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Mechanics' Institute Chess Club

The Mechanics' Institute Chess Club is a chess club in San Francisco, California, United States. Hosted at the Mechanics' Institute, it is the oldest continuously operating chess club in the United States.

History
The first meeting of the Mechanics' Institute in San Francisco was held on December 11, 1854, and it was incorporated on April 24, 1855. At the time, San Francisco was a frontier city that had grown from the California Gold Rush. Today the Mechanics' Institute hosts national and international chess tournaments, offers virtual and onsite classes, and provides scholastic chess classes in partnership with local schools.

The first world-class player to visit San Francisco was Johann Zukertort, who spent nearly a month in the city in July 1884. George H. D. Gossip visited the city and the club in 1888, writing an account of chess in San Francisco for the June 1888 International Chess Magazine. Many other leading players have given exhibitions or played at the Institute, including Harry Pillsbury, Géza Maróczy, Frank Marshall (1913 and 1915), Borislav Kostić (1915), Samuel Reshevsky (1921 and 1956), Arthur Dake (1937 among many others), Georges Koltanowski (1939), Svetozar Gligorić, and Tony Miles. The Institute has also been visited by many world champions, including Emanuel Lasker (1902 and 1926), José Capablanca (1916), Alexander Alekhine (1924 and 1929), Max Euwe (1947 or 1949?), Bobby Fischer (1964), Vasily Smyslov (1976), Tigran Petrosian (1978), Anatoly Karpov (1999), and Boris Spassky (1980 and 2006).

The chess club is the oldest-continuously operating chess club in the United States.

Events
The Chess Room holds regular USCF and FIDE rated tournaments, including blitz and rapid events. On May 2, 2019, the Mechanics' Institute Club Rapid Championship brought 13 Grandmasters and 37 titled players in total, making it the strongest tournament ever held in the Mechanics' Institute Chess Club. The event featured a 3-way tie for first between GM Fabiano Caruana, GM Jon Ludvig Hammer, and GM Georg Meier. The chess club also hosts free chess classes and scholastic programs.

Chess Room Directors of the Mechanics Institute

 * Arthur Stamer (1951–1964)
 * Kurt Bendit (1963-1964)
 * Howard Donnelly (1964-1965)
 * William Addison (1965–1969)
 * Alan Bourke (1969-1971)
 * Ray Conway (1971-1980)
 * Max Wilkerson (1980–1996)
 * James Eade (1996-1998)
 * William John Donaldson (1998-2018)
 * Abel Garza Talamantez (2018-2022)

title: Mechanics' Institute Chess Club


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SNAG (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash 23:04, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

SNAG
Delete, advertisement, open-and-shut case. FreplySpang (talk) 17:38, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete; the magazine is not even out yet! Brighterorange 18:25, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Talk:List of NHL players (W)

title: Talk:List of NHL players (W)


text:
Talk:List of NHL players (X–Z)

All players!

title: Talk:List of NHL players (X–Z)


text: Talk:List of NHL players (Z)

title: Talk:List of NHL players (Z)


text:
Isobel Baillie

Dame Isobel Baillie, (9 March 1895 – 24 September 1983), née Isabella Douglas Baillie, was a Scottish soprano. She made a local success in Manchester, where she was brought up, and in 1923 made a successful London debut. Her career, encouraged by the conductor Sir Hamilton Harty, quickly developed, with breaks in the first years for vocal study in Milan. Baillie's career was almost wholly as a concert singer: she only once acted in an opera production on stage. She was associated above all with oratorio, becoming well known for her many performances in Handel's Messiah, Haydn's The Creation, Mendelssohn's Elijah and the choral works of Elgar.

During a long career, Baillie sang in complete recordings of Messiah, Elijah, Beethoven's Missa solemnis and Ninth Symphony. In the 1940s she formed a friendship with the contralto Kathleen Ferrier, with whom she appeared frequently in concert and made several recordings of duets. She took part in 19 annual Three Choirs Festivals from 1929. She made her American debut in 1933 and between then and her retirement from the concert platform in the mid 1950s she sang in the US, New Zealand, the Far East and Africa as well as in Europe.

In her later years, Baillie was a teacher in the Royal College of Music, Royal Manchester School of Music and Cornell University.

Early years
Baillie was born in Hawick, Roxburghshire, on 9 March 1895, the youngest child and third daughter of Martin Pott Baillie (1860–1904), a baker, and his wife, Isabella Hetherington née Douglas (1865–1936). She was christened Isabella Douglas but was known to family and friends as Bella. While she was a young girl the family moved to Newcastle upon Tyne and then to Manchester. She attended a board school, where her singing was encouraged, and then won a scholarship to Manchester High School, where music was not a high priority.

At fifteen, Baillie left school, working first in a music shop and then in Manchester Town Hall. She took singing lessons from Jean Sadler-Fogg, a former pupil of Blanche Marchesi. In her spare time she sang at local concerts, at one of which in about 1913 she met Henry (Harry) Leonard Wrigley (1891–1957), a cotton trader. They married on 31 December 1917 while he was on sick leave from the armed forces in France. Their only child, a daughter, Nancy, was born in December 1918. By this time Baillie was earning more from concert fees than from her work at the town hall and she became a full-time professional. In 1921 Hamilton Harty, conductor of the Hallé Orchestra, engaged her for several concerts, including performances of Haydn's The Creation and Handel's Messiah.

Leading soloist, 1923–1940
Baillie made her London debut in 1923. Sir Henry Wood engaged her for six concerts at the Queen's Hall. Her career quickly developed, but on Harty's advice she took a break from concert-giving in mid-1925 and another the following year to study in Milan with the vocal coach at La Scala, Gugliemo Somma. Harty further helped her in her career by suggesting a change of professional name from "Bella Baillie" ("he felt that it led one to expect a music hall or musical comedy artist") On 6 May 1929 she placed a notice in The Times stating that from that date Miss Bella Baillie would sing under the name of Isobel Baillie.

As The Times obituarist put it, for thirty years after her London debut "she was in constant demand on the concert platform, making a speciality of Messiah, The Creation, Elijah, and the choral work of Elgar". She made her American debut in 1933 at the Hollywood Bowl with Harty conducting; among the numbers she sang were "With verdure clad" from The Creation, an aria from Carmen and "Dove sono" from The Marriage of Figaro. The Los Angeles Times said of the last, "For style and sheer loveliness of sound [it] was the finest thing that has been heard in the Bowl for a long, long time". In Britain, Baillie sang for the leading conductors of the 1930s, including Sir Thomas Beecham, Sir Adrian Boult and Malcolm Sargent, and visitors from overseas, including Arturo Toscanini, Bruno Walter and Victor de Sabata.

Among the concert highlights of Baillie's career in the 1930s was the premiere of Vaughan Williams's Serenade to Music for 16 vocal soloists and orchestra, composed in 1938 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of Wood's first concert. The soloists were eminent singers from Britain and the Commonwealth; the opening and closing lines were sung by Baillie. Ten days after the concert Wood and his 16 singers recorded the work for Columbia, "thereby", in the words of Michael Kennedy, "preserving her marvellous ascent to top A on the words 'sweet harmony'". The recording has been reissued in digital form.

Baillie had been a pioneer broadcaster, singing on a local Manchester radio station in 1920, before the foundation of the BBC, and in 1938 she took part in an early television broadcast in a BBC adaptation of Tristan und Isolde. She frequently sang excerpts from Wagner and other operas in concert and studio performance, but rarely appeared in the opera house. She did so at Covent Garden in 1937 for Orphée et Eurydice, but even then she was not seen, but provided the offstage voice of "L'ombre heureuse". Her only onstage appearances in opera were in 1940 on a tour of New Zealand as Marguerite in Faust with Heddle Nash in the title role.

Baillie's career was essentially that of a concert artist. She sang at nineteen Three Choirs Festivals, beginning in 1929 at Worcester Cathedral, in Messiah, conducted by Sir Ivor Atkins. She sang in Elgar's The Apostles and The Kingdom under the baton of the composer. Other British composers with whose music she was associated included Herbert Howells, George Dyson and Gerald Finzi. Although she was known for her performances of British music, Kennedy comments that her repertory was "wider than was often supposed", including many works by Bach, Berlioz, Brahms, Dvořák, Kodály, Mendelssohn, Rachmaninoff "(The Bells as well as songs)", Schubert, Schumann, Richard Strauss, Szymanowski, Tchaikovsky and Hugo Wolf. "In addition she sang a vast number of popular ballads."

Later years, 1940–1983
During the Second World War Baillie toured widely for ENSA, singing to troops and factory workers. In December 1941 she performed with Kathleen Ferrier for the first time; they became good friends as well as colleagues. After the war, Baillie made a second trip to New Zealand in 1948, returning home via the Far East, stopping in Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, and Penang, giving recitals in all of them. She sang in Honolulu in 1948, and Washington National Cathedral the following year; in 1953 she made a tour of southern Africa, giving recitals in cities including Nairobi, Salisbury, Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban.

By the mid-1950s, having mostly retired from concert performance, Baillie toured internationally, giving lecture-recitals and masterclasses. She embarked on a new career as a teacher at the Royal College of Music in London, from 1952 to 1957 and again from 1961 to 1964, in between which she was visiting professor of singing at Cornell University. In addition she taught for many years at the Royal Manchester School of Music.

In 1982 she published her autobiography, Never Sing Louder than Lovely, described by Kennedy as "valuable for its details about the singing of Messiah and for vivid pen-portraits of her colleagues".

Baillie's husband, Harry, died in 1957, after which she moved from their house in Hampshire to St John's Wood, London. Her last home was back in Manchester, where she died on 24 September 1983 aged 88. She was survived by her daughter, Nancy Roberts (d. 2012).

Recordings
Baillie's recording career stretched across fifty years. Her first recording was a test disc made in February 1924; her first commercial release came the following year; her last major recording was in 1953 in A Sea Symphony, in Decca's Vaughan Williams symphony cycle under Boult; and in 1974 she recorded a song by Harty, released to mark her eightieth birthday.

