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Terror Train

Terror Train is a 1980 slasher film directed by Roger Spottiswoode — in his directorial debut — written by Thomas Y. Drake, and starring Jamie Lee Curtis, Ben Johnson, and Hart Bochner. The film follows a group of pre-medical school students holding a New Year's Eve costume party on a moving train who are targeted by a killer who dons their costumes. It features supporting performances from Sandee Currie, Anthony Sherwood, and David Copperfield.

The concept for the film was based on an idea by executive producer Daniel Grodnik, who sought to "make Halloween on a train". A full-length script for the film was composed by T. Y. Drake, and production began within four months. The film was shot in Montreal between late November and late December 1979, shortly after Curtis had completed filming for Prom Night (1980). Terror Train had to have a primarily Canadian cast and crew to qualify for a tax credit.

An independently produced film, Terror Train was purchased for distribution by the major studio 20th Century Fox, which had yet to release a slasher film; the studio spent an estimated $5 million on an expansive marketing campaign for the film. It was released theatrically in the United States on October 3, 1980, grossing $8 million during its theatrical run. The film's gross disappointed 20th Century Fox, falling short of their expectations for $40–50 million. Writer David Grove attributed the movie's box office performance to an oversaturation of the slasher film market.

Terror Train garnered a mixed reception, with several reviewers considering it an above-average example of its subgenre. Critics noted the film's themes of revenge, illusion, and genderbending. Terror Train became a cult classic, inspiring a remake in 2022, which was followed by a sequel that same year.

Plot
At a Northern Illinois University fraternity's New Year's Eve party, a reluctant Alana Maxwell is coerced into participating in a prank: she lures the awkward and virginal pledge Kenny Hampson into a bedroom with the promise of sex. Kenny finds that the students have placed a woman's corpse that they stole from the medical school in bed. Kenny is traumatized by the prank and sent to a psychiatric hospital.

Three years later, the members of the same fraternities and sororities hold a New Year's Eve costume party aboard a train. They include Alana, class clown Ed; prank ringleader Doc; Jackson; Mitchy, Alana's best friend; and Alana's boyfriend Mo. Also aboard is a magician and his female assistant, hired to entertain the students.

Ed is murdered before boarding and the killer dons Ed's Groucho Marx mask, allowing him to board unnoticed. As the train journeys into the wilderness, the killer wanders amongst the students, who believe him to be Ed. In the sleeper bathroom, he murders Jackson. Train conductor Carne finds Jackson's body, still wearing his lizard costume. When Carne returns to the scene with brakeman Charlie, the killer has hidden Jackson's body and is now wearing the lizard costume; Charlie believes he's simply drunk.

The killer murders Mitchy in the compartment; Carne finds her corpse. During a magic show, Doc finds Mo dead. Subsequently, Carne and Charlie discover two of the crew members dead. They sequester the students into one car while the pullman porters find the corpse of another student. Carne pulls the train's emergency brake, throwing everyone off-balance onboard. As soon as the train comes to a halt, the porters escort the students off, many thinking this is one of Doc's stunts.

Suspecting that it might be Kenny, Alana tells Doc about her attempt to visit Kenny at the hospital, where she learns that he is disturbed and that he may have been involved in a murder. Doc seals himself in the sleeper car but is decapitated. Alana believes the magician is Kenny in disguise.

The masked killer pursues her through the train. After finding the magician's dead body in his sword box, she realizes her theory is wrong and runs to inform Carne and Charlie. She instead finds Kenny, who is indeed the killer, dressed in Charlie's uniform after having killed him. Kenny reveals a blonde wig, and she realizes he has been posing in drag as the magician's female assistant the entire time.

Alana apologizes for the prank three years earlier, but Kenny refuses to accept it and forces Alana to kiss him. The kiss causes Kenny to relive his trauma from that prank, and he suffers another mental breakdown. Carne beats Kenny with a shovel, which leads to Kenny falling out of the train's open door to his death. His body lands in an icy river as the train roars off.

Conception
After Halloween (1978) grossed nearly $60 million, film producers wanted to exploit its success, leading to a horror movie boom in the following two years. Film critic Roger Ebert said horror movies made in the wake of Halloween tended to include attacks on young girls, knives, and blood. Producer Daniel Grodnik had the idea for the film's central narrative, which he had wanted to be "like Halloween on a train". He also drew inspiration from the comedy-thriller Silver Streak (1976), which was set on a train. He discussed the concept with his wife, who thought it sounded terrible. Grodnik then coined the title Terrible Train. Grodnik had been a friend of Halloween director John Carpenter and producer Debra Hill, both of whom gave him their blessing when he told them of his idea. Grodnik pitched the film to American producer Sandy Howard, who was impressed by the concept. Afterward, Grodnik wrote a twelve page version of the film's story.

The film was the first motion picture directed by Roger Spottiswoode (a former editor for Sam Peckinpah), Spottiswoode was hired to direct the film by Howard on the condition that he also edit it. Anne Henderson was later brought in to edit. Because it was made under a Canadian tax shelter, Daniel Grodnik was appointed executive producer, as he was legally unable to serve as a primary producer. The film became one of the first American-Canadian co-productions ever.

There was no stage show magician in the original script, but producer Howard was a fan of magic tricks and illusions, so a magician character was written in. Prior to pre-production, film's title changed from Terrible Train to Switchback  to Train to Terror to Terror Train.

Casting
Since the film was made under a Canadian tax shelter, nearly all of its cast and crew had to be Canadian. Grodnik sought Jamie Lee Curtis for the lead role of Alana Maxwell based on her performance in Halloween. After Halloween, Curtis auditioned for many films, but only received offers for horror parts. She didn't feel she was in a position to turn them down.

Curtis completed filming another slasher film, Paul Lynch's Prom Night (1980), which she filmed in Toronto, shortly before filming for Terror Train began. She felt Alana was similar to the character she played in Prom Night, but stronger and more sophisticated. Curtis hoped she could add depth to the character. She didn't see Terror Train as too derivative of Halloween and liked its train setting, though she preferred the title Switchback to the "gimmicky" Terror Train.

Veteran actor Ben Johnson was cast as Carne, the train conductor, whom Grodnik said was "amused" to have been in a horror film amongst such a young cast. He took the role out of fondness for Spottiswoode, whom he had worked with on The Getaway (1972), with the caveat that some vulgar words be removed from the film's script. The majority of the supporting cast was made of Canadian actors, including Hart Bochner, Sandee Currie and Anthony Sherwood. The film included a number of untrained actors, including Derek MacKinnon in the role of the villain, as well as illusionist David Copperfield as the Magician, and singer Vanity as one of the partygoers. Vanity was credited under the name D.D. Winters.

Howard, a fan of magic tricks, approached Copperfield to be in the film. By that point, Copperfield had appeared in two successful network television specials and wanted to begin an acting career. He agreed to be in Terror Train, though he was nervous to make his debut in a feature film. The casting of three mid-level celebrities—Curtis, Johnson, and Copperfield—was unheard of for a slasher movie of that time period.

MacKinnon, a local cross-dressing performer, was cast as Kenny, the movie's killer. He knew little about movies or Curtis when he tried out for the role, but his audition was welcome because of his background in drag. In his recollection, the actors were not told about the film's story or Curtis' involvement while they auditioned. During the audition, Spottiswoode called MacKinnon "a sissy" and "a fag" in order to anger him. When MacKinnon got angry, Spottiswoode was pleased, feeling that MacKinnon's anger displayed what was necessary for the role of Kenny. MacKinnon was not sure how to respond to that treatment, as he had never made a film before.

Set construction

To create the train for the film, the producers leased an actual Canadian Pacific Railway steam locomotive from the Steamtown Foundation in Bellows Falls, Vermont. The train's locomotive was renumbered from its original 1293 to #1881, and, along with five stainless-steel passenger cars, painted black with silver stripes. Afterwards, the Steamtown Foundation reverted the engine back to its original number 1293 and had it restored to a historic paint and letter scheme. Production designer, Glenn Bywdwell, crafted the interiors of the train in an Art Deco style. As of January 2021, Canadian Pacific Railway No. 1293 continues to be an "operable locomotive".

Filming
Principal photography for Terror Train mainly took place in and around Montreal, Quebec, Canada. To qualify for a tax credit, the movie had to be completed by the end of 1979. The shoot began on November 21, 1979, and was completed on December 23. The bulk of the film's train sequences were shot first, while the film's opening sequence was shot on December 22, the penultimate day of the shoot; filming of it took place at a real fraternity house belonging to McGill University. The final day of shooting (December 23) consisted of a small crew completing the footage of Kenny's body plummeting from the train into a frozen river below, which was shot on location in New Hampshire, United States. The stunt man was reportedly unable to withstand the freezing temperature of the water, leading art director Guy Comtois to play the part of the dead killer instead.

The interior train sequences posed numerous obstacles for the crew, specifically cinematographer John Alcott, who devised a unique method of lighting Terror Train given the limited space and scant natural lighting of the sets: he rewired the entire train and mounted individual dimmers on the exteriors of the carriage cars. Utilizing a variety of bulbs with different wattages, and controlling them with the external dimmers, Alcott could light the set in a very fast, efficient manner. At times, Alcott also used medical lights (pen torches) to hand light the actors' faces, as well as Christmas lights. To capture some of the film's footage, Alcott used a small lens he had previously used while shooting Barry Lyndon (1975). To achieve the rocking motion of a real train on film, a crew was appointed to push on each side of the stationary train car in order for the interior sequences to appear as though they were taking place on a moving train.

