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User talk:InfallibleRoxi

This is my discussion talk page. Yep. That's about it... Leave me a message, 'kay?

Hi, and welcome to my user talk page.
Please, feel free to discuss whatever you like. - InfallibleRoxi Monday, August 29, 2005, 10:02 AM

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.
 * User:Redwolf24/Bootcamp My own personal summarized Bootcamp.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 22:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

P.P.S. With that out of the way, in case you're wondering how we sign our posts on talk pages with our name and date, its by typing ~ the wikisoftware converts this to our user name and the time, its amazing isnt it ;)

P.P.P.S. The way we do things for wikilinks is What you want it to say, i.e. InfallableRoxy :) R  e  dwolf24  (talk) 22:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm sorry...
Don't be i'm not mad at you in fact i thank you for fixing my page. i just kinda wanted the interesting facts to be on there or something that i wrote so that's why i said what i said. sorry for the mix up and i thank you for fixing Big House Blues for me Mrmattkatt

Hello:
Hi I'm a new Wikipedian from Natick, I set about to greet "all" my fellow Wikipedians from Massachusetts. Your a kid, so I will welcome you... but warn you that as I found this listed anyone can so be careful not to give out personal info. So maybe you should check with your parents.

This is what I usually do: I leave flags that say where I am from (country and state) If you wish to copy them... you can just go to your own editing page.

I had an Administrator design my Wiki signature below: They can do one like this for you if you ask. Merlinus (talk)

title: User talk:InfallibleRoxi


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Cathetus

In a right triangle, a cathetus (originally from the Greek word Κάθετος; plural: catheti), commonly known as a leg, is either of the sides that are adjacent to the right angle. It is occasionally called a "side about the right angle". The side opposite the right angle is the hypotenuse. In the context of the hypotenuse, the catheti are sometimes referred to simply as "the other two sides".

If the catheti of a right triangle have equal lengths, the triangle is isosceles. If they have different lengths, a distinction can be made between the minor (shorter) and major (longer) cathetus. The ratio of the lengths of the catheti defines the trigonometric functions tangent and cotangent of the acute angles in the triangle: the ratio $$c_1/c_2$$  is the tangent of the acute angle adjacent to $$c_2$$ and is also the cotangent of the acute angle adjacent to $$c_1$$.

In a right triangle, the length of a cathetus is the geometric mean of the length of the adjacent segment cut by the altitude to the hypotenuse and the length of the whole hypotenuse.

By the Pythagorean theorem, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the catheti is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse.

The term leg, in addition to referring to a cathetus of a right triangle, is also used to refer to either of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle or to either of the non-parallel sides of a trapezoid.

In architecture, the term cathetus has been used for the eye of the volute. It was so termed because its position is determined, in an Ionic (or voluted) capital, by a line let down from the point in which the volute generates.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cathetus


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Sombre tit

The sombre tit (Poecile lugubris) is a member of the tit family found in southeast Europe and southwest Asia. Sombre tits occur in low density in thin woodlands at the elevation range between 1000 and 1600 metres above sea level.

Similar to the other tit species, the sombre tit is a cavity-nesting species, which makes the nests in the holes in juniper, willow, poplar, and other relevant tree species. In some cases they nest in iron pipes (e.g. the ones used for orchard fencing), and in artificial nest-boxes.

The clutch usually consists of 4 to 9 eggs, having two clutches per year. They breed on mountain slopes, in open deciduous forest, lower down on in trees and bushes in rocky terrain, and in fruit orchards. The breeding season lasts from early April until the beginning of August.

Their diet mainly consists of insects, especially caterpillars and other larvae. It forages on the ground and in lower branches.

Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the sombre tit is sister to the white-browed tit (Poecile superciliosus).

title: Sombre tit


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Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark

Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (Αικατερίνη; 4 May 1913 – 2 October 2007), styled in the United Kingdom as Lady Katherine Brandram from 1947 until 2007, was the third daughter and youngest child of King Constantine I of Greece and Princess Sophia of Prussia.

Early life
Katherine was born on 4 May 1913 in the Royal Palace in Athens, a few weeks after her paternal grandfather, King George I of Greece, was assassinated in Thessaloniki. She was baptised on 14 June 1913. Her godparents were Olga Constantinovna (the Dowager Queen of Greece, her paternal grandmother), Alexandra (the Dowager Queen of the United Kingdom, her paternal grandfather's sister and her maternal grandmother's sister-in-law), George V (the King of the United Kingdom, her paternal grandfather's nephew and her maternal grandmother's nephew), Wilhelm II, German Emperor (her maternal uncle), The Greek Navy (represented by the Minister of Marine) and The Greek Army (represented by the Minister of War).

Katherine had five siblings – three brothers (George, Alexander and Paul, each of whom would become King of the Hellenes) and two sisters (Princess Helen, who married Crown Prince Carol of Romania, and Princess Irene who married Prince Aimone of Savoy, Duke of Spoleto). When she was christened, the members of the whole Greek Army and Greek Navy became her godparents. At three years of age, she and her mother were trapped in Tatoi Palace, outside Athens, when a fire broke out. The Queen, carrying her, managed to escape in time.

Life in exile
Her father abdicated in 1917, replaced as king by her brother Alexander. She and her parents were exiled to Switzerland. They were reinstated following Alexander's death in 1920, but Constantine abdicated again in 1922. Exiled again, this time to Sicily, her father died in Palermo in 1923. The family moved to Villa Sparta in Florence, where Katherine took up painting. Her second brother George became King George II in 1922, but was deposed in 1924.

Katherine was educated in England, at a boarding school at Broadstairs and then North Foreland Lodge. Her mother died in January 1932, after which she continued to live at the Villa Sparta with her sister, Helen. She and the future Elizabeth II were bridesmaids at the wedding of her first cousin, Princess Marina, to Prince George in 1934.

Return to Greece and marriage
Her brother George was reinstated as king in 1935, and Katherine returned to Greece with her sister, Irene. She joined the Greek Red Cross when the Second World War broke out in 1939. In 1941, after Greece had been overrun by Axis forces, she fled to South Africa with her third brother, Paul, in a Sunderland flying boat, where she worked as a nurse at a hospital in Cape Town. She heard no news of her sister Helen for four years. She returned to England in 1946, sailing the last leg from Egypt to England on the Cunard liner RMS Ascania. On board, she met Major Richard Campbell Brandram MC (5 August 1911 – 5 April 1994), an officer in the British Royal Artillery. They were engaged three weeks after they arrived in England, but their engagement was announced only in February 1947. On 1 April at the Royal Palace, three weeks prior to the wedding, her brother King George had a stroke and died shortly after in Katherine's presence. George was succeeded on the Greek throne by Katherine's third brother Paul, who acted as best man at the wedding, which took place according to schedule on 21 April 1947.

She then accompanied her husband to his new army posting in Baghdad, and they later settled in England. On 25 August 1947, King George VI granted her the rank and title of a duke's daughter and she became known as Lady Katherine Brandram. She and her husband lived in Eaton Square in Belgravia, and later moved to Marlow, Buckinghamshire.

According to her obituary in The Daily Telegraph, "Lady Katherine lived quietly but remained in close touch with her own and the British royal families. She attended the Queen's wedding to Prince Philip (her first cousin), and was a guest at the service to mark Prince Philip's 80th birthday at St George's Chapel, Windsor, in 2001."

After the death of Infanta Beatriz of Spain in 2002, Katherine was the last surviving great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria, as well the last surviving grandchild of Frederick III, German Emperor and Victoria, Princess Royal. She lived for almost 87 years after the death of her brother, King Alexander, and her death left her second cousin Count Carl Johan Bernadotte of Sweden (31 October 1916 – 5 May 2012) as Queen Victoria's last living great-grandchild.

From the time of the death of her eldest sister Queen Helen, Queen Mother of Romania in 1982, to the time of her own death, she was Queen Victoria's most senior female line descendant. Her death marked the end of all female-line direct descendants of Frederick III, German Emperor and Victoria, Princess Royal.

Issue
Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark and Major Richard Campbell Andrew Brandram had one child, a son:

 * Richard Paul George Andrew Brandram (1 April 1948 – 9 May 2020); he married Jennifer Diane Steele on 12 February 1975 and they were divorced in 1993. They had three children and five grandchildren. His second marriage was to Katherine Moreton on 19 September 2009.
 * Sophie Eila Brandram (23 January 1981); she married Humphrey Walter Voelcker on 11 February 2017. They have two sons.
 * Maximillian Walter Voelcker (4 February 2018)
 * Alexander Paul Voelcker (13 May 2019)
 * Nicholas George Brandram (23 April 1982); he married Katrina Davis on 10 September 2011 and they divorced in 2014. In 2022, he married Sophie Amelia Ferguson (b. 1992). They have 1 son.
 * Felix Robert Brandram (29 May 2023)
 * Alexia Katherine Brandram (6 December 1985); she married William John Palairet Hicks on 29 April 2016. They have two children.
 * Theodora Katherine Anne Hicks (6 March 2019)
 * Frederick "Freddie" William Paul Hicks (10 April 2021)


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User:Emigrant

Staking out a little turf. More to come. Don't flame me. THX.

title: User:Emigrant


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Halesworth railway station

Halesworth railway station is on the East Suffolk Line in the east of England, serving the town of Halesworth, Suffolk. It is also the nearest station to the seaside town of Southwold. It is 31 mi down the line from Ipswich and 100 mi measured from London Liverpool Street; it is situated between Darsham and Brampton. Its three-letter station code is HAS.

It is managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains that call.

