text:
Lim Yo-hwan

Lim Yo-hwan (, born September 4, 1980), known online as SlayerS_'BoxeR' (usually shortened to BoxeR), is a former professional player of the real-time strategy computer game StarCraft. He is often referred to as The Terran Emperor, or simply The Emperor, and is widely considered to be one of the most successful players of the genre as well as a pop culture icon.

Lim won his first StarCraft: Brood War tournament in 1999. From 2001 to 2002, he won multiple major championships, including two OnGameNet Starleague titles and two World Cyber Games gold medals. In 2002, he also created the team Team Orion, which later became SK Telecom T1 (SKT T1) in 2004. He began his compulsory military service in 2006, where he played on South Korea's newly formed Air Force esports team Airforce Challenge E-sports. In late 2010, he retired from StarCraft: Brood War and founded the StarCraft II team SlayerS. He then briefly returned to SKT T1 as a coach in 2012 before retiring due to health related issues. Lim finished his playing career with a record of 603 wins and 430 losses (58.4%).

Following his retirement from esports, Lim became a professional poker player. He won his first Asian Poker Tour (APT) title in September 2018 and his second in January 2019.

Early career (1998–2000)
In 1998, during his third year at Seongbo High School in Seoul, South Korea, Lim developed a passion for the video game StarCraft. Initially playing as the Protoss race, he later switched to the Terran race following a game patch implementation.

After the release of the StarCraft expansion, StarCraft: Brood War, Lim attempted to create a guild called Slayer. However, facing difficulties in establishing it, he adopted the Battle.net ID SlayerS_'BoxeR' instead. As he achieved high rankings on Battle.net, his ID gained widespread recognition. It was during this time, in August 1999, that Kim Yang-joong, the president of management company Sinabro, approached Lim while he was playing at a PC Bang. Kim offered him the opportunity to become a professional gamer. After accepting the offer, Lim had to seek his parents' approval, as pursuing a career in video gaming was an unconventional choice at the time. After considerable effort, Lim convinced his parents, allowing him to sign with Sinabro. In December 1999, Lim secured his first tournament victory at the SBS Multi-Game Championship. Almost a year later, in October 2000, he joined team IS, which later became known as Hwaseung OZ.

The first bonjwa (2001–2003)
The term "Royal Road" is used to describe a player's achievement of winning an OnGameNet Starleague (OSL) title in their rookie season. Despite the perceived weakness of the Terran race, Lim defied expectations and walked the Royal Road in the 2001 Hanbitsoft OSL. He advanced to the semifinals, where he faced and defeated Park "Kingdom" Yong-wook with a score of 2–1. In the grand finals, he went on to defeat Jang "JinNam" Jin-nam with a score of 3–0, becoming only the third player to walk the Royal Road. Throughout the tournament, Lim won 11 games and lost only one. His success proved that the Terran race was a viable option in StarCraft, earning him the nickname "The Hope of Terran". Lim continued his winning streak by securing the championship in the subsequent OSL, the 2001 Coca-Cola OSL. In the finals, he faced Hong "Storm" Jin-Ho, defeating him with a score of 3–2. Lim's achievements extended beyond OSL titles. He also won a gold medal at the World Cyber Games 2001, where he emerged victorious against Bertrand "ElkY" Grospellier. Additionally, he finished as the runner-up in the 2001 SKY OSL, losing to Kim "Garimto" Dong-soo in the finals.

In April 2002, Lim secured another championship title at the 2002 KPGA 1st Tour.2002 KPGA 1st Tour. However, his performance in the first OSL event of the year, the 2002 NATE OSL, was not as successful as he was eliminated in the round of 16. In the subsequent OSL, the 2002 SKY OSL, he reached the finals but suffered a loss to Park "Reach" Jeong-seok, ultimately finishing in second place. At the end of the year, Lim added another achievement to his list by winning his second consecutive gold medal at the World Cyber Games 2002. Due to his performances and consistent victories between 2000 and 2002, Lim became recognized as StarCraft first "bonjwa", a player who dominates all others for an extended period. It was around this time that he also earned the nickname "The Terran Emperor."

In January 2003, Lim secured another championship victory at the 2003 KTF Bigi Four Kings Battle. He faced off against Lee "NaDa" Yoon-yeol in the finals, emerging as the winner with a score of 2–1.

After his previous team, IS, disbanded, and with the Orion Group sponsoring him individually, Lim found himself without a team during the WCG 2002. In anticipation of the formation of the new professional StarCraft Proleague in 2003, Lim, along with manager Joo Hoon, established the team Orion in November 2002. Entering the KTF EVER Cup Proleague in March 2003, Orion was not initially expected to perform well and was often referred to as "Lim Yo-hwan's one-man team". The team faced personnel challenges at the start of the regular season, as two of their members were amateurs. However, midway through the season, they acquired two more players and finished the regular season in second place. On September 30, 2003, Orion became the Proleague champions by defeating Hanbit Stars in the finals with a score of 4–1.

Following their Proleague championship, the Orion Group made a decision not to re-sign any of their players and instead offered to sponsor Lim individually. However, Lim declined the individual sponsorship, as he believed that a team sponsorship held more value. As a result, he decided to rename the team to 4U. The 4U team continued to achieve success and went on to win another Proleague, the LG IBM MBC Team League. In April 2004, the South Korean wireless carrier SK Telecom acquired the team with a substantial investment of $2million. This acquisition resulted in the official creation of the team known as SK Telecom T1.

Decline and military (2004–2010)
As the years went by, Lim's win rate experienced a gradual decline. In 2001, his win rate stood at 73%. However, it dropped to 61% in 2002, followed by further declines to 55% in 2003 and 54% in 2004. During this period, Lim's status as a "bonjwa" started to fade as newer and younger players emerged in the competitive scene. Despite this, he still managed to achieve high placements in some premier tournaments. In 2004, Lim reached the finals of the EVER OSL, where he faced his teammate Choi "Cheater Terran" Yeon-sung (who was later known as iloveoov). However, he ultimately lost the match by a score of three to two. In 2005, Lim finished as the runner-up in the So1 OSL after a defeat in the finals against Oh "Anytime" Yeong-jong. Notably, Lim became the oldest person to reach the finals of an individual league. During that year, his contract with SK Telecom T1 was valued at $200,000, making it the largest esports contract in history at the time. In 2005 and 2006, Lim's win rates were recorded as 58% and 56%, respectively.

In October 2006, Lim began his mandatory military service in South Korea, joining the Republic of Korea Air Force. This service lasted for a period of 27 months. On April 1, 2007, the Air Force announced the creation of its own esports team, known as Airforce Challenge E-sports (ACE). Lim joined this team along with other former professional gamers, including his SK Telecom T1 teammate Sung "MuMyung" Hak-seung. The team's participation commenced with the 2007 season of the Proleague championship. During his time with the Airforce Challenge E-sports team, Lim achieved a total of 24 wins and 38 losses.

After completing his military service on December 21, 2008, Lim returned to his team, SK Telecom T1, as his contract with them was still in effect until 2010. His first match back with the team took place on January 17, 2009, in a match against ACE's Oh "Anytime" Yeong-jong in the Shinhan Bank Winners League, which was part of the 2008-09 Shinhan Bank Proleague. Although Lim lost that match, SK Telecom T1 went on to win the 2008-09 Shinhan Bank Proleague. It wasn't until October 25, 2009, that Lim secured his first win since returning from the Air Force. In a match against Hwaseung OZ's Park "Killer" Joon-oh in the 2009-10 Shinhan Bank Proleague, Lim emerged victorious. This win was significant as it made him both the first former Air Force player and the first player in his 30s to win a match in the Proleague.

StarCraft II (2010–2012)
Lim's contract with SK Telecom T1 expired on August 31, 2010. He made an announcement on October 9, 2010, stating his decision to switch to playing StarCraft II professionally. He planned to begin his professional career in StarCraft II by participating in the Global StarCraft II League (GSL) open tournament. During the GSL open tournament, Lim managed to reach the quarterfinals of the main event. In that stage, he faced Lee "NaDa" Yoon-yeol, who was regarded as one of the greatest players of all time and someone Lim had never defeated in a major event. The match between them, which marked Lim's first televised match in years, attracted millions of viewers and briefly crashed the internet in Korea due to its high viewership. Lim emerged victorious in this match. Subsequently, he faced Lim "NesTea" Jae-duk in the semifinals but was unable to secure a win, finishing the event in the top four. After experiencing difficulties playing without a team, Lim announced on November 9, 2010, that he would be forming a new StarCraft II team called SlayerS.

In March 2011, Lim was relegated from Code S, the highest ranked division in the Global StarCraft II League, to Code A. He subsequently, along with many other Korean players, applied to join the upcoming North American Star League (NASL). Following, Lim shifted his focus from competing in individual events to the Global StarCraft II Team League (GSTL). Under the banner of the SlayerS team, Lim and his teammates achieved success by winning both the March and May 2011 GSTL championships.

Lim received an invitation to compete at the 2011 Major League Gaming (MLG) event in Columbus, Ohio. However, he was dealing with tendonitis in his shoulder, an injury typically seen in individuals twice his age. Due to his condition, Lim decided to give his invitation to his teammate Moon "MMA" Sung-won. Ultimately, MMA went on to win the event. In July 2011, Lim participated in the MLG Pro Circuit in Anaheim. During the group stage of the event, Lim performed well, remaining undefeated and advancing to the double-elimination tournament stage. In the upper bracket semifinals, he defeated Park "Rain" Seo-yong, securing a place in the upper bracket final against Jeong "Mvp" Jong-hyeon, a two-time GSL champion. Lim lost to Mvp in the upper bracket final and was subsequently sent to the lower bracket final. In the lower bracket final, Lim faced his teammate MMA. While he lost the first game of the match, he managed to win the second game, equalizing the series. However, MMA emerged victorious in the third match, leading Lim to finish the event in third place.

Coaching (2012–2013)
In April 2012, it was reported that Lim would be taking a break from professional play in order to undergo physical therapy. He had been experiencing shoulder pain for over a year, which limited his ability to play more than five games a day. In addition, he mentioned dealing with multiple injuries, including spinal pain, inflammation, and pain in his wrists, waist, neck, and other areas. Starting from May 1, 2012, Lim's shoulder injury prevented him from participating in competitive matches. As a result, he forfeited his GSL matches and withdrew from competition.

