text:
King (new wave band)

King were an English new wave band which formed in 1984. The band achieved chart success in 1985, and are best known for their hit single "Love & Pride", which reached number 2 in the UK. The band had two Top 20 albums (both certified Gold) and five Top 30 singles in the space of a year.

Overview
The band was formed from the remnants of Coventry rock-ska band the Reluctant Stereotypes, along with producer Paul Sampson. After the Reluctant Stereotypes, singer Paul King formed the Raw Screens, who perfected their act and style to what Paul King and his manager Perry Haines called "Multi Tone", a reference to "Two Tone", and then, in 1983, relaunched the group as band King from the surname of lead singer Paul King.

As lead singer, Paul King wore a mullet haircut and spray-painted Doc Marten's Boots – a look described "like the Child Catcher from Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". The band released two UK Top 20 albums on CBS, both produced and mixed by Richard James Burgess, who also played drums on most of the debut album Steps in Time (the second LP, Bitter Sweet, saw Adrian Lillywhite on drums). Both albums were certified gold and produced five hit singles, the most successful being the UK No. 2 hit, "Love & Pride". "Love & Pride" was King's only single to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 which peaked at No. 55 in September 1985.

Despite a year of success, the band split up in 1986. In 1987, Paul King released a solo album entitled Joy, produced by American producer Dan Hartman. After that, he briefly worked as a VJ for MTV.

In 1998, a compilation album was released, entitled The Best of King – Love & Pride, with 18 tracks, featuring the band's greatest hits and stand-out tracks, including Paul King's one minor solo hit, "I Know".

Cherry Red Records released a remastered version of Bitter Sweet in 2007 followed in 2010 by a remaster of Steps In Time and in 2018 by another King compilation entitled Remixes & Rarities, which contained rare tracks not found on the reissues.

Line-up

 * Paul King – vocals, piano
 * Mick Roberts – keyboards, synthesizers, piano, backing vocals
 * Anthony "Tony" Wall – bass guitar
 * Jim "Jackal" Lantsbery – guitar, backing vocals
 * John Hewitt – drums
 * Adrian Lillywhite – drums
 * Colin Heanes – drums

Solo
Paul King
 * Joy (1987)

title: King (new wave band)


text:
Camilo Daza International Airport

Camilo Daza International Airport (Aeropuerto Internacional Camilo Daza, ) is an international airport located in Cúcuta, Colombia. It serves the Norte de Santander Department. The airport is 5 km from the center of Cúcuta. It has international facilities and is able to operate general aviation flights to international destinations. It is named after Colombian aviation pioneer Camilo Daza.

History
Camilo Daza International Airport was inaugurated on October 10, 1971, by the then President of the Republic, Misael Pastrana Borrero, and his Minister of Public Works, Argerino Duran Quintero. At the initiative of then President of the Society of Public Improvements, Juan Agustín Ramírez Calderón, the airport was given the name of Camilo Daza as a tribute to the aviation pioneer and founder of the Colombian Air Force.

On March 17, 1988, Avianca Flight 410, a Boeing 727 crashed on low mountains after takeoff to Cartagena's Rafael Núñez International Airport. All 143 people on board died. This was the only air accident in the history of the city.

In 2005, the Civil Aeronautics of Colombia Agency announced a renovation of the airport, seeking to transform it into one of the most modern in the nation. This renovation improved the air terminal infrastructure, provided a more contemporary design, and made air traffic safer with a powerful light at night.

The airport was renovated and expanded again from 2018 to 2019. A new facade was built, along with a new food plaza and offices for Aerocivil. The terminal was extended, the parking lot expanded to a capacity of 300 vehicles, and the check-in and baggage claim areas were renovated. The newly renovated and expanded airport was inaugurated on 26 April 2019.

2021 attack
At around 5:00 A.M., on December 14, 2021, explosive substances being carried by a man trying to climb an airport fence detonated.

One hour later, a suitcase exploded again on the runway, resulting in the deaths of two police officers. The airport was evacuated as authorities suspended all upcoming flights. Colombian Defence Minister Diego Molano denounced the incident as a terrorist attack by left-wing guerillas based in Venezuela.

Structure and capacity

 * Avianca has its own lounge with different services such as Wi-Fi, different environments, satellite television, bar meals, air conditioning and various entertainment materials.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Camilo Daza International Airport


text:
Talk:Nuclear navy

Nuclear Reactors
A point was brought up in nuclear power - there's no discussion of naval nuclear reactors, not even in the History section. Simesa 01:39, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Made a small effort toward fixing this. Simesa 09:00, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Proposed Changes
Why do we have a section on Ballistic missiles on this page? All the information contained there is redundant; the only thing that ought to be said here, if anything, is that many nuclear navy ships, in particular submarines, are designed to carry ballistic missiles. The information on the missiles themselves should be on the appropriately named separate page. Unless anyone has any objections, I think I'm going to remove that section as redundant. -Kadin2048 22:32, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

New sections on India added. --Chanakyathegreat 07:44, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Little change
From "Only the United States Navy and the Royal Navy field an all-nuclear submarine force" to "Only the United States Navy, the France Marine Nationale and the Royal Navy field an all-nuclear submarine force." France has four SSBN one "Redoutable", three "Triomphant" and six SSN "Rubis"class. See Force_Océanique_Stratégique. 83.197.94.122 22:11, 11 November 2006 (UTC) A.G

title: Talk:Nuclear navy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jon Antilles

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep, feel free to merge as discussed. --Tony Sidaway Talk 01:48, 27 August 2005 (UTC)  This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Merge to List of minor Star Wars Jedi characters. Redwolf24 (talk) 01:49, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Jon Antilles
Trekkie-cruft. Not notable - probably not cannonical --Doc (?) 01:39, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- WCFrancis 02:31, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Change to merge as recommended by Fernando Rizo and ManoaChild below.-- WCFrancis 02:52, 19 August 2005 (UTC) and WCFrancis 04:27, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge into Expanded Universe (Star Wars) List of minor Star Wars Jedi characters. Google search comes up with some hits that appear to show that this is a character from a Star Wars comic book. Other characters of this apparent level of notability are mentioned in the Expanded Universe article. And tsk-tsk, Doc Glasgow. This particular case is Star Wars-cruft, not Star Trek-cruft. ;) Fernando Rizo T/C 02:47, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ManoaChild's suggestion makes more sense. Fernando Rizo T/C 03:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge. Probably more appropriate to List of minor Star Wars Jedi characters rather than the main EU article. ManoaChild 02:56, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and merge Trollderella 03:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You'll get some folks mighty irked calling this "trekkie cruft"; in some circles the force and the phaser just don't mix. (I personally am fond of the term "Darth Cruft.")  Merge per ManoaChild. JDoorjam 03:48, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Scary Movie 4

Scary Movie 4 is a 2006 American parody film directed by David Zucker, written by Jim Abrahams, Craig Mazin, and Pat Proft, and produced by Mazin and Robert K. Weiss. It is the sequel to Scary Movie 3 and the fourth installment in the Scary Movie film series, as well as the first film in the franchise to be released by The Weinstein Company following the purchase of Dimension Films from Miramax Films (who did still co-produce the film).

The film marks the final franchise appearances of the main stars, Anna Faris and Regina Hall (who portray Cindy and Brenda, respectively), and concludes the original story arc. This was initially intended to be the final film in the Scary Movie film series, until Scary Movie 5 was released in 2013. The film grossed $178 million on a $40 million budget, becoming the third highest-grossing film in the series.

Plot
Shaquille O'Neal and Dr. Phil wake up to find themselves chained to pipes in a bathroom. Billy the Puppet appears on a television screen and reveals that the room is slowly filling with nerve gas. In order to escape, Shaquille must shoot a basket to obtain two hacksaws, which Dr. Phil realizes are intended for their feet. However, Dr. Phil saws off the wrong foot and faints, leaving both to die.

Meanwhile, Cindy Campbell visits her brother-in-law, Tom Logan in New York City. Her husband George has died, and her nephew Cody is enrolled in a military academy, leaving her heartbroken and lonely. Tom's attempted suicide results in his ingesting viagra, which greatly swells his penis and causes his death when he falls off the railing.

Afterwards, Cindy takes a job to care for Mrs. Norris, who lives in a haunted house. Next door is Tom Ryan, who runs into George's friends Mahalik and CJ, learning about their homosexual one-night stand. He is greeted at home by the arrival of his estranged children, Robbie and Rachel.

Over the following day, Cindy bonds with Tom, confiding to him about George's death in a fateful boxing match. They both realize their newfound love, but are interrupted by a gigantic tripod which disables electricity and starts vaporizing the town residents.

Cindy converses in mock Japanese with the haunted house's ghost, a silent boy with pale skin, learning that the answer of the invasion is his father's heart. While Tom leaves the city with his children, Cindy reunites with her friend, Brenda Meeks, inexplicably alive after her death. Following the Japanese boy's directions, they head to the countryside and end up in a mysterious, isolated community. They are captured and put to trial headed by Henry Hale. The result allows them to live but never leave the village.

Meanwhile, there is an emergency United Nations meeting, headed by the eccentric U.S. President Baxter Harris, who is reluctant to stop reading "My Pet Duck". It goes awry when a weapon scavenged from the aliens renders everyone stark-naked.