History
The first station at Halesworth was opened in 1854 but closed four years later and a new station opened in 1859 on an adjacent site. The station was formerly situated on a level crossing. However, it was unusual in that the platforms swung across the road rather than having typical crossing gates. The crossing is now permanently closed, although the platforms are still in use.

The cabin from the mechanical signal box at Halesworth has been preserved at the Mangapps Railway Museum.

On the afternoon of 18 December 1941, a German Dornier bombed the station house, killing the stationmaster, his wife and their young maid. The station house was rebuilt at a reduced size.

The Halesworth and District Museum and the offices of Halesworth Area Community Transport now occupy the station building.

The station is unstaffed but has been "adopted" by volunteers from the East Suffolk Lines Community Rail Partnership who maintain the plantings and remove litter.

Services
the typical Monday-Sunday off-peak service at Halesworth is as follows:

Trains direct to and from London Liverpool Street were withdrawn in 2010.

One weekday early-morning train is extended through to Harwich International and there is a return from there in the evening.

Southwold Railway
From 1879 to 1929 Halesworth was also the western terminus of the 3 ft (914 mm) gauge Southwold Railway which ran to Southwold.

The terminus was located alongside the main railway station, allowing cross-platform interchange of passengers and having transfer sheds for the exchange of goods between the narrow gauge wagons of the Southwold Railway and the standard gauge wagons used on the main line.

In 1933 a siding was laid to serve the dairy (the big building in the picture) and milk tanks ran from Halesworth to Ilford (London) on a daily basis. The dairy closed on 30 April 1968 although rail traffic may have ceased before that date.

title: Halesworth railway station


text:
Talk:Obsession (Star Trek: The Original Series)

Identity
Is the actor in the screenshot Jerry Ayres? DS 14:02, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Redshirts do not have names. :P Cyberia23 15:37, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * According to the redshirt article, the actor is Eddie Paskey. Strahlehans 01:38, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Leslie's death
Where did somebody get the info regarding the unfilmed scene? I'm trying to put that info on Leslie's page, and somebody keeps deleting it.

Fans' Speculations
I was reading Bram Stoker's Dracula and noticed the smell that is described leading into the scene with the female temptresses, or vampires, is the same that is described repeatedly in this episode when the creature is near. Also, the creature seeks red blood, or at least the part of it that is red. I think this was a probable inspiration behind this episode, but this is just one fan's opinion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.205.14.48 (talk) 21:41, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Philosophical musings
Watching the remastered episode recently made me curious about the whole attitude toward the creature. It kills humans therefore it is evil. No attempt is made to communicate with it. Mid-way through the story by inference Spock surmises it has some level of intelligence, but there is no debate about whether killing it is appropriate. The possibility of confinement (perhaps with forcefields) is not even considered. Although its ability to phase may make that impossible. It is instead destroyed with about the greatest amount of overkill ever leveled at an adversary on the show--blown apart by an anti-matter explosion. This is justified on the flimsy reasoning it is about to spawn and reproduce numerous creatures like itself (how Spock knows this is never explained). No curiousity is shown about its origins or its ability to engage in interstellar travel at warp speed. It has been many years since the initial incident -- where has it been? If it regularly engages in the killing of living things why is it seemingly not widely villified or the object of infamy? Instead it is obscure and the original incident was many years ago and not widely known. Is it the last of its kind a la the salt creature in "The Man Trap"? None of these perspectives or mysteries are considered. Compare with the attitude toward alien entities shown in episodes like "Devil in the Dark" and "Metamorphosis". Is this worth commenting on in the article? Dgabbard (talk) 18:34, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Apochrypha
I wrote a mirror story for the episode “Mirror, Mirror”, covering everything that happened but from the point of view of the mirror characters, and verbatim repeating the conversation between Spock and the mirror Kirk in the brig. In it, Garrovick is Kirk’s personal guard. Thought it might be appropriate. GBC (talk) 18:12, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Fan fiction usually isn't. Lots42 (talk) 10:37, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Transporting
So many Trek episodes show someone appearing on the transporter pad in a different position then what they were beamed up in. Just food for thought. Lots42 (talk) 10:38, 24 March 2008 (UTC)


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Clambus

Clambus may refer to:
 * Clambus (beetle), a genus of insects in the family Clambidae
 * Clambus (plant), a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae

title: Clambus


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Darsham

Darsham is a village in Suffolk, England. It is located approximately 4 mi north east of Saxmundham. The village is bypassed by the A12 and is served by Darsham railway station, which is approximately one mile away from the village centre, on the Ipswich-Lowestoft East Suffolk Line.

The name of the village of Darsham derives from Deores Ham — home of the deer. This name is borne out by early reference to local roadways as chaseways. There was hunting in this area as late as the 18th century. Darsham is a mixed community with six farms. The village still has a pub, The Fox, however over the past few years the village has lost its school, shop and post office.

The garage on the A12, now primarily a petrol station, has a cafe and a shop. There is also a farm shop, a handmade tile factory, a pottery, a builder, an irrigation contractor, seed and feed merchants and a cafe, a private nursing home and a plant nursery with a shop and restaurant.

History
The village gave its name to the Ham class minesweeper HMS Darsham.

In WW2, Darsham was the site of RAF High Street, situated just off the A144 road to Bramfield and Halesworth, an early radar station part of Chain Home which originated at Bawdsey Manor, in Suffolk. The High Street radar station had "Type 1 radar", 4 (Receive towers) of 240 ft made from wood and five (Transmit towers) of 360 ft made of steel. The wood towers stood in a close formation. The site later became a fireworks factory.

Further down the A12 towards Lowestoft there are a row of cottages, Optney Cottages, that used to be the Darsham Coaching Inn.

Darsham Marshes Nature Reserve
Darsham Marshes is a nature reserve located south of the village. The reserve is 20 ha in size and is owned and managed by Suffolk Wildlife Trust. The reserve consists of areas of marshland, meadow and fen land along the Minsmere River and is designated as a County Wildlife Site.

title: Darsham


text:
User talk:DBE

Official IRA and Stalinism
Thanks for your explanation at Talk:Official IRA, I'm now satisfied that your edit was in good faith and I apologize for my previous accusation of POV. "Stalinist" is quite a heavily loaded term, and is often used as a perjorative, so it's best to avoid it (except in cases when the organization in question explicitly applies it to themselves). I'd suggest describing the OIRA as "Marxist" in other articles, and including a paragraph describing their Stalinist tendencies in their main article? Demiurge 14:05, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

(Roman) Catholic Church
Would you like to make some corrections yourself to your changes in the Roman Catholic Church article, rather than have others do it?

You have unfortunately confused two senses of the word “rite”:
 * 1) (a)  “Rite” in the sense of a Church that (within Catholic unity and full communion with the see of Rome) has its own canon law etc. (the Second Vatican Council called these Churches “particular Churches or rites”);
 * 2) (b)  “rite” in the sense of a liturgical rite.  (Milan uses its own liturgical rite, but isn’t a Rite or particular Church in the first sense.)

So I would suggest you undo the changes you made because of that confusion from the singular “rite” to the plural “rites”.

You must certainly undo your false attribution to the Vatican yearbook “Annuario Pontificio” of your list of rites. The text that you have replaced was a faithful translation. I can send you the original Italian text if you doubt it.

Unless you correct at least these mistakes, I fear someone will simply revert to the text that there was before you made your alterations, regardless of the worth of your other changes.

Lima 12:39, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Norwood, Bronx, New York
First of all, thanks for the contributions to the article you gave. Glad to see someone noticed that posting, and glad to see that there's some perspective.

Re: NORAID and all that jazz - I understand the issue of the support of some Irish-in-America for the IRA to be a controversial issue (as it's frequently used to put down the Republican cause generally). However, to just dismiss American arms smuggling into Ireland is just plain silly. There've been well documented cases of it with regard to the IRA, and it's certainly possible to arm a paramilitary off of our easily bought guns and ammo (just for perspective: I happen to know for a fact that a number of Albanians here who were arming themselves before joining up with the KLA, simply by going to one sporting goods shop here in the Bronx).

Also, regarding rumors: I think almost every Irish businessman had some rumor going around about them being an IRA member. There's a longstanding Bronx tradition whereby whoever's the latest to come into the neighborhood is rumored to be supporting some armed group, whether it's Irish and the IRA, Italians and the Mafia, Albanians and the KLA, or more recently the Bangladeshis and al-Qaeda. As much as I wish it was only a few Irish who were rumored to be IRA members, you're seriously underestimating American bigotry if you think that only "some" got that treatment.--Daniel 03:17, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DBE


text: Category:Pubs in Liverpool

title: Category:Pubs in Liverpool


text:
Darsham railway station

Darsham railway station is on the East Suffolk Line in the east of England, serving the villages of Darsham and Yoxford, Suffolk, lying midway between the two communities. It is 26 mi down the line from Ipswich and 95 mi measured from London Liverpool Street; it is situated between Saxmundham and Halesworth. Its three-letter station code is DSM.

It is managed by Abellio Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains that call.

The station-house is owned by Darsham Country Centre, a subsidiary of the Woodcraft Folk, and is run as a residential centre for youth groups.

Services
the typical Monday-Sunday off-peak service at Darsham is as follows:

Trains direct to and from London Liverpool Street were withdrawn in 2010.

One weekday early-morning train is extended through to Harwich International and there is a return from there in the evening.

title: Darsham railway station


text:
User:CDA/perm

(in editing stage)

Hello XXXXXXXXX,

I am writing to you to request a publicity photo to illustrate an article about XXXXXX that I am writing for Wikipedia.

As an example of what I need, I wrote an article about the bluegrass band, The Cherryholmes. On their official website http://www.cherryholmes.net/press.htm the Cherryholmes offer several images that are available for journalists to use freely to illustrate articles, both in print and on the internet.