Baillie was soprano soloist in complete recordings of Beethoven's Missa solemnis (under Beecham, 1937) and Messiah and Elijah (under Sargent, 1946 and 1947) In 2004 there was released for the first time a live recording, made in the Queen's Hall in 1937, of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony conducted by Toscanini with Baillie as soprano soloist. With Ferrier she recorded duets by Purcell and Mendelssohn, Her solo recordings featured numerous pieces by Bach, Handel and Mendelssohn, but also arias or songs by composers including Arne, Brahms, Delius, Grieg, Harty, Haydn, Mozart, Offenbach, Rachmaninoff, Schubert and Schumann.

Honours
Baillie was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1951 and promoted to Dame Commander (DBE) in 1978. She was the recipient of honorary degrees from the Royal College of Music, the Royal Academy of Music and the University of Manchester. There is a blue plaque commemorating her on a former residence in Manchester.

title: Isobel Baillie


text: User talk:86.133.9.185

title: User talk:86.133.9.185


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A. F. S. Talyarkhan

Ardeshir Furdorji Sohrabji "Bobby" Talyarkhan (1897–13 July 1990) was an Indian cricket commentator.

Talyarkhan was one of the earliest cricket commentators in India. His radio commentaries played an important role in spreading of the game and making the name of the players throughout the country. Bombay Pentangular owed some of its popularity to his voice. He first commentated on a match between Parsees and Muslims played at the Bombay Gymkhana in November 1934.

Talyarkhan had "a fine command of English, a polished public speaking style and an ability to create dramatic interest in the game". He disliked sharing the microphone and did the commentaries all alone throughout the day. Ramachandra Guha felt that he "brought to cricket broadcasting a rich, fruity voice and a fund of anecdotes. He was ambitious and opinionated, with a voice that was 'beer-soaked, cigarette-stained'. His self control was superhuman, for he would speak without interruptions, except for lunch and tea."

His career with the All India Radio ended with the series against West Indies in 1948–49. AIR insisted on having a team of three commentators, with which Talyarkhan disagreed. The only time he shared the mike was when India made its first tour of Pakistan in 1954–55. He made a brief reappearance in 1972-73 when he presented the close of play summaries.

Talyarkhan continued writing his daily columns till his death on 13 July 1990.

title: A. F. S. Talyarkhan


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Puzzle Bobble 2

Puzzle Bobble 2 is a tile-matching video game by Taito. The first sequel to Puzzle Bobble, it is also known in Europe and North America as Bust-A-Move Again for arcades and Bust-A-Move 2: Arcade Edition for home consoles. Released into the arcades in 1995, home conversions followed for the PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64, and Windows platforms. The game was included in Taito Legends 2, but the US arcade version was included in the US PS2 version instead. Further ports for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One were released by City Connection alongside Puzzle Bobble 3 in February 2023.

The game builds on the original by adding a tournament-style variation on the two-player game for play against the computer and by adding a branching map to the one-player game, allowing the player to periodically select one of two groups of five levels to play next, leading to different game endings. Some of the contestants in the new tournament mode are based on characters from Bubble Bobble, including variations on a Monsta and a Mighta.

Some versions of the game, including the PlayStation, feature time trial competitions in which a single player attempts to finish simple rounds quickly enough to beat previous time records or two players simultaneously attempt to beat the records and each other.

Completion of the single-player game gives the player a code that can be entered to unlock 'Another World' for the single-player game, which features subtle changes to the existing levels to increase their difficulty and changes to all backdrops to resemble levels from Bubble Bobble. The various enemies from Bubble Bobble also make an appearance in the background of the credits sequence.

North American version

The North American version of the original arcade release is much different than the other versions. One of the most major changes in this version is that Bub and Bob were removed from the game and replaced with a pair of disembodied hands. Also, the characters that were in the Vs. CPU mode was removed and replaced with a generic computer. The backgrounds from the original version were also removed and replaced with 15 new backgrounds, but this also means that the backgrounds get looped in the Puzzle mode, which is 30 stages long. The audio was also changed, and the voices in the game were removed, even though they were in English anyway. These changes were only made for the Taito F3 System version since the Neo Geo and console releases are based on the original Japanese version. If this version was played in an emulator, it would have the Japanese audio, although the music would cut out on some levels. This emulation error was fixed in 2006 - although not before it appeared in Taito Legends 2.

Puzzle Bobble 2X
Taito later repacked the game with an optional alternative set of levels and some new attract mode animations (including holiday-themed ones), under the titles Puzzle Bobble 2X and Bust-A-Move 2X.

Ports of Bust-A-Move 2 to MS-DOS and Sega Saturn are of Bust-A-Move 2X and additionally include a level editor/designer. A port of 2X was made to the PlayStation but was not released until some time after a port of Bust-A-Move 2 was released, and didn't see an international release.

North American cover art
In North America, print advertisements for the Saturn and PlayStation editions featured a picture of several large blue balls with human faces trapped inside, moaning in apparent agony, with white sticks forcing their eyes open. The shots of the game packaging in the lower right corner of the ad show that the North American release of the game was to use the same cover art as the PAL release. Instead, possibly due to a mix-up by Acclaim's marketing department, the North American release of both Saturn and PlayStation editions uses the horror-esque art from the advertisement as their cover art. This cover (jointly with the cover art to Super Bust-A-Move) was included on a list published by on GameSpy of the "Top Ten Worst Covers", with journalist Kevin Bowen writing that the disturbing imagery was likely to frighten away the game's young target audience. The later MS-DOS and Nintendo 64 releases from Acclaim would use the proper cover art used on the PAL releases.

Promotion
The game was showcased at JAMMA 95 along with Dangerous Curves and Gekirindan.

Commercial
In Japan, Game Machine listed Puzzle Bobble 2 on their 15 October 1995 issue as being the fourth most-successful arcade game of the month. Game Machine also listed Puzzle Bobble 2X on their 1 February 1996 issue as being the ninth most-successful arcade game of the month.

In the United Kingdom, it was among the nineteen best-selling PlayStation games of 1996, according to HMV.

Critical
A Next Generation critic gave the game a rave review, calling it "One of the most addictive puzzle games in the arcades right now". He praised the challenging gameplay and the "fascinating" trick of bouncing bubbles off the walls to ricochet into the right spot, and concluded, "It's fast, fun, and because of the title's bright, innocent looks and unpretentious simplicity, it's almost unfair."

A brief review of the PlayStation version in Next Generation said it was "sure to please, especially in two-player mode." The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly applauded the game for its addictive puzzle play, its large amount of content, the usage of tricky bank shots in addition to the color-matching traditional to action puzzlers, and the fierce competitiveness of the two-player mode. Rad Automatic also commented positively on these aspects in Sega Saturn Magazine, and said that though the game is best with two players, the single-player Puzzle Mode makes the game worth buying even for those who have no one to play with. Echoing Next Generation, he remarked that "whilst Bust-a-Move 2 maintains the sweet harmless exterior of a sherbert bonbon, inside beats the addictive heart of a malteser."

Electronic Gaming Monthly named the Saturn and PlayStation versions a runner-up for Puzzle Game of the Year (behind Tetris Attack). It was also a finalist for the Computer Game Developers Conference's 1996 "Best Trivia or Puzzle Game" Spotlight Award, but lost the prize to You Don't Know Jack XL. In 1996, GamesMaster ranked the game 20th on their "Top 100 Games of All Time."

In PC Zone, Charlie Brooker critically called the Windows version a bad conversion with slowdowns, clunky animation, jerky aiming and blurry high resolution. They recommended buying the Game Boy version instead.

title: Puzzle Bobble 2


text: User talk:82.250.141.176

title: User talk:82.250.141.176


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Joseph Berger (sociologist)

Joseph Berger (April 3, 1924 – December 24, 2023) was an American sociologist and social psychologist best known for co-founding expectation states theory. Expectation states theory explains how individuals use social information about one another (such as race, gender, or specific skills) to create informal status hierarchies in small groups. Researchers have used this program to develop interventions that counteract the disadvantages faced most notably by black students in the classroom and women leaders in the workplace. Social scientists have also applied this work to study hiring bias against mothers and discrimination against loan applicants among other topics.

Berger used expectation states theory as an exemplar of formal (or axiomatic) theory construction, for whose wider adoption among sociologists he advocated. Formal theories are logically related sets of statements from which a scientist can logically deduce hypotheses (e.g., if A → B and B → C, then A → C). Formal theorists then lay out the precise conditions under which their predictions do and do not apply. This contrasts with the norm in sociological theorizing, which is less explicit in its definitions, predictions, and scope.

Berger was later a professor emeritus at Stanford University and a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution.

Biography
A native of Brooklyn, he was educated at Thomas Jefferson High School and Brooklyn College. After earning his doctoral degree in sociology at Harvard University in the 1950s, where he had been taught by Talcott Parsons, he established a theoretical and experimental research program at Stanford. The program, expectation states theory, has many branches and through his mentorship of generations of graduate students, this program has been a unique example of the growth of knowledge in sociology through chains of theory development accompanied by experimental tests and refinements.

His expertise was in the area of status processes and status relations among members of different groups, processes of legitimation, reward expectations and distributive justice, and theory construction in the behavioral sciences. His later research focused on gender relations in interpersonal settings, status characteristics theory, and cumulative theory in social science.

Berger, along with collaborators, edited a large number of books to which invited scholars have contributed papers that elaborate upon one or another "sociological theory in progress."

Berger was a recipient of the Cooley-Mead Award from the American Sociological Association to honor long-term distinguished contributions to the intellectual and scientific advancement of social psychology. In 2007, he received the W. E. B. Du Bois Award for his contributions to the field of sociology.