Taking a cue from director John Ford, Ben Johnson originally asked director Spottiswoode to give his character Carne less dialogue in Terror Train, rather than more. Curtis had the idea that Alana should kiss Kenny to add tenderness to the film: "All during filming, I was looking for ways to make my character more interesting but there weren't many opportunities because most of the film was about the action and the killer".

MacKinnon's involvement in the project was kept secret so as not to spoil the film's transsexual twist. To flesh out his character, MacKinnon came up with a backstory for Kenny where he killed his mother while backing out of his driveway. Spottiswoode had MacKinnon take boxing lessons so he would develop an angry and aggressive personality for Terror Train. MacKinnon butt heads with director Spottiswoode during the shoot, which Spottiswoode claimed was a result of his inexperience: "He wasn't an actor. He was a transvestite from the streets of Montreal, and he wasn't familiar with the concepts of a contract and showing up for work on time. In a strange way though he did a pretty good job. He was familiar with that world of cheap theater and was strangely effective".

Themes

The motivation for the villain in Terror Train, similar to other slasher films, is revenge. Ebert said the film contains a stock plot "in which a horrible event from several years ago causes terrible revenge during a gala event in the present." He said the movie's story resembled that of Prom Night. Paul Brener of AllMovie said Terror Train merely had the generic slasher film set-up.

Film scholar John Kenneth Muir notes, the film's central organizing principle is "magic, or the often undetectable gulf between reality and illusion.... In other words, characters live and die in Terror Train based, in large part, on how they perceive the reality or non-reality around them". Muir adds: "If the would-be victims can see through the illusion, they tend to survive. If they can't do so, they die. It's as simple that, but this approach makes Terror Train a more complex and layered film than the average slasher picture". Zachary Paul of Bloody Disgusting said Terror Train makes it clear from the beginning that Kenny is the killer. However, the film misleads the audience into thinking The Magician could be Kenny after achieving a more muscular physique. On the other hand, Ebert felt it is not initially clear whether the killer is Kenny or another one of the passengers.

In Dead Funny: The Humor of American Horror, David Gillota contextualized Terror Train as one of many horror films with "trans-coded or cross-dressing" monsters. Gillota cites The Devil-Doll (1936), Psycho (1960), Homicidal (1961), The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), Dressed to Kill (1980), Sleepaway Camp (1983), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), and Insidious: Chapter 2 (2013) as other examples. Gillota said all these films could be interpreted as transphobic. He wrote, "[T]he image of a knife-wielding gender nonconformist (usually a man in a wig and a dress) is remarkably common in horror and may simply reinforce the widespread demonization of transgender individuals." Gillota said films with this trope usually predate conversations about transgender identity becoming widespread and mainstream. Paul of Bloody Disgusting said the twist from Psycho inspired other horror films with genderfuck reveals. He criticized Terror Train and similar films for equating queerness with derangement but noted the makers of these films didn't intend to offend anyone. Paul added gender reveal twists in slasher films are likely going out of style, and that's a good thing.

In Jamie Lee Curtis: Scream Queen, David Grove connected Terror Train "transsexual theme" to contemporary tabloid rumours that Curtis was an intersex individual born with male and female genitalia. Grove said the rumor originated from Curtis' tomboyish nature. Grove argues that Curtis' character displays a masculine sexuality following her kiss with Kenny, after which she acts like a savage animal concerned only with survival.

Release
The film was purchased for theatrical release in the United States by 20th Century Fox, who had recently garnered attention with the release of Star Wars (1977). The studio spent an estimated $5 million on an advertising campaign for the film, which would be their only foray into the slasher film sub-genre during its peak years. The campaign included billboards and trade advertisements, as well as several posters: the first one-sheet featured the killer dressed in the Groucho Marx mask, brandishing a knife; a second one-sheet emphasized the film's college youth setting, including the same image of the killer with a bonfire and a train in the foreground. Regarding the movie's release, Howard told Variety "I think we will just about slip in before the market becomes too saturated." Three of Curtis' horror films were released in 1980: Terror Train, Prom Night, and The Fog.

Home media
The film was first released on VHS home video in 1988 by CBS/Fox Video. The film was released twice on DVD by 20th Century Fox; once on September 7, 2004, as a single edition release and again on September 9, 2008, in a triple pack alongside Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh (1995) and The Fog.

Shout! Factory released a collector's edition Blu-ray and DVD combo-pack under their Scream Factory label on October 16, 2012. Scorpion Releasing released a new limited edition Blu-ray edition on July 22, 2019, exclusively through Ronin Flix. Scorpion released a general retail Blu-ray edition of the film on April 7, 2020, in association with Kino Lorber.

In the UK, 88 Films released a limited-edition Blu-ray on November 4, 2019, with a new HD transfer plus extra bonus content.

Box office
Terror Train opened in the United States on October 3, 1980, and grossed an estimated $8 million at the box office on a budget of $3.5 million. 20th Century Fox executives noted that the slasher film Friday the 13th (1980) had become a blockbuster. After Friday the 13th grossed $39.7 million, the executives expected Terror Train to gross between $40 million and $50 million. When the film failed to do so, 20th Century Fox considered it a huge failure. It released in Canada on October 10, 1980. Grove wrote that the slasher film market was oversaturated in 1980 and 1981, with the release of Terror Train, Friday the 13th, Prom Night, New Year's Evil (1980), Maniac (1980), Mother's Day (1980), He Knows You're Alone (1980), Funeral Home (1980), Graduation Day (1981), Hell Night (1981), My Bloody Valentine (1981), Night School (1981), Student Bodies (1981), and The Burning (1981). Only the grosses of Friday the 13th and Prom Night would live up to industry expectations. According to Ebert, the success of Porky's (1981) caused Hollywood to pivot from teen slasher films to teen sex movies.

Contemporary
Variety deemed the film "competent" in a mildly positive review, while Ebert gave the film one out of four stars, writing: "The classic horror films of the 1930s appealed to the intelligence of its audiences, to their sense of humor and irony. Movies like Terror Train, and all of its sordid predecessors and its rip-offs still to come, just don't care. They're a series of sensations, strung together on a plot. Any plot will do. Just don't forget the knife, and the girl, and the blood". However, he conceded that "it's not a rock-bottom-budget, schlock exploitation film". Ed Blank of the Pittsburgh Press criticized the film for its lack of characterization, saying the movie was not as good as its "neat" title.

A review in the Los Angeles Times praised the film's atmosphere and characterized it as scary. Richard Corliss of Time also praised the film's style, calling it "sleek and eerie". Bill Kelley of the Fort Lauderdale News was critical of the film's illogical plot developments and clichés, but ultimately deemed it "a respectable (if that's the word) exploitation movie". Jacqi Tully of the Arizona Daily Star wrote a similarly favourable review of the film, praising it for its pacing, setting, performances, and Copperfield's magic tricks. Writing for the Statesman Journal, Ron Cowan commended the cinematography and noted that although the film started poorly, it had some thrills near its end.

At the 8th Saturn Awards, Terror Train was nominated for Best International Film, losing to Scanners (1981), while Curtis was nominated for Best Actress, losing to Angie Dickinson for Dressed to Kill. At the 2nd Genie Awards, Terror Train was nominated for Best Achievement in Art Direction (Glenn Bydwell), Best Achievement in Overall Sound (David Appleby and Bo Harwood), and Best Music Score (John Mills-Cockell).

Retrospective

Rolling Stone dismissed the film but singled out its cast and crew, noting the "marquee talent" of Copperfield, Johnson, Spottiswoode, Alcott, and Vanity, each of whom "went on to better things." AllMovie praised Alcott's cinematography, but concluded Terror Train is middling and only of interest to devoted slasher films fans, while Time Out London said it was better than other films of its type. A review in Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide concurred, claiming that the "stylish photography and the novelty of the killer donning the costume of each successive victim lift this slightly above most in this disreputable genre," granting the film two out of four stars.

Paul Lê of Bloody Disgusting wrote Terror Train is an imperfect film with dull murder sequences. However, he felt the film's strengths outweighed its flaws, praising Copperfield's role. Film scholar Adam Rockoff praised the film for being stylish and atmospheric. Horror fiction scholar John Kenneth Muir also praised the film in his book Horror Films of the 1980s: "The thrill of a picture like Terror Train is the shrewd manner in which it plays against audience expectations; the sense that the slasher film paradigm gives it parameters which it can then undercut, subvert, and if needs be, violate". Zachary Paul of Bloody Disgusting said Terror Train is not as acclaimed as other slasher films starring Curtis, but deemed it a personal favourite. Paul praised the film's suspenseful third act and twist ending, adding that slasher fans should seek out the movie. Patrick Fogerty of Collider deemed Terror Train the most fun and subversive 1980s teen slasher movie. He praised it for having intelligent characters, as well as the racially diverse casting of Sherwood and Vanity. Terror Train is considered a cult classic.

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Terror Train holds a 44% approval rating based on 16 critic reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10.

Remake
The film Train (2008) started as a remake of Terror Train before evolving into an original project. Train is also a horror film set on a train and it stars Thora Birch. Paul Lê of Bloody Disgusting notes many older slasher films got remade in the 2000s, but Terror Train was not one of them.

