text:
The Hellacopters

The Hellacopters are a Swedish garage rock band that was formed in 1994 by Nicke Andersson (vocals and guitar), Andreas Tyrone "Dregen" Svensson (guitar), Kenny Håkansson (bass) and Robert Eriksson (drums). Andersson (sometimes known as Nick Royale) had been the drummer for death metal band Entombed and Dregen was taking a break from his full-time band Backyard Babies. Dregen and Eriksson had been roadies for Entombed, while Håkansson was a childhood friend of Andersson's. The Hellacopters were initially conceived as a side project for Andersson and Dregen, but it eventually became the main songwriting and performance vehicle for Andersson. The band, together with The Hives, is considered one of the most important Swedish bands in the garage rock revival and one of the most influential rock bands in Sweden.

The band released their Swedish Grammi-winning debut album Supershitty to the Max! in 1996. Just before a tour opening for Kiss, the band recruited keyboardist and percussionist Anders Lindström (also known as Boba Fett or Boba) on a part-time basis; he would become a full-time member in 1999. After the album Payin' the Dues in 1998, Dregen left the band to return to Backyard Babies full-time, and Mattias Hellberg and Danne Andersson were recruited to complete the band touring responsibilities. After the release of Grande Rock, which featured additional guitar playing from both Lindström and Hellberg, Robert Dahlqvist was hired as a full-time lead guitarist in 1999. With the lineup now solidified, the band released three more studio albums and a cover album, with many EPs and limited edition releases as well. The Hellacopters disbanded amicably in 2008 so the members could move on to other projects. Eight years later, the band reassembled in 2016, initially for an exclusive performance at Sweden Rock Festival to celebrate the 20 year anniversary of their award-winning debut album Supershitty to the Max!.

In October 2021 the band announced that they had signed with the record label Nuclear Blast to release a new album in the spring of 2022. The album, Eyes of Oblivion, was released on 1 April 2022.

Formation and Supershitty to the Max!
The band name was inspired by a magazine article discovered by Andersson and Dregen while on tour with Entombed in San Francisco. The article was about how the CIA was spying with helicopters on marijuana fields in Mexico and that the Mexicans called them "Hellacopters." The first Hellacopters rehearsal took place on 4 November 1994 as just a jam session, after two more rehearsals the band released their first single "Killing Allan" in January 1995 on their own label Psychout Records.

After releasing their second single "1995," the Hellacopters were signed by White Jazz Records and they released their debut album Supershitty to the Max! in June 1996. The album was recorded all live in only 26 hours. The band won a Swedish Grammy for the album. Anders "Boba Fett" Lindström, guitarist of the Swedish rock band The Diamond Dogs, was then recruited to play keyboards shortly before they supported Kiss on their Scandinavian dates in June 1997.

Payin' the Dues and Dregen's departure
The band recorded their follow-up album Payin' the Dues in February 1997. The record barely managed to break into the top 20 in Sweden and the top 30s in Finland. Andersson then left Entombed completely to concentrate full-time on the Hellacopters. A Swedish tour included a show at the second largest stage at the Hultsfred Festival, while the band famously played a secret gig backstage on a small makeshift stage. In 1998 the band toured Europe with Gluecifer, with whom they recorded the split album Respect the Rock. Soon after, Dregen left the band and returned to Backyard Babies.

Simply because it was too much hassle playing in two bands at the same time. Fame is not everything y´know... Our time will come. Backyard Babies has been around since 1989. I love bands doing it for life. I sure miss the Hellacopters guys a lot sometimes though..

With Dregen's departure in the middle of an extensive tour, the band recruited guitarists Chuck Pounder and Mattias Hellberg for their tours of Scandinavia and U.S./Canada, respectively. While on tour in America the band also had the opportunity to jam with legendary Detroit rockers Scott Morgan of the Sonic's Rendezvous Band and Wayne Kramer of the MC5, beginning long working relationships with both.

Grande Rock and Dahlqvist's debut
In September 1998 the band recorded their third album Grande Rock. Due to the absence of a second guitarist, Lindström and Hellberg both contributed on guitar. The album's 1970s classic rock sound was a departure from their previous albums, which featured a louder Detroit punk rock and garage rock sound. One reason for this was that the band recorded the album in an older studio from the 1970s in the Swedish woods, where they learned from an older and more experienced engineer who knew how to create the vintage seventies sound the band desired.

The recording of Grande Rock, it was so different [compared] to the other records we did, were we usually go into the studio record, go to a bar get drunk and then go to the studio next day. We actually went into the Swedish forest... There's this old hippie studio from the seventies up in the Swedish woods and there's this 50 year old guy that working there. He's been working with every sort of music from Swedish folk to Jimi Hendrix... So we figure well he was traveling with Swedish hippie bands in the seventies, he should have an idea how to create a genuine seventies rock sound. We took a few albums with us to the studio, showed the albums and he was all like, 'Yeah, I think this was the way they created the sound.' And not by the push of a button or a pedal or something, a box... The proper way of handcrafting, doing it probably the way they did do it back then...

Grande Rock became the band's first album to break into the Swedish top ten, before dropping out of the list after one week. For the ensuing tour, the band considered recruiting an American guitarist but hired Robert Dahlqvist. With Dahlqvist as a full-time replacement for Dregen the band set out on tour along with Wayne Kramer, The Nomads and Powder Monkeys.

High Visibility with Chips Kiesbye
In 2000 the band headed back into the studio to record their first album with Robert Dahlqvist who by then had earned the nickname "Strängen" or "Strings" due to all the strings he had broken during rehearsals. It was also their first time working with producer Chips Kiesbye, who had worked with artists such as Sahara Hotnights, Millencolin, Thåström, The Nomads, The Turpentines, his own band Sator, and many other Swedish rock bands. Kiesbye would become their producer of choice and he produced all of the band's subsequent studio albums. High Visibility spent twelve weeks on the Swedish charts and was certified gold in that nation. The band set out on a Scandinavian and European tour in support of the album along with the then-unknown band The Hives as their opening act. High Visibility was later released in the United States and the band's tour was chronicled in the documentary Goodnight Cleveland. The title is a reference to the mockumentary This Is Spınal Tap in which Derek Smalls yells "Hello Cleveland" to an unseen audience while the band tries to find their way onto the stage. Andersson adapted the phrase at the end of the band's show at the Agora Ballroom.

By the Grace of God and side projects
In early 2002, the band released their first compilation of non-album tracks Cream Of The Crap Vol. 1, the CD's booklet contained one half of a poster designed by Andersson the second half of the poster was included in the second volume of the Cream of The Crap series. The band recorded 20 songs for their fifth album at Polar Studios in Stockholm, 13 of the 20 songs were included on By the Grace of God. It became the band's most commercially successful album, debuting at number two in Sweden and number eight in Finland, and the band was rewarded with another gold record in Sweden. The title track also spent seven weeks on the Swedish singles chart and gained significant airplay on radio and TV. The band also had the opportunity to be the opening act for The Rolling Stones and ZZ Top in Stockholm and Helsinki.

Before recording their next album, the band decided to take a break to find time to focus on other projects. Nicke Andersson worked on his side project The Solution with Scott Morgan, releasing the album Communicate! in 2004; he also contributed backing vocals for The Cardigans album Long Gone Before Daylight. Dahlqvist started a side project called Thunder Express, which was later renamed Dundertåget, and also recorded the album Fula Gubben Hitler with Swedish singer/songwriter Stefan Sundström; Dahlqvist was pictured on the album's cover suspended on a cross. Dahlqvist also toured along with former Hellacopters member Mattias Hellberg in support of the album.

Rock & Roll Is Dead
During the Hellacopters' break, the second compilation of non-album tracks Cream Of The Crap Vol. 2 was released. The band claims they have enough material for a Vol. 3 and a Vol. 4, but there are no plans for more parts in the Cream of the Crap series. Eriksson and Lindstrom also did a small DJ tour in Italy before joining up with the rest of the band to record and release Rock & Roll Is Dead in 2005. The name is a reference to the band's opinion about the state of the music industry.

Again it's a cool title for a rock'n'roll album, it's got rock'n'roll and dead in it. It sounds pretty good to me, looks good in print. But then again, it's the way I feel about the state of rock'n'roll today. I think it's a pity that the best big rock'n'roll today is played by 60 year olds. And they're called the Rolling Stones. I mean something's gotta be wrong, right? I love the Stones but where are all the young bands, where's the attention for them? There are exceptions, you know, The Hives, but I don't know...It seems pretty dead to me, hence the title.

The album entered the Swedish album charts as number three and reached the top twenty in Finland. In March 2006 The Hellacopters went on their first American tour in three years, and also toured Sweden with The Hives, Millencollin, Backyard Babies and The Soundtrack of our Lives on the Where the Action Is Tour. The track "Nothing Terribly New" was also mentioned several times as one of E Street Band member Steven Van Zandt's favorite garage rock songs.

