text:
Talk:Shuttle-derived vehicle

Merge & Splitting
SDLV is not an actual vehicle but a concept, which has been around for a long time, sense the 80's. Shuttle-C should be merge because it was one of the original concepts. Ares on the other hand is a launch vehicle that uses shuttle derived hardware.

Suggested Structure for reorganisation of SDLV, Ares, Shuttle C, AND C.E.V.

Article:SDLV Article:Shuttle-C Article:Ares
 * Should only contain info on shuttle derived hardware & about using shuttle derived hardware.
 * With sparing references to ares and the C.E.V.(all references for CEV should be on the CEV page).
 * add shuttle-A & shuttle-B & shuttle-Z to page.
 * add Magnum concept( this may be the shuttle-Zconcept) & the original Ares concept from Robert Zubrin to page
 * There is a large element of this page that is about the Ares rocket this should be on the Ares rocket article not the SDLV articel.
 * Robert Zubrin work for heavy launcher MUST be in this article.
 * merge into SDLV
 * sense this is an actual rocket it should stay seperate, WITH ONLY relavent referenses to SDLV AND CEV.

MAJOR POINT: CEV DOES NOT BELONG ON THIS PAGE! --aceslead 16:25, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose both mergers, as documented on each article's talk page (ie Talk:Shuttle-C and Talk:Ares (rocket) --GW_SimulationsUser Page 19:42, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Environmental Opposition to SRBs
I removed this as 20 mins of googling revealed no supporting evidence to the claims made, and there was no supporting link. I will admit that the SRB exhaust is rather unpleasant and a liquid fuel system would be preferable (although using LH2 would not, as the structural penalties are to high)

 * The original fuels used in SRBs were damaging to the ozone layer (there is some commentary on this at astronautix.com, i.e. Encyclopedia Astronautica), but was changed in the 80's after the Challenger accident. This did result in some loss of payload capacity for the shuttle, some of which was made up for by not painting the fuel tank and thinning the foam layer, however another environmental issue, specifically the CFC ban on production and use of freon, directly impacted the foam insulation application process, and it has been commented on by a number of industry insiders that the problem of falling foam started after the fuel tank maker stopped using Freon to clean the tank surface prior to foam application. User:Mlorrey

 * The 'Environmental Opposition to SRBs' would be better served if it were on the SRB article.--aceslead 16:25, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

SSME vs. RS-68
Why do they want to use 5 ssme's instead of fewer more powerful Delta IV engines? Wouldn't they be better, since they are in series production and were designed for simplicity and robustness (low cost as a consequence)? Plus, fewer engines increase reliability and if they used four, the booster would be more powerful. Do they have a huge stockpile of ssme's? - Unsigned by 172.193.202.182
 * There's still discussion about this, and speculation that they may change their minds. Also, switching to something like the RS-68 means you can use a higher energy density fuel like Kerosene.  I guess we'll just have to watch and see. - C HAIRBOY  (☎) 14:55, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * RS-68 uses LOX/LH2 as well as SSME. RD-180 of Atlas V rocket burns kerosene, but it is a russian engine, that's why very unlikely to be used on SDLV. And LOX/LH2 is the highest energy density chemical fuel at all, only such exotic (and very toxic) fuels/oxidizers like beryllium or fluorine are even better. --Bricktop 22:43, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * My $0.02: *THE* highest specific impulse for chemical engine is delivered by lithium, fluorine, and hydrogen - ~550 sec. Not useful due to toxicity and other issues.
 * LH2 is the highest energy density when you compare fuels kg for kg. The problem with LH2 is that it is the least dense fuel of all (0.07kg/l), so, when you compare fuels by liter (volumetrically), it turns out to be a terrible fuel for any rocket that deals with large aerodynamic losses at low altitudes. This is why the Saturn V first stage burned kerosene rather than LH2. An LH2 first stage would have been twice the size of the one they used, and twice the diameter. This is why the third stage of the Saturn V is called "S-IVb", instead of S-III. They originally planned four LH2/LOX stages, but the first proved to cost prohibitive for the performance. NASA and many folks are hung up on the Greenness of LH2 and ignore the penalties that the fuel imposes on increased vehicle structure size, mass, drag coefficient, and reductions in payload capacity.User:Mlorrey
 * Yes, LH2 for 1st stage looks stupid.

 * the original concept for a SDLV was for the rocket to use SSME, not the RS-68, how ever i agree SSME wouldn't be economical or ideal, the RS-68 would be optimal.--aceslead 16:25, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Official Announcement
It says at the top of the article that "no official announcement has been made" but on NASA's webpage it looks like there's no question that they're going to persue the Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicles.

 * Yep, done. After 2 months. Guess this isn't a high traffic page.

Robert Zubrin credited with inspiration?
Is this sentence necessary in the article? The rocket looks like a lengthened space shuttle boost system, without the space shuttle attached (perhaps this is why it is called "shuttle derived"), is Robert Zubrin credited with that design?

 * It is also worth noting that the Heavy launcher is visually extremely similar to the Ares heavy lift booster conceptualised by Robert Zubrin, president of the Mars Society, who has met with NASA on many occasions in trying to advocate his Mars Direct mission profile.

--Fxer 23:31, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

I'd suggest that it be reinserted, and here's why (I wrote the comment in question):

Apart from looking very similar, here are the specific links between Ares and SDLV. Bear in mind that the Ares concept is several yearss older than this SDLV version, and that NASA most definitely were at least aware of Zubrin's concept before SDLV was drafted:

1. They both use sidemounted shuttle-type SRB's for propulsion in both instances. 2. The main engines are SSME or SSME derivatives in both instances. 3. Ares and SDLV both use a specifically wider fairing at the top of the rocket for enhcnaced cargo capacity (though not shown in the wikipedia article illustration). 4. They both are in the same lifting-class. Why is this significant? A few years ago, we were talking about spending billions more developing a rocket called Magnum to do the job that the SDLV will now do. It had an inferior capacity (approx 80t) and was ultimately canned. The concept of Ares (and SDLV) is to do as much as you can with existing technology, which NASA and contractors seem to have taken onboard, but to take it to a useful level like 100t+ (i.e. Saturn, Energia, etc...). 5. Mars Direct underwent a thorough review by NASA in the late Clinton period, but was never adopted. They knew detailed conceptual ideas for Ares, but the government was never going to fund them...until now.

As an aside, one of the single biggest aspects of Mars Direct that has been adopted by NASA is methane fuelled engines for use on Mars. This was stressed over and over and over in Zubrin's 'The Case for Mars' where he lays out Mars Direct. A Sabatier reactor produces Methane from Carbon Dioxide. If such a crucial, crucial point is being effected by NASA, when it has previously done virtually nothing with metahne engines over the last 50 years is not a coincidence, then I think other elements of the design may well have been adopted too.

--Themanwithnoname 17:56, 6th November 2005 (GMT)

 * It looks like someone just reapplied this change. 2005-11-20 13:11:55 195.92.67.67 adds, "It is also worth noting that the Heavy launcher is visually similar to the Ares heavy lift booster conceptualised by Robert Zubrin, president of the Mars Society, who has met with NASA on many occasions in trying to advocate his Mars Direct mission profile. It is a tantalizing possibility, given the other 'Mars Direct' technologies that have openly been adopted for Project Constellation, that Zubrin and the Mars Society has had an indirect but significant influence on the design of the vehicle."  Note that 195.92.67.67 is different from  63.164.145.85 aka Themanwithnoname, who takes credit for the earlier Zubrin citation.  I have no opinion in this issue, I just want to record the information.  -- Jdlh  | Talk 22:23, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Just to add my tenpenneth again - if the SDLV designation really is the Ares V when it is officially announced, this would be yet enother tip of the hat to Mars Direct and Robert Zubrin. Not sure I can chalk all this up to coincidence....--Themanwithnoname 14:57, 1st April 2006 (GMT)

I would particularly like to add here that since the rocket family that is being developed for Project Constellation is now to be known as 'Ares' (same as Zubrin's Mars Direct', the similarities are getting silly........--Themanwithnoname 20:51, 7th July 2006 (BST)

Criticism of 5-segment booster and nozzle depth
The criticism about the 5-segment booster ending up with its nozzles too deep underwater for OSHA regulations references a blog entry by "MJ" at chairforceengineer.blogspot.com. However, there is an update at that blog entry which reads, "It has come to my attention that a Wikipedia article is treating this post as an authoritative source regarding the five-segment SRB. I should warn the readership that my info comes from just one second-hand source. I can't vouch for the authenticity of this info because I haven't done the analysis, at least not yet...."

So I think the smart think for me to do on Wikipedia's behalf is to water down the claim in the Criticisms section a little bit. I will do this, and also move this entry lower down in the section, as a way of addressing "MJ"'s comments. I'm being bold, but if you wish to tweak my wording, go ahead.

 * You're exactly right, that entire paragraph doesn't belong, so I removed it. This is an encyclopedia, not Usenet. We don't cite blogs as references. Even having a criticism section is questionable, unless backed up by authoritative references. This is an encyclopedia, not a forum for pro/con discussion. The prime directive is DESCRIBE the topic. There were multiple other problems with the criticism section. I left the criticism section in but reworded it to be more encyclopedic in nature. Joema 01:14, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Ares Rocket
I say we change the name of this article to Ares Rocket. LOL!

Supercool Dude 02:48, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

OPPOSE: SDLV is a concept, Ares rocket is a actual rocket. they shoud stay be seperated, the removal of the vast majoity of Ares reference, which should be on the Ares rocket article.--aceslead 16:30, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle (SDLV) for Orion Capsule
Is it just me or does the logic of a THIRD NEW launch vehicle (the previous two being the Atlas 5 and the Delta 4) just seem stupid. Why built a THIRD NEW launch vehicle, NASA said it would save money. Really???? It which imaginary universe would this actually happaned.

I propose a critism article questioning the wisdom of using SDLV technology for a NEW manned launch vehicle. Sense the EELV (delta 4 and Atlas 5) would have been man rated.

Further more it seem that NASA is "keeping" the the SRB for a man rated launch vehicle to please ATK Thiokol. Real smart NASA.--aceslead 04:35, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, it's just kind of hard for NASA to admit now in public that large solids in human-piloted rockets were a big mistake. I guess only a new Challenger will awake NASA. Apparently relatively recent Delta and Titan explosions were not loud enough.

