text:
Pedro Calungsod

Pedro Calungsod (Pedro Calúñgsod or archaically Pedro Calonsor; mid-1650s – April 2, 1672), also known as Peter Calungsod and Pedro Calonsor, was a Catholic Filipino-Visayan migrant, sacristan and missionary catechist who, along with the Spanish Jesuit missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores, suffered religious persecution and martyrdom in Guam for their missionary work in 1672.

While in Guam, Calungsod preached Christianity to the Chamorros through catechesis, while baptizing infants, children, and adults at the risk and expense of being persecuted and eventually murdered. Through Calungsod and San Vitores's missionary efforts, many native Chamorros converted to Catholicism.

Calungsod was beatified on March 5, 2000, by Pope John Paul II, and canonized by Pope Benedict XVI at Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City on October 21, 2012.

Birthplace dispute
Few details of the early life of Calungsod (spelled Calonsor in Spanish records) are known. Historical records do not mention his exact birthplace or birth date and merely identified him as "Pedro Calonsor, el Visayo". Historical research identifies Ginatilan in Cebu, Hinunangan and Hinundayan in Southern Leyte, Baybay in Leyte, and the Molo district of Iloilo City as possible places of origin; Loboc, Bohol also makes a claim. Of these claims, the one from Ginatilan, Cebu, is considered the strongest. Nonetheless, all four locations were within the Diocese of Cebu at the time of Calungsod's martyrdom.

Proponents of an Ilonggo origin argue that in the early Spanish period, the term "Visayan" exclusively referred to people from the island of Panay and the nearby islands of Negros and Romblon. In contrast, people from Cebu, Bohol, and Leyte were called "Pintados". Thus, had he been born in Cebu, he would have been referred to as "Calonsor El Pintado" instead of "Calonsor El Visayo"; the term "Visayan" receiving its present scope (i.e., including inhabitants of Cebu, Bohol, and Leyte) sometime the 1700s. However, American historian and scholar John N. Schumacher disputes the Bisaya/Pintados dichotomy claim as at that time the Pintados were also referred to as Visayans regardless of location and said Calungsod "was a Visayan" and may have been but doubtfully "from the island of Cebu" or "could have come any other Visayas islands".

The Cebu camp reasoned that Ginatilan contains a high density of people surnamed Calungsod and that during the beatification process, they were the initial claimants to having been Calungsod's birthplace. The Calungsods of Iloilo also claim to be the oldest branch, based on baptismal records containing the surname "Calungsod" dating to circa 1748, compared to branches in Cebu and Leyte, which possess baptismal records dating only to 1828 and 1903, respectively.

Training and arrival in Guam
In Cebu, Calungsod received primary education at a Jesuit boarding school, mastering the Catechism and learning to communicate in Spanish. He also likely honed his drawing, painting, singing, acting, and carpentry skills, as these were necessary for missionary work.

In 1668, Calungsod, then around 14, was amongst the young catechists chosen to accompany Spanish Jesuit missionaries to the Islas de Los Ladrones ("Isles of Thieves"), which had been renamed the Mariana Islands the year before to honor both the Virgin Mary and the mission's benefactress, María Ana of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain. Calungsod accompanied the priest Diego San Vitores to Guam to catechize the native Chamorros. Missionary life on the island was difficult as provisions did not arrive regularly, the jungles and terrain were difficult to traverse, and the Marianas were frequently devastated by typhoons. The mission nevertheless persevered, and a significant number of locals were baptized.

Beatification
A month after the martyrdom of San Vitores and Calungsod, a process for beatification was initiated but only for San Vitores. Political and religious turmoil, however, delayed and halted the process for centuries. In 1981, as Hagåtña was preparing for its 20th anniversary as a diocese, the 1673 beatification cause of San Vitores was rediscovered in old manuscripts and revived until he was finally beatified on October 6, 1985. This also gave recognition to Calungsod, paving the way for his beatification.

In 1980, Cardinal Ricardo Vidal, then-Archbishop of Cebu, asked permission from the Vatican to initiate Calungsod's beatification and canonization cause. In March 1997, the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints approved the acta of the diocesan beatification process. That same year, Vidal appointed Ildebrando Leyson as vice-postulator for the cause, tasked with compiling a Positio Super Martyrio ("position regarding the martyrdom") to be scrutinized by the Congregation. The positio, which relied heavily on San Vitores's beatification documentation, was completed in 1999.

Wanting to include young Asian laypersons in his first beatification for the Great Jubilee in 2000, Pope John Paul II paid particular attention to the cause of Calungsod. In January 2000, he approved the decree super martyrio ("concerning the martyrdom") of Calungsod, scheduling his beatification for March 5 of that year at Saint Peter's Square in Rome.

Regarding Calungsod's charitable works and virtuous deeds, John Paul II declared:

"...From his childhood, Pedro Calungsod declared himself unwaveringly for Christ and responded generously to his call. Young people today can draw encouragement and strength from the example of Pedro, whose love of Jesus inspired him to devote his teenage years to teaching the faith as a lay catechist. Leaving family and friends behind, Pedro willingly accepted the challenge put to him by Fr. Diego de San Vitores to join him on the Mission to the Chamorros. In a spirit of faith, marked by strong Eucharistic and Marian devotion, Pedro undertook the demanding work asked of him and bravely faced the many obstacles and difficulties he met. In the face of imminent danger, Pedro would not forsake Fr. Diego, but as a 'good soldier of Christ', preferred to die at the missionary's side."

Sainthood
On December 19, 2011, the Holy See officially approved the miracle qualifying Calungsod for sainthood by the Roman Catholic Church. The recognized miracle dates from March 26, 2003, when a woman from Leyte, pronounced clinically dead two hours after a heart attack, was revived when an attending physician invoked Calungsod's intercession.

Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the declaration ceremony on behalf of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. He later revealed that Pope Benedict XVI had approved and signed the official promulgation decrees recognizing the miracles as authentic and worthy of belief. The College of Cardinals was then sent a dossier on the new saints, and they were asked to indicate their approval. On February 18, 2012, after the Consistory for the Creation of Cardinals, Amato formally petitioned the pope to announce the new saints' canonization. On October 21, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI canonized Calungsod in Saint Peter's Square. The pope wore papal vestments used only on special occasions. Cardinal Ricardo Jamin Vidal, the Archbishop Emeritus of Cebu, concelebrated at the canonization Mass.

Relics
At his canonization Mass, Calungsod was the only saint without a first class relic exposed for veneration, as his body had been thrown into the sea and lost. The cutlass used to hack Calungsod's head and neck was retrieved from Guam by Vidal and is now venerated as a second-class relic. During the homily, Benedict XVI said that Calungsod received the Sacrament of Absolution from San Vitores before his death.

Feast day
After Lorenzo Ruíz of Manila, Calungsod is the second Filipino to be declared a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Martyrology celebrates Calungsod's feast along with Blessed Diego Luis de San Vitores every April 2, their dies natalis (heavenly birthdate); when April 2 falls within Holy Week or the Octave of Easter, his feast is transferred to the Saturday of the Fifth Week of Lent, the day after the Friday of Sorrows and before Palm Sunday.

Saturday has been designated as the weekly day for devotions and novenas in his honor, as he was killed on a first Saturday.

Birthplace issue
Various areas in the Visayan islands claim that Pedro Calungsod was born and raised there. Extensive research provided by the census research of Ginatilan, Cebu provided a longstanding record of Calonsor and Calungsod natives from their area, from which a strong claim had the most Calungsod natives originating since Filipino-Spanish era since the late 1700s. According to the Parish Pastoral Council William Pancho of Ginatilan, Cebu, there is a strong claim that in the mid-1600s, there were three Calungsod brothers:

 * Valerio Calungsod, who migrated to Iloilo
 * Casimiro Calungsod, who emigrated to Bohol
 * Pablo Calungsod, who remained in Ginatilan, Cebu, and was the father of Pedro Calungsod.

In a public televised interview with ABS-CBN chief correspondent and newscaster Korina Sanchez, Cardinal Ricardo Jamin Vidal expressed his dismay that when the original beatification process of Pedro Calungsod began in the 1980s, no city except for Ginatilan, Cebu, was willing to come forward and claim credit for being Pedro's birthplace. Not surprisingly, however, when Pedro's canonization became official, Catholic bishops from the nearby provinces of Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Iloilo and various Mindanao provinces suddenly came out of the woodwork, all laying claim to be the "official birthplace" of the newly minted saint.

As a result, Vidal ruled that he will not establish a definitive judgment on his birthplace since Spanish records only indicate the words "Pedro Calonsor, El Visayo" as his native description. Furthermore, he stated that all Visayan provinces were under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Cebu during the Filipino-Spanish era.

Iconography

It is not known what Calungsod looked like, as no contemporary depictions survive. The writer Alcina, who was a contemporary of Pedro Calungsod, described the male Visayan indios of his time as usually more corpulent, better built, and somewhat taller than the Tagalogs in Luzon; that their skin was light brown; that their faces were usually round and of fine proportions; that their noses were flat; that their eyes and hair were black; that they – especially the youth – wore their hair a little bit longer; and that they already started to wear camisas (shirts) and calzones (knee-breeches). Pedro Chirino, S.J., who also worked in the Visayas in the 1590s, similarly described the Visayans as well-built, of pleasing countenance and light-skinned.

Calungsod is often depicted as a teenaged young man wearing a camisa de chino that is sometimes bloodied and usually dark, loose trousers. His most famous attributes are the martyr's palm pressed to his chest and the Doctrina Christiana. He is depicted in mid-stride, occasionally also bearing a rosary or crucifix to indicate his missionary status. In some early statues, Calungsod is shown with a spear and catana (cutlass), the instruments of his death.

