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Alistair Overeem

Alistair Cees Overeem (born 17 May 1980) is a Dutch former professional mixed martial artist and kickboxer. He is a former Strikeforce Heavyweight Champion, Dream Heavyweight Champion, K-1 World Grand Prix Champion, and was the first fighter to hold world titles in MMA and K-1 kickboxing at the same time. Overeem is also a one-time challenger for the UFC Heavyweight Championship.

Biography
Overeem was born in Hounslow, London, England, to a Jamaican father and a Dutch mother, whose maternal great-grandmother was an illegitimate child of King William III of the Netherlands. When he was six years old, his parents divorced and he moved with his mother and older brother to the Netherlands. As a child, Overeem started training martial arts with his older brother Valentijn in order to defend himself from bullying. He decided to pursue a competitive sports career by his brother's example, first in judo and later track and field and basketball. At the age of 15, he followed Valentijn into Chris Dolman's Martial Arts gym to become a professional fighter. Alistair initially did not like the sport, as he was routinely beaten by more experienced students, but he changed his mind when he met Bas Rutten and Joop Kasteel, after which he fully dedicated himself to training.

Mixed martial arts career
Overeem had his first MMA professional fight at 19 years old, defeating Ricardo Fyeet by submission on October 24, 1999 at It's Showtime, the first event of the eponymously named promotion.

Early MMA career
After posting a 10–3 record in Fighting Network Rings, M-1, It's Showtime, and 2 Hot 2 Handle, Overeem debuted in the Pride Fighting Championships on 20 July 2002, defeating Yusuke Imamura by TKO in 44 seconds.

Pride FC
Overeem won two more fights in Pride before entering the 2003 Pride Middleweight Grand Prix at Pride Total Elimination 2003 and losing to future UFC Light heavyweight Champion Chuck Liddell in the quarterfinal match. Overeem rebounded to defeat Tomohiko Hashimoto at the Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2003 in 36 seconds. On 31 October 2004, Overeem fought Hiromitsu Kanehara, defeating him by TKO in the second round at Pride 28. Overeem lost his next fight against Brazilian Top Team fighter Antônio Rogério Nogueira.

In 2005, Overeem entered the Pride Middleweight Grand Prix at Pride Total Elimination 2005, in which he defeated UFC Light heavyweight Champion Vitor Belfort by submission in the opening round. Overeem moved on to fight Igor Vovchanchyn in the quarterfinals at Pride Critical Countdown 2005 and won via submission in under two minutes. Overeem lost in the semifinals to the eventual champion Maurício Rua.

In February 2006, Overeem fought Russian Top Team favourite Sergei Kharitonov. Overeem won, dislocating Kharitonov's shoulder in the process. With his win over Kharitonov, Overeem secured a spot in the Pride 2006 Openweight Grand Prix at Pride Total Elimination Absolute. He fought Brazilian jiu-jitsu specialist Fabrício Werdum, and lost via kimura in the second round.

Debut in Strikeforce
On 9 June 2006, Overeem travelled to San Jose, California, to win a rematch with Vitor Belfort by decision at Strikeforce: Revenge.

Return to Pride
A month later Overeem returned to Pride for a highly anticipated rematch with Antônio Rogério Nogueira. Overeem entered the fight with a heavily taped neck. After controlling the first round and a half with his striking, Overeem was stumbled from a punch, and Nogueira followed with a flurry of strikes. Worried Overeem would be more severely injured, his corner threw in the towel.

At Pride Final Conflict Absolute, Overeem lost to Ricardo Arona. Overeem was on the receiving end of a leg kick that caused a non-serious injury to his nerves, causing him to lose feeling in his foot and leg. Unable to mount much offence or defend against Arona, Overeem tapped out to avoid further injury.

He then suffered another KO loss to Maurício Rua at Pride 33, but returned in June 2007 with a submission win over Michael Knaap at K-1 Grand Prix in Amsterdam (despite K-1 being a kickboxing promotion, the bout was fought under MMA rules).

On 17 September 2007, at the Hero's 10: Middleweight Tournament Final, Alistair faced Sergei Kharitonov again. Overeem showed solid movement as soon as the first round began, but he suffered a KO loss just before the end of the first round.

Return to Strikeforce/DREAM/Dynamite
On 16 November 2007, Overeem defeated Paul Buentello for the vacant Strikeforce Heavyweight Championship by submission due to knee strikes. On 15 June 2008 Overeem won by KO in the first round against Lee Tae-Hyun at DREAM 4. On 21 July 2008, Overeem defeated K-1 World Grand Prix Champion Mark Hunt in the first round by submission at Dream 5: Lightweight Grand Prix 2008 Final Round.

His next fight was against Mirko Cro Cop at Dream 6 on 23 September 2008. The bout was stopped about halfway through the first round and declared a no-contest, after Overeem landed multiple knees to the groin of Cro Cop.

Overeem was rumoured to be making his first title defence against Brett Rogers on 6 June at Strikeforce: Lawler vs. Shields. However, a hand injury scuttled plans for the fight. According to Golden Glory manager Bas Boon, Overeem had suffered a hand infection following a nightclub brawl early May 2009. According to Boon, Alistair and his brother Valentijn, both heavyweights had been involved in an altercation that left five security staff needing hospital treatment and nearly cost Alistair his hand.

Overeem was scheduled to make his first Strikeforce Heavyweight Championship defence in a rematch against Fabrício Werdum at Strikeforce: Carano vs. Cyborg, but had to pull out due to a hand injury, most likely caused from his nightclub brawl.

Alistair defeated Tony Sylvester at Golden Glory's 10-year anniversary celebration with a standing guillotine choke. He used the same choke only eight days later to submit James Thompson at Dream 12.

Overeem was set to face Andrei Arlovski at Dynamite!! 2009, but FEG instead opted to have him face Kazuyuki Fujita to keep with the DREAM vs. Sengoku theme. Overeem quickly overpowered his opponent and recorded a knockout with a knee to the head.

Overeem next faced Brett Rogers on 15 May 2010 at Strikeforce: Heavy Artillery to defend his Strikeforce Heavyweight Championship. He won the fight via TKO in the first round. In his post-fight interview, Overeem declared for another time that he wants to fight Fedor Emelianenko, claiming that Fedor's management can no longer ignore his presence. The majority of Alistair Overeem's pre-fight training camp took place at the newly opened Golden Glory Gym in Pattaya, Thailand, where "The Demolition Man" concentrated on the further improvement of his Muay Thai skills.

Overeem faced Todd Duffee on 31 December 2010 at Dynamite!! 2010. He defeated Duffee by way of knockout 19 seconds into the first round to win the interim DREAM Heavyweight Championship.

Strikeforce Heavyweight Grand Prix
In early 2011, Overeem was named as one of eight men that will take part of the Strikeforce Heavyweight Grand Prix, alongside Fabrício Werdum, Sergei Kharitonov, Brett Rogers, Josh Barnett, Andrei Arlovski, Antônio Silva and Fedor Emelianenko.

A rematch with Fabrício Werdum took place on 18 June 2011, at Strikeforce: Dallas as part of an eight-man heavyweight tournament. Overeem defeated Werdum by unanimous decision (30–27, 30–27, and 29–28).

Removal from GP/Strikeforce
On 17 July, it was announced that Overeem was removed from the promotion's 2011 Heavyweight Grand Prix. Overeem went on to state that he felt the September date was too soon for him to return, and that he needed time to rest and heal after his 18 June quarterfinal decision win over Fabrício Werdum. Overeem was swapped out for unbeaten up-and-comer Daniel Cormier. Subsequently, on 29 July, it was announced that Overeem had been released from the Strikeforce organization as Zuffa exercised their right to eliminate the one remaining fight on his contract. It was revealed that the reason behind Overeem's release from Strikeforce was not due to his unwillingness to participate in the Grand Prix semi-finals, but due to Golden Glory's policy requiring that the money fighters made through fights be paid through their management first.

This disagreement led not only to Overeem's release but also other Golden Glory stars under a Zuffa contract, including former Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Champion Marloes Coenen, Norwegian UFC Heavyweight Jon Olav Einemo, and even brother Valentijn Overeem. Team Golden Glory leader Bas Boon stated he has since changed the policy, and that Alistair Overeem could come to the UFC under an exclusive deal if the right terms are offered, which he later received.

Ultimate Fighting Championship (2011–2021)
After much speculation, on 6 September 2011 it was announced that Overeem had signed a contract with the UFC, and that his first fight would be against former UFC Heavyweight Champion Brock Lesnar on 30 December 2011 at UFC 141.

The lead up to the fight was rife with controversy. In November 2011, both competitors were required by the NSAC to comply with out-of-competition drug testing. Lesnar delivered his sample screen on 21 November, while Overeem delivered his on 23 November. The screen, however, did not meet the standards of the commission. Overeem submitted a second test through his personal physician, which was also deemed unacceptable before flying out of the country. Overeem was ultimately given a conditional license for the fight by the committee during a meeting held on 12 December 2011.

