historical population, I think the area between the centre of Sydney and Parramatta has always been quite populated. NSW's first train line in 1854 went to Parramatta stopped at Newtown, Ashfield, Burwood, and Homebush on the way.

What is the justification for saying it is or was a satellite city?--Jack Upland (talk) 09:00, 10 January 2014 (UTC)
 * That was me. Parramatta was not a mere suburb, but the second settlement. The two, Parramatta and Sydney, developed, connected by a track, Parramatta Rd, and ferries. Whether it was like a "satellite city" or "satellite township", probably the latter. There must be a better way to describe it. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 11:35, 10 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Something else tried. "Parramatta is a business district in the metropolitan area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia".  "subsumed sprawl dropped.  The understatement of the secondary business districts (Sydney), Parramatta, Penrith, Bondi Junction, Liverpool,

Chatswood, & Hurstville is common in all these articles. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 12:47, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

It's currently gazetted as a city. For contrast, North Parramatta is gazetted as a suburb. I believe this is the authorative source. FWIW, there are currently 35 cities in NSW (search for them here). Kerry (talk) 23:39, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

 * You can use the Geographical Names Board as a source, but I can't see how Parramatta fits its definition of a city ("a centre of population...") any more than many other suburbs. Carlingford, for example, has a higher population. The GNB is wrong anyway, because it says Parramatta is on the south side of the river.  It straddles the river.  The GNB also has an entry for Parramatta as a suburb, so it's not as "authoritative" as you might expect.

 * There is some ambiguity between the LGA and Parramatta proper. A plaque on the Town Hall says that Parramatta was declared a city in 1938 on its 150th anniversary.  However, this was the 150th anniversary of the settlement, not the council.  I suspect this is the reason that the GNB designates Parramatta as a city (as well as a suburb!).  There would have been less LGAs called "cities" in 1976 when this entry was made.--Jack Upland (talk) 05:35, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I think the real question here is what is in the intended scope of the Wikipedia article called Parramatta. Many city entries on Wikipedia have the same problem, as most city names are used in at least 3 senses: the central suburb (usually the central business district), a local government area and the informal sense of being part of the contiguous urban/suburban sprawl that has grown up around that centre over time. This is presumably why there are three listings for Parramatta in the GNB, reflecting each of these three uses. I note that there is a City of Parramatta entry that is intended for the LGA, so the Parramatta entry could be intended for the strictly defined suburb or for the historic centre known as Parramatta and its sprawl. When you look at the Parramatta article, it seems to be doing a bit of both. It may be the resolution of the situation is to do as is done for Brisbane and have three articles City of Brisbane (for the LGA), Brisbane CBD (for the suburb) and Brisbane for the historic sprawl. In which case, maybe the solution to have 3 articles on Parramatta that each explore the three uses of that name instead of just two. I don't think though that Parramatta should be described as a satellite city because of the expectation that it is close but still geographically distinct, which Parrammata is not. I note that Gosford is used as an example of satellite city/town of Sydney in that article. Kerry (talk) 06:46, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

I think 3 articles would be unnecessary and confusing.--Jack Upland (talk) 02:43, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

It's not so complicated, though the history of Parramatta is rich. Parramatta developed as a separate settlement, distinct to Sydney, in 1788. At the time, neither Sydney nor Parramatta were cities, rather towns; neither one part of the other. The fact that Parramatta was more populated than Sydney in its early years is an indication of its status. Today Parramatta is a suburb of the Sydney metro, a large CBD that is considered a city, and an LGA. How you refer to it depends on the context. Given the NSW Govt strategies for Sydney mention Parramatta as Sydney's second CBD, it would be correct to refer to Parramatta as a city within the Sydney metro. It is designated in most government strategies as the only other major centre/CBD in the Sydney metro outside Sydney itself, distinguishing it from other major suburban centres. AussieInfo (talk) 03:21, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

 * It is strangely complicated, and for no good reason. I think I have helped things by moving City of Parramatta to Parramatta local government area.  For vertually every meaning of "city of Parramatta", the current business centre, the history, coverage is in this article, not the other.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 05:52, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

 * City or suburb. In the middle of cities, typically the business district with low residential population, is a smaller area called the suburb, with the same name.  Confusing, yes.  Compare http://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search/extract?id=KWQloeKmJP  http://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/place_naming/placename_search/extract?id=ujYbvqrXMa  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 06:03, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

