text:
Alexander Heights, Western Australia

Alexander Heights is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia within the City of Wanneroo.

Originally named in 1977 as "Alinjarra", an Aboriginal word for "north", this suburb was renamed Alexander Heights in 1987. The name is derived from Alexander Drive, the main arterial road into the area, which forms the suburb's eastern boundary. The road was in turn named after Mr S.B. Alexander, a former Wanneroo Road Board member.

The suburb contains the Alinjarra Primary School, which covers from kindergarten to year 6. It hosts a range of sports programs and English courses to help the large number of recent immigrants, mostly of African, Arabic, Irish or English descent, moving into the area.

Transport
The suburb is linked to the Perth CBD by the 360 and 361 Transperth bus routes that run between Perth Busport and Alexander Heights Shopping Centre on Mirrabooka Avenue on the west side of the suburb. The 344 bus route also connects the suburb with Warwick railway station.

Bus

 * 344 Warwick Station to Morley Bus Station – serves Mirrabooka Avenue, Errina Road, Azelia Street, The Avenue, Whitcombe Way, Greenpark Road and Alexander Drive
 * 360 Alexander Heights Shopping Centre to Perth Busport (limited stops) – serves Mirrabooka Avenue and Marangaroo Drive
 * 361 Alexander Heights Shopping Centre to Perth Busport (limited stops) – serves Mirrabooka Avenue, Griffon Way, Hillcrest Road, Errina Road, Azelia Street, The Avenue, Whitcombe Way, Greenpark Road and Alexander Drive
 * 375 Alexander Heights Shopping Centre to Mirrabooka Bus Station – serves Mirrabooka Avenue, Griffon Way, Hillcrest Road and Errina Road
 * 376 Whitfords Station to Mirrabooka Bus Station – serves Mirrabooka Avenue
 * 377 Alexander Heights Shopping Centre to Mirrabooka Bus Station – serves Mirrabooka Avenue and Marangaroo Drive
 * 378 Alexander Heights to Mirrabooka Bus Station – serves Northumberland Avenue, Cromwell Road, The Avenue, Greenpark Road and Alexander Drive

title: Alexander Heights, Western Australia


text:
ALICE experiment

ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is one of nine detector experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The other eight are ATLAS, CMS, TOTEM, LHCb, LHCf, MoEDAL, FASER and SND@LHC.

Introduction
ALICE is designed to study heavy-ion (Pb-Pb nuclei) collisions at a center of mass energy of up to 5.36 TeV per nucleon pair. The resulting temperature and energy density enable the exploration of quark–gluon plasma, a state of matter in which quarks and gluons are unbound. Similar conditions are believed to have existed a fraction of a second after the Big Bang, prior to the binding of quarks and gluons into hadrons and other particles.

ALICE investigates the physics of strongly interacting matter at extreme energy densities. The properties of quark–gluon plasma and the understanding of quark deconfinement are key issues in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The results obtained by ALICE support the understanding of color confinement and chiral symmetry restoration. Recreating the quark–gluon plasma and understanding its evolution are expected to shed light on how matter is organized, the mechanisms that confine quarks and gluons, and the nature of strong interactions and their role in generating the bulk of the mass of ordinary matter.

Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts that at sufficiently high energy densities, a phase transition will occur from conventional hadronic matter, where quarks are confined within nuclear particles, to a plasma of deconfined quarks and gluons known as quark–gluon plasma. The reverse of this transition is believed to have occurred when the universe was approximately one microsecond (10−6 seconds) old, and may still occur in the centers of collapsing neutron stars and other astrophysical objects.

History
The idea of building a dedicated heavy-ion detector for the LHC was first discussed at the Evian meeting "Towards the LHC experimental Programme" in March 1992. From the ideas presented there, the ALICE collaboration was formed and in 1993, a Letter of Intent was submitted.

ALICE was first proposed as a central detector in 1993 and later complemented by an additional forward muon spectrometer designed in 1995. In 1997, ALICE was allowed to proceed towards final design and construction by the LHC Committee.

The first ten years were spent on design and an extensive R&D effort. As with other LHC experiments, the challenges of heavy ion physics at the LHC required advancements beyond existing technology. In some cases, it would take a technological break through in order to accomplish the initial designs of the project. A well organized R&D effort, sustained over most of the 1990's, led to significant advances in detectors, electronics and computing.

Designing a dedicated heavy-ion experiment in the early 1990s, intended for use at the LHC some 15 years later, posed daunting challenges. The detector needed to be general-purpose, capable of measuring a wide range of signals, with flexibility for additions and modifications as new research avenues emerged. In both respects ALICE did quite well, as it included a number of observables in its initial menu whose importance only became clear later. Various major detection systems added over the years include the muon spectrometer in 1995, the transition radiation detectors in 1999, and a large jet calorimeter in 2007.

In 2010, ALICE recorded data from the first lead-lead collisions at the LHC. Data sets taken during heavy-ion periods in 2010 and 2011, along with proton-lead data from 2013, provided insight into the physics of quark–gluon plasma.

, after more than three years of successful operation, the ALICE detector is about to undergo a major consolidation program and upgrade during the long shutdown [LS1] of CERN's accelerator complex. A new sub-detector called the dijet calorimeter (DCAL) will be installed, and all 18 of the existing ALICE sub-detectors will be upgraded. The ALICE infrastructure, including the electrical and cooling systems, will also undergo major renovations. The extensive scientific results and the intense upgrade program of ALICE have attracted numerous institutes and scientists worldwide. Today, the ALICE Collaboration has more than 1,800 members coming from 176 institutes in 41 countries

Heavy-ion collisions at the LHC
Searches for Quark Gluon plasma and a deeper understanding of the QCD started at CERN and Brookhaven with lighter ions in the 1980s. Today's programme at these laboratories has moved on to ultra-relativistic collisions of heavy ions, and is just reaching the energy threshold at which the phase transition is expected to occur. The LHC, with a centre-of-mass energy around 5.5 TeV/nucleon, will push the energy reach even further.

During head-on collisions of lead ions at the LHC, hundreds of protons and neutrons collide at energies of upwards of a few TeVs. Lead ions are accelerated to more than 99.9999% of the speed of light. Collisions at the LHC are 100 times more energetic than those of protons - heating up matter in the interaction point to a temperature almost 100,000 times higher than the temperature in the core of the sun.

When the two lead nuclei collide, matter undergoes a transition to briefly form a droplet of quark–gluon plasma which is believed to have filled the universe a few microseconds after the Big Bang.

The quark–gluon plasma is formed as protons and neutrons "melt" into their elementary constituents, quarks and gluons become asymptotically free. The droplet of QGP instantly cools, and the individual quarks and gluons (collectively called partons) recombine into a mixture of ordinary matter that speeds away in all directions. The debris contains particles such as pions and kaons, which are made of a quark and an antiquark; protons and neutrons, made of three quarks; and numerous antiprotons and antineutrons, which may combine to form the nuclei of antiatoms as heavy as helium. Much can be learned by studying the distribution and energy of this debris.

First lead-lead collisions
The Large Hadron Collider smashed its first lead ions in 2010, on 7 November at around 12:30 a.m. CET.

The first collisions in the center of the ALICE, ATLAS and CMS detectors took place less than 72 hours after the LHC ended its first run of protons and switched to accelerating lead-ion beams. Each lead nucleus contains 82 protons, and the LHC accelerates each proton to an energy of 3.5 TeV, thus resulting in an energy of 287 TeV per beam, or a total collision energy of 574 TeV.

Up to 3,000 charged particles were emitted from each collision, shown here as lines radiating from the collision point. The colors of the lines indicate how much energy each particle carried away from the collision.

Proton-lead collisions at the LHC
In 2013, the LHC collided protons with lead ions for the LHC's first physics beams of 2013. The experiment was conducted by counter-rotating beams of protons and lead ions, and begun with centered orbits with different revolution frequencies, and then separately ramped to the accelerator's maximum collision energy.

The first lead-proton run at the LHC lasted for one month and data help ALICE physicists to decouple the effects of the plasma from effects that stem from cold nuclear matter effects and shed more light on the study of the Quark-Gluon plasma.

In the case of lead-lead collisions, the configurations of the quarks and gluons that make up the protons and neutrons of the incoming lead nucleus can be somewhat different of those in the incoming protons. In order to study if part of the effects observed when comparing lead-lead and proton-proton collisions is due to this configuration difference rather than the formation of the plasma. Proton-lead collisions are an ideal tool for this study.

The ALICE detectors
A key design consideration of ALICE is the ability to study QCD and quark (de)confinement under these extreme conditions. This is done by using particles, created inside the hot volume as it expands and cools down, that live long enough to reach the sensitive detector layers situated around the interaction region. ALICE's physics programme relies on being able to identify all of them, i.e. to determine if they are electrons, photons, pions, etc. and to determine their charge. This involves making the most of the (sometimes slightly) different ways that particles interact with matter.

In a "traditional" experiment, particles are identified or at least assigned to families (charged or neutral hadrons), by the characteristic signatures they leave in the detector. The experiment is divided into a few main components and each component tests a specific set of particle properties. These components are stacked in layers and the particles go through the layers sequentially from the collision point outwards: first a tracking system, then an electromagnetic (EM) and a hadronic calorimeter and finally a muon system. The detectors are embedded in a magnetic field in order to bend the tracks of charged particles for momentum and charge determination. This method for particle identification works well only for certain particles, and is used for example by the large LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS. However, this technique is not suitable for hadron identification as it does not allow distinguishing the different charged hadrons that are produced in Pb-Pb collisions.

In order to identify all the particles that are coming out of the system of the QGP ALICE is using a set of 18 detectors that give information about the mass, the velocity and the electrical sign of the particles.

