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Social dominance orientation

Social dominance orientation (SDO) is a personality trait measuring an individual's support for social hierarchy and the extent to which they desire their in-group be superior to out-groups. SDO is conceptualized under social dominance theory as a measure of individual differences in levels of group-based discrimination; that is, it is a measure of an individual's preference for hierarchy within any social system and the domination over lower-status groups. It is a predisposition toward anti-egalitarianism within and between groups.

Individuals who score high in SDO desire to maintain and, in many cases, increase the differences between social statuses of different groups, as well as individual group members. Typically, they are dominant, driven, tough, and seekers of power. People high in SDO also prefer hierarchical group orientations. Often, people who score high in SDO adhere strongly to belief in a "dog-eat-dog" world. It has also been found that men are generally higher than women in SDO measures. A study of undergraduates found that SDO does not have a strong positive relationship with authoritarianism.

Social dominance theory
SDO was first proposed by Jim Sidanius and Felicia Pratto as part of their social dominance theory (SDT). SDO is the key measurable component of SDT that is specific to it.

SDT begins with the empirical observation that surplus-producing social systems have a threefold group-based hierarchy structure: age-based, gender-based and "arbitrary set-based", which can include race, class, sexual orientation, caste, ethnicity, religious affiliation, etc. Age-based hierarchies invariably give more power to adults and middle-age people than children and younger adults, and gender-based hierarchies invariably grant more power to one gender over others, but arbitrary-set hierarchies—though quite resilient—are truly arbitrary.

SDT is based on three primary assumptions:
 * 1) While age- and gender-based hierarchies will tend to exist within all social systems, arbitrary-set systems of social hierarchy will invariably emerge within social systems producing sustainable economic surpluses.
 * 2) Most forms of group conflict and oppression (e.g., racism, homophobia, ethnocentrism, sexism, classism, regionalism) can be regarded as different manifestations of the same basic human predisposition to form group-based hierarchies.
 * 3) Human social systems are subject to the counterbalancing influences of hierarchy-enhancing (HE) forces, producing and maintaining ever higher levels of group-based social inequality, and hierarchy-attenuating (HA) forces, producing greater levels of group-based social equality.

SDO is the individual attitudinal aspect of SDT. It is influenced by group status, socialization, and temperament. In turn, it influences support for HE and HA "legitimating myths", defined as "values, attitudes, beliefs, causal attributions and ideologies" that in turn justify social institutions and practices that either enhance or attenuate group hierarchy. Legitimising myths are used by SDT to refer to widely accepted ideologies that are accepted as explaining how the world works—SDT does not have a position on the veracity, morality or rationality of these beliefs, as the theory is intended to be a descriptive account of group-based inequality rather than a normative theory.

Early development
While the correlation of gender with SDO scores has been empirically measured and confirmed, the impact of temperament and socialization is less clear. Duckitt has suggested a model of attitude development for SDO, suggesting that unaffectionate socialisation in childhood causes a tough-minded attitude. According to Duckitt's model, people high in tough-minded personality are predisposed to view the world as a competitive place in which resource competition is zero-sum. A desire to compete, which fits with social dominance orientation, influences in-group and outside-group attitudes. People high in SDO also believe that hierarchies are present in all aspects of society and are more likely to agree with statements such as "It's probably a good thing that certain groups are at the top and other groups are at the bottom".

Scale
SDO has been measured by a series of scales that have been refined over time, all of which contain a balance of pro- and contra-trait statements or phrases. A 7-point Likert scale is used for each item; participants rate their agreement or disagreement with the statements from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Most of the research was conducted with the SDO-5 (a 14-point scale) and SDO-6. The SDO-7 scale is the most recent scale measuring social dominance orientation, which embeds two sub-dimensions: dominance (SDO-D) and anti-egalitarianism (SDO-E).

Dominance Sub-Scale

 * 1) Some groups of people must be kept in their place.
 * 2) It's probably a good thing that certain groups are at the top and other groups are at the bottom.
 * 3) An ideal society requires some groups to be on top and others to be on the bottom.
 * 4) Some groups of people are simply inferior to other groups.
 * 5) Groups at the bottom are just as deserving as groups at the top. (reverse-scored)
 * 6) No one group should dominate in society. (reverse-scored)
 * 7) Groups at the bottom should not have to stay in their place. (reverse-scored)
 * 8) Group dominance is a poor principle. (reverse-scored)

Anti-Egalitarianism Sub-Scale

 * 1) We should not push for group equality.
 * 2) We shouldn't try to guarantee that every group has the same quality of life.
 * 3) It is unjust to try to make groups equal.
 * 4) Group equality should not be our primary goal.
 * 5) We should work to give all groups an equal chance to succeed. (reverse-scored)
 * 6) We should do what we can to equalize conditions for different groups. (reverse-scored)
 * 7) No matter how much effort it takes, we ought to strive to ensure that all groups have the same chance in life. (reverse-scored)
 * 8) Group equality should be our ideal. (reverse-scored)

SDO-16 items

 * 1) Some groups of people are just more worthy than others.
 * 2) In getting what you want, it is sometimes necessary to use force against other groups.
 * 3) It's OK if some groups have more of a chance in life than others.
 * 4) To get ahead in life, it is sometimes necessary to step on other groups.
 * 5) If certain groups stayed in their place, we would have fewer problems.
 * 6) It's probably a good thing that certain groups are at the top and other groups are at the bottom.
 * 7) Inferior groups should stay in their place.
 * 8) Sometimes other groups must be kept in their place.
 * 9) It would be good if groups could be equal. (reverse-scored)
 * 10) Group equality should be our ideal. (reverse-scored)
 * 11) All groups should be given an equal chance in life. (reverse-scored)
 * 12) We should do what we can to equalize conditions for different groups. (reverse-scored)
 * 13) Increased social equality is beneficial to society. (reverse-scored)
 * 14) We would have fewer problems if we treated people more equally. (reverse-scored)
 * 15) We should strive to make incomes as equal as possible. (reverse-scored)
 * 16) No group should dominate in society. (reverse-scored)

Keying is reversed on questions 9 through 16, to control for acquiescence bias.

Criticisms of the construct
Rubin and Hewstone (2004) argue that social dominance research has changed its focus dramatically over the years, and these changes have been reflected in different versions of the social dominance orientation construct. Social dominance orientation was originally defined as "the degree to which individuals desire social dominance and superiority for themselves and their primordial groups over other groups" (p. 209). It then quickly changed to not only "(a) a...desire for and value given to in-group dominance over out-groups" but also "(b) the desire for nonegalitarian, hierarchical relationships between groups within the social system" (p. 1007). The most recent measure of social dominance orientation (see SDO-6 above) focuses on the "general desire for unequal relations among social groups, regardless of whether this means ingroup domination or ingroup subordination" (p. 312). Given these changes, Rubin and Hewstone believe that evidence for social dominance theory should be considered "as supporting three separate SDO hypotheses, rather than one single theory" (p. 22).

Group-based and individual dominance
Robert Altemeyer said that people with a high SDO want more power (agreeing with items such as "Winning is more important than how you play the game").

These observations are at odds with conceptualisations of SDO as a group-based phenomenon, suggesting that the SDO reflects interpersonal dominance, not only group-based dominance. This is supported by Sidanius and Pratto's own evidence that high-SDO individuals tend to gravitate toward hierarchy-enhancing jobs and institutions, such as law enforcement, that are themselves hierarchically structured vis-a-vis individuals within them.

Connection with right-wing authoritarianism
SDO correlates weakly with right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) (r ≈ .18). Both predict attitudes, such as sexist, racist, and heterosexist attitudes. The two contribute to different forms of prejudice: SDO correlates to higher prejudice against subordinate and disadvantaged groups, RWA correlates to higher prejudice against groups deemed threatening to traditional norms, while both are associated with increases in prejudice for "dissident" groups. SDO and RWA contribute to prejudice in an additive rather than interactive way (the interaction of SDO and RWA accounted, in one study, for an average of less than .001% variance in addition to their linear combination), that is the association between SDO and prejudice is similar regardless of a person's level of RWA, and vice versa. Crawford et al. (2013) found that RWA and SDO differentially predicted interpretations of media reports about socially threatening (for example, gays and lesbians) and disadvantaged groups (for example, African Americans), respectively. Subjects with high SDO, but not RWA, scores reacted positively to articles and authors that opposed affirmative action, and negatively to pro-affirmative-action article content. Moreover, RWA, but not SDO, predicted subjects' evaluations of same-sex relationships, such that high-RWA individuals favored anti-same-sex relationships article content and low-RWA individuals favorably rated pro-same-sex relationships content.

Correlation with Big Five personality traits
Studies on the relationship of SDO with the higher order Big Five personality traits have associated high SDO with lower openness to experience and lower agreeableness. Meta-analytic aggregation of these studies indicates that the association with low Agreeableness is more robust than the link to Openness to experience. Individuals low in Agreeableness are more inclined to report being motivated by self-interest and self-indulgence. They also tend to be more self-centred and are more 'tough-minded' compared to those who are high on Agreeableness, leading them to perceive the world to be a highly competitive place, where the way to success is through power and dominance – all of which predict SDO.

Low Openness, by contrast, aligns more strongly with RWA; thinking in clear and straightforward moral codes that dictate how society as a system should function. Being low in Openness prompts the individual to value security, stability and control: fundamental elements of RWA.

