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Acalymma vittatum

Acalymma vittatum, the striped cucumber beetle, is a beetle of the family Chrysomelidae and a serious pest of cucurbit crops in both larval and adult stages. The striped cucumber beetle has a distinctive appearance, displaying a yellow-colored elytra with black stripes. It is distributed from eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains and can be found as far south as Mexico and as far North as southern Canada. In western North America, past the Rocky Mountains, the striped cucumber beetle is replaced by Acalymma trivittatum, a duller colored species often with grayish or pale white elytra rather than yellow.

The striped cucumber beetle is unique in that it is resistant to a chemical, cucurbitacin, that is found in plants and serves as a defense mechanism against herbivores. In fact, the striped cucumber beetles are drawn towards this chemical; this is an example of coevolution, where one species evolves a phenotype against a defensive phenotype of another. The reason they are called the striped cucumber beetle is because they are found commonly in cucurbit plants, like cucumbers.

Male striped cucumber beetles also release pheromones that cause aggregation of other striped cucumber beetles to the site of feeding. This creates opportunities for the males to mate with females.

Due to the striped cucumber beetle’s detrimental effect on cucurbit crops, such as cucumbers and pumpkins, many management methods have been developed to curb striped beetle populations in the early spring to reduce the negative impact on farmers. Some examples include biological control agents and strategies involving bait crops.

Description
Adult striped cucumber beetles have a distinctive yellow-colored elytra with black stripes. In most cases, it consists of three black stripes that span across the length of the elytra. The color of their heads is either black or brown. The color of their prothorax is yellow. Beneath the black-striped elytra is a black abdomen. Adult striped cucumber beetles can often be confused with western corn rootworm adults. Western corn rootworm adults also have a yellow-colored elytra with three black stripes, a yellow prothorax, and a brown or black head. However, Western corn rootworm adults are longer than striped cucumber beetle adults. Whereas the length of the adult striped cucumber beetle is around 5.25 mm, the length of the western corn rootworm is around 6.3 mm. Furthermore, the black stripes of western corn rootworm adults do not fully span across the entire elytra, but begin to fade off before it reaches the tip. Thus, Adult striped cucumber beetles can be differentiated from western corn rootworms by being, on average, around 1 mm shorter than western corn rootworms and having black stripes that extend all the way to the end of their elytra.

The striped cucumber beetle pupa is around 10 mm in length. Their abdomen is white. From the center of the abdomen to the end, the width of the pupa becomes more narrow until it forms a rounded tip at the end.

Geographic range
The striped cucumber beetle is native to many countries of North America. Its distribution stretches from Mexico to southern Canada and is found in large populations in the eastern United States. This species is more limited in the western stretch of North America, including the states and provinces located west of the Rocky Mountains. In this region, the Acalymma trivittatum, or the western striped cucumber beetle, is the dominant species.

Feeding behavior
While feeding on these cucurbits, the adult striped cucumber beetles are drawn toward the cotyledon, which is a portion of an embryo inside the seed of a plant. Although the cotyledons have evolved to hold a chemical called cucurbitacins, a chemical that is found in plants as a design mechanism to repel herbivores, the striped cucumber beetles have evolved to favor the feeding of this chemical. This is an example of coevolution, where an evolution by plants to produce a defense chemical has been favored through striped cucumber beetle evolution. This allows the striped cucumber beetle to feed on cucurbitacin-containing seeds that other herbivores are repelled from.

Striped cucumber beetles also release a pheromone while feeding on cucurbits, which is a type of chemical insects and animals use to communicate with, to inform other striped cucumber beetles of the food source. This draws more striped cucumber beetles to the source, where aggregation can lead to mating.

In Massachusetts, it was found that the cucumber striped beetle is attracted to several other chemicals emitted by cucurbits, including 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene and indole, though not (E)-cinnamaldehyde. In Illinois, the cucumber striped beetle was found to be attracted to indole and (E)-cinnamaldehyde, but not 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene.

Social behavior
A. vittatum exhibits aggregation behavior during feeding and mating as adult beetles tend to group together on host plants, forming dense populations during the growing season. Aggregation behavior may facilitate mate finding and increase efficiency in locating suitable food sources, contributing to the pest's reproductive success. Furthermore, A. vittatum larvae often feeding in clusters on plant tissues such as leaves and stems. This gregarious feeding behavior may lead to significant damage to host plants, especially in the early stages of crop growth.

Life history
During the cold winter, adult striped cucumber beetles take shelter under small plants near fields where cucurbit crops, the preferred host plant of striped cucumber beetles, will grow in the spring. When soil temperatures rise above 13oC or 55oF, the adult striped cucumber beetles begin feeding on the leaves and pollen of plants that begin growing earlier than cucurbits. These include aster flowers and willow trees. Once cucurbit plants begin growing, the adults begin moving away from the initial plants to the cucurbits and begin aggregating on the crop. One motive for this behavior is to find a potential mate.

After the adult beetles mate, the females will lay their eggs below the soil at the base of cucurbit plants (Eaton 2016). Females lay up to four eggs at one time. The depth at which they will deposit the eggs into the soil is around 5 cm. The distance they deposit the eggs can be up to 15 from the base of the cucurbits (Ellers 2006). Once the larvae develop, they will burrow down to feed on the roots of the cucurbit plant and then move back up to the surface as adults.

Enemies
Acalymma vittatum faces predation pressure from a variety of natural enemies, including insectivorous birds, predatory insects, and parasitoids which significantly reduced beetle abundance. Additionally, parasitoids play a crucial role in regulating A. vittatum populations. Parasitoid wasps such as Tetrastichus giffardianus have been identified as important natural enemies of A. vittatum larvae, parasitizing and suppressing beetle populations in cucurbit fields.

Mating
Male adult cucumber striped beetles that are the first to begin feeding on cucurbits, like a cucumber, release aggregation pheromone that attracts both sexes. However, females are more drawn towards this signal. It was found that in captured cucumber striped beetles that were feeding on crops, males only made up less than a quarter of the total number of trapped cucumber striped beetles. These initial males are known as pioneer males whose secreted pheromone have the ability to start a new colony. Therefore, one criterion for a male to be attractive to females is that he has to be in an area with suitable amounts of food. It was found that females were more drawn to males located on host plants rather than host plants or males alone.

Pest of crop plants
During the spring, when adult striped cucumber beetles appear from beneath their overwintering shelter, they start feeding on many types of plants including fruits, foliage, and flowers. Feeding on flowers can cause defoliation and lower the survivability of the flowers. Feeding on fruits can cause damage such as caring. This consequence reduces the amount of fruit farmers can harvest, which can harm farmers and cause problems for the fruit industry. The types of crops adult striped cucumber beetles feed on are many types of cucurbits. These crops are also called the gourd family. They include zucchini, squash, cucumbers, pumpkins, watermelon, butternut squash, and other types of gourds.

Striped cucumber beetles can also cause damage to crops by transmitting the Erwinia tracheiphila bacteria to plants. The bacteria first infects the striped cucumber beetle when they are overwintering beneath foliage that is also infected with Erwinia tracheiphila. In the spring, once Striped cucumber beetles begin feeding, they can pass along this bacteria, which harms the plant by growing in its vascular system and blocking the flow of water and nutrients. Due to the extensive damage that can be caused by a bacterial infection, the damage caused by the transmission of Erwinia tracheiphila by the striped cucumber beetles can be much more severe than the damage caused by direct feeding.

Monitoring
Since striped cucumber beetles are particularly attracted to plant seeds, monitoring of striped cucumber beetles is important when seedlings first begin to emerge in early spring. Previous studies have shown that striped cucumber beetles are most active in feeding during the morning and early evening. Furthermore, newly emerged plants are most vulnerable to damage from striped cucumber beetles.

Management
Since striped cucumber beetle activity is highest early on in the spring season, monitoring and managing the striped cucumber beetle early on is important to reduce the negative impacts of their feeding.

There are several methods to manage the population of striped cucumber beetles. One method is the use of biological control agents. Previously, insects that predate on striped cucumber beetles like spider mites, spiders, rove beetles, and ground beetles have been used. Other types of predators include vertebrates, such as bats, which have also been used. Additionally flies, such as the Celatoria setosaI have been used to target striped cucumber beetles. These flies are a type of parasites that target striped cucumber beetles. Studies have shown that these parasitoid flies can infect around 43-54% of a striped cucumber beetle population.

Farmers can also implement different strategies to delay or limit the onset of striped cucumber beetle feeding. Due to striped cucumber beetle’s attraction towards the chemical cucurbitacin in cucurbit crops, farmers can plant cucurbits that contain lower concentrations of cucurbitacin in areas with high concentrations of striped cucumber beetles. It was found that striped cucumber beetles were less drawn toward crops with lower amounts of cucurbitacin. In addition to selecting crops with low levels of cucurbitacin, farmers can select crops that have resistance against the Erwinia tracheiphila bacteria. One example of such a crop is watermelon while cucumber is highly prone to infection.

Farmers can also plant bait crops with high amounts of cucurbitacin on the perimeter of the field to attract striped cucumber beetles away from their main produce. Striped cucumber beetle-specific insecticides can then be sprayed on the bait crop rather than using a broad-spectrum insecticide on the entire field. This is beneficial because too much usage of broad-spectrum insecticides can cause insects to build resistance easily.

Some research indicates that striped cucumber beetle damage can be reduced by the use of vermicompost fertilizer compared to inorganic fertilizer. Researchers suggest that the mechanism by which vermicompost reduces beetle damage is due to an increase in phenolic compounds in plants grown with vermicompost.

title: Acalymma vittatum


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Xenochrony

Xenochrony is a studio-based musical technique developed at an unknown date, but possibly as early as the early 1960s, by Frank Zappa, who used it on several albums. Xenochrony is executed by extracting a guitar solo or other musical part from its original context and placing it into a completely different song, to create an unexpected but pleasing effect. He said that this was the only way to achieve some rhythms.

