text:
Tail rotor

The tail rotor is a smaller rotor mounted vertically or near-vertically at the tail of a traditional single-rotor helicopter, where it rotates to generate a propeller-like horizontal thrust in the same direction as the main rotor's rotation. The tail rotor's position and distance from the helicopter's center of mass allow it to develop enough thrust leverage to counter the reactional torque exerted on the fuselage by the spinning of the main rotor. Without the tail rotor or other anti-torque mechanisms (e.g. NOTAR), the helicopter would be constantly spinning in the opposite direction of the main rotor when flying.

Tail rotors are simpler than main rotors since they require only collective changes in pitch to vary thrust. The pitch of the tail rotor blades is adjustable by the pilot via the anti-torque pedals, which also provide directional control by allowing the pilot to rotate the helicopter around its vertical axis. Its drive system consists of a shaft powered from the main transmission and a gearbox mounted at the end of the tail boom. The drive shaft may consist of one long shaft or a series of shorter shafts connected at both ends with flexible couplings, that allow the drive shaft to flex with the tail boom. The gearbox at the end of the tail boom provides an angled drive for the tail rotor and may also include gearing to adjust the output to the optimum rotational speed for the tail rotor, measured in rotations per minute (RPM). On larger helicopters with a tail pylon, intermediate gearboxes are used to transition the tail rotor drive shaft from along the tailboom to the top of the pylon. The tail rotor pylon may also serve as a vertical stabilizing airfoil, to alleviate the power requirement for the tail rotor in forward flight. The tail rotor pylon may also serve to provide limited antitorque within certain airspeed ranges, in the event that the tail rotor or its flight controls fail. About 10% of the engine power goes to the tail rotor.

Design
The tail rotor system rotates airfoils, small wings called blades, that vary in pitch in order to vary the amount of thrust they produce. The blades most often utilize a composite material construction, such as a core made of aluminum honeycomb or plasticized paper honeycomb, covered in a skin made of aluminum or carbon fiber composite. Tail rotor blades can be made with both symmetrical and asymmetrical airfoil construction. The pitch change mechanism uses a cable control system or control tubes that run from the anti-torque pedals in the cockpit to a mechanism mounted on the tail rotor gearbox. In larger helicopters, the pitch change mechanism is augmented by a hydraulic power control servo. In the event of a hydraulic system failure, the mechanical system is still able to control the tail rotor pitch, though the control resistance felt by the pilot will be considerably greater.

The tail rotor is powered by the helicopter's main power plant, and rotates at a speed proportional to that of the main rotor. In both piston and turbine powered helicopters, the main rotor and the tail rotor are mechanically connected through a freewheeling clutch system, which allows the rotors to keep turning in the event of an engine failure by mechanically de-linking the engine from both the main and tail rotors. During autorotation, the momentum of the main rotor continues to power the tail rotor and allow directional control. To optimize its function for forward flight, the blades of a tail rotor have no twist to reduce the profile drag, because the tail rotor is mounted with its axis of rotation perpendicular to the direction of flight.

Reliability and safety

The tail rotor and the systems that provide power and control for it are considered critically important for safe flight. As with many parts on a helicopter, the tail rotor, its transmission, and many parts in the drive system are often life-limited, meaning they are arbitrarily replaced after a certain number of flight hours, regardless of condition. Between replacements, parts are subject to frequent inspections utilizing visual as well as chemical methods such as fluorescent penetrant inspection to detect weak parts before they fail completely.

Despite the emphasis on reducing failures, they do occasionally occur, most often due to hard landings and tailstrikes, or foreign object damage. Though the tail rotor is considered essential for safe flight, the loss of tail rotor function does not necessarily result in a fatal crash. In cases where the failure occurs due to contact with the ground, the aircraft is already at low altitude, so the pilot may be able to reduce collective pitch of the main rotor and land the helicopter before it spins completely out of control. Should the tail rotor fail randomly during cruise flight, forward momentum will often provide some directional stability, as many helicopters are equipped with a vertical stabilizer. The pilot would then be forced to autorotate and make an emergency landing with significant forward airspeed, which is known as a running landing or roll-on landing.

The tail rotor itself is a hazard to ground crews working near a running helicopter. For this reason, tail rotors are painted with stripes of alternating colors to increase their visibility to ground crews while the tail rotor is spinning.

Alternative technologies
There have been three major alternative designs which attempt to solve the shortcomings of the tail rotor system.

The first is to use an enclosured ducted fan rather than openly exposed rotor blades. This design is referred to as a fantail or "Fenestron", a trademark of Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters) for its Dauphin-series utility helicopters. The enclosure around the fan reduces tip vortex losses, shields the blades from foreign object damage, protects ground crews from potential hazard of an openly spinning rotor, and produces a much quieter and less turbulent noise profile than a conventional tail rotor. The ducted fan uses more numerous shorter blades, but otherwise works in very similar thrust principles to a conventional tail rotor. McDonnell Douglas developed the NOTAR (NO TAil Rotor) system, which eliminates having any rotating parts out in the open. The NOTAR system uses a variable pitch ducted fan driven by the helicopter's powerplant, but the ducted fan is mounted inside the fuselage ahead of the tail boom, and the exhaust passes through the tail boom to the end, where it is expelled out one side. This creates a boundary layer which causes the downwash from the main rotor to hug the tail boom according to the Coandă effect. This creates a force which cancels out the main rotor torque and provides directional control. The advantages of the system are similar to the Fenestron system discussed above.

There are at least four ways to eliminate the necessity of a tail rotor altogether :
 * Tandem/transverse rotors: to use two non-overlapping main rotors which rotate in opposite directions, so that the torque created by one rotor cancels out the torque created by the other. Such configurations are commonly seen on heavy-lift helicopters like the tandem-rotored CH-47 Chinook.
 * The tiltrotor design, as seen on the V-22 Osprey, is a variation of the transverse rotor design, where the rotors are installed in tiltable nacelles at the ends of fixed wings. This allows the rotors to serve instead as propellers when flying forward at full speed.

 * Coaxial. Other designs such as the Kamov Ka-50 and Sikorsky X2 use coaxial counter-rotating main rotors, which means that both rotors spin around the same axis but in opposite directions. The complexity of any dual main rotor system almost invariably requires the addition of a fly-by-wire flight control system, which increases costs drastically.
 * Intermeshing rotors also turn in opposite directions, but the blades rotate into the gaps between the opposing blades so the rotors can intersect each other's path without colliding. Invented by Anton Flettner and used in Flettner Fl 282, Kaman HH-43 Huskie, and Kaman K-MAX.
 * Tip jet. Another way to eliminate the effect of torque created by the rotorwing is by mounting the engine on the tips of the rotorwing rather than inside the helicopter itself; this is called a tip jet. One example of a helicopter using such a system is the NHI H-3 Kolibrie, which had a ramjet on each of the two wingtips, and an auxiliary power unit to spin up the rotor before starting the ramjets. Another example would be the Fairey Rotodyne. Also, unpowered rotors used in autogyro, gyrodyne, and derived concepts do not need a tail rotor either, although nearly all models that utilize this concept of propulsion do need a second propeller in one way or another to drive them forward to begin with.

title: Tail rotor


text:
Janina Domańska

Janina Domańska (28 July 1913 – 2 February 1995) was a Polish-born American artist, author and illustrator. She is best known for her self-illustrated children's books. She won a Caldecott Honor for her book If All the Seas Were One Sea in 1972.

Personal life
Domańska was born in Warsaw. She graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, Poland in 1939. She was held briefly in a concentration camp in Germany, before being released to stay with a doctor and his family in Germany. In 1946 Domanska studied painting in Italy, and then emigrated to the United States in 1952. She worked designing textiles before she began creating book illustrations. She was married to writer Jerzy Laskowski. And later to Ernest Nossen. She lived in New Fairfield, Connecticut.

Career
Domańska wrote, adapted and translated 22 books with her own illustrations. She also illustrated 23 books by other authors. Her own titles include The Tortoise and the Tree, Din Dan Don It's Christmas, Spring is, and The Best of the Bargain. Her book King Krakus and the Dragon received a starred Kirkus review highlighting the "rich color, sumptuous design, and a splendid peacock of a dragon [that] adorn this old Polish tale of King Krakus who founded Krakow."

The books she illustrated that were written by others include an edition of Trumpeter of Kraków, the Newbery award winning children’s novel by Eric P. Kelly. Astrid Lindgren's Mischievous Meg; the 1992 version of The Bremen Town Musicians by the brothers Grimm; and Ten and a Kid by Sadie Rose Weilerstein, which won the 1962 National Jewish Book Award for children's literature.

She also created a poster supporting poetry in 1975 for the Children's Book Council

Legacy
The Ezra Jack Keats/Janina Domanska Research Fellowship was established at the University of Southern Mississippi through the Ezra Jack Keats Foundation, the Janina Domanska Literary Estate, and the de Grummond Children's Literature Collection. The aim of the program was to support “scholars engaged in projects based substantially on the holdings of the de Grummond Children's Literature Collection.”

A selection of Domanska's papers relating to 14 books that she published between 1962-78 are held in the Children's Literature Resource Collection at the University of Minnesota Library. Damanska’s correspondence from 1966-1990 as well as books and cards she created are part of the Grummond Collection at the McCain Library at the University of Southern Mississippi.