Barrel tracking
An ensemble of cylindrical barrel detectors that surround the nominal interaction point is used to track all the particles that fly out of the hot, dense medium. The Inner Tracking System(ITS) (consisting of three layers of detectors: Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD), Silicon Drift Detector (SDD), Silicon Strip Detector (SSD)), the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) measure at many points the passage of each particle carrying an electric charge and give precise information about the particle's trajectory. The ALICE barrel tracking detectors are embedded in a magnetic field of 0.5 Tesla produced by a huge magnetic solenoid bending the trajectories of the particles. From the curvature of the tracks one can derive their momentum. The ITS is so precise that particles which are generated by the decay of other particles with a long(~.1 mm before decay) life time can be identified by seeing that they do not originate from the point where the interaction has taken place (the "vertex" of the event) but rather from a point at a distance of as small as a tenth of a millimeter. This allows us to measure, for example, bottom quarks which decay into a relatively long-lived B-meson through "topological" cuts.

Inner Tracking System

The short-living heavy particles cover a very small distance before decaying. This system aims at identifying these phenomena of decay by measuring the location where it occurs with a precision of a tenth of millimetre.

The Inner Tracking System (ITS) consists of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors. The layers surround the collision point and measure the properties of the particles emerging from the collisions, pin-pointing their position of passage to a fraction of a millimetre. With the help of the ITS, particles containing heavy quarks (charm and beauty) can be identified by reconstructing the coordinates at which they decay.

ITS layers (counting from the interaction point):
 * 2 layers of SPD (Silicon Pixel Detector),
 * 2 layers of SDD (Silicon Drift Detector),
 * 2 layers of SSD (Silicon Strip Detector).

The ITS was inserted at the heart of the ALICE experiment in March 2007 following a large phase of R&D. Using the smallest amounts of the lightest material, the ITS has been made as lightweight and delicate as possible. With almost 5 m2 of double-sided silicon strip detectors and more than 1 m2 of silicon drift detectors, it is the largest system using both types of silicon detector.

ALICE has recently presented plans for an upgraded Inner Tracking System, mainly based on building a new silicon tracker with greatly improved features in terms of determination of the impact parameter (d0) to the primary vertex, tracking efficiency at low pT and readout rate capabilities. The upgraded ITS will open new channels in the study of the Quark Gluon Plasma formed at LHC which are necessary in order to understand the dynamics of this condensed phase of the QCD.

It will allow the study of the process of thermalization of heavy quarks in the medium by measuring heavy flavor charms and beauty baryons and extending these measurements down to very low pT for the first time. It will also give a better understanding of the quark mass dependence of in-medium energy loss and offer a unique capability of measuring the beauty quarks while also improving the beauty decay vertex reconstruction. Finally, the upgraded ITS will give us the chance to characterize the thermal radiation coming from the QGP and the in-medium modification of hadronic spectral functions as related to chiral symmetry restoration.

The upgrade project requires an extensive R&D effort by our researchers and collaborators all over the world on cutting-edge technologies: silicon sensors, low-power electronics, interconnection and packaging technologies, ultra-light mechanical structures and cooling units.

Time Projection Chamber

The ALICE Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is a large volume filled with a gas as detection medium and is the main particle tracking device in ALICE.

Charged particles crossing the gas of the TPC ionize the gas atoms along their path, liberating electrons that drift towards the end plates of the detector. The characteristics of the ionization process caused by fast charged particles passing through a medium can be used for particle identification. The velocity dependence of the ionization strength is connected to the well-known Bethe-Bloch formula, which describes the average energy loss of charged particles through inelastic Coulomb collisions with the atomic electrons of the medium.

Multiwire proportional counters or solid-state counters are often used as detection medium, because they provide signals with pulse heights proportional to the ionization strength. An avalanche effect in the vicinity of the anode wires strung in the readout chambers, gives the necessary signal amplification. The positive ions created in the avalanche induce a positive current signal on the pad plane. The readout is performed by the 557 568 pads that form the cathode plane of the multi-wire proportional chambers (MWPC) located at the end plates. This gives the radial distance to the beam and the azimuth. The last coordinate, z along the beam direction, is given by the drift time. Since energy-loss fluctuations can be considerable, in general many pulse-height measurements are performed along the particle track in order to optimize the resolution of the ionization measurement.

Almost all of the TPC's volume is sensitive to the traversing charged particles, but it features a minimum material budget. The straightforward pattern recognition (continuous tracks) make TPCs the perfect choice for high-multiplicity environments, such as in heavy-ion collisions, where thousands of particles have to be tracked simultaneously. Inside the ALICE TPC, the ionization strength of all tracks is sampled up to 159 times, resulting in a resolution of the ionization measurement as good as 5%.

Transition radiation detector
Electrons and positrons can be discriminated from other charged particles using the emission of transition radiation, X-rays emitted when the particles cross many layers of thin materials.

The identification of electrons and positrons is achieved using a transition radiation detector (TRD). In a similar manner to the muon spectrometer, this system enables detailed studies of the production of vector-meson resonances, but with extended coverage down to the light vector-meson ρ and in a different rapidity region. Below 1 GeV/c, electrons can be identified via a combination of particle identification detector (PID) measurements in the TPC and time of flight (TOF). In the momentum range 1–10 GeV/c, the fact that electrons may create TR when travelling through a dedicated "radiator" can be exploited. Inside such a radiator, fast charged particles cross the boundaries between materials with different dielectric constants, which can lead to the emission of TR photons with energies in the X-ray range. The effect is tiny and the radiator has to provide many hundreds of material boundaries to achieve a high enough probability to produce at least one photon. In the ALICE TRD, the TR photons are detected just behind the radiator using MWPCs filled with a xenon-based gas mixture, where they deposit their energy on top of the ionization signals from the particle's track.

The ALICE TRD was designed to derive a fast trigger for charged particles with high momentum and can significantly enhance the recorded yields of vector mesons. For this purpose, 250,000 CPUs are installed right on the detector to identify candidates for high-momentum tracks and analyse the energy deposition associated with them as quickly as possible (while the signals are still being created in the detector). This information is sent to a global tracking unit, which combines all of the information to search for electron–positron track pairs within only 6 μs.

To develop such a Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) for ALICE many detector prototypes were tested in mixed beams of pions and electrons.

Particle identification with ALICE
ALICE also wants to know the identity of each particle, whether it is an electron, or a proton, a kaon or a pion.

Charged hadrons (in fact, all stable charged particles) are unambiguously identified if their mass and charge are determined. The mass can be deduced from measurements of the momentum and of the velocity. Momentum and the sign of the charge are obtained by measuring the curvature of the particle's track in a magnetic field. To obtain the particle velocity, there exists four methods based on measurements of time-of-flight and ionization, and on detection of transition radiation and Cherenkov radiation. Each of these methods works well in different momentum ranges or for specific types of particle. In ALICE all of these methods may be combined in order to measure, for instance, particle spectra.

In addition to the information given by ITS and TPC, more specialized detectors are needed: the TOF measures, with a precision better than a tenth of a billionth of a second, the time that each particle takes to travel from the vertex to reach it, so that one can measure its speed. The high momentum particle identification detector (HMPID) measures the faint light patterns generated by fast particles and the TRD measures the special radiation very fast particles emit when crossing different materials, thus allowing to identify electrons. Muons are measured by exploiting the fact that they penetrate matter more easily than most other particles: in the forward region a very thick and complex absorber stops all other particles and muons are measured by a dedicated set of detectors: the muon spectrometer.

Time of Flight
Charged particles are identified in ALICE by Time-Of-Flight (TOF). TOF measurements yield the velocity of a charged particle by measuring the flight time over a given distance along the track trajectory. Using the tracking information from other detectors every track firing a sensor is identified. Provided the momentum is also known, the mass of the particle can then be derived from these measurements. The ALICE TOF detector is a large-area detector based on multigap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs) that cover a cylindrical surface of 141 m2, with an inner radius of 3.7 m. There are approximately 160 000 MRPC pads with time resolution of about 100 ps distributed over the large surface of 150 m2.

The MRPCs are parallel-plate detectors built of thin sheets of standard window glass to create narrow gas gaps with high electric fields. These plates are separated using fishing lines to provide the desired spacing; 10 gas gaps per MRPC are needed to arrive at a detection efficiency close to 100%.

The simplicity of the construction allows a large system to be built with an overall TOF resolution of 80 ps at a relatively low cost (CERN Courier November 2011 p8). This performance allows the separation of kaons, pions and protons up to momenta of a few GeV/c. Combining such a measurement with the PID information from the ALICE TPC has proved useful in improving the separation between the different particle types, as figure 3 shows for a particular momentum range.

High Momentum Particle Identification Detector

The High Momentum Particle Identification Detector (HMPID) is a RICH detector to determine the speed of particles beyond the momentum range available through energy loss (in ITS and TPC, p = 600 MeV) and through time-of-flight measurements (in TOF, p = 1.2–1.4 GeV).

Cherenkov radiation is a shock wave resulting from charged particles moving through a material faster than the velocity of light in that material. The radiation propagates with a characteristic angle with respect to the particle track, which depends on the particle velocity. Cherenkov detectors make use of this effect and in general consist of two main elements: a radiator in which Cherenkov radiation is produced and a photon detector. Ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors resolve the ring-shaped image of the focused Cherenkov radiation, enabling a measurement of the Cherenkov angle and thus the particle velocity. This in turn is sufficient to determine the mass of the charged particle.

If a dense medium (large refractive index) is used, only a thin radiator layer of the order of a few centimetres is required to emit a sufficient number of Cherenkov photons. The photon detector is then located at some distance (usually about 10 cm) behind the radiator, allowing the cone of light to expand and form the characteristic ring-shaped image. Such a proximity-focusing RICH is installed in the ALICE experiment.