On August 16, 2012, SK Telecom T1 announced that Lim had joined the team as a coach, signing a one-year contract. After serving as a coach for eight months, Lim was promoted to the position of head coach on April 3, 2013. However, Lim made the decision to retire from professional esports entirely on September 26, 2013, citing health complications.

Player profile
During this early time in his career he innovated heavily, creating many new strategies that saw much use afterward, most notably making much more effective use of the Terran Dropship unit than had previously been achieved. He also gained a reputation for being able to turn around matches against the odds and having excellent micromanagement (unit control) skills. He would often continue the game despite heavy disadvantages yet still pull out a victory. In contrast, some commentators consider poor macromanagement (economy/unit production) skills his weakness, in comparison to other top-level professional StarCraft players.

BoxeR is most renowned for his creativity; often building proxy barracks. In many games, he has gone for quick attacks ("rushes") or special ops units ("ghosts") which make the games extremely entertaining. He is very well respected in StarCraft both in Korea and abroad.

Legacy
Lim was integral in popularizing StarCraft and esports around the world in the 2000s, becoming a pop culture icon. In 2003, the Korean executive branch named Lim a "cultural celebrity" in its annual report on the culture industry. PGR21.com's Seiji wrote:

"In the NBA, Michael Jordan was but one athlete, but had the influencing power beyond that of a mere basketball player. 'It is safe to say that because of his presence, the NBA grew rapidly and basketball was no longer the American game, but an international sport. Would it be an overstatement if one were to say that Lim Yo Hwan has a value like Michael Jordan? The greatest significance Lim Yo Hwan has towards e-sports is that he has transformed it from a festival of mere maniacs to a mainstream culture that is now broadcasted [sic] by the media. His value can be seen as he raised the understanding of what was once considered as a mere childish game to the dignified acceptance by all as part of the mainstream culture."

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation also wrote that Lim was "the most prominent gamer on the planet for any computer game that's ever existed."

Throughout his playing career, Lim recorded a total of 603 wins and 430 losses, with a win rate of 58.4%, in 1033 matches.

Awards and honors
Source: Source:
 * Individual titles
 * 1999 SBS Multi-Game Championship
 * 2000 Samsung Digital Cup KIGL King of Kings
 * 2000 M.police Game League
 * 2000 Korea.cnet Game Tournament
 * 2001 World Cyber Games
 * 2001 Coca-Cola Ongamenet Starleague
 * 2001 Hanbitsoft Ongamenet Starleague
 * 2001 3rd Game-Q Starleague
 * 2001 Zzgame.com Progamer 32 Invitational
 * 2002 World Cyber Games
 * 2002 KPGA 1st Tour
 * 2003 KTF Bigi 4 Kings
 * 2003 Toona BIG 4 SPECIAL
 * 2004 KT Megapass Nespot Premierleauge
 * Team titles
 * 2003 KTF EVER Cup (Orion)
 * 2003–04 LG IBM MBC Team League (Orion)
 * 2004 Tucsan MBCGame Team League (SK Telecom T1)
 * 2005 SKY Proleague Season One (SK Telecom T1)
 * 2005 SKY Proleague Season Two (SK Telecom T1)
 * 2005 SKY Proleague Grand Final (SK Telecom T1)
 * 2006 SKY Proleague Season One (SK Telecom T1)
 * 2008–09 Shinhan Bank Proleague (SK Telecom T1)
 * 2011 GSTL March (SlayerS)
 * 2011 GSTL May (SlayerS)
 * Records
 * Most wins on televised matches (500)
 * First player to win more than one OSL (Hanbitsoft 2001, Coca-Cola 2001), and the first to win two consecutive OSLs
 * First player to make the OSL finals three times in a row
 * First player to achieve 100 wins in Ongamenet Starleagues (OSL)
 * Longest time to hold first place in KeSPA rankings – 17 months

 * Halls of Fame
 * Korea Esports Hall of Fame – Class of 2018
 * Esports Hall of Fame StarCraft: Brood War – Class of 2012
 * ESL Hall of Fame – Class of 2019

 * Media
 * Named ESReality "Greatest Gamer of All Time"
 * Named one of MTV "Top 10 Most Influential Gamers of All Time"
 * Esports Awards Lifetime Achievement Award – 2020

Poker
In December 2013, Lim embarked on a new career path as a professional poker player after signing with Me2on. His first notable tournament appearance was at the Macau Poker Cup in January 2014. Despite being relatively new to the poker scene, he reached the final table and finished in eighth place out of 235 participants. Over the years, Lim continued to compete in various poker tournaments. In 2016, he secured his first tournament title at the Asian Poker Tour (APT) Kickoff Manila. Later that year, he added another title to his name by winning the APT Macau.

In September 2018, Lim achieved a significant milestone in his poker career by winning the APT Philippines Championships II event. In the final heads-up battle, he successfully eliminated Si Yang Phua to claim the championship title. This victory marked his first-ever APT championship win and earned him a substantial prize money of approximately US$0. The following year, he continued his success in the APT series by securing his second APT Championship title at the 2019 APT Vietnam Kickoff series in January. In heads up against Slaven Popov, who held a two-to-one chip lead, Lim emerged victorious. The final hand saw him clinching the win with a nut flush on the board. The victory brought him a prize of $87,946, his largest live cash earnings to date, and it also propelled him to the 10th position on South Korea's all-time money list.

At the 2020 APT Kick-Off Vietnam, Lim achieved another milestone in his poker career by winning his first-ever APT Super High Rollers title. He earned a prize of approximately $32,200. By January 2023, Lim's live earnings from poker tournaments had surpassed $714,265.

Show matches
On November 6, 2015, Lim participated in a two-versus-two exhibition show match in StarCraft at BlizzCon 2015. On February 20, 2016, Lim took part in the KT GiGA Legends Match, a show match that included three other prominent StarCraft players: Guillaume "Grrrr..." Patry, Lee "NaDa" Yoon-yeol, and Hong "YellOw" Jin-ho. Lim finished in third place at the event. Another show match involving Lim took place on February 22, 2022, called "Again Lim Jin-rok". It was a best-of-five series against YellOw. Lim emerged victorious with a score of three to two. The event garnered significant viewership, with over 210,000 viewers tuning in.

Personal life
Lim was born on September 4, 1980. In his youth, he was passionate about soccer and spent much of his time playing the sport. He enrolled at Wonkwang University in 2002 and graduated in 2006 with a bachelor's degree in game science. Following his undergraduate studies, he pursued a graduate degree at Sangmyung University Graduate School of Digital Media.

During the 2008 Paralympic Games held in Beijing, Lim met South Korean actress and media personality Kim Ga-yeon. They began dating, and their relationship was publicly revealed in April 2010. In 2011, Lim and Kim filed for marriage without holding a ceremony. Their first child, a daughter, was born on August 1, 2015. Although they had married five years earlier, they held a wedding ceremony on May 6, 2016.

Endorsements
Lim has enjoyed sponsorship deals with various companies throughout his career, including LG and Intel. In 2011, he became an Intel spokesman and appeared in the Visual Life commercial series alongside Girls' Generation (SNSD). The commercial featured a Terran vs. Zerg (TvZ) match between him and Girls' Generation member Im Yoona. The scene was set in the top-floor cafeteria of the SM Entertainment office in Chungdamdong to promote the gaming capabilities of Intel computers. During the commercial shoot, Lim and Im exchanged autographs, with Im signing Lim's keyboard. However, the commercial was eventually pulled from Korean TV when Intel executives discovered that the gameplay footage was a replay of one of Lim's earlier televised matches.

Film and television
Lim has made several appearances in various television programs and films. In 2001, he appeared on an episode of KBS's Morning Yard, and in 2006, he was featured in a KBS Power Interview. He has also participated in entertainment programs such as Let's Go! Dream Team Season 2 and Brain Survivor. He has also served as a presenter at award shows, including the Seoul Music Awards in 2004 and the Melon Music Awards in 2009. Lim has showcased his acting skills in the 2002 film Can't Live Without Robbery and the KBS soap opera This is Love (TV series). Additionally, he made a special guest appearance on Saturday Night Live Korea in November 2013. In 2014, Lim was a cast member of The Genius: Rule Breaker. In 2022, he participated as a contestant on the web show Accomplices.

Books
Lim has authored several books focusing on his life and StarCraft.
 * Lim Yo-hwan's Dropship (Minu Communications, 2001).
 * (Try and Be) As Crazy As Me (2004).

title: Lim Yo-hwan


text:
User talk:Hooverhooter

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Redwolf24 02:35, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Hooverhooter


text:
One Hundred and Two River

The One Hundred and Two River is a tributary of the Platte River of Missouri in northwestern Missouri in the United States. It flows from source tributaries in southwestern Iowa about 80 mi to the Platte. Via the Platte, it is part of the watershed of the Missouri River. Much of the river's course has been straightened and channelized.

According to the Geographic Names Information System, it is also known as the Hundred and Two River, and MoDOT uses 102 River.

According to the National Atlas, the river begins northwest of Hopkins, at the confluence of the East Fork One Hundred and Two River and the Middle Fork One Hundred and Two River. It is joined southwest of Hopkins by the West Fork One Hundred and Two River. All three of the forks originate in Iowa. At Bolckow, the river has a mean annual discharge of 605 cuft per second.

Origin of name
The beginning point of the Sullivan Line (the Missouri-Iowa border) is near Sheridan, Missouri, and is exactly 100 miles north of the confluence of the Missouri River and Kansas River (north of Kaw Point in Kansas City, Missouri). From that point, the Sullivan Line was surveyed east to the Des Moines River in 1816, and it was extended west in 1836 during the Platte Purchase, when Native American territory was purchased by the federal government and annexed to Missouri. The Sullivan Line was used as the starting point for surveys in western Missouri, and the Missouri portion of the One Hundred and Two River is situated entirely within the Platte Purchase area. The three forks of the river cross the western extension of the Sullivan Line at points between 101 and 102 miles north of the Kansas-Missouri confluence.