On 30 December 2011, at UFC 141, Overeem made his UFC debut in the main event against Brock Lesnar. Overeem hurt Lesnar multiple times early on with knees to the body, and went on to finish the fight with a kick to the liver and subsequent punches at 2:26 of the first round. The victory earned him a heavyweight title shot against champion Junior dos Santos.

Failed drug test
Overeem was scheduled to fight UFC Heavyweight Champion Junior dos Santos on 26 May 2012 at UFC 146. However, on 4 April 2012, Overeem was revealed to have failed his pre-fight drug test by the Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC). Overeem had a 14-to-1 testosterone-to-epitestosterone (T/E) ratio, over the allowed ratio rate of 6-to-1. On Friday 20 April 2012 UFC President Dana White confirmed that Overeem had been removed from his fight with dos Santos and replaced by Frank Mir.

One day prior to his meeting with the NSAC, Overeem released a prepared statement to the media in which he claims the positive result of the drug test came as a result of a doctor-prescribed "anti-inflammatory medication that was mixed with testosterone." Overeem's lawyer filed a continuation request for additional time to gather support for his recent claim, which was voted on by the NSAC on 24 April 2012. The request was denied and the NSAC voted unanimously to deny Overeem's application status for a period of nine months, dating back to 27 March, the day of his drug test. He was allowed to reapply after this time period in December 2012.

Return
Overeem returned to face Antônio Silva on 2 February 2013 at UFC 156. Leading up to the fight, Overeem was dismissive of Silva's skills, claiming he was better than his opponent in every aspect of MMA. Despite being a heavy betting favourite and having won rounds one and two, an overconfident Overeem lost to Silva by KO in the third round.

Overeem was expected to face former UFC Heavyweight Champion Junior dos Santos on 25 May 2013 at UFC 160. However, in early March, Overeem pulled out of the bout, citing an injury and was replaced by Mark Hunt.

For his third fight with the promotion, Overeem faced Travis Browne in the co-main event at UFC Fight Night 26 on 17 August 2013. Overeem was dominant early in the fight, attacking Browne with a flurry of knees and punches. Browne recovered and defeated Overeem via TKO with a front kick.

Overeem was scheduled to face Frank Mir on 16 November 2013 at UFC 167. However, the pairing was moved to 1 February 2014 at UFC 169. He defeated Mir by unanimous decision and called out Brock Lesnar in his post-fight interview.

Overeem injured his elbow and decided to take the time out to have surgery, expecting to return in September 2014. On 9 July, the UFC announced he would face Ben Rothwell on 5 September 2014 at UFC Fight Night 50. Rothwell defeated Overeem via TKO in the first round.

Overeem faced Stefan Struve at UFC on Fox 13 on 13 December 2014. He won the fight via KO in the first round.

Overeem next faced Roy Nelson on 14 March 2015 at UFC 185. He won the fight by unanimous decision.

A bout with Junior dos Santos was rescheduled for 19 December 2015 at UFC on Fox 17. He won the fight via TKO in the second round.

On 15 February 2016, Overeem announced that he had signed a new contract with the UFC.

Overeem faced Andrei Arlovski on 8 May 2016 at UFC Fight Night 87. He won the fight via TKO early in the second round. Subsequently, he earned his first Performance of the Night bonus.

Overeem faced Stipe Miocic for the UFC Heavyweight Championship on 10 September 2016 at UFC 203. Overeem dropped Miocic with a quick straight left punch before losing the fight via knockout in the first round. Both participants were awarded Fight of the Night honors.

Overeem faced Mark Hunt in a rematch on 4 March 2017 at UFC 209. He won the fight via knockout in the third round.

A third fight with Fabrício Werdum took place on 8 July 2017 at UFC 213. Overeem won the fight by majority decision.

Overeem faced Francis Ngannou on 2 December 2017 at UFC 218. He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.

Overeem faced Curtis Blaydes on 9 June 2018 at UFC 225. He lost the fight via TKO due to elbows in the third round.

Overeem faced promotional newcomer Sergei Pavlovich on 24 November 2018 at UFC Fight Night 141. He won the fight via TKO in the first round.

Overeem was expected to face Alexander Volkov on 20 April 2019 at UFC Fight Night 149. Volkov was forced to withdraw from the bout, and was replaced by Alexey Oleynik. After a few back-and-forth exchanges, Overeem won the fight via technical knockout in round one.

Overeem was expected to face Walt Harris on 7 December 2019 at UFC on ESPN 7. However, Harris pulled out on 1 November 2019 due to the ongoing search for his missing step-daughter, and he was replaced by Jairzinho Rozenstruik. He lost the fight via knockout in the last four seconds of the fifth round after being up on all three judges' scorecards (39–37, 39–37, and 40–36).

The bout with Walt Harris was rescheduled to take place on 11 April 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Harris. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed. The fight was rescheduled to 16 May 2020 at UFC on ESPN: Overeem vs. Harris. Overeem was dropped and almost finished early in the first round, but went onto dominate the fight with ground and pound, eventually finishing Harris with a head kick and more ground and pound for a second-round TKO win.

Overeem faced Augusto Sakai on 5 September 2020 in the main event of UFC Fight Night 176. He won the fight via technical knockout in the fifth round.

Overeem faced Alexander Volkov on 6 February 2021 at UFC Fight Night 184. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round two.

On 3 March 2021, it was announced that Overeem had been released from his UFC contract.

Kickboxing career
Overeem had his first professional kickboxing fight at the age of 17, in a K-1 rules fight on November 15, 1997, winning the fight. After that he fought against Paul Hordijk, winning by decision on March 14, 1999. Overeem then moved on to K-1, having two K-1 fights in six years against Errol Parris and Glaube Feitosa. Overeem was knocked out in both bouts and stayed with MMA from then on. He did not fight in K-1 for four more years.

On 31 December 2008, Overeem faced Badr Hari, one of K-1's top contenders, under K-1 rules at Dynamite!! 2008. He defeated Hari by way of knockout in the first round.

K-1
On 28 March 2009 he faced Remy Bonjasky, the defending K-1 Champion, at the K-1 World GP 2009 in Yokohama. Overeem had success in the first and second rounds, but was knocked down by a right hook from Bonjasky in the third, who secured a unanimous decision win. All three judges scored the bout 30–28 in favour of Bonjasky.

On 26 September, at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16, having been selected by fan voting after his impressive performances against Remy Bonjasky and Badr Hari, Overeem shocked the kickboxing world by achieving a huge upset. He defeated K-1's longest-serving member, legendary three-time champion Peter Aerts, by unanimous decision. At the K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, Overeem knocked out the Kyokushin karate champion, Ewerton Teixeira, with a knee strike in the first round, but lost to Badr Hari via TKO in the semifinals.

At the K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama, Overeem defeated Dzevad Poturak via KO (right knee) in round one at 2:40. Overeem defeated Ben Edwards by TKO in the first round on 2 October 2010 at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 Final 16, which qualified him for the 2010 K-1 World Grand Prix.

On 11 December, at the Ariake Coliseum, Overeem won the K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 Final. In the quarterfinals, he beat Tyrone Spong by unanimous decision (29–27, 29–28, and 29–27). In the semi-finals, he defeated Gokhan Saki by first-round TKO after breaking Saki's right arm with a left middle kick. Saki's arm was already injured as a result of his previous fight with Daniel Ghita. In the finals, he fought Peter Aerts for a second time. Overeem came out aggressively and finished Aerts in the first round.

Glory
Over a decade removed from his previous kickboxing bouts, news surfaced on 8 June 2021, that Overeem had signed a multi-fight contract with Glory.

Overeem was scheduled to challenge the reigning Glory Heavyweight champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision 3 on 23 October 2021. On 6 October 2021 it was announced that Overeem had to withdraw from the event due to an injury. He was replaced by former Glory heavyweight title challenger Jamal Ben Saddik.

Overeem faced Badr Hari on 8 October 2022 at Glory: Collision 4. He won the fight via unanimous decision. On 21 November 2022, it was revealed that Overeem had tested positive for a banned substance. After a few months the B- Sample was also tested positive the decision was overturned to a No-Contest due to the use of Performance-enhancing Drugs.

Wrestling Entertainment Series
Overeem was scheduled to headline the first Wrestling Entertainment Series (WES) event in England against WWE wrestler Braun Strowman. After two prior cancellations and being rescheduled to take place on 9 July 2022, Wrestling Entertainment Series canceled its inaugural event.

Political career
During the 2023 Dutch general election, Overeem participated for the last candidate on the party list of Belang van Nederland (BVNL). BVNL is a right-wing political party in the Netherlands, led by Wybren van Haga. The party was unable to win a seat.