Facet-level associations
In case of SDO all five facets of Agreeableness significantly correlate (negatively), even after controlling for RWA. 'Tough-mindedness' (opposite of tender-mindedness' facet) is the strongest predictor of SDO. After the effect of SDO is controlled for, only one facet of agreeableness is predictive of RWA. Facets also distinguish SDO from RWA, with 'Dominators' (individuals high on SDO), but not 'Authoritarians' (individuals who score high on RWA), having been found to be lower in dutifulness, morality, sympathy and co-operation. RWA is also associated with religiosity, conservativism, righteousness, and, to some extent, a conscientious moral code, which distinguishes RWA from SDO.

Empathy
SDO is inversely related to empathy. Facets of Agreeableness that are linked to altruism, sympathy and compassion are the strongest predictors of SDO. SDO has been suggested to have a link with callous affect (which is to be found on the psychopathy sub-scale), the 'polar opposite' of empathy.

The relationship between SDO and (lack of) empathy has been found to be reciprocal – with equivocal findings. Some studies show that empathy significantly impacts SDO, whereas other research suggest the opposite effect is more robust; that SDO predicts empathy. The latter showcases how powerful of a predictor SDO may be, not only affecting individual's certain behaviours, but potentially influencing upstream the proneness to those behaviours. It also suggests that those scoring high on SDO proactively avoid scenarios that could prompt them to be more empathetic or tender-minded. This avoidance decreases concern for other's welfare.

Empathy indirectly affects generalized prejudice through its negative relationship with SDO. It also has a direct effect on generalized prejudice, as lack of empathy makes one unable to put oneself in the other person's shoes, which predicts prejudice and antidemocratic views.

Some recent research has suggested the relationship between SDO and empathy may be more complex, arguing that people with high levels of SDO are less likely to show empathy towards low status people but more likely to show it towards high status people. Conversely, people with low SDO levels demonstrate the reverse behaviour.

Other findings and criticisms
Research suggests that people high in SDO tend to support using violence in intergroup relations while those low in SDO oppose it; however, it has also been argued that people low in SDO can also support (and those high in it oppose) violence in some circumstances, if the violence is seen as a form of counterdominance. For example, Lebanese people low in SDO approved more strongly of terrorism against the West than Lebanese people high in SDO, seemingly because it entailed a low-status group (Lebanese) attacking a high-status one (Westerners). Amongst Palestinians, lower SDO levels were correlated with more emotional hostility towards Israelis and more parochial empathy for Palestinians.

Low levels of SDO have been found to result in individuals possessing positive biases towards outgroup members, for example regarding outgroup members as less irrational than ingroup members, the reverse of what is usually found. Low levels of SDO have also been found to be linked to being better at detecting inequalities applied to low-status groups but not the same inequalities applied to high-status groups. A person's SDO levels can also affect the degree to which they perceive hierarchies, either over or underestimating them, although the effect sizes may be quite small. A person's SDO levels can also shift depending on their identification with their ingroup and low levels of SDO thus may reflect a more complex relationship to ideas of inequality and social hierarchy than just egalitarianism. While research has indicated that SDO is a strong predictor of various forms of prejudice, it has also been suggested that SDO may not be related to prejudice per se but rather be dependent upon the target, as SDO has been found to correlate positively with prejudice towards hierarchy-attenuating groups but negatively with prejudice towards hierarchy-enhancing groups.

In the contemporary US, research indicates that most people tend to score fairly low on the SDO scale, with an average score of 2.98 on a 7-point scale (with 7 being the highest in SDO and 1 the lowest), with a standard deviation of 1.19. This has also been found to apply cross-culturally, with the average SDO score being around 2.6, although there was some variation (Switzerland scoring somewhat lower and Japan scoring substantially higher). A study in New Zealand found that 91% of the population had low to moderate SDO levels (levels of 1–4 on the scale), indicating that the majority of variance in SDO occurs within this band. A 2013 multi-national study found average scores ranged from 2.5 to 4. Because SDO scales tend to skew towards egalitarianism, some researchers have argued that this has caused a misinterpretation of correlations between SDO scores and other variables, arguing that low-SDO scorers, rather than high-SDO scorers, are possibly driving most of the correlations. Thus SDO research may actually be discovering the psychology of egalitarianism rather than the reverse. Samantha Stanley argues that "high" SDO scorers are generally in the middle of the SDO scale and thus she suggests their score do not actually represent an endorsement of inequality but rather a greater tolerance or ambivalence towards it than low SDO scorers. Stanley suggests that true high-SDO scorers are possibly quite rare and that researchers need to make clearer what exactly they are defining high-SDO scores as, as prior studies did not always report the actual level of SDO endorsement from high-scorers. Some researchers have raised concerns that the trait is studied under an ideological framework of viewing group-based interactions as one of victims and victimisers (hence its label as social dominance orientation), and that research into SDO should instead look into social organisation rather than social dominance.

SDO has been found to be related to color-blindness as a racial ideology. For low-SDO individuals, color-blindness predicts more negative attitudes towards ethnic minorities but for high-SDO individuals, it predicts more positive attitudes. SDO levels can also interact with other variables. When assessing blame for the 2011 England riots, high-SDO individuals uniformly blamed ethnic diversity regardless of whether they agreed with official government discourse, whereas low-SDO individuals did not blame ethnic diversity if they disagreed with official government discourse but did blame ethnic diversity if they did agree, almost to the same degree as high-SDO individuals. Another study found that in a mock hiring experiment, participants high in SDO were more likely to favour a white applicant while those low in SDO were more likely to favour a black applicant, while in mock-juror research, high-SDO white jurors showed anti-black bias and low-SDO white jurors pro-black bias. Low-SDO individuals may also support hierarchy-enhancing beliefs (such as gender essentialism and meritocracy) if they believe this will support diversity.

SDO has also been found to relate to attitudes towards social class. Self-perceived attractiveness can also interact with a person's SDO levels (due to perceived effects on social class); changing a person's self-perceived level of attractiveness affected their self-perceived social class and thus their SDO levels.

A study report published by Nature in 2017 indicates there may be a correlation between FMRI scanned brain response to social ranks and the SDO scale. Subjects who tended to prefer hierarchical social structures and to promote socially dominant behaviors as measured by SDO exhibited stronger responses in the right anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right aDLPFC) when facing superior players. The French National Agency for Research funded study involved 28 male subjects and used FMRI measurements to demonstrate that response in the right aDLPFC to social ranks was strongly correlated with participant SDO scores measuring response to social ranks.

Correlation with conservative political views
Felicia Pratto and her colleagues have found evidence that a high social dominance orientation is strongly correlated with conservative political views, and opposition to programs and policies that aim to promote equality (such as affirmative action, laws advocating equal rights for homosexuals, women in combat, etc.).

There has been some debate within the psychology community on what the relation is between SDO and racism/sexism. One explanation suggests that opposition to programs that promote equality need not be based on racism or sexism but on a "principled conservatism", that is, a "concern for equality of opportunity, color-blindness, and genuine conservative values".

Some principled-conservatism theorists have suggested that racism and conservatism are independent, and only very weakly correlated among the highly educated, who truly understand the concepts of conservative values and attitudes. In an effort to examine the relationship between education, SDO, and racism, Sidanius and his colleagues asked approximately 4,600 Euro-Americans to complete a survey in which they were asked about their political and social attitudes, and their social dominance orientation was assessed. "These findings contradict much of the case for the principled conservatism hypothesis, which maintains that political values that are largely devoid of racism, especially among highly educated people." Contrary to what these theorists would predict, correlations among SDO, political conservatism, and racism were strongest among the most educated, and weakest among the least educated. Sidanius and his colleagues hypothesized this was because the most educated conservatives tend to be more invested in the hierarchical structure of society and in maintaining the inequality of the status quo in society in order to safeguard their status.

SDO levels can also shift in response to threats to political party identity, with conservatives responding to party identity threat by increasing SDO levels and liberals responding by lowering them.

Culture
SDO is typically measured as an individual personality construct. However, cultural forms of SDO have been discovered on the macro level of society. Discrimination, prejudice and stereotyping can occur at various levels of institutions in society, such as transnational corporations, government agencies, schools and criminal justice systems. The basis of this theory of societal level SDO is rooted in evolutionary psychology, which states that humans have an evolved predisposition to express social dominance that is heightened under certain social conditions (such as group status) and is also mediated by factors such as individual personality and temperament. Democratic societies are lower in SDO measures The more that a society encourages citizens to cooperate with others and feel concern for the welfare of others, the lower the SDO in that culture. High levels of national income and empowerment of women are also associated with low national SDO, whereas more traditional societies with lower income, male domination and more closed institutional systems are associated with a higher SDO. Individuals who are socialized within these traditional societies are more likely to internalize gender hierarchies and are less likely to challenge them.

Biology and sexual differences
The biology of SDO is unknown.

Plenty of evidence suggests that men tend to score higher on SDO than women, and this is true across different countries, cultures, age-groups, classes, religions and educational levels, with the difference generally being an average of half a point on the scale. Researchers argue for an 'invariance' in the difference between men and women's SDO; suggesting that even if all other factors were to be controlled for, the difference between men and women's SDO would still remain – this however in some cases has been challenged, although exceptions may be due to complex and highly dependent factors.

From an evolutionary and biological perspective SDO facilitates men to be successful in their reproductive strategy through achieving social power and control over other males and becoming desired mating partners for the opposite sex.

Males are observed to be more socially hierarchical, as indicated by speaking time, and yielding to interruptions. Males higher average SDO levels has been suggested as an explanation for gender differences in support for policies; males are more likely to support military force, defence spending and the death penalty and less likely to support social welfare or minimum wage legislation, while females are more likely to believe in the reverse. This is because males, due to being more likely to have higher SDO scores, are more likely to view inequalities as the natural result of competition and thus are more likely to have a negative view of policies designed to mitigate or dilute the effects of competition.

