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L118 light gun

The L118 light gun is a 105 mm towed howitzer. It was originally designed and produced in the United Kingdom for the British Army in the 1970s. It has since been widely exported. The L119 and the United States Army's M119 are variants that use a different type of ammunition.

The L118 uses separate-loading cased-charge ammunition – the projectile is loaded into the gun and rammed by hand, then the cartridge with propellant is loaded behind it. The L119 and M119 use "semi-fixed" ammunition – when it is prepared for firing, the projectile is fitted into the top of the cartridge case and the shell loaded into the gun as a complete round.

Development
From 1961 to 1975, the British Army used the 105 mm pack howitzer L5 with L10 ordnance (OTO Melara Mod 56) as its light artillery weapon, replacing the 75 mm howitzer, 4.2 inch mortar, and 25-pounder gun in eight regular artillery regiments. It fires the US M1 type ammunition (called "105 mm How" in the UK). The Mod 56 was originally designed in Italy for its mountain artillery units. It was light enough to be lifted by Westland Wessex helicopters or towed by Land Rovers. It could also be dismantled, with no piece heavier than 128 kg to be transported by mules or horses. It lacked range (making it potentially vulnerable to counter-battery fire), was not notably robust, had poor sights and was not universally liked. Nor were its rate of fire and time to prepare for opening fire satisfactory.

In 1965, a general staff requirement was approved for a new 105 mm weapon system because the L5 pack howitzer "lacked range and lethality". Key characteristics included 6400 mil (360°) traverse by one soldier, maximum weight of 3500 lb, small enough size to be carried inside new Chinook helicopters and Andover transport aircraft, and ability to fire immediately after being under water for 30 minutes. The ammunition to be used was the 105 mm Fd Mk 2 ammunition used in the L13 ordnance of the gun equipment 105 mm L109 (better known as the "Abbot self-propelled gun"). This ammunition uses electrical instead of percussion primers and is an entirely different design from the US M1 type ammunition as used in the L5 pack howitzer. The two types are not interchangeable. An early requirement was for the new weapon to use 105 mm Fd Mk 1 ammunition, which uses the M1 shell, in training. However, in 1968, this was changed to allow a different version of the weapon, which subsequently became the L119, to fire US 1935 pattern (i.e. M1) ammunition.

The new gun, soon designated "light gun", was designed by the government Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment (RARDE), Fort Halstead, Kent. Prototypes were tested in 1968. It soon emerged that some increase in weight was needed for the requisite robustness, and several assemblies were substantially redesigned.

Original production, which was authorised in late 1975, was by Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Nottingham, which has since been incorporated into BAE Systems Land and Armaments. Deliveries started in 1976.

In British service
The light gun entered service with the British Army in 1976. It was heavier than its predecessor, but helicopters that could carry it, such as the Puma and Westland Sea King, were entering service at the same time. A new vehicle, the Land Rover 101 Forward Control ("Land Rover, one-ton"), was designed as its prime mover in the field (and also for the Rapier air-defence missile launcher). Since the end of the 1990s, the British Army has used Pinzgauer ATVs as their gun tractors. In Arctic service, and elsewhere, the gun is towed by the Hägglunds Bv 206 and is fitted with skis when over snow.

In 1982, five batteries (30 guns) were deployed to the Falkland Islands during the Falklands War. In the final phases of the battles around Port Stanley, these guns were firing up to 400 rounds per gun a day, mostly at "charge super", the most powerful propellant charge for which they were designed. They were a significant factor in the British victory.

At present, the British Army has four light gun regiments: 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, 4th Regiment Royal Artillery, 7th (Parachute) Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, and 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery. Other regiments are temporarily equipped with it for service in Afghanistan. The 14 (Training) Regiment Royal Artillery uses it for training at the Royal School of Artillery.

Four regiments of the Army Reserve, The Honourable Artillery Company (HAC), 103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery, 104th Regiment Royal Artillery and 105th Regiment Royal Artillery) are also equipped with the light gun. Those University Officer Training Corps with "gun troops" train with the L118.

On 30 November 2001, an L118 light gun replaced a 25-pounder gun as the One O'Clock Gun in Edinburgh Castle. By tradition, this fires at one o'clock every afternoon, except on Sundays, Good Friday and Christmas Day. The light gun is also fired by 14 (Training) Regiment Royal Artillery on Remembrance Sunday and Armistice Day each year.

As of July 2017, there were 126 L118 light guns in service with the British Army.

Design

The L118 uses the L19 ordnance on the L17 carriage. The L19 ordnance is slightly shorter than the L13 used by the Abbot and hence has a slightly shorter maximum range. Also, unlike the Abbot, the barrel is autofrettaged and hence lighter.

The light gun appears to owe a number of its features to the 25-pounder gun, unsurprisingly since RARDE was the successor to the design department, Woolwich Arsenal. Among these features are its vertically sliding block breech, and a box trail instead of a split trail; a traversing platform is normally used with it. Its comparatively light weight is also attributed to the nature of the steel used in the carriage and ordnance, and other weight-reducing features, including its narrow wheelbase.

The narrow wheelbase prevents the ordnance rotating the 3200 mil (180°) required to 'unfold' the gun. Because of this, the gun features a knock-off hub on one side, allowing the ordnance to be rotated by removing one wheel. With a well-trained gun crew, this contributes approximately 30 seconds to the time required to deploy the gun. In British service, rotating the barrel for towing is optional.

When being towed in the unfolded position, the A-frame is fitted to the front transom in order to support the elevating mass. A recent modification makes it possible to keep the gun in this position indefinitely at speeds up to 40 mph. For long-distance transport or traversing rough terrain, the barrel is reversed and clamped to the end of the trail. For storage, the gun is in the unfolded position with the barrel elevated to an angle that balances the elevated mass on the yoke and therefore relieves pressure on the elevating gears.

When first introduced in the British Royal Artillery, the L7 or L7A1 dial sight and its carrier, incorporating an integral elevation scale and internal lighting powered by Trilux nuclear light sources, was used to aim the gun for indirect fire. The L7 sight is a modified version of a German Leitz instrument. Since the light gun entered service after the introduction of field artillery computer equipment (FACE), it never, unlike the Abbot, had gun rules (large slide rule like instruments used at each gun to convert range in metres to tangent elevation in mils, taking account of muzzle velocity). Therefore, it has a single quadrant elevation scale. These optical indirect fire sights are now only used in recruit training.

The guns also have a direct-fire telescope and were originally issued with a night telescope using image intensification.

Ammunition

The 105 mm Fd Mk 2 ammunition has two propelling cartridges and a blank cartridge (for saluting purposes). The normal cartridge has six propellant increments (charges 1, 2, 3, 4, 4½, and 5). Charge 4½, which is charge 5 with the blue charge three bag removed, is peculiar to the light gun and is used only for high-angle fire. A separate "charge super" cartridge is used for firing to maximum range.

Both charge five and charge super project beyond the end of the metal cartridge case. The 105 mm Fd is "separate, cased"; the shell is loaded and rammed by hand, then the cartridge with propellant is loaded. By the time the L118 entered service, propellant sub-zones A and B originally used with the Abbot had been replaced by an aerodynamic spoiler (a ring slipped over the nose of shell to lodge on the ogive) to reduce the minimum range at high-angle fire when this was required.

The 105 mm Fd Mk 2 rounds were the same as used with Abbot when the L118 was first introduced. The ammunition types originally or subsequently in UK service include:
 * L31 HE (high explosive) series is a series of 105 mm rounds which are claimed to have a 25% greater lethal area than the US 105 mm M1 HE shells.
 * L31A1 HE round is made from forged or cold‐extruded high‐tensile steel with a single copper band and a nominal fuzed weight of 16.103 kg. The L31A1 has two main fillings both weighing 2.431 kg, Type A is 60:40 RDX/TNT, Type B is 55:45 RDX/TNT. Fuzes used are the L32 and L85A2 point detonating, the L33 mechanical time or the L27 variable time.
 * L31A2 HE has a nominal fuzed weight of 15.984 kg and its main filling is 2.3123 kg of creamed TNT. Fuzing is as with the L31A1.
 * L31A3 HE has a nominal fuzed weight of 16.089 kg and its main filling is 2.3123 kg of Bridgewater produced Type A 60:40 RDX/TNT and topped with TNT. Fuzing is as with the L31A1 with the addition of the L116 multi‐option fuze.
 * L31A4 HE is available in two versions, conventional explosive and insensitive munition (IM)-compliant. The conventional explosive shell's main filling is a Eurenco RDX/TNT. The IM-compliant shell was originally designated the L50A2, its explosive filling is 2.9 kg of ROWANEX 1100. Fuzing is either the L106A4 point detonating or the L116A1 multi-purpose fuze.
 * L45 smoke base ejection. This contains three canisters filled with hexachloroethane, which are ejected from the base of the shell in flight by a mechanical (L92) or electronic time fuze (L132 being replaced by L163). On falling to the ground, they generate dense white smoke for 60 seconds.
 * Target marker. These generate dense orange (L38) or red (L37) cloud (produced by a mixture of PETN HE and coloured dye) bursting in the air or on impact, and are used to designate targets, e.g. for air strikes.
 * L43 illuminating. Provides a parachute flare base ejected by time fuze (L81) at about 400 m above the ground and burns for 30 seconds.
 * L42 high explosive squash head. Used for direct fire against armoured targets or buildings, has a base fuze with tracer.
 * L41 PRAC. Inert practice shell used in training instead of HESH.
 * L50A2 HE‐IM ER (high explosive, insensitive munition, extended range) features a base bleed unit, extending the range of the projectile to 20.6 km. The round's explosive fill is 2.5 kg of ROWANEX 1100. Fusing is as with the L31A4.
 * L53 HE‐IM (high explosive, insensitive munition) is intended to gradually replace the L31A4 round, retaining the external ballistics of the L31 series but with a shell body optimised for fragmentation. The round has a ROWANEX explosive fill. Fusing is as with the L31A4.
 * L54 "black light" illumination, using the same configuration as L43, to assist observation through night viewing devices.
 * L83 drill. An inert shell for non-firing training purposes.