The most important thing is that I need photographs that the Davenport Hotel owns the copyright to, photographs that have been released by the photographer. Do you have any photographs that were shot specifically for publicity that I could use? It would also be great if you include the name of the photographer even if you do own the copyright. If you have any questions about what I can use please contact me.

You can attach images to an email or send them to my office - I would be happy to scan an image.

If you are not familiar with Wikipedia, it is a free Internet encyclopedia with no advertising. It is quickly becoming the first stop for anyone researching a subject on the Internet. I love local history. I am aware of the importance of the Davenport Hotel to Spokane so I am the one who started the entry on Wikipedia and I am eager to expand on it.

Thank you for your time in considering this request.

Sincerely, xxxxxx

Hello XXXX,

I am writing to you on behalf of the multilingual Wikipedia project , a project to create a complete, accurate, and open-content encyclopedia. I am one of the many volunteer editors.

I am editing an article about XXXXXX. I am respectfully requesting your permission use a low resolution copy of XXXXXXXX to include in the article. Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia and therefore can use images in the United States under the "fair use" clause in copyright laws. We would much rather prefer getting permission and crediting the photographer. And include links to both the photographer and the subject.

If you allow Wikipedia to use the image you can be assured:
 * The photographer retains the copyright.
 * We can use a low-resolution copy only (which would be useless as a source to make illegal prints of the image). Note this is a boilerplate for a promotional image not for a work of art or photograph that I would request at the highest resolution - that would be a different letter.

What we need from you:
 * A release from the photographer to either put the image in the public domain or license it under the gnul or cc (explain, give example)
 * Permission from you to copy and paste my email correspondance with you as part of the documentation to the image (I would paste your response and name (as the contact for this image) in the image description but not your email address, give example)

Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to your reply.

Sincerely,

I am an editor of the Wikipedia, a multilingual project to create a complete and accurate open content encyclopedia.

an endeavour to build a fully-fledged multilingual encyclopaedia in an entirely open manner, to ask for permission to use your copyrighted material.

I am an editor of the Wikipedia (wikipedia.org), a multilingual project to create a complete, accurate, and open-content encyclopedia.

I am one of the many volunteer editors of Wikipedia (wikipedia.org), a Web-based collaboration.

I respectfully request your permission to use your excellent , , as Wikipedia content. Wikipedia is a complete, open-content, multilingual encyclopedia, that strives for reliable content. Volunteers from around the world collaboratively create content, but Wikipedia depends upon , such as yours, to clearly illustrate that content.

However, we can only use your material if you are willing to grant permission for it to be used under terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (GNU-FDL, or GFDL for short).

If you do agree to grant permission for use, we will credit you for your work, stating it was based on your work and is used with your permission, and by providing a link back to your website.

We would like your permission to include resources created by your organization in our encyclopedia. Specifically, we are interested in copying , accessible at . In order for us to do so, it would be necessary for you to license your work under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), which was designed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for free works. You can find the license text at

Your organisation has on its website content which would undoubtedly enhance communication with our target audience; in order to do so, I should like to ask for your authorisation to use such content, namely the [photograph|illustration|etc] located at [URL], under the terms of Wikipedia's licence.

Wikipedia licenses all its content under the licence developed for purposes of free documentation by the Free Software Foundation, the text of which can be found at . It should be borne in mind that if you choose to allow Wikipedia to use the stated [photograph|illustration|etc], it will remain copyrighted to you; however, the said licence stipulates that third parties must be permitted to reuse the licensed work so long that they retain the licence of this work and any derivatives from it. Consequently, you may wish to consider carefully whether you are prepared to compromise some of your rights granted to you by copyright law by licensing your work as suggested. That said, allow me to reiterate that your material will be used to the noble end of providing a free collection of knowledge for everyone; naturally enough, only if you agree. If that is the case, could you kindly fill in the attached form and post it to [where?]? We shall greatly appreciate it. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to your reply.

Sincerely,

title: User:CDA/perm


text:
Bob Howsam

Robert Lee Howsam (February 28, 1918 – February 19, 2008) was an American professional sports executive and entrepreneur. In 1959, he played a key role in establishing two leagues—the American Football League, which succeeded and merged with the National Football League, and baseball's Continental League, which never played a game but forced expansion of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 16 to 20 teams in 1961–62. Howsam then became a prominent MLB executive as the highly successful general manager (GM) and club president of the Cincinnati Reds during the Big Red Machine dynasty between and, when his team won four National League pennants and two World Series titles. He also served as GM of the St. Louis Cardinals from August 17, 1964, until January 22, 1967, where he inherited a team that would win the 1964 World Series, but made material contributions to the Redbirds' 1967 world champions and 1968 pennant-winners.

Born in Denver, Howsam attended the University of Colorado and served as a U.S. Navy pilot during World War II. He was the son-in-law of Edwin C. Johnson, a three-term United States Senator and two-term governor of Colorado. Johnson also was involved with professional baseball as founder and first president of the postwar Class A Western League, an upper-level minor league that played from 1947 to 1958.

Efforts to bring Major League Baseball to Denver
Howsam first made a name for himself as a highly successful baseball executive. He led the family-owned Denver Bears of the Western League and Triple-A American Association from 1947 to 1962. He built one of the most successful minor league franchises of the 1950s and was twice (1951 and 1956) named Minor League Executive of the Year by The Sporting News. Howsam, his brother Earl and his father Lee also built Bears Stadium, a minor league baseball park which, after renovation and expanded capacity, became famous as Mile High Stadium, the Denver Broncos' noisy, raucous and perpetually sold-out home from 1960 to 2001. While the Bears achieved great success as the top farm team of the New York Yankees in the late 1950s, an earlier stint as a mid-level affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates (1952–54) served to introduce Howsam to Pirates' general manager Branch Rickey, the Baseball Hall of Fame executive, who had revolutionized baseball in his earlier career with the St. Louis Cardinals and Brooklyn Dodgers. Rickey would play an influential role later in Howsam's career.

In an attempt to bring Major League Baseball to Denver, Howsam was one of the founders of the Continental League, which in 1959 planned to become the "third Major League" following the epidemic of franchise shifts during the 1950s. MLB magnates, nervous about the possible rescinding of baseball's antitrust exemption by the U.S. Congress after the National League abandoned New York City in 1958, agreed to study (and perhaps support) the formation of the new loop. Howsam was slated to become owner of the Denver franchise, one of the league's eight charter members. Howsam even went as far as to expand Bears Stadium to over 34,000. Rickey, meanwhile, was elected president of the new circuit.

As events unfolded, the new league never got off the drawing board; it was doomed once three of its key cities gained Major League franchises in 1961 and 1962: New York and Houston were awarded expansion National League franchises in 1962, while the Washington Senators of the American League moved to Minneapolis–Saint Paul as part of the Junior Circuit's 1961 expansion.

Founder of AFL and Denver Broncos
Howsam was now in a bind. He had taken on a large amount of debt in hopes of bringing the majors to Denver. However, there was little prospect of retiring it in the foreseeable future, as he was now saddled with a stadium far too big for a Triple-A team. He concluded the only way to get additional revenue was to extend his stadium's season by bringing in a football team.

Howsam first sought an expansion NFL team for Denver. When that bid was turned down, Howsam met with Lamar Hunt in the lobby of The Brown Palace Hotel and founded the Denver Broncos—one of the eight charter members of the American Football League. (Howsam and the seven other original owners called themselves the "Foolish Club" for daring to take on the established NFL.)

The Broncos played in the AFL from 1960 to 1969 and then joined the NFL with completion of the NFL/AFL merger in 1970. After a disastrous 4–9–1 season in 1960, the Howsams sold controlling interest in the Broncos and Bears to Gerald and Alan Phipps in May 1961. The team would only get as high as .500 only three times its first 17 years, including when it joined the NFL in 1970. But it was developing a loyal fan base, and since its first Super Bowl appearance in 1977, the Broncos have become one of the most successful operations in the NFL.

In St. Louis: A World Series champ in first year
After selling the Broncos, Howsam returned to baseball. In the wake of the Continental League's demise, Rickey, then 80, rejoined the Cardinals in 1962 as a part-time but influential advisor to the Redbirds' owner, August A. Busch Jr. In mid-August 1964, with the Cardinals seemingly about to finish well behind the first-place Philadelphia Phillies, Busch fired general manager Bing Devine and replaced him with Howsam —reputedly at Rickey's urging. On August 17, the day of Howsam's hiring, St. Louis was in fifth place at 63–55 in the ten-team National League, nine games behind Philadelphia.

However, the team Howsam inherited ended up winning 30 of its last 44 games—including eight in a row from September 24–30—and captured the NL pennant on the last day of the season, as the Phils collapsed. Then, behind Bob Gibson, they defeated the Yankees in the World Series. During the victory celebration after the clinching seventh game, Howsam was given credit for the St. Louis turnaround. This rankled several of the players, most of whom felt Devine's acquisition of Lou Brock in June provided the final piece of the puzzle. Furthermore, Howsam did not have an opportunity to make major changes to the team in his six weeks as general manager; his tenure began two months after the June 15 trade deadline then in effect and the Cardinals' 25-man roster remained virtually the same from August 17 through the World Series.