Noting that males tend to have higher SDO scores than females, Sidanius and Pratto speculate that SDO may be influenced by hormones that differ between the sexes, namely androgens, primarily testosterone. Male levels of testosterone are much higher than those of females.

Taking a socio-cultural perspective, it is argued that the gap between women and men in SDO is dependent upon societal norms prescribing different expectations for gender roles of men and women.Men are expected to be dominant and assertive, whereas women are supposed to be submissive and tender.

Differences between male and female attributional cognitive complexity are suggested to contribute to the gender gap in SDO. Women have been found to be more attributionally complex compared to men; they use more contextual information and evaluate social information more precisely. It is proposed that lower social status prompts higher cognitive complexity in order to compensate for the lack of control in that social situation by processing it more attentively and evaluating it more in depth. The difference in cognitive complexity between high and low status individuals could contribute to the differences between male and female SDO.

Some evidence suggests that both the dominance and anti-egalitarianism dimensions of SDO are determined by genetic, rather than environmental, factors.

title: Social dominance orientation


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Amanda Stepto

Amanda Felicitas Stepto (born 31 July 1970) is a Canadian retired actress who played Christine "Spike" Nelson throughout the majority of the Degrassi teen drama franchise. With no previous acting experience, she rose to prominence playing the character on the CBC's Degrassi Junior High (1987–1989) and its follow-up Degrassi High (1989–1991).

Spike's controversial teenage pregnancy storyline, as well as the punk hairstyle worn by both the character and actress, gave Stepto significant media attention in Canada. Degrassi Junior High was largely truncated and later dropped by the BBC in large part due to "It's Late", the episode which heralded the storyline. In 1989, she was made a Goodwill Ambassador of UNICEF Ontario along with most of the cast. In the early 1990s, Stepto was a spokesperson for Planned Parenthood and was sponsored by the organization for a controversial 1993 tour of high schools in Alberta.

Having left acting in the 1990s due to typecasting and loss of interest, Stepto returned to reprise the role of Spike as an adult in the first seven seasons of Degrassi: The Next Generation (2001–2008). Degrassi remains her only major acting role, and as of 2018, she no longer acts. She was praised for her performance and was nominated for a Young Artist Award (as part of an ensemble) and a Gemini Award.

Early life: 1970-1986
Stepto was born on 31 July 1970 in Montreal, Quebec, the daughter of a young local woman and an "American jazz musician just passing through". Her birth mother put her up for adoption at three months old. She was raised in Meadowvale, Mississauga. On a 2016 episode of Damian Abraham's podcast Turned Out A Punk, Stepto recalled that her first exposure to punk rock was an outdoor concert by the English new wave band The Police, dubbed the "Police Picnic", which took place in Oakville, Ontario in August 1981. Stepto recalled that she was transfixed by the punks in the audience and developed an interest in the genre and aesthetic.

Degrassi: 1987-1992
She attended the Etobicoke School of the Arts for three years, where she majored in dance and minored in drama, and later a school in Mississauga while on starring on television.  While attending Etobicoke, Stepto learnt of an open audition for Degrassi Junior High from her drama teacher. She was the only student to act on it. She did not have a resume or professional headshots, and was required to send in a photo of herself to the production company. Stepto's parents felt her punk hairstyle was not suitable for television, and she argued with them over it. Insisting she keep her hair spiked, she told her parents: "If they don't like me, fuck them!". She was subsequently accepted.

When her character became pregnant, fans mistook her for being pregnant in real life, and would often send the actress toys. She was also often asked for advice from parents and teenage mothers on sex and pregnancy as if she was a counselor. In the United Kingdom, where Degrassi Junior High experienced its highest viewership, the BBC refused to air "It's Late" along with several other episodes, shortly before Stepto was expected to promote the series in London. Stepto was critical of the BBC's decision when speaking to the British press. Speaking to the Daily Mirror on 13 May 1988, Stepto called the ban "kinda silly", and elaborated: "The issues we've been dealing with in the episodes they wouldn't show happen everywhere and people are going to find out about them sooner or later." She also explained that the show intended to educate its viewers on the subject and did not encourage it at all. Stepto later said that the English press tried to make her "talk shit" about the BBC.

Stepto was among the cast of Degrassi that were named UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors by the Ontario branch of UNICEF Canada in 1989. Along with cast member Pat Mastroianni, Stepto visited the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City, and met with other ambassadors. She served as the narrator for the UNICEF video The Degrassi Kids Rap On Rights. In 1991, Stepto was one of the main six actors to host an episode of Degrassi Talks, a documentary series in which cast members interviewed teenagers and young adults across Canada about various topics. Stepto's episode focused on sex, and highlighted issues such as teenage pregnancy, safe sex, and abortion. In the episode, Stepto interviews a young woman who gave her baby up for adoption, an experience which had a profound impact on her.

Post-Degrassi: 1992-1995
Outside of Degrassi, Stepto appeared on stage in the play Flesh and Blood, written by Colin Thomas, about several young adults dealing with AIDS; the play won a Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Award for playwriting in 1991. Reviewing the production for the Toronto Star, Geoff Chapman opined that Stepto had "little chance to make her role count", and criticized her "indistinct diction", while Stewart Brown of the Hamilton Spectator said she was "too soft-spoken and understated in her first appearance in professional theatre".

Following the end of Degrassi, Stepto indicated to the Calgary Herald in 1992 that she was interested in further pursuing her acting career, and stated that she was particularly interested in playing destructive, "psychotic" characters. However, she was largely typecast because of Degrassi, and she later admitted to sabotaging her own auditions, as she disliked many of the roles she was offered. In one instance, she did not want to audition for the YTV musical drama series Catwalk, which she derided as a "cheesy low-budget show", but did not explicitly turn it down because she felt intimidated by her agent, and instead deliberately ruined the audition. she later explained that this, among other things, may have been a factor in her lack of success post-Degrassi.

In 1992, she was appointed a spokesperson for Planned Parenthood in Alberta. Stepto visited Calgary as a representative of the organization in September 1992, and that same month, appeared in television, radio, and print advertisements promoting the "Just Talk About It" campaign. Starting from May 1993, Stepto undertook a 37-stop tour of schools across the province to promote a campaign by Planned Parenthood; a viewing of the Degrassi Talks episode she hosted was optional. On 28 April 1993, the Calgary Herald reported that three Albertan schools had refused Stepto's presentation, though two of the schools denied this, claiming that they were never made aware of the program.

Later acting career: 1995-2010
In 1995, she starred in a supporting role in the Su Rynard short film Big Deal So What, playing the friend and colleague of the protagonist. She eventually left the acting business to concentrate on school. At the 2022 Toronto Comicon, Stepto explained that she had extreme difficulty pursuing a career in acting following the show; the roles she was offered were usually similar to Spike, and she was directly rejected for being too well-known as Spike. Additionally, she said that producers would constantly tell her that she was "too short", "too fat", or "cheeks are too full", and eventually she was "tired of all that bullshit" and left the acting business to pursue other endeavors.

Stepto reprised her role as Spike on Degrassi: The Next Generation, of which primarily featured her character's daughter, Emma Nelson, as a central character; she made occasional appearances as Spike until the 2010 television film Degrassi Takes Manhattan. Degrassi remains Stepto's only major acting role; she made brief cameo appearances in the medical drama Strong Medicine, and the science fiction series ReGenesis.

As of 2018, Stepto is no longer active as an actress. In December 2023, she attended the induction of Degrassi into Canada's Walk of Fame.

Legacy
Stepto was acclaimed for her "honest" portrayal of Spike, and the character has been cited as a "fan favourite", a "trailblazer", and because of her character's daughter's role in Degrassi: The Next Generation, important to the franchise's continuity. Even prior to The Next Generation, Ian Warden of The Canberra Times described Spike as a "lynchpin" of the series. She was frequently recognized and mobbed by fans. She would also receive threats of violence from other girls whose boyfriends were attracted to her.

Hairstyle and public image
A significant part of Stepto's public image was her large spiked hairstyle, which became a trademark of her Degrassi character, and contributed to the media attention Stepto received in the late 1980s. Described as "outrageously-coiffed", she stated in 2005 that it was achieved using "lots of Final Net". She stated that she developed the hairstyle years before Degrassi, citing Colin Abrahall, vocalist of the UK82 band GBH, as her chief stylistic inspiration. In 1988, Edmonton Journal staff writer Bob Remington quipped that her hairstyle resembled "a science experiment in electromagnetism". Stepto often received unwanted attention and even harassment in public because of this hairstyle, and faced a dilemma following her rise in public profile; speaking to The Grid in 2012, she stated: "I realized I couldn’t [continue to] tell people to fuck off and stop staring at me—they were staring at me because I was on the show."

On Turned Out A Punk, she stated that her hairstyle and fashion sense resulted in her being kicked out of various shopping centres, and recounted the experience of being asked to leave the Toronto Eaton Centre for apparently "lolling around", despite carrying hundreds of dollars worth of items. In the foreword to the Degrassi Talks: Sex print adaptation, she told journalist Catherine Dunphy that she was given a strike at school by her ballet teacher, because the hair "didn't go with the pink getup". According to Stepto, these experiences directly influenced a storyline on Degrassi Junior High, in which Spike attempts to get a job at a local diner, but is mocked by the manager because of her hair.

