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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jews Against Circumcision

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. 5 merge votes (including nominator), 5 keep votes and 9 delete votes. Not enough of a difference. — J I P | Talk 08:45, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Jews Against Circumcision
Non-notable, content should be merged with Brit Shalom. Jakew 13:13, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have added brit shalom to this vote, as both articles appear to have very limited notability. JFW | T@lk  21:59, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge per nominator DV8 2XL 13:24, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You don't need a vfd (excuse me, AfD) for a merge, be bold. --fvw *  13:54, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * You don't with normal articles. However, in those pertaining to circumcision, here is what happens: 1) user sets redirect, 2) massive revert war ensues, 3) everyone gets fed up, 4) someone lists it for VfD, 5) the outcome is as it would be in a normal article. - Jakew 14:54, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge per nominator. Nandesuka 15:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I don't see why it would be non-notable. It gets 405 Google hits. WP:NOT paper. - ulayiti (talk)  17:08, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please because ulayiti is right Yuckfoo 17:32, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is a website with absolutely no indication as to its number of adherents and its notability. I have similar doubts about Brit shalom, the extent of practice of which is completely unindicated, and I hereby vote to delete that page as well. JFW | T@lk  21:56, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this craziness. You will always find "Jews against anything". If allowed to stand, this type of nutty article could encourage articles such as "Jews against peanut butter"; "Jews against themselves"; "Jews against the Torah"; etc etc ad nauseum. Stop the madness now! IZAK 22:10, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jews Against Circumcision as a non-notable organization. Google shows only barely a dozen links to the website of the organization. I have no opinion regarding brit shalom. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 22:15, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jews Against Circumcision and at most include a link to the organization in the "opposition" section of the external links in Circumcision. Merge and Redirect Brit Shalom to Brit milah.  I know the one is an attempt to avoid the other, but "brit shalom" only exists because of brith milah.  Tomer TALK  23:07, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jews Against Circumcision; Redirect per above. Dottore So 23:30, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per tomer. Klonimus 07:53, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: "Brit shalom" gets 3,590 Google hits - seems notable enough to be kept. The closing admin should note that this VfD originally did not include Brit shalom, and that most of the votes above are only about the article Jews Against Circumcision. - ulayiti (talk)  23:36, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've removed Brit Shalom, combined VfDs are controversial at best, introducing an extra article halfway through is definitely a bad idea. --fvw *  00:31, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence that this "organization" is anything more than a webpage. Re-direct is delete fails. Jayjg (talk)  02:58, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and Merge with brit shalom. --Apyule 05:21, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Minor organization with significant web presence.  I suspect many of the delete votes are more motivated by the aims of this organization than with Wikipedia policy.  (Yes, that's an accusation of bias, guys.) --Zero 10:07, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You might want to refresh your memory of WP:FAITH, Zero. - Jakew 10:26, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Careful there. You are heading into the badlands with that comment. You say it's minor, where to from there? --Apyule 16:35, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete both articles. Non-notable. P.S. Wikipedia is neither a paper nor a repository of non-notable information. No need to clog up Wikipedia and provide non-notables with notoriety. HKT talk 21:50, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with brit shalom. Possibly merge both or delete considering their non-notability and direct relevance withing Brit milah where they are mentioned. When an author has enough information (and support) to write a separate article on Brit Shalom, then they can write it. Currently, it is sufficiently covered as an opposition in the above circumcision article. --jnothman talk 04:34, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Brit Shalom -- DanBlackham 04:39, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutralitytalk 04:40, September 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. For those of you who say that we in Jews Against Circumcision are not really Jews, I hate to break it to you but all you need to be Jewish is to have a Jewish mother. That's Jewish law. Circumcision IS NOT required to be Jewish. My mom is Jewish. I had a Bar Mitzvah and I had a Jewish wedding. So guess what guys, I am a Jew. Now, about the subject matter. Why are you all so threatened? Is it because you don't want to have to be faced with the decision that mutilating your baby's penis is barbaric, mean, wrong and against the mitzvot (we are commanded to not mark our bodies or hurt others - remember that?) It's a no-brainer. Mutilating your son's penis and damaging his future sex life is despicable, and all of you are smart enough to realize that. Yes it's difficult to deal with the fact that our people have been wrong all of these years, but guess what, they have been. Think about how easy it is to look at other religions and see how their practices are wrong (like africans and female genital mutilation, mormons and polygamy, the lack of women's rights in all religions, etc,.) and then take a step back, look at your own religion, and realize it's shortcomings. Circumcision is wrong. Judaism is in your heart, not in your penis! Jews Against Circumcision 02:54, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Editor's first and only edit. Jayjg (talk) 03:41, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Um, nobody said you "weren't really Jews", and this vote page isn't for POV rants and amateur psychological analysis. Jayjg (talk) 03:41, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 	Keep	—	Comment:		The person who listed this article is circumcisionadvocate listing articles against sexual genital mutilation and pro genital integrity for deletion.	—	— Ŭalabio‽ 00:45:48, 2005-09-08 (UTC)
 * Was that a personal attack? Is your vote based solely upon your dislike of the nominator?  Or do you have a rationale for voting "Keep" that has something to do with the merits of the article?  Tomer TALK  02:24, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not only was it a personal attack, it is also an example of failing to assume good faith, and demonstrates complete ignorance of neutral point of view, which means that no article should be for or against anything. Sigh. - Jakew 11:51, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * This is not a personal attack, but an observation. Another observation is that when someone points out observations like this, you write personal attack.  Indeed, One several people including me, pointed out that a supposedly neutral editor was about as neutral to Genital Integrity as Professor Severus Snape is to Mister Harry James Potter, you write personal attack, totally ignoring the edithistory of that one.  I have no problem with circumcisionadvocates as long as they advocate circumcision only to consenting adults and present those adults with all of the information, not just ⅛ of information favorable to their position.  —  — Ŭalabio‽ 01:01:37, 2005-09-09 (UTC)
 * Does this not just state that you're not considering the significance or non-significance of the article to Wikipedia, which is the question here, and rather taking a POV on the issue discussed in the article and using that as the basis for your "keep"? I was the one who proposed a VfD, although I did not create it, on the talk page in question, and I did not propose it because I disagreed, but rather because I think it does not need its own article, at least at this stage, and would much better be found in Brit milah where the information is already available in no less quantity than this article. Furthermore, the concept is much more important than the organisation itself. --jnothman talk 01:51, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Walabio, my personal feelings towards 'genital integrity' do not and furthermore should not make the slightest bit of difference. The same is true of your feelings towards 'circumcisionadvocates'. They are irrelevant. Wikipedian actions are all that matter, and here that means just the vote and reasons stated. Your observation that personal attacks are noted for what they are should come as no surprise. Neither, for that matter, should an RFC on this behaviour if it continues for much longer... - Jakew 09:28, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Baldwin (apple)

The Baldwin apple is a bright red winter apple, very good in quality, and easily shipped. It was for many years the most popular apple in New England, New York, and for export from the United States of America. No apple in the vicinity of Boston was so popular as Baldwin. It has also been known as 'Calville Butter', 'Felch', 'Late Baldwin', 'Pecker', 'Red Baldwin's Pippin', 'Steele's Red Winter', and 'Woodpecker'.

The Baldwin was one of four apples honored by the United States Postal Service in a 2013 set of four 33¢ stamps commemorating historic strains, joined by Northern Spy, Golden Delicious, and Granny Smith.

History

According to local tradition, the apple was found near Wood Hill by William Butters (1711-1784), grandson of Will Butter, first white settler in what is now Wilmington, Massachusetts. William Butters raised the tree in his yard, near the present Baldwin Apple Monument (pictured).

According to S. A. Beach's Apples of New York, the Baldwin originated soon after 1740 as a chance seedling on the farm of Mr. John Ball of Wilmington, Massachusetts, and for about 40 years thereafter its cultivation was confined to that immediate neighborhood. The farm later came into the possession of a Mr. Butters, who gave the name Woodpecker to the apple because the tree was frequented by woodpeckers. Deacon Samuel Thompson, a surveyor of Woburn, Massachusetts, brought it to the attention of Col. Loammi Baldwin, who propagated it and more widely introduced it in eastern Massachusetts. From Col. Baldwin's interest in the variety it came to be called the Baldwin.

A monument to the Baldwin apple now stands on today's Chestnut street in Wilmington. The monument's inscription reads: ''This monument marks the site of the first Baldwin Apple Tree found growing wild near here. It fell in the gale of 1815. The apple first known as the Butters, Woodpecker or Pecker apple was named after Col. Loammi Baldwin of Woburn. Erected in 1895 by the Rumford Historical Association.''

A harsh winter in 1934 wiped out many of the Baldwin apple orchards in New England. Its popularity as an eating apple waned, but some orchards were preserved for many years because of its desirability as a mixing apple for cider. However, the orchards have not been replaced when they played out. Baldwin Apples, unlike many apples, have long been prized for the making of hard cider. "West County Cider" makes Baldwin Cider from trees planted in the early 1900s. It is their most popular cider. Typical size width 81-89 mm, height 63-79 mm, stalk 19-22 mm. It is an exceptionally hard apple and would remain remarkably free from blemishes and other blights with few pesticides being needed. Because of its hardness it shipped well without bruising and for a time was prized for this quality. Aside from cider making it was also known as an exceptionally good pie apple and due to its inherent hardness would maintain more crispness through the baking process than other apples would.