Etymology
The word derives from the Greek words ξένος (xenos), strange or alien, and χρόνος (chronos), time.

Examples
One of the most prominent examples of xenochrony can be found on Zappa's rock opera Joe's Garage (1979), on which the guitar solos are all xenochronous (with the exceptions of "Watermelon in Easter Hay" and "Crew Slut").

In the words of Zappa himself:

A classic "Xenochrony" piece would be "Rubber Shirt", which is a song on the Sheik Yerbouti album. It takes a drum set part that was added to a song at one tempo. The drummer was instructed to play along with this one particular thing in a certain time signature, eleven-four, and that drum set part was extracted like a little piece of DNA from that master tape and put over here into this little cubicle. And then the bass part, which was designed to play along with another song at another speed, another rate in another time signature, four-four, that was removed from that master tape and put over here, and then the two were sandwiched together. And so the musical result is the result of two musicians, who were never in the same room at the same time, playing at two different rates in two different moods for two different purposes, when blended together, yielding a third result which is musical and synchronizes in a strange way. That's Xenochrony. And I've done that on a number of tracks.

Xenochrony can be heard as early in Zappa's career as 1968: on The Mothers of Invention's We're Only in It for the Money, the rhythm track from the chorus line of "How Could I Be Such A Fool" on Freak Out! (which consists of the drums, bass, vibraphone and orchestra) is used on the ending of "Lonely Little Girl." This is noticeable when listening to the backing tracks without vocals, which appear on the posthumous box set releases The MOFO Project/Object and Lumpy Money. On Uncle Meat, a phrase from the guitar solo of "Nine Types of Industrial Pollution" appears later on at the end of "Sleeping in a Jar". Several earlier possible examples of xenochrony can be heard on Lumpy Gravy, Zappa's first solo album. A passage from "Harry, You're a Beast" may or may not be incorporated in "Almost Chinese": a harpsichord/xylophone sounding instruments plus several "snorks" can be heard directly after Larry's dialogue with Motorhead Sherwood. Also, the sound effect that begins "Flower Punk" from We're Only in It for the Money, released months earlier, is played at approximately 0:19 of Part 2, 15:19 or 15:20 of the record. Excerpts from "The World's Greatest Sinner" soundtrack, composed by Zappa, are audible on both "I Don't Know If I can Go Through This Again" (from Lumpy Gravy) and "Mother People" (from We're Only in It for the Money).

Simon & Garfunkel also used this technique on their 1968 Bookends album. The second track on the album, "Save the Life of My Child." uses the first few seconds of "The Sound Of Silence" (released on their 1966 Sounds of Silence album) around the 1:20 mark in a slowed-down fashion.

Another example is the King Crimson song "The Devil's Triangle", on their 1970 album In the Wake of Poseidon, which uses elements of "The Court of the Crimson King" near the end.

Other examples are the albums from avant-garde guitarist Buckethead, Forensic Follies and Needle in a Slunk Stack, released in 2009: both featured songs from several Buckethead albums to make new songs.

The technique was used by Dream Theater at the beginning of the song "The Dance of Eternity", where samples from their earlier song "Metropolis Pt. 1" briefly fade in and out against a slower drum and bass beat.

Car Seat Headrest used the technique on the 2010 album "3," albeit in a unique way; the song "Beach Drugs" (Track 10) prominently features a reversed version of "Sun Hot" (Track 6) in its outro. This reversed version of "Sun Hot" was later released on the compilation "Little Pieces of Paper With 'No' Written on Them" as "Hot Sun."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Xenochrony


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Template talk:Sfd-t

Removal of anchored link
I have removed the anchored link added by User:CyberSkull because it attempts to link to an anchor named after the article name from an article page with an afd-nominated template.

I believe the intention may have been to create an anchor based on the template name rather than the article name. Theoretically this approach would be sound, but the headings of most sfd nomination don't match up with the template name, so in practise this approach is unfortunately also flawed. --TheParanoidOne 05:04, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Rewording
I just changed the template to be more like the TFD template - that is, we find a consensus, not vote. Remember, WP:NOT a democracy. Wcquidditch | Talk 19:11, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

clutter
This template "is part of Wikipedia's administration and not part of the encyclopedia". There are other ways of notifying those with an interest in this. cygnis insignis 08:37, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

Have all XfD be substituted and link to the actual page of discussion
Please participate in the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Deletion discussions#Have all XfD be substituted and link to the actual page of discussion. עוד מישהו Od Mishehu 07:16, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Whether or not that was done, it's not working now. I have raised a request at Requested_templates. – Fayenatic  L ondon 12:25, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Sfd-t


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Template talk:User blank

Usage
Copy & paste this into your new language template: language

sizing?
Is there a way to code the template to shrink the lefthand font appropriately to maintain the 45px box sizing? Otherwise, the fonts remain the same size, expanding the box out of alignment with the rest of the Babel templates. I know some of the Babel templates themselves are sized differently, like User_sgn-1 and User_1337-1 so as to maintain conformity with the rest of the Babel templates. — THOR 17:40, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Redundant?
What's the difference between this and ? --Rory096 01:49, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Having been created in late August 2005, this template was created as part of the babelbox system, and therefore pre-dates and the more recent use of userboxes in general.  Specifically, it looks like this template is used to standardize the size and green colors for the native-level babelboxes, such as .  Similarly, there's, , , etc. to standardize the colors for the other user language levels in babelboxes (as in , , , etc., respectively).  I suppose these could probably be re-implemented using the standard Userbox template, but I don't think there's good reason to since the current system is more babelbox-specific and seems to be working fine. — Jeff | (talk) | 10:31, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I created these based on the user en series. userbox offers more flexibility but substitutes poorly (it leaves in all sorts of unnecessary logic). Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 04:25, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 May 2019
Da LunGstar M3dness (talk) 19:20, 16 May 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 February 2020
I need to edit a blank page for a school project so yeah DieMyFriend (talk) 14:30, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Your issue has nothing to do with this template. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 14:33, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Template talk:User blank


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Kevin Young

Kevin Young may refer to:

 * Kevin Young (athlete) (born 1966), American athlete, former world record holder in the 400 metres hurdles
 * Kevin Young (baseball) (born 1969), American baseball player
 * Kevin Young (basketball, born 1981), American basketball coach
 * Kevin Young (basketball, born 1990), Puerto Rican-American basketball player
 * Kevin Young (footballer) (born 1961), English footballer
 * Kevin Young (ice hockey) (born 1982), Canadian professional ice hockey player
 * Kevin Young (poet) (born 1970), American poet and head of the National Museum of African American History and Culture
 * Kevin Young, singer of Disciple (band)

title: Kevin Young


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Asan-Maina, Guam

Asan-Maina (Assan-Ma'ina) is a village located on the western shore of the United States territory of Guam. The municipality combines the names of the coastal community of Asan with Maina, a community along the slopes of the Fonte River valley to the east. Asan was the northern landing site for United States Marines during Guam's liberation from the Japanese during World War II. Asan Beach Park is part of the War in the Pacific National Historic Park. The third community comprising Asan-Maina is Nimitz Hill Annex in the hills above Asan and Maina, which is the location of the Joint Region Marianas headquarters. Asan-Maina is located in the Luchan (Western) District.

Etymology
Asan derives its name from the Chamorro word hassan meaning scarce or rare.

One meaning of the word ma’ina refers to an infant who, between the time of birth and baptism, is taken by the mother to Mass before sunrise. This old ritual was considered analogous to and in imitation of the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple.

History
On July 21, 1944, the Americans landed in Asan to recapture the island from occupying Japanese forces during the Battle of Guam. The 3rd Marine Division landed in Asan at 08:28, and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade landed near Agat to the south. Japanese artillery sank 20 Landing Vehicle Trackeds, but by 09:00 tanks were ashore at both beaches. United States Marines fought Japanese forces fortified in the hills above the shore after establishing a beach head. During the following week, Americans pursued retreating Japanese forces northward and eventually won the battle.

From April to November 1975 the former Camp Asan was used as a refugee camp for South Vietnamese refugees during Operation New Life.

On August 6, 1997, Korean Air Flight 801 crashed east of Nimitz Hill Annex in Asan. A memorial was later constructed.

Demographics
The U.S. Census Bureau counts the following census-designated places in Asan-Maina: Asan, Maina, and Nimitz Hill Annex.

Education
Guam Public School System serves the island. Southern High School in Santa Rita serves the village.

In regards to the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA), Asan is in the school transportation zone for McCool Elementary and McCool Middle School, while Guam High School is the island's sole DoDEA high school.

Parks and recreation
Every year the island's largest Easter egg hunt is at the War in the Pacific National Park with over 10,000 eggs. The village also hosts the yearly International Kite Flying Competitions with people from South Korea, Japan, China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands competing for the championship.

title: Asan-Maina, Guam


title: User:UBX/1337-N


text: Category:The Trews albums

title: Category:The Trews albums


text:
Music of Gansu

Gansu is a region in northwest China. The capital is Lanzhou, a city with a vibrant musical life, including many nightclubs. The daoqing folk tradition is an important part of the music of Gansu, especially in Huanxian; daoqing is also found in Yichi in Ningxia and Dingbian in Shaanxi. Daoqing is used to accompany shadow play theater.

Daoqing comes from the Tang dynasty and was originally a cappella Taoist music. Beginning with the Southern Song dynasty, however, percussion instruments like the jianban and yugu have been used, and the lyrical themes have moved from Taoist parables to folktales. Other instruments used include gongs, cymbals, suona, dina (small suona), shuibangzi, flute, sixian, bangu and erhu. One of Gansu's most notable musicians in the West is Jie Ma, who blends her family's traditional pipa and ruan technique with more contemporary forms such as jazz, improvisation, fusion, and world music and lives in the United States.