Personal life
Stepto graduated from the University of Toronto with a bachelor's degree in history and political science. In the late 1990s, she had a brief stint teaching English in Japan. She is an advocate for animal rights and a vegetarian. On the Turned Out A Punk podcast, she cited Morrissey, as well as the Smiths album Meat Is Murder, as having helped affirm her beliefs. During the 1990s, she was the manager of the clothing store Shakti, located in the Kensington Market, and operated a jewelry booth at Lollapalooza with co-star Cathy Keenan. In 2009, she began performing as a DJ in Toronto under the name "DJ Demanda" with former co-star Stacie Mistysyn, who went under the name "Mistylicious".

As of 2017, Stepto resided in Ireland, and as of 2018, resided in Mississauga, Ontario.

Nominations
For Degrassi, Stepto was nominated twice. In 1990, along with her co-stars, she was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast for Degrassi Junior High. In 1992, she was nominated for the Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role for Degrassi High. She appeared as a celebrity presenter at the ceremony.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amanda Stepto


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Stephen Carr

Stephen Carr (born 29 August 1976) is an Irish former professional footballer who played for and captained Birmingham City from 2009 to 2013. He previously played for Premier League teams Tottenham Hotspur and, for a shorter spell, Newcastle United. He is a former international player with the Republic of Ireland. His primary position was right back, but had been known to deputise at left back or centre back when required.

Tottenham Hotspur
Carr was born in Dublin. As a fifteen-year-old, he went on trial from Stella Maris to Tottenham Hotspur and was signed up by then manager Ossie Ardiles. He made his debut for the club on 26 September 1993 away to Ipswich Town in the 1993–94 FA Premier League season. However he had to wait until the 1996–97 season to establish himself as a regular first-team player, when he made 28 appearances that campaign.

He picked up a League Cup medal with Spurs in 1999 after contributing to a 1–0 win over Leicester City in the final. The 1999–2000 season was arguably his best ever as far as his performances are concerned, as well as scoring a "thunderous piledriver" against champions Manchester United.

His reputation continued to grow throughout the 2000–01 season, and other clubs were beginning to show interest in signing him. However, in the summer of 2001, he began to have problems with his knee and required an operation which he underwent in September of that year. He did not make any appearances in the 2001–02 season and also missed the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals. It was not until October 2002 that Carr was back fully fit. As he returned to form, interest from other Premiership clubs started to resurface. Carr was linked with Manchester United, and a move to Newcastle United was on the cards.

Newcastle United
Carr signed for Newcastle United in August 2004 when then manager Bobby Robson signed him for a fee of £2 million on a four-year contract. Soon after he signed Robson was sacked from his managerial post by chairman Freddy Shepherd. He was replaced by Graeme Souness, who, like Robson, saw Carr as a first-team player. Carr's debut for the club came in a 2–2 draw against Middlesbrough on 14 August. He played in 26 league games in the 2004–05 season, scoring once. His first goal for the club came from a "fierce shot from well outside the area" against Southampton. He helped Newcastle reach the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup and the semi-final of the FA Cup. Newcastle finished 14th, which put pressure on Souness.

In the 2005–06 season, he only managed to make 19 league appearances for the club as the persistent knee injury ruled him out for two months. The team finished 7th in the league under the new management of Glenn Roeder, after Souness was sacked in January.

Carr was one of the many injury victims during Newcastle's 2006–07 season and was out with a fractured foot for a few months. He returned for the 2–2 draw against West Ham United on 20 January 2007, filling in at an unfamiliar left-back position after impressive displays from Nolberto Solano at right-back during Carr's absence, putting question marks over his future at the club. He fell further down the pecking order during the 2007–08 season with the signings of Habib Beye and Geremi. Beye's impressive form and Carr's inability to maintain fitness resulted in Kevin Keegan deciding against renewing Carr's contract and he was released at the end of the season.

After Newcastle
Carr was linked with moves to Aston Villa, Everton, West Ham United, Wigan Athletic, Hertha Berlin, Racing Genk and Bohemians. He was also on trial with League One side Leicester City where he would have linked up with Nigel Pearson whom he played under at Newcastle. Having failed to find a suitable club, Carr announced his retirement from all forms of football on 1 December 2008.

Birmingham City
In February 2009 he began training with Birmingham City with a view to coming out of retirement, and signed a one-month contract with the club on 23 February. He made his debut the following day, playing the whole of the goalless draw away to Crystal Palace. After impressing during the initial month, Carr signed an extension until the end of the season. Following Birmingham's promotion to the Premier League, Carr signed a new two-year contract with the club. Made acting captain in the absence through injury and squad rotation of Lee Carsley, he was a member of the Birmingham team that went 15 games unbeaten in all competitions, including a club record 12 unbeaten in the top flight, during the 2009–10 Premier League season. Towards the end of the season Carr received a one-match suspension for improper conduct after making an "offensive gesture" towards Aston Villa supporters at the end of the local derby lost by Birmingham via a late, controversial penalty.

He captained the team to victory in the 2011 Football League Cup final as Birmingham defeated favourites Arsenal 2–1. Carr played every game of the 2010–11 Premier League season, at the end of which Birmingham were relegated to the Championship, and the club took up the option of retaining his services for another year.

Carr made his 100th appearance for Birmingham in the Europa League play-off round first leg against Portuguese club Nacional, the first time the club had participated in major European competition for nearly 50 years. He missed much of the second half of the 2011–12 season with knee cartilage damage, and his contract expired in June, but after the appointment of former Newcastle teammate Lee Clark as Birmingham's manager, he signed a one-year deal with the club. Investigation of an injury sustained in a pre-season friendly in August revealed knee damage requiring surgery predicted to keep him out for six months.

Carr was unable to play again, and at the end of the 2012–13 season he announced his retirement from football. Although Clark had hoped to persuade him to stay at Birmingham as a coach, Carr confirmed that he and his family intended to move to Spain where he had business interests.

International career
Carr has represented his country at schoolboy, youth, under-18, under-21 and full international levels. He missed out on the 2002 World Cup due to injury.

Carr initially retired from the international scene after the team failed to qualify for the 2006 World Cup, having played 39 times for his country. However he was convinced to continue playing international football by new Ireland manager Steve Staunton. Due to injuries and the sacking of Irish manager Staunton, Carr retired from international football on 14 November 2007.

Honours
Tottenham Hotspur
 * Football League Cup: 1998–99

Newcastle United
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2006

Birmingham City
 * Football League Cup: 2010–11

Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2000–01 Premier League, 2002–03 Premier League
 * Tottenham Hotspur Members Club Player of the Year: 1999, 2000

title: Stephen Carr


text:
Bigot (disambiguation)

A bigot is someone intolerant of others' differing ideas, races, genders, religions, politics, etc.

Bigot may also refer to:

 * Bigot (surname)
 * Bigot (espionage)

title: Bigot (disambiguation)


text:
SDO

SDO may stand for:

Astronomy

 * Scattered disc object in the Solar System
 * Solar Dynamics Observatory, a NASA mission to study the Sun
 * Subdwarf O star (sdO)

Computing, software, electronics

 * Service Data Object protocol under the CANopen protocol
 * Service Data Objects, allowing uniform data access
 * Intel Secure Device Onboard for IoT
 * Spatial Data Option, late Oracle Spatial and Graph
 * Silent Death Online (videogame), from Mythic Entertainment

Groups, companies, organizations

 * Standards developing organization
 * San Diego Opera, California, USA
 * Secret Double Octopus, Israeli software company
 * SDO Bussum, Bussum, Netherlands; a Dutch association football club
 * Air Santo Domingo (ICAO airline code )

Other uses

 * Sub Divisional Officer, a government officer in charge of a subdivision in a district in India.
 * Selective door operation on trains
 * Social dominance orientation, a personality trait
 * Bukar–Sadong language (ISO 639 language code )
 * Sistema Direzionale Orientale (Eastern Directional District), Via della Pietra Sanguigna, Rome, Italy; a cancelled-planned business district around Quintiliani subway station

title: SDO


text:
Maria Vacratsis

Maria Vacratsis (born July 28, 1955) is a Canadian actress. She has been featured in several Canadian television series, including Degrassi: The Next Generation, Little Mosque on the Prairie, Tactical Girls, and Rent-a-Goalie. In addition to her work on television, she has appeared with Chris Farley and David Spade in the 1995 film Tommy Boy and as Aunt Frieda in My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) and its sequel My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016). She also voiced Queen Metaria (aka Negaforce) in the original English dub of Sailor Moon.

title: Maria Vacratsis


text: Category:Palaces in Denmark

title: Category:Palaces in Denmark


text:
The Trespasser (novel)

The Trespasser is a 1912 novel by D. H. Lawrence. Set mostly on the Isle of Wight, it tells the story of Siegmund, a married man with children, and his adulterous affair with Helena.

Originally it was titled the Saga of Siegmund and drew upon the experiences of a friend of Lawrence, Helen Corke, and her adulterous relationship with a married man that ended with his suicide. Lawrence worked from Corke's diary, with her permission, but also urged her to publish; which she did in 1933 as Neutral Ground.

Reception
The biographer Brenda Maddox writes in D. H. Lawrence: The Story of a Marriage (1994) that The Trespasser was reviewed by the translator Constance Garnett, who found its last fifty pages comparable in quality to the work of "the best Russian school."

Adaptation
Lawrence's novel was adapted into a 1981 television film starring Alan Bates as Siegmund; Pauline Moran as Helena; Margaret Whiting as Beatrice, wife of Siegmund; and Dinah Stabb as Louisa, Helena's friend; among others. It was directed by Colin Gregg and written by Hugh Stoddart.