In art
The first portrayals stated to be of Pedro Calungsod were drawings made by Eduardo Castrillo in 1994 for the Heritage of Cebu Monument in Parian. A bronze statue representing Calungsod was made and forms part of the monument. Sculptors Francisco dela Victoria and Vicente Gulane of Cebu and Justino Cagayat, Jr., of Paete, Laguna, created statues representing Calungsod in 1997 and 1999, respectively. When the Archdiocese of Manila in 1998 published the pamphlet Pedro Calungsod: Young Visayan "Proto-Martyr" by theologian Catalino Arevalo, SJ, the 17-year-old Ronald Tubid of Oton, Iloilo, then a student-athlete at the University of the East, was chosen to model for a portrait representing Calungsod. This became the basis for Rafael del Casal's painting in 1999, Is which was chosen as the official portrait for Calungsod. The Del Casal image is the first to feature a Christogram, the seal of the Society of Jesus, with which Calungsod was affiliated. The original painting is now enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of Saint Pedro Calungsod in Cebu City.

Several statues representing Calungsod were also commissioned for the beatification, with one brought to Rome and blessed by John Paul II. This became the "Pilgrim Image", now enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of the Black Nazarene of the Society of the Angel of Peace in Cansojong, Talisay, Cebu. Another image was enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of Saint Pedro Calungsod in Cebu City. Both images depict Calungsod wearing a white camisa (shirt) and trousers, with the martyr's palm, a rosary, and a crucifix pressed to his breast. During the novena before his feast day, a replica of the catana used to kill him is set into the arm of the statue.

For the canonization celebrations, the chosen sculpture by Justino Cagayat, Jr., represented Calungsod in mid-stride and carrying the Doctrina Christiana and the martyr's palm pressed to his chest. This image was brought to Rome for the canonization festivities. Upon its return to the Philippines, the image toured the country. When not on a pilgrimage tour, the image is enshrined at the Cebu Archdiocesan Shrine of Saint Pedro Calungsod in the archbishop's residence.

In film
Pedro Calungsod: Batang Martir is a Filipino film with Rocco Nacino in the title role released on December 25, 2013, as an official entry to the 2013 Metro Manila Film Festival. It was written and directed by Francis O. Villacorta and produced by HPI Synergy Group and Wings Entertainment.

Churches

 * Cebu Archdiocesan Shrine of Saint Pedro Calungsod, Archbishop's Residence Compound, 234 D. Jakosalem St., Cebu City
 * Chapel of San Pedro Calungsod – SM Aura Premier, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig
 * Parokya ni San Pedro Calunsod, Diyosesis ng Lucena – Brgy. Pury, San Antonio, Quezon
 * San Pedro Calungsod Quasi Parish, Poblacion, Muntinlupa
 * Chapel of San Pedro Calungsod, SM Seaside, South Road Properties, Cebu City
 * San Pedro Calungsod Parish and Sanctuary of St. Padre Pio, Antipolo
 * San Pedro Calungsod Parish, Sta. Catalina, Minalin, Pampanga
 * San Pedro Calungsod Parish- Diocese of Surigao, Sta. Cruz, Placer, Surigao del Norte
 * San Pedro Calungsod Parish, Cantabaco, Toledo City, Toledo City, Cebu
 * San Pedro Calungsod Parish, Villa de Calamba, Calamba City

Films and theater

 * 2013: Pedro Calungsod: Batang Martir
 * 2014: "San Pedro Calungsod The Musical Stage Play"

Television

 * Canonization Of Blessed Pedro Calungsod TV Special Coverage (PTV 4, 2012)
 * San Pedro Calungsod: Ang Ikalawang Santo Documentary TV Special (ABS-CBN 2, 2013)

Educational institutions

 * Academia de San Pedro Calungsod – Naga, Cebu
 * St. Pedro Calungsod Academy (formerly Blessed Pedro Calungsod Academy) – Pasig
 * San Pedro Calungsod Learning Center – Carmen, Cebu
 * San Pedro Calungsod Mission School – Maribojoc, Bohol
 * San Pedro Calungsod Montessori & Science School – San Pedro, Laguna
 * San Pedro Calungsod Technical Vocational School, Inc. – Zamboanga

title: Pedro Calungsod


text:
Talk:Glass milk bottle

redirection
Why does Milk Jug redirect here? This page is about a consumer glass bottle collectors item, milk jugs are a piece of industrial equipment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.153.46.97 (talk) 13:22, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

collectors item
Only old ones presumably, since there must be millions in circulation?--JBellis 18:06, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Milk delivery is pretty rare here in America but modern Christmas decorated bottles are collectable. Rmhermen 23:43, September 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * At my local dairy, they have PLENTY of the half-gallon glass containers, but they have stopped offering cream in the pint bottles because they can no longer purchase them from anywhere. So, at least some sizes of milk bottles are now rare. --Mdwyer 23:07, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * rare in America? I have three local dairies to choose from, and I'm in a modest size city.  WBardwin 04:03, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I live in a metro area of population 5.5 million and am only aware of two dairies which deliver in the entire area. Rmhermen 14:03, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * perhaps the difference is an intensely urban environment. I'm only 10 minutes or so from one of the actual dairy farms -- the suburbs are creeping closer but they are still operating.  In an larger urban area, I would expect transportation costs to outweigh the other advantages to home delivery.  WBardwin 21:15, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thought we could use some statistics here: Only 0.4% of U.S. milk sales are home deliveries as of 2005. And most (but not all) grocery store sales are in plastic (or more rarely paper) containers. So I think my "pretty rare" statement was valid. The statistics on the decline of home delivery in the U.S. could be worked into the article - but the numbers aren't refering to glass milk bottles only so they would have to be qualified statements. By contrast, 30% of UK milk sales are home delivery.Rmhermen (talk) 04:12, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Trivia
There is a story around here that they used to only use a foil cap to cover the milk. However, neighborhood birds discovered that they could easily pierce the foil and drink the first inch of milk from the top of the bottle. In response, they added a cardboard circle. This cardboard circle became central to the kids game of Pogs. My dairy now uses plastic caps that are color-coded based on the product. --Mdwyer 23:07, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It is certainly true that tits learn to peck through the foil tops (although I think they only like full cream or better). In the UK it became fairly commonplace to leave a small board outside which Milko would place across the top of the bottles. Rich  Farmbrough 11:11 17  May 2006 (UTC).
 * Yes, in the UK, Blue Tits did somehow learn that they could peck through the foil top to get to the cream at the top of the bottle inside. It was often cited as an example of anumal learning. Since homogenised milk became the norm in the UK (1990s?), meaning that the cream no longer floated to the top, I believe that they no longer do it. --JBellis 10:50, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Isn't the decline just as likely to be a result of the decline of doorstep milk delivery in Britain? When I was little, in the late 1970s, the vast majority of people had milk delivered in glass (blue-tit friendly!) bottles. I believe the figure is now only about 20%. 86.132.137.65 05:31, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * All I can say is that I still continue to have my Milk delivered traditionaly by a milk float and a milkman. The bottle are still made of glass with a foil top. I think this is far more convienient than going to shop all the time. UNI| SOUTH  06:07, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Cardboard tops predate foil caps by some 50 years. As far as I am aware cardboard tops were phased out in the fifties, although the transition may have been earlier in urban areas. Cardboard tops were collected by children and used in a game involving flicking the top so that it could cover another top. The game was called "pogs" in some areas. I was still in primary school when the cardboard tops were phased out the local dairy in Southern England, which gives a date of pre-1955.

Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 15:51, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and carefull attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 16:32, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

patent is for a milk bottle with a dome type tin cap, wrong date
G. H. LESTER. - Milk Jar and Can. - No. 199,837. - Patented Jan. 29, 1878.

GEORGE HENRY LESTER, OF BROOKLYN, NEW YORK.

IMPROVEMENT IN MILK JARS AND CANS.

Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 199,837, dated January 29, 1878; application filed September 22, 1877.

http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat199837.pdf

L. P. WHITEMAN. - Jar for Milk, &c. - No. 225,900 - Patented Mar. 23, 1880.

LOUIS P. WHITEMAN, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

JAR FOR MILK, &c.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 225,900, dated March 23, 1880.

Application filed January 31, 1880.

http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat225900.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wdew (talk • contribs) 11:58, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

A. V. WHITEMAN. - Jar - No. 305,554 - Patented Sept. 23, 1884.

ABRAM V. WHITEMAN, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

JAR.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 305,554, dated September 23, 1884.

Application filed June 18, 1884.

http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat305554.pdf

11:50, 23 October 2009 (UTC)Wdew (talk)

Exchanging glass milk bottles in the U.S.
When did dairies (or creameries) stop exchanging empty glass milk bottles for full ones in the U.S.? I remember as a kid in the early 1970s in Portland, Oregon the routine was to take your empty ones to a central location that looked like a fast food stand. You'd drive up to the window, give them your empty bottles and then (I assume for a fee)they'd give you full ones. This was the very early 70's so I assume they were completely phased out by the mid to late 1970s in bigger cities. Some of the buildings are still standing but have been converted into liquor stores. Anybody know when this stopped? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.119.179.21 (talk) 23:09, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Glass milk bottle
This article is about glass milk bottles. There is another article about plastic milk containers (bottles or jugs]. For clarity, this article should be titled "glass milk bottle.  Pkgx (talk) 13:24, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes, this article would be better named "glass milk bottle' or ''returnable milk bottle".  There are many types of plastic milk bottles, mostly non-returnable;  a separate article on plastic milk bottles should be started.  I can start it in a week or so.  What do other editors think?   Pkgx (talk) 14:47, 25 September 2018 (UTC)
 * There have been no comments since this proposal was posted in May. I have made the title change and added pictures.  I will make further improvements.  Pkgx (talk) 00:49, 1 October 2018 (UTC)

Possible need for the candy
I hear around New Zealand that the candy named "milk bottles", candy shaped and designed to resemble milk bottles, has gotten a lot of controversy over its removal of milk from the candy. And I wonder whether the candy deserves to be a separate article. Qwertyxp2000 (talk | contribs) 08:08, 16 July 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Glass milk bottle


text:
Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation Act

The Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation or TREAD Act is a United States federal law enacted in the fall of 2000. This law intended to increase consumer safety through mandates assigned to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). It was drafted in response to fatalities related to Ford Explorers fitted with Firestone tires and was influenced by automobile, tire manufacturers, and consumer safety advocates. After congressional hearings were held in September 2000, Congress, in only an 18-hour span, passed the TREAD Act in October 2000. The Act was signed into law by President Clinton on November 1, 2000, and has been amended into the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, codified at.

