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Castleknock College

Castleknock College (Coláiste Caisleán Cnucha) is a voluntary Vincentian secondary school for boys, situated in the residential suburb of Castleknock, 8 km west of Dublin city centre, Ireland.

Founded in 1835 by Philip Dowley, it is one of the oldest boys schools in Ireland. Although priority is given to those of the main Catholic tradition, as a Christian school, it is attended by students of other denominations and faiths. The school's colours are navy and sky blue. The school crest is a book, symbolising education, a cross, symbolising Catholicism, the Irish shamrock, symbolising the success of the Vincentians in Ireland and the papal tiara, symbolising loyalty to the Holy See.

History
In 1830, a year after the passing of Catholic Emancipation, priests from the Vincentian Community (Congregation of the Mission; CM) in Maynooth College obtained permission to open a day school under the patronage of the Archbishop of Dublin. On 28 August 1833 a day school at 24 Usher's Quay, in central Dublin, was opened.

On 28 August 1835, St. Vincent's Ecclesiastical Seminary was opened in Castleknock, as a boarding school catering for just 47 boys. The first student to enrol in 1835 was John Lynch of Clones, County Monaghan. He would later enter the Vincentian order and eventually become Archbishop of Toronto. A contemporary of John Lynch was Patrick Moran, who would also be ordained as a Vincentian priest and become Bishop of Cape Town before being appointed as the first Catholic Bishop of Dunedin (New Zealand) in 1869.

Philip Dowley a former Dean of Maynooth and Provincial for the Vincentians, was the first president of the college.

The school site had previously been occupied by a Protestant school for boys run by William Gwynne. The school buildings together with 40 acres of land were sold to the Vincentian Fathers in 1835.

Queen Victoria and her royal party visited the school on 22 April 1900. The event is historic, as being the first occasion that an English sovereign visited an Irish Catholic college. The intended visit of the Queen to Castleknock was made known to the authorities of the school some days beforehand by the Rudolph Feilding, 9th Earl of Denbigh. This royal visit confirmed a place for the school at the summit of Irish education and Irish society.

Before the foundation of Clonliffe College in 1861, seminarians for the Dublin Archdiocese would study in Castleknock before completing their studies in Maynooth College.

Academic life

The school aims for a low teacher/pupil ratio, and has a range of computing and science laboratories. The school's Alton Library, a reference and lending facility, is the largest second-level school library in Ireland.

Sporting tradition
Sporting facilities at the school include nine rugby pitches, one soccer pitch, a cricket crease with pavilion, table tennis room, state of the art tennis courts, a fully equipped weights room and an athletics track.

Sport has been played at Castleknock since the foundation of the college. Throughout the mid-nineteenth century a game peculiar to Castleknock, known as stilts, was played by the entire student body on a gravel patch in grounds. Owing to the often over-zealous efforts of the participants this game was discouraged by the college fathers in favour of soccer, which was the game of choice among students of Castleknock until 1909 when it was replaced by rugby as the college's primary sport. In 1918 the college won the Leinster Colleges Senior Hurling Championship. Shortly afterwards the college concentrated more on rugby and the playing of Gaelic games became less prominent.

Rugby
Rugby posts were first erected in the college in November 1909. The school has won the Leinster Schools Senior Cup on eight occasions since first entering (and winning) the competition in 1913. Castleknock teams have been runners-up in the competition on fifteen occasions, contesting more finals than any other school apart from Belvedere College and Blackrock College. The Leinster Schools Junior Cup has also been won on eight occasions, the last time in 1966. Castleknock is considered to be one of the Major Leinster Rugby Schools, the others being Blackrock, Clongowes, Belvedere, Terenure, St Michael's and St Mary's. The college appointed Adrian Flavin, a former Ireland rugby player, as director of rugby in the year 2013.

26 past men have represented Ireland at full international level, the most recent being Leinster Rugby's Devin Toner (class of 2004) who has been capped on seventy occasions. Toner is one of two past men to have won the Heineken Cup (2009, 2011, 2012) with Denis Hurley of Munster Rugby lifting the trophy in 2008.

Past men James Leo Farrell and Michael Dunne were part of the British and Irish Lions touring squad to New Zealand and Australia. Farrell had also played for the Lions on the 1927 tour to Argentina.

Athletics
Students can choose from sprints, relays, long-distance, hurdles, high jump, long jump, triple jump, javelin, shot-put, hammer, discus, pole vault and walking. In the summer term, the college competes in the Leinster and All-Ireland finals held in Tullamore. The college has minor, junior, intermediate and senior athletics teams which compete for, and have won, the West Leinster Championship.

Others sports
Castleknock College competes in a variety of other sports including soccer, cricket, tennis, table-tennis, badminton, golf, swimming, show-jumping and volleyball.

Music
The school has a concert orchestra, a soul band, a junior concert band, a barbershop ensemble and an award-winning choir.

Spiritual life
The college chaplain and members of the Vincentian Community are available for guidance and counselling. The school has always encouraged pupils to become involved in caring for the less-well-off members of society.

The College Chapel
Masses are held daily in the Boys' Chapel by members of the Vincentian community. An annual family Mass for each year is celebrated at which boys of that year and their families participate together with the community and teachers. Masses are held at regular times in the chapel (e.g. Lent, Advent, exam time). Year and class Masses, benediction, scripture/prayer group meetings are held regularly throughout the year. Opportunity to attend the Sacrament of Reconciliation is available during the school week and also after benediction of the Blessed Sacrament on Thursday nights.

The College Chapel houses a large pipe organ which dates back to the early 1850s. The chapel organ was installed as a gift to the college community by Charles-Gerrard, Brother of the Lord. It is used in college masses and services.

SVP – Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
Castleknock College was established by the Congregation of the Mission (Vincentians), the religious order founded by St. Vincent de Paul; the college follows the ethos and traditions of the Vincentian order. The most popular student society within the college is the St. Vincent de Paul Society; charity work undertaken by the school community is organised through the St Vincent de Paul Society.

Members are involved in helping the impoverished through a variety of means such as visiting local centres for people with special needs. The SVP conferences also raise funds and collect food for the sister conferences in the Dublin 15 area.