A white phosphorus smoke shell has never been adopted by the UK for L118. A base bleed insensitive HE shell, with a maximum range of 20.6 km has been developed.

Subsequent enhancements

During the early 1990s all UK L118 were fitted with a muzzle velocity measuring device (MVMD), a radar, and its power supply.

In 2002, the British Army's L118 guns completed replacement of their optical sights with the LINAPS artillery pointing system (APS) mounted above the barrel. This is a self-contained system that uses three ring laser gyros to determine azimuth, elevation angle and trunnion tilt angle. It also includes facilities for navigation and self-survey using a global positioning system, inertial direction measurement and distance measurement. All this can be used anywhere in the world to lay the gun without external references. The outputs and inputs for APS are through the touchscreen layer's display and control unit (LCDU) that replaced the conventional dial sight and its mount. The LCDU enables the layer to lay the gun by moving the barrel until the LCDU displays no difference between the ordered firing data and where the barrel is pointing as determined by the LINAPS sensors.

A capability enhancement program that started delivering improvements to UK guns in 2007 aimed at reducing weight and improving some components. Weight reduction measures include the replacement of some steel components by titanium, however, only some elements entered UK service. The MVMD is also more tightly coupled with the LCDU, reducing electrical power requirements.

Around 2010, new direct fire sights for longer range use were introduced for service in Afghanistan. These comprise a sniper's telescopic sight and a new night sight.

At the end of 2011, a new LCDU with a slightly larger touchscreen was ordered. It may enable data transfer from FC-BISA and include the NATO armament ballistic kernel (NABK) for direct fire shooting.

L119
The L119 variant has a different barrel (a slightly shorter L30 ordnance with a percussion firing mechanism) for firing the ubiquitous US M1 type ammunition (UK 105 mm How), giving the gun a max range of 11,400 m. When the "semi-fixed" M1 ammunition is prepared for firing, any propellant charge bags that are not going to be used are removed from the cartridge case, then the projectile is fitted into the top of the case. The shell is loaded into the gun as a complete round, unlike the L118 ammunition, where the projectile and cartridge case are loaded separately.

In British service, the L119 was used only for training at the Royal School of Artillery while stocks of 105 mm How lasted, and the last British L119s were retired in 2005. However, the L119 is popular with many export customers who still rely on M1 ammunition. In 2022, the New Zealand Army sent 30 soldiers to the United Kingdom to train Ukrainian soldiers on the L119 light gun, as military assistance to Ukraine. They were to be stationed in the United Kingdom from May to July, with each course to take a week. New Zealand also donated approximately forty dial sights to Ukraine.

M119
The L119 was further modified and produced under licence for the United States Army. The most recent version is the M119A3 introduced in 2013 with a digital fire-control system and GPS-aided inertial navigation unit using software derived from the M777A2.

Other variants
During the 1970s, a third variant with the L21 ordnance, was developed and prototypes produced. This was for Switzerland and used Swiss pattern 105 mm ammunition. It did not enter service.

The Indian Field Gun appears to share many features with the UK equipment. In the late 1960s India introduced the Value Engineered Abbot variant with the 105 mm Fd ammunition; this led to the 105 mm field gun (India), which appears to have some light gun features in its elevating mass, although its platform is similar to a 25-pounder field gun. The 105 mm light field gun is much more like L118, although somewhat heavier.

In 1984, the L119 entered service with the Australian Army named the "Hamel gun" to replace the M2A2. The gun was manufactured under licence in Australia for the Australian and New Zealand armies using mostly Australian produced components. Plans to produce 105 mm field ammunition were postponed.

The 105 mm saluting gun: The British Army has a number of dedicated saluting guns for ceremonial purposes. Based on the standard L118, these saluting guns are modified to exclusively fire blank cartridges, are not fitted with the APS system and are easily distinguished from the field gun variant by their distinctive bronze green paintwork, chromed muzzle brake and breech.

Current operators

 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain: 8 L118
 * 🇧🇯 Benin: 12 L118
 * Bosnia-Herzegovina: 36 L118
 * 🇧🇼 Botswana: 12 L118
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: 40 L118 (Army) and 18 L118 (Marines)
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland: 24 L118 and 6 L119
 * 🇰🇪 Kenya: 40 L118
 * 🇲🇼 Malawi: 9 L118
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco: 30 L118
 * 🇳🇵 Nepal: 8 L118
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand: 24 L119
 * 🇴🇲 Oman: 42 L118
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: 21 L119
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: 56 L118
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand: 60 L119 – Royal Thai Army received a domestic production license
 * 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates: 73 L118
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: 126 L118 (Army)
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine: 36 L119 and 72 of unspecified variant provided by the US (16 in August 2022, 4 in September 2022, 16 in October 2022, 36 in January 2023)
 * 🇺🇸 United States: 821 M119A2/A3 (72 given to Ukraine)

Former operators

 * 🇦🇺 Australia (111 L119, withdrawn from service and mothballed in 2014; 92 were sold to British company BAE Systems in 2018)
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands (8 L118 on loan from the United Arab Emirates in 1995)
 * Republic of Korea (2 L118 in June 1976 for evaluation)
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland (6 L127A1 prototypes delivered 1979–1981)

title: L118 light gun


text:
Kendrapara district

Kendrapara District is an administrative district of Odisha state in eastern India. The town of Kendrapara is the district headquarters. Kendrapara District is situated in the eastern portion of the state, and is bounded on the north by Bhadrak district, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the south by Jagatsinghpur District, on the west by Cuttack District on the northwest by Jajpur District.

History
The formation of Kendrapara District took place on April 1, 1993, when a coastal area spanning 2,644 square kilometers was carved out from Cuttack district, with its own headquarter in town Kendrapara.

Geography
Kendrapara District lies in 20° 20’ N To 20° 37’ N Latitude and 86° 14’ E To 87° 01’ E Longitude and situated in central coastal plain zone of the Odisha. The Bay of Bengal lies in the eastern part of the district. The coastline covers 48 km stretching from Dhamra Muhan to Batighar. Kendrapara district headquarters is 55 km from Cuttack.

Kendrapara District lies in the river delta formed by the Brahmani and Baitarani and branch rivers of Mahanadi. The Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Bhitarkanika National Park, Gahirmatha Beach and Baladevjew Temple lie in the district. Other features in the district include Suka-Parikshita Ashram, Kudanagari, Landibata Mahapurusha Matha Chanpur, Pentha sea beach, PatharaKani Temple Gogua, Harihar Kshetra Mahala, Gadadhara Gosain Pitha, and Korua. This district has 9 blocks named as Aul, Derabish, Garadpur, Mahakalapada, Marshaghai, Kendrapara, Rajanagar, Rajkanika, Patamundai.

Divisions
There are 9 Tahasils and 9 blocks in Kendrapara district. They are :

Tahasils
 * 1) Aul
 * 2) Kanika
 * 3) Kendrapara
 * 4) Marshaghai
 * 5) Pattamundai
 * 6) Rajnagar
 * 7) Mahakalpada
 * 8) Derabish
 * 9) Garadpur

Blocks
 * 1) Aul
 * 2) Derabish
 * 3) Garadpur
 * 4) Kendrapara
 * 5) Mahakalpada
 * 6) Marshaghai
 * 7) Pattamundai
 * 8) Rajkanika
 * 9) Rajnagar

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Kendrapara district has a population of 1,440,361, roughly equal to the nation of Eswatini or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 344th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 545 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 10.59%. Kendrapara has a sex ratio of 1006 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 85.93%. 5.80% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 21.51% and 0.66% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 91.47% of the population in the district spoke Odia, 4.76% Bengali and 3.31% Urdu as their first language.

