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Henry Head

Sir Henry Head, FRS (4 August 1861 – 8 October 1940) was an English neurologist who conducted pioneering work into the somatosensory system and sensory nerves. Much of this work was conducted on himself, in collaboration with the psychiatrist W. H. R. Rivers, by severing and reconnecting sensory nerves and mapping how sensation returned over time. Head-Holmes syndrome and Head-Riddoch syndrome are named after him.

Early life
Henry Head was born on 4 August 1861 at number 6, Park Road, Stoke Newington (a district in the London Borough of Hackney), as the eldest son of Henry Head and his wife Hester Beck and one of eleven children. 'Harry', as he was called throughout his childhood, was of strong Quaker roots and Head once described his parents as being "the centre of a multitude of friends and relations."

Head's father was an insurance broker for Lloyd's Bank and the third son of Jeremiah Head, formerly the Mayor of Ipswich, and Mary Howard. His mother was the daughter of Richard Beck, who had been a partner of his uncle J.J Lister in a wine business in London, and his wife Rachel. Head inherited a strong love of literature from his mother's side of the family through which he was related to E.V Lucas, the author. Through his mother Head also had surgical blood, related as she was to Marcus Beck. Several of Head's siblings were also to be successful in their own fields: Francis Head joined Lloyd's alongside his father and became the director of Henry Head and Co. until his death, aged 37, in 1905. Christopher Head, a Conservative Party councillor and mayor of Chelsea from 1909 to 1911, took over from his brother until his own death aboard the RMS Titanic in 1912.

Early in his childhood, Head's family moved from Stoke Newington to Stamford Hill where they inhabited a house decorated for them by William Morris. Henry had, by this time, attended two-day schools and he now enrolled as a weekly boarder at Friends' School, Grove House, Tottenham. It was here that he met his first mentor, Mr. Ashford, a master at the school. Head described Ashford as "one of the best teachers of natural science I have ever encountered." This was the man, he said, to whom he "[owed] the fact that [he] was firmly grounded in the elements of natural science at an age when boys at an ordinary school in my day were ignorant of its existence." Perhaps it is to Ashford that we owe the direction Head’s later studies took, though it is clear that Head had a natural propensity for scientific learning, even at this early age.

From preparatory school he went on to Charterhouse, which had recently moved from London to Godalming. Here he came under the influence of a second science master, W.H.W. Poole, who recognised his pupil's innate talents. Under Poole's guidance he was given a grounding not only in the prescribed Biology, but also elements of Physiology. He was also given private home tuition in dissection and cutting microscopic sections.

Having gained a place at Trinity College, Cambridge, the budding scientist decided to forgo his final term at Charterhouse in favour of foreign study. Studying physiology and histology at Halle University in Germany and Head was soon proficient in the German language. Later in his life, Head would be repeatedly mistaken for a German at frontier posts due both to his aptitude for the language and his markedly Germanic physical appearance.

Looking at Head's life and the clearly scientific route that it took, it is often easy to forget that he was also to become a poet. Through his mother he had gained a love of literature and this would do much to direct his choice of acquaintances in later life when he was to become firm friends with authors (most notably to Thomas Hardy) and a mentor to the poet Siegfried Sassoon. This passion was also to initiate another, as in literature he and his future wife Ruth (a writer in her own right) were to find common ground.

Returning to England in time to go up to Cambridge where he made friends and acquaintances who would become distinguished in their own rights: D'Arcy Thompson, W.R Sorley, A.N Whitehead and William Bateson were among them.

Medical career
Head once stated that he could not recall a time in his life when he had not wished to pursue a career in medicine. He often thought that the dream of becoming a doctor could have first been formed at the age of eight when his family was involved in an epidemic of scarlet fever. He remembered being taken to spend a few days with the family doctor, Mr. Brett, and one morning at breakfast he startled his family by repeating a procedure that the doctor had used during his illness. Pouring a little tea onto a teaspoon, he had heated it over an oil lamp and carefully inspected the result, checking the tea for albumin as Mr. Brett had done with his urine.

Head left Cambridge with a first class degree in both parts of the Natural Science Tripos, and decided to travel abroad once more, this time to inspect laboratories in Germany. Dissatisfied with some that he visited, he decided to travel to Prague to visit Ewald Hering. He was immediately impressed, both by the facilities and the man and indeed the feeling seems to have been mutual as Hering invited Head to stay with him at once. In Prague, Head carried out work on the physiology of respiration and was given an account of his own researches in colour vision. Head would later pass on what he had learned about vision to his friend and colleague W. H. R. Rivers who came to be eminent in this field amongst others.

Head remained in Prague for two years, expanding his knowledge and his interests before returning to Cambridge to complete courses in anatomy and physiology and joining University College Hospital, London, where he was to qualify as a doctor in 1890. There he was house physician whilst also working under Dr. Thomas Buzzard at the National Hospital, Queen Square. His earlier experiences in Prague had created an interest in the physiology of respiration and he was later attracted to the Victoria Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, where he became a house physician.

While respiratory disease intrigued him, it is clear even from his earliest writings that his developing fervour was for neurology. His Cambridge M.D thesis 'On disturbances of sensation with especial reference to the pain of visceral disease,' was based upon patients Head had seen and was later published in Brain (Head, 1893). Which begins: "Several years ago I was led to examine the positions occupied by pain in disorders of the stomach and I soon came to the conclusion that the usual description was incomplete in several respects.... I then began to investigate the distribution of herpes zoster in the hope that a skin lesion which was notoriously of nervous origin might throw some light on the meaning and significance of the tender areas in visceral disease.... I next attempted to determine to what level of the nervous system these areas belonged, with the help of cases in which gross organic lesions were present.... This opened up the whole question of sensation in its various forms, but in this paper I shall not do more than touch upon the relations between the distribution of the sensations of pain, of heat, of cold and of touch." This early work on sensation was later to form the basis for one of his most ground-breaking studies 'A Human Experiment in Nerve Division.'

