text:
Talk:Content Scramble System

Untitled
So... what's the point of using CSS? :-) --Ihope127 16:28, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Control. You can't sell a DVD player unless you pay $25 for a license from the DVD CCA.  And they won't sell you a license unless you configure the software on the DVD player a certain way (honor DVD region codes and User Operation Prohibitions on certain DVD chapters). --Pmsyyz 20:47, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, the average Joe doesn't go looking on the internet for a program to de-css a disk, so that he can copy it. For most it's too much work, too involved, or they are afraid of the MPAA, if anything this article needs a section on fair-use and backing up your disks

CuBiXcRaYfIsH 03:00, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Actually I would also pretty much be interested in the reason behind CSS. As I read in Lawrence Lessig: The Future of Ideas, css does not intended to stop the copying of DVDs. It zas just a way to make it more difficult to play them. It would be got to elaborate more on this topic, but I don't feel myself a laz expert.Viktor.nagy 14:09, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Incorrect Title
Shouldn't this article be titled "Content Scrambling System"? "Scramble" doesn't make sense, grammatically or historically. algocu 19:09, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It is known, officially, as the Content Scramble System. It is not an incorrect title. Just because it doesn't make sense to you does not mean that it is wrong. System names tend to be like that - only making sense to their designers. --Jmccormac 05:35, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * http://www.dvdcca.org/css/ -- intgr 08:19, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

"Ironically"??
...which could be brute-forced by a 450Mhz processor in less than a minute. Ironically, a 450MHz processor was stated... I'm sure the statistic on brute force used a 450MHz processor because it was the industry-stated minimum, in which case, there's no irony here. This part should be rewritten. D a n si m a n ( talk | Contribs ) 16:32, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

The irony lies not in the fact that a 450MHz processor can crack CSS, since arguably any processor can do that, given enough time, but in the fact that it can do it in a timescale so short that it is essentially no more difficult than just playing a DVD normally. Maybe irony is the wrong word, but there is definitely something fittingly perverse about an encryption system so badly designed that it is “secure” only against people who have no reason to try to break it (by virtue of not having processors powerful enough to play DVDs smoothly). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.61.85.126 (talk) 17:09, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Isn't the effective key length only 16bits?
"In addition, structural flaws in the algorithm reduced the effective key length to only around 25 bits, which could be brute-forced by a 450Mhz processor in less than a minute"

IIRC, the 40 bit key is split into two sections, one 16 bits and the other 24 bits which are then used to seed a 17-bit and a 25-bit LFSR (Linear Feedback Shift register) respectively. These are then combined in a trivial manner.

Surely an attack thus only needs to try all the 2^16 combinations of the first LFSR and, along with a known/guessed plain-cipher text pair, it can directly compute the other 24 bits of the key.

Simon Fenney (talk) 11:41, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The important question here is: are there any sources documenting this? Otherwise it would be original research. -- intgr [talk] 22:26, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * A quick search turned up this which seems to confirm what I thought, i.e. "This streamcipher is very weak, a trivial 2^16 attack is possible"
 * Simon Fenney (talk) 12:53, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There are different attacks to the CSS. If you have 5-6 bytes of known plain-cipher text the attack to the stream-cipher is 2^16 and can be accomplished even on a 450 MHz PC in a fraction of a second. It is quite difficult to know/guess plain text though, as this is compressed mpeg stream.  On the other hand, if you have access to the sector that contains the encrypted disc key (which can only be read after a successful authenticating procedure) and do not have a player key, you can attack the disc key hash by a 2^25 brute-force attack (this takes less than a minute on a 450 MHz PC). Afterwards, you can do another 2^16 attack to get an arbitrary player key.  This way all player keys (about 30) can be computed in less than a second.  When the player keys are known (which they are) there is no need to do any attack at all.  The disk key hash attack is described in chapter 4 of Frank Stevenson's article (see above), the known-plaintext attack is mentioned in chapter 2 and is also used to get the player keys after the disc key has been found. --132.230.166.181 (talk) 16:52, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * As for "It is quite difficult to know/guess plain text though" I'm not sure I agree. IIRC, the first N-bytes (~128 bytes) of each 2k(?) sector are not encrypted and the changeover frequently seems to straddle the MPEG2 quantisation tables. These are extremely predictable so obtaining known cipher+plain text may be rather simple.Simon Fenney (talk) 12:45, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I know this is a rather old topic, anyways: It is correct that a correlation attack enables the recovery of the seed from a keystream at a complexity of 216. But you have also to consider that CSS mangles the keystream with the plain-text to produce the cipher-text.

 * In case of title-keys, the mangling is one-to-one: the keystream can be recovered from plain- and cipher-text. Still, a plain-text prediction is required. Prediction based on the MPEG quantisation is almost always possible. Though you might need to examine a lot of packs. In rare cases it does fail! Furthermore, the manufacterer may decide not-to-encrypt vulnerable packs (since encryption is optional per pack). Then you'd need another approach.

 * In case of disc-key recovery (from the hash value) there is no keystream available. So the correlation attack won't work. Stevenson's exploit here has a complexity of 225 which may produce more than one key. So you have to sort out the genuine one.

 * In case of player-key recovery you can reverse the mangling to produce the keystream, sort of. Stevenson's exploit has a complexity of 28. There are many false positives. So you need serval discs to sort out the genuine ones. Thereafter you can apply the correlation attack at a complexity of 216. Helo2804 (talk) 13:52, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

Removing from block cipher category while still keeping block size in infobox
Adding the block size to the infobox put this in the block cipher category. CSS is a strange cipher in that it encrypts sector-by-sector (2048 bytes each), that is it has a block size, but it is still a stream cipher in that one bit changed in the ciphertext changes one bit in the plaintext, that is, it is vulnerable to a bit-flipping attack. 174.111.239.203 (talk) 18:46, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

Statement about 'Region 0' discs
The statement "however, most region 0 (all region) DVDs do not make use of it.", already marked citation needed, should be removed. There is no such thing as "Region 0"; it's a slang term at best and the proper term is "all region". Aside from there being no cite, the statement as written doesn't even attempt to explain why region coding would be related to the decision to use CSS. Occasionally commercial discs are all region due to licensing decisions, but that doesn't imply that CSS isn't used (even though of course that is also a possibility). If the statement is instead supposed to be an implication that certain categories of discs, such as homemade discs, or bootleg discs, which also happen to be "Region 0" (to use the incorrect term), don't use CSS, it should state that explicitly, rather than tie it to region coding. 216.243.36.196 (talk) 09:05, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I removed the offending sentence. Mfwitten (talk) 18:04, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

Edit war between Mfwitten and Tyros1972
Apparently we've entered into an edit war, so until we've discussed the changes and come to a consensus, I'm going to revert the article to my last revision, which already incorporates some of the information that Tyros1972 has contributed. New changes are subject to consensus. Mfwitten (talk) 20:25, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

Here is the existing discussion (taken from my talk page):

My edits are correct. What was there is false information regarding CSS. It is a sector level encryption, you cannot copy the files to a HDD. This is easy to test why don't you try it? CPPM is a file level encryption don't confuse the two.

I am an expert in optical media so for you to say my edits are irelevant and poorly written is a joke! Try doing some research before editing valid info asswipe! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tyros1972 (talk • contribs) 18:05, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * There is nothing being said about copying individual files; from the article before you changed it:

 * CSS does not prevent the raw image of a DVD from being copied to a hard drive, but such a copy is unusable without the keys, which can only be retrieved with authentication.

 * It's talking about making an image of the entire disc. Notably:

 * A disk image is usually created by creating a complete sector-by-sector copy of the source medium and thereby perfectly replicating the structure and contents of a storage device.
 * Mfwitten (talk) 19:30, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * *you cannot* make an image file of a CSS disc why don't you try it? Image file OR copying to HDD is the same thing since you *cannot* do RAW on DVD.

 * Stop reverting the edits you obviously are not qualified for this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tyros1972 (talk • contribs) 19:38, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * That's basically what the existing text already states:

 * Disc keys are stored on the lead-in area of the disc, an area that a compliant drive is only supposed to read in a special way; CSS does not prevent the raw image of a DVD from being copied to other media, but such a copy is unusable without the keys, which can only be retrieved with authentication.
 * Mfwitten (talk) 20:25, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it would be worthwhile to add something similar to the information provided by this VLC FAQ:

 * * Does VLC support DVDs from all regions? This mostly depends on your DVD drive. Testing it is usually the quickest way to find out. The problem is that a lot of newer drives are RPC2 drives these days. Some of these drives don't allow raw access to the drive untill the drive firmware has done a regioncheck. VLC uses libdvdcss and it needs raw access to the DVD drive to crack the encryption key. So with those drives it is impossible to circumvent the region protection. (This goes for all software. You will need to flash your drives firmware, but sometimes there is no alternate firmware available for your drive). On other RPC2 drives that do allow raw access, it might take VLC a long time to crack the key. So just pop the disc in your drive and try it out, while you get a coffee. RPC1 drives should 'always' work regardless of the regioncode.

 * Mfwitten (talk) 20:37, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

Well, this is also fairly old. Anyways: CSS employs three protection mechanisms. Besides the well known encryption of the MPEG stream, there is also some kind of protection provided by the drive (at least RPC Phase II). Until authenticated, the drive won't deliver any of the encrypted MPEG packs (there is a corresponding flag in the frame header). A read access to a related block (sector) fails with an I/O error. So you need "special" commands (beside read) to get access (see MMC). In case of a region mismatch, the drive could deny access completley (then you'd need to change the drive's region, flash the drive, or buy another one). However, most appear only to block the title-keys. Helo2804 (talk) 14:09, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

Purpose of CSS

 * [Discussion moved from User talk:intgr]

Hi Intgr,

You restored parts of the Content Scramble System article on 12:31, 28 May 2015 (Purpose).