Wild Children, a folk-rock band from Lanzhou but based in Beijing, blended Gansu folk songs with more contemporary sounds until the death in 2004 of its co-founder, Xiao Suo.

title: Music of Gansu


text: Talk:Music of Gansu

title: Talk:Music of Gansu


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Typhoon Talim (2005)

Typhoon Talim, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Isang, was a strong tropical cyclone that passed over Taiwan on the night of August 31 to September 1, 2005, and over Southeast China on September 2. At peak intensity, Talim was a Category 4 super typhoon. The name of the typhoon comes from the Tagalog term talim (pronounced [taˈlim]), which means "a sharp or cutting edge". There were 172 deaths.

Taiwan
There were five deaths in Taiwan. Damage totaled NT$2.9 billion.

Mainland China
There were 167 deaths across mainland China due to Typhoon Talim. More than 15 million people were affected by the storm. At least 110 people were reported dead in eastern China, mainly because of floods and landslides. A further 28 people were reported missing. More than 150,000 people were evacuated, and thousands of homes were damaged or destroyed. The Ministry of Civil Affairs in China reported that the typhoon caused 12.19 billion yuan (about US$1.5 billion) of economic losses.

title: Typhoon Talim (2005)


text:
IBSS

IBSS may refer to:

 * International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
 * Independent basic service set, in wireless computer networking
 * International Business School of Scandinavia, a business school in Denmark
 * International Business School Suzhou, the Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University business school in Suzhou, China

title: IBSS


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Gordie Johnson

Gordie Johnson (born 22 May 1964 ) is a Canadian musician, best known as the front man for the blues/reggae rock band Big Sugar, Austin-based blues/gospel band Sit Down Servant, and southern rock band Grady.

Johnson is a Grammy nominated producer, mixer and session musician. He has produced, or mixed, albums and tracks for artists such as Gov't Mule, Warren Haynes, The Glorious Sons, Taj Mahal, Bushwick Bill, Toots Hibbert, Sarah Slean, The Trews, Joel Plaskett Emergency, The Respectables, Tim Chaisson, Len, Reel Big Fish, Chris Duarte, Caroline Neron, Meredith Shaw, as well as playing and/or recording with Chris Robinson, Rich Robinson, Colin James, Default, Honky, Len, Molly Johnson, Jonny Lang and Double Trouble, Ashley MacIsaac, the Bourbon Tabernacle Choir, and Big Rude Jake.

Biography
Johnson was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, of Ukrainian descent, and grew up in Windsor, Ontario, starting his professional music career while still in high school as he frequently crossed the river to play in Detroit, Michigan. He played all genres of music in both Detroit and Windsor. Johnson's family moved to Medicine Hat, Alberta as he was about to go into his last year of high school. He completed school and then immediately returned to Ontario to become a full-time musician. He is a vocalist and guitarist for the reggae rock band Big Sugar, the latin jazz band Sit Down Servant in which he plays a triple-neck steel guitar along with Moog bass pedals, and the cowboy metal band Grady. Alex Johnson, his wife, is also his long-time manager and performs and cowrites in Big Sugar.

Johnson is a bandleader, solo artist and also plays in other bands. In 1999, Johnson performed solo as part of The White Ribbon Concert at the Phoenix Concert Theatre in Toronto. He has toured as a bass player with Rich Robinson and Wide Mouth Mason and currently plays bass and tres guitar with Rey Arteaga's Latin music group based in Austin, Texas when not on tour with Big Sugar.

In 2020, with the world going into lockdown, the record release show and tour for Big Sugar's new album Eternity Now was cancelled and Gordie Johnson performed the release show "live" online that saw him playing and singing live, accompanied by the recorded bedtracks. During the pandemic, the Johnsons added a full video studio to their music studio allowing Gordie to hone his video production skills along with his record producing, while Alex became his assistant studio engineer for online projects. Over the next two years, Johnson would go on to perform a record release show for the Deluxe Anniversary Hemi-Vision 25th Anniversary album, this time re-recording all parts himself and again performing guitar and vocals live along with friends Warren Haynes, Chris Robinson, Rich Robinson, Colin James, Jason McCoy and a rousing edition of "If I Had My Way" closing out the show that saw hundreds of fans videos edited into the performance. It was such a feat that the record release show had to be delayed a day as Johnson put it all together in his studio.

Critical acclaim accompanied the release of a one season "GJ in the SoundShack" series on YouTube that saw Gordie Johnson in a weekly episode talking (and occasionally performing) about a myriad of topics from songwriting to recording to a detailed look at equipment he uses.

As the world opened up again, "One Man Big Sugar Show- The Acoustical Sounds of Gordie Johnson" started touring and brought his massive, well known and highly influential songbook to life with an acoustic performance drenched in blues and folk music that inspired Johnson's Big Sugar catalogue. It consists of tales of triumph and disaster, spoken by Johnson.

In 2022, Big Sugar returned to the stage with a new show and lineup. After the tragic death of Garry Lowe, Gordie Johnson spent the previous four years reimagining Big Sugar and is proud to announce new bassist, Ben Lowe, the 22 year old son of Garry. "Our music has always been about roots and culture and this is a perfect piece of that evolution. You can hear Big Sugar in Ben's DNA." A renewed Big Sugar also includes former tour mates drummer Joe Magistro (Black Crowes, B52s) and Scandinavian indie rock phenom keyboardist Kat Ottosen.

Awards and recognition
Johnson has earned numerous gold and platinum records with his band Big Sugar and as producer or musician with such acts as The Trews and Default.

Johnsons' Big Sugar has multiple Juno Award nominations including 1995 Breakthrough Artist, 1997 Rock Album of the Year and 1998 Group of the Year.

In 1995, Big Sugar won the European Edison Award one of the oldest music awards in the world.

In 2000, Johnson was named to the 'Toronto Star Best Dressed' list, a culmination of his decades-long Hugo Boss endorsement.

SOCAN #1 Song Awards as songwriter for Big Sugar "The Scene" in 1998 and The Trews "Not Ready To Go" in 2002.

In 2003, Gibson guitar released a special edition limited run "Gordie Johnson signature series SGJ" guitar that incorporated fashion house Hugo Boss with a HUGO neckstrap and hardshell case (as the longtime clothing endorser of Gordie Johnson and Big Sugar). Hard Rock Café Hotel & Casino created a Gordie Johnson display in the Vancouver, Canada location for its opening in 2013 that featured the "SGJ".

In 2005, Johnson and his Grady bandmates won Best New Band at the Austin Music Awards.

In 2007, COCA (Canadian Organization of Campus Activities) inducted Johnsons' Big Sugar into the Hall of Fame.

In 2010, Gordie Johnson was inducted into the Canada South Blues Society Hall of Fame.

In 2011, Gordie Johnson was nominated for a Grammy for his producer role on the Warren Haynes album "Man in Motion". This followed the Grammy-nominated Taj Mahal album that he co-produced/engineered in 2008.

WCMA nominations for Producer of the Year 2012, Engineer of the Year 2013.

In 2015 Johnson and his Big Sugar bandmates were awarded a Road Gold Award.

Big Sugar

 * 1991 – Big Sugar
 * 1993 – Five Hundred Pounds
 * 1995 – Dear M.F. (EP)
 * 1995 – Ride Like Hell (EP)
 * 1996 – Hemi-Vision
 * 1998 – Heated
 * 1999 – Chauffe à bloc (EP)
 * 2000 – Extra Long Life (as Alkaline)
 * 2001 – Brothers and Sisters, Are You Ready?
 * 2001 – Brothers and Sisters, Êtes Vous Ready?
 * 2003 – Hit & Run
 * 2011 – Revolution Per Minute
 * 2012 – Eliminate Ya! DVD live CD
 * 2014 – Yardstyle
 * 2015 – Calling All The Youth
 * 2020 –  Eternity Now

Sit Down Servant

 * 2012 – I Was Just Trying To Help
 * 2014 – Sit Down Servant

Grady

 * 2006 – Y.U. So Shady?
 * 2007 – A Cup of Cold Poison
 * 2009 – Good As Dead

Wide Mouth Mason

 * 2011 - No Bad Days

title: Gordie Johnson


text:
John Froines

John Radford Froines (June 13, 1939 – July 13, 2022) was an American chemist and anti-war activist, noted as a member of the Chicago Seven, a group charged with involvement with the riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Froines, who held a Ph.D. in chemistry from Yale, was charged with interstate travel for purposes of inciting a riot and with making incendiary devices, but was acquitted. He later served as the Director of Toxic Substances at the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration and then director of UCLA’s Occupational Health Center. He also served as chair of the California Scientific Review Panel on Toxic Air Contaminants for nearly 30 years before resigning in 2013 amid controversy and claims of conflict of interest.

Early life and education
Froines was born in Oakland, California, on June 13, 1939. His father, George, worked as a shipyard worker and was murdered when John was three years old; his mother, Katherine (Livingston), was a teacher who raised John and his younger brother Robert as a single parent after her husband's death. Froines enlisted in the Air National Guard after completing high school. He then received an associate degree at Contra Costa Community College. He studied chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in 1963.

Froines subsequently undertook postgraduate studies at Yale University, obtaining a Master of Science in 1964 before being awarded a Doctor of Philosophy three years later. His graduate work was done in the laboratory of Dr. Kenneth Wiberg, Yale Professor Emeritus. He won a post-doctoral fellowship from the National Science Foundation to work in the laboratory of Nobel Prize-winning chemist, Dr. George Porter, at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London from 1966 to 1968.