While Head's main interests are clear, he never limited himself solely to one particular area of study. In his second paper on the subject of pain produced by visceral disease (Head, 1894), again based upon evidence from the hospitals he had worked in, we find him covering a wide field of medicine; considerable attention is paid to diseases of the heart and lungs. He was a general physician with a speciality in physiology, driven by experience into an interest in pain which later led him to find a neurological basis for sensation in general. While his academic interests varied and evolved, professionally he was a general physician from first to last.

"Some men find teaching difficult: others are born teachers"
Russell Brain comments that while Head was a physician by profession, he was a born teacher. Appointed medical registrar to the London Hospital in 1896 and elected assistant physician four years later, there is a verbatim report of one of his rounds in 1900. On this day he showed the young men a patient with mitral stenosis, adherent pericardium and heart failure. Almost twenty years later, one of these young men (a Dr. Donald Hunter) recorded him as teaching on the difference between bronchial and cardiac asthma.

Head first showed his talent for teaching at the age of 21 when he addressed the Stoke Newington Mutual Instruction Society at the Friends Meeting House, Park Street, on the fertilization of plants. Professor H. M. Turnbull writes of Head's devotion to teaching:"I had the good fortune when first going to the hospital to meet daily in the mornings on the steam engine underground railway Dr. Henry Head. He told me to buy Gee's little book on percussion, and kindly taught me throughout our journeys about physical signs, much to the annoyance of our fellow travellers; indeed in his characteristic keenness he spoke so loudly that as we walked to the hospital from St. Mary's station people on the other side of the wide Whitechapel Road would turn to look at us. I was greatly interested in the central nervous system when learning physiology and anatomy, and so I enjoyed greatly my three months as a clerk to him, his sessions in the out-patient department, and his wonderful demonstrations on clinical evenings. ... He devoted a great deal of time to teaching. In his rounds of the wards his clerks read the histories and examinations they had written, and he criticized even the English. He did not confine himself to nervous diseases, but took more pains than any other physician for whom I clerked to teach us physical signs and – how to examine patients of all kinds. He was a little too anxious to get exactly correct results when demonstrating to students; thus when he was mapping out areas of anaesthesia or hyperaesthesia the cottonwool, pin, etc., would pass more slowly, and the 'say when' would become a little more rapid and insistent, as the correct boundary was approached."

Head's unwillingness to be wrong was not always of benefit to him. One day a fellow of his, William Bullock, decided to test the extent of Head's 'omnipotence'. Asking the doctor at lunch whether he had read Hagenheimer's new book on locomotor ataxia. Head replied he had only had time to glance at it. Bullock commented, "Well, you have done better than the rest of us. There is no such book."

While this experience would appear more 'uncomfortable' than harmful, Head's need to be certain did prove a hindrance when his sensations were being tested by Rivers in their "Human Experiment in Nerve Division". As is written in the report, if Head concentrated too closely on the task, his anxieties about being right tended to make him give the wrong answer. It was only when he forgot completely about the experiment that he managed to be precise about his sensations.

Despite his "need to know", Sherrington states that "as a teacher he had himself a wide and devoted following". His ward rounds were often crowded with students, attracted, as Brain puts it, by his "gift of exposition, enthusiasm, and sense of the dramatic." He endeared people to him with mannerisms which Sherrington states to have been "very symbols of him." One example of Head's confidence and unflappability occurred when he was listening to a female patient's heart. Without warning the patient threw her arms around the doctor and kissed him. Without hesitation, Head turned to his students, telling them calmly that this was "typical, gentlemen, typical".

After the First World War, suggestions were made that Head should become the first professor of medicine at London. This proposal got far but it was not to be. Brain states that it "would have been an exciting experiment for Head" as he had such strong views on medical education. Almost twenty years previously he had written in his diary: "Medical education in England suffers from the fact that the great hospitals are manned by practitioners of medicine who sometimes teach, instead of by professors of that science who occasionally practise."

Henry and Ruth
Henry Head and Mary Ruth Mayhew (1866–1939), daughter of Mr. A.L Mayhew of Wadham College, Oxford, were married in 1904, seven years after having met.

They were an eminently well-matched pair. Both were unquestionably keen minded. Henry made every effort to be on equal terms with his wife; one prime example of this occurred in 1911 when, frustrated by his inability to speak French as well as his wife, he went to France for several weeks to remedy this. She too took an interest in everything that he did; as Gordon Holmes writes "she shared his interests, stimulated his enthusiasms, criticized his writings and relieved him of many of the petty worries of life."

Henry was a keen writer and on this too he and his wife shared common ground. Ruth was also the author of several books, including two novels ('Compensation' and 'A History of Departed Things'), a collection of the works of Thomas Hardy (with a foreword by her husband) and a translation of 'Der kleine Tod' ('The Little Death') by the German author Irene Forbes-Mosse. Often she published books as 'Mrs. Henry Head' and most of Head's poems are dedicated to his wife; 'Destroyers and other verses', for example, is inscribed 'To Her without whose touch the strings would have been mute'.