Author and illustrator

 * Why So Much Noise? (1964) HarperCollins
 * Palmiero and the Ogre (1967) by Macmillan
 * Look, There is a Turtle Flying (1969) by Macmillan
 * Marilka (1970) Macmillan
 * If All The Seas Were One Sea (1971) Macmillan
 * The Turnip (1972) Atheneum
 * Little Red Hen (1973) Macmillan
 * I Saw A Ship A-Sailing (1973) Hamish Hamilton
 * What Do You See? (1974) Macmillan
 * Din Dan Don, It's Christmas (1975) Greenwillow Books
 * Spring Is (1976) by Greenwillow Books
 * The Best of the Bargain (1977) Greenwillow Books
 * The Tortoise and the Tree (1978) Greenwillow Books
 * King Krakus and the Dragon (1979) Greenwillow Books
 * A Scythe, a Rooster, and a Cat (1981) Greenwillow Books
 * Marek, the Little Fool (1982) Greenwillow Books
 * What Happens Next? (1983) by Greenwillow Books
 * Busy Monday Morning (1985) Greenwillow Books
 * The First Noel (1986) Greenwillow Books
 * A Was an Angler (1991) Greenwillow Books
 * Down on the Farm: Collection of Stories

Illustrator of books by other authors

 * More Tales of Faraway Folk, by Babette Deutch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky (1952)
 * Best in Children's Books 10, edited by Mary Macnab and Gladys Schwarz (1958) Doubleday
 * Clocks Tell the Time, by Alma Kehoe Reck (1960) Charles Scribner
 * Ten and a Kid, by Sadie Rose Weilerstein (1961) Jewish Publication Society of America
 * The Song of the Lop-eared Mule, by Natalie Savage Carlson (1961) Harper Collins
 * The Golden Seed, by Maria Konopnicka (1962) Scribner
 * Mischievous Meg, by Astrid Lindgren (1962) Viking
 * In Place of Katia, by Mara Kay (1963)
 * I Like Weather, by Aileen Fisher (1963) Harper Collins
 * The Magic World, by Elisabeth Beresford (1964) Bobbs-Merrill [Original title: Awkward Magic]
 * The Coconut Thieves, adapted by Catharine Fournier (1964) Charles Scribner's Sons
 * Nikkos and the Pink Pelican, by Ruth Tooze (1964) Viking Press
 * Master of the Royal Cat, by Jerzy Laskowski (1965)
 * The Trumpeter of Krakow, by Eric P. Kelly (original publication 1928) (1966) Macmillan
 * The Black Heart of Indri, adapted by Dorothy Hoge (1966) Charles Scribner
 * The Dragon liked Smoked Fish, by Jerzy Laskowski (1967)
 * Whizz, by Edward Lear (1973), Macmillan
 * The Fifth Day, by Mary Q. Steele (1978) Greenwillow Books
 * The Bremen Town Musicians, by Jacob Grimm (1980) Greenwillow Books
 * The Art of Polish Cooking, by Alina Żerańska (1989)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Janina Domańska


text:
Quarantine (antivirus program)

Quarantine was an antivirus software from the early 90s that automatically isolated infected files on a computer's hard disk. Files put in quarantine were then no longer capable of infecting their hosting system.

Development and release
In December, 1988, shortly after the Morris Worm, work started on Quarantine, an anti-malware and file reliability product. Released in April, 1989, Quarantine was the first such product to use file signature instead of viral signature methods.

The original Quarantine used Hunt's B-tree database of files with both their CRC16 and CRC-CCITT signatures. Doubling the signatures rendered useless, or at least immoderately difficult, attacks based on CRC invariant modifications. Release 2, April 1990, used a CRC-32 signature and one based on CRC-32 but with a few bits in each word shuffled. The subsequent MS-AV from Microsoft, designed by Check Point, apparently relied on only an eight bit checksum—at least out of a few thousand files there were hundreds with identical signatures.

Functionality
Quarantine
 * allowed suspect files to be
 * Deleted
 * Moved to a quarantine area
 * Flagged in a report
 * Standard executables were scanned, or one could use up to twenty file matching patterns
 * Twenty exclusion patterns were available
 * Twenty directory paths could be included, or twenty excluded

The 1990 version also allowed
 * Background processing
 * Checking of executables and libraries as a file is opened
 * Timing of checks, e.g. if one opened a word file, WORD and all its libraries could be checked:
 * Immediately
 * Every half an hour
 * Once a day or every ten days, etc.

Quarantine allowed system managers to track all modifications of a selected files or file structures, hence Quarantine users also got early warnings of failing disks or disk interface cards.

Achievements
In 1990 Quarantine received the LAN Magazine, Best of Year, Security award. In that year "Quarantine" was reportedly responsible for finding the first stealth virus at the University of Toronto, when all pattern matching virus detectors had failed.

Legacy
The efforts and expenses to convert Quarantine to other platforms went unrewarded as Tripwire's 1991 copy of Quarantine for *nix was better funded and publicized than OnDisk could afford to match.

Later efforts include modularized reliability and intrusion approaches that include either SHA-1 or MD5 signatures, or both if you like. Quarantine stopped shipping in 1994.

title: Quarantine (antivirus program)


text:
Talk:Metropolitan School District of Lawrence Township

External links modified (January 2018)
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I have just modified 2 external links on Metropolitan School District of Lawrence Township. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Talk:Metropolitan School District of Washington Township

Allisonville?
Is the section on Allisonville overly long? Wikichange 01:41, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Spanish name
I will start a Spanish article soon. I will use this place to keep track of translations of the district name: WhisperToMe (talk) 20:37, 21 August 2015 (UTC)
 * http://www.msdwt.k12.in.us/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Limited-Choice-Application-Middle-School-2014-2015-Spanish.pdf - http://www.webcitation.org/6axL876Bc - "DISTRITO METROPOLITANO ESCOLAR MUNICIPIO DE WASHINGTON"
 * http://www.msdwt.k12.in.us/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/12-13SpanishDistrictHandbook_edited.pdf - http://www.webcitation.org/6axLEc6bC - p. 2: "Distrito Metropolitano del Municipio de Washington" and p. 5: "Distrito Metropolitano Escolar del Municipio de Washington"
 * http://www.msdwt.k12.in.us/enl-en-espanol/ - MSD del Municipio de Washington - http://www.webcitation.org/6axLRcI7Y

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Metropolitan School District of Washington Township. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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User:Buvex

Hello! ;D

title: User:Buvex


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Unonym

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:22, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Unonym

 * Looks believable, but Google / dictionary.com / Merriam-Webster all come up blank on this neologism. Deletonym. — Lomn | Talk 19:01:01, 2005-08-23 (UTC)
 * It is really rare. I don't know where, but I fully remember seeing this someowhere and I know this was not a fake. And the Wikipedia is for showing everybody the meaning of strange perculiar words.If anybody had to find out what this obscure word meant then they come to the Wikipedia. Is it actually wrong to make an article about a rare word which helps anybody who needs to know what it means? I say no,but I'm not sure what you think. (J.Sagnella) 2005-08-23
 * Comment: There's nothing wrong with making an article about a rare but existing word. However, I find no evidence that this word exists at all.  Not in dictionaries, and not a single English-language Google hit.  Provide a good citation and I'm sure it'll be kept.  Also, please sign your comments with ~ — Lomn | Talk 20:23:00, 2005-08-23 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is for showing everybody the meaning of strange perculiar words — No, that's the dictionary's job. The dictionary is over there. This is the encyclopaedia.  The job of the encyclopaedia is to tell people about the people/places/concepts/events/things that the words represent.  The encyclopaedia is on the use side of the use-mention distinction. Is it actually wrong to make an article about a rare word which helps anybody who needs to know what it means? —  Yes.  Wikipedia is not a dictionary.  Wikipedia will have the article on immunopathology, telling readers all about the field, but it is Wiktionary that is there to tell them the meaning of the word immunopathological. If anybody had to find out what this obscure word meant then they come to the Wikipedia. To look up the meanings of words, it is better to use a dictionary rather than an encyclopaedia. Uncle G 23:16:52, 2005-08-23 (UTC)
 * Now before you post you need to know a few things:1.I saw the word Unonym ages ago.I don't know how long as I am very bad at timekeeping but probably about a year.Now I have a bad memory so I can't be compeletely sure where i saw it.2.I only just saw the Wikipedia a few days ago and because it was so great I wanted to put an article in to say thank you.The one word I remember in the corner of my brain was unonym-so I checked the Wikipedia and it didn't appear so I decided to enter it.Now I might be wrong here but I think I remember seeing it in a puzzle in a newspaper. (Can't remmeber which one,probably T2 though) Now I wouldn't try to put in a random thing a low-IQ freind or chatboard said so wherever I saw this,it must of been a valid source. (J.Sagnella)2005-08-23
 * For information, Chambers 21st Century dictionary comes up blank as well, Sorry, "J.Sagnella" (please sign your edits as Lomn asks, with ~ ), but there seem to be no valid sources that confirm this word as existing. I really wish there were, as it's a good word. However if I coined, say, the word 'splontish' as meaning "sharp and spiky" my coining it wouldn't make it a valid source, nor would someone having seen it here a while ago make it any more valid. Delete unless author can find some verifiable sources. Tonywalton [[Image:Pentacle_1.svg|15px]] | Talk 20:54, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete pending verification. Not much more than a dicdef too. ManoaChild 20:56, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay you have my authorisation to delete it. If by any chance I do find the valid sources i'll post this back on the wiktionary.Let me Draw the Curtains on this.IT IS NOT A MADE-UP WORD.I'M POLITELY LETTING YOU BRIEFLY LOCKING THIS AS IT IS A BIT TOO RARE FOR PEOPLE TO DEFINE AS A "PROPER" WORD. (AND HAS NO WRITTEN SOURCES ON THE NET)(Until i find some valid sources.)(J.Sagnella)
 * Comment: too rare, all right. It's also not in OED (2e) or Cassell's slang dictionary... Bikeable 04:40, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

