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Vigía del Fuerte

Vigía del Fuerte is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. It is part of the Urabá Antioquia sub-region.

The town is on the eastern bank of the Atrato River, which locally forms the border between the Antioquia and Chocó Departments of Colombia. Vigía del Fuerte neighbours Bellavista, and played a significant role, suffering losses during, and receiving those fleeing the Bojayá massacre in 2002.

Town
Most of the buildings and roads in the town are elevated on poles because of the wet soil and frequent flooding. The town is connected only by river to neighbouring towns, and to Quibdó, the capital of the Chocó Department.

The town is served by the Vigía del Fuerte Airstrip, receiving a more or less daily charter flight in the form of a small propeller plane, connecting it to Medellin.

The town hosts two colleges. One generic college serving the town and nearby villages and communities. And the Institución Educativa Embera Atrato Medio, a semi-residential college aimed exclusively at the Embera people living in the region. The latter is run primarily by the Misioneras de la Madre Laura, residing in the town.

Armed conflict
On 25 March 2000, around 300 members of the 57th and 34th fronts of the Northwestern Bloc of the FARC-EP took over the town from AUC control. During the surprise attack they simultaneously attacked the house that the AUC was using as a base and the police station in the centre of the town. The guerrilleros ended up launching a cilindro bomba, a makeshift, heavy explosive, into the police station. The resulting explosion took out the concrete police station and damaged the neighbouring church beyond repair. Afterwards, they went into the police station with drawn machetes, none of the 22 policemen survived. Besides the policemen around 9 civilians were killed, bystanders or expected collaborators of the AUC. Among the dead was the major of the town, whose body they burned.

Two men were killed on 1 May 2002 the day preceding the Bojayá Massacre. Three men were confirmed to have been killed on 4 May by members of the FARC upon the accusation of having stolen gasoline for the paramilitaries. All of the 5 aforementioned men are buried in the mausoleum with the victims of the 2 May massacre in Bojayá.

On October 11, 2013, presumed FARC rebels attacked the municipality's airport, destroying an aircraft in the process.

The fighting and consequent displacement has continued, even after the 2002 Bojayá massacre, or the 2016 peace deal with the FARC. Displacement has forced inhabitants of the region to flee, many whom have settled in Vigía and the neighbouring Bellavista, Quibdó or have left the Chocó region altogether.

Climate
Vigía del Fuerte has a very wet tropical rainforest climate (Af).

title: Vigía del Fuerte


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Yalí

Yalí is a town and municipality located in northeastern Antioquia Department, Colombia, colloquially called "the town of hills". Part of the sub-region of Northeastern Antioquia, it lies at an altitude of 1,250 m (4,100 ft) above sea level.

Yalí was established as a municipality in 1956 and was named after one of its founders; Lorenzo Yalí. In its early days the town's economy relied on mining, now the economic activity is focused on the "cañicultura" (sugarcane plantations) with aims of production of panela.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yalí


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Yarumal

Yarumal is a municipality in the Antioquia Department, Colombia. The municipality (three parishes and 20 villages) has an area of 738.3 km2. The population was 41,542 at the 2018 census. Its average elevation is 2,265 m above sea level.

It has a minor basilica, Our Lady of Mercy, which is a parish church of architectural note.

It gave its name to the Yarumal Society for the Foreign Missions (M.X.Y./I.M.E.Y.), a Medellin-based Latin Catholic Society of Apostolic Life of Pontifical Right for Men, which despite its name is especially active in Colombian missions.

History
Yarumal was founded in 1787 as San Luis de Gongora. Municipal status was granted in 1821.

Name
The current name of Yarumal comes from a local plant of the family Moraceae, known in botanical Latin as Cecropia peltata L.

Health
An unusually large proportion of the inhabitants suffer from early-onset Alzheimer's disease, which is caused by the gene mutation E280A. The genetic mutation is thought to have come from a Spanish conquistador. Approximately 5,000 residents will develop early-onset Alzheimer's. Half of the affected residents were shown to have developed symptoms by their early 40s.

Climate
Yarumal has a subtropical highland climate (Cfb). It has heavy rainfall year round.

Notable people

 * Jhon Jairo Velásquez (1962-2020), Medellin cartel hitman and You Tube personality

title: Yarumal


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Yolombó

Yolombó is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. It is part of the subregion of Northeastern Antioquia, located 108 km from Medellín.

History
Yolombó is an indigenous term that comes from the area. In 1535, Don Pedro de Heredia, the founder of Cartagena de Indias, discovered, in the Antioquian region, a village of indigenous people of the same name, Yolombó. The town was initially called, "San Lorenzo de Yolombó." No official date of its founding is known to exist.

In the middle of the 17th century, gold was found in the area and made Yolombó a celebrated and important town. Parish records revealed the growing prominence of the town by the settlement of high ranking Spanish families. Up until 1750, its prosperity earned Yolombó the name, Ciudad Illustre (Illustrious City). However, the prosperity was short-lived. Between 1760 and 1800 the gold mines were depleted with the advent and use of efficient mining technology. Following this economic decline, Yolombó was downgraded to a township of the city Santo Domingo in 1879 until 1883. In 1883 Yolombó was once again promoted to the status of District and Township and it has remained as such until 2009 when it became a municipality.

Yolombó has a diverse climate and rich biodiversity. At 1,450m above sea level, the mountainous landscape offers both scorching and frigid temperatures. It is known for its exotic agriculture, forests full of medicinal plants and precious wood, and is also a land that is abundant in water and pasture.

Demographics
Total Population: 23,958 (2015) Total Literacy Rate: 84.3% (2005)
 * Urban Population: 7,216
 * Rural Population: 16,742
 * Urban Literacy Rate: 90.5%
 * Rural Literacy Rate: 81.5%

According to DANE census records from 2005, the racial makeup of Yolombó is composed of:
 * Mestizo & White (98.0%)
 * Afrocolombian (1.9%)
 * Indigenous (0.1%)

Climate
Yolombó has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall the year round.

Notable residents

 * Sofía Medina de López – Colombian politician, first female Mayor of Medellín (1976–1977)

Yolombó in the media
Yolombó was popularized in part by Tomás Carrasquilla's historical novel, "La Marquesa de Yolombó" (The Marchioness of Yolombó).

title: Yolombó


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Yondó

Yondó is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. It is part of the Magdalena Medio Antioquia sub-region.

The first settlers arrived around 10,000 BC; archaeological site. The town was founded in 1941 to lodge the, at that time, discovered Casabe oilfield's engineers and workers of Shell Colombia S.A.(SCSA) Subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. The town became a municipality in 1979. It is a Magdalena river port, across a river from Barrancabermeja, where Colombia's oldest and largest oil refinery is located.

Statistics

 * 07° 00' 28" latitude North; 73° 54' 51" longitude West; 75 m a.s.l. altitude
 * Surface area 1,903 km²:
 * 30.2% natural forests, mostly secondary
 * 55.1% pastures
 * 10.6% secondary growth
 * Annual rainfall 2,799 mm, no month below 100 mm; mean temperature year around 27.2 °C
 * Total population 12,562; ca. 50% urban in the town seat, 50% rural

History
Yondó was an oilfield's worker camp built by the Royal Dutch Shell oil company in 1945 in order to house some 2,000 workers and engineers. It was built in the usual Royal Dutch manner for camps in remote locations: with large comfortable modern houses, plenty of potable water, electricity, air conditioning, theater, social club with many amenities including olimpic pool, basquetball court, 18 hole golf course, bowling alley, large soccer field sewage system, schools, small hospital with many specialists, bilingual school, a small refinery to supply gasoline to domestic vehicles, excellent well maintained roadways, landing strip for small planes, radio and telephone communications, etc. These were (and would be today) considered luxuries and attracted -as many enclave developments in remote areas do- a large number of settlers in the periphery of the oil production facilities. The oil company had acquired rights for a 40 year exploitation of the oil fields, until 1985 but resigned in 1981 under pressure from FARC terrorist and invaders. The production facilities and camp installations were turned in to the government and were mostly ransacked and destroyed by thieves. This latter were destined to house bona fide and opportunist settlers and thus the new town was founded.

Sister city
Yondó has sister city relations with:
 * 🇺🇸 Berkeley, California

title: Yondó


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Antony Worrall Thompson

Henry Antony Cardew Worrall Thompson (born 1 May 1951) is an English restaurateur and celebrity chef, television presenter and radio broadcaster.

Early life
Worrall Thompson was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. His parents, Michael Ingham (real name Peter Michael Worrall Thompson) and Joanna Duncan, were both actors. He was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, where he sustained facial injuries while playing rugby. He had to wait until he was twenty-one years old before he could have plastic surgery to correct the disfigurement. As a child he suffered from rickets.

Early career
After he left school, he studied hotel management at Westminster Kingsway College. Taking his first catering job in Essex, it is rumoured that his grandmother refused to write to him because she could not bring herself to write "Essex" on the envelope. In 1978, he moved to London and became sous-chef at Brinkley's Restaurant at Fulham Road, becoming head chef one year later. The following year he took a sabbatical in France, eating and working his way around the local cuisine. After this he returned to Britain and started producing pans with his business partner Hassan.

Restaurants
Prior to opening his first restaurant, Worrall Thompson was Executive Chef at 190 Queens Gate in South Kensington, London. He opened his first restaurant, Ménage à Trois, in Knightsbridge in 1981, notable for only serving starters and puddings. He then launched several successful restaurants, including Wiz and Woz in west London and Metro in Jersey, all of which reflect his somewhat individual approach to food. Until late 2006, he was Catering Director for Old Luxters Barn, in Buckinghamshire.

In February 2009, his restaurant holding company AWT Restaurants was placed into administration. Four restaurants closed – the Notting Grill in west London, the Barnes Grill in south-west London, together with two pubs in Henley-on-Thames, the Lamb Inn and the Greyhound. This caused the loss of 60 jobs. Worrall Thompson personally bought back the remaining Windsor Grill in Berkshire, the Kew Grill in south-west London, and a delicatessen, the Windsor Larder.

It was revealed in April 2009 that Thompson's restaurant chain trouble was the result of its being "overstretched" and that his restaurants "had debts of more than £800,000 and owed 214 creditors money."