Head Off and break-up announcement
On 12 October 2007, The Hellacopters announced they would be breaking up after releasing their seventh full-length album Head Off, a collection of cover songs. According to the band, the reason for the breakup was to quit while they were still on top and not because of tension within the band. The album was originally presented as a regular Hellacopters studio album so that the fans would keep an open mind about the music. Håkansson also felt that it was fitting for the fans to get to know eleven new great bands to check out after the band's break up. The album debuted at number four in the Swedish charts and in the top 20 in Finland and Norway. The last Hellacopters shows were played at Debaser Medis in Stockholm 25 and 26 October; the concerts were filmed and streamed live on the band's MySpace page. Several friends and collaborators of the band were in the audience, including members of Sahara Hotnights, Entombed, Burst, Stefan Sundström, Texas Terri, Pernilla Andersson and "Demons" (who was the opening band for most of the dates on the tour). The band will also release a double live album, like many of their favorite bands from the 1970s did, with recordings from their entire "Tour Before the Fall."

Hiatus activities
Frontman Nicke Andersson continues to work with his other band Death Breath, originally a side project while he was with The Hellacopters, and plans to record a solo album. He also says that he would like to record and tour once again with his soul band The Solution, but due to all of the different members' involvement with other projects, finding time for everyone to record and tour is difficult. Andersson recently formed the band Cold Ethyl, but this band currently has no intentions of recording or releasing any original material. Robert Dahlqvist returned to his own band Dundertåget. Kenny Håkansson has plans to form a band with the drummer of the Danish rock band Baby Woodrose; the currently unnamed band is described as "psychedelic rock ala 1971." Robert Eriksson is working with his currently unsigned band Tramp and works at a music youth center called Black Sheep in Solna.

In March 2016, the first biography of the band, with every member participating, was released in French. The book, The Hellacopters, du kérosène dans les veines by Rudy Charis, was published by Camion Blanc and is due to be released in English in 2018. On 3 February 2017, former guitarist Robert Dahlqvist died at age 40. The band's distributor Sound Pollution stated that Dahlqvist died accidentally at home, having drowned in a bathtub following an epileptic seizure. At the time of his death, he had several concerts and appearances scheduled for the coming weeks, and had nearly completed recording a solo album under the pseudonym Strängen.

Supershitty to the Max! anniversary reunion
In April 2016, the band announced that their original lineup would be reuniting for the 20th anniversary of the release of their debut album, Supershitty to the Max!, initially playing the 2016 Sweden Rock Festival. The band also announced the release of an exclusive 12-inch vinyl record, with two tracks ("My Mephistophelean Creed" and "Don't Stop Now") written during the Supershitty to the Max! sessions but recorded in 2016. The Hellacopters went on to play several international festivals in 2016 and 2017, such as the Roskilde Festival, with (Hanoi Rocks, New York Dolls and Michael Monroe) bass player Sami Yaffa replacing original member Kenny Håkansson for the 2017 shows.

Eyes of Oblivion
On 17 December 2021 The Hellacopters announced a new studio album, Eyes of Oblivion, which was released on 1 April 2022. This marked the first time the band had released a full-length album of new material since 2008's Head Off, and the first full length album with Dregen since 1997's Payin' the Dues. Andersson described the album as "The Beatles meets Judas Priest, or Lynyrd Skynyrd meets the Ramones, but the best way to describe this album is that it sounds like The Hellacopters today.". To promote the release of Eyes of Oblivion, the band released a seven-inch vinyl of the album's lead single, "Reap a Hurricane", on 4 February 2022. A music video for "Reap a Hurricane" was also released on the same day as the announcement.

On 17 January 2022 the band released the album's title track as its second single. This was followed by the third single, "So Sorry I Could Die", on 4 March 2022.

Musical style
Heavily influenced by early Kiss, punk and rock bands such as MC5, Ramones, Sex Pistols, The Damned, The Stooges and The Heartbreakers as well as bands such as Venom, Blue Cheer and Motörhead the band's debut album – Supershitty to the Max! – contained fast-paced songs and overdriven guitars. While the band's second album – Payin' the Dues – was in similar style as their debut album it also displayed a tighter musicianship and songwriting technique as well as keyboards by Anders Lindström. Grande Rock was the first studio album to be recorded without original guitarist Dregen and was a departure from the band's Detroit rock influenced sound to a more 1970s rock sound. The band continued to evolve their sound throughout their career, while Nicke Andersson claims that all of their music is based around three chords and a chorus the band had no interest in repeating themselves. On the band's later releases, Andersson's vocals incorporated soul influences from his and Scott Morgans side project The Solution. The Hellacopters also recorded many cover songs throughout their career of songs from bands and artist such as Radio Birdman, Misfits, Smokey Robinson, Nationalteatern, Alice Cooper, The Nomads, April Stevens, Sonic's Rendezvous Band, The Dictators, Love and others. However Andersson asserts that there is a difference between the music that inspires him and the music that has an influence on his music, Andersson has mentioned country music artist Guy Clark as an artist that inspires his songwriting without affecting the band's sound.

Current

 * Nicke Andersson
 * Active: 1994–2008, 2016–present
 * Instruments: lead vocals, guitars, bass, clavinet, piano, percussion
 * Recording contributions: all studio recordings

 * Robert Eriksson
 * Active: 1994–2008, 2016–present
 * Instruments: drums, percussion, backing and occasional lead vocals
 * Recording contributions: all studio recordings

 * Anders Lindström
 * Active: 1996–2008, 2016–present (full-time from 1999)
 * Instruments: organ, piano, percussion, guitars, backing vocals
 * Recording contributions: all recordings from Payin' the Dues onward

 * Dregen
 * Active: 1994–1997, 2016–present
 * Instruments: guitars, percussion, backing and occasional lead vocals
 * Recording contributions: from Supershitty to the Max! to Payin' the Dues, Eyes of Oblivion onward

 * Dolf DeBorst
 * Active: 2018–present
 * Instruments: bass, backing vocals
 * Recording contributions:none

Former

 * Kenny Håkansson
 * Active: 1994–2008, 2016
 * Instruments: bass, backing vocals
 * Recording contributions: all studio recordings to Head Off

 * Danne Andersson
 * Active: 1997
 * Instruments: guitar, backing vocals
 * Recording contributions: None

 * Mattias Hellberg
 * Active: 1997–1998
 * Instruments: guitar and backing vocals
 * Recording contributions: Grande Rock and By the Grace of God

 * Robert Dahlqvist
 * Active: 1999–2008; died 2017
 * Instruments: guitar, backing vocals
 * Recording contributions: all recordings from High Visibility to Head Off

 * Sami Yaffa
 * Active: 2017
 * Recording contributions: None

Selected discography
Studio albums
 * Supershitty to the Max! (1996)
 * Payin' the Dues (1997)
 * Grande Rock (1999)
 * High Visibility (2000)
 * By the Grace of God (2002)
 * Rock & Roll Is Dead (2005)
 * Head Off (2008)
 * Eyes of Oblivion (2022)

Awards and nominations

 * Swedish Grammys:

 * rowspan="1" | 1996 || Supershitty to the Max! || Best Hard Rock || Won
 * rowspan="1" | 2006 || Rock & Roll Is Dead || Best Rock Group of the Year || Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | 2009 ||rowspan="2"| Head Off || Best Hard Rock || Nominated
 * Best Live Act || Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | 2009 ||rowspan="2"| Head Off || Best Hard Rock || Nominated
 * Best Live Act || Nominated
 * Best Live Act || Nominated
 * Best Live Act || Nominated

 * P3 Guld:

 * rowspan="2" | 2005 ||rowspan="2" | Rock & Roll Is Dead || Best Rock Album of the Year || Nominated
 * Live Act of the Year || Nominated
 * rowspan="1" | 2008 ||rowspan="1" | Head Off || Best Live Act || Nominated
 * Live Act of the Year || Nominated
 * rowspan="1" | 2008 ||rowspan="1" | Head Off || Best Live Act || Nominated
 * rowspan="1" | 2008 ||rowspan="1" | Head Off || Best Live Act || Nominated

 * Bandit Rock:

 * rowspan="4" | 2009 ||rowspan="4" | Head Off || Best Swedish Group || Nominated
 * Best Swedish Album || Nominated
 * Best Swedish Live Act || Nominated
 * Bandit Special Award || Won
 * Best Swedish Live Act || Nominated
 * Bandit Special Award || Won
 * Bandit Special Award || Won
 * Bandit Special Award || Won

 * Kerrang! Awards

 * 1999 || Grande Rock || Spirit of Independence || Won
 * Yasutora Sado
 * Yasutora Sado
 * Yasutora Sado

title: The Hellacopters


text:
Townhill, Swansea

Townhill is the name of a hill, a residential district and a community (civil parish) and electoral ward in Swansea, Wales, UK.

History
In medieval Swansea Townhill was an area of woodland and heathland designated as common land. It was commonly referred to as “the mountain” and in Welsh as Graig Llwyd. The name Town Hill came into common use in the mid-18th century. After the 1762 Enclosure Act the area was, apart from remnants of the (still surviving) heathland, transformed into farmland.