ALICE HMPID's momentum range is up to 3 GeV for pion/kaon discrimination and up to 5 GeV for kaon/proton discrimination. It is the world's largest caesium iodide RICH detector, with an active area of 11 m2. A prototype was successfully tested at CERN in 1997 and currently takes data at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US.

Calorimeters
Calorimeters measure the energy of particles, and determine whether they have electromagnetic or hadronic interactions. Particle identification in a calorimeter is a destructive measurement. All particles except muons and neutrinos deposit all their energy in the calorimeter system by production of electromagnetic or hadronic showers. Photons, electrons and positrons deposit all their energy in an electromagnetic calorimeter. Their showers are indistinguishable, but a photon can be identified by the non-existence of a track in the tracking system that is associated to the shower.

The photons (particles of light), like the light emitted from a hot object, tell us about the temperature of the system. To measure them, special detectors are necessary: the crystals of the PHOS, which are as dense as lead and as transparent as glass, will measure them with fantastic precision in a limited region, while the PMD and in particular the EMCal will measure them over a very wide area. The EMCal will also measure groups of close particles (called "jets") which have a memory of the early phases of the event.

Photon spectrometer

PHOS is a high-resolution electromagnetic calorimeter installed in ALICE to provide data to test the thermal and dynamical properties of the initial phase of the collision. This is done by measuring photons emerging directly from the collision. PHOS covers a limited acceptance domain at central rapidity. It is made of lead tungstate crystals, similar to the ones used by CMS, read out using Avalanche Photodiodes (APD).

When high energy photons strike lead tungstate, they make it glow, or scintillate, and this glow can be measured. Lead tungstate is extremely dense (denser than iron), stopping most photons that reach it. The crystals are kept at a temperature of 248 K, which helps to minimize the deterioration of the energy resolution due to noise and to optimize the response for low energies.

Electro-Magnetic Calorimeter
The EMCal is a lead-scintillator sampling calorimeter comprising almost 13,000 individual towers that are grouped into ten super-modules. The towers are read out by wavelength-shifting optical fibers in a shashlik geometry coupled to an avalanche photodiode. The complete EMCal will contain 100,000 individual scintillator tiles and 185 kilometers of optical fiber, weighing in total about 100 tons.

The EMCal covers almost the full length of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber and central detector, and a third of its azimuth placed back-to-back with the ALICE Photon Spectrometer – a smaller, highly granular lead-tungstate calorimeter.

The super-modules are inserted into an independent support frame situated within the ALICE magnet, between the time-of-flight counters and the magnet coil. The support frame itself is a complex structure: it weighs 20 tons and must support five times its own weight, with a maximum deflection between being empty and being fully loaded of only a couple of centimeters. Installation of the eight-ton super-modules requires a system of rails with a sophisticated insertion device to bridge across to the support structure.

The Electro-Magnetic Calorimeter (EM-Cal) will add greatly to the high momentum particle measurement capabilities of ALICE. It will extend ALICE's reach to study jets and other hard processes.

Photon Multiplicity Detector
The Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD) is a Particle shower detector which measures the multiplicity and spatial distribution of photons produced in the collisions. It utilizes as a first layer a veto detector to reject charged particles. Photons on the other hand pass through a converter, initiating an electromagnetic shower in a second detector layer where they produce large signals on several cells of its sensitive volume. Hadrons on the other hand normally affect only one cell and produce a signal representing minimum-ionizing particles.

Forward Multiplicity Detector

The Forward Multiplicity Detector (FMD) extends the coverage for multiplicity of charge particles into the forward regions - giving ALICE the widest coverage of the 4 LHC experiments for these measurements.

The FMD consist of 5 large silicon discs with each 10 240 individual detector channels to measure the charged particles emitted at small angles relative to the beam. FMD provides an independent measurement of the orientation of the collisions in the vertical plane, which can be used with measurements from the barrel detector to investigate flow, jets, etc.

Muon spectrometer
The ALICE forward muon spectrometer studies the complete spectrum of heavy quarkonia (J/Ψ, Ψ′, ϒ, ϒ′, ϒ′′) via their decay in the μ+μ– channel. Heavy quarkonium states, provide an essential tool to study the early and hot stage of heavy-ion collisions. In particular they are expected to be sensitive to Quark-Gluon Plasma formation. In the presence of a deconfined medium (i.e. QGP) with high enough energy density, quarkonium states are dissociated because of colour screening. This leads to a suppression of their production rates. At the high LHC collision energy, both the charmonium states (J/Ψ and Ψ′) as well as the bottomonium states (ϒ, ϒ′ and ϒ′′) can be studied. The Dimuon spectrometer is optimized for the detection of these heavy quark resonances.

Muons may be identified using the just described technique by using the fact that they are the only charged particles able to pass almost undisturbed through any material. This behaviour is connected to the fact that muons with momenta below a few hundred GeV/c do not suffer from radiative energy losses and so do not produce electromagnetic showers. Also, because they are leptons, they are not subject to strong interactions with the nuclei of the material they traverse. This behaviour is exploited in muon spectrometers in high-energy physics experiments by installing muon detectors behind the calorimeter systems or behind thick absorber materials. All charged particles other than muons are completely stopped, producing electromagnetic (and hadronic) showers.

The muon spectrometer in the forward region of ALICE features a very thick and complex front absorber and an additional muon filter consisting of an iron wall 1.2 m thick. Muon candidates selected from tracks penetrating these absorbers are measured precisely in a dedicated set of tracking detectors. Pairs of muons are used to collect the spectrum of heavy-quark vector-meson resonances (J/Psi). Their production rates can be analysed as a function of transverse momentum and collision centrality in order to investigate dissociation due to colour screening. The acceptance of the ALICE Muon Spectrometer covers the pseudorapidity interval 2.5 ≤ η ≤ 4 and the resonances can be detected down to zero transverse momentum.

Characterization of the collision
Finally, we need to know how powerful the collision was: this is done by measuring the remnants of the colliding nuclei in detectors made of high density materials located about 110 meters on both sides of ALICE (the ZDCs) and by measuring with the FMD, V0 and T0 the number of particles produced in the collision and their spatial distribution. T0 also measures with high precision the time when the event takes place.

Zero Degree Calorimeter

The ZDCs are calorimeters which detect the energy of the spectator nucleons in order to determine the overlap region of the two colliding nuclei. It is composed of four calorimeters, two to detect protons (ZP) and two to detect neutrons (ZN). They are located 115 meters away from the interaction point on both sides, exactly along the beam line. The ZN is placed at zero degree with respect to the LHC beam axis, between the two beam pipes. That is why we call them Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC).The ZP is positioned externally to the outgoing beam pipe. The spectator protons are separated from the ion beams by means of the dipole magnet D1.

The ZDCs are "spaghetti calorimeters", made by a stack of heavy metal plates grooved to allocate a matrix of quartz fibres. Their principle of operation is based on the detection of Cherenkov light produced by the charged particles of the shower in the fibers.

V0 detector
V0 is made of two arrays of scintillator counters set on both sides of the ALICE interaction point, and called V0-A and V0-C. The V0-C counter is located upstream of the dimuon arm absorber and cover the spectrometer acceptance while the V0-A counter will be located at around 3.5 m away from the collision vertex, on the other side.

It is used to estimate the centrality of the collision by summing up the energy deposited in the two disks of V0. This observable scales directly with the number of primary particles generated in the collision and therefore to the centrality.

V0 is also used as reference in Van Der Meer scans that give the size and shape of colliding beams and therefore the luminosity delivered to the experiment.

T0 detector
ALICE T0 serves as a start, trigger and luminosity detector for ALICE. The accurate interaction time (START) serves as the reference signal for the Time-of-Flight detector that is used for particle identification. T0 supplies five different trigger signals to the Central Trigger Processor. The most important of these is the T0 vertex providing prompt and accurate confirmation of the location of the primary interaction point along the beam axis within the set boundaries. The detector is also used for online luminosity monitoring providing fast feedback to the accelerator team.

The T0 detector consists of two arrays of Cherenkov counters (T0-C and T0-A) positioned at the opposite sides of the interaction point (IP). Each array has 12 cylindrical counters equipped with a quartz radiator and a photomultiplier tube.

ALICE Cosmic Rays Detector (ACORDE)
The ALICE cavern provides an ideal place for the detection of high energy atmospheric muons coming from cosmic ray showers. ACORDE detects cosmic ray showers by triggering the arrival of muons to the top of the ALICE magnet.

The ALICE cosmic ray trigger is made of 60 scintillator modules distributed on the 3 upper faces of the ALICE magnet yoke. The array can be configured to trigger on single or multi-muon events, from 2-fold coincidences up to the whole array if desired. ACORDE's high luminosity allows the recording of cosmic events with very high multiplicity of parallel muon tracks, the so-called muon bundles.

With ACORDE, the ALICE Experiment has been able to detect muon bundles with the highest multiplicity ever registered as well as to indirectly measure very high energy primary cosmic rays.

Data acquisition
ALICE had to design a data acquisition system that operates efficiently in two widely different running modes: the very frequent but small events, with few produced particles encountered during proton-proton collisions and the relatively rare, but extremely large events, with tens of thousands of new particles produced in lead-lead collisions at the LHC (L = 1027 cm−2 s−1 in Pb-Pb with 100 ns bunch crossings and L = 1030-1031 cm−2 s−1 in pp with 25 ns bunch crossings).