TOPIC CLOSED-UNONYM DELETED UNTIL VALID SOURCES FOUND
 * Speedy delete per author, and speedy deletion guideline 7. Unonym is a completely made-up word, and even if it weren't it would belong at wiktionary, not here. JDoorjam 21:52, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:V. -Splash 22:56, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. mikka (t) 23:03, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete splontishly, unverifiable neologism. Barno 19:38, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not only non-existant, but practically useless. Budgiekiller 12:38, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Unonym


text: Talk:Monroe County Community School Corporation


text: Talk:Southwest Allen County Schools

title: Talk:Southwest Allen County Schools


text:
Dichlorocarbene

Dichlorocarbene is the reactive intermediate with chemical formula CCl2. Although this chemical species has not been isolated, it is a common intermediate in organic chemistry, being generated from chloroform. This bent diamagnetic molecule rapidly inserts into other bonds.

Preparation
Dichlorocarbene is most commonly generated by reaction of chloroform and a base such as potassium tert-butoxide or aqueous sodium hydroxide. A phase transfer catalyst, for instance benzyltriethylammonium bromide, facilitates the migration of the hydroxide in the organic phase.
 * HCCl3 + NaOH → CCl2 + NaCl + H2O

Other reagents and routes
Another precursor to dichlorocarbene is ethyl trichloroacetate. Upon treatment with sodium methoxide it releases CCl2.

Phenyl(trichloromethyl)mercury decomposes thermally to release CCl2.
 * PhHgCCl3 → CCl2 + PhHgCl

Dichlorodiazirine, which is stable in the dark, decomposes into dichlorocarbene and nitrogen via photolysis.

Dichlorocarbene can also be obtained by dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride with magnesium with ultrasound chemistry. This method is tolerant to esters and carbonyl compounds because it does not involve strong base.

With alkenes
Dichlorocarbene reacts with alkenes in a formal [1+2]cycloaddition to form geminal dichlorocyclopropanes. These can be reduced to cyclopropanes or hydrolysed to give cyclopropanones by a geminal halide hydrolysis. Dichlorocyclopropanes may also be converted to allenes in the Skattebøl rearrangement.

 * Dichlorocarbene reaction cyclohexene.svg

With phenols
In the Reimer–Tiemann reaction dichlorocarbene reacts with phenols to give the ortho-formylated product. e.g. phenol to salicylaldehyde.
 * Reimer-Tiemann Reaction Scheme.png

With amines
Dichlorocarbene is an intermediate in the carbylamine reaction. In this conversion, a dichloromethane solution of a primary amine is treated with chloroform and aqueous sodium hydroxide in the presence of catalytic amount of the phase-transfer catalyst. Illustrative is the synthesis of tert-butyl isocyanide:
 * Me3CNH2 + CHCl3 + 3 NaOH → Me3CNC + 3 NaCl + 3 H2O

History
In 1835, the French chemist Auguste Laurent recognised chloroform as CCl2•HCl (then written as C8Cl8•H4Cl4) in his paper on analysing some organohalides. Laurent also predicted a compound seemingly consisting of 2 parts dichlorocarbene called Chlorétherose, Tetrachloroethylene, which was not known to exist at the time.

Dichlorocarbene as a reactive intermediate was first proposed by Anton Geuther in 1862 who viewed chloroform as CCl2.HCl Its generation was reinvestigated by Hine in 1950. The preparation of dichlorocarbene from chloroform and its utility in synthesis was reported by William von Eggers Doering in 1954.

Related reactions
The Doering–LaFlamme allene synthesis entails the conversion of alkenes to allenes (a chain extension) with magnesium or sodium metal through initial reaction of the alkene with dichlorocarbene. The same sequence is incorporated in the Skattebøl rearrangement to cyclopentadienes.

Closely related is the more reactive dibromocarbene CBr2.

Chlorocarbene
The related chlorocarbene (ClHC) can be generated from methyllithium and dichloromethane. It has been used in the synthesis of spiropentadiene.

title: Dichlorocarbene


text:
John G. Cawelti

John George Cawelti (December 31, 1929 – May 30, 2022) was an American novelist who wrote The Spy Story as well as other literature on the genres of detective fiction and westerns. He was born in Evanston, Illinois.

The John G. Cawelti Award is annually presented in his honor by the Popular Culture Association to the author of a noteworthy textbook, primer, or scholarly book used in the classroom on popular culture and American Culture. He was also interested in science fiction and taught the course on it at the University of Chicago while there.

Cawelti was one of the pioneers in establishing an academic respectability to the study of popular culture. His 1971 book The Six Gun Mystique, analyzes the messages contained in the western novels which were very popular for many decades with the public. His seminal Adventure, Mystery, and Romance: Formula Stories as Art and Popular Culture dissected the formulas used in these popular genres and argued for their importance alongside "high" literature.

Cawelti died in Louisville, Kentucky on May 30, 2022, at the age of 92.

title: John G. Cawelti


text:
Buttermilk Crispy Tenders

Buttermilk Crispy Tenders (and their precursor, Chicken Selects) were chicken strips sold by the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's in the United States and Canada. Chicken Selects were introduced in early 1998 for a limited time and offered again in early 2002 and late 2003 and then permanently starting in 2004. In the UK, they were launched on the "Pound Saver Menu", which offers various menu items for £0.99.

In mid-2006, McDonald's introduced the Snack Wrap, which contains a Chicken Selects Premium Breast Strip, or as of January 2007, a Grilled Chicken Breast Strip, cheddar/jack cheese, lettuce, and either ranch, honey mustard, or chipotle barbecue sauce, all wrapped inside a white flour tortilla, priced at 99¢-$1.39 depending on the market.

Chicken Selects were terminated in 2013. The product briefly returned in 2015 as a limited-time promotion. In August 2017, a similar chicken tender product named "Buttermilk Crispy Tenders" was added to the menu. However, they were discontinued in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Composition
Ingredients for the Chicken Selects Premium Breast Strip are listed as "Chicken breast strips, water, seasoning [salt, monosodium glutamate, carrageenan gum, chicken broth, natural flavor (plant and animal source), maltodextrin, spice, autolyzed yeast extract, chicken fat, polysorbate 80], modified potato starch, and sodium phosphates. Breaded with: wheat flour, water, food starch-modified, salt, spices, leavening (baking soda, sodium aluminum phosphate, monocalcium phosphate), garlic powder, onion powder, dextrose, spice extractives, and extractives of paprika. Prepared in vegetable oil (may contain one of the following: Canola oil, corn oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, partially hydrogenated corn oil with TBHQ and citric acid added to preserve freshness), dimethylpolysiloxane added as an antifoaming agent)."

title: Buttermilk Crispy Tenders


text:
Talk:List of whisky distilleries in Scotland

Titles of the individual distillery articles
I feel we should have greater consistency in the naming of the individual articles for these distilleries. Currently, there seem to be at least three naming conventions:
 * Name
 * Name Distillery
 * Name (whisky distillery)

Of these choices, I like the third for the following reasons:
 * If the word "Distillery" isn't actually in the name of the distillery itself, then the article title shouldn't represent it that way.
 * Many of the distilleries share their name with that of their town or region; thus, the "(whisky distillery)" suffix unambiguously identifies the article topic.

--ColinMB (talk) 14:27, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Title of the article
Shouldn't this article be named either List of distilleries in Scotland or List of distilleries of scotch whisky? With the capitalisation of Scotch in the current title it's unclear which sense is meant. If Scotch is meant to mean of Scotland please see Scotch as to why this is contrary to normal modern usage. If Scotch refers to the drink, then it shouldn't be capitalised. I doubt that distilleries should be capitalised in either eventuality. The German article from which it was partly translated is literally called List of Scottish distilleries but I believe English Wikipedia prefers the formulation ...distilleries in Scotland to one with an adjectival form of a country name. Valiantis 19:02, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well Scotch the drink appears to be capitalized (Scotch whisky) throughout the article. I think the idea of the page isnt so much the country of origin but the style of whisky. So, based on your suggestions, I think the most appropriate title is List of Scotch distilleries. What do you think? - grubber 07:15, 2005 August 24 (UTC)

 * Personally I'd query the capitalisation of Scotch in Scotch whisky, but having checked a couple of dictionaries, I suspect mine is very much the minority view (or wrong if you prefer :) ), so I'm happy to yield on that one. Your suggestion of List of Scotch distilleries solves the minor issue re: capitalisation of distilleries, but doesn't resolve the ambiguity issue. What about List of Scotch whisky distilleries or List of whisky distilleries in Scotland? Scotch is by definition whisky made in Scotland, the "style" and the country of origin are in this case the same thing.