Components
There are three major components of the TREAD Act:
 * First, it requires that vehicle manufacturers report to the National Highway & Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) when it conducts a safety recall or other safety campaign in a foreign country.
 * Second, vehicle manufacturers need to report information related to defects, reports of injury or death related to its products, as well as other relevant data in order to comply with "Early Warning" requirements.
 * Third, there is criminal liability where a vehicle manufacturer intentionally violates the new reporting requirements when a safety-related defect has subsequently caused death or serious bodily injury. There are a number of other smaller provisions which mostly address manufacturers of vehicle tires and guidance to the NHTSA on reporting data.  The "Early Warning" requirement is the heart of the TREAD Act, enabling the NHTSA to collect data, notice trends, and warn consumers of potential defects in vehicles.

Related links

 * Tire-pressure monitoring system
 * FMVSS 138


text:
Blake Schwarzenbach

Alexander Blake Schwarzenbach (born May 21, 1967) is an American musician. He is the singer and guitarist of the San Francisco based band Jawbreaker (1986–1996; 2017–present), and was also a member of Jets to Brazil (1997–2003), The Thorns of Life (2008–2009), and forgetters (2009–2013). Although experiencing little mainstream success himself, Schwarzenbach and groups he has been a member of have influenced a variety of musical groups.

Early life and education
Schwarzenbach spent his early childhood in Berkeley, California, Portland, Oregon, and Boulder, Colorado. Upon moving to Venice, Los Angeles, California to live with his father, he attended the Crossroads School, a private K-12 school in Santa Monica, California. He then attended New York University between 1985 and 1991, including a two-quarter stint at UC Santa Cruz in 1985. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from NYU in English literature and creative writing in 1991.

Jawbreaker
Jawbreaker formed in 1986 after Blake Schwarzenbach and drummer Adam Pfahler responded to a flyer that bassist Chris Bauermeister posted in a New York University dorm cafeteria. The band played their first show as Jawbreaker on March 16, 1989, at Club 88 in Los Angeles, CA. Jawbreaker disbanded in the summer of 1996. They had played together for ten years and released four albums. Their last show was on May 19, 1996, at the Capitol Theater in Olympia, WA.

On April 19, 2017, Jawbreaker announced that they were reuniting after a 21-year hiatus, and has since performed numerous live shows. They are also considering writing new material.

Jets to Brazil
Schwarzenbach then formed the indie band Jets to Brazil in 1997 with Jeremy Chatelain of Handsome and Chris Daly of Texas is the Reason. Jets to Brazil released three albums before disbanding after their summer tour in 2003.

The Thorns of life
In October 2008, Blake revealed that he recently started writing music for a then "as-yet-unnamed group" with drummer Aaron Cometbus (formerly of Crimpshrine) and bassist Daniel Sea, formerly of the Gr'ups and Cypher in the Snow, but best known for their recurring role on television's The L Word. The band has since been named The Thorns of Life. As of November 2008, the group has played a couple of shows in Brooklyn, with videos and reviews available online.

Blake informed via Facebook: I can say only that it's loud and tender and we're called the Thorns of Life. whether it's more Jetsesque or Breaker-like I honestly don't know; It sounds like a storehouse of fond hatred from the last few years and in the now.

In early 2009, Cometbus left the band quietly. Although there has been no official announcement, many assume that The Thorns of Life are no more. Their break-up was announced on punknews.org as an official break-up.

forgetters
On August 23, 2009, Blake announced via Facebook information on his new band, forgetters.

Musical influence
Schwarzenbach largely remains an influential figure in the punk/emo/indie music scene. He is known as "one of the godfathers of emo". He has a devoted following from musicians in the genre, particularly for his songs while playing in Jawbreaker, as shown by the variety of groups who paid tribute to the band on the 2003 Jawbreaker tribute album Bad Scene, Everyone's Fault. Blake was a character in the online game Emogame 2. The main character, "Blake", in Nothing Nice To Say, a webcomic, is named after him and bears a resemblance to the singer. The folk punk band Defiance, Ohio's song "I'm Just Going To Leave..." refers to listening to Jawbreaker, as does the song "I Must Be Hateful" by Lagwagon. The Get Up Kids song "I'll Catch You" refers to the Jawbreaker song "Jinx Removing". The Smoking Popes song "You Spoke To Me" is a tribute to Schwarzenbach's influence on the life of lead singer Josh Caterer. The Pootie song "What Will They Think?" has a few Jawbreaker references as well. He is also mentioned in an Eve 6 song, "Friend of Mine"; with the lyric, " remember that Blake said to 'make sure you wake and help save your generation'". "Without Eyes Still Seeing" by Rocky Votolato is another song that references Schwarzenbach in the line, "Dylan, Drake, even Schwarzenbach How you became heroes I'll never forget." Post-punk band 'Count Florida', from Scotland, released a digital single in February 2021 with an entire song devoted to him; "Blake".

Video game reviews
During the summer of 1997, Schwarzenbach worked as a freelance writer and contributed several reviews of video games for GameSpot. Games reviewed included Independence Day, HeliCOPS, and Pandemonium.

Politics
Blake was involved in some efforts of Punk Voter leading up to the 2004 U.S. presidential election. In October 2004, he wrote a "guest column" called "Empires" on Punk Voter's website. Additionally, Blake was peripherally involved with the New York University antiwar protests of late 2002-early 2003. On March 27, 2003, Blake gave an antiwar speech, entitled "See How We Are", to a crowd assembled in Washington Square Park following a student walkout.

Writing and art
In 2004, Samantha Gillison commented on Blake's literary and artistic endeavors in City Pages: ...his writing has expanded beyond lyrics and liner notes. Employing Michel Foucault's theory of spontaneous and local anarchy, his artistic self-expression now includes deeply felt political essays, children's stories, and graphic representation in the form of agitprop stickers that have wound up on New York City cop cars, subway ads, Starbucks windows, and Fox News vans. And with what he calls "deep human hunger," he has delved into the world of filmmaking, starting with a Cindy Sherman-esque short entitled "Biko/Chico" that stars his cat and muse Chico Schwarzenbach.

Teaching
As of June 2022, Schwarzenbach teaches undergraduates as a member of the Adjunct Faculty in the Department of English at Hunter College, which is part of the CUNY public university system in New York City.

title: Blake Schwarzenbach


text:
Alberta Report

The Alberta Report was a conservative weekly newsmagazine based in Edmonton. It was founded and edited by Ted Byfield, and later run by his son, Link Byfield. It ceased publication in 2003.

Promoting his own successor publication in 2004, Ezra Levant described the Report as having been the only general interest magazine in Western Canada covering the news from a conservative perspective.

In 2022, the Alberta Report was returned as an online publication under the ownership of Western Standard New Media Corp.

History and profile
In 1973, Byfield returned to journalism by publishing the St. John's Edmonton Report, a local paper, as part of the operations of the Company of the Cross, a lay Anglican religious order, also co-founded by Byfield, which included a series of traditional Anglican private boarding schools for boys, starting with the Saint John's Cathedral Boys' School in 1957. The minister of St. John's School, Keith T. Bennett, served on the original editorial board. In the early years the school and the magazine operated under the same system where staff lived in a communal apartment block and everyone worked for a dollar a day plus room and board.

The St. John's Edmonton Report combined Byfield's interest in journalism and current affairs with his desire to use media to education others about Christian values. It provided a space for Byfield to comment on "homosexuals, abortionists, human rights commissions and public education" which he strongly opposed. Prior to the establishment of the Alberta Report in 1979, Byfield also launched the St. John's Calgary Report in 1977. When the two magazines were merged into the Alberta Report, Byfield shifted the business model from that of the lay order to a more commercial enterprise to attract a higher quality of journalists.

The emergence of the Alberta Report coincided with Alberta's energy wars with the federal government. Byfield's Report provided the voice for Western Canada's growing sense of discontent and alienation in the 1970s and 1980s. In response to the province of Quebec's call for separation, Byfield wrote about "western separatism". The magazine became so popular in Alberta that the circulation reached a record average of 53,277 a week by 1987. In the late 1980s as the economy of Alberta declined, so did the circulation. In 1990 a group of Calgary oil magnates offered to buy the report in an effort to provide financial stability to a journal they regarded as politically congenial.

The magazine was published for a time in three separate editions, the Alberta Report, BC Report, and Western Report. These were merged in 1999 into The Report, later known as the Citizens Centre Report in connection with Link Byfield's successor organization, the Citizens Centre for Freedom and Democracy.

The magazine often struggled financially, with the senior Byfield mortgaging his own house four times to keep it afloat. It shut down in June 2003. According to the Edmonton Sun, some employees were still owed back pay nearly six months later, and complained when the Citizens Centre was directing money toward its political agenda.