A remake of Terror Train, set on Halloween, was produced by Tubi and Canadian company Incendo Productions. It was also shot in Montreal and was released on Tubi's streaming platform on October 21, 2022. The film was produced by Graham Ludlow and Kaleigh Kavanagh, directed by Philippe Gagnon, and written by Ian Carpenter and Aaron Martin. Included in the cast are Robyn Alomar as Alana, Tim Rozon as the magician, and Mary Walsh as Carne. According to Lê of Bloody Disgusting, Terror Train (2022) is very faithful to the original film, reusing many of the same situations, costumes, and character names, though the later film is more violent. The remake debuted at No. 1 on Tubi and became the platform's most popular title on Halloween 2022. The remake scored 8% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 12 reviews. Lê felt Terror Train (2022) is suitable only for audiences unfamiliar with the original. The sequel, Terror Train 2, was released on December 31, 2022, also on Tubi. The sequel revolves around characters from Terror Train (2022) having to survive another ride on the same locomotive. Terror Train 2 was also directed by Gagnon and also stars Alomar.

title: Terror Train


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Talk:Donald Duck in comics

Untitled
This article used to be part of Donald Duck. I moved it here because that page had grown to more than the recommended page size for a Wikipedia article. I first proposed the move on Talk:Donald Duck, and there were no objections. This information now appears in summary format on the main Donald Duck page. BrianSmithson 15:02, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

How about moving the Carl Barks quotes to wikiquote? That's what it's for, isn't it?

Donald Ducks car?
I have thought like my whole life that Donald Ducks car is Fiat Topolino or Fiat 500 as it goes these days. This article has no links to confirm that "313" is indeed a Belchfire Runabout which inspider Taliaferro. --Dekonegawa (talk) 23:52, 21 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Fiat 500 was created in 1957 according to the Wikipedia article, decades after it first appeared in the strip. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 15:25, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

The Fiat 500 also known as Fiat Topolino is not the Fiat 500 created in 1957. It is a different car and was created in 1930s and produced between 1936 and 1955. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.250.91.186 (talk) 12:26, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Donald Duck1.gif
The image Image:Donald Duck1.gif is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

The following images also have this problem:

 * Image:Paperinik.jpg

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --02:33, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

PKNA
The section about Paperinik seems to only mention PKNA in passing, looking like the main focus was on some American video game. It should be changed to focus on the PKNA comics first and the video game second. J I P | Talk 19:33, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

"It is said," "It is considered," "Some say," "It is believed.." and quotations from people
First, let me say that I really like Donald Duck comics. I read them as a child, and recently found some in the attic and greatly enjoyed re-reading them.But this article is full of unreferenced opinions of the sort listed in the header, and I have tagged many of them. Who holds all these opinions? What reliable source has published reviews of the comics and stated these things? Are they from some "Big reference book by a university press," are they from a big reprint book of the comics (in which they should be credited to the editor of the reprint book), or are they from some Disney website, in which case they should still be credited, or are they the original research or opinions of some Wikipedia editor? If the latter, then they may not remain in the article, since they fail verification. It may be clear to some editor that Donald's car is modelled after a particular real world car, or that some comic was the best one, but others may disagree. This is an encyclopedia and not someone's personal website or blog. Only statements referenced to reliable sources should be in the article, except for things that are unarguably referenced by the original work of fiction. If all those opinions came from some uncited reliable source, then it is basically plagiarism to put them in the article without attribution, and the original author.must be credited. If they sprang into the mind of a Wikipedia editor as he read an old comic book, then they must be removed as original research. Quotations from Barks or others require citations, or someone could add "Barks said 'I like pie!!' " and it would be as well referenced as any other quotation. Edison (talk) 04:08, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

Funny thing in a DD comic
Some sound comes from the forest and then one say "What was that" the other "Probably just a small animal that ran by in the forest", then there's a much louder sound in the forest, and he says " now what was that?" and the other "probably just a small animal that ran by in the forest". But i'm virtually sure that it is not the same person that asks and responds both times, makes sense if it's the other way around. Only funny that way, i think. Can we add this to the article? Which Donald Duck comic was it featured in?--78.156.109.166 (talk) 20:14, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

Split proposed
The section "Paperinik (Duck Avenger)" should be split into its own article Paperinik. The character Paperinik / Duck Avenger is clearly notable as being the first and most famous superhero in the Donald Duck comics. "Paperinik" has thirty-nine incoming links, "Duck Avenger" has five. WikiData has a link to Paperinik in sixteen different languages, of which only two are sections instead of independent articles: English and German. J I P | Talk 20:54, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree completely; Paperinik is definitely a notable subject on its own. I've got a couple of independent reliable sources that can verify facts in the article, and demonstrate notability -- Alberto Becattini's Disney Comics: The Whole Story and I Disney Italiani. If you know of other print sources that talk about Paperinik, it would be great to have those before we make the new article. — Toughpigs (talk) 21:26, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

 * This paper will also be a helpful resource. — Toughpigs (talk) 21:31, 28 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Support as well. Character is widely known in Europe.★Trekker (talk) 22:11, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

 * If you need any help with it, within the limits of my little free time, I can lend a hand with the split - since I've also seen that the whole part about Paperinik/PK/Duck Avenger was removed before the new dedicated page was done. - DrNig (talk) 15:32, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

I have now finally split the article. See the article Paperinik for results. J I P | Talk 15:28, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Donald Duck in comics


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KDCA

KDCA may refer to:

 * Kadazandusun Cultural Association, an association of the indigenous ethnic groups of Sabah, Malaysia
 * Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (ICAO: KDCA), an airport in Virginia, United States
 * Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency

title: KDCA


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Talk:Tommy Salo

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Forsberg wouldn't have his stamp if Salo had failed.

And Salo wasn't the only one who failed against Belarus.

NPOV requires all sides, not just the popular ones.

Hdw 22:14, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

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I did a slight adjustment about his last name.. There's no real need to explain the nature of the name "Salo".. In Sweden, finnish names are very common, and also the other way around, with swedish names in Finland.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.233.187.222 (talk) 23:16, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

Tommy Salo International History.
Hey Please add that Tommy salo Was in IHFF World Championship 2003 then on his International History okey thanks. Joel — Preceding unsigned comment added by JOEL-5 (talk • contribs) 01:41, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tommy Salo


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User talk:Flomo~enwiki

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text: User:IslandGyrl/Test page 2

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Ivy Jo Hunter

George Ivy Hunter (August 28, 1940 – October 6, 2022), known as Ivy Jo Hunter, was an American R&B songwriter, record producer and singer, most associated with his work for Motown in the 1960s.

Life and career
Raised in Detroit, Michigan, Hunter was trained in orchestral music — primarily trumpet and keyboards. After a stint in the United States Army, Hunter began performing as a singer in the proto-soul venues around Detroit, where he became friends with songwriter Hank Cosby. Cosby introduced him to Motown's first A&R man, William "Mickey" Stevenson. Hunter played keyboards on Motown sessions before Stevenson began working with him as a songwriter. He became a principal in the Motown Records house band, and began to write some of the most significant hits of the early Motown years.

Hunter's songs included The Spinners' "Truly Yours" and "Sweet Thing"; The Temptations' "Sorry Is a Sorry Word"; The Isley Brothers' "Behind a Painted Smile" and "My Love Is Your Love (Forever)"; and "Ask the Lonely" and "Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever" for the Four Tops. With Marvin Gaye and Stevenson, he co-wrote the Martha and the Vandellas hit "Dancing in the Street" which, in the fall of 1964, provided an American counterpart to the British Invasion. Hunter also produced and wrote songs for Motown artists like The Velvelettes (their single "That's a Funny Way"), The Contours (their 1964 hit, "Can You Jerk Like Me"), The Marvelettes (their hits "Danger Heartbreak Dead Ahead" and "I'll Keep Holding On"), Gladys Knight & the Pips (the album track "The Stranger") and Gaye, for whom he produced the Top 40 hit single "You" in 1968.

Hunter continued to write, produce, serve as session musician, and perform. As a vocalist he recorded a great deal of material with Motown during the 1960s, including demos of his own compositions, but nothing was released until 1970, when Motown issued an Ivy Jo single on their soon to be discontinued VIP label entitled "I Remember When (Dedicated to Beverly)". The following year another single on VIP was issued entitled "I'd Still Love You". An album was also planned with the title Ivy Jo is in this Bag, but was shelved. Shortly after this he left Motown.

In 1970, he contributed to Funkadelic's "Mommy, What's A Funkadelic?" on that band's eponymous first album. He also co-produced an album for Wee Gee (William Howard), the former lead singer of The Dramatics, which included the hit "Hold On (To Your Dream)", which has become a favorite in graduation ceremonies. In 2009, he took part in celebrations to mark Motown's 50th anniversary.

Hunter died on October 6, 2022, at the age of 82.

title: Ivy Jo Hunter


text:
William Edwards

William Edwards may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * William Edwards (architect) (1719–1789), Welsh architect of the Pontypridd bridge in south Wales
 * William Camden Edwards (1777–1855), Welsh engraver
 * William Augustus Edwards (1866–1939), American architect in Atlanta
 * William Albert Edwards (1888–1976), American architect in Santa Barbara, California
 * William John Edwards (1898–1978), Welsh singer
 * William J. Edwards (architect) (fl. 1907), American architect, designed the Washington School (Grand Forks, North Dakota)

Military

 * William Edwards (United States Navy officer) (c. 1790–1813), American navy officer.
 * William D. Edwards (1849–1903), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient.
 * William F.S. Edwards (1872-1941), decorated British brig. gen. 1st appointed soldier commissioned by the Crown to become Commissioner of Police in East Africa, including Uganda.
 * William Mordaunt Marsh Edwards (1855–1912), English army officer, awarded the Victoria Cross in the Sudan.