As close as they were, often their jobs kept them apart for long periods. Particularly at the start of their relationship they were able to see very little of each other. She had been an assistant mistress at Oxford High School and later became a headmistress in Brighton and his medical career had kept him in London. Even after their marriage they found it hard to spend time together as Head spent most weekends from 1903 to 1907 in Cambridge experimenting with Rivers. To cope with the long periods of separation, they started writing a joint diary and commonplace book. Each had a volume and they would exchange them from time to time so that they could comment on each other's experiences, thoughts and reading.

The one disappointment of their marriage was that it remained childless. Head adored children, as can be seen in his poems and his poetry also gives considerable insight into Head's great desire for a child of his own. In his poem "Long Ago I used to Pray", for example, he takes on the perspective of a woman yearning for 'the fierce joy of motherhood' and presents a sympathetic view of her plight. Head's deeply personal poems also could be said to suggest that Ruth had at some point been pregnant (maybe more than once ) and perhaps even to term.

Whatever the case, it is clear that nature was unkind to them but Ruth remained optimistic, stating that this had been more than compensated for by the part he had played in her life. She was his constant companion through the disease that slowly and cruelly destroyed him. As Holmes writes, "in his later years her philosophical outlook, her joy in life and her encouragement helped him to bear an illness which otherwise would have been an intolerable fate to one of his active mind and body." Ruth died almost exactly a year before her husband.

Regeneration
Henry and Ruth Head appear alongside Rivers in the novel Regeneration by Pat Barker, a name derived partially on the 'regenerating' of the minds of soldiers and the opinions of civilians in the First World War which takes place during the book and partially from Head's experiments with Rivers on nerve regeneration.

From the earliest stages of his career, Head had had a keen interest in sensation, especially in relation to the symptoms of clinical disease. He first looked at sensation through physiological eyes, using his training from Prague and Cambridge, but he soon became aware that psychological factors also had a major part to play.

The first piece he ever published was on the subject of pain and areas of abnormal sensibility and his observations were so accurate that these became universally known as 'Head's areas'.

Head thought it probable that sensation related to innervation of the skin, but there was no accurate knowledge of cutaneous distribution of afferent fibres which enter the spinal cord by each dorsal root and terminate in one spinal segment. To remedy this lack of understanding, Head chose to investigate the anatomic distribution of cutaneous disturbances caused by herpes zoster. A careful study with A.W. Campbell enabled him to demonstrate the zones of skin affected by disease and from this he could chart the cutaneous distribution of different fibres originating from cells of each ganglion and reaching the corresponding segment of the spinal cord.

From these investigations, Head and Campbell made two important discoveries. Firstly, they demonstrated the cutaneous distribution in man of each afferent root, a valuable aid to the localisation of diseases of the spinal cord and its roots. Secondly, they revealed the mechanism of 'referred pain' so often associated with visceral disease.

What they found was that many herpetic areas representing the peripheral distribution of single roots or individual sections of the cord, corresponded closely with areas of referred pain from diseases of different internal organs. This led Head to conclude that irradiation of abnormal afferent impulses produces a state of excessive irritability in the grey matter of the dorsal horn at the level which they enter it. As a result of this, impulses from the skin that pass through it are exaggerated or disordered so that a stimulus that would not usually provoke a painful reaction does so.

Head also became increasingly interested in the mental changes brought on by visceral disease and he based his Goulstonian Lectures before the Royal College of Physicians on this topic.

For the next twelve years, Head devoted himself to the study of the physiological basis for sensation. To do this he studied the manner in which afferent impulses subserving sensation are integrated and conducted to the forebrain. He also paid close attention to the function of the brain in integrating impulses of a different nature and from the various sense organs. Throughout the many arduous and time-consuming experiments of this period, Head is described as maintaining his energy and enthusiasm with his vivid imagination suggesting new lines of thought for every problem. Head also recognised that his enthusiasm could sometimes limit his judgement so he always consulted a multitude of peers when conducting a new experiment.

Beginning by examining patients in whom nerves had been divided, Head and his co-worker J. Sherren soon realised the folly in using patient subjects. Being unacquainted with medicine, the patients were unable to provide accurate accounts of their sensations and thus they were inappropriate subjects for psycho-physical testing. With this in mind, Head offered himself up as the test subject.

In April 1903 an operation was performed by Sherren to divide two cutaneous nerves in Head's left forearm: the radial and the external. The regeneration of these nerves was charted over the next four years. Every Friday, Head would travel to Rivers' rooms in St John's College, Cambridge to conduct the experiments. It had soon become obvious that external distractions had an adverse effect on results and so Head sat every weekend with his eyes closed as Rivers charted the areas of sensitivity.

Head described the data they collected as being 'completely out of accord with any view of the mechanism of sensation as yet put forward'. Head and Rivers had discovered two constituents of cutaneous sensibility: the protopathic system, through which pain and degrees of heat and cold beyond normal thresholds can be recognised but not accurately localised, and an epicritic system which is concerned with the perception of light touches, degrees of temperature natural to the skin, accurate localisation of stimulus and discrimination of two simultaneous contacts. They also discovered that the 'all or nothing' protopathic system was the first to recover after the operation so that painful stimulus was the first to register.

Head spent the next few years following up on his findings. With Theodore Thompson he grouped afferent impulses within the spinal cord whilst studying the brain for its pain centres. During the First World War his studies continued as he worked with G. Riddoch to test reflex activities of isolated portions of spines subjected to gunshot wounds.