The ALICE data acquisition system needs to balance its capacity to record the steady stream of very large events resulting from central collisions, with an ability to select and record rare cross-section processes. These requirements result in an aggregate event building bandwidth of up to 2.5 GB/s and a storage capability of up to 1.25 GB/s, giving a total of more than 1 PByte of data every year. As shown in the figure, ALICE needs a data storage capacity that by far exceeds that of the current generation of experiments. This data rate is equivalent to six times the contents of the Encyclopædia Britannica every second.

The hardware of the ALICE DAQ system is largely based on commodity components: PC's running Linux and standard Ethernet switches for the eventbuilding network. The required performances are achieved by the interconnection of hundreds of these PC's into a large DAQ fabric. The software framework of the ALICE DAQ is called DATE (ALICE Data Acquisition and Test Environment). DATE is already in use today, during the construction and testing phase of the experiment, while evolving gradually towards the final production system. Moreover, AFFAIR (A Flexible Fabric and Application Information Recorder) is the performance monitoring software developed by the ALICE Data Acquisition project. AFFAIR is largely based on open source code and is composed of the following components: data gathering, inter-node communication employing DIM, fast and temporary round robin database storage, and permanent storage and plot generation using ROOT.

Finally. the ALICE experiment Mass Storage System (MSS) combines a very high bandwidth (1.25 GB/s) and every year stores huge amounts of data, more than 1 Pbytes. The mass storage system is made of: a) Global Data Storage (GDS) performing the temporary storage of data at the experimental pit; b) Permanent Data Storage (PDS) for long-term archive of data in the CERN Computing Center and finally from The Mass Storage System software managing the creation, the access and the archive of data.

Results

The physics programme of ALICE includes the following main topics: i) the study of the thermalization of partons in the QGP with focus on the massive charming beauty quarks and understanding the behaviour of these heavy quarks in relation to the strongly coupled medium of QGP, ii) the study of the mechanisms of energy loss that occur in the medium and the dependencies of energy loss on the parton species, iii) the dissociation of quarkonium states which can be a probe of deconfinement and of the temperature of the medium and finally the production of thermal photons and low-mass dileptons emitted by the QGP which is about assessing the initial temperature and degrees of freedom of the systems as well as the chiral nature of the phase transition.

The ALICE collaboration presented its first results from LHC proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV in March 2010. The results confirmed that the charged-particle multiplicity is rising with energy faster than expected while the shape of the multiplicity distribution is not reproduced well by standard simulations. The results were based on the analysis of a sample of 300,000 proton–proton collisions the ALICE experiment collected during the first runs of the LHC with stable beams at a centre-of-mass energy, √s, of 7 TeV,

In 2011, the ALICE Collaboration measured the size of the system created in Pb-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair. ALICE confirmed that the QCD matter created in Pb-Pb collisions behaves like a fluid, with strong collective motions that are well described by hydrodynamic equations. The fireball formed in nuclear collisions at the LHC is hotter, lives longer and expands to a larger size than the medium that was formed in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. Multiplicity measurements by the ALICE experiment show that the system initially has much higher energy density and is at least 30% hotter than at RHIC, resulting in about double the particle multiplicity for each colliding nucleon pair (Aamodt et al. 2010a). Further analyses, in particular including the full dependence of these observables on centrality, will provide more insights into the properties of the system – such as initial velocities, the equation of state and the fluid viscosity – and strongly constrain the theoretical modelling of heavy-ion collisions.

A perfect liquid at the LHC
Off-centre nuclear collisions, with a finite impact parameter, create a strongly asymmetric "almond-shaped" fireball. However, experiments cannot measure the spatial dimensions of the interaction (except in special cases, for example in the production of pions, see ). Instead, they measure the momentum distributions of the emitted particles. A correlation between the measured azimuthal momentum distribution of particles emitted from the decaying fireball and the initial spatial asymmetry can arise only from multiple interactions between the constituents of the created matter; in other words it tells us about how the matter flows, which is related to its equation of state and its thermodynamic transport properties.

The measured azimuthal distribution of particles in momentum space can be decomposed into Fourier coefficients. The second Fourier coefficient (v2), called elliptic flow, is particularly sensitive to the internal friction or viscosity of the fluid, or more precisely, η/s, the ratio of the shear viscosity (η) to entropy (s) of the system. For a good fluid such as water, the η/s ratio is small. A "thick" liquid, such as honey, has large values of η/s.

In heavy-ion collisions at the LHC, the ALICE collaboration found that the hot matter created in the collision behaves like a fluid with little friction, with η/s close to its lower limit (almost zero viscosity). With these measurements, ALICE has just begun to explore the temperature dependence of η/s and we anticipate many more in-depth flow-related measurements at the LHC that will constrain the hydrodynamic features of the QGP even further.

Measuring the highest temperature on Earth
In August 2012, ALICE scientists announced that their experiments produced quark–gluon plasma with temperature at around 5.5 trillion kelvins, the highest temperature mass achieved in any physical experiments thus far. This temperature is about 38% higher than the previous record of about 4 trillion kelvins, achieved in the 2010 experiments at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.

The ALICE results were announced at the August 13 Quark Matter 2012 conference in Washington, D.C. The quark–gluon plasma produced by these experiments approximates the conditions in the universe that existed microseconds after the Big Bang, before the matter coalesced into atoms.

Energy loss
A basic process in QCD is the energy loss of a fast parton in a medium composed of colour charges. This phenomenon, "jet quenching", is especially useful in the study of the QGP, using the naturally occurring products (jets) of the hard scattering of quarks and gluons from the incoming nuclei. A highly energetic parton (a colour charge) probes the coloured medium rather like an X-ray probes ordinary matter. The production of these partonic probes in hadronic collisions is well understood within perturbative QCD. The theory also shows that a parton traversing the medium will lose a fraction of its energy in emitting many soft (low energy) gluons. The amount of the radiated energy is proportional to the density of the medium and to the square of the path length travelled by the parton in the medium. Theory also predicts that the energy loss depends on the flavour of the parton.

Jet quenching was first observed at RHIC by measuring the yields of hadrons with high transverse momentum. These particles are produced via fragmentation of energetic partons. The yields of these high-pT particles in central nucleus–nucleus collisions were found to be a factor of five lower than expected from the measurements in proton–proton reactions. ALICE has recently published the measurement of charged particles in central heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. As at RHIC, the production of high-pT hadrons at the LHC is strongly suppressed. However, the observations at the LHC show qualitatively new features. The observation from ALICE is consistent with reports from the ATLAS and CMS collaborations on direct evidence for parton energy loss within heavy-ion collisions using fully reconstructed back-to-back jets of particles associated with hard parton scatterings. The latter two experiments have shown a strong energy imbalance between the jet and its recoiling partner (G Aad et al. 2010 and CMS collaboration 2011). This imbalance is thought to arise because one of the jets traversed the hot and dense matter, transferring a substantial fraction of its energy to the medium in a way that is not recovered by the reconstruction of the jets.

Studying quarkonium hadroproduction
Quarkonia are bound states of heavy flavour quarks (charm or bottom) and their antiquarks. Two types of quarkonia have been extensively studied: charmonia, which consist of a charm quark and an anti-charm, and bottomonia made of a bottom and an anti-bottom quark. Charm and anticharm quarks in the presence of the Quark Gluon Plasma, in which there are many free colour charges, are not able to see each other any more and therefore they cannot form bound states. The "melting" of quarkonia into the QGP manifests itself in the suppression of the quarkonium yields compared to the production without the presence of the QGP. The search for quarkonia suppression as a QGP signature started 25 years ago. The first ALICE results for charm hadrons in PbPb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy √sNN = 2.76 TeV indicate strong in-medium energy loss for charm and strange quarks that is an indication of the formation of the hot medium of QGP.

As the temperature increases so does the colour screening resulting in greater suppression of the quarkonium states as it is more difficult for charm – anticharm or bottom – antibottom to form new bound states. At very high temperatures no quarkonium states are expected to survive; they melt in the QGP. Quarkonium sequential suppression is therefore considered as a QGP thermometer, as states with different masses have different sizes and are expected to be screened and dissociated at different temperatures. However - as the collision energy increases - so does the number of charm-anticharm quarks that can form bound states, and a balancing mechanism of recombination of quarkonia may appear as we move to higher energies.

The results from the first ALICE run are rather striking, when compared with the observations from lower energies. While a similar suppression is observed at LHC energies for peripheral collisions, when moving towards more head-on collisions – as quantified by the increasing number of nucleons in the lead nuclei participating in the interaction – the suppression no longer increases. Therefore, despite the higher temperatures attained in the nuclear collisions at the LHC, more J/ψ mesons are detected by the ALICE experiment in Pb–Pb with respect to p–p. Such an effect is likely to be related to a regeneration process occurring at the temperature boundary between the QGP and a hot gas of hadrons.

The suppression of charmonium states was also observed in proton-lead collisions at the LHC, in which Quark Gluon Plasma is not formed. This suggests that the observed suppression in proton-nucleus collisions (pA) is due to cold nuclear matter effects. Grasping the wealth of experimental results requires understanding the medium modification of quarkonia and disentangling hot and cold-matter effects. Today there is a large amount of data available from RHIC and LHC on charmonium and bottomonium suppression and ALICE tries to distinguish between effects due to the formation of the QGP and those from cold nuclear matter effects.

Double-ridge structure in p-Pb collisions

The analysis of the data from the p-Pb collisions at the LHC revealed a completely unexpected double-ridge structure with so far unknown origin. The proton–lead (pPb) collisions in 2013, two years after its heavy-ion collisions opened a new chapter in exploration of the properties of the deconfined, chirally symmetrical state of the QGP. A surprising near-side, long-range (elongated in pseudorapidity) correlation, forming a ridge-like structure observed in high-multiplicity pp collisions, was also found in high-multiplicity pPb collisions, but with a much larger amplitude. However, the biggest surprise came from the observation that this near-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially symmetrical away-side ridge, opposite in azimuth (CERN Courier March 2013 p6). This double ridge was revealed after the short-range correlations arising from jet fragmentation and resonance decays were suppressed by subtracting the correlation distribution measured for low-multiplicity events from the one for high-multiplicity events.

