text:
Isotopes of tantalum

Natural tantalum (73Ta) consists of two stable isotopes: 181Ta (99.988%) and 180Ta (0.012%).

There are also 35 known artificial radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which are 179Ta with a half-life of 1.82 years, 182Ta with a half-life of 114.43 days, 183Ta with a half-life of 5.1 days, and 177Ta with a half-life of 56.56 hours. All other isotopes have half-lives under a day, most under an hour. There are also numerous isomers, the most stable of which (other than 180mTa) is 178m1Ta with a half-life of 2.36 hours. All isotopes and nuclear isomers of tantalum are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

Tantalum has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of 181Ta, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope 182Ta with a half-life of 114.43 days and produce approximately 1.12 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several months. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. While the conversion factor from absorbed dose (measured in Grays) to effective dose (measured in Sievert) for gamma rays is 1 while it is 50 for alpha radiation (i.e., a gamma dose of 1 Gray is equivalent to 1 Sievert whereas an alpha dose of 1 Gray is equivalent to 50 Sievert), gamma rays are only attenuated by shielding, not stopped. As such, alpha particles require incorporation to have an effect while gamma rays can have an effect via mere proximity. In military terms, this allows a gamma ray weapon to deny an area to either side as long as the dose is high enough, whereas radioactive contamination by alpha emitters which do not release significant amounts of gamma rays can be counteracted by ensuring the material is not incorporated.

List of isotopes

 * 155Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * 154.97459(54)#
 * p
 * 154Hf
 * (11/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 155Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | ~323 keV
 * p
 * 154Hf
 * 11/2−?
 * rowspan=2|156Ta
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83
 * rowspan=2|155.97230(43)#
 * rowspan=2|106(4) ms
 * p (71%)
 * 155Hf
 * rowspan=2|(2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (29%)
 * 156Hf
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 156Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 102(7) keV
 * 0.36(4) s
 * p
 * 155Hf
 * 9+
 * rowspan=2|157Ta
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2|156.96819(22)
 * rowspan=2|10.1(4) ms
 * α (91%)
 * 153Lu
 * rowspan=2|1/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (9%)
 * 157Hf
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 157Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 22(5) keV
 * 4.3(1) ms
 * 11/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 157Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1593(9) keV
 * 1.7(1) ms
 * α
 * 153Lu
 * (25/2−)
 * rowspan=2|158Ta
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2|157.96670(22)#
 * rowspan=2|49(8) ms
 * α (96%)
 * 154Lu
 * rowspan=2|(2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (4%)
 * 158Hf
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 158Ta
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 141(9) keV
 * rowspan=3|36.0(8) ms
 * α (93%)
 * 154Lu
 * rowspan=3|(9+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * IT
 * 158Ta
 * β+
 * 158Hf
 * rowspan=2|159Ta
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2|158.963018(22)
 * rowspan=2|1.04(9) s
 * β+ (66%)
 * 159Hf
 * rowspan=2|(1/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (34%)
 * 155Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 159Ta
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 64(5) keV
 * rowspan=2|514(9) ms
 * α (56%)
 * 155Lu
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (44%)
 * 159Hf
 * rowspan=2|160Ta
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2|159.96149(10)
 * rowspan=2|1.70(20) s
 * α
 * 156Lu
 * rowspan=2|(2#)−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+
 * 160Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 160Ta
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310(90)# keV
 * rowspan=2|1.55(4) s
 * β+ (66%)
 * 160Hf
 * rowspan=2|(9)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (34%)
 * 156Lu
 * rowspan=2|161Ta
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2|160.95842(6)#
 * rowspan=2|3# s
 * β+ (95%)
 * 161Hf
 * rowspan=2|1/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (5%)
 * 157Lu
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 161Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(50)# keV
 * 2.89(12) s
 * 11/2−#
 * rowspan=2|162Ta
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2|161.95729(6)
 * rowspan=2|3.57(12) s
 * β+ (99.92%)
 * 162Hf
 * rowspan=2|3+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.073%)
 * 158Lu
 * rowspan=2|163Ta
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2|162.95433(4)
 * rowspan=2|10.6(18) s
 * β+ (99.8%)
 * 163Hf
 * rowspan=2|1/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.2%)
 * 159Lu
 * 164Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * 163.95353(3)
 * 14.2(3) s
 * β+
 * 164Hf
 * (3+)
 * 165Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * 164.950773(19)
 * 31.0(15) s
 * β+
 * 165Hf
 * 5/2−#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 165Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 60(30) keV
 * 9/2−#
 * 166Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * 165.95051(3)
 * 34.4(5) s
 * β+
 * 166Hf
 * (2)+
 * 167Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 94
 * 166.94809(3)
 * 1.33(7) min
 * β+
 * 167Hf
 * (3/2+)
 * 168Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 95
 * 167.94805(3)
 * 2.0(1) min
 * β+
 * 168Hf
 * (2−,3+)
 * 169Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 96
 * 168.94601(3)
 * 4.9(4) min
 * β+
 * 169Hf
 * (5/2+)
 * 170Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 97
 * 169.94618(3)
 * 6.76(6) min
 * β+
 * 170Hf
 * (3)(+#)
 * 171Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 98
 * 170.94448(3)
 * 23.3(3) min
 * β+
 * 171Hf
 * (5/2−)
 * 172Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 99
 * 171.94490(3)
 * 36.8(3) min
 * β+
 * 172Hf
 * (3+)
 * 173Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 100
 * 172.94375(3)
 * 3.14(13) h
 * β+
 * 173Hf
 * 5/2−
 * 174Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 101
 * 173.94445(3)
 * 1.14(8) h
 * β+
 * 174Hf
 * 3+
 * 175Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 102
 * 174.94374(3)
 * 10.5(2) h
 * β+
 * 175Hf
 * 7/2+
 * 176Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 103
 * 175.94486(3)
 * 8.09(5) h
 * β+
 * 176Hf
 * (1)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 176Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 103.0(10) keV
 * 1.1(1) ms
 * IT
 * 176Ta
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 176Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1372.6(11)+X keV
 * 3.8(4) μs
 * (14−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 176Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2820(50) keV
 * 0.97(7) ms
 * (20−)
 * 177Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 104
 * 176.944472(4)
 * 56.56(6) h
 * β+
 * 177Hf
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 73.36(15) keV
 * 410(7) ns
 * 9/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 186.15(6) keV
 * 3.62(10) μs
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1355.01(19) keV
 * 5.31(25) μs
 * 21/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4656.3(5) keV
 * 133(4) μs
 * 49/2−
 * 178Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 105
 * 177.945778(16)
 * 9.31(3) min
 * β+
 * 178Hf
 * 1+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 178Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(50)# keV
 * 2.36(8) h
 * β+
 * 178Hf
 * (7)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 178Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1570(50)# keV
 * 59(3) ms
 * (15−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 178Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3000(50)# keV
 * 290(12) ms
 * (21−)
 * 179Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * 178.9459295(23)
 * 1.82(3) y
 * EC
 * 179Hf
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 30.7(1) keV
 * 1.42(8) μs
 * (9/2)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 520.23(18) keV
 * 335(45) ns
 * (1/2)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1252.61(23) keV
 * 322(16) ns
 * (21/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1317.3(4) keV
 * 9.0(2) ms
 * IT
 * 179Ta
 * (25/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1327.9(4) keV
 * 1.6(4) μs
 * (23/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2639.3(5) keV
 * 54.1(17) ms
 * (37/2+)
 * rowspan=2|180Ta
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 107
 * rowspan=2|179.9474648(24)
 * rowspan=2|8.152(6) h
 * EC (86%)
 * 180Hf
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (14%)
 * 180W
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 77.1(8) keV
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally stable
 * 9−
 * 1.2(2)×10−4
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1452.40(18) keV
 * 31.2(14) μs
 * 15−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3679.0(11) keV
 * 2.0(5) μs
 * (22−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4171.0+X keV
 * 17(5) μs
 * (23, 24, 25)
 * 181Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 180.9479958(20)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally stable
 * 7/2+
 * 0.99988(2)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6.238(20) keV
 * 6.05(12) μs
 * 9/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 615.21(3) keV
 * 18(1) μs
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1485(3) keV
 * 25(2) μs
 * 21/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2230(3) keV
 * 210(20) μs
 * 29/2−
 * 182Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 181.9501518(19)
 * 114.43(3) d
 * β−
 * 182W
 * 3−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 182Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 16.263(3) keV
 * 283(3) ms
 * IT
 * 182Ta
 * 5+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 182Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 519.572(18) keV
 * 15.84(10) min
 * 10−
 * 183Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 182.9513726(19)
 * 5.1(1) d
 * β−
 * 183W
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 183Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 73.174(12) keV
 * 107(11) ns
 * 9/2−
 * 184Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 183.954008(28)
 * 8.7(1) h
 * β−
 * 184W
 * (5−)
 * 185Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 184.955559(15)
 * 49.4(15) min
 * β−
 * 185W
 * (7/2+)#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 185Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1308(29) keV
 * >1 ms
 * (21/2−)
 * 186Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 185.95855(6)
 * 10.5(3) min
 * β−
 * 186W
 * (2−,3−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 186Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |
 * 1.54(5) min
 * 187Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 186.96053(21)#
 * 2# min [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 187W
 * 7/2+#
 * 188Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 187.96370(21)#
 * 20# s [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 188W
 * 189Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 188.96583(32)#
 * 3# s [>300 ns]
 * 7/2+#
 * 190Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 189.96923(43)#
 * 0.3# s
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1252.61(23) keV
 * 322(16) ns
 * (21/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1317.3(4) keV
 * 9.0(2) ms
 * IT
 * 179Ta
 * (25/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1327.9(4) keV
 * 1.6(4) μs
 * (23/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2639.3(5) keV
 * 54.1(17) ms
 * (37/2+)
 * rowspan=2|180Ta
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 107
 * rowspan=2|179.9474648(24)
 * rowspan=2|8.152(6) h
 * EC (86%)
 * 180Hf
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (14%)
 * 180W
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 77.1(8) keV
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally stable
 * 9−
 * 1.2(2)×10−4
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1452.40(18) keV
 * 31.2(14) μs
 * 15−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3679.0(11) keV
 * 2.0(5) μs
 * (22−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4171.0+X keV
 * 17(5) μs
 * (23, 24, 25)
 * 181Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 180.9479958(20)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally stable
 * 7/2+
 * 0.99988(2)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6.238(20) keV
 * 6.05(12) μs
 * 9/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 615.21(3) keV
 * 18(1) μs
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1485(3) keV
 * 25(2) μs
 * 21/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2230(3) keV
 * 210(20) μs
 * 29/2−
 * 182Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 181.9501518(19)
 * 114.43(3) d
 * β−
 * 182W
 * 3−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 182Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 16.263(3) keV
 * 283(3) ms
 * IT
 * 182Ta
 * 5+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 182Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 519.572(18) keV
 * 15.84(10) min
 * 10−
 * 183Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 182.9513726(19)
 * 5.1(1) d
 * β−
 * 183W
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 183Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 73.174(12) keV
 * 107(11) ns
 * 9/2−
 * 184Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 183.954008(28)
 * 8.7(1) h
 * β−
 * 184W
 * (5−)
 * 185Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 184.955559(15)
 * 49.4(15) min
 * β−
 * 185W
 * (7/2+)#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 185Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1308(29) keV
 * >1 ms
 * (21/2−)
 * 186Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 185.95855(6)
 * 10.5(3) min
 * β−
 * 186W
 * (2−,3−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 186Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |
 * 1.54(5) min
 * 187Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 186.96053(21)#
 * 2# min [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 187W
 * 7/2+#
 * 188Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 187.96370(21)#
 * 20# s [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 188W
 * 189Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 188.96583(32)#
 * 3# s [>300 ns]
 * 7/2+#
 * 190Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 189.96923(43)#
 * 0.3# s
 * 183Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 182.9513726(19)
 * 5.1(1) d
 * β−
 * 183W
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 183Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 73.174(12) keV
 * 107(11) ns
 * 9/2−
 * 184Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 183.954008(28)
 * 8.7(1) h
 * β−
 * 184W
 * (5−)
 * 185Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 184.955559(15)
 * 49.4(15) min
 * β−
 * 185W
 * (7/2+)#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 185Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1308(29) keV
 * >1 ms
 * (21/2−)
 * 186Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 185.95855(6)
 * 10.5(3) min
 * β−
 * 186W
 * (2−,3−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 186Ta
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |
 * 1.54(5) min
 * 187Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 186.96053(21)#
 * 2# min [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 187W
 * 7/2+#
 * 188Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 187.96370(21)#
 * 20# s [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 188W
 * 189Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 188.96583(32)#
 * 3# s [>300 ns]
 * 7/2+#
 * 190Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 189.96923(43)#
 * 0.3# s
 * 187Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 186.96053(21)#
 * 2# min [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 187W
 * 7/2+#
 * 188Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 187.96370(21)#
 * 20# s [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 188W
 * 189Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 188.96583(32)#
 * 3# s [>300 ns]
 * 7/2+#
 * 190Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 189.96923(43)#
 * 0.3# s
 * 189Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 188.96583(32)#
 * 3# s [>300 ns]
 * 7/2+#
 * 190Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 189.96923(43)#
 * 0.3# s
 * 190Ta
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 189.96923(43)#
 * 0.3# s
 * 0.3# s