Castleknock Ambo Partnership
Inaugurated in 2008 and expected to continue indefinitely, the Young Vincentian Mission sends a small group of fifth year students to work and live with the Vincentian community in Ethiopia, for two to three weeks each summer, overseen by the VLM – Vincentian Lay Missionaries. The first group in 2008 traveled to Mekelle in Northern Ethiopia and since 2009 the students have traveled to Ambo, Ethiopia. Successful applicants are trained and engage in a range of voluntary work for those struck by extreme poverty in Ambo, including teaching in the local Vincentian school, working in the Vincentian Food Programme, the Vincentian School for the Deaf, a leprosy village befriending members of the community and coaching Ambo United Football Club. Students are required to raise sufficient funds to meet their travel and subsistence expenses, and events are organised within and without the college to raise funds. This development programme has enabled the construction of expanded education facilities and the provision of medical and food supplies.

Other extra–curricular activities
Extra–curricular activities offered include membership of the painting society, the chess club, Irish literature – Ceardlann Litríocht na Gaeilge, the Cumann Gaeilge, the maths society, the prefect mentoring system, debating, band, music, language societies (French, Spanish, German and Chinese), book club, student enterprise, SVP – Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, speech and drama, charity work, the history society and Picasso's Left Ear (student intellectual publication).

Chess
In 2007 the under-16 chess team won the Leinster Championship and finished runners-up in the All-Ireland Championship.

Debating
Debating is a tradition dating back to the school's foundation. It was originally taught in the school curriculum during the Victorian era and was originally known as 'public oration'. There are separate clubs for junior and senior pupils. The school's debating society has contributed to the Irish World Schools Debating Team, with five students representing Ireland since the competition's beginning in 1988. In both 2007 (Alan Henry & Liam O'Connell) and 2008 (Adam Noonan & Killian Breen) the college won the Leinster Schools Senior Debating Championships. The Past Pupils' Union coordinates the annual College Union Debate where students and Pastmen debate against each other. Past speakers at the Union Debate include former Attorney General Paul Gallagher, Eunan O'Halpin, Mick Quinn and Irish Times correspondent Patsy McGarry. The college also holds gold medal debates for every academic year giving the students the opportunity to win the medal on prize day if they win the debate. The gold medal debates are used in sixth year to select an eligible Valedictorian for the year, who give his address at both the graduation mass and again at prize day. Former winners of the senior gold medal debates include the Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave, the Supreme Court Justice Anthony J. Hederman, Conor Gearty and Oisín Quinn. The college debaters participate in many competitions including the L&H debates in UCD.

Castleknock Chronicle
The Castleknock Chronicle has been published every year since 1886 by the College Union; it is a record of the main events in the college, and a valuable historical source. It records the students in each year group and the members of every team and society in the college. In has photographs and articles written by staff and students about events in the college. The Chronicle also holds the distinction of being the publisher of the last-known photograph of the RMS Titanic. it was being digitised.

Grounds

There are two hills in the grounds: the Windmill Hill and the hill of the castle. The former is reputed to be the burial mound of Cumhal, father of Fionn mac Cumhaill, a legendary Irish warrior. According to legend, mac Cumhaill was interred here following his death at the Battle of Cnucha. An archaeological dig of this hill carried out in June 2007 revealed the remains of four human skeletons probably dating from the early Christian period. The second hill is topped with the remains of Castleknock Castle which dates from the early thirteenth century, when it was founded by the Norman knight Hugh Tyrrell, who was later created Baron of Castleknock. He chose this location near the end of the esker which stretches from Galway to Dublin. Built on two mounds of the esker, it commanded the route into Dublin from the west. Castleknock was the final rallying point for the forces of the last High King of Ireland, Rory O'Connor. He failed to drive the Cambro-Normans from the area around Dublin in 1171.

The college is set on 70 acres of landscaped parkland estate with nine rugby pitches, a cricket crease and pavilion, a soccer pitch, an athletics and running track, six state of the art tennis courts, an all-weather rugby practice pitch and agricultural land in which cows graze and wildlife such as pheasants, rabbits and squirrels are in abundance. There is car parking for students and others. The college is close to Castleknock village and is located beside Farmleigh Estate and the Phoenix Park.

College buildings
The college consists mainly of three buildings: McNamara house, Cregan house and the Dowley house. The McNamara and Cregan buildings are connected via the foyer known as 'St Vincent's Hall'. McNamara house contain several other wings and Vincentian community facilities as well as other classrooms and subject specific rooms. McNamara House also contains the library, concert hall, day boys' refectory and the boarders refectory.

Building works 2005–2009
From 2005 the college infrastructure was renewed, at a cost in the region of €16 million. A 'link building' was built, and existing buildings expanded and refurbished; Irish President Mary McAleese officially opened the newly restored buildings on 29 September 2008. A state-of-the-art multi purpose sports and tennis ground was recently built, allowing for students and others to enjoy various activities.

Cultural associations
The school featured indirectly but prominently in Gerard Siggins' series of novels Rugby Rebel as the shared basis of Castlerock College (a portmanteau of Castleknock College and Blackrock College), the boarding school which the protagonist Eoin attends. The popular fictional series starring Ross O'Carroll Kelly has mentioned Castleknock on a number of occasions in the books and Irish Times columns; the name of the fictional school the lead character attended was also Castlerock College.

Popular media
The 2016 Irish comedy-drama film Handsome Devil directed by John Butler was predominantly filmed at Castleknock and featured as the fictional all-boys boarding school 'Woodhill College'. It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival. It centres on an ostracised teenager (Fionn O'Shea) at an elite rugby-obsessed all boys boarding school in Ireland whose new roommate (Nicholas Galitzine) is the school's new rugby star-player. The two form an unlikely friendship until it is tested by those around them. Handsome Devil has received critical acclaim, winning the award for Best Irish Feature of 2017 from the Dublin Film Critics' Circle; four nominations at the 2018 Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) Awards, including Best Feature Film; and the Best Single Drama Award at the annual Celtic Media Festival in 2018.

Evelyn, the 2002 drama film loosely based on the true story of Desmond Doyle and his fight in the Irish courts (December 1955) to be reunited with his children was predominantly filmed at Castleknock and featured as the orphanage. The film stars Sophie Vavasseur in the title role, Pierce Brosnan as her father and Aidan Quinn, Julianna Margulies, Stephen Rea and Alan Bates as supporters to Doyle's case. The film had a limited release in the United States, starting on 13 December 2002 and was later followed by the United Kingdom release on 21 March 2003.