Standard edition

 * The Trespasser (1912), edited by Elizabeth Mansfield, Cambridge University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-521-22264-8

title: The Trespasser (novel)


text:
Talk:Second class citizen

Nice edits. I'll buy that. :-) Radsay 11:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thought it might be too informal but it is widely used and sufficiently distinct from Disenfranchised. Good addition. Marskell 11:20, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

True; I was hoping the examples would gestalt the concept. Thx for the additions and formatting (and all). I was surprised there wasn't already an entry. Radsay 11:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

coptic christains
I'm removing coptic christains until it can be better verified. First, civil rights are effectively denied to all Egyptians and while christains may face street-level discrimination I don't believe the gov't actively singles them out (i.e., they can join the military civil service--plz correct if mistaken but that's what it as far as I know). Marskell 18:42, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Second class citizen


text:
User talk:James McCourt

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Joolz 11:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Richard McCourt
You could just add information about yourself to your user profile, and wait for someone else to come along and find you notable enough to create a real article about you. Please don't add yourself to Richard McCourt in that way again. Thank you. -- Francs2000 | Talk 23:52, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:James McCourt


text:
Jasper Conran

Jasper Alexander Thirlby Conran (born 12 December 1959) is a British designer. He has worked on collections of womenswear and for the home, as well as productions for the stage in ballet, opera and theatre.

Early life
He is the second son of Sir Terence Conran, a designer, and Shirley Pearce, an author; his parents divorced when he was two. He was educated at Port Regis School and Bryanston School in the 1970s; he also studied at the Parsons School of Art and Design in New York, United States (US).

Career
Conran's first collection was for Henri Bendel in New York City. In 1978, aged 19, Conran designed his first womenswear collection under his own name. The following year he was elected to be part of the London Designer collections. Conran designed his first menswear collection in 1985. Conran designed the wedding dress of Princess Margaret's daughter, Lady Sarah Chatto (formerly Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones) in 1994. He also designed clothes for Diana, Princess of Wales.

In 1989 Conran collaborated with Land Rover Ltd on the interior of the then new Land Rover Discovery.

In 1999, he began designing a signature range of stemware for Stuart Crystal and later for Waterford Crystal. In 2001, he launched a fine bone china tableware collection for Wedgwood.

In 1996, Conran launched a womenswear range for the Debenhams chain of department stores in the UK. He has subsequently designed women's accessories, lingerie, hosiery, menswear, men's accessories, childrenswear, and homeware for the company.

Conran has released furnishing, fabric and wallpaper collections for Designers Guild, as well as a range of signature fragrances and luggage.

In 2004, Conran designed and launched a three-range fireplace collection for Chesney's. He launched the Jasper Conran Optical in 2008.

Conran was a Governor at Bryanston School from 2007-2009 and a trustee of The Architecture Foundation (2010-2012) and the Wallace Collection (2007-2015).

Conran is the chairman and chief executive of Jasper Conran Holdings Ltd. He was appointed creative director of The Conran Shop in 2011, and, in 2012, was appointed as the chairman where he spent three years conceiving and implementing a strategy to reinvigorate and reposition the business. In March 2014, Conran was appointed chairman of Conran Holdings Ltd, stepping down in 2015.

Conran published his first book, Jasper Conran Country in 2010. The 300-page photographic essay was completed during a year of exploration around the English countryside.

In 2016 Conran opened his first hotel in the medina in Marrakesh, L'Hotel Marrakech. In 2017 L'Hôtel Marrakech was listed as 1 of 75 in the Hot List 2017: Best New Hotels in the World, Condé Nast Traveler USA and 1 of 55 'Best New Hotels in the World by Conde Nast Traveller UK. In 2018 L'Hôtel Marrakech was included on the Condé Nast Traveler USA Gold List 2018. Condé Nast Traveler USA and Condé Nast Traveler UK both listed L'Hôtel Marrakech as one of their editors all-time favourite hotels on their respective 2019 Gold Lists.

Conran has served several times on the British Fashion Council, and is a visiting professor at the University of the Arts London.

Performing arts
Throughout his career, Conran has pursued his passion for the performing arts — he has designed costumes and sets for fourteen ballet, opera and theatre productions.

Conran collaborated with David Bintley on the Royal Ballet's production of Tombeaux, held at Covent Garden, and a series of productions by the Birmingham Royal Ballet, including The Nutcracker Sweeties, Brahms/Handel Variations, The Shakespeare Suite and Arthur Part I & II. He also designed the set and costumes for Bintley's The Compleat Consort, produced for the Bayerisches Staatsballett in Munich, Germany.

Other works include the production of My Fair Lady directed by Simon Callow, Donzetti's opera Maria Stuarda for ENO and Galina Samsova's productions of Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty for the Scottish Ballet.

In 1991, Conran won the Laurence Olivier Award for Costume Design for Jean Anouilh's The Rehearsal at the Almeida Theatre in London, UK.

Full list of productions
 * The Rehearsal, Jean Anouilh, 1991 (Laurence Olivier Award, 1991)
 * My Fair Lady, Simon Callow, 1992
 * Tombeaux, David Bintley, 1993, Royal Opera House
 * Sleeping Beauty, Galina Samsova, 1994, Scottish Ballet
 * Brahms/Handel Variations, David Bintley, 1994, Birmingham Royal Ballet
 * Stravinsky Symphony in C, 1994, Bavarian State Opera, Munich
 * The Complete Consort, David Bintley, 1994, Bayerisches Staatsballett, Munich
 * Swan Lake, Galina Samsova, 1995, Scottish Ballet
 * Edward II, David Bintley, 1995, Birmingham Royal Ballet
 * The Nutcracker Sweeties, David Bintley, 1996, Birmingham Royal Ballet
 * Maria Stuarda, Donizetti, 1998, English National Opera
 * The Shakespeare Suite, David Bintley, 1999, Birmingham Royal Ballet
 * Arthur Part I, David Bintley, 2000, Birmingham Royal Ballet
 * Arthur Part II, David Bintley, 2001, Birmingham Royal Ballet
 * Within the Golden Hour, Christopher Wheeldon, 2019, Royal Opera House

Personal life
Conran is gay. In 2009, he was ranked number 66 in the annual Pink List of 100 influential gay and lesbian people in Britain, published by The Independent on Sunday. In 2010, this list described him as a "National Treasure". In December 2015, he married Irish artist and performer Oisin Byrne.

Conran has bought and restored a string of English period and country houses. In 1984, Conran bought a house in Regent's Park Terrace for £160,000. For a time Conran lived at Flemings Hall in Bedingfield, Suffolk. Flemings Hall is an Elizabethan manor house with a Saxon moat. Conran bought it in 2002 from the photographer Angus McBean. He sold the property in 2006. After this, he purchased Walpole House on Chiswick Mall (a waterfront street on the north bank of the river Thames located near Chiswick House and Gardens). He later purchased (and restored over five years) Ven House in Milborne Port, Somerset. In 2017, Conran sold his apartment in New Wardour Castle in Wiltshire and purchased the manor house at Bettiscombe in Dorset, a house that had previously belonged to his step-mother, Caroline Conran.

Awards

 * 1982: Fil d'Or International Linen Award
 * 1983: Fil d'Or International Linen Award
 * 1986: Designer of the Year by the British Fashion Council
 * 1987: Fashion Group of America Award
 * 1991: The Laurence Olivier Award for 'Costume Designer of the Year' – Jean Anouilh's "The Rehearsal"
 * 1991: The British Fashion Council's British Collections Award
 * 2003: 'The Prince's Medal', Homes and Gardens Classic Design Award
 * 2004: Honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University
 * 2005: The Design and Decoration 'Objects of Desire' Award
 * 2006: Honorary doctorate at the University of East Anglia.
 * 2006: Homes and Gardens 'Classic Design' Award
 * 2008: Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours for services to retail industry.
 * 2011: Condé Nast Traveller:Innovation & Design Award for 'Style on the Move' with Tripp Luggage

title: Jasper Conran


text: User talk:69.220.118.175

title: User talk:69.220.118.175


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Axis Mile

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 05:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Axis Mile
A band which is "relatively unknown and have not released any albums" according to the author. There were pages created for each member: Tom duffy, Nick campbell, Dave beadle, Neil Curran. Delete all TheMidnighters 11:17, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all. NN Marskell 12:30, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Useless. This vote applies to all articles mentioned by nominator. Punkmorten 20:38, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Hayden c2

Welcome to Wikipedia.

Thanks for your participation at Wikipedia. When creating new pages, please have them contain more than just a link. Such pages are likely to be deleted.

Punkmorten 11:17, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

The Blue Marble
Hello: I respectfully changedyour edit to this page. When something is published as "Original Caption," probably best kept that way. Here's the original NASA reference for the caption: [http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?mission=AS17&roll=148&frame=22727 ] — Gaff ταλκ 08:57, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Interesting...you nearly had it right changing from Malagasy. Happy edits. — Gaff  ταλκ 09:01, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hayden c2


text:
Superstabilization

Superstabilization is a concept of fault-tolerance in distributed computing. Superstabilizing distributed algorithms combine the features of self-stabilizing algorithms and dynamic algorithms. A superstabilizing algorithm – just like any other self-stabilizing algorithm – can be started in an arbitrary state, and it will eventually converge to a legitimate state. Additionally, a superstabilizing algorithm will recover rapidly from a single change in the network topology (adding or removing one edge or node in the network).

Any self-stabilizing algorithm recovers from a change in the network topology – the system configuration after a topology change can be treated just like any other arbitrary starting configuration. However, in a self-stabilizing algorithm, the convergence after a single change in the network topology may be as slow as the convergence from an arbitrary starting state. In the study of superstabilizing algorithms, special attention is paid to the time it takes to recover from a single change in the network topology.