Tantalum-180m
The nuclide 180Ta (m denotes a metastable state) is one of a very few nuclear isomers which are more stable than their ground states. Although it is not unique in this regard (this property is shared by bismuth-210m (210mBi) and americium-242m (242mAm), among other nuclides), it is exceptional in that it is observationally stable: no decay has ever been observed. In contrast, the ground state nuclide 180Ta has a half-life of only 8 hours.

180Ta has sufficient energy to decay in three ways: isomeric transition to the ground state of 180Ta, beta decay to [[W|180W]], or electron capture to [[Hf|180Hf]]. However, no radioactivity from any of these theoretically possible decay modes has ever been observed. As of 2023, the half-life of 180mTa is calculated from experimental observation to be at least $2.9 ms$ (290 quadrillion) years. The very slow decay of 180Ta is attributed to its high spin (9 units) and the low spin of lower-lying states. Gamma or beta decay would require many units of angular momentum to be removed in a single step, so that the process would be very slow.

Because of this stability, 180Ta is a primordial nuclide, the only naturally occurring nuclear isomer (excluding short-lived radiogenic and cosmogenic nuclides). It is also the rarest primordial nuclide in the Universe observed for any element which has any stable isotopes. In an s-process stellar environment with a thermal energy kBT = $12 μs$ (i.e. a temperature of 300 million kelvin), the nuclear isomers are expected to be fully thermalized, meaning that 180Ta rapidly transitions between spin states and its overall half-life is predicted to be 11 hours.

It is one of only five stable nuclides to have both an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons, the other four stable odd-odd nuclides being 2H, 6Li, 10B and 14N.

title: Isotopes of tantalum


text:
Isotopes of hafnium

Natural hafnium (72Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, and 180Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, 174Hf, with a half-life of $7$ years. In addition, there are 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 182Hf with a half-life of $8,900,000$ years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.

No other radioisotope has a half-life over 1.87 years. Most isotopes have half-lives under 1 minute. There are also at least 27 nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is 178m2Hf with a half-life of 31 years. All isotopes of hafnium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