Berger died on December 24, 2023, at the age of 99. His death was announced in April 2024.

title: Joseph Berger (sociologist)


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User:Charles Matthews/Crombie

A
Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi - Alexander Achillini - Adelard of Bath - Albert of Saxony - Ulysses Aldrovandi - Al-Farisi - Alhazen - Ali ibn Ridwan - Al-Katibi - Alkindi - Andrea Alpago - Alpetragius - Al-Shirazi - Petrus Apianus - Julius Caesar Arantius - Giulio Cesare Aranzi - Aristarchus of Samos - Arnald of Villanova - Gasparo Aselli - Nicholas of Autrecourt - Avempace - Avicebron - Avincenna -

B
John Baconthorpe - Bernardo Baldi - Cardinal Baronio - Thomas Bartholin - Bartholomew the Englishman - Georg Bauer - Gaspard Bauhin - Isaac Beeckman - Cardinal Robert Bellarmine - Pierre Belon - Giovanni Battista Benedetti - Berengario da Carpi - Berenger of Carpi - J. Besson - Bienewitz - Vanoccio Biringuccio - Blasius of Parma - Jerome Bock - Francesco Bonamico - Bonaventura - Giovanni Alfonso Borelli - James Bradley - Thomas Bradwardine - G. Branca - Otto Brunfels - Hieronymus Brunschwig - G. L. L. Buffon - Jean Buridan - Walter Burley -

C
P. J. G. Cabanis - Niccolo Cabeo - Celio Calcagnini - T. Campanella - John Campanus of Novara - Giambattista Canano - G. Cantor - Martianus Capella - Pierre Carcavy - Hieronymo Cardano - Giulio Cassiero - Benedetto Castelli - Francesco Bonaventura Cavalieri - Celsus - Andrea Cesalpino - Richard Chancellor - Walter Charleton - G. Chaucer - Marshall Clagett - Magister Claius - Philip Cluvier - Volcher Coitier - Realdo Colombo - Federigo Commandino - A. N. de Condorcet - Conrad von Megenburg - Abbé Conti - Nicholas Copernicus - Valerius Cordus - Giorgio Coresio - Cristina of Lorraine - Pietro d'Abano - Vincenzo Maculano da Firenzuola - J. le R. d'Alembert - Pierre d'Auvergne - S. de Caus - Gerard de Cremer – A. C. Crombie -

D
R. Dedekind - Marc Antonio de Dominis - Dr John Dee - Charles de l'Ecluse - Giambattista della Porta - Marcantonio della Torre - M. de Lobel - Bartholomew Diaz - Sir Kenelm Digby - Leonard Digges - Thomas Digges - Elia Diodati - Dioscorides - Rembert Dodoens - Cornelius Drebbell - John of Dumbleton -

E
Erasistratus - D. Erasmus - Charles Estienne - L. Euler - Bartolomeo Eustachio - J. Evelyn -

F
Johann Faber - Honoré Fabri - Hieronymo Fabrizio - Gabriel Fallopio - Jean Fernel - Lodovico Ferrari - Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa - Robert Fludd - Gentile da Foligno - Nicolo Fontana of Brescia - Jacopo da Forli - Paolo Antonio Foscarini - Girolamo Fracastoro - Franciscus de Marchia - Pierre Franco - Francon of Liége - Gemma Frisius - Martin Frobisher - Leonard Fuchs -

G
Garcia da Orta - Gentile da Foligno - Gerard of Brussels - Gerard of Cremona - Gerbert - Levi ben Gerson - Conrad Gesner - Geulincx - Federico Ghisilieri - Giles of Rome - Albert Girard - Joseph Glanvill - Francis Glisson - James Gregory - Gregory of Rimini - Grimaldi - Robert Grosseteste - Pseudo-Grossteste - Johannes Günther - Guy de Chauliac -

H
Georg Hartmann - Henri de Mondeville - Henry of Hesse - Heraclides of Pontus - Hero of Alexandria - William of Heytesbury - Hipparchus - P. H. T. d'Holbach - Thomas Hood - Jeremiah Horrocks - Samuel Horseley - Hugh of St Victor -

I
Ibn al-Nafis al-Qurashi - Ibn Badga - Ibn Tofail - Marsilius of Inghen - Isidore of Seville -

J
Jacopo da Forli - Father Jacquier - Zacharias Janssen - Jean de Jandun - Jean de Linières - Jean de Murs - George Joachim - John of Gaddesden - John of St Amand - Jordanus Nemorarius - Joachim Jung -

K
A. Koyré -

L
J. O. de la Mettrie - A. Lavoisier - A. van Leeuwenhoek - G. W. Leibniz - Nicholas Lémery - Leopold of Austria - Maxime Leroy - Father Le Seur - Andreas Libavius - Thomas Linacre - Peter Lombard - Lower -

M
A. Maier - Emmanuel Maignan - Marcello Malpighi - Andrea Mantegna - Franciscus de Marchia - Francis of Marchia - Johann Marcus Marci of Kronland - Edme Mariotte - Giovanni Marliani - Nicholas of Massa - Michael Mästlin - John Maudith - P. L. M. de Maupertois - Francesco Maurolyco - Hrabanus Maurus - John Mayow - Mediavilla - Mesue - Richard of Middleton - Nicolas Monardes - Mondino of Luzzi - Michel E. Montaigne - Peter Morice - R. Morrison - Thomas Mouffet - Johannes Müller -

N
Neugebauer - Marquis of Newcastle - Thomas Newcomen - Cardinal J. H. Newman - Nicholas of Autrecourt - Agostino Nifo - J. Norden - Robert Norman - Domenico Maria Novara -

O
Peter Olivi - Nicole Oresme - Ortelius - Andreas Osiander - William Oughtred -

P
Luca Pacioli - Bernard Palissy - Denis Papin - Paracisanus - Ambroise Paré - John Pecham - Jean Pecquet - Jean Pena - Thomas Penny - Peter of Crescenzi - Petrus Hispanus - Petrus Peregrinus - W. Petty - Georg Peurbach - Philo of Byzantium - John Philiponus - Jean Picard - Pierre d'Auvergne - Pietro d'Abano - Felix Plater - John Ponce of Cork - Primige - Prussian Tables -

Q
Querengo -

R
F. Rabelais - Radolf of Liège - Raimbaud of Cologne - Pierre de la Ramée - A. Ramelli - Petrus Ramus - Raphael - John Ray - Robert Recorde - Francesco Redi - Regiomontanus - Erasmus Reinhold - Vincenzio Renieri - Jean Rey - Rhazes - Rheticus - Richard of St Victor - Richard of Wallingford - B. Rinio - Jean Riolan - Frederick Risner - G. de Roberval - Guillaume Rondelet - Rudolphine Tables - Rufinus - Carlo Ruini -

S
H. Salviani - Santorio Santorii - Paolo Sarpi - Thomas Savery - C. Saxton - Christopher Scheiner - Michael Scot - John Duns Scotus - Daniel Sennert - Serapion - Marc Aurelio Severino - Peter Severinus - Miguel Serveto - Peter Shaw - Simplicius - Paul Marquand Siegel - Willibrord Snell - Domingo de Soto - Thomas Sprat - G. E. Stahl - Simon Stevin - Joannes Stobaeus - Strato of Lampsacus - Henry Suso - John Swineshead - Richard Swineshead - Thomas Sydenham - Matthaeus Sylviaticus -

T
Gaspere Tagliacozzi - Jean Tarde - Tartaglia - Bernardino Telesio - Étienne Templer - Judaei Themon - Theodore of Gaza - Theoderic of Freiburg - Theophrastus - Thomas of Cantimpré - Thomas of Sarepta - Lynn Thorndike - William Turner - Theodore Turquet of Mayerne -

V
Juan Valverde - Adriaan van der Spieghel - J. B. van Helmont - Andrea Verocchio - Andreas Vesalius - François Viète - Juan Batiste Villalpando - Luis Vives - Vincenzio Viviani - Void - Herwart von Hohenburg - P. A. T. B. von Hohenheim - Nicolaus von Schönberg -

W
Waldseemüller of Strassburg - Bernard Walther - Hans Weiditz - R. S. Westfall - William of Conches - William of Heytesbury - Marquis of Worcester - Edward Wotton - William Wotton -

Z
J. Zabarella - Jacob Zech - V. Zonca

title: User:Charles Matthews/Crombie


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Christina Nigra

Christina Jane Nigra (born February 27, 1975) is an American actress who performed in The Sword and the Sorcerer, Twilight Zone: The Movie, Cloak & Dagger, and Out of This World.

Filmography

 * 1981: Goliath Awaits (TV movie) as Beth
 * 1981: Trapper John, M.D. (TV series) as Little Girl / Susie
 * 1982: The Sword and the Sorcerer as Young Elizabeth
 * 1983: Twilight Zone: The Movie (Segment #4) as Little Girl
 * 1983: General Hospital (TV series) (episode #1.5342) as Little Girl
 * 1984: Cloak & Dagger as Kim Gardener
 * 1985: Lots of Luck (TV movie) as Trish Maris
 * 1985: Mr. Belvedere (TV series) as Rona
 * 1986: The Wizard (TV series) as Carrie
 * 1987-1991: Out of This World (TV series) (78 episodes) as Lindsay Selkirk
 * 1991: The Trials of Rosie O'Neill (TV series) as Kim's friend
 * 1991: Top of the Heap (TV series) as Candi
 * 1992: Harry and the Hendersons (TV series) as Danielle

title: Christina Nigra


text:
Alan Marriott (footballer)

Alan Marriott (born 3 September 1978) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

In a career that lasted from 1997 until 2014. Marriott came through the ranks at Tottenham Hotspur he went on to notably spend 9 years with Lincoln City where he was involved in two play-off final defeats at the Millennium Stadium whilst playing under Keith Alexander. Marriott amassed 354 League appearances for the Imps and later had a spell with Rushden & Diamonds before a five-year stint at Mansfield Town in which he was the clubs player of the season during the 2009–10 season and the Conference National title in 2012.

Tottenham Hotspur
Marriott began his career at Tottenham Hotspur, signing a professional contract in the summer of 1997 following the completion of his two-year youth training scheme. He was released by Spurs at the completion of the 1998–99 season.

Initial seasons
Marriott linked up with Lincoln City, initially on trial and then on a three-month contract following a recommendation from one-time Lincoln manager and then Tottenham's Director of Youth, Colin Murphy. In October 1999 he agreed a two-year contract with the Imps and went on to make his first team debut on 12 February 2000 in a 2–1 home victory over Torquay United. He retained his place for the remainder of the season which culminated in him being awarded Lincoln's Young Player of the Year.

Marriott began the following season as the established number one choice and, following a series of impressive performances, was rewarded with a new three-year contract at the end of September 2000. In a 1–1 draw away to Carlisle United on 2 December 2000, Marriott limped off injured after 37 minutes with a knee injury; this kept him away from the first team for a three-month spell. The season would conclude with Marriott named Away Player of the Season.