THIS IS NOT THE PLACE FOR THE C.E.V.
SDLV should not contain info on the CEV. That info belong on the CEV page.--aceslead 00:41, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

duplicate info
Why is duplicate information from the Ares (rocket) on the SDLV? --aceslead 01:06, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Removal of Irrelevant Content

 * There is a lot of information from the Ares rocket article and from the Orion space capsule article on the SDLV. I propose that this irrelevant information be removed so that only information on the SDLV concept is present.--aceslead 01:24, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with ~
 * Support--aceslead 01:24, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
Add any additional comments

The information in question is irrelevant for the SHUTTLE DERIVED LAUNCH VEHICLE concept. Information that belongs on the Ares rocket article is infested the SDLV article which ISN'T about the Ares rocket nor is the SDLV about the C.E.V. or Orion space capsule. For this article CEV & Orion & Ares shouldn't be on THIS article.--aceslead 01:24, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Major edit of December 7, 2006
As mentioned in my edit summary where the inuse tag was removed, this is the rationale for the major edit. My goals were to:

 * Fix numerous little things throughout the article
 * Redo the headings
 * Rearrange the article's sections to place the current proposal together and above past proposals
 * Sort the standard appendices to bring that area in line with the Manual of Style

So there you go. Is there more room for improvement? Certainly, as no person or article is perfect. If you can improve it further, then by all means, be bold and do so. SchuminWeb (Talk) 19:31, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Unsafe
So. "Proponents of NASA's planned Ares and Orion vehicles claim that a primary benefit of the proposed Ares system would be a risk reduction of an estimated ten to one hundred times for Orion crews compared to the present Shuttle system."

Depending on who the 'proponents' are, either NASA is admitting that the Shuttle is unsafe, or groups within NASA are. That's how I read this section, anyway. Agreed? WikiReaderer 21:55, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I can certainly see how you can read that into the text. I would like to think, though, that "admitted unsafe" is not the writer's intention.  You know what they say, though, you can never be too careful when it comes to safety, so while the Shuttle may be relatively safe, the Orion would be safer.

 * As for "depending on who the 'proponents' are", I have added a who tag indicating that it needs attribution. SchuminWeb (Talk) 03:16, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I may have been reading it in a certain way. Thanks for confirming my point that we need some citation on who has been saying this new system would be much safer. Re: safety of the shuttle, I can't help but notice there have been two fatal accidents in - what - 100-odd launches? So that would be roughly a 98% safety factor. Therefore, an increase in safety by ten to a hundred times is certainly something to be desired. WikiReaderer 15:07, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

DIRECT vs. Ares IV
The article states that DIRECT bears a strong resemblance to Ares IV. I don't see why this is stated. Ares-IV uses 5-segment SRBs and a 10m core stage; DIRECT uses 4-segment SRBs and an 8.4m core stage. Thus, Ares-IV resembles Ares-V far more closely than it does DIRECT. In fact, it is just an Ares-V with the upper stage from Ares-1 put on top in place of the usual EDS. I will remove the comparison unless somebody can explain why it is there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.108.36.5 (talk • contribs)
 * Agreed, and therefore removed. SchuminWeb (Talk) 10:25, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Rationale for the name "Ares"?
Has there been any public discussion of this unusual choice of names? It seems somewhat surprising that NASA would choose to name the centerpiece of its space program after the Greek God of violence and war. It would be interesting to learn more about the thinking that, in this era of global cooperation, convinced NASA that it was appropriate to rebuild its space program around the mythos of this ancient God of War. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.17.164.213 (talk) 21:09, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Because Ares is also going to be used as an ICBM. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.56.100.129 (talk) 20:14, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Page Needs Work!
I have created the Wikipedia entry for the Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle, but it needs someone to read the two articles and watch the NASA video and then write a decent Wikipedia article. Can someone please step forward and do this? --Radical Mallard (talk · contribs) 23:52, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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RfC on 24 January 2020
Should the scope of the article be to the launch vehicles derived from the Space Shuttle (e.g. SLS, Ares I, etc.) or extended to the spacecraft derived from the Space Shuttle (e.g. Orion, Shuttle-C, etc.)? --Soumyabrata (talk • subpages) 05:13, 24 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I think this whole article reeks of WP:SYNTH. All of the above can claim some sort of connection to NASA's space shuttle, but this is hardly a defining attribute for most except for Shuttle-C (a proposed Shuttle variant).--Eostrix (talk) 09:06, 28 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I would disagree, particularly since the heritage-shuttle design was mandated by congress for the launch vehicles listed above.PedanticLlama (talk) 20:52, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Include both launch vehicles and spacecraft... I know the title of the article specifies one, but the shuttle was a hybrid and thus it makes sense that both classes of vehicle are derived from it. PedanticLlama (talk) 20:57, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shuttle-derived vehicle


text:
St. Elmo Hotel

The St. Elmo hotel constructed in 1898 is located on Main Street in the town of Ouray, Colorado. This structure has been placed on the United States National Register of Historic Places.

The interior of the hotel has been restored as a Victorian era hotel, much the way it was when it opened to miners in the late 19th century.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St. Elmo Hotel


text:
Guilford Bevil Reed

Guilford Bevil Reed (November 27, 1887 – February 21, 1955) was a Canadian medical researcher whose research involved diseases such as tuberculosis, gas gangrene, tetanus and rinderpest.

Born in Port George, Nova Scotia, he received a B.Sc. in 1912, M.A. in 1913 and Ph.D. in 1915 from Harvard University. From 1915 to 1954, he taught at Queen's University.

In 1932, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and was its president from 1952 to 1953. In 1947, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Flavelle Medal.

In 1942, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.

title: Guilford Bevil Reed


text:
John Gribbin

John R. Gribbin (born 19 March 1946) is a British science writer, an astrophysicist, and a visiting fellow in astronomy at the University of Sussex. His writings include quantum physics, human evolution, climate change, global warming, the origins of the universe, and biographies of famous scientists. He also writes science fiction.

Biography
John Gribbin graduated with his bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Sussex in 1966. Gribbin then earned his Master of Science (MSc) degree in astronomy in 1967, also from the University of Sussex, and he earned his PhD in astrophysics from the University of Cambridge (1971).

In 1968, Gribbin worked as one of Fred Hoyle's research students at the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, and wrote a number of stories for New Scientist about the Institute's research and what were eventually discovered to be pulsars.

In 1974, Gribbin, along with Stephen Plagemann, published a book titled The Jupiter Effect, which predicted that the alignment of the planets in a quadrant on one side of the Sun on 10 March 1982 would cause gravitational effects that would trigger earthquakes in the San Andreas Fault, possibly wiping out Los Angeles and its suburbs. Gribbin distanced himself from The Jupiter Effect in the 17 July 1980, issue of New Scientist magazine, stating that he had been "too clever by half".

In February 1982, he and Plagemann published The Jupiter Effect Reconsidered, claiming that the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption proved their theory true despite a lack of planetary alignment. In 1999, Gribbin repudiated it, saying "I don't like it, and I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with it."

In 1984, Gribbin published In Search of Schrödinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality. The Spectator Book Club described it as among the best of the first wave of physics popularisations preceding Stephen Hawking's multi-million-selling A Brief History of Time. Gribbin's book was cited by BBC World News as an example of how to revive an interest in the study of mathematics.

In 2006, Gribbin took part in a BBC radio 4 broadcast as an "expert witness". Presenter Matthew Parris discussed with Professor Kathy Sykes and Gribbin whether Albert Einstein "really was a 'crazy genius.

At the 2009 World Conference of Science Journalists, the Association of British Science Writers presented Gribbin with their Lifetime Achievement award.

Critical response to Gribbin's writings
The conservative political magazine The Spectator described Gribbin as "one of the finest and most prolific writers of popular science around" in a review of Science: A History, which it praises as "the product of immense learning, and a lifetime spent working out how to write in a vivacious way about science and scientists".

Henry Gee, a senior editor at Nature, described Gribbin as "one of the best science writers around".

A review of The Universe: A Biography in the journal Physics World praised his skill in explaining difficult ideas.

A Wall Street Journal review of Flower Hunters (co-authored with Mary Gribbin) described the writing as "pedestrian", with plenty of domestic detail but a failure to convey a larger cultural context. It stated that the book's chapter-length biographical sketches are too often superficial, and criticised the book for glaring omissions of prominent plant collectors.

In a review of The Reason Why, the Times Higher Education states that Gribbin writes on speculative matters and presents some of his theories without supporting evidence, but noted his comprehensive research and lyrical writing.

Science

 * (1999) Almost Everyone's Guide to Science: The Universe, Life, and Everything, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-08460-9
 * (1999) Get a Grip on New Physics, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. ISBN 0-297-82703-0
 * (1999) The Little Book of Science, Barnes and Noble, ISBN 978-0-7607-1687-8
 * (2003) Science: A History 1543–2001, Gardners Books, ISBN 0-14-029741-3
 * (2003) The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors, Random House, ISBN 0-8129-6788-7
 * (2006) The Fellowship: The Story of a Revolution, Allen Lane, ISBN 0-7139-9745-1 (the story of the Royal Society)
 * (2006) History of Western Science, 1543-2001, Folio Society, London [2nd edition of Science: A History, 1543-2001, with minor amendments and a new preface by the author].
 * (2009) Flower Hunters, Oxford University Press, with Mary Gribbin, 320 pages, ISBN 978-0-19-956182-7
 * (2010) In Search of the Multiverse: Parallel Worlds, Hidden Dimensions, and the Ultimate Quest for the Frontiers of Reality, Wiley, ISBN 0-4706-1352-1
 * (2017) (with Mary Gribbin)

Children's books on science

 * (2000) Eyewitness: Time & Space, DK Children, ISBN 0-7894-5578-1
 * (2003) Big Numbers: A Mind Expanding Trip to Infinity and Back (co-author Mary Gribbin), Wizard Books (children's imprint of Icon Books) 2005 edition ISBN 1-84046-661-8
 * (2003) How far is up? : Measuring the Size of the Universe (co-author Mary Gribbin), Icon Books, 2005 edition ISBN 1-84046-439-9
 * (2008) Time Travel for Beginners (co-author Mary Gribbin), Hodder Children's, ISBN 978-0-340-95702-8

Predictions

 * (1974) The Jupiter Effect: The Planets As Triggers of Devastating Earthquakes (co-author Stephen H. Plageman), Random House ISBN 0-394-72221-3; revised edition published as The Jupiter Effect Reconsidered, Vintage Books (New York, NY), 1982. ISBN 0-394-70827-X
 * (February 1982) The Jupiter Effect Reconsidered
 * (1983) Beyond the Jupiter Effect, Macdonald, ISBN 0-356-08686-0

The Sun

 * (1980) The Death of the Sun, Dell Publishing ISBN 978-0-440-51854-9 (also as The Strangest Star: The Scientific Account of the Life and Death of the Sun, 1980, Athlone Press, ISBN 978-0-485-11207-8)
 * (1991) Blinded by the Light: The Secret Life of the Sun, Bantam, ISBN 978-0-593-02064-7