Presidents of Castleknock College

 * Philip Dowley (1835–1864)
 * Thomas MacNamara (1864–1866)
 * Peter Duff (1867–1873)
 * Malachy O'Callaghan (1873–1885)
 * James Moore (1885–1892)
 * Thomas Hardy (1892–1895)
 * Joseph Geoghegan (1895–1902)
 * M.P. Brosnahan (1902–1907)
 * Paul Cullen (1907–1915)
 * M.J. O'Reilly (1915)
 * John Shanahan (1915–1916)
 * E.P. Meehan (1916–19)
 * Vincent McCarthy (1919–1926)
 * Henry O'Connor (1926–32)
 * T.K. Donovan (1932–1938)
 * W.J. Meagher (1938–1944)
 * William Sullivan (1944–1950)
 * D.F. Cregan (1950–1957)
 * M.J. Walsh (1957–1963)
 * Patrick O'Donoghue (1963–1972)
 * Matthew Barry (1972–1980)
 * Henry Slowey (1980–1985)
 * Kevin O'Shea (1985–1999)
 * Simon Clyne (1999–2005)
 * Peter J. Slevin (2005–2018)
 * Paschal Scallon (2018–)

Past Pupils' Union

The Castleknock Union was founded in the year 1896 by the Lord Chief Justice of England, Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen with the aim of reconnecting all past pupils of the college. The college hosts many networking events for past pupils throughout the year that include the annual business lunch, the gold medal debate, the union debate and Union Day. Many notable figures have been guest speakers at the annual Business lunch such as the Irish rugby head coach Joe Schmidt and the Taoiseach Leo Varadkar. In 2016 the Past Pupils' Union launched the Union Scholarship Fund to assist boys who otherwise could not afford to attain an education at Castleknock College due to socioeconomic barriers.

Notable past pupils
Former pupils of Castleknock College are known as Pastmen.

The school's alumni and faculty include two Taoisigh, one President of Ireland, one Ceann Comhairle, several cabinet ministers, two Supreme Court Justices, five Attorneys General, one Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, three archbishops, one founding member of Fianna Fáil, the founder of the Green Party of Ireland, one Lord Mayor of Dublin, one Victoria Cross holder, 26 Irish International rugby players and numerous notable figures in the world of arts, academia and business.

Academia, science and medicine

 * Simon Clyne, Vincentian, president of St Patrick's, Drumcondra, Castleknock College, and chaplain to the President of Ireland
 * Robert Farnan, member of Seanad Éireann, gynaecologist, member of the Council of State and founder member of Fianna Fáil
 * J. B. Lyons, medical historian, writer and professor
 * Gerald Molloy, Irish catholic priest, theologian and scientist
 * Jerome Murphy-O'Connor professor of New Testament at the École Biblique in Jerusalem
 * Joseph Patrick Slattery, physicist, radiologist, Catholic priest, pioneer in the field of radiography in Australia (1877–1886)
 * Jeremy Swan, physician and cardiologist; co-inventor of the Swan-Ganz catheter
 * Edward M. Walsh, founding president of the University of Limerick

Arts and media
 * Vincent Browne, journalist & broadcaster, former Fine Gael politician
 * Eugene McCabe, novelist, short story writer, playwright, and television screenwriter
 * William Francis Casey, writer and journalist, editor of The Times 1948–1952
 * Colin Farrell, actor
 * Ciaran Hope, Fulbright Scholar and Irish composer of orchestral, choral, and film music
 * Paddy O'Byrne, Irish radio broadcaster and actor
 * Barry McGovern, actor
 * Arthur Mathews, writer (Father Ted and The Fast Show)
 * D.P. Moran, Irish nationalist writer and literary critic
 * Gerry Stembridge, writer, director and actor; co-creator of the radio programme Scrap Saturday (with Dermot Morgan)
 * Bill Shipsey, Irish human rights activist

Business
 * Bobby Kerr, CEO Insomnia Coffee and Dragon on the Irish Dragons' Den
 * Johnny Ronan, businessman and property developer

Law
 * Charles Casey, High Court judge named Attorney General in 1951
 * John A. Edwards, judge of the Court of Appeal and former judge of the High Court
 * Brian McGovern, judge of the Court of Appeal
 * Paul Gallagher, former Attorney General of Ireland who served from June 2007 to March 2011 and from June 2020 to December 2022.
 * Conor Gearty, barrister-at-law, author; professor of human rights law at the London School of Economics and Rausing Director of the Centre for the Study of Human Rights; winner of the Irish Times National Debating Championship – (Team: 1978, 1979)
 * Anthony J. Hederman, Attorney General of Ireland 1977–1981; judge of the Supreme Court 1981–1993.
 * Cecil Lavery, former Fine Gael TD and Senator, lawyer, Attorney General of Ireland, Supreme Court Judge
 * Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen, Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (1894–1900)
 * Peter Smithwick, former President of the District Court and Chairman of the Smithwick Tribunal of Inquiry.
 * Joseph Alfred Sheridan, former colonial chief justice of East Africa

Military
 * William MacDonald, the first person to be awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross in February 1940
 * James Henry Reynolds VC, Anglo-Zulu War and Surgeon Reynolds of Rorke's Drift
 * Henry Coey Kane, Royal Navy Admiral

Politics and diplomacy
 * Patrick Cooney, Fine Gael politician, government minister, Member of the European Parliament
 * Liam Cosgrave, Fine Gael politician; former Taoiseach, minister and Irish ambassador to the United Nations
 * Liam T. Cosgrave, former Fine Gael Senator
 * Paddy Donegan, Fine Gael politician, government minister
 * Roger Garland, Green Party politician and environmental campaigner, first member of the Green Party to be elected to Dáil Éireann
 * Desmond Governey, former Fine Gael TD.
 * Timothy Linehan, former Fine Gael TD
 * Marc MacSharry, politician
 * Oisín Quinn, former Lord Mayor of Dublin and son of businessman Lochlann Quinn
 * Arthur Matthews, Cumann na nGaedheal TD (1927–32)
 * J. X. Murphy, governor of the Bank of Ireland, independent TD, 1927–32
 * Matthew O'Reilly, Fianna Fáil TD, 1927–54
 * P. W. Shaw, Cumann na nGaedheal TD, 1923–33
 * Timothy Sheehy, politician, Cumann na nGaedheal TD for Cork West 1927–1932
 * Edward Harney, Australian parliamentarian
 * Edward Barry, Irish nationalist politician
 * P.J. Brady, Irish nationalist politician
 * Henry Joseph Gill, Irish Parliamentarian
 * Edward Kelly, lawyer and politician, Nationalist MP for South Donegal 1910 – 1918.