Howsam's two full years as Cardinals' general manager (1965–66) failed to deliver a pennant, with St. Louis winning 80 and 83 games, respectively. Howsam installed popular Red Schoendienst as manager and he rebuilt the Redbirds infield, trading away veterans Ken Boyer, Bill White and Dick Groat in a bid for more pitching help. In 1966, Howsam acquired future Hall of Fame first baseman Orlando Cepeda from the San Francisco Giants on May 8 and right fielder Roger Maris from the Yankees on December 8 during the winter interleague trading period. White later stated he had no respect for Howsam, who stated that White was six years older than his stated age (31) to reporters. As the long-term replacement for Boyer, Howsam and Schoendienst decided to stay in house and move Cardinal right fielder Mike Shannon to third base. With Howsam's contributions, the Cardinals were poised to win back-to-back pennants in 1967–68. But in December 1966, a 13-member local ownership syndicate led by Francis L. Dale purchased the Cincinnati Reds; one month later, in January 1967, Howsam accepted its offer to become the club's new general manager.

In Cincinnati: Engineering the 'Big Red Machine'
In Cincinnati, Howsam flourished. During his 11 years (1967–77) as general manager, he was one of the key figures (along with his predecessor, Bill DeWitt, and his manager, Sparky Anderson) behind "The Big Red Machine", which captured six division titles from 1970 to 1979, four NLCS titles, and two World Series championships in 1975 and 1976.

Although many key parts of the Reds' dynasty—such as Pete Rose, Johnny Bench, Tony Pérez, Lee May and Tommy Helms—were already in place or in the organization in 1966, Howsam boldly promoted young pitchers such as Gary Nolan, Don Gullett and Wayne Simpson to the Major Leagues. In 1970, he replaced a popular incumbent manager, Dave Bristol, with a then-unproven but a future Hall-of-Fame skipper in Anderson, whom Howsam had earlier hired as a manager in the Cardinals' and Reds' farm systems. He ensured that the fruitful Cincinnati system continued to churn out young position players, such as Dave Concepción, Ken Griffey, Ray Knight and Bernie Carbo. He also acquired record-setting reliever Wayne Granger and two talented young outfielders, Bobby Tolan and Alex Johnson, from the Cardinals. It was the second time that Howsam had traded for Johnson (the first was in 1965 while Johnson was a member of the Philadelphia Phillies), and he would ultimately trade Johnson away for pitchers Pedro Borbon and Jim McGlothlin (who would go on to win 14 games for the 1970 Reds).

Then, in two masterful 1971 trades, Howsam acquired second baseman Joe Morgan (in a deal that included May and Helms) from the Houston Astros and outfielder George Foster from the Giants (for utility infielder Frank Duffy). In Cincinnati, Morgan would win consecutive NL Most Valuable Player awards in 1975–76 and earn credentials as a member of the Hall of Fame. Foster won the 1977 NL MVP award when he belted 52 home runs for the Reds — the only player to crack the half-century HR mark in the 1970s or 1980s.

The 1976 Cincinnati club, which won 102 regular season games, then swept both the Phillies in the 1976 National League Championship Series and the Yankees in the 1976 World Series, is considered one of the strongest in baseball history. The Sporting News named Howsam Major League Executive of the Year for 1973; ironically, that season the powerhouse Reds dropped the NLCS to the underdog New York Mets.

Howsam reportedly had considerably more authority than most general managers of the time. The team's owners during his tenure (first Dale, then Louis Nippert) largely left the team's day-to-day operations in his hands, and he added the title of team president in 1973. He even represented the Reds at owners' meetings. Under his watch, the Reds were known for their strict policies on player appearance. Players were not allowed to have facial hair (a policy that continued long after Howsam left the team) and were required to wear their uniform pants and socks in a specific fashion. However, Howsam was especially known for his conservatism regarding labor relations; under him, the Reds were among the hardliners during the 1972 strike.

After the dynasty
The advent of free agency came upon baseball right after the 1976 title. As such, with the looming question of whom to let go to free agency at first base among 34-year-old veteran Tony Pérez and 26-year-old Dan Driessen, Howsam chose to trade Perez to the Montreal Expos, with him and Will McEnaney going to the Montreal Expos for in exchange for veteran pitcher Woody Fryman and reliever Dale Murray. Many players, along with Anderson and Howsam himself, believed that the loss of Perez in the clubhouse played a key factor in the decline of the team in the following years. Don Gullett left the Reds after the 1976 season and signed with the Yankees.

The 1977 Reds finished second in the NL West to the Los Angeles Dodgers (a team that finished in second in the division six times in the past seven years), despite Howsam engineering a big mid-season trade for future Hall of Fame pitcher Tom Seaver. Approaching his 60th birthday at the close of the 1977 season, Howsam turned over his general manager responsibilities to a longtime assistant, Dick Wagner, who was described as Howsam's "hatchet man".

The Reds finished second to the Dodgers again in 1978 and Rose left via free agency in the winter of 1978. Wagner fired Sparky Anderson after the 1978 season after Anderson refused to fire key members of his coaching staff. Joe Morgan left in 1979. Howsam returned to the club presidency in 1983 replacing a fired Wagner. By then, the Reds were in last place of the NL West. Howsam traded for an aging Pete Rose in 1984 and installed him as a player-manager. Rose would become the all-time hits leader the next year, collecting hit No. 4,192 on September 11, 1985, eclipsing a record set by Ty Cobb. Howsam was elected to the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 2004.

In retirement, Howsam served on the Colorado Baseball Commission, which succeeded in bringing the Colorado Rockies to Denver as a National League expansion team in 1993 — thus fulfilling his dream of bringing MLB to his hometown three decades after the death of the Continental League. He had been elected to his home state's Sports Hall of Fame in 1971. He died from complications of heart disease on February 19, 2008, nine days short of his 90th birthday, at his Sun City, Arizona, home.

title: Bob Howsam


text:
Talk:WWE Day of Reckoning 2

Comment
Okay, this reads more like a review than an article. I'm also not too sure about the neutrality; the article seems to overwhelmingly state that DoR 2 is a fantastic game that's better than the first in so many ways (perhaps it reads like an advertisement). Now, I'm not going to go out of my way to change this (at least until I own the game), but I would appreciate it if somebody could make a few changes to improve the article's quality.

 * I've cleaned up the article a bit, trimmed away the none encyclopedic and PoV parts. I can't really vouch for the accuracy, since I've just been using the original text, and haven't played the game myself. Still needs some work. Darksun 20:46, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed- someone needs to redo the Story Mode section entirely. Not only is the spelling and grammar horrendous, but it doesn't read like an encyclopedia article.

Paint Tool Glitch
This goes out to anybody who has created a CAW in the game.When your making a CAW go to Paint Tool part make a logo save it.Go to Body base then go to tattoo, get a tattoo from the paint tool, select your logo that you just made.Put it on any part of your body thats visible.You'll see that it's nowhere to be found.Go to your CAW's entrance and you will see your logo, you see it needs some ajustments.Go back to creating your CAW and the tattoo is gone.You go back to entrance and it will reapeare.This makes it fustrating for me because I can't ajust the tattoo without looking at it.I bought the same game again at another store and it does the same thing.The question is does the same glitch apply on any other WWE Day of Reckoning 2 owners out there?
 * Yes it does. But this is wikipedia. not a video game forum.Koberulz 08:53, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Day of Reckoning 3?
Will there be a Day of Reckoning 3 -- Metal Maiden 15:47, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe I heard something about it a while ago. We'll probably hear more when the Wii is released. Koberulz 14:26, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

There will not be a Day of Reckoning 3... yet. But THQ has announced that WWE Smackdown! vs. RAW 2008 will not only be on the Wii, but on the DS, PS2, PS3, and the XBox 360. Jeremy Plaza 22:26 June 29, 2007

Trivia
Is the trivia section really that necessary? I mean, things like "In only certain arenas does Randy Orton's pyro appear". Is it really needed? Metros232 13:53, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Fixed up the PPVs
I just added the PPVs and links over the old, not professonal looking text. If theres any I forgot, please add them.

72.12.130.133 (talk) 23:54, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Christian
wasnt christian a World heavyweight champion of some sort in this game? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.67.178.177 (talk) 15:43, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:WWE Day of Reckoning 2


text:
Eriococcus

Eriococcus is a scientific name which has been used for multiple distinct genera. It may refer to:

 * Eriococcus (bug) the type genus of Eriococcidae
 * A scientific synonym of Phyllanthus

title: Eriococcus


text:
FMX

FMX may stand for:

 * FMX (broadcasting), a system employing audio noise reduction
 * FMX (Conference), an annual conference on visual effects in Stuttgart, taking place in February
 * Famoxadone, a pesticide abbreviated as FMX
 * FireMonkey, a visual software development framework abbreviated as FMX
 * Ford FMX Transmission, an automatic transmission
 * Freestyle Motocross, a variation on the sport of motocross in which motorcycle riders attempt to impress judges with jumps and stunts
 * Full Mouth X-ray
 * Fomento Económico Mexicano, a Mexican beverage and retail company

title: FMX


text:
Animal trypanosomiasis

Animal trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana and nagana pest, or sleeping sickness, is a disease of vertebrates. The disease is caused by trypanosomes of several species in the genus Trypanosoma such as T. brucei. T. vivax causes nagana mainly in West Africa, although it has spread to South America. The trypanosomes infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing fever, weakness, and lethargy, which lead to weight loss and anemia; in some animals the disease is fatal unless treated. The trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies.

An interesting feature is the remarkable tolerance to nagana pathology shown by some breeds of cattle, notably the N'Dama – a West African Bos taurus breed. This contrasts with the susceptibility shown by East African B. indicus cattle such as the zebu.

Transmission
Most trypanosomes develop in tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), its biological vector, in about one to a few weeks. When an infected tsetse fly bites an animal, the parasites are transmitted through its saliva. It can also be spread by fomites such as surgical instruments, needles, and syringes. The most important vectors are thought to be horseflies (Tabanidae spp.) and stable flies (Stomoxys spp.).

