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Apiacá

The Apiacá, or Apiaká, are an indigenous people of Brazil, who live in northern Mato Grosso, near the border of Pará. They speak an Apiacá language that is a subgroup part of the Tupi-Guarani languages, though many today speak Portuguese. Prior to the 19th century, the Apiacá were a warlike tribe with a heavily agricultural culture. Around the mid-19th century, their numbers began to decline. This decrease coincided with the contact of European settlers in Brazil. Though thought to be extinct, their numbers, today, are increasing. In 2001, there were only 192 Apiaká. As of 2009, there are a thousand Apiaká people.

Language
The Apiaká language belongs to subgroup VI of the Tupi-Guarani languages. After coming into contact with the Neo-Brazilians, the Apiaca language changed with combined elements of the Lingua Geral, A Tupi-based trade jargon. Today, Portuguese or Munduruku are more widely spoken as opposed to the Apiaca language, though these people have always been known by the name "Apiaca." Today there are only four people aged over 50 who speak and understand the Apiaca language, one person speaks the language fully, another two possess less proficiency and the fourth has yet to be evaluated in close detail. Therefore, the language is at grave risk of becoming extinct.

All the Apiaca speak Portuguese and those married to members of the Munduruku and Kaiabi tribes speak their spouse’s language fluently or have the ability to understand them fully. Although the Munduruku and Kaiabi languages and idioms are spoken on a day-to-day basis in the Apiaca villages, they are, however, limited to domestic spaces and informal conversations. The language used in formal conversations is Portuguese, due to contact with the Neo-Brazilians and Portuguese settlers. Although they cannot impose their own language on the co-resident Munduruku and Kaiabi people, due to such a small number of them who actually speak the Apiaca language, the Apiaca manage to impede the languages of these peoples from becoming the official languages in their villages. This allows Portuguese to function as an instrument of resistance employed by the Apiaca to prevent their cultural absorption by the Munduruku and Kaiabi tribes.

Despite the linguistic proximity, the Apiaká do not allow Kaiabi to be taught in their villages’ schools: this stems from historically bad relations with this tribe. However, due to the better relationship the Apiaca have with the Munduruku people, they permit Munduruku teachers to give lessons in their own language. For many years the Apiaca have been attempting to revive their language through the schools in their villages but have so far been unsuccessful. In recent years there has been an initiative to create a book known as the "Apiaca Word" in order to catalog the language.

Name
They are also known as Apiacá or Apiake people. Apiaká is said to have come from the Tupi word apiapa which means "people" or "man". Contrary to this origin, "the Apiaká leaders explain that their people's name refers to a wasp that when attacked travels long distances to exact revenge on the aggressor with an extremely painful sting." The name of the Apiacá people explains their beliefs in war and a warrior attitude.

Location
Until 1848, the Apiacá mainly were found between the left bank of the Arinos River and the right bank of the Juruena River. However, pressure from the Neo-Brazilians caused a large portion of the Apiacá tribe to migrate towards the São Manoel River. During the early late 1800s however, the Apiacá disappeared from São Manoel. In 1895, the remnants of 100 people of this tribe were found between Salto São Simão and São Florencio. Currently, because of the growing recovery of the tribe, there are 7 villages that are located in the states of Mato Grosso and Pará. These 7 villages include: Mayrob, Figueirinha, Mairowy, Bom Futuro, Vista Alegre, Minhocuçu, and Pontal.

History
The earliest records concerning the Apiacá date from 1791 to 1805, although it is possible that these Indians may have encountered Europeans as early as 1747.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Apiacá tribe consisted of nearly 16,000 people. In 1812, one settlement consisted of around 500 people of which half were warriors. They were once a large tribe until the rubber boom took over Amazonia. The rubber boom also pushed and scattered the Apiacá away from their historical territory. The Apiacá had a strong fighting culture. They often fought with their nearby competitors, such as the Tapanyuna tribe, located on the right side of the Arinos River. However, the Apiacá did not fight for materials, but instead to avenge past conflicts. With around 200 to 300 warriors, every year they would march to battle against another tribe. Apiacá would also practice cannibalism on their prisoners. Throughout the existence of the Apiacá, their numbers have declined dramatically. Because of the establishment of the "Collectoria estadol do Mato Grosso" in 1912, many were killed and 32 remained. They were killed in compensation for an attack they made at the collector’s office. In 1916 there was evidence of some black people having been assimilated into the tribe.

In 1957, two ethnologists, undertaking a study of indigenous groups in Brazil, mistakenly declared the Apiacá extinct. They posited a number of possible causes for this supposed extinction: disease epidemics, massacres stemming from resistance to colonization, warfare with neighboring native people, and assimilation into other indigenous groups. In fact, during this entire time the tribe was still very much alive, living amongst the Kaiabi and Munduruku peoples but preserving many aspects of their own distinct culture.

Culture and customs
The earliest records of the Apiaca people suggest that they had large plots of cultivated fields, and grew a great array of crops. Crops harvested include sweet cassava (manioc), cara, yams, peanuts, sweet potatoes, maize, beans, lima beans, pumpkins, cotton, and as of 1848, watermelons. Planting and harvesting were typically communal activities, although typically performed by women. Although early sources do not make mention of any domestic animals, by the mid-19th century the Apiaca came to have pigs, dogs, chickens, ducks, and several other birds. They hunted peccaries, tapirs, and capybaras, and used baskets set at the bottom of weirs across the mouths of streams in order to catch fish.

Apiaca settlements were formerly beside the river and typically consisted of a single, large house surrounded by a clearing. The huts were rectangular and covered with thatched roofs, and the walls were made of bark or palm. Inside the homes, cotton hammocks, made of either coarse fabric or net, were hung along the walls. Large bark canoes provided transportation across the waterways. Baskets, trays, sieves, and supports for various vessels were woven with strips of creeper, and ceramic pots, pans, and dishes were manufactured. Musical instruments were a part of their culture as well, as they had drums, rattles, and bamboo trumpets. Weapons and ornaments were the only forms of private property. Iron tools obtained from Europeans were of great value, although the Apiaca occasionally stole them from the Europeans.

Each Apiaca communal hut constituted a settlement and had at least one chief. The title of a chief was passed from father to son or, in the absence of an heir apparent, to the nearest relative. The chief was unique in that he was allowed as many as three wives, although typically his authority was exercised "unobtrusively". However, in times of war and in encounters with foreigners, the chief assumed great authority. This was evidenced by his distinctive ornaments, which included a large, white shell collar, a feather diadem, and a large belt of black beads and human teeth. After childbirth, a mother was confined for only one day, and children were raised in an atmosphere of love and affection. Boys were tattooed by women using thorns in a process completed at the age of 14. In this ritual, boys had a rectangle tattooed around their mouth, symbolizing that the boy could eat human flesh. Facial tattoos consisted of marks from each ear to the nose, chin, and mouth, while designs on the body displayed war and hunting accomplishments. Women were tattooed after marriage with a design consisting of a rectangle on the chin, with a band running to the ears. With the exception of the chief, the Apiaca were monogamous and married at the age of 14. Divorce was allowed, with custody of children going to the father in these cases. The dead were buried in shallow graves under their hammocks in the house, and their bones were exhumed after a year to be buried in the original grave.

The Apiaca fought and warred regularly with their neighbors, who included the Nambicuara, the Parintintin, the Tapanyuna, and others, for the purpose of avenging former issues. War expeditions of 200 to 300 warriors were embarked upon after the harvest, but only in the event of the shamans predicting victory. Several villages might cooperate under the leadership of a chief in times of war, and cannibalism – the eating of prisoners and those killed in battle – was practiced with elaborate ceremonies as late as 1848.

Religion
The Apiaca believed in a god who created the sky and earth and who showed his anger and displeasure in the form of thunder and lightning. Shamans were greatly respected and told the future through trances and speaking with the spirits. They treated the ill by blowing on the patient, sucking the afflicted part of the body, and washing the patient in a herbal bath.

title: Apiacá


text:
Sam Keen

Sam Keen (born 1931) is an American author, professor, and philosopher who is best known for his exploration of questions regarding love, life, wonder, religion, and being a male in contemporary society. He co-produced Faces of the Enemy, an award-winning PBS documentary; was the subject of a Bill Moyers' television special in the early 1990s; and for 20 years served as a contributing editor at Psychology Today magazine. He is also featured in the 2003 documentary Flight from Death.

Keen completed his undergraduate studies at Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, and later completed graduate degrees at Harvard University and Princeton University.

Keen is married to Patricia de Jong, who is a former senior minister of First Congregational Church of Berkeley, United Church of Christ, in Berkeley, California.

In print

 * Prodigal Father, Wayward Son (2015)
 * In the Absence of God: Dwelling in the Presence of the Sacred (2010)
 * Sightings: Extraordinary Encounters with Ordinary Birds (Chronicle Books, 2007)
 * Learning to Fly: Reflections on Fear, Trust, and the Joy of Letting Go (1999)
 * To Love and Be Loved (Bantam, 1997)
 * Hymns to an Unknown God (Bantam, 1994)
 * Inward Bound: Exploring the Geography of Your Emotions (Bantam, 1992)
 * Fire in the Belly: On Being a Man (Bantam, 1991)
 * Your Mythic Journey (Tarcher, 1990)
 * Faces of the Enemy. Reflections of the Hostile Imagination. (Harper and Row, San Francisco 1986)

Out of print

 * The Passionate Life (Harper and Row)
 * Beginnings Without End (Harper and Row, 1975)
 * To a Dancing God (Harper and Row, 1970)
 * Apology for Wonder (Harper and Row, 1969)
 * Gabriel Marcel (John Knox Press, 1967)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sam Keen


text:
User:Shastra

Taking a break...

title: User:Shastra


text:
User talk:Biber

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Jūzeris | Talk 16:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Biber


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brother chinese restaurant

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 15:23, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Brother chinese restaurant
Not "famous," but an ordinary, non-notable small business like hundreds of other restaurants in the DC area. choster 16:12, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: google is unforgiving --Raistlin 16:33, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 18 Google hits on "Brother chinese restaurant". None of them seem to point to the one in the article. --GraemeL (talk) 16:52, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom Alf 19:46, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. (Note: This VfD page was blanked today by the IP that created the page under discussion.) — Nowhither 22:24, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tom Bowl

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Nkeep. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:46, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Tom Bowl
This article was previously marked for speedy deletion, but I decided to post it here on VFD to get more opinions. This article is about a group of fans who organized a college football bowl game to entice the country's best football teams into playing to determine who is the real national champion. Of course, no school has accepted a Tom Bowl invite. I have cleaned up the article to erase the portions of what looked more like a press release. The only thing I can think of how this might be notable is that it has been written about by a few media sources. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 16:13, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as it has drawn at least a modicum of mainstream media coverage. I'd think an edit at the front to emphasize that the game is not and has never been played is in order, though.  — Lomn | Talk 16:58:35, 2005-08-23 (UTC)
 * Weak keep- this is interesting and informative, and barely meets notability requirements. I think it's encyclopedic.--Scimitar parley 23:23, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Guillaume Lekeu

Jean Joseph Nicolas Guillaume Lekeu (20 January 1870 – 21 January 1894) was a Belgian composer.