Religious
 * Father Healy of Little Bray, parish priest of Little Bray, noted for his wit and wisdom
 * John Bannon, (1829–1913) Confederate army chaplain, student (1844–46)
 * Francis Browne, Jesuit priest and RMS Titanic photographer
 * John Conmee, Irish Jesuit and rector of Clongowes Wood College
 * Nicholas Donnelly, titular bishop of Canea and auxiliary bishop of Dublin
 * Patrick Feehan, Archbishop of Chicago
 * Patrick Moran (1823–1895), First Bishop of Dunedin, New Zealand (1869–1895)
 * Michael Verdon (1838–1918), Second Bishop of Dunedin, New Zealand (1896–1918)
 * Michael Prior, theologian
 * John Joseph Lynch, former Archbishop of Toronto
 * Joseph Leonard, close friend of Jackie Kennedy, wife of President of the United States John F. Kennedy
 * Stephen Fennelly, Archbishop of Madras.
 * Thomas Grimley, Vicar Apostolic of Cape Town.
 * Richard Ryan, served as Bishop of Geraldton, and Bishop of Sale, Australia

Sports
 * Jack Arigho, rugby, won 16 caps for Ireland between 1928 and 1931
 * James Leo Farrell, rugby player; Ireland (1926–32), British and Irish Lions 1927 and 1930
 * Denis Hurley, rugby player, current member of the Munster Rugby team, Irish rugby international
 * Marty Moore, rugby player (current member of the Ulster Rugby team)
 * Ruaidhri Murphy plays Super 15 rugby with the ACT Brumbies
 * Devin Toner, rugby player (current member of the Ireland Rugby and Leinster Rugby teams)
 * Mark Ward, Gaelic footballer (Meath Gaelic football team)
 * Aidan McCullen, retired Irish international rugby player
 * Tom Farrell, rugby union player
 * Thos Foley, skier, member of the Ireland Olympic Team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.

In fiction
 * Ross O'Carroll-Kelly, a fictional wealthy Dublin 4 rugby union jock who attends the fictional Castlerock College (a portmanteau of Castleknock College and Blackrock College).

Notable teachers, past and present

 * Éamon de Valera, member of the teaching staff, 1910–11; Fianna Fáil politician, elected TD in the first Dáil 1919 and former Taoiseach and President of Ireland
 * Frank Fahy, member of the teaching staff, 1906–21; politician, veteran of the Easter Rising and War of Independence, elected TD in the first Dáil 1919, Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann (1932–50) and Fianna Fáil TD for Meath
 * Mary Harney (briefly) and also interim moderator of the college debating society, former Tánaiste and Minister, for Leader and Progressive Democrats TD and former Fianna Fail TD.
 * Jeremy Staunton, former rugby player for Munster and Ireland, current mathematics teacher.
 * Adrian Flavin, former rugby player for Ireland, current director of rugby.

Partner Schools

 * St. Paul's College, Raheny, Dublin, Ireland
 * St Stanislaus College (Bathurst), New South Wales, Australia
 * Österreichisches Sankt Georgs-Kolleg, Istanbul, Turkey

title: Castleknock College


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El Shaddai (movement)

El Shaddai DWXI Prayer Partners Fellowship International, popularly known as El Shaddai,, , which is one of the names of God in the Jewish faith) is the biggest Catholic charismatic movement in the Philippines.  The movement is led by Mike Velarde, a real estate developer and preacher. Novaliches bishop emeritus Teodoro Bacani Jr. serves as its spiritual adviser.

History
Inspired by his recovery from a heart ailment in 1978, Mike Velarde started a weekly Bible-quoting radio show on DWXI, a station he acquired in 1982 as part of a real estate deal. Listeners, he says, began reporting that his voice had cured their afflictions. In 1984, Velarde called his show "El Shaddai," a biblical name for God that he found in an American religious pamphlet.

Velarde then held monthly prayer rallies outside the vicinity of the radio station. As the number of attendees kept growing, he made the rallies weekly until the crowd could no longer be accommodated by the area. The rallies were then moved to various locations such as a football stadium and then transferring several times to the Quirino Grandstand at Rizal Park in Manila; the open grounds outside the Philippine International Convention Center and the Cultural Center of the Philippines in Pasay near Manila Bay; and finally in Amvel Business Park, Barangay San Dionisio, Parañaque (a site owned by the family) in order to accommodate the movement's followers.

In 1992, Velarde and the movement expanded to television, when the movement taking its programming airtime on the government owned broadcasting network Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation with the Sunday late night delayed broadcast of the weekly Saturday Family Appointments, and the broadcasts of the weekly Family Appointments became the sixth longest-reigning religious program in Philippine television history until its ended in 2020 after 28 years of airing on the network. In addition, the movement also produced the faith-based drama anthology series Mga Himala at Gintong Aral ni El Shaddai from 1994 until its cancellation in 1997. Velarde himself served as the host for the series.

In 1998, Velarde and Jesus Is Lord Church leader Eddie Villanueva engaged in a legal battle over control of the Christian television station DZOE-TV (Channel 11). Villanueva has the franchise and the authority to operate the facility, but Velarde, using political connections, was able to import transmission equipment, the value of which he claims to have converted into equity in the station. Congress intervened and awarded Villanueva the right the acquire the frequency, with him paying Velarde for the stock and assets held by Delta Broadcasting System (DBS).

The El Shaddai Movement has grown rapidly in the last decade and, as of 2005, had a reported 8 million members worldwide.

On August 20, 2009, El Shaddai inaugurated a ₱1 billion (approx. US$21 million at the time) House of Prayer on a ten hectare site in Amvel Business Park. The cost does not include the land, which will be paid for over 20 years. The building is 10,000 square meters and seats 16,000 with standing room for another 25,000, with space on the site for an overflow of the crowd. The building was inaugurated by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the fourteenth president of the Philippines, on Velarde's 70th birthday.