Essex County, New Jersey, in the time of the Dutch, was also well known for its apple groves and cider, connected with the Bauldwin family. (John Sr. & Jr., signers of the Newark Agreement,~1667, per Arny in Red Lion Rampant)

Today

Baldwins were once the most popular apples in the United States but have largely fallen out of existence with the introduction of the Red Delicious. While not extinct, they are very difficult to find in stores. Some trees can still be found wild in abandoned orchards in New England, notably in Vermont.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baldwin (apple)


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Unaproa

UNAPROA (Unión de Amigos para la Protección del Ambiente) was founded by deputies of six village communities in the Brunca Region in the year 1995. This association has the ambition of promoting the organic agriculture and green tourism. Its domicile is situated in El General in Costa Rica. The members are mostly campesinos, who husband small fields at the Talamanca mountains. Meanwhile the community has grown and now embraces deputies of forty villages, one of them indigenous. UNAPROA has cooperated for several years with the Austrian magazine Grünen Bildungswerkstatt.

title: Unaproa


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List of Eastern Orthodox Christians

This is primarily a list of notable people who contributed to the history of Eastern Orthodox Christianity's theology or culture. However it is also for people whose Eastern Orthodox identity is an important part of their notability. As there are many nations that are predominantly Eastern Orthodox names from such nations should usually meet a stricter standard, but in the case of converts their conversion might be notable enough to make an exception.

Artists

 * Andrei Rublev – important in the history of Russian Iconography
 * El Greco – from Crete, noted for Christian art
 * Feofan Grek – noted iconographer
 * Boris Kustodiev – Russian artist known for depictions of Russian Orthodox people and culture
 * Jerzy Nowosielski – famous Polish painter, noted for his numerous works of Byzantine-influenced religious art
 * Karl Matzek – convert from Catholicism who did religious art for the faith
 * Prokhor of Gorodets – icon painter
 * Toros Roslin – Armenian of Oriental Orthodoxy, but some of his works are Byzantine-influenced
 * Simon Ushakov – leading religious artist linked to the reforms of Patriarch Nikon
 * Valentin Alexandrovich Serov – Russian painter, and one of the premier portrait artists of his era.
 * Constantin Brâncuși – Romanian world-renowned sculptor
 * Gala Dalí – (Birth name Elena Ivanovna Diakonova Russian: Елена Ивановна Дьяконов), model, wife and muse of Salvador Dalí.

Entrepreneurs/industrialists

 * Nikolay Alekseyev
 * Igor Sikorsky

Entertainers

 * Jennifer Aniston
 * Stana Katic
 * John Belushi – member of the Albanian Orthodox Church in childhood; his funeral was in that faith
 * James Belushi – member of the Albanian Orthodox Church, John's brother.
 * Charles Bronson – Russian Orthodox, son of a Kryashen.
 * Yul Brynner – actor. His remains were interred in France on the grounds of the Saint-Michel-de-Bois-Aubry Russian Orthodox monastery near Luzé between Tours and Poitiers.
 * George Chakiris – contributor to a Greek Orthodox Cathedral
 * Michael Chiklis – actor, second generation Greek-American..
 * Anna Maria – Indonesian model
 * Kira Kazantsev – Miss America 2015
 * Vassiliki Betty Cantrell – Greek Orthodox Church Sunday school teacher, Miss America 2016
 * Sandra Dee – (birth name: Alexandra Cymboliak Zuck). One time wife of Bobby Darin. Raised Russian Orthodox in New Jersey. Her mother was of Carpathian Russian ancestry.
 * Nina Dobrev
 * Olympia Dukakis – actress, Greek Orthodox.
 * Tina Fey – Greek-American on her mother's side and married in a Greek Orthodox wedding.
 * Zach Galifianakis – Baptized at St. Barbara's Greek Orthodox Church in Durham, NC
 * Tom Hanks – Converted on marrying Rita Wilson, mention by Saint Sophia Cathedral, Los Angeles.
 * Hank Hanegraaff – radio talk host and important figure of Christian countercult movement, Chrismated at St. Nektarios Greek Orthodox Church in Charlotte, NC.
 * Jonathan Jackson – actor, convert from Protestant Church
 * Andreas Katsulas – actor; Greek Orthodox. Before his passing, he requested that memorials be made to St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, St. Louis, MO.
 * Melina Kanakaredes – St. Nicholas's Greek Orthodox Church listed her as a possible speaker, credits the church as helpful to her in youth. Grew up at Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church in Akron, OH
 * Elia Kazan – Director, born to Greek parents who immigrated from the Ottoman Empire to the United States
 * Emir Kusturica – Serbian Orthodox. Raised in a Bosnian Muslim Family. His conversion gained some media attention.
 * Ana Layevska – Ukrainian-born Mexican actress and violinist (of Russian origin)
 * Karl Malden (Mladen Sekulovich) – said to have been Serbian Orthodox.
 * Constantine Maroulis – Greek Orthodox, brother of Athan Maroulis
 * Debbie Matenopoulos
 * Maria Menounos – actress, presenter
 * Telly Savalas – contributed to Greek Orthodox Cathedrals and his bald image began after playing Pontius Pilate
 * Amy Sedaris – American actress, author and comedian
 * Shawnee Smith – American actress, Smith is a convert to the Russian Orthodox Church
 * John Stamos – American actor
 * Nia Vardalos – actress
 * Rita Wilson – actress
 * Lana Wood (birth name: Svetlana Gurdin, family name changed from Zakharenko) Russian Orthodox actress – sister of Natalie Wood.
 * Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko – Russian Orthodox actress known as Natalie Wood.
 * Mahesa Gibran – Indonesian actor
 * Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa – On November 12, 2015, he was baptized as Panteleymon in the Russian Orthodox Joy of All Who Sorrow church in Moscow
 * Alla Pugacheva – Russian singer and model

Musicians and composers

 * Djuro Zivkovic - a contemporary Serbian-Swedish composer, born 1975 in Belgrade, since 2000 based in Sweden.
 * Maksym Berezovsky - Known for religious music
 * Dmytro Bortniansky - Religious music.
 * John Craton - American classical composer
 * George Enescu - Romanian composer
 * Bill Evans
 * Enca (Ruensa Haxhiaj) - Albanian pop singer
 * Alexander Frey - Conductor, pianist, organist and composer, was baptized in the Greek Orthodox church, but is also a practicing Episcopalian.
 * Dave Gahan - English lead singer for Depeche Mode, converted to Greek Orthodox Christianity to marry his current wife Jennifer.
 * Chris Hillman - original member of The Byrds
 * Lena Katina - Member of Russian music group t.A.T.u.
 * Boris Ledkovsky - Russian-American composer of Church music
 * George Michael - celebrity pop singer, a Greek-Cypriote.
 * Dimitris Mitropoulos - Conductor, pianist and composer. Music Director of the New York Philharmonic and the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra.
 * Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac - one of the most famous Serbian composers and music educators of the nineteenth century.
 * Ivan Moody - British composer, conductor and Orthodox priest.
 * Katie Melua - singer
 * Inva Mula - Albanian Orthodox, famous opera singer.
 * Arvo Pärt – Estonian composer, known for religious music, convert from Lutheranism
 * Georgs Pelēcis – Latvian composer and musicologist.
 * Ciprian Porumbescu - Romanian composer
 * Tose Proeski - Macedonian pop singer
 * Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Possibly atheist after some point, but did Russian Orthodox church music.
 * Sergei Rachmaninoff
 * Mstislav Rostropovich - Conductor, National Symphony, cellist
 * Kurt Sander - American composer who converted to Russian Orthodoxy in 1993. Composer of the first complete English-language setting of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom.
 * Thomas Simaku - Albanian Orthodox, famous composer
 * Trey Spruance - Leader of the multi-genre outfit Secret Chiefs 3
 * Igor Stravinsky - Left the faith from 1900 to 1926, after rejoining he did Symphony of Psalms.
 * John Tavener - Converted to Orthodoxy, and much of his music is influenced by that. He is now often said to be Universalist or Perrenialist, although he himself says that he remains Orthodox.
 * Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - Russian composer of the Romantic era. His wide-ranging output includes symphonies, operas, ballets, instrumental and chamber music and songs
 * Julia Volkova - Member of Russian music group t.A.T.u. Previously converted to Islam, but has since returned to Orthodox Christianity.
 * Stephen M. Wolownik - Church music early on

Historians

 * Florin Curta - professor of medieval history and archaeology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
 * Fr. Demetrios Constantelos - professor of history and religious studies, Richard Stockton College, Pomona, New Jersey
 * George Pachymeres - Byzantine chief advocate of the church
 * Avraamy Palitsyn - Russian historian who died at the Solovetsky Monastery
 * Jaroslav Pelikan - professor of ecclesiastical history, Yale University, and a convert from Lutheranism
 * Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos - Byzantine ecclesiastical historian
 * John Xiphilinus - also a monk
 * Joannes Zonaras - also a theologian
 * Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky
 * Mircea Eliade - famous Romanian writer, philosopher and historian
 * Evagrius Scholasticus - 6th century Byzantine historian.
 * Sozomen - wrote a history that ended in the year 429 A.D.
 * Socrates Scholasticus - wrote a church history that ended in the year 439 A.D, during Theodosius II (or Younger's) reign.
 * Saint Theophanes the Confessor - Byzantine Saint, who championed the cause of the Iconodules, who venerate icons. He wrote a 9th-century Byzantine Chronicle.

Journalists

 * Saša Petricic - award-winning Serbian Canadian journalist. Since 2011, he has been Middle East correspondent and videojournalist for CBC Television's The National and other CBC News programs.
 * Ernie Anastos - New York television anchor
 * Thalia Assuras - CBS News anchor
 * Alexis Christoforous - CBS News anchor / correspondent
 * Chris Clark - retired news anchor, WTVF, Nashville, Tennessee
 * Rod Dreher - Dallas Morning News columnist, "Crunchy Con" blog
 * Mike Emanuel - Fox News White House Correspondent
 * Terry Mattingly - syndicated columnist
 * Natalie Jacobson - born Natalie Salatich, television news anchor, WCVB - Boston - Serbian Orthodox
 * Serge Schmemann - International Herald Tribune writer/editor
 * George Stephanopoulos - ABC News chief Washington correspondent; a former altar boy, and son of a priest.