The origins of Townhill as a housing estate lie in the efforts of Swansea County Borough Council at the turn of the 20th century to remedy the lack of good quality affordable housing for working class families. The Council established a Housing Department in 1902 and an Estates Department in 1904. Influenced by the Garden City housing reform movement of the time, in 1910 the Council organised an exhibition of model working class houses which led to the construction of experimental blocks of newly designed council houses in neighbouring Mayhill. The success and cost-effectiveness of this project encouraged the Council to commission plans for the design of a new estate on Townhill and by 1913 plans for the construction of 500 houses were in place. The project was led by the Borough Architect Ernest Morgan who engaged as a consultant Raymond Unwin, the leading advocate of the Garden city movement.

Due to the outbreak of the First World War building work was delayed until the 1920s. The new post-war government’s “homes fit for heroes” initiative provided funding through the 1919 Housing Act which Swansea Council was readily able to access with its pre-war plans already in place. During the interwar period the Townhill estate along with the neighbouring Mayhill development were completed in a programme of council house provision in Swansea in which 4000 properties were constructed.

The new streets in the Townhill and Mayhill developments were named after significant figures in Welsh history and culture. Townhill Community School, designed by Ernest Morgan, was built in 1924.

In 1912 the Swansea Training College for teachers moved from the city centre to a new building on the western slopes of Townhill. It subsequently became part of the West Glamorgan Institute of Higher Education (from 1976 to 1992) and then the Swansea Institute (from 1992 to 2008) Thereafter it became a campus of Swansea Metropolitan University which later merged with the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. The campus was closed in 2018 and the site allocated for a housing development in which the original features of the Edwardian building were to be preserved.

Townhill district
The suburb of Townhill falls within the Townhill electoral ward. It had a population of 8,696 in 2011. The district of Townhill consists of a council estate and some private housing spread over a steep hill of the same name bordering Mayhill to the east and visible from the Swansea city centre. The area overlooks Swansea city centre, Swansea Docks and Swansea Bay to the south; and Cockett, Gendros and Cwmbwrla to the north.

Local amenities at the top of the hill include a public library, the Townhill Community primary school, a nursery school and some playing fields. Townhill is a Communities First area.

Townhill Churches
Townhill Baptist Church was formed in the late 1920s and the church still meets today on Sunday mornings and evenings in the original building on Powys Avenue.

St Nicholas on the Hill, the parish church for Townhill and Mayhill, is located on the corner of Dyfed Avenue and Powys Avenue. With the closure of St Jude in Mount Pleasant in 2015, the two parishes were merged into The Benefice of Swansea St Nicholas on the Hill and St Jude.

Townhill landform
Backing Swansea city centre to the north is a large slab of sandstone called Townhill. The summit of Townhill is approximately 175m above sea level. At the top of hill lies the housing estate of Townhill which falls away to the north west of the hill. The Mayhill district lies on the northeast face of the hill. The southeastern face of the hill is the steepest and is covered by the district of Mount Pleasant. The Uplands district occupies the southwestern face of the hill which slopes gently downwards towards Singleton Park.

Rosehill Quarry Community Park
The hill is rounded by a band of rock which is too steep to develop on and is recognised by the City and County of Swansea council as a wildlife corridor. In this band, on the south side of the hill is the designated Rosehill Quarry Community Park. Rosehill Quarry is a semi-natural urban green space which is not formally cultivated in its entirety. Wildlife areas include a stream, waterfall and several ponds. There are over one hundred species of plants including oak, royal fern and rowan trees. Around thirty species of birds can be found in the park, including sparrowhawk, kestrel, and tawny owl. Additionally, there are frogs, newts, dragonfiles and damselflies including the blue-tailed damselfly, which is used as the quarry's symbol. Recreational facilities in the park include picnic tables, play equipment, and a BMX bike track.

The Rosehill Quarry six-acre site was quarried for stone for house-building from the 1840s, creating the only flat ground in the area. The area stood derelict for some time until the early 20th century when the area was used as a tennis court which later fell into disuse. In the 1970s, planning permission was granted for a block of flats, which never got built. In the 1970s and 1980s, local residents' initiatives persuaded the local council to buy the land and designate it as a public open space in the Local Plan. The Rosehill Quarry Group was formed, with support from the council, to develop and maintain the quarry as the first community park in Swansea.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Townhill, Swansea


text:
Talk:Townhill, Swansea

Er, where is this place exactly? It needs a good deal more context. --Jacqui M Schedler 12:52, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Townhill is full of scum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.145.103.234 (talk) 22:11, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Contextually; Townhill is the most deprived ward in Swansea, and the sixth most deprived ward in Wales. Suffering from extremely high unemployment (was at 16% in 2000 and will now be rising due to the credit crisis), an area of high 'multiple deprivation' as its problems are in no single area. --Barnaby Dobson87.114.68.154 (talk) 11:48, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:38, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Pantycelyn Road, Townhil Estate, Swansea, UK.jpg

title: Talk:Townhill, Swansea


text:
Talk:U.S. Amateur

Article name
Shouldn't this article be at U.S. Amateur Championship (golf) or some such? There is at least one other "U.S. Amateur Championship": U.S. Amateur Championship (billiards), see. They even seem to have registered the term "U.S. Amateur Championship" as a registered trademark... Lupo 12:54, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Steve Melnyk link is wrong
It leads to a Manitoba politician, not the golfer.

Second course
Nowhere in the article is it mentioned that the stroke-play part of the tournament is played over two courses. This ought to be mentioned; I'm not sure whether the auxiliary courses should be listed in the table. pʰeːnuːmuː →  pʰiːnyːmyː  →  ɸinimi  →  fiɲimi  21:32, 16 August 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 15 June 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) BilledMammal (talk) 20:47, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

United States Amateur Championship (golf) → U.S. Amateur – Common name. Already redirects to this article, so the (golf) disambiguation shouldn't be necessary. pʰeːnuːmuː →  pʰiːnyːmyː  →  ɸinimi  →  fiɲimi  20:35, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Tewapack (talk) 22:46, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Support: Current title is way too long. Opening sentence should be maintained, however, with full name of the event.
 * Oogglywoogly (talk) 04:52, 20 June 2024 (UTC)Oogglwoogly

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:U.S. Amateur


text: Category:Pop music genres

title: Category:Pop music genres


text:
File:Klubbviktinden-and-reintinden.jpg

View of the southside of the Skjomen fjord from Sandvik. Reintind to the leftand Klubbviktind to the right. Picture by Knut Sandvik. Near the center of the picture is a birch tree (Betula pendula, or possibly a cross between Betula pendula and Betula pubescens - common in fjord areas in Nordland). --

title: File:Klubbviktinden-and-reintinden.jpg


text:
Hilduin of Saint-Denis

Hilduin (c. 785 – c. 855) was Bishop of Paris, chaplain to Louis I, reforming Abbot of the Abbey of Saint-Denis, and author. He was one of the leading scholars and administrators of the Carolingian Empire.

Background
Hilduin was from a prominent Frankish family. Michael Lapidge suggests that he was the nephew of Queen Hildegard, and first cousin to Louis the Pious. This would account for his appointment to the prestigious Abbey of Saint-Denis, the burial site of the Frankish kings. Johann Peter Kirsch says Hilduin was educated at the palace school under Alcuin, As Alcuin was in Northumbria in 790, Lapidge suggests Waldo of Reichenau as a possible alternative. Waldo was abbot of Reichenau, to which Hilduin's family had ties. In 806 Waldo became abbot of Saint-Denis, near Paris. In either case, Hilduin acquired a good deal of erudition, and corresponded with Rabanus Maurus.

Career
Waldo of Reichenau died in March 814, and Hilduin, although a secular cleric and not a monk, succeeded him as abbot of Saint-Denis. To this was later added the Abbey of St-Germain des Prés, Abbey of St-Médard in Soissons, and the Abbey of St-Ouen. In July 818, Louis the Pious stopped at St-Denis on his way to military campaign in Brittany. Hilduin then accompanied him. Hincmar of Reims, who speaks of Hilduin with great respect, was one his students at the school of Saint-Denis. Dungal of Bobbio and possibly Otfrid of Weissenburg served under him. "Hilduin was concerned with the accurate production of manuscripts", and oversaw the scriptorium at Saint-Denis. The Abbey had a substantial library.

Upon the death of Hildebold of Cologne in September 818, Louis the Pious appointed Hilduin as his archchaplain in 819, or, more probably, not until 822. He was one of the King's valued counselors, and became both wealthy, and influential regarding royal patronage. He was instrumental in the appointment of Walafrid Strabo of Reichenau as tutor to Louis's son Charles the Bald.

In the war between Emperor Louis and his sons (830) Hilduin took the side of the latter. Thereby he lost his abbeys and was banished, first to Paderborn and then to the Abbey of Corvey (near Höxter on the Weser). Abbot Warin of that monastery received him kindly, in return for which Hilduin presented him with the relics of St. Vitus, which thereafter were profoundly venerated in Corvey. No later than 831, however, Hilduin regained Louis's favour. By 832 he was reinstated in the Abbey of Saint-Denis, whereupon he apparently withdrew from politics and successfully undertook a reform of that monastery according to the Benedictine rule. When the King's sons again rebelled the following year, Louis and his young son Charles were brought from Soissons and held at Saint-Denis for a few weeks. The King was restored to power at Saint-Denis in March 834.