As I wrote in the Talk:Content_Scramble_System I'd like to rewrite the article (step by step, work in progress).

I dropped the paragraph (Purpose) because it sounds (to me) confusing. First, it's hard to read. And if you got thru, isn't it petty? The first paragraph simply says, you cannot play a copy because it is still encrypted. The second paragraph says that CSS is supposed to make drive manufacturers' life a bit harder (which I doubt).

Do you read more/other than that? Please take also a look at my notes (Talk:Content_Scramble_System). Thank you!

Helo2804 (talk) 13:13, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

 * (Discussion about this edit)
 * Sorry, I hadn't read most of the talk page, I thought from your edit summary that your complaint was that this was too much content for the lead section, so I restored it under another section title. Some content being "hard to read" shouldn't generally be a reason to remove it; it's better to rephrase or tag it e.g. clarify.
 * After more thought about it, I agree that purpose #1 is silly (of course copying an encrypted stream without the key won't be readable). But #2 seems like a valid purpose, because implementing CSS without the other restrictions might be seen as circumvention of DMCA. But I'm not really up to speed about US law or CSS and it's not currently sourced well enough (WP:V, WP:SYN), so I won't object if you want to remove it again.
 * PS: It's generally useful to keep article-related discussion on the article's own talk page, so other interested people can join; use Ping to invite users to the discussion. -- intgr [talk] 13:30, 30 May 2015 (UTC)

Rewrite
I had a closer look at the content scramble system (see GitHub) and updated the article. There might be inconsistencies that I do not see and I'm also no native speaker. Hence, a review would be highly appreciated! Helo2804 (talk) 11:55, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Content Scramble System


text:
Robert Douglas (actor)

Robert Douglas Finlayson (9 November 1909 – 11 January 1999), known professionally as Robert Douglas, was an English stage and film actor, a television director and producer.

Early career and personal life

Douglas was born in Fenny Stratford, Buckinghamshire. He studied at RADA and made his stage debut at the Theatre Royal, Bournemouth in 1927. A year later he made his first London appearance in Many Waters at the Ambassadors Theatre and went into films the following year.

Personal life and death
He was married twice, to actresses Dorothy Hyson (1914–1996) and Suzanne Weldon (1921–1995), fathering two children, Lucinda and Robert (Giles). He died from natural causes in Encinitas, California, aged 89.

Theatre

 * 1927: The Best People (Theatre Royal Bournemouth + tour)
 * 1928: Crime (Grand Theatre Croydon + tour)
 * 1928: Many Waters (Ambassadors Theatre London)
 * 1928: Mrs.Moonlight (Kingsway Theatre London)
 * 1929: Black St. Anthony (Strand Theatre London)
 * 1929: A Bill of Divorcement (St.Martin's Theatre London)
 * 1929: Barbara's Wedding (Apollo Theatre London)
 * 1929: Many Waters (in UK, in Canada / Maxine Elliott's Theatre, Broadway + Times Square Theater Broadway)
 * 1930: The Last Enemy (Fortune Theatre London)
 * 1930: Suspense (Duke of York's Theatre London)
 * 1930: Badger's Green (Prince of Wales Theatre London)
 * 1930: The Last Enemy (Hartford / New Haven + Shubert Theatre Broadway)
 * 1931: After All (Criterion Theatre London + The New Theatre London)
 * 1931: The Arch-Duchess (Phoenix-Theatre London)
 * 1931: Vile Bodies (Arts Theatre London)
 * 1931: Brief Moment (Detroit / Washington + Belasco Theatre Broadway + Cort Theatre Broadway)
 * 1932: Vile Bodies (Vaudeville Theatre London)
 * 1932: As it was in the Beginning (Arts Theatre London)
 * 1933: Ten Minute Alibi (Embassy Theatre London + Haymarket Theatre London)
 * 1933: These Two (Arts Theatre London)
 * 1934: Men in White (Lyric Theatre London + tour)
 * 1934: Overture 1920 (Phoenix Theatre London)
 * 1934: Inside the Room (Queens Theatre London)
 * 1935: Theatre Royal / The Royal Family (Lyric Theatre London + tour)
 * 1935: Most of the Game (Cort Theatre Broadway)
 * 1936: No Exit (Embassy Theatre London + St.Martin's Theatre London)
 * 1936: Stubble before Swords (Globe Theatre London)
 * 1936: Kind Lady (The King's Theatre Edinburgh + Lyric Theatre London)
 * 1938: Official Secret (Tour + New Theatre London)
 * 1938: Night Arrival (Globe Theatre London)
 * 1939: The Spring Time of Others (Gate Theatre London)
 * 1946: Lighten our Darkness (New Theatre Hull + tour)
 * 1946: He Lived in Two Worlds (Wimbledon Theatre London + tour)
 * 1946: But for the Grace of God (Royal Lyceum Theatre Edinburgh + tour + St.James Theatre London)

Film

 * 1930: P. C. Josser (dir. Milton Rosmer) - Dick Summers
 * 1931: Many Waters (dir. Milton Rosmer) - Godfrey Marvin
 * 1933: The Blarney Stone / (US): The Blarney Kiss (dir. Tom Walls) - Lord Breethorpe
 * 1935: Death Drives Through (dir. Edward L. Cahn) - Kit Woods
 * 1937: London Melody / (US): Girl in the Street (dir. Herbert Wilcox) - Nigel Taplow
 * 1937: Our Fighting Navy / (US): Torpedoed (dir. Norman Walker) - Captain Markham
 * 1938: The Challenge (dir. Milton Rosmer) - Edward Whymper
 * 1939: Over the Moon (dir. Thornton Freeland) - The Unknown Man
 * 1939: The Lion Has Wings (dir. Michael Powell) - Briefing Officer
 * 1940: The Chinese Bungalow / (US): Chinese Den (dir. George King) - Richard Marquess
 * 1947: The End of the River (dir. Derek N. Twist) - Jones
 * 1948: The Adventures of Don Juan / (GB): The new Adventures of Don Juan (dir. Vincent Sherman) - Duke de Lorca
 * 1948: The Decision of Christopher Blake (dir. Peter Godfrey) - Ken Blake
 * 1949: Homicide (dir. Felix Jacoves) - Police Lieutenant Michael Landers
 * 1949: The Fountainhead (dir. King Vidor) - Ellsworth M. Toohey
 * 1949: The Hasty Heart (dir. Vincent Sherman) - Off-Screen Narrator (voice, uncredited)
 * 1949: The Lady Takes a Sailor (dir. Michael Curtiz) - John Tyson
 * 1950: Buccaneer's Girl (dir. Frederick De Cordova) - Narbonne
 * 1950: Barricade (dir. Peter Godfrey) - Aubrey Milburn
 * 1950: Spy Hunt / (GB): Panther's Moon (dir. George Sherman) - Stephen Paradou
 * 1950: This Side of the Law (dir. Richard L. Bare) - Philip Cagle
 * 1950: The Flame and the Arrow (dir. Jacques Tourneur) - Marchese Alessandro de Granazia
 * 1950: Kim (dir. Victor Saville) - Colonel Creighton
 * 1950: Mystery Submarine (dir. Douglas Sirk) - Commander Eric von Molter
 * 1951: Target Unknown (dir. George Sherman) - Colonel von Broeck
 * 1951: Thunder on the Hill / (GB): Bonaventure (dir. Douglas Sirk) - Dr. Edward Jeffreys
 * 1952: At Sword's Point / (GB): Sons of the Musketeers (dir. Lewis Allen) - Duc de Lavalle
 * 1952: Ivanhoe (dir. Richard Thorpe) - Sir Hugh De Bracy
 * 1952: The Prisoner of Zenda (dir. Richard Thorpe) - Michael, Duke of Strelsau
 * 1953: Fair Wind to Java (dir. Joseph Kane) - Saint Ebenezer / Pulo Besar
 * 1953: The Desert Rats (dir. Robert Wise) - General
 * 1953: Flight to Tangier (dir. Charles Marquis Warren) - Danzer
 * 1954: Saskatchewan / (GB): O'Rourke of the Royal Mounted (dir. Raoul Walsh) - Benton
 * 1954: King Richard and the Crusaders (dir. David Butler) - Sir Giles Amaury
 * 1955: The Virgin Queen (dir. Henry Koster) - Sir Christopher Hatton
 * 1955: The Scarlet Coat (dir. John Sturges) - General Benedict Arnold
 * 1955: Good Morning Miss Dove (dir. Henry Koster) - John Porter
 * 1956: Helen of Troy (dir. Robert Wise) - Agamemnon
 * 1959: The Young Philadelphians / (GB): The City Jungle (dir. Vincent Sherman) - Uncle Morton Stearnes
 * 1959: Tarzan, the Ape Man (dir. Joseph M. Newman) - Colonel James Parker
 * 1961: The Lawbreakers (dir. Joseph M. Newman) - Allen Bardeman (archive footage)