As in Sydney central business district, I think the topic of this article is of a suburb and as such it should say that in the lead.--2nyte (talk) 13:46, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I think calling this topic a mere suburb would be very misleading. It is clearly more than a suburb.  Parramatta central business district might do it justice, but is not suitable because this article includes the history of the locality/settlement, which is not the history of the CBD.  The article appropriately does not dwell on borders with May's Hill and Harris Park, which would be appropriate for an article on the Suburb of Parramatta.  By most sensible measures, Parramatta is not a "suburb".  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 05:22, 16 February 2015 (UTC)
 * All but the history section is specific to the suburb of Parramatta. As for being misleading, the opening (as it was previously) clearly established that Parramatta is a suburb, as well as a major business district in the metropolitan area of Sydney, and the sixth largest central business district in Australia. I think the real question should be: does the history section belong on this article or on City of Parramatta. My opinion would be to leave it here still.--2nyte (talk) 06:00, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Climate section
The climate section is rather long and detailed. It could probably benefit from being trimmed considerably to two or three paragraphs, and the rest of the content merged into a separate article such as Climate of Parramatta. Looking at the statistics, it does appear that the climate does not really differ from Sydney's in general, apart from probably cooler winter weather, but not by much. There is already a Climate of Sydney page, so I don't know if a separate one on Parramatta would be overkill given that it is essentially still Sydney, just not the city centre which is what Climate of Sydney details. 58.166.244.49 (talk) 09:53, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

 * You're right. I think it should be cut down. There is no justification for its own page.--Jack Upland (talk) 01:43, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

Infobox photo 2
This is a strange choice of photo. The church shown isn't a prominent one, and I think many people who know Parramatta would have trouble identifying the location.--Jack Upland (talk) 01:47, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

Parramatta
Parramatta 37.111.146.213 (talk) 18:49, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parramatta


text:
Sadananda Das

Swami Sadananda Das (स्वामी सदानन्द दास, ; 1908–1977) was born as Ernst-Georg Schulze in Germany. He met Swami Bhakti Hridaya Bon, a disciple of Hindu spiritual reformer Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura. Sadananda received diksa or formal initiation into the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition through Swami Bon from Sarasvati, and later received the name Sadananda Das by Sarasvati directly after he had joined the Gaudiya Mission in Calcutta, India. He was one of the first known individuals who was not of Asian origin to embrace the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition.

Life of Svami Sadananda Dasa
Sadananda was born in Germany in 1908. In the early 1930s, he became a disciple of Shrila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, a prominent guru and spiritual reformer of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in the early 20th century in India. First, though, Sadananda came in contact with Swami Hridaya Bon Maharaja, a disciple of Bhaktisiddhanta, when the latter visited The State Picture Gallery in Berlin, Germany, in 1933 during his missionary activities in Europe. In 1934 Sadananda then moved to London, where the Indian monks of the Gaudiya Mission had established a centre, and where he soon, in the name of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, became initiated by Swami Hridaya Bon Maharaja and Swami Bhakti Pradip Tirtha Maharaja. In 1935, he eventually travelled with Swami Bon to India, where Sarasvati gave him his spiritual name Sadananda Das. After his guru's death in 1937, Sadananda worked independently of organizations, devoting himself to study the holy texts of the Hindus.

While travelling through India from the Himalayas to the very South and back between 1938 and 1939, Sadananda met several saints, scholars and travellers. Among those was the indologist, anthroposophist, author and Far East traveler Hans-Hasso Veltheim-Ostrau who reports their meeting 1938 in the Himalayas in his diaries from that time. In February 1939, during Sadananda's travels through South India, he met the saint Swami Ramdas in his Ashram in Kanhangad, Kerala. Ramdas mentions this meeting in his work "In the Vision of God" and describes him as follows: "Sadhu Sadananda had been, it appears a Professor in a German University and was a man of great learning and attainments. But he was found to be very simply in his nature and his ways. In fact, we loved him at first sight."