 * I've no ardent passion for changing the title, if you're certain List of Scotch distilleries is the best title, then I'll leave well alone. Valiantis 19:48, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The German original from which this was translated was definitely a list of distilleries in Scotland, without prejudice as to what kind of whisky was being made. I'm being bold and moving it to List of distilleries in Scotland. Angr/talk 12:54, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Table format
Seems to me like this article is extremely self-redundant, as it contains what is essentially two full copies of the same list, one straight alphabetical and one by region. No reason why this wouldn't be better served by a single, sortable table. I intend to pull something together for that. oknazevad (talk) 14:38, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me - it probably pre-dates sortable tables. Akerbeltz (talk) 14:49, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Done. oknazevad (talk) 17:58, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Nice, like it, good job! Akerbeltz (talk) 17:59, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Propose standardisation of tables. Add 'Region' column to Grain whisky distilleries. Also move Arbikie distillery from Malt to Grain whisky distilleries. Though it is a smallish establishment focussed on vodka and gin, it does have one 4 YO rye whisky.  Moitraanak  (talk) 08:07, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

Category of Whisky
I've started a discussion about categories and status distilleries here. Ahwiv (talk) 19:13, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Arbikie distillery is more of a vodka and gin producer. The only Scotch whisky it produces is a 4 YO rye whisky, the Highland Rye Grain Scotch Whisky-Release 2 It needs to be shifted from the malt whisky distillery category.  Moitraanak  (talk) 07:34, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

Dalwhinnie Highlands not Speyside
The Dalwhinnie distillery is listed as a Speyside with a citation given that does not specifically mention that it is Speyside.

The following pages all refer to it as a Highland, and from the map it appears that the distillery is right in the heart of the highlands (note the first link is the official page):

 * https://www.malts.com/en-row/distilleries/dalwhinnie/
 * https://www.visitscotland.com/info/see-do/dalwhinnie-distillery-visitor-centre-whisky-shop-p418511

 * https://www.whisky.com/whisky-database/distilleries/details/dalwhinnie.html

 * https://www.masterofmalt.com/distilleries/dalwhinnie-whisky-distillery/

Based on those links, I am now going to change the categorization of Dalwhinnie to Highlands.

Michael Dacre (talk - contribs - email) 18:52, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Dalwhinnie is often referred to as a Highland distillery but the Speyside region which it is within is a sub region of the Highland region. Speyside distilleries can call themselves either Speyside or Highland or both. If the Speyside sub category exists on this page Dalwhinnie should be in it. Another distillery located within the Speyside region that calls itself Highland is Macallan.

109.150.114.16 (talk) 17:45, 4 July 2019 (UTC)
 * http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/2890/contents/made

Entries proposed for deletion
Delete Royal Brackla as it duplicates Brackla. They are one and the same distillery. Brackla is the name of the distillery.

Also suggest deleting Gartbreck. It is not a distillery. It is a field with a plan for a distillery Ilikescider (talk) 18:32, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

Updates: Glenturret distillery
 Moitraanak  (talk) 12:23, 23 February 2020 (UTC)
 * According to an April 2019 report, Silvio Denz, owner of Châteaux Faugères in St-Emilion and Lafaurie-Peyraguey in Sauternes, bought half of Glenturret distillery via his Lalique Group. Swiss entrepreneur Hansjörg Wyss bought the other 50%. Earlier, Dec 2018 reports stated that the Swiss wine company Art & Terroir, owned by Silvio Denz had bought the initial 50%  The Infobox of Glenturret distillery shows Lalique Group SA as the owner. The Lalique Group is certainly on Wikipedia, albeit the translatable German version. The related red warning is thus inappropriate, and should redirect to that page. There is no mention of Edrington's takeover in 1999 and subsequent sale in 2019 to Denz and Wyss.
 * The article Glenturret distillery is out of date.

Update References

 * Ref 1 in the article, "Facts and Figures" Scotch Whisky Association, has been updated by the SWA. It says: There are currently 133 operating Scotch Whisky distilleries across Scotland. The 128 figure is no longer valid. Easy edit? No, SWA contradicts itself under the same ref, saying: Scotland is home to over 130 malt and grain distilleries... So which is appropriate?
 * Plenty of distilleries coming up this year: Falkirk, Cabrach, Ardgowan, Jedhart, Toulvaddie. I suppose one has to wait till something concrete comes up.

 Moitraanak  (talk) 09:11, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

Completeness of the list of former distilleries
There were a huge number of distilleries in Scotland. Many of them have closed. It would take a lot of work to list all or most of them, but I think we should strive to do so. And it is better to mention the distilleries that existed in the past and the year they were closed, even if there is no separate Wikipedia article for them, than not to mention the fact of the existence of the distillery at all (since we generally consider it necessary to indicate closed distilleries here). It is part of the history and heritage of Scotch whisky.

I also consider it reasonable to provide links to sources of information about closed distilleries and the fact of their existence. Smoke b wiki (talk) 01:56, 22 March 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Tetka

Um.... I removed the offending link. --Importancenn 19:02, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Proposed merger with Ragdoll physics
I don't think the Ragdoll Physics article needs this content. It's totally irrelevent to that page. How about sticking this onto some list of Internet memes or something...or just delete it - it's pretty non-notable. SteveBaker 14:03, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Don't merge into Ragdoll Physics. --John Nagle 16:16, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tetka


text:
Talk:Joyce Center

Notre Dame vs. #1 is basketball
''According to the Associated Press, UCLA has defeated the nation’s No. 1 team 10 times, including four times in the last seven years. North Carolina has done it on 12 occasions, followed by Maryland (nine), Duke and Georgia Tech (eight), Oklahoma, Notre Dame and Ohio State (seven times) and Kentucky (six times).'' (From the UCLA Men's Basketball media guide 2006-2007) Group29 12:52, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Hockey moving
It is important to add to this article the portion about hockey leaving the Joyce Center. Tstaudt (talk) 23:01, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joyce Center


text:
Horntail

Horntail or wood wasp are any of the 150 non-social species of the hymenopteran family Siricidae, a type of wood-eating sawfly. The common name "horntail" derives from the stout, spine-like structure at the end of the adult's abdomen, which is used to pierce the host's bark to allow the eggs to be inserted into the wood (the ovipositor is typically longer and also projects posteriorly, but it is not the source of the name). A typical adult horntail is brown, blue, or black with yellow or red parts, and may often reach up to 4 cm long. The pigeon horntail (Tremex columba) can grow up to 5 cm long (not counting the ovipositor), among the longest of all Hymenoptera.

This family was formerly believed to be the sole living representative of the superfamily Siricoidea, a group well represented in Paleogene and Mesozoic times, but the family Anaxyelidae has been linked to this group as well. Siricidae has two subfamilies, Siricinae and Tremecinae. Siricinae infest needle-leaved trees and Tremecinae infest broad-leaved trees. There are ten living genera placed in the family, and an additional three genera described from fossils.

Female horntails lay their eggs in trees. The larvae bore into the wood and live in the tree for up to two years, possibly more. They typically migrate to just under the bark before pupation.

Description
Members of three genera of horntail attack dying or recently killed balsam fir and spruce. The female selects a log or unhealthy tree and settles down to bore a hole through the bark to reach the wood. The boring instrument is stiff and straight, but has a hinge that allows the female to bore perpendicular to her body axis. The insect does not push the boring tool into the wood, rather, two parts work against each other as described below. The female may make several holes before she finds wood that she considers suitable for her larva. She then lays an egg and repeats the process on other places of the same log or tree.

Once the egg hatches, the six-legged, whitish larva uses it jaws to begin excavating a long tunnel in which it will live until it is fully grown, by which time it can be up to 215 mm long. At this time, the larva will spin a silken cocoon and change into a pupa, but before this, the larva takes the precautionary measure of advancing the tunnel close to the inner bark, so that the mature, winged insect will not have to travel far through the wood and risk damaging its delicate wings, although there is a record of a Sirex-infested tree having been cut into rafters which were used in building a roof and covered with sheet-lead an eighth of an inch thick. One of the rafters contained a Sirex in either the larval or pupal stage; and when the adult insect sought its freedom, it found the way obstructed by the lead. It went right through, apparently finding lead not much more difficult to deal with than bark.

Populations increase rapidly only where brood material is abundant. The life cycle usually requires two years, and adults are usually in flight from late July to early September. Wood-rotting fungi found in horntail tunnels cause very rapid deterioration of the wood and quickly reduce opportunities for timber salvage.

An ichneumon wasp (Rhyssa persuasoria) lays parasitoid grubs in Sirex, which kill them.

Technological inspiration
The female wood wasp lays eggs inside trees, and its methods of doing so have inspired scientists to come up with new and safer surgical probes that they expect to be more efficient.

The wood wasp ovipositor itself contains two interlocking valves. Each valve is covered with teeth that are backward-facing, with the teeth of one valve catching onto the wood to provide resistance, and the other valve moving forward and taking a slight step. The second valve then catches the wood to provide continued resistance as the first valve moves forward. Thus by quick oscillation, the valves alternate in providing resistance and moving forward, the process itself leads in the ovipositor drilling almost an inch into the sapwood with minimal force being applied and without the ovipositor buckling or breaking.