As it is a Roman Catholic movement, its diocesan bishop is Jessie Mercado of the Diocese of Parañaque, while its spiritual director is the Bishop Emeritus of Novaliches Teodoro Bacani.

Political influence
Conspiracy theorists propagate the belief that El Shaddai plays a major role in Philippine politics. They assert that former President Fidel V. Ramos won the 1992 general election because of the movement's votes, although this has never been corroborated with an actual tally of votes correlated with El Shaddai membership rosters. Moreover, the Catholic Church, of which El Shaddai is an apostolate, refrains from interfering in temporal matters and, as such, does not dictate to its members which candidates to support or oppose. In the same vein, individual members of the Catholic Church are free to form voting blocs that are independent from the church itself, as in the case of Catholic Vote.

During the impeachment trial of President Joseph Estrada in late 2000, Velarde, in line with Catholic teaching regarding temporal matters, rejected the call of then-Archbishop of Manila, Cardinal Jaime Sin, to join a prayer rally urging Estrada to resign. Velarde said that El Shaddai members were free to join the rally of their own volition and reiterated that the movement was neither for nor against Estrada's resignation.

It was reported that Velarde attempted to end a 2005 Philippine electoral crisis by uniting the Estrada and Arroyo camps.

Controversy
In 2005, sociocultural anthropologist and author Katharine L. Wiegele said that El Shaddai has spread prosperity theology outside Protestant Christianity in the Philippines.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: El Shaddai (movement)


text:
List of New Zealand films

This is a list of feature films and pre-1910 short films produced or filmed in New Zealand, ordered by the year of release.

Key

 * * = Funded in part by the New Zealand Film Commission.
 * † = Year given is date of principal photography rather than release.

title: List of New Zealand films


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Matthias Media

Matthias Media is an Australian evangelical Christian publisher. The business was founded in 1988, and grew out of the ministry of Phillip Jensen and editor Tony Payne at St Matthias, Centennial Park, Sydney under the name St Matthias Press and Tapes. Many resources now published by Matthias Media were developed as part of the ministry of Campus Bible Study at the University of New South Wales. Since then the company has grown under the banner "Resources for growing Christians" and is now incorporated as a non-profit company under the name Matthias Media. By 2001 it was the largest evangelical publisher in Australia with over 100 books published.

Distribution in the UK is through an independent partner organisation (The Good Book Company) and in recent years a US office has been opened (Matthias Media (USA)).

Beginning with The Briefing (a (now) monthly news and resource magazine for evangelical Christians), Two Ways to Live (an evangelistic tract developed by Phillip Jensen), and the pre-existing St Matthias sermon tape ministry, the company now publishes a range of bible studies, training courses, devotional guides, book and sermon CDs. The evangelistic materials focus on worldview in living as a Christian. Two Ways to Live and its sister publication Just for Starters were the official training resources for the Australian arms of the 1995 Billy Graham Global Mission.

The company is dedicated to publishing books and other resources such as training programs, tracts and Bible studies, and accept submissions for publishing resources where they relate to the growth of a gospel ministry, have content that is loyal to the Bible, and has a quality that is of a high standard.

Australian Christian Book of the Year Awards

 * 2020 Shortlisted: Where to Start with Islam by Samuel Green ISBN 978-1-925424-60-7
 * 2010 2nd Prize: The Trellis and the Vine by Colin Marshall and Tony Payne ISBN 978-1-921441-58-5
 * 2005 2nd Prize: Beyond Greed by Brian Rosner (ISBN 1-87-632676-X)
 * 2004 Winner: Stirrings of the Soul by Michael Raiter (ISBN 1-87-632662-X)
 * 2004 Highly Commended: Going the Distance: How to Stay Fit for A Lifetime of Ministry by Peter Brain (ISBN 1-87-632673-5)
 * 2003 Winner: Islam in our Backyard by Tony Payne (ISBN 1-87-632648-4)
 * 2002 Winner: What Some of You Were Edited by Christopher Keane (ISBN 1-87-632641-7)
 * 2002 Certificate of Commendation: If I were God, I'd End All the Pain by John Dickson (ISBN 1-87-632637-9)
 * 2001 Highly Commended: The Essence of Feminism by Kirsten Birkett (ISBN 1-87-632625-5)
 * 2000 Joint Winner: Simply Christianity: Beyond Religion by John Dickson (ISBN 1-90-488923-9)
 * 1998 Highly Commended: Unnatural Enemies by Kirsten Birkett (ISBN 1-87-632601-8)

title: Matthias Media


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Talk:Cadiche Man

Nonsense?
Except for Wikipedia mirrors I can only find a personal home page for an Australian nicknamed featehrfoot [] which gives the same story for Cadiceh Man / feather foot.

Is this an Urban myth? We really need a proper source!

--Cje 06:41, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It certainly isn't nonsense. But a page does already exist. Kurdaitcha

title: Talk:Cadiche Man


text:
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Ma–Md)

Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.

Macao

 * Refer :	Macau

Macau

 * Dates :	1884 –
 * Capital :	Macau
 * Currency :	(1884) 1000 reis = 1 milreis
 * (1894) 78 avos = 1 rupee
 * (1913) 100 avos = 1 pataca

Macedonia

 * Dates :	1991 –
 * Capital :	Skopje
 * Currency :	(1991) 100 paras = 1 dinar
 * (1992) 100 deni (de.) = 1 dinar (d.)