List of isotopes

 * -174
 * 153Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 81
 * 152.97069(54)#
 * 400# ms [>200 ns]
 * 1/2+#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 153mHf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 750(100)# keV
 * 500# ms
 * 11/2−#
 * rowspan=2|154Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2|153.96486(54)#
 * rowspan=2|2(1) s
 * β+
 * 154Lu
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (rare)
 * 150Yb
 * rowspan=2|155Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83
 * rowspan=2|154.96339(43)#
 * rowspan=2|890(120) ms
 * β+
 * 155Lu
 * rowspan=2|7/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (rare)
 * 151Yb
 * rowspan=2|156Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2|155.95936(22)
 * rowspan=2|23(1) ms
 * α (97%)
 * 152Yb
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (3%)
 * 156Lu
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 156mHf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1959.0(10) keV
 * 480(40) μs
 * 8+
 * rowspan=2|157Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2|156.95840(21)#
 * rowspan=2|115(1) ms
 * α (86%)
 * 153Yb
 * rowspan=2|7/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (14%)
 * 157Lu
 * rowspan=2|158Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2|157.954799(19)
 * rowspan=2|2.84(7) s
 * β+ (55%)
 * 158Lu
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (45%)
 * 154Yb
 * rowspan=2|159Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2|158.953995(18)
 * rowspan=2|5.20(10) s
 * β+ (59%)
 * 159Lu
 * rowspan=2|7/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (41%)
 * 155Yb
 * rowspan=2|160Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2|159.950684(12)
 * rowspan=2|13.6(2) s
 * β+ (99.3%)
 * 160Lu
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.7%)
 * 156Yb
 * rowspan=2|161Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2|160.950275(24)
 * rowspan=2|18.2(5) s
 * β+ (99.7%)
 * 161Lu
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.3%)
 * 157Yb
 * rowspan=2|162Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2|161.94721(1)
 * rowspan=2|39.4(9) s
 * β+ (99.99%)
 * 162Lu
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.008%)
 * 158Yb
 * rowspan=2|163Hf
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2|162.94709(3)
 * rowspan=2|40.0(6) s
 * β+
 * 163Lu
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (10−4%)
 * 159Yb
 * 164Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * 163.944367(22)
 * 111(8) s
 * β+
 * 164Lu
 * 0+
 * 165Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * 164.94457(3)
 * 76(4) s
 * β+
 * 165Lu
 * (5/2−)
 * 166Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 94
 * 165.94218(3)
 * 6.77(30) min
 * β+
 * 166Lu
 * 0+
 * 167Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 95
 * 166.94260(3)
 * 2.05(5) min
 * β+
 * 167Lu
 * (5/2)−
 * 168Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 96
 * 167.94057(3)
 * 25.95(20) min
 * β+
 * 168Lu
 * 0+
 * 169Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 97
 * 168.94126(3)
 * 3.24(4) min
 * β+
 * 169Lu
 * (5/2)−
 * 170Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 98
 * 169.93961(3)
 * 16.01(13) h
 * EC
 * 170Lu
 * 0+
 * 171Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 99
 * 170.94049(3)
 * 12.1(4) h
 * β+
 * 171Lu
 * 7/2(+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 171mHf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 21.93(9) keV
 * 29.5(9) s
 * IT
 * 171Hf
 * 1/2(−)
 * 172Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 100
 * 171.939448(26)
 * 1.87(3) y
 * EC
 * 172Lu
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 172mHf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2005.58(11) keV
 * 163(3) ns
 * (8−)
 * 173Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 101
 * 172.94051(3)
 * 23.6(1) h
 * β+
 * 173Lu
 * 1/2−
 * 174Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 102
 * 173.940046(3)
 * 7.0(12)×1016 y
 * α
 * 170Yb
 * 0+
 * 0.0016(1)
 * 0.001619–0.001621
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 174m1Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1549.3 keV
 * 138(4) ns
 * (6+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 174m2Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1797.5(20) keV
 * 2.39(4) μs
 * (8−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 174m3Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3311.7 keV
 * 3.7(2) μs
 * (14+)
 * 175Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 103
 * 174.941509(3)
 * 70(2) d
 * β+
 * 175Lu
 * 5/2−
 * 176Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 104
 * 175.9414086(24)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0526(7)
 * 0.05206–0.05271
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 176m1Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1333.07(7) keV
 * 9.6(3) μs
 * IT
 * 176Hf
 * 6+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 176m2Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1559.31(9) keV
 * 9.9(2) μs
 * IT
 * 176Hf
 * 8−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 176m3Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2865.8(7) keV
 * 401(6) μs
 * IT
 * 176Hf
 * 14−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 176m4Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4863.6(9) keV
 * 43(4) μs
 * IT
 * 176Hf
 * 22−
 * 177Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 105
 * 176.9432207(23)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 7/2−
 * 0.1860(9)
 * 0.18593–0.18606
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m1Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1315.4504(8) keV
 * 1.09(5) s
 * 23/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m2Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1342.38(20) keV
 * 55.9(12) μs
 * (19/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m3Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2740.02(15) keV
 * 51.4(5) min
 * 37/2−
 * 178Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * 177.9436988(23)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.2728(7)
 * 0.27278–0.27297
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 178m1Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1147.423(5) keV
 * 4.0(2) s
 * 8−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 178m2Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2445.69(11) keV
 * 31(1) y
 * 16+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 178m3Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2573.5(5) keV
 * 68(2) μs
 * (14−)
 * 179Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 107
 * 178.9458161(23)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 9/2+
 * 0.1362(2)
 * 0.13619–0.1363
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179m1Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 375.0367(25) keV
 * 18.67(4) s
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179m2Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1105.84(19) keV
 * 25.05(25) d
 * 25/2−
 * 180Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 179.9465500(23)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.3508(16)
 * 0.35076–0.351
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m1Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1141.48(4) keV
 * 5.47(4) h
 * 8−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m2Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1374.15(4) keV
 * 0.57(2) μs
 * (4−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m3Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2425.8(10) keV
 * 15(5) μs
 * (10+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m4Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2486.3(9) keV
 * 10(1) μs
 * 12+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m5Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2538.3(12) keV
 * >10 μs
 * (14+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m6Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3599.3(18) keV
 * 90(10) μs
 * (18−)
 * 181Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 180.9491012(23)
 * 42.39(6) d
 * β−
 * 181Ta
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181m1Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 595(3) keV
 * 80(5) μs
 * (9/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181m2Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1040(10) keV
 * ~100 μs
 * (17/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181m3Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1738(10) keV
 * 1.5(5) ms
 * (27/2−)
 * 182Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 181.950554(7)
 * 8.90(9)×106 y
 * β−
 * 182Ta
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 182mHf
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1172.88(18) keV
 * rowspan=2|61.5(15) min
 * β− (58%)
 * 182Ta
 * rowspan=2|8−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (42%)
 * 182Hf
 * 183Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 182.95353(3)
 * 1.067(17) h
 * β−
 * 183Ta
 * (3/2−)
 * 184Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 183.95545(4)
 * 4.12(5) h
 * β−
 * 184Ta
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 184mHf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1272.4(4) keV
 * 48(10) s
 * β−
 * 184Ta
 * 8−
 * 185Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 184.95882(21)#
 * 3.5(6) min
 * β−
 * 185Ta
 * 3/2−#
 * 186Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 185.96089(32)#
 * 2.6(12) min
 * β−
 * 186Ta
 * 0+
 * 187Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 186.96457(22)#
 * 14# s [>300 ns]
 * 9/2−#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 187mHf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |500(300)# keV
 * 270(80) ns
 * IT
 * 187Hf
 * 3/2−#
 * 188Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 187.96690(32)#
 * 20# s [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 189Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 188.97085(32)#
 * 400# ms [>300 ns]
 * 3/2−#
 * 190Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 189.97338(43)#
 * 600# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 191Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 192Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 120
 * 0+
 * 180Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 179.9465500(23)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.3508(16)
 * 0.35076–0.351
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m1Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1141.48(4) keV
 * 5.47(4) h
 * 8−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m2Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1374.15(4) keV
 * 0.57(2) μs
 * (4−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m3Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2425.8(10) keV
 * 15(5) μs
 * (10+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m4Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2486.3(9) keV
 * 10(1) μs
 * 12+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m5Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2538.3(12) keV
 * >10 μs
 * (14+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m6Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3599.3(18) keV
 * 90(10) μs
 * (18−)
 * 181Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 180.9491012(23)
 * 42.39(6) d
 * β−
 * 181Ta
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181m1Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 595(3) keV
 * 80(5) μs
 * (9/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181m2Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1040(10) keV
 * ~100 μs
 * (17/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 181m3Hf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1738(10) keV
 * 1.5(5) ms
 * (27/2−)
 * 182Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 181.950554(7)
 * 8.90(9)×106 y
 * β−
 * 182Ta
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 182mHf
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1172.88(18) keV
 * rowspan=2|61.5(15) min
 * β− (58%)
 * 182Ta
 * rowspan=2|8−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (42%)
 * 182Hf
 * 183Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 182.95353(3)
 * 1.067(17) h
 * β−
 * 183Ta
 * (3/2−)
 * 184Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 183.95545(4)
 * 4.12(5) h
 * β−
 * 184Ta
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 184mHf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1272.4(4) keV
 * 48(10) s
 * β−
 * 184Ta
 * 8−
 * 185Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 184.95882(21)#
 * 3.5(6) min
 * β−
 * 185Ta
 * 3/2−#
 * 186Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 185.96089(32)#
 * 2.6(12) min
 * β−
 * 186Ta
 * 0+
 * 187Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 186.96457(22)#
 * 14# s [>300 ns]
 * 9/2−#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 187mHf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |500(300)# keV
 * 270(80) ns
 * IT
 * 187Hf
 * 3/2−#
 * 188Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 187.96690(32)#
 * 20# s [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 189Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 188.97085(32)#
 * 400# ms [>300 ns]
 * 3/2−#
 * 190Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 189.97338(43)#
 * 600# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 191Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 192Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 120
 * 0+
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 184mHf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1272.4(4) keV
 * 48(10) s
 * β−
 * 184Ta
 * 8−
 * 185Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 184.95882(21)#
 * 3.5(6) min
 * β−
 * 185Ta
 * 3/2−#
 * 186Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 185.96089(32)#
 * 2.6(12) min
 * β−
 * 186Ta
 * 0+
 * 187Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 186.96457(22)#
 * 14# s [>300 ns]
 * 9/2−#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 187mHf
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |500(300)# keV
 * 270(80) ns
 * IT
 * 187Hf
 * 3/2−#
 * 188Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 187.96690(32)#
 * 20# s [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 189Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 188.97085(32)#
 * 400# ms [>300 ns]
 * 3/2−#
 * 190Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 189.97338(43)#
 * 600# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 191Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 192Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 120
 * 0+
 * 0+
 * 189Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 188.97085(32)#
 * 400# ms [>300 ns]
 * 3/2−#
 * 190Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 189.97338(43)#
 * 600# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 191Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 192Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 120
 * 0+
 * 189.97338(43)#
 * 600# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 191Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 192Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 120
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 192Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 120
 * 0+
 * 192Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 120
 * 0+
 * 192Hf
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * style="text-align:right" | 120
 * 0+
 * 0+
 * 0+
 * 0+
 * 0+