Upon the death of Louis the Pious in 840, Hilduin supported the King's eldest son Lothair I against his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald. With the division of the kingdom pursuant to the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Saint-Denis fell in the territory of Charles. Hilduin resigned as abbot, and Lothar appointed him to the archbishopric of Cologne, but he was never consecrated as archbishop. When not residing in Cologne, he frequently served as ambassador from Lotharingia to Constantinople.

Works
In 835, Louis commissioned Hilduin to write a biography of St. Dionysius of Paris, the emperor's patron saint. Hilduin executed this commission, with the aid of the pseudo-Dionysius's writings, a copy of which had been sent to the Frankish court by the Byzantine Emperor Michael II, and of other authorities. In his "Vita" Hilduin identified Dionysius of Paris with the Areopagite Dionysius, a view not generally accepted at that time, but which Hilduin's biography popularized for several centuries, until Sismondi and others dispelled this error. Hilduin also helped to complete the Carolingian "Reichsannalen", or imperial annals.

In 1940, Max Buchner identified Hilduin as the author usually referred to as "The Astronomer," the author of the Vita Hludovici, a biography of Louis. This theory has achieved some popularity amongst later scholars, notably Ernst Tremp in 1995.

title: Hilduin of Saint-Denis


text: Category:Cinema of Argentina

title: Category:Cinema of Argentina


text:
Chin-Feng Chen

Chen Chin-feng (born 28 October 1977) is a Taiwanese aborigine of Siraya tribal ancestry, who is a former professional baseball outfielder. In 2002, he became the first player born in Taiwan to play in Major League Baseball. He currently serves as the manager for the Fubon Guardians of the Chinese Professional Baseball League.

Playing career
In 1999 in the Cal League with Single–A San Bernardino Stampede in 1999, he batted .316/.404/.580 with 31 homers, 31 steals, 123 RBIs and 75 walks. Along with outfielder Joc Pederson, who achieved the same feat in the Triple–A in 2014, Chen is one of only two LA Dodger minor leaguers to have a 30 home run, 30 stolen bases season.

Chen became the first Taiwanese baseball player to play in Major League baseball when he made his debut on September 14, 2002. He played for the Los Angeles Dodgers in parts of the 2002-05 seasons, but only sparingly. In 2005, Chen was reluctant to accept a designation for assignment back to the Dodgers' Las Vegas 51s Triple–A team, and try out with another major league team.

In 2005, Chen was the first Taiwanese position player to ever get a hit in Major League Baseball, a 2-run RBI single off Colorado Rockies' reliever Bobby Seay. However, Chin-hui Tsao had earlier become the first Taiwanese player to get a hit in the Majors as a pitcher, with the Colorado Rockies on August 18, 2003.

After his contract with the Dodgers organization expired after the 2005 season, Chen announced on December 26, 2005, that he would not return to North America for the 2006 season, but would instead enter the CPBL draft. In 2006, after struggling to make the 25-man roster with the Dodgers, Chen tried out for the Japanese professional league (NPB), and eventually decided to play in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in Taiwan.

He was promptly selected by the La New Bears as a designated hitter. Chen completed his first complete baseball season back home in Taiwan in 2006. He ranked first in many aspects such as the highest batting average and 81 RBIs for the whole season. He also led the Bears to the championship title, and won his first MVP title for the final series matches. Later on, in the second Asian baseball tournament, he produced the best performance again and gained attention from several Japanese and Korean teams, including the Orix Buffaloes. However, Chen did not sign with them, and remained in Taiwan.

Chen announced his retirement from the Chinese Professional Baseball League on September 18, 2016. On September 18, 2016, at the conclusion of his final match, Lamigo Monkeys retired his #52 jersey.

Coaching career
On December 31, 2023, the Fubon Guardians of the Chinese Professional Baseball League hired Chen as their manager for the 2024 season.

International career
He was selected Chinese Taipei national baseball team at the 1999 Asian Baseball Championship, 2001 Baseball World Cup, 2003 Asian Baseball Championship, 2004 Summer Olympics, 2006 Asian Games, 2007 Asian Baseball Championship, 2008 Summer Olympics Qualification Final Qualifying Tournament and 2016 exhibition games against Japan.

Achievements
Chen hit the first grand slam in Konami Cup history during the 2006 series.

title: Chin-Feng Chen


text:
André Debry

André Léon Alphonse Debry (15 June 1898 – 31 August 2005) was, at age 107, one of the last ten surviving French veterans of the First World War. He was later created an officer of the Legion d'Honneur, both for his war record, and for his work as principal of a school.

Debry was born in Villers-Bocage (Calvados). He was a soldier in the First World War. After the war, he met Marguerite Céline Pingaud, the woman he later married on 12 August 1924 in his home town.

In 2005, André and Marguerite Debry were able to celebrate their 81st wedding anniversary; this set a record for the longest ever marriage in France at the time and even the longest in the world for a living couple. They lived together in Argenton-sur-Creuse (Indre) until his death, aged 107. She died four months afterwards, aged 101.

title: André Debry


text:
Suomenlinna Church

The Suomenlinna Church (Suomenlinnan kirkko, Sveaborgs kyrka) in Helsinki, Finland, was built in 1854 as an Eastern Orthodox garrison church for the Russian troops stationed at the Suomenlinna sea fortress. The fortress comprises five islands joined together by bridges, and the church is the central feature on the island of Iso Mustasaari (Stora Östersvartö), located at its highest point. It is surrounded by other fortress buildings, but the old parade ground is immediately to the east, and a park lies immediately to the south. It is oriented southwest to northeast so that it would align with the Crownwork Ehrensvärd defense front located to the southwest of the church.

Before the design and construction of the Orthodox church, plans were drawn up in the 1820s by architect Carl Ludvig Engel for a church on the same site, but designed in the neoclassical style in keeping with the rest of buildings at the fortress and the buildings in the capital city, Helsinki. The actual church was designed by Konstantin Thon, an official architect of Imperial Russia during the reign of Czar Nicholas I, whose major works included the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, the Grand Kremlin Palace, and the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow. The church was named for Saint/Prince Alexander Nevsky, who defeated the Swedes at the Neva battle of 1240. The Alexander Nevsky Church originally had five onion domes. The perimeter fence, constructed from cannons and chains, was erected in the 1870s. The church bell, the largest in Finland, was cast in Moscow in 1885 and weighs 6,683 kilograms. It is now displayed adjacent to the church. The church was elevated to the status of cathedral within the Orthodox faith in 1891.

In 1918 the Orthodox church was converted into an Evangelical Lutheran church, as Finland sought to indicate its new-found independence from Russia. The onion domes of the four smaller towers were immediately removed. The church's extensive iconography was warehoused by the city of Helsinki, but their current whereabouts are unknown. During the 1920s, it was decided to give the church an extensive renovation for structural repair as well as incorporation of a more Western design. The design competition was won by architect Einar Sjöström, and the finished church was reconsecrated on 28 April 1929.

Another interesting feature from the renovation is that the church's central dome has doubled as a lighthouse since 1929, making it one of only a few churches in the world that has that dual purpose. The lighthouse is officially the Harmaja Range Rear light, and it pairs with the Harmaja lighthouse (4.8 km south in the Gulf of Finland) as the Range Front light. The signal blink is the Morse code for the letter "H" for Helsinki.

Additional renovations have been made in the 1960s (after the church was turned over to the Evangelical Lutheran Parish Union of Helsinki), and again in the late 1980s and 1990s in preparation for the 250th anniversary of Suomenlinna in 1998. The Suomenlinna Church is still a very popular wedding site and one of the first landmarks for people arriving in Helsinki by sea.

title: Suomenlinna Church


text:
Talk:Ronnie and the Red Caps

THere's no context here. Why is this band important? --Jacqui M Schedler 12:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

It is important because it traces the musical lineage of Ronnie James Dio, one of the most influential singer/composers in the heavy metal genre. Many people are unaware of his history prior to his two stints with Black Sabbath and his original work with Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow. However, it must be said that his work prior to Rainbow, such as with his prior band Elf, are very distant from the heavy style of Sabbath, Rainbow and his own solo work, though the vocals are, of course, magnificent.--MarshallStack 06:33, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

What's the abbreviation b/w? RJFJR 18:37, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ronnie and the Red Caps


text:
Talk:Galvanometer

Tangent galvanometer
It seems to me that Tangent galvanometer refers to the same instrument described here, using a more precise word for the basic instrument, but I'm no physicist. Should the two be merged? William Avery 12:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * A picture in the Tangent galvanometer would help a lot in understanding exactly what that gadget is, but based on the description in that article, it sounds like that's a different device than is being described here. Which leads to the real problem with this article:

 * The device described in this article is another form of galvanometer more-properly known as a D'Arsonval (sp?) meter. D'Arsonval meters have a fixed magnet and moving coil that is spring-loaded so as to return to its "zero" position. Energizingthe moving coil creates a magnetic force that rotates the coil away from the spring-established zero position.