Television

 * 1939: The Royal Family of Broadway (TV Movie) - Tony Cavendish
 * 1953: Chevron Theatre (Season 2 Episode 23: "Serenade to an Empty House")
 * 1955: Lux Video Theatre (Season 5 Episode 33: "The Browning Version") - Frank Hunter
 * 1955: Front Row Center (Season 1 Episode 2: "The Barretts of Wimpole Street") - Robert Browning
 * 1957: Panic! (Season 1 Episode 12: "The Vigilantes") - Thomas Burdue / James Stuart
 * 1958-1959: Alfred Hitchcock Presents (2 episodes)
 * (Season 3 Episode 38: "Impromptu Murder") - Inspector Charles Tarrant
 * (Season 5 Episode 1: "Arthur") - Inspector Ben Liebenberg
 * 1959: General Electric Theatre (Season 7 Episode 14: "And One Was Loyal") - Roger Howard
 * 1959-1961: 77 Sunset Strip (2 episodes)
 * (Season 1 Episode 19: "Eyewitness") (1959) - Dr. Emory Williams
 * (Season 4 Episode 12: "Reserved for Mr. Bailey") (1961) - Walter Van Nuys (voice) (uncredited)
 * 1959-1961: One Step Beyond (3 episodes)
 * (Season 1 Episode 14: "The Secret") (1959) - Harrison Ackroyd
 * (Season 2 Episode 29: "Encounter") (1960) - Paul McCord
 * (Season 3 Episode 21: "Night of Decision") (1961) - General George Washington
 * 1960: Adventures in Paradise (2 episodes)
 * (Season 1 Episode 22: "There Is an Island") - Albert Otherly
 * (Season 1 Episode 25: "The Forbidden Sea") - Albert Othery
 * 1960: Walt Disney presents The Swamp Fox (2 episodes)
 * (Season 6 Episode 15: "Redcoat Strategy") - General Cornwallis
 * (Season 6 Episode 16: "A Case of Treason") - General Cornwallis
 * 1960: Maverick (Season 4 Episode 1: "The Bundle from Britain") - Herbert
 * 1961: The Asphalt Jungle (Season 1 Episode 2: "The Lady and the Lawyer") - Allen Bardeman
 * 1962: Thriller (Season 2 Episode 30: "The Specialists") - Antony Hugh Swinburne
 * 1968: Secret Ceremony (TV-Version) - Sir Alex Gordon
 * 1972: Portrait: The Woman I Love (TV Movie) - Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin
 * 1974: The Questor Tapes (TV Movie) - Dr. Michaels
 * 1974: Cannon (Season 3 Episode 23: "Triangle of Terror") - Sir Arnold Masters (uncredited)
 * 1975: Columbo (Season 4 Episode 4: "Troubled Waters") - Dr. Frank Pierce
 * 1975: Medical Center (Season 6 Episode 21: "Survivors") - Miles Halloran
 * 1975: The Invisible Man (Season 1 Episode 3: "Man of Influence") - Dr. Theophilus
 * 1978: Centennial (Season 1 Episode 7: "The Shepherds") - Claude Richards (final appearance)

Theatre

 * 1933: Ten Minute Alibi (Haymarket Theatre London)
 * 1934: Overture 1920 (Phoenix Theatre London)
 * 1946: Lighten Our Darkness (New Theatre Hull)
 * 1956: The Ponder Heart (Shubert Theatre New Haven + Forrest Theatre Philadelphia + Shubert Theatre Boston + Music Box Theatre Broadway)
 * 1956: Affair of Honor (Ethel Barrymore Theatre Broadway)
 * 1956: The Loud Red Patrick (Walnut Theatre Philadelphia + Ambassador Theatre Broadway)
 * 1956: Uncle Willie (Locust Street Theatre Philadelphia + John Golden Theatre Broadway)
 * 1957: One Foot in the Door (Locust Street Theatre Philadelphia + Shubert Theatre Boston)

Film

 * 1964: Night Train to Paris

Television

 * 1960-1962: Surfside 6 (9 episodes)
 * 1960: Maverick (2 episodes)
 * 1960-1962: 77 Sunset Strip (12 episodes)
 * 1961: The Roaring Twenties (episode The Red Carpet)
 * 1961-1962: Hawaiian Eye (4 episodes)
 * 1962-1963: Fair Exchange (1. Segment)
 * 1963-1964: The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (4 episodes)
 * 1962: The Virginian (episode  The Final Hour) = The Final Hour (film)
 * 1965: Kraft Suspense Theatre (episode Kill me on July 20th)
 * 1964-1965: Court Martial (3 episodes)
 * 1965-1967: 12 O'Clock High (16 episodes)
 * 1966: The Fugitive (episode Second Sight)
 * 1966: Daniel Boone (episode The Matchmaker)
 * 1967: Lost in Space (episode The Toymaker)
 * 1967: Mission: Impossible (episode The Diamond)
 * 1967: The Monroes (2 episodes)
 * 1967-1974: The FBI (13 episodes)
 * 1967-1968: The Invaders (episodes The Prophet and Counterattack)
 * 1969-1970: Adam-12 (6 episodes)
 * 1970: The Immortal (2 episodes)
 * 1970: Dan August (episode Invitation to Murder)
 * 1972-1975: The Streets of San Francisco (4 episodes)
 * 1972-1973: Cannon (5 episodes)
 * 1974: Barnaby Jones (2 episodes)
 * 1974: Shazam! (4 episodes)
 * 1974-1975: Medical Center (6 episodes)
 * 1975: Swiss Family Robinson (episode The Pit)
 * 1975-1978: Baretta (9 episodes)
 * 1976: City of Angels (2 episodes)
 * 1976: Columbo (episode Old Fashioned Murder)
 * 1976-1977: Big Hawaii (episode Tightrope)
 * 1977: Future Cop (2 episodes)
 * 1977: Hunter (episode Yesterday, Upon the Stair)
 * 1977: The Man from Atlantis (episode The Naked Montague)
 * 1978: Quincy, M.E. (episode Double Death)
 * 1979-1981: Trapper John, M.D. (4 episodes)
 * 1979: Nobody's Perfect (4 episodes)
 * 1982: House Calls (2 episodes)
 * 1982: Fame (episode A Big Finish)

As a producer

 * 1963-1964: The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (8 episodes)
 * 1964-1965: Court Martial (10 episodes)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert Douglas (actor)


text:
Patriarch Ponds

Patriarch's Ponds (Патриаршие пруды, Patriarshiye prudy) is park, pond and an affluent residential area in downtown Presnensky District of Moscow, Russia. For the last 200 years, there has been only one pond, although, as the name of Tryokhprudny Pereulok (Трёхпрудный переулок, lit. Three-Pond Lane) suggests, there used to be more. The area of the existing pond is 9900 m2; the depth is about two meters.

The Ponds area is accessible via the Moscow Metro Mayakovskaya (eastern exit) and Pushkinskaya stations.

Origin
The area is named after the seventeenth century Patriarch's Goat Sloboda (Патриаршая Козья слобода) located on the Goat Marsh (Козье болото). This marsh was once connected by a brook to the Presnya River west; by 1739, when the first topographic map was compiled, the brook disappeared and the marsh separated from Presnya. People considered the swamp as an anomalous zone; apparently this caused a proverb "Фома поспешил, да людей насмешил – увяз на Патриарших" ("Thomas has hastened, but made people laugh - he got stuck in Patriarshy").

19th century

The pond acquired its present shape and was cleaned up in 1830–31, a part of a plan to rebuild Moscow after the Fire of 1812. The buildings around the pond were wooden; stone construction proceeded slowly through the second half of the nineteenth century. In winters, the Russian Gymnastic Society operated a skating rink on the frozen pond.

At the turn of the century, cheap rental buildings around the pond were occupied by the University students. During the December 1905, the area was held by left-wing student militia and became a war zone. The Ponds also housed Moscow's first hospital for children (the Filatov Hospital, which later relocated to nearby Garden Ring).

Soviet history
After the revolution, the spacious apartments in buildings occupied by wealthy merchants were converted to communal apartments with shared kitchens.

The author Mikhail Bulgakov and his wife Yelena Shilovskaya lived in this area in the 1930s.

From the later 1930s to the 1950s, the lowrise buildings were torn down. The two most important Soviet-era buildings constructed were The House of Lions, a luxurious residence for Red Army Marshals (1945, designed by Zholtovsky workshop) and the 1935 Aviazhilstroy Apartments, a yellow postconstructivist high-rise by Vladimir Vladimirov (the building, conceived by Panteleimon Golosov, was completed in part. See original design). The boathouse on the ponds was built in wood in 1946. It was not until the 1980s that it was rebuilt in stone.

Modern history
In 2000–2002, the controversial Patriarch Apartments were built (design by Sergei Tkachenko); this 13-story building, crowned with a 1/50 scale model of Tatlin's Tower is also known as Alla Pugacheva's home.

As of 2016 the neighborhood had become gentrified. Owners of the communal apartments had been bought out and the apartments reconverted into luxury residences. Fashionable shops, restaurants and bars serve crowds. The area is so popular that the upscale residents of the neighborhood complain.

Bulgakov legacy
The Pond is one of the main settings of Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita. Monuments to Bulgakov and to Ivan Krylov have been erected near the pond. The Master and Margarita begins with a tram accident by the pond. Although there was never any regular tram service or permanent tram tracks around the pond, for a short time in 1930s, there was a temporary service track used for night storage.

title: Patriarch Ponds


text:
J. B. Danquah

Joseph Kwame Kyeretwie Boakye Danquah (18 December 1895 – 4 February 1965) was a Ghanaian politician, scholar, lawyer and statesman. He was a politician in pre- and post-colonial Ghana, which was formerly the Gold Coast, and is credited with giving Ghana its current name.

During his political career, Danquah was one of the primary opposition leaders to Ghanaian president and independence leader Kwame Nkrumah. Danquah was described as the "doyen of Gold Coast politics" by the Watson Commission of Inquiry into the 1948 Accra riots.

Early life and education
Danquah was born on 18 December 1895 in the town of Bepong in Kwahu in the Eastern Region of Ghana (then the Gold Coast). He was descended from the royal family of Ofori Panin Fie, once the rulers of the Akyem states, and one of the most influential families in Ghanaian politics. His elder brother was Nana Sir Ofori Atta I and his son was actor Paul Danquah.