Vidhan sabha constituencies
The following is the 5 Vidhan sabha constituencies of Kendrapara district and the elected members of that area

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kendrapara district


text:
Harbor Gateway, Los Angeles

The Harbor Gateway, historically and sometimes informally known as the Shoestring due to its shape, is a 5.14 sqmi in the South Bay and Los Angeles Harbor Region, in the southern part of the City of Los Angeles. The neighborhood is narrow and long, running along a north-south axis.

The Shoestring Annexation, as it was called at the time, was attached to Los Angeles in 1906 to serve as a link to the Pacific Ocean port cities of Wilmington and San Pedro, both of which were later annexed into Los Angeles themselves in 1909. The Shoestring was officially renamed to the Harbor Gateway in 1985.

Geography
Harbor Gateway is a narrow north-south corridor situated approximately between Vermont Avenue and Figueroa Street north of Interstate 405, and Western and Normandie avenues south of I-405. The territory was acquired by the city of Los Angeles in a shoestring annexation, specifically to connect San Pedro, Wilmington, Harbor City and the Port of Los Angeles with the rest of the city.

Harbor Gateway abuts Broadway-Manchester on the north and is flanked by Rosewood, Carson and West Carson to the east, West Carson and Harbor City to the south and Athens and Gardena to the west and Torrance to the south and west.

The neighborhood's street boundaries are 120th Street on the north and Vermont Avenue and Figueroa Street on the west and east respectively, running south to 182nd Street, where the neighborhood takes a jog to the west and draws its western boundary at Western Avenue, its eastern line at Normandie Avenue and its southern border at West Sepulveda Boulevard. A southeastern section bounded by 192nd Street on the north, Hamilton Avenue on the east, Del Amo Boulevard on the south and railroad tracks on the west includes the Holiday Inn Harbor Gateway.

Another section between 177th and 182nd Streets includes Gardena High School.

North of I-405 and Artesia Boulevard is North Harbor Gateway, which lies between Vermont Avenue and Figeroa Street, a one-block strip that is bisected by the Harbor Freeway/I-110. South of I-405 the strip follows a different one-block strip between Western Avenue and Normandie Avenue, with the southern end of the neighborhood being Sepulveda Avenue, this southern section is defined as South Harbor Gateway. Connecting the two strips is a one-block east-west strip between West 182nd and West 190th Streets. The independent cities of Torrance, and Gardena lie immediately west of the strip, while the unincorportated community of West Rancho Dominguez and the independent city of Carson lie to its east.

Annexation
The city of Los Angeles annexed the area on December 26, 1906 "in anticipation of taking over, several years later, the independent cities of Wilmington and San Pedro" in order to create the Port of Los Angeles. Because of its slim shape, once likened to two shoelaces tied together with a granny knot, the neighborhood—only a half mile wide at some points—was known for years as the "city strip," the "shoestring strip" or simply "the strip."

The strip was simply open fields before World War II, but "Then came factories, attracting workers who needed housing," and builders "filled those fields with small houses and duplexes." Cubans settled in the 1960s and Mexican immigrants in the 1970s. From 1985 to 1992, some seventy-five single-family homes were replaced by nearly five hundred apartment units, and the neighborhood gained some 1,500 residents, with "no plan, no thought," as the area's leading developer put it.

1980s
In 1985, the Los Angeles City Council renamed the area as Harbor Gateway. But a Los Angeles Times reporter noted four years later that

"Harbor Gateway lacks much of what makes a community a community—no central business district, no civic center or gathering place, no library branch, no police station ... no post office. Its largest park is a cemetery. And, despite the new name, mailing addresses of residents remain unchanged. They still say Torrance or Gardena, not Los Angeles."

In 1985, Harbor Gateway was referred to as a "crime-plagued area," and residents blamed the widespread availability of alcohol for "dozens of robberies, burglaries and other crimes" in the blue-collar neighborhood. There were at that time 51 liquor outlets within a two-mile radius of the intersection of El Segundo Boulevard and Vermont Avenue.

In 1989, however, Harbor Gateway was tied with the Westwood neighborhood as Los Angeles's second-fastest-growing area, Sylmar being first. However, the contrast between the unkempt Los Angeles side of Gardena Boulevard and the tidy Gardena side was striking. In March 1988, the United Way of Los Angeles declared Harbor Gateway an "under-served geographic area," noting "real gaps in law enforcement" and in social services. At the same time, there became a "major drawing card for commercial development" along the 190th Street corridor where "Gleaming high-rises with pleasant landscaping have replaced a Shell oil refinery and manufacturing plants."

1990s
In 1991, parts of the Gateway were known to be "the turf of warring black and Latino gangs, and Gardena High School students of those two ethnicities "clashed after a multicultural program in the school auditorium." In December 2006 the Los Angeles Times reported that racial tensions "have held this working-class neighborhood in a state of fear for years" and that the Latino 204th Street Gang, "noted for preying on" blacks had warned all blacks to stay south of 206th Street. The neighborhood averaged "about one Latino-on-black homicide" each year since 1997, the Los Angeles Police Department reported.

By 1992, the United Way had "funneled $100,000 to the few private charities serving the area, including a small free medical clinic, a job center and an ad hoc coalition helping the homeless." It was written that "extended families crowd into single apartments, and the homeless sleep under freeway overpasses."

"In 1997, police, the county Human Relations Commission and neighbors organized to fight the gang and the blight. The city added bulletproof streetlight covers. Residents repaired holes in fences -- escape routes for gang members. Girl Scouts, accompanied by officers, picked up trash and painted over graffiti. More than 100 gang members -- black and Latino -- were sent to jail for parole or probation violations. Police patrols increased. Violence fell. But the campaign dissipated, and gang members slowly returned. By 1999, the Latino-on-black violence resumed."

2000s
In December 2006, a 14-year-old black girl, Cheryl Green, was shot and killed while talking with friends on Harvard Boulevard just south of the 206th Street dividing line. Jonathan Fajardo, 18, was sentenced to death for killing Green and for stabbing a "potential witness" to death. Another culprit, Ernesto Alvarez, was sentenced to a range of 238 years to life in state prison for the acting as a lookout in Cheryl's death.

A Latino gang, the 204th Street Gang, came into existence, but as the African-American population rose from 313 in 1990 to 835 in 2000, a black gang also formed—the 208th Street Crips. "The Crip gang's willingness to go to the police with complaints offended the Latino gang's sense of honor," wrote reporter Sam Quinones for the Los Angeles Times. Yet the gang was never "rooted in the neighborhood," and by 2001 it had faded away. There has been animosity between blacks and Latinos, and in 2007, a gang injunction has been enforced against Latino gangs.

In 2008, another gang injunction put many Latino gang members in jail, and by 2009, racial tensions had "definitely calmed," and a new community center was opened at 1435 Del Amo Boulevard in the city of Torrance and named in honor of Cheryl Green. "Cheryl's death was the tipping point for L.A.," said Los Angeles Councilwoman Janice Hahn, yet gang graffiti still abounded in the neighborhood and blacks were fearful of Latino animosity.

2010s
In 2013, it was noted that one section of Harbor Gateway had "one of the city's highest concentrations of registered sex offenders," with 86 living in a 13-block area, and so the city began a campaign to force some of them to move by building pocket parks in Harbor Gateway and in Wilmington. In California, such offenders are barred by law from living near schools and parks. The small park was built on city-owned land on the southeast corner of Torrance Boulevard and Denker Avenue.

1992
In 1992, it was noted that the poorest part of the area was between Rosecrans Avenue and Artesia Boulevard.

2000
A total of 39,688 people lived in Harbor Gateway's 5.14 square miles, according to the 2000 U.S. census—averaging 7,720 people per square mile, about the same population density for the city as a whole.

2008
Population was estimated at 42,005 in 2008. The median age was 27, young for the city of Los Angeles. The percentage of married women (56.2%) was among the county's highest.

Harbor Gateway is considered highly diverse ethnically, with a diversity index of 0.648 In 2000 Latinos made up 53.4% of the population, blacks were at 16.3%, Asians at 16%, whites at 11.8% and others at 2.4%. Mexico and the Philippines were the most common places of birth for the 40.8% of the residents who were born abroad, considered an average percentage of foreign-born when compared with the city as a whole.

The $47,849 median household income in 2008 dollars was average for the city. Renters occupied 59.7% of the housing units, and homeowners occupied the rest.

Government and infrastructure
The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Torrance Health Center in Harbor Gateway, near Torrance.

The National Transportation Safety Board operates the Gardena Aviation Field Office in Harbor Gateway; it is the regional headquarters of the NTSB Aviation Western Region.

The area is served by two neighborhood councils—Harbor Gateway North and Harbor Gateway South, with the division between the two at Artesia Boulevard.

Economy
Many trucking, shipping and logistics companies are based in Harbor Gateway. The headquarters of National Stores (Fallas Paredes) is in Harbor Gateway, near Gardena. Yoshinoya America's headquarters are in Harbor Gateway, near Torrance. Faraday Future is headquartered is located in Harbor Gateway, near Carson, CA, even though it has a Gardena address.

Roosevelt Memorial Park is a cemetery between Vermont and Normandie north of 184th Street.