Quantum physics

 * (1984) In Search of Schrödinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-34253-3 (reprinted in 2012 by Random House ISBN 978-1-4464-2376-9)
 * (1996) Schrödinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality, Back Bay Books, ISBN 0-316-32819-7
 * (1998) Q Is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics, Free Press, ISBN 0-684-85578-X
 * (2002) Quantum Physics (Essential Science), Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 978-0-7513-3976-5
 * (2007) La physique quantique, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-2-7440-7263-5
 * (2014) Computing with Quantum Cats: From Colossus to Qubits, Prometheus Books, ISBN 978-1-6161-4921-5
 * (2019) Six Impossible Things: The 'Quanta of Solace' and the Mysteries of the Subatomic World, Icon Books, ISBN 978-1785784996

Evolution and human genetics

 * (1982) The Monkey Puzzle: A Family Tree (co-author Jeremy Cherfas), Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-394-52794-1
 * (1988) The One Percent Advantage: The Sociobiology of Being Human, Blackwell Publishers, ISBN 978-0-631-16004-5
 * (1990) Children of the Ice: Climate and Human Origins, Blackwell Publishers (with Mary Gribben) ISBN 978-0-631-16817-1
 * (1993) Being Human: Putting People in an Evolutionary Perspective, J.M .Dent & Sons (with Mary Gribben) ISBN 978-0-460-86164-9
 * (1985) In Search of the Double Helix, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-024740-6
 * (1985) The Redundant Male: Is Sex Irrelevant in the Modern World? (co-author Jeremy Cherfas) Paladin, ISBN 978-0-586-08503-5
 * (2003) The Mating Game (revised edition of The Redundant Male), Barnes and Noble, ISBN 978-0-7607-4543-4
 * (2003) The First Chimpanzee: In Search of Human Origins (co-author Jeremy Cherfas), Barnes and Noble, ISBN 978-0-7607-4542-7

Climate change and other concerns

 * (1975) Our Changing Climate, Faber and Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-10696-7
 * (1976) Forecasts, Famines, and Freezes: Climates and Man's Future, Wildwood House Ltd, ISBN 978-0-7045-0193-5
 * (1977) Our Changing Planet, Wildwood House Limited ISBN 0-690-01693-X
 * (1978) Climatic Change, Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-521-21594-7
 * (1978) The climatic threat: What's wrong with our weather?, Fontana ISBN 978-0-00-634832-0
 * (1979) Climate and Mankind, Earthscan, 56 pp ISBN 978-0-905347-12-7
 * (1979) This Shaking Earth (aka Earthquakes & Volcanoes) Sidgwick & Jackson, ISBN 978-0-283-98462-4
 * (1979) Weather Force: Climate and Its Impact on Our World (co-author: John Man), Putnam Pub Group, ISBN 978-0-399-12400-6
 * (1981) Carbon Dioxide, Climate, and Man, Intl Inst for Environment, 64 pp. ISBN 978-0-905347-28-8
 * (1982) Future Weather and the Greenhouse Effect, Delacorte Press, ISBN 978-0-440-02498-9
 * (1985) Weather, Macdonald Education, 48 pp. ISBN 978-0-356-11183-4
 * (1986) The Breathing Planet (editor) Blackwell Publishers, ISBN 978-0-631-14288-1
 * (1988) The Hole in the Sky: Man's Threat to the Ozone Layer (rev. ed, 1993) Bantam, ISBN 978-0-553-27537-7
 * (1989) Winds of Change, Hodder Arnold, ISBN 978-0-340-52283-7
 * (1990) Hothouse Earth: The Greenhouse Effect and Gaia, Random House, ISBN 978-0-517-07951-5
 * (1992) Too Hot to Handle? Greenhouse Effect, Corgi, ISBN 978-0-552-54295-1
 * (1996) Watching the Weather, Trafalgar Square, ISBN 978-0-09-477380-6
 * (2018) "Alone in the Milky Way: Why we are probably the only intelligent life in the galaxy", Scientific American, vol. 319, no. 3 (September 2018), pp. 94–99.

Astronomy and description of the Universe

 * (1976) Astronomy for the Amateur, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-18806-4
 * (1976) Our Changing Universe: The New Astronomy, Dutton, ISBN 978-0-87690-216-5
 * (1977) White Holes: Cosmic Gushers in the Universe, Delacorte Press/E. Friede, ISBN 978-0-440-09529-3
 * (1979) Timewarps, Delacorte Press/E. Friede, ISBN 978-0-440-08509-6
 * (1981) Future Worlds, Springer, ISBN 978-0-306-40780-2
 * (1982) Cosmology Today (editor and contributor), IPC Media, ISBN 978-0-85037-518-3
 * (1983) Spacewarps: Black Holes, White Holes, Quasars, and the Universe, Delta, ISBN 978-0-14-022531-0
 * (1988) The Omega Point: The Search for the Missing Mass and the Ultimate Fate of the Universe , Bantam, ISBN 978-0-553-34515-5
 * (1989) Cosmic Coincidences: Dark Matter, Mankind, and Anthropic Cosmology, Bantam, ISBN 0-553-34740-3
 * (1992) In Search of the Edge of Time: Black Holes, White Holes, Worm Holes, Bantam Books, ISBN 978-0-593-02409-6 (US title Unveiling the Edge of Time, Three Rivers Press. 1994 reprint: ISBN 0-517-88170-5)
 * (1994) Time and Space, as Eyewitness: Time and Space (2000), DK Children, ISBN 978-0-7894-5578-9
 * (1996) Companion to the Cosmos, John and Mary Gribbin, Little: ISBN 0-316-32835-9
 * (1997) Time and the Universe (Whats the Big Idea) (children's), Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-0-340-65590-0
 * (1998) The Case of the Missing Neutrinos: And Other Phenomena of the Universe, Fromm Intl. ISBN 978-0-88064-199-9
 * (1998) The Search for Superstrings, Symmetry, and the Theory of Everything, Little, Brown and Company, ISBN 978-0-316-32975-0
 * (1998) Watching the Universe, Constable, ISBN 978-0-09-478230-3
 * (2001) Space: Our Final Frontier, BBC Books, ISBN 978-0-563-53713-7
 * (2001) Hyperspace: The Universe and Its Mysteries (also pub as Space: Our Final Frontier), DK ADULT, ISBN 978-0-7894-7838-2
 * (2008) Galaxies: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-923434-9
 * (2007) The Universe: A Biography, Allen Lane, ISBN 0-7139-9857-1
 * (2008) From Here to Infinity: The Royal Observatory Greenwich Guide to Astronomy (with Mary Gribbin), National Maritime Museum, ISBN 978-0-948065-78-1; republished in 2009 as From Here to Infinity: A Beginner's Guide to Astronomy, Sterling ISBN 978-1-4027-6501-8
 * (2011) Alone in the Universe: Why Our Planet Is Unique, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-118-14797-9
 * (2016) Einstein's Masterwork: 1915 and the General Theory of Relativity, Pegasus Books ISBN 978-1-681-77212-7

Origins of the Universe

 * (1976) Galaxy Formation: A Personal View, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-32775-3
 * (1982) Genesis: The Origins of Man and the Universe, Delacorte Press, ISBN 978-0-385-28321-2
 * (1986) In Search of the Big Bang, Bantam, ISBN 0-553-34617-2
 * (1993) In the Beginning: The Birth of the Living Universe (In the Beginning, Viking, ISBN 978-0-670-84927-7
 * (1994) In the Beginning: After COBE and before the Big Bang, Bulfinch Press, ISBN 978-0-316-32833-3
 * (1997) Origins: Our Place in Hubble's Universe, Constable and Robinson ISBN 978-0-09-477550-3 (as Empire of the Sun, '98; as Cosmos '06)
 * (2001) The Birth of Time: How Astronomers Measured the Age of the Universe, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-08914-7 (2009 edition ISBN 978-0-300-08914-1)
 * (2004) Deep Simplicity: Bringing Order To Chaos And Complexity, Random House, 2004, ISBN 978-1-4000-6256-0
 * (2015) 13.8: The Quest to Find the True Age of the Universe and the Theory of Everything, Icon Books, ISBN 978-1-84831-918-9

Novels

 * (1980) The Sixth Winter (with Douglas Orgill) (novel) Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-671-25016-4
 * (1982) Brother Esau (with Douglas Orgill) (novel) Harper & Row ISBN 978-0-06-039016-7
 * (1988) Double Planet (with Marcus Chown) (novel) Victor Gollancz ISBN 978-0-575-04357-2
 * (1990) Father to the Man (novel) Tor Books ISBN 978-0-8125-3850-2
 * (1991) Ragnarok (with D.G. Compton) (novel) Gollancz ISBN 978-0-575-05110-2
 * (1991) Reunion (with Marcus Chown) (novel) Gollancz ISBN 978-0-575-04860-7
 * (1993) Innervisions (novel) Penguin Books ISBN 978-0-14-017447-2
 * (2009) Timeswitch (novel) PS Publishing ISBN 978-1-906301-61-3
 * (2011) The Alice Encounter (novella) PS Publishing ISBN 978-1-84863-138-0

Biographies

 * (1992) Stephen Hawking: A Life in Science (co-author Michael White), National Academies Press ISBN 0-452-26988-1, 2002 edition: ISBN 0-309-08410-5
 * (1993) Einstein : A Life in Science (co-author Michael White), Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-671-01044-1
 * (1995) Darwin: A Life in Science (co-author Michael White), Dutton Adult ISBN 978-0-525-94002-9
 * (1997) Darwin in 90 Minutes (with Mary Gribbin), Constable and Robinson ISBN 978-0-09-477050-8 (Part of a series including: Curie ISBN 978-0-09-477020-1, Einstein ISBN 978-0-09-477130-7, Faraday ISBN 978-0-09-477100-0, Galileo ISBN 978-0-09-477110-9, Halley ISBN 978-0-09-477030-0, Mendel ISBN 978-0-09-477120-8, Newton ISBN 978-0-09-477040-9)
 * (1997) Richard Feynman: A Life in Science (co-author Mary Gribbin), Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-025334-3
 * (2003) FitzRoy: The Remarkable Story of Darwin's Captain and the Invention of the Weather Forecast (co-author Mary Gribbin), Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-10361-1
 * (2005) Annus Mirabilis: 1905, Albert Einstein, and the Theory of Relativity (co-author Mary Gribbin), Chamberlain Bros. ISBN 1-59609-144-4 (includes DVD)
 * (2009) He Knew He Was Right: The Irrepressible Life of James Lovelock and Gaia (co-author Mary Gribbin), Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1-84614-016-7
 * (2009) Not Fade Away: The Life and Music of Buddy Holly (co-author Mary Gribbin) Icon,
 * (2013) Erwin Schrodinger and the Quantum Revolution, Wiley, ISBN 1-1182-9926-4

title: John Gribbin


text:
Jimmy Bloomfield

James Henry Bloomfield (15 February 1934 – 3 April 1983) was an English football player and manager. He made nearly 500 appearances in the Football League, including more than 300 in the First Division with Arsenal, Birmingham City and West Ham United. He was capped by England at under-23 level. He then spent 13 years in management with Orient and Leicester City.