Through the years, writers have speculated on etymologies other than the Sullivan Line coordinates:

 * Author Homer Croy who chronicled life in Nodaway County speculated that it had something to do with Mormon Trail migration of 1847 in which the river was 102 miles from its previous camp. These coordinates do not fit the coordinates for Mount Pisgah (Iowa) which is less than 100 miles from the river although they would be close in relation to the distance from Hopkins to Kanesville, Iowa which was the outfitting point for the Mormon Trail.  Another version of this story says that Brigham Young told his followers that the river was the 102nd they had crossed since leaving Nauvoo.
 * Robert L. Ramsay who wrote etymologies for the names of many place names in Missouri speculated it was English translation for the earlier French name Rivière Cent Deux, this in turn being a corruption of the Osage Çondse, meaning 'Upland Forest' (however the traditional area of Osage control was well south of the 102 River).

Headwaters and course
The three forks of the river rise in Iowa:

 * The West Fork One Hundred and Two River rises near Corning in Adams County and flows generally southwardly through Taylor County, collecting streams known as the West and Middle Branches of the One Hundred and Two River.
 * The Middle Fork One Hundred and Two River rises near Sharpsburg in Taylor County, and flows generally south-southwestardly, past the town of Gravity.
 * The East Fork One Hundred and Two River rises near Lenox in Taylor County and flows generally southwestwardly, past the towns of Conway and Bedford.

Each of the forks enters Nodaway County, Missouri, from Taylor County, Iowa, and converge near the town of Hopkins. From this confluence the One Hundred and Two River flows generally southwardly, through Nodaway, Andrew and Buchanan Counties, past the towns of Arkoe, Barnard, Maryville, and Rosendale, in a heavily channelized streambed. It joins the Platte River 6 mi (9.7 km) east of St. Joseph.

title: One Hundred and Two River


text:
User:Moroni

I'm a Latter-day Saint who is interested in contributing to Mormon Studies topics in the encyclopedia. Who are you?

title: User:Moroni


text:
Valvular heart disease

Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart). These conditions occur largely as a consequence of aging, but may also be the result of congenital (inborn) abnormalities or specific disease or physiologic processes including rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy.

Anatomically, the valves are part of the dense connective tissue of the heart known as the cardiac skeleton and are responsible for the regulation of blood flow through the heart and great vessels. Valve failure or dysfunction can result in diminished heart functionality, though the particular consequences are dependent on the type and severity of valvular disease. Treatment of damaged valves may involve medication alone, but often involves surgical valve repair or valve replacement.

Classification

Stenosis and insufficiency/regurgitation represent the dominant functional and anatomic consequences associated with valvular heart disease. Irrespective of disease process, alterations to the valve occur that produce one or a combination of these conditions. Insufficiency and regurgitation are synonymous terms that describe an inability of the valve to prevent backflow of blood as leaflets of the valve fail to join (coapt) correctly. Stenosis is characterized by a narrowing of the valvular orifice that prevents adequate outflow of blood. Stenosis can also result in insufficiency if thickening of the annulus or leaflets results in inappropriate leaf closure.

Aortic and mitral valve disorders
Aortic and mitral valve disorders are left heart diseases that are more prevalent than diseases of the pulmonary or tricuspid valve in the right heart due to the higher pressures in the left heart.

Stenosis of the aortic valve is characterized by a thickening of the valvular annulus or leaflets that limits the ability of blood to be ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta. Stenosis is typically the result of valvular calcification but may be the result of a congenitally malformed bicuspid aortic valve. This defect is characterized by the presence of only two valve leaflets. It may occur in isolation or in concert with other cardiac anomalies.

Aortic insufficiency, or regurgitation, is characterized by an inability of the valve leaflets to appropriately close at the end systole, thus allowing blood to flow inappropriately backward into the left ventricle. Causes of aortic insufficiency in the majority of cases are unknown, or idiopathic. It may be the result of connective tissue or immune disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively. Processes that lead to aortic insufficiency usually involve dilation of the valve annulus, thus displacing the valve leaflets, which are anchored in the annulus.

Mitral stenosis is caused largely by rheumatic heart disease, though is rarely the result of calcification. In some cases, vegetations form on the mitral leaflets as a result of endocarditis, an inflammation of the heart tissue. Mitral stenosis is uncommon and not as age-dependent as other types of valvular disease.

Mitral insufficiency can be caused by dilation of the left heart, often a consequence of heart failure. In these cases, the left ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged and causes displacement of the attached papillary muscles, which control the mitral.

Pulmonary and tricuspid valve disorders
Pulmonary and tricuspid valve diseases are right heart diseases. Pulmonary valve diseases are the least common heart valve disease in adults.

Pulmonary valve stenosis is often the result of congenital malformations and is observed in isolation or as part of a larger pathologic process, as in Tetralogy of Fallot, Noonan syndrome, and congenital rubella syndrome. Unless the degree of stenosis is severe, individuals with pulmonary stenosis usually have excellent outcomes and better treatment options. Often patients do not require intervention until later in adulthood as a consequence of calcification that occurs with aging.

Pulmonary valve insufficiency occurs commonly in healthy individuals to a very mild extent and does not require intervention. More appreciable insufficiency is typically the result of damage to the valve due to cardiac catheterization, intra-aortic balloon pump insertion, or other surgical manipulations. Additionally, insufficiency may be the result of carcinoid syndrome, inflammatory processes such a rheumatoid disease or endocarditis, or congenital malformations. It may also be secondary to severe pulmonary hypertension.

Tricuspid valve stenosis without co-occurrent regurgitation is highly uncommon and typically the result of rheumatic disease. It may also be the result of congenital abnormalities, carcinoid syndrome, obstructive right atrial tumors (typically lipomas or myxomas), or hypereosinophilic syndromes.

Minor tricuspid insufficiency is common in healthy individuals. In more severe cases it is a consequence of dilation of the right ventricle, leading to displacement of the papillary muscles which control the valve's ability to close. Dilation of the right ventricle occurs secondary to ventricular septal defects, right to left shunting of blood, eisenmenger syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and pulmonary stenosis. Tricuspid insufficiency may also be the result of congenital defects of the tricuspid valve, such as Ebstein's anomaly.

Aortic stenosis
Symptoms of aortic stenosis may include heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion (most frequent symptom ), orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, angina pectoris, and syncope, usually exertional.

Medical signs of aortic stenosis include pulsus parvus et tardus, that is, diminished and delayed carotid pulse, fourth heart sound, decreased A2 sound, sustained apex beat, precordial thrill. Auscultation may reveal a systolic murmur of a harsh crescendo-decrescendo type, heard in 2nd right intercostal space and radiating to the carotid arteries.

Aortic regurgitation
Patients with aortic regurgitation may experience heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, palpitations, and angina pectoris. In acute cases patients may experience cyanosis and circulatory shock.

Medical signs of aortic regurgitation include increased pulse pressure by increased systolic and decreased diastolic blood pressure, but these findings may not be significant if acute. The patient may have a diastolic decrescendo murmur best heard at left sternal border, water hammer pulse, Austin Flint murmur, and a displaced apex beat down and to the left. A third heart sound may be present

Mitral stenosis
Patients with mitral stenosis may present with heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, palpitations, chest pain, hemoptysis, thromboembolism, or ascites and edema (if right-sided heart failure develops). Symptoms of mitral stenosis increase with exercise and pregnancy

On auscultation of a patient with mitral stenosis, typically the most prominent sign is a loud S1. Another finding is an opening snap followed by a low-pitched diastolic rumble with presystolic accentuation. The opening snap follows closer to the S2 heart tone with worsening stenosis. The murmur is heard best with the bell of the stethoscope lying on the left side and its duration increases with worsening disease. Advanced disease may present with signs of right-sided heart failure such as parasternal heave, jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, ascites and/or pulmonary hypertension (presenting with a loud P2). Signs increase with exercise and pregnancy.

Mitral regurgitation
Patients with mitral regurgitation may present with heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, palpitations, or pulmonary edema.

On auscultation of a patient with mitral stenosis, there may be a holosystolic murmur at the apex, radiating to the back or clavicular area, a third heart sound, and a loud, palpable P2, heard best when lying on the left side. Patients also commonly have atrial fibrillation. Patients may have a laterally displaced apex beat, often with heave In acute cases, the murmur and tachycardia may be only distinctive signs.

Tricuspid regurgitation
Patients with tricuspid regurgitation may experience symptoms of right-sided heart failure, such as ascites, hepatomegaly, edema and jugular venous distension.

Signs of tricuspid regurgitation include pulsatile liver, prominent V waves and rapid y descents in jugular venous pressure. Auscultatory findings include inspiratory third heart sound at left lower sternal border (LLSB) and a blowing holosystolic murmur at LLSB, intensifying with inspiration, and decreasing with expiration and Valsalva maneuver. Patients may have a parasternal heave along LLSB. Atrial fibrillation is usually present in patients with tricuspid regurgitation

Calcific disease
Calcification of the leaflets of the aortic valve is a common with increasing age, but the mechanism is likely to be more related to increased lipoprotein deposits and inflammation than the "wear and tear" of advance age. Aortic stenosis due to calcification of tricuspid aortic valve with age comprises >50% of the disease. Aortic stenosis due to calcification of a bicuspid aortic valve comprises about 30-40% of the disease. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipoproteinemia and uremia may speed up the process of valvular calcification.

Dysplasia
Heart valve dysplasia is an error in the development of any of the heart valves, and a common cause of congenital heart defects in humans as well as animals; tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect with four abnormalities, one of which is stenosis of the pulmonary valve. Ebstein's anomaly is an abnormality of the tricuspid valve, and its presence can lead to tricuspid valve regurgitation. A bicuspid aortic valve is an aortic valve with only 2 cusps as opposed to the normal 3. It is present in about 0.5% to 2% of the general population and causes increased calcification due to higher turbulent flow through the valve.

Connective tissue disorders
Marfan's Syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that can lead to chronic aortic or mitral regurgitation. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a disorder in formation of type I collagen and can also lead to chronic aortic regurgitation.

Inflammatory disorders
Inflammation of the heart valves due to any cause is called valvular endocarditis; this is usually due to bacterial infection but may also be due to cancer (marantic endocarditis), certain autoimmune conditions (Libman-Sacks endocarditis, seen in systemic lupus erythematosus) and hypereosinophilic syndrome (Loeffler endocarditis). Endocarditis of the valves can lead to regurgitation through that valve, which is seen in the tricuspid, mitral, and aortic valves. Certain medications have been associated with valvular heart disease, most prominently ergotamine derivatives pergolide and cabergoline.