Television
Worrall Thompson made his first television appearance on BBC2's Food and Drink, before appearing on Ready Steady Cook from 1994. In 2001, he appeared on Lily Savage's Blankety Blank, and in 2003, he appeared in the second series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!, which led to him replacing Gregg Wallace as the host of BBC2's Saturday Kitchen. The show moved to BBC1 to replace Saturday morning children's television. He later presented the ITV series Saturday Cooks. The show was renamed Daily Cooks Challenge for the prime-time series which he also presented. He represented the Midlands and East of England in series one of the BBC's Great British Menu but was beaten by Galton Blackiston, after burning the meat course of his entry prior to the judging phase. He was also on the mini series Trawlermen: Celebs at sea, in 2019.

He was the first ever contestant to score a 100-point correct answer on Pointless during his appearance on Pointless Celebrities in 2013.

Awards and honours
Worrall Thompson has won the Mouton Rothschild Menu Competition, and the Meilleur Ouvrier de Grande Bretagne (MOGB).

Personal life
Named Anthony at birth, he dropped the 'h' in his teenage years and has omitted it ever since. His reasoning is that the 'h' is not pronounced so adds little value to the name.

Worrall Thompson married Jill Thompson when he was 26, the couple divorced five years later. In 1983, he married an Australian, Militza Millar. The couple had two children and divorced. Since 1996, he has been married to his third wife, Jacinta Shiel. The couple live in High Wycombe and have two children.

In January 2012, he received a police caution for shoplifting items, including wine and cheese, from the Henley-on-Thames branch of Tesco on a total of five occasions. In 2015, he spoke of how the total of five shoplifting attempts was £70.68 and how he thinks he did it for the excitement; he was depressed and sought counselling.

Worrall Thompson is a patron of FOREST, a UK-based, tobacco industry-financed lobby opposing government regulation of tobacco and ASH. In February 2010, in a feature for Radio 4's Woman's Hour, he said that he had given up smoking.

He has been involved in fundraising for the Conservative Party and supported British withdrawal from the European Union.

In 2003, Worrall Thompson funded the Antony Worrall Thompson Trophy – a charity football cup played by eight semi-professional teams in the summer, pre-season. However, due to Worrall Thompson's financial issues, the trophy lasted initially one year with the 2003–2004 final being contested between Altrincham F.C. and Northwich Victoria F.C. Altrincham won the game 4–3. The tournament was resurrected in the 2017–2018 season.

October 2010 saw Worrall Thompson join Uncovered magazine as a regular columnist offering recipes and advice on eating for good health and seasons' finest produce.

title: Antony Worrall Thompson


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Nova Lima

Nova Lima is a municipality of about 87,000 people, whose downtown is located about 20 kilometers south of Belo Horizonte, the capital of the south-eastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Mining is one of the main economical activities of the city, including the extraction of Iron Ore and Gold. The most famous mine in the city is Morro Velho (Old Hill), a gold mine of 2700 m depth.

History
Historically, the city was known as Campos de Congonhas, Congonhas de Sabará and until 1923 as Villa Nova de Lima.

Location
The city belongs to the mesoregion Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte and to the microregion of Belo Horizonte.

The city is home to several mines, including the Morro Velho, Mostardas, and Rio de Peixe mines. A number of minerals are extracted from these and other sites in and around the city, including gold.

The St. John Del Rey Mining Company was founded by British interests in 1834 for the extraction of gold and also caused the settlement of some 150 families from Britain which led to the establishment of the Anglican Church in town.

The municipality contains the 912 ha Mata do Jambreiro Private Natural Heritage Reserve, a protected area operated by the State Forestry Institute in partnership with the MBR mining company. It contains part of the 3941 ha Serra do Rola-Moça State Park, created in 1994. It also contains a small part of the 31270 ha Serra do Gandarela National Park, created in 2014.

Sports
The city is home to the Villa Nova Atlético Clube, the second-oldest football club of Minas Gerais still active. The club was a major force from the 1930s until the early 1950s and won in that period five state championships. It is still a regular participant in the first division of Minas Gerais. From the late 1920s until the end of the 1930s the Sport Club Retiro also took part in the state championship. With José Perácio in 1938 and Luiz Carlos Ferreira "Luizinho" in 1982 two players born in Nova Lima represented Brazil in World Cups.

title: Nova Lima


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Necoclí

Necoclí is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. Located on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Urabá, it is part of the Urabá Antioquia sub-region. The population is predominantly Afro-Colombian.

It was founded as a Spanish city called San Sebastián de Buena Vista. One of Colombia's oldest towns, it was founded in 1509 by Pedro de Heredia, who died in 1555.

Some early reports of the town can be found in chapter 9 of Pedro Cieza de León's Crónica del Perú (1553).

Necoclí Airport is a general aviation airport, without scheduled flights. Buses link the town with Cartagena, the department capital of Medellín, and other points. There are scheduled launches to two towns without road access, Capurganá and Acandí, across the gulf and near the Panamanian border.

2021 deluge of Haitian migrants
The town is as close to Panama as one can get by road from the south, and serves as an impromptu staging ground for migrants attempting to cross the Gulf of Urabá to Capurganá, and from there by hiking through the Darién Gap into Panama, en route to the United States. While the population of Necoclí is about 20,000, about 25,000 migrants, 75% of which were Haitian, passed through Necoclí between January and August, 2021. The number of migrants arriving exceeded the capacity of the ferries across the Gulf of Urabá, causing extended waits for a free seat. In August 2021 there were some 10,000 migrants sleeping in hostels, churches, or on the beach. The town's water system collapsed, unable to handle the increased load. The mayor proclaimed a state of emergency ("calamidad pública").

Demographics
Total population: 42,281 hab. (2018)

 * Urban Population: 21,995
 * Rural Population: 20,326

Literacy: 76.8% (2005)

 * Urban area: 88.6%
 * Rural area: 73.1%

Ethnography
According to the figures presented by DANE in the 2005 census, the ethnographic composition of the municipality is:

 * Afro-descendants (59.0%).
 * Mestizos and whites (37.5%).
 * Indigenous (3.5%).

Climate
Necoclí has a tropical monsoon climate (Am)What is this an abbreviation for? with moderate rainfall from January to March and heavy rainfall in the remaining months.

title: Necoclí


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El Peñol, Antioquia

El Peñol is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. The population was 16,223 at the 2018 census. It is part of the subregion of Eastern Antioquia. The town is nationally known for the nearby monolith known also as El Peñol, which is a tourist attraction.

History
The town was originally founded along the Negro-Nare River in 1714 by Fray Miguel de Castro y Rivadeneiro. The area was inhabited by the indigenous Tahamí people prior to the Spanish arrival and colonization of the area.

In 1971, Empresas Públicas de Medellín determined that more water and power was needed to support the rapidly growing city of Medellín, located approximately 50mi/30km to the west, and decided that the Negro-Nare River should be dammed at Guatape, flooding the Negro-Nare River valley in which El Peñol was located. The old town seized by eminent domain and a new town was built several miles west, disrupting the lives of several thousand residents who were then forced to move to the new town without recourse.

The new dam was completed and the valley flooded in 1978. The El Peñol-Guatapé Reservoir now sits over the former location of El Peñol. A cross now marks the location in the reservoir above the former parish of El Viejo Peñol that fronted the town plaza. Some rural parts of Guatape were also flooded and lost.

Climate
El Peñol has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cfb) consistently warm temperatures and abundant rainfall.

title: El Peñol, Antioquia


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Peque, Antioquia

Peque is a municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. The population was 7,155 at the 2018 census.

title: Peque, Antioquia


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Pueblorrico

Pueblorrico is a municipality in Colombia, located in the southwest subregion of the Department of Antioquia. It borders the municipalities of Salgar and Tarso to the north, Jericó to the east, Andes to the south, and Ciudad Bolívar and Hispania to the west.

History
In 1540, a Spanish lieutenant from the conquering troop of Marshal Jorge Robledo was tasked with exploring the territories along the Cauca River, starting from the city of Arma towards the north. This expedition explored a large area of what is now known as Southwest Antioquia, including the lands of present-day Pueblorrico.

In 1825, a group of settlers from the city of Medellín, led by Gabriel Echeverri, offered to purchase vast lands in this area from the government, successfully negotiating the transaction. Subsequently, another settler named Santiago Santamaría inherited the land.

Around 1869, the locality was designated as a corregimiento (subdivision) and later, in 1907, as a parish.

In 1911, it separated from the municipality of Jericó and was designated as a municipal fraction. Despite attempts to rename the district, the name Pueblorrico persisted through generations, apparently because the first Spanish conquerors who set foot on the land found indigenous people with considerable amounts of gold and named it accordingly.

Pueblorrico boasts beautiful landscapes, several picturesque streams, and access to a natural reserve.

General Information

 * Discoverers: Spanish troops of Jorge Robledo.
 * Foundation: October 3, 1866.
 * Municipal status: March 16, 1911.
 * Founders: Settlers.
 * Nickname: Sweet Municipality and Peaceful Haven of Southwest Antioquia.

Districts
The municipality has 22 districts, which are:

 * Barcino
 * California
 * Cascabelito
 * Castalia
 * Corinto A
 * Corinto B
 * El Cedrón
 * Hoyo Grande
 * La Berrío
 * La Envidia
 * La Gómez
 * La Pica
 * La Unión
 * Lourdes
 * Morrón
 * Mulatico
 * Mulato
 * Patudal
 * San Francisco
 * Santa Bárbara
 * Sevilla
 * Sinaí

Historical Population

 * Total Population: 8,664 (2018)
 * Urban Population: 4,450
 * Rural Population: 4,214
 * Literacy Rate: 83.5% (2005)
 * Urban area: 87.4%
 * Rural area: 79.6%

Ethnography
According to the figures presented by DANE from the 2005 census, the ethnic composition of the municipality is:

 * Mestizos and Whites: 91.9%
 * Blacks: 6.6%
 * Indigenous: 1.5%

Economy

 * Agriculture: coffee, plantain, cassava, panela, corn, and beans.
 * Livestock: cattle, pigs, and horses.
 * Commerce: includes the marketing of products from the primary, secondary, and service sectors.

Festivals

 * Trapiche and Coffee Festival, first long weekend in June.
 * Farmer's Day Fair.
 * Youth Home Festival / November Farmer's Festival.