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Isotopes of hafnium


text:
Kudeyar

Kudeyar (Кудеяр) is a Russian legendary folk hero whose story is told in Mykola Kostomarov's 1875 novel of the same name.

According to this legend, Kudeyar was the elder brother of Ivan the Terrible. His mother purportedly was Solomonida Saburova, whom Vasily III divorced on account of her barrenness and incarcerated in a convent. Several months after the controversial divorce she bore a son, who was smuggled to the Cossacks living along the Don River, where he became their fearless ataman and champion in the manner of Robin Hood.

Actually, there were several Cossack robbers of this name. There is a letter of one Muscovite boyar to Ivan IV from Crimea, where he reports that "there is only one brigand left here - the accursed Kudeyar". The name is apparently Persian, composed of two elements standing for "god" and "man".

title: Kudeyar


text:
Andreas Dudith

Andreas Dudith (Andrija Dudić Orehovički), also András Dudith de Horahovicza (February 5, 1533 in Buda - February 22, 1589 in Wrocław), was a Hungarian nobleman of Croatian and Italian origin, bishop, humanist and diplomat in the Kingdom of Hungary.

Dudith was born in Buda, capital city of the Kingdom of Hungary to a Hungarian noble family with Croatian origins. His father, Jeromos Dudits, was a Croatian and his mother was an Italian. He studied in Wrocław, Italy, Vienna, Brussels and Paris.

In 1560 King Ferdinand I appointed him bishop of Knin, Croatia. He then participated in the Council of Trent (1545–1563) where, to comply with the wish of Ferdinand, he urged that the Chalice be given to the laity. Being appointed bishop of Pécs, Dudith went to Poland in 1565 as ambassador of Maximilian, where he married, and resigned his see, becoming an adherent of Protestantism. In Poland he began to sympathize with Socinian Anti-trinitarianism (the so-called Ecclesia Minor). Although he never declared himself officially a Unitarian, some researchers label him as an Anti-trinitarian thinker.

After the election of Stephen Báthory as king of Poland, Dudith left Kraków and went to Wrocław and later to Moravia, where he supported the Bohemian Brothers.

Dudith maintained a correspondence with famous Anti-trinitarians such as Giorgio Blandrata, Jacob Paleologus and Fausto Sozzini. Mihály Balázs, an expert on Central-European Anti-trinitarianism, affirms that Paleologus in Kraków lived in Dudith's house and left there to go to Transylvania. The theories of Blandrata, Sozzini and Ferenc Dávid had a great influence on him. Nevertheless he always remained an Erasmian humanist, who condemned religious intolerance whether from Protestants or Catholics.

Dudith died in 1589 in Wrocław and was buried in the Saint-Elizabeth Lutheran Church.

title: Andreas Dudith


text:
Isotopes of lutetium

Naturally occurring lutetium (71Lu) is composed of one stable isotope 175Lu (97.41% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, 176Lu with a half-life of 37 billion years (2.59% natural abundance). Forty radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable, besides 176Lu, being 174Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and 173Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 177mLu (t1/2 160.4 days), 174mLu (t1/2 142 days) and 178mLu (t1/2 23.1 minutes).

The known isotopes of lutetium range in mass number from 149 to 190. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 175Lu, is electron capture (with some alpha and positron emission), and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before 175Lu are isotopes of ytterbium and the primary products after are isotopes of hafnium. All isotopes of lutetium are either radioactive or, in the case of 175Lu, observationally stable, meaning that 175Lu is predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