Valvular heart disease resulting from rheumatic fever is referred to as rheumatic heart disease. Acute rheumatic fever, which frequently manifests with carditis and valvulitis, is a late sequela of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection in the throat, often lagging the initial infection by weeks to months. Cardiac involvement is dependent on the cross-reaction of antibodies directed against M proteins produced by bacteria with human proteins present in the myocardium or endocardium (although acute rheumatic fever may present as pancarditis with additional involvement of the pericardium). This results in generalized inflammation in the heart, producing acute erosions and vegetations with fibrin deposition in the mitral valve that may be followed by chronic changes over years to decades, including shortening of the chordae tendinae and thickening or fusion of the mitral leaflets, leading to a severely compromised "buttonhole" or "fish mouth" valve.

In 70% of cases rheumatic heart disease involves only the mitral valve, while 25% of cases involve both the aortic and mitral valves. Involvement of other heart valves without damage to the mitral is exceedingly rare. Mitral stenosis is almost always caused by rheumatic heart disease. Less than 10% of aortic stenosis is caused by rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic fever can also cause chronic mitral and aortic regurgitation.

While developed countries once had a significant burden of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, medical advances and improved social conditions have dramatically reduced their incidence. Many developing countries, as well as indigenous populations within developed countries, still carry a significant burden of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease and there has been a resurgence in efforts to eradicate the diseases in these populations. Among persons who have experienced rheumatic fever, long-term intramuscular antibiotic therapy is used as secondary prophylaxis against additional streptococcal infections, which can contribute to progression of rheumatic heart disease. In people with severe valvular disease, however, short-term risks of cardiovascular compromise after intramuscular injections may outweigh the benefits, and oral therapy may be considered instead of IM injections in this subset of patients.

Diseases of the aortic root can cause chronic aortic regurgitation. These diseases include syphilitic aortitis, Behçet's disease, and reactive arthritis.

Heart disease
Tricuspid regurgitation is usually secondary to right ventricular dilation which may be due to left ventricular failure (the most common cause), right ventricular infarction, inferior myocardial infarction, or cor pulmonale Other causes of tricuspid regurgitation include carcinoid syndrome and myxomatous degeneration.

Aortic stenosis
Patients with aortic stenosis can have chest X-ray findings showing dilation of the ascending aorta, but they may also have a completely normal chest X-ray. Direct visualization of calcifications on chest X-ray is uncommon. Other findings include dilation of the left ventricle. ECG typically shows left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with severe stenosis, but it may also show signs of left heart strain. Echocardiography is the diagnostic gold standard, which shows left ventricular hypertrophy, leaflet calcification, and abnormal leaflet closure.

Aortic regurgitation
Chest X-ray is not as sensitive as other tests, but it may show aortic root dilation (especially in causes involving the aortic root) and apex displacement. An ECG may show left ventricular hypertrophy and signs of left heart strain. Left axis deviation can be a sign of advanced disease. An echocardiogram can be helpful in determining the root cause of the disease, as it will clearly show aortic root dilation or dissection if it exists. Typically the pump function of the heart during systole is normal, but an echocardiogram will show flow reversal during diastole. This disease is classified using regurgitant fraction (RF), or the amount of volume that flows back through the valve divided by the total forward flow through the valve during systole. Severe disease has an RF of >50%, while progressive aortic regurgitation has an RF of 30–49%.

Mitral stenosis
Chest x-ray in mitral stenosis will typically show an enlarged left atrium, and may show dilation of the pulmonary veins. ECG can show left atrial enlargement, due to increased pressures in the left atrium. Echocardiography is helpful in determining the severity of the disease by estimating the pulmonary artery systolic pressure. This test can also show leaflet calcification and the pressure gradient over the mitral valve. Severe mitral stenosis is defined as a mitral valve area <1.5 cm2. Progressive mitral stenosis has a normal valve area but will have increased flow velocity across the mitral valve.

Mitral regurgitation
Chest x-ray in mitral regurgitation can show an enlarged left atrium, as well as pulmonary venous congestion. It may also show valvular calcifications specifically in combined mitral regurgitation and stenosis due to rheumatic heart disease. ECG typically shows left atrial enlargement, but can also show right atrial enlargement if the disease is severe enough to cause pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography is useful in visualizing the regurgitant flow and calculating the RF. It can also be used to determine the degree of calcification, and the function and closure of the valve leaflets. Severe disease has an RF of >50%, while progressive mitral regurgitation has an RF of <50%.

Treatment
Some of the most common treatments of valvular heart disease are avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, antibiotics, antithrombotic medications such as aspirin, anticoagulants, balloon dilation, and water pills. In some cases, surgery may be necessary.

Aortic stenosis
Treatment of aortic stenosis is not necessary in asymptomatic patients, unless the stenosis is classified as severe based on valve hemodynamics. Both asymptomatic severe and symptomatic aortic stenosis are treated with aortic valve replacement (AVR) surgery. AVR surgery can be performed using mechanical or tissue valves depending on age and other relevant factors. Trans-catheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) is an alternative to AVR and is recommended in high risk patients who may not be suitable for surgical AVR. Any angina is treated with short-acting nitrovasodilators, beta-blockers and/or calcium blockers, although nitrates can drastically decrease blood pressure in patients with severe aortic stenosis and are therefore contraindicated. Any hypertension is treated aggressively, but caution must be taken in administering beta-blockers. Any heart failure is treated with digoxin, diuretics, nitrovasodilators and, if not contraindicated, cautious inpatient administration of ACE inhibitors. Moderate stenosis is monitored with echocardiography every 1–2 years, possibly with supplementary cardiac stress test. Severe stenosis should be monitored with echocardiography every 3–6 months. In patients with non-severe asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis, increased age- and sex adjusted N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels alone and combined with a 50% or greater increase from baseline had been found associated with increased event rates of aortic valve stenosis related events (cardiovascular death, hospitalization with heart failure due to progression of aortic valve stenosis, or aortic valve replacement surgery). In patients with non-severe asymptomatic aortic valve stenosis and no overt coronary artery disease, the increased troponin T (above 14 pg/mL) was found associated with an increased 5-year event rate of ischemic cardiac events (myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass surgery).

Aortic regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation is treated with aortic valve replacement, which is recommended in patients with symptomatic severe aortic regurgitation. Aortic valve replacement is also recommended in patients that are asymptomatic but have chronic severe aortic regurgitation and left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 50%. Hypertension is treated in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation, with the anti-hypersensives of choice being calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, or ARBs. Also, endocarditis prophylaxis is indicated before dental, gastrointestinal or genitourinary procedures. Mild to moderate aortic regurgitation should be followed with echocardiography and a cardiac stress test once every 1–2 years. In severe moderate/severe cases, patients should be followed with echocardiography and cardiac stress test and/or isotope perfusion imaging every 3–6 months.

Mitral stenosis
For patients with symptomatic severe mitral stenosis, percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) is recommended. If this procedure fails, then it may be necessary to undergo mitral valve surgery, which may involve valve replacement, repair, or commisurotomy. Anticoagulation is recommended for patients that have mitral stenosis in the setting of atrial fibrillation or a previous embolic event. No therapy is required for asymptomatic patients. Diuretics may be used to treat pulmonary congestion or edema.

Mitral regurgitation
Surgery is recommended for chronic severe mitral regurgitation in symptomatic patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of greater than 30%, and asymptomatic patients with LVEF of 30-60% or left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) > 40%. Surgical repair of the leaflets is preferred to mitral valve replacement as long as the repair is feasible. Mitral regurgitation may be treated medically with vasodilators, diuretics, digoxin, antiarrhythmics, and chronic anticoagulation. Mild to moderate mitral regurgitation should be followed with echocardiography and cardiac stress test every 1–3 years. Severe mitral regurgitation should be followed with echocardiography every 3–6 months.

Epidemiology
In the United States, about 2.5% of the population has moderate to severe valvular heart disease. The prevalence of these diseases increase with age, and 75 year-olds in the United States have a prevalence of about 13%. In industrially underdeveloped regions, rheumatic disease is the most common cause of valve diseases, and it can cause up to 65% of the valve disorders seen in these regions.

Aortic stenosis
Aortic stenosis is typically the result of aging, occurring in 12.4% of the population over 75 years of age, and represents the most common cause of outflow obstruction in the left ventricle. Bicuspid aortic valves are found in up to 1% of the population, making it one of the most common cardiac abnormalities.

Aortic regurgitation
The prevalence of aortic regurgitation also increases with age. Moderate to severe disease has a prevalence of 13% in patients between the ages of 55 and 86. This valve disease is primarily caused by aortic root dilation, but infective endocarditis has been an increased risk factor. It has been found to be the cause of aortic regurgitation in up to 25% of surgical cases.

Mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis is caused almost exclusively by rheumatic heart disease, and has a prevalence of about 0.1% in the United States. Mitral stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in pregnancy.

Mitral regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation is significantly associated with normal aging, rising in prevalence with age. It is estimated to be present in over 9% of people over 75.