Activism and the Chicago Seven conspiracy trial
While at Yale, Froines was active in a Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) organizing project in the Hill neighborhood, adjacent to downtown New Haven. Community organizing projects inspired by SDS, and in particular, its first president Tom Hayden, were launched by civil rights and anti-poverty activists in various cities such as Newark, Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, and Oakland. Just as civil rights organizations in the American South were organizing for voting rights and political power for Black Americans, a northern SDS-led movement supported peoples’ community organizations in urban areas to gain some control over policies that were affecting their lives, in particular the severely sub-standard housing and inadequate social welfare programs.

Noted as a member of the Chicago Seven, Froines was indicted along with seven others by the U.S. Justice Department under President Nixon in March 1969 for their participation and leadership in events at the protest demonstrations during the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The two-count indictment cited “conspiracy to travel interstate to incite a riot,” and inciting a riot.

After a lengthy trial that drew national media attention, two of the defendants, Froines and Lee Weiner, were acquitted of the charges against them; the others were found guilty on one count. The contempt of court findings, which included those against Froines, were rejected in their entirety after an appeal. According to Gary Libman at The Los Angeles Times, "Froines' courtroom antics were comparatively mild," and included telling jurors that one of the defendants, Black Panther leader Bobby Seale, had been sentenced to four years in prison for contempt while the jury was outside the courtroom. Seale had his case severed from the other defendants after the judge refused to acknowledge his right to have an attorney of his choosing, and had him gagged and bound in the courtroom in an effort to silence him. Upon appeals all convictions in the Chicago Conspiracy Trial (the “Chicago Seven”) were overturned, along with the contempt of court charges leveled by trial judge Julius Hoffman against all defendants.

While still waiting for acquittal in the early 1970s, Froines joined the faculty at Goddard College in Vermont, where he taught chemistry.

From 1970 to 1971, Froines and his wife Ann lived in New Haven, Connecticut, where both worked with the Black Panther Party Defense Committee in support of Bobby Seale and Ericka Huggins during their controversial trial for conspiracy to murder. That trial resulted in a hung jury and the freeing of both defendants. Froines was also involved with organizing the May 1971 antiwar demonstrations in Washington, D.C., a demonstration which resulted in the largest mass arrests in American history.

Occupational safety and health
In September 1968, Froines joined the Chemistry Department at the University of Oregon as an assistant professor. Upon the federal indictments for the activities at the Chicago Democratic Convention, he requested and was granted a leave of absence at the end of his first year of teaching because of the impending trial in Chicago. The university administration resisted the calls for his firing from the university from some Oregon state legislators.

After the two years of full-time anti-war activism, Froines returned to teaching chemistry to undergraduates at Goddard College in Vermont. Two years later he was hired to head the Occupational Health Division of the Vermont Health Department, a position he held for three years. His work focused on health standards for the state's nuclear power plant.

Froines later served as Director of the office of Toxic Substances Standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) during the Carter Administration. He was the principal author of important federal standards for regulating workers’ exposure to lead and to cotton dust.

Upon the election of Ronald Reagan, in 1981 Froines took his focus on occupational and environmental health to the Fielding School of Public Health at UCLA, where he became a faculty member. During his tenure at UCLA, he held many leadership roles, including as the director of the Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (for 25 years), the director of the Southern California Particle Center and Supersite, associate director of the Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center, the director of the UCLA Fogarty Program in Occupational and Environmental Health, and the director of the Sustainable Technology and Policy Program. His research focuses covered the toxicology of arsenic, chromium, and lead, air pollution, and pesticides. He retired in 2011 from the UCLA School of Public Health, in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences.

Also during his career at UCLA, he served for nearly 30 years with other scientists on a state advisory commission, the Scientific Review Panel on Toxic Air Contaminants, and was in later years its chairperson. “Over the decades, the nine-member panel has reviewed 450 assessments on a witch’s brew of toxins: Chloropicrin, methidathion, metam sodium, benzene, tobacco smoke, endosulfan, and many other pesticides and air contaminants that are potential carcinogens, genotoxins, neurotoxins, or all of the above. The panel reviews other scientists’ work, draws conclusions and turns over its best assessment to such regulators as the California Air Resources Board and Department of Pesticide Regulation to develop policy." He resigned in 2013 amid claims that he had conducted independent research with the panel while maintaining ties to other scientists who disapproved of the chemicals he was evaluating, creating a conflict of interest.

Controversy
Froines was among five University of California scientists who were not re-appointed to the Scientific Review Panel on Toxic Air Contaminants in 2013, after issues were raised about the independence of their scientific recommendations and number of years of service. Part of the controversy involved claims that Froines was in contact with scientists who had stated that some chemicals under review were a public health risk. Froines wrote that the SRP maintained “our commitment to doing the best science possible and we never wavered from that. That is why we were trusted although not always agreed with.” One example of this disagreement was the decision by the California Department of Pesticide Regulations to “ignore its own staff of scientists and a peer review panel led by Froines when setting legal exposure limits of farmworkers to the strawberry fumigant methyl iodide. The department set the limit at more than 100 times what had been recommended. The pesticide was later removed from the market by its manufacturer.

Awards and recognition
The California Air Resources Board honored Froines in 2011 as an “outstanding individual who has made significant contributions toward improving air quality throughout a lifetime of commitment and leadership and innovation in research and environmental policy.”

Physicians for Social Responsibility in Los Angeles recognized Froines and his wife Andrea Hricko in 2012 for their "courageous commitment to scientific integrity and for of increasing our understanding of the health impacts of toxic chemicals on the health of workers and communities."

In 2013, Froines was the Ramazzini Award Recipient and Lecturer for his “pioneering work the develop the federal occupational lead and cotton dust exposure standards in the United States, and his work in California that led to the recognition of diesel exhaust as a significant toxic air contaminant, preserving the health and lives of millions.” The Collegium Ramazzini in Bologna, Italy is an independent, international academy founded in 1982 of internationally renowned experts in the fields of occupational and environmental health.

Personal life
Froines' first marriage was to Ann Rubio Froines. They met while they were involved in the SDS. Together, they had one child (Rebecca). They eventually divorced. He later married Andrea Hricko, and remained married to her until his death. They had one child together (Jonathan).

Froines died on July 13, 2022, at a hospital in Santa Monica, California. He was 83, and suffered from Parkinson's disease prior to his death.

In popular culture

 * David Kagen played Froines in the 1987 film Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8.
 * Froines was portrayed by Daniel Flaherty in the 2020 film The Trial of the Chicago 7.

title: John Froines


text:
User talk:NL~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  V.   18:30, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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you are banned
you a banned you fat bag of shit your going down town. for the article "i hate everyone and i'm gay". Lucky 6.9 00:30, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Medieval invasions of Britain

The article Medieval invasions of Britain has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Odd/arbitary time period, unreferenced, wrong/selective, no new information not covered in other articles, orphaned.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. - Jarry1250 [Humorous? Discuss.] 21:49, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Medieval invasions of Britain
I have nominated Medieval invasions of Britain, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Medieval invasions of Britain. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. - Jarry1250 [Humorous? Discuss.] 16:51, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called NL. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name NL~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:42, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:45, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:NL~enwiki


text:
Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia

Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia (1003–1048), born Li Yuanhao or Tuoba Yuanhao, also known as Zhao Yuanhao (趙元昊), Weiming Yuanhao (嵬名元昊 ) and Weiming Nangxiao (嵬名曩霄), was the founding emperor of the Western Xia dynasty of China, reigning from 1038 to 1048. He was the eldest son of the Tangut ruler Li Deming.

Early background
Yuanhao was born to Tuoba Weiming's consort, lady Weimu as "Weimai" (嵬埋 ). After his father died in 1032, he became the leader of the Tangut. He was described as a talented army general and had always wanted to establish a country for the Tanguts.

Military campaigns
Early in his leadership, Jingzong abolished the surname Zhao which had been given by the Song dynasty, replacing it with the surname Weiming (Chinese: 嵬名, Tangut: ).

He had also started a revolution, changing the lifestyles of the Tangut people. He ordered Tangut men to shave their heads or they would face public execution. He also ordered a change of clothing and writing.

With the help of Chinese traitors Zhang Yuan (Western Xia) (張元) and Wu Hao (Western Xia) (吳昊), Jingzong took an aggressive stance with the Song dynasty. At its height, he claimed an army of 500,000 men.

In 1034 Jingzong attacked the Huanqing territories (環慶路). He captured Song general Qi Zongju (齊宗矩).

At this point, he changed his target to the Kingdom of Qocho in the west, and his efforts against them began in 1036.

From the Uyghurs, he took large portions of Gansu, and the Tangut people would control the Hexi Corridor for 191 years before being conquered by the Yuan dynasty.

In 1038 he declared himself the emperor of the Western Xia dynasty whose capital was situated in Xingqing. Afterwards, he launched a campaign against the Song. Although the Tangut empire won a series of three large battles, the victories proved to be very costly and they found their forces depleted, due in part to a scorched earth policy by the Song. In 1044 the Western Xia dynasty signed a treaty with the Song dynasty resulting in the nominal acknowledgment of Song sovereignty by the Tangut and the payment of tribute by the Song.

Culture and politics
The Emperor led to a reorganization of much of the Empire with the help of ethnic Han advisors. The empire created new departments and administrative services. The Emperor also knew Chinese and had Chinese works translated into his people's language. He accomplished this by supporting the development of a written language for the Tangut people.

However the Tangut script eventually went extinct after the Yuan conquest.

Nevertheless, Emperor Jingzong had strong opposition to the people imitating the Song dynasty too closely. He emphasized the value of their traditional nomadic way of life and discouraged any dependence on Song luxury items. Trade with the Song was minimized or cut off before the peace treaty that came four years before his death. Although Li used talented Song workers, to retain his own power and dynasty, he did not want to be conquered by the Song dynasty.

Later on the Western Xia emperors would switch between multiple sides, Liao, Song, Jin, and the Mongols, in order to retain their power. Li's attacks weakened the Jin and Song dynasties to the extent that the Mongols would later be able to conquer China. For vacillating between multiple sides, colluding with Mongols and Jurchen, and launching attacks against the Song.