Ecological and Natural Destinations

 * El Salto De Los Monos Waterfall: 15 minutes from the town along the paved road connecting with the neighboring municipality of Tarso, near the chapel of the El Cedrón district, featuring an impressive 80-meter drop.
 * La Pirámide Hill: Close to the municipal seat, ideal for reconnecting with nature and rejuvenating, perfect for a picnic. It gets its name from a pyramid-shaped structure located there.
 * El Cedrón Valley Indigenous Petroglyph: Located in the El Cedrón district, this symbolic design carved into rock by indigenous peoples in ancient times is the only one identified in the entire municipality.
 * La Trocha Ecological Reserve: A cloud forest with a great diversity of flora and fauna, suitable for bird watching and hiking with trails of varying difficulty.

Religious and Pilgrimage Sites

 * El Gólgota Hill: The town's guardian hill, a pilgrimage site offering visibility of 60% of the nearby Southwest from its summit, located 50 minutes from the municipal seat.
 * Cristo Rey Hill: Suitable for slow tourism, providing a view of the entire municipal seat, with a monument honoring Cristo Rey.
 * El Asomadero: A pilgrimage point with a monument honoring the Virgin of Carmen, patron saint of drivers in Colombia and Venezuela, and one of the most revered advocations among the people of Pueblorrico.
 * San Antonio de Padua Parish Church: Construction began in 1931 and completed in 1965, featuring three naves, with the tower and belfry over the central one.

Urban and Historical Points of Interest

 * Joaquín López Gaviria Cultural House: Named after the town's founder, it is a cultural and artistic reference for the municipality, housing various arts schools.
 * "100 Years of Pueblorrico" Mural: A mural carved into a ravine representing different economic factors of the municipality, notable figures, and tourist sites, created by local artist William Peláez Agudelo for the centennial celebration of Pueblorrico's establishment as a municipality in 1911.
 * Historical Museum and Municipal Library: Displays ancient and classic pieces narrating the history, culture, and traditions of Pueblorrico. The municipal library offers a large collection of historical and educational books for the community. The museum is part of the Antioquia Museum Network.
 * Simón Bolívar Main Park: A park that provides a modern look to the municipality while preserving its tradition, featuring a statue honoring “The Mule Driver.”
 * Jairo Alberto Gallego Sports Complex: A recreational and sports center with a micro-soccer field, covered coliseum, soccer stadium, outdoor gym, children's playground, children's pool, and semi-Olympic pool.

title: Pueblorrico


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Puerto Berrío

Puerto Berrío is a municipality and town in the Colombian department of Antioquia. It is part of the Magdalena Medio Antioquia sub-region.

Geography
Puerto Berrío is located in a region of Antioquia known as the Middle Magdalena (near the Magdalena River). It is bounded on the north by the municipalities of Yolombó, Remedios and Yondó, on the east by the department of Santander, on the south by the municipalities of Puerto Nare and Caracolí, and on the west by the municipalities of Caracolí and Maceo. It is some 191 km away from the city of Medellín, capital of Antioquia. The municipality has an extension of 1,184 km².

History
Puerto Berrio was founded in 1875 by Colombian General Ricardo Maria Giraldo. It became a municipality in 1881.

In 1801, Alexander von Humboldt drew up an official sketch of the place then known as Great Eddy in the region of the today Puerto Berrío. Later, the Cuban engineer Francisco Javier Cisneros, constructor of the Antioquia Railway, selected this same place to construct a port for the department of Antioquia by the Magdalena river, and also establish it as a railroad station.

In 1875, the government of Antioquia ordered by decree the official establishment of the town and named it after former governor of Antioquia and General of Colombia Pedro Justo Berrío. Since then Puerto Berrío's development has been tied to the railroad. When the railways extended to Medellín in 1914 Puerto Berrio became an important port for shipments of products going over the Magdalena river, distributing Antioquia products to other main ports over the river and exports to through the Caribbean Sea.

In 1925, a fire devastated all the population, with the exception of the facilities of the Railroad. The town went through a reconstruction process to quickly recover. Puerto Berrío became epicenter of the regional commerce and site forced for the transit of load, passengers and tourists. This although economic one lasted until 1963, when  Railroad of Antioquia  was nationalized. Due to intensification of the Colombian armed conflict the flow of the economy drastically decreased.

In 1991 in an effort to recover the government helped establish an association to recover the navigation. This was created, with constitutional rank,  the Corporation of the Great river of the Magdalena,  in order to recover the navigability of the river.

Nowadays, it is an intermediate city of great commercial movement, and is considered the  capital of the Antioquian Mid-Magdalena, with a history related to Magdalena river and to  Railroad of Antioquia . Its condition of multimodal port, the possibility of connection with Medellín, Bogotá, department of Santander and  North Coast  by land, and their airport, has been determining in the development of the region. Majestic  Hotel Magdalena  recovered well like witness of more than 125 years of history, and attractive the natural exuberantes, are his more appraised tourist treasures to the date.

Economy

 * Agriculture: Cacao, Maize, Banana, Yuca, Lemon
 * Cattle ranch: Milk and derivatives
 * Mining of Gold
 * Logging
 * Fishing
 * Informal commerce
 * Arts & Crafts: Atarrayas and Chichorros.

Celebrations

 * Celebrations of the Return and Reign of Ecology, celebration emblem of the municipality
 * Celebrations of Virgin of the Carmen
 * Festival of Cometa
 * Festival the Night of Poet s
 * Fiestas of Anniversary
 * Festival of Dance s and Música Folkloric.

Notable residents

 * Juan José Florián, para-cyclist and former paramilitary soldier

title: Puerto Berrío


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tappen

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep (No consensus). --Ryan Delaney talk 20:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Tappen
Delete: Dictionary definition. --Durin 18:17, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to hibernation after it's verified. I think it sounds suspicious. - Mgm|(talk) 10:34, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tappen


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Sabanalarga, Atlántico

Sabanalarga (, Spanish for "Long Plain") is a municipality in the Atlántico Department, Colombia. Founded in 1620 by Lucas Dionisio Tesillo y Diego and Marceliano de Jesús Almanza. It became a municipality in 1680.

Geography
Sabanalarga is located in the middle of the Atlántico Department. It is surrounded to the north by the municipalities of Usiacurí, Baranoa, and Polonuevo; to the east by the municipality of Ponedera; to the south by the municipalities of Candelaria, and Manatí; to the southwest by the municipality of Repelón and to the west by the municipalities of Luruaco and Piojó.

Notable people

 * Juana de J. Sarmiento (1899-1979), politician, activist
 * Mauro Manotas (1995-) Football player for Tijuana

title: Sabanalarga, Atlántico


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Puerto Triunfo

Puerto Triunfo is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. It is part of the Magdalena Medio Antioquia sub-region.

Near this town is located the Hacienda Napoles, which was once owned by Pablo Escobar.

Natural wonders

 * Claro river canyon
 * La Danta caves

title: Puerto Triunfo


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Salgar

Salgar is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia.

With a population of 15,782, as per the 2018 census, Salgar is part of the sub-region of Southwestern Antioquia.

The town was hit by a massive landslide in 2015.

title: Salgar


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Puerto Nare

Puerto Nare is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. It is part of the Magdalena Medio Antioquia sub-region.

Demographics
Total Population: 17.539 inhabitants. (2009) Literacy: 80.7% (2005)
 * Urban Population: 7.128
 * Rural Population: 10.411
 * Urban Zones: 83.3%
 * Rural Zones: 79.1%

title: Puerto Nare


text:
Remedios

Remedios may refer to:

Places

 * Remedios, Cuba, a municipality in the province of Villa Clara, Cuba
 * Remedios, Antioquia, a municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia
 * Remedios, Chiriquí, a corregimiento of Panama
 * Remedios District, district (distrito) of Chiriquí Province in Panama
 * Remédios, civil parish in the Azores, Portugal
 * Los Remedios, a district of Seville, Andalusia, Spain
 * Los Remedios National Park in Mexico

People

 * Remedios Amaya (born 1962), Spanish singer
 * Remedios Varo (1908–1963), Spanish-Mexican para-surrealist painter and anarchist
 * Alberto Remedios (1935–2016), British operatic tenor
 * Jeffrey Remedios, Canadian businessman, president of Universal Music Canada

title: Remedios


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Retiro, Antioquia

El Retiro is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. Part of the subregion of Eastern Antioquia, its population was 20,700 at the 2018 census.

The Lycée Français de Medellin, a French international school, has its campus in El Retiro.

History
Retiro holds a unique place in world history because of Don Ignacio Castañeda and his wife, Doña Javiera Londoño who settled here in 1734. Using slaves, they exploited mines around the area. On October 11, 1766, Doña Javiera signed a will she had agreed with her husband that manumitted 140 slaves upon her death and gave them the most productive of the El Guarzo mines.

Natural Attractions
San Sebastián La Castellana Ecological Reserve is located between El Retiro and Envigado. It preserves 200 hectares of tropical rainforest.

title: Retiro, Antioquia


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Rionegro

Rionegro is a city and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia, located in the subregion of Eastern Antioquia. The official name of the city is Ciudad Santiago de Arma de Rionegro. Rio Negro means "Black River" in Spanish, as the city received its name after a river that looks black because of the shadows cast by trees. The river traverses the city and it is the most prominent geographical feature of the municipality. Rionegro is also sometimes called the Cuna de la democracia (Cradle of democracy) as it was one of the most important cities during the era of the Colombia's struggle for independence and the 1863 constitution was written in the city.

History
The territory was first mentioned in 1541 by the Spanish Lieutenant Álvaro de Mendoza. When the Field Marshal Jorge Robledo took possession of the Valley of Aburrá, he was commissioned by Álvaro de Mendoza. According to Fray Pedro Simón, Robledo was the first Iberian man who discovered the Valley of San Nicolás on 2 September 1541.

Don Juan Daza, a Spaniard of illustrious lineage, took possession of the lands sometime later, and on 8 November 1581, in agreement with the rituals of the laws of Indias, nailed his sword in the ground marking it as an inhabited place and began constructing a farm.