Similar long-range structures in heavy-ion collisions have been attributed to the collective flow of particles emitted from a thermalized system undergoing a collective hydrodynamic expansion. This anisotropy can be characterized by means of the vn (n = 2, 3, ...) coefficients of a Fourier decomposition of the single-particle azimuthal distribution. To test the possible presence of collective phenomena further, the ALICE collaboration has extended the two-particle correlation analysis to identified particles, checking for a potential mass ordering of the v2 harmonic coefficients. Such an ordering in mass was observed in heavy-ion collisions, where it was interpreted to arise from a common radial boost – the so-called radial flow – coupled to the anisotropy in momentum space. Continuing the surprises, a clear particle-mass ordering, similar to the one observed in mid-central PbPb collisions (CERN Courier, September 2013), has been measured in high-multiplicity pPb collisions.

The final surprise, so far, comes from the charmonium states. Whereas J/ψ production does not reveal any unexpected behaviour, the production of the heavier and less-bound (2S) state indicates a strong suppression (0.5–0.7) with respect to J/ψ, when compared with pp collisions. Is this a hint of effects of the medium? Indeed, in heavy-ion collisions, such a suppression has been interpreted as a sequential melting of quarkonia states, depending on their binding energy and the temperature of the QGP created in these collisions.

The first pPb measurement campaign, expected results were widely accompanied by unanticipated observations. Among the expected results is the confirmation that proton–nucleus collisions provide an appropriate tool to study the partonic structure of cold nuclear matter in detail. The surprises have come from the similarity of several observables between pPb and PbPb collisions, which hint at the existence of collective phenomena in pPb collisions with high particle multiplicity and, eventually, the formation of QGP.

Long Shutdown 1
The main upgrade activity on ALICE during LHC's Long Shutdown 1 was the installation of the dijet calorimeter (DCAL), an extension of the existing EMCAL system that adds 60° of azimuthal acceptance opposite the existing 120° of the EMCAL's acceptance. This new subdetector will be installed on the bottom of the solenoid magnet, which currently houses three modules of the photon spectrometer (PHOS). Moreover, an entirely new rail system and cradle will be installed to support the three PHOS modules and eight DCAL modules, which together weigh more than 100 tones. The installation of five modules of the TRD will follow and so complete this complex detector system, which consists of 18 units,

In addition to these mainstream detector activities, all of the 18 ALICE subdetectors underwent major improvements during LS1 while the computers and discs of the online systems are replaced, followed by upgrades of the operating systems and online software.

All of these efforts are to ensure that ALICE is in good shape for the three-year LHC running period after LS1, when the collaboration looks forward to heavy-ion collisions at the top LHC energy of 5.5 TeV/nucleon at luminosities in excess of 1027 Hz/cm2.

Long shutdown 2 (2018)
The ALICE collaboration has plans for a major upgrade during the next long shutdown, LS2, currently scheduled for 2018. Then the entire silicon tracker will be replaced by a monolithic-pixel tracker system built from ALPIDE chips; the time-projection chamber will be upgraded with gaseous electron-multiplier (GEM) detectors for continuous read-out and the use of new microelectronics; and all of the other subdetectors and the online systems will prepare for a 100-fold increase in the number of events written to tape.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ALICE experiment


text:
John Tomlinson (educationalist)

John Race Godfrey Tomlinson FCP (24 April 1932 – 6 August 2005) was a British educationalist. After serving as Director of Education for Cheshire from 1972 to 1984, he was Professor of Education at the University of Warwick from 1985 to 1997.

Life
John Race Godfrey Tomlinson was born on 24 April 1932 to John Angell Tomlinson and Beatrice Elizabeth Race Godfrey. A graduate of the University of Manchester and a student of the Institute of Historical Research (where he studied under Sir Lewis Namier and assisted with research for the History of Parliament project), Tomlinson completed three years of National Service as an officer in the Royal Air Force from 1955 to 1958 before beginning his career in education as a teacher.

In 1960, he became a local authority education officer, working for three years as an administrative assistant for the Shropshire authority; he then spent four years in the equivalent post in Lancashire, before working a Deputy Director of the Cheshire Local Education Authority from 1967 to 1972, when he was promoted to Director.

He remained in that post until 1984, and then moved to work in academia; he was a professor of education at the University of Warwick from 1985 to retirement in 1997. While there, he was also the director of the University's Institute of Education until 1996, Institute of Education. In retirement, he was appointed an emeritus professor at Warwick.

Tomlinson served on a large number of public bodies; among other posts, he was chairman of the Schools Council from 1978 to 1981; President of the Society of Education Officers from 1982 to 1985; and Chairman of the Council of the Royal Society of Arts from 1989 to 1991. He was also a leading figure behind the formation of the General Teaching Council and chaired a committee convened to report on education for students with disabilities, which reported in 1996.

Tomlinson died on 6 August 2005 and was survived by his wife, Audrey Mavis née Barrett, and their two sons and two daughters.

According to The Guardian, Tomlinson "was a prophet. During his career he anticipated and pioneered significant educational ideas: residential centres, comprehensives, inter-professional collaboration in the interests of the whole child, self-reflective schools and inclusive education."

Educationist Peter Mortimore, writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, stated that while Tomlinson was Director of Education in Cheshire "he established himself as one of the most outstanding of his generation of education administrators".

Honours
Appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1983, Tomlinson was also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (elected in 1976), of the Chartered Management Institute and of the College of Preceptors. He received honorary doctorates from the Open University, the University of Surrey, the University of the West of England and the University of Hull. He was the dedicatee of a 1997 festschrift, Living Education: Essays in Honour of John Tomlinson.

Selected publications

 * (Editor) Additional Grenville Papers, 1763–1765 (Manchester University Press, 1962).
 * Reflections on Curriculum Development, The Charles Gittins Memorial Lecture (University College of Swansea, 1980).
 * Profession of Education Officer: Past Pluperfect, Present Tense, Future Conditional, Sheffield Papers in Education Management (Sheffield City Polytechnic, 1982).
 * (Co-authored with Stewart Ranson) The Changing Government of Education (Institute of Local Government Studies, University of Birmingham/Allen & Unwin, 1986).
 * Crossing the Bridge: Addresses to North of England Conferences, Sheffield Papers in Education Management (Sheffield City Polytechnic, 1986).
 * (Co-authored with Alan Evans) Teacher Appraisal: A Nationwide Approach (Kingsley, 1989).
 * (Co-authored with Tim Brighthouse) Successful Schools, Education and Training Paper no. 4 (Institute for Public Policy Research, 1991).
 * The Control of Education (Cassell, 1993).
 * (Co-authored with Stewart Ranson) School Co-operation: New Forms of Local Governance (Longman, 1994).

title: John Tomlinson (educationalist)


text:
User talk:Demogorgon's Soup-taster

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! the wub  "?/!"  15:12, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

VfD
Hi, I commented on your argument at the VfD for Narancsos Bukta. Could you please answer there? Thanks, KissL 10:44, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

You're perfectly right in saying "still a shame this info isn't on the Elections in Hungary entry." As soon as I have time, I'll clean up that one (as well as Politics of Hungary, for that matter). Thanks for your involvement! KissL 12:39, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Demogorgon's Soup-taster


text: Category:World Heritage Sites in Jordan

title: Category:World Heritage Sites in Jordan


text:
Talk:Gmail/Vote

 * Please read Voting is evil before "voting". Thanks. Stevage 14:58, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

This is a poll that would decide whether the Gmail article should be shortened (for example in the way that has been suggested in this version) or not.

The argument for the abridgement is that the current version appears (at least in the "Features" section) rather to be a manual than an concise encyclopedia article and that there is some information that is a) mentioned more than once or b) unnecessary. Furthermore, the size of the article goes beyond what's recommended as appropriate article size (important reading), for several reasons. There has also been a discussion on the Gmail Talk page on the issue.

wikipedia
I'm sorry if I'm being way off-topic here, as I haven't read every opinion...

But I think both and  are valid, as a whole.

My point it, the article is too big, and the main article should be shorten up. But no information should be deleted or removed. Instead, we should just re-organize it in more articles. It wouldn't be the first article to be sub-divided, and even if that's not how a Encyclopedia should be, I like to believe everyone agrees it is how our wikipedia should be: never need to lose information, just better organizing.

Please, look the talk at Talk:Gmail.

--Cawas 19:59, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

garbage collection
Ok, this is what's "new" on technology, although it's as old as Java 1.1 (if I recall corrrectly).

What we need in this article is just to throw the garbage to a stack pile (subarticles) and see what happens from there.

Simple as that. Baby steps.

I can do it, but I have no time in hands right now. I just hope someone else can get it done before I get the time, because I don't know when that will be.

Thanks for your time.

--Cacumer 06:55, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Option Abridgement
This option would shorten/summarise the article in the sections "Features" and "Development". That could include to move the very detailed information in these two sections to new articles as Gmail Features or Gmail Development and link to those.