List of isotopes
[30(+95−15) μs] [6(+3−2) min]
 * 149Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 78
 * p
 * 148Yb
 * 11/2−
 * rowspan=2|150Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 79
 * rowspan=2|149.97323(54)#
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='3(ms) 043.5' | 43(5) ms
 * p (80%)
 * 149Yb
 * rowspan=2|(2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (20%)
 * 150Yb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 150mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 34(15) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 080' | 80(60) μs
 * β+ (20%)
 * 150Yb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 150mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 34(15) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 080' | 80(60) μs
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 34(15) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 080' | 80(60) μs
 * [proton emission|p
 * 149Yb
 * (1, 2)
 * rowspan=2|151Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
 * rowspan=2|150.96757682
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='3(ms) 080.6' | 80.6(5) ms
 * p (63.4%)
 * 150Yb
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (36.6%)
 * 151Yb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 151mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 77(5) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 016' | 16(1) μs
 * p
 * 150Yb
 * (3/2+)
 * rowspan=2|152Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81
 * rowspan=2|151.96412(21)#
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='3(ms) 650' | 650(70) ms
 * β+ (85%)
 * 152Yb
 * rowspan=2|(5−, 6−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (15%)
 * 151Tm
 * rowspan=2|153Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2|152.95877(22)
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='4(s) 000.9' | 0.9(2) s
 * α (70%)
 * 149Tm
 * rowspan=2|11/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (30%)
 * 153Yb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 153m1Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80(5) keV
 * data-sort-value='4(s) 001' | 1# s
 * IT
 * 153Lu
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 153m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2502.5(4) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 000.1' | >0.1 μs
 * IT
 * 153Lu
 * 23/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 153m3Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2632.9(5) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 015' | 15(3) μs
 * IT
 * 153m2Lu
 * 27/2−
 * rowspan=2|154Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83
 * rowspan=2|153.95752(22)#
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='4(s) 001' | 1# s
 * β+?
 * 154Yb
 * rowspan=2|(2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α?
 * 150Tm
 * rowspan=4 style="text-indent:1em" | 154m1Lu
 * rowspan=4 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 58(13) keV
 * rowspan=4 data-sort-value='4(s) 001.12' | 1.12(8) s
 * β+
 * 154Yb
 * rowspan=4|(9+)
 * rowspan=4|
 * β+p?
 * 153Tm
 * β+α?
 * 150Er
 * α?
 * 150Tm
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 154m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | >2562 keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 035' | 35(3) μs
 * IT
 * 154Lu
 * (17+)
 * rowspan=2|155Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2|154.954316(22)
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='3(ms) 068.6' | 68.6(16) ms
 * α (76%)
 * 151Tm
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (24%)
 * 155Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 155m1Lu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(6) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='3(ms) 138' | 138(8) ms
 * α (88%)
 * 151Tm
 * rowspan=2|(1/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (12%)
 * 155Yb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 155m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1781.0(20) keV
 * data-sort-value='3(ms) 002.7' | 2.70(3) ms
 * (25/2−)
 * rowspan=2|156Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2|155.95303(8)
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='3(ms) 494' | 494(12) ms
 * α (95%)
 * 152Tm
 * rowspan=2|(2)−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (5%)
 * 156Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 156mLu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 220(80)# keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='3(ms) 198' | 198(2) ms
 * α (94%)
 * 152Tm
 * rowspan=2|(9)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (6%)
 * 156Yb
 * rowspan=2|157Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2|156.950098(20)
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='4(s) 006.8'| 6.8(18) s
 * β+
 * 157Yb
 * rowspan=2|(1/2+, 3/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α
 * 153Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 157mLu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 21.0(20) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='4(s) 004.79' | 4.79(12) s
 * β+ (94%)
 * 157Yb
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (6%)
 * 153Tm
 * rowspan=2|158Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2|157.949313(16)
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='4(s) 010.6' | 10.6(3) s
 * β+ (99.09%)
 * 158Yb
 * rowspan=2|2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.91%)
 * 154Tm
 * rowspan=2|159Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2|158.94663(4)
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='4(s) 012' | 12.1(10) s
 * β+ (99.96%)
 * 159Yb
 * rowspan=2|1/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.04%)
 * 155Tm
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 159mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(80)# keV
 * data-sort-value='4(s) 010' | 10# s
 * 11/2−#
 * rowspan=2|160Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2|159.94603(6)
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='4(s) 036' | 36.1(3) s
 * β+
 * 160Yb
 * rowspan=2|2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (10−4%)
 * 156Tm
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 160mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(100)# keV
 * data-sort-value='4(s) 040' | 40(1) s
 * 161Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * 160.94357(3)
 * data-sort-value='4(s) 077' | 77(2) s
 * β+
 * 161Yb
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 161mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 166(18) keV
 * data-sort-value='3(ms) 007.3' | 7.3(4) ms
 * IT
 * 161Lu
 * (9/2−)
 * 162Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * 161.94328(8)
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 01.37' | 1.37(2) min
 * β+
 * 162Yb
 * (1−)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 162m1Lu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 120(200)# keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='5(min) 01.5' | 1.5 min
 * β+
 * 162Yb
 * rowspan=2|4−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (rare)
 * 162Lu
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 162m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 300(200)# keV
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 01.9' | 1.9 min
 * 163Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * 162.94118(3)
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 03.97' | 3.97(13) min
 * β+
 * 163Yb
 * 1/2(+)
 * 164Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * 163.94134(3)
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 03.14' | 3.14(3) min
 * β+
 * 164Yb
 * 1(−)
 * 165Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 94
 * 164.939407(28)
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 10.74' | 10.74(10) min
 * β+
 * 165Yb
 * 1/2+
 * 166Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 95
 * 165.93986(3)
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 02.65' | 2.65(10) min
 * β+
 * 166Yb
 * (6−)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 166m1Lu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 34.37(5) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='5(min) 01.41' | 1.41(10) min
 * β+ (58%)
 * 166Yb
 * rowspan=2|3(−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (42%)
 * 166Lu
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 166m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 42.9(5) keV
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 02.12' | 2.12(10) min
 * 0(−)
 * 167Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 96
 * 166.93827(3)
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 51.5' | 51.5(10) min
 * β+
 * 167Yb
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 167mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(30)# keV
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 01' | >1 min
 * 1/2(−#)
 * 168Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 97
 * 167.93874(5)
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 05.5' | 5.5(1) min
 * β+
 * 168Yb
 * (6−)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 168mLu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 180(110) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='5(min) 06.7' | 6.7(4) min
 * β+ (95%)
 * 168Yb
 * rowspan=2|3+
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (5%)
 * 168Lu
 * 169Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 98
 * 168.937651(6)
 * data-sort-value='6(h) 34.06' | 34.06(5) h
 * β+
 * 169Yb
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 169mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 29.0(5) keV
 * data-sort-value='4(s) 160' | 160(10) s
 * IT
 * 169Lu
 * 1/2−
 * 170Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 99
 * 169.938475(18)
 * data-sort-value='7(d) 002.012' | 2.012(20) d
 * β+
 * 170Yb
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 170mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 92.91(9) keV
 * data-sort-value='3(ms) 670' | 670(100) ms
 * IT
 * 170Lu
 * (4)−
 * 171Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 100
 * 170.9379131(30)
 * data-sort-value='7(d) 008.24' | 8.24(3) d
 * β+
 * 171Yb
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 171mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 71.13(8) keV
 * data-sort-value='4(s) 079' | 79(2) s
 * IT
 * 171Lu
 * 1/2−
 * 172Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 101
 * 171.939086(3)
 * data-sort-value='7(d) 006.7' | 6.70(3) d
 * β+
 * 172Yb
 * 4−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 172m1Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 41.86(4) keV
 * data-sort-value='5(min) 03.7' | 3.7(5) min
 * IT
 * 172Lu
 * 1−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 172m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 65.79(4) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 000.332' | 0.332(20) μs
 * (1)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 172m3Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 109.41(10) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 440' | 440(12) μs