Politics and law

 * William Edwards (17th century MP) (fl. 1645), British politician, MP for the City of Chester
 * William P. Edwards (1835–1900), American lawyer, soldier, member-elect to the U.S. Congress from Georgia
 * William Henry Edwards (politician) (1857–1950), Canadian manufacturer and politician
 * William Edwards (Wisconsin politician) (1861–1944), American politician, Wisconsin state senator
 * Don Edwards (William Donlon Edwards, 1915–2015), U.S. Representative from California
 * Jack Edwards (American politician) (William Jackson Edwards, 1928–2019), U.S. Representative from Alabama
 * William Edwards (British politician) (1938–2007), British politician, MP for Merionethshire
 * W. Cary Edwards (William Cary Edwards, 1944–2010), American politician, Attorney General of New Jersey
 * W. Stuart Edwards, Canadian civil servant and lawyer

Sports

 * William Edwards (1831–1898), American harness racing pioneer
 * William Edwards (Kent cricketer) (1859–1947), English cricketer
 * William Edwards (Cornwall cricketer) (born 1938), English cricketer
 * William Edwards (rugby union) (born 1995), English rugby union and rugby sevens player

Others

 * William Edwards (inventor) (1770–1851), American inventor, grandson of Jonathan Edwards
 * William Frédéric Edwards (1777–1842), French physiologist, of Jamaican background
 * William Henry Edwards (1822–1909), American entomologist
 * William Cameron Edwards (1844–1921), Canadian businessman and parliamentarian
 * William Edwards (school inspector) (1851–1940), Welsh school inspector
 * William F. Edwards (1906–1989), American businessman, educator and professor at Brigham Young University
 * Willie Edwards (1932–1957), African American murdered by the Ku Klux Klan

title: William Edwards


text:
G-loading

G-loading may refer to:

 * The act of applying g-force to an object in physics.
 * General intelligence factor

title: G-loading


text:
Talk:Pierre Dagenais

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Pierre Dagenais. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110109010909/http://www.vif-hockey.no:80/nor/NYHETER/Vaalerenga-Ishockey-forsterker-troppen-med-NHL-rutine to http://www.vif-hockey.no/nor/NYHETER/Vaalerenga-Ishockey-forsterker-troppen-med-NHL-rutine

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 12:53, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pierre Dagenais


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bilgin Ali

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 17:11, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Bilgin Ali
nn vanity Groeck 15:05, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy Nonsense --Aranda56 21:44, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the Daddy. There is a Dr. Ali Bilgin at the University of Arizona with interests in imaging and communications. This makes me wonder if this is a subtle insult page. Maybe not, since editor was connected to an ip address in London. Doesn't matter; get rid of it anyway. --WCFrancis 22:52, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and block author.   Paul Klenk 23:20, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete- --Bhadani 14:14, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN, vanity, and nonsense.  How did this not get deleted earlier?  --A D Monroe III 13:01, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Frances Slocum

Spin
A five year old girl is abducted from her family along with another member of the household. A third is shot dead. Nevertheless;
 * "At a time when the region was a hotbed of constant warfare between the two groups, Tuck Horse’s humanity (my emphasis) toward the Slocum’s 5-year-old daughter contradicts the myth of local Indians as ruthless savages who preyed upon the Connecticut Yankees and Pennamites who settled on their land"

Does no-one else see spin here?

Almost all of this article was added Feb. 5, 2006 in one big chunk.
Since it is unreferenced, where did the one big chunk come from? Mattisse 16:24, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

4 or 5 years old
It says she was 4 when taken in the opening and then later says she was 5. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.20.220.61 (talk) 01:06, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frances Slocum


text:
Talk:Gumti

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 15:08, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gumti


text:
The Duchess of Duke Street

The Duchess of Duke Street is a BBC television drama series set in London between the late 19th century and 1925. It was created by John Hawkesworth, previously the producer of the ITV period drama Upstairs, Downstairs. It starred Gemma Jones as Louisa Leyton Trotter, the eponymous "Duchess" who works her way up from servant to renowned cook to proprietor of the upper-class Bentinck Hotel in Duke Street, St James's in London.

The story is loosely based on the real-life career of Rosa Lewis (née Ovenden), the "Duchess of Jermyn Street", who ran the Cavendish Hotel in London, at the corner of Duke St, St. James's. When the show first aired, there were many people who still remembered her, as she lived until 1952. According to census returns, she was born in Leyton, Essex, to a watchmaker. In the series, Louisa's family name is Leyton, and her father is a clockmaker.

The programme lasted for two series totalling 31 episodes, shown in 1976 and 1977. Shown later on PBS in the United States, it was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series in 1980. The theme music was composed by Alexander Faris.

Plot summary
Beautiful but low-born Louisa Leyton has one driving ambition: to become a great cook. She finds employment as a cook in the household of Lord Henry Norton. His handsome, wealthy, aristocratic nephew, Charlie Tyrrell, attempts to seduce her, but she rebuffs him. Louisa manages to convince Lord Norton's sexist French chef, Monsieur Alex, into accepting her as his apprentice.

When Louisa is unexpectedly called upon to prepare a dinner by herself, she catches the eye of the guest of honour, Edward, the Prince of Wales, who admires both her cooking and her appearance. After the dinner, Louisa is pressured into becoming Edward's mistress. Against her own wishes, she agrees to marry Lord Norton's head butler, Augustus "Gus" Trotter, to maintain the appearance of respectability and to protect the royal reputation. Gus and Louisa are given a house, and her involvement with the prince commences. In time, Edward's mother, Queen Victoria, dies. Edward assumes the throne as King Edward VII, causing him to end his relationship with Louisa.

Louisa's shaky marriage to Gus becomes strained, both from her affair with the prince and her great success as a private chef. In an effort to help him recover his pride, Louisa purchases the Bentinck Hotel and talks a reluctant Gus into managing it. Before long, abetted by his sister, he lets the authority go to his head. His arrogance alienates the staff and the guests. Once Louisa discovers that he has lavishly entertained his friends and driven away the guests, she throws both him and his meddling sister out. Then she discovers, to her horror, the mountain of bills he has left unpaid.

With only Mary, one of Lord Norton's servants, to assist her, she sets to work to pay the debts, taking any and all cooking jobs, however humble, but finally she collapses from overwork in the street very early one morning. Charlie Tyrrell is passing by (leaving a late-night assignation) and takes her back to the Bentinck. Once he learns of Louisa's financial woes, he convinces her to allow him to help her by becoming a silent partner in the hotel.

Louisa keeps one of the Bentinck's previous employees, the elderly head waiter Merriman, and hires the brisk, soldierly Starr, who is always accompanied by his dog Fred, as the porter. From her former employer, Louisa takes along her loyal Welsh assistant and friend Mary.

Rounding out the principal cast is Major Toby Smith-Barton, an upper-class, retired Army officer. The Major enjoys wagering on the horse races and ends up unable to pay his hotel bill. Reluctant to "toss him out on the street" and liking the man, Louisa allows him to stay on at the Bentinck as a greeter and general helping hand. He eventually becomes her friend and trusted advisor.

Charlie and Louisa eventually have a very passionate romance. Infatuated with Charlie, Louisa neglects both the hotel and her cooking. Recognising what is happening, the Major has a discreet word with Charlie. Knowing how much the establishment means to Louisa, Charlie leaves for an extended stay in America, giving her a chance to refocus on her business. Grief-stricken at first, Louisa eventually regains her balance and makes the Bentinck a great success, only to discover that she is pregnant. Eventually, Louisa secretly gives birth to a daughter, Lottie. Louisa accepts Charlie's suggestion that Lottie be discreetly adopted by a young couple who work on his estate. Later, Charlie and Louisa agree it is best they remain friends, not lovers.

Upon the death of his father, Charlie inherits the family fortune and the title of Lord Haslemere. With Louisa's approval, Charlie marries another woman. He tells Louisa that if his marriage has any hope of working, he will have to be away from her, and he gives up his suite at the Bentinck.

However, when Charlie's wife later dies, he and Louisa renew their relationship. They decide to postpone their wedding until the end of the First World War. However, Charlie dies of a head injury received while fighting. Louisa is grief-stricken, but gradually recovers.

Inadvertently, the now teenaged Lottie learns of her true parentage. Lottie accepts her mother's offer to take her to London. Louisa, not quite knowing what to do with her, eventually sends her to a Swiss finishing school to become a lady. When Lottie returns, she has her heart set on being a singer instead, much to Louisa's initial disapproval.

Louisa's parents occasionally make an appearance. She is on very good terms with her ineffectual, but loving father, but not with her critical, abrasively selfish mother. Late in the series, Louisa's father dies, but not before giving his modest savings to his granddaughter to help her pursue her singing career. Louisa becomes reconciled to Lottie's career choice.