The immune response of animals may be unable to eliminate trypanosomes completely, and the host may become an inapparent carrier. These inapparent infections can be reactivated if the animal is stressed. Transplacental transmission can also occur.

Transmission was successfully halted on Zanzibar by sterile insect technique (SIT) of the vector Glossina austeni.

Signs and symptoms
The incubation period ranges from four days to approximately eight weeks. The infection leads to significant weight loss and anemia. Various symptoms are observed, including fever, oedema, adenitis, dermatitis and nervous disorders. The disease cannot be diagnosed with certainty except physically detecting parasites by blood microscopic examination or various serological reactions.

Control measures
If the outbreak is detected early, the organism can be destroyed by quarantines, movement controls, and the euthanasia of infected animals. Tsetse fly populations can be reduced or eliminated by traps, insecticides, and by treating infected animals with antiparasitic drugs. The tsetse habitat can be destroyed by alteration of vegetation. Some drugs can prevent trypanosomiasis, and are called prophylactic drugs. These are very effective in protecting animals during the times they are exposed to diseases. Historically, these drugs were not used properly, leading to some resistance.

Waterbuck, among other animals, produces chemical odours that repel tsetse flies. This has led to the development of collars that store and gradually release these chemicals, reducing tsetse attack and thus trypanosomiasis incidence for cattle wearing these collars.

Economic impact
Although the loss of direct livestock products (meat, milk, and blood) is problematic, the greatest impact of livestock trypanosomiasis is the loss of crop productivity due to loss of the animals' draught power in the field.

title: Animal trypanosomiasis


text:
User talk:Szo executioner

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Durin 14:10, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
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Edits to USS Frederick (LST-1184)
Thank you for your edit to USS Frederick (LST-1184)! I hope you'll make many more edits to USN related articles. You might be interested in joining WikiProject Ships. --Durin 14:10, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Szo executioner


text: Category:Southern District, Hong Kong

title: Category:Southern District, Hong Kong


text:
Leichhardtia (gastropod)

Leichhardtia is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails.

All species within this genus and this family have sinistral shells.

Distribution
This genus is endemic to, and restricted to, northern Australia.

Species
Species within this genus include:
 * Leichhardtia sisurnius

title: Leichhardtia (gastropod)


text:
Mulberry (TV series)

Mulberry is a fantasy sitcom written by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey that aired on BBC 1 in the early 1990s. Mulberry ran for two series: the first series of six episodes ran from 24 February to 30 March 1992, and the second series of seven episodes ran from 8 April to 25 May 1993. A third series was planned which would have concluded the story and wrap up the plotlines established in the first two series, but was cancelled before production began. As a result, the story never reached a conclusion.

Plot
The programme stars Karl Howman as the mysterious Mulberry, a man who appears at the household of a cantankerous spinster, Rose Farnaby, and applies for a position as her manservant. Miss Farnaby's other staff, Bert and Alice Finch, are immediately suspicious, as the position for which Mulberry applies had not yet been advertised.

Their suspicions are well placed. Mulberry is not all he seems; in fact, he is an apprentice Grim Reaper who has been dispatched to the house to escort Miss Farnaby to the next world. Surprisingly for a Grim Reaper, Mulberry has a sentimental, even comical, side with a love of life and laughter that moves him to dedicate himself to ensuring that the sullen Miss Farnaby's last days on Earth are happy, using his role as servant to put his plans into motion.

Mulberry's sensitivity and interest in Miss Farnaby's well-being do not sit well with Mulberry's father, a fully fledged Grim Reaper with no interest in human emotions. He appears in most episodes as a mysterious figure (billed as "The Stranger") in a black hat and dark clothes, urging Mulberry to get on with the job. This is Mulberry's first assignment as a Grim Reaper, a task which he was told he could ease into. His father is annoyed with his dawdling. Mulberry refuses at first to do the job putting it off constantly much to his father's annoyance, and eventually, we learn the source of Mulberry's love of life: his mother, is actually Springtime. Mulberry's mother is one of the few things able to move his father as he grudgingly lets Miss Farnaby have three extra months of life and allows Mulberry to stay for that time after his mother visits. Mulberry also meets his mother for the first time who says she "does have some influence" on his father.

The device of Mulberry's father being Death and mother being Springtime is loosely borrowed from Greek mythology. Hades, lord of the underworld married a young maiden goddess named Persephone. Demeter was her mother and was heartbroken at the fate of Persephone having to live forever in hell. As the goddess of fertility and agriculture, her grief caused winter to come. As a compromise it was arranged for Persephone to only spend half the year with her husband. Thus we have winter and summer annually. Since springtime comes when Persephone returns to the surface she has become a symbol of youth, rebirth and spring. However, in Greek mythology, Hades and Persephone never have any children.

Ambiguous references are made to where Mulberry and his father 'come from', and what kind of beings they actually are, but these issues are not resolved in the show due the cancellation of the series.

Regulars

 * Karl Howman – Mulberry
 * Geraldine McEwan – Miss Rose Farnaby
 * Tony Selby – Albert ("Bert") Finch
 * Lill Roughley (Series 1) / Mary Healey (Series 2) – Alice Finch
 * John Bennett – The Stranger

Guests

 * Caroline Blakiston – Adele
 * Sylvia Syms – Springtime
 * Derek Benfield – Alf

Crew

 * John Esmonde and Bob Larbey – Writers
 * John B. Hobbs / Clive Grainger – Director
 * John B. Hobbs – Producer

Episodes
A total of 13 episodes were produced over two series.

Locations
Much of the show was filmed around Dorset. Additional locations include a former Little Chef (now a Travelodge) in Saint Leonards in Hampshire, and the Westbourne Shopping Arcade in Bournemouth.
 * Exterior shots for the Farnaby estate were filmed at High Hall, a 17th-century manor-house near Wimborne.
 * Witchampton was used for exterior shots of the local village.
 * Agglestone rock Swanage in used in a couple of episodes.
 * Wareham

title: Mulberry (TV series)


text: User talk:60.230.212.58

title: User talk:60.230.212.58


text:
Guarani Aquifer

The Guarani Aquifer, located beneath the surface of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, is the second largest known aquifer system in the world and is an important source of fresh water. Named after the Guarani people, it covers 1200000 km2, with a volume of about 40000 km3, a thickness of between 50 m and  800 m and a maximum depth of about  1800 m. It is estimated to contain about 37000 km3 of water, with a total recharge rate of about 166 km3/year from precipitation. It is said that this vast underground reservoir could supply fresh drinking water to the world for 200 years. However, at closer inspection, if the world population were to stay at an equilibrium of about 6.96 billion, not even taking into account that babies need less water than grown adults, this figure reaches 1600 years, allowing about 9 liters per day per person. Due to an expected shortage of fresh water on a global scale, which environmentalists suggest will become critical in under 20 years, this important natural resource is rapidly becoming politicised, and its control becomes ever more controversial.

Geology of the aquifer
The Guarani Aquifer consists primarily of fluvial sandstones of the Piramboia Formation and aeolian sandstones of the Botucatu Formation, which were deposited during the Triassic and Jurassic periods. Over 90% of the total area is overlain by early Cretaceous basalts of the Serra Geral Formation. The basalt's low permeability allows it to act as an aquitard, providing a high degree of containment. This greatly reduces the rate of infiltration and subsequent recharge, but also isolates the aquifer from the vadose zone, subsequent surface-associated losses due to evaporation and evapotranspiration, and potential contamination.

The erosion exposes pieces of sandstone on aquifer's banks, which are called outcrops. This is where the rain comes in and also where the contamination might happen. In general, the aquifer comprises a variety of quartz sand, well-rounded format, and has low clay content. Granulometric data indicate that over 50% of the grains have a diameter between 0.125 and 0.250 mm.

Research and monitoring of the aquifer in order to better manage it as a resource is considered important, as the population growth rate within its area is relatively high — resulting in higher consumption and pollution risks.

The countries over the aquifer are also the original four Mercosur countries.

Recharge of the aquifer
The recharge distribution is related to precipitation rate. Its complexity is due to the indirect relation between them. The infiltration rate depends on parameters that are variables in time and space. Another important factor that contributes to the aquifer's recharge is the importance of evapotranspiration. The soil, plants and atmosphere could be considered as components of a system physically related and dynamic. In some regions, the quantity of water that evaporates is larger than the runoff flow.

A study by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) in Ribeirão Preto - Brazil, from 1994 to 2001 indicates that agricultural activity using chemical products offers risk of contamination for the groundwater.

Vegetal interception is another factor that directly influences the quantity of water that infiltrates into the soil, according to Soares and Almeida (2001) who realized a study in the Eucalyptus area between October 1995 and September 1996. The interception during this period was evaluated in 11% of the precipitation value.

title: Guarani Aquifer


text: Category:North District, Hong Kong

title: Category:North District, Hong Kong


text:
Talk:Zephyr

Added
Zephyrhills,Fl. A town 30 miles north of Tampa on U.S. Highway 301. It hosts world class events at its World World 2 II deactivated Naval training station airport. o baby
 * added Zephyrhills. Paptilian (talk) 23:11, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

A codename for cancer
zephyr was used by British American Tobacco as a secret codename for cancer in their research departments.

For decades cancer was the forbidden word in BAT's research labs in Southampton. The killer disease went by the secret codename "zephyr".

This has a significant historical relevance.

Please see link: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-27546922

A light Breeze
Shouldn't the first thing on the list be a redirect to wind, followed by 'a word to describe a light breeze'? I see no mention of wind anywhere. 81.77.28.178 (talk) 12:00, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I concur, a hatnote link.