Linguists

 * Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin - Russian Orthodox Church monk and Sinologist
 * Saint Innocent of Alaska - wrote books on Tlingit and worked on an alphabet for Aleut
 * Pyotr Kafarov - student of Bichurin, also a Sinologist and ROC monk
 * Mateja Matejić - priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church
 * Alexander Nedoshivin - Russian Orthodox Church priest and Esperantist
 * Epifany Slavinetsky - Polyglot, Russian Orthodox Church monk, and translator
 * Roman Jakobson - Structuralist linguist and literary theorist; converted to Orthodoxy in 1975.

Modern politicians
Note: Most political figures in the Byzantine Empire, or most other Medieval Eastern European Empires, would be at least nominally Eastern Orthodox. Therefore, this is limited to modern times, specifically after 1800. For United States entries Political Graveyard was used for this section, but additional sources are encouraged.

The list is not complete; the vast majority of politicians in countries such as Greece, Romania, Cyprus, Russia, Serbia and others are Eastern Orthodox.

United States / Canada

 * Spencer Abraham - former Senator (R-MI) and Energy Secretary
 * Justin Amash - former member of Congress (L-MI) (Antiochian Orthodox)
 * Eleni Bakopanos - former Canadian Member of Parliament (Lib-PQ)
 * Melissa Bean - former member of Congress (D-IL)
 * Helen Delich Bentley - former US Congresswoman (R-MD) (Serbian Orthodox)
 * Michael Bilirakis - former member of Congress (R-FL) (Greek Orthodox)
 * Gus Bilirakis - member of Congress (R-FL) (Greek Orthodox)
 * Rod Blagojevich - former Illinois Governor (D) (Serbian Orthodox)
 * Tony Clement - former Ontario Minister of Health and federal MP (Cons-ON) (Greek Cypriot)
 * Michael Dukakis - former Governor and Presidential candidate (D-MA)
 * Nick Galifianakis - former Congressman (D-NC)
 * George Gekas - former Congressman (R-PA)
 * Ray Hnatyshyn - Governor-General of Canada (1990–1995)
 * Michael Huffington - former Congressman and Senatorial candidate (R-CA)
 * Johnny Joannou - member of Virginia House of Delegates (D-79)
 * Nicole Malliotakis - member of Congress (R-NY), frm. New York State assemblywoman (Greek Orthodox)
 * Eleni Kounalakis - lt. Governor of California (D-CA) (Greek Orthodox)
 * Nicholas Mavroules - former Congressman (D-MA)
 * John Sarbanes - member of Congress (D-MD) (Greek Orthodox)
 * Paul Sarbanes - former U.S. Senator (D-MD) (Greek Orthodox)
 * Chris Pappas - member of Congress (D-NH) (Greek Orthodox)
 * Mary Peltola - member of Congress (D-AK) (Russian Orthodox)
 * Andrew S. Shandro - Alberta MLA (Lib)
 * Dean Skelos - New York State Senate Majority Leader (R)
 * Olympia Snowe - U.S. Senator (R-ME); Attended St. Basil's Academy
 * George Tenet - former CIA Director
 * Paul Tsongas - late U.S. Senator and Presidential candidate (D-MA)
 * John N. Wozniak - member of Pennsylvania Senate (D-35)

Europe / Middle East

 * Michel Aflaq - founder of Baathism
 * Miron Cristea - first patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church and Prime Minister for about a year
 * Constantine Karamanlis - first Prime Minister of the Third Hellenic Republic, Former President of Greece (ND)
 * Boris Tadić - former President of Serbia
 * Tomislav Nikolić - former President of Serbia
 * Aleksandar Vučić - President of Serbia
 * Kostas Karamanlis - Prime Minister of Greece (ND)
 * Vojislav Koštunica - former Prime Minister of Serbia.
 * Leonid Kuchma - former President of Ukraine.
 * Makarios III - President of Cyprus
 * Dmitry Medvedev - former President of Russia
 * Fan S. Noli - Albanian-Orthodox bishop and briefly prime-minister of Albania
 * Tassos Papadopoulos - President of Cyprus
 * Andreas Papandreou - former Prime Minister of Greece (PASOK)
 * Vladimir Putin - President of Russia & Former Prime Minister of Russia
 * Fyodor Rtishchev
 * Mikhail Saakashvili - Former President of Georgia
 * Eduard Shevardnadze - former President of Georgia
 * Eleftherios Venizelos - former Prime Minister of Greece
 * Viktor Yushchenko - former President of Ukraine
 * Constantin Zureiq - early Arab nationalist leader
 * Vlad Tepes - 15th-century Wallachian prince of the house of Dracul. He reluctantly converted to Roman Catholicism after months of torture by King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Croatia.
 * Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus - Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO).He has held the latter office since 2017.He served in the Government of Ethiopia as Minister of Health from 2005 to 2012 and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2016

Scientists

 * Anthemius of Tralles - architect who designed the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
 * Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch - mathematician
 * Nikolay Bogolyubov (1909–1992) - theoretical physicist and mathematician
 * Theodosius Dobzhansky - evolutionary biologist
 * Pavel Florensky - worked on Dielectrics and theodicy
 * Alexander Friedmann - discovered the expanding universe solution to the Einstein field equations
 * John Kanzius - raised Russian Orthodox, created an experimental cancer treatment using radio waves and discovered how to use radio frequencies to ignite salt water.
 * Sergei Korolev - designed the R-7 rocket which launched the Space Age on October 4, 1957
 * Dmitri Mendeleev - chemist and inventor, formulated the Periodic Law
 * Josif Pančić - noted botanist, physician, and Orthodox convert
 * Georgios Papanikolaou (1883 - 1962) - doctor, gynaecologist, biologist, researcher. Discovered and established the "Pap test" against cancer of female genital organs.
 * Ivan Pavlov - his father was a Russian Orthodox priest, and Ivan Pavlov was enrolled in the seminary before reading The Origin of Species
 * John Philoponus - "Christian philosopher, scientist, and theologian"
 * Alexander Popov - radio pioneer, son of a priest, planned to study in the seminary
 * Michael I. Pupin - famous physicist
 * Nikola Tesla - inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist
 * Nicolae Paulescu - Romanian physiologist, professor of medicine, and politician, the discoverer of pancreine
 * Victor Babeș - Romanian physician, biologist, and one of the earliest bacteriologists
 * Ana Aslan - Romanian biologist and physician who discovered the anti-aging effects of procaine
 * Petrache Poenaru - Romanian inventor of the fountain pen
 * Henri Coanda - Romanian inventor, aerodynamics pioneer and builder of an experimental aircraft
 * Aurel Vlaicu - Romanian engineer, inventor, airplane constructor and early pilot

Writers/philosophers

 * Ivo Andrić - Serbian writer, Nobel prize winner
 * Nikolai Berdyaev - Russian Orthodox Christian existentialist philosopher
 * Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh - Russian bishop and writer
 * Bruce Chatwin - English novelist and travel writer
 * Michael Choniates - Byzantine Greek writer and ecclesiastic
 * Fyodor Dostoevsky - many of his novels, like The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov, have specific Russian Orthodox themes
 * Jim Forest - American writer, peace activist and lay theologian
 * Alexander Galich - Russian Jewish convert who wrote poems and screenplays. (Also joined the National Alliance of Russian Solidarists)
 * Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol - considered a father of modern Russian realism.
 * David Bentley Hart - American academic philosophical theologian and author
 * Ivan Ilyin - Slavophile, wrote Axioms of Religious Experience
 * Eugen Ionescu - Romanian writer
 * Paul Kingsnorth - English writer who lives in the west of Ireland
 * Ivan Kireevsky - often considered the father of Russian and Slavophile philosophy
 * Thom Nickels - American author, journalist wrote Philadelphia Architecture and Literary Philadelphia: A History of Prose & Poetry in the City of Brotherly Love.
 * Konstantin Pobedonostsev - Russian jurist, statesman, and adviser to three Tsars
 * Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin - Russian author of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature.
 * Seraphim Rose - American convert and monastic writer
 * Frank Schaeffer - American author and liberal commentator, son of Evangelical apologist and "father of the Christian right" Francis Schaeffer. Frank Schaeffer rejected Reformed Protestant fundamentalism and converted to Orthodoxy in 1992, which he continues to self-identify as.
 * Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - Russian Orthodox author
 * Richard Swinburne - British analytic philosopher and convert to Orthodoxy late in life from Anglicanism
 * Eugene Vodolazkin - Russian author
 * Timothy Ware - English metropolitan bishop and theologian
 * Christos Yannaras - Greek philosopher and theologian