Definitions
The stabilization time of a superstabilizing algorithm is defined exactly as in the case of self-stabilizing algorithm: how long it takes to converge to a legitimate state from an arbitrary configuration. Depending on the computational model, time is measured, e.g., in synchronous communication rounds or in asynchronous cycles.

The superstabilization time is the time to recover from a single topology change. It is assumed that the system is initially in a legitimate configuration. Then the network topology is changed; the superstabilization time is the maximum time it takes for the system to reach a legitimate configuration again. Similarly, the adjustment measure is the maximum number of nodes that have to change their state after such changes.

The “almost-legitimate configurations” which occur after one topology change can be formally modelled by using passage predicates: a passage predicate is a predicate that holds after a single change in the network topology, and also during the convergence to a legitimate configuration.

title: Superstabilization


text:
Allan McLean (Australian politician)

Allan McLean (3 February 1840 – 13 July 1911) was an Australian politician who served as the 19th Premier of Victoria, in office from 1899 to 1900. He was later elected to federal parliament, where he served as a government minister under George Reid.

McLean was born in Argyll, Scotland, and arrived in Australia as a child. His family settled in the Gippsland region of Victoria, and he eventually acquired a sheep station near Lake Wellington. McLean was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1880 and was promoted to cabinet in 1890, serving under James Munro, William Shiels, and George Turner. He replaced Turner as premier in 1899, but was defeated at the following year's general election. McLean entered the new federal parliament in 1901, as a member of the Protectionist Party. He was a leader of its conservative wing, and in 1904 crossed the floor to become Minister for Trade and Customs in the Reid government. He was the de facto deputy prime minister. The government was defeated in 1905, and he lost his seat at the 1906 election.

Early life
McLean was born in the highlands of Scotland and came to Australia as a child in 1842 with his family. He later said 'were practically frozen out of Scotland' by 'an exceptionally severe winter'. His father, Charles McLean, was a grazier near Tarraville, in the Gippsland region of Victoria. McLean was educated at the local state school, assisted his father on his stations, and for a short period was on the staff of the Gippsland Times. About 1870, he acquired the lease of 'The Lowlands', a sheep station, on the shores of Lake Wellington near Sale and in 1872, formed the firm of A. McLean and Company, Stock and Station Agents, at Maffra. He became a shire councillor at Maffra in 1873, and as president of the shire was active in forming the Municipal Association of Victoria.

Victorian politics
McLean was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Gippsland North in May 1880. A conservative, he was President of the Board of Land and Works and Minister of Agriculture in the James Munro ministry from 1890 to 1891, and Chief Secretary from 1891 to 1892, retaining this position under William Shiels from 1892 to 1893. He became a minister without portfolio in the liberal government of George Turner in 1894, but resigned in April 1898. On 5 December 1899, he moved and carried a vote of no-confidence, becoming Premier and Chief Secretary, but his government lasted less than a year. At the 1900 election the conservatives were defeated and Turner reclaimed the premiership.

Federal politics
McLean was an opponent of Australian federation and was not a member of the conventions which shaped the Australian Constitution. However, reassured to some degree by Deakin's composite stand as an Australian Briton, McLean sent him to London in January 1900 as Victoria's representative in negotiations with the British government.

In March 1901, however, he was elected a member of the first Australian House of Representatives for the seat of Gippsland, and sat as a supporter of the Protectionist Party of Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin. McLean belonged to the conservative wing of the party and opposed Deakin's increasingly warm alliance with the Labour Party.

In April 1904 Deakin resigned and the Labour leader, Chris Watson, formed a minority government. Watson resigned in August, and the Free Trade leader George Reid formed another minority government, supported by the conservative Protectionists. McLean came into the cabinet as Minister for Trade and Customs, and his position was so strong that the government is often referred to as the Reid-McLean ministry.

This composite ministry was, however, not a success. It was constantly being assailed by the Labour Party and the radical Protectionist section of Deakin's followers, such as H. B. Higgins and Isaac Isaacs. It lasted for less than 11 months, and fell when Deakin withdrew his support. This episode caused great bitterness in the Protectionist ranks, and at the 1906 election McLean was opposed in Gippsland by a radical Protectionist, George Wise, who narrowly defeated McLean with Labour support.

Personal life
McLean, who had suffered for many years with a rheumatic affliction and did not feel capable of doing justice to his constituents, retired before the next election. He died at his home at Albert Park in 1911. Sir George Reid said of him that "no public man in Victoria was more widely or more affectionately esteemed" (My Reminiscences, p. 238). He was twice married, once in 1866 to Margaret Bridget Shinnock of Maffra (ca.1847 – 7 August 1884), and subsequently, to Emily Macarthur (née Linton), who survived him with five sons and two daughters by the first marriage. His eldest son, William Joseph McLean (d. 19 April 1938) was a noted pastoralist, and senior partner in the firm of A. McLean and Co., stock and station agents of Maffra, Sale and Bairnsdale, and the Melbourne firm of McLean, McKenzie and Co.

title: Allan McLean (Australian politician)


text:
Charles N'Zogbia

Charles N'Zogbia (born 28 May 1986) is a French former professional footballer who played as a right or left winger, but also as an attacking midfielder. He was capped for the France under-21 team on thirteen occasions, and made his debut for the senior side in 2010. He spent over a decade at Premier League sides Newcastle United, Wigan Athletic and Aston Villa, having begun his career at Le Havre.

Early career
N'Zogbia began his career at the academy of Le Havre. When he was 16, he was spotted by the former chief scout of Newcastle United, Charlie Woods, who arranged for him to have a trial at the club. After training with Newcastle for a month, he impressed the club and they were keen to sign him. However, his transfer to Newcastle proved controversial. Le Havre had tied him to an educational contract, but Newcastle claimed that the player had freedom of contract to move on a free transfer, an assertion which FIFA supported.

Newcastle United
After a protracted saga involving the threat of a case at the Court of Arbitration for Sport, Newcastle eventually paid a fee in the region of £250,000 to sign N'Zogbia from Le Havre, for compensation on youth development cost. His transfer to Newcastle officially completed on 2 September 2004. He was the last player to be signed by the late Sir Bobby Robson.

N'Zogbia earned the nickname 'Zog', with supporters chanting Zog on the Tyne (in reference to the Lindisfarne song "Fog on the Tyne"), in appreciation to his contribution to the team.

His debut for the club came in a 3–0 win over Blackburn Rovers on 11 September 2004. In the 2005–06 season, N'Zogbia established himself as a first-team regular, appearing in 41 matches. He scored Newcastle's first goal of the season in the 1–1 draw at home to Fulham, with a skilful free kick. He further displayed his goalscoring ability with 6 goals in total that season, including a solo effort in the 4–1 win over fierce rivals Sunderland. He was the fourth highest goal scorer for Newcastle in the 2005–06 season and also contributed seven assists. This good form attracted interest from clubs such as Arsenal but he instead signed a three-year contract extension with Newcastle at the end of the season.

He found himself playing less regularly during the 2006–07 season under new club manager, Glenn Roeder, who favoured Damien Duff over N'Zogbia. He also missed matches due to an injury sustained during the 1–0 defeat to Chelsea on 13 December 2006 and did not return until late February 2007. He was left out of the Newcastle squad on 13 May 2007 for the final game of the season against Watford, after he refused to be used as a substitute.

Despite rumours that N'Zogbia would leave Newcastle during the summer, he stayed at the club and was named in the starting line-up in the opening game against Bolton Wanderers. He repaid new manager Sam Allardyce's trust in him by scoring the opening goal of the game, which Newcastle won 3–1. On 4 September 2007 he signed a new five-year contract, keeping him at the club until 2012.

In December 2008, N'Zogbia announced his desire to leave Newcastle during the January 2009 transfer window, saying "After four years at Newcastle, I want to reach a higher level of ambition. I don't think that is possible here." On 29 January 2009, following a 2–1 away loss to Manchester City, Newcastle manager Joe Kinnear angered N'Zogbia by mispronouncing his name as "insomnia". N'Zogbia then issued a statement which, while apologising to the fans, announced he would not play for the club while Kinnear was manager.

Wigan Athletic
On 30 January 2009, just hours ahead of the transfer deadline, Newcastle agreed a £6 million fee with Wigan Athletic for N'Zogbia with the player signing a three-and-a-half-year contract. The deal involved Ryan Taylor moving the other way to St James' Park. N'Zogbia scored his first league goal for Wigan on 29 March in a 2–1 away victory over Sunderland at the Stadium of Light, with a run beginning from behind the halfway-line. The following season, on 18 April 2010, N'Zogbia scored the winning goal to complete a late comeback against Arsenal to win the match 3–2. This result all but secured Wigan's Premier League survival. He was named Wigan's Players' Player of the Year and Supporters' Player of the Season for 2009–10.

In May 2010, Birmingham City had a reported £8m bid for the player rejected. On 27 August, Wigan confirmed their acceptance of a further bid, "believed to be in the region of £9 million", and the player was given permission to speak to Birmingham City. The move fell through however after N'Zogbia and Birmingham failed to agree personal terms. N'Zogbia was given the number 10 shirt for the 2010–11 season after Jason Koumas moved on loan to Cardiff City. N'Zogbia played a vital role in keeping Wigan in the Premier League at the end of the 2010–11 season, scoring five goals in the last six games of the season, including an injury time winner against West Ham United to win the game 3–2. He finished the season as the club's top goal scorer, with 10 goals in all competitions. Speculation grew over the summer that N'Zogbia would leave Wigan during the transfer window. Many clubs declared an interest in the winger including: Aston Villa, Liverpool, Newcastle United and Sunderland. Despite Wigan manager Roberto Martínez stating that the club would not be selling their top players, chairman Dave Whelan later said that Wigan 'would have to sell N'Zogbia' because he was in the last year of his contract.