However, the Mongols ultimately crushed the Western Xia dynasty, destroyed nearly any vestige of the empire, and ended Li's reign in Ningxia. The Mongols would then reunify China under the Yuan dynasty.

Succession and death
In 1048, both the Prime Minister, Mozang Epang (沒藏訛龐), and Prince Ningling Ge (寧令哥) conspired to assassinate Jingzong. Prince Ningling Ge attempted to kill Jingzong with a sword, but he only managed to slice off Jingzong's nose. Frightened by what he had done, Prince Ningling Ge fled to Mozang for backup, but Mozang betrayed Ningling Ge by turning him in as the assassin.

Although Jingzong initially survived the assassination, he succumbed to his wounds a few days later.

Family
Consorts and Issue:

 * Empress Xiancheng, of the Yeli clan (憲成皇后野利氏; d. 1048)
 * Ning Ming (寧明, d.1042), the Prince, second son
 * Ningling Ge (寧令哥, 1032-1048), the Crown Prince, third son
 * Xili (錫狸), fourth son
 * Empress, of the Muoyi clan (新皇后沒移氏; d.1049)
 * Empress Xuanmu Huiwen,of the Mozang clan (宣穆惠文皇后沒藏氏, d.1056)
 * Emperor Yizong of Western Xia, personal name Liangcha (兩岔) vel Liangzuo (諒祚), fifth son
 * Princess Xingping, of the Khitan Yelü clan (興平公主耶律氏, d. 1038)
 * Lady Suo (索氏)
 * Lady Duola (多拉氏)
 * Lady Mikemote (密克默特氏)
 * Lady Miemi (咩迷氏)
 * Ali (阿哩, d.1045), committed suicide together with his mother, second son
 * Unknown:
 * Name not recorded, first son, killed by Li Yuanhao
 * 1) One daughter

title: Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia


text:
Aberdare National Park

The Aberdare National Park is a protected area in the Aberdare Mountain Range in central Kenya located east of the East African Rift Valley. It covers the higher areas and the Aberdare Salient to the east.

Overview
The park is located about 100 km north of Nairobi and stretches over a wide variety of terrain at elevations from 2000 m to 4000 m. Established in May 1950, the Aberdare National Park covers an area of 766 square kilometers and forms part of the Aberdare Mountain Range. The park contains a wide range of landscapes - from mountain peaks that rise to 4000 m above sea level, to their deep, v-shaped valleys intersected by streams, rivers, and waterfalls. Moorland, bamboo forests and rainforests are found at lower elevations.

History
Aberdare National Park was established in 1950 with an aim to conserve and protect the Aberdare Mountains. Since then it has grown to a size of an area of 767 km2

Aberdare National Park is best known as the site where in 1952, Princess Elizabeth became Queen after the death of her father King George VI, whilst staying at the Treetops Hotel.

Wildlife
Wildlife present in the protected area include lion, leopard, elephant, East African wild dog, giant forest hog, bushbuck, mountain reedbuck, waterbuck, Cape buffalo, suni, side-striped jackal, eland, duiker, olive baboon, black and white colobus monkey, and sykes monkey. Rarer sightings include those of the African golden cat and the bongo. Species such as the common eland, serval live in the higher moorlands. The Aberdare National Park also hosts a large eastern black rhinoceros population and over 250 bird species including the endangered Aberdare cisticola, Jackson's spurfowl, sparrowhawk, African goshawk, African fish eagle, sunbirds and plovers.

title: Aberdare National Park


text:
Washington Agreement

The Washington Agreement (Croatian: washingtonski sporazum; Bosnian: vašingtonski sporazum) was a ceasefire agreement between the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, signed on 18 March 1994 in Washington, D.C. It was signed by Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić and President of Herzeg-Bosnia Krešimir Zubak.

Under the agreement, the combined territory held by the Croat and Bosnian (in that time Bosniak) government forces was divided into ten autonomous cantons, establishing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and ending the Croat-Bosniak War. The cantonal system was selected to prevent dominance by one ethnic group over another.

The subsequently signed Washington Framework Agreement had the creation of a loose federation (or confederation) between Croatia and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as one of its goals.

Background
War broke out between Herzeg-Bosnia, supported by Croatia, and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, supported by the Bosnian Mujahideen and the Croatian Defence Forces. It lasted from 18 October 1992 to 23 February 1994, and is considered often as a "war within a war" as it was a part of the much larger Bosnian War. Fighting soon spread to Central Bosnia and soon Herzegovina, where most of the fighting would take place in those regions.

Between 1992 and 1994, many massacres and killings would take place, such as the Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, Trusina massacre, Ahmići massacre, Sovići and Doljani killings, Vitez massacre, Mokronoge massacre, Grabovica massacre, Uzdol massacre, Stupni Do massacre, Križančevo selo killings, Zenica massacre, Gornji Vakuf shelling, Busovača massacre, and the Stari Vitez terrorist attack. Battles, operations, and sieges were also common during that time period, as the battle of Žepče, Bugojno, Siege of Mostar, Operation Neretva '93, and Operation Tvigi 94.

authors: نوفاك اتشمان

title: Washington Agreement


text:
Cedarvale Park

Cedarvale Park is a municipal park located at 181-185 Main St. S. Georgetown, Ontario—a short walk from downtown. It is a multi-use facility, open year-round.

Facilities

 * Official Size Soccer Field
 * Four Mini Soccer Fields
 * Toboggan Hills
 * Hiking Trails
 * Riverside Benches
 * Barbecues
 * First Aid Station
 * Children's Playground

Cedarvale Park was home to the orphaned Armenian boys brought to Georgetown in 1923.

Scott McLaughlin, a native of Scotland, emigrated to Canada and settled in Glen Williams. In the 1870s McLaughlin purchased 80 hectares of land on the southeast limits of the village of Georgetown and called it Cedar Vale Farm. Michael, Scott and Rachel McLaughlin's youngest child, born in 1886, first worked as a teller at the Bank of Hamilton (now the Old Bank on Main Street Georgetown). Michael quit in 1923 when the Armenian Relief Association of Canada purchased a large portion of the property for Armenian orphaned boys. The Georgetown Boys were part of a rescue operation for refugees from the Armenian genocide in the 1920s. The Georgetown Boys Farm was located in what is now Cedarvale Park. That area was later purchased by the Town of Georgetown as a centennial project and is now known as Cedarvale Park. An Ontario Provincial Plaque was erected in Cedarvale Park on June 26, 2010 designating it a municipal historic site honouring the Armenian boys who lived there.

Classics Against Cancer
This one-day event showcases the classic cars from the surrounding area. It takes place on Father's Day each year. A donation to the  Cancer Assistance Services of Halton Hills is requested when entering the park.

Soccer
Every weekday throughout the summer months, the best in Georgetown soccer action comes to Cedarvale. There are many games held each week, and they provide excellent entertainment. Fields are open to the public when games are not scheduled.

Children's Playground
A newly installed plastic playground for children.

Hiking Trail
The trail in Cedarvale forms a loop. It begins at the parking area where there is a set of wooden stairs. It dips and curves through the forest, and then curves down a fairly large hill. It continues up a large hill, and then wraps around the highest hill, where you can see the entire park and beyond. The trail finishes with a large downhill curve, leading to the playground.

Toboggan Hill
Open in the winter, and lit by a very bright light at night. Toboggan Run is one of Georgetown's winter highlights.

title: Cedarvale Park


text: User talk:69.154.92.3

title: User talk:69.154.92.3


text:
Talk:Cold weather boot

fahrenheit vs celsius
The boots specs are originally given in fahrenheit (US Army after all) so I move the celsius temps into parens. Pretzelpaws 05:18, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Boot, Insulated, Cold-Weather, Rubber (black) for wet-cold use, Type 1, Class 1, Rigid Sole Type 1, Class 2, Flexible Sole and without valve
Is the instructions for one particular boot type really necessary? // Liftarn

title: Talk:Cold weather boot


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shopsss.com

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deleted already. Woohookitty 10:47, 7 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
File:Balt. Civil War - 8th Massachusetts regiment repairing RR bridges from Annapolis to Washington.jpg

Image source: Image Z24.1409, linked at. Pre-1923. Lupo 07:44, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

From the Maryland Historical Society web site,


text:
User:CannotResolveSymbol/Monobook.css

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title: User:CannotResolveSymbol/Monobook.css


text: User talk:71.247.152.143

title: User talk:71.247.152.143


text:
Vineyard Theatre

The Vineyard Theatre is an Off-Broadway non-profit theatre company, located at 108 East 15th Street in Manhattan, New York City, near Union Square. Its first production was in 1981. It is best known for its productions of the Tony Award-winning musical Avenue Q, Paula Vogel's Pulitzer Prize-winning play How I Learned to Drive, and Jeff Bowen and Hunter Bell's Obie Award-winning musical called title of show. The Vineyard states that its goal is "to give daring artists a safe space to create exhilarating, original theatre."

The company is the recipient of special Obie, Drama Desk, and Lucille Lortel Awards for sustained excellence, and the 1998 Jonathan Larson Performing Arts Foundation Grant.

Notable productions include Nicky Silver's Pterodactyls, Craig Lucas's The Dying Gaul, Christopher Shinn's Where Do We Live, Cornelius Eady's Brutal Imagination, Gina Gionfriddo's After Ashley, and the Laura Nyro musical Eli's Comin.

title: Vineyard Theatre


text: User talk:202.40.139.167

title: User talk:202.40.139.167


text:
Talk:Light-dragging effects

Expert needed: Mach vs. gtr (and competitors)
It would greatly improve this article if various more precise Mach principles were stated (it's terribly important to emphasize at every opportunity that there are many Mach principles, not just one Mach's principle; see the article by Bondi on the ArXiV for a list of about a dozen versions), and if the discussion made clear exactly which of the effects mentioned are even qualitatively realized by gtr. E.g. light bending in Kerr vacuum (and exterior field of other rotating objects, such as a disk) includes an angular momentum dependence, so this could be said to exhibit qualitatively "dragging" of light. It would be good to write and link to another article discussing quantitatively the rotation of a thin spherical shell in gtr. This could mention the case of counter-rotating cylinders, often taken as anti-Machian.