Pregnancy
The evaluation of individuals with valvular heart disease who are or wish to become pregnant is a difficult issue. Issues that have to be addressed include the risks during pregnancy to the mother and the developing fetus by the presence of maternal valvular heart disease as a pre-existing disease in pregnancy. Normal physiological changes during pregnancy require, on average, a 50% increase in circulating blood volume that is accompanied by an increase in cardiac output that usually peaks between the midportion of the second and third trimesters. The increased cardiac output is due to an increase in the stroke volume, and a small increase in heart rate, averaging 10 to 20 beats per minute. Additionally uterine circulation and endogenous hormones cause systemic vascular resistance to decrease and a disproportionately lowering of diastolic blood pressure causes a wide pulse pressure. Inferior vena caval obstruction from a gravid uterus in the supine position can result in an abrupt decrease in cardiac preload, which leads to hypotension with weakness and lightheadedness. During labor and delivery cardiac output increases more in part due to the associated anxiety and pain, as well as due to uterine contractions which will cause an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Valvular heart lesions associated with high maternal and fetal risk during pregnancy include:
 * 1) Severe aortic stenosis with or without symptoms
 * 2) Aortic regurgitation with NYHA functional class III-IV symptoms
 * 3) Mitral stenosis with NYHA functional class II-IV symptoms
 * 4) Mitral regurgitation with NYHA functional class III-IV symptoms
 * 5) Aortic and/or mitral valve disease resulting in severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary pressure greater than 75% of systemic pressures)
 * 6) Aortic and/or mitral valve disease with severe LV dysfunction (EF less than 0.40)
 * 7) Mechanical prosthetic valve requiring anticoagulation
 * 8) Marfan syndrome with or without aortic regurgitation

In individuals who require an artificial heart valve, consideration must be made for deterioration of the valve over time (for bioprosthetic valves) versus the risks of blood clotting in pregnancy with mechanical valves with the resultant need of drugs in pregnancy in the form of anticoagulation.

title: Valvular heart disease


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Population cycle

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 00:15, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Population cycle
Original research at very least, and I'm still not going to be saving my nasal mucous. Denni ☯ 02:38, 2005 August 25 (UTC)
 * delete nonsense. -- WCFrancis 02:42, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep excellent article now. Good job, kudos to Capitalistroadster. -- WCFrancis 13:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Jaxl | talk 02:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nice work, Capitalistroadster. Jaxl | talk 14:15, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy Keep (changed vote from delete) following excellent rescue of nonsense of Capitalroadster. Alf 11:28, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Journalist  C.[[Image:Smilie.gif|30px]] Holla @ me!
 * Keep — Its certainly looking more encyclopedic.  Journalist  C.[[Image:Smilie.gif|30px]] Holla @ me!
 * Comment It's nonsense at the moment but a valid subject for a legitimate article. For example, the Lemming article links there. Capitalistroadster 07:07, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have rewritten the article so that it refers to population cycles. Capitalistroadster 10:56, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep, rewritten article is excellent. Nice work Capitalistroadster! the wub  "?/!"  11:09, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep agree with the wub  Dlyons493 11:49, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP -- Ryan Norton T 11:54, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Thanks to Capitalistroadster for re-writing it. --GraemeL (talk) 12:05, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, the rewrite looks pretty sound to me! Peeper 13:54, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this, as pperos. Trollderella 16:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, like so many other things colaboration has turned it into something worthwhile HoratioVitero 17:31, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that every one of this user's edits, save for one minor edit to Bible, is to VfD. Zoe 04:18, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 'keep it is really rewritten nicely Yuckfoo 19:42, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Well done, sir. Ah, the beauty of VfD when it works! Removing my nomination. Denni ☯ 23:57, 2005 August 25 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep, close nomination please nice Mr (or Ms) admin. Proto t c 14:29, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Objectivists

Adherents of Ayn Rand's philosophy Objectivism.

title: Category:Objectivists


text:
Foster Fyans

Foster Fyans (September 1790 – 23 May 1870) was an Irish military officer, penal colony administrator and public servant. He was acting commandant of the second convict settlement at Norfolk Island, the commandant of the Moreton Bay penal settlement at Brisbane, the first police magistrate at Geelong, and commissioner of crown lands for the Portland Bay pastoral district in the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. He is the great-great-grandfather of actor Sam Neill.

Early life
Fyans was born and baptised as an Anglican at Clontarf, Dublin in 1790, his father being a carpenter and a coach-maker in that city. He was educated at Drogheda Grammar School and at the Prospect School in Blackrock, Dublin.

Peninsula War
Fyans joined the British Army in 1811, being assigned the junior rank of ensign in the 67th Regiment of Foot. His battalion was soon deployed to assist in the Peninsula War. Fyans was present at both Cádiz and Cartagena while these cities were under siege from Napoleonic forces. He was stationed for most of the war period at Gibraltar where he saw little action, but was promoted to lieutenant.

British India
In 1818 Fyans was deployed with the 67th Regiment to India, where he served in the latter stages of the Third Anglo-Maratha War. He wrote an important first-hand account of the siege of Asirgarh Fort, where around 1,200 defenders held out against constant bombardment from British forces for weeks. Fyans praised the bravery of the Arab soldiers employed by the Maratha to hold the fort, and described their final surrender to the British.

After the battle of Asirgarh, Fyans remained garrisoned in India, being posted with the 67th at Malegaon, Solapur and Pune. He avoided sickness in a cholera epidemic and spent much of his time hunting, eating and drinking while being served upon by local army attendants. In 1826, he was briefly sent to Rangoon at the conclusion of the First Anglo-Burmese War, but his regiment was returned to Calcutta within weeks. Fyans was also promoted to the rank of captain during this year.

Fyans then returned to England, but in 1827 he transferred to the 20th Regiment of Foot in order to obtain another posting to India. He was mostly stationed at Belgaum and in 1832 he again transferred, this time to the 4th Regiment of Foot so that he could secure passage to New South Wales.

While in India, Fyans looted or purchased precious jewels which he later hid in secret compartments built into his furniture. A desk constructed by Fyans yielded diamonds worth £7,000 when it was sold at an auction in the 1940s.

Norfolk Island
In early 1833 Fyans arrived with the 4th Regiment of Foot at Sydney, New South Wales. He quickly manoeuvred himself into being on good terms with Governor Richard Bourke and was soon posted to the penal colony of Norfolk Island as captain of the guard. He arrived at Norfolk Island in March 1833 which was then under the command of Colonel James Thomas Morisset, a depressed man with a disfigured face and a reputation for brutal discipline. The harsh treatment of the convicts under Morisset's reign coincided with a turbulent period on the island with several violent episodes and prisoner mutinies occurring. In September 1833, Fyans witnessed the hanging of three convicts for murder while another six were sentenced to death for stealing a boat.

Morisset's mental and physical health declined and on 7 January 1834, he gave full authority to Fyans to act as Commandant on the island. Eight days later, a large convict rebellion led by John Knatchbull occurred. Around 150 prisoners initially overwhelmed guards stationed at the convict hospital and elsewhere, but Fyans quickly organised his soldiers to counter the outbreak, allowing them to fire freely upon the rebels. This resulted in around fifteen convicts being killed and many others wounded. Two soldiers also accidentally shot each other dead while trying to round up the mutineers. The surviving convicts were captured and under Fyans' authority they were treated sadistically. Many were severely beaten to such an extent that Fyans broke his sword hitting them with the flat surface of it. Fyans ordered special sturdier cat o'nine tails to be used to flog the prisoners and heavier leg-irons with roughened surfaces were manacled to them. Fyans kept the rebels locked-up, naked in overcrowded jails for many months in irons, inflicting mass floggings with thousands of lashes being meted out. These actions earned him the nickname of ‘Flogger’ Fyans. The penal settlement was described as "hell upon earth" by one convict.

After the mutiny, Morisset officially resigned and Governor Bourke offered the commandant position at Norfolk Island to Fyans on a permanent basis. Fyans declined the offer and was relieved as acting commandant by Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Anderson in April 1834. Fyans remained on the island until October 1834. While there, he obtained testimonies involved in the trial of the ring-leaders of the mutiny which resulted in thirteen being executed by hanging in late September. Fyans was accused by the judge of obtaining improper evidence that caused Knatchbull to escape conviction.

Moreton Bay
After returning from Norfolk Island, Fyans again used his friendly relationship with Governor Bourke to obtain the position of commandant of the Moreton Bay convict settlement in 1835. Fyans found the convicts at Moreton Bay very docile compared to those at Norfolk Island and had little need to order severe punishments upon them. The most trouble he had was trying to prevent the male soldiers and free-men in the colony from accessing the female convict barracks, known as the female factory. He had to move these barracks to Eagle Farm and construct a 17 foot high stockade around it.

Some prisoners absconded into the uncolonised regions surrounding Moreton Bay and a few managed to survive by living with the various Aboriginal clans. Fyans got along well with these Aboriginal groups and gave them food and other items in exchange for information and sometimes the return of these fugitives. One of these absconding convicts who returned after living several years with Aboriginal people was John Graham. Graham's knowledge and ability to communicate with the Aborigines proved extremely useful to Fyans when in 1836 it was discovered that a group of survivors from the wreck of the Stirling Castle were living rough with the local clans to the north. Fyans was able to quickly send Graham with a relief crew to recover some of the castaways including Eliza Fraser, who became famous from the incident and whom Fraser Island is named after. Fyans was also instrumental in documenting and reporting the factual details of the shipwreck and the ordeal of the survivors.

Police Magistrate at Corio Bay
In July 1837, the 4th Regiment were ordered to India and Fyans was replaced as commandant at Moreton Bay by Lieutenant-General Sydney Cotton. Fyans decided to stay in Australia and sold out of his army commission. His patron, Governor Bourke, gave Fyans the civilian post of police magistrate at the newly colonised Corio Bay area near Melbourne in September 1837, settler pastoralists in the region having requested the colonial government for protection against Aboriginal raids.

Guided by William Buckley, an ex-convict who had lived with the local Barrabool people for thirty years, Fyans arrived at Corio Bay in October and attempted to locate a suitable site for his police huts. The Derwent Company of Charles Swanston had already laid claim to much of the region and Frederick Taylor, the manager of this giant sheep station, ordered Fyans to move on. Taylor had been advised by his employers to keep people, both black and white, from residing on the property, and had already been associated with the killing of a local Aboriginal man and later perpetrated a large massacre of native people. Fyans subsequently made camp at the junction of the Moorabool and Barwon Rivers, a place he named Fyansford.

One of Fyans' first duties was to muster together the members of the local Barrabool (or Wathaurong) people. Around 275 were gathered, to which the government had assigned Fyans to distribute tomahawks, clothes and blankets. Fyans refused to give the Aboriginal people the tomahawks, and instead had thrown them into the nearby river. There was also a shortage of blankets. The Barrabool people became agitated at this and Fyans arming himself with a shotgun, ordered his constables to load their firearms. William Buckley was able to defuse the situation and no blood was shed. A short-lived Aboriginal protectorate was soon established at Fyansford under Charles Sievwright.

The arrival of Fyans and his constables failed to curb frontier conflict in the area. William Yuille and other colonists dispersed a camp of local Aboriginal people with gunfire after his Murgheboluc property was ransacked of supplies. While in December 1837, George Russell's Clyde Company property at Inverleigh was attacked by a large group of Aborigines with Russell's employees shooting dead two native men. These incidents were reported to Fyans but he did little about it. In April 1838, a shepherd named Teddy McManus who was employed by the pastoralist Thomas Learmonth was killed by an Aboriginal man near Buninyong. This man was caught and chained up by the local colonists but was drowned before Fyans could start a murder investigation. Fyans was of the opinion that "intimacy" between the settlers and the Aboriginal women and the spread of venereal disease was the basis of much of the conflict.