Education
Just 12.4% of Harbor Gateway's residents aged 25 or older had completed a four-year degree by 2000, an average figure when compared with the city at large. The percentage of residents of that age without a high school diploma was high for the county.

Schools
It is in the Los Angeles Unified School District.

The schools within Harbor Gateway's boundaries are:

 * Gardena High School, LAUSD,1301 West 182nd Street
 * Moneta Continuation School, LAUSD, 1230 West 177th Street
 * Magnolia Science Academy Santa Clara, LAUSD charter (no address given)
 * One Hundred Thirty-Fifth Street Elementary School, LAUSD, 801 West 135th Street
 * Gardena Elementary School, LAUSD, 647 West Gardena Boulevard
 * Gardena Valley Christian School, private, 1473 West 182nd Street
 * One Hundred Eighty-Sixth Street Elementary School, LAUSD, 1581 West 186th Street. In 2011, the school was one of only three in the Los Angeles Unified School District where bus transportation was provided "solely because of safety concerns." Otherwise, Harbor Gateway pupils would "have to cross railroad tracks and major freeway onramps and offramps" to get to their school. The community, it was said, was also home to "dozens of paroled sex offenders."
 * Halldale Elementary School, LAUSD, 21514 Halldale Avenue
 * Environmental Charter Middle School, 812 West 165th Place

The northern end of the Gardena HS campus has LAUSD staff housing, Sage Park Apartments.

Asahi Gakuen, a part-time Japanese school, has its administrative offices in Harbor Gateway.

Libraries
Los Angeles Public Library operates the Harbor Gateway-Harbor City Branch.

Recreation and parks
The Rosecrans Recreation Center/CVS Playground is in Harbor Gateway, on Vermont Avenue south of 149th Street. The playground was developed by the nonprofit Boundless Playgrounds.

Public transportation
The Harbor Gateway Transit Center is an immense transportation hub for various bus lines. The Metro J Line bus rapid transit line runs between El Monte Station, Downtown Los Angeles and the Harbor Gateway Transit Center and selects trips to San Pedro, which is the line's southern terminus. The Metro Silver Line operates on the Harbor Transitway (I-110 freeway) between Downtown Los Angeles, the Harbor Gateway Transit Center and San Pedro. The Harbor Gateway Transit Center is located at 731 West 182nd Street, Gardena, CA 90248. Nine Metro bus lines (including the Metro Silver Line) operate from the transit center to various destinations. In addition, Torrance Transit lines 1, 4X, 6, and 13 serve the transit center, while Gardena Transit lines 2, 4 (school days only), and 7X (NFL game days only) also serve at the transit center.

title: Harbor Gateway, Los Angeles


text: Category talk:Transportation in Indiana

title: Category talk:Transportation in Indiana


text: Category talk:Indiana railroads

title: Category talk:Indiana railroads


text: Category talk:Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway


text: Category talk:Toll roads in Indiana

title: Category talk:Toll roads in Indiana


text:
Category talk:Unincorporated communities in Indiana

Untitled
What is the actual Wikipedia policy on listing "municipalities and communities"? The neighborhoods (some with and some without histories as independent villages) within such Lake County cities as Gary and East Chicago (for example) are covered on those cities' pages but not mentioned as "unincorporated communities" in the boxes at the bottom of each Lake County place's page. On the other hand, Ainsworth, Deep River, and Green Acres, which have each been annexed into other incorporated cities (as is even mentioned) are separately included in those same boxes as "unincorporated communities". What gives? Obviously none of them are actually "unincorporated" but, as the "Category:Unincorporated communities in Indiana" claims that its listed places "are within the political jurisdiction of other municipalities"!, maybe Wikipedia wants all those city neighborhoods included in those boxes, too. Which is it? Or is it supposed to be both ways, as it is now, without rhyme or reason? IanHistor (talk) 23:53, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I think this is more a list of pages in this specific category, not necessarily including each of them as "unincorporated communities," but maybe just related to the category? I think a separate page, "List of Unincorporated communities in Indiana" would better suit the role of determining which is which. Anton.hung (talk) 06:26, 15 July 2009 (UTC)


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Thomas Emlyn

Thomas Emlyn (1663–1741) was an English nonconformist divine.

Life
Emlyn was born at Stamford, Lincolnshire. He later served as chaplain to the Letitia, the Presbyterian countess of Donegal, who was the daughter of Sir William Hicks, 1st Baronet. Letitia married Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, in 1651 and outlived him.

After serving as chaplain to Sir Robert Rich, Emlyn went on to become a colleague to Joseph Boyse, a Presbyterian minister in Dublin, in 1691. However, his tenure was cut short due to his own confession of unitarianism, and for publishing An Humble Inquiry into the Scripture Account of Jesus Christ in 1972. As a result, he was sentenced to a year's imprisonment for blasphemy and fined £1000. It wasn't until more than two years later (thanks to the intervention of Boyse), he was released in 1705 upon payment of £90.

Emlyn is credited as being the first English preacher to openly identify himself as "unitarian." In his diary, he reflects, "I thank God that He did not call me to this lot of suffering till I had arrived at maturity of judgment and firmness of resolution, arid that He did not desert me when my friends did. He never let me be so cast down as to renounce the truth or to waver in my faith." Regarding Christ, Emlyn writes, "We may regard with fervent gratitude so great a benefactor, but our esteem and rational love must ascend higher and not rest till it centre in his God and ours."

In his later years, Emlyn preached a good deal in Paul's Alley, Barbican. He died in London in 1741.

Works
Emlyn's Works were collected by his son Sollom Emlyn in 1746, 3 vols., called the "fourth edition", but this refers only to the included Collection of Tracts (1719; 1731, 2 vols.; 1742, 2 vols.). His first publication was The Suppression of Public Vice, Dublin, 1698, (sermon on 1 Sam. ii. 30). Among his other pieces are:

 * The Case of Mr. E—— in relation to the Difference between him and some Dissenting Ministers of the City of Dublin, &c., London [August] 1702, Dublin, 1703.
 * An Humble Inquiry into the Scripture Account of Jesus Christ, &c., Dublin, 1702 (anon.; the printer, Laurence, swore "he knew not whose writing it was").
 * A Vindication of the Worship of the Lord Jesus Christ, on Unitarian Principles, &c., 1706 (anon.; written 1704).
 * General Remarks on Mr. Boyse's Vindication of the True Deity of our Blessed Saviour, &c. (written 1704; sent to England and mislaid; first printed in Works).
 * Remarks on Mr. Charles Leslie's First Dialogue, &c., 1708 (anon.; in this, anticipating Clarke, he calls himself "a true scriptural trinitarian"; he wrote two other tracts against Charles Leslie in the same year).
 * The Previous Question to the Several Questions about ... Baptism, &c., 1710 (anon.; answered by Grantham Killingworth and Caleb Fleming).
 * A Full Inquiry into the Original Authority of that Text, 1 John v. 7, &c., 1715 (the controversy with David Martin lasted till 1722; each wrote three pieces).
 * A True Narrative of the Proceedings ... against Mr. Thomas Emlyn; and of his Prosecution, &c., 1719 (dated September 1718); latest edition, 1829.
 * Sermons, 8vo, 1742 (with new title-page, forms vol. iii. of Works).
 * Memoirs of the Life and Sentiments of the Reverend Dr. Samuel Clarke (written 1731; first printed in Works). Also controversial tracts against Willis (1705), Sherlock (1707), Bennet (1718), Tong and others (1719), George Trosse (1719), and Daniel Waterland (1731).

In 1823 Jared Sparks published at Boston, U.S., a selection from Emlyn's works, with memoir. Answers to Emlyn's positions were furnished by Stephen Nye (1715), Jacques Abbadie (1719), C. Alexander (1791), and Aaron Burr Sr., president of the college in New Jersey (1757), on occasion of an American edition (1790) of extracts from the 'Humble Inquiry.'

title: Thomas Emlyn


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User talk:M11

Welcome!

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title: User talk:M11


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Gajapati district

Gajapati district is a district of Odisha State in India. It was created from Ganjam District on 2 October, 1992. As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Odisha (out of 30), after Debagarh and Boudh. Gajapati district was named after Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deb, the King of the Paralakhemundi estate and the first Prime Minister of Orissa, who is remembered for his contribution in the formation of a separate state, and inclusion of his estate in Odisha. The district headquarters at Paralakhemundi, formerly a Zamindari, has been clustered within a radius of approximately 5 kilometers around the geometric centre of Paralakhemundi.