Head's final study was one of degeneration, a project made all the more poignant and fascinating by the fact it was, in part, his own degeneration that he was to be studying. As Parkinson's disease worked away at his own faculties of speech he combined his knowledge of neurology with his intensive war studies on defects of speech produced by brain injuries to produce two large volumes under the title Aphasia and Kindred Disorders of Speech (1926). These volumes were devoted not only to the clinical or symptomatic aspects of disturbances of speech, but were also an attempt to investigate the psychical processes concerned therein, and the physiological integrations necessary for the comprehension and expression of ideas as language.

'To Courage, Seated'
During the First World War, Head treated patients with brain injuries in London. The war prompted Head to write poetry which was later published in 1919 in the volume Destroyers and Other Verses, it also brought him together with fellow poet Siegfried Sassoon, who was under Rivers's care. After Rivers's premature death in 1922, Head adopted the mentoring role that he had once occupied, comforting a distraught Sassoon with remembrances of their friend and reassurances that nothing mattered except life.

Shortly after the war as Head preceded his guest, Grantly Dick-Read, into the hospital dining room Read heard Head's shuffling footsteps. Head turned and said, "Ah I see I have taught you too well!" This marked the onset of Parkinson's symptoms which would lead him to retire from the hospital in 1919. It was Sassoon who suggested that the Heads go to live in Dorset as a neighbour of their mutual friend Thomas Hardy.

Throughout his illness, Head remained as mentally alert as ever. In 1921 he delivered a Croonian Lecture to the Royal Society on 'Release of function of the nervous system' and he continued to edit the medical journal Brain (which he had been doing since 1910) until 1925.

Head's 'complex personality', the vibrant mix between scientist and artist and his enthusiasm for all that he loved is something that never left him. He talked "equally readily on literature, art, music, the latest scientific achievements and the affairs of everyday life." Gordon Holmes recalled one occasion when he spent a few days in the country with Head. On one evening when they were playing bowls he began developing a theory on how greater accuracy could be obtained; the next day he heard him demonstrate to a chance acquaintance, who unknown to him was an authority on the subject, the architecture of an ancient cathedral, and that evening discuss an abstruse musical problem with an expert musician.

As Robert Nichols stated in The Times:"Sir Henry possessed the fullest as well as the wisest mind I have ever known. It was no unusual thing to hear him in the course of one evening discourse on topics so various as: the influence of reasoning upon Goethe and Mozart, types of apprehension in listeners to symphonic music, sensations while looping the loop (he was over 60 when he did so), the painting of Guardi, 'co-ordination' in a star golfer, Ninon de Lenclos, Conrad as a narrator (Sir Henry was far the ablest literary critic I have ever known), religious ecstasy, the relation of art and science, the social customs of Melanesia. On each of such topics he not only appeared to have more information than anybody in the room, but spoke after a more illuminating fashion, for, like Leonardo (on whom he was an authority) he had a supreme eye for the significant. Nor did he resemble Leonardo in mind only. He had Leonardo's lofty human compassion, humility, patience, and profound serenity of spirit.' (10 October 1940)"

Head faced his debilitating illness with a great degree of heroism. As Dr.George Riddoch wrote:"When his final work on aphasia was finished we discussed the situation together. With his practical philosophy he accepted it at once, and his amazing power of adaptation enabled him to plan the rearrangement of his life. With his excellent general health he well knew what he had to face – long years of steadily increasing physical disablement, with his mind unimpaired except in its capacity for continuous effort; in the grip of a relentless foe which medical science could not restrain. Without a word of self-pity, with distress only for his devoted wife's heavy burden, he set himself in his methodical way to make his plans, and nothing was omitted. It was as if he was dealing with one of his own patients. His attitude of mind, as always, was constructive and never defeatist. Essentially an individualist, whilst dependent upon friends and kindred spirits, he succeeded in keeping alive his wide interests and, through the attraction of his personality, the contacts which were necessary to him. Science, literature, music, human affairs, all retained their accustomed importance, although in a increasingly restricted sense as the enemy, whom he could not conquer, but who never defeated his active mind, encircled him ever more tightly. Each outpost lost led to new adjustments, every cold or minor ailment added to the rate of downward progress without hope of improvement. But his courage, tenacity and constructiveness remained unimpaired."

To Head, ever the scientist, the illness was his "second personal experiment" and he described its progress as thoroughly as the first. His final wish was to aid 'the purpose of the advancement in England of the science of medicine in the widest sense' with the Royal Society as residuary legatee.

He had been rewarded with many honours for his art of science. Granted membership and, in 1900, fellowship to the Royal College of Physicians, he was also elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in 1899 and was to be given a role on the council, a silver Royal Medal and a vice-presidency in turn. Knighted in 1927, he was also to be granted an Honorary Fellowship at his alma mater, Trinity College, in 1929. All of this well-deserved recognition for a man who, had his headmaster had his way, would never have completed his education.

Eleven months after his wife's death, Henry Head died at Hartley Court. The Death Certificate states cause of death as being bronchopneumonia and paralysis agitans. He was cremated at Reading Crematorium on 11 October 1940 and his ashes scattered in the Gardens of Remembrance. In his Will he left a legacy to science but through the force of his personality and the lasting remembrance of his courage, he left a legacy to humanity:

That valiant spirit has not passed away,

But lives and grows

Within us as a penetrating ray

Of sunshine on a crystal surface glows

With many-hued refraction. He has fled

Into the unknown silence of the night,

But cannot die till human hearts are dead.