 * By comparison, it sounds like a tangent galvanometer has a fixed coil and may depend on the earth's magnetic field as the "return" mechanism (as compared to the spring in the D'Arsonval movement).

 * This article should probably contain both devices, and make clear the distinction between the two. And there are still other ways of building meter movements, including spring-returned fixed-coil movements, electromagnetic-returned movements, thermal movements, etc.

 * Atlant 13:09, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I see what you mean. 'The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane', so we are perturbing a compass. It's odd that Tangent galvanometer isn't linked to this article at all, and there's no link to the 'Tangent law' it mentions, either. (I have some vague recollection of rules involving fingers and thumbs at right angles to each other, like radii and tangents.) By the way, I wonder if I'd be right in thinking that those pretty equations would apply to all galvanometers containing coils, or are they just applicable to Tangent galvanometers?

 * William Avery 20:27, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Answering my own question, those equations are about a compass needle in the earth's magnetic field, and won't apply to the D'Arsonval gavlvanometer. William Avery 20:45, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Removed See Also section
... because most of what was there is already wikilinked in the article itself. And I don't see why a galvanometer article should have a see also about electrical quackery? I did leave the interwikis that an anon editor deleted. --Janke | Talk 18:44, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

A Link Is Not Required At This Time
I just came across this article about Galvanometers, and am surprised to see that the discussion still remains open. Someone previously wondered as to whether "those pretty equations would apply to all galvanometers containing coils, or are they just applicable to Tangent galvanometers?" The answer is that it's relative. If the equations contain the value Bh, then only an instrument which is effected by the magnetic field of the earth would require their usage. And yes, all things are effected by the earth's magnetic field, and gravity, but the question has to do with whether that effect is negligible in relationship to the usage.

Someone else referred to the Tangent Galvanometer as being "electrical quackery". Now there's not a lot of detail concerning the TG, but that does not make it fraudulent. My initial interpretation is that the coil forms an electro-magnet, and by its vertical rotation and proximity to the compass, while perpendicular to the horizontal plane, suggests that it might have some basis in scientific fact. If you could use an opposing magnetic field to cancel or divert the position of a compass' needle, you might be able to calculate for the strength of the magnetic field of the earth at that specific longitude and latitude by identifying Theta and the Current used by the coil. Whether the wirewound coil actually needs a non-magnetic core, or air core might be irrelevant to the equations. However, I have neither tried to build one, or have any intention or time to do so.

With that said, it seems to me that the best solution is to not link the two articles together at this particular point in time. There is no provided explanation as to why one might need to use a Tangent Galvanometer, outside of a Physics Lab experiment, and no history which makes reference to its creator. If there is no history and no modern purpose, or even an indication to a modern derivative of the device, it should only be considered valid as a possible, and perhaps plausible experiment in understanding the earth's magnetic field. All of this is to say that there should be no reason to continue with this discussion at this time, and the link should not be included, provided that if more information is later added to the Tangent Galvonmeter which merits a re-opening of the discussion, one should comply. --Theaudiodog 23:07, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

What is the Unit?
we are doing a science project for 9th grade and our teacher showed us a galvanometer. we obvsered that there were no units on the thing and that is our homework for tonight. any help? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.54.156.245 (talk) 00:30, 9 January 2007 (UTC).

"Element"
Quote from article: "...Ohm's Law, which states that the voltage across an element is directly proportional to the current through it." Should read metal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.166.74.16 (talk) 16:30, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Errors Fixed
I fixed some typos and links in the article while reading it. La  Al qu im  is ta  17:26, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Uses
I'm wondering whether the linking of websites in the text (rather than as external links) is useful. At present they appear to be promotion for the two companies mentioned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dumas 1830 (talk • contribs) 20:42, 9 January 2009 (UTC) principle: works on the principle of tangentlaw —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.184.150.188 (talk) 14:14, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Weston
Who was Edward Weston? Discuss how Weston was important in turning the D'arsonoval movement into industrial instruments. See [. --[[User:Wtshymanski|Wtshymanski]] (talk) 15:48, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

New articles
I started separate articles for :

Vibration galvanometer

Ballistic galvanometer

Astatic galvanometer

I did put a link for those at the bottom of the page. Maybe the Tangent galvanometer should be a separate article as well? This will be more consistent with the present division. Alternatively, all the types of the galvanometers could be under this heading under "Types". I feel that right now there is not enough info here about all other types, and too much about the tangent galvanometer to make it balance. Williamgelbart (talk) 07:56, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
 * It might have been better to keep adding information on these types to this article, instead of creating so many stubs. It is, in my opinion, a more effective presentation of the material if the reader can compare and contrast the types within one article.  It's unlikely any one of these types is going to be explained at such length that it overbalances this article, but if that happens, it can then be spun out into a separate article leaving a summary behind here. I'd recommend merging all those new articles under 'Types' here. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:25, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

I agree. But the trend of separate stubs was already started. Right now, in addition to the tangent galvanometer included here, we have the following:

String galvanometer Mirror galvanometer Vibration galvanometer Ballistic galvanometer Astatic galvanometer Thermo Galvanometer

I feel the best person to combine those all will be the original contributor of this section. --Williamgelbart (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 06:57, 20 December 2010 (UTC).

 * This is a merge discussion relocated from Talk:Mirror galvanometer because Wtshymanski's proposal there didn't seem to be going the way he wanted it to.
 * Oppose Just more mergitis from Wtshymanski, as ever. His only justification seems to be that we have "too many articles".  As these galvanometers are all distinct in application and technology, I see no value to merging them. Andy Dingley (talk) 14:51, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment Just more anti-Bill-itis. But seriously, just how many mouse clicks do you think it's worth to the reader to find the pathetic scraps of wisdom now found at these articles? Wouldn't it be better to put those two paragraphs each back here and make this article a comprehensive (dare I say "encyclopediac"?) overview of the subject, instead of a collection of parts lists and random column-fillers? --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:43, 17 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Support I agree. In this article the reader can see how these historical devices compare and relate to each other and fit into the history of electrical measurement.  With separate articles there will have to be a good deal of redundant explanation.  Their technology is certainly not so different that they won't all benefit by being described together.  Describing historical technology in bits and pieces in stub articles, without context, is not the best way to go. -- Chetvorno TALK 06:25, 18 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment Since these were described as variations of the "mirror galvanometer", I'd initially thought they could have been merged there...but our associate indicated this woudl be a better target for the merge. --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:06, 18 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Why are ballistic galvos mirror galvos? The point of a ballistic galvo is that it has inertia and mirror galvos dont. Vibration galvos need mass too so they arent mirrors either. This "obvious merge" is nothing of the sort because the current articles arent detailed or clear enough to show the differences. 77.44.89.43 (talk) 22:30, 18 January 2013 (UTC)
 * That's why "ballastic" can't be merged with "mirror". They are all still galvanometers, though, and since there's not enough content in the articles to discern internal operating principles, they might as well be merged here. --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:40, 19 January 2013 (UTC)
 * "since there's not enough content in the articles"
 * Read WP:IMPERFECT and WP:SOFIXIT. Otherwise you might as well merge everything to one giant article called Philosophy. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:53, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

Extreme positions are so much fun, aren't they? I look forward to our impending articles on 2.2 kohm resistor and 2.5 kohm resistor and 2.7 kohm resistor, etc. --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:36, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Your trademark sarcasm merely underlines what a fucking idiot you really are. You might interpret this as incivility.  Not so, I am merely pointing out the glaringly obvious.   86.157.171.34 (talk) 09:35, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Also, Andy, you know full well that having created the Philosophy super article, that it will then get merged with all the other super articles that he has created into Wikipedia's sole article, The universe. Only then will he be happy (having deleted 99% of the content on the way). 86.157.171.34 (talk) 09:35, 24 January 2013 (UTC) Why all the terror of merges? Getting back to this article...did you have any comments on the proposal to merge the stubs into Galvanometer, as Andy suggested? --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:02, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Both merge and don't-merge arguments seem to have merit, but in the absence of consensus, and the stale discussion, I've removed the merge templates from the two incoming proposals (Ballistic galvanometer and Thermo galvanometer).Klbrain (talk) 22:36, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

Johan Jakob Nervander
IEEE reference says Johan Jakob Nervander designed the more- sensitive Tangent galvanometer in 1834 but currently there is no mention of it in the article. Also I noticed that the article Tangent galvanometer was merged with this article. If there exists an independent history of the instrument Tangent galvanometer then I think it is perfectly possible to make that a separate article. The Legend  of Zorro  08:07, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

Ampère, Galvani, & Volta
I am wondering if this page should include a discussion of Galvanism. The excitement over the Voltaic pile in Europe preceded Ørsted's discovery.