Aston Villa
On 15 July, Aston Villa made a £9.1 million bid for N'Zogbia. Three days later, the bid was rejected by the Latics, who valued N'Zogbia at £10 million. Villa then made a further bid of £9.5 million, which Wigan accepted. On 29 July 2011, N'Zogbia passed a medical and signed a five-year deal with the club where he will wear the number 10 shirt. He made his debut on 6 August 2011 in a friendly match away to Braga and scored in the 39th minute to level the game which ended 1–1. He made his Premier League debut for Aston Villa in their first game of the 2011/12 season away to Fulham which ended 0–0. On 1 February 2012, N'Zogbia scored his first goal for Villa against Queens Park Rangers in the Premier League which ended 2–2. On 3 March 2012, N'Zogbia scored his second goal for Villa against Blackburn Rovers in a match that ended 1–1.

On 10 February 2013, N'Zogbia scored his first Premier League goal of the season against West Ham United in a match that ended in a 2–1 victory. N'Zogbia suffered an injury to his Achilles tendon during a holiday in June 2013, and a lengthy rehabilitation process led manager Paul Lambert to admit that he did not expect the winger to return to action before the end of the season. N'Zogbia returned to the side and was handed the number 28 jersey. He gained his first assist in a 2–1 loss to Spurs, playing in a low cross which Andreas Weimann converted, Aston Villa's first goal in 6 games.

On 10 June 2016, it was announced that N'Zogbia would leave Aston Villa on the expiry of his contract. After leaving Aston Villa, it was reported that N'Zogbia's move to Nantes was scuppered by the discovery of a heart problem.

International career
N'Zogbia played twice for the France under-16 national side in 2002. In the summer of 2006, he was selected for the France under-21 24-man provisional squad for the European Under-21 Football Championship in Portugal. However, because of an ongoing dispute between Newcastle, Le Havre and the French FA concerning his move to The Magpies, the French coach had no choice but to leave him out of the final squad.

After impressive form for Newcastle in September 2007, he was called up to the France under-21 team. He made his debut for France under-21 on 7 September 2007 in a 1–0 victory over Wales. Congo DR had called up N'Zogbia to play for them against the France 'B' Team in February 2008, but he declined the invitation so that he could have more time to think about his international football future.

On 5 August 2010, N'Zogbia was called up to France's senior team for the first time by new manager Laurent Blanc, for the team's friendly against Norway on 11 August 2010. N'Zogbia played the first half of the game, which finished in a 1–2 defeat.

Honours
Newcastle United
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2006

Aston Villa
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2014–15

title: Charles N'Zogbia


text:
The Boy in the Bush

The Boy in the Bush is a novel by D. H. Lawrence set in Western Australia, first published in 1924. It is derived from a story in a manuscript given to Lawrence by Mollie Skinner, entitled The House of Ellis. The title page of the first edition gives "D. H. Lawrence and M. L. Skinner" equal billing as its authors. Lawrence and his wife Frieda stayed with Skinner at her guesthouse in Darlington, Western Australia in 1922.

Australian television production
The Boy in the Bush was made into a television miniseries in 1984, directed by Rob Stewart and starring Kenneth Branagh and Sigrid Thornton.

It was one of five co-productions between the ABC and Portman Productions.

Cast

 * Kenneth Branagh as Jack Grant
 * Sigrid Thornton as Monica Ellis
 * Steve Bisley as Esau
 * Jon Blake as Tom Ellis

title: The Boy in the Bush


text:
Magnus (usurper)

Gaius Petronius Magnus (died 235 AD) was a senator of consular rank and a Roman usurper. After the death of Emperor Severus Alexander there was much ill-feeling in the Senate about the elevation of Maximinus Thrax to the throne. A group of officers and senators under the leadership of Magnus plotted to overthrow Maximinus. Their plan was to have soldiers destroy the bridge over the river Rhine, after Maximinus had brought the army across during his campaign against the Germans. Maximinus would be left stranded on the north bank of the Rhine, at the mercy of the Germans. Before it was realized, the plan was discovered and all conspirators executed.

title: Magnus (usurper)


text:
Vimanarama

Vimanarama is a three-issue fictional comic book mini-series written by Grant Morrison, with art by Philip Bond, and published by the Vertigo imprint of DC Comics. Set in the United Kingdom, it follows the Jack Kirby-esque story of Ali, a British Asian man who must confront ancient monsters inspired by Indian folklore, as well as more mundane crises in his family and personal life.

Synopsis
It is the story of Ali, a young British Asian man awaiting the arrival of his unseen arranged marriage. A baby in his family accidentally opens a path to the centre of the Earth, unleashing ancient monsters hell-bent on destroying the world. Only the Ultra-Hadeen, a team of ancient and somewhat naive superheroes, can stop them.

Ali also must deal with several personal family crises, most of them influenced by the presence of the super-beings.

Influences
The story is a Jack Kirby-like (in particular his ancient astronaut series The Eternals) take on ancient Indian tales, for example the Vedas (a vimana as a flying plane, for example) and Mahabharata. It also has an Arabian Nights-style romance mixed with a large dash of psychedelia and general oddness.

Morrison has said that the idea arose when his research into Islam led him on to the ancient epic tales of India and some of the more speculative theories of people like David Hatcher Childress. He states: "I just liked the idea of taking all the pomp and high holiness of one of the world's great religions...and turning it into a Jack Kirby comic".

Reception
Vimanarama has received largely positive reviews. Critics praised the series's imaginative original setting, its humor, its bright and high-quality illustrations, and its vibrant story and characters,  although some reviewers criticized it for attempting to fit too many ideas into too short of a series, leaving elements of the story underdeveloped.

Publications
Released in three parts, starting in February 2005, Vimanarama was subsequently collected into a single volume that was released in January 2006:
 * US (Vertigo ISBN 1-4012-0496-1)
 * UK (Titan Books ISBN 1-84576-207-X)

title: Vimanarama


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The milton experiance

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 05:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

The milton experiance
Delete, nn teen band Punkmorten 11:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. --TheMidnighters 18:59, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Do they really spell their name that way?  Zoe 23:14, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Flag of ASEAN

The Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations or the ASEAN Flag is one of the official symbols of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It consists of the official emblem of ASEAN on a blue background.

Construction
Set upon a blue background, ten paddy or rice stalks are drawn in the middle of a red circle with white circumference.

The colours of the flag are specified as follows:

The ratio of width to length of the flag is 2:3. The ASEAN Charter includes size specifications for usage of the flag:
 * Table flag: 10 cm x 15 cm
 * Room flag: 100 cm x 150 cm
 * Car flag: 20 cm x 30 cm
 * Field flag: 200 cm x 300 cm

Symbolism
The official symbolism of the flag is detailed in the ASEAN Charter. The colours of the flag – blue, red, white, and yellow – represent the main colours of the national flags of all ten ASEAN member states. Blue represents peace and stability, red represents courage and dynamism, white represents purity, and yellow represents prosperity.

The stalks of rice represent the dream of ASEAN's Founding Fathers for an ASEAN comprising all the countries in Southeast Asia bound together in friendship and solidarity. The number of stalks symbolize ASEAN's ten members

The circle represents the unity of ASEAN.

History
ASEAN's first flag was similar to the current one - it had six paddy stalks representing the five founding members (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand), plus Brunei Darussalam (joined on 7 January 1984) and the word ASEAN written under the stalks. The background was white instead of blue, the border of the circle along with the word ASEAN was cyan, and the circle was bright yellow. The stalks themselves were golden brownish in colour.

title: Flag of ASEAN


text:
Luther rose

The Luther rose or Luther seal is a widely recognized symbol for Lutheranism. It was the seal that was designed for Martin Luther at the behest of John Frederick of Saxony in 1530, while Luther was staying at the Coburg Fortress during the Diet of Augsburg. Lazarus Spengler, to whom Luther wrote his interpretation below, sent Luther a drawing of this seal. Luther saw it as a compendium or expression of his theology and faith, which he used to authorize his correspondence. Luther informed Philipp Melanchthon on 15 September 1530, that the Prince had personally visited him in the Coburg fortress and presented him with a signet ring, presumably displaying the seal.

Components of the seal connected to Luther earlier than 1530
A single rose had been known as Luther's emblem since 1520 when Wolfgang Stöckel in Leipzig published one of Luther's sermons with a woodcut of the reformer. This was the first contemporary depiction of Martin Luther.

Luther's doctor's ring displayed a heartlike shield, the symbol of the Holy Trinity.

Luther's interpretation of his seal

In an 8 July 1530 letter to Lazarus Spengler, Luther interprets his seal:

"Grace and peace from the Lord. As you desire to know whether my painted seal, which you sent to me, has hit the mark, I shall answer most amiably and tell you my original thoughts and reason about why my seal is a symbol of my theology. The first should be a black cross in a heart, which retains its natural color, so that I myself would be reminded that faith in the Crucified saves us. 'For one who believes from the heart will be justified' . Although it is indeed a black cross, which mortifies and which should also cause pain, it leaves the heart in its natural colour. It does not corrupt nature, that is, it does not kill but keeps alive. 'The just shall live by faith' but by faith in the crucified. Such a heart should stand in the middle of a white rose, to show that faith gives joy, comfort, and peace. In other words, it places the believer into a white, joyous rose, for this faith does not give peace and joy like the world gives. That is why the rose should be white and not red, for white is the color of the spirits and the angels (cf. ; ). Such a rose should stand in a sky-blue field, symbolising that such joy in spirit and faith is a beginning of the heavenly future joy, which begins already, but is grasped in hope, not yet revealed. And around this field is a golden ring, symbolising that such blessedness in Heaven lasts forever and has no end. Such blessedness is exquisite, beyond all joy and goods, just as gold is the most valuable, most precious and best metal. This is my compendium theologiae [summary of theology]. I have wanted to show it to you in good friendship, hoping for your appreciation. May Christ, our beloved Lord, be with your spirit until the life hereafter. Amen."