140 consecutive league appearances
A shaky start to the 2001–02 season, which saw errors in the games against Halifax Town, Grimsby Town and Scunthorpe United, caused Marriott to be replaced by Paul Pettinger in the Lincoln goal. However, following a 1–0 home defeat to Bristol Rovers on 15 September 2001, Marriott was restored to first team. Although he was forced off injured at half time in the 1–0 home defeat to Southend United on 16 March 2003, it would be exactly three years, from the 1–1 away draw with Luton Town on 18 September 2001, until the 0–0 away draw with Bristol Rovers on 18 September 2004, before he would miss another league game: a total of 140 consecutive appearances. Injury would cause him to miss the 1–1 home draw with Chester City on 25 September 2004.

The Keith Alexander era
Following Lincoln's move into administration towards the end of the 2001–02 season, the club appointed Keith Alexander as manager. Alexander based his team around a solid defensive unit and it was, perhaps, this period which saw Marriott's best performances. Against all expectations, Lincoln reached the play-off final in the 2002–03 season, conceding just 37 league goals with Marriott keeping 18 clean sheets in the league. Despite the disappointment of defeat in the final to AFC Bournemouth, Marriott agreed a new two-year contract in the summer of 2003.

The 2003–04 season saw Lincoln reach the play-offs once again, with Marriott to the fore with 17 clean sheets in the league, 10 of them away from Sincil Bank. Marriott's efforts were rewarded with second place in the voting for Lincoln's Player of the Season but he collected the Bill Stacey Memorial Trophy after being named Away Player of the Season.

The 2004–05 season saw a third unsuccessful tilt at the play-offs, though Marriott managed to keep 19 clean sheets in the league. He became the 28th Lincoln player to start 250 competitive games when keeping his 72nd Football League clean sheet in the 1–0 home victory over Swansea City on 9 April 2005; Lincoln manager Keith Alexander recognised the feat by making Marriott captain for the game. In June 2005 he agreed a new three-year contract with the Imps.

The 1–1 home draw with Bury on 15 April 2006 saw Marriott become only the 13th player in Lincoln's history to have started 300 competitive matches. Lincoln marked the occasion by making Marriott captain for the game.

A season of records
The 2006–07 season saw Marriott once again ever-present in the Lincoln goal, and was memorable not only for him reaching 300 league appearances but also breaking a number of the club's goalkeeping records. The 300th appearance came in the 2–2 away draw to Bury on 18 January 2007 with Marriott becoming just the ninth player in Lincoln's history to reach this figure. His 309th league appearance in the 1–0 home victory over Barnet on 17 March 2007 saw him equal Dan McPhail's club record for Football League appearances by a goalkeeper; he would claim the record for himself when appearing in the following week's 3–2 home defeat to Swindon Town. In keeping a clean sheet in the 0–0 draw away to Bristol Rovers on 21 April 2007, Marriott equalled McPhail's club record of 97 clean sheets in The Football League whilst simultaneously passing McPhail's total club record of 102 clean sheets; Marriott's clean sheet the following week in the 0–0 away draw with Grimsby Town saw him surpass The Football League record.

Final Lincoln season
2007–08 began with Marriott achieving yet another notable record: his clean sheet in the 2–0 victory against Accrington Stanley on 25 August 2007 saw him become the first goalkeeper in Lincoln's history to keep 100 clean sheets in The Football League. However, Lincoln's form in the league was not so notable, resulting in the dismissal of manager John Schofield in October 2007. The newly appointed Peter Jackson's first signing was goalkeeper Ben Smith, on loan from Doncaster Rovers, a move which saw Marriott dropped. Although he retained his place in January, Marriott's contract was not renewed at the end of the season, bringing an end to nine seasons at Lincoln in which he made 351 league appearances, conceding 414 goals and keeping 106 clean sheets in the process. In a poll on the official Lincoln City website of the best 100 players to ever play for the club, Marriott was placed 19th by Lincoln fans.

Rushden & Diamonds
On 9 July 2008, Marriott signed for Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds. He made only 12 league appearances for the Diamonds before being signed by Mansfield Town on 8 January 2009 on a short-term contract.

Mansfield Town
Seven clean sheets in his first nine games, in which he conceded just two goals, saw Marriott offered a new contract, which he signed in March 2009. Marriott scored a goal from his own penalty area against Wrexham on 20 April 2012. In May 2012 Marriott signed a new contract ahead of the 2012–13 season. Marriott made his 200th league appearance for Mansfield in a 1–0 win over AFC Wimbledon in March 2014. Marriott was offered a new contract at the end of the season, though he left the club after turning it down.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours

 * Lincoln City
 * Football League Third Division/Football League Two play-off finalist (2): 2002–03, 2004–05
 * Football League Third Division/Football League Two play-off semi-finalist (3): 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07

 * Mansfield Town
 * Conference National winner: 2012–13
 * Conference National play-off semi-finalist: 2011–12
 * FA Trophy finalist: 2010–11

title: Alan Marriott (footballer)


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Hebblethwaite

Hebblethwaite

Rubem Alves - Hugo Assmann - P. Badham - John Baillie - F. C. Bauer - Hendrikus Berkhof - Thomas Rawson Birks - Christoph Friedrich Blumhardt - Jan Bockelson - John of Leyden - Clodovis Boff - Leonardo Boff - Bonaventure - José Míguez Bonino - Carl Braaten - John Bradford - S. G. F. Brandon - E. Brunner - Martin Bucer - Joseph Butler - Emilio Castro - John Cobb - F. C. Copleston - Oscar Cullmann - Ralph Cudworth - J. W. Darby - Charles Harold Dodd - Henry Drummond - Gerhard Ebeling - David L. Edwards - F. W. Farrar - A. M. Farrer - Austin Farrer - L. A. Feuerbach - M. Ficino - Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino - Paul Gerhardt - F. Gogarten - Friedrich Gogarten - Gustavo Gutiérrez - Renn Dickson Hampden - Thomas Harrison - Charles Hartshorne - Johann Wilhelm Hermann - J. Hick - Josef Hromadka - F. von Hügel - Edward Irving - Eberhard Jüngel - A. Kenny - David Knowles - Hermann Kutter - Félicité Robert de Lamennais - N. L. A. Lash - H. D. Lewis - Alfred Loisy - J. Lucas - J. M. F. Ludlow - John Macquarrie - Jan Matthys - G. Merz - Johann Baptist Metz - William Miller - Isaac Milner - José Porfino Miranda - Jürgen Moltmann - S. Mowinckel - Sigmund Mowinckel - Thomas Münzer - Schubert Ogden - Wolfhart Pannenberg - A. R. Peacocke - D. Z. Phillips - N. Pike - Norman Pittenger - Amandus Polanus - H. H. Price - Henry Habberley Price -Edward Bouverie Pusey - G. von Rad - Leonard Ragaz - Karl Rahner - Walter Rauschenbusch - Reimarus - J. A. T. Robinson - C. C. Rowland - Gordon Rupp - Charles Taze Russell - Gerhard Sauter - Edward Schillebeeckx - E. Schlink - Michael Schmaus - Juan Luis Segundo - J. S. Semler - Charles Simeon - R. Swinburne - S. W. Sykes - A. E. Taylor - A. C. Thistleton - E. Thurneysen - John Thomas - Matthew Tindal - T. F. Torrance - Stephen H. Travis - G. Wainwright - Keith Ward - Johannes Weiss - Morris West - George Whitfield - Edward White - Bernard Williams - William Wrede - Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf

title: User:Charles Matthews/Hebblethwaite


text:
Public file

A public file (or public inspection file) is a collection of documents required by a broadcasting authority to be maintained by all broadcast stations under its jurisdiction.

Such a file is required by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States, and by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The public inspection file must be maintained at the station's main studio and it must be accessible to anyone during business hours. Stations are required to provide copies at the requester's expense, or if the facility is outside of the community of license, provide copies via mail at their own expense. As of November 2007, the FCC required public inspection files must also be maintained on the station's website,  and are optionally distributed to public libraries in the station's broadcast area for the sake of convenience. In these cases, public correspondence from viewers and political reports are usually left out due to cost concerns or misuse of the information provided. The FCC itself began to maintain a site in 2014 where a station can upload their public file components, allowing the public full access to the materials contained within without the restrictions of business hours or a studio visit. The latter move to website access allowed stations to easily close their studios to public access during the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent possible cross-contamination to station employees unknowingly from the public.

All or part of the file may be maintained in digital format as long as it is accessible at the time of inspection.

FCC-required contents
U.S. stations must keep the following materials in their public inspection file:

Authorization
The instrument of authorization shows the station's frequency, call letters, operating power, transmitter location, etc., as well as any special conditions imposed by the FCC on the station's operation. The license also shows when it was issued and when it will expire. https://uc707a8e6de25fcdc4ee0cb7e049.dl.dropboxusercontent.com/cd/0/get/B4ijO7TDI2rFu9kjGQqAiD-dnwkmpCTIRnOyUCFh3HeW9rRpmCiKKuiZGcU1aIHSEeXHJD5CslNpZC1LjLcNz5-IiFo_ZojmHjxJs_XNrK24rGnHAq5wpqUE4JnbsE_Od8yxipES5TKbB3gxRb53uqQorhZ7z0wn2j-infk5_P6OIFZ-Mp-hYeNC0JZuzBCzlzw/file

Applications and related materials
The public file must contain copies of all applications filed with the FCC that are still pending before either the FCC or the courts. These include applications to sell the station or to modify its facilities (for example, to increase power, change the antenna system, or change the transmitter location). Also, the station must keep copies of any construction or sales application whose grant required us to waive our rules.

Citizen agreements
Stations must keep a copy of any written agreements they make with local viewers or listeners. These "citizen agreements" deal with programming, employment, or other issues of community concern. The station must keep these agreements in the public file for as long as they are in effect.

Contour maps
The public file must contain copies of any service contour maps or other information submitted with any application filed with the FCC that reflects the station's service contours and/or its main studio and transmitter location, if there are any, as not all stations are required to have contour maps.

Political file
Per Section 73.1943, licensees are required to document each political candidate's broadcasts.

Material relating to an FCC investigation or a complaint
Stations must keep material relating to any matter that is the subject of an FCC investigation or complaint.

Equal employment opportunity file
Per Section 73.2080, licensees are required to keep records related to equal opportunity employment (EEO).

The Public and Broadcasting
The FCC has a publication entitled The Public and Broadcasting, which must be kept in the file.

Letters and email from the public
All correspondence from the public must be filed.

Issues and programs list
All broadcast facilities must keep a list of program material aired for the betterment of the local community. TV stations must have records concerning commercial limits and children's programming, along with their compliance with the E/I rule.