Life
Lekeu was born in Heusy, a village near Verviers, Belgium. He originally studied piano and music theory under Alphonse Voss, the director of the brass band at the local conservatory. In 1879, his parents moved to Poitiers, France. He continued to pursue his music studies independently while at school, composing his first piece at the age of 15. From 1885 onwards, he regularly composed new music, especially chamber music, and studied harmony and violin from 1887 under Octave Grisard.

In June 1888, his family moved to Paris where he began to study philosophy. He was introduced to the works of Téodor de Wyzewa and continued his studies under Gaston Vallin. In August 1889, he traveled to Bayreuth to see the operas of Richard Wagner. On his return, he studied counterpoint and fugue privately with César Franck. Franck encouraged him to continue composing; after Franck's death in the autumn of 1890, Wyzewa introduced him to Vincent d'Indy, who taught him orchestration and encouraged him to compete for the Belgian Prix de Rome, awarded in Brussels. In 1891, he won second prize in the competition for the cantata Andromède.

In 1892, d'Indy introduced Lekeu to Octave Maus, then secretary of Brussels-based Le Cercle des XX. Eugène Ysaÿe commissioned a work from him, the Violin Sonata in G major, which premiered in March 1893, and is his most famous and most often recorded work.

Lekeu contracted typhoid fever from a contaminated sorbet in October 1893. He died in his parents' home in Angers on 21 January 1894, the day after his 24th birthday. On 26 January 1894, he was buried in a small cemetery in Heusy.

Musical style and influences
Lekeu's personal style was present in his earliest compositions. In 1887, he said "Bien plus, ce sera bizarre, détraqué, horrible, tout ce qu'on voudra; mais, du moins, ce sera original" ("Even more, it will be weird, mad, horrible, anything you like, but at least it will be original").

Lekeu's string quartets were inspired by Beethoven, and exposure to Wagner's operas at Bayreuth influenced his approaches to melody. He described this as "des mélodies de telle longueur qu'un seul exposé suffisait à parfaire ... un morceau de musique" ("melodies of such length that a single presentation was sufficient to complete ... a piece of music").

His primary influence was Franck. Many of his works are characterized by a certain melancholy: in his own words, "la joie [est] mille fois plus difficile à peindre que la souffrance" ("joy is a thousand times harder to paint than suffering").

His larger compositions are cyclic in structure; that is, themes in his works will often recur from movement to movement, something no doubt inherited from a long tradition of nineteenth-century European composers, as well as from many works of Franck and d'Indy. The recurring themes in the violin sonata have led some scholars to suggest that it was an inspiration for the Vinteuil Sonata, an imaginary work described by Marcel Proust in In Search of Lost Time. However, the structure imagined by Proust is also similar to the violin sonata by Franck.

His style, prophetic of early-twentieth-century avant-garde French composers like Satie and Milhaud, was influenced by Franck, Wagner and (especially in the Trio) Beethoven, though these influences did not manifest themselves as mere imitation. In general, Lekeu is regarded as a highly talented composer whose death cut short a promising musical career.

Compositions
Lekeu composed about 50 works, and left a number of unfinished compositions at the time of his death. Two of these, a Cello Sonata and his Piano Quartet, were completed by d'Indy. All have been recorded at least once, and several of them more than once, notably the Violin Sonata in G Major and the Piano Trio in C minor. The first time Piano Sonata in G minor had been completely performed live by pianist Paweł Albiński in Kraków, Poland on 20 August 2014.

Significant works

Choral

 * Chant lyrique, for chorus & orchestra (poem by Lamartine) (1891)
 * Andromède. Poème lyrique et symphonique, cantata (in 2 acts) for soprano, tenor, baritone, and bass soloists, chorus, and orchestra (text by Jules Sauvenière) (1891)

Songs

 * Two poems of Lamartine, for voice & piano (1887)
 * La Fenêtre de la maison paternelle
 * Les Pavots
 * Two songs with words by Lekeu, for voice & piano (1889)
 * Quelque antique et lente danse
 * L'ombre plus dense
 * Chanson de Mai, song for voice & piano (text by Jean Lekeu) (1891)
 * Plainte d'Andromède, for soprano & piano sextet (string quartet and doublebass) (1892)
 * Trois Poèmes, for voice & piano (also arr. for unaccompanied soprano) (words by Lekeu) (1892)
 * Sur une tombe
 * Ronde
 * Nocturne (also arr. for mezzo-soprano & piano quintet)

Orchestra

 * Introduction symphonique aux Burgraves (Overture after Victor Hugo's Les Burgraves) (2 mvts), for orchestra (1889)
 * Barberine, Prélude (Prélude au 2e acte) (Prelude to Act II of the opera Barberine), for orchestra (1889)
 * Chant de triomphale délivrance, Étude symphonique (Première Étude symphonique), for orchestra (1889–90)
 * Hamlet. Étude symphonique (Deuxième Étude symphonique) (Hamlet et Ophélie), for orchestra (2 mvts) (1890)
 * I. Hamlet
 * II. Ophélie
 * Les Fleurs pâles du souvenir, Adagio pour quatuor d'orchestre, for string orchestra (with violin solo) (1891)
 * Fantaisie sur deux airs populaires angevins (Fantasy on two Angers folktunes), for orchestra (also for piano 4-hands) (1892)

Concertante and ensemble works

 * Fantaisie contrapuntique sur un cramignon liégeois (Contrapuntal fantasy on the Liège Cramignon), for chamber orchestra (with choreography for the individual musicians) (1890)
 * Épithalame, for organ & string orchestra (with 3 trombones) (1891)
 * Larghetto, for cello & string orchestra (with 2 horns & bassoon) (1892)
 * Introduction et Adagio pour tuba et orchestre d'harmonie (tuba & wind orchestra) (1892)

Chamber music

 * Quatuor (String Quartet) in G major, (in 6 mvts) (1888)
 * Sonate (Cello Sonata) in F major (in 4 descriptive mvts) (1888)
 * Trio pour piano, violon et violoncelle (Trio à clavier) (Piano Trio) in C minor (in 4 mvts) (1889–91)
 * Sonate pour piano et violon (Violin Sonata) in G major (in 3 mvts) (1892–93)
 * Quatuor a clavier (Piano Quartet) in B minor (2 mvts) (1892–94)

Piano

 * Berceuse et Valse (Pot-pourri), for piano (1887)
 * Morceaux égoïstes, for piano (7 pieces) (1887–88)
 * Morceau (a fantasia on a Cramignon or Walloon folk dance melody), for piano 4-hands (1889)
 * Sonate (Piano Sonata) in G minor (in 5 mvts) (1891)
 * 3 Pièces, for piano (1892)
 * Chansonette sans paroles
 * Valse oubliée
 * Danse joyeuse

title: Guillaume Lekeu


text:
Talk:North Prospect

Untitled
Delete or Improve

This is, mostly, factually correct, although very tongue in cheek and non-encyclopedic.

Needs Wikifying. Are suburbs and districts worthy of inclusion en mass. Most would be POV and unnoteworthy. Swilly is noteworthy in terms of Plymouth though. Stamford spiney 16:13, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Somewhat surprisingly Swilly article already exists, more advanced than this, therefore merge and delete. Stamford spiney 10:53, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I redirected to Swilly. Here's the text, if anyone wants to merge it. -- Kjkolb 04:08, September 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Formerly known as Swilly,it was named North Prospect to mask the bad reputaion it had in Plymouth. A home for drug dealers,burglars and dole cheats,there isn't a day goes by when a serious crime isn't committed in the area or from someone living in the area.Many houses have been burnt out or boarded up and the remainder go for very low prices.A very rough area that is slowly losing out in the crime polls to areas such as Barne Barton and Stonehouse.The residents are confident though, that with a bit of money poured into their area(from the local benefits agency),that they could soon return to their prominent position of number one crime spot within Plymouth.

swilly has a bad reputation to plymouth standards but if you compare with any other major city it is very tame. with almost zero gun crime, very very few street robberies (usually kids on kids), and mostly petty thefts and low level violence (kicking out time punch ups) swilly carries a reputation that is more urban legend that anything else.

title: Talk:North Prospect


text:
Etna (river)

Etna or Etne is a river in the Valdres region of Innlandet county, Norway. The 106 km long river flows through the municipalities of Øystre Slidre, Nord-Aurdal, Etnedal, and Nordre Land before joining the river Dokka at the village of Dokka in Nordre Land Municipality. Soon after the confluence of those two rivers, they join the Randsfjorden (a long, narrow inland lake).

The river begins near the mountains Skaget and Langsua inside the Langsua National Park. It then flows in a southerly direction. Much of the river runs through the Etnedalen valley (the namesake of the municipality of Etnedal). The river runs through the village of Bruflat and then shortly after this, it begins heading in a more easterly direction. The river was formally protected from hydropower development by the government in 1993.

title: Etna (river)


text:
Talk:Scottish Certificate of Education

Attribution
Much of this article is derived from an older version of the O-grade article; I'm not claiming this as entirely my own work. As the content was rather more generic than an article on 'O-Grades' would warrant, and as there was no article on the Scottish Certificate of Education, I moved it here.

Fourohfour 16:14, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Public/Private Grading
From personal recollection, Ordinary Grade certificates issued in 1967 listed only pass or fail, but the mark bands (e.g. 50 - 60%) were given to the schools. At some later date grades were also printed on the certificates. In 1968 grading of Higher Grade passes was quite recent, and the schools still received more detailed banding information, which I presume was not passed on to employers or universities. This shift from ungraded pass/fail to publicly graded results in Scotland took place much later than for the English A levels.