Researchers and scientists inspired by this system have created a prototype neurosurgical probe that works on the same principle. Its needle is made of silicon, with two oscillating valves that are covered with micron-sized teeth that too face backward. This enables it to penetrate deep into the brain causing little damage. According to the New Scientist magazine, "Unlike existing rigid surgical probes, the device will be flexible enough to move along the safest possible route, bypassing high-risk area of the brain during surgery, for example". A probe like this would considerably reduce the number of incisions necessary to access areas that are difficult to reach.

Genera
These genera belong to the family Siricidae

 * Afrotremex Pasteels, 1951
 * Eriotremex Benson, 1943
 * Sirex Linnaeus, 1760
 * Siricosoma Forsius, 1933
 * Sirotremex Smith, 1988
 * Teredon Norton, 1869
 * Tremex Jurine, 1807
 * Urocerus Geoffroy, 1762
 * Xeris Costa, 1894
 * Xoanon Semenov-Tian-Shanskii, 1921

These extinct genera have been referred to the family as well:

 * †Aulisca Rasnitsyn, 1968
 * †Cratosirex Jouault, Pouillon & Nel, 2020
 * †Cretosirex Wang, Rasnitsyn, Han & Ren, 2018
 * †Emanrisca Rasnitsyn, 1993
 * †Eoteredon Archibald, Aase & Nel, 2021
 * †Eourocerus Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2022
 * †Eoxeris Maa, 1949
 * †Gigasirex Rasnitsyn, 1968
 * †Liasirex Rasnitsyn, 1968
 * †Megaulisca Rasnitsyn, 1968
 * †Megura Rasnitsyn, 1968
 * †Pararchexyela Rasnitsyn, 1968
 * †Proximoxeris Nel, 1991
 * †Urocerites Heer, 1867
 * †Ypresiosirex Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2015

title: Horntail


text:
Talk:Mendoza College of Business

Students
Please do not add mention of single students, no matter who they might be related to. It is not notable for an encyclopedia article about the MCoB. Thanks. --ZimZalaBim (talk) 21:02, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for adding discussion. It is very much appreciated.

title: Talk:Mendoza College of Business


text:
Adam Kieft

Adam Kieft (born August 21, 1982) is a former American football offensive lineman for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). Kieft attended Rockford High School in Rockford, Michigan. He was selected with the 17th pick of the fifth round (153rd overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft out of Central Michigan University. He was redshirted his freshman year of college due to a broken foot and started the following four years as an offensive tackle for the Chippewas. He stands 6'7" tall and weighs 337 lbs.

Kieft sat out his first two seasons in Cincinnati due to a knee injury (torn ACL/MCL in rookie mock game). He signed a 3-year contract with the Bengals after being drafted in 2005. On August 28, 2007, Kieft was placed on the reserve/injured list. On February 28, 2008, the Bengals did not tender an offer to Kieft, making him a free agent.

title: Adam Kieft


text:
Sleeping Beauty (disambiguation)

Sleeping Beauty is a classic fairy tale.

Sleeping Beauty may also refer to:

Film

 * The Sleeping Beauty (1930 film), a Soviet film directed by Georgi Vasilyev and Sergei Vasilyev
 * The Sleeping Beauty (1935 film), an American cartoon in the Puppetoon series by George Pal, included in The Puppetoon Movie
 * Sleeping Beauty (1942 film), an Italian film
 * Sleeping Beauty (1959 film), an American animated film from Walt Disney Pictures
 * Aurora (Disney), the title character of the Disney film
 * Sleeping Beauty (franchise), a Disney media franchise that began in 1959 with the release of Sleeping Beauty
 * Sleeping Beauty (1955 film), a 1955 West German film directed by Fritz Genschow
 * Sleeping Beauty (1973 film) or Some Call It Loving, a drama by James B. Harris
 * Sleeping Beauty (1987 film), a film starring Tahnee Welch
 * Sleeping Beauties (film), a 1999 American comedy film
 * Sleeping Beauty (2010 film), a film by Catherine Breillat
 * Sleeping Beauty (2011 film), an Australian film starring Emily Browning
 * Sleeping Beauty (2014 film), an American film directed by Casper Van Dien

Literature

 * "The Day-Dream", an 1842 poem by Alfred Tennyson, a reworking of his 1830 poem "The Sleeping Beauty"
 * Sleeping Beauty, a 1947 novel by Faith Baldwin
 * The Sleeping Beauty, a 1953 novel by English writer Elizabeth Taylor
 * "Sleeping Beauty" (short story), a 1957 science fiction short story by Arthur C. Clarke
 * Sleeping Beauty (novel), a 1973 novel by Ross Macdonald
 * The Sleeping Beauty Quartet, four erotic novels (1983–2015) by Anne Rice writing under the pseudonym A. N. Roquelaure
 * Sleeping Beauty, a 1991 novel by Judith Michael
 * Sleeping Beauty, a 1993 novel by A. L. Singer, a novelization of the 1959 film
 * Sleeping Beauties, a 1993 novel by Susanna Moore
 * Sleeping Beauty, a 1995 novel by Jane Donnelly
 * Sleeping Beauties, a 1996 novel by Mavis Cheek
 * Sleeping Beauty, a 1998 novel by Judith Ivory
 * Sleeping Beauty, a 2003 novel by Narinder Dhami, a novelization of the 1959 film
 * Sleeping Beauty, a 2004 novel by Phillip Margolin
 * Sleeping Beauty: The One Who Took The Really Long Nap, a 2006 novel by Wendy Mass
 * The Sleeping Beauty (novel), a 2010 novel by Mercedes Lackey
 * Sleeping Beauties (novel), a 2017 novel by Stephen King and Owen King

Operas

 * La belle au bois dormant (Carafa), by Michele Carafa, 1825
 * La belle au bois dormant (Lecocq), by Charles Lecocq, 1900
 * Dornröschen (The Sleeping Beauty), by Humperdinck, 1902
 * La bella dormente nel bosco, by Respighi, 1922

Other stage works

 * The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood, an extravaganza by James Planché, 1840
 * The Sleeping Beauty (ballet), a ballet by Tchaikovsky, originally choreographed by Marius Petipa, 1889
 * Prinsessa Ruusunen (Sleeping Beauty), a ballet by Erkki Melartin, 1904

Albums

 * Sleeping Beauty (Sun Ra album) or the title song, 1979
 * The Sleeping Beauty (Live in Israel) or the title song by Tiamat, 1994

Songs

 * "Sleeping Beauty" (song), by Divinyls, 1985
 * "Sleeping Beauty", by Brotherhood of Man from Higher Than High
 * "Sleeping Beauty", by Diaura from Focus
 * "Sleeping Beauty", by Lene Lovich from Stateless
 * "Sleeping Beauty", by A Perfect Circle from Mer de Noms
 * "Sleeping Beauty", by Perfume from Level3
 * "The Sleeping Beauty", by Tiamat from Clouds

Science

 * Kleine–Levin syndrome or Sleeping Beauty syndrome, a neurological disorder
 * Nicole Delien (born 1995), woman that suffers from Kleine-Levin syndrome and is called "Sleeping Beauty" in the media
 * Oxalis corniculata or Sleeping Beauty, a herbaceous plant
 * Somnophilia or Sleeping Beauty syndrome, a paraphilia
 * Sleeping Beauty (paper with delayed recognition)
 * Sleeping Beauty Galaxy or Black Eye Galaxy
 * Sleeping Beauty transposon system, a genetic tool for gene discovery and gene transfer

Television

 * "Sleeping Beauty" (Faerie Tale Theatre), an episode of Faerie Tale Theatre
 * "The Sleeping Beauty" (The O.C.), an episode of The O.C.
 * "Sleeping Beauty", an episode of Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends

Other uses

 * Sleeping Beauty (Cheech & Chong album), a 1976 comedy album by Cheech and Chong
 * Sleeping Beauty (canoe), a WWII submersible electric-powered canoe for a frogman to ride
 * The Sleeping Beauty (wax figure), a wax figure at Madame Tussauds in London
 * Sleeping Beauty, Kalinga, a mountain in the Philippines
 * Sleeping Beauty Castle, a structure at Disneyland Park and Hong Kong Disneyland Park
 * Sleeping Beauty Mountain Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada
 * Sleeping Beauty Peak, a mountain in Washington state, U.S.
 * Sleeping Beauty Rock, Taiwan
 * Sleeping Beauty Cave, a cave in Peja, Kosovo
 * La Bella Durmiente, Peru (Spanish for "Sleeping Beauty"), a mountain
 * Sleeping Beauty problem, a puzzle in probability
 * Dornröschen (Sussmann-Hellborn), a sculpture ("Sleeping Beauty")
 * Sleeping Beauty, a neologism coined by linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann as an alternative to extinct language
 * Sleeping Beauty, a legend in the Western Mountains region of Yunnan, China
 * Francys Arsentiev (1958–1998), American mountaineer whose corpse on Mount Everest was nicknamed "Sleeping Beauty"
 * Sleeping Beauties: Reawakening Fashion, a 2024 exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City

title: Sleeping Beauty (disambiguation)


text:
Rui de Pina

Rui (or Ruy) de Pina (1440–1522) was a Portuguese chronicler.