 * 1) Krueschan 15:13, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Scott Bell 16:23, 30 August 2005 (UTC) - As long as the information is kept in seperate articles for people who want in-depth detail on Gmail, I think the article should be abridged. There's way more information in this article than the average reader would be interested in.
 * 3) Ravedave 17:31, 30 August 2005 (UTC) I vote to move info to other pages. Do not delete any info, it's all usefull.
 * 4) Split off the info into the subpages; the stuff is useful and reasonably encyclopedic although detailed and should be kept. The features part clearly should get a subpage; for the development section, it is less clear.  Perhaps the development section should be called a history section. -R. S. Shaw 05:20, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) I agree with splitting off as described up by R. S. Shaw, keeping a small section for features that will only be a few sentences long, and will link to a Main Article that explains the features in detail. Sinan Taifour 08:24, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Please shorten it, it is *huge* right now. It's just an e-mail service. I agree that it should be split into sections instead of butchered though (after all, I hate removing information). 66.75.49.213
 * Well. I already did it once: in this version the 'features' section is reduced to a few sentence overview - the extensive description of the features, however, was not moved to a new page. EliasAlucard, however, reverted that edit and suggested to vote first (which is fair enough). I, personally, don't have time to do anything here until early/mid October - so why not use this old version and do the edits yourself? --Krueschan 14:01, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) As far as I was aware, when articles get large, they are shortened into subarticles. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  02:18, 26 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) I'd like it shortened - when even the menu runs dozens of lines -- which is longer than some (non-stub) articles are! - you know that the article is drifting from an encyclopedic entry to a manual. I feel that this article would do much better to just cite a few key improvements and link out to the gmail site. Janet13 18:54, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) That's actually a very good point from Janet13. I totally agree. But it doesn't need to lose information to get shortened, specially if so many people like that information in here. So, just re-organizing would be the best solution, I think.--Cacumer 03:38, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) I also would like it shorter, but spread out accross several articles, just so that anyone who wants detailed information(I did when I got my gmail account) can still have access to it Fshy93 22:42, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Lots of rewriting is needed, but I oppose subarticles since a good entry here would work with most current info - the leftover info would be stuff I'd argue as obsolete anyway, plus repetition within the page itself. I just suggested some things here.
 * 1) BWF89 We should shorten the main article on GMail and fork some of the sections into seperate articles. The average user isn't going to want to read that much about GMail 12:04, 09 Feburary 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Long articles are harder to read and harder to edit (in a consisitant manner), I say split it up. OoberMick 15:50, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Option No Abridgement
This option would not shorten the article.

 * I don't think there's a need for abridgement. The 32 kb size for articles is pretty much a general recommended size for articles, or as it says: "preferable". It's not like it's not allowed to have articles longer than 32 kb. There are many articles on Wikipedia that must have more content than that. Examples to look at are:
 * I don't think there's a need for abridgement. The 32 kb size for articles is pretty much a general recommended size for articles, or as it says: "preferable". It's not like it's not allowed to have articles longer than 32 kb. There are many articles on Wikipedia that must have more content than that. Examples to look at are:

 * Jesus
 * Mozilla Firefox (very similar in content to the Gmail article)
 * Cat
 * Cheese

 * And there's a lot more than that. Some articles are rich in content due to the interest of the contributors, and, not to forget, the subject itself, and how much publicity it generates; some articles just don't have enough material to write about, some do.

 * While surely the Gmail article has some redundant information that's quite not worth to preserve in history, I think that most of the stuff in it is quite interesting for those who really want to learn more about Gmail. I've learned a lot about Gmail and other useful stuff from the Gmail article. I wish the same for everyone else, and frankly, a lot of people would miss out on it if they had to go through the trouble to click on yet another wikilink (yes, there are people who happen to be that lazy).

 * Also, something worth mentioning is that this is NOT a normal encyclopedia. In normal encyclopedias, they don't have a virtually limitless amount of contributors, therefore, they can't waste too much time on writing a lot about less important subjects like Gmail. We on the other hand can. We shouldn't squander that ability by conforming too much to real encyclopedias. That's why Wikipedia kicks ass. This is how a perfect encyclopedic article would've been about Gmail:

 * Gmail is a free webmail from Google. It is famous for its huge storage of over 2 GigaByte. It requires invitations to get an account.

 * And that's it. They honestly wouldn't write more than that. They don't have time. EliasAlucard|Talk 13:59, 02 Sept, 2005 (UTC)

 * It's long, wordy and boring But I do not see anything wrong with the length. I personally think some areas can be combined and that some content (especially the section that tells someone in Germany to break their laws) should be removed.  If there is some debate about a particular piece, I would more likely comment on that portion.  Also, the authors may want to create a Wikibook instead of putting all this information here.  Once there it will not need to be there. --Terry 17:20, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Length is still OK. --User:Sweets (talk) 12:31, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The important thing is that the term can be understood by reading just the first few sentences. Additional info is almost always good, so long as it adds to the reader's understanding of the term (i.e. is not misleading or confusing).

 * I think that as an encyclopedia, Wikipedia should try to capture a wider audience by inserting more information instaed of shortening articles. What will then be the difference between reading a cheapie newspaper article and this article at Wikipedia? Although I'm not an expert on gmail, I think that in order to uphold its place as an "encyclopedia", the article should not be shortened. User:Instantnood

 * I think as long as the interest is here (which it clearly is for the page to continue to be as well edited as it is) then we should leave it. If the information was dated and interest in the topic was minimal, I'd want it shortened; but as it is, i think it's fine. Caleb 02:30, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Article is not that long compared to many others, Gmail has been steadily growing, at exponential rates for a while because of the invite system. I think just removing redundant information ould be more appropriate for this article rather than summarizing sections. However, I would not to note the fact that Gmail will grow and new features are coming out so it may be necessary down the road, but at the moment, it's fine. There are articles in much worse states out there like the whole RuneScape series. SandBoxer 02:51, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The beauty of Wikipedia is that its content is perfect as a source for research. It is taking bits of information from everyone and putting it together to form an authoritative source on the subject, not a quicky explanation. That is what a dictionary-style one-volume encyclopedia is for. --Borisborf 22:36, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Too many links
I think a separate page (IE Gmail External Links or something) would make it look way shorter.

title: Talk:Gmail/Vote


text:
Cities of Refuge

The cities of refuge (ערי המקלט ‘ārê ha-miqlāṭ) were six Levitical towns in the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah in which the perpetrators of accidental manslaughter could claim the right of asylum. Maimonides, invoking talmudic literature, expands the city of refuge count to all 48 Levitical cities. Outside of these cities, blood vengeance against such perpetrators was allowed by law. The Bible names the six cities of refuge as follows: Golan, Ramoth, and Bosor to the east (left bank) of the Jordan River; and Kedesh, Shechem, and Hebron on the western (right) side.

In Numbers
In the Book of Numbers, the laws concerning the cities of refuge state that, once he had claimed asylum, a perpetrator had to be taken from the city and put on trial; if the trial found that the perpetrator was innocent of murder, then the perpetrator had to be returned under guard (for their own protection) to the city in which they had claimed asylum. This law code treats blood money as an unacceptable device that would compound the crime, insisting that atonement can only be made by the murderer's blood.

Numbers states that no harm was allowed to come to the perpetrator once the Jewish high priest had died, at which point the perpetrator was free to leave the city without fear.

In Deuteronomy
In the setting of the Book of Deuteronomy, the Israelites have conquered several kingdoms on the east side of the Jordan river, and are about to enter the land of Canaan. At this point, Moses separated three cities of refuge on the east side. Later on, it is prescribed that three cities of refuge be set aside in Canaan once it is conquered, with three additional cities to be set aside 'if the Lord your God enlarges your territory'. Thus, the total number of cities could be as high as nine. Albert Barnes stated that the additional three cities allowed for "the anticipated enlargement of the borders of Israel to the utmost limits promised by God, from the river of Egypt to the Euphrates" and the King James Version refers in  to the enlargement of the coast of the promised land.

While the Book of Numbers describes the perpetrator being put on trial, Deuteronomy merely states that if the perpetrator is guilty of murder, the elders of the town in which the crime was committed should demand the perpetrator's return and hand him over without pity to the avenger of blood to be killed. Deuteronomy does not give any role to the high priest or mention the terms on which the perpetrator could return home, but does state that roads should be built to the cities of refuge to ease the escape of the perpetrator to them.

In Joshua
A chapter in the Book of Joshua also reiterates the regulations for the cities of refuge, adding that when a perpetrator arrived at the city, he had to disclose the events that had occurred to the city elders, after which they had to find him a place to live within the city. Modern biblical critics regard the chapter as being written by the Deuteronomist. Though the Masoretic Text for this chapter includes a role for the death of the high priest, the Septuagint's version of the chapter does not mention it.

Origin and development
In many ancient cultures, the inviolability of deities was considered to extend to their religious sanctuaries and all that resided within, whether criminals, debtors, escaped slaves, priests, ordinary people, or, in some cases, passing cattle; biblical scholars suspect that Israelite culture was originally no different. In general, the area covered by these rights of sanctuary varied from a small area around the altar or other centrepiece to a large area beyond the limits of the town containing the sanctuary (the limits often being marked in some way), depending on the significance of the deity and the importance of the sanctuary; it was considered a greater crime to drag an individual from the sanctuary or to kill them there than it was to defile the sanctuary itself.

Biblical scholars perceive this simple right of asylum at sanctuaries as being presented by the Covenant Code, which textual scholars attribute to the 8th century BC. Biblical scholars also believe that this right was the context underlying the account in the Books of Kings of Joab and Adonijah each fleeing from Solomon to an altar, with their opponents being unwilling to attack them while they remained there; textual scholars regard these passages as being part of the Court History of David, which they date to the 9th century BC, or earlier.