A number of right-wing journalists and commentators in Canada who are prominent today began their careers writing for The Report magazines, including Kenneth Whyte, the editor in chief of Maclean's; Colby Cosh of the National Post, Kevin Michael Grace, Lorne Gunter, Ezra Levant, Brian Mulawka, and Kevin Steel. Other former staff include: freelance journalist Ric Dolphin, former National Post writer Dunnery Best, U.S. food writer (and founding editor of Equinox magazine) Barry Estabrook, former Profit editor and publisher Rick Spence, author D'Arcy Jenish, and Paul Bunner, who in 2006 became a speechwriter for Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Bunner is currently speech writer for Alberta Premier Jason Kenney. C.P. (Chris) Champion started The Dorchester Review, a small but influential history magazine, in 2011, and in 2020 served as a curriculum advisor under Minister of Education, Andrea LaGrange.

The Western Standard, launched in 2004, by Levant with the participation of several other Report alumni, aimed to fill the space in the market that had been held by the Report. The Standard ceased publication in 2007, but returned as an online daily news publication in 2019.

In 2022, Alberta Report was acquired by Western Standard New Media Corp., returning it to publication online.

Topics
In the 1990s, AR produced a number of articles expressing opposition to a possible amendment to the Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA) that would prohibit discrimination against homosexuals.

In the wake of the successful lawsuit against the government of Alberta for wrongful sterilization, launched by Leilani Muir, and the subsequent 1995 trial on eugenics, the weekly magazine published five articles on eugenics from 1995 and 1999. The articles covered the court case, placing it into an historical context. A 1995 article by Joe Woodward and a 1996 article by Chris Champion investigated the decision by the University of Alberta to remove the name of the John M. MacEachran (1877 – 1971)—co-founder of the Canadian Psychological Association and the Alberta Eugenics Board's chairman responsible for the forced sterilizations—from several scholarships and a library at the University.

title: Alberta Report


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Biologist

A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual cell, a multicellular organism, or a community of interacting populations. They usually specialize in a particular branch (e.g., molecular biology, zoology, and evolutionary biology) of biology and have a specific research focus (e.g., studying malaria or cancer).

Biologists who are involved in basic research have the aim of advancing knowledge about the natural world. They conduct their research using the scientific method, which is an empirical method for testing hypotheses. Their discoveries may have applications for some specific purpose such as in biotechnology, which has the goal of developing medically useful products for humans.

In modern times, most biologists have one or more academic degrees such as a bachelor's degree plus an advanced degree like a master's degree or a doctorate. Like other scientists, biologists can be found working in different sectors of the economy such as in academia, nonprofits, private industry, or government.

History
Francesco Redi, the founder of biology, is recognized to be one of the greatest biologists of all time. Robert Hooke, an English natural philosopher, coined the term cell, suggesting plant structure's resemblance to honeycomb cells.

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection, which was described in detail in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species, which was published in 1859. In it, Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes of descent with accumulated modification leading to divergence over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Separately, Gregor Mendel formulated in the principles of inheritance in 1866, which became the basis of modern genetics.

In 1953, James D. Watson and Francis Crick described the basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms, building on the work of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, suggested that the structure of DNA was a double helix.

Ian Wilmut led a research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly.

Education
An undergraduate degree in biology typically requires coursework in molecular and cellular biology, development, ecology, genetics, microbiology, anatomy, physiology, botany, and zoology. Additional requirements may include physics, chemistry (general, organic, and biochemistry), calculus, and statistics.

Students who aspire to a research-oriented career usually pursue a graduate degree such as a master's or a doctorate (e.g., PhD) whereby they would receive training from a research head based on an apprenticeship model that has been in existence since the 1800s. Students in these graduate programs often receive specialized training in a particular subdiscipline of biology.

Research
Biologists who work in basic research formulate theories and devise experiments to advance human knowledge on life including topics such as evolution, biochemistry, molecular biology, neuroscience and cell biology.

Biologists typically conduct laboratory experiments involving animals, plants, microorganisms or biomolecules. However, a small part of biological research also occurs outside the laboratory and may involve natural observation rather than experimentation. For example, a botanist may investigate the plant species present in a particular environment, while an ecologist might study how a forest area recovers after a fire.

Biologists who work in applied research use instead the accomplishments gained by basic research to further knowledge in particular fields or applications. For example, this applied research may be used to develop new pharmaceutical drugs, treatments and medical diagnostic tests. Biological scientists conducting applied research and product development in private industry may be required to describe their research plans or results to non-scientists who are in a position to veto or approve their ideas. These scientists must consider the business effects of their work.

Swift advances in knowledge of genetics and organic molecules spurred growth in the field of biotechnology, transforming the industries in which biological scientists work. Biological scientists can now manipulate the genetic material of animals and plants, attempting to make organisms (including humans) more productive or resistant to disease. Basic and applied research on biotechnological processes, such as recombining DNA, has led to the production of important substances, including human insulin and growth hormone. Many other substances not previously available in large quantities are now produced by biotechnological means. Some of these substances are useful in treating diseases.

Those working on various genome (chromosomes with their associated genes) projects isolate genes and determine their function. This work continues to lead to the discovery of genes associated with specific diseases and inherited health risks, such as sickle cell anemia. Advances in biotechnology have created research opportunities in almost all areas of biology, with commercial applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation.

Specializations
Most biological scientists specialize in the study of a certain type of organism or in a specific activity, although recent advances have blurred some traditional classifications.
 * Geneticists study genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms.
 * Neuroscientists study the nervous system.
 * Developmental biologists study the process of development and growth of organisms
 * Biochemists study the chemical composition of living things. They analyze the complex chemical combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, and growth.
 * Molecular biologists study the biological activity between biomolecules.
 * Microbiologists investigate the growth and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, or fungi.
 * Physiologists study life functions of plants and animals, in the whole organism and at the cellular or molecular level, under normal and abnormal conditions. Physiologists often specialize in functions such as growth, reproduction, photosynthesis, respiration, or movement, or in the physiology of a certain area or system of the organism.
 * Biophysicists use experimental methods traditionally employed in physics to answer biological questions.
 * Computational biologists apply the techniques of computer science, applied mathematics and statistics to address biological problems. The main focus lies on developing mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques. By these means it addresses scientific research topics with their theoretical and experimental questions without a laboratory.
 * Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and wildlife—their origin, behavior, diseases, and life processes. Some experiment with live animals in controlled or natural surroundings, while others dissect dead animals to study their structure. Zoologists and wildlife biologists also may collect and analyze biological data to determine the environmental effects of current and potential uses of land and water areas. Zoologists usually are identified by the animal group they study. For example, ornithologists study birds, mammalogists study mammals, herpetologists study reptiles and amphibians, ichthyologists study fish, cnidariologists study jellyfishes and entomologists study insects.
 * Botanists study plants and their environments. Some study all aspects of plant life, including algae, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants; others specialize in areas such as identification and classification of plants, the structure and function of plant parts, the biochemistry of plant processes, the causes and cures of plant diseases, the interaction of plants with other organisms and the environment, the geological record of plants and their evolution. Mycologists study fungi, such as yeasts, mold and mushrooms, which are a separate kingdom from plants.
 * Aquatic biologists study micro-organisms, plants, and animals living in water. Marine biologists study salt water organisms, and limnologists study fresh water organisms. Much of the work of marine biology centers on molecular biology, the study of the biochemical processes that take place inside living cells. Marine biology is a branch of oceanography, which is the study of the biological, chemical, geological, and physical characteristics of oceans and the ocean floor. (See the Handbook statements on environmental scientists and hydrologists and on geoscientists.)
 * Ecologists investigate the relationships among organisms and between organisms and their environments, examining the effects of population size, pollutants, rainfall, temperature, and altitude. Using knowledge of various scientific disciplines, ecologists may collect, study, and report data on the quality of air, food, soil, and water.
 * Evolutionary biologists investigate the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth, starting from a single common ancestor. These processes include natural selection, common descent, and speciation.

Employment
Biologists typically work regular hours but longer hours are not uncommon. Researchers may be required to work odd hours in laboratories or other locations (especially while in the field), depending on the nature of their research.

Many biologists depend on grant money to fund their research. They may be under pressure to meet deadlines and to conform to rigid grant-writing specifications when preparing proposals to seek new or extended funding.

Marine biologists encounter a variety of working conditions. Some work in laboratories; others work on research ships, and those who work underwater must practice safe diving while working around sharp coral reefs and hazardous marine life. Although some marine biologists obtain their specimens from the sea, many still spend a good deal of their time in laboratories and offices, conducting tests, running experiments, recording results, and compiling data.

Biologists are not usually exposed to unsafe or unhealthy conditions. Those who work with dangerous organisms or toxic substances in the laboratory must follow strict safety procedures to avoid contamination. Many biological scientists, such as botanists, ecologists, and zoologists, conduct field studies that involve strenuous physical activity and primitive living conditions. Biological scientists in the field may work in warm or cold climates, in all kinds of weather.

Honors and awards
The highest honor awarded to biologists is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded since 1901, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Another significant award is the Crafoord Prize in Biosciences; established in 1980.

title: Biologist


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Talk:Wilhelm Grimm

Untitled
Why is there so much information on Jakob Grimm and not enough on Wilhelm Grimm
 * Why was Jakob Grimm moved to Jacob Grimm but Wilhelm Grimm is not moved to William Grimm ? -- 199.71.174.100 00:44, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Which one is the correct birth year, 1786 or 1803?

Fair use rationale for Image:1000-DEM-OBV-178x83.jpg
Image:1000-DEM-OBV-178x83.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 01:22, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Incorrect dates
Hello there, I noticed on the page 'Wilhelm Grimm' that under 'Life and work', the given year of birth is 2000 and it states that he began law studies in 2016. Unless he got a very late education, I imagine this is a typo. Is there someone who has the correct dates? DillyFish (talk) 00:41, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wilhelm Grimm


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Talk:Alberta Report

Untitled
How do I make this into a stub?