(Died of His Wounds, Henry Head, 1918)

1890s

 * On disturbances of sensation with especial reference to the pain of visceral disease. (Brain, 1893, 16, 1–133.)
 * On disturbances of sensation with especial reference to the pain of visceral disease. (Part H: Head and neck, Brain, 1894, 17, 339–480)
 * Some mental states associated with visceral disease in the sane. (Brit. M. J., 1895, 2 768–769)
 * On disturbances of sensation with especial reference to the pain of visceral disease. (Part M: Pain in diseases of the heart and lungs, Brain, 1896, 19, 153–276.)
 * Mental states associated with visceral disease in the sane- Abstract (Ment. Sc, 1896, 42, 31–35.)
 * Ueber die negativen und positiven Schwankungen des Nervenstromes. (Pfluger's Arch f. d. ges. Physiol., 1886–7, 40, 207–273.)
 * Die Sensibilitatsstorungen der Haut bei Visceralerkrankungen. (W. Seiffer. 8vo. Berlin, 1898.)
 * Trigeminal neuralgia. (Allbutt's System of Medicine, 1899, 6, 724–752.)
 * Herpes zoster. (Allbutt's System of Medicine, 1899, 8, 616–636.)
 * On the regulation of respiration. (2 parts, ''J. Physiol., 1889, 1–70, 279–90.)

1900s

 * With A. W. Campbell: The pathology of herpes zoster and its bearing on sensory localization (Brain, 1900, 23, 353–523.)
 * Abstract of a paper on the necessity for isolating the phthisical insane (Discussion, Ment. Sc, 1900, 46, 28–29.)
 * Certain mental changes that accompany visceral disease. (The Goulstonian Lectures for 1901, Brain, 1901, 24, 345–429.)
 * With C. S. Ham: The processes that take place in a completely isolated sensory nerve. (Proc. Physiol. Soc, 1902-3, pp. vi–vii.)
 * With W. H. R. Rivers and J. Sherren: The afferent nervous system from a new aspect (Brain, 1905, 28, 99–115.)
 * Case of myoclonus. (Brain, 1905, 28, 362.)
 * With J. Sherren: The consequences of injury to the peripheral nerves in man. (Brain, 1905, 28, 116–338.)
 * A case of Huntington's chorea. (Brain, 1905, 28, 98.)
 * A case of Huntington's chorea. (Brain, 1905, 28, 362.)
 * With T. Thompson: The grouping of afferent impulses within the spinal cord. (Brain, 1906, 29, 537–741.)
 * With W. H. R. Rivers: A human experiment in nerve division. (Brain, 1908, 31, 323–450.)
 * Ueber Sensibilitat und Sensibilitatspriifung. Verhandlungen des Kongresses fSr Innere. (Medizin, 26. Kongress, Wiesbaden, 1909, pp. 168–181, 193–194.)
 * Thrombosis of cerebral arteries. (Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909–10, 3, Neurol. Sect., 30.)
 * Cerebral haemorrhage from luetic vessels. (Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909–10, 3, Neurol. Sect., 31.)
 * Congenital lues causing optic atrophy and ultimately leading to dementia paralytica juvenilis. (Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1909–10,3, Neurol. Sect., 33.)

1910s

 * Occupation neuroses (Allbutt and Rollestori's System of Medicine, 1910, 8, 667–686.)
 * Case of syringomyelia with symptoms precipitated by trauma. (Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1910–11, 4, Neurol. Sect., 34–40.)
 * With E. G. Fearnsides: A case of functional hysterical trophcedema. (Br. J. Dermatol., 1911,23,150–153.)
 * With Gordon Holmes: Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions. (Brain, 1911–12, 34, 102–254.)
 * With Gordon Holmes: A case of lesion of the optic thalamus with autopsy. Brain, 1911–12, 34, 255–271.)
 * Case showing an abnormal condition of the nails of the hands associated with secondary carcinomatosis. Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911–12, 5, Dermat. Sect., 102–104.)
 * With J. H. Sequeira: Case of double cervical ribs associated with vascular phenomena suggesting Raynaud's disease. Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911–12, 5, Dermat. Sect., 110–113.)
 * Three brothers illustrating an unusual form of family paralysis (familial sclerosis) with amyotrophy. (Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1911–12,5, Neurol. Sect., 144–148.)
 * Double cervical ribs associated with vaso-motor disturbances- Raynaud's phenomena- of left forearm and hand and of right hand, with slight wasting and weakness of muscles of left hand. (Br. J. Dermatol., 1912, 24, 152–154.)
 * With Gordon Holmes: Researches into sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions (Lancet, 1912, 1, 1–4, 79–83, 144–152.)
 * Six clinical lectures on the diagnostic value of sensory changes in diseases of the nervous system. (Clin. J., 1912, 40, 337, 358, 375, 396,408; 1913, 42, 23.)
 * Nystagmoid movements of palate and lids, lateral and rotatory nystagmus, cerebellar incoordination. (Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1912–13, 6, Neurol. Sect., 53.)
 * Athetosis of left hand with tremor of right hand. (Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1912–13, 6, Neurol. Sect., 81–84.)
 * With J. Mclntosh, P. Fildes, and E. G. Fearnsides: Parasyphilis of the nervous system. (Brain, 1914, 36, 1–30.)
 * With E. G. Fearnsides: The clinical aspects of syphilis of the nervous system in the light of the Wassermann reaction and treatment with neosalvarsan. (Brain, 1914–15, 37,1–140.)
 * Hughlings Jackson on aphasia and kindred affections of speech; together with a complete bibliography of Dr. Jackson's publications on speech, and a reprint of some of the most important papers. (Brain, 1915, 38, 1–190.)
 * With G. Riddoch: The automatic bladder, excessive sweating and some other reflex conditions, in gross injuries of the spinal cord. (Brain, 1917, 40, 188–263.)
 * Sensation and the cerebral cortex. (Brain, 1918, 41, 58–253.)
 * Cases of wounds of the nervous system. (Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1918, 11, Sect. Neurol. 27–29.)
 * With G. Riddoch: Traitement des complications secondaires et tardives des blessures du cerveau par coups de feu. (Arch, de mid. et pharm. mil, 1918, 69, 259–263.)
 * President's address. Some principles of neurology. (Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1918–19, 12, Sect. Neurol., 1–12. Also in Brain, 1918, 41, 344–354; and Lancet, 1918, 2, 657–660.)
 * Obituary notice of Edwin Greaves Fearnsides. (Brit. M. J., 1919, 2, 61.)
 * The sense of stability and balance in the air. (Reports of the Air Medical Investigation Committee. Medical Research Committee, Special Report Series, No. 28. London, H.M. Stationery Office, 1919.)
 * Time, space, and material, are they, and if so in what sense, the ultimate data of science? (In Problems of Science and Philosophy, Supplementary Volume II of the Aristotelian Society. London, 1919.)
 * Shell wound of head, right temporal region, sensory paresis of left hand and foot; mental and physical symptoms due to hole in skull; effect of closure with osteoplastic graft. (Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1919–20, 13, Sect Neurol., 29–31.)