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	Yugoslavia

Macedonia (German Occupation)

 * Dates :	1944 only
 * Currency :	100 stotinki = 1 lev

 * Refer :	German Occupation Issues (WW2)

 * See also :	Kavalla (Greek Occupation);
 * Greek Occupation Issues

Madagascar & Dependencies

 * Dates :	1896 – 1958
 * Capital :	Tananarive
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Anjouan;
 * Diego–Suarez;
 * Great Comoro;
 * Mayotte;
 * Moheli;
 * Nossi–Be;
 * Ste Marie de Madagascar

 * See also :	Malagasy Republic

Madagascar (British posts)

 * Dates :	1884 – 1895
 * Currency :	12 pence = 1 shilling; 20 shillings = 1 pound

 * Refer :	Postage stamps and postal history of Madagascar

Madagascar (French Post Offices)

 * Dates :	1885 – 1896
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Refer :	French Post Offices Abroad

 * See also :	French Colonies;
 * Madagascar & Dependencies

Madeira

 * Dates :	1868 –
 * Capital :	Funchal
 * Currency :	(1868) 1000 reis = 1 milreis
 * (1929) 100 centavos = 1 escudo

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	Africa (Portuguese Colonies);
 * Funchal

Mafeking

 * Dates :	1900 only
 * Currency :	12 pence = 1 shilling; 20 shillings = 1 pound

 * Refer :	Cape of Good Hope

Mafia Island (British Occupation)

 * Dates :	1915 – 1916
 * Currency :	(GEA) 64 pesa = 100 heller = 1 rupee;
 * (BEA) 100 cents = 1 rupee
 * (both currencies in use simultaneously)

 * Refer :	British Occupation Issues

Magyarország

 * Refer :	Hungary

Mahe

 * Refer :	French Indian Settlements

Mahra Sultanate of Qishn & Socotra

 * Dates :	1967 only
 * Capital :	Qishn
 * Currency :	1000 fils = 1 dinar

 * Refer :	Aden Protectorate States

Majunga (French Post Office)

 * Dates :	1895 only
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Refer :	French Post Offices Abroad

Malacca

 * Dates :	1948 –
 * Capital :	Melaka
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	Malaysia

Malagasy Republic

 * Dates :	1958 –
 * Capital :	Tananarive
 * Currency :	(1958) 100 centimes = 1 franc
 * (1976) 5 francs = 1 ariary

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	Madagascar & Dependencies

Malawi

 * Dates :	1964 –
 * Capital :	Zomba
 * Currency :	(1964) 12 pence = 1 shilling; 20 shillings = 1 pound
 * (1970) 100 tambalas = 1 kwacha

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	British Central Africa;
 * Nyasaland Protectorate

Malaya

 * Refer :	Federated Malay States;
 * Malayan Federation;
 * Malayan Postal Union;
 * Malaysia

Malaya (British Military Administration)

 * Dates :	1945 – 1948
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Refer :	BA/BMA Issues

Malaya (Japanese Occupation)

 * Dates :	1942 – 1945
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Refer :	Japanese Occupation Issues

Malaya (Thai Occupation)

 * Dates :	1943 – 1945
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Refer :	Thailand

Malayan Federation

 * Dates :	1957 – 1963
 * Capital :	Kuala Lumpur
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Refer :	Malaysia

Malayan Postal Union

 * Dates :	1936 – 1968
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Refer :	Malaysia

Malaysia

 * Dates :	1963 –
 * Capital :	Kuala Lumpur
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Includes :	Malayan Federation;
 * Malayan Postal Union

 * See also :	Federated Malay States;
 * Johore;
 * Kedah;
 * Kelantan;
 * Malacca;
 * Negri Sembilan;
 * Pahang;
 * Penang;
 * Perak;
 * Perlis;
 * Sabah;
 * Sarawak;
 * Selangor;
 * Sungei Ujong;
 * Trengganu

Maldive Islands

 * Dates :	1906 –
 * Capital :	Malé
 * Currency :	(1906) 100 cents = 1 rupee
 * (1951) 100 laaris = 1 rupee

 * Main Article Needed :

Mali Federation

 * Dates :	1959 – 1960
 * Capital :	Bamako
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	French West Africa;
 * Mali Republic;
 * Senegal

Mali Republic

 * Dates :	1960 –
 * Capital :	Bamako
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	French West Africa;
 * Mali Federation

Malta

 * Dates :	1860 –
 * Capital :	Valletta
 * Currency :	(1860) 12 pence = 1 shilling; 20 shillings = 1 pound
 * (1972) 10 mils = 1 cent; 100 cents = 1 pound
 * (2008) 100 cents = 1 euro

 * Main Article: Postage stamps and postal history of Malta

Malmedy

 * Refer :	Eupen & Malmedy (Belgian Occupation)

Man

 * Refer :	Isle of Man

Manama

 * Refer :	Ajman

Manchukuo

 * Dates :	1932 – 1945
 * Capital :	Harbin
 * Currency :	100 fen = 1 yuan

 * Main Article Needed :

Manchuria

 * Refer :	Chinese Provinces;
 * CPR Regional Issues;
 * Manchukuo

Mariana Islands (Marianen)

 * Dates :	1899 – 1914
 * Capital :	Saipan
 * Currency :	100 pfennige = 1 mark

 * Refer :	German Colonies

 * See also :	Spanish Marianas

Marianas Espanolas

 * Refer :	Spanish Marianas

Marianen

 * Refer :	Mariana Islands

Marienwerder

 * Dates :	1920 only
 * Currency :	100 pfennige = 1 mark

 * Refer :	Plebiscite Issues

Maroc

 * Refer :	French Morocco

Marruecos

 * Refer :	Spanish Morocco

Marschall–Inseln

 * Refer :	Marshall Islands (German Colony)

Marshall Inseln

 * Refer :	Marshall Islands (German Colony)

Marshall Islands

 * Dates :	1984 –
 * Capital :	Majuro
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Main Article Needed :

Marshall Islands (German Colony)

 * Dates :	1897 – 1916
 * Capital :	Majuro
 * Currency :	100 pfennige = 1 Reichsmark

 * Refer :	German Colonies

Martinique

 * Dates :	1886 – 1947
 * Capital :	Fort-de-France
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Main Article Needed :

Mauritania

 * Dates :	1960 –
 * Capital :	Nouakchott
 * Currency :	(1960) 100 centimes = 1 franc
 * (1973) 100 cents = 1 ouguiya (um)

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Mauritania (French Colony)

 * See also :	French West Africa

Mauritania (French Colony)

 * Dates :	1906 – 1944
 * Capital :	Port Etienne
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Refer :	Mauritania

Mauritius

 * Dates :	1847 –
 * Capital :	Port Louis
 * Currency :	(1847) 12 pence = 1 shilling; 20 shillings = 1 pound
 * (1878) 100 cents = 1 rupee

 * Main Article Needed :

Mayotte

 * Dates :	1892 – 1914
 * Capital :	Dzaoudzi
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc (French)

 * Refer :	Madagascar & Dependencies

 * Main article :
 * Postage stamps and postal history of Mayotte


text:
Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Me–Mz)

Each "article" in this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order. The entries are formulated on the micro model and so provide summary information about all known issuers.