Even better, one could finish the job by discussing Machian effects (or absence of them) in some of the simpler competitors of gtr. By the time this work is finished, you'd have several fine articles. I could do it, but my hands are full with other matters, so invite anyone interested to have a go.---CH (talk) 05:23, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Nope. This page was meant for SR people
The intention of the page was not to get into analysis of Mach's Principle and what it means, or make a "Mach vs GTR" page, but simply to list the situations in whch we might expect light-dragging to occur. Nice and simple and short and factual. If you want to set up a stub "Mach's Principle and GR" page that might be a very useful thing to have, but this ain't it. I think that perhaps your interest in MP is pulling you slightly off the page's intended topic.

This page wasn't meant to be aimed at GR people, it was meant to politely point out to those particular SR enthusiasts who still go around teaching that we "know" that it's experimentally proved that moving matter does NOT drag light (because it's supposedly "proved" that the speed of light is independent of the source), that they are wrong.

DeSitter and Brecher's double-star observations showed that lightspeed was not globally dictated by the motion of the source, their use of the word "independent" to mean "not (wholly) dependent on" was perhaps unfortunate.

Perhaps I could reword the page slightly to make its original intent more obvious, but this would involve saying explicitly that some claims made for SR are not true - I was trying to keep the controversy levels down by not actually coming out and saying that.

I know - what if I swap the two sections around and put the particulate-medium dragging effects first and the frame-dragging section afterwards, would that make it more clear that I was referring to the general existence of an effect, and not trying to write a page on general relativity? I'd hoped that the single sentence intro ("In physics ...") would have made it clear that I was trying to be as general as possible, but perhaps starting with the "Mach/GR" stuff threw you off.

I'll reorder. ErkDemon 00:28, 9 September 2005 (UTC), redited ErkDemon 22:15, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Okay, sorted
Perhaps when I originally wrote this page I did get a little carried away and went into more detail about Machian arguments than I needed to, when all I really had to do was to point out that the effects existed under current theory and provide links. So I've stripped out the material that Chris objected to so much, and hopefully the page is now less objectionable and more focussed.

"Moving matter is expected to drag light in various situations, despite statements to the contrary." Examples and links. End. ErkDemon 23:04, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Light-dragging effects


text:
Talk:Biogeographic Regions

Maybe this article could be merged with ecozone one, or at least, they should both refer to one another. Or it could be part of biogeography ? Do you plan to improve it much more ? Anthere

Yes, I am planning to improve it, but I think it isnt a bad idea to link with ecozone. --Peter 21:43, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll be glad if you help in this area. Ant

Merger
I'm suggesting this be merged into ecozone. They seem to be extremely similar articles. Or, perhaps the two should be transferred to an even broader umbrella article. At this point, however, it is extremely confusing just exactly what the difference is between the various terminology here, and so I would appreciate if someone more knowledgeable could settle this issue. 207.233.110.65 22:03, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biogeographic Regions


text:
Talk:Vineyard Theatre

this page was created because it was a blank article linked from the Avenue Q page

title: Talk:Vineyard Theatre


text:
Talk:Preferred frame

Better citations, please! ---CH (talk) 05:25, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

This article is a joke, right? (It must be, with silly things such as "rulers' lengthes and clocks' periods invariance"  and "de principle of relativity.")

title: Talk:Preferred frame


text:
Sånta Rita-Sumai, Guam

Sånta Rita-Sumai, formerly Santa Rita and encompassing the former municipality of Sumay, is a village located on the southwest coast of the United States territory of Guam with hills overlooking Apra Harbor. According to the 2020 census it has a population of 6,470, which is up slightly from 6,084 in 2010 but down from 11,857 in 1990. Santa Rita is the newest village in Guam, having been established after the Second World War.

History
As the rest of the island, Sånta Rita-Sumai was under Spanish rule. Prior to the War, the village of Sumay was on the Orote Peninsula, which forms the southern boundary of Apra Harbor. Once a thriving commercial center, it suffered severe devastation from bombardment by the United States military forces during the Liberation of Guam from the Empire of Japan. The U.S. military assumed control over the ruins of Sumay and built Naval Base Guam on the old village site, while the residents of Sumay were relocated to the hills between their former village and Fena.

They established a new village, naming the settlement after Saint Rita of Cascia. The Fena area, which houses Ordnance Annex and Fena Lake (the main source of fresh water for the island), borders the eastern boundary of Sånta Rita-Sumai.

In August 2021, Gov. Lou Leon Guerrero signed a bill officially changing the name of the village.

Demographics
The U.S. Census Bureau counts it under multiple census-designated places: Santa Rita, and Apra Harbor.

Education
The Department of Education serves the public schools in Sånta Rita-Sumai. Sånta Rita-Sumai contains Harry S. Truman Elementary School, Southern High School, and PACE (Program of Alternative Certification for Educators), which was once Santa Rita Elementary School. H.S. Truman Elementary serves Santa Rita residents, while Southern High School serves Santa Rita, Agat and villages allocated by DoE districting. PACE serves students in need throughout the DoE program. Oceanview Middle School in Agat serves middle school residents.

In regards to the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA), Sånta Rita-Sumai is in the school transportation zone for Commander William C. McCool Elementary/Middle School, while Guam High School is the island's sole DoDEA high school. McCool Elementary/Middle School is located on Naval Base Guam, nearly the old Sumay village site.

Notable residents

 * Speaker Antonio Unpingco (1942–2007) - Member of the Guam Legislature

Commissioners (Sumay)

 * Joaquin C. Diego (1927–1930)
 * Vicente T. Borja (1930–1931)
 * Tomas P. Sablan (1931–1935)
 * Gregorio S. Borja (1935–1937)
 * Vicente D. Lizama (1937–1939)
 * Juan P. Sarmiento (1939–1941)

Commissioner (Sånta Rita-Sumai)

 * Juan N. Perez (1945–1952)
 * Joaquin D. Perez (1952–1969)
 * Pedro L.G. Roberto (1969–1973)

References and external links

 * Rogers, Robert F (1995). Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1678-1

title: Sånta Rita-Sumai, Guam


text:
Larry Evoy

Lawrence Wayne "Larry" Evoy is a Canadian drummer and songwriter who was the lead singer and founder of the rock band Edward Bear.

Career
Evoy formed Edward Bear in 1966 with Craig Hemming. With the addition of Danny Marks and Paul Weldon, the band played in the local Yorkville scene in Toronto and landed a recording deal with Capitol Records in 1969.

Their first single, "You, Me And Mexico", was written by Evoy. Released in February 1970, it reached Number 3 on the Canadian chart and number 68 in the U.S. The band embarked on a tour of Canada to support their first album 'Bearings'. Their biggest hit, "Last Song", also written by Evoy, was released in 1972. It was a Number 1 hit in Canada and reached Number 3 in the American charts. Another Evoy song, "Close Your Eyes," also made the top 40 in the U.S., peaking at Number 37.

Evoy fronted the band through various lineup changes from 1972 to 1974, before going on to a solo career. He released a hit record, "Here I Go Again" in 1977. and a recording with Voyage Records in 1978. It became a modest hit in Canada.

He went on to run a music publishing business and a small recording studio, and ran a horse farm with his wife in King City.

In 1995, Evoy received an award from the Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada, acknowledging that three of his compositions had sold more than 100,000 copies.

His son, Spencer, fronts London, UK based garage rock band "MFC Chicken".

title: Larry Evoy


text:
Queens Gardens, Brisbane

Queens Gardens is a heritage-listed park located on a city block between George Street, Elizabeth Street and William Street in the Brisbane CBD, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from c. 1905 to 1990s. It is also known as Executive Gardens and St Johns Church Reserve. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Queens Gardens are adjacent to the former Land Administration Building (now the Heritage Hotel of the Treasury Casino). On the opposite side of William Street is the Old State Library Building and on the opposite side of Elizabeth Street is the former Treasury Building (now the Treasury Casino).

History
As an early penal colony the site was originally home to a cottage, lumber yard, engineer's store and workshops.

Queens Gardens was established in several stages between 1905 and 1962, on a site which has been associated both with the earliest phase of the penal settlement at Moreton Bay, and with the establishment of the Church of England in Queensland.

During the convict era the engineer's weatherboard cottage stood on part of the site, at the corner of William and Elizabeth Streets. It appears to have been both the first house and the first sawn timber building to be erected in Brisbane Town.

Occupying most of the remainder of the site was a lumber yard, erected c.1825, which contained the engineer's stores and workshops. By 1838 the lumber yard had been moved, and the cottage had been converted into offices. The section of the present park along George Street was part of the chaplain's garden from 1840 at least.

In 1848 the site was acquired by the Church of England. A parsonage was constructed at the corner of William and Elizabeth Streets in 1850–1851, and St John's Church was erected on the site, further along William Street, in 1850–1854. In 1868 it was extended. A detached bell tower was erected in 1877, and in 1879–1880 a building which served as church school, synod hall, library and committee rooms was built in the eastern corner of the site.

In the 1880s the Church proclaimed the square a future cathedral site, and a new Church Institute and Synod Hall was erected in the northern corner of the square in 1897.

Following church protests at the 1899 announcement of plans to erect a new lands and survey building adjacent to the pro-cathedral, the government offered to purchase the church square, and acquired it the same year.

In 1901 the Church Institute building was occupied by the Police Department and later served as offices for the Criminal Investigation Branch.