Tom and his children drive and find themselves in the middle of a war between the U.S. military and the aliens. Excited with the conflict, Robbie runs away, while Tom and Rachel are taken by the tripod. Back at the village, Henry is killed by the village loon, Ezekiel, revealing to Cindy that he fathered the Japanese boy, who was killed during Cindy's boxing match.

Cindy and Brenda are soon taken by the triPod and sent to the bathroom seen in the prologue, and get stuck in the Venus flytrap. Cindy manages to get through the puppet's challenge, but is threatened with the safety of Tom and his children, who are put in traps. Looking at a toilet with the "heart" nearby, Cindy realizes that the Puppet, through Henry's wife, is the true biological father of the Japanese boy.

Seeing how far Tom would go to save his children, the Puppet, who realizes his mistakes, apologizes for the invasion and releases them. Robbie and Rachel are successfully returned to their mother, who is revealed to have married a much older man. Brenda also becomes romantically involved with the Puppet's human brother, Zoltar.

An epilogue set one month afterwards, narrated by James Earl Jones who is subsequently hit by a bus, reveals Brenda's giving birth to her child with Zoltar, Mahalik and CJ resuming their relationship, and President Harris being content with his duck. Meanwhile, Tom appears in The Oprah Winfrey Show and wildly confesses his love for Cindy by jumping around, throwing Cindy across the room, then breaking Oprah's wrists and hitting her with a chair afterwards.

Cast

 * Anna Faris as Cindy Campbell
 * Regina Hall as Brenda Meeks
 * Craig Bierko as Tom Ryan
 * Leslie Nielsen as President Baxter Harris
 * Bill Pullman as Henry Hale
 * Anthony Anderson as Mahalik Phifer
 * Kevin Hart as CJ Iz
 * Beau Mirchoff as Robbie Ryan
 * Conchita Campbell as Rachel Ryan
 * Molly Shannon as Marilyn
 * Michael Madsen as Oliver
 * Chris Elliott as Ezekiel
 * Carmen Electra as Holly
 * Cloris Leachman as Emma Norris
 * Garrett Masuda as Japanese Ghost Boy
 * Craig Mazin as Saw Villain (voice)
 * DeRay Davis as Marvin
 * Henry Mah as Mr. Koji
 * Patrice O'Neal as Rashed/CrackHead
 * Tomoko Sato as Japanese Ghost Woman
 * Kathryn Dobbs as School Teacher
 * Bryan Callen as Agent Harper
 * David Zucker as Zoltar (voice)
 * Angelique Naude as Waitress
 * Rorelee Tio as Yoko
 * Allison Warren as Polish Delegate
 * Edward Moss as Michael Jackson
 * Champagne Powell as Don King
 * Dave Attell as Knifeman
 * John Reardon as Jeremiah
 * Kimani Ray Smith as Cutman
 * Dale Wolfe as Hang Gliding Man

Cameo appearances

 * Shaquille O'Neal as himself
 * Dr. Phil McGraw as himself
 * Simon Rex as George Logan
 * Charlie Sheen as Tom Logan (uncredited)
 * Debra Wilson as Oprah Winfrey
 * James Earl Jones as Narrator / Himself
 * Holly Madison, Bridget Marquardt and Kendra Wilkinson as girls in Tom's bed
 * Lil Jon as himself
 * Fabolous as himself/gunman
 * Chingy as himself
 * Crystal Lowe as Chingy's girl
 * Bubba Sparxxx as hoodlum
 * Bone Crusher as hoodlum
 * YoungBloodZ as themselves
 * Michael McDonald as Tiffany Stone (female boxer)

Home media
The film was released on DVD on August 15, 2006, in theatrical (83 minutes), and unrated (89 minutes) editions with deleted scenes, bloopers, and outtakes. About 1,581,754 units were sold, bringing in $22,308,989 in revenue.

Box office
In its opening weekend, the film grossed a total of $40.2 million, the third best opening weekend of the Scary Movie franchise. It has the best Easter weekend opening weekend ever, beating Panic Room which made $30.1 million in its opening and also the second best April opening, only $2 million behind Anger Management's record. As of October 18, 2006, the film has grossed a total of $90,710,620 at the United States box office and $178,262,620 worldwide.

Critical response
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 34% of 126 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 4.60/10. The site's consensus states, "Sure to inspire a few chuckles, but not enough to compensate for the recycled material from its predecessors." On Metacritic, film has an average of 40 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "C+" on a scale of A+ to F.

Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post stated that while "Scary Movie 4 never takes you close to death by laughter [...] it's funny enough to turn the hands on your watch much more quickly than you can believe." Nathan Lee of The New York Times' described the film as being "organized on the principle of parody, not plot, [...] it's an exercise in lowbrow postmodernism, a movie-movie contraption more nuts than Charlie Kaufman's gnarliest fever dream. It's cleverly stupid."

Accolades
The film won a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress (Carmen Electra, also in Date Movie).

title: Scary Movie 4


text:
Foramen of Panizza

The foramen of Panizza (named for anatomist Bartolomeo Panizza ) is a hole that connects the left and right aorta as they leave the heart of all animals of the order Crocodilia. Crocodilians have a completely separated ventricle with deoxygenated blood from the body, or systemic circulation, in the right ventricle and oxygenated blood from the lungs, or pulmonary circulation, in the left ventricle, as in birds and mammals.

Two vessels, the left aorta and the pulmonary artery, exit the right ventricle. Blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, as in mammals and birds. However, when a unique active valve leading to the pulmonary artery contracts, pressure in the right ventricle can increase, and blood can leave the right ventricle, enter the left aortic arch, and therefore bypass the pulmonary circulation.

The foramen of Panizza connects the left and right aorta. Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle, sitting in the left aorta, can flow into the right aorta through the foramen of Panizza. When the heart is relaxed, some oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, sitting in the right aorta, can flow into the left aorta across the foramen of Panizza. However, some species of crocodilians have regulatory sphincters that prevent unwanted flow of blood through the foramen of Panizza during non-diving.

title: Foramen of Panizza


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ben Balzer

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted by Pharos. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 10:26, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Ben Balzer

 * Delete Vanity. --MicroFeet 01:41, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity Nonsense Djbrianuk 01:43, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * speedy delete nn bio JDoorjam 01:54, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted by me.--Pharos 01:56, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
French frigate Belle Poule (1834)

Belle-Poule was a Surveillante-class frigate 60-gun first rank frigate of the French Navy. She achieved fame for bringing the remains of Napoleon from Saint Helena back to France, in what became known as the Retour des cendres.

Construction and early career
Although construction was started in 1828, Belle-Poule was launched only in 1834. She was one of the first ships to be built in a covered shipyard, which allowed the builders to delay construction while the political and financial circumstances were not favourable. Her design was inspired by USS Constitution. She was commissioned in July 1835, and displayed very good sailing properties.

On 1 August 1839, under command of the Prince of Joinville, third son of King Louis-Philippe, she left Cherbourg to join the Eastern fleet of Admiral Lalande. In October, she ran aground on the Taches Blanches, in the Dardanelles and was damaged. She was refloated and taken into Constantinople, Ottoman Empire for temporary repairs before sailing to Toulon for permanent repairs.

Retour des cendres
On 27 July 1840, she set sail with special equipment for Saint Helena to bring back the remains of Napoleon. She had been painted black for the occasion. On 30 September, she arrived back in Cherbourg, where, on 8 December, the Emperor's remains were transferred to the steamship Normandie. Normandie transported the remains to Le Havre and up the Seine to Rouen, for further transport to Paris.

The transfer of the remains from Belle-Poule to Normandie in the road of Cherbourg was executed in much ceremony, and became a subject of choice for marine and romantic painters.

Canada and Morocco
In 1841, Belle-Poule cruised along the Canadian coast, landing in Halifax, Nova Scotia and visited New York City, where the Prince of Joinville visited the President of the United States. Belle-Poule was back in Toulon on 14 July 1842.

In 1844, Joinville, then vice-admiral, was sent to Morocco to support the action of General Thomas Robert Bugeaud in Algeria, with FRENCH SHIP Suffren, Jemmapes, Triton, and the frigate Belle-Poule. Tanger came under attack on 6 August, and Mogador was taken on 15 August.

Afterwards, Belle-Poule cruised the Indian Ocean, where a cyclone left her with serious damage. She was repaired in Sainte-Marie de Madagascar, and returned to Brest.

Crimean War and late career
She took part in the Crimean War, mostly as a transport; she stayed in the East until August 1856, and sailed back to Toulon on 1 September.

In 1859, she was used to transport ammunition, and was decommissioned on 19 March 1861. She was still used to store gunpowder until 1888.

title: French frigate Belle Poule (1834)


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The Cowardly Lion of Oz

The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923) is the seventeenth book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the third written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was illustrated by John R. Neill. The book was followed by Grampa in Oz (1924).

Plot
The story opens with Mustafa of Mudge, a turbaned desert monarch with blue whiskers, who collects lions. Mustafa demands one more lion — he already has nine thousand nine hundred and ninety nine and a half lions, but there are no more lions in Mudge, and Mudgers are forbidden by Ozma, on penalty of death, to travel beyond the desert borders of Mudge. However, when Notta Bit More, a clown from the circus in Stumptown (somewhere in the humdrum backblocks of the United States of America), and a serious-minded orphan boy called Bobbie Downs (but renamed as Bob Up, by the cheerful Notta) drop into Mudge together, this seems to Mustafa to be his chance to send a non-Mudge person out to bring the famous Cowardly Lion to be the ten thousandth lion in Mudge. Using a magic ring, he enchants Notta and Bob and compels them to set out on a quest to capture the Cowardly Lion.