Fighting style
Overeem is considered one of the most well-rounded heavyweights in the sport, though he is mainly known for his excellence and power in the striking field. A kickboxer of the Dutch school of Muay Thai decorated in K-1 world tournaments, Overeem favours kicks to the body and legs and knee strikes from the clinch, which have been described as "devastating." His most famous finishing technique used to be the left knee to the midsection, which he has utilised to end many fights, but he switched to the left body kick instead late in his career. He is also proficient with left overhands and hooks once his opponents are worn down. On the grappling field, Overeem is universally known for his usage of the guillotine choke,  a simple technique he uses to great effect thanks to his strength and height. Overeem was labeled as "the best grappler in Europe" after submitting all his opponents in the ADCC 2005 tryouts through this move.

Personal life
Overeem's eldest child, Storm, was born 17 October 2006. Storm was assigned female at birth and, according to Overeem, is in the process of socially transitioning into a transgender man. Overeem and his current fiancée have two daughters, Yazz-Ley and Sensi-Liss, who each were born 27 February 2016 and August 2017. Overeem's great-great-grandfather was enslaved on the island of Jamaica. He became a free man and bought a large tract of land on which he started a village, which has survived and prospered to this day. His Dutch mother is a descendant of King William III of the Netherlands through one of his many illegitimate children.

Overeem has a cameo appearance in the music video for LMFAO's hit single "Sexy and I Know It".

On an episode of "Jaxxon Podcast", which is notably hosted by Rampage Jackson and Luke Rockhold, Overeem discussed his eldest child, Storm, was "trying to become a man". Overeem refused to use male pronouns for his child, and claimed that Storm was "brainwashed by the extreme left" for "six-to-eight hours a day". Overeem refuses to recognize his son's identity or use male pronouns to refer to him.

Legal issues
In 2009, Alistair and his brother were involved in an altercation at a Dutch dance club. Alistair started arguing with a bouncer when he found himself without coins to pay the toilet woman and was asked to leave by five other security workers. Valentijn intervened in his favor and was hit in the face with a flash light, which incited a brawl. The incident ended with five bouncers having to go urgently to the hospital and Alistair being forced to turn down a title fight due to a hand injury gained in the brawl.

On 1 January 2012, following his match with Brock Lesnar at UFC 141, Overeem shoved a woman in the face, "causing her to stagger back," at the Wynn Las Vegas at about 3 a.m., according to the Las Vegas Police Department. Not arrested but summoned to court, Overeem was charged with misdemeanor battery and faced a maximum of six months in the Clark County Detention Center and a fine up to $1,000. On 28 March 2012, Overeem was given a 90-day county jail sentence that would be suspended depending on the completion of 50 hours of community service and anger management.

Kickboxing

 * K-1
 * K-1 2009 World Grand Prix (Third place)
 * K-1 2010 World Grand Prix (Champion)

Mixed martial arts

 * Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * Fight of the Night (One time) vs. Stipe Miocic
 * Tied (Cain Velasquez & Andrei Arlovski) for second most knockdowns landed in UFC Heavyweight division history (10)
 * Most knockout losses in Zuffa, LLC (UFC, Pride, WEC, Strikeforce) history (13)
 * Strikeforce
 * Strikeforce Heavyweight Championship (One time; First; Last; Only)
 * One successful title defence
 * PRIDE Fighting Championships
 * 2005 PRIDE Middleweight Grand Prix Semifinalist
 * DREAM
 * DREAM Heavyweight Championship (One time; First; Last; Only)
 * 2 Hot 2 Handle
 * 2H2H Light heavyweight Championship (One time)
 * 2H2H Light heavyweight Tournament Winner
 * World MMA Awards
 * 2010 International Fighter of the Year
 * 2011 International Fighter of the Year
 * Sherdog
 * 2010 All-Violence Second Team
 * 2015 All-Violence Third Team
 * MMADNA.nl
 * 2018 Dutch Fighter of the Year.

Submission grappling

 * ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship
 * 2005 ADCC European Trials -98.9 kg Winner

Records

 * Only fighter to simultaneously hold three championship belts (Strikeforce, K-1 and Dream)
 * One of only two fighters to win a world championship in MMA and K-1

Kickboxing record
! style=background:white colspan=9 |Originally a decision win for Overeem. Later changed to a No contest after he tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Wins the K-1 2010 World Grand Prix Championship. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 2010 World Grand Prix. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Qualifies for K-1 2009 World Grand Prix.
 * - style="background:#c5d2ea;"
 * 2022-10-08 || NC ||align=left|🇲🇦 Badr Hari || Glory: Collision 4 || Arnhem, Netherlands|| No contest || 3 || 3:00 || 10–4–(1)
 * - style="background:#cfc;"
 * 2010-12-11 || Win ||align=left| Peter Aerts ||K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 Final, Final ||Tokyo, Japan ||TKO (punches) || 1 || 1:07 || 10–4
 * 2010-12-11 || Win ||align=left| Peter Aerts ||K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 Final, Final ||Tokyo, Japan ||TKO (punches) || 1 || 1:07 || 10–4
 * - style="background:#cfc;"
 * 2010-12-11 || Win ||align=left| 🇹🇷 Gökhan Saki ||K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 Final, semi-finals ||Tokyo, Japan ||TKO (arm injury) || 1 || 2:20 || 9–4
 * - style="background:#cfc;"
 * 2010-12-11 || Win ||align=left|🇸🇷 Tyrone Spong ||K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 Final, quarter-finals ||Tokyo, Japan ||Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 8–4
 * - style="background:#cfc;"
 * 2010-10-02 || Win ||align=left|🇦🇺 Ben Edwards ||K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Seoul Final 16 ||Seoul, South Korea ||KO (right hook) || 1 || 2:08 || 7–4
 * - style="background:#cfc;"
 * 2010-04-03 || Win ||align=left|🇧🇦 Dževad Poturak ||K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama || Yokohama, Japan || KO (right knee) || 1 || 2:40 || 6–4
 * - style="background:#fbb;"
 * 2009-12-05 || Loss ||align=left|🇲🇦 Badr Hari ||K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, semi-finals || Yokohama, Japan ||TKO (2 knockdowns rule) || 1 || 2:14 || 5–4
 * - style="background:#cfc;"
 * 2009-12-05 ||Win ||align=left|🇧🇷 Ewerton Teixeira ||K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, quarter-finals || Yokohama, Japan ||KO (knees) || 1 || 1:06 || 5–3
 * - style="background:#cfc;"
 * 2009-09-26 ||Win ||align=left| Peter Aerts ||K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 || Seoul, South Korea ||Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 4–3
 * - style="background:#fbb;"
 * 2009-03-28 ||Loss ||align=left| Remy Bonjasky ||K-1 World GP 2009 in Yokohama || Yokohama, Japan ||Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 3–3
 * - style="background:#cfc;"
 * 2008-12-31 ||Win ||align=left|🇲🇦 Badr Hari ||Dynamite!! 2008 ||Saitama, Japan ||KO (left hook) || 1 ||2:07 || 3–2
 * - style="background:#cfc;"
 * 2007-05-20 ||Win ||align=left|🇩🇪 Jürgen Dolch ||Ultimate Glory 3: Upside Down ||Amersfoort, Netherlands ||KO (punch) || 1 || 2:02 || 2–2
 * - style="background:#fbb;"
 * 2004-05-30 ||Loss ||align=left|🇧🇷 Glaube Feitosa ||Kyokushin vs K-1 2004 All Out Battle ||Tokyo, Japan ||KO (punch) || 1 || 2:13 || 1–2
 * - style="background:#fbb;"
 * 2001-02-04 ||Loss ||align=left| Errol Parris ||K-1 Holland GP 2001 in Arnhem ||Arnhem, Netherlands ||TKO (corner stoppage) || 3 || 1:22 || 1–1
 * - style="background:#cfc;"
 * 1999-03-14 ||Win ||align=left| Paul Hordijk ||Thaiboxing Event in Veenendaal ||Veenendaal, Netherlands ||Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 2:00 || 1–0
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:

title: Alistair Overeem


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Talk:Birdseye, Indiana

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Talk:Ferdinand, Indiana

Ferdinand I of Austria.
German writer: It´s makes no sense that the name Ferminand comes from Ferdinand I of austria.

see wiki.

For example he said "I am the Emperor, and I want dumplings!" (German: Ich bin der Kaiser und ich will Knödel!).

During the 1848 Revolution in Germany, when revolutionaries were marching to the palace, Ferdiand is supposed to have asked Metternich for an explanation. When Metternich answered that they were making a revolution, Ferdinand is supposed to have said “But are they allowed to do that?” (Viennese German: Ja, dürfen's denn des?) He was convinced by Felix zu Schwarzenberg to abdicate in favour of his nephew, Franz Joseph (the next in line was Ferdinand's younger brother Franz Karl, but he was persuaded to waive his succession rights in favour of his son) who would occupy the Austrian throne for the next sixty-eight years.

Also in Austria, Ferdinand was ridiculed as "Gütinand der Fertige" (Goodinand the Finished).

Sorry, but I don´t believe that a town in Indiana will choose a name from a such absolutistic sovereign.

If you see the history of the county spencer, the origion must come from a different person.