See the Category:Compendium of postage stamp issuers page for details of the project.

Mecklenburg-Schwerin

 * Dates :	1856–1868
 * Capital :	Schwerin
 * Currency :	48 schillings = 1 thaler

 * Refer :	German States

Mecklenburg-Strelitz

 * Dates :	1864–1868
 * Capital :	Strelitz
 * Currency :	30 silbergroschen = 1 thaler

 * Refer :	German States

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Russian Zone)

 * Dates :	1945–1946
 * Capital :	Schwerin
 * Currency :	100 pfennige = 1 mark

 * Refer :	Germany (Allied Occupation)

MEF

 * Refer :	Middle East Forces (MEF)

Melaka

 * Refer :	Malacca

Memel (French Administration)

 * Dates :	1920–1923
 * Currency :	100 pfennige = 1 mark

 * Refer :	French Occupation Issues

Memel (Lithuanian Occupation)

 * Refer :	Klaipėda

Mengkiang (Japanese Occupation)

 * Dates :	1942–1945
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Refer :	Japanese Occupation Issues

Mengtse

 * Refer :	Mong-Tseu (Indochinese Post Offices)

Mesopotamia

 * Refer :	Mosul (Indian Forces)

Metelin

 * Refer :	Mytilene (Russian Post Office)

Mexico

 * Dates :	1856 –
 * Capital :	Mexico City
 * Currency :	8 reales = 100 centavos = 1 peso

Micronesia, Federated States of

 * Dates :	1984 –
 * Capital :     Palikir
 * Currency :	100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Main Article : Postage stamps and postal history of the Federated States of Micronesia

Middle Congo

 * Dates :	1907–1937
 * Capital :	Brazzaville
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	Congo Republic;
 * French Congo;
 * French Equatorial Africa

Middle East Forces (MEF)

 * Dates :	1942–1947
 * Currency : 	12 pence = 1 shilling; 20 shillings = 1 pound

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	BA/BMA Issues;
 * British Occupation Issues;
 * Egypt (British Forces)

Midway Islands

 * Refer :	United States of America (USA)

Modena

 * Dates :	1852–1860
 * Capital :	Modena
 * Currency :	100 centesimi = 1 lira

 * Refer :	Italian States

Moheli

 * Dates :	1906–1914
 * Capital :
 * Currency :	100 centimes = 1 franc

 * Refer :	Madagascar & Dependencies

Moldavia

 * Dates :	1858–1862
 * Capital :	Iași
 * Currency :	40 parale = 1 piastre

 * Refer :	Romania

Moldo-Wallachia

 * Dates :	1862–1865
 * Capital :	Bucharest
 * Currency :	40 parale = 1 piastre

 * Refer :	Romania

Moldova

 * Dates :	1991 –
 * Capital :	Kishinev
 * Currency :	(1991) 100 kopecks = 1 Russian ruble
 * (1993) kupon (temporary currency)
 * (1993) 100 bani = 1 leu

 * Main Article Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova

 * See also :	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Moluccas

 * Refer :	Japanese Naval Control Area

Monaco

 * Dates :	1885 –
 * Capital :	Monte Carlo
 * Currency :	(1885) 100 centimes = 1 franc
 * (2002) 100 cent = 1 euro

 * Main Article Needed :

Mongolia

 * Dates :	1924 –
 * Capital :	Ulan Bator
 * Currency :	(1924) 100 cents = 1 Mongolian dollar
 * (1926) 100 möngö = 1 Mongolian tögrög

 * Main Article Needed :

Mong-Tseu (Indochinese Post Office)

 * Dates :	1903–1922
 * Currency :	(1903) 100 centimes = 1 franc
 * (1919) 100 cents = 1 piastre

 * Refer :	China (Indochinese Post Offices)

Mongtze

 * Refer :	Mong-Tseu (Indochinese Post Offices)

Mont-Athos

 * Refer :	Mount Athos (Russian Post Office)

Montenegro

 * Dates :	1874–1918; 2006 –
 * Capital :	Podgorica
 * Currency :	(1874) 100 novcic = 1 florin
 * (1902) 100 heller = 1 krone
 * (1907) 100 para = 1 krone (note: in 1910 only, krone were called perper)
 * (2006) 100 cent = 1 euro

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Montenegro (Yugoslav Regional Issues)

 * See also :	Yugoslavia

Montenegro (Austrian Occupation)

 * Dates :	1917 only
 * Currency :	100 heller = 1 krone

 * Refer :	Austro–Hungarian Military Post

Montenegro (German Occupation)

 * Dates :	1943–1945
 * Currency :	(1943) 100 centesimi = 1 lira
 * (1944) 100 pfennige = 1 mark

 * Refer :	German Occupation Issues (WW2)

Montenegro (Italian Occupation)

 * Dates :	1941–1943
 * Currency :	(1941) 100 paras = 1 dinar
 * (1941) 100 centesimi = 1 lira

 * Refer :	Italian Occupation Issues

Montenegro (Yugoslav Regional Issues)

 * Dates :	1945 only
 * Capital :	Titograd (Podgorica)
 * Currency :	100 centesimi = 1 lira

 * Refer :	Montenegro

Montserrat

 * Dates :	1876 –
 * Capital :	Plymouth
 * Currency : 	(1876) 12 pence = 1 shilling; 20 shillings = 1 pound
 * (1951) 100 cents = 1 dollar

 * Main Article Needed :

Morocco

 * Dates :	1956 –
 * Capital :	Rabat
 * Currency :	(1956) 100 centimos = 1 peseta (Northern Zone)
 * (1956) 100 centimes = 1 franc (Southern Zone)
 * (1958) 100 centimes = 1 franc (whole country)
 * (1962) 100 francs = 1 dirham

 * Includes :	Northern Zone, Morocco;
 * Sherifian Post;
 * Southern Zone, Morocco

Morocco Agencies

 * Dates :	1898–1957
 * Currency :	British, French and Spanish all used

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	Tangier

Morocco (British Post Offices)

 * Refer :	Morocco Agencies

Morocco (French Post Offices)