Meanwhile, in the Emerald City, the Cowardly Lion believes that he has depleted the reserve of courage imbued in him by the Wizard (as told in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz). The mischievous Patchwork Girl, Scraps (who was first introduced in an earlier Baum-written title), misdirects the Lion into thinking that he can replenish his courage by eating a courageous man. Since the Lion dislikes the notion of harming anyone, he resolves to do the deed as quickly as possible, and so embarks on his quest to find, and eat, the bravest man in Oz.

Unbeknownst to the Cowardly Lion, he is being hunted by Notta Bit More and Bob Up. Accidentally, the three meet each other. Concealing their objective from the lion, Notta and Bob resolve to trick him into going to Mudge.

The three adventurers fall into a trap and are transported to the unexpected and unhappy Island of Un, which floats in the sky. The feathery, bird-headed people of Un are all thoroughly “unish“, or negative: unfriendly, unkind, ungrateful, and so on. The travellers meet a remarkable bird called Nickadoodle who tells them that if they remain on the isle of Un, they will grow feathers and become bird-like creatures themselves. Together, they escape the Island of Un in a flyaboutabus, which is a flying machine fitted with whirling feathered wheels.

The Cowardly Lion, Notta, and Bob become fast friends, and reveal their secret plans to each other. The Cowardly Lion rejects his former plan to eat a brave man, and the travelers separate, the lion making his way to Mudge to appease Mustafa and prevent him from using his magic ring against Notta and Bob. Notta and Bob set out for the Emerald City to appeal to Ozma for help.

The Cowardly Lion encounters Crunch, a stone giant, who joins him. Together they reach Mudge, where the giant transforms the Cowardly Lion into a stone statue to keep him company. However, Notta, Bob, Ozma, and the Wizard of Oz arrive and reverse the giant's transformation. Ozma takes away Mustafa's magic ring and order is restored.

Reception
The Charlotte Observer called the book "adventurous, thrilling and very humorous... There is never a dull minute in the story."

Baum biographer Katharine M. Rogers criticizes the book for not having a strong child lead character, as most other Oz books do. She writes, "The protagonist of The Cowardly Lion of Oz is an adult clown, not the pallid, passive orphan boy Bob Up."

title: The Cowardly Lion of Oz


text:
Talk:List of universities in South Africa

Untitled
Talk about the true List of Universities in South Africa.

South African Universities serve the Southern African region with Education and Development. Many private Schools are taking hands to form a International University, based in South Africa with a Virtual University in Kroonstad. Many universities around the world would like to take hands with this International University to develop those who may not be able to afford courses in higher learning. Already they received affiliation with ITSC in the USA. Accredited by CANUS in Nigeria, Business Courses from the UK are in the process and a university in India gave the green light for cooperation. The Name of this new university is New World Mission Dunamis International University with Professor Louis Mathys De Bruin appointed as President.

Non Degree Institutes
Removed some institutes because they only offer diplomas but were lister under degree institutions. Wikusdutoit (talk) 14:57, 5 December 2009 (UTC) ,c,c, — Preceding unsigned comment added by 105.224.237.75 (talk) 21:53, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

Military Academy
The South African Military Academy is part of Stellenbosch University so it should not be listed separately. Roger (talk) 16:34, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Image Gallery
I feel the image galleries help to convey the character of each university and thus I added them. It seems no other page contains such a collection. However I'm unsure if adding them goes against policy or practice in list articles. Please enlighten me. Purple Duke (talk) 19:21, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I think the galleries are fine, though perhaps it would be better to have a single gallery at the end of the "Current Official South African Universities" section, rather than one for each subsection. At least for now, since we don't have many images for the comprehensive unis and the technikons. The "official" policy about image galleries is at WP:IG; it's not terribly clear and I wouldn't want to venture an opinion about whether use here satisfies that policy. - htonl (talk) 20:04, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I agree a single gallery might be more appropriate at present and have changed it as proposed.Purple Duke (talk) 05:32, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

missing institution
please list Peninsula Technikon under Defunct institutions as it was an institution in its own right. 105.208.250.105 (talk) 08:50, 16 February 2014 (UTC)gadija

List BTSC Learning Institute(aka BTSC College) Bigmarsh (talk) 20:05, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

Invitation to Women in Red's Role Models editathon on Women's Colleges
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UNIZULU missing on this page
This list of public universities in SA does not include the University of Zululand, an historically disadvantaged institution established in 1960, currently celebrating its 60th anniversary. Details for UNIZULU can be drawn from www.unizulu.ac.za.

UNIZULU falls into the category of Comprehensive universities. 105.184.90.200 (talk) 18:00, 19 February 2020 (UTC)Laila Vahed, Director Library and Information Services, University of Zululand.
 * It's already listed under Comprehensive Universities. Greenman (talk) 20:16, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:23, 30 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Buliding-pic-dut.jpg


text:
Talk:Feral Tribune

Trainwreck
This article is a trainwreck. Why? The two largest sections of it have barely any citations. Also, I get the vibe of a romanticized portrayal of the magazine. Is this really something you would find in an encyclopedia? How is Wikipedia supposed to be taken seriously with articles like this? Please, clean this rubbish dump up. Timbouctou or whoever. This is coming from someone who read the weekly magazine for years. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.207.82.196 (talk) 12:39, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Feral Tribune


text:
Talk:Canadian Heritage Alliance

[Untitled]
Deleted due to defamatory statements in respect of living individuals.

 * Never mind that much of the information was sourced? It wasn't a great article, but it was workable and could have been easily fixed. All that was needed was the time to do so. AnnieHall 03:02, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * For details of the severe BLP problems still present in this article, see Deletion_review/Log/2007 April 8, especially the comments by Guy.
 * BTW, the http://www.recomnetwork.org/articles/04/10/21/2221245.shtml link is dead, because recomnetwork.org is defunct.
 * Those of us who like to see Wikipedia exposing the Racist Right for what they are should keep in mind that making false/unsubstantiated claims about them will do no-one any good. Cheers, CWC 12:00, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Is this a reliable source for what was removed?
It's worth asking the question. --badlydrawnjeff talk 17:45, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Other possible sources
Here's a couple of sources that could be useful. Cheers, CWC 06:26, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * B'nai Brith Canada - 2003 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents, Part 5
 * About the CHA's support of Michael Neumann

 * B'nai Brith Canada - 2006 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents, Part C
 * Mentions case against "Melissa Guille, allegedly at the forefront of a group called the Canadian Heritage Alliance"

Another one:
 * CHA on New Orleans Protocol
 * "Canadian Heritage Alliance pledges loyalty to the New Orleans Protocol"

Also, I discovered a document titled The Jewish "Final Solution" for Whites on the CHA website. Perhaps we should mention it in the article? (We'd have to be careful to avoid WP:OR, of course.) CWC 06:49, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd be very wary of including anything which is not discussed in the mianstream press. The group's website stinks, and B'nai Brityh hate it and the group with a passion, the only way we're going to get anywhere close to an unbiased view is to stick to what independent commentators say about the grou and about the opposition to it.  This is not a large group, and the coverage is minimal, we need to be very careful not to slide back into a blatant hatchet job, however vile we may find their views.  Guy (Help!) 11:51, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Merging Melissa Guille here
Guy has suggested merging our article about Melissa Guille into this one. Here's a place to discuss whether to make this merger.
 * Support merge because Melissa Guille has no WP:NOTABILITY outside the CHA. CWC 13:28, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't Merge. Significant figure in the Canadian far right and one of the few female leaders, not only in Canada, but in North America. AnnieHall 03:33, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Support Merge Melissa Guille is not notable enough to have an article about her. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.109.241.168 (talk • contribs)

 * Don't Merge She's a significant figure in her own right. See the London Free Press headline "Melissa Guille, one of few female white supremacy organizers". Stolen Glances (talk) 03:24, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Comment: If we do this merge, Melissa Guille would become a Redirect to this article. Question: Has she had any notable media coverage that was not mainly about the CHA? CWC 09:42, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't Merge Guill'es associations go outside her group. She is active in her own right.  Toodles

 * Don't Merge Guille is a notable Canadian neo-nazi who is notable enough to have her own page! eternalsleeper

 * Support Merge There is not need to have a separate page for Melissa Guille Dogmatic 11:02, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Note I have just put the proposed merger tags on both pages. This was housekeeping; I have no opinion on the merge. Kla'quot 06:36, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 *  Don't merge  I agree that She is a significant figure in her own right 70.51.66.20 00:21, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canadian Heritage Alliance


text:
Krásná Lípa

Krásná Lípa (Schönlinde) is a town in Děčín District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,400 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The villages of Dlouhý Důl, Hely, Kamenná Horka, Krásný Buk, Kyjov, Sněžná, Vlčí Hora and Zahrady are administrative parts of Krásná Lípa.

Etymology
Both the Czech and German name literally mean "beautiful linden".

Geography
Krásná Lípa is located about 25 km northeast of Děčín and 43 km northeast of Ústí nad Labem. It lies on the border of three nature regions. Most of the municipal territory lies in the Lusatian Highlands, but it also extends into the Lusatian Mountains in the south and into the Elbe Sandstone Mountains in the west. The highest point is the hill Široký vrch at 586 m above sea level.

Krásná Lípa extends into the Bohemian Switzerland National Park in the west. The headquarters of the administration of the national park is located in the town.