Immigration to Rionegro came from numerous regions of the country, including from the same provincial capital of the time, Santa Fe de Antioquia and the original ranch grew into a village and then a town in the first half of the 17th century. The chapel, Concatedral de San Nicolás el Magno, consecrated to Saint Nicholas was built as early as 1642, another reason why the territory reached a greater degree of independence for religious reasons. Yet, for most part of the 18th century, Rionegro was isolated by the jungle and mountains, and its chapel being only a humble one made of straw and bahareque. In 1783, Rionegro had enough population to become like a municipality, resulting in becoming the City of Santiago de Arma de Rionegro in 1786, with administrative powers under certification of King Carlos III, issued in the Palace of San Idelfonso on 25 September 1786. After this event, its isolation decreased, resulting in the visit of the bishop of Popayán in 1793. After seeing the bad state and rusticity of the chapel, the bishop ordered it to be demolished and a new one was built, its inauguration taking place in 1803. Rionegro became an important town, and a new distribution of lands was made (resulting in the colonization of the south of the region).

Rionegro grew in the 19th century and was an important center during the end of the Spanish rule, and in the early years of Independence. The city then rivaled Santa Fe de Antioquia to compete for the capital of Antioquia, until the city of Medellín grew prominently and far exceeded the growth of these cities.

Geography and climate
The municipality of Rionegro is located in the central mountain range of the Andes in eastern Antioquia. With a total area of 196 km2, is part of the sub-region of Eastern Antioquia. The city is surrounded in the north by the municipalities of Guarne and San Vicente, in the east by the municipalities of Marinilla and El Carmen de Viboral, in the south by the municipality of La Ceja, and in the west by the municipalities of El Retiro and Medellin.

The city of Rionegro is located at 6.155°N, -75.38°W, at an average elevation of 2,125 m above sea level. The average annual precipitation varies between 1,800 and 2,500 mm with an average temperature of 17 °C. Much of the land consists of volcanic ashes and soils with a high resistance to erosion.

The altitude of the rest of the territory varies between 2,100 and 2,600 m, and the topography is characterised by a number of small hills, some of which may rise to a greater height and slope like Cerro del Capiro, located in limits with the municipality of La Ceja. A sharper mountainous system emerges towards the West of the municipality, which becomes a physical barrier between the Valley of the Aburrá and the Plateau of Rionegro, from where the main affluents of the Negro River are born. The main hills of the mountainous chain that surround the Valley by Rionegro are: Alto Gordo, Alto de Amariles, Alto de Salazar o La Pilastra, Cerro Verde, Alto de Careperro, Alto de Pantanillo, Cerro Corcovado and Cerro del Capiro.

Part of the city is an alluvial plain of the Negro River and its tributaries, which also include the Pantanillo River and the gorges such as Las Palmas and Espíritu Santo y Fizebad. Historically the Negro River divided the valley in two, with the Valley of Llanogrande and the Valley of San Nicholas. Hydroelectric companies operate in the area, and have constructed a Hydroelectric Power station at Guatapé with the Santa Rita Dam. Today the hydroelectric complex of Eastern Antioquia consists of five power stations, two of which are public companies of Medellín city.

Demographics
According to the figures presented by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) in the 2005 census, the municipality of Rionegro had a total population of 101,046 inhabitants, the sixth largest populated area in Antioquia.

The municipality had a population density of approximately 466 inhabitants per square kilometer. The ethnicity of the population is almost entirely of Mestizo and White persons (98.9%) with 1.1% Afro Colombian. 48.6% of the population are men and 51.4% women and city had a rate of 5.7% who were illiterate, but most of these were under 5 years of age and not yet eligible or mature enough for an education. Public services in Rionegro are of a relatively high standard with 98.7% of houses supplied with electricity, 95.6% with a water supply and 87.1% with a telephone connection.

In 2020, the population of the city and the municipality was estimated to be 142,995.

Ethnicity
According to DANE statistics 2005, the ethnic composition of this city is:

 * Whites and Mestizos (98.5%)
 * Black (1.1%)

Administration
Rionegro is governed by a democratic system based on the processes of administrative decentralization generated by the proclamation of Political constitution of Colombia in 1991. For the city there is a mayor with executive authority and a Municipal Council with legislative rights. The Mayor of Rionegro is naturally the head of the local government and the municipal administration, representing legal, judicial authority in the municipality. The position of mayor is chosen by popular vote for a period of four years, that at present is a position held by Hernan Ospina with Andres Julian Rendón as elected major for the term 2016–2019. Amongst his main functions are the administration of the resources of the municipality including responsibility of health, housing, education and road infrastructure, to guard the well-being and respond to the interests of his fellow citizens and to represent them before the National Government, besides being impelled to implement local policies to improve quality of life within the municipality.

The Municipal council of Rionegro, is also subject to election, composed by 17 politicians of varying political parties, chosen for a period of four years. The council is the associated executive organization of the municipality with obligation to take responsibility for Rionegro's territorial jurisdiction. Amongst its functions are approving the proposals and projects of the mayor, and with financial obligation to draw up the budget and to take responsibility of collecting rents and taxes. Administratively the Mayorship of Rionegro is divided in two main groups, the chief central administration and the decentralized organizations. These organizations are denominated Secretaries, whose main objective is the benefit of services to the community.

Economy
From many years ago, Rionegro has become the most important trade center in eastern Antioquia, due to its strategic position in the subregion. The city's dramatic growth has situated it as one of the richest cities in Colombia; its economy is mainly based on industries of all kinds, food industries, fabric industries, paper industries, chemical industries, and trade which brings Rionegro's people one of the highest standards of living in the country. Agriculture also plays an important role in the local economy; the main agricultural activities are floriculture and poultry production.

Transport

Rionegro has private shuttles that serve all the city's neighborhoods and bus routes throughout the city which connect it to Medellín and the other surrounding municipalities. Taxis are also well used in the urban area. Located within Rionegro city is José María Córdova International Airport, the second most important airport in Colombia, which serves Medellín. Both domestic and international flights arrive and depart from this airport.

Sites of interest

 * Concatedral de San Nicolás el Magno -built in the 1790s and opened in 1804.
 * Parque principal La Libertad
 * Museo de Arte Religioso
 * Calle de la Madera
 * Tutucán
 * Parque Los Osos Comfama de Rionegro
 * Casa de La Convención
 * Puente Mejía
 * Palacio de la Cultura Ricardo Rendón
 * Corregimiento San Antonio de Pereira
 * Casa de La Maestranza
 * Parque de San Antonio de Pereira
 * Iglesia de San Antonio de Pereira
 * Antiguo Colegio de Rionegro
 * Iglesia de San Francisco
 * Iglesia de Jesus Nazareno
 * Archivo Historico de Rionegro
 * Estatua Ecuestre del General José María Cordova
 * Cementerio Principal

Religion

 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Sonsón–Rionegro

Sports
The city is home to Categoría Primera A football club Águilas Doradas since March 2015. They play their home games at the Estadio Alberto Grisales.

Education
Universidad Católica de Oriente is in Rionegro, as well as a small branch of the University of Antioquia.

Notable people from Rionegro

 * Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, one of the most powerful drug lords of all time, one of the founders of the Medellin Cartel and younger brother of Roberto Escobar.
 * Roberto Escobar, older brother of Pablo Escobar and former high-ranking member of Medellin Cartel.
 * Iván Córdoba, Colombian former soccer player (Defender)

title: Rionegro


text:
Sabaneta, Antioquia

Sabaneta is a municipality of Colombia, located in the Aburrá Valley of the Antioquia department. It is bordered on the north by the municipalities of La Estrella, Itagüí and Envigado, on the east by Envigado, on the south by Caldas, and on the west by La Estrella.

It is the smallest municipality in Colombia, with an area of only 15 km2. It is known as the Municipio Modelo de Colombia ("Model Municipality of Colombia") or the Vallecito de Encanto ("Charming little Valley"). The municipality owes its name to the diminutive "sabana," a Spanish word meaning "savannah".

The population receives an influx of visitors on the weekends because of its reputation for having outstanding entertainment venues.

History
Sabaneta was initially inhabited by the Anacona indigenous peoples (aboriginals from the other side of the Aná), who settled the eastern slope, starting from the hill of Pan de Azucar. In 1750, Spanish families settled here. The Montoya, Restrepo, Vélez, Díaz, Díez, Vásquez, Guzmán, Garcés, Baena, Salazar, Mejía, Mesas, Álvarez and Soto families were the second group to populate this region.

Geography
Sabaneta, which sits at the south end of the Aburrá Valley, is part of the process of conurbation of the Medellín Metropolitan Area, being located 14 kilometers from the center of the city of Medellín. The municipality has an area of 15 km2, of which 67% of the territory is urban.

Its topography varies from flat reliefs and slight hills to places with steep slopes. Its most notable heights are those of Piedras Blancas (2,650 mamsl) in La Romera, the Cuchilla Santa Teresa (2,200 mamsl), the hill of Los Gallinazos in Pan de Azúcar (1,800 mamsl), the hill Morrón, La Siberia and the Ancón.

The main stream is the Medellín River, which serves as its border with the municipality Itagüí. The most important tributary of this river, in the municipality, is the La Doctora gorge, along with the streams Buenavista, La Escuela, El Gusano, El Canalón, La Honda, La Sabanetica and La Cien Pesos, which mark its borders with Envigado.

title: Sabaneta, Antioquia


text:
San Rafael, Antioquia

San Rafael is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. Part of the subregion of Eastern Antioquia.

The town was founded in 1864 by a group of miners who were attracted to the abundance of gold in the region. It is also rich in water resources. The population was 12,578 at the 2018 census.

title: San Rafael, Antioquia


text:
San Carlos, Antioquia

San Carlos is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia, part of the subregion of Eastern Antioquia. It is called the hydro-electrical capital of Colombia, because it has many dams and it produces much energy. The population was 14,480 at the 2018 census.

History
The site of the town was discovered by Captain Francisco Nuñez Pedroso. The town was founded on 14 August 1786.

Geography
The municipal area is 702 km². It has three corregimientos, El Jordán, Puerto Garzas and Samaná del Norte.

San Carlos is three hours away from the departmental capital, Medellín. The two are linked by a road.

Economy

 * Tourism - one of the more important economic enterprises for the municipality
 * Energy production with dams
 * Wood exploitation

Sites of interest

 * Dams such as the Punchiná Dam
 * Waterfalls - an ecological path about 20 minutes from the central park has two beautiful waterfalls, the river making natural pools
 * Landscape
 * Fishing

title: San Carlos, Antioquia


text:
San Francisco, Antioquia

San Francisco is a town and municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. It is part of the subregion of Eastern Antioquia. In 2015, the population comprised 5,318 people.