Karxpava (talk) 15:50, 17 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Mmm, probably not, in my opinion - do we have Galvanism? Preview shows a blue link there. The aim of Wikipedia is to be the world's parts catalog, so a discussion of social issues or why anyone cared about this device is not going to fit here. --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:14, 17 July 2017 (UTC)
 * That's a rather unhelpful response (and utterly confusing to those who have not come across your brand of sarcasm before). The article already (in the lead) mentions Galvani and the frog galvanoscope.  There is a discussion in that article of the Volta/Galvani dispute, and that might be a better place to link to galvanism. SpinningSpark 13:08, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galvanometer


text:
Category:Extragear

Extragear was the grouping name of software developed by the KDE project whose development and release schedule each is independent of other KDE software.

title: Category:Extragear


text:
Khronos (Rotting Christ album)

Khronos is the sixth full-length album by Greek extreme metal band Rotting Christ.

Following Sleep of the Angels, this record continues to show the band's experimentation with doom and gothic metal musical elements, but also a return to their more extreme earlier years as well. Some traces of industrial music can also be heard, particularly in the band's cover of Current 93's "Lucifer Over London", but also on other tracks as "Glory of Sadness".

It was produced by Peter Tägtgren's (Hypocrisy) Abyss Studios, whose previous credits also include releases by Dimmu Borgir and Immortal.

Track listing
All songs written by Sakis Tolis, except where noted.
 * 1) "Thou Art Blind" – 2:47
 * 2) "If It Ends Tomorrow" – 4:28
 * 3) "My Sacred Path" – 5:38
 * 4) "Aeternatus" – 3:14
 * 5) "Art of Sin" – 5:18
 * 6) "Lucifer Over London" (David Tibet) – 5:15
 * 7) "Law of the Serpent" – 2:08
 * 8) "You Are I" – 3:27
 * 9) "Khronos" – 6:37
 * 10) "Fateless" – 4:10
 * 11) "Time Stands Still" – 5:04
 * 12) "Glory of Sadness" (ends at 5:35; hidden track begins at 9:03) – 11:32
 * 13) "Phobia [Brazil Edition]" – 5:34

Personnel

 * Sakis Tolis – guitar, vocals
 * Kostas Vassilakopoulos – guitar
 * Andreas Lagios – bass
 * Georgios Tolias – keyboards
 * Themis Tolis – drums

title: Khronos (Rotting Christ album)


text:
User:Knutsandvik

Knut Sandvik (born 07.May.1967 in Narvik in the northern part of Norway. He is an IT Consultant at an Oslo based building company Selvaag Group of Companies.

Knuts homeplace is Skjomen.

Hobbies are photographing and computers.

A collection of pictures can be found at Knut's blog.

title: User:Knutsandvik


text:
Formal specification

In computer science, formal specifications are mathematically based techniques whose purpose are to help with the implementation of systems and software. They are used to describe a system, to analyze its behavior, and to aid in its design by verifying key properties of interest through rigorous and effective reasoning tools. These specifications are formal in the sense that they have a syntax, their semantics fall within one domain, and they are able to be used to infer useful information.

Motivation
In each passing decade, computer systems have become increasingly more powerful and, as a result, they have become more impactful to society. Because of this, better techniques are needed to assist in the design and implementation of reliable software. Established engineering disciplines use mathematical analysis as the foundation of creating and validating product design. Formal specifications are one such way to achieve this in software engineering reliability as once predicted. Other methods such as testing are more commonly used to enhance code quality.

Uses
Given such a specification, it is possible to use formal verification techniques to demonstrate that a system design is correct with respect to its specification. This allows incorrect system designs to be revised before any major investments have been made into an actual implementation. Another approach is to use probably correct refinement steps to transform a specification into a design, which is ultimately transformed into an implementation that is correct by construction.

It is important to note that a formal specification is not an implementation, but rather it may be used to develop an implementation. Formal specifications describe what a system should do, not how the system should do it.

A good specification must have some of the following attributes: adequate, internally consistent, unambiguous, complete, satisfied, minimal.

A good specification will have:
 * Constructability, manageability and evolvability
 * Usability
 * Communicability
 * Powerful and efficient analysis

One of the main reasons there is interest in formal specifications is that they will provide an ability to perform proofs on software implementations. These proofs may be used to validate a specification, verify correctness of design, or to prove that a program satisfies a specification.

Limitations
A design (or implementation) cannot ever be declared “correct” on its own. It can only ever be “correct with respect to a given specification”. Whether the formal specification correctly describes the problem to be solved is a separate issue. It is also a difficult issue to address since it ultimately concerns the problem constructing abstracted formal representations of an informal concrete problem domain, and such an abstraction step is not amenable to formal proof. However, it is possible to validate a specification by proving “challenge” theorems concerning properties that the specification is expected to exhibit. If correct, these theorems reinforce the specifier's understanding of the specification and its relationship with the underlying problem domain. If not, the specification probably needs to be changed to better reflect the domain understanding of those involved with producing (and implementing) the specification.

Formal methods of software development are not widely used in industry. Most companies do not consider it cost-effective to apply them in their software development processes. This may be for a variety of reasons, some of which are:

 * Time
 * High initial start up cost with low measurable returns
 * Flexibility
 * A lot of software companies use agile methodologies that focus on flexibility. Doing a formal specification of the whole system up front is often perceived as being the opposite of flexible. However, there is some research into the benefits of using formal specifications with "agile" development
 * Complexity
 * They require a high level of mathematical expertise and the analytical skills to understand and apply them effectively
 * A solution to this would be to develop tools and models that allow for these techniques to be implemented but hide the underlying mathematics
 * Limited scope
 * They do not capture properties of interest for all stakeholders in the project
 * They do not do a good job of specifying user interfaces and user interaction
 * Not cost-effective
 * This is not entirely true, by limiting their use to only core parts of critical systems they have shown to be cost-effective

Other limitations:
 * Isolation
 * Low-level ontologies
 * Poor guidance
 * Poor separation of concerns
 * Poor tool feedback

Paradigms
Formal specification techniques have existed in various domains and on various scales for quite some time. Implementations of formal specifications will differ depending on what kind of system they are attempting to model, how they are applied and at what point in the software life cycle they have been introduced. These types of models can be categorized into the following specification paradigms:

 * History-based specification
 * behavior based on system histories
 * assertions are interpreted over time
 * State-based specification
 * behavior based on system states
 * series of sequential steps, (e.g. a financial transaction)
 * languages such as Z, VDM or B rely on this paradigm
 * Transition-based specification
 * behavior based on transitions from state-to-state of the system
 * best used with a reactive system
 * languages such as Statecharts, PROMELA, STeP-SPL, RSML or SCR rely on this paradigm
 * Functional specification
 * specify a system as a structure of mathematical functions
 * OBJ, ASL, PLUSS, LARCH, HOL or PVS rely on this paradigm
 * Operational Specification
 * early languages such as Paisley, GIST, Petri nets or process algebras rely on this paradigm

In addition to the above paradigms, there are ways to apply certain heuristics to help improve the creation of these specifications. The paper referenced here best discusses heuristics to use when designing a specification. They do so by applying a divide-and-conquer approach.

Software tools
The Z notation is an example of a leading formal specification language. Others include the Specification Language (VDM-SL) of the Vienna Development Method and the Abstract Machine Notation (AMN) of the B-Method. In the Web services area, formal specification is often used to describe non-functional properties (Web services quality of service).

Some tools are:
 * Algebraic
 * Larch
 * OBJ
 * Lotos
 * Model-based
 * Z
 * B
 * VDM
 * CSP
 * Petri Nets
 * TLA+

title: Formal specification


text: User talk:209.7.119.196

title: User talk:209.7.119.196


text:
Baccaurea

Baccaurea is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. The genus comprises 51 species, distributed from India to Indochina, southern China, Malesia, New Guinea, and the West Pacific. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. Many species contain edible fruits.

Species
51 species are accepted.
 * Baccaurea airyshawii Chakrab. & M.Gangop.
 * Baccaurea angulata Merr.
 * Baccaurea annamensis Gagnep.
 * Baccaurea bakeri Elmer ex Merr.
 * Baccaurea bracteata Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea brevipes Hook.f.
 * Baccaurea carinata Haegens
 * Baccaurea celebica Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Baccaurea costulata (Miq.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea courtallensis (Wight) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea dasystachya (Miq.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea deflexa Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea dolichobotrys Merr.
 * Baccaurea dulcis (Jack) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea edulis Merr.
 * Baccaurea henii Thìn
 * Baccaurea javanica (Blume) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea macrophylla (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea maingayi Hook.f.
 * Baccaurea malayana King ex Hook.f.
 * Baccaurea microcarpa (Airy Shaw) Haegens
 * Baccaurea minor Hook.f.
 * Baccaurea mollis Haegens
 * Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea multiflora Burck ex J.J.Sm.
 * Baccaurea nanihua Merr.
 * Baccaurea nesophila Airy Shaw
 * Baccaurea odoratissima Elmer
 * Baccaurea papuana F.M.Bailey
 * Baccaurea parviflora (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea philippinensis (Merr.) Merr.
 * Baccaurea polyneura Hook.f. (syn. Baccaurea hookeri Gage)
 * Baccaurea ptychopyxis Airy Shaw
 * Baccaurea pubera (Miq.) Müll.Arg. (syn. Baccaurea latifolia King ex Hook.f.)
 * Baccaurea purpurea Haegens
 * Baccaurea pyriformis Gage
 * Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.
 * Baccaurea reniformis Chakrab. & M.Gangop.
 * Baccaurea reticulata Hook.f.
 * Baccaurea sarawakensis Pax & K.Hoffm.
 * Baccaurea seemannii (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea simaloerensis Haegens
 * Baccaurea sumatrana (Miq.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea sylvestris Lour.
 * Baccaurea taitensis Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Müll.Arg.
 * Baccaurea trigonocarpa Merr.
 * Baccaurea velutina (Ridl.) Ridl.

title: Baccaurea


text:
Dunvant

Dunvant (Dyfnant) (Dyfn - deep; nant - stream or brook) is a suburban district and community (parish) in the City and County of Swansea, Wales, and falls within the Dunvant ward. It is situated in a valley some 4.5 miles west of Swansea city centre. The population as of the 2011 census was 4,383. It adjoins the area of Killay.