History
The history of Gajapati district goes back to the Paralakhemundi kingdom. It was part of the Gajapati Kingdom of Odisha. During the 12th century CE Paralakhemundi was part of the Khemundi state. During the reign of Mukunda Dev Khemundi was trifurcated creating 3 states Bada Khemundi, Sana Khemundi and Paralakhemundi. After the trifurcation, Subhalinga Bhanu became the ruler of the Paralakhemundi. This line of kings continued to rule Paralakhemundi throughout the Mughal Maratha rule of Odisha. Before the British completed control of Odisha, Parala became a feudal state of British Raj during the reign of Gajapati Jagannatha Narayanadev in 1767. The state had some conflict with the British administrators. The king Gajapati Jagannatha Narayanadev and his son was arrested by the British. The state then came under direct British supervision. There was a revolt among the tribals and Paikas of the state against the King's detention. Due to this, the King was reinstated to his position. Paralakhemundi remained under the administration as a feudatory state until its unification with Odisha. One of the prominent kings of Parala was Krushna Chandra Gajapati. He was an active member of Utkal Sammilani and was instrumental in creating the separate state for Odisha. Finally, with the effort of Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati and Utkal Sammilani, the separate state of United Odisha was formed on 1 April 1936. The state of Paralkhemundi in Vizagapatam district was partitioned into two – with the capital and most of the princely state coming under Odisha and the remaining Telugu-speaking areas remained under Madras Presidency. In 1937, the first Governor of Odisha, Sir John Austin Hubback invited Krushna Chandra Gajapati Dev to form the cabinet. Shri Gajapati was the first Prime Minister of the Odisha state from 1 April 1937 to 18 July 1937. He was the Prime Minister of Odisha for the second time from 24 November 1941 to 30 June 1944.

It was created from Ganjam District on 2 October, 1992. Gajapati district was named after Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deb, the King of the Paralakhemundi estate and the first Prime Minister of Orissa, who is remembered for his contribution in the formation of a separate state, and inclusion of his estate in Odisha. The district headquarters at Paralakhemundi, formerly a Zamindari, has been clustered within a radius of approximately 5 kilometers around the geometric centre of Paralakhemundi.

Geography

Gajapati district located at the south-east of Odisha between longitude 84° 32'E and 83° 47'E and latitude 18° 44'N and 19° 39'N. The Mahendratanaya River flows through it. The district borders with Andhra Pradesh in the south, District of Rayagada to the west, District of Ganjam to the east and District of Kandhamala to the north. The district is located on a hilly terrain of Eastern Ghats. The mountain Mahendragiri, a segment of Eastern Ghats is situated in this district.

The climate is subtropical with high humidity. The summer season is between March and mid-June and is extremely hot with the temperature reaching 46 °C. The winter season is mild and temperature can fall lowest to 9 °C November to February. The rainy season lasts between mid-June and mid-October and it receives approximately 1000 mm of rainfall primarily from the southwest monsoons.

Administrative setup
The 7 Tahasils in Gajapati district under one sub-divisions are listed in the following table.

The 7 Blocks in Gajapati district under one sub-divisions are listed in the following table.

There are 11 Police Stations under the two Police Districts in Ganjam Administrative district are listed in the following table.

Economy
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Gajapati one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Odisha currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Demographics
According to the 2023 census Gajapati district has a population of 803,166, approximate equal to the nation of Bhutan or the US state of North Dakota. This gives it a ranking of 573rd in India (out of a total of 766). The district has a population density of 133 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 10.99%. Gajapati has a sex ratio of 1046 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 54.29%. 12.23% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.78% and 54.29% of the population respectively.

Language
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 41.51% of the population in the district spoke Odia, 34.49% Sora, 15.53% Telugu, 5.54% Kui and 1.25% Kuvi as their first language.

Culture
The mountain Mahendragiri, a segment of Eastern Ghats is situated in Paralakhemundi. Legend says that it is the place where lord Parashurama, a Chiranjeevi staying eternally and doing tapasya. Temples built by Pandavas are seen. Main festival here is Shivaratri, the worship of Shiva, the guru or percepter of lord Parashurama.

Colleges

 * S. K. C. G. Autonomous College, Paralakhemundi
 * Women's College, Paralakhemundi
 * Sanskrit College, Paralakhemundi
 * Centurion School for Rural Enterprise Management
 * Centurion University of Technology and Management(CUTM)
 * Gajapati College of Pharmacy
 * Gajapati College of Nursing
 * Gajapati School of Nursing

Schools

 * Maha Raja's Boys High School (MRBHS)
 * Maha Raja's Girls High School (MRGHS)
 * Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (JNV)
 * Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV)
 * Centurion Public School (CPS)
 * St. Joseph english medium school(sjs)

Politics
The district sends two representatives to state legislature, Odisha Vidhan Sabha. The following is the two Vidhan sabha constituencies of Gajapati district and the elected members of those areas.

The district is part of Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency). The MP of Berhampur is Chandra Sekhar Sahu from the BJD.

Media

 * GTV
 * CHANNEL 3
 * CHANNEL 3

title: Gajapati district


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James Stout

James Stout (May 6, 1914 - July 12, 1976) was an American Hall of Fame thoroughbred horse racing jockey who won four Triple Crown races.

Known as "Jimmy," he began working at a racetrack as a stable boy then in 1930 became a professional jockey. Stout became most famous riding for Belair Stud and trainer Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons. He rode Seabiscuit in his first race in January 1935 before the colt was sold. In 1936 Stout rode in his first Kentucky Derby. His highly touted colt Granville was a victim of one of the roughest starts in Derby history, and he was thrown from the horse. However, Jimmy Stout and Granville came back to finish second to the Derby winner Bold Venture in the Preakness Stakes then won the Belmont Stakes and went on to earn the Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year. Jimmy Stout won the Belmont two more times, aboard Pasteurized in 1938 and the following year he rode future Hall of Famer Johnstown to victory in both the 1939 Kentucky Derby and the 1939 Belmont Stakes. Among his other major racing successes, he won the Jockey Club Gold Cup on two occasions.

Jimmy Stout became part of racing history when he rode Bousset to a share of the victory in racing's only triple dead heat in the June 10, 1944 Carter Handicap. In 1946 he returned to his native New Jersey to ride at Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport where he was the leading rider for four years. After a twenty-five-year career as a jockey, in which he won 2,056 races, Stout retired from riding in 1954 following which he worked as a race official.

In 1968 Jimmy Stout was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

Jimmy Stout died on July 12, 1976, of a heart attack in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where he had been working as a racetrack steward.

title: James Stout


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John Coode (engineer)

Sir John Coode (11 November 1816 – 2 March 1892), English civil engineer, known for harbour works.

Life
He was born at Bodmin on 11 November 1816. He was educated at Bodmin Grammar School and after leaving school entered his father's office. His natural tastes, however, were not for law but for engineering ; he was therefore articled to James Meadows Rendel of Plymouth, and on completion of his pupilage he worked for some years for that gentleman and on the Great Western Railway. In 1844, he set up in business for himself in Westminster as a consulting engineer, and remained there until 1847. In that year he was appointed resident engineer in charge of the great works at Portland harbour, which had been designed by Rendel. On the death of the latter in 1856, Coode was appointed engineer-in-chief, and retained that post until the completion of the work in 1872. This harbour provided the largest area of deep water of any artificial harbour in Great Britain, and was a work of the utmost national importance. The first stone of the great breakwater was laid by the prince consort on 25 July 1849, and the final stone was put in place by the prince of Wales in 1872, the work having therefore taken twenty-three years to complete and having cost about a million sterling. The honour of knighthood was conferred upon Coode in 1872 for his services in connection with this national undertaking. While this work was going on Coode served as a member of the royal commission on harbours of refuge, and also drew out the plans for the harbour which was to be constructed in Table Bay, Cape Town, and for numerous other similar harbour works. He designed the lighthouse at La Corbière in Jersey which was the first lighthouse in the British Isles to be built of reinforced concrete.

He was consulted by several of the most important colonial governments, notably by those of the South African and Australian colonies, in reference to proposed harbour works, and he made several journeys to South Africa, Australia, and India in connection with the schemes upon which his advice was sought. In 1876, he was in Cape Colony and in Natal, and again in 1877, and in 1878 and 1885 he paid visits to Australia and New Zealand.

After the Portland Harbour his best-known work is the harbour of Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). He was also responsible for the straightening of the lower reaches of the Yarra River in Melbourne, Australia with the resulting district of Coode Island and the Coode Canal named for him, and the design of what became Victoria Dock. He was a member of the royal commission on metropolitan sewage discharge (1882-4), and of the international commission of the Suez Canal ; on the latter he served from 1884 until his death in 1892. After he returned from his second visit to the Australian colonies he was made a K.C.M.G. in 1886, in recognition of the distinguished services he had rendered to the empire. Coode was probably the most distinguished harbour engineer of the nineteenth century ; it would be difficult to estimate too highly the value to the trade and mutual intercourse of the different parts of the British empire, of the harbour and river improvement schemes in every part of the world for which he was responsible. He was elected a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1849, served for many years on the council, and was president from May 1889 to May 1891. He was also an active member of the Royal Colonial Institute, and sat on its council from 1881 until his death. Coode died at Brighton on 2 March 1892. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

Family
He married in 1842 Jane, daughter of William Price of Weston-super-Mare. There is a portrait of him in oil at the Institution of Civil Engineers, and a bust, the property of Mrs. Lillingston, the Vicarage, Havering-atte-Bower, near Romford.