I intend to come back after, and add some stuff...including a history of the Alberta Report, and it's sister magazines, and it's owners and writers...

 * I've removed some of the speculative commentary that seemed to cast aspersions without solid evidence, and replaced it with a more factual summary of the history as best I can determine it. --Michael Snow 06:31, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

edits by 205.206.109.231
There are numerous references that connect Ted and Link Byfield with the Alberta Report Magazine. The edits that have said otherwise have been replaced with prior text. c.f. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0011899 http://www.ecpcenter.org/events/ignite_2006/speakers.php Fremte (talk) 16:02, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Merging
The new article Impact of the Alberta Report has recently been created, via the Canada Education Program, and since the article Alberta Report is only a stub, it seems reasonable to merge that content into this article. Mlm42 (talk) 07:06, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Support - was thinking the same thing myself.Moxy (talk) 07:12, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Support This article is a stub and needs material. Armbrust Talk to me about my editsreview  18:41, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

here's a informative link to anyone wishing to update this page: http://archives.ucalgary.ca/files/lcr_archives/Alberta%20Report.pdf  (in truth, much of this archive could be directly quoted into wikipedia - it's much more informative and a strong reference).

one thing i'd like to see corrected is the implication that company "closed" and did not pay employees. the above source states the report went into receivership, which would negate the implied criticism of taking the money and running. furthermore, to the reader that is unfamiliar with this subject matter, the reference to the citizens center report is meaningless. but the context implies that it is corporately connected to the magazine. this is not true, they were separate entities, but both linked to byfield. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Newtonsghost (talk • contribs) 18:43, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

could use some tweeks- also have informative reference for addition.
here's a informative link to anyone wishing to update this page: http://archives.ucalgary.ca/files/lcr_archives/Alberta%20Report.pdf  (in truth, much of this archive could be directly quoted into wikipedia - it's much more informative and a strong reference).

one thing i'd like to see corrected is the implication that company "closed" and did not pay employees. the above source states the report went into receivership, which would negate the implied criticism of taking the money and running. furthermore, to the reader that is unfamiliar with this subject matter, the reference to the citizens center report is meaningless. but the context implies that it is corporately connected to the magazine. this is not true, they were separate entities, but both linked to byfield.Newtonsghost (talk) 18:47, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Impact of the Alberta Report
Some watchers of this article may wish to comment on Articles for deletion/Impact of the Alberta Report --Rob (talk) 01:39, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alberta Report


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Speeches of Max Weber

Max Weber influenced German society and politics in the late 1910s. Some of his speeches and articles made a big impression on his listeners; such as "Science as a Vocation" and "Politics as a Vocation" delivered at the University of Munich in the late 1910s. Weber was a prolific speaker and lecturer, and delivered many speeches in his roles as an academic, politician, and German nationalist.

Speech for the German National Committee (August 1916)
Chancellor von Bethmann Holweg founded the German National Committee to give the opposition to large scale annexation a voice. Right-wing groups were pushing the government to demand large conquests for Germany and a total defeat of the allies. They wanted no compromises towards the allies.

Weber became a member of this committee, which was powerless from the beginning, because the war goals were not discussable for this committee. Weber broke the rule during his first speech in Nuremberg.

He told his listeners that he was not a member of the committee. He wanted the German politics to do what is just. The war shouldn't take an hour too long, because many people are suffering in the trenches. Weber openly declared to be against the unrestrained submarine war.

Three lessons could be learned from the war. First is that money was a main reason why the war came into being. Secondly, industry and capitalists were very important for the war efforts. Thirdly, the state is more important than the nation, because the state rules over the life and death of its subjects. But when state and nation are combined, the state has more power. The poor results of Austria-Hungarian war efforts compared to Germany were an example of this.

Germany fought this war to become a major power in Central Europe. Germany should responsible for an honourable treatment of the small nations in Central Europe and to prevent political subdual. He wanted the small nations to remain mainly politically independent, but German economy should be predominant. This way Germany could have a lasting result when it wins the war.

Speech in Munich (November 1917)
After hearing of the near collapse of Austria-Hungary, Weber advocated peace during a mass meeting in Munich.

'I don't speak as a scientist but as a politician. As a professor at a university, I have no special authority in politics, just like an admiral when he can't see the most important things, or a common worker. The threat of the 'Alldeutschen' is that they usually have the strongest influence on the government. The Alldeutschen are proud that they saw this war coming for a long time. They were not the only ones, but they were among the instigators of the war. They believed that politics should be made with a big mouth. The small efforts of German politics were achieved with a lot of noise; our enemies have achieved much more without noise. The Alldeutsche politics, for example, during the Boer War prevented our coming to an agreement with England. The hate against England was mainly directed towards the English constitution. 'For god sake no alliance with England, that would only bring us parliamentarianism'. This way domestic political motives became the basis for foreign policy or other any policy.

Hand in hand with these fears of the English constitution was a worthless wooing of the Tsar's Russia, which brought us the hate of the Russian liberals and the despise of the autocratic ruler. The domestic political motives are responsible for this foreign policy, is proven by the submarine-agitation of the Alldeutschen. It began when the electoral reform was announced. Was this coincidence? In both questions we see the same enemies of Bethmann. From the moment that the submarine war was a political and diplomatic possibility, the prophecies came. The military leaders never joined the agitation, but they accepted it. They knew that the end of the prophecies would have more effect on morale than a peace resolution could. Together with the submarine war came the Mexico telegram. Who defended Zimmermann after this capital blunder? It was always the same group!

Today they accuse the majority of the parliament of wanting a 'Hungerfrieden' (literally "hunger peace"). We should never accept a "hunger peace," but if foreign countries think that we will accept a "hunger peace," then this group is responsible for discrediting the policy of the parliament with the word "hunger peace."

The Alldeutschen want us to follow a politics of annexation without any consideration of our allies. The young emperor Charles of Austria-Hungary complained after the Russian revolution that he has nothing to say. Emperor Charles has a different opinion than Italy and Romania, who declared war on Germany, but an alliance between Austria and an Alldeutschen Germany would be very weak. The consideration of our allies was one of the most important reasons for the decision of the parliament on 19 July; today it can easily be said. The enemies of an agreement know that the parliamentary majority had to keep their motive secret; their agitation was therefore even more condemnable.

The Alldeutschen, who call themselves Fatherland-party today—even the name is an infamy—are affectionately pointing to the mood on the front. Our soldiers don't need the pacifists and the warmongers. They say: 'If politics was pragmatic instead of goddamned babble, then the war would stop when security had come for our fatherland!' They should ask the question about a peace agreement during a national referendum or a vote on the front!

The bureaucratic system that ruled us until now has now come up with the appointment of Count Hertling (the new chancellor of Germany). We'll have to find out if he is a partyman or a statesman in domestic politics. But we welcome his appointment, because he responded to the papal proposition that he is in favour of a peace agreement. We welcome him also, because the strongest party in the parliament (the conservatives) can't deny responsibility anymore. We expect from Count Hertling, that he maintain a strong backbone against an irresponsible shadow government. Bismarck often complained about the interference of the military in politics. Our military leadership is brilliant; we have the full confidence in our military, but not when it comes to political questions.

We expect that Count Hertling keep a strong connection between government and parliament, so that a failure of communication like 19 July can be prevented. When this connection between government and parliament exists, we don't need a controlling body like the Siebenerausschuss anymore, which is headed by Michaelis. We hope that Count Hertling will understand the need for democracy. This democracy will not agree to a shameful peace; our successors will not condone it. We want to conduct world politics, but only a Herrenvolk (nation of leaders) is capable of this. Not a Herrenvolk in the sense of the Alldeutschen idiocy, but just simply a nation that strongly controls its own administration. The Alldeutscher movement will only lead to a new de-politization of the nation. Like a free ripe nation, we want to enlist in the group of the Herrenvoelker of the earth.'

title: Speeches of Max Weber


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File:Johannes Kleiman.jpg

Fair use for Johannes Kleiman
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:
 * 1) it is a significant photo of a historically notable individual.
 * 2) the image is only being used for informational purposes.
 * 3) its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the subject of this and other articles linked to it.

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Photon (TV series)

Photon is a live action television show that aired in the mid-1980s, which was tied into the Photon lasertag arenas and home game. It was produced by DIC Enterprises as a first run syndicated kids series which shown in various syndicated markets through most of the mid-eighties. Animator Shinji Aramaki served as miniature model maker/designer on the special effects team for the series.

Premise
Photon follows the adventures of a young high school student, Christopher Jarvis with the alias of "Bhodi Li". Chris discovers that the lasertag game Photon is actually a way to detect the strongest warriors in the galaxy, who will then be recruited to fight the forces of darkness. After shooting his laser gun and saying "The light shines!", he would be transported to a space station to join his fellow Photon Warriors. His alien compatriots include an orphan earthling boy genius named Parcival, a shape-changing blob named Pike, a lizard-like creature named Leon, a cyborg named Lord Baethan, and Tivia, a black ninja princess from Nivia populated by women after the males became extinct. Their mentor is a sentient computer named MOM (Multiple Operation Matrix). The villains' motto is "Let the darkness grow!"

The mission of each faction is to find the Photon crystal on each planet just as it nears the end of its hundred-year charge. If the Photon warriors are the first to shoot the crystal, the planet will be changed into a vital place full of life. If the villains do so, it will become a barren wasteland.