History
The first written mention of Krásná Lípa is from 1361. About 30 families from Upper Franconia colonized the place. Krásná Lípa belonged to the Tolštejn estate until the 16th century, when it was purchased by the Wartenberg family and joined to the Kamenice estate.

John Barnes, an English expert on textile industry, was hired in 1731 to found a spinning factory in the town. In 1731, Krásná Lípa was promoted to a market town by Emperor Charles VI. In 1870, Krásná Lípa became a town.

In 1910, the town proper reached its greatest population with 6,930 inhabitants. The expulsion of Germans in 1945–1946 reduced the population by half and more than 300 deserted houses were demolished, others dilapidated.

Transport
Krásná Lípa is located on two railway lines: Kolín–Rumburk and Děčín–Rumburk.

Sights
The Church of Saint Mary Magdalene is a late Baroque building from 1754, which replaced an old church. In 1777, the tower was built, and in 1816–1818, the extensive staircase in front of the church was built.

The town hall is a Neo-Renaissance building with Art Nouveau elements built in 1899–1900, originally as the seat of the savings bank.

The Bohemian Switzerland House is a tourist information office with an exposition dedicated to Bohemian Switzerland.

The folk architecture in the village of Dlouhý Důl is well preserved and is protected by law as a village monument zone. The houses form a preserved compact set of original mostly half-timbered houses.

Notable people

 * Anthony Heinrich (1781–1861), composer and violinist
 * Johann Münzberg (1799–1878), textile manufacturer
 * Kurt Marschner (1913–1984), operatic tenor
 * Manfred Preußger (born 1932), German athlete
 * Gerhard Mitter (1935–1969), German racecar driver

Twin towns – sister cities
Krásná Lípa is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Kottmar, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Sebnitz, Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Żyrardów, Poland

title: Krásná Lípa


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Applied folklore

Applied folklore is the branch of folkloristics concerned with the study and use of folklore and traditional cultural materials to address or solve real social problems. The term was coined in 1939 in a talk by folklorist Benjamin A. Botkin who, along with Alan Lomax, became the foremost proponent of this approach over the next thirty years. Applied folklore is similar in its rationale and approach to applied anthropology and other applied social sciences, and like these other applied approaches often distinguishes itself from "pure" research, that which has no explicit problem-solving aims.

Botkin's development of the approach emerged from his work on the collecting by the Federal Writers' Project of oral narratives of former slaves, when he worked for the Library of Congress. He saw the dissemination of these materials as having the potential to improve race relations in the United States and to combat prejudice. The abolition movement had similarly used the oral narratives of escaped slaves, such as those collected by William Still in his Underground Railroad Records, to draw support for their cause. Botkin's landmark work, Lay My Burden Down (1945) was the first American book to treat oral testimonies as historical evidence, and it was another thirty years before this became accepted practice. Botkin also worked with Quaker activist Rachel Davis DuBois to develop public programs to improve race and ethnic relations by incorporating cultural practices and materials into neighborhood events, such as festivals and block parties. Independent of this, Myles Horton, Zilphia Horton, Guy Carawan, Candie Carawan, and others at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee incorporated folk song and folk dance into the training of civil rights activists, such as Rosa Parks and John Lewis.

In the 1960s, other American folklorists began to apply knowledge gained from folkloric sources to address social issues, most notably drawing on folk medicine in the teaching and practice of holistic and cross-cultural approaches to medicine and public health. Folklorists also began to work as consultants in city planning, gerontology, economic development, multicultural education, conservation, and other fields.

title: Applied folklore


text: Template:User tok

title: Template:User tok


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User talk:Doodlebugger

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Thank you for your contributions to brachistochrone curve. I would just to let you know that as a general rule, proofs are not really encouraged on Wikipedia, see WikiProject_Mathematics/Proofs and the math style manual. This is an encyclopedia, not a scientific paper, and most of the time proofs can be complicated and distract from the actual article contents. I would myself somehow prefer a sketch proof at brachistochrone curve illustrating the most important ideas, rather than a complete proof. What do you think? Oleg Alexandrov 01:45, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for welcoming me Oleg. I am new to all this and I am not even sure this is the right way to reply! I saw the French version of the brachistochrone curve where there was a specific section for the proof which was left blank. So I filled it in, and later moved to the English page. I also wrote in the proof for the tautochrone curve in the French page. Don't know if I should translate it in English as well. What do you think? Cheers. (Doodlebugger 14:57, 21 August 2005 (UTC))

 * If the proof is simple and provides value to the article, then go ahead. That is, a proof is good if it serves to illuminate something about the concepts, and not being there just for its own sake. It is up to you to decide if the proof you wish to translate will bring value to the article and make it a better encyclopedic article or not. I hope you like it here. Oleg Alexandrov 22:54, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Doodlebugger


text:
File:TroopsPoster.jpg

TROOPS movie poster

title: File:TroopsPoster.jpg


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Housatonic Railroad

The Housatonic Railroad  is a Class III railroad operating in southwestern New England and eastern New York. It was chartered in 1983 to operate a short section of ex-New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in northwestern Connecticut, and has since expanded north and south, as well as west into New York State.

The Housatonic Railroad was also a company chartered in 1836 and leased by the New Haven in 1892. It followed much the same route as the current company, but did not run west into New York.

Regional railroad: 1836–1898
The Housatonic Railroad, originally (mis)spelled as 'Ousatonic Railroad', was chartered in May 1836 to build a line from Bridgeport, Connecticut, north to the Massachusetts state line, along the Housatonic River valley. On February 19, 1840, regular service began from Bridgeport to New Milford, and on December 1, 1842, it opened to the state line.

On the other side of the line, the Berkshire Railroad was incorporated April 13, 1837, to continue the line north to West Stockbridge, where it would connect to the West Stockbridge Railroad (see below) and the never-built Lee and Hudson Railroad. Construction began in February 1841, and it was completed on December 1, 1842, the same day the line in Connecticut opened. The Housatonic Railroad leased the Berkshire Railroad on January 1, 1843.

The West Stockbridge Railroad was chartered in 1831 and incorporated April 5, 1836 to run from West Stockbridge west to State Line, where it would continue to the Hudson River in New York State as the Hudson and Berkshire Railroad. The line opened on August 10, 1838. On February 6, 1844, the Berkshire Railroad (then leased to the Housatonic) leased the West Stockbridge and Hudson and Berkshire Railroads. On November 21, 1854, the Western Railroad bought the Hudson and Berkshire, which became a branch from the Western's line (later the Boston and Albany Railroad) from Chatham to Hudson, and was abandoned east of Hudson. The West Stockbridge Railroad stayed part of the Housatonic system.

The final section of main line was incorporated March 20, 1847, as the Stockbridge and Pittsfield Railroad. This line split from the original main line at Van Deusenville in Great Barrington and ran east and north to Pittsfield. The full line opened on January 1, 1850, under operation of the Housatonic, and was formally leased January 25.

For a time the Housatonic operated the Pittsfield and North Adams Railroad, running north from the Western Railroad east of Pittsfield to North Adams, but it was returned to the Boston and Albany Railroad, the successor to the Western, in the early 1870s.

The Danbury and Norwalk Railroad opened in 1852 from Danbury south to Norwalk. The New York, Housatonic and Northern Railroad was chartered in 1863 to run from White Plains, New York, northeast via Danbury to Brookfield, Connecticut, on the Housatonic. It was only built north of Danbury, and on May 1, 1874, the Housatonic leased and opened it. On May 6, 1881, the Housatonic outright bought it, and on July 27, 1887, the Housatonic leased the Danbury and Norwalk, by then including branches to Ridgefield and Hawleyville (the latter on the Housatonic's main line) and a southern extension to Wilson Point.

In the meantime, the New Haven and Derby Railroad was chartered in 1864 to run from New Haven west to Derby, Connecticut, and north to Ansonia, planned as part of the route over the never-built Hudson Highland Suspension Bridge. It opened in 1871. On November 14, 1888, a 3.79-mile (6.10 km) extension from Derby Junction to a point in Shelton was opened. The rest of the extension, 9.79 mi (15.76 km) from that point to the Housatonic Railroad at Botsford, was built by the Housatonic and opened on November 28. On July 9, 1889, the Housatonic leased the New Haven and Derby.

On July 1, 1892, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad leased the Housatonic, forming the Berkshire Division; it was merged on March 29, 1898.

New Haven's Berkshire Division: 1892–1969
By the end of the New Haven's life, the Housatonic's original main line had been abandoned south of Botsford, where the old New Haven branch ran only east to Derby. The main line was also gone between Brookfield and Hawleyville, with traffic using the branch to Danbury and old New York and New England Railroad. The Danbury and Norwalk was still in use, but most branches, including the original main line to State Line, Massachusetts, were gone.

On January 1, 1969 the New Haven was merged into Penn Central, which named the lines as follows:
 * Pittsfield Branch: Berkshire Junction near Danbury north to Pittsfield
 * Maybrook Branch: Derby Junction west via Danbury and other New Haven lines to Campbell Hall, New York
 * Danbury Branch: Danbury and Norwalk Railroad

Penn Central and Conrail: 1969–1983
The last passenger train ran over the route on April 30, 1971, the day before Amtrak took over Penn Central's passenger operations. At that time, the travel time from Danbury to Pittsfield required two hours and 45 minutes. By 1974 the middle section was abandoned, between Boardman Bridge in New Milford and Canaan, Connecticut, and was not made part of Conrail on April 1, 1976, instead being bought by the State of Connecticut. In 1982 the Boston and Maine Railroad bought the line north of Canaan, renaming it the Canaan Running Track. Conrail continued to operate the line south of New Milford, and the old Danbury and Norwalk Railroad was conveyed to the Metro-North Commuter Railroad on January 1, 1983, becoming their Danbury Branch.