Over time, these general rights of asylum were gradually curtailed, as some sanctuaries had become notorious hotbeds of crime; in Athens, for example, the regulations were changed so that slaves were only permitted to escape to the sanctuary of the temple of Theseus. This is considered by scholars to be the reason that, in Israelite culture, the rights were restricted to just six locations by the time the Priestly Code was compiled—the late 7th century according to textual scholars —and it is thus regarded by biblical scholars as being no coincidence that the three cities of refuge to the west of the Jordan were also important ancient religious sanctuaries; little is known about the cities of refuge to the east of the Jordan (as of 1901), but scholars consider it reasonable to assume that they were once also important sanctuaries.

The Deuteronomic Code is regarded by textual scholars as dating from the reign of Josiah, which postdates the fall of the Kingdom of Israel to the Assyrians; this is considered to be the reason that only three (unnamed) cities of refuge are mentioned in the Deuteronomic Code, with a further three only being added if the Israelite territory was expanded, as by the time of Josiah's reign, the cities east of the Jordan were no longer controlled by the Israelites. The lack of importance given by the Deuteronomic Code to the identity of the cities of refuge is considered by scholars to be an attempt to continue the right of asylum, even though the sanctuaries (apart from the Temple in Jerusalem) had been abolished by Josiah's reforms.

In rabbinic sources
As killers were freed from the city of refuge upon the death of the High Priest, the Mishnah states that the high priest's mother would traditionally supply them with clothing and food, so that they would not wish for the death of her son. The Talmud argues that the death of the high priest formed an atonement, as the death of pious individuals counted as an atonement. Maimonides argued that the death of the high priest was simply an event so upsetting to the Israelites that they dropped all thoughts of vengeance.

The Talmud states that, in accordance with the requirement to especially build roads to the cities of refuge, the roads to these cities were not only marked by signposts saying "Refuge", but the roads were 32 ells wide—twice the regulation width—and were particularly smooth and even, in order that fugitives were as unhindered as possible.

The classical rabbinical writers regarded all the cities controlled by the Levites as being cities of refuge, although they considered that asylum could only be claimed against the will of a city's inhabitants if the city was one of the six main cities of refuge. Although there the six main cities of refuge were named in the Bible, the Talmudic sources argued that other cities could, over time, be officially substituted for these six, to take account of changing political circumstances. The substitute cities of refuge were constrained to be only of moderate size, since, if they were too small, there could be scarcity of food, forcing the refugee to imperil himself by leaving the city to find sustenance, and, if they were too large, then it would be too easy for an avenger of blood to hide in the crowds; nevertheless, the surrounding region was required to be quite populous since that way, an attack by the avenger of blood could be more easily repelled. The altar of the Temple in Jerusalem also came to be regarded as a place of sanctuary, but only counted for the officiating priest, and even then only temporarily, as the priest ultimately had to be taken to a city of refuge; when Jerusalem was under Seleucid control, Demetrius I offered to turn the Temple into an official place of sanctuary, though the offer was turned down.

The rabbinical sources differentiated between four forms of killing, sometimes giving examples:
 * Complete innocence, for which no further action was necessary. This situation arises when someone is killed while the perpetrator is fulfilling his legal duties such as corporal punishment; for example, a father who strikes his son, a teacher who disciplines/chastises his student, and an agent of the court deputized to flog transgressors.
 * Negligence, which required exile to a city of refuge. This situation arises when someone is killed as a result of legal activity, which the perpetrator was not required to perform.
 * Severe carelessness, for which exile is insufficient. This situation arises when someone is accidentally killed as a result of illegal activity by the perpetrator; for example, this situation arises if a shop owner fails to maintain their property, and it collapses and kills a legitimate customer.
 * Murder, which was subject to the death penalty.

According to classical rabbinical authorities, the cities of refuge were not places of protection, but places where atonement was made; Philo explained this principle as being based on the theory that an innocent man would never be chosen by God as the instrument of another man's death, and therefore those claiming refuge at these cities must have committed some sin before they had killed, for which their exile acts as an atonement. Thus, these rabbinical authorities argued that if the perpetrator had died before reaching a city of refuge, their body still had to be taken there, and, if they had died before the high priest had, then their body had to be buried at the city of refuge until the high priest expired; even if the perpetrator lived beyond the death of the high priest, some opinions forbade them from holding political office. Furthermore, since it was to be a place of atonement, the rabbinical authorities required that the perpetrator should always contemplate the fact that they had killed someone and should refuse any honour that the denizens of the city might grant them from time to time, unless the denizens persisted.

title: Cities of Refuge


text: User talk:69.240.217.81

title: User talk:69.240.217.81


text:
Herpetic whitlow

A herpetic whitlow is a herpes lesion (whitlow), typically on a finger or thumb, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Occasionally infection occurs on the toes or on the nail cuticle. Herpes whitlow can be caused by infection by HSV-1 or HSV-2. HSV-1 whitlow is often contracted by health care workers that come in contact with the virus; it is most commonly contracted by dental workers and medical workers exposed to oral secretions. It is also often observed in thumb-sucking children with primary HSV-1 oral infection (autoinoculation) prior to seroconversion, and in adults aged 20 to 30 following contact with HSV-2-infected genitals.

Symptoms and signs
Symptoms of herpetic whitlow include swelling, reddening, and tenderness of the infected part. This may be accompanied by fever and swollen lymph nodes. Small, clear vesicles initially form individually, then merge and become cloudy, unlike in bacterial whitlow when there is pus. Associated pain often seems largely relative to the physical symptoms. The herpes whitlow lesion usually heals in two to three weeks. It may reside in axillary sensory ganglia to cause recurrent herpetic lesions on that arm or digits. Blistering can occur in severe cases.

Causes
In children the primary source of infection is the orofacial area, and it is commonly inferred that the virus (in this case commonly HSV-1) is transferred by the cutting, chewing or sucking of fingernail or thumbnail.

In adults, it is more common for the primary source to be the genital region, with a corresponding preponderance of HSV-2. It is also seen in adult health care workers such as dentists because of increased exposure to the herpes virus.

Contact sports are also a potential source of infection with herpetic whitlows.

Treatment
Although it is a self-limited illness, oral or intravenous antiviral treatments, particularly acyclovir, have been used in the management of immunocompromised or severely infected patients. It is usually given when the condition fails to improve on its own. Topical acyclovir has not been shown to be effective in management of herpetic whitlow. Famciclovir has been demonstrated to effectively treat and prevent recurrent episodes. Lancing or surgically debriding the lesion may make it worse by causing a superinfection or encephalitis.

Prognosis
Even though the disease is self-limiting, as with many herpes infections, the virus lies dormant in the peripheral nervous system. The disease recurs in about 20-50% of people. The most severe infection is usually the first one, with recurrences subsequently getting milder. The lesions the disease makes will either dry out, or burst, followed by healing. If the infected area is not touched, scars usually do not occur. The immunocompromised may have a hard time recovering, and have more frequent recurrences.

title: Herpetic whitlow


text:
Talk:Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński

Untitled
Just for the record, classical philologist is not a linguist. --barbatus 15:15, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

kind of funny
he was born in russian empire, in ukraine, was known for his translations of greek literature into russian, moved to poland after the revolution and he is now a 'polish philologist'. he didn't even stay in poland but died in germany

also the article is poorly written by some, i suppose, pole and its grammar needs some clearing — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.118.64.60 (talk) from Russian Federation, 13:40, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński


text:
Jack Kamen

Jack Kamen (May 29, 1920 – August 5, 2008) was an American illustrator for books, magazines, comic books and advertising, known for his work illustrating crime, horror, humour, suspense and science fiction stories for EC Comics, for his work in advertising, and for the onscreen artwork he contributed to the 1982 horror anthology film Creepshow.

Early life
Jack Kamen was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York City, on May 29, 1920.

Career
Kamen's first professional job was as an assistant to a sculptor working for the Texas Centennial. He studied sculpture with Agop Agopoff and was a student of Harvey Dunn, George Brandt Bridgman and William C. McNulty. When Kamen attended classes at the Art Students League and the Grand Central Art School, he paid for his studies by painting theatrical scenery, decorating fashion mannequins and creating sculptures. Shortly after he began his illustration career with Western and detective pulp magazines, he was called into the Army in 1942. After World War II, he started drawing comic book stories for Fiction House and the Eisner & Iger studio.

EC Comics
Artist Al Feldstein also did work for the Eisner & Iger studio, where Kamen and Feldstein became friends. Later, Feldstein brought Kamen into EC Comics, as Kamen recalled in an interview with Ken Smith:
 * He called me up, and I went in and met both of them. Al was there. Bill said, 'This boy wonder of mine is recommending you for this work.' I was delighted, because Bill Gaines was always Bill Gaines, and Al was my friend. So I got the work. I was glad to get it. And then, as the popularity increased, Bill one day said, "Look, I don't know what you're getting, but I'll meet anybody's price and I'll keep you busy all of the time. How would you like to be exclusive?" And I said I'd love it!

After initially getting EC assignments to illustrate romance comics, he soon became one of the most prolific EC artists, drawing crime, horror, humour, suspense and science fiction stories. He was known for his drawings of attractive women. Describing Kamen's understated style, EC editor Al Feldstein said, "We gave Kamen those stories where the All-American girl and guy are married and then chop each other to pieces." In Tales from the Crypt #31, Kamen drew a semi-autobiographical self-satire, "Kamen's Kalamity", later adapted to HBO's Tales from the Crypt TV series as "Korman's Kalamity". The story depicted the transition from romance to horror by Kamen, who called it "my favourite story".

After EC's line of comics fell victim to industry censorship in 1954–55, it was Kamen who suggested to the publisher that the company could avoid the newly imposed Comics Code Authority strictures with a pricier magazine format, which Kamen dubbed Picto-Fiction. However, EC's woes followed the new line of Picto-Fiction titles, including those with stories by Kamen. The magazines were underdistributed and soon canceled.