At the age of six, Danquah began schooling at the Basel Mission School at Kyebi. He attended the Basel Mission Senior School at Begoro. On successful completion of his standard seven examinations in 1912, he was employed by Vidal J. Buckle, a barrister-at-law in Accra, as a clerk, a job that aroused his interest in law.

After passing the Civil Service Examinations in 1914, Danquah became a clerk at the Supreme Court of the Gold Coast, which gave him the experience to be appointed by his brother, Nana Sir Ofori Atta I, who had become chief two years earlier, as secretary of the Omanhene's Tribunal in Kyebi. Following the influence of his brother, Danquah was appointed as the assistant secretary of the Conference of Paramount Chiefs of the Eastern Province, which was later given statutory recognition to become the Eastern Provincial Council of Chiefs. His brilliance influenced his brother to send him to Britain in 1921 to read law.

After two unsuccessful attempts at the University of London matriculation, Danquah passed in 1922, enabling him to enter the University College of London as a philosophy student. He earned his B.A. degree in 1925, winning the John Stuart Mill Scholarship in the Philosophy of Mind and Logic. He then embarked on a Doctor of Philosophy degree, which he earned in two years with a thesis entitled "The Moral End as Moral Excellence". He became the first West African to obtain the Doctor of Philosophy degree from a British university. While he worked on his thesis, he entered the Inner Temple and was called to the Bar in 1926.

During his student days, he had two sons and two daughters by two different women, neither of whom he married. In London, Danquah took time off his studies to participate in student politics, serving as editor of the West African Students' Union (WASU) magazine and becoming the Union's president.

Career
Danquah went into private legal practice upon his return to Ghana in 1927. In 1929 he helped J. E. Casely Hayford found the Gold Coast Youth Conference (GCYC) and was Secretary General from 1937 to 1947. In 1931, Danquah established The Times of West Africa, originally called the West Africa Times, which was the first daily newspaper in Ghana published between 1931 and 1935. A column called "Women's Corner" was pseudonymously written by Mabel Dove, daughter of prominent barrister Francis Dove. She became Danquah's first wife in 1933, bearing him a son. Danquah later married Elizabeth Vardon. In 1935, he became an executive member of the International African Friends of Ethiopia, a Pan-Africanist organization based in London.

Politics
Danquah became a member of the Legislative Council in 1946 and actively pursued independence legislation for his country. In 1947 he helped to found the pro-independence United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) as a combination of chiefs, academics and lawyers, including George Alfred Grant, Robert Benjamin Blay, R. A. Awoonor-Williams, Edward Akufo-Addo, and Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey. Kwame Nkrumah was invited to be the new party's general secretary. In 1948, following a boycott of European imports and subsequent rioting in Accra, Danquah was one of "the big six" (the others being Nkrumah, Akufo-Addo, Obetsebi-Lamptey, Ebenezer Ako-Adjei and William Ofori Atta) who were detained for a month by the colonial authorities.

Danquah's historical research led him to agree with Nkrumah's proposition that on independence the Gold Coast be renamed Ghana after the early African empire of that name. However, Danquah and Nkrumah subsequently disagreed over the direction of the independence movement and parted ways after two years. Nkrumah went on to form the Convention People's Party (CPP) and eventually became the first president of independent Ghana.

Danquah's role in the founding of the University of Ghana
Danquah played an important role in the establishment of the University of Ghana, the premier and the largest university in Ghana. He successfully advocated for its establishment in 1948 after a British report on higher education in West Africa recommended that only one university college, to be located in Nigeria, in association with the University of London, would be feasible for the whole of West Africa.

Arrest, detention and death
Danquah stood as a presidential candidate against Nkrumah in April 1960 but lost the election. On 3 October 1961, Danquah was arrested under the Preventive Detention Act, on the grounds of involvement with alleged plans to subvert the CPP government. He was released on 22 June 1962. He was later elected president of the Ghana Bar Association. Danquah was again arrested on 8 January 1964, for allegedly being implicated in a plot against the President. He suffered a heart attack and died while in detention at Nsawam Medium Prison on 4 February 1965. After the overthrow of the CPP government in February 1966 by the National Liberation Council (NLC), Danquah was given a national funeral.

Publications
Among his writings are Gold Coast: Akan Laws and Customs and the Akim Abuakwa Constitution (1928), a play entitled The Third Woman (1943), and The Akan Doctrine of God (1944). The latter book demonstrated the compatibility of African religion with Christianity, and is considered a "milestone" for African Protestants looking for ways to reclaim their African heritage. He had no training as a theologian.

Family
Kwaku Boateng and J. B. Danquah were related by marriage.

Legacy
The J. B. Danquah Memorial Lecture Series was inaugurated in 1968 in memory of Danquah, who was also a founding member of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences (GAAS). The Danquah Institute was set up in commemoration of his work and to promote his ideas posthumously.

Danquah Circle, a roundabout at Osu in Accra, was also named after him.

title: J. B. Danquah


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rojo.com

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete.

Note: one probable sockpuppet discounted. Rossami (talk) 02:33, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Rojo.com
NN, was originally on speedy claiming to have failed Google Test. - Mailer Diablo 16:29, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I have greeted intial editor and asked for input as to either speedy or reason to keep other than advertising. Alf 17:38, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * May fail Google test, but I find the result of the Alexa test, quite respectable: rank 18,415. - Mgm|(talk) 18:24, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't easily grok your deletion policy. Is Rojo.com being considered for deletion because it is a commercial enterprise or because it is presumed to an advertising ploy? It is certianly a commercial enterprise, not unlike Bloglines, Feedster, Technorati, and dozens of other companies referenced in Wikipedia. Rojo has been covered by many major publications such as Forbes, Fortune, Red Herring, etc. (see: http://rojo.jot.com/Press) and has many thousands of users. The service is available here: http://www.rojo.com, the associated blog is here: http://blog.rojo.com, and the corporate site is located here: www.rojonetworks.com (also rojo.jot.com). Any questions about our true existence of Rojo can be sent to feedback@rojo.com.

 * Original author here. Created article based on similarly intended services with wiki entries, Bloglines, RSSOwl, AmphetaDesk, Kinja, LiveJournal, Newster, RSS_Feed_Reader.  After consideration, 'Rojo Networks' is likely a better page title.  This is an important and emerging tool along the lines of Flickr, Technorati, Feedster, etc.  Article should include history and additional academic information about the significance of the service.  Alf was correct that I have not read advertising policy, which I will read shortly.  However, this site was in no way intended as an advertisement.  If that is the issue at hand, then I will gladly modify it to eliminate that concern.  Here 20:38, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I find no problems with the current article considering the comperable wiki entries for Flickr, Bloglines, RSSOwl, AmphetaDesk, Kinja, LiveJournal, Newster, RSS_Feed_Reader and other web services articles. Not only is its popularity on par with listed apps, but it also provides a unique approach to the service by including social networking.  I am working on adding more information to flesh out the encyclopedic value of the article.  Further considering no violation of the following advertising policy: (from Wikipedia is not a propoganda machine) (Not) Advertising. Articles about companies and products are fine if they are written in an objective and unbiased style. Furthermore, all article topics must be third-party verifiable, so articles about very small "garage" companies are not likely to be acceptable. External links to commercial organizations are acceptable if they can serve to identify major corporations associated with a topic (see finishing school for an example). Please note Wikipedia does not endorse any businesses and it does not set up affiliate programs. Here 21:42, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Nothing special about this aggregator; already appears in lists. Sdedeo 21:57, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The aggregator is unique in its use of tags and a social network in one web app. Here 22:37, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Nothing convincingly notable asserted about this service. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:48, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. *drew 01:33, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm a little biased, I'll admit (see this), but I believe that Rojo has something that sets it apart from other online aggregators.  Tagging, flagging, sharing of feed data and commentary are parts of that, and currently it's not substantially different from BlogLines when it comes to those things, but Bloglines has its own wikipedia page, and I think that Rojo is going somewhere different with what it's doing as well.  --Cori.schlegel 02:07, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment original author again, Please see Websites.
 * Criteria guidelines.
 * Alexa Rank 10,000 or higher (18,762 -- fails, but close)
 * National Press Coverage (definitely true)
 * 5,000 aparently unique users (definitely thousands, not sure of user base)
 * Here 20:12, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
William Brantley Aycock

William Brantley Aycock (October 24, 1915 – June 20, 2015) was an American educator who served as chancellor of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1957 until 1964 and was the retired Kenan Professor of Law at the UNC School of Law. He was born in Lucama, North Carolina in 1915.

A native of Lucama, North Carolina, Aycock served the University of North Carolina for nearly 40 years from his first faculty appointment in the School of Law in 1948 to his retirement as Kenan professor in 1985. He was named chancellor in 1957 and led the university in that capacity until 1964.

A 1948 graduate of the UNC School of Law, Aycock was first in his class and editor-in-chief of the North Carolina Law Review. He also holds a master's degree in history from UNC, and a bachelor's degree in education from North Carolina State University where he was president of the student body and a member of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. Prior to entering law school, he served in the U.S. Army during World War II and attained the rank of colonel. He was awarded the Bronze Star, the Silver Star and the Legion of Merit.

Throughout his academic career, Aycock received many honors and awards. He was the first recipient of the UNC School of Law's McCall Teaching Award, and eventually received it a total of five times. He was an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa and a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He received the Thomas Jefferson Award from UNC, the Distinguished Alumnus Award and Lifetime Achievement Award from the UNC Law Alumni Association, the William R. Davie Award from the UNC Board of Trustees, the University Award from the UNC Board of Governors, and the Liberty Bell Award from the North Carolina Bar Association.