The New Housatonic Railroad (1983–present)
A new Housatonic Railroad was chartered in 1983 by John Hanlon Jr. to lease 34 miles of the former line, from Boardman Bridge in New Milford north to Canaan, Connecticut, from the State of Connecticut. Excursion trains began operating between Canaan and just south of Cornwall Bridge (at Belsprings Siding) in November 1984. The rest of the line, south into New Milford, was made serviceable in 1989, giving the company two connections - the Boston and Maine Railroad (Guilford Rail System) in Canaan and Conrail in New Milford. In April the Housatonic began to serve Becton, Dickinson and Company, a plastics plant in Canaan, but almost immediately the line was severed at Falls Village by a washout, not repaired until 14 months later.

Expansion into Massachusetts and New York
The Housatonic Transportation Company was incorporated in Delaware on January 2, 1991 as a holding company for the railroad's properties, including the newly formed Danbury Terminal Railroad (an operating company) and Maybrook Properties (a land-owning company). That month the Housatonic bought the connecting Guilford trackage (Canaan Running Track) north to Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where it obtained another interchange with Conrail.

In December 1992, the Danbury Terminal Railroad acquired trackage and rights belonging to Conrail in southwestern Connecticut and southeastern New York. Maybrook Properties bought the former New Haven line (then the Danbury Secondary Track) from Beacon, New York (MP 0.0), east to Hopewell Junction (MP 12.8) (former Newburgh, Dutchess and Connecticut Railroad), Hopewell Junction (MP 42.9) east to Derby, Connecticut (MP 104.8), (former Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad, Housatonic Railroad and branch to Derby). The Danbury Terminal operated this Maybrook Properties-owned trackage. The Danbury Terminal also obtained Conrail's former trackage rights to serve freight on the Metro-North Commuter Railroad's Harlem Line from White Plains (MP 22.0) to Dover Plains (MP 76.6), and north to Wassaic (MP 81.6) over trackage still owned by the New York and Harlem Railroad and leased to Conrail, crossing the east–west line at Dykemans. Finally, it obtained overhead trackage rights over Metro-North's Waterbury Branch from the east end of this line at Derby (MP 8.9) south to Devon, Connecticut (MP 0.0), (operated for freight by the Providence and Worcester Railroad). The Housatonic also acquired the final part of the main line, from New Milford south to the east–west line at Berkshire Junction near Danbury. With this acquisition, the Housatonic gained a much expanded system and several new customers. These new acquisitions were first operated January 2, 1993.

While freight customers remained on Metro-North's Harlem Line, the HRRC was not allowed to serve them directly. A few freight shipments were forwarded from Danbury by Metro-North crews, but this arrangement was only temporary until the remaining customers converted to truck transportation. On December 31, 1996, the Danbury Terminal Railroad was merged into the Housatonic Railroad.

In 1984, the Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum began operating passenger excursions between Lee and Great Barrington, over tracks owned by the Housatonic Railroad. Due to deteriorating track conditions, passenger operations were suspended in 1989. The museum successfully campaigned for state assistance funds to upgrade the tracks. The excursion trains returned in 2003, based out of the restored station in Lenox, with regular schedules to Lee and Stockbridge.

2008 to present
In 2008 HRRC considering the possibility of resuming commercial passenger service along the entire line from Danbury to Pittsfield, and in May 2010 began a formal study of the same. The estimated cost of upgrading the railroad to support passenger trains was estimated to be between $100 million and $150 million, not including the cost of the required equipment.

In 2011, the Housatonic Railroad decided it would not renew its agreement with BSRM to continue operating passenger excursions over their railroad. Colin Pease, spokesperson for HRRC, said, "The Housatonic Railroad has determined that the continued operation of the Berkshire Scenic Railway on Housatonic-owned tracks is no longer possible."

In July 2014, Massachusetts Department of Transportation's Board of Directors authorized the purchase of 37 miles of the railroad's Berkshire Line. MassDOT's purchase is intended to extend rail services to New York City, following track improvements for passenger and freight service between Massachusetts and Connecticut. MassDOT finalized the purchase on February 5, 2015.

On October 14, 2020, a HRRC employee was fatally struck by a maintenance of way vehicle while working in North Canaan, CT, prompting an investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board.

In June 2021, Metro-North attempted to end HRRC's trackage rights over the Beacon Line in New York and abandon the line, prompting the Housatonic Railroad to file an objection.

title: Housatonic Railroad


text: User talk:60.229.220.47

title: User talk:60.229.220.47


text:
Residencia de Estudiantes

The Residencia de Estudiantes, literally the "Student Residence", is a centre of Spanish cultural life in Madrid. The Residence was founded to provide accommodation for students along the lines of classic colleges at Bologna, Salamanca, Cambridge or Oxford. It became established as a cultural institution that helped foster and create the intellectual environment of Spain's brightest young thinkers, writers, and artists. The students there included Salvador Dalí, Luis Buñuel and Federico García Lorca. Distinguished guests and speakers included Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, Juan Ramón Jiménez or Rafael Alberti.

It was one of the most vibrant and successful experiences of scientific and artistic creation and exchange of interwar Europe. Its activities were stopped during the Spanish Civil War. After the civil war the academic policies of Francoist Spain created around the Residencia de Estudiantes the Spanish National Research Council, where it was integrated as the guest house. Since Spain's transition to democracy, efforts have been made to reinvigorate the institution.

History
The Residencia de Estudiantes was founded in Madrid in 1910 by the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios. It became the first cultural center of Spain and until 1936 the Residencia remained a vibrant, fruitful hub for scientific and artistic work and exchange in Europe.

In 1915, it was moved to its permanent site, informally called the Hill of Poplars by Juan Ramón Jiménez. Its director, Alberto Jiménez Fraud, ran the Residencia as a meeting place open to creativity, intellectual and interdisciplinary dialogue. The Residencia and the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios were the product of the innovative ideas generated by the Institución Libre de Enseñanza, founded by Francisco Giner de los Ríos in 1876.

The mission of the Residencia was to complement university education by fostering an exciting intellectual and living environment for its students. It strongly encouraged the constant dialogue between Science and the Arts, welcomed the avant-garde ideas from abroad, and became the focal point for spreading modernity in Spain.

Some of its residents were among the leading figures of Spanish culture in the twentieth century, such as the poet Federico García Lorca, the painter Salvador Dalí, the film maker Luis Buñuel, and the Nobel Prize winner, scientist Severo Ochoa.

Writers and artists such as Miguel de Unamuno, Alfonso Reyes, Manuel de Falla, Juan Ramón Jiménez, José Ortega y Gasset, Pedro Salinas, Juan Cazador, Blas Cabrera, Eugenio d´Ors and Rafael Alberti were frequent visitors and lodged at the Residencia during their stay in Madrid.

Notable guests
The Residencia was also a forum for discussion and dissemination of intellectual ideas in Europe. Many prominent figures came to the Residencia for that purpose, people such as Albert Einstein, Paul Valéry, Howard Carter, Marie Curie, Igor Stravinsky, John M. Keynes, Alexander Calder, Walter Gropius, Henri Bergson and Le Corbusier. These personalities were often invited by two private associations, the Sociedad de Cursos y Conferencias and the Comité Hispano-inglés, which worked closely with the Residencia and served as link to a broader sector of society.

Spain's "Silver Age"
The first decades of the twentieth century in Spain are known as the Silver Age - a period of rich intellectual expansion of ideas, when words and images gained a new power of expression, both artistically and politically. This Silver Age is divided into three generations: The influence of the Residencia de Estudiantes was particularly strong from its foundation in 1910 until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. During this time, many Spanish artists and writers, members of the Generation of '98 and Generation of '27, visited, studied and lectured at the Residence, including Federico García Lorca, Luis Buñuel, Juan Cazador, Salvador Dalí, José Ortega y Gasset, Rafael Alberti, Dámaso Alonso, Luis Cernuda, Miguel de Unamuno, Antonio Machado and Ramón del Valle-Inclán, and other innovative thinkers such as Albert Einstein, Howard Carter, Gilbert Keith Chesterton, Paul Valéry, Marie Curie, Igor Stravinski, Paul Claudel, Louis de Broglie, Herbert George Wells, Max Jacob, Le Corbusier, John Maynard Keynes, etc.
 * Generation of '98
 * Generation of '14
 * Generation of '27

The Residencia was one of the most important institutions of the time because it allowed the great thinkers of the time to come together and fulfil their enlightened ideas. The intellectuals at the Residencia de Estudiantes also began an institution known as tertulias - groups of artists and writers who would gather together daily, during day or night, at cafes, bars and houses to discuss their ideas and opinions.

The Spanish Civil War indicated an end to this intellectual period. Scientific progress was derailed; many artists and writers were exiled from the country, and censorship increased in Francoist Spain.

Today
Nowadays, the Residencia de Estudiantes is one of the most prominent cultural centres in the city of Madrid. It hosts concerts, conferences and exhibitions. In 2015, the Residencia de Estudiantes was awarded the European Union’s European Heritage Label due to the significant role it has played in the history and culture of Europe.