Robert Brockmann

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title: Talk:Ferdinand, Indiana


text: Talk:Holland, Indiana

title: Talk:Holland, Indiana


text:
Talk:Foam weapon

Boffers and Latex Weapons
It seems inappropriate that latex weapons and boffers are discussed here under the title of "boffer". The term boffer is specific to the US, outside of the US that term is seldom used, and then almost always in reference to foam weapons of the typical US style and not to other styles of foam weapon.

However, latex weapons and US-style boffers are variations of the same basic idea: a sports weapon with foam padding to make it relatively safe to hit people with. So it makes sense to discuss them on the same page.

Could we use an umbrella term such as "Foam weapon" as the title for this article, with redirects from both Boffer and Latex Weapon, and discuss both types of foam weapon here on equal footing?

--Ryan Paddy 02:45, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The problem is that "foam weapon" is not a term that is used by either "camp" and as such I honestly don't think it's a good idea (it may not even jive with WP:NEOLOGISM). Web presence and club counts throughout the internet tend to show that the vast majority of English-speaking boffer/latex weapon users are in America and use the term "boffer" so it is much more likely that the average user of Wikipedia would stumble upon this term more readily. However, that completely aside, I'd love to see the article a bit more balanced towards both camps (as it has proven more than difficult due to some extremely unnecessary animosity) and on a number of occasions I've tried to copyedit things in that direction. What suggestions do you have towards that goal? :-) אמר Steve Caruso 04:11, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've also noticed some of the Interwiki links: de:Polsterwaffe et:Boffer fi:Bofferointi sv:Boffervapen which tends to make me conclude that "Boffer" is the cognate to the majority of non-English speaking practitioners. אמר Steve Caruso 04:25, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * "Foam weapon" is not a neologism, it's a description. Wikipedia is fine with using descriptions as titles, and I think it's appropriate in this case because no term is universal enough. "Boffer" is extremely US-specific. In terms of demographics, have you researched live combat larp in Europe? I have, and especially in the UK, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden live-combat larp is absolutely massive. I believe that the total participation numbers in Europe are much higher than in the USA, although that's a very hard thing to judge. Pehaps you googled for "boffer"? That term isn't used nearly as much outside the USA, so it wouldn't be surprising if that returned a totally biased result, much like googling for "LRP" which is the term used in the UK would return a UK-slanted result. Also, note that Google is region-sensitive and if you're searching from the USA it may be biased towards US websites. Wikipedia is an international project. In Europe "latex weapon" is the standard term, because that's the standard construction. That's why the current state of having "boffer" as a catch-all title will not be not acceptable to most larpers outside the US. You won't find a consensus for having "boffer" as the title for an article that includes latex weapons, so let's come up with a compromise. --Ryan Paddy 19:57, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * See also the previously separate Latex weapons entry, which was clearly written mostly by Europeans or people most used to latex weapons in the European style. It refers to latex weapons as standard for larp (which is true in Europe) and doesn't even mention the word boffer: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latex_weapons&diff=52068093&oldid=52067983 I think the only way to get consensus is to either have a single balanced article with a neutral title, or to go back to two separate articles. But I think one article would be better, because from the perspective of an interested reader boffers and latex weapons are just variations on a theme.--Ryan Paddy 21:26, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I concur, a single article is what is warranted. Soft-weapon larp? --Eyrian 21:29, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe the title could be "LARP weapons" with a balanced article on all live combat in LARPs and pure fighting groups that use the same weapons as LARPs? That would fit in well with the other Wikipedia LARP articles: LARP, History of LARP, List of LARP groups, etc. The only problem there is that I think some groups in the USA don't call themselves LARPS because they just fight and don't roleplay. To people who know more about such groups, does this sound like an acceptable approach? --Ryan Paddy 22:26, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * A page titled "Live action role-playing weapons" could encompass the various sorts of padded weapons, the non-padded weapons used in some Eastern European and Russian larps (they often use wooden and metal weapons for larp), as well as commenting on firearms used in larp.--Ryan Paddy 02:20, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
 * "Foam weapon" might be a better fit afterall, as they exist in many places throughout the world as seperate from LARPs as a form of recreation or martial art (SCA events and boffer war groups are two strong examples of these). But then it does not take the non-padded phys-reps as you've mentioned into account. אמר Steve Caruso 05:34, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, metal and wooden weapons don't require much explanation anyway. They can just be mentioned in the main LARP aricle in passing (metal weapons already are). So yes, "Foam weapons" might be a reasonable title to include boffers, latex, and also the injection molding weapons that are gaining popularity in some places (esp Quebec I think, as brand name Calimacil). The only trouble with "Foam weapons" is that it may be overly broad, implying inclusion of foam-covered bokken (I've seen foam-padded Nunchaku) and foam children's toys shaped like weapons. But it's the best compromise I can think of for a universal title, other than "LARP weapons". --Ryan Paddy 02:30, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * There are a number of boffer groups on the east coast of the United States alone that do use foam covered bokken and nunchaku. Similar more heavy weapons are used by the SCA where the core is made of solid rattan. These groups tend not to be of the "put the armor on the weapon" philosophy and wear protective gear and helmets. The Livingston Dueling Association (the group of which I help administrate) is rather open, provided safety isn't compromised. Once the move goes down, we'll need to do some copyedit on the article to reflect this as well as go over and fix any double redirects that may occur. אמר Steve Caruso 16:10, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay, let's try "Foam weapons" and see how it takes. --Ryan Paddy 21:00, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Article move complete and double-redirects fixed. :-) אמר Steve Caruso 03:48, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Cool, great work. Now if we can shape it towards neutrality and so forth that'd be cool. Given that it's "Foam weapons" it should probably cover traditional US-style boffers, the newer "ultra-light" boffers, latex weapons, and the newer injection-molded weapons even-handedly. Also, we might want to make the construction section more concise and cover other big areas like History, Industry (there are lots of professional latex weapon manufacturering companies, at least one injection-molding, and some boffer ones too), and Usage. Would be good to get some references in there too. I'll help where I can, although I'm mostly focusing on Live action role-playing game at the moment. --Ryan Paddy 22:05, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Merge
See Talk:Boffing Percy Snoodle 11:51, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Boffer Image
While the image of the latex boffer is interesting, I don't think it is representative of a typical boffer. --George Hernandez 15:01, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That seems to strongly depend on where you come from. Such latex weapons are standard in germany (and europe, I think), they seem to be more rare in the US, it seems. If you have a different picture, feel free to add it. --Conti|✉ 16:04, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, latex weapons are standard in most larps except in the USA. They appear to be the standard in the UK, Quebec, and continental Europe, and increasingly in New Zealand and Australia. In most of these places the term "boffer" is not used, and terms like "larp weapon", "larpsafe weapon" and most frequently "latex weapon" are common. --Ryan Paddy 02:31, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

round blades vs. flat blades
with usa boffering, I've noticed a divide between using round blades (practically a single round piece of foam covering the pvc with no determend blade, kind of like a club)and using flat blades (using a tube of foam for the core and one or more half tubes to designate a blade, that goes with the idea that the part you are supposed to hit people with is safer than the flat. it also makes them look more realistic and stylized.). should this be mention in the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.18.76.243 (talk) 06:56, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it would be enough to say that there is a scale of shape from quite streamlined weapons that largely resemble the real thing, to more heavily padded and rounded weapons. --Ryan Paddy (talk) 08:22, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * although the round blade tend to have less padding than roughly half the flat blades, because they usually only use a single piece of foam, usually pipe insulation or pool noodles, where most flat blades use layers of foam to make the designated striking edge safer. there are those who who make flat blades out of camp foam, but I am not familiar enough with those to discus their padding. I know almost all the european latex swords and many of the cloth covered flat blades are made with camp foam or other foam mats so...I think it is a bit more complex than just a linear scale (I'm the same person as the 1st post, btw)
 * I think the kind of nuances you're discussing are too detailed to be appropriate to an encyclopedia article. It might be worth saying that some foam weapons use laminated layers of flat foam sheet, and some use foam tubes, and some use foam injection. Likewise it might be worth mentioning that shapes vary in size and in resemblance to the weapon they represent. But a catalogue of the varieties probably isn't appropriate. Bear in mind that there are a huge number of subtley different approaches to construction around the world. I think it's best to just mention the big, clear distinctions and not go into detail. --Ryan Paddy (talk) 20:41, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Caleb::Are there any sources for how to make a home made round blade bofer; using pvc insulation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.70.14.63 (talk) 14:29, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