Advertising art
After leaving EC, Kamen began drawing Sunday supplement illustrations and creating advertising art for a wide variety of clients: Esquire Shoe Polish, Mack Trucks, Pan American Airlines, Playtex, RCA, Smith Corona and Sylvania. For artist Tom Palmer, Kamen described one of his unusual painting techniques:
 * Did you know I used Prismacolor pencils along with an acrylic paint wash to create my paintings? I would use a smooth illustration board and apply my basic color in a very watery wash of acrylic, and after it dried I would start rendering with Prismacolor pencil. Then I would take an electric eraser, with a particular eraser, that when you erased anything before you got down to removing color, you could mix the colour pencil very, very smooth, almost like an oil painting. For instance, I would mix a puddle of acrylic paint flesh color and put that down as a watercolor wash. As soon as it dried, I would add all the details in colored pencil. In areas that needed correction, I would paint opaque white acrylic and then go back and do colored pencils again. The electric eraser blended all the pencils into a smooth look. If you look at a painting of Santa Claus, the beard is opaque white acrylic, put down as a watercolor wash, then the shading and gray tones were added in color pencil, the electric eraser gave the fuzzy look to all that.

He also drew all the comic book artwork for Stephen King and George A. Romero's 1982 horror anthology film Creepshow, King and Romero's homage to the EC horror comics. Although the bulk of the artwork for the graphic novel adaptation of the film was done by acclaimed macabre artist Berni Wrightson (along with his daughter who did some of the coloring), Kamen illustrated the cover.

Personal life
Jack Kamen married his wife, Evelyn, in 1946. They had four children.

His eldest son, Barton, was a director of pediatric hematology/oncology at the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, a professor of pediatrics and pharmacology at UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and the chief medical officer of the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. Bart died on September 27, 2012. Bart's daughter Libby is Jack and Evelyn's only grandchild.

His son Dean Kamen is the inventor of the Segway and the iBOT Mobility System, and Jack Kamen drew the patent renderings of the Segway. He also designed the logo for Dean Kamen's FIRST program.

Mitch and Terri are twins and the youngest of the four children. Mitch is a musician in New York and his only daughter Terri is the owner and general manager of an insurance agency in Palm Beach County, Florida.

Kamen died at his home in Boca Raton on August 5, 2008, from complications of cancer.

title: Jack Kamen


text:
Millbrook, Cornwall

Millbrook (Govermelin) is a civil parish and village in southeast Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The village is situated on the Rame Peninsula four miles (6.5 km) south of Saltash. The population of Millbrook was 2,033 in the 2001 census, increasing to 2,214 at the 2011 census.

Millbrook is at the head of a tidal creek which has been dammed since 1977 as a flood prevention measure. The resulting pool and wetlands are a birdwatching site.

The seal of the borough of Millbrook was a mill with waterwheel in a stream of water amid trees and hounds, with the legend "Sigillum de Millbrookia".

Religion and Culture
The modern parish church is dedicated to All Saints. The parish was created from part of Maker parish in 1869. The village also has a Methodist chapel.

The Black Prince Parade takes place on May Day bank holiday. During mid-morning a procession of dancers and singers parade through Millbrook and the neighbouring villages of Kingsand and Cawsand, stopping at chosen houses and inns on the way. They carry with them a boat decorated with all the available spring flowers. In the evening, the boat is launched onto the water with an accompanying firework display. The ritual has been carried out in Millbrook since the 14th century.

Sport

The local football club was founded in 1888 and competes in the South West Peninsula League, which sits at Steps 6 and 7 of the National League System. The club plays at Jenkins Park (formerly Mill Park) The club  has competed in the FA Vase & FA Cup.

Millbrook, along with the rest of the Rame Peninsula is a fishing area, with several fishing areas located in and around the village.

In 2008, sailor and adventurer Pete Goss MBE built a 37-foot Cornish lugger, Spirit of Mystery, with the help of local craftsmen in a shed at Innsworke Mill Boat Yard in Millbrook. The boat is a replica of Mystery, which made a round voyage to Australia in from 1854 to 1855 .

Cornish wrestling
Cornish wrestling tournaments were held at the Rose and Crown in Millbrook.

Notable residents
The former football player Reg Jenkins was born in Millbrook in 1938. During his career, he played for Plymouth Argyle, Exeter City, Torquay United and Rochdale. The local football club plays at Jenkins Park, which was named after him.

title: Millbrook, Cornwall


text:
Talk:Categories for the Working Mathematician

Untitled
I've heard that this book is not an introduction, but rather a reference guide, which should not be read, but only used to look up half-forgotten stuff. --MarSch 15:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree; the book is based on lectures given by Mac Lane when he was teaching the subject. The Introduction begins "Category theory starts with the observation that many properties of mathematical systems can be unified and simplified by a presentation with diagrams of arrows. Chapter I begins with the axioms, and the sections include exercises. It is hardly encyclopedic, so it would be somewhat poor as a reference guide. It was meant as a textbook, and functions quite well as a textbook. --Magidin 11:15, 30 August 2005 (CDT)

 * Thanks. I'll be sure to read to it sometime then :) --MarSch 13:30, 1 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
File:Flash And The Pan - Flash And The Pan album cover.jpg

Summary
Flash And The Pan - Flash And The Pan. Original UK LP album cover.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alphabetical list of Taunton, Massachusetts streets

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:53, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

Alphabetical list of Taunton, Massachusetts streets
Here we have an incomplete list of streets in Taunton, Massachusetts, together with their postcodes. At the bottom we are informed where the traffic is thickest during rush hours. Wikipedia is not a postcode directory and a grab-bag of data. Pilatus 15:18, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * WP:NOT a phone book, which is where you look for a listing like this. Merge the rush hour stuff into Taunton, Massachusetts and burn the rest. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 15:24:22, 2005-08-30 (UTC)
 * Merge relevant information to Taunton, Massachusetts. I did a few edits on this page just to improve it while it was around, but I agree it doesn't belong in the long run.  Sahasrahla 15:33, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:NOT. I'd almost call this a Taunton Vanity article. I'm not sure the traffic information's even merge-worthy.  It's not sourced, and I'm guessing it's original research, although I'll admit I'm letting the list of irrelevant (to streets) external links make me think this is the work of an overly proud Taunton resident.  The Literate Engineer 15:38, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I'm all for road articles... but this is absurd.Gateman1997 17:03, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Literate Engineer. --TimPope 17:45, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme delete. Zoe 21:57, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Excuse me, but hell no. V. Molotov [[Image:Large bonfire.jpg|25px]] 22:05, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it. Don't merge it with other perfectly good articles! -Splash 22:23, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or Keep its a fairly useful (if you live there) but innocuous article on road names and ZIP codes--Machtzu 22:53, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not an encyclopedic article.Gateman1997 06:13, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
File:CoilTheSnow.jpeg

Summary
Coil: The Snow cover

Fair use rationale for the article The Snow
The use of this non-free image in the article The Snow is fair because: ''Note that this does not claim fair use in articles other than The Snow. If you wish to use this image in another article, please add a new fair use rationale below.''
 * 1) No free or public domain images can be created for this album cover.
 * 2) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the album in any way.
 * 3) This image is widely distributed in other venues, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is.
 * 4) The cover is being used for educational and informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original album in any way, or deprive its copyright holders of any financial gain.
 * 5) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, and could not be used as artwork on illegal CD copies of the album.

title: File:CoilTheSnow.jpeg


text:
Great Works River

The Great Works River is a 30.6 mi river in southwestern Maine in the United States. It rises in central York County and flows generally south past North Berwick and joins the tidal part of the Salmon Falls River at South Berwick.

The native Newichawannock band of Abenaki called it the Asbenbedick. In July 1634, William Chadbourne, James Wall and John Goddard arrived from England aboard the ship Pied Cow with a commission to build a sawmill and gristmill at the river's Assabumbadoc Falls. The sawmill they built, thought to be the first over-shot water-powered site in America, was located in the "Rocky Gorge" below today's Brattle Street bridge. Their sawmill was rebuilt with up to 20 saws on what was then the "Little River" in 1651 by Richard Leader, an engineer granted exclusive right to the water power. It was thereafter called the "Great mill workes," from which the Great Works River derives its present name.

title: Great Works River


text: User talk:195.188.254.82

title: User talk:195.188.254.82


text:
Kobine

Kobine is a traditional dance and festival unique to the people of Lawra area of north-western Ghana. They are also called the Dagaaba tribe. The dance and the festival named after it are celebrated in September and October to mark the end of a successful harvest.

Festival
The Kobine festival is celebrated to thank the gods and ancestors for a bumper harvest hence it is known as a festival of harvest and celebration of family. During this time, members of the community who have traveled or settled in other areas away from home, Lawra usually return home to unite with their families and celebrate.

The festival of Kobine lasts four days, with the first day usually reserved for visiting family and friends. The second and third days are the official holidays. A procession of the family heads is accompanied by groups of younger people dressed to represent hunters and elephants.

A number of speeches are made by dignitaries and other guests of honour before the Kobine dance competition begins.

Dance
The Kobine music is produced from kuor, a drum instrument with a base made from a gourd, and dalar, a smaller drum made from the neck of a clay pot. The men usually dress in beautifully decorated skirts, but are usually bare-chested to demonstrate their masculinity as well as their flexibility while they dance. Other ornaments such as headgear and caps are worn. The women dress similarly to the men, except they generally will wear a blouse. Both men and women wear a ring of bells around the ankles to accentuate their rhythmic moves when they dance.

The dance itself consists of quick rhythmic moves especially with the trunk or upper body. At the peak moves period of the dance, the women will generally cut in and dance in front of their favorite male dancer.

title: Kobine