Cast

 * Gemma Jones as Louisa Trotter (née Leyton)
 * Victoria Plucknett as Mary, a maid at the Bentinck
 * John Welsh as Merriman, the waiter at the Bentinck
 * John Cater as Starr, the hall porter at the Bentinck
 * Richard Vernon as Major Smith-Barton
 * Christopher Cazenove as Charles "Charlie" Tyrrell, later Lord Haslemere
 * Mary Healey as Mrs Cochrane, Louisa's head cook at the Bentinck
 * Doreen Mantle as Mrs Catchpole, Lord Henry Norton's housekeeper
 * Sammie Winmill as Ethel, a maid at the Bentinck
 * Holly De Jong as Violet, another maid at the Bentinck
 * Donald Burton as Augustus Trotter, Louisa's husband
 * June Brown as Mrs Violet Leyton, Louisa's mother
 * John Rapley as Mr Ernest Leyton, Louisa's father
 * Lalla Ward as Lottie, Louisa's daughter. Ward is only eight years and six months younger than Gemma Jones. Philippa Shackleton played Lottie as a child in one episode.
 * Bryan Coleman as Lord Henry Norton, Louisa's employer at the start of the first series
 * Christine Pollon as Aunt Gwyneth, Mary's aunt and occasional seamstress at the Bentinck
 * George Pravda as Monsieur Alex, cook at Lord Henry Norton's house
 * Roger Hammond as the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII
 * Martin Shaw as Arthur, Louisa's brother
 * Joanna David as Lady Haslemere

title: The Duchess of Duke Street


text:
Lee May

Lee Andrew May (March 23, 1943 – July 29, 2017) was an American professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a first baseman and designated hitter from 1965 to 1982 for the Cincinnati Reds, Houston Astros, Baltimore Orioles, and Kansas City Royals.

Nicknamed "The Big Bopper" for his power hitting, May produced at least 20 home runs and 80 runs batted in (RBI) for 11 consecutive seasons, and is one of only 11 major league players to have 100-RBI seasons for three different teams. He was a three-time All-Star player and was the American League (AL) RBI champion in 1976. May appeared in the postseason three times, including the 1970 World Series for the Reds and the 1979 World Series for the Orioles as well as the 1981 postseason with the Royals.

After his playing career, May spent several years as a hitting coach at the major league level for the Royals, Reds, Orioles and Tampa Bay Rays organizations. May was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame in 1998 and into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 2006. In 2009 he was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame. He was the older brother of former professional baseball player, Carlos May.

High school
May was a standout in both baseball and football at A.H. Parker High School in Birmingham. May played fullback on the varsity football team and was offered a scholarship at the University of Nebraska. However, the Cincinnati Reds organization was also interested in him, and the team signed May to an amateur free agent contract with a $12,000 bonus on June 1, 1961.

Minor league
May began his professional career in 1961 with the Tampa Tarpons in the Florida State League, a D-league affiliate of the Reds. He played two years in Tampa before moving up to the Rocky Mount Leafs in the Class A Carolina League. The following year he was again promoted, this time to the Macon Peaches in the Class AA Southern League. At all three stops, May, like many black players, endured racist taunts not only from an opposing team's white fans but from the fans of his own team as well. May hated his time in Macon, Georgia the most. Not only did he hear racist epithets, but he also had to avoid thrown bottles. May's emergence in 1964 allowed him to be promoted the following year to the San Diego Padres of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League. During his only season with the Padres, May was one of the best players in the league. He hit 34 home runs while driving in 103 runs and hitting .321. He was called up briefly to the Reds at the end of season but then moved to the Reds' new Class AAA International League team, the Buffalo Bisons in 1966. A solid AAA season at Buffalo led to his permanent major league promotion.

Cincinnati Reds 1965–71
May made his major league debut on September 1, 1965, as a pinch hitter against the Milwaukee Braves. On September 24, 1966 at Crosley Field in Cincinnati, he hit his first major league home run against Bob Shaw of the New York Mets. It turned out to be the game-winning homer. May broke camp as a full-time member of the Reds in 1967. That season, May was named NL Rookie of the Year by The Sporting News. He was also named to the Topps All-Star Rookie Team. The next two years saw much of the construction of the future The Big Red Machine. Along with Johnny Bench, Tony Pérez, and Pete Rose, May helped power arguably one of baseball's great offenses. In 1968, he hit 22 home runs and drove in 80 runs. Despite only walking 38 times and striking out 100 times, he still had an OPS of .805 which was remarkable during the Year of the Pitcher.

In 1969, he finished the year with 38 home runs, third in the National League. He also had 110 RBIs which was fourth in the league. May was also second in extra base hits, fourth in total bases, sixth in slugging percentage and sixth in doubles. Also in 1969, May had three consecutive multi-home run games, a feat that has only happened three other times in major league history.

Teammate Tommy Helms nicknamed May "The Big Bopper from Birmingham" which later was shortened to "The Big Bopper." During his time in Cincinnati, May was one of the clubhouse leaders for the Reds. With his pragmatic personality and comic sense of timing, manager Sparky Anderson often called on May to put out clubhouse fires.

In 1970, the Reds pounded nearly everyone into submission. Batting in the fifth slot, May delivered 94 runs batted in. On June 24, 1970, May hit the last home run in the history of Crosley Field during the park's final game. The game-winning shot came in the eighth inning off San Francisco Giants pitcher Juan Marichal.

May was the most productive member of the Big Red Machine in the 1970 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles. He batted .389 with two home runs, six runs scored which was tied with Boog Powell for Series high and eight RBI which was a five-game World Series record at the time. He also had the highest slugging percentage and on-base plus slugging (OPS) with .833 and 1.283 respectively. His three-run homer to left field off Eddie Watt's first pitch in the eighth inning of Game 4 led to the only Series victory for the Reds who avoided an Orioles' four-match sweep.

Although the Reds slumped in 1971, May continued to slug away, hitting 39 home runs (third in the NL) and driving in 98 RBIs (sixth in NL). Consequently, May was named the Reds MVP for the 1971 season.

Houston Astros 1972–74
With the Reds needing to shore up their infield defense and add speed on the basepaths and seeing Tony Pérez and May as essentially the same type of player (right-handed power hitters), the Reds sent May to the Houston Astros for future Hall of Famer Joe Morgan. The Astros, badly in need of power after finishing last in the NL in home runs in 1971, completed a trade with the Reds on November 29, 1971 that sent second baseman Morgan, pitcher Jack Billingham, infielder Denis Menke, outfielder César Gerónimo and minor leaguer Ed Armbrister for May, second baseman Tommy Helms and utility man Jimmy Stewart.

Although his power numbers dropped in the Astrodome, the toughest ballpark to hit a home run in the National League, he continued to drive in runs on a regular basis. His 105 RBI in 1973 was second in the league. During the 1973 season, May set an Astro club record with a 21-game hitting streak. It was during this streak he hit three home runs in one game (also a club record) and collected his 1000th base hit. On April 29, 1974, May became the 17th player in MLB history to hit two home runs in one inning.

Baltimore Orioles 1975–80
May was acquired along with Jay Schlueter by the Baltimore Orioles from the Astros for Enos Cabell and Rob Andrews at the Winter Meetings on December 3, 1974. Averaging 32 homers and 98 RBI as one of MLB's top five power hitters over the previous five seasons, May was expected to improve the Orioles' offensive production at first base.

He took an immediate liking to the American League. In his first at bat in the junior circuit, he hit a three-run home run at Tiger Stadium. In his first appearance at Boston's Fenway Park, May crushed two three-run home runs over the park's famed Green Monster including a game-winning shot.

In 1976, May enjoyed his best season as an Oriole. He hit 25 home runs and led the American League in RBI with 109. For his effort, May won the Louis M. Hatter Most Valuable Oriole Award.

In his last three seasons with the Orioles, May was primarily used as a designated hitter to make room for a young Eddie Murray at first base. Although May was a major contributor in 1979 with 19 homers and 69 RBI, in the 1979 World Series, he only came to bat twice because the DH was not used in that series.

Kansas City Royals 1981–82
After being allowed to leave the Orioles via free agency after the 1980 season, May signed with the Royals as part-time 1B/DH/pinch hitter. Despite hitting .308 in only 48 games in 1982, the 39-year-old May was released by the team in November and he decided to call it a career.

Following his release from the Royals, he was hired back as the team's hitting coach and earned a World Series ring as part of the 1985 World Series championship team.

Overall career
In his 18-season career, May posted a .267 batting average, with 354 home runs, 1244 runs batted in, and 2031 hits in 2071 games. Defensively, he recorded a .994 fielding percentage. May was prone to strike out; 10 times he fanned more than 100 times in a season and compiled 1,570 in his career. However, he is one of 11 major leaguers to reach the 100-RBI plateau playing for three teams, the others being Dick Allen, Joe Carter, Orlando Cepeda, Rocky Colavito, Goose Goslin, Rogers Hornsby, Reggie Jackson, Al Simmons, Vic Wertz, and Alex Rodriguez.

May is currently in three different Halls of Fame: Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame (1988), Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame (2006), Alabama Sports Hall of Fame (2009). The Big Bopper of Birmingham and Frank Robinson are the only players to be elected to both the Orioles and Reds Halls of Fame.

Family
Lee May and his wife, Terrye, have three children and nine grandchildren. His son, Lee May Jr., was a New York Mets first-round pick in 1986 and played from 1986 through 1993 in their Minor League system. After that, he began his coaching career in the Mets organization in 1999 and later worked as the minor league hitting coordinator for the Seattle Mariners from 2012–2015. He previously served as a manager and coach in the Cleveland Indians system for seven seasons beginning in 2004, and then joined the Boston Red Sox organization in 2016, serving as the hitting coach for the Greenville Drive. May Jr.'s son, Jacob May, played baseball at Coastal Carolina University, and was selected by the Chicago White Sox in the third round (91st overall) of the 2013 MLB Draft.