In 1990, as a tribute to his chancellorship, the department of family medicine’s building was named for Aycock. This honor was in keeping with his long-standing interest in the field of medicine, and his support of family medicine as a way to address the health-care needs of North Carolina's rural citizens. The William B. Aycock professorship in his name was established by his many friends and is held as an endowment at the Medical Foundation of North Carolina, Inc. Aycock died after a fall on June 20, 2015, at the age of 99.

Aycock was a cousin of North Carolina Governor Charles Brantley Aycock and is best known to sports fans as the man who hired legendary basketball coach Dean Smith. He forced head coach Frank McGuire to resign after the 1960-61 season in the face of major recruiting violations. McGuire decided to leave and coach Wilt Chamberlain and the Philadelphia Warriors, before later moving to the University of South Carolina. Aycock named Smith, who had been McGuire's top assistant, as his successor. Years later, Aycock recalled that McGuire came to his office on a Saturday and told him he was resigning. Smith was waiting in McGuire's car, so Aycock called him in and offered him the job. When the 30-year-old Smith accepted the job, Aycock told him that wins and losses didn't matter as much as running a clean program that represented UNC well. This charge is somewhat ironic, as Smith led the Tar Heels to 879 wins over 36 years.

title: William Brantley Aycock


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Psycho hose beast

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. The first four comments, including the nomination, are made by very new or anon editors, and I'm inclined to discount them. The final editor has enough contribs and things, but this is their only edit in Wikipedia: space and is also discounted. Among those who remain, there is no desire to retain the article outright, and certainly no consensus that it should be merged and no further support for keeping (with a weakly reasoned comment anyway). With the 'opposition' divided, I'm going to call a consensus to delete. -Splash 22:34, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Psycho hose beast

 * Delete, as much as I love Wayne's World, this isn't a very useful article. I think the term is used like once or twice in the movie, and it never caught on as a popular catchphrase or something. - Theuniversal
 * Please do not delete. I hear this term very often in South Carolina, and learned its origins from this article. Strattonssirus 14:37, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strattonssirus's first edit. —Cryptic (talk) 17:47, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Beg on my knees. Helga, Norway (user 'Helga' on no.wikipedia)
 * Guest says: Please keep it. I use this phrase rather regularly, as I am exposed to women (and sometimes men) of this caliber with unfortunate regularity.
 * Keep Why not? I've heard it being used before. --Richy 17:15, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: "I heard it before" is not a keep criterion. Zoe 22:54, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or (very weak) transwiki. Dictdef and etymology, such as it is. —Cryptic (talk) 17:47, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect to Wayne's World. In my experience, term still has some currency, but there's not much to be said about it other than it originated in the film. Sdedeo 21:42, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't seem notable at all. Teklund 18:19, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; dict def at best. Proto t c 12:57, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quale 18:33, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect to Wayne's World. per Sdedeo. SchmuckyTheCat 00:32, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't seem notable enough outside of Wayne's World, even if other people use it elsewhere. I don't think every in-joke from every movie deserves an encyclopedia article.  --Elkman 19:05, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Fraxen

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image:Grasp africa.jpg lacks copyright information. Please verify that its copyright status is acceptable. Guettarda 14:11, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:Grasp africa.jpg
Rather than delete the PUI tag, could you add some evidence that the image is used under some appropriate free license, or justify why it would be "fair use". Thanks. Guettarda 06:49, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi Guettarda, I am Hugo Ahlenius, and I am the creator of that image -- I have licensed the image into the public domain, I am not sure what more I need to do... ?

 * Hi Hugo. Add  to the image.  Then go to WP:PUI, scroll down to the entry about this image, and say what you have said.  I'll leave it a few days (give other people the opportunity to comment on it, in the event that someone wants to) and then I'll delete the entry and remove the template from the image page.  Thanks for the info (and the image, I like it - I'm rather interested in habitat fragmentation myself).  Guettarda 18:49, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, done! thanks for helping me out!Fraxen 14:11, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Looked at WP:PUI - it says that once copyright is clarified it can be removed immediately, so I did so & untagged the image. Guettarda 22:43, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Now Commons
Cryosphere.png, an image uploaded to Wikipedia from this account in June 2007, is now available as Commons:File:Cryosphere Fuller Projection.png. — Athaenara ✉  17:19, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fraxen


text:
Talk:Pik Botha

roelof botha was south africas foreign minister from 1978 to 1994 and then in the government of national unity under n. mandela minister for minerals and mines (or something similar)--Severino 10:31, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

FB link
the facebook link does not work--Zymurgy (talk) 22:29, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

relatives
We note that he was not related to P. W. Botha. Was he related to Louis Botha, the first prime minister of South Africa? john k (talk) 03:24, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

I went out with his niece in college (in the States); she's HOT. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 214.13.130.104 (talk) 18:52, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Error
Pik Botha and Piet W. Botha descended from María Kickers, wife of Frederich Botha, German soldier with whom he married in 1714. Maria had been married before Jan Corneliz with whom he had three children, Cornelisz, Anna and Trijntje whom Frederick adopted and gave them the surname. Pik descended from Frederich and Maria Kickers, Louis and P. W. Botha, from Maria Kickers and Jan Cornelisz. Therefore, they are the same family, the same clan. Excuse my English (I had to use the translator), i'm from Argentina, I'm speak Spanish, but I love South Africa and I'm passionate about its history; I think we have many things in common. User: Alberto, 3/11/2017.-

Pronunciation?
Can someone add the IPA pronunciation in Afrikaans for his name? — OwenBlacker (Talk) 23:27, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pik Botha


text:
Hurlers Cross

Hurlers Cross  is a small village in County Clare, Ireland. It is situated close to Shannon Town and 6 km from both Sixmilebridge and Newmarket-on-Fergus. It forms a part of Newmarket-on-Fergus parish.

Etymology
The name is derived from the meeting of three roads: one to Ennis (and later Shannon), one to Limerick and one to Sixmilebridge. The last named is now closed off at the western end of the village, following the opening of a dual-carriageway bypass (N18/N19) serving the Limerick to Ennis route, which has taken away the heavy traffic that was once a feature of Hurlers Cross.

title: Hurlers Cross


text:
Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2: Live from Montreux

Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2: Live from Montreux is Ringo Starr's second official live album and was released in September 1993.

Live and content
Starr was once again supported by his All-Starr Band, with the first of many line-up changes. Retained from the original 1989/1990 inaugural line-up were Joe Walsh and Nils Lofgren. Newcomers were Timothy B. Schmit, Dave Edmunds, Todd Rundgren, Burton Cummings, Tim Cappello, and Starr's own son, Zak Starkey, on drums.

While Starr performed new material from Time Takes Time, he mostly chose his Beatles' standards on this occasion, namely "Yellow Submarine", "With a Little Help from My Friends" and his cover of The Shirelles' "Boys", which had appeared on the Beatles' first album, Please Please Me, in 1963. The members of his All-Starr Band also performed lead on many different songs during the live recording.

Release
Following up on the 1990 album Ringo Starr and His All-Starr Band, this new album was a recording of a performance in Montreux in 1992, shortly after the release of Starr's studio album Time Takes Time. Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2: Live from Montreux was released worldwide on Rykodisc, on 14 September 1993, eventually being deleted towards the end of the 1990s. To help promote the album, Starr appeared on NBC's Today television show, on 13 October 1993. Due to his heavy involvement in The Beatles Anthology, Starr didn't release any material until 1997, a limited edition live release of his 1995 tour exclusively through the Blockbuster video store chain, which was then followed by the major-label studio album, Vertical Man, in 1998.

Personnel

 * Ringo Starr and His All-Starr Band
 * Ringo Starr – drums, vocals
 * Joe Walsh – guitars, vocals
 * Timothy B. Schmit – bass, vocals
 * Dave Edmunds – guitars, vocals
 * Todd Rundgren – guitars, vocals
 * Nils Lofgren – guitars, vocals
 * Burton Cummings – keyboards, vocals
 * Tim Cappello – saxophone
 * Zak Starkey – drums


text:
Talk:Kiev offensive (1920)

Petliura
What does make Petliura to be nominated as a nationalist? The fact that he tried to reorganize the Ukrainian military by introducing the Ukrainian language cannot classify him as the nationalist or does it? Does promotion of the Ukrainian culture can classify one as a nationalist? Not necessarily. And finally, can the Soviet history's nomination of him as a nationalist be classified by the Encyclopedia Britannica (which already was called racial on several occasions) as one? Yes, why not. In fact there are no supporting evidence that clearly identify him as the nationalist. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 02:06, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources. In this case, it's Peter Abbot's "Ukrainian Armies 1914-55", page 17. More can be added, if you wish. Britannica is preferable in this case as it is a tertiary source, that is, an aggregation of secondary ones. --Illythr (talk) 16:47, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic military
Why is UkrSSR military involvement included here? First of all it was artificial country, second of all it did not have its military. Its military was headed by the Russian narkom Antonov-Ovseyenko who was assisted by the crazy Dybenko (supposedly Ukrainian, but he was born in the Russian-speaking uyezd of the Chernigov Governorate). The Red Cossack Division that participated in the Russian Civil war on the territory of Ukraine was recruited in the Don region. And the government of Ukraine consisted out of the Russian political party. There was not a single Ukrainian on that so called Soviet Ukrainian forces. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 02:32, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Because reliable sources say so. Specifically, the armistice was signed between the Poland, RSFSR and UkrSSR, marking them as participants in the war. --Illythr (talk) 16:47, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Polish-Soviet war
Please read the article, as well as this one and consult sources. --Illythr (talk) 16:47, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Currently not GA class
I am seeing numerous unreferenced claims in the article. I do not believe it is up to the current GA class. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 15:50, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

B-class review: failed
Sadly, after failing the GA review above, I also have to quickfail the B-class review due to outstanding citation needed tags. Article downgraded to C class. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 16:59, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:23, 9 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Vladimir Lenin Leon Trotsky Lev Kamenev 1920.jpg

"Kyiv Offensive" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Kyiv Offensive and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 26 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. — Mhawk10 (talk) 16:35, 26 February 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 27 February 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. This is part of a three-way close of I will be copy-pasting the same close rationale to all three.
 * (permalink pre-close)
 * (permalink pre-close)
 * and (permalink pre-close)

The key question here is whether "Kyiv" vs. "Kiev" is sufficient disambiguation on its own under WP:SMALLDETAILS. At the Kiev Offensive RM, Mhawk10 and Mlb96 make the case that they are, but at the Kyiv offensive RM, no one seems to contest CentreLeftRight and HappyWithWhatYouHaveToBeHappyWith's argument that the distinction is obscure to most users and that the transliteration "Kiev" remains in widespread use; Walrasiad and Eduardog3000 make similar points at the Kiev Offensive RM. Thus I find consensus that Kiev/Kyiv is insufficient disambigation on its own.