During the Second World War (1939-1945) Sadananda was held in a British internment camp in Dehra Dun, India, where he met the Austrian poet Walther Eidlitz (Vamandas), who in the course of their imprisonment became his good friend and disciple. Eidlitz recounts these events in his autobiographical work "Unknown India". In 1954, Sadananda received sannyasa, i.e. he entered the stage of a mendicant, from Swami Satyabastabya Brajabasi (Baraswami), who belonged to the Gaudiya Math in Benares, becoming Swami Sadananda Das. In 1961 Sadananda returned to Europe. There he stayed until his demise in 1977, teaching bhakti yoga to a small circle of Swedish, German and Swiss friends and translating Vaishnava texts from Sanskrit and Bengali into German. He thereby assisted his disciple Walther Eidlitz with his publications, lectures and courses. Their main common work is Walther Eidlitz' book on Krishna Caitanya for which Sadananda provided the translations from the Sanskrit and Bengali sources.

Works by Svami Sadananda Dasa

 * Svami Sadananda Dasa (2014): Krishna’s Damodara Lila. Rendering based on passages from the Shrimad-Bhagavatam, Gopala-Campuh and Ananda-Vrindavana-Campuh. Translated into English by Kid Samuelsson and Bengt Lundborg from Svami Sadananda Dasa’s German original "Die Damodara-Lila Krishna’s".
 * Svami Sadananda Dasa (2015): Tender as a Flower – Hard as a Thunderbolt. Words of Truth and Love. Into English by Kid Samuelsson, Bengt Lundborg and Katrin Stamm.
 * Svami Sadananda Dasa (1935): "Sunder Warumbe". The Harmonist. Vol. XXXII, No. 7, pp. 154–167.
 * Svami Sadananda Dasa (1936): "Society – Community – Math". The Harmonist. Vol. XXXII. No.14, pp. 329–332.
 * Svami Sadananda Dasa (1936): "Sub specie aeternitatis – Spiritual View". The Harmonist, Vol. XXXII, No. 15, pp. 343–351.
 * Svami Sadananda Dasa (1936): "Buddhism – Philosophy or Religion". The Harmonist. Vol. XXXII. No. 16, pp. 361–368, 385-390.

title: Sadananda Das


text:
Jack Fletcher

Jack Fletcher is an American voice actor, casting director, writer and voice director. He has done voice acting and directing for anime and video games. He was the English voice director for the Sonic the Hedgehog series, starting with Sonic Free Riders, and also worked in the English dub adaptions of Hayao Miyazaki's films until he was replaced by John Lasseter. Fletcher has also done work as a theater director and teacher. He spent a number of years teaching and directing at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco.

Voice-acting roles

 * Æon Flux (U.S. TV)
 * Asterix and the Vikings – Pirate Captain, Fotograf, Caraf
 * Final Fantasy X-2 – Garik
 * Final Fantasy: Spirits Within
 * Happily N'Ever After – Additional Voices
 * Hurricane Polymar: Holy Blood – Onigawara / Skamugu
 * The Animatrix: Beyond (OAV)
 * The Animatrix: Matriculated (OAV) – Sandro
 * Thru the Moebius Strip – Soldier
 * Ninja Scroll: The Series – Anden Yamidoro
 * Pet Shop of Horrors (TV) – Liu Tai Wei / Police Captain
 * Princess Mononoke - Additional Voices
 * Psycho Diver: Soul Siren (OAV)
 * Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki – D3 (OVA 2)
 * Tenchi Muyo! The Night Before The Carnival – Kamidake
 * Twilight of the Dark Master – Eiji Kuraza
 * Valkyria Chronicles – Additional Voices
 * Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust – Grove