Life and career
Bloomfield was born in Notting Hill, North Kensington, London. His younger brother Billy was also a professional footballer with Brentford, and a nephew, Ray Bloomfield, featured for Arsenal's youth team and for a brief period for Aston Villa's first team before moving on to play soccer in America.

He began his career as a youngster with non-league club Hayes, and had a short spell with Walthamstow Avenue, before joining Second Division club Brentford in October 1952. After Brentford were relegated in 1954, Bloomfield was snapped up by Arsenal for £8,000 as a replacement for Jimmy Logie.

Bloomfield made his debut at the start of the season, against Everton on 25 August 1954, though he only played 19 times that season, and it was not until 1955–56 did he become a first-team regular. A powerful inside forward with a high work rate and accurate passing, Bloomfield was part of Arsenal's attack from 1955 to 1960, one of Arsenal's few stars during a mediocre period for the club. He won caps for England at under-23 level, but never at full level, and for the Football League XI, and also played in the London XI that lost the first Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final against Barcelona in 1958.

Bloomfield played 227 times for Arsenal, scoring 56 goals. However, with the arrival of George Eastham in 1960, Bloomfield lost his place in the team, and was sold to Birmingham City in November that year. Bloomfield spent four seasons with the Blues, reaching and losing another Fairs Cup final in 1961 (this time to Roma). He helped Birmingham win the 1963 League Cup, scoring a goal in the final itself as Birmingham overcame local rivals Aston Villa. In the summer of 1964 he returned to Brentford, and later had spells with West Ham United, Plymouth Argyle and Orient.

In 1968, he became Orient's player-manager, and won the Third Division in his second full season, 1969–70, He was appointed by newly promoted Leicester City in 1971, and kept the Foxes in the First Division for six years. They also reached the FA Cup semi-finals in 1973–74, which they lost, after a replay, to Liverpool. During his six-year stint at Leicester, Bloomfield created a side of free-flowing skilful football on a shoe-string budget, featuring the likes of Frank Worthington, Keith Weller and Len Glover, and he is still considered one of the club's all-time great if not greatest manager. He left the club in 1977, and they were relegated the following season.

Bloomfield returned to manage Orient again in 1977, and his second spell in charge included a run to the FA Cup semi-finals in 1977–78, in which they were defeated by his old club Arsenal. He left in 1981 following a dispute with the club chairman, Brian Winston, over the sale of Nigerian international winger John Chiedozie. In a 2014 Football League poll, Bloomfield was voted Orient's best ever manager. After leaving Orient, he was a coach at Luton Town until his sudden death in Chingford, Essex, in 1983, from cancer at the age of 49.

Player
Birmingham City
 * League Cup: 1962–63

Manager
Orient
 * Football League Third Division: 1969–70

Leicester City
 * FA Charity Shield: 1971

Individual

 * Football League Third Division Manager of the Year: 1969–70

title: Jimmy Bloomfield


text:
World Youth Day 2008

World Youth Day 2008 was a Catholic youth festival that started on 15 July and continued until 20 July 2008 in Sydney, Australia. It was the first World Youth Day held in Australia and the first World Youth Day in Oceania. This meeting was decided by Pope Benedict XVI, during the Cologne World Youth Day of 2005. The theme was "You will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes upon you" (from Acts 1:8).

About 500,000 young people from 200 countries attended during the week, and more than 1,000,000 came for the weekend. They were joined by about 600 bishops and cardinals, as well as by 6,600 reporters.

Schedule of events
The festivals of WYD began on 1 July 2007, when a large 3.8-meter-high wooden cross and a large 15-kilogram icon of the Virgin Mary arrived in Sydney to travel around the country. The relay-style event, known as the Journey of the Cross and Icon (or JCI for short) saw the cross and icon go on a pilgrimage around the dioceses of Australia, engaging with a variety of Catholic parishes and communities.

The WYD Cross was entrusted to the youth of the world by Pope John Paul II in 1984 as a sign of peace and hope. The Pope told the young people of the world to take it around the world as "a symbol of Christ's love for humanity". In 2004, Pope John Paul II commissioned the large icon of the Virgin Mary to accompany the cross' pilgrimage. It is a symbol intended to represent Mary's maternal love for young people. From the announcement of the host World Youth Day, the cross and icon travel ceremonially around the world similar to the Olympic torch relay.

In the week preceding the main event, many young Catholic pilgrims spent time in different parts of Australia and New Zealand, staying with a local parish as part of the Days in the Dioceses program. After their stay, they travelled to Sydney for the Opening Mass of the week-long main event.

The Pope arrived at Sydney on 13 July at Richmond Air Force Base in North Western Sydney on a special Alitalia flight. Until 17 July he stayed in the Opus Dei centre, called Kenthurst Study Centre, 30 km from Sydney.

On 15 July, World Youth Day 2008 began with the Opening Mass celebrated by Cardinal George Pell, the Archbishop of Sydney, at Barangaroo. This was followed by a concert.

Each morning from 15 to 17 July, Catechists were held in approximately 300 locations. Pilgrims received teachings from a bishop and also celebrated Mass. In the afternoons, pilgrims journeyed into the city and attend the Youth Festival consisting of a series of art exhibitions, concerts, seminars and conferences.

On 17 July 2008, 500,000 attendees from around the world were present at Barangaroo to welcome Pope Benedict XVI on a day dubbed Super Thursday by the press. The Pope actually arrived on 14 July, but only appeared in public for the first time on the 17th. The event involved the Pope travelling around Port Jackson in a "boatacade" where pilgrims lined the shores to see him. However, there were many disappointed spectators in places like the Botanic Gardens and Circular Quay who did not actually see the Pope because of where he was sitting on the boat. The Sydney Children's Choir and Gondwana Voices performed at the event. The Pope then spoke extensively to the pilgrims and greeted them in five foreign languages. In order to let the pilgrims see him better the Pope was driven around Barangaroo through the crowds in his Popemobile.

On 18 July, there was a live re-enactment of the Stations of the Cross at major city landmarks with an estimated 270,000 participants. Around 500 million people around the world followed the stations on television.

On 19 July, around 235,000 pilgrims embarked on a 10-kilometre pilgrimage walk, beginning at the Mary MacKillop Chapel in North Sydney, over the Sydney Harbour Bridge and across the city to attend an overnight vigil before the Mass at Randwick Racecourse.

Approximately 250,000 pilgrims slept overnight at Randwick, and about 300,000 to 400,000 participants attended the Final Mass celebrated by Pope Benedict XVI on Sunday 20 July.

Pope Benedict continued a tradition of Australian Papal Masses at Randwick Racecourse, following in the footsteps of John Paul II and Paul VI. At the conclusion of the final mass the Pope announced that the 2011 World Youth Day would be held in Madrid, Spain.

Web 2.0
WYD 2008 was the first World Youth Day to take full advantage of telecommunications, with Pope Benedict sending text messages to the pilgrims during the week. Each pilgrim who registered for WYD had the option of providing a mobile phone number to which the Pontiff's message would be sent at the beginning of each day.

It also saw the launch of a new registration social networking site called xt3.com, with the aim to connect young Catholics before, during and after World Youth Day 2008.

On 8 September, a final message was sent via SMS to WYD2008 pilgrims registered on Xt3.com, marking 50 days after the closing Mass:

"Dear Friends, Fifty days ago we were together for the celebration of Mass. Today I greet you on the birthday of Mary, Mother of the Church. Empowered by the Spirit and courageous like Mary your pilgrimage of faith fills the Church with life! Soon I am to visit France. I ask you all to join me in praying for the young people of France. May we all be rejuvenated in hope!"

Food
Pilgrims were served a traditional Australian menu. Over the six-day event, 3.5 million meals were served. To cater for the masses, 210,000 slices of bread, 425,000 chocolate bars, 200,000 meat pies and 300,000 servings of Weet-Bix Crunch were ordered. "We want to provide pilgrims with a good feed and a little bit of an Australian taste," WYD director of services Geoff Morris said; "We have tried to do that by including some of our more iconic items such as Tim Tams, Weet-Bix Crunch, Vegemite, lamingtons and good old baked beans". Organisers also held a "Big Aussie BBQ", which saw 200 barbecues lit up simultaneously across Sydney.

Souvenirs
Pilgrims and the public were able to buy 470 different products including papal mementos such as special WYD rosary beads, Pope Benedict XVI baseball caps and rugby jerseys. Sydney's Catholic Archbishop Cardinal George Pell said that the Church was not looking to make a profit.

Any remaining merchandise was given to Catholic charities and surplus clothing was sent overseas to developing nations.

Attendance
World Youth Day organizers revised the expected number of attendees downwards during the lead-up to the event. In October 2007, the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, George Pell, claimed that "over half a million" people would attend the final mass at Randwick. The World Youth Day site later claimed likely attendance of "up to" half a million. Similarly, the projected number of overseas attendees was 150,000 people in 2006. This was later altered to a projection of "over 125,000" people from overseas. 65,000 visas were granted as of 12 days before the start of the event.

Around 500,000 welcomed the pope to Sydney and 270,000 watched the Stations of the Cross. More than 300,000 pilgrims camped out overnight in preparation for the Final Mass. The final attendance reported by Reuters was up to 300,000, however World Youth Day's Chief Operating Officer Danny Casey and other media reported over 400,000 attendees.

Marjorie's Bird
Marjorie Dunn Liddy, a Tiwi Islands woman who was raised by Catholic nuns on Melville Island painted a white dot bird on a navy background which became the image for the World Youth Day 2008. The image is commonly known as Marjorie’s Bird, although Liddy calls it The Day The Holy Spirit Visited Marjorie And Her People, her people being a reference to all Australians.

Liddy had never painted before she created this image which was included on the back of the chasubles for the papal Mass. Liddy tells the story of being touched by the Holy Spirit after a day of fishing which provided the inspiration for the image.

Official song
"Receive the Power", an original song written by Guy Sebastian and Gary Pinto, was chosen in May 2007 as the official anthem for World Youth Day 2008.

"Receive the Power" was played extensively throughout the six days of World Youth Day and also in the television coverage which went around the world. Sebastian performed at the concert after the Opening Mass which officially welcomed Pope Benedict XVI to Australia. Sebastian and Paulini also performed both the English and international versions at the Final Mass at Randwick Racecourse on 20 July. An estimated 400,000 people attended the mass. Sebastian and Paulini were invited to perform "Receive The Power" at the Pope's farewell and thank you to volunteers on 21 July.