Cast and characters

 * Bhodi Li (played by Christopher Lockwood)
 * Tivia, Princess of Nivia (played by Loretta Haywood)
 * Lord Beathan (played by Graham Ravey)
 * Parcival (played by Eros Rivers)
 * Leon/Sarge (played by Akiyoshi Ono)
 * Uncle Pike (played by Kazuhisa Kanamaru)
 * Kathy Jarvis (played by Clarissa Reid)
 * Barbara Jarvis (played by Tamara Johnson)
 * Richard Jarvis (played by Paul Laroque)
 * Pirarr (played by Sam Taylor)
 * Mandarr/Evan Kiley (played by David Stay )
 * Warriarr (played by Satoshi Ishihara)
 * Dogarr (played by Deiichi Igarashi)
 * Bugarr (played by Yoshito Shiraishi)
 * Destructarr (played by Yoshito Nagatsuka)

Production
The show was filmed in both the U.S. and Japan. Many of the costumes were designed and worn by people who worked on Super Sentai and other tokusatsu programs in Japan. Production values were rather low, and a majority of the sets were chroma-keyed in.

The show only lasted one season, but it did have a series finale.

Directors: Yasuhiro Horiuchi and Koichi Nakajima.

Writers: Ray Dryden, Tsunehisa Itô, Satoshi Namiki, Sukehiro Tomita.

Rebroadcast
The Club Mario segments of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! included segments of Photon under the title Spaced Out Theater.

Related books
There were a number of book tie-ins, some of them written by popular comic book, TV and sci-fi author Peter David.

Two series of books were planned and started. The series aimed at a younger audience was by David under the pseudonym of David Peters, and 6 books were written. The only published novel of the series aimed at the Young Adult market was written by Michael P. Kube-McDowell under the house name Michael Hudson.

title: Photon (TV series)


text:
Christopher Parker (disambiguation)

Christopher Parker (born 1983) is an English actor and television presenter.

Christopher Parker may also refer to:

 * Chris Parker (musician), American jazz drummer
 * Christopher Parker (MP), British Member of Parliament for Clitheroe, Lancashire, 1708–1713
 * Christopher J. Parker, executive director of the National Junior College Athletic Association
 * Christopher Parker (vice-admiral), British naval officer and son of Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet, 1761-1804

title: Christopher Parker (disambiguation)


text:
Lockheed C-141 Starlifter

The Lockheed C-141 Starlifter is a retired military strategic airlifter that served with the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), its successor organization the Military Airlift Command (MAC), and finally the Air Mobility Command (AMC) of the United States Air Force (USAF). The aircraft also served with airlift and air mobility wings of the Air Force Reserve (AFRES), later renamed Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), the Air National Guard (ANG) and, later, one air mobility wing of the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) dedicated to C-141, C-5, C-17 and KC-135 training.

Introduced to replace slower propeller driven cargo planes such as the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II and Douglas C-133 Cargomaster, the C-141 was designed to requirements set in 1960 and first flew in 1963. Production deliveries of an eventual 285 planes began in 1965: 284 for the USAF, and a company demonstrator later delivered to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for use as an airborne observatory. The aircraft remained in service for over 40 years until the USAF withdrew the last C-141s from service in 2006, after replacing the airlifter with the C-17 Globemaster III.

Origins
Throughout the early 1960s, the United States Air Force's Military Air Transport Service (MATS) relied on a substantial number of propeller-driven aircraft for strategic airlift. As these aircraft were mostly obsolescent designs and the USAF needed the benefits of jet power, the USAF ordered 48 Boeing C-135 Stratolifters as an interim step. The C-135 was a useful stop-gap, but only had side-loading doors, thus much of the bulky and oversize equipment employed by the U.S. Army would not fit.

During the spring of 1960, the USAF released Specific Operational Requirement 182, calling for a new aircraft that would be capable of performing both strategic and tactical airlift missions. The strategic role demanded that the aircraft be capable of missions with a radius of at least 3500 nmi with a 60,000 lb load. The tactical role required it to be able to perform low-altitude air drops of supplies, as well as carry and drop combat paratroops. Several companies responded to SOR 182, including Boeing, Lockheed, and General Dynamics.

Lockheed's design team produced their own unique design in response to the requirement, internally designated as the Lockheed Model 300; it would be the first large jet designed from the start to carry freight. In comparison to the firm's previous utility transport, the turboprop-powered Lockheed C-130 Hercules, it was considerably bigger, as well as possessing greater speed and more power. In terms of its basic configuration, the Model 300 was a large airlifter, furnished with a T-tail and a high-mounted swept wing, under which a total of four pod-mounted TF33 turbofan engines were fitted. The Model 300 possessed a lengthy, unobstructed cargo deck, which provided sufficient space and fittings to safely accommodate up to 154 troops or 42869 kg of cargo.

During March 1961, Lockheed's submission was selected as the winner. President John F. Kennedy's first official act after his inauguration was to order the development of the Lockheed 300 on 13 March 1961, placing an initial contract for five aircraft for test and evaluation, to be designated the C-141. One unusual aspect of the aircraft was that it was designed to meet both military and civil airworthiness standards. The prototype C-141A serial number 61-2775 was manufactured and assembled in record time, having been rolled out of Lockheed's factory at Marietta, Georgia on 22 August 1963. It was also the first aircraft to be designed and produced at the plant that would go into full-rate production. The prototype performed its maiden flight on 17 December of that year, coinciding with the 60th anniversary of the Wright brothers' first flight.

In conjunction with the USAF, Lockheed subjected the prototype to an intensive flight testing programme, which would involve five testing and evaluation aircraft. The first delivery of a production C-141 occurred during April 1965. Over the course of three years, a total of 284 C-141s were manufactured, not including the five aircraft constructed solely for testing purposes. Production of new-build C-141s was terminated during February 1968.

Derivatives
During the 1960s, Lockheed had made efforts to market the aircraft on the civilian market; this resulted in provisional orders having been placed by both Flying Tiger Line and Slick Airways for four aircraft each. These were to be a stretched version, 37 ft longer than the C-141A, which was marketed as the SuperstarLifter. Other changes were also incorporated to adapt the design to be more suited to the commercial sector, including the use of a different control yoke. The development was not sustained and only the one civilian demonstration aircraft was built. When no commercial sales were made, Lockheed donated the aircraft to NASA.

Another, more ambitious proposal, commonly designated as SC.5/40, sought to combine elements of the Starlifter with another strategic airlifter, the turboprop-powered Short Belfast, was to be performed in partnership with the British aircraft manufacturer Shorts. For this variant, the fuselage of the Belfast would have been paired with the wing of the Starlifter, which would have readily enabled the adoption of turbojet engines; speculated engines to power the envisioned airlifter included the Pratt & Whitney JT3D-3 (18,000 lb) or JT3D-8 (21,000 lb), Rolls-Royce Conway 550 (21,825 lb) or Bristol Siddeley BS.100 (27,000 lb approximately). A broadly similar but improved proposal, designated as SC.5/45, was heavily promoted by Shorts for Operational Requirement ASR.364, partly on the basis that it would also enable a near-identical civil-orientated model to be produced for home and export use, designated as SC.5/41. Detailed presentations on the SC.5/41 and SC.5/45 proposals were reportedly made to both British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and to the Royal Air Force (RAF) respectively, but no orders were placed.

Design

The Lockheed C-141 Starlifter is a long range strategic airlifter, designed for transporting large quantities of either cargo or passengers. It is powered by an arrangement of four TF33 turbofan engines, each capable of generating up to 21000 lbf of thrust; these were installed in pods beneath the high-mounted swept wing. The underside accommodates the retractable tricycle landing gear, consisting of a twin-wheel nose unit and four-wheel main units, the latter of which retract forward into fairings set onto each side of fuselage. The flight deck is typically operated by a crew of four.

The use of a high-mounted wing enabled internal clearance in the cargo compartment of 10 ft wide, 9 ft high and 70 ft long. Accordingly, the C-141 was capable of carrying, for example, a complete LGM-30 Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in its container; it was capable of carrying a maximum of 70847 lb over short distances, and carry up to 92000 lb when appropriately configured to carry the Minuteman, which lacked other equipment. In terms of personnel, the aircraft could carry a maximum of 154 fully-equipped troops, 123 paratroops or 80 litter patients at a time. In practice, it was discovered that, under typical conditions, the cargo deck of the C-141A would run out of volume before the maximum weight value could be reached.

In terms of ground logistics, an important aspect of the C-141 was the floor height of the cabin being only 50 in above the ground, enabling easy access to the cabin via the large rear doors incorporated into the upwards-sweeping rear fuselage. This section is furnished with a large single-piece hydraulically-actuated loading ramp for simplified loading/unloading of both vehicles and general cargo. The two side-facing rear doors were designed to allow the type to be used for dropping paratroops (in August 1965, the C-141 performed the first such drop from a jet-powered aircraft). The rear cargo doors could be also opened in flight to perform airborne cargo drops.

Operational history

The prototype and development aircraft were involved in an intensive operational testing program, along with the first C-141 to be delivered to MATS (63-8078) on 19 October 1964 to the 1707th Air Transport Wing, Heavy (Training), Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma. Following the satisfactory completion of civil testing, a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) type certificate was awarded to the C-141 on 29 January 1965. The first delivery to an operational unit (63-8088) was conducted on 23 April 1965 to the 44th Air Transport Squadron, 1501st Air Transport Wing, Travis Air Force Base, California.

Although operational testing was still underway, as a consequence of the United States' military involvement in South Vietnam, the C-141 was quickly dispatched to the region to commence operational sorties with the combat zone. The type became heavily used throughout the latter stages of the Vietnam War, its transport capabilities being in high demand. Even following the arrival of large numbers of C-141s in the Vietnam theatre, the type was never able to replace the C-124 Globemaster II fully due to its inability to transport outsize equipment in-theatre; this situation was later addressed by the introduction of the even larger C-5 Galaxy. The final duties performed by the C-141 in the conflict were repatriation flights, bringing home thousands of American prisoners of war (POWs).