Works
Coode contributed a very valuable paper to the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1852 on the 'Chesil Bank' (Proc. Inst. Civil Eng, xii. 520), and his presidential address to the civil engineers was delivered in 1889.

He wrote many professional reports, chiefly on harbours, the most important of which are Table Bay (Weymouth, 1859); Whitehaven (London, 1866); on military harbours (London, 1875); Table Bay, Mossel Bay, &c. (London, 1877) ; Port Natal (London, 1877) ; Melbourne (London, 1879) ; Report on Harbours and Rivers in Queensland, Mackay (London, 1887); Townsville (London, 1887) ; Report on River Tyne Improvements (London, 1877) ; Report on tidal difficulties on Dee at Chester (Chester, 1891).

title: John Coode (engineer)


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Sooty orange tip

The sooty orange tip (Zegris eupheme) is a Palearctic Pieridae butterfly that has a range that extends through southern Europe, southwest Europe, northern Africa, East Kazakhstan and Asia Minor. Global warming currently seems to be extending its range to the north. The habitat consists of open flowery grasslands amongst hills.

The wingspan is 46 - 50 mm. Adults are on wing from mid-March to mid-June in one generation per year.

The larvae feed on Sinapis incana, Raphanus, Sisymbrium polymorphum and Camelina laxa.

In Morocco, the species is particularly associated with woad (Isatis tinctoria), and is found at mid and high elevations in the Middle and High Atlas Mountains. Larvae are often found on the same individual host plant as caterpillars of Euchloe, Pieris rapae and Pieris brassicae. Compared to these other pierines, Z. eupheme is associated with very stable environments.

Description in Seitz
Zegris eupheme from south-eastern Russia, Armenia and the Alatau, is above white with dark apex to the forewing, bearing an orange-red spot, the black median spot of the forewing being halfmoon shaped. The orange spot is usually smaller in the female, being sometimes absent. The underside white, the forewing having a yellow apex and a black median spot, the hindwing being greenish yellow, with white spots. Specimens in which these spots are prevalent belong to ab. tschudica H.-Sch. [synonym of Z. e. erothoe] — menestho Mén. from Asia Minor and Western Kurdistan has the underside of the hindwing more yellow, being also somewhat larger. — meridionalis Led. [''stat. nov. Zegris meridionalis meridionalis'' Lederer, 1852] from central and southern Spain, is still larger, the almost uniformly yellow underside of the hindwing having grey-greenish markings. Larva thick, cylindrical, densely hairy. Pupa stout, with in a dense cocoon, in which one finds, however, still a remnant of the thread characteristic for pupae of Pierids.

Subspecies

 * Z. e. eupheme Esper, 1804 (Southern Russia)
 * Z. e. dyala Peile, 1921 (Iran)
 * Z. e. tigris Riley, 1921 (Iran)
 * Z. e. maroccana Bernardi, 1950 (Morocco, Spain) = Zegris meridionalis marocana Bernardi, 1950 comb. nov. by Back 2012: 80.
 * Z. e. larseni Pittaway, 1986 (Saudi Arabia)
 * Z. e. menestho (Ménétriés, 1832) Asia Minor and Western Kurdistan
 * Z. e. uarda Hemming, 1929
 * Z. e. sulphurea O. Bang-Haas, 1927
 * Z. e. harandi Back, Karbalaye, Leestmans & Hofmann, 2005
 * Z. e. erothoe  (Eversmann, [1832])

Habitat
In Armenia the species inhabits dry grasslands including semi-deserts, and arid steppes, as well as juniper woodlands, and tragacanth steppe areas, which are replacing forest on the eroded slopes. Elevation range occupied by the species is from 400 to 2000 m a.s.l.

title: Sooty orange tip


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User talk:80.203.104.249

re:Film Thank you for your recent and extensive original contribution to wikipedia. It contained many interesting and relevant concepts not previously present in the article. I have extensively rewritten your contribution to better conform to generally accepted wikipedia style and adding a small bit of material from my own viewpoint but have mostly attempted to retain the ideas you presented. Perhaps you would consider becoming a registered contributor to WP (see Welcome, newcomers.

Sincerely,

User:Leonard G.

title: User talk:80.203.104.249


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Stephen Fewell

Stephen Fewell is a British actor who portrays Jason Kane in the audio adventures of Bernice Summerfield. He has also appeared in classical theatre, in various Doctor Who audio productions, an episode of the 2005 Channel 4 drama The Courtroom, Headlong Theatre's production of Paradise Lost at the Hackney Empire and in the musical play ENRON at the Royal Court and in the West End.

He has written short stories: three for Doctor Who and one for Bernice Summerfield anthologies.

He originated the role of Charrington in the original Headlong Theatre production of George Orwell's 1984

In September and October 2012 he played Alan Turing at The English Theatre Frankfurt in Hugh Whitemore's biographical play Breaking the Code.

In 2019 he played the Scofield/McKellen role of Pierre in Venice Preserv'd for the RSC.

In 2019 he appears as Pope Clement V in the History Channel Knight's Templar drama Knightfall.

In 2019 appears as Lord Grey in Netflix production of The King.

He is also known as founder and chair of the James Menzies-Kitchin Trust, which has launched the careers of many leading UK theatre directors, including; Thea Sharrock, Polly Findlay, Bijan Sheibani, Joe Hill-Gibbins, Roy Alexander Weisse, Natalie Abrahami, Kate Hewitt.

In 2022 he appeared in Patriots at the Almeida Theatre.

title: Stephen Fewell


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User talk:Prezboy1

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I see you worked on this infobox, but when I place in the Know Nothings article it seems to go haywire showing code when previewing the article with this infobox in it. Is it just me or what? Spshu (talk) 21:01, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, that was an example as I am adding Infobox Historical American Political Party infobox to all those historical parties in Template:USParty for which I was previously using the regular Infobox American Political Party until I found the Historical version in Democratic-Republican Party. So if I wish to continue, I will have to assign colors and shortname to all of them if not already done (like Anti-Masonic Party) right? Spshu (talk) 16:31, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

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Featured list candidate: List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty
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December 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
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January 2012 Newsletter for WikiProject United States and supported projects
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This Friday: Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Cambridge, MA
You are invited to join the Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Cambridge, MA on October 16! (drop-in any time, 6-9pm)--Pharos (talk) 18:29, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Prezboy1


text:
User talk:Erik il rosso

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 15:36, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:Renate-Stemma.png, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 15:06, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erik il rosso


text:
Talk:James Stout

Untitled
I created this article but please note that the date of birth and death are not certain, taken from the best reasoning possible from the Social Security death index. 15:37, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Stout


text:
Honda VF1000

The VF1000 is a range of motorcycles produced by Honda from 1984 to 1988. The VF1000 is named after its V-4 998 cc double overhead cam 16-valve engine. There were three main models in the VF1000 range, the VF1000F (also known as Interceptor), the VF1000R and the VF1000F2.

VF1000F "Interceptor"
The first of Honda's 1,000 cc VF range, known as the 1000 Interceptor, was launched in the United States and Canada in March 1984.

The Interceptor had a 998 cc 113 BHP 16-valve V-4 engine with double over head chain-driven cams. The bike featured adjustable Pro-Link rear suspension with adjustable braced front forks, black and silver cast aluminum magnesium rims (16 inch front, 17 inch rear), and an aerodynamic half fairing and lower cowl with single rectangular headlight. Three dual-piston disc brakes comprised the braking system with dual discs at the front and a single disc at the rear.

In Europe the "Interceptor" was launched as the FE model, in 1984 and reported engine power output was increased to 116 hp. Features such as Honda's dive control system (TRAC) and adjustable suspension were still present. The VF1000F was discontinued in April 1985.

The evolution of the VF1000F(1) to the VF1000F2 began in April 1985 with the VF1000FF (and subsequent rare FG) model. The styling of the bike changed with new side panels and grab rail. The 16 in front wheel was replaced with an 18 in wheel

The VF1000FF was sold in Europe, Australia, South Africa and Canada. The VF1000FF was discontinued in August 1987.

VF1000R

In March 1984, Honda introduced the VF1000R in Europe. Its styling was a celebration of the V4's racing heritage and the VF1000R was a showcase for the technology Honda had developed on the track with the FWS1000 race bike which was designed for competition in the Daytona 200 and AMA F1 class. The original concept Honda had in designing the VF1000R was that it would showcase and, more importantly, homologate all of the innovative and groundbreaking technology that had been used in the F1 class, for use in the production based classes of the time. This was not to be the case, though, as the finished bike weighed in at nearly 600 pounds with half a tank of fuel, roughly 85 pounds heavier than the VF1000F model, and for this reason was rarely used in competition, and struggled to be competitive when it was used.

Many modifications were made to the VF1000F in its transformation into the "R" version including major engine reworking, major front suspension revision, bodywork revision, and rider ergonomics.