Indulgences
The Pope announced that pilgrims at World Youth Day 2008 and those from around the world who pray for the "spiritual goals of this meeting and for its happy outcome" would be able to receive indulgences. In Roman Catholic teaching an indulgence is believed to erase the temporal punishment (time spent in purgatory) which results from sin.

Two types of indulgences were available:
 * plenary (full) indulgence – for attendees
 * partial indulgence – for those who pray

Public funding
Some were concerned regarding the NSW state government's public funding of $129 million and the federal government's funding of $55 million. Some described it as a "promotional event" for the Catholic Church.

However the Sydney Chamber of Commerce estimated that World Youth Day would generate $230 million of economic activity and the NSW state government claimed that it would have a direct economic benefit over $150 million. In addition to direct benefits the state government said that the coverage of World Youth Day overseas was worth at least $1 billion. These gains would offset and exceed the government's expenditure on World Youth Day.

Use of Randwick Racecourse
The use of the Randwick Racecourse for the event was criticised and legally challenged by the racing industry in Sydney. Industry representatives argued that alternative sites, such as the Sydney Olympic Park at Homebush Bay, were more suitable venues. However, the NSW and federal governments and the event organisers insisted that Randwick Racecourse was the only location suitable for an event of such scale.

The World Youth Day committee initially offered to pay an agreed settlement to the racing industry. However, after some complaints, the federal and the New South Wales state government stepped in and jointly pledged $42 million in compensation to the racing industry – more than triple the previously agreed upon amount. In exchange, the industry relocated its operations to the Warwick Farm and Rosehill Gardens racecourses, with infrastructure at these sites and at Randwick to be upgraded as part of the compensation package. In addition, the Australian Jockey Club's lease at Randwick was to be extended by 50 years.

Despite some earlier concerns the final mass left the turf in good condition. The Randwick Project Steering Committee chief Hugh Martin stated that he was "very pleased with the state of the track" and an Australian Jockey Club spokesman noted that the "track seems to have held up well."

World Youth Day legislation
The Parliament of New South Wales passed the World Youth Day Act 2006 especially for the event. The regulations made under this act however had been the source of some controversy, mainly in the operation of various provisions of the World Youth Day Regulation 2008 within hundreds of so-called "declared areas" across Sydney. These areas included over 40 city locations, including popular tourist spots the Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge, as well as at numerous public transport stations and schools.

The most significant and contentious amendments to the regulations were announced by the Deputy Premier John Watkins on 25 June 2008 and came into effect on 1 July 2008. People entering or exiting declared areas would have been subject to being searched, including vehicles or baggage, if so requested. According to The Australian, this may have included either general clothing inspections, partial strip searches, or even arrest. The regulations would have been enforced by police, with the Rural Fire Service and the State Emergency Service having enforcement power over some provisions. These authorisations were especially controversial, as such granted enforcement powers are normally available only to police. The new powers also caused concern to those organisations, which did not consider enforcement to be their role.

Of the most contentious of the regulations, a maximum fine of A$5,500 was able to be imposed for causing 'annoyance or inconvenience' to WYD participants. This was challenged in the Federal Court of Australia on the grounds of violating the implied constitutional freedom of political communication and/or exceeding the regulation making power of the World Youth Day Act 2006 (NSW). The Full Court agreed with the latter argument, declaring Clause 7(1)(b) regarding the specific prohibition of causing "annoyance to participants in a World Youth Day event" invalid.

Protest groups
A number of activist groups protested against the Catholic Church on World Youth Day. Various atheist and secular groups cooperated to form the NoToPope Coalition for WYD. The coalition rallied against the church's stances on same-sex marriage, abortion and contraception. Additionally, groups representing some victims of sexual abuse protested prior to WYD. On Saturday, the day of the pilgrimage walk, approximately 100 protesters positioned themselves on a street corner to chant slogans and wave banners at the over 200,000 pilgrims walking to Randwick. A strong police presence controlled the protesters.

Protest organisers had planned to use t-shirts with anti-Catholic slogans such as "Religion harms us by privileging faith over reason", "Badly needed community services were robbed to pay the Pope" and "107 Catholic clergy convicted".

There were very few physical confrontations between the pilgrims and protesters, with some initiated by the protesters throwing condoms at the pilgrims. Police arrested one Australian pilgrim for attacking a protester. A Sydney small business owner alleged that he received an anonymous threat against him and his family for producing "annoying" t-shirts.

Controversy over comments by Bishop Anthony Fisher
WYD coordinator Bishop Fisher told journalists the latest controversy was detracting from the massive Catholic youth festival underway in Sydney. "I think most of Australia was enjoying, delighting in the beauty and goodness of these young people... rather than dwelling crankily, as a few people are doing, on old wounds."

Anthony and Christine Foster spoke out on the bishop's comments, labelling them "very insensitive". Their daughters Emma and Katherine were raped by priest Kevin O'Donnell leading to Emma's suicide at the age of 26, while her sister Katherine drank heavily before being left disabled when hit by a drunk driver in 1999. Advocates for Survivors of Child Abuse director Michael Salter was outraged by Bishop Fisher's comments, saying, "The Catholic Church has a lot to learn about the burden of clergy abuse on the lives of victims, and those who care for them."

Bishop Fisher later said he had been misquoted by media representatives who, according to him, had been the people he had called "cranky" and not the victims.

Transport concerns
An additional 4,000 train and 3,400 bus services were commissioned for the event. There were 400 road clearways and 300 road closures. Threats to strike on 17 July in the heart of the celebrations, made by disgruntled rail workers, were withdrawn following negotiations with the state government.

Following World Youth Day, the NSW Premier Morris Iemma gave the transport systems' performance a 10-out-of-10 rating. He stated that special events such as WYD proved that decent public transport was possible and was considering implementing some of the strategies used for the event on an ongoing basis. Former Roads and Traffic Authority director Ken Robinson said that the public transport system ran smoothly during World Youth Day due to better coordination between different transport authorities, whilst NSW transport minister John Watkins noted that public transport for the week worked "tremondously well."

Apology, meeting with victims and criticisms
On 19 July 2008, in Sydney's St. Mary's Cathedral, Pope Benedict XVI made a historic full apology for child sex abuse by priests and clergymen in Australia. Before a congregation of 3,400, he called for compensation and demanded punishment for those guilty of the "evil": "Here I would like to pause to acknowledge the shame which we have all felt as a result of the sexual abuse of minors by some clergy and religious in this country. I am deeply sorry for the pain and suffering the victims have endured and I assure them that, as their pastor, I too share in their suffering." The Pope added: "Victims should receive compassion and care, and those responsible for these evils must be brought to justice. These misdeeds, which constitute so grave a betrayal of trust, deserve unequivocal condemnation. I ask all of you to support and assist your bishops, and to work together with them in combating this evil. It is an urgent priority to promote a safer and more wholesome environment, especially for young people." On 21 July, before flying out of Australia Pope Benedict met with a group of four victims of sexual abuse at St. Mary's Cathedral in Sydney, listened to their stories and celebrated mass with them. Broken Rites, the support group representing Australian victims, criticised the meeting as hand-picked: "I'm afraid that what they've done is selected victims who have agreed with what the church's policies are".

Broken Rites said: "Sorry may be a start but we want to see a lot more. We want the victims to be treated fairly, we don't want them to feel that they have been shut out, we don't want them to be re-abused by church authorities." It reported that there were 107 Catholic priests and religious brothers sentenced in Australian courts on sex charges, and that in 2002, Australian bishops had already apologised for past abuses.

The then NSW Premier Morris Iemma said he hoped "it would be a sign of righting the wrongs of the past and of a better future and better treatment by the church of the victims and their families."

Departure
The Pontiff departed from Sydney Airport on 21 July 2008. Before boarding a chartered Qantas Boeing 747-400 at Sydney Airport's Hangar 96, he thanked Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, Governor General Major General Michael Jeffery, newly appointed Ambassador to the Holy See Tim Fischer, and Cardinal George Pell. The Pontiff left Australia after the farewell message of thanks by Rudd: "Today I announce that for the first time Australia will have a resident Ambassador to the Holy See in Rome. And today I announce that the Government will be recommending to his Excellency the Governor General the appointment of the former Deputy Prime Minister of Australia the Honourable Tim Fischer as Australia’s first resident Ambassador to the Holy See."

title: World Youth Day 2008


text:
University High School, Melbourne

The University High School (abbreviated as UHS or Uni High) is a government-funded co-educational secondary day school, located in the Melbourne suburb of Parkville, Victoria, Australia. , 1,708 students attended the school. In 2023, it was ranked 67th in Victoria (or 13th in Victorian public schools) by percentage of VCE study scores of 40 or above.

History
In 1910, the "University Practising School" was opened in a former primary school on the corner of Lygon and Lytton Streets, Carlton. In 1913, it changed its name to "The University High School" after the closure of the older private school. Since 1930, the school has occupied a site in Story Street, Parkville, adjacent to the Royal Melbourne Hospital and in close proximity to the Royal Children's Hospital, newly built Royal Women's Hospital, the University of Melbourne and the Central Business District.

During World War II, the United States Army set up a camp on the school oval. Additionally, 240 extra students from MacRobertson Girls High School transported to UHS for schooling as their buildings were also seized by the military.

The school has been a pioneer in the education of gifted and talented students in Australia. Its acceleration program for gifted students, which began in 1981, is the longest running and most stable program of its kind in Australia.

An A$8 million upgrade of the school facilities was completed in 1997. The school experienced major disruption and change during the previous years through dislocation of classes and staff. The completion of the works has given the school modern facilities with appropriate specialist rooms.

During the 2020/21 school holidays, an electrical fire consumed much of the south building, destroying the second (600s) and third (700s) floors of the building as well as damaging the first (Library, 500s) and fourth (VCE Center) floors. Another fire also occurred in the Elizabeth Blackburn Science School building in March 2022. The VCE Center, 600s rooms and the library reopened at the beginning of the last quarter of the year with a new refurbished design whilst the second floor (700s) reopened at the end of 2023.

Academics
VCE studies offered by the school:

Accounting, Algorithmics (HESS) (2022), Australian and Global Politics, Australian Politics, Biology, Business Management, Chemistry, Economics, English, English (EAL), English Language Extended Investigation, French, Further Mathematics, General Mathematics, German, Global Politics, Health and Human Development, History: 20th Century (1900–1945), History: 20th Century (since 1945), History: Revolutions, Information Technology, Latin, Legal Studies, Literature, Mathematical Methods (CAS), Media, Music Performance, Outdoor and Environmental Studies, Philosophy, Physical Education, Physics, Product Design and Technology, Psychology, Specialist Mathematics, Studio Arts and Visual Communication Design.

The University High School was ranked in the top 200 public secondary schools in Australia based on academic results in 2009.

In 2014, 17 students scored an Australian Tertiary Admission Rank above 99 and 130 students, or 61 per cent of the year, scored above 80.