History
Dunvant started out as a small village based around the coal industry. The area between Dunvant and Gowerton was once quite heavily industrialised. with four nearby collieries Killan, Bishwell, Bryn Mawr and Dunvant. Bishwell and Bryn Mawr to the south of Gowerton were short-lived and closed in the 1870s. However, the collieries in Dunvant have a longer history. Dunvant closed again in 1914. Killan ceased operations in 1925 following the disaster of 1924 in which five men were killed. At its peak it employed 900 men. Other industry included the Penlan (Dunvant) Brickworks and Quarry which although long since derelict is now an area of conservation and ecological diversity.

Development of this part of the South Wales Coalfield was due to the proximity of the Central Wales Line, which first opened to passengers in 1867 taking people from Swansea Victoria station via Blackpill through to Gowerton and beyond. At its peak, the railway carried up to 80 trains a day including express trains to Shrewsbury. Houses in the area sprung up in the form of ribbon development along the roads leading to the area in the early 1920s and 1930s. However, it was in the 1960s that larger housing estates appeared, creating the sub-urban area forming Dunvant today.

Governance
Dunvant had its own community council, until it was dissolved in 2006.

Until 2022 Dunvant was an electoral ward to Swansea Council. Effective from the 2022 local elections it was merged with neighbouring Killay North and Killay South to become 'Dunvant and Killay', electing three county councillors.

Education
Dunvant has two Primary Schools, Pen-y-Fro Primary situated on Priors Crescent (previously named Dyfnant Primary) and Dunvant School. Dunvant School opened to primary and secondary pupils in 1877 under the headship of Mr John Roach. The school replaced an earlier school in Killay. As the school expanded, the original buildings were insufficient and a number of temporary buildings were provided. The infants school originally operated from a corrugated iron building known as the Tin Shack until a new building was built in 1966 to the north of the junior school. The Tin Shack survived as part of the junior school until it was demolished in the mid 1980s.

In 1969, the new Olchfa School opened and many of the staff and older pupils transferred to the new school, with buildings belonging to the Dunvant Secondary School being transferred to the junior school.

Even with the new infants school and secondary school, accommodation at Dunvant became overcrowded due to the continued expansion of the large housing estates at Derlwyn and Broadmead. The overcrowding was alleviated in 1976 by the opening of the new Hendrefoilan Primary School in Killay.

In 2006, Dunvant Infant and Dunvant Junior Schools merged to form Dunvant Primary School. Many of the temporary buildings on the junior school site have now been removed, and a programme of building works is under way to bring the remaining buildings up to a modern standard.

Sport and leisure
Rugby union club Dunvant RFC is based in the village.

Dunvant Male Choir is the longest-running male voice choir in Wales, having been founded in 1895.

The Clyne Valley Cycle Track part of National Cycle Network Route 4 runs through this village.

Notable residents

 * Sir Granville Beynon (1914-1996), physicist.
 * John Ormond (1923–90), poet and film-maker.
 * Heather Nicholson (1967- ), animal rights activist
 * Ceri Richards (1903-1971), artist, acknowledged as Wales' most important artist of the mid-twentieth century, went to Dunvant infants and junior school.
 * David John Thomas (1879-1925), Wales international rugby player

Churches in Dunvant

 * St Martin's
 * Ebenezer
 * St. Joachim and St. Anne Catholic Church
 * Dunvant Gospel Hall

title: Dunvant


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User:Lijil

Currently working on

 * Wikipedia:WikProject Electronic literature
 * And over at Wikidata I'm working with colleagues at the Center for Digital Narrative on Wikidata:WikiProject Digital Narratives where our goal is to connect data in the ELMCIP Electronic Literature Knowledge Base to Wikidata.

Writing better articles

 * Nominating and reviewing articles for GA review (Good Article review) is a great way to improve Wikipedia! Here is a Cheatsheet for GA reviews
 * Article quality assessment criteria and importance

Saving time on boring tasks

 * User scripts
 * Citehighlighter - this highlights the references in an article so you can see how solid they are. Doesn't recognise indie, peer reviewed scholarly journals so don't trust absolutely.

Templates for writing articles
It can be easier to start a new article from a template. Will add to this list.
 * Work of electronic literature - Wikidata infobox is useful - should perhaps develop this into e-lit infobox template?
 * Academic bio (adapted from User:DrThneed)
 * General template for a biography

Templates that do cool stuff
Going to add stuff here.

 * Visualisations of characteristics of articles created by Wikipedians using Wikidata properties. (URL)

Tools for managing WikiProjects
I am learning how to set up a WikiProject over at Wikipedia:WikProject Electronic literature. Here are some tools I have liked:

Generate lists from Wikidata
WikiProject Electronic literature/Electronic literature works that won the New Media Writing Prize

Setting up a template for a new project
You can view (and edit) the source at Template:WikiProject Electronic literature.

2024

 * Archival-Poetics (poetry collection by Natalie Harkin)
 * Margo Selby (British textile artist)

title: User:Lijil


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Ashy-throated parrotbill

The ashy-throated parrotbill (Suthora alphonsiana) is a parrotbill. In old sources, it may be called Alphonse's crow-tit; though superficially resembling a tit it is not a member of the Paridae. The native range of this species extends from south-west China to northern Vietnam, and it might have become naturalised in one area in Italy.

Description and systematics
This is a medium-sized tawny-coloured parrotbill with the large bill typical of these birds. The specific epithet commemorates the French ornithologist Alphonse Milne-Edwards.

Formerly placed with the typical warblers (Sylvia) in the Sylviidae, the Old World babblers in the Timaliidae, or the tits and chickadees in the Paridae, they are now thought to belong to a distinct parrotbill family Paradoxornithidae.

They might be less close to the great parrotbill (Conostoma oemodium) than to Chrysomma, or to the fulvettas (Fulvetta) which were often included in the wastebin genus Alcippe. Another relative might be the wrentit (Chamaea fasciata), the only known American member of the Paradoxornithidae in the modern circumscription. The former two, and occasionally also the wrentit, were traditionally considered typical warblers or Old World babblers.

Together with the other lineages of parrotbills, these and the golden-breasted fulvetta (Lioparus chrysotis) and species in the genus Rhopophilus form an Asian counterpart to the westward radiation of the typical warblers. Rather than two genera – Paradoxornis and the monotypic Conostoma – the parrotbills are better considered several independent lineages which show pronounced convergent evolution, due to adaptation to reedbed habitat and a more granivorous diet than their skulking warbler-like ancestor. In this case, the ashy-throated parrotbill would probably be assigned to genus Sinoparadoxornis.

Possible naturalisation in Italy
A population of parrotbills was first discovered in northern Italy in 1995, at the Riserva naturale Palude Brabbia (Brabbia Swamp Nature Reserve), between Cazzago Brabbia on Lago di Varese and Varano Borghi on Lago di Comabbio. In March 1998, 21 individuals were captured and photographed, and provisionally identified as ashy-throated parrotbills. It is not entirely clear, however, whether the birds are indeed S. alphonsiana, its close relative the S. webbiana (vinous-throated parrotbill), both species, or even hybrids between them (as are known from their natural range). While they do not seem to be brown-winged parrotbills (S. brunnea, another close relative), certain identification to species may be impossible without analysis of both nDNA and mtDNA sequence data.

The population is believed to originate from birds escaping from a nearby bird-trader. By 1999, the number of birds in the swamp had grown to at least a hundred individuals; in December 1998, the parrotbills were also observed in two localities on the Lago di Varese. By the early 21st century, the birds are well-established as resident breeders. They are the only self-sustaining parrotbill population found in Europe, as it was discovered that the bearded reedling (Panurus biarmicus) – long believed to be an aberrant parrotbill – is actually a distinct lineage with no known relatives among the Passerida.

Ecology
Contrary to their western Eurasian relatives (the typical warblers), these East Asian birds are small omnivores adapted to living in reed beds. In its native range, the ashy-throated parrotbill inhabits bamboo stands and areas with tall grasses. The parrotbills in Brabbia Swamp Nature Reserve inhabit common reed (Phragmites australis) beds and drier land overgrown with meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), grey willow (Salix cinerea) and giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea).