Anonymisation
I don't know if I am accurate in my recollection, but I think in the SCE exams the candidate had to write his/her name in a box on the front sheet which could be covered later to allow anonymous marking. I was surprised to discover that this was not a feature of GCE A level exams.

Other differences from GCE
The SCEs were not in themselves accepted by the older Scottish universities: instead up to 1968 or 1969 candidates had to send their results to a joint board which issued an "Attestation of Fitness" which listed the examination passes they had approved. They did not accept Ordinary Level Arithmetic as a university qualifying subject: I don't know if practical subjects were excluded also.

The SCE Examination Board issued "Preliminary" examination papers on the same syllabus, which schools could use for their own internal exams ("first prelims" and "second prelims") in December and March. These were invigilated in the same way as the public exams, and those who were unable to take the public exams through injury or illness could get aegrotat passes instead on the basis of these.

There were no resit exams at the end of the calendar year, but the Scottish Universities Preliminary Examinations were available before the start of the university term and the subjects appeared to have an identical syllabus.

Schools had external invigilators during SCE exams: these could be local clergymen, and school teachers other than the headmaster/rector would not usually be found in the examination rooms. This was not the case for GCE A Levels. NRPanikker 17:29, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scottish Certificate of Education


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ferecito

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 15:25, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Ferecito
Delete, non-notable. A sketch on SNL done by an "actor" who doesn't have an article on him himself is not encyclopedic. Note also how poorly written and typo-ridden this is.TheDeletator 16:14, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'd say doesn't merit its own article at this time. Until it become a cultural phenomenon. --  Etacar11   04:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with extreme prejudice. This article breaks one of Dennis Hopper's rule in Search and Destroy.  To paraphrase: "Just because you thought of it, doesn't make it interesting."  Paul Klenk 21:48, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for above reasons. --Bhadani 15:58, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Molinero~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Jūzeris | Talk 16:15, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Unreliable teacher test
Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for reverting your recent experiment. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. In the future, please do not experiment on article pages; instead, use the sandbox. Thank you. ~ Alcmaeonid (talk) 18:45, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Molinero. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Molinero~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:56, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:31, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Molinero~enwiki


text:
Ryan Shupe & the RubberBand

Ryan Shupe & the RubberBand is an American country music and bluegrass group founded in the mid-1990s in Ogden, Utah. The band's current lineup comprises Ryan Shupe (fiddle, guitar, ukulele, mandolin, lead vocals), Roger Archibald (guitar, vocals), Craig Miner (banjo, bouzouki, mandolin, guitar, vocals), Josh Larsen (bass guitar, string bass, vocals), and Nate Young (drums, vocals). After recording four studio albums on their own independent record label, Ryan Shupe & The RubberBand were signed to Capitol Records in 2005. Their first album for Capitol, 2005's Dream Big, produced a Top 40 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs charts in its title track. The second single from the album, however, failed to chart, and the band was dropped from Capitol. In 2008, the band signed to Montage Music Group and released the album Last Man Standing. After this, the band continued to tour nationally and promote their unique brand of music. In 2010, the band released the album "Brand New Shoes" on their own independent label. This album has many crowd favorites and highlights the cross-genre, acousti-jam sound they have become known for. The band is currently promoting their new album "We Rode On" which leans more into the rock side of their musical arsenal and have released three videos to promote the upcoming release. These videos are for the songs The Sun Will Shine Again, We Rode On, and Just Say Yes.

Formation and ideology
Ryan Shupe started playing the fiddle at age 5. He played in various musical groups growing up starting with a group of talented 10 yr olds called the "PeeWee Pickers" who toured nationally. His experiences in bands forming and then breaking up led him to the concept of a "rubber band". It would be elastic in members being able to rotate in and out without a name change or breaking a groove. Since their formation they have become one of the most successful musical acts from the state of Utah among other acts such as SHeDAISY, Peter Breinholt, and Neon Trees. The band also made an appearance on the show Extreme Makeover: Home Edition on October 18, 2006, for a family in Logan, Utah.

Sound
Though the band has played in traditionally country venues and festivals all over the United States (such as the Telluride Music Festival and Nashville, TN) their music draws from various influences such as bluegrass and rock as well. They have been described as "a mix between Dave Matthews Band and Dixie Chicks without the political agenda."

title: Ryan Shupe & the RubberBand


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Josh Madden 2

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 15:24, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Josh Madden
Delete - recreation of previously deleted content. It might be a speedy, but I can't see the page history of the old version, so I wouldn't know. --Idont Havaname 16:16, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn --Raistlin 16:22, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not the same as the original article. I would suggest, however, that if he's the third co-owner of a legitimately notable business with two legitimately notable people, by my measure that's enough to merit him at least a stub. Either keep or merge into an article about the clothing label. Bearcat 17:37, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable brother of two notable people. Being related to somebody famous does not make you famous.  Doing business with somebody famous does not make you famous.  Should I write an article on my non-notable brother-in-law, who is the first cousin of a famous rock star?  Zoe 23:29, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable --Dysepsion 01:14, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:O-grade

Reorganisation of Content
Most of the previous content has been moved to Scottish Certificate of Education. Although it wasn't a bad article, it didn't particularly focus on O-Grades as the title would suggest; in fact, it was more of an overview of secondary educational qualifications. Since there was a lack of an article on the SCE, the old O-Grade article forms the perfect basis of that.

I didn't want to rename the page, as there was still a place for an O-grade article.

BTW, can anyone cite the '1951' date in relation to the introduction of O-grades? I've left it in the (now moved) article, and I'd like to include it in this one too, but I have reason to believe O-Grades were introduced later than that... info appreciated, thanks.

Fourohfour 16:16, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

What was the actual grading structure? Was it based on alphabetical structure (A = pinnacle and E= lowest?) Also why was the O Grade considered to be outdated compartec to the Standard Grade. There has been criticism that the Standard Grade criteria is lesser than the standard set by the previous O Grades. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.150.83.95 (talk) 07:19, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:O-grade


text:
Talk:Jacques Prévert

agreed on importance of reading his work in french
i fully agree, prevert is much beter in french. there are too many double meanings for the words and phrases he uses. for example, "paroles" does mean words, but it is also significant to the time in which the book was written, because the passwords that jews used to get into safe houses to hide from the nazis were also refered to as "paroles" and much of the work in that collection is about the nazi occupation of france and it's effects on the country. i believe (although i'm not sure because i'm not a native ferech speaker) that in general "paroles" means passwords in french. i think that's meaningful in and of itself... there's a lot of inuendo that can't be translated literally into a poem's body that goes overlooked in the best translation.

also, he's not exceptionally simple. but the simplicity that is used is a part of the beauty-- once again hard to fully grasp in a translation.

Functionvsaesthetic 07:45, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Where did it go?
The link to Prevert's poetry in french doesn't come up with it. Any way of fixing this? Julia Rossi (talk) 06:05, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I found this one and will substitute it in the article. Didn't, site works now.Julia Rossi (talk) 07:12, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Prevert or Prévert?
I note that in the photo, the acute does not appear either in the signature or the spelled-out name. -- JackofOz (talk) 02:13, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Well spotted JackofOz. The mystery deepens when googling it, sites in French use the é, see here  and  although there's no é in the url; French wikipédia here . The Encyclopedia Britannica site  via google lists no acute, but the article they have does. This makes the signature interesting... poetic license? a forgérie peut-être? Julia Rossi (talk) 07:12, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

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Dugrootupokohjjjhi
Xnhijkjoyu 2402:4000:20C1:DA44:E4CB:867C:DCEF:DFBD (talk) 07:32, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Slayyy
Jjzbjshsjsjwiwjis 192.109.217.74 (talk) 14:39, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jacques Prévert


text:
Charles Robins

Robert Victor Charles Robins (13 March 1935 – 13 January 2024) was an English cricket player and administrator and insurance executive.

Life and career
Charles Robins was born in Burnham, Buckinghamshire, the eldest son of Walter Robins, who played Test cricket for England in the 1930s.

Educated at Eton College, he was a successful schoolboy cricketer and captained the First XI in 1953. He played first-class cricket for Middlesex as a right-handed batsman and a leg-break-googly bowler between 1953 and 1960, and later captained the county Second XI.

Robins' best first-class bowling figures were 7 for 78 in Middlesex's victory over Cambridge University in 1954. In the County Championship his best figures were 6 for 40 against Yorkshire in 1958.

Robins followed his father onto the Middlesex General Committee and gave many years of distinguished service. He was the County's Chairman of Cricket for 13 years and he succeeded Michael Sturt as the County Chairman (1994–1996). He was inducted into the Middlesex County Cricket Club Hall of Fame. He served as the President of the County Club for two years (2005–2007). He also led a successful insurance career with Stafford Knight for many years.

Robins died at Kingston Hospital in Kingston upon Thames, on 13 January 2024, at the age of 88.

title: Charles Robins


text:
User:TheChief/Midwestern Ivy League

The Midwestern Ivy League is an unofficial name given to a number of small highly ranked private undergraduate institutions which are considered to be on par with, or in some cases better than the traditional eastern Ivy League schools. This terminology and use of the word "Ivy" in conjunction with schools is similar to the use of the terms "Little Ivies", "Public Ivies", and other similar groupings.

The Midwestern Ivies share no formal affiliation, unlike the Ivy League, except a commitment to excellence in teaching, a focus on both undergraduate education and graduate research, and high selectivity in admissions. Like the traditional Ivy League schools, all Midwestern Ivies have small student bodies and a low student to faculty ratio, theoretically guarranteing a more personalized education for the students which attend.

Included Schools

 * Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois founded 1851
 * University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois founded 1890
 * University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan founded 1817 (public)
 * University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana founded 1842
 * Washington University in St. Louis in St. Louis, Missouri founded 1853 as Eliot Seminary.

Reputation and Selectivity
All of the Midwestern Ivies are classified by USNews and World Report as being in the category of most selective. As such admission rates are low and competition is fierce among applicants. In 2009, Northwestern admitted only 26.8% of all applicants, Notre Dame admitted only 24.5% of all applicants, University of Chicago admitted only 34.7% of all applicants, and Washington University admitted only 17.3% of all applicants.