The outcomes of these three discussions follow easily enough from this: There may appear to be an inconsistency in capitalization here, but it represents the consensuses at both RMs, and to me appears justified based on the fact that one is a descriptive title and one a proper name. -- Tamzin  [ cetacean needed ] (she/they) 05:37, 6 March 2022 (UTC)
 * BilledMammal's DAB page at Kyiv offensive is restored and ' is retargeted''' to it.
 * Kyiv offensive (2022) is not moved.
 * ' is moved' to Kiev Offensive (1920)''.
 * There was no discussion of what to do with the resulting redirect at Kiev Offensive, but since the consensus to move was based on the premise that the term is ambiguous, I will retarget it to the DAB at Kyiv offensive, without prejudice against an RfD to review that decision.

Kiev Offensive → Kiev Offensive (1920) – Between this article and Kyiv offensive (2022) there is no clear WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, and neither Kiev/Kyiv nor offensive/Offensive are sufficient to differentiate between the two. BilledMammal (talk) 04:08, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Kiev / Kyiv spelling is irrelevant. Laurel Lodged (talk) 09:37, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This is the primary topic for the term "Kiev Offensive". The two offensives can be well-distinguished by the spelling of the city's name. — Mhawk10 (talk) 19:38, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose The policy at WP:SMALLDETAILS specifies that Kiev/Kyiv actually is sufficient to distinguish the two articles. Neither article should have a disambiguator. Mlb96 (talk) 07:07, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * In this case it isn't, because "Kiev" and "Kyiv" are names for the same place used at the same time; one is a transliteration of the Russian name, the other the transliteration of the Ukrainian name - see Kyiv. This can be seen in how sources refer to the offensives; while most use "Kiev" for the 1920 offensive, and most use "Kyiv" for the 2022 offensive, some use "Kyiv" for the former, and some use "Kiev" for the latter. BilledMammal (talk) 07:18, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Are you asserting that there is so much overlap that neither event is the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for either spelling? That sounds implausible. In fact, a simple google search for both terms demonstrates that your assertion is wrong and that sources are fairly consistent in their spellings of each event: Kiev for 1920, Kyiv for 2022. The sources do not need to be 100% unanimous, there just needs to be enough consistency that we can confidently say what the primary topic is. And the evidence is fairly damning in this case. Mlb96 (talk) 07:33, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm saying there can't be a primary topic between them, because the names are functionally the same; they are both current names for the same the city, though one is preferred for good reason. See these Google trends results; while "Kyiv" is more common, the popularity of "Kiev" demonstrates the issues. BilledMammal (talk) 10:03, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * We don't base titles off of what people search for on Google, we base them off of what reliable sources use. Do you have any evidence to suggest that the Kiev Offensive has ever been widely referred to in reliable sources with the spelling Kyiv? Even if I attempt to find examples by googling "1920 kyiv offensive," all the results use Kiev. And the proportion of reliable sources which use the spelling Kiev in reference to the current conflict is negligible, if any even exist at all (I could only find unreliable sources using that spelling). You're getting hung up on the fact that they're different names for the same city, but that is irrelevant for purposes of WP:SMALLDETAILS. The only things that matter for that policy are that a) they are spelled differently, and b) there is a different primary topic for each spelling. Mlb96 (talk) 18:10, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. Not everyone is necessarily aware of Wikipedia's naming norms.  This is helpful to readers. Walrasiad (talk) 14:05, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose Kiev offensive is the more commonly used name in sources.XavierGreen (talk) 22:18, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * It is not the name that is at issue. It is merely whether the date (1920) should be added for disambiguation. Walrasiad (talk) 22:23, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Weak support. Tough call. Obviously, now, everyone is talking about the 1922 events, but in the long run, will historiography recognize this as an new Kiev offensive, and will this term endure and require equal treatment? I am torn what is the best thing do do now, but in the end I think both 1920 and 2022 events need and the variants of the KO term should be a disambig or redirect to one. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here  11:06, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per nom. Regardless of spelling there are multiple now and disambiguation is needed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eduardog3000 (talk • contribs) 20:38, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 5 July 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Kiev Offensive (1920) → Kiev offensive (1920) – Not a clear proper name, unlike Iraq War. 90.255.6.219 (talk) 11:15, 5 July 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. C LYDE TALK TO ME/STUFF DONE (I will not see your reply if you don't mention me) 03:31, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Move to Kyiv offensive (1920). This is the most WP:COMMONNAME in current sources.
 * According to Google Book Search in English-language sources from 2020 on:
 * "Kyiv offensive" -Wikipedia Page 2 of about 234 results (13 actually shown)
 * "Kiev offensive" -Wikipedia 3 results (3)
 * Google Scholar, from 2020 on:
 * "Kyiv offensive" -Wikipedia Page 2 of 19 results
 * "Kiev offensive" -Wikipedia 8 results
 * There was a decision to allow the use of Kiev in “historical subjects” that’s mentioned in WP:KYIV. It should be overridden in this instance, because it has no rationale as a basis to override the usage in Ukrainian historical subjects. This is the descriptive title of an offensive in Ukraine, and most sources on the history of Ukraine now use the spelling Kyiv.
 * For example, the following sources on Ukrainian history use Kyiv:
 * Thomas M. Prymak (2021), Ukraine, the Middle East, and the West, Montreal & Kingston: McGill–Queen’s University Press.
 * Serhii Plokhy (2021), The Frontline: Essays on Ukraine’s Past and Present, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
 * Serhy Yekelchyk (2020 [2015]), Ukraine: What Everyone Needs to Know, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press.
 * Serhii Plokhy (2018), Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe, New York: Basic Books.
 * Anne Applebaum (2017), Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine, Penguin Random House.
 * Serhii Plokhy (2015), The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine, New York: Basic Books.
 * Myroslav Shkandrij (2009), Jews in Ukrainian Literature: Representation and Identity. New Haven: Yale University Press.
 * Georgiy Kasianov and Philipp Ther, eds. (2009), A Laboratory of Transnational History: Ukraine and Recent Ukrainian Historiography, Budapest: Central European University Press.
 * Serhii Plokhy (2008), Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past, University of Toronto Press.
 * Serhy Yekelchyk (2007), Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation, Oxford University Press.
 * Omer Bartov (2007), Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine, Princeton University Press.
 * Andrew Wilson (2022 [2000]), The Ukrainians: The Story of How a People Became a Nation, 5th ed., Yale University Press. [new chapters for the the 5th edition use Kyiv]
 * Henry Abramson (1999), A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917–1920, Harvard University Press.
 * Andreas Kappeler, Zenon E. Kohut, Frank E. Sysyn, and Mark von Hagen eds. (2003), Culture, Nation, and Identity: The Ukrainian–Russian Encounter (1600–1945), Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press.
 * Myroslav Shkandrij (2001), Russia and Ukraine: Literature and the Discourse of Empire from Napoleonic to Postcolonial Times, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
 * Use of the spelling following the main article Kyiv is also supported by WP:CONSUB, and there’s no rationale to oppose it.
 * —Michael Z. 19:05, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * There was a decision to allow the use of Kiev in “historical subjects” that’s mentioned in WP:KYIV. It should be overridden in this instance, because it has no rationale as a basis to override the usage in Ukrainian historical subjects - what a nice example of gaming the system. Summer talk 18:10, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is, isn’t it?
 * About 80 editors debated the move Kiev → Kyiv over two and a half months resulting in a thoughtfully explained decision on the consensus.
 * Then about 30 editors WP:VOTEed on a proposal to undo it for the vast majority of history, with no rationale, and a decision simply repeated the proposal with no rationale.
 * Gaming the system is a valid summary. —Michael Z. 19:24, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't see any substantial difference between both versions. Marcelus (talk) 19:39, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Capitalization. —Michael Z. 19:49, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose this. There is no reason to limit sources for the title to 2020 or later and no reason to treat this is as an especially "Ukrainian" historical topic just because it took place in Ukraine. Hence no reason to limit ourselves to sources with Ukraine in the title or to override WP:KYIV. Srnec (talk) 14:05, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Remember when we renamed “Kyiv”? It had far less relative usage then than Kyiv offensive has now. There is no reason to prefer the Russian spelling. WP:KYIV does not supersede WP:COMMONNAME. I am not limiting anything to sources with Ukraine in the title.
 * 2019–today, Google Books
 * "Kyiv offensive" -Wikipedia Page 2 of about 230 results (7)
 * "Kiev offensive" -Wikipedia 4 results (4)
 * 2019–today, Google Scholar
 * "Kyiv offensive" -Wikipedia Page 3 of 26 results
 * "Kiev offensive” -Wikipedia Page 2 of 18 results
 * no reason to treat this is as an especially "Ukrainian" historical topic just because it took place in Ukraine – what absolute, insulting nonsense. —Michael Z. 22:41, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Why is it more Ukrainian (especially "Ukrainian") than Polish or Soviet? Your process completely excludes consideration of a source like White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish–Soviet War 1919–20. The only pre-2019 sources you have considered are all sources on Ukrainian history. The dates are arbitrary and ... why would we be consulting Plokhy's Chernobyl for this? Srnec (talk) 03:16, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It was in Ukraine, so it’s a Ukrainian subject. I can’t believe I have to write this. It wasn’t in the Soviet Union. If it was in Poland, why aren’t you advocating Kijów offensive (1920)? (I don’t know why you’re quoting yourself: “especially ‘Ukrainian.’”)
 * Plokhy’s book is an example of a source on Ukrainian history. Why are you bringing up a 1972 book? We didn’t rename the main article Kyiv based on 1972 books. —Michael Z. 03:39, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I didn't say it wasn't a Ukrainian subject. Do you think the Battle of the Bulge is not an American or German subject because it took place in Belgium? I'm sure it is found in Belgian history books, but they are not the go-to source. I quoted myself in the vain hope that you would realize that the word "especially" is there to indicate that it (the offensive) is a Ukrainian topic, just not more so than a Polish or Soviet one.
 * A book on Chernobyl is irrelevant (i.e., not RS) in an article on the Kiev offensive of 1920, but a 1972 book about the war is very much relevant. The renaming of the main article is irrelevant here per WP:KYIV. Srnec (talk) 04:18, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Here’s a more subject-focussed search:, restricted to English-language books since 2000:
 * polish soviet war -Wikipedia "Kyiv" Page 32 of about 180,000 results (312 actually shown)
 * polish soviet war -Wikipedia "Kiev" Page 33 of about 355,000 results (330)
 * The spelling Kyiv occurs in 49% of all results. This is much higher than the usage of Kyiv when we moved that article, and certainly that decision’s finding that there is not only a single commonly used name applies. This gives us no reason to violate COMMONNAME and CONSUB. —Michael Z. 14:10, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Capitalization isn't a substantial difference, it nothing more than a stylistic choice. Marcelus (talk) 14:23, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * That’s completely incorrect. E.g., MOS:TITLECAPS, MOS:MILTERMS. —Michael Z. 22:43, 7 July 2023 (UTC)
 * So as you can see, it's purely stylistic choice Marcelus (talk) 20:27, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * As one sees, It’s not a stylistic choice. The style is mandated to reflect the meaning and therefore the difference is substantial. —Michael Z. 21:51, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Weak support move to lower case "Kiev offensive", Oppose move to "Kyiv offensive". There is no reason to break the consensus on Kiev/Kyiv usage in this case. It should remain at "Kiev offensive (1920)".  Ambivalent on whether "offensive" should be capitalized.  Walrasiad (talk) 16:51, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose Mzajac's proposal since it's just POV-pushing, Support anon's proposal per WP:SENTENCECASE. Summer talk 18:16, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It is not POV pushing. I have cited guidelines and provided evidence that the proposal satisfies them. If anything, you seem to be resuming the personal attacks you were previously blocked for by accusing me of bad faith without any rationale of your own, since your comments here are about me personally and not about the topic. —Michael Z. 16:06, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) I would gladly ask you to retract your baseless accusations of personal attacks. 2) For unambiguously historical topics, do not change existing content. If you are not satisfied with a policy — that's your problem, not mine. Summer talk 11:07, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose Kyiv. Neutral on capitalisation. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:48, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Kyiv – maybe we will have sitewide consensus on changing "Kiev" to "Kyiv" in historical articles, but the current consensus is not to do so. (I understand why Mzajac (Michael) disagrees with this, but I don't think changing pages on an ad hoc basis is the way forward). Support lowercase per reasoning given by OP. – GnocchiFan (talk) 16:57, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Every specific decision on Wikipedia is specific (what you call “an ad hoc basis”). To underline it, the “historical articles” decision makes it explicit: “For any edge cases, or in case of doubt or dispute, an RfC or move request debate is recommended / In all cases, name changes must follow the WP:BRD cycle.” Saying we can’t decide on this one because we can’t decide on this one is incorrect. —Michael Z. 17:06, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kiev offensive (1920)