Paptilian (talk) 23:05, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia:Disambiguation
 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Disambiguation
 * Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages

Albums addition request
I request for someone to add Zephyrus (album) by The Oh Hellos under the music albums sections. MirageTheShadow (talk) 21:55, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Does it have an article? — swpb T • beyond • mutual 15:09, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

Fictional Entities
Zephyr, a common nickname of Tirzah Morris Corvid42 (talk) 18:07, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zephyr


text:
Westerfield

Westerfield is a village in Suffolk, England. It lies about two miles north of the centre of Ipswich in the East Suffolk District, and is served by Westerfield railway station on the Ipswich–Lowestoft East Suffolk Line.

Amenities
Westerfield has two public houses, The Swan in northern Westerfield and The Westerfield Railway in the south. Both serve meals and contribute much to local social activity.

Central Westerfield has a village green adjacent to the medieval parish Church of St Mary Magdalene, where the East Anglian cleric and Hebrew scholar Cyprian Thomas Rust (1808–1895) is among those buried. It has fine stained glass windows, of which St Mary of Magdala was designed by William Morris.

Population
The population of Westerfield with Culpho was estimated at 486 in 2019 and measured at 442 in the 2011 Census.

title: Westerfield


text: Talk:Bankhead

title: Talk:Bankhead


text:
User talk:01asada

Welcome!

Hello, 01asada, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Incidentally I have moved the page you created at 01asada to User:01asada. Please do not recreate the former location. -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:15, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:01asada


text:
Mihajlo

Mihajlo (Михајло) is a South Slavic variant of the name Michael, often found among Serbs. Cognate names include Mihailo and Mijailo.

 * Science
 * Mihajlo Pupin (1858–1935), Serbian physicist
 * Mihajlo D. Mesarovic (born 1928), Serbian American scientist

 * Sports
 * Mihajlo Pjanović (born 1977), Serbian football player
 * Mihajlo Andrić (born 1994), Serbian basketball player
 * Mihajlo Ristovski (born 1983), Macedonian swimmer
 * Mihajlo Cakić (born 1990), Serbian footballer
 * Mihajlo Mitić (born 1990), Serbian volleyball player
 * Mihajlo Vujačić (born 1973), Montenegrin former football forward
 * Mihajlo Dimitrijević (1927–1995), Serbian high jumper
 * Mihajlo Arsoski (born 1995), Macedonian professional basketballer

 * Military
 * Mihajlo Apostolski (1906–1987), Yugoslav general, military theoretician, politician and historian
 * Mihajlo Lukić (1886–1961), Austro-Hungarian and Yugoslav general
 * Mihajlo–Mitchell Paige (1918–2003), American-Serbian army officer

 * Royalty and nobility
 * Mihajlo Višević, ruler of Zahumlje
 * Mihajlo Krešimir II (d. 969), king of Croatia
 * Mihajlo I of Duklja (d. 1081), Prince of Serbs, ruler of Duklja
 * Mihajlo II of Duklja, ruler of Duklja (c. 1101-1102)
 * Mihajlo III of Duklja, ruler of Duklja (c. 1180-1189)
 * Mihajlo Branivojević (d. 1326), Serbian nobleman
 * Mihajlo Obrenović (1823–1868), Prince of Serbia (1839-1842) and (1860-1868)
 * Mihajlo Petrović-Njegoš (1908–1986), Prince of Montenegro

 * Other
 * Mihajlo Klajn (1912–1941), Yugoslav Croatian agronomist and communist
 * Mihajlo Rostohar (1878–1966), Slovenian psychologist, author and educator
 * Mihajlo Kažić (born 1960), Serbian novelist
 * Mihajlo Svilojević, Serbian epic poetry hero
 * Mihajlo Mihajlovski, Macedonian handball club manager
 * Mihajlo Zurković (born 1978), Serbian pianist
 * Mihajlo Hranjac, Ragusan builder
 * Mihajlo Bata Paskaljević (1923–2004), Serbian actor

title: Mihajlo


text:
Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis

The Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis ("Treaty with the princes of the church") was decreed on 26 April 1220 by Frederick II as a concession to the German bishops in return for their co-operation in the election of his son Henry as King. It was an important source of law of the Holy Roman Empire, and was counted among its constitutional documents by the editors of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica.

In this law Frederick II relinquished a number of important Royal rights (Regalia) to the spiritual princes. Among other things, the bishops received the rights to mint coins and levy tolls in the German part of the Holy Roman Empire and to build fortifications. Moreover, they gained the right to hold courts in their lordships and to receive the assistance of the King or the Emperor in carrying out the sentences passed there. Acceptance of the sentences by the King or Emperor was guaranteed: condemnation by the ecclesiastical courts automatically meant condemnation and punishment by the Royal or Imperial courts as well. Therefore, the pronouncement of excommunication by an ecclesiastical court was invariably followed by the sentence of outlawry from the King or the Emperor.

The decreeing of this law, taken in conjunction with the later Statutum in favorem principum, which granted similar concessions to the secular or lay princes, made the power and influence of the spiritual territorial princes in relation to the Empire and the towns extraordinarily great. Frederick's aim was to leave the Empire north of the Alps secure under the direct rule of the princes, allowing him to concentrate his efforts on the southern part of the Empire. This rule of the land by the princes was nevertheless secured at the expense of the centralised power of the monarchy.


text:
Joseph-François Kremer

Joseph-François Kremer (born 22 June 1954) is a French composer, conductor, cellist and musicologist.

Biography
Joseph-François Kremer was born in Lyon (France) in 1954. Currently director of the Conservatoire Darius Milhaud of the City of Antony (Île-de-France). He is associated with an original movement in Postmodernism, cited in the ‘‘Larousse de la musique’’. He is interested in the sound qualities of contemporary music as well as the human role in the context of musical interpretation. As a cellist, he studied with Robert Cordier, Maurice Gendron and Claude Burgos. He studied orchestral conducting with J.C. Hartmann. As a composer, he was principally the disciple of Claude Ballif.

He has written several books which deal with musical phenomenology, especially on the symbolic forms of music (1984), on the great musical topics (1994), on musical aesthetics (2000), as well as on musical theory, among them the first French reissue of Rameau’s Traité d'harmonie of 1722, a project supported by the Fondation Singer-Polignac in 1986, and in 1996 Rameau's Nouveau système de musique théorique of 1726. He has also written several works of comparative aesthetics.

From 1987 to 1994, he directed the Contemporary Music Ensemble Intervalles and performed premières, as a conductor, of works by Jean-Yves Bosseur, Claude Ballif, M. Mathias, Egberto Gismonti, as well as his own works in international festivals : in Czech Republic, Germany, France, with retransmissions on Radio-France and the Radio-Suisse-Romande. He directed the conservatory of the city of Sevran from 1985 to 1996, where he invited Claude Ballif to take a composition class in 1990 as well as Marcel Bitsch, for teaching a theory course open to composers.

Kremer is president of several musical organizations : including Musiques à vivario from 2002 to 2005 for the promotion of classical music in Corsica as well as the Association of the Vocal ensemble les Oréades, creating a repertory of baroque and contemporary music.

Joseph-François Kremer was Professor of Philosophy of Music and Aesthetics at the Schola Cantorum in Paris ; he is regularly invited in France and in other countries as a guest professor (towns of Caracas, Baku, Imatra). He currently works with the Fesnojiv Foundation of Venezuela, after having published a book on the musical and social educational system (2003). He is co-author with François-Bernard Mâche of the Chart of the compositional and musicological teaching at the University of Caracas, where he has been teaching as Professor of Aesthetic since 2001.

He has contributed to the publication of more than thirty musicological works and has been the director of several collections for the parisian publishers Méridiens- Klincksieck, Kimé and L'Harmattan.

Selected works

 * Le chant de la nuit 5 pièces pour violoncelle seul
 * Symphonie à 4 pour flûte, clarinette, violoncelle et piano
 * Poussière d'oubli pour clarinette, violon, alto et violoncelle
 * Klaviersätze n°1,2,3,4,5,6,7...
 * Konzertstück pour violon et orchestre à cordes
 * Aria I pour soprano, flûte, violoncelle et piano
 * Aria II pour soprano, violoncelle et piano
 * Aria III pour soprano et piano
 * Symphonie de chambre pour solistes instrumentaux et soprano
 * Symphonie No. 3
 * Suite lyrique pour grand orchestre
 * Anamorphose pour orchestre (1976)
 * Anamorphoses II pour orchestre (1978)
 * Naturalia pour grand ensemble de cuivres
 * Dixtuor pour flûtes traversières
 * Petite messe des morts "pour une âme retrouvée"
 * Dio vi salvi regina, hymnus pour 5 voix solistes
 * Saxophonie pour saxophone seul
 * Petite pièce pour harpe
 * Saxazeriphonie pour saxophone seul
 * Contre chocs pour deux accordéons
 * Permitted games pour quatuor de guitares
 * Petite marche pour sextuor de cuivres
 * Adagio pour un film muet pour accordéon et piano (1975)
 * Symphonie No. 4 (2005)
 * Dialogue pour double quintette à vents (1977)
 * Summer Song 1 pour quatuor vocal et trio à vents (1994)
 * Summer Song 2 pour 3 sopranos, flûte en sol, perc. et cordes (1995)
 * Concerto pour flûte et orchestre à cordes (2008)

title: Joseph-François Kremer


text:
User:Dario Piazzoli

My name is Dario Piazzoli (born February, 1957) and live in New York City. I'm a lecturer, part-time journalist, and father of three. When not teaching or writing I contribute my time to Wikipedia.