History
San Francisco was previously known as El Morrón.

It was founded in 1830 as part of the municipality of Cocorná. In February 1986 was established as a municipality with the name of San Francisco, in memory of Saint Francis of Assisi.

Climate
San Francisco has a tropical rainforest climate (Af). It has very heavy rainfall year-round.

Demographics
Total Population: 5 318 people. (2015) Literacy Rate: 75.5% (2005)
 * Urban Population: 2 446
 * Rural Population: 2 872
 * Urban Areas: 77.9%
 * Rural Areas: 74.2%

title: San Francisco, Antioquia


text:
Sediment–water interface

In oceanography and limnology, the sediment–water interface is the boundary between bed sediment and the overlying water column. The term usually refers to a thin layer (approximately 1 cm deep, though variable) of water at the very surface of sediments on the seafloor. In the ocean, estuaries, and lakes, this layer interacts with the water above it through physical flow and chemical reactions mediated by the micro-organisms, animals, and plants living at the bottom of the water body. The topography of this interface is often dynamic, as it is affected by physical processes (e.g. currents causing rippling or resuspension) and biological processes (e.g. bioturbation generating mounds or trenches). Physical, biological, and chemical processes occur at the sediment-water interface as a result of a number of gradients such as chemical potential gradients, pore water gradients, and oxygen gradients.

Definition
The location of the top of the sediment-water interface in the water column is defined as the break in the vertical gradient of some dissolved component, such as oxygen, where the concentration transitions from higher concentration in the well-mixed water above to a lower concentration at the sediment surface. This can include less than 1 mm to several mm of the water column.

Physical processes

Physical movement of water and sediments alter the thickness and topography of the sediment-water interface. Sediment resuspension by waves, tides, or other disturbing forces (e.g. human feet at a beach) allows sediment pore water and other dissolved components to diffuse out of the sediments and mix with the water above. For resuspension to occur the movement of water has to be powerful enough to have a strong critical shear stress that is greater than the bed shear stress. For example, a very consolidated bed would only be resuspended under a high critical shear stress, while a "fluff layer" of very loose particles could be resuspended under a low critical shear stress. Depending on the type of lake, there can be a number of mixing events each year that can influence the sediment interface. Amictic lakes are permanently stratified, similarly, meromictic lakes do not mix. Polymictic lakes undergo frequent mixing and dimictic lakes mix twice a year. This type of lake mixing is a physical process that can be driven by overlaying winds, temperature differences, or shear stress within the lake.

Physical processes that affect the sediment-water interface include, but are not limited to:

 * Resuspension
 * Deposition
 * Rippling (either small wave ripples or giant current ripples)
 * Turbidity currents
 * Bed consolidation

Biological processes
Interactions between sediments and organisms living within sediments can also alter the fluxes of oxygen and other dissolved components in and out of the sediment-water interface. Animals like worms, mollusks and echinoderms can enhance resuspension and mixing through movement and construction of burrows. Microorganisms such as benthic algae can stabilize sediments and keep the sediment-water interface in a more stable condition by building mats. These microalgal mats' stabilizing effect is in part due to the stickiness of the exopolymeric substances (EPS) or biochemical "glue" that they secrete.

Biological processes that affect the sediment-water interface include, but are not limited to:

 * Bioturbation
 * Biofilms
 * Bacterial use of different chemical "food" (see Redox reactions)
 * Remineralization of organic carbon and detritus

Chemical processes
There are several chemical processes that happen abiotically (chemical reactions), as well as biotically (microbial or enzyme mediated reactions). For example, oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions can occur simply through the reactions of elements, or by oxidizing/reducing bacteria. The transformations and turnover of elements between sediments and water occur through abiotic chemical processes and microbiological chemical processes.

Abiotic
Chemical reactions can occur at the sediment-water interface, abiotically. Examples of this would include the oxygenation of lake sediments as a function of free iron content in the sediment (i.e. pyrite formation in sediments), as well as sulfur availability via the sulfur cycle. Sedimentation is often the final scavenging process that takes trace chemicals and elements out of the water column. Sediments at this interface are more porous and can hold a larger volume of pore water in the interstitial sites due to high organic matter content and lack of settling. Therefore, chemical compounds in the water can undergo two main processes here: 1) diffusion and 2) biological mixing. Chemical diffusion into and out of the interstitial sites occurs primary through random molecular movement. While diffusion is the primary mode through which chemicals interact with the sediments, there are a number of physical mixing processes which facilitate this process (see Physical Processes section). Chemical fluxes are dependent on several gradients such as, pH and chemical potential. Based on a specific chemical's partitioning parameters, the chemical may stay suspended in the water column, partition to biota, partition to suspended solids, or partition into the sediment. In addition, Fick's first law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion is a function of distance; as time goes on, the concentration profile becomes linear. The availability of a variety of lake contaminants is determined by which reactions are taking place within the freshwater system.

Chemical reactions at the sediment water interface are listed here below:

 * Oxygen consumption- O2 --> H2O
 * Denitrification- NO3 --> N2
 * Manganese reduction- MnIV --> MnII
 * Iron reduction- FeIII --> FeII
 * Sulfate reduction- SO4 --> HS
 * Methane formation- CH2O --> CO2, CH4

Lakes
When moving from the overlying waters to the sediment-water interface there is a 3-5 order of magnitude increase in the number of bacteria. While bacteria are present at the interface throughout the lake basin, their distributions and function vary with substrate, vegetation, and sunlight. For example, the bacterial population at the sediment-water interface in a vegetative littoral zone tends to be larger than the population of the deeper profundal zone, due to higher organic matter content in the former. And, a functional artifact of heavy vegetation at the interface might be a greater number of Azotobacter, a genus of bacteria that can fix N2 to ionic ammonium (NH4+).

Even though basin morphometry plays a role in the partitioning of bacteria within the lake, bacterial populations and functions are primarily driven by the availability of specific oxidants/electron acceptors (e.g., O2, NO3−, SO4−, CO2). These constituents, diffused from the overlying water or the underlying sediment, can be used and/or formed during bacterial metabolism by different organisms or be released back into the water column. The steep redox gradients present at/within the sediment-water interface allow for a variety of aerobic and anaerobic organisms to survive and a variety of redox transformations to take place. Here are just a few of the microbial-mediated redox reactions that can take place within the sediment water interface.

 * Aerobic respiration
 * Nitrogen fixation
 * Denitrification [ anammox]
 * Manganese reduction
 * Iron reduction
 * Sulfate reduction
 * Methanogenesis

title: Sediment–water interface


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/USACasino.com

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 18:20, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

USACasino.com
online casino adspam. No claim to notability. Sdedeo 18:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Nothing but spam. --GraemeL (talk) 19:09, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad-spam.--Firsfron 21:51, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Badvertisment. Alf 00:20, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * (Cue Vikings) Spam, spam, spam, spam, spam, spam... Delete. --Calton | Talk 00:33, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, one of many online casinos. No claim to notability. - Mgm|(talk) 10:36, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Obviously an ad for the website. NRS11 23:13 August 25 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Jackiespeel

Present interests include the history of local government in Greater London (and to some extent elsewhere) - and I am involved in developing the London wiki partly with this in mind.

I am developing several small wikis, and may copy material between them and Wikipedia - so it is best to check for 'common authorship' rather than discuss copyright.

title: User:Jackiespeel


text:
San Jerónimo, Antioquia

San Jerónimo is a municipality in Colombia, located in the Western subregion of the Department of Antioquia. Its main town is 35 kilometers from the city of Medellín, the capital of the department of Antioquia. The municipality has an area of 155 square kilometers (60 square miles).

History
The documentation about the history of San Jerónimo is fortunately very abundant, detailed, and reliable, as this is one of the historically most important municipalities in the department of Antioquia.

Before the Spanish conquerors arrived in this region, broadly speaking, and particularly before reaching the neighboring valley of Ebéjico, it was populated by indigenous tribes of the Ebéjicos and Peques, both part of the Nutabes indigenous people.

When the Spaniards arrived, they gave several names to the place, the first being San Juan del Pie de la Cuesta, which was changed only a year later to San Jerónimo de los Cedros, all this approximately between 1613 and 1616.

San Juan del Pie de la Cuesta was actually a vast territory personally owned by the governor of the province, Don Gaspar de Rodas. These properties changed owners several times, being bought and sold for around fifty pesos of the time.

As time passed, by 1757, the Antioquia government created by decree the party of San Jerónimo de los Cedros, a date considered official as the founding of the municipality.

In 1791, this locality saw the birth of the hero Atanasio Girardot, a hero of Colombia and the Independence of Venezuela.

Geography
San Jerónimo is bordered by the following municipalities:

 * North: Sopetrán
 * Northeast: Belmira
 * East: San Pedro de los Milagros
 * Southeast: Bello
 * South: Medellín (Palmitas)
 * Southwest: Ebéjico
 * West: Sopetrán

Overview
Currently, San Jerónimo has acquired a new life and very broad opportunities for tourism, real estate business, and various economic sectors have opened up after the inauguration of the Fernando Gómez Martínez Tunnel, an engineering work that has halved the travel time between the capital of the department of Antioquia, Medellín, and this district. This tunnel, at the time of this publication, is among the longest in Colombia and Latin America.

This municipality has also been known as "The Land of Cocoa."

It is one of the tourist paradises of Antioquia. Its warm climate is one of the factors that attract tourists. Its hotel infrastructure is among the best quality in Antioquia. The municipality is located near Medellín, with an excellent access road and the Western Tunnel as a major attraction.

It has road communication with Sopetrán, Ebéjico, Santa Fe de Antioquia, and Medellín. The main watercourse is the Aurra River, which crosses the urban area.