The Residencia de Estudiantes is also inhabited by around 20 young outstanding artists and researchers, which keep alive the historical legacy of this place. Some of these prestigious creators are Mercedes Cebrián, David Mayor, Miguel Álvarez-Fernández, Joaquín Pérez Azaústre, and Eva Mendoza.

Today, the Residencia is again a unique center in Spain’s cultural life. The Spanish State through an independent foundation manages and owns the Residencia, which is one of the associated research bodies of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Trustees of the Residencia include government officials at the state, regional and local level, as well as notorious private benefactors. The Residencia's honorary president is the Prince of Asturias.

All throughout the year, the Residencia organizes numerous public events with the participation of leading figures in the Arts and Sciences, such as Mario Vargas Llosa, Pierre Boulez, Martinus Veltman, Ramón Margalef, Jacques Derrida, Blanca Varela and Massimo Cacciari, among others. Conferences, workshops, round-table discussions, concerts, poetry readings, exhibitions, etc., make the Residencia a place for open debate, critical thinking and creativity, centered on the trends of our times.

Each year, over 3,000 scholars, artists and other professionals from all over the world live for short periods of time in the Residencia.

The Centro de Documentación (library and archives) holds a unique collection of documents and books, with especial emphasis on the intellectual and scientific history of Spain during the first third of the twentieth century. These documents include the private archives of Federico García Lorca, Luis Cernuda, Jesús del Bal y Gay, Fernando de los Ríos and León Sánchez Cuesta.

The archives of the Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios and the Museo Pedagógico Nacional are also kept here. Descriptions of those documents, the library and digitalized materials are available on the Red de Centros and Archivo Virtual de la Edad de Plata de la cultura española (1868–1936 ), a project led by the Residencia with financial support from the Fundación Marcelino Botín.

The Residencia is currently developing several research projects focused on two main areas: the study and dissemination of the archives and the analysis of current intellectual trends in order to explore how our culture is evolving and where is it going.

In 1990, the Residencia re-established its publishing house, which publishes research works, critical editions of the historical texts kept in its archives, poetry readings, lecturers and seminars held at the Residencia. Exceptional testimonies, such as the Archivo de la Palabra and the periodical Residencia are among its publications.

Media interest
The biopic Little Ashes (2009) depicts the Residencia in the 1920s, and the relationship of Lorca, Dalí, and Buñuel who were there at the time.

title: Residencia de Estudiantes


text:
Nonosabasut

Nonosabasut (died March 1819) was a leader of the Beothuk people. Family head and partner of Demasduit, born on the island of Newfoundland (present-day Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada). Sometimes referred to as Chief Nonosabasut, his stature within the last remaining Beothuk would better be described as that of a headman or leader.

Biography
Nonosabasut was one of a group of Beothuk who was encountered by David Buchan on January 24, 1811 at Beothuk Lake. Buchan had left two marines at the native camp while he, Nonosabasut and three other Beothuk went to retrieve a cache of presents Buchan had left behind. Fearing the worst, Nonosabasut became suspicious of being captured; he and the two Beothuks fled. While back at the camp they had convinced the rest of the group that the intentions of Buchan and his marines were hostile. The two marines were beheaded and the camp was then dispersed.

Another expedition authorized by Governor Charles Hamilton to recover stolen property was led by John Peyton Jr. in March 1819. Apparently, some items had been stolen by the Beothuk from nearby fishing stations in the Bay of Exploits. The fate of the last remaining Beothuk was very much a concern at that time, and the expedition was also requested to establish friendly relations with them. On March 5 the party of Peyton's armed soldiers surprised a small group of Beothuk at Beothuk Lake who attempted to escape. Peyton captured Demasduit, the wife of Nonosabasut. Nonosabasut approached the party of armed men, holding the tip of a pine branch, a symbol of peace, and through words and gestures asked Peyton to release Demasduit. A scuffle broke out when Peyton refused to release her, and Nonosabasut was shot and killed.

Later, a grand jury in St. John's, absolved Peyton and his men were absolved of Nonosabasut's murder, the judge concluding that "... (there was) no malice on the part of Peyton's party to get possession of any of (the Indians) by such violence as would occasion bloodshed."

Nonosabasut's body was placed in a sepulchre, later to be joined by his infant son and eventually Demasduit herself.

Legacy
In 1828, the sepulchre was found by William Cormack, who at that time removed skulls and also some of the goods from the grave. Among the items taken by Cormack was Nonosabasut's skull, which was sent to the Royal Museum, Edinburgh, Scotland.

In 2020, the remains of Demasduit and Nonosabasut were repatriated from Scotland after years of advocacy. Chief Mi'sel Joe of the Miawpukek First Nation in Conne River first began the push for repatriation in 2015, and he was joined by other Indigenous leaders. Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador Dwight Ball and Heritage Minister Mélanie Joly made formal requests to National Museums Scotland in 2016, with Ball crediting Chief Mi'sel Joe specifically for beginning the process by bringing the issue to public attention. Their remains had been in Scotland for 191 years when they were returned to Newfoundland and were stored at The Rooms, a provincial museum and archive in St. John's. This return was praised and recognized by Canadian politicians including Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador Dwight Ball and Minister of Canadian Heritage Steven Guilbeault, as well as by leaders from the Miawpukek First Nation, Innu Nation, Nunatsiavut, NunatuKavut, and Qalipu First Nation. In 2022, CBC News reported that the government of Newfoundland and Labrador was planning a new cultural centre at Beothuk Lake to serve as a final resting place for the remains.

In 2017, Nonosabasut Rock was officially named after the Beothuk chief, lobbied for by retired teacher Anne Warr from Grand Falls-Windsor and her students. Nonosabasut Rock is located in the Exploits River in central Newfoundland, and the left side of the rock is said to resemble the chief's face, with the inspiration for naming it after him being described by the Woodland Primary grade two students back in 2006 as desiring to "recognize the heroic deed of [Demasduit's] husband." The town of Grand Falls-Windsor donated a plaque for Nonosabasut Rock, which features a photo of the rock and a poem "written by Woodland Primary teacher Cheryl Burt, which tells the history of the Beothuk and the chief." Warr's former students from Woodland Primary, as adults, contributed to the campaign to recognize Nonosabasut and the Beothuk. Prior to the official designation in 2017, the grade two class had contacted the town council of Grand Falls-Windsor about the name, saying that "We wrote to our town council and they gave us permission to name the rock, Nonosabusut [sic] Rock" in a letter to CBC. The class wrote the letter in a nomination of Nonosabasut Rock for a competition CBC held in 2007 determining the Seven Wonders of Canada, and the online poll for Nonosabasut Rock received 8,563 votes.

Genetic testing
In 2007, examination of short mtDNA sequences was conducted on material from the teeth of Nonosabasut and his wife Demasduit. The results assigned them broadly to Haplogroup C (mtDNA) and Haplogroup X (mtDNA), respectively. These haplogroups are common in Indigenous peoples of the Northeast, including the current Mi'kmaq people of Newfoundland. Oral tradition of the Mi'kmaq on the island states that they had cordial relations with the Beothuk in the Pre-Contact period, and the record documents shared ancestry with European settlers, from 1607 onward. In 2017, complete mtDNA genome sequences were obtained from Nonosabasut and Demasduit, which occur in X2a1b and C1c sub-haplogroups, respectively. Identical or near-identical mitogenomes sequences appear in modern persons of indigenous descent.

title: Nonosabasut


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Rome Sand Plains

Rome Sand Plains is a 15000 acre pine barrens about 5 mi west of the city center of Rome in Oneida County in central New York. It consists of a mosaic of sand dunes rising about 50 ft above low peat bogs that lie between the dunes. The barrens are covered with mixed northern hardwood forests, meadows, and wetlands. About 4000 acre are protected in conservation preserves. Pine barrens are typical of seacoasts; the Rome Sand Plains is one of only a handful of inland pine barrens remaining in the United States. A second inland pine barrens, the Albany Pine Bush, is also found in New York, located north and west of state's capital Albany.

E. W. Russell has described the Sand Plains as follows, "The landscape today forms a sharp contrast with the surrounding flat, fertile farmland, which is almost all cleared of trees and planted in crops. Uplands, including some dunes, support forest vegetation of American beech, white oak (Quercus alba), red and sugar maples, white and pitch pine (Pinus strobus and P. rigida), gray birch (Betula populifolia), hemlock, aspen (Populus spp.), American elm, and other northern hardwood species. Some uplands are also characterized as pitch pine heaths, dominated by pitch pines with an understory of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) and other related (ericaceous) shrubs. Pitch pine is the characteristic tree of the wetlands, along with aspen, gray birch, and red maple, along with an ericaceous shrub layer."

Among the several rare species in the Sand Plains are the purple pitcher plant and a sundew (both of which are carnivorous plants), red-shouldered hawks, martens, and the frosted elfin butterfly, which is a threatened species in New York State. Other species to be found include wild blue lupine (also rare, and the food for the frosted elfin), barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia), whippoorwill, pine warbler and pitch pine, normally indigenous to coastal areas.