 * (1)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 172m4Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 213.57(17) keV
 * data-sort-value='1(ns) 150' | 150 ns
 * (6−)
 * 173Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 102
 * 172.9389306(26)
 * data-sort-value='8(a) 1.37' | 1.37(1) y
 * EC
 * 173Yb
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 173mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 123.672(13) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 074.2' | 74.2(10) μs
 * 5/2−
 * 174Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 103
 * 173.9403375(26)
 * data-sort-value='8(a) 3.31' | 3.31(5) y
 * β+
 * 174Yb
 * (1)−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 174m1Lu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 170.83(5) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='7(d) 142' | 142(2) d
 * IT (99.38%)
 * 174Lu
 * rowspan=2|6−
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.62%)
 * 174Yb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 174m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 240.818(4) keV
 * data-sort-value='1(ns) 395' | 395(15) ns
 * (3+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 174m3Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 365.183(6) keV
 * data-sort-value='1(ns) 145' | 145(3) ns
 * (4−)
 * 175Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 104
 * 174.9407718(23)
 * colspan=3 align=center data-sort-value='9' |Observationally stable
 * 7/2+
 * 0.9741(2)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 175m1Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1392.2(6) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 984' | 984(30) μs
 * (19/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 175m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 353.48(13) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 001.49' | 1.49(7) μs
 * 5/2−
 * rowspan=2|176Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 105
 * rowspan=2|175.9426863(23)
 * rowspan=2|3.701(17)×1010 y
 * β−
 * 176Hf
 * rowspan=2|7−
 * rowspan=2|0.0259(2)
 * EC (0.45(26)%)
 * 176Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 176mLu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 122.855(6) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='6(h) 03.66' | 3.664(19) h
 * β− (99.9%)
 * 176Hf
 * rowspan=2|1−
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.095%)
 * 176Yb
 * 177Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * 176.9437581(23)
 * 6.6475(20) d
 * β−
 * 177Hf
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m1Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 150.3967(10) keV
 * 130(3) ns
 * 9/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 569.7068(16) keV
 * 155(7) μs
 * 1/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 177m3Lu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 970.1750(24) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='7(d) 160.44' | 160.44(6) d
 * β− (78.3%)
 * 177Hf
 * rowspan=2|23/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (21.7%)
 * 177Lu
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m4Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3900(10) keV
 * 7(2) min
 * (1)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 172m3Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 109.41(10) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 440' | 440(12) μs
 * (1)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 172m4Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 213.57(17) keV
 * data-sort-value='1(ns) 150' | 150 ns
 * (6−)
 * 173Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 102
 * 172.9389306(26)
 * data-sort-value='8(a) 1.37' | 1.37(1) y
 * EC
 * 173Yb
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 173mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 123.672(13) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 074.2' | 74.2(10) μs
 * 5/2−
 * 174Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 103
 * 173.9403375(26)
 * data-sort-value='8(a) 3.31' | 3.31(5) y
 * β+
 * 174Yb
 * (1)−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 174m1Lu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 170.83(5) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='7(d) 142' | 142(2) d
 * IT (99.38%)
 * 174Lu
 * rowspan=2|6−
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.62%)
 * 174Yb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 174m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 240.818(4) keV
 * data-sort-value='1(ns) 395' | 395(15) ns
 * (3+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 174m3Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 365.183(6) keV
 * data-sort-value='1(ns) 145' | 145(3) ns
 * (4−)
 * 175Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 104
 * 174.9407718(23)
 * colspan=3 align=center data-sort-value='9' |Observationally stable
 * 7/2+
 * 0.9741(2)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 175m1Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1392.2(6) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 984' | 984(30) μs
 * (19/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 175m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 353.48(13) keV
 * data-sort-value='2(μs) 001.49' | 1.49(7) μs
 * 5/2−
 * rowspan=2|176Lu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 105
 * rowspan=2|175.9426863(23)
 * rowspan=2|3.701(17)×1010 y
 * β−
 * 176Hf
 * rowspan=2|7−
 * rowspan=2|0.0259(2)
 * EC (0.45(26)%)
 * 176Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 176mLu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 122.855(6) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='6(h) 03.66' | 3.664(19) h
 * β− (99.9%)
 * 176Hf
 * rowspan=2|1−
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.095%)
 * 176Yb
 * 177Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * 176.9437581(23)
 * 6.6475(20) d
 * β−
 * 177Hf
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m1Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 150.3967(10) keV
 * 130(3) ns
 * 9/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 569.7068(16) keV
 * 155(7) μs
 * 1/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 177m3Lu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 970.1750(24) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='7(d) 160.44' | 160.44(6) d
 * β− (78.3%)
 * 177Hf
 * rowspan=2|23/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (21.7%)
 * 177Lu
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m4Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3900(10) keV
 * 7(2) min
 * EC (0.45(26)%)
 * 176Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 176mLu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 122.855(6) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='6(h) 03.66' | 3.664(19) h
 * β− (99.9%)
 * 176Hf
 * rowspan=2|1−
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.095%)
 * 176Yb
 * 177Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * 176.9437581(23)
 * 6.6475(20) d
 * β−
 * 177Hf
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m1Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 150.3967(10) keV
 * 130(3) ns
 * 9/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 569.7068(16) keV
 * 155(7) μs
 * 1/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 177m3Lu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 970.1750(24) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='7(d) 160.44' | 160.44(6) d
 * β− (78.3%)
 * 177Hf
 * rowspan=2|23/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (21.7%)
 * 177Lu
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m4Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3900(10) keV
 * 7(2) min
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 177m3Lu
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 970.1750(24) keV
 * rowspan=2 data-sort-value='7(d) 160.44' | 160.44(6) d
 * β− (78.3%)
 * 177Hf
 * rowspan=2|23/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (21.7%)
 * 177Lu
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m4Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3900(10) keV
 * 7(2) min
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177m4Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3900(10) keV
 * 7(2) min
 * 39/2−
 * 178Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 107
 * 177.945955(3)
 * 28.4(2) min
 * β−
 * 178Hf
 * 1(+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 178mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 123.8(26) keV
 * 23.1(3) min
 * β−
 * 178Hf
 * 9(−)
 * 179Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 178.947327(6)
 * 4.59(6) h
 * β−
 * 179Hf
 * 7/2(+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 179mLu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 592.4(4) keV
 * 3.1(9) ms
 * IT
 * 179Lu
 * 1/2(+)
 * 180Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 179.94988(8)
 * 5.7(1) min
 * β−
 * 180Hf
 * 5+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m1Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13.9(3) keV
 * ~1 s
 * IT
 * 180Lu
 * 3−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 180m2Lu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 624.0(5) keV
 * ≥1 ms
 * (9−)
 * 181Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 180.95197(32)#
 * 3.5(3) min
 * β−
 * 181Hf
 * (7/2+)
 * 182Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 181.95504(21)#
 * 2.0(2) min
 * β−
 * 182Hf
 * (0,1,2)
 * 183Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 182.95736(9)
 * 58(4) s
 * β−
 * 183Hf
 * (7/2+)
 * 184Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 183.96103(22)#
 * 20(3) s
 * β−
 * 184Hf
 * (3+)
 * 185Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 184.96354(32)#
 * 20# s
 * 7/2+#
 * 186Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 185.96745(43)#
 * 6# s
 * 187Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 186.97019(43)#
 * 7# s
 * 7/2+#
 * 188Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 187.97443(43)#
 * 1# s
 * 189Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 190Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 185Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 184.96354(32)#
 * 20# s
 * 7/2+#
 * 186Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 185.96745(43)#
 * 6# s
 * 187Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 186.97019(43)#
 * 7# s
 * 7/2+#
 * 188Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 187.97443(43)#
 * 1# s
 * 189Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 190Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 188Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 187.97443(43)#
 * 1# s
 * 189Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 190Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 189Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 190Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 190Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 190Lu
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * style="text-align:right" | 119