Despite some operational issues experienced, the C-141 formed the backbone of the USAF's strategic airlift capability during the late 1960s; it continued to hold this status through to the late 1990s. On 8 January 1966, following the disestablishment of MATS, all C-141s were transferred to the newly established Military Airlift Command (MAC).

During October 1973, both the C-141 and the larger C-5 Galaxy airlifted supplies from the United States to Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War as part of Operation Nickel Grass. Over the course of the operation, C-141s flew 422 missions and carried a total of 10,754 tons of cargo. By 1975, the C-141 fleet had reportedly accumulated an average of 20,000 flight hours each, two-thirds of their original rated life span.

Despite an early belief that the advantages of the turbojet over preceding propeller-driven cargo aircraft would render the latter obsolete, service experiences with the C-141 found that there was still a useful role for turboprop-driven utility transports such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules. Capabilities such as short-field takeoff performance and suitability for austere airstrips meant that such aircraft proved useful, while the C-141 proved to be anything but robust, suffering numerous instances of structural failures. Specifically, the C-141 fleet was troubled by seemingly random cracking through the wing area, which was, according to a report compiled by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), sometimes attributable to stresses imposed under certain types of missions undertaken. A planned remedial programme during the 1980s to repair C-141 wing boxes uncovered significant corrosion and cracking, necessitating the replacement of all wing boxes across the fleet instead of making repairs.

During the late 1970s, the USAF opted to commence a series of major upgrades to the C-141 fleet; not only was work started on a life extension programme but, in 1977, the service also accepted a proposal from Lockheed to stretch several aircraft. The first of these stretched airlifters, re-designated C-141B to differentiate it from unmodified members of the fleet, was delivered during December 1979. The final C-141B was delivered in 1982. A total of 270 C-141As were modified to the C-141B standard, comprising nearly the entire original production run.

The first strategic airlift flight of Operation Desert Shield was flown by a MAC C-141 of the 437th Military Airlift Wing out of Charleston AFB, SC, on 7 August 1990. The C-141 proved to be a workhorse airlifter of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, flying 159462 ST of cargo and 93,126 passengers during 8,536 airlift missions. In order to provide sufficient C-141s to meet intense demands, all scheduled maintenance activities were postponed, while the planned peacetime flight hours of the fleet were doubled. According to a GAO report, weight-related operational restrictions imposed upon the fleet have little effect on performance overall. This airlift effort has been referred to as the largest in history.

On 1 June 1992, following the disestablishment of Military Airlift Command, all C-141s and the airlift wings to which they were assigned were transferred to the newly established Air Mobility Command (AMC). Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and Air National Guard (ANG) C-141s and units were also transferred to AMC.

By 1992, shortly following the end of Desert Storm, according to a GAO report, the C-141 fleet had, on average, nearly reached its 30,000 rated service life. While the USAF was in the process of putting the fleet through a life extension programme, numerous aircraft had reached well into their extended service life already, necessitating large numbers of C-141s to be withdrawn accompanied by tight limitations on the remaining fleet's flying hours being implemented during the 1990s. The GAO warned that, should another event on the scale of Desert Storm break out, the USAF would probably experience a significant shortage in airlift capabilities due to the high fatigue state of the fleet, and noted that the C-17 Globemaster III intended to eventually replace the C-141 was experiencing delays.

During 1994, one of the aircraft based at Wright-Patterson AFB was identified by its crew chief as the Hanoi Taxi (AF Serial Number 66-0177), the first aircraft to land in North Vietnam in 1973 for Operation Homecoming in the final days of the Vietnam War, to repatriate American POWs from North Vietnam.

Between 1996 and 1998, a C-141A was used as a towing aircraft in the Eclipse project to demonstrate the possibility of using aerotow systems to bring towed winged vehicles to sufficient altitude to launch small satellites, the ultimate goal was to lower the cost of space launches. Six successful tests were flown with a modified Convair F-106 Delta Dart, the QF-106 variant, in tow. A similar system can be seen in SpaceShipTwo, whereby atmospheric engines carry a rocket-engined "second stage" to high altitude for launch.

On 16 September 2004, the C-141 left service with all active USAF units, being confined to Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard units for the final two years of its operational service life. Between 2004 and 2006, multiple C-141s assigned to the Air Force Reserve's 445th Airlift Wing (445 AW) at Wright-Patterson AFB were deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan, where they were typically engaged in the medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) mission to repatriate wounded service members.

In 2005, Hanoi Taxi and other aircraft were marshalled by the USAF to provide evacuation for those seeking refuge from Hurricane Katrina. This aircraft and others evacuated thousands of people, including the MEDIVAC of hundreds of ill and injured. With the 5 May 2005 announcement of the retirement of the last eight C-141s, the Hanoi Taxi embarked on a series of flights, giving veterans, some of whom flew out of POW captivity in Vietnam in this aircraft, the opportunity to experience one more flight before retirement. On 6 May 2006, the Hanoi Taxi landed for the last time and was received in a formal retirement ceremony at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio.

There are 15 C-141s, including the "Hanoi Taxi", now on static display at various air museums around the United States, all other airframes were retired to the "boneyard" at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, where they were scrapped.

C-141A

The original Starlifter model, designated C-141A, could carry 154 passengers, 123 paratroopers or 80 litters for wounded with seating for 16. A total of 284 A-models were built. The C-141A entered service in April 1965. It was soon discovered that the aircraft's volume capacity was relatively low in comparison to its lifting capacity; it generally ran out of physical space before it hit its weight limit. The C-141A could carry ten standard 463L master pallets and had a total cargo capacity of 62700 lb. It could also carry specialized cargoes, such as the Minuteman missile.

NASA obtained Lockheed's C-141 demonstrator, designated L-300. The airplane was modified to house the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) telescope for use at very high altitudes. This aircraft, NC-141A is in storage at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Federal Airfield, California. The KAO was retired in 1995 and was replaced by the 747SP-based Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA).

C-141B

In service, the C-141 proved to "bulk out" before it "grossed out", meaning that it often had additional lift capacity that went wasted because the cargo hold was full before the plane's weight capacity had been reached. To correct the perceived deficiencies of the original model and utilize the C-141 to the fullest of its capabilities, 270 in-service C-141As (vast majority of the fleet) were stretched, adding needed payload volume. The conversion program took place between 1977 and 1982, with first delivery taking place in December 1979. These modified aircraft were designated C-141B. It was estimated that this stretching program was equivalent to buying 90 new aircraft, in terms of increased capacity. Also added was a boom receptacle for inflight refueling. The fuselage was stretched by adding "plug" sections forward and aft of the wings, lengthening the fuselage a total of 23 ft and allowing the carriage of 103 litters for wounded, 13 standard pallets, 205 troops, 168 paratroopers, or an equivalent increase in other loads.

SOLL II
In 1994, a total of 13 C-141Bs were given SOLL II (Special Operations Low-Level II) modifications, which gave the aircraft a low-level night flying capability, enhanced navigation equipment, and improved defensive countermeasures. These aircraft were operated by AMC in conjunction with Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC).

C-141C
A total of 63 C-141s were upgraded throughout the 1990s to C-141C configuration, with improved avionics and navigation systems, to keep them up to date. New capabilities, including traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) and Global Positioning System (GPS), were added to aircraft that received this upgrade package. This variant introduced some of the first glass cockpit technology to the aircraft, as well as improving reliability by replacing some mechanical and electromechanical components with more modern electronic equivalents. The final C-141C were delivered during late 2001.

Operators

 * United States Air Force – 284 C-141A, B, and C
 * NASA – 1 C-141A Construction Number 300–6110. Did not receive a USAF serial number, was flown with civil registration N4141A and later as NASA N714NA.  Operated 1966–1995.
 * NASA – 1 C-141A Construction Number 300–6110. Did not receive a USAF serial number, was flown with civil registration N4141A and later as NASA N714NA.  Operated 1966–1995.

Accidents
19 C-141s were destroyed in accidents through 2005.

Aircraft on display

 * 61-2775 "First of the Fleet" – C-141A is on display at the Air Mobility Command Museum at Dover Air Force Base near Dover, Delaware. This airframe is the first C-141 built.
 * 61-2779 "Against the Wind" – NC-141A is stored at the Air Force Flight Test Museum at Edwards Air Force Base near Rosamond, California. It was used as an Advanced Radar and Electronic Counter Countermeasures Test Bed.
 * 63-8079 "City of Charleston" – C-141B is on display at the Charleston AFB Air Park at Charleston Air Force Base in Charleston, South Carolina.
 * 63-8088 "The Golden Bear" – C-141B is on display at the Travis Air Force Base Heritage Center at Travis Air Force Base near Fairfield, California. It was the first C-141 delivered to Travis AFB.
 * 64-0626 – C-141B is on display at the Air Mobility Command Museum at Dover Air Force Base near Dover, Delaware.
 * 65-0236 – C-141B is on display at the Scott Field Heritage Air Park at Scott Air Force Base near Belleville, Illinois. This airframe participated in Operation Homecoming returning POWs from Hanoi.
 * 65-0248 – C-141C is on display at the Museum of Aviation at Robins Air Force Base near Warner Robins, Georgia. This replaced another airframe that was previously on display at the museum.
 * 65-0257 "Spirit of the Inland Empire" – C-141B is on display at the March Field Air Museum at March Air Reserve Base in Riverside, California.
 * MSN 6110 – L-300 is in storage at the Ames Research Center at Moffett Federal Airfield in Mountain View, California. It was used by NASA (NASA-714) as the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. It was the only civilian Starlifter built.
 * 65-0277 "Tacoma Starlifter" – C-141B is on display at the McChord Air Museum at McChord Air Force Base in Lakewood, Washington.
 * 65-9400 – C-141B is on display at Altus Air Force Base near Altus, Oklahoma.
 * 66-0177 "Hanoi Taxi" – C-141C is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft was the last C-141 to be withdrawn from service.
 * 66-0186 – YC-141B is on display at the Aviation History & Technology Center adjacent to Dobbins Joint Air Reserve Base in Marietta, Georgia. This is the first Starlifter to be converted from "A" model to "B" model.
 * 66-7947 "Garden State Airlifter" – C-141B is on display at Starlifter Memorial Park at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey.
 * 67-0013 – C-141B is on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona.

title: Lockheed C-141 Starlifter


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Teemu Viippola

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:48, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Teemu Viippola
Another hoax by, the author of Medieval black metal and other stuff. Gets a few unrelated Google hits. It's had the music-importance tag for a while and has not been updated to show notability. I guess this could be speedied as well, but I'm bringing it here for now. - ulayiti (talk)  18:10, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Alf 20:03, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete apparent hoax. -- Etacar11   01:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy removal. Hoax. Dottore So 17:33, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - hoax - Tεx  τ  urε  21:05, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. --Rschen7754 23:45, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Keyne

Keyne ( also referred to as Keane, Kayane Keyna, Cenau, Cenedion, Ceinwen ) was a 5th-century holy woman and hermitess who was said to have travelled widely through what is now South Wales and Cornwall.