1920s

 * Studies in neurology. By Henry Head. In conjunction with W. H. R. Rivers, G. Holmes, J. Sherren, T. Thompson, G. Riddoch. (2 vols. London, Oxford Univ. Press, 1920.)
 * Discussion on aphasia. (Sect of Neurology, Royal Society of Medicine, 11 November 1920; Brain, 1920, 43, 412–413, 447–450.)
 * Discussion on early symptoms and signs of nervous disease and their interpretation. (Brit. M. J., 1920, 2, 691–693.)
 * Observations on the elements of the psycho-neuroses. (Brit. M. J., 1920,1, 389–392.)
 * Aphasia: a historical review. (The Hughlings Jackson Lecture for 1920, Brain, 1920, 43, 390–411; also in Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1920–21, 14, Sect. Neurol., 1–22.)
 * Aphasia and kindred disorders of speech. (The Linacre Lecture for 1920, Brain, 1920, 43, 87–165.)
 * With G. Riddoch: Sensory disturbances in the hand following injuries of the cerebral cortex. (Brit. M. J., 1920, 2, 782–783.)
 * Disorders of symbolic thinking and expression. (Br. J. Psychol., General Sect., 1920–21, 11, 179–193.)
 * Release of function in the nervous system. (Croonian Lecture. Proc. Roy. Soc, Lond., 1920–21, s.B, 92, 184–209; also in Psychiat. en Neurol. Bl, Amst., 1922, 26, 13–47; and depsychol. norm, etpath., Paris, 1923, 20, 501–532.
 * W. H. R. Rivers, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.: an appreciation. (Brit. M. J., 1922, 1, 977–978.)
 * An address on certain aspects of pain. (Brit. M. J., 1922, 1, 1–5.)
 * An address on the diagnosis of hysteria. (Brit. M. J., 1922, 1, 827–829.)
 * Speech and cerebral localization. (The Cavendish Lecture, 1923, West Lond. M., 1923, 28, 99–122.)
 * Speech and cerebral localization (Brain, 1923, 46, 355–528.)
 * A case of acute verbal aphasia followed through the various stages of recovery. Schweiz. Arch.f. Neurol. u. Psychiat., 1923,13, 313–324.)
 * The conception of nervous and mental energy II. ('Vigilance'; a physiological state of the nervous system, Br. J. Psychol. Gen. Sect., 1923–24, 14, 126–147.)
 * The importance of mental factors in the life of the community. (A paper read at the Annual Meeting of the Dorset Voluntary Association for Mental Welfare, 23 April 1924. 8vo. Dorchester, 1924.)
 * Aphasia and kindred disorders of speech. (2 vols. Cambridge, Univ. Press, 1926.)

Poetry

 * 'Pastoral'. (Published privately.)
 * 'Spring Death'. (Published privately.)
 * 'Songs of La Mouche and Other Verses'. (Published privately.)
 * 'Destroyers and Other Poems'. (Oxford University Press, 1919; New York, 1919.)

Television portrayal
Dr Henry Head is played by Anton Lesser in the BBC series Casualty 1909 (known as London Hospital when broadcast by TVOntario).

title: Henry Head


text:
User talk:SimonMorgan

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, SimonMorgan! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
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There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  13:52, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Monk by the sea.jpg
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Invite

Gregbard 21:33, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

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meow
meow

Wherschel (talk) 17:32, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:SimonMorgan


text:
Peter Godber

Peter Fitzroy Godber (born 7 April 1922) was a Chief Superintendent of the Royal Hong Kong Police Force, serving as Deputy District Commander of Kowloon, Hong Kong. Embroiled in a bribery scandal shortly before his retirement in 1973, he fled to the United Kingdom. He was apprehended in 1974 by British police and extradited back to Hong Kong and subsequently convicted for police corruption and bribery. Godber was sentenced to four years in prison with HK$25,000 in restitution.

Biography
Born in London, Godber served as a police officer in Hastings before heading to Hong Kong in 1952. Before his downfall on corruption charges, Godber had been regarded as a brave and effective senior police officer who played a leading role in restoring order during the major disturbances of 1966–1967 and who was decorated for his efforts. At this time, the Red Guard unrest in mainland China, coupled with the Macau debacle in December 1966, stimulated the Communists in Hong Kong to try to bring down the colonial administration. Hong Kong was subject initially to industrial action, spreading to riots and a bombing campaign against those regarded by the Communists as opposing re-unification. Ten Hong Kong policemen were killed by bombs and attacks in the streets.