The engine of the VF1000R was the same cast block as in the VF1000F, displacing the same 998cc as the standard model, but modifications were required to mount the gear train in each head, used for driving the cams. The crankshaft was also altered, in order to accept a straight-cut gear which would drive the gear train instead of the chain system, used in the "F" model. Each head had two gears held by a carrier, which was then bolted into the respective head, driving each of the two camshafts arranged in a dual overhead camshaft arrangement for each head. In total, there were nine gears required to transmit power from the crankshaft to all four camshafts. The camshafts were altered in relation to the ones found on the "F" model in order to provide more power. This arrangement added 7 lb to the weight of the engine when compared to the chain driven arrangement present in the "F" model.

Gear noise is one of the major drawbacks of using a geartrain to drive cams. In order to minimise this, Honda used a spring-mounted scissor gear system (essentially two gears slightly offset) on the gear mounted on each camshaft, as well as the lowest mounted gear in each head (driven by the crankshaft), offsetting the teeth by roughly half of the pitch. This allowed the lash to be entirely taken up by the tension of the two teeth resting on the gear below, hence eliminating some of the noise and lash inherent in this type of system. The motor still makes a whirring noise which can be heard, as this is an intrinsic property of the straight-cut type of gears which were used. The gear-driven cams went on to be a key feature Honda used in their line of VFR750 motorcycles throughout the remainder of the ‘80s and throughout the ‘90s.

The heads of the engine were also redesigned relative to the "F" model, with a redesigned squish zone in the combustion chamber, aiding in eliminating detonation within the cylinder. The redesigned head raised the compression ratio to 11:1 (up from 10.5:1 on the standard model) and power to 122 hp (125 for the US version), up from 113 hp on the "F" model.

The coolant system was altered from that of the "F" model, via the utilization of different thermostat settings and through the use of two radiators. The lower of the two radiators had two fans which drew air through the radiator from the back side, while the upper relied on ram-air, drawn from vents around the headlight opening.

The exhaust system was slightly altered, utilizing an exhaust collector box (directly downstream for each of the four header pipes) with slightly augmented output angles for each of the two exhaust pipes compared to the "F" model. This was done in an attempt to increase ground clearance while cornering.

The rear suspension (air shock with adjustable damping control) and frame (square-section steel tube type) were direct carryovers from the "F" model, but the front suspension featured Honda's anti-dive system named "TRAC" which stood for "Torque Reactive Anti-dive Control". This system utilized the left brake hangar being pinned to the fork on the bottom mount and allowed to pivot in an anti-clockwise direction, thereby closing a valve in the left fork leg, forcing the damping fluid through a smaller passageway, and increasing the damping rate under hard braking. The left fork leg had a screw-type adjuster with four positions of adjustment which would change the amount of influence this system had under braking. The fork also featured a Schrader air valve which allowed air assistance from 0-6 psi to increase the spring rate in the fork. The right fork leg featured a three-position hand adjustable dial which would increase damping rates. The fork also featured quick-release, swing-away axle clamps for faster tire changes in endurance racing. Many of these features were seen as very exotic for the time, and modern adjustable sportbike suspension can trace design roots to these features.

The braking system was improved via the use of dual floating front discs and racing style piston calipers on the ventilated rear disc. This was the first used on the Honda CBX 1000 in 1981...then used on the vf1000r (sc 16).

Compared to the VF1000F, the VF1000R had completely different bodywork and rider positioning. The "R" model got fully faired, racer replica bodywork with rearset footpegs and adjustable clip-on handlebars. The handlebars were adjustable through a range of four degrees in two degree increments via a double serrated ring which meshed with the handle and the mounting ring parts of the clip on. Even with the adjustment available in the clip ons, period tests still criticized the bike for having too committed of a riding position, with a long stretch over the tank.

The fuel tank had a 6.2 gallon capacity for the European models, and was redesigned, with a smaller 5.8 gallon capacity tank for the US models. This was used with an eye on endurance racing, utilizing the larger tank for homologation in racing where the larger capacity would result in longer time between pit stops.

The front fairing of the VF1000R was split into two pieces. These both attached to a metal bracket which ran around the perimeter of the engine. The lower fairing was held on primarily by the use of six quarter-turn, race type fasteners (three per side) with the aid of four traditional bolts (two per side). The bolts which held the lower fairing on at the connection to the upper fairing also went through holes in the upper fairing in order to ensure proper panel gaps and alignment. On models from 1985 and later, the lower fairing also featured spring-loaded vent doors which could be opened and closed in order to cool the engine and rider during high temperature conditions.

The upper fairing of the VF1000R featured a sealed air intake behind the headlight, which directed air towards the upper mounted engine coolant radiator. Because of this, most VF1000Rs used in competition had the front number plates mounted on the front of the windscreen instead of in the traditional location, where the headlight would be on the road going version. This area was filled with a mesh screen in order to feed the radiator with the maximum amount of air possible.

Wheels were changed from the "F" model to utilize 16 inch front and 17 inch rear NS type bolt together aluminum Comstar wheels. These wheels were constructed of a five-pointed design which used bolts to connect the aluminum "spokes" to the hub and rim. The 16-inch front wheel was used to aid steering response, and the 17-inch rear saw the first use of radial construction tire for the European models. The American market models were sold with the traditional bias ply construction tire.

In order to complete the endurance racer appearance of the bike, a removable solo seat cowl was included, as were dual round endurance racer headlights and taillights. The dual headlight was changed to a single square light with white and black plastic surround on the initial US release models in order to satisfy what most major manufacturers thought would be a requirement of US street legal vehicles in the near future. The legislation never passed, and Honda included the very desirable dual round headlight on the 1986 US models.

The VF1000R had three major model revisions. The first model which ran from the beginning of production in 1984 to April 1985 was coded the RE model (internal Honda factory code) The second model, denoted with the RF suffix, was produced from 1985 to the end of the worldwide production in 1988. The RG model was the final model and was produced from 1986 through 1987

Differences between the models were mainly cosmetic, but a number of important mechanical changes were made to increase reliability when Honda transitioned from the RE to the RF model designations.

The RF model saw improved cooling through fairing redesigns in relation to the RE, as well as the addition of a double oil sump system, complete with anti-slosh plate mounted in the oil pan (compared to the single pump system in use on the RE model. This was done in order to combat oil starvation during cornering, as well as ensure that the cams and heads of the motor were receiving adequate lubrication.  The RE models initially had trouble with camshaft wear.  The addition of the second oil pump as well as a redesign of the camshaft clamps was done in order to improve the situation. The RF model also got a redesigned oil pan with taps for an oil cooler and the respective lines, in order to help with the high temperatures seen in the oiling system.

The final changes to the RF model from the RE, was the change in sidecover design, from a solid plastic version with cutout vent, to a mesh version. This allowed the inspection of battery fluid level, as well as coolant level without removing the covers.

Changes from the RE to the RF in terms of color scheme included eliminating the Blue/Red/White (with blue seat) color scheme and continuing production with only the Red/White/Blue (with red seat) HRC replica paint scheme. The RF model was the first model to be sold outside Europe.

The RG model carried very few modifications in relation to the RF model, with exceptions being the recoloring of the clip on handlebars from black to silver/gold anodized, as well as a slight color scheme tweaking that saw the upper white stripe on the upper fairing and gas tank move slightly lower on the body, incorporating more blue into the design. The RG model also included the very desirable Euro-style twin endurance headlight on the US model, whereas the RF model could only be had with the single, square headlight in the US release.

Finally, the RG model made the blue/White Rothman's racing livery, popularized by Honda's racing efforts, an option. This color option was only offered from March 1986 to August 1987 and was never available in the US version.

The VF1000R was able to claim the title of "fastest production motorcycle in the world" with a top speed of 150 mph for a short period before being dethroned by the Kawasaki GPz900.

VF1000F2
Following the release of the VF1000FF in 1985, a fully faired version was introduced, and the VF1000F2(F) was launched in April 1985 as a sports tourer. The 116 bhp F2 included the same styling changes we had seen in the VF1000FF but Honda added a more aerodynamic full fairing which covered most of the engine, and changed the seat design to improve comfort for rider and passenger over long distances.

The F2 has the name of the French 24 hour endurance race "Bol d'Or" across the top of the fairing behind the indicator, giving this VF it's Bol d'Or nickname. An extra radiator is included to assist cooling and is integrated into the "wind tunnel" designed fairing. The fairing, designed to increase rider comfort and reduce drag, has a built in ventilation system and twin storage "pockets".

The cockpit was redesigned too with a centrally mounted fuel and coolant temperature gauge, new style speedometer and tachometer with yellow needles and numbers. The twin headlights first seen on the VF1000R are also included on some models. Suspension and braking specifications remain the same as the VF1000F/FE. Engine and frame modifications were carried over from the development of the R and FF models, but the F2 still had chain driven cams.

The VF1000F2-(F/G) was discontinued in May 1986.

title: Honda VF1000


text:
Naghsh-e Jahan Stadium

Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium (, Varzešgâh-è Naqš-è Jahân, meaning Image of the World Stadium, named after Naqsh-e Jahan Square), is a football stadium in Isfahan, Iran. It has been the home stadium of Sepahan between its completion in 2003 and 2007, and again since its reopening in 2016. With a current seating capacity of 75,000 it is the second largest stadium in Iran.