It feeds on arthropods, seeds and buds; in winter, the Italian birds seem to sustain themselves on insects that hibernate in reed stalks. As in its relatives in (sub)genus Sinoparadoxornis, its eggs are small by parrotbill standards, whitish- to light-blue and unspotted.

This bird will disappear if wetlands are drained, but its range is considerable and much of its habitat is remote and little accessed. It is thus considered a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN.

title: Ashy-throated parrotbill


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Talk:British Medical Association

Criticism
Could we see a section added entitled "Criticism" examining the various conflicts that have arisen between the BMA's function as a trade union serving doctors' interests versus its regulatory function protecting patients/disciplining doctors.

The BMA has no regulatory function - that is the General Medical Council which is quite separate

Foundation
The BMA website says: "An outline history of the British Medical Association

The British Medical Association (BMA) was founded by Sir Charles Hastings (1794-1866) at a meeting in the Board Room of Worcester Infirmary on 19th July 1832. 50 doctors were present to hear Hastings propose the inauguration of an Association both friendly and scientific.

Called the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association (PMSA) until 1856, the Association's objectives were to promote the medical and allied sciences and to maintain the honour and interests of the medical profession - aims which remain the same today. The Association was registered as a company limited by guarantee in 1874 and became listed as a Trade Union under the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974."

The WP article appears to place doubt on this statement.

Who is right, please? === Vernon White (talk)  23:06, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I've decided to go with the BMA, I've editted the page accordingly and added the reference. However, if anyone has reliable references to back them up, I'd be happy to see the other gentlemen reinstated. GyroMagician (talk) 16:12, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

About BMA membership
This section reads rather like an advertisement for the BMA. Does it add anything that should appear in an encyclopaedic article, or should we delete it? GyroMagician (talk) 11:14, 2 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Replying to myself, I also wonder if the YouTube and Twitter entries are notable? GyroMagician (talk) 11:33, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

Staff who lead the British Medical Association
I have just looked at the BMA website, where one can see that, at the time of typing (2009-2010), Averil Mansfield is current president of the BMA and Hamish Meldrum is Chair of the Council. This information could go here. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 23:24, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130525085528/http://bma.org.uk/about-the-bma/how-we-work/negotiating-committees/armed-forces-committee to http://bma.org.uk/about-the-bma/how-we-work/negotiating-committees/armed-forces-committee

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Primary and unsourced content and trade union/profesional organisation
This article has too much unsourced content and far too much primary sourced content. Te unsourced content must be removed in line with Wikipedia guidelines and the use of primary sources must only be done in a way where the information is unable to be included in another way and the information has value and relevancy for the article. The organisation is a trade union pure and simple and hiding this fact or mixing this fact with professional body is diluting the fact it is a trade union. the BMA is a trade union and must be called that. it can call itself whatever it wants, it does not make it so. the fact is, it is a trade union, and that is not in dispute. Sparkle1 (talk) 17:06, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

 * In this article the BMA is described as a professional organisation, but recently a user wanted to change the description of the BMA and other medical associations to that of a trade union. In media, generally they are not described as such, and although sources can be found to support the trade union argument, they are not mainstream, so it seems to be creating a slight bias in the article where one did not previously exist. My view is that we should stay with the status quo unless there's strong evidence to do otherwise. But we should at least have a discussion about this in order to get some wider consensus on the matter. I've reverted the changes because they were done without consensus, and this is something we don't have at present. So, should we continue to describe the BMA as a professional organisation or change it to a trade union? It's over to you. This is Paul (talk) 18:17, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

 * The BMA is a Trade union and is on the UK government list of trade unions plain and simple this is a trade union. Stop trying to deny the fact that reliable sources state this is a trade union and stop trying to add the claim of a professional body. The BMA can call themself this and that's fine but that is a distraction from their purpose and their purpose is to be a trade union. The article is horrific. It is mainly primary sources and this is not good. I have added non-primary sources and these have been dismissed by This is Paul as unreliable. This is purely This is Paul pushing their POV on the sources because they dislike them This is paul also restores enormous chunks of information which has no source and is acting as the gatekeeper for the content of this article. Sparkle1 (talk) 18:51, 14 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The BMA is described as a professional organisation by several sources, including The Glasgow Herald, The Independent and The Guardian (see here) so it has nothing to do with whether or not I dislike your changes, the sources you used, etc. At least one of the sources you added failed to open for me, but that could be a software issue at my end You are right that the article is horrific, but don't make it worse. This is Paul (talk) 19:10, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:British Medical Association


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Sleep of the Angels

Sleep of the Angels is the fifth full-length album by Greek extreme metal band Rotting Christ. Like previous releases A Dead Poem and Triarchy of the Lost Lovers, the band refined their direction to a slower style with more emphasis on atmosphere and melodicism than brutality. Despite mixed critical consensus of the album, it would be supported during the band's first-ever tour in the United States.

Track listing
All songs written by Sakis Tolis.
 * 1) "Cold Colours" – 3:36
 * 2) "After Dark I Feel" – 4:31
 * 3) "Victoriatus" – 4:01
 * 4) "Der Perfekte Traum" – 4:28
 * 5) "You My Flesh" – 4:35
 * 6) "The World Made End" – 3:00
 * 7) "Sleep the Sleep of Angels" – 4:35
 * 8) "Delusions" – 3:35
 * 9) "Imaginary Zone" – 3:45
 * 10) "Thine Is the Kingdom" – 5:00
 * 11) "Moonlight [US Edition bonus track]" – 4:17

title: Sleep of the Angels


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Newton, Swansea

Newton is a village (and former electoral ward) in the city of and County of Swansea, Wales. The village is located near the Mumbles just inland and uphill from Swansea Bay. The Newton ward was a part of the Mumbles community.

The sandy beaches of Langland Bay and Caswell Bay are located to the far south of the area.

Governance
The Newton electoral ward consisted of the Caswell, Langland and Newton localities in the parliamentary constituency of Gower. The ward was bounded by the wards of Bishopston to the west; West Cross to the north; Oystermouth to the east; and the Bristol Channel to the south. Total population at the 2001 census was 3,150 of whom 73.7% were born in Wales.

The ward was represented by Councillor William Thomas of the Conservatives between May 2017 and May 2022.

Following a ward boundary review, the Oystermouth and Newton wards were combined to create a new ward of Mumbles, represented by three county councillors.

title: Newton, Swansea


text: Category:Metro-North Railroad stations

title: Category:Metro-North Railroad stations


text:
Comptroller General of Convicts (Western Australia)

The Comptroller General of Convicts was the head of the convict establishment in Western Australia.

The office existed from 1850, when Western Australia first became a penal colony, until 1872, four years after penal transportation to Western Australia had ceased.

History
Western Australia's first Comptroller General of Convicts, Edmund Henderson, arrived in the colony with the first convicts on board the Scindian in June 1850. He was described as "a kindly and just man, moderate and understanding, opposed to the harsher forms of discipline." Respected by both colonists and convicts, Henderson administered Western Australia's convict establishment for thirteen years; Battye writes that "its success was no doubt due to his wisdom and tact."

After Henderson's resignation in 1863, William Newland was appointed his successor. Newland's arrival closely followed the arrival of Governor John Hampton. Hampton had previously been Comptroller General of Convicts in Van Diemen's Land, and assumed far more direct control of Western Australia's convict establishment than had his predecessors. Newland and Hampton constantly disagreed with each other, and Hampton complained to the Secretary of State for the Colonies that Newland was incompetent. Newland was eventually removed in 1866.

While awaiting a successor to the position, Governor Hampton appointed his son, George Hampton, to act in the position. George Hampton had no particular qualifications for the position, and already held a number of salaried posts. This "unusually blatant act of nepotism" was extremely unpopular within the colony, both Hamptons thereafter being figures of public hostility and ridicule. Governor Hampton lobbied for his son to be confirmed in the position, but was unsuccessful.

Under George Hampton, convict discipline became extremely strict. Solitary confinement was re-introduced, and convicts were flogged for serious offences. Escape attempts increased markedly, and there were even attempts by convicts to kill George Hampton.

Henry Wakeford was appointed Comptroller General of Convicts in 1867, and the following year Governor Hampton's term ended. Wakeford reduced the size of the chain gangs and the number of floggings, and the system returned to what it had been under Henderson.

Transportation to Western Australia ceased in 1868. In the following years, the number of convicts slowly diminished, and the convict establishment was gradually wound up. In 1872 the office of Comptroller General of Convicts was abolished, and Wakeford was transferred to the Colonial Office. A temporary position of Acting Comptroller General was then created.


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Pierardia

Pierardia can be either of the two following genera:
 * Pierardia Raf., the junior homonym, now a synonym of the orchid genus Dendrobium
 * Pierardia Roxb. ex Jack, the senior homonym, now a synonym of the genus Baccaurea of the family Phyllanthaceae

title: Pierardia