The Rome Sand Plains were owned privately through about 1980. The sand was mined to make molds and cores for metal casting. An application for a permit to mine sand around 1980 triggered a regional effort to protect the area. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) began purchasing lands, working with The Nature Conservancy and other organizations. Approximately 1700 acre of the Sand Plains have been purchased by the NYSDEC, and are designated as the Rome Sand Plains Unique Area. The Nature Conservancy holds another 1000 acre. The Izaak Walton League holds about 440 acre, Oneida County holds an additional 770 acre as a County Forest, and a few acres are held by the City of Rome. A map showing these holdings was released by the NYSDEC in 2008; the map shows the location of three foot trails maintained by the NYSDEC and one by the Izaak Walton League. A consolidated management plan involving all five preserves, and addressing the entire Sand Plains area, was published in 2006.

The sand plains are considered by geologists to be a relic of Lake Iroquois, which was a somewhat larger version of the present Lake Ontario that existed near the end of the last ice age about twelve thousand years ago. The level of Lake Iroquois was about 100 ft higher than Lake Ontario's present level. Lake Iroquois drained to the Atlantic Ocean through the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, and its outlet was near the present Sand Plains. Lake Ontario's outlet is near the Thousand Islands, and the lake drains through the Saint Lawrence River; this outlet was dammed by ice in the period when Lake Iroquois existed.

title: Rome Sand Plains


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Hammerschmidt Villa

Hammerschmidt Villa (Villa Hammerschmidt) is a villa in the German city of Bonn that served as the primary official seat and primary official residence of the president of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1950 until 1994. President Richard von Weizsäcker made Bellevue Palace in Berlin his primary official seat and residence in 1994. In German, the Villa is also called the "White House of Bonn", and served as a political symbol of West Germany and its capital Bonn. Since 1994, the Hammerschmidt Villa has been the secondary official seat and secondary official residence of the president of Germany. The president's standard is flown above Hammerschmidt Villa when the president is in Bonn. The villa is situated in the heart of the former government quarter of Bonn, bordering the river Rhine to the north and opposite the zoological Museum Koenig to the south. It is also adjacent to the secondary official seat and secondary official residence of the chancellor, the Palais Schaumburg, to the west.

The upper floor of the building houses a private apartment for the German president, while the ground floor consists of state rooms which are used for ceremonial purposes.

Villa Hammerschmidt was built by August Dieckhoff in 1860 in Neo-classical style, as a stately home for a wealthy industrialist. It was redecorated in 1868 by the architect Otto Penner.

Past owners
Since its construction, Villa Hammerschmidt has been owned by:
 * Albrecht Troost (1860–1868)
 * Leopold Koenig (1868–1899), his son Alexander Koenig was the founder of the Zoologisches Reichsmuseum Alexander Koenig just opposite Villa Hammerschmidt
 * Rudolf Hammerschmidt (1899–1928)
 * Sold at auction and broken up into several flats (1928–1945)
 * Requisitioned by the British occupation forces in Germany following World War II (1945–1949)
 * Federal Republic of Germany (since 1950)

title: Hammerschmidt Villa


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Talk:Android 16

This comment posted by someone named Olee Bass on 02:19, 9 August 2005:

''I think it should be noted that Android #16 is the real reason that Gohan managed to unleash his full power. A very under-rated character.''

He posted it on the main article, and while I agree, the comment belongs on the discussion page.

If you can see this, Olee Bass, then next time change the article to say that, instead of posting a comment at the end.

Super Saiyan Plough 01:50, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

I can't be the only one who thinks that android 16 looks like Recoome can I

Attacks
This has been moved from List of Dragon Ball characters. If needed, they should be put in this article instead. Attacks: -- ReyBrujo 03:02, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hell's Flash
 * Rocket Punch
 * Self Destrution Device

Change of "Heart?"
Anyone remember why #16 abandoned his mission of fighting Goku and fought against Cell instead? Was it something about finding beauty in nature? It should be noted here. As it is, the article defines him as having the "sole purpose" of fighting Goku but then immediately discusses his attacks against Cell. --Do Not Talk About Feitclub (contributions) 17:20, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, he encouraged Gohan to fight to protect the world he (16) had come to love, IIRC. Presumably, this was his "defect" in Dr Gero's eyes, since it certainly wasn't to get distracted easily like 18 shopping for clothes and 17 driving for giggles. *G* Peter 16:09, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Siblings
I just reverted a change by Jordanhorn that took out the lines saying 17 and 18 are really his siblings. It's debatable (Dr Gero as father vs. creator), but given that it's an opinion and not an outright error, it should be discussed before just changing it. Regardless, I reverted because it broke the formatting more than anything. Please preview your edit before you save it, especially on something formatted like a table. Peter 16:09, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

2025 Android 16
When Android 16 releases in 2025, this page would be a disambiguation page as it would likely to relate as a OS. Just a random Wikipedian (talk) 11:09, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No, Android 16 will usurp this redirect as the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, and we would have a hatnote pointing to the non-notable character that doesn't have a standalone article. This is what happened with Android 13 and Android 14, and what will happen with Android 15 and beyond. InfiniteNexus (talk) 07:31, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Android 16


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The Descent of Anansi

The Descent of Anansi is a 1982 science fiction novel by American writers Steven Barnes and Larry Niven.

Plot summary
A space station manufactory attempts to become commercially independent from its government backers by exporting super-strong nanowire that can only be manufactured in free-fall.

Following an attempt to sabotage their first delivery and hijack the cargo, the intrepid crew realizes they can escape the hijackers. Their shuttle Anansi can become a modern-day version of its namesake, an African spider-god, by descending to Earth on a thread.

The physics of tidal forces are explained, and the possibilities of orbital tethers to accelerate payloads into higher orbits (or indeed de-orbit shuttles without retro-rockets) are woven into a hard science fiction thriller.

Reception
Dave Langford reviewed The Descent of Anansi for White Dwarf #54, and called it "Fast-moving, predictable, inoffensive."

title: The Descent of Anansi


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Ernie Stautner

Ernest Alfred Stautner (April 20, 1925 – February 16, 2006) was a German-American professional football player and coach. He played as a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Pittsburgh Steelers. He also served as a coach for the Steelers, Washington Redskins and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football for the Boston College Eagles. Stautner was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1969.

Early life
Born in Prienzing near Cham, Bavaria in Germany, Stautner's family immigrated to East Greenbush, New York when he was three years old. He attended Columbia High School and the Vincentian Institute. He served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II (1943–46).

After the war, he enrolled at Boston College, where he was a four-year starter as an offensive and defensive tackle. He also handled the team's kickoff and extra point duties. One of his teammates was future Pro Football Hall of Famer Art Donovan. He earned a bachelor's degree in psychology in 1950.

In 1973, he was inducted into the Boston College Varsity Club Athletic Hall of Fame.

Professional career
Stautner was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round (22nd overall) of the 1950 NFL draft. He played his entire career with the Steelers, from 1950 to 1963. Despite being small even for his day at 6-1 and 235 pounds, he distinguished himself as one of the best defensive linemen of his era, as he became the cornerstone of the Steelers' bruising defense.

Stautner was named to nine Pro Bowls in his 14-year career and only missed six games. He also made All-NFL in 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959. He retired as the career leader in safeties with three and ranked third in fumble recoveries with 23. He moved to defensive end in the later years of his career and also saw spot service at offensive guard.

In the book Passion for Sports by The Sporting News, former teammate Andy Russell shares an anecdote that highlights Stautner's toughness. Russell, then a rookie playing on a team that would eventually finish in fourth place in what would be Stautner's final season, sees the grizzled veteran return to the huddle holding one of his hands in the other. Russell looks down and sees that Stautner has a compound fracture of the thumb; one of his thumb bones is visibly sticking out of his skin. Russell is the only one who notices, and Stautner says only, "What's the play?" Then he plays the rest of the defensive series. When the defense returns to the sideline, Russell watches Stautner, thinking that surely he must seek medical attention now. Instead, Stautner says to someone, "Give me some tape." Then Stautner taped up his hand into a club, and he played the rest of the game.

The NFL did not recognize quarterback sacks as an official stat at the time he retired, but he still finished with three career safeties (tied for the lead in league history) and 23 recovered fumbles (third in league history). The Steelers never made the playoffs during his career. He only missed six games during his 14-year career, despite suffering multiple cracked ribs, nose fractures, broken fingers and two broken shoulders.

On October 25, 1964, Stautner became the first player to have his number (70) formally retired by the Steelers. He was elected to the Steelers 50th anniversary team in 1982 and posthumously by the Pittsburgh Steeler fans to the Steelers 75th Anniversary All-Time Team in November 2007. He was inducted into the inaugural class of the Steelers' Hall of Honor in 2017.

On September 13, 1969, Stautner was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility.

Coaching career
From 1963 to 1964 he was a player-coach with the Pittsburgh Steelers. In 1965 he was the defensive line coach for the Washington Redskins.

From 1966 to 1988, he was an assistant coach with the Dallas Cowboys, and served as the team's defensive coordinator from 1973 to 1988. He was instrumental in the development of defensive players such as Randy White and Ed "Too Tall" Jones. He also contributed to the emergence of the team's famed "Doomsday" and "Doomsday II" defenses.

Stautner stayed on with the Cowboys from 1988 to 1989 as a scout. He coached the Dallas Texans, an Arena Football League team in their first season of play in 1990, guiding the franchise to an appearance in the ArenaBowl IV and earning the league's Coach-of-the-Year award.

Stautner was the defensive line coach for the Denver Broncos from 1991 to 1994. While with the Broncos, he coached under both Dan Reeves and Wade Phillips. From 1995 to 1997, he returned to Germany to become head coach of the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europe. He would guide the team to two consecutive World Bowls in 1995 and 1996, winning in 1995.