Political-Administrative Division
Besides its municipal capital, San Jerónimo is composed of the following hamlets:

 * Alto Colorado,
 * Berrial,
 * Buenos Aires Parte Alta,
 * Buenos Aires Parte Baja,
 * Cabuyal,
 * Cenegueta,
 * El Calvario,
 * El Cedral,
 * El Chocho,
 * El Mestizo,
 * El Pomar,
 * El Ruano,
 * La Ciénaga,
 * La Palma,
 * Las Estancias,
 * Llanos De Aguirre,
 * Llanos De San Juan,
 * Loma Hermosa,
 * Los Alticos,
 * Los Cedros,
 * Los Guayabos,
 * Matasano,
 * Mestizal,
 * Montefrio,
 * Pesquinal,
 * Pie de Cuesta,
 * Piedra Negra,
 * Poleal,
 * Quebraditas,
 * Quimbayo,
 * Tafetanes,
 * Veliguarin

Historical Population
Total Population: 15,361 (2018) Urban Population: 6,704 Rural Population: 8,657 Literacy Rate: 86.3% (2005)

Urban Zone: 93.8% Rural Zone: 82.9%

Ethnography
According to figures presented by DANE from the 2005 census, the ethnographic composition of the municipality is:

 * Mestizos & Whites (92.9%)
 * Afro-Colombians (7.0%)
 * Indigenous (0.1%)

Economy

 * Agriculture: plantains, coffee, various fruits, and vegetables
 * Traditional livestock for breeding and milk
 * Tourism

Festivities

 * Live Holy Week Celebration
 * Patron Saint Festivities from September 21 to 30
 * Sun and Agro-tourism Festivities on the second weekend of November
 * Foundation Festivities of San Jerónimo, celebrated for several centuries

Gastronomy
In addition to traditional national and international cuisine, demanded by the intense tourism, San Jerónimo offers, among other dishes, a curious local dish prepared with pig's blood and the pig's small intestine which is filled with rice, called "Morcilla." Rice is cooked in the pig's blood, various seasonings are added, and this mixture is used to fill the small intestine after being cleaned. Additionally, the gastronomic inventory of the population includes a large variety of fruit preparations from the rich region. Traditional Paisa cuisine and barbecues are also offered.

Points of Interest

 * Church of Our Lady of Candelaria, which preserves important European-origin paintings and sculptures
 * Waterfalls in Utuhuena (La Tasita)
 * Archaeological zone: Located in El Alto del Cedral
 * Aburrá Waterfall
 * Colonial Bridge on the road leading to “Poleal,” San Pedro hamlet
 * La Muñoz stream in La Jungla sector, only one block from the Main Park
 * Angosturas Narrow
 * San Jerónimo Grotto
 * Hacienda (Loma Hermosa hamlet)
 * Haciendas and recreational parks
 * Los Tamarindos Park
 * Main Park

Notable People

 * Atanasio Girardot, hero of Colombia's independence
 * Dario Gómez, "The King of Spite," idol of Colombian popular music
 * Gloria Zapata, theater and television actress
 * Sergio Lopez, lawyer

title: San Jerónimo, Antioquia


text:
San José de la Montaña

San José de la Montaña is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia, part of the subregion of Northern Antioquia.

title: San José de la Montaña


text:
San Luis, Antioquia

San Luis is a municipality in Colombia, located in the department of Antioquia. It is limited in the north by the municipalities of San Carlos and Puerto Nare, in the east by the municipality of Puerto Triunfo, in the south by the municipality of San Francisco and in the west by the municipalities of Cocorná and Granada.

The average temperature in San Luis is 28 Celsius or about 82 Fahrenheit. The municipality is located 124 km from the city of Medellín, the capital of the department, and the municipality has an area of 453 km2. The population was 7,155 at the 2018 census.

Initial settlement
Compared to other cities and municipalities in Antioquia, San Luis has a relatively short history. Migration to the region began in 1875 and continued throughout the late 19th century, driven by economic hardship in the region and a spirit of entrepreneurship and colonial expansion that was dominant during that time.

The founder of San Luis is widely considered to be Clemente Giraldo, a Presbyterian priest who sought to create a trading outpost between the cities of Granada and the Río Magdalena. Upon arriving in the region from Granada with several families, Giraldo reached a large stone cliff, named "el Castellón" in Spanish, on August 25, 1876, ow considered the official founding date of the municipality. Having found a defensible site in the mountains with plenty of forestry and available wood, Giraldo decided that this would be a very suitable site for the outpost. The settlers tested the fertility of the soil by planting banana trees, beans, sugar cane, and yuca and, after a successful harvest, returned to Granada to deliver news regarding the new settlement.

Once news of the successful settlement spread, additional settlers arrived from the nearby towns of El Peñol, Marinilla, and El Santuario. By 1878, the town had constructed its first church, a central park and was integrated as a segment of the municipality of San Carlos.

Effects of the Colombian conflict
Since the 1960s, San Luis suffered a great deal during the Colombian Conflict, especially between 1994 and 2004. The city was frequently targeted by various terrorist and paramilitary organizations, including the FARC, ELN, and Frente IX and was subject to kidnappings, murders, and forced displacements. In 1997 alone there were 255 disappearances, 75 murders, 305 kidnappings and 51,513 displaced persons.

By 1999, San Luis was an active war zone and many families fled to other parts of the country. The period between 1999 and 2003 included several direct attacks on police and soldiers in the municipality. On December 12, 1999, 300 members of the FARC from the 9th and 47th fronts attacked the city's police station killing 9 policemen and wounding 4. One of the dead was Irma Rosa Gutiérrez, who was 6 months pregnant. On October 9, 2002, the FARC strapped bombs to an 11-year-old boy and sent him into the police station in the city's central park. The explosive was detected before it could be exploded.

Post-conflict history
San Luis has flourished since 2006, both economically and culturally. Argos S.A., Colombia's largest producer of cement, first set up operations in San Luis in 1985, but significantly expanded those operations in 2006, employing more than 500 people and investing more than $700 million US dollars. Since 2015, the city has seen accelerated construction including a new, ongoing investment named Porvenir II, creating a dam, a hydropower plant, and a lake that is expected to attract even more tourism.

Demography

 * 'Total' Population: 10 939 hab. (2015)
 * 'Urban' Population: 4694
 * 'Rural' Population: 6245

Economy
The economy of San Luis is agriculture based, which is heavily based upon fruits, vegetables, livestock, and an emphasis is placed on harvesting and on the exportation of wood. The city's exportation of wood is celebrated the last weekend of June each year in the "Fiestas de la Madera" (Festival of the Wood).

Ecotourism
San Luis is still emerging as a tourist destination, and the tourism industry is focused upon eco-friendly tourism. The municipality has several interesting tourism destinations that are utilized both by visitors and locals alike.

 * Cascada la Cuba (Waterfall The Cuba), is located at the side of the road that leads into the city, about 1.6 km from the Medellin-Bogota highway. The waterfall has a drop of more than 100m and is visited for its clean and clear water and natural environment.
 * Cascada La Planta (Waterfall The Plant). This second waterfall requires the traveler to walk down a steep and narrow stone path. The waterfall is 30m contains a 15m x 10m body of water at the bottom in which visitors can swim. There is also an unsupervised diving platform to dive into the water below.
 * El Dormilón (River Dormilón). The banks of the river are often used for picnics and the currents are such that one can swim in the river without much danger.
 * Iglesia de San Luis Gonzaga (Church of San Luis Gonzaga). This is the church in the central park. It was built in 1884.

title: San Luis, Antioquia


text:
San Juan de Urabá

San Juan de Urabá is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. It is part of the Urabá Antioquia sub-region.

Climate
San Juan de Urabá has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) with moderate to little rainfall from December to March and heavy rainfall from April to November.

title: San Juan de Urabá


text:
Talk:Uppsala

Don't confuse Uppsala and Gamla Uppsala
The historical section seems to confuse Uppsala (former Östra Aros) with Gamla Uppsala (former Uppsala). The present-day cathedral was not built on the site of the heathen temple. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.249.195.50 (talk) 18:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Liberalism
User:Holdek, you have now thrice changed the word "liberalism" to "socialism" in the sentence "Historically, Uppsala has been a centre both of conservatism and liberalism, both receiving their ideological nourishment from the University." Please explain in which way you think it is more correct to say that Uppsala has been a centre for socialism than of liberalism. Please name some important Uppsala socialists or give some examples of events important in the history of Swedish socialism which have taken place in Uppsala. You are also welcome to discuss the liberalism of Uppsala and explain why you think it is less worthy of mention. Uppland 06:45, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem is that I suspect the original author meant to use the word "liberalism" to mean "leftism" based on the second sentence, "evenly divided between left and right." I don't have any details of the University and its connections to political thought, but likewise I don't see any evidence support the sentence as it originally was in the article.  If you have some facts on this I'd like to see them.  Otherwise, based on how the paragraph is constructed, I'd guess that my take on it is more accurate, but it is just a guess and I am open to an alternative that we can reach consensus on.  --Holdek (talk)  08:26, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * On the whole, the article needs a complete rewrite and expansion using proper references, but I think your edit is based on a misunderstanding of the intentions of the earlier author. You seem to assume that the original author wasn't aware of Swedish/European political terminology, but as far as I can see, the sentence originated with a Swedish Telia IP (here, later merged with the main article). Swedes generally find the American usage of liberal as equalling "leftist" as rather exotic, and I doubt anyone would use it that way. The paragraph is, as I understand it, to be read as contrasting a historical situation with the current one.