Endowments
Much like the Ivy League, the Midwestern Ivies boast some of the largest endowments among private schools and all rank within the top 16 schools in terms of size of endowment, University of Michigan with $7.57 billion, Northwestern with $7.2 billion, Notre Dame with $7 billion, Washington University with $4.05 billion, University of Chicago with $5.2 billion. While none of the schools have endowments which can compete with Harvard University, Yale University, or Princeton University, they are on a competitive level with the other Ivy League schools, with all Midwestern Ivies having endowments which surpass Cornell University, Dartmouth College and Brown University.

Athletic Affiliation
Notre Dame is least affiliated with the Midwest as it competes indepedently in football but plays every other sport in the Big East Conference. Both the University of Chicago and Washington University compete within the University Athletic Association within the NCAA Division III. Northwestern and the University of Michigan compete within the Big Ten Conference within the NCAA Division I. As most of the schools compete in different athletic conferences little school rivalry exists between the institutions (with exception to the football rivalry between the University of Michigan and Notre Dame), which sets them apart from the Ivy League. It should be noted however that due to their proximity, both the University of Chicago and Northwestern University share a healthy academic rivalry of sorts.

title: User:TheChief/Midwestern Ivy League


text:
Talk:Universal joint

Something is wrong with the velocity-formula. The average velocity of one rotation should be equal to the driven velocity which is clearly not the fucking case.

 * I inserted the missing 'squared' (as in the reference I added under ==References==). --Heron 19:22, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

The angular acceleration equation is not correct...the entire denominator must be squared to be correct. lstike 2/13/06
 * Right! Corrected. MH 20:44, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Merge Gear coupling to Universal Joint?
I would disagree with this proposed merger. While the two devices may serve similar roles and their articles certainly should be inter-linked, they are mechanically very different and I believe the current separate write-ups are entirely justified.

Atlant 5 July 2005 11:43 (UTC)

 * Likewise. There are another dozen types of flexible couplings as well. They won't all fit here once they are done. Meggar 05:34, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

CV joints
There is already a write-up on Constant-velocity joints. Wouldn't be better to remove the section in here and link to the other write-up? Soupisgoodfood 11:11, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Done Kallog (talk) 17:09, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

NPOV name
It seems arbitrary to call this device "the Spicer joint" when it is well known that Girolamo Cardano invented the universal joint centuries earlier. In fact, there are even accounts of the use of such a device in the ballistae of ancient times. I checked the history of this article and it seems that it originally listed various names for the device, before a vandal clumsily chopped off part of the text: compare with the previous revision. The last few edits failed to notice that the article had been vandalized, patching up the mutilated sentence for grammar correctness alone. The article has now been fixed. 23:04, 15 May 2006 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.55.247.187 (talk • contribs).

Equally, it now seems odd that there is no mention or explanation of the spicer name and its origin. I feel this ort to be included, if only to the tune of 'The joint is also called the hardy-spicer joint because...'

175.41.133.18 (talk) 02:55, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks!

 * Atlant 15:38, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Speed ratio?
What is the speed ratio of the input shaft to the output shaft? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 156.63.207.123 (talk • contribs).

 * On average, 1:1. But if the two shafts are not co-linear (aligned with each other), then the speed ratio varies throughout a half-revolution of the shafts. The article has the formula.

 * Atlant 16:31, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Note that I wrote "Over large time intervals". When driving shaft turns a hundred times, driven shaft will turn a hundred times. When driving shaft makes 100 rotations in one minute, driven shaft too will make 100 rotations in that minute. Of course, when driving shaft rotates for 90 degrees, driven shaft will rotate for less, or more. Speeds of the shafts are the same, in the same sense as speed of a car which passes 100Km going 100Km/h is the same as speed of car which goes 200Km/h but stopps for an hour in the middle of the trip are the same.

As apparently 156.63 found it confusing, and I too was thinking for a moment "wait, if speeds are not the same then where did angular momentum go?", I believe that what I wrote should be in the article in some way. Perhaps it could be said that average speed is the same.

If you wish to nitpick note that, in the same sense of the word, speeds of gears with 1:1 ratio are not the same because the driven gear jerks a bit too, though it's far less visible than with universal joint ;) Nikola 23:19, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Thompson Coupling - a new constant velocity universal joint
No discussion on universal joints is complete without mentioning the Thompson Coupling, a true constant velocity universal joint which can withstand an axial force such as the force applied by a rotating helicopter prop. Reference: cvcoupling.com - Simon Purser

It would be cool if someone could create a visual simulation of the Thompson Coupling, similar to the one that was created for the Universal Joint.

Double cardan diagram
It would be very helpful to have a diagram of the double cardan joint as well as the standard universal joint. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.141.225.26 (talk) 17:24, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

missed sign?
Sorry I alter the minus sign in the angular acceleration formula.

The angular velocity is

w2=w1 cosB/(1-sin²B*sin²F)

B stands for beta and F is phi in the text. It is F=F(t) and d/dt F = w1, also w1 is function of time, i.e. w1=w1(t). Deriving with respect to time follows:

d/dt w2= d/dt (w1 cosB/(1-sin²B*sin²F))= cosB/(1-sin²B*sin²F) d/dt w1 + w1 cosB d/dt 1/(1-sin²B*sin²F)= A1 cosB/(1-sin²B*sin²F)+ w1 cosB d/d(1-sin²B*sin²F) 1/(1-sin²B*sin²F) d(1-sin²B*sin²F)/dt=A1 cosB/(1-sin²B*sin²F)+w1 cosB (-1/(1-sin²B*sin²F)²) (-sin²B) d/dt sin²F= = A1 cosB/(1-sin²B*sin²F)+w1 cosB sin²B/(1-sin²B*sin²F)² 2 sinF cosF d/dt F

Finally A2= A1 cosB/(1-sin²B*sin²F)+ (w1)² cosB sin(2F) sin²B/(1-sin²B*sin²F)²

(recall: sin(2F)=2 sinF cosF; d/dt cosF = -sinF d/dt F; d/dt sinF = cosF d/dt F).

If I'm wrong in any detail, please let me know it.

193.145.150.39 (talk) 18:45, 30 June 2008 (UTC) juan

Knuckle Joint
At a certain point as a young teenager, I shifted from middle class and paper-based to rural and reality-based; I say rural but much of my experience as a teenager was on boats of all kinds. Nowhere then did the word universal exist; the term was "knuckle joint." When I used the word universal, which I had learned from reading and in school, I got dirty looks. I imagine now that the term universal joint is as common in rural communities as was knuckle joint, and knuckle joint may have since been deprecated, but I can check the next time I pass a truck stop or a marine engine shop.--John Bessa (talk) 00:09, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Strictly speaking a knuckle joint has only one degree of freedom, a Hookes joint has two. I hope you enjoy explaining that to the truckies and boaties. Greglocock (talk) 11:25, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Henry Ford
User:Van helsing created the history section and credited Henry Ford with coining the term universal joint on 28 Aug 2006, with no sources. An anonymous contributor corrected this, providing a counterexample to show that Ford did not coin the term on 19 Apr 2008. I cannot find any source that predates 2006 and gives Ford credit. All the sources I've found are likely to have been influenced by this error in Wikipedia. If someone can find an older source for this misattribution, please cite it in the History section. Otherwise, there is no reason to even mention Henry Ford here. Douglas W. Jones (talk) 20:28, 15 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry Douglas, but it wasn’t me who wrote the history section, if you look closely at the dif, you can see I merely moved it up; Heron actually wrote the section back in 2004 . Like you, I can’t quickly find a source for that particular claim; at least not one that is not likely to have used this Wikipedia article itself as a source. Though it’s a long time ago, I’ll inform Heron, maybe he remembers were it came from. --Van helsing (talk) 14:57, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but I don't remember where I got that information from. I too have searched and failed to find any independent source, so I'm in favour of deleting the offending statement. The OED quotes Hooke himself as the first known user (if not the originator) of the term. --Heron (talk) 19:30, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Joint phasing
The last photo in the article, showing a power transmission shaft using 2 U-joints, does not show the joints 90 degrees out of phase, whereas joint phasing is mentioned in the article as necessary for proper functioning. Simple U-joints are not a difficult topic, nor is posting info on the web a difficult activity. When things are this simple, it shouldn't be a complicated task on a "reference" site to get things right. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.11.81.207 (talk) 00:34, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

phasing of double cardans
in answer to a rather odd note in the article, the joints IN a double cardan joint are at 90 degrees to each other.Greglocock (talk) 08:47, 20 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Not always - infamously the steeply angled Range Rover front propshaft. http://www.landyzone.co.uk/lz/attachments/f10/21535d1297115843-front-prop-shaft-untitled1.jpg  This really doesn't like being assembled in phase and will give vibration problems if it is. I think there was also trouble with a similar shaft on the Class 55 Deltic locos. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:11, 20 March 2015 (UTC)
 * That's not a double cardan joint. That is a pair of Hooke's joints Greglocock (talk) 10:48, 20 March 2015 (UTC)
 * What's a Cardan if not a pair of Hooke's? Andy Dingley (talk) 11:34, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

 * A double cardan joint is a type of constant velocity joint, essentially two hookes with no shaft between them. Greglocock (talk) 01:09, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

However, in a double cardan shaft the phasing of the joints can be any value. If the axis of the input and output shaft are parallel or if the angle between the input shaft and the lay shaft is equal to the angle between the layshaft and the output shaft, and the axes are all coplanar the phasing is set to 90 degrees, that is the yokes on the layshaft lie in the same plane.Greglocock (talk) 01:44, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Your last two comments contradict each other. Is a Cardan joint (which is obviously a pair of Hooke's joints) always phased to correct the angular velocity variation? (And if so, did Cardan know this?) Or is it any such combination, no matter what their phase? Andy Dingley (talk) 02:09, 23 March 2015 (UTC)

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text:
John Cronin (British politician)

John Desmond Cronin (1 March 1916 – 3 January 1986) was a British surgeon and Labour Party politician.

Early life and education
He was born in Simla, British India (since 1947 known as Shimla), the summer capital of India in the days of the British Raj. The family, like many others living in India at the time, had moved there to escape the heat and disease of India's lower altitudes during the summer months. His father, John Patrick Cronin (1889–1952), a director of Lever Brothers, was Lord Leverhulme's representative in India and later Chairman of Horlicks, Australia.

Cronin spent the first three years of his life in India until the family returned to their home in Hornsey Lane, Highgate, London in 1919. In 1929, the family moved to Woodside Park near Totteridge in North East Finchley. Cronin was educated at St Aloysius' College in Highgate from 1923 to 1924, then at Hodder House, the preparatory school for Stonyhurst College in Clitheroe, Lancashire, from 1924 to 1930 before going on to Stonyhurst where he studied until 1933.