Lutetium-177
Lutetium (177Lu) chloride, sold under the brand name Lumark among others, is used for radiolabeling other medicines, either as an anti-cancer therapy or for scintigraphy (medical radio-imaging). Its most common side effects are anaemia (low red blood cell counts), thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts), leucopenia (low white blood cell counts), lymphopenia (low levels of lymphocytes, a particular type of white blood cell), nausea (feeling sick), vomiting and mild and temporary hair loss.

title: Isotopes of lutetium


text:
Isotopes of ytterbium

Naturally occurring ytterbium (70Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: 168Yb, 170Yb–174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance). 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, 175Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and 166Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 169mYb (t1/2 46 seconds).

The isotopes of ytterbium range from 149Yb to 187Yb. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 174Yb is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before 174Yb are isotopes of thulium, and the primary products after are isotopes of lutetium. Of interest to modern quantum optics, the different ytterbium isotopes follow either Bose–Einstein statistics or Fermi–Dirac statistics, leading to interesting behavior in optical lattices.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=2| 149Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 79
 * rowspan=2| 148.96422(32)#
 * rowspan=2| 0.7(2) s
 * β+, p
 * 148Er
 * rowspan=2| (1/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 149Tm
 * 150Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 80
 * 149.95831(32)#
 * 700# ms [>200 ns]
 * β+?
 * 150Tm?
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|151Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81
 * rowspan=2|150.95540(32)
 * rowspan=2|1.6(5) s
 * β+
 * 151Tm
 * rowspan=2|(1/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (rare)
 * 150Er
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 151m1Yb
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 740(100)# keV
 * rowspan=2|1.6(5) s
 * β+
 * 151Tm
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (rare)
 * 150Er
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 151m2Yb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2630(141)# keV
 * 2.6(7) μs
 * IT
 * 151Yb
 * 19/2−#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 151m3Yb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3287(141)# keV
 * 20(1) μs
 * IT
 * 151Yb
 * 27/2−#
 * 152Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * 151.95033(16)
 * 3.03(6) s
 * β+
 * 152Tm
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 152mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2744.5(10) keV
 * 30(1) μs
 * IT
 * 152Yb
 * (10+)
 * rowspan=2|153Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83
 * rowspan=2|152.94937(22)#
 * rowspan=2|4.2(2) s
 * β+
 * 153Tm
 * rowspan=2|7/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (0.008%)
 * 152Er
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 153mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2630(50)# keV
 * 15(1) μs
 * IT
 * 153Yb
 * 27/2−
 * rowspan=2|154Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2|153.946396(19)
 * rowspan=2|0.409(2) s
 * α (92.6%)
 * 150Er
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (7.4%)
 * 154Tm
 * rowspan=2|155Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2|154.945783(18)
 * rowspan=2|1.793(20) s
 * α (89%)
 * 151Er
 * rowspan=2|(7/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (11%)
 * 155Tm
 * rowspan=2|156Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2|155.942817(10)
 * rowspan=2|26.1(7) s
 * β+ (90%)
 * 156Tm
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (10%)
 * 152Er
 * rowspan=2|157Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2|156.942651(12)
 * rowspan=2|38.6(10) s
 * β+
 * 157Tm
 * rowspan=2|7/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (rare)
 * 153Er
 * rowspan=2|158Yb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2|157.939871(9)
 * rowspan=2|1.49(13) min
 * β+ (99.99%)
 * 158Tm
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.0021%)
 * 154Er
 * 159Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * 158.940060(19)
 * 1.67(9) min
 * β+
 * 159Tm
 * 5/2−
 * 160Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * 159.937559(6)
 * 4.8(2) min
 * β+
 * 160Tm
 * 0+
 * 161Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * 160.937912(16)
 * 4.2(2) min
 * β+
 * 161Tm
 * 3/2−
 * 162Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * 161.935779(16)
 * 18.87(19) min
 * β+
 * 162Tm
 * 0+
 * 163Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * 162.936345(16)
 * 11.05(35) min
 * β+
 * 163Tm
 * 3/2−
 * 164Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 94
 * 163.934501(16)
 * 75.8(17) min
 * EC
 * 164Tm
 * 0+
 * 165Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 95
 * 164.935270(28)
 * 9.9(3) min
 * β+
 * 165Tm
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 165mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 126.80(9) keV
 * 300(30) ns
 * IT
 * 165Yb
 * 9/2+
 * 166Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 96
 * 165.933876(8)
 * 56.7(1) h
 * EC
 * 166Tm
 * 0+
 * 167Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 97
 * 166.934954(4)
 * 17.5(2) min
 * β+
 * 167Tm
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 167mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 571.548(22) keV
 * ~180 ns
 * IT
 * 167Yb
 * 11/2−
 * 168Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 98
 * 167.9338913(1)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.00123(3)
 * 169Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 99
 * 168.93518421(19)
 * 32.014(5) d
 * EC
 * 169Tm
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 169mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 24.1999(16) keV
 * 46(2) s
 * IT
 * 169Yb
 * 1/2−
 * 170Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 100
 * 169.934767243(11)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.02982(39)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 170mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1258.46(14) keV
 * 370(15) ns
 * IT
 * 170Yb
 * 4−
 * 171Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 101
 * 170.936331515(14)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 1/2−
 * 0.14086(140)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 171m1Yb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 95.282(2) keV
 * 5.25(24) ms
 * IT
 * 171Yb
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 171m2Yb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 122.416(2) keV
 * 265(20) ns
 * IT
 * 171Yb
 * 5/2−
 * 172Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 102
 * 171.936386654(15)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.21686(130)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 172mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1550.43(6) keV
 * 3.6(1) μs
 * IT
 * 172Yb
 * 6−
 * 173Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 103
 * 172.938216212(12)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 5/2−
 * 0.16103(63)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 173mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 398.9(5) keV
 * 2.9(1) μs
 * IT
 * 173Yb
 * 1/2−
 * 174Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 104
 * 173.938867546(12)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.32025(80)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 174m1Yb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1518.148(13) keV
 * 830(40) μs
 * IT
 * 174Yb
 * 6+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 174m2Yb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1765.2(5) keV
 * 256(11) ns
 * IT
 * 174Yb
 * 7−
 * 175Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 105
 * 174.94128191(8)
 * 4.185(1) d
 * β−
 * 175Lu
 * 7/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 175mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 514.866(4) keV
 * 68.2(3) ms
 * IT
 * 175Yb
 * 1/2−
 * 176Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * 175.942574706(16)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.12995(83)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 176mYb
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1049.8(6) keV
 * rowspan=2|11.4(3) s
 * IT
 * 176Yb
 * rowspan=2| 8−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (<10#%)
 * 176Lu
 * 177Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 107
 * 176.94526385(24)
 * 1.911(3) h
 * β−
 * 177Lu
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 331.5(3) keV
 * 6.41(2) s
 * IT
 * 177Yb
 * 1/2−
 * 178Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 177.946669(7)
 * 74(3) min
 * β−
 * 178Lu
 * 0+
 * 179Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 178.94993(22)#
 * 8.0(4) min
 * β−
 * 179Lu
 * (1/2−)
 * 180Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 179.95199(32)#
 * 2.4(5) min
 * β−
 * 180Lu
 * 0+
 * 181Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 180.95589(32)#
 * 1# min [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 181Lu?
 * 3/2−#
 * 182Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 181.95824(43)#
 * 30# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 182Lu?
 * 0+
 * 183Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 182.96243(43)#
 * 30# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 183Lu?
 * 3/2−#
 * 184Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 183.96500(54)#
 * 7# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 184Lu?
 * 0+
 * 185Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 184.96943(54)#
 * 5# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 185Lu?
 * 9/2−#
 * 186Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 0+
 * 187Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 7/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 175mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 514.866(4) keV
 * 68.2(3) ms
 * IT
 * 175Yb
 * 1/2−
 * 176Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * 175.942574706(16)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.12995(83)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 176mYb
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1049.8(6) keV
 * rowspan=2|11.4(3) s
 * IT
 * 176Yb
 * rowspan=2| 8−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (<10#%)
 * 176Lu
 * 177Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 107
 * 176.94526385(24)
 * 1.911(3) h
 * β−
 * 177Lu
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 177mYb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 331.5(3) keV
 * 6.41(2) s
 * IT
 * 177Yb
 * 1/2−
 * 178Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 177.946669(7)
 * 74(3) min
 * β−
 * 178Lu
 * 0+
 * 179Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 178.94993(22)#
 * 8.0(4) min
 * β−
 * 179Lu
 * (1/2−)
 * 180Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 179.95199(32)#
 * 2.4(5) min
 * β−
 * 180Lu
 * 0+
 * 181Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 180.95589(32)#
 * 1# min [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 181Lu?
 * 3/2−#
 * 182Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 181.95824(43)#
 * 30# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 182Lu?
 * 0+
 * 183Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 182.96243(43)#
 * 30# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 183Lu?
 * 3/2−#
 * 184Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 183.96500(54)#
 * 7# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 184Lu?
 * 0+
 * 185Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 184.96943(54)#
 * 5# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 185Lu?
 * 9/2−#
 * 186Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 0+
 * 187Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 183Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 182.96243(43)#
 * 30# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 183Lu?
 * 3/2−#
 * 184Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 183.96500(54)#
 * 7# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 184Lu?
 * 0+
 * 185Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 184.96943(54)#
 * 5# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 185Lu?
 * 9/2−#
 * 186Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 0+
 * 187Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 186Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 0+
 * 187Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 0+
 * 187Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 187Yb
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * style="text-align:right" | 117

title: Isotopes of ytterbium


text:
Isotopes of thulium

Naturally occurring thulium (69Tm) is composed of one stable isotope, 169Tm (100% natural abundance). Thirty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 171Tm with a half-life of 1.92 years, 170Tm with a half-life of 128.6 days, 168Tm with a half-life of 93.1 days, and 167Tm with a half-life of 9.25 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 64 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 2 minutes. This element also has 26 meta states, with the most stable being 164mTm (t1/2 5.1 minutes), 160mTm (t1/2 74.5 seconds) and 155mTm (t1/2 45 seconds).

The known isotopes of thulium range from 144Tm to 183Tm. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 169Tm, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before 169Tm are erbium isotopes, and the primary products after are ytterbium isotopes. All isotopes of thulium are either radioactive or, in the case of 169Tm, observationally stable, meaning that 169Tm is predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