Death
May died of pneumonia at a hospital in Cincinnati on July 29, 2017, aged 74. He also had heart disease.

Literary references
May was featured in a Sports Illustrated story written by Steve Rushin about TV character Sam Malone from the show Cheers. Fictitiously, Malone was a former major league pitcher who served up a pitch that May crushed all the way out of Baltimore's Memorial Stadium.

title: Lee May


text:
Template talk:Infobox website

"Type of business" link is a redirect
to List of legal entity types by country. Please revise the link! Gibranalnn (talk) 14:12, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅. IceWelder  [ ✉ ] 14:38, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 17 July 2023
Remove "on" from ;

I noticed a case on Threads_(social_network) where "on" is actually below "native client(s)" due to the infobox size, and it was rather jarring to me. Deauthorized. (talk) 05:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
 * ❌. The infobox on that page wraps "client(s)" to the next line for me. Text wrapping depends on your browser font size preference and font choices, Wikipedia skin preference, and other factors. – Jonesey95 (talk) 05:26, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

Add date-closed parameter
I'm going to do a repeat of @Verbcatcher's seemingly overlooked 2019 request for a parameter to complement  (aka.  ), to represent the end date of a website. That is, the point in time at which the website stopped being online, or otherwise available to use, if this is known. This is not the same as the date of dissolution of the company – though they may be the same.

The main issue right now is that it isn't clear to a writer where in the infobox to put this information. Here are some examples picked at random:
 * Justin.tv, Snip.it, Nupedia, Server.com use  (which actually pairs , and refers to the company behind the website);
 * MyDaughter, Pathfinder (website), Adequacy.org, Fabchannel.com use  (which, from my understanding, shouldn't contain a date);
 * Google Lively, TwitPic, goatse.cx, Broadcast.com, MyCoke don't even have the information in the infobox.

There should be a clear-cut, single-purpose parameter – just like  – representing this information. The name itself could be bikeshed. I personally like  (maybe +  ), but there's lots of options: ,  ,  ,   (+  ), [...]. I'm not super knowledgeable on this, but there's likely other templates with similar concepts whose parameter names Infobox Webiste could mimick.

"Doesn't  cover this use case?", you might ask. In my opinion, not exactly. Take Google Answers, for example. It has been read-only since 2006, but it's still online. The infobox currently reads "Current status: Online, and read only since December 2006". It could instead read something like: "Discontinued: December 2006 (N years ago)" and "Current status: Read-only". That is, instead of relying on  for both closure date and status, leave it communicating only the actual status of the website (closed, but still readable), and separate the date to a field of its own.

Hopefully this gets some traction this time! Cheers — Avelludo (Talk / Contribs / Log) 19:50, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Had a need for this just now for Elephind, which shut down recently. I opted to use, but it's not quite correct, because Elephind was a project by Veridian Software, and that company hasn't dissolved. The parameter itself wikilinks to "Dissolution (law)", which specifies it refers to a legal process – and there was no legal process, the website was just shut down. Am I being too nitpicky? Is this unreasonable or controversial? — Avelludo (Talk / Contribs / Log) 04:14, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 16 November 2023
I am trying to merge the two infoboxes on Twitch (service) by making the Infobox network service provider a child of the Infobox website per WP:IEmbed. Many infobox templates support this via the "module" parameter, but Infobox website does not. I propose the following change:

(as well as adding "module" to the unknown parameter check) DefaultFree (talk) 04:54, 16 November 2023 (UTC)
 * To provide an example of what I'm asking for - Special:Diff/1185356326 is me making the equivalent change to Infobox telecommunications network, which wasn't template-protected. Special:Diff/1185356386 is an example of how I would use the new "module" parameter after such a change. DefaultFree (talk) 21:49, 16 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Added to the template. Kind regards, IceWelder  [ ✉ ] 21:58, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 14 February 2024
Could the former_name parameter be added to this template? When I used the footnote to update the infobox at Comic Book Resources (to highlight the name change that occurred in 2016), another editor flagged it as "highly unconventional" and suggested that the addition of "former name" to the template would be better. Sariel Xilo (talk) 19:03, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

PAGE ]]) 21:40, 14 February 2024 (UTC) PAGE ]]) 21:58, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait blue.svg In progress: An editor is implementing the requested edit. --Ahecht ([[User talk:Ahecht|TALK
 * @Sariel Xilo ✅, although that example is a weird one because the former name is the current article title. --Ahecht ([[User talk:Ahecht|TALK
 * Yeah. It has been through a few rounds of "no consensus" discussion on move/rename (most recently a few months ago & then a new discussion started today). I wanted the infobox to be clearer since the infobox name didn't match article title name. Thanks for your help! Sariel Xilo (talk) 22:04, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Infobox website


text:
Simeon Solomon

Simeon Solomon (9 October 1840 – 14 August 1905) was a British painter associated with the Pre-Raphaelites who was noted for his depictions of Jewish life and same-sex desire. His career was cut short as a result of public scandal following his arrests and convictions for attempted sodomy in 1873 and 1874.

Biography
Solomon was born into a prominent Jewish family. He was the eighth and last child born to merchant Michael (Meyer) Solomon and artist Catherine (Kate) Levy. Solomon was a younger brother to fellow painters Abraham Solomon (1824–1862) and Rebecca Solomon (1832–1886).

Born and educated in London, Solomon started receiving lessons in painting from his older brother around 1850. He started attending Carey's Art Academy in 1852. His older sister first exhibited her works at the Royal Academy during the same year.

As a student at the Royal Academy Schools, Solomon was introduced through Dante Gabriel Rossetti to other members of the Pre-Raphaelite circle, as well as the poet Algernon Charles Swinburne and the painter Edward Burne-Jones in 1857. His first exhibition was at the Royal Academy in 1858. He continued to hold exhibitions of his work at the Royal Academy between 1858 and 1872. In addition to the literary paintings favoured by the Pre-Raphaelite school, Solomon's subjects often included scenes from the Hebrew Bible and genre paintings depicting Jewish life and rituals. His association with Swinburne led to his illustrating Swinburne's controversial novel Lesbia Brandon in 1865.

In 1873, Simeon was arrested for soliciting in public toilets and having sex with a 60-year-old stableman named George Roberts. Both men were charged with indecent exposure and an attempt to commit buggery. Both were found guilty, fined £100 and sentenced to 18 months hard labour. He was arrested again in 1874 in Paris on a similar charge, after which he was sentenced to spend three months in prison.

After his prosecutions he no longer exhibited, but his work was collected by such figures as Oscar Wilde, John Addington Symonds, Count Eric Stenbock, and Walter Pater.

In 1884, he was admitted to the workhouse where he continued to produce work, but his life and talent were blighted by alcoholism. Twenty years later in 1905, he died from complications brought on by his alcoholism. He was buried at the Jewish Cemetery in Willesden.

Examples of his work are on permanent display at the Victoria and Albert Museum, Wightwick Manor in Wolverhampton, and at Leighton House in west London. Retrospectives of his work have been held at the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery in 2005–6, and in London at the Ben Uri Gallery in 2006.

1906

 * Paintings and Drawings by the Late Simeon Solomon, Baillie Gallery, 54 Baker St, London. 9 December 1905 – 13 January 1906
 * Winter Exhibition of Works of the Old Masters and Deceased Masters of the British School, Royal Academy, London. 1 January–10 March 1906
 * Exhibition of Jewish Art and Antiquities, Whitechapel Art Gallery. 7 November–16 December 1906
 * Exeter Museum and Art Gallery. April 1906

1907

 * Jewish Exhibition, Gallery of Ancient and Modern Art, Berlin

1908

 * Whitechapel Art Gallery. March 1908
 * Franco-British Exhibition, London. July–August 1908

1913

 * Pre-Raphaelite Painters from Collections in Lancashire, Tate Britain, London. 17 July 1913 – 28 September 1913

1923

 * National Gallery of British Art (Tate). July 1923

1934

 * Jewish Art, Ben Uri Gallery. May 1934

1946

 * Subjects of Jewish Interest, Ben Uri Gallery. December 1946

1964

 * Exhibition of English Watercolours, Leger Galleries

1965

 * Exhibition of English Watercolours 18th & 19th Century, Leger Galleries

1966

 * Exhibition of Paintings and Drawings by Simeon Solomon, Durlacher Brothers Gallery, 538 Madison Ave, NYC. In May the exhibition moved to Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA. April–May 1966

1985

 * Acquisitions of the Friends of the Art Museums of Israel, Ben Uri Gallery. March 1985
 * Solomon: A family of painters—Abraham Solomon, 1823-1862, Rebecca Solomon, 1832-1886, Simeon Solomon, 1840-1905. Geffrye Museum, London, 8 November–31 December 1985; Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery, 18 January–9 March 1986

2001

 * From Prodigy to Outcast: Simeon Solomon, Pre-Raphaelite Artist, Jewish Museum, London. March 2001–May 2001

2002

 * Solomon Art Exhibition, Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery. April 2002–June 2002

2005

 * Love Revealed: Simeon Solomon and the Pre-Raphaelites, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. 1 October 2005 – 15 January 2006
 * Waking Dreams: The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites from the Delaware Art Museum, Various Locations in the UK and USA. 19 March 2005 – 29 July 2007

2006

 * Love Revealed: Simeon Solomon and the Pre-Raphaelites, Museum Villa Stuck, Munich. 9 March–18 June 2006
 * Love Revealed: Simeon Solomon and the Pre-Raphaelites, Ben Uri Gallery, The London Jewish Museum of Art. 11 September–26 November 2006

2008

 * Blake's Shadow: William Blake and his Artistic Legacy, Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester. 26 January 2008 – 20 April 2008

2010

 * The Pre-Raphaelites and Italy, Museo d'Arte della città di Ravenna, Ravenna, Italy. 28 February 2010 – 6 June 2010
 * The Pre-Raphaelites and Italy, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. 15 September 2010 – 5 December 2010

2017

 * Queer British Art 1861-1967, Tate Britain, 5 April–1 October 2017, included seven works by Solomon and a performance of A Vision of Love Revealed in Sleep, Neil Bartlett's one-man homage to Solomon, performed 7 July 2017.