Cronin wanted to join the Royal Navy, but his father decided he was to have a career in medicine, and sent him to St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College. He became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1939, and received a Bachelor of Medicine and a Bachelor of Surgery in 1940. He was the Resident Surgeon at Grimsby and District Hospital from 1940 to 1941.

Wartime and medical career
Cronin became surgical registrar and surgeon in the Emergency Medical Service at the Royal Free Hospital. He joined the army in 1942, serving as a lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps and was made a graded surgeon after a few months spent as a general duty officer. He commanded 50 pioneers in the Normandy landings in 1944 and later worked as a surgeon just outside Caen. He was posted to India at the end of 1944 and was promoted in 1945 to major and then to acting lieutenant colonel. He then served in Burma, working with the forward troops before returning to England in 1946 to live in Regents Park Road near Regent's Park, London; he had at that time a consulting room in Harley Street.

In 1947, he passed the examinations to become a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons and was appointed as assistant orthopaedic surgeon at the Prince of Wales Hospital later that year. In 1948, he was appointed orthopaedic surgeon at the French Hospital.

By this time Cronin had a home and his own consulting room in Wimpole Street. A fluent speaker of French, Cronin was first made an Officier of the Légion d'honneur and, in 1967, a Chevalier in recognition of his services. He also became an expert in industrial injuries and from the 1950s he was regularly an expert witness in personal injury cases. He was a founding Director of Racal Electronics Ltd from 1965 until his death in 1986.

Political career
In 1948, Cronin joined the Labour Party. He became vice chairman of the North St Pancras Labour Party in 1950, and was a member of London County Council, representing Fulham East, from 1952 to 1955. In 1955 he was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Loughborough, representing the Labour Party. He was an Opposition Whip in the House of Commons from 1959 to 1962.

A man believing in socialist principles, Cronin was a close friend of Hugh Gaitskell and Roy Jenkins. He rose to become the Shadow Minister of State for Aviation in 1962. On 18 November, while taking part in a scheme for Parliamentarians to visit Royal Navy ship at sea, he was one of three survivors from a Wessex helicopter belonging to HMS Hermes which crashed off St David's Head.

In 1965, he was offered a peerage; Harold Wilson used George Brown as his intermediary, but Cronin declined, telling Brown that the House of Commons was the best club in the country, and he was reluctant to leave it. He went on to hold his Loughborough seat until 1979 when he was beaten by the Conservative Stephen Dorrell.

Personal life and family
Cronin became a member of Brooks's, a political club in St James's Street, in 1984 having been proposed as a member by Roy Jenkins. A keen sportsman who hunted when young and regularly rode Household Cavalry horses in Hyde Park, he also played polo, squash and tennis. Cronin was an enthusiastic yachtsman — a member of the Royal Lymington Yacht Club, based in Hampshire, he sailed regularly and was Commodore of the House of Commons Yacht Club. His yacht, named Hardie after the founder of the Labour party, was a 17 ton Bermudian rigged sloop and won the Cowes to Cherbourg yacht race with Cronin at the helm.

He married Cora Mumby-Croft in 1941 and they had three children: Anne Olivia born in 1942, who married Piers Dixon, Conservative MP for Truro 1970–1974, and son of Sir Pierson Dixon, GCMG, Ambassador to France 1960–1964. Pauline Margaret Cronin was born in 1944, and married Stephen Clarke, the son of Bernard and Doris Clarke. Charles John Cronin was born in 1961 and married Jane Hockey; Charles served on Westminster City Council as a Conservative from 1998 to 2002.

Cronin died on 3 January 1986, aged 69, whilst out riding in the New Forest in Hampshire. In the late afternoon his horse returned home without him: it was feared he might have been thrown and that he could be lying badly injured in freezing weather conditions. The Forest Verderers were sent out and found him dead on a forest path, not far from his home at Stoney Cross. A post mortem later found that he had died of a massive heart attack and stroke. His funeral was held at Minstead Church and Sir Ernie Harrison, Chairman of Racal and a close friend, made a valedictory speech from the pulpit during the service. Cronin lies buried in Minstead Church graveyard.

title: John Cronin (British politician)


text: User talk:136.215.251.179

title: User talk:136.215.251.179


text:
Foreign hostages in Iraq

Members of the Iraqi insurgency began taking foreign hostages in Iraq beginning in April 2004. Since then, in a dramatic instance of Islamist kidnapping they have taken captive more than 200 foreigners and thousands of Iraqis; among them, dozens of hostages were killed and others rescued or freed. In 2004, executions of captives were often filmed, and many were beheaded. However, the number of the recorded killings decreased significantly. Many hostages remain missing with no clue as to their whereabouts. The United States Department of State Hostage Working Group was organized by the U.S. Embassy, Baghdad, in the summer of 2004 to monitor foreign hostages in Iraq.

The motives for these kidnappings include:
 * influencing foreign governments with troops in Iraq to withdraw
 * influencing foreign companies with workers in Iraq to leave the country
 * demanding ransom money
 * creating terror in Iraq
 * discouraging travel to Iraq
 * prisoner exchange

The following is a list of known civilian foreign nationals who have been taken hostage in Iraq.

2 released/rescued

 * John Martinkus, a journalist for SBS Television, was kidnapped on October 16, 2004. He was released on October 18, 2004, after his captors used Google to verify his status as a journalist.
 * Douglas Wood, a construction engineer was kidnapped along with two Iraqi business associates on April 30, 2005. The two associates were later killed. Wood was rescued on June 15, 2005 in a raid carried out by the Iraqi Army.

2 killed

 * Georgi Lazov and Ivailo Kepov, two truck drivers, were seized on June 29, 2004, near Mosul. Lazov's beheaded body was found on July 14, 2004; Kepov's on July 22, 2004.

3 released

 * Reporter Michal Kubal and cameraman Petr Klíma, of Czech television and Vít Pohanka from Czech Radio were kidnapped on April 11, 2004. They were freed April 16, 2004.

1 killed

 * Henrik Frandsen was abducted on April 11, 2004, while working on a sewage project, and found dead the next day.

4 killed

 * Fabrizio Quattrocchi, a security guard captured with three others, was reported killed in a video released on April 14, 2004.
 * Enzo Baldoni, a reporter taken hostage in August and shown being killed in a video released on August 26, 2004. His Iraqi driver-translator was killed during the abduction.
 * Salvatore Santoro, a photojournalist, reported kidnapped and killed on December 16, 2004.
 * Iyad Anwar Wali, an Italian-Iraqi businessman, was reported killed on October 2, 2004.

6 released

 * Umberto Cupertino, Maurizio Agliana, and Salvatore Stefio were captured with security guard Fabrizio Quattrocchi on April 29, 2004. The three were freed on June 8, 2004.
 * Simona Pari and Simona Torretta, aid workers for a Bridge to Baghdad, were kidnapped along with two Iraqis on September 7, 2004. They were freed on September 28, 2004. Italy allegedly paid $5 million in ransom for their release.
 * Giuliana Sgrena, a reporter for Il Manifesto, was kidnapped on February 4, 2005. Her Iraqi driver and Iraqi translator managed to escape. When she was released on March 4, 2005, her car was shot at by US troops, and Italian agent Nicola Calipari was killed. Italy allegedly paid $6 million in ransom for her release.

2 killed

 * Shosei Koda, a tourist, was confirmed to beheaded on October 30, 2004. He had been kidnapped on October 26, 2004, by Zarqawi's group.
 * Akihiko Saito, a security contractor, was kidnapped after a convoy attack and reported killed on May 28, 2005.

3 released

 * Soichiro Koriyama, Noriaki Imai, and Nahoko Takato, Japanese citizens were kidnapped on April 8, 2004, but released on April 15, 2004.

3 killed

 * Dalibor Lazarevski, Dragan Marković, and Zoran Naskovski, were kidnapped on August 21, 2004, near Baghdad. They worked for Soufan Engineering, which caters to the needs of the US military and its private contractors. On October 22, 2004, the Macedonian government confirmed the three had been killed.

2 released

 * Faruk Ademi and Rasim Ramadani, two contractors working for a cleaning company at Basra International Airport were abducted on February 16, 2006. They were released on February 20, 2006.

2 released

 * Angelo de la Cruz, a truck driver, was taken hostage on July 7, 2004. De la Cruz was released after the Philippines withdrew their 51 troops in the country on July 20, 2004. His Iraqi security guard was killed during the abduction.
 * Roberto Tarongoy, kidnapped on November 1, 2004. He was released eight months later, on June 22, 2005 after a ransom was paid.

2 released

 * Jerzy Kos, a contractor kidnapped on June 1, 2004, was freed in an operation on June 8, 2004.
 * Teresa Borcz Khalifa, a Polish aid worker, was kidnapped on October 28, 2004. She was freed on November 20, 2004.

3 released

 * Marie Jeanne Ion, Sorin Dumitru Miscoci, and Ovidiu Ohanesian, journalists, were kidnapped on March 28, 2005 in Baghdad. Their Iraqi-American translator, Mohammad Munaf, also went missing with them. They were released on May 22, 2005. Munaf was accused by the Romanian government of organizing the kidnapping and was arrested.

1 killed

 * Kim Sun-il, a translator, was kidnapped on May 30, 2004 by Zarqawi's group. He was beheaded in a video released June 22, 2004.

5 released

 * Five energy workers from Interenergoservis were kidnapped on April 12, 2004, along with 3 Russians and a man immediately released, all were released the next day with the insurgents apologizing, noting that they did not realise they were Russian and Ukrainian.

5 killed

 * Kenneth John Bigley, a civil engineer, who was kidnapped September 16, 2004. The two Americans kidnapped with him were beheaded and Bigley was beheaded around October 7.
 * Jason Swindlehurst, Jason Creswell, Alec MacLachlan and Alan McMenemy, four security contractors, were kidnapped with Peter Moore, a computer consultant, on May 29, 2007. Their captors were Shia militiamen who demanded the withdrawal of British troops from Iraq and release of all Iraqi prisoners in exchange for the hostages' release. Creswell, McMenemy and Moore appeared in videos released in November 2007, February 2008 and July 2008. The captors claimed that Swindlehurst killed himself on May 25, 2008. However, that turned out to be a lie. The bodies of Swindlehurst and Creswell were recovered on June 19, 2009. On July 29, 2009, it was revealed that Maclachlan and McMenemy had also been killed. MacLachlan's body was recovered on September 1, 2009. McMenemy's body was recovered on January 20, 2012.