Favorite 3 Books

 * Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
 * Asimov's I, Robot
 * Huxley's Brave New World

Favorite 3 Bands

 * Dave Matthews Band
 * Hootie and the Blowfish
 * Counting Crows

Favorite 3 TV Shows

 * NYPD Blue
 * Lost
 * Six Feet Under

Favorite 3 Movies

 * Bullets Over Broadway
 * Pitch Black
 * Braveheart

title: User:Dario Piazzoli


text: Category:Political parties in North Macedonia


text:
Talk:Commonwealth realm

Rhodesia
Rhodesia was never a Commonwealth Realm. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 17:09, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Gerard von Hebel, you’re absolutely correct, a country called Rhodesia has never legally existed.Frenchmalawi (talk) 04:31, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

Map

I believe that the map for this article should show current Commonwealth Realms and their territories (shown in the latter map) instead of former realms and dominions that are now republics (shown in the former map). The current map excludes many former colonies which maintained the monarch up to a later period than former dominions, for example many former African colonies. I believe the map should only show the present realms, and I would welcome thoughts on this matter. AlloDoon (talk) 11:21, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * But the excluded colonies are colonies not independent states. I don't understand the rationale for removing all the independent states that were once realms or dominions. Celia Homeford (talk) 14:11, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

Grenada
I don't believe Grenada uses the "United Kingdom" in its monarch's title/style, anymore - effective upon Charles III's accession. Thus for the moment, leaving Canada as the only non-UK realm continuing to use the "United Kingdom". GoodDay (talk) 15:43, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

Regions discussion redux
Again, per Talk:Commonwealth realm/Archive 21, there was a clear consensus from the participants involved that the listing of regions was not necessary. To reiterate the participants' points, it adds "confusion", was a "pointless addition resulting in unnecessary debate [and] Adds nothing", and to reiterate my own arguments is a category that doesn't provide "any real context to the article topic itself (that is, what is a CR)" and is something that could be expounded on in the section's lead paragraph. The conversation afterwards was myself attempting to bridge this rationale to exclude population as well, but I was unsuccessful in swaying the participants there.

If you or anyone would like to reexplore this discussion, I would be more than happy to, but I believe the last discussion on the issue made it clear that there is an existing consensus among the page's editors not to include regions for now. Leventio (talk) 04:50, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

Westminster system, prime minister (head of government), governor general (monarchy rep except UK), high commissioner (ambassador to the various governments
Recommend some or more text on Westminster system, prime minister (head(s) of government), governor general (monarchy rep except UK, basically chosen by the prime minister/government appointed by king), high commissioner (ambassador(s) between the various governments) be added the article to clarify how it works, and once added to the body a mention in the lead. Right now none of this seems to be explained except perhaps indirectly in some cases. Alanscottwalker (talk) 15:52, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commonwealth realm


text:
Zero state response

In electrical circuit theory, the zero state response (ZSR) is the behaviour or response of a circuit with initial state of zero. The ZSR results only from the external inputs or driving functions of the circuit and not from the initial state.

The total response of the circuit is the superposition of the ZSR and the ZIR, or Zero Input Response. The ZIR results only from the initial state of the circuit and not from any external drive. The ZIR is also called the natural response, and the resonant frequencies of the ZIR are called the natural frequencies. Given a description of a system in the s-domain, the zero-state response can be described as Y(s)=Init(s)/a(s) where a(s) and Init(s) are system-specific.

Zero state response and zero input response in integrator and differentiator circuits
One example of zero state response being used is in integrator and differentiator circuits. By examining a simple integrator circuit it can be demonstrated that when a function is put into a linear time-invariant (LTI) system, an output can be characterized by a superposition or sum of the Zero Input Response and the zero state response.

A system can be represented as

$$f(t)\,$$ $$ y(t) = y(t_0) + \int_{t_0}^{t} f(\tau) d\tau$$

with the input $$f(t).\ $$ on the left and the output $$y(t).\ $$ on the right.

The output $$y(t).\ $$ can be separated into a zero input and a zero state solution with

$$y(t) = \underbrace{y(t_0)}_{Zero-input\ response} + \underbrace{\int_{t_0}^{t} f(\tau) d\tau}_{Zero-state\ response}.$$

The contributions of $$y(t_0)\,$$ and $$f(t)\,$$ to output $$y(t)\,$$ are additive and each contribution $$y(t_0)\,$$ and $$\int_{t_0}^{t} f(\tau) d\tau$$ vanishes with vanishing $$y(t_0)\,$$ and $$f(t).\,$$

This behavior constitutes a linear system. A linear system has an output that is a sum of distinct zero-input and zero-state components, each varying linearly, with the initial state of the system and the input of the system respectively.

The zero input response and zero state response are independent of each other and therefore each component can be computed independently of the other.

Zero state response in integrator and differentiator circuits
The Zero State Response $$\int_{t_0}^{t} f(\tau) d\tau$$ represents the system output $$y(t)\,$$ when $$ y(t_0) = 0.\,$$

When there is no influence from internal voltages or currents due to previously charged components

$$y(t) = \int_{t_0}^{t} f(\tau) d\tau.\,$$

Zero state response varies with the system input and under zero-state conditions we could say that two independent inputs results in two independent outputs:

$$f_1(t)\,$$$$y_1(t)\,$$

and

$$f_2(t)\,$$$$y_2(t).\,$$

Because of linearity we can then apply the principles of superposition to achieve

$$Kf_1(t)+Kf_2(t)\,$$$$Ky_1(t)+Ky_2(t).\,$$

To arrive at general equation

The circuit to the right acts as a simple integrator circuit and will be used to verify the equation $$y(t) = \int_{t_0}^{t} f(\tau) d\tau\,$$ as the zero state response of an integrator circuit.

Capacitors have the current-voltage relation $$i(t)=C\frac{dv} {dt}$$ where C is the capacitance, measured in farads, of the capacitor.

By manipulating the above equation the capacitor can be shown to effectively integrate the current through it. The resulting equation also demonstrates the zero state and zero input responses to the integrator circuit.

First, by integrating both sides of the above equation

$$\int_{a}^{b}i(t)dt=\int_{a}^{b}C\frac{dv} {dt}dt.$$

Second, by integrating the right side

$$\int_{a}^{b}i(t)dt=C[v(b)-v(a)].$$

Third, distribute and subtract $$Cv(a)\,$$ to get

$$Cv(b)=Cv(a)+\int_{a}^{b}i(t)dt.$$

Fourth, divide by $$C\,$$ to achieve

$$v(b)=v(a)+\frac{1}{C}\int_{a}^{b}i(t)dt.$$

By substituting $$t\,$$ for $$b\,$$ and $$t_o\,$$ for $$a\,$$ and by using the dummy variable $$\tau\,$$ as the variable of integration the general equation

$$v(t)=v(t_0)+\frac{1}{C}\int_{t_0}^{t}i(\tau)d\tau$$

is found.

To arrive at circuit specific example
The general equation can then be used to further demonstrate this verification by using the conditions of the simple integrator circuit above.

By using the capacitance of 1 farad as shown in the integrator circuit above

$$v(t)=v(t_0)+\int_{t_0}^{t}i(\tau)d\tau,$$

which is the equation containing the zero input and zero state response seen at the top of the page.

To verify zero state linearity
To verify its zero state linearity set the voltage around the capacitor at time 0 equal to 0, or $$v(t_0)=0\,$$, meaning that there is no initial voltage. This eliminates the first term forming the equation

$$v(t) = \int_{t_0}^{t} i(\tau) d\tau.\,$$.

In accordance with the methods of linear time-invariant systems, by putting two different inputs into the integrator circuit, $$i_1(t)\,$$ and $$i_2(t)\,$$, the two different outputs

$$v_1(t) = \int_{t_0}^{t} i_1(\tau) d\tau\,$$

and

$$v_2(t) = \int_{t_0}^{t} i_2(\tau) d\tau\,$$

are found respectively.

By using the superposition principle the inputs $$i_1(t)\,$$ and $$i_2(t)\,$$ can be combined to get a new input

$$i_3(t)=K_1i_1(t)+K_2i_2(t)\,$$

and a new output

$$v_3(t) = \int_{t_0}^{t} (K_1i_1(\tau)+K_2i_2(\tau)) d\tau.$$

By integrating the right side of

$$v_3(t) = K_1\int_{t_0}^{t}i_1(\tau)d\tau+K_2\int_{t_0}^{t}i_2(\tau) d\tau,$$

$$v_3(t) = K_1v_1(t)+K_2v_2(t)\,$$

is found, which implies the system is linear at zero state, $$v(t_0)=0\,$$.

This entire verification example could also have been done with a voltage source in place of the current source and an inductor in place of the capacitor. We would have then been solving for a current instead of a voltage.

Zero state response industry uses
The circuit analysis method of breaking a system output down into a zero state and zero input response is used industry wide including circuits, control systems, signal processing, and electromagnetics. Also most circuit simulation software, such as SPICE, support the method in one form or another.

title: Zero state response


text:
Nappe

In geology, a nappe or thrust sheet is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved more than 2 km or 5 km above a thrust fault from its original position. Nappes form in compressional tectonic settings like continental collision zones or on the overriding plate in active subduction zones. Nappes form when a mass of rock is forced (or "thrust") over another rock mass, typically on a low angle fault plane. The resulting structure may include large-scale recumbent folds, shearing along the fault plane, imbricate thrust stacks, fensters and klippes.

The term stems from the French word for tablecloth in allusion to a rumpled tablecloth being pushed across a table.