 * Uppsala has had a number of prominent liberals, stretching back to the later Geijer (after his "defection" from conservatism), the liberal Verdandi student society, founded in 1882 with Karl Staaff, later prime minister 1905-06 and 1911-14, as its first chairman, and the historian Nils Edén, who was liberal prime minister 1917–1920. I can also think of a couple of nationally prominent social democrats with an Uppsala affiliation from the 19th century or first half of the 20th century, Hjalmar Branting and Östen Undén. There could well be others. My hunch is still that the liberal tradition is stronger, at least until the time of the radicalisation of the students in the late 1960s and 1970s. If you prefer to remove the sentence entirely, you are welcome to do so. Uppland 10:59, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No, you give some good examples and you might very well be right about the original intentions of the author. Perhaps then I am basing my edit on the akwardness of the paragraph that lends itself to a lack of of clarity.  I'm going to make another edit; tell me if you think it works alright.  Holdek (talk)  15:55, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

University
Removed: "The biggest nation, i.e. the one with the most members is Norlands, a region in norther Sweden. Stockholms is the second biggest with their club night on a thursday. However the best nation as voted by the Eklendoff herald, is Varmlands. Their club night which runs every friday is a must for ravers who like to party all night and then leave in a drunken mess and observe the norther lights (according to the amount of alcohol consumed, cannot be guarenteed or verified- need reference) The many hotdog sellers that scatter the town are legends according to student revelers. You can acquire a small hotdog for the small price of 10 SEK and the Jumbo one which is a favourite of Swedish pop sensation Donna Hogan for 25 SEK. The University Student house of Eklendoff is a must see tourist attraction with a huge antique dining room and gardens. A ghost of a woman called Sara supposedly haunts the residence and has been known to show up in rooms late at night." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.243.240.196 (talk) 14:10, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Coat of arms
The coat of arms are not the arms of Uppsala city, it is the arms of Uppsala County. (fr:Catégorie:Uppsala) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.234.225.212 (talk) 21:24, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * You are absolutely right. --Bonadea 07:31, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Aerial photo
I was trying to add an aerial photo of Uppsala, which I uploaded to Commons, but I couldn't f**ing figure out how to do it. Maybe I'm too tired, or too stupid, but since it is clearly encouraged to upload images to Commons rather than to Wikipedia, the procedure to inline that image into the article should be much clearer! Anyway, the image is. europrobe (talk) 20:55, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Never mind. Turns out, I tried to add the image too soon after uploading it. europrobe (talk) 07:55, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Name meaning?
What does "Uppsala" as a place name mean? Also I want to inquire similarly of "Östra Aros" - Oestra I'm assuming means 'east', such as "east something", correct? 4.255.48.153 (talk) 02:34, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The word Uppsala (Upsala) consists of two parts - preposition up 'upper' and sala which likely is of Baltic origin, cf. Latvian sala 'island', like in place names Doles sala, Moricsala, Latgalian sala 'willage', like in place names Aussala, Sala, Vidsala, Vistusala. So Upsala likely means 'upper willage', cf. Latvian Augšciems 'upper willage'. Östra Aros means 'East river mouth'. Roberts7 (talk • contribs) 08:44, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * there was also a "western aros" - today's Västerås. k kisses 13:58, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Why on earth are we looking at Latvian for a translation? Sal in Swedish means ""great hall"" and stems from Old Norse where the meaning was similar, indicating some kind of hall, constructed or natural. Sala was the plural form.
 * Östra Aros meant ""eastern river mouth"" (to differentiate from West Aros).Skrofler (talk) 11:31, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

Education
I have been pointed to the education section of this artical by a fellow wikipedian. The current revision as of now is correct; and editing the artical to state a difference between 'Religous' and 'Other Higher Eduaction' will just result in me revising that section, unless of course you can provide justification for the terminology. Thanks! Skullbird11 (talk) 19:47, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

Demonym
For plugging into the infobox: What's the demonym for Uppsala? i.e.: "Stockholm" : "Stockholmare" :: "Uppsala" : "_____" ? —Sburke (talk) 00:56, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Uppsalabo. --83.255.55.91 (talk) 22:14, 23 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I also thought about the latin-derived up(p)saliensare (which has since been added). But to me that primarily means people educated at (or academically attached to) Uppsala University. I have seen claims that uppsaliensare is increasingly used with a meaning detached from the university affiliation, but Uppsalabo is still the regular term, unambiguously meaning someone living in Uppsala.
 * Based on this I have removed "uppsaliensare" from the infobox. --83.255.55.91 (talk) 16:22, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

Botanical Garden photo
The photo of the garden is from the royal garden of the Uppsala castle, not from the Linneus botanical garden. This royal garden was trnasformed in botanical garden in 1807 to commemorate the 100 aniversary of Linneus. The Linneus botanical garden is a small garden with a small orangerie. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.65.188.166 (talk) 18:14, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Uppsala


text:
Evil (Interpol song)

"Evil" is a song by American rock band Interpol. It was released as the second single from their second studio album, Antics (2004), on January 3, 2005. The song is believed to be about Fred and Rosemary West, a married couple who raped and murdered teenage girls together in England between the 1960s and 1980s. "Evil" peaked at No. 18 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 24 on Billboard magazine's Modern Rock Tracks chart. In Australia, the song was ranked No. 76 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2004.

Music video
The music video, directed by Charlie White, shows a life-sized animatronic puppet who travels via ambulance to a hospital emergency room following a car crash, being examined by real-life actors as he sings the lyrics to the song before breaking into a frantic dance on the operating table. White had never made a music video before, but came up with the idea for the video after listening to the song and pitched it to the band. Despite the fact that the band had appeared in all of their prior music videos, the band loved the idea and gave White their blessing. White listened to the song on a loop for an entire weekend and hired the special effects team that had worked on the films Hellboy and Fantastic Four to create the puppet.

The video was shot over the course of 17 hours in one day and used a real hospital room. The puppet's animatronic head was programmed to automatically sing the song; six puppeteers, who needed to be digitally removed from the video, were tasked with moving its eyes and body. The video was a hit with audiences but the puppet itself had polarizing reactions, with some thinking it was cute and others thinking it was creepy. Regardless, the puppet received its own cult following and was named "Norman" by fans on Interpol's online message board shortly after the video premiered. The video reached No. 25 on Yahoo!'s list of the Top 25 Scariest Videos. White would later collaborate with the band again to produce the music video for their 2010 song "Lights".

Shortly after the video was released, the puppet was lost and its whereabouts remained a mystery for almost a decade. In 2014, it was spotted in an online auction in which it was simply listed as "animatronic creepy ghoul puppet from music video". At this point, the puppet had badly deteriorated, and it was sold to an unknown buyer for only a few hundred dollars. The puppet continued to change hands for the next five years, still out of the public eye. In 2019, it was purchased from another online auction by artist John Kolbek, who was able to successfully raise money from a GoFundMe campaign called "Let's save Norman!" to restore the puppet. As of 2020, the puppet is again in working order and is currently being used to host various videos on Kolbek's YouTube channel, which are usually horror-themed due to the puppet's broken-down state giving it an even scarier appearance. In March 2022, a video revealed the puppet's full restoration.

Track listings

 * 7" OLE6377
 * 1) "Evil" – 3:36
 * 2) "Leif Erikson" (Zane Lowe BBC session)

 * CD OLE6372
 * 1) "Evil" – 3:36
 * 2) "Song Seven" – 4:50

 * Maxi-CD OLE6376
 * 1) "Evil" – 3:36
 * 2) "Narc" (Zane Lowe BBC session) – 4:08
 * 3) "Evil" (Zane Lowe BBC session) – 3:33
 * 4) "Slow Hands" (video)

 * Maxi-CD OLE6472
 * 1) "Evil" – 3:36
 * 2) "Song Seven" – 4:49
 * 3) "Leif Erikson" (Zane Lowe BBC session) – 3:53
 * 4) "Narc" (Zane Lowe BBC session) – 4:08
 * 5) "Evil" (Zane Lowe BBC session) – 3:33

In popular culture
The song has appeared in episodes of the television series The 100, Entourage, Grey's Anatomy, and The O.C.. It was also featured on the soundtrack of the 2022 film Orphan: First Kill.

title: Evil (Interpol song)


text:
San Pedro de los Milagros

San Pedro de los Milagros is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. Part of the subregion of Northern Antioquia, its population was 17,119 at the 2018 census.

title: San Pedro de los Milagros


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MonacoGoldCasino.com

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 18:40, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

MonacoGoldCasino.com
Online casino adspam; no substantive claim to notability. Sdedeo 18:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete Adspam Dlyons493 19:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. One of several spam entries from the same user. --GraemeL (talk) 19:12, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * (Cue Vikings) Spam, spam, spam, spam, spam, spam... Delete. --Calton | Talk 00:35, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dottore So 18:13, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
San Pedro de Urabá

San Pedro de Urabá is a municipality in Antioquia Department, Colombia. It is part of the Urabá Antioquia sub-region.

Climate
San Pedro de Urabá has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate to little rainfall from December to March and heavy rainfall in the remaining months.

title: San Pedro de Urabá


text:
Kallam Anji Reddy

Kallam Anji Reddy (10 August 1941 – 15 March 2013) was an Indian entrepreneur in the pharmaceutical industry, the founder-chairman of Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, which he established in 1984, and chairman of Dr Reddy's Foundation (DRF), the corporate social responsibility arm of the group, established 1996. He was a member of the Indian Prime Minister's Council on Trade and Industry.

Life
His High school studies went well in SKPVV Hindu High School, Vijayawada. After graduating from Annapotanna Zilla Parishath High School Nutakki, Reddy received his first Bachelor of Science degree from A.C. College at Guntur in 1958. He then earned his B.Sc.(Tech) in Pharmaceuticals and Fine chemicals from the University Department of Chemical Technology of University of Mumbai (now Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai), followed by a PhD in chemical engineering under L.K Doraiswamy from the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune in 1969.

Reddy died of cancer on 15 March 2013 at the Apollo Hospital in Hyderabad.

Awarded
The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 2001 and later with the Padma Bhushan in 2011 for his contribution to the Indian pharmaceutical industry.

title: Kallam Anji Reddy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Playtech

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 18:22, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Playtech
Non-notable online casino adspam; company is non-notable (170 employees.) Sdedeo 18:19, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Clearification Please be more specific as to what exactly is wrong with this article? Is it that I mentioned the number of company employees? ,Lets try to improve wikipedia not by just deleting information, rather fixing it. Waiting for your kind reply. thanks Johny

Update Notice I have removed the so called "Non-notable" information about the number of employees altought I personally think its harmless. please advice. thanks Johny

 * Clearification (sic). The fact that all of their major customers listed in the article are notorious spammers does not make them notable. Delete. --GraemeL (talk) 18:38, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete Adspam Dlyons493 19:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- self-promotional, insufficiently notable. [Side note to Johny: the way to make sure that it's notable enough to be included, and written in a neutral, non-promotional style, is to wait for someone else to write it; you can't expect to promote yourself and get away with it.  See WP:AUTO.] Steve Summit (talk) 19:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * (Cue Vikings) Spam, spam, spam, spam, spam, spam... Delete. --Calton | Talk 00:35, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Although the $1,853,850 May 2005 payout might deserve some notability as the highest online jackpot paid out, this is not mentioned, as is, the article otherwise reads as an advertisement. The Guiness Book of Records certainly maintains records for the largest jackpot in a national lottery, I couldn't find anything for online jackpots. I suggest you talk to them Johny. Alf 00:46, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as needless commercial promotion...AKA spam. --Several Times 13:45, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dottore So 18:13, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Joe Andrew

Joseph Jerry Andrew (born March 1, 1960) is an American politician and lawyer. He was national chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) from 1999 to 2001. He previously served as chairman of the Indiana Democratic Party from 1995 to 1999. He served with DNC General Chairman Ed Rendell. Asked to serve by President Bill Clinton, Andrew became, at the age of 39, one of the youngest chairpersons in the history of the DNC. He later served as chairman of the New Democratic Network, and in 2006 helped to found The Blue Fund, a mutual fund which invests in companies that contribute to Democratic campaigns.