Merchants
Thanks Rayan to review my post on the wiki about the Merchant. My intention is to add relevant information about group which create and produce Boffer weapon regardless if they sale it or not. I understand we should not Listing sellers because is advertising. I found those 3 (Edhellen, Calimacil and Forgotten Dreams) which according to my research they are real merchant and not just simple retailers. I would like to add also Eagle Flex but I do not have any reference to support it such a link or so. Maybe we should have an article like this one http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sword_manufacturers. What do you think? --Chrix Bedard 16:41, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * External links is a good summary of what we want in external links. In particular, the first paragraph is a good brief summary.  Links to companies selling weapons doesn't especially provide further information on the topic; it's just a list of merchants.  If one of those sites had a great article about the weapons, it could be a good source of citations.  If one or more of those companies were to notable enough to warrant a Wikipedia article about them, then adding a link to the article in the "See also" section would be a great addition.  Of course, "notable" typically means multiple, non-trivial articles about them in reliable, third-party sources.  Few small companies meet that standard.  (The more formal guidelines on the subject are at Notability (organizations and companies) — Alan De Smet | Talk 23:07, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with Alan's reply. Note also that the List of Sword Manufacturers article has been removed, probably because such stand-alone list articles are only appropriate on Wikipedia if the manufacturers are notable enough to have their own articles. I don't think any foam weapon manufacturers meet Wikipedia notability standards. The closest we could perhaps come would be an article on the "larp industry" (i.e. larp-related business) as a whole with sections on foam weapons, costume, larp rules, for-profit events, etc. In such an article, verifiable content on foam weapon manufacturers could be appropriate. Ryan Paddy (talk) 06:02, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Um —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.70.14.63 (talk) 14:26, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

"Padded weapon" construction
The creation of a forked "padded weapon construction" section is inappropriate. Yes, battle games may use somewhat different construction techniques to larps. However, the difference is far less than the variation within larp weapons, for example between US "boffer" larp weapons and latex larp weapons, and those are described together in a single section. Please merge this "padded weapon" content into the original construction section. I recommend placing less emphasis on battle gaming and its local weapon specifications in the process. Also, I think it would be best to avoid using the term "padded weapons" to differentiate foam weapons used for battle gaming, as that term is very vague and is also sometimes used for larp weapons, because they are also "padded". Ryan Paddy (talk) 04:55, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Boffer weapons unsuitable?
The text says that boffer weapons are unsuitable for unarmored combat. I challenge that. That's what I use and I wonder where this uncited standard comes from. 138.162.128.54 (talk) 19:24, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

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Talk:Bristol, Indiana

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Pennsylvania Route 26

Pennsylvania Route 26 (PA 26) is a 125.5 mi highway in the south-central area of Pennsylvania. Its northern terminus is at PA 150 northwest of Howard; its southern terminus is at the Maryland state line near Barnes Gap in Union Township. Two major destinations along this route are Raystown Lake near Huntingdon and the Pennsylvania State University at State College.

In State College, the road divides into a one-way pair, going northbound on Beaver Avenue and going southbound on College Avenue. The Centre Area Transportation Authority uses these two routes for their Campus Loop and the Town Loop.

As of November 24, 2008, a 3.6 mi portion of PA 26 is concurrent with the northernmost stretch of Interstate 99 (I-99) north of State College between Pleasant Gap and south of I-80. The route also passes by two state penitentiaries: the State Correctional Institution – Rockview in Pleasant Gap and State Correctional Institution – Huntingdon, near Huntingdon.

Fulton and Bedford counties
PA 26 begins at the Maryland state line (Mason–Dixon line) in Union Township, Fulton County, where the road continues south into that state as North Orleans Road. From the state line, the route heads north on two-lane undivided South Clear Ridge Road through forested areas with some farm fields. PA 26 comes to an intersection with the western terminus of PA 484, where it makes a turn to the west. PA 26 enters Mann Township in Bedford County as Clear Ridge Road, heading northwest through woodland with some fields. The road curves north and winds through more rural land before making two sharp turns; first towards the west and second towards the north. The route winds north through forests, running through the community of Piney Creek. PA 26 passes through tracts of Buchanan State Forest, turning to the northwest. The route crosses into Southampton Township and reaches Millers Corner, where it turns northeast to remain along Clear Ridge Road. The route enters Monroe Township and leaves the state forest, continuing northeast through a mix of farmland and woodland. PA 26 makes an S-curve as it winds through rural land, passing through the communities of Five Forks and Chapmans Run. Farther north, the road reaches the residential community of Clearville, where it turns to the northwest. The route runs through farm fields with some woods, turning to the northeast. PA 26 continues north-northeast through a mix of farms and wooded areas, crossing into West Providence Township. The road passes through more rural land before heading northwest through more developed areas and passing under I-70/I-76 (Pennsylvania Turnpike). Following this, the route heads into the community of Earlston, where it passes homes. In Earlston, PA 26 heads west as East 4th Avenue before it makes a turn north onto State Street.

The route curves northwest and crosses the Raystown Branch Juniata River into the borough of Everett, where it becomes South Hopewell Street. PA 26 runs through commercial areas and comes to an intersection with US 30 Bus., where it turns west to form a concurrency with that route on East Main Street. The two routes head west through the commercial downtown of Everett, curving to the southwest. PA 26 splits from US 30 Bus. by turning north-northwest onto North Spring Street. The route bends north and passes through residential areas. PA 26 passes under the US 30 freeway, at which point it leaves Everett for West Providence Township and becomes Raystown Road, passing through developed areas a short distance to the east of Tussey Mountain. The road curves north-northeast and comes to an intersection with Bud Shuster Bypass, which heads south to an interchange with the US 30 freeway. Here, the route turns north to remain along Raystown Road and crosses into Hopewell Township, passing a mix of homes and businesses in a narrow valley between Tussey Mountain to the west and Warrior Ridge to the east. The road continues north-northeast through a mix of farmland, woodland, and residences in the valley. Farther north, the valley gets wider as Warrior Ridge heads further to the east, and PA 26 continues north through agricultural areas with some woods and homes. The route turns east and comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 36 before it curves to the southeast. The road passes through the residential community of Yellow Creek, where it crosses Yellow Creek. From here, PA 26 heads east through farmland with some woods, turning northeast and winding along. The route passes through the community of Eichelbergertown and turns east, winding through wooded areas with some fields and homes a short distance to the north of Yellow Creek.

The road passes through a gap in River Mountain and crosses into Broad Top Township. Here, PA 26 intersects the northern terminus of PA 915, which crosses the Raystown Branch Juniata River into the borough of Hopewell. Past this intersection, the route turns north and runs through forested areas between River Mountain to the west and the Raystown Branch Juniata River to the east. The road enters Liberty Township and continues north-northeast through forests alongside the river before the road and river turn to the northwest. PA 26 passes through farmland before it makes a turn to the north and runs through wooded areas further west of the Raystown Branch Juniata River. The route comes to an intersection with the western terminus of PA 913 and makes a turn west to remain along Raystown Road. The road curves north and passes through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes in the Woodcock Valley, which is situated between Tussey Mountain to the west and Piney Ridge to the east. PA 26 curves north-northeast and continues through rural areas in the valley, passing east of the Captain Phillips Ranger Memorial before coming to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 164.

Huntingdon County
PA 26 enters Hopewell Township in Huntingdon County and continues northeast as Raystown Road through farmland and woodland with some homes in the Woodcock Valley between Tussey Mountain to the west and Piney Ridge to the east, with Raystown Lake situated further to the east. The road passes through the communities of Cherrytown and Russellville before it crosses into Lincoln Township and intersects the western terminus of PA 994. Past this intersection, the route heads through agricultural areas with some woods and residences. PA 26 enters the borough of Marklesburg, where it is lined with homes. The road leaves Marklesburg for Penn Township and heads northeast through farmland with some wooded areas and residences. The route continues through rural land and crosses into Walker Township, where it makes an S-curve east and comes to the community of McConnellstown. Here, PA 26 curves northeast and runs through residential areas. The road continues through developed areas with some rural land and enters Smithfield Township. The route heads into business areas and gains a center left-turn lane briefly before becoming a divided highway for a short distance. PA 26 becomes undivided as it comes to an interchange with US 22 consisting of a two-way quadrant ramp on the northeast side. Following this interchange, the route becomes Pennsylvania Avenue and curves to the east-southeast, passing between State Correctional Institution – Huntingdon to the north and residential areas to the south. The road heads southeast into the community of Smithfield and heads southeast between the Juniata River to the northeast and homes to the southwest. PA 26 turns northeast onto Penn Street and crosses the Juniata River into the borough of Huntingdon. Here, the road becomes a divided highway and curves east, passing under Norfolk Southern's Pittsburgh Line. The route becomes undivided again and heads east-southeast through the residential and commercial downtown of Huntingdon, passing south of the Huntingdon County Courthouse. PA 26 turns north-northeast onto 2nd Street and passes homes, soon turning east onto Standing Stone Avenue and curving northeast past more development.