6 released/rescued

 * Gary Teeley, a laundry contractor at an American base outside Nasiriyah, was kidnapped on April 5, 2004. He was freed by his kidnappers on April 11, 2004.
 * James Brandon, a freelance journalist for The Sunday Telegraph, was kidnapped after 30 masked gunmen stormed into his hotel in Basra on August 12, 2004. He was freed on August 13, 2004, by his captors.
 * Phillip Sands, a freelancer reporter, was abducted on December 26, 2005, along with his Iraqi interpreter and Iraqi driver. His abductors were gunmen who planned on using him to get Britain to pull all troops out of Iraq and release all Iraqi prisoners. Phillip was filmed pleading for his life. However, the tape was never sent to Al Jazeera. On December 31, 2005, Phillip and his two colleagues were rescued by U.S. troops who revealed that no one knew they were missing.
 * Norman Frank Kember, an aid worker for Christian Peacemaker Teams, was kidnapped along with two Canadians and an American on November 27, 2005. Their Iraqi driver and Iraqi translator were not taken. He was released as the result of a Coalition operation on March 23, 2006. See 2005-2006 Christian Peacemaker hostage crisis.
 * Richard Butler, a journalist working for CBS News, was kidnapped in Basra on February 10, 2008, with his Iraqi interpreter Aqeel Khadhir. The translator was freed on February 13, 2008. Butler was rescued on April 14, 2008 by Iraqi forces.
 * Peter Moore, a computer consultant, and his four security guards were kidnapped from the Iraqi Finance Ministry on May 29, 2007. Peter and two of his security guards appeared in videos released in November 2007, February 2008 and July 2008. Their captors were Shia militiamen who demanded the withdrawal of British troops from Iraq and the release of all Iraqi prisoners in exchange for the hostages' release. Their captors claimed that Swindlehurst killed himself on May 25, 2008. However, that turned out to be a lie. The bodies of Swindlehurst and Creswell were recovered on June 19, 2009. Both of them had been shot dead. On July 29, 2009, it was revealed that MacLachlan and McMenemy were also killed. The body of MacLachlan was recovered on September 1, 2009. He was also shot dead. McMenemy's body was recovered on January 20, 2012. Moore was released on December 30, 2009 in exchange for Qais Khazali. In December 2009 evidence uncovered during an investigation by the Guardian newspaper and Guardian Films linked the Quds Force to the kidnappings of Moore, Swindlehurst, MacLachlan, Creswell and McMenemy.

11 killed

 * Nicholas Evan Berg, a 26-year-old freelancer, went missing on 9 April 2004. His widely publicized beheading was shown in a video on 11 May 2004. His body had been found the day before. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi personally beheaded Berg.
 * Olin Eugene "Jack" Armstrong and Jack Hensley, two contractors for the construction firm Gulf Supplies Commercial Services of the United Arab Emirates, were kidnapped along with a Briton named Kenneth John Bigley on September 16, 2004. Armstrong was beheaded on 20 September 2004. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi personally beheaded Armstrong. The following day, the group beheaded Hensley, and threatened to kill Bigley, unless the United States met their demands to free all women prisoners in Iraqi jails. Bigley himself was beheaded in October 2004.
 * Ronald Alan Schulz, an electrician, was reported kidnapped on 6 December 2005. On 19 December 2005, the Islamic Army released a video showing Schulz's killing in which he is shot in the head after the U.S. refused to release all Iraqi prisoners. His remains were found in September 2008 and confirmed to be Schulz's the next month.
 * Thomas William Fox, an aid worker working for Christian Peacemaker Teams, was reported kidnapped on November 27, 2005, along with two Canadians and a Briton. Their Iraqi driver and Iraqi translator were not taken. His body was found in a rubbish heap on 10 March 2006 (see 2005–2006 Christian Peacemaker hostage crisis).
 * John Roy Young, Joshua Mark Munns, Paul Christopher Reuben and Jonathon Michael Cote, four security contractors, were kidnapped with an Austrian named Bert Nussbaumer on November 16, 2006. They appeared in two hostage videos released in December 2006 and January 2007. The kidnapped contractors stated in their video that they would not be released until the following demands had been made; the withdrawal of American troops from Iraq and the release of all Iraqi prisoners in exchange for the hostages's release. Four fingers were sent to U.S. authorities in February 2008. The fingers belonged to Munns, Reuben, Cote and Nussbaumer. The bodies of Young, Nussbaumer, Munns and Reuben were recovered in March 2008. Cote's body was recovered in April 2008.
 * Ronald Withrow, a contractor, was kidnapped along with his translator and driver on 5 January 2007. The translator and driver were found dead the next day. One of Withrow's fingers was sent to U.S. authorities in February 2008. His body was recovered in March 2008.
 * Steven Charles Vincent, a journalist, was kidnapped along with his Iraqi translator, Nouriya Itais Wadi, in Basra on 2 August 2005. They were bound, gagged, and taken to an undisclosed location where for five hours they were beaten and interrogated, then taken to the outskirts of town and shot. They were found by British and Iraqi policemen but Vincent was dead, shot in the back at close range. Wadi survived the attack, despite having been shot three times.

6 released/escaped

 * Jill Carroll, a freelance reporter for the Boston-based Christian Science Monitor, was kidnapped in West Baghdad on January 7, 2006, by unknown gunmen. Her Iraqi translator was killed during the abduction. Her Iraqi driver escaped. Her kidnappers demanded the release of all female Iraqi prisoners. She was shown in four videos during her captivity. She was released on March 30, 2006.
 * Micah Garen, a freelance reporter, was kidnapped along with his Iraqi translator, Amir Doushi, on August 13, 2004, near Nasiriyah. They were freed on August 22, 2004.
 * Roy Hallums, an employee of a Saudi trading company, was seized along with Roberto Tarangoy, Inus Dewari and three Iraqi security guards on November 1, 2004, in Baghdad. The three Iraqi security guards were later released. Dewari was released on November 10, 2004. Hallums was shown in a video aired on January 25, 2005. Tarongoy was released on June 22, 2005. On September 7, 2005, Hallums was freed in an operation conducted by Delta Force.
 * Thomas Hamill, a truck driver, was seized in a deadly convoy attack on April 9, 2004 (see 2004 Iraq KBR Convoy Ambush). He was later shown in a video, but escaped on May 1, 2004.
 * Issa T. Salomi, a civilian contractor, was kidnapped by a Shiite militia group on January 23, 2010, and shown in a video in February 2010. His kidnappers demanded the release of Iraqi prisoners, the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Iraq, the prosecution of security contractors employed by Blackwater Worldwide and compensation to Iraqi families. He was released on March 25, 2010 in exchange for four Iraqi prisoners.
 * Paul Taggart, a freelance photographer, was kidnapped on October 10, 2004. He was released on October 12, 2004.

5 of unknown fate

 * Kirk von Ackermann, contractor for a Turkish company, disappeared on October 9, 2003 after leaving a meeting at FOB Pacesetter. His vehicle was found abandoned later that same day.
 * Timothy Edward Bell, a contractor for Halliburton, went missing on April 9, 2004. He was never seen in a video and was declared dead in 2010.
 * Aban Abdel Malek Mahmoud Elias, an Iraqi-American engineer from Denver, was shown being held hostage in a video on May 3, 2004. He has not been seen or heard from since.
 * Radim Sadeq Mohammed Sadeq, also called "Dean Sadek", a businessman kidnapped on November 2, 2004, in Baghdad. He was shown in a video that month and in another video dated Christmas Eve but released in late January. He has not been seen or heard from since. His kidnappers demanded the release of Iraqi prisoners.
 * Jeffrey Ake, a water bottling plant contractor, was kidnapped on April 11, 2005, and shown in a videotape two days later. He has not been seen or heard from since. His kidnappers demanded $2 million in exchange for his release. After three weeks of negotiations, the kidnappers cut off all communication. Ake is presumed dead and his family held a private funeral for him in the summer of 2014.

2 killed

 * Ali Belaroussi, Algerian Chargé d'affaires, and Azzedin Belkadi, Algerian diplomatic attache, were kidnapped along with their driver on July 21, 2005 in Baghdad. The Algerian government, on July 27, 2005, said the diplomats had been killed.

1 killed

 * Bert Nussbaumer, a contractor, was kidnapped along with four Americans on November 16, 2006. They appeared in two hostage videos released in December 2006 and January 2007. Their kidnappers demanded the withdrawal of America troops from Iraq and the release of all Iraqi prisoners in exchange for the hostages' release. One of Nussbaumer's fingers was sent to U.S. authorities in February 2008. Three of the Americans and Nussbaumer were found dead in March 2008. The other American was found dead in April 2008.

1 released

 * Abul Kashem, a truck driver, was kidnapped on October 28, 2004, as he ferried supplies to Kuwait. He was freed on December 10, 2004.

1 killed

 * João José Vasconcelos, an engineer, was kidnapped on January 19, 2005, in an ambush on the Baghdad Airport road. His body was found more than two years after his kidnapping. It is believed that he died from injuries sustained in the abduction shortly after arriving at the house where his captors planned to hold him.

1 killed

 * Zaid Meerwali, who held dual Canadian-Iraqi citizenship, was seized August 2, 2005, and $250,000 in ransom was demanded. Officials in Canada said, that on August 15, 2005, he had been shot in the head while the family was preparing the ransom money.

6 released/escaped

 * Fadi Ihsan Fadel, a Syrian-Canadian employed by the International Rescue Committee, was taken hostage in Najaf on April 8, 2004 but released on April 16, 2004.
 * Naji al-Kuwaiti, was taken hostage on April 28, 2004, and released on May 4, 2004.
 * Scott Taylor, was a journalist abducted by Ansar al-Islam in Tal Afar on September 9, 2004. He was released five days later.
 * James Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden, human rights workers with Christian Peacemaker Teams, were kidnapped in Baghdad on November 27, 2005, along with an American and Briton. Their Iraqi driver and Iraqi translator were not taken. They were released as the result of a coalition military operation on March 23, 2006. See 2005-2006 Christian Peacemaker hostage crisis.
 * Fairuz Yamulky was abducted on September 6, 2004. Her driver and another employee were not taken. Yamulky managed to escape with the help of one of her captors sixteen days later.