Local public notice announcements
Upon filing for license renewal, section 73.3580 states broadcast facilities must make public announcements of their intention to continue broadcasting and notify the community that they may comment on the performance of the licensee. Dates and times of these broadcasts must be maintained in the public file.

Time brokerage agreements
For commercial facilities, a copy of every contract or agreement for brokered time must be available. Local marketing agreements (LMAs) are also included.

Must-carry or retransmission consent election
Class A television stations are required to document any agreements regarding must-carry or retransmission consent which they have with local cable TV systems.

Ownership reports and related material
The public file must contain a copy of the most recent, complete Ownership Report filed for the station. This report has the names of the owners of the station and their ownership interests, lists any contracts related to the station that are required to be filed with the FCC, and identifies any interest held by the station licensee in other broadcast stations.

List of contracts required to be filed with the FCC
Stations have to keep either a copy of all the contracts or an up-to-date list identifying all such contracts they have on file with the FCC.

Joint sales agreements
For commercial facilities, any joint sales between the two must be documented.

Class A TV continuing eligibility
Per Section 73.6001, class A television stations must keep copies of their continued eligibility.

CRTC-required contents
Canadian stations must keep the following materials in their public inspection file:

title: Public file


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Cristi

A
David Abraham - Alfred Adler - Max Adler - Johannes Althusius - Alejandro Alvarez - Gerhard Anschütz

B
Bertrand Barère - Ernest Barker - Josef Becker - Erwin von Beckerath - Joseph Bendersky - José Maria Beneyto - Armen-Lutz Bentin - Théodore de Beza - Heiner Bielfeldt - Carl Bilfinger - Otto von Bismarck - Dieter Blumenwitz - J. C. Buntlschli - Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde - Louis de Bonald - Henri Comte de Boulainvilliers - Karl D. Bracher - Stefan Breuer - Brodführer - Heinrich Brüning

C
Peter Caldwell - John Commons - Renato Cristi

D
F. C. Dahlmann - Georg Dahm - Pierre D'Ailly - Alexander Graf zu Dohna - Juan Donoso Cortés - David Dyzenhaus - Jean Baptiste Dubos

E
José Estévez Araujo - Walter Eucken

F
François Fénelon - J. N. Figgis - Jürgen Fijalkowski - Ernest Fraenkel - Carl Friedrich - Axel Friedrichs

G
H. W. A. von Gagern - Friedrich von Gentz - Jean Gerson - Hannes Gissurason - Rudolph von Gneist - Paul Edward Gottfried - Martin Greiffenhagen - Albrecht Erich Günther

H
Karl von Haller - Karl August von Hardenberg - Maurice Hariou - Wilhelm Hasbach - Dieter Haselbach - Hermann Heller - Dieter Henrich - Ferdinand Hermens - Montserrat Herrero - Stephen Holmes - Ernst Rudolf Huber - Alfred Hugenberg - Karl-Heinz Ilting - Georg Jellinek - John of Paris - Ernest Jünger - Junius Brutus - Ludwig Kaas - Georg Kaisenberg - Erich Kaufmann - Ellen Kennedy - Nannerl Keohane - Jean-François Kervégen - Otto Koelreutter - Andreas Koenen - Panayotis Kondylis - Günter Krauß - Leonard Krieger - Paul Laband - Friedrich Landfried - Siegfried Lokatis - Georg Löning

M
John P. McCormick - Erich Marcks - John Marshall - Marsilius of Padua - Albert Mathiez - Ingeborg Maus - Franz Medicus - Reinhard Mehring - Heinrich Meier - Friedrich Meinecke - Horst Michael - Robert von Mohl - Rudolf Morsey - Rudolph Morsey -Chantal Mouffe - Johann Baptist Müller - Heinrich Muth

N
Werner Naumann - Franz Neumann - Volker Neumann - Anthony Nicholls - Paul Noack

O
Franz Oppenheimer - Eugen Ott - Henning Ottman

P
Pasquale Pasquino - Paul Piccone - Johannes Popitz

Q
Helmut Quaritsch

R
Joseph Raz - Wilhelm Röpke - Veit Roskopf - Arnold Ruge - Helmut Rumpf - Alexander Rüstow - Michael Sandel - Helmut Schelsky - William Scheuerman - Eugen Schiffer - Kurt von Schleicher - Max Schlenker - Walter Schotte - George Schwab - Johann Baptist Schwab - Emmanuel Sièyes - Rune Slagstad - Kurt Sontheimer - Fritz Springorum - Friedrich Julius Stahl - Wilhelm Stapel - Heinrich Karl von Stein - Lorenz von Stein - Richard Thoma - Piet Tommissen - Henry Ashby Turner - G. L. Ulmen - Bernard Wilms - Hans Zehrer - Heinz O. Ziegler - Egon Zweig - - [[

title: User:Charles Matthews/Cristi


text:
Talk:List of largest cities and towns in Turkey

Misleading and incomplete
The content of this article is misleading, because it lists only the cities which are province centres. In fact, there are many cities outranking the listed ones, which are not province centres, such as Tarsus or İskenderun. This is also because many minor cities have been elevated from subprovincial to provincial status. In Turkey, it is a common mistake to use the term city (şehir) for province (il). This incorrect article obviously is written by someone who made such an error. --Pipifax 18:06, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

This is due to fact that every province has a city which has same name as the province. 78.183.237.186 (talk) 13:02, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Meaning of the numbers
It is not clear whether the numbers refer to the population of the municipality (belediye) or district (ilçe) including villages (Toplam nüfusu | Genel nüfusu) or only of the city itself (Şehir nüfusu | Merkez nüfusu). Lambiam Talk 01:02, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

German list
After looking at the German page I saw that it had more updated 2006 numbers, as well as 1990 numbers, so I tried to integrate it into the English site. Only the German one stops at #64. I put the old table, without those cites listed in the German one, below. --Patrickneil 21:37, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Numbers are wrong
According to latest census the numbers are wrong. Most cities have higher populations then the ones here. It should be updated accordingly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.232.123.56 (talk) 08:00, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Population of Bursa
Bursa has 1.818.020 people living in the city centre borders by 2007 and also 3.200.020 at total. We can also see this numbers at the entry of the city, and the official website of Bursa Buyuksehir Belediyesi. Thanks for your sensibility for not changing the population number as 1.617... instead of 1.818.020 in order not to give wrong info to the ones visiting this page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.100.165.54 (talk) 10:10, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

1.818.020 people living in the Bursa Metropolitan Municipality's borders(Osmangazi, Yıldırım, Nilüfer, Mudanya, Gemlik, Gürsu and Kestel) by 2007 1.642.020 people living in the Bursa city's borders(Osmangazi, Yıldırım and Nilüfer) by 2009 estimate —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.164.142.101 (talk) 08:07, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Bursa city borders enlarged with 4 more districts by 2009 January. Bursa "city" means the districts that are administered by Bursa Municipality, according to this it's wrong to determine municipality borders separate from the city borders. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.100.165.54 (talk) 22:48, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

the southeast
numerous reports (including statements from the government) suggest that the numbers for a place like Van are much higher than the census (due to the IDPs from Hakkari and Siirt being undercounted etc) Should these not be mentioned? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.65.243.209 (talk) 10:39, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Vassal districts
16 cities in Turkey have a special status (Büyükşehir). Within the municipality limits there are vassal district municipalities. So the very same population figure can be counted for the municipality of the city and the district. When listing population care should be taken for not repeating the same figure. In this list generally vassal districts are not shown. However I still see a number of vassal districts such as Beylikdüzü (İstanbul), Mezitli (Mersin) and Pursaklar (Ankara) etc. I think that such districts should be delated from the list and the population of these should be included with in the city population. Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 06:00, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Reverting
I reverted the addition of article Metropolitan centers in Turkey to this article because of the following concerns:
 * 1) The list of 16 metropolitan centers has already been included in the list of cities over 7000. So there was an unnecessary repetition.
 * 2) The metropolitan centers article had been copied as a whole. So the merged article hadn't complied Wiki standards. (eg., Reference section and See also section before the text, etc.)

But the revert doesn't cause loss of information, for there is already a link to the article Metropolitan centers in Turkey. Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 14:22, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Delated intercity districts
Turkish Statistical Institute has anounceds the 2009 population figures. The populations of 16 metropolitan centers have also been given. I added those figures to column 2009 estimates. Since these figures include the population of intercity districts, the intercity districts should be delated from the table. Today I delated the names of İstanbul intercity districts.:Esenyurt, Sultanbeyli, Sancaktepe, Beylikdüzü, Büyükçekmece, Arnavutköy,Çekmeköy, Silivri, Çatalca, Zekeriya köy and Şile. I'll also delate other intercity districts (such as Pursaklar in Ankara, Derince in Kocaeli, Mezitli in Mersin etc.) Nedim Ardoğa (talk) 08:55, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

a total mess
This list is a total mess. For starters: #7's population is bigger than #6's in all five columns, yet it is behind. Same thing for #38, it has bigger figures than three cities which are put before it. And, at least #35 is missing from the list. Seems like an endless fix-after-fix. 85.217.20.182 (talk) 12:33, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Kocaeli
Since Izmit, Gebze, etc are all districts of Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, shouldn't they be treated as part of the single city of Izmit/Kocaeli? Or am I missing something here? —Quintucket (talk) 19:55, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Still Not Clear
It's still not clear, here, whether we are using the term "city" in the sense of an inhabited locality or physical urban area regardless of administrative boundaries and divisionns, or if we are using "city" in the sense of administration divisions/municipalitiese/local governments. Can this be made more clear in the article? --Criticalthinker (talk) 07:48, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

This needs clarification
It's over a year after my initial post, and this still hasn't been made clear. What exactly is "city" measuring, here? I see something was added about these not being urban area populations, but what does the Turkish statistics agency measure as a "city?" Clearly, belde/belediye are formally what cities are Turkey, so I'd think that would be what "city" means here, at least for the cities in non-metropolitan provinces. But, how are populations measured in metropolitan municipalities? Is it the entire province? Someone do some explaining, here. --Criticalthinker (talk) 11:34, 18 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I still have this question, though, now I'm more interested in smaller cities. On small city pages, there is usually a population listed for "urban" and "district."  The latter is kind of self-explanatory, but what is "urban" in this case?  Is it the belde population, or the population of the settlement regardless of belde borders/limits?  Does Turkey's statistics agency not have populations for just belediye? --Criticalthinker (talk) 08:42, 26 August 2016 (UTC)