Biography
Rui (or Ruy) de Pina was a native of Guarda. He acted as secretary of the embassy sent by King John II of Portugal to Castile in the spring of 1482, and in the following September returned there as sole envoy. He was present at the execution of Fernando II, Duke of Braganza at Évora in 1483, and in 1484 went to Rome as secretary of an embassy to Pope Innocent VIII. Upon his return, the king charged him to write a history of his reign and gave him a pension for his support.

Following the return of Christopher Columbus from his first voyage in 1493, Pina was one of the commissaries dispatched to Barcelona by John II to negotiate with the Catholic sovereigns respecting the limits of their respective jurisdictions, that would culminate in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. In September 1495 he attested the will of John II in his capacity as a notary public, and on 25 October of the same year he was present at his master's death at Alvor and opened and read his testament.

The new king, Manuel I, confirmed his pension and in 1497 appointed him high chronicler (cronista-mor) of the kingdom, keeper of the archives of Torre do Tombo and royal librarian, with a suitable salary. By 1504 Rui de Pina had completed his chronicles of Afonso V and John II. In 1521, King John III charged him with a history of his father, Manuel, and at his death Pina had carried it down to the capture of Azamor, as we know from Damião de Góis, who used it in preparing his own chronicle of that monarch.

Chronicles
It is probable that the Chronicles of the First Seven Kings of Portugal from Sancho I to Afonso IV which were published under Pina's name in the 18th century were written by Fernão Lopes and edited by Pina, while that of King Duarte seems to have been the joint production of Lopes and Gomes Eanes de Zurara, with Pina again as the editor only.

Pina was a favourite of fortune during his life, for, apart from royal benefactions, he received presents from public men who wished to figure well in his books, and after his death he obtained the credit for work that was not his. His authority as an historian is considerable, and his frankness is said to have provoked remark from contemporaries.

Pinas' chronicle of King AFonso IV was first published in Lisbon in 1853; those of King Duarte and King Afonso V in vol. i of the Colecção de livros inéditos da historia portugueza (Lisbon, 1790), and his chronicle of John II in vol. ii of the same collection (Lisbon, 1792).

Ruy de Pina was immensely influential in his day. Afonso de Albuquerque, governor of Portuguese India, is said to have sent a set of jewels to Ruy de Pina, in an effort to ensure that he would not be overlooked in his chronicles. The introduction to the chronicle of King Duarte contains the fullest account of Pinas' life.

List of Works
Royal Chronicles: (by chronological order of reigns):

 * Afonso I (1139–1185) - skipped by Rui de Pina, done by Duarte Galvão.
 * Sancho I (1185–1211) - Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Sancho I, Segundo Rey de Portugal, first published 1727, Miguel Lopes Ferreira editor, Lisbon, Ferreyriana. online
 * Afonso II (1211–1223) - Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Afonso II, Terceiro Rey de Portugal, first published 1727, Miguel Lopes Ferreira editor, Lisbon, Ferreyriana online
 * Sancho II (1223–1248) - Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Sancho II, Quarto Rey de Portugal, first published 1728, Miguel Lopes Ferreira editor, Lisbon, Ferreyriana. online
 * Afonso III (1248–1279) - Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Afonso III, Quinto Rey de Portugal, first published 1728, Miguel Lopes Ferreira editor, Lisbon, Ferreyriana. online*
 * Denis (1279–1325) -  Chronica do muito alto e muito esclarecido principe D. Diniz, Sexto Rey de Portugal, first published 1729, Miguel Lopes Ferreira editor, Lisbon, Ferreyriana. online
 * Afonso IV (1325–1357) - Chronica de el rey Dom Afonso o Quarto do nome: e Setimo dos Reys de Portugal, assi como a deixou escrita Ruy de Pina, Guardador da Torre do Tombo & Chronista mór do mesmo Reyno, first published 1653, Pedro de Maris, editor, Lisbon: Paulo Craesbeek. online
 * Peter I (1357–1367) - skipped by Rui de Pina, done by Fernão Lopes
 * Ferdinand I (1357–1367) - skipped by Rui de Pina, done by Fernão Lopes
 * John I (1385–1433) - skipped by Rui de Pina, done by Fernão Lopes up to 1411, by Gomes Eanes de Zurara from 1412.
 * Edward (1433–1438) - "Chronica d'el Rey D. Duarte", first published 1790 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Vol. 1. (Repr. in 1901 edition, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio, online)
 * Afonso V (1438-14781) - "Chronica d'el Rey D. Affonso V", first published 1790 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Vol. 1. (Repr. in 1901 edition, 3 vols, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio, online)
 * John II (1481–1495) - "Chronica d'el Rey D. João II", first published 1792 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Vol. 2.
 * Manuel I (1495–1521) - begun by Ruy de Pina, left incomplete, done by Damião de Góis

title: Rui de Pina


text:
Universal code (data compression)

In data compression, a universal code for integers is a prefix code that maps the positive integers onto binary codewords, with the additional property that whatever the true probability distribution on integers, as long as the distribution is monotonic (i.e., p(i) ≥ p(i + 1) for all positive i), the expected lengths of the codewords are within a constant factor of the expected lengths that the optimal code for that probability distribution would have assigned. A universal code is asymptotically optimal if the ratio between actual and optimal expected lengths is bounded by a function of the information entropy of the code that, in addition to being bounded, approaches 1 as entropy approaches infinity.

In general, most prefix codes for integers assign longer codewords to larger integers. Such a code can be used to efficiently communicate a message drawn from a set of possible messages, by simply ordering the set of messages by decreasing probability and then sending the index of the intended message. Universal codes are generally not used for precisely known probability distributions, and no universal code is known to be optimal for any distribution used in practice.

A universal code should not be confused with universal source coding, in which the data compression method need not be a fixed prefix code and the ratio between actual and optimal expected lengths must approach one. However, note that an asymptotically optimal universal code can be used on independent identically-distributed sources, by using increasingly large blocks, as a method of universal source coding.

Universal and non-universal codes
These are some universal codes for integers; an asterisk (*) indicates a code that can be trivially restated in lexicographical order, while a double dagger (‡) indicates a code that is asymptotically optimal:
 * Elias gamma coding *
 * Elias delta coding * ‡
 * Elias omega coding * ‡
 * Exp-Golomb coding *, which has Elias gamma coding as a special case. (Used in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC)
 * Fibonacci coding
 * Levenshtein coding * ‡, the original universal coding technique
 * Byte coding where a special bit pattern (with at least two bits) is used to mark the end of the code — for example, if an integer is encoded as a sequence of nibbles representing digits in base 15 instead of the more natural base 16, then the highest nibble value (i.e., a sequence of four ones in binary) can be used to indicate the end of the integer.
 * Variable-length quantity

These are non-universal ones:

 * Unary coding, which is used in Elias codes
 * Rice coding, which is used in the FLAC audio codec and which has unary coding as a special case
 * Golomb coding, which has Rice coding and unary coding as special cases.

Their nonuniversality can be observed by noticing that, if any of these are used to code the Gauss–Kuzmin distribution or the Zeta distribution with parameter s=2, expected codeword length is infinite. For example, using unary coding on the Zeta distribution yields an expected length of

 * $$E(l) = \frac{6}{\pi^2} \sum_{l=1}^\infty \frac{1}{l} = \infty . \,$$

On the other hand, using the universal Elias gamma coding for the Gauss–Kuzmin distribution results in an expected codeword length (about 3.51 bits) near entropy (about 3.43 bits)- Академия Google.

Relationship to practical compression
Huffman coding and arithmetic coding (when they can be used) give at least as good, and often better compression than any universal code.

However, universal codes are useful when Huffman coding cannot be used — for example, when one does not know the exact probability of each message, but only knows the rankings of their probabilities.

Universal codes are also useful when Huffman codes are inconvenient. For example, when the transmitter but not the receiver knows the probabilities of the messages, Huffman coding requires an overhead of transmitting those probabilities to the receiver. Using a universal code does not have that overhead.

Each universal code, like each other self-delimiting (prefix) binary code, has its own "implied probability distribution" given by $P(i)=2^{−l(i)}$ where $l(i)$ is the length of the ith codeword and P(i) is the corresponding symbol's probability. If the actual message probabilities are Q(i) and Kullback–Leibler divergence $$D_\text{KL}(Q \| P)$$ is minimized by the code with $l(i)$, then the optimal Huffman code for that set of messages will be equivalent to that code. Likewise, how close a code is to optimal can be measured by this divergence. Since universal codes are simpler and faster to encode and decode than Huffman codes (which is, in turn, simpler and faster than arithmetic encoding), the universal code would be preferable in cases where $$D_\text{KL}(Q \| P)$$ is sufficiently small. Lossless Data Compression Program: Hybrid LZ77 RLE

For any geometric distribution (an exponential distribution on integers), a Golomb code is optimal. With universal codes, the implicit distribution is approximately a power law such as $$1/n^2$$ (more precisely, a Zipf distribution). For the Fibonacci code, the implicit distribution is approximately $$1/n^q$$, with

 * $$q = 1/\log_2(\varphi) \simeq 1.44,$$

where $$\varphi$$ is the golden ratio. For the ternary comma code (i.e., encoding in base 3, represented with 2 bits per symbol), the implicit distribution is a power law with $$q=1+\log_3(4/3) \simeq 1.26$$. These distributions thus have near-optimal codes with their respective power laws.

title: Universal code (data compression)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stray katz

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:24, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Stray katz
Appears to be band vanity. "Stray katz" and various band members google 0 hits. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 19:05, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Google finds a couple-hundred hits, but none appear to be relevant. Do not redirect to Stray Cats since this is neither a misspelling not a common typo. -Splash 22:59, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that is: the band name and various member's names googles 0 hits. The band name on this own finds unreleated sites. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 11:49, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur with Splash. Fang Aili 12:51, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur with Splash --tranquileye 13:52:27, 2005-08-26 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Socket F

Socket F is a CPU socket designed by AMD for its Opteron line of CPUs released on August 15, 2006. In 2010 Socket F was replaced by Socket C32 for entry-level servers and Socket G34 for high-end servers.