1 of unknown fate

 * Rifat Mohammed Rifat, an Iraqi-born prison worker, was taken hostage on April 8, 2004. He is still missing.

15 released

 * Seven workers - Xue Yougui, Lin Jinping, Li Guiwu, Li Guiping, Wei Weilong, Chen Xiaojin, and Lin Kongming - were abducted on April 11, 2004 near Fallujah, but were released on April 13, 2004.
 * Eight unemployed construction workers were kidnapped by a group calling itself "The Islamic Resistance, al-Numan Brigades" on January 18, 2005, as they tried to leave the country. They were released four days later. The group included three teenagers.

1 released

 * Garabet Jean Jekerjian, a man with dual Lebanese-Cypriot citizenship, was abducted in August 2005. He was released on December 31, 2005 in exchange for $200,000 ransom.

5 killed

 * Mohammed Mutawalli, a purported "Egypt spy", was beheaded in a video on August 10, 2004.
 * Nasser Juma, contractor, kidnapped on August 27, 2004, his body was found in the town of Baiji, Iraq on 5 September 2004.
 * Ibrahim Mohammed Ismail, 39, driver, 16 January 2005.
 * Ihab al-Sherif, Egyptian envoy to Iraq, kidnapped in Baghdad on July 3, 2005, and reported killed on July 7, 2005.
 * Ibrahim al-Sayyid al-Hilali, translator, abducted 9 December 2005.

16 released

 * Victor Tawfiq Gerges, truck driver, was kidnapped with Turk Bulent Yanik on 1 June 2004. He was released on 18 June 2004.
 * Alsayeid Mohammed Alsayeid Algarabawi, truck driver, was kidnapped on 6 July 2004. He was released on 19 July 2004.
 * Mohammed Ali Sanad, truck driver, was seized with three Indians and three Kenyans on 22 July 2004. He was released on 1 September 2004.
 * Mohamed Mamdouh Qutb, diplomat, was seized in Baghdad on 23 July 2004. He was released on 26 July 2004.
 * Six employees for Iraqna, the local brand name for Egyptian telecoms giant Orascom, were kidnapped on 24 September 2004, with the first two being released on 28 September 2004.
 * Four engineers, Mohammed al-Saadi, Hussein Ashour, Waleed Ismail and Sayed Shaaban working for Egyptian telecoms giant Orascom were kidnapped in Baghdad on 6 February 2005. They were freed the next day by US forces.
 * Nabil Tawfiq Sulieman and Matwali Mohammed Salim, engineers for the firm Unitrak, were abducted on a road west of Baghdad, a video on an Islamic website said on 19 March 2005. They were released a day later.

1 of unknown fate

 * Samuel Edward, an engineer working for Iraqna Mobile Company, was kidnapped on September 26, 2005, in Baghdad. His Iraqi driver was left unharmed.

4 released

 * Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot, two reporters, were kidnapped along with their Syrian driver on August 21, 2004. The driver was rescued on November 12. The two journalists were released on December 21. France allegedly paid $15 million in ransom for their release.
 * Florence Aubenas, a reporter for the daily Libération. She disappeared January 5, 2005 but was released with her Iraqi translator, Hussein Hanoun al-Saadi, on June 11. France allegedly paid $10 million in ransom for their release.
 * Bernard Planche, a water engineer, was kidnapped in Mansour on December 5, 2005. He was freed on January 7, 2006, when his captors fled the house where they were holding him during a military operation.

5 released

 * Susanne Osthoff, an archaeologist, was kidnapped along with her Iraqi driver on November 25, 2005, according to the German Foreign Ministry. They were released on December 18, 2005, after Germany allegedly paid the kidnappers $5 million ransom. It is also speculated that Germany released Mohammed Ali Hammadi in exchange for Osthoff's release.
 * Thomas Nitzschke and Rene Braeunlich, two engineers, were kidnapped by gunmen near Baiji on January 24, 2006. They appeared in four videos and their kidnappers demanded that Germany end its cooperation with the Iraqi regime, close its mission in Baghdad, ensure that all German businesses cease dealings there, and the release of all Iraqi prisoners held by US forces. On May 2, 2006, the German government announced the two had been freed. Germany allegedly paid $5 million ransom for their release.
 * Hannelore Marianne Krause, worked for the Austrian embassy in Baghdad, was kidnapped on February 6, 2007, with her son Sinan in Baghdad. Their kidnappers demanded that Germany withdraw its troops from Afghanistan. She was shown in three videos during her captivity. Hannelore was released on July 11, 2007. Her son's fate is unknown.
 * Hella Mewis, an arts curator, was kidnapped by armed militants in Baghdad on July 20, 2020. She was freed by Iraq military on July 24, 2020.

1 of unknown fate

 * Sinan Krause, a technician at the Iraqi Foreign Ministry, was kidnapped on February 6, 2007, along with his mother Hannelore, in Baghdad. Their kidnappers demanded that Germany withdraw its troops from Afghanistan. Hannelore was released on July 10, 2007, but Sinan hasn't been seen or heard from since a video was released on September 11, 2007. The video was recorded before Hannelore was released. It showed Sinan saying goodbye to his mother. Their kidnappers issued a final 10-day deadline in the video for Germany to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan. They threatened to kill Sinan if their demand was not met. On April 24, 2008, his father appealed to the captors to release his son. The kidnappers ignored the plea and Sinan's fate is unknown.

49 released

 * July 22, 2004: Antaryami, Sukhdev Singh, and Tilak Raj – Kuwait and Gulf Link (KGL, a Kuwaiti transport company working for the US military) truck drivers were seized in Fallujah during the Iraq War by a little known militant group calling itself the "Islamic Secret Army", other abductees included an Egyptian and three Kenyans. They were released September 1, 2004 after KGL paid about half a million US dollars in ransom; the negotiators from the Indian side included ambassador to Iraq B. B. Tyagi, ambassador to Oman Talmiz Ahmad, ambassador to Kuwait Swashpawan Singh, diplomat Zikrur Rahman and E. Ahamed the Minister of State for External Affairs. Indian journalist V. Sudarshan's Anatomy of an Abduction: How the Indian Hostages in Iraq were Freed (2008) provides a detailed report of the kidnapping.
 * 46 Indian nurses were taken hostage on June 29, 2014 by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) from the Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Tikrit in central Iraq, when it fell to the jihadist group during the First Battle of Tikrit.

 * Most of the nurses had recently immigrated to Iraq in search for better employment opportunities despite the ongoing war. The city of Tikrit had fallen under siege by ISIS, weeks prior to formal hostilities, in early June and the hospital had run out of food supplies which were later provided by an official of the Ministry of Health (Iraq). The official and two Iraqi soldiers who were guarding the hospital left days prior to the takeover by ISIS on June 29, as had the local Iraqi nurses weeks ago. ISIS first moved the nurses to the hospital's basement and initially refused to hand them over. After negotiations by the Embassy of India in Baghdad, led by ambassador Ajay Kumar Amban and former ambassador B. B. Tyagi, the group agreed to release the hostages in Mosul. They were shifted to Mosul by ISIS and handed over to Indian officials on July 4, 2014, the officials took them to Erbil and they were flown out to India from the Erbil International Airport. The majority of the nurses were from the state of Kerala and chief minister Oommen Chandy kept in touch with the hostages throughout the ordeal. The nurses later stated they were treated well by ISIS militants, some of whom they had treated during the initial takeover of the Tikrit hospital.

 * Two 2017 Indian films are based on the incident, Take Off (2017) and Tiger Zinda Hai (2017).

39 killed, 1 escaped

 * Forty Indian migrant workers — from Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal — went missing in June 2014 after Mosul fell to the Islamic State. In 2015, one of them, Harjit Masih, managed to flee from the clutches of ISIS and said all other Indians were killed in the mass executions in ISIL-occupied Mosul. But the External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj refused to buy his claims then. In July, 2017, she said she would not declare the missing persons dead until she had a concrete evidence. Swaraj informed the Parliament of India that "sources who gave the government the confidence of not abandoning the search for the abducted Indians in Iraq include a head of state and a foreign minister of another country." She had then refused to disclose the identity of the sources, citing "diplomatic confidentiality".

 * On 20 March 2018, Swaraj declared in the parliament that 39 missing Indian workers had been killed, "I have concrete proof that 39 Indians have been killed. We wanted to give the families closure". The physical remains of the dead were repatriated by the government in a special aircraft.

4 released

 * Istiqomah binti Misnad and Casingkem binti Aspin, two female workers of an electricity firm were kidnapped along with six Iraqis and two Lebanese in late September 2004. They appeared in a video broadcast on Al Jazeera on September 30, 2004. The Islamic Army demanded that Indonesia free Abu Bakar Bashir in exchange for the release of the two women. Bashir refused to be released for the two Indonesian women and Indonesia also said it would not free him. The Islamic Army also demanded that the Lebanese government withdraw all nationals working in Iraq for the release of the two Lebanese men. The women were released on October 4, 2004. The six Iraqis were freed later that month and the two Lebanese were freed for ransom in November, 2004.
 * Meutya Hafid, a reporter, and Budiyanto, a cameraman, were kidnapped along with their Jordanian driver on February 15, 2005. They were freed on February 21, 2005.

7 released

 * Fereidoun Jahani, an Iranian diplomat, was kidnapped near Karbala on August 4, 2004. He was released on September 27, 2004.
 * Six Iranian pilgrims and their Iraqi guide were kidnapped on November 28, 2005. Their Iraqi driver was wounded but was not abducted. The Iraqi guide and two of the Iranian pilgrims (both women) were released a day later. The four male hostages were released on February 10, 2006.

1 killed

 * Margaret Hassan, the director of CARE International -- who held British, Iraqi and Irish citizenship -- was kidnapped in Baghdad on October 19, 2004. Her Iraqi driver and Iraqi unarmed security guard were not taken. She was killed in a video released on November 16, 2004.

1 released

 * Rory Carroll, a journalist for the British newspaper The Guardian, was abducted on October 19, 2005, in Baghdad and released the next day.

1 of unknown fate

 * Elizabeth Tsurkov, a researcher, was kidnapped on March 21, 2023. On November 13, 2023, a 4-minute video of Tsurkov was released on Telegram and subsequently aired by Al Rabiaa TV. In the video, which could not be authenticated, Tsurkov says she had been detained for seven months, although she does not identify her captors or location, and she also mentions the 2023 Israel-Hamas war.  Tsurkov also says in the video that she had been working for the CIA and Mossad, which Tsurkov's family denied.