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Moves in May 2018
user:catfurball made 2 moves in this month. are they warranted?--Catchpoke (talk) 04:55, 8 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Are villages included? Should this be in the title? -Catchpoke (talk) 22:47, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:38, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Malatya city.jpg


text:
User talk:Sumizome queenofdarkness

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title: User talk:Sumizome queenofdarkness


text: File:Weight of Water, The- 2000.jpg

title: File:Weight of Water, The- 2000.jpg


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Delany

Vance Aandahl - Helen Adam - Helen Douglas Adam - Arthur Adamov - Neal Adams - Alvin Ailey - Donald Allen - Robert Allen - Jim Aparo - Robert Ardrey - Rae Armantraut - Hans Arp - Genica Athansiou - Berthold Auerbach - John L. Austin - Hillary Bailly - Peggy Baird - Samuel Barber - Lincoln Barnett - Jean-Louis Barrault - William Bartram - Carl Becher - Julian Beck - Thomas Beer - Cynthia Belgrave - Edward Bellamy - Michael Bennett - Raymond Bernard - Charles Bernstein - Ted Berrigan - Marschall von Bieberstein - Rudolf Bing - Terry Bisson - Paul Blackburn - Roger Blin - Robert Blum - Bodenheim - Laura Bohannan - Arrigo Boito - Gustavus Bosanquet - Anthony Boucher - Stan Brakhage - Charles Bradlaugh - Ida Brauers - Robert Bresson - John Bricuth - Avery Brooks - Rita Mae Brown - Susan Jenkins Brown - William Slater Brown - Michael Dennis Browne - Edward Brunner - Marjorie Brunner - Baron Hans von Bülow - Algis Budrys - John Buscema - Octavia Butler - K. W. 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title: User:Charles Matthews/Delany


text:
Metula

Metula (מְטֻלָּה) is a town in the Northern District of Israel. It abuts the Israel-Lebanon border. It had in a population of.

Bronze and Iron Age
Metula is located near the sites of the biblical cities of Dan, Abel Bet Ma'akha, and Ijon.

Roman and Byzantine periods
A settlement existed in the area in the Roman and Byzantine periods. Ancient wine presses and a mosaic pavement have been found here. A tomb excavated in 1967 contained at least four graves dating from between the late third century and the late sixth century.

Ottoman period

The origin of the town's name is المطلة. In 1816 the notable traveller James Silk Buckingham visited "a large village, called Metully, altogether inhabited by Druses". In 1875, Victor Guérin described Methelleh or Metelleh as a village with a spring, occupied by Druzes from the Hauran who cultivated a garden to the east. Soon afterwards, in 1881, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine recorded "El Mutallah: A small village, built of stone, containing about 100 Druzes, situated on slope of hill, near a large stream, surrounded by arable land."

Founding of the Jewish moshava
When the Druze Rebellion of 1895 broke out the men of Mutallah joined its ranks. Since the women were not able to cope with the work, the owner of the land, a Christian from Sidon named Jabur Bey Riskalas (Greek Diplomat to Middle East), sold 12,800 dunams of land to Baron de Rothschild's chief officer Joshua Ossovetski. It had been inhabited and cultivated by more than 600 Druze tenant farmers. When the Druze Rebellion was put down, the men returned and demanded their tenancy rights back. Ossovetski called in the Turkish authorities, who came to arrest the Druse as deserters and rebels, while Ossovetski offered them paltry compensation to leave the land. Many were dissatisfied and eight years of feuds and violent clashes ensued. Eventually an agreement was reached between the villagers and the Jewish Colonization Association in 1904 for an additional payment of 60,000 francs (3,000 Turkish pounds). This episode brought much criticism of the methods of Rothschild's agents, including some from other Zionists such as Ahad Ha'am. The Druze moved to other Druze-inhabited villages, including Isfiya on Mount Carmel.

The Jewish moshava settlement was founded in June 1896 by 60 farming families from more established settlements and 20 families of non-farming professions. Most of the founders were immigrants from Russia. Pioneers (halutzim) from Petah Tikva also joined in settling Metula, as did some religious scholars from Safed.

Mandatory period

At the end of World War I, Metula was in the area of French military occupation. The British Zionist Norman Bentwich wrote in 1919: "Metullah, the most northern outpost, is acquiring a new function as a summer resort for the rest of the country. Its mountain air and its splendid site, high up above a ravine, down which a stream dashes headlong to Jordan, makes it a chosen place in the dry days, and already its few homesteads are crowded in July and August. Metullah is a summer station for the hardy men and women of the colonies; it lies too far from the high road to attract the tourist, but in course of time it, or some other place in the highland region, will become for the Jewish dwellers of the lowlands what a number of hill stations in the Lebanon are already to the Syrians of the plains."

The 1920 boundary agreement between Britain and France stated that Metula was to be in Palestine, but it was not until 1924 that the change to British control was complete. During the intervening years, the residents of Metula even took part in elections for the Lebanese parliament.

Nahal Ayyun Bridge
The bridge over Nahal Ayun was built by the British in the years 1943–44. On June 17, 1946 (Night of the bridges) all four Palmach battalions (the Haganah elite units) captured and destroyed 11 border bridges. As a consequence, on June 29, 1946 ("Black Sabbath"), the British soldiers imprisoned many Yishuv leaders and Palmach members. The bridge was blown up again by the Palmach during the War of Independence. It was repaired in the 1980s.

State of Israel
In modern Israel, Metula is known as a wealthy town popular as a tourist destination, especially for Israeli schoolchildren on summer vacation.

The "Good Fence" (1976–2000)
The Good Fence (, HaGader HaTova or Fatima Crossing) was a border crossing from Metula to Lebanon; it opened in 1976, and was closed in 2000 after Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon. The border crossing had allowed Lebanese to find jobs in northern Israel, access health services, attend school, and transport goods.

1985 attack

The Safari Disaster occurred during the South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000). On the afternoon of Sunday, March 10, 1985, a convoy of IDF soldiers in "Safari" model trucks were driving from Metula towards the Lebanese town of Marjayoun. Dozens of soldiers, having just attended Shabbat, were on their way back to duty. In accordance with regulations, one armed jeep in the forefront and two in the rear, and helmets and bullet-proof vests were worn. As they were crossing the narrow bridge over Nahal Ayyun at 13:45 a red Chevrolet pickup truck drove towards them. The soldiers of the first jeep noticed that the driver had friendly smile, and he was signaled to pull over to let the convoy pass. The first jeep and the first safari truck did so. At 13:50 the driver of the Chevrolet detonated a tremendous explosion which shattered windows in Metula itself. Twelve soldiers were killed and 14 wounded.

2006 Lebanon War
During the 2006 Lebanon War, Metula became a temporary ghost town when its populace fled Hezbollah rocket fire. It was hit by 120 rockets during the war.

Israel–Hamas war
In the midst of the Israel–Hamas war, Hezbollah targeted northern Israeli border communities with rockets and missiles, prompting the evacuation of several, including Metula. On October 17, a Hezbollah-launched anti-tank missile struck Metula, resulting in the injury of one civilian and two IDF reservists.

On 19 December, Hezbollah fired artillery shells at the town.

Area and population
The municipality governs a land area of 2,000 dunams (2 km2). According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in September 2003 Metula had a population of 1,400, predominantly Jewish. Metula was declared a local council in 1949. Also according to the CBS, the population over the years was:
 * 1948 – 172
 * 1961 – 261
 * 1972 – 333
 * 1983 – 589
 * 1995 – 942
 * 2008 – 1,500

Geography and climate

Metula lies in the northernmost point of Israel, next to the Lebanese border 6 km at 520 m above sea level.

Winters are usually cold and wet, with an average annual rainfall of 900 mm, whereas summers are warm and dry. The river Nahal Ayoun has its sources in Lebanon, about seven kilometers north of Metula.

Notable residents

 * Olga Danilov (born 1973), Israeli Olympic speed skater
 * Alexandra Zaretsky (born 1987), Israeli ice dancer
 * Roman Zaretsky (born 1983), Israeli ice dancer

title: Metula


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User:Charles Matthews/Evans

David Allison - Suzanne Bachelard - Charles Bally - Gustav Bergmann - Robert Bernasconi - Rudolf Bernet - Franz Brentano - Gerald L. Bruns - Dorion Cairns - John Caputo - Johannes Daubert - Dane Depp - James M. Edie - John Ellis – J. Claude Evans - Manfred Frank - Newton Garver - Rodolphe Gasché - Aron Gurwitsch - Roy Harris - Geoffrey Hartman - Irene Harvey - Klaus Held - Burt C. Hopkins - Richard Kearney - Heinz Kimmerle - Carl Knüfer - Josef König - Michèle Lamont - Ludwig Landgrebe - John Llewelyn - John Macquarrie - J. N. Mohanty - Ab - André de Muralt - Christopher Norris - Gabriel Nuchelmans - Andrew Parker - Reto Parpan - Alexander Pfänder - Terry Pinkard - Francis Ponge - H. H. Price - Adolf Reinach - Edward Robinson - Jay Rosenberg - John Scanlon - Karl Schuhmann - Martin Schwab - Albert Sechehaye - Robert Sokolowski - Robert Strozier - Samuel Weber - Alan White - Leon Wieseltier - David Wood - Richard Zaner - [[

title: User:Charles Matthews/Evans


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User:Charles Matthews/Forster

A
Andrea Alciati - Richard Alewyn - Dámaso Alonso - Gabriel Altilius - Gabriele Altilio - Gabriele Atilio - Hieronymus Angerianus - Marcus Antonius Antimachus - Antoine de Bourgogne - Sidonius Apollonaris - Serafino Aquilano - Eleonora of Aragon - Isabella of Aragon - E. Arber - A. J. Arberry - Giovanni Arnolfini - Stuart Atkins - N. Ault - Ausonius - R. Auty