 * Dates :	1862–1914
 * Currency : 	100 centimos = 1 peseta

 * Refer :	French Post Offices Abroad

Morocco (German Post Offices)

 * Dates :	1899–1917
 * Currency : 	100 centimos = 1 peseta

 * Refer :	German Post Offices Abroad

Morocco (Spanish Post Offices)

 * Dates :	1903–1914
 * Currency : 	100 centimos = 1 peseta

 * Refer :	Spanish Post Offices Abroad

Morvi

 * Dates :	1931–1948
 * Currency :	12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	Indian Native States

Mosul (Indian Forces)

 * Dates :	1919 only
 * Currency :	12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	Indian Overseas Forces

Mount Athos (Russian Post Office)

 * Dates :	1909–1914
 * Currency : 	40 paras = 1 piastre

 * Refer :	Russian Post Offices in the Turkish Empire

Moyen Congo

 * Refer :	Middle Congo

Mozambique

 * Dates :	1876 –
 * Capital :	Maputo (formerly Lourenço Marques)
 * Currency :	(1876) 1000 reis = 1 milreis
 * (1913) 100 centavos = 1 escudo
 * (1980) 100 centavos = 1 metical

 * Main Article Needed :

 * See also :	Africa (Portuguese Colonies)

Mozambique Company

 * Dates :	1892–1942
 * Currency :	(1892) 1000 reis = 1 milreis
 * (1913) 100 centavos = 1 escudo

 * Main Article Needed :

Mozambique Territories

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Inhambane;
 * Kionga;
 * Lourenço Marques;
 * Quelimane;
 * Tete;
 * Zambezia

Muscat

 * Dates :	1944–1948
 * Capital :	Muscat
 * Currency : 	12 pies = 1 anna, 16 annas = 1 rupee

 * Refer :	Muscat & Oman

 * See also :	British Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia;
 * Oman

Muscat & Oman

 * Dates :	1966–1970
 * Capital :	Muscat
 * Currency : 	(1966) 64 baizas = 1 rupee;
 * (1970) 1000 baizas = 1 rial saidi

 * Main Article Needed :

 * Includes :	Muscat

 * See also :	British Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia;
 * Oman

Mustique

 * Refer :	Grenadines of St Vincent

Mutawakelite Kingdom

 * Refer :	Yemen (Mutawakelite Kingdom)

Myanmar

 * Refer :	Burma

Mytilene (Russian Post Office)

 * Dates :	1909–1914
 * Currency :	40 paras = 1 piastre

 * Refer :	Russian Post Offices in the Turkish Empire


text:
Builder

Builder may refer to:

 * Construction worker, who specializes in building work
 * Carpenter, a skilled craftsman who works with wood
 * General contractor, that specializes in building work
 * Subcontractor
 * Builder (detergent), a component of modern detergents
 * Bob the Builder, a British preschool animated television programme
 * Real estate developer, who causes buildings to be constructed
 * Builder (hockey), in ice hockey, manages or builds the game
 * Builder (United States Navy), U.S. Navy Rating
 * Builder pattern, an object-oriented design pattern
 * Interactive Scenario Builder, an RF Tactical Decision Aid often referred to as Builder
 * Build engineer, a software engineer specializing in builds (versions) of large software products

Names

 * Builders (film), a 1942 British propaganda film
 * The Builder (film), 2010 film
 * The Builder, British magazine now known as Building
 * Builder, American magazine published by Zonda Home
 * "The Builder" (short story), a 1953 short story by Philip K. Dick
 * "The Builders", an episode in the 1970s British television comedy Fawlty Towers
 * The Institute of Builders, British professional society
 * Builders, international music group also known as The Bilders, Bilderbergers and Bilderine

title: Builder


text:
Category:Commodore 64

This category contains articles related to the Commodore 64 and compatible computers (e.g. the Commodore 128).

title: Category:Commodore 64


text:
H.324

H.324 is an ITU-T recommendation for voice, video and data transmission over regular analog phone lines. It uses a regular 33,600 bit/s modem for transmission, the H.263 codec for video encoding and G.723.1 for audio.

H.324 standard is formally known as Terminal for low bit-rate multimedia communication. H.324 covers the technical requirements for very low bit-rate multimedia telephone terminals operating over the General Switched Telephone Network (GSTN). H.324 terminals provide real-time video, audio, or data, or any combination, between two multimedia telephone terminals over a GSTN voice band network connection.

H.324 terminals offering audio communication shall support the G.723.1 audio codec. H.324 terminals offering video communication shall support the H.263 and H.261 video codecs. G.722.1 may be used for wideband audio applications. Annex G of H.324 specification defines usage of ISO/IEC 14496-1 (MPEG-4 Systems) generic capabilities in H.324 terminals. H.324/I terminals shall support interoperation with voice telephones using G.711 speech coding, if the connected network supports transmission and reception of G.711. Other modes such as G.722 audio may optionally be supported as well.

H.324 was adapted by 3GPP to form 3G-324M.

It is for example used in the Vialta Beamer BM-80 Phone Video Station, the MINX system from Datapoint Corporation, and in several other videophones.

title: H.324


text:
Middle Irish

Middle Irish, also called Middle Gaelic (An Mheán-Ghaeilge, Meadhan-Ghàidhlig), is the Goidelic language which was spoken in Ireland, most of Scotland and the Isle of Man from c. 900–1200 AD; it is therefore a contemporary of late Old English and early Middle English. The modern Goidelic languages—Modern Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx Gaelic—are all descendants of Middle Irish.

Grammar
Middle Irish is a fusional, VSO, nominative-accusative language, and makes frequent use of lenition.

Nouns decline for two genders: masculine and feminine, though traces of neuter declension persist; three numbers: singular, dual, plural; and five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, prepositional, vocative. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and case.

Verbs conjugate for three tenses: past, present, future; four moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; independent and dependent forms. Verbs conjugate for three persons and an impersonal, agentless form (agent). There are a number of preverbal particles marking the negative, interrogative, subjunctive, relative clauses, etc.

Prepositions inflect for person and number. Different prepositions govern different cases, depending on intended semantics.

Poem on Eogan Bél
The following is an untitled poem in Middle Irish about Eógan Bél, King of Connacht.

title: Middle Irish