In 1904 the pro-cathedral, belltower, church school and parsonage were demolished and a 0.25 ha, 30 m wide strip between William and George Streets, adjacent to the new Executive Building, was proclaimed as the Executive Gardens. A bronze statue of Queen Victoria, a replica by English sculptor Thomas Brock of the original in Portsmouth, was erected in mid-1906. The purchase was arranged by local artist Godfrey Rivers, and was funded by public subscription and subsidies from state and local government. The pedestal was designed by the Public Works Department and crafted by local stonemason William Kitchen, at a cost of.

The statue was an expression of Queensland's loyalty to the British Empire. On Empire Day veterans from the Crimean, Sudan and South African wars gathered in what became known as the Queens Gardens, which became also an assembly point for state occasions such as funeral or celebratory processions. The monument remains the only statue of Queen Victoria in Brisbane.

In late 1906 the reserve was extended to an area of 0.37 ha, with the inclusion of the site of the former parsonage.

In 1917 a Krupp 77mm field gun, captured from the German army in France in 1915 during World War I, was placed in the gardens. It was a gift from King George V and presented to Queensland by Lord Kitchener as a Trophy of British Valour on 18 August 1917, at the request of Thomas Joseph Ryan, lawyer, anti-conscriptionist and Queensland Labor Premier 1915–1919. A bronze statue of TJ Ryan, designed by Australian sculptor Bertram MacKennal and erected by public subscription, was unveiled in the gardens in 1925. The sandstone base was provided by the Brisbane City Council.

In 1962 the CIB building at the northern corner of the site was demolished and the park was extended to occupy the entire square, with a total area of 0.48 ha. A new layout for the gardens was prepared as a joint state and local government scheme in preparation for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to Brisbane in March 1963. Brisbane City Council landscape architect, horticulturalist and author, Harry Oakman, was responsible for the design and landscaping, and architectural detailing was undertaken by Department of Works architect Graham De Gruchy.

In 1990 the Queensland Service Women's Association erected a Monument of Memories in the park, honouring the 70,000 service women.

Description
Queens Gardens is a public park, square in plan, that is bounded by William, Elizabeth and George Streets on the southwestern, northwestern and northeastern sides and by the Lands Administration Building (now Heritage Hotel) on the southeastern edge. Located around the perimeter of the Gardens are a number of important government buildings including the Lands Administration Building, the Treasury Building (now the Treasury Casino), the Old State Library and the Family Services Building. The main elements of the design are: an asphalt area in front of the Lands Administration Building which connects George and William Streets; a diagonal path leading from the northern corner to the centre of the asphalt area; and a large lawn bounded by Elizabeth Street, the diagonal path, the asphalt area and garden beds along William Street. A lily pond, recently rebuilt, is located adjacent to the intersection of the diagonal path and the asphalt area. On the southwestern side of the pond is a converted fountain, now a sandstone and concrete planter box. The diagonal path is emphasised by a row of colvillea trees (Colvillea racemosa). A coral tree (Erythrina spp.) marks the entrance to the park from George Street.

With the exception of specimen trees most of the planting in the park is kept at a low level so as not to divide the space visually. Barriers to movement, if not vision, are created along George Street by a zig-zag hedge (Acalypha) and along William Street by a chain wire fence, hedge and garden bed.

Although the design of the park is relatively recent, earlier monuments have been incorporated which provide links to the previous form of the site. Two bronze statues on stone pedestals remain in their original locations. A marble slab in the paved area indicates the position of the altar of the former St John's Pro-Cathedral.

A statue of Queen Victoria, is centrally positioned on the asphalt area in front of the symmetrical facade of the Lands Administration Building. The diagonal path is terminated by the monument which looks towards the Treasury Building and is framed by two leopard trees (Flindersia maculosa). The bronze statue stands on a pedestal, the upper portion of which is made of brown Helidon sandstone and the lower portion of Enoggera granite. The pedestal is square in form, with chamfered corners and is set on a flight of three granite steps. Directly behind the Queen is a 1915 Krupp gun.

The TJ Ryan statue also stands on a pedestal of Helidon sandstone and Enoggera granite. Separated from the main area of the park by a fence and garden, it is positioned diagonally facing the corner of William and Elizabeth Streets. An ornamental bronze plaque is attached to the pedestal.

A recent addition to the park's memorials is a rough hewn block of bluestone with a bronze plaque bolted to it that commemorates the service of Australian women in war. It is located on the southwestern side of the asphalt area between rose beds.

Timber and concrete benches are placed along the paths and around the lily pond. The original cast-iron lamp posts on cast-iron pedestals have been relocated along the paths. The planting is dominated by exotic plants with coloured foliage and decorative leaf shape. Many garden beds have plants clipped into geometric patterns.

The Gardens provide a foreground for viewing the principal facades of the Lands Administration Building, the former Library and the Family Services Building, and forms a pleasant aspect for the buildings which overlook it.

Heritage listing
Queens Gardens was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Queens Gardens are important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland's history, particularly in the evolution of the site from convict administration use to the centre of Anglicanism in Queensland to public park and focus for Queensland's most important government precinct. Queens Gardens also demonstrate the historic and governmental associations of the Queen Victoria and TJ Ryan statues.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.

The site is significant for its potential to reveal substrata evidence of building materials and artefacts from the 1820s, which could contribute to an understanding of the early European settlement of Queensland.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

The present garden layout is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the work of influential landscape architect Harry Oakman, and is one of the most intact of his works surviving in Brisbane.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The gardens, together with the Queen Victoria and TJ Ryan statues, exhibit landscape and aesthetic qualities, and a townscape contribution as the integrating core of a remarkably fine group of public buildings, which are valued by the community.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

The site has a special association with the Anglican Church and its early history in Queensland.

title: Queens Gardens, Brisbane


text: Category:Thunder Bay, Ontario

title: Category:Thunder Bay, Ontario


text:
Ramón Medina Bello

Ramón Ismael Medina Bello (born 29 April 1966 in Gualeguay, Entre Rios), nicknamed El Mencho, is an Argentine former football striker who has played at club level in Argentina and Japan.

He began his professional football career in 1986 with Racing Club de Avellaneda. In 1989, he was transferred to River Plate, where he played until 1993. By that time he was part of the Argentina national team, with whom he won the 1991 Copa América in Chile. He was also part of the national team in the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

Medina Bello went to play in Japan for the Yokohama Marinos until 1996 when he returned to River Plate. He retired in 1999 in Talleres and after two years of retirement played for Dock Sud in the Argentine Soccer League Fourth Division. In 2005, he played for Juventud Unida where he retired for good.

FIFA World Cup appearances
He appeared in 2 games during the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

 * 30 June 1994: Argentina – Bulgaria 0–2 ( In the 67th minute he replaced Leonardo Rodriguez )
 * 3 July 1994: Romania – Argentina 3–2 ( In the 63rd minute he replaced Roberto Sensini )

Club

 * Racing Club
 * Supercopa Sudamericana: 1988
 * Recopa Sudamericana runner-up: 1989
 * River Plate
 * Primera División Argentina: 1990
 * Primera División Argentina: 1991 Apertura, 1993 Apertura, 1996 Apertura, 1997 Clausura, 1997 Apertura
 * Copa Libertadores de América: 1996
 * Supercopa Sudamericana: 1997

 * Talleres de Cordoba
 * Primera B Nacional: 1998

International

 * Argentina
 * Copa América: 1991, 1993

title: Ramón Medina Bello


text:
Music of Qinghai

The music of Qinghai, a province of China inhabited by Tibetans, Mongolians, Salar, Han, Monguor (Tu), and others, includes hua'er, a type of song found in certain areas of northwest China. This informal music is often competitive in nature, with singers interacting and improvising topical and love lyrics, usually unaccompanied. Qinghai's folk music is known for its intervallic leaps in melody.

The Salar people of Xunhua Salar Autonomous County are known for distinct music, especially the song "Flowers", which is a combination of Tibetan, Han and Muslim banquet music. They are also known for a string instrument called the kouxuan, which historically was often played by women and made from silver or copper.

The composer Bright Sheng worked in Qinghai's Folk Dance and Music Theatre and also collected folk songs. He has used elements of local folk music in his compositions.

title: Music of Qinghai


text:
Tabalia

Tabalia is the name of the Mother House of the Melanesian Brotherhood (MBH) on northeastern Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.

Tabalia (pronounced "TAHM ba lia") was given by Ini Kopuria (the Brotherhood’s founder) to the Melanesian Brotherhood (known in the Mota language as Ira Reta Tasiu). Tabalia was Kopuria's customary inheritance, and he donated the land in 1925 to the Tasiu.

As the Mother House, Tabalia is the headquarters for the Solomon Islands Region of the Melanesian Brotherhood. The other Regional Headquarters are Tumsisiro on East Ambae, Vanuatu, and Popondetta, in Papua New Guinea.

From Tabalia, the Melanesian Brotherhood looks after 25 households (monasteries) in the Solomon Islands. It is also the location for quadrennial Great Conference, where representatives from all three regions meet.

The burial ground at Tabalia contains the graves of Dr. Charles Elliot Fox (Feast day October 29) and the Seven Martyred Brothers (Feast day April 24).

title: Tabalia


text:
Bevatron

The Bevatron was a particle accelerator — specifically, a weak-focusing proton synchrotron — at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S., which began operating in 1954. The antiproton was discovered there in 1955, resulting in the 1959 Nobel Prize in physics for Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain. It accelerated protons into a fixed target, and was named for its ability to impart energies of billions of eV ("billions of eV synchrotron").