Life
Keyne was one of the 12 daughters of the Welsh king Brychan of Brycheiniog in what is now South Wales (A different source, De Situ Brecheniauc, says that he actually had 24 daughters, all of whom were saints). Although she was a great beauty and received many offers of marriage, Keyne took a vow of virginity and pursued a religious life (hence her Welsh name, Cain Wyry, or Keyne the Maiden). Her vita reports that she travelled widely, and is said to have founded several oratories, including Llangeinor in mid Glamorgan, Llangunnor and Llangain in Dyfed, and Rockfield (Llangennon) in Runston, Gwent. Eventually she is said to have crossed the Severn into Cornwall, where she resided as a hermitess for many years. The village of St Keyne in Cornwall is named after her and is the site of a church and a holy well which also take her name.

Around 490, she is alleged to have visited her nephew Saint Cadoc at St Michael's Mount. Cadoc persuaded her to return to Wales, and healing spring marked the location where she settled and eventually died. She died a virgin on 5 October in either 490 or 505. Llangeinor in Glamorgan has been proposed as a likely spot, as an ancient well is situated there, which is still said to have healing properties.

Legacy
Saint Keyne's feast is celebrated on 8 October, although it is also recorded as 30 September. She was the original patron saint of what is now St Martin-by-Looe (Penndrumm) and is linked with the River Kenwyn in Truro. However, her most enduring and romanticized legacy is linked to the holy well that takes its name from her, located in St Keyne, Cornwall. According to legend, whichever partner in a marriage drinks from the well first will have the upper hand in the marriage, and rule over the other. This story was known in the Middle Ages, and was memorialized in Robert Southey's poem "The Well of St Keyne".

Some sources credit her as the patron saint of Keynsham in Somerset, where she is said to resided near the banks of the Avon, which was swarming with serpents and uninhabitable. After Saint Keyne issued a fervent prayer, the serpents were transformed to stone, and the area became habitable. (Today, these are known to be the fossilized remains of ammonites). However, a similar miracle is also attributed to St Hilda, and it has been suggested that Keynsham instead takes its name from "Ceagin's (Caega) Hamm".

There is a tradition that one of a pair of altars in the Berkeley Chapel in Bristol Cathedral was dedicated to St Keyna.

Interpretations
The Edwardian scholar G.H. Doble found it hard to accept that a woman could have travelled so far or founded so many settlements, and therefore she "quite may well have been a man". He believed that the journeyings were more in character with male saints from this period, a sentiment which was shared by the scholar Alban Butler, who believed a number of female saints had actually been men. This view has been challenged by scholars such as Jane Cartwright, who states that this is indicative of a school of thought in which male saints are much more likely to be real historical figures than female saints, and that maleness alone is greater evidence of historicity than femaleness.

St Keyne's well
The holy well of Saint Keyne is located about 0.8 km southeast of St Keyne's Church in Cornwall, and is now in a small housing made of dressed granite. The original housing was built in the 16th century, it was rebuilt in 1936 after the adjoining lane was widened. The plaque next to the well describes the spell which Saint Keyne is said to have cast upon the water of the well. The plaque reads: "The legend of Saint Keyne Well. Saint Keyne was a princess who lived about 600 AD. She laid on the waters of this well a spell thus described by Richard Carew in 1602 AD—'The quality that man or wife / Whom chance or choice attaines / First of this sacred stream to drinke / Thereby the mastery gains.'"

In Victorian times the well had the reputation of conferring supremacy to the marriage partner who first tasted it. There is also a ballad called The Well of St Keyne written by Robert Southey; it is set to an adaptation of the air of the Helston Furry Dance.

title: Keyne


text:
User talk:Cand3la

"I'm Sci-Fi"

Welcome!

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Unfortunately, your Cand3lasville article is not an encyclopedic subject per WP:WEB and will be listed for deletion has been deleted. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 18:35:07, 2005-08-25 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cand3la


text: Talk:Stonehill College

title: Talk:Stonehill College


text:
Ralph Barbieri

Ralph Louis Barbieri (October 28, 1945 –August 3, 2020) was an American sports radio personality from San Francisco, California. Along with former NBA player Tom Tolbert, Barbieri hosted the afternoon sports radio show The Razor and Mr. T on KNBR (AM) from 1996 to 2012. With Barbieri, the show was the highest-rated show in the Bay Area for the 25–54 male demographic since 2000.

Early life and education
Barbieri was born in San Francisco to Louis J. and Gloria Barbieri. He grew up in Millbrae, California. Barbieri earned a bachelor's degree in 1967 from the University of San Francisco, having studied political science with a minor in philosophy. He proceeded to obtain a Master of Business Administration from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. After completing his studies, he spent one-and-a-half years in New York, where he found employment in advertising. He subsequently returned to San Francisco.

Career
Barbieri was a stringer for Sport magazine before he joined KNBR in 1984 at the sports news desk. He was later given his own sports talk show and transferred to the prime afternoon-time slot. In 1996, he was teamed with Tolbert, a former NBA player. Barbieri's nickname was "The Razor" because of his raspy voice, thought by some listeners to resemble a barber's electric razor and his "no-nonsense" approach to interviews. The nickname, which may have also been inspired by his surname's resemblance to "barber", was given to him by longtime San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen.

Barbieri was described as a "bulldog of an interviewer" who exuded an "opinionated" and "abrasive" interviewing style. At the same time, his critics took the view that his questions were long-winded and restrained, which he said enabled listeners to get a better grasp of the people he was interviewing. In 2007, Barbieri renewed his four-year contract with KNBR through November 2011. Barbieri was known to end his show with, "Angels fly because they take themselves lightly", a quote from G. K. Chesterton.

In 2011, Barbieri disclosed to KNBR and the public that he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2005. On April 11, 2012, the 66-year-old Barbieri was let go by KNBR. KNBR's parent company, Cumulus Media, said he "refused to honor some of the most basic terms of his contract". Barbieri's legal team cited age discrimination and disability discrimination in the termination. In 2013, he settled with Cumulus for an undisclosed amount, reportedly over $1 million.

Personal life
Barbieri was a vegetarian, a believer in animal rights, and a follower of eastern religious philosophies. In 1995, he avoided jail time by pleading no contest to a third-offense drunk driving charge; he spent 120 days in a residential treatment program. Following the incident, Barbieri settled down, giving up what he called "25 years of sex, drugs and rock and roll". In 2000, Barbieri fathered a son, Tayte Ali, via In vitro fertilisation, using an egg donor and a surrogate mother. In 2004, the American Diabetes Association named Ralph Barbieri one of five "Bay Area Father of the Year" award winners.

Barbieri died on August 3, 2020, at his home in Novato, California. He was 74, and suffered from Parkinson's disease since he was diagnosed in 2005.

title: Ralph Barbieri


text: Template:Check talk

title: Template:Check talk


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Menschen gegen Minen

MgM - MineClearance NGO Stiftung Menschen gegen Minen e.V. ("People Against Landmines") is a humanitarian landmine clearance organization headquartered in Germany. It was founded on January 16, 1996, and is a registered charity under German law.

MgM provides de-mining services to areas that have recently emerged from warfare. Their efforts are focused in Africa, particularly in the countries of Angola, Mozambique, and Namibia. MgM employs a broad range of mine-removal technologies, including a fleet of specialized vehicles. The organization has also contributed to research and development in the de-mining arena. Prominent among their innovations is the "Rotar" armored de-mining vehicle, which is in use today around the world. Their "Voodoo" road clearance system for secondary roads is often called a class of its own. They combine armoured graders with explosives sniffer dogs. Until mid 2007 MgM officially cleared some 3,000 km of road into formerly not accessible areas.

title: Menschen gegen Minen


text:
File:Bep Voskuijl.jpg

Bep Voskuijl

Source:

Fair use for Bep Voskuijl
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:
 * 1) it is a historically significant photo of a famous individual.
 * 2) the photo is only being used for informational purposes.
 * 3) its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the subject of this and other articles linked to it.

title: File:Bep Voskuijl.jpg


text:
Red Island

Red Island may refer to:
 * Red Island, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Red Island, Queensland
 * Red Island (Antarctica)
 * Red Island (Grenadines), in St Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Red Island Holiday Camp, in Ireland
 * Rhode Island, meaning red island
 * Rote Insel, neighborhood of Berlin
 * Red Island (Salton Sea), a volcano in Southern California
 * Red Island Minerals, a company based in Madagascar
 * Madagascar is often called "the red island" for its red soils
 * Red Island (film), 2023 film

title: Red Island