In late 1837, Fyans received instructions to select a site for a major township in the Corio region. He concluded that the spot where David Fisher of the Derwent Company had established his hut as the best place and in 1838 this site was proclaimed as the township of Geelong. With convict labour Fyans also organised the construction of a breakwater across the Barwon River in 1838, which gave name to the area now known as Breakwater, an eastern industrial and residential suburb of Geelong. The ford stopped the inflow of salt water to the fresh water river, thus supplying the town with fresh river water. Fyans also established for himself a cattle property on the west bank of Lake Colac which he sold in 1842.

Investigation at Portland Bay
In 1839, Fyans was ordered to Portland Bay to investigate official reports of deliberate massacring of Aboriginal men and women by raiding parties led by Edward Henty, as well as the "interference with native women" by the employees of the Henty Brothers, who were the pioneer squatters in that region. Fyans decided to travel overland to Portland Bay and trail-blaze a road from Geelong to that settlement. Surveyor H.W.H. Smythe and several mounted troopers accompanied him. They travelled through stony and swampy country which was occupied by a large number of Aboriginal people who caught fish and eels through the use of a system of weirs. At times, they dispersed these people with their horses and swords.

Arriving at Portland Bay, Fyans found that "no doubt numerous bad and improper acts have been committed" and recommended the establishment of a police station in the region. No report into the specific accusations of rape and murder against the Hentys and their employees appears to exist, and Edward Henty was later appointed magistrate in the district. Fyans toured the fine pastoral land north of Portland and returned to Geelong via the "magnificent country" around Mount Rouse. Along the way, they dispersed a group of Aboriginal people near Mount Elephant by firing their guns in the air.

Commissioner of Crown Lands
In May 1840, Fyans was appointed as Commissioner of Crown Lands for the Portland Bay district, an area half the size of England. With the support of sixteen Border Police troopers, his duties included making government returns for the licensed runs and their occupants, receiving their annual £10 licence fee and maintaining law and order between the squatters and the Aboriginal people. Described as “a man of hasty temper and a high hand”, Fyans' word as commissioner was law in the district, his decisions often at odds with the interests of high-profile squatters.

While he considered himself a "friend to the natives", when referring to the investigation and capture of Aborigines for trial he wrote to Charles La trobe:"Its a difficult thing to apprehend natives, with great risk of life on both sides. On the Grange, and many parts of the country, it would be impossible to take them; and in my opinion, the only plan to bring them to a fit and proper state is to insist on the gentlemen in the country to protect their property, and to deal with such useless savages on the spot."

Eumeralla Wars
By 1840, white settlers in the Portland Bay district had perpetrated multiple massacres of Aboriginal people during their colonisation of the region. A few settlers had also been killed including Patrick Codd, who was employed by John Cox at the Mount Rouse property. It was assumed that an Aboriginal man named Figara Alkapurata (also known as Rodger) was the killer. Codd's death resulted in the colonial authorities taking formal action with Fyans and his troopers sent in to capture the ringleaders of Aboriginal resistance.

In late 1841, two of Fyans' Border Police troopers were severely wounded in a skirmish with Aboriginal fighters at James Hunter's Eumeralla property. Fyans returned to Eumeralla with a larger force in early 1842, capturing two leaders and killing two other prominent Aboriginal men during a battle with thirty warriors. Alkapurata was captured by Fyans in April and later executed in Melbourne for the murder of Codd. However, vigorous Aboriginal resistance continued at Eumeralla into August with Fyans involved in close combat with Aboriginal men and James Hunter conducting three punitive expeditions of his own which resulted in severe skirmishes and dispersal of Aboriginal camps.

In September 1842, following pressure from squatters of the Port Fairy area, the superintendent at Melbourne, Charles La Trobe sent Fyans back into the region with his Border Police augmented with a contingent of Native Police to quell decisively the conflict known as the Eumeralla wars.

Extermination of the Gadubanud people
In 1846, a workman employed by the surveyor George Smythe was killed by a Gadubanud man at Cape Otway. Smythe returned to Geelong and reported the case to Fyans, who organised a well-armed militia of ten Barrabool men to be sent to the Otways to deal with the Gadubanud. Fyans and Smythe led the group into the region, where the Barrabool troopers killed all the known members of the Otway tribe, male and female, except for one girl who was taken back to Geelong. This girl was later found dead near a fence at Drysdale.

Magistrate at Geelong
In 1849, Fyans was re-appointed to the position of police magistrate at Geelong and was nominated as the inaugural mayor of the Geelong Town Council. He became a Justice of the Peace and a judicial magistrate the following year, later being appointed as deputy sheriff for the Geelong region. He retired from public life in 1855. A favourite punishment meted out by Fyans in his judgements was to order the accused to be locked into the public stocks outside the court at Geelong.

Family
In January 1843 Fyans married Elizabeth Alice Cane and they had three daughters and a son, one of the daughters was intellectually disabled and died after setting herself on fire. Fyans built a family home on his 'Balyang' estate (named after Balliang, a Barrabool man who served Fyans) adjacent to the Barwon River in 1846. Fyans' wife died in March 1858, aged 42. The actor, Sam Neill, is descended from Fyans' eldest daughter Gertrude.

Death and legacy
Fyans died at his Geelong home ‘Balyang’ on 23 May 1870. He was buried at the Eastern Cemetery in Geelong. Places such as Fyansford and Mount Fyans are named after him, while Foster, Fyans and West Fyans streets in Geelong are also named in his honour. His estate home of Balyang is now the Balyang Sanctuary.

title: Foster Fyans


text:
Talk:Chocobo's Mysterious Dungeon

Chocobo's name
The default name of yellow chocobo in this game is "pūre (プーレ)" in Japan, not Boco. --Wyveelix 23:06, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chocobo's Mysterious Dungeon


text:
Talk:Bridgetown

Old talk
The population estimate of the metropolitan area of Bridgtown shoul also be stated in the article est (census 2000) at 110,000 persons.

 * The population estimate is way off -- it was in this article I think from the beginning... *gasp*  I haven't come across any new census figures, and the Barbados government is still re-doing a bulk of their websites over.  **As a side note** I'm also waiting on those new census figures to put in the templates for each of the parishes of Barbados.  None the less, it appears Bridgetown is growing at a rapid pace.  The Barbados Tourism Authority claims Bridgetown is I believe at or around 90,000 people.  But I think since last elections they did a redistricting of areas (which may? or may not? include re-defining the boundaries of "Bridgetown" too???)

Things aren't really very cleanly defind in Barbados. The problem one has in Barbados is you can be driving along, and then end up exiting one "village" and enter the next and you'd never really know... Also I heard the Barbados Postal Service was saying they were going to roll out a programme of "Zip Codes". Any idea if that came out yet? I was hoping when that's done it will define areas on the island better with an increased sense of clarity. CaribDigita 02:03, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Actually, as a citizen and resident of Barbados for the past 34 years, the approximate figure given for the city's metro area is acceptable and NOT way off as was suggested.

Part of the Border of Saint James? Bridgetown is???
Are Cave Hill/Black Rock/Warrens etc. now considered a part of Bridgetown?

Well, in case you don't know, the article not only discusses the actual city of Bridgetown (downtown) but also its suburbs as well. Both Cave Hill and Black Rock are most certainly suburbs of Bridgetown. Warrens, on the other hand, is a bit more tricky since it is generally regarded as a satellite of Bridgetown and is unofficially regarded as somewhat of a small town in its own right. We know this to be fact.

What?
Under re-development "In 2004 the capital of Bridgetown celebrated its 375th Anniversary of Establishment, and did so with a year long calendar of events and twinning agreements with a town in Canada, and new city in the United States." If this excerpt is not changed, I suggest it be removed. ChristopherMannMcKay 21:56, 23 December 2006 (UTC)
 * "twinning agreements" do not have anything to do with redevelopment.
 * "a town in Canada", what is the name of the town? Towns are small are you sure you don't mean city?
 * "a new city in the United States", a city that is new? If it were new it would likly be a town, village, or something else. I suggest providing the name of this city.

 * Next time you're in Bridgetown you'll see all of the redevelopment that's been carried out...

The old parking lot along the Careenage in Independence Square was dug-up and converted back into a small park..... The old Chamberlain bridge over the Careenage was taken down and replaced by a brand new draw bridge. The Constitution River leading down to the hospital is to be dredged and landscaped with a new park. (One that will no longer flood during the rainy season). The ZR van parking-lot is also going to be tiedied up as well... There's to be more palm and coconut trees planted along bay street with more grass along the curbs edge in town as well. Last I saw when I was down there, many of the utility companies had to move their utilities into brand new conduiting out of the way of this new construction works.

 * Here's the actual speech given for the Canadian delegation that visited Bridgetown.

http://www.foreign.gov.bb/Userfiles/File/B'town,%20B'dos%20&%20B'town,%20Nova%20Scotia%20-%20Twinning%20%20July%2009.%202004.pdf
 * Here's the actual speech given for the US delegation that visited Bridgetown.

http://www.foreign.gov.bb/Userfiles/File/B'town%20&%20Wilmington,%20N.C.Twinning%20-%20June%2028,%202004.pdf (Both talk about some of the redevelopment works that were kicked off in Bridgetown that year)

Many of the projects were and still are being carried out through the Government's Barbados Investment Tourism Inc. CaribDigita 15:09, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Bridgetown's motto in Latin
I got a hold of the book "Historic Bridgetown" -- by ALLEYNE, WARREN and the Barbados National Trust... On the cover of the book it bears the official Armorial Bearings of the City of Bridgetown(Coat of Arms)... At the bottom of the coat of arms it reads in Latin: "EX•IGINIBUS•PREAETERITIS•RESURGAMUS•AD•LUMEN".