University High School was ranked number 70 out of all state secondary schools in Victoria based on VCE results in 2021.

House structure
The school has four different houses also known as sub-schools. They each have their own distinct colour and are named after the school's alumni. They are:
 * Coleman (green) – named after Australian footballer John Coleman
 * Gulam (red) – named after academic Hyder Gulam
 * Johnston (blue) – named after the Dean of Science of the University of New South Wales and president of Science & Technology Australia, Emma Johnston
 * Triggs (yellow) – named after public international law specialist and former president of the Australian Human Rights Commission, Gillian Triggs

Campus
The University High School is divided into eleven areas: West, North, South, Art/Tech, Music, Hall, Canteen/Gymnasium, EBS, GTAC and the portables.

The North Building was constructed in 1930 during the Great Depression. Because of this, no additional facilities were constructed and therefore assemblies were held in other venues. The North Building is connected with the West and Music wings. The north building has three levels, and contains the rooms numbered 100 through 405. The first floor (100s) holds the main entrance to the school as well as most administrative facilities. Inside the main foyer one can see a collection of photographs commemorating pupils and teachers from the school who were killed in the First World War. Also many plaques are hanging from the walls that honour achievements made by students and state principals and other important administrative roles. There are many banners that show sports achievements, as well as sub-school names that recognise past principals. The 100s also contain the English Office, General Office, Performance Center, food technology classrooms, general classrooms and the student services counter. Minor renovations were made to the bottom floor of the North Building to construct a food technology classroom and kitchen. The second floor (200s) consists of the junior science laboratories, well-being rooms, the Science Office, the Well-being Office and the sub-school offices. The third floor (300s) contains the Maths Office, the LOTE Office, the computer classrooms, mathematics classrooms, LOTE classrooms and English classrooms. The 400s are part of an extension of the third floor and consists of EAL classrooms which are converted into praying rooms during specific times. The West Wing is the smallest of the buildings, but is conjoined with the Music Wing. The west wing features many lockers, mainly for the younger students (Year 7–8) as well as English/Humanities classrooms. The Music Wing was developed, planned, constructed and funded by ex-students and ex-teachers, including Stella Langford and Jim Economo. The Music Wing consists of music classrooms, composition classrooms, practice rooms and the Music Office. Rooms in the West and Music wings are numbered as part of the 100s and 200s as they are connected to the North Building. A series of building works were undertaken from 2010 to 2014. In 2011, the West Wing was gutted and the interior was completely rebuilt, allowing for more classroom space.

The Sharman Hall serves as the school's hall. The hall is used for school assemblies and performances. The Sharman Hall is attached to the Canteen/Gymnasium building. The canteen floor has the school canteen as well as indoor seatings and lockers. Rooms located within the canteen are numbered as part of the 100s. Above the canteen is the school gymnasium which holds the Sports Office. An extension of the canteen was completed in the last quarter of 2006 which connected it with the M.S. Sharman Hall.

The South Building is the next largest building containing the Library and VCE Centre. The building consists of four levels with rooms numbered from 500 through 724 and VCE1 through VCE5. The first floor (500s) contain the library as well as lockers. The second floor (600s) contain the Humanities Office as well as humanities classrooms. The third floor (700s) contains the senior science laboratories, general classrooms and lockers. In late 2009 the school unveiled a new bridge linking the North and South Buildings from the west-end of the 700s corridor (South Building) to the centre of the 300s corridor (North Building). As of 2023, the third level (700s rooms) is closed due to fire damage sustained during the 2020/21 school holidays. A fourth level extension to the South Wing was completed early in 2007 and was named the VCE Centre. The extension was made for VCE students. It has classrooms specifically for VCE students and the VCE Sub-school Offices are located in the centre.

The Gene Technology Access Centre (GTAC) was opened for use in early 2004 by staff and students from across the state. This allows students from throughout Victoria to have direct exposure to research in the genetics field. The GTAC building consists of science and research laboratories as well as the school's Fitness Center on the first floor.

The Art/Tech Building is primarily used for Art and technology subjects as well as general classes. It is the third largest of the four buildings and has three levels with roomed numbers from 800 through 909. The first floor (800s) contain the visual arts classrooms, woodwork classrooms and the Arts and Technology Office. The second and third floors (900s) contain more woodwork classrooms as well as sewing rooms and the Careers Office. Lockers are also located within the 800s and 900s. A dedicated art classroom for VCE students was also constructed, above the existing 900s.

In conjunction with the University of Melbourne, a new dedicated academically selective science subschool/program was created for students in year 11 and 12, on space previously occupied by the university's Veterinary Science buildings. It is called Elizabeth Blackburn Sciences (EBS), named after a former student of University High School. Rooms in EBS are numbered from EB10 to EB24. The first floor (EB10s) consist of a lecture room (EB10), EBS Office, the main science laboratory and lockers. The second floor (EB20s) consist of general classrooms, another lecture room (EB20) as well as outdoor spaces and lockers. Prospective students looking to enrol in Elizabeth Blackburn Sciences must sit an entrance exam testing their knowledge in literacy, numeracy and science.

In 2021, portable classrooms were added to increase the school's capacity after the temporary closures of the South Building and the rising enrolment numbers. The portables are numbered from rooms 1001 through 1012.

Notable alumni
In 2001, University High was ranked tenth in Australia's top ten schools for the education of girls based on the number of female alumni in the Who's Who in Australia.

Academic
 * Elizabeth Blackburn, 2009 Nobel Prize Laureate in Physiology or Medicine
 * Suzanne Cory, medical biology
 * Norman Greenwood
 * Emma Johnston, marine ecology
 * Richard Charles Mills, economics
 * James Mahmud Rice, sociology, winner of the 2009 Stein Rokkan Prize for Comparative Social Science Research
 * Ken Simpson, ornithologist
 * A. T. S. Sissons, pharmaceutical science
 * Terry Speed, statistics
 * Louis Waller, law

Business and government
 * Alfred Oscar Lawrence, chairman of the Forests Commission Victoria 1956–1969
 * Richard Pratt, businessman and philanthropist

Media, entertainment and the arts
 * Matt Day, actor and filmmaker
 * Peter Faiman, producer and director
 * Dan Falzon, actor ("Neighbours")
 * Patricia Karvelas, journalist
 * Wendy Law Suart, traveller and writer
 * Sam Lipski, journalist
 * Graeme Lyall, musician
 * Leslie P. Newman, former president of Comdance
 * Dame Olivia Newton-John, actor and singer
 * Bruce Pascoe, writer
 * Andreja Pejic, model
 * Ruby Rose, MTV VJ and television presenter
 * Lucien Savron, theatre and film director
 * Noah Taylor, actor
 * D. M. Thomas, Cornish writer shortlisted for the 1981 Booker Prize attended between 1949 and 1951 while living in Melbourne
 * Judah Waten, author
 * David Williamson, playwright
 * Catherine Deveny Comedy writer, stand-up comedian and columnist for the Age

Military
 * Rupert Balfe, killed at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915, doctor, footballer, athlete
 * Maurice Fergusson, Australian army officer during World War I and World War II
 * Clifford William King Sadlier, winner of the Victoria Cross

Politics and the law
 * Neil Brown, former federal minister
 * Robert Clark, parliamentarian and former Victorian Minister
 * Julie Dodds-Streeton, judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria and Federal Court of Australia.
 * Betty King, Victorian Supreme Court judge
 * Joan Kirner, first female Premier of Victoria
 * John So, former Lord Mayor of Melbourne
 * Leonard Edward Bishop Stretton, notable judge and royal commissioner in the State of Victoria
 * Gillian Triggs, former president of the Australian Human Rights Commission
 * Ralph Willis, former Australian Federal Treasurer

Sport

 * Allen Aylett, former chairman of the VFL/AFL and North Melbourne F.C., All Australian, North Melbourne Best & Fairest, cricketer
 * Rupert Balfe, AFL footballer (University FC), also Military (killed in Gallipoli on the landing)
 * Neil Balme, former Richmond AFL Footballer, premiership player in 1973 & 1974, Coached Melbourne FC, Football Administrator at Collingwood, Geelong and Richmond.
 * George Bazeley, Australian hockey player
 * Fraser Brown, AFL footballer (Carlton) 1995 Premiership player for Carlton FC and son of Joyce Brown (Australian Netballer and Coach)
 * John Coleman, AFL Legend
 * Brent Crosswell, AFL footballer (Carlton, Nth Melbourne and Melbourne), a freakishly talented and charismatic footballer (4 times premiership player, Carlton 1968 & 1970 and Nth Melbourne 1975 & 1977), cousin of Craig Davis (Carlton, Nth Melbourne, Collingwood & Sydney Swans).
 * Ellvana Curo, Albanian-Australian soccer player
 * Owen Davidson, International Tennis Hall of Fame
 * Alan Gale, Fitzroy FC, Team of the Century
 * Adrian Gallagher, Carlton F.C. Team of the Century, Carlton Best and Fairest, cricketer
 * David Glascott, Carlton FC Triple premiership player, also premiership player for Carlton Reserves, U/19's and Night Premiership
 * Stuart Glascott, Brisbane Bears AFL footballer (Carlton reserves player and younger brother of David Glascott)
 * Bob Keddie, Hawthorn FC Best and Fairest, All Australian
 * Pam Kilborn, Olympic medallist
 * Col Kinnear, AFL Coach (Sydney Swans), also coached premierships at Carlton FC Reserves and Coburg (VFA)
 * Michael Klim, Olympic medallist
 * Barry McAuliffe, AFL footballer (Nth Melbourne)
 * Georgia Nanscawen, Australian hockey player
 * Robert Peterson, AFL footballer (Nth Melbourne)
 * Phillip Pinnell, AFL footballer (Carlton & Melbourne). 1970 Carlton premiership player, inaugural coach for Springvale in the VFA
 * Jasper Pittard, AFL footballer
 * Brady Rawlings, former North Melbourne AFL Footballer
 * Ian Robinson, AFL umpire, Australian Football Hall of Fame
 * Terry Rodgers, AFL footballer (Essendon)
 * Sedat Sir, former Western Bulldogs AFL footballer
 * Shannon Watt, former North Melbourne AFL footballer
 * Ron Wearmouth, AFL footballer (Collingwood), son of Footscray player Dick Wearmouth
 * Keith Wiegard, Fitzroy footballer, Fitzroy FC CEO / president, 1960 Rome Olympian, water polo

title: University High School, Melbourne


text:
Reiman Gardens

Reiman Gardens (pronounced Rye-Men) is a 17 acre university-owned public garden located immediately south of Jack Trice Stadium on the Iowa State University (ISU) campus in Ames, Iowa. Reiman Gardens is a year-round garden with events, programs, lectures, and tours that has consistently been one of the top visited attractions in Central Iowa. In 2023, Reiman Gardens was named a “Top 10 Garden worth traveling for” in North America at the International Garden Tourism Conference.