B
J. Balbi - Luigi Baldacci - Paolina Barbaro - Barbara Bauer-Formiconi - Margarete Bauer-Heinhold - Lodovico Beccadelli - Adelheid Beckmann - Pietro Bembo - Annibale Bentivoglio - Giovanni Bentivoglio - Thomas G. Bergin - Eric Berne - Filippo Beroaldo - Theodore de Bèze - Reto R. Bezzola - Morris Bishop - L. G. Black - Damasus Blyenburg - Alan Boase - A. Bolaffi - Jean Bonnefons - Juan Boscán - J. Boyd - M. C. Bradbrook - Leicester Bradner - Giovanni Brancati - C. P. Brand - Sebastian Brant - G. A. Bredero - A. Buck - Oscar Büdel - A. H. Bullen

C
Pedro Caldéron de la Barca - Martianus Capella - Lodovico Carbone - G. Carducci - Benedetto Gareth - Il Cariteo - Andrea Caronti - R. H. Case - Q. Lutatius Catullus - Hester Chapman - Serafino Ciminelli dall'Aquila - Claudian - Karl Otto Konrady - Domenico Consoli - Marshal Cosse - Stefano Crocca - A. Cronia - Simon Dach - Francis Davison - Eustache Deschamps - Philippe Desportes - Janus Dousa - Dracontius - Claude Dulong - Gilles Durant - L. Einstein - W. Theodor Elwert - Ercole d'Este - Fabliau - Glynn Faithfull - J.-U. Fechner - C. L. Fernow - Severino Ferrari - Fescennine verses - Francesco Filelfo - Francesco Flavinius - Paul Fleming – Leonard Forster - L. Frati - Hugo Friedrich - Joseph G. Fucilla

G
Veronica Gambara - Garcilaso de la Vega - Mia I. Gerhardt - Luis de Góngora - Aloysius Gonzaga - Arturo Graf - Cecil Grayson - Thomas Greene - Gregorius Britannicus - T. Gwynfor Griffith - Ernest Grillo - Janus Gruter - Andreas Gryphius - Guarino di Verona - Donald L. Guss - C. Hagberg Wright - D. R. Harris - R. A. Hall - Hartmann von Aue - Ruth Harvey - A. T. Hatto - Christopher Hatton - H. Hayn - Daniel Heinsius - Arthur Henkel - Fernando de Herrera - Theobald Hock - Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau - P. C. Hooft - M. A. S. Hume - Isabelle of France - Eric Jacobsen - Harold Jantz - Jeanne de Luxembourg - Jesuit poetry - R. O. Jones - P. K. King - Albert Köster - Hermann Kreisselmeier - Orlando di Lasso - F. W. Leakey - Simon Lemnius - J. W. Lever - Joseph Linskill - M. van Lochem - Erik Lunding - Luxorius - Lynkeus - Lynkeus der Türmer

M
I. D. Macfarlane - K. McKenzie - Emile Magne - Bruno Maier - J. de Maino - Jason de Maino - Girolamo Malipiero - Giuseppe Manacorda - Manegold von Lauterbach - Giambattista Marino - Giovanna Marliani - Alfred von Martin - Michael Marullus - H. A. Mason - Kurt May - Paul Schede Melissus - Šiško Menčetić - A. Meozzi - Bruno Migliorini - James V. Mirollo - P. G. Molmenti - Walter Mönch - Georgette de Montenay - Ambrosio de Morales - Camillo Morelli - M. de Morvillier - Georges de la Motthe - Marc-Antonius Muretus

N
Naldo Naldi - Andrea Navagero - Antonio de Nebrija - Fritz Neubert - F. J. Nichols - Allardyce Nicoll - Pierre de Nolhac - Jan van der Noot - John Nott

O
Walter Oakeshott - Olimpo da Sassoferrato - Martin Opitz - John Owen

P
Pasquil - Crispin de Passe - Paulinus of Nola - Pauly-Wissowa - A. Perosa - Julius Petersen - F. Pfaff - Phorkyas - E. Piguet - Gemistus Pletho - Diane de Poitiers - Giovanni Pontano - Nicolaus Gambertus Porta - George Puttenham - Hans Pyritz

Q
A. de Queux de Saint-Hilaire

R
F. J. E. Raby - Johannes Radermacher - Raimbaut de Vaqueiras - Marshal de Retz - Antonio Ricci - Q. Roscius - G. Rosini - Bernardino Rota

S
Francisco Sá de Miranda - Angelo Michele Salimbeni - Karl Sälzle - Jacopo Sannazaro - Marquis of Santillana - Jordi de Sant Jordi - Matthias Sarbieski - Panfilo Sasso - Maurice Scève - Sybille Scheid - Albert-Marie Schmidt - Hilde Schöne - E. Schulte - Schwank - Adeodatus Seba - Johannes Secundus - William Segar - Sesenheim - Elkanah Settle - Bianca Maria Sforza - Giovanni Galeazzo Sforza - Tristano Sforza - Charles S. Singleton - B. Soldati - A. Solerti - Charles Sorel - River Sorgue - B. T. Sozzi - G. B. Spada - Giacinto Spagnoletti - Friedrich von Spee - Jean de Sponde - Gaspara Stampa - J. J. Starter - John Stevens - Strambotto

T
Luigi Tansillo - Bernardo Tasso - Torquato Tasso - Friedrich Taubmann - Antonio Teobaldo - Theodulf of Orléans - Patricia Thomson - Tomassini-Matteucci - J. Torbarina - Gian Giorgio Trissino - Trivulziana - Erich Trunz - Tuccia - H. Usener - Otto Vaenius - Juan de Valdés - C. Van Winkle - Vercelli - Joseph Vianey - Filippo Visconti - Karl Vossler - Milton Waldman - Bruce W. Wardropper - George Watson - Ernst Weber - Henri Weber - G. R. Weckherlin - T. Weelkes - M. Weinrich - Roberto Weiss - Enid Welsford - J. H. Whitfield - E. H. Wilkins - E. C. Wilson - Edward M. Wilson - Evelyn Faye Wilson - Jacob Wimpfeling - Manfred Windfuhr - F. A. Wright - Catharina Ypes - C. A. Zaalberg - Giovanni Zannoni - Julius Zeitler

title: User:Charles Matthews/Forster


text:
Nagaika

The nagaika (нага́йка, ) is a short, thick whip with round cross-section used by Cossacks, borrowed from Nogai people, hence the original name "nogaika", or "Nogai's whip". It is also called камча, kamcha from the Turkic word "kamci" for "whip". The latter word is also used for short whips of Central Asian origin.

The nagaika was made out of leather strips by braiding. It was possible to have a piece of metal at the tip of the whip.

The main purpose of a nagaika was to urge a horse. A metal piece was used for defense against wolves. According to Vladimir Dahl's "Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language", this nagayka was called volkoboy (волкобой, "wolf-slayer").

In modern times the descriptions of the military use of nagaika tend to be mythologized, and in the past the prime and predominant use was to drive horse. At the same time nagaika was known to be used against unarmed people, e.g., for corporal punishment or to disperse public disorders (e.g., during Russian Revolutions), so that a cossack with nagayka has become a symbol of tsarist oppression.

In 2005 the Cossacks were reformed and armed with nagaikas in addition to other traditional weapons. In 2014, members of Pussy Riot were attacked by Cossacks wielding nagaikas and pepper spray while protesting.

title: Nagaika


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Zappa in New York

Zappa in New York is a double live album by Frank Zappa released on his own DiscReet Records label, distributed by Warner Bros. Records. It was recorded in December 1976 at a series of concerts at the Palladium in New York City.

The album was scheduled for release in mid-1977, but it was not generally available until March 1978. The album reached #57 on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States.

Though it was on his own label, Zappa did not authorize the 1977 or 1978 releases of this album and Warner did no promotion. At the same time Zappa gave interviews which described his legal problems with Warner and former manager Herb Cohen. The 1991 CD re-release was the first time the album was issued with Zappa's authorization.

Music
The album features a variety of rock and jazz-rock tracks. "Sofa" and "Big Leg Emma" had appeared in different arrangements on previous Zappa records, while the other songs were entirely new. Backing musicians include a full horn section, containing members of the Saturday Night Live band, including Lou Marini and Tom Malone, as well as the Brecker Brothers. In addition, Don Pardo was invited by Zappa to the Palladium concerts, and he provides introductory narrations to "Punky's Whips" and "The Illinois Enema Bandit." After the December 1976 live performances Zappa spent time in the studio in early 1977 adding a significant number of overdubs, including additional percussion parts from Ruth Underwood, John Bergamo, and Ed Mann.

History
Zappa's DiscReet Records label was distributed by Warner Bros. Records. Zappa delivered four new individual albums to Warner for release on DiscReet in March 1977 to complete his contract. According to the contract Warner was required to pay Zappa $60,000 per album ($240,000 total) and release the recordings in the United States within six weeks. However, Warner failed to follow through on these terms.

The four individual albums delivered in March 1977 were Zappa In New York, Studio Tan, Sleep Dirt and Orchestral Favorites. Since Zappa In New York was configured as two LP set, the complete four album collection actually contains a total of five full length LPs.

Warner later scheduled the release of Zappa in New York on DiscReet in mid-1977. A "Dateline Burbank" ad in the June 30, 1977 issue of Rolling Stone magazine described the release of the album as "imminent". A few uncensored and full length copies appeared by late 1977 but the album was quickly pulled from stores. Warner was forced to withdraw it by November due to legal action. Zappa objected to the release at this time. He also claimed that Warner first began to manufacture the album only when they heard he had negotiated to release the recordings with a competing company. The full eleven song uncensored 1977 version of the album has never been officially re-issued.

Much of the material from these four individual albums was also edited by Zappa into a four-LP box set called Läther. Zappa announced this album in a mid September 1977 interview where he described it as his "current album". Zappa negotiated a distribution deal with Phonogram Inc. to release Läther as the first release on the Zappa Records label. The album was scheduled for a Halloween October 31, 1977 release date. But Warner claimed ownership of the material and threatened legal action, preventing the release of Läther and forcing Zappa to shelve the project.

Before re-issuing Zappa in New York in March 1978, Warner Bros. Records removed one of the longest songs, "Punky's Whips". The remaining songs were re-sequenced by moving "Big Leg Emma" from side two to side one. "Titties & Beer" was also edited to remove references to Punky Meadows, a member of the American glam rock band Angel. This cut more than 11 minutes from the album and reduced the playing time of side one to a mere ten minutes. The censorship and editing were done by Warner in violation of Zappa's contract.