Before his retirement in 1973, Godber had the equivalent of nearly HK$4.4 million (approximately US$865,000 in 1973, ) in bank accounts located in Canada, Australia, Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Hong Kong. The police anti-corruption branch investigated his mysterious wealth and ordered him to explain his source of income. In response, on 7 June 1973, Godber immediately arranged for his wife to leave the colony. On 8 June, he used his Civil Aviation Department permit to bypass immigration and passport checks and walked onto a plane at Kai Tak Airport for London. Godber's escape led to public outrage surrounding the integrity of the police's self-investigations and calls for reforms in the government's anti-corruption efforts. It also debunked a common conception among the governing elites that European office holders were immune to bribery and corruption. He was arrested on 29 April 1974 in England and extradited to Hong Kong on 7 January 1975. Trial began on 17 February and ended on 25 February, lasting six and a half days. He was convicted of corruption and sentenced to four years in prison plus confiscation of $25,000 HKD.

His conviction and other corruption activities in Hong Kong in the 1970s led to the creation of the Independent Commission Against Corruption in 1974. In later years Godber and his family were alleged to have resided in Alicante in Spain.

Honours

 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom :
 * UK Colonial Police Medal for Meritorious Service ribbon bar.PNG Recipient of the Colonial Police Medal (CPM) (1968; revoked on 3 October 1975)
 * Queens Police Medal for Merit.png Recipient of the Queen's Police Medal (QPM) (1972; revoked on 3 October 1975)

In popular culture

 * In the 2017 film Chasing the Dragon, played by Szuc Michael.
 * In the 2021 film Once Upon a Time in Hong Kong, played by Vincent Matile.

title: Peter Godber


text:
User talk:Karen W.

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Friday (talk) 13:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
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File permission problem with File:Leaderz sshot 001.jpg
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Nomination of Leaderz for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Leaderz is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Karen W.


text:
User talk:ElrosTiwele

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, ElrosTiwele! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  13:52, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ElrosTiwele


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eric Devendorf

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash 01:52, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Eric Devendorf
I'm not familiar with college basketball so I'm not sure if this constitutes a claim to notability sufficient for a speedy deletion. Definitely non-notable enough for being regular deleted though. --fvw *  13:52, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN DV8 2XL 14:28, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. this is like steve martin in "the jerk", when the new phone book comes out. SaltyPig 15:48, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Tomar-Tu

Tomar-Tu is a character appearing in media published by DC Comics, primarily in association with the Green Lantern Corps. He is a member of an extraterrestrial race called Xudarians, and is the son and successor of another Green Lantern Corps officer Tomar-Re. He first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #5 story titled "Among My Souvenirs". He became a Green Lantern in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #24 (May 1992) in a story titled "The Decision". He was created by Gerard Jones.

Early years
The story of the Xudarian who would one day become the second Green Lantern of Xudar with the name "Tomar" began years before his birth when one of the guardians of the universe went mad. This renegade Guardian Appa Ali Apsa had made it his point of duty to capture entire cities from other planets. These captured cities were then incorporated into the planet Oa. The collection of these separate pieces of other worlds flung together became known as the Mosaic world. Tomar Tu originally came from one of the cities from Xudar, which was home world of his hero, the late Green Lantern Tomar-Re from Space Sector 2813. Tomar-Tu later discovered that his idol was also his father.

Despite the strangeness of their new surroundings the Xudarians persevered. Tomar was one of three Xudarians who ventured to a neighboring Earth town to seek out allies on this new world. Earthlings true to form attacked them on sight out of fear. When it seemed that the mob would have killed the three brave souls the mob was dispersed by Hal Jordan who was on his way to confront the mad guardian.

Tomar was instrumental in the fall of the mad guardian as he was contacted by Hal Jordan to monitor for the arrival of Guy Gardner who was to arrive from Earth to help Jordan deal with the mad guardian. When Gardner finally arrived Tomar gave Jordan the signal necessary for him to create a diversion and tap into the central power battery.

When Jordan's plan did not end with Appa Ali Apsa's defeat he punished the Xudarian's for their betrayal. His people suffered many losses and would have been totally eradicated if not for the timely arrival of the Guardians of the universe who had just returned from another dimension. Temporarily safe, the Xudarian's continued to defy their would-be master and mounted a defense for the Green Lanterns. During this climactic battle Hal Jordan was downed and would have been killed if Tomar Tu had not risked life and limb to save him. Hal Jordan, thankful for the assistance went on to defeat the mad guardian with the help of John Stewart, Guy Gardner, and the Guardians of the Universe.

Realizing that return to Xudar was not forthcoming, Tomar and fellow Xudarians tried to promote unity between the races of the mosaic world. To this end Tomar lead a group of his kinsmen to the neighboring town from Earth. Once there they put forward the idea of an interspecies union. While there another human settlement was attacked by a neighboring race known as the horde. In their zeal to protect themselves some humans used this as a reason for anti-alien dogma. This led to further separation of the distinct species found on Oa. To prevent further violence John Stewart separated the Horde from the rest of the Mosaic world with stone walls.

Concerned about their neighbors Tomar and fellow Xudarians visited the human settlement only to be attacked by overzealous dogmatic humans. When the Xudarians heard of what had taken place they responded in kind. This led to their city being invaded by humans. Seeing no alternate way to deal with the problem John Stewart erected walls to separate all the settlements on the mosaic world to prevent further violence.