History
Nappes or nappe belts are a major feature of the European Alps, Dinarides, Carpathians and Balkans. Since the 19th century many geologists have uncovered areas with large-scale overthrusts. Some of these were substantiated with paleontological evidence. The concept was developed by Marcel Alexandre Bertrand, who unraveled the complex tectonic history of the Alps and identified the feature as nappe de charriage. He reinterpreted earlier studies by Arnold Escher von der Linth and Albert Heim in the Glarus Alps. His work in Switzerland influenced Escher and Maurice Lugeon. Several years later, nappe structure was investigated in northwestern Scotland by Charles Lapworth. Lugeon later transferred the ideas of nappes to the Carpathians.

Structure
Nappe can be qualified in a number of ways to indicate various features of a formation. The frontal part in the direction of movement, is called the leading edge of a nappe; numerous folds and secondary thrusts and duplexes are common features here and are sometimes called digitations. The surface of a thrust fault which caused movement of a nappe is called a decollement, detachment plane or sole of thrust. The root area is an area where the nappe is completely separated from its substratum. It is often compressed and reduced, even underthrust below the surrounding tectonic units, resulting in a specific structure called a suture. A nappe whose root area is unknown, is called a rootless nappe.

Areas with a nappe structure often contain two types of geological features:

 * A nappe outlier or klippe is a small area isolated from the main body of the nappe by erosion that lies on the autochthonous base; the summit of Veľký Rozsutec in the Western Carpathians is a typical example, or Chief Mountain in Glacier National Park, USA.
 * A fault inlier, fenster, or window is an area of the autochthonous basement uncovered by erosion, but entirely surrounded by the body of the nappe; the Hohe Tauern window in the Alps is a typical example.

Classification
According to petrographical composition, two basic types of nappes are known:

 * Basement nappes are composed generally of crystalline basement rocks (but may contain basement sedimentary cover), forming so-called thick-skinned style. Nappes of this type usually reach a large thickness and form independent superunits such as Penninic nappes.
 * Cover nappes or so called superficial nappes are composed generally of sedimentary rocks that form the upper part of crust, forming so-called thin-skinned style. Therefore, nappes of this type form smaller units, such as the Hallstatt nappe in the Austroalpine nappes of the Alps.

Mechanisms of emplacement
Nappes are generally considered as compressional structures, however some exceptions could be found especially among the gravitational slides along low angle faults. Gravitational forces could even be important in certain cases during emplacement of compressional thrusts. The movement of huge masses of rock may be influenced by several forces, forces that may act together or sequentially. These forces frequently result in high temperature and pressure metamorphism and strong deformation of nappe rocks.

At shallower depths, low pressures and temperatures can't cause the plastic and viscous behavior of solid rock necessary to move along low angle faults. It is considered that such characteristics may be achieved at significantly less extreme conditions in the clayey rocks or evaporites, which can then act as tectonic lubricants. The process, which significantly reduces the frictional resistance, is the fluid overpressure, which acts against the normal pressure, thereby reducing high lithostatic pressures and allowing fracturation, cataclasis and formation of tectonic breccia or fault gouge that could act as a decollement plane. Evaporites are also often related the decollement and thrust planes. Evaporites are strongly prone to shear deformation and therefore preferred planes of detachment.

Behavior of thrust sheets is currently explained on the model of the orogenic wedge, which is dependent on the internal wedge taper θ. Gravitational sliding is movement generated by the movement down an inclined plane under the action of gravity. Gravitational spreading, possibly accompanied by an initial phase of diapirism, is generated by large heat flow that causes detachment in a hinterland. Other mechanisms, such as push from behind, action of tangential compressive forces, and shortening of the basement, are essentially variations of the previous mechanisms.

title: Nappe


text:
Sewri Fort

The Sewri Fort (also spelled Sewree Fort) (Marathi: शिवडी किल्ला) is a fort in Mumbai built by the British at Sewri. Built in 1680, fort served as a watch tower, atop a quarried hill overlooking the Mumbai harbour.

History
Up to the eighteenth century, Mumbai consisted of several small islands. In 1661, seven of these islands were ceded by the Portuguese to the British as part of the dowry of Charles II of England. The harbour proved eminently opposite, and the British planned to shift base from Surat to Mumbai. The Siddis, who were of African descent and noted for their navies, had allied themselves with the Mughals. The British, under the East India Company and the Mughals were constantly waged war on each other. As allies of the Mughals, the Siddis also declared the British as enemies.

Faced with relentless attacks by the Siddis in 1672, several fortifications were constructed in Mumbai, and in 1680 the Sewri fort was complete. It stood on the island of Parel, on a hill overlooking the eastern seaboard and Indian mainland. It had a garrison of 50 sepoys and was managed by a subedar. It was also armed with eight to ten cannons.

In 1689, the Siddi general, Yadi Sakat, with an army of 20,000 men, invaded Mumbai. The fleet first captured the Sewri fort, then the Mazagon Fort, before sacking the town of Mahim. The fort was also later involved in a battle that repelled a Portuguese attack in 1772.

After the decline of the regional powers, the fort was subsequently used to house prisoners. It was later converted as a Bombay Port Trust godown.

Architecture
The fort was built primarily for defence, and embellishments are absent. It is bordered by high stone walls, including an inner ring for added protection. It is landlocked on three sides, and sits atop of sheer cliff of about 60 m. The entrance is a stone doorway that leads into a courtyard. To prevent a frontal assault from the main entrance, the inner entrances were placed perpendicular to the main entrances.

Architectural highlights include pentagonal room along with a long domed corridor, and linear vaulted structures.

Conservation
The fort is currently owned by Maharashtra state's Department of Archaeology and Museums. It is classified as a Grade I heritage structure, and efforts are underway under Phase I of Mumbai Fort Circuit Project to restore it.

The restoration involves the creation of two zones. Zone I includes the immediate fort area. The crumbling walls are to be repaired, debris cleared off, roofs rebuilt, steps fixed and a garden created in the complex. A museum is also to be constructed. Zone II renovation consists of the surrounding areas that belong to the Mumbai Port Trust. In this, a sea-facing promenade is to be created that links the fort to the waterfront, along with the creation of a landscaped garden, food court, and amphitheatre. The total cost for this project in 2008 is estimated to be inr 36500000. The strategic location of the fort would also promote ornithology as the area overlooks the Sewree mudflats, that are frequented by migratory birds, particularly the lesser flamingoes.

title: Sewri Fort


text:
User talk:Unoriginal~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:22, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Unoriginal~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Milion

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 03:22, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

Milion
Delete. This article states that "The word Milion is the Roman term for the Greek Milos and is mentioned in Mathew 5". As it happens, the alleged Greek measuring unit Milos is a flower of fantasy kriokliai ... 3 diena: trečiadienis arba sekmadienis (432 mylios / 691 km) ..."
 * "1 diena: pirmadienis arba penktadienis (372 mylios / 595 km) Niujorkas - NIAGARos
 * For one of the many pages on the web using this unit of measure go to
 * www.nycotels.com/lhrs/pages/east_trg.htm
 * Rktect 13:09, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

.

And Milion is simply the Greek name for the Roman mile, not a separate unit. An entirely misguided concept is not a good starting point, and the rest of the article consists of the usual rktect rants (see User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect). A redirect is not required; Wikipedia is not a Greek lexicon. -- Egil 14:22, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Milion is not the Greek name for the Roman unit because its Latin not Greek.
 * Milion is the Roman name for the Greek unit from which the Roman Milliare is derived.
 * You can raise the issue of what evidence is there that a Greek unit of 8 stadia = 1 (Roman name for it) milion existed?
 * The evidence is that the name the Romans chose for their mile was milliare.
 * In latin the milliare is differentiated from the milion or mylios
 * The Milion or Milos are the Greek units which were the source of the Roman mile.
 * The Greek Stadion was also the source of the Roman stadium.
 * This information comes from Vitruvius a Roman Architect.
 * In his "Ten Books of Architecture he tells us that the Romans got their units from the Greeks.
 * If you read his book you will discover why he says that.
 * Milion is not a misspelling for million, its not a flower,
 * its not original research, its just something you don't happen to know. Rktect 13:09, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete --Quasipalm 15:58, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Just merge it with million. No harm in picking up a posible speling eror, given how crapy the search engine is. Trollderella 17:35, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per User:Egil. My brain hurts. Pilatus 18:19, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and recreate as redirect to Million. -Splash 19:24, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Rktect is insane, seriously.  Read his contributions.  I'm scared.  :P Jachin 22:27, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy redirect Speedy because criteria G4 in WP:CSD this content should be removed (evidence: ) and redirect to Million. -- (drini|☕) 01:43, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If there is any salvageable content move it to the appropriate articles, then redirect to Million. Ken talk 02:29, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research, then flip a coin. Heads: redirect to million.  Tails, redirect to Ancient weights and measures. --Carnildo 04:04, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, more of Rktect's original research regimen. Full disclosure:  According to Rktect, I am part of a cabal out to get him.  Zoe 07:48, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect over to million and move on. —RaD Man (talk)  07:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Milion


text:
User talk:Dario Piazzoli

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 21:16, 21 July 2002 (UTC)
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Jesse Jameson
I notice these articles are very short. I'm afraid someone may come along and try to delete them. What do you think about creating one master article about the whole series? The individual books can easily be made to redirect to the main article, until such a time as they have enough information to have their own. Friday (talk) 14:24, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi Friday, I created them as stubs but it didn't work out quite the way I wanted it to. Dario Piazzoli 15:00, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No big deal. I don't see anything that looks wrong with them, apart from them being shorter than many editors prefer.  I was just thinking that merging them together might get the article up to a better length more easily.  Friday (talk) 15:52, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't know how to delete them so if it can be done then I'd be happy. I'll consider a page for the series in the meantime. Dario Piazzoli 15:55, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dario Piazzoli


text:
User talk:XVoX

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:23, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Tutorial
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title: User talk:XVoX