Does anyone know what this means in Latin? CaribDigita (talk) 04:49, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Saint Michael = Bridgetown?
I'm not sure how the government works in Barbados, and it's not made clear on this or any other page. Does Bridgetown have a local government apart from Saint Michael Parish, or are the two considered coterminous as far as local government is concerned? That is to ask whether there is a formal "City of Bridgetown" within the Saint Michael Parish with its own borders and government, or are all "cities" in the country simply urban areas with no associated local government apart from that of the parish? --Criticalthinker (talk) 08:27, 22 March 2010 (UTC)
 * St. Michael doesn't have a "government" anymore either. It had a vestry prior but that is no more.  It is currently broken up into Constituencies. See here.  Each constituency in Barbados has a population upper limit (and lower limit) meaning they all have a population range where they're all supposed to be about the same population size.  Since the parish of St. Michael is densely populated,  the constituencies there are much smaller than more rural Barbados. CaribDigita (talk)

New logo for Bridgetown under UNESCO
To be worked in later. Bridgetown's new logo for recognition by UNESCO. New logo for Historic Bridgetown

CaribDigita (talk) 03:51, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

ls-lR.new
The old Google Groups will be going away soon, but your browser is not Mountain View compatible with the new version. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.10.57.86 (talk) 09:46, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Tobias Bridge?
I see on this article on this and the Tobias Bridge article that Bridgetown was named after him and outside of one lone source i cannot find any other information that corroborates this claim at all. Are we sure that's correct? It quite frankly sounds made up to me. The A-Z of Barbados Heritage book for instance makes no mention of Tobias Bridge at all. Gemini.skywalker (talk) 18:45, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I never heard of him. I added a ref. I could find about him. But I don't know a thing about him. Not sure if any old UK academic papers have more about him too. CaribDigita (talk) 00:30, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Should It be removed then? or just kept. Gemini.skywalker (talk) 01:07, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I am in-different. I have no idea the credibility of the idea. It's a concept that probably needs to be examined and researched to find if it is true. I cannot say whether it is 'fake', but I also cannot say whether true because I don't know enough about it. CaribDigita (talk) 02:12, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bridgetown


text: User talk:69.172.40.69

title: User talk:69.172.40.69


text: User talk:210.18.194.34

title: User talk:210.18.194.34


text: Talk:Boco

title: Talk:Boco


text:
User:Falloutboy1122

hiwaz up

title: User:Falloutboy1122


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Acidy ass

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 01:16, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Acidy ass
Neologism and/or didcdef. Either suffices.Denni ☯ 02:43, 2005 August 25 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Jaxl | talk 02:52, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom and because I had Mexican fast food for dinner. - Lucky 6.9 03:01, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Cheese Sandwich 03:04, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Alf 03:28, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * '''Delete -- Ryan Norton T 04:40, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. Fire Star 04:55, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Journalist  C.[[Image:Smilie.gif|30px]] Holla @ me!
 * The 'Acidy' user (no relation to an acid user) votes to Delete this extremely short and useless article. Acetic Acid 17:49, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it. Optichan 19:09, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, sometimes i wonder who makes these up. feydey 21:08, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Don't wonder too loud Feydey, the answer might be some spagetti monster.  --Lomedae 00:34, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Make it go away!!! Ah! The burning!!!! I recommend Preparation H.  :-p  Tomer TALK  01:17, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Damian Miller

Damian Donald Miller (born October 13, 1969) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He won the 2001 World Series with the Arizona Diamondbacks, beating the New York Yankees.

High school years
Miller attended West Salem High School in West Salem, Wisconsin and was a student and a letterman in football, basketball and baseball. Miller graduated from West Salem High School in 1987.

College and professional years
Miller attended Viterbo University in La Crosse, Wisconsin, and as a junior was named the NAIA District 14 Player of the Year and helped lead his team to the NAIA semifinals.

Miller is not a member of the Major League Baseball Players Association, as he was a replacement player during the 1994 Major League Baseball strike. These players are barred from joining the players' union. His name also does not appear on any official commemorative merchandise from the Arizona Diamondbacks' 2001 World Series win.

Through his career, Miller has also played for the Minnesota Twins, Arizona Diamondbacks (winning the 2001 World Series), Chicago Cubs and Oakland Athletics. In May 2000, he hit the first walk-off grand slam in the history of both Chase Field and the Diamondbacks, doing so in the bottom of the 12th inning against Orel Hershiser of the Los Angeles Dodgers. In Game 7 of the 2001 World Series he played a pivotal role in the 9th inning comeback against closer Mariano Rivera. With no outs and pinch runner David Dellucci on first base he bunted an 0-1 pitch right back to Rivera, who then attempted to throw to Derek Jeter at second base. Jeter would get tangled up in the legs of Dellucci who slid to break up the double play. Midre Cummings then pinch ran for Miller after Jay Bell’s failed sacrifice bunt turned fielder's choice. Cummings would score the tying run in the bottom of the ninth before Arizona ultimately won the World Series. The following year, Miller was named to the National League All-Star team.

On June 27, 2007, in a home game against the Houston Astros, Miller hit his second career walk-off home run in the bottom of the 11th inning to win the game for the Brewers. It was his first home run of the 2007 season. The walk-off came on La Crosse Day at Miller Park. In his next game, he recorded a franchise-tying seven runs batted in, which included a grand slam and a two-run home run.

After becoming a free agent after the 2007 season, Miller attracted interest from a couple of teams, but declined, saying the Brewers were the only team he wanted to play for.

title: Damian Miller


text:
User:FLFod

FLFod

title: User:FLFod


text: User talk:209.150.74.25

title: User talk:209.150.74.25


text:
Ed Ochester

Edwin Frank Ochester (September 15, 1939 – August 22, 2023) was an American poet and editor. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and educated at Cornell, Harvard, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

For nearly twenty years, Ochester served as director of the writing program at the University of Pittsburgh, and he was twice elected president of the Association of Writers & Writing Programs. From 1967 to 1970, he was assistant professor of English at the University of Florida, Gainesville.

From 1979, he served as general editor of the Pitt Poetry Series, one of the largest lists of contemporary American poetry, published by the University of Pittsburgh Press. Ochester was also general editor of the Drue Heinz Literature Prize for short fiction.

Poets published by Ochester in the Pitt Series include Sharon Olds, Billy Collins, Ted Kooser, Lawrence Joseph, Richard Shelton, Larry Levis, Denise Duhamel, Lynn Emanuel, Bob Hicok, Jim Daniels, Gary Soto, Stuart Dybek, Kathleen Norris, Alicia Ostriker, Toi Derricotte, Dean Young, and David Wojahn.

His book Dancing on the Edges of Knives won the 1973 Devins Award for Poetry, and he has won fellowships in poetry from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts.

He died in August 2023, at the age of 83.

Works

 * We Like It Here, poetry (Madison: Quixote Press, 1967)
 * The Great Bourgeois Bus Company, poetry (Madison: Quixote Press, 1969)
 * The Third Express, poetry (Madison: Quixote Press, 1973)
 * Natives: An Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry, (editor), poetry anthology (Madison: Quixote Press, 1973)
 * Dancing on the Edges of Knives, poetry (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1973)
 * The End of the Ice Age, poetry (Pittsburgh: Slow Loris Press, 1977)
 * A Drift of Swine, poetry (Birmingham: Thunder City Press, 1979)
 * Miracle Mile, poetry (Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University Press, 1984)
 * Weehawken Ferry, poetry (Bangor: Juniper Press, 1985)
 * Changing the Name to Ochester, poetry (Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University Press, 1988)
 * The Pittsburgh Book of Contemporary American Poetry, (co-editor with Peter Oresick), poetry anthology, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993)
 * Allegheny, poetry (Easthampton: Adastra Press, 1995)
 * Cooking in Key West, poetry (Easthampton: Adastra Press, 2000)
 * Snow White Horses: Selected Poems 1973–1988, poetry (Pittsburgh: Autumn House Press, 2000)
 * The Land of Cockaigne, poetry (Ashland: Story Line Press, 2001)
 * American Poetry Now: Pitt Poetry Series Anthology, poetry anthology, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2007)
 * The Republic of Lies, poetry (Easthampton: Adastra Press, 2007)
 * Unreconstructed: Poems Selected and New, poetry (Pittsburgh: Autumn House Press, 2007)
 * Sugar Run Road, poetry (Pittsburgh: Autumn House Press, 2015)

title: Ed Ochester


text:
Rainey Bethea

Rainey Bethea (c. 1909 – August 14, 1936), was the last person publicly executed in Kentucky. Bethea, who confessed to the rape and killing of a 70-year-old woman named Lischia Edwards, was convicted of her rape and publicly hanged in Owensboro, Kentucky.

Early life
Little is known about Bethea's life before he arrived in Owensboro in 1933. Born around 1909 in Roanoke, Virginia, Bethea was an African-American man orphaned after the death of his mother in 1919 and his father in 1926. He worked for the Rutherford family and lived in their basement for about a year, and then he moved to a cabin behind the house of a man named Emmett Wells. He worked as a laborer and later rented a room from a woman, Mrs. Charles Brown. He also attended a Baptist church.

Bethea's first run-in with the law happened in 1935, when he was charged with breach of the peace and then fined $20. In April of the same year, he was caught stealing two purses from the Vogue Beauty Shop. Since the value of the purses exceeded $25, Bethea was convicted of a felony, grand larceny, and consequently sentenced to one year in the Kentucky State Penitentiary at Eddyville. He arrived there on June 1, 1935, and his prison physical exam information describes him as 5 ft. $4 3/8$ inches (1.635 m) tall and weighing 128 lb. He gained parole half a year later on December 1, 1935.

Upon returning to Owensboro upon release, Bethea continued to work as a laborer and earned about seven dollars per week. Less than a month later, he was arrested again for house breaking. On January 6, 1936, the court amended this charge to being drunk and disorderly in public and imposed a $100 fine (equivalent to $ in ). Because he could not afford to pay, he remained incarcerated in the Daviess County Jail until April 18, 1936.

Crime and arrest
During the early morning of June 7, 1936, Bethea entered the home of Lishia Rarick Edwards on East Fifth Street by climbing onto the roof of an outbuilding next door. From there, he jumped onto the roof of the servant's quarters of Emmett Wells' house, and then walked down a wooden walkway. He climbed over the kitchen roof to Edwards' bedroom window.

After removing a screen from her window, he entered the room, waking her. Bethea then choked Edwards and violently raped her. After she was unconscious, he searched for valuables and stole several of her rings. In the process, he removed his own black celluloid prison ring, and failed to later retrieve it. He left the bedroom and hid the stolen jewels in a barn not far from the house.