Voice direction credits

 * 24: The Game
 * Æon Flux
 * Armored Core 4
 * Biohunter
 * Castle in the Sky
 * Celebrity Deathmatch (2006–2007)
 * Dead or Alive Xtreme 2
 * Dead or Alive Paradise
 * Dragon Slayer
 * Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals
 * Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within
 * Final Fantasy X
 * Final Fantasy X-2
 * Final Fantasy XII
 * Final Fantasy XIII
 * Final Fantasy XIII-2
 * Final Fantasy Tactics: The War of the Lions
 * The First Men on the Moon
 * Golgo 13: Queen Bee
 * Hurricane Polymar: Holy Blood
 * Kiki's Delivery Service
 * Legend of the Three Caballeros
 * Looney Tunes Cartoons
 * MadWorld
 * Magical Girl Pretty Sammy
 * My Gym Partner's a Monkey
 * Ninja Gaiden II
 * Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2
 * Ninja Scroll: The Series
 * Pet Shop of Horrors
 * Princess Mononoke
 * Project Sylpheed
 * Psycho Diver
 * Reign: The Conqueror: Episode 1 to 4
 * Resonance of Fate
 * Rise of Nightmares
 * Sonic the Hedgehog series (2010–present)
 * Sonic Boom
 * Spawn: The Animated Series
 * Splatterhouse
 * Tekkaman Blade II
 * Tenchi Muyo! Mihoshi Special
 * Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki (OAV)
 * Tenchi Muyo!' The Night Before The Carnival (OAV)
 * Tenchi Universe
 * The Animatrix (all segments)
 * The Chronicles of Riddick: Dark Fury
 * The Powerpuff Girls
 * Twilight of the Dark Master
 * Valkyria Chronicles
 * Valkyria Chronicles II
 * Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust
 * Van Helsing: The London Assignment
 * Yakuza

title: Jack Fletcher


text:
Bełżec (village)

Bełżec is a village in Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) of Gmina Bełżec. It lies approximately 8 km south of Tomaszów Lubelski and 114 km south-east of the regional capital Lublin. It is located in the Roztocze region.

During World War II, the village was the site of the Nazi German Belzec extermination camp.

History
Bełżec was first mentioned in a document from 1515, after it was founded within territory of the village of Przeorsko, which in turn was founded in the 15th century by the Małdrzyk family. As of 1546, Bełżec was a private village of the Bełżecki noble family. Thanks to efforts of local nobleman Samuel Lipski, Bełżec was granted town rights by Polish King Sigismund III Vasa in 1607, however, it did not develop properly, and several decades later it was yet again referred to as a village. The King also established two annual fairs. The Grabie coat of arms of the Lipski family is the coat of arms of Bełżec. Administratively, the village was located in the Bełz County in the Bełz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1648 it was destroyed by the Cossacks, and during the Swedish invasion of Poland of 1655–1660, known as the Deluge, a battle was fought nearby between Poles led by Hetman Stefan Czarniecki and the Swedes.

The village was annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland in 1772. It was regained by Poles in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. Following the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it fell again to the Austrian Partition of Poland, also known as Galicia, and was located on the border with the Russian Partition. In 1887, Bełżec was connected by rail to Lwów, one of the largest agglomerations in the region, via Rawa Ruska (now in western Ukraine). Bełżec became a full-fledged rail hub in 1916, with a new connection to Lublin via Rejowiec and a layover yard with a bigengine-house. Following World War I, in 1918, Poland regained independence and control of the village. In 1921, Bełżec was visited by Marshal of Poland Józef Piłsudski.

World War II
On September 19, 1939, during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland which started World War II, it was the site of the between Poland and Germany. Afterwards, the village was occupied by Germany. It was located on the border of three new districts of the General Government of Poland created by Nazi Germany: Lublin District, Kraków District and District of Galicia (created on 1 September 1941 soon after Operation Barbarossa) with the capital in Lwów.

Approximately one million Polish Jews lived there during the Holocaust in occupied Poland in the so-called Lublin reservation. In 1940, the Germans established two forced labour camps: for Jews, and for the Romani and Sinti. Polish people were also deported to forced labour in Bełżec. In 1941, the occupiers began the construction of the Bełżec extermination camp on the Kozielsk Hill some 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the railway station, at the site of the former forced labour camp for Jews. The first stationary gas chambers of the Final Solution were built there. Between 430,000 and 500,000 people are believed to have been murdered at the camp between March and December 1942. The victims were mostly Jews from various German-occupied countries, but also Romani people and Poles. In 1943, the Germans used Jewish forced laborers to dismantle the camp, and then deported them to the Sobibor extermination camp. During the operation of the camp, the Germans tried to hide its real purpose, and after it was liquidated, they planted a forest in its place.

On June 16, 1944, near Bełżec, Ukrainian nationalists of the UPA carried out an attack on a train that left the local station for Lwów. In the attack, the Ukrainians massacred several dozen Polish men, women and children. A few people survived. The Polish underground Home Army was able to document the crime shortly after it happened.