This was only temporary however as the walls were soon torn down and the different factions of the mosaic world went to war with each other. Luckily Hal Jordan and some other lanterns arrived in time to help Stewart separate the warring factions. Stewart then imprisoned the leaders and instigators of the war. As an attempt to promote peace again, Tomar Tu and representatives from the other cities were brought together to help build the mosaic world in a way that all could benefit.

While the group discussed ways to ensure interdependence between the races their meeting was interrupted when John Stewart was contacted by Hal Jordan. Star Sapphire was again on the loose and an enraged John flew off to confront her despite Tomar's best efforts to stop him. During the battle Tomar and Kreon proved their worth and impressed Hal Jordan. When the conflict was over and Star Sapphire returned to her Carol Ferris state, Tomar Tu and Kreon where both invited to become Green Lanterns.

Green Lantern of Sector 2813
As a rookie Lantern he was trained by the strong but gentle Kilowog, who often regailed them with tales of great Green Lanterns from the past. His first recorded mission was to face the villain Eclipso who had taken control of Hal Jordan. While he and his fellow Lanterns fought bravely they were not able to free Jordan. They were soon called back to Oa as the planet was under attack from the Qwardians led by Guy Gardner. They were no match for their opponents as Hal Jordan and Kilowog were still on Earth and the unity required for them to hold the line was jeopardized by the bickering of Kreon and Boodikka. Luckily Gardner returned to their side once he had acquired the yellow power ring which once belonged to Sinestro.

His later missions as Green Lantern included a fight against Entropy. Despite the fact that he did not believe in the cause he was fighting for, he still stood by and protected his fellow Green Lanterns. Yet in another mission, he was called to the planet Maltus to aid Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps against the Triarch. On the Guardians' homeworld, the Green Lanterns fought alternately against and alongside the L.E.G.I.O.N., and the Darkstars

Emerald Twilight and beyond
Tomar Tu's finale mission was the interception of Hal Jordan as he made his way to Oa. Tomar received transmissions as Hal Jordan paved a way to Oa by defeating Ke'Haan of Varva, General Kreon, Boodikka, Graf Toren, honor bound Laira and even rebellious Jack T. Chance. With each passing minute Tomar knew that the worst had happened; the greatest Green Lantern had turned renegade and was destroying the very corps he helped create. Tomar was no match for the more skilled Jordan and fell to his rage and might. He was then stripped of his ring and left for dead. As he drifted into what seemed to be oblivion all he could think was "kill Hal Jordan".

After his apparent death he, along with Tomar-Re and John Stewart, were honored by the remaining inhabitants of the Mosaic world. Statues were erected in their visage and the story of the Xudarian seemed to come to an end.

After Hal Jordan had been resurrected and relieved from Parallax he returned to duty as Green Lantern of Earth. The corps also began to be rebuilt. Mysteriously he crash-landed in the middle of a ceremony involving Jordan and two other Air force pilots, Colonel Shane Sellers, and Captain Jillian Peralman. Jordan was visibly shaken when he realized that their unwelcome guest was Tomar Tu who he had "killed" years before.

Jordan returned the injured Lantern to Oa where he was checked on by the Green Lantern medical specialist, Soranik Natu. He remained in critical condition, all the while uttering "Kill. I will kill Hal Jordan". His return prompted Jordan and Gardner to check the Manhunter planet Biot for other missing lanterns. When the other Lost Lanterns were freed they revealed to Jordan and Gardner that Tomar had been held captive by the Manhunters, but had escaped to kill Jordan in revenge.

He was returned to active duty soon however and was seen with the other Lost Lanterns as they dined in the mess hall right before the Sinestro Corps attacked. Apparently he had not recovered fully from his injuries as he was the only Lost Lantern member to be seriously injured in the ensuing battle. He is then seen again aiding the Lost Lanterns sent to Qward to rescue Ion. He then joins Hal Jordan and Graf to rescue John Stewart and Guy Gardner.

When the Lanterns of Sector 2814 are shown the "Blackest Night", a Xudarian can be seen as part of the Sinestro Corps. This is not Tomar Tu but Romat-Ru who is considered one of the vilest creatures in the galaxy.

Following the war, Tomar-Tu was forced to testify against Laira, who had killed the Sinestro Corpsman Amon Sur in cold blood

Blackest Night
During the Blackest Night event, Tomar and the rest of the "Lost Lanterns" journeyed to Ysmault to recover the body of Laira, who had been inducted into the Red Lantern Corps and killed shortly after. While the group fended off the Red Lanterns' attack, black power rings descend on Ryut, reviving Laira as a Black Lantern. Laira then attacks her former friends, slashing Tomar across the chest.

DC Rebirth
Tomar-Tu is later imprisoned for killing the Xudarian murderer Romat-Ru. Tomar-Tu explains he felt he could not risk the murderer escaping to kill again. Tomar-Tu expresses regret for his actions but wonders why the Lanterns let any of their prisoners live. Despite his feelings, Tomar-Tu willing converses with yet another young Xudarian Green Lantern, Somar-Le. This Xudarian wonders why Tomar-Tu did what he did, as it conflicts with the heroic reputation the older Lantern has at home. Tomar-Tu's attitude gains the attention of the Controllers and the Darkstars. Tomar-Tu willingly accepts the mantle of the Darkstars and escapes, desiring to murder more killers like Romat-Ru.

In other media
Tomar-Tu appears in the Young Justice episode "Zenith and Abyss", voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.

title: Tomar-Tu


text:
User talk:Cherrychase

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Cherrychase! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  13:53, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cherrychase