In literature
In Oscar Wilde's long prison letter to Lord Alfred Douglas, De Profundis, Wilde writes of his bankruptcy: "That all my charming things were to be sold: my Burne-Jones drawings: my Whistler drawings: my Monticelli: my Simeon Solomons: my china: my Library…"

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Geoffrey Wigoder, "Everyman's Judaica: an encyclopedic dictionary", Keter Publishing House Jerusalem, 1975, ISBN 978-0-7065-1412-4, p. 562

title: Simeon Solomon


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Pixie Geldof

Little Pixie Geldof (born 17 September 1990) is an English model and singer. She is the third daughter of Bob Geldof and Paula Yates.

Early life
Geldof is the third daughter of Bob Geldof and Paula Yates. She is also the biological granddaughter of Hughie Green. Pixie had two sisters, Fifi Trixibelle Geldof (born 1983) and Peaches Geldof (1989–2014), and has a half-sister, Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily Hutchence Geldof (born 1996), from her mother's relationship with INXS frontman Michael Hutchence. Her great-grandmother was Jewish.

Modelling
Her first magazine cover modelling appearance was for Tatler in 2008. She has also been the face of advertising campaigns for Levi's, Diesel, Henry Holland, Razzle, Agent Provocateur, Loewe and Pringle of Scotland, as well as modelling for Vivienne Westwood, Luella and Jeremy Scott. She modelled for Debenhams in 2010.

Music
Geldof is the lead singer of the band Violet, who released their first single in May 2012. She was scheduled to DJ at the 2014 Coachella in April but cancelled it due to the death of her sister.

She released her first album I'm Yours in November 2016. It was recorded in Los Angeles and produced by Tony Hoffer.

Activism
Geldof has a passion for marine wildlife, especially sharks. She is an advocate for marine conservation and was one of the ambassadors for the #PassOnPlastic campaign against the pollution of water by single use plastic led by Project Zero and Sky Ocean Rescue.

She also advocates against animal testing in the cosmetic industry. In October 2018, she was part of a delegation that went to the United Nations in New York City to present a petition launched by The Body Shop to end cosmetic animal testing worldwide.

Personal life
As of February 2013, Geldof lived in Upper Clapton with George Barnett, drummer of These New Puritans. The couple married in June 2017 in Majorca. They have one child, a daughter born in 2021.

Geldof is a vegan and advocates against animal testing.

title: Pixie Geldof


text:
Talk:Haemangioma

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 15:11, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haemangioma


text:
Talk:Haematuria

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 15:13, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haematuria


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M. H. J. Schoenmaekers

Mathieu Hubertus Josephus Schoenmaekers (13 December 1875, Maastricht - 18 December 1944, Laren) was a former Catholic priest, philosopher and theosophist who developed an esoteric philosophy called Christosophy.

He published two influential books in Holland, Het Nieuwe Wereldbeeld (The New Worldview) in 1915 and Beginselen der beeldende wiskunde (Principles of 'Plastic' Mathematics) in 1916, which influenced Piet Mondrian and the art movement of Neoplasticism and the De Stijl group".

title: M. H. J. Schoenmaekers


text:
Tejutla

Tejutla may refer to:
 * Tejutla, Chalatenango, El Salvador
 * Tejutla, San Marcos, Guatemala

title: Tejutla


text:
Umutara Province

Until January 2006, Umutara Province was one of the 12 provinces (intara) of Rwanda. However, due to local government reorganization, this area is now part of the new larger Eastern Province.

The old province was situated in the north-east of the country, bordering Uganda to the north and Tanzania to the east. Within Rwanda it borders Kibungo to the south and Byumba to the west. The province was made up of districts and 81 Sectors, with its capital at Nyagatare.

Umutara was formed as a prefecture in 1996 from parts of Byumba and Kibungo.

Umutara had an area of 4,250 square kilometers, most of which is grasslands. The population in 2005 was 421,600.

title: Umutara Province


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Carey Stadium

Carey Stadium is an open-air multi-purpose stadium located just off the boardwalk in Ocean City, New Jersey. The stadium has been in use since 1919 and is primarily used by the Ocean City School District for Ocean City High School's Red Raiders football, soccer, and lacrosse teams.

Carey Stadium is also known as the home field for the Ocean City Nor'easters (formerly named Ocean City Barons) of the USL League Two. The club has called the stadium home since 2005. The stadium's nickname "The Beach House" was coined during the Nor'easters' 2005 season by the team's play-by-play announcer Josh Hakala. Since joining USL League Two in 2003, the Nor'easters have had the fourth-best home record of any team in the league.

The field of the stadium is surrounded by a 400 m rubberized running track allowing for track and field events to be held.

In 2016, the stadium's natural grass field was replaced with a new FieldTurf surface made of all-natural cork fill instead of crumb rubber.

Carey Stadium is located a little more than 200 meters from the Atlantic Ocean, only one minor league sports team in the country plays closer to an ocean than the Nor'easters do. (Minor league baseball team Pensacola Blue Wahoos play at Admiral Fetterman Field in Pensacola, Florida)

title: Carey Stadium


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Talk:Weston, Florida

"Weston is an affluent"...
This sentence in the opening paragraph seems to need some type of factual citation -- I don't think census statistics or the residency status of prominent American athletes is a legitimate bona-fides. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.199.35.172 (talk) 08:28, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Weston, Florida. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151010175608/http://www.broward.org/PlanningAndRedevelopment/DemographicsAndEconomics/Documents/bbtn38.pdf to http://www.broward.org/PlanningAndRedevelopment/DemographicsAndEconomics/Documents/bbtn38.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071013163122/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US12&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-format=ST-7 to http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US12&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-format=ST-7
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

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Advertisement
I added an advertisement template to the article after noticing multiple sections (notably history, sports, parks, and Weston Town Center sound more promotional than encyclopedic. I believe this article has been edited for tone before, and while it is mostly tone-neutral, the focus of the article seems to mostly be information relevant to people considering moving to the city rather than someone wishing to gain a general overview of the city. Arecaceæ2011 (talk) 05:59, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

Parks and recreation section edits
I have completely reworked the parks & recreation section. The section, in my opinion, felt more like an advertisement (something which should be avoided on Wikipedia) and as if it was would be best suited for WikiVoyage, one of Wikipedia's sister projects. I will make a WikiVoyage page on Weston and incorporate the park info originally in this article (minus the references as they are not needed there for this info), as I think that the info originally in this Wikipedia article is absolutely perfect for a WikiVoyage travel guide article like that. Plus, I think that a city of Weston's size is very deserving of one.

Signed, AITFFan1 (talk) 21:09, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Weston, Florida


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rachel King

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Jitse Niesen (talk) 21:49, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Rachel King
Not notable, no notability given and no significant mention on IMDB Halo 15:18, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletions.   -- Cyberjunkie | Talk 05:21, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Agreed. Groeck 15:41, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above.   Paul Klenk 23:11, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity. --Cyberjunkie | Talk 05:21, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Jyotirmoyee Sikdar

Jyotirmoyee Sikdar (born 11 December 1969) is an Indian politician and former sportswoman. She served as member of parliament of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from the Krishnagar constituency in the 14th Lok Sabha. She was defeated in the 2009 Indian general election by the actor turned politician Tapas Paul of the Trinamool Congress. She had been reportedly inactive in politics following her defeat. In 2019, she herself pledged support to the All India Trinamool Congress and then joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in the following year.

She was a middle distance runner and won the 800 metres at the 1995 Asian Athletics Championships. She went on to win the bronze medal in 800 m and 1500 m events in the 1998 Asian Athletics Championships and gold medal in both the events in the Asian Games in Bangkok in 1998. She is a recipient of the Arjuna Award in 1995 and the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna award for the year 1998–1999. She was awarded the Padma Shri in 2003.

Personal life
Sikdar was born on 11 December 1969 to Gurudas Sikdar and Nihar Sikdar in Debagram of Nadia district in West Bengal. She studied till Higher Secondary. Sikdar married Avtar Singh on 9 February 1994, with whom she has a son.

title: Jyotirmoyee Sikdar


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Hemofiltration

Hemofiltration, also haemofiltration, is a renal replacement therapy which is used in the intensive care setting. It is usually used to treat acute kidney injury (AKI), but may be of benefit in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome or sepsis. During hemofiltration, a patient's blood is passed through a set of tubing (a filtration circuit) via a machine to a semipermeable membrane (the filter) where waste products and water (collectively called ultrafiltrate) are removed by convection. Replacement fluid is added and the blood is returned to the patient.