The Bełżec station was bombed by a Soviet warplane on July 4, 1944, setting fire to munitions and explosives from the German military cargo train. The ensuing explosions and fires consumed over 50 nearby buildings along with the train station itself. Several railway workers were killed. The historic train station was never rebuilt. A new station was erected half a kilometre away in postwar Poland. On July 21, 1944, the village was liberated by the Polish Home Army.

Post-war period
In 1971, Bełżec was visited by Primate of Poland Stefan Wyszyński and Cardinal Karol Wojtyła (future Pope John Paul II).

Transport
The Polish National road 17 and Voivodeship road 865 run through the village, and there is also a train station.

Sights
There are several World War II memorials in Bełżec, including the Museum and Memorial at the site of the Nazi German Belzec extermination camp, a memorial to Polish soldiers killed in the Battle of Bełżec during the German invasion of Poland in 1939, a monument to the victims of the attack of the Ukrainian nationalists on Polish civilians in 1944, and a memorial at the burial site of the Romani and Sinti victims of the Nazi German forced labour camp. Cultural heritage sites include the historic churches of Our Lady Queen of Poland and of Saint Basil. The over 200-year-old juniper tree in the Zagóra part of the village is a notable natural monument.

Culture
There is a Gmina Culture Center (Gminny Ośrodek Kultury) and a public library in Bełżec.

title: Bełżec (village)


text:
James Braidwood (disambiguation)

James Braidwood may refer to:

 * James Braidwood (1800–1861), Scottish firefighter, developed the modern fire service
 * James Braidwood (engineer) (1832–1879), Scottish-born US mining engineer and industrialist, namesake of Braidwood, Illinois
 * James Braidwood, prisoner on the St. Michael of Scarborough

title: James Braidwood (disambiguation)


text:
James Braidwood

James Braidwood (1800–1861) was a Scottish firefighter who was the first "Master of Engines", in the world's first municipal fire service in Edinburgh in 1824.

He was born in Edinburgh, the tenth child of Janet Mitchell and Francis James Braidwood, a cabinetmaker. The family lived in College Street next to the University of Edinburgh. By 1810 the family owned an upholstery firm, Braidwood and Son, in Adam Square and were living in Roxburgh Square. James was educated at the High School in Edinburgh, east of his home.

He was the first director of the London Fire Engine Establishment (the brigade which was eventually to become the London Fire Brigade). He is credited with the development of the modern municipal fire service.

Career
Appointed Master of Fire Engines at the age of 24, two months prior to the Great Fire of Edinburgh, Braidwood established principles of fire-fighting that are still applied today. His training as a surveyor gave him exceptional knowledge of the behaviour of building materials and housing conditions in the Old Town of Edinburgh. He recruited to the service expert tradesmen – slaters, carpenters, masons and plumbers – who could apply their various fields of expertise to fire fighting. He also recruited experienced mariners for an occupation that required heavy manual work in hauling engines and trundling wheeled escape ladders up and down Edinburgh's steep streets, as well as nimble footwork when negotiating rooftops and moving through partially destroyed buildings. His many original ideas of practical organisation and methodology, published in 1830, were adopted throughout Britain. He was, however, resistant to the introduction of steam-driven engines. In 1833 he left Edinburgh to lead the London Fire Engine Establishment. The London Fire Engine Establishment had to fight a blaze at the Palace of Westminster, on 16 October 1834, that destroyed almost all of the Palace.

Braidwood was distinguished for his heroism on the occasion of great fires in Edinburgh (1824) and London (1830). He also undertook a pastoral role, introducing visits to firemen and their families by the London City Mission.

Braidwood was the first witness at the trial of William Burke of Burke and Hare fame. He gave evidence on Christmas Eve of 1828, in his capacity as an Edinburgh builder, who had been commissioned by the authorities to draw scale plans of the notorious lodging house on Tanners Close where the murders took place. His evidence was simply to state that the plans were an accurate representation of the building.

Death

On 22 June 1861 Braidwood died in the Tooley Street fire at Cotton's Wharf near London Bridge station when a falling wall crushed him, three hours after the fire began. It took two days to recover his body. His heroism led to a massive funeral on 29 June in which the funeral cortege stretched 1.5 mi behind the hearse, a public spectacle almost equal to the fire itself. The fire, which continued to burn for a fortnight, caused damage valued at £2,000,000, and was considered the worst fire since the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Braidwood is buried at Abney Park Cemetery, Stoke Newington, London, not far from the Stoke Newington Fire Station. The grave lies on a path edge towards the south, rendering it relatively easy to see in this congested and overgrown cemetery. His wife, Mary Ann Jane Braidwood (1806–1871) was buried with him. He was also buried near his stepson, also a fireman, who had died six years earlier.