1 released

 * Nabil Razouk, an Israeli Arab from East Jerusalem working for the US company Research Triangle International, was kidnapped on April 8, 2004. He was freed on April 22, 2004, after pleas from his family and Palestinians.

2 released

 * Ibrahim al-Maharmeh, a businessman, was kidnapped in Baghdad on March 5, 2005. He was released on March 8, 2005, after a ransom was paid.
 * Mahmoud Suleiman Saidat, a driver for the Jordanian embassy in Baghdad, was kidnapped on December 20, 2006. He was later shown on a videotape calling for the release of failed suicide bomber Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi. He was released on February 21, 2007.

6 of unknown fate

 * Six Jordanians were kidnapped in May 2005. They appeared in a video that aired on Al-Jazeera on May 6, 2005. They haven't been seen or heard from since.

3 released

 * Faiz Khamis Salim, Jalal Mohamed Awadh and Ibrahim Khamis Idd were kidnapped on July 22, 2004, with three Indians and an Egyptian. They were freed September 1, 2004.

2 of unknown fate

 * Moses Munyao and George Noballa, engineers from the Iraqna telephone company, were reported kidnapped after an ambush on January 18, 2006. They were never found.

3 released

 * Mohammed Hamad, was kidnapped when he was seven years old on October 22, 2004, after being lured into a car by his captors while he was walking home from school. His captors told him his father was hurt in a car accident. They also told his father that they would behead his son unless they were paid $150,000. They eventually lowered their demand to $70,000 and then lowered it again to $1,725. The $1,725 ransom was paid and Mohammed was released on October 29, 2004.
 * Marwan Ibrahim al-Qassar and Mohammed Jawdat Hussein were kidnapped by the Islamic Army in Iraq in late on in September 2004 along with six Iraqis and two Indonesian women. They appeared in a video broadcast on Al-Jazeera on September 30, 2004. The Islamic Army demanded that Indonesia free Abu Bakar Bashir in exchange for the release of the two women. Bashir refused to be released for the two Indonesian women and Indonesia also said it would not free him. The Islamic Army also demanded that the Lebanese government withdraw all nationals working in Iraq for the release of the two Lebanese men. The Iraqis and the two Indonesian women were freed in October 2004. Marwan and Mohammed were freed in exchange for a ransom in November 2004.

2 killed

 * Driver Abderrahim Boualam and assistant Abdelkrim El Mouhafidim, both workers at the Moroccan embassy in Baghdad, went missing on October 20, 2005 while driving back from Jordan. On October 25, 2005, militants claimed their kidnapping. On November 3, 2005, Al Qaeda in Iraq said in an internet statement that it had decided to kill the two hostages. Ziad Khalaf Raja al-Karbouly later confessed to having arranged the kidnappings. He stated that two Kurds were kidnapped with the Moroccans and were later released.

12 killed

 * Gyanendra Shrestha, Manoj Kumar Thakur, Rajendra Kumar Shrestha, Jit Bahadur Thapa, Budha Kumar Shas, Ramesh Khadka, Mangal Bahadur Limbu, Sanjaya Kumar Thakur, Lalan Sing Koirala, Chhok Bahadur Thapa, Prakash Adhikari, and Bishnu Hari Thapa, were twelve Nepalese taken hostage on August 23, 2004. A video from August 31, 2004, showed the beheading of one and the shooting in the head of the eleven others.

1 released

 * Inus Dewari was kidnapped November 1, 2004, in Baghdad. He was released on November 6, 2004.

1 of unknown fate

 * Rami Daas, a 26-year-old Palestinian student, was reported by his family as having been kidnapped on May 9, 2005, by gunmen in the northern city of Mosul. His fate is unknown.

2 killed

 * Azad Hussein Khan, an engineer and Sajjad Naeem, a driver, were kidnapped on July 23, 2004, and killed. Their captors demanded their Kuwaiti company leave Iraq. In a video released on July 29, 2004, their bodies were shown. An Iraqi driver who was held with them was released.

13 released

 * Amjad Hafeez, a driver, was kidnapped on June 25, 2004. He was freed on July 2, 2004.
 * An embassy worker was abducted on April 25, 2005, but released two weeks later.
 * Eleven construction workers were kidnapped from their bus near Nasiriyah on August 13, 2005. They were released August 22, 2005.

4 killed

 * Fyodor Zaitsev, third secretary of the Russian Embassy in Iraq, and embassy employees Rinat Agliulin, Anatoly Smirnov and Oleg Fyodoseyev were abducted after an ambush in Baghdad on June 3, 2006. Another employee, Vitaly Titov, was shot and killed. A group claimed to have executed them on June 21, 2006, and a video released on June 25, 2006, confirmed their deaths. The kidnapper group gave 48 hours to the Putin administration to pull out his troops from Chechnya. The bodies of the four diplomats were found in 2012.

5 released

 * Three energy workers, working for the Interenergoservis, were kidnapped April 12, 2004, along with five Ukrainians and a man immediately released, all were released the next day with the insurgents apologizing, noting that they did not realise they were Russian and Ukrainian.
 * Andrei Meshcheryakov and Aleksandr Gordiyenko, employees of Interenergoservis, were kidnapped on May 10, 2004, but released on May 17, 2004.

1 released

 * Ali Ahmed Mousa, a truck driver, was taken hostage on July 29, 2004, in order to convince his Kuwaiti employer to withdraw from Iraq. He was released several days later.

4 of unknown fate

 * Johann Enslin (48), Andre Durant (38), Hardus Greeff (43) and Callie Scheepers (48), contractors, the so-called Baghdad Four, were abducted at a false roadblock in Baghdad by unidentified men on December 10, 2006, along with five Iraqis. The Iraqis were released two days later. Ten days after the abduction, Andre spoke to his wife briefly in a "proof of life" phone call. There were some talks that these four were still alive in May 2010, but since then there has been no word on their fate and their families later had them declared legally dead.

1 released

 * Dinesh Dharmendran Rajaratnam, a truck driver, was kidnapped on October 28, 2004, while ferrying supplies to Kuwait. He was released on December 10, 2004.

6 killed

 * Six Sudanese truck drivers were kidnapped by Ansar al-Sunnah in April 2005. The six men were shot dead in a video posted on the Internet.

9 released

 * Noureddin Zakaria, a translator, was kidnapped on October 30, 2004, in Ramadi. He was released on November 6, 2004.
 * Six Sudanese, including the second secretary at the Sudanese embassy, were abducted in Baghdad on December 23, 2005. They were released on December 31, 2005, after Sudan closed its embassy in Baghdad.
 * Mohammed Haroun Hamad, a truck driver, was kidnapped along with his colleague Maher Ataya sometime in March 2005. The Islamic Army claimed responsibility in a statement and internet video for the abductions on March 9. The group claimed that a Sharia Council would decide their fates. On April 6, 2005, a second video announced that the Sharia Council decided to release Mohammed and Maher.

1 released

 * Ulf Hjertström, an oil broker, was taken hostage on March 25, 2005. He was released on May 30, 2005.

2 released

 * Two Swiss nationals, a married couple who worked for a NGO, were kidnapped on April 20, 2004, by an unknown group. They were held hostage for 48 hours and released on April 22, 2004, after relatives of the kidnappers from the Obaida tribe promised to pressure Yemeni authorities. Some reports listed the couple as tourists.

1 released

 * Mohammed al-Joundi, the driver for Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot, was kidnapped on August 21, 2004. He was freed by US troops in Fallujah on November 12, 2004.

5 killed

 * Durmus Kumdereli, a truck driver, was kidnapped on August 14, 2004. He was having dinner in a restaurant a few miles away from Mosul. He was kidnapped in that restaurant with Mustafa Köksal by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's men. Kumdereli was decapitated on August 17, 2004 by Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad. Koksal was freed on August 18, 2004.
 * Dursun Ali Yildirim Tek, a truck driver, was kidnapped on July 23, 2006. Two videos were broadcast on the internet in which his captors demanded the Turkish government end all cooperation with Iraq and that they shut down the company Tek worked for. In the second video, a 72-hour deadline was issued in which Turkey had to give in to the captors' demands or Tek would be executed. He was killed in October after the deadline passed and his body was found near Baghdad's Airport. His body was identified a month and a half later.
 * Murat Yuce, a truck driver, was kidnapped in Iraq along with his colleague Aytullah Gezmen in late July 2004. A video showing Abu Ayyub al-Masri shooting Yuce in the head was posted on a web site on August 2, 2004. Aytullah was released a month later.
 * Maher Kemal, a contractor, was reported beheaded on October 11, 2004.
 * Razaman Elbu, a truck driver, was kidnapped and executed in a video on October 14, 2004.

6 released

 * Bulent Yanik, a truck driver, was kidnapped on June 1, 2004 and released on June 18.
 * Abdulkadir Tanrikulu, a businessman, abducted by gunmen from the Bakhan Hotel in Baghdad on January 13, 2005. He was freed on June 29, 2005.
 * Ali Musluoglu, a businessman, was kidnapped in Baghdad on May 19, 2005. He was released on September 20, 2005 in exchange for a $250,000 ransom.
 * Aytullah Gezmen, a truck driver, was kidnapped on July 31, 2004, along with his colleague Murat Yuce. Murat was executed on August 16, 2004. Aytullah was released a month later after he "repented" working for the Americans.
 * Mustafa Köksal, a truck driver, was kidnapped on August 14, 2004, along with his colleague Durmus Kumdereli. Kumdereli was beheaded on August 17, 2004. Köksal was freed on August 18, 2004.
 * Hasan Eskimutlu, a technician, was kidnapped on June 14, 2006, along with his Iraqi translator. His captors sent a video to Aljazeera in which they demanded the Turkish government withdraw its ambassador from Baghdad and that they put pressure on the Iraqi government to free male and female prisoners from U.S and Iraqi prisons. They were freed on August 2, 2006.

1 released

 * Naji Rashid al-Nuaimi, the first secretary of the UAE's embassy in Baghdad, was abducted by gunmen on May 16, 2006. His captors demanded that the UAE abandon its presence in Iraq. Nuaimi was freed on May 30, 2006. His Sudanese driver was wounded and later died of his injuries.

title: Foreign hostages in Iraq