The crime was discovered late that morning after the Smith family, who lived downstairs, noticed they had not heard Edwards stirring in her room. They feared she might have been ill and knocked on the door of her room, attempting to rouse her. They found the door locked with a key still inside the lock from the inside, which prevented another key from being placed in the lock from the outside. They contacted a neighbor, Robert Richardson, hoping he could help, and he managed to knock the key free, but another skeleton key would not unlock the door. Smith then got a ladder. He climbed into the room through the transom over the door and discovered that Edwards was dead.

The Smiths alerted Dr. George Barr while he was attending a service at the local Methodist Church. Dr. Barr realized there was little he could do and summoned the local coroner, Delbert Glenn, who attended the same church. The Smiths also called the Owensboro police. Officers found the room was otherwise tidy, but there were muddy footprints everywhere. Coroner Glenn also found Bethea's celluloid prison ring.

By late Sunday afternoon, the police already suspected Rainey Bethea after several residents of Owensboro stated that they had previously seen Bethea wearing the ring. Since Bethea had a criminal record, the police could use the then-new identification technique of fingerprints to establish that Bethea had recently touched items inside the bedroom. Police searched for Bethea over the next four days.

On the Wednesday following the discovery of the murder, Burt "Red" Figgins was working on the bank of the Ohio River, when he observed Bethea lying under some bushes. Figgins asked Bethea what he was doing, and Bethea responded he was "cooling off." Figgins then reported this sighting to his supervisor, Will Faith, and asked him to call the police. By the time Faith had returned to the spot on the river bank, Bethea had moved to the nearby Koll's Grocery. Faith followed him and then found a policeman in the drugstore, but when they searched for Bethea, he again eluded capture.

Later that afternoon, Bethea was again spotted. This time, he was cornered on the river bank after he tried to board a barge. When police officers questioned him, he denied that he was Bethea, claiming his name was James Smith. The police played along with the fabricated name, fearing a mob would develop if residents were to learn that they had captured Bethea. After his arrest, Bethea was identified by a scar on the left side of his head.

Trial
Judge Forrest A. Roby of the Daviess Circuit Court ordered the sheriff to transport Bethea to the Jefferson County Jail in Louisville. While being transferred, Bethea made his first confession, admitting that he had raped Edwards and strangled her to death. Bethea also lamented the fact that he had made a mistake by leaving his ring at the crime scene, stating that he had removed the ring in order to try on Edwards's rings.

On June 12, 1936, Bethea confessed a second time, telling the guards where he had hidden the stolen jewelry. Owensboro police searched a barn in Owensboro and found the jewelry where Bethea said he had left it. Under Kentucky law, the grand jury could not convene until June 22, and the prosecutor charged Bethea solely with rape. Under extant state statutes, executions for murder and robbery were carried out by electrocution at the state penitentiary in Eddyville. Rape, however, could be punished by public hanging in the county seat where the crime occurred. Bethea was never charged with the remaining crimes of theft, robbery, burglary, giving a false name to police, or murder. After one hour and forty minutes, the grand jury returned an indictment, charging Bethea with rape.

On June 25, 1936, officers returned Bethea to Owensboro for the trial, which took place that same day. Bethea asserted a Clyde Maddox would provide an alibi, but Maddox claimed he did not know Bethea. The defense subpoenaed four witnesses: Maddox, Ladd Moorman, Willie Johnson (a supposed accomplice given Bethea's statements), and Allen McDaniel. The first three were served; however, the sheriff's office could not find a person named Allen McDaniel.

On the night before the trial, Bethea announced to his lawyers that he wanted to plead guilty, doing so the next day at the start of the trial. The prosecutor still presented the state's case to the jury in spite of the guilty plea, requesting a death penalty for Bethea. In his opening statement, Commonwealth's Attorney Herman Birkhead said, "This is one of the most dastardly, beastly, cowardly crimes ever committed in Daviess County. Justice demands and the Commonwealth will ask and expect a verdict of the death penalty by hanging."

After questioning 21 witnesses, the prosecution closed its case. The defense did not present or examine any witnesses. After a closing statement by the prosecutor, the judge instructed the jury that since Bethea had pleaded guilty, they must "...fix his punishment, at confinement in the penitentiary for not less than ten years nor more than twenty years, or at death." After only four and a half minutes of deliberation, the jury returned with a sentence of death by hanging. Bethea was then quickly removed from the courthouse and returned to the Jefferson County Jail. In all, Bethea's trial lasted for three hours.

Appeal and petition for habeas corpus
Back in Louisville, Bethea acquired five new African-American lawyers to try to save his life: Charles Ewbank Tucker, Stephen A. Burnley, Charles W. Anderson Jr., Harry E. Bonaparte, and R. Everett Ray. They worked pro bono to challenge the sentence, which they saw as their ethical duty for the indigent defendant who could not pay standard legal fees. On July 10, 1936, they filed a motion for a new trial. The judge summarily denied this on the grounds that under Section 273 of the Kentucky Code of Practice in Criminal Cases, a motion for a new trial had to have been received before the end of the court's term, which had ended on July 4.

Bethea's team then tried to appeal to the Kentucky Court of Appeals, which was also not in session at that time. On July 29, Justice Gus Thomas returned to Frankfort where he heard the oral motion. Justice Thomas refused to let them file the appeal, on the grounds that the trial court record was incomplete since it only included the judge's ruling. While the lawyers knew that the Kentucky courts would deny the appeal, they filed it anyway as a formality in order to exhaust the state court remedies available to them before they filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in a federal court. Once Thomas denied the motion to file a belated appeal, Bethea's attorneys filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky at Louisville.

On August 5, a hearing was held at the Federal Building in Louisville before United States District Judge Elwood Hamilton. During the hearing, Bethea claimed that he had pled guilty unwillingly and had wanted to subpoena three witnesses to testify on his behalf, but his initial lawyers had forced him to plead guilty and did not have the desired witnesses testify. He also claimed that his five confessions had been made under duress and that he had signed one confession unaware of what he was signing. The Commonwealth brought several witnesses to refute these claims. Ultimately, Judge Hamilton denied the habeas corpus petition and ruled that the hanging could proceed.

Execution
While the crime was infamous locally, it came to nationwide attention because the sheriff of Daviess County was a woman. Florence Shoemaker Thompson had become sheriff on April 13, 1936, after her husband, sheriff Everett Thompson, unexpectedly died of pneumonia on April 10. Shoemaker became sheriff through widow's succession, and as sheriff of the county, she was tasked with hanging Bethea.

Arthur L. Hash, a former Louisville police officer, offered his services free of charge to perform the execution. Thompson accepted this offer. He asked that she not make his name public. Hash arrived at the site intoxicated wearing a white suit and a white Panama hat. At this time, no one but he and Thompson knew that he would pull the trigger.

On August 6, the Governor of Kentucky, Albert Chandler, signed Bethea's execution warrant and set the execution for sunrise on August 14. Thompson requested the governor to issue a revised death warrant because the original warrant specified that the hanging would take place in the courthouse yard where the county had recently planted, at significant cost, new shrubs and flowers. Chandler was out-of-state, so Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky Keen Johnson, as acting governor, signed a second death warrant moving the location of the hanging from the courthouse yard to an empty lot near the county garage.

Rainey Bethea's last meal consisted of fried chicken, pork chops, mashed potatoes, pickled cucumbers, cornbread, lemon pie, and ice cream, which he ate at 4:00 p.m. on August 13 in Louisville. At about 1:00 a.m., Daviess County deputy sheriffs transported Bethea from Louisville to Owensboro. At the Daviess County Jail, professional hangman Phil Hanna of Epworth, Illinois, visited Bethea and instructed him to stand on the X that would be marked on the trapdoor.

Bethea left the Daviess County Jail at 5:21 a.m. and walked with two deputies to the scaffold. Within two minutes, he was at the base of the scaffold. Removing his shoes, he put on a new pair of socks. He ascended the steps and stood on the large X as instructed. After Bethea made his final confession to Father Lammers of the Cathedral of the Assumption in Louisville, who had also supervised Bethea's conversion to Roman Catholicism during Bethea's incarceration at the Jefferson County Jail two weeks prior to the execution, officers placed a black hood over his head and fastened three large straps around his ankles, thighs, arms, and chest.

Hanna placed the noose around Bethea's neck, adjusted it, and then signaled to Hash to pull the trigger. Instead, Hash, who was drunk, did nothing. Hanna shouted at Hash, "Do it!" A deputy then leaned onto the trigger, which sprang the trap door. Bethea fell 8 feet (2.4 m), and his neck was instantly broken. Afterward, two doctors confirmed he was dead. His body was taken to Andrew & Wheatley Funeral Home. He wanted his body to be sent to his sister in South Carolina so that she could arrange for him to be interred next to his father, but against these wishes, he was buried in a pauper's grave at the Rosehill Elmwood Cemetery in Owensboro.

It was estimated that a crowd of about 20,000 people gathered to watch the execution. Afterwards, Hanna complained that Hash should not have been allowed to perform the execution in his drunken condition. Hanna further said it was the worst display he experienced in the 70 hangings he had supervised.

The spot where the scaffold stood (approximately 37.775248° -87.116462°) is now part of a drop-off/pick-up lane in front of the Owensboro Convention Center.

End of public executions in Kentucky
As the Kentucky General Assembly had been meeting in its biennial sessions at the time, the media circus surrounding the Bethea execution embarrassed members of the Kentucky legislature. In spite of the humiliation, they could not amend laws regarding executions until the next session in 1938. However, the trial judges in two separate Kentucky rape cases ordered that the hangings of John "Pete" Montjoy and Harold Van Venison be conducted privately. Montjoy, age 23, was privately hanged in Covington on December 17, 1937.

On January 17, 1938, William R. Attkisson of the Kentucky State Senate's 38th District (representing Louisville), introduced Senate Bill 69, repealing the requirement in Section 1137 that executions for convicted rapists be conducted by hanging in the county seat where they raped their victims. The bill was promoted in the Kentucky House of Representatives by Representative Charles W. Anderson Jr., one of the attorneys who assisted Bethea in his post-conviction relief motions.

After both houses approved the bill, Governor Chandler signed it into law on March 12, 1938; it became effective on May 30 of that year. Chandler later expressed regret at having approved the repeal, claiming, "Our streets are no longer safe." The last person ever legally hanged in Kentucky was Harold Van Venison, a 33-year-old African-American singer, who was privately executed in Covington on June 3, 1938.

title: Rainey Bethea


text: User talk:69.195.117.65

title: User talk:69.195.117.65