Antiprotons
At the time the Bevatron was designed, it was strongly suspected, but not known, that each particle had a corresponding anti-particle of opposite charge, identical in all other respects, a property known as charge symmetry. The anti-electron, or positron, had been first observed in the early 1930s and theoretically understood as a consequence of the Dirac equation at about the same time. Following World War II, positive and negative muons and pions were observed in cosmic-ray interactions seen in cloud chambers and stacks of nuclear photographic emulsions. The Bevatron was built to be energetic enough to create antiprotons, and thus test the hypothesis that every particle has a corresponding anti-particle. In 1955, the antiproton was discovered using the Bevatron. The antineutron was discovered soon thereafter by the team of Bruce Cork, Glen Lambertson, Oreste Piccioni, and William Wenzel in 1956, also at the Bevatron. Confirmation of the charge symmetry conjecture in 1955 led to the Nobel Prize for physics being awarded to Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain in 1959.

Shortly after the Bevatron came into use, it was recognized that parity was not conserved in the weak interactions, which led to resolution of the tau-theta puzzle, the understanding of strangeness, and the establishment of CPT symmetry as a basic feature of relativistic quantum field theories.

Requirements and design
In order to create antiprotons (mass ~938 MeV/c2) in collisions with nucleons in a stationary target while conserving both energy and momentum, a proton beam energy of approximately 6.2 GeV is required. At the time it was built, there was no known way to confine a particle beam to a narrow aperture, so the beam space was about four square feet in cross section. The combination of beam aperture and energy required a huge, 10,000 ton iron magnet, and a very large vacuum system. A large motor-generator system was used to ramp up the magnetic field for each cycle of acceleration. At the end of each cycle, after the beam was used or extracted, the large magnetic field energy was returned to spin up the motor, which was then used as a generator to power the next cycle, conserving energy; the entire process required about five seconds. The characteristic rising and falling, wailing, sound of the motor-generator system could be heard in the entire complex when the machine was in operation.

In the years following the antiproton discovery, much pioneering work was done here using beams of protons extracted from the accelerator proper, to hit targets and generate secondary beams of elementary particles, not only protons but also neutrons, pions, "strange particles", and many others.

The liquid hydrogen bubble chamber

The extracted particle beams, both the primary protons and secondaries, could in turn be passed for further study through various targets and specialized detectors, notably the liquid hydrogen bubble chamber. Many thousands of particle interactions, or "events", were photographed, measured, and studied in detail with an automated system of large measuring machines (known as "Franckensteins", for their inventor Jack Franck) allowing human operators (typically the wives of graduate students) to mark points along the particle tracks and punch their coordinates into IBM cards, using a foot pedal. The cards decks were then analyzed by early-generation computers, which reconstructed the three-dimensional tracks through the magnetic fields, and computed the momenta and energy of the particles. Computer programs, extremely complex for their time, then fitted the track data associated with a given event to estimate the energies, masses, and identities of the particles produced.

This period, when hundreds of new particles and excited states were suddenly revealed, marked the beginning of a new era in elementary particle physics. Luis Alvarez inspired and directed much of this work, for which he received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1968.

Bevalac
The Bevatron received a new lease on life in 1971, when it was joined to the SuperHILAC linear accelerator as an injector for heavy ions. The combination was conceived by Albert Ghiorso, who named it the Bevalac. It could accelerate a wide range of stable nuclei to relativistic energies. It was finally decommissioned in 1993.

End of life
The next generation of accelerators used "strong focusing", and required much smaller apertures, and thus much cheaper magnets. The CERN PS (Proton Synchrotron, 1959) and the Brookhaven National Laboratory AGS (Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, 1960) were the first next-generation machines, with an aperture roughly an order of magnitude less in both transverse directions, and reaching 30 GeV proton energy, yet with a less massive magnet ring. For comparison, the circulating beams in the Large Hadron Collider, with ~11,000 times higher energy and enormously higher intensity than the Bevatron, are confined to a space on the order of 1 mm in cross-section, and focused down to 16 micrometres at the intersection collision regions, while the field of the bending magnets is only about five times higher.

The demolition of the Bevatron began in 2009 and was completed in early 2012.

title: Bevatron


text:
Sevelamer

Sevelamer (rINN) is a phosphate binding medication used to treat hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. When taken with meals, it binds to dietary phosphate and prevents its absorption. Sevelamer was invented and developed by GelTex Pharmaceuticals. Sevelamer is marketed by Sanofi under the brand names Renagel (sevelamer hydrochloride) and Renvela (sevelamer carbonate).

Chemistry and pharmacology
Sevelamer consists of polyallylamine that is crosslinked with epichlorohydrin. The marketed form sevelamer hydrochloride is a partial hydrochloride salt being present as approximately 40% amine hydrochloride and 60% sevelamer base. The amine groups of sevelamer become partially protonated in the intestine and interact with phosphate ions through ionic and hydrogen bonding.

Medical uses
Sevelamer is used in the management of hyperphosphatemia in adult patients with stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. Its efficacy at lowering phosphate levels is similar to that of calcium acetate, but without the accompanying risk of hypercalcemia and arterial calcification. In patients with CKD, it has also been shown to reduce LDL and cholesterol.

Contraindications
Sevelamer therapy is contraindicated in hypophosphatemia or bowel obstruction. In hypophosphatemia, sevelamer could exacerbate the condition by further lowering phosphate levels in the blood, which could be fatal.

Adverse effects
Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with the use of sevelamer include: nausea and vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, heartburn, gas.

Other effects
Sevelamer can significantly reduce serum uric acid. This reduction has no known detrimental effect and may be helpful in patients with gout.

Sevelamer is able to sequester advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the gut, preventing their absorption into the blood. AGEs contribute to oxidative stress, which can damage cells (like beta cells, which produce insulin in the pancreas). As Vlassara and Uribarri explain in a 2014 review on AGEs, this may explain why sevelamer, but not calcium carbonate (a phosphate binder that does not sequester AGEs), has been shown to lower AGEs in the blood, as well as oxidative stress and inflammatory markers.

title: Sevelamer


text:
User:Cursive/Sandbox/Robbie Slater

Born: November 22, 1964, Lancashire, England

Caps: 44 Internationals Appearances

Socceroo debut: 1984 - Australia v Rangers

Last Socceroo appearance: 1997, Australia v Saudi Arabia

Clubs

1972-75 Revesby Workers (Australia)

1976-77 Panania RSL (Australia)

1978-82 Auburn (Australia)

1982-86 St George (Australia)

1986 Blacktown City (Australia)

1987-89 Sydney Croatia (Australia)

1989-90 Anderlecht (Belgium)

1990-94 RC Lens (France)

1994-95 Blackburn Rovers (England)

1995-96 West Ham United (England)

1996-98 Southampton (England)

1998 Wolverhampton Wanderers (England)

1998-2001 Northern Spirit (Australia)

Honours

1983 - 1997 Australian National Team

1988-1997 Oceania Footballer of the Decade (Second Place)

1983 NSL League Championship  (St George)

1988 Australian Olympic Team

1991 Oceania Footballer of the Year

1993 Oceania Footballer of the Year

1994 English Premier League Championship (Blackburn Rovers)

1998-2001 Captain (Northern Spirit)

Post Playing career

2001 - Present FOX Sports Soccer Anaylist

2002 Head Coach Manly Warringah Dolphins

2003 - Present Director of coaching (Newington College)

title: User:Cursive/Sandbox/Robbie Slater


text:
Hamid Jafarkhani

Hamid Jafarkhani (born 1966, in Tehran) is an Iranian-born American electrical engineer and professor. He serves as the Chancellor's Professor in electrical engineering and computer science in the Henry Samueli School of Engineering at the University of California, Irvine (UC Irvine). His research focuses on communications theory, particularly coding and wireless communications and networks.

Biography
Prior to studying at the University of Tehran, he was ranked first in the nationwide entrance examination of Iranian universities in 1984. After receiving his B.S. degree in 1989, he studied at the University of Maryland College Park and obtained his M.S. degree in 1994 followed by his Ph.D. in 1997. After graduating, Jafarkhani joined AT&T Laboratories-Research in August 1997 before moving to Broadcom in July 2000 and to the University of California, Irvine in September 2001.

Within the wireless communications field, Jafarkhani is best known as the primary/main inventor of space-time codes (jointly with Siavash Alamouti and Nambirajan Seshadri) and for his two seminal papers  which established the field of space–time block coding, published whilst working for AT&T. The first of these, "Space–time block codes from orthogonal designs", established the theoretical basis for space–time block codes, and the second, "Space–time block coding for wireless communications: performance results", provided numerical analysis of the performance of the first such codes. Space–time codes rely on the use of multiple antennas at the transmit side of a wireless link. Multiple copies of the same data are transmitted from these multiple antennas in such a way that the receiver has a much better chance of correctly detecting the signal in the presence of corruption and noise than if just one copy is sent. The performance of space–time coded systems, in terms of the reliability of the transmission is significantly better than non-coded systems. Space–time block codes in particular are known to be simple to implement and effective, and Jafarkhani's ideas in these two papers triggered the massive international research effort into them that continues today.

Later, in 2001, Jafarkhani introduced quasi-orthogonal space–time block codes which overcome some of the difficulties inherent in earlier codes, at a cost of transmitting less data. These too are now widely studied. Then, in 2003 he introduced a more powerful version of his original codes, the super-orthogonal space–time trellis codes which combine the effects of both block codes and space–time trellis codes. Again, this work has led to significant research efforts around the world.

Jafarkhani received a National Science Foundation CAREER award in January 2003 which "recognizes outstanding scientists and engineers who, early in their careers, show exceptional potential for leadership at the frontiers of knowledge". He is also a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for contributions to space-time coding, an editor of IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications and an associate editor of IEEE Communications Letters. Jafarkhani is the author of Space-Time Coding: Theory and Practice, published in September 2005.

Jafarkhani is a co-recipient of the 2013 IEEE Eric E. Sumner Award for outstanding contributions to communications technology. He is a recipient of the IEEE Communications Society Award for Advances in Communication.

title: Hamid Jafarkhani


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