Reiman Gardens consists of over 20 distinct garden areas, an indoor conservatory, an indoor butterfly wing, a gift shop, and several supporting greenhouses.

It is open seven days per week; 10:00 am to 4:30 pm, with extended hours in the summer season and extended evening hours for its events. The Gardens are closed on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day.

ISU students and their classes are admitted free of charge, as are the Gardens' members. An admission fee is charged to the public.

Construction
Since 1914, Iowa State University has had a horticulture garden; Reiman Gardens is the third location for these gardens. The original horticultural garden was located north of The Farm House at the Iowa State Horticultural Research Station. In 1964, the garden was moved to a three-quarter-acre site on the northeast corner of Iowa State University's campus, north of the power plant. The site was limited, however, because it offered little room for expansion and was surrounded by ISU's industrial zone.

Until 1975 the current Reiman Gardens site was used as a grain storage facility with pens for swine, cattle, and sheep. In 1975 the site was used as a soil borrow area to construct the berm around Jack Trice Stadium and until 1992 the site was used as a parking spot for football game days.

Today's gardens began in 1993 with a gift from Bobbi and Roy Reiman. Construction began in 1994, and the Gardens' initial 5 acre were officially dedicated on September 16, 1995. The original Gardens consisted of the Mahlstede Horticulture Learning Center along with the Herb Garden, the Rose Garden, and the Campanile Garden. The landscape design was created by Rodney Robinson Landscape Architects.

In 1998, ground was broken for the Patty Jischke Children's Garden and the garden space opened in June 1999.

In August 2001, The Marge Hunziker House opened, along with Lake Helen, the Stafford Arboretum Garden (now called Sycamore Falls), and the Town and Country Gardens (now called the Home Demonstration Gardens). Construction was completed by Country Landscapes.

On November 2, 2002, the Gardens officially opened its 30000 sqft Conservatory Complex. The new building made the Gardens a year-round facility with an indoor plant conservatory, a butterfly glasshouse "wing", an auditorium for classes and events, a gift shop, a cafe, an events hallway, greenhouses, a head house, staff offices, and two large areas housing all the heating and cooling and greenhouse systems equipment.

In 2008, a construction project renovated major sections of the Conservatory Complex. The old gift shop and cafe space was converted into a meeting space and became known as The Garden Room. The gift shop moved into a 430 sqft space next to the lobby, replacing the auditorium. The Maintenance Building was constructed just north of the Conservatory Complex, in between Jack Trice Stadium and the Gardens.

Architects Smith Metzger designed the Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing, the Mahlstede Learning Center, Conservatory Complex and Marge Hunziker House.

In 2017, Reiman Gardens gained a new entrance sign by University Boulevard. This sign, a 400 ft long wall with 4 ft high letters, has a garden bed surrounding it that is maintained by the Gardens. The Joey and Jesse's Herb Garden had its raised beds reconstructed.

In 2018, the Hillside Water-Wise Garden opened, the first project completed of the 20-year Master Plan that was released to the public in January 2016. In summer 2018, the DeeAnn Drew Shade Garden opened.

In 2019, the Pattern Garden was resurfaced; the Reflection Garden pergola, the Sunny Side Yard trellises, and the fence around the Marge Hunziker House were replaced; and many gravel paths throughout the Gardens were converted to concrete. A mobile and modular insect display was created for the Gardens' lobby with funds from Alliant Energy, allowing the Gardens to display new insects and invertebrates acquired in 2018, 2019, and 2020.

In 2020, the front entrance to Reiman Gardens had its walkway repaved and the wooden trellis structure was replaced. Elwood the World's Largest Concrete Gnome had new stairs with a railing installed thanks to a donation from John and Linda Schuh. A pergola was installed at the top of the Hillside Water-Wise Garden thanks to a donation from Joyce and Bud Nichol. More gravel pathways throughout the Gardens were converted to concrete.

In 2021, the Sycamore Falls garden space opened after 5 years of construction. This was the second project completed of the 2016 20-year Master Plan. Part of this project added a bathroom to the south end of the Gardens. A pathway near the east entrance was converted from brick to concrete.

Annual themes
Reiman Gardens uses a process called Dimensional Design to create its annual theme. Using a holistic approach, Dimensional Design requires a team effort from all departments. Thus, the Gardens' staff develops educational programs, interpretation, communications, events and amenities that support one theme, which in turn, also supports the Gardens' mission. The theme encourages guests to view the garden and its mission from a different perspective each time they visit. The theme year planning also gives structure to displays and programs and generates innovative ideas that turn into horticulture displays.

Reiman Gardens' theme years:
 * 2003 - Year of the Butterfly
 * 2004 - Seasons of Agriculture
 * 2005 - Global Garden
 * Focused on garden traditions from around the world.
 * 2006 - Art of Gardening
 * Showcased gardening as art and art in the garden. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "Cars and Campaniles".
 * 2007 - Excellence in Bloom
 * Celebrated Iowa State University's 150th anniversary.
 * 2008 - The Novel Garden
 * Displayed garden areas inspired by literature. Featured art pieces and horticultural displays based on Peter Pan, A Christmas Carol, The Color Purple, Moby-Dick, and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
 * 2009 - The Landscape Before Time
 * Showcased plants and insects from themed around prehistoric times. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "Dinosaurs and Other Common Garden Pests".
 * 2010 - Celebration of the Garden Ornamentation
 * Celebrated quirky garden decorations. Featured the installation of Elwood the World's Largest Concrete Gnome and the outdoor sculpture exhibition "Gnome Sweet Gnome".
 * 2011 - Insects!
 * Displayed garden areas inspired by those misunderstood and underappreciated insects. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "David Rogers' Big Bugs".
 * 2012 - Some Assembly Required
 * Focused on how things are put together and how things connect with each other. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "Nature Connects: Art with LEGO Bricks".
 * 2013 - More than Meets the Iowa
 * Celebrated the great state of Iowa. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "Iowa Naturally".
 * 2014 - 2014: A Garden Odyssey
 * Displayed garden areas inspired by space and science-fiction. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "Alien Invasion".
 * 2015 - Celebrating Our Past and Future
 * Celebrated Reiman Gardens' 20th anniversary. Featured an outdoor sculpture exhibition "InTREEguing TREEhouses".
 * 2016 - Color
 * Displayed garden spaces and interpretation that highlighted all the color that can exist in nature. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "Nature Connects: Art with LEGO Bricks".
 * 2017 - Water
 * Showcased sculptures of different sea creatures composed of rubbish collected from the ocean in an outdoor sculpture exhibition called "Washed Ashore".
 * 2018 - Movement
 * Enchanted with ideas and themes related to wind and movement. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "Wind, Waves, and Light".
 * 2019 - Toys and Games
 * Celebrated the child-like joy of playing with toys, games, and nature. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "Nature of the Game".
 * 2020 - Wild & Whimsical
 * Displayed garden areas inspired by "wild" nature and "whimsical" stories. Featured two outdoor sculpture exhibitions: "Nature Connects: Art with LEGO Bricks" and "Ribbit the Exhibit".
 * 2021 - Patterns Unfolding
 * Connected geometry, fractals, and patterns to nature as a whole. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "OrigamiintheGarden²".
 * 2022 - Home
 * Focused on the idea of home and what it can mean to different people and creatures. Featured the outdoor sculpture exhibition "The Lewis and Art Exhibition".
 * 2023 - Light and Reflection
 * 2024 - Living Landscape
 * Featured eleven life-size, custom-built garden playhouses.

Facilities
Primary facilities at Reiman Gardens include:

 * Conservatory Complex - The entrance to Reiman Gardens, it features a conservatory of tropical plants, staff offices, a gift shop, restroom facilities, and The Garden Room, a popular event space.
 * Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing - A 2500 sqft indoor tropical garden is home to up to 800 live butterflies and moths representing up to 80 different species. Reiman Gardens is permitted to display almost 1,000 different butterflies of native and exotic species. The temperature is kept at 80 F and 80% humidity at all times. The structure of the Wing resembles a butterfly. The Butterfly Wing is named for Roy Reiman's mother, Christina.
 * Hughes Conservatory - A 5000 sqft glass house that features a lush, tropical collection of colorful and rare plants among seasonal, artistic creations that interpret garden themes and intrigue guests. Features palms, cycads, and a tranquil waterfall and pond. The Conservatory is named for Hazel S. and Dwight W. Hughes, ISU alumni who donated $1 million to the Conservatory Complex construction.
 * Marge Hunziker House - Named in honor of Marge Hunziker, the building dedication was a gift from her husband Erb and their six sons. This prairie-style building was designed by Architects Smith Metzger to represent a home and serve as a backdrop for the Home Demonstration Gardens (originally called the Town and Country Gardens) surrounding it. Inside the building is a large workroom that serves as a program workspace and meeting facility as well as restrooms.
 * Mahlstede Horticulture Learning Center - Named for ISU horticultural professor John P. Mahlstede, this building houses restrooms, a classroom, a conference room, and The Speer Room, a popular event space. It is thought to be one of the most beautiful rooms in Iowa with sweeping views of the Gardens pictured from glass walls that extend from ceiling to floor.

title: Reiman Gardens


text:
WCIT

WCIT may refer to:

 * Worshipful Company of Information Technologists
 * World Information Technology and Services Alliance
 * World Conference on International Telecommunications
 * WCIT (AM), an AM radio station (940 AM) located in Lima, Ohio also an FM radio station in Lima, Ohio (98.5 FM)
 * WCIT-FM, a radio station (106.3 FM) licensed to serve Oneida, New York, United States
 * WCDV-FM, a radio station (90.1 FM) licensed to serve Trout Run, Pennsylvania, United States, which held the call sign WCIT or WCIT-FM from 2001 to 2016

title: WCIT


text:
Hugh Fortescue, 3rd Earl Fortescue

Hugh Fortescue, 3rd Earl Fortescue DL (4 April 1818 – 10 October 1905), known as Viscount Ebrington from 1841 to 1861, was a British peer and occasional Liberal Party politician.

Life
He was born in London on 4 April 1818. He was the eldest son of Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue (1783-1861), by his first wife, Lady Susan (died 1827), eldest daughter of Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby. He was a Cambridge Apostle.

He was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Devon on 4 March 1839.

He entered the House of Commons in 1841 as a member for Plymouth. He lost this seat in 1852, but returned in 1854 for Marylebone, which seat he held until January 1859, when he resigned. In December of that year, however, he was called up to the House of Lords by a writ of acceleration. In 1861, he succeeded to his father's earldom.