Use in Byzantine Rite Lutheranism
Churches of Byzantine Rite Lutheranism, such as the Ukrainian Lutheran Church, use the Luther rose with an Orthodox cross in the centre.

Use in coats of arms
The Luther rose is used in many coats of arms. The assumption that Martin Luther had visited any of these places is not confirmed.

title: Luther rose


text:
Talk:Abakaliki

Untitled
The EB makes a small mistake, they say that Abakaliki is in a different state, if somebody could check this on a written edition we can perhaps add it to Errors in the Encyclopædia Britannica that have been corrected in Wikipedia :-P (Hey, that's fun) :-D Ciao anf thank you--Civvi 11:25, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Music
Singing&songwriting Eshykid (talk) 12:13, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abakaliki


text:
Inland Line

The Inland Line (Inlandsbanan) is a 1288 km railway line between Kristinehamn and Gällivare in Sweden. It runs through the central parts of northern Sweden, and was built between 1908 and 1937.

History
There were several reasons for constructing the railway. The original main line to the north of Sweden ran relatively near the east coast, but inland connections were poor to non-existent; the inland regions, rich in natural resources (mainly timber) needed opening up. However, there was a strategic aspect to be considered; should Sweden be invaded from the east (which at the time was a serious possibility) the belligerents would certainly try to cut the main line to the north as quickly as possible; thus a second reserve route further inland was deemed highly important.

In 1907 the Riksdag decided that the first link between Östersund and Ulriksfors near Strömsund was to be built. The next stage Ulriksfors–Volgsjö (today Vilhelmina) was conceived in 1911; the year after that the Sveg-Brunflo stage was given the go ahead. The northernmost stage Vilhelmina–Gällivare was given the go-ahead in 1917. Finally, by purchasing the private railway lines between Sveg and Kristinehamn the entire 1288 km stretch stood clear. These private railways were opened in 1858 (1850 horse-drawn) for Kristinehamn–Sjöändan, 1876 for Sjöändan–Persberg, 1891 for Persberg–Mora, 1892 for Mora–Orsa and 1909 for Orsa–Sveg.

It was to take many years for the navvies to build this line. Originally it was to be inaugurated in 1924, but due to the effects of WW1 and the post-war recession and labour shortages, it was not finished until 1937, opening on 6 August that year.

The line was thereafter operated by SJ, but never proved profitable, suffering gradually decreasing service until 1992, when it was mothballed entirely. By this time the far southern section from Mora to Filipstad had already been closed.

The remaining track was subsequently sold off to the municipalities along the route. Today Inlandsbanan AB operates a passenger service for about 3 months each summer and 4 months in winter as for 2022, primarily for tourists. For 2022 the service consists of one train daily on each section (Östersund-Mora-Östersund and Östersund-Gällivare-Östersund) The Östersund–Gällivare section, a journey of around 14 hours; likewise a single train pair makes the round trip Östersund–Mora–Östersund, taking about 6 hours each way. The line has also been re-opened to freight and sees a considerable amount of traffic, mainly logging traffic. Also for 2013 the line between Kristinehamn and Mora has been refurbished and is once again open throughout, served by one train pair per day for the peak period (for exact times check Inlandbanan's web site); otherwise a coach service is provided along the route. The southernmost 40 km, Kristinehamn–Nykroppa, also has a sparse all-seasons passenger service operated by Värmlandstrafik as part of a line from Kristinehamn to Ludvika.

title: Inland Line


text:
Bayswater Point State Park

Bayswater Point State Park is a 17 acre state park located on Jamaica Bay in Queens, New York. The park is located at the western end of Mott Avenue in Bayswater near Far Rockaway and is built on land that once housed the mansion and estate of banker Louis A. Heinsheimer.

History
The site of Bayswater Point State Park once contained Breezy Point, an expansive mansion built in 1907 by New York City banker Louis A. Heinsheimer. In 1925, the mansion was converted into a home for disabled children, and it was later used as a home for children with intellectual disabilities before being placed for sale in the late 1980s.

A 12 acre parcel that was to become Bayswater Point State Park was purchased by the Trust for Public Land in 1986. The mansion, which by that point had been damaged by fire, was demolished in 1987 prior to the land being given to New York State in 1988; only the conservatory was left standing.

New York State designated the land as a state park in 1991, and gave New York City Audubon administrative duties over the park. Between 1994 and 1996, the Audubon Society conducted a research and restoration project at Bayswater Point, seeking to engage the public with the land's conservation.

In early May 2010, the park was briefly closed to the public as a result of budget cuts, along with 57 additional state parks and historic sites. However, by month's end an agreement had been reached to re-open many of the parks, including Bayswater Point. In 2015, an $80,000 improvement project to stabilize Sunset Lodge at the park was announced.

Usage

Bayswater Point State Park was established in order to preserve important habitat for migratory birds in Jamaica Bay. The park also protects habitat for butterflies such as the Delaware skipper, and its beach is used by horseshoe crabs during their annual mating season. As such, the park is largely undeveloped, and primarily offers space for passive recreation such as hiking, birdwatching, and fishing.

title: Bayswater Point State Park


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Palladium/archive1

Palladium
This article thouroughly desribes the major aspects of this chemical. It meets the criteria for feature articles and so should become one.

In my opinion, a Featured Article would go into much more detail on both of these items (along with similar areas throughout the article).--Alabamaboy 13:43, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. The article--let alone the lead--is way too short. In addition, the article has only one reference. Because the article is so short, interesting facts and events are only mentioned in passing. For example:
 * "In 2000, Ford Motor Company created a price bubble in palladium by stockpiling large amounts of the metal, fearing interrupted supplies from Russia. As prices fell in early 2001, Ford lost nearly $1 billion U.S. dollars."
 * "The element played an essential role in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment, also known as cold fusion."
 * Object. Should there be some kind of restriction on nominating articles that are obviously too short? Phoenix2 17:36, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. The one reference mentioned clearly doesn't contain anything like all the information provided in the article. Other references are needed. Some inline citations would be nice. Christopher Parham (talk) 22:57, 2005 August 21 (UTC)
 * Object. It doesn't mention "everything" and isn't very long. This is a regular article that is so-so. Featured articles are examples of Wikipedia's very best work. — Stevey7788 (talk) 00:55, 22 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Frits Peutz

Untitled
In the phrase "He had a special affinity with the Nieuwe Bouwen movement (Bauhaus)..." Buxtehude changed that to modern movement. But I had understood that his building style was based on Bauhaus. Anyone know? DirkvdM 11:28, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Het Nieuwe Bouwen and Bauhaus aren't the same. Simply put, HNB is the Dutch version of Functionalism and Bauhaus is the German version. It's possible that the Bauhaus had some influence on Peutz' work but I wouldn't mention it myself. Fnorp 17:18, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Modern movement' redirects to modernism, where Bauhaus is mentioned twice, but not prominently enough, I'd say, and the reason is that the subject is too wide. So a link to Bauhaus would make sense because that is specifically about architecture. Also, the article says he 'had a special affinity with', not that he 'was part of'. So I just added a Bauhaus link. DirkvdM 07:32, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know if Peutz had any special affinity with Bauhaus, which isn't mentioned anywhere in sources I've read about him. Peutz took his inspiration from many styles. I think a link to De Stijl would be more appropriate. Fnorp 10:02, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, I just based the link with Bauhaus on someone who with an interrest in architecture who saw the Schunck building and said it was Bauhaus. I thought I had heard that before, but I'm not sure now. However, the link with Bauhaus in the article is so weak now that it isn;t really a problem. What it says is actually correct, right? About De Stijl, when I image-google that what I see is nothing like the Schunck building (the only thing I know of his). Well, ultimately, I don't know. I suppose I should leave this to architects :) . DirkvdM 14:35, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I understand. Bauhaus is not so much a style but an institution, and Peutz was definitely not related to it. Like I said, he may have been influenced but I'm not sure of that. The Monseigneur Schrijnen Retreat House is closely related to De Stijl (work of Oud en Duiker especially) while the town hall in Heerlen shows influences from Italian fascist architecture. Fnorp 10:34, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

List of Works
Dear DirkvdM, it was a surious edit, but before I had time to translate and add the source I had to leave. The source is the offical site of the Monseigneur Laurentius Schrijnenhuis which has this list of selected works. Since the list now futhered in the article does not have a reference for the possible incorrect year for the theather and is not in chrononlogical order, I will replace the list with the more correct list (but now translated) P.s. I will soon see if I can add some more pictures of a couple of his works (there are some on the retraitehouse site, but I don't know the copywrite status, so I will take some pictures myself) P.p.s. Dirk it is good that you changed back the list that has no references to it (although the other one is also unreferenced) Mach10 09:23, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040617124450/http://www.stadsarchiefheerlen.nl/publieksbereik/educatie/projecten/glaspaleis/index.htm to http://www.stadsarchiefheerlen.nl/publieksbereik/educatie/projecten/glaspaleis/index.htm

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pronunciation
Hi, any chance somebody could please add the Dutch pronunciation of Peutz? Thanks! Dr. Vogel (talk) 17:10, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frits Peutz