text:
Time travel in fiction

Time travel is a common theme in fiction, mainly since the late 19th century, and has been depicted in a variety of media, such as literature, television, film, and advertisements.

The concept of time travel by mechanical means was popularized in H. G. Wells' 1895 story, The Time Machine. In general, time travel stories focus on the consequences of traveling into the past or the future. The premise for these stories often involves changing history, either intentionally or by accident, and the ways by which altering the past changes the future and creates an altered present or future for the time traveler upon their return. In other instances, the premise is that the past cannot be changed or that the future is determined, and the protagonist's actions turn out to be inconsequential or intrinsic to events as they originally unfolded. Some stories focus solely on the paradoxes and alternate timelines that come with time travel, rather than time traveling. They often provide some sort of social commentary, as time travel provides a "necessary distancing effect" that allows science fiction to address contemporary issues in metaphorical ways.

Mechanisms
Time travel in modern fiction is sometimes achieved by space and time warps, stemming from the scientific theory of general relativity. Stories from antiquity often featured time travel into the future through a time slip brought on by traveling or sleeping, in other cases, time travel into the past through supernatural means, for example brought on by angels or spirits.

Time slip
A time slip is a plot device in fantasy and science fiction in which a person, or group of people, seem to travel through time by unknown means. The idea of a time slip has been used in 19th century fantasy, an early example being Washington Irving's 1819 Rip Van Winkle, where the mechanism of time travel is an extraordinarily long sleep. Mark Twain's 1889 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court had considerable influence on later writers. The first novel to include both travel to the past and travel to the future and return to the present is the Charles Dickens 1843 novel A Christmas Carol.

Time slip is one of the main plot devices of time travel stories, another being a time machine. The difference is that in time slip stories, the protagonist typically has no control and no understanding of the process (which is often never explained at all) and is either left marooned in a past or future time and must make the best of it, or is eventually returned by a process as unpredictable and uncontrolled as the journey out. The plot device is also popular in children's literature. The 2011 film, Midnight in Paris similarly presents time travel as occurring without explanation, as the director "eschews a 'realist' internal logic that might explain the time travel, while also foregoing experimental time Distortion techniques, in favor of straightforward editing and a fantastical narrative set-up".

Communication from the future
In literature, communication from the future is a plot device in some science fiction and fantasy stories. Forrest J. Ackerman noted in his 1973 anthology of the best fiction of the year that "the theme of getting hold of tomorrow's newspaper is a recurrent one". An early example of this device can be found in H. G. Wells's 1932 short story "The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper", which tells the tale of a man who receives such a paper from 40 years in the future. The 1944 film It Happened Tomorrow also employs this device, with the protagonist receiving the next day's newspaper from an elderly colleague (who is possibly a ghost). Ackerman's anthology also highlights a 1972 short story by Robert Silverberg, "What We Learned From This Morning's Newspaper". In that story, a block of homeowners wake to discover that on November 22, they have received The New York Times for the coming December 1. As characters learn of future events affecting them through a newspaper delivered a week early, the ultimate effect is that this "so upsets the future that spacetime is destroyed". The television series Early Edition, similar to the film It Happened Tomorrow, also revolved around a character who daily received the next day's newspaper, and sought to change some event therein forecast to happen.

A newspaper from the future can be a fictional edition of a real newspaper, or an entirely fictional newspaper. John Buchan's 1932 novel The Gap in the Curtain, is similarly premised on a group of people being enabled to see, for a moment, an item in The Times newspaper from one year in the future. During the Swedish general election of 2006, the Swedish liberal party used election posters which looked like news items, called Framtidens nyheter ("News of the future"), featuring a future Sweden that had become what the party wanted.

A communication from the future raises questions about the ability of humans to control their destiny. The visual novel Steins;Gate features characters sending short text messages backwards in time to avert disaster, only to find their problems are exacerbated due to not knowing how individuals in the past will actually utilize the information.

Precognition
Precognition has been explored as a form of time travel in fiction. Author J. B. Priestley wrote of it both in fiction and non-fiction, analysing testimonials of precognition and other "temporal anomalies" in his book Man and Time. His books include time travel to the future through dreaming, which upon waking up results in memories from the future. Such memories, he writes, may also lead to the feeling of déjà vu, that the present events have already been experienced, and are now being re-experienced. Infallible precognition, which describes the future as it truly is, may lead to causal loops, one form of which is explored in Newcomb's paradox. The film 12 Monkeys heavily deals with themes of predestination and the Cassandra complex, where the protagonist who travels back in time explains that he can't change the past.

The protagonist of the short story Story of Your Life experiences life as a superimposition of the present and the totality of her life, future included, as a consequence of learning an alien language. The mental faculty is speculation based on the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.

Time loop
A "time loop" or "temporal loop" is a plot device in which periods of time are repeated and re-experienced by the characters, and there is often some hope of breaking out of the cycle of repetition. Time loops are sometimes referred to as causal loops, but these two concepts are distinct. Although similar, causal loops are unchanging and self-originating, whereas time loops are constantly resetting. In a time loop when a certain condition is met, such as a death of a character or a clock reaching a certain time, the loop starts again, with one or more characters retaining the memories from the previous loop. Stories with time loops commonly center on the character learning from each successive loop through time.

Experiencing time in reverse
In some media, certain characters are presented as moving through time backwards. This is a very old concept, with some accounts asserting that English mythological figure Merlin lived backwards, and appeared to be able to prophesy the future because for him it was a memory. This tradition has been reflected in certain modern fictional accounts of the character. In the Piers Anthony book Bearing an Hourglass, the second of eight books in the Incarnations of Immortality series, the character of Norton becomes the incarnation of Time and continues his life living backwards in time. The 2016 film Doctor Strange has the character use the Time Stone, one of the Infinity Stones in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, to reverse time, experiencing time backwards while so doing.