Theologians and clergy

 * Mother Thekla - Marina Scharfe - Kislovodsk 1918 - 2011
 * Gregory the Wonderworker - early bishop of Neocaesarea
 * Michael Apostolius
 * Basil of Caesarea - one of the Three Holy Hierarchs and a Doctor of the Church in Catholicism
 * Gregory of Nyssa - 4th century bishop and brother of the Saint Basil the Great
 * Cyril of Alexandria - 5th century Patriarch of Alexandria and the most important defender of Virgin Mary's title as the *Theotokos
 * Epiphanius of Salamis - 5th century Saint and Bishop. He wrote the Panarion and other theological works.
 * Georges Florovsky
 * Saint Maximus the Confessor - saint and monk who lived from 580 to 662 A.D. He defend Dyothelitism and Dyoenergism against Monoenergism, and Monothelitism later.
 * Charles Sydney Gibbes - English tutor of the Romanov children.
 * Michael Glycas - also a historian and poet
 * Spyridon, Bishop of Cyprus - bishop and saint who attended the First Council of Nicea in 325 A.D.
 * Saint Athanasius - Patriarch of Alexandria who lived from 296 to 373 A.D. He was once a deacon of *Saint Alexander of Alexandria, who was the former Patriarch of the Patriarchate. Athanasius defended the Homousion Faith and the Council of Nicea against Arianism.
 * Thomas Hopko
 * Archbishop Iakovos - former Leader of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
 * John of Kronstadt - Archpriest
 * Jeremias II - Patriarch of Constantinople
 * John of Damascus - 7th-8th century saint and monk. He eventually moved to Mar Saba Monastery in Jerusalem. He wrote "On the Divine Images," to defend the practice of icon veneration against the Byzantine Emperor.
 * Saint Theodore the Studite - 8th-9th century Saint and Monk. He wrote On the Holy Icons during the Second Period of Iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire
 * John Chrysostom - one of the Three Holy Hierarchs and a Doctor of the Church in Catholicism
 * John of Climacus - Great Hegumen and ascetic who lived on Mount Sinai, in the 6th and 7th centuries, in Saint Catherine's Monastery. He wrote the Ladder of Divine Ascent.
 * John of Shanghai and San Francisco
 * John of Tobolsk
 * Konstantin of Murom
 * Father Emmanuel Lemelson - Greek Orthodox priest, hedge fund manager and social activist
 * Cyril Lucaris - Crypto-Protestant Patriarch of Constantinople
 * John Anthony McGuckin - priest and professor, originally a Latin Catholic, but he converted to the Romanian Orthodoxy.
 * Alexander Men
 * John Meyendorff
 * Metropolitan Gerasimos - Metropolitan Bishop of San Francisco
 * Peter Mohyla
 * Gregory of Nazianzus - one of the Three Holy Hierarchs and a Doctor of the Church in Catholicism
 * Nicholas of Japan
 * Gregory Palamas
 * Grigol Peradze - Patristics, also a historian
 * Maximus Planudes
 * Justin Popović
 * Nikolaj Velimirović
 * Sergius of Radonezh
 * Alexander Schmemann
 * Gennadius Scholarius
 * Victor Sokolov - archpriest and Soviet dissident journalist
 * Theophan the Recluse
 * Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow - confessor
 * Joseph Volotsky - theologian/saint
 * Olaf II of Norway - Martyr-King of Norway, brought Christianity to Scandinavia
 * Saint Yared - legendary Ethiopian musician credited with inventing the sacred music tradition of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Ethiopia's system of musical notation.

Fools for Christ

 * Basil Fool for Christ
 * Nicholas Salos of Pskov
 * Xenia of Saint Petersburg
 * Gabriel Urgebadze

title: List of Eastern Orthodox Christians


text:
Talk:United States border preclearance

Who are the agents?
I live in Toronto, and go through preclearance at the airport here several times a year. I've always wondered -- who are these pre-clearance agents???

Are they American Citizens? Canadian Citizens? Dual Citizens? Do they live in Canada full time, or are they from other border posts and doing a "Canadian Rotation"? Do they need a work visa?!? Is there housing for them?

 * I suspect they are staffed from the nearest US city bureau on secondment in rosters, for example, those working at Niagara Falls and Buffalo Bureau may get a shift at Pearson for part of his/her work. --JNZ (talk) 09:00, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

 * They clearance airport is a post all by itself, they are US citizens, live in Canada, and have some sort of special visa that authorizes them to live in Canada while working for the CBP. --07:45, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

Suggested additions
Are the following true (if so, they'd make good additions to the article) -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 13:18, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) doesn't one also goes through US customs (immediately after the immigration point)?
 * 2) beyond the US-INS point one is one legally inside the US?
 * 3) if one passes through the US-INS point and then decides not to fly, must one go through the host country's immigration point?
 * 4) if a traveller is found to have an outstanding federal arrest warrant, what happens?  If this were a normal immigration point they'd be detained, but can this happen at pre-clearance?
 * 5) travellers generally arrive at domestic terminals in the US, and aren't required to undergo further immigration and customs procedures.

 * On doing some research (links in the article) I've answed these:
 * yes
 * no (despite what one Dublin newspaper article claims)
 * no (you never left the host country)
 * no (although they may try to get local law-enforcement to arrest you, if that's appropriate for the local jurisdiction)
 * yes
 * -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 22:44, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

I'd have to have somebody check now, but when I went through the Alaska Marine Highway terminal in Prince Rupert, British Columbia as late as 1992, they precleared you there before you got on the ferry to Ketchikan, Alaska and points north. Is that still the case? CJewell (talk) 15:42, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

In Canadian pre-clearance facilities the signage clearly indicates that you are still on Canadian soil and subject to the protections afforded by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and that you may withdraw your application to enter the United States at any point. Interestingly enough, if memory serves me correct the INS staff are empowered to make arrests for breaches of the Criminal Code of Canada within the pre-clearance facility by detaining the suspect and having local law-enforcement summoned.

From my own experience when my flight from Toronto to New York was canceled last April 15, 2007, here are my answers.
 * yes
 * yes (according to the canadian immigration officer because all the passengers were required to go thru canadian immigration and customs)
 * yes (same reason as number 2)
 * have no idea
 * no

Hope it answers your question... -chris^_^ 00:30, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

As to (2): no, after pre-clearance but before leaving the Canadian soil one is still "legally in Canada", just like the passengers who have landed in Canada but have not cleared Canadian immigration/customs etc. yet. That is, Canadian Criminal Code and other laws still apply. Vmenkov 01:19, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Pre clearance airports do not allow clearance for commercial travelers to hand carry commercial goods. 19 CFR 122.1 (g)."Preclearance. “Preclearance” is the examination and inspection of air travelers and their baggage, at the request of an airline, at foreign places where Customs personnel are stationed for that purpose. Preclearance may be used only for air travelers and their baggage, not for merchandise." Passengers with commercial cargo must either ship cargo or cancel their flights and drive over the border. While they benefit most travelers they are a considerable hindrance on trade. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.252.92.98 (talk) 23:26, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

As to 4., I would presume that the most straight-forward approach would be to simply let the person to be arrested board the plane and quietly inform stateside authorities that they need to make an arrest once the plane lands. (Alternatively, the passenger might be arrested during the flight.) I don't think that US authorities are keen on arresting people just before boarding a US-bound plane because then they would have to hand the person over to local authorities and initiate an extradition proceeding which may or may not succeed and requires a lot of paperwork. That said, it makes a lot more sense to let someone travel to the US as a free person and then lay a trap back home. If, however, it looks like the person to be arrested might pose a threat to the security of the flight (Let's say the person is wanted for attempted murder because they attempted to kill other flight passengers in the past), it might be a bad idea to let that person on the plane - not sure how that would be handled.

I have to admit, though, that I don't know if there are rules for US-bound travellers with US arrest warrants on them. -- Dynam1te3 (talk) 11:41, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Renaming
I'm going to rename this to "U.S. border preclearance", as most (all but the Ireland) facilities do the full border works (customs, immigration, agriculture, and public health). "Preclearance" seems to be much more commonly used (even by USCBP), although they also used it with the hyphen. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:24, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

"As the U.S. requires those in transit through the U.S to pass through U.S. immigration (unlike many other countries, which permit airside transfers), preclearance also applies to transit passengers."

can somebody clarify the point of that statement? if its a canadian airport, intl-to-intl transfer wouldnt involve us preclearance. intl-to-us transfer would obviously have to go through us immigration.

International flights and order of pre-clearance
Howabout flights originating from a third country and proceeding to the United States with a stopover in Canada? If that airline takes passengers from Canada onward to the United States such as Philippine Airlines which has a route Manila-Vancouver-Las Vegas or Cathay Pacific which has a Hong Kong-Vancouver-JFK route, do all passengers there need to undergo pre-clearance or will they have to clear CBP inspections at the US port of entry?

Also, what is the order of pre-clearance in Canada? Immigration -> Customs -> Check-in? Customs -> Check-in -> Immigration?

You may want to include those points in the article because I am not sure how they work. --58.69.4.249 16:11, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

 * In my personal experience in Vancouver (from some years back), it is Check-in -> Immigration -> Customs. (They won't let you go to the immigration desk without the boarding pass; and customs always follow immigration, in US airports or border crossings as well). If one flies e.g. YHZ-YUL-EWR, one checks in in Halifax, but only goes thru US immigration and customs in YUL, on the way to his US-bound flight. Vmenkov 00:32, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * In the Cathay example of HKG-YVR-JFK, passengers will go through US preclearance in Vancouver. As far as I know, they will not go through Canadian immigrations and customs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.68.248.39 (talk) 10:42, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

 * To my knowledge Cathay does not use preclearance. HkCaGu (talk) 15:38, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Correct, Cathay does not use preclearance. Instead, people travelling from YVR to JFK will enter the international departure lounge instead of the preclearance lounge, and all passengers clear US customs in JFK. Briguychau (talk) 21:19, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