Technical specifications
The socket has 1207 pins on a 1.1mm pitch and employs a land grid array contact mechanism.

Socket F is primarily for use in AMD's server line and is considered to be in the same socket generation as Socket AM2, which is used for the Athlon 64 and Athlon 64 X2; as well as Socket S1, which is used for Turion 64 and Turion 64 X2 microprocessors.

AMD Quad FX platform
Socket F is the base for the AMD Quad FX Platform (referred to as "4x4" or "QuadFather" prior to release), unveiled by AMD on November 30, 2006. This modified version of Socket F, named Socket 1207 FX by AMD, and Socket L1 by Nvidia, allows for dual-socket, dual-core (four effective cores and eight effective cores in the future) processors in desktop PCs for home enthusiasts.

Socket F Revisions
All revisions except Socket Fr3 require the usage of registered DDR2 SDRAM. All revisions except Socket Fr1 require a dual-plane power-supply circuit for the CPU.

 * Socket Fr1
 * Three HyperTransport 2.x links with 1 GHz, single-plane power-supply circuit
 * Socket Fr2
 * Three HyperTransport 2.x links with 1 GHz, dual-plane power-supply circuit
 * Socket Fr3
 * Three HyperTransport 2.x links with 1 GHz, unbuffered DDR2 SDRAM (special version for Quad-FX)
 * Socket Fr5
 * CPU: Three HyperTransport 3.x links with 2.2 GHz
 * Motherboards: One HyperTransport 3.x link between CPU with 2.2 GHz, two HT 2.x links with 1 GHz for I/O operations
 * Socket Fr6
 * Three Hypertransport 3.x links with 2.4 GHz, support for Snoop-Filter (HT-Assist)

title: Socket F


text:
User:Jpgordon

About me
Hi everyone! My name's Josh Gordon. I've got a ton of different interests and possibly interesting experiences that might or might not result in useful and informative additions to Wikipedia. For example, I've worked at IMSAI (my first job out of college), Autodesk (my longest job) and eBay (where I was Chief Engineer) as a programmer; I was lead trumpet for the Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo for a couple of years in the '70s; I'm an occasionally working musician in several genres and on several instruments including piano, bass, and ukulele; I've lived in New York City, Alexandria, VA, Munich, Germany, Eugene, Oregon, Tarzana, Berkeley, San Francisco, Carmel-by-the-Sea, and Las Vegas. I now live in Kernville, California, my wife's hometown and my adopted hometown. I spent many years on The Well, for a long time as conference host of several of the most popular forums (Current Events and Politics, for example), and I'm an utter fanatic for encyclopedias and dictionaries of all sorts.

I've collected comic books most of my life, though not much since the '90s -- my old friends kept getting killed off or replaced with children, so to hell with it. I do have a nice collection of original art by John Byrne, Neal Adams, Scott McCloud, and Chris Ware. I also collect photography, and have some lovely prints by Henri Cartier-Bresson, Ansel Adams, Edward Weston, Ruth Bernhard, Paul Caponigro, and Diane Arbus (the "Jewish Giant" was my cousin Eddie Carmel).

TV appearance
I appeared on Antiques Roadshow on the show premiering May 12, 2008. I'm showing some Woody Guthrie drawings my Dad was given when he interviewed Woody for a New York Times story in 1949 or so.

Here's the appearance.

Birds
I'm now maintaining my bird list offsite. These are all birds I've sighted from my home on the Kern River in California. Number 55 is the Summer Tanager; I think I saw the red female morph. Number 56 is the Black-headed grosbeak. Number 57 is the Cedar waxwing. Number 58 is the Spotted Towhee. Number 59 is the Northern mockingbird; they've been absent from the immediate vicinity for well over a decade, but hopefully they are re-establishing their presence. Number 60 is the Common poorwill; we heard it but haven't seen it. I wonder if anyone in the world besides me looks at that page? Let me know if you do; only one person has done so since I started it in 2005 or so.

Administrating
Mostly I'm doing janitorial work around here. It comes naturally to me; I was "code cop" at Autodesk and at eBay, so browsing other people's work is quick, easy, and pleasurable.

I became an administrator on Nov. 26, 2004. I have been named a "monster admin" by a fellow editor at WP:RfAr -- I don't think it was meant as praise, though.

Arbitration Committee
I was named to the Arbitration Committee on December 25, 2006. I resigned a year early; three years is too long. I hated it.
 * And now a decade later (2019), I find myself overwhelmingly relieved not to be part of the governance of this operation.

Therapy
I'm the inventor of the concept Wikipedia is not therapy, though I don't think it should be part of WP:NOT.

Ironically
I'm currently on a crusade against "ironically". And now "interestingly" is also on my list -- I found one sentence starting, "Interestingly and ironically", which was just proof to me that my sword is insufficiently swift. But I'm letting "interestingly" stay in video game and other pop culture sorts of articles, because, really, who cares.

I don't like adverbs in general, it would appear. "Indeed" is now on my list too.

It should be noted
It should be noted that it is noteworthy that it should be mentioned that I also have a bug up my ass about "It should be noted" and other such wastes of bits.

Yet another lower colonic arthropod
Random lists of covers of standards. For example, there are hundreds of recordings by different artists of Over The Rainbow; that's the whole point of a standard -- it gets recorded a lot. So there's no need for Over the Rainbow to have a list of artists that have covered the song; it suffices to say the song has been widely covered, and pick out a few that are notable such as Bruddah Iz. And for gosh sake, lets not have a list including episodes of TV shows that have included the songs. Criminy.

Is mentioned in
Popular culture sections are bad enough trivia collections as is, but I do draw the line at "The topic of this article is mentioned in Episode #23 of The Fanboy Webcomic". "Is mentioned in" is an immediate clue that the rest of the sentence is subtrivia.

Then-
When you're talking about something that happened 150 years ago, do you really need to refer to Lincoln as "then-President Lincoln"? New sport: thenectomy.

Openly
I'm tired of seeing "openly gay" for contemporary BLP subjects. There are a contexts where it might be appropriate, such as in countries where it's a serious risk to be publicly identified as gay and the subject is unusual for being "openly" gay. But we don't refer to living people as gay unless they have self-identified as such, under WP:BLP; if we're going to mention someone is gay, then they of course are "openly" gay. Times have changed, and this is a place where we can actually reflect that change by our editorial choices without any risk of violating NPOV.

Including XX women and children
A good example of really pointless text: in Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, we find the building was the target of the Oklahoma City bombing, which killed 168 people, 19 of whom were children under the age of six. This might be language you'd see in tabloids and such, but I don't see what's in the least bit encyclopedic about such blather. How many were under the age of 10? How many were under the age of 18? How many were over 70? What's the point of this verbiage?

New bugaboo! "Convicted felon"
I think "convicted felon" almost never belongs in a BLP lede. We should be either more specific when it's an critical part of their biography (Harvey Weinstein gets "convicted sex offender", Ted Kaczynski gets "domestic terrorist"). But "convicted felon" doesn't really impart any illumination.

Kwanzaa pool
I'm thinking it would be odd fun to have a Kwanzaa pool. How early in the season will the idiots start vandalizing Kwanzaa? My definition would be the first edit that warrants a RBI.

International Travels
I had the privilege and pleasure of making two Atlantic crossings, in the SS United States and the SS America.

Precious
You are recipient no. 2593 of Precious, a prize of QAI. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 22:03, 14 May 2021 (UTC)

(tools)

 * It is now July 29 2024 UTC (purge)

title: User:Jpgordon


text:
User:The Cunctator

Edited Pages - Talk - Negative Talk
"a radical that ploughs up the roots of our social fabric."

Before Wikipedia, The Cunctator promoted the spread of the Hamster Dance.

The Cunctator created or edited most of the articles that got punted off into the Sep. 11 wiki.

He created the second Wikipedia logo, which riffed on the Nupedia logo design. The design of the "Wikipedia" text below a sphere remains from that logo.

He helped spur the creation of WikiSource (then discussed as Project Sourceberg).

His policy debates with Larry Sanger drove Sanger to distraction and precipitated his exiting the project (see "The Hive" by Marshall Poe).

He was a member-in-protest of the Arbitration Cabal, which came into being through discussion not on Wikipedia, but on the vile mailing list. He lost the seat in the elections of late 2004 most likely due to his being a big slacker.