Andrew was considered to be a candidate for Governor of Indiana in 2004, but he decided against it after Joe Kernan announced that he would run. During the 2008 Democratic presidential nominating contest he was one of the first to endorse Senator Hillary Clinton in November 2007. However, on May 1, 2008, he switched his endorsement to Senator Barack Obama.

Early life and education
Andrew is a native of Fort Wayne, Indiana. His father was a doctor and his mother was a school teacher and entrepreneur. He graduated from Yale University in 1982 and Yale Law School in 1985. While at Yale, he served as editor-in-chief of the Yale University Literary Review, today known as The Yale Review. Shortly after law school, he began his career in politics working on Democratic campaigns. He worked as the campaign manager for attorney Jack Wickes during the 1988 United States Senate election in Indiana. He also served as campaign advisor to Secretary of State of Indiana Joseph H. Hogsett, whose term was from 1989-1994.

Personal Life
Andrew is married to former US Ambassador Anne Slaughter Andrew, with whom he has two children.

Political Career
Andrew was national chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) from 1999 to 2001. He previously served as chairman of the Indiana Democratic Party from 1995 to 1999. He served with DNC General Chairman Ed Rendell. Asked to serve by President Bill Clinton, Andrew became, at the age of 39, one of the youngest chairpersons in the history of the DNC. He later served as chairman of the New Democratic Network, and in 2006 helped to found The Blue Fund, a mutual fund which invests in companies that contribute to Democratic campaigns.

Andrew was considered to be a candidate for Governor of Indiana in 2004, but he decided against it after Joe Kernan announced that he would run. During the 2008 Democratic presidential nominating contest he was one of the first to endorse Senator Hillary Clinton in November 2007. However, on May 1, 2008, he switched his endorsement to Senator Barack Obama.

Current Career
Andrew is an accomplished and highly regarded corporate lawyer. In 2004, he joined Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal, where he was involved in negotiating deals worth in excess of US$500 billion, including numerous Fortune 500 mergers in the health care and insurance areas.

Andrew has counseled companies worldwide on their corporate and policy strategies in a variety of industries, ranging from technology companies to regulated companies in the insurance, energy, life sciences, banking and telecommunications fields, to foreign acquirers and heads of state. He also advises corporations on issues arising from Capitol Hill, the White House and administrative agencies, and on policy matters in the 50 states.

In 2012, Joseph Andrew and Elliott Portnoy created Dentons, the world’s largest law firm. Their vision was to become more than a traditional law firm. Recognizing the ever-changing needs of clients which go beyond the scope of traditional legal advice and realizing Dentons’ long-held strategy to be more than a traditional law firm, Dentons launched Dentons Global Advisors (DGA) in 2021, an elite multidisciplinary advisory firm that provides integrated strategic counsel for clients facing complex opportunities and challenges spanning commercial, reputational, financial, regulatory and governance dimensions. Dentons Global Advisors was launched with founding member Albright Stonebridge Group along with a team of seasoned advisory industry leaders, including Ed Reilly, Chief Executive Officer. A few weeks later, Dentons Global Advisors announced the acquisition of Interel, an award-winning pan-European public affairs consultancy which extended DGA’s footprint in Europe, further strengthened the firm’s public affairs capabilities alongside Dentons Global Advisors Albright Stonebridge Group and deepened the pool of expertise upon which clients can draw.

Author
Andrew is the author of The Disciples, a spy thriller, published by Simon and Schuster.

title: Joe Andrew


text:
Maher Charif

Maher Charif (Arabic: ماهر الشريف, transliterated Mahir ash-Sharif) is a Palestinian Marxist historian specialising in modern Arab intellectual history and the history of Arab political movements. He is working as a lecturer and researcher on medieval, modern, and Arab history at the French Near East Institute in Syria.

Charif, a Palestinian refugee resident in Syria, has been a member of the Central Committee of the Palestinian People's Party, and is a commentator on politics and society in Arab newspapers.

His works include:
 * Al-bahth 'an kiyan  (The Search for an Entity), on the ideological evolution of Palestinian political movements
 * Filastin fi-l-arshif as-sirri li-l-komintern (Palestine in the Secret Archive of the Comintern)
 * Rihanat an-nahda fi-l-fikr al-'arabi (The Stakes of the Nahda in Arab Thought)
 * Tayar al-islah ad-dini wa-masa'irihi fi-l-mujtama'at il-'arabiyya (The Religious Reformist Current and its Future in Arab Societies) conference papers, co-edited with Salam al-Kawakibi.
 * Tatawwur mafhoum al-jihad fi-l-fikr al-islami (The Development of the Concept of Jihad in Islamic Thought)

title: Maher Charif


text:
Zeno of Verona

Zeno of Verona (Xenòn de Verona or Xen de Verona; Zenone da Verona; about 300 – 371 or 380) was an Afro-Italian Christian figure believed to have either served as Bishop of Verona or died as a martyr. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church.

Life and historicity
A Veronese author named Coronato, who was a notary in the 7th century, claimed that Zeno was a native of Mauretania who taught children of Africa about the Catholic religion and he also helped them with their education. Another claim was that Zeno was a follower of Athanasius, patriarch of Alexandria, who accompanied his master when the latter visited Verona in 340.

The style of the more than 90 Sermones attributed to Zeno is also considered evidence of his African origins due to its literary style, since Christian African writers of the time frequently used neologisms and wordplay. Many of the Sermones concern Old Testament exegesis and are said to "have a definite anti-Semitic element in them". This interpretation is not shared by Giuseppe Laiti, expert on San Zeno’s tractatus. Staying in Verona, Zeno entered the monastic life, living as a monk until around 362, when he was elected successor to the See of Verona after the death of Bishop Gricinus.

Zeno had "received a good classical education". As bishop he baptized many people and won converts back from Arianism. He lived a life of poverty. He trained priests to work in the diocese and set up a convent for women. In addition he reformed how the Agape feast was celebrated, and forbade that funeral masses be accompanied by attendees' loud groans and wailing. Zeno's other reforms included instructions concerning adult baptism (which occurred by complete immersion). He instituted the issuing of medals to people newly baptized to the Catholic faith.

Zeno's episcopate lasted for about ten years, and the date of his death is sometimes given as 12 April 371.

Zeno is described as a confessor of the faith in early martyrologies. Saint Gregory the Great calls him a martyr in his Dialogues, though Saint Ambrose, a contemporary of Zeno, does not. Ambrose speaks of Zeno's "happy death", although as a confessor, Zeno may have suffered persecution (but not execution) during the reigns of Constantius II and Julian the Apostate. The entry in the modern Roman Martyrology lists his date as 12 April, but makes no mention of martyrdom.

The first evidence for his existence is found in a letter written by Saint Ambrose to Syagrius of Verona in which Ambrose refers to the holiness of Zeno. Later, Bishop Saint Petronius of Verona (r. 412–429) wrote of Zeno's virtues and also confirmed the existence of a cult dedicated to Saint Zeno.

A poem written between 781 and 810, called the Versus de Verona, an elegy of the city in verse, states that Zeno was the eighth bishop of Verona.

Veneration
Zeno's liturgical feast day is celebrated on 12 April, but in the diocese of Verona, it is also celebrated on 21 May, in honor of the translation of his relics on 21 May 807.

Tradition states that Zeno built the first basilica in Verona, situated in the area probably occupied by the present-day cathedral. His eponymous church in its present location dates to the early ninth century, when it was endowed by Charlemagne and his son Pepin, King of Italy. It was consecrated on 8 December 806. Two local hermits, Benignus and Carus, were assigned the task of translating Zeno's relics to a new marble crypt. King Pepin was present at the ceremony, as were the Bishops of Cremona and Salzburg, as well as an immense crowd of townspeople.

The church was damaged at the beginning of the tenth century by Hungarians, though the relics of Zeno remained safe. The basilica was rebuilt, and made larger and stronger. Financial support was provided by Otto I, and it was re-consecrated in 967 at a ceremony presided over by the Bishop Ratherius of Verona.

The present church of San Zeno in Verona is a work of the twelfth, thirteenth and early fifteenth centuries for the most part. It is well known for its bronze doors (c. 1100 – c. 1200) which depict, besides stories from the Bible, images drawn from the stories of the miracles of Saint Zeno including those recorded by the notary Coronato. The church is also known for the facade sculpture signed by Nicholaus and an associate Guglielmus, and the rose window (c. 1200), which is the work of Brioloto.

Legends and iconography
Zeno is the patron saint of fishermen and anglers, of the city of Verona, and of newborn babies as well as children learning to speak and walk. Some 30 churches or chapels have been dedicated to him, including Pistoia Cathedral.

According to legend he was stolen at birth and briefly replaced by a demonic changeling. One story relates that Saint Zeno, one day fishing on the banks of the Adige, which he did in order to feed himself, saw a peasant crossing the river in a horse and cart. The horses began to get strangely skittish. Zeno, believing this to be the work of the devil, made the sign of the cross, and the horses calmed down. Zeno was often said to combat the devil, and is sometimes depicted treading on a demon. Another story relates that he exorcised a demon from the body of the daughter of the Emperor Gallienus (though Zeno probably did not live during the reign of Gallienus). The story relates that the grateful Gallienus allowed Zeno and other Christians freedom of worship in the empire.

Saint Gregory the Great, at the end of the 6th century, relates a miracle associated with the divine intercession of Zeno. In 588, the Adige flooded its banks, inundating Verona. The floodwater reached the church dedicated to Saint Zeno, but miraculously did not enter it, even though the door was wide open. The church was then donated to Theodelinda, an alleged eyewitness to the miracle and wife of king Authari.

Zeno is most often represented with fishing-related items such as a fish, fishing rod, or as a bishop holding a fishing rod, or with a fish hanging from his crozier. "Local tradition says the bishop was fond of fishing in the nearby river Adige," writes Alban Butler, "but it is more likely that originally it was a symbol of his success in bringing people to baptism."

title: Zeno of Verona