List of isotopes

 * 144Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * p
 * 143Er
 * (10+)
 * 145Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 144.97007(43)#
 * 3.1(3) μs
 * p
 * 144Er
 * (11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|146Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77
 * rowspan=2|145.96643(43)#
 * rowspan=2|240(30) ms
 * p
 * 145Er
 * rowspan=2|(6−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 146Er
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 146mTm
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 71(6) keV
 * rowspan=2|72(23) ms
 * p
 * 145Er
 * rowspan=2|(10+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 146Er
 * rowspan=2|147Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 78
 * rowspan=2|146.96096(32)#
 * rowspan=2|0.58(3) s
 * β+ (85%)
 * 147Er
 * rowspan=2|11/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * p (15%)
 * 146Er
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 147mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 60(5) keV
 * 360(40) μs
 * 3/2+
 * 148Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 79
 * 147.95784(43)#
 * 0.7(2) s
 * β+
 * 148Er
 * (10+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 148mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" |
 * 0.7 s
 * rowspan=2|149Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
 * rowspan=2|148.95272(32)#
 * rowspan=2|0.9(2) s
 * β+ (99.74%)
 * 149Er
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (.26%)
 * 148Ho
 * 150Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 81
 * 149.94996(21)#
 * 3# s
 * β+
 * 150Er
 * (1+)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 150m1Tm
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 140(140)# keV
 * rowspan=2|2.20(6) s
 * β+ (98.8%)
 * 150Er
 * rowspan=2|(6−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (1.2%)
 * 149Ho
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 150m2Tm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 810(140)# keV
 * 5.2(3) ms
 * (10+)
 * 151Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * 150.945483(22)
 * 4.17(10) s
 * β+
 * 151Er
 * (11/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 151m1Tm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 92(7) keV
 * 6.6(14) s
 * β+
 * 151Er
 * (1/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 151m2Tm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2655.67(22) keV
 * 451(24) ns
 * (27/2−)
 * 152Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 83
 * 151.94442(8)
 * 8.0(10) s
 * β+
 * 152Er
 * (2#)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 152m1Tm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(80)# keV
 * 5.2(6) s
 * β+
 * 152Er
 * (9)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 152m2Tm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2555.05(19)+X keV
 * 294(12) ns
 * (17+)
 * rowspan=2|153Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2|152.942012(20)
 * rowspan=2|1.48(1) s
 * α (91%)
 * 149Ho
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (9%)
 * 153Er
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 153mTm
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 43.2(2) keV
 * rowspan=2|2.5(2) s
 * α (92%)
 * 149Ho
 * rowspan=2|(1/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (8%)
 * 153Er
 * rowspan=2|154Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2|153.941568(15)
 * rowspan=2|8.1(3) s
 * β+ (56%)
 * 154Er
 * rowspan=2|(2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (44%)
 * 150Ho
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 154mTm
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 70(50) keV
 * rowspan=2|3.30(7) s
 * α (90%)
 * 150Ho
 * rowspan=2|(9+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (10%)
 * 154Er
 * rowspan=2|155Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2|154.939199(14)
 * rowspan=2|21.6(2) s
 * β+ (98.1%)
 * 155Er
 * rowspan=2|(11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (1.9%)
 * 151Ho
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 155mTm
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 41(6) keV
 * rowspan=2|45(3) s
 * β+ (92%)
 * 155Er
 * rowspan=2|(1/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (8%)
 * 151Ho
 * rowspan=2|156Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2|155.938980(17)
 * rowspan=2|83.8(18) s
 * β+ (99.93%)
 * 156Er
 * rowspan=2|2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.064%)
 * 152Er
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 156mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 203.6(5) keV
 * ~400 ns
 * (11−)
 * 157Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * 156.93697(3)
 * 3.63(9) min
 * β+
 * 157Er
 * 1/2+
 * 158Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * 157.936980(27)
 * 3.98(6) min
 * β+
 * 158Er
 * 2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 158mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(100)# keV
 * ~20 ns
 * (5+)
 * 159Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * 158.93498(3)
 * 9.13(16) min
 * β+
 * 159Er
 * 5/2+
 * 160Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * 159.93526(4)
 * 9.4(3) min
 * β+
 * 160Er
 * 1−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 160m1Tm
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 70(20) keV
 * rowspan=2|74.5(15) s
 * IT (85%)
 * 160Tm
 * rowspan=2|5(+#)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (15%)
 * 160Er
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 160m2Tm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 98.2+X keV
 * ~200 ns
 * (8)
 * 161Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * 160.93355(3)
 * 30.2(8) min
 * β+
 * 161Er
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 161m1Tm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 7.4(2) keV
 * 5# min
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 161m2Tm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 78.20(3) keV
 * 110(3) ns
 * 7/2−
 * 162Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 93
 * 161.933995(28)
 * 21.70(19) min
 * β+
 * 162Er
 * 1−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 162mTm
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130(40) keV
 * rowspan=2|24.3(17) s
 * IT (82%)
 * 162Tm
 * rowspan=2|5+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (18%)
 * 162Er
 * 163Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 94
 * 162.932651(6)
 * 1.810(5) h
 * β+
 * 163Er
 * 1/2+
 * 164Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 95
 * 163.93356(3)
 * 2.0(1) min
 * β+
 * 164Er
 * 1+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 164mTm
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 10(6) keV
 * rowspan=2|5.1(1) min
 * IT (80%)
 * 164Tm
 * rowspan=2|6−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (20%)
 * 164Er
 * 165Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 96
 * 164.932435(4)
 * 30.06(3) h
 * β+
 * 165Er
 * 1/2+
 * 166Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 97
 * 165.933554(13)
 * 7.70(3) h
 * β+
 * 166Er
 * 2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 166mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 122(8) keV
 * 340(25) ms
 * IT
 * 166Tm
 * 6−
 * 167Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 98
 * 166.9328516(29)
 * 9.25(2) d
 * EC
 * 167Er
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 167m1Tm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 179.480(19) keV
 * 1.16(6) μs
 * (7/2)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 167m2Tm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 292.820(20) keV
 * 0.9(1) μs
 * 7/2−
 * rowspan=2|168Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 99
 * rowspan=2|167.934173(3)
 * rowspan=2|93.1(2) d
 * β+ (99.99%)
 * 168Er
 * rowspan=2|3+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (.01%)
 * 168Yb
 * 169Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 100
 * 168.9342133(27)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 1/2+
 * 1.0000
 * rowspan=2|170Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 101
 * rowspan=2|169.9358014(27)
 * rowspan=2|128.6(3) d
 * β− (99.86%)
 * 170Yb
 * rowspan=2|1−
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.14%)
 * 170Er
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 170mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 183.197(4) keV
 * 4.12(13) μs
 * (3)+
 * 171Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 102
 * 170.9364294(28)
 * 1.92(1) y
 * β−
 * 171Yb
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 171mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 424.9560(15) keV
 * 2.60(2) μs
 * 7/2−
 * 172Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 103
 * 171.938400(6)
 * 63.6(2) h
 * β−
 * 172Yb
 * 2−
 * 173Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 104
 * 172.939604(5)
 * 8.24(8) h
 * β−
 * 173Yb
 * (1/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 173mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 317.73(20) keV
 * 10(3) μs
 * (7/2−)
 * 174Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 105
 * 173.94217(5)
 * 5.4(1) min
 * β−
 * 174Yb
 * (4)−
 * 175Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * 174.94384(5)
 * 15.2(5) min
 * β−
 * 175Yb
 * (1/2+)
 * 176Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 107
 * 175.94699(11)
 * 1.85(3) min
 * β−
 * 176Yb
 * (4+)
 * 177Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 176.94904(32)#
 * 90(6) s
 * β−
 * 177Yb
 * (7/2−)
 * 178Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 177.95264(43)#
 * 30# s
 * β−
 * 178Yb
 * 179Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 178.95534(54)#
 * 20# s
 * β−
 * 179Yb
 * 1/2+#
 * 180Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 179.95902(43)#
 * 3# s
 * β−
 * 180Yb
 * 181Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 180.96195(54)#
 * 7# s
 * β−
 * 181Yb
 * 1/2+#
 * 182Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 181.96619(54)#
 * 183Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 169Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 100
 * 168.9342133(27)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 1/2+
 * 1.0000
 * rowspan=2|170Tm
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 101
 * rowspan=2|169.9358014(27)
 * rowspan=2|128.6(3) d
 * β− (99.86%)
 * 170Yb
 * rowspan=2|1−
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.14%)
 * 170Er
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 170mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 183.197(4) keV
 * 4.12(13) μs
 * (3)+
 * 171Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 102
 * 170.9364294(28)
 * 1.92(1) y
 * β−
 * 171Yb
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 171mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 424.9560(15) keV
 * 2.60(2) μs
 * 7/2−
 * 172Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 103
 * 171.938400(6)
 * 63.6(2) h
 * β−
 * 172Yb
 * 2−
 * 173Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 104
 * 172.939604(5)
 * 8.24(8) h
 * β−
 * 173Yb
 * (1/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 173mTm
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 317.73(20) keV
 * 10(3) μs
 * (7/2−)
 * 174Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 105
 * 173.94217(5)
 * 5.4(1) min
 * β−
 * 174Yb
 * (4)−
 * 175Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * 174.94384(5)
 * 15.2(5) min
 * β−
 * 175Yb
 * (1/2+)
 * 176Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 107
 * 175.94699(11)
 * 1.85(3) min
 * β−
 * 176Yb
 * (4+)
 * 177Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 176.94904(32)#
 * 90(6) s
 * β−
 * 177Yb
 * (7/2−)
 * 178Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 177.95264(43)#
 * 30# s
 * β−
 * 178Yb
 * 179Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 178.95534(54)#
 * 20# s
 * β−
 * 179Yb
 * 1/2+#
 * 180Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 179.95902(43)#
 * 3# s
 * β−
 * 180Yb
 * 181Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 180.96195(54)#
 * 7# s
 * β−
 * 181Yb
 * 1/2+#
 * 182Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 181.96619(54)#
 * 183Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 179Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 178.95534(54)#
 * 20# s
 * β−
 * 179Yb
 * 1/2+#
 * 180Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 179.95902(43)#
 * 3# s
 * β−
 * 180Yb
 * 181Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 180.96195(54)#
 * 7# s
 * β−
 * 181Yb
 * 1/2+#
 * 182Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 181.96619(54)#
 * 183Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 1/2+#
 * 182Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 181.96619(54)#
 * 183Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 183Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 183Tm
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * style="text-align:right" | 114

Thulium-170
Thulium-170 has a half-life of 128.6 days, decaying by β− decay about 99.87% of the time and electron capture the remaining 0.13% of the time. Due to its low-energy X-ray emissions, it has been proposed for radiotherapy and as a source in a radiothermal generator.

title: Isotopes of thulium