Several of the songs on this album were also included on the shelved album Läther, which finally released officially in 1996. These songs are "The Illinois Enema Bandit", "The Black Page #1", "Big Leg Emma", "Titties and Beer”, “Punky's Whips", "The Purple Lagoon" and "I Promise Not to Come in Your Mouth" (under the title "Läther".)

CD release 1991
Zappa re-issued Zappa in New York as a double CD album in 1991 with the addition of four bonus tracks ("Cruisin' for Burgers", "Punky's Whips", "I'm the Slime", "The Torture Never Stops"). The CD reissue was remixed to feature guitar overdubs that were recorded in 1976 but not included in previous releases. The CD reissue contained an alternate recording of "Punky's Whips" and the full-length recording of "Titties & Beer". On this version, Pardo also delivers a verse of "I'm the Slime" (he did the same for Zappa's 1976 Saturday Night Live appearance).

40th Anniversary releases 2019
For the 40th anniversary in 2019 there were two re-issues - a three-LP set and a five-CD deluxe box. The three-LP set combines the 1978 two-LP release with a bonus LP of vault material. The five-CD set was packaged in an embossed tin box shaped to look like a NYC street manhole cover. The five-CD box claims to contain the original uncensored 1977 vinyl version with eleven songs, however it is actually an edited ten song version. This version also features over three hours of bonus live performances from the four nights at the Palladium, and a fifth disc of vault material (including a song left off the LP due to time constraints), plus a replica of a Palladium show ticket.

Musicians

 * Frank Zappa – conductor, lead guitar, vocals, producer; guitar overdubs
 * Ray White – rhythm guitar, vocals
 * Eddie Jobson – keyboards, violin, vocals
 * Patrick O'Hearn – bass guitar, vocals
 * Terry Bozzio – drums, vocals
 * Ruth Underwood – percussion, synthesizer, and various humanly impossible overdubs
 * Lou Marini – alto sax, flute
 * Mike Brecker – tenor sax, flute
 * Ronnie Cuber – baritone sax, clarinet
 * Randy Brecker – trumpet
 * Tom Malone – trombone, trumpet, piccolo
 * Don Pardo – sophisticated narration
 * David Samuels – timpani, vibes
 * John Bergamo – percussion overdubs
 * Ed Mann – percussion overdubs
 * Lou Anne Neill – osmotic harp overdub

Production staff

 * Frank Zappa – production
 * Bob Liftin – NYC live remote engineer
 * Davey Moire – NYC live concert mix, studio engineer (overdubs)
 * Rick Smith – studio engineer (overdubs)
 * John Williams – package design
 * Dweezil Zappa – cover photo
 * Gail Zappa – other photos

title: Zappa in New York


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Triple Alliance (1914)

 * The Triple Alliance is not to be confused with the Triple Entente or Triple Alliance (1882).

The Triple Alliance was an alliance of British trade unions: the Miners Federation of Great Britain, the National Union of Railwaymen and the National Transport Workers' Federation (an association of dockers, seamen, tramwaymen and road vehicle workers' unions).

Formation and pre-war activity
After a period of intense industrial unrest beginning in July 1910, the Triple Alliance was formed in early 1914 by the Miners Federation of Great Britain, the newly-unified National Union of Railwaymen and the National Transport Workers' Federation. It appeared to signal a significant step towards greater unity and syndicalist ideology within British trade unionism.

The onset of the First World War, however, curtailed any imminent action by the Alliance. In his 1936 book, The Strange Death of Liberal England, George Dangerfield argued that if war had not broken out, there would have been a devastating general strike, coordinated by the Triple Alliance, in October 1914.

First World War
There was a cessation of trade union activity during the war. The industries represented by the Triple Alliance (mining, the railways and other transport systems) were temporarily nationalised during the war.

Black Friday
The mining industry was privatised on 1 April 1921, and the mine owners immediately threatened wage reductions. The Miners' Federation of Great Britain planned a co-ordinated response with its allies in the Triple Alliance on Friday the 15th.

Following some confusion over what terms the Miners' Union would be prepared to accept, the transport workers' and railwaymen's unions decided not to call their members on strike in sympathy with the miners. That was subsequently remembered as Black Friday by many socialists and trade unionists, who regarded the collapse of the Triple Alliance as a betrayal of solidarity and a major defeat for trade unionism.

General strike
The Triple Alliance was significant in securing government subsidies for miners' wages on Red Friday in July 1925 by threatening a general strike. The Triple Alliance agreed to back the miners in their dispute against mine owners who had announced future wage cuts and had increased work hours a month previously. That threatened a complete halt to the production and transport of coal.

title: Triple Alliance (1914)


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Neil Burgess (comedian)

Neil Burgess (1846/51–1910) was an American vaudevillian comedian who specialized in female impersonation of elderly "widders".

Biography
Neil Burgess was born in Boston in 1846/51. He started his unusual career at age 19 when called on to fill in for an ailing actress in The Quiet Family in Providence, Rhode Island.

Burgess debuted in New York as a solo artist in 1872 under producer Tony Pastor, when he was billed as an "Ethiopian Comedian". His first role as a female impersonator came in 1877 in The Coming Woman for the Theatre Comique of Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart. He was soon recognized as one of the leading female impersonators, successively playing women's parts in vaudeville. By the 1880s, he took several such roles in The Widow and the Elder, Betsey Bobbet: A Drama (later renamed Vim), and the County Fair. His greatest success was Widow Bedott in 1879. He also produced and starred as Auntie Abigail Prue in Charles Barnard's play The County Fair in 1889. George C. Odell later reflected on these roles: "I still see him as Widow Bedott in the kitchen, making pies, straightening out the affairs of the neighborhood and personifying, in spite of his sex, the attributes of a managing woman. He was not the least bit effeminate, not at all like the usual female impersonator of minstrelsy or of variety, and yet he was Widow Bedott to the life, and with little suggestion of burlesque."

Burgess was also interested in inventions tied to the stage and backed a turntable device that allowed horses to run at full speed on stage, and another device that simulated the sound of a large crowd.

He was married to actress Mary Stoddard. She died in 1905.

He died at his home in New York City on February 19, 1910.

title: Neil Burgess (comedian)


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User:Charles Matthews/Kiely

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title: User:Charles Matthews/Kiely


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Talk:Nagaika

This is a very interesting piece of Russian weaponry, unfortunatly I cannot find any pictures of it on the internet, if anyone is able to do so then please post an authentic one up. Thank you.
 * Yes, it is. But unfortunately what you found on net so far is inaccurate. Fortunately, it is salvageable. mikka (t) 19:22, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Alright, thank you for the clarification. Unless you have anymore information to post up then take off the inaccuracy post, please.--Henrin 02:40, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Reference's URL not working
In the first reference, the URL (http://www.optim.su/bh/2002/3/dyakonov/dyakonov.asp) takes to a non existing site. --Efedoso (talk) 18:18, 2 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Please take a look how such cases must be marked in the article itself. - Altenmann >t 06:11, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Pussy Riot
I added an entry regarding the re-forming of the Cossacks under the Russian Federation and the return of this whip. I also added reference to the attack on Pussy Riot using this whip. The picture in the washington post article shows the whip used - Kossacks are noted there and in the modern article as using their traditional whip. I need to find an archive.org url for this, but currently am having trouble with that site on my computer. Rifter0x0000 (talk) 04:51, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110208224536/http://fstanitsa.ru/content/nagaika-donskoi-tip-kamcha to http://fstanitsa.ru/content/nagaika-donskoi-tip-kamcha

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title: Talk:Nagaika


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Feria Nacional de San Marcos

The Feria Nacional de San Marcos (National Fair of Saint Mark) is a national fair held in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes every year for three (or sometimes four) weeks. Most of the events occur in the city of Aguascalientes, the state capital. The exact date of the fair varies every year, but is set around April 25, the Feast Day of St. Mark.

Initially the fair was tied to the vendimia (harvesting of grapes) since wine production used to be an important activity in Aguascalientes. Nowadays, it is an important tourist attraction that is heavily associated with bullfighting and cockfighting. It is estimated that seven million people visit the fair every year and as a consequence hotels are usually filled to capacity. Some locals rent out their houses to visitors and go on vacation during this time.

Activities
The San Marcos National Fair is organized by an independent foundation that oversees the governance of what happens at the fair, but is supported by the state and city governments of Aguascalientes.

The fair is host to a large range of activities, of which bullfighting and cockfighting are the most popular. Usually a concert is given by a prominent Mexican singer after a series of cockfights; this event tends to draw more attention than the fights themselves.

Located in the main fair venue are an assortment of sponsored stands and mechanical games, as well as stages where various concerts and theater plays are performed. The livestock fair and the charreadas still remain an important part of the celebration. Parties where traditional Mexican music is played (tamboras) are also celebrated on the streets of Aguascalientes. Finally, a casino is licensed in downtown Aguascalientes just for the occasion.

Concerts, art exhibits and other cultural events complement the fair in many locations around the state. The award ceremony of the National Award for Youth Art occurs in Aguascalientes during this time as well.

History
The fair was celebrated for the first time around harvest time from November 5 to November 20, 1828, as a showcase of the state's produce and livestock. During that time it was in direct competition with the fairs of Acapulco, Jalapa and San Juan de los Lagos.

The celebrations centered in the Parián, a market in the city of Aguascalientes, until 1848. In 1842 the outside balustrade of San Marcos Park was built in a plot of land donated by the Catholic Church. The balustrade is of Neoclassical style and is still preserved to this day. Once San Marcos Park was completed the date of celebration was changed to April to coincide with the festivities in honor the patron saint San Marcos (Saint Mark).

Construction of the San Marcos Plaza bullring started in 1896 and was completed in only 48 days. From that date bullfighting was included in the festivities. It was not until 1992 that the much larger Monumental Plaza de San Marcos was built, with a seating capacity of fifteen thousand people.

Since 1924 the winner of the beauty pageant has been crowned "Queen of the Fair". In 2006, after some electoral controversy, three queens were appointed.

In 1958 the fair was elevated to the rank of "National" by President Adolfo López Mateos.

On April 26, 2009, the fair was canceled due to the pandemic flu (H1N1/swine flu/ influenza virus)virus that was affecting certain areas of Mexico. This was the first time in 181 fairs that the festivities had been canceled. On July 2, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was cancelled for the second time in its history, and five months later, on January 21, 2021, it was announced that the fair would be canceled for the second year in a row.

title: Feria Nacional de San Marcos