PA 26 leaves Huntingdon for Oneida Township and becomes Standing Stone Road, heading through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes a short distance west of Standing Stone Creek. The road winds through more forested areas and curves north to cross the creek before passing east of a golf course. The route turns northeast and then north as it runs through wooded areas with some residences, passing through the community of Center Union. PA 26 continues through forests with some farm fields and development, curving northeast and crossing the Standing Stone Creek again. The road runs through more rural land and passes through the community of Donation before it enters Miller Township. The route continues northeast through woodland and farmland with some homes, with the Standing Stone Creek becoming closely parallel to the southeast before the route heads through the community of Jackson Center. PA 26 curves north alongside the creek into forested areas. The road winds north through a mix of farmland and woodland, crossing into Jackson Township. The route turns northeast and heads through agricultural areas, reaching an intersection with PA 305 in the community of Ennisville. Here, PA 26 turns east to form a concurrency with PA 305 on Greenwood Road, crossing the Standing Stone Creek and running through more rural areas with some homes. PA 305 splits from PA 26 in McAlevys Fort by turning to the southeast, while PA 26 turns north as McAlevys Fort Road and crosses the Standing Stone Creek again. The road curves northwest and passes through farmland before it heads into forested areas with some homes. The route passes southwest of Whipple Dam State Park before it crosses into Barree Township. At this point, PA 26 begins to ascend Tussey Mountain and heads into Rothrock State Forest, following a winding path and turning northwest and then northeast as it climbs the mountain.

Centre County
At the summit of Tussey Mountain, PA 26 comes to a truck brake check station in both directions and a scenic overlook on the southbound side, entering Ferguson Township in Centre County. The road begins to descend the mountain, coming to a northbound runaway truck ramp before it leaves Rothrock State Forest and makes a hairpin turn to the southwest. The route turns north and reaches the base of the mountain, where it enters the Nittany Valley and heads into the residential community of Pine Grove Mills as South Water Street. PA 26 comes to an intersection with PA 45, at which point it turns east to form a concurrency with that route on East Pine Grove Road. The road soon curves northeast and passes more homes along with a few businesses. The roadway leaves Pine Grove Mills and PA 45 splits from PA 26 by turning to the northeast. PA 26 becomes West College Avenue and curves north and then northwest, heading through farmland with some residences and commercial establishments and gaining a center left-turn lane. The road heads past a mix of homes and businesses, curving north and then northeast.

PA 26 enters the borough of State College, where it splits into the one-way pair of West Beaver Avenue northbound and West College Avenue southbound upon intersecting South Buckhout Street. The one-way pair, which carries two lanes in each direction, passes through residential areas. The route heads into the downtown area of State College, which contains businesses and high-rise buildings consisting of mixed residential and commercial uses. Here, PA 26 comes to an intersection with US 322 Bus., at which point West College Avenue becomes the southeast border of the University Park campus of Pennsylvania State University. Following this intersection, the one-way pair continues northeast through the downtown area to the southeast of the university campus. At the intersection with Allen Street to the southeast of Old Main on the Pennsylvania State University campus, the route becomes East Beaver Avenue northbound and East College Avenue southbound. PA 26 heads through more of downtown State College, with the university campus to the northwest, before the one-way pair ends at the High Street intersection. At this point, PA 26 continues northeast on four-lane undivided East College Avenue and comes to a partial cloverleaf interchange with University Drive that serves the University Park campus of Pennsylvania State University, including Beaver Stadium and the Bryce Jordan Center. Past this interchange, the road heads through woods and leaves State College for College Township, where it gains a center left-turn lane and passes through a mix of homes and businesses, running through the community of Millbrook. The route becomes a four-lane divided highway and reaches a diamond interchange with the US 322 freeway, where the route becomes concurrent with PA 144 Truck.

Past the US 322 interchange, PA 26 becomes a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane and runs through wooded residential areas. Farther northeast, the route heads into business areas and becomes parallel with a Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad line to the southeast of the road. PA 26 comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 150, where it turns northeast to remain along East College Avenue, a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane that continues to parallel the railroad line. The road passes southeast of the Nittany Mall before it heads between residential areas to the northwest and industrial areas to the southeast. The route narrows to two lanes as it heads into a mix of farmland and woodland and enters Benner Township, where it passes southeast of State Correctional Institution – Rockview. PA 26 crosses the Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad line and continues northeast through rural areas with some development as West College Avenue, gaining a center left-turn lane. The road crosses into Spring Township and heads into the community of Pleasant Gap, where it becomes two lanes again and passes through residential areas with some businesses. The route comes to an intersection with PA 144, where PA 144 Truck ends, and becomes East College Avenue, heading past more development. The road leaves Pleasant Gap and runs through a mix of farmland and commercial development, crossing a Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad spur.

PA 26 comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 64, where PA 64 continues northeast along East College Avenue and PA 26 turns north onto a two-lane expressway. The route heads northwest through agricultural areas and passes over a Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad spur before it comes to a directional T interchange with I-99/US 220. At this point, PA 26 heads north along with I-99/US 220 on a four-lane freeway, passing north-northwest through farmland and coming to a partial cloverleaf interchange with PA 550 to the east of the borough of Bellefonte. The freeway continues through rural land and curves northeast before it ends, where I-99 ends and US 220 and PA 26 continue northeast at-grade along a four-lane divided highway. The road comes to an interchange with I-80 and the northern terminus of US 220 Alt., at which point US 220 splits from PA 26 by heading east along I-80. At this interchange, PA 26 enters Marion Township and continues northeast along two-lane undivided Jacksonville Road, passing through farmland with some woods and homes in a valley between Bald Eagle Mountain to the northwest and a ridge to the southeast, with I-80/US 220 running parallel to the southeast within the valley. Along this stretch, the roadway comes to an interchange with I-80/US 220. The route continues northeast through rural land before it turns northwest onto Walnut Street, where it heads into forested areas and winds to the north as it passes through a gap in Bald Eagle Mountain, crossing into Howard Township. The road curves northwest and enters the borough of Howard, where it passes through residential areas and comes to a bridge over a Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad line. The route continues past more homes and some businesses before it leaves Howard for Howard Township again, heading into Bald Eagle State Park and crossing over the Foster Joseph Sayers Reservoir. PA 26 continues northwest and comes to its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 150.

Huntingdon County
There were 2 truck routes of PA 26 in Huntingdon County. The first bypassed a weight-restricted bridge over Muddy Run in Huntingdon borough on which trucks over 36 tons and combination loads over 37 tons were prohibited. The second bypassed a weight-restricted bridge over Murray Run on which trucks over 35 tons and combination loads over 40 tons were prohibited. They were both created and established in September 2013. However, both bridges' weight restrictions were removed as late as 2021, and both routes have been removed.

Centre County
The truck route in Centre County bypassed a weight-restricted bridge over Lick Run on which trucks over 36 tons and combination loads over 40 tons were prohibited. It followed I-80, US 220 Alt, and PA 150 and was signed in 2013, and was still signed as such as recently as 2018. However, as of 2021, no bridge carrying PA 26 over Lick Run has weight restrictions, and so the route was likely removed.

title: Pennsylvania Route 26


text: Talk:Millersburg, Indiana

title: Talk:Millersburg, Indiana


text:
Regime shift

Regime shifts are large, abrupt, persistent changes in the structure and function of ecosystems, the climate, financial systems or other complex systems. A regime is a characteristic behaviour of a system which is maintained by mutually reinforced processes or feedbacks. Regimes are considered persistent relative to the time period over which the shift occurs. The change of regimes, or the shift, usually occurs when a smooth change in an internal process (feedback) or a single disturbance (external shocks) triggers a completely different system behavior. Although such non-linear changes have been widely studied in different disciplines ranging from atoms to climate dynamics, regime shifts have gained importance in ecology because they can substantially affect the flow of ecosystem services that societies rely upon, such as provision of food, clean water or climate regulation. Moreover, regime shift occurrence is expected to increase as human influence on the planet increases – the Anthropocene – including current trends on human induced climate change and biodiversity loss. When regime shifts are associated with a critical or bifurcation point, they may also be referred to as critical transitions.

History of the concept
Scholars have been interested in systems exhibiting non-linear change for a long time. Since the early twentieth century, mathematicians have developed a body of concepts and theory for the study of such phenomena based on the study of non-linear system dynamics. This research led to the development of concepts such as catastrophe theory; a branch of bifurcation theory in dynamical systems.

In ecology the idea of systems with multiple regimes, domains of attraction called alternative stable states, only arose in the late '60s based upon the first reflections on the meaning of stability in ecosystems by Richard Lewontin and Crawford "Buzz" Holling. The first work on regime shifts in ecosystems was done in a diversity of ecosystems and included important work by Noy-Meir (1975) in grazing systems; May (1977) in grazing systems, harvesting systems, insect pests and host-parasitoid systems; Jones and Walters (1976) with fisheries systems; and Ludwig et al. (1978) with insect outbreaks.

These early efforts to understand regime shifts were criticized for the difficulty of demonstrating bi-stability, their reliance on simulation models, and lack of high quality long-term data. However, by the 1990s more substantial evidence of regime shifts was collected for kelp forest, coral reefs, drylands and shallow lakes. This work led to revitalization of research on ecological reorganization and the conceptual clarification that resulted in the regime shift conceptual framework in the early 2000s.