Personal life
According to Cinema Treasures, Stautner is a former owner of the Sara-Placid Drive-In Theater in North Elba, New York.

Stautner, Matt Snell, Mickey Spillane, and drummer Buddy Rich each appeared in their own Miller Lite Beer commercial as the product was launched in 1973. This was the first set of ads that spawned the wildly successful Less Filling, Tastes Great campaign.

Stautner died at a Carbondale, Colorado nursing home at age 80 from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He is buried in Texas.

title: Ernie Stautner


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Grampa in Oz

Grampa in Oz (1924) is the eighteenth book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the fourth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. Unlike in Baum's books, Grampa in Oz presents a kingdom in Oz that has a monetary economy, and is on the verge of economic collapse. It was followed by The Lost King of Oz (1925).

Plot
Things are going from bad to worse in the dilapidated kingdom of Ragbad; even the rag crop is failing. To top it all off (or not), King Fumbo's head is blown away in a ferocious storm (with "ten thousand pounds of thunder"). Prince Tatters of Ragbad, and Grampa, a former soldier and the bravest man in the kingdom (population 27), set out on a three-fold quest: for King Fumbo's lost head, a fortune to save the bankrupt kingdom, and a princess for Tatters to marry. They are joined by Bill, an iron weathercock from Chicago, who was brought to life by an electrical storm and blown to Oz.

Meanwhile, in Perhaps City in the Maybe Mountains, the Princess Pretty Good has a problem: the prophet Abrog (also known as Gorba) foresees her marrying a monster if she does not marry in four days. (He suggests himself as her bridegroom.) When Pretty Good resists, Abrog kidnaps her and tries to transform her into a clod of earth; but since she is, in fact, more than just pretty good, as princesses go, Pretty Good turns into the beautiful flower fairy Urtha.

Wide-ranging adventures — from Fire Island to Isa Poso to Monday Mountain — culminate in the location and restoration of King Fumbo's head. Dorothy (with the help of Percy Vere the forgetful poet) manages to restore order. Prince Tatters ends up married to Princess Pretty Good — which is pretty good for him.

title: Grampa in Oz


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Cataract (band)

Cataract was a Swiss metalcore band signed to Metal Blade Records. The band formed in 1998 and disbanded in 2013.

Biography
Cataract was formed in 1998 by guitarist Simon Füllemann, guitarist Greg Mäder and drummer Ricky Dürst and about a month later the lineup was complete with the Addition of Michael Henggeler on bass. Their first self-titled demo was recorded in six hours and mixed in another four hours in the bed room of vocalist Christian 'Mosh' Ebert. This hardcore/metal demo CD sold over 2,000 copies.

Cataract recorded their first album Golem with producer Alessandro Azzali in April 2000; the Ferret Music label got to listen to it and released Golem onto the hardcore punk/metal community in December that year.

In early 2001, Cataract's first lineup change took place. Fedi, replaced previous singer Mosh, allowing the band to rehearse more often and regularly. Shortly after, Cataract recorded five songs for the Martyr's Melodies EP, which was released on 7" and as a MCD. The band played at Hellfest and various shows with Poison the Well, Bane, Unearth, NORA, 18 Visions and Most Precious Blood on Cataract's first US tour.

Most of 2002 was dedicated to working on the second full-length album, Great Days of Vengeance, which was released through Lifeforce Records in March 2003. The new album was more metal oriented than Golem.

Cataract caught the attention of Metal Blade Records and was ultimately signed to their roster in 2004. In March they entered the Antfarm Studios and worked on their next release with producer Tue Madsen. With Triumph Comes Loss was welcomed warmly thanks to the aggressive sound and the groovy songs. The release was followed by a multitude of festivals and weekend trips to promote the album.

In May 2006, Cataract released Kingdom, the band's fourth full-length album and later on this year original bass Player Michael Henggeler left the band and shortly later teamed up with Swiss Hardcore heavyweights Valo Tudo which prompted Cataract to get Kay Brem to Join them but that did not last long. In January 2007 founding member Simon left the band and was replaced with guitarist Tom Kuzmic (formerly of Swiss death metal band Disparaged). Kay Brem was then also replaced by Nico Schläpfer. With this new lineup, the band recorded its fifth and self-titled album in November, which was released in March 2008.

In 2010, the band released the album Killing the Eternal.

The band broke up on 23 May 2013.

Current members

 * Federico 'Fedi' Carminitana – vocals (2001–2013)
 * Greg Mäder – guitars (1998–2013)
 * Ricky Dürst – drums (1998–2013)
 * Nico Schläpfer – bass (2007–2013)
 * Tom Kuzmic – guitars (2007–2013)

Former members

 * Christian 'Mosh' Ebert – vocals (1998–2001)
 * Simon Füllemann – guitars (1998–2007)
 * Michael Henggeler – bass (1998–2006)
 * Kay Brem – bass (2006–2007)

Discography

 * Cataract (demo) – 1998/99
 * War Anthems (3-song single) – 1999
 * Golem – 2000
 * Martyr's Melodies EP – 2001/2002
 * Great Days of Vengeance – 2003
 * With Triumph Comes Loss – 2004
 * Kingdom – 2006
 * Cataract – 2008
 * Killing the Eternal – 2010

title: Cataract (band)


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Atomic Soul

Atomic Soul is Symphony X's lead singer Russell Allen's debut solo album. It was released on April 26, 2005. The album is different from Symphony X's harder, more progressive sound, and has been dubbed by many, including Allen himself, as "Hard Rock". The album was released in 2005 on the InsideOut Music label. Allen played bass and keyboards on most tracks, along with vocals, but some of the tracks feature guests including Robert Nelson on drums, Brendan Anthony and Jason Freudberg on guitars, Larry Salvatore on bass and Jens Johansson on keyboards. Also Allen's bandmates Michael Romeo and Michael Pinnella, from Symphony X, are featured on the album.

Track listing
All songs written by Russell Allen, except where noted.

 * 1) Blackout - 4:25 (Allen, Brendan Anthony, Iceberg, Robert Nelson, Larry Salvatore)
 * 2) Unjustified - 3:43 (Allen, Anthony, Nelson)
 * 3) Voodoo Hand - 3:54
 * 4) Angel - 5:14
 * 5) The Distance - 4:49 (Allen, Anthony, Nelson)
 * 6) Seasons of Insanity - 4:20
 * 7) Gaia - 4:33
 * 8) Loosin' You - 4:01
 * 9) Saucey Jack - 4:02
 * 10) We Will Fly - 7:55
 * 11) Atomic Soul - 3:08

Personnel

 * Russell Allen: Vocals, Bass & Acoustic Guitars, Keyboards
 * Brendan Anthony: Electric & Acoustic Guitars
 * Jason Freudberg: Electric & Acoustic Guitars
 * Iceberg: Electric & Acoustic Guitars
 * Michael Romeo: Electric, Slide & Bass Guitars
 * Larry Salvatore: Bass
 * Michael Pinnella: Piano
 * Jens Johansson: Keyboards
 * Robert Nelson: Drums, Percussion

Production

 * Arranged By Russell Allen, Brendan Anthony & Robert Nelson
 * Produced By Russell Allen
 * Recorded & Engineered By Michael Romeo
 * Mixed By Russell Allen & Don Sternecker
 * Mastered By Allen Douches

title: Atomic Soul


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Hřensko

Hřensko (Herrnskretschen) is a municipality and village in Děčín District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. With an elevation of 130 m above sea level, it is the lowest situated municipality in the country. Located on the edge of the Bohemian Switzerland National Park, Hřensko is known for many natural monuments, especially for the Kamenice Gorge and Pravčická brána.

Administrative parts
The village of Mezná is an administrative part of Hřensko.

Etymology
Before the establishment of the village, there was a pub under the Hornichen mountain called Horniss Kraczmer. The possessive adjective gradually distorted (Hörniß-, Herniß-, Herns-) and was then adopted into Czech as Hřen- with the suffix of place names -sko.

Geography
Hřensko is located about 11 km north of Děčín and 27 km northeast of Ústí nad Labem. It lies on the border with Germany and is adjacent to Bad Schandau and Schöna. It lies in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains. Most of the municipality lies in the Bohemian Switzerland National Park. The highest point of the municipality is Oltářní kámen at 469 m above the sea.

Hřensko is situated at the confluence of the Kamenice and Elbe rivers, in the Elbe valley. In the municipal territory is located the lowest point of the Czech Republic, which is the Elbe on the border with Germany at 115 m above sea level.

History
Hřensko was established during the 15th century as a trading settlement.

Transport
The I/62 road from Ústí nad Labem to the Czech-German border passes through the municipality. There are two border crossings in Hřensko: the Hřensko / Schmilka road border crossing and the Hřensko / Schöna river border crossing.

Sights
The municipality is a portal to the Bohemian Switzerland National Park. The main attractions in the municipal territory are the Kamenice Gorge and Pravčická brána, the largest natural stone bridge in Europe. They are among the most visited nature tourist destinations in the entire country.

The main cultural landmark of Hřensko is the Church of Saint John of Nepomuk. It was built in the late Baroque style in 1786–1787.

In popular culture
Pravčická brána was featured in the film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.

Notable people

 * Erich Clar (1902–1987), German chemist

title: Hřensko


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User talk:Lparish

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Arm 01:55, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lparish