It has hosted four Hazfi Cup finals in 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2021.

Attendance record
The following table lists twelve matches with the most attendance at Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium (more than 35,000 attendances).

Controversies
On October 2, 2023, there was a controversy ahead of the scheduled match between Sepahan and Al-Ittihad in the AFC Champions League. The match was abandoned due to the visiting team's protest over the presence of a sculpture of Qasem Soleimani on the pitch. The result of the match was 3–0 to Al-Ittihad due to Sepahan's violation of the rules.

Naghsh-e-Jahan Arena
Naghsh-e-Jahan Arena officially named 25 Aban Arena is an indoor sports arena in Isfahan. The stadium has a seating capacity of 6,000. It is mainly used for volleyball, futsal and wrestling. The arena hosted the 2015 AFC Futsal Club Championship and 2017 World Men's Greco-Roman Wrestling Clubs' Cup.

title: Naghsh-e Jahan Stadium


text:
La Neuveville District

La Neuveville District is one of three French-speaking districts of the Bernese Jura in the canton of Bern with the seat being La Neuveville, the other two being Courtelary and Moutier. It had a population of about 6,083 in 2004.

From 1 January 2010, the district lost its administrative power while being replaced by the Bernese Jura administrative district, whose administrative centre is Courtelary.

Since 2010, it remains therefore a fully recognised district under the law and the Constitution (Art.3 al.2) of the Canton of Berne.

title: La Neuveville District


text:
User:Hujaza

Hujaza means "fulfillment" in Swahili. I'd love to see every article here fulfilled to its potential.

I'm a stickler for punctuation and orthography. I consider a well-balanced, concise and illuminating article to be a work of art. Though I might not necessarily be able to author such an article, I enjoy nudging one into orthodoxy.

title: User:Hujaza


text:
Angul district

Angul district; also known as Anugul, is one of the thirty districts of Odisha in eastern India. The city of Angul is the district headquarters of Angul district. A major industrial hub of the state, the district hosts numerous industries relating to coal, bauxite and steel apart from extensive forests including the Satkosia Tiger Reserve.

History
The name "Angul" of the district originates from its headquarters, Angul. According to L.S.S. O’Malley, the name is believed to be a transformation of "Anugol," with a legend attached. In the past, the region was inhabited by Khonds, Savaras, and Gonds, with Khonds being predominant. It was divided into principalities led by Khond chiefs, until the Odisha King established rule, aided by Rajputs and adventurers, over the Khonds who paid tribute. The last Khond chief, Anu, rebelled, and a conspiracy led to his deposition through a struggle called "gol." The conquerors commemorated their victory by naming the land "Anugol," which evolved into "Anugula" or "Anugol" in colloquial language.

The district is actually a conglomeration of various parts with differing administrative history. Angul subdivision, roughly the central part of the district, was initially a feudatory state under the East India Company who had entered into a treaty with its rules after the lapse of Maratha authority in the area around 1803. In 1847, the then raja, Somanath Singh, revolted against the Company and was therefore deposed and exiled. His state was escheated as a Government Estate and was attached to the Orissa Division for administrative convenience. A Tahsildar was appointed in charge of the same. In 1891, the Bengal Presidency Government constituted Angul into a separate district and added the Phulbani subdivision of present day Kandhamal district to it. A Deputy Commissioner cum District Magistrate was appointed with extensive powers. This continued till 1936 when the new state of Orissa abolished the district and merged the Angul portion with Cuttack district. It later formed a part of Dhenkanal district after 1949.

The Pallahara, Athamallik and Talcher subdivisions of the district were also separate feudatory states, known as Garhjats in Odisha. Each had a Raja as the ruler and a different administrative setup under the overall supervision of the Superintendent at Sambalpur. After 1949, like the Angul subdivision, these were all merged to form a part of the Dhenkanal district. On April 1st, 1993, these were clubbed together and a new district with Angul as headquarters was constituted.

Geography
Angul is located in the centre of the state of Odisha and lies between the latitudes of 20°31′N and 21°40′N and longitudes of 84°15′E and 85°23′E. The altitude is between 564 and 1187 m. The district has an area of 6232 km2. It is bounded by Dhenkanal and Cuttack district in the east, Deogarh, Kendujhar and Sundargarh district in north, Sambalpur and Sonepur in west and Boudh and Nayagarh in the south side. The district is abundant with natural resources. Angul, The district headquarters is about 150 km from the state capital Bhubaneswar.

A study jointly conducted by Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in 2010 revealed that Angul district is among the top ten most polluted Indian cities where the pollution level reached a "very alarming" level.

Divisions
The district administration is headed by a Collector and District Magistrate, usually called the Collector who combines in his office the roles of revenue collection, law and order maintenance and implementation of development programmes. He is assisted at headquarters by two Additional District Magistrates (ADM) and by four Sub Collectors cum Sub Divisional Magistrates posted at Angul, Pallahara, Athamallik and Talcher for the first two roles. Below subdivision level, the district is divided into 8 Blocks which are co-terminus with Tahsils. While the former deals with the development aspect, the latter is a revenue unit. The Block Development Officer (BDO) and Tahsildar cum Executive Magistrate are the respective heads of each. The Collector is usually an officer of the Indian Administrative Service while the other officers belong to the Odisha Administrative Service.

The following is the list of blocks, tehsils and subdivisions in the district of Angul:

Sub-division

 * Angul
 * Athmallik
 * Talcher
 * Pallahara

Blocks

 * Angul Sadar
 * Athmallik Sadar
 * Chhendipada
 * Talcher Sadar
 * Pallahada Sadar
 * Banarpal
 * Kishorenagar
 * Kaniha

Tehsils

 * Angul
 * Athmallik
 * Talcher
 * Pallahada
 * Chendipada
 * Banarpal
 * Kishorenagar
 * Kaniha

In addition to the officers noted above, a chief development officer cum executive officer, Zila Parishad is posted at Angul. He supervises the functioning of the BDOs directly and reports to the Collector who is ex officio Chief Executive Officer of the Zila Parishad. Various line departments like education, health care, agriculture are headed by officers of the rank of Deputy Collectors who are also directly under the operational control of the Collector. All departments also have a parallel setup at the block level with the BDO directly supervising the field level functionaries. Each block is further divided into Gram Panchayats. Angul has a total of 225 Panchayats which are headed by an elected head called the Sarpanch assisted by an executive officer.

The three urban areas of Angul, Talcher and Athamallik are each headed by an executive officer who report to the Collector through the Project Director, District Urban Development Agency.

Maintenance of law and order is supervised by the Superintendent of Police (SP), an officer of the Indian Police Service. The SP is technically subordinate to the District Magistrate but in practice is almost completely independent except for certain statutory functions. He is assisted by Additional and Deputy SPs at the headquarters and by SDPOs at police subdivision levels. The district has a total of 25 thanas or Police Stations, each headed by an Inspector in-charge. Owing to the large industrial establishments and major mining related disputes, Angul has a heavier than usual police presence.

There are three Divisional Forest Officers posted in the District for Angul, Satkosia and Athamallik. They belong to the Indian Forest Service and are responsible for the preservation of wildlife and management of forests. In addition, the DFO at Deogarh exercises control over the Pallahara subdivision. A Regional Chief Conservator of Forests posted at Angul supervises them apart from heading the Satkosia Tiger Reserve.

The civil and criminal justice system are under the District and Sessions Judge at Angul. He is assisted by Additional District Judges, Civil Judges (Senior and Junior) Divisions and Sub Divisional Judicial Magistrates. The District Magistrate, ADM and SDMs are also Executive Magistrates and report to the District and Sessions Judge in that capacity.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Angul district has a population of 1,273,821, ranking of 380th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 199 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.55%. Anugul has a sex ratio of 942 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 78.96%. 16.21% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 18.81% and 14.10% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 95.50% of the population in the district spoke Odia, 1.41% Ho and 1.30% Hindi as their first language.

Legislative Assembly Constituencies
The following are the five Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Angul district and the elected members of the Angul district:

Lok Sabha constituencies
Since 2008, Angul district is represented in Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency) and Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency).

Angul (Lok Sabha constituency) does not exist in 1952 general elections to 1st Lok Sabha. However it is created from 2nd till 5th Lok Sabha during 1957 till 1976. Badakumar Pratap Gangadeb got elected in 1957 and 1971 for 2nd and 5th Lok Sabha while Harekrushna Mahatab was elected in 1962 to 3rd and D. N. Deb was elected in 1967 to 4th Lok Sabha. Angul Seat ceased after the creation of Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency) in 1977 from 6th Lok Sabha. Deogarh seat was also delimited in 2008.

Natural resources and coal mines
Angul district has the Radhikapur West coal block which is known for its good quality coal. In December 2020, the coal mines were auctioned for supplying to an Aluminium Smelter plant in Jharsuguda.

title: Angul district