The grave was long lost to public view but in 1981, following much research by the then Stoke Newington Fire Station White Watch Station Officer, Liam Hackett, the precise location of the grave was found. Hackett then spent the rest of the summer clearing the site and restoring the lettering on the monument.

National memorial
The death of James Braidwood, whilst engaged in fire fighting duties, is recorded on the National Firefighters Memorial which is located adjacent to St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London.

Freemason Lodge
In 2005, a group of former London firefighters founded a new Masonic lodge. They commemorated Braidwood's life and death by naming the lodge after him. This is now known as the Braidwood Lodge Number 9802 and is based in Dartford, Kent.

Republished fire manual
Recognising the lack of publications on fire engines in the English language, Braidwood published what is regarded as one of the first textbooks on the science of fire engineering in 1830: On the Construction of Fire Engines and Apparatus. A second edition of the book was published in 2004. Braidwood also authored Fire prevention and fire extinction, published posthumously in 1866.

Edinburgh memorial
On 5 September 2008, the James Braidwood memorial statue in Parliament Square, Edinburgh was unveiled by Professor Sir Timothy O'Shea, Principal of the University of Edinburgh. A fund had been established for a £75,000 memorial to Braidwood, to be created by the Glasgow sculptor, Kenneth Mackay, led by Dr Frank Rushbrook CBE, 93-year-old former Firemaster at Lothian & Borders Fire Brigade. The statue stands around the corner from the site of the original main fire station in the High Street. The bronze plaque below it reads:

''James Braidwood

''1800 – 1861

''Father of the British Fire Service

''This statue is dedicated to the memory of James Braidwood, a pioneer of the scientific approach to fire-fighting. It also recognises the courage and sacrifice of fire-fighters, not only in Lothian & Borders Fire and Rescue Service, but all over the world.

Other honours
A London fireboat was named in Braidwood's honour in the 1930s. Braidwood Street, a road off Tooley Street in the London Bridge Area, near where he died was also named after him. On the corner of Braidwood Street on a building that is part of the London Bridge Hospital is a memorial to James Braidwood. Braidwood Forest was opened at Ingrebourne Hill, a Forestry England site in Rainham in August 2016.

title: James Braidwood


text: User talk:84.206.24.20

title: User talk:84.206.24.20


text:
User talk:Charlie Tango

Welcome to Wikipedia!
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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 11:52, 30 August 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Charlie Tango


text:
Ashikaga Yoshimi

Ashikaga Yoshimi (足利 義視) (March 3, 1439 – February 15, 1491) was the brother of Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa, and a rival for the succession in a dispute that would lead to the Ōnin War.

Life
Yoshimi was the abbot of a Jōdo monastery when he was first approached in 1464 by Hosokawa Katsumoto, who wished to support a bid for Yoshimi to become shōgun. He originally sought to stick to his religious life, and had no desires to become shōgun. However, by 1464, he was convinced to join his brother, the shōgun, and assist him, putting himself into a position to be the next in the line of succession. The birth of the Shōgun's son placed Yoshimi in an awkward situation, making his succession no longer definite, but he remained as Yoshimasa's Deputy.

Despite Yoshimi's support by Hosokawa, it was Hosokawa's opponent, Yamana Sōzen, who stayed in Yoshimi's mansion for a time, and who attended a ceremony in March 1467 honoring the shōgun and his brother. Hosokawa did not attend, as he was preparing for the imminent war between himself and Yamana, who supported the succession of the shōgun's infant son Ashikaga Yoshihisa.

Following the initial battles between Hosokawa and Yamana within the capital (Kyoto), the Ōnin War turned into a war between Yoshimi and his brother the Shōgun. Through a set of complicated events, Yoshimi became one of Yamana's chief generals, and was declared a "rebel" by the Emperor, and stripped of his court rank. That same year, 1469, the shōgun officially named his son heir.

Yamana and Hosokawa both died soon afterwards, in 1473, and the Ōnin War came to an end in 1477, along with Yoshimi's political aspirations.

title: Ashikaga Yoshimi