Family
He married Georgiana Augusta Caroline Dawson-Damer (13 June 1826 – 8 Dec 1866), granddaughter of John Dawson, 1st Earl of Portarlington, on 1 March 1847. They had fourteen children:

 * Lady Susan Elizabeth (born 1848, died 7 July 1919), never married.
 * Lady Mary Eleanor Fortescue (born 1849, died 12 October 1938), married George Bridgeman.
 * Lady Lucy Catherine Fortescue (born 1851, died 19 March 1940), married Michael Hicks-Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn and had issue.
 * Lady Georgiana Seymour Fortescue (born 1852, died 24 December 1915), married her cousin, Lord Ernest Seymour, son of Francis Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford and had issue.
 * Hugh Fortescue, 4th Earl Fortescue (born 16 April 1854, died 29 October 1932)
 * Captain Hon. Sir Seymour John Fortescue, RN (born 10 February 1856, died 20 March 1942), died unmarried.
 * Major Hon. Lionel Henry Dudley Fortescue (born 19 November 1857, killed in action 11 June 1900), married Emily Adam
 * Captain Hon. Arthur Grenville Fortescue (born 24 December 1858, died 3 October 1895), of Hudscott, Chittlehampton, Devon, married Lilla Fane and had issue
 * Major Hon. Sir John William Fortescue (born 28 December 1859, died 22 October 1933), married Winifred Beech
 * Brigadier-General Hon. Charles Granville Fortescue (born 30 October 1861, died 1 February 1951), married Ethel Clarke, daughter of Sir Charles Clarke, 3rd Baronet and had issue.
 * Lady Eleanor Hester Fortescue (born 1863, died 11 Sept 1864)
 * Alice Sophia Fortescue (born 1864, died 12 Nov 1881)
 * Lady Frances Blanche Fortescue (born 1865, died 24 October 1950), married Archibald Hay Gordon-Duff. Their daughter Jane Minney Gordon-Duff married Ronald Roxburgh.
 * William George Damer Fortescue, R.N. (born 8 Dec 1866, lost at sea in September 1887)

title: Hugh Fortescue, 3rd Earl Fortescue


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/August 21 selected anniversaries

This is NOT Independence day in Latvia today (21 Aug). This is not even a holiday! The real Independence Day is in November 18th. After coup d'etat in USSR in 1991 it was just the day when full independence was declared, although Latvia de iure was free already from May 4th 1990. So it goes - Independence day is November 18th, May 4th is the day of declaring the RENEWAL of the same state proclaimed in November 18th 1918, but August 21th is the anniversary when this declaration came into reality.


text:
Object hyperlinking

Object hyperlinking is a term that refers to extending the Internet to objects and locations in the real world. Object hyperlinking aims to extend the Internet to the physical world by attaching tags with URLs to tangible objects or locations. These object tags can then be read by a wireless mobile device and information about objects and locations retrieved and displayed.

However, object hyperlinking may also be sensible for contexts other than the Internet (e.g. with data objects in data base administering or with text content management).

System components

Linking an object or a location to the Internet is a more involved process than linking two web pages. An object hyperlinking system requires seven components:

 * 1) A virtual or physical object tag to identify objects and locations. Some tagging systems are described below. To allow the object tags to be located they must be physically embedded in visual markers. For example, the Yellow arrow scheme [see below] prints SMS tags on large adhesive yellow arrows, which can then be stuck on buildings etc.
 * 2) A means of reading physical tags, or locating virtual tags.
 * 3) A mobile device such as a mobile telephone, a PDA or a portable computer.
 * 4) Additional software for the mobile device.
 * 5) A commonly open wireless network, such as the existing 2G and 3G networks, for communication between the portable device and the server containing the information linked to the tagged object.
 * 6) Information on each linked object. This information could be in existing WWW pages, existing databases of price information etc., or have been specially created.
 * 7) A display to view the information on the linked object. At the present time this is most likely to be the screen of a mobile telephone.

Tags and tag-reading systems
There are a number of different competing tagging systems.

 * RFID tags
 * A radio frequency identification device (also known as an 'Arphid') is a small transponder which can be read at short range by a transceiver (reader). Since RFID tags can be very small, they are often embedded in a more visible marker to allow them to be located.
 * RFID readers can be used with mobile phones. Most modern smartphones include some form of RFID/NFC reader, used for things such as cashless payments.
 * Many bus systems have begun installing RFID-based ticketing systems. Other applications for RFID enabled smartphones include swapping electronic business cards between phones, and using a mobile to check in at an airport or hotel. Two RFID enabled devices may also be used to enable peer-to-peer transfer of data such as music, images or for synchronizing address books.

 * Graphical tags
 * A graphical tag consists of an image on a marker, which can be read by a mobile telephone camera. There are a number of competing systems, including open standards like Quick Response QR Codes, Datamatrix, Semacodes (based on Datamatrix), and barcodes; or proprietary systems like ShotCodes. The design of such coding schemes needs to be rich enough to include much information and robust enough for the tag to be readable, even when partly obscured or damaged: tags might be on the outside of buildings and exposed to wear and the weather.
 * Graphical tags have a number of advantages. They are easy to understand and cheap to produce. They can also be printed on almost anything, including t-shirts. Barcodes are a particularly attractive form of tagging because they are already very widely used, and smartphones can read them.

 * Alpha Tags
 * An alpha tag comprises a short alphanumerical code, which can be printed on a marker or chalked on a wall. SMS or RCS is then used to send the code and return a message. Yellow arrows are an example of this form of tagging.

 * Virtual tags
 * In a virtual tagging system there is no physical tag at a location. Instead a URL as a meta-object is associated with a set of geographical coordinates. Using location-based services a mobile phone that enters a particular area can be used to retrieve all URLs associated with that area. The area can be set as a few metres or a much wider area.

 * Hardlink
 * A hardlink is an alphanumeric combination such as an object's common name or part number that when entered into a cell phone's web browser, targeting a hardlink database, returns information that may have been stored about the target object. It is one of several methods of object hyperlinking including graphical tags (2D barcodes), SMS tags and RFID tags. The hardlink method establishes a reference link between a physical world object and a .mobi web page just as a traditional hyperlink establishes an electronic reference to information on a Web page. A common cell phone is the medium of this information exchange that is initiated whenever a user makes a connection with a hardlink database, such as Objecs.mobi, and enters some alphanumeric sequence found on the target object. This alphanumeric sequence may be the objects part number or common name. This concept is also known as 'physical world connection', Object hyperlinking and Physical world hyperlink, or simply phylink, with a number of companies developing, what are currently, non-standardized methods of creating this connection. This topic is not to be confused with, a hard link (two words) which is Unix terminology for a pointer to physical data on a storage volume. The hardlink method does not require a graphical object tag or any special software be loaded on the users cell phone, but does require the phone be internet enabled. The consumer use and market for object hyperlinking methods is a very small and limited one in the U.S. with a slightly larger audience of users in some eastern countries. Unlike Japan, few US cell phone providers currently offer graphical tag readers or other support for object hyperlinking methods and this will likely continue until a clear linking method becomes dominant.

Applications
The object hyperlinking systems described above will make it possible to link comprehensive and editable information to any object or location. How this capability can best be used remains to be seen. What has emerged so far is a mixture of social and commercial applications.

 * The publishers of the Lonely Planet guidebooks are issuing yellow arrows with one of their guidebooks and encouraging travellers to leave tags to stories and comments wherever they go.
 * Siemens see their virtual tagging system being used to tag tourist sites, and also leave messages for friends. They also suggest that virtual tags could be used to link advertisements with locations.
 * Wireless payment services (often called contactless payment) use NFC readers in phone to pay at stores.
 * Japanese consumers are able to read barcodes with their mobiles and download comparative prices from Amazon.

 * Semapedia have created a system for linking physical objects and Wikipedia articles using the Semacode tagging scheme. Graphical tags can be created that link to the URLs of individual Wikipedia articles. These tags can then be attached to the physical objects mentioned in the Wikipedia articles. Reading a tag with a camera phone will then retrieve an article from Wikipedia and display it on the phone screen, creating a "Mobile Wikipedia".
 * An alternative to using 2d barcodes is to apply computer vision techniques to identify more complex patterns and images. Companies like kooaba, Daem, or Neven Vision (acquired by Google in 2006) develop image recognition platforms to turn any image into object hyperlinks.
 * Microsoft has developed a system for creating hyperlinks using image matching.
 * Google was planning in 2018 to tag 100,000 businesses in the United States with QR codes.

title: Object hyperlinking


text:
File:Earth Crisis Breed the Killers album cover.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Earth Crisis album Breed the Killers.


text: Talk:Obi

title: Talk:Obi


text:
Lamprey River

The Lamprey River is a 50.2 mi river in southeastern New Hampshire, the United States. It rises in Meadow Lake in Northwood, and flows south, then generally east through Raymond, Epping, Lee, Durham and finally Newmarket. Here, it meets Great Bay, a tidal inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, to which it is connected by a tidal estuary, the Piscataqua River. The river from the Bunker Pond Dam in Epping to the confluence with the Piscassic River is part of the designated National Wild and Scenic River System.

History
Segments of the river are rich in history. Saw- and gristmills which operated by water power were common along the river. The Wiswall Falls Mills Site in Durham is on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally a sawmill, the site was used subsequently to make knives, nuts and bolts, pitchforks, carriages, matches and wallpaper. Sites such as Wadleigh Falls show the remnants of old mills and the rich river culture that used to be. Located in Lee, the falls is the remains of a dam created to power a mill which fed a 150 acre mill pond at one point.

Wildlife
The shoreline of the Lamprey River, its floodplain and its wetlands provide a wide range of valuable wildlife habitats. Its anadromous fishery is one of the strongest in the Great Bay watershed. Such fish species that use the Lamprey River include shad, river herring, smelt and even Atlantic salmon. These fish are hatched in the river, then spend most of their lives out at sea, returning to the river to spawn. With the construction in 2012 of a fish ladder at Wiswall Dam in Durham, the fish species are able to move up the river as far as Wadleigh Falls Dam in Lee.

The river is also rich in species of freshwater mussels. The river is managed by the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department for several different types of game fish, including brook trout which is native to the river. Rainbow trout and brown trout are also stocked in many parts of the river but are not native to the area.

Lampreys are also present in the river. However, the Lamprey River derives its name from an early settler who lived in the area, John Lamprey, rather than the fish itself.

Setting
Along the banks are hardwood forests and numerous farms. The area is under pressure from suburban development as one of the fastest-growing areas in New England. There is a strong local culture surrounding the Lamprey River with several local events held on the river, including numerous town-run fishing derbies and the Lamprey River Canoe Race held annually in Epping.

During the course of its journey from the Saddleback Mountains in Northwood down to Newmarket, the Lamprey changes from a small torrential stream to a small tidal river. The river between these points has slow meanders and rapids, and small waterfalls such as Packers Falls in Durham.

title: Lamprey River