Stamped or not?
I recently came back from Toronto to New York last April... when I went thru pre-clearance, they only stamped (the admitted thing...) my boarding pass and my customs and declaration card, but they didn't stamp my passport. Shouldn't this be stated in the article? -chris^_^ 00:24, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This is not too different from the land borders: they sometimes stamp your passport, and sometimes don't, depending on your nationaliy and status on this visit. E.g., the US Immigration will (usually) stamp somebody's passport if he has to be issued a new I-94 (departure card); but if there is no I-94 (most Canadian citizens on a "visitor for business/pleasaure", i.e. B-1 or B-2 visit), or a the existing I-94 is reused (a Canadian or thrid-country national re-entering the US from Canada and reusing his I-94 issued on an earlier entry into the US), then the Americans usually don't bother stamping his passport. Vmenkov 01:06, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Not all flights...
It seems to me worth noting that not all flights out of the airports listed into the US use the preclearance facilities. For instance, I flew from Bermuda to Baltimore a couple of years ago and we cleared customs at the airport in the US as usual. Before putting in anything about it, it would be useful to determine why some flights use these faciliites and some don't. --Jfruh (talk) 00:29, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Why not other European countries?
Does anyone know why the US made an agreement with Ireland in the 1980s, but no further preclearance facilities have opened in Europe since then? Dublin and Shannon serve relatively few US-bound passengers, compared to London Heathrow or Paris Charles de Gaulle. Was this considered an unsuccessful pilot scheme, or have other EU governments failed to support it? Mtford 02:16, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Irish airports were allowed to have preclearance facilities in exchange for allowing Shannon to be used as a hub for American troops. The main waiting room for transfers is occassionally filled with Army men in the early hours or late at night when there are few passengers about. As for why other European airports don't have them, they probably don't want the hassle of U.S. Immigration in their airports. A passenger would have to arrive to Heathrow or CDG about 60-90 minutes earlier to make it through the process in time to catch his flight. The comparative lack of trans-Atlantic traffic at Dublin/Shannon might actually be what makes preclearance viable.
 * If someone can find a source, that info would be great to have in the article. --Padraic 23:12, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Other countries?
I know this article is about U.S. border preclearance, but it would be interesting to know about other countries. I seem to remember an official passport check before boarding the London-Paris train, in both directions. Szu (talk) 02:41, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

The Other Way (Flying from US to Canada)
I once flew to Toronto from Auckland years ago. On that flight I literally had two border clearances on the same day: US immigration at LAX, then a domestic flight to ORD, and finally a flight to YYZ that was nothing different from regular domestic flights at ORD (for US airlines, flights to Canada like other intl flights, mostly fly from their own terminals), but on arrival at YYZ I had to undergo immigration and customs and needed to fill in immigration forms - which is something you don't need for land border crossing points.

Does anyone know if clearance procedures for passengers flying to Canada from the US is any different from flying to Canada from other countries, such as fewer forms, different immigration and customs counters or, and less procedures? --JNZ (talk) 09:00, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Not to my knowledge - I have arrived to YVR (and occasionally other Canadian airports) many times on flights both from the US and from the "far abroad" (Mexico, or real "overseas" countries), and there was no difference - in fact, passengers coming from different international flights - whether from US or Europe or Asia - all come to the same passport check gates. Vmenkov (talk) 01:09, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Pedantic officials
"U.S. government officials based in host countries can and do adopt a pedantic and overbearing attitude towards passengers."

This sentence should be deleted. During all my travels to the US for the last 25 years virtually all immigration staff proved to be pedantic and overbearing. This has nothing to to with preclearance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.163.114.7 (talk) 15:51, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Hell I live in the US and they're pedantic and overbearing. 96.86.178.13 (talk) 22:02, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

I can't believe that1
The Article says: "A passenger can choose to abandon their flight and refuse search, and unlike in the United States, officers cannot search them."

But this rule seems so stupid that I just can't believe the U.S. government would ever agree to that. That is like inviting terrorists to go and have a try if they make it on the plane, but if they are found out they just turn away. That's now how things work. So this probably needs to be deleted / updated.--192.138.214.100 (talk) 18:16, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Wording is non-neutral
I recently added a POV-check tag due to the article containing words like 'supposedly' and 'theoretically,' which violates the WP:ALLEGED style guideline. Opinions on the neutrality would be appreciated. Winterswift (talk) 02:31, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

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Definition of Preclearance
The U.S. government clearly states that preclearance is only for paxs that go through U.S. immigration and customs in a foreign country. USVI, Guam and CNMI are not legally foreign and hence border checks on these U.S. territories are NOT preclearance. Preclearance is a privilege enjoyed by the U.S. government on foreign soil, while Federal Government enjoys such power without prior authorization on U.S. soil. They can legally set up as many passport checkpoints as they want in a border zone. C-GAUN (talk) 14:03, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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The article title is way too long
It's clear at this point that the United States is the only country which calls this process preclearance. And the term "preclearance" is used in only two contexts in U.S. law: this context and preclearance of changes to voting procedures under the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

In general, we don't include country names in article titles when the article subject under that specific name is unique to one country and hence there is no possibility for confusion.

I propose renaming the article to Border preclearance. What do others think? --Coolcaesar (talk) 16:45, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

 * My argument is to rename it to USCBP Preclearance to show that it is US Customs and Border Protection running it. --OSSYULYYZ (talk) 18:03, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I think the current name is appropriate. This is about the specific US program, not the concept in general, which is at Border_control, even if a different name. We should also avoid the acronym in the title. Reywas92Talk 19:17, 20 January 2023 (UTC)
 * At first I was going to say you're still not reading my proposal right, but then I thought it through some more and saw the real issue. The Agreement on Land, Rail, Marine, and Air Transport Preclearance is a fully bilateral treaty.  Although it is unlikely the Canadians will ever exercise their right to implement border preclearance for outbound Canada-bound traffic in U.S. ports, the existence of that treaty implies that the United States is not the only country using the term "preclearance."  I suppose the current title will have to suffice for now. --Coolcaesar (talk) 16:00, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

What about transit passengers?
I think that this article should be expanded regarding the consequences for passengers who aren't travelling to the US but only have one single layover in the US, followed by a connecting flight to a third country. Let me illustrate this with an example: Let's say a Mexican national flies from Dublin to Mexico City. Itinerary is DUB-LHR-JFK-MEX. My understanding is that with this itinerary, our passenger would go through UK border controls in London. Preclearance would not occur as LHR doesn't do US preclearance. Upon arrival at JFK, US authorities would treat our passenger as a transit passenger - i. e. our passenger could just transfer from one international flight to another without the need to go through US border controls or customs. (Please correct me if I'm mistaken.) Now what happens if the itinerary of this journey is changed?¹ And by that I mean something like DUB-JFK-MEX. Now the US-bound flight leaves from a preclearance airport which means that our Mexican guy has to go through preclearance in Dublin. Now what happens to our Mexican guy when he arrives at JFK? Does he have to go through border controls again to exit the US? Also to what extent will preclearance subject our Mexican guy to US immigration laws? Can he be denied boarding on the ground that he's not allowed to travel to the US? Does he need a US visa or visa waiver? To me, it looks like preclearance can be a dangerous trap for people who are just flying to the US for a layover.

(¹There is a good reason for not travelling DUB-LHR-JFK-MEX and rebooking such a ticket: As a result of Brexit, the UK and Ireland now have different immigration rules which means that some people can only travel either country but not both. Most notable example of this are EEA citizens who can travel to Ireland with just an ID card but need a passport for the UK. At the same time, however, the UK and Ireland still have a common travel area. No border controls between the UK and Ireland. This means that if you fly from Dublin to London but London is just a layover for an international connection, you have to exit the CTA in London. This means you have to go through British border controls and you have to comply with British immigration laws. I don't know if our Mexican guy would be allowed to go through the UK; Without further reasearch, I would clearly advise against flying DUB-LHR-JFK-MEX.)

-- Dynam1te3 (talk) 13:10, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

 * You are mistaken, the US does not have international transfer zones. All transiting passengers must go through immigration, be it at the US airport upon arrival or via preclearance, and it won't matter which of these itineraries you choose. Reywas92Talk 13:27, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

List
The table of ports of entry pedantically lists the POE codes, but not the useful codes for travel planning, IATA (for airline planning) or ICAO (for flight plans). Will anyone object if I add those colummns? I'd shorten the title for the port of entry code column to POE code. Ydhirsch (talk) 20:25, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States border preclearance


text:
Casa de Fruta

Casa de Fruta (Spanish: literally "House of Fruit") is a large roadside attraction located in an unincorporated area of Santa Clara County, just west of the Merced County line, in the Pacheco Valley of Northern California, along State Route 152.

History
The locale was known to American Indians and was first written about when Spanish missionaries discovered the artesian well there in the 1790s. The water source was popular during the Gold Rush.

Casa de Fruta was founded as an orchard by the Bisceglia brothers, who were Italian immigrants, in 1908. Three teenaged grand-nephews of the first owner of the orchard opened a roadside cherry stand in 1943, and eventually sold other fruits. In 1967 the remaining two grand-nephews opened a restaurant, Casa de Coffee, gas station, Casa de Diesel, children's playground (including Casa de Choo-Choo, a scale model miniature train with a full size man for the engineer, for children to ride), and gift shop, now known as Casa de Gifts. Other attractions include Casa de Sluice, Casa de Wine and Deli, Casa de Sweets, and roaming peacocks.

California State Route 152 passed in front of Case de Fruta as a two-lane highway for many years, but was widened to four lanes in 1992. The old alignment of the highway still exists as the Casa de Fruta Parkway, which is accessed via an exit from SR 152.

Facilities and activities
Casa de Fruta today includes a recreational vehicle resort, hotel, candy store, wine shop, cafe, gas station, and a park with a carousel, playground, and miniature train. All are named with the "Casa de" theme: even the bathrooms in the Chevron Gas Station are called Casa de Restrooms. For 25 years cafe guests were greeted by the "Cup Flipper", who spun their coffee cups until they stood upright. This feat earned him an appearance on TV, in Late Night with David Letterman.

It is the current home of the Northern California Renaissance Faire, which takes place in September and October each year.

title: Casa de Fruta


text:
Camarma de Esteruelas

Camarma de Esteruelas is a Spanish village and municipality in the autonomous community of Madrid in central Spain, 35 km northeast of the city of Madrid and 5 km north of Alcalá de Henares. It belongs to the comarca of Alcalá.

Sights include the church of San Pedro Apóstol.

Schools
One school located in this village is the Evangelical Christian Academy (ECA). ECA was constructed in Camarma in 2002 to meet the educational needs of missionary children in the region. Another school located in the town is a bilingual elementary school called "Colegio Federico Garcia Lorca" with most courses taught in Spanish while Science is taught in English. Recently, it was built a high school for the students that these year (2014) are going to be in 1st ESO. There's no name for it yet. Some years before all the students that want to go to high school had to go to a city near called Alcalá de Henares. The names of the high school are: I.E.S. Complutense, I.E.S Antonio Machado or I.E.S Marañón.

title: Camarma de Esteruelas


text:
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Increasingly, the use of hyperlinked, web-based Online Public Access Catalogues, or OPACs, allow users to hyperlink to a list of similar items displayed by LCSH once one item of interest is located. But, because LCSH are not necessarily expressed in natural language, many users may choose to search OPACs by keywords. Moreover, users unfamiliar with OPAC searching and LCSH, may incorrectly assume their library has no items on their desired topic, if they chose to search by 'subject' field, and the terms they entered do not strictly conform to a LCSH. For example, 'body temperature regulation' is used in place of 'thermoregulation'. The easiest way to find and use LCSH is to start with a 'keyword' search and then look at the Subject Headings of a relevant item to locate other related material.

Indigenous studies
Indigenous material classification under LCSH has been criticized by scholars in Indigenous studies and library science for its inaccurate representation of Indigenous identities and works. LCSH has also been faulted for not recognizing Indigenous sovereignty and segregating Indigenous materials in Class E. The majority of Indigenous material are confined to 'E 99---Indian tribes and cultures', strictly separating Indigenous historical material from the rest of U.S History. Most materials on Indigenous art are placed under Class E instead of Class N, leading to the implications that Indigenous art is not serious art. LCSH also fail to represent how Indigenous ways of learning focus heavily on spatial, social and cultural relationships.

LCSH use the term "Indian" which is considered inappropriate for scholarly use outside of referencing the Indian Act, or similar historical legislature. The ambiguous nature of the word also perpetuates a cycle of miscataloguing. On WorldCat, the search terms "Indians---Food" give results on South Asian Cuisine, while "Indian cooking" does not yield any results relating to Indigenous cooking.

Judaica
The compilation, Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies, does not have a separate list of generally applicable subdivisions or geographic headings, but the introduction notes that it does include "the generally applicable subdivisions for Jews, Judaism, Hebrew language, and Israel ' The compiler goes on to explain that "some of these subdivisions are based on the pattern headings for ethnic groups, religions, languages, and places " Subdivisions based on pattern headings are interfiled with generally applicable ones (e g Encyclopedias), so it is hard for the Judaica cataloger to identify the subdivisions of Israel that may be applied to Holocaust for example.

Developments in Canada
LCSH representatives worked with staff of the National Library of Canada to create a complementary set of Canadian Subject Headings (CSH) to express the topic content of documents on Canada and Canadian topics.

In addition, the Brian Deer Classification System, developed by librarian A. Brian Deer (Mohawk) for Aboriginal materials to express First Nations relationships, has been adapted for use in several First Nations libraries in Canada. It has been described as a valuable tool for "the decolonization of library collections created for and by Indigenous people,” as it allows for the "expression of indigenous world views." The Xwi7xwa Library at the Vancouver branch of the University of British Columbia use First Nations House of Learning (FNHL) Subject Headings, a local variant of Brian Deer's system. It is fully integrated with the main UBC Library.

title: Library of Congress Subject Headings


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Dalaca

Dalaca is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. There are 23 described species found throughout South America as far north as Panama. The larvae feed on grasses.

Species

 * Dalaca chilensis - Chile
 * Dalaca chiriquensis - Panama
 * Dalaca cocama - Peru
 * Dalaca crocatus - Chile
 * Dalaca cuprifera - Peru
 * Dalaca guarani - Brazil
 * Dalaca katharinae - Brazil
 * Dalaca laminata - Chile
 * Dalaca manoa - Colombia
 * Dalaca mummia - Brazil
 * Dalaca niepelti - Ecuador
 * Dalaca nigricornis - Chile
 * Dalaca obliquestrigata - Peru
 * Dalaca pallens - Chile
 * Dalaca parafuscus - Chile
 * Dalaca patriciae - Argentina
 * Dalaca perkeo - Colombia
 * Dalaca postvariabilis - Argentina
 * Dalaca quadricornis - Argentina
 * Dalaca stigmatica - Paraguay
 * Dalaca usaque - Colombia
 * Dalaca variabilis - Chile
 * Dalaca vibicata - Ecuador

Former species

 * Dalaca tapuja

title: Dalaca


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Talk:The Eagle, Cambridge

Comment
The British Council reference is something like a third-hand source. I have taken it out because it wouldn't fit in with the rest of the sentence. Pilatus 13:23, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

The 20 amino acids?
User:XCalPab has added a paragraph that begins "Also in 1953 Watson and Crick worked over lunch in the Eagle to draw up a list of the 20 amino acids." This conflicts with the amino acids article which says "About 500 amino acids are known (though only 20 appear in the genetic code)". It seems likely that Watson and Crick drew up a list of the 20 amino acids in the genetic code. I edited this article to say that, but self-reverted because I am insufficiently familiar with this topic. Would Watson and Crick have used the term "genetic code" in 1953? Please resolve or clarify this contradiction. Verbcatcher (talk) 01:00, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

Good point! I've used "canonical amino acids" now which refers only to those found in proteins (specified in the genetic code) not all the chemical structures that could occur. This amino acid list made in the Eagle was a key tool in working out the genetic code, but predated it of course. I'd like to keep it reasonbable simple on this page, as its not a molecular biology page. --XCalPab (talk) 19:30, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:The Eagle, Cambridge


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Damascus University

The Damascus University (جامعة دمشق) is the largest and oldest university in Syria, located in the capital Damascus, with campuses in other Syrian cities. It was founded in 1923 as the Syrian University (الجامعة السورية) through the merger of the Medical School (established 1903) and the Institute of Law (established 1913). It adopted its current name after the founding of the University of Aleppo in 1958.

Damascus University was one of the most reputable universities in the Arab World before the war in Syria started in 2011.

The University of Damascus consists of several faculties, higher Institutes, intermediate institutes and a school of nursing. One of the institutions specializes in teaching the Arabic language to foreigners, which is the largest institution of its kind in the Arab world.

History

In 1901, the establishment of the Office of the School of Medicine in Damascus was approved and in 1903 this school, which is the nucleus of the university, opened. The school included branches in medicine and pharmacy, and the language of instruction was Turkish.

In 1913, a Law School opened in Beirut, in which most of the teachers were Arabs and the language of instruction was Arabic. Then this school was transferred to Damascus in 1914 just as the School of Medicine moved to Beirut. Then in the last years of the First World War the Law School returned to Beirut.

Following that the Institute of Medicine and the School of Law opened in Damascus, the former at the beginning of January in 1919 and the latter in September of the same year.

In 1923, the School of Law was named the Institute of Law and this institute was linked together with the Institute of Medicine, the Arab Society, and the Center of Arabic Heritage in organization under the name of the Syrian University. Then the Arab Society and the Center of Arabic Heritage separated from the organization in 1926.

In 1928, the School of Higher Literary Studies was established and it immediately connected its administration with the university. In 1929 it became the School of Letters, which closed in 1935–1936.

Then starting in 1946, the university was no longer limited to the Institutes of Medicine and Law, but rather faculties and higher institutions were created in other subjects.

In 1958, a new law was created to regulate the universities in the northern and southern regions of the United Arab Republic. This led to changing the name of “the Syrian University” to “Damascus University” and to the creation of a second northern university called “the University of Aleppo.”

In 1959, The College of Fine Arts was established in Damascus and became part of Damascus University in 1972.

Degrees Offered
Damascus University awards graduate (Master, Ph.D. Professional Training and Qualification) and undergraduate (Bachelor) degree programs. The period of study for the bachelor's degree ranges from 4 to 6 years, based on the need for each discipline of study. The Master programs combine course work and research, and require a minimum of two years and a maximum of a three. Under certain circumstances, an additional fourth year may be approved by a decision of the university council based on the recommendation of the faculty council. The Ph.D. degree is a fully research program. The period of research is not less than two years and not more than five years by the decision of the university council based on the recommendation of the faculty council. although some faculties -Like Faculty of Arts, English Literature Department- does not award Ph.D. degree.

Faculties

 * Medicine: Founded in 1903. It is one of the top ten international providers of licensed physicians to the United States, the third in the Eastern hemisphere.
 * Pharmacy: Founded in 1903.
 * Dentistry: Founded in 1921.
 * Information Technology: Founded in 1994.
 * Civil Engineering: Founded in 1961.
 * Mechanical Engineering & Electrical Engineering: Founded in 1963.
 * Economics: Founded in 1956.
 * Arts and Humanities: Founded in 1928.
 * Education: Founded in 1946.
 * Agriculture: Founded in 1963.
 * Islamic Jurisprudence: Founded in 1954.
 * Architecture: Founded in 1960.
 * Sciences
 * Fine Arts: Founded in 1960.
 * Political Science: Founded in 1979.
 * Law: Founded in 1913.
 * Tourism

Higher institutes
The Arabic Language Institute at the University of Damascus is recognized as the best center to study Arabic for non-native speakers in the world. The Center for Arabic Study abroad, the premier U.S. organization for Arabic study, is now opening a second branch at the university. The Arabic Language Institute at the University of Damascus is known for immersion instruction in Arabic, allowing more rapid, natural and comprehensive language acquisition. The Arabic Language Institute's faculty is committed to classical Arabic instruction, offering an advantage to either Egypt or Jordan where much instruction is conducted in the local dialect.
 * Higher Institute of Laser Research and Applications
 * Higher Institute of Administrative Development
 * Higher Institute of Seismologic Studies and Research
 * Higher Institute of Languages
 * Higher Institute of Translation and Interpretation

Technical institutes
The duration of the study is two years, when the graduate students receive a diploma from the institute itself according to the jurisdiction of their choice.
 * Technical Institute of Business Administration and Marketing: with the following disciplines: Business Administration – Marketing – Public Relations.
 * Technical Institute of Finance and Banking Sciences: (formerly known as the "Commercial Institute", offers associate degrees in the following disciplines: Accounting – financial markets – banking studies. The best students are offered the opportunity to continue their education at the Faculty of Economics.)
 * Technical Institute of Medicine
 * Technical Institute of Dentistry
 * Technical Institute of Engineering
 * Technical Institute of Mechanical Engineering and electricity
 * Technical Institute of Computer Science
 * Technical Institute of Agricultural studies

On 13 November 2012, the President Bashar al-Assad issued a decree on establishing a branch for Damascus University in Quneitra, a city in the Syrian Heights.

Open Learning
The Open Learning Center offers degrees in three majors:
 * Legal studies
 * Computer and informatics
 * Minor and intermediate projects
 * English language

Library
The University of Damascus Library began in 1903 (with the establishment of the Medical Bureau). As of 2011 it contains some 169,000 volumes and 3,830 current periodicals.

University hospitals
The university runs eight hospitals in the city of Damascus:
 * Al Assad University Hospital
 * Al Mouwasat University Hospital
 * Obstetrics & Gynecology University Hospital
 * Cardiac Surgery University Hospital
 * Dermatology & Venereal Diseases University Hospital
 * Children's University Hospital
 * Al Bairouni University Hospital
 * Oral Maxillofacial Surgery Hospital

Career guidance and capabilities building centers

 * Business Clinics (Shabab-Damascus). Also, the University of Damascus has co-operative agreements with other local university such as International University for Science and Technology in addition to international agreements.

Ranking
In the year 2023, the ranking of Damascus University within the QS Ranking has risen to become in the field 1201-1400. Several factors such as sustainable development goals-related research and citations have influenced this. The ranking of Damascus University has also increased within the Webometrics ranking linked to the university's website, to become less than 3150 in the second edition of the year 2023 of this ranking.

Logo
The emblem of Damascus University reflects the importance of science and endless desire of human for knowledge, as well as the privacy of Damascus in development of science and scientists.

The color of raspberry stands for the damascene raspberry which is a fruit found only in Damascus, expressing the uniqueness of the university just like the fruit. The color is adopted for the signature of the president of Damascus University, a property not shared with any president of any university in the world.

The lamp is the symbol of knowledge in different cultures, it radiates the light of knowledge and science, crowned with a verse from the Quran: "say oh my Lord, increase me in knowledge", which is the motto of Damascus University and its non-stop seeking.

Al-Assad family

 * Khaled al-Asaad – archaeologist and the head of antiquities at the ancient city of Palmyra
 * Marwan Al-Raeei – author of the science of complex systems and sustainability
 * Muhammad al-Yaqoubi – Islamic scholar and religious leader
 * Rasha Abbas – author and journalist
 * Awad Saud Awad – Palestinian writer and journalist, B.A. in Art History
 * Rashad Barmada – served as deputy prime minister of Syria and minister of defense
 * Giles Clarke – chairman of the England and Wales Cricket Board
 * Colette Khoury – novelist
 * Dina Katabi – Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT and the director of the MIT Wireless Center
 * Gyorgy Busztin – Hungarian Ambassador and U.N. Deputy Special Representative
 * Sa'id al-Afghani – Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Arts
 * Abdelsalam al-Majali – former Prime Minister of Jordan
 * Riad Ismat – diplomat, writer and theatrical director
 * George Percy, Earl Percy – British businessman and heir apparent to the Dukedom of Northumberland
 * Nizar Qabbani – poet, author and diplomat, B.A. in Law
 * Abbas al-Noury – actor, author, director and TV presenter, B.A. in History
 * Duraid Lahham – actor, author, Director and TV presenter, B.Sc. in Chemistry and Physics
 * Farouk al-Sharaa – politician and diplomat, Syrian Vice President, B.A. in English Literature
 * Aref Dalila – economist and politician, B.Sc. in Economics
 * Ali Farzat – caricaturist and painter, B.A. in Fine Arts
 * Ibrahim Mughrabi – football striker, studied law before moving to Greece to continue his studies
 * Georges Tarabichi – writer
 * Riad Barmada – Syrian-American orthopedics surgeon,
 * Imran Raza Ansari – politician, Shia cleric and cabinet minister in Jammu & Kashmir
 * Louay Kayali – artist
 * Marwan Kassab-Bachi – German painter of Syrian origin
 * Mohammad Rasoul Al–Kilani – Jordanian politician and military officer.
 * Abdul Halim Khaddam – Vice President of Syria and "High Commissioner" to Lebanon from 1984 to 2005
 * Moustapha Akkad – Syrian American film producer and director
 * Nazim al-Qudsi – former President of Syria
 * Nureddin al-Atassi – former President of Syria
 * Mahmoud Zuabi – Prime Minister of Syria from 1987 to 2000
 * Muhammad Mustafa Mero – Prime Minister of Syria from 2000 to 2003
 * Bashir al-Azma – Prime Minister of Syria and later a Minister in the United Arab Republic (UAR)
 * Faisal Mekdad – Foreign Minister of Syria, late Permanent Representative of Syria to the UN
 * Georges Sabra – president of the Syrian National Council
 * Haitham al-Maleh – human rights activist and former judge and one of the most important opposition figures in Syria
 * Shadia Habbal – Syrian-American astronomer and physicist
 * Ghada al-Samman – writer, journalist and novelist
 * Omar Alghabra – Member of the Parliament of Canada
 * Sadiq Jalal al-Azm – Professor of Modern European Philosophy
 * Ghassan Kanafani – Palestinian author and member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
 * Sirin Hamsho – engineer and inventor
 * Khalid Bakdash – leader of the Syrian Communist Party and the "dean of Arab communism"
 * Akram al-Hawrani – One of the founders of Ba'ath Party and vice-president of the United Arab Republic
 * Omar Bakri Muhammad – Salafi Islamist militant leader
 * Kenan Yaghi, Finance Minister of Syria
 * Khalid Bakdash – leader of the Syrian Communist Party and the "dean of Arab communism"
 * Akram al-Hawrani – One of the founders of Ba'ath Party and vice-president of the United Arab Republic
 * Omar Bakri Muhammad – Salafi Islamist militant leader
 * Kenan Yaghi, Finance Minister of Syria

title: Damascus University


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Talk:F***ing, Austria

This has been created so that a link can be made without profanity (which might be filtered) in the URL. Radagast 13:23, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:F***ing, Austria


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Westminster North (UK Parliament constituency)

Westminster North was a constituency in Greater London represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. It existed for the periods 1983–1997 and 2010–2024.

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished, with the majority being included in the new constituency of Queen's Park and Maida Vale. The Abbey Road and Regent's Park wards were transferred to Cities of London and Westminster, and the Bayswater and Lancaster Gate wards to Kensington and Bayswater.

Constituency profile
Comprising the northwestern part of the City of Westminster, the constituency contained some affluent residential areas that have historically voted Conservative in large numbers, such as Bayswater and the area on the western and northwestern sides of Regent's Park.

Lord's Cricket Ground and the Abbey Road Studios are in the seat, as are the Queen's Park, Church Street, Westbourne Park, and Harrow Road areas, further from central London. However, the seat has mostly been represented at local level by Conservative councillors, via the wards of Little Venice, Regent's Park, Abbey Road and Lancaster Gate, while Maida Vale and Bayswater have had split representation.

Reflective of the transport links to the selective professional industries of the City of London and long-standing desirable housing in this area, workless claimants who were registered jobseekers were in November 2012 lower than the national average of 3.8%, at 2.9% of the population, based on a statistical compilation by The Guardian.

1983–1997
The seat was created under the Third Periodic Review of constituencies in 1983, which followed the first Boundary Commission Review in 1945, which in turn directly followed the Representation of the People Act 1918 review. It was based largely on Paddington but also took in the abolished St Marylebone constituency.

The seat was held with modest majorities for the first creation, made up of three terms, by John Wheeler, a Conservative. Paddington constituency, its main predecessor was often marginal: by length of a single party's representation and by majorities achieved. The far less contributory precursor, St Marylebone, was a Conservative safe seat.
 * Political history

The 1997 boundary changes expanded the constituency to the west, taking in Labour-voting areas of north Kensington and tilting the seat towards Labour. Wheeler decided that he did not wish to contest such unfavourable territory and sought selection elsewhere. However he was unsuccessful in finding a new safe seat and thus retired at the 1997 general election.

2010-2024
The seat was tipped in mainstream newspapers to be likely to achieve the necessary notional swing based on the same area's votes in the previous election, in 2005, to fall to the Conservative candidate; however the seat fell short of the national average swing and was accordingly won by Karen Buck. The 2015 result gave the seat the 21st most marginal majority of Labour's 232 seats by percentage of majority. In the 2017 general election, Karen Buck increased her majority over Lindsey Hall, the Conservative Party candidate, from 1,977 to 11,512.
 * Political history

1983–1997
The City of Westminster wards of: Bayswater; Church Street; Hamilton Terrace; Harrow Road; Lancaster Gate; Little Venice; Lords; Maida Vale; Queen's Park; Regent's Park; and Westbourne.

2010–2024
The electoral wards of: Abbey Road; Bayswater; Church Street; Harrow Road; Lancaster Gate; Little Venice; Maida Vale; Queen's Park; Regent's Park; and Westbourne in the City of Westminster.

Parliament accepted the Boundary Commission's Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies which called for the recreation of this constituency for the 2010 general election. This was achieved from parts of two seats: the eastern three quarters of Regent's Park and Kensington North and northern parts of Cities of London and Westminster:
 * Lancaster Gate ward (that part of Bayswater closest to Hyde Park)
 * A major part of a shared ward next to this, Bayswater
 * Loss of a minor part of a shared ward, Bryanston and Dorset Square, centred on Baker Street.

Population expansion across the former main seat was a factor, including Maida Vale, West Kilburn and to a lesser degree in St John's Wood, which were retained, as well as in Notting Hill and North Kensington, which were therefore removed.


text: Template:Las Vegas Raiders roster

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Arnold Pick

Arnold Pick (20 July 1851 – 4 April 1924) was a psychiatrist from Austria-Hungary and later Czechoslovakia. He is known for first describing clinical features of frontotemporal dementia between 1892 and 1906. The disorder he described was given the name Pick's disease in 1922. This term is now reserved for the behavioral variant of frontal temporal dementia that shows the presence of the characteristic Pick bodies and Pick cells, which were first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1911.

He was the first to name reduplicative paramnesia. He was the second to use the term dementia praecox (in 1891). Pick trained in Berlin with Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal and later worked at the infamous asylum of Wehnen. Pick headed the Prague neuropathological school and one of the school's members was Oskar Fischer. This school was one of the two neuropathological schools (the other one was in Munich where Alois Alzheimer worked) in Europe at the time that framed Alzheimer disease through empirical discoveries.

Publications

 * Beiträge zur Pathologie und pathologischen Anatomie des Centralnervensystems, mit Bemerkungen zur normalen Anatomie desselben. Karger, Berlin 1898.
 * Studien zur Gehirnpathologie und Psychologie. Berlin 1908.
 * Über das Sprachverständnis. Barth, Leipzig 1909.
 * Die agrammatischen Sprachstörungen; Studien zur psychologischen Grundlegung der Aphasielehre. Springer, Berlin 1913.
 * Ueber primäre chronische Demenz (so. Dementia praecox) im jugendlichen Alter. In: Prager medicinische Wochenschrift. 16, 1891, S. 312–315.
 * etwa 350 kleinere Abhandlungen. Verzeichnis in Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 72 (1925) 1 ff.

title: Arnold Pick


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Kensington (UK Parliament constituency)

Kensington is a former constituency in Greater London which first existed between 1974 and 1997 and was recreated in 2010. It was replaced by the Kensington and Bayswater constituency, first contested at the 2024 general election.

At the 2017 general election, Emma Dent Coad gained the seat from incumbent Conservative Victoria Borwick by the slenderest margin in England, 20 votes, the first time Kensington had been represented by a Labour MP. Dent Coad was defeated by Buchan at the 2019 United Kingdom general election by a narrow margin of 150 votes.

Kensington was known as the wealthiest parliamentary constituency in the whole of the United Kingdom.

Boundaries
The constituency formed for the 2010 election comprised the northern and central parts of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in and around Kensington and aligned similarly with the boundary of the Royal Borough of Kensington prior to its merger with the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea. It had the electoral wards:
 * Abingdon, Brompton, Campden, Colville, Courtfield, Earls Court, Golborne, Holland, Norland, Notting Dale, Pembridge, Queen's Gate, and St Helens

From 1974 to 1983, the constituency comprised the electoral wards:
 * Golborne, Holland, Norland, Pembridge, Queen's Gate, and St. Charles

From 1983 to 1997, the constituency comprised the electoral wards:
 * Avondale, Campden, Colville, Golborne, Holland, Kelfield, Norland, Pembridge, Queen's Gate, and St. Charles

First creation
The first incarnation of a Kensington constituency in Westminster was for the February 1974 general election, derived from the fairly safe Labour seat of Kensington North, and the overwhelmingly Conservative Kensington South; this was abolished for the 1997 general election. The seat was mostly replaced by Regent's Park and Kensington North which until its 2010 abolition was represented by Labour MPs, being won twice during the Blair Ministry, and was partly replaced by Kensington and Chelsea which was held by Malcolm Rifkind (Conservative) until his resignation at the 2015 general election. The old seat returned Conservative MPs from 1974 up to and including its last general election in 1992. At its sole by-election in 1988 the seat was won by its smallest majority, a highly marginal 3.4% – a by-election which saw a majority turnout and a Labour splinter party candidate, for the Social Democratic Party (UK, 1988) achieve fourth place attracting 5% of the vote yet standing in the year of the formal amalgamation of the main SDP splinter group with the Liberal Party to form the Liberal Democrats who stood as the Social and Liberal Democrats and seven years after the formation of the official SDP-Liberal Alliance.
 * Summary of results (first creation)

Second creation
The constituency was recreated by adopting the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies of the Boundary Commission at the 2010 general election, combining elements of the two constituencies. The 2015 result was a narrower result than 2010, and gave the seat the 126th-most marginal majority of the Conservative Party's 331 seats by percentage of majority. The runner-up party remained the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats' share of the vote fell by 13.9% to 5.6% of votes cast.
 * Summary of results (second creation)

In the June 2017 election, three recounts occurred, the first two producing extremely close results with the latter producing a Labour majority of only 20+ votes. After the two recounts due to fatigue among the staff the counting was suspended to allow them to "rest and recuperate". The third recount gave Labour a majority of 20, the first time the constituency had become a Labour seat since its creation, and made it the Labour Party's most vulnerable seat.

Constituency profile
Kensington is mostly residential — housing varies between the expensive apartments with manicured garden squares or terraces of South Kensington, that has some of the most exclusive real estate in the world located in the West End of London and, by contrast, North Kensington and Ladbroke Grove have, for the most part, dense social housing, tower blocks in output areas in inner West London with high rankings in the 2000-compiled Index of Multiple Deprivation. Kensington High Street is an upmarket shopping hub, Kensington Palace is the residence of members of the Royal Family, and Kensington Palace Gardens is the site of many embassies and a few private residences of very affluent homeowners. South Kensington also borders Hyde Park and includes the Science Museum, the Natural History Museum and the Victoria and Albert.

Earls Court, Brompton, Holland Park and Notting Hill have their own characters. Earls Court is less affluent than its neighbours; while it is undergoing rapid gentrification and includes its own areas for the super-rich, there are still old hotels and bedsits around the site of the former Earls Court Exhibition Centre, which extends into the historically marginal Hammersmith constituency. Notting Hill is an affluent, highly cosmopolitan area which hosts the Notting Hill Carnival, led by the area's Afro-Caribbean community. It fell on hard times in the twentieth century, being associated with low-rent flats and multiple-occupancy homes, but has since been gentrified.

Elections in the 2010s
Kensington was the last constituency to be declared in the 2017 general election. The result was extremely close in Kensington, which had been considered a safe Conservative seat. After three counts on 8 and 9 June, which appeared to show Labour majorities of between 36 and 50, counting was suspended due to fatigue. The result was announced later on 9 June.

title: Kensington (UK Parliament constituency)


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Kōyō Gunkan

The Kōyō Gunkan (甲陽軍鑑) is a record of the military exploits of the Takeda family, compiled largely by the Takeda vassal Kōsaka Danjō Masanobu, and completed in 1616 by Obata Kagenori. It provides some of the most detailed descriptions and statistics of warfare in the Sengoku period available today. The term Bushidō was first used in Kōyō Gunkan.

The chronicle describes each of the Takeda's major battles, chronicling not only strategy and tactics but the outcomes as well. It describes the Chinese matchlock arquebuses used at Uedahara in 1548, making that the first field battle in Japan to see the use of firearms. And the chronicle tells of the famous one-on-one skirmish fought by Takeda Shingen against Uesugi Kenshin at the fourth battle of Kawanakajima in 1561. Having broken through Takeda's forces, Uesugi Kenshin found his way to Shingen's command tent, where he engaged Shingen directly, slashing at him with his sword. Shingen deflected the attack with his iron war fan, and reached for his own sword. A Takeda retainer then speared Kenshin's horse, forcing him to retreat.

In one section, the chronicle gives a detailed breakdown of the entire Takeda army in 1573, counting everything from pages and banner bearers to kitchen staff, horse doctors, and finance commissioners. According to the document, the 33,736 members of the Takeda army included;
 * 9,121 horsemen
 * 18,242 followers for the horsemen
 * 884 ashigaru (foot-soldiers) within the hatamoto shoyakunin (personal attendants to the lord)
 * 5,489 other ashigaru

The detailed breakdown of the army also provides an interesting look into the hierarchy of retainers or allies within such a force.

The Heihō Okigusho, contained within the chronicle, and attributed to general Yamamoto Kansuke, is one of Japan's earliest treatises on martial arts, along with tactics and strategy. It provides practical advice towards the wielding of sword, spear, gun and bow for the individual warrior rather than for the strategy of an entire troop. Sections by Kosaka Masanobu express his views on the warrior code in relation to the connection between lord and vassal. He compares Shingen to the ideal lord, and contrasts him to his son Takeda Katsuyori, whose poor leadership quickly led to the downfall of the clan.

title: Kōyō Gunkan


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File:Shoshoni Washakie.jpg

Summary
Chief Washakie of the Shoshones, 1880 http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/images/Shoshoni_111-sc-83537.jpg National Archives

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Leda (river)

Leda is a river in north-western Germany in the state of Lower Saxony.

The Leda is a right tributary of the Ems and originates at the confluence of the Sagter Ems and the Dreyschloot (a branch of the Soeste) near Barßel. The Leda flows into the Ems near the town of Leer. On the southern bank of the Leda, in the Overledingen Land (Overledingen="country over the Leda"), opposite Leer, lies the small settlement of Kloster Muhde (Muhde from the Old Frisian mutha meaning "(river) mouth"). The total length of the river is 24.2 km (72.3 km including the source rivers Sagter Ems and Ohe).

The lower 1.85 km until the port of Leer are navigable for large (Class Vb) ships, a further 7 km until the mouth of the Jümme for Class II ships and a further 16 km until the Elisabethfehnkanal are navigable but not classified.

In East Frisia the Sagter Ems, a headstream of the Leda, is also known as the Leda.

title: Leda (river)