Outside of ecology, similar concepts of non-linear change have been developed in other academic disciplines. One example is historical institutionalism in political science, sociology and economics, where concepts like path dependency and critical junctures are used to explain phenomena where the output of a system is determined by its history, or the initial conditions, and where its domains of attraction are reinforced by feedbacks. Concept such as international institutional regimes, socio-technical transitions and increasing returns have an epistemological basis similar to regime shifts, and utilize similar mathematical models.

Current applications of the regime shift concept
During the last decades, research on regime shift has grown exponentially. Academic papers reported by ISI Web of Knowledge rose from less than 5 per year prior to 1990 to more than 300 per year from 2007 to 2011. However, the application of regime shift related concepts is still contested.

Although there is not agreement on one definition, the slight differences among definitions reside on the meaning of stability – the measure of what a regime is – and the meaning of abruptness. Both depend on the definition of the system under study, thus it is relative. At the end it is a matter of scale. Mass extinctions are regime shifts on the geological time scale, while financial crises or pest outbreaks are regime shifts that require a totally different parameter setting.

In order to apply the concept to a particular problem, one has to conceptually limit its range of dynamics by fixing analytical categories such as time and space scales, range of variations and exogenous / endogenous processes. For example, while for oceanographers a regime must last for at least decades and should include climate variability as a driver, for marine biologists regimes of only five years are acceptable and could be induced by only population dynamics. A non-exhaustive range of current definitions of regime shifts in recent scientific literature from ecology and allied fields is collected in Table 1.

Table 1. Definitions of regime shifts and modifications used to apply the concept to particular research questions from scientific literature published between 2004 and 2009.

Theoretical basis
The theoretical basis for regime shifts has been developed from the mathematics of non-linear systems. In short, regime shifts describe dynamics characterized by the possibility that a small disturbance can produce big effects. In such situations the common notion of proportionality between inputs and outputs of a system is incorrect. Conversely, the regime shift concept also emphasizes the resilience of systems – suggesting that in some situations substantial management or human impact can have little effect on a system. Regime shifts are hard to reverse and in some cases irreversible. The regime shift concept shifts analytical attention away from linearity and predictability, towards reorganization and surprise. Thus, the regime shift concept offers a framework to explore the dynamics and causal explanations of non-linear change in nature and society.

Regime shifts are triggered either by the weakening of stabilizing internal processes – feedbacks – or by external shocks which exceed the stabilizing capacity of a system.

Systems prone to regime shifts can show three different types of change: smooth, abrupt or discontinuous, depending on the configuration of processes that define a system – in particular the interaction between a system's fast and slow processes. Smooth change can be described by a quasi-linear relationship between fast and slow processes; abrupt change shows a non-linear relationship among fast and slow variables, while discontinuous change is characterized by the difference in the trajectory on the fast variable when the slow one increases compared to when it decreases. In other words, the point at which the system flips from one regime to another is different from the point at which the system flips back. Systems that exhibit this last type of change demonstrate hysteresis. Hysteretic systems have two important properties. First, the reversal of discontinuous change requires that a system change back past the conditions at which the change first occurred. This occurs because systemic change alters feedback processes that maintain a system in a particular regime. Second, hysteresis greatly enhances the role of history in a system, and demonstrates that the system has memory – in that its dynamics are shaped by past events.

Conditions at which a system shifts its dynamics from one set of processes to another are often called thresholds. In ecology for example, a threshold is a point at which there is an abrupt change in an ecosystem quality, property or phenomenon; or where small changes in an environmental driver produce large responses in an ecosystem. Thresholds are, however, a function of several interacting parameters, thus they change in time and space. Hence, the same system can present smooth, abrupt or discontinuous change depending on its parameters' configurations. Thresholds will be present, however, only in cases where abrupt and discontinuous change is possible.

Evidence
Empirical evidence has increasingly completed model based work on regime shifts. Early work on regime shifts in ecology was developed in models for predation, grazing, fisheries and inset outbreak dynamics. Since the 1980s, further development of models has been complemented by empirical evidence for regime shifts from ecosystems including kelp forest, coral reefs, drylands and lakes.

Scholars have collected evidence for regime shifts across a wide variety of ecosystems and across a range of scales. For example, at the local scale, one of the best documented examples is woody plant encroachment, which is thought to follow a smooth change dynamic. Woody encroachment refers to small changes in herbivory rates that can shift drylands from grassy dominated regimes towards woody dominated savannas. Encroachment has been documented to impact ecosystem services related with cattle ranching in wet savannas in Africa and South America. At the regional scale, rainforest areas in the Amazon and East Asia are thought to be at risk of shifting towards savanna regimes given the weakening of the moisture recycling feedback driven by deforestation. The shift from forest to savanna potentially affects the provision of food, fresh water, climate regulation and support for biodiversity. On the global realm, the faster retreating of the arctic ice sheet in summer time is reinforcing climate warming through the albedo feedback, potentially affecting sea water levels and climate regulation worldwide.

Aquatic systems have been heavily studied in the search for regime shifts. Lakes work like microcosms (almost closed systems) that to some extent allow experimentation and data gathering. Eutrophication is a well-documented abrupt change from clear water to murky water regimes, which leads to toxic algae blooms and reduction of fish productivity in lakes and coastal ecosystems. Eutrophication is driven by nutrient inputs, particularly those coming from fertilizers used in agriculture. It is an example of discontinuous change with hysteresis. Once the lake has shifted to a murky water regime, a new feedback of phosphorus recycling maintains the system in the eutrophic state even if nutrient inputs are significantly reduced.

Another example widely studied in aquatic and marine systems is trophic level decline in food webs. It usually implies the shift from ecosystems dominated by high numbers of predatory fish to a regime dominated by lower trophic groups like pelagic planktivores (i.e. jellyfish). Affected food webs often have impacts on fisheries productivity, a major risk of eutrophication, hypoxia, invasion of non-native species and impacts on recreational values. Hypoxia, or the development of so-called death zones, is another regime shift in aquatic and marine-coastal environments. Hypoxia, similarly to eutrophication, is driven by nutrient inputs of anthropogenic origin but also from natural origin in the form of upwellings. In high nutrient concentrations the levels of dissolved oxygen decrease, making life impossible for the majority of aquatic organisms. Impacts on ecosystem services include collapse of fisheries and the production of toxic gases for humans.

In marine systems, two well-studied regime shifts happen in coral reefs and kelp forests. Coral reefs are three-dimensional structures which work as habitat for marine biodiversity. Hard coral-dominated reefs can shift to a regime dominated by fleshy algae;    but they also have been reported to shift towards soft-corals, corallimorpharians, urchin barrens or sponge-dominated regimes. Coral reef transitions are reported to affect ecosystem services like calcium fixation, water cleansing, support for biodiversity, fisheries productivity, coastline protection and recreational services. On the other hand, kelp forests are highly productive marine ecosystems found in temperate regions of the ocean. Kelp forests are characteristically dominated by brown macroalgae and host high levels of biodiversity, providing provisioning ecosystem services for both the cosmetic industry and fisheries. Such services are substantially reduced when a kelp forest shifts towards urchin barren regimes driven mainly by discharge of nutrients from the coast and overfishing. Overfishing and overharvest of keystone predators, such as sea otters, applies top-down pressure on the system. Bottom-up pressure arises from nutrient pollution.

Soil salinization is an example of a well-known regime shift in terrestrial systems. It is driven by the removal of deep root vegetation and irrigation, which causes elevation of the soil water table and the increase of soil surface salinity. Once the system flips, ecosystem services related with food production – both crops and cattle – are significantly reduced. Dryland degradation, also known as desertification, is a well-known but controversial type of regime shift. Dryland degradation occurs when the loss of vegetation transforms an ecosystem from being vegetated to being dominated by bare soils. While this shift has been proposed to be driven by a combination of farming and cattle grazing, loss of semi-nomad traditions, extension of infrastructure, reduction of managerial flexibility and other economic factors, it is controversial because it has been difficult to determine whether there is indeed a regime shift and which drivers have caused it. For example, poverty has been proposed as a driver of dry land degradation, but studies continuously find contradictory evidence. Ecosystem services affected by dry land degradation usually include low biomass productivity, thus reducing provisioning and supporting services for agriculture and water cycling.

Polar regions have been the focus on research examining the impacts of climate warming. Regime shifts in polar regions include the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the possible collapse of the thermohaline circulation system. While the melting of the Greenland ice sheet is driven by global warming and threatens worldwide coastlines with an increase of sea level, the collapse of the thermohaline circulation is driven by the increase of fresh water in the North Atlantic which in turn weakens the density driven water transport between the tropics and polar areas. Both regime shifts have serious implications for marine biodiversity, water cycling, security of housing and infrastructure and climate regulation amongst other ecosystem services.

Detection of whether a regime shift has occurred
Using current well-known statistical methods such as average standard deviates, principal component analysis, or artificial neural networks one can detect whether a regime shift has occurred. Such analyses require long term data series and that the threshold under study has to be crossed. Hence, the answer will depend on the quality of the data; it is event-driven and only allows one to explore past trends.