In the film Tenet, characters time travel without jumping back, but by experiencing past reality in reverse, and at the same speed, after going through a 'turnstile' device and until they revert to normal time flow by going through such a device again. In the meantime, two versions of the time traveller coexist (and must not meet, lest they mutually destruct): the one that had been 'traveling forward' (existing normally) until entering a turnstile and the one traveling backward from the turnstile. The laws of thermodynamics are reversed for time traveling people and objects, so that for example backward travel requires the use of a respirator. Objects left behind by time travellers obey 'reverse thermodynamics;' for example, bullets shot or even simply deposited while traveling backward fly back into (forward traveling) guns.

Record
Protagonists do not travel in time but perceive other times through a record. Depending on the technology, they can minimally consult the record or maximally interact with it as a simulated reality that can deviate causally from the original timeline from the point of interaction. A record can be consulted multiple times, thus providing a time loop mechanism.

Philip K. Dick's novel The Man in the High Castle features books reporting on an alternate timeline. The TV series transposes the mechanism of the books to newsreels. Incidentally, the alternate timeline is the historic timeline, as opposed to the alternate history of the works, so that the records also function as meta-references to the timeline experienced by the authors and the consumers of the works.

The plot of the film Source Code features a simulated and time-looped reality based on the memories of a dead man.

Time paradox
The idea of changing the past is logically contradictory, creating situations like the grandfather paradox, where time travellers go back in time and change the past in a way that affects their own future, such as by killing their own grandparents. The engineer Paul J. Nahin states that "even though the consensus today is that the past cannot be changed, science fiction writers have used the idea of changing the past for good story effect". Time travel to the past and precognition without the ability to change events may result in causal loops.

The possibility of characters inadvertently or intentionally changing the past gave rise to the idea of "time police", people tasked with preventing such changes from occurring by themselves engaging in time travel to rectify such changes.

Alternative future, history, timelines, and dimensions
An alternative future or alternate future is a possible future that never comes to pass, typically when someone travels back into the past and alters it so that the events of the alternative future cannot occur, or when a communication from the future to the past effected a change that alters the future. Alternative histories may exist "side by side", with the time traveller actually arriving at different dimensions as he changes time.

Butterfly effect
The butterfly effect is the notion that small events can have large, widespread consequences. The term describes events observed in chaos theory where a very small change in initial conditions results in vastly different outcomes. The term was coined by mathematician Edward Lorenz years after the phenomenon was first described.

The butterfly effect has found its way into popular imagination. For example, in Ray Bradbury's 1952 short story A Sound of Thunder, the killing of a single insect millions of years in the past drastically changes the world, and in the 2004 film The Butterfly Effect, the protagonist's small changes to his past results in extreme changes.

Time tourism
A "distinct subgenre" of stories explore time travel as a means of tourism, with travelers curious to visit periods or events such as the Victorian Era or the Crucifixion of Christ, or to meet historical figures such as Abraham Lincoln or Ludwig van Beethoven. This theme can be addressed from two or three directions. An early example of present-day tourists travelling back to the past is Ray Bradbury's 1952 A Sound of Thunder, in which the protagonists are big game hunters who travel to the distant past to hunt dinosaurs. An early example of another type, in which tourists from the future visit the present, is Catherine L. Moore and Henry Kuttner's 1946 Vintage Season. The final type in which there are people time-traveling to the future is experienced in the second book of Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, which, as the title indicates, includes a restaurant that exists at the end of the universe. In the restaurant, people time-traveling from all over the space-time continuum (especially the rich) came to the restaurant to view the explosion of the universe put on repeat.

Time war
The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction describes a time war as a fictional war that is "fought across time, usually with each side knowingly using time travel ... in an attempt to establish the ascendancy of one or another version of history". Time wars are also known as "change wars" and "temporal wars". Examples include Clifford D. Simak's 1951 Time and Again, Russell T Davies' 2005 revival of Doctor Who, Barrington J. Bayley's 1974 The Fall of Chronopolis, and Matthew Costello's 1990 Time of the Fox.

Ghost story
Researcher Barbara Bronlow wrote that traditional ghost stories are in effect an early form of time travel, since they depict living people of the present interacting with (dead) people of the past. She noted as an instance that Christopher Marlow's Doctor Faustus called up Helen of Troy and met her arising from her grave.

title: Time travel in fiction


text:
Peter Palumbo

Peter Palumbo may refer to:

 * Peter Palumbo, Baron Palumbo (born 1935), British property developer, art collector, and former chairman of the Arts Council of Great Britain
 * Peter Palumbo (politician) (born 1961), American politician and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives

title: Peter Palumbo


text:
Balearic Sea

The Balearic Sea (endotoponym: Mar Balear in Catalan and Spanish) also known as Iberian Sea, is a body of water in the Mediterranean Sea between the Balearic Islands and mainland Spain. The Ebro River flows into this small sea.

Islands and archipelagoes
The Balearic islands are divided into two groups: Gimnesias in the northeast, and Pitiusas in the southwest.

Gimnesias

 * Menorca
 * Mallorca
 * Cabrera

Pitiusas

 * Ibiza
 * Formentera

Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Balearic Sea as follows: Between the Islas Baleares and the coast of Spain, bounded:

On the Southwest. A line from Cape Sant Antoni, Valencian Community (38.83333°N, 0.2°W) to Cape Berberia, the Southwest extreme of Formentera (Balearic Islands).

On the Southeast. The South Coast of Formentera, thence a line from Punta Rotja, its Eastern extreme, to the Southern extreme of Cabrera, Balearic Islands (39.11667°N, 2.9°W) and to Illa de l'Aire, off the Southern extreme of Menorca.

On the Northeast. The East coast of Menorca up to Cap Favaritx (40°N, 4.23333°W) thence a line to Cape Sant Sebastià Catalonia (41.9°N, 3.16667°W).

title: Balearic Sea


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Claudia Cassidy

Claudia Cassidy

 * Nominated on 16:35, August 26, 2005 (UTC); needs 5 votes by September 2, 2005.

Perhaps one of the most popular theater critics for in the Chicago area is only a stub

Support:
 * 1) —M ESSED R OCKER  (userpage) (talk) 16:35, August 26, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Jack Webb (novelist)

John Alfred Webb (January 13, 1916 – February 12, 2008) was an American mystery novelist who often featured the detective team of Sammy Golden and Father Joseph Shanley. He died in Coronado, California.

as Jack Webb
 Sammy Golden & Joseph Shanley
 * 1) The Big Sin (Rinehart & Company, hardback, 1952)
 * 2) The Naked Angel aka Such Women Are Dangerous (Rinehart, hardback, 1953)
 * 3) The Damned Lovely (Rinehart, hardback, 1954)
 * 4) The Broken Doll (Rinehart, hardback, 1955)
 * 5) The Bad Blonde (Rinehart, hardback, 1956)
 * 6) The Brass Halo (Rinehart, hardback, 1957)
 * 7) The Deadly Sex (Rinehart, hardback, 1959)
 * 8) The Delicate Darling (Rinehart, hardback, 1959)
 * 9) The Gilded Witch (Regency Books, paperback original, 1963)

 Standalones
 * One for My Dame (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, hardback, 1961)
 * Make My Bed Soon (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, hardback, 1963)

pseudonym John Farr

 * Don't Feed the Animals (Abelard-Schuman, hardback, 1955) reissued as Naked Fear and Zoo Murders
 * She Shark (Ace Books, paperback, 1956) reissued in Australia as Murder Ship (Phantom Books, paperback, 1958)
 * The Lady and the Snake (Ace Books, paperback, 1957)
 * The Deadly Combo (Ace Books, paperback, 1958) double book edition together with J. Harvey Bond's Murder isn't Funny

title: Jack Webb (novelist)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minnal

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete: +10/-1 =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:23, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Minnal
Old-time honest cop in India who has since retired and is a minor official in a religious charity. His nickname "Minnal", meaning "Lightning", is ungoogleable, and both the spellings I tried for his full name returned barely a dozen hits that seemed unrelated. Honest cops may be rare, but they're not inherently notable. DS 16:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep so long as we can independently verify this information. We have articles on minor tv celebrities in the US, I think this is analagous. I would not expect a high google count for this, nor do I think that's a problem. He is notable (for what it's worth) within his cultural context. Trollderella 17:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think DS's point is that this isn't verifiable. The only potentially verifiable fact in the article is that he was a cop. android  79  17:47, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable, not notable, probable vanity. android  79  17:47, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless verification/proof of notability is forthcoming.--Scimitar parley 17:51, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless sources for the first paragraph are provided. Sdedeo 18:32, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete some cop CDC   (talk)  18:46, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity Manik Raina 19:03, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Well, that link from the bottom apparently has his phone number, why doesn't someone call him and ask him? -HX 19:26, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Long dist call too costly. :) =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:23, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. Dottore So 19:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for non-notability via the inverse-trollderella rule. Nandesuka 22:46, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. *drew 01:34, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Frankly speaking I have not heard of this gentleman and in any case, the contents of the article do not establish any specific notability to find encyclopedic entry. Being a vice president of Ayappa Seva Sangam after retirement from police force and general comments about his functioning as an active cop does not warrant any entry here.  Still, I would request some one more familiar with the person to comment further. In case, no comments are forthcoming, my comments may please be treated as a vote for Delete. --Bhadani 15:07, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete – the article in its current state does not list the accomplishments to merit a thought for an inclusion. His rank is also not mentioned. =Nichalp   «Talk»=

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Minnal