As in dialysis, in hemofiltration one achieves movement of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane. However, solute movement with hemofiltration is governed by convection rather than by diffusion. With hemofiltration, dialysate is not used. Instead, a positive hydrostatic pressure drives water and solutes across the filter membrane from the blood compartment to the filtrate compartment, from which it is drained. Solutes, both small and large, get dragged through the membrane at a similar rate by the flow of water that has been engendered by the hydrostatic pressure. Thus convection overcomes the reduced removal rate of larger solutes (due to their slow speed of diffusion) seen in hemodialysis.

Hemodiafiltration
Hemofiltration is sometimes used in combination with hemodialysis, when it is termed hemodiafiltration. Blood is pumped through the blood compartment of a high flux dialyzer, and a high rate of ultrafiltration is used, so there is a high rate of movement of water and solutes from blood to dialysate that must be replaced by substitution fluid that is infused directly into the blood line. However, dialysis solution is also run through the dialysate compartment of the dialyzer. The combination is theoretically useful because it results in good removal of both large and small molecular weight solutes.

Intermittent vs. continuous
These treatments can be given intermittently, or continuously. The latter is usually done in an intensive care unit setting. There may be little difference in clinical and health economic outcome between the two in the context of acute kidney failure.

On-line intermittent hemofiltration (IHF) or hemodiafiltration (IHDF)
Either of these treatments can be given in outpatient dialysis units, three or more times a week, usually 3–5 hours per treatment. IHDF is used almost exclusively, with only a few centers using IHF. With both IHF or IHDF, the substitution fluid is prepared on-line from dialysis solution by running dialysis solution through a set of two membranes to purify it before infusing it directly into the blood line. In the United States, regulatory agencies have not yet approved on-line creation of substitution fluid because of concerns about its purity. For this reason, hemodiafiltration, had historically never been used in an outpatient setting in the United States.

Continuous hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (CHDF)
Continuous hemofiltration (CHF) was first described in a 1977 paper by Kramer et al. as a treatment for fluid overload. Hemofiltration is most commonly used in an intensive care unit setting, where it is either given as 8- to 12-hour treatments, so called SLEF (slow extended hemofiltration), or as CHF (continuous hemofiltration), also sometimes called continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) or continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Hemodiafiltration (SLED-F or CHDF or CVVHDF) also is widely used in this fashion. In the United States, the substitution fluid used in CHF or CHDF is commercially prepared, prepackaged, and sterile (or sometimes is prepared in the local hospital pharmacy), avoiding regulatory issues of on-line creation of replacement fluid from dialysis solution.

With slow continuous therapies, the blood flow rates are usually in the range of 100-200 ml/min, and access is usually achieved through a central venous catheter placed in one of the large central veins. In such cases a blood pump is used to drive blood flow through the filter. Native access for hemodialysis (e.g. AV fistulas or grafts) are unsuitable for CHF because the prolonged residence of the access needles required might damage such accesses.

The length of time before the circuit clots and becomes unusable, often referred to as circuit life, can vary depending on the medication used to keep blood from clotting. Heparin and regional citrate are often used, though heparin carries a higher risk of bleeding. However, a comprehensive analysis of audit data from intensive care units in the UK revealed that, compared with heparin, citrate-based drugs were not associated with fewer deaths among patients with acute kidney injury after 90 days of treatment. Citrate-based drugs were, however, associated with a substantially higher cost of treatment.

History of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Before implementing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), acute renal failure (ARF) in critically ill, multiple organ failure patients was managed by intermittent hemodialysis and the mortality rate was very high. Hemodialysis is effective in clearance and ultrafiltration, but it has deleterious effects on hemodynamic stability. In 1971, Lee Henderson described the basis for convective transport in blood purification techniques. Subsequently, in 1974 he described hemodiafiltration combining convection and diffusion. These seminal papers represented the basis for the development of chronic hemodiafiltration by Leber and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) by Peter Kramer.

With his team, Peter Kramer (Died unexpectedly in 1984), had actually first reported the use of continuous hemofiltration in Germany in 1977. Peter Kramer in ASAIO presented a paper describing the use of arteriovenous hemofiltration in the management of ARF. Kramer tried that as a mean of managing diuretic-resistant fluid overload. Kramer described his experience of attaching a microporous hemofilter to the femoral artery and vein, and flowing blood through it at around 100 ml/minuets Liters of plasma filtrate poured out. He replaced it with an infusion of electrolyte solution. Kramer explained that this could be done continuously, avoiding the volume shifts and other problems of intermittent hemodialysis. For those in the audience who cared for patients with anuric ARF, this was an epiphany of thunderbolt proportions. He used a hollow fiber “haemofilter” that originally designed as an alternative to HD for chronic renal failure and produced 300-600 ml/hour of ultrafiltrate by convection. The simple, pumpless system made use of temporary dialysis catheters sited in the patient’s femoral artery and vein and could be rapidly established in critically ill patients. Kramer explained that this could be done continuously, avoiding the volume shifts and other problems of intermittent hemodialysis. For those in the audience who cared for patients with anuric ARF, this was an epiphany of thunderbolt proportions. He used a hollow fiber “haemofilter” that originally designed as an alternative to HD for chronic renal failure and produced 300-600 ml/hour of ultrafiltrate by convection. The simple, pumpless system made use of temporary dialysis catheters sited in the patient’s femoral artery and vein and could be rapidly established in critically ill patients. Using an isotonic salt solution for fluid replacement, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) was soon extended to the management of ARF. In 1982, Kramer presented his experience with its use in more than 150 intensive care patients at a meeting of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs(ASAIO). Before that, Henderson et al and Knopp, had studied hemofiltration in animals and as an alternative to dialysis in chronic renal failure, but it was really Peter Kramer’s report in ASAIO meeting in 1982 that stimulated many of nephrologists and intensivists to undertake the serious evaluation of CAVH in ARF in the ICU.

At first, in CAVH, the prescribed ultrafiltration rate was achieved manually by arranging the filtrate bag at the right height, thereby changing the negative pressure caused by the filtrate column. The replacement fluid was also regulated manually. Few years later, CAVH was developed in several centers for managing ARF in critically ill patients with multiple organ failure. In 1986, it has been reported that CAVH improve the patient survival from 9% to 38% with full nutrition in ARF. Moreover, a workshop presented at ASAIO in 1988 summarized the development and role of continuous hemofiltration. Since late 1980s, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has been studied extensively. In 1982, the use of CAVH in Vicenza was extended for the first time to a neonate with the application of specific minifilters. Two years later, CAVH began to be used to treat septic patients, burn patients and patients after transplantation and cardiac surgery, even with regional citrate anticoagulation. In 1986, the term continuous renal replacement therapy was applied to all these continuous approaches. The technology and terminology were expanded to include slow continuous ultrafiltration for fluid removal without replacement, continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD), and continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration. Meanwhile, clinical and technical limitations of CAVH spurred new research and the discovery of new treatments, leading to the development of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH), continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) and continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). The low depurative efficiency was overcome by applying filters with two ports in the dialysate/filtrate compartment and through the use of counter-current dialysate flow, allowing the addition of diffusion and the birth of continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration or hemodialysis (CAVHDF or CAVHD).

Development of double-lumen venous catheters and peristaltic blood pumps was invented in the mid-1980s, when CVVH was proposed. The presence of a pump that generated negative pressure in part of the circuit made it necessary to add a device to detect the presence of air and a sensor to monitor the pressure in the circuit, to avoid, respectively, air embolisms and circuit explosion in case of coagulation or obstruction of the venous line. Later, ultrafiltrate and replacement pumps and a heater were added to the circuit. The development of CVVH allows to increase the exchange volumes, and subsequently, the depurative efficiency. The use of counter-current dialysate flow led to further improvements and the birth of CVVHD and CVVHDF. Now Continuous renal replacement therapy has become the mainstay of management of renal failure for multiple organ failure patients in the ICU.

Information technology and precision medicine have recently furthered the evolution of CRRT, providing the possibility of collecting data in large databases and evaluating policies and practice patterns. The application of artificial intelligence and enhanced human intelligence programs to the analysis of big data has further moved the front of research ahead, providing the possibility of creating silica-trials and finding answers to patients’ unmet clinical needs. The opportunity to evaluate the endophenotype of the patient makes it possible to adjust treatments and techniques by implementing the concept of precision CRRT. This allows clinicians to normalize outcomes and results among different populations or individuals and establish optimal and personalized care

title: Hemofiltration


text:
Talk:Haemofiltration

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 15:19, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haemofiltration


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User:Robert Harrison/Workspaces

This is my workspace link page.

 * Temporary article 1 --Currently has info about Jim Courtright
 * Temporary article 2 --Currently has info about Tarrant County College
 * Temporary article 3 --Currently has template for user page.
 * Temporary article 4 --Currently has info about PervScan
 * Temporary article 5 --Currently has draft text for User's Guide aka WP:GUIDE
 * Temporary article 6 --Pro Video Gamers
 * Temporary article 7 --Empty

 * My little sandbox
 * User page

title: User:Robert Harrison/Workspaces


text:
Talk:Hafey, Chick

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 15:20, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hafey, Chick