The recent tendencies toward deletionism and agglomeration are troubling. Are the gigantic image-heavy "we look like Encarta" entries really better for the Wikipedia than more atomic Jargon-file-esque entries? There are some interesting backend search/sort/display technologies that could bridge the divide. For example, the default editing allows people to independently edit sections, instead of the whole page at once. Those sections act in a way as independent wiki-pages that just happen to be hierarchically linked. One can imagine giving these section-wikis more autonomy.

WikiData does an effective job of stripping copyleft from Wikipedia for the benefit of Big Tech.

This is nonsense: "Wikipedians should never interpret the content of primary sources for themselves."

Some modest proposals (which could be tried as experiments) to consider:
 * Turn off Articles for Deletion.
 * Make non-empty edit summaries mandatory for all edits not marked as minor
 * Make admin rights automatic for all regular editors

To be a good Wikipedian, be respectful, overly combative, self-critical, vulnerable, hortatory, ambitious, and analytical.

Above all, to be a good Wikipedian, edit and create entries.

To ensure the health of Wikipedia:
 * Be in Charge and Be Humble
 * Understand Bias
 * Appreciate Idiosyncracy
 * Redesign the Wikipedia Software as a Community
 * Make Big Plans on Wikipedia
 * Avoid Cabals
 * Follow the Spirit of the GFDL
 * Be Respectful but Firm

Bad Ideas

 * Defender of the Wiki Barnstar
 * RickK Anti-Vandalism Barnstar
 * Articles for deletion
 * Semi-protection policy
 * Editing other people's userpages.
 * Deleting BJAODN
 * Editing other people's comments.
 * Association of Deletionist Wikipedians
 * Template cruft like Totally-disputed and Dubious. What's this aversion to actually editing?
 * Using the revert tool to "collaborate" with other editors.
 * Subverting Wikipedia's copyleft (which requires derivative works also be copylefted) with the public-domain Wikidata project, which allows corporations like Google (which not coincidentally funds Wikimedia with a microscopic fraction of the benefits it receives from Wikimedia editors' labor) to convert Wikimedians work into Google IP.
 * Deleting well-sourced, informative articles like Gabe Amo

Commentary

 * Please help build 911 Attack memorial.
 * Project Sourceberg.
 * How to Destroy Wikipedia.
 * How to Build Wikipedia
 * WikipediAhimsa -- Avoid harm. A principle the Cunctator strives imperfectly towards.
 * TMC's sysop request
 * /Wikipedia Quality

The nearly immutable law of government is that while over the short term dangers to the health of society come from individual actors, over the long term the dangers come from the system.

It should be everyone's goal to figure out ways to eliminate potential problems before they can happen.

A good real world example of that is drugs; because it is a criminal act to use illegal drugs, millions of dollars and manhours and lives are spent in combatting drug use (the "war on drugs"). But if the drugs (such as marijuana) are decriminalized, a host of downstream costs to society disappear. There *are* different complications and needs (tobacco is a good example of the potential problems of having drugs be legal to use) but it's a lot easier to deal with drugs as a health issue than a crime issue.

As of 2006, Wikipedia has definitely become a place where it is frighteningly easy to get kicked out of the club. There's more worry about one's words upsetting other users than whether one does good work or whether people should be getting upset in the first place.

June 2006
Jimmy Wales may argue that the NYT got the situation "exactly backwards", but the reality is that this is a semantic game and in this case the contrarian position the NYT is arguing is, if not ultimately correct, an important one to have. Wikipedia benefits by having outsiders challenging Wikipedia to be and remain open and free. Institutions by their nature are conservative and self-protecting, and their commitment to their claimed ideals must face constant challenge for them to remain true to said ideals.

I would say that neither Wales nor the NYT is really right-- I would argue that Wikipedia, as it grows in size and prominence, is evolving rapidly and in ways that no one person could possibly understand fully. That Wikipedia will always be straddling the uncomfortable divide between reliability and editability, just as it embodies conflicts between universality and topicality, brevity and completeness, accessibility and accuracy, etc. It is neither the golden perfect lovely machine that Wales seems so insistent on portraying nor the decadent failure its critics decry.

I would be happier if we lived in a world where the New York Times was writing articles promoting the promise of Wikipedia and Jimmy Wales was its biggest critic, finding fault where others see none, but I don't get to choose the world I live in.

That said, I found it quite interesting how Larry Sanger is now lost from the official narrative of the creation of Wikipedia. History belongs to the victors, I suppose. Although I became one of his most active critics during his tenure, he does not deserve to become a footnote, or worse, forgotten.

November 2007
How you know Wikipedia has jumped the shark: the great article on w00t has been deleted.

September 2008
How on earth does deleting Transmogrifier improve Wikipedia? Wikipedia has not only jumped the shark, it's nuked the fridge.

January 2009
Ah well, as we come to 2009, it's evident that Wikipedia has entered the end of its lifecycle. Can't say I didn't warn you.

update 2018: |bar|All~1980010100~2018080900|~total en.wikipedia is in senescence but |bar|All~1980010100~2018080900|~total wikimedia is doing okay.

August 2018
Google, Facebook, and others are disrespecting Wikipedia's copyleft. This is not good.

Apologies to anyone whom my words have hurt. I should do a better job being explicit that I believe people who I disagree with are acting in good faith as well.

As the Wiki Turns
Check out the brilliant humor of Wikipedia's writers.

Wikipedians who have left: ManningBartlett (returned), Piotr Wozniak, Corvus13, JHK, AndreEngels, Isis, KQ, User:Kat. Kick-outs: Mathjis, 24, user:H.J., Lir, Clutch

Hi Cunc. For the record, I never actually left. I just refused to log in for several years and edited anonymously. Edit Count should not be a measure of significance. Manning (talk) 16:18, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Numbers

 * HD-DVD Controversy

Workshopping

 * /Advice for Lir
 * /HomePage Vandalism
 * /Questionable pages
 * /SOU
 * /ByTopic
 * User:The Cunctator/NotHere
 * User:The Cunctator/Scrap
 * /Refs/
 * /Engineeering Music Society/
 * /Conversations with DreamGuy
 * /ACES
 * /ACES drafts
 * /Billionaires in the 2020 presidential election

What's getting deleted

 * Steve Gilliard
 * WP:BJAODN
 * Friedman (unit)
 * AACS encryption key controversy
 * Samuel Hook
 * Billionaire supporters of Hillary Clinton et al
 * Reduced gas (A reduced gas is a gas with a low oxidation number (or high reduction), and is usually hydrogen-rich. Strongly reduced gases include methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide.)

title: User:The Cunctator


text:
User:Everyking

Hi, I'm Everyking. I have been a Wikipedian since February 2004. I was also an administrator. Feel free to leave a message for me on my talk page.

Barnstar collection
  most basic and important fact first

Thank you, tireless veteran editor, for quality contributions to articles on politicians such as Æthelhere of East Anglia and Jean-Paul Ngoupandé, for, for , for , - repeating: you are an awesome Wikipedian (19 May 2009 - five years ago)!

--Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:37, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

title: User:Everyking


text:
Talk:Daniels School of Business

Fair use rationale for Image:Krannert logo.jpg
Image:Krannert logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:20, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

GISMA Business School
Purdue University’s Krannert School of Management has finalized a cooperative agreement with Leibniz University Hanover, the GISMA Business School, and the government of Lower Saxony, Germany.

Under the agreement, faculty from Leibniz who are approved by the Krannert School will be able to teach at the GISMA Business School. GISMA, formerly the German International School of Management and Administration, was launched in Hanover, Germany, in 1999 as a joint effort between Lower Saxony, private-sector enterprises, and Purdue. The school offers full-time and executive MBA degrees with courses taught in Hanover by Krannert faculty. All Krannert faculty courses are taught in English. Krannert is the only American business school GISMA has engaged for a cooperative agreement and its dean is a Krannert professor. GISMA's faculty base is drawn primarily from Krannert as well. Graduation earns a Krannert MBA, plus a German MBA from LUH. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dusk&summer (talk • contribs) 08:21, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
 * This is good information, but we need some reliable sources to support it. —Eustress talk 14:46, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20020209231116/http://www.mgmt.purdue.edu/programs/masters/home.asp to http://www.mgmt.purdue.edu/programs/masters/home.asp

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title: Talk:Daniels School of Business


text:
Talk:Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium

Untitled
This article lacks encyclopedic quality. I know virtually nothing about cricket, but I shouldn't have to in order to understand the article. What is a test venue? And who are "Srinath, Kuruvilla and Mohanty"? Etc. Fang Aili 19:07, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleaned up to the best of my knowledge. A lot of it was fluff; sounds like someone was remeniscing about the great times they had at this stadium.Devanjedi 14:08, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071025064753/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/4945/62/ to http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/4945/62/

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:19, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium


text:
Talk:Mackey Arena

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 08:16, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mackey Arena


text:
Talk:Ross–Ade Stadium

Untitled
In June 2006 Ross-Ade's PAT surface was replaced with Bermuda Grass. Please see http://purduesports.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/bermuda-shots.html for more details.

Digital Advertising Location
Where will they put the digital advertisment video board?--BigMac1212 02:17, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ross–Ade Stadium