Some scholars have argued based on statistical analysis of time series that certain phenomena do not correspond to regime shifts. Nevertheless, the statistical rejection of the hypothesis that a system has multiple attractors does not imply that the null hypothesis is true. In order to do so one has to prove that the system only has one attractor. In other words, evidence that data does not exhibit multiple regimes does not rule out the possibility a system could shift to an alternative regime in the future. Moreover, in management decision making, it can be risky to assume that a system has only one regime, when plausible alternative regimes have highly negative consequences.

On the other hand, a more relevant question than "has a regime shift occurred?" is "is the system prone to regime shifts?". This question is important because, even if they have shown smooth change in the past, their dynamics can potentially become abrupt or discontinuous in the future depending on its parameters' configuration. Such a question has been explored separately in different disciplines for different systems, pushing methods development forward (e.g. climate driven regime shifts in the ocean or the stability of food webs ) and continuing to inspire new research.

Frontiers of research
Regime shift research is occurring across multiple ecosystems and at multiple scales. New areas of research include early warnings of regime shifts and new forms of modeling.

Early-warning signals and critical slowing down
It remains unclear how well such signals work for all regime shifts, and if the early warnings give time enough to take appropriate managerial corrections to avoid the shift. Additionally, early warning signals also depend on intensive good-quality data series that are rare in ecology. However, researchers have used high quality data to predict regime shifts in a lake ecosystem. Changes in spatial patterns as an indicator of regime shifts have also become a topic of research.

New approaches to modeling
Another front of research is the development of new approaches to modeling. Dynamic models, Bayesian belief networks, Fisher information, and fuzzy cognitive maps have been used as a tool to explore the phase space where regime shifts are likely to happen and understand the dynamics that govern dynamic thresholds. Models are useful oversimplifications of reality, whose limits are given by the current understanding of the real system as well as the assumptions of the modeler. Therefore, a deep understanding of causal relationships and the strength of feedbacks is required to capture possible regime shift dynamics. Nevertheless, such deep understanding is available only for heavily studied systems such as shallow lakes. Methods development is required to tackle the problem of limited time series data and limited understanding of system dynamics, in such a way that allow identification of the main drivers of regime shifts as well as prioritization of managerial options.

Other emerging areas
Other emerging areas of research include the role of regime shifts in the earth system, cascading consequences among regime shifts, and regime shifts in social-ecological systems.

title: Regime shift


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While the post office is located in Fayette County, the majority of the population of Glenwood is in Rush County.

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Structural stability

In mathematics, structural stability is a fundamental property of a dynamical system which means that the qualitative behavior of the trajectories is unaffected by small perturbations (to be exact C1-small perturbations).

Examples of such qualitative properties are numbers of fixed points and periodic orbits (but not their periods). Unlike Lyapunov stability, which considers perturbations of initial conditions for a fixed system, structural stability deals with perturbations of the system itself. Variants of this notion apply to systems of ordinary differential equations, vector fields on smooth manifolds and flows generated by them, and diffeomorphisms.

Structurally stable systems were introduced by Aleksandr Andronov and Lev Pontryagin in 1937 under the name "systèmes grossiers", or rough systems. They announced a characterization of rough systems in the plane, the Andronov–Pontryagin criterion. In this case, structurally stable systems are typical, they form an open dense set in the space of all systems endowed with appropriate topology. In higher dimensions, this is no longer true, indicating that typical dynamics can be very complex (cf. strange attractor). An important class of structurally stable systems in arbitrary dimensions is given by Anosov diffeomorphisms and flows. During the late 1950s and the early 1960s, Maurício Peixoto and Marília Chaves Peixoto, motivated by the work of Andronov and Pontryagin, developed and proved Peixoto's theorem, the first global characterization of structural stability.

Definition
Let G be an open domain in Rn with compact closure and smooth (n−1)-dimensional boundary. Consider the space X1(G) consisting of restrictions to G of C1 vector fields on Rn that are transversal to the boundary of G and are inward oriented. This space is endowed with the C1 metric in the usual fashion. A vector field F ∈ X1(G) is weakly structurally stable if for any sufficiently small perturbation F1, the corresponding flows are topologically equivalent on G: there exists a homeomorphism h: G → G which transforms the oriented trajectories of F into the oriented trajectories of F1. If, moreover, for any ε > 0 the homeomorphism h may be chosen to be C0 ε-close to the identity map when F1 belongs to a suitable neighborhood of F depending on ε, then F is called (strongly) structurally stable. These definitions extend in a straightforward way to the case of n-dimensional compact smooth manifolds with boundary. Andronov and Pontryagin originally considered the strong property. Analogous definitions can be given for diffeomorphisms in place of vector fields and flows: in this setting, the homeomorphism h must be a topological conjugacy.

It is important to note that topological equivalence is realized with a loss of smoothness: the map h cannot, in general, be a diffeomorphism. Moreover, although topological equivalence respects the oriented trajectories, unlike topological conjugacy, it is not time-compatible. Thus, the relevant notion of topological equivalence is a considerable weakening of the naïve C1 conjugacy of vector fields. Without these restrictions, no continuous time system with fixed points or periodic orbits could have been structurally stable. Weakly structurally stable systems form an open set in X1(G), but it is unknown whether the same property holds in the strong case.

Examples
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the structural stability of C1 vector fields on the unit disk D that are transversal to the boundary and on the two-sphere S2 have been determined in the foundational paper of Andronov and Pontryagin. According to the Andronov–Pontryagin criterion, such fields are structurally stable if and only if they have only finitely many singular points (equilibrium states) and periodic trajectories (limit cycles), which are all non-degenerate (hyperbolic), and do not have saddle-to-saddle connections. Furthermore, the non-wandering set of the system is precisely the union of singular points and periodic orbits. In particular, structurally stable vector fields in two dimensions cannot have homoclinic trajectories, which enormously complicate the dynamics, as discovered by Henri Poincaré.

Structural stability of non-singular smooth vector fields on the torus can be investigated using the theory developed by Poincaré and Arnaud Denjoy. Using the Poincaré recurrence map, the question is reduced to determining structural stability of diffeomorphisms of the circle. As a consequence of the Denjoy theorem, an orientation preserving C2 diffeomorphism ƒ of the circle is structurally stable if and only if its rotation number is rational, ρ(ƒ) = p/q, and the periodic trajectories, which all have period q, are non-degenerate: the Jacobian of ƒq at the periodic points is different from 1, see circle map.

Dmitri Anosov discovered that hyperbolic automorphisms of the torus, such as the Arnold's cat map, are structurally stable. He then generalized this statement to a wider class of systems, which have since been called Anosov diffeomorphisms and Anosov flows. One celebrated example of Anosov flow is given by the geodesic flow on a surface of constant negative curvature, cf Hadamard billiards.

History and significance
Structural stability of the system provides a justification for applying the qualitative theory of dynamical systems to analysis of concrete physical systems. The idea of such qualitative analysis goes back to the work of Henri Poincaré on the three-body problem in celestial mechanics. Around the same time, Aleksandr Lyapunov rigorously investigated stability of small perturbations of an individual system. In practice, the evolution law of the system (i.e. the differential equations) is never known exactly, due to the presence of various small interactions. It is, therefore, crucial to know that basic features of the dynamics are the same for any small perturbation of the "model" system, whose evolution is governed by a certain known physical law. Qualitative analysis was further developed by George Birkhoff in the 1920s, but was first formalized with introduction of the concept of rough system by Andronov and Pontryagin in 1937. This was immediately applied to analysis of physical systems with oscillations by Andronov, Witt, and Khaikin. The term "structural stability" is due to Solomon Lefschetz, who oversaw translation of their monograph into English. Ideas of structural stability were taken up by Stephen Smale and his school in the 1960s in the context of hyperbolic dynamics. Earlier, Marston Morse and Hassler Whitney initiated and René Thom developed a parallel theory of stability for differentiable maps, which forms a key part of singularity theory. Thom envisaged applications of this theory to biological systems. Both Smale and Thom worked in direct contact with Maurício Peixoto, who developed Peixoto's theorem in the late 1950s.

When Smale started to develop the theory of hyperbolic dynamical systems, he hoped that structurally stable systems would be "typical". This would have been consistent with the situation in low dimensions: dimension two for flows and dimension one for diffeomorphisms. However, he soon found examples of vector fields on higher-dimensional manifolds that cannot be made structurally stable by an arbitrarily small perturbation (such examples have been later constructed on manifolds of dimension three). This means that in higher dimensions, structurally stable systems are not dense. In addition, a structurally stable system may have transversal homoclinic trajectories of hyperbolic saddle closed orbits and infinitely many periodic orbits, even though the phase space is compact. The closest higher-dimensional analogue of structurally stable systems considered by Andronov and Pontryagin is given by